cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Information and communication technology for groups: Applications to management education

The demand for students who can compete in the expanding global marketplace is growing rapidly. One of the key requirements of the global economy is the ability to communicate using the latest technology. These dynamics call for new and innovative learning systems. Distance learning has come a long way since Sir Isaac Pitman initiated the first correspondence course in the early 1840s. Today, Internet-based distance learning systems, often referred to as learning networks (LN), have reached the state of development for significantly enhancing the group communication and learning process. The purpose of this research is to assess how LN based intelligent tutors can serve as an important information and communication technology for students and student groups engaged in a program of management education. Providing customized business educational content in a group leaning environment is essential for insuring that Americapsilas workforce remains competitive in the global economy.
Familial Idiopathic Cardiomegaly

Two young adult sisters are described with clinical and pathologic findings of myocardial disease. These cases along with a suggestive family history are presented as examples of familial idiopathic cardiomegaly. Pathologic findings are compared and contrasted with those in the literature, and etiologic concepts are discussed. It is concluded that a congenital myocardial abnormality is the most likely etiology and suggestions for further studies are presented.
Variation of phenotypic suppression due to the psi+ and psi- extrachromosomal determinants in yeast.

Abstract Paromomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, can phenotypically suppress nonsense mutations in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Palmer et al., 1979). We report here that the extrachromosomal determinant, ψ+, enhances this phenotypic suppression of all three nonsense mutations. UAG. UAA and UGA, by three-to sevenfold.
Writing on Superhydrophobic Nanopost Arrays: Topographic Design for Bottom-up Assembly

A well-known property of superhydrophobic surfaces, such as an array of hydrophobic nanoposts, is to allow only limited surface contact of a liquid to the tips of the nanoposts. Herein we demonstrate that material deposition from solution, whether solid precipitation, surface adsorption or colloidal adhesion in static system, or dynamic “writing”, can be limited to these specific areas of the surface when in this nonwetting state. As an example of solid precipitation, we show that nucleation of CaCO3 results in the growth of small, uniform, amorphous deposits (which can merge and recrystallize) instead of disordered, large crystals due to the abundance of identical, small heterogeneous nucleation sites. The growth of amorphous CaCO3 can be used to trap molecules from solution, as a potential application for controlled drug release. To demonstrate the localized surface adsorption, we show that chemical functionalization of the post tips can make them “sticky” for specific attachment of species (such as col...
Supersonic and Transonic Deployment of Ribbon Parachutes at Low Altitudes

Results are presented for twenty-nine flight tests of a 22.2-ft (6.8-m) diameter ribbon parachute (reefed for 0.5 sec) with a nominal 2000-lb (907-kg) store. The design, fabrication, and packing of the parachute system are discussed. Low altitude drop tests were made with F-4 and A-4 aircraft at Mach numbers from 0.57 to 1.22, and rocket-boosted tests were made at Mach numbers from 1.62 to 1.70, the latter corresponding to a maximum dynamic pressure of 2720 psf (130 kN/m2). The maximum measured snatch load, reefed stage opening shock, and second stage opening shock were approximately 65 klb (289 kN), 165 klb (734 kN) and 150 klb (667 kN), respectively. The measured load data and sequence of parachute function times are relatively consistent and repeatable. There is no discernible effect of Mach number on the steady-state drag area of the reefed parachute at Mach numbers from 0.7 to 1.50. Nomenclature At,'Ae = effective canopy inlet and exit areas, respectively, during inflation process
Increase in the Export of Alkalinity from North America's Largest River

Chemical weathering and the subsequent export of carbonate alkalinity (HCO3- + CO3-2) from soils to rivers account for significant amounts of terrestrially sequestered atmospheric CO2. We show here that during the past half-century, the export of this alkalinity has increased dramatically from North America's largest river, the Mississippi. This increased export is in part the result of increased flow resulting from higher rainfall in the Mississippi basin. Subcatchment data from the Mississippi suggest that the increase in the export of alkalinity is also linked to amount and type of land cover. These observations have important implications for the potential management of carbon sequestration in the United States.
Deformation model of a thermomechanical gear finishing process

A low temperature thermomechanical precision finishing process is being developed in which ausforming and gear rolling are being combined to result in lower processing costs and improvements in final properties compared to conventional gear finishing processes. Since the ability to predict the deformations and loads is an important key to the success of the process, a numerical model is being developed to study the effect of forming operations on strains and displacements. This paper describes the current status of the program. The finite element program has been verified by solving a cylinder upsetting problem for which both experimental and numerical solutions are well documented. Nonlinear formulations due to material, geometry, and contact conditions have been modeled in the program and their application to the gear finishing processes has been demonstrated. The final tooth contour on both the approach and trailing sides of an 8.5 diametral pitch spur gear have been predicted.
A continuum description of nonlinear elasticity, slip and twinning, with application to sapphire

A model is developed for elasticity, plasticity and twinning in anisotropic single crystals subjected to large deformations. Dislocation glide and deformation twinning are dissipative, while energy storage mechanisms associated with dislocation lines and twin boundaries are described via scalar internal state variables. Concepts from continuum crystal plasticity are invoked, with shearing rates on discrete glide and twinning systems modelled explicitly. The model describes aspects of thermomechanical behaviour of single crystals of alumina over a range of loading conditions. Resolved shear stresses necessary for glide or twin nucleation at low to moderate temperatures are estimated from nonlinear elastic calculations, theoretical considerations of Peierls barriers and stacking fault energies and observations from shock physics experiments. These estimates are combined with the existing data from high-temperature experiments to provide initial yield conditions spanning a wide range of temperatures. The model reflects hardening of glide and twin systems from dislocations accumulated during basal slip. Residual elastic volume changes, predicted from nonlinear elastic considerations and approximated dislocation line energies, are positive and proportional to the dislocation line density. While the model suggests that generation of very large dislocation densities could influence the pressure–volume response, volume increases from defects are predicted to be small in crystals deformed via basal glide on a single system.
An Anti-Chitinase Malaria Transmission–Blocking Single-Chain Antibody as an Effector Molecule for Creating a Plasmodium falciparum–Refractory Mosquito

Indirect evidence has suggested the existence of a second chitinase gene, PgCHT2, in the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium gallinaceum. We have now identified PgCHT2 as the orthologue of the P. falciparum chitinase gene PfCHT1, a malaria transmission-blocking target. Computational phylogenetic evidence and biochemical and cell biological functional data support the hypothesis that an avian-related Plasmodium species was the ancestor of both P. falciparum and P. reichenowi, and this single lineage gave rise to another lineage of malaria parasites, including P. vivax, P. knowlesi, P. berghei, P. yoelii, and P. chabaudi. A recombinant PfCHT1/PgCHT2-neutralizing single-chain antibody significantly reduced P. falciparum and P. gallinaceum parasite transmission to mosquitoes. This single-chain antibody is the first anti-P. falciparum effector molecule to be validated for making a malaria transmission-refractory transgenic Anopheles species mosquito. P. gallinaceum is a relevant animal model that facilitates a mechanistic understanding of P. falciparum invasion of the mosquito midgut.
Tunneling processes across the CdS-electrolyte interface

Abstract The high-field behavior of the interface between a conducting CdS crystal and a blocking electrolyte contact is studied by the use of pulse techniques. The method employed is very suitable for determining the characteristics of the space-charge region at the crystal surface. In contrast to the case of d.c. measurements, where breakdown of the blocking contact is not apparent up to fields of at least 2 × 10 6 V/cm, large transient currents through the interface are observed in the range 5 × 10 5 −10 6 V/cm. These currents are ascribed to field emission from surface states into the conduction band of the CdS crystal. The surface states are shown to be intimately correlated with electrolytically deposited sulphur.
Confocal Brillouin microscopy for three-dimensional mechanical imaging

Acoustically induced inelastic light scattering, first reported in 1922 by Brillouin1, allows non-contact, direct readout of the viscoelastic properties of a material and has widely been investigated for material characterization2, structural monitoring3 and environmental sensing4. Extending the Brillouin technique from point sampling spectroscopy to imaging modality5 would open up new possibilities for mechanical imaging, but has been challenging because rapid spectrum acquisition is required. Here, we demonstrate a confocal Brillouin microscope based on a fully parallel spectrometer—a virtually imaged phased array—that improves the detection efficiency by nearly 100-fold over previous approaches. Using the system, we show the first cross-sectional Brillouin imaging based on elastic properties as the contrast mechanism and monitor fast dynamic changes in elastic modulus during polymer crosslinking. Furthermore, we report the first in situ biomechanical measurement of the crystalline lens in a mouse eye. These results suggest multiple applications of Brillouin microscopy in biomedical and biomaterial science.
Indirect Effects of Nitrogen Amendments on Organic Substrate Quality Increase Enzymatic Activity Driving Decomposition in a Mesic Grassland

The fate of soil organic carbon (SOC) is determined, in part, by complex interactions between the quality of plant litter inputs, nutrient availability, and the microbial communities that control decomposition rates. This study explores these interactions in a mesic grassland where C and nitrogen (N) availability and plant litter quality have been manipulated using both fertilization and haying for 7 years. We measured a suite of soil parameters including inorganic N, extractable organic C and N (EOC and EON), soil moisture, extracellular enzyme activity (EEA), and the isotopic composition of C and N in the microbial biomass and substrate sources. We use these data to determine how the activity of microbial decomposers was influenced by varying levels of substrate C and N quality and quantity and to explore potential mechanisms explaining the fate of enhanced plant biomass inputs with fertilization. Oxidative EEA targeting relatively recalcitrant C pools was not affected by fertilization. EEA linked to the breakdown of relatively labile C rich substrates exhibited no relationship with inorganic N availability but was significantly greater with fertilization and associated increases in substrate quality. These increases in EEA were not related to an increase in microbial biomass C. The ratio of hydrolytic C:N acquisition enzymes and δ13C and δ15N values of microbial biomass relative to bulk soil C and N, or EOC and EON suggest that microbial communities in fertilized plots were relatively C limited, a feature likely driving enhanced microbial efforts to acquire C from labile sources. These data suggest that in mesic grasslands, enhancements in biomass inputs and quality with fertilization can prompt an increase in EEA within the mineral soil profile with no significant increases in microbial biomass. Our work helps elucidate the microbially mediated fate of enhanced biomass inputs that are greater in magnitude than the associated increases in mineral soil organic matter.
Culturomics 2.0: Forecasting large-scale human behavior using global news media tone in time and space

News is increasingly being produced and consumed online, supplanting print and broadcast to represent nearly half of the news monitored across the world today by Western intelligence agencies. Recent literature has suggested that computational analysis of large text archives can yield novel insights to the functioning of society, including predicting future economic events. Applying tone and geographic analysis to a 30–year worldwide news archive, global news tone is found to have forecasted the revolutions in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya, including the removal of Egyptian President Mubarak, predicted the stability of Saudi Arabia (at least through May 2011), estimated Osama Bin Laden’s likely hiding place as a 200–kilometer radius in Northern Pakistan that includes Abbotabad, and offered a new look at the world’s cultural affiliations. Along the way, common assertions about the news, such as “news is becoming more negative” and “American news portrays a U.S.–centric view of the world” are found to have merit.
Tissue and cellular distribution of gold nanoparticles varies based on aggregation/agglomeration status.

Aim: The ability of nanoparticles to form larger superstructures of aggregates and agglomerates has been extensively noted in the literature. The in vivo biological impact of these structures, however, has not been assessed. This knowledge gap is especially critical in the safety assessment of nanoparticles to be used for therapeutic purposes. Method/results: Here we show that when administered intravenously into a mouse model, gold nanoparticle superstructures of reversible agglomerates and irreversible aggregates demonstrate significant differences in organ and cellular distribution compared with the primary particle building blocks. In addition, different structures produced different blood serum chemistry data. Conclusion: These findings raise the possibility for different mechanisms of toxicity between the structures. Such a possibility necessitates complete characterization and stability assessment of nanomaterials prior to their in vivo administration.
Ferroelectric control of magnetism in BaTiO3 /Fe heterostructures via interface strain coupling

Reversible control of magnetism is reported for a Fe thin film in proximity of a $\mathrm{Ba}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ single crystal. Large magnetization changes emerge in response to ferroelectric switching and structural transitions of $\mathrm{Ba}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ controlled by applied electric fields and temperature, respectively. Interface strain coupling is the primary mechanism altering the induced magnetic anisotropy. As a result, coercivity changes up to 120% occur between the various structural states of $\mathrm{Ba}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. Up to 20% coercivity change is achieved via electrical control at room temperature. Our all solid state ferroelectric-ferromagnetic heterostructures open viable possibilities for technological applications.
A novel form of transcriptional silencing by Sum1-1 requires Hst1 and the origin recognition complex.

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a and α mating-type information is stored in transcriptionally silenced cassettes called HML and HMR. Silencing of these loci, maintained by the formation of a specialized type of heterochromatin, requires trans-acting proteins and cis-acting elements. Proteins required for silencing include the Sir2 NAD+-dependent deacetylase, Sir3, and Sir4. Factors that bind to the cis elements at HMR and HML and that are important for silencing include the origin recognition complex (ORC). Mutations of any of these Sir proteins or combinations of cis elements result in loss of silencing. SUM1-1 was previously identified as a dominant mutation that restores silencing to HMR in the absence of either the Sir proteins or some of the cis elements. We have investigated the novel mechanism whereby Sum1-1 causes Sir-independent silencing at HMR and present the following findings: Sum1-1 requires the Sir2 homolog, Hst1, for silencing and most probably requires the NAD+-dependent deacetylase activity of this protein. Sum1-1 interacts strongly with ORC, and this strong interaction is dependent on HMR DNA. Furthermore, ORC is required for Sum1-1-mediated silencing at HMR. These observations lead to a model for Sum1-1 silencing of HMR in which Sum1-1 is recruited to HMR by binding to ORC. Sum1-1, in turn, recruits Hst1. Hst1 then deacetylates histones or other chromatin-associated proteins to cause chromatin condensation and transcriptional silencing.
Increased androgen receptor expression correlates with development of age-dependent, lobe-specific spontaneous hyperplasia of the brown Norway rat prostate.

Androgens are essential for development and differentiated function, as well as proliferation and survival of cells within the prostate gland. Age-related changes in the hormonal milieu, marked by a decrease in the serum androgen to estrogen ratio may contribute to the evolution of pathological changes, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and carcinoma of the prostate gland, in older men. A similar phenomenon occurs in Brown Norway rats, in which the serum testosterone to estradiol ratio declines with age, and despite the lower serum testosterone level, age-dependent prostatic hyperplasia develops in the dorsal and lateral lobes, but not in the ventral lobe. To evaluate a role for changes in androgen action in the evolution of prostatic hyperplasia, we compared the immunostaining intensity of androgen receptor in the different prostate lobes from young (4 months of age) and old (24 months of age) Brown Norway rats. Androgen receptor immunostaining was present in the nuclei of all epithelial cells and som...
Human Milk Mucin 1 and Mucin 4 Inhibit Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Invasion of Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro

Many human milk glycans inhibit pathogen binding to host receptors and their consumption by infants is associated with reduced risk of disease. Salmonella infection is more frequent among infants than among the general population, but the incidence is lower in breast-fed babies, suggesting that human milk could contain components that inhibit Salmonella. This study aimed to test whether human milk per se inhibits Salmonella invasion of human intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and, if so, to identify the milk components responsible for inhibition. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344 (SL1344) invasion of FHs 74 Int and Caco-2 cells were the models of human intestinal epithelium infection. Internalization of fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate-labeled SL1344 into intestinal cells was measured by flow cytometry to quantify infection. Human milk and its fractions inhibited infection; the inhibitory activity localized to the high molecular weight glycans. Mucin 1 and mucin 4 were isolated to homogeneity. At 150 μg/L, a typical concentration in milk, human milk mucin 1 and mucin 4 inhibited SL1344 invasion of both target cell types. These mucins inhibited SL1344 invasion of epithelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, mucins may prove useful as a basis for developing novel oral prophylactic and therapeutic agents that inhibit infant diseases caused by Salmonella and related pathogens.
Synthesis of nitric oxide-releasing polyurethanes with S-nitrosothiol-containing hard and soft segments

Nitric oxide (NO)-releasing polyurethanes capable of releasing up to 0.20 μmol NO cm−2 were synthesized by incorporating active S-nitrosothiol functionalities into hard and soft segment domains using thiol group protection and post-polymerization modifications, respectively. The nitrosothiol position within the hard and soft segment domains of the polyurethanes impacted both the total NO release and NO release kinetics. The NO storage and release properties were correlated to both chain extender modification and ensuing phase miscibility of the polyurethanes. Thorough material characterization is provided to examine the effects of hard and soft segment modifications on the resultant polyurethane properties.
Modulation of Exaggerated-IgE Allergic Responses by Gene Transfer-mediated Antagonism of IL-13 and IL-17e

Asthma and allergic rhinitis are almost invariable accompanied by elevated levels of immunoglobin E (IgE), and more importantly a genetic link between IgE levels and airway hyper-responsiveness has been established. We hypothesized that expression of soluble receptors directed against interleukin (IL)-13 and IL-17e would prevent the cytokines from engaging the cell-bound receptors and therefore help to attenuate allergic responses in a Cftr−/−-dependent mouse model of exaggerated-IgE responses. Cftr−/− mice were injected with recombinant adeno-associated virus 1 (rAAV1) intramuscularly expressing soluble receptors to IL-17e (IL-17Rh1fc) or IL-13 (IL-13Rα2Fc). Total IgE levels, in mice receiving the IL-17Rh1fc and IL-13Rα2Fc therapy, were lower than in the control group. Interestingly Aspergillus fumigatus (Af)–specific IgE levels were undetectable in both the mice receiving the IL-17Rh1fc and IL-13Rα2Fc therapies. Further flow cytometry analysis of intracellular gene expression suggests that blocking IL-17e may be interfering with signaling upstream of CD4+ and CD11b+ cells and reducing IgE levels by affecting signaling on these cell populations. In contrast it appears that IL-13 blockade acts downstream to reduce IgE levels probably by directly affecting B-cell maturation. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of targeting T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines with rAAV-delivered fusion proteins as a means to treat aberrant immune responses.
Interspecific Homologies between Gene Loci in Gossypium. II. Corolla Color.

HE color of the petals in all species of Gossypium which have been T studied is dependent on the presence or absence of two distinct classes of sap-soluble pigments-anthocyanins and flavonols. The two classes of pigments are controlled by independent genetic systems and with few exceptions there is little physical interaction between them. In most cases their effects can conveniently be considered as additive ; the flavonols providing a more or less uniform “background color” in the petal upon which the various anthocyan patterns are superimposed. The term “ corolla color ” should properly refer to the effects of both the flavonol and anthocyan pigments, but by common usage by cotton geneticists it has come to be restricted to the background color only, i.e., to the effects of the flavonol pigments per se. PRESENT STATUS OF INFORMATION ON THE CHEMISTRY OF
A two-dimensional, distributed logic architecture

The authors present a novel, very fine grain associative architecture. This architecture maintains both a high degree of flexibility and fine graininess. This is done by reducing each processor to an associative memory cell. Unlike other associative memory processors, this architecture uses a two-dimensional interconnect and a physically compact memory structure. Arithmetic operations are based on the use of a redundant number system. These features provide a high level of performance. This is particularly true for certain two-dimensional problems which can be solved very efficiently on the proposed architecture. >
Questions and conjectures on the origin of stellar and galactic magnetic fields.

The magnetic fields of the Sun and the Galaxy, as prototypes of the fields of other stars and galaxies, appear to originate in some form or variant of the well known αω-dynamo. However, the αω-dynamo can function only in the presence of irreversible diffusion and dissipation of the small-scale internal magnetic fields. requiring effective diffusion coefficients of the order of 1012 and 1025 cm2/sec for the Sun and Galaxy, respectively. The internal motions of scale l and velocity v provide the product lv with these magnitudes, but the effect is not one of irreversible diffusion. So the αω-dynamo does not work in the manner conventionally associated with turbulent diffusion. It is hypothesized instead that the magnetic field of the Sun is in an intensely fibril state throughout the convective zone, with rapid reconnection wherever nonparallel fibrils are pressed together by the fluid motions. The result of this scenario would seem to be a sufficiently rapid irreversible interdiffusion of fields for successful operation of the solar dynamo. For the Galaxy it is hypothesized that rapid reconnection between the extended magnetic lobes or Ω-loops that form the halo accomplished the irreversibility necessary for the operation of the galactic dynamo. However, it must be emphasized that until these conjectures are firmly established, it cannot be said that we understand the origin of the magnetic fields of stars and galaxies. The fact that there is at present no known alternative to the αω-dynamo is not to say that the αω-dynamo operation is fully understood.
Barcoding of Live Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells for Multiplexed Mass Cytometry

Mass cytometry is developing as a means of multiparametric single-cell analysis. In this study, we present an approach to barcoding separate live human PBMC samples for combined preparation and acquisition on a cytometry by time of flight instrument. Using six different anti-CD45 Ab conjugates labeled with Pd104, Pd106, Pd108, Pd110, In113, and In115, respectively, we barcoded up to 20 samples with unique combinations of exactly three different CD45 Ab tags. Cell events carrying more than or less than three different tags were excluded from analyses during Boolean data deconvolution, allowing for precise sample assignment and the electronic removal of cell aggregates. Data from barcoded samples matched data from corresponding individually stained and acquired samples, at cell event recoveries similar to individual sample analyses. The approach greatly reduced technical noise and minimizes unwanted cell doublet events in mass cytometry data, and it reduces wet work and Ab consumption. It also eliminates sample-to-sample carryover and the requirement of instrument cleaning between samples, thereby effectively reducing overall instrument runtime. Hence, CD45 barcoding facilitates accuracy of mass cytometric immunophenotyping studies, thus supporting biomarker discovery efforts, and it should be applicable to fluorescence flow cytometry as well.
Networks with cognitive packets

Based on our earlier work ("Towards networks with intelligent packets", Proc. 14th Int. Symp. on Computer and Information Sciences, p. 1-11, Oct. 1999), we discuss packet networks in which intelligent capabilities for routing and flow control are concentrated in the packets, rather than in the nodes and protocols. This paper describes a possible testbed to test and evaluate their capabilities, and presents an analytical model for the worst and best case performance of such systems.
The temperature acclimation of photosynthetic responses to CO2 in Zea mays and its relationship to the activities of photosynthetic enzymes and the CO2-concentrating mechanism of C4 photosynthesis

Abstract Associations between photosynthetic responses to CO2 at rate-saturating light and photosynthetic enzyme activities were compared for leaves of maize grown under constant air temperatures of 19, 25 and 31°C. Key photosynthetic enzymes analysed were ribulose bisphosphatc (RuBP) carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase, NADP-malic enzyme and pyruvate, Pi dikinasc. Rates of CO2-saturated photosynthesis were similar in leaves developed at 19°C and 25°C but were decreased significantly by growth at 31°C. In contrast, carboxylation efficiency differed significantly between all three temperature regimes. Carboxylation efficiency was greatest in leaves developed at 19°C and decreased with increasing temperature during growth. The changes of carboxylation efficiency were highly correlated with changes in the activity of pyruvate, Pi dikinase (r= 0.95), but not with other photosynthetic enzyme activities. The activities of these latter enzymes, including that of RuBP carboxylase, were relatively insensitive to temperature during growth. The sensitivity of quantum yield to O2 concentration was lower in leaves grown at 19°C than in leaves grown at 31°C. These observations support the novel hypothesis that variation in the capacity for CO2 delivery to the bundle sheath by the C4 cycle, relative to the capacity for net assimilation by the C2 cycle, can be a principal determinant of C4 photosynthetic responses to CO2.
Personalization via friendsourcing

When information is known only to friends in a social network, traditional crowdsourcing mechanisms struggle to motivate a large enough user population and to ensure accuracy of the collected information. We thus introduce friendsourcing, a form of crowdsourcing aimed at collecting accurate information available only to a small, socially-connected group of individuals. Our approach to friendsourcing is to design socially enjoyable interactions that produce the desired information as a side effect.We focus our analysis around Collabio, a novel social tagging game that we developed to encourage friends to tag one another within an online social network. Collabio encourages friends, family, and colleagues to generate useful information about each other. We describe the design space of incentives in social tagging games and evaluate our choices by a combination of usage log analysis and survey data. Data acquired via Collabio is typically accurate and augments tags that could have been found on Facebook or the Web. To complete the arc from data collection to application, we produce a trio of prototype applications to demonstrate how Collabio tags could be utilized: an aggregate tag cloud visualization, a personalized RSS feed, and a question and answer system. The social data powering these applications enables them to address needs previously difficult to support, such as question answering for topics comprehensible only to a few of a user's friends.
Laboratory Formulation Comparisons for a Bacterial (Bacillus thuringiensis) and a Viral (Baculovirus heliothis) Insecticide

Addition of sucrose to an algin-UV protectant or polyvinyl alcohol-UV protectant formulation improved the effectiveness of Bacillus thuringienisis Berliner for control of cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner). The polyvinyl alcohol-UV protectant-sucrose formulation was supenor to all other formulations tested for cabbage looper control with B. thuringiensis . A cottonseed meal bait formulation and large cone nozzles were the best treatment tested for control of bollworms, Heliothis zea (Boddie), when using Baculovirus heliothis .
Adviser: immersive field work for planetary geoscientists

The Adviser prototype system makes it possible for planetary geologists to conduct virtual field research on remote environments such as Antarctica and Mars. Among Adviser's interactive tools are mission-planning and measurement tools that let researchers generate new data and gain interpretive insights. Five case studies illustrate the system's applications and observed benefits
The Relationship between Faculty Group Development and School Productivity

The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between teacher percep tions of faculty group effectiveness and development and actual levels of productivity in 10 elementary, middle, and high schools. The results suggest that a strong relationship exists. Faculty groups functioning at higher levels of development have students who perform better on standard achievement measures. Solutions designed to improve the nation’s schools have been suggested, mandated, and legislated by a wide variety of constituent groups. New curricula, collaboration with business and the community, new forms of teacher education and training, efforts to increase parental involvement, and decentralization of school district planning are just some of the solutions being applied. Despite these efforts, however, few successful changes have taken place (Sizer, 1992). According to Sizer (1992), one major reason for the lack of change in schools is that administrators and teachers do not respond well to change strategies designed by “distant authorities.” Teach ers and principals deal most directly with students yet have minimal input into the development of change strategies. The school structure and culture leave little opportunity to even discuss
An introduction of Krill Herd algorithm for engineering optimization

AbstractA new metaheuristic optimization algorithm, called Krill Herd (KH), has been recently proposed by Gandomi and Alavi (2012). In this study, KH is introduced for solving engineering optimization problems. For more verification, KH is applied to six design problems reported in the literature. Further, the performance of the KH algorithm is compared with that of various algorithms representative of the state-of-the-art in the area. The comparisons show that the results obtained by KH are better than the best solutions obtained by the existing methods.
A Formula for the Two Parameters of the AC-Test Method In Factoring a Quadratic Trinomial Function.

We use the FOIL and the AC-test methods to factor a quadratic trinomial function into two factors. FOIL finds four parameters of the two factors direct while the AC-test method finds two parameters and then eventually finds the four parameters of the FOIL method. Thus far, both methods find the parameters by the trial and error method. This paper finds a formula in terms of the three coefficients of the quadratic trinomial function that finds the two parameters of the AC-test method with proper signs.
The Immorality of Requesting Expedited Review

It is common practice, as it has been for decades, for legal scholars to submit draft papers to many law journals simultaneously. They then tell more prestigious journals of publishing offers they have received from less prestigious journals, in an effort to maximize the prestige of the journal in which the piece finally appears. They do so to benefit their personal careers, overlooking that, along the way, they have systematically redistributed labor away from student editors at less prestigious journals, and toward student editors at more prestigious journals. They — we — are wrong to do it and should stop.
Labor Organization and Electoral Participation in Industrial Democracies

The literature on the determinants of electoral participation has paid little attention to the role of labor organization. Adopting the familiar heuristic of costs and benefits, we argue that aggregate rates of turnout will be affected strongly by the strength of the labor movement. This hypothesis is tested using cross-sectional and pooled time series data for nineteen industrial democracies and the fifty American states. The results indicate that the greater the share of workers represented by unions, the greater is the turnout. Further analysis indicates that a portion of this effect occurs indirectly through labor's ability to move the ideological position of parties appealing to lowerand middlestatus citizens farther to the left. The implications for the study of electoral politics, democratic theory, and public policy are discussed. he theoretical importance of electoral participation to democratic politics is well understood. The rate of voter participation has been considered a metric by which to judge the legitimacy of democratic institutions (e.g., Piven and Cloward, 1988), an influence on party vote shares (e.g., Nagel and McNulty, 1996), and a determinant of public policies (e.g., Hicks and Misra, 1993; for a review, see Lijphart 1997). Given the salience of turnout, it is not surprising that scholars have devoted considerable attention to the subject. Yet the literature suffers from a general failure to consider that industrial democracies are also capitalist democracies in which political competition is shaped partially by social class. The capacity of the working class, broadly construed, to compete-and thus its incentive to participate-is widely agreed to be a function of the extent to which it is organized. As Przeworski puts it, "workers can process their claims only collectively and indirectly through organizations . . . principally trade unions" (1985, 11) and, potentially, the political parties beholden to them. As we demonstrate below, labor organization is one of the principal determinants of cross-national and domestic rates of electoral participation.
Capillary Flow in Cylindrical Containers with Rounded Interior Corners

Interior corners are common constructs employed in ∞uid systems aboard spacecraft to passively control large length scale capillary-dominated liquid inventories, i.e. fuel/cryogen storage tanks. Due to either design or fabrication, an ideally sharp corner may not be achieved, but rather a somewhat rounded one. In this work, low-gravity drop tower tests are performed to benchmark recent analytical results predicting capillary driven ∞ows along interior corners possessing any degree of roundedness. The analysis provides closed-form solutions that predict meniscus tip location and ∞ow rate as a function of system geometry and ∞uid properties and is easily verifled by low-g test. In this paper, a summary of the analytical solutions is followed by drop tower experimental results for the problem of sudden imbibition in containers possessing interior corners of varying roundedness. Digitized data such as meniscus tip location and transient free surface proflle are presented. It is shown that the predictions compare well with experiment, the former of which may be employed for the immediate and time-e‐cient design and analysis of current and advanced low-g ∞uids management systems.
EVOLUTION OF CLIMATIC ADAPTATION IN HOMEOTHERMS

Climatic adaptation in warm-blooded animals has been a subject of much concern to ecologists and evolutionists. With the formulation of the climatic rules of Bergmann and Allen it has become almost dogma that a reduction in the surface area relative to weight is a morphogenic factor of prime importance in the evolution of cold-hardy species or races. This idea is based on the simple reasoning that, other factors being equal, the less surface area an animal has the less heat it would lose. Natural selection would therefore favor an arctic fauna tending towards large globular woolly balls with the least possible ears, tail, snout and legs. Tropical animals would tend in the opposite direction, towards smaller skinny forms, with long legs, snout, ears and tail. Clines of this sort have been looked for and have been found in many mammals and birds, and are given in textbooks on evolution as classical examples of the workings of adaptation by selection. Lately anthropologists have seen in the climatic rules a powerful tool by which to explain many racial features in man. Adaptation, in the sense of "rendered fit for," implies an understanding of how and why the observed trend or response is useful, and is hence linked up with physiology. Sufficient information on the physiological adjustments of arctic and tropical animals is now available so that we may attempt an analysis of what phylogenetic pathways evolution has actually followed in the engineering of climatic adaptation of warm-blooded animals. CLIMATIC ADAPTATIONS FOUND IN ARCTIC AND TROPICAL MAMMALS AND BIRDS
Testing the Basis of Incumbency Advantage: Strategic Candidates and Term Limits in the California Legislature:

Conventional wisdom suggests that incumbent politicians use the resources of office to create an electoral advantage. But Cox and Katz (2002) argue that at least part of this incumbency advantage i...
Optimization of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG(LGG) high-density medium

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG was considered as a probiotic by the Chinese government.Because it can live in the intestinal colonization and survive through acid and alkali. It is more widely used. Therefore, we want to optimize the medium, so that the Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG can be producted at a lower cost of the cultivation of high-density. We use MRS medium as basement and respectively adjust the carbon source(maltose:glucose:lactose:sucrose), nitrogen source(tryptone:beef extract:yeast powder) and other ingredients(cucumber juice:tomato juice) to the univariate analysis.Under the same conditions, 37 ℃ anaerobic, thermostat culture after 16 h, measured the OD600 to compare the mount off cell. Experiments found that obvious enrichment effect of tryptone, yeast extract, glucose, tomato juice. Then we use the four substances four factors and three levels of L 9(34) orthogonal analysis, the results of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG impact was tomato juicetryptoneglucoseyeast powder. So the best recipe was A3B1C3 D2(2.5% tryptone+1.5% yeast extract+2.5% glucose+20% tomato juice).
In vivo genetic toxicity of organic extractions from drinking and source water in Fuzhou

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vivo genotoxicity of drinking and source water in Fuzhou.METHODS: Five districts were randomly chosen in Fuzhou with a water plant in every district.200 liters drinking water and source water were sampled in every district.XAD-2 resin was used to extract the organic matter in water,and mouse bone marrow micronucleus and sperm abnormality test were used to detect the genotoxicity of the organic extractions.RESULTS: The drinking and source water of water plants in Changle city and Pingtan county and the drinking water of water plant in Fuqing city were mutagenic,and the genotoxicity of organic extractions of drinking water was higher than that of its source water.CONCLUSION: The drinking and source water of Fuzhou city had been polluted by organic compounds to some degree.
Functional Characterization of Mitogen-Dependent and Self-Perpetuating Nb2 Lymphoma Cell Lines

FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MITOGEN-DEPENDENT AND SELF­ PERPETUATING NB2 LYMPHOMA CELL LINES Charlotte A. Cockrell, Bachelor of Science Mary Washington College A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2000 Raphael J. Witorsch, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Physiology This investigation involved the functional characterization of four Nb2 sub lines (Nb2-U17, Nb2-l l , SFJCD l , and D5) for their mitogenic and apoptotic responses to DEX ± PRL treatment. Many protein factors have been implicated to be crucial in controlling the apoptotic and mitogenic pathways. In conjunction with functional studies, an immunocytochemical investigation of four protein signals (NFKB, IKBa, STAT 5b, and the GR) was undertaken in an attempt to establish a relationship between the functional responsiveness of a given cell line and the concentration of a particular protein marker. Comparison of the functional data obtained for the four lines reveals marked differences in behavior in response to DEX ± PRL. The Nb2-l l and U-17 sublines were dependent upon prolactin for proliferation and were sensitive to DEX induced cytolysis/apoptosis in the absence of PRL. Co-incubation of DEX and PRL resulted in both an inhibition of
A Queer/ed Archival Methodology: Archival Bodies as Nomadic Subjects

This article highlights the particular - embodied - ways in which the human record can be collected, organized, and preserved. Engaging both archival and queer theories, the understanding of body-as-archives and archives-as-body is instantiated in the oral history record from one genderqueer poet. This poet's narration can be understood as a nomadic one of multiplicities, undoings, and metamorphoses. The far-reaching possibilities of the ongoing histories of the simultaneous becoming and unbecoming - archived (un)becomings - are at play and embodied throughout this archived oral history. The archives can produce a dizzying effect through which, I argue, archivists can resist the urge to settle, to neatly organize, and to contain the archival records to consider new ways to understand and represent the dynamic (un)becomings. Through the interpretive frame of the nomadic, the archives can be understood as a site of (un)becomings and as a space that can hold moving living histories.
Comparing unsupervised learning approaches to detect network intrusion using NetFlow data

Networks are vulnerable to costly attacks. Thus, the ability to detect these intrusions early on and minimize their impact is imperative to the financial security and reputation of an institution. There are two mainstream systems of intrusion detection (IDS), signature-based and anomaly-based IDS. Signature-based IDS identify intrusions by referencing a database of known identity, or signature, for each of the previous intrusion events. Anomaly-based IDS attempt to identify intrusions by referencing a baseline or learned patterns of normal behavior. Under this approach, deviations from the baseline are considered intrusions. We assume this type of behavior is rare and distinguishable from normal activity. Our research investigates unsupervised techniques for anomaly-based network intrusion detection. For this research, we use real-time traffic data from University of Virginia network. We evaluate the performance between Local Outlier Factor (LOF) and Isolation Forest (iForest) by probing the similarities and differences between the result of each approach. Distribution plots show there is a greater variation of attributes in anomalies identified by iForest than those anomalies identified by LOF. Furthermore, iForest results are more distinctive from all data than the LOF results. With the assumptions that anomalies are points that are rare and distinctive, we find that iForest performs well in identifying anomalies compared to LOF.
How Does Local Adoption of IFRS for Those Countries That Modified IFRS by Design, Impair Comparability with Countries That Have Not Adapted IFRS?

ABSTRACT: Global adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is thought to increase financial statement reliability and comparability. Although IFRS is required or allowed in over 130 nations, some countries modify IFRS as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). This study is designed to closely examine each country that modifies IFRS in an effort to determine whether these modifications impair financial statement comparability. First is that countries lack the resources to implement the newest version of IFRS or ensure proper translation of the standards. Second is that countries make specific changes to allow IFRS to better meet the needs of their financial reporting environment. I categorize the first set of countries as default countries and the second set as design countries. The study results in several interesting and useful contributions. First, I develop a new typology for future IFRS research that includes not only the locally adopted category, but also ...