cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stencil Openings and Bond Pads Design Considerations for High Density Solder Paste Printing Process for Assembly of Display Panel

We discuss the design considerations of the stencil openings and the dimension of the bond pads on the PCB for the solder paste printing in the assembly process of high density LED display panel. Stencil printing process for solder paste application is commonly adopted for high density discrete bond pads on PCB substrate. In order to achieve high assembly yield when the size and pitch of the bond pads are much reduced to around $\sim 100 \mu \mathrm{m}$ and $150 \mu \mathrm{m}$ respectively, the design guidelines for the size of openings and thickness of the stencil for obtaining a desirable printed volume of solder paste can be determined with the considerations of the layout of solder mask and its thickness as well as the bond pads geometry and dimensions on the PCB. We will also highlight how the printing transfer efficiency of the solder paste is affected by (i) stencil design such as size and aspect ratio of the stencil openings, stencil thickness, the aperture-area to wall-area ratio of the opening, tension on the stencil, (ii) bond pads design on PCB such as pad size, solder mask thickness, solder mask clearance around pads and (iii) solder paste selection with considerations of type of solder paste, flux viscosity, flux residue and its cleanability.
Recovery Sleep versus Emotion Regulation in Predicting Fire Service Shift Workers Stress, Fatigue and Irritability.

Objective/Background: Fire service shift workers are at risk of developing mental health difficulties related to sleep loss and emotion dysregulation. We aimed to clarify the relationship between off-shift recovery sleep and emotion regulation on stress, fatigue and irritability. Participants: A total of 61 fire service shift workers (e.g. firefighter, captain, engineer, paramedic) on a "5/6" shift. Methods: Following five 24-hour shifts, participants reported on emotion regulation as well as daily sleep, stress, fatigue and irritability during six consecutive off-shift recovery days. Mediation analyses examined (1) emotion regulation as a predictor and sleep as a mediator of stress, fatigue and irritability outcomes; and (2) sleep as a predictor and emotion regulation as a mediator of stress, fatigue and irritability outcomes. Results: Greater self-reported total sleep time predicted lower recovery stress, fatigue, and irritability. Greater subjective sleep efficiency predicted lower recovery stress and fatigue, but not irritability. No significant relationships emerged for objective sleep or emotion regulation variables predicting stress, fatigue or irritability. There were no significant findings with either emotion regulation or sleep variables included as mediators. Conclusions: These findings suggest that stress management programs for fire service shift workers may be most effective when targeting sleep efficiency and quantity rather than emotion regulation strategies in the off-shift recovery period.
Synergy and optimization of Local institutional to Repair Gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb) Market in Indonesia

The relation between institutions and synergy between social capital produce social capital performance. Relationship and synergy between social capital between institutions will produce the best collective action. Collective action formed able to solve a problem in and between the institutions. Research aim of looking at the a lot of synergy of local institutions, the performance of social capital are quoted on the gambir. So on as well will be canvassed to see the act of collectively that is formed to address the issues the market gambir.This research methodology used a quantitative approach. The kind of research is descriptive. This study using a case study in the agricultural gambir. Research methodology this used a quantitative approach.The kind of research is descriptive. The research uses strategy case study. A case study of agricultural market gambir (Uncaria Gambir Roxb). Enrichment data used method of qualitative. Forms used as, observation, interview, group discussions and documentation. Data analysis in depth uses the method inductive analysis and logical analysis. The analysis of the performance of social capital market gambir shows high social capital performance. High social capital performance on the gambir because the network high on bonding social capital and sinerji high on bridging social capital. High social capital performance produce collective action. Collective action happened transact on time and the same place between farmers and gambir gatherers in the market village. The transaction in time and place the same caused the price of more competitive because the competition among gambir gatherers. Social capital has also built the collective action for the repair of products and the sustainability of gambir farming.
Bringing Jails into the Twenty-First Century: Evaluating Jail TV as a Method for Programming

Jails serve a valuable role in the American correctional system. Historically, the quick turnover in population and limited resources that plague jails create impediments to the delivery of program...
23 – Producer Choice: Monopoly

Publisher Summary This describes a monopolist as the only seller of a particular product in a given market. As such, the monopoly controls the supply of the product and acts to reap the highest possible profits from the sale of the monopoly good. The key to the creation of the monopoly is the ability to erect barriers to competitors wishing to enter the market. Some barriers such as high initial investment requirements are natural to a particular industry. Others such as patents derive from government policy. Businesses make production decisions to maximize the profits they expect to receive from their actions. The monopolist maximizes profits at the level of output where marginal cost equals marginal revenue. There is no monopoly supply curve as such—monopolists offer for sale only that quantity that maximizes profits and charge the highest price consumers would pay for that product.
Differential Antibody Recognition of H3N2 Vaccine and Seasonal Influenza Virus Strains Based on Age, Vaccine Status, and Sex in the 2017–2018 Season

Background An antigenic mismatch between the vaccine and circulating H3N2 strains was hypothesized to contribute to the severity of the 2017-2018 season in North America. Methods Serum and nasal washes were collected from influenza positive and negative patients during the 2017-2018 season to determine neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers and for influenza virus sequencing, respectively. Results The circulating and vaccine H3N2 virus strains were different clades, with the vaccine strain being clade 3C.2a and the circulating viruses being 3C.2a2 or 3C.3a. At enrollment, both the H3N2 negative and positive patients had greater nAb titers to the egg-adapted vaccine virus compared to the cell-grown vaccine but the H3N2-negative population had significantly greater titers to the circulating 3C.2a2. Among H3N2-positive patients, vaccination, younger age, and female sex were associated with greater nAb responses to the egg-adapted vaccine H3N2 virus but not to the cell-grown vaccine or circulating viruses. Conclusions For the 2017-2018 circulating viruses, mutations introduced by egg adaptation decreased vaccine efficacy. No increased protection was afforded by vaccination, younger age, or female sex against 2017-2018 circulating H3N2 viruses.
Another Look at the Tower of Hanoi.

In spite of its venerable age, the 'Tower of Hanoi" still attracts considerable atten tion, both as a fascinating puzzle and as a mathematical challenge. The construction of the puzzle is quite simple. Three pegs rise vertically from a base. Several disks of varying sizes and with holes in the center are placed on one of the pegs in decreasing order?that is, with the largest at the bottom and the smallest at the top. The tower usually contains six disks, but there can be as many as desired. The object of the puzzle is to dismantle the tower and to reassemble it in the same form on one of the other two pegs according to a few simple rules:
Bone marrow adipocytes - Good, bad, or just different?

Skeletal remodeling is essential for proper maintenance of adult bone mass, and due to its heavy energetic demands this process is closely tied to whole body metabolic. Thus, bone formation by the osteoblast, bone resorption by the osteoclast, and mechano-sensing by the osteocyte, are highly coupled processes that are essential for bone turnover. When one experiences a disruption in these processes, over time increased skeletal fragility and fracture can result. In addition to these primary cells, secondary cells within the skeletal niche are suspected to directly coordinate bone health as well. The bone marrow compartment provides a unique microenvironment in which communication occurs between white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets, and immune cells, in addition to classic bone cells (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes) that can both directly and indirectly impact skeletal homeostasis. One such cell population that has attracted much attention and scientific inquiry in the past decade are bone marrow adipocytes (BMAdipo) which can be found interspersed throughout the marrow compartment, and collectively are often referred to as bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT). Although our understanding of BMAT has advanced significantly in the past decade, many questions remain relative to their lineage and function. The current collection presents recent studies and the up-to-date understanding of bone marrow adipocytes, along with future clinical perspectives related to this unique depot.
Towards Queer African Theory: Assessing the Limitations of Western Organizing Principles on Gay Rights in Jamaica

This paper evaluates the impact of Western organizing principles on gay rights advocacy and activism in Jamaica. Western organizing principles refers to the multiple approaches employed by LGBT organizations located in North America and the United Kingdom, which often ignore the intersections of race and class. I am interested in how this gets reproduced in Jamaica by the premier gay rights organization, the Jamaica Forum for Lesbians, AllSexuals & Gays (JFLAG) in its efforts to combat anti-gay sentiments and politics. I argue that JFLAG's activism privileges "Brown" middle and upper class LGBT Jamaicans while marginalizing others. I argue that Western organizing principles for LGBT rights, which center white male homosexual identity as the point of reference for all others, does not have the capacity to transform the immediate conditions of Black poor and working class LGBT Jamaicans. Rather, deploying these principles within the Jamaican context reproduces colonial oppressions historically rooted in racist, classist, and homophobic epistemologies upon Black and brown bodies. Consequently, JFLAG's reliance on these frameworks to inform its organizing principles for facilitating gay "rights" in Jamaica ignores the needs of 92.1% of its constituents. This paper draws from a pilot study conducted in Jamaican between 2012 and 2014 which evaluated the impact of JFLAG activities focused on promoting gay and lesbian rights. Moreover, my study of LGBTQ organizing in the African diaspora, particularly Southern Africa and North America, reveals that African and Black Queer Studies has the potential for articulating LGBT livability in Jamaica.
Moral Shapes of Time in Henry James

Moral philosophers often turn to the works of Henry James as a resource. Martha Nussbaum, for instance, reads James’s texts for moral examples of the quest for the good. Robert Pippin’s neo-Hegelian approach, on the other hand, reads James’s texts as capturing the moral ambiguities of living through a major shift in social structure of the Western society. For Nussbaum, James’s language is about the subtle perceptions of the characters and narrators. For Pippin, the novel’s complex syntax and obscure diction capture the uncertainties of social transition. Neither one examines the ontological dimension of James’s approach to language and morality. This paper looks at James’s as a moral philosopher in the line of Charles Taylor and Richard Rorty, for whom questions of morality emerge in the context of the linguistically articulated identities of the individual and community. Through this lens, James is a philosopher of language whose novels display the rupture and repair of semantic packages of moral beliefs. Unlike Nussbaum and Pippin, I maintain that James’s late style needs to be considered as something more than an aesthetic vehicle for ethical content. Instead, it presents a phenomenological and ontological drama that gives moral meaning temporal as well as semantic shapes.
Numerical Modeling of Isothermal and Nonisothermal Flow in Unsaturated Fractured Rock: A Review

In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to study the feasibility of geologic disposal of high-level nuclear wastes in deep unsaturated zones in desert environments. The tuff formations at and near the Nevada Test Site, which are under consideration for this purpose, are comprised of fractured-porous material, with hydrologic properties quite different from those encountered in most previous unsaturated flow studies dealing with soils. Another difference from conventional unsaturated flow is that in the vicinity of the waste packages, flow is driven by high temperatures (exceeding 100°C) and large temperature gradients. The approximations developed in soil science for weaklynonisothermal flow are not applicable to this situation, and a multiphase description of flow is required, similar to approaches used in modeling of geothermal reservoirs and thermally enhanced oil recovery. The conventional approach to unsaturated flow is applicable, however, to a variety of problems relating to natural (undisturbed) and far-field flow conditions. This paper reviews recent work on numerical modeling of unsaturated flow undertaken in the context of nuclear waste isolation studies. Concepts and applications of broader interest are summarized, including the role of fractures in partially saturated flow, the response of a fractured medium to infiltration events, and a simplified description of flow based on an effective continuum approximation. It is pointed out that the heat released from the waste packages gives rise to multi-phase flow with heat pipe effects, which may have a dramatic impact on thermal and hydrologic conditions. A number of important issues are identified which have not been adequately explored. These include the possibility that liquid water may flow along the rough walls of fractures, the bulk of which is drained. Pre-existing or induced fracture coatings may have significant hydrologic effects. Large-scale moisture movement may be important to describe natural (nearly isothermal) hydrologic conditions as well as waste-induced gas phase convection far beyond the thermally disturbed zone. The importance of model validation and calibration with laboratory and field measurements of unsaturated flow in fractured rock is emphasized.
Taxpayer's Constitutional Rights: A South African Perspective

This paper analyses the salient aspects of the South African Constitution of 1996, and ensuing constitutionally driven legislation and case law, to analyze and illustrate the significance and application of aspects of the Constitution on the taxpayer's rights when facing an audit from the tax authorities. The paper also includes a practical draft memorandum prepared to address to tax authorities at the time they decide to commence an audit. Included is a list of key questions to ask, to determine what direction the audit is most likely to take.
The Promise of Qualitative Metasynthesis: Mathematics Experiences of Black Learners

The purpose of this article is to present the findings of a qualitative metasynthesis focused on Black learners negotiating their mathematics experiences in multiple settings (in school and out-of-school) and reflecting on experiences that contributed towards their mathematics identities over time. Five findings emerged from this qualitative metasynthesis to describe the ways Black learners negotiated their experiences in mathematics across time. The findings are: 1) Learners determined their values, which were influenced by others; 2) Learners defined success in life, in academics, and specifically in mathematics, based on their values; 3) Learners encountered issues of awareness and access along their experience pathways, which included opportunities to make academic choices and to experience high expectations in academics; 4) Learners developed self-images based on their values and a mosaic of images, which comprised their image-based criteria for negotiating experience pathways; and 5) Learners’ development of agency depended on their understanding of the consequences of their encounters with issues of awareness and access as well as their image-based criteria for success.
FET3P, ceruloplasmin, and the role of copper in iron metabolism

Publisher Summary The chapter focuses on the copper ferroxidases and discusses the role of copper in iron metabolism. The physiologic linkage between copper and iron is now well understood at the molecular level, in terms of the gene products that metabolically link these two essential metal nutrients. The central component in this linkage is a multicopper ferroxidase: ceruloplasmin, Fet3p, in mammals. However, each of these copper proteins relies on a copper ATPase found in the membrane of a specific vesicular compartment for the copper necessary for each protein's activation. The copper pumping that any one of these ATPases does may be, critical to copper homeostasis as well for copper excretion, for example. These pumps in turn rely on a protein, a copper chaperone that ferries the copper from the plasma membrane copper permease through the cytosol to this vesicular compartment. The permease relies on a plasma membrane cuprireductase to supply it with the Cu(I) as substrate for uptake. Nonetheless, irrespective of whether or how a defect in any one of these enzymes, transporters, chaperones, or pumps may contribute to a dysfunction in copper handling, there most certainly will be a direct impact on the copper incorporation into one or more of these ferroxidases leading to a secondary effect on iron homeostasis. The copper ferroxidases are central to this secondary nutritional, metabolic, essentially epistatic relationship between copper and iron in eukaryotes.
Review: Optimization methods for groundwater modeling and management

Optimization methods have been used in groundwater modeling as well as for the planning and management of groundwater systems. This paper reviews and evaluates the various optimization methods that have been used for solving the inverse problem of parameter identification (estimation), experimental design, and groundwater planning and management. Various model selection criteria are discussed, as well as criteria used for model discrimination. The inverse problem of parameter identification concerns the optimal determination of model parameters using water-level observations. In general, the optimal experimental design seeks to find sampling strategies for the purpose of estimating the unknown model parameters. A typical objective of optimal conjunctive-use planning of surface water and groundwater is to minimize the operational costs of meeting water demand. The optimization methods include mathematical programming techniques such as linear programming, quadratic programming, dynamic programming, stochastic programming, nonlinear programming, and the global search algorithms such as genetic algorithms, simulated annealing, and tabu search. Emphasis is placed on groundwater flow problems as opposed to contaminant transport problems. A typical two-dimensional groundwater flow problem is used to explain the basic formulations and algorithms that have been used to solve the formulated optimization problems.
Murphi busts an altitude: a Murphi analysis of an automation surprise

In training and during operations, users of automatic systems form expectations of how automatic systems respond to their control inputs and to environmental disturbances. These expectations form the basis for what can called the operator's "mental model" of the system. An "automation surprise" is said to occur when the automation behaves in a manner different from what the operator expects. A requirement for a properly functioning human-machine system is that the human operator have good situation awareness. A key component of an operator's situation awareness is knowing how the machine will behave in the near future. Automation surprises are situations in which this system requirement has failed. In this paper, the modeling language-Murphi-is used to model and analyze an automation surprise in which a flight crew, using the autopilot, climbs above their cleared altitude during a full mission flight simulation. Murphi is a system description language and model checker developed by software engineers to formally evaluate behavioral requirements for concurrent software processes A rule-based model of the autopilot system and the pilot was developed. Murphi was then used to automatically check the validity of the above requirement for a model of the pilot-autopilot-aircraft system. The requirement failed for the same sequence of human and machine events that were recorded in the altitude bust incident. The Murphi model was then modified to explore possible procedural and mode logic fixes to reduce the likelihood of this type of breakdown in the human-machine system.
Ceftriaxone attenuates acute cocaine‐evoked dopaminergic neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens of the rat

Background and Purpose Ceftriaxone is a β‐lactam antibiotic and glutamate transporter activator that reduces the reinforcing effects of psychostimulants. Ceftriaxone also reduces locomotor activation following acute psychostimulant exposure, suggesting that alterations in dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens contribute to its mechanism of action. In the present studies we tested the hypothesis that pretreatment with ceftriaxone disrupts acute cocaine‐evoked dopaminergic neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens.
Cultural Change in a Medical School: A Data-Driven Management of Entropy

Medical school organizations are incredibly complex entities operating within multifaceted systems that exert multiple environmental pressures on the internal practices of the schools. Moreover, the components of medical schools operate within the contingencies of the medical school as a whole, such as the recent curricular change that occurred at the University of Nevada School of Medicine. That change required organizational and cultural changes in many different areas within the school and at all levels of the school’s organizational hierarchy. Three separate studies were conducted during this time of transition to evaluate the practices of major stakeholders within the organization: emerging leader interviews and a Faculty Forward© survey for faculty and the application of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure for students. The results are depictive of ways by which behavioral systemic assessments can serve as important tools for guiding comprehensive and empirically based success in complex or...
The 5HT2 receptor defines a family of structurally distinct but functionally conserved serotonin receptors.

Abstract Serotonin exerts its diverse physiological effects by interacting with multiple distinct receptor subtypes. We have isolated a rat brain 5HT2 serotonin receptor cDNA by virtue of its homology with the 5HT1c receptor. The 5HT2 receptor is a member of the family of receptors that are linked to guanine nucleotide-binding proteins and are predicted to span the lipid bilayer seven times. Overall sequence identity between the 5HT2 and 5HT1c receptors is 49%, but identity within the transmembrane domains is 80%. Expression of both the 5HT2 and 5HT1c receptors in transfected mouse fibroblasts activates phospholipase C signaling pathways and promotes cellular transformation. However, RNA blotting shows that these two receptor subtypes are differentially expressed in the central nervous system. In this manner, structurally and functionally homologous receptor subtypes may elicit distinct physiologic actions.
Heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of spanwise-periodic corrugated ducts

Abstract An analytical study is made of the laminar flow and heat transfer in ducts whose cross section is bounded by a wall with periodic corrugations distributed across the span; the other bounding wall is parallel to the corrugated wall and is plane. The study consists of two parts, the first of which is aimed at providing basic heat transfer and fluid flow results while the second utilizes and illuminates these results by means of performance evaluations and comparisons. The basic results, determined numerically, encompass Nusselt numbers, friction factors, isovels and isotherms, and cross sectional mass flow distributions. For the performance evaluations, comparisons were made between the corrugated-wall duct and the parallel plate channel. It was demonstrated that if the temperature of the duet wall is to be minimized, as in an air-operated solar collector, a corrugated duet can be highly effective, but at the price of additional surface area and greater duet height.
Data on structure of bovine LRH by inactivation.

Abstract Data on the structure of the bovine leuteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LRH) of the hypothalamus have been obtained from specific chemical and enzymatic inactivations of concentrates of the hormone as determined by in vivo assays. Bovine LRH apparently has an N-terminal pGlu moiety since it was inactivated by a pGlu-peptidase from P. fluorescens . It was inactivated by the Pauly reagent, but was not inactivated by ninhydrin; therefore, bovine LRH appears to have a His or Tyr or other Pauly-reactive amino acid(s) in one or more moieties, and no free amino group.
The great mimicker: IgG4-related disease

IgG4-related disease is defined as a multi-organ systemic disorder with pathological findings affecting a wide range of organ systems. The condition unifies a large number of clinical diagnoses previously considered as being confined to single organ systems. At present, several issues related to its pathophysiology remained controversial, including the natural history of the disease, the pathogenic role of IgG4, and its use as a biomarker. Glucocorticoids are considered the treatment of choice for remission induction of IgG4-related disease manifestations; however, concerns regarding duration of therapy and management of refractory disease remained to be elucidated.
Propagation of Flexural Waves In an Azimuthally Anisotropic Borehole Model

Flexural waves generated by a dipole source have been studied theoretically and used to estimate the shear parameters of a formation. The basic principles and main properties of flexural waves propagating in a borehole are reviewed in this paper. A mono/dipole transducer made of a PZT piezoelectric tube is used for laboratory experiments in borehole models. The radiation pattern of the dipole source is measured in a water tank. In order to simulate the hard and soft formations, measurements are performed in borehole models made of aluminum and IUcite, respectively. Experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical dispersion characteristics. Measurements are also performed with the transducers in an azimuthally anisotropic borehole model made ofPhenolite XX-324. Both fast and slow flexural waves with different velocities are generated by a dipole source in the model. The flexural waves are related to the fast or slow shear waves in the anisotropic material. Experimental results show that the flexural wave splits into a fast and a slow component in an azimuthally anisotropic borehole; therefore, dipole acoustic well logging could be an effective means for estimating a formation's anisotropy.
Halothane binding proteome in human brain cortex.

Inhaled anesthetics bind specifically to a wide variety of proteins in the brain. This set of proteins must include those that contribute to the physiological and behavioral phenotypes of anesthesia and the related side effects. To identify the anesthetic-binding targets and functional pathways associated with these targets in human brain, halothane photolabeling and two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis were used. Both membrane and soluble proteins from human temporal cortex were prepared. More than 300 membrane and 400 soluble protein spots were detected on the stained blots, of which 23 membrane and 34 soluble proteins were labeled by halothane and identified by mass spectroscopy. Their functional classification reveals five groups, including carbohydrate metabolism, protein folding, oxidative phosphorylation, nucleoside triphosphatase, and dimer/kinase activity with different correlative stringency. When network analysis of the interaction between these protein molecules is used, the weighted inter...
Decarburization kinetics of low alloy ferritic steels in sodium

The rates of decarburization of low alloy and plain carbon steels in static, isothermal sodium have been measured over the temperature range 1000° to 1300°F. Low alloy steels studies in these tests were 2-1/4 Cr-1 Mo (T22), 2-1/4 Cr-1Mo-1Nb,and 2-1/4 Cr-1Mo-low carbon (0.015 C). Plain carbon steels studied were 1020, 1040, and 1095. Periodic measurements of the specific carbon loss (mass of carbon lost per unit surface area of specimen) revealed that the decarburization of normal 2-1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel is controlled by diffusivity and solubility of carbon in the matrix. Decarburization rate constants measured in this study for the normal 2-1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel were found to be in good agreement with rate constants calculated from data reported in previous studies. Tests of modified 2-1/4 Cr-1 Mo steels showed that: a) the carbon content of the niobium-stabilized steelwill either remain unchanged or will increase and b) the low carbon steel will decarburize slightly during exposures in the same sodium systems which produce rapid decarburization of the steel with normal amounts of carbon. Decarburization tests on plain carbon steels revealed that both the depths of the decarburized layer and the specific carbon losses were controlled by diffusivity and solubility in the matrix. Comparison of the measured decarburization rate constants with theoreticalvalues (based on a moving-boundary diffusion process) were in good agreement. These data were used to calculate the carbon content at the surfaces of the steels during decarburization in the liquid and vapor phases of a sodium system. It was demonstrated that plain carbon steels can serve as carbon monitors for sodium systems.
Monoamine oxidase in the cheese mite, tyrophagus putrescentiae

Abstract 1. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) and N -acetyl transferase (NAT) activities were assayed in the cheese mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae . 2. By isolation, identification, and quantification of the reaction products, the relative activities of the two enzymes were compared, and their properties were studied. 3. The aldehyde formed by the action of MAO on tryptamine underwent rapid and simultaneous oxidation and reduction to the corresponding acid and alcohol. A similar system exists in rat liver.
Ethnic Differences in Parents' Attitudes toward Girls' Use of Aggression

Few studies have attempted to explain ethnic differences in female aggression. The degree to which ethnic differences exist in the influence of parents' approval of aggression on their preadolescent daughters' use of physical, verbal, and relational aggression was explored in a sample of 97 parent-child dyads. Results indicate that European American parents were more disapproving of their daughters' aggressive behavior than were African American parents. Parents' attitude toward aggression was predictive of European American girls' use of physical and verbal aggression and African American girls' use of relational aggression. Implications for aggression prevention and intervention for girls are discussed.
Therapeutic Applications of CpG-Containing Oligodeoxynucleotides

Bacterial DNA and synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) expressing unmethylated CpG motifs stimulate the mammalian immune system to mount a rapid innate immune response. This response is characterized by the production of polyreactive IgM, immunomodulatory cytokines and chemokines. CpG ODN directly stimulate lymphocytes, natural killer cells and professional antigen-presenting cells (such as macrophages and dendritic cells). Owing to the strength and nature of this stimulation, CpG ODN are being harnessed for a variety of therapeutic uses. They are being tested for their ability to act as immune adjuvants, boosting the immune response elicited by conventional and DNA vaccines. As a result of their ability to activate a strong interferon gamma-dominated Th1 response while blocking the development of Th2-dependent allergies, CpG ODN are being examined for their antiallergic properties. Finally, CpG ODN are being used as "immunoprotective agents", since the innate immune response they elicit can protect the host from a variety of pathogenic bacteria, viruses and parasites.
A neutral mannan from Ceratocystis fagacearum culture filtrate

Abstract The culture filtrate of Ceratocystis fagacearum contains a mannan that produces some symptoms similar to oak wilt in red oak seedlings and cuttings. The mannan has a high molecular weight and a skeleton of α- (1 → 6) linked mannose units with considerable branching. Some similarities to commercial yeast mannan have been observed.
Irreversible effects of formaldehyde on DNA

Abstract We find that at least one reaction of formaldehyde with DNA occurs at 100°, pH 8, which is effectively irreversible at 20–37° and is only partially reversible on further heating at 100° for 20 min after dialysis. This is in addition to the well known reversible binding of formaldehyde to amino groups. Radioactive binding measurements show that 3 to 5 moles formaldehyde per 100 moles nucleotide remains with the DNA after exhaustive dialysis. This amount of formaldehyde is distributed widely enough through the DNA to destroy transforming activity, in a manner not reversible by renaturing conditions, and to affect the buoyant density patterns of denatured and annealed DNA in CsCl.
Overall and local contrast in multiple schedules: Effects of stimulus similarity and discrimination performance

An experiment with pigeons related overall and local behavioral contrast to similarity between stimuli signaling multiple-schedule components. Similarity was defined both physically and by discrimination performance. Initial and final baseline conditions used two equal random-interval schedules. During two intervening test periods, the schedule accompanying one component was changed to extinction. In the first test, components alternated strictly; in the second test, random component sequences were used. Signaling wavelength stimuli were separated by 1.5, 2, or 14 nm. Overall positive contrast occurred reliably, but its amount depended neither on wavelength difference nor on discrimination performance. Local positive contrast was less frequently observed when signaling stimuli were physically dissimilar; however, the effect was most closely related to actual discrimination performance. The relationship between discrimination and local contrast was nonmonotonic, indicating maximum local contrast at intermediate discriminations.
Red Blood Cell Distribution Width is Associated with Poor Clinical Outcome After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Pilot Study.

Introduction The red cell distribution width (RDW) is a biomarker strongly associated with poor outcome in inflammatory and thrombotic diseases. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is both an inflammatory and thrombotic state in which many biomarkers have been studied. In this exploratory pilot study, we sought to determine whether RDW predicts poor outcome in patients with SAH.
Induction of intestinal pro-inflammatory immune responses by lipoteichoic acid

Background The cellular and molecular mechanisms of inflammatory bowel disease are not fully understood; however, data indicate that uncontrolled chronic inflammation induced by bacterial gene products, including lipoteichoic acid (LTA), may trigger colonic inflammation resulting in disease pathogenesis. LTA is a constituent glycolipid of Gram-positive bacteria that shares many inflammatory properties with lipopolysaccharide and plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of severe inflammatory responses via Toll-like receptor 2. Accordingly, we elucidate the role of LTA in immune stimulation and induced colitis in vivo.
Placement of C2 laminar screws using three-dimensional fluoroscopy-based image guidance

The use of C2 laminar screws in posterior cervical fusion is a relatively new technique that provides rigid fixation of the axis with minimal risk to the vertebral artery. The techniques of C2 laminar screw placement described in the literature rely solely on anatomical landmarks to guide screw insertion. The authors report on their experience with placement of C2 laminar screws using three-dimensional (3D) fluoroscopy-based image-guidance in eight patients undergoing posterior cervical fusion. Overall, fifteen C2 laminar screws were placed. There were no complications in any of the patients. Average follow-up was 10 months (range 3–14 months). Postoperative computed tomographic (CT) scanning was available for seven patients allowing evaluation of placement of thirteen C2 laminar screws, all of which were in good position with no spinal canal violation. The intraoperative planning function of the image-guided system allowed for 4-mm diameter screws to be placed in all cases. Using modified Odom’s criteria, excellent or good relief of preoperative symptoms was noted in all patients at final follow-up.
Neutron Hole States in Z = 40 Nuclei Studied with the ( p , d ) Reaction on Zr 90 , Zr 91 , and Zr 92

The ($p,d$) reaction on $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$, $^{91}\mathrm{Zr}$, and $^{92}\mathrm{Zr}$ was studied at a proton energy of 31 MeV. Deuteron spectra were measured with a broad-range magnetic spectrograph. The reaction on $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$ excites strongly the ground state of $^{89}\mathrm{Zr}$ ($l=4$) and excited states at 0.588 MeV ($l=1$), 1.094 MeV ($l=1$), and 1.450 MeV ($l=3$). These states are shown to be consistent with pickup of neutrons from the $1{g}_{\frac{9}{2}}$, $2{p}_{\frac{1}{2}}$, $2{p}_{\frac{3}{2}}$, and $1{f}_{\frac{5}{2}}$ shell-model levels, respectively. On this basis definite spin-parity assignments are made to these levels. Small portions of the strength for pickup of these neutrons are also observed for higher excited states. The reaction on $^{91}\mathrm{Zr}$ excites the states corresponding to the creation of the $1{g}_{\frac{9}{2}}$ hole and the consequent coupling of this hole to a $2{d}_{\frac{5}{2}}$ neutron. All six of the expected one-particle one-hole states are observed. The $^{92}\mathrm{Zr}$ target, which was included to study the effect of this isotopic impurity in the $^{91}\mathrm{Zr}$ target, yielded data on a number of excited states in $^{91}\mathrm{Zr}$.
Influence of air porosity on distribution of gases in soil under assay for denitrification

There has been concern that the measurement of gas emissions from a soil surface may not accurately reflect gas production within the soil profile. But, there have been few direct assessments of the error associated with the use of surface emissions for estimating gas production within soil profiles at different water contents. To determine the influence of air porosity on the distribution of gases within soil profiles, denitrification assays were performed using soil columns incubated with different water contents to provide air porosities of 18%, 13%, and 0% (equivalent to 62%, 73%, and 100% water-filled pore space, respectively). The soil columns were formed by packing sieved soil into cylinders which could be sealed at the top to form a headspace for the measurement of surface emissions of soil gases. Gas-permeable silicone tubing was placed at three depths (4.5, 9, and 13.5 cm) within each soil core to permit the measurement of gas concentration gradients within the soil core. Assays for denitrification were initiated by the addition of acetylene (5 kPa) to the soil column, and gas samples were taken from both the headspace and gas-permeable tubing at various times during a 46-h incubation. The results showed that at 18% air porosity, the headspace gases were well equilibrated with pore-space gases, and that gas emissions from the soil could provide good estimates of N2O and CO2 production. At air porosities of 13% and 0%, however, substantial storage of these gases occurred within the soil profiles, and measurements of surface emissions of gas from the soils greatly underestimated gas production. For example, the sole use of N2O emission measurements caused three to five fold underestimates of N2O production in soil maintained at 13% air porosity. It was concluded that the confounding influence of soil moisture on gas production and transport in soil greatly limits the use of surface emissions as a reliable indicator of gas production. This is particularly pertinent when assessing processes such as denitrification in which N gas production is greatly promoted by the conditions that limit O2 influx and concurrently limit N gas efflux.
What Do School Leaders Face under the Family and Medical Leave Act

What are the pertinent aspects of the Family and Medical Leave Act for edu cational institutions, and what are its implications for school administration and instruction?
The chiroptical properties of selenofenchone, a selenoketone with an asymmetrically perturbed CSe chromophore

Abstract CD, ORD, and UV spectra were obtained for the first time on a selenoketone; the chiroptical properties of the selenoketone and of its analogous thione and ketone were parallel.
Identification and characterization of glucocorticoid-regulated nuclease(s) in lymphoid cells undergoing apoptosis.

Abstract Apoptosis is a physiological process by which selected cells are deleted from a population in response to specific regulatory signals. A hallmark of apoptosis is the internucleosomal degradation of DNA prior to cell death. We are studying glucocorticoid-induced lymphocytolysis as a model system for apoptosis within the immune system. In rat thymocytes, the internucleosomal DNA cleavage which occurs following glucocorticoid treatment is both time- and dose-dependent, and is blocked by the glucocorticoid antagonist RU 486, indicating that this effect is mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor. Similar experiments using glucocorticoid-responsive (wt) and glucocorticoid-resistant (nt−) S49.1 lymphoma cell lines confirm that internucleosomal DNA degradation and cell death are glucocorticoid receptor-mediated events and thus reflect the direct effects of glucocorticoids on lymphocytes. In an effort to identify the nuclease(s) responsible for the DNA degradation, we have developed two assays to detect nucleases whose activity is altered by glucocorticoid treatment. The first assay involves electrophoresing extracts of nuclear protein from control and glucocorticoid-treated lymphoid cells into SDS-polyacrylamide gels containing [32P]DNA within the gel matrix. This assay is used to estimate the molecular mass of the nuclease, based on the observed in situ nuclease activity. The second assay uses HeLa nuclei as a substrate to detect internucleosomal cleavage activity present in nuclear extracts of control and glucocorticoid-treated lymphoid cells. Using these assays we have identified a novel Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent nuclease with an apparent molecular weight of 18 kDa in both S49 wt cells and rat thymocytes treated with glucocorticoids. Furthermore, nuclear extracts of glucocorticoid-treated, but not control, rat thymocytes and S49 wt cells were capable of cleaving HeLa chromatin at internucleosomal sites. In an effort to determine the identity of the nuclease capable of internucleosomal cleavage of DNA, nuclear extracts from dex-treated rat thymocytes were fractionated by gel filtration chromatography under non-denaturing conditions, and the fractions were analyzed using the [32P]DNA SDS-PAGE and HeLa nuclei assays. When analyzed under native conditions, the 18 kDa nuclease described previously appears to exist as a ⋍25 kDa protein which may be part of a high molecular weight complex. Interestingly, only the ⋍25 kDa form of the protein was associated with internucleosomal DNA cleavage activity where as the high molecular weight form of the enzyme was devoid of this activity.
Mobile technologies among people with serious mental illness: Opportunities for future services.

Several national bodies have proposed using mobile technology to improve mental health services. But rates of current use and interest in using technology to enhance services among individuals with serious mental illness are uncertain. The authors surveyed 1,592 individuals with serious mental illness regarding their use of mobile devices and interest in using mobile technologies to enhance mental health services. Seventy-two percent of survey respondents reported currently owning a mobile device, a rate approximately 12 % lower than the general adult population. The most common uses were for talking, followed by texting, and internet activities. Both mobile device users and nonusers expressed interest in future mobile services.
INTRODUCTION TO COLORECTAL CANCER

Objectives To provide an overview of colorectal carcinoma (CRC), including current treatment strategies for various stages of the disease. Data Sources Research articles and textbooks. Conclusions Despite screening methods for early detection of CRC, many patients present with late-stage disease and have a poor prognosis. The approval of irinotecan for CRC changed the approach to treatment, and there are numerous agents under clinical evaluation that may soon be available for the management of patients with CRC. Implications for Nursing Practice Recent advances in molecular targeting have led to the development of new treatments for CRC. Because nurses will ultimately administer these agents, it is important to understand how these agents target CRC.
Benefit–risk assessment of new and emerging treatments for hepatitis C: focus on simeprevir and sofosbuvir

Greater understanding of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome and life cycle of the HCV virion allows for new targets for therapy that directly act on the viral machinery to inhibit replication. Numerous direct-acting antivirals are in development, and four have been brought to market. Simeprevir, a second-generation protease inhibitor, has been approved for HCV genotype 1 patients in combination with pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin. Sofosbuvir, a novel nucleotide analog, has pangenotypic coverage and has been approved for HCV genotype 1 patients with ribavirin and pegylated interferon-α. For HCV genotypes 2 and 3, an all-oral regimen of sofosbuvir with ribavirin has become the new gold standard for treatment. The efficacy and safety for these two novel therapies among various subpopulations of those infected with chronic hepatitis C are discussed in the following review. In addition, off-label and future therapeutic regimens are addressed, as well as the concerns about cost of current and future therapies.