cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ontogeny and phylogeny of a Scutellospora heterogama mutant, with implications for morphological recognition of species in Glomeromycota.

Abstract A putative mutant of Scutellospora heterogama has been maintained for 19 pot culture generations over 15 y. The mutant differed phenotypically from the wild-type parental lineage in characteristics of the spore wall: albino versus pigmented red-brown color, high plasticity in acidic mutants versus rigid and finely laminate, deep red-purple reaction versus no reaction in Melzer's reagent, respectively. This variation was equivalent to or greater than that between any two species in Scutellospora or any other genus in Glomeromycota. Comparison of spore ontogenesis revealed that the terminal (mature) state of the albino mutant was similar to a transient intermediate stage in the wild-type. The albino phenotype, therefore, did not result from emergence of a unique morphological innovation. Rather, it arose from a mutation that led to premature termination of spore ontogenesis so that a unique transient juvenile stage became permanent in mature spores. Because this mutation was homogeneous in all progeny populations, it is hypothesized to be a recessive trait expressed only after the allele was distributed in all nuclei of the fungal thallus. Sampling of the genomes of the putative mutant and wild-type isolates by microsatellite-primed PCR suggested a local mutation. The profile of the mutant was identical to that of the wild-type parent and was 60–97 % similar to those of four other S. heterogama isolates. Phylogenetic analysis of the D1–D2 domains of the 25S rRNA gene and a β-tubulin gene with and without three variable introns placed the albino mutant solidly within the S. heterogama clade. These results suggest that stability of morphological traits is not a suitable criterion by itself to recognize species. The albino phenotype was a discrete and heritable mutation that became fixed in a population and was stable through time and space. In the absence of negative selection, this mutation could persist, disperse and then be misinterpreted as a new species in nature. Genetic markers expose this mutation as a population-level variant and therefore of no macroevolutionary significance. Assessment of genetic divergence amongst multiple isolates is important in ascertaining the contribution of morphological characters toward recognition of species in glomeromycotan clades.
Thermoplastic adhesive bonding of galvanized steel to polypropylene composite and its durability

Abstract A thermoplastic adhesive bonding process with a high-density polyethylene (HDPE)-based adhesive has been developed for galvanized steel to polypropylene (PP) composite. The processing temperature significantly affects the strength of the adhesively bonded lap joints. Melting of the surface of the PP composite prior to bonding was found helpful for interdiffusion between adhesive and PP composite during the bonding process. Cataplasma aging tests showed that use of a polyester–melamine-based primer on the galvanized steel before preparation of the PP composite/galvanized steel joints reduced durability. However, the primer did not cause significant adhesion loss under cyclic moisture/temperature condition. It was established that the loss in adhesion of joints made from galvanized steel treated with primer was due to the blistering of the primer in Cataplasma environment.
Static, stability, and dynamic analysis of shells of revolution by numerical integration - A comparison

Recent innovations in digital computer technology have enabled engineers to analyze shell structures of complex configurations without unduly restrictive approximations. An attempt is made to compare the various programs now generally available from the point of view of the advantages of the relative technique utilized, as well as the programmed state of the art. Many of the comparisons are based on the sample problems solved by the STARS-2 system of programs. These examples indicate both the structural detail which can be analyzed by, and the analytical capabilities available in, the numerical shell-of-revolution programs. All advantages and differences are demonstrated by use of solutions for realistic shell problems in the areas of statics, stability, vibrations, and dynamic response of shells subjected to time-dependent loadings.
The CDER Labeling and Nomenclature Committee: Structure, Function, and Process:

The Labeling and Nomenclature Committee (LNC) in the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a standing technical committee overseen by the Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls Coordinating Committee (CMCCC) in the Office of Pharmaceutical Sciences (OPS). The Committee’s composition, history, function, and process are presented.
Evaluating Knowledge-Based Statistical Reasoning

Comparisons of reasoning by novices and experts generally suggest that as knowledge increases, general strategies are replaced by the application of systems of knowledge-based concept representation. To assess how training in statistics is associated with the development of “expert” thinking, the relation between general and statistical critical thinking ability was assessed in 50 undergraduates. For students who scored above the median on a final examination of statistical knowledge, formal training was associated with an increase in statistical reasoning and the disappearance of the prior relation between general and statistical reasoning. Students with low knowledge showed neither improved statistical reasoning nor a relation between general and statistical critical thinking either before or after training.
Adherence rates with infliximab therapy in Crohn's disease.

Summary Background Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with non-adherence to treatment with oral medications. Aim To assess the intravenous infliximab adherence rate and identify risk factors for non-adherence to treatment. Methods Infliximab infusion dates for 1 June 2002–30 October 2003 were obtained. Additional information was obtained from two other administrative and patient-based databases. Non-adherence was defined as a ‘No Show’ designation for a scheduled appointment. Non-adherence rate, odds ratios for associations to ‘No Show’ appointments and analysis were performed to identify patient characteristics associated with non-adherent behaviour. Results One thousand hundred and eighty-five infliximab infusions were scheduled for 274 patients. Forty-eight (4%) of appointments were classified as ‘No Show’. Six patients accounted for 13/48 (27%) of failed appointments; another 35 patients missed one appointment. ‘No Show’ appointments were more likely to be for female patients, those on concomitant immunomodulators and those >18 weeks from initial infusion. Patients who missed >1 appointment were more likely to be female and have Medicaid vs. those with only one missed appointment (P < 0.05). Indication, patient area code and race were not significantly associated with single or repeated No Show behaviour. Conclusions Overall, the non-adherence rate for infliximab is low. Risk factors that may contribute to non-adherence to treatment include female gender and maintenance dosing.
More Than Numbers: Individual and Contextual Factors in How Gender Diversity Affects Women's Well-Being

This study examined factors related to workplace gender diversity in a sample of 87 college-educated White women. Specifically, we investigated the moderating effects of one individual difference variable (sensitivity to sexism) and one contextual variable (perceptions of the workplace climate) in the relationship between the gender composition at the hierarchical level above the woman and her well-being (job satisfaction and general health). Results indicated that more negative well-being was associated with having more women working at the level above when women worked in a perceived negative climate whereas more positive well-being was associated with having more women working at the level above when women worked in a perceived positive climate. For general health, these findings were stronger for women who were also sensitive to sexism. Implications for research on gender diversity in work organizations are discussed.
Enhanced sensitivity to glucocorticoids in peripheral mononuclear leukocytes in posttraumatic stress disorder

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to determine whether there is increased responsiveness to corticosteroids in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by examining the differential effects of dexamethasone (DEX) on the inhibition of lysozyme activity. Methods 60 mL of blood was withdrawn at 8:00 am, and mononuclear leukocytes were isolated from the blood of 26 men with, and 18 men without, PTSD. An aliquot of live cells was incubated with a series of concentrations of DEX to determine the rate of inhibition of lysozyme activity; a portion of cells was frozen for the determination of glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Results Subjects with PTSD showed evidence of a greater sensitivity to glucocorticoids as reflected by a significantly lower mean concentration (nmol/L) of dexamethasone at which 50% of lysozyme activity is inhibited (IC 50-DEX ) (PTSD+ = 4.9 ± .53; PTSD− group=7.2 ± .64). The lysozyme IC 50-DEX was significantly correlated with age at exposure to the first traumatic event in subjects with PTSD ( r = .44, n = 26, p = .025). The number of cytosolic glucocorticoid receptors was also correlated with age at exposure to the focal traumatic event ( r = −.44, n = 25, p = .03) in PTSD. Conclusions This is the first in vitro demonstration of an alteration in target tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids in PTSD. The lower lysozyme IC 50-DEX might be related to the risk factor of prior exposure to trauma.
Midwives in the United States: past and present

The main focus of the present paper is to place the current occupation of certified nurse-midwife (CNM) within the historical context of the decline of lay midwifery and the rise of the medical profession. The development and growth of nurse-midwifery is documented, as well as current problems facing the profession. The most salient contemporary issue is cancellation of malpractice insurance for 1400 CNMs in 1985. The consequences of this, and suggested policy changes, are explored.
Use of medications with potential oral adverse drug reactions in community‐dwelling elderly

Prevalence and indicators of medication use with potential oral health implications among 4,163 people from the Duke Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly were studied. Medications were grouped into seven potential oral adverse drug reaction (POADR) categories. Eighty percent of participants were taking at least one medication from any of the seven categories. Drugs with the potential to cause xerostomia were taken by 56.1%, abnormal hemostasis by 51.7%, soft tissue reactions by 23.4%, taste changes by 11.0%, alteration in host resistance by 8.7%, gingival overgrowth by 5.0%, and movement disorders by 2.4% of participants. Race-stratified analyses revealed that medication use with any POADR was significantly associated (p or = 75 years old was associated with higher POADR use. Blacks who had a dental visit in the previous six months were more likely to take medications with POADR than those who did not. POADR medication use was not related to place of residence. Elderly often take medications with potential oral health impact.
Steady and oscillatory cellular morphologies in rapid solidification

Finite-amplitude cellular solidification fronts are calculated for morphologically unstable rapidly solidifying metals and semiconductors. A two-dimensional directional solidification model is used which accounts for nonequilibrium segregation of dopant. Finite-element approximations of temperature, concentration, and melt-solid interface shape are used in conjunction with computer-implemented perturbation techniques and a fully implicit time integration scheme to analyze the dependence of melt-solid interface morphology on solidification rate and dopant concentration. A sequence of transitions between cellular interfaces with different spatial and temporal oscillation frequencies is found. Stable time-periodically oscillating families of cellular melt-solid interfaces are observed as Hopf bifurcations both off of the planar family and off of oscillatory families. The role of nonequilibrium dopant segregation in driving oscillatory interface morphologies is elucidated with use of calculations for rapidly solidified antimony-doped silicon.
Approximation algorithms for multiple terminal, Hamiltonian path problems

This article presents a new 2-approximation algorithm for a multiple depot, multiple terminal, Hamiltonian path problem when the costs satisfy the triangle inequality. For the case where all the salesmen start from the same depot, we present another algorithm with an approximation ratio of $${\frac{5}{3}}$$ . These results generalize the approximation algorithms currently available for the single depot, single terminal Hamiltonian path problem.
Animal cognition as the praxist views it

The distinction between psychology and praxics provides a clear answer to the question of animal cognition. As Griffin and others have noted, the kinds of behavioral phenomena that lead psychologists to speak of cognition in humans are also observed in nonhuman animals, and therefore those who are convinced of the legitimacy of psychology should not hesitate to speak of and to attempt to study animal cognition. The behavior of organisms is also a legitimate subject matter, and praxics, the study of behavior, has led to significant advances in our understanding of the kinds of behaviors that lead psychologists to speak of cognition. Praxics is a biological science; the attempt by students of behavior to appropriate psychology has been misguided. Generativity theory is an example of a formal theory of behavior that has proved useful both in the engineering of intelligent performances in nonhuman animals and in the prediction of intelligent performances in humans.
Gas exchange alterations associated with weaning from mechanical ventilation following coronary artery bypass grafting

This study was done to clarify the effects of positive-pressure mechanical ventilation on gas exchange in the lungs of conscious patients. Nine hemodynamically stable patients were studied following coronary artery bypass grafting at the time they were weaned from mechanical ventilation. The adequacy of gas exchange was assessed by traditional measurements as well as the multiple inert gas technique used to measure the ventilation-perfusion ( V ˙ A / Q ˙ c ) distribution. During mechanical ventilation, gas exchange was characterized by a variable degree of V ˙ A / Q ˙ c inequality as well as a substantial shunt ranging from 11.9 to 27.7 percent Following removal from mechanical ventilation, there was a decrease in the mean V ˙ A / Q ˙ c subsequent to a decrease in the minute ventilation. However, there was no significant change in the level of shunt or in the amount of V ˙ A / Q ˙ c inequality.
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor supportive treatment following intensive chemotherapy in acute lymphocytic leukemia in first remission

BACKGROUND The efficacy of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in reducing neutropenia and its associated complications in adults with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) undergoing intensive chemotherapy in first remission was evaluated. METHODS Fourteen adult patients with ALL in first remission received intensive chemotherapy consisting of mitoxantrone 5 mg/m2 intravenously (IV) over 1 hour daily for 3 days, cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) 3 g/m2 IV over 2 hours every 12 hours x 4 on days 1 and 2, vincristine 2 mg IV on day 1, solumedrol 50 mg IV twice daily for 5 days, and G-CSF 5 micrograms/kg subcutaneously daily starting on day 4 until granulocyte recovery. Their outcome was compared with that of 14 consecutive patients who received the same intensification chemotherapy, but without G-CSF. The latter patients had been entered on the same ALL protocol from April 1990 through June 1991. RESULTS G-CSF administration was associated with a significant shortening in the duration of neutropenia. The number of days to granulocyte recovery above 0.5 x 10(3)/microliters was 14 in the G-CSF group versus 18 days in the historical group (P < 0.001). Two episodes of documented infections were observed in the G-CSF group compared with four episodes in the historical group. Death during intensification therapy occurred in 2 of 14 patients in the historical group, but in none of the 14 patients receiving G-CSF. CONCLUSIONS G-CSF as an adjunct to intensive chemotherapy in adults with ALL in first remission yielded positive results. Future studies incorporating growth factors supportive care during remission, induction, and consolidation may reduce treatment-related morbidity and mortality, increase the dose-intensity delivery of therapy, and potentially improve patient outcome.
A Critique of Traditional Drug Education Programs.

The traditional approaches to drug education are characterized and classified into seven styles and grouped into two modes: Converting and Supporting. Directing, Preaching, Convincing and Scaring constitute the Converting Mode, while the Progressive, Counseling and Peer-Counseling styles make up the Supporting Mode.The author is critical of each style, to different degrees, but presents his model to allow administrators and drug educators to categorize their drug education programs into the modes and styles of the model, and to make a determination of where in the model they would like their efforts to be.The article reviews some studies which are critical to the factual approach to drug education and ends with a few suggestions.
Innocent reflections on science and technology policy

Abstract This essay explores one scholar’s serendipitous wandering into the world of science and technology policy and suggests that such an idiosyncratic and opportunistic path is probably not really unusual. The paper explores why a historian/philosopher of science has something of value to say on the subject and why science and technology policy matters. I contend that we need more and a broader range of academics to think about science and technology policy and to engage in policy-making action, that we will be better off as a society if we do, and that this innocent-seeming claim should not be seen as entirely non-controversial. Furthermore, I argue that historians and philosophers of science—at least some, but not all, historians and philosophers of science—can effectively join scientists in communicating science to a broader audience, and that this is essential to promoting effective science and technology policy.
Gibberellic acid and abscisic acid coordinately regulate cytoplasmic calcium and secretory activity in barley aleurone protoplasts.

Abstract The effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and abscisic acid (ABA) on the temporal and spatial dynamics of cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in aleurone protoplasts of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Himalaya) were measured by using fluorescence ratio analysis and confocal microscopy. After 4-6 h of treatment, GA3 induced a sustained increase in [Ca2+]i from 50 to 150 nM in aleurone protoplasts. The increase in [Ca2+]i preceded the GA3-induced increase in alpha-amylase synthesis and secretion by 4 h. The elevation of [Ca2+]i was highest in the peripheral cytoplasm and may play a role in coordinating the secretory events there. Reducing Ca2+ levels in the incubation medium to below 500 microM inhibited the increase in [Ca2+]i and the GA3-induced stimulation of alpha-amylase synthesis and secretion. These data suggest that GA3 may increase [Ca2+]i by increasing the influx of Ca2+ at the plasma membrane. ABA reversed the effect of GA3 on [Ca2+]i within 3 h, 2 h before its effect on alpha-amylase production could be detected. Thus changes in [Ca2+]i may play a role in mediating the effects of GA3 and ABA on the synthesis and secretion of alpha-amylase in the aleurone cell.
Exploiting multi-level scratchpad memories for time-predictable multicore computing

In modern multicore processor architectures, caches are widely used to shorten the speed gap between the processor and the memory. However, caches are time unpredictable, especially the shared L2 cache used by different cores in a multicore processor. This paper studies several time-predictable scratchpad memory (SPM) based architectures for multicore processors. We propose the dynamic memory objects allocation-based partition, the static allocation-based partition, and the static allocation-based priority L2 SPM strategy to retain the characteristic of time predictability of SPMs while trying to maximize the performance and energy efficiency. Our experimental results indicate the strengths and weaknesses of each proposed architecture and allocation method, which offers interesting memory design options to enable real-time multicore computing.
Knowledge Management Focus in US and Canadian Firms

Experts predict that as we approach the year 2000, employee brainpower and other knowledge resources are rapidly becoming the most important factors driving business profitability. The challenge for organizations over the next decade will be to understand the role of knowledge resources in creating value for firms. This article provides three perspectives to understand the notion of knowledge management. The first section provides an overview of trends and issues that highlight the emergence of the knowledge era. The second section of the article recaps the results of a survey of Fortune 500 and Post 300 firms that the authors conducted to learn about knowledge management practices. The last section of the article provides guidelines for getting started in knowledge management.
Hydrogen energy cycle: An overview

This overview will describe briefly key segments of the hydrogen energy cycle from production using various feedstocks to its end use in fuel cells to generate electrical and thermal energy. The paper will also discuss the larger societal context, the so-called “hydrogen economy,” in which such production and use of hydrogen may take place. Although most of the public attention on hydrogen has been focused on its potential as an alternative energy source to petroleum and other fossil fuels, a hydrogen economy will encompass much more than a substitution of one energy source by another. Widespread use of hydrogen as an energy carrier can transform our society in much the same way that personal computing technologies have. This transforming power arises from the unique capability of hydrogen to link renewable energy resources and zero-emission energy conversion technologies. Hydrogen can be produced from locally available renewable resources, such as solar, wind, biomass, and water, and converted to electricity or fuel at or near the point of use with only heat and water vapor as “emissions.” Hydrogen also lies at the confluence of two emerging trends that will shape our energy future during the first quarter of this century: greater reliance on renewable energy sources and the shift from large, centralized power plants to smaller, decentralized facilities located at or near the point of use. This paper describes these emerging trends and the role of hydrogen in linking them in a way that could transform our society.
Meridional vs. facial coordination geometries of a dipodal ligand framework featuring a secondary coordination sphere

The synthesis of a novel dipodal ligand framework, H2[MeN(piCy)2], is summarized. Upon metalation with MCl2 salts (M = Fe, Cu), the ligand undergoes a conformational change, resulting in the formation of a trigonal bipyramidal metal center with a pseudoplanar, meridionally-bound ligand framework. This tautomerization positions pendant amines in the metal's secondary coordination sphere. Metalation with M(OTf)2 in coordinating solvent yields octahedral metal complexes, where two solvent molecules bind in the apical positions with one outer sphere counter ion. Reactivity of these complexes, (MeN(afaCy)2)M(X)2 (X = Cl, OTf), with 2,2′-bypyridine results in ligand reorganization, yielding a facial coordination geometry of the dipodal framework. The described complexes have been characterized by 1H NMR, EPR, IR, Mossbauer and electronic absorption spectroscopies as well as X-ray crystallography.
Vulnerable roadway users struck by motor vehicles at the center of the safest, large US city.

BACKGROUND: Road safety constitutes an international crisis. In 2010, 11,000 pedestrians and 3,500 bicyclists were injured by motor vehicles in New York City. This study aims to identify the demographics, behaviors, injuries, and outcomes of vulnerable roadway users struck by motor vehicles in New York City's congested central business district and surrounding periphery. METHODS: A prospective, descriptive study of pedestrians and bicyclists struck by motor vehicles and treated at a Level I regional trauma center was performed. Data were collected between December 2008 and June 2011 by interviewing patients and first responders supplemented with imaging and outcomes variables. Main outcome measures included patient demographics, behavior patterns, scene-related data, Injury Severity Score (ISS), and outcomes including mortality. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression modeling was performed to isolate effects of predictor variables on outcome of ISS categories. RESULTS: Injured pedestrians (n = 1,075) and bicyclists (n = 382) differ by age (p Language: en
Parallel FPGA Routing based on the Operator Formulation

We have implemented an FPGA routing algorithm on a shared memory multi-processor using the Galois API, which offers speculative parallelism in software. The router is a parallel implementation of PathFinder, which is the basis for most commercial FPGA routers. We parallelize the maze expansion step for each net, while routing nets sequentially to limit the amount of rollback that would likely occur due to misspeculation. Our implementation relies on non-blocking priority queues, which use software transactional memory (SMT), to identify the best route for each net. Our experimental results demonstrate scalability for large benchmarks and that the amount of available parallelism depends primarily on the circuit size, not the interdependence of signals. We achieve an average speedup of approximately 3x compared to the most recently published work on parallel multi-threaded FPGA routing, and up to 6x in comparison to the single-threaded router implemented in the publicly available Versatile Place and Route (VPR) framework.
Temporal and spatial spectral features of B-scan images

B-scan images of metals are frequently used in ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation for flaw detection purposes. Often, the backscattered grain noise masks the flaw echo, making it difficult to visually distinguish the flaw signal from the grain echoes. Previously, spatial and frequency compounding, as well as decorrelation techniques have been used to enhance the flaw echo. The partial spectra, i.e., the temporal or spatial frequency components of the B-scan image, are used individually to obtain information regarding the flaw location. It is observed that the partial spectra behave in a distinct manner when the B-scan contains a flaw, and provide more insight than the conventional two-dimensional spectrum. Using this information, a two-dimensional filter that significantly suppresses grain noise can be designed. Experimental results using data from stainless steel samples are presented. >
5-Year Lung Cancer Screening Experience: Growth Curves of 18 Lung Cancers Compared to Histologic Type, CT Attenuation, Stage, Survival, and Size

Background: Although no study has prospectively documented the rate at which lung cancers grow, many have assumed exponential growth. The purpose of this study was to document the growth of lung cancers detected in high-risk participants receiving annual screening chest CT scans. Methods: Eighteen lung cancers were evaluated by at least four serial CT scans (4 men, 14 women; age range, 53 to 79 years; mean age, 66 years). CT scans were retrospectively reviewed for appearance, size, and volume (volume [v] /6[ab 2 ]). Growth curves (x time [in days]; y volume [cubic millimeters]) were plotted and subcategorized by histology, CT scan attenuation, stage, survival, and initial size. Results: Inclusion criteria favored smaller, less aggressive cancers. Growth curves varied, even when subcategorized by histology, CT scan attenuation, stage, survival, or initial size. Cancers associated with higher stages, mortality, or recurrence showed fairly steady growth or accelerated growth compared with earlier growth, although these growth patterns also were seen in lesser-stage lung cancers. Most lung cancers enlarged at fairly steady increments, but several demonstrated fairly flat growth curves, and others demonstrated periods of accelerated growth. Conclusions: This study is the first to plot individual lung cancer growth curves. Although parameters favored smaller, less aggressive cancers in women, it showed that lung cancers are not limited to exponential growth. Tumor size at one point or growth between two points did not appear to predict future growth. Studies and equations assuming exponential growth may potentially misrepresent an indeterminate nodule or the aggressiveness of a lung cancer. (CHEST 2009; 136:1586–1595) Abbreviations: BAC bronchioloalveolar carcinoma; IPF idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; NSCLC-NOS non-small cell lung cancer-not otherwise specified; VDT volume doubling time
Patient Impression and Satisfaction of a Self-administered, Automated Medical History-taking Device in the Emergency Department

Introduction: We evaluated patient impressions and satisfaction of an innovative self-administered, hand-held touch-screen tablet to gather detailed medical information from emergency department (ED) patients in the waiting room prior to physician contact. Methods: Adult, medically stable patients presenting to the ED at Los Angeles County Hospital used the PatientTouch™ system to answer a series of questions about their current history of present illness and past medical/surgical histories in English or Spanish. Patients then completed a survey rating their experience. Results: Among 173 participants, opinion of PatientTouch™ was strongly positive; 93.6% (95%CI 90.0–97.3%) felt the physical product was easy to hold and handle, and 97.1% (94.6–99.6%) felt the questions were detailed enough for them to fully describe their condition; 97.8% (95.4–100.0%) felt using PatientTouch™ would help them organize their thoughts and communicate better with their physician, 94.8% (91.4–98.1%) thought it would improve the quality of their care, and 97.1% (94.6–99.6%) expressed desire to use the product again in the future. Conclusion: The study was conducted at a largely Hispanic county ED, and only patients with 1 of 6 pre-determined chief complaints participated. We did not include a control group to assess if perceived improvements in communication translated to measurable differences. In this pilot study, patients were highly satisfied with all aspects of the PatientTouch™ self-administered, hand-held, touch-screen tablet. Importantly, subjects felt it would help them better communicate with their doctor, would improve their overall quality of care and overwhelmingly expressed a desire to use it in the future.
Ray Tracing Model for Terahertz Inspection of Spray On Foam Insulation (SOFI)

Terahertz imaging techniques are beginning to find many applications in areas such as nondestructive evaluation, biomedical imaging and homeland security. The NASA spray on foam insulation (SOFI) inspection is a critical application where terahertz imaging is used to detect disbonds and delamination between SOFI and the substrate metal (external tank). This paper discusses a ray-tracing model for the high frequency inspection system. Model based inversion techniques for the characterization of defects is also proposed
The effect of modified ultrafiltration on angiopoietins in pediatric cardiothoracic operations.

Background Cardiopulmonary bypass subjects patients' blood to hemodilution and nonphysiologic conditions, resulting in a systemic inflammatory response. Modified ultrafiltration (MUF) counteracts hemodilution and has also been postulated to improve outcomes by proinflammatory cytokine removal. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the benefits of MUF include the removal of proinflammatory mediators, such as angiopoietin-2 (angpt-2). We hypothesize that some of the clinical benefits of MUF are related to the preferential removal of angpt-2. Methods We performed a prospective cohort study in children 18 years old or younger undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Serum samples were obtained from each patient preoperatively, after cardiopulmonary bypass, and on intensive care unit admission. A fluid sample from the MUF effluent was also analyzed. Angpt-1, angpt-2, interleukin-8, and interleukin-10 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Thirty-one patients were enrolled. Angpt-1 levels significantly decreased across all time points ( p p p p Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate that MUF removes both proinflammatory and antiinflammatory mediators equally. This study suggests that the clinical benefits of MUF cannot be attributed to the removal of larger quantities of proinflammatory mediators such as angpt-2 and interleukin-8.
wikiBABEL: community creation of multilingual data

In this paper, we present a collaborative framework -- wikiBABEL -- for the efficient and effective creation of multilingual content by a community of users. The wikiBABEL framework leverages the availability of fairly stable content in a source language (typically, English) and a reasonable and not necessarily perfect machine translation system between the source language and a given target language, to create the rough initial content in the target language that is published in a collaborative platform. The platform provides an intuitive user interface and a set of linguistic tools for collaborative correction of the rough content by a community of users, aiding creation of clean content in the target language. We describe the architectural components implementing the wikiBABEL framework, namely, the systems for source and target language content management, mechanisms for coordination and collaboration and intuitive user interface for multilingual editing and review. Importantly, we discuss the integrated linguistic resources and tools, such as, bilingual dictionaries, machine translation and transliteration systems, etc., to help the users during the content correction and creation process. In addition, we analyze and present the prime factors -- user-interface features or linguistic tools and resources -- that significantly influence the user experiences in multilingual content creation.In addition to the creation of multilingual content, another significant motivation for the wikiBABEL framework is the creation of parallel corpora as a by-product. Parallel linguistic corpora are very valuable resources for both Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) and Crosslingual Information Retrieval (CLIR) research, and may be mined effectively from multilingual data with significant content overlap, as may be created in the wikiBABEL framework. Creation of parallel corpora by professional translators is very expensive, and hence the SMT and CLIR research have been largely confined to a handful of languages. Our attempt to engage the large and diverse Internet user population may aid creation of such linguistic resources economically, and may make computational linguistics research possible and practical in many languages of the world.
“If Only …”: The Role of Visual Imagery in Counterfactual Thinking

Counterfactual thinking (imagined alternatives to actual events) influences how people respond to events. This research examined the impact visual imagery has on counterfactual thinking. The present study relied on past findings that indicate that more extreme affective responses to outcomes are a sign that counterfactual thinking has occurred. Participants completed the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ) and then read a scenario about a person who either made or lost money as a result of taking an action. The counterfactual alternative was made either salient or non-salient. High VVIQ participants had extreme affective responses (an indication that they generated counterfactuals) across salience conditions; however, low VVIQ participants only had extreme affective responses (suggesting that they only generated counterfactuals) when the counterfactual was made salient. Visual imagery may play an important role in the generation of counterfactuals. Implications for imagery research are discussed.
Dimensions of affective expression in four expressive modes.

This study compares dimensions of affect expression in four expressive modes. The subjects were asked, under light hypnosis or with relaxation instructions, to express several affects verbally, graphically, and facially and posturally. Verbal excepts, drawings, movies of facial and postural expression, and affect labels and definitions (“theoretical” mode) were each exposed to groups of raters who evaluated the material using a “semantic differential” type instrument. Separate factor analyses of scale intercorrelations, followed by orthogonal rotation of factors, were performed on data from each expressive mode. Interpretable factors were generally similar across the modes. Accounting for the largest proportion of total variance were factors interpreted as activity and evaluation. Less salient but consistently appearing factors were interpreted as temporality and object-relatedness. Potency and spatial orientation factors were also identified in each mode. A factor tentatively called containment emerged only in the analyses of data from non-verbal modes. Rank difference correlations of affect scores showed, in general, a high correspondence of affect ranks among modes, indicating high cross-modal similarity of affective meaning perceived in the complex rating material. The factors are discussed in terms of differences among modes and comparison with previous literature is made.
Patient Activity Levels After Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty: What Are Patients Doing?

Background:The indications for reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) continue to expand, which has resulted in younger patients who want to remain active after RTSA. Little information is available to manage expectations of both physicians and patients for return to sporting activities.Purpose:To determine the rate of return to sporting activities and assess average time to return to sports after RTSA.Study Design:Case series; Level of evidence, 4.Methods:This was a retrospective review of consecutive RTSA patients collected from our institution’s shoulder arthroplasty registry. All patients who played sports preoperatively and had a minimum of 1-year follow-up were included. Final follow-up consisted of an additional patient-reported questionnaire with questions regarding physical fitness and sporting activities. Each patient also completed an assessment with the American Shoulder and Elbow Society (ASES) Shoulder Score and a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain.Results:Seventy-six patients played a s...
Simultaneous process and molecular design—A property based approach

Property clustering techniques and group contribution methods are combined to enable simultaneous consideration of process performance requirements and molecular property constraints. Using this methodology, the process design problem is solved to identify the property targets corresponding to the desired process performance. A significant advantage of the developed methodology is that for problems that can be satisfactorily described by only three properties, the process and molecular design problems can be simultaneously solved visually on a ternary diagram, regardless of how many molecular fragments are included in the search space. On the ternary cluster diagram, the target properties are represented as individual points if given as discrete values, or as a region if given as intervals. The structure and identity of candidate components is then identified by combining or “mixing” molecular fragments until the resulting properties match the targets. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Parameter variation analysis for voltage controlled oscillators in phase-locked loops

A new oscillator sensitivity analysis that predicts the impact of parameter variations of a VCO in a PLL is presented in this paper. Sensitivities of an oscillator's steady-state performance to design, process, or environmental parameter variations can be accurately and efficiently computed with the proposed analysis.
Identification of mutations that disrupt phosphorylation-dependent nuclear export of cyclin D1

Although cyclin D1 is overexpressed in a significant number of human cancers, overexpression alone is insufficient to promote tumorigenesis. In vitro studies have revealed that inhibition of cyclin D1 nuclear export unmasks its neoplastic potential. Cyclin D1 nuclear export depends upon phosphorylation of a C-terminal residue, threonine 286, (Thr-286) which in turn promotes association with the nuclear exportin, CRM1. Mutation of Thr-286 to a non-phosphorylatable residue results in a constitutively nuclear cyclin D1 protein with significantly increased oncogenic potential. To determine whether cyclin D1 is subject to mutations that inhibit its nuclear export in human cancer, we have sequenced exon 5 of cyclin D1 in primary esophageal carcinoma samples and in cell lines derived from esophageal cancer. Our work reveals that cyclin D1 is subject to mutations in primary human cancer. The mutations identified specifically disrupt phosphorylation of cyclin D1 at Thr-286, thereby enforcing nuclear accumulation of cyclin D1. Through characterization of these mutants, we also define an acidic residue within the C-terminus of cyclin D1 that is necessary for recognition and phosphorylation of cyclin D1 by glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta. Finally, through construction of compound mutants, we demonstrate that cell transformation by the cancer-derived cyclin D1 alleles correlates with their ability to associate with and activate CDK4. Our data reveal that cyclin D1 is subject to mutations in primary human cancer that specifically disrupt phosphorylation-dependent nuclear export of cyclin D1 and suggest that such mutations contribute to the genesis and progression of neoplastic growth.
Severity rating scales for ciguatera fish poisoning

Abstract W. R. Lange . Severity rating scales for ciguatera fish poisoning. Toxicon 31, 777–781, 1993.—Severity of ciguatera fish poisoning is often quite variable. Two symptom check list rating scales were developed for quantifying illness severity and for selectively monitoring response to therapy in patients with chronic toxicity. Content validity was ascertained, and internal consistency reliability was demonstrated by means of the Cronbach alpha correlation coefficient (alpha = 0.9475). It was concluded that these instruments were valid and reliable, and that they conveniently and accurately recorded illness severity and treatment efficacy. They should prove useful in clinical settings and epidemiologic investigations.
Computer-Mediated Communications in Organizational Settings Emerging Conceptual Frameworks and Directions for Research

Much of the research on communication media in organizations was and still is guided by a dominant paradigm emanating from contingency theory. It is argued that the contingency theory paradigm has proven to be inadequate, not only because of a wide range of anomalous empirical findings, but also because it has led to a limited view of computer-mediated communications (CMC) that constrains the creative application of this set of communication technologies. Two new theoretical approaches, critical mass and social influence models, are described that focus on the social context in which the communication technologies are embedded as a source of explanation for adoption, use, and impact. Finally, three avenues for extending existing theory are suggested: Researchers are encouraged to explore CMC systems as (a) an interorganizational communication medium, (b) one of a set of information services available over a telecommunications infrastructure, and (c) as a tool for achieving strategic organizational objecti...
Does money really matter? Estimating impacts of family income on young children's achievement with data from random-assignment experiments.

Social scientists do not agree on the size and nature of the causal impacts of parental income on children's achievement. We revisit this issue using a set of welfare and antipoverty experiments conducted in the 1990s. We utilize an instrumental variables strategy to leverage the variation in income and achievement that arises from random assignment to the treatment group to estimate the causal effect of income on child achievement. Our estimates suggest that a $1,000 increase in annual income increases young children's achievement by 5%–6% of a standard deviation. As such, our results suggest that family income has a policy-relevant, positive impact on the eventual school achievement of preschool children.
Wallerian degeneration of zebrafish trigeminal axons in the skin is required for regeneration and developmental pruning

Fragments of injured axons that detach from their cell body break down by the molecularly regulated process of Wallerian degeneration (WD). Although WD resembles local axon degeneration, a common mechanism for refining neuronal structure, several previously examined instances of developmental pruning were unaffected by WD pathways. We used laser axotomy and time-lapse confocal imaging to characterize and compare peripheral sensory axon WD and developmental pruning in live zebrafish larvae. Detached fragments of single injured axon arbors underwent three stereotyped phases of WD: a lag phase, a fragmentation phase and clearance. The lag phase was developmentally regulated, becoming shorter as embryos aged, while the length of the clearance phase increased with the amount of axon debris. Both cell-specific inhibition of ubiquitylation and overexpression of the Wallerian degeneration slow protein (Wld(S)) lengthened the lag phase dramatically, but neither affected fragmentation. Persistent Wld(S)-expressing axon fragments directly repelled regenerating axon branches of their parent arbor, similar to self-repulsion among sister branches of intact arbors. Expression of Wld(S) also disrupted naturally occurring local axon pruning and axon degeneration in spontaneously dying trigeminal neurons: although pieces of Wld(S)-expressing axons were pruned, and some Wld(S)-expressing cells still died during development, in both cases detached axon fragments failed to degenerate. We propose that spontaneously pruned fragments of peripheral sensory axons must be removed by a WD-like mechanism to permit efficient innervation of the epidermis.
Optokinetic Nystagmus and Optokinetic After-Nystagmus: Characteristics and Functional Significance

The purpose of this paper is to characterize optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) and optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN) of the rhesus monkey. From these data we will suggest how the neural mechanism which produces OKN and OKAN might be organized.