cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Timoshenko’s History of Strength of Materials (1953)

Timoshenko’s numerous earlier books are distinguished by their presentations based on original sources and by their abundant and careful attributions. In this volume he publishes in extended form his historical lectures. The main earlier works on this subject are (1) A.-J.-C. Barre de St. Venant, Historique abrege des Recherches sur la resistance et sur l’elasticite des corps solides, prefaced to Navier’s Resume des Lecons... sur l’Application de la Mecanique..., Paris, Dunod, 1864. (2) The abundant notes added by St. Venant to the translation Theorie de l’Elasticite des Corps Solides de Clebsch, Paris, Dunod, 1883; reprinted by Johnson Reprint Corp., 1966. (3) I. Todhunter, A History of the Theory of Elasticity and of the Strength of Materials from Galileo to Lord Kelvin, edited and completed by K. Pearson, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2 volumes, 1886, 1893; reprinted by Dover Publications, 1960. [The contributions by Pearson, which make up most of the work, are often prejudiced, capricious, and misrepresentative; sometimes they are even wrong.]
Mass-Transfer and Kinetic Studies during the Photocatalytic Degradation of an Azo Dye on Optically Transparent Electrode Thin Film

Photocatalysis is an efficient method to eliminate azo dyes. We have studied the various parameters that affect the kinetics of the degradation process for an azo dye in an aquatic flow system using a novel batch continuous-loop flow reactor with TiO2 colloids immobilized on a flat substrate. A detailed study of physical parameters including light intensity, flow rate, stirring, catalyst loading, dye concentration, and temperature has been performed to obtain the reaction kinetics independent of mass-transport limitations. The kinetic parameters of the degradation process, viz., rate constant, order of reaction, and activation energy, have been obtained first using a power-law rate expression and then using an expression based on a Langmuir−Hinshelwood mechanism. The kinetic parameters for a model consistent with the reaction pathway have been estimated. Metal nanoparticles have been reported to be useful for enhancing the photocatalytic activity of semiconductors. We have studied the effect of metal nano...
Causal discovery in social media using quasi-experimental designs

Social media systems have become increasingly attractive to both users and companies providing those systems. Efficient management of these systems is essential and requires knowledge of cause-and-effect relationships within the system. Online experimentation can be used to discover causal knowledge; however, this ignores the observational data that is already being collected for operational purposes. Quasi-experimental designs (QEDs) are commonly used in social sciences to discover causal knowledge from observational data, and QEDs can be exploited to discover causal knowledge about social media systems. In this paper, we apply three different QEDs to demonstrate how one can gain a causal understanding of a social media system. The conclusions drawn from using a QED can have threats to their validity, but we show how one can carefully construct sophisticated designs to overcome some of those threats.
Abstract 2032: Inhibition of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 in human endometrial cancer, using a novel STAT3 inhibitor.

OBJECTIVE: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) proteins have important roles in cancer cell survival and proliferation. Recent studies show constitutive activation of STAT3 is associated with tumor growth and oncogenic transformation in several human cancers, however, little is known about STAT3 expression in endometrial cancer. The objectives of this study were to examine the expression of the STAT family of proteins in endometrial cancer cell lines and to evaluate the efficacy of HO-3867, a novel STAT3 inhibitor. METHODS: Expression of STAT family proteins, cell cycle and apoptotic proteins were evaluated via western blot on Ishikawa, AN3-CA, RL95-2, HEC1B, HEC-1A, and SK-UT1B human endometrial cancer cell lines. Cell viability and proliferation of these cell lines were analyzed with MTT and nucleo counter assay after treatment with increasing concentrations of HO-3867. Cell cycle analysis and apoptosis were performed using flow cytometry and annexin V staining. An ubiquitination assay was used to examine the inhibition of CDK5 degradation. Finally, STAT3 over-expression or suppression experiments were performed using wild-type STAT3 cDNA. RESULTS: Expression of activated STAT1, 2, 5, and 6 was inconsistent among cell lines tested, while pSTAT3 Ser727 had consistently high expression. HO-3867 decreased cell viability through induced G2/M arrest and apoptosis within 24h of treatment. HO-3867 inhibits pSTAT3 Ser727 with no change in total STAT3. This was associated with an increase in cell cycle related proteins p53 and p21, a decrease in anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl2 and Bcl-XL, as well as increased cleavage of caspases. After 24h of treatment with HO-3867, 55-88% of cells were in apoptosis, as detected by Annexin. The downregulation of Ser727 was, at least in part, due to an accelerated inhibition of ubiquitin-dependent CDK5 degradation, as a positive regulator of STAT3 Ser727. Suppression of STAT3 expression with siRNA significantly reduced cell survival. In addition, we confirmed that over-expression of STAT3 cDNA provides resistance to HO-3867. CONCLUSION: Endometrial cancer cells express high levels of pSTAT3 Ser727. HO-3867 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by targeting pSTAT3 Ser727. Our findings suggest a specific role of serine-phosphorylated STAT3 that is independent of tyrosine phosphorylation. HO-3867 may be a potential adjunct to chemotherapy and radiation in the treatment of endometrial cancer. Citation Format: Brent J. Tierney, Georgia A. McCann, Kellie S. Rath, Meryl Sudhakar, Shan Naidu, Periannan Kuppusamy, David E. Cohn, Karuppaiyah Selvendiran. Inhibition of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 in human endometrial cancer, using a novel STAT3 inhibitor. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2032. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2032
The ideology of Efficiency: Searching for a Theory of Policy Analysis*

The potential Pareto improvement criterion and other measures of economic efficiency do not pass the test of consistency and coherence within economic theory, nor do such measures accord with what public decision makers seek in policy advice from economists. Such efficiency measures are, nonetheless, durable components of the ideology of economics in general, and benefit-cost analysis in‘ particular. The objectivity of the policy scientist has been confused with the objectivity of the science. While economic efficiency has no claim to objectivity, the policy scientist can be an objective analyst of policy choices.
Processing Demands During Auditory Learning Under Degraded Listening Conditions

This investigation employed measures of learning accuracy (performance) and learning ease (attention or psychological effort) to assess processing demands during auditory learning under degraded li...
OC108: Ventricular performance in the fetus with hypoplastic left heart syndrome

DOI:€10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.11.032 Ann Thorac Surg 2009;87:1214-1219 Anita Szwast, Zhiyun Tian, Margaret McCann, Denise Donaghue and Jack Rychik Syndrome Right Ventricular Performance in the Fetus With Hypoplastic Left Hearthttp://ats.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/87/4/1214 located on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is
Technical Report: The Diversity of Infrared Programs at the NSLS

For about 20 years, synchrotron radiation (SR) has benefited the field of infrared (IR) spectroscopy in a wide range of disciplines from condensed matter physics to medicine. While a synchrotron infrared source does not typically produce more power than a conventional thermal (globar) source, its brightness (defined as the photon flux or power emitted per source area and solid angle) is 100–1000 times greater [1]. This advantage, arising from the small effective source size and narrow angular range of emission, has enabled a wide spectrum of throughput-limited experiments that were not possible with a conventional IR source.
Splitting of circadian rhythms in the rat

Patterns of splitting of circadian rhythms into two or more components are described in rats. The patterns were always the same when two or three behaviors were recorded concurrently from the same animal (drinking, feeding, and electrical brain self-stimulation). Several characteristics of the split rhythms were similar to those described for hamster locomotor activity (Pittendrigh and Daan, 1976): 1. The period of the split components was shorter than that of the pre-split free-running rhythm; 2. in cases of splitting of rhythms into two components, synchronization occurred when the components reached a 180° phase-relation; and 3. refusion of the split components followed a reduction in light intensity. In one case, a complete lesion of the suprachias-matic nuclei was made in a rat showing split rhythms. The lesion abolished both of the split components, although one remained visible for about a week following the lesion. The results suggest control of the three behavioral rhythms by a common pacemaker which may consist of two coupled populations of oscillators, as described by Pittendrigh and Daan (1976) for circadian locomotor activity rhythms in nocturnal rodents.
Verb movement and the subject position in Yiddish

This paper presents an account of verb movement in Yiddish. Like German, Yiddish exhibits the verb-second phenomenon (V2); but unlike German, Yiddish shows V2 effects in both main and embedded clauses. I argue that in Yiddish the finite verb moves to Infl rather than to Comp, as has generally been proposed for German. As a consequence of V → I movement, [Spec, IP] (the “topic” position) is specified to function as either an A or A-bar position in Yiddish. This yields a natural way of distinguishing subject and non-subject topics. Finally, Yiddish is shown to have a second type of verb movement which exists independently of V2. This instance of verb movement is V → Comp, and shows the same main/embedded symmetry as V → Comp in German.
Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue of Mar-M247: Part 1—Experiments

Isothermal fatigue tests, out-of-phase and in-phase thermo-mechanical fatigue tests were performed on Mar-M247 nickel-based superalloy. The experiments were conducted in the temperature range 500°C to 871°C. Results indicate that the lives differ with strain-temperature phasing and with strain rate. The results of out-of-phase thermo-mechanical tests correspond well with strain-life data of isothermal tests conducted at the peak temperature (871°C). However, the in-phase thermo-mechanical results differed depending on the strain amplitude. Significant surface and crack tip oxidation and gamma prime depletion has been observed based on metallographic and Auger Spectroscopic analyses. These changes were measured as a function of time. The environment induced changes significantly influenced the fatigue lives in isothermal and out-of-phase thermo-mechanical fatigue cases. In these cases transgranular cracking was observed. Grain boundary crack nucleation and grain boundary crack growth dominated the in-phase thermo-mechanical fatigue cases. Based on these observations the requirements for a life prediction model are outlined. The life prediction model and the predictions are given in Part 2 of this paper.
Answering the Public Choice Challenge: A Neoprogressive Research Agenda

A neoprogressive research agenda is developed to challenge public choice theory's position as the new orthodoxy in both understanding and guiding policy choices about urban service delivery. Such a challenge requires more than accumulating negative empirical tests. Rather, we must accept the new burden of proof laid on proponents of progressive reform institutions by the theories of nonmarket failure and quasimarkets, ideas that undermined the intellectual pillars supporting progressive reform institutions and can only be challenged by new ideas. Public choice theory itself, broadly considered, is proposed as a valid source of such new ideas. Three research programs, in part already underway, are outlined as essential building blocks in the research agenda, focusing, respectively, on blunting the rough edges of the theory of nonmarket failure, coordinating the empirical critiques of quasimarkets in a new theory of quasimarket failure, and developing the new institutionalism so that it can provide the basis for comparing the production outcomes of alternative urban institutions.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MASS FLUX REDUCTION AND SOURCE-ZONE MASS REMOVAL: ANALYSIS OF FIELD DATA

The magnitude of contaminant mass-flux reduction associated with a specific amount of contaminant mass removed is a key consideration for evaluating the effectiveness of a source-zone remediation effort. Thus, there is great interest in characterizing, estimating, and predicting relationships between mass-flux reduction and mass removal. Published data collected for several field studies were examined to evaluate relationships between mass-flux reduction and source-zone mass removal. The studies analyzed herein represent a variety of source-zone architectures, immiscible-liquid compositions, and implemented remediation technologies. There are two general approaches to characterizing the mass-flux-reduction/mass-removal relationship, end-point analysis and time-continuous analysis. End-point analysis, based on comparing masses and mass fluxes measured before and after a source-zone remediation effort, was conducted for 21 remediation projects. Mass removals were greater than 60% for all but three of the studies. Mass-flux reductions ranging from slightly less than to slightly greater than one-to-one were observed for the majority of the sites. However, these single-snapshot characterizations are limited in that the antecedent behavior is indeterminate. Time-continuous analysis, based on continuous monitoring of mass removal and mass flux, was performed for two sites, both for which data were obtained under water-flushing conditions. The reductions in mass flux were significantly different for the two sites (90% vs. approximately 8%) for similar mass removals ( approximately 40%). These results illustrate the dependence of the mass-flux-reduction/mass-removal relationship on source-zone architecture and associated mass-transfer processes. Minimal mass-flux reduction was observed for a system wherein mass removal was relatively efficient (ideal mass-transfer and displacement). Conversely, a significant degree of mass-flux reduction was observed for a site wherein mass removal was inefficient (non-ideal mass-transfer and displacement). The mass-flux-reduction/mass-removal relationship for the latter site exhibited a multi-step behavior, which cannot be predicted using some of the available simple estimation functions.
ANNEALING OF RADIATION-INDUCED DEFECTS IN SILICON

Abstract In a systematic study of the thermal annealing of silicon solar cells damaged by electron radiation, we have observed that a complete recovery can be achieved when the electron flux is below a threshold value. The evidence of this threshold phenomenon and possible physical interpretations are reported.
Pargyline-induced increase in serotonin levels: Correlation with inhibition of lordosis in rats

Abstract The effect of intrahypothalamic infusion of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline on lordosis behavior and monoamine levels in the preoptic area and hypothalamus was examined. Progesterone-facilitated lordosis was blocked by pargyline in half the treated rats. The inhibition of lordosis was correlated with increases in serotonin and dopamine levels in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus and serotonin levels in the arcuate nucleus-median eminence when compared to controls or pargyline-treated rats with high levels of lordosis responding. Changes in norepinephrine levels were not correlated with changes in behavior. The results provide further evidence for an inhibitory role of basomedial hypothalamic serotonin in the control of female sexual behavior.
Eigenvalue analysis of size effect for cohesive crack model

The paper analyses the effect of structure size on the nominal strength of the structure that is implied by the cohesive (or fictitious) crack model proposed for concrete by Hillerborg et al. A new method to calculate the maximum load of geometrically similar structures of different sizes without calculating the entire load-deflection curves is presented. The problem is reduced to a matrix eigenvalue problem, in which the structure size for which the maximum load occurs at the given (relative) length of the cohesive crack is obtained as the smallest eigenvalue. Subsequently, the maximum load, nominal strength and load-point displacement are calculated from the matrix equilibrium equation. The nonlinearity of the softening stress-displacement law is handled by iteration. For a linear softening law, the eigenvalue problem is linear and independent of the matrix equilibrium equation, and the peak load can then be obtained without solving the equilibrium equation. The effect of the shape of the softening law is studied, and it is found that the size effect curve is not very sensitive to it. The generalized size effect law proposed earlier by Bažant, which describes a transition between the horizontal and inclined asymptotes of strength theory and linear elastic fracture mechanics, is found to fit the numerical results very well. Finally some implications for the determination of fracture energy from the size effect tests are discussed. The results are of interest for quasibrittle materials such as concrete, rocks, sea ice and modern tough ceramics.
Novel derivative of harmony search algorithm for discrete design variables

Calculus has widespread applications in science and engineering. Optimization is one of its major subjects, where a problem can be mathematically formulated and its optimal solution is determined by using derivatives. However, this calculus-based derivative technique can only be applied to real-valued or continuous-valued functions rather than discrete-valued functions while there are many situations where design variables contain not continuous values but discrete values by nature. In order to consider these realistic design situations, this study proposes a novel derivative for discrete design variables based on a harmony search algorithm. Detailed analysis shows how this new stochastic derivative works in the bench-mark function and fluid-transport network design. Hopefully this new derivative, as a fundamental technology, will be utilized in various science and engineering problems.
Abnormal white matter microstructure in children with sensory processing disorders.

Sensory processing disorders (SPD) affect 5–16% of school-aged children and can cause long-term deficits in intellectual and social development. Current theories of SPD implicate primary sensory cortical areas and higher-order multisensory integration (MSI) cortical regions. We investigate the role of white matter microstructural abnormalities in SPD using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). DTI was acquired in 16 boys, 8–11 years old, with SPD and 24 age-, gender-, handedness- and IQ-matched neurotypical controls. Behavior was characterized using a parent report sensory behavior measure, the Sensory Profile. Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD) and radial diffusivity (RD) were calculated. Tract-based spatial statistics were used to detect significant group differences in white matter integrity and to determine if microstructural parameters were significantly correlated with behavioral measures. Significant decreases in FA and increases in MD and RD were found in the SPD cohort compared to controls, primarily involving posterior white matter including the posterior corpus callosum, posterior corona radiata and posterior thalamic radiations. Strong positive correlations were observed between FA of these posterior tracts and auditory, multisensory, and inattention scores (r = 0.51–0.78; p < 0.001) with strong negative correlations between RD and multisensory and inattention scores (r = − 0.61–0.71; p < 0.001). To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate reduced white matter microstructural integrity in children with SPD. We find that the disrupted white matter microstructure predominantly involves posterior cerebral tracts and correlates strongly with atypical unimodal and multisensory integration behavior. These findings suggest abnormal white matter as a biological basis for SPD and may also distinguish SPD from overlapping clinical conditions such as autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Statistical Theory of Delayed-Coincidence Experiments

The consistent use of a general statistical theory makes possible the elimination of ambiguities and of idealizing assumptions from the interpretation of delayed-coincidence experiments. Introduction of the concept of the "total coincidence counting rate" (which can be determined experimentally) makes possible the definition of resolving time, thereby eliminating discrepancies between earlier definitions; it also provides means for relating the coincidence efficiencies directly to the number of source events.The effect of random time lags on coincidence curves is calculated and experimental methods for the determination of time lags are derived. The statistical errors in the determination of moments of a coincidence curve are calculated and outlined in detail for first moment investigations. It is shown that: (1) the best choice of the resolving time is a (experimentally measurable) weighted rms of all time delays present in the measurement; (2) using the best choice of the resolving time the standard error of the centroid, obtained by successive measurements of the points of a coincidence curve, is approximately twice the least theoretical standard error (that could be obtained for the total time of observation); (3) the moment method can be applied generally for the determination of mean time delays; other methods, while applicable with some restrictions, can lead to similar or greater statistical errors.
Studies on the Biogenesis of Herpesvirus Envelope

THE nucleocapsid of the herpesvirus is surrounded by an envelope which the virion acquires by budding from the nuclear membrane of the infected cell1–4. The viral envelope, however, contains glycoproteins which differ in their pattern of migration on acrylamide gels from those normally present in the nuclear membrane6. Proteins associated with the nuclear membrane at the time of infection do not become part of the virions, even though these proteins are not lost from the membrane after infection refs. 5–7 and (unpublished results).
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFANT FEEDING AND INFECTION

The relationship between infant feeding (IF) (breast milk and/or formula) and infectious disease (ID) in developed countries is still unclear. To determine the relationship between IF and ID, questionnaires were mailed monthly to 500 mothers of infants from birth to 3 months of age in Copenhagen, Denmark (90% return rate). Data was collected on: 1) infectious illnesses, 2) feeding histories, and 3) use of health services. During the first month of life there were a significantly (p<.05, Mann-Whitney U Test) greater number of symptoms related to gastrointestinal Illness in formula fed Infants (51%) compared to formula and breast fed Infants (30%) or breast fed alone (20%). However, this relationship was significant (p<.01) only in the upper social classes. When controlling for other children and family illness, there was no effect of IF on gastrointestinal (G1) infection. We found no other effect of IF on symptoms of infectious illnesses (e.g. ENT, pulmonary, and skin). These data suggest that there may be a minimal protective effect of breast-milk against G1 illness early in life.
Structural Insights into Biological Roles of Protein-Glycosaminoglycan Interactions

The extracellular environment is largely comprised of complex polysaccharides, which were historically considered inert materials that hydrated the cells and contributed to the structural scaffolds. Recent advances in development of sophisticated analytical techniques have brought about a dramatic transformation in understanding the numerous biological roles of these complex polysaccharides. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a class of these polysaccharides, which bind to a wide variety of proteins and signaling molecules in the cellular environment and modulate their activity, thus impinging on fundamental biological processes. Despite the importance of GAGs modulating biological functions, there are relatively few examples that demonstrate specificity of GAG-protein interactions, which in turn define the structure-function relationships of these polysaccharides. Focusing on heparin/heparan (HSGAGs) and chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CSGAGs), this review provides structural insights into the oligosaccharide-protein interactions and discusses some key and challenging aspects of understanding GAG structure-function relationships.
Service Learning in the Community College: Drive to Employment

As community college leaders strive for institutional efficacy, programs are needed to promote student success through the alignment of curricular objectives and community needs. To meet this objective, service learning (SL) is becoming increasingly popular in the community college. A new SL program called Drive to Employment (DTE) was developed as a means of preparing students for employment by serving unemployed and underemployed community clients. As a result, the curriculum was better connected to workplace competencies, students were prepared for employment, and the capacity of community-based partner organizations was expanded. An overview of DTE will familiarize stakeholders with SL, lessons learned, and the potential impact of similar programs on student, institutional, and community outcomes.
Integrated Telehealth And Care Management Program For Medicare Beneficiaries With Chronic Disease Linked To Savings

Treatment of chronically ill people constitutes nearly four-fifths of US health care spending, but it is hampered by a fragmented delivery system and discontinuities of care. We examined the impact of a care coordination approach called the Health Buddy Program, which integrates a telehealth tool with care management for chronically ill Medicare beneficiaries. We evaluated the program's impact on spending for patients of two clinics in the US Northwest who were exposed to the intervention, and we compared their experience with that of matched controls. We found significant savings among patients who used the Health Buddy telehealth program, which was associated with spending reductions of approximately 7.7-13.3 percent ($312-$542) per person per quarter. These results suggest that carefully designed and implemented care management and telehealth programs can help reduce health care spending and that such programs merit continued attention by Medicare. Meanwhile, mortality differences in the treatment and control groups suggest that the intervention may have produced noticeable changes in health outcomes, but we leave it to future research to explore these effects fully.
Experiments with semantic paramodulation

A semantic restriction is presented for use with paramodulation in automated theorem-proving programs. The method applies to first-order formulas with equality whole clause forms are Horn sets. In this method, an interpretation is given to the program along with the set of clauses to be refuted. The intention is to have the interpretation serve as an example to guide the search for a refutation. The semantic restriction was incorporated into an existing automated theorem-proving program, and a number of experiments were conducted on theorems in abstract algebra. Semantic paramodulation is an extension of set-of-support paramodulation. A comparison of the two strategies was used as the basis for experimentation. The semantic searches performed markedly better than the corresponding set-of-support searches in many of the comparisons. The semantic restriction seems to make the program less sensitive to the choice of rewrite rules and supported clauses.
Use of foliar Ca/Sr discrimination and 87Sr/86Sr ratios to determine soil Ca sources to sugar maple foliage in a northern hardwood forest

Calcium/strontium and 87Sr/86Sr ratios in foliage can be used to determine the relative importance of different soil sources of Ca to vegetation, if the discrimination of Ca/Sr by the plant between nutrient sources and foliage is known. We compared these tracers in the foliage of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) to the exchange fraction and acid leaches of soil horizons at six study sites in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, USA. In a previous study, sugar maple was shown to discriminate for Ca compared to Sr in foliage formation by a factor of 1.14 ± 0.12. After accounting for the predicted 14% shift in Ca/Sr, foliar Ca/Sr and 87Sr/86Sr ratios closely match the values in the Oie horizon at each study site across a 3.6-fold variation in foliar Ca/Sr ratios. Newly weathered cations, for which the Ca/Sr and 87Sr/86Sr ratios are estimated from acid leaches of soils, can be ruled out as a major Ca source to current foliage. Within sites, the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the soil exchange pool in the Oa horizon and in the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm increments of the mineral soil are similar to the Oie horizon and sugar maple foliar values, suggesting a common source of Sr in all of the actively cycling pools, but providing no help in distinguishing among them as sources to foliage. The Ca/Sr ratio in the soil exchange pool, however, decreases significantly with depth, and based on this variation, the exchange pool below the forest floor can be excluded as a major Ca source to the current sugar maple foliage. This study confirms that internal recycling of Ca between litter, organic soil horizons and vegetation dominate annual uptake of Ca in northern hardwood ecosystems. Refinement of our understanding of Ca and Sr uptake and allocation in trees allows improvement in the use of Ca/Sr and 87Sr/86Sr ratios to trace Ca sources to plants.
An XPS and Scanning Polarization Force Microscopy Study of the Exchange and Mobility of Surface Ions on Mica

Potassium mica was treated with different ionic solutions to replace the naturally occurring K{sup +} on the surface by Ca{sup 2+}, Mg{sup 2+}, and H{sup +} ions. The extent of the exchange was monitored by variable emergence angle X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Scanning polarization force microscopy (SPFM) was used to measure the mobility of the surface ions as a result of water adsorption when the mica is exposed to different humidity levels.
Understanding incarcerated populations.

ABSTRACT Approximately 1.3 to 1.8 million people are incarcerated in the United States at any given time. When providing emergency or elective surgical intervention, perioperative nurses may encounter incarcerated individuals, including many who require treatment for traumatic injury. Nurses, therefore, need to educate themselves about this patient population and understand the specific clinical and educational needs of this group. This article explores key concepts involved in caring for incarcerated individuals, including their characteristics and assumptions others make about them. The article concludes with a discussion of educational and policy implications. AORN J 75 (March 2002) 568–580.
Residual Stress Measurement in Steel Plates and Welds Using Critically Refracted Longitudinal (LCR) Waves

Abstract The application of acoustoelasticity using critically refracted longitudinal (LCR) waves is described for measuring residual stress in welded steel plates. Residual stresses are self-equilibrating and may exist in a material that has been deformed in a nonhomogeneous manner. When unknown residual stress is present in a structure, the true stress may become significantly greater than the working stress. In a corrosive environment, highly stressed areas that have not been properly stress relieved are prone to stress corrosion cracking. Areas near welds are particularly susceptible to stress corrosion cracking. Two welded plates were investigated for the present work: one hot-rolled and the other cold-rolled. Residual stresses are usually greatest after welding. Further, longitudinal stress (i.e., stress parallel to the weld bead) is typically greater than the component transverse to the weld bead. Since the acoustoelastic behavior of the LCR wave is largest when propagated parallel to a uniaxial st...
A Nomenclature for Vertebral Fossae in Sauropods and Other Saurischian Dinosaurs

Background The axial skeleton of extinct saurischian dinosaurs (i.e., theropods, sauropodomorphs), like living birds, was pneumatized by epithelial outpocketings of the respiratory system. Pneumatic signatures in the vertebral column of fossil saurischians include complex branching chambers within the bone (internal pneumaticity) and large chambers visible externally that are bounded by neural arch laminae (external pneumaticity). Although general aspects of internal pneumaticity are synapomorphic for saurischian subgroups, the individual internal pneumatic spaces cannot be homologized across species or even along the vertebral column, due to their variability and absence of topographical landmarks. External pneumatic structures, in contrast, are defined by ready topological landmarks (vertebral laminae), but no consistent nomenclatural system exists. This deficiency has fostered confusion and limited their use as character data in phylogenetic analysis. Methodology/Principal Findings We present a simple system for naming external neural arch fossae that parallels the one developed for the vertebral laminae that bound them. The nomenclatural system identifies fossae by pointing to reference landmarks (e.g., neural spine, centrum, costal articulations, zygapophyses). We standardize the naming process by creating tripartite names from “primary landmarks,” which form the zygodiapophyseal table, “secondary landmarks,” which orient with respect to that table, and “tertiary landmarks,” which further delineate a given fossa. Conclusions/Significance The proposed nomenclatural system for lamina-bounded fossae adds clarity to descriptions of complex vertebrae and allows these structures to be sourced as character data for phylogenetic analyses. These anatomical terms denote potentially homologous pneumatic structures within Saurischia, but they could be applied to any vertebrate with vertebral laminae that enclose spaces, regardless of their developmental origin or phylogenetic distribution.
Sensation Seeking and Visual Selective Attention in Adults with HIV/AIDS

The association between sensation seeking and visual selective attention was examined in 31 adults with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Sensation seeking was measured with Zuckerman’s Sensation Seeking Scale Form V (SSS-V). Selective attention was assessed with a perceptual span task, where a target letter-character must be identified in a quickly presented array of nontarget letter-characters. As predicted, sensation seeking was strongly associated (R 2 = .229) with perceptual span performance in the array size 12 condition, where selective attention demands were greatest, but not in the easier conditions. The Disinhibition, Boredom Susceptibility, and Experience Seeking subscales of the SSS-V were associated with span performance. It is argued that personality factors such as sensation seeking may play a significant role in selective attention and related cognitive abilities in HIV positive adults. Furthermore, sensation seeking differences might explain certain inconsistencies in the HIV neuropsychology literature.
Will the Modi government succumb to US and industry pressure to modify its pro-access pharmaceutical patent policy?

The US has persistently pressured India to adopt US-style patent protections on pharmaceuticals for many years. That pressure has intensified recently because of Indian rules that have blocked patents on medicines widely patented elsewhere and because India has issued a compulsory license. Under the leadership of its new Prime Minister (PM), Narendra Modi, India has already made several overtures to appease US pressure. The two countries have established a bilateral intellectual property (IP) Working Group that will meet regularly as part of their Trade Policy Forum. This allows the US fox in India’s patent law chicken house. In addition, India has issued a Draft National IPR Policy that is highly pro-IP and that promises consensus-oriented negotiations with international partners. These signals have been reinforced by decisions to drop price controls on nonessential medicines, to appoint a pro-IP economic advisor, and to stall issuance of additional compulsory licenses. On the other hand, both PM Modi an...
Isolation of a sn-glycerol 3-phosphate: NAD oxidoreductase from spinach leaves☆

Abstract An NAD-dependent glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (sn-glycerol 3-phosphate: NAD oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.8) has been purified from spinach leaves by a three-step procedure involving ion-exchange, gel filtration, and affinity chromatography. The enzyme has been purified over 10,000-fold to a specific activity of 38. It has a molecular weight of approximately 63,500. The pH optimum for the reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate is 6.8 and for glycerol 3-phosphate oxidation it is 9.5. During dihydroxyacetone phosphate reduction hyperbolic kinetics were observed when either NADH or dihydroxyacetone phosphate was the variable substrate, but concentrations of NADH greater than 150 μ m were inhibitory. Michaelis constants were 0.30–0.35 m m for dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 0.01 m m for NADH. Glycerol 3-phosphate oxidation obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a Km of 0.19 m m for NAD and 1.6 m m for glycerol 3-phosphate. The enzyme was specific for those substrates, and dihydroxyacetone, glyceraldehyde, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, NADPH, NADP, and glycerol were not utilized. The spinach leaf enzyme appears to be in the cytoplasm and probably functions for the production of glycerol 3-phosphate from dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
The impact of laparoscopic cholecystectomy on the operative experience of surgical residents

The impact of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) on the operative experience of surgical residents was assessed in a series of 787 cholecystectomies. During an initial 18-month period, residents participated in LC as operating surgeon and as first assistant or camera operator in 33% and 97% of cases, respectively. Operative time, cholangiography rate, conversion rate, and complications were not adversely affected by resident operators. Residents performed 87% of concurrent planned open cholecystectomies (OC). In comparison to the 6 months preceding LC: (1) The mean number of resident OCs decreased significantly while the total number of resident cholecystectomies was unchanged; (2) the proportion of OCs performed by PGY5 residents significantly increased at the expense of junior resident cases. LC can be safely integrated into surgical resident training by standard methods as for open procedures. Although resident operative experience has been redistributed, initial experience does not suggest that qualification in open biliary surgery has been compromised.
On the minimization and maximization of the strain energy density in cortical bone tissue

Universal minimization and maximization of the strain energy density, while possible in materials with cubic symmetry, is not possible for cortical long bone with its orthotropic material symmetry. Illustrating this point, it is shown that the stress state obtained when an axial load is applied along the long axis of a long bone at the midshaft is a minimizer of the strain energy density, while the stress state obtained when a load is applied perpendicular to the long axis, and perpendicular to the surface, of the mid-diaphysis of a long bone is a maximizer of the strain energy density. Thus, the bone tissue at the midshaft of a long bone is designed by nature so that it has the greatest stiffness in the direction of its long axis and its greatest impact loading resistance in the transverse direction.
Three-dimensional modeling of thrombin-fibrinogen interaction.

Abstract Three-dimensional models of thrombin complexed with large fragments of the fibrinogen Aα and Bβ chains are presented. The models are consistent with the results of recent mutagenesis studies of thrombin and with the information available on naturally occurring fibrinogen mutants. Thrombin recognizes fibrinogen with an extended binding surface, key elements of which are Tyr76 in exosite I, located about 20 A away from the active site, and the aryl binding site located in close proximity to the catalytic triad. A highly conserved aromatic-Pro-aromatic triplet motif is identified in the primed site region of fibrinogen and other natural substrates of thrombin. The role of this triplet, based on the three-dimensional models, is to correctly orient the substrate for optimal bridge binding to exosite I and the active site. The three-dimensional models suggest a possible pattern of recognition by thrombin that applies generally to other natural substrates.
Hollow sapphire fiber system for high-power CO2 lasers

Hollow sapphire fibers have been used to deliver up to 1500 W of CO2 laser power for industrial laser applications. These hollow waveguides incorporate a water jacket to prevent overheating. The fibers are about 110 cm in length and they have been bent to 90 degree(s). The bending loss for the large 1070-micrometers bore fiber is less than 15% of the straight loss.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Progranmable Pneumatic Generator for Manipulation of Intrathoracic Pressure

The determination that blood can move during cardiopulmonary resuscitation because of imposed changes in intrathoracic pressure has led to the construction and testing of mechanical devices for increasing intrathoracic pressure fluctuations over those obtained by manual means. These mechanical systems have required high-pressure ventilation simultaneous with compression of the chest to augment blood flow. Their usefulness has been limited, however, because of the requirement for endotracheal intubation and complex devices. Similar systems have also been used to generate intrathoracic pressure changes timed to the cardiac cycle to aid the failing, but beating, heart. A system was developed that can produce high intrathoracic pressure without simultaneous ventilation by using a vest that is placed around the thorax. The vest contains a bladder that is rapidly inflated and deflated by the programmable pneumatic generator. Air flows into and out of the bladder by the proper sequencing of large-bore three-way and two-way solenoid valves that are connected in series. A microcomputer-based controller is used to sequence the valves. The programmable pneumatic generator inflates the bladder more rapidly and to higher pressures than previous systems. The programmable pneumatic generator has been used in studies of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (heart arrested) and circulatory assistance (heart beating, but function depressed).
The effect of ionizing radiation on the floral vascularization of coleus blumei benth

Abstract The floral vascularization of 21 flowers, taken in three collections from a Coleus plant irradiated with a cesium 137 source for 25 hr at a dosage of 200 R/hr, was compared with the vascularization of flowers removed from the plant prior to treatment. In the first collection after treatment only the vascular traces to the gynoecium were affected. In the second collection traces to sepals, petals and stamens, as well as the carpellary traces, were affected. The third collection showed no effects. The most frequent alteration of the floral stele involved the vascularization of accessory ovules and nectaries.
Effect of process unreliability on integrated manufacturing/production systems

Abstract The effects of process unreliability on the performance of a simulation model of an integrated manufacturing production system operating in a just-in-time mode is investigated. In a multicomponent manufacturing and assembly environment, poorer process reliability results in a pronounced lower level of system utilization. Work-in-process inventory-induced gains in production rates are not as significant as may be envisioned in traditional production systems that essentially operate under “push system” production control.
Representation of harmonic functions in R4

Abstract Reciprocal integrals are constructed so that { H , h } constitutes a dual transform pair where H is a harmonic function in R 4 and h is the associated analytic function in C 3 . Necessary and sufficient conditions for the harmonic continuation to encounter singularities are linked to properties of the analytic continuation and conversely. Thus, Szego's theorem regarding zonal harmonic series and analytic functions in C 1 has a function theoretic extension to several variables.
Using chemistry transport modeling in statistical analysis of stratospheric ozone trends from observations

[1] Since the implementation of the international controls on ozone-depleting chemicals, an important focus in studies of stratospheric ozone has been on the detection of a turnaround in the downward trend. The usual statistical assumption of a piecewise linear representation of the trend does not account for the chemistry involved. Because the actual change is not expected to be piecewise linear, we model the trend using results from a University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign two-dimensional (UIUC 2-D) chemical transport model of the global atmosphere. As part of the analysis, ozone observations are considered in the spectral domain using a cohesive data set from the SBUV-SBUV/2 satellite system at northern midlatitudes. In this study we find that the new model is better at capturing the long-range correlation of the data than assuming a linear trend. We also compare several statistical trend models, based either on a regression on a linear trend or on the Effective Equivalent Stratospheric Chlorine (EESC). Including a constant halocarbon emissions run of the UIUC 2-D model in the regression, the controlled EESC approach shows the best fit. The smallest future data length necessary to detect a recovery with a certain probability is obtained in this latter case.
Accountability forces in performance appraisal

Abstract This experiment investigated the effects of two factors felt to influence the quality of ratings: anticipated feedback sharing and knowledge of subordinates' self-assessment. One hundred and eighty subjects receiving either favorable, unfavorable, or no subordinate self-assessment information were led to anticipate either face-to-face, written, or no feedback sharing with a subordinate. Main effects were found both for type of feedback sharing and level of subordinate self-assessment. Partial support was also found for the interaction of feedback sharing and partial self-assessment effects. Supervisors anticipating sharing face-to-face feedback with a subordinate rated the latter's performance significantly more positively than did supervisors who received no self-assessment data; while supervisors receiving knowledge of an unfavorable self-assessment rated their subordinates significantly more negatively than those receiving no self-assessment information. Ancillary analyses support the contention that the impact of knowledge of self-assessment information is largely motivational, as opposed to informational, in nature. Despite their potential to influence ratings, it is suggested that face-to-face feedback sharing requirements and the use of subordinate self-assessment data are not necessarily detrimental, but rather that care should be taken to minimize their potential to reduce rating quality.