cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY OF THE METHYL ESTERS OF THE AMINO ACIDS AS THE FREE BASE AND BY DISSOCIATION OF THEIR ACID SALTS.

Abstract When anionic exchange resins were employed to generate the free basic form of the methyl esters of the amino acids, these derivatives were stable for periods of time long enough for gas chromatography. Dissociation of the acetate salts of the amino acid esters into the free base and acetic acid occurred in gas chromatographic columns under the influence of temperatures varying from 120° to 200°. A combination of the use of the amino acid esters as the free base and by dissociation of their acid salts made possible the gas chromatography of the derivatives of all of the common amino acids except histidine, tyrosine and tryptophan.
New pharmaceuticals from marine organisms

Definitions of ‘marine biotechnology' often refer to the vast potential of the oceans to lead to new cures for human and animal disease; the exploitation of natural drugs has always been the most basic form of biotechnology. Although only initiated in the late 1970s, natural drug discovery from the world's oceans has been accelerated by the chemical uniqueness of marine organisms and by the need to develop drugs for contemporary, difficult to cure, diseases. Current research activities, while primarily within the academic laboratories, have generated convincing evidence that marine drug discovery has an exceedingly bright future.
Cost-benefit analysis of the RFA.

The U.S. National Institutes of Health issues requests for applications (RFA) to solicit proposals on a specific topic. While a well-designed RFA can have significant benefit to the scientific enterprise and support the mission of the Institute, a poorly designed RFA can produce a significant loss
Agents on the Web

The authors consider agents on the World Wide Web, including information retrieval agents. They propose a test for agenthood, involving communication in multi-agent systems.
Disrupting mitochondrial function with surfactants inhibits MA-10 Leydig cell steroidogenesis

It is well established that surfactants can elicit cytotoxic effects at threshold concentrations by changing the permeability and solubilizing components of cell membranes. The purpose of this study was to characterize the relationship between perturbation of the mitochondrial membrane resulting from treatment with representative cationic, nonionic, and anionic surfactants and the extent to which this perturbation affects steroid formation and StAR protein expression and activity in MA-10 Leydig cells. The StAR protein is synthesized as an active 37 kDa extramitochondrial form, which is processed into a 30 kDa intramitochondrial form after cholesterol transfer and mitochondrial import and processing. It has been shown in several in vitro studies that the mitochondrial electrochemical gradient is required for the StAR protein to transfer cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane. Each substance that was tested produced a concentration-dependent decrease in steroid formation in hCG-stimulated MA-10 cells. Decreases in progesterone production were accompanied by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and by a decrease in the levels of the 30 kDa form of the StAR protein. However, levels of the 37 kDa form of the StAR protein did not decrease, indicating no effect on StAR protein expression. These results demonstrate how perturbation of the mitochondrial membrane by surfactants inhibits import, processing, and cholesterol transfer activity and underscore the importance of including sensitive assays that evaluate mitochondrial function when screening for potential effects on steroidogenesis with in vitro test systems.
Frequency-modulation mode-locking performance for four Nd 3+ -doped laser crystals

To determine an optimum host for simultaneous short-pulse-width and large-slope-efficiency generation, the performance of Nd:YAG, Nd:YLF, Nd:YVO4, and Nd3+:Sr5(VO4)3F [Nd:strontium fluorovanadate (S-VAP)] was characterized under a variety of end-pumped and frequency-modulation mode-locking conditions. The slope efficiency, threshold pump power, and pulse width were recorded for each laser and compared with theory. A figure of merit was defined, yielding Nd:YLF and Nd:YVO4 as the experimentally determined crystals of choice.
Quantum information processing in the telecom waveband

We present recent progress in all-optical routing of entangled single photons at high speeds, with minimal loss and added in-band noise, and-most importantly-without disturbing the photons' quantum state.
Processing of Green American Elm Leaves in First, Third, and Fifth Order Reaches of an Ozark Stream

ABSTRACT Green American elm leaf pack processing was studied in Logan Spring, Clear Creek, and the Illinois River, first, third, and fifth order reaches, respectively. The three study sites are located in the northwestern corner of Arkansas in Washington County near Fayetteville. Decomposition of American elm, Ulmus americana, was examined by weighing 5gm of fresh leaves, placing them in standard leaf packs on bricks or on 60d gutter nails with 2.5 cm square plastic retainers, for comparison. Decomposition rates were similar between exposure methods, and were faster than any previously reported. Leaf packs in a fifth order reach of the Illinois River lost 66% of their dry weight in 7 days and 97% in 18 days and had a K coefficient of 0.194.at 26 C. Leaf packs in a third order stream, lost 70% in 14 days and 97% in 24 days and had a K coefficient of 0.176 at 25 C. Packs in Logan Spring lost only 5% in 7 days and 74% in 44 days and had a K coefficient of 0.03 at 18 C. A subsequent study in the third order s...
Retrieval of water optical properties using polarization of light underwater: case I and II waters

The relationship between the degree of linear polarization (DoLP) and attenuation-to-absorption coefficients ratio (c/a) of the water from which the scattering coefficient is readily computed (b = c-a) for two main types of oceanic waters (Case I and II) was investigated using the vector radiative transfer simulation. It is found the for Case I waters that only the green channels of the spectrum can be used to retrieve the scattering coefficient of the water whereas blue and red channels are dominated by the pure water effects of either Rayleigh scattering or high water absorption showing no variability between DoLP and c/a. On the other hand, Case II waters showed a strong relationship between DoLP and c/a for all wavelength of light under study (440, 550, 665 nm). Those relationships have been parameterized for all possible viewing geometries (sensor zenith and azimuth relative to the Sun’s principle plane) and for varying Sun zenith angles. That relationship has been tested and validated against a dataset of in-situ measurements using a custom developed underwater polarimeter that measures the DoLP and an in-water package of instruments (WetLabs ac-s) that measure the absorption and the attenuation coefficients. Another polarimeter fixed on a platform in Long Island Sound at the LISCO station measures the DoLP of the light above water while a moored instrument package (WQM and C-star) that measures in-water optical properties have been used for a time serious validation.
Data traffic scheduling for cyber physical systems with application in voltage control of microgrids

The design of communication infrastructure in cyber physical system (CPS) is of key importance since it conveys information from sensors to controllers. Different from traditional scheduling algorithms designed for pure data communication networks, the scheduling in CPS is for the purpose of optimizing the physical dynamics and should be designed with the awareness of the dynamics. In this paper, the scheduling problem in CPS is fitted into the framework of hybrid systems, in which different selections of communication links correspond to different dynamics modes. Both centralized and distributed scheduling algorithms are discussed. The proposed algorithms are also applied in the background of voltage control of distributed energy generations (DEGs) in microgrids. Numerical simulations show that the proposed framework and algorithms achieve good performance.
Short metal-metal separations in a highly luminescent trimetallic Ag(I) complex stabilized by bridging NHC ligands.

Reaction of 1,3-bis(2-pyridinylmethyl)-1H-imidazolium salt, [H(pyCH(2))(2)im]X (X = BF(4)(-) or Cl(-)), with silver oxide in acetonitrile readily yields yellow-brown [((pyCH(2))(2)im)(2)Ag]X, 1.BF(4) or 1.Cl. The chloride salt crystallizes with 3.650 A intermolecular Ag...Ag interactions while 1.BF(4) shows no short intermolecular interaction. Addition of excess Ag(BF(4)) produces the homoleptic carbene bridged trimetallic species, [(mu-NHC)(3)Ag(3)](BF(4))(3), 2. This species contains very short Ag-Ag separations between 2.7249(10) and 2.7718(9) A. In solution, these complexes are photoluminescent.
Accurate Millimeter-Wave Laser Phase Noise Measurement Technique

In this letter, a method based on time sampling and signal processing is proposed to measure the phase noise of any unstable optically generated carrier. We could overcome the difficulties of measuring the phase noise of a passively mode-locked laser output signal with 60-GHz repetition frequency due to frequency instability by replacing a spectrum analyzer with a digital storage oscilloscope, which samples signal in time domain. A mathematical approach based on frequency demodulation is used to separate the phase noise and the amplitude noise in measurements. The precision of this method has been validated by comparing the measured results with the commercial tool measurements.
Mammographic parenchymal patterns as a risk indicator for prevalent and incident cancer

Different mammographic parenchymal patterns have been found to be associated with significantly different rates for the development of breast cancer in a screening program of self-referred women. These differences are qualitatively similar but of lesser magnitude than those in previous reports by Wolfe which were based on symptomatic women who had had a previous negative mammogram. In addition, this report indicates a small difference in the rate of breast cancer at first mammographic examination, using the same parenchymal classifications. These findings, coupled with other risk factors, may permit the concentration of mammographic screening on a smaller segment of the population at risk, thus improving the benefit to risk ratio.
Multicenter integrals via Gaussian expansion of slater-orbital products

Abstract A method is described for evaluating multicenter integrals over Slater-type orbitals by expanding products of orbitals in terms of Gaussians. The expansions are determined by minimizing the norm of the expansion error subject to constraints. Results are presented to give indications of the speed and accuracy of the method.
Variation in elemental content of ‘grand rapids’ lettuce grown under four levels of far‐red and infrared radiation in controlled environments

Abstract Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Grand Rapids') plants were grown in four separate controlled‐environnent chambers under equal levels (325 μEm‐2s ‐1) of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) but with various amounts of infrared (IR) radiation, obtained by varying the wattage of incandescent (INC) lamps in each chamber from 25 to 100 W to provide 10 to 31% of the total input wattage. Plants were grown for 28 days under a specified set of base‐line environmental conditions. Sequential harvests were made at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Plant tissue was collected at 28 days and analyzed for 25 elements by arc emission spectrography. These included 10 essential elements (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, B, Zn, Cu, Mo) and 15 non‐essential elements (Al, Si, Ti, Sr, Ba, Na, Pb, V, Li, Sn, Co, Ni, Cr, Ag, and Cd). Increasing the amount of INC wattage in the growth chamber from 10% of the total input wattage to 18 or 25% decreased the Mn content and increased the P, B, Pb, and Na contents of lettuce leaf tissue; a further...
A blood sampling microsystem for pharmacokinetic applications: Design, fabrication, and initial results

This paper describes a microsystem for automated blood sampling from laboratory mice used in pharmacokinetic studies. Intended to be mounted as a “backpack” on a mouse, it uses a microneedle, reservoir, and an actuator to instantaneously prick the animal for a time-point sample, eliminating the need for a tethered catheter with large dead volume. The blood is collected by capillary effect through a 31–33 gauge microneedle (250–210 μm OD) into a ≈1 μL micromachined steel reservoir. The voice coil actuator provides a peak force of ≈300 mN, which amply exceeds the measured piercing force of mouse skin (i.e., 60–85 mN for a 31-gauge needle with 12° bevel). The sampling system was tested in vitro using a mock vessel with adjustable pressure; the reservoir was filled in <0.15 s by a combination of the capillary effect and blood pressure. The system may also be used to sample interstitial fluid, but the absence of blood pressure makes it necessary to enhance the capillary effect of the needle. This is accomplished by either electropolishing the inner surface to make it more hydrophilic or using a polymer wire insert to increase the surface area. The steel surface of the reservoir is also coated with silicon oxynitride by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition to improve its hydrophilicity. Blood from fresh bovine tissue was collected into the reservoir to simulate interstitial fluid sampling. In vivo tests on live, anesthetized mice resulted in successful collection of blood into the reservoir. The possible integration of the device in microanalytical systems and the device scalability for multisampling are discussed.
Ionization of Group II a Elements in the Direct Current Plasma: Effects of Ionization Potential on Emission Profiles

Studies of background corrected ion and atom emission profiles of the group IIA elements in the two-electrode direct current plasma show great variation in both vertical and horizontal emission zones. Additionally, an anodic shift of the ion zone with respect to the atom zone is observed for the elements Be, Ca, and Mg, while Sr shows the reverse. Attempts to explain these spatial distributions using mechanisms proposed for the inductively coupled plasma have failed to adequately account for the observed results.
A Simple, Versatile Miniaturized Disk-Bend Test Apparatus for Quantitative Yield-Stress Measurements

A miniaturized disk-bend test (MDBT) apparatus for testing specimens 3 mm in diameter and a range of thicknesses is described. It incorporates several features not generally found in previous designs, including direct measurement of specimen displacement, noncritical alignment, and the flexibility to conduct tests on clamped or undamped samples. The test is similar to a microbulge test in that the load is applied through a ball bearing 1 mm in diameter. Displacement of the center of the specimen is measured using a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT), the core of which is attached to a rod maintained in contact with the specimen through the use of a weak spring. Results on four materials are presented, with sample thicknesses ranging from 25 to 250 μm: annealed OFHC copper, fine-grained Ni3Al, irradiated and unirradiated Zr3Al, and an amorphous Fe78Si9B13 alloy ribbon. A simple procedure for measuring the contact area at yielding between the ball bearing and the specimen is described. It enables accurate values of the yield stress to be calculated from equations for the elastic deformation of clamped specimens; previously, measurements of the yield stress from the MDBT relied on a finite element model. The accuracy was confirmed by tests on fine-grained specimens of Ni3Al which were cut from the grip sections of previously tested tensile samples. The effects of varying the clamping force on the load-displacement curves are described, and the sensitivity of the apparatus to near-surface microstructural effects is demonstrated by comparison of the results on two of the materials tested: Zr3Al, the irradiated samples of which are affected microstructurally only within 2 μm from the surface, and Fe78Si9B13, in which the loads at fracture depend on which surface of the ribbon experiences tensile loading during the test.
Survival and integration of bovine chromaffin cells transplanted into rat central nervous system without exogenous trophic factors.

Our previous studies have demonstrated that suspension grafts of isolated bovine chromaffin cells survive in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) of rat midbrain for up to 1 year after transplantation. The current study aimed to determine whether this type of graft could survive transplantation into sites other than the PAG that can benefit from chromaffin cell secretory products. In this study, electron microscope analysis showed that chromaffin cells implanted into the frontal neocortex, striatum, PAG, or the subarachnoid space overlying the spinal cord survived for at least 8 weeks without evidence of degeneration. Intraparenchymally placed grafts appeared relatively avascular and well integrated within the host parenchyma. When blood vessels were found, they were primarily at the host-graft border and were of the nonfenestrated central nervous system (CNS) type. Numerous synapses were present between the grafted cells and host neuronal processes. In addition, extensive intercommunication, via gap junction-like structures, was common in the grafts. Morphologic evidence of granular secretion was most commonly seen in striatal grafts. In contrast, subarachnoid grafts displayed minimal interaction with the host spinal tissue and were heavily vascularized with fenestrated capillaries. Despite morphologic differences between intra- and extraparenchymal grafts, this study demonstrates that isolated suspensions of bovine chromaffin cells survive transplantation into CNS sites without exogenous trophic factors and suggests that these cells are potential candidates for neural transplantation into these regions. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Will smart pricing finally take off

Smart pricing" has been the goal of the networking research com- munity and the telecommunications industry for decades. Yet it has also proved remarkably hard to achieve. This paper presents a brief overview of telecom- munications economics and technology, and the major changes that are taking place. Special emphasis is placed on the many popular but harmful notions that continue to lead this industry astray, such as that content is king, or that telecom is characterized by high fixed costs. The influence of such factors on ad- visability of various pricing strategies is then considered. The main conclusion is that flat rates for individual users should be regarded not as a pernicious can- cer, but as necessary for the healthy development of wired networks. However, in the wireless arena, there is a mismatch between potential demand and what technology can provide, and this likely means that some forms of not-very-smart pricing will dominate.
On factive Islands: pragmatic anomaly vs. pragmatic infelicity

Certain types of wh-phrases (e.g. how, why) cannot be extracted from the complement clause of a factive predicate, nor can they occur in situ within it (the factive island effect). This paper argues that the factive island effect is a pragmatic phenomenon, which follows from two independent factors: (i) the speaker's expectation about possible answers of wh-interrogatives, and (ii) presuppositions induced by factive predicates. The proposed account illustrates a special kind of pragmatic infelicity (which I term "pragmatic anomaly"), which can be opposed to "contingent" pragmatic infelicity such as presupposition failure, violation of Gricean maxims, etc.
A Home Rehabilitation Appliance That Integrates Universal Access with Personalized Interface

One of the key challenges in home rehabilitation field is the need for more personalized protocols and interfaces. This paper presents how UniTherapy, a telerehabilitation platform developed primarily for computer-assisted motivating rehabilitation (CAMR) applications, is being turned into a home rehabilitation appliance. This includes support for emerging standards, including universal plug and play (UPnP) and the user interface socket (UI Socket) that is enables a universal remote console (URC) to fully operate and automatically generate user interfaces on various available devices. Progress and related issues are discussed
Anthrax Toxin-Mediated Delivery In Vivo and In Vitro of a Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Epitope from Ovalbumin

We reported earlier that a nontoxic form of anthrax toxin was capable of delivering a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitope in vivo, such that a specific CTL response was primed against the epitope. The epitope, of bacterial origin, was fused to an N-terminal fragment (LFn) from the lethal-factor component of the toxin, and the fusion protein was injected, together with the protective antigen (PA) component, into BALB/c mice. Here we report that PA plus LFn is capable of delivering a different epitope--OVA(257-264) from ovalbumin. Delivery was accomplished in a different mouse haplotype, H-2Kb and occurred in vitro as well as in vivo. An OVA(257-264)-specific CTL clone, GA-4, recognized EL-4 cells treated in vitro with PA plus as little as 30 fmol of the LFn-OVA(257-264) fusion protein. PA mutants attenuated in toxin self-assembly or translocation were inactive, implying that the role of PA in epitope delivery is the same as that in toxin action. Also, we showed that OVA(257-264)-specific CTL could be induced to proliferate by incubation with splenocytes treated with PA plus LFn-OVA(257-264). These findings imply that PA-LFn may serve as a general delivery vehicle for CTL epitopes in vivo and as a safe, efficient tool for the ex vivo expansion of patient-derived CTL for use in adoptive immunotherapy.
Pragmatic Plagiarism: Authorship, Profit, and Power

In this illuminating study, Marilyn Randall takes on the question of why some cases of literary repetition become great art, while others are relegated to the ignominy of plagiarism. Her discussion reveals that plagiarism is not the objective textual fact it is often taken for, but a phenomenon governed by the norms and conventions of literary reception. Randall turns her focus on the critical debates surrounding cases of perceived plagiarism. Charting the progress of plagiarism in the history of Western letters, her study ranges over centuries, from the notion's first apperance in Roman times to contemporary disputes about intellectual property. Randall considers the development of copyright law and the notion of authorship, presents a wide range of texts, and draws aptly on Foucault's notion of the discursive construction of authorship. Just as Foucault studied insanity to find out what was meant by sanity, says Randall, so the study of plagiarism can reveal what was meant by the term .literary. at various cultural moments. She shows that perceived instances of plagiarism are aspects of an ongoing power struggle in the literary field. And as she reveals, it is not the plagiarist but the accuser who is most concerned with achieving profit and power.
Shame, Witchcraft, and Social Control: The Case of an Awa‐Coaiquer Interloper

In articles first published in the Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers (No. 24 Spring 1961, pp. 55-61; No. 27 Fall 1962, pp. 49-54, and reprinted in Native South Americans, 1974, Patricia J. Lyon, editor) Robert F. Murphy deftly describes mechanisms of social control applied in two separate instances concerning deviance and sex (not deviant sex) in Mundurucu society-the cases of Waru and Borai. While clearly focused on events from the idiosyncratic lives of specific individuals, Murphy's stated and accomplished goal is to move beyond descriptions and explanations of the mechanisms of social control to a revelation of the structure of Mundurucu society itself. Not content with considerations of structure alone, Murphy's articles are directed at analyses of "the tragedies in social life" and, in the final analysis, to essences of the human condition. Elsewhere and more recently, Murphy again uses tragedy to elucidate the human condition. This time his perspective comes from the vantage point of his own confinement to a wheelchair. In Murphy's words: "Like Levi-Strauss's Indians, the paralyzed are 'marginal' people, and the study of their tenuous position at the edge of society will tell us much about all social life" (1987:5). In the cases of Waru and Borai, Murphy's focus is on individuals who, through their circumstances and behaviors, are "marginal" to society, while in The Body Silent he considers paralysis itself as a locus for the creation of marginality. The subjects may be different, but the approach is essentially the same. Murphy's strategy in these works is to illuminate specifically the structure of society and the human condition more generally, by examining individuals who are, or have become, "marginal." I believe Murphy is suggesting that by examining "the edge of a society," we gain perspective on that society's center. It is Murphy's subjects and perspectives (as outlined above) that inspire this essay. Specifically, it is the approach of Murphy's now classic articles on "De-
Extracting information from text and images for location proteomics

There is extensive interest in automating the collection, organization and summarization of biological data. Data in the form of figures and accompanying captions in literature present special challenges for such efforts. Based on our previously developed search engines to find fluorescence microscope images depicting protein subcellular patterns, we introduced text mining and Optical Character Recognition (OCR) techniques for caption understanding and figure-text matching, so as to build a robust, comprehensive toolset for extracting information about protein subcellular localization from the text and images found in online journals. Our current system can generate assertions such as "Figure N depicts a localization of type L for protein P in cell type C".
The Physics and Technique of Ultrasound

Ultrasound performed and interpreted by the clinician combines knowledge of the anatomy and disease processes with technical expertise to produce images of superior quality which answer a specific clinical question. An understanding of the physical principles of ultrasound, proper probe selection and machine settings is critical to obtaining high quality diagnostic images. This chapter will describe the physical principles of ultrasound along with an explanation for how to adjust machine settings to correct for common ultrasound artifacts.
Adrenomedullin binding protein-1 modulates vascular responsiveness to adrenomedullin in late sepsis

Adrenomedullin (AM), a potent vasodilatory peptide, plays an important role in initiating the hyperdynamic response during the early stage of sepsis. Moreover, the reduced vascular responsiveness to AM appears to be responsible for the transition from the early, hyperdynamic to the late, hypodynamic phase of sepsis. Although the novel specific AM binding protein-1 (AMBP-1) enhances AM-mediated action in a cultured cell line, it remains to be determined whether AMBP-1 plays any role in modulating vascular responsiveness to AM during sepsis. To study this, adult male rats were subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The thoracic aorta was harvested for determination of AM-induced vascular relaxation. Aortic levels of AMBP-1 were determined by Western blot analysis, and AM receptor gene expression in the aortic tissue was assessed by RT-PCR. The results indicate that AMBP-1 significantly enhanced AM-induced vascular relaxation in aortic rings from sham-operated animals. Although vascular responsiveness to AM decreased at 20 h after CLP (i.e., the late, hypodynamic stage of sepsis), addition of AMBP-1 in vitro restored the vascular relaxation induced by AM. Moreover, the aortic level of AMBP-1 decreased significantly at 20 h after CLP. In contrast, AM receptor gene expression was not altered under such conditions. These results, taken together, suggest that AMBP-1 plays an important role in modulating vascular responsiveness to AM, and the reduced AMBP-1 appears to be responsible for the vascular AM hyporesponsiveness observed during the hypodynamic phase of sepsis.
Entropy Stable Wall Boundary Conditions for the Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations

Non-linear entropy stability and a summation-by-parts framework are used to derive entropy stable wall boundary conditions for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. A semi-discrete entropy estimate for the entire domain is achieved when the new boundary conditions are coupled with an entropy stable discrete interior operator. The data at the boundary are weakly imposed using a penalty flux approach and a simultaneous-approximation-term penalty technique. Although discontinuous spectral collocation operators are used herein for the purpose of demonstrating their robustness and efficacy, the new boundary conditions are compatible with any diagonal norm summation-by-parts spatial operator, including finite element, finite volume, finite difference, discontinuous Galerkin, and flux reconstruction schemes. The proposed boundary treatment is tested for three-dimensional subsonic and supersonic flows. The numerical computations corroborate the non-linear stability (entropy stability) and accuracy of the boundary conditions.
Dominant stockownership and profitability

Dominant stockholders can acquire variable amounts of control over a firm's performance. The amount of control depends largely on both the incentive and power to dominate the firm's decision-making process. Ceteris paribus, a dominant stockholder has more incentive and power to influence firm behavior when he owns larger amounts of the firm's stock. To capture properly the effects of the separation of ownership and control this study considers a continuous relation between stockownership and control. This formulation allows for variable degrees of stockholder control, and suggests a critical minimum percentage of stockownership necessary for constraining managerial behavior.
Necrotizing fasciitis in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objectives Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is an uncommon infection of the subcutaneous tissue and superficial fascia. Any delay in treatment can lead to catastrophic results with high mortality. It is well known that patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at increased risk of infection, from the disease and/or its treatment. The objective of our study was to evaluate the presenting features of NF in SLE patients and to identify possible risk factors for this severe complication. Methods We searched for patients with diagnoses of SLE and NF using a computerized patient database at Montefiore Medical Center (MMC), from 1996 to present. We also included patients from the MMC Lupus Clinic with these diagnoses (identified from paper records) from 1994 to present. Of a total of 449 patients with SLE that were followed during this time, 8 patients with NF were identified, and their records were reviewed. Results Two of the 8 patients (25%) died during hospitalization. A third patient died within 2 months of hospital discharge. All 8 patients were receiving steroids at the time of diagnosis, and 7 of 8 had hypoalbuminemia and lymphopenia. Both patients who died in the hospital and the one patient who died within 2 months of her discharge had lupus nephritis. Conclusions NF is an uncommon infection, but one that must be recognized early if the outcome is to be favorable. This series of 8 cases of NF in SLE from a single institution suggests that heightened awareness is warranted, particularly among SLE patients who are immunosuppressed by virtue of their underlying disease, the therapy they require, or both.
Experimental Measurement of Axial and Transaxial Resolutions of a Slit-Slat Collimator and Comparison to Theoretical Expectations

A slit-slat collimator combines a slit parallel to the axis of rotation of a gamma camera with a set of parallel septa evenly spaced in the axial direction. Since the system geometry is similar to pinhole and parallel beam, it is expected that transaxial resolution is described by pinhole relationships and axial resolution is described by parallel-beam relationships. Axial and transaxial resolutions were investigated analytically, through Monte Carlo simulations, and experimentally. A prototype slit-slat collimator was constructed from pre-existing materials. Point source data were collected over a range of source positions, and for values of the slit width, septal spacing, and septal height that varied by factors of two. Experimental FWHM resolutions agree with the theoretical and MC results.
Maximum information-handling rates for sequentially presented visual stimuli.

The purposes of this study were: (1) To determine information-handling rates for sequentially presented stimuli; (2) demonstrate the relationship between information-handling rate and size of the surface that the operator must monitor, and (3) determine the effect of variations in duration of stimulus exposure. Performance measures were obtained for thirty subjects on three different panel sizes at two different exposures. Two methods were used in obtaining data: a method of sequentially varied stimuli and a method of randomly varied stimuli.All performance curves indicate a monotonic decrease as the speed of presentation was increased. Speed of presentation and the interaction of speed of presentation and panel size were determined to be significant at the 0.005 and 0.05 levels, respectively. The effect of the exposure times variable was nonsignificant.The method of randomly presented stimuli resulted in significantly better performance than the method of sequentially varied stimuli.
Genetic and epigenetic associations to obesity-related appetite phenotypes among African-American children.

Background Genetic and epigenetic variations may be an important contributer to altered eating behaviors in childhood which may lead to weight gain and obesity later in life. Objective This study aimed to evaluate epigenetic as well as genetic associations with appetite in young children. Subjects and methods Participants were 32 non-obese and 32 obese African–American children aged 5–6 years. Saliva was collected from each child, and RNA and DNA were extracted for analysis. Individuals were genotyped for eating- and obesity-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms in seven candidate genes (FTO, MAOA, SH2B1, LEPR, DNMT3B, BDNF and CCKAR), and DNA methylation levels were measured in the upstream promoter region of each. Transcript levels of MAOA and FTO were also assessed. The Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) was used to assess the aspects of appetite. Child obesity was assessed using measured height and weight, and percent body fat was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results Food responsiveness was higher and satiety responsiveness was lower among obese than non-obese female children (P = 0.001 and P = 0.031), but did not differ among male children. Epigenetic analysis of the BDNF promoter revealed associations with altered satiety responsiveness among female children (P < 0.01). Conclusion The findings provide new evidence of epigenetic associations with altered appetite among young African–American girls.
Pharmacokinetic and safety study of weekly irinotecan and oral capecitabine in patients with advanced solid cancers

Background: Capecitabine and irinotecan have demonstrated in vitro synergistic anti-cancer activity, and both are substrates for carboxyl esterases (CES). We conducted a study to identify a safe dose and potential drug-drug interactions of this combination.
Estratégias de inovação para o desenvolvimento

In Brazil and abroad, in both the business and academic worlds, the debate on the meaning and possibilities of innovative practice still make the conceptual mistake of confusing innovation with high technology. In fact it is often far from easy to visualize the full extent of innovative processes. Not only because it is difficult to anticipate the different uses and appropriations of the original plans to be made by users and other companies. But also because, generally speaking, innovative processes are not limited to companies and are in fact developed through a wide network of collaborators whose commercial dimension is just one of their various aspects. Consequently the network of connections formed involves companies, business leaders, researchers, distributers, research and consumer institutions, producing a highly diverse and complex ecosystem. The present article, by examining in detail the various dimensions of innovation, looks to establish some conceptual reference points that can help in the development of this discussion.
Cross-Business Information Technology Integration and Acquirer Value Creation in Corporate Mergers and Acquisitions

This study develops and tests the idea that the cross-business information technology integration (CBITI) capability of an acquirer creates significant value for shareholders of the acquirer in mergers and acquisitions (M&A). In M&A, integrating the IT systems and IT management processes of acquirer and target could generate benefits such as (a) the consolidation of IT resources and the reduction of overall IT costs of the combined firm, (b) the development of an IT-based coordination mechanism and the realization of cross-firm business synergies, (c) the minimization of potential disruptions to business operations, and (d) greater ability to comply with relevant laws and regulations and the reduction of regulatory compliance costs. We test these ideas in a sample of 141 acquisitions conducted by 86 Fortune 1000 firms. In the short run, acquirers that have high levels of CBITI capabilities receive positive and significant cumulative abnormal returns to their M&A announcements. Announcement period returns indicate that the capital markets value CBITI similarly in same-industry and different-industry acquisitions. In the long run, acquirers with high levels of CBITI capabilities obtain significantly higher abnormal operating performance. They create significantly greater value in complementary acquisitions from different industries than in related acquisitions from the same industry. The findings have important implications for M&A research and practice.
Evolutionary History and Phylogeography of Human Viruses

Understanding the evolutionary history of human viruses, along with the factors that have shaped their spatial distributions, is one of the most active areas of study in the field of microbial evolution. I give an overview of our current knowledge of the genetic diversity of human viruses using comparative studies of viral populations, particularly those with RNA genomes, to highlight important generalities in the patterns and processes of viral evolution. Special emphasis is given to the major dichotomy between RNA and DNA viruses in their epidemiological dynamics and the different types of phylogeographic pattern exhibited by human viruses. I also consider a central paradox in studies of viral evolution: Although epidemiological theory predicts that RNA viruses have ancestries dating back millennia, with major ecological transitions facilitating their emergence, the genetic diversity in currently circulating viral populations has a far more recent ancestry, indicative of continual lineage turnover.
Chimeras are not everything

The uniting thread of the book is an attempt at an integrated view of the evolution of sensory systems, life, and its consciousness. To accomplish this, the book fuses opinions from different fields of science, and just like the greek mythical fire-breathing chimera, the result is strong, but also impossible. The book starts out with prototypes of life, and their complex beginnings and interactions. Viruses are introduced as harbingers of selves, as regulators of life and creators of novel genetic combinations. This is followed by an argument for the simultaneous nature of growth processes and early life, contrasting it to the galvanism of the primordial soup theory. Bacterial signaling and sensing is treated as the forerunner of community forming and interaction.
Electrochemical oxidation of 243Am(III) in nitric acid by a terpyridyl-derivatized electrode

Selective oxidation of trivalent americium (Am) could facilitate its separation from lanthanides in nuclear waste streams. Here, we report the application of a high-surface-area, tin-doped indium oxide electrode surface-derivatized with a terpyridine ligand to the oxidation of Am(III) to Am(V) and Am(VI) in nitric acid. Potentials as low as 1.8 volts (V) versus the saturated calomel electrode were applied, 0.7 V lower than the 2.6 V potential for one-electron oxidation of Am(III) to Am(IV) in 1 molar acid. This simple electrochemical procedure provides a method to access the higher oxidation states of Am in noncomplexing media for the study of the associated coordination chemistry and, more important, for more efficient separation protocols.
Cheetah: detecting false sharing efficiently and effectively

False sharing is a notorious performance problem that may occur in multithreaded programs when they are running on ubiquitous multicore hardware. It can dramatically degrade the performance by up to an order of magnitude, significantly hurting the scalability. Identifying false sharing in complex programs is challenging. Existing tools either incur significant performance overhead or do not provide adequate information to guide code optimization. To address these problems, we develop Cheetah, a profiler that detects false sharing both efficiently and effectively. Cheetah leverages the lightweight hardware performance monitoring units (PMUs) that are available in most modern CPU architectures to sample memory accesses. Cheetah develops the first approach to quantify the optimization potential of false sharing instances without actual fixes, based on the latency information collected by PMUs. Cheetah precisely reports false sharing and provides insightful optimization guidance for programmers, while adding less than 7% runtime overhead on average. Cheetah is ready for real deployment.
Reciprocal Writing as a Creative Technique

ABSTRACTThis innovative counseling technique introduces a new strategy for counselors to utilize when searching for different approaches that are best suitable for the appropriate setting or client need. The article expands on the combination of the foundational background in reciprocal teaching technique, solution-focused therapy, and narrative therapy. An example demonstrates the use of the technique in one setting. A discussion of specific considerations for individual groups and possible limitations provides further understanding of various uses of the strategy in counseling.
Fish oil slows S phase progression and may cause upstream shift of DHFR replication origin ori-β in CHO cells

Fish oils (FOs) have been noted to reduce growth and proliferation of certain tumor cells, effects usually attributed to the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n–3 family, which are thou...
Patterns of Contacts for Residents of Age-Segregated and Age-Integrated Housing

It has been suggested that age-segregated housing for the elderly is undesirable because elderly need contact with, and stimulation from, the young. Research has shown that, even in age-integrated housing, intergenerational contact is normally limited and greater density of age peers will lead to more opportunities for contacts and friendships. Interviews with residents of six retirement facilities and with matched controls in age-integrated housing showed that test residents interacted less than their controls with their children, grandchildren, and other relatives, and fewer had friends younger than 40. Test residents had, relative to their controls, more new friends and visited more with neighbors and with age-peer friends. Very little test-control difference was found on sufficiency of contact. A 2-year follow-up interview showed substantially the same patterns. It was concluded that age-segregated housing does imply different spheres of contacts but that either situation can be satisfactory for person who has freely made the choice.
Measuring thought content valence after a breakup: Development of the Positive and Negative Ex-Relationship Thoughts (PANERT) scale.

The end of a romantic relationship is a common and serious, presenting concern among clients at university counseling centers. Researchers have highlighted the need to understand the nature of thoughts about an ex-relationship, because they may lead to unique clinical interventions. One aspect of thought that may be clinically relevant is content valence, or the positive or negative emotions associated with the content of the thought. Unfortunately, content valence has not been addressed in the romantic relationship dissolution literature. To address this omission, we developed the 12-item Positive and Negative Ex-Relationship Thoughts (PANERT) scale across 4 samples. In Sample 1 (n ! 475), exploratory factor analyses demonstrated a multidimensional scale with 2 factors: positive content valence and negative content valence. Sample 2 (n ! 509) and Sample 3 (n ! 291) confirmed the factor structure in college and community samples. Internal consistencies ranged from .88‐.94 for positive content valence and from .87‐.94 for negative content valence. In Sample 4 (n ! 133), construct validity was supported, with the PANERT factors uniquely predicting breakup distress, relationship preoccupation, depression, loss of self-concept, rediscovery of self-concept, negative emotional adjustment, and positive emotional adjustment. Further, the direction of these relationships suggest that positive thought content valence may be consistently maladaptive to recovery from an ex-relationship, and negative thought content valence may have maladaptive and adaptive features. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Band anticrossing in GaP 1 − x N x alloys

The optical properties of ${\mathrm{GaP}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{N}}_{x}$ alloys $(0.7%l~xl~2.3%)$ grown by gas-source molecular-beam epitaxy have been studied using photoluminescence spectroscopy under hydrostatic pressures up to 133 kbar at 30 K. The peak energy of the band-edge photoluminescence spectrum shows an unusual, nonmonotonic dependence on the hydrostatic pressure. The anomalous results are explained in terms of an anticrossing interaction of localized nitrogen states with the \ensuremath{\Gamma} band edge at low pressures and with the X band edge at large hydrostatic pressures.
STATIC/DYNAMIC SOLUTIONS AND VALIDATION OF A REFINED ANISOTROPIC THIN-WALLED BEAM MODEL

Validation of a refined anisotropic thin-walled beam model is presented. With the recent development of an exact solution methodology, the underlying numerical method‐the Extended Galerkin’s Method‐ which was formerly used in the validation has been directly tested. The validation concerns the basic framework of an existing anisotropic thin-walled beam model and a couple of non-classical eects are further incorporated. Three types of lay-up configurations, namely, the cross-ply, circumferentially uniform stiness (CUS), and circumferentially asymmetric stiness (CAS) are investigated. Non-classical eects on the static responses and natural frequencies are also investigated. Comparisons of the predictions by the present model with the experimental data and other analytical as well as numerical results are conducted and pertinent conclusions are outlined. This work is the first attempt to validate a class of refined thin-walled beam model that has been extensively used towards the study, among others, of dynamic response, static aeroelasticity and structural/aeroelastic feedback control.