cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Establishment of an osteocyte-like cell line, MLO-Y4

Although osteocytes are the most abundant cells in bone, their functional role remains unclear. In part, this is due to lack of availability of osteocyte cell lines which can be studied in vitro. Since others have shown that cell lines can be readily developed from transgenic mice in which the SV40 large T-antigen oncogene is expressed under the control of a promoter which targets the cells of interest, we used this approach to develop an osteocyte cell line. We chose as a promoter osteocalcin, whose expression is essentially limited to bone cells and which is expressed more abundantly in osteocytes than in osteoblasts. From these transgenic mice, we isolated cells from the long bones using sequential collagenase digestion and maintained these cells on collagen-coated surfaces which are optimal for osteocyte maintenance and growth. We describe here the properties of a cell line cloned from these cultures, called MLO-Y4 (for murine long bone osteocyte Y4). The properties of MLO-Y4 cells are very similar to primary osteocytes. Like primary osteocytes and unlike primary osteoblasts, the cell line produces large amounts of osteocalcin but low amounts of alkaline phosphatase. The cells produce extensive, complex dendritic processes and are positive for T-antigen, for osteopontin, for the neural antigen CD44, and for connexin 43, a protein found in gap junctions. This cell line also produces very small amounts of type I collagen mRNA compared with primary osteoblasts. MLO-Y4 cells lack detectable mRNA for osteoblast-specific factor 2, which appears to be a positive marker for osteoblasts but may be a negative marker for osteocytes. This newly established cell line should prove useful for studying the effects of mechanical stress on osteocyte function and for determining the means whereby osteocytes communicate with other bone cells such as osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
HYBRID COMPUTER SIMULATION OF AN ASCI CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER

ABSTRACT A hybrid computer representation of a current source inverter is described. The inverter is modeled in considerable detail so that the simulation is suitable to portray double overlap, discontinuous current operation and other abnormal modes of inverter behavior. Both system equations and simulation diagarams are included. Several computer runs are shown to illustrate the simulation of typical inverter operation.
Therapeutic suppression of premature termination codons: Mechanisms and clinical considerations (Review)

An estimated one-third of genetic disorders are the result of mutations that generate premature termination codons (PTCs) within protein coding genes. These disorders are phenotypically diverse and consist of diseases that affect both young and old individuals. Various small molecules have been identified that are capable of modulating the efficiency of translation termination, including select antibiotics of the aminoglycoside family and multiple novel synthetic molecules, including PTC124. Several of these agents have proved their effectiveness at promoting nonsense suppression in preclinical animal models, as well as in clinical trials. In addition, it has recently been shown that box H/ACA RNA-guided peudouridylation, when directed to modify PTCs, can also promote nonsense suppression. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of eukaryotic translation termination and discuss various methods for promoting the read-through of disease-causing PTCs, as well as the current obstacles that stand in the way of using the discussed agents broadly in clinical practice.
Chromosomal microarray testing influences medical management

Purpose:Chromosomal microarray (CMA) testing provides the highest diagnostic yield for clinical testing of patients with developmental delay (DD), intellectual disability (ID), multiple congenital anomalies (MCA), and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Despite improved diagnostic yield and studies to
Chronic oral administration of dexamethasone to rats increases cytotoxicity, but not interleukin‐1 elaboration, by alveolar macrophages

Chronic administration of corticosteroids has been used to induce pulmonary infection in animals. but the specific mechanisms by which corticosteroids modulate pulmonary host defence have not been clarified. Specifically, little is known about how corticosteroids influence the function of lung cells, such as alveolar macrophages. Cytotoxicity and interleukin-1 elaboration are two important mechanisms of macrophage defence against pathogens. To determine whether chronic administration of dexamethasone alters cytotoxicity and interleukin-1 elaboration by alveolar macrophages, we studied alveolar macrophages from rats treated with oral doses of dexamethasone for 2 weeks. We found that unstimulated alveolar macrophages from dexamethasone-treated rats exhibited increased cytotoxicity compared with alveolar macrophages from control rats. Moreover, alveolar macrophages from both groups of rats showed enhanced cytotoxicity after in vitro interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide treatment, in a dose-dependent manner. Although no spontaneous interleukin-1 elaboration was detected from alveolar macrophages from either group of rats, lipopolysaccharide increased interleukin-1 elaboration by alveolar macrophages from both groups of rats equivalently. These results indicate that chronic oral administration of dexamethasone to rats increases cytotoxicity, and does not alter the capacity of alveolar macrophages to elaborate interleukin-1. Therefore, chronic corticosteroid administration appears to produce selective alterations in these defence mechanisms of alveolar macrophages.
Directed Assembly of Microstructures Using Bubble Latches

We introduce a highly flexible method for the assembly of microscale components using laser-activated bubble latching. Arbitrary structures are created through combining directed fluidic assembly and surface tension-driven latching. The bubbles are generated through laser degradation of the SU-8 tile. This gives the user control over the time and location of latching, as opposed to predefined latching locations in other microscale assembly methods. Shear force experiments show that each bubble is able to support a tensile force of 0.33μN. By utilizing the compressibility of bubbles, assembled objects are switched between rigid and flexible states, facilitating motion through irregular channel geometries. Further, through the use of bubble hinging at component corners, reconfiguration is quickly and effectively achieved. This novel hybrid approach to the assembly of microscale components offers significant controllability to the user.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Data quality checking for single station meteorological databases

Abstract In the past decade individual and networks of automated meteorological stations have been installed throughout the United States and many other countries. For a variety of reasons, the data collected are being archived in databases; however, quality control/quality assurance procedures, when employed, vary greatly. As a start to possible standardization, screening rules for hourly and daily data values are proposed for quality checking micrometeorological data from individual base stations that record solar irradiance (SI), precipitation (P), barometric pressure (Pb), vapor pressure (e), wind speed (u2), wind direction (θ2), air temperature (Ta), and three soil temperatures (Ts0, Ts1, and Ts2). Three types of screening rules are considered: (1) high/low range limits (LIM), (2) rate-of-change limits (ROC), (3) continuous no-observed-change with time limits (NOC). Daily data from historical meteorological records for Ames, IA (30 years) and Treynor, IA (26 years) were available for developing climatic based dynamic data screening rules. Otherwise, instrument specifications and theoretical models were used to develop screening rules for the remaining measurements. Hourly and daily data from well maintained, automated weather stations at Walnut Creek, IA (9 months) and Treynor, IA (1 year) were used to evaluate and refine the screening rules. Daily data are not flagged often. The most common flag, on either time-scale, was on vapor pressure when its value exceeded the 95% relative humidity calibration limit of the sensor. Hourly SI often exceeded a computed extraterrestrial radiation value, particularly at sunset. Rule 1 (LIM) is mainly invoked via observations outside the sensor ranges; rule 2 (ROC) flags abrupt changes; rule 3 (NOC) flags unusually steady periods in the data stream. When used as part of a total field operation and data processing system, these rules improve the data quality and may help with data exploration.
Economic feasibility of the path to zero net carbon emissions

The United States and other developed countries currently and historically have transferred considerable resources overseas to further their foreign policy objectives and to purchase oil and natural gas. These transfers are comparable in magnitude to estimates of the scale of the economic effort that would be required to create a world-wide energy system with zero carbon emissions by the middle of this century. Solar energy, the most abundant of the alternative energy supply sources, is currently the most expensive of the alternatives to fossil fuels but a substantial body of research and practical experience suggests that solar costs could fall to competitive levels with sufficient technological progress and increases in solar energy production and capacity.
Clinical variation in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: Fatty acid and lipid metabolism in cultured fibroblasts

Abstract To determine whether the clinical phenotype of ALD correlates with the extent of metabolic abnormality, we investigated VLFA metabolism in cultured fibroblasts from patients with the clinically severe childhood form of ALD and the milder AMN variant. No differences were seen in the content of neutral lipids or phospholipids, in incorporation of [1-14C]lignocerate into cellular lipids, or in the fatty acid composition of fibroblasts from patients with childhood ALD or AMN. [1-14C]Lignocerate oxidation was deficient to a similar extent (35–40% of normal) in both intact fibroblasts and cell homogenates from patients with childhood ALD and AMN. With the use of fibroblast homogenates, oxidation of lignocerate was partially inhibited by various long-chain fatty acids, and residual activity in ALD homogenates was more susceptible to inhibition by palmitate than normal. In the presence of competing palmitate, residual lignocerate oxidative activity in fibroblast homogenates was reduced to 20 ± 4% of normal in childhood ALD and 24 ± 2% of normal in AMN. These results indicate that residual VLFA oxidative activity, fatty acid composition, VLFA metabolism, and lipid content of cultured fibroblasts do not correlate with the clinical expression of the ALD gene.
Fluoroscopy: basic science, optimal use, and patient/operator protection

Fluoroscopy is an x-ray-based medical imaging technique that is used when viewing a real-time process within the human body is important. Examples of use for fluoroscopy include swallowing studies, upper and lower gastrointestinal imaging, angiography, as well as device placements such as stents, needles, lines, and tubes. Because of its widespread applications, fluoroscopy is found in many areas of modern hospitals. Areas often using fluoroscopy include radiology, gastroenterology, surgery, pain management, cardiology, and others. Today, most modern units deliver x-rays as short pulses instead of continuously, thus lowering the radiation exposure to patients and operators. The source for x-rays in a modern fluoroscope is an x-ray tube. An x-ray tube is a device that permits the energy and number of x-rays produced to be controlled independently. Image receptors in fluoroscopy have recently undergone a revolutionary transformation from largely analog devices to mostly digital devices. Continuous mode fluoroscopy is a mode found on many older models and continues to be provided on some newer models. Variable frame rate fluoroscopy has been of substantial benefit to patents and operators. In this mode, an operator selects the frame rate or frames per second at which images will be collected. Radiation dose in fluoroscopy is directly proportional to the amount of time the x-ray beam is on. Distance is the single most important parameter that can be modified to minimize fluoroscopic operator dose. In adults, it would be advisable to keep the kVp in the range from 80 to 110 kVp for most routine applications to keep patient and operator doses reasonable. Overuse of magnification modes is also a major contributor to high patient and operator doses. Personnel protective apparel when using fluoroscopy as part of your practice is critical to staying safe.
Inkless microcontact printing on self-assembled monolayers of fmoc-protected aminothiols.

Here we describe a new microcontact printing technique (μCP), based on a catalytic reaction between an Fmoc-protected self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of aminothiols chemisorbed on a gold surface and an elastomeric stamp bearing covalently attached piperidine. The elastomeric stamp was used to selectively cleave Fmoc groups from the surface of a SAM on gold in the places of conformal contact. The technique permits nanoscale pattern fabrication with edge resolution less than 50 nm, avoiding problems of conventional microcontact printing associated with diffusion of chemical “ink”, and provides a simple method for the chemical modification of SAMs.
Experimental investigation of the z 2 scaling law of fast-ion-produced secondary-electron emission

The secondary-electron yields Y are measured for $^{1}\mathrm{H}^{1+}$, $^{3}\mathrm{He}^{2+}$, $^{4}\mathrm{He}^{2+}$, $^{9}\mathrm{Be}^{4+}$, $^{10}\mathrm{B}^{5+}$, $^{12}\mathrm{C}^{6+}$, and $^{16}\mathrm{O}^{8+}$ ions with 1.5\char21{}11 MeV/amu of kinetic energy hitting gold, aluminum oxide, and tantalum targets. For such fast ions, it is expected that the yield will scale as Y\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{z}}^{2}$, where z is the charge state of the ion. The yield data are reduced to remove the kinetic-energy dependence and it is found that Y\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{z}}^{1.71}$ for gold targets, Y\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{z}}^{1.62}$ for ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ targets, and Y\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{z}}^{1.72}$ for tantalum targets. Reasons for the deviation of the data from the expected Y\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{z}}^{2}$ scaling law are explored. The electric fields arising from space-charge separations in the wakes of the fast ions are suspected to be the cause of the lowered scaling law.
Stepfamily Education: Benefits of a Group-Formatted Intervention.

This program evaluation was conducted by interviewing 40 low-income participants in a relationship education (RE) program for stepfamilies to determine specific benefits of a group-formatted intervention. The benefits that were most often identified were learning from others and having personal stepfamily challenges normalized. Participants also reported the group format facilitated social support. Participants enjoyed the opportunity to share their own approaches and solutions with the other stepfamilies. Identifiable benefits of group-formatted stepfamily education are delineated as are implementation considerations for working with large groups of low-income stepfamilies. Specifically, recommendations regarding trust and logistics are provided.
Improving surface plasmon resonance sensor performance using critical-angle compensation

The sensing range of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) refractometry is greater than the thickness of most thin films of interest. Therefore, an SPR sensor will also respond to changes in the refractive index (RI) of the bulk analyte adjacent to the thin film, caused for instance by variations in analyte composition or temperature. These changes in bulk RI degrade the quality of SPR sensing data. One solution to this problem is simultaneously to measure both the SPR response and the bulk RI of the analyte and correct the SPR response for bulk RI variations. We present a simple implementation of this approach which uses critical angle refractometry. Our sensor is based on Texas Instruments' SpreetaTM SPR sensor. The gold is removed from the portion of the sensor surface which corresponds to angles less than the critical angle. The modified sensor delivers a composite spectrum which may be used for measurements of both the critical angle edge and the SPR dip. Theory of critical angle compensation is presented, and calibration and data analysis issues are outlined. Critical angle compensation for temperature and concentration induced bulk RI changes is demonstrated in detergent adsorption and antibody binding experiments.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
What weather variables are important in predicting heat-related mortality? A new application of statistical learning methods.

Hot weather increases risk of mortality. Previous studies used different sets of weather variables to characterize heat stress, resulting in variation in heat–mortality associations depending on the metric used. We employed a statistical learning method – random forests – to examine which of the various weather variables had the greatest impact on heat-related mortality. We compiled a summertime daily weather and mortality counts dataset from four U.S. cities (Chicago, IL; Detroit, MI; Philadelphia, PA; and Phoenix, AZ) from 1998 to 2006. A variety of weather variables were ranked in predicting deviation from typical daily all-cause and cause-specific death counts. Ranks of weather variables varied with city and health outcome. Apparent temperature appeared to be the most important predictor of heat-related mortality for all-cause mortality. Absolute humidity was, on average, most frequently selected as one of the top variables for all-cause mortality and seven cause-specific mortality categories. Our analysis affirms that apparent temperature is a reasonable variable for activating heat alerts and warnings, which are commonly based on predictions of total mortality in next few days. Additionally, absolute humidity should be included in future heat-health studies. Finally, random forests can be used to guide the choice of weather variables in heat epidemiology studies.
Asymptotic stability of a stochastic delay equation

The investigation of a nonlinear stochastic delay equation with structural tool and regenerative time delays is presented. The conditions of Hopf bifurcation are computed in order to describe the regions of stability and instability. Explicit expressions characterizing the influence of nonlinear and stochastic perturbations, valid in the first order centre manifold approximation, are derived. In addition to this, we describe the underlying mathematical ideas of the centre manifold reduction of delay differential equations to ordinary differential equations for fixed time delays.
Effects of Environment and Management Stress on Reproduction in the Dairy Cow

Various stressful conditions have an adverse effect on reproduction in the dairy cow. While effects of various environmental (or meteorological) stresses on reproduction are well reviewed (43, 47, 50, 54), effects of stresses related to management on reproduction are far less defined. Wagner (52) has suggested possible management procedures in large dairy herds which may be stressful and in turn may affect the health and reproduction of the cow. However, such management stresses have not yet been proven experimentally. When various types of stresses (Table 1) are considered, all environmental and management stresses cannot be eliminated from a practical dairy operation. Therefore, it is the objective of this report: (a) briefly to consider different types of environmental and management stresses which affect the most sensitive aspects of reproduction in the female and (b) to suggest possible mechanisms by which stress decreases reproductive efficiency. Identification of the mechanisms by which stress affects reproduction and subsequent selection of their physiological endpoints may be a powerful diagnostic tool. Herds may be monitored to avoid the development of potentially stressful conditions which could affect the breeding program adversely. Selye (40) has defined physiological stress in terms of the pituitary-adrenal axis emphasizing effects related to glucocorticoids. In view of the number of endocrine and physiological changes during stressful events, such a definition is too confining in examining effects of stress on reproductive processes. Therefore, stress will be defined as an event (physical, environmental, psychological, etc.) which significantly challenges the homeostasis of the animal. As long as the event remains a challenge, the animal is under stress. The behavioral and physiological responses to the challenge are the effects of
Characterization of oxygen and titanium diffusion at the anatase TiO2(001) surface

Abstract The diffusion of intrinsic defects in a single crystal anatase TiO2(001) film was explored by isotopic labeling and static secondary ion mass spectrometry. Using both 46Ti and 18O as isotopic labels, we show that the anatase surface responds to redox imbalances by diffusion of both Ti and O into the bulk under vacuum reduction and (at least) Ti from the bulk to the surface during oxidation. The diffusion of Ti between the bulk and surface in anatase TiO2(001) closely resembles what was observed in the literature for the rutile TiO2(110) surface, however the latter is not known to have oxygen diffusion between the bulk and surface under typical ultrahigh vacuum conditions. We speculate that the open lattice of the anatase bulk structure may facilitate independent diffusion of both point defects (Ti interstitials and O vacancies) or concerted diffusion of “TiO” subunits.
Dominant cone-rod dystrophy

Six generations of a family were studied extensively allowing the description of an autosomal dominant dystrophy of both rods and cones. The dystrophy is characterized by onset between ages 6 and 8 with gradual decrease in vision and progression to the point of no light perception. Abnormalities of color vision, visual field, refraction, fixation behavior, fundus appearance, fluorescein angiography, electroretinography, electrooculography and dark adaptation are presented. The importance of this family in the classification of inherited retinal dystrophies is stressed and the need for an expanded classification is discussed. The role of genetic counseling is stressed in such severe diseases.
Methodology is where human scientists and philosophers can meet: Reflections on the Schutz-Parsons exchange

Some of us get goose bumps when we hear the word "methodology," probably because it evokes thought of a narrowly formalistic analysis of mainly natural-scientific results in the Logical-Empiricistic manner until recently so popular in philosophy of science. But before Logical Empiricism came to America and established within the philosophy of science something like what Schutz called, in a not unrelated case, "monopolistic imperialism,"2 "methodology" seems to have had a broader signification, with which Schutz and Parsons were well acquainted. My purpose in these remarks is to reclaim use of the word "methodology" for continentally oriented thinkers, be they scientific or philosophical.
Construction and properties of a pyrazinamide-selective biosensor using chemoreceptor structures from crayfish

Abstract Receptor-based biosensors using structures from fresh-water species (crayfish) are shown to give selective analytical responses to the antitubercular drug pyrazinamide. The construction of such biosensors, in general, is greatly facilitated through the use of a video imaging inverted biological microscope during the manipulation and assembly of the delicate structures involved and points the way toward microscale receptors with enhanced analytical properties in the future. Characterization of the sensor in terms of selectivity, sensitivity, response time, dose—response relationship and lifetime is reported. Advantages of using fresh-water species in constructing neuronal biosensors, e.g., extended lifetime and fewer interferences, are also discussed.
Thermal Hall effect and geometry with torsion.

Department of Physics and Astronomy and Simons Center for Geometry and Physics,Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA(Dated: July 11, 2014)We formulate a geometric framework that allows to study momentum and energy transport innon-relativistic systems. It amounts to coupling of the non-relativistic system to the Newton-Cartan geometry with torsion. The approach generalizes the classic Luttinger’s formulation ofthermal transport. In particular, we clarify the geometric meaning of the ﬁelds conjugated toenergy and energy current. These ﬁelds describe the geometric background with non-vanishingtemporal torsion. We use the developed formalism to construct the equilibrium partition functionof a non-relativistic system coupled to the NC geometry in 2+1 dimensions and to derive variousthermodynamic relations.
Cotton embryogenesis: The entrance and discharge of the pollen tube in the embryo sac.

An analysis of the entrance and discharge of the pollen tube into the embryo sac of Gossypium hirsutum was made with the light and electron microscopes. The following sequence of events is seen in cotton: The data stress the importance of the degenerating synergid in pollen tube discharge and the entrance of the sperm nuclei into the egg and central cell. A hypothesis is presented to explain the passage of the sperm nuclei into the egg and central cell. The data show clearly that the pollen tube does not destroy the synergid it enters, and that the degenerating synergid following pollen-tube discharge is remarkably stable.
The Role of Counseling Psychology in a Tuberculosis Hospital

No one will dispute the desirability of fitting the round peg in the round hole and the square peg in the square hole. But it is easy to forget that when the peg is a human individual and the hole is a niche in human society neither is perfectly round nor square. Nor are their shapes constant. Adaptations in both the individual and society are continually needed to make better “fits.” The attempted adaptation frequently results in a poorer fit below the surface even though the fit at the surface appears to be good. The peg becomes wobbly, or bent, or so loose it falls out, or so tight it cracks. These attempted adaptations have often shaped the pegthe human individual-in a fashion that limits greatly the number of holes he can fit. Further adaptations-more realistic ones-are often necessary. Vocational counseling, attempting to facilitate better adaptations, is replacing vocational advising with its emphasis on finding a ready-made hole that the peg can fit. Nature has endowed man with a remarkable power of adaptability. it has been estimated that the average individual is physically and mentally equipped to fulfill the requirements of about 30 job families with approximately 30 variations of jobs in each family, making possible a total of 30 times 30, or 900 occupational possibilities.4 The gifted individual is even more fortunate. The field of choice is somewhat narrowed for the man handicapped by tuberculosis but still offers him considerable choice. The greatest constrictor of a man’s field of occupational choice is not his physical and mental capacity, but his pattern of acquired attitudes and emotional needs. This limits the variety of activities that can yield him satisfaction. Being acquired, or learned, they can be re-learned, or “un-relearned,” or re-oriented. For the tuberculous patient the re-orientation of some of his attitudes must often be a primary goal of vocational counseling. There are at least two reasons for this. The first and more obvious is that the removal of some of the constricting effect of personal attitudes
Panitumumab in colon cancer: a review and summary of ongoing trials.

Panitumumab is a fully human antibody developed against the human epidermal growth factor receptor receptor (EGFR/HER-1), which is overexpressed in ≥ 75% of patients with colorectal cancer. As a fully human antibody, panitumumab can be administered without any premedication and has the promise of decreased infusion reactions. Clinical studies have demonstrated that panitumumab has significant activity as a single agent and improves progression-free survival when compared with best supportive care. It can also be safely combined with standard cytotoxic chemotherapy. Ongoing studies are being performed to determine if the addition of panitumumab to first-line standard treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer will improve the progression-free and overall survival of these patients.
Investgation of Wake Effects in Aeroelastic Flutter Vibration Energy Harvesting

This paper examines a novel energy harvesting device for powering wireless sensors or other low power electronics by extracting energy from an ambient fluid flow. In particular, a simple device driven by aeroelastic flutter vibrations has been designed to extract vibratory energy from the flow and then transduce these vibrations to electrical current via cyclically straining piezoelectric patches. This energy harvester is driven by aeroelastic flutter vibrations of a two degree of freedom structure that grow in amplitude until steady limit cycle oscillation is reached. One application for such as system is using multiple devices simultaneously to create a “wind panel” system that could be used in areas where traditional wind turbines are impractical. Successful design of such a system will require consideration of the downstream wake effects of multiple energy harvesters operating in close proximity. Preliminary wind tunnel studies investigating these effects on the steady state power output of several aeroelastic energy harvesting devices arranged in multiple configurations are presented and analyzed.© 2010 ASME
Pleasure, Truth and Being in Plato's Philebus: A reply to Professor Frede

What exactly Plato means by calling certain pleasures "false" has been a perennial source of controversy for commentators on the Philebus. Best known is the debate between Gosling and Kenny' but most recently Dorothea Frede has entered the discussion.2 I shall argue that her approach concedes more to contemporary notions of truth and falsity than I believe Plato would allow. Frede argues that according to Plato, pleasures may be true or false in the propositional or "literal" sense. She also acknowledges that there are other, "derivative" uses of truth and falsity i.e. those applied to pleasures and pains which are "partly" true and false in the sense of "overrated" in degree, pleasures confused with the state of rest etc. but she chooses to focus just on propositional truth and falsity which she finds discussed at Philebus 36C-41B.3 According to Frede, a pleasure only may said to be true in the primary or propositional sense if it not only accompanies a belief but is taken in that belief, i.e., one is pleased about the things believed. Here Frede's position closely follows that of Terry Penner.4 She differs from Penner, however, in what she makes of the shift in the meaning of opinion from opining (doxazein) to the opined ( to doxazomenon) at 39E10. According to Penner, this shift undermines Socrates' analogy between false opinions and pleasures introduced earlier at 36Bff. This results because Plato is not aware that doxa (and by extension, pleasure) is ambiguous since it can refer either to the process of believing (being pleased) or to the product of the process, i.e., what one believes in (is pleased
Face recognition in the presence of angry expressions: A target-race effect rather than a cross-race effect

Abstract Perceivers usually recognize the faces of members of their own racial group more accurately than the faces of other races — a difference which is called the cross-race effect (CRE). When showing this effect, research has typically used facial stimuli with neutral emotional expressions. A few studies have examined the effect with faces showing angry expressions (Ackerman et al., 2006; Krumhuber & Manstead, 2011; Young & Hugenberg, 2012), and these have generally shown enhanced recognition of outgroup angry faces, an effect that Ackerman et al. (2006) attributed to greater attention paid to threatening outgroup members. However, these studies suffer from stimulus confounds, in that the Black angry faces were particularly unusual, as revealed in our pretest data. Additionally, only White participants were used in these studies, raising the question of whether the reported effects are truly ingroup–outgroup effects. Reported here are two studies, using first White and then Black participants, that used a novel stimulus set that avoided earlier confounds. Participants studied and later attempted to recognize White and Black faces, varying in their emotional expression (angry versus neutral) both at encoding and testing. Both experiments showed a pro-ingroup CRE. However, contrary to prior research, both participant races had relatively more difficulty recognizing angry Black faces, such that when the faces were angry, the pro-ingroup CRE was strengthened for White participants and weakened for Black participants. We discuss theoretical explanations for these results which substantially qualify past conclusions about the role of facial emotions in cross-race facial recognition.
Reviewing the Review Revues

Several major print journals focus exclusively on book reviews, and many librarians use them as important selection tools. Some are specifically written for librarians and feature large numbers of reviews covering all subjects; others are more selective with a wider audience. Examples of both types of journals are examined to see how well their online versions reflect and enhance their print content. Serials Review 2003; 29:237–242.
The Pageant Wagon as Iconic Site in the York Cycle

Theories of pageant-wagon dramaturgy have ranged from viewing the wagons purely as processional tableaux with no intention of mimetic performance to investing them with all the complexity of place-and-scaffold staging. This is especially true for the York Plays . The paper examines specific uses of the street as platea in the York Cycle , arguing that such use was limited specifically to its function as a contrast to the iconography of the wagon stage. Characters leave the wagon or approach it as a means of interrupting or re-establishing the iconic moment represented by that pageant. The dramatic effect on the audience derives from the disruption or reconfiguration of the stasis of the site.
Solifenacin succinate for the treatment of symptoms of overactive bladder.

Abstract Background: Overactivity of the bladder detrusor muscle can result in urinary urgency, frequency, and incontinence. Antimuscarinic agents are the treatment of choice, as they reduce the contractility of this muscle. Solifenacin succinate (SOL) is a competitive muscarinic-receptor antagonist approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in late 2004 for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and urinary frequency. Objective: This article reviews the current primary literature concerning the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and tolerability of SOL in the treatment of OAB. Methods: Pertinent English-language articles were identified through a search of MEDLINE (1966-week 4, 2006), EMBASE (1991-first quarter of 2006), Current Contents/Clinical Medicine (week 10, 2005–week 9, 2006), the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, MICROMEDEX Healthcare Series, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-present). The search terms were overactive bladder, urinary incontinence, solifenacin, YM905, pharmacokinetics , and cost. Results: SOL is highly lipophilic (50:1 octanol:water distribution at pH 7.0), completely orally bioavailable, and 98% protein bound. It is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 3A isozyme, and ∼50% of a dose is eliminated renally as parent compound, with 1 active and 3 inactive metabolites. In two 12-week Phase III studies, patients receiving SOL 5 or 10 mg had significant reductions compared with placebo in the numbers of voids ( P ≤ 0.01), incontinence episodes ( P ≤ 0.05), and urgency episodes ( P ≤ 0.01) per 24 hours; the volume voided per micturition was significantly increased ( P ≤ 0.01). In a study that compared SOL 5 and 10 mg with tolterodine extended release 4 mg, both agents were associated with significant reductions in the number of voids per 24 hours (−2.45 and −2.24 episodes, respectively; P = 0.004 for noninferiority). In a study of pooled data from two 12-week studies, patients who received SOL 5 or 10 mg reported significant improvements in a number of quality-of-life domains ( P ≤ 0.05). In a pooled analysis of 4 studies, the most common adverse effects (occurring in ≥3% of any group) in patients receiving SOL 5 mg (n = 266) and 10 mg (n = 612) were dry mouth (10.9% and 27.1%, respectively), constipation (5.3% and 12.9%), and blurred vision (4.5% and 4.7%). Conclusions: In the studies reviewed, SOL was effective in the treatment of OAB with urge incontinence. Adverse effects included dry mouth, constipation, and blurred vision. Further studies are needed to determine the efficacy and tolerability of SOL in patients with hepatic or renal impairment.
Three-Dimensional Structure of a Complex between the Death Domains of Pelle and Tube

The interaction of the serine/threonine kinase Pelle and adaptor protein Tube through their N-terminal death domains leads to the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor Dorsal and activation of zygotic patterning genes during Drosophila embryogenesis. Crystal structure of the Pelle and Tube death domain heterodimer reveals that the two death domains adopt a six-helix bundle fold and are arranged in an open-ended linear array with plastic interfaces mediating their interactions. The Tube death domain has an insertion between helices 2 and 3, and a C-terminal tail making significant and indispensable contacts in the heterodimer. In vivo assays of Pelle and Tube mutants confirmed that the integrity of the major heterodimer interface is critical to the activity of these molecules.
The Nature of Explanations in Morphology

Synopsis. Explanations in morphology can be classified into functional and evolutionary explanations which do not coincide with the limits of functional morphology and of evolutionary biology as usually recognized. Functional explanations are nomologicaldeductive in form and deal with many aspects of morphology such as how structures operate, correlations between form and function, and the adaptiveness of features. Evo? lutionary explanations cover the historical origin of features and use historical-narrative analysis as the basic method. The results of these two types of explanations are quite complementary. It is clear that functional explanations can never be complete no matter how detailed they are, and that evolutionary explanations are absolutely dependent on prior functional explanations. Functional explanations, however, can be made independently of evolutionary explanations. A case study is presented dealing with the relationships between several categories of properties in the form-function complex, namely the possibility of predicting or explaining one property of a feature given a second property under a strict functional explanation. It was shown that it is possible to predict properties of function given the form of a feature, even if the feature is a complex one. However, it is not possible to predict uniquely the properties of form of a feature given its function in a functional explanation. Nevertheless, both types of explanations are most valuable in theoretical and empirical anatomical studies, and should be used to their fullest. Predictions of possible morphological form from known properties of function is one of the most powerful research strategies in morphology in discovering new anatomical features as well as providing an essential foundation for any evolutionary explanation in mor? phology.
Missed epidural brain abscess after furunculosis

Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ca-MRSA) has been implicated as a major cause of cutaneous skin infections. Invasive infections from ca-MRSA have also been reported, including endocarditis, pneumonia, and necrotizing fasciitis. We describe a case of a missed ca-MRSA epidural brain abscess in a patient with a recent furunculosis who underwent a lumbar puncture for meningitis workup without a prior head computed tomography. When dealing with invasive infections, physicians need to consider ca-MRSA as a possible cause.
Basal ganglia neurotransmitter concentrations in rhesus monkeys following subchronic manganese sulfate inhalation.

Background Manganese neurotoxicity in humans is recognized as a form of parkinsonism with lesions occurring predominantly within the globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, putamen, and caudate nucleus. Methods This study evaluated dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid, serotonin, norepinephrine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, y-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate concentrations in the globus pallidus, caudate, and putamen of male rhesus monkeys exposed subchronically to either air or manganese sulfate (MnSO 4 ) at 0.06, 0.3, or 1.5 mg Mn/m 3 . Results An approximate 1.5-6-fold increase (vs. air-exposed controls) in mean brain manganese concentration was observed following subchronic MnSO 4 exposure. A marginally significant (P<0.1) decrease in pallidal GABA and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration and caudate norepinephrine concentration occurred in monkeys exposed to MnSO 4 at 1.5 mg Mn/m3. Conclusions Despite the presence of increased tissue manganese concentrations, high-dose exposure to MnSO 4 was associated with relatively few changes in basal ganglial neurotransmitter concentrations.
Transgastric cholecystectomy: transgastric accessibility to the gallbladder improved with the SEMF method and a novel multibending therapeutic endoscope.

Background Transgastric cholecystectomy is thought to technically and anatomically challenge a single entry flexible endoscopic approach. Objectives To examine the feasibility of a transgastric-only cholecystectomy, endoscope performance in an upper-abdominal operation, and the usefulness of an offset gastrotomy. Study Design Animal survival study. Setting Animal research laboratory. Patients Six domestic pigs. Main Outcome Measurements Transgastric access to the gallbladder and technical feasibility of unassisted transgastric cholecystectomy. Interventions A cephalad submucosal tunnel was created in the anterior gastric wall with a high-pressure CO 2 injection. An EMR-cap myotomy was performed distally within the submucosal space and created an offset gastrotomy. An endoscope was inserted into the peritoneal cavity through the myotomy. Access to the gallbladder was compared by using a multibending therapeutic endoscope (R-scope), with a standard double-channel endoscope. A cholecystectomy was performed by using both types of endoscopes. The myotomy site was sealed with the overlying mucosal flap. The mucosal entry point was closed with clips or tissue anchors. Results A standard double-channel endoscope could access the gallbladder in 2 of 4 attempts. A multibending endoscope accessed the gallbladder in all 4 attempts, including 2 pigs in which the standard scope failed to access the gallbladder. In 4 pigs, a cholecystectomy was completed. Two pigs died during surgery, with air embolization observed in 1. Two pigs survived a planned 1-week survival period. Conclusions Transgastric cholecystectomy is technically feasible. Transgastric access to the gallbladder may be improved by using submucosal endoscopy with an offset exit gastrotomy by means of the mucosal flap safety-valve technique and a multibending gastroscope.
Will the Real-World Citizen Please Stand Up! The Many Faces of Cosmopolitan Consumer Behavior:

Abstract The continuing globalization of marketing activities has given considerable impetus to the study of cosmopolitanism as a consumer construct. Most recent research has focused on the normative activities of cosmopolites, as consumers who seek to broaden their cultural horizons by immersing themselves in a breadth of local cultural experiences. Although this is true of some cosmopolites in some circumstances, it is not a general characteristic. The authors return to the original meaning of cosmopolitanism as presented (independently) by Merton and Gouldner in the late 1950s, examining the concept in light of subsequent research and the social forces that have tended to promote an increasingly cosmopolitan perspective. They then propose several patterns of cosmopolitan behavior, only one of which is a normative search for culturally broadening experiences. Finally, they suggest some managerial implications for marketing practitioners.
Effects of Neonatal Ethanol Exposure on Saccharin Consumption

Prenatal ethanol exposure has been associated with alterations in a variety of sexually dimorphic behaviors in rats. This study examined the effects of neonatal ethanol exposure on saccharin consumption, a sexually dimorphic behavior in rats. Subjects were Sprague-Dawley rats that were artificially reared (AR) from postnatal day (PN) 4-PN12 through gastrostomy tubes with ethanol exposure limited to PN4-PN10. The AR groups included two ethanol doses (6 g/kg/day and 4 g/kg/day) and an isocaloric maltose-dextrin control. A sham surgery control group was also included. The AR subjects were returned to their dams on PN13. At 21 days of age, subjects were housed with one same-sex sibling and free access to rat chow and water until testing. Subjects were tested for saccharin preference and consumption at 110 days of age. Typically, male rats consume less saccharin than females, and this was evident in the 4 g/kg ethanol group and both control groups. However, this was not apparent among the 6 g/kg ethanol-exposed males. Furthermore, saccharin preference seemed to be reduced in the females exposed to 6 g/kg ethanol. These data suggest that the "sensitive period" for ethanol's effects on sex differences in saccharin consumption extends into postnatal life.
Post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis: Risk stratification and appropriate patient selection

Postendoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis (PEP) is the most common endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography–related complication with its prevalence estimated at approximately 10%. Many patient- and procedural-related risk factors for PEP have been identified. These risk factors have been weighted in many studies, allowing identification of the most important risk factors for PEP. Unfortunately, there are no comprehensive and validated scoring systems developed to predict the risk for PEP in an individual patient based on the prevalence of multiple risk factors. Currently, we rely on a few variables to identify high-risk patients. This review discusses the individual risks for PEP and the current methods to identify high-risk patients.
Infrared Internal Reflectance Spectroscopic Determination of Surface Functional Groups on Carbon

An internal reflectance spectrophotometrie technique for the direct study of the infrared spectrum of surface functional groups on carbon is presented. The applicability and limitations of this technique are discussed. The spectra obtained for three different types of carbon; i.e., graphite, carbon black, and activated carbon, are presented. On the basis of interpretation of the spectra for these systems, it is suggested that the predominant surface functional groups on activated carbon are oxygen-containing earbonyl groups. The relative abundance of all oxygen-containing functional groups was found to be a function of both the type of carbon and its pretreatment.