cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Suppression of signals from the probe in bloch decay spectra

An approach to suppressing spurious resonances due to the probe in NMR is presented which utilizes DEPTH (I) pulse sequences to select homogeneous regions of the radiofrequency field. This method is well suited to eliminating background resonances from the probe in Bloch decay spectra in solids and the glass resonance in solution 29Si NMR. Bloch decay spectra obtained in probes that are designed primarily for cross-polarization magic-angle sample spinning, CP/MAS, studies often contain resonances from materials which are close to the coil. These materials are needed for, among other reasons, insulating the coil and holding it in place, as stators and bearings in the MAS assembly, as insulation in quarter wave stubs, and for thermal insulation where variable temperature capabilities are desired. The actual materials, Teflon, Kel-F, boron nitride, Macor, and aluminum oxide, are generally chosen since they contain no protons and, therefore, do not yield a cross-polarization spectrum. In Bloch decay spectra, however, these materials do display broad background signals which makes the observation of dilute samples (e.g., surface species) difficult. Since these extraneous signals originate from well outside the coil, they are in a region of inhomogeneous and lower RF field than the sample of interest; therefore pulse sequences which are currently used in surface coil studies to selectively excite regions of homogeneous RF fields may be employed to suppress these signals. A similar case exists for 29Si NMR of liquids in which the glass resonance from Dewars, the sample tube and the insert on which the coil is wound, interferes. Figure I shows for various pulse widths the Bloch decay spectra of methylamine adsorbed onto a high-surface-area eta-alumina. The eta-alumina is a Bayerite with a surface area of 400 m*/g, donated by Alcoa. It was treated in vucuo for 2 h at 400°C with subsequent adsorption of methylamine at room temperature in a traditional gas manifold. The spectra were acquired on a Bruker MSL-400 with their broadband, variable temperature CP/MAS probe. The broad signal is from Teflon which is used to guide the spinner into the stator, as a thermal insulator which encloses the MAS spinning assembly, and as a dielectric in the transmission lines. It would be difficult to replace all of the Teflon in the probe without adding signals in the silicon, aluminum, or boron spectra for which the probe is also used. The sharp resonance at 24 ppm is assigned to methylamine species bound to Lewis acid sites. It is seen in the figure that the 90” pulse for the methylamine species is 4 ps, and that for the Teflon
Pockels Effect in Zinc-Blende-Structure Ionic Crystals

When a static electric field is applied to a crystal there are changes in its optical properties. The Pockels effect is a change in the optical dielectric tensor which is proportional to the applied field strength. By generalizing Huang's theory of the linear dielectric properties of an ionic crystal, we have obtained a nonlinear equation for the polarization of a zinc-blende-type ionic crystal. This equation has been used to obtain an expression for the electro-optic coefficient. The calculated values of the electro-optic coefficient for ZnS and CuCl agree satisfactorily with the experimentally determined values.
The Orthogonal Decomposition of Games and an Averaging Formula for the Shapley Value

In this paper we attempt to decompose a game v into two different components, one lying in the null space of the Shapley value and the other in its orthogonal complement. We observe that the Shapley value of the former must be 0, so that the Shapley value of the latter coincides with the value of the original game. In this way we arrive at a new explicit formula for the Shapley value which, unlike the typical one, involves averages of player worths across coalition sizes. Central to our ideas is the game-theoretic contrast between the spaces in which each component lies.
Small UGV platforms for unattended sensors

The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have shown the importance of sensor and robotic technology as a force multiplier and a tool for moving soldiers out of harms way. Situations on the ground make soldiers easy targets for snipers and suicide bombers. Sensors and robotics technology reduces risk to soldiers and other personnel at checkpoints, in access areas and on convoy routes. Early user involvement in innovative and aggressive acquisition and development strategies are the key to moving sensor and robotic and associated technology into the hands of the user, the soldier on the ground. This paper discusses activity associated with rapid development of the robotics, sensors and our field experience with robotics in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Efficient models for wind turbine extreme loads using inverse reliability

Abstract The reliability of wind turbines against extreme loads is the focus of this study. A procedure to establish nominal loads for use in a conventional load-and-resistance-factor-design format is presented. The procedure, based on an inverse reliability approach, permits inclusion of randomness in the gross wind environment as well as in the extreme response given wind conditions. A detailed example is presented where three alternative nominal load definitions are used to estimate extreme bending loads for a 600 kW three-bladed horizontal-axis wind turbine. Only operating loads—here, flapwise (out-of-plane) bending moments—at a blade root are considered but the procedure described may be applied to estimate other loads and response measures of interest in wind turbine design. Results suggest that a full random characterization of both wind conditions and short-term maximum response (given wind conditions) will yield extreme design loads that might be approximated reasonably well by simpler models that include only the randomness in the wind environment but that account for response variability by employing appropriately derived “higher-than-median” fractiles of the extreme bending load conditional on inflow parameter values.
Spin Liquid States on the Triangular and Kagome Lattices: A Projective Symmetry Group Analysis of Schwinger Boson States

A symmetry-based analysis (projective symmetry group) is used to study spin-liquid phases on the triangular and Kagom\'e lattices in the Schwinger boson framework. A maximum of eight distinct ${Z}_{2}$ spin-liquid states are found for each lattice, which preserve all symmetries. Out of these only a few have nonvanishing nearest-neighbor amplitudes, which are studied in greater detail. On the triangular lattice, only two such states are present---the first (zero-flux state) is the well-known state introduced by Sachdev, which on condensation of spinons leads to the 120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} ordered state. The other solution, which we call the $\ensuremath{\pi}$-flux state has not previously been discussed. Spinon condensation leads to an ordering wave vector at the Brillouin zone edge centers, in contrast to the 120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} state. While the zero-flux state is more stable with just nearest-neighbor exchange, we find that the introduction of either next-neighbor antiferromagnetic exchange or four-spin ring exchange (of the sign obtained from a Hubbard model) tends to favor the $\ensuremath{\pi}$-flux state. On the Kagom\'e lattice four solutions are obtained---two have been previously discussed by Sachdev, which on spinon condensation give rise to the $q=0$ and $\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3}$ spin-ordered states. In addition we find two states with significantly larger values of the quantum parameter at which magnetic ordering occurs. For one of them this even exceeds unity ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}2.0$ in a nearest-neighbor model, indicating that if stabilized, could remain spin disordered for physical values of the spin. This state is also stabilized by ring-exchange interactions with signs as derived from the Hubbard model.
Simultaneous tests by sequential methods in hierarchical classifications

pgroup contains the same number ni+1 of (i + I)th-order groups and each of the ][I ni pthi=1
Lowest energy Cooper pairing in the presence of antiferromagnetism

Abstract Cooper pairing of electron eigenstates of an antiferromagnet involves considerable complexity in spin space and in phases of the order parameters. With a BCS interaction the pairing scheme with lowest free energy has anisotropic spin-matrix order parameter ( k ); however + ( k ) ( k )=|△| 2 . Magnitude of the anisotropic order parameter satisfies the simple BCS gap equation but with electron energies of the antiferromagnet eigenstates appearing instead of Bloch state energies of the nonmagnetic crystal.
Coupled microstrip line transverse electromagnetic resonator model for high-field magnetic resonance imaging.

The performance modeling of RF resonators at high magnetic fields of 4.7 T and more requires a physical approach that goes beyond conventional lumped circuit concepts. The treatment of voltages and currents as variables in time and space leads to a coupled transmission line model, whereby the electric and magnetic fields are assumed static in planes orthogonal to the length of the resonator, but wave-like along its longitudinal axis. In this work a multiconductor transmission line (MTL) model is developed and successfully applied to analyze a 12-element unloaded and loaded microstrip line transverse electromagnetic (TEM) resonator coil for animal studies. The loading involves a homogeneous cylindrical dielectric insert of variable radius and length. This model formulation is capable of estimating the resonance spectrum, field distributions, and certain types of losses in the coil, while requiring only modest computational resources. The boundary element method is adopted to compute all relevant transmission line parameters needed to set up the transmission line matrices. Both the theoretical basis and its engineering implementation are discussed and the resulting model predictions are placed in context with measurements. A comparison between a conventional lumped circuit model and this distributed formulation is conducted, showing significant departures in the resonance response at higher frequencies. This MTL model is applied to simulate two small-bore animal systems: one of 7.5-cm inner diameter, tuned to 200 MHz (4.7 T for proton imaging), and one of 13.36-cm inner diameter, tuned to both 200 and 300 MHz (7 T). Magn Reson Med 47:579–593, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An approach toward profit-driven optimization

Although optimizations have been applied for a number of years to improve the performance of software, problems with respect to the application of optimizations have not been adequately addressed. For example, in certain circumstances, optimizations may degrade performance. However, there is no efficient way to know when a degradation will occur. In this research, we investigate the profitability of optimizations, which is useful for determining the benefit of applying optimizations. We develop a framework that enables us to predict profitability using analytic models. The profitability of an optimization depends on code context, the particular optimization, and machine resources. Thus, our framework has analytic models for each of these components. As part of the framework, there is also a profitability engine that uses models to predict the profit. In this paper, we target scalar optimizations and, in particular, describe the models for partial redundancy elimination (PRE), loop invariant code motion (LICM), and value numbering (VN). We implemented the framework for predicting the profitability of these optimizations. Based on the predictions, we can selectively apply profitable optimizations. We compared the profit-driven approach with an approach that uses a heuristic in deciding when optimizations should be applied. Our experiments demonstrate that the profitability of scalar optimizations can be accurately predicted by using models. That is, without actually applying a scalar optimization, we can determine if an optimization is beneficial and should be applied.
Are Expired/Unused Coupons Worthless to Consumers and Advertisers?

This article calls for a reconsideration of the criteria commonly used to evaluate couponjng strategies. The paper outlines how potentially significant effects from merely collecting coupons without redeeming may be ignored by using the traditional means of redemption to evaluate a coupon drop. Several theoretical explana- tions for the possible impact of coupon collecting are posed along with managerial implications considering these theories.
Respiratory water loss: A predictive model

Abstract A steady-state model, based on a combination of empirical and mechanistic relationships, is developed to predict respiratory water loss from terrestrial vertebrates. Model parameters are evaluated from published data for the banner-tail kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys spectabilis ). A three-dimensional representation of model behavior is presented, emphasizing the interaction of organismal and environmental variables. The model makes possible the calculation of respiratory water and heat losses for animals in both artificial and natural environments.
Organic LED full color passive-matrix display

Abstract A full color 5.2 in 1/4 VGA passive-matrix organic LED display has bee developed. The display has 320(×3)×240 pixels with an equivalent pixel size of 0.33×0.33 mm2, white peak luminance of over 150 cd/m2, and power consumption of 6 W. It uses a cathode patterning method with cathode separators and an RGB emitters selective deposition method by a high accuracy mask moving system. Passivation film for OLED has been also developed. It turned out that the EL characteristics remained almost identical and the dark spot growth were negligible for practical use after the storage tests.
Physical null zones and radiation representation

Abstract General conditions for reconstructing physical null radiation zones in single photon tree amplitudes are given. The systematic analysis has been carried out using invariant quantities. For arbitrary values of masses and charges these zones are always smaller than in the massless and equal charges case. As an application the radiative W boson decay into heavy quarks is studied. This process turns out be a rather sensitive test of the current quark masses mq(MW2), as well as of the q qW, q q γ and W+W−γ vertices. This is to the presence of a null line in the photon phase space with a location which strongly depends on mq. A recently proposed radiation representation for single photon tree amplitudes is analyzed. Explicit examples are given for a number of cases including fermion and vector boson lines.
Using the U.S. Bureau of the Census CD-ROM Test Disc 2: A Note.

Abstract Data on U.S. Census Bureau CD-ROM Test Disc 2 is accessible using dBASE III Plus ® . Different computer hardware configurations are used to determine the most efficient method of manipulating the data. Various software options for accessing Census CD-ROMs are also mentioned. Using the same dBASE commands with each system, comparisons are made between 8088 and 80386 configurations. The 80386 is found to be essential to the efficient searching of large census files. Libraries will need to invest in advanced computing capabilities and staff training to respond to the GPO's commitment to CD-ROM technology.
Regulation of expression and function of muscarinic receptors

Abstract The regulation of expression and function of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor has been studied using several different systems. The role of glycosylation of the m2 receptor was examined by removal of glycosylation sites using site-directed mutagenesis followed by expression in stably transfected cells. The results demonstrated that glycosylation was not required for the synthesis and appearance of the receptors on the cell surface or for the coupling of the receptors to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity. Site-directed mutagenesis also was used to demonstrate that the single cysteine in the carboxy terminal domain of the m2 receptor was not required for receptor function, thus rendering unlikely a model suggesting a requirement for palmitoylation of this cysteine in receptor function. The muscarinic receptors expressed in embryonic chick heart were identified by molecular cloning. Two genes were initially identified which are expressed in chick heart and correspond to the chick m2 and m4 receptors. Experiments using the polymerase chain reaction to identify low abundance mRNAs indicate that at least one addition receptor gene is expressed in chick heart. In cell culture, activation of the muscarinic receptors decreases the levels of mRNA encoding the cm2 and cm4 receptors. This probably results from decreased gene transcription due to both mAChR-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and mAChR-mediated stimulation of phospholipase C. The elucidation of the factors which regulate the expression and function of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) is of obvious importance in understanding the mechanisms underlying cholinergic transmission. In this chapter, we will describe studies on the expression and function of wild type and mutant muscarinic receptors, the molecular characterization of mAChR expressed in chick heart, and the regulation of mAChR gene expression in response to muscarinic receptor activation.
Silicone elastomer catheter for chronic vascular access

The Evanston and Glenbrook Hospitals' series of 157 consecutive silicone elastomer central venous catheter insertions is reviewed. The total experience was 12,721 patient days (34.85 patient years). The complication rate of insertion was 1.91%, but no patient required chest tube drainage. Seven catheters clotted and could not be salvaged. Seventeen catheters were removed for suspected bacterial infection. Peripheral blood culture was not predictive of catheter tip contamination, while culture of blood drawn through the catheter and insertion site cultures proved most useful. Five bona fide infections were documented for an infection rate of 3.18%. This corresponds to one infection per 2,544 patient days (6.97 patient years). The mean duration of service of the catheter was 81 days with a median of 36 days. The longest duration was 707 days. The silicone elastomer catheter provides safe, dependable venous access for most patients and may be inserted in an outpatient and therefore cost-effective setting.
Light Activated Adhesive Gripper (LAAG) Workholding Technology and Process

Abstract This paper describes the underlying concepts and proofof- concept testing of a new workholding technology referred to as Light Activated Adhesive Gripper (LAAG). Using this technology, a workpiece is held by a system of discrete adhesive joints. These joints are very strong, very tough, and dynamically stiff. Furthermore, light is used to cure or destroy these adhesive joints, on demand, within seconds. LAAG technology enables workpieces to be held with minimal pre-load distortion, with maximum dynamic rigidity, and with maximum accessibility to the machining process.
The luminosity function of quasars and its evolution: A comparison of optically selected quasars and quasars found in radio catalogs

The luminosity function of quasars and its evolution are discussed, based on comparison of available data on optically selected quasars and quasars found in radio catalogs. It is assumed that the red shift of quasars is cosmological and the results are expressed in the framework of the Lambda = 0, Q sub Q = 1 cosmological model. The predictions of various density evolution laws are compared with observations of an optically selected sample of quasars and quasar samples from radio catalogs. The differences between the optical luminosity functions, the red shift distributions and the radio to optical luminosity ratios of optically selected quasars and radio quasars rule out luminosity functions where there is complete absence of correlation between radio and optical luminosities. These differences also imply that Schmidt's (1970) luminosity function, where there exists a statistical correlation between radio and optical luminosities, although may be correct for high red shift objects, disagrees with observation at low red shifts. These differences can be accounted for by postulating existence of two classes (1 and 2) of objects.
Trends in biochemical literature

Abstract Any working biochemist intuitively knows that the literature is growing. However, quantifying this growth with any degree of precision is not an easy task. But after my interest in this problem was piqued by the late Robert Harte [1] attempted to produce what is, I hope, an accurate and useful view of the biochemical literature.
Myocardial diastolic function and exercise.

There are several important links between aerobic exercise performance and the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle. During acute exercise, diastolic function must be augmented in order for left ventricular filling to match increased left ventricular output, i.e., cardiac output. This challenges the myocardium because the shortened duration of diastole during exercise may compromise left ventricular filling, thereby limiting the stroke volume. Additionally, left ventricular filling must be accomplished at relatively low filling pressures, otherwise pulmonary vascular congestion may occur. Left ventricular diastolic function may be impaired in the elderly and/or in individuals with ischemic coronary syndromes. Regular aerobic exercise training appears to enhance left ventricular diastolic function and may benefit patients with clinically relevant "diastolic dysfunction." The purpose of this paper is to discuss the relative importance between diastole and exercise and to review some of the involved putative mechanisms.
An adaptive neuromorphic chip for augmentative control of air breathing jet turbine engines

Continuous Time Recurrent Neural Network Evolvable Hardware (CTRNN-EH) has been proposed as an enabling control technology for electromechanical devices. In addition to being able to learn control laws tabula rasa, CTRNNs can learn how to augment existing, trusted, controllers to add new capabilities without breaking existing operation. The ability to augment would be most useful in situations in which significant patching of existing controllers is needed to address contingencies not seen at design time and in which traditional design processes might be too slow to deliver quickly. In this paper, we will discuss the use of CTRNN-EH to augment a standard FADEC controller for an air-breathing jet turbine engine. We will show how we were able to extend the FADEC to properly control thrust under unusual loading conditions that were not considered at design time. Following, we will discuss future applications.
Cs induced 129Xe nuclear spin relaxation in N2 and He buffer gases

Abstract The characteristic third body gas pressure P0 — the third body gas pressure for which the molecular breakup rate τ−1 is equal to the spin-rotational frequency γ N h — has been measured for N2 and He in 133Cs129Xe systems. Nitrogen, as a third body gas in the formation or breakup of CsXe van der Waals molecules, is found to be 2.2 times as effective as helium. The relaxation rate of 129Xe nuclear spin in 133Cs as function of dimensionless third body gas pressure ( P P 0 ) is described by a universal spin relaxation function.
Postvalvular stenosis of the pulmonary artery.

Constrictive lesions of the pulmonary artery or its branches occur distal to the pulmonic valve. Four patients whose surgical or cardiac catheterization findings demonstrated such postvalvular stenosis are reported. The significance of such findings is discussed and diagnostic misinterpretations are mentioned.
Cultured human mast cells express a novel Gs-coupled purinergic receptor

Abstract Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) are extracellular mediators that induce diverse cellular responses through purinergic (P2Y) receptors. Human lung MCs express the ATP-preferring P2Y2 receptor, and ATP potentiates their FcϵRI-dependent histamine release. Since ATP is rapidly converted to ADP by ectonucleotidases, we sought to determine whether cord blood-derived human MCs (hMCs) expressed P2Y receptors for ADP. RT-PCR analysis confirmed steady-state expression of mRNA encoding both known ADP-specific P2Y receptors; the Gq-coupled P2Y1 receptor and the Gi-coupled P2Y12 receptor. ADP at concentrations of 0.5-50μM induced a pertussis toxin-insensitive calcium flux that was blocked by a P2Y1 receptor-selective antagonist, A3P5P, and was not cross-desensitized by ATP. ADP also interfered with Forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation in hMCs, a signature of P2Y12 receptors. Unexpectedly, ADP alone induced sharp increases in cAMP, especially when P2Y12 was blocked by the selective antagonist 2'-3'-o-(4-Benzoyl-benzoyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate triethanolammonium. Moreover, ADP dramatically (∼80%) interfered with the generation of TNF-α, MIP1-β and IL-8 induced in IL-4-primed hMCs stimulated with leukotriene D 4 , and to a lesser extent interfered with FcϵRI- and peptidoglycan-stimulated cytokine generation as well. These findings confirm that hMCs express functional P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors, and biochemically define a novel third, Gs-coupled receptor in hMCs (tentatively termed P2Y14) that inhibits hMC secretory function. These receptors could modulate MC effector responses in vascular injury, innate immunity, and allergic responses.
Understanding and improving job-finalist choice: The relevance of behavioral decision research

Abstract This article highlights the relevance of behavioral decision research to the task of choosing one job candidate from a small set of comparable finalists (e.g., executive placement, presidential election). A conceptual framework is presented which views job-finalist choice as a quasi-rational process, composed of both analytical and intuitive sub-processes. Research needs for improving job-finalist choice are presented, as well as a consideration of issues and controversies involved in the generalization of behavioral decision research to employment settings. Finally, the appropriateness of focusing on anomalies in job-finalist choice is discussed.
The mechanism of normal pressure hydrocephalus.

Abstract This paper is devoted to a discussion of the mechanism of normal pressure hydrocephalus, and in particular to a consideration of the “total-force” hypothesis. It is shown mathematically on physical grounds that the total-force hypothesis is incapable of accounting even in very simple systems for expansion without increase in pressure or for differential expansion. It is demonstrated that even in such simple systems changes in pressure and differential expansion depend on the structural properties of the walls of the container. It is argued that any theory of the pressure and differential volume changes in a more complex system, such as the ventricles, must take the structural properties of the ventricular walls into consideration.
Female‐female social relationships in wild white‐faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus capucinus

A single social group of wild white-faced capuchin monkeys was studied for a period of 26 months at Lomas Barbudal Biological Reserve, Costa Rica. A total of 604 hr of focal animal data was collected on six adult females in a group of 21 monkeys. Females could be ranked in a stable, linear dominance hierarchy. Adult females spent much more time in proximity to other adult females than to adult males. Females groomed other females twice as often as they groomed males, and about 55 times more often than males groomed males. Females tended to groom up the dominance hierarchy, and dyads with smaller rank distances groomed more often. Higher-ranking females nursed infants other than their own at lower rates than did lower-ranking females; however, females nursed infants of females ranked both above and below them. Although lower-ranking females were more likely than higher-ranking females to be the victims of aggression, higher-ranking females were not necessarily more aggressive than lower-ranking females. In 96% of female-female coalitions vs. a female, the victim was lower-ranking than both coalition partners; in the remaining 4%, the victim was intermediate in rank between the two coalition partners. Higher-ranking female-female dyads formed coalitions more often than did lower-ranking dyads. Those female-female dyads that groomed more frequently also formed coalitions more frequently. The patterning of social interactions indicates that Cebus capucinus at Lomas Barbudal are female bonded. o 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Development of Self-Calibrating A\/D Converters

The data converters ? analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters (ADC?s and DAC?s respectively) ? provide an important interface function between analog and digital circuits in most electronic systems. As MOS integrated circuit technologies began to replace bipolar technologies in the 1960s and 1970s, it became realistic to integrate both complicated digital and high performance analog circuits on a single silicon die. Therefore, there emerged a strong need for MOS data converters. The most popular data converter architecture for bipolar integrated circuits was an R-2R ladder and its variants. However, the lack of precision resistors and low transconductance in MOS transistors made the R-2R ladder difficult to provide comparable accuracy in MOS technologies.
Effect of Various Soy Protein Products on Retention of Nonheme Iron from a Casein Test Meal or from Soy‐Based Test Meals

The influence of soy product processing on whole-body 59Fe retention by the rat was examined. Some, but not all, soy protein products present in the diet previous to a casein-based radiolabeled test meal lowered iron retention relative to that by rats fed the casein diet. A soy fiber preparation in the diet did not adversely affect 59Fe retention. When various radiolabeled test meals were fed in either acid or neutralized form, neutralization of soy protein isolate (SPI), but not of casein, led to less 59Fe retention (PC 0.01) from the test meal. After appropriate heat treatment, 59Fe retention from acid and neutralized SPI was not distinguishable.
Evaluating the fusion of multiple classifiers via ROC curves

Given a finite collection of classifiers one might wish to combine, or fuse, the classifiers in hopes that the multiple classifier system (MCS) will perform better than the individuals. One method of fusing classifiers is to combine their final decision using Boolean rules (e.g., a logical OR, AND, or a majority vote of the classifiers in the system). An established method for evaluating a classifier is measuring some aspect of its Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, which graphs the trade-off between the conditional probabilities of detection and false alarm. This work presents a unique method of estimating the performance of an MCS in which Boolean rules are used to combine individual decisions. The method requires performance data similar to the data available in the ROC curves for each of the individual classifiers, and the method can be used to estimate the ROC curve for the entire system. A consequence of this result is that one can save time and money by effectively evaluating the performance of an MCS without performing experiments.
SLI Subgroups: Interaction Between Discourse Constraints and Morphosyntactic Deficits

A performance-based model was employed to investigate the impact of discourse demands on the pattern of morphosyntactic deficits exhibited by children with Specific Language Impairments (SLI). The pattern of grammatical errors varied with respect to discourse demands for children with good receptive language abilities but remained stable and independent of changes in discourse demands for children with both expressive and receptive deficits. These findings suggest distinct deficit profiles for subgroups of children with SLI differing in receptive language abilities that are not evident when syntactic skills are investigated outside the context of ongoing spontaneous discourse.
Symphalangism in Hawaii: A study of three distinct ethnic pedigrees*

Symphalangism was introduced into Hawaii by a Cherokee Indian in the late 1800s. The resultant pedigree, along with two other racially distinct pedigrees, confirms that the condition is an autosomal dominant genetic trait. Associated conditions include carpal and tarsal coalitions, cervical fusions, brachydactylism, symphalangism of the toes, and hearing loss. Surgical intervention in the hands is seldom, if ever, indicated but correction of the associated hearing loss is rewarding.
Regulation of in vitro glia‐induced microvessel morphogenesis by urokinase

Plasminogen activators (PAs) regulate a variety of processes involved in tissue morphogenesis and differentiation. We used a coculture system in which microvascular endothelial cells are induced by glial cells to form capillary-like structures in order to examine the role of urokinase-type PA (uPA) during microvessel morphogenesis within the central nervous system (CNS). Endotheliaderived uPA activity decreased sevenfold within glial-endothelial cocultures when capillary-like structures were formed. Incubation of cocultures with concentrations of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (0.1 and 1.0 nM) that induced endothelial uPA activity (45–210%) inhibited endothelial differentiation (25–70%). Furthermore, incubation of cocultures with proteolytically active low molecular weight uPA (5–500 IU/ml) inhibited endothelial differentiation (37–75%), whereas the amino terminal cell-binding fragment of uPA had minimal effect. Inhibition of plasminogen activation in cocultures with the serine protease/plasmin inhibitors aprotinin and soybean trypsin inhibitor increased glia-induced capillary-like structure formation (96–98%). These findings establish a paracrine/autocrine function for urokinase and its inhibitors in regulating endothelial responses to perivascular glia and provide insight into mechanisms of microvascular reactions to CNS pathology. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
When to trust the data: Further investigations of system error in a scientific reasoning task

When evaluating experimental evidence, how do people deal with the possibility that some of the feedback is erroneous? The potential for error means that evidence evaluation must include decisions about when to "trust the data." In this paper we present two studies that focus on subjects' responses to erroneous feedback in a hypothesis testing situation-a variant of Wason's (1960) 2-4-6 rule discovery task in which some feedback was subject to system error: "hits" were reported as "misses" and vice versa. Our results show that, in contrast to previous research, people are equally adept at identifying false negatives and false positives; further, successful subjects were less likely to use a positive test strategy (Klayman & Ha, 1987) than were unsuccessful subjects. Finally, although others have found that generating possible hypotheses prior to experimentation increases success and task efficiency, such a manipulation did little to mitigate the effects of system error.
Hydrodynamic pressures on sloping dams during earthquakes. Part 1. Momentum method

Von Karman's momentum-balance method is adopted to investigate the earthquake forces on a rigid dam with an inclined upstream face of constant slope. The distribution of the hydrodynamic pressure along the upstream face is determined. It is found that the maximum hydrodynamic pressure occurs at the base of the dam for any inclination angle between 0 and 90°. Explicit analytical formulae for evaluating the total horizontal, vertical and normal loads are presented and a useful approximate rule for practical engineers is given.
Inbox Shock: A Study of Electronic Message Volume in a Distance Managerial Communication Course

As institutions of higher education strive to serve students who are diverse and geographically dispersed, many of them are implementing distance education pro grams using technology-mediated communication. Research reveals that distance education is often as effective as traditional education; however, teachers and stu dents are confronted with a variety of obstacles. Thus educators need to determine the most effective and efficient methods of communicating with distance students. An examination of e-mail messages sent to the instructor of an MBA class by dis tance students reveals that the volume of messages sent depends on students' tech nology proficiency, ability to process and seek out information, topic affinity, and relational needs. Furthermore, the findings reveal that an instructor can decrease the volume of messages received by researching the student population, communi cating proactively, and taking advantage of the messaging system's tools.
Post-apocalyptic Fiction as a Space for Civic Love

This article analyzes the civic love that emerges from three recent post-apocalyptic novels. Post-apocalyptic fiction captures our collective fears and reworks imaginatively how we might live together. In imagining how we might live together these post-apocalyptic texts go beyond the collective fear that might seem to be central to the genre to instead illustrate and inculcate civic love. This civic love is both evidence of just communities and illustrates the emotion necessary for creating such communities. Marge Piercy's He, She and It (1992), Octavia Butler's Parable of the Talents (1998) and Kim Stanley Robinson's 2312 (2012) illustrate the persuasive power of novels that highlight living in just communities. The love these characters have for their own communities, illustrated in their personal love relationships, awakens in the reader a sense of possibility for how we might live together.
Terrorism as Failed Political Communication

Some terrorist acts are meant to communicate something beyond the violence they cause. They are a form of political communication that should be studied as such. To identify the acts we consider politically communicative, we develop a typology of primary objectives that ranges from strategic goals to such communicative statements as moral condemnation. We examine why, as a form of political communication, terrorist acts typically fail. Terrorism fails as political communication because it is violent; because targeted audiences often have little prior awareness of the group’s grievances; because it is sometimes a complex communication; and because governments and media frame issues in a way that sidelines the act’s communicative content. In promoting a better understanding of the message, and why it fails, we hope to make this component of terrorism a more robust subject of study for political communication scholars.
Impact of drug therapy, radiation dose, and dose rate on renal toxicity following bone marrow transplantation.

Purpose: To demonstrate a radiation dose response and to determine the dosimetric and chemotherapeutic factors that influence the incidence of late renal toxicity following total body irradiation (TBI). Methods and Materials: A comprehensive retrospective review was performed of articles reporting late renal toxicity, along with renal dose, fractionation, dose rate, chemotherapy regimens, and potential nephrotoxic agents. In the final analysis, 12 articles (n = 1,108 patients), consisting of 24 distinct TBI/chemotherapy conditioning regimens were included. Regimens were divided into three subgroups: adults (age {>=}18 years), children (age <18 years), and mixed population (both adults and children). Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify dosimetric and chemotherapeutic factors significantly associated with late renal complications. Results: Individual analysis was performed on each population subgroup. For the purely adult population, the only significant variable was total dose. For the mixed population, the significant variables included total dose, dose rate, and the use of fludarabine. For the pediatric population, only the use of cyclosporin or teniposide was significant; no dose response was noted. A logistic model was generated with the exclusion of the pediatric population because of its lack of dose response. This model yielded the following significant variables: total dose, dose rate, andmore » number of fractions. Conclusion: A dose response for renal damage after TBI was identified. Fractionation and low dose rates are factors to consider when delivering TBI to patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Drug therapy also has a major impact on kidney function and can modify the dose-response function.« less
Can high-alumina arc basalt be derived from low-alumina arc basalt? Evidence from Kanaga Island, Aleutian Arc, Alaska

The coexistence of both high-MgO, low-alumina basalt (LAB) and low-MgO, high- alumina basalt (HAB) magmatic inclusions within a single andesitic host lava on Kanaga Island provides the opportunity to rigorously evaluate the presence (or absence) of a fractionation relation between the two basalt-magma types. Traditional mass-balance calculations, Pearce ratio arguments, comparative phenocryst modes and compositions, and incompatible element (Rb, Ba, Zr) abundances all indicate that selective clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene fractionation from the plagioclase-clinopyroxene-orthopyroxene-titanomagnetite-saturated LAB magma yielded the plagioclase-phyric HAB magma. The same data are consistent with a model of low-pressure HAB generation calling upon selective mafic crystal fractionation along the margins of a crystallizing and convecting LAB magma chamber. The ability to demonstrate that nonliquid HAB magma can be produced from LAB through crystal fractionation eliminates many of the arguments used in support of a primary eclogite melting origin for HAB.
Performance Comparison of Techniques for Obtaining Stereo Radar Images

The performance of three stereo radar techniques is compared with respect to both theoretical performance and performance in the presence of errors. The three techniques are: an improved single flight technique, a previously proposed single flight technique, and a two flight technique. Theoretical data for comparison of image parameters affecting perf ormance have been generated with computer simulations of the imaging geometries for the techniques. The comparison shows that the improved technique will have images with greater similarity resulting in improved stereoviewability and measurability. Computer simulations have also been used to generate sensitivities of computed terrain point coordinates to system errors. These sensitivities are shown and overall error comparisons are made for assumed error values. These comparisons show that the improved single flight technique has the best error performance of the three techniques for the assumed reasonable set of system errors. This technique is followed by the previously proposed single flight technique and then the two flight technique.
A pseudoinverse-based iterative learning control

Learning control is a very effective approach for tracking control in processes occurring repetitively over a fixed interval of time. In this paper, an iterative learning control (ILC) algorithm is proposed to accommodate a general class of nonlinear, nonminimum-phase plants with disturbances and initialization errors. The algorithm requires the computation of an approximate inverse of the linearized plant rather than the exact inverse. An advantage of this approach is that the output of the plant need not be differentiated. A bound on the asymptotic trajectory error is exhibited via a concise proof and is shown to grow continuously with a bound on the disturbances. The structure of the controller is such that the low frequency components of the trajectory converge faster than the high frequency components.
IS ADRENALECTOMY A NECESSARY COMPONENT OF RADICAL NEPHRECTOMY? UCLA EXPERIENCE WITH 511 RADICAL NEPHRECTOMIES

Purpose: We determine the incidence and characteristics of adrenal involvement in localized and advanced renal cell carcinoma, and evaluate the role of adrenalectomy as part of radical nephrectomy.Materials and Methods: The records of 511 patients undergoing radical nephrectomy with ipsilateral adrenalectomy for renal cell carcinoma at our medical center between 1986 and 1998 were reviewed. Mean patient age was 63.2 years (range 38 to 85), and 78% of the subjects were males and 22% were females. Patients were divided into subgroups of 164 with localized (stage T1–2 tumor, group 1) and 347 with advanced (stage T3–4N01M01, group 2) renal cell carcinoma. Staging of tumors was performed according to the 1997 TNM guidelines. A retrospective review of preoperative computerized tomography (CT) of the abdomen was performed. Radiographic findings were subsequently compared to postoperative histopathological findings to assess the predictive value of tumor characteristics and imaging in determining adrenal metastas...
Experimental validation of several metamaterial-engineered antennas

Although artificial materials have been under development and used for applications for hundreds of years, the experimental demonstration of double negative (DNG) metamaterials (MTMs) [1], their properties, and their potential applications, such as perfect lenses [2] and cloaking [3], has sparked much public and professional interest in the last ten years. While many of the exotic physics behaviors of MTMs have been studied and continue to stretch our imaginations, it is the experimental confirmations of their properties and their extensions to practical applications that have pushed the engineering state-of-the-art.
A 100mW 10MHz-BW CT ΔΣ Modulator with 87dB DR and 91dBc IMD

This paper describes a continuous time DeltaSigma modulator with 10MHz of bandwidth that achieves a DR of 87dB and an IMD of -91dBc while consuming 100mW.
sgk: an essential convergence point for peptide and steroid hormone regulation of ENaC-mediated Na+ transport.

To study the role of sgk (serum, glucocorticoid-induced kinase) in hormonal regulation of Na+ transport mediated by the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC), clonal cell lines stably expressing human sgk,...
Multidimensional quantitation of cardiac repolarization

A multidimensional description of repolarization was accomplished using a 7-D vector of variables. Five of the seven selected variables exclusively quantitated five independent 'nonduration' repolarization characteristics, while 'duration' was quantitated by two variables representing early and late duration, respectively. Since QT and SoTm conveyed similar information and SoTm is measured more accurately (both manually and automatically), the latter replaced the former. All variables were independent of age and body surface area, five were heart-rate independent, and all except 'early duration' were dependent of the QT interval. This multidimensional description of repolarization conveys much more information than the conventionally used QT interval. >
Design of Health Care Technologies for the Developing World

Approximately 20 years ago, the international community embarked on a project to bring health care to everyone by the year 2000 featuring, among other things, technologies that were known to be effective and economical. It was largely a failure. In fact, health care deteriorated in many of the target nations. Problems such as public mistrust, lack of spare parts, lack of required consumables, lack of reliable power and water, lack of public infrastructure such as roads, lack of technical expertise, and other problems plague health care technology in the developing world. Biomedical engineers are just beginning to quantify and address the barriers to technology unique to the developing world. This article reviews the barriers, both real and perceived, to the introduction of health care technology with a main focus on health care technology in hospitals.