cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Etzioni's model of organizational involvement: A perspective for understanding commitment to organizations

There are two predominant views of organizational commitment: instrumental and affective. The purpose of the paper is to explore the extent to which an adapted version of Etzioni's macro organizational model of involvement may serve as a single model of both affective and instrumental perspectives of organizational commitment. Moral commitment and alienative commitment are treated as affective forms of organizational attachment, and calculative commitment is treated as an instrumental form of organizational attachment. The paper employs five samples for the investigation. It develops scales for measuring each of the three dimensions of commitment. The paper concludes that organizational commitment is multidimensional. It also concludes that employees report a mixture of commitment types. Evidence is offered in support of the affective character of moral and alienative commitment. Although the evidence is equivocal, there is support for the independence of the two dimensions of affective commitment: moral and alienative. Evidence is also offered for the differential association of the three dimensions of organizational commitment with related aspects of organizational behavior. The paper extends our understanding of organizational commitment by providing a place for both instrumental and affective forms of psychological attachment to organizations. It offers scales which may be used for future research, and it suggests research which may extend the adapted model in this paper as well as provide direction for practising managers.
Improved boundary tracking by off-boundary detection

This work discusses an improvement to the boundary tracking algorithm introduced by Chen et al 2011. This method samples points in an image locally and utilizes the CUSUM algorithm to reduce tracking problems due to noise or texture. However, when tracking problems do arise, the local nature of the algorithm does not give any mechanism in which to recover. This work introduces a second CUSUM algorithm to detect off-boundary movement, compensating for such movement by backtracking. Boundary tracking results comparing the two algorithms are presented, including both image data and a numerical comparison of the effectiveness of the algorithms.
A Lanczos eigenvalue method on a parallel computer

Eigenvalue analyses of complex structures is a computationally intensive task which can benefit significantly from new and impending parallel computers. This study reports on a parallel computer implementation of the Lanczos method for free vibration analysis. The approach used here subdivides the major Lanczos calculation tasks into subtasks and introduces parallelism down to the subtask levels such as matrix decomposition and forward/backward substitution. The method was implemented on a commercial parallel computer and results were obtained for a long flexible space structure. While parallel computing efficiency for the Lanczos method was good for a moderate number of processors for the test problem, the greatest reduction in time was realized for the decomposition of the stiffness matrix, a calculation which took 70 percent of the time in the sequential program and which took 25 percent of the time on eight processors. For a sample calculation of the twenty lowest frequencies of a 486 degree of freedom problem, the total sequential computing time was reduced by almost a factor of ten using 16 processors.
Comparison of Metal Ion Dissolutions from Lithium Ion Battery Cathodes

With an aim to develop a better understanding of the capacity fade mechanisms of manganese spinel oxide cathodes, the amount of metal ion dissolution from various lithium ion battery cathodes (layered, orthorhombic LiMnO 2 , 4 V spinel, 5 V spinel, and olivine) is compared. Orthorhombic LiMnO 2 , layered LiMn 0.8 Cr 0.2 O 2 , and spinel LiMn 2 O 4 containing Mn 3+ exhibit much higher amounts of manganese dissolution irrespective of the structure compared to the total transition metal ion dissolution found from cathodes containing Mn 4+ , such as layered LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 and 5 V spinel LiMn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4 or from layered LiCoO 2 and olivine LiFePO 4 . However, the manganese dissolution from the Mn 3+ -containing spinel oxides could be lowered significantly to the levels found from LiCoO 2 , LiFePO 4 , and LiMn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4 by appropriate cationic and anionic (fluorine) substitutions, which leads to excellent capacity retention at elevated temperatures. For example, LiMn 1.85 Li 0.075 Ni 0.075 O 4 and LiMn 1.85 Li 0.075 Ni 0.075 O 3.94 F 0.06 exhibit manganese dissolutions of 1.5 and 1.1%, respectively, compared to 3.2% for LiMn 2 O 4 . Furthermore, manganese dissolution is found to bear a clear relationship to the lattice parameter difference Aa between the two cubic phases formed during the charge-discharge process; Mn dissolution decreases with decreasing Aa.
BIM Education and Recruiting: Survey-Based Comparative Analysis of Issues, Perceptions, and Collaboration Opportunities

AbstractA survey was conducted to observe the dynamics between college building information modeling (BIM) education and student career development. The survey results were used to perform a comparative analysis of stakeholder perceptions in the educational and professional communities. The survey findings confirmed substantial gains in BIM adoption and implementation in both communities, and that a gap exists between the rapid growth of the BIM-related job market and the incentives in place to encourage students to commit to a BIM-oriented career path. The survey also evaluated the effectiveness of BIM education in colleges and industry recruiting practices in BIM staffing. The results suggested that an enhanced and more proactive partnership might be the solution to advancing BIM education and BIM talent acquisition in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry.
Validation of the RightLevelpH Detector for Monitoring Gastric pH

BACKGROUND The RightLevelpH indicator is a new device designed to measure the pH of gastric aspirate obtained via a nasogastric tube while minimizing exposure of the operator. OBJECTIVE To validate the RightLevelpH indicator in vivo and in vitro. METHODS With general anesthesia, 20 patients had placement of a nasogastric tube and a gastric pH electrode catheter after endotracheal intubation. Direct intragastric pH was recorded simultaneously with gastric aspirate pH by using the RightLevelpH indicator and by using an external pH electrode. Measurements were made every 30 minutes until removal of the nasogastric tube as indicated clinically. In vitro validation of the RightLevelpH indicator was performed by using standard buffer solutions. RESULTS The pH of clear buffer solutions was linearly related to pH determined by the RightLevelpH indicator (R(2) = 0.99; P < .001). The pH of gastric aspirate determined with an external pH electrode was linearly related to the gastric aspirate pH determined by using the RightLevelpH indicator (R(2) = 0.92; P < .001). Intragastric pH determined with the catheter electrode was also linearly related but more loosely correlated with gastric aspirate pH determined by using an external pH electrode (R(2) = 0.52; P < .001) and by the RightLevelpH indicator (R(2) = 0.55; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The RightLevelpH indicator provides accurate measurements of the pH of gastric aspirate in patients.
Observations on the psychotomimetic effects of Sernyl.

Summary The effects of Sernyl on psychological functioning were studied qualitatively through clinical observation of seven subjects. In addition, quantitative observations were made on the effect that Sernyl in dosages of 5 and 10 mg. has in comparison with a placebo on the performance of 25 carefully selected prisoners on a battery of psychological tests. The main findings based on both groups observed are that Sernyl primarily interferes with the functions that integrate information from the body as well as the outside world into a “field” in which goal-directed action becomes possible. With increasing intoxication, thinking slows and fewer and fewer elements can be combined and integrated in this field resulting in changes in body image as well as in the perception of the outside world. The subjects become unable to direct their behavior actively and become “victims” of all inflowing stimuli. Behavior becomes stereotyped; concentration is impaired. In this condition the function of retaining and using new information is disturbed. With increasing intoxication the subjects lapse into a catatonic-like stupor. It is concluded that a direct comparison between model psychoses and spontaneous psychoses is not fruitful, whereas the use of drugs for the investigation of the function of the CNS with its behavioral correlates appears promising.
Characterization of eating patterns among individuals with eating disorders: What is the state of the plate?

Abstract Eating disorders will affect approximately 18 million individuals in the United States at some point in their lives, and are associated with significant psychological distress, psychosocial and quality-of-life impairment, medical morbidity, and mortality. Although aberrant eating behaviors play a central role in diagnostic definitions for eating disorders, much remains to be learned about eating patterns, diet quality, and energy balance among individuals with eating pathology. The goal of the current paper was to systematically review and integrate findings from published research studies characterizing the eating behaviors of individuals with eating disorders, including findings from both descriptive and laboratory-based research. We also describe results from studies using ecological momentary assessment — a methodology that assesses individuals' behaviors in their natural environment as they occur, which may reduce retrospective recall bias, and provide improved ability to prospectively assess the temporal occur of changes in multiple eating behaviors over time. We conclude with suggestions for future research, including the need for additional studies to test for differences in eating patterns among different demographic groups of individuals with eating disorders, and the need for new, more objective, assessment tools.
Nuclear Export of NF90 Is Required for Interleukin-2 mRNA Stabilization

In response to T cell activation signals, the half-life of interleukin-2 (IL-2) mRNA is greatly extended. The cis elements mediating IL-2 mRNA stabilization are located in its 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTR). The 3'UTR also contains AU-rich elements (AREs) that mediate rapid IL-2 mRNA degradation in the cytoplasm of nonstimulated T cells. NF90, a previously described RNA binding protein, binds to a subregion of the 3'UTR that contains several AREs and slows down the degradation of IL-2 mRNA. In nonstimulated cells, NF90 is mostly nuclear, but T cell activation results in its accumulation in the cytoplasm. The nuclear export of NF90 is required for IL-2 mRNA stabilization.
Critical issues in free space intrachip optical interconnect technology

Conditions are determined for which free space optical interconnects can transmit information at a higher data rate and consume less power than the equivalent electrical interconnections. Effects of circuit dimension scaling and improved optical link efficiency are discussed. The packing densities of optical and electrical interconnects are also compared.
Genome-wide Association: From Confounded to Confident:

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) allow for a large number of samples to be assayed simultaneously, using a genome-wide tagging single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) approach. The initial boon of success from disease studies such as macular degeneration and inflammatory bowel disease has been mitigated by lack of genome-wide significance for psychiatric disorders and related traits, despite evaluations of large populations. In addition to SNP genotypes, which are common variants typically attributing small or modest relative risk, copy number variations can be detected based on the same data set. Several rare recurrent copy number variations have been associated with psychiatric diseases in genome-wide analyses. Proper and responsible study design, followed by rigorous data quality assessment of genomic matching of cases and controls, is most likely to uncover regions of significant association that replicate in independent cohorts, thereby maximizing the chance of significant and confident association.
The Evolution of Chemoreception in Squamate Reptiles: A Phylogenetic Approach

Recent advances in the field of squamate reptile chemoreception have been paralleled by the growth and preeminence of cladistics in the field of systematics, but for the most part, workers in the form
An analytical survey of Vietnam's external policy challenges

Abstract Economic reform in Vietnam, or doi moi, has placed the country firmly in the camp of transitional economies working to build “market socialism.” An integral part of doi moi has been reform of external commercial policies. In particular, Vietnam has embraced policy changes designed to stimulate international trade and financial flows, such as, direct foreign investment. Vietnam's joining the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was a milestone in this regard. The lion's share of Vietnam's trade and investment is conducted with Asian economies, and given its tremendous growth and extensive liberalization programs, the economic importance of Asia to Vietnam will likely increase. Vietnam will be able to use ASEAN as a “springboard” to regional and global markets, as well as a first step in moving closer to other Asia-Pacific and global institutions, such as the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum and the World Trade Organization. While Vietnam continues to be a relatively poor and closed economy, the reform program has made great progress; it is beginning to resemble increasingly its Asian neighbors in terms of macroeconomic and microeconomic indicators. This paper considers the external challenges facing Vietnam in the 1990s and beyond as its reform program continues apace, using both qualitative and quantitative analysis.
A new continuous, monodimensional electrophoretic system for the separation and quantitation of individual glycosaminoglycans.

Abstract A new continuous, monodimensional cellulose acetate electrophoretic system was developed for the resolution of six major mammalian glycosaminoglycans. Keratan sulfate, heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparin, chondroitin 4-sulfate, and hyaluronic acid were reproductibly separated, presumably on the basis of their differential binding to the amino groups on ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and lithium cations in the same electrophoretic solution. This micromethod permits the rapid separation, direct comparison, and quantitative determination of these individual glycosaminoglycans following a single electrophoretic procedure.
The scheduling of repeat cesarean section operations: prospective management protocol experience.

Abstract There are benefits to patients and a busy obstetric service if repeat cesarean section operations are performed on a scheduled basis. Optimum management avoids prematurity and reduces the need for amniocentesis. Over a period of 20 months repeat cesarean sections were performed at Tripler Army Medical Center while a protocol with the following elements was used: (1) known last mensirual period; (2) landmarks: positive urine human chorionic gonadotropin test by 6 weeks, Doppler fetal heart tone by 12 weeks, date determination by examination before 10 weeks, fetoscope fetal heart tone by 20 weeks, and date determination by size before 30 weeks; (3) date determination by midtrimester sonogram(s); (4) normal third-trimester glucose screening; (5) biparietal diameter of 9.2 or 9.5 cm before scheduling. With two or more clinical landmarks and one date by sonogram or one landmark and date by two sonograms, elective repeat cesarean section was scheduled at 39 weeks if the biparietal diameter was ≥9.2 cm (127). If dates by sonogram were less than dates by last menstrual period but greater than 1 week or if last menstrual period was unknown, dates by sonogram and landmarks corresponding to dates by sonogram were used to electively schedule, with biparietal diameters of 9.2 or 9.5 cm respectively required (28). If protocol criteria were not met or earlier delivery was indicated (e.g., vertical scar or diabetes), amniocentesis was performed (42), except when not possible, advisable, or refused when patients either elected labor (20) or were scheduled if three or more criteria for 40+ weeks were met (18). Of 225 patients (70.5%) scheduled by protocol (173), amniocentesis (34), or medical indication (18), 188 (58.9%) were delivered without labor. In the 147 patients (46.1%) delivered electively by protocol without labor or amniocentesis, there were no cases of respiratory distress syndrome and the mean birth weight was 3517 gm. With early care and better patient compliance nearly all repeat cesarean sections can be safely delivered electively with the use of this protocol.
Rhodococcus Peritonitis in a Patient Treated With Peritoneal Dialysis

This report is of a patient treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis who developed peritonitis attributed to a Rhodococcus species. The rhodococci are rarely pathogenic to humans, and there are no previous reports of peritonitis associated with these organisms. It is important for clinicians to be aware of these bacteria because they can be acid-fast and can be confused with mycobacteria. They are often reported as "diphtheroids" but should not be considered contaminants.
Pressure-induced microcracking and grain crushing in berea and boise sandstones: acoustic emission and quantitative microscopy measurements

Abstract The micromechanics of hydrostatic compaction and porosity reduction was investigated by acoustic emission (AE) and microscopy measurements. The room temperature hydrostatic tests were conducted at confining pressures up to 550 MPa and constant pore pressures up to 10 MPa. Contrary to our expectation, the porosity reduction processes were very efficient in generating AE. The hydrostat of a porous sandstone usually has an inflection point which separates the compaction process into two stages. Distinctly different AE activity, AE efficiency and microstructure are associated with each of these two stages of compaction, implying a transition in micromechanism at the inflection point. Probably the dominant micromechanical processes for porosity reduction was grain slip and rotation in the first stage of compaction and grain crushing in the second stage. Stress-induced cracking associated with the grain crushing introduces relatively thin, intragranular cracks. At the same time, the grain crushing provides additional degrees of freedom for grain rotation allowing some of the crushed grains to move into the pore space. Both mechanisms modify the pore dimension as well as aspect ratio. We developed a stereological technique to characterize quantitatively the pore dimension distribution. We also used an indirect technique based on Waish's (1965) theoretical analysis to infer microcrack porosity. Grain crushing eliminated the relatively large pores (of dimension ranging from 200 μm to 700 μm) in a compacted Boise sandstone sample. Even though the overall porosity decreased with pressure, the microcrack porosity actually increased with compaction. Most of the pressure-induced microcracks were of relatively high aspect ratios. The Kaiser effect and compaction creep were also investigated by cyclic tests and time-dependent AE measurements.
Constrained sinogram restoration for limited-angle tomography

Tomographic reconstruction from incomplete data is required in many fields, including medical imaging, sonar, and radar. In this paper, we present a new reconstruction algorithm for limited-angle tomography, a problem that occurs when projections are missing over a range of angles. The approach uses a variational formulation that incorporates the Ludwig- Helgason consistency conditions, measurement noise statistics, and a sinogram smoothness condition. Optimal restored sinograms, therefore, satisfy an associated Euler-Lagrange partial differential equation, which we solve on a lattice using a primal-dual optimization procedure. Object estimates are then reconstructed using convolution back-projection applied to the restored sinogram. We present results of simulations that illustrate the performance of the algorithm and discuss directions for further research.
RARITY, FRAGMENTATION, AND EXTINCTION RISK IN DESERT FISHES

Theoretical efforts and small-scale experiments have given rise to the widespread belief that the fewer occurrences a species has or the more fragmented its distribution is, the more vulnerable that species should be to extinction. Lacking, however, are large-scale multi-species studies exploring the connection between rarity and local extinction risk. Here we present a landscape-level biogeographic test of this widely assumed linkage. Using a unique data set detailing the occurrence patterns of freshwater fishes of the Sonoran Desert (a gravely endangered fauna) we obtained for each of 25 species a measure of rarity that was independent of spatial scale. We found that fragmentation was consistently associated with elevated extinction risk, whereas the number of occurrences exerted a significant effect only if fragmentation had not already been accounted for. Specifically, desert fish species with the most fragmented historic distributions were nearly five times more likely to suffer local extirpations (since 1980) than were species with more continuous distributions. These findings underscore what a strong link exists between spatial distribution and vulnerability to extinction, clarifying that the link exists even at the landscape level and across an entire biogeographic fauna.
Results from the Push Broom Microwave Radiometer flights over the Konza Prairie in 1985

Four flights of the NASA C-130 aircraft carrying the Push Broom Microwave Radiometer (PBMR) over the Konza Prairie Research Natural Area in eastern Kansas were made to observe surface soil moisture variations. The radiometer operates at the 21-cm wavelength and has four beams that sweep out a swath of about 1.2 times the aircraft altitude. The resolution of each beam is 0.3 times the altitude. At the time of the flights the soil conditions ranged from very wet to moist and the microwave emission expressed as brightness temperatures for the burned watersheds ranged from below 200 to about 245 K. The brightness temperatures were correlated (r/sup 2/=0.5) with surface moisture measurements, and the slope of the regression was in good agreement with prior results over other grasslands. However, for the unburned watersheds the brightness temperatures were around 270 K and roughly independent of the soil moisture conditions. In these unburned watersheds, a buildup of a thatch layer serves as highly emissive layer above the soil, causing high brightness, especially when wet. >
A series of stages in the embryonic development of Chelydra serpentina.

Eggs of the common snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina serpentina were incubated at 30°C and at 20°C. The incubation period at the higher temperature was about 63 days. At the lower temperature, the period was estimated to be 140 days. Lengths of the embryos at various times of development were recorded. A series of 26 stages is described. The staging is based on timed intervals at a constant temperature, 20°C.
Expanding the solution set: Organizational economics and agri-environmental policy

Abstract The market failure paradigm dominates agri-environmental research and policy. Organizational economics provides an alternative framework for analyzing agri-environmental problems and points to alternative solutions. In this paper, the traditional approach of creating markets for environmental goods and services is critiqued and set aside to provide space for an organizational analysis. From an organizational perspective, the relationship between the state and agricultural agents is viewed as grounded in an over-arching exchange relationship including elements of cooperation and trust. Such a collaborative exchange relationship may prove useful in supporting exchange between agricultural agents and the state leading to the provision of ecological goods and services. Highlighting the potential of organizational economics, the analysis suggests that agri-environmental research and policy go further in accounting for, and investigating, the unique organizational modes of exchange governing the production of food, fiber, and ecological goods and services.
Bone marrow cell separation studies.

Abstract Differential gradient centrifugation of bone marrow cell suspensions in bovine serum albumin produced layers of mixed cell types. Each layer was capable isologously of promoting survival of heavily irradiated (C57BL × 101)F 1 mice; none was more effective than fresh whole bone marrow. Survival curves at various nucleated cell doses were established for the several lavers and for whole marrow. The effective cell type or types in this system were remarkably resistant to various kinds of trauma, including the prolonged procedures of centrifugation, layer cutting, and resuspension involved in the gradient separation, and also exposure for as long as 4 minutes to distilled water. Donor mice were pretreated by several methods, including production of artificial polycythemia and injection of cobalt, cortisone, and corticotropin in attempts to alter marrow populations. The marrow, when tested in lethally irradiated mice, was at least as effective as normal marrow. Qualitatively, the separated layers obtained on differential gradient centrifugation of such pretreated marrows appeared no different from “normal” layers. Various substances used in these and other routine bone marrow procedures in this laboratory were nontoxic to bone marrow cells under the conditions of the bioassay used.
Using Learning Reconsidered to reinvent disability education

The two widely acclaimed Learning Reconsidered reports are helping to reshape the college student experience. Karen Myers applies their principles to the learning of students with disabilities and to students learning about disabilities.
Fabrication and characterization of porous hydroxyapatite granules

Abstract Porous hydroxyapatite granules with controlled porosity, pore size, pore size distribution, and granule size were fabricated using a drip-casting process. Granules with a wide range of porosity from 24 to 76 vol%, pore sizes from ~95 to ~400 μm, and granular sizes from 0.7 mm to ~4 mm can be obtained. This technique allows the fabrication of porous granules with desirable porous characters simulating natural bone architecture, and is expected to provide advantages for biomedical purposes.
Instrumentation and Modeling of I-35W St. Anthony Falls Bridge

The I-35W St. Anthony Falls Bridge was constructed to replace the steel truss bridge that collapsed on August 1, 2007. The design of the replacement bridge featured a smart-bridge system. The smart-bridge concept included instrumentation for long-term monitoring of the structural behavior of the bridge. Truck-load tests were conducted prior to opening the bridge and 26 months later to measure the response of the structure under controlled loading. The measurements were used to validate a FEM model of the bridge constructed to further investigate the behavior of the structure. The correlation between computed and measured results was found to be good. This paper describes the bridge, the instrumentation installed within the bridge, the FEM model, and validation of the model with respect to the truck-load tests. Recommendations are provided for static instrumentation plans of concrete box-girder structures.
Systems Antecedents for Dissemination and Implementation: A Review and Analysis of Measures

There is a growing emphasis on the role of organizations as settings for dissemination and implementation. Only recently has the field begun to consider features of organizations that affect dissemination and implementation of evidence-based interventions. This manuscript identifies and evaluates available measures for five key organizational-level constructs: (a) leadership, (b) vision, (c) managerial relations, (d) climate, and (e) absorptive capacity. Overall the picture was the same across the five constructs--no measure was used in more than one study, many studies did not report the psychometric properties of the measures, some assessments were based on a single response per unit, and the level of the instrument and analysis did not always match. One must seriously consider the development and evaluation of a robust set of measures that will serve as the basis of building the field, allow for comparisons across organizational types and intervention topics, and allow a robust area of dissemination and implementation research to develop.
Regulation of Intestinal Gene Expression by Dietary Zinc: Induction of Uroguanylin mRNA by Zinc Deficiency

The regulation of gene expression by nutrients plays an important role in the overall manifestations of nutritional deficiencies. Insufficient intakes of dietary micronutrients, such as zinc, produce profound effects in multiple organs and tissues. One of the major challenges, however, is to identify genes affected by changes in nutritional status. Differential display of mRNA has proved to be a valuable technique in meeting this challenge. In our ongoing search for genes responsive to dietary zinc, we compared small intestinal mRNA from rats that were fed zinc-deficient or -adequate diets using differential display to generate 3' anchored expressed sequence tags (EST). EST for intestinal mRNAs with altered expression due to zinc deficiency include two peptide hormones, intestinal fatty acid binding protein, intestinal alkaline phosphatase II, a proteasomal ATPase, cis-Golgi p28 and two subunits of the ubiquinone oxidoreductase. The EST for one of the hormones yielded the sequence for the 3' end of an mRNA encoding preprouroguanylin and was used to clone the remaining portion of the rat cDNA via 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Northern blot analysis of RNA from rat intestine demonstrated that preprouroguanylin mRNA was 2.5-fold more abundant during zinc deficiency. Uroguanylin, a natriuretic peptide hormone, is an endogenous ligand for the same guanylate cyclase C that the Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) binds when it causes secretory diarrhea by activating the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, thus altering fluid balance in the intestine. This suggests a mechanism whereby zinc deficiency could induce uroguanylin levels in the intestine and cause or potentiate diarrhea.
Specifying Criminogenic Strains: Stress Dynamics and Conduct Disorder Trajectories

This article examines family stress dynamics and conduct disorder trajectories prospectively in the lives of adolescents from the Great Smoky Mountains Study of Youth (n = 1,319). Semi-parametric mixture models are used to identify distinct trajectories of conduct disorder, poverty, and family structure. We specify criminogenic features of dynamic family strains with multivariate models. Results highlight the protective role of family stability over time where having always lived in a single-parent family does not elevate the odds of belonging to the riskier conduct disorder groups. Furthermore, poverty duration is also salient where non-chronic exposure is associated with conduct disorder desistance.
Control of the Thermodynamic State of Space-Stored Cryogens by Jet Mixing

Jet mixing control of thermodynamic state of space stored cryogenic fluids, minimizing mass penalties resulting from equilibrium departures
Radiocarbon dating loess deposits in the Mississippi Valley using terrestrial gastropod shells (Polygyridae, Helicinidae, and Discidae)

Small terrestrial gastropod shells (mainly Succineidae) have been used successfully to date late Quaternary loess deposits in Alaska and the Great Plains. However, Succineidae shells are less common in loess deposits in the Mississippi Valley compared to those of the Polygyridae, Helicinidae, and Discidae families. In this study, we conducted several tests to determine whether shells of these gastropods could provide reliable ages for loess deposits in the Mississippi Valley. Our results show that most of the taxa that we investigated incorporate small amounts (1–5%) of old carbon from limestone in their shells, meaning that they should yield ages that are accurate to within a few hundred years. In contrast, shells of the genus Mesodon (Mesodon elevatus and Mesodon zaletus) contain significant and variable amounts of old carbon, yielding ages that are up to a couple thousand 14 C years too old. Although terrestrial gastropod shells have tremendous potential
Clergy as mental health service providers to older adults

Older adults tend to seek help for emotional problems from clergy at greater rates than they do from other sources. However, their help-seeking from clergy is largely understudied. We used data from the Naturally Occurring Retirement Community (NORC) Demonstration Project to examine older adults’ patterns of help-seeking from clergy. We studied a sample of adults aged 65 or older (n = 317) to determine which factors were related to help-seeking from a religious leader. This study was framed within the Behavioral Model of Health Services Utilization. Results of hierarchical logistic regression analyses indicated that having less social support and greater frequency of attendance at religious services was related to help-seeking from clergy for this sample, while other predisposing, enabling, need and religiosity variables were not found to be related to help-seeking from clergy. Discussion focuses on the need for mental health workers to be aware of the important role that clergy play in service provision ...
An intervention to improve comprehension of cause/effect through expository text structure instruction.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of an intervention for second graders at risk for academic failure, which taught reading comprehension embedded in social studies content. The intervention included instruction about the structure of cause/effect expository text, emphasizing clue words, generic questions, graphic organizers, and close analysis of well-structured examples of cause/effect text. It was compared to a program that focused on the same social studies content but without cause/effect training, and to a no-instruction control. Fourteen teachers, randomly assigned to treatment, provided the instruction; 197 7- and 8-year-olds participated. The intervention group demonstrated higher performance than the other groups on both sentence combining and answering comprehension questions. The 2 instructed groups did not differ on the social studies measures, and both were better than the no-instruction group; thus, embedding text structure instruction did not lessen the amount of social studies content acquired. These findings corroborated studies on another text structure (comparison) and extended previous work focused on cause/effect. New findings included, first, more robust group differences in performance than were found in an earlier cause-effect study because of a more precise identification of the instructional level appropriate for this population: the sentence, not the paragraph. Second, examining the sustainability of the intervention effects, a delayed posttest showed that after summer break, the intervention group performed better than the other groups on sentence combining, although not on answering a comprehension question.
Restoration of semi-transparent blotches in damaged texts, manuscripts, and images through localized, logarithmic image enhancement

Great libraries of historic texts, manuscripts, and images are available at this time. The information contained in these documents will be of critical importance in documenting the history of humanity in the years to come. However, many of these documents are degrading for a variety of reasons, including semi-transparent blotches. Current restoration techniques are either chemical in nature or involve significant user interaction through a desktop computer. Due to operator costs, either method is too expensive for the large quantity of information that needs to be preserved. Automated blotch removal algorithms exist, however they all have severe limitations: Some mechanisms only work on text and not images while others leave edges around the blotch or blur the image within the blotch. This paper introduces an automated Local Logarithmic Restoration Algorithm to restore semi-transparent blotches in a variety of documents. Intensive computer simulations show: (1) the new algorithm outperforms competing algorithms by providing better local contrast preservation, expanded saturation reduction capabilities, and improved edge removal; and (2) it is a flexible and practical algorithm for batch restoration many pages of text, manuscripts, or images.
Holistic Design of Multiple-Core Architectures

In recent years, the processor industry has moved from a uniprocessor focus to increasing numbers of cores on chip. But we cannot view those cores in the same way we did when we lived in a uniprocessor world. Previously, we expected each core to provide good performance on virtually any application, with energy efficiency, and without error. But now the level of interface with the user and the system is the entire multicore chip, and those requirements need only be met at the chip level-no single core need meet them. This provides the opportunity to think about processor architecture in whole new ways.
The application of magnetic nanoparticles for the treatment of brain tumors

Glioblastoma (GBM), a World Health Organization (WHO) grade IV astrocytoma, is the most common and difficult primary brain tumor to treat (Braun et al., 2012). Even when detected early, the median survival rate for patients is 12–15 months (Adamson et al., 2009; Johnson and O'Neill, 2012). The challenge in treating GBM arises from its resistance to therapies such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy. GBM tumors are quite infiltrative into the surrounding normal brain permitting tumors to recur locally in the majority of patients. The current standard of care treatment for GBM involves surgery and radiation, with concurrent and adjuvant chemotherapy (Stupp et al., 2005). Surgery permits the bulk of a GBM tumor to be removed in most cases. All patients have residual tumor cells residing away from the resection cavity that eventually lead to local tumor recurrence and the demise of the majority of patients (Hou et al., 2006). The infiltrating GBM cells reside centimeters away from the main tumor mass in normal brain making it difficult for complete surgical removal (Kim et al., 2014). Chemotherapy and radiotherapy of patients after surgery attempts to target these cells to prolong overall patient survival. The blood brain barrier (BBB) represents another challenge to the treatment of GBM tumors by preventing the accumulation of most chemotherapeutics into the brain to target the infiltrative cancer cells (Salazar et al., 1976; Bidros and Vogelbaum, 2009). Surgery and adjuvant therapies pose risks to the patient such as neurologic deficits and systemic toxicities. Known side effects of radiation therapy with chemotherapy for brain tumors include chronic fatigue, nausea, and cognitive deficits (Loehrer et al., 2011). The BBB remains a formidable challenge in the treatment of GBM and malignant brain tumors. Its selective permeability is due to the presence of specialized endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, and neuronal terminals (Tajes et al., 2014). The semi-permeable membrane that comprises the BBB prevents sufficient exposure of tumors to most chemotherapeutic drugs that are commonly used to fight tumor progression (Liu et al., 2010). Local disruption of the BBB is found within GBM tumors. The tumor vessels in GBM tumors are abnormal both structurally and functionally (Batchelor et al., 2007). The abnormal tumor vessels further impair delivery of therapeutics and create a hypoxic microenvironment that can reduce the effectiveness of radiation and chemotherapy. Antiangiogenic therapy attempts to normalize the tumor vasculature and improve the tumor microenvironment (Jain, 2001, 2005). Outside of the main tumor mass, the BBB is intact where brain cancer cells infiltrate into the surrounding normal brain. The oral chemotherapy agent, temozolomide (Temodar), can penetrate the BBB and has resulted in prolongation of overall survival patient survival by several months (Stupp et al., 2005). The challenges associated with the treatment of GBM tumors require novel approaches for a greater impact on patient survival and quality of life for patients.
How public health policy is created: scientific process and political reality.

Received for publication July 17, 2000, and accepted for publication November 3, 2000. From the Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. Reprint requests to Dr. Alfred Sommer, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Suite W1041, Baltimore, MD 21205 (e-mail address: asommer@jhsph.edu). The central premise of this symposium, that data can drive public policy, is both laudatory and even vaguely plausible. The historical record, however, is not encouraging. Galileo (1564–1642) recanted his solar-centric views rather than face the Inquisition. The Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweiss (1818–1865) was persecuted for blaming puerperal sepsis on his medical colleagues’ lack of hygiene; he died in an insane asylum. By definition, health policy is made in the public arena. The process is, therefore, subject to a complex array of considerations and influences, only some of which, sometimes none of which, have anything to do with data or with the public’s health. How else can it be explained that our ban on lead paint came over half a century after Australia’s? The most recent demise of national tobacco legislation had everything to do with manipulative powers of the tobacco industry and nothing to do with the 400,000 Americans who die prematurely each year from smoking. President Clinton’s decision in 1998 not to fund needle-exchange programs was admittedly made in the face of reliable data demonstrating such programs can dramatically reduce the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus infection without increasing the prevalence of intravenous drug abuse (1). More subtle than policy made in the face of existing data are research funding priorities and processes that determine whether data will exist at all. In an ideal world, health policy would be formulated in a rational, linear process, moving from data collection, to interpretation, to scientific consensus. These are the areas for which the epidemiologist is most responsible. Translating science to policy is far messier and convoluted, involving as it does societal priorities, resource allocation, opportunity costs, changing cultural mores, special interests, politics, prejudice, and pure greed.
VARIATION OF THE INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER 1 SEQUENCE WITHIN INDIVIDUAL STRAINS AND AMONG DIFFERENT STRAINS OF NEOSPORA CANINUM

Small differences have been reported in the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region among strains of Neospora caninum. We compared ITS1 sequences among 6 N. caninum strains analyzed in our laboratory, including 2 strains that have not been examined previously (NC-Illinois and NC-Bahia). Five sequences showed 100% similarity and also were identical to 7 of 11 sequences that were previously reported by others. In contrast, initial attempts to sequence the ITS1 of NC-Bahia generated 12 nucleotide differences compared with the other 5 strains, and several ambiguous bases. However, the single band containing the ITS1 region, as observed after electrophoresis on a 2% agarose gel, became divided into 2 distinct bands when reanalyzed using 5 or 10% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), and the ITS1 within these separate bands were sequenced without ambiguity. The other 5 N. caninum strains were also reexamined using PAGE, and in each strain 2 distinct bands were discovered. In comparison, 2 strains of To...
Design technique of an on-chip, high-voltage charge pump in SOI

A design methodology for an on-chip charge pump that utilizes SOI CMOS charge transfer switches is presented. The limiting factors of a bulk CMOS process to produce a high-voltage, on-chip converter are outlined. The power efficiency has been improved due to low stray capacitance inherent in the SOI process. The circuit has been simplified from the conventional charge pump for implementation in an SOI process, which saves active chip area. A 9-stage charge pump is designed to produce a 27 V output from a 3.3 V supply. The design was fabricated in a 0.35 /spl mu/m SOI CMOS process. A power efficiency of 91% is achieved at a load current of approximately 40 /spl mu/A.
RISA Brain Scans in Children Movement of Radioactive Albumin in Cerebrospinal Fluid Aids Recognition of Disturbances in Flow

RISA brain scans, though relatively slow to complete, provide a useful measure of the rate and pathways of CSF absorption into the peripheral circulation and thereby permit postoperative evaluation of shunt procedures. Case reports are presented of typical problems amenable to study by the technic.
Where have all the parties gone? Fraenkel and Grofman on the alternative vote - yet again

The alternative vote (AV) is a preferential electoral system that tends to reward political moderation and compromise. Fraenkel and Grofman (2004, 2006a, 2006b) have repeatedly attempted to show that AV is not conducive to interethnic moderation in severely divided societies. In this response to their latest attempt, I point out that neither political party coordination of the vote nor strategic voting plays any part in their analysis. In contrast, I explain how moderate parties of one ethnic group are able to induce their supporters to cast ballots for moderate parties supported by voters of another ethnic group. I also explain why the incentives for parties to arrange interethnic vote transfers are much greater under AV than they are under systems such as the single transferable vote, which is in use in Northern Ireland, and I show that Fraenkel and Grofman's interpretations of AV's operation in Australia, Fiji, Sri Lanka, and Papua-New Guinea are contrary to the evidence.
Triple quantum filtered sodium MRI of primary brain tumors

We demonstrate the use of triple quantum (TQ) filtered sodium MRI for the monitoring of primary brain tumors. The TQ images were acquired using a twisted-projection readout in tandem with a three-pulse triple quantum filter. Our results demonstrate that TQ sodium MRI provides a source of contrast that it is not biased by the large sodium content of the extracellular pool and is, therefore, better suited for monitoring the changes in intracellular sodium content associated with the development of neoplastic changes.
Acquiring Tetanus After Hemorrhoid Banding and Other Gastrointestinal Procedures

Tetanus after hemorrhoidal banding is an extremely rare but serious complication of the procedure. We describe the second reported case of this complication and review the literature concerning tetanus after different gastrointestinal procedures. Although a rare complication, practicing physicians need to be aware of the clinical presentation of this deadly disease when encountered in at-risk patient populations. Such cases also reemphasize the importance of primary tetanus immunization and follow-up boosters for all vulnerable patients.