cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collective Corporate Knowledge and the Federal False Claims Act

While recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions have drawn focus to whether what corporations “say” is protected by the First Amendment or what they “believe” is protected by the federal Religious Freedom Restoration Act, the more relevant inquiry for a wide range of statutory and regulatory regimes is what corporations “know.” At the core of that question is what guides information relevant for legal compliance (including product safety, employee welfare, and material risks considered by investors) from its source to any given point in the firm, including decision-makers. This Article analyzes the federal False Claims Act as an underexploited resource in developing answers to how and why corporations “know” or fail to “know” relevant information. That law provides for monetary sanctions against an individual or firm that “knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, a false or fraudulent claim for payment or approval” by the U.S. federal government. In the context of business entities, attribution of “knowledge” has generated disagreement between federal courts. Some courts reason that liability only attaches if a single individual, no matter how large the enterprise, knew the claim to be false. Others have determined that firms are responsible for the entire universe of knowledge obtained by employees and agents in the course and scope of their employment or agency. Finally, others have created a system of rebuttable presumptions about what firms are deemed to know or not know for purposes of the law. This article concludes that the False Claims Act’s design and legislative history strongly suggest that it was intended to hold firms accountable for the collective knowledge agents and employees possess about compliance with government payment programs, even where it appears that information channels between employees, agents and decision-makers are disaggregated and violations of payment program terms cannot be traced to a single individual. The article explains the significance of this conclusion both in the context of federal health programs, where the application of a “collective corporate knowledge” doctrine will play a vital role in ensuring the financial viability of Medicare, Medicaid and the Affordable Care Act as well as in the broader literature on organizational behavior approached by economists, psychologists, and sociologists.
Culture bought: Evidence of creolization in the consumer goods of an enslaved Bahamian family

Archaeologists working in the Caribbean have identified evidence of African continuities in the craft and architectural traditions of enslaved peoples. Less attention has been paid to the role of the abundant, European-produced goods that are also found in the homes of enslaved families. The material culture from one enslaved Bahamian family is explored here, looking at how European-produced goods were selected by enslaved Africans and imbued with meanings in the creation of a Creole culture. The family discussed lived on Clifton plantation, on the island of New Providence, and consisted of an African-born couple and their two island-born children. The enslaved population, due to the paternalistic attitudes of the plantation owner, enjoyed an unusual degree of access to island markets. Using analyses of ceramics and pipes recovered from the household, it is argued that African-based aesthetics directed the selection and composition of the artifacts recovered from the dwelling.
Automatic assessment of medication states of patients with Parkinson's disease using wearable sensors

Motor fluctuations are a major focus of clinical managements in patients with mid-stage and advance Parkinson's disease (PD). In this paper, we develop a new patient-specific algorithm that can classify those fluctuations during a variety of activities. We extract a set of temporal and spectral features from the ambulatory signals and then introduce a semi-supervised classification algorithm based on K-means and self-organizing tree map clustering methods. Two different types of cluster labeling are introduced: hard and fuzzy labeling. The developed algorithm is evaluated on a dataset from triaxial gyroscope sensors for 12 PD patients. The average result of using K-means and fuzzy labeling on the trunk and the more affected leg sensors' readings was 75.96%, 70.57%, and 86.93% for accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, respectively. The accuracy for individual patients varied from 99.95% to 42.53%, which was correlated with dyskinesia severity and the improvement of the PD symptoms with medication.
Towards automatic HBM allocation using LLVM: a case study with knights landing

In this paper, we introduce a new LLVM analysis, called Bandwidth-Critical Data Analysis (BCDA), to decide when it is beneficial to allocate data in High-Bandwidth Memory (HBM) and then transform allocation calls into specific HBM allocation calls, for increased performance in parallel systems. High-Bandwidth Memory (HBM) is a new memory technology that features stacked 3D chips on processor dies.The well-known SSA-based compilation infrastructure for sequential and parallel languages LLVM will be used to detect frequently used data and patterns of memory accesses in order to decide on which level to allocate the data: HBM or DDR. BCDA core analysis counts the number of data uses and detects irregular and simultaneous accesses, generating a priority value for every variable. Using this priority value information, LLVM will generate memkind_alloc function calls, to transform mallocs to HBM allocations if HBM is present and a sufficient size of HBM is available.As a use case for validating our approach, we show how the Conjugate Gradient (CG) benchmark from the NAS Parallel suite can be optimized for the use of MCDRAM, as the HBM on the Knights Landing Xeon Phi processors is called. We implement BCDA in the LLVM compiler and apply it on CG to detect when it is beneficial to allocate data in the HBM. Then, we allocate the data in the MCDRAM using hbwmalloc library calls. Using the priority generated by BCDA, we achieved a 2.29× performance improvement using the LLVM compiler and 2.33× using Intel's compiler compared to the DDR version of CG.
Deconstructing the associations between executive functioning, problematic alcohol use and intimate partner aggression: A dyadic analysis

Introduction and Aims Problematic drinking and executive functioning deficits are two known risk factors for intimate partner aggression (IPA). However, executive functioning is a multifaceted construct, and it is not clear whether deficits in specific components of executive functioning are differentially associated with IPA perpetration generally and within the context of problematic alcohol use. To address this question, the present study investigated the effects of problematic drinking and components of executive functioning on physical IPA perpetration within a dyadic framework. Design and Methods Participants were 582 heavy drinking couples (total n = 1164) with a recent history of psychological and/or physical IPA recruited from two metropolitan cities in the USA. Multilevel models were used to examine effects within an actor–partner interdependence framework. Results The highest levels of physical IPA were observed among actors who reported everyday consequences of executive functioning deficits related to emotional dysregulation whose partners were problematic drinkers. However, the association between executive functioning deficits related to emotional dysregulation and IPA was stronger towards partners who were non-problematic drinkers relative to partners who were problematic drinkers. No such effect was found for executive functioning deficits related to behavioural regulation. Discussion and Conclusions Results provide insight into how problematic drinking and specific executive functioning deficits interact dyadically in relation to physical IPA perpetration. [Parrott DJ, Swartout KM, Eckhardt CI, Subramani OS. Deconstructing the associations between executive functioning, problematic alcohol use and intimate partner aggression: A dyadic analysis. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:88–96]
Effects of red light cameras on driver's stop/go decision: assessing the green extension hypothesis

Abstract A red light camera (RLC) offers a technological solution to the problematic behavior of motorists’ tendency to run red lights, and decreasing potential crashes. To avoid committing violation in the presence of RLCs, some drivers stop abruptly, even if they could have crossed the line legally during the yellow change interval, leading to the reduction in entry time. In this study, the effect of RLCs on driver behavior was measured. Field data were collected at eight intersections in Lee County, Alabama: four with RLCs and four without RLCs. A total of 1613 traffic signal phases and 2391 drivers’ response data was collected to estimate the amount of time that yellow change interval is typically used by drivers. Results revealed that the stopping behavior increased following the installation of RLCs. The green extension time at an intersection with RLCs was estimated to be one-half second shorter than at an intersection without RLC. The method applied in this study is informative for evaluating the effect of enforcement cameras on driver’s behavior when the before RLC data is not available.
New Developments and Recent References

GaAs technology is a rapidly developing area. Thousands of relevant papers are published every year, and it may be impossible to compile a complete and up-to-date list of references. Nevertheless, I would like to mention important review articles and books more recent than the references given in the book.
Weigh your words: An exploration of natural word use in a fat studies course

The authors explored the natural language use of students enrolled in a university fat studies course using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software. Analytic thinking and clout primarily charact...
Analyzing power-thermal-performance trade-offs in a high-performance 3D NoC architecture

Abstract The emergence of three-dimensional (3D) network-on-chip (NoC) has revolutionized the design of high-performance and energy efficient manycore chips. However, in general, 3D NoC architectures still suffer from high power density and the resultant thermal hotspots leading to functionality and reliability concerns over time. The power consumption and thermal profiles of 3D NoCs can be improved by incorporating a Voltage Frequency Island (VFI)-based power management strategy and Reciprocal Design Symmetry (RDS)-based floor planning. In this paper, we undertake a detailed design space exploration for 3D NoC by considering power-thermal-performance (PTP) trade-offs. We specifically consider a small-world network-enabled 3D NoC (3D SWNoC) in this performance evaluation due to its superior performance and energy-efficiency compared to any other existing 3D NoC architectures. We demonstrate that the VFI-enabled 3D SWNoC lowers the energy-delay-product (EDP) by 57.3% on an average compared to a 2D MESH without VFI. Moreover, by incorporating VFI, we reduce the maximum temperature of 3D SWNoC by 15.2% on an average compared to the non-VFI counterpart. By complementing the VFI-based power management with RDS-based floor planning, the 3D SWNoC reduces the maximum temperature by 25.1% on an average compared to the non-VFI counterpart.
The Discovery of Viruses and the Evolution of Vaccinology

The early part of the twentieth century produced significantly fewer major advances in vaccinology than had the latter part of the previous century. However, beginning with the landmark work of the German physician Robert Koch, who in 1876 definitively demonstrated the transmissible nature of Bacillus anthracis, both periods witnessed a number of important scientific advances that would serve to build a firm foundation for the future of vaccines. As described in Chaps. 4 and 5, Louis Pasteur extended the work of Koch to formalize the concept of microbial attenuation, leading directly to his audacious experiments with live, attenuated anthrax vaccine in livestock and rabies vaccine in humans.
HTLV-III Infection After Bone Marrow Transplantation

We prospectively documented the development of a fatal, secondarily acquired severe immunodeficiency in a 19-year-old man who underwent uncomplicated bone marrow transplantation. He had no graft v host disease (GVHD) and had normal recovery of his immune system as determined by lymphocyte phenotyping, mitogenic responses of his peripheral blood lymphocytes, and his ability to secrete immunoglobulin. This alteration in immunity was associated with the acquisition of antibody to HTLV-III. His only risk factor for the development of HTLV-III infection was the transfusions he had received during the transplant and recovery period. Two of his 54 transfusions were from an asymptomatic individual at high risk for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), who was subsequently found to be seropositive for anti-HTLV-III and from whom HTLV-III was isolated. The loss of immunocompetence in patients without chronic GVHD disease is unusual, and our data support the view that this patient's immunodeficiency was due to HTLV-III. When bone marrow transplant recipients without chronic GVHD develop late opportunistic infections, consideration should be given to transfusion-associated AIDS.
Factors Controlling Morhphological Changes and the Life Cycle of Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobionts in Different Azolla Species

Azolla plants grown under controlled conditions were dissected from the main axes to the 20th leaves and cyanobacteria were observed under phase contrast microscopy. Acetylene reduction was assayed weekly in order to correlate color of plants with cyanobacterial morphology. Morphology, life cycle and nitrogen fixation of the cyanobacteria were regulated by age, light intensity and chromatic changes of the host. Hormogonia were produced as a result of akinete germination with cells smaller than parental trichomes and by multiple differentiation of vegetative cells adjacent to single or double heterocysts. Based on the developmental life cycle (hormogonia formation), cyanobionts in Azolla should be classified in the genus Nostoc rather than Anabaena.
Gender, Poverty, and the Work–Family Interface

Consideration of gender when discussing the work-family interface is critical, yet most of our understanding of work and family interactions and gender stems from data collected on middle- and upper-class individuals. As a result, less is known about the experiences of low-income individuals. Given that women are more likely to be in poverty than men, it is also essential to consider how the context of poverty shapes the interaction of work, family, and gender. The current chapter reviews the research on gender and the work-family interface for individuals in low-wage jobs, and utilizes the segmented labor market theoretical approach, as well as Karasek’s job demands-resources theory, to provide a framework for synthesizing existing research and providing suggestions for future research.
Phase Controlled Femtosecond Lasers for Sensitive, Precise, and Wide Bandwidth Nonlinear Spectroscopy

Recent progress in precision control of pulse repetition rate and carrier-envelope phase of ultrafast lasers has established a strong connection between optical frequency metrology and ultrafast science. A wide range of applications has ensued, including measurement of absolute optical frequencies, precision laser spectroscopy, optical atomic clocks, and optical frequency synthesis in the frequency-domain, along with pulse timing stabilization, coherent synthesis of optical pulses, and phase-sensitive extreme nonlinear optics in the time-domain. In this chapter we discuss the impact of the femtosecond optical frequency comb to atomic and molecular spectroscopy. Measurements performed in the frequency-domain provide a global picture of atomic and molecular structure at high precision while providing radio-frequency clock signals derived from optical standards. Time-domain analysis and experiments give us new possibilities for nonlinear optical spectroscopy and sensitive detections with real-time information.
Symptoms of Depression and Preterm Birth Among Black Women.

Author(s): Nutor, Jerry John; Slaughter-Acey, Jaime C; Giurgescu, Carmen; Misra, Dawn P | Abstract: OBJECTIVE:To investigate the relationship between depressive symptoms and preterm birth (PTB) while adjusting for social support, both general and from the father of the baby. DESIGN:Retrospective study design. SETTING:Participants of the Life-course Influences of Fetal Environments (LIFE) study were recruited from a suburban hospital in Metropolitan Detroit, Michigan. PARTICIPANTS:The LIFE data consisted of 1,410 self-identified Black women age 18 to 45 years; 1,207 women were included in this analysis. METHODS:Women were interviewed using a structured questionnaire administered 24 to 48 hours after birth during their postpartum hospitalization. Data on the newborns and their mothers' health were collected through medical record abstraction. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was used to measure symptoms of depression. The CES-D scores ≥23 were considered severe symptoms of depression. Modified Poisson regression models were built using a stepwise approach to assess association between symptoms of depression and PTB. RESULTS:Approximately, 17% of women had a PTB and 20% of women in the sample had a CES-D scores ≥23. Women who had CES-D score ≥23 were about 70% more likely to have a PTB compared with women with CES-D scores l23 (PR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.24-2.16) after adjustment for both general social support and father of the baby support. CONCLUSION:Women with CES-D scores ≥23 were almost twice more likely to have PTB compared with women with CES-D scores l23. Referrals for mental healthcare providers might benefit women with symptoms of depression and improve birth outcomes. Nurses should encourage women to seek support beyond the father of the baby.
Lateral Condyle Fractures

Lateral condyle fractures are common in the pediatric population but continue to have controversy regarding treatment. Typically, treatment of these fractures is operative with recent literature debating treatment options. New diagnostic modalities, novel treatment approaches, and complications are discussed based on the most current studies available. A new classification system evolved to classify lateral condyle fractures based on the degree of displacement rather than the traditional classification based on fracture line location. New research has described the utility of internal oblique radiographs to accurately diagnose fracture displacement. The main indication for operative treatment includes displacement of the fracture greater than 2 mm or articular incongruity. For nonoperative management, weekly follow-up radiographs are necessary with displacement typically occurring within the first week. For fracture displacement greater than 2 mm, operative treatment should be performed using either percutaneous or open reduction with either K-wire or lag screw fixation. Lag screw fixation has been found to have a lower risk of infection and increased rate of fracture union. For reductions performed percutaneously, an elbow joint arthrogram is performed to ensure an anatomic articular surface after reduction and fixation. The 2 main complications of lateral condyle fractures noted in recent studies include delayed union and infection with K-wire fixation.
REBT and Personality Disorders

The present Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Fifth edition (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association in Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5th edition. American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, DC, 2013) defines personality disorders (PD) as “enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates from the expectation of the individual’s culture”.
Generalized Joint Laxity in Orthopaedic Patients: Clinical Manifestations, Radiographic Correlates, and Management.

Careful history and examination may reveal a constellation of musculoskeletal conditions associated with generalized joint laxity, including shoulder instability, posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow, wrist ganglia, thumb base pathology, hip labral pathology, and patellar and ankle insta
Preoperative PET/CT does not accurately detect extrauterine disease in patients with newly diagnosed high-risk endometrial cancer: A prospective study.

Background The identification of extrauterine disease is critical to the management of patients with high-risk endometrial cancer. The purpose of the current study was to determine the accuracy of preoperative positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) in the detection of extrauterine disease. Methods Women with high-risk endometrial cancer were enrolled prospectively and underwent preoperative PET/CT followed by surgery, including sentinel lymph node biopsy and lymphadenectomy. Primary tumor factors on PET/CT were correlated with lymph node pathology. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated for the detection of lymphadenopathy and peritoneal disease by PET/CT. Results A total of 112 patients were enrolled and underwent PET/CT between April 2013 and May 2016, 108 of whom were evaluable. On PET/CT, 21 patients (19.4%) were found to have extrauterine disease, 18 (17%) had positive lymph nodes, and 8 (7%) had peritoneal disease. A total of 108 patients underwent surgery, 103 of whom (95%) underwent lymphadenectomy. The sensitivity of PET/CT to detect positive lymph nodes was 45.8%, with a specificity of 91.1%, positive predictive value of 61.1%, and negative predictive value of 84.7%. The false-negative rate was 54.2%. There was no difference in primary tumor characteristics on imaging noted between patients with positive and negative lymph nodes. The sensitivity of PET/CT to detect peritoneal disease was 37.5%, with a specificity of 97.8%, positive predictive value of 75%, and negative predictive value of 90.0%. The false-negative rate was 62.5%. Conclusions Preoperative PET/CT did not reliably predict the presence of extrauterine disease in women with high-risk endometrial cancer. Given the high false-negative rates, PET/CT should not be used in the preoperative treatment planning of these patients.
How Well Can You Tailor the Charge of Lipid Vesicles

Knowledge and control of surface charge or potential is important for tailoring colloidal interactions. In this work, we compare widely used zeta potential (ζ) measurements of charged lipid vesicle surface potential to direct measurements using the surface force apparatus (SFA). Our measurements show good agreement between the two techniques. On varying the fraction of anionic lipids dimyristoylphosphatidylserine (DMPS) or dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) mixed with zwitterionic dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) from 0 to 100 mol % we observed a near-linear increase in membrane surface charge or potential up to 20-30 mol % charged lipids beyond which charge saturation occurred in physiological (high) salt conditions. Similarly, in low salt concentrations, a linear increase in charge/potential was found but only up to ∼5-10 mol % charged lipids beyond which the surface charge or potential leveled off. While a lower degree of ionization is expected due to the lower dielectric constant (e ∼ 4) of the lipid acyl chain environment, increasing intramembrane electrostatic repulsion between neighboring charged lipid head groups at higher charge loading contributes to charge suppression. Measured potentials in physiological salt solutions were consistent with predictions using the Gouy-Chapman-Stern-Grahame (GCSG) model of the electrical double layer with Langmuir binding of counterions, but in low salt conditions, the model significantly overestimated the surface charge/potential. The much lower ionization in low salt (maximum ∼1-2% of total lipids ionized) instead was consistent with counterion condensation at the bilayer surface which limited the charge that could be obtained. The strong interplay between membrane composition, lipid headgroup ionization, electrolyte concentration, and solution pH complicates exact prediction and tuning of membrane surface charge for applications. However, the theoretical frameworks used here can provide guidelines to understand this interplay and establish a range of achievable potentials for a system and predict the response to triggers like pH and salt concentration changes.
Activism, Advertising, and Far-Right Media: The Case of Sleeping Giants

This study examines the international activist movement known as Sleeping Giants, a social-media “campaign to make bigotry and sexism less profitable” (Sleeping Giants, n.d.). The campaign originated in the US with an anonymous Twitter account that enlisted followers in encouraging brands to pull their online advertising from Breitbart News . The campaign achieved dramatic success and rapidly spread to regions outside the US, with other anonymously run and loosely allied chapters emerging in 15 different nations (as well as a regional chapter for the EU). Many of these were initially created to take on Breitbart advertisers in their home countries, but in a number of cases they subsequently turned their attention to disrupting financial support for other far-right news media in—or impacting—their home countries. Based on interviews with leaders of eight Sleeping Giants chapters, as well as the related UK-based Stop Funding Hate campaign, this study examines the Sleeping Giants campaign with respect to its continuity with media activism of previous eras, while also seeking to understand its potential as one of the first high-profile activist campaigns to grapple with the impacts of programmatic advertising on the news ecosystem. In particular, we consider how the campaign’s interventions speak to the larger debate around the normative relationship between advertising and the performance of the news ecosystem.
Chapter 31 – Stabilization of Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles for Enhanced In Situ Destruction of Chlorinated Solvents in Soils and Groundwater

Chlorinated solvents are among the most widely detected contaminants in the United States and can pose long-term environmental threats. Yet, cost-effective in situ remediation technologies are lacking. In recent years, zerovalent iron (ZVI) or Fe–Pd bimetallic nanoparticles have shown promise for degrading chlorinated hydrocarbons such as trichloroethylene (TCE), tetrachloroethylene (PCE), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and researchers have been exploring the feasibility of in situ remediation technologies by on-site delivering of the nanoparticles into contaminant source zones. Conceptually, this remediation technology offers some unique advantages over conventional practices, including much reduced remediation time, and less environmental disruption. However, ZVI nanoparticles tend to agglomerate rapidly into micron- or millimeter scale aggregates, thereby diminishing their dechlorination reactivity and soil mobility. To overcome this technical barrier and to control the size (and thus the soil mobility) of the nanoparticles, a particle stabilization strategy was developed recently using low concentrations of select food-grade and low-cost starch or carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a stabilizer. Compared to non-stabilized ZVI particles, the stabilized ZVI nanoparticles are highly stable in water, mobile in soils, and more effective for dechlorination. Moreover, the stabilization strategy offers a simple yet effective means to manipulate the size, and thus the transport behaviors, of the nanoparticles in soils. The stabilized iron nanoparticles can be readily dispersed, and their transport can be manipulated by tuning the type and concentration of the stabilizers and/or by adjusting the particle synthesizing conditions. In addition, the stabilized nanoparticles displayed remarkably greater reactivity than non-stabilized particles, and no accumulation of toxic intermediates was observed. The stabilization strategy offers profound practical convenience for in situ application of ZVI nanoparticles.
Salivary Gland-Like Tumors

Salivary gland-like tumors are rare primary malignancies in the lung. They arise out of the seromucinous glands of the cartilaginous airways in the lung and are morphologically similar to their salivary gland counterparts. Surgical resection offers the best chance for a cure, but the central airway locations make postsurgical complications including airway stenosis and postsurgical dehiscences common. This chapter reviews the two most common tumors in this category, mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A REGIONAL PHONOLOGICAL FEATURE DURING A SEMESTER ABROAD IN ARGENTINA

Although recent research suggests that gains are made in the acquisition of dialectal features during study abroad, the few studies that have been conducted on this topic in Spanish-speaking contexts have focused primarily on features characteristic of Spain. This article examines the L2 acquisition of phonological features characteristic of Buenos Aires Spanish, [ʃ] and [ʒ], known as sheismo/zheismo, for example the pronunciation of llave [ʝaβe] “key” as [ʃaβe] or [ʒaβe]. Participants include 23 learners of Spanish studying in Buenos Aires, Argentina. More than 4,800 tokens were gathered before, during, and at the end of the semester using sociolinguistic interviews, a reading passage, and a word list. These data were analyzed for the influence of linguistic and social factors using mixed-effects logistic regression (Rbrul; Johnson, 2009). Results suggest that participants approximate nativelike norms of use of these features and that time in country is a statistically significant predictor of patterns of phonological variation.
Sieh mal, was die Katze hereingebracht hat

Wie man am Beispiel der deutschen Kuchenschaben sehen kann, beschrankt sich der Umgang mit Tieren in unseren Hausern meist auf Versuche, sie wieder loszuwerden. Eine Ausnahme gibt es jedoch: Unsere Haustiere lieben wir. Sie halten uns gesund und machen uns glucklich, und dafur futtern und umsorgen wir sie.
Development of a Cost-Effective Surgical Headlight Using Consumer Light Emitting Diode Lighting and 3D Printing.

Need. Battery-powered Light Emitting Diode (LED) surgical headlights are necessary for improved intraoperative illumination but may be costly. Technical Solution. The objective of this study was to...
State Policy Control and Local Deviation: The Case of Immigration:

State preemption of local government discretion is examined through the lenses of county cooperation with federal Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and “immigration federalism.” Through a m...
Multisite Monthly to Daily Naturalised Streamflow Disaggregation Using Daily Flow Pattern Hydrograph

Conservation and preservation of environmental wildlife and fisheries became an important criterion in this era. Therefore, the environmental protection flow standards for major river basins and estuaries have been established in the state of Texas enacted by federal laws. The environmental flow issues can be addressed effectively and efficiently on a daily time step, and thus, a new technique, daily flow pattern hydrograph, is developed and implemented for disaggregating monthly naturalised streamflows to daily while preserving monthly volumes. Constitution of flow pattern hydrograph emphasises numerous issues such as the impact of water resources development at upstream, comparative analyses of available flows, geology, hydrology, the geographical location of gaging stations, etc. The previous parametric and nonparametric studies dealing with streamflow disaggregation methods mostly preserve spatial and temporal statistical characteristics such as variance, skewness and maximum and minimum values. This study has been conducted from the perspective of capturing low flows, and therefore a statistical parameter, duration curve, also known as flow frequency metric, is employed to evaluate and analyse the result. This study is performed for the Trinity River basin located at the state of Texas. However, this technique can be employed in any other river basin irrespective of its shape, and size.
Designing and Delivering Webinars to Improve Science Communication and Engagement between Environmental Researchers and Natural Resource Practitioners

Research across natural resource management disciplines has identified an implementation gap between researchers and managers, where institutional norms and practices limit integration of novel dat...
'U' Won’t Get a Response: Community College Student Preferences for Institutional Text Messages

Although institutions of higher education have started engaging students and prospective students via text messages, no extant research has addressed student preferences for receiving text messages. Elaborating upon Castleman and Page’s (2016) and Taylor and Serna’s (2019) work, a large, metropolitan community college system surveyed 123 community college students to learn more about how a community college should text their students. Data from this study suggest that community college students prefer text messages that omit slang or textese (i.e. “u” instead of “you,” “2” instead of “two”), text messages with exclamation points versus periods, text messages with hyperlinks, and mention the student’s name, the sender’s name, and their institution.
ProbMap: Automatically constructing design galleries through feature extraction and semantic clustering

Making sense of large unstructured problem spaces is cognitively demanding. Structure can help, but adding structure to a problem space also takes significant effort. ProbMap is a novel application for automatically constructing a design gallery from unstructured text input. Given a list of problem statements, ProbMap extracts and semantically groups the stakeholders to construct hierarchical search facets which enables designers to more efficiently navigate the problem statements. We contribute a novel feature extraction algorithm using natural language processing and a technique for automatically constructing a design gallery. These stakeholders are grouped semantically by clustering stakeholders with higher pairwise similarity together. Preliminary trials show that these techniques, which mirror traditional design activities like stakeholder identification and affinity mapping, provide an initial structure to a large unstructured problem space. This resulted in similar features that would be extracted by humans and sensible clusters.
Chemistry of Viruses

Near the end of the 19th century, the Netherlands scientist, Martinus W. Beijerinck, performed some experiments which were to have far-reaching consequences in science. Working with the sap expressed from leaves of mosaic-diseased tobacco plants, Beijerinck (1898 a, b; and see, Van Iterson et al. 1940) showed that the infectious agent causing mosaic disease was so small that it passed through exceedingly fine, bacteria-retaining filters, and also that it diffused at a measurable rate through blocks of agar gel. To this unprecedentedly small pathogen, Beijerinck applied the terms “contagium vivum fluidum” (contagious living fluid) or “virus”.
Cultural Differences and Geography as Determinants of Online Pro-Social Lending

We analyze patterns of transaction between individuals using data drawn from Kiva.org, a global online crowdfunding platform that facilitates pro-social, peer-to-peer lending. Our analysis, which employs an aggregate dataset of country-to-country lending volumes based on more than three million individual lending transactions that took place between 2005 and 2010, considers the dual roles of geographic distance and cultural differences on lenders’ decisions about which borrowers to support. While cultural differences have seen extensive study in the IS literature as sources of friction in extended interactions, here, we argue and demonstrate their role in individuals’ selection of a transaction partner. We present evidence that lenders do prefer culturally similar and geographically proximate borrowers. An analysis of the marginal effects indicates that an increase of one standard deviation in the cultural differences between lender and borrower countries is associated with 30 fewer lending actions, while an increase of one standard deviation in physical distance is associated with 0.23 fewer lending actions. We also identify a substitution effect between cultural differences and physical distance, such that a 50% increase in physical distance is associated with an approximate 30% decline in the effect of cultural differences. Considering approaches to overcoming the observed cultural effect, we offer some empirical evidence of the potential of IT-based trust mechanisms, focusing on Kiva’s reputation rating system for microfinance intermediaries. We discuss the implications of our findings for pro-social lending, online crowdfunding, and electronic markets more broadly.
Intrapleural migration of a spinal catheter in a patient with arachnoiditis and extensive epidural scarring after tethered cord release: a case report and review of literature.

Objective: The objective of this study was to report a case of new onset refractory pain from intrapleural migration of a spinal catheter five months after the implantation of an intrathecal drug delivery system (IDDS). Materials and Methods: A 57-year-old man had intractable pain because of multiple intradural spinal explorations for tethered cord release. His pain was effectively treated with intrathecal morphine via an IDDS. Five months after the implantation, the patient developed return of the original pain more than two weeks after intrapleural migration of the intrathecal catheter. Results: The migration was documented by computed tomography, and repositioning of the catheter rendered the patient comfortable. The gradual onset of pain may have been due to decreasing delivery of drug to the cerebrospinal fluid as the catheter tip migrated further away from the dura. To our knowledge, this complication has not been reported in the literature. Conclusion: Physicians and nursing staff that place and manage an IDDS should be aware of this complication.
Binding of [3H] kainic acid, and analogue of Lglutamate, to brain membranes.

—The specific binding of [3H]kainic acid to synaptic membranes from rat brain was saturable with a dissociation constant of about 60 nm. The apparent maximal number of binding sites was about 1 pmol/mg protein. The most effective displacer of specific [3H]kainic acid binding was quisqualic acid, a powerful excitant which is structurally similar to l-glutamate. However, quisqualic acid was one-third as potent a displacer as kainic acid itself. l-Glutamate was the next potent in displacing [3H]kainic acid binding, but also was less effective (1/25) than kainic acid itself. All other compounds including suspected neurotransmitters were at least an order of magnitude lower in potency compared to l-glutamate. When various tissues and brain regions were tested for specific [3H]kainic acid binding, we found the specified binding was localized to grey matter in the brain. In studies of subcellular fractionation of the brain, we found that crude synaptosomal membrane preparations were most enriched in specific [3H]kainic acid binding. Specific [3H]kainic acid binding in various regions of the rat brain varied 5- to 6-fold.
A Computed Tomography Study of Gender Differences in Acetabular Version and Morphology: Implications for Femoroacetabular Impingement.

Purpose: To assess the prevalence of acetabular retroversion in a large population of patients with asymptomatic hips. Furthermore, we sought to identify gender differences in acetabular morphology to address the current thinking that retroversion and pincer-type femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) are more common in women. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed morphologic features of acetabula from a consecutive series of trauma-protocol computed tomography scans of patients without pelvis injury. An automated algorithm determined the acetabular rim profile and center of the femoral head, normalized the frontal plane of the pelvis, and calculated version and coverage. We then compared male and female rim profiles, specifically focusing on version and acetabular wall coverage in the 1-o’clock (anterosuperior), 2-o’clock (central), and 3-o’clock (inferior) positions. Results: Of 1,088 patients in the database, 878 had complete data (i.e., age, ethnicity, and body mass index) and were therefore included in the final analysis. Of these, 34.3% were women and 65.7% were men. Mean global acetabular version was 19.1 � for men and 22.2 � for women (P < .001). Mean acetabular version for men and women was 15.5 � and 18.3 � , respectively, in the 1-o’clock position; 21.5 � and 24.0 � , respectively, in the 2-o’clock position; and 20.2 � and 24.3 � , respectively, in the 3-o’clock position (P < .001 for all 3). True retroversion (<0 � )w as observed only in the 1-o’clock position. The prevalence of true acetabular retroversion in the 1-o’clock position for men and women was 4.3% and 3%, respectively (P ¼ .36). Conclusions: Mean global and focal acetabular anteversion was greater in women, and the prevalence of focal cephalad retroversion in the 1-o’clock position was not significantly different compared with men. Acetabular retroversion and anterior overcoverage are not more prevalent in women in the anterosuperior acetabulum, where femoroacetabular impingement most commonly occurs. Level of Evidence: Level III, diagnostic study.
Multimicronutrient Interventions but Not Vitamin A or Iron Interventions Alone Improve Child Growth: Results of 3 Meta-Analyses

Meta-analyses of randomized controlled intervention trials were conducted to assess the effects of vitamin A, iron, and multimicronutrient interventions on the growth of children < 18 y old. A PubMed database search and other methods identified 14 vitamin A, 21 iron, and 5 multimicronutrient intervention studies that met the design criteria. Weighted mean effect sizes and CI were calculated using a random effects model for changes in height and weight. Tests for homogeneity and stratified analyses by predefined characteristics were conducted. Vitamin A interventions had no significant effect on growth; effect sizes were 0.08 (95% CI: -0.20, 0.36) for height and -0.01 (95% CI: -0.24, 0.22) for weight. Iron interventions also had no significant effect on child growth. Overall effect sizes were 0.09 (95% CI: -0.07, 0.24) for height and 0.13 (95% CI: -0.05, 0.30) for weight. The results were similar across categories of age, duration of intervention, mode and dosage of intervention, and baseline anthropometric status. Iron interventions did result in a significant increase in hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations with an effect size of 1.49 (95% CI: 0.46, 2.51). Multimicronutrient interventions had a positive effect on child growth; the effect sizes were 0.28 (95% CI: 0.16, 0.41) for height and 0.28 (95% CI: -0.07, 0.63) for weight. Interventions limited to only vitamin A or iron did not improve child growth. Multimicronutrient interventions, on the other hand, improved linear and possibly ponderal growth in children.
Characterization of Shared Library Access Patterns of Android Applications

We analyze the instruction access patterns of Android applications. Although Android applications are ordinarily written in Java, we find that native-code shared libraries play a large role in their instruction footprint. Specifically, averaging over a wide range of applications, we find that 60% of the instruction pages accessed belong to native-code shared libraries and 72% of the instruction fetches are from these same pages. Moreover, given the extensive use of native-code shared libraries, we find that, for any pair of applications, on average 28% of the overall instruction pages accessed by one of the applications are also accessed by the other. These results suggest the possibility of optimizations targeting shared libraries in order to improve instruction access efficiency and overall performance.
Synthesis and structure of copper-DMPLED complex, a bifunctional ligand with positive charged pyridine rings

Abstract N,N′-bis(3-hydroxy-1,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxymethyl-4-pyridyl-methyl)ethylenediamine-N,N′-diacetic acid, DMPLED and its copper complex has been synthesized and characterized with FAB-MS, elemental analysis and X-ray diffraction. The polyhedra of the Cu complex is described as a Jahn–Teller distorted octahedron with two axes elongated (Cu–O(1), Cu–O(4) are 2.481(4) and 2.676(4) A, respectively). Cu–O(7), Cu–O(8), Cu–N(1) and Cu–N(2) are 1.914(4), 1.929(4), 1.998(6) and 2.019(5) A, respectively.
On secure network coding with unequal link capacities and restricted wiretapping sets

We address secure network coding over networks with unequal link capacities in the presence of a wiretapper who has only access to a restricted number of k links in the network. Previous results show that for the case of equal link capacities and unrestricted wiretapping sets, the secrecy capacity is given by the cut-set bound, whether or not the location of the wiretapped links is known. The cut-set bound can be achieved by injecting k random keys at the source which are decoded at the sink along with the message. In contrast, for the case where the wiretapping set is restricted, or where link capacities are not equal, we show that the cut-set bound is not achievable in general. Finally, it is shown that determining the secrecy capacity is a NP-hard problem.
Explanations of Homicide Clearances: Do Results Vary Dependent Upon Operationalization and Initial (Time 1) and Updated (Time 2) Data?

This research examines four operationalizations of homicide clearances at two time points for 816 homicides in Columbus, Ohio. Our goals are to answer two questions: (a) Does how a homicide clearan...
Shocks and induced discontinuities in materials with internal state variables — Applications to finite linear viscoelasticity

In this paper, we derive the coupled governing differential equations of shock amplitudes and induced discontinuities in materials with internal state variables. For the special case of finite linear viscoelasticity and weak shocks and under physically reasonable conditions, two examples of the solutions of the coupled equations are given. In the first example, the solutions of the shock and the induced discontinuity approach finite nonzero values in an oscillatory manner, very much akin to the forced vibrations of springmass-damper systems. In the second example, both solutions decay monotonically to zero.
Index of refraction of AlAs‐GaAs superlattices

The index of refraction of AlAs‐GaAs superlattices is studied both experimentally and theoretically and is compared to the index of the corresponding ternary alloy obtained by intermixing of the superlattice. We find that the index of a superlattice can be 5%–6% higher than the index of the alloy due to zone folding of the states around Γ.
Integrating engineering into secondary math and science curricula: A course for preparing teachers

Future secondary math and science teachers, engineering education doctoral students and engineering graduate students participated in a graduate level course designed to provide strategies for integrating engineering in stand-alone or integrated environments. A hybrid setting of face-to-face and online instruction modeled project based learning that provided the opportunity for students to apply research based methods of integration and engineering instruction throughout the learning process. Concepts, knowledge and attitudes were assessed using student products, concept maps and student feedback.
Second moment of the central values of the symmetric square L-functions

Improving on a result by Luo, we prove that for \(K^{\frac{1}{3}}\le G\le K\), $$\begin{aligned} \sum _{\begin{array}{c} k\text { even}\\ K\le k\le K+G \end{array}}\sum _{f\in H_{k}}L^{2}\left( \frac{1}{2},\text {sym}^{2}f\right) \ll _{\epsilon }K^{1+\epsilon }G, \end{aligned}$$ where \(H_{k}\) is a Hecke basis of holomorphic cusp forms of weight \(k\).