cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of an Emotion Regulation Intervention for Patients in Cardiac Rehabilitation

Cardiac rehabilitation is important to improve physical activity and reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors among people who have experienced a major cardiac event. However, poor emotion regula...
Solid-state thermal energy storage using reversible martensitic transformations

The identification and use of reversible Martensitic transformations, typically described as shape memory transformations, as a class of metallic solid-solid phase change materials are experimentally demonstrated here. Direct evidence of repeatable temperature leveling (9%–25% reduction in peak temperature rise) during transient heating and cooling using NiTi was obtained by cyclic Joule-heating in a simulated thermal energy storage application. Compared to standard solid-solid materials and solid-liquid paraffin, these experimental results show that shape memory alloys provide up to a two order of magnitude higher figure of merit (FOM). To calculate the material FOM and determine the crystal structure, direct measurements of latent heat, thermal conductivity, density, and diffraction were performed. Beyond these experimental results, a review of >75 binary NiTi and NiTi-based ternary and quaternary alloys in the literature shows that shape memory alloys can be tuned in a wide range of transformation temperatures (from −50 to 500 °C), latent heats (up to 35.1 J/g), and thermal conductivities (from 15.6 to 28 W/m K). This can be accomplished by changing the Ni and Ti balance, introducing trace elements, leveraging intermediate R-phase transitions, and/or by thermomechanical processing. Combining excellent corrosion resistance, formability, high strength and ductility, high thermal performance, cyclic stability, and tunability, shape memory alloys represent a class of exceptional phase change materials that circumvent many of the scientific and engineering challenges hindering progress in this field.
An approach to exact nonlinear feedback control design employing recursive approximations and the null space

A strategy to design exact nonlinear feedback controllers based on a recursive application of approximate linearization methods is examined. The computations are algebraic and computationally simpler than solving the set of coupled nonlinear partial differential equations thereby facilitating practical symbolic computer computations enabling discernment of evolving patterns in the approximate solutions as the order of approximation increases. Utilizing the null space that appears at each step in the computations as part of the computations, a family of analytic solutions can be generated asymptotically. There are possibilities for optimizing the performance by judiciously choice of analytic solution that emerge from the selective use of the null space.
An evaluation of antipseudomonal dosing on the incidence of treatment failure

Introduction:Significant mortality is associated with delays in appropriate antibiotic therapy in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. The impact of empiric dosing on clinical outcomes has been large...
Corporate Purpose and Corporate Competition

The large American corporation faces ever-rising pressure to pursue a purpose beyond shareholder profit. This rising pressure interacts with changes in industrial organization in a way that has not been comprehensively analyzed and is generally ignored. It’s not just purpose pressure that is rising: firms’ capacities to accommodate that pressure for a wider purpose is rising as well. Three changes in industrial organization are most relevant: the possibility of declining competition, the counter-possibility of increasing winner-take-all competition, and the possibility that the ownership of the big firms has concentrated (even if the firms themselves have not), thereby diluting competitive zeal. Consider competitive decline: In robustly competitive economies, firms cannot deviate much from profit maximization for expensive corporate purpose programs unless they bolster profitability (by branding the firm positively for consumers or by better motivating employees, for example). In economies with slack competition, in contrast, monopolistic and oligopolistic firms can accommodate purpose pressure from their excess profits, redirecting some or much excess profit from shareholders to stakeholders—to customers, employees, or the public good. By many accounts, competition has been declining in the United States. By some accounts, it has declined precipitously. That decline suggests three possibilities: One—the central thesis of this Article— purpose pressure has greater potential to succeed if competition has declined or rents have otherwise grown; in competitive markets, the profit-oriented but purpose-pressured firm has no choice but to refuse the purpose pressure (or to give it only lip service), while in monopolistically-organized industries, the purpose-pressured firm has more room to maneuver. Two, the normative bases undergirding shareholder primacy, although still strong, are less powerful in monopolistic markets. Three, declining corporate competition and rising corporate profits create a lush field for social conflict inside the firm and the polity for shareholders and stakeholders each to seek a share of those profits. The result can infuse basic corporate governance with social conflict, contributing to or exacerbating our rising political and social instability. Expanding purpose pressure is one manifestation of this conflict.
Modeling the waves of Covid-19

Abstract The challenges with modeling the spread of Covid-19 are its power-type growth during the middle stages with the exponents depending on time, and the saturations mostly due to the protective measures. The two-phase solution we propose for the total number of detected cases of Covid-19 describes the actual curves in many countries almost with the accuracy of physics laws. Bessel functions play the key role in our approach. The differential equations we obtain are of universal type; they describe momentum risk-management in behavioral psychology, transient processes in invasion ecology, etc. Due to a very small number of parameters, namely, the initial transmission rate and the intensity of the hard and soft measures, we obtain a convincing explanation of the surprising uniformity of the spread in many different areas. This theory can be used for forecasting the epidemic spread, evaluating the efficiency of the protective measures and the vaccinations. For instance, the early projection for the 3rd wave in the USA was very exact. Projections for India, South Africa and UK are considered.
Microwave Reflection and Dielectric Properties of Mortar Exposed Periodically to Chloride Solution with 1% Salinity and Compression Force

Corrosion of steel rebar in a concrete structure compromises its performance. Methods exist to detect chlorides, but the practical use of many of these may be problematic because they are destructive, time consuming, or cannot be used to analyze large structures. Near-field microwave measurements provide an attractive alternative because they are nondestructive and can interrogate large areas. To examine the application of a microwave measurement method to monitor chloride ingress in cement-based materials, four 8"x8"x8" mortar cubes were prepared with water-to-cement (w/c) ratio of0.5 and sand-to-cement (s/c) ratio of 2.5 using type I/II portland cement. After curing for several months, one cube was kept in ambient conditions, one was soaked in distilled water and two were soaked in 1% NaCl solution, one of which was cyclically loaded at 1406 psi. The cubes were then allowed to dry and their microwave reflection properties were monitored daily for three cycles, each lasting over 100 days. The measurement approach and results are presented in this paper.
Seeking the H Zone: How we mix media messages to create compatible community in the emerging papyrus society

Seeking the H Zone: How we mix media messages to create compatible community in the emerging papyrus society The emergence of personal media provides new opportunities to relate to our social world. Newspapers, network radio and television and news magazines reach down vertically, as it were, to reach everyone, men and women, rich and poor. Social media, such as magazines, websites, Facebook and Twitter, reach across horizontally to connect with communities already interested in particular topics. The availability of these two types of media allows us to pick and choose among agenda items to find a level of personal or horizontal comfort among messages that tell us what we should be doing and messages that entice us to do what we want to do. In short, this paper argues, we mix media agendas to create compatible public and private communities. The media agenda communities that are emerging are more like the flat strips that make papyrus paper than the massive stones that characterize the pyramids that dominate the horizon, an emerging papyrus society where authority is much more democratized and fused.
Exercise of Patent Rights Under Japanese Anti-Monopoly Prevention Law: A Comparative Law Perspective

Article 21 of Japan’s Anti-monopoly Law gives immunity from anti-competition liability to the exercise of copyrights, patents, trademark registrations and other intellectual property (IP) rights. However, Japan’s Fair Trade Commission (FTC) excludes from the immunity a sham IP right exercise, which deviates from or conflicts with the mission of the IP system. A sham exercise of patent rights does not contribute to but rather hinders the promotion of inventions for developments of industry in Japan. This interpretation is also supported by the Basic Intellectual Property Law requiring the government to pay attention to the fair use of IP rights and public interests in developing Japan’s national IP strategies. When the Supreme Court of Japan decided the legality of recycled printer ink cartridges, it adopted a different approach from the U.S. Supreme Court and lower US courts. The Court’s limited application of the exhaustion doctrine allows the patentee to restrict resale and reuse of a patented product legally sold by the patentee. This article compares anti-monopoly issues regarding recycling patented products under Japanese and U.S. laws.
The Factors Associated with the Market's Reaction to New Information about Foreign Operations: Operational Savings versus Agency Interpretation

SFAS No. 52 establishes a new system for reporting the results of foreign operations by excluding translation gains and losses that relate to autonomous subsidiaries. Substantial evidence indicates SFAS No. 52 saved multinationals' resources by reducing the need for accounting hedging. Insofar as SFAS No. 52 generates both operational and reporting benefits, we test the association between market returns and both operational savings and agency variables. Empirical results indicate that measures of operational savings are positively associated with increases in the market returns but do not support the agency-based hypotheses. The current evidence on SFAS No. 52 taken together with Salatka (1989) on SFAS No. 8 mandates caution in concluding that agency considerations are driving the capital market's reaction to new information about foreign operations.
Industrial structure and monetary policy in a small open economy

In standard New Keynesian models, the size of the output expansion generated by aggregate demand shocks depends crucially on the elasticity of labor supply which is empirically quite small. In principle, this link can be broken in a multisectoral economy with differing degrees of price stickiness, so that the required increase in labor supply can come from other sectors. This paper reinterprets this line of reasoning in a small open economy with a traded and a non-traded sector. The latter is characterized by monopolistic competition and nominal price stickiness. The main findings of the paper are twofold. It is shown that, in fact, the size of the labor supply elasticity has no significant effect on the output response to a monetary policy shock. Yet, in this open economy framework the puzzle of the output response remains since they occur only for unrealistically high intertemporal substitution elasticities. Furthermore, it is shown that the current account response to an expansionary monetary shock crucially depends on the industrial structure of the money and not, as previously claimed, on consumption preferences alone. For reasonable model specifications the current acount moves into deficit.
Acute pulpal-alveolar cellulitis syndrome: II. Clinical assessment of antibiotic effectiveness against microbes isolated from intact teeth

Abstract Ten antibiotics were comprehensively screened for effectiveness against 105 microbes, specifically isolated from seventy-eight teeth involved with acute pulpal-alveolar cellulitis. On the basis of effectiveness and compatibility, erythromycin was regarded as the drug of choice for initial therapy. Streptococci were the predominant class of microbes isolated; enterococci were the most resistant. No resistance was noted with erythromycin; 52 percent resistance was obtained with clidamycin. Tetracycline was the most effective of the common drugs for aerobic gram-negative rods. Polyantibiotic resistance was noted among microbes of all types. A clinical perspective in drug therapy for acute oral infection is discussed.
An Aquatics Learning Lab

(1981). An Aquatics Learning Lab. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 15-16.
An integrated approach to dynamic decision-making under uncertainty

Decision making is often complicated by the dynamic and uncertain information involved. This work unifies and generalizes the major approaches to modeling and solving a subclass of such decision problems. The relevant approaches include semi-Markov decision processes, dynamic decision modeling, and decision-theoretic planning. An analysis of current decision frameworks establishes a unifying task definition and a common vocabulary; the exercise also identifies the trade-off between model transparency and solution efficiency as their most significant limitation. Insights gained from the analysis lead to a new methodology for dynamic decision making under uncertainty. The central ideas involved are multiple perspective reasoning and incremental language extension. Multiple perspective reasoning supports different information visualization formats for different aspects of dynamic decision modeling. Incremental language extension promotes the use of translators to enhance language ontology and facilitate practical development. DynaMoL is a language design that adopts the proposed paradigm; it differentiates inferential and representational support for the modeling task from the solution or computation task. The language is evaluated on a prototype implementation, via a comprehensive case study in medicine. The results demonstrate practical promise of the framework.
Freedom from Incarceration: Why is This Right Different from All Other Rights?

American constitutional jurisprudence has long accepted the notion that the exercise of certain rights can only be restricted by the government if the restriction satisfies strict scrutiny. The Supreme Court has identified such rights as fundamental often by relying on an expansive interpretation of the word "liberty" in the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment. In this Article, Professor Colb argues that the Supreme Court has failed to recognize the right to physical liberty itself as a fundamental right She demonstrates that at present conduct that is not itself constitutionally protected may serve as the basis for imprisonment even if the government lacks a compelling interest in preventing the conduct. Professor Colb argues that a governmental decision to restrict a person's fundamental freedom from incarceration, like the decision to restrict any other fundamental right, should be subjected to strict scrutiny. She demonstrates the inadequacy of possible justifications for the Supreme Court's present failure to protect the freedom from incarceration. Finally, Professor Colb begins the process of scrutinizing decisions to incarcerate by positing possible applications of her theory.
False memory and importance: Can we prioritize encoding without consequence?

Given the large amount of information that we encounter, we often must prioritize what information we attempt to remember. Although critical for everyday func- tioning, relatively little research has focused on how people prioritize the encoding of information. Recent research has shown that people can and do selectively remember infor- mation assigned with higher, relative to lower, importance. However, the mechanisms underlying this prioritization pro- cess and the consequences of these processes are still not well understood. In the present study, we sought to better under- standtheseprioritizationprocessesand whetherimplementing these processes comes at the cost of memory accuracy, by increasing false memories. We used a modified form of the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, in which par- ticipants studied DRM lists, with each list paired with low, medium, or high point values. In Experiment 1, encoding higher values led to more false memories than did encoding lower values, possibly because prioritizing information en- hanced relational processing among high-value words. In Experiment 2, disrupting relational processing selectively re- duced false memories for high-value words. Finally, in Experiment 3, facilitating relational processing selectively increased false memories for low-value words. These findings suggest that while prioritizing information can enhance true memory, thisprocess concomitantly increases false memories. Furthermore, the mechanism underlying these prioritization processes depends on the ability to successfully engage in relational processing. Thus, how we prioritize the encoding of incoming information can come at a cost in terms of accurate memory.
FIRE: A Fundamental Identification and Replacement Method for Accurate Spectral Test Without Requiring Coherency

Achieving coherent sampling is one of the major bottlenecks to perform ADC spectral test, especially when high-precision instruments or high-performance frequency synthesizes are not readily available. If coherent sampling is not achieved, there could be huge leakage in the spectrum, which might lead to inaccurate test results. In this paper, a new fundamental identification and replacement method is presented that can completely eliminate the need for coherent sampling in spectral testing. A two-step fundamental identification method is used to very accurately estimate the noncoherent fundamental. Extensive simulation results show the functionality and robustness of the method. Measurement results obtained in industry labs using commercially available high resolution ADCs successfully validate the proposed method for both accuracy and robustness.
Analysis of the proof test with power law assumptions

Prooftesting optical fiber is required to assure a minimum strength over all lengths of fiber. This is done as the fiber is wound onto a spool by applying a tensile stress over a length of fiber as it passes a stress region. The failure of weak flaws assures a minimum strength of lengths that survive the test. Flaw growth is assumed to follow the power law. Distributions of initial flaw size are assumed to be of the Weibull type. Experimental data are presented to validate these assumptions.
Androgen receptor mRNA expression in the bovine ovary.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in granulosa cells of healthy, growing ovarian follicles in rats and primates. However, AR expression in the bovine ovary has not been examined. Therefore, a 346-base pair segment of the bovine AR was cloned and sequenced. Using a ribonuclease protection assay, AR expression was detected in total RNA from bovine ovarian cortex. Expression (absence or presence) of AR mRNA was detected by in situ hybridization in bovine ovarian cortex. Follicles ( n =32) were classified as follows: type 1 (1 layer of flattened granulosa cells), type 2 (1–1.5 layers of cuboidal granulosa cells), type 3 (2–3 layers of granulosa cells), type 4 (4–6 layers of cuboidal granulosa cells and formation of thecal layer), and type 5 (>6 layers of cuboidal granulosa cells, defined theca layer, and antrum formation). Frequency of AR mRNA expression increased ( P n =8), but present in the granulosa cells of 41% of type 2 follicles ( n =12). In types 3–5 follicles, AR mRNA expression was present in granulosa cells of 100% of follicles examined ( n =4, 4, and 4, respectively) and was greater than type 1 follicles ( P =0.002). These data provide evidence of AR mRNA expression in bovine follicles and suggest that AR mRNA increases during early follicle development.
Isolated Oculomotor Palsy After Measles Immunization

A 17-month-old healthy boy had a rapid onset of right oculomotor nerve palsy, and spontaneous recovery after measles immunization. Results of computed tomography scan, skull x-ray, chest x-ray, intravenous pyelogram, and bone marrow examination were all normal. Serum antibody titers showed effective measles immunization.
Determination of thermal conductivity by differential scanning calorimetry

Abstract A technique has been developed for rapid determination of thermal conductivity of solid materials using a commercial differential scanning calorimeter. An attachment is constructed without modification of the original instrument. Data for a variety of materials are presented and limitations on sample dimensions and other parameters discussed.
Sallis, Brann, and the Problem of Imagination

Etude de la conception de l'imagination developpee par E. Brann et J. Sallis dans leurs travaux respectifs, soulignant la nature cruciale de l'imaginaire au croisement du miracle et de la folie, de la rationalite et de la phenomenologie. Soulevant la question de la definition meme de l'imagination et de l'image en reference a Platon, Kant et Heidegger, les deux penseurs proposent une reflexion sur les principaux logoi (elements d'arguments) sur l'imagination comme objet d'une these multiple portant sur la faculte de representation interne des objets externes
Observation of steps in the microwave impedance of superconducting microbridges

Abstract Steps similar to those seen in the d.c. I—V characteristics have been noted in the onset of the microwave frequency current-driven superconducting-to-normal transition of tin and lead microbridges. These steps are well described by the theory of Skocpol, Beasley, and Tinkham, and are apparently caused by the generation of localized phase slip sites in the microbridges. The observed microwave dissipation and critical current hysteresis result from the diffusion of quasiparticles generated in the phase slip process. Heating effects were not found to limit the observation of these steps.
Necrostatin-1 reduces histopathology and improves functional outcome after controlled cortical impact in mice

Necroptosis is a newly identified type of programmed necrosis initiated by the activation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)/Fas. Necrostatin-1 is a specific inhibitor of necroptosis that reduces ischemic tissue damage in experimental stroke models. We previously reported decreased tissue damage and improved functional outcome after controlled cortical impact (CCI) in mice deficient in TNFalpha and Fas. Hence, we hypothesized that necrostatin-1 would reduce histopathology and improve functional outcome after CCI in mice. Compared with vehicle-/inactive analog-treated controls, mice administered necrostatin-1 before CCI had decreased propidium iodide-positive cells in the injured cortex and dentate gyrus (6 h), decreased brain tissue damage (days 14, 35), improved motor (days 1 to 7), and Morris water maze performance (days 8 to 14) after CCI. Improved spatial memory was observed even when drug was administered 15 mins after CCI. Necrostatin-1 treatment did not reduce caspase-3-positive cells in the dentate gyrus or cortex, consistent with a known caspase-independent mechanism of necrostatin-1. However, necrostatin-1 reduced brain neutrophil influx and microglial activation at 48 h, suggesting a novel anti-inflammatory effect in traumatic brain injury (TBI). The data suggest that necroptosis plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of cell death and functional outcome after TBI and that necrostatin-1 may have therapeutic potential for patients with TBI.
The endocast of the Omo L338y‐6 Juvenile Hominid: gracile or robust Australopithecus?

This report is a description of a reconstructed endocast of the Omo L338y-6 Juvenile Hominid, which has been attributed by Rak and Howell (1978) to the Australopithecus boisei taxon. The reconstructed volume obtained is 427 ml. For a variety of reasons, including the specimen's low endocranial vol- ume, the author regards it more likely that this specimen should be attributed to a gracile line of Australopithecus. In addition to having a low endocranial vol- ume, the cerebellar morphology is more reminiscent of the gracile form, the men- ingeal patterns (as per Saban, 1978) are more indicative of a gracile than robust pattern, and there is no occipital marginal sinus traversing either side of the foramen magnum. The detailed cranial description of the juven- ile L338y-6 hominid from Member E, Shun- gura Formation of the Lower Omo Basin, Eth- iopia, has recently been published by Rak and Howell (1978). In that publication, the au- thors concluded that the specimen was a juven- ile attributable to the Australopithecus boisei taxon. Through the invitation and courtesy of Professor Howell, this author was able to make an accurate endocast mold of that specimen in 1974, and a subsequent reconstruction of the missing frontal and basal portions, to provide a relatively accurate estimation of its cranial capacity. This article is a report of that recon- struction and a discussion of the author's hesi- tation to accept the specimen as an example of the A. boisei taxon.
Japanese enter/exit verbs revisited: A reply to Kita (1999)

Kita (1999) compares Japanese and English Enter/Exit verbs in spatial expressions, and argues that Japanese Enter/Exit verbs lack semantic encoding of motion. He claims that this runs counter to the view which considers motion and location to be primitives in the semantics of spatial expressions; instead, he proposes that discrete change of state should be included in the set of primitives. In this reply,I will first show that Kita’s evidence does not support lack of motion in Japanese Enter/Exit verbs, but that instead these verbs do pattern with motion verbs in the language, where conflation of motion is not disputable. I finally demonstrate that Kita’s claim about change of state may be well taken, but it should be put in a larger context of regular polysemy.
Early Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Therapy Improves Predictive Power for the Outcomes of Ventilated Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants

Objective To assess the predictive value of early therapy for ventilated extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants beyond information available at delivery. Study design Prospective, single-center cohort analysis of 177 ventilated ELBW infants. We collected information known at delivery (gestational age, birth weight, singleton, sex, antenatal steroids) and additional information while infants were mechanically ventilated (head ultrasound scanning, clinician intuitions of death before discharge). An adverse outcome was defined as mortality or Bayley Mental Developmental Index or Psychomotor Developmental Index Results A total of 77% of infants survived to follow-up; 56% of survivors had Bayley Mental Developmental Index and Psychomotor Developmental Index ≥70. A total of 95% of infants with both abnormal head ultrasound scanning results and predicted death before discharge had an adverse outcome, independent of gestational age. Conversely, 40% of infants with normal head ultrasound scanning results and no predicted death before discharge had an adverse outcome, independent of gestational age. After adjusting for variables known at birth, predicted death before discharge and abnormal head ultrasound scanning results added significantly to the ability to predict outcomes. Conclusion Information gained early in the neonatal intensive care unit improves prediction of mortality or neurodevelopmental impairment in ventilated ELBW infants beyond information available in the delivery room.
Mixed reactant photocatalysis: Intermediates and mutual rate inhibition

Near UV-illuminated slurries of titanium dioxide were used to study the photocatalyzed degradation kinetics of benzene and perchloroethylene (PCE) as water contaminants. In all runs, the concentration(s) of reactant(s) (initially 15–500 μM) as well as the evolution of CO2 final product were monitored. The single component initial rate data were well described by Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate forms, and integration of these rate equations provided simulations of the entire time course of each reaction. Perchloroethylene degraded completely without any evidence of kinetically significant chemical intermediates; however, adequate simulation of the benzene time course data required the incorporation in the model of at least two reaction intermediates. Subsequent GCMS analysis of a benzene reaction slurry revealed several intermediate species, with positive identification of phenol and quinone. Using the kinetic rate parameters obtained from the single component initial rate data and including competitive intermediate terms, the Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate form was able to simulate the results of several binary reactant experiments. The data showed that the effect of PCE concentration on benzene reaction rate was negligible, while benzene and its intermediates significantly inhibited PCE degradation. Simulations with this simple model for diminution of both reactants as well as CO2 product evolution were quite good for low initial reactant concentrations, but overestimated the competitive inhibitory effect of high (≈ 300 μM) initial PCE concentrations.
Capillary electrophoresis-based immunoassays

Immunoassays are extensively used in clinical and biochemical applications for quantitative detection of compounds of diagnostic significance [1–3]. The analytical utility of immunoassays is based on the extraordinary specificity and remarkably high affinity of antibody-antigen reactions. This unique characteristic of antibody-antigen binding allows the selective quantitation of an analyte at trace amounts in the presence of contaminants at much higher concentrations which would almost certainly interfere using other analytical methods. Such assays have been applied to various areas of clinical diagnosis such as endocrinology, oncology, autoimmune diseases, therapeutic drug monitoring, infectious diseases and forensic drug testing. More recently, immunoassays have been developed for environmental, food and agricultural applications such as detection of pesticide residues, food toxins and environmental carcinogens [4].
pH-Responsive nanoparticles for drug delivery.

First-generation nanoparticles (NPs) have been clinically translated as pharmaceutical drug delivery carriers for their ability to improve on drug tolerability, circulation half-life, and efficacy. Toward the development of the next-generation NPs, researchers have designed novel multifunctional platforms for sustained release, molecular targeting, and environmental responsiveness. This review focuses on environmentally responsive mechanisms used in NP designs, and highlights the use of pH-responsive NPs in drug delivery. Different organs, tissues, and subcellular compartments, as well as their pathophysiological states, can be characterized by their pH levels and gradients. When exposed to these pH stimuli, pH-responsive NPs respond with physicochemical changes to their material structure and surface characteristics. These include swelling, dissociating or surface charge switching, in a manner that favors drug release at the target site over surrounding tissues. The novel developments described here may ...
Comment on "Prediction of Turbulent Boundary Layers at Low Reynolds Numbers"

tion equations. In one special case [B] is [A T ] , but the result is very poor for most practical truss problems. Thus, although the solution (3) satisfies the conditions (1), (2), (4), and (6), it does not necessarily give the best values for the Xj in applications. It can be used as a starting point for the solution and can be taken as a solution if nothing other than Eq. (1) is known about the system. Obviously, in applications it is desirable to have sufficient known conditions to solve the problem, or m = n.
Substrate and inhibitor complexes of dihydrofolate reductase from amethopterin-resistant L1210 cells☆

Abstract Dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3), purified to homogeneity from an amethopterin-resistant subline (R6) of cultured L1210 murine leukemia cells, has been used to study enzyme-substrate and enzyme-inhibitor complexes. NADPH, NADP + acid-modified NADPH ( λ max at 265 nm, elevated absorbance at 290 nm), 2′-phosphoadenosine-5′-diphosphate ribose, dihydrofolate, and amethopterin formed binary complexes with the enzyme. Ternary complexes could be formed by admixing the enzyme with: (a) NADPH and amethopterin; (b) NADP + and tetahydrofolate; and (c) acid-modified NADPH and dihydrofolate. All of these complexes migrated as stable well-defined bands on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.3. The bands could be visualized by staining both for enzyme activity and for protein. These binary and ternary complexes were also stable to extensive dialysis. Spectra of the dialyzed enzyme complexes indicated that each ligand was present at an equimolar ratio with the enzyme.
Entrainment of activity to multiple feeding times in rats with suprachiasmatic lesions.

Entrainment of wheel running to two or three food access times per day was investigated in rats with SCN lesions. When two feeding times (1.5 hr each) were presented 8 hr apart, all rats entrained to both. Anticipatory activity (AA) to the second feeding time was greatly diminished when the interval was reduced to 5 hr. An 8 hr phase delay of one feeding time resulted in delaying transients and a concomitant reduction of AA to the unshifted schedule. Seven rats were maintained on 3 feeding times (1 hr each) per day at 6-6-12 hr intervals, followed by 8-8-8 hr intervals. Six rats displayed some AA to two of three access times, but no rat anticipated all 3 access times simultaneously. AA occasionally shifted from one access time to another. In all conditions, entrainment was much less stable compared to single access times. Typically, the instabilities in AA were suggestive of transients, i.e., a temporary loss of entrainment. The results appear most consistent with a model consisting of 2 internally coupled pacemakers that are entrained by feeding.
Immunoglobulin production by a human-mouse somatic cell hybrid.

Abstract The fusion of human lymphocytes and TEPC-15 mouse myeloma cells, which had not been adapted to culture, resulted in the establishment of in vitro hybrid cell cultures. Ten clones of this somatic cell hybrid were examined. There was preferential exclusion of human chromosomes: between two and five human chromosomes were identified in the hybrid clones by Giemsa banding. All of the clones had the mouse parental histocompatibility antigens, but only four clones also retained the human parental histocompatibility antigens. Secretion of parental immunoglobulin was determined by SDS-gel electrophoresis of species-specific immune precipitates. Synthesis of parental immunoglobulin by individual hybrid cells was determined by double label fluorescent antibody staining. Individual cells from six of the clones secreted and synthesized both human and mouse parental immunoglobulins. Three clones secreted only one parental immunoglobulin. Cells from one of these clones secreted and synthesized only human immunoglobulin. Cells from the remaining two clones secreted only one parental species of immunoglobulin but synthesized both human and mouse immunoglobulins. Finally, one clone did not secrete immunoglobulin, yet the individual cells synthesized both human and mouse parental species of immunoglobulin.
Experience with newer intravesical chemotherapy for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

The definitive treatment for patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) who fail to respond to intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is cystectomy. However, many patients who experience recurrence after BCG are either poor operative candidates or refuse surgery due to the long-term impact on their quality of life. In the last decade, there has been an increased interest in alternative intravesical therapies, and several novel chemotherapeutics have emerged as promising agents for high-risk NMIBC patients unable or unwilling to undergo cystectomy. Additionally, extended treatment regimens with combined induction and maintenance therapy have been investigated, and may increase the durability of response to these new agents, as has been shown for conventional intravesical therapy.
One earthquake, two tales: narrative analysis of the tenth anniversary coverage of the 921 Earthquake in Taiwan:

This article studies media coverage of the ‘921’ Earthquake in Taiwan during two periods in 2009, ten years after the disaster, which occurred on 21 September 1999 (the date which provided the event with its compressed identifier). First it looks at coverage in the wake of another major disaster (Typhoon Morakot) that occurred just before the tenth anniversary of the earthquake, and then during the regular tenth anniversary commemorations of the earthquake. Using narrative analysis, this article notes that during the first period, journalists responded to a disaster event with an historical precedent by adopting the 921 Earthquake as a benchmark, ‘villain’, and moral allegory to explain the current disaster and forecast future closure. During the second period, this study shows how journalists used regular commemorative features on the 921 Earthquake to describe that event based on survivor testimony and present commemorative events. By portraying two interpretations of a single past event back to back, t...
Left ventricular shape, afterload and survival in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

Abstract Because idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by elevated wall stress and a more spherical left ventricle, the relations among shape, afterload and survival were examined. Thirty-six patients with cardiomyopathy were prospectively studied by two-dimensional echocardiography. Data included echocardiographic short- and long-axis cavity dimensions, their ratio and, with cuff systolic blood pressure, meridional and circumferential end-systolic stresses and their ratios. Survivors (n = 16) were followed up for 52 months (range 40 to 76); nonsurvivors (n = 20) died an average of 11 months after study. Survivors had a smaller left ventricular end-diastolic short-axis dimension (6.4 versus 7.1 cm, p In conclusion, a poorer survival was associated with a more spherical ventricle and a more uniform distribution of afterload. In contrast, there was no association between survival and wall thickness, systolic function and endsystolic stress. Two-dimensional echocardiographic determinations of cavity dimension, shape and load distribution may provide useful prognostic information in dilated cardiomyopathy.
Olfaction, Valuation, and Action: Reorienting Perception

In the philosophy of perception, olfaction is the perennial problem child, presenting a range of difficulties to those seeking to define its proper referents, and its phenomenological content. Here, we argue that many of these difficulties can be resolved by recognizing the object-like representation of odors in the brain, and by postulating that the basic objects of olfaction are best defined by their biological value to the organism, rather than physicochemical dimensions of stimuli. Building on this organism-centered account, we speculate that the phenomenological space of olfaction is organized into a number of coarse affective dimensions that apply categorically. This organization may be especially useful for coupling sensation to decision making and instrumental action in a sensory modality where the stimulus space is especially complex and high dimensional.
Thermal studies on solid complexes of silver nitrate with substituted pyridines

Abstract The kinetics of decomposition of several solid complexes of silver nitrate with substituted pyridines has been studied. Activation energies have been determined and, in general, show an increase with increasing basicity of the ligands. A linear relationship exists between the logarithm of the rate constants for decomposition at 400°K and the pKa values of the bases, except for those containing a substituent in the 4-position. Complexes of 2,4- and 3,4-dimethylpyridine are less stable than expected based on pKa values of the bases, and the complex with 4-cyanopyridine is more stable than expected from the basicity of the ligand. These observations are discussed in terms of the nature of the metal-ligand bond.
Compatible Diversities of Spanish Pronunciation1

Author's Summary.— Shall teachers of Spanish in the United States adopt the pronunciation of cultivated Spaniards or that of equally cultivated Americans, when they differ? The question generally proceeds from a mistaken conception of propriety. This article exhibits another conception and suggests that propriety and diversity are by no means incompatible.)
Pakistan's industrial families: The extent, causes, and effects of their economic power

There has been much interest lately in the phenomenon of industrial growth in Pakistan and in the leading industrial families who were in the centre of that growth. [G. F. Papanek, 1967; G. F. Papanek, 1971; H. Papanek, 1972]. There have been few efforts, however to measure directly the importance of these families and the causes and effects of their economic power. This article will attempt to provide some of these measures. Section I estimates the overall concentration in the manufacturing sector in Pakistan and provides a few international comparisons. Section II will provide estimates of the more traditional concentration by industry, along with estimates of the leading families’ roles in those industries. Section III discusses the origins of both kinds of concentration. And Section IV will analyze the consequences ‐economic and non‐economic ‐ of this concentration. The data in this article relate mostly to 1968.1
Increased interleukin 6 production by T cells derived from patients with atopic dermatitis

Many immunologic aspects of atopic dermatitis have been studied, but basic pathobiologic mechanisms of this disease remain unknown. In this study, we measured the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) by peripheral blood T cells and monocytes from patients with atopic dermatitis in comparison to normal control subjects and patients with chronic psoriasis. We found that peripheral blood T cells isolated from patients with atopic dermatitis produced significantly higher levels of IL-6 (36.1 +/- 5.1 units/ml, n = 22) than T cells derived from either normal subjects (12.6 +/- 1.9 units/ml, n = 22) or patients with chronic psoriasis (26.7 +/- 4.1 units/ml, n = 7). T-cell activation was also measured in the patients with atopic dermatitis by soluble serum IL-2 receptor levels and were found to be significantly higher (623.7 +/- 8.1 units/ml, n = 8) than normal subjects (357.2 +/- 26.0 units/ml, n = 8). In contrast to the increased production of IL-6 by T cells in atopic dermatitis, there was no significant difference in the IL-6 production by peripheral blood monocytes derived from patients with atopic dermatitis compared to normal subjects. Thus, peripheral blood T cells derived from patients with AD spontaneously produce increased amounts of IL-6 compared to T cells from normal subjects, which may reflect the increased activation state of T cells in atopic dermatitis. These data support the concept that activated T cells or subsets of T cells may be important effector cells in mediating inflammatory activity in atopic disease.
Solar neutrino interactions with 18 O in the SuperKamiokande water Cerenkov detector

The ratio of ${}^{18}\mathrm{O}$ nuclei to electrons in SuperKamiokande is quite small, about 1:5000. However, this nucleus provides two unpaired neutrons and a low threshold for solar neutrino absorption, resulting in an unusually large cross section. The ${}^{18}\mathrm{O}$ nuclei, together with ${}^{17}\mathrm{O}$ and deuterium, will produce in excess of 460 scattered electrons per year with energies above the initial SuperKamiokande threshold of 6.5 MeV, or about 6.7% of the total solar neutrino signal, for an electron neutrino flux scaled to the current SuperKamiokande counting rate. We explore whether this might complicate efforts to extract the neutrino spectrum from elastic scattering events and whether there might be any prospect of combining ${}^{18}\mathrm{O}$ and elastic scattering events to separate charged- and neutral-current interactions. Under current operating conditions the answers are no, as the Fermi, Gamow-Teller, and forbidden contributions to the ${}^{18}\mathrm{O}$ cross section conspire to produce a nearly isotropic cross section. Thus most of the events are indistinguishable from background. This result is relevant to SuperKamiokande detection of solar antineutrinos, which arise in certain oscillation scenarios.
Sex difference in blood norepinephrine of chickens.

Abstract 1. 1. Epineprhine (E) and norepinephrine (N) were determined by spectrophotofluorometry on plasma of male chickens and on females at the time of laying and not laying. 2. 2. The concentration of N was significantly higher in plasma of females (♀ 2·31 μg/C; ♂ 1·60 μg/C) but there was no difference in E (♀ 6·14 μg/C; ♂ 5·08 μg/C).
Encouraging Healthy Lifestyles in Women: Are Pharmacists Doing Enough?

There is evidence that weight reduction, increased physical activity, improved nutritional choices, smoking cessation, and moderate alcohol ingestion can decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus in women. Pharmacists must increase their incorporation of lifestyle interventions while performing medication counseling. To prepare, pharmacists need increased didactic training during pharmacy school, and practicing pharmacists need focused continuing education. Pharmacists must also look for simple but creative ways to engage patients while performing medication counseling. As heath care costs continue to rise, pharmacists must be willing to participate in research that may demonstrate a reduction in prescription burden due to the combination of healthy lifestyle counseling with medication counseling.