cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Living-related bowel transplantation to treat short bowel syndrome in a four-year-old child: A case report

Abstract Purpose: Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is an extremely challenging clinical problem in children. Although many patients can be maintained for a period of time on total parenteral nutrition (TPN), many of these children suffer from the morbidity and mortality associated with sequential central line infections, venous thromboses, and TPN-induced liver failure. Intestinal transplantation often is the only chance for long-term survival. Unfortunately, many children die every year waiting for size-matched cadaveric intestine to become available. Methods: After our success with living-related bowel transplantation in adults, the authors successfully transplanted 150 cm of maternal ileum into a 4-year-old 10-kg child with profound malnutrition from SBS and advanced TPN-induced liver failure. Because of the size mismatch, the abdominal cavity could not be closed primarily. The defect was covered with absorbable mesh and subsequently with skin graft. Results: The patient is home with excellent bowel and liver function, off hyperalimentation, and on a regular diet. No rejection has been encountered. Conclusions: Living-related intestinal transplantation is a life-saving alternative to cadaveric intestinal transplantation in children with short bowel syndrome.
Development of a supercontinuum-based photoacoustic spectrometer for characterization of atmospheric aerosol optics

The development of a novel Photoacoustic Aerosol Light Absorption and Albedo Spectrometer (PALAAS) for real time measurement of aerosol light absorption, scattering, and single scattering albedo using a supercontinuum light source is discussed
Search for new molecular ferromagnets: EPR and magnetic studies of charge transfer salts

Abstract Guidelines for magnetic exchange developed from studies of the first molecular ferromagnet (decamethylferrocenium tetracyanoethanide) have been applied to the synthesis of new materials. A number of different cations have been studied including cations based on the benzene ring. Among these is hexaazaoctadecahydrocoronene (HAOC) which, based on its high symmetry, could have a partly occupied degenerate orbital. The temperature dependence of the static magnetic susceptibility and EPR signal have been investigated and are presented. The data are discussed and provide information on the magnetic interactions in this class of compounds. Moreover a study of a polydiacetylene diradical, claimed to be a polymeric ferromagnet, is reported.
Prognostic significance of DNA ploidy and proliferation in 309 colorectal carcinomas as determined by two-color multiparametric DNA flow cytometry

BACKGROUND Although DNA flow cytometry has been shown to be of independent value in determining the prognosis of colorectal carcinoma, a number of well-designed studies with contradictory findings have left unresolved the clinical significance of DNA ploidy and proliferation in biologically meaningful subsets of colorectal carcinoma cases. METHODS To evaluate the prognostic significance of DNA ploidy and proliferation as determined by flow cytometry in a prospective series of 309 human colorectal carcinomas with 4-6 years of follow-up, fresh tumors were mechanically dissociated into whole cell suspensions and dual fluorescence-labeled to allow gated analysis of subpopulations with phenotypic markers. Software programs with histogram-dependent algorithms employing background, aggregate, and debris correction were used in DNA and cell cycle quantitation. Data were analyzed according to recommendations of the 1992 DNA Flow Cytometry Consensus Conference. RESULTS None of the clinical, site, or staging parameters, including TNM stage variables, correlated with any flow cytometric DNA ploidy or proliferation measurement. Tumors classified as DNA aneuploid or tetraploid, by any definition, did not differ in prognosis or correlate with stage or any pathologic parameter. Univariate Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed prognostic significance of the following: Dukes staging, individual components of TNM stage (tumor depth, lymph node status, and metastasis), vascular invasion, histologic pattern of tumor infiltration, and peritumoral lymphocytic inflammation. DNA ploidy status and proliferation measurements were not predictive of survival for the overall group or within any particular stage. Only Dukes Stage D (metastasis), vascular invasion, and depth of invasion (T classification) were significant independent predictors of survival in multivariate Cox regression models. CONCLUSIONS In this analysis, DNA ploidy and proliferation measurements were not predictive of survival in any stage of colorectal carcinoma. However, clinical and pathologic documentation of staging and select histopathologic observations were significant predictors of survival in univariate and multivariate analyses. Cancer 1997; 79:2073-86. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Combinatorial rosamine library and application to in vivo glutathione probe.

Combinatorial approach on fluorescent rosamine library was developed using solid-phase chemistry. A highly selective library member (H22) toward reduced glutathione (GSH) was discovered, demonstrating the capability of in vivo GSH level sensing in live cells.
Metallic radii and electron configurations of the 5f-6d metals

Abstract The experimental radii for all d and f transition metals are given. The set of radii refers to twelve coordination and is based on the observed atomic volumes of the metals. The empirical correlation between metallic radius, the number of bonding electrons and the number of f electrons is used to deduce the metallic valence for the 5 f −6 d metals. The conclusions presented twenty years ago for the metals ThNp have been confirmed, and the deductions as to metallic valence have been extended to include all the metals FrEs.
The interactive effects of grazing ungulates and aboveground production on grassland diversity

The variable and nonlinear relationships between plant species richness (SR) and aboveground production (NAP) among terrestrial ecosystems indicate that the energetic capacity of ecosystems interacts with other environmental factors to control diversity. One contributing factor determining plant diversity is herbivory; but few studies have effectively examined the interaction of herbivores and NAP on SR. The objective of this study was to investigate how NAP and herds of native migrating ungulates determine plant SR in grasslands of Yellowstone National Park. Plant SR at peak aboveground biomass was compared inside and outside ungulate exclosures at two spatial scales, 1.0 m2 (“local”) and 100 m2 (“community”), in ten variable grasslands. NAP also was determined inside and outside exclosures. The relationship between SR and NAP was unimodal for grazed and ungrazed grassland at both spatial scales. Grazers increased local SR, independent of NAP. In contrast, herbivore effects on community SR ranged from no effect among low-productive grassland to an increasingly positive influence as NAP increased. In addition, ungulates reduced beta diversity (the contribution to community SR attributed to variability among local patches) at dry, low-productive and wet, high-productive sites. These results suggest that the size of the pool of species available to colonize grassland is an important factor controlling the response of grassland SR to herbivory, particularly from low- to intermediate-productive grassland.
Aging Characterization of Nickel: Metal Hydride Batteries Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

During a battery's lifetime, its performance slowly deteriorates because of the degradation of its electrochemical constituents. This degradation produces undesirable effects that include the loss of rated capacity, faster temperature rise during operation, less charge acceptance, higher internal resistance, lower voltage, and more frequent self-discharge. The most drastic effect is the loss of capacity. This paper presents a method to quantify the electrochemical process behind the aging of a battery by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as a tool to measure the change in battery parameters. While classical methods would relate battery age to impedance measurements at one specific frequency, this method measures the battery impedance at different frequencies and evaluates the variation in the frequency response spectrum with respect to battery age. The variation of the impedance spectrum from one experiment to another allows to get a better characterization of the aging process.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Weak lensing of the cosmic microwave background by foreground gravitational waves

Weak lensing distortion of the background cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature and polarization patterns by the foreground density fluctuations is well studied in the literature. We discuss the gravitational lensing modification to CMB anisotropies and polarization by a stochastic background of primordial gravitational waves between us and the last scattering surface. While density fluctuations perturb CMB photons via gradient-type deflections only, foreground gravitational waves distort CMB anisotropies via both gradient- and curl-type displacements. The latter is a rotation of background images, while the former is related to the lensing convergence. For a primordial background of inflationary gravitational waves, with an amplitude corresponding to a tensor-to-scalar ratio below the current upper limit of ~0.3, the resulting modifications to the angular power spectra of CMB temperature anisotropy and polarization are below the cosmic variance limit. At tens of arcminute angular scales and below, these corrections, however, are above the level at which systematics must be controlled in all-sky anisotropy and polarization maps with no instrumental noise and other secondary and foreground signals.
Properties of Water Solutions of Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes

Apparent large deviations of water solutions from ideal behavior are eliminated by taking account of the number of water molecules binding to solute sufficiently strongly (13.0 ± 1.5 kcal mol-1) as to be removed from the “bulk” solvent. Freezing point, boiling point, vapor pressure, and osmotic pressure measurements of electrolyte solutions of chlorides, bromides, and iodides are treated successfully, as are those of nonelectrolytes, for up to 50 wt % solute and concentrations hundreds of time greater than those over which Debye−Huckel theory applies. D−H theory focused on the behavior of ions; this work focuses on the nature of water. The nature of “free” water as solvent is changed by electrolytes. No evidence is found for ion pairs up to eutectic points. Hydration numbers (h) obtained are in agreement with many from more elaborate techniques. From freezing points, h values are as follows: H+, 6.7 ± 0.7; Li+, 6.6 ± 0.6; Na+, 3.9 ± 0.5; K+, 1.7 ± 0.5; NH4+, 1.8 ± 0.5; Mg2+, 13 ± 2; Ca2+, 12 ± 2; Sr2+, 1...
Stimulation of growth hormone secretion by median eminence extracts in the sheep.

Extracts of bovine stalk-median eminence fragments (SME) equivalent to 3–5 glands were infused into the carotid artery of young sheep. Plasma GH increased from 4.8 at zero time to 17.7 mμg/ml 30 min after infusion had begun. Infusion of saline or cerebrum extracts had no effect on plasma GH. SME extracts also caused an elevation of plasma glucose and insulin which preceded the rise in GH. Evidence is presented which indicates that the rise in plasma GH levels is not a response to insulin but is a direct effect of a releasing factor in the SME extracts. (Endocrinology 80: 205, 1967)
Medieval Pictorial Art and Medieval Spanish Literature: A Case in Point for the Use of the Visual Arts in the Literature Class.

This article's purpose is to demonstrate how the literature/visual arts connection—a hallmark of comparative literature—can be applied as an effective new teaching technique in the foreign language literature class. As the centerpiece of the article, the technique's usefulness is illustrated by showing how the puzzling, enigmatic structure of the medieval Spanish masterpiece, the Libro de buen amor, becomes clear when the text is compared with medieval pictorial art pieces. Prior to the unfolding of this example in the article, the following topics related to this technique are addressed: its value to literature teaching in general, and its particular advantages for foreign language literature instruction; the validity of interarts comparisons; and guidelines for instructor use of the technique.
Long-term Outcome of Pediatric Sarcoidosis with Emphasis on Pulmonary Status

Sixty-one pediatric and adolescent patients (age ≤16 years) with sarcoidosis proved by biopsy specimen were identified during the period 1957 to 1976; 19 patients with elapsed time from diagnosis of 8 to 35 years (mean, 21 years) were reexamined in 1985. Age at onset of disease ranged from 4 to 16 years (mean, 12.5 years). Sex distribution was equal; 68 percent of individuals were black. At follow-up, clinical evaluation, chest roentgenograms, pulmonary function tests, electrocardiograms (ECGs), echocardiograms (ECHO), and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity were performed on each subject. In addition, complete blood cell counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rates, serum calcium, immunoglobulin levels, B- and T-cell enumerations, and intradermal skin tests for delayed hypersensitivity were also obtained. Although all initial pediatric chest roentgenograms were abnormal, at follow-up only 37 percent were abnormal. Pulmonary function test results were available for ten children, and 90 percent were decreased. In 1985, 68 percent of the adults had abnormal lung function; furthermore, eight patients had reduced diffusing capacities, one had hypoxemia, and two had elevated ACE activity. Specific abnormalities were noted on two ECGs and 12 ECHOs. One individual had an elevated sedimentation rate, while another had an increased serum calcium level. Six patients had elevated IgA values, two had elevated IgM values, and two had depressed IgM values; IgG values were normal in all subjects. B- and T-cell percentages were unremarkable in all patients tested. Four individuals were anergic to skin test antigens. Long-term pulmonary morbidity was observed in four patients; in addition, one of these and four others suffered nonpulmonary sequelae. These results are in agreement with those of other investigators, but insufficient data still exist on the long-term effects of sarcoidosis on the pediatric host.
Interlibrary Loan - Reference Collaboration: Filling Hard-to-Find Faculty Requests

We have implemented a successful in-house outsourcing program between University of Oregon Library departments. Collaboration between interlibrary loan staff and subject specialists appropriates ILLiad e-mail routing capabilities to enable subject specialists to join the workflow in processing difficult ILL requests. The goals of the program are to fill more requests, fill requests more quickly, give subject specialists the opportunity to learn more about their faculty members’ research needs, and to create a stepping stone to a purchase-on-demand program.
Negative Temperature Coefficient of Resistance in Bismuth I.

Measurements of the electrical resistance have been made on bismuth 1 between 15 and 35 kilobars at temperatures between 77.4° and 120°K. Above about 150°K, the temperature coefficient of resistance is positive, as in a metal; below 150°K, the coefficient becomes negative, as is characteristic of semiconductors. On the basis that bismuth is a semiconductor, the energy gap, calculated by the exponential resistance formula, is 0.006 ev at 15 kb with a steady rise to 0.018 ev at 35 kb. At higher pressures, bismuth I is transformed into a metallic modification with the normal temperature dependence of the resistance. The energy gap in bismuth I is not visible at room temperature because thermal excitation populates the conduction band and metallic behavior is the result. From available evidence the observed behavior is due to an energy gap rather than to a decrease in carrier mobility.
An insole sensor for recording weight bearing behavior during tibial fracture rehabilitation

Partial weight bearing prescriptions for tibial fracture care are made with little data to support their efficacy. To provide long term tibial load data that can be used to study, guide, and monitor partial weight bearing, we developed a novel load sensor that can record the load placed on an injured limb over a two-week period of time. The prototype load sensor demonstrated high linearity, low hysteresis and low static and dynamic drift. Preliminary human testing on the load sensor demonstrated the ability of the load sensor to capture load profile during underfoot recording. Presented are the bench testing and human testing data on the prototype load sensor verifying the design of an economic and durable system that allows for 2 weeks of recording of normal loads experienced by the tibia. This design motivates a next generation approach for use in clinical trials that will enable clinicians and researchers to improve current partial weight bearing prescriptions, thus improving tibial fracture outcomes.
The synaptonemal complexes of Caenorhabditis elegans : Pachytene karyotype analysis of the Dp 1 mutant and Disjunction Regulator Regions

The duplication mutant Dp1 presents morphological changes of the pachytene nuclei which include enlarged nuclei (58% greater than the wild type (WT)) and increased total length of the synaptonemal complex (SC) complement (32% greater than WT). The size of the nucleolus is similar to that of the wild type. The SC of the XX bivalent is 2.5 μm long which is similar to the length in other strains. Genetic analysis (Herman et al. 1976) has shown that a duplicated segment of the X chromosome has been transposed to linkage group V in the Dp1 mutant. The present analysis, however, did not reveal the expected duplication loop in bivalent V of the heterozygous Dp1 strain. There is an average of three “Disjunction Regulator Regions” (DRR) per nucleus and approximately 1% X-chromosome nondisjunction which is consistent with the notion that the presence of DRRs somehow facilitates regular disjunction of the X chromosome. Statistical analysis, based on 9 different strains and 81 nuclei, indicates that there is a good correlation between the frequency of occurrence of X-chromosome nondisjunction and the number of DRRs.
Scattering by a chiral cylinder of arbitrary cross section

An integral equation and method-of-moments (MM) solution to the problem of scattering by an inhomogeneous chiral cylinder of arbitrary cross section is presented. The volume equivalence theorem for chiral media is developed and used to formulate a set of coupled integral equations for the electric and magnetic volume polarization currents representing the chiral cylinder. These coupled integral equations are solved using a standard pulse basis and point-matching MM solution. Numerical results, including echo width and internal fields, are presented for the scattering by chiral slabs and circular cylinders. These results are compared to exact solutions when available. >
Interrelationships of market structure, competitive behavior, and market/firm performance: The state of knowledge and some research opportunities†

Since 1970 several new theories and alternative interpretations have challenged the traditional industrial organization view of market competition. These range from the superior efficiency view of the Chicago school to theories of strategic groups and behavior. An important opportunity exists for empirical research to test these alternative views. This research is particularly appropriate for public researchers interested in agribusiness management since it has clear implications for both the public and private sectors.
On Routing and Channel Selection in Cognitive Radio Mesh Networks

Secondary users in a cognitive radio mesh network may select from a set of available channels, provided that they do not disrupt communications among primary users. This ability can improve the overall network performance but introduces the question of how to best use the channels. This paper first considers the problem of selecting the channels to use given a routing path such that the end-to-end throughput along the path is maximized. We show that a dynamic programming-based approach can optimally solve the problem and, if the path satisfies a natural condition, in time, be linear in the length (hop count) of the path. In addition, the algorithm can easily be implemented in a distributed fashion. We also examine the harder joint problem of finding the best routing path and channel selection that maximizes the end-to-end throughput. We prove that obtaining a (2/3 + e) approximation to the joint problem is NP-hard. We then present a heuristic algorithm for the joint problem and a second heuristic channel-aware routing-only algorithm. Numerical results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the methods on several experimental scenarios.
Emotional Intelligence and Dispositional Affectivity as Predictors of Performance in Salespeople

Identification of the variables that affect the performance of sales professionals has been an endeavor that has lasted for decades. In the current study, the constructs of emotional intelligence a...
Optimal Two—Uniform Convexity and Fermion Hypercontractivity

An optimal two-uniform convexity theorem (obtained together with K. Ball) is presented. This is shown to lead to optimal hypercontractivity bounds for the fermion oscillator semigroup, conjectured by L. Gross in 1975. These are the fermion analogs of the optimal hypercontractivity bounds for the boson oscillator semigroup obtained in 1973 by E. Nelson.
Environmental testing of a blood gas/pH and electrolyte analyzer for field hospital use.

Abstract : Arterial blood gas analysis is an important tool for making diagnoses and therapeutic decisions regarding trauma patients. The U.S. Army has a requirement for an automated blood gas/pH analyzer in corps-level hospitals, area medical laboratory detachments, and communications zone hospitals, but available models are not sufficiently small, simple to use, durable, and reliable for harsh field conditions. Conventional blood gas analyzers weigh 50 to 100 pounds and have external volumes ranging from 2.3 to 6.4 cubic feet. It is not feasible to package these delicate instruments in standard medical chests such that they can withstand field transit shock and vibration. Also, despite considerable improvements in electrode design and maintenance procedures over the last several years, present analyzers are still considered impractical for combat zone laboratories.
Carbon deposition and filament growth on Fe, Co, and Ni foils using CH4H2H2OCOCO2 gas mixtures

Nonequilibrium phase diagrams have been used to systematically investigate carbon deposition and filament growth on Fe, Ni, and Co foils. All three metals were observed to have similar slow rates of carbon deposition in the metal phase field. The carbon formed was primarily amorphous and platelet in type and morphology. In regions where carbides were thermodynamically favored to form, carbon deposition rates were orders of magnitude higher for Fe and Co foils. In the carbide phase field, the rate of fractional weight gain was highest at the highest carbide decomposition temperature and became progressively lower as the carbide decomposition temperature dropped. The order was Fe ⪢ Co ⪢ Ni. Carbon deposition in the carbide region for Fe and Co produced filaments and amorphous carbon and showed little or no site preference. Carbon deposition on Ni was plane specific and in the carbide region was primarily filamentous in morphology. The primary source of carbon on Ni is CH4, while on Fe and Co it appears to be CO. The role of carbides on these foils is hypothesized to be to increase surface area through surface break-up, and to help set up the mass flux gradient for filament growth.
New techniques for suppression of automobile ignition noise

Automobile ignition noise is due to fast rise-time (impulsive) currents that flow in the vehicle's wiring. The major sources of these impulses are the breakdown in the distributor of the gap between the rotor and the posts, the breakdown of the spark plug gap, and the closure of the breaker points. Each of these sources can be treated individually to suppress the ignition noise. Concepts have been developed and prototypes built and tested for incorporating simple low-pass filters directly into the spark plug (by appropriate sizing of the plug's shell and inner electrode) and into the distributor. The intent of the work was to take an individual vehicle, already suppressed by the techniques used in mass production at the time (1972) in the United States, and to improve that suppression by at least 10 dB over the frequency range 30 to 500 MHz. The amount of suppression improvement obtained, determined by comparison of frequency-scanned peak field strength, ranged from about 13 dB to about20 dB depending upon the frequency. Similar improvements were obtained on a vehicle selected at random. Preliminary measurements (made only on the first vehicle) indicate no undesirable effects upon the vehicle's operation or its exhaust emissions at three conditions. The cost of incorporating these suppression techniques into mass-produced automobiles is not known exactly but is believed by the authors to be nominal.
Influence of epithelio-mesenchymal interactions on tumor induction by polyoma virus.

Submandibular salivary glands (strain C3H/Bi mice), at stages of development ranging from prerudimentary condition through full development, were tested for their capacity to give rise to tumors after infection with polyoma virus (PV). Responsiveness was judged on the basis of (1) morphologic transformation in organotypic culture, and (2) the development of tumors within PV-infected transplants to syngeneic newborn hosts. By the tumor-in-transplant criterion, the salivary gland was susceptible to the oncogenic action of PV from rudiment Stages 2 and 3 (11% incidence) through higher stages including complete development. With rudiments or glands beyond Stage 4, tumors developed in 60 to 78% of the infected transplants. No tumors developed from Stage 1 or from prerudimentary tissues. It is evident that in this organ, capacity of neoplastic response to PV develops concurrently with morphogenesis and does not diminish with advanced organ development. Morphologic transformation was seen in organotypic cultures of infected glands and rudiments of all stages, including Stage 1. However, the precise origin and the biologic capacities of the transformed epithelium in Stage 1 cultures remain in question. When Stage 2 to 5 rudiments were separated into epithelial and mesenchymal components by trypsinization, neither component alone gave rise to tumors after PV infection and transplantation to newborn recipients. Recombination of the infected components before transplantation restored the capacity to develop neoplasia (23% incidence). These results suggest that, in mouse salivary glands, the unit responding neoplastically to PV is an epithelio-mesenchymal complex. It is postulated that the integrity of this complex is a critical factor in: (1) conditioning salivary gland epithelium to the initiating action of PV; (2) promoting the emergence of tumor; and (3) directing the pattern of tumor growth.
The image retrieval task: implications for the design and evaluation of image databases

Abstract A review of studies about searching behaviour in image retrieval suggests that retrieval tasks may affect searching behaviour. Retrieval tasks occur along a spectrum starting with the Data Pole, which involves retrieval of images for the information which the images include, and ending with the Objects Pole, which concerns the retrieval of images as objects. Each Pole generates a certain searching behaviour which has characteristics opposing those of the other Pole. These characteristics suggest that: (a) Relevance feedback may not be useful for tasks on the Objects Pole; (b) Measuring precision on the Data Pole should be replaced with another measurement of effort and time, while on the Objects Pole, the quality of browsing sets and the precision of the browsing process should be measured instead of precision; and (c) Recall is not useful for the Data Pole, and requires much exploration before it can be adopted for the Object Pole. Additional research in searching behaviour and about performance...
The involvement of 5-lipoxygenase activating protein in anxiety-like behavior

The 5-lipoxygenase is an enzyme widely expressed in the central nervous system, where its activity is dependent on the presence the 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) for the formation of leukotrienes, potent bioactive lipid mediators. Emerging evidence has shown that the FLAP/leukotriene pathway may play a role in neuropsychiatric disease contexts. In this study we investigated whether genetic deficiency of FLAP (FLAPKO) modulated some behavioral aspects in mice, and if this effect was age-dependent. While we observed that FLAPKO mice at 3 and 6 months of age did not different from wild type animals in the elevated plus maze, at 12 months of age they manifested a significant increase in anxiety-like behavior. By contrast, we observed no differences between FLAPKO mice and their controls at any of the three ages considered when they were tested for working memory in the Y maze paradigm. Additionally, while we found that cFOS protein and message levels were reduced in the brains of animals lacking FLAP, no changes for other transcription factors were detected. Taken together our findings suggest a novel role for FLAP in the pathogenesis of anxiety-like behavior. Future studies of FLAP neurobiology may be attractive for development of anxiolytic therapeutics.
Multi-scale study of thermal stability of lithiated graphite

Safety remains a major issue for the graphite anode used in lithium-ion batteries. The thermal stability of lithiated graphite was studied by atomic-scale characterization and cell tests. The results revealed that the thermal decomposition of the solid–electrolyte interface is the most easily triggered chemical reaction in lithium-ion cells and plays a critical role in determining the battery safety. It was also shown that natural graphite containing a small amount of 3R graphite had much better thermal stability than mesocarbon microbeads that had no detectable 3R graphite.
A Security Novel for a Networked Database

The security of databases is an important characteristic for database systems. It is intended to protect data from unauthorized access, damage or loss. With the advance of the methods of penetration and piracy, and with the increased reliance on databases that are connected with the Internet, the protection of databases has become one of the challenges faced by various emerging institutions, especially with the increasing of electronic crimes and thefts. In light of this, the focus is on analyzing and reviewing the cryptosystem architecture for networked databases. In this paper, we will discuss the process of encryption and decryption at the application and storage levels. Moreover, strategies of encryption inside the database by using the property of Transparent Data Encryption will be addressed. These methods will give a clear analysis of how data stored in databases can be protected and secured over the network. Additionally, these methods will help to overcome problems that are usually faced by administrative beginners, who work in the enterprises and manage their databases. Finally, we will discuss SQL injection, as a database attack and present the techniques of defense that prevent the adversaries from attacking the database.
The archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus contains a membrane-associated protein kinase activity that preferentially phosphorylates threonine residues in vitro.

The extreme acidothermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus harbors a membrane-associated protein kinase activity. Its solubilization and stabilization required detergents, suggesting that this activity resides within an integral membrane protein. The archaeal protein kinase utilized purine nucleotides as phosphoryl donors in vitro. A noticeable preference for nucleotide triphosphates over nucleotide diphosphates and for adenyl nucleotides over the corresponding guanyl ones was observed. The molecular mass of the solubilized, partially purified enzyme was estimated to be ≈125 kDa by gel filtration chromatography. Catalytic activity resided in a polypeptide with an apparent molecular mass of ≈67 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Challenges with several exogenous substrates revealed the protein kinase to be relatively selective. Only casein, histone H4, reduced carboxyamidomethylated and maleylated lysozyme, and a peptide modeled after myosin light chains (KKRAARATSNVFA) were phosphorylated to appreciable levels in vitro. All of the aforementioned substrates were phosphorylated on threonine residues, while histone H4 was phosphorylated on serine as well. Substitution of serine for the phosphoacceptor threonine in the myosin light chain peptide produced a noticeably inferior substrate. The protein kinase underwent autophosphorylation on threonine and was relatively insensitive to a set of known inhibitors of “eukaryotic” protein kinases.
Mineralogy and Chemistry of Glassy Basalts, Coastal Range Ophiolites, Taiwan

The allochthonous Coastal Range ophiolite suite of Taiwan is sporadically exposed within a sequence which includes Miocene chaotic turbidites and Miocene-Pliocene andesitic agglomerates. Unmetamorphosed basaltic rocks, directly resting on peridotite-gabbro masses, occur consistently in regular order from massive flows upward through brecciated flows to compact pillow lavas which in turn are interbedded with manganiferous shale. The glassy basalts at the top of the pillowed sheet are remarkably fresh except for minor palagonite on the outer surface and locally along small cracks. Some basalts contain as much as 98 volume percent glass with small euhedral olivine microphenocrysts (OL-bearing tholeiite). Others are typified by the intergrowth of olivine and plagioclase and spherulites of plagioclase + pyroxene + olivine (PL-bearing tholeiite). Delicate supercooling textures are well preserved, and all crystal morphologies of olivine and plagioclase described from oceanic tholeiites of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are also common in the samples studied. Electron-microprobe analyses indicate that, except for spinel and palagonite, the chemical compositions of olivine, plagioclase, and glass in eight glassy basalts are very homogeneous. The glassy basalts are remarkably constant in bulk composition as regards K 2 O, TiO 2 , Na 2 O, and probably Fe 2 O 3 and H 2 O concentrations. The K 2 O concentrations are very low. The constancy holds both between different parts of a sample and between different samples. The slight variations in chemical composition, texture, and mineral content between the OL-bearing tholeiite and PL-bearing tholeiite are probably related to differences in the degree of differentiation of a single parent liquid. Olivine (Fo 87 ) was first to crystallize, later joined by calcic plagioclase (An 72 ) along the cotectic curve, and finally by spherulites of pyroxene + plagioclase + olivine, during rapid chilling. The field relations and all available petrological, textural, and chemical evidence suggest that the glassy basalts from Taiwan more nearly resemble recent oceanic tholeiite than any other modern volcanic rock type. It appears that the Coastal Range ophiolites in Taiwan are fragments of oceanic crust and upper mantle materials which were exposed by thrusting of the Philippine Sea plate over the continental crust.
Molecular Population Genetics of X-Linked Genes in Drosophila pseudoobscura

This article presents a nucleotide sequence analysis of 500 bp determined in each of five X-linked genes, runt, sisterlessA, period, esterase 5, and Heat-shock protein 83, in 40 Drosophila pseudoobscura strains collected from two populations. Estimates of the neutral migration parameter for the five loci show that gene flow among D. pseudoobscura populations is sufficient to homogenize inversion frequencies across the range of the species. Nucleotide diversity at each locus fails to reject a neutral model of molecular evolution. The sample of 40 chromosomes included six Sex-ratio inversions, a series of three nonoverlapping inversions that are associated with a strong meiotic drive phenotype. The selection driven by the Sex-ratio meiotic drive element has not fixed variation across the X chromosome of D. pseudoobscura because, while significant linkage disequilibrium was observed within the sisterlessA, period, and esterase 5 genes, we did not find evidence for nonrandom association among loci. The Sex-ratio chromosome was estimated to be 25,000 years old based on the decomposition of linkage disequilibrium between esterase 5 and Heat-shock protein 83 or 1 million years old based on the net divergence of esterase 5 between Standard and Sex-ratio chromosomes. Genetic diversity was depressed within esterase 5 within Sex-ratio chromosomes, while the four other genes failed to show a reduction in heterozygosity in the Sex-ratio background. The reduced heterogeneity in esterase 5 is due either to its location near one of the Sex-ratio inversion breakpoints or that it is closely linked to a gene or genes responsible for the Sex-ratio meiotic drive system.
An instruction set for a programmable signal processor dedicated to Viterbi detection

A programmable Viterbi signal processor (VSP) for the efficient implementation of sequence detection, most notably the Viterbi algorithm, is presented. The VSP architecture and instruction set introduced permits the efficient software implementation of decoders for most popular trellis codes, convolutional codes, and partial-response channels at rates ten to one hundred times faster than those achievable on conventional digital signal processors. Multidimensional trellis decoding can be implemented at sampling rates approaching 1 MHz in software on the VSP. The VSP contains three concurrent and independently programmable subprocessors. The architecture of the VSP is described. This paper's emphasis is on the programming of the VSP. >
Predicting adult weight change in the real world: a systematic review and meta-analysis accounting for compensatory changes in energy intake or expenditure

Predicting adult weight change in the real world: a systematic review and meta-analysis accounting for compensatory changes in energy intake or expenditure
Outcome Studies on the Efficacy of Art Therapy: A Review of Findings

In response to a review by Reynolds, Nabors, and Quinlan (2000) of the art therapy literature prior to 1999, this review article identifies studies from 1999–2007 that measured outcomes of art therapy effectiveness with all ages of clinical and nonclinical populations. Although numerous studies blend art therapy with other modalities, this review is limited to studies that isolate art therapy as the specific intervention. The results of this review suggest that there is a small body of quantifiable data to support the claim that art therapy is effective in treating a variety of symptoms, age groups, and disorders.
Mating induces puberty in the female musk shrew.

Female musk shrews (Suncus murinu.s), lacking a behavioral estrous cycle, engage in copulatory behavior whenever tested; even during pregnancy, sexual activity can be displayed. Studies suggest that protracted sexual behavior has a functional signif� icance in this species. Virgin females receiving a series of ejaculations over the course of several days are more likely to ovulate and subsequently deliver than animals given the same number of ejaculations over an interval of a few hours. After the virgin mating only one third of the ovaries placed in culture exhibit increased steroidogenesis. In the present set of studies, the hypothesis that the virgin mating induces the onset of puberty, in a manner similar to that In which male-related pheromones induce estrous in rodents, was tested. On the basis of gestational lengths it is evident that females mated three times (on Days 0, 4, and 8) became pregnant in the vast majority of cases as a result of the second and third matings. When the first and second matings were separated by 25 days, 82% of females ovulated In response to the second mating; less than one third of females mated only once ovulated. Finally females were housed across a screen from males, exposed to male urine, or housed alone prior to the virgin mating, In none of these cases did pre-exposure to male-related cues increase ovulation rates in response to the virgin mating. The results show that the virgin mating primes the neuroendocrine system in such a way that the pubertal ovulation can occur in response to subsequent mating. We know of no other system where mating behavior itself triggers the neuroendocrine events that regulate the pubertal ovulation.
Notes on Cultures of Violence, Cultures of Caring and Peace, and the Fulfillment of Basic Human Needs

Some conditions in the lives of children, adults, and groups can be construed as fulfilling universal human psychological needs. The constructive fulfillment of these basic needs promotes caring and positive, helpful relations; their frustration creates an inclination toward hostility and aggression. The article describes diverse influences that can lead to violence between individuals, groups, and societies, as well as ways to halt and prevent genocide, mass killing, and other intergroup violence, including terrorism, in part by fostering culture changes that promote harmony and peace. Ideally such culture change would involve healing from past wounds, the creation of positive (rather than destructive) ideologies, supportive communities, reconciliation and the creation of a shared collective memory, education that promotes peace, and the development of inclusive caring in children. The article also refers to work in Rwanda that aims to foster healing and reconciliation, in part by helping people understand the roots of violence and its implication for prevention. Societies and families that help to fulfill basic needs promote goodness as well as optimal human functioning—the continued growth and development of individuals.
MysTR: an Endogenous Retrovirus Family in Mammals That Is Undergoing Recent Amplifications to Unprecedented Copy Numbers

A large percentage of the repetitive elements in mammalian genomes are retroelements, which have been moved primarily by LINE-1 retrotransposons and endogenous retroviruses. Although LINE-1 elements have remained active throughout the mammalian radiation, specific groups of endogenous retroviruses generally remain active for comparatively shorter periods of time. Identification of an unusual extinction of LINE-1 activity in a group of South American rodents has opened a window for examination of the interplay in mammalian genomes between these ubiquitous retroelements. In the course of a search for any type of repetitive sequences whose copy numbers have substantially changed in Oryzomys palustris, a species that has lost LINE-1 activity, versus Sigmodon hispidus, a closely related species retaining LINE-1 activity, we have identified an endogenous retrovirus family differentially amplified in these two species. Analysis of three full-length, recently transposed copies, called mysTR elements, revealed gag, pro, and pol coding regions containing stop codons which may have accumulated either before or after retrotransposition. Isolation of related sequences in S. hispidus and the LINE-1 active outgroup species, Peromyscus maniculatus, by PCR of a pro-pol region has allowed determination of copy numbers in each species. Unusually high copy numbers of approximately 10,000 in O. palustris versus 1,000 in S. hispidus and 4,500 in the more distantly related P. maniculatus leave open the question of whether there is a connection between endogenous retrovirus activity and LINE-1 inactivity. Nevertheless, these independent expansions of mysTR represent recent amplifications of this endogenous retrovirus family to unprecedented levels.
Pleural Endometriosis in an Aged Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) A Histopathologic and Immunohistochemical Study

Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity and is one of the most common reproductive abnormalities encountered in women as well as Old World primates. The majority of endometriosis cases in Old World primates occur within the abdominal cavity, with spread to extraabdominal sites considered to be a rare event. A 19-year-old multiparous female rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) presented to necropsy for difficulty breathing and weight loss. Grossly, the animal had marked abdominal endometriosis and severe hemoabdomen and hemothorax, the latter of which was accompanied by marked pleural fibrosis. Histologic examination confirmed the abdominal endometriosis and also revealed numerous uterine glands and stroma embedded within the pleural fibrosis. Rafts of endometrial tissue were present within pulmonary lymphatics and the tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Immunohistochemically, all ectopic endometrial tissue had varying degrees of positive immunoreactivity to cytokeratin, vimentin, progesterone and estrogen receptors, and calretinin but was negative for desmin and carcinoembryonic antigen. Pleural endometriosis is an extremely rare manifestation of endometriosis in nonhuman primates. This case report emphasizes lymphatic spread as a likely mechanism for extrauterine endometriosis.
The Benefits of a 4-Year Anesthesiology Residency Program.

INTRODUCTION The San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium (SAUSHEC) Anesthesiology Residency Program is a combined Air Force and Army active duty training program headquartered at the San Antonio Military Medical Center (SAMMC). Starting in July 2013, we successfully spearheaded a tri-service initiative to allow active duty anesthesiology platforms to convert from 3-year programs to 4-year programs. In February 2015, we received formal approval from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) to become one of the first two 4-year anesthesiology programs in the military. In this article, we describe the purpose and vision behind this important change and explain some of the long-standing obstacles that had to be overcome.
Maternal transfer of contaminants in birds: Mercury and selenium concentrations in parents and their eggs.

We conducted a detailed assessment of the maternal transfer of mercury and selenium to eggs in three bird species (n = 107 parents and n = 339 eggs), and developed predictive equations linking contaminant concentrations in eggs to those in six tissues of the mother (blood, muscle, liver, kidney, breast feathers, and head feathers). Mercury concentrations in eggs were positively correlated with mercury concentrations in each of the mother's internal tissues (R(2) ≥ 0.95), but generally not with feathers. For each species, the proportion of mercury transferred to eggs decreased as mercury concentrations in the mother increased. At the same maternal mercury concentration, the proportion of mercury transferred to eggs differed among species, such that Forster's tern (Sterna forsteri) and black-necked stilt (Himantopus mexicanus) females transferred more methylmercury to their eggs than American avocet (Recurvirostra americana) females. Selenium concentrations in eggs also were correlated with selenium concentrations in the mother's liver (R(2) = 0.87). Furthermore, mercury and selenium concentrations in tern eggs were positively correlated with those in the father (R(2) = 0.84). Incubating male terns had 21% higher mercury concentrations in blood compared to incubating females at the same egg mercury concentration. We provide equations to predict contaminant concentrations in eggs from each of the commonly sampled bird tissues.