cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moving thermal gradients in gas chromatography.

Abstract This paper examines the separation effects of a moving thermal gradient on a chromatographic column in gas chromatography. This movement of the gradient has a focusing effect on the analyte bands, limiting band broadening in the column. Here we examine the relationship between the slope of this gradient, the velocity of the gradient and the resulting band width. Additionally we examine how transport of analytes along the column at their analyte specific constant temperatures, determined by the gradient slope and velocity, affects resolution. This examination is based primarily on a theoretical model of partitioning and transport of analyte under low concentration conditions. Preliminary predictions indicate that analytes reach near constant temperatures, relative positions and resolutions in less than 100 cm of column transport. Use of longer columns produces very little improvement in resolution for any fixed slope. Properties of the thermal gradient determine a fixed solute band width for each analyte. These widths are nearly reached within the first 40–70 cm, after which little broadening or narrowing of the bands occur. The focusing effect of the thermal gradient corrects for broad injections, reduces effects of irregular stationary phase coatings and can be used with short columns for fast analysis. Thermal gradient gas chromatographic instrumentation was constructed and used to illustrate some characteristics predicted from the theoretical results.
Two-photon laser-induced fluorescence in oxygen and nitrogen atoms

Abstract Two-photon absorption is used to populate the 3p 3 P state of O and the 2s 2 2p 2 3p 4 D o state of N in a flow discharge. Exciting photons are produced by anti-Stokes Raman frequency conversion of tunable UV laser radiation; the resulting near IR fluorescence from the excited state yielded lifetimes, quenching rates, and relative two-photon transition probabilities.
Enhanced light-matter interaction at nanoscale by utilizing high-aspect-ratio metallic gratings.

We report the design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of high-aspect-ratio metallic gratings integrated with nanoscale semiconductor structures, which enable efficient light–matter interaction at the nanoscale over interaction lengths as long as two times of the effective optical wavelength. The efficient light–matter interaction at the nanoscale is enabled by excitation of the guided modes of subwavelength slab waveguides formed by the high-aspect-ratio metallic gratings. By controlling the height of the high-aspect-ratio gratings, the wavelength of the guided modes through the nanoscale semiconductor structures is determined.
Morphological and cultural variation of Seiridium spp. from cankered Cupressaceae hosts in New Zealand

Studies of Seiridium. spp. isolated from cankered cypresses and related hosts in New Zealand indicate that only 2 species are present, namely, 5. unicorne and 5. cardinale, following sdtton, and not 3 species as proposed by boesewinkel. Apart from a difference in the presence/absence of conidial appendages, the two pathogens are similar in many biological characteristics. Isolates of S. unicorne showed a continuum of variation in conidial size and cultural morphology making it difficult to justify splitting of the species.
Adjuvant immunotherapy for melanoma

Adjuvant immunotherapy was administered to 84 lymph-node-negative and 25 lymph-node-positive melanoma patients. This active specific homologous cell protein preparation was given after aggressive surgery and given over 2 years. Projected and observed survival rates are presented as well as other clinical and pathologic characteristics such as female-to-male ratio, site of primary, level and depth of invasion. The projected 5-year survival rates are 90% for all stage I with 89% for females and 94% for males. Lower extremity stage I projected 5-year survival rate was 88% for all, 87% for females, and 100% for males. The projected 5-year survival rate for stage II was 68% overall and 100% for lower extremity. Only two of five patients with an unknown primary have expired. All of these results are improved over expected survival. Hopefully a randomized prospective study will be stimulated to ascertain the basis for this improvement.
The Role Of Compensators In The Tolerancing Of A Diffraction-Limited Lens

Whatever the level of sophistication, the motivation remains the same - to approach more closely and consistently thelevel of performance of the theoretical design than would be allowed by the statistical accumulation of errors from theelement fabrication and assembly tolerances. The extra time and complexity involved in these procedures has to betraded against the cost of tighter tolerances to achieve the same performance level without adjustments. For somesystems, the only way of avoiding impossible tolerances is to make adjustments after assembly.In tolerancing a lens it is important to distinguish between aberrations that may be correctable after assembly and thosethat are not. Uncorrectable aberrations have to be kept within limits by the tolerances, while the correctable aberrationsmay lie within a somewhat broader capture range for the adjustments. The most effective compensators, their rangeand accuracy, have to be identified prior to mechanical design of the lens assembly so that the necessary adjustmentscan be effectively provided.The techniques to be described are quite general, but will be illustrated with an example of a Microlithographic lens,shown in Figure 1. - somewhat outside the scope of this conference, but nevertheless representative of a complex
Analysis of histology specimens using lifetime multiphoton microscopy

Observations of cells or tissues with fluorescence microscopy can provide unique insights into cellular physiology and structure. Such information may reveal the pathological state of a tissue to the physician or information on cytoskeletal dynamics to the research scientist. However, problems of overlapping spectra, low signal, and light scatter impose serious limitations on what can be achieved in practice with fluorescence microscopy. These problems can be addressed in part by the development of new imaging modalities that make maximum use of the information present in the fluorescence signal. We describe the application of a new technology to the study of standard histological pathology specimens: a multiphoton excitation fluorescence microscope that incorporates a novel, photon-counting detector that measures the excited-state lifetimes of fluorescent probes. In initial investigations, we have applied this system to the observation of C. elegans embryos and primate histology specimens, with the objective of identifying potentially diagnostic signatures. Our findings demonstrate that lifetime multiphoton microscopy has considerable potential as a diagnostic tool for pathological investigations.
MANAGING HUMAN PROBLEMS IN STRATEGIC PLANNING SYSTEMS

During the last two decades, strategic planning has become one of the more important administrative systems for senior‐level executives. Researchers, consultants, and corporate staff have invested a great amount of time and effort in both learning how to design planning systems and training others in ways to do so. Throughout this period, however, the accumulated knowledge and experience has gotten somewhat out of balance. That is, one seems to know a great deal more about how to design strategic planning systems than about how to manage these systems.
Effects of high-temperature oxidation and reduction on the structure and activity of RhAl2O3andRhSiO2 catalysts

The effects of high-temperature oxidizing and reducing treatments on the structure and activity of RhAl2O3andRhSiO2 catalysts were examined using the techniques of temperature-programmed reduction, H2 chemisorption, infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and CO oxidation kinetic analysis. Sequential treatments in O2 and H2 at 1075 K had little effect on the RhSiO2 catalysts beyond increasing the mean particle size from ≈4 nm to greater than 12 nm. No interactions between the Rh and the support were observed for the RhSiO2 catalysts. In contrast, 1075 K oxidation of the RhAl2O3 catalysts caused most of the Rh to diffuse into the bulk of the alumina and resulted in a five- to tenfold decrease in CO oxidation activity. Nearly all of the Rh could be restored to the surface of the alumina by a subsequent 1075-K 1-h H2 reduction followed by a reoxidation at 775 K for 1 h. The reactivated catalyst oxidized CO at greater rates than the fresh catalyst and with an apparent activation energy of ≈22 kcal/g mol compared to ≈30 kcal/g mol for the fresh catalyst. The data suggest that the most active form of Rh in the reactivated catalyst is small clusters whereas most of the active Rh in the fresh catalyst is present in larger Rh particles which are more bulk-like in character.
Urbach's rule in polar semiconductors

Abstract A simple and exactly soluble model for exciton-LO phonon interactions, with no free parameters, is exploited to study optical absorption below the fundamental edge in polar semiconductors. For any coupling strength and at any finite temperature, Urbachian behavior results at sufficiently low photon energy, but the absorption may then be unobservably small. Calculated results account quantitatively for the general variation with energy of the intrinsic absorption in CdTe, SrTiO3, and probably also GaAs.
Changes in wetland soil morphological and chemical properties after 15, 20, and 30 years of agricultural production

Abstract When wetland restoration occurs on land previously used for crop production, residual nutrients can cause undesirable plant communities to grow, and increased solubility of excess P may contribute to eutrophication of surface waters. This study assessed how agricultural production in a drained wetland during 15, 20, and 30 yr periods changed morphological and chemical soil properties as compared to natural wetland soils not used for agriculture. The drained wetland, Juniper Bay, is a Carolina bay located in southeastern North Carolina. Three relatively undisturbed Carolina bays with soil types similar to those in Juniper Bay were selected as reference wetlands to compare soil properties. Three general soil types were identified in all the Carolina bays based on thickness of the organic surface layer: 1) organic soils (Histosols), 2) soils with histic epipedons, and 3) mineral soils. The surface horizon of all three soil types at Juniper Bay where crop production had occurred had significantly greater amounts of extractable P, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn and Cu, along with higher base saturation and pH than soils in the reference bays. Greater length of time in crop production resulted in significant differences in soil chemical properties with depth. For soils farmed for 15 years, significant increases in extractable nutrients occurred only in the topsoil within approximately 20 cm of the soil surface. After 30 years of crop production, significantly increased amounts of extractable nutrients were present to depths of approximately 1 m. Residual nutrients and the higher pH of previously farmed wetland soils are likely to affect restoration of natural plant communities, which consist of plant species adapted to nutrient poor acid soils. Increased solubility of residual P when wetland hydrology and anaerobic soil conditions are restored may degrade water quality. These factors should be considered in planning wetland restoration projects.
Liquid gallium cooling of silicon crystals in high intensity photon beams (invited)

The high‐brilliance, insertion‐device‐based photon beams of the next generation of synchrotron sources (Argonne’s APS and Grenoble’s ESRF) will deliver large thermal loads (1–10 kW) to the first optical elements. Considering the problems that present synchrotron users are experiencing with beams from recently installed insertion devices, new and improved methods of cooling these first optical elements, particularly when they are diffraction crystals, are clearly needed. A series of finite element calculations were performed to test the efficiency of new cooling geometries and various cooling fluids. The best results were obtained with liquid Ga metal flowing in channels just below the surface of the crystal. Ga was selected because of its good thermal conductivity and thermal capacity, low melting point, high boiling point, low kinetic viscosity, and very low vapor pressure. Its very low vapor pressure, even at elevated temperatures, makes it especially attractive in UHV conditions. A series of experiment...
Development of an Embedded High-Temperature Field Measuring Instrument

This paper describes the development of an embedded high-temperature measuring instrument, which is composed of lens, photoelectric converter based on area-array CCD, and data acquisition, processing, Ethernet communication module based on DSP. The device is a creation of imaging spectrum, CCD imaging technology, digital image processing method and Ethernet communication together effectively. The advantages of this approach are: First, the networked measuring platform provides the possibility for process parameters optimization. Second, direct digital signal communication improves the anti-interference ability. Third, by employing 4-stage pipeline data processing mechanism greatly improves the real-time requirement. Fourth, through the constitution of application-layer protocol, the reliability of high-speed data transmission via Ethernet is guaranteed. The experiment by blackbody furnace in the laboratory shows that the maximum absolute error is 3.2 oC, and the maximum relative error is 0.40%.
Stochastic language generation for spoken dialogue systems

The two current approaches to language generation, template-based and rule-based (linguistic) NLG, have limitations when applied to spoken dialogue systems, in part because they were developed for text generation. In this paper, we propose a new corpus-based approach to natural language generation, specifically designed for spoken dialogue systems.
Monosynaptic inputs to lumbar interneurons from the lateral vestibulospinal tract and the medial longitudinal fasciculus.

Abstract In anesthetized cats, the lateral vestibulospina tract (LVSTr) and the descending medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) were electrically stimulated in the brain stem and intracellular recordings were made from interneurons in the lumbar spinal cord. Three groups of interneurons were identified on the basis of monosynaptic EPSPs which they received (1) from only the ipsilateral LVSTr ( 37 96 ), (2) from only the ipsilateral MLF ( 34 96 ) and (3) from both tracts ( 25 96 ), indicating convergence onto this group. The somas were primarily in laminae VIII and VII, with a few in VI and X. The location of field potentials was similar to the neuronal distribution.
Fatigue Assessment of a Weld Joint of a Pressure Vessel

A full-penetration weld on both sides between a shell and a flat head is evaluated for fatigue strength by four methods, two based on structural stress and two on notch stress. Internal pressure is cycled with constant amplitude. The allowable cycles are calculated by each method. The number of cycles for the same geometry and loading varies widely, ranging from 4,835 to 137,000.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Tamm-Horsfall protein in patients with kidney damage and diabetes

Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) is a glycoprotein present abundantly in human urine. It is localized in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (TAL) and the early distal convoluted tubule (DCT). The rate of urinary excretion of THP has been studied in various diabetic groups. It has been postulated that urinary THP may be a useful marker for renal damage. The aim of this study was to compare directly the immunogold localization of THP in diabetic and control kidney tissue specimens with or without kidney damage. Immunogold labeling was performed on archival tissue samples of 34 diabetic and 18 control human kidneys at the light microscope level. Slides were ranked as having a high, moderate or low degree of reaction. The majority of diabetic samples had a slightly lower degree of THP, while patients with known renal dysfunction had lowest THP. Previous studies have found a decreased excretion of urinary THP in diabetics. Our results show that decreased gold labeling is associated with known renal damage and may indicate damage to the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the early distal convoluted tubule, irrespective of presence or absence of diabetes.
Working field theory problems with random walks

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how Monte Carlo methods can be applied to the solution of field theory problems.Design/methodology/approach – This objective is achieved by building insight from Laplacian field problems. The point solution of a Laplacian field problem can be viewed as the solid angle average of the Dirichlet potentials from that point. Alternatively it can be viewed as the average of the termination potential of a number of random walks. Poisson and Helmholtz equations add the complexity of collecting a number of packets along this walk, and noting the termination of a random walk at a Dirichlet boundary.Findings – When approached as a Monte Carlo problem, Poisson type problems can be interpreted as collecting and summing source packets representative of current or charge. Helmholtz problems involve the multiplication of packets of information modified by a multiplier reflecting the conductivity of the medium.Practical implications – This method naturally lends itself...
Target cell specificity of immunosuppression in murine lymphocytes exposed to 1,4-bis [(2-aminoethyl) amino]-5,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione dihydrochloride (AEAD)

Abstract Exposure of murine lymphocytes to the highly-substituted anthraquinone 1,4-bis[(2-amino-ethyl)amino]-5,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione dihydrochloride (AEAD) results in a profound suppression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte function. This immunosuppression is confined to CTL induction and cannot be restored by addition of exogenous interleukin-2 (IL-2), suggesting a defect at the level of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursor (CTLp) cell. Production of both IL-1 and IL-2 were normal, and responsiveness to IL-1 was unaltered, although lymphocytes displayed a reduced responsiveness to IL-2. Cell surface marker analysis demonstrated no changes in relative numbers of lymphoid cell subsets, implying functional rather than population changes. The ability to activate CTLp with lectins was markedly reduced, as was CTL induction in thymocytes lacking functional T-helper cells. These data suggest that CTL suppression following in vivo or in vitro exposure to AEAD is due primarily to a direct effect on the CTLp cell.
Active proton secretion and potassium absorption in the rabbit outer medullary collecting duct. Functional evidence for proton-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase.

Abstract We examined the hypothesis that proton-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (H-K-ATPase) mediates K absorption and acidification in the inner stripe of the outer medullary collecting duct (OMCDi). Rabbits were fed a low-K diet (0.55% K) for 7-14 d because we have demonstrated previously that this low-K diet stimulates K-absorptive flux by the OMCDi. Proton secretion was measured as net total CO2 flux (JTCO2) by microcalorimetry. After basal collections, either vehicle or an inhibitor of gastric H-K-ATPase, omeprazole (0.1 mM), was added to the perfusate during the second period. Addition of vehicle to the perfusate changed neither the transepithelial voltage (VT, in millivolts) nor the JTCO2. In contrast, the addition of omeprazole (0.1 mM) to the perfusate abolished JTCO2 (from 14.5 +/- 5.6 to -0.1 +/- 3.1 pmol.mm-1.min-1) without significantly affecting VT. In additional experiments, in 16 tubules there was significant net K absorption (JK) of 5.0 +/- 1.0 pmol.mm-1.min-1 during the basal period, which exceeded the rate of K absorption that could be attributed to a paracellular voltage-mediated pathway (JKP = 1.0 +/- 0.4 pmol.mm-1.min-1, P less than 0.01). Administration of vehicle did not significantly affect either VT or JK. However, omeprazole abolished JK (from 5.1 +/- 1.0 to 0.1 +/- 2.5 pmol.mm-1.min-1) without affecting VT or JNa. The present results demonstrate that the OMCDi possesses an active, omeprazole-sensitive acidification and K-absorptive mechanism. These findings are consistent with the presence of H-K-ATPase activity in this nephron segment.
Chemokine Receptor CXCR2 Mediates Bacterial Clearance Rather Than Neutrophil Recruitment in a Murine Model of Pneumonic Plague

Pulmonary infection by Yersinia pestis causes pneumonic plague, a necrotic bronchopneumonia that is rapidly lethal and highly contagious. Acute pneumonic plague accompanies the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, suggesting that the host innate immune response may contribute to the development of disease. To address this possibility, we sought to understand the consequences of neutrophil recruitment during pneumonic plague, and we studied the susceptibility of C3H-HeN mice lacking the CXC chemokine KC or its receptor CXC receptor 2 (CXCR2) to pulmonary Y. pestis infection. We found that without Kc or Cxcr2, disease progression was accelerated both in bacterial growth and development of primary bronchopneumonia. When examined in an antibody clearance model, Cxcr2−/− mice were not protected by neutralizing Y. pestis antibodies, yet bacterial growth in the lungs was delayed in a manner associated with a neutrophil-mediated inflammatory response. After this initial delay, however, robust neutrophil recruitment in Cxcr2−/− mice correlated with bacterial growth and the development of fulminant pneumonic and septicemic plague. In contrast, attenuated Y. pestis lacking the conserved pigmentation locus could be cleared from the lungs in the absence of Cxcr2 indicating virulence factors within this locus may inhibit CXCR2-independent pathways of bacterial killing. Together, the data suggest CXCR2 uniquely induces host defense mechanisms that are effective against virulent Y. pestis, raising new insight into the activation of neutrophils during infection.
Parent educational attainment and adolescent cigarette smoking

In a longitudinal design, this study examined psychosocial mediators of the effects of parental educational attainment on adolescent smoking acquisition and also examined whether smoking transition had different antecedents among adolescents from families of varying educational backgrounds. Parents' low educational attainment acted as a moderate to strong risk factor for the initial onset of smoking among middle school girls. Some of this effect was mediated by the higher smoking prevalence among both parents and friends of these adolescent girls, as well as by their lowered expectations for academic success. However, these variables only partially mediated the effect of parent education. There were few indications of differential antecedents of smoking acquisition among adolescents from less and more highly educated families. Implications for public health antismoking campaigns are discussed.
Remarks on finitely hypercyclic and finitely supercyclic operators

We show that many of the features of the theory of hypercyclic and supercyclic operators extend to that of finitely hypercyclic/supercyclic operators. In particular, subnormal operators, Banach space isometries, and thereforeC1 contractions are not finitely supercyclic.
Resurrecting the Ancestral Enzymatic Role of a Modulatory Subunit

In the post-genomic era, functional prediction of genes is largely based on sequence similarity searches, but sometimes the homologues bear different roles because of evolutionary adaptations. For instance, the existence of enzyme and non-enzyme homologues poses a difficult case for function prediction and the extent of this phenomenon is just starting to be surveyed. Different evolutionary paths are theoretically possible for the loss or acquisition of enzyme function. Here we studied the ancestral role of a model non-catalytic modulatory subunit. With a rational approach, we "resurrected" enzymatic activity from that subunit to experimentally prove that it derived from a catalytic ancestor. We show that this protein (L subunit ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase) evolved to have a regulatory role, losing catalytic residues more than 130 million years ago, but preserving, possibly as a by-product, the substrate site architecture. Inactivation of catalytic subunits could be the consequence of a general evolutionary strategy to explore new regulatory roles in hetero-oligomers.
BIP associates with newly synthesized subunits of the mouse muscle nicotinic receptor

A slow conformational change in newly synthesized acetylcholine receptor subunits is thought to be a requisite step in the biogenesis of this multi-subunit transmembrane glycoprotein. Previously, we demonstrated that this early conformational change within the alpha-subunit was inefficient and dependent upon disulfide bond formation (Blount, P. and J.P. Merlie. 1990. J. Cell Biol. 111:2613-2622). Here we show that newly synthesized acetylcholine receptor subunits and subunit complexes in the muscle-like cell line, BC3H-1, are associated with Bip, a ubiquitous binding protein of the endoplasmic reticulum. Characterization of the Bip/alpha-subunit complex in stably transfected fibroblasts revealed that Bip associates with newly synthesized unassembled alpha-subunit and some alpha gamma and alpha delta subunit complexes. Significantly, Bip does not associate well with the more mature form of the alpha-subunit containing an intramolecular disulfide bridge. Hence, Bip may play an important role in the conformational maturation and/or editing of unassembled AChR subunits and subunit complexes in vivo.
Structure of mRNA encoded by tubulin genes in Leishmania enriettii.

Abstract Both the α- and β-tubulin genes of Leishmania enriettii are encoded by mRNA of 2.0–2.2 kb in length. We have shown previously that the α- and β-tubulin genes are arranged in separate, tandem repeats of 2 and 4 kb, respectively, and now report the mapping of mature mRNA onto these cloned genes. Here we show that the α-tubulin gene contains a very short intergenic region (100–200 bases) whereas the larger, tandemly repeated β-tubulin gene contains a 1.8–2.0 kb region not found in mature mRNA. Comparison of S-1 mapping and primer extension results indicates that the messenger RNAs for both α- and β-tubulin contain a sequence of about 35 base pairs located at the 5′ end that is not encoded contiguously with the rest of the mRNA. This short 5′ sequence may be added to the body of the tubulin mRNAs either through splicing of a precursor RNA molecule or by a novel post-transcriptional processing reaction. The α- and β-tubulin genes are arranged identically in the two developmental stages of the parasite life cycle and are present in equal copy number.
Time-domain simulation analysis of avalanche photodetectors

The avalanche photodiode (APD) avalanche multiplication impulse response is evaluated by solving the time-varying rate equations in the time domain. The device simulation allows the motion of the carriers under the influence of the active region's electric field. The inclusion of carder motion in the model replaces the undesired divergence terms which cause errors due to the numerical differentiation. An application is given to study the effect of the APD bias on the device multiplication impulse response and bandwidth.
STRAND-SPECIFIC MODULATION OF UV PHOTOPRODUCTS IN 5S RDNA BY TFIIIA BINDING AND THEIR EFFECT ON TFIIIA COMPLEX FORMATION

The relationship between UV-induced photoproduct formation and transcription factor binding was studied in a 214 bp fragment containing the entire Xenopus borealis 5S rRNA gene. DNA mobility shift and DNase I footprinting show a strong inhibition of TFIIIA binding to UV-damaged 5S rDNA. An average of approximately 2 cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) per 214 bp fragment, and a lesser amount of pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4) dimers, reduced the fraction of TFIIIA bound by approximately 70%. Furthermore, irradiation of the TFIIIA/5S rDNA complex displaces TFIIIA at doses of 0.8-2 CPDs/fragment, indicating the complex is unable to accommodate UV photoproducts. UV photofootprinting of the 50 bp TFIIIA binding region of 5S rDNA (or ICR) shows that TFIIIA binding modulates photoproduct formation primarily in the template strand. Formation of CPDs at six different sites is strongly inhibited, while another CPD site is strongly enhanced, by TFIIIA binding. Most of these sites are located in one of three boxes (A, IE, or C) designated as TFIIIA contact sites in the ICR, while one site is between these boxes. Formation of (6-4) dimers is also inhibited at several sites in the template strand by TFIIIA binding. However, formation of photoproducts in the nontemplate strand is much less affected by TFIIIA binding, where only one CPD site is inhibited in the complex. These data indicate that formation of UV photoproducts in 5S rDNA can be markedly affected by TFIIIA binding, and complex formation is inhibited by UV photoproducts.
Relationship Between Lactation Measures of Somatic Cell Concentration and Milk Yield

Abstract Data were from herds on Dairy Herd Improvement in Wisconsin which were regularly tested for somatic cells. Lactation cell counts were taken as the average of either actual or natural log of individual tests during the lactation. Lactation milk yield was regressed on somatic cell concentration, among other concomitant variables, for each of the first four lactations. The amount of data ranged from 4,912 cows in 346 herds for lactation 1 to 1,759 cows in 202 herds for lactation 4. Yield loss per unit increase in average log e cell count was 135±20kg in first lactation and 270±30kg for all other lactations. These relationships were linear, indicating that loss per unit increase in actual cell count is greatest when cell count is low. Linearity of the regression of yield on average log cell count makes this more desirable than actual cell count as a potential trait for indirect selection for genetic resistance to mastitis. The effect on yield in a given lactation of increased average log cell concentration in the previous lactation was not statistically significant. However, the magnitude of estimates for carry-over effects were as much as 50% of concurrent effects. This suggests the possibility of an important amount of carry-over.
Survival, breeding probability and reproductive success in relation to population dynamics of Brandt's Cormorants Phalacrocorax penicillatus

The size of the breeding population of Brandt's Cormorants Phalacrocorax penicillatus on Southeast Farallon Island, off the coast of central California, USA, shows large annual fluctuations and has declined by 50% since the 1970s. We investigated patterns of variation in adult survival, breeding probability, resighting probability, juvenile survival and reproductive success, to determine the extent to which variation in demographic processes reflected variation in environmental conditions (e.g. food availability) versus densitydependence, using observations of breeders and non-breeders from 1976 to 1995. Resighting and breeding probabilities varied significantly among years, and both were positively correlated with an annual index of prey availability — the abundance of juvenile rockfish. Adult survival between years was significantly correlated with changes in juvenile rockfish abundance and differed between sexes (0.77, males; 0.71, females). Female, but not male, survival appeared age-specific: older f...
Theory and practice of RF sputtering

Abstract The basic principles of RF sputtering of insulators and their properties are reviewed and an RF sputtering system is described. The effect of various process parameters on deposition rate and film properties is also given. RF sputtering of metals can be achieved by capacitively coupling the power supply to the metal electrode. With this technique, it is possible to deposit insulator films through RF reaction sputtering at rates significantly higher than those obtainable through DC methods.
RADON: reputation-assisted data forwarding in opportunistic networks

In opportunistic networks, the probability of encountering a destination node is popularly used to select a qualified forwarder; however, it can not represent the competency of delivering data in a hostile wireless environment, because a malicious node can bloat its such probability to intercept data from others. In this paper, we design a reputation-based framework to more accurately evaluate an encounter's competency of delivering data, which can be integrated with a large family of existing data forwarding protocols in opportunistic networks. In particular, a special message, called Positive Feedback Message (PFM), is proposed to help monitor the forwarding behavior of a node. We also design a Reputation-Assisted Data forwarding protocol for Opportunistic Networks (RADON), which integrates our reputation framework with a bare-bone data forwarding protocol using the number of times of previous encounters as the metric to select the next qualified forwarder. Through simulation experiments, we demonstrate that RADON effectively improves the network performance (e.g., data delivery ratio) against "black hole" attacks.
Transporters on demand: intrahepatic pools of canalicular ATP binding cassette transporters in rat liver

ABC transporter trafficking in rat liver induced by cAMP or taurocholate and [(35)S]methionine metabolic labeling followed by subcellular fractionation were used to identify and characterize intrahepatic pools of ABC transporters. ABC transporter trafficking induced by cAMP or taurocholate is a physiologic response to a temporal demand for increased bile secretion. Administration of cAMP or taurocholate to rats increased amounts of SPGP, MDR1, and MDR2 in the bile canalicular membrane by 3-fold; these effects abated after 6 h and were insensitive to prior treatment of rats with cycloheximide. Half-lives of ABC transporters were 5 days, which suggests cycling of ABC transporters between canalicular membrane and intrahepatic sites before degradation. In vivo [(35)S]methionine labeling of rats followed by immunoprecipitation of (sister of P-glycoprotein) (SPGP) from subcellular liver fractions revealed a steady state distribution after 20 h of SPGP between canalicular membrane and a combined endosomal fraction. After mobilization of transporters from intrahepatic sites with cAMP or taurocholate, a significant increase in the amount of ABC transporters in canalicular membrane vesicles was observed, whereas the decrease in the combined endosomal fraction remained below detection limits in Western blots. This observation is in accordance with relatively large intracellular ABC transporter pools compared with the amount present in the bile canalicular membrane. Furthermore, trafficking of newly synthesized SPGP through intrahepatic sites was accelerated by additional administration of cAMP but not by taurocholate, indicating two distinct intrahepatic pools. Our data indicate that ABC transporters cycle between the bile canaliculus and at least two large intrahepatic ABC transporter pools, one of which is mobilized to the canalicular membrane by cAMP and the other, by taurocholate. In parallel to regulation of other membrane transporters, we propose that the "cAMP-pool" in hepatocytes corresponds to a recycling endosome, whereas recruitment from the "taurocholate-pool" involves a hepatocyte-specific mechanism.
Site-Specific Integration of an F' lac pro Factor in the Region of the Replication Origin (oriC) of E. coli

An episome, F 128, which carries approximately 8x104 base pairs of chromosomal DNA homologous to the lac pro region of the E. coli chromosome, has been found to integrate into the oriC region of the chromosome in a site specific reaction. While the event appears to be recA-dependent, no homology between the episome and this region of the chromosome was detected. The Hfr strains formed result from the integration of intact F 128 molecules. The structure of the Hfr strains generated has been determined and their transfer properties analyzed.
Piezoelectric molecular dynamics model for boron nitride nanotubes

Abstract A classical molecular dynamics model with an incorporated strain-dependent dipole potential energy term is introduced to represent the piezoelectric properties of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs). The model allows for an analytical expression of the piezoelectric tensor of hexagonal BN monolayers in terms of the properties of the interatomic potential and two fitting parameters. The deformation-induced polarization predicted by this model is verified against the results of previously published electronic structure ( ab-initio and tight-binding) calculations. The model works well for BNNTs over the full range of chiral angles from φ = 0° (zig-zag tubes) to φ = 30° (armchair tubes) and under loading in both tensile and twist modes. The presented model can be a foundation for atomic-level modeling of the electroactive properties of large systems of BNNTs and BNNT composites, as well as a base for analytical studies.
The synthesis and reactivity of ω‐(P‐vinylbenzyl ether) macromonomer of poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene ether)

This paper describes the synthesis and reactivity of ω-(p-vinylbenzyl ether) macromonomer of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) (PPE-VBE). The reactivity of PPE-VBE macromonomer, as determined from the free radical copolymerization of PPE-VBE with either methyl methacrylate (MMA) or n-butyl methacrylate (BMA), is influenced by the molecular weight of PPE-VBE, by the concentration of the macromonomer or total comonomers, and by the nature of the polymerization solvent. The dependence of the reactivity on the molecular weight of the PPE-VBE macromonomer was interpreted based on the kinetic excluded volume theory and by a micelle formation model. This paper demonstrates that the reactivity of PPE-VBE macromonomers can be explained by the micelle formation model alone. Thus the influence of both the concentration and the nature of the polymerization solvent on the reactivity was satisfactorily interpreted based on this micelle model. The formation of micelles was caused by the difference between the solubility of the PPE-VBE macromonomer segment and the homopolymer of MMA or BMA which comprises the propagating chains in the polymerization solvent. The analysis of all the reactivity data of PPE-VBE macromonomers can now be correlated with respect to the extents of the micelle formation as characterized by the partition coefficient, k. The value of k represents the concentration difference of both the PPE-VBE macromonomer and its comonomer between the bulk of the free solvent and around the growing chain. The determined reactivity ratio is a product of the real reactivity ratio and the partition coefficient.
Stanford's licensing and equity practices with biotechnology companies

Stanford University's Office of Technology Licensing (OTL) has a long history of licensing technologies to biotechnology start-up companies. This paper presents (1) examples of how the OTL works with biotechnology start-ups to negotiate licence agreements for Stanford-owned intellectual property, taking into account a new company's scarce financial resources and needs but their large intellectual property appetite; and (2) an analysis of the rate of success of biotechnology companies emerging from Stanford based on information obtained from the equity records at Stanford's OTL. OTL started taking equity more often in start-up companies in the mid-1990s and generally takes equity as part of most exclusive licences to early-stage companies.
Absence of Craters on the Far Side of the Moon

THE recent photographs of the far side of the Moon taken by the Russian lunar rocket Lunik III raise interesting possibilities regarding the origin of lunar craters and the interplanetary material within our solar system the impact of which on the Moon's surface is presumed to cause the craters. If the reported lower incidence of craters on the Moon's far side is real and not a result of inadequate photographic resolution, it may be readily explained by the effect of the Earth's gravitation field on meteoric material orbiting about the Sun.
Comparison of health status of children using a school-based health center for comprehensive care.

Abstract Objective: Our objective was to compare health problems and medical coverage of homeless and housed children who used a school-based health center (SBHC) for comprehensive care. Methods: Medical charts of homeless children (n = 76) and housed children (n = 232) seen for comprehensive care at an SBHC in New York City during the 1998-99 school year were systematically reviewed and compared. Results: Controlled for ethnicity and medical coverage, homeless children were 2.5 times as likely (P
USING GIS TO AID IN SPILL PREVENTION, PREPAREDNESS, AND RESPONSE

ABSTRACT This poster presentation demonstrates how geographic information systems (GISs) are being employed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Oil Pollution Response and Prevention Center (OPRPC) and regional oil program offices to assist in preventing, preparing for, and responding to oil spills within the United States. Over the past 2 years, EPA's OPRPC has played a key role in facilitating the exchange of spatial data within EPA as well as with various federal, state, and local organizations. Significant advancements have been made in collecting, analyzing, managing, and sharing spatial data, and many opportunities for additional coordination lie ahead.
Distance Students and Online Research: Promoting Information Literacy through Media Literacy.

Abstract Today's college students, particularly distance students, are increasingly dependent on the Web for their research needs. At the same time they lack the critical thinking skills required to successfully evaluate the actual credibility of online information, a critical aspect of information literacy. Furthermore, rather than access the online library database, distance students are more likely to employ generic search engines in their research quests, making more critical the need for information literacy. The current study employed an online survey designed to explore the relationships between critical evaluation of online information, as a measure of information literacy, and components of media literacy. Results suggest a significant, positive relationship between these literacies. These findings suggest variety in the types of strategies instructors and instructional designers might employ towards the development of information literacy skills required for today's graduates to successfully negotiate the 21st century information society.
Occupational Hygiene Characterization of a Highway Construction Project: A Pilot Study

Abstract This pilot study is the application of a task-based sampling method used to characterize exposures on a highway construction project. The study developed methods to conduct occupational hygiene exposure assessment during building of a highway interchange. The sampling strategy was planned based on three sources of information: budgetary breakdown of the project, observations by an industrial hygienist, and interviews with the workers and the contractor at the site. This information permitted the partition of road construction work into three components: (1) stage, (2) operation, and (3) specific task. A method to develop a sampling plan was designed based on this analysis. The pilot study measured exposures to noise, dust, respirable silica, and asphalt fumes on 25 operating engineers and laborers working on the road construction project. Noise exposure measurements were made in three stages during three operations. Full-shift noise data were collected on operating engineers using different types...
Diffraction-limited imaging with partially redundant masks. I. Infrared imaging of bright objects

The utility of partially redundant pupil geometries has been studied in the context of near-infrared speckle imaging with ground-based telescopes. Using both numerical simulations and experimental data collected with a 4-m-class telescope, we find that the decrease in redundancy resulting from apodizing the telescope pupil results in an enhancement of the quality of reconstructed images at high light levels. This improvement in imaging fidelity is particularly valuable when short-term variations in the statistics of the atmosphere make the seeing calibration of speckle interferograms difficult. However, the use of an apodizing mask necessarily restricts the faintest source that can be imaged, leading to a loss in sensitivity of one to two magnitudes. For many of the brighter near-infrared astrophysical sources in the sky that have been the subject of previous speckle-imaging studies, the use of a partially redundant pupil is expected to enhance the fidelity of the imaging procedure considerably.
Impact of overactive bladder on women in the United States: results of a national survey.

ABSTRACTBackground: Overactive bladder (OAB) may affect health-related quality of life. Few data have been gathered on the impact of OAB or on patient satisfac­tion with therapy. This 2002 survey examined the effects of OAB on participants; treatment-seeking behaviors, patient satisfaction with oral OAB therapies, and desirable characteristics of new treatments were investigated.Methods: An online questionnaire was administered to 1228 women aged 40–65 years with at least a high school education and minimum annual income of $35 000. Respondents were categorized as having no OAB symptoms (control group; n = 330) or as having OAB symptoms (n = 898). Those with symptoms were subdivided into treatment groups: current users of prescription OAB medications (n = 309), lapsed prescription medication users (n = 265), and those never treated (n = 324). The significance of between-group differences in response was assessed through 95% confidence levels.Results: Symptoms of OAB significantly affect self-esteem, famil...
A Community Project Approach to Teaching Management Information Systems

(1989). A Community Project Approach to Teaching Management Information Systems. Journal of Education for Business: Vol. 64, No. 8, pp. 341-344.
Measurement of Uric Acid Levels in Chicken Cecal Contents

Uric acid levels in the cecal contents of White Leghorn males aged 6, 10, and 24 weeks of age were constant at approximately 2 mg/100 ml. Fecal samples obtained from these birds contained, respectively, 99, 107, and 156 mg/100 ml uric acid. The addition of growth promoting level of antibiotics or other feed additive to the ration of 10-week-old White Leghorn males had no effect upon cecal uric acid levels.