cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Covenantal and contractual values in marriage: Marital Values Orientation toward Wedlock or Self‐actualization (Marital VOWS) Scale

Cultural constructions of marriage have developed to form 2 marital values orientations. These marital values can be understood along a continuum from covenantal at 1 pole to contractual at the other pole. Covenantal marital values prioritize individual sacrifice for the marriage to promote marital health, commitment, and vow taking to resolve conflict, the collective dyad as the primary unit of the marriage, and often spiritual intervention as a primary means of restoring order. Contractual marital values prioritize individual self-actualization to promote marital health, negotiation, and mutual agreement to resolve conflict, the individual as the primary unit of the marriage, and clinical and psychological interventions as a primary means of restoring order. The authors developed a 26-item scale to measure contractual and covenantal marital values. In 3 studies examining a total of 786 student and community participants, the factor structure of the scale was evaluated, and convergent and discriminant construct validity, item internal consistency, and 4-week test–retest reliability were examined.
Formalizing and verifying protocol refinements

A (business) protocol describes, in high-level terms, a pattern of communication between two or more participants, specifically via the creation and manipulation of the commitments between them. In this manner, a protocol offers both flexibility and rigor: a participant may communicate in any way it chooses as long as it discharges all of its activated commitments. Protocols thus promise benefits in engineering cross-organizational business processes. However, software engineering using protocols presupposes a formalization of protocols and a notion of the refinement of one protocol by another. Refinement for protocols is both intuitively obvious (e.g., PayViaCheck is clearly a kind of Pay) and technically nontrivial (e.g., compared to Pay, PayViaCheck involves different participants exchanging different messages). This article formalizes protocols and their refinement. It develops Proton, an analysis tool for protocol specifications that overlays a model checker to compute whether one protocol refines another with respect to a stated mapping. Proton and its underlying theory are evaluated by formalizing several protocols from the literature and verifying all and only the expected refinements.
Sustaining Language Diversity in Europe: Evidence from the Euromosaic Project

Sustaining Language Diversity in Europe: Evidence from the Euromosaic Project. Glynn Williams. Palgrave Macmillian: New York. 2005. 251 pages. ISBN: 1403998167 (paper).
Solution additives that desalt protein ions in native mass spectrometry.

The presence of many salts, such as sodium chloride, can adversely affect the performance of native electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the analysis of proteins and protein complexes by reducing the overall molecular ion abundances and distributing signal for any given charge state into many cationized forms with various numbers of adducts attached. Several solution additives, such as ammonium bromide, ammonium iodide, and NaSbF6, can significantly lower the extent of sodium ion adduction to the molecular ions of proteins and protein complexes. For ubiquitin, addition of 25 mM ammonium bromide or ammonium iodide into aqueous solutions also containing 1.0 mM NaCl results in a factor of 72 and 56 increase, respectively, in the relative abundances of the fully protonated molecular ions compared to when these additives are not present. The effectiveness of this method for reducing sodium ion adduction is related to the low proton affinity (PA) values of the anions. Anions with very low PA also have ...
Atomic motions and high frequency cutoff in biological macromolecules

Abstract We point out that the structure of a class of biological macromolecules permits a reduction of the complete atomic dynamical description into motions of subunits consisting of mutually rigidly bound atomic subgroups with relatively weak, flexible joints connecting them. As an example performing an analysis of the DNA normal mode vibrations, we find a distinct bifurcation of the phonon frequency spectrum into two regions. Below a sharp cutoff at about 380 cm −1 the vibrations consist nearly entirely of simple translations and rotations of the subgroups, and are thus potentially capable of metabolic involvement. Above the cutoff, a subunit as a whole is essentially stationary, showing internal vibration only.
Parametric model-based anomaly detection for locomotive subsystems

Locomotives are complex electromechanical systems. Continuously monitoring the health state of locomotives is critical in modern cost-effective maintenance strategy. A typical locomotive is equipped with the capability to generate fault messages or incidents based on logical rules in the control system. In the mean time, sensor readings and operational state variables are also collected. The goal is to detect faults early to provide lead-time for maintenance actions and trip planning based on the collected fault log and parametric data. In this paper, we present a model-based anomaly detection strategy. In this method, the inputs-outputs relationship of a locomotive subsystem is modeled using a neural network model based on normal operational data. The residuals between measurements and model outputs are calculated. A reasoning module based on these multiple residuals is used to generate an overall health indicator of the subsystem at each instance of times, which is further used to determine whether the subsystem is abnormal. Statistical testing, Gaussian mixture model and support vector machine are used to generate this healthy index and their performances are compared. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the anomaly detection strategy using real-world operational data from locomotives.
Effect of impurities upon the nucleation of dislocation loops in quenched aluminium

Abstract The effect of pre-quench annealing in air upon vacancy precipitation in quenched aluminium of nominal 99·9999 wt. % purity was studied. Aluminium ribbons were resistance-heated for varying lengths of time in air at 600°C and subsequently quenched from 580°C into a controlled bath at 40°C in which the vacancy precipitation procedeed to completion. The electrical resistivity at 4·2°K was then measured for each specimen and compared with its value measured prior to the quench. The specimens were investigated by transmission electron microscopy in order to directly observe the resultant vacancy precipitate ensemble. It was found that the faulted dislocation loop density decreased monotonically with increasing duration of the pre-quench anneal, t a. However, the pre-quench bulk resistivity ratio, ρ(20°C)/ρ(4·2°K), of the specimens was found to be independent of t a, except in a preliminary period of annealing, with a value of 2309±62. It is concluded that the dislocation loops were nucleated heterogen...
Relationship of serum sex-steroid hormones and prostate volume in African American men.

BACKGROUND Previous epidemiologic investigations of the associations of sex-steroid hormones and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) have focused on predominately white populations. The objective of this study was to evaluate potential associations of body mass index (BMI), cigarette smoking, use of alcohol, and endogenous sex-steroid hormones with prostate volume in a population-based sample of African American (AA) men, ages 40–79 yr. METHODS A total of 369 AA men without clinical evidence of prostate cancer were identified in the Flint Men's Health Study by using a population-based sampling procedure. All subjects underwent a complete urologic evaluation that included prostate volume determination by transrectal ultrasonography and serum assays for androgens and estrogens. RESULTS After age adjustment, BMI (weight (kg)/height (m)2) was positively correlated with increasing levels of androstanediol glucuronide (AG), estradiol (E2), estrone sulfate (E1S), and the ratios of E2:total testosterone (TT) and E2:free testosterone (FT); however, increasing BMI was negatively correlated with androstenedione (AD), FT, TT, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Multivariable regression models demonstrated that prostate volume increased with age (P < 0.001) and BMI (P = 0.02) and decreased with increasing levels of SHBG (P = 0.01). Larger prostatic volumes were also marginally associated with increasing levels of TT (P = 0.058). CONCLUSION Circulating serum levels of SHBG and endogenous sex-steroid hormones are correlated with prostate volume and potentially impact the natural history of BPH. However, longitudinal studies are needed to demonstrate the temporal relationships of hormones and growth factors in the pathogenesis of BPH in AA men. Prostate 53: 322–329, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mixed-initiative exception-based learning for knowledge base refinement

Over the years we have developed the Disciple approach for the rapid development of knowledge bases and knowledge-based agents, by subject matter experts, with limited assistance from knowledge engineers (Tecuci et al, 2000). This approach relies on a Disciple learning agent that can be trained to solve problems by an expert. First, however, a knowledge engineer has to work with the expert to define the object ontology of Disciple. This ontology consists of hierarchical descriptions of objects and features from the application domain. Then, the expert can teach Disciple to solve problems in a way that resembles how the expert would teach a student. For instance, the expert defines a specific problem, helps the agent to understand each reasoning step toward the solution, and supervises and corrects the agent’s behavior, when it attempts to solve new problems. During such mixed-initiative interactions, the agent learns general problem solving rules from individual problem solving steps and their explanations of success or failure. A critical role in this multistrategy rule learning process is played by the object ontology, which is used as the generalization hierarchy.
The Rules of Virtual Groups

Concerns about virtual groups include how members develop trust and liking for partners. Previous studies have explored behavioral variables leading to subjectively-experienced trust and/or liking, or trusting behaviors that are associated with group productivity. Drawing on practices described elsewhere and deriving principles from social information processing theory of computer-mediated communication, this research identified a set of communication rules for virtual groups. A quasi-experimental procedure promoted variance in rule following behavior, allowing assessment of rules in an inter-university course. Six rules were assessed through self-reported measures, and results reveal correlations between each rule and trust and liking. Less consistent are the relationships between rule-following and actual performance. Results suggest that either a powerful set of rules has been identified, or that rule-following per se reduces uncertainty and enhances trust in distributed work teams.
Signal integration and crosstalk during thymocyte migration and emigration

The thymus produces self-tolerant functionally competent T cells. This process involves the import of multipotent haematopoietic progenitors that are then signalled to adopt the T cell fate. Expression of T cell-specific genes, including those encoding the T cell receptor (TCR), is followed by positive and negative selection and the eventual export of mature T cells. Significant progress has been made in elucidating the signals that direct progenitor cell trafficking to, within and out of the thymus. These advances are the subject of this Review, with a particular focus on the role of reciprocal cooperative and regulatory interactions between TCR- and chemokine receptor-mediated signalling.
Use of Heme-Protein Complexes by the Yersinia enterocolitica HemR Receptor: Histidine Residues Are Essential for Receptor Function

The abilities of two bacterial active heme transporters, HmbR of Neisseria meningitidis and HemR of Yersinia enterocolitica, to use different heme sources were compared. While HmbR-expressing cells used only hemoglobin (Hb) and heme, HemR-expressing bacteria were able to grow on Hb, heme, myoglobin, hemopexin, catalase, human and bovine serum albumin-heme, and haptoglobin-hemoglobin complexes as sources of iron. Expression of functional HemR allowed Escherichia coli cells to respond to heme-containing peptides, microperoxidases MP-8, MP-9, and MP-11, suggesting the ability of HemR to transport heme covalently linked to other molecules. Comparison of HemR with other heme receptors identified several highly conserved histidine residues as well as two conserved amino acid motifs, the FRAP and NPNL boxes. A site-directed mutagenesis approach was used to investigate the roles of His128, His192, His352, and His461 residues in HemR function. The HemR receptor with histidine changed to lysine at position 128 (HemR(H128K)), HemR(H461L), HemR(H461A), and HemR(H128A,H461A) mutant receptors were unable to use Hb, human serum albumin-heme, and myoglobin as sources of porphyrin and iron. Utilization of free heme was also severely affected, with some residual heme uptake in cells expressing HemR(H128K), HemR(H461A), and HemR(H461L). Conversely, the HemR(H192T), HemR(H352A), HemR(H352K), and HemR(H192T,H352K) mutant receptors were fully functional. All mutant HemR proteins were expressed in the outer membrane at levels similar to that of the wild-type HemR receptor. Nonfunctional HemRs were able to bind heme- and Hb-agarose. A hypothetical model of the HemR function in which two conserved histidine residues, His128 and His461, participate in the transport of heme through the receptor pore is postulated.
Tissue-specific transcription of the cardiac myosin light-chain 2 gene is regulated by an upstream repressor element.

Abstract Physiological expression of the cardiac muscle myosin light-chain 2 (MLC-2) gene in chickens is restricted to cardiac muscle tissue only, at least during the late embryonic to adult stages of development. The mechanism by which cardiac MLC-2 gene expression is repressed in differentiated noncardiac muscle tissues is unknown. Using sequential 5'-deletion mutants of the cardiac MLC-2 promoter introduced into primary skeletal muscle cells in culture, we have demonstrated that a 89-bp region, designated the cardiac-specific sequence (CSS), is essential for repression of cardiac MLC-2 expression in skeletal muscle. Removal of the CSS sequence alone allows transcription in skeletal muscle cells without affecting the transcriptional activity of the promoter in cardiac muscle cells. DNase I footprinting and gel shift assays indicate that protein binding to sequences in the CSS domain occurs readily in nuclear extracts obtained from skeletal muscle but not in extracts isolated under identical conditions from cardiac muscle. Thus, it appears that a negative regulatory mechanism accounts for the lack of expression of the cardiac MLC-2 gene in skeletal muscle and that the CSS element and its binding proteins are important functional components of the regulatory apparatus which ensures the developmental program for cardiac tissue-specific gene expression.
A study of upper and lower bounds for minimum congestion routing in lightwave networks

This paper considers the combined problem of finding allocation of wavelengths to the stations (configuration) and finding the associated routing of the traffic to minimize congestion (the amount of maximum flow on any link). This work presents efficient algorithms for computing both upper and lower bounds on the congestion. The upper bounds-to obtain approximate solutions of this problem-are based modification of two heuristics (i) variable depth local search, and (ii) simulated annealing. A more significant contribution is a lower bound computation based on building flow trees to find a lower bound on the total flow, and then distributing the total flow over the links provide a lower bound on the congestion. This technique yields a tool which can be used in evaluating the quality of heuristic algorithms, and determining a termination criteria during minimization. This technique can be applied to other problems with flow-based objectives. Performance of the heuristics is analysed, and compared via simulation studies. It is shown that the heuristics perform on the average, within 20% of the computed lower bound, and 15% better than the previous methods to solve this problem. >
Hypothesis--a chemical mechanism for the biosynthesis of ATP involving ion-exchange reactions.

Abstract Dissociation constants for Mg · ATP were determined by displacing ATP from Dowex-1 resin with magnesium. These constants were then used to analyze the kinetics of yeast mitochondrial ATPase, in terms of the concentrations of free magnesium and free ATP, at a series of pH values. Both Mg · ATP and hydroxide ions were found to compete with the binding of ATP to the enzyme. These results were interpreted, in terms of an ion-exchange model, to mean that the synthesis of ATP may require the utilization of both magnesium and hydroxide ions for the dissociation of ATP from the enzyme as Mg · ATP. The concentrations of Mg and hydroxide required to compete with ATP were both found to be about three orders of magnitude greater than those required to form products, indicating that magnesium and hydroxide ions can contribute about 8 kcal of energy when ATP is synthesized.
Reply to Gingerich et al.: Oldest North American primate

The letter by Gingerich et al. (1) questions my conclusion that Teilhardina magnoliana from the T4 sand, uppermost Tuscahoma Formation, Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi, is the oldest primate found to date in either North America or Europe (2).
Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of NiAl-Mo Composites

In-situ composites consisting of ∼14 vol.% continuous Mo fibers embedded in a NiAl matrix were produced by directional solidification in a xenon-arc-lamp, floating-zone furnace. The fiber spacing and size were controlled in the range 1–2 μm and 400–800 nm, respectively, by varying the growth rate between 80 and 20 mm/h. Electron back-scatter diffraction patterns from the constituent phases revealed that the growth directions and interface boundaries exhibited the following orientation relationships: 〈l00〉 NiAl //〈100〉 Mo and {011} NiAl //{011} Mo . The temperature dependence of the tensile strength and ductility were investigated and the NiAl-Mo composite was found to be both stronger and have a lower ductile-brittle transition temperature than the unreinforced NiAl matrix.
Effect of electrocardiographic lead placement on localization of outflow tract tachycardias.

Background The origin of outflow tract ventricular tachycardia (OTVT) can be predicted from a surface electrocardiogram: indexes of R-wave amplitudes in leads V 1 and V 2 are used to differentiate a right origin from a left origin, while the axis of lead I differentiates an anterior origin from a posterior origin. Incorrect electrode placement is clinically common and may alter predictability of OTVTs. Objective To explore the influence of vertical deviation in leads V 1 and V 2 and arm lead position on the QRS morphology of OTVTs. Methods Vertical deviation of leads V 1 and V 2 was studied in 18 patients with OTVTs. Ventricular premature depolarization beats were recorded in the standard position, superior position, and inferior position. The effect of arm lead position was studied in a separate cohort of 16 patients: ventricular premature depolarizations were recorded with limb leads positioned over the shoulders and over the chest. The origin of tachycardia was determined by using activation mapping and confirmed by successful ablation. Results Superior displacement of leads V 1 and V 2 reduced the R-wave amplitude and led to a decreased R/S ratio (0.11 ± 0.09 vs 0.17 ± 0.1; P 1 and V 2 resulted in an increased R-wave amplitude and led to an increased R/S ratio (0.46 ± 0.35 vs 0.17 ± 0.1; P P Conclusions Small changes in electrocardiographic electrode placement markedly alter the QRS morphology of OTVTs and thus alter the predictability of OTVT origin. These deviations are well within the range of clinical application and have the potential to misdirect ablation procedures.
Climate Controls on Stratigraphy: SEPM Special Publication No. 77

C. Blaine Cecil and N. Terence Edgar, Editors, 2003, SEPM, Tulsa, 275 p. (SEPM members; US $68.00; nonmembers; US $95.00) ISBN: 1-56576-085-9. Climate long has played the poor stepsister to tectonics in the realm of sedimentary geology, but Cecil and Edgar's special publication ( Climate Controls on Stratigraphy ) facilitates Cinderella's continuing debut from the dungeon. The mantra of the volume is the primary role that climate plays in stratigraphy, which is a distinct and deliberate departure from previous emphases on tectonic and eustatic roles. Having been raised on a steady diet of the primacy of tectonics over all other controls on sedimentation, I found this volume to be a refreshing departure, despite my occasional disagreements with the details. Cecil begins the volume with an executive summary in which he advocates the position that a better appreciation of climate's control on sedimentation will lead to better models for the distribution and development of fossil-fuel sources—and we'll reap a bonus of learning more about Earth's climate system. He also outlines the three-part organization of the volume, in which Part 1 provides the framework for climatic controls on sedimentation, Part 2 presents the data and interpretations used to study a single Pennsylvanian cyclothem across North America, and Part 3 captures additional climate-themed studies. The Introduction recounts the butterfly-like flight path of research that ultimately resulted in this volume, which emerged from the sustained efforts of a USGS group working on the origin of mineral matter in coal. Cecil et al.'s first efforts to predict coal composition using then-popular facies models failed, and subsequent study of supposed analogs within the modern environments of the Mississippi Delta, Florida Everglades, and Atlantic coastal swamps similarly failed. The epiphany for a new model arrived when T.L. Phillips and colleagues reintroduced the importance of climate as a control on …
Large population speaker identification using clean and telephone speech

This paper presents text-independent speaker identification results for varying speaker population sizes up to 630 speakers for both clean, wideband speech, and telephone speech. A system based on Gaussian mixture speaker models is used for speaker identification, and experiments are conducted on the TIMIT and NTIMIT databases. The TIMIT results show large population performance under near-ideal conditions, and the NTIMIT results show the corresponding accuracy loss due to telephone transmission. These are believed to be the first speaker identification experiments on the complete 630 speaker TIMIT and NTIMIT databases and the largest text-independent speaker identification task reported to date. Identification accuracies of 99.5 and 60.7% were achieved on the TIMIT and NTIMIT databases, respectively. >
Selecting patients for randomized trials: a systematic approach based on risk group

Background: A key aspect of randomized trial design is the choice of risk group. Some trials include patients from the entire at-risk population, others accrue only patients deemed to be at increased risk. We present a simple statistical approach for choosing between these approaches. The method is easily adapted to determine which of several competing definitions of high risk is optimal. Method: We treat eligibility criteria for a trial, such as a smoking history, as a prediction rule associated with a certain sensitivity (the number of patients who have the event and who are classified as high risk divided by the total number patients who have an event) and specificity (the number of patients who do not have an event and who do not meet criteria for high risk divided by the total number of patients who do not have an event). We then derive simple formulae to determine the proportion of patients receiving intervention, and the proportion who experience an event, where either all patients or only those at high risk are treated. We assume that the relative risk associated with intervention is the same over all choices of risk group. The proportion of events and interventions are combined using a net benefit approach and net benefit compared between strategies. Results: We applied our method to design a trial of adjuvant therapy after prostatectomy. We were able to demonstrate that treating a high risk group was superior to treating all patients; choose the optimal definition of high risk; test the robustness of our results by sensitivity analysis. Our results had a ready clinical interpretation that could immediately aid trial design. Conclusion: The choice of risk group in randomized trials is usually based on rather informal methods. Our simple method demonstrates that this decision can be informed by simple statistical analyses.
Negative exposure: Watching another woman subjected to dominant male behavior during a math interaction can induce stereotype threat.

This research examined whether simply watching videos of a man behaving dominantly toward a woman during a math-related interaction hurts women’s math performance. Men and women watched videos of m...
Insulin inhibits the accumulation of the major lung surfactant apoprotein in human fetal lung explants maintained in vitro

In the present study, we characterized the proteins associated with a purified lamellar body fraction isolated from human fetal lung explants. We then raised antibodies directed against the major human surfactant apoprotein, a 35-K glycoprotein, and used the technique of immunoblot analysis to evaluate the content of the surfactant apoprotein in human fetal lung explants maintained in serum-free medium in vitro. We found that the 35K surfactant apoprotein was undetectable in homogenates of fetal lung tissue before culture; the surfactant apoprotein was induced in the cultured explants coincident with the appearance of differentiated type II cells. Insulin, at concentrations as low as 2.5 ng/ml, caused marked inhibition of the accumulation of the 35K protein in the cultured fetal lung tissue. The inhibitory effect of insulin was dose dependent and was apparent as early as day 2 of incubation. When explants were cultured in medium containing insulin plus cortisol, the amount of immunoreactive surfactant apoprotein was reduced compared to that of explants cultured in control medium or explants cultured with cortisol alone. On the other hand, as reported previously, insulin and cortisol, in combination, stimulated phosphatidylcholine synthesis. These findings are indicative that the phospholipid and apoprotein components of surfactant are regulated independently. The results of our studies suggest that fetal hyperinsulinemia may cause the production of a surfactant deficient in the 35K apoprotein, and this may provide an explanation for the increased incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in infants of diabetic mothers.
The Dynamics of a Partially Mixed Estuary

Measurements of velocity, density, and pressure gradient in the lower Hudson River estuary were used to quantify the dominant terms in the momentum equation and to characterize their variations at tidal and spring‐ neap timescales. The vertical momentum flux (assumed to be due mainly to turbulent shear stress) was estimated indirectly, based on the residual from the acceleration and pressure gradient terms. The indirect estimates of stress compared favorably to bottom stress estimates using a quadratic drag law, supporting the hypothesis that the tidal momentum equation involves a local balance between tidal acceleration, pressure gradient, and stress divergence. Estimates of eddy viscosity indicated that there was significant tidal asymmetry, with flood tide values exceeding ebb values by a factor of 2. As a consequence of the asymmetry, the vertical structure of the tidally averaged stress bore no resemblance to the tidally averaged shear. In spite of the asymmetry of vertical mixing, the tidally averaged, estuarine circulation was found to depend simply on the intensity of bottom turbulence, which could be parameterized by a Rayleigh drag formulation based on the tidal velocity magnitude and the tidally averaged near-bottom flow. This seemingly paradoxical result indicates that the estuarine circulation can be modeled without detailed knowledge of the effective eddy viscosity, only requiring an estimate of the bottom drag coefficient, the tidal forcing conditions, and the baroclinic pressure gradient. A notable characteristic of this solution is an inverse dependence of the estuarine circulation on the amplitude of the tides.
Cities as Novel Biomes: Recognizing Urban Ecosystem Services as Anthropogenic

Urban Ecosystem Science is now an established science, arising along side the historic shift of humans to becoming in majority urban dwellers. In this Perspective I suggest there is a need to develop a new framework for UES as embedded in distinct urban biomes that can be classified by city-type and typologized. UES are largely the artifact of human decision making from what to plant where, to determining the urban infrastructure type in which UES will be placed. Developing urban typologies by climate zone, level of development, size and history will better enable the understanding of UES. I attempt to show the rise of the importance of nature, and of urban nature following the development of industrial city, and the importance of human intent in creating these urban ecosystems over time. If humans choose to manage cities through increasing UES, this will require coupled shifts, the shift in rules and regulations, goals and processes and shifts in urban form, infrastructure and function – socio-technical-ecological changes – driven by human decision-making. Such efforts will vary widely by city -- by urban biome.
A problem of overlap

Here we propose that earlier-demonstrated details in the primate visual cortical map may account for an otherwise puzzling (and problematic) finding in the current human fMRI literature. Specifically, the well-known regions LO and MT(+) reportedly overlap in the human cortical visual map, when those two regions are localized using standard stimulus comparisons in conventional fMRI experiments. Here we describe evidence supporting the idea that the apparent functional overlap between LO and MT arises from a third area (the MT crescent: "MTc"), which is well known to surround posterior MT based on earlier histological, neuroanatomical, and electrophysiological studies in nonhuman primates. If we assume that MTc also exists in human visual cortex, and that it has a location and functional properties intermediate to those in LO and MT, simplistic modeling confirmed that this arrangement could produce apparent overlap between localizers for LO and MT in conventional fMRI maps in human visual cortex.
Stories from Camp Automotive: Communicating the Importance of Family Dynamics to Corporation Law Students

Law professors in the US are relatively uniform in the substantive areas they cover in the basic Corporations course. One area that has been neglected in both the study and teaching of Corporate law is the dynamics of family interaction, sometimes called family process. I refer to these patterns of interaction as abnorms. These abnorms run through many cases in the Corporations casebooks. Law professors should identify and bring these family dynamics into the Corporations classroom for at least three reasons. First, family process can serve as an organizing principle for a great many cases. Second, judges increasingly use family dynamics in their Corporate law decisions. Finally, law students, whether intending to practice on Wall Street or Main Street, need to understand family process to properly counsel their clients. This article suggests several techniques to overcome the barriers to bringing family dynamics into the Corporations classroom. The center of these suggestions is a discussion of Camp Automotive, Inc., a family business in Spokane, Washington. Camp Automotive was the subject of a Wall St. Journal article and much information can also be found on EDGAR.
Clinical Attack Rate of Chikungunya in a Cohort of Nicaraguan Children

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was recently introduced into the Americas. In Nicaragua, the first endogenous transmission of CHIKV was recognized in September 2014. We used an ongoing dengue cohort study of children aged 2-14 years in Managua, Nicaragua, to document the attack rate of symptomatic chikungunya in a presumably naive population. From September 2014 through March 2015, the overall clinical attack rate of laboratory-confirmed CHIKV infection was 2.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.3%, 3.4%). The attack rate was greater in children ≥ 8 years of age (4.1%; 95% CI: 3.2%, 5.1%) than in those < 8 years of age (1.5%; 95% CI: 0.9%, 2.1%). The mean age of CHIKV cases presenting with typical chikungunya symptoms was 9.8 years, compared with 7.8 years for cases presenting with undifferentiated fever (P = 0.04). Our data suggest that the clinical attack rate in children may underestimate the true burden of disease as some children, especially young children, may experience more atypical symptoms (e.g., undifferentiated fever).
Plato’s Republic and Why ‘The City in Speech’ Walks with a Limp?

When it comes to the relationship between philosophy and poetry in the Republic, Homer stands out so much that it is hard to notice anyone else. Socrates’ direct engagement with Homer, his making an antagonist of Homer in order to put poetry in its place, or in the place the city in speech requires it occupy, rightly attracts our attention. Not properly understood, it induces us to think that Plato and/or Socrates see the poets as adversaries rather than as fellow truth pursuers whose arguments run parallel to their own and sometimes beat theirs to the punch. Such is the case, as the Republic itself suggests, with respect to Sophocles’ Oedipus, for precisely at the moment Socrates is putting the final touches on the city in speech, he works Oedipus into his narrative, as if to suggest that the city in speech and, therefore, the Republic are not understood unless Oedipus is understood. Right when the city in speech is said to have reached its end or has become whole, and is therefore ready to stand on its own two feet, Socrates ironically suggests that like Oedipus it walks with a limp and therefore needs Oedipus. What is the city in speech missing that makes Socrates have it lean on Oedipus? Why is it not the whole that Socrates advertises? Or is the city in speech indeed a whole and is that its problem, which Oedipus helps show?
Incidental Sinonasal Findings Identified during Preoperative Evaluation for Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Approaches

BackgroundThe endoscopic transsphenoidal approach (eTSA) to lesions of the sellar region is typically performed jointly by neurosurgeons and otolaryngologists. Occasionally, the approach is signifi...
Frequency domain surface nuclear magnetic resonance forward modeling on an adaptive octree mesh

Nuclear magnetic resonance is unique among geophysical methods in its ability to directly detect hydrogen in liquids. In near surface applications wire loops may be deployed on the surface, both as transmitters and receivers, and used to investigate groundwater in the top 100 or so meters. There are numerous applications for the method, and fast, robust methods to forward model the data are needed. Most formulations assume coincident transmitter and receiver loops, 1D layering of water, and are formulated either in the time domain or solve for the initial amplitude of the signal only. We present an alternative scheme that makes use of efficient frequency-domain calculations that is generalized for 3D water distributions. Separate transmitter and receiver loops are supported. An adaptive octree mesh is used that splits the solution domain into cells such that a specified tolerance of error is not exceeded.
Biological and Environmental Transformations of Copper-Based Nanomaterials

Copper-based nanoparticles are an important class of materials with applications as catalysts, conductive inks, and antimicrobial agents. Environmental and safety issues are particularly important for copper-based nanomaterials because of their potential large-scale use and their high redox activity and toxicity reported from in vitro studies. Elemental nanocopper oxidizes readily upon atmospheric exposure during storage and use, so copper oxides are highly relevant phases to consider in studies of environmental and health impacts. Here we show that copper oxide nanoparticles undergo profound chemical transformations under conditions relevant to living systems and the natural environment. Copper oxide nanoparticle (CuO-NP) dissolution occurs at lysosomal pH (4–5), but not at neutral pH in pure water. Despite the near-neutral pH of cell culture medium, CuO-NPs undergo significant dissolution in media over time scales relevant to toxicity testing because of ligand-assisted ion release, in which amino acid c...
CRT-400.10 Real-time MRI Guidance Improves the Diagnostic Yield of Endomyocardial Biopsy Compared With X-ray Fluoroscopy

The diagnostic yield of endomyocardial biopsy is low because X-ray fluoroscopy cannot distinguish abnormal from normal myocardium. We hypothesized real-time MRI guidance could improve the yield. Under X-ray fluoroscopy guidance, 3mL of fluorescent microspheres (NuFlow Hydrocoat, 15μm diameter, 5
Extended Conjugation Platinum(II) Porphyrins for use in Near-Infrared Emitting Organic Light Emitting Diodes

A family of π-extended platinum(II) porphyrins has been synthesized and incorporated into solution processed polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs) and vapor deposited multilayer organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), giving rise to devices with peak emission ranging from 771 to 1005 nm. The longest wavelength emitter, platinum(II)-5,10,15,20-(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)tetraanthroporphyrin (Pt-Ar4TAP), shows an emission maximum at 1005 nm, an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 0.12%, and a maximum radiant emittance (Rmax) of 0.23 mW/cm2 in single layer PLED architectures, which is enhanced to an EQE of 0.20% with an Rmax of 0.57 mW/cm2 upon vapor deposition of an electron transport layer. In an effort to understand substituent effects and enhance the performance of π-extended Pt-porphyrins in PLEDs and OLEDs, a family of Pt-tetrabenzoporphyrins (Pt-TBPs) with varying functionality was investigated. The luminescent lifetimes of the Pt-TBPs in solution and in films were measured, and a strong correlation was...
Channel-Aware Spectrum Sensing and Access for Mobile Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks

In hardware-constrained cognitive radio (CR) ad hoc networks, secondary users (SUs) with limited sensing capabilities strive to discover and share available spectrum resources without impairing primary-user (PU) transmission. Sensing strategy design objectives include high CR network throughput, resolved SU competition, distributed implementation, and reliable performance under node mobility. However, these objectives have not been realized by previously investigated sensing strategies. A novel sensing strategy is analyzed, where the reward is adapted to the SU-link channel state information (CSI) prior to sensing, thus randomizing sensing decisions and boosting the network throughput. Moreover, CSI-aided sensing is combined with a novel first-come-first-served (FCFS) medium access control (MAC) scheme that resolves SU competition prior to sensing. Finally, a pilot-based CSI prediction method is developed to enable the proposed CSI-aided sensing strategies for mobile scenarios. Analytical and numerical results demonstrate that the proposed sensing and access methods significantly outperform nonadaptive sensing strategies for practical mobile CR scenarios with CSI mismatch and pilot overhead.
Bioengineering factor Xa to treat bleeding

There is a clinical need to develop safe and rapid therapeutic strategies to control bleeding arising from a host of emergent situations. Over the past several years our laboratory has developed novel zymogen-like FXa variants and tested their safety and efficacy using hemophilia as a model system. The variants have a spectrum of properties resulting from an amino acid change at the N-terminus of the heavy chain that alters a critical conformational change. These properties, which include resistance to plasma protease inhibitors, low activity in the absence of FVa, and rescue of low activity upon incorporation in prothrombinase, yield remarkably effective pro-hemostatic agents. The FVa-dependent restoration of activity is a key aspect to their efficacy and also contributes to localizing the variants to the site of vascular injury. While pre-clinical data support their use in the setting of hemophilia, they have the potential to act as rapid pro-hemostatic agents for the treatment of a range of bleeding conditions. This review will discuss the biochemical properties of these FXa zymogen-like variants and their in vivo characterization.
Implementation of Telemedicine Consultation to Assess Unplanned Transfers in Rural Long-Term Care Facilities, 2012–2015: A Pilot Study

INTRODUCTION Public and private entities in the United States spend billions of dollars each year on potentially avoidable hospitalizations. This is a common occurrence in long-term care (LTC) facilities, especially in rural jurisdictions. This article details the creation of a telemedicine approach to assess residents from rural LTC facilities for potential transfer to hospitals. METHODS An electronic LTC (eLTC) pilot was conducted in 20 pilot LTC facilities from 2012-2015. Each site underwent technologic assessment and upgrading to ensure that 2-way video communication was possible. A new central "hub" was staffed with advanced practice providers and registered nurses. Long-term care pilot sites were trained and rolled out over 3 years. This article reports development and implementation of the pilot, as well as descriptive statistics associated with provider assessments and averted transfers. RESULTS Over 3 years, 736 eLTC consultations occurred in pilot sites. One-quarter of consultations occurred between 10 pm and 9 am. Overall, approximately 31% of cases were transferred. This decreased from 54% of cases in 2013 to 17% in 2015. Rural pilot facilities had an average of 23 eLTC consults per site per year. DISCUSSION Averted transfers represent a dramatic benefit to the residents, as potentially avoidable hospitalizations cause undue stress and allow for nosocomial infections, among other risks. In addition, averting these unnecessary transfers likely saved the taxpayers of the United States over $5 million in admission-related charges to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (511 avoided transfers × $11,000 per average hospitalization from a LTC facility). CONCLUSIONS Overall, the eLTC pilot showed promise as a proof-of-concept. The pilot's implementation resulted in increasing utilization and promising reductions in unnecessary transfers to emergency departments and hospitalizations.
Tissue Factor Procoagulant Activity and Coagulation Activation In Sickle Cell Disease: Relationship with Biomarkers of Hemolysis and Inflammation

Abstract 4210 Several lines of evidence suggest that hemostasis is activated in patients with chronic hemolytic anemias, including sickle cell disease (SCD), with documented laboratory evidence for increased thrombin generation, fibrin formation, and elevated circulating levels of tissue factor (TF). TF, a cell surface receptor for factor-VII/VIIa, is the physiologic cellular activator of hemostasis. Previous studies have identified a circulating pool of TF that is associated with both hematopoietic cells and microparticles. We investigated: (i) whether cell-associated or microparticle-associated TF contributes to thrombin generation in SCD; and (ii) whether any of the SCD-related pathobiologic processes such as hemolysis, inflammation and/or endothelial activation contribute to hemostatic perturbations. The study cohort included 40 subjects with SCD in steady state (ages 2 to 21 years), 25 with SS and 15 with the SC genotype. Whole blood TF (WBTF) and microparticle-associated TF (MPTF) were measured using a two-stage functional clotting assay. Besides the early stage markers (WBTF and MPTF), we also assessed end-stage markers of thrombin generation and fibrin formation [thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complexes, and D-dimer]. Surrogate biomarkers of hemolysis [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), reticulocyte count, hemoglobin, and % phosphatidylserine-positive-RBCs]; inflammation [high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil and monocyte counts]; and endothelial activation (soluble VCAM-1, E-selectin, and P-selectin) were assessed. Data were analyzed using Spearman correlation and multiple regression models. While correlations were observed in univariate analyses between WBTF and markers of hemolysis, inflammation, and endothelial activation (p Disclosures: Setty:NIH: Research Funding. Krishnan:NIH: Research Funding. Gayen-Betal:NIH: Research Funding. Stuart:NIH: Research Funding.
Genomic islands of divergence linked to ecotypic variation in sockeye salmon.

Regions of the genome displaying elevated differentiation (genomic islands of divergence) are thought to play an important role in local adaptation, especially in populations experiencing high gene flow. However, the characteristics of these islands as well as the functional significance of genes located within them remain largely unknown. Here, we used data from thousands of SNPs aligned to a linkage map to investigate genomic islands of divergence in three ecotypes of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) from a single drainage in southwestern Alaska. We found ten islands displaying high differentiation among ecotypes, contrasting neutral structure throughout the rest of the genome which was low and not partitioned by ecotype. One island on linkage group 13 was particularly large and contained six SNPs with FST > 0.14 (average FST of neutral SNPs = 0.01). Functional annotation revealed that the peak of this island contained a non-synonymous mutation in a gene involved in growth in other species (TULP4). The islands that we discovered were relatively small (80 - 402 Kb), loci found in islands did not show reduced levels of diversity, and loci in islands displayed slightly elevated linkage disequilibrium. These attributes suggest that the islands discovered here were likely generated by divergence hitchhiking, however, we cannot rule out the possibility that other mechanisms may have produced them. Our results suggest that islands of divergence serve an important role in local adaptation with gene flow and represent a significant advance towards understanding the genetic basis of ecotypic differentiation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
BACTERIAL TEST RESULTS OF GRADE-A RAW MILK SAMPLES AS A MEASURE OF FARM PRODUCTION CONDITIONS1

Milk from 30 grade-A farms was subjected to bacteriological tests including the Standard Plate, total, coliform, psychrophilic, thermoduric, and enterococcus count, resazurin reduction time, and leucocyte count to determine the correlation between these tests and farm production conditions. Farm conditions were evaluated at sample collection time by a farm score, which was based mainly on sanitation. After collection and immediate transportation to the laboratory, half of each sample was stored at 3.3 C for 72 hr, the remainder was preincubated at 12.8 C for 18 hr after storage at 3.3 C for 54 hr; determinations were then performed. The leucocyte count was determined on the fresh sample. The psychrophilic count was the only bacterial test that showed significant correlation with the farm score. For samples stored at 3.3 C for 72 hr, all comparisons among bacterial counts showed significant correlation except: psychrophilic count vs. resazurin reduction time; coliform count vs. resazurin reduction time; an...