cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is Deference the Price of Being Seen as Reasonable? How Status Hierarchies Incentivize Acceptance of Low Status:

High-status members are incentivized to contribute to a group’s collective endeavors by the deference and influence they receive. But what incentives do groups offer low-status members for their continued participation and deference to high-status others? We develop and test a theoretical account of how the implicit cultural rules for status hierarchies create a modest incentive system for deference to those deemed more valuable to the collective effort. Such deference endorses the group’s shared expectations for what is perceived to be validly better. The group responds by granting the deferrer a modicum of respect: the dignity of being seen as reasonable. This respect reaction acts as an incentive system that tempts the low-status person to stay involved in the group’s endeavor despite being less valued. Three experiments confirm that low-status members anticipate receiving and higher-status members offer such reactions of respect and reasonableness for low-status deference, and these reactions increase...
Black Lives Matter, but What About Our Health?

In the setting of the current social and political climate, the focus on protection of Black lives in America has come to the forefront. We evaluate how health in the Black community should be a paramount concern that can be addressed in three ways: 1. Connecting the medical community to the Black community, empowering patients with knowledge, and diversifying the medical workforce. These three initiatives will help to decrease the health disparities seen in Black health.
Connections between secondary mathematics teachers’ beliefs and their selection of tasks for English language learners

ABSTRACTThe tasks teachers select impact students’ opportunities to learn mathematics and teachers’ beliefs influence their choice of tasks. Through the qualitative analysis of surveys, interviews ...
Heterogeneous Contributing Factors in MPM Disease Development and Progression: Biological Advances and Clinical Implications

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) tumors are remarkably aggressive and most patients only survive for 5–12 months; irrespective of stage; after primary symptoms appear. Compounding matters is that MPM remains unresponsive to conventional standards of care; including radiation and chemotherapy. Currently; instead of relying on molecular signatures and histological typing; MPM treatment options are guided by clinical stage and patient characteristics because the mechanism of carcinogenesis has not been fully elucidated; although about 80% of cases can be linked to asbestos exposure. Several molecular pathways have been implicated in the MPM tumor microenvironment; such as angiogenesis; apoptosis; cell-cycle regulation and several growth factor-related pathways predicted to be amenable to therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, the availability of genomic data has improved our understanding of the pathobiology of MPM. The MPM genomic landscape is dominated by inactivating mutations in several tumor suppressor genes; such as CDKN2A; BAP1 and NF2. Given the complex heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment in MPM; a better understanding of the interplay between stromal; endothelial and immune cells at the molecular level is required; to chaperone the development of improved personalized therapeutics. Many recent advances at the molecular level have been reported and several exciting new treatment options are under investigation. Here; we review the challenges and the most up-to-date biological advances in MPM pertaining to the molecular pathways implicated; progress at the genomic level; immunological progression of this fatal disease; and its link with developmental cell pathways; with an emphasis on prognostic and therapeutic treatment strategies.
Reconciliation Feasibility of Non-binary Gene Trees Under a Duplication-Loss-Coalescence Model

Phylogenetic tree reconciliation is a widely-used method to understand gene family evolution. For eukaryotes, the duplication-loss-coalescence (DLC) model seeks to explain incongruence between gene trees and species trees by postulating gene duplication, gene loss, and deep coalescence events. While efficient algorithms exist for inferring optimal DLC reconciliations, they assume that only one individual is sampled per species. In recent work, we demonstrated that with additional samples, there exist gene tree topologies that are impossible to reconcile with any species tree. However, our algorithm required the gene tree to be binary whereas, in practice, gene trees are often non-binary due to uncertainty in the reconstruction process. In this work, we consider for the first time reconciliation under the DLC model with non-binary gene trees. Specifically, we describe an efficient algorithm that takes as input an arbitrary gene tree with an arbitrary number of samples per species and either (1) determines that there is a valid reconcilable binary resolution of that tree and constructs one such resolution or (2) determines that there exists no valid reconcilable binary resolution of that tree. Our work makes it possible to systematically analyze non-binary gene trees and will help biologists identify incorrect gene tree topologies and thus avoid incorrect evolutionary inferences.
Freedom Betrayed: Herbert Hoover's Secret History of the Second World War and Its Aftermath

Review of: "Freedom Betrayed: Herbert Hoover's Secret History of the Second World War and Its Aftermath," written by Herbert Hoover, edited by George H. Nash.
Ratio Limit Theorems

Throughout this chapter, unless noted otherwise, I is a recurrent class relative to the stochastic matrix P. Interest centers on the null recurrent case and on measures with infinite mass. Fix a reference state s ∈ I. Remember that {ξ n } is Markov with stationary transitions P and starting state s relative to the probability P 8 . Remember that the first s-block runs from the first s to just before the second s. Remember the definition (1.80) of invariance and subinvariance. Define the measure μ on I by the relation: μ(i) is the P 8 -mean number of i’s in the first s-block; that is, $$ \mu (i) = e\left( {P\left\{ s \right\}} \right)\left( {s,i} \right) = eP\left\{ s \right\}\left( {s,i} \right) $$
Is Forum-Shopping Corrupting America's Bankruptcy Courts? Review of Lynn M. LoPucki, "Courting Failure: How Competition for big Cases is Corrupting the Bankruptcy Courts"

In his new book, "Courting Failure: How Competition for Big Cases is Corrupting the Bankruptcy Courts", Professor Lynn LoPucki's book argues that that current bankruptcy venue rules have spawned an improper competition for big cases that has corrupted America's bankruptcy courts. LoPucki argues that this competition has harmed the bankruptcy system and the economy, transferring wealth from creditors and employees to incumbent management and bankruptcy professionals. He also argues that the competition that has corrupted the American bankruptcy system is being replicated internationally, resulting in a similar competition and similar harm on the global stage. This essay reviews LoPucki's book and its central theoretical and empirical arguments. LoPucki offers powerful empirical evidence that something is amiss with much of current American bankruptcy practice. This essay will try to flesh out in more detail the model and theoretical foundations that implicitly underlie LoPucki's indictment of bankruptcy forum-shopping (and other forms of forum-shopping as well). Empirical evidence standing alone is insufficient to draw conclusions about whether forum-shopping is in general good or bad without a clearly stated hypothesis to test. Instead, it is necessary to also have a theoretical model sufficient to generate testable hypotheses as a predicate both for determining whether forum-shopping is good or bad on net, as well as the likely effects of reform proposals. Although LoPucki identifies several problem areas in the current Chapter 11 reorganization process, it is not as clear that all of these problems can be clearly attributed to runaway forum-shopping. Instead, they may simply be good-faith errors or mistakes, for which continued competition may be beneficial, in that the competition may actually expedite the process of self-correction. This review essay develops a model of the institutions and incentives governing the forum-shopping competition described by LoPucki in an effort to determine whether the empirical observations proffered by LoPucki can be best explained as the outcome of improper forum-shopping competition. The essay then closes with an analysis of provisions of the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005, noting that many of the provisions in the legislation offer substantive responses to many of the problems identified by LoPucki.
Solid freeform encapsulation of 1-3-0 PZT composites

Two types of encapsulated lead zirconate titanate (PZT) composite hydrophones have been built and tested: a straight walled 1-3-0 PZT composite design and a curved wall 1-3-0 PZT design. The solid freeform fabrication (SFF) technique was used to construct the polymer encapsulation for the two prototype designs.
Manifestation of Divergent-Convergent Thinking in Question Asking and Decision Making Processes of Design Teams: A Performance Dimension

Designing is question intensive. However, our knowledge of the role of question asking in design is limited. The research presented in this article is a summary of the significant findings of a doctoral dissertation that addresses this limitation (Eris 2002). When the findings are considered together, they constitute the conceptual framework of a question-decision centric design thinking model.
Comparison of Single- and Five-fraction Regimens of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Peripheral Early-stage Non–small-cell Lung Cancer: A Two-institution Propensity-matched Analysis

Abstract Purpose To evaluate differences in local control (LC), disease-specific (DC), and overall survival (OS) of patients with early-stage non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with single- (SF) versus 5-fraction (FF) stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) at 2 institutions. Patients and Methods Peripheral early-stage NSCLC cases treated with a median dose of 30 Gy in SF or a median dose of 50 Gy in FF were included per institutional practice. Kaplan-Meier and Cox models were used to assess survival. A matched-pair analysis was performed to account for imbalances. Toxicities including Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grade 3 pneumonitis, chest wall pain requiring long-acting narcotics, and hospitalization for respiratory events 6 months posttreatment were recorded. Results A total of 163 lesions were treated between 2007 and 2015; 65 received SF SBRT and 98 received FF SBRT. Most tumors were T1 (n = 92) and T2 (n = 34) lesions and had adenocarcinoma (n = 77) and squamous cell carcinoma (n = 46) histologies, respectively. In the matched cohort, there were no differences in OS, LC, DC, or progression-free survival between the groups. LC and OS at 1 year in the matched cohort was 95% and 88%, and 87% and 84% in the SF and FF cohorts, respectively. There was 1 grade 3 pneumonitis in the FF group, and 9 total hospitalizations post-SBRT, 3 (5%) in the SF group and 6 (6%) in the FF group. Conclusions No statistically significant differences were seen in LC or DC following SF or FF SBRT in this matched cohort of peripheral lesions. No grade 4 or higher toxicities were reported.
Decomposing the Labour Productivity Gap between Migrant-Owned and Native-Owned Firms in Sub-Saharan Africa

Migration studies have been primarily based on the movement of individuals from developing to developed economies, with a focus on the impact of migrants on host country wages. In this study we tak...
American Iliad: A Dialogue on Hate Speech

The first Achaean tribes came from the high mountains and across the seven seas and settled in Terra Nullius. They loved property. Some began to own lakes, rivers, mountains and canyons that belonged to no mortal man. Some went on piratical expeditions to bring silver, gold and slaves. Trojans were brought to Terra Nullius in ivory ships, always in the middle of the night. Achaeans and Trojans worked hard and created new cities that attracted many tribes from other parts of the world. Gradually, Achaeans became a rich tribe but Trojans remained poor. One time, Achaeans fought among themselves over the meaning of property. Soon they were the best people in the world. They would eat, drink and be merry. In leisure hours they listened to tales of their heroes, gods and goddesses. American Iliad is a tragic tale of Terra Nullius. Its author was a blind man. Some say he was an alien without any vision. Some say the blind man was a Trojan by birth, but the King of Terra Nullius asked him to become an Achaean. Under the laws of Terra Nullius, no Trojan could become an Achaean without swimming through a boiling cauldron. Some say the blind man was bitter about his metamorphosis from a Trojan to an Achaean. Some say he refused to come out of the cauldron. Some say he wrote this play in the cauldron.
Blog, Blogger and the Firm: An Analysis of Firm Policies

Weblogs or blogs have recently received a lot of attention, especially in the business community, with a number of firms encouraging their employees to publish blogs to reach out and connect to a wider audience. It is beginning to be recognized that employee blogs can cast a firm in either a positive or a negative light, thereby enhancing or harming the firm's reputation. Paradoxically, under certain conditions negative postings by employees can actually help the overall reputation of the firm. The rationale for this is that negative posts raise the credibility of an employee blog and attract more readers, who then will also be exposed to the positive posts on the blog. Drawing from the literature on customer advocacy and the stage model theory of information processing in cognitive psychology, we develop a model to decipher the relationship between the extent of negative posts and the overall positive Word of Mouth (WOM) generated by the employee blogs for the firm. An empirical model is developed to account for the inherent non-linearities, endogeneity and unobserved heterogeneity concerns, and potential alternative specifications. Our results suggest that negative posts act as a catalyst to increase the readership of an employee blog, with readership increasing exponentially in the initial stages and then stabilizing. The empirical findings are used to generate an analytical framework that firms can use to formulate employee blogging policies. We illustrate the application of the framework using blogging data from Sun Microsystems.
Fluorescence Imaging with One Nanometer Accuracy

The microscope allows scientists to peer into small objects. With new organic dyes and fluorescent proteins, the microscope has improved our ability to extract biological information from selectively labeled proteins, DNA, and organelles. However, a physical property of light, called diffraction, has made it nearly impossible to see objects smaller than the diffraction limit, which is about 250 nm. However, much information smaller than this distance can be insightful. This can be accomplished without violating the diffraction limit using a technique called FIONA (Fluorescence Imaging with One Nanometer Accuracy). With FIONA, the position of a diffraction-limited spot can be located to within a few nanometers, on a time-scale longer than a millisecond. In this chapter, we discuss some background principles underlying FIONA and its applications.
Pathways to Quality: From Internal Program Supports to Early Educators’ Practice

Research Findings: Early care and education (ECE) quality is critical for children’s learning, and ECE programs’ support of teachers’ learning may be important for ensuring high-quality classrooms....
Neuro-ophthalmic Disease in Pediatric Glaucoma Practice.

PRECIS Pediatric glaucoma referral to neuro-ophthalmology has a high yield for diagnosing neurological disease and neuroimaging in this cohort often uncovers intracranial abnormalities. PURPOSE Multiple studies have examined the utility of neuro-ophthalmology referrals in an adult glaucoma patient population. No similar studies in the pediatric glaucoma population have been completed. An analysis of pediatric referral patterns and clinical characteristics can serve to guide future physician referrals and improve patient outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective review of medical records was conducted to identify pediatric patients evaluated by both glaucoma and neuro-ophthalmology services at Bascom Palmer Eye Institute from January 2013 to August 2018. Records were reviewed for clinical examination findings, demographics, ophthalmic imaging, neuroimaging, and ultimate diagnosis. RESULTS A total of 59 patients, average age 10 years old, were included for analysis. The majority of patients were referred from pediatric glaucoma to neuro-ophthalmology (n=52, 88.1%). The most common reasons for referral included suspected nonglaucomatous optic neuropathy (n=14), optic disc swelling (n=7), color vision deficiency (n=6), and nonglaucomatous visual field defect (n=4). Referral to neuro-ophthalmology resulted in neuro-imaging in 22 patients (22/52, 42.3%), with 7 patients (7/52, 13.7%) having pathology on the scan. Ultimately, 38 patients (73.1%) referred to neuro-ophthalmology had an ultimate diagnosis unrelated to glaucoma. Color vision abnormality, optic nerve pallor, and/or retinal nerve fiber layer <70 µm in at least 1 eye were associated with a diagnosis unrelated to glaucoma. Of the 7 patients referred from neuro-ophthalmology to pediatric glaucoma, none were diagnosed with glaucoma or started on intraocular pressure lowering therapy. CONCLUSIONS Patients referred from pediatric glaucoma to neuro-ophthalmology often have nonglaucomatous disease requiring subspecialty evaluation and neuroimaging. Neuroimaging in this cohort is high yield for uncovering intracranial pathology.
OPTIMIZATION OF COLLAGEN-ELASTIN-LIKE POLYPEPTIDE-BIOGLASS SCAFFOLD COMPOSITION FOR OSTEOGENIC DIFFERENTIATION OF ADIPOSE-DERIVED STEM CELLS.

Abstract We have developed a multicomponent hydrogel scaffold that can mimic the bone extracellular matrix by incorporating collagen, elastin-like polypeptide (ELP), and Bioglass. We examined the effects of Bioglass addition to collagen-ELP scaffolds on mechanical properties, physical characteristics, and in vitro osteogenic differentiation, by varying the Bioglass amount and particle size. Response surface methodology with a central composite design predicted 5 mg (6.6 mg/mL) Bioglass with a particle size of 142 ± 5 µm as the optimal amount and particle size to be mixed with 6 mg/mL collagen and 18 mg/mL ELP to obtain a combination of maximized compressive properties. Swelling ratio and FTIR spectroscopy indicated lower hydrophilicity and the presence of hydrophobic and secondary interactions between collagen, ELP, and Bioglass. Scanning electron microscopy showed a nanofibrous morphology of intermingled collagen-ELP-Bioglass network. In vitro osteogenic characterization using human adipose-derived stem cells revealed increased cell attachment and proliferation with increased ALP activity, osteocalcin content, and mineralized deposit formation during a three-week culture. Numerous mineralized deposits composed of calcium and phosphorous were shown by energy dispersive spectroscopy. Overall, our results show that the collagen-ELP-Bioglass multicomponent composites have enhanced mechanical properties with adequate physical features and cell culture properties for bone tissue engineering.
Spleen: Development, anatomy and reactive lymphoid proliferations

The unique architecture of the spleen enables it to play a key role in the interactions between the circulatory, reticuloendothelial and immune systems. Response to circulating antigens in the setting of infection, autoimmune disease or other conditions may result in a range of benign lymphoid proliferations. Moreover, patients with underlying immune deficiency may also show abnormal lymphoid proliferations within the spleen. This review will highlight the histologic, immunophenotypic and clinical features of reactive lymphoid proliferations to aid in their recognition and provide a context for understanding their development in relation to normal splenic structure and function.
The sedimented social histories of environmental cleanups: An ethnography of social and institutional dynamics.

Abstract The scrutiny of environmental cleanups within the United States has been a growing area of interest for social scientists. Scholars have used case studies and modeling to analyze struggles for environmental justice and the economics of stigma associated with Superfund sites. This research has primarily analyzed community perspectives on remediation and removal, such as local strategies for participating in cleanup decisions. There has been less work on analyzing organizational perspectives on the social and institutional dynamics at play during cleanups. Our study addresses this gap by analyzing insights gained through interviewing U.S. Environmental Protection Agency staff who do cleanup work in brownfields, Superfund, and emergency response. This ethnographic research excavates the sedimented layers of social histories of contaminated sites: local and regional contexts, institutional power and authority, and stakeholder relationships and networks. It interrogates how these sedimented social histories affect cleanup decisions, including the temporal and spatial boundaries of sites themselves. We find that the making of relationships is as important to cleanup strategies and outcomes as the scientific and technical aspects of cleanup are. This finding highlights the importance of tools and resources to excavate these social histories during environmental remediation, removal, and decontamination work.
Individual-level intervention: How perceptions of neighborhood matter for social organization

One of the most robust areas of research in the communities and crime literature investigates the relationship between neighborhood social control and levels of neighborhood crime. While macro-leve...
Polarization effects of X-ray monochromators modeled using dynamical scattering theory

The difference in the diffracted intensity of the σ- and π-polarized components of an X-ray beam in powder diffraction has generally been treated according to equations based on dipole scattering, also known as kinematic X-ray scattering. Although this treatment is correct for powders and post-sample analyzers known to be of high mosaicity, it does not apply to systems configured with nearly perfect crystal incident-beam monochromators. Equations are presented for the polarization effect, based on dynamical diffraction theory applied to the monochromator crystal. The intensity of the π component relative to the σ component then becomes approximately proportional to |cos 2θm| rather than to cos22θm, where θm is the Bragg diffraction angle of the monochromator crystal. This changes the predicted intensities of X-ray powder diffraction patterns produced on instruments with incident-beam monochromators, especially in the regions far from 2θ = 90° in the powder pattern. Experimental data, based on well known standard reference materials, are presented, confirming that the dynamical polarization correction is required when a Ge 111 incident-beam monochromator is used. The dynamical correction is absent as an option in the Rietveld analysis codes with which the authors are familiar.
Single-pass cutting of glass with a curved edge using ultrafast curving bessel beams and oblong airy beams

Abstract Single-pass cutting of glass substrates with a curved edge is demonstrated using ultrafast curving Bessel and Airy beams, and the advantages of each beam are considered. To achieve successful cutting using the curving Bessel beam, crack directionality is controlled to be perpendicular to the cut by modifying the beam’s spectrum, and a flat-top intensity profile is used to increase consistency. When cutting using Airy beams, a modified beam called an oblong Airy beam is used, which has an oblong focal-spot shape, flat-top intensity profile, and increased contrast between the focal spot and sidelobes as compared to a Gaussian Airy beam. In both cases, the beams’ phase profiles are chosen to maximize edge curvature for a specific sample thickness. Cutting of 500 μm thick glasses in a single laser pass with a high (>10 μm) pitch between laser shots is demonstrated.
Readmission after splenic salvage: How real is the risk?

Abstract Background Hemorrhage due to delayed splenic rupture is a potentially fatal complication of nonoperative management of splenic injuries. Suboptimal postdischarge follow-up has made measuring the incidence of failed splenic salvage challenging. We hypothesized that readmission after splenic salvage is rare; however, readmissions for splenic conditions would be associated with a high rate of splenectomy. Methods The National Readmission Database for 2016 and 2017 was queried for trauma admissions with the International Classification of Diseases 10th revision codes for splenic injury. Patients with missing discharge disposition, discharge to a short-term hospital, death during index admission, or admitted in December were excluded. The primary endpoint was nonelective 30-day readmission for splenic diagnoses after nonoperative management during the index admission. Outcomes collected included transfusions, complications, interventions at readmission, and mortality. Results There were 22,736 patients admitted for a traumatic splenic injury; 15,596 (68.6%) underwent no intervention, 2,261 (9.9%) were treated with embolization only, and 4,509 (19.8%) underwent splenectomy. The overall 30-day readmission rate was 8.4%, whereas the spleen-related readmission rate was 2.0%. For those treated with embolization or no intervention, the spleen-related 30-day readmission rate was 2.4%, with the majority (69.4%) occurring within 7 days of discharge. The most common complications were pleural effusion (23.0%), sepsis (4.4%), splenic abscess (3.9%), and splenic infarct (3.0%). Those patients readmitted for spleen-related diagnoses after undergoing splenic salvage during the index admission had a 22.3% rate of splenectomy and mortality of 1.6%. Conclusion Readmission after splenic salvage is rare, with the majority presenting within 1 week of discharge. However, of those readmitted for spleen injury–related diagnoses there was a high rate of splenectomy. Patients managed with splenic salvage should be counseled on the risk of potential failure and need for readmission and operation after discharge.
Discovery, Pursuit, and Justification

In earlier discussions of the philosophy of science, philosophers such as Reichenbach (1938) distinguished between the “context of discovery” and the “context of justification.” The context of justification was concerned with the evidential basis for belief in scientific hypotheses and with the logical structure of science, whereas the context of discovery was left to psychology. More recently, philosophers of science such as Laudan (1980) and Nickles (1980b) have suggested a third classification, that of pursuit, the further investigation of a theory or an experimental result. In addition, recent studies of science, which emphasize scientific practice, have emphasized that science is a complex activity demanding a richer description than just discovery and justification.1
Criminal Affirmance: Going Beyond the Deterrence Paradigm to Examine the Social Meaning of Declining Prosecution of Elite Crime

Recent financial scandals and the relative paucity of criminal prosecutions against elite actors that benefited from the crisis in response suggest a new reality in the criminal law system: some wrongful actors appear to be above the law and immune from criminal prosecution. As such, the criminal prosecutorial system affirms much of the wrongdoing giving rise to the crisis. This leaves the same elites undisturbed at the apex of the financial sector, and creates perverse incentives for any successors. Their incumbency in power results in massive deadweight losses due to the distorted incentives they now face. Further, this undermines the legitimacy of the rule of law and encourages even more lawlessness among the entire population, as the declination of prosecution advertises the profitability of crime. These considerations transcend deterrence as well as retribution as a traditional basis for criminal punishment. Affirmance is far more costly and dangerous with respect to the crimes of powerful elites that control large organizations than can be accounted for under traditional notions of deterrence. Few limits are placed on a prosecutor’s discretionary decision about whom to prosecute, and many factors against prosecution take hold, especially in resource-intensive white collar crime prosecutions. This article asserts that prosecutors should not decline prosecution in these circumstances without considering its potential affirmance of crime. Otherwise, the profitability of crime promises massive future losses.
Symbolic execution enhanced system testing

We describe a testing technique that uses information computed by symbolic execution of a program unit to guide the generation of inputs to the system containing the unit, in such a way that the unit's, and hence the system's, coverage is increased. The symbolic execution computes unit constraints at run-time, along program paths obtained by system simulations. We use machine learning techniques ---treatment learning and function fitting--- to approximate the system input constraints that will lead to the satisfaction of the unit constraints. Execution of system input predictions either uncovers new code regions in the unit under analysis or provides information that can be used to improve the approximation. We have implemented the technique and we have demonstrated its effectiveness on several examples, including one from the aerospace domain.
A Multi-Level Model of Economic Development Policy Abandonment

While the focus of public policy has traditionally been on policy adoption, policy implementation, policy diffusion, and program evaluation, very little attention has been paid to policy abandonment save for recent work by Reese (2009) and Volden (2010) and earlier works under the title of policy termination. Researchers have continued to work toward an understanding of why municipalities adopt incentives for economic development; however, we are only beginning to ask what might compel a state or local government to abandon policies. This article contends that developing a theoretical foundation for policy abandonment is important in the context of local economic development and diminishing budgets. Using three data sources, this paper takes a mixed multi-level approach to understand policy termination at these two levels. First, the author analyzes policy abandonment based on state legislations. Second, the author analyzes the characteristics leading a municipality to be more likely to abandon policies based on three waves of the ICMA economic development survey (1999, 2004, 2009). Finally, a follow up survey of the municipalities from the 2009 ICMA economic development survey uncovers economic developer’s preferences for policy abandonment. This article presents the first hard look at what compels state and local governments to abandon their economic development policies.
A clinical study of granuloma inguinale with a routine for the diagnosis of lesions of the vulva.

Abstract 1. 1. Seventy-nine women patients with granuloma inguinale were observed at Duke Hospital during a nineteen-year period ending Jan. 1, 1950. It is certain that this was not the true incidence. Seventy-seven patients were Negroes, one was white, and one was a Filipina. 2. 2. The etiology, the diagnosis, the differential diagnosis, the symptomatology and treatment of these patients have been critically reviewed. 3. 3. The recognition and differential diagnosis of vulvar lesions requires a definite diagnostic routine and close cooperation between the clinician, pathologist, and bacteriologist. 4. 4. The use of antibiotics as a specific should replace antimony compounds in the treatment of granuloma inguinale. Early diagnosis is always important.
Influences of Age and Experience on Web-Based Problem Solving Strategies

Older adults experience the World Wide Web differently than younger ones do. For example, they move more slowly from page to page, take more time to complete tasks, make more repeated visits to pages, and take more time to select link targets. Age-related cognitive and physical changes have been held responsible for these differences, engendering the view that older adults do the same sorts of things as younger ones but with less efficiency, speed and precision. This paper challenges that position. To accomplish their purposes, older adults may systematically undertake different activities and use different parts of websites than younger adults do. We examined the ways a group of adults aged 18 to 73 moved through an intricate website to solve a multipart problem. As they moved through the website, users followed different paths than younger ones. However, the number of years of their experience with computers and the web did not differentiate their paths. We discuss the results and reconsider our "tally sheet" definition of experience.
Synthesis and characterization of acrylic polyols and polymers from soybean oils for pressure-sensitive adhesives

A new class of acrylic polyols was synthesized from epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and free-radically polymerized via UV irradiation to form pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs). ESO first was partially acrylated, then the remaining epoxy groups were dihydroxylated to make acrylic polyols. The acrylic polyols were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, and hydroxyl value measurements. The degree of acrylation and hydroxyl functionality were carefully controlled to obtain polymers with a good balance of flexibility, crosslinking, and polarity, which are key attributes of PSAs. The glass transition temperature, rubbery plateau modulus, and cross-link density of polymers increased as the amount of acrylic polyol and the acrylate functionality of the resin increased. Biobased PSA with a good balance of peel strength (>4 N in−1), tack (>7 N in−1), and shear resistance (>50 000 min) was achieved. Positive correlations between the mechanical performance and viscoelastic responses of a frequency sweep of the PSAs were found.
An Optimal Choice: Home Intravenous Hydration After Tonsillectomy†

Most tonsillectomies are performed as outpatient procedures in an ambulatory care facility. The postoperative period can be protracted, which can cause dehydration and readmission to the hospital. Timely intervention with home intravenous (IV) hydration can help prevent this complication. A prospective clinical trial was designed to evaluate the benefit of home IV therapy after tonsillectomy. One hundred consecutive patients underwent tonsillectomy. Fifty returned home without home IV hydration and another 50 returned home with home IV hydration. Clinical data were collected by the homecare nurse during the postoperative period. Comparison between these two groups showed that the patients with home IV hydration had less morbidity. Daily assessment of the patient by telephone is the best screening method to determine the need for IV hydration for the posttonsillectomy patient.
Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models in Chemical Risk Assessment

Post-exposure risk assessment of chemical and environmental stressors is a public health challenge. Linking exposure to health outcomes is a 4-step process: exposure assessment, hazard identification, dose response assessment, and risk characterization. This process is increasingly adopting “in silico” tools such as physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to fine-tune exposure assessments and determine internal doses in target organs/tissues. Many excellent PBPK models have been developed. But most, because of their scientific sophistication, have found limited field application—health assessors rarely use them. Over the years, government agencies, stakeholders/partners, and the scientific community have attempted to use these models or their underlying principles in combination with other practical procedures. During the past two decades, through cooperative agreements and contracts at several research and higher education institutions, ATSDR funded translational research has encouraged the use of various types of models. Such collaborative efforts have led to the development and use of transparent and user-friendly models. The “human PBPK model toolkit” is one such project. While not necessarily state of the art, this toolkit is sufficiently accurate for screening purposes. Highlighted in this paper are some selected examples of environmental and occupational exposure assessments of chemicals and their mixtures.
A modified reduced-temperature antigen retrieval protocol effective for use with a polyclonal antibody to cyclooxygenase-2 (PG 27)

Antigen retrieval is now a standard procedure in immunohistochemical studies of tissues for diagnosis and research. While the most commonly used protocol (20 minutes at 100 degrees C in citrate buffer pH 6.0) is effective for many antibody/antigen combinations, experience has shown that in some instances, this standard approach fails. Under these circumstances, a successful antigen retrieval protocol may still be established by varying key conditions in the antigen retrieval process. The authors previously have advocated a test battery approach to determine the optimal conditions for antigen retrieval, illustrated here with respect to a polyclonal antibody to cyclooxygenase-2 (PG-27) that failed to give a positive staining result after orthodox antigen retrieval. The key feature of this modified antigen retrieval protocol is heating the deparaffinized tissue sections at a reduced temperature (90 degrees C as opposed to 100 degrees C). For this particular antibody, a boiling condition yields a negative result, a principal reason why previous investigators have used a tyramide signal amplification system to achieve satisfactory immunohistochemical results with this antibody. The optimal antigen retrieval protocol established in the authors' laboratory for this polyclonal antibody to cyclooxygenase-2 (PG-27) was evaluated in a study of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cell lines and 31 bladder cancer tissue blocks using the tissue microarray technique, with side-by-side comparison between the results obtained by a tyramide signal amplification method (without antigen retrieval) and a standard immunohistochemical method with the optimized antigen retrieval protocol. The reduced temperature antigen retrieval protocol yielded a comparable or superior immunostaining for cyclooxygenase-2 both in cell lines and tissue blocks. In conclusion, use of the test battery approach allowed development of a modified antigen retrieval technique that provides a more reliable, much simpler approach for the demonstration of cyclooxygenase-2 in archival tissues.
Partitioning Mass, Heat, and Moisture Budgets of Explicitly Simulated Cumulus Ensembles into Convective and Stratiform Components

Abstract Simulated data from the UCLA Cumulus Ensemble Model (CEM) are analyzed to partition mass, heat, and moisture budgets of cumulus ensembles into convective and stratiform components. A method based primarily on the horizontal distribution of maximum cloud draft strength below the melting level in a CEM grid column has been developed for this analysis. The stratiform region includes both precipitating and nonprecipitating anvils. The convective and stratiform components of mass, heat, and moisture budgets are distinctly different, in qualitative agreement with previous observational and modeling studies. In the heat and moisture budgets, the difference is due mainly to that in the phase change processes. In general, condensation/deposition dominate evaporation/sublimation in the convective region. All of these processes are more or less equally important in the stratiform region. Freezing occurs only in the convective region. Sublimation from snow/graupel in the stratiform region is much more import...
Functionality distribution of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadienes using gel permeation chromatography. I. The method and calibration procedure

A method for simultaneously determining the molecular weight averages, molecular weight distribution, hydroxyl equivalent weight, functionality averages, and functionality distribution of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadienes using GPC has been developed. The method is based on the preparation of a UV absorbing derivative of the hydroxyl group and GPC analysis using dual differential refractive index and UV detectors. In order to determine the hydroxyl equivalent weight, quantitative derivatization of the hydroxyl group is required. If the equivalent weight can be determined by an independent method, the derivatization reaction can be less than quantitative if sufficient UV absorptivity can be obtained. The procedure used for calibrating the GPC columns and UV detector are presented. Equations for calculating number- and weight-average functionalities from GPC data were also developed. The number-average functionality is independent of the functionality distribution, but the weight-average functionality is dependent upon the distribution of functionality. The ratio of the weight-average to number-average functionality is indicative of how the functionality is skewed as a function of molecular weight.
How would we know if psychotherapy were harmful

Patients can be harmed by treatment or by the decisions that are made about those treatments. Although dramatic examples of harmful effects of psychotherapy have been reported, the full scope of the problem remains unclear. The field currently lacks consensus about how to detect harm and what to do about it when it occurs. In this article, we define the ways in which treatment (or the inferences about treatment) can do harm and discuss factors that complicate efforts to detect harm. We also recommend methods to detect and understand harm when it occurs, drawing from and modifying many of the same strategies that are used to detect benefit. Specifically, we highlight the value of establishing independent systems for monitoring untoward events in clinical practice, reporting descriptive case studies and qualitative research, and making use of information from randomized clinical trials, including examining potential active ingredients, mechanisms, moderators, and a broad range of outcomes measured over time. We also highlight the value of promoting discussion in the field about standards for defining and identifying harm.
Alcohol expectancy increases positive responses to cigarettes in young, escalating smokers

Rationale A large proportion of smokers consolidate their smoking patterns during young adulthood, and it is possible that the high rates of drinking found in this age group may facilitate the transition from nondaily to daily cigarette use.
Organization of the human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene IL1HY1.

The interleukin (IL)-1 family of proteins plays an important role in inflammatory and defense mechanisms. The recently characterized IL1HY1 cDNA encodes a new member of the IL-1 receptor antagonist family (IL-1ra). In this report, we describe the complete nucleotide sequence of the human IL1HY1 gene. We sequenced approximately 7600 nucleotides and found four coding exons ranging in size from 55 to 2288 nucleotides. The 5′ untranslated region is formed by one of two alternatively used exons and one invariably present exon which also contains the region encoding the first nine amino acids of the protein. IL1HY1 and IL-1ra intron positions are well conserved within the protein-coding region, providing evidence that these genes arose from a duplication of a primordial IL-1 receptor antagonist gene.
ZINDO Calculations of the Ground State and Electronic Transitions in the Tetracyanonickelate Ion, Ni(CN)42-

ZINDO semiempirical calculations on the Ni(CN)(4)(2-) ion were performed, and ground-state energies for all 41 valence-orbital-based MOs and orbital transition components of the two lowest energy fully allowed electronic transitions are reported. Gaussian 94 was used to calculate ground-state energies as a comparison. The ground-state energies using ZINDO compare much more favorably with those found through ab initio techniques than with those from a reported INDO calculation. The found electronic transitions agree substantially with earlier assignments with the exception that several orbital transitions are required to adequately model the lowest energy allowed x,y-polarized experimental transition. Calculation parameters were optimized to give excellent agreement with experiment and may serve well for more complex arrangements of this ion.
Smooth surface reconstruction from scattered data points

Abstract We describe here a new technique and a package for rapid reconstruction of smooth surfaces from scattered data points. This method is based on a fast recurrent algorithm for the Delauney triangulation followed by rational interpolation inside triangles. Preprocessing of data includes sorting and takes N log( N ) time. Afterwards the computational cost is a linear function of the amount of data. This technique enables a user to construct a surface of any class of smoothness and degree of convergence. Our package reconstructs surfaces that can be uniquely projected either on a plane or on a sphere. The graphical section of this package includes three dimensional transformations, shading, hidden surface removal, interactive adding points into triangulation by mouse, etc. The graphics has been implemented on Iris-4D, SUN-4 and IBM-5080.
Comparison of Two Adsorbents for Sugar Recovery from Biomass Hydrolyzate

Two polymeric adsorbents, Dowex99 and poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (PVP), have been studied for the recovery of sugars from a corn-stover hydrolyzate. The major components of the hydrolyzate are five sugars, glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose, and galactose, and four impurities, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), and furfural. In elution chromatography in a column packed with Dowex99, the five sugars are the “center-cut”, whereas sulfuric acid elutes earlier and the other three impurities elute later than the sugars. For a column packed with PVP, the sugars elute earlier than all the impurities. The intrinsic adsorption and mass-transfer parameters of the sugars and the major impurities were obtained from elution and frontal chromatography tests of single components. The experimental elution chromatograms of the hydrolyzate are in close agreement with the simulations based on a detailed rate model and the single-component intrinsic parameters. The results indicate that other unidentified...
Pattern partitioning of floral flavonoids in the Mimulus luteus complex

Abstract Some flavonoids are differentially distributed between the spots and the background in the flowers of the Mimulus luteus complex; others are not. T