cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extension of normals by precipitation‐data and by comparison with another stream

The factors affecting relationship between precipitation and consequent runoff are multitudinous and their interrelation is exceedingly complex. They vary widely from time to time and place to place. Basic data are meager and the weight to be given to any single factor is usually uncertain. Runoff-characteristics of drainage-areas within the same region will frequently be quite dissimilar. Under these circumstances no one should hope to answer conclusively paragraph V(a) of the questionnaire submitted January 4, 1935 by the Conference.
On a consistent theory, and variational formulation of finitely stretched and rotated 3-D space-curved beams

This paper deals with finite rotations, and finite strains of three-dimensional space-curved elastic beams, under the action of conservative as well as nonconservative type external distributed forces and moments. The plausible deformation hypothesis of “plane sections remaining plane” is invoked. Exact expressions for the curvature, twist, and transverse shear strains are given; as is a consistent set of boundary conditions. General mixed variational principles, corresponding to the stationarity of a functional with respect to the displacement vector, rotation tensor, stress-resultants, stress-couples, and their conjugate strain-measures, are stated for the case when conservative-type external moments act on the beam. The momentum-balance conditions arising out of these functionals, either coincide exactly with, or are equivalent to, those from the “static method”. The incremental variational functionals, governing both the Total and Updated Lagrangian incremental finite element formulations, are given. An example of the case of the buckling of a beam subject to axial compression and non-conservative type axial twisting couple, is presented and discussed.
Rings of quotients of topological rings

This paper is concerned primarily with the question of extending the topology of a topological ring to its complete ring of quotients so that the given ring is an open subring of the quotient ring. This type of problem was considered in a very special case by Warner [6]. General topological embeddings have been studied by End6 [1]. Both of these papers are concerned with the classical rather than the complete ring of quotients. More specifically, Warner requires that his rings have no zero-divisors. We have attempted to generalize these results by requiring only that our rings have an identity element and by working in the complete ring of quotients. In § 1 a description is given of a subring, C(R), of the complete ring of quotients which is maximum with respect to the property that the given ring may be embedded in it as an open subring. The following sections are devoted to properties of C(R) and its application to the study of the classical ring of quotients. In particular, the product theorem of Utumi [4; Proposition 9, p. 100] and the open embeddability criterion of Warner [6; Theorem 5, p. 59] are generalized. 1. The Maximum Open Embedding
Pharmacokinetics of diaspirin cross-linked haemoglobin in a rat model of hepatic cirrhosis*

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of cirrhosis on the disposition of the haemoglobin-based oxygen carrier, diaspirin cross-linked haemoglobin (DCLHb). Cirrhosis was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) by inhalational exposure to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), over a period of 6 weeks. Pharmacokinetic evaluation was performed after a single intravenous bolus administration of DCLHb (400 mg kg(-1)). Serum biochemistry, including aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, bile acids, serum albumin, and serum creatinine, were measured in CCl4-treated (n = 6) and age-matched control (n = 6) rats. After 6 weeks, the jugular vein and carotid artery were cannulated for bolus DCLHb administration (400 mg kg(-1)) and blood sampling, respectively, in both groups of rats. Cirrhosis produced significant (P < 0.05) elevations in alkaline phosphatase (497.4 +/- 84.8 U L(-1) vs 241.2 +/- 5.1 U L(-1)), aspartate transaminase (920.5 +/- 190.9 U L(-1) vs 238.2 +/- 118.1 U L(-1)) and bile acids (333.8 +/- 77.3 mg dL(-1) vs 43.8 +/- 4.2 mg dL(-1)) compared with the control group. No significant renal dysfunction was observed as a result of CCl4 exposure. Plasma DCLHb concentrations declined approximately log-linearly. Systemic clearance of DCLHb was estimated to be 2.2 +/- 0.7 mL h(-1) in the treatment group and was slightly, but not significantly, less in the control group (3.6 +/- 1.7 mL h(-1)). There was also a trend toward a longer elimination half-life in the treatment group (4.7 +/- 2.2 h) compared with the control group (3.8 +/- 0.8 h), although this difference was not statistically significant. Cirrhosis does not significantly alter the disposition of DCLHb perhaps due to increased extra-hepatic metabolism by the reticulo-endothelial system.
New Cathodic Protection System Design for Dubai Platforms

New sacrificial anode protection criteria that were developed and tested by the Dubai Petroleum Company (DPC) have resulted in a 40 percent decrease in anode weight as compared to that required by conventionally accepted design. Derivation of the criteria are based on an analyses of extensive field results of potential surveys of seven DPC platforms that had conventional sacrificial anode protection systems. It was found that an initial platform current density of 310 + or - 20 milliampers per square meter of area exposed to seawater, resulted in polarization of the platform to -1 volt with respect to the silversilver chloride reference electrode. As a consequence of this high initial polarization, the electric current requirement for protection is significantly reduced. The new criteria were used in the design of Platform ''JJ'' which was installed in September 1982. Field results that include periodic potential surveys of Platform ''JJ'' will be presented and discussed.
COLORIMETRIC ESTIMATION OF INDOLEACETIC ACID.

The wide use of the auxin, indoleacetic acid, in physiological and biochemical experiments has promoted interest in methods for its colorimetrie estimation. Mitchell and Brunstetteb (1) have proposed both the nitrite and the ferric chloride-sulphuric acid tests for the quantitative estimation of indoleacetic acid (IAA) in aqueous solutions, basing their suggested procedures upon a study of optimal reaction conditions for these two reagents. According to them, the nitrite method is sensitive to 10 /tig. IAA/ml. and develops a red color that is stable after two hours. In several attempts to duplicate their nitrite method using solutions of IAA varying from 20 to 45 /tg./ml., we could not obtain a stable red color with IAA at the two hours proposed, or at any other time. A faint pink develops almost immediately which rapidly fades to orange or yellow, depending on IAA concentrations, within i hour. If the concentration of nitrite is reduced, the red color becomes sufficiently persistent to be read. Indole likewise gives a strong, relatively stable, red color in this test (cf. table II)?a reaction which is sometimes used as a qualitative test for indole (Nitroso-Indole reaction). Tang and Bonner (2) have modified the ferric chloride-sulphuric acid method for IAA, combining the iron and sulphuric acid as a single reagent to yield improved sensitivity. However, the color produced is also unstable, rapidly developing and then fading. We have found, as have these workers, that the fading color can be practically dealt with by adopting a standard time between addition of reagent and reading of absorbancy or transmittance. Both of the methods discussed above possess disadvantages, lacking either specificity, sensitivity, or stability of color complex formed. During a study of the inactivation of IAA in aqueous solutions, it was frequently necessary to assay at one time many samples where the IAA concentrations were low, or where the degree of significance of small differences in concentrations between experimental unite required evaluation. Hence, we considered it desirable 'to re-examine the ferric chloride-sulphuric acid procedure. Several alterations have been made which produce a more stable color, of increased specificity, which changes in density more rapidly with variation in IAA concentration. 1. The procedure of Tang and Bonner can be improved somewhat by reading at 15 minutes after addition of reagent (instead of 30 minutes as they suggest), since the transient color reaches a maximum at the former time. Maximum absorption was found to occur at 530 ???.
Physician overestimation of patient literacy: a potential source of health care disparities.

Abstract Objective To investigate physician overestimation of patient literacy level in a primary care setting. Methods The study sample consisted of 12 non-academic primary care physicians and 100 patients from a U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital in Houston, Texas. Patient literacy level was measured on a 1–4 scale using the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM). Physicians rated each patient's literacy level on a corresponding scale. Chi-square was used to test for association of patient race/ethnicity and gender with: (1) patient REALM level and (2) discrepancy between patient REALM level and physician rating of patient literacy level. Results Patient REALM level was not statistically significantly associated with patient race/ethnicity or gender. Physicians overestimated the REALM level for 54% of African American, 11% of white non-Hispanic, and 36% of other race/ethnicity patients ( p Conclusion Physicians commonly overestimate patients' literacy levels, and this apparently occurs more often with minority patients, and particularly with African Americans, than with white non-Hispanic patients. This discordance in estimation of patient's literacy level may be a source of disparities in health care.
The Contribution of Academic Interest Measures to the Differential Prediction of Marks.

In a study of differential predictions of course marks in grades 12 and 13 interest measures were found to add appreciably to differential validities, particularly at the high school level. Differential validities remained quite low; however–typically in the .20's and .30's-probably because of high intercorrelations among the criteria. The relationship between intercorrelations of actual criteria and intercorrelations of predicted criteria was examined, and the implications of this relationship for differential validities were discussed.
Effects of Electrical Stimulation of the Chorda Tympani Nerve on Taste Responses in the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract

Despite evidence for an abundance of inhibitory synaptic processes within the taste-responsive portion of the brain stem, little is known about how these processes are activated or modulated. In this context, this study tested the hypothesis that activation of the chorda tympani nerve (CT) invokes inhibition that influences gustatory neural information processing in the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). Stimulating electrodes were implanted in the middle ear of urethane-anesthetized rats to enable the passage of current across the CT. Electrophysiological responses to sucrose, NaCl, HCl, and quinine were recorded from single NTS neurons both individually and immediately following tetanic electrical stimulation of the CT. Additionally, NTS field responses to paired pulse stimulation of the CT were recorded. Electrical pulses delivered to the CT were found to produce a compound action potential with four components. Taste-responsive units in the NTS showed tetanus-evoked responses that varied in latency and strength. Those cells that showed strong, short latency responses to CT stimulation showed large magnitude responses to NaCl and were relatively narrowly tuned. Units with longer latencies generally responded more broadly to taste stimuli and with lower response magnitudes. Following tetanus, taste responses in 20 (43%) of the 46 units were reversibly altered in a stimulus-selective manner. Taste responses in 18 units were both enhanced and attenuated following tetanic stimulation, although attenuation was much more common. Additionally, tetanus was found to affect the temporal organization of spikes within taste responses to one stimulus in seven units (15%), four of which also showed changes in response magnitude to a different stimulus following tetanus. The influence of tetanus on taste responses was shown to be reliable and repeatable in neurons from which stimulus trials were recorded more than once. Across all units, responses to quinine were most dramatically and frequently attenuated following tetanus, while those to NaCl were least susceptible to change. NTS field responses evoked by paired pulse stimulation of the CT suggested that the initial pulse evoked an inhibitory influence in the NTS that decayed and returned to baseline by 2 s. These data are consistent with the idea that afferent input to the NTS normally activates inhibitory synaptic activity. As with other sensory systems, such inhibition may serve to facilitate contrast in the neural representation of different stimulus qualities.
A single-sample microarray normalization method to facilitate personalized-medicine workflows

Gene-expression microarrays allow researchers to characterize biological phenomena in a high-throughput fashion but are subject to technological biases and inevitable variabilities that arise during sample collection and processing. Normalization techniques aim to correct such biases. Most existing methods require multiple samples to be processed in aggregate; consequently, each sample's output is influenced by other samples processed jointly. However, in personalized-medicine workflows, samples may arrive serially, so renormalizing all samples upon each new arrival would be impractical. We have developed Single Channel Array Normalization (SCAN), a single-sample technique that models the effects of probe-nucleotide composition on fluorescence intensity and corrects for such effects, dramatically increasing the signal-to-noise ratio within individual samples while decreasing variation across samples. In various benchmark comparisons, we show that SCAN performs as well as or better than competing methods yet has no dependence on external reference samples and can be applied to any single-channel microarray platform.
Differences for gender, weight and exercise in body image disturbance and eating disorder symptoms.

Objective: Differences for gender, weight, exercise frequency and type for eating disorder symptoms and body image disturbance were examined. Further understanding of male body image disturbance was the primary goal. Method: Males (n=200) and females (n=233) completed measures to assess eating disorder symptoms and multiple components of body image disturbance. Measures were modified to be more appropriate for males. Results: Females endorsed higher levels of eating and body concerns. Males were divided between a desire to maintain, increase or decrease their size. Higher weight and exercise frequency was associated with increased body image concern and eating disorder symptoms, particularly for males. Exercise frequency was also linked to higher self-esteem for males. Males who used muscle-enhancing supplements indicated increased social pressures and concern for appearance, and a desire to increase their size. Discussion: The findings support that weight and exercise frequency affect eating disorder symptoms and body image disturbance. Males appear to exhibit body image disturbance, which is related to their current weight status. Results support the call for further development of measures that more adequately address male concerns.
Biochemical characterization of related microtubule proteins in Drosophila melanogaster and adult rat brain

We describe the biochemical characteristics of three proteins isolated from Drosophila embryos and the rat brain. We refer to these proteins as DMAPs (Drosophila microtubule-associated proteins) since they were identified by monoclonal antibodies generated against microtubule protein (MTP) purified from Drosophila melanogaster embryos. DMAP-45 is a 45 kDa protein that binds microtubules in an ATP dependent manner. Preliminary biochemical evidence suggests that DMAP-45 may be an actin-related protein. DMAP-55 is a 55 kDa protein and based on its molecular weight and isoelectric point, may be a novel isoform of tubulin. DMAP-66 is a 66 kDa protein that binds strongly to microtubules in vitro and has multiple isoforms. Analyses of proteins in rat brain tissue extracts and purified rat brain MTP identified proteins of similar molecular weight and isoelectric points and are designated DMAP-45R, -55R and -66R. The presence of proteins with common biochemical properties in these widely divergent animal species suggests that they are related proteins.
Medical expenditures associated with major depressive disorder among privately insured working-age adults with diagnosed diabetes in the United States, 2008.

Abstract Aim We aimed at estimating excess medical expenditures associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) among working-age adults diagnosed with diabetes, disaggregated by treatment mode: insulin-treated diabetes (ITDM) or non-insulin-treated diabetes (NITDM). Methods We analyzed data for over 500,000 individuals with diagnosed diabetes from the 2008 U.S. MarketScan claims database. We grouped diabetic patients first by treatment mode (ITDM or NITDM), then by MDD status (with or without MDD), and finally by whether those with MDD used antidepressant medication. We estimated annual mean excess outpatient, inpatient, prescription drug, and total expenditures using regression models, controlling for demographics, types of health coverage, and comorbidities. Results Among persons having ITDM, the estimated annual total mean expenditure for those with no MDD (the comparison group) was $19,625. For those with MDD, the expenditures were $12,406 (63%) larger if using antidepressant medication and $7322 (37%) larger if not using antidepressant medication. Among persons having NITDM, the corresponding estimated expenditure for the comparison group was $10,746, the excess expenditures were $10,432 (97%) larger if using antidepressant medication and $5579 (52%) larger if not using antidepressant medication, respectively. Inpatient excess expenditures were the largest of total excess expenditure for those with ITDM and MDD treated with antidepressant medication; for all others with diabetes and MDD, outpatient expenditures were the largest excess expenditure. Conclusions Among working-age adults with diabetes, MDD was associated with substantial excess medical expenditures. Implementing the effective interventions demonstrated in clinical trials and treatment guidelines recommended by professional organizations might reduce the economic burden of MDD in this population.
A new method for finite element transitional mesh generation

In the preparation of finite element meshes, inclusion of transitional blocks is important in order to construct optimal meshes. In this paper, a new method is proposed which is capable of generating quaddominated arbitrary transitional meshes. These meshes are well graded and do not require any mesh smoothening algorithm. The inverse isoparametric mapping combined with an elimination procedure is used to construct transition zones. This new algorithm is described in detail and its efficiency is illustrated with appropriate examples. Different methods available for inverse isoparametric mapping are discussed with their merits and limitations. Many of the existing techniques for inverse isoparametric mapping require the calculation of some special coefficients which may vary with the element type. These techniques lose their clarity and efficiency in the case of three dimensional and higher order two dimensional elements. In this paper, a generalized iterative procedure is proposed to carry out the inverse isoparametric mapping. The computations in this approach are already part of every finite element program based on the isoparametric formulation. Hence implementation of the new algorithm is very simple and straightforward.
Further thoughts on Chinese politics at the top: The past, the present, and the future

Carol Lee Hamrin and Suisheng Zhao, eds, Decision‐Making in Deng's China: Perspectives from Insiders (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1995), 255 pp.
Motionless electromagnetic phase stepping versus mechanical phase stepping in x-ray phase-contrast imaging with a compact source

X-ray phase contrast imaging based on grating interferometers detects the refractive index distribution of an object without relying on radiation attenuation, thereby having the potential for reduced radiation absorption. These techniques belong to the broader category of optical wavefront measurement, which requires stepping the phase of the interference pattern to obtain a pixel-wise map of the phase distortion of the wavefront. While phase stepping traditionally involves mechanical scanning of a grating or mirror, we developed electromagnetic phase stepping (EPS) for imaging with compact sources to obviate the need for mechanical movement. In EPS a solenoid coil is placed outside the x-ray tube to shift its focal spot with a magnetic field, causing a relative movement between the projection of the sample and the interference pattern in the image. Here we present two embodiments of this method. We verified experimentally that electromagnetic and mechanical phase stepping give the same results and attain the same signal-to-noise ratios under the same radiation dose. We found that the relative changes of interference fringe visibility were within 3.0% when the x-ray focal spot was shifted by up to 1.0 mm in either direction. We conclude that when using x-ray tube sources, EPS is an effective means of phase stepping without the need for mechanical movement.
The VA is critical to academic development

Abstract Background A principal responsibility for surgical chairs is the development of academic programs. This has been challenging in light of the current economic downturn, declining reimbursement, and changes in funding. The aim of this study was to determine the importance that surgical chairs place on the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) regarding their ability to develop academic programs. Methods A Web-based survey was constructed and the link sent to 122 university-based surgical department chairs in the United States in 2009 to evaluate previous and current VA affiliations as well as attitudes associated with academic program development. Results A total of 58 of 122 surveys (47.5%) were completed. Seventy percent of surgical chairs received some of their training at VA facilities, and 65% have held VA appointments. Although only 62% of programs were affiliated with VA centers, 91% of chairs believed that VA affiliations were important for their training programs. Additionally, 91% felt that the VA was a good place for faculty development. Finally, 78% indicated that the opportunity to obtain VA research funding is important for academic faculty development. Conclusion Academic program development is an important part of a chair's responsibilities. The overwhelming majority of surgical chairs view a VA affiliation as an important resource in building academic surgical programs.
The Matrix Language Frame model and Spanish/English codeswitching in fiction

Abstract The Matrix Language Frame (MLF) model of structural constraints on codeswitching was presented by Carol Myers-Scotton in her 1993 book Duelling Languages (Myers-Scotton, C., 1993. Duelling languages. Clarendon Press, Oxford). This article reports on a test of the model using a written corpus. The corpus consists of novels and short stories containing Spanish/English codeswitching published in the United States between 1970–2000. The analysis reveals relatively few counterexamples to the MLF model; the majority of codeswitches found in these texts can be accounted for by Myers-Scotton's model of grammatical structure. The application of a model formulated for speech to a written corpus has implications for the relationship between spoken and written data and the use of the latter in linguistic analyses. The most salient feature of the data is a high incidence of Matrix Language (ML) shifts at mid-sentence. Modifications to the original exposition of the model are proposed in regard to the flexibility of the ML and the constituent types possible.
Left ventricular geometry during partial and complete coronary occlusion in the conscious dog

Abstract Seven dogs were instrumented with a left ventricular micromanometer and pairs of ultrasonic crystals to measure left ventricular wall thicknesses (control and ischemic regions) and short and long left ventricular axes; cuff occluders were placed around the left circumflex coronary artery and the inferior vena cava. Measurements were performed at rest, after 2 min of partial and complete coronary occlusion, and 1 and 10 min after release of partial and complete coronary occlusion. Left ventricular wall thickness in the ischemic region showed reduced systolic thickening during partial coronary occlusion and systolic thinning during complete coronary occlusion. During diastole, at zero pressure (inferior vena cava obstruction) the left ventricular short axis was unchanged during partial coronary occlusion but significantly increased (creep) during complete coronary occlusion ( P P P Our data show that left ventricular shape remains normal at end-diastole during partial and complete coronary occlusion but becomes significantly more spherical at end-systole, with reduction of the normal tendency for the ventricle to become more elliptical during systole. These elliptical and spherical shape changes of the left ventricle during partial and complete coronary occlusion appear to be closely related to the chamber volume.
Isolation and enrichment of the gastric chief cells of the rat

The isolation and enrichment of the gastric chief cells of the rat are described. Ultrastructural examination showed 85% enrichment from a mixed population of mucosal cells following their centrifugation through a discontinuous Percoll gradient. When compared to homogenates of the initial mixed cell population, the enriched chief cell population showed over a three-fold increase in pepsin(ogen) content. Preliminary experiments showed that a combination of the secretagogues histamine and carbamylcholine caused a significant increase in pepsin release from enriched chief cell preparations and a concomitant decrease in their pepsin content as compared to untreated cells. The results obtained in this study indicate the feasibility of employing this procedure for the isolation of gastric chief cells for the in vitro study of secretagogue regulation of pepsin secretion.
A combined radiogas chromatograph/mass spectrometer detects intermediates in mycophenollc acid biosynthesis

Abstract The fusion of a gas-flow proportional counter to a combined gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer is described. Provided components of a tissue extract are volatile in their own right, or can be rendered so by derivatization, the combined unit can separate them, identify each, and provide assays of mass and radioactivity. The counting module has an efficiency of circa 65% for 14 C. To demonstrate the use and versatility of the radiogas chromatograph/mass spectrometer, three biosynthetic intermediates between acetate and mycophenolic acid were identified in extracts of Penicillium brevicompactum . The three substances, 4,6-dihydroxy-2,3-dimethylbenzoic acid; 5,7-dihydroxy-4-methylphthalide, and 6-farnesyl-5,7-dihydroxy-4-methylphthalide, had been implicated previously in the biosynthetic pathway by direct feeding and swamping experiments. A tentative structure for a fourth and previously unencountered intermediate is proposed.
Branch current based state estimation for distribution system monitoring

This panel paper discusses the use of a state estimation method for real time monitoring and control of a distribution feeder. The paper focuses on the use of a branch current based state estimation (BCSE) method that is developed for this purpose. The paper summarizes the properties of the method and its use when new data from various field devices become available such as Advanced Meeting Infrastructures.
Degreep extensions of an unramified regular local ring of mixed characteristicp

Abstract We investigate the case of degreep extensions and certain degreep2 extensions of an unramified regular local ringR of mixed characteristicp, and show thatR is a direct summand, as anR-module, of those extensions. Some new examples of normal non-Cohen-Macaulay rings are given and a question related to the Direct Summand Conjecture is discussed.
In Vitro Assessment of Keratinocyte Aging

In vitro aging models are based on the observation that normal cells in culture have a finite lifespan and eventually cease to proliferate under conditions that initially support excellent growth. Recent assessment of the aging process in keratinocytes, made possible by improved tissue-culture techniques, have confirmed prior findings with fetal and adult fibroblasts and have permitted investigation into the mechanism of in vitro senescence. Early-passage newborn human keratinocytes maintained in a serum-free system were found to proliferate more rapidly than early-passage adult keratinocytes maintained under identical conditions, and they were also found to have far steeper dose-response curves for a potent hypothalamus-derived indigene keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), as well as for KGF/EGF in combination, with a more than 200-fold increase in cell number, total protein, and colony size over the tested range of concentrations, as opposed to a less than 75-fold increase for adult keratinocytes in these parameters. These results support the hypothesis that the age-associated decrease for keratinocyte proliferation in vitro may be due to progressive loss of mitogenic responsiveness. Unrecognized changes in proliferative rate and growth-factor requirements related to age of the tissue donor may complicate interpretation of studies addressing other aspects of keratinocyte biology.
Ventral medullary surface activity during hypoxia in awake and anesthetized goats

The rostral ventrolateral medullary surface (VMS) plays a major state-dependent role in the control of breathing; its role during hypoxia remains speculative. We therefore assessed activity within the rostral VMS by measuring reflectance of scattered light in 5 goats during normoxia, hypoxia, and hyperoxia in awake and halothane anesthetic states. Within the first minute of hypoxia, light reflectance began to decrease in the awake state; reflectance reached a stable nadir within 30 min about 10 and 17% below control values (P < 0.01), at 12 and 10% inspired O2, respectively. In the anesthetized state, reflectance decreased (P < 0.01) by 6% at 10% inspired O2. After 30 min in the awake state, reflectance returned (P < 0.01) toward control values, reaching a stable level at 7 and 11% below control at 12 and 10% inspired O2, respectively (P < 0.05). Hyperoxia resulted in a 1% increase (P < 0.05) in reflectance. Changes in reflectance during hypoxia did not consistently parallel changes in breathing, heart rate, or arterial blood pressure. We conclude that, a) decreased reflectance during hypoxia results, in part, from increased neural activity, and b) state exerts a substantial effect on the response of VMS areas to hypoxia.
Sovereignty surreal: Bataille and Fanon beyond the state of exception

Most contemporary political theories of sovereignty – from Giorgio Agamben to Achille Mbembe – have argued that the emergency powers claimed by the Bush administration under the auspices of the War on Terror epitomized what Carl Schmitt calls a state of exception. If so, I argue, perhaps it is time for new visions of sovereignty to emerge, ones attendant to the eccentricities of the present conjuncture. Occupy Wall Street and the Arab Spring are but two obvious examples of counterpublics that seem to have presented new modalities of sovereign life worth reflecting upon. Hardly states of exception, these are scenes of sovereignty that are more fraught and precarious, more democratic. I argue that the theories of sovereignty of George Bataille and Frantz Fanon may hold clues for coming to terms with these new sovereign scenes. Though often under-emphasized in the scholarly literature on Bataille and Fanon, for both thinkers sovereignty is a condition of existence, an expression of a surreal mode of esthetic experience and poetic beauty. I argue that drawing attention to the comparison of the political thought of Bataille and Fanon, and especially to the value of surrealism for contemporary political theory generally, holds promise for those of us interested in challenging the Schmittian consensus. At stake is a refreshed understanding of sovereignty, not as norm or exception, but as a condition of political life lived by everyday subjects caught in a surreal state in-between.
CodonO: codon usage bias analysis within and across genomes.

Synonymous codon usage biases are associated with various biological factors, such as gene expression level, gene length, gene translation initiation signal, protein amino acid composition, protein structure, tRNA abundance, mutation frequency and patterns, and GC compositions. Quantification of codon usage bias helps understand evolution of living organisms. A codon usage bias pipeline is demanding for codon usage bias analyses within and across genomes. Here we present a CodonO webserver service as a user-friendly tool for codon usage bias analyses across and within genomes in real time. The webserver is available at http//www.sysbiology.org/CodonO. Contact: moc.oohay@yrnehnaw.
Abstract 4452: Induction of cell and autophagy by the anticancer redox agent mitoquinone is regulated by Nrf2

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Mitoquinone (MitoQ) is a synthetically-modified, redox-active ubiquinone compound that accumulates predominantly in mitochondria. We evaluated the potential use of MitoQ as an anti-cancer agent and found that it is 30-fold more cytotoxic to breast cancer cells than to healthy mammary cells. MitoQ caused irreversible inhibition of the clonogenic growth of breast cancer cells by a combination of autophagic and apoptotic cell death mechanisms, with autophagy playing the major role. None of the cytotoxic effects of MitoQ were seen with the parent ubiquinone coenzyme Q10. Growth inhibition from MitoQ was associated with G1/S cell cycle arrest and phosphorylation of the checkpoint kinases Chk1 and Chk2. A possible role for oxidative stress in MitoQ activity is supported by observed increases in products of hydroethidine oxidation (2-hydroxyethidium, ethidium and diethidium) at cytotoxic concentrations of MitoQ. We will present data showing that Nrf2 and Keap1 regulate the response to the oxidative perturbations caused by MitoQ. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4452.
From AnhagaTo Snottor: The Wanderer’s Kierkegaardian Epiphany

A basic theological unity underlies the Old English poem The Wanderer, reconciling The Wanderer’s existentialist tone with the eardstapa’s Christian epiphany. Many readings argue that Anglo-Saxon Christians were unable to have the sorts of existentialist doubts being voiced by the eardstapa; any expression of doubt immediately precludes the speaker being Christian. Critics cite twentieth-century, atheistic versions of existentialism as proof of this assertion. Given the poem’s cultural milieu, it seems wiser to turn to religious existentialists to find parallels for the existentialist despair and its religious answer that we find in The Wanderer. Soren Kierkegaard provides a close parallel; The Sickness Unto Death and the Concluding Unscientific Postscript both offer faith as an answer to the despair felt by those overwhelmed in worldliness. The eardstapa follows this path when he sits sundor aet rune at the poem’s end; the process of conquering existential despair through faith is precisely what the poem attempts to chronicle. A more thorough examination of the poem in light of the existentialism of Kierkegaard indicates that claims for the poem’s existentialist leanings are warranted; critics have chosen the wrong existentialist philosophers to inform their readings of the poem, and have wrongly assumed that the poem’s existentialism is incompatible with its Christianity.
22-nm immersion interference lithography

Immersion interference lithography was used to pattern gratings with 22-nm half pitch. This ultrahigh resolution was made possible by using 157-nm light, a sapphire coupling prism with index 2.09, and a 30-nm-thick immersion fluid with index 1.82. The thickness was controlled precisely by spin-casting the fluid rather than through mechanical means. The photoresist was a diluted version of a 193-nm material, which had a 157-nm index of 1.74. An analysis of the trade-off between fluid index, absorption coefficient, gap size and throughput indicated that, among the currently available materials, employing a high-index but absorbing fluid is preferable to using a highly transparent but low-index immersion media.
Si-based optical receivers

Two Ge on Si photodetectors are reported: MSM photodiodes with an amorphous Ge layer to increase the Schottky barrier height and Ge/Ge x Si 1-x /Si heterojunction photodiodes. Monolithic fabrication of Ge PIN photodiodes with Si MOSFETs has also been successfully demonstrated.
η5-Semiquinone and η4-Quinone Complexes of Manganese Tricarbonyl. Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding in the Solid State and in Solution

Cationic manganese tricarbonyl complexes containing η6-hydroquinone (1a), η6-catechol (2a), and η6-resorcinol (3a) ligands are readily deprotonated in DMSO with triethylamine or other weak bases to afford stable (η5-semiquinone)Mn(CO)3 (1b−3b) and (η4-quinone)Mn(CO)3- (1c−3c) complexes. The relative acidity in DMSO follows the qualitative order 2a > 3a > 1a. NMR spectra of the semiquinones 1b−3b indicate dynamic, strong hydrogen bonding in solution. The crystal structures of 1b and 2b feature strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding, resulting in polymers with 1b and dimers with 2b. Deprotonation of 1a−3a or 1b−3b with sodium acetate in DMSO allowed the isolation and characterization of the η4-quinone salts Na[1c−3c]·3H2O. The crystal structure of Na[2c]·3H2O shows the sodium cation to be bonded to just one quinone oxygen. IR and crystal structure data of both η5-semiquinone and η4-quinone complexes provide clear evidence of significant contributions to the overall structure from more polar η6-resonance forms.
Solubilization and characterization of vitamin K epoxide reductase from normal and warfarin-resistant rat liver microsomes.

Abstract Two procedures have been developed for the solubilization of vitamin K epoxide reductase from rat liver microsomal membranes using the detergent Deriphat 160 at pH 10.8. The methods are applicable to both normal and Warfarin-resistant-strain rat liver microsomes and yield material suitable for further purification. The preparations retain dithiothreitol-dependent vitamin K quinone reductase activity as well as vitamin K epoxide reductase and are free of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase and epoxidase activities. Optimal epoxide reductase activity is obtained at 0.1 m KCl and pH 9 in the presence of sodium cholate. Artifactual formation of vitamin K metabolites was eliminated through the use of mercuric chloride to remove excess dithiothreitol prior to extraction and metabolite assay. Using the solubilized enzyme, valid initial velocities were measured, and reproducible kinetic data was obtained. The substrate initial velocity patterns were determined and are consistent with a ping-pong kinetic mechanism. The kinetic parameters obtained are a function of the cholate concentration, but do not vary drastically from those obtained using intact microsomal membranes. At 0.8% cholate, the enzymes solubilized from normal Warfarin-sensitive- and Warfarin-resistant-strain rat livers exhibit respective values of V max = 3 and 0.75 nmol/min/g liver; K m for vitamin K epoxide = 9 and 4 μ m ; and K m for dithiothreitol of 0.6 and 0.16 m m .
Acute, infectious diarrhea among children in developing countries.

Diarrheal diseases are among the leading causes of death among children in developing countries and claimed an estimated 1.4 to 2.5 million lives in the year 2000. In industrialized countries although deaths from diarrhea are uncommon occurrences this disease remains an important cause of morbidity and incurs substantial health care costs. In addition to its direct health burden consequences of diarrhea include malnutrition diminished growth and impaired cognitive development. In recent years advances in diagnostics have led to the identification of new causative agents and have improved our understanding of the etiologic role of previously recognized pathogens. Guidelines for the management of diarrhea have been refined and new strategies for prevention and control have been identified. In this article we review the current knowledge of the epidemiologic features causative agents pathogenic mechanisms clinical manifestations management and strategies for the prevention and control of acute infectious diarrhea in young children. (excerpt)
Associated production of Higgs and Z bosons from gluon fusion in hadron collisions.

Analytic results for the $\mathrm{ZHgg}$ vertex are used to study the contribution of $\mathrm{pp}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}ZH+X$ from gluon fusion, $\mathrm{gg}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{ZH}$, at supercollider energies. Because of the destructive interference between the triangle and the box amplitude, gluon fusion is suppressed as compared to quark-antiquark annihilation, $q\overline{q}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{ZH}$, unless the masses of both the top quark and the Higgs boson assume values close to their theoretical upper bounds.
Time-synchronous-averaging of gear-meshing-vibration transducer responses for elimination of harmonic contributions from the mating gear and the gear pair

Abstract The transmission-error frequency spectrum of meshing gear pairs, operating at constant speed and constant loading, is decomposed into harmonics arising from the fundamental period of the gear pair, rotational harmonics of the individual gears of the pair, and tooth-meshing harmonics. In the case of hunting-tooth gear pairs, no rotational harmonics from the individual gears, other than the tooth-meshing harmonics, are shown to occur at the same frequencies. Time-synchronous averages utilizing a number of contiguous revolutions of the gear of interest equal to an integer multiple of the number of teeth on the mating gear is shown to eliminate non-tooth-meshing transmission-error rotational-harmonic contributions from the mating gear, and those from the gear pair, in the case of hunting-tooth gear pairs, and to minimize these contributions in the case of non-hunting-tooth gear pairs. An example computation is shown to illustrate the effectiveness of the suggested time-synchronous-averaging procedure.
Validation of a self-report measure of unrealistic relationship expectations.

Cognitive models of intimate partner aggression implicate maladaptive relationship beliefs as antecedents to aggression and targets for intervention. However, existing self-report measures of relationship beliefs have failed to differentiate aggressive and nonaggressive individuals, raising questions about their assessment of and role in understanding aggression. To address these concerns, the authors developed and tested a new measure of unrealistic relationship beliefs in a sample of 453 community couples. Structural validity, concurrent validity, discriminant validity, internal consistency, and temporal stability of the new measure were examined. The final scale demonstrated adequate internal consistency (alphas=.83-.84), test-retest reliability (rs=.68-.74), and concurrent validity (small to moderate associations with predicted variables). Unrealistic relationship beliefs significantly differentiated aggressive and nonaggressive men, and this association remained significant after the authors controlled for other related variables. Language: en
Transpassivity characterization of the alloy UNS N08367 in a chloride-containing solution

We investigate the transpassivity of super-austenitic stainless steel UNS N08367 in 2.5 M LiCl solution by using cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The CPP curve exhibits negative hysteresis, which indicates a transpassive dissolution process instead of pitting corrosion. The transition from the passive region to the transpassive region is characterized by EIS and equivalent circuit analysis. During the transpassive dissolution of the N08367 alloy, two reactions of adsorbed intermediates are dominant, as indicated by the two inductive loops at the transpassive region. The first inductive loop is associated with the faster reaction, i.e., the adsorption of Fe intermediates. This fast reaction is significantly influenced by the preferential dissolution of Fe during the transpassive dissolution. The second inductive loop is correlated with the adsorption of the Cr intermediate. In contrast to Fe, the Cr content on the surface increases in the transpassive region compared with the content in the passive region. The XPS spectra support the time and frequency domain approach for the preferential dissolution, and the dominant species resulted from the interfacial processes at the transpassive region.
The Far-Infrared Spectrum: Exploring a New Frontier in the Remote Sensing of the Earth's Climate

The far-infrared portion of Earth’s emission spectrum is relatively unobserved despite its importance in regulating climate. New sensors enable exploration of the far-IR, opening a new window to half of the energy radiated by Earth.
The Comparison of Individuals With Tension‐Type Headache and Headache‐Free Controls on Frontal EMG Levels: A Meta‐Analysis

For many years, the dominant theory of tension-type headache has been that individuals who suffer from these headache have elevations in electromyographic (EMG) activity at rest or during stressful life experiences, This theory was come under increasing attack in recent years. Although the research that is relevant to this controversy has been reviewed previously using box score and voting methods, no one has analyzed the relevant data using a statistical approach. This study used meta-analysis to summarize the studies that have directly compared individuals with tension-type headache to headache-free control subjects on measures of frontal EMG at baseline and during rest. Twenty-three studies were included in the analysis. The overall effect size was 395; however, there was heterogeneity of effect size. Several potential moderator variables were investigated. Perhaps the most interesting moderator variable was whether the studies clearly stated that subjects were headache-free during assessment. This group of studies produced a nonsignificant effect size that had homogeneity of effects. Several interpretations of the results are presented.
Design and Analysis of a Class of Planar Biped Robots Mechanically Coordinated by a Single Degree of Freedom

This paper presents a method of integrating mechanism design and hybrid system analysis for the design of single-degree-of-freedom (DOF) planar biped robots that can achieve dynamic walking gaits that are stable. Reducing the DOF in a biped can result in a reduction in the complexity of the control strategies needed to enable stable walking. Although the biped designed by this procedure is restricted to a single gait, this biped may be less complex, lighter, and less costly to construct than one whose multiple DOFs are coordinated via feedback.