cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Knowledge vault: a web-scale approach to probabilistic knowledge fusion

Recent years have witnessed a proliferation of large-scale knowledge bases, including Wikipedia, Freebase, YAGO, Microsoft's Satori, and Google's Knowledge Graph. To increase the scale even further, we need to explore automatic methods for constructing knowledge bases. Previous approaches have primarily focused on text-based extraction, which can be very noisy. Here we introduce Knowledge Vault, a Web-scale probabilistic knowledge base that combines extractions from Web content (obtained via analysis of text, tabular data, page structure, and human annotations) with prior knowledge derived from existing knowledge repositories. We employ supervised machine learning methods for fusing these distinct information sources. The Knowledge Vault is substantially bigger than any previously published structured knowledge repository, and features a probabilistic inference system that computes calibrated probabilities of fact correctness. We report the results of multiple studies that explore the relative utility of the different information sources and extraction methods.
On the Concept of “Being Wrong” Religiously

draws both on social scientific theory and on philosophy. The data I have used in forging my argument are so variegated that this essay will seem to some a product of unusual, perhaps even dubious, parentage, but it is intended to contribute to the growing bridge literature between philosophy and religious studies on the one hand, and the social sciences on the other. Stated in an overly succinct way, my argument is that it is not possible to be wrong religiously in the logical sense because of the very nature of religious belief; but consequently that if we understand "being religious" in the way proposed, it has become wrong in the ethical sense of that word to be religious in a traditional mode. I say has become wrong rather than is wrong because my position here includes the proposition that our situation in modern Western society is unique in its bearing on religion, such that what used to be religiously right has become wrong. How much ethical weight I want to put on the words "right" and "wrong" in that sentence will be clarified below, and I shall try to spell out the consequences of the argument in the context of delineating a new religious possibility which I have dubbed "polysymbolism." For the moment, so that we are clear on what is immediately at stake, I state the initial core proposal even more bluntly: you can't be wrong religiously, and that's wrong. To begin unpacking that apparently outrageous statement, let me offer an initial point on which I think I can assume fairly general agreement. We would, I suggest, find something odd, even bizarre, involved in the behavior of a "re-
The Effect of Tuition and Opportunity Cost on the Pursuit and Completion of a Graduate Management Degree

In this study, the authors used multivariate statistical analysis to examine the impact of cost on the likelihood that a person will both enroll in and complete a Master of Business Administration (MBA) program. They considered both the explicit cost of paying tuition and the implicit cost, or opportunity cost, of earnings foregone while in school. Results suggest that tuition is not a major impediment to either pursuing or completing an MBA. However, high opportunity cost tends to reduce enrollment and degree completion.
China's Demographic and Urban Trends for the 21st Century

This paper assesses remarkable and far-reaching changes under way as China enters the 21st century. Among the most significant are the rapid decline in fertility and birth rates, leading to a slowdown in the rate of population growth and a reduction in the growth rate of the labor force. This occurs against the backdrop of continuing structural shift in the economy from a rural-based economy to one increasingly urban-based with growing employment in manufacturing and services. Oshima's conceptual framework for the demographic and industrial transition in Asia is invoked to help explain conditions of change in China. Urbanization proceeds in parallel with these economic changes, and a key feature of transition will be the growth of cities and towns of all sizes. The regional pattern of urbanization will proceed at different rates, with coastal regions advancing most rapidly owing to stronger linkages to the global economy. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: J11, O10, O18. 3 figures, 6 ...
Heawood's empire problem

We consider the coloring of maps of empires on surfaces. A country is by convention assumed to be connected. On the other hand in a map we call a certain collection of m disjoint countries an empire. If we wish to specify that an empire has exactly m components, we call it an m-pire. Two empires are adjacent if they share a common boundary edge. For instance Fig. 1 illustrates a map with 19 “3-pires” on the Klein bottle. In the rectangle of Fig. 1 the two horizontal boundary lines have to be identified to obtain first a cylinder; then the two vertical boundary lines are identified in opposite directions to obtain the Klein bottle. In this example each 3-pire consists of one quadrilateral, one pentagon, and one 9- gon; and the 19 “3-pires” are mutually adjacent. In coloring a map all components of a given empire must receive the same color and, of course, two adjacent empires must receive different colors. Let S be a closed surface with Euler characteristic E. And let x(S, M) be the smallest number k of colors such that every map on S, where each empire has at most M components, is colorable by k colors. x(S, M) is called the M-pire chromatic number of S. With the exception of M= 1 and E= 2 (four color problem) Heawood [S] showed in 1890 that x(X M)<L;(6M+ 1 +,/(6M+ l)“-24E))_I (1) holds. As usual the symbol LX] means the greatest integer <x. An alter- native proof is also given in Ringel’s first book [9, p. 761. Haken and Appel [ 1,2] have shown (1) in the remaining case M = 1 and E = 2 (four color theorem). Heawood conjectured that equality always holds in (1). In the following special cases equality in (1) has been proven: 168
MRI Shows Biologic Restoration of Posterior Soft Tissue Repairs after THA

Although posterior capsule repair reduces the incidence of dislocation after THA, radiographic imaging studies suggest a high failure rate of the repair. Using MRI, we prospectively followed patients to evaluate the integrity of the posterior soft tissue repair after primary THA. Thirty-six patients (21 men, 15 women) underwent arthroplasty using a standard posterior approach. The posterior capsule and external rotators were repaired as separate layers using nonabsorbable sutures through two drill holes in the greater trochanter. Patients observed postoperative hip precautions for 6 weeks after surgery. All patients underwent initial MRI between postoperative Days 2 and 4. Thirty patients returned for followup MRI 3 months after surgery. At 3 months followup, the posterior capsule remained intact in 27 of 30 patients (90%) and the quadratus femoris repair remained intact in 29 of 30 patients (97%). Thirteen of 30 piriformis tendon repairs (43%) and 17 conjoined tendon repairs (57%) showed a gap between the hypointense tendon end and the greater trochanter greater than 25 mm. Our data show repaired posterior soft tissues provide a biologic scaffold allowing formation of a posterior pseudocapsule.
Oxytocin secretory response to breast stimulation in pregnant women

Plasma oxytocin levels were measured serially in 10 pregnant women prior to labor and 16 women during labor in response to 12 minutes of Egnell breast pump stimulation. There was no increase in plasma oxytocin concentrations during either the second or third trimesters in 24 of the 26 subjects studied. Five minutes of manual autostimulation of the breast in 10 additional women at term also had no effect on plasma oxytocin levels.
Passive transfer of hepatitis antibodies during intravenous administration of immune globulin

We studied the effect of intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) infusion on the levels of hepatitis B and C antibodies in 10 premature babies. All four tested lots of a commercially purchased IVIG preparation were found to contain substantial amounts of hepatitis B core and hepatitis C antibodies. Our results show that passive transfer of hepatitis B and C virus antibodies occurred after IVIG infusion, and that the levels were dependent on the quantity of IVIG given. When assessing neonates for hepatitis, the factor of receipt of blood products, including IVIG, needs to be considered to interpret laboratory results.
Spatial Distribution of Biological Effect in a 3.9-Gev Nitrogen Ion Beam

A beam of nitrogen ions obtained with the Princeton Particle Accelerator was used for the irradiation of Chinese hamster (M3-1) cells in monolayer culture. The 3.9-billion-electron-volt (Gev) beam passed along the monolayer, so that ions were stopped in the culture. A sharply defined zone of extensive cell destruction occurred in the last centimeter of the beam path.
Electron, H+ and O+ temperatures and densities from Arecibo incoherentscatter results

Abstract Results are presented from observations of the altitude region 230 to 1200km above Arecibo on a winter morning. Analysis of autocorrelation functions of theoretical incoherent scatter spectra indicate that the temperatures and densities of the electrons, H+ and O+ can be calculated from experimental data. Typical data show that T(H + ) T(O + ) has a maximum near 550 km and T(O+) and Te profiles have a temperature gradients at high altitudes of approximately 1 K km−1.
Holographic Doppler Imaging of Rotating Objects

The Doppler frequency shift of coherent light reflected from rotating objects is used to obtain one-dimensional resolution much greater than the classical limit for aperture limited imaging systems. The Doppler information is processed by using the temporal and spatial filtering properties of modulated-reference-wave holograms. The holographic reconstruction is a superresolved image. Resolution improvements greater than 200 times the classical limit were obtained at good signal-to-noise ratios.
Cellular response to agitation characterized by energy dissipation at the impeller tip

Abstract Sf-9 insect cells in suspension show an increase in intracellular calcium concentration as a function of local energy dissipation rate in two fluid systems. A significant calcium response (more than a 10% increase) resulted at a dissipation rate above 107 cm2s−3 in 15 min capillary flow experiments. Similar results were obtained after 4 h with a dissipation rate above 105 cm2s−3 or in a bioreactor stirred at ≥280 rpm for 4 h with a 6-bladed Rushton impeller. This impeller speed produces a local energy dissipation rate of 105 cm2s−3 if the dissipation rate is estimated using the volume of the trailing vortices as the dissipation volume (V = 0.075di3). Our results show the capillary flow system to be a good model for prediction of cell damage in a stirred bioreactor.
Women's collective economic strategies and political transformation in rural South Africa

This article examines the economic processes and socio‐political institutions that shape women's involvement in community projects. Feminist materialism and postcolonial theory provide the framework to analyze these livelihood strategies as they are grounded in the material conditions of women's lives. The empirical study is based in a rural northern province of South Africa where colonialism and apartheid have contributed to extreme economic and social hardships. Fieldwork was conducted in Limpopo to analyze how community projects contribute to livelihood strategies. In an area where migrant remittances remain one of the main sources of income for rural households, women have increasingly engaged in collective economic strategies such as pottery making, sewing, and agricultural production. These strategies are embedded in a complex set of patriarchal institutions that reinforce unequal access to resources and have historically marginalized rural black women. Despite these barriers, findings from this stu...
Dimensions of the Integration of Faith and Learning an Interactionist Perspective

This article responds to the challenge to ‘unpack’ the ‘slogan’ of fait/learning integration. It discusses three ways by which the topic may be approached in academic discourse. These include institution building, the deconstruction of dichotomies and dualities, and the integration of creed and deed. While our discussion in regards to institution building and the integration of creed and deed constitutes an extension of current constructs, we advance the notion of the deconstruction of dichotomies and dualities as a new approach to the faith/learning integration theme.
Richer graphical interaction using interactive pixel rewrite systems

Current computer systems are dominated by forms, behaviors and interactions most easily described in the textual languages of the underlying software. In this demo we enrich the space of interactive visual forms and behaviors by using an alternate underlying, non-sentential computational paradigm, Pixel Rewrite Systems. We show fundamental algorithms, interaction elements and application fragments that might be possible with this approach.
MO‐FF‐A4‐04: Evaluation of Fluoroscopically Aided Respiratory Gating

Purpose: A key issue in gated radiotherapy with external respiration monitors is the accuracy in predicting internal target position. We examine the positioning accuracy and residual motion of internal structures within the respiration gate at treatment, using in‐room fluoroscopy and research software for image analysis.Method and Materials: We retrospectively analyze data from patients receiving gated radiotherapy (Varian Real‐time Position Management) in abdominal disease sites and having implanted radiopaque markers near tumor. A physician‐specified gate and within‐gate motion extent of implanted markers are determined from a respiration‐correlated CT (RCCT) at simulation. A short kV fluoroscopy session (∼20s, 10fps) is recorded weekly at treatment to evaluate marker position and excursion within the gate. Commercial research software automatically tracks a marker in the images using a cross‐correlation function, calculates its displacement from a user‐specified intended position (end expiration) at the session start, and plots the internal signal vs time alongside the external signal from the respiratory monitor. Analysis compares the within‐gate displacement from the fluoroscopy sessions to that determined at simulation. Results: Data from two patients (8 fluoroscopic sessions) have thus far been analyzed. The percent of within‐gate time that the displacement at simulation was exceeded during treatment ranged from 10% to 50%. For patient 1, the mean in‐gate displacement of the marker in the fluoroscopy sessions ranged from 3.1mm to 11.6mm, compared to 6mm at simulation. For patient 2, the range was 3.0mm to 5.8mm, compared to 4mm at simulation. Results from five patients will be presented. Conclusion: Residual internal motion in external‐monitor gated treatment of abdominal sites may often exceed the prediction from RCCT at simulation. The preliminary findings suggest intra‐fraction imaging is important to verifying gating accuracy.
Assessment of mood states: Biases in single-administration assessments

Rasmussen, Jeffrey, Willingham, and Glover (1994) demonstrated that single-administration values derived from the Profile of Mood States (POMS) were biased estimates oftypical mood state. Like the previous study, the present study investigated whether single-administration POMS scores would be similar to average POMS scores derived from multiple administrations. In addition, in this investigation, single-administration instructions directed respondents to estimatetypical mood over a period of time that coincided with the time and duration of the multiple administrations. Subjects rated mood states during two single-administration settings, one before and one just after a multiple administration period. For both single-administration assessments, subjects rated mood relative to “How you have felt for the past 3 days, including today?” During the multiple-administration assessment, subjects rated mood six times a day for 3 days as prompted by preprogrammed wrist monitors. Results were consistent with earlier findings by identifying the bias in single-administration assessments. Initial single-administration values were significantly higher than both the averaged multiple-administration values and the second single-administration scores. These results support the contention that single-administration values from the POMS may provide biased estimates oftypical mood states.
Reconciling dualism and non-dualism: three arguments in Vijñānabhikṣu’s Bhedābheda Vedānta

The late 16th century Indian philosopher Vijnānabhikṣu is most well known today for his commentaries on Sāṃkhya and Yoga texts. However, the majority of his extant corpus belongs to the tradition of Bhedābheda (Difference and Non-Difference) Vedānta. This article elucidates three Vedāntic arguments from Vijnānabhikṣu’s voluminous commentary on the Brahma Sūtra, entitled Vijnānāmṛtabhāṣya (Commentary on the Nectar of Knowledge). The first section of the article explores the meaning of bhedābheda, showing that in Vijnānabhikṣu’s understanding, “difference and non-difference” does not entail a denial of the principle of contradiction. The second shows how the relation between the individual soul (jīva) and Brahman can be understood as a relation of part and whole. The third section discusses Brahman as cause of the world, and Vijnānabhikṣu’s particular formulation of Brahman as “locus cause” (adhiṣṭhānakāraṇa). Understanding these arguments enables us to appreciate how Vijnānabhikṣu’s Difference and Non-Difference Vedānta is a credible alternative to the Advaita Vedānta schools prevalent in northern India in the late medieval period, and how in his later works Vijnānabhikṣu built upon this Difference and Non-Difference metaphysical framework to argue for the unity of Vedānta, Yoga, and Sāṃ-khya philosophies.
Heterogeneously-integrated VCSEL using high-contrast grating on silicon

We present a unique heterogeneous integration approach for VCSELs on silicon using eutectic bonding. An electrically pumped III-V – silicon heterogeneous VCSEL is demonstrated using a high-contrast grating (HCG) reflector on silicon. CW output power >1.5 mW, thermal resistance of 1.46 K/mW, and 5 Gb/s direct modulation is demonstrated. We also explore the possibility of an all-HCG VCSEL structure that would benefit from stronger thermal performance, larger tuning efficiency, and higher direct modulation speeds.
Sex effects on free recall of transforming orally and visually presented nouns into printed, picture, or imagery form.

Two experiments using male and female college students studied the effects on free recall of transforming auditory and visual stimuli by imagination or penciling. Experiment 1 (N = 152) presented nouns either auditorily by a tape recorder or visually as printed words, and Ss either drew them as pictures or printed them as words. Significantly more items were recalled as a result of drawing pictures during the presentation of stimuli (p less than .001). Female Ss recalled significantly more items than male Ss (p less than .01). There was no significant difference found between auditory or visual presentation. The procedure in Experiment 2 (N = 112) was similar, except that Ss transformed the nouns by imagination or penciling. Results were similar to those of Experiment 1. There was no significant difference between imagery and penciling.
Temperature, water content and wet–dry cycle effects on DOC production and carbon mineralization in agricultural peat soils

Abstract Agricultural peat soils in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California have been identified as an important source of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and trihalomethane precursors in waters exported for drinking. The objectives of this study were to examine the primary sources of DOC from soil profiles (surface vs. subsurface), factors (temperature, soil water content and wet–dry cycles) controlling DOC production, and the relationship between C mineralization and DOC concentration in cultivated peat soils. Surface and subsurface peat soils were incubated for 60 d under a range of temperature (10, 20, and 30 °C) and soil water contents (0.3–10.0 g-water g-soil −1 ). Both CO 2 –C and DOC were monitored during the incubation period. Results showed that significant amount of DOC was produced only in the surface soil under constantly flooded conditions or flooding/non-flooding cycles. The DOC production was independent of temperature and soil water content under non-flooded condition, although CO 2 evolution was highly correlated with these parameters. Aromatic carbon and hydrophobic acid contents in surface DOC were increased with wetter incubation treatments. In addition, positive linear correlations ( r 2 =0.87) between CO 2 –C mineralization rate and DOC concentration were observed in the surface soil, but negative linear correlations ( r 2 =0.70) were observed in the subsurface soil. Results imply that mineralization of soil organic carbon by microbes prevailed in the subsurface soil. A conceptual model using a kinetic approach is proposed to describe the relationships between CO 2 –C mineralization rate and DOC concentration in these soils.
Soft gamma-ray repeaters: Black holes in giant molecular clouds?

The BATSE discovery of the near-simultaneous turnon of a soft gamma-ray repeater (SGR) source, located to apporximately 5 deg and possibly SGR 1900+14, and a new hard X-ray transient GRS 1915+105 (discovered by Granat), suggests they may be associated. Published positions for both the SGR and GRS sources do not preclude spatial coincidence for the two sources, or the GRS transient may be associated with another SGR source. We outline a model for SGR sources as due to thermal instabilities in spherical accretion onto black holes in giant molecular clouds. We show that the SIGMA position for the GRS 1915 source is consistent with it being in a giant molecular cloud and compare this possible identification with that suggested for the `1E' source in the Galactic center region. Our model would predict a strong concentration of SGR sources toward the Galactic plane (consistent with both SGR 1900+14 and SGR 1806-20) and so would require the only other known 'SGR,' the GRB 790305 superburst source apparently in the Large Magellanic Cloud, to be fundamentally different. We note that the recently discovered radio/infrared counterpart for the SGR 1806-20 may be consistent with this model, rather than the compact suprernova remnant/pulsar model suggested by Kulkarni and Frail.
The new large aircraft: will present safety trends be reversed?

Abstract The evolutionary process of safety improvements in the air transport industry has succeeded in making air travel safer than ever before. However, will the development and introduction of the new large aircraft (NLA) raise new safety issues? This paper examines those areas of aircraft operation in which safety may be compromised. Examples of past incidents are included in the discussion of wake vortex generation, airport ground manoeuvres and operations, the provision of airport rescue and fire-fighting services and the emergency evacuation of passengers from aircraft. As an aid to improvements in safety, the potential benefits of new technologies are examined. The paper concludes that there is little evidence that the introduction of the NLA will create new safety problems, but that specific safety issues, which exist with current aircraft types, require further investigation to ensure that air transport continues to be a safe form of travel.
The Aesthetic University, the Market University, and the Battle for the Soul of Beida

Beida reformers invoke the legacy of Cai Yuanpei’s cosmopolitan vision for making it a world-class university while erecting it on the principles of the “market university,” which are contradictory to Cai’s aesthetic ideals of universality, transcendence, and freedom of thought. This study compares the conceptual underpinnings of both models and proposes a pathway for resurrecting Cai’s foundational idea of the university and preserving the “Beida spirit.”
Effects of silver additions on resistance to thermal shock and delayed failure of YBa2Cu3O7−δ superconductors

The effect of silver (Ag) addition on the resistance to thermal shock and delayed failure of YBa2Cu3O7−δ superconducting wires has been evaluated. Resistance to thermal shock was evaluated by measuring the critical-current density (Jc) as a function of the number of thermal cycles for YBCO and its composites with 15 vol. % Ag additions. Composite YBCO-Ag wires show a slower decrease in Jc than does monolithic YBCO as the number of thermal cycles increases. The nature of delayed failure was studied by measuring strength (σf) as a function of loading rate ( $\dot \sigma $ ) and evaluating the value of the subcritical crack growth parameter N[σf = A $\dot \sigma $ 1/(N+1)]. The value of the N parameter was observed to increase slightly from 35 for YBCO to 41 for YBCO-Ag composites. The improved resistance to thermal shock and subcritical crack growth is believed to be due to improvements in mechanical properties (strength and fracture toughness) and thermal conductivity of YBCO as a result of Ag addition.
Designing a Brave New World: Eugenics, Politics, and Fiction

Aldous Huxley composed Brave New World in the context of the Depression and the eugenics movement in Britain. Today his novel is best known as satirical and predictive, but an additional interpretation emerges from Huxley's nonfiction writings in which the liberal hurmanist expressed some surprising opinions about eugenics, citizenship, and meritocracy. He felt that his role as an artist and public intellectual was to formulate an evolving outlook on urgent social, scientific, and moral issues. His brave new world can therefore be understood as a serious design for social reform, as well as a commentary about the social uses of scientific knowledge.
Being awkward: creating conscious culture change

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine why culture is the cause of such widespread failure in mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and explore ways to improve their success rate. Design/methodology/approach – Review of some prominent “failed” mergers for evidence of the influence of cultural factors. Findings – It was found that M&A tended to be more successful where cultural factors were made a priority early in the process and where transparent and two-sided dialogue about culture took place up and down both organizations. Originality/value – Although the impact of culture in M&A is a topic that has been covered before, this review identifies some new approaches to improving M&A success rates.
Value of radio-active brain scans in the diagnosis of brain tumors as compared with other methods

The physical and clinical properties of two recently introduced radioactive tracers, the mercury203 and mercury197 labeled Neohydrin were discussed. Both gave scans of adequate quality. The advantage of Hg197 is the considerably lesser kidney radiation as compared with Hg203. The value of the photoscan was stressed as compared to the dot scan. The simplicity, safety and lack of discomfort of the radioactive brain scan was emphasized. The difficulties in the detection of brain tumors at the base of the skull and in the posterior fossa were pointed out. In our series of 90 consecutive intracranial tumors the overall evidence of positive and localizing scans was 75.6%. The supratentorial tumors were more readily detected (83%) as compared with the infratentorial ones (47.3%).
A comparison of SAR imaging algorithms for high-squint angle trajectories

This paper explores the effect of squint angle on the phase errors introduced by the linear phase assumption in the polar format algorithm for SAR imaging. The maximum scene radius for an allowable phase error is derived as a function of squint angle and other parameters. Simulated phase histories for a variety of squint angles are generated and imaged to demonstrate the bound and the effects encountered when it is exceeded.
Characterization of an Iron-Sulfur Flavoprotein from Methanosarcina thermophila

A gene (isf) encoding an iron-sulfur flavoprotein (Isf) from Methanosarcina thermophila was cloned and sequenced. The gene was located directly upstream of the genes (pta and ack) encoding phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase and is transcribed in the opposite direction. The amino acid sequence deduced from isf contained a cluster of cysteine residues reminiscent of proteins that accommodate either a [4Fe-4S] or [3Fe-4S] center. The protein was heterologously produced in Escherichia coli and purified to apparent homogeneity. The 29-kDa subunit molecular mass of heterologously produced Isf (determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) corresponded to the molecular mass of 30,451 Da calculated from the amino acid composition deduced from isf. Gel filtration estimated a molecular mass of 65 kDa for the native Isf indicating an α2 homodimer. The UV-visible absorption spectrum was characteristic of iron-sulfur flavoproteins with maxima at 484, 452, 430, 378, and 280 nm. Analyses identified 2 FMN, 7-8 non-heme iron atoms, and 6-7 acid-labile sulfur atoms per α2 homodimer. Comparisons of the deduced Isf sequence with sequences in available protein data bases suggested Isf is a novel iron-sulfur flavoprotein. Western blot analysis indicated the presence of Isf in extracts of acetate-grown M. thermophila. Ferredoxin stimulated the CO-dependant reduction of Isf by the CO dehydrogenase·acetyl-CoA synthase complex that suggested ferredoxin is a physiological electron donor to Isf.
Nonlinear Rotor Aeroelastic Analysis with Stall and Advanced Wake Dynamics

This paper studies an effective lag damping prediction method for a flexible flap - lag - torsional hingeless rotor model and correlation with the experimental data for a four-bladed rotor. The ONERA dynamic stall models of lift, drag, and pitching moment for each aerodynamic airfoil element and an advanced three-dimensional finite state wake model are used. The nonlinear equations of motion are represented in terms of state variables with 4 x 10 structural state variables. Eight aerodynamic elements for each rotor blade and at least eight wake harmonics are employed. The aerodynamic and wake state variables are 4 x 48 and 45, respectively. A numerical simulation technique is applied to determine the transient response of the hingeless rotor model and to predict the lag damping. Numerical investigations indicate that the present theoretical/numerical method improves the correlation of the theoretical and experimental results compared to an earlier eigenvalue, perturbation analysis.
Quantitative metrics of efficacy of higher harmonic detection in wavelength modulation spectroscopy for precision measurements

A quantitative analysis of Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy (WMS) signals at various harmonic detection orders for use in precision, non-intrusive measurements is performed. A theoretical analysis of fitting of WMS signals is developed. The detailed structures of WMS signals at various harmonic detection orders are studied and analyzed, using statistical measures. It is shown that the variance of errors increases with mesmatches in linewidth in a particular (N th order) harmonic signal. However, this rate of increase in variance is characteristic of the harmonic detection order used, thereby demonstrating the advantage in measurements at different harmonics. It is shown that for a constant error in estimation of linewidth of a profile, the variance of errors can be higher for higher detection orders. Therefore, mismatches in fits are more prominent at some optimal detection order. The methods developed can be used to examine subtle effects such as Dicke narrowing in certain molecular spectra. These small perturbations of lineshape profile reveal details of the molecular collision kinetics, and hence yield precise measurements that are difficult to achieve by other techniques.
Drowning (in) Kittens: The Reproduction of Girlhood in Victorian America

Following Donna Haraway's concept of the "killable" animal in When Species Meet, this essay looks at the social conditions and literary conventions that render ostensibly "priceless" objects, like pets and children, disposable in the Victorian period. Through the Victorian trope of the drowned kitten, Barnes shows how sentimental culture's alternative "economy of feeling" colludes with, rather than opposes, a market economy chiefly concerned with reducing populations. The essay's primary example is the female bildungsroman, where anxieties over female biological reproduction are obscured by the reproduction of an idea of the generic, iterable, and ultimately "killable" girl.
Angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma: Treatment experience with cyclosporine

Angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma is a distinct entity for which there is no standard therapy. On the basis of the rationale that CsA may represent a novel drug for AITL, a disease with considerable immune dysregulation, and encouraging case reports, the authors have treated 12 patients with this agent. Ten had failed prior steroids and/or chemotherapy and two had no prior therapy. CsA was administered at a dose of 3 - 5 mg/kg PO bid for 6 - 8 weeks and gradually tapered by 50 mg every 1 - 3 weeks. Responding patients received a maintenance dose of 50 - 100 mg, with a gradual taper after a maximal response was achieved as tolerated. Doses were titrated for renal dysfunction or hypertension. CsA levels were not monitored. Eight of 12 patients responded (three complete and five partial remissions). Dose reductions were required in six patients; renal insufficiency (n = 3), fatigue (n = 2), and hypertension (n = 1). Two patients developed acute infections and one patient died shortly after active treatment. These results suggest that CsA deserves further testing as a novel therapy for AITL. By interrupting T-cell activation, CsA may alter the immune dysregulation that characterizes AILT. The efficacy of CsA is being explored in patients with recurrent AILT in a prospective trial (ECOG 2402).
Transmissible mink encephalopathy

Abstract Transmissible mink encephalopathy is a rare disease of ranch-raised mink that is caused by exposure to a scrapie-like agent in feed. Transmission of TME to hamsters resulted in the identification of two clinically different syndromes, HYPER and DROWSY. Differences in the physicochemical properties of PrP from these two strains suggests that PrP plays an important role in defining strains. This review will summarize what is currently known about TME and relate it to the broader field of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
A network distributed real-time data acquisition and analysis system based on X Window

On the basis of a set of new concepts called virtual data acquisition machine, the authors have developed a unique working environment for real-time data acquisition. They have tested this system in a biomedical application. The virtual data acquisition machine relies on an extensive use of distributed processing through a fast network and on object-oriented concepts. User interaction is provided by either a flexible and customizable graphic user interface, or by the use of a procedural command language. The network is made completely transparent to the user by a distributed windowing system, based on X. In its final version, this system will offer all the functionalities for data acquisition, processing, analysis and simulation. >
Disruption of maternal parenting circuitry by addictive process: Rewiring of reward and stress systems

Addiction represents a complex interaction between the reward and stress neural circuits, with increasing drug use reflecting a shift from positive reinforcement to negative reinforcement mechanisms in sustaining drug dependence. Preclinical studies have indicated the involvement of regions within the extended amygdala as subserving this transition, especially under stressful conditions. In the addictive situation, the reward system serves to maintain habitual behaviors that are associated with the relief of negative affect, at the cost of attenuating the salience of other rewards. Therefore, addiction reflects the dysregulation between core reward systems, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and nucleus accumbens (NAc), as well as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and extended amygdala of the stress system. Here, we consider the consequences of changes in neural function during or following addiction on parenting, an inherently rewarding process that may be disrupted by addiction. Specifically, we outline the preclinical and human studies that support the dysregulation of reward and stress systems by addiction and the contribution of these systems to parenting. Increasing evidence suggests an important role for the hypothalamus, PFC, VTA, and NAc in parenting, with these same regions being those dysregulated in addiction. Moreover, in addicted adults, we propose that parenting cues trigger stress reactivity rather than reward salience, and this may heighten negative affect states, eliciting both addictive behaviors and the potential for parental neglect and abuse.
Tax-Motivated Trading by Individual Investors

We study the stock trades of a large number of individual investors to investigate how tax incentives affect the realization of capital gains and losses. We compare investors’ realization behavior in their taxable and tax-deferred accounts, and thereby identify the effect of taxes on trading decisions. We reach four conclusions. First, we find clear evidence of a lock-in effect for capital gains in taxable accounts relative to tax-deferred accounts. We find evidence of the “disposition effect,” the tendency for investors to hold losses and sell gains, in both types of accounts and especially at short holding periods. The lock-in effect is stronger for large stock transactions than for small ones. Second, we find tax-loss selling throughout the calendar year, though it is most pronounced in December. Tax loss trading is more pronounced among investors who have realized capital gains elsewhere in the portfolio during the year. Third, we observe substantial heterogeneity in individual investors’ propensity to trade. Controlling for this heterogeneity, however, does not alter the relation between a stock’s past performance and the realization decision. Finally, we find that relatively few investors repurchase stocks that they have sold at a loss, even after the 30-day “wash sale” holding period has expired.
Experimentally Derived Extraction Rates for Marrow: Implications for Body Part Exploitation Strategies of Plio-Pleistocene Hominid Scavengers

Through systematic butchering experiments the processing costs (in time) for limb bone marrow, head and foot contents are quantified for four diVerent medium-sized (40‐250 kg) East African taxa. These data are used to determine the caloric return rates from processing skeletal elements of animals in diVerent stages of fat depletion. Analysis of these data have three important results. First, for some taxa the feet and head are more eYciently processed than certain limb bones. Second, the exploitation of malnourished carcasses may not be reflected by the selective processing of the bones with marrow that retain fat. Finally, processing costs vary as a function of carcass size and are higher than previous estimates. Skeletal part representation of medium and larger- sized taxa from FLK Zinjanthropus are reanalysed in light of these data. Results of this analysis challenge previous characterizations of early hominids as eYcient and selective scavengers with access to high quality animal carcasses. These results have implications for the risk factors and predictability of scavenging opportunities encountered by early hominids. ? 1998 Academic Press
Blind Source Separation of Acoustic Mixtures with Distributed Microphones

The problem of blind source separation of acoustic mixtures is often addressed using independent component analysis in the frequency domain. One problem with this approach is the inconsistency across frequency in the permutation of the source estimates. Solutions to this problem have been proposed that exploit known properties of both the source signals and the mixing system, but require the microphones to be in a constrained geometry. In this paper a solution is presented that avoids this constraint by extracting information from the magnitude of the mixing system instead of its phase. The new method combines that information with information from the source estimates to provide a reliable permutation alignment.
Tolerance of the striped earwig (Dermaptera: Labiduridae) to hot and dry conditions

We measured the degree of adaptation to a xeric environment of immatures and adults of the striped earwig, Labidura riparia (Pallas). All stages of the striped earwig were moderately tolerant to heat, with critical thermal maxima ranging from 45.2 to 46.1°C for small and large nymphs, respectively. Percentage body water content ranged from 58.9% for females to 75.6% for small nymphs. Cuticular permeabilities were similar for all stages and were within the range of those reported for xeric species, ranging from 8.5 μg water lost per cm2·h·mm Hg for medium-sized nymphs to 17.0 μg water lost per cm2·h·mm Hg for females. Percentage total body water lost increased linearly with desiccation time. Lethal body water loss varied among stages and ranged from 47.6 to 52.9% for small and medium nymphs. The mean hour of death ranged from 16.8 h for small nymphs to 70.7 h for large nymphs, indicating that small nymphs were the least tolerant of desiccating conditions.
Design and performance evaluation of ContentPlace, a social-aware data dissemination system for opportunistic networks

In this paper we present and evaluate ContentPlace, a data dissemination system for opportunistic networks, i.e., mobile networks in which stable simultaneous multi-hop paths between communication endpoints cannot be provided. We consider a scenario in which users both produce and consume data objects. ContentPlace takes care of moving and replicating data objects in the network such that interested users receive them despite possible long disconnections, partitions, etc. Thanks to ContentPlace, data producers and consumers are completely decoupled, and might be never connected to the network at the same point in time. The key feature of ContentPlace is learning and exploiting information about the social behaviour of the users to drive the data dissemination process. This allows ContentPlace to be more efficient both in terms of data delivery and in terms of resource usage with respect to reference alternative solutions. The performance of ContentPlace is thoroughly investigated both through simulation and analytical models.
An Unusual Presentation of Uterine Didelphys and Obstructed Hemivagina

Abstract Background Congenital disorders of the genitourinary system can be unpredictable. There are both medical and surgical interventions that can help manage symptoms. Case A 10-year-old girl was evaluated 6 months post-menarche with dysuria and pelvic pain. Her symptoms were not relieved with menstrual suppression. Evaluation revealed a probable ectopic ureter versus ureterocele and uterine didelphys with suspicion for obstructed hemivagina and hematocolpos. Surgical exploration revealed an obstructed hemivagina with a high vaginal septum. When resection failed, she ultimately underwent a robot-assisted hemihysterectomy, with resolution of her symptoms. Summary and Conclusions In this case presentation, a surgical approach was necessary to adequately make a diagnosis. When vaginal septum resection failed, robot-assisted laparoscopic hemi-hysterectomy and resection of a vaginal pouch led to symptom resolution in this pediatric patient with a complex anomaly.
Can placebo controls reduce the number of nonresponders in clinical trials? A power-analytic perspective.

Abstract Background: There is ongoing debate regarding the ethics of placebo-controlled clinical trials when a moderately effective standard treatment exists. One aspect of the debate—the number of nonresponders—tends to be overlooked. A larger between-group effect size is expected in placebo-controlled trials than in trials with an active comparator. For that reason, substantially fewer subjects need to be enrolled in placebo-controlled trials; consequently, there tend to be far fewer nonresponders in placebo-controlled trials. Objective: This analysis was undertaken to illustrate that the use of placebo as a control can reduce the number of subjects who are unnecessarily exposed to delayed treatment. Methods: Statistical power analyses were used to estimate the sample size required to detect various population treatment differences and the resulting number of nonresponders for 2-tailed chi-square tests. Results: Empiric evidence of the phenomenon is provided for a wide range of rates of response to placebo, investigational, and comparator treatments. For example, 24 subjects (ie, 12 per group) are needed to detect differences between placebo (10% response rate) and in investigational drug (70% response); 15 of these would not respond. In contrast, of the investigational drug (70% response) is initially compared with a standard therapy (60% response), 752 subjects would be required, 263 of whom would not respond. Conclusions: This paper shows empirically that placebo controls can reduce the number of nonresponders in a randomized controlled trial. The number of subjects who are exposed to unproven, albeit promising, investigational drugs should be kept to a minimum until placebo-controlled trials support their use.
High School Students' Knowledge and Notions of Citizenship

This article focuses on high school students' knowledge and notions of citizenship after taking the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) Naturalization Test. The students' test results and responses show emerging support for the need to make changes to the test as well as the students' limited conceptions of citizenship. In addition, this study's methodological benefits and challenges are discussed with implications for future research and practice.
On the mechanism of the probabilistic nature of ventricular defibrillation threshold

The probabilistic nature of the ventricular defibrillation threshold (DFT) remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that shock outcome is a function of the amount of myocardium in its vulnerable period (VP). The endocardial surface of five isolated, perfused swine right ventricles was mapped with 477 bipolar electrodes during ventricular fibrillation (VF). Shock parameters and VF cycle length were not significantly different in the successful (S; n = 26) and failed (F; n = 26) trials. At the instant of the shock, the number of sites with 45- to 55-ms recovery was significantly smaller in the S trials than the F trials (P < 0.04). No significant difference in the number of sites with recovery intervals outside the 45- to 55-ms range was seen in S and F shocks. Endocardial action potential showed that a recovery time of 45-55 ms corresponded to the VP spanning -15 to -60 mV in 92% of the regenerative action potentials. We conclude that the probabilistic nature of the DFT is related to the amount of myocardium in its VP.
Moffatt vortices induced by the motion of a contact line

A recent hydrodynamic theory of liquid slippage on a solid substrate (Kirkinis & Davis, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 110, 2013, 234503) gives rise to a sequence of eddies (Moffatt vortices) that co-move with a moving contact line (CL) in a liquid wedge. The presence of these vortices is established through secular equations that depend on the dynamic contact angle α and capillary number Ca. The limiting case α→O is associated with the appearance of such vortices in a channel. The vortices are generated by the relative motion of the interfaces, which in turn is due to the motion of the CL. This effect has yet to be observed in experiment.