cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Novel Mechanism for Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibition from the Crystal Structure of Its Complex with Catechol Estrogen

Catechol estrogens are steroid metabolites that elicit physiological responses through binding to a variety of cellular targets. We show here that catechol estrogens directly inhibit soluble adenylyl cyclases and the abundant trans-membrane adenylyl cyclases. Catechol estrogen inhibition is non-competitive with respect to the substrate ATP, and we solved the crystal structure of a catechol estrogen bound to a soluble adenylyl cyclase from Spirulina platensis in complex with a substrate analog. The catechol estrogen is bound to a newly identified, conserved hydrophobic patch near the active center but distinct from the ATP-binding cleft. Inhibitor binding leads to a chelating interaction between the catechol estrogen hydroxyl groups and the catalytic magnesium ion, distorting the active site and trapping the enzyme substrate complex in a non-productive conformation. This novel inhibition mechanism likely applies to other adenylyl cyclase inhibitors, and the identified ligand-binding site has important implications for the development of specific adenylyl cyclase inhibitors.
Increased early morbidity and mortality with acceptable long-term function in severely obese patients undergoing liver transplantation.

The effect of obesity on outcomes following liver transplantation remains unclear. We reviewed our experience with 302 liver transplants in 277 patients from September 1989 to September 1996 to determine the effect of body mass on outcome. Two-hundred and seventeen transplants were performed in patients with a body mass index (BMI) 35 kg/m2 (severely obese). Non-weight related pre-operative demographics were similar between groups with the exception of an increased frequency of cryptogenic cirrhosis among the obese and severely obese patients. Intra-operative transfusion requirements were greater for the severely obese group (16.2 +/- 3.5 units versus 9.1 +/- 0.8 units for the non-obese, p = 0.0004), though not when normalized to body weight (0.14 +/- 0.03 units/kg versus 0.13 +/- 0.01 units/kg, p > 0.05). Post-operatively, severely obese patients had a higher rate of wound infection (20 versus 4%, p = 0.0001) and death attributed to multisystem organ failure (15 versus 2%, p = 0.0001), although overall mortality prior to discharge and total complications were not different between groups. Actual 1-yr graft survival showed a negative trend in the severely obese group (67 versus 81% for non-obese, p = 0.07), but both 3-yr graft survival and patient survival were similar to non-obese patients (p = 0.12 and 0.17, respectively by the Cox-Mantel test). Liver transplantation in severely obese patients is associated with wound infection and early death from multisystem organ failure, but has similar long-term outcomes when compared to non-obese controls.
Organ/body weight loss with aging: evidence for co-ordinated involution

Loss of body weight, during later stages of aging, is a phenomenon recognized in all human populations studied. Reduction of body weight is accompanied by a loss of internal organ weight and volume. The usual approach is to describe organ weight versus age. However, organ weight can be related to overall body weight, by means of the allometric equation. This general expression can be used to relate the weight of each of several organs to that of the body, and offered a good description of data for a reported Japanese autopsy study on males and females over the age of 60 years. The equations were also used in describing the ratio of organ weights (such as the spleen/liver weight). A further extension was in examining the terms of the allometric equation (a constant and an exponent for each organ), and noting a close coupling between male and female values. The allometric description of organ weights versus body weight, suggests a 'co-ordinated involution', and appears worthy of further investigation.
Heterogeneity of vitellins and vitellogenins of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta L. Time course of vitellogenin appearance in the haemolymph of the adult female

Abstract Manduca sexta eggs contain three electrophoretically separable vitellins and adult female haemolymph contains three vitellogenins; all six lipoproteins are separable by electrophoresis. The six lipoproteins, found in three different M. sexta strains, showed no immunological differences. Identical apoprotein patterns were observed for mixed vitellins and mixed vitellogenins on SDS PAGE. These consisted of two large apoproteins, apparent mol. wts 185,000 and 175,000, and a single small apoprotein, 45,000. Vitellogenins were first detected in female haemolymph by rocket immunoelectrophoresis on the fourth day before adult eclosion. Their concentration at first decreases as eclosion nears, and then increases dramatically following eclosion. They reach maximum concentration by the fourth day after eclosion.
Cycling performance of density modulated multilayer silicon thin film anodes in Li-ion batteries

Abstract The high volumetric expansion/contraction of silicon (Si) anodes in Li-ion batteries by about ∼400% during lithiation/delithiation causes considerably high stress followed by cracking, pulverization, and the loss of electrical contact; and finally results in capacity fading and failing. In this work, we present a new density modulated multilayer Si thin film anode approach, which can provide a robust high capacity electrode for Li-ion batteries. Alternating high and low density layers have been achieved by simply changing the working gas pressure between low and high values, respectively during magnetron sputter deposition of Si thin film anodes. Our results reveal that density modulated Si films can provide a high coulombic efficiency up to 99% and reversible specific capacity as high as ∼1700 mAh g −1 after 50 cycles. Low-density layers are believed to be performing as compliant layers during volume change making the films more durable compared to conventional Si film anodes. The results of this work can lead to Si thin film anode materials with superior capacity and mechanical stability compared to conventional Si anodes.
K 1 0 →γ+γ decay mode

The mechanism for the rare radiative decay mode K10→2γ is treated as the virtual disassociation of K10 into a π+π− pair followed by internal annihilation of the pions into photons. Introducing a direct K10-2π interaction and using the techniques of dispersion theory, the branching ratioΓ(K10→2γ)/Γ(K10→π+π−) is expressed in terms of theI=0,s-wave pion-pion scattering phase shifts. With negative and small positive π-π scattering lengths, numerical estimates indicate no appreciable enhancement of the branching ratio from its perturbation-theory value: 0.24·10−5. Branching ratios of the order of 10−4 to 10−3 are obtained for large positive scattering lengths provided that the high-energy behaviour of the phase shifts has a specified character.
Hierarchical Markov random fields with stable points

Markov random field techniques for region labeling have become prevalent in image processing research since the seminal work of Geman and Geman in the early 1 980's. Their use in actual working systems, however, has been hampered by a number ofdifficult problems. Perhaps the most intractable of the problems has been the convergence rate of the algorithm. In this paper, we present a technique that introduces stable points in the labeling array of the random field. The stable points are determined by using a simple statistical pixel classifier together with a confidencemeasure at each pixel. The most confident (top 1% )pixellabels are selected and these labels are used to initiate the evolution of the random field. The stable points introduce pockets of "certainty" in the evolution of the process. The labeling is locally stable and even small numbers of stable points vastly decrease convergence rates of the algorithm.
Biomass, growth, and development of populations of herbivorous zooplankton in the southeastern Bering Sea during spring

Abstract Two distinct communities of herbivorous zooplankton, separated by an oceanographic front, inhabit the continental shelf and slope of the southeastern Bering Sea during spring. The community over the outer shelf and slope is dominated by populations of large-sized oceanic copepods (mainly Neocalanus spp.) that developed early in spring and attain maximum biomass and growth rates by mid- to late spring. Total biomass and growth rates of herbivores follow the spring outburst of phytoplankton; during April and May biomass increases from ⩽1 to ∼14g C m−2 on the slope and to ∼10g C m−2 on the outer shelf, and maximum growth rates >500 and ∼300 mg C m−2 day−1 occur on the slope and outer shelf, respectively, in May. The dominant species, N. plumchrus, grows from copepodid I to V between late March and early May, and after attaining maximum body weight in late May and early June it begins its downward migration. The inshore community on the middle shelf is dominated by the euphausiid Thysanoessa raschi in April and May and by the copepod Calanus marshallae in late May and early June. Total biomass (⩽1 g C m−2) and growth rates (⩽50 mg C m−2) of the inshore community are substantially lower than those of the offshore community, and show a delayed response to the spring bloom of phytoplankton; both biomass and growth rates increase about one month after the bloom. Small herbivorous copepods contribute little to the total biomass and growth rates of either community and the cumulative community growth rates during April and May decrease from 18.3 g C m−2 on the slope to 2.5 g C m−2 on the middle shelf.
26. The relationship between cognitive overload, sensorimotor gating and immunogenetic markers

Immunogenetic approaches have revealed associations between cytokine polymorphisms and psychiatric conditions (e.g. Schizophrenia). Using an endophenotype approach, we developed an experimental paradigm that links executive functions to a psychophysiological marker of sensorimotor gating, which is a mechanism by which the brain may filter superfluous sensory information. A common measure of sensorimotor gating is prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response, in which startle responsiveness to a loud noise (the pulse) is attenuated by pre-exposure (by 120 ms) to a less intense stimulus (prepulse). Many psychiatric diseases are characterized by a deficit in PPI. Here we report a new paradigm that will allow us to investigate not only how cognitive overload impacts PPI in healthy humans, but also whether this is linked to immune-related genes. Participants underwent two PPI sessions, one before a cognitive task and one afterwards. Our results showed that after cognitively demanding tasks, PPI decreased between the first and second session, indicating a worsening of sensorimotor gating. In contrast, PPI increased after passively observing a slideshow. Thus, it appears that cognitive tasks can and do influence sensorimotor gating abilities. Experiments are currently under way to determine whether these effects are linked to TNF-α polymorphisms, which have been linked to psychiatric conditions known to produce impaired PPI. The results of this study will have important implications for cognitive, psychiatric and psychoneuroimmunological research.
Fatty Acid Chain Elongation in Palmitate-perfused Working Rat Heart MITOCHONDRIAL ACETYL-CoA IS THE SOURCE OF TWO-CARBON UNITS FOR CHAIN ELONGATION

Rat hearts were perfused with [1,2,3,4-13C4]palmitic acid (M+4), and the isotopic patterns of myocardial acylcarnitines and acyl-CoAs were analyzed using ultra-HPLC-MS/MS. The 91.2% 13C enrichment in palmitoylcarnitine shows that little endogenous (M+0) palmitate contributed to its formation. The presence of M+2 myristoylcarnitine (95.7%) and M+2 acetylcarnitine (19.4%) is evidence for β-oxidation of perfused M+4 palmitic acid. Identical enrichment data were obtained in the respective acyl-CoAs. The relative 13C enrichment in M+4 (84.7%, 69.9%) and M+6 (16.2%, 17.8%) stearoyl- and arachidylcarnitine, respectively, clearly shows that the perfused palmitate is chain-elongated. The observed enrichment of 13C in acetylcarnitine (19%), M+6 stearoylcarnitine (16.2%), and M+6 arachidylcarnitine (17.8%) suggests that the majority of two-carbon units for chain elongation are derived from β-oxidation of [1,2,3,4-13C4]palmitic acid. These data are explained by conversion of the M+2 acetyl-CoA to M+2 malonyl-CoA, which serves as the acceptor for M+4 palmitoyl-CoA in chain elongation. Indeed, the 13C enrichment in mitochondrial acetyl-CoA (18.9%) and malonyl-CoA (19.9%) are identical. No 13C enrichment was found in acylcarnitine species with carbon chain lengths between 4 and 12, arguing against the simple reversal of fatty acid β-oxidation. Furthermore, isolated, intact rat heart mitochondria 1) synthesize malonyl-CoA with simultaneous inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b and 2) catalyze the palmitoyl-CoA-dependent incorporation of 14C from [2-14C]malonyl-CoA into lipid-soluble products. In conclusion, rat heart has the capability to chain-elongate fatty acids using mitochondria-derived two-carbon chain extenders. The data suggest that the chain elongation process is localized on the outer surface of the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Influenza vaccinations and chemosensory function.

BACKGROUND Although influenza vaccines have saved millions of lives, some have been associated with extremely rare adverse effects such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, Bell's palsy, and optic neuritis. Despite the fact that olfactory loss after an influenza vaccination is noted in one case report, no quantitative olfactory testing was performed. Hence, it is unclear whether, in fact, olfactory dysfunction can be associated with such vaccinations. This study was designed to (1) identify patients from the University of Pennsylvania Smell and Taste Center who attributed their empirically determined chemosensory disturbances to influenza vaccinations and (2) determine whether influenza vaccinations add to the degree of olfactory or gustatory dysfunction due to other causes. METHODS A retrospective analysis of self-reported etiologies of 4554 consecutive patients presenting to the University of Pennsylvania Smell and Taste Center with complaints of chemosensory dysfunction was performed. Those who reported dysfunction secondary to influenza vaccinations were identified. Additionally, in a subset of 925 patients for whom detailed inoculation histories were available, it was determined whether the number of lifetime inoculations added to the deficits due to other causes. RESULTS Nine of the 4554 patients (0.19%) attributed olfactory disturbances to an influenza vaccination. None complained of taste dysfunction. All nine had abnormally low scores on the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (p < 0.001), with three being anosmic and six microsmic. Seven had elevated phenyl ethyl alcohol detection thresholds (p < 0.05). Two cases exhibited mild-to-moderate loss of whole mouth taste function. Of the 925 patients, no association was evident between the number of lifetime vaccinations and the chemosensory test scores. In accord with previous studies, age and sex were significantly related to the test scores. CONCLUSION A very small percentage of the 4554 patients evaluated (0.19%) attributed their chemosensory dysfunction to a prior influenza vaccination. No influences of the number of lifetime influenza vaccinations on the test scores were evident in the subset of 925 patients whose dysfunction was due to other causes.
Convex and coconvex-probabilistic wavelet approximation

Continuous functions are approximated by wavelet operators. These preserve convexity and r-convexity and transform continuous probability distribution functions into probability distribution functions at the same time preserving certain convexity conditions. The degree of this approximation is estimated by establishing some Jackson type inequalities
The Communist Credo: Man is the Measure of All Things

I. Introduction On January 1, 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), who has been described by Andrei Gromyko as a man who “has a nice smile, but he has iron teeth,” (Goldman, 1) gave an address to the people of the United States in which he informed them that the “Soviet people are dedicated to peace — that supreme value equal to the gift of life.” (Gorbachev, 1986(a),5). Gorbachev appealed to all that is good in the American people when he said:
Automatic data processing in psychophysiology: a system in operation.

Abstract : An automatic system for processing physiological data is described. Through the use of this system and proper programming, the complex and varied data processing problems of psychophysiological research can be handled appropriately and with relative ease. The system has the following advantages: (1) The data are stored in dynamic form for easy retrieval. (2) The flexible sampling arrangement meets the needs of psychophysiological experiments independent of their time course. (3) The output is in a format compatible with high-speed computing facilities.
The role of micrometric wollastonite particles on stress whitening behavior of polypropylene composites

The micromechanism and susceptibility to stress whitening during tensile straining of micrometric wollastonite mineral-reinforced polypropylenes is studied by electron microscopy and compared with unreinforced neat polypropylenes. Mineral-reinforced polypropylene composite exhibit significantly reduced susceptibility to stress whitening, and are characterized by lower gray level in the plastically deformed stress whitened zone. This behavior is attributed to the effective reinforcement of polypropylene by wollastonite that acts in concert increasing the tensile modulus of the composite and restricts plastic deformation of the matrix. The increase in tensile modulus is explained in terms of a three-phase model involving matrix, particle, and interface zone. Furthermore, isothermal crystallization indicated that the reinforcement mineral increases the rate of nucleation with consequent increase in % bulk crystallinity. The reinforcement of polypropylene alters the primary micromechanism of stress whitening from deformation bands/crazing in neat polypropylenes to wedge/ridge-tearing in mineral-reinforced polypropylene composites. The final fracture in reinforced polypropylene occurs by a mixed mode consisting of fibrillation and brittle mode, while crazing-tearing and brittle deformation are fracture modes for neat polypropylene.
The relationship between subtalar and knee joint function as a possible mechanism for running injuries

Abstract The purposes of the study were: (1) to evaluate the effects of different surfaces on the relationship between subtalar and knee joint function, and (2) to examine/explore alternative approaches to the evaluation of these relationships. Five subjects ran under four different surface conditions of various hardness, while both rear and sagittal view kinematic data were collected (200 Hz). Critical parameters describing the knee angle and rearfoot motion were examined in conjunction with a curve analysis technique which incorporated slope differences and curve correlations. A repeated measure ANOVA design (surface × subject) was used along with single subject procedures. The results of the study support a strong inter-relationship between pronation and knee joint function via tibial rotation and underlined it as a possible mechanism for injury. Moreover, discrete point analysis might not be the most appropriate methodology for evaluating dynamic functions such as rearfoot motion and knee angle. Extreme methodological care must be exercised when evaluating these functions to avoid oversmoothing and/or masking correlations and differences due to differential subject responses and individual variability. The fact that increased impact force facilitated timing discrepancies between subtalar and knee joint function resulting in a transition of the pronation curve from a unimodal to bimodal configuration, is hypothesized as a possible explanation to better understand the inter-relationships among these lower extremity functions and their relationship to running injuries.
Intended single-modality management of T1 and T2 tonsillar carcinomas: Retrospective comparison of radical tonsillectomy vs radiation from a single institution

Abstract Background T1 and T2 tonsillar squamous cell cancer with limited neck disease can be managed with single-modality radiation or surgery. Over 11 years, 17 patients underwent radical tonsillectomies; and 33 patients underwent radiation-based treatments for T1 and T2 and N0 to N2a tonsil cancer. Patients were intended to receive single-modality treatment based on presentation; however, some ultimately received adjuvant treatments. Methods A retrospective chart review to compare overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and locoregional control (LRC) between the groups was used. Results In surgical group, of 17 patients, 11 underwent surgery alone, 3 underwent surgery and radiation, and 3 underwent surgery with concurrent chemoradiation. Five-year OS for the surgical and radiation groups was 93% and 72%, respectively (no significance achieved). Five-year DSS rates (93% and 80%) and LRC (69% and 89%) similarly did not yield any significant difference. Conclusion Surgery remains a viable option in the management of T1 and T2 tonsillar cancers with comparable LRC, OS, and DSS.
The State of State Politics Research

Reviewers of the state of state politics research often lament the field's lack of theoretical progress and its fragmented character These conditions per sist yet a review of this research published in the professions top journals over the past decade reveals a substantively rich and often methodologi cally sophisticated body of scholarship. Applying an inclusive approach, this essay examines all research published on state politics over the last decade in the profession's six top journals: APSR, AJPS, JOP, PRQ Polity and SSQ. Trends in substantive focus and the findings of this research are described, as are methodological approaches and innovations. The study takes stock of the progress the field has made and identifies promising avenues for future inquiry. The subfield could advance by emphasizing its unique comparative analytical advantages. These advantages provide an excellent opportunity to evaluate the impact of institutional and environ mental contexts on political behavior, processes and outcome...
(Lu1−xYbx)Ni2B2C: From 16 K superconductor to heavy fermion

Abstract YbNi 2 B 2 C has recently been discovered to be a heavy fermion with a low-temperature Sommerfeld coefficient of 530 mJ/mol K 2 and no magnetic order above 0.35 K. Based on thermodynamic and transport measurements on single-crystal samples the Kondo temperature is T K ≈ 10 K. As a member of the RNi 2 B 2 C (R = Dy-Lu) series of magnetic superconductors R = Yb is remarkable since it does not superconduct for T > 0.35 K, even though the T C 's for TmNi 2 B 2 C and LuNi 2 B 2 C are 10.8 and 16.3 K, respectively. This is further evidence of the strong hybridization between the Yb 4f-levels and the conduction electrons. Electrical resistivity and specific heat data on single-crystal samples of (Yb 1− x Lu x )Ni 2 B 2 C demonstrate how there is a systematic progression from a relatively high-temperature superconductor to a heavy fermion.
Fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of mixed bis(η6-arene)chromium(0) complexes

Abstract 19F NMR studies have been conducted on mixed bis(η6-arene)chromium(0) complexes containing (CH3)m (m=1, 2 or 3) substituents in one of the partner arenes and CF3 or Fn, (n=1 or 2) substituents in the other arene. There is deshielding of the 19F in the (C6H6−m(CH3)m)-(C6H5CF3)Cr complex (I) relative to that in (C6H5CF3)2Cr(II). However, increased shielding of 19F is observed in the (C6H6−m(CH3)m)-(C6H6−nFn)Cr complex (III) relative to that in (C6H6−nFn)2Cr (IV). It appears that the fluorines in CF3 take on an unique behaviour which is affected by a complex series of electron charge movements mainly due to more back-donation towards the (C6H6−m(CH3)m arene and relaying of effects of substituents of one arene on to those of the partner arene by the chromium centre. On the other hand, the upfield shift of the 19F resonance in III, is rationalized partly on the basis of greater back-donation to the Fn-containing arene and electron-releasing effect of the (CH3)m that is transmitted by the metal centre. Evidence from two different methyl proton chemical shifts in (1,2,4-C6H3(CH3)3)(1,2-C6H4F2)Cr suggests that the through space dipole interactions are an insignificant factor in the electron charge perturbations in these mixed-arene complexes.
Language Contact: Italian (?) geminates in Faetar

Abstract. Faetar, an isolated dialect of Francoprovencal spoken in one village in southern Italy, shows clear evidence of Italian influence due to extended contact. One indication that Italian has influenced this dialect is the presence of geminates, as Gallic Francoprovencal had lost all length distinctions by the fourteenth century, when Faeto was founded. I discuss the results of production experiments and describe the phonetics, phonology, and morphology of the consonant length distinction in this non-written language. A medial-position consonant length distinction is evident, suggesting Italian influence, but there is no phonetic support for borrowing of the Italian raddoppiamento sintattico pattern of initial-position length distinction. Kattenbusch (1982: 169) claims that single and geminate forms in initial position are allophonic variants, conditioned by the preceding segment. However, his transcriptions include many cases of transcribed geminate and single consonants appearing in identical environments. Acoustic analysis reveals no consistent lexical length distinction in such pairs. I examine historical sources to see if there is a pattern either in Francoprovencal or in Italian which surfaces systematically as a consonant length distinction in Faetar. For this purpose, a comparison of Francoprovencal cognates to Faetar words containing geminates is made. Neither this nor a comparison to Italian cognates provides a satisfactory explanation of the source of gemination in Faetar.
A Large Spectral Class Dependence of the Wilson-Bappu Effect among Luminous Stars

The striking correlation between Ca ii K-line emission width and absolute visual magnitude has not previously been well calibrated for stars more luminous than giants. From a sample of binary systems fit to isochrones, we find deviations of more than 2 mag, correlated with spectral class, between these binarity Mv values and the Wilson-Bappu relation. Additional Mv values derived from Hipparcos parallaxes are used to explore the systematics. The spectral class dependence vanishes for K-line parameter log W0 ≤ 1.80. Linear spectral class corrections are derived for the more luminous stars, with log W0 ≥ 2.00, while a table is provided for the transition region. The dispersion from these relations is about ±0.6 mag. This recalibration extends the demonstrated applicability of the Wilson-Bappu technique to Mv -5 or distance ≈20 kpc.
Hydrogen transport in nickel base stainless alloys

Hydrogen transport parameters have been measured in two nickel base stainless alloys, HASTELLOY Alloys C-276 and G. Hydrogen diffusivity and permeability were determined by means of the electrolytic permeability technique over the temperature range of 17 to 90 °C. Although the two alloys are similar in composition and structure, they exhibited dramatically different hydrogen behavior. For Alloy C-276, the diffusivity in both the cold worked and annealed conditions decreased by a factor of two following low temperature (500 °C) aging. That behavior was related to ordering in the alloy. Unexpectedly, hydrogen trapping was not observed in Alloy C-276. An analysis of hydrogen transport in Alloy G indicated reversible and irreversible trapping of hydrogen by niobium substitutional atoms and second phase carbides, respectively. The hydrogen transport results were related to the hydrogen embrittlement tendencies of the two nickel base alloys.
Bis(O,O′-diisopropyl dithiophosphato-κ2S,S′)(1,10-phenanthroline)nickel(II)

The Ni atom in the monomeric title compound, [Ni(C6H14O2PS2)2(C12H8N2)], is within a distorted octa­hedral N2S4 geometry, defined by two chelating dithio­phosphate ligands and a chelating 1,10-phenanthroline ligand.
Ion-implantation associated defect production in silicon

Abstract Defects produced during ion implantation have traditionally been removed during high temperature (⩾ 1200 K) thermal processing. The current industry trend towards lower temperature processing will require new techniques for suppressing defect formation associated with ion implantation. This paper details the characterization and identification of the electrically active defects which are produced during low dose ion implantation. Several of the observed defect levels can be correlated with defects which have been identified in electron irradiated silicon. However, a defect level near mid gap, H(0.53), which should be the dominant recombination center in p-type samples, cannot be correlated with previously identified defects. Similarly, the H(0.20) level is found to anneal near 420 K, and thus does not correlate well with the known properties of the divacancy, which introduces a similar trapping level.
Parameters of Training, Academic Involvement, and Practice Setting Predictive of Retention in Combined Medical–Psychiatric Practice

Objective The authors contrasted physicians trained in both psychiatry and another specialty who continue to practice both specialties vs. those who practice only psychiatry, in terms of their training, academic profile, and practice setting.
Teaching text comprehension strategies to adult poor readers

This study demonstrated the benefit of teaching text comprehension strategies to adults who are poor readers. Subjects (n=90) were students enrolled in adult education programs who earned a score of 90 or above on theSlosson Intelligence Test and a score equivalent to a 3rd–7th grade reading level on theNelson Denny Reading Test. These subjects were randomly assigned to one of three experimental or two control conditions. Experimental conditions were: self questioning and summarizing instruction (total condition); self questioning instruction only; or summarizing instruction only. Control conditions were: tests and experimental materials without instruction; or tests only. Experimental subjects were instructed in small groups for six 45 minute sessions using an instructional method which features informed self control training and guided learning. Analyses of covariance showed significant differences between the performances of the groups. On one measure, a question task, subjects who self questioned and summarized, and subjects who self questioned, significantly out performed the two controls. On a second measure, a free recall task, subjects who self questioned and summarized significantly outperformed control groups combined. Contrary to expectations, the self questioning and summarizing condition (total condition) did not significantly outperform the other experimental groups.
Measurement of the spin-depairing interaction in Sn0.75Eu0.25Mo6S8

Abstract Mossbauer effect measurements of the 151 Eu resonance in the Chevrel phase superconductor Sn0.75Eu0.25Mo6S8 have been used to obtain the temperature dependence of the Eu paramagnetic relaxation rate. This consists of a temperature independent part arising from spin-spin interactions and a part linear in T due to the Korringa process. From the slope we obtain I = 0.0033/Eu atom-spin, where I is the exchange coupling between the rare-earth spin and the conduction electron spin, and N(EF) is the local density of states. This value is roughly one order of magnetude lower than that measured in binary superconductors, and accounts for the very weak dependence of the transition temperature on magnetic impurity concentration.
Influence of Diet on the Production and Composition of Calcium Phosphate Crystals Produced in the Capsule Formed Around Implanted Bone in Chicks

Abstract The formation of calcium phosphate aggregates in the connective tissue of animals has been observed by many investigators. Bone crystals were formed in the connective tissue of dogs when part of the bladder wall was transplanted to the rectus sheath (Huggins, 1931). Similar results were obtained in the guinea pig (Huggins and Sammett, 1933) and also in cats, dogs, and rabbits by Abbott et al. (1938). Deposits of bone-like crystals have been observed in connective tissue when fresh bone is implanted in rabbits (Levander, 1938) and also Chams and Patrick (1963) observed bone crystals in the connective tissue capsule which formed around implanted tibiae in chicks. Calcium phosphate deposits have been reported to appear spontaneously in connective tissue of guinea pigs fed whole raw milk (Wulgen and Bahrs, 1941). Hogan et al. (1950) also described a diet related syndrome in guinea pigs characterized by wrist soreness. When guinea pigs were…
Design of Steel Plate Shear Walls Considering Boundary Frame Moment Resisting Action

Conventional design of steel plate shear walls (SPSWs) assumes that 100% of the story shear is resisted by each infill panel. Following this approach, strength provided by the boundary frame moment resisting action, which provides the SPSW with overstrength, is neglected. While this design assumption has a positive impact on seismic performance of SPSWs, no analytical work has been done to quantify the magnitude of this overstrength in general terms. Such preliminary work is conducted in this paper. Based on plastic analysis of SPSWs, this paper investigates the relative and respective contributions of boundary frame moment resisting action and infill panel tension field action to the overall plastic strength of SPSWs, followed by a proposed procedure to make use of the strength provided by the boundary frame moment resisting action. Procedures for design of SPSWs having weak infill panels are also developed in this paper. Then, results from a series of time history analyses using validated models are presented to compare the seismic performances of SPSWs designed using different design assumptions. Future work needed to provide greater insight on SPSW designs is also identified.
Reactions of ferropentacyanamines

Abstract A series of compounds of the general type, Na3Fe(CN)5NR3, were prepared and their reactions under an atmosphere of N2, O2, and CO were studied. These studies were performed in a special gas absorption apparatus at constant temperature and pressure. Two methods were used for the preparation of the sodium ferropentacynamine compounds. The first consists of an oxidation-reduction reaction between ammonia or the organic amine and sodium nitroprusside. The second method consists in using the ferropentacyanamine ion as the starting material and replacing the ammonia molecule with the desired amine. Absorption measurements and their accompanying colour changes indicate that the ferrocarbonylpentacyanide ion is formed upon absorption of CO, while an irreversible oxidation takes place upon absorption of O2 gas.
Electrochemical biofilm control: mechanism of action

Although it has been previously demonstrated that an electrical current can be used to control biofilm growth on metal surfaces, the literature results are conflicting and there is no accepted mechanism of action. One of the suggested mechanisms is the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on metal surfaces. However, there are literature studies in which H2O2 could not be detected in the bulk solution. This is most likely because H2O2 was produced at a low concentration near the surface and could not be detected in the bulk solution. The goals of this research were (1) to develop a well-controlled system to explain the mechanism of action of the bioelectrochemical effect on 316L stainless steel (SS) surfaces and (2) to test whether the produced H2O2 can reduce cell growth on metal surfaces. It was found that H2O2 was produced near 316L SS surfaces when a negative potential was applied. The H2O2 concentration increased towards the surface, while the dissolved oxygen decreased when the SS surface was polar...
Construction of Bacteriophage Phi29 DNA Packaging Motor and its Applications in Nanotechnology and Therapy

Nanobiotechnology involves the creation, characterization, and modification of organized nanomaterials to serve as building blocks for constructing nanoscale devices in technology and medicine. Living systems contain a wide variety of nanomachines and highly ordered structures of macromolecules. The novelty and ingenious design of the bacterial virus phi29 DNA packaging motor and its parts inspired the synthesis of this motor and its components as biomimetics. This 30-nm nanomotor uses six copies of an ATP-binding pRNA to gear the motor. The structural versatility of pRNA has been utilized to construct dimers, trimers, hexamers, and patterned superstructures via the interaction of two interlocking loops. The approach, based on bottom-up assembly, has also been applied to nanomachine fabrication, pathogen detection and the delivery of drugs, siRNA, ribozymes, and genes to specific cells in vitro and in vivo. Another essential component of the motor is the connector, which contains 12 copies of a protein gp10 to form a 3.6-nm central channel as a path for DNA. This article will review current studies of the structure and function of the phi29 DNA packaging motor, as well as the mechanism of motion, the principle of in vitro construction, and its potential nanotechnological and medical applications.
Dimethylbenzanthracene-induced mammary tumorigenesis in ethanol-fed rats.

Abstract Epidemiological evidence indicates that ingestion of alcoholic beverages is a risk factor or is associated with a risk factor for breast cancer. A small increase in relative risk (1.1–1.2) compared to non-drinkers, has been reported for drinkers of small amounts of alcohol, approximately 3–4 drinks per week; a larger increase in relative risk (1.4–1.7) with a significant dose relationship occurs at intakes of 2–3 drinks per day. Two drinks per day would supply approximately 7–10% of a woman's caloric intake. This evidence, coupled with the general association of breast cancer risk with higher economic, nutritional and education status, supports the view that relevant animal models for study of the relationship between alcohol and breast cancer should employ moderate alcohol and good nutrient intake. Two carcinogenesis experiments were performed in ethanolfed, female, Sprague-Dawley rats. In the first, groups of 50 rats were fed control diet ad libitum (CON) or were fed the diet with 20% of calories supplied as ethanol (ETOH) or intake of ETOH rats (PF). They were given 7, 12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA), 20 mg/kg, by gavage at 55 days of age and monitored for tumor development. There was no detectable effect of ethanol on mammary tumor latency, incidence, number, weight or histology. In the second experiment, rats divided into the same groups were given 25% and the dose of DMBA was increased to 30 mg/kg. Again, there was no detectable effect of ethanol on mammary tumorigenesis. Thus, no effect of ethanol on mammary gland tumorigenesis by DMBA was observed in rats treated by 2 different protocols.
Restriction of HIV-1 (Subtype B) Replication at the Entry Step in Rhesus Macaque Cells

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is restricted for replication in rhesus macaque cells and does not establish infection in this species. The block to productive infection of macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in culture was investigated. A chimeric virus SHIV containing HIV-1tat, rev,andenvand all other genes from a simian immunodeficiency virus clone pathogenic in macaques (i.e., SIVmac239) replicated efficiently in macaque PBMC. Thus, the attachment step, involving interaction of the HIV-1envglycoprotein with the cell surface CD4 receptor, is not blocked. Analysis of uptake of HIV-1 particles in these cells revealed a small reduction in virion entry; however, viral DNA synthesis, measured by PCR amplification, was greatly reduced. Taken together, these results indicate that the block to HIV-1 (subtype B) replication in rhesus macaque cells involves release of the virion core into the cytoplasm and/or a step immediately prior to initiation of reverse transcription. Further studies are required to characterize this block through identification of species-specific cellular proteins that interact with HIV-1 proteins in the early phase of viral replication.
Treatment of infections in the patient with Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial infection

Cytokines are increasingly used for the therapy of infections in patient populations with special defects in immunity (chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation, chronic granulomatous disease). The recognition of multiple defects in the systems of the interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) receptor, interleukin-12 (IL-12) receptor and IL-12 p40 emphasizes the critical roles that cytokines play in preventing and clearing infection. The cases of patients with partially responsive IFN-gamma receptors (autosomal dominant and partial defects) are ideal candidates for successful cytokine prophylaxis and therapy. Better understanding of the critical elements of the cytokine pathways may show us ways to circumvent these defects with complementary cytokine cascades.
Magneto-optic studies of the continuous-sheet memory

Abstract A number of continuous-sheet memory cells have been studied magneto-optically by means of the Faraday rotation in the Ce(PO 3 ) 3 glass. The data have been correlated with the results of simultaneous electrical measurements. Near the storage threshold, the observed storage of these cells is similar to that of an isothermal Crowe cell. When the cells are operated with larger drive currents, deviations from the simple isothermal Crowe-cell model are noted. These deviations are interpreted in terms of the spreading of the trapped flux in the continuous-sheet cell and in terms of heating.
A microcomputer-based expert system prototype for helping the layperson find specific information on breast cancer questions

Abstract Medical expert systems have been around since the early 1970s. MYCIN, PUFF, CADUCEOUS and CASNET are examples of medical expert systems that have been built; however. their use, like most medical expert systems, is for the physician. There is a growing need for educating the public in certain areas of medicine. Laypersons want to be better informed. This paper focuses on a microcomputer-based expert system which is being developed to help the layperson be more informed on general and specific questions dealing with breast cancer.
From coworkers to friends: The development of peer friendships in the workplace

This paper reports the results of our analysis of interviews with 38 individuals (representing 19 peer friendships) in which we explored factors and communication changes associated with the development of workplace friendships. We found that peer friendships experienced three primary transitions: from coworker/acquaintance‐to‐friend, friend‐to‐close friend, and close friend‐to‐almost best friend. The co‐worker‐to‐friend transition was perceived to be caused primarily by working together in close proximity, sharing common ground, and extra‐organizational socializing. Communication at this transition became broader, yet remained relatively superficial. The friend‐to‐close friend transition was associated primarily with problems in one's personal and work experiences. Communication at this transition became broader, more intimate, and less cautious. The close friend‐to‐almost best friend transition was associated primarily with life events, work‐related problems, and the passage of time. Communication becam...
iCalm: Measuring electrodermal activity in almost any setting

The iCalm sensor is a wireless, wearable, washable wristband that can measure electrodermal activity and physical activity in almost any natural setting. This platform has many applications including health monitoring for outpatients, communication of affective information for people who are non-speaking or otherwise interested in sharing this information, education for individuals who want to learn about their own internal physiological changes during daily life, and customer experience data gathering in mobile situations.
ICCAD-2013 CAD contest in mask optimization and benchmark suite

Optical microlithography is the technique of printing a set of shapes on a wafer using light transmitted through a template called a mask. Repeatedly printing and stacking such shapes on top of each other to build electrical circuits allows us to manufacture chips in high volume. However this technique has now reached its fundamental physical limits of resolution. Current 193nm wavelength light is no longer sufficient to reliably transfer patterns which are now in the sub-100nm dimensional range. This has led to increased research in optimizing lithographic masks to pre-compensate for distortions introduced by the lithographic process. This is called mask optimization. In this contest, students are provided with a sample lithographic model which simulates the transfer of a mask pattern on to wafer. The mask is assumed to be a pixelated template, where every pixel can be turned on or off, to indicate where light passes through, or is blocked. Contestants are also provided with models to predict the robustness of their pattern i.e. how much variability is in the transferred pattern. Given these tools, the objective is to minimize the variability in the wafer image, as measured by process variability (PV) bands. This is subject to the constraints of runtime and satisfying pattern fidelity i.e. the transferred pattern should resemble the target pattern. Benchmarks are provided in the form of collections of geometric shapes, each of which provides a challenge in printing at sub-wavelength.
Mycobacterium kansasii: a cause of treatable pulmonary disease associated with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

Objective: To assess the clinical features and response to therapy of Mycobacterium kansasii infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Design: We reviewed the records...
Basic thermochemical properties of NH2NHOH and NH2ONH2: new potential fuels?

Abstract The search for new high-energy (HE) materials and fuels is an ongoing process. The major use of hydrazine, N 2 H 4 , and its mono- and dimethyl derivatives is rocket fuel, although they are also used in synthesis and as reducing agents. Since a large part of the search for new HE materials involves evaluating derivatives of known compounds, we have investigated the basic thermochemical properties of the hydrazine molecule that has an oxygen atom added to it. The geometries, vibrational frequencies, heats of formation, and proton affinities of two possible isomers, NH 2 NHOH and NH 2 ONH 2 , have been determined using G2, G3, and two CBS computational methods.
Experimental results from CERN on reaction mechanisms in high energy heavy ion collisions

Abstract Three main experimental results from CERN concerning reaction mechanisms in high energy heavy ion collisions are discussed: 1) the striking validity of the single particle picture, 2) the nuclear stopping power and 3) the attained energy densities.
A Comparative Analysis of Organization Development and Social Work, with Suggestions for What Organization Development can do for Social Work

This article compares two human service professions-social work and organization development-on a number of dimensions, including values, ethics, theories, practice skills, and client systems. Sufficient similarities (and distinct differences) emerged from this analysis to indicate the utility of social work incorporating organization development technologies into administrative social work practice and education. It is suggested that such inclusion can strengthen the capacity of social work administrators to make the organizational changes needed to adapt to the changing social conditions of the 1990s.