cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Problem decomposition using indirect reciprocity in evolved populations

Evolutionary problem decomposition techniques divide a complex problem into simpler subproblems, evolve individuals to produce subcomponents that solve the subproblems, and then assemble the subcomponents to produce an overall solution. Ideally, these techniques would automatically decompose the problem and dynamically assemble the subcomponents to form the solution. However, although significant progress in automated problem decomposition has been made, most techniques explicitly assemble the complete solution as part of the fitness function. In this paper, we propose a digital-evolution technique that lays the groundwork for enabling individuals within the population to dynamically decompose a problem and assemble a solution. Specifically, our approach evolves specialists that produce some subcomponents of a problem, cooperate with others to receive different subcomponents, and then assemble the subcomponents to produce an overall solution. We first establish that this technique is able to evolve specialists that cooperate. We then demonstrate that it is more effective to use a generalist strategy, wherein organisms solve the entire problem themselves, on simple problems, but that a specialist strategy is better on complex problems. Finally, we show that our technique automatically selects a generalist or specialist strategy based on the complexity of the problem.
A measure of attitudes toward abortion

An effort was made to construct an effective questionnaire for examining group and individual differences in attitudes toward abortion in view of the fact that most studies on abortion are based on responses to instruments of questionable reliability which often reflect the bias of the reporter. From an initial pool of 100 statement items about abortion and related topics the questionnaire after a testing was whittled down to 55 items. 9 were from inventories used in previous studies; 5 were information items and 5 were lie scale pairs. Reliability was determined by comparing the first 27 with the last 28 items. A Pearsonian correlation coefficient of .90 was obtained. Groups were selected to reflect the variables of education age and marital status all of which have been shown to influence attitudes toward abortion. Accordingly the questionnaire was administered to a group of unmarried students assembly-line workers and physicians wives. As was expected a younger age higher cultural level lack of religious conviction and positive marital status werw associated with a more favorable attitude toward abortion. When the 9 items used in previous studies were correlated with responses to the new items a correlation coefficient of .48 was obtained indicating concurrent validity.
Unassisted HI photoelectrolysis using n-WSe2 solar absorbers

Molybdenum and tungsten diselenide are among the most robust and efficient semiconductor materials for photoelectrochemistry, but they have seen limited use for integrated solar energy storage systems. Herein, we report that n-type WSe2 photoelectrodes can facilitate unassisted aqueous HI electrolysis to H2(g) and HI3(aq) when placed in contact with a platinum counter electrode and illuminated by simulated sunlight. Even in strongly acidic electrolyte, the photoelectrodes are robust and operate very near their maximum power point. We have rationalized this behavior by characterizing the n-WSe2|HI/HI3 half cell, the Pt|HI/H2||HI3/HI|Pt full cell, and the n-WSe2 band-edge positions. Importantly, specific interactions between the n-WSe2 surface and aqueous iodide significantly shift the semiconductor’s flatband potential and allow for unassisted HI electrolysis. These findings exemplify the important role of interfacial chemical reactivity in influencing the energetics of semiconductor-liquid junctions and the resulting device performance.
COMPARISON OF STUDENTS WHO EXERCISE WITH THOSE WHO DO NOT

It is well documented that regular participation in physical activities such as running, swimming, bicycling, etc., enhances mental health, but this paper compares community college students who report participation in five or more hours of physical activities per week with students who do not participate in any regular physical activity. The author taught 66 students at a southeastern community college and requested that the students voluntarily complete the Body-cathexis and Self-cathexis Scales (Secord & Jourard, 1953) and answer the following questions: How many hours per week do you regularly spend in physical activities? Please list the physical activities and the hours you spend with each. Activities students listed included basketball, dancing, gymnastics, jumping rope, running, softball, tennis, volleyball, and weight lifting. Students were also asked to give their astrological signs. Thirty-seven students who reported five or more hours of weekly physical activity had a mean of 127.21 (SD = 17.97) on the Body-cathexis scale, and a mean of 153.55 (SD = 33.54) on the Self-cathexis scale, while the 29 nonparticipants had a mean of 119.03 (SD = 13.99) on the Body-cathexis scale and a mean of 128.59 (SD = 28.07) on the Self-carhexis scale. Using the t test, differences between means of the two measures for the two groups were significant ( P < .01), with the regular participants scoring higher. Since a high score on the Body-cathexis Scale is an indication of a good body concept, this study suggests that people who participate in regular physical activity do have a better view of their bodies as well as a higher self-concept as measured by the Self-cathexis Scale. This substantiates similar results found by Joesting and Clance (1979) who reported that runners had a significantly higher mean score on Body Cathexis and Self Cathexis than did nonrunners. An unexpected finding was that there were 6 Leos out of 29 nonparticipants and 5 Scorpios out of 37 among the regular exercisers. This suggests additional study of time of year of birth and participation in physical activity as Leo includes July 23August 22 and Scorpio, October 23-November 21.
New vector mesons and photon total cross sections

Using vector-meson-dominance arguments we estimate the contributions of $c\overline{c}$ vector mesons to total photon-nucleon cross sections. We find this contribution to be nonnegligible in the Fermilab energy range. We also discuss possible contributions from vector mesons made of hypothesized heavier quarks.
Self-reported outcome after diode laser hair removal.

Background: Laser-assisted photoepilation has become the procedure of choice for permanent hair reduction. Our purpose was to evaluate patient satisfaction with the procedure using a diode-laser system. Method: A self-administered survey was mailed to 220 patients who underwent treatment between 2000 and 2004. These questions addressed the area treated, number of treatments received, postprocedure hair density, and overall satisfaction. Results: Of 220 patients, 114 (52%) completed the survey. Eighty percent of patients were either "very satisfied" or "somewhat satisfied." Forty percent of patients felt they achieved 75% hair reduction and 38% reported 50% hair reduction. The majority of patients required 5-6 treatments over 13-18 months for maximum improvement. Multiple treatments over this prolonged time were a significant deterrent to treatment completion. The majority of patients (91%) experienced no long-term side effects. Conclusion: Diode-laser hair removal is a safe, well-tolerated procedure. Our patient satisfaction is comparable to hair-count studies in the literature.
Amelioration of epidermal hyperplasia by TNF inhibition is associated with reduced Th17 responses.

Biological agents have dramatically improved treatment options for patients with severe psoriasis. Etanercept (tumor necrosis factor [TNF] receptor–immunoglobulin fusion protein) is an effective treatment for many psoriasis patients, and blockade of TNF is considered to be its primary action. However, in this clinical trial, we show that etanercept has early inhibitory effects on a newly appreciated type of T cells: T helper type 17 (Th17) cells. Etanercept reduced the inflammatory dendritic cell products that drive Th17 cell proliferation (interleukin [IL] 23), as well as Th17 cell products and downstream effector molecules (IL-17, IL-22, CC chemokine ligand 20, and β-defensin 4). In contrast, Th1 cellular products and effector molecules (interferon γ, lymphotoxin α, and myxovirus resistance 1) were reduced late in disease resolution. This study suggests a role for Th17 in addition to Th1 cells in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Th17 cells may be particularly important in driving epidermal activation in psoriatic plaques, whereas Th1 cells must also be eliminated for final disease resolution.
The effects of learning style on grades of first-year college students

This study compared the grade point averages of 796 first-year students in five institutions of higher education in a southern state with learning typologies set forth in theLearning Styles Inventory by Canfield. Results of the analysis of variance reflected an effect of learning style, sex, and race. Grades of students with social, conceptual, and social/applied styles differed significantly from those of students having the neutral preference. Whites tended to have better grades than blacks had. Females learned best with social and independent/applied styles; however, males learned best with social/applied and social/conceptual styles. Although there were no race differences in the proportions of students in the various learning styles, there were sex differences. Except for mathematics, the effect of major on the association of sex and learning style was moderate to none. Findings from the study suggest a need for administrative and instructional changes.
The Topic Is ‘There’

This paper claims that the appropriate associate for 'there' is the small clause complement to the copula. It is argued that 'there' acts as a topic quantifier and that the small clause acts to provide a restriction for this topic quantifier. Furthermore, the SC in a 'there' existential sentence is licensed not by the T 0 head of Tense but by the D° of the expletive 'there'. This approach is able to explain several puzzles associated with 'there' existential sentences, including the predicate restriction, the definiteness effect, and the contradictory subject (agreement) and object (extraction, scope) properties of the postcopular NP.
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII PNEUMONITIS (PCP)

In the immunosuppressed host the mortality rate for PCP is approximately 100% if untreated. Pentamidine isethionate is presently considered the drug of choice for therapy but has several disadvantages. The cortisone-treated rat provides an excellent model for the study of PCP. Three drugs, not previously investigated for effectiveness against P. carinii but with possible antiprotozoan activity, were studied. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 11 groups with 15 rats per group. Drugs were administered prophylactically at the initiation of immunosuppression with cortisone acetate. To evaluate therapeutic efficacy, drugs were administered after the first animal in each group had died with PCP. Lung sections taken after spontaneous death or sacrifice were examined histologically with the methenamine silver nitrate impregnation method. Whereas, all of the 15 untreated rats died with PCP, none of the 15 given trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TS) prophylactically acquired the infection. After PCP was established, 9 of 14 rats recovered after treatment with TS compared to only 2 of 14 treated with pentamidine. Rifampin and clindamycin, separately, or in combination with pentamidine, were ineffective in the prevention and treatment of PCP. Since the animal studies clearly demonstrated that TS was effective in the prevention and treatment of PCP, we have treated to date 1 child with PCP and acute leukemia. Prompt and uncomplicated recovery followed the administration of TS orally.
Treatment of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding with the Estradiol Valerate and Dienogest Oral Contraceptive Pill

The new estradiol valerate and dienogest oral contraceptive pill recently received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval to treat heavy menstrual bleeding in women without diagnosed uterine conditions. This oral contraceptive formulation combines estradiol valerate, which is metabolically identical to natural estradiol, with the potent new progestin, dienogest. The four-phasic pill is effective for pregnancy prevention and leads to significantly decreased menstrual bleeding among women with heavy periods, and shorter and lighter periods among women with normal periods. Studies indicate that this formulation may be associated with decreased hepatic activation compared to contraceptive pills that contain ethinyl estradiol. However, whether these findings translate to a decreased risk of thrombotic events has not been determined, and the pill carries the same contraindications as all other combined hormonal contraceptives. At least 10–15% of women suffer from heavy menstrual bleeding, defined as ≥80 mL of blood loss per cycle. In large clinical trials of women with heavy menstrual bleeding, the estradiol valerate and dienogest pill decreased blood loss volume by a median of 81%. Women with heavy menstrual bleeding treated with this contraceptive pill can expect a significant reduction in bleeding after just one cycle of use. This therapy leads to a decrease in bleeding that may be greater than that achieved by different oral contraceptive pills or other medical therapies, including tranexamic acid and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Landscape evaluation of female black bear habitat effectiveness and capability in the North Cascades, Washington

We used logistic regression to derive scaled resource selection functions (RSFs) for female black bears at two study areas in the North Cascades Mountains. We tested the hypothesis that the influence of roads would result in potential habitat effectiveness (RSFs without the influence of roads) being greater than realized habitat effectiveness (RSFs with roads). Roads consistently had a negative influence on black bear RSFs across seasons and study areas. Roads reduced habitat effectiveness during all seasons at both study areas and changes in the potential habitat values ranged from 1.7% to 16.9%. The greatest reduction in habitat values occurred during the early-season on the west-side study area due to high open road densities. These results support the hypothesis that roads reduce habitat effectiveness for black bears. The influence of roads could be reduced through road closures to reduce open road densities and limit traffic volumes. We then used the scaled RSFs in a habitat-based population model to assess the influences of timber harvest and roads on potential black bear population sizes. On the west-side study area the potential black bear population size was most influenced by moderate use roads and timber harvest during the early-season (41% reduction). On the east-side study area, low use roads had the greatest effect on potential black bear population during the early-season (10% reduction). During the late-season, in both study areas, roads had less influence on the potential population sizes as bears were able to access habitats away from roads. The habitat-population model provided reasonable estimates of bear densities compared to other study areas with similar habitats and could be extrapolated to estimate potential black bear populations in other areas with similar habitats. This approach may provide a useful link between the landscape ecology and population biology of black bears, and could eventually be useful in the development of habitat-based population viability analyses.
The cognitive impenetrability of cognition

Cognitive impenetrability is really two assertions: (1) perception and cognition have access to different knowledge bases; and (2) perception does not use cognitive-style processes. The first leads to the unusual corollary that cognition is itself cognitively impenetrable. The second fails when it is seen to be the claim that reasoning is available only in conscious processing.
Risk and return on long-lived tangible assets

Abstract Assuming rational expectations, a specialization of Ross' Arbitrage Pricing Theory is used to obtain a simple securities market valuation formula when dividends follow linear stochastic processes. The implications of this model for the use of accounting data to measure risk and for capital budgeting are explored. A new measure of riskiness based on accounting data is derived, and the use of risk-adjusted discount rates is evaluated.
Asymmetric synthesis of unusual amino acid: Synthesis of four isomers of β-methyl-3-(2′-naphthyl)alanine

Abstract The synthesis of all four individual isomers of 3-methyl-3-(2′-naphthyl)analine was accomplished using asymmetric conjugate 1,4-addition followed by direct or indirect azidation using an Evans-type chiral auxiliary (4-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone).
Electrical augmentation of the antimicrobial activity of silver-nylon fabrics

We measured the silver levels producedinvitro by three silver-coated fabrics, and the resulting antimicrobial effect onPseudomonasaeruginosa,Staphylococcusaureus, andCandidaalbicans. A significant enhancement of the fabrics' antimicrobial effect was achieved by the passage of weak DC currents, which cause increased liberation of silver ions. The antimicrobial effectiveness of each fabric depended on its textile characteristics. Thus, a silver-coated fabric could potentially serve as an antimicrobial dressing by continuously releasing silver ions into a wound either by passive dissociation or through electrical stimulation.
Tetrapyridyl Porphyrin Derivatives of Group 13 Metals

Abstract Tetra-4-pyridylporphyrin (TPyP) derivatives of Ga(III), In(III) and Tl(III) have been prepared and isolated as acetate salts. In(III)TPyP and Ga(III)TPyP have been characterized by FABMS, and the 1H-NMR, UV-visible and fluorescence spectra have been recorded for all complexes.
Dr. Benjamin Spock's Baby and Child Care: Origins, Impact, Sources

Dr. Benjamin Spock's advice to parents has been commented on and analyzed by many authors. In this article, Raymond G. McInnis outlines some of the major themes found in the criticism of Baby and Child Care, and cites important works on the subject.
Labeled Content of Two Furanocoumarins in Dietary Supplements Correlates with Neither Actual Content nor CYP3A Inhibitory Activity

Dietary supplements are a multi-billion dollar business, with yearly profit increases. Allegedly safe, these supplements are marketed to a variety of niches, encompassing claims from immune support to weight loss. Six sports nutrition supplements were acquired that were labeled to contain the furanocoumarin(s) bergamottin and/or 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin (DHB), both of which are potent irreversible inhibitors of the prominent drug metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A). Both furanocoumarins are typically present in grapefruit juice, which has been shown to inhibit intestinal CYP3A, perpetrating an increase in the systemic exposure of certain concomitant 'victim' drugs. The acquired supplements were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to both a photodiode array (PDA) detector and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS). Contrary to the product labeling, four of the supplements contained no detectable quantities of either furanocoumarin (LOD 0.060μg/capsule), while two of the supplements contained minimal amounts (one contained 12.13 (±0.23) μg bergamottin and 65.51 (±0.64) μg DHB per capsule; the other contained 2.705 (±0.069) μg bergamottin per capsule and no detectable quantities of DHB). A CYP3A inhibition bioassay was used to assess whether the actual content of the furanocoumarins correlated with CYP3A inhibitory activity. Despite the low amounts of bergamottin and DHB, CYP3A inhibition by the supplements was greater than could be accounted for by the two furanocoumarins. The additional activity suggests the presence of other potent or highly abundant CYP3A inhibitors.
CELL CHANGES IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM UNDER VARIOUS NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS. THIRD PAPER: FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY

1. Varying degrees of functional activity and fatigue were induced in white rats by prolonged swimming. 2. Microscopical examination of Nissl preparations from the cerebellum, cervical cord, and spinal ganglia revealed mild but demonstrable nerve-cell alterations. 3. These were strikingly similar in character to those previously observed in parathyroid tetany dogs and cretin lambs. 4. Chromatolysis is considered as a general reaction of nerve cells, which invariably occurs whenever the normal functional equilibrium of these units is disturbed. 5. This reaction varies in its intensity with the severity of the opposing influence, and to this extent only can it be spoken of as specific.
Carboxylic acids derived from Tasmanian tasmanite by extractions and kerogen oxidations

Abstract Tasmanian tasmanite, an organic-rich rock of Permian age, is made up of silt and compressed discs of Tasmanites , a unicellular organism with close biological affinity to the present day marine organisms of the genus Pachysphaera . The investigation of the oarboxylic acids extracted from tasmanite and of carboxylic acids derived from the oxidative degradation of the fossil spore walls has been carried out by gas chromatography, high and low resolution mass spectrometry and gas ohromatography-mass spectrometry. Exhaustive extraction yielded mainly normal acids ( C n H 2 n O 2 , n = 5–31) and polycyolic acids, possibly derived from sterol diagenesis. Acids isolated in low concentration after demineralization had essentially the same distribution pattern as the acids derived after saponification, namely normal ( C n H 2 n O 2 , n = 8–22), dicarboxylic ( C n H 2 n -2 O 4 , n = 9–17) and polycyolic acids. The acids produced by stepwise (six steps) oxidation of the kerogen concentrate were quite varied. The major products obtained from the early oxidations consisted of normal ( C n H 2 n O 2 , n = 8–30), dicarboxylic ( C n H 2 n -2 O 4 , n = 10–24), polycyclic and aromatic acids, and from the later oxidations mainly smaller and more polar acids: normal ( C n H 2 n O 2 , n = 9–12), dicarboxylic ( C n H 2 n -2 O 4 , n = 8–12), benzene dicarboxylic ( C n H 2 n -10 O 4 , n = 8–10), benzene tricarboxylic ( C n H 2 n -12 O 6 , n = 9,10) acids. The major findings of these studies are: 1. (1) tasmanite kerogen is constituted mainly of a random, saturated hydrocarbon polymer, probably derived from saturated and olefinic lipids and sterols 2. (2) the isoprenoid acids are absent in both the extracts and oxidation products.
Registration, Turnout, and State Party Systems

This study reexamines the influence of party elite liberalism on voter participation across the American states. Incorporating Hill and Leighley's measure of liberal party control, we offer a framework that places party elites as an important component in the state electoral setting. However, this effort departs from previous work by suggesting that studies of voter mobilization should pay greater attention to participation as a multi-stage process, where citizens must first register. Our results con form to expectations driven by this conceptualization. States with more liberal Democratic elites and more Democratic legislatures witness higher levels of registration, controlling for other factors. We find that the influ ence of liberal party control on state turnout is indirect, operating through registration. Our results are consistent with a view of party elite ideology as a long-term, rather than campaign-specific, component of state electoral politics. More generally, the analyses provide new insight ...
Electro-optic wafer beam deflector in LiTaO3

A novel electro-optic beam deflector is reported based on ferroelectric domain inversion extending through the thickness of a Z-cut LiTaO 3 wafer. The selective domain inversion is achieved by electric-field poling assisted by proton exchange, rather than proton exchange followed by rapid thermal annealing. The deflection sensitivity of the device was measured to be 5.0 mrad/KV. This is 93% of the theoretical value for this geometry, and a significant improvement over the value of 80% of theoretical previously reported for a waveguide deflector.
Internal electrohydrodynamic instability of liquids with collinear field and conductivity gradients

Bulk-coupled instability at the interface between miscible fluids which have identical mechanical properties but disparate electrical conductivities and are stressed by an equilibrium normal electric field is studied experimentally and theoretically. Observations of fluid motions permit measurement of an instability wavenumber and growth rate.A model with a layer of diffusive conductivity distribution coupled to uniform bounding half-spaces is developed. Numerical integration of linearized electromechanical equations leads to a set of growing eigenfrequencies with corresponding eigenmodes, pure real for small wavenumber and complex (propagating) for large wavenumber.The fastest growing wavenumber and corresponding growth rate are characterized as a function of the conductivity ratio and a time-constant ratio, which reflects the importance of inertial and viscous effects. In the viscous-dominated limit, the description agrees with a corresponding surface-coupled theory. The model is evaluated for parameters corresponding to experimental observations.
FURTHER ANALYSIS OF ANTECEDENT INTERVENTIONS ON PRESCHOOLERS' COMPLIANCE

Functional analyses were conducted to identify reinforcers for noncompliance exhibited by 3 young children. Next, the effects of three antecedent-based interventions—noncontingent access to a preferred item, a warning, and a high-probability instructional sequence—were examined. The high-probability instructional sequence was effective for 1 child. Antecedent interventions were ineffective and extinction was necessary for the other 2 children.
Cross-linking and fluorescence changes of collagen by glycation and oxidation

The non-enzymatic glucosylation of collagen in vivo and in vitro produces blue-fluorescent cross-links very slowly. The mechanism of their formation is unknown. We investigated the role of oxidation in glycation. When native fluorescent collagen from old-rat tail tendon and its CNBr peptides were oxidized by chemically generated singlet oxygen, cross-linking occurred immediately, and the cross-linked products showed an increased blue fluorescence. Further cross-linking and development of blue fluorescence also were accelerated by singlet oxygen when oxidizing in vitro glucosylated collagen CNBr peptides. It was noted that the blue fluorescence developed at the expense of a near-UV fluorescence. This near-UV fluorophore, which is also present in native collagen, was found to be produced by the in vitro glucosylation of collagen and during the cross-linking by glucosylation was slowly converted to the blue fluorophore. These changes indicate the autoxidation of near-UV fluorescent intermediates to blue fluorescent cross-links during glucosylation. Non-enzymatic fructosylation, which occurs in vivo in certain proteins, was more effective than glucosylation in forming fluorophores and cross-links with collagen in vitro. Fructosylated fluorophores were found different from glucosylated products in their oxidation reactivities with singlet oxygen.
Development and implementation of intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging and its neurosurgical applications.

Objective We describe the development and implementation of a new open configuration magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system, with which neurosurgical procedures can be performed using image guidance. Our initial neurosurgical experience consists of 140 cases, including 63 stereotactic biopsies, 16 cyst drainages, 55 craniotomies, 3 thermal ablations, and 3 laminectomies. The surgical advantages derived from this new modality are presented. Methods The 0.5-T intraoperative MRI system (SIGNA SP, Boston, MA), developed by General Electric Medical Systems in collaboration with the Brigham and Women's Hospital, has a vertical gap within its magnet, providing the physical space for surgery. Images are viewed on monitors located within this gap and can also be acquired in conjunction with optical tracking of surgical instruments, establishing accurate intraoperative correlations between instrument position and anatomic structures. Results A wide range of standard neurosurgical procedures can be performed using intraoperative MRI. The images obtained are clear and provide accurate and immediate information to use in the planning and assessment of the progress of the surgery. Conclusion Intraoperative MRI allows lesions to be precisely localized and targeted, and the progress of a procedure can be immediately evaluated. The constantly updated images help to eliminate errors that can arise during frame-based and frameless stereotactic surgery when anatomic structures alter their position because of shifting or displacement of brain parenchyma but are correlated with images obtained preoperatively. Intraoperative MRI is particularly helpful in determining tumor margins, optimizing surgical approaches, achieving complete resection of intracerebral lesions, and monitoring potential intraoperative complications.
Press laws in North Korea

The press in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) is closely tied to its communist sociopolitical structures. The North Korean press finds its modus operandi in the ‘Soviet Communist’ theory for its relationship with its government. This study examines the press laws and regulations in North Korea, pursuing three questions: (1) What is the status of the press as a sociopolitical institution in North Korea?; (2) What is the constitutional and statutory scheme relating to press freedom in North Korea?; and (3) What is the impact of the statutory mechanisms on the press in North Korea? The press and other mass media in North Korea are totally controlled by the Korean Worker's Party. No dissenting voice is permitted in the news media. North Korea recognizes freedom of the press as a Constitutional right of their citizens. Nevertheless, there is a considerable disparity between the constitutional guarantee of press freedom and its practical application. In the name of ‘collective good’ as de...
Dichotomy Results for the L1 Norm of the Discrepancy Function

Abstract It is a well-known conjecture in the theory of irregularities of distribution that the L 1 norm of the discrepancy function of an N-point set satisfies the same asymptotic lower bounds as its L 2 norm. In dimension d = 2 this fact has been established by Halasz, while in higher dimensions the problem is wide open. In this note, we establish a series of dichotomy-type results which state that if the L 1 norm of the discrepancy function is too small (smaller than the conjectural bound), then the discrepancy function has to be large in some other function space.
Ethics in engineering

Ethical decision-making is central to the solution to design problems, the intellectual core of engineering. No design problem necessitates a particular solution since the gap between a problem and a solution is contingent. But that gap means that ethical considerations could enter into the core of engineering. We need only imagine an evil genius of an engineer who chooses a solution that will cause unnecessary harm. In fact, however, ethical considerations enter even without an intent to cause harm. In solving a design problem, engineers are to use their special knowledge and skills competently and with due care, but in taking due care, if only to avoid causing unnecessary harm, engineers make ethical judgments. In that way ethical considerations enter the core of engineering.
Studies of mood and humor appreciation

A total of 189 students in two studies rated jokes on funniness and several other scales after rating their own mood on the Nowlis-Green Mood Adjective Check List. Subjects in Experiment 1 gave a second and third set of mood ratings after their joke-funniness ratings. Three mood factors—surgency, elation, and vigor—reliably predicted joke appreciation in both studies. More tentative evidence linked humor appreciation to concentration, social affection, excitement, freedom, and (lack of) fatigue, but humor appeared independent of aggression, anxiety, tension, and inhibition. Relationships among joke-scale ratings were highly similar for subjects reporting relatively positive moods and those reporting more negative moods. Results were discussed with reference to several humor theories.
Anamnesis and Absence in the Lord's Supper

The view that the Lord's supper dynamically activates the presence of Christ governs the sacramentalism of the majority of Christians. Allegedly, its roots are sunk in a biblical idea of memorial. This article challenges that assumption and gives evidence that the dominant modem sacramentalism is a development beyond the canonical Second Testament. It also discusses themes of the absence of the risen Christ that run along with themes of presence in the Second Testament, relates those themes to the history of human suffering, and suggests that a modem consensus sacramentalism should be intentionally more inclusive.
Revisiting Guillaume de Villeneuve's VIATIQUE

French memoirs appeared for the first time in the early thirteenth century, when two knights, Geoffroy de Villehardouin and Robert de Clari, decided to dictate to their respective scribes the story...
Inhaled nitric oxide at the time of harvest improves early lung allograft function.

Background. Inhalation of nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to have beneficial effects on a variety of acute lung injuries, including lung allograft reperfusion injury. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of inhaled NO at the time of harvest on function of canine left lung allografts after transplantation. Methods. Ten dogs underwent left lung allotransplantation. Donor lungs were flushed with modified EuroCollins solution and stored for 21 hours at 1°C. Immediately after transplantation, the contralateral main pulmonary artery and bronchus were ligated to assess isolated allograft function. Hemodynamics and arterial blood gases (inspired oxygen fraction, 1.0) were assessed intermittently for 6 hours prior to sacrifice. Allograft myeloperoxidase activity and wet to dry weight ratio were assessed. Donor animals were divided into two groups. Group I animals (n = 5) received no NO. In group II (n = 5), donors received inhaled NO (60 ppm) at the time of harvest. Results. Pulmonary vascular resistance decreased to 79.6% of baseline because of inhalation of 60 ppm NO in group II donor animals. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive materials were reduced during the storage period in group II, a finding suggesting less oxidant injury during storage in donor lungs treated with NO. Throughout the 6-hour assessment, oxygenation in group II was superior to that in group I ( p p Conclusions. These data suggest that inhaled NO at the time of harvest improves early function of preserved lung allografts by attenuating oxidant injury during storage and subsequent neutrophil sequestration.
Glycoprotein synthesis and tissue interactions during establishment of the functional embryonic chick heart.

Abstract Embryonic hearts were shown to synthesize fucose containing glycoprotein before, during and after differentiation. These glycoproteins are associated with cells as well as being part of the extracellular matrix. Basal laminae are labelled heavily indicating synthesis and elaboration of lamina glycoprotein. Precardiac splanchnic mesoderm was shown to make contact with newly synthesized endodermal glycoprotein. Based on the demonstration and regional localization of embryonic glycoproteins, a model of cardiac myogenesis is proposed. Basic to this model is the proposition that cell recognition of matrix is a specific function of the glycoproteins that are present in it.
Managing Flexible Capacity in a Make-to-Order Environment

Flexible capacity has been shown to be very effective to hedge against forecast errors at the investment stage. In a make-to-order environment, this flexibility can also be used to hedge against variability in customer orders in the short term. For that purpose, production levels must be adjusted each period to match current demands, to give priority to the higher margin product, or to satisfy the closest customer. However, this will result in swings in production, inducing larger order variability at upstream suppliers and significantly higher component inventory levels at the manufacturer. Through a stylized two-plant, two-product capacitated manufacturing setting, we show that the performance of the system depends heavily on the allocation mechanism used to assign products to the available capacity. Although managers would be inclined to give priority to higher-margin products or to satisfy customers from their closest production site, these practices lead to greater swings in production, result in higher operational costs, and may reduce profits.
Micromechanisms of deformation and fracture in shearing aluminum alloy sheet

Abstract This paper presents the microscopic observations and provides insight into the results and phenomena reported in the previous paper (Li M. An experimental investigation on cut surface and burr in trimming aluminum autobody sheet. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 2000;42(5):889–906). It is found that the localization zone is curved for the traditional 0° cutting and does not extend from the top blade tip to the bottom blade tip. Instead, it extends to the initial indentation point by the bottom blade tip. However, the localization zone appears to be straight for angled cutting and does extend from the top blade tip to the bottom blade tip. This explains the mechanisms of burr formation and cut surface profiles as well as the formation of the secondary burnish areas. It is observed that for aluminum alloys cracks initiate and propagate well ahead of the moving blade tip regardless of the blade sharpness. Following the formation and propagation of the localization zone, the initiation, growth and coalescence of microvoids occur far ahead of the macroscopic crack tip. At the locations where the fracture mode switches from “shear” to “shear and tear”, large second-phase particles are present which trigger the unsteady progress of the fracture process. Finally, a few non-dimensional parameters are discussed with respect to analyzing shearing ductile metals and alloys.
Intercultural Exchanges in Fourth-Century Attic Decrees

Focusing on the analysis of Athens' relations with both Greeks and non-Greeks as recorded in extant fourth-century decrees, this paper challenges the applicability of the notion of Greek/barbarian antithesis to the interpretation of formal diplomatic exchanges between Athens and the non-Greek states. A comparison of the types of decrees and honors reveals a remarkable uniformity in the forms of Athens' foreign relations irrespective of the ethnicity of honorands. The distribution of honors among individuals and groups of recipients within single decrees further demonstrates that the Athenian honorific system typically elevated individuals over communities they represented, suggesting that political differences between Athens and non-Greek states did not adversely influence the methods of exchanges between them. Apart from the provisions contained in the decrees, this paper also considers their function within the city as monuments that attest to the important place of philobarbaric discourse and practice in fourth-century Athens.
Ligand variation in alkylidene complexes of the type Mo(CHR)(NR′)(OR″)2

Abstract A variety of complexes of the type Mo(NR)2Cl2L2 (R = 4-Br-2,6-iPr2-C6H2, 4-CN-2,6-iPr2-C6H2, 3,5-Me2- C6H3, 2-iPr-C6H4, 2-CF3-C6H4, 2-Ph-C6H4, and 1-adamantyl; L = 1 2 DME or pyridine) have been synthesized by treating [NH4]2[Mo2O7]with four equivalents of RNH2 in the presence of Me3SiCl and Et3N. They are readily alkylated by Grignard reagents to give complexes of the type Mo(NR)2(CH2R′)2 (R = 4-Br-2,6-iPr2-C6H2, 4-CN-2,6-i Pr2-C6H2, 2,6-Me2-C6H3, 3,5-Me2-C6H3, 2-tBu-C6H4, 2-iPr-C6H4, 2-CF3-C6H4, 2-Ph-C6H4, 1-adamantyl, R′  tBu or PhMe2C) from which alkylidene complexes of the type Mo(NR)(CHR′)(OTf)2(DME) are formed upon addition of triflic acid. Addition of various alkoxides to the triflate complexes yields four-coordinate complexes of the type Mo(NR)(CHR′)(OR″)2 (combinations include R = 2,6-iPr2-C6H3, 4-Br-2,6-iPr2-C6H2, 4-CN-2,6-iPr2- C6H2, 2,6-Me2-C6H3, 3,5-Me2-C6H3, 2-tBu-C6H4, 2-iPr-C6H4, 2-CF3-C6H4, 2-Ph- C6H4, and 1-adamantyl; OR″  OCMe3, OCEt3, O-1-adamantyl, OCHMe2, OCMe2(CF3), OCMe(CF3)2, OC(CF 3)3, and OC(CF3)2CF2CF2CF3).
Geometric scale invariance, genesis, and self-organization of polygonal fracture networks in granitic rocks

Abstract We documented polygonal fracture networks in the Tuolumne Intrusive Suite, Sierra Nevada Batholith by collecting data on the size, orientation, and length of fractures and fracture-bound polygons in nearly isotropic granitic rocks. Polygonal fracture networks are constrained to sheets of rock sub-parallel to the underlying rock, with the sheets bound above and below by fractures (i.e., free surfaces). Data indicate that most geometric characteristics of the polygonal fracture networks are scale-invariant; large (m-scale) networks exhibit the same geometry as small (cm-scale) networks. A linear correlation exists between sheet thickness and average polygon size. Polygons within the networks are anisotropic, with the degree of anisotropy correlated with the degree of sheet curvature. The preferred orientation of the polygons correlates with the inclination of the sheet, with long axes of polygons parallel to sheet strike. Based on geometry, we suggest that the polygonal fracture networks in granitic rocks observed in this study formed from temperature fluctuations that caused thermal expansion and contraction in the rock. Repeated cycles of expansion/contraction led to the initiation and propagation of fractures within the network. We propose that the observed fracture patterns are not a product of extrinsic conditions but rather a product of interactions between fractures, implying that the polygonal fracture networks are self-organizing systems.
Elixir: A history of water and humankind

The book Elixir: A History of Water and Humankind outlines the role and profound importance of water in human civilizations and tells the story of how the human race came to discover, understand, and harness water for daily use; control it during floods; and store and use it during droughts. Elixir is based on three broad themes outlined in the preface. The first theme is gravity and the fact that humans discovered the role of gravity in the flow of water and used it to their advantage, whether to store water, divert it for agriculture, or move it away from their homes in the case of floods. The second theme is the connection between water and religious practices followed by humans over the course of history. The book discusses the symbolism that cultures and civilizations have bestowed on water as a religious icon, which heralds humankind's deep-seated respect for water as the sustenance of human life. The third theme is the connection or balance between technology and sustainability The use of water in daily activities and irrigation has spurred much technological advancement that has helped humans to harness water. The concept of sustainability was present centuries ago with the recycling of water; this helped societies to achieve more with the water they had and avoid facing shortages.
Moisture and latent heat flux variabilities in the tropical Pacific derived from satellite data

This paper describes a method of determining latent heat flux and the ocean-atmosphere moisture from sea surface temperature, precipitable water, and surface wind speed data derived from 1980-1983 observations of SMMR aboard Nimbus 7 above tropical Pacific. The observation period included a very intense El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episode. It was found that, during the early phase of the 1982-1983 ENSO, a surface convergence center moved east leading the anomalous equatorial westerlies. At this center, the low wind and high humidity caused negative (low) latent heat flux anomalies, despite anomalously high sea surface temperatures. Latent heat flux was found to play an important role in the seasonal cooling of the upper ocean, except in areas covered by major surface convergence zones and in areas of ocean upwelling.
Composite Nearest Neighbor Nonparametric Regression to Improve Traffic Prediction

The ability to predict traffic conditions accurately is of paramount importance in effective management of a highway network. A more accurate prediction will allow for better allocation of resources, which may reduce experienced travel times. This paper introduces a composite approach to the already popular nonparametric regression used in predicting traffic conditions. The composite approach performs a nearest neighbor search for each loop detector station using only data that are in proximity to the detector's position on the roadway. This method accommodates every detector station individually to minimize the forecast error on the entire roadway. A case study using data from the Next Generation Simulation program recorded on US Highway 101 demonstrates that the composite approach significantly mitigates forecast error and performs the forecast in a reasonable amount of computational time. The case study also shows the ability of the composite approach to predict the onset and propagation of traffic sho...
An evaluation of physiological parameters of stress in the emergency department

Seven physiological parameters previously used in stress research were studied to determine which would be able to quantitate levels of stress and study interventions in the emergency department setting. Eighteen emergency medicine personnel were prospectively studied. Sequential measurements of heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, skin temperature, serum norepinephrine, and serum epinephrine were recorded during multiple shifts in the emergency department. These parameters were assessed in repeated measures analysis of variance models with the subject's stress score of the shift and a calculated stress score of the shift. Respiratory rate demonstrated a significant association with the score of the shift over time within subjects (P = .0228). Skin temperature showed a significant trend over time (P = .0001) and in relation to how stressful the subject perceived the shift to be (P = .0006). A significant association was detected between epinephrine change over the shift and the subject's perception of the stress of the shift (P = .0217), and the stress score of the shift (P = .0009). Sequential serum epinephrine appears to be an objective measure of both perceived stressfulness of a shift and objective stress scoring of the shift. Respiratory rate changes and skin temperature changes over a shift may also be useful to measure stress in individuals in this setting.
Gravitational effects of the period of high tides and the new moon on lunacy

Abstract In this report, the established timing of terrestrial tidal gravity fluxes is examined to assess the role of the full moon per se in modern gravitational lunacy theory. The results show that the principal tidal gravity fluxes are semidiurnal, with lesser diurnal and even smaller fortnightly components. There are no uniquely monthly components that would correspond to the period of the full moon. This means that the gravitational effects of the new moon are equivalent to those of the full moon. Furthermore, the gravitational effects asssociated with the times of high tide are even greater than those associated with the moon phases. Using the technique of reductio ad absurdum, I suggest that lunacy effects, if indeed there are any, should occur twice each day (high tides) but should be more pronounced during the new moon and full moon (spring tides). On the basis of this analysis, I would recommend that all studies that have compared hospital records with the full moon be redone to coincide with the proper timing as found in this report.