cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary Tumor Thrombotic Microangiopathy as a Cause of Pulmonary Hypertension

Pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy is a rare entity, often diagnosed postmortem. We describe a patient with signs and symptoms of pulmonary hypertension secondary to metastatic cholangiocarcinoma with invasion of the myocardium and pulmonary vasculature, and highlight the diagnostic challenges and therapeutic limitations of this disease. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).
Role of thermo-mechanical gyrations on the α/β interface stability in a Ti6Al4V AM alloy

Abstract Fluctuating energy distributions experienced during Additive Manufacturing yield an evolution of spatial and temporal transients within a part. In general, the in-situ monitoring of these transients is near to impossible during manufacturing. In order to then gain perspective into the impact on these localized thermo-mechanical transients on the interface stability, rapid thermo-mechanical reversals with known boundary conditions are imposed on an AM Ti6Al4V alloy which resulted in a phase transformation leading to an increased β phase stability. Our goal with this study is to comprehend the kinetics of this phase transformation with concepts of stored energy due to plastic strain accumulation and diffusion kinetics. Atom Probe Tomography is employed to study the partitioning of the solute elements across the interface. As expected, the thermo-mechanically cycled samples showed a reduced Vanadium concentration across the β phase. This concentration profile across the interface, alongside a full-width-half-max analysis, provided insight on the potential phase transformation kinetics involved in the α ➔ β transformation subject to thermo- mechanical gyrations.
Machine-in-the-Loop Rewriting for Creative Image Captioning.

Machine-in-the-loop writing aims to enable humans to collaborate with models to complete their writing tasks more effectively. Prior work has found that providing humans a machine-written draft or sentence-level continuations has limited success since the generated text tends to deviate from humans' intention. To allow the user to retain control over the content, we train a rewriting model that, when prompted, modifies specified spans of text within the user's original draft to introduce descriptive and figurative elements locally in the text. We evaluate the model on its ability to collaborate with humans on the task of creative image captioning. On a user study through Amazon Mechanical Turk, our model is rated to be more helpful than a baseline infilling language model. In addition, third-party evaluation shows that users write more descriptive and figurative captions when collaborating with our model compared to completing the task alone.
The Fortification of Flushing

The van Heeckeren van Kell affair would not have attracted the attention nor caused the uproar that it did if it had not been for the plan of the Netherlands Government, first announced in the Speech from the Throne in 1909, to strengthen the coast defenses. In Holland, as well as in Belgium, France and England, the plan for improving the coast defenses was linked with the alleged letter of the German Emperor to the Queen. Dr. Kuyper had long advocated improvement of the coast defenses; during his ministry a commission to study the problem had been appointed. The full report of this commission was never published; parts of the report dealing with the political phases were kept secret. French and Belgian papers were very critical of the Dutch plans, especially that part of them which gave priority to the fortification of Flushing. Some of them loudly insinuated that the proposal was the result of pressure from Germany. It was contended that the purpose of strongly fortifying Flushing, which controls the mouth of the Scheldt, was to prevent a British fleet from going up the river to the aid of Antwerp in case of a German invasion of Belgium. The fact that the plan included no provision for strengthening the Eastern defenses, which were said to be “notoriously weak,” caused suspicion and distrust. The French were apparently also disturbed by the fact that the Netherlands Government had placed its order for artillery with Krupp instead of with the French firm of Schneider.1
A movable feast : ten millennia of food globalization

Preface: a movable feast: ten millennia of food globalization Introduction: from foraging to farming 1. Last hunters, first farmers 2. Building the barnyard 3. Promiscuous plants of the northern fertile crescent 4. Peripatetic plants of Eastern Asia 5. Fecund fringes of the northern fertile crescent 6. Consequences of the Neolithic 7. Enterprise and empires 8. Faith and foodstuffs 9. Empires in the rubble of Rome 10. Medieval progress and poverty 11. Spain's New World, the Northern Hemisphere 12. New world, new foods 13. New foods in the southern New World 14. The Columbian exchange and the Old Worlds 15. The Columbian exchange and the New Worlds 16. Sugar and new beverages 17. Kitchen Hispanization 18. Producing plenty in paradise 19. The frontiers of foreign foods 20. Capitalism, colonialism, and cuisine 21. Homemade food homogeneity 22. Notions of nutrients and nutriments 23. The perils of plenty 24. The globalization of plenty 25. Fast food, a hymn to cellulite 26. Parlous plenty into the twenty-first century 27. People and plenty in the twenty-first century.
Management of acute myocardial infarction complicated by advanced atrioventricular block: Role of artificial pacing∗

Abstract Twenty-five patients with acute myocardial infarction and advanced atrioventricular block were treated with transvenous artificial pacing. Eighteen patients survived (72 per cent), including some with recognized factors of risk such as anterior wall infarction, severe congestive heart failure, cardiogenic shock, recurrent episodes of heart block, long standing or persistent advanced A-V block, previous myocardial infarction, idioventricular mechanism, associated arrhythmias, syncopal episodes and resuscitation procedures. Complications including perforation of the myocardium, infection, or embolization did not occur with the use of electrode catheters. Periods of competition were observed in 9 patients at the time of re-establishment of sinus rhythm, with ventricular tachycardia seemingly induced in 1 of them. The use of demand pacemakers should eliminate this complication. Early introduction of a transvenous electrode catheter is recommended in the following circumstances: (1) normal sinus rhythm associated with the emergence of intraventricular conduction disturbances; (2) second degree A-V block, including Wenckebach rhythm; (3) third degree A-V block; (4) episodes of cardiac arrest. Active pacing should be initiated in groups 2, 3 and 4. Simple P-R prolongation is a controversial indication for catheterization, since these patients usually progress more slowly towards advanced A-V block, providing enough time for insertion of an electrode catheter, should the need arise. Electrode catheters should be left in place, on a standby basis for an additional three to four weeks after re-establishment of sinus rhythm, in order to cover possible late recurrences of heart block.
Phytogeography of African Commelinaceae

Africa (including Madagascar) has nearly twice as many species of Commelinaceae as any other continent (approximately 270 species, or about 40% of the total in the family). Of the 17 genera which are native, seven ( Anthericopsis, Coleotrype, Palisota, Polyspatha, Pseudoparis, Stanfieldiella and Triceratella ) are endemic, the highest percentage generic endemism of any continent. Within Africa gcneric diversity is slightly higher in western than in eastern tropical floras. Species richness, however, is greatest in eastern Africa, mainly due to a high diversity of species of Commelina and Aneilema. Africa shares more genera with Asia (nine) than with any other continent. Only one African genus, Buforrestia, is neither endemic nor shared with Asia. Its western African/northeastern South American distribution is unique in the family. Besides Buforrestia , only five other genera of Commelinaceae (out of a total of 50 in the family), occur in both the Old and New Worlds. These genera. Aneilema, Commelina, Floscopa, Murdannia and Pollia are all very widespread in the Old World, occurring in Australia and Asia in addition to Africa (both continental and Madagascar). Madagascar is relatively poor in species (31). but these include the endemic Madagascan genus Pseudoparis , the sole African species of Rhopalephora , and the largest number of species of the Afro-Malagasy endemic genus Coleotrype . The high rate of generic endemism of Commelinaceae in Africa probably indicates that Africa was one of the ancient centres of diversity for the family. The high species diversity is more likely due to relatively recent radiations by genera pre-adapted to survival in non-forest habitats. The occurrence of only a small number of genera on both sides of the Atlantic suggests that the Commelinaceae have been evolving independently in the eastern and western hemispheres for a long period.
Comparative Studies with tox+ and tox− Corynebacteriophages

The characteristics of nine inducible temperate corynebacteriophages designated alpha(tox+), beta(tox+), P(tox+), gamma(tox-), pi(tox+), K(tox-), rho(tox-), L(tox+), and delta(tox+) have been compared. Virion morphology and ability to recombine genetically with the well-studied phage beta(tox+) have been correlated with other properties of the phages, and the distribution of the genetic marker tox+ among related and relatively unrelated corynebacteriophages has been analyzed. The immunity specificity, host range, and plaque morphology of each phage were determined. The phages can be separated into five groups with different immunity specificities. Each type of host range previously recognized in mutants of phage beta(tox+) was present in one or more of the phages included in the present study, and the phages were found to produce plaques of several different morphological types. Representative phages with each of the five types of immunity specificity were further characterized with respect to virion morphology, ability to recombine with phage beta(tox+), latent period, average burst size, and neutralization by homologous and heterologous antiphage sera. All of these phages have polyhedral heads and long slender tails, but two distinct morphological types were distinguished by the sizes and proportions of the components of the virions. Only phages of the same morphological type as beta(tox+) were capable of genetic recombination with beta(tox+), but morphological similarity between phages was not sufficient to insure interfertility. The phages which recombined with beta(tox+) resembled one another in plaque morphology, latent period, and average burst size, whereas phages which failed to recombine with beta(tox+) differed in these characteristics. The phages capable of genetic recombination with beta(tox+) were found to differ from each other in immunity specificity, host range, neutralization by antiphage sera, and toxinogenicity. Thus, these latter characteristics are of limited value in establishing the extent of relatedness between corynebacteriophages. The genetic marker tox+ was not consistently correlated with any other property of the corynebacteriophages analyzed in this study. The most striking finding regarding the distribution of the tox+ marker is its presence both in beta(tox+) and delta(tox+), phages which fail to recombine genetically and which differ in virion morphology. The presence of the tox+ marker in genetically unrelated corynebacteriophages poses many questions concerning the origin(s) of tox+ and the evolution of the phage-host interactions which determine the ability of corynebacteria to synthesize diphtherial toxin.
Research Issues: The Use of Multiple t Tests in Language Research

Flynn, S. (1987). Contrast and constructions in a parameter-setting model of L2 acquisition. Language Learning, 37(1), 19-62. Hermon, G. (1987, March). Government and binding theory: Implications for L1 and L2 acquisition. Paper presented at the Second Language Acquisition and Teacher Education Seminar, Champaign, IL. McLaughlin, B. (1987). Theories of second-language learning. London: Edward Arnold.
A neurospora mutation that arrests perithecial development as either male or female parent.

A mutant of Neurospora crassa fails to produce perithecia when crossed as either the male (fertilizing) parent or the female (protoperithecial) parent. This mutant is unique in that it appears to be due to a single mutation that blocks sexual development when crossed as either parent. As either a male or female parent, the mutant, fmf-1, produces perithecia blocked at a diameter of 120 microns and containing no meiotic figures; normal perithecia are over 400 microns in diameter. The mutant maps to linkage group IL near arg-1. Forced heterokaryons have been made between fmf-1 and fmf-1+ nuclei. These heterokaryons are fertile when crossed, and fmf-1 can participate as either the male or female component; the mutation is thus heterokaryon recessive and nuclear nonautonomous. Homokaryotic fmf-1 conidia were purified from a mixed conidial population derived from such a heterokaryon; these conidia failed to function as the male parent, suggesting that the fmf-1+ gene product is not contained in the conidium. In mixed mating-type heterokaryons, formed using tol, fmf-1 participates in ascospore formation and triggers perithecial development. Moreover, tol suppresses the action of fmf-1 if present in both components of a cross.———These data suggest that (1) fmf-1 acts in the perithecium at some time between fusion of the conidium with the trichogyne and the onset of meiosis; (2) the fmf-1 gene product is not contained in conidia; and (3) both mating types may enter the protoperithecium when a mixed mating-type heterokaryon is used as the male parent.
Spectral domain quasi-TEM computation of the propagation characteristics of single and coupled interconnects with meshed ground planes

The impedances, wave velocities and crosstalk coupling coefficients for interconnects with rectangular meshed ground planes are calculated by using the quasi-transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM) spectral domain technique. The impedance calculated are compared with measured data as a function of the mesh size and the trace position and direction with respect to the mesh plane orientation. >
Toxicity of bromodichloromethane in female rats and mice after repeated oral dosing

Abstract The carcinogenic water disinfection byproduct, bromodichloromethane (BDCM), produces renal and hepatic toxicity in rodents in acute and subchronic studies. In the present investigation, female rats and mice ( n =6) were dosed daily for 5 consecutive days with BDCM (dissolved in an aqueous, 10% Emulphor solution) by gavage. Rats received 75, 150 and 300 mg BDCM/kg body weight/day and mice received 75 and 150 mg BDCM/kg body weight/day. Two rats in the 300 mg/kg/day treatment group died on day 5. On day 6, the animals were sacrificed and serum samples were taken for analysis of indicators of hepatic and renal toxicity. Livers and kidneys were excised and samples taken for histopathological evaluation. Portions of the livers were also utilized to produce microsomes for analysis of cytochrome P450 enzyme activities and total P450 content. Total hepatic cytochrome P450 was decreased in rats dosed with 150 and 300 mg BDCM/kg body weight/day, but was not significantly affected in BDCM-treated mice. Serum lactate (LDH) and sorbitol (SDH) dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were increased above those of controls in rats dosed with 300 mg BDCM/kg/day. These data suggested that hepatic and renal damage had occurred in this treatment group. This was confirmed by histopathologically analyses which revealed that lesions occurred in both hepatic and renal tissues from rats dosed with 150 and 300 mg BDCM/kg/day. The hepatic lesions were centrilobular and primarily consisted of vacuolar degeneration. The hepatotoxicity indicators alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and SDH were increased in mice dosed with 150 mg BDCM/kg/day. However, no histopathological lesions were observed in these animals. This study shows that BDCM is both hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic to female rats after repeated dosing, but is only weakly hepatotoxic to female mice at the administered doses. Also, reduced activities of hepatic cytochrome P450 were observed in rats, but not mice. These species differences in toxicity and xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme inhibition caused by BDCM suggest that an understanding of the mechanism of toxicity of this compound will be critical when extrapolating rodent toxicity data to humans for this environmental pollutant.
Family Counseling and Ethical Challenges with Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgendered (GLBT) Clients: More Questions than Answers:

Couples, marriage, and family counselors face unique ethical and practice challenges in their dual commitment to the positive growth and integrity of both the individual and the family system. Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered (GLBT) persons and their families present unique ethical challenges. A series of brief case vignettes touch on a range of ethical issues for couples and family counselors, including training, supervision, custody evaluation, ethical decision making, counselor bias, gender, ethnicity, and referral.
Flow of granular material through a circular orifice

Abstract Data have been obtained for the flow of granular materials through horizontal circular orifices, and correlated in the form of an empirical equation and nomograph with a mean deviation of ± 7%. Data for inclined circular orifices are also represented by the same expression, when modified by a term involving the angle of inclination of the orifice as the only additional variable. The variables of importance influencing mass flow rate are the orifice diameter, particle diameter, particle density, and the angle of repose of the material, provided bed height and column-to-orifice diameter ratio exceed certain minimum values. Particle size ranged from 0·03 to 0·2 inches, particle density from 7·3 to 676 lb./ft. 3 , and orifice diameter from 0·236 to 2·28 inches. Previous results for the flow of granular materials through restrictions are reviewed, and are found to be in reasonable agreement with the present correlation.
The entailment principle for dempster—shafer granules

We discuss the rule of inference called the entailment principle which plays a significant role in the possibilistic type reasoning used in the theory of approximate reasoning. We extend this principle to situations in which the knowledge is a type of combination of possibilistic and probabilistic information which we call Dempster—Shafer granules. We discuss the conjunction of these D—S granules and show that Dempster's rule of combination is a special application of conjunction followed by a particular implementation of the entailment principle.
Metallocene/Borate-Catalyzed Polymerization of Amino-Functionalized α-Olefins

Cationic metallocene/borate catalysts, generated from zirconocene dimethyl compounds, LnZrMe2, and anilinium borate, [HNMe2Ph]+[B(C6F5)4]-, were used to polymerize 5-amino-1-pentenes and one 4-amino-1-butene with dimethyl, diethyl, diisopropyl, or diphenyl substitution patterns on nitrogen. The monomer 5-(N,N-diisopropylamino)-1-pentene showed the highest activity with Cp*2ZrMe2/borate and was used for all further investigations. The catalytic system Cp*2ZrMe2/borate was 4 times more active than the corresponding methylaluminoxane-based system and 180 times more active than the heterogeneous system, TiCl3/Al(i-Bu)3. 1-Hexene and 5-(N,N-diisopropylamino)-1-pentene were polymerized with Cp*2ZrMe2 and rac-ethylenebis(tetrahydroindenyl) zirconium dimethyl, rac-EB(THI)ZrMe2. Polymerization of both monomers with Cp*2ZrMe2 displayed similar activities. Hexene polymerizations with rac-EB(THI)ZrMe2 were 30 times more active than those with aminopentene. 5-(N,N-Diisopropylamino)-1-pentene polymerizations gave rise ...
Testing binary optics: accurate high-precision efficiency measurements of microlens arrays in the visible

A goal of our work with binary optics is to identify the underlying efficiency limits of the technology. To aid in our understanding, we have designed a mask set that incorporates ten different 200-micrometers square lenslet designs with speeds ranging from f/0.8 to f/61 as single elements and as 10 X 10 arrays. The f/6 lenslet of the set is also used in 3.2 cm diameter arrays for an afocal imaging relay application. To measure efficiency reliably, we have developed a dedicated apparatus: the `EtaMeter.'' Based on a dual-beam, single- detector, self-referencing approach, the system offers low-noise performance, long-term stability, and excellent repeatability. EtaMeter measures relative efficiency with 0.001 precision and, when calibrated, gives absolute efficiency measurements accurate to 0.005. We have measured the optical efficiency of several devices and compared the results to benchmark calculations, concentrating on the effects of layer-to-layer alignment accuracy for 8-phase-level devices. For an f/4.5 microlens we find a distortion-induced excess loss of about 1.5/0.1 micrometers misregistration. For an f/4.5 microlens with overlay registration better than 100 nm, we achieve an absolute efficiency of 0.85, corresponding to 96 of the prediction.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Satellite-measured insolation in the United States, Mexico and South America

Abstract The development, testing, and applications of a method for estimating insolation from satellite measurements are described. Data from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) are used to estimate daily total insolation on a horizontal surface at 1° spacings in latitude and longitude for the continental United States, Mexico, and parts of South America. Examples of monthly mean values and root-mean-square spatial variability are given. Except during periods following a satellite change, the monthly means appear to be accurate to about 5%. Compared to long-term, surface-measured insolation in the United States, the satellite-derived means for the reported period (1982–1983) are somewhat low, especially in the central and southwestern United States. Lowest standard deviation areas tends to be associated with areas of high mean insolation, such as deserts, where high values tend to persist from day to day. The rms spatial variability, which has not been reported before for such an extensive geographical region, is important in assessing the reliability of interpolations or extrapolations from sites with measured insolation to other locations.
A spectral survey of the Crisium basin region of the Moon

The Crisium basin region harbors a number of interesting features, including geochemical and radar anomalies, light plains units and possible hidden mare deposits (cryptomaria). This report presents preliminary results of a telescopic near-infrared spectral study concerning a variety of surface units in the Crisium region. Observations were made of Mare Crisium, light plains deposits north of Taruntius crater, and the terra associated with the Crisium basin.
Dimensions of addict life-style after treatment.

Summary A review of the literature suggests that there are life-style patterns typical of addicts. However, these descriptions are usually based on limited samples of addicts. In the present study, systematic data were collected for a national sample of addict respondents who had applied for treatment under PL89–793 by the Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Branch of NIMH. Twenty-one dimensions representing the seven content areas of criminality, health, living arrangement, employment, heterosexual adjustment, drug use and social competence were entered into a principal component analysis. A ten-factor solution which allowed for maximum interpretation was selected. The clustering of responses supports the view that life-style dimensions exist which can describe the addict after treatment. Thus the popular stereotypes of association of behaviors among addicts are called into question.
Toward Aligning Academic and Industry Understanding of Innovation in the Construction Industry

The research purpose is to conduct a preliminary investigation to determine whether the information gleaned from academic literature aligns with the impressions and attitudes of actual construction industry stakeholders to better understand the semantic and circumstantial disconnect between industry and academia. For this purpose, the researchers developed and administered a small-scale survey of key project stakeholders to determine the validity of the proposed definitions and construction literature findings. Additionally, the research team conducted interviews to develop a more in-depth case study perspective on barriers to innovative project delivery for key players in the construction industry supply chain. Thirty-five members of the BuildingSmart Alliance replied to the survey and six contractors took part in interviews, allowing the researchers to conduct a preliminary analysis of the strength of the proposed definitions and drivers of and barriers to innovation for project delivery in the construc...
Activation of tuberoinfundibular and tuberohypophysial dopamine neurons following intracerebroventricular administration of bombesin

The effect of bombesin on the activity of dopamine (DA) neurons comprising the nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, tuberoinfundibular and tuberohypophysial systems in the male rat was determined by measuring: (1) the accumulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) after administration of a decarboxylase inhibitor, and (2) the concentration of the DA metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in brain (striatum, nucleus accumbens, median eminence) and pituitary regions (intermediate and neural lobes) containing terminals of these neurons. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of bombesin caused a dose- and time-related increase in the activity of DA neurons projecting to the median eminence and intermediate lobe of the pituitary, and a corresponding decrease in the concentrations of prolactin and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha MSH) in the plasma. In contrast, doses of bombesin up to 10 ng i.c.v. failed to alter the activity of DA neurons terminating in the striatum, nucleus accumbens or neural lobe of the pituitary gland. Equimolar doses of bombesin and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), a bombesin-like peptide, increased the concentrations of DOPAC in the median eminence and intermediate lobe of the pituitary, suggesting that GRP-preferring receptors may be responsible for the stimulatory effects of bombesin on DA neuronal activity in these regions. The results of these studies suggest that bombesin increases the activity of tuberoinfundibular and tuberohypophysial DA neurons projecting to the median eminence and intermediate lobe of the pituitary, respectively, and thereby inhibits the secretion of prolactin and alpha MSH.
The human papillomavirus 16 E6 protein binds to Fas-associated death domain and protects cells from Fas-triggered apoptosis.

High risk strains of human papillomavirus (HPV), such as HPV 16, cause human cervical carcinoma. The E6 protein of HPV 16 mediates the rapid degradation of the tumor suppressor p53, although this is not the only function of E6 and cannot completely explain its transforming potential. Previous work in our laboratory has demonstrated that E6 can protect cells from tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis by binding to the C-terminal end of tumor necrosis factor R1, thus blocking apoptotic signal transduction. In this study, E6 was shown to also protect cells from apoptosis induced via the Fas pathway. Furthermore, use of an inducible E6 expression system demonstrated that this protection is dose-dependent, with higher levels of E6 leading to greater protection. Although E6 suppresses activation of both caspase 3 and caspase 8, it does not affect apoptotic signaling through the mitochondrial pathway. Mammalian two-hybrid and in vitro pull-down assays were then used to demonstrate that E6 binds directly to the death effector domain of Fas-associated death domain (FADD), with deletion and site-directed mutants enabling the localization of the E6-binding site to the N-terminal end of the FADD death effector domain. E6 is produced in two forms as follows: a full-length version of ∼16 kDa and a smaller version of about half that size corresponding to the N-terminal half of the full-length protein. Pull-down and functional assays demonstrated that the full-length version, but not the small version of E6, was able to bind to FADD and to protect cells from Fas-induced apoptosis. In addition, binding to E6 leads to degradation of FADD, with the loss of cellular FADD proportional to the amount of E6 expressed. These results support a model in which E6-mediated degradation of FADD prevents transmission of apoptotic signals via the Fas pathway.
Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula in association with bronchial and pulmonary anomalies

Abstract The association of esophageal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula, bronchoesophageal fistula, congenital tracheal stenosis, and agenesis of the right main-stem bronchus, has been reported only once. 1 A similar case reported here, as well as cases in the literature, suggest the need to consider associated pulmonary abnormalities (although rare) in infants with esophageal atresia.
Immunotherapy of cancer with lymphokines and lymphokine-activated killer cells

Our expanding knowledge of the immune system has provided a basis of rationality for immunotherapy. Some non-specific immunotherapy has achieved the status of standard treatment: interferon in hairy cell leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia, BCG in bladder cancer, and levamisole in colon cancer adjuvant therapy. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, moreover, offer a level of specificity heretofore unknown. Combined with the newly available synthetic cytokines that regulate the normal immune system there is the potential for a major breakthrough in biotherapeutics. Problems remain. We have yet to identify tumor antigens with the precision necessary for effective immunotherapy. Indeed, we have no assurance that tumors will regularly synthesize new antigens. In the broad spectrum of immune deficiency syndromes, we have yet to see an increase in the common epithelial tumors that account for the great bulk of human cancer. This suggests that we still have a great deal more to learn.
LaSr)xMnO3 cathode stoichiometry effects on electrochemical performance in contact with AISI 441 steel interconnect

Abstract Cathode plays an important role in solid oxide fuel cell performance. This work studies the stoichiometry effect of (LaSr) x MnO 3 (LSM) cathode on its electrochemical behaviors at 800 °C by investigating the interfacial reaction of an AISI 441 interconnect/LSM electrode/yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte half-cell structure. Ohmic resistance and polarization resistance of the cathodes are analyzed by deconvoluting the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data. The results show that the polarization resistance is dominant for decreasing the half-cell performance. Microstructure and phase analyses show that A-site excessive LSM sample experiences stronger bonding with the YSZ electrolyte. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses reveal that Cr species first deposits and then is incorporated into the cathode perovskite structure by replacing Sr in the structure. Based on the above observations, the interaction mechanisms for the AISI 441 interconnect/LSM electrode/YSZ electrolyte tri-layer are proposed. Overall, the A-site deficient LSM stoichiometry is preferred for cell performance improvement.
Patterns of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and diet in U.S. adolescents.

Abstract Objective To identify patterns in adolescents' obesogenic behaviors and their relations to physical and psychological health. Methods A nationally representative sample of 9,174 U.S. adolescents ages 11 to 16 years was surveyed on physical activity (PA), screen-based sedentary behavior (SB), frequency of consumption of healthy and unhealthy food items, weight status, weight control behavior, depression, physical symptoms, body dissatisfaction, overall health, and life satisfaction. Latent class analysis was used to identify patterns of PA, SB, and diet. Results A model with three latent classes best fit the data: Class 1 with high PA and high fruit and vegetable intake and low SB and intake of sweets, soft drinks, chips, and fries; Class 2 with high SB and high intake of sweets, soft drinks, chips, and fries; and Class 3 with low PA, low fruit and vegetable intake, and low intake of sweets, chips, and fries. Membership in the three classes was related to age, gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. In addition, members of Class 1 (26.5%) were more likely to be of normal weight status and to fare well on most of the other health indices; of Class 2 (26.4%) were less likely to be trying to lose weight but scored poorly on the mental health indices; and of Class 3 (47.2%) were less likely to be underweight and reported greater body dissatisfaction. Conclusions Three prevalent patterns of adolescent obesogenic behaviors were identified and these patterns related to weight status, depression, and other indicators of physical and psychological health.
A phylogenetic comparison of gene trees constructed from plastid, mitochondrial and genomic DNA of Plasmodium species.

Gene trees of Plasmodium species have been reported for the nuclear encoded genes (e.g. the Small Subunit rRNA) and a mitochondrial encoded gene, cytochrome b. Here, we have analyzed a plastid gene coding for caseinolytic protease ClpC, whose structure, function and evolutionary history have been studied in various organisms. This protein possesses a 220-250 amino acid long AAA domain (ATPases associated with a variety of cellular activities) that belongs to the Walker super family of ATPases and GTPases. We have sequenced the AAA motif of this gene, encoding the protein from nine different species of Plasmodium infecting rodents, birds, monkeys, and humans. The codon usage and GC content of each gene were nearly identical in contrast to the widely varying nucleotide composition of genomic DNAs. Phylogenetic trees derived from both DNA and inferred protein sequences have consistent topologies. We have used the ClpC sequence to analyze the phylogenetic relationship among Plasmodium species and compared it with those derived from mitochondrial and genomic sequences. The results corroborate well with the trees constructed using the mitochondrially encoded cytochrome b. However, an important element distinguishes the trees: the placement of Plasmodium elongatum near the base of the plastid tree, indicating an ancient lineage of parasites in birds that branches from the tree prior to other lineages of avian malaria and the human parasite, P. falciparum.
Steady and Unsteady Three-Dimensional Flow Field Downstream of an Embedded Stator in a Multistage Axial Flow Compressor: Part 1 — Unsteady Velocity Field

A comprehensive investigation of the three-dimensional unsteady flow and thermal field downstream of an embedded stator in a multistage compressor, acquired with a high-response hot-film probe and aspirating probe, is presented and analyzed. Some of the earlier data (five-hole probe and high-response Kulite probe) from the same compressor is used with the present data to provide an integrated and comprehensive interpretation of the flow and thermal fields. The emphasis is on the unsteady flow, unsteady thermal, and integrated flow fields. Part 1 covers the description of the facility and the development of the hot-film technique for multistage flow field measurement. In addition, the unsteady velocity field is presented and interpreted. Part 2 provides an integrated assessment of the stagnation pressure, temperature and velocity fields to derive a comprehensive understanding of the time-averaged flow features. The final part covers velocity-velocity and velocity-temperature correlations and the assessment of their magnitudes in the average-passage equations.The results from an area traverse of the unsteady velocity field derived from a 45 degree slanted film probe downstream of the second stator of a three-stage axial flow compressor are presented and discussed in this paper. The measurements were conducted at the peak efficiency operating point using a four-rotation method. The ensemble-averaged unsteady three-dimensional velocity data is resolved into the time-averaged component, revolution and blade periodic, and aperiodic components. Some of the features of the rotor 2 flow, measured at the exit of stator 2, reveal the extent of the spread of the upstream rotor wakes and the unsteadiness due to rotor hub and leakage flow regions and levels of periodic and aperiodic unsteadiness. Both the revolution and blade periodic velocity fluctuations are seen to be significantly greater than the aperiodic fluctuations.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
Why is Mendelian segregation so exact

The precise 1:1 segregation of Mendelian heredity is ordinarily taken for granted, yet there are numerous examples of ‘cheating’ genes that perpetuate themselves in the population by biasing the Mendelian process in their favor. One example is the Segregation Distortion system of Drosophila melanogaster, in which the distorting gene causes its homologous chromosome to produce a nonfunctional sperm. This system depends on three closely linked components, whose molecular basis is beginning to be understood. The system is characterized by numerous modifiers changing the degree of distortion. Mathematical theory shows that unlinked modifiers that change the degree of distortion in the direction of Mendelism always increase in the population. This provides a mechanism for removing cheaters and preserving the honesty of the Mendelian gene-shuffle.
The effect of causal information on peer perceptions of children with physical problems

Abstract To test attributional hypotheses about the relationship between perceptions that a problem is uncontrollable and pasitive affective responses to the problem's bearer, children in kindergarten/first grade and fourth/fifth grade heard descriptions of obese and wheelchair-bound girls and learned that the cause of each condition was either uncontrollable (disease vs. birth defect vs. parental malfeasance) or unknown. The provision of low-responsibility information reduced the tendency, even in young children, to hold victims responsible for having problems and for correcting them. However, it did not alter their liking for the target children because affective response was more a function of the nature of a problem than its perceived cause.
Personal decisions and their impacts on energy use and the environment

Abstract With increasing frequency, individuals deliberately choose specific actions that they hope will lessen environmental impact. Given the complexity of modern society, it is not always easy to know how to minimize environmental harm without undue sacrifice. Government policies can have a role in helping individuals make decisions and encouraging them to act in certain ways. Recycling of solid waste materials is a personal choice made by many people in the USA guided by the belief that recycling is not only good for the environment but that it constitutes a major contribution to improving environmental quality. By using energy usage as a proxy for overall environmental impact, we show that the impact reduction achieved through recycling varies for different materials. It is small but significant for some materials, such as aluminum, and minimal for other materials, such as plastic, especially when compared to other choices that individuals have direct control over, such as the type of vehicle they drive or the amount they drive. While the recycling of certain materials, such as aluminum, does result in measurable energy savings, the net benefit of recycling is orders of magnitude smaller than the gains that can be achieved from switching to more fuel-efficient vehicles. Despite this, perception and policy in the USA have focused on recycling rather than personal vehicle choice and increased reliance on public transportation.
Transendothelial migration of ferric ion in FeCl3 injured murine common carotid artery.

Abstract Introduction/Objectives Adventitial application of FeCl 3 causes endothelial injury, platelet aggregation, and a rapid onset of thrombus formation. The transmigration pathway of the ferric ion has not been definitively identified. Using a combination of TEM and X-ray elemental analysis, this study aims to elucidate the endothelial pathway of ferric ion migration in carotid artery. Methods and results Vascular injury was induced by placing a Whatman #1 filter paper strip saturated with 10% FeCl 3 over the common carotid artery in male C57BL/6 mice for 3 min. After rinsing in saline, the mice were terminated at 10 or 30 min. The FeCL 3 exposed segments of the common carotid artery were dissected, and processed for TEM. Thrombus formation was observed in all cases. Endothelial and smooth muscle injuries were observed in segments of the vessel in direct contact with the oxidant. The endothelial injury ranged from minimal damage to total denudation. The basal endothelial surface adjacent to the internal elastic lamina showed accumulation of electron opaque vesicles. The membrane enclosed particles transmigrated across the endothelium and exocytosed into the lumen. The nature of the particles shown by STEM/EDS was rich in ferric ion. Elemental analysis also showed that some ferric oxide aggregates formed near the developing thrombus in the vascular lumen. Conclusion Our results showed the ferric ion permeated the endothelial basal lamina before entering the arterial lumen via endocytic–exocytic pathway. This study provides an ultrastructural framework for future analysis of the adluminal and luminal injuries in this model.
Cumulative bullying victimization: an investigation of the dose-response relationship between victimization and the associated mental health outcomes, social supports, and school experiences of rural adolescents

Bullying victimization is a common experience for adolescents. Past research documents that victims have more negative mental health outcomes, social relationships, and school experiences compared to their non-victimized classmates. However, this research is largely cross-sectional, often lacks youth living in rural areas, and does not explore the longitudinal burden that victimization places on adolescent development. Further, few researchers have examined bullying victimization using a dose-response model; the dose model posits that more exposure to a stimuli presents a greater impact. The current study examines how cumulative experiences of traditional and cyber victimization over a three year period are associated with the mental health, social relationships, and school experiences of 2246 middle and high school students in two low income, rural counties in the south. Regression analysis confirms that increased victimization was associated with more negative mental health functioning, social relationships, and school experiences. Implications are discussed.
Symmetry breaking and the decays ψ′ → Jψπ0(η) and Jψ → η(η′) γ

Abstract The theoretical mechanisms for the decays ψ ′ → ψπ 0 and ψ ′ → ψη , which violate SU 2 and SU 3 , respectively discussed. It is argued that symmetry breaking in the decay amplitudes may be as important as π 0 − η − η ′ mixing. The π 0 − η mechanism ψ ′ → ψν → ψπ 0 leads to Γ ( ψ ′ → ψπ 0 ) = (3.3±1.0) × 10 −3 Γ ( ψ ′ → ψν ), but this number may be enhanced by a factor as large as 12 by π 0 − η ′ mixing and isospin violation in the decay amplitude. The related decays ψ → ηγ and ψ → η ′ γ are also discussed.
Therapeutic doses of multipotent stromal cells from minimal adipose tissue.

Low yield of adult adipose-derived multipotent stromal cells (ASC) can limit autologous cell therapy in individuals with minimal adipose tissue. In this study, ASC isolation was optimized from approximately 0.2 g of feline epididymal adipose tissue for a treatment dose of 106–107 ASCs/kg. The ASC yield was determined for three digestions, 0.1 % collagenase in medium for 30 min (Classic), 0.3 % collagenase in buffer for 30 min (New) and 0.3 % collagenase in buffer for 1 h (Hour). After isolation by the new tissue digestion, continuously cultured ASCs (fresh) and cells recovered and expanded after cryostorage at P0 (revitalized) were characterized up to cell passage (P) 5. Outcomes included CD9, CD29, CD44, CD90 and CD105 expression, cell doublings and doubling times, fibroblastic, adipogenic and osteogenic colony forming unit (CFU) frequency percentages and lineage-specific target gene expression after induction. The New digestion had the highest CFU yield, and about 7x106 ASCs/kg were available within three cell passages (P2). Compared to earlier passages, target surface antigen expression was lowest in fresh P5 cells, and fresh and revitalized P3–5 cells had slower expansion. Fresh and revitalized P1 ASCs had higher CFU frequency percentages and lineage-specific gene expression than P3. The New method described in this study was most efficient for feline epididymal ASC isolation and did not alter in vitro cell behavior. Fresh and revitalized P0-P2 feline ASCs may be most effective for preclinical and clinical trials. This study offers a potential option for ASC isolation from limited adipose tissue resources across species.
A vibrating reed apparatus for measuring the dynamic mechanical properties of polymers

A vibrating reed apparatus for the measurement of dynamic Young's modulus has been constructed. The apparatus utilizes (a) a sensitive capacitance pick-up to measure displacement of a reed having approximately 0.001 g. of silver painted on the free end of the reed, (b) a clamp assembly which permits placement of the specimen in small temperature-controlled chambers, and (c) a linear variable differential transformer to facilitate maintenance of constant amplitude (independent of frequency) of the clamped end of the reed.
A biopsychosocial treatment approach to Post-Traumatic stress disorder

Post-Traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is defined and treatment discussed from a combined biologic, psychologic, and social perspective. Literature relevant to each parameter is discussed. Pharmacologic interventions are described along with guidelines to carrying out the psychotherapeutic process which should accompany the former. Finally, insight is offered into the problems of the PTSD patient in using social support, with suggestions for their treatment.
Structure–Property Relationships of Inorganically Surface-Modified Zeolite Molecular Sieves for Nanocomposite Membrane Fabrication

A multiscale experimental study of the structural, compositional, and morphological characteristics of aluminosilicate (LTA) and pure-silica (MFI) zeolite materials surface-modified with MgOxHy nanostructures is presented. These characteristics are correlated with the suitability of such materials in the fabrication of LTA/Matrimid mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) for CO2/CH4 separations. The four functionalization methods studied in this work produce surface nanostructures that may appear superficially similar under SEM observation but in fact differ considerably in shape, size, surface coverage, surface area/roughness, degree of attachment to the zeolite surface, and degree of zeolite pore blocking. The evaluation of these characteristics by a combination of TEM, HRTEM, N2 physisorption, multiscale compositional analysis (XPS, EDX, and ICP-AES elemental analysis), and diffraction (ED and XRD) allows improved understanding of the origin of disparate gas permeation properties observed in MMMs made with four ...