cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Root waving and skewing - unexpectedly in micro-g

Gravity has major effects on both the form and overall length of root growth. Numerous papers have documented these effects (over 300 publications in the last 5 years), the most well-studied being gravitropism, which is a growth re-orientation directed by gravity toward the earth’s center. Less studied effects of gravity are undulations due to the regular periodic change in the direction root tips grow, called waving, and the slanted angle of growth roots exhibit when they are growing along a nearly-vertical surface, called skewing. Although diverse studies have led to the conclusion that a gravity stimulus is needed for plant roots to show waving and skewing, the novel results just published by Paul et al. (2012) reveal that this conclusion is not correct. In studies carried out in microgravity on the International Space Station, the authors used a new imaging system to collect digital photographs of plants every six hours during 15 days of spaceflight. The imaging system allowed them to observe how roots grew when their orientation was directed not by gravity but by overhead LED lights, which roots grew away from because they are negatively phototropic. Surprisingly, the authors observed both skewing and waving in spaceflight plants, thus demonstrating that both growth phenomena were gravity independent. Touch responses and differential auxin transport would be common features of root waving and skewing at 1-g and micro-g, and the novel results of Paul et al. will focus the attention of cell and molecular biologists more on these features as they try to decipher the signaling pathways that regulate root skewing and waving.
Anomalous Periodic Structure of Polypropylene Chains Observed with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Using low-current scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), isolated strands of the insulating polymer isotactic polypropylene (iPP) supported on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) have been studied. STM imaging can clearly identify a 2.0 nm periodicity along the strand, which indicates an aggregation of polymer chains, known to exist in the α and β crystalline forms for iPP, which both exhibit a lattice constant in one dimension near 2.0 nm. However, a structural conformation with repeat units of 4.0 nm is more commonly found. Tunneling spectroscopy on this conformation finds variations in the electronic structure across the repeat units which can be associated with specific structural features on the chain. We suggest that this conformation derives from substrate−polymer interactions and is a modification of the 3−1 helix.
Resolution of steroid binding heterogeneity by Fourier-derived affinity spectrum analysis (FASA).

Abstract A new mathematical method of analyzing radioreceptor assay data is presented. When there are many binding classes with different affinities, the probability-density function B(p) is described by the equation B(p) = ∫−∞∞q(k)f(p−k)dk, where q(k) is the affinity spectrum (density of a particular binding class as a function of affinity) and f(p−k) is a probability function (probability that dissociation constants will fall between k and p−k, where p is the free ligand concentration). This equation is solved for q(k) and evaluated explicitly by Fourier transformation, namely, q (w) = b (w) f (w) , where w is frequency. Since division by f (w) can amplify any high frequency noise present in the experimental data, a Gaussian smoothing function is introduced thus: q s (w) = q (w)e ( −w W 0 ) 2 , where W0 is a constant. This produces an affinity spectrum defined as a plot of the number of binding sites, qs(k), versus their respective dissociation constants, k. Using a FORTRAN computer program, we verify this algorithm using simulated data. We also apply the procedure to resolve heterogenous populations of estrogen binders in human endometrium using [3H]estradiol as ligand. Two estrogen binder classes are revealed with dissociation constants approximately 2.5 natural logarithmic units apart. We identify one high-affinity (Kd = 0.18 n m )-low density (70 p m [or 72 fmol/mg protein]) subpopulation and one low affinity (Kd = 2.5 n m )-high density (101 p m [or 102 fmol/mg protein]) subpopulation of estradiol binders. The management of experimental error, sampling limitations, and nonspecific binding are discussed. This method directly transforms experimental data into an easily interpretable representation without mathematical modeling or statistical procedures.
Comparison of radionuclide and enzymatic estimate of infarct size in patients with acute myocardial infarction

A comparison was made of the estimated size of the myocardial infarction occurring in 26 patients with a first infarction using creatine kinase (CK) enzyme release between radionuclide gated blood pool measurement of total and regional ventricular function and thallium-201 scintigraphic measurement of myocardial perfusion defects. Creatine kinase estimates of infarct size (enzymatic infarct size) correlated closely with the percent of abnormal contracting regions, left ventricular ejection fraction and thallium-201 estimates of percent of abnormal perfusion area (r = 0.78, 0.69 and 0.74, respectively, p
GEM operation in negative ion drift gas mixtures

Abstract The first operation of GEM gas gain elements in negative ion gas mixtures is reported. Gains up to several thousand were obtained from single-stage GEMs in CS 2 vapor at low pressure, and in mixtures of CS 2 with Argon and Helium, some near 1 bar total pressure.
Green chemistry analytical method development: a revisit on the use of potassium ferrioxalate as a chemical actinometer

The experimental details regarding the use of potassium ferrioxalate (3) as a chemical actinometer are discussed with respect to the precision, ruggedness and simplicity of the method. Despite the fact that as much as a ten-fold difference between the actinometer 3 quantum efficiency and the analyte quantum efficiency was observed, these differences were compensated for by the use of multiple actinometer solutions during the quantum yield determinations. As a tool in process development, the advantages of the merry-go-round apparatus for the evaluation of the influence of experimental conditions for the quantum yield of photochemical reactions are also discussed.
Magnetic resonance imaging evidence of silent cerebrovascular toxicity in cocaine dependence

Abstract Background: Cocaine and its metabolites can produce vasospasm. Cocaine-dependent (CD) patients are at increased risk for stroke, and a high frequency of brain perfusion defects has been observed in clinically asymptomatic CD subjects. This is the first controlled magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of clinically asymptomatic CD subjects. Methods: Two age-matched groups of male subjects (61 CD and 57 control) participated in the study. Subjects with a history of neurologic symptoms or major medical or neurologic illness, such as hypertension, diabetes, or significant head trauma, were excluded. The severity of hyperintense lesions observed on T2-weighted MRI images were rated on a 0–3-point scale by an experienced radiologist who was blind to all clinical data. Ratings of 3 were felt to be significant indicators of a possible disease process and were used in the data analysis. Three regions were separately rated: the cerebral white matter, subinsular white matter, and subcortical gray matter (basal ganglia and thalamus region). Results: Despite the exclusion criteria minimizing risk factors for cerebrovascular events, 17 of the 61 (27.9%) CD subjects and 4 of 57 (7%) of the control subjects had severe hyperintense lesions suggestive of subclinical or “silent” anoxic vascular events. Significant group differences were observed in the two white matter regions but not in the subcortical gray matter region. The risk of severe white matter lesions in the CD group increased with age, reaching 50% in the oldest age quartile (46–58 years), and this increase was not related to the number of years cocaine was used. Conclusions: The data suggest that asymptomatic CD patients are a heterogeneous population with a significantly increased age-related risk of white matter neurovascular toxicity. Premature neurovascular damage may impact treatment outcomes and, as the CD population ages, may manifest as an increased incidence of cognitive deficits.
IMPACT OF THE NIH CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE ON CORTICOSTEROIDS FOR FETAL MATURATION: INCREASED ANTENATAL STEROID USE IN NICHD NETWORK VLBW INFANTS. † 1507

We have previously reported that less than 20% of eligible VLBW infants receive antenatal steroid (ANS) treatment. The purpose of this analysis was to compare the rates of ANS therapy and characteristics of women treated with ANS in the Network before and after the Consensus Development Conference (CDC), 2/28/94. ANS treatment of mothers of VLBW infants in the 34 mos before (n = 7610) and the 16 mos after the CDC (n = 3151) were compared. Overall, ANS use increased from 20.6% (center range 1-39%) to 45.9% (27-66%); during the latest available 4-mo period, 55% of VLBW mothers were treated. During both periods patients with prenatal care, multiple gestation, hypertension/preeclampsia, diabetes, c-section, tocolytics or antibiotics were more likely (OR 1.09- 4.58) and those with antepartum hemorrhage or labor were less likely (OR 0.62- 0.76) to receive ANS. Patients with PROM and prolonged ROM were less likely before the CDC (OR 0.74 and 0.76, respectively) and more likely after the CDC(OR 1.66 and 1.87, respectively) to receive ANS. The OR for ANS plus antibiotics increased from 1.86 to 3.78 post CDC. ANS increased approximately 2-fold in all GA groups after the CDC: Table
Passive immunization with Pneumovax ® 23 and pneumolysin in combination with vancomycin for pneumococcal endophthalmitis

Capsule and pneumolysin (PLY) are two major virulence factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae. S. pneumoniae is one of the leading causes of bacterial endophthalmitis. The aim of this study is to determine whether passive immunization with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (Pneumovax® 23; PPSV23) or PLY protects against pneumococcal endophthalmitis. New Zealand white rabbits were passively immunized with antiserum to PLY, PPSV23, a mixture of PPSV23/PLY, or PBS (mock). Vitreous was infected with a clinical strain of S. pneumoniae. In a separate group of experiments, vancomycin was injected 4 hours post-infection (PI) for each passively immunized group. Severity of infection, bacterial recovery, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and percent loss of retinal function were determined. Passive immunization with each antiserum significantly lowered clinical severity compared to mock immunization (PPSV23 = 9.19, PPSV23/PLY = 10.45, PLY = 8.71, Mock = 16.83; P = 0.0467). A significantly higher bacterial load was recovered from the vitreous of PLY passively immunized rabbits 24 hours PI (7.87 log10 CFU) compared to controls (7.10 log10 CFU; P = 0.0134). Retinas from immunized rabbits were more intact. Vitreous of PLY (2.88 MPO untis/mL) and PPSV23/PLY (2.17) passively immunized rabbits had less MPO activity compared to controls (5.64; P = 0.0480), and both passive immunizations (PLY = 31.34% loss of retinal function, PPSV23/PLY = 27.44%) helped to significantly preserve retinal function compared to controls (64.58%; P = 0.0323). When vancomycin was administered 4 hours PI, all eyes were sterile at 24 hours PI. A significantly lower clinical severity was observed for rabbits administered the combination immunization (5.29) or PPSV23 (5.29) with vancomycin treatment compared to controls (17.68; P = 0.0469). Passive immunization with antisera to these antigens is effective in reducing clinical severity of pneumococcal endophthalmitis in rabbits. Addition of vancomycin to immunization is effective at eliminating the bacteria.
Chiral synthesis of (2S, 3S)-2-(2-morpholin-2-yl-2- phenylmethoxy)phenol

Resolution of (2RS,3RS)-2-[α-(2-methoxymethoxyphenoxy)phenylmethyl]morpholine, 11, with (+) mandelic acid led to the formation of (+)-(2S,3S)-2-[α-(2-methoxymethoxyphenoxy)phenyl methyl] morpholine (11a). Compound 11 was synthesized in seven steps from (2RS,3RS)-cinnamyl alcohol-2,3-epoxide (4), with an overall yield of 17%. Cleavage of the methoxymethyl group of the Fmoc derivative 12 with catalytic amounts of p-toluenesulfonic acid in methanol afforded (+)-(2S,3S)-2-(2-morpholin-2-yl-2-phenylmethoxy)phenol 2. The synthetic utility as well as the configuration of compound 2 has been demonstrated by converting (S,S)-2-(2-morpholin-2-yl-2-phenylmethoxy)phenol 2 to (2S,3S)-2-[α-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)phenylmethyl]morpholine (1) and (2S,3S)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy) benzyl)morpholine (16), two potential norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors under clinical evaluation. Chirality 16:168–173, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Downstream hydrologic and geomorphic effects of large dams on American rivers

Abstract The hydrology and geomorphology of large rivers in America reflect the pervasive influence of an extensive water control infrastructure including more than 75,000 dams. One hundred thirty-seven of the very large dams, each storing 1.2 km 3 (10 6 acre feet) of water or more, alter the flows of every large river in the country. The hydrologic effects of these very large dams emerge from an analysis of the stream gage records of 72 river reaches organized into 36 pairs. One member of each pair is an unregulated reach above a dam, whereas the other is a regulated reach downstream from the same structure. Comparison of the regulated and unregulated reaches shows that very large dams, on average, reduce annual peak discharges 67% (in some individual cases up to 90%), decrease the ratio of annual maximum/mean flow 60%, decrease the range of daily discharges 64%, increase the number of reversals in discharge by 34%, and reduce the daily rates of ramping as much as 60%. Dams alter the timing of high and low flows and change the timing of the yearly maximum and minimum flows, in some cases by as much as half a year. Regional variation in rivers, dams, and responses are substantial: rivers in the Great Plains and Ozark/Ouachita regions have annual maximum/mean flow ratios that are 7 times greater than ratios for rivers in the Pacific Northwest. At the same time, the ratio of storage capacity/mean annual water yield for dams is greatest for Interior Western, Ozark/Ouachita and Great Plains rivers and least for Pacific Northwest streams. Thus, in many cases those rivers with the highest annual variability have the greatest potential impact from dams because structures can exert substantial control over downstream hydrology. The hydrologic changes by dams have fostered dramatic geomorphic differences between regulated and unregulated reaches. When compared to similar unregulated reaches, regulated reaches have 32% larger low flow channels, 50% smaller high flow channels, 79% less active flood plain area, and 3.6 times more inactive flood plain area. Dams also affect the area of active areas, the functional surfaces that are functionally connected to the present regime of the river. Regulated reaches have active areas that are 72 smaller than the active areas of similar unregulated reaches. The geomorphic complexity (number of separate functional surfaces per unit of channel length) is 37% less in regulated reaches. Reductions in the size of hydrologically active functional surfaces are greatest in rivers in the Great Plains and least in Eastern streams. The largest differences in geomorphic complexity are in interior western rivers. The shrunken, simplified geomorphology of regulated large rivers has had direct effects on riparian ecology, producing spatially smaller, less diverse riparian ecosystems compared to the larger, more complex ecosystems along unregulated reaches of rivers.
Uncertainty and Type of Management System in Continuous Process Organizations

Relationships among type of management system, organizational uncertainty, and economic success in continuous process organizations were studied. An organic management system was found to be signif...
Comparison and extension of a direct model reference adaptive control procedure

This paper analyzes and extends an easily implemented direct model reference adaptive control procedure. The paper focuses on the major limitation of this control approach which is the satisfaction of a strictly positive real sufficiency condition in order to guarantee asymptotic tracking. Attempts, to date, to address this problem have been unable to relax simultaneously the stringent condition and maintain asymptotic tracking capabilities. Three different modifications to existing versions of this algorithm are presented which substantially relax the stringent sufficiency condition while providing asymptotic tracking. These three modifications achieve this goal by imposing slight adjustments to existing sufficiency conditions. A simulation example demonstrates that the modifications eliminate the steady error inherent in the existing methods.
Age of Substance Use Onset as a Predictor of Early Adult Substance Dependence and Offending in Male and Female Delinquents Simple and Mediated Moderation

This study was designed first, to test whether sex moderated the effect of substance use onset on early adult substance dependence and offending and second, to identify the factors responsible for ...
Bioassembled layered silicate-metal nanoparticle hybrids.

Here we report on the bioenabled assembly of layered nanohybrids using peptides identified with regard to their affinity to the nanoparticle surface. A dodecamer peptide termed M1, determined from a phage peptide display library, was found to bind to the surface of a layered aluminosilicate (montmorillonite, MMT). Fusion of a metal binding domain to the M1 peptide or the M1 peptide by itself was able to direct the growth of metal nanoparticles, such as gold and cobalt−platinum, respectively, on the MMT. This method of producing hybrid nanoclay materials will have utility in catalytic, optical, biomedical, and composite materials applications.
What is learned about nontarget items in simple visual search

Human sensitivity to correlational structure between nontargets and likelihood of target presence in a visual letter-search task were studied in two experiments. In each of these experiments, the performance of subjects for whom the nontarget information was altered in the final trial block was compared with the performance of subjects for whom the nontarget information did not change. When stimulus strings were presented individually on a computer screen and subjects were required to make a yes-no decision about target presence (Experiment 1), the change in nontarget structure resulted in increased reaction times for target-absent trials. When subjects searched simultaneously for three possible targets (Experiment 2), the change in nontarget structure produced increased error rates and increased reaction times for both target-absent and target-present trials. Correlations between the amount of predictive information in individual stimulus strings and reaction times also showed that both switching and nonswitching subjects were sensitive to the nontarget context. However, neither self-reports of strategy nor postexperiment choices between context-consistent and -inconsistent letter strings indicated any explicit knowledge of the predictive information in the nontarget stimuli. Subjects can thus acquire and benefit from, apparently without awareness, information about subtle correlational structure in nontarget elements in simple visual search.
Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase by Chelates II

Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by 1–1 cupric chelates of ethylenediamine and glycine has been analyzed and shown to be essentially of a noncompetitive type. Inhibition by the 1–1 nickel chelates is weaker than the corresponding cupric chelates; but in contrast to the lack of activity of 2–1 cupric chelates, 2–1 nickel chelates exert significant inhibition. This suggests that in these chelates the metal is binding to the enzyme and that the availability of coordination sites in the metal is more important than chelate charge. This fact plus the noncompetitive nature of the inhibition suggests that the binding does not occur at the active site of the enzyme. Increased inhibition at higher pH in the nickel systems is further evidence that the chelate is interacting with an ionizing group, as previously reported.
Group Therapy for Caregivers of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease

(2006). Group Therapy for Caregivers of Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy: Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 505-509.
Surgical intervention in atherosclerosis: partial ileal bypass and the Program on Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias (POSCH).

It was Siperstein and co-workers (1952) who stated that the presence of bile was 'obligatory' to the intestinal absorption of cholesterol. This point was argued in the literature; in 1967, we clearly demonstrated that cholesterol absorption in rabbit gut does not occur in the absence of bile (Buchwaid and Gebhard, 1967). The first study of the localization of cholesterol absorption by Yamakawa and associates (1929) showed that cholesterol was not absorbed in the large intestine. This report was followed by the study of Byers et al. (1953) demonstrating, in an acute rabbit preparation, that cholesterol absorption takes place in the small intestine and that the more distal the segment, the greater the amount of absorption. This same group also studied the localization for cholesterol excretion and they were able to specify that cholesterol excretion occurred above the level of the colon; however, they did not delineate the excretion process within the small intestine. Methods of modifying the body cholesterol content by affecting the total intestinal transit of cholesterol need to be concerned with the enterohepatic bile acid cycle and the localization of bile acid absorption sites, since in most animals, the majority of the total cholesterol excreted from the body is not in the nonsaponifiable (cholesterol) fraction, but is eliminated as the saponifiable fraction (bile acids and their derivatives). As early as 1863 Hoppe-Seyler proposed recirculation of bile acids and this process was subsequently confirmed by many noted investigators in the lipid field. Over the past 90 years, evidence has been published to show that the site of bile acid reabsorption in the intestinal tract is predominantly localized to the ileal segment. Several investigators, notably Lack and Weiner (1961), refined these data in demonstrating that bile acids can undergo some passive absorption higher than the ileum but only the ileum appears to be capable of active absorption. Clinical antecedents of a surgical approach specifically designed to lower the body cholesterol content can be found in the development of the jejunoileal bypass procedure for management of morbid obesity. The Cleveland Clinic group of Lewis, Turnbull and Page (1962) in a metabolic clinical study, pointed out that cholesterol reduction followed jejunoileal bypass.
Dissolution of a Nuclear Waste Ceramic: An Experimental and Modeling Study

The degree of alteration of a multiphase ceramic waste form (Synroc-D) exposed to flowing water at 75/sup 0/C is reported. After 117 days, a 25- to 30-..mu..-deep leach zone developed from which all silicate phases have congruently dissolved. The associated spinel and titanate phases appear unaltered, whereas an Al(OH)/sub 3/ precipitate approx. = 5-..mu..m-thick develops at the sample surface. The dissolution of silicates and deposition of the precipitate are simulated using a modification of the crackling-core model. The model predictions closely match the observed behavior of the material. Implications of these results for long-term stability of the waste form are discussed.
Peptidergic regulation of behavior: an identified neuron approach

Abstract The various physiological and behavioral roles of neuropeptides have caused a general revision in our understanding of the importance of these neurochemical messengers in the control of CNS function. Yet little is known about the functional regulation of neuropeptides at the level of the individual peptidergic cell. Here we discuss three inter-twined peptidergic systems that are involved in the control of several related behaviors in the tobacco hawkmoth, Manduca sexta. We present experiments that led to the identification of the individual peptide-containing neurons and discuss some of the mechanisms that regulate peptide release for each peptidergic system.
What’s new in logic?

One of the first delights of logic the average mathematics student encounters is the uncountability of the set of real numbers. There are more real numbers than natural numbers, more sets of real numbers than reals, more sets of sets of r e a l s . . , and so on. The student may or may not wonder how many different cardinalities there are and how large they can become. It is natural for him to give up wondering after a while: Either he decides the number of such cardinalities is infinite and, forgetting momentarily that he has just learned there to be different infinities, the student considers the matter settled, or he realises there to be a dazzling array of infinities and that he has no handle on the problem. Then again, he could go on to become a specialist and create a few handles. The genus of set theory, i.e., the number of the handles I spoke of, is itself almost a large cardinal. There are: weak and strong inaccessibles; Mahlo cardinals of various ranks; measurables; weakly and strongly compact cardinals; supercompact cardinals; indescribable and extendible cardinals; huge cardinals; and now two more due to Woodin. Despite the wide variety of such cardinal numbers and the variety of their names, experienced set theorists can linearly order them according to size and even announce which ones definitely exist, which ones probably exist, which ones might exist . . . . . As the cardinal gets bigger and bigger, the hypothesis that it exists (called a large cardinal hypothesis or an axiom of infinity) gets progressively more quest ionable as an addit ional axiom of set theory.
Generating differential invariants

The equivariant method of moving frames is used to specify systems of generating differential invariants for finite-dimensional Lie group actions.
Mechanical scission of perfluoropolyethers

Mechanical scission of two typical perfluoropolyethers was investigated: Y, a copolymer of CF(CF3)CF2O, CF2O, and CF(CF3)O, and Z, a copolymer of (CF2)nO, with n = 1,2,3,4. Undiluted polymers were subjected to prolonged shearing in a media mill with ZrO2 particles. A chemical extraction of the polar ZrO2 particles was carried out to collect adsorbed polar scission products. Mechanochemical scission products from both the Y and Z fluorocarbon polymers were identified by 19F-NMR. A significant amount of CF3CO2− was present after the milling and the primary functional groups formed at scissioned chain ends were CO. A hydrodynamic expression was derived and the maximum extension rate was estimated to be in the range of 5 × 106 s−1. Initial degrees of polymerization were between 20 and 200, well below levels for which flow-induced scission is expected to occur. Final degrees of polymerization were less than 10, and the scission was noncentral and nonrandom in both polymers. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
SYNTACTIC COMPLEXITY OF PRESCHOOLERS' EGOCENTRIC AND SOCIALIZED SPEECH

The purpose of this study was to determine whether young children's socialized speech (their speech addressed to an auditor) is more syntactically complex than their egocentric (private) speech. 150 utterances produced by 10 4-yr.-old boys in their nursery school classroom and in an interview situation were randomly selected for analysis. 52 judges rated each utterance on a 7-point equal-appearing-interval scale of “intricacy of language usage.” No difference in intricacy was observed between the children's egocentric and socialized utterances.
THE EFFECT OF PH ON THE ELECTROCATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF ADSORBED METAL IONS

Abstract The electrocatalytic behavior of adsorbed lead atoms on mercury towards O2 reduction in neutral electrolyte at ambient temparature is examined. The results shows that O2 reduction on these modified surfaces proceeds through the series mechanism and that the enhancement is mainly due to hydrogen peroxide elimination through reduction and/or heterogeneous chemical decomposition. Measurements performed as a function of pH in the range pH = 4 to pH = 10 indicate that the hydrogen peroxide decomposition reaction slows down as the pH increases. Using cyclic voltammetry and rotating ring-disk techniques, it is demonstrated that for the PbHg system the catalytic species is lead oxide or lead hydroxide.
Numerical Modelling of Repair Welding Using a Temper Bead Process: Application to Dissimilar Metal Welds

For nuclear reactor applications, AREVA NP has to perform junctions between ferritic low alloy steel heavy section components and austenitic stainless steel piping systems. For Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) of dissimilar metal weld (DMW) narrow gap, AREVA NP has developed special manufacturing procedures guaranteeing high quality standards and resistance in service. Since a decade, AREVA NP is developing the numerical simulation of welding to have a better understanding of involved physical phenomena and to predict residual stresses. In spite of the large thickness of Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) components, the distortion issue may also be important. Narrow gap welding requires indeed a close control of the groove width. This paper presents numerical simulations performed by AREVA NP on 14″ narrow gap DMW mock-ups as part of a research project carried out internally. The simulations focus on the predictions of microstructure and residual stress distribution. The analysis simulates the main steps of the mock-up manufacturing procedure. Multi pass welding simulation reproduces the deposit of each bead by thermo-metallurgical and mechanical calculations. A special attention has been paid on the buttering of the ferritic side. Generally a post weld heat treatment (PWHT) is carried out after the buttering of the ferritic side in order to relieve residual stresses. For some repair operations, a PWHT is not feasible. Thus a temper bead process can be used. During this process, a large part of the previous heat affected zone is tempered to guarantee a limited hardness and to reduce the risk of cold cracking. The results in terms of microstructure and stress obtained with the two techniques are compared. With the temper bead process, the final level of hoop stresses in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of the buttering remains significant as stresses are not relieved by viscous effects implied during PWHT. Nevertheless the temper bead process has a positive effect on the material hardness as the proportion of tempered phase is higher. One of the objectives of this task is to compare the numerical results with measurements. This comparison is not only a validation of numerical simulation of welding but also a way to investigate the relevance of residual stress measurement by Deep Hole Drilling (DHD). Calculated stresses are globally in good agreement with measurements made by DHD. A comparison with axial shrinkage is also made for validation of the modelling methodology.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Casimir energy of a scalar field with a space-dependent mass distribution

The Casimir energy is evaluated for a free scalar field that has a mass term m2(x1), depending on one space coordinate x1. The formalism for evaluating the Casimir energy is developed for the case of m2(x1) finite everywhere in d-dimensional space-time. The case with m2(x1) = m02θ(12L-|x1|) + m∞2θ (|x1| - 12L) is explicity evaaluated for any value of 1197 1568 V m0 and m∞ without any approximation. The result consists of valume energy terms, a surface term, and a non-leading term. Most of the UV divergences are in the volume energy terms and renormalize the coupling constants of the underlying theory. The surface energy term is finite for d ⩽ 4 and divergent for d ⩾ 5 due to the boundaries being sharp. A closed finite expression is obtained for the non-leading term. Our results are shown to reproduce the known Casimir energies for the limiting cases, 1197 15 m0 → ∞ andm∞ → ∞.
An Information Theoretic Analysis for Adaptive-Network-Coded-Cooperation (ANCC) in Wireless Relay Networks

We conduct an information theoretic analysis for the adaptive-network-coded-cooperation (ANCC) protocol over large wireless relay networks. The ANCC protocol adaptively encodes the data from different terminals using a single network code by matching the instantaneous network topology with the code graph of a low-density-parity-check (LDPC) code. The ergodic capacity and the outage probability of this protocol are analyzed for both finite and infinite network sizes, and closed-form expressions are derived for the infinite case. Comparison with the existing protocols including repetition and space-time-coded-cooperation confirm that ANCC is both low-complexity and high-performance.
Patient Reported Differences in Dry Eye Disease between Men and Women: Impact, Management, and Patient Satisfaction

Purpose: Dry eye disease affects women twice as often as men, but there is little information on whether dry eye treatments, treatment satisfaction, or the impact of dry eye disease on patients’ lives and vision might differ by sex. Design: Questionnaire survey of 4000 participants in the Women’s Health Study and the Physicians’ Health Studies I and II with a prior report of a diagnosis of DED. Methods: Among participants who re-confirmed a diagnosis of dry eye disease, we assessed symptoms, treatments, patient satisfaction and impact of dry eye disease, and analyzed differences between men and women using regression models. Results: The final study population consisted of 1,518 women (mean age 70.7 years) and 581 men (mean age 76.7 years), with a mean reported duration of dry eye disease of 10.5 years and 10.1 years, respectively. The frequency and severity of dry eye disease symptoms were higher among women (each P<0.0001), and women reported a greater impact on everyday activities (P<0.0001). Women were more likely to use artificial tears (P<0.0001) use them more often (P<0.0001), and to use Restasis® (P<0.0001), omega-3 fatty acids (P=0.0006), and have punctal occlusion (P=0.005). Women spent more money per month on dry eye treatments (P<0.0001), but reported greater dissatisfaction with treatment side effects (P=0.001), and the amount of time before treatments started working (P=0.03). Conclusions: These data show that dry eye disease is generally experienced as being more severe among women, having a greater impact on their self-assessed well-being.
Comparison of Discrimination Test Methods

This exercise compares several common tests used for discrimination. These tests are used to determine whether or not a perceivable difference exists between a pair of products. They do not determine the nature of the difference or whether the difference matters to consumers. Some of these tests are more powerful and efficient than others, a topic explored in this exercise.
A NOTE ON NEWTON AND NEWTON-LIKE INEQUALITIES FOR M-MATRICES AND FOR DRAZIN INVERSES OF M-MATRICES ∗

In a recent paper Holtz showed that M-matrices satisfy Newton's inequalities and so do the inverses of nonsingular M-matrices. Since nonsingular M-matrices and their inverses display various types of monotonic behavior, monotonicity properties adapted for Newton's inequalities are examined for nonsingular M-matrices and their inverses. In the second part of the paper the problem of whether Drazin inverses of singular M-matrices satisfy Newton's inequalities is considered. In general the answer is no, but it is shown that they do satisfy a form of Newton-like inequalities. In the final part of the paper the relationship between the satisfaction of Newton's inequality by a matrix and by its principal submatrices of order one less is examined, which leads to a condition for the failure of Newton's inequalities for the whole matrix.
Kyanite Quartzites in the Piedmont Province of Virginia: Evidence for a Possible High-Sulfidation System

The world’s largest kyanite mine is hosted within kyanite quartzite at Willis Mountain in the Piedmont Province of Virginia, and numerous smaller bodies occur throughout this region. Most occur in the Ordovician Chopawamsic or Milton terranes, which consist primarily of arc-derived metavolcanic rocks, volcanogenic metasedimentary rocks, and felsic plutonic rocks. Earlier investigators viewed these rocks as metamorphosed aluminous sandstones, but we report mineralogical and geochemical evidence that the protoliths were hydrothermally altered igneous rocks. All rocks contain accessory rutile, white mica (locally green Cr muscovite), and locally abundant pyrite. Topaz, lazulite, and other rare minerals occur in some samples. Whole-rock analyses for 22 samples from nine separate localities show very low to negligible concentrations of K, Na, Ca, Mg, and many trace elements; and a strong depletion in Ga relative to Al. Analyses of the rare earth elements (REE) in four samples show that all are light REE enriched, with ladlelike chondrite-normalized patterns (relative depletions from Gd through Ho). Reconnaissance oxygen isotope data on quartz separates show a range in δ18O values from 3.5 to 11.6 per mil and probably reflect hydrothermal fluids with variable meteoric and magmatic signatures. We suggest that these rocks originated by severe leaching in a high-sulfidation (advanced argillic) alteration system, resulting in protoliths dominated by quartz and kaolinite. Such an interpretation is consistent with mineralogical and compositional features and with the regional geologic setting, which includes numerous small but historically productive deposits of Fe, Au, Cu, Zn, and S. In addition, thermodynamic calculations suggest that sulfuric acid-bearing fluids are the only type capable of significantly fractionating Ga from Al.
Perspectives of Parent-Child Interaction in Filipino Mothers of Very Young Children With and Without Disabilities

This study was designed to expand understandings about Filipino mothers' daily interactions with their infants and toddlers with and without disabilities. Qualitative procedures were used to analyze transcripts from structured, open-ended interviews with mothers of 10- to 26-month-old children. Three themes were used to characterize and compare mothers of children with and without disabilities. Similarities and differences emerged with respect to maternal roles during parent-child interaction, contexts of interaction, and sources of influence on interaction. Across themes, a cohesive cluster of responses also characterized descriptions of interactions among a subgroup of mothers whose children had the most significant, readily identifiable, disabilities.
α1-Syntrophin Mutations Identified in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Cause an Increase in Late Cardiac Sodium Current

Background— Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a leading cause of death during the first 6 months after birth. About 5% to 10% of SIDS may stem from cardiac channelopathies such as long-QT syndrome. We recently implicated mutations in α1-syntrophin (SNTA1) as a novel cause of long-QT syndrome, whereby mutant SNTA1 released inhibition of associated neuronal nitric oxide synthase by the plasma membrane Ca-ATPase PMCA4b, causing increased peak and late sodium current ( I Na) via S-nitrosylation of the cardiac sodium channel. This study determined the prevalence and functional properties of SIDS-associated SNTA1 mutations. Methods and Results— Using polymerase chain reaction, denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography, and DNA sequencing of SNTA1 ’s open reading frame, 6 rare (absent in 800 reference alleles) missense mutations (G54R, P56S, T262P, S287R, T372M, and G460S) were identified in 8 (≈3%) of 292 SIDS cases. These mutations were engineered using polymerase chain reaction–based overlap extension and were coexpressed heterologously with SCN5A, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and PMCA4b in HEK293 cells. I Na was recorded using the whole-cell method. A significant 1.4- to 1.5-fold increase in peak I Na and 2.3- to 2.7-fold increase in late I Na compared with controls was evident for S287R-, T372M-, and G460S-SNTA1 and was reversed by a neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. These 3 mutations also caused a significant depolarizing shift in channel inactivation, thereby increasing the overlap of the activation and inactivation curves to increase window current. Conclusions— Abnormal biophysical phenotypes implicate mutations in SNTA1 as a novel pathogenic mechanism for the subset of channelopathic SIDS. Functional studies are essential to distinguish pathogenic perturbations in channel interacting proteins such as α1-syntrophin from similarly rare but innocuous ones. Received July 2, 2009; accepted August 19, 2009.
Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cancer: the insulin and IGF connection

Epidemiological studies suggest a positive association between obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) with the risk of cancer and cancer-related mortality. Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, increased levels of IGF, elevated levels of steroid and peptide hormones, and inflammatory markers appear to play a role in the connection between these different diseases. Medications, such as metformin and exogenous insulin, used to treat T2D may affect the risk of cancer and cancer-related mortality. Newer therapies targeting the insulin and IGF1 systems are being developed for use in cancer therapy.
Cognitive functioning, symptoms, and work in supported employment: a review and heuristic model.

Objective: Supported employment has been shown to improve the employment outcomes of clients with severe mental illness (SMI), but many clients who receive this service still fail to achieve their vocational goals. There is a need to better understand how illness-related impairments interfere with work, and how supported employment services deal with those impairments in order to improve the employment outcomes of clients with SMI. Method: We conducted a review of research on the relationship between cognitive functioning, symptoms, and competitive employment in clients with SMI. Based on this review, we developed a heuristic model of supported employment that proposes specific interactions between cognitive factors, symptoms, vocational services, and employment outcomes. Results: The review indicated that cognitive functioning and symptoms were strongly related to work in studies of general psychiatric samples. In studies of clients participating in vocational rehabilitation programs, associations between cognitive functioning, symptoms, and work were also present, but were attenuated, suggesting that vocational rehabilitation compensates for the effects of some cognitive impairments and symptoms on work. We describe a heuristic model of supported employment that posits specific and testable effects of cognitive domains and symptoms on vocational services and employment outcomes. Conclusions: Supported employment appears to work by compensating for the effects of cognitive impairment and symptoms on work. The model may serve as a guide for research aimed at understanding how supported employment works, and for developing supplementary strategies designed to improve the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of supported employment services.
Multi-temporal Mapping of Disturbances in the Okavango Delta, Botswana using Landsat TM and ETM+ Data

The characterization of landscape disturbance is critical for understanding ecosystem structure and function; disturbance both impacts and is impacted by spatial heterogeneity or patchiness via vegetation competition, resource availability, and even herbivory [1, 2]. The research presented here focuses on the distal portions of the Okavango Delta in northern Botswana, where both fire and flooding are prevalent on the landscape. An overarching goal of this research is determining how the interaction of these two disturbances influences the distribution of the plant types that, in turn, potentially alter ecological function. This paper examines the spatial configuration of these disturbances via remotely sensed imagery and assesses whether these patterns are discernible in a 2001 land cover classification. Annual flooding and fire histories from 1989 to 2002 (14-years) were extracted from a multi-temporal Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) time series consisting of 87 images with an average time step of approximately 2 months. These 14-year fire and flooding history maps were combined to map disturbance history (DH) clusters, defined based on the number of times a pixel burned and/or was flooded from 1989 to 2002. Similarly, disturbance return (DR) clusters, or the average return time for an event, were also defined and mapped for the 14-year cycle.
The Economic Effects Of Digital Technology On The Market For Recorded Music

For more than fifty years, the recorded music industry has owed its existence to the development of analog sound recording technology. It was not, however, simply the development of a sound recording technology that created and sustained the industry. It was the fact that this recording technology was analog-based. Today, music recorded using analog technology is rare, having been almost completely replaced by the recently developed digital recording technology. As the use of digital recording technology continues to increase, particularly in conjunction with the evolving Internet, the likely outcome will be one of significant financial loss and structural change to the traditional recorded music industry.
THE EFFECTS OF HETEROZYGOSITY AND RECOMBINATION ON THE RELATIVE FITNESS OF EXPERIMENTAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER.

I N nature, evolution is most likely taking place on the interpopulational level. Certain populations are better able to adapt to environmental changes than others. By comparing populations as a whole, one could attempt to find out what makes one population more successful in the evolutionary sense than another. BUZZATI-TRAVERSO ( 1952) emphasized this interpopulational problem when he stated that the most fit population is one which can best exploit the available space and energy sources. The method was developed by CARSON (1958) on experimental populations. He used population size as a measure of the relative populational fitness by comparing genetically different populations exposed to uniformly controlled environmental conditions. “The population which maintains the larger relative size is judged to be performing better from the over-all biological p i n t of view.” (CARSON 1961). The experiments of CARSON have shown that the introduction of a foreign genome into homozygous populations is followed by a very rapid enhancement of the relative population fitness; the populations trebled in size within three generations. Accompanying this change in population size was a change in the genetic composition of the population. A condition of balanced polymorphism ensued, apparently as a result of natural selection. The rapidity of the increase in fitness following the introduction of the foreign genome has led CARSON to the suggestion that the cause for the increase must be a simple heterosis requiring no coadaptive integration. The experiments reported here have utilized Drosophila melanogaster. They were designed to probe further into the populational phenomena observed by CARSON. The first experiment consists of five populations founded with individuals from a second-chromosome mutant stock. Previously, all the experiments of CARSON had been performed with a particular stock marked by third-chromosome mutants. Thus, this second-chromosome mutant stock was chosen in order to ascertain whether there was something unique about the third chromosome or the particular stock which CARSON had used, which produced the rapid increase in fitness. The experimental procedure was identical to that of CARSON so that the performance of these second-chromosome mutant populations with the addition