cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling reactive ammonia uptake by secondary organic aerosol in CMAQ: application to the continental US

Abstract. Ammonium salts such as ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate constitute an important fraction of the total fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) mass. While the conversion of inorganic gases into particulate-phase sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium is now well understood, there is considerable uncertainty over interactions between gas-phase ammonia and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). Observations have confirmed that ammonia can react with carbonyl compounds in SOA, forming nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs). This chemistry consumes gas-phase NH 3 and may therefore affect the amount of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate in particulate matter (PM) as well as particle acidity. In order to investigate the importance of such reactions, a first-order loss rate for ammonia onto SOA was implemented into the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model based on the ammonia uptake coefficients reported in the literature. Simulations over the continental US were performed for the winter and summer of 2011 with a range of uptake coefficients (10 −3 –10 −5 ). Simulation results indicate that a significant reduction in gas-phase ammonia may be possible due to its uptake onto SOA; domain-averaged ammonia concentrations decrease by 31.3 % in the winter and 67.0 % in the summer with the highest uptake coefficient (10 −3 ). As a result, the concentration of particulate matter is also significantly affected, with a distinct spatial pattern over different seasons. PM concentrations decreased during the winter, largely due to the reduction in ammonium nitrate concentrations. On the other hand, PM concentrations increased during the summer due to increased biogenic SOA (BIOSOA) production resulting from enhanced acid-catalyzed uptake of isoprene-derived epoxides. Since ammonia emissions are expected to increase in the future, it is important to include NH 3 + SOA chemistry in air quality models.
The Refuge of the Academy: Response to Socrates Tenured:

In response to and as an elaboration on Robert Frodeman and Adam Briggle’s Socrates Tenured, I wish to recognize the notion of practical philosophers as both public intellectuals and as those who m...
Examining Depictions of Bullying in Children’s Picturebooks: A Content Analysis From 1997 to 2017

This article examines how bullying is portrayed within children’s picturebooks published in the last 20 years. Two overarching questions guide this research: (a) How is bullying defined and portray...
Detection of the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts in neuronally-derived exosomes in plasma.

Abstract Exosomes are nanovesicles that participate in cell-to-cell communication and are secreted by a variety of cells including neurons. Recent studies suggest that neuronally-derived exosomes are detectable in plasma and that their contents likely reflect expression of various biomarkers in brain tissues. The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is increased in brain regions affected by AD. The goal of our project was to determine whether RAGE is present in plasma exosomes, and specifically exosomes derived from neurons. Exosomes were isolated from plasma samples (n = 8) by precipitation (ExoQuick) and ultracentrifugation methods. Neuronally-derived exosomes were isolated using a biotin-tagged L1 Cell Adhesion Molecule (L1CAM) specific antibody and streptavidin-tagged agarose resin. RAGE expression was measured by Western blots and ELISA. Western Blotting showed that RAGE is present in L1CAM-positive exosomes isolated using both methods. Mean (SD) exosomal RAGE levels were 164 (60) pg/ml by ExoQuick and were highly correlated with plasma sRAGE levels (r = 0.87, p = 0.005), which were approximately 7.5-fold higher than exosomal levels. Weak to moderate correlations were found between exosomal RAGE and age, BMI, and cognitive function. These results show for the first time that RAGE is present in neuronally-derived plasma exosomes, and suggest that exosomal RAGE may be a novel biomarker that reflects pathophysiological processes in the brain.
Charge Carrier Chemistry in Electroactive Polymers

It has often been said in casual conversation that the field of conductive polymers is ‘materials limited,’ meaning simply that existing materials fail to meet one or more of the criteria deemed necessary for a given technological application. Such criteria may include low raw materials and production costs in order to be competitive with existing materials, reasonable processability and mechanical integrity, and perhaps semi-transparency and environmental stability. All are of course intimately linked to polymer chemistry, which is the science of the preparation and molecular-level characterization of macromolecules. The past several years have witnessed important accomplishments in the synthesis of conducting polymers and in the understanding of their molecular structures, and provide the basis for increasing our understanding of key issues such as conduction mechanisms and relationships between structure and physical properties.
Explotación normal, resistencia normal

In this text, James C. Scott develops the concept “everyday forms of resistance”. Whereas former studies about peasant resistances have focused specially in violent and organized rebellions, Scott tries to prove how these forms of rebellion have been a minority and unpractical form of resistance. Instead, peasants have developed their resistance mainly through everyday practices, sometimes in a hidden way, and in any case not in a noteworthy way. For this purpose, he places emphasis not only in the acts, but also in the experience and consciousness of resistant agents and, by doing so, he enters into dialogue with concepts like Gramci’s “hegemony” and with the most structuralist Marxist schools.
Facilitation of Yucca brevifolia recruitment by Mojave Desert shrubs

Patterns of recruitment for Yucca brevifolia (Joshua tree) were investigated on 3 elevational transects, 1000-2000 m, in the Spring and Sheep Mountain ranges of southern Nevada. Yucca brevifolia is distributed throughout a broad range of plant communities dominated by Larrea tridentata and Ambrosia dumosa at low elevations, Coleogyne ramosissima at middle elevations, and an Artemisia-Pinus-Juniperus community at upper elevations. The density of Y. brevifolia gradually increased from the lowest elevations, peaked at 1600 m, and remained at intermediate levels at high elevations until reaching an abrupt upper elevational limit at 2000 m. Open substrate dominated the study areas; however, a large majority of Y. brevifolia seedlings were found growing under the canopy of other woody shrubs. This pattern of recruitment did not vary by site or elevation. Thirty-five species of perennial shrubs were identified in the study areas, 16 of which were found in association with at least 1 Y. brevifolia seedling. However, 4 shrubs were found in a nurse plant relationship with Y. brevifolia above the frequency predicted by either their canopy area or numerical dominance. Seedlings exhibited significant variation in aspect, relative to the center of the nurse shrub. In Lee and Lucky Strike canyons, recruitment occurred predominantly on the east and west sides of nurse shrubs, indicating the importance of specific microhabitats. Local presence of specific perennial shrubs resulted in higher levels of recruitment, causing a distinct pattern of community development, resumably through amelioration of abiotic stresses.
Study on application of ear correction model to infantile cryptotia.

Abstract Objective To study the clinical application of ear correction model in infantile cryptotia. Methods A total of 108 children including 135 ears were selected from October 2016 to January 2018. The age of the children ranged from 7 days to 840 days, with an average age of 100.88 days. The children were divided into four groups based on age: group A ( 180 days). All the children were corrected by using ear correction models. The effective time, consolidated time and completely corrected time were calculated based on the auricular morphology. Results The auricle morphology of the affected ears was nearly the same as the normal after correction by ear correction model. Statistical differences were observed on treatment time between the groups (P 0.05). In terms of complications, statistical differences were observed between the groups (P 0.05). Conclusion The ear correction model is remarkably effective in infants with cryptotia of not only less than 6 months, but also for children with cryptotia of more than 6 months. Infants under 6 months had shorter treatment time and lower complications, while infants beyond 6 months had more treatment time and higher complications.
Social media marketing, Turkish behaviour and the 2016 military coup attempt

Social media is a driving force that has a borderless significant influence on behavioural change. Limited research has been published on the impact of social media marketing on behavioural and political change. This research discusses the influence of social media marketing on the recent actual behaviour exemplified by the Turkish constituents who stood against the July 2016 military coup attempt. The role of social media marketing and its associated variables of trust, word of mouth, relationship, loyalty, and value facilitated the communication among the different fabrics of the Turkish society, including the constituents, the government, the political parties, and the majority of members in the judicial branch, the police, and the anti-coup army personnel. This experience will be repeated in other global communities as the Turkish people learn and will be inspired and coached by similar practices. Social media marketing variables keep proving a positive impact on constituents' attitudes towards change and sustaining democratic practices, which translate into individual and aggregate actual behaviour.
Electrochemical detection methods for biologically-active molecules

Pulsed amperometric detection at a gold electrode and conductivity detection are compared for glucose. Glucose was chosen as the model compound, representing carbohydrates, since it has a response typical of monosaccharides. In alkaline solutions of barium hydroxide useful for anion-exchange separations of carbohydrates, pulsed amperometric detection is significantly more sensitive than conductivity detection. However, conductivity detection has a linear response to higher concentrations than pulsed amperometric detection. The use of conductivity detection in combination with pulsed amperometric detection yields a linear reponse for glucose over the range 6 x 10"^ to 1 x 10"^ M (ca. 6 ng 10 mg per 50-uL sample injection; i.e., 0.12ppm 200ppt).
Engaging Local Health Departments in Disaster Research: A Washington State Survey.

Objective Disaster research can inform effective, efficient, and evidence-based public health practices and decision making; identify and address knowledge gaps in current disaster preparedness and response efforts; and evaluate disaster response strategies. This study aimed to identify challenges and opportunities experienced by Washington State local health departments (LHDs) regarding engagement in disaster research activities. Methods An online survey was disseminated to the emergency preparedness representative for the 35 LHDs in Washington State. Survey questions sought to assess familiarity and experience with disaster research, as well as identify facilitators and barriers to their involvement. The survey was first piloted with 7 local and state public health emergency preparedness practitioners. Results A total of 82.9% of Washington's 35 LHDs responded to our survey. Only 17.2% of respondents had previous experience with disaster research. Frequently reported barriers to engaging in disaster research included funding availability, competing everyday priorities, staff capacity, and competing priorities during disaster response. Conclusions These findings can inform efforts to support disaster research partnerships with Washington State LHDs and facilitate future collaboration. Researchers and public health practitioners should develop relationships and work to incorporate disaster research into LHD planning, training, and exercises to foster practice-based disaster research capacity.
Renovascular disease induces mitochondrial damage in swine scattered tubular cells

Scattered tubular-like cells (STCs) contribute to repair neighboring injured renal tubular cells. Mitochondria mediate STC biology and function but might be injured by the ambient milieu. We hypoth...
Food Insecurity During Early Childhood: Marker for Disparities in Healthy Growth and Development.

Food insecurity is an important social determinant of health,1 a key indicator of limited resources and material hardship,2,3 and a source of significant stress as parents and other caregivers seek to provide healthy child nutrition.4 As such, food insecurity would be expected to adversely affect child growth5,6 and health and development more broadly.7,8 However, there has been limited study of associations between food insecurity and child outcomes during the critical period of early childhood.9–11 The authors of “Food Insecurity, Health and Development in Children Under Age Four Years” aim to address this gap by using a large sample of families at high risk for both food insecurity and child health disparities.12 Contrary to the authors’ hypotheses, limited relations between food insecurity and child obesity or other growth parameters were found in the study. The only significant associations were for children between 25 and 36 months old, for whom household food insecurity was associated with increased adjusted odds of obesity. In contrast, no significant associations were found after adjustment for … Address correspondence to Rachel S. Gross, MD, MS, Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, 462 First Ave, New York, NY 10016. E-mail: rachel.gross{at}nyulangone.org
Pediatric waitlist and heart transplant outcomes in patients with syndromic anomalies

Purpose We sought to determine whether the presence of a systemic SA with potential complicating factors affects waitlist and post-HT outcomes in pediatric patients. Methods This is a single-center retrospective review of pediatric patients listed for HT between January 1, 2009, and July 1, 2018. Patients were selected based on the presence of any underlying syndromes, which included chromosomal anomalies, skeletal myopathies, connective tissue disorders, mitochondrial disease,and other systemic disorders. Waitlist and post-HT outcomes were compared to those without SA. Results A total of 243 patients were listed for HT, of which 21 (9%) patients had associated SA. Of those, 16 (76%) survived to transplant, 3 (14%) died while on the waitlist, 1 (5%) improved and was removed from the waitlist, and 1 (5%) patient is currently listed. Waitlist survival was not different between those with/without an associated syndrome (P = 1.0). Among those who survived to HT, there was no difference in listing days (70 vs 90, P = .8), survival to hospital discharge [14 (93%) vs 150 (95%), P = .6], post-HT intubation days (2 vs 2 days, P = .6), or post-HT hospital length of stay (18 vs 18 days, P = .8). Overall survival during the study period post-HT was not different between groups (P = .8). Conclusion A SA was present in 9% of pediatric patients wait-listed for HT, but was not associated with an increased waitlist mortality or post-HT hospital morbidity or long-term survival. For several anomalies, HT is safe and feasible.
Pediatric Psychology in Clinical Practice: Empirically Supported Interventions

This book serves as a practical guide for mental health practitioners working with children and adolescents with chronic medical concerns. It provides key information on current research and the theoretical foundations underlying many evidence-based assessments and interventions. Based on the current literature, readers are given empirically grounded practical guidance on how to assess patients, implement key clinical interventions, and navigate clinical dilemmas that may arise in different situations. The book covers common issues specific to working with young children, school aged-children, and adolescents, as well as particular medical conditions, and how to conceptualize and treat these concerns. Reproducible worksheets are provided to help clinicians apply what they learn to their clinical practice and to better manage common challenges. This readable book will be an invaluable introduction to the junior clinician, as well as a handy resource for the experienced practitioner, who can refer to relevant sections as specific problems arise.
Exploring BERT Parameter Efficiency on the Stanford Question Answering Dataset v2.0.

In this paper we explore the parameter efficiency of BERT arXiv:1810.04805 on version 2.0 of the Stanford Question Answering dataset (SQuAD2.0). We evaluate the parameter efficiency of BERT while freezing a varying number of final transformer layers as well as including the adapter layers proposed in arXiv:1902.00751. Additionally, we experiment with the use of context-aware convolutional (CACNN) filters, as described in arXiv:1709.08294v3, as a final augmentation layer for the SQuAD2.0 tasks. This exploration is motivated in part by arXiv:1907.10597, which made a compelling case for broadening the evaluation criteria of artificial intelligence models to include various measures of resource efficiency. While we do not evaluate these models based on their floating point operation efficiency as proposed in arXiv:1907.10597, we examine efficiency with respect to training time, inference time, and total number of model parameters. Our results largely corroborate those of arXiv:1902.00751 for adapter modules, while also demonstrating that gains in F1 score from adding context-aware convolutional filters are not practical due to the increase in training and inference time.
Professional, friend or family?: How home care companies sell emotional care

While there is a growing literature on home care workers, less is known about how home care companies market their services. Through a content analysis of the 19 largest U.S. home care and home health providers' websites, we examined how companies describe services, desired outcomes of care, and job responsibilities and qualifications. Companies actively market family-like relationships as central to "good care". However, companies' emphasis on unmeasurable skills such as compassion and warmth may also create exploitative work environments. Supporting "good care" requires improved data collection, industry oversight, and policy change to recognize socio-emotional care and protect a marginalized workforce.
Rethinking conflict at the margins: dalits and borderland Hindus in Jammu and Kashmir: by Mohita Bhatia, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2020, 222pp., ISBN 978-1-108-83602-9

This book examines how lower caste Hindus in Jammu, and Hindus living on the India-Pakistan border experience the conflict over Jammu and Kashmir. As such this work is a welcome addition to often K...
Development of robust neural-network interatomic potential for molten salt

Summary Molten salts are a promising class of ionic liquids for clean energy applications, such as nuclear and solar energy. However, efficient and accurate evaluation of salt properties from a fundamental, microscopic perspective remains a challenge. Here, we apply artificial neural networks to atomistic modeling of molten NaCl to accurately reproduce the properties from ab initio quantum mechanical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT). The obtained neural network interatomic potential (NNIP) effectively captures the effects of both long-range and short-range interactions, which are crucial for modeling ionic liquids. Extensive validations suggest that the NNIP is capable of predicting the structural, thermophysical, and transport properties of molten NaCl as well as properties of crystalline NaCl, demonstrating near-DFT accuracy and 103× higher efficiency in atomistic simulations. This application of NNIP suggests a paradigm shift from empirical/semiempirical/ab initio approaches to an efficient and accurate machine learning scheme in molten salt modeling.
Abstract P464: Thirty Day Stroke and Mortality After Carotid Revascularization Among Octogenarians With Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis: Real-World Data Analysis From a National Surgical Quality Registry

Introduction: Due to their exclusion from most clinical trials, outcomes of carotid revascularization via a carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or carotid artery stenting (CAS) among octogenarians are not...
Using Google Health Trends to investigate COVID-19 incidence in Africa

ObjectivesIn the present manuscript we used Internet-derived data to assess whether Google Health Trends (GHT) search counts are able to track COVID-19 incidences in Africa. MethodsWe collected COVID-19 case and death incidence for 54 African countries from February 2020 to January 2021. We used GHT to characterize COVID-19 incidence up to 24 January 2021, collecting the number of searches of four terms: coronavirus, coronavirus symptoms, COVID19, and pandemic. The terms were related to weekly COVID-19 case incidences for the study period via multiple linear regressions. We also collected 72 predictors assessing Internet accessibility, demographics, economics, etc., to explain the potential mechanisms linking the relationship between GHT searches and COVID-19. ResultsImportant increases for COVID-19 death incidence were observed for South Africa and Tunisia at the end of the study period. Our study demonstrated a lack of correlation between GHT and COVID-19 incidence for most African countries. The predictors analyzed were unhelpful in explaining the pattern of GHT statistics and their relationship to COVID-19, complicating interpretability of GHT. ConclusionsAccording to our results, GHT-based surveillance for an ongoing epidemic might be useful only in specific situations. Future studies might assess the algorithm in different epidemic contexts.
Effect of family cohesion on symptom distress during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Family may play an important role in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recovery; however, little is known about the effect of family functioning on an individual’s health. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of family cohesion (family functioning) on the trajectory of HSCT recipients’ symptom distress (symptom frequency and symptom bother) before, during, and after HSCT. Secondary analysis was conducted using data collected from178 individuals who underwent HSCT. Longitudinal parallel process (LPP) modeling was used to examine how family cohesion and HSCT-associated symptoms (symptom frequency and symptom bother) change over time, and how these longitudinal changes relate to each other. The trajectory of family cohesion predicted the trajectories of HSCT-associated symptom frequency and bother. HSCT recipients who experienced higher family cohesion at baseline (T1) showed lower symptom frequency (p < .01) as well as symptom bother (p < .01) at T1. This trajectory analysis also showed that HSCT recipients who had improved family cohesion over time reported decrease in symptom frequency (p < .01) as well as bother (p < .01) over time. Findings indicate that higher family cohesion predicts decrease in symptom distress over the HSCT trajectory. Interventions aimed at enhancing family cohesion have the potential to lower HSCT recipients’ symptom distress. Further research is needed to understand the critical role of family cohesion and family functioning and their relationship with HSCT symptom distress prevention, early detection, and risk stratification.
Collective attention and the dynamics of group deals

We present a study of the group purchasing behavior of daily deals in Groupon and LivingSocial and formulate a predictive dynamic model of collective attention for group buying behavior. Using large data sets from both Groupon and LivingSocial we show how the model is able to predict the success of group deals as a function of time.We find that Groupon deals are easier to predict accurately earlier in the deal lifecycle than LivingSocial deals due to the total number of deal purchases saturating quicker. One possible explanation for this is that the incentive to socially propagate a deal is based on an individual threshold in LivingSocial, whereas in Groupon it is based on a collective threshold which is reached very early. Furthermore, the personal benefit of propagating a deal is greater in LivingSocial.
Determining the effectiveness of using dermal swabs to evaluate the stress physiology of laboratory cephalopods: A preliminary investigation.

Abstract To better comprehend the physiology of cephalopods, we used a minimal invasive technique of skin mucus swabs to measure immunoreactive corticosteroids in three cephalopod species commonly kept in captivity and promoted as new model organisms: Euprymna berryi, Sepia bandensis, and Octopus chierchiae. We compared results between sexes and age classes and then evaluated their stress responses during acclimation to a new habitat. To better understand glucocorticoid production, we conducted an adrenocorticotropic hormone, using Cosyntropin (an adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) analogue) challenge with a saline control and swabbed their mantles at 15-minute intervals for 2 h. Results showed cortisol was higher for younger individuals. Additionally, cortisol and corticosterone concentrations decreased by 2-fold after 2 to 4 days of acclimation to a new habitat. We were able to successfully measure 2-fold increase in immunoreactive corticosteroids which reacted with cortisol and corticosterone assays for all the species following ACTH injection, although not all individuals responded similarly. With further investigation, this technique can increase our understanding and management of cephalopods in captivity.
"International Migration and Economic Growth: Australia, 1865-1935"

The nature of migration into Australia in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries provides much valuable material relating to the mechanism of interregional population transfers during one of the most important periods of demographic redistribution in recorded history. Examining this country's experience during the seventy years, 1865–1935, two problems are treated which not only contribute to the understanding of Australian growth but also provide insight into important aspects of American economic development.
Daily Variation in Plasma Zinc Concentrations in Women Fed Meals at Six-Hour Intervals

Ten pre-menopausal women participated in two studies to measure the daily variations in plasma zinc when meals were fed at 6-h intervals and to determine if the response was related to shifts in serum insulin, glucose, calcium, or phosphorus concentrations. In Study 1, identical meals were fed at 6-h intervals for 2 d, and blood was sampled 8 times between each meal. In Study 2, the women fasted from 1800 h on d 1 to noon the next day, and blood was sampled hourly from 0700-1200 on d 2. The postprandial plasma zinc response was similar following all four meals and accounted for 50% of the total within subject variation in plasma zinc. A small (2-6%) increase occurred within the first 60 min; then plasma zinc declined to a low point at 4 h after the meal. This characteristic pattern was not observed during the fasting study. Serum phosphorus varied consistently after each meal with a net efflux from circulation that preceded an efflux of zinc by 2 h. The postprandial response of serum glucose and insulin were related to the postprandial plasma zinc response measured 6 h earlier; the variables were not correlated at concurrent time points. The data show that food intake is a determinant of the daily variations in plasma zinc. The net efflux of zinc from circulation following meals may reflect hepatic zinc uptake in association with an increase in postprandial liver metabolism.
Determining the physical limits on semi‐active control performance: a tutorial

SUMMARY Control forces in semi-active control systems are constrained by the dynamics of actuators that regulate energy transmission through variable damping and/or stiffness mechanisms. The potential benefit of the development and implementation of new semi-active control devices and applications can be determined by optimizing the controlled performance subject to the constraints of the dynamics of the system being controlled (given by the state equations), the constraints associated with the dynamics of the semi-active device, and the expected external forcing. Performance optimization of semi-active control systems is a constrained two-point boundary value problem. This paper shows how this constrained problem can be transformed into an unconstrained problem, and how to easily solve the related unconstrained problem with Matlab. The method is illustrated on the performance optimization of a simple semi-active tuned-mass-damper for a structure subjected to ground accelerations. Several possible extensions of this method and application are offered. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developmental patterns of aggressive and withdrawn behavior in childhood: A possible method for identifying preschizophrenics

The generality of results from high-risk studies of the children of schizophrenics may be limited. Studies of preschizophrenics suggest that an alternative approach to the identification of populations at risk involves the selection of children high on aggression and withdrawal. Aggressive children, withdrawn children, aggressive-withdrawn children, and nondeviant controls were identified by peer ratings of 4,110 children in grades 1, 4, and 7. The probability of identifying aggressive-withdrawn subjects decreased as grade level increased, while the probability of identifying aggressive subjects and withdrawn subjects increased with age. Peerrated likability of the aggressive-withdrawn group decreased systematically as grade level increased, in contrast to likability scores for other groups. Teachers rated the aggressive-withdrawn group as more deviant on scales of external reliance, inattention-withdrawal, unable to change tasks easily, and slow to complete work. Mothers described this group as more deviant on scales of distractibility, pathological use of senses, and need for adult contact. These results suggest that, especially at older ages, children who are both aggressive and withdrawn represent a less mature, less socially skilled group that is potentially at risk for poor adjustment later in life.
Ferrimagnetic resonance linewidth in single crystal MnZn-ferrite

Abstract Ferrimagnetic resonance, FMR, and torque magnetometer measurements have been made on Mn 1.6 Zn 0.4 Fe 2 O 4 ferrite single crystals. The FMR linewidth, Δ H , was measured from 5 to 525 K at 9 GHz. The results show that Δ H exhibits a maximum at T ≃75 K in qualitative agreement with previous Δ H measurements made by others. In addition, we find that Δ H decreases as the temperature is increased toward T N , the Neel temperature. This contrasts sharply with any known reported Δ H behavior near T N for ferrimagnets. We estimate that the intrinsic Δ H is ≤10 Oe. Torque magnetometry measurements revealed for the first time that both K 1 and K 2 , the first- and second-order magnetocrystalline anisotropy constants, approach zero at T = 250 K . In addition, both K 1 and K 2 reach a minimum at T ≃ 40 K. These results are discussed in terms of magnetic relaxation mechanisms in this system.
Palaeoclimate: oxygen's rise reduced.

Why did oxygen not appear in Earth's atmosphere until hundreds of millions of years after photosynthesizing organisms first produced it? Perhaps because reducing gases from undersea volcanoes claimed it first.
Implementation of a Japanese Personal Handyphone System handset

The personal handyphone system (PHS) is a personal digital micro- cellular system that has recently been deployed in Japan and is being considered for operation in other locations. System objectives are to provide home, office and public access capability. This paper describes a four chip implementation of the PHS handset from Rockwell Semiconductor Wireless Communications Division (formerly Pacific Communications Sciences Inc.). It focuses on signal processing techniques which support the design of a low-cost receiver.
Oestrogen upregulates the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase pump in coronary arteries

Summary The presence of circulating plasma 17β-oestradiol (E2) is beneficial in women against abnormal vascular tone development, such as coronary arterial vasospasms. Several vascular diseases have demonstrated that increased expression of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase pump (SERCA2b) serves to limit the excessive accumulation of intracellular Ca2+. Therefore, the hypothesis of the present study was that E2 would increase SERCA2b expression in the coronary vasculature. Coronary arteries were dissected from hearts obtained from mature female pigs. Artery segments were cultured for 24 h in E2 (1 pmol/L or 1 nmol/L) and homogenized for western blot analysis. At 1 nmol/L, E2 induced an approximate 50% increase in immunoreactivity for SERCA2b. In addition, E2 increased the protein expression of the known SERCA regulatory proteins, protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase G (PKG). The E2-induced increase in SERCA2b was attenuated when the culture medium was supplemented with the oestrogen receptor (ER) α/β antagonist ICI 182,780 and the PKG antagonist KT5823 (10 μmol/L, 24 h for both). The PKA antagonist (KT5720; 10 μmol/L, 24 h) had no effect on SERCA2b expression. Removal of the endothelium (using a wooden toothpick) from artery segments prior to culture decreased the E2-mediated increase in SERCA2b and PKG expression by 45% and 47%, respectively. Overall, the findings suggest that one of the potential cardiovascular benefits of E2 in women is upregulation of SERCA2b, via activation of the classic ERα and ERβ pathway.
Why is processing of 23 S ribosomal RNA in Escherichia coli not obligate for its function

In an RNase III-deficient mutant of Escherichia coli, all 23 S ribosomal RNA in ribosomes is present in an unprocessed form with a double-stranded stem at the base of the molecule stable enough to be detected by electron microscopy under conditions where all other secondary structure is denatured. Molecules with variable stem lengths enter freely into polysomes, consistent with the existence of a similar but much shorter stem in mature 23 S rRNA in wild-type ribosomes.
Time course of hematologic changes during chronic lead poisoning.

SummaryLead acetate (1%) added to the diet of young, rapidly growing rats slowed their growth 20%. Blood lead averaged about 90 μg/100 ml for the first 8 weeks and then rose to 150 μg during weeks 11–23. In spite of the high blood-lead levels, hematologic signs of lead poisoning were sparse until the 8th and subsequent weeks. Reticulocytes isolated from the lead-fed rats had lowered oxidative activity for the first 9 weeks, and were significantly depressed below controls in the 12th-24th weeks. The ATPase activity of cell membranes isolated from reticulocytes of lead-fed rats was significantly depressed during the entire study, but catalase activity initially rose and then fell during the latter part of the experimental period. The metabolic disturbances observed in these reticulocytes reflect the deleterious effect of lead on red-cell precursors and red-cell development.
Double-helix microscopy for wide-field 3D single-molecule fluorescence imaging

We present methods to improve the localization accuracy in wide-field 3D single-molecule double-helix microscopy. We analyze the optical efficiency of the system, the fundamental limit for 3D localization, the estimation algorithms, and polarization sensitive detection.
Phylogeny and ultrastructure of Miliammina fusca: evidence for secondary loss of calcification in a Miliolid Foraminifer.

The classification of the Foraminifera, a widely distributed group of largely marine protists, has traditionally been based on morphological characters. The most important of these are the composition and structure of the shell or ''test.'' Here, we use both phylogenetic analysis of the genes for small subunit rRNA and b-tubulin and ultrastructural analysis to document a reversion in wall type from more derived calcareous tests to an agglutinated test. These data indicate that the genus Miliammina, and possibly other members of the Rzehakinidae, should be placed in the Order Miliolida as opposed to their current assignment in Order Textulariida. We also address the effects this reversion may have had on the ability of rzehakinacids to effectively colonize marginal marine environments. Finally, the hypothesis that some multilocular agglutinated foraminiferans descended from calcareous lineages has implications for interpretation of the foraminiferal fossil record.
General framework for transport in spin-orbit-coupled superconducting heterostructures: Nonuniform spin-orbit coupling and spin-orbit-active interfaces

Electronic spin-orbit coupling (SOC) is essential for various newly discovered phenomena in condensed-matter systems. In particular, one-dimensional topological heterostructures with SOC have been widely investigated in both theory and experiment for their distinct transport signatures indicating the presence of emergent Majorana fermions. However, a general framework for the SOC-affected transport in superconducting heterostructures, especially with the consideration of interfacial effects, has not been developed even regardless of the topological aspects. We hereby provide one for an effectively one-dimensional superconductor-normal heterostructure with nonuniform magnitude and direction of both Rashba and Dresselhaus SOC as well as a spin-orbit-active interface. We extend the Blonder-Tinkham-Klapwijk treatment to analyze the current-voltage relation and obtain a rich range of transport behaviors. Our work provides a basis for characterizing fundamental physics arising from spin-orbit interactions in heterostructures and its implications for topological systems, spintronic applications, and a whole variety of experimental setups.
Further characterization of nuclear DNA RFLP markers that distinguish African and European honeybees

Two nuclear honeybee DNA probes, 12R1C1 and 2A2, were reported previously to detect restriction fragment patterns specific to African and neotropical African honeybee populations. Individual drones and workers from several additional Old and New World populations, African and European, were tested further with these probes. With probe 12R1C1, only two of several Hhal fragment patterns were seen among haploid drone progeny of each queen bee, indicating that the patterns represented alleles at a single locus. Four alleles detected by probe 12R1C1 were described previously, three of which had been found only in populations of African descent. In this study, one of the three was found at a low frequency among samples from western Europe, northern Mexico, and the United States. However, ten additional alleles were discovered in South African drones, six of which were seen also in neotropical African colonies. With probe 2A2, only one or the other of two Alul restriction fragments was detected in drones indicating that the fragments represented alles at a single locus. One of the two alleles, seen previously only in populations of African descent, was found at a very low frequency in bees from western Europe and northern Mexico.
Annealing behaviour of 6061 aluminium deposited by high pressure cold spray

Aluminium 6061 deposited by high pressure cold spray was analysed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) to characterise its microstructure and response to annealing to 450°C in the plane of the deposition and perpendicular to the deposited layers. The cold sprayed deposition was also analysed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Segregation of the solute atoms (Mg and Si) at the grain boundaries during cold spraying was seen to play a crucial role in stabilising the deformation substructure until specific temperatures, and was found to have a significant effect on the annealing behaviour of the microstructure in the two different directions.
Total energy calculation for the uniform electron gas in the GW approximation

Abstract Expressing the self-energy operator, Σ, in the GW approximation as GW (where G is the Green function of a free electron and W is the screened interaction potential), we have calculated the total energy of a uniform electron gas in terms of one-particle state energies and normalization factors describing the one-particle state contributions to the ground state of the system, at different densities r s . The results of our calculations are in rough coincidence with the RPA (random phase approximation) total energies for r s = 0.5, 0.7, 1.5, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0 and are in good coincidence for r s = 1.0 , despite differences in basic assumptions. r s is determined according to 4π r s 3 a 0 3 /3= 1/ n where a 0 is the Bohr radius and n is the number of particles per unit volume. At low densities, r s > 1 , we find there are unphysical solutions of Dyson's equation, with negative normalization factors. They were ignored in our total energy calculations. Such solutions were also obtained by Hedin, et al in 1967 but were not correctly interpreted. Our results have implications for the anticipated application of this methology to real materials.
Genomic characterization of a highly oncogenic env gene recombinant between amphotropic retrovirus of wild mouse and endogenous xenotropic virus of NIH swiss mouse

Abstract A highly oncogenic retrovirus (strain 10A/1) recovered from NIH Swiss mice inoculated with wild mouse amphotropic virus (strain 1504A) was studied by T1-oligonucleotide fingerprinting of the RNA genome. The virus was found to be an env gene recombinant between the parental 1504A and endogenous AT124 or related xenotropic virogenes of NIH Swiss mice.
MOLYBDENUM-IRON SULFIDE-BRIDGED DOUBLE CUBANES

A new class of clusters, sulfide-bridged double cubanes containing the units MFe3(μ3-S)4 (M = Fe, Mo), has been investigated as possible synthetic precursors to the iron−molybdenum cofactor (FeMoco...
The Divine—Human Tension in the Ecclesiology of Yves Congar

This article examines the significant ecclesiological contribution of the French Dominican theologian Yves Congar. In particular, it is argued that the attempt to account for both the divine and human dimensions of the Church was central to Congar's ecclesiological program. Beginning with his early work Chretiens desunis , Congar recognised the Church both as an extension of the divine communion (Ecclesia de Trinitate) and as a human society (Ecclesia ex Hominibus ), united through the mediating work of Christ (Ecclesia in Christo ). This divine—human tension pervaded his theology of the laity, his treatment of appropriate reform in the church, and his understanding of the appropriate role of Church hierarchy. As he turned his attention increasingly toward pneumatology later in his career, this basic orientation was deepened and enriched. Throughout his career, Congar aimed to maintain fidelity to his tradition while engaging the challenges of the contemporary world.
Product State Distributions of Vibrationally Excited CO(v) for the CH(X2Π) and CH(A2Δ) Channels of the C2H + O(3P) Reaction

The C2H + O(3P) reaction is investigated using time-resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TR-FTIR). The C2H and O radicals are produced by 193-nm photolysis of C2H2 and SO2 precursors. Multiple vibrationally excited products are observed from several resulting reaction processes, including products: CO, CO2, C4H2, and CH. For this choice of photolytic precursors, it is observed that the C2H + SO2, C2H2 + O, and the HCCO + O reactions contribute to the observed product signals. To evaluate the contribution of the C2H + SO2 reaction to the removal kinetics of C2H in the C2H2/SO2 system, the room-temperature rate constant for the C2H + SO2 reaction is experimentally determined to be k = (1.1 ± 0.3) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. The time dependencies of the CO and CO2 species are measured experimentally and simulated to determine conditions under which contributions from the several processes that give the same product can be differentiated. Analysis of the nascent vibrational distribution of the C...
Use of Niacin, Statins, and Resins in Patients With Combined Hyperlipidemia

Abstract Patients in the original Familial Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (FATS) cohort were subgrouped into those with triglyceride levels ≤120 mg/dL (n = 26) and those with triglyceride levels ≥190 mg/dL (n = 40). Their therapeutic responses to niacin plus colestipol, lovastatin plus colestipol, colestipol alone, or placebo were determined. Therapeutic response was also determined in the same 2 triglyceride subgroups (n = 12 and n = 27, respectively) of patients selected for low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and coronary artery disease. These triglyceride criteria were chosen to identify patient subgroups with high likelihood of “pattern A” (normal-size low-density lipoprotein [LDL] particles and triglyceride ≤120 mg/dL) or “pattern B” (small dense LDL and triglyceride ≥190 mg/dL). Our findings in these small patient subgroups are consistent with the emerging understanding that coronary artery disease patients presenting with high triglyceride levels have lower HDL-C, smaller less buoyant LDL-C, and greater very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol and VLDL apolipoprotein B, and are more responsive to therapy as assessed by an increase in HDL-C and reduction in triglycerides, VLDL-C, and VLDL apolipoprotein B. In the FATS high-triglyceride subgroup with these characteristics, a tendency toward greater therapeutic improvement in coronary stenosis severity was observed among those treated with either of the 2 forms of intensive cholesterol-lowering therapy. This improvement is associated with therapeutic reduction of LDL-C and elevation of HDL-C, but also appears to be associated with drug-induced improvement in LDL buoyancy.
Effects of Elastic Stress on the Stability of a Solid-Liquid Interface

The effects of elastic stress on the stability of solid-liquid interfaces under a variety of conditions are discussed. In the cases discussed, the nonuniform composition field in the solid, which accompanies either the melting process or the development of a perturbation on the solid-liquid interface during solidification, generates nonhydrostatic stresses in the solid. Such compositionally generated elastic stresses have been shown experimentally to induce a solidifying solid-liquid interface to become unstable. We are in the process of analyzing the effects of these stresses on the conditions for morphological stability of a directionally solidified binary alloy.
Comparison of the Zooplankton of a Lake and Stream in Northwest Arkansas

ABSTRACT Zooplankters were sampled from Lake Fayetteville and the Illinois River from March 1992 through March 1993. Zooplankton densities were significantly greater in the lake habitat than in the stream. Mean annual density was 633 ± 86/L in Lake Fayetteville, compared with 9 ± 1/L in the Illinois River. Significant seasonal differences in density were also observed. Maximum density was observed during fall, and minimum density during spring. There was also a significant two way interaction between habitat and season. This interaction indicated a much greater seasonal variation in zooplankton density in Lake Fayetteville than in the Illinois River. Depth distribution also was different between the lake and stream habitats. In Lake Fayetteville zooplankters were most abundant in the upper three meters of the water column, and abundance decreased significantly with water depth. The opposite was true of zooplankton abundance in the Illinois River. Plankters were most abundant nearest the bottom, and plankt...