cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oneota Mound Construction: An Early Revitalization Movement

During the late seventeenth century Oneota groups at the Blood Run site in northwestern Iowa embarked on a renewed program of mound building at a rate that greatly exceeded that of the earlier Woodland traditions. An explanation for the paradoxical nature of this phenomenon can be found in the intersection of the symbolic meaning and ritual purpose of mound construction and the impact of European contact. It is posited that protohistoric mound construction represented an early revitalization movement that, like the later Ghost Dances, was stimulated by a preceding period of population loss. The inhabitants of Blood Run sought to mitigate concerns about cultural survival by effecting a demographic revival, fostering social cohesion, and legitimizing territorial claims through the process of mound construction.
What is the risk of complications from cataract surgery in patients taking anticoagulants

Although cataract surgery is usually quite safe, two types of bleeding complications can lead to severe vision loss.
On Protocol of Distribution Automation on Guangxi Power Grid

China Southern Power Gird promulgated successively implementing regulations about protocol based on IEC 60870-5-101 and IEC 60870-5-104.This paper studies application situation of distribution network automation communication protocols in Guangxi Power Grid,based on China Southern Power Gird implementing regulations.The communication protocols have been adjusted in several aspects,including increasing balance transmission mode with 101 protocol,making some relevant stipulations with different communication medium,canceling single byte E5,adopting fixed frame with link and message confirmation and so on.Furthermore,the structure of communication protocols and communication process are described in this paper.
Reflections on Honesty Education of University Students

In view of the main performance of university students in honesty,the causes of students losing honesty are analyzed from different respects such as society,university,educator and students themselves.Meanwhile,some measures are discussed which intend to emphasize the honesty education in the aspects like educating students in teaching,management,service and environment.
Computed tomography of the head in children.

(1976). Computed tomography of the head in children. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 123-129.
Reconstruction of gated dynamic cardiac SPECT data using spatiotemporal basis functions

Modeling of data from a dynamic acquisition is complicated by the combination of camera motion, organ motion, and the time-varying nature of the radionuclide distribution being imaged which results in inconsistent projection data sets. Our approach is to estimate the time varying radionuclide distribution directly from projection data. Entire tomographic slices or volumes are represented by a multiresolution spatiotemporal parameterization. The heart is modeled using spatiotemporal model that takes into account changes in the deformation of the heart as well as changes in the intensity of the signal caused by uptake and washout of the radiopharmaceutical from the heart and motion of the camera. We have developed an algorithm to reconstruct the continuous kinetics of the radiopharmaceutical by using spatiotemporal basis functions when the cardiac cycle of the heart is uniformly gated. The temporal basis functions are chosen to reflect the optimal tracer dynamics while the gate basis functions are assumed to be periodic with respect to the beating of the heart. Our preliminary results show that the fast gantry rotation of the SPECT camera can delineate the proper positioning of the myocardium in the reconstructed image while the 'out of phase' slow camera rotation smear out the motion of the heart.
Abstract 43: The Metalloprotease ADAMTS13 Reduces VWF-Mediated Vascular Inflammation and Early Development of Atherosclerosis in Mice

Background and objective: ADAMTS13 prevents spontaneous thrombosis in the microvasculature by cleaving hyperactive ultra large von Willebrand factor (ULVWF) multimers into smaller and less active forms. Reduced ADAMTS13 activity and increased VWF levels have been described in many diseases associated with systemic inflammation. We hypothesized that, by cleaving ULVWF multimers and/or VWF multimers, ADAMTS13 reduces vascular inflammation and the development of early atherosclerotic plaques. Model and methods: ApoE -/-, Adamts13-/-/ApoE-/-, Adamts13 -/-/ Vwf -/-/ ApoE -/- and Vwf -/-/ApoE -/- mice were fed a high-fat Western diet (20% fat, 0.2% cholesterol) beginning at 6 weeks of age until they were sacrificed at 4 months. Intravital fluorescence microscopy was used to visualize leukocyte adhesion and plaque formation at the carotid sinus. We compared the extent of atherosclerosis in whole aortae, stained with Oil Red O and en face lesion area measured by morphometry, and in the cross section area of the aortic sinus using the VerHoeffs/Van Gieson stain. Inflammatory cells in the aortic lesions were quantitated by immunohistochemistry. Results: Using intravital microscopy, we observed a 4-fold increase ( P Adamts13-/-/ApoE -/- mice compared with ApoE -/- mice. Interestingly, 100% of the Adamts13-/-/ApoE -/- mice had larger plaque (occluded vessel by ∼70-80 %) at the carotid sinus whereas only 20% of the ApoE- /- mice had plaques that were smaller in size ( P Adamts13-/-/ApoE-/- mice were not only larger (2-fold, P ApoE -/- mice, suggesting that ADAMTS13 reduces vascular inflammation and subsequent atherosclerotic plaque formation. Adamts13-/-/ApoE -/- mice fed a normal chow diet also demonstrated significantly accelerated atherosclerotic plaque formation compared with ApoE -/- mice. Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were similar among groups fed high-fat Western or normal chow diets. Finally, atherosclerotic lesions in Adamts13-/-/Vwf-/-/ApoE -/- mice were similar to Vwf-/-/ApoE -/- mice, demonstrating that the accelerated atherosclerosis observed in ADAMTS13-deficient mice is VWF-dependent. Conclusion: These findings reveal a new role for the antithrombotic enzyme ADAMTS13 in reducing VWF-mediated plaque formation during early atherosclerosis.
A data-driven multistage adaptive robust optimization framework for planning and scheduling under uncertainty

A novel data-driven approach for optimization under uncertainty based on multistage adaptive robust optimization (ARO) and nonparametric kernel density M-estimation is proposed. Different from conventional robust optimization methods, the proposed framework incorporates distributional information to avoid over-conservatism. Robust kernel density estimation with Hampel loss function is employed to extract probability distributions from uncertainty data via a kernelized iteratively reweighted least squares algorithm. A data-driven uncertainty set is proposed, where bounds of uncertain parameters are defined by quantile functions, to organically integrate the multistage ARO framework with uncertainty data. Based on this uncertainty set, we further develop an exact robust counterpart in its general form for solving the resulting data-driven multistage ARO problem. To illustrate the applicability of the proposed framework, two typical applications in process operations are presented: The first one is on strategic planning of process networks, and the other one on short-term scheduling of multipurpose batch processes. The proposed approach returns 23.9% higher net present value and 31.5% more profits than the conventional robust optimization method in planning and scheduling applications, respectively. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 4343–4369, 2017
High-Gain Observers in Feedback Control: Application to Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors

High-gain observers play an important role in the design of feedback control for nonlinear systems. This article overviews the essentials of this technique, starting with motivating examples that illustrate the main features of highgain observers, with emphasis on the peaking phenomenon and the role of control saturation in dealing with it. The observer design for single-output and multi-output systems is presented along with the use of the observer in feedback control. A nonlinear separation principle is discussed, and the use of an extended high-gain observer as a disturbance estimator is covered. The most serious challenge in implementing high-gain observers is the effect of measurement noise, which is covered next. The article ends by presenting an experimental application of the extended high-gain observer to speed control of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM).
Recreational Waterborne Illnesses: Recognition, Treatment, and Prevention

Illness after recreational water activities can be caused by a variety of agents, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, algae, and even chlorine gas. These illnesses are more common in summer. Waterborne illnesses are underreported because most recreational activity occurs in unsupervised venues or on private property, and participants tend to disperse before illness occurs. Symptoms of waterborne illness are primarily gastrointestinal, but upper respiratory and skin manifestations also occur. Gastrointestinal symptoms are usually self-limited, and supportive treatment may be all that is necessary. However, some infections can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Cryptosporidium and Giardia intestinalis are the most common cause of gastrointestinal illness and have partial chlorine resistance. Respiratory infections are typically mild and self-limited. However, if legionnaires' disease develops and is unrecognized, mortality may be as high as 10%. Cellulitis caused by Vibrio vulnificus can result in serious illness, amputation, and death. Early and appropriate antibiotic treatment is important. Chronically ill and immunocompromised persons are at high risk of infection and should be counseled accordingly.
Comparison of Two Biometric Methods for Nonlethal Sex Determination of Alligator Gars

AbstractMcDonald et al. (2013) proposed a morphometry-based method for nonlethal sex prediction of the Alligator Gar Atractosteus spatula. Their method correctly predicted sex to 93% of males and 72% of females tested, but failed to predict the sex of 21% of fish. The authors noted that the method was primarily developed using immature fish from a single Texas population, and as such, recommended further validation and refinement using fish from a broad range of sizes and systems. Therefore, we tested the McDonald et al. (2013) method using 149 fish (standard length (SL) range, 707–1,920 mm) collected from seven Texas populations. Sex prediction based on the McDonald et al. (2013) method improved for both sexes (93% of males and 97% of females); however, sex still could not be predicted for 29% of fish. As a result, we explored the use of a cross-validated, discriminant function analysis (DFA), using the morphometric ratios developed by McDonald et al. (2013), to improve our ability to predict sex of samp...
Analysis of InGaN nanodots grown by droplet heteroepitaxy using grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering and electron microscopy

We present a detailed structural investigation of self-assembled indium gallium nitride nanodots grown on c-plane aluminum nitride templates by the droplet heteroepitaxy technique in a plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy reactor. Various growth parameters, including the total coverage of the metal species, relative and total metal effusion fluxes, and nitridation temperature were investigated. Analyses of in situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction patterns and comparison with simulations showed that the resulting crystal structure was a mixture of wurtzite and twinned zinc blende phases, with the zinc blende phase increasingly dominant for lower metal coverages and lower nitridation temperatures, and the wurtzite phase increasingly dominant for higher nitridation temperature. Studies by field emission scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed that the nanodots exhibit trimodal size distributions, with the dot morphologies of the intermediate size mode often resembling a...
What to Do when Babies Turn Blue: Beyond the Basic Brief Resolved Unexplained Event

The term "brief resolved unexplained event" was created to replace "apparent life-threatening event," narrowing the definition and providing evidence-based guidelines for management. The emphasis is placed on using clinical clues to classify patients as low risk or exclude them from the categorization altogether. Infants who meet low-risk classification can be briefly observed in the emergency department and be discharged home. Infants who demonstrate elements suggestive of a specific etiology should be evaluated and treated accordingly. Patients who demonstrate no specific findings yet who are high risk should be evaluated for the most common etiologies of apneic events and be admitted.
Techniques for Monitoring Cell Fusion: The Synthesis and Use of Fluorescent Vital Probes (R18, F18)

The ability to directly measure membrane fusion is useful both in the study of the fusion process itself and in experiments involving membrane fusion, such as the production of heterokaryons, liposome-cell interactions, and viral envelope-cell interactions.
Communication During Palliative Care and End of Life: Perceptions of Experienced Pediatric Oncology Nurses.

Background Communication between patients, families, and healthcare providers is a central component of end-of-life care. Nurse communication during palliative care (PC) and end of life (EOL) is a phenomenon with limited research. It is unclear how the level of nursing experience influences the perspectives of nurses communicating during EOL. Objective The aim of this study is to describe the commonalities of experienced nurses' perceptions of communicating during PC and EOL and perceptions of barriers and facilitators to effective communication. Methods This study was part of a larger multisite study that used a qualitative, empirical phenomenology design and represents focus group data gathered from pediatric oncology nurses with more than 5 years of experience or who were advanced practice nurses not involved in the direct evaluation of other nurses. Results Five core themes with corresponding themes and subthemes were identified. The core themes included (a) Evolution of PC/EOL, (b) Skill of Knowing, (c) Expanded Essence of Caring, (d) Experienced Nurse as Committed Advocate, and (e) Valuing Individual Response to Grief. Conclusions Findings reflect how the concept of experience transcended the 5 core themes and captured how experience provided nurses the know-how to fulfill the roles of communication, caring, and advocacy for children and families. Implications for practice Enhancing nurse communication skills during EOL requires opportunities to gain experience coupled with clinical strategies, such as standardized curricula, simulation, competency-based orientation programs, mentorship, and peer support.
Characterization of stretch-activated ion currents in isolated atrial myocytes from human hearts.

To explore further the mechanisms that may underlie cardiac arrhythmia, we analysed stretch-activated ion currents in human atrial myocytes. Longitudinal stretch of freshly isolated atrial myocytes prolonged the duration of action potentials, depolarized the resting membrane potential and caused extra action potentials. Under voltage-clamp conditions, the amplitude of stretch-induced transmembrane currents increased reversibly with the intensity of stretch. Stretch-activated currents (I SAC) had a reversal potential of 0 mV and were insensitive to substitution of Cl– with aspartate ions in the extracellular fluid. I SAC was suppressed by 5 µM gadolinium (Gd3+). Furthermore, mechanical stretch decreased transmembrane ion fluxes through L-type calcium channels (I Ca,L). This reduction of I Ca,L was inhibited by dialysing the cells for 5 min with 5 mM BAPTA prior to application of stretch. In contrast, both BAPTA and removal of Ca2+ from the extracellular bathing solution had no significant effect on stretch activation of I SAC. These findings suggest that non-selective cation channels in human atrial myocytes are sensitive to mechanical stimulation. We propose that activation of transmembrane influx of cations, preferentially Na+, by local stretch may play a role in cardiac arrhythmia.
Origins and effects of mix on magnetized liner inertial fusion target performance

In magneto-inertial-fusion experiments, energy losses such as a radiation need to be well controlled in order to maximize the compressional work done on the fuel and achieve thermonuclear conditions. One possible cause for high radiation losses is high-Z material mixing from the target components into the fuel. In this work, we analyze the effects of mix on target performance in Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF) experiments at Sandia National Laboratories. Our results show that mix is likely produced from a variety of sources, approximately half of which originates during the laser heating phase and the remainder near stagnation, likely from the liner deceleration. By changing the “cushion” component of MagLIF targets from Al to Be, we achieved a 10× increase in neutron yield, a 60% increase in ion temperature, and an ∼50% increase in fuel energy at stagnation.
A New Model of Adult Height Prediction Validated in Boys with Constitutional Delay of Growth and Puberty.

Background For children with retarded bone ages such as in constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) there are no specific methods to predict adult height based on bone age. Widely used methods such as Bayley-Pinneau (BP) tend to overestimate adult height in CDGP. Objective We aimed to develop a specific adult height prediction model for teenage boys with retarded bone ages >1 year. Methods Based on the adult heights of 68 males (median age 22.5 years) a new height prediction model was calculated based on 105 height measurements and bone age determinations at a median age of 14.0 years. The new model was adapted for the degree of bone age retardation and validated in an independent cohort of 32 boys with CDGP. Results The BP method overestimated adult height (median +1.2 cm; p = 0.282), especially in boys with a bone age retardation ≥2 years (median +1.6 cm; p = 0.027). In the validation study, there was no significant difference between adult height and predicted adult height based on the new model (p = 0.196), while the BP model led to a significant overestimation of predicted adult height (median +4.1 cm; p = 0.009). Conclusions The new model to predict adult height in boys with CDGP provides novel indices for height predictions in bone ages >13 years and is adapted to different degrees of bone age retardation. The new prediction model has a good predictive capability and overcomes some of the shortcomings of the BP model.
The interaction of rape myth acceptance and alcohol intoxication on bystander intervention

Bystander interventions for sexual assault promote third-party interference. People who endorse rape myths blame victims more and perpetrators less; consequently, rape myth acceptance (RMA) can impede helping behaviors toward sexual assault victims. Acute alcohol intoxication may exacerbate the effects of RMA on bystander intervention. In this study, we examined the influence of RMA—and potential moderating effect of acute alcohol intoxication—on predictors of bystander intervention. Young adults (N = 128) completed a survey in a lab setting, then consumed either an alcoholic or control beverage, read and listened to a fictional sexual assault scenario, and finally completed a semi-structured interview and postexperiment survey assessing their perceptions of the scenario. Using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), we found people with higher RMA blamed the victim more and perpetrator less; they were also less likely to perceive responsibility to intervene for a sexual assault victim. Alcohol intoxication did not exacerbate these effects. That is, alcohol intoxication was not a context in which RMA was expressed more strongly. We recommend bystander programs continue to address RMA, specifically as a barrier to intervening.
On the local correctness of ℓ 1 -minimization for dictionary learning

The idea that many important classes of signals can be well-represented by linear combinations of a small set of atoms selected from a given dictionary has had dramatic impact on the theory and practice of signal processing. For practical problems in which an appropriate sparsifying dictionary is not known ahead of time, a very popular and successful heuristic is to search for a dictionary that minimizes an appropriate sparsity surrogate over a given set of sample data. While this idea is appealing, the behavior of these algorithms is largely a mystery; although there is a body of empirical evidence suggesting they do learn very eective representations, there is little theory to guarantee when they will behave correctly, or when the learned dictionary can be expected to generalize. In this paper, we take a step towards such a theory. We show that under mild hypotheses, the dictionary learning problem is locally well-posed: the desired solution is indeed a local minimum of the ‘ 1 norm. Namely, if A 2 R m n is an incoherent (and possibly overcomplete) dictionary, and the coecients X 2 R n p follow a random sparse model, then with high probability (A;X) is a local minimum of the ‘ 1 norm over the manifold of factorizations (A 0 ;X 0 ) satisfying A 0 X 0 = Y , provided the number of samples p =
Collective Charisma: Elite-Mass Relations in China and Vietnam

All regimes, even authoritarian ones, rely on charismatic politicians for legitimacy and mobilization, but popular leaders can also leverage mass followings to advance personal interests. We argue ...
Chapter 18 – Poisons and Dangerous Substances

Publisher Summary The Poisons Act of 1972 sets up a mechanism to designate substances as poisons and to lay down rules on how they are to be treated. A “listed seller” is a person—allowed by the local county or borough council—to sell Part II poisons. The local authority can refuse permission if it believes the person is unfit. Names may also be removed from the list for non-payment of the retention fee. A court may remove a name from the list following a conviction that would make the person unfit to sell poisons. A person who fails to comply with the law relating to poisons is liable on conviction to a fine of up to £1,000. Offences involving the misuse of titles or the obstruction of an inspector may incur a fine of £100. When the offences are related to the sale or supply of a poison, the employer remains liable even though an employee acted without his/her authority. Where the purchaser is not known, they must present a certificate stating that they are of good character. If the householder is not known to the seller, then the certificate must be endorsed by a police officer in charge of a police station.
Social Support as a Moderator between Syndemics and Posttraumatic Stress among Women Experiencing Adversity

Substance Abuse, Violence, and AIDS/HIV (i.e., SAVA) tend to co-occur and the clustering of these adversities may be associated with increased psychopathology. Little is known about how these co-ex...
Did Leibniz Anticipate Gödel

Kurt Godel’s 1930s demonstration of the provability incompleteness of axiomatic arithmetic was a monumental achievement in mathematical logic and marked him as “one of the most significant logicians in history.” (Wikipedia, art. “Kurt Godel.”). In the mid-1940s, Kurt Godel embarked on a systemic study of Leibniz’s logic which continued for at least another decade. During this time, I myself was writing my Princeton doctoral dissertation on Leibniz’s Cosmology and we had something of a tug-of-war over the Leibniz material of Firestone Library—each recalling for his own use material out on loan to the other. (Unfortunately for me, we never made any direct contact.)
Extraction of Nonlinear X-Parameters from FDTD Simulation of a One-Port Device

A formulation is developed for X-Parameters extraction of nonlinear devices when a finite-difference time-domain electromagnetic simulation is used. A simulation domain containing a diode is tested, and several excitation waveforms are applied to capture the diode's nonlinear behavior. Post-processing of simulation results allows for the extraction of X-Parameter values, and a good agreement is obtained when comparing the results from the developed procedure and a commercial simulator.
Mexican tetra (Astyanax mexicanus): biology, husbandry, and experimental protocols

Abstract An emerging model organism in the fields of evolution, development, and biomedical research is the teleost fish, Astyanax mexicanus. Two morphotypes exist: an eyed surface dweller (surface fish) and a blind cave dweller (cavefish). These morphs are interfertile and can be bred and reared within a laboratory environment. This chapter presents an introduction to the fish, including a summary of the research carried out on traits that have evolved due to the selective pressures of the cave environment. Insights into aspects of husbandry, including housing, water quality, population density, nutrition, and aggression, are provided. The authors explore welfare indicators in this species, along with common health problems encountered in a captive environment. Finally, suggestions are provided on a variety of technical procedures, including tagging, gamete collection, in vitro fertilization, anesthesia, and euthanasia.
A method for die-scale simulation of CMP planarization

Chemical-Mechanical Polishing (CMP) is well known for its planarization capability. However, it suffers from long-range non-uniformity due to its sensitivity to pattern density. This paper shows that, by using basic building blocks and formulation techniques, CMP simulation can be done on a large dimension, namely the whole die.
Towards Fault-Tolerant and Secure Agentry

Processes that roam a network-agents-present new technical challenges. Two are discussed here. The first problem, which arises in connection with implementing fault-tolerant agents, concerns how a voter authenticates the agents comprising its electorate. The second is to characterize security policies that are enforceable as well as approaches for enforcing those policies.
Three scleractinian coral diseases in Dominica, West Indies: distribution, infection patterns and contribution to coral tissue mortality

Coral diseases have been documented in many areas of the Caribbean, but studies in the eastern Caribbean region have been lacking. The prevalence, distribution patterns and contribution to the mortality of coral tissue by black band disease (BBD), white plague (WP) and dark spots disease (DSD) were examined at five reef sites along the west coast of Dominica. 185 of the 325 diseased colonies recorded between March and August 2000, in a survey area of 5884 m2, were WP. This disease contributed to 89% of the total 4.08 m2 of tissue mortality caused by diseases during the survey period. WP also affected the largest average tissue surface area (relative to colony size) per colony and exhibited the largest average tissue loss per infection when compared to BBD and DSD. The species most susceptible to WP and BBD in Dominica differed from most other described Caribbean locations with Siderastrea siderea being most susceptible. S. siderea was also the only species noted to be susceptible to DSD. Measurements of colony size revealed that each disease affected the larger colonies of some coral species. Comparisons between disease prevalence at each site and various physical parameters, including temperature, wave height, depth, and current patterns, did not exhibit significant correlations. The lack of a direct correlation between temperature and disease prevalence indicates that there are other seasonal factors contributing to the higher prevalence of diseases recorded during the summer months in Dominica. WP prevalence at each site was positively correlated to the relative species abundances of the species most susceptible to WP. This was the dominant factor in determining sitespecific disease densities of this disease and may therefore be a valuable predictive and management tool. There were no correlations between BBD or DSD and the relative abundances of susceptible species. The spatial distribution patterns of WP, BBD and DSD were clustered, which is a distribution pattern that suggests an infectious disease.
Automated 3D Segmentation Using Deformable Models and Fuzzy Affinity

We have developed an algorithm for segmenting objects with closed, non-intersecting boundaries, such as the heart and the lungs, that is independent of the imaging modality used (e.g., MRI, CT, echocardiography). Our method is automatic and requires as initialization a single pixel/voxel within the boundaries of the object. Existing segmentation techniques either require much more information during initialization, such as an approximation to the object's boundary, or are not robust to the types of noisy data encountered in the medical domain. By integrating region-based and physics-based modeling techniques we have devised a hybrid design that overcomes these limitations. In our experiments we demonstrate across imaging modalities, that this integration automates and significantly improves the object boundary detection results. This paper focuses on the application of our method to 3D datasets.
Simultaneous Earth views from CERES, MISR and MOPITT

The ultimate goal of NASA's Terra mission is to unravel the mysteries of climate and environmental change. The instruments on board the Terra spacecraft are collecting global data sets needed to study the interrelationships inherent in the Earth's coupled atmosphere-land-ocean-biosphere system. Issues such as the Earth's energy balance, global cloudiness, the effects of atmospheric aerosols, and the impact of trace gases on climate can be addressed with simultaneous data from instruments such as the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES), the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) and the Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT). An important feature of the experiments onboard Terra is the ability to obtain data from multiple instruments viewing the same phenomena. CERES, MISR and MOPITT data available from the Atmospheric Sciences Data Center (ASDC) at NASA's Langley Research Center are used to demonstrate various complementary views of the Earth system. Examples are given of spatially and temporally coincident data covering phenomena such as aerosol concentrations from dust storms, and carbon monoxide and smoke associated with fires. CERES uses broadband radiometric measurements in three channels to provide both solar-reflected and Earth-emitted radiation throughout the atmosphere and, in combination with simultaneous measurements from instruments such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS), provides new information on cloud properties. MISR obtains precisely calibrated images taken simultaneously at nine different angles and four wavelengths (blue, green, red and near-infrared) to provide data related to aerosols, clouds, and the Earth's surface. MOPITT is a scanning radiometer designed to measure tropospheric profiles and total column amount of carbon monoxide on both the day and night portions of an orbit. Information about the available CERES, MISR and MOPITT data products, and how to obtain them can be found at the ASDC web site: http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov
POPS: an application of heuristic search methods to the processing of a nondetermlnistic programming language

POPS is a processor for a simple nondeterministic programming language, PSL. POPS accepts a problem stated in PSL and attempts to solve it by finding a successful execution of the PSL program, POPS operates by identifying elements of the input program with elements of the heuristic search paradigm, analyzing the input program to obtain information about the problem operators, and applying methods borrowed from GPS to solve the problem. In addition to the goal-directed methods based on GPS, POPS contains the methods developed by Fikes in his program REF-ARF.
Trade, Foreign Direct Investment and Immigration Policy Making in the US

This paper argues that immigration policy formation in the US after 1950 can only be understood in the context of the increasing integration of world markets. Increasing trade openness has exposed firms that rely on immigrant labor to foreign competition and increased the likelihood that these firms fail. Increasing openness by other states to foreign direct investment allowed these same firms to move production overseas. Firms’ choice to close their doors or to move overseas decreases their need for labor at home, leading them to spend their political capital on issues other than immigration. Their lack of support for open immigration, in turn, allows policymakers to restrict immigration. An examination of voting behavior on immigration in the US Senate
Sudden changes in atmospheric composition and climate.

Volcanic eruptions, collisions with galactic dust lanes, and asteroid impacts could all alter the composition of the atmosphere in significant ways. Asteroid impacts may be the major cause of large, sudden changes in atmospheric composition and climate by injection of dust and nitrogen oxides. Volcanic eruptions produce much less dust than large asteroid impacts but may still cause significant climatic changes. Galactic dust lane collisions probably do not affect the Earth’s climate unless very dense dust lanes are encountered. Numerous questions remain in studies of these phenomena.
Real-Time Communication in an Internetwork

Can end-to-end communication performance be guaranteed by a packet-switching internetwork? This paper addresses the question by examining the feasibility of extending to an internetwork the Tenet approach to real-time communication service design. The conditions to be satisfied by an internetwork so that the approach can be extended to it are investigated. These include conditions for the scheduling discipline to be used in the nodes of the internetwork.The original Tenet approach to real-time communication applies to a network consisting of hosts, homogeneous nodes (or switches), and physical links connecting nodes and hosts in an arbitrary topology. The nodes are store-and-forward, and are scheduled by a multi-class version of the Earliest Due Date deadline-based policy.The discussion presented in this paper results in extendibility conditions that are quite broad; hence, the Tenet approach may be used to establish and run real-time channels in a vast class of internetworks. A case study is also discussed, involving a simple network, whose nodes are scheduled by FCFS-based disciplines, and the connection of such a network to an internetwork with deadline-based and hierarchical round robin scheduling.
News Media Framing of New York City’s Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Portion-Size Cap

Objectives. We assessed news media framing of New York City’s proposed regulation to prohibit the sale of sugar-sweetened beverages greater than 16 ounces.Methods. We conducted a quantitative content analysis of print and television news from within and outside New York City media markets. We examined support for and opposition to the portion-size cap in the news coverage from its May 31, 2012, proposal through the appellate court ruling on July 31, 2013.Results. News coverage corresponded to key events in the policy’s evolution. Although most stories mentioned obesity as a problem, a larger proportion used opposing frames (84%) than pro-policy frames (36%). Mention of pro-policy frames shifted toward the policy’s effect on special populations. The debate’s most prominent frame was the opposing frame that the policy was beyond the government’s role (69%).Conclusions. News coverage within and outside the New York City media market was more likely to mention arguments in opposition to than in support of the...
Learning Appreciation for Design Patterns by Doing it the Hard Way First

People who have to live without something often have a greater appreciation for what that thing can do for them than those who have never experienced life without it. In particular, a software designer can have a greater appreciation for what design patterns can contribute to software development if he or she has first had some experience developing software without the use of such patterns. An object-oriented design course is discussed in which students were given a sequence of projects in which they needed to design and implement their solutions before the appropriate patterns were introduced. Then after the patterns were discussed, the students were told to refactor their code using these patterns. The positive and negative aspects of this approach to teaching design patterns are discussed.
Theocentrism and Human Rights: A Critical Argument

Human rights discourse in the West has a deep connection to Christian theology and what might be called 'theocentrism.' This view locates human rights in the God-created order of the world—and not in the capacities of sentient beings. This article examines and criticizes some recent theocentric arguments. It focuses in particular on the claim made by some theocentric human rights defenders that secular individualism and democracy are wrong-headed and run counter to Christian theology. This article provides a critique of recent theocentric arguments about human rights and briefly discusses an alternative that locates rights in the capacities of sentient beings.
Comparison of reactant and analyte ions for 63Nickel, corona discharge, and secondary electrospray ionization sources with ion mobility-mass spectrometry

(63)Nickel radioactive ionization ((63)Ni) is the most common and widely used ion source for ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). Regulatory, financial, and operational concerns with this source have promoted recent development of non-radioactive sources, such as corona discharge ionization (CD), for stand-alone IMS systems. However, there has been no comparison of the negative ion species produced by all three sources in the literature. This study compares the negative reactant and analyte ions produced by three sources on an ion mobility-mass spectrometer: conventional (63)Ni, CD, and secondary electrospray ionization (SESI). Results showed that (63)Ni and SESI produced the same reactant ion species while CD produced only the nitrate monomer and dimer ions. The analyte ions produced by each ion source were the same except for the CD source which produced a different ion species for the explosive RDX than either the (63)Ni or SESI source. Accurate and reproducible reduced mobility (K0) values, including several values reported here for the first time, were found for each explosive with each ion source. Overall, the SESI source most closely reproduced the reactant ion species and analyte ion species profiles for (63)Ni. This source may serve as a non-radioactive, robust, and flexible alternative for (63)Ni.
Paraplegia in a patient with Marfan's syndrome as a result of a thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

Marfan's syndrome is a hereditary disorder involving a deficit in connective tissue collagen. Physical findings include musculoskeletal, ocular, and cardiovascular abnormalities. A 29-year-old man with a history of Marfan's syndrome was admitted to the hospital with back and chest pain secondary to a dissecting aortic aneurysm. He later underwent surgical aortic bypass graft surgery. Postoperatively, he was paraplegic. Our impression was anterior spinal artery syndrome due to prolonged cross-clamping of the aorta during surgical repair. This paper shows the risk of paralysis resulting from surgical repair of an aortic aneurysm as a poorly documented complication of Marfan's syndrome.
Influence of shock on development of infection during acute pancreatitis in the rat

This study tested the hypothesis that hypovolemic shock elicits or promotes the development of infection during acute pancreatitis. Pancreatitis was induced in rats by ligation of the common biliopancreatic duct; nonlaparotomized animals served as controls. After 24 hr, the animals were subjected to either sham-shock (instrumented only) or to shock by withdrawal of blood through a femoral artery line by maintaining the mean arterial blood pressure at 30 mm Hg for 1 or 2 hr. After completion of the shock period, the shed blood was returned to the animal. All animals were sacrificed 24 hr later and specimens obtained from portal and systemic blood, liver, spleen, pancreas, and mesenteric lymph nodes for bacteriologic culture using standard techniques. The pancreas was also analyzed by morphometric techniques. The histologic changes of pancreatitis induced by biliopancreatic obstruction were characterized by marked edema with accompanying mild inflammation, hemorrhage, and necrosis. Concomitant with these morphologic findings was an associated translocation of enteric organisms to the mesenteric lymph nodes without spread to distant organs. Shock by itself induced only a mild edema in the pancreas and did not cause bacterial translocation. Furthermore, shock failed to aggravate the morphologic alterations of acute pancreatitis and did not promote bacterial spread to mesenteric nodes over that observed with pancreatitis alone. Thus, we conclude that periods of severe shock lasting up to 2 hr do not play a major role in the pathogenesis of infection in our model of pancreatitis.
Predicting defects with program dependencies

Software development is a complex and error-prone task. An important factor during the development of complex systems is the understanding of the dependencies that exist between different pieces of the code. In this paper, we show that for Windows Server 2003 dependency data can predict the defect-proneness of software elements. Since most dependencies of a component are already known in the design phase, our prediction models can support design decisions.
Brain motion and deformation during closed head injury in the presence of cerebrospinal fluid

This paper presents a new analysis of the physics of closed head injury following brief, intense acceleration of the head. It focuses upon the buoyancy of the brain in cerebrospinal fluid, which protects against damage; the propagation of strain waves through the brain substance, which causes damage; and the concentration of strain in critical anatomic regions, which magnifies damage. Numerical methods are used to create animations or "movies" of brain motion and deformation. Initially, a 1 cm gap filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) separates the brain from the skull. Whole head acceleration induces artificial gravity within the skull. The brain accelerates, because its density differs slightly from that of CSF, strikes the inner aspect of the skull, and then undergoes viscoelastic deformation. The computed pattern of brain motion correlates well with published high-speed photographic studies. The sites of greatest deformation correlate with sites of greatest pathological damage. This fresh biomechanical analysis allows one to visualize events within the skull during closed head injury and may inspire new approaches to prevention and treatment.
Culture of Empire: American Writers, Mexico, and Mexican Immigrants, 1880–1930

Culture of Empire: American Writers, Mexico, and Mexican Immigrants, 1880–1930. Gilbert G. Gonzalez, Austin: University of Texas Press, 2004. 24 pp.
Computational method for the correction of proximity effect in electron-beam lithography (Poster Paper)

Dose correction is commonly used to compensate for the proximity effect in electron lithography. The computation of the required dose modulation is usually carried out using 'self-consistent' algorithms that work by solving a large number of simultaneous linear equations. However, there are two major drawbacks: the resulting correction is not exact, and the computation time is excessively long. A computational scheme, as shown in Figure 1, has been devised to eliminate this problem by the deconvolution of the point spread function in the pattern domain. The method is iterative, based on a steepest descent algorithm. The scheme has been successfully tested on a simple pattern with a minimum feature size 0.5 micrometers , exposed on a MEBES tool at 10 KeV in 0.2 micrometers of PMMA resist on a silicon substrate.
An evaluation of pain-related anxiety among daily cigarette smokers in terms of negative and positive reinforcement smoking outcome expectancies

The present investigation sought to evaluate the unique explanatory relevance of pain-related anxiety in relation to negative and positive reinforcement smoking outcome expectancies among 135 (40.7% female; M(age) = 26.11, SD = 11.23) adult daily cigarette smokers. As predicted, pain-related anxiety was significantly related to greater expectancies that smoking will decrease negative affect, and lesser expectancies that smoking will result in positive outcomes. The observed effects were evident above and beyond the variance accounted for by gender, current level of non-specific bodily pain, daily cigarette use, relations with non-criterion outcome expectancies, and shared variance with anxiety sensitivity. Results suggest that there may be segments of the smoking population who are at relatively greater risk for certain expectancies for tobacco smoking by virtue of individual differences in pain-related anxiety.
Recombinant human PDGF-BB in foot and ankle fusion

Autogenous bone graft (autograft) is currently the gold standard for augmenting bone repair and fusion procedures of the foot and ankle. The time, cost and morbidity involved in obtaining autograft, however, are well documented and legitimate concerns remain surrounding this intervention. Endogenous human PDGF is chemotactic and mitogenic for osteoblasts and undifferentiated osteoprogenitor cells, and upregulates expression of cytokines necessary for osseous and soft tissue healing and regeneration. The BB isoform of PDGF, and the biosynthetic replica recombinant human PDGF-BB, is a key regulatory molecule in bone homeostasis, repair and regeneration. When combined with a β-tricalcium phosphate osteoconductive matrix, recombinant human PDGF-BB mitigates a number of problems associated with the use of autograft and, based on its preclinical performance and early clinical success, appears to be an equally effective and perhaps an even safer alternative to autograft for foot and ankle fusion (arthrodesis) procedures.
Why can't a woman be less like a man? Women's leadership dilemma.

Despite the emergence of new theories, our notions of organizational and political leadership are still culturally masculine. Therefore, women who lead (e.g., nurse executives and nurse managers) must deal with tensions between expectations about leaders and expectations about women. This situation suggests that nursing administration education programs can help nurses become effective leaders by including examination of what difference it makes--historically, politically, institutionally--that nursing is largely a female profession.