cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of Suicide Attempt Risk Factors in a National US Survey Using Machine Learning.

Importance Because more than one-third of people making nonfatal suicide attempts do not receive mental health treatment, it is essential to extend suicide attempt risk factors beyond high-risk clinical populations to the general adult population. Objective To identify future suicide attempt risk factors in the general population using a data-driven machine learning approach including more than 2500 questions from a large, nationally representative survey of US adults. Design, Setting, and Participants Data came from wave 1 (2001 to 2002) and wave 2 (2004 to 2005) of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). NESARC is a face-to-face longitudinal survey conducted with a national representative sample of noninstitutionalized civilian population 18 years and older in the US. The cumulative response rate across both waves was 70.2% resulting in 34 653 wave 2 interviews. A balanced random forest was trained using cross-validation to develop a suicide attempt risk model. Out-of-fold model prediction was used to assess model performance, including the area under the receiver operator curve, sensitivity, and specificity. Survey design and nonresponse weights allowed estimates to be representative of the US civilian population based on the 2000 census. Analyses were performed between May 15, 2019, and June 10, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures Attempted suicide in the 3 years between wave 1 and wave 2 interviews. Results Of 34 653 participants, 20 089 were female (weighted proportion, 52.1%). The weighted mean (SD) age was 45.1 (17.3) years at wave 1 and 48.2 (17.3) years at wave 2. Attempted suicide during the 3 years between wave 1 and wave 2 interviews was self-reported by 222 of 34 653 participants (0.6%). Using survey questions measured at wave 1, the suicide attempt risk model yielded a cross-validated area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.857 with a sensitivity of 85.3% (95% CI, 79.8-89.7) and a specificity of 73.3% (95% CI, 72.8-73.8) at an optimized threshold. The model identified 1.8% of the US population to be at a 10% or greater risk of suicide attempt. The most important risk factors were 3 questions about previous suicidal ideation or behavior; 3 items from the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey, namely feeling downhearted, doing activities less carefully, or accomplishing less because of emotional problems; younger age; lower educational achievement; and recent financial crisis. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, after searching through more than 2500 survey questions, several well-known risk factors of suicide attempt were confirmed, such as previous suicidal behaviors and ideation, and new risks were identified, including functional impairment resulting from mental disorders and socioeconomic disadvantage. These results may help guide future clinical assessment and the development of new suicide risk scales.
Amelioration of Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis in Mice Using Intraarticular Silencing of Periostin via Nanoparticle-Based Small Interfering RNA.

OBJECTIVE Recent evidence delineates an emerging role of periostin in osteoarthritis (OA), since its expression after knee injury is detrimental to the articular cartilage. We undertook this study to examine whether intraarticular (IA) knockdown of periostin would ameliorate posttraumatic OA in a murine model. METHODS Posttraumatic OA was induced in 10-week-old male C57BL/6J mice (n = 24) by destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM), and mice were analyzed 8 weeks after surgery. Periostin expresssion was inhibited by small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivered IA using a novel peptide-nucleotide polyplex. Following histologic assessment of the mouse knee cartilage, the extent of cartilage degeneration was determined using Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) cartilage damage score, and severity of synovitis was also assessed. Bone changes were measured using micro-computed tomography. The effect and mechanism of periostin silencing were investigated in human chondrocytes that had been stimulated with interleukin-1β (IL-1β) with or without the IκB kinase 2 inhibitor SC-514. RESULTS Periostin expression in mice with posttraumatic OA was significantly abolished using IA delivery of a peptide-siRNA nanoplatform. OARSI cartilage damage scores were significantly lower in mice receiving periostin siRNA (mean ± SEM 10.94 ± 0.66) compared to untreated mice (22.38 ± 1.30) and mice treated with scrambled siRNA (22.69 ± 0.87) (each P = 0.002). No differences in the severity of synovitis were observed. Subchondral bone sclerosis, bone volume/total volume, volumetric bone mineral density, and heterotopic ossification were significantly lower in mice that had received periostin siRNA treatment. Immunostaining of cartilage revealed that periostin knockdown reduced the intensity of DMM-induced matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) expression and also diminished the phosphorylation of p65 and immunoreactivity of the aggrecan neoepitope DIPEN. Periostin knockdown also suppressed IL-1β-induced MMP-13 and ADAMTS-4 expression in chondrocytes. Mechanistically, periostin-induced MMP-13 expression was abrogated by SC-514, demonstrating a link between periostin and NF-κB. CONCLUSION IA delivery of the periostin-siRNA nanocomplex represents a promising clinical approach to mitigate the severity of joint degeneration in OA. Our findings may thus provide an unequivocal scientific rationale for longitudinal studies of this approach. Utilizing a cartilage-specific gene-knockout strategy will further illuminate the functional role of periostin in OA.
Chronic GPR30 agonist therapy causes restoration of normal cardiac functional performance in a male mouse model of progressive heart failure: Insights into cellular mechanisms.

Abstract Aims G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 30 (GPR30) activation by its agonist, G1, exhibits beneficial actions in female with heart failure (HF). Recent evidence indicates its cardiovascular benefits may also include male as well. However, whether and how GPR30 activation may limit HF progression and have a salutary role in males is unknown. We hypothesized that chronic G1 treatment improves LV and cardiomyocyte function, [Ca2+]i regulation and β-adrenergic reserve, thus limiting HF progression in male. Main methods We compared left ventricle (LV) and myocyte function, [Ca2+]i transient ([Ca2+]iT) and β-AR modulation in control male mice (12/group) and isoproterenol-induced HF (150 mg/kg s.c. for 2 days). Two weeks after isoproterenol injection, HF mice received placebo, or G1 (150 μg/kg/day s.c. mini-pump) for 2 weeks. Key findings Isoproterenol-treated mice exhibited HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) at 2-weeks and progressed to HF with reduced EF (HFrEF) at 4-weeks, manifested by significantly increased LV time constant of relaxation (τ), decreased EF and mitral flow (dV/dtmax), which were accompanied by reduced myocyte contraction (dL/dtmax), relaxation (dR/dtmax) and [Ca2+]iT. Acute isoproterenol-superfusion caused significantly smaller increases in dL/dtmax, dR/dtmax and [Ca2+]iT. G1 treatment in HF increased basal and isoproterenol-stimulated increases in EF and LV contractility of EES. Importantly, G1 improved basal and isoproterenol-stimulated dL/dtmax, dR/dtmax and [Ca2+]iT to control levels and restored normal cardiac β-AR subtypes modulation. Significance Chronic G1 treatment restores normal myocyte basal and β-AR-stimulated contraction, relaxation, and [Ca2+]iT, thereby reversing LV dysfunction and playing a rescue role in a male mouse model of HF.
Risk factors for neonatal encephalopathy in late preterm and term singleton births in a large California birth cohort.

Objective The objective was to investigate maternal and pregnancy characteristics associated with neonatal encephalopathy (NE). Study design We queried an administrative birth cohort from California between 2011 and 2017 to determine the association between each factor and NE with and without hypothermia treatment. Results From 3 million infants born at 35 or more weeks of gestation, 6,857 cases of NE were identified (2.3 per 1000 births), 888 (13%) received therapeutic hypothermia. Risk factors for NE were stronger among cases receiving hypothermia therapy. Substance-related diagnosis, preexisting diabetes, preeclampsia, and any maternal infection were associated with a two-fold increase in risk. Maternal overweight/obesity, nulliparity, advanced maternal age, depression, gestational diabetes or hypertension, and short or long gestations also predicted NE. Young maternal age, Asian race and Hispanic ethnicity, and cannabis-related diagnosis lowered risk of NE. Conclusions By disseminating these results, we encourage further interrogation of these perinatal factors.
Phase Transition in Wangiella Dermatitidis: Identification of Cell-Division-Cycle Genes Involved in Yeast Bud Emergence

Yeast-to-multicellular-form (Y→Mc) conversion in the darkly-pigmented (dematiaceous), pathogenic fungus Wangiella dermatitidis represents an excellent model to investigate similar phase transitions exhibited by other dematiaceous fungi upon invasion of host tissue. The yeast-phase cell cycle of W. dermatitidis and its role in Y→Mc conversion was studied by previous investigators using temperature-sensitive (ts) morphological mutants. Both the mutants, designated multicellular (Mc) strains, and the parental wild type grow as virtually indistinguishable budding yeasts at the permissive temperature (25 °C). However, at the restrictive temperature (37 °C), the Mc strains quantitatively undergo Y→Mc conversion whereas the wild type continues to grow as a yeast. In two Mc strains, Mc2 and Mc3, the ts lesions reflect distinct cell-cycle execution points for yeast bud emergence. This suggests that the ts lesions delimit separate mutations in one or more genes.
Introductory Note to Behrami and Behrami v France and Saramati v France, Germany & Norway, European Court of Human Rights (31 May 2007)

In its controversial decision in Behrami and Saramati, the European Court of Human Rights addressed the applicability of the European Convention on Human Rights to acts of states parties' peacekeeping forces and other personnel in Kosovo. This Introductory Note provides an overview of this pair of cases, analyzes the Court's decision, and considers the broader significance of the decision in relation to state accountability for actions taken pursuant to a UN Security Council resolution. It also takes note other cases seeking to establish individual state responsibility under the European Convention for the conduct of UNMIK and KFOR personnel.
Diversification, Bank Risk and Performance: A Cross-Country Comparison

The purpose of this paper is to continue the discussion regarding the diversification of both banking activities and geographical diversification as it relates to performance and risk. Herfindahl indices are used to measure diversification and a number of risk and performance measures are tested including Tobin's q, annualized stock returns and total risk. The results suggest the type of diversification can have varying impacts on both performance and risk. Specifically, banks focused in their revenue activities have higher levels of q than those diversifying their activities. Banks which are more geographically focused, however, have lower annualized stock returns. Banks with an activity focus or those who are geographically diversified also experience higher relative levels of risk. These results have potential implications for bank managers, shareholders and monitors/regulators.
Effects of spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization fields on the electronic and optical properties in GaN/AlN quantum dots: multimillion-atom sp3d5s* tight-binding simulations

GaN quantum dots QDs grown on AlN substrates are strong candidates for UV and near-infrared applications. The wurtzite crystal symmetry in these dots induces internal fields arising from the following: i crystal atomicity;ii strained active region; iii piezoelectricity; and iv spontaneous polarization pyroelectricity. Accurate modeling of electronic and optical properties of these QDs must capture the interplay of these atomistic and long-range fields and the size quantization on an equal footing. In this work, single-particle electronic structure and interband optical transition rates of a GaN/AlN QD grown along the c-axis are studied using a coupled molecular mechanics-atomistic 20-band sp3d5s* tight-binding VFF-TB framework. To calculate piezoelectricity, a recently reported model that takes into account both the linear and the nonlinear dependence of polarization on the strain tensors has been employed. The simulated GaN/AlN dot is realistically sized containing ~3 million atoms and of hexagonal disk shape having height and base length of 4.1 and 17nm, respectively. It is found that, in contrast to the well-studied InN/GaN systems, the pyroelectric potential in GaN/AlN dot is larger than the piezoelectric counterpart, and the effects of piezoelectric and pyroelectric fields add up. The internal fields result in a large redshift in the electronic states near the Brillouin zone center known as quantum confined Stark effect, pronounced non-degeneracy in the excited states, strongly suppressed optical transition, and anisotropic emission spectra. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phylogenetic variation and polymorphism at the Toll-like receptor 4 locus ( TLR4 )

Differences in responses to bacterial surface lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are apparent between and within mammalian species. It has been shown in mice that resistance to LPS is caused by defects in the Toll-like receptor 4 gene (Tlr4), the product of which is thought to bind LPS and mediate LPS signal transduction in immune system cells. We have sequenced the Toll-like receptor 4 gene of humans (TLR4; 19.0 kilobases, kb) and mice (Tlr4; 91.7 kb), as well as the coding region and splice junctions of Tlr4 from 35 mouse (Mus musculus) strains, from the chimpanzee and from the baboon. No other discernible genes or regions of interspecies conservation lies close to Tlr4 and, in both humans and mice, flanking sequences and introns are rich in repeats of retroviral origin. Interstrain analyses reveal that Tlr4 is a polymorphic protein and that the extracellular domain is far more variable than the cytoplasmic domain, both among strains and among species. The cytoplasmic domain of the Tlr4 protein is highly variable at the carboxy-terminal end. We suggest that selective evolutionary pressure exerted by microbes expressing structurally distinguishable LPS molecules has produced the high level of variability in the Tlr4 extracellular domain. The highly variable carboxy-terminal region of the cytoplasmic domain is likely to determine the magnitude of the response to LPS within a species.
Lightning: a fast and lightweight acoustic localization protocol using low-end wireless micro-sensors

Acoustic awareness is an important service in ubiquitous computing environments. This paper presents a fast lightweight acoustic event localization protocol, the Lightning protocol, to locate impulsive sound sources using arrays of wireless micro-sensors. This protocol utilizes domain-invariant knowledge of acoustic and electromagnetic wave propagation to efficiently reduce the number of contending sensors in the localization process. It incurs O(1) transmissions irrespective of the sensor density and guarantees O(1) time delay in localization. Experiment results using UC Berkeley Motes demonstrate that the time delay for Lightning Protocol to locate hand clap sounds is in terms of milliseconds.
Radial basis function neural network as predictive process control model

This is an experimental study to compare the performance of the widespread backpropagation network (BP) to the performance of a radial basis function (RBF) and a generalized regression neural network (GRNN) for potential use as on-line process models. Criteria for network comparison include generalization ability to unseen data, robustness to process shifts, performance with sparse training data, and computational demands.
Sensor Modalities for Brain-Computer Interfacing

Many people have neuromuscular conditions or disorders that impair the neural pathways that control muscles. Those most severely affected lose all voluntary muscle control and hence lose the ability to communicate. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) might be able to restore some communication or control functions for these people by creating a new communication channel --- directly from the brain to an output device. Many studies over the past two decades have shown that such BCI communication is possible and that it can serve useful functions. This paper reviews the different sensor methodologies that have been explored in these studies.
Schizophrenia: Its Etiology and Impact

Schizophrenia is a devastating illness that can impair all aspects of a patient's life. Although positive psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions are often emphasized, the negative symptoms of the disease prevent patients from functioning in society and limit their ability to hold a job, attend school, or form friendships. Since schizophrenia is most likely to develop between ages 15 and 25 years, its effects are felt throughout a person's life. Much research has been conducted on the etiology of the disorder, but no single cause has been identified. Most likely, it is the result of a combination of genetic, environmental, and neuropathologic factors. The costs of schizophrenia are high. These patients occupy about 25% of hospital beds. They are paid approximately 10% of Social Security benefit days, as they are often too ill to work. Given the high costs of hospital care, any pharmacologic or psychosocial therapy that can prevent hospitalization will play an important role in the treatment of these patients.
Role of β112 Cys (G14) in Homo- (β4) and Hetero- (α2β2) Tetramer Hemoglobin Formation

Abstract In order to assess the role of β112 Cys in homo- and hetero-tetrameric hemoglobin formation, we expressed four β112 variants (β112Cys→Asp, β112Cys→Ser, β112Cys→Thr, and β112Cys→Val) and studied assembly with α chainsin vitro. β112 Cys is normally present at β1β2 and α1β1interaction sites in homo- (β4) and hetero-tetramers (α2β2). β4 formation in vitro was influenced by the amino acid at β112. β112 Asp completely inhibited formation of homo-tetramers, whereas β112 Ser showed only slight inhibition. In contrast, β112 Thr or Val enhanced homo-tetramer formation compared with βA chains. Association constants for homo-tetramer formation increased in the order of β112Cys→Ser, βA, β112Cys→Thr, and β112Cys→Val, whereas the value for β112Cys→Asp was zero under the same conditions. These β112 changes also affected in vitroα2β2 hetero-tetramer formation. Order of α2β2 formation under limiting α-globin chain conditions showed Hb βC112S > Hb A > Hb S = Hb βC112T = Hb βC112V >>> Hb βC112D. Hb β112D can form tetrameric hemoglobin, but this β112 change promotes dissociation into α and β chains instead of αβ dimer formation upon dilution. These results indicate that amino acids at α1β1 interaction sites such as β112 on the G helix play a key role in stable αβ dimer formation. Our findings suggest, in addition to electrostatic interaction between α and β chains, that dissociation of β4 homo-tetramers to monomers and hydrophobic interactions of the β112 amino acid with α chains governs stable α1β1 interactions, which then results in formation of functional hemoglobin tetramers. Information gained from these studies should increase our understanding of the mechanism of assembly of multi-subunit proteins.
Researching and Respecting the Intricacies of Isolated Communities

Abstract Purpose: Conducting research in a rural area can be challenging for nurses for a variety of different reasons. The task at hand can be especially difficult when it involves discussing a sensitive topic, such as Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. This study was conducted to describe parental perceptions of the HPV vaccine in rural areas, while simultaneously describing a method for engaging in successful nursing research in rural areas. Methods: A team of nurse researchers completed a planned process to first understand rural culture in southeastern Georgia, and then more specifically, the families living in these three separate counties. This process initially involved developing a connection and working relationship with key community leaders, such as school principals. Following this, researchers worked on establishing rapport and trust with local parents and research participants themselves. Qualitative methods were then used to collect focus group and interview data on parental views of HPV, HPV vaccination, and HPV-related cancers. Findings: Results indicated that parents had little knowledge of the HPV vaccine in rural Georgia, including misconceptions that the vaccine is for females only. In addition, many parents continually voiced the concern that the HPV vaccine would promote promiscuity in their children. Conclusions: Providing consistent, timely, and open communication with the community members was crucial throughout the entire research process. This focused approach with respect to total community, culture, and religious value is essential in conducting research. Future studies conducted in rural areas should focus on specific intervention points that improve Parental HPV knowledge. Key words: Research Challenges in Isolated Communities, Cultural Competence, Educating Researchers, Parental Knowledge of HPV in Rural Georgia
Painful Ejaculation with Cyclobenzaprine: A Case Report and Literature Review

Abstract Introduction Sexual dysfunction is a well‐known side effect of antidepressants. Painful ejaculation is a rare side effect that has been reported with the use of some psychiatric drugs such as triclyclic antidepressants. Cyclobenzaprine is a muscle relaxant that is structurally similar to tricyclic antidepressants. It is the most commonly prescribed muscle relaxant in the United States and accounts for 18% of all prescriptions written for chronic back pain. Methods A 55‐year‐old man was referred to our pain medicine clinic for evaluation and treatment of pain with ejaculation. Main outcome Measure The main outcome measure was to review the current published literature and case reports on painful ejaculation from medication use, in particular tricyclic antidepressants. Results After discontinuation of cyclobenzaprine, our patient's sexual dysfunction resolved. This result was consistent with the literature reviewed on the topic. Conclusion Painful ejaculation is likely an underreported side effect of tricyclic antidepressants and cyclobenzaprine use. Fortunately, these symptoms are reversible and discontinuation of these medications is typically an effective cure. Kraus MB, Wie CS, Gorlin AW, Wisenbaugh ES, and Rosenfeld DM. Painful ejaculation with cyclobenzaprine: A case report and literature review. Sex Med 2015;3:343–345.
Studies on the Role of Nickel in the Ruminant

Lambs were fed 6 to 7% of metabolic body weight per day of a basal purified diet low in nickel (65 ppb) or the basal diet plus 5 ppm nickel for a 97 day period in an attempt to demonstrate an essential role for nickel in the ovine. Weight gains for the entire period and di gestibility of dry matter and of protein at 28 and 56 days were not different between the two groups. At 28 days, but not at 56 days, urinary nitrogen was less and percentage retention of absorbed nitrogen was greater in the supplemented lambs. Total serum proteins were higher at 56 days and serum alanine transaminase was higher throughout the experiment in the nickel supplemented lambs, but only significantly so at 56 days. When lambs were given an oral dose of 63Ni, the low nickel lambs tended to excrete more in the feces and retained less in the kidney, lung, and liver at 72 hours post dosing. The major excretory route of nickel was via the feces. The kidney retained the highest concentration of 63Ni of the organs
PPARγ and the Pathobiology of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor that functions as a transcription factor to regulate adipogenesis and metabolism by binding to PPAR response elements (PPAREs) in the promoter region of various target genes. Activation of PPARγ suppresses smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. This chapter discusses the potential protective role of PPARγ and its downstream signaling cascades in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Furthermore, the chapter also provides an overview on the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in PPARγ-mediated inhibitory effect on pulmonary vascular remodeling, a major contributor to the elevated pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Treatment options for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia who are resistant to or unable to tolerate imatinib

Abstract Background: Imatinib has been found to substantially improve outcomes in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) compared with previously available therapies. However, its use is complicated by development of resistance or drug intolerance, prompting dose escalation or a trial of dasatinib or nilotinib, the secondgeneration tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Objectives: This article reviews the mechanisms of TKI resistance; discusses the tolerability and efficacy of high-dose imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib; and provides background for the rational use of second-line treatment options. Methods: MEDLINE (1966–December 2009) and EMBASE (1993–December 2009) were searched for pertinent English-language publications using search terms that included, but were not limited to, chronic myeloid leukemia, imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib , and clinical trial. Abstracts from American Society of Hematology annual meetings (2005–2009) were also reviewed. There were no prespecified inclusion or exclusion criteria. Results: Major and complete cytogenetic responses (MCyR and CCyR, respectively) to second-line treatment with high-dose (600–800 mg/d PO) imatinib were restricted to CML patients who had achieved a CyR to standard-dose imatinib: >90% of patients without a previous CyR failed to respond. The expected durability of the response to this approach remains unclear. Grade 3/4 thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and anemia occurred in 14%, 39%, and 8%, respectively, of patients receiving high-dose imatinib. In patients who failed first-line treatment with imatinib, dasatinib (70 mg BID PO) was associated with higher rates of CCyR at 2 years compared with imatinib (44% vs 18%, respectively; P = 0.003), as well as higher estimated rates of progression-free survival at 2 years (86% vs 65%; P = 0.001). Dasatinib use was complicated by grade 3/4 thrombocytopenia and neutropenia in 57% and 63% of patients, respectively, and pleural effusion in 5%. Nilotinib treatment was effective in patients who were resistant to or unable to tolerate imatinib, with 46% and 58% achieving a CCyR and MCyR, respectively, at 2 years. Nilotinib use was complicated by grade 3/4 thrombocytopenia and neutropenia in 28% and 40% of patients, respectively, and QTc-interval prolongation in 1% to 10% of patients. Neither agent was clinically effective in patients with the common T315I mutation. Conclusion: Dasatinib and nilotinib were effective and generally well tolerated as second-line treatments for CML patients with a suboptimal response to standard doses of imatinib or imatinib intolerance.
Monte Carlo Simulations of Free Radical Polymerizations with Divinyl Cross-Linker: Pre- and Postgel Simulations of Reaction Kinetics and Molecular Structure

A computationally efficient Monte Carlo method was used to simulate the reaction kinetics and molecular structure development during free-radical copolymerizations with divinyl monomers. A single parameter was used to describe the reduced reactivity of the pendent vinyl groups incorporated within the polymer backbone. The simulation results were compared with published experimental data for the bulk copolymerization of methyl methacrylate with different levels of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. The model was able to effectively predict the reaction kinetics, the gel point, and sol–gel fractions in both the pre- and postgel regimes, including the swelling index of the gel. In the postgel regime the cross-linked molecule becomes the primary locus of reactions, and all chains eventually become part of this massive cross-linked polymer network. The Monte Carlo method allows the determination of the complete molecular structure as it evolves with time, including properties like cross-linking density, number of...
Mechanical models of trishear-like folds

Previous workers have formulated velocity descriptions of the trishear kinematic model of fault propagation-folds, which are inherently non-unique. We present two complete mechanical models of fault-related folding and assess the validity of the assumptions used in the assignment of velocities in the trishear description and to eliminate the untenable situation of an infinite number of possible solutions for velocity fields. The mechanical model of forced-folding, Forced Fold, based on viscous folding theory, is used to derive the velocity fields in an anisotropic sedimentary cover overlying faulted and displaced rigid basement blocks. The solution of displacements around a stress-free fault in an elastic body is used to model fault-arrest folds that form around a fault imbedded in a deformed medium. The results indicate that the velocity fields assumed in the trishear model more closely resemble the velocities derived in the mechanical Forced Fold model than the mechanical model of fault-arrest folding. The Forced Fold model produces a triangular region of concentrated deformation similar to the trishear region assumed in the kinematic models, while the deformation produced by the fault-arrest model is not concentrated within a triangular zone.
Computation of force on a cylinder in a shear flow

Abstract This is a report of a numerical investigation of flow past a circular cylinder with the approach flow having a spanwise shear. A physical example of such a flow is a current with axial shear, flowing past a riser on an offshore platform. Computational results are reported for three Reynolds numbers (1 000, 10 000, and 20 000) with a shear parameter value of 0.0393. A 3-D spectral/finite-difference approximation was used, along with the Smagorinsky model in the large eddy simulation method, to solve the space-filtered version of the Navier–Stokes equations. Using the same numerical method, the shear-flow results are compared to the results for a uniform flow at the same Reynolds number. The effect of the shear is evident in the results, affecting both drag and lift coefficients. There is a slight axial dependence in the drag coefficients in the shear flow results, especially for increasing Reynolds numbers, at the different axial locations studied. The influence of shear on the lift coefficients at the same locations is not as strong. We attribute this to the secondary flow generated by the axial shear in the approach flow. Plots of axial and streamwise vorticity for both uniform and shear flows also demonstrate the differences in the two types of flow.
Ion radiation damage in copper

Transmission electron microscopy techniques have been used to study dislocation loop type damage as a function of depth in copper single crystals irradiated with MeV Cu, Ni and He ions at room temperature. By comparing the location of the peak in the experimental depth profiles with calculated damage energy curves, the electronic stopping powers of Cu and Ni ions in copper were deduced. The deduced electronic stopping powers have been compared with those predicted by Lindhard et al., Bricc, and the Northcliffe and Schilling tables. It was found that the deduced stopping powers agreed well with the Northcliffe and Schilling values corrected for Z2 oscillations by the method proposed by Ward et al. In the case of 1 MeV He ions, good agreement was obtained between the observed damage peak position and that calculated using the experimental electronic stopping of Ziegler and Chu and that of White and Mueller.
Biooxidation of coal gasification wastewaters using fluidized-bed bioreactors

Process condensate wastewaters from two fixed-bed gasifiers have been treated successfully using a laboratory-scale, fixed-film, fluidized-bed bioreactor. Both dilute (1 to 2% raw wastewater) and more concentrated (50% stripped wastewater) were treated continuously for periods of one to three months. Biological activity was stable, recovery from upsets was rapid, and reaction rates were high due to the high concentration of microorganisms retained on the support particles. Removal of phenolics exceeded 99%, and removal of chemical oxygen demand was typically 75 to 85% for the 50% stripped wastewater with a hydraulic residence time in the bed of ˜5 to 7 h. Sludge production rates were comparable to rates in suspended growth systems.
Transitional use of a tube/sleeve dowel on endodontically treated canines.

Abstract This article describes a simple method of utilizing a combination of a premade stainless steel dowel and stainless tubing to obtain retention and stability for a limited-term provisional removable prosthesis.
On inference for a mixture of a poisson and a degenerate distribution

Let be a random sample from Maximum likelihood estimates are calculated. UMPU tests for λ are shown to exist. Hypotheses testing about p is also discussed.
The molecular spectrum of hydrogen and its isotopes

Abstract The spectra of all six known isotopic species of molecular hydrogen, H 2 , DH, D 2 , TH, TD, T 2 have been obtained with high dispersion under several excitation conditions. This has led to a complete wavelength table of these spectra containing about 100,000 different lines. The principal band systems have been found in all six spectra and a comparison of the isotopes has resulted in the clarification of many previously doubtful points. A complete table of all known H 2 -levels is included.
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC ABNORMALITIES IN HYPERTHYROIDISM

IT WAS recognized early in the course of our electroencephalographic studies on endocrine disorders that some hyperthyroid patients had abnormal electroencephalograms (1). Gibbs and Gibbs (2) in their Atlas of Electroencephalography reported that the electrical activity of the cortex tends to be abnormally fast in hyperthyroid patients. Lindsley and Rubenstein (3) found a correlation in normal subjects between the alpha frequency and the basal metabolic rate. Odoriz et al. (4), in their study of parathyroid insufficiency, observed fast activity, simple spike discharges, and slow waves (2 to 3 per second). Ross and Schwab (5) reported that when the cortical alpha rhythm is determined during a “basal state” (patient fasting and resting one half hour) the correlation is not as good as when the patient is well fed, satisfied and relaxed. Fabrykant (6) noted that, in a group of 15 labile diabetics, electroencephalographic abnormalities were recorded in 80 per cent and severely disordered patterns consistent wi...
Application of DNA‐Based Methods to Identify Fish and Seafood Substitution on the Commercial Market

ABSTRACT: Fish and seafood substitution has become an important concern in domestic and international marketplaces, in part due to increased international trade, per capita seafood consumption, and production of processed foods. In many cases, seafood substitution is a form of economic deception, where highly prized species are substituted with those of lesser value. To prevent illegal species substitution, a number of DNA-based methods have been developed to detect fish and seafood species in commercial products. These methods, along with common gene targets, have been reviewed previously in this journal. The current article is meant to build upon earlier discussions by providing a comprehensive review of the application of these DNA-based methods to the discovery of fish and seafood substitution on the commercial market. Popular food uses, potential substitution cases, and peer-reviewed research articles published to date are discussed for all major species groups of concern, including flatfish, gadoids, scombroids, salmonids, percoids, sturgeons, sharks, eels, and bivalves. The use of DNA-based methods to monitor commercial whale meat products is also reviewed.
Apparent temporary chloroplast fusions in leaf cells of Mimosa pudica

Zusammenfassung Viele Chloroplasten im Mesophyll und Leitgewebeparenchym in ausgewachsenen Blattern von Mimosa pudica L. sind paarweise vereinigt. Die Form einiger dieser Paare kann als ein Ergebnis einer Verschmelzung zweier Organelle gedeutet werden. In anderen Fallen scheinen Teilungen von Piastiden vorzuliegen. Verschiedene Befunde weisen darauf hin, das die Vereinigung der Chloroplasten eine vorubergehende Erscheinung ist.
Adsorption energy distribution model for VOCs onto activated carbons.

An adsorption isotherm model was proposed for two types of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on a heterogeneous carbon surface. The Langmuir isotherm was used as a local isotherm for describing heterogeneous surfaces to obtain the adsorption energy distribution. The adsorption temperature studied ranged from 30 to 50°C, and the pressure of VOCs varied from 0 to 0.35 atm. The present model differed from pervious studies in assuming that the pre-exponential factor was not to be a constant. The pre-exponential factors were determined directly from the experimental data, and the result empirically showed that the pre-exponential factor was correlated with the adsorption energy by a simple exponential function. We found that both adsorption energy distributions of two VOCs were essentially step functions over the restricted pressure range, indicating adsorbates on the carbon surface with its own uniform distribution. By incorporation of the energy distribution and the relationship between the pre-exponential factor and the adsorption energy, the adsorption isotherms for the two VOCs on the carbons can be well predicted.
Effects of adenosine on wavelength of premature atrial complexes in patients without structural heart disease

Abstract In conclusion, although adenosine produced slight decreases in conduction times for premature impulses, there was a proportionally greater decrease in functional refractory period resulting in a decrease in wavelength. A shorter wavelength increases the probability that reentry will occur and may provide a basis for transient atrial fibrillation which is sometimes observed after adenosine administration.
Antimicrobial properties of some fatty ester-amides

Twenty-seven fatty acid derivatives having both the amide and ester functions were screened for antimicrobial activity against a gram-positive bacterium,Staphylococcus aureus; a gram-negative bacterium,Escherichia coli; a mold, eitherAspergillus flavus orA. species; and a yeast, eitherCandida albicans orTorula species. All of the compounds effectively inhibited at least one of the organisms, and 19 of them were inhibitory against 3 or more. These 27 compounds were derivatives of diethanolamine or of N-methylethanolamine. The amide acyl moieties included the lauroyl, palmitoyl, oleoyl, erucoyl, benzoyl, andp-toluoyl groupings. The ester moieties included the lauroyl, palmitoyl, oleoyl, erucoyl, trimethylacetyl, benzoyl,p-toluoyl, and furoyl groupings. The activity exhibited by many of these materials suggests that they may have potential utility as biostatic additives in commercial products.
Early Adolescents' Perceptions of Peer Pressure

To examine the nature of peer pressures perceived by early adolescents, 373 students in grades 7-12 were asked to indicate, on a 12-item index, the degree and direction of peer pressures they perce...
Algae Based Hydroprocessed Fuel Use on a Marine Gas Turbine

The Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division (NSWCCD) Philadelphia conducted a full scale gas turbine engine test using Rolls Royce engine models 501-K34 and 250-KS4 to assess engine performance and fuel combustion characteristics of an algae based hydroprocessed fuel. The fuel, hereafter described as alternate fuel, consisted of a 50/50 blend of NATO F-76 fuel and the algae based formulation. It is the first time that the U.S. Navy uses a non-petroleum based fuel on a marine gas turbine. The test was conducted at the DDG 51 Land Based Engineering Site (LBES) of NSWCCD during 16–21 January 2011.The alternate fuel test conducted on the 501-K34 engine consisted of 7 cycles of engine operation, one using NATO F-76 fuel to develop a baseline run and six cycles using alternate fuel. Each cycle was 7 hours, twenty minutes in duration and was composed of 27 distinct load scenarios. The total duration of the test was forty four hours. The 250-KS4 engine was used as the starter mechanism for the 501-K34 engine. During the test, parameters for combustion temperature, fuel demand, fuel manifold pressure, engine start time, and operation under various load conditions were recorded.This paper discusses the results of the above test by comparing engine operation using alternate fuel to engine performance using NATO F-76 fuel.
Diphosphatidylglycerol Reactivation of Lipid-Depleted Beef Heart Cytochrome c Oxidase: Effect of Subunit III Removal

Abstract Beef heart cytochrome c oxidase can be fully delipidated by Triton X-100 using an alkaline pH, high ionic strength incubation followed by glycerol gradient centrifugation at pH 8 in 1% Triton X-100. Unfortunately, this procedure removes not only the 2–3 diphosphati-dylglycerol (DPG) molecules that are tightly bound to each heme aa3 complex, but also removes subunit III. A one-to-one correlation exists between the percent of subunit III removed and the percent of tightly bound DPG extracted, suggesting a possible tight binding of these two molecules. However, based upon regeneration of most of the electron transport activity of the subunit III deficient complex by exogenous DPG, it appears that the functional DPG binding site must be located on a subunit other than subunit III.
Magnetic resonance imaging of congenital heart disease: Sensitivity and specificity using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis

MRI has shown promise for the evaluation of various congenital heart lesions. The current study was designed to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the technique for the evaluation of all major anatomic elements of the heart affected in simple and complex congenital heart disease. MR images of 51 patients (31 males and 20 females, ages 3 to 69 years) with a total of 110 congenital heart lesions were reviewed by a panel of two cardiac radiologists and one pediatric cardiologist, who assessed the cardiac pathoanatomy without knowledge of clinical details and assigned a confidence level to each diagnosis. The true diagnosis was established independently by the findings of angiocardiography and catheterization as well as by surgery, where applicable. ROC curves were generated from the responses, and the sensitivity at a specificity level of 90% was determined. MRI was shown to have a high sensitivity in evaluating great vessel relationships (100%), thoracic aorta abnormalities (94%), ASDs (91%) and VSDs (100%), visceroatrial situs (100%), and loop (100%). Three of five anomalies of the pulmonary and systemic veins were diagnosed by MRI. Right ventricular outflow obstructions (95%) were detected with a much higher sensitivity than lesions of the other valves (aortic valve 52%, mitral valve 62%, tricuspid valve 76%). Spin-echo MRI is a sensitive and specific method for the noninvasive assessment of congenital heart disease, with limitations in the evaluation of some valvular anomalies.
Kinetics of the Association/Dissociation Cycle of an ATP-binding Cassette Nucleotide-binding Domain *

Most ATP binding cassette (ABC) proteins are pumps that transport substrates across biological membranes using the energy of ATP hydrolysis. Functional ABC proteins have two nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs) that bind and hydrolyze ATP, but the molecular mechanism of nucleotide hydrolysis is unresolved. This is due in part to the limited kinetic information on NBD association and dissociation. Here, we show dimerization of a catalytically active NBD and follow in real time the association and dissociation of NBDs from the changes in fluorescence emission of a tryptophan strategically located at the center of the dimer interface. Spectroscopic and structural studies demonstrated that the tryptophan can be used as dimerization probe, and we showed that under hydrolysis conditions (millimolar MgATP), not only the dimer dissociation rate increases, but also the dimerization rate. Neither dimer formation or dissociation are clearly favored, and the end result is a dynamic equilibrium where the concentrations of monomer and dimer are very similar. We proposed that based on their variable rates of hydrolysis, the rate-limiting step of the hydrolysis cycle may differ among full-length ABC proteins.
Two-regime global kinetics of cellulose pyrolysis: The role of tar evaporation

Pyrolysis is a key step in the flaming combustion of most organic solids. Thus, pyrolysis kinetics have been studied extensively for many materials, including the widely used cellulose-containing materials. The global mass loss kinetics of cellulose, pyrolysis were studied earlier in this laboratory under various heating rate conditions, and it was suggested that two different kinetic regimes exist. At high heating rates, the apparent activation energy appeared to be near 140 kJ/mol, as opposed to the more commonly reported low heating rate values of more than 200kJ/mol. This is a controversial suggestion. Heat transfer limitations do not appear to be the basis for the observed behavior. In this study, mass transport limitations have been examined under typical pyrolysis conditions. It is hypothesized that evaporative escape of tars, the main product of cellulose pyrolysis on a mass basis, might be the process that is transport limited. Evidence is presented showing tar mass transport limitations both within particles and external to particles (and even in the absence of particles). The vapor pressures of the tars have been measured and reveal a material of limited volatility. The volatility of tar is similar to that of a widely accepted major component of the tar, levoglucosan. The latent heat of vaporization of the tars (approximately 141 kJ/mol) is suggested to be the origin of the temperature dependence of mass loss kinetics at high heating rates.
Stimuli-responsive polymers grafted to nanopores and other nano-curved surfaces: structure, chemical equilibrium and transport

This review discusses the properties of macromolecular layers on nano-curved surfaces, with special emphasis on the fast-growing field of polymer- and polyelectrolyte-modified nanopores and nanochannels. Organization in soft materials emerges from the competition between physical and chemical interactions acting on different length scales; the geometry of the system modulates this competition and, hence, dictates its structure and function. Theoretical studies of molecular organization in planar and curved geometries require the treatment of the coupling between interactions, chemical equilibrium and geometrical constraints. We analyse here how curvature affects the morphology of polymers on nano-curved surfaces and determines the apparent equilibrium constants of surface-confined chemical reactions, such as acid–base chemistry. We also review the practical implications of introducing soft materials into nanofluidic devices. In particular, we present and discuss recent theoretical studies and simulations of the transport of ions, solvent and large cargoes through polyelectrolyte-brush-modified pores. We believe that this basic understanding will guide experimental efforts towards the design of stimuli-responsive nanopore gates.