cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance of a resistance-to-voltage read circuit for sensing magnetic tunnel junctions

Magnetic tunnel junction devices represent state in the form of a magnetic field that is accessed as a resistance. Read circuits are needed to sense this state and to produce a digital logic voltage output. We designed a resistance-to-voltage read circuit for this purpose. This paper presents area, transient response, power, and jitter characterizations in a 3M2P 0.5 µm process and compares these results to a second implementation in a 5M1P 0.18 µm process. As the process scales down to smaller dimensions, area decreases, rise/fall times decrease, propagation times decrease, maximum frequency increases, power consumption decreases, and jitter decreases. We then evaluate the quality of phase measurements between read circuits for assessing clock skew in systems that use magnetic global clocking. Phase delays above 1.25 ns can be detected and are linear above 2 ns.
Maintenance of internal pH and an electrochemical gradient in Trypanosoma brucei.

Abstract The internal pH value (pHi) of the long-slender bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei was estimated from the distribution of 14C-labeled 5,5-dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione or 14C-labeled methyl amine between the intracellular space of the cells and the medium. The pHi of T. brucei remained relatively constant at 7.0–7.2 throughout an extracellular pH (pHo) range of 6.0–8.0. The maintenance of an internal pH more acidic than the environment appears to be a unique feature. Preincubation of T. brucei with carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) or CCCP + valinomycin had no appreciable effect on the ΔpH across the T. brucei membrane when the external pH was 8.O. However, when the external pH was 6.0, CCCP abolished the observed ΔpH. Nigericin significantly dissipated the ΔpH across the T. brucei membrane at all pHo values. These data suggest that under physiological conditions, the maintenance of a ΔpH across the bloodstream-form T. brucei membrane may be by a mechanism other than an energy-dependent gradient, whereas an energy-dependent pump may be needed for maintaining the pHi in an acidic environment. The electrical potential (Δψ) across the trypanosomal plasma membrane was also estimated using the lipophilic cation, [3H]tetraphenyl-phosphonium bromide. It appears dependent on both the external pH and the external salt conditions. Under ionic conditions similar to the host bloodstream, it ranges from −76 to −160 mV over an external pH range of 6.0 to 8.0, with an estimated value of −155.5 ± 0.7 at the physiological pH. It is partially inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide, whereas CCCP, NaN3, NaF, EDTA, and Ca2+ had no effect. The proton motive force (Δa \ gmH) across the membrane of bloodstream form T. brucei is estimated to be about −143.2 mV under physiological conditions, to which Δψ is the main contributing force.
One-step purification of nucleic acid for gene expression analysis via Immiscible Filtration Assisted by Surface Tension (IFAST)

The extraction and purification of nucleic acids from complex samples (e.g. blood, biopsied tissue, cultured cells, food) is an essential prerequisite for many applications in biology including genotyping, transcriptional analysis, systems biology, epigenetic analysis, and virus/bacterial detection. In this report, we describe a new process of nucleic acid extraction that utilizes “pinned” aqueous/organic liquid interfaces in microchannels to streamline the extraction mechanism, replacing all washing steps with a single traverse of an immiscible fluid barrier, termed Immiscible Filtration Assisted by Surface Tension (IFAST). Nucleic acids in biological samples are bound to paramagnetic particles and then drawn across the IFAST device (or array of IFAST devices) using a magnet. While the strength of the IFAST barrier is suitable for separation of nucleic acids from lysate in its current embodiment, its permeability can be selectively adapted by adjusting the surface tensions/energies associated with the cell lysate, the immiscible phase, and the device surface, enabling future expansion to other non-nucleic acid applications. Importantly, processing time is reduced from 15–45 minutes to less than 5 minutes while maintaining purity, yield, and scalability equal to or better than prevailing methods. Operation is extremely simple and no additional lab infrastructure is required. The IFAST technology thus significantly enhances researchers' abilities to isolate and analyze nucleic acids, a process which is critical and ubiquitous in an extensive array of scientific fields.
Procedure for obtaining microscopic mechanisms of reconstructive phase transitions in crystalline solids

A procedure for obtaining possible microscopic mechanisms for reconstructive phase transitions in crystalline solids is described. Both strains and atomic displacements are considered, and the procedure includes user input of allowed strain tolerance, nearest-neighbor distances, and unit-cell size change. This method has been implemented in a computer program COMSUBS. We apply COMSUBS to the pressure-induced phase transition in NaCl and obtain 12 possible mechanisms, two of which are those proposed earlier by Buerger and Watanabe, respectively. Furthermore, we show how to use energy calculations to determine the height of the energy barrier for the transition.
Solubilities and selectivities in supercritical fluid mixtures near critical end points

Abstract Solubilities and selectivities were measured for hydrocarbon solids in pure and mixed supercritical fluids near multicomponent upper critical end points (UCEPs). Densities of both the mixed solvents and saturated solutions were also measured in order to interpret the results. Selectivities do not change significantly with pressure or temperature, even in the vicinity of the UCEP, for the naphthalene-2,6-dimethylnaphthalene-CO2 system. In solid- cosolvent-CO2 systems, solubilities are enhanced and highly adjustable with small changes in pressure near the UCEP. The logarithm of the solubility is linear in density, even in the complex UCEP region, which provides a means for data correlation. The cosolvent offers a potential benefit in that the UCEP pressure is reduced by 50%, for example,with the addition of 8 mol% n-pentane to the naphthalene-CO2 system. At moderate pressures, the slopes of solubility versus pressure isotherms can be increased in some cases with a cosolvent owing to this pressure reduction in the UCEP. This increase is explained in terms of the measured values of the apparent solute molar volume. In the 2-naphthol-phenanthrene-methanol-CO2 system, the selectivity varies by 50% as the pressure changes by 200 bar, whereas this variation is much smaller for systems that are further away from the UCEP. The operation of a separation process in the UCEP region leads to higher yields at lower pressures, and for particular systems may also lead to more selective extraction or product recovery.
Intra‐Industry Reactions to Stock Split Announcements

We examine whether favorable information conveyed by stock split announcements transfers to nonsplitting firms within the same industry. On average, nonsplitting firms' shareholders experience positive and significant abnormal returns at the stock split announcements of their industry counterparts. In addition, industrywide and firm-specific characteristics are important determinants in explaining nonsplitting firms' stock returns. These firms' earnings increase significantly, and the earnings changes are positively related to the stock price reactions. Finally, we find no evidence that investors revise the value of nonsplitting firms because they anticipate a decline in earnings volatility.
A Modified Game Theory Approach to Multiobjective Optimization

Many mechanical and structural design problems encountered in practice require solutions which balance several conflicting objectives. The vector, scalarization, and trade-off-curve methods have been developed to achieve multiobjective solutions. One of the best known methods for generating a compromise solution, based on the concept of Pareto minimum solution, is the cooperative game theory method since it uses a scalarized approach and has a numerical measure of compromise. However, game theory is hard to automate due to a two step optimization process involved. Hence, in this work, a modification to the game theory is introduced in which the two optimization steps are combined and an algorithm for its implementation is developed. The algorithm is tested on two numerical examples, including one dealing with the probabilistic design of an eighteen speed machine tool gear train. The probabilistic theory necessary for the design of the gear train is also introduced. The examples validate the modified game theory.
Preliminary experiences with laser Doppler velocimetry for the determination of amputation levels

Laser Doppler velocimetry is a newly available technique for the continuous and non-invasive measurement of capillary perfusion. The technique is presented and preliminary results of its use in the evaluation of amputation levels in 16 patients discussed.
UWB microwave imaging system with a novel calibration approach for breast cancer detection

A microwave imaging system prototype has been developed for early breast cancer detection. The system is based on impulse Ultra-Wideband (UWB) radar technology. A novel, practical calibration method has been applied in our system to remove the large received signals due to both skin backscattering and Tx/Rx antenna coupling, and to underline the reflection/scattering from object of interest. This calibration method is crucial to identify the malignant tissues in a low-contrast condition that the difference of dielectric properties between malignant tissues and healthy tissues is not more than 10%. The system has been used to detect the cylindrical targets from a breast model. With this novel calibration approach, our system has successfully detected and localized the targets with a diameter of 5mm in a low-contrast condition. Details of the experimental setup and experimental imaging results will be discussed in this paper.
An Improved Sampling Technique for Use in Vertical Shaft Type Furnaces

Effect control of atmospheric emissions in any phase of metals production requires accurate knowledge of the particle size in the effluent. Particle size analysis is vitally affected by the sampling technique used. The choice of emission-control equipment may be greatly affected by the results.
Continuous-wave dye lasers in the DCM region

Laser dye DCM in an ethylene glycol solution is a favored medium for converting the argon-ion 488- and 514-nm pump lines to tunable radiation in the 600-730-nm region. However, the dye precipitates from solution, is a powerful mutagen, and the glycol solvent is hygroscopic. Replacement dyes in 3-phenyl-1- propanol or 2-phenoxyethanol, particularly the latter, are proposed.
La evolución del conductismo

ResumenLos nuevos datos sobre los procesos de condicionamiento hablan a favor de una posicion eclectica entre las dos posturas extremas tradicionales en el analisis de la conducta: el innatismo y el ambientalismo. Se sugiere aqui que la teoria de la conducta basada en los procesos de condicionamiento puede reconciliarse con estos nuevos datos, pero solo si se revisan ciertas suposiciones conductistas tacitas sobre los parametros de los procesos de condicionamiento y, sobre todo, del condicionamiento instrumental u operante. El condicionamiento operante especifica como se modifica y mantiene la conducta de un organismo en funcion de las relaciones que se establecen entre los estimulos, las respuestas, los reforzadores y los estados de impulso. Los nuevos datos minan los fundamentos en que se han basado los supuestos sobre estos elementos por separado, mas que los que se refieren a los tipos de relaciones que se establecen entre ellos. Cabria clasificar a algunos de estos supuestos bajo el epigrafe de la mo...
Closed suctioning system: critical analysis for its use.

Aim: To determine the efficacy and effectiveness of the closed suctioning system. Method: Literature review articles were accessed from the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library. The literature review criteria included: all publication styles except meta-analysis, participants that were ≥18 years, written in English, and published between 1973 and 2008. Results: This literature review revealed that the efficacy and effectiveness of the closed suctioning system remains to be demonstrated. The device manufacturers' studies focused on cost reduction, cross-contamination, and preservation of the oxygen saturation of patients during endotracheal suctioning; however, the clinical studies focused on the use of closed suctioning systems to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia. The reviewed studies had small sample sizes with heterogeneous demographics and non-randomized controls. Recent studies suggest that closed suctioning systems are no better than open suctioning systems in terms of mortality, morbidity, or the cost-benefit ratio. A few studies did indicate that the closed suctioning system might reduce the loss of lung volume and oxygen desaturation. Conclusion: The studies reviewed in this article suggest that the evidence on the efficacy and effectiveness of closed suctioning systems is inconclusive. Only limited populations will benefit clinically from the use of this device. There is a need for further studies with randomized controlled trials to explore the use of closed suction systems and to update current clinical practise guidelines.
Reactions of nido-1,2-(Cp*RuH)2B3H7 with RCCR′ (R, R′=H, Ph; Me, Me) to yield novel metallacarboranes

Abstract Addition of the internal alkyne, 2-butyne, to nido -1,2-(Cp*RuH) 2 B 3 H 7 ( 1 ) at ambient temperature produces nido -1,2-(Cp*Ru) 2 (μ-H)(μ-BH 2 )-4,5-Me 2 -4,5-C 2 B 2 H 4 ( 2 ), nido- 1,2-(Cp*RuH) 2 -4,5-Me 2 -4,5-C 2 B 2 H 4 ( 3 ), and nido- 1,2-(Cp*RuH) 2 -4-Et-4,5-C 2 B 2 H 5 ( 4 ), in parallel paths. On heating, 2 , which contains a novel exo -polyhedral borane ligand, is converted into closo -1,2-(Cp*RuH) 2 -4,5-Me 2 -4,5-C 2 B 3 H 3 ( 5 ) and nido -1,6-(Cp*Ru) 2 -4,5-Me 2 -4,5-C 2 B 2 H 6 ( 6 ) the latter being a framework isomer of 3 . Heating 2 with 2-butyne generates nido- 1,2-(Cp*RuH) 2 -3-{CMeCMeB(CMeCHMe) 2 }-4,5-Me 2 -4,5-C 2 B 2 H 3 ( 7 ) in which the exo -polyhedral borane is triply hydroborated to generate a boron bound CMeCMeB(CMeCHMe) 2 cluster substituent. Along with 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , and 7 , the reaction of 1 with 2-butyne at 85 °C gives closo -1,7-(Cp*Ru) 2 -2,3,4,5-Me 4 -6-(CHMeCH 2 Me)-2,3,4,5-C 4 B ( 8 ). Reaction of 1 with the terminal alkyne, phenylacetylene, at ambient temperature permits the isolation of nido -1,2-(Cp*Ru) 2 (μ-H)(μ-CHCH 2 Ph)B 3 H 6 ( 9 ) and nido -1,2-(Cp*Ru) 2 (μ-H)(μ-BH 2 )-3-(CH 2 ) 2 Ph-4-Ph-4,5-C 2 B 2 H 4 ( 11 ). The former contains a RuB edge-bridging alkylidene fragment generated by hydrometallation on the cluster framework whereas the latter contains an exo -polyhedral borane like that of 2 . Thermolysis of 11 results in loss of hydrogen and the formation of closo -1,2-(Cp*RuH) 2 -3-(CH 2 ) 2 Ph-4-Ph-4,5-C 2 B 3 H 3 ( 12 ).
A branching heuristic for testing propositional satisfiability

This paper presents a heuristic criterion in selecting the branching variable in searching for a satisfiable solution to a propositional formula. The heuristic is a modification of the one used in the Jeroslow-Wang method (1990). It gives more chances by analysis to locate a satisfiable solution, and is supposed to reduce the searching tree and searching time in some cases.
Rectangular Flat-Pack Lids Under External Pressure: Formulas for Screening and Design

Formulas are presented for the maximum tensile stresses in the lid seal and the maximum lid deflections of a rectangular flat-pack under external pressure. These formulas can facilitate (a) the proper design of the package so that it will retain its hermeticity under a given screening pressure and (b) the selection of a proper pressure to use in the hermeticity screening of an already designed package. Information is also given on the approximate equivalence of external pressure and centrifuge acceleration in regard to the seal stresses and lid deflections of a rectangular flat-pack.
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Insertion Catastrophe in Inoperable Patients: Should Aortic Valve Replacement Be Denied?

This paper reports the outcomes of patients initially deemed inoperable for standard aortic valve replacement who received transcatheter aortic valve insertion. Each patient experienced a transcatheter valve insertion complication and was then subsequently reconsidered for urgent standard valve replacement. We review the outcomes of these inoperable patients and discuss recommendations for managing this complication. doi: 10.1111/jocs.12127 (J Card Surg 2013;28:336–338)
Chart for fluid intake in neonates

I. Ablow RC, Driscoll SG, Effman EL, Gross 1, Julles C J, Uauy R, and Warshaw JB: A comparison of early onset Group B streptococcal neonatal infection and the respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn, N Engl J Med 294:65, 1976. 2. Bortolussi R, Thompson TR, and Ferrieri P: Early onset of pneumococcal sepsis in newborn infants, Pediatrics 60:352, 1977. 3. Khuri-Bulos N, and Mclntosh K: Neonatal ltaemophilus influenzae infection, Am J Dis Child 129:57, 1975. 4. Nicholls J, Yuille TB, and Mitchell RG: Perinatal infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Arch Dis Child 50:739, 1975.
Quantiles in Nonrandom Samples and Observational Studies

Abstract In a nonrandom sample or a nonrandomized comparison of treated and control groups, methods are developed for displaying the sensitivity of confidence intervals for population quantiles to the magnitude of the departure from random selection. Quantiles of a single distribution and for a shift in two distributions are both discussed. These confidence intervals are based on a new inequality for the distribution of the number of successes in a nonrandom sample or nonrandomized comparison. The inequality has additional applications. In particular, it greatly accelerates the computations in a sensitivity analysis for the Mantel–Haenszel statistic in a 2 × 2 × S contingency table. Examples include a nonrandom collection of blood samples from a town with comparatively high levels of radon gas, an observational study of chromosome damage from mercury, and a study of the drug allopurinol as a cause of skin rash. The proof of the inequality makes use of Savage's lattice for ranks and Holley's inequality, wh...
Overview of recent Pulsed Power advances at Sandia

At the l3th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams held June 2000 in Nagaoka, Japan, we presented a paper entitled "Pulsed Power: Sandia's plans for the new millennium". In that presentation we described the status of pulsed power at Sandia and our vision for moving forward in an uncertain budgetary environment. The ensuing four years have proven to be very productive and we have advanced on many fronts. The vision described in the Summer of 2000 has matured, recent experimental results have been very encouraging, and significant investments in Sandia's pulsed power facilities promise to continue the rapid progress in applications of pulsed power and in pulsed power technology itself. Some illustrative examples are the first thermonuclear neutrons measured from a Z-pinch driven inertial confinement fusion capsule, the U. S. investment in the refurbishment of the Z facility and strong support for pulsed power technology development, and the inclusion of Z-pinch driven inertial fusion energy concepts into the United States 35-year fusion plan that was recently endorsed by the Department of Energy's Fusion Energy Advisory Committee. In this presentation, we will describe the current status of pulsed power at Sandia and present a summary of recent scientific results and the expectations for the refurbished Z accelerator due to be completed in 2006.
Effect of Continuous Insulin Infusion with an Implantable Seven-Day Minipump in the Diabetic Chinese Hamster

To determine if improved control of plasma glucose in vivo affects insulin release from the perfused pancreas in vitro, genetically diabetic, nonobese Chinese hamsters were treated with insulin delivered via the 7-day Alzet minipump for 1 week (one minipump) or 4 weeks (four successive minipumps). Plasma and urine glucose levels fell during sc (minipump) infusion of varying dosages of insulin in roughly a dose-related manner. In hamsters with diabetes of recent onset (mean duration of glucosuria, 8 weeks) plasma and urine glucose levels decreased soon after the start of insulin infusion. There was a further progressive decrease throughout a 4-week period, and some animals died during the later weeks, apparently from hypoglycemia. The animals pancreases were then perfused in vitro with glucose. Mild diabetics (baseline plasma glucose levels, <200 mg<dl) which had been treated with saline solution showed a biphasic pattern of insulin release within the normal range, while insulin treatment sufficient to hav...
Relativistic and Slowing Down: The Flow in the Hot Spots of Powerful Radio Galaxies and Quasars

Pairs of radio-emitting jets with lengths up to several hundred kiloparsecs emanate from the central region (the "core") of radio-loud active galaxies. In the most powerful of them, these jets terminate in the "hot spots," compact high-brightness regions, where the jet flow collides with the intergalactic medium (IGM). Although it has long been established that in their inner (~1 pc) regions these jet flows are relativistic, it is still not clear if they remain so at their largest (hundreds of kiloparsecs) scales. We argue that the X-ray, optical, and radio data of the hot spots, despite their at-first-sight disparate properties, can be unified in a scheme involving a relativistic flow upstream of the hot spot that decelerates to the subrelativistic speed of its inferred advance through the IGM and viewed at different angles to its direction of motion. This scheme, besides providing an account of the hot spot spectral properties with jet orientation, also suggests that the large-scale jets remain relativistic all the way to the hot spots.
Diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome

Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a nonspecific label. When employing it, one should define the type of TOS as arterial TOS, venous TOS, or neurogenic TOS. Each type has different symptoms and physical findings by which the three types can easily be identified. Neurogenic TOS (NTOS) is by far the most common, comprising well over 90% of all TOS patients. Arterial TOS is the least common accounting for no more than 1%. Many patients are erroneously diagnosed as "vascular" TOS, a nonspecific misnomer, whereas they really have NTOS. The Adson Test of noting a radial pulse deficit in provocative positions has been shown to be of no clinical value and should not be relied upon to make the diagnosis of any of the three types. The test is normal in most patients with NTOS and at the same time can be positive in many control volunteers. Arterial TOS is caused by emboli arising from subclavian artery stenosis or aneurysms. Symptoms are those of arterial ischemia and x-rays almost always disclose a cervical rib or anomalous first rib. Venous TOS presents with arm swelling, cyanosis, and pain due to subclavian vein obstruction, with or without thrombosis. Neurogenic TOS is due to brachial plexus compression usually from scarred scalene muscles secondary to neck trauma, whiplash injuries being the most common. Symptoms include extremity paresthesia, pain, and weakness as well as neck pain and occipital headache. Physical exam is most important and includes several provocative maneuvers including neck rotation and head tilting, which elicit symptoms in the contralateral extremity; the upper limb tension test, which is comparable to straight leg raising; and abducting the arms to 90 degrees in external rotation, which usually brings on symptoms within 60 seconds.
High-Frequency Radar Mapping of Surface Currents Using Wera

Abstract A dual-station high-frequency Wellen Radar (WERA), transmitting at 16.045 MHz, was deployed along the west Florida shelf in phased array mode during the summer of 2003. A 33-day, continuous time series of radial and vector surface current fields was acquired starting on 23 August ending 25 September 2003. Over a 30-min sample interval, WERA mapped coastal ocean currents over an ≈40 km × 80 km footprint with a 1.2-km horizontal resolution. A total of 1628 snapshots of the vector surface currents was acquired, with only 70 samples (4.3%) missing from the vector time series. Comparisons to subsurface measurements from two moored acoustic Doppler current profilers revealed RMS differences of 1 to 5 cm s−1 for both radial and Cartesian current components. Regression analyses indicated slopes close to unity with small biases between surface and subsurface measurements at 4-m depth in the east–west (u) and north–south (υ) components, respectively. Vector correlation coefficients were 0.9 with complex ph...
Reducing the risk of a collapse of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation

The ability of mitigation to reduce the likelihood of a collapse of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) is explored given profound uncertainty in our understanding of climate sensitivity and THC processes. At the current time, uniform distributions across the ranges of this uncertainty puts the likelihood of a collapse sometime over the next 200 years at roughly 2 chances in 3 without mitigation from a single baseline emissions trajectory produced by the Nordhaus and Boyer DICE-99 economic model. The subjective likelihood declines with mitigation, and can be influenced by alternative prior distributions, but even the immediate imposition of extremely stringent climate policy would leave a 1 in 4 chance of a THC collapse in the uniform distribution case. Other representations of profound uncertainty are also explored. In all cases, waiting 30 years to act increases the odds of a collapse significantly.
Sustainable development of housing finance markets – An international perspective after the crisis

Like Michel Ende’s novel “The Never-ending Story,” it seems that house price bubbles tend to occur at regular intervals. Due to the interlinkages with the banking sector, a bursting property bubble often leads to a banking crisis, damping economic growth and destroying prosperity. The objective is to show the relationship between property and bank lending. The factors which fuel a housing bubble will be discussed and the indicators pointed out that help identify rising house price inflation. In conclusion an analysis is given of the future prospects of property markets in advanced economies and in emerging markets.
Exercise O2 transport model assuming zero cytochrome PO2 at VO2 max.

An analogy is drawn between cytochrome aa3 function and a polarographic cathode at which the potential of -0.6 V captures all O2 diffusing to the surface, achieving maximal O2 consumption (VO2max) ...
Requirements for Real-Time Oceanography from Earth Observation Systems

Spacecraft systems have three unique capabilities in collecting data from the ocean: (1) frequent repetitive measurements (daily to weekly), (2) the synoptic view, and (3) real-time data transmission. On the other hand, there are two basic disadvantages; the measurements are only of the sea surface and atmospheric parameters interfere with the quality of the measurements. Consequently, the most suitable ocean conditions to examine from space are gradients; in color, temperature, and surface texture.
The Multidimensional Orientation Toward Dying and Death Inventory (MODDI-F): Factorial Validity and Reliability in a U.S. Sample

Abstract Context Death anxiety has been hypothesized to be a transdiagnostic construct, meaning that the fear of death may increase one's vulnerability to the development or maintenance of a number of psychological disorders. As such, effective and efficient measurement of this construct becomes a priority for hospice and palliative medicine specialists. The Multidimensional Orientation Toward Dying and Death Inventory (MODDI-F) is the only factor-analytically constructed multidimensional scale with a conceptual rationale that measures both the fear and acceptance of dying and death. Objectives To determine the factor structure of the MODDI-F with an English-speaking sample, so as to expand the scale's potential for use in hospice and palliative medicine, clinical psychology, and thanatology research. Methods Participants comprise a random sample of 404 adults ranging in age from 20 to 85, stratified by sex, age, and ethnicity. They completed the 47-item MODDI-F/eng and were contacted five months later for a test-retest follow-up survey. Results Although confirmatory factor analyses did not fit the models previously found for the German- and Chinese-language versions of the MODDI-F, exploratory factor analyses resulted in a five-factor fear dimension and a two-factor acceptance dimension that were empirically and conceptually similar to the German- and Chinese-language versions. Additional psychometric analyses yielded evidence for the internal consistency reliability, five-month test-retest reliability, and construct validity of the seven-factor scores of the English-language MODDI-F. Conclusion The results from this psychometric investigation of the English-language version of the MODDI-F are promising and warrant further investigation with clinical populations in hospice and palliative care settings.
Adjuvant treatment for older women with invasive breast cancer

Older women experience a large share of breast cancer incidence and death. With the projected rise in the number of older cancer patients, adjuvant chemo-, radiation and endocrine therapy management will become a key component of breast cancer treatment in older women. Many factors influence adjuvant treatment decisions including patient preferences, life expectancy and tumor biology. Geriatric assessment predicts important outcomes, identifies key deficits, and can aid in the decision making process. This review utilizes clinical vignettes to illustrate core principles in adjuvant management of breast cancer in older women and suggests an approach incorporating life expectancy and geriatric assessment.
Development of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in Media Supplemented with Pyrimidines and Purines

Data indicate that supplementation of a defined incubation medium (basal-casein) with pyrimidines, purines, or their analogues influences the developmental rate of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Larval survival and larval-pupation transition time were scored as a function of time following incubation of eggs in supplemented medium. The halogenated pyrimidines (iodo- and bromouracil) and halogenated nucleosides (iodo- and bromodeoxyuridine) exert a marked toxic effect on developing larvae. For these groups of analogues, toxicity is separable in terms of the degree and the time at which toxicity is manifest. There is a striking reduction in the duration of the larval period without any demonstrable toxicity for larvae grown in basal-casein medium containing nonhalogenated pyrimidine analogues, i.e., 5-aminouracil, 6-azauracil, and 6-azathymine. It is indicated that enrichment of the defined medium with thymine, uracil, guanine, or adenine decreases the time required for emergence. The latter purines prevent toxicity of 8-azaguanine as expressed by larval survival. Acceleration of developmental rate associated with pyrimidine, purine, or nonhalogenated pyrimidine analogues is less than when yeast was added to the incubation medium, but these developmental times are clearly less than those of Tribolium in unsupplemented medium.
Test beam studies of silicon timing for use in calorimetry

The high luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) at CERN is expected to provide instantaneous luminosities of 5×10^(34) cm^(−2) s^(−1). The high luminosities expected at the HL-LHC will be accompanied by a factor of 5–10 more pileup compared with LHC conditions in 2015, further increasing the challenge for particle identification and event reconstruction. Precision timing allows us to extend calorimetric measurements into such a high density environment by subtracting the energy deposits from pileup interactions. Calorimeters employing silicon as the active component have recently become a viable choice for the HL-LHC and future collider experiments which face very high radiation environments. In this paper, we present studies of basic calorimetric and precision timing measurements using a prototype composed of tungsten absorber and silicon sensor as the active medium. We show that for the bulk of electromagnetic showers induced by electrons in the range of 20–30 GeV, we can achieve time resolutions better than 25 ps per single pad sensor.
Physics-Based Lumped-Parameter Modeling of Automotive Canister Fuel Purge

A physics-based model is presented to estimate the flow rate out of the fuel canister purged into the intake manifold. The lumped parameters of the model, including canister capacitance and flow resistance, are employed to obtain a first-order multi-input and single-output dynamic model. The vacuum pressure in the intake manifold and the fuel tank pressure serve as inputs, and the purged fuel flow rate is considered as the model output. The model does not require cumbersome computation, thereby allowing direct implementation in the fueling control to compensate for the extra fuel in regulation of the stoichiometric air–fuel ratio.
Does the saline load test still have a role in the orthopaedic world? A systematic review of the literature.

Abstract Introduction The aim of this systematic review was to assess the efficacy of Saline load tests (SLTs) to evaluate extension of periarticular wounds into capsule in emergent settings. Methods We systematically reviewed the literature to evaluate the accuracy of the SLT in diagnosing penetrating joint injuries in the elbow, wrist, shoulder, knee, or ankle. Results The SLT values to determine knee arthrotomies vary from 73.8 mL to 194 mL with sensitivities ranging between 91% and 99% depending on the size of the laceration. A SLT of 30 mL in the ankle yields sensitivities ranging from 95% to 99% in assessing joint penetration. A SLT of 45 mL in the elbow yields a sensitivity of 95% in assessing joint penetration. The addition of methylene blue does not change the sensitivity of the SLT. Conclusion Several studies have demonstrated the utility of the SLT as a diagnostic modality for penetrating joint injuries. However, the literature analyzed in this study was inconclusive and more studies are required to make definitive recommendations. In addition, more studies will be needed on joints other than the knee, pediatric patients, and the use of methylene blue dye in conjunction with SLT. Level of evidence Level II, Diagnostic study.
Chemical Mediators of Immediate Hypersensitivity

Two chemical substances, histamine and s R S-A, mediate the immunologic interactions that may eventuate in immediate hypersensitivity or anaphylactic reactions. Defining the pathways, initiated at the adrenergic receptor sites, through which these mediators are elaborated has made it possible to evaluate the antianaphylactic usefulness of such blocking agents as diethylcarbamazine and sodium cromoglycate.
Construction, imaging, and analysis of FRET-based tension sensors in living cells.

Due to an increased appreciation for the importance of mechanical stimuli in many biological contexts, an interest in measuring the forces experienced by specific proteins in living cells has recently emerged. The development and use of Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based molecular tension sensors has enabled these types of studies and led to important insights into the mechanisms those cells utilize to probe and respond to the mechanical nature of their surrounding environment. The process for creating and utilizing FRET-based tension sensors can be divided into three main parts: construction, imaging, and analysis. First we review several methods for the construction of genetically encoded FRET-based tension sensors, including restriction enzyme-based methods as well as the more recently developed overlap extension or Gibson Assembly protocols. Next, we discuss the intricacies associated with imaging tension sensors, including optimizing imaging parameters as well as common techniques for estimating artifacts within standard imaging systems. Then, we detail the analysis of such data and describe how to extract useful information from a FRET experiment. Finally, we provide a discussion on identifying and correcting common artifacts in the imaging of FRET-based tension sensors.
Cognition in Squirrel Monkeys A Contemporary Perspective

The aims of this chapter are to review the recent literature on cognition in squirrel monkeys and to evaluate the findings with reference to normal, directed activity in natural environments; that is, in biological perspective. A biological perspective involves recognition that the functions of the nervous system (including learning, attention, perception, memory, and other aspects of cognition) have an impact on the organism’s life history, and that they must be evaluated in terms of that impact. We assume at the outset that the process of cognition provides the individual with potentially adaptable (and adaptive) ways to pick up information about the environment, to process this information, and to compare it against expectations (Neisser, 1976). This process guides behavior in a fundamental way. As Neisser (1976) puts it, cognition “is surely a matter of discovering what the environment is really like and adapting to it” (P. 9).
Applying the Index of Care to the Case Study of a Bronze Age Teenager Who Lived with Paralysis: Moving from Speculation to Strong Inference

Bioarchaeology has come a long way in using differential diagnosis, attending to the osteological paradox, using biocultural frameworks to integrate different levels of analysis, and developing ways to work with small sample sizes and fragmentary remains. The Index of Care, designed to support bioarchaeology of care research, offers a new scientifically based and systematic tool to collect and integrate a range of information in life history, disease processes, and cultural context. This online tool assists researchers to work with multiple lines of evidence by providing a rigorous four step process for describing pathologies, determining disabilities, constructing a care model, and examining caregiving implications. However, bioarchaeology of care analysis is challenging when differential diagnosis is unable to rule out more than one possible disease. In examining how to approach this problem, the authors applied the Index of Care to the case of a young female with a lower limb paralysis most likely resulting from one of two conditions. The authors create parallel interpretations through the construction of two care models, providing a basis for strong inference regarding the experience of paralysis.
Nephrotic syndrome in pregnancy poses risks with both maternal and fetal complications

In the absence of uncontrolled hypertension or renal insufficiency, many consider the perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with nephrotic syndrome to be good. To further investigate this we performed a retrospective chart review of women with biopsy-proven nephrotic syndrome due to primary glomerular disease during pregnancy at a single tertiary center. Our review determined characteristics, presentation, management, pathologic diagnoses, and associated renal and maternal-fetal outcomes of 19 individuals with 26 pregnancies and 26 offspring. The mean age was 27.6 years, the mean gestational age at the presentation of nephrotic syndrome was 18.6 weeks, the mean creatinine was 0.85 mg/dL, mean serum albumin was 1.98 g/dL, and the mean proteinuria was 8.33 g/24 hours. The mean cardiac output was 8.6 L/minute, which was elevated compared to normal pregnancy. A kidney biopsy was performed during pregnancy in 8 individuals (median gestational age at time of biopsy was 21 weeks), changing management in six. Of the 26 pregnancies, maternal complications included preeclampsia in seven, acute kidney injury in six, premature rupture of membranes in two, and cellulitis in three. The mean age of gestation at delivery was 35.5 weeks. Fetal complications included low birth weight (under 2,500 g) in 14, intra-uterine growth restriction in three, and neonatal intensive care unit admission in eight. Thus, pregnant women with nephrotic syndrome are at high risk for developing both maternal and fetal complications, even in the absence of significant renal impairment or uncontrolled hypertension at the time of presentation of nephrotic syndrome.
Evidence for Chemical Vapor Induced 2H to 1T Phase Transition in MoX2 (X = Se, S) Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Films

Electron-donors can impart charge to the surface of transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) films while interacting with the film via a weak physisorption bond, making them ideal for vapor and gas sensors. We expose monolayer MoS2 and MoSe2 films to strong electron-donor chemical vapor analytes. After analyzing the resultant behavior and taking into consideration doping effects, we conclude that exposure to strong electron-donors could be a method of inducing the semiconductor-metal 2H-1T TMD phase transition. We find that the conductance response to strong electron donors in both monolayer MoS2 and MoSe2 FET devices ceases after moderate exposure, with final value of the conductance being on order of that expected for the 1T phase. Full device relaxation back to a semiconducting state is accomplished by annealing in vacuum at 400 °C. We also examine chemically exposed TMD films intermittently interrogated with Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy. We observe the appearance of weak characteristic 1T phase Raman features for MoS2 and we observed a quenching of the photoluminescence of both TMD films that is recoverable with annealing. Considering all of our data together, the effects cannot be described by doping alone. Additionally, our results suggest a mechanism for a new type of passive chemical vapor sensor.
Human Factors in Vehicle Driving Simulation

In considering operator-in-the-loop simulation much concern is rightly directed to the response of the human controller whose actions are vital with respect to performance of the overall system. Operator-in-the-loop simulation provides a cost-effective approach to understanding the performance envelope of any proposed system and is particularly relevant to the investigation of vehicles. However, the growth of full-fidelity manipulable simulation ‘worlds’ has reflexively begun to provide a new and exciting window from which to frame innovative and critical questions about how we can understand behavior itself. In the first of the present synopses, Flach argues that just such capabilities are central to a full evaluation of a control-theoretic approach to evaluating operator performance. In the second paper, Hancock argues that it is only through the use of such facilities that the design, test, and evaluation of prototype in-vehicle collision avoidance warning systems can be accomplished. As a critical component of the general IVHS effort, the safety gains potentially associated with an effective collision warning system clearly make the investment worthwhile. Hancock further argues that, exactly how such tests are to be conducted and such systems are to be designed relies heavily upon real-world application of perceptual field theories associated with ecological views of the coupling between driver perception and action.
Infant activity and sleep behaviors in a maternal and infant home visiting project among rural, southern, African American women.

Physical inactivity and inadequate amounts of sleep are two potential causes for excessive weight gain in infancy. Thus, parents and caregivers of infants need to be educated about decreasing infant sedentary behavior, increasing infant unrestrained floor time, as well as age specific recommended amounts of sleep for infants. The aims of this study were to determine if maternal knowledge about infant activity and sleep changed over time and to evaluate maternal compliance rates with expert recommendations for infant sleep in a two-arm, randomized, controlled, comparative impact trial. Pregnant women at least 18 years of age, less than 19 weeks pregnant, and residing in a lower Mississippi Delta county were recruited between March 2013 and December 2014. Postnatal data was collected from 54 participants between September 2013 and May 2016. McNemar’s test of symmetry was used to determine if maternal knowledge changed over time, while generalized linear mixed models and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to assess compliance with expert recommendations for infant sleep. The postnatal retention rate was 85%. Maternal knowledge significantly increased for correct infant sleep position (back) and beginning tummy time by one month of age. Odds of meeting sleep duration recommendations increased by 30% for every one month increase in infant age. Only 20% of the participants were compliant with the back to sleep recommendation for the first 12 months of their infant’s life; median time to noncompliance was 7.8 months. Although baseline knowledge concerning infant activity and sleep was high in this cohort of rural, Southern, African American mothers, compliance with recommendations was not optimal. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01746394) on December 5, 2012.
Neonatal Assessment as an Intervention

Neonatal evaluation provides an opportunity to understand both development in utero as well as to predict future functioning in the child. The Brazelton scale assumes considerable change in infant performance during the neonatal period, and using this scale it has been discovered that the organizational processes or recovery curves of the infant can predict future coping stategies in the child. Assessment is seen as a part of the intervention process for children at risk as well as a method of interacting in a structured way with all infants. Further, the role of the parents in preparing for the newborn child is discussed particularly in those families who are considered to be ‘at risk’. The role of neonatal assessment and interaction with the parent are seen to be, therefore, part of the process of helping the mother and the whole family to adjust to their newborn infant, especially when that infant has received neonatal trauma.
Influence of Physical Activity

Athletes are in the news today, and so, too, are the astronauts: the former strive for increased muscle mass and lesser fat mass, and the latter must contend with the catabolic effects of weightlessness; both are held in high esteem, and today the adulation of the young who aspire to athletic prowess has been intensified by the large incomes that some athletes now enjoy. More women are engaged in athletics than ever before, there are several journals devoted to exercise physiology and sports medicine, and the sports sections of the daily newspapers have expanded.
Distinguishing between Strains of Rhizobia by Rhizobiophage Susceptibility

Most groups of microorganisms can serve as hosts for viruses. The soil environment abounds in viruses that prey on rhizobia (rhizobiophages). Because the interactions between rhizobiophages and their hosts are highly specific, they can be valuable tools in ecological research with rhizobia. Strains of rhizobia vary in their resistance to rhizobiophages. The different patterns of susceptibility that result from exposure of a rhizobial strain to a range of rhizobiophages can be used to differentiate between rhizobial populations. The use of phagetyping for strain identification may be possible but is not well documented. However, phagetyping has proven to be a valuable tool to distinguish between rhizobial strains of the same serogroup. In this chapter, rhizobiophages are isolated from soil and used to differentiate between several strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum.