cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hen genetic strain and extended cold storage influence on physical egg quality from cage-free aviary housing system

ABSTRACT In the United States, there is an increase in need for cage-free eggs in retail and food manufacturing sectors. Understanding the impact of cage-free systems and the corresponding management on egg quality is pertinent as the U.S. industry adapts existing housing and builds new cage-free housing structures. A study was conducted comparing 2 brown shell and 2 white shell hen strains housed in a cage-free aviary system. Each set of eggs were placed in cold storage and assessed at 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 wk. Eggs were collected at 21, 31, 42, and 60 wk of hen age. A full profile of physical quality measurements was conducted on up to 18 intact eggs for each hen strain/egg storage/hen age combination. Egg weight increased approximately 10 g for brown shell and 14 g for white shell eggs as hens aged. Many of the properties monitored were significantly impacted by all 3 main effects (hen strain, egg storage, and hen age) resulting in 3-way interactions. A brown and a white shell strain had stronger shells (44 N; P
Effect of robotic knee extension assistance during walking on muscle activity in children with cerebral palsy

Crouch gait, a common gait deviation in cerebral palsy (CP), is energetically costly and associated with increased fatigue, joint pain, and reduced activity. Crouch contributes to gait deterioration and even cessation in adults with CP. Current treatments, e.g. surgery, toxin injections, orthoses, and strengthening may temporarily reduce crouch but long term solutions remain elusive. We designed a pediatric exoskeleton for progressive crouch reduction in CP. Rather than guide limbs along a pre-specified trajectory, this wearable rehabilitation device provides bursts of knee extension assistance during stance and/or late swing to facilitate improved posture while maintaining users' muscle activity, with the ultimate goal of training them to walk more upright without the device. The objective here was to examine changes in posture and muscle activity during walking with our exoskeleton.
Lie Algebras and Lie Groups

The relationship between Lie algebras and Lie groups is of great importance. Let the Lie algebra be g and the corresponding Lie group G. The relation is $$\displaystyle{ \text{Lie algebra}\qquad g \ni X_{i}\mathrm{\ \ }(i = 1,\ldots,r) }$$ (4.1) $$\displaystyle{ \text{Lie group}\qquad G \ni \exp \left (\sum _{i=1}^{r}\alpha _{ i}X_{i}\right ) }$$ (4.2) where the α i ’s are the parameters of the group and the sum goes over the order of the group.
Effectiveness Questions and Research Recommendations

In Chap. 1 we identified a number of specific research questions and our overview is in part aimed at providing some preliminary answers to these questions. Here we revisit the questions and we then provide recommendations about research needed for the advance of research and theory about research collaboration and team science.
Differential diagnosis of MELAS syndrome from viral encephalitis by MRI: A case report

Abstract Background and objective Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome and viral encephalitis have little difference and the diagnosis is often uncertain based on clinical manifestations, even biochemical immune indicators couldn't make a definitive diagnosis. However, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) seems to be able to provide a more definitive diagnosis. Material and method A sick boy with headache, vomiting and convulsions, and 12 h unconsciousness was admitted to Kunming Children's hospital. After physical examination and history collection, blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were taken for laboratory tests, including cell count, blood gas analysis. Computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain were performed. Results MRI was first performed on October 7, 2017. All these finding suggested the diagnosis of viral encephalitis. A repeat MRI was performed on October 23, 2017, which showed resolution of lesions at the bilateral frontal and temporal lobe regions, but emerging new bilateral putaminal lesions, compared with previous MRI examination. Conclusion MRI examination could be a useful tool in the diagnosis of MELAS syndrome.
Assessing the Impact of Sponsor Asset Selection, Intangible Rights, and Activation on Sponsorship Effectiveness

Brand awareness is frequently cited as a main objective for firms engaging in sponsorship, and is often used as a measurement of sponsorship effectiveness. Meanwhile, sport sponsorship has evolved from static signage and one-way messaging to include an exhaustive list of assets and intangible rights, along with extensive on-site activation, each with a specific incremental cost. Yet, it is unknown whether the mix of assets and rights firms may choose to purchase, along with an investment in activation, impacts their ability to generate greater sponsorship effectiveness, in the form of brand awareness. While controlling for duration as a sponsor, results indicate that the selection of videoboard and LED in-stadium advertising, as well as on-site activation, led to increased brand awareness for sponsors. Moreover, category exclusivity and official status designation were also statistically significant predictors of brand recognition, with exclusivity doubling the probability that a sponsor is recognized by consumers.
Tailoring Wideband Signals With a Photonic Hardware Accelerator

Digital hardware accelerators are increasingly employed to speed up computation and reduce power dissipation, enabling real-time operation. Inspired by this paradigm, we propose the concept of the photonic hardware accelerator—an analog optical processing engine that precedes optical-to-electrical conversion and alleviates the burden on subsequent electronics. We propose one specific class of photonic hardware accelerators designed to assist in acquisition, feature extraction, and storage of wideband waveforms. This fundamental unit reshapes, in real time, the spectrotemporal evolution of a wideband streaming signal based on signal's sparsity. Functioning as an information gearbox, the accelerator transforms the signal according to the nonuniform entropy of its spectrum. Nonlinear group delay dispersion modes are introduced as primitive building blocks for such transformations. Representing spectrotemporal basis functions, these modes and their corresponding time-stretch wavelets have distinct and useful properties that depend on their symmetry. We focus on polynomial basis functions, but also discuss their limitations and alternatives such as spline functions that offer more efficient representation of group delay spectra with localized features. They are used to synthesize complex warped spectrotemporal operations that are reconfigurable and can be implemented in both analog optical and digital (computational) domains. We show how these dispersion-based computational primitives reshape the wideband signal to enable nonuniform sampling, compression, and pattern recognition in real time. Additional applications including coding, signal classification, and enhancement of signal-to-noise ratio during ultrafast analog-to-digital conversion are discussed.
Lessons learned from a milling explosion

Abstract There are many sources of mechanical energy in agricultural processing facilities. This is particularly true when milling is performed. If mechanical energy turns into sufficient thermal energy (heat), it can cause material to smolder. If that smoldering material is fluidized, e.g., through pneumatic conveyance or air/material separation, a deflagration may occur. A case study of an explosion at a wheat milling facility is used to illustrate the hazard. Fugitive grain dust played no role in the event, and no secondary explosion occurred. Although the equipment involved in this incident was vented in accordance with NFPA guidance, a significant portion of the facility was destroyed in the explosion. The severity of the resulting explosion damage resulted, in part, due to the initial conditions assumed in this typical explosion vent design, which did not consider the effects of flame acceleration and pressure piling upstream of the vented filter house. First, we present a basic overview of milling operations, particularly equipment involved in material separation and size reduction. Then we detail the investigation of this incident. Equipment damage, witness observations, and material properties are used to determine the cause. Finally, we discuss lessons learned. Particular attention is paid to milling safeguards and the effects of flame acceleration in the context of the damage observed.
Crash Telemetry-Based Injury Severity Prediction is Equivalent to or Out-Performs Field Protocols in Triage of Planar Vehicle Collisions

Introduction With the increasing availability of vehicle telemetry technology, there is great potential for Advanced Automatic Collision Notification (AACN) systems to improve trauma outcomes by detecting patients at-risk for severe injury and facilitating early transport to trauma centers. Methods National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) data from 1999-2013 were used to construct a logistic regression model (injury severity prediction [ISP] model) predicting the probability that one or more occupants in planar, non-rollover motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) would have Injury Severity Score (ISS) 15+ injuries. Variables included principal direction of force (PDOF), change in velocity (Delta-V), multiple impacts, presence of any older occupant (≥55 years old), presence of any female occupant, presence of right-sided passenger, belt use, and vehicle type. The model was validated using medical records and 2008-2011 crash data from AACN-enabled Michigan (USA) vehicles identified from OnStar (OnStar Corporation; General Motors; Detroit, Michigan USA) records. To compare the ISP to previously established protocols, a literature search was performed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of first responder identification of ISS 15+ for MVC occupants. Results The study population included 924 occupants in 836 crash events. The ISP model had a sensitivity of 72.7% (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 41%-91%) and specificity of 93% (95% CI 92%-95%) for identifying ISS 15+ occupants injured in planar MVCs. The current standard 2006 Field Triage Decision Scheme (FTDS) was 56%-66% sensitive and 75%-88% specific in identifying ISS 15+ patients. Conclusions The ISP algorithm comparably is more sensitive and more specific than current field triage in identifying MVC patients at-risk for ISS 15+ injuries. This real-world field study shows telemetry data transmitted before dispatch of emergency medical systems can be helpful to quickly identify patients who require urgent transfer to trauma centers.
Prevalence of Activity Limitations and Association with Multimorbidity Among US Adults 50 to 64 Years Old

Functional limitations may be more common in middle-aged adults than previously recognized. However, there are few published data on the prevalence of activity limitations, and their association with multimorbidity, among adults 50 to 64 years old. To describe the prevalence of activity limitations and the association with multimorbidity in middle-aged adults. Cross-sectional analysis of US population-based National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2016. The total number of community-dwelling NHANES participants aged 50–64 years old is 4217. Chronic conditions included hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, obesity, chronic kidney disease, cancer, stroke, coronary heart disease, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/asthma, arthritis, and depression. Activity limitations were defined as any difficulty within each of four International Classification of Functioning (ICF) domains: functional limitations (kneeling, carrying, standing, sitting, reaching, grasping, pulling), mobility (walking ¼ mile, climbing 10 steps), basic activities of daily living (BADLs; walking, transferring, eating, dressing), and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs; finances, chores, cooking). We calculated prevalence ratios for activity limitations using generalized estimating equations. The prevalence of functional limitations, mobility limitations, BADL difficulty, and IADL difficulty was 34%, 11%, 15%, and 17%, respectively. Seventy-two percent of participants had two or more chronic conditions; 23% had two, 18% had three, 15% had four, and 16% had five or more. Multivariable adjusted prevalence ratios (95% CI) for functional limitations among those with 2, 3, 4, and 5 or more chronic conditions, compared with 0–1 conditions, were 1.94 (1.43–2.63), 2.50 (1.93–3.23), 3.26 (2.48–4.27), and 4.54 (3.48–5.93), respectively (p trend < 0.001). Larger prevalence ratios at a higher number of chronic conditions were present for mobility limitations, BADL difficulty, and IADL difficulty. Problems with function are not limited to older adults and multimorbidity may be helpful for identifying middle-aged adults with a high prevalence of activity limitations.
Apremilast as an adjuvant therapy for calcinosis cutis

Calcinosis cutis is a form of dystrophic calcification wherein hydroxyapatite and amorphous calcium phosphate deposits form over damaged subcutaneous tissues despite normal serum Ca2+, PO43−, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels.1, 2 When it is widespread, major morbidity from restricted movement and pain are the primary presenting symptoms. Treatments reported include calcium binders (minocycline), calcium channel blockers, surgical excision, lithotripsy, and the calciomimetic sodium thiosulfate in topical, intralesional, or systemic form.3, 4, 5 Cutaneous calcification in these patients occurs due to damaged tissue releasing phosphate-binding proteins that bind serum phosphate, with subsequent precipitation of calcium salts in the tissue.2 In this study, we review 2 patients with recalcitrant calcinosis cutis who responded to apremilast after not responding to multiple other modalities to help mobilize calcium.
Important Parasites of Zebrafish in Research Facilities

Abstract Parasitic infections are frequently observed in laboratory zebrafish, and some cause significant morbidity or effect research endpoints. This is somewhat surprising given the confined environment and the parasite-free water sources used in most facilities. However, laboratories often exchange fish among themselves with no knowledge of prior disease history, and many researchers still use zebrafish procured from pet fish dealers. Ten parasites are discussed here: two external protists (Piscinoodinium pillulare and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis), two Microsporidia Pseudoloma neurophilia and Pleistophora hyphessobriconis; the capillarid nematode Pseudocapillaria tomentosa, a myxozoan Myxidium streisingeri, and two trematodes, metacercariae of undetermined species and adult stages of Transversotrema patialense.
Directed Forgetting Affects How We Remember and Judge Other People

The present study asks whether behaviors of another person can be intentionally forgotten, and whether forgetting affects how that person is evaluated. Participants read about negative and neutral behaviors of a fictional character and were then asked to forget or to keep remembering them. Afterwards, all participants learned of neutral behaviors associated with another character. After a short distractor or a 24-hour delay, implicit and explicit evaluations of both characters and memory for their behaviors were assessed. Implicit evaluations did not differ between the two characters and were insensitive to forget instructions. In comparison to the remember condition, participants who were told to forget recalled fewer of the first character's behaviors, and explicitly judged him as warmer and less dominant. Importantly, memory was negatively correlated with warmth and positively correlated with dominance ratings. The study shows that intentional forgetting can have long-lasting consequences for memory and explicit judgments of others.
Assessing the Role of Distributions and Control Charts in Metrology

In this paper we suggest a radical change in the existing metrology paradigm for measurement data analysis, namely a rejection of searching the appropriate Distribution Function (DF) in favor of using nonparametric methods for uncertainty estimation in all circumstances. This way we can avoid the limiting and improbable assumptions that often lead to invalid conclusions. We also propose the use of Shewhart Control Charts (ShCC) as an indispensable method to assess and monitor the current state of a measurement system. This approach has many advantages and does not require any assumptions about specific type of DF.
Comparative Analysis of Emerging B.1.1.7+E484K SARS-CoV-2 isolates from Pennsylvania

Rapid whole genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 has presented the ability to detect new emerging variants of concern in near real time. Here we report the genome of a virus isolated in Pennsylvania in March 2021 that was identified as lineage B.1.1.7 (VOC-202012/01) that also harbors the E484K spike mutation, which has been shown to promote "escape" from neutralizing antibodies in vitro . We compare this sequence to the only 5 other B.1.1.7+E484K genomes from Pennsylvania, all of which were isolated in mid March. Beginning in February 2021, only a small number (n=60) of isolates with this profile have been detected in the US, and only a total of 253 have been reported globally (first in the UK in December 2020). Comparative genomics of all currently available high coverage B.1.1.7+E484K genomes (n=235) available on GISAID suggested the existence of 7 distinct groups or clonal complexes (CC; as defined by GNUVID) bearing the E484K mutation raising the possibility of 7 independent acquisitions of the E484K spike mutation in each background. Phylogenetic analysis suggested the presence of at least 3 distinct clades of B.1.1.7+E484K circulating in the US, with the Pennsylvanian isolates belonging to two distinct clades. Increased genomic surveillance will be crucial for detection of emerging variants of concern that can escape natural and vaccine induced immunity.
Managers’ knowledge and customer-focused knowledge management as dynamic capabilities: implications for innovation performance

There has been tremendous growth in research on Dynamic Capabilities (DCs) since its inception. However, some aspects such as micro-foundations, path dependence, moderator influences, and applicability in countries such as India have not been explored with sufficient clarity. We contribute by simultaneously examining the impact of managers’ knowledge and Customer-Focused Knowledge Management, respectively, in the process leading to innovation performance. Using survey data from Indian managers, we find support for the theoretical model. We also find support for the moderating impact of intra-firm causal ambiguity. We contribute by showing that a combination of dynamic managerial capabilities and DCs can help organizations in identifying paths to competitive advantage that have higher likelihood of being actionable and lower likelihood of stickiness and irreversibility. We discuss findings, articulate contributions, limitations, and directions for future research.
Antidiabetic Effects of the Senolytic Agent Dasatinib.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the antidiabetic effects of the senolytic agent dasatinib in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods This retrospective cohort study included enterprise-wide Mayo Clinic patients using Informatics for Integrating Biology at the Bedside from January 1994 through December 2019. The antidiabetic outcomes (change in hemoglobin A1c value, serum glucose concentration, and diabetic medications) after 1 year of a strongly senolytic tyrosine kinase inhibitor, dasatinib (n=16), was compared with a weakly senolytic tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib (n=32). Results Relative to imatinib, patients treated with dasatinib had a mean reduction of 43.7 mg/dL (P=.005) in serum glucose concentration (to convert glucose values to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0555) and required 28.8 fewer total daily insulin units (P=.08) in the setting of a 4.8-kg relative weight loss (5.3% of total body weight; P=.045). Linear regression analysis suggests that the relative difference in weight accounts for 8.4 mg/dL of the 43.7 mg/dL blood glucose value decrease, or 19.2%. Relative to imatinib, patients treated with dasatinib had a mean 0.80 absolute point (P=.05) reduction in hemoglobin A1c and required 18.2 fewer total daily insulin units (P=.16) in the setting of a 5.9-kg relative weight loss (6.3% of total body weight; P=.06). Conclusion Dasatinib may have antidiabetic effects comparable to contemporary diabetic treatments and may be considered for use as a novel diabetic therapy. Future studies are needed to determine whether these results are translatable to patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without underlying malignant diseases and to determine whether the antidiabetic effects of dasatinib are due to its senolytic properties.
Quark Model at Low Energies

We have now had a glimpse of the elementary particle “zoo”. While it contains only a few (six) leptons e, ve, µ, v µ , τ, vτ, the zoo includes over 200 strongly interacting “hadrons”. This situation appears similar to the early 1900s, when it was realized that a (nonstrange) nuclear matter model made up of then elementary protons and neutrons (nucleons) surrounded by a cloud of electrons composes the elementary building blocks of the chemical elements. Now physicists believe that the hadron zoo is presumably built up from more elementary constituents called “quarks”, but the problem is that these few quarks have not been seen in isolation. So if this quark model is to make sense, the quarks are somehow confined inside a scale of 1 fm, which is the range of strong interaction forces. In spite of this complication, Gell-Mann and Zweig understood first in 1964 the low-energy symmetry structure of quarks within hadrons. Furthermore, by 1969 Feynman appreciated the higher-energy deep inelastic (Rutherford-like) scattering nature of quarks or “partons” in hadrons. Since then, theoretical predictions and experiments have been in close communication. However, these results and their interpretation are sometimes extremely complex and a detailed explanation could take us far beyond the intended outline of this book.
Transcriptional analysis of the Drosophila GABA receptor gene Resistance to dieldrin

The Resistance to dieldrin (Rdl) gene encodes a novel subunit of a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride ion channel in Drosophila. We were interested in defining the spatial and temporal expression pattern of this gene and in understanding the basis of its regulation. Rdl is expressed in both the embryonic central and peripheral nervous system. Here, we describe the complete Rdl transcription unit (approximately 50 kb) via localization of the flanking transcripts. The Rdl transcript itself is large (8.8 kb) and is composed of a short open reading frame (2 kb) with exceptionally long 5' (1.8-kb) and 3' (5-kb) untranslated regions (UTRs). The correct spatial and temporal expression of Rdl can be rescued by transformation constructs containing only 3.5 kb of DNA, a region which encompasses the transcription start point (tsp). This region also contains sequences strikingly similar to those found in other ion channel gene promoters. Failure of minigene constructs lacking the long 3' UTR to fully rescue both the lethal and resistance phenotypes associated with the Rdl locus might arise owing to the role of these sequences in message stability or trafficking.
O( 1 S) quenching profile between 75 and 115 km

Abstract The rate at which O( 1 S) is quenched in the atmosphere has been calculated as a function of altitude in the 75–115 km region. Recent measurements of the temperature-dependent O 2 quenching rate coefficient have been used, while for quenching by O( 3 P), an expression combining new theoretical and experimental results is employed. For the O( 3 P) altitude profile, the Jacchia (1971) model is chosen. The quenching profile shows a pronounced minimum quenching rate at about 87 km. It is concluded that different studies carried out on pulsating Type-B red aurorae, which extract an O( 1 S) quenching rate from the time lag between N 2 + (B−X) emission and 5577-Aemission, can now be interpreted as indicating an altitude range for these aurorae of 84–89 km. This conclusion is in accord with observations made on artificial aurorae.
Effective Assistance of Counsel for Battered Women Defendants: A Normative Construct

The Gideon decision is a solid precedent, hailed from all corners of legal philosophy. The current Supreme Court, even while narrowing other rights of criminal defendants, has described the right to counsel as fundamental. There is just one trouble. In the real world, the promise of Gideon is not being kept. Poor men and women in large numbers go to trial in this country with lawyers who are so incompetent, drunk, inexperienced or uninterested that the defendant’s right to counsel is a bad joke. These women had not had an opportunity in trials [to tell]... about the harsh and brutal facts that, in my judgment, led to them sometimes defending themselves in very extreme and regrettable ways. That so many battered women defendants receive ineffective legal assistance ought to compel introspection and remedial action within thelegal profession. A review of cases in which courts found the conduct of counsel unacceptable reveals an astonishing degree of incompetence, with catastrophic consequences for battered defendants. The problem is characterized by attorneys’ failure to present defense theories linked to the abuse endured by battered women defendants and is further compoundedby judges who refuse to apply the law.5 A battered woman defendant’s case outcome is not so much predicated on the specific facts of her situation as on whom she draws for judge and counsel, as well as her race and socioeconomic status. This Article offers a prescriptive reform framework for lawyers and judges handling these cases. Specifically, Part II examines the conundrum of race and class distinctions, and ways in which the Powell, Gideon, and Strickland cases are relevant to the theoretical and practical proposals. Part III addresses the gap between theory and practice, applying the lenses of race and class as pertinent issues. Due to particularly negative and rigid portrayals, battered women of color often suffer a disproportionate, adverse impact when Battered Woman’s Syndrome (BWS) is applied.The gap between theory and practice necessitates focusing on myriad aspects of effective representation, and as such, defense options are analyzed. This Part concludes with a review of post-trial remedies, including appeal, parole, commutation, clemency, and pardon. Part IV argues that the judiciary, organized bar, and individual lawyers contribute to the intransigence of abysmal representation for battered defendants when proffering excuses in lieu of remedial action. Part V proposes an increased role for law schools, bar examiners, advanced certification programs, and continuing legal education (CLE) seminars. Finally, Part VI posits that at least some outcomes associated with battered women on trial can be anticipated and prevented, while others may not be as ominous as initial consideration might indicate. Throughout the Article, I incorporate practitioners’ observations that I have accumulated over my twenty-five years of working with thousands of battered clients in six states. In the interest of client confidentiality, most of my arguments are generalized from their experiences
Non-linear finite element analysis of cracked A-517 steel compact tension specimens

ABSTRACT This manuscript describes the two-dimensional non-linear finite element analysis on compact tension specimens of A-517 structural steel. The numerical analysis enables us to study the behavior of crack in a typical ductile material under external loading. Local (or nodal) strain energy density at all nodes inside and outside the crack tip plastic zone at several external loads is numerically computed. In the expected crack propagation direction, i.e., 0 degree in compact tension specimens, the local strain energy density first decreases with increasing distance from crack tip but then at a critical distance it increases. This distinct behavior of the local strain energy density ahead of a crack is load dependent. The details of the numerical analysis are presented for a series of compact tension specimens having a wide range of crack length-to-width ratio (0.25 to 0.88). Based on our numerical results, we have proposed three parameters: (a) a critical load for the initiation of crack growth, (b) a crack length dependent local strain energy parameter associated with the initiation of crack growth, and (c) a material characteristic local strain energy parameter associated with the brittle fracture or plastic collapse of the ductile material.
Good sex/bad sex: The individualised focus of US HIV prevention policy in sub-Saharan Africa 1995-2005.

Abstract The expanding reliance on the health sciences to address social problems is well documented, as are the effects of the social construction of public (health) problems on �target� populations, intervention design and broader social systems. Less attention has been given in the literature to the cultural meanings that configure public health efforts themselves. This study demonstrates how the cultural understandings of sex and sexuality that inform US human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention policy in sub-Saharan Africa shape policy recommendations. Based on an analysis of 119 US policy documents, a relatively stable and highly gendered narrative of sexual risk was found across the Clinton and (G.W.) Bush administrations. This narrative locates HIV risk in (what is constructed to be) the inevitable clash between women�s sexuality and men�s sexuality, and delineates HIV risk by the form of relationship in which sex occurs. The two narratives diverge at this point, offering different definitions of �bad� sex and �good� sex. This divergence helps to explain the different prevention foci of the administrations � condoms during the Clinton era and abstinence-outside-of-marriage during the Bush administration. In both cases, the sexual risk narrative points to individual targeted prevention strategies, even as the policy identifies structural factors as driving global HIV epidemics.
Recent progress in hybrid mode thermionic converter development

Thermionic research has been conducted to investigate a hybrid-mode thermionic converter as a candidate for reducing the barrier index. The hybrid-mode thermionic converter is designed to operate in a combination ignited mode and unignited mode by using a series of parallel grooves in the emitter. The emitter material is molybdenum and the non-grooved land area is thinly coated with rhenium metal. When the emitter is exposed to cesium vapor, as it is during the converter operation, the rhenium-coated land area achieves a lower work function than the grooved molybdenum surface by as much as 0.5 eV. The low work function land area provides a major portion of electron emission, and the high work function grooved area provides cesium ions required for efficient transport of electrons generated in adjacent land areas to the collector. Experimental results obtained from two different converters and a numerical analysis of converter characteristics are presented in this paper.
Cutting Edge: A Role for CD1 in the Pathogenesis of Lupus in NZB/NZW Mice

Since anti-CD1 TCR transgenic T cells can activate syngeneic B cells via CD1 to secrete IgM and IgG and induce lupus in BALB/c mice, we studied the role of CD1 in the pathogenesis of lupus in NZB/NZW mice. Approximately 20% of B cells from the spleens of NZB/NZW mice expressed high levels of CD1 (CD1high B cells). The latter subset spontaneously produced large amounts of IgM anti-dsDNA Abs in vitro that was up to 25-fold higher than that of residual CD1int/low B cells. T cells in the NZB/NZW spleen proliferated vigorously to the CD1-transfected A20 B cell line, but not to the parent line. Treatment of NZB/NZW mice with anti-CD1 mAbs ameliorated the development of lupus. These results suggest that the CD1high B cells and their progeny are a major source of autoantibody production, and activation of B cells via CD1 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of lupus.
Workplace Happiness of La Salle University Administrators

Administrators who are happy tend to pass on their happiness to their subordinates thus, giving them the tag of being a happiness giving person to everyone around him/her. This descriptive study was conducted to establish the level of workplace happiness of La Salle University Administrators. The result of this study would be beneficial for the top management in decision making regarding the retention and training. Moreover, the result also helps in motivating the administrators to be happy in their work and be able to help the institution in retaining the current competent, qualified employees and administrators. The study involved the members of the President’s operations council of La Salle University for Academic Year 2010-2011. Questionnaires were distributed to gather data with the retrieval rate of 71 percent. Results revealed that 50 percent of the administrators of La Salle University are happy at work. They are composed mostly of women in the age range of 30-39 years old who are tenured and secured with their job status. The administrators are greatly affected in their happiness by the belief that they are doing something worthwhile. Meanwhile, they also believe that their level of happiness is not affected by whether they are probationary in status or they have competitive salary. Keywords - workplace happiness, retention, training, La Salle University
DOPANT INCORPORATION DURING NONEQUILIBRIUM SOLIDIFICATION

Systematic s tud ies o f dopant incorpora t i on i n t o s i l i c o n dur ing r a p i d sol i d i f i c a t i o n are reviewed, i n c l u d i n g measurements o f i n t e r f a c e temperatures and thermal gradients dur ing s o l i d i f i c a t i o n . Mechanisms l i m i t i n g dopant incorpora t i on a t h igh concentrat ions are discussed. Me l t ing of the sur face o f t h i n amorphous layers on a c r y s t a l l i n e subst rate i s shown t o take p lace a t anomously low 1 aser energy densi t ies.
Effect of χN and underlayer composition on self-assembly of thin films of block copolymers with energy asymmetric block

Many high χ block copolymer (BCP) systems often have one block which shows a strong preference to wet the free interface at the top of the film. This property makes it difficult to form vertically aligned lamellae which are desired for many directed self-assembly (DSA) applications. To better understand this behavior, simulations of thin films of BCPs were carried out using a coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) model. The property that leads one block to preferentially wet the free interface over the other is a difference in cohesive energy density (CED) between the two blocks. Our simulation allows for the systematic variation in the CED of each block to investigate how the magnitude of these differences affects self-assembly behavior. BCPs with no CED differences between the blocks show large ranges of underlayer compositions where vertical lamellae will form that are minimally affected by changing χ of the BCP. The range where vertical lamellae will form can be thought of as a process window. Increasing the CED asymmetry of the BCP (i.e. the difference in CED between blocks) causes a reduction in the process window and also causes a shift in the underlayer composition that is the center of the window. Increasing χ increases the process window for vertical lamellae in CED asymmetric systems. This behavior is determined by the trade-off in energy due to three interfacial interactions: A-B interface, film-free surface interface, and film-underlayer interface. At the limits of very high CED asymmetry and low χ, there may be no underlayer compositions where vertical lamellae will form. A simplified model was also developed that can accurately predict these process windows for different CED asymmetry and χ values on the order of seconds and minutes compared to hours and days for the full simulation.
Effect of Temperature Variation on the Characteristics of Microwave Power AlGaN/GaN MODFET

The prime motivation for developing the proposed model of AlGaN/GaN microwave power device is to demonstrate its inherent ability to operate at much higher temperature. An investigation of temperature model of a 1 μm gate AlGaN/GaN enhancement mode n-type modulation-doped field effect transistor (MODFET) is presented. An analytical temperature model based on modified charge control equations is developed. The proposed model handles higher voltages and show stable operation at higher temperatures. The investigated temperature range is from 100 °K–600 °K. The critical parameters of the proposed device are the maximum drain current (IDmax), the threshold voltage (Vth), the peak dc trans-conductance (gm), and unity current gain cut-off frequency (fT). The calculated values of fT (10–70 GHz) at elevated temperature suggest that the operation of the proposed device has sufficiently high current handling capacity. The temperature effect on saturation current, cutoff frequency, and trans-conductance behavior predict the device behavior at elevated temperatures. The analysis and simulation results on the transport characteristics of the MODFET structure is compared with the previously measured experimental data at room temperature. The calculated critical parameters suggest that the proposed device could survive in extreme environments.
Orally administered cyclo(His-Pro) reduces ethanol-induced narcosis in mice

Cyclo(His-Pro) (cHP) is an endogenous, enzymatically resistant, biologically active peptide. We examined its ability to be absorbed after oral administration. cHP radioactively labeled with 125I (I-cHP) was fed to adult mice, and blood and tissue samples were taken 15–90 min later. Radioactivity quickly appeared in blood at levels about one half to one fourth those previously found after IV injection. The highest concentrations were in the kidney and liver, but the testes, muscle, lung, and brain also contained more radioactivity than was accounted for by their vascular spaces. Between 25–32% of the radioactivity recovered from blood 30 min after feeding eluted on high-performance liquid chromotography in the position of intact peptide. Oral cHP reversed ethanol-induced narcosis, an effect previously found to occur within the brain. These results show that cHP can be absorbed orally in amounts sufficient to affect the CNS.
PLASTID DEVELOPMENT IN IOJAP‐ AND CHLOROPLAST MUTATOR‐AFFECTED MAIZE PLANTS

Plastids affected by either iojap or chloroplast mutator fail to green, and altered plastids are maternally transmitted to subsequent generations. The ultrastructure of iojap-affected plastids indicates that these plastids contain no ribosomes and are capable of supporting little internal membrane organization in either light or dark-grown plants. Chloroplast mutator-affected plastids of light-grown plants contain some organized internal membrane structures. In dark-grown plants, chloroplast mutator-affected plastids contain a crystalline prolamellar body, numerous vesicles, and osmiophilic granules. The chloroplast mutator-affected etioplasts display an abnormal distribution of lamellar membranes; these membranes, rather than radiating in a spokelike pattern from the prolamellar body, are condensed into a portion of the organelle. Light causes disruption of the prolamellar body in chloroplast mutator-affected plastids without promoting the organization of a normal thylakoid membrane system. The effects of iojap and chloroplast mutator are cell autonomous and apparently influence the individual plastid, as evidenced by the persistence of heteroplastidic cells containing normal and affected plastids.
Type IV glycogen storage disease: Branching enzyme deficiency in skin fibroblasts and possible heterozygote detection

Fibroblasts have been developed from skin biopsies obtained from 3 children with type IV glycogen storage disease (amylopectinosis) and have been shown to be profoundly deficient in branching enzyme activity. Branching enzyme activity was reduced below control levels in both parents of one patient, supporting the previously suggested autosomal recessive inheritance. Fibroblasts cultured from normal amniotic fluid cells have branching activity similar to that of normal skin fibroblasts. Antenatal diagnosis of this uniformly fatal, untreatable disease should therefore be possible.
Occupational Wages and Globalization

Using a country’s trade share as a measure of globalization, this paper employs cross country regression analysis on 161 occupations for the year 2000 to assess whether globalization has a negative effect on occupational wages. The results are consistent with the notion that greater integration of national economies with the rest of the world adversely affects occupational wages in many occupations within countries.
Surface Charge of Vitreous Silica and Silicate Glasses in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

Surface charge variations as a function of solution ion concentration were investigated for vitreous silica-aqueous electrolyte systems. Zero point of charge determinations for soda-aluminosilicate and soda-lime-silicate glasses revealed little difference from the values for vitreous silica. Unlike sodium and barium ions, aluminum ions reverse the sign of the zeta potential for vitreous silica, indicating chemical interaction with the surface. The degree of their interaction depends on the hydration state of the surface. The positive surface charge created by aluminum ion adsorption can be reversed by adsorption of citrate ions from solution to surface aluminosilicate sites.
Changing demographics and state fiscal outlook: the case of sales taxes.

Broad-scale demographic changes have implications for state and local finance in terms of the composition of the base of revenue sources and their yields. This article examines the effect of such changes on the potential future yield of consumption-based taxes. The effect of household characteristics and composition on the consumption of selected groups of goods subject to ad valorem retail sales taxes is estimated generating demographic elasticities of consumption. These elasticities are applied to projected demographic changes in eight states through the year 2000. The results show rather wide variation in expected consumption shifts and potential tax bases across the states with income growth having the greatest effect.... The geographical focus is on the United States. (EXCERPT)
The Schwinger model via a local Monte Carlo algorithm

Abstract We study the massless Schwinger model with one flavor on a lattice using Monte Carlo techniques. A hamiltonian formalism is used. The locality of the algorithm employed allows us to work on quite large lattices (up to 100 × 400) and we are able to reproduce the known continuum mass gap of the model. The extension to higher dimensions is discussed.
Sequence of the variant thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) in a Montreal family with partial TBG deficiency.

The variant thyroxine-binding globulin in a family from Montreal (TBG-M) has a reduced affinity for thyroxine, shows a slight cathodal shift on isoelectric focusing, and has an increased susceptibility to inactivation by heat and acid. We present the molecular basis for TBG-M, deduced by sequencing the entire 1245-bp coding regions and intron/exon junctions of the TBG gene of an affected hemizygous male. A single nucleotide substitution in the codon for amino acid 113 of the mature protein (GCC to CCC) was found, resulting in the replacement of alanine by proline. The mutation was confirmed by allele-specific amplification of genomic DNA from the propositus and three other affected family members. Since point mutations throughout the molecule have been shown to alter the properties of variant TBGS, and because amino acid substitutions with proline are known to impair stability and function of proteins, the replacement of alanine 113 by proline provides a logical explanation for the observed properties of TBG-M.
Sydenham's chorea: A possible presynaptic dopaminergic dysfunction initially

A 10-year-old white girl showed chorea with elevated antibody titers indicative of an earlier group A streptococcal infection. Prior to treatment, cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid levels were markedly elevated. Haloperidol caused minimal improvement. She was then treated with reserpine alone, which resulted in remarkable improvement within one week. A repeat lumbar puncture one month after reserpine was started showed moderate reduction of homovanillic acid levels. When reserpine was discontinued, symptoms recurred. The data suggest presynaptic dopaminergic overactivity.
Interactions between carbon monoxide and d-amphetamine or pentobarbital on schedule-controlled behavior.

Abstract Although carboxyhemoglobin values for the venous blood of pigeons exposed to carbon monoxide (CO) for 1.5 hours were similar to values obtained in other species exposed to the same CO concentrations, the schedule-controlled behavior (multiple fixed-ratio fixed-interval schedule) of the pigeon was relatively insensitive to the effect of CO. However, when the effects of d -amphetamine or pentobarbital on schedule-controlled behavior were studied in the presence of various concentrations of CO, interesting interactions were observed. CO blocked increases in the rate of key pecking produced by d -amphetamine or pentobarbital and enhanced decreases in the rate of responding produced by d -amphetamine, and to some extent by pentobarbital. CO enhanced the effects of pentobarbital on the temporal pattern of key pecking during the fixed-interval component of the schedule, but the effects of d -amphetamine on this temporal pattern were not enhanced by CO.
Resilience and Vulnerability to Daily Stressors Assessed via Diary Methods

Stressors encountered in daily life, such as family arguments or work deadlines, may play an important role in individual health and well-being. This article presents a framework for understanding how characteristics of individuals and their environments limit or increase exposure and reactivity to daily stressors. Research on daily stressors has benefited from diary methods that obtain repeated measurements from individuals during their daily lives. These methods improve ecological validity, reduce memory distortions, and permit the assessment of within-person processes. Findings from the National Study of Daily Experiences, which used a telephone-diary design, highlight how people's age, gender, and education and the presence or absence of chronic stressors in their lives predict their exposure and reactivity to daily stressors. Finally, future directions for research designs that combine laboratory-based assessment of stress physiology with daily-diary methods are discussed.
Quality factor control in a lasing microcavity model

We consider a dynamics model of lasing microcavities, a class of optical resonators (1\char21{}10 \ensuremath{\mu}m in diameter) used in microlasers and for optical coupling of optical fibers. Inside such a cavity light circulates around the perimeter and is trapped by internal reflection. This is known as ``whispering gallery'' or high-Q modes. The cavity is a deformable cylindrical (or spherical) dielectric and at certain deformations light can escape by refraction. The quality of the resonator or Q factor, is defined as $Q=\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\tau},$ where \ensuremath{\tau} is the escape time and \ensuremath{\omega} is the frequency of light. We show that by appropriately deforming the cavity, the Q factor can be controlled by prolonging or shortening the average length of time spent by light trajectories inside the cavity.