cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Array antennas for JPL/NASA Deep Space Network

Recently, JPL has begun an assessment of the long-term capability of the antennas for the Deep Space Network (DSN). Various alternative plans for upgrading or replacing the present 70-meter antennas have been considered. Several options have been studied which include modifying the present antennas for extended life and reliability, new 70-meter single aperture antennas with offset or symmetric feeds, 100-meter spherical antennas, an array of a few smaller 34-meter antennas, a much larger array (hundreds) of much smaller (5-10 meter) reflector antennas, and finally active planar phased arrays with millions of elements. In this paper we briefly discuss various options but focus on the feasibility of the phased arrays as a viable option for this application. Of particular concern and consideration will be the cost, reliability, and performance compared to the present 70-meter antenna system. Many alternative phased arrays including planar horizontal arrays, hybrid mechanically/electronically steered arrays, phased array of mechanically steered reflectors, multi-faceted planar arrays, phased array-fed lens antennas, and planar reflect-arrays are compared and their viability is assessed.
A tertiary interaction detected in a human U2-U6 snRNA complex assembled in vitro resembles a genetically proven interaction in yeast.

U2 and U6 small nuclear RNAs are thought to play critical roles in pre-mRNA splicing catalysis. Genetic evidence suggests they form an extensively base-paired structure within the spliceosome that is required for catalysis. Especially in light of significant similarities with group II self-splicing introns, we wished to investigate whether the purified RNAs might by themselves be able to form a complex similar to that which appears to exist in the spliceosome. To this end, we synthesized and purified large segments of human U2 and U6 snRNAs. Upon annealing, the two RNAs efficiently formed a stable and apparently extensively base-paired (Tm 5 50‐60 8C in the presence of 20 mM Mg 21 ) complex. To investigate possible tertiary interactions, we subjected the annealed complex to UV irradiation, and two crosslinked species were identified and characterized. The major one links the second G in the highly conserved and critical ACAGAGA sequence in U6 with an A in U2 just 59 to U2-U6 helix Ia and opposite the invariant AGC in U6. Remarkably, this crosslink indicates a tertiary interaction essentially identical to one detected previously by genetic covariation in yeast. Together our results suggest that purified U2 and U6 snRNAs can anneal and fold to form a structure resembling that likely to exist in the catalytically active spliceosome.
Tomography-based 3-D anisotropic elastography using boundary measurements

While ultrasound- and magnetic resonance-based elastography techniques have proved to be powerful biomedical imaging tools, most approaches assume isotropic material properties. In this paper, a general framework is developed for tomography-based anisotropic elastography. An anatomically well- motivated piece-wise homogeneous model is proposed to represent a class of biological objects consisting of different regions. With established tomography modality, static displacements are measured on the entire external and internal boundaries, and the force distribution is recorded on part of the external surface. A principle is proposed to identify the anisotropic elastic moduli of the constituent regions with the obtained boundary measurements. The reconstruction procedure is optimization-based with minimizing an objective function that measures the difference between the predicted and observed displacements. Analytic gradients of the objective function with respect to the elastic moduli are calculated using an adjoint method, and are utilized to significantly improve the numerical efficiency. Simulations are performed to identify the elastic moduli in a breast phantom consisting of soft tissue and a hard tumor. For isotropic phantom, one set of the boundary measurements enables unique reconstruction results for the tissue and tumor. For anisotropic phantom, however, multiple sets of the measurements corresponding to different deformation modes become necessary.
Myotis yumanensis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

Myotis yumanensis (Allen, 1864) is a vespertilionid bat commonly called the Yuma myotis. The species exhibits considerable geographic variation in coloration and size. It is 1 of about 100 species of Myotis worldwide and 1 of 17 species of Myotis in the United States. Although common throughout western North America generally at low elevations in desert or semidesert habitats, it is absent from the Great Basin. It is not of special conservation status, but protection of habitat especially along stream corridors is a concern.
The Normalisation of Homeschooling in the USA

Home education emerged as a deviant practice in the USA in the late 1970s and became an acceptable alternative to conventional schooling in a remarkably short period of time. This paper argues that the trajectory of normalisation has been shaped by cultural and institutional features peculiar to the US national context. The paper also offers several ways in which the history of home education in the USA usefully informs assessments of the practice in other countries.
mobileSpiro: portable open-interface spirometry for Android

Respiratory diseases such as asthma are becoming more prevalent among both children and adults. Patients increasingly feel the need to monitor themselves and aid their diagnosis with more frequent measurements without the need to visit a clinic. Spirometry and its accurate interpretation are necessary in addressing this issue, and smartphones and other mobile platforms can economically increase access to these valuable measurements. We will demonstrate mobile-Spiro, a multi-configuration Android-based portable spirometer which allows for self-patient monitoring of respiratory conditions. In particular, mobileSpiro takes real-time measurements of lung capacity and assists in monitoring for potential disorders. Additionally, the results of each spirometric maneuver are transmitted to a remote server. As an open-source, open-interface spirometer, the system encourages innovation at a vastly decreased cost of deployment.
The Development of the Child' s Conception of Meter in Music

The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of the child' s ability to conceptualize and identify meter in music. Eleven musical tasks, based largely on Piaget' s theory of the chi...
Footloose: a case for physical eventual consistency and selective conflict resolution

Users are increasingly inundated with small devices with communication and storage capabilities. Unfortunately, the user is still responsible for reconciling all of the devices whenever a change is made. We present Footloose, a user-centered data store that can share data and reconcile conflicts across diverse devices. Footloose is an optimistic system based on physical eventual consistency: consistency based on the movement of devices, and selective conflict resolution, which allows conflicts to flow through devices that cannot resolve the conflict to devices that can. Using these techniques, Footloose can present consistent views of data on the devices closest to the user without user interaction.
Lagrangian coherent structures in tropical cyclone intensification

Abstract. Recent work has suggested that tropical cyclones intensify via a pathway of rotating deep moist convection in the presence of enhanced fluxes of moisture from the ocean. The rotating deep convective structures possessing enhanced cyclonic vorticity within their cores have been dubbed Vortical Hot Towers (VHTs). In general, the interaction between VHTs and the system-scale vortex, as well as the corresponding evolution of equivalent potential temperature (θe) that modulates the VHT activity, is a complex problem in moist helical turbulence. To better understand the structural aspects of the three-dimensional intensification process, a Lagrangian perspective is explored that focuses on the coherent structures seen in the flow field associated with VHTs and their vortical remnants, as well as the evolution and localized stirring of θe. Recently developed finite-time Lagrangian methods are limited in the three-dimensional turbulence and shear associated with the VHTs. In this paper, new Lagrangian techniques developed for three-dimensional velocity fields are summarized and we apply these techniques to study VHT and θe phenomenology in a high-resolution numerical tropical cyclone simulation. The usefulness of these methods is demonstrated by an analysis of particle trajectories. We find that VHTs create a locally turbulent mixing environment. However, associated with the VHTs are hyperbolic structures that span between adjacent VHTs or adjacent vortical remnants and represent coherent finite-time transport barriers in the flow field. Although the azimuthally-averaged inflow is responsible for the inward advection of boundary layer θe, attracting Lagrangian coherent structures are coincident with pools of high boundary layer θe. Extensions of boundary layer coherent structures grow above the boundary layer during episodes of convection and remain with the convective vortices. These hyperbolic structures form initially as boundaries between VHTs. As vorticity aggregates into a ring-like eyewall feature, the Lagrangian boundaries merge into a ring outside of the region of maximal vorticity.
Geoarchaeological Investigations in Mesoamerica Move into the 21st Century: A Review

Over the past thirty years, geoarchaeology has moved from the fringe to mainstream status within Mesoamerican archaeological investigations. This review focuses on works published since the year 2000. Five themes are identified as central to recent studies: (1) the correlation of environmental change and cultural history; (2) anthropogenic environmental impacts; (3) ancient land cover, land use, and diet; (4) archaeological prospection; and (5) provenance studies. These themes are often interwoven in the application of complex systems approaches that allow scientists to more accurately model the intricacies of ancient human–environment interactions.
Microbial and plant metabolism of NO.

During microbial denitrification, NO is produced by reduction of nitrite by either the reduced high spind1 hemes in a unique reductase (NIR) or at the expense of a blue copper protein that transfers electrons that move first to a type I copper and then to a type II copper in a unique trimeric NIR. This latter type of NIR is also produced by several denitrifying filamentous fungi. Reduction of NO is then carried out by either a specific cytochromebc complex NOR in denitrifying bacteria or a unique cytochrome P-450 in denitrifying filamentous fungi. NO is also produced by an anomalous reaction of a molybdoprotein, nitrate reductase (NAR), acting on an odd substrate, NO 2 . NO is also reduced by a multiheme NIR that serves physiologically for reduction of NO2 to NH3. This type NIR reduces NO to either N2O, if only partially reduced, or NH3, if fully reduced, when it encounters NO. This multiheme NIR is very sensitive to cyanide. Transcription of the genes for NIR and NOR production in a denitrifier is activated by NO, a process that also requires the presence of the gene product, a transcriptional activator, NnrR. Capacity for producing, releasing and degrading NO is widespread in the biological world. A number of bacteria and fungi continually form and dispose of the gas. Plants are also known to liberate NO, but the degree of their involvement is not yet established. In contrast to the oxidative, L-arginine-dependent mechanism for producing NO (converted in turn to NO 2 and NO 3 )i n animals, microbes and the few plants studied generate NO by reductive reactions catalyzed by metalloenzymes. The set of natural phenomena that appear to yield NO more often than any other is called microbial denitrification - a series of anaerobic or alternative respiratory reactions for which widely distributed, usually aerobic bacterial species form branched, post quinone, electron transfer chains. Even when switched from aerobic to denitrifying respiration, these bacteria are likely to continue using the standard components of electron transfer chains to carry out the pre-quinone transfers. Unique enzymes are then produced and combined to bring about orderly and sequential reduction of NO 3 ,N O 2 ,N O and N2O to yield N2. A number of denitrifiers lack the final reductase and thus accumulate N 2 O( 1). These steps drive proton translocation, and several are linked to phosphorylation (2). Some of the NO so formed evolves continually and unceasingly into the atmosphere and other environments. Study of the denitrification processes has led to better understanding of the interactions of NO with metalloenzymes and of the influence of NO on sulfate reduction, nitrogen fixation and methanogenesis (3-6). Together, reduction of NO 2 to NO, and of NO to N2O, constitute the pivotal events in the global nitrogen cycle. Otherwise, standing stocks of fixed nitrogen would suffice for
The earth as a system

The planet Earth is a mixed living and nonliving system. It is the suprasystem of all supranational systems as well as the total ecological system, with all its living and nonliving components. The Earth is studied in this article in terms of a general theory of all concrete systems, with special attention to the important subset of living systems. The Earth is an open system, interacting with its atmosphere and with matter and energy in space. Its systemwide processes and the processes of its various components, as well as their variables and indicators, are discussed. In the light of known facts about the Earth as a system, consideration is given to future worldwide problems which must be dealt with by human planners and statesmen.
Dispersive Kinetics from Single Molecules Oriented in Single Crystals of Potassium Acid Phthalate

The intermittent emission or “blinking” of single violamine R (1) and 2‘,7‘-dichlorofluorescein (2) molecules incorporated into single crystals of potassium acid phthalate (KAP) is studied using confocal fluorescence microscopy. Blinking dynamics are quantified in terms of switching rates and on- and off-length probability distributions. Mixed crystals of KAP/1 and KAP/2 consist of photophysical subpopulations with ∼40% and ∼20% exhibiting persistent emission, respectively, and the remainder demonstrating a broad range of blinking behavior that is well described by a power-law distribution. The dependence of the power-law exponent on chromophore, experimental bin time, intensity threshold, and excitation power is examined. The blinking dynamics are also modeled using Monte Carlo simulations on the basis of a three-level electronic system with the rate constants for population and depopulation of the “dark” state being distributed. No correlation between molecular orientation and blinking dynamics is obser...
China's poverty statistics

Abstract China's official poverty statistics show a dramatic reduction in poverty from 31% of the rural population in 1978 to 3% in 2000. We evaluate possible sources of bias in these estimates and conclude that the official statistics underestimate rural poverty and overstate the speed of poverty reduction. Direct measures of nutritional outcomes support the contention that poverty is more widespread than suggested by official statistics. Priority should be given to constructing new statistics to accurately measure urban poverty. The method for calculating county income per capita, a key policy variable affecting official poor county designation, is ad hoc and subject to political influence.
Amplitude-yield scaling for underground nuclear explosions

abstract About 60 sets of seismic amplitude-yield data were examined using standard regression techniques to determine slopes of amplitude-yield scaling relations for explosions in water-saturated tuffs and rhyolites. Both P -wave amplitudes and Rayleigh-wave amplitudes were studied at selected stations located at regional and teleseismic distances. The source population included only those underground nuclear explosions fired near or below the level of the static water table at Pahute Mesa, Nevada Test Site, and covered about three orders of magnitude in yield. Statistical tests applied to the slope parameter (b) indicate that the slopes at regional and teleseismic distances are different. An estimated mean value of b for P -wave amplitude/period (A/T) was slightly greater than 0.6 for regional distances but was almost 1.0 for teleseismic distances. The estimated mean value of b for Rayleigh-wave A/T data was about 1.1. At a given distance the slopes seem to be independent of the yield range considered for both P -waves and Rayleigh-waves.
Phase I and Clinical Pharmacology Study of Bevacizumab, Sorafenib, and Low-Dose Cyclophosphamide in Children and Young Adults with Refractory/Recurrent Solid Tumors

Purpose: To determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicities (DLT), pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of sorafenib, bevacizumab, and low-dose oral cyclophosphamide in children and young adults with recurrent/refractory solid tumors. Experimental Design: Sorafenib dose was escalated from 90 to 110 mg/m 2 twice daily with fixed doses of bevacizumab at 5 mg/kg every 3 weeks and cyclophosphamide at 50 mg/m 2 daily. Once sorafenib9s MTD was established, bevacizumab dose was escalated. Each course was of 21 days. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics studies were conducted during the first course. Results: Nineteen patients (11 males; median age, 9.2 years) received a median of four courses (range, 1–23). DLTs during course 1 included grade 3 rash (two), increased lipase (one), anorexia (one), and thrombus (one). With an additional 71 courses of therapy, the most common toxicities ≥ grade 3 included neutropenia (nine), lymphopenia (nine), and rashes (four). Five of 17 evaluable patients had partial tumor responses, and five had disease stabilization (>2 courses). Median day 1 cyclophosphamide apparent oral clearance was 3.13 L/h/m 2 . Median day 1 sorafenib apparent oral clearance was 44 and 39 mL/min/m 2 at the 2 dose levels evaluated, and steady-state concentrations ranged from 1.64 to 4.8 mg/L. Inhibition of serum VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) was inversely correlated with sorafenib steady-state concentrations ( P = 0.019). Conclusion: The recommended phase II doses are sorafenib, 90 mg/m 2 twice daily; bevacizumab, 15 mg/kg q3 weeks; and cyclophosphamide, 50 mg/m 2 once daily. This regimen is feasible with promising evidence of antitumor activity that warrants further investigation. Clin Cancer Res; 19(1); 236–46. ©2012 AACR .
On the subject of rigor in the study of amyloid β-protein assembly

According to Thomas Kuhn, the success of ‘normal science,’ the science we all practice on a daily basis, depends on the adherence to, and practice of, a paradigm accepted by the scientific community. When great scientific upheavals occur, they involve the rejection of the current paradigm in favor of a new paradigm that better integrates the facts available and better predicts the behavior of a particular scientific system. In the field of Alzheimer’s disease, a recent example of such a paradigm shift has been the apparent rejection of the ‘amyloid cascade hypothesis,’ promulgated by Hardy and Higgins in 1992 to explain the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease, in favor of what has been referred to as the ‘oligomer cascade hypothesis’. This paradigm shift has been breathtaking in its rapidity, its pervasiveness in the Alzheimer’s disease field, and its adoption in an increasing number of other fields, including those of Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the prionoses. However, these facts do not mean, a priori, that the experiments extant, and any re-interpretation of them, should be accepted by rote as support for the new paradigm. In the discussion that follows, I consider the foundational studies leading to the oligomer cascade hypothesis and evaluate the current state of the paradigm. I argue here that, more often than not, insufficient rigor has been applied in studies upon which this new paradigm has been based. Confusion, rather than clarity, has resulted. If the field is to make progress forward using as its paradigmatic basis amyloid β-protein oligomerization, then an epistemological re-evaluation of the amyloid β-protein oligomer system is required.
An Official American Thoracic Society Statement: The Importance of Healthy Sleep. Recommendations and Future Priorities.

Rationale: Despite substantial public interest, few recommendations on the promotion of good sleep health exist to educate health care providers and the general public on the importance of sleep for overall health.Objectives: The aim of this American Thoracic Society (ATS) statement is to provide a review of the current scientific literature to assist health care providers, especially pulmonologists and sleep physicians, in making recommendations to patients and the general public about the importance of achieving good quality and adequate quantity of sleep.Methods: ATS members were invited, based on their expertise in sleep medicine, and their conclusions were based on both empirical evidence identified after comprehensive literature review and clinical experience.Main Results: We focus on sleep health in both children and adults, including the impact of occupation on sleep, the public health implications of drowsy driving, and the common sleep disorders of obstructive sleep apnea and insomnia. This ATS ...
Effect of adsorbed water on wetting properties of borosilicate glass, quartz, and sapphire

Abstract Contact angles of a variety of hydrophobic liquids were measured on clean surfaces of borosilicate glass, quartz, and sapphire at 20°C with the RH at 0.6% and 95%. The adsorption of water molecules at 0.6% RH resulted in the formation of only a fraction of a monolayer; yet it converted each high-energy solid surface to one having a low critical surface tension of wetting, γ c . The increased amount of water adsorbed at 95% RH to form a film comprising little more than a condensed monolayer further lowered γ c to a value somewhat above that of bulk water. At each relative humidity investigated the value of γ c was the same for each of these three solids; hence γ c was dependent upon the surface concentration of adsorbed water but was independent of the chemical nature of the solid substrate. The somewhat different values of γ c obtained on using several different homologous series of hydrophobic liquids are explained in terms of differences in the contribution from nondispersion interfacial forces acting between the water film and the contacting organic liquid molecules. These results reveal clearly the important influence of only a monolayer of adsorbed water upon the spreading, adhesion, and contact angles of organic liquids resting upon high-energy, hydrophilic, solid surfaces.
Emotional endophenotypes in evolutionary psychiatry

Evolutionary psychiatry emerged from the conceptual successes of sociobiology and evolutionary psychology. It will need to avoid the many mistakes that biology-free Evolutionary Psychology has been prey to. It should not ignore the wealth of information that exists between the phenotypic expression of symptoms and the genotypic sources of core brain/mind processes that are disrupted in psychiatric disorders. Syndromal–conceptual thinking has become a barrier to illuminating the biological sources of psychiatric disorders. Endophenoytpicbiomarker approaches now offer robust alternatives for generating linkages between psychiatrically relevant psychological changes and the neurobiological infrastructure of disordered mentation. Here I summarize recent advances in endophenotypic thinking in biological psychiatry, and suggest that various core emotional–affective processes may be among the most important endophenotypes that need to be clarified at both neurobiological and genetic levels of analysis. To this end, I discuss strategies to link basic emotional processes that are commonly imbalanced in psychiatric disorders to neuroanatomical, neurochemical, neurophysiology, and molecular genetic levels of analysis. Conjoint animal behavioral-genetic and gene expression, microarray analyses can clarify a variety of key emotional endophenotypes and thereby provide a coherent infrastructure for psychiatric systematics. To further clarify the neurobiological dimensions of psychiatric disorders, we must also focus on psychosocial and environmental stress vectors that converge to create imbalanced emotional and motivational brain activities of psychiatric significance.
On the language inclusion problem for timed automata: closing a decidability gap

We consider the language inclusion problem for timed automata: given two timed automata A and B, are all the timed traces accepted by B also accepted by A? While this problem is known to be undecidable, we show here that it becomes decidable if A is restricted to having at most one clock. This is somewhat surprising, since it is well-known that there exist timed automata with a single clock that cannot be complemented. The crux of our proof consists in reducing the language inclusion problem to a reachability question on an infinite graph; we then construct a suitable well-quasi-order on the nodes of this graph, which ensures the termination of our search algorithm. We also show that the language inclusion problem is decidable if the only constant appearing among the clock constraints of A is zero. Moreover, these two cases are essentially the only decidable instances of language inclusion, in terms of restricting the various resources of timed automata.
HEDP and new directions for fusion energy

Abstract Magnetic-confinement fusion energy and inertia-confinement fusion energy (IFE) represent two extreme approaches to the quest for the application of thermonuclear fusion to electrical energy generation. Blind pursuit of these extreme approaches has long delayed the achievement of their common goal. We point out the possibility of an intermediate approach that promises cheaper, and consequently more rapid development of fusion energy. For example, magneto-inertial fusion appears to be possible over a broad range of parameter space. It is further argued that imposition of artificial constraints impedes the discovery of physics solutions for the fusion energy problem.
Teaching computer design using virtual prototyping

The rapid increase in complexity and size of digital systems has reduced the effectiveness of old design methodologies based on physical prototyping. Prototyping via simulation must be used to achieve design cost and time-to-market goals when designing large digital systems. This virtual prototyping design methodology often permits the first physical prototype to be a manufacturable product. A two-course sequence has been developed to introduce students to this design paradigm. These courses teach virtual prototyping techniques and allow the students to use these techniques to develop a simple computer. The students simulate their designs, and then they implement their designs in hardware using field programmable hardware. This allows the students to complete an entire design cycle from idea to actual hardware implementation and compare their physical results to their simulated results.
Dietary and hormonal evaluation of men at different risks for prostate cancer: fiber intake, excretion, and composition, with in vitro evidence for an association between steroid hormones and specific fiber components

Dietary fiber intake and fecal fiber excretion were investigated in 53 Seventh-day Adventist men: 18 nonvegetarians (NVs), 20 lactoovovegetanans (LOVs), and 15 vegans (Vs). Three-day composite diets and stools were analyzed for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), hemicellulose, cellulose, hgnm, and pectin. In vitro binding ofestrone (El), estradiol-17fl (E2), and testosterone (T) to a water-insoluble fiber fraction obtained from these diets was correlated with the intake of specific dietary fiber components. Vs consumed and excreted significantly more ofall fiber components than did LOVs or NVs. LOVs consumed more of all fiber components (except cellulose) than did omnivores and excreted more NDF, hemicellulose, and cellulose. Dietary hignin was positively correlated with T binding in the V group. There were significant relationships for all groups combined between lignin and water-insoluble fiber binding ofEl, E2, and T. Further study is needed to clarify relationships between fiber components, steroid-hormone metabolism, and risk of prostate cancer. Am J C/in Nutr 1990;5 1:365-70.
Sulfur stable isotope indicators of residency in estuarine fish

Estuarine fish may remain as residents in areas with favorable conditions for feeding and refuge, but become mobile and transient where conditions are less favorable. We developed a new approach involving sulfur stable isotope (d34S) distributions in fish muscle tissue to track residents and transients across estuarine salinity zones. Salinity tracking was based on d34S contrasts between freshwater and marine waters. This 5-yr study of two Louisiana estuaries showed that riverine and upper-estuarine fish consistently had low d34S values (25% to +5%) in contrast to fish from the lower, more marine portion of estuaries that had higher d34S values (11–17%). Residents were identified using tests of normality within community-level d34S distributions, and conceptually were considered animals permanently residing at the sampling station but also any animals present from nearby areas with similar salinities. Transients had d34S values atypical of both the location of capture and the local salinity regime. Results showed good resolution of fish movement at small 0.1–4-km scales for low-salinity (, 2) upper-estuary stations, and good detection of long-range migrants from the upper estuary into the lower estuary at a coarser spatial scale of 10–30 km. On an average basis, O of the estuarine fish fauna was resident and M transient. Transients were a minority in most species but commonly included small as well as large fish. This novel d34S approach may be a general technique for evaluating fish residency and movement across salinity zones in
THE REPLICATION ORIGIN DECISION POINT IS A MITOGEN-INDEPENDENT, 2-AMINOPURINE-SENSITIVE, G1-PHASE EVENT THAT PRECEDES RESTRICTION POINT CONTROL

At a distinct point during G1 phase (the origin decision point [ODP]), Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell nuclei experience a transition (origin choice) that is required for specific recognition of the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) origin locus by Xenopus egg extracts. We have investigated the relationship between the ODP and progression of CHO cells through G1 phase. Selection of the DHFR origin at the ODP was rapidly inhibited by treatment of early G1-phase cells with the protein kinase inhibitor 2-aminopurine (2-AP). Inhibition of the ODP required administration of 2-AP at least 3 h prior to phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (Rb) and the restriction point (R point). Cells deprived of either serum or isoleucine from metaphase throughout early G1 phase acquired the capacity to replicate in Xenopus egg extract (replication licensing) and subsequently passed through the ODP on the same schedule as cells cultured in complete growth medium. After growth arrest at the R point with hypophosphorylated Rb protein, serum- or isoleucine-deprived cells experienced a gradual loss of replication licensing. However, recognition of the DHFR origin by Xenopus egg cytosol remained stable in growth-arrested cells until the point at which all nuclei had lost the capacity to initiate replication. These results provide evidence that the ODP requires a mitogen-independent protein kinase that is activated after replication licensing and prior to R-point control.
Causal Reasoning about Illness: A Comparison between European- and Vietnamese-American Children

These studies examine children's understanding of the causes of illness cross-culturally. In Study 1, European- and Vietnamese-American 4- to 5-year-olds, 6- to 7-year-olds, and adults were asked to make causal attributions for a series of illness related stories. In Study 2, European- and Vietnamese-American 6- to 7-year-olds and adults were asked about the causes and remedies of illness. The results show that biological causality was the dominant form of reasoning about illness across the different ages and cultural groups, although there was some acceptance of magical causality among the Vietnamese-Americans (children and adults) and the European-American children. These results are discussed in terms of the coherence of illness beliefs.
Throwing motion generation of a biped human model

Throwing motion is a complicated whole-body movement. The kinematics and dynamics of throwing have been analyzed and simulated in the literature mostly from the experimental measurements such as motion capture. In this presentation, the overarm throwing motion of a 55 degree-of-freedom biped human model is generated from multibody dynamics and optimization. The whole-body dynamic balance is maintained during the motion through an efficient Zero-Moment Point formulation. The proposed method is completely predictive and no input reference motion is required. As outputs, the generated motion and the required actuator torques are calculated. The results show dynamically feasible human motion of throwing in a physics-based simulation environment.
Autonomous weapons: Regulation tolerant or regulation resistant?

This paper applies the author's previously published model for evaluating weapons' susceptibility to attempts to generate international regulations on autonomous weapons. The paper concludes that while autonomous weapon systems presently demonstrate characteristics of both regulation tolerance and resistance, on balance, considerations of resistance, especially uncertainty as to effectiveness prevail and indicate a low likelihood that States will in the immediate future consent to a meaningfully-ratified specific regulation or a preemptive ban.
An Unusual Cutaneous Manifestation in a Patient with Murine Typhus.

Abstract Murine typhus is a flea-borne febrile illness caused by Rickettsia typhi. Although often accompanied by rash, an inoculation lesion has not been observed as it is with many tick- and mite-transmitted rickettsioses. We describe a patient with murine typhus and an unusual cutaneous manifestation at the site of rickettsial inoculation.
The Auditor's Slippery Slope: The Ill Effects of Reputation

Reputational concerns have been commonly perceived to have a positive effect on auditing firms' execution of their monitoring and attesting functions. This paper demonstrates that this need not always be the case by studying a two period game of repeated interaction between a manager and an auditor under the assessment of the market for audit services. Regarding reputation as the sole motivator for the auditor, we illustrate how reputational concerns induce an auditing firm to misreport. We investigate the reasons and circumstances under which such misreporting takes place. In particular, a strategic manager can induce the audit firm down a 'slippery-slope' situation, wherein the managerial fraud increases as the tenure of the audit firm progresses, while the auditor's fraud reporting probability decreases.
High-pressure dynamics of hydrated protein in bioprotective trehalose environment.

We present a pressure-dependence study of the dynamics of lysozyme protein powder immersed in deuterated $\ensuremath{\alpha},\ensuremath{\alpha}$-trehalose environment via quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS). The goal is to assess the baroprotective benefits of trehalose on biomolecules by comparing the findings with those of a trehalose-free reference study. While the mean-square displacement of the trehalose-free protein (hydrated to ${d}_{{\mathrm{D}}_{2}\mathrm{O}}\ensuremath{\simeq}40$ w%) as a whole, is reduced by increasing pressure, the actual observable relaxation dynamics in the picoseconds to nanoseconds time range remains largely unaffected by pressure---up to the maximum investigated pressure of 2.78(2) Kbar. Our observation is independent of whether or not the protein is mixed with the deuterated sugar. This suggests that the hydrated protein's conformational states at atmospheric pressure remain unaltered by hydrostatic pressures, below 2.78 Kbar. We also found the QENS response to be totally recoverable after ambient pressure conditions are restored. Small-angle neutron diffraction measurements confirm that the protein-protein correlation remains undisturbed. We observe, however, a clear narrowing of the QENS response as the temperature is decreased from 290 to 230 K in both cases, which we parametrize using the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts stretched exponential model. Only the fraction of protons that are immobile on the accessible time window of the instrument, referred to as the elastic incoherent structure factor, is observably sensitive to pressure, increasing only marginally but systematically with increasing pressure.
Interaction of growth hormone with ACTH, TSH, and FSH in the hypophysectomized rat.

Summary1. The effect of administration to hypophysectomized rats of GH simultaneously with other pituitary hormones was investigated. 2. Growth hormone potentiates the effect of ACTH on adrenal weight but does not increase the steroidogenic response of the adrenal to ACTH. 3. GH did not enhance the effect of TSH on thyroidal weight or iodide uptake, nor did it augment the effect of PMS upon ovarian weight.
Local Minimality of a Lipschitz Extremal

In this paper the question of weak and strong local optimality of a Lipschitz (as opposed to C1 ) extremal is addressed. We show that the classical Jacobi sufficient conditions can be extended to the case of Lipschitz candidates. The key idea for this achievement lies in proving that the “generalized” strengthened Weierstrass condition is equivalent to the existence of a “feedback control” function at which the maximum in the “true” Hamiltonian is attained. Then the Hamilton-Jacobi approach is pursued in order to conclude the result.
Effects of supplemental feeding on intake by kid, yearling, and adult Angora goats on rangeland.

Sixty female Angoras, including 20 each of kids (9 mo), pregnant yearlings (21 mo), and pregnant adults (2.5 to 4 yr), were used to determine the effects of supplemental feed and level of supplemental digestible DM (DDM) on voluntary intake on rangeland. Treatments included negative control (NC: no supplemental feed) and supplements to provide equal CP (3 g/kg of BW.75) and either 4.8, 9.8, or 19.8 g/kg of BW.75 of DDM per day. Forage intake (FI), gastrointestinal tract fill (FILL), mean particulate turnover, mean particulate whole-tract residence time, fecal output, and forage DM digestibility (FDMD) were measured in all goats using a pulse-dose marker technique when the yearling and adult goats were in late pregnancy. Forage intake increased (quadratic regression, P = .01) at the low level of feeding, but both FI and FDMD decreased in a quadratic pattern in the pregnant goats as DDM feeding level increased. Total DDM intake reached a maximum at the medium supplementation level. Stimulative, additive, and substitutive effects on forage intake were observed as feeding level increased. Yearling goats had lower FILL and intake than kids and adults (metabolic BW basis), which may explain problems associated with reproduction in young goats.
Resolution of Vesicoureteral Reflux in Completely Duplicated Systems: Fact or Fiction?

AbstractA total of 60 patients (71 renal units) with grade 2/5 vesicoureteral reflux into the lower pole moiety of a completely duplicated system was managed by medical surveillance and is compared to an identically managed age, race and sex matched control population with a similar degree of reflux into a single collecting system. During a median 2-year observation period reflux ceased spontaneously in 10% of the patients with duplication compared to 35% of the control population (p 0.5). Despite the fact that the resolution rate in duplex systems is significantly lower than that of a single system, it is apparent that cessation of grade 2/5 reflux into a duplicated ureter will occur and that a trial of medical management is an appropriate initial method of therapy.
The Greatest Generational Impact: The Open Neuroscience Movement as an Emerging Knowledge Commons

This forthcoming book chapter describes what some in the neuroscience research community are calling the “open neuroscience movement.” By focusing on the enabling conditions for cooperation, this case study of neuroscience data sharing may be particularly useful in illuminating the dynamics of commons formation in research environments dominated by an ethos of competitive, individual lab-based achievement. It also can shed light on the emergence of these types of governance arrangements where non-profit organizations are among the principal actors. Forthcoming in a collection of commons case studies analyzed under the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, it is situated within the intersecting scholarly literatures on knowledge infrastructure and knowledge commons, both of which are related to open innovation research.
Why Contested Primaries May Not Be Divisive Primaries

This chapter begins by posing the question of why traditional measures of divisive primaries failed to predict the outcomes of recent presidential races. For example, the 2008 Republican process was one where John McCain was able to lock up his party’s nomination earlier than any modern contested nomination. By contrast, the Democratic contest dragged on into the summer months. However, when the general election arrived, Barack Obama was able to win handily. How do we account for this disparity? One overlooked element was the unity and enthusiasm gap between the two parties. We believe that traditional measures of intraparty divisions paint a misleading picture and suggest a more accurate measure to gauge party unity.
Trends in HIV Infection Among Persons Who Inject Drugs: United States and Puerto Rico, 2008–2013

Objectives. To describe trends in HIV diagnoses and prevalence among persons who inject drugs (PWID), and trend variations by jurisdiction.Methods. We used National HIV Surveillance System data to estimate the number of HIV diagnoses made during 2008 through 2013, and measured trends by estimated annual percent change; and persons living with diagnosed HIV infection at year-end 2008 to 2012, and measured trends in prevalence by the 2012–2008 arithmetic difference.Results. During 2008 through 2013, the number of HIV diagnoses was stable among all persons ( 10% per year) overall and in 10 jurisdictions. The Black-to-White PWID diagnosis ratio was 2 to 1. During 2008 through 2012, the number of persons living with diagnosed HIV infection increased overall, was stable among PWID, and decreased in 14 jurisdictions.Conclusions. Had the rate of decrease in diagnoses of HIV infection among PWID equaled that of all persons, an additional 1500 diagnoses would have occurred...
Urinary collecting system invasion is associated with poor survival in patients with clear-cell renal cell carcinoma.

Objectives To evaluate the prognostic significance of urinary collecting system invasion in a large series of clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients. Materials Patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma treated with nephrectomy between 2001 and 2010 were reviewed from a prospectively maintained registry. One urologic pathologist re-reviewed all slides. Cancer-specific survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and associations of collecting system invasion with death from renal cell carcinoma were evaluated using Cox models. Results Of the 859 patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma, 58 (6.8%) demonstrated collecting system invasion. At last follow-up, 310 patients had died from renal cell carcinoma at a median of 1.8 years following surgery. Median follow-up for patients alive at last follow-up was 8.2 years. Estimated cancer-specific survival at 10 years following surgery for patients with collecting system invasion was 17%, compared with 60% for patients without collecting system invasion (p<0.001). In a multivariable model, collecting system invasion remained independently associated with an increased risk of death from renal cell carcinoma (hazard ratio 1.5, p=0.018). Further, among patients with pT3 renal cell carcinoma, those with collecting system invasion had survival outcomes similar to pT4 patients. Conclusions Collecting system invasion is associated with poor prognosis among patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. If validated, consideration should be given to including collecting system invasion in future staging systems. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Community formation in social networks based on Knowledge Quotient

Networks are characterized by participants with varying interests, qualifications and behaviors. The existing methods and algorithms used for community formation in these networks fail to capture the behavioral aspect of the users who form the community. In this paper, we introduce a game-theoretic approach to address the community formation problem in social networks based on Knowledge Quotient [KQ]. Given an underlying social graph, we assume that each node is a selfish agent who wishes to be in a community where his peers are of the same KQ. We formulate the agents utility based on the modularity concept introduced by Newman [2] and extending it to include the KQ criteria which helps in forming communities with the same behavior. The proposed paper helps address social network problems like diffusion of information and innovation, e-commerce (marketing), job finding, build effective social and political campaigns in a better way by considering the KQ of the members of the social community.
Transtensional Tectonics of the Minto Flats Fault Zone and Nenana Basin, Central Alaska

Abstract Central Alaska is a broad zone of crustal deformation that is produced by collision and flat slab subduction. Within central Alaska, there are large‐scale right‐lateral strike‐slip faults, such as the Denali fault (2002 M w 7.9), as well as smaller‐scale fold‐and‐thrust belts and a set of left‐lateral strike‐slip fault zones, one of which is the Minto Flats fault zone (MFFZ). We use seismological evidence to document a pair of overlapping left‐lateral faults that define the MFFZ. Microseismicity delineates this 180‐km‐long fault zone. Using body waves and surface waves, we perform moment tensor inversions for the 11 best‐recorded earthquakes in the fault zone. Moment tensors reveal consistent left‐lateral faulting throughout the fault zone. A finite‐source model for the 1995 M w 6.0 earthquake is consistent with left‐lateral faulting and provides rupture details for the largest known event in the fault zone. The two main faults are separated by 10 km and overlap by 67 km, forming a releasing stepover geometry within a local transtensional setting. Between the faults is a 90‐km‐long, 12‐km‐wide, and 8‐km‐deep sedimentary basin (the Nenana basin). We interpret the transtensional faulting to be responsible for the development of the basin over the past 6 Ma. The distances of fault overlap and fault separation are key parameters for determining (1) the 3D morphology of the sedimentary basin and (2) the likelihood of earthquake ruptures jumping from one fault to the next. The structure of the Nenana basin is consistent with shear motion accommodated by the identified faults. The 10 km fault separation suggests that ruptures are not likely to span the entire fault zone. Earthquakes as large as M w 7.0–7.5 could occur on the faults. The transtensional fault zone provides an important constraint for understanding the larger‐scale intraplate tectonic setting of central Alaska. Online Material: Figures of waveform fits, depth estimation for moment tensors, variation in seismicity, and fault‐plane identification.