cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimizing the Electronic Properties of Photoactive Anticancer Oxypyridine-Bridged Dirhodium(II,II) Complexes

A series of partial paddlewheel dirhodium compounds of general formula cis-[Rh2(xhp)2(CH3CN)n][BF4]2 (n = 5 or 6) were synthesized {xhp = 6-R-2-oxypyridine ligands, R = −CH3 (mhp), −F (fhp), −Cl (chp)}. X-ray crystallographic studies indicate the aforementioned compounds contain two cis-oriented bridging xhp ligands, with the remaining sites being coordinated by CH3CN ligands. The lability of the equatorial (eq) CH3CN groups in these complexes in solution is in the order −CH3 > −Cl > −F, in accord with the more electron rich bridging ligands exerting a stronger trans effect. In the case of cis-[Rh2(chp)2(CH3CN)6][BF4]2 (5), light irradiation enhances the production of the aqua adducts in which eq CH3CN is replaced by H2O molecules, whereas the formation of the aqua species for cis-[Rh2(fhp)2(CH3CN)6][BF4]2 (7) is only slightly increased by irradiation. The potential of both compounds to act as photochemotherapy agents was evaluated. A 16.4-fold increase in cytotoxicity against the HeLa cell line was obser...
Pesca exploratoria con espineles en aguas profundas en torno a la isla Robinson Crusoe (Archipiélago de Juan Fernández), Chile

A longline exploratory fishing around Robinson Crusoe island, belonging to the Juan Fernandez Archipelago, was conducted between November 1996 and March 1997. The experience was developed by setting horizontal and vertical longlines at stations over four radial transects, between 50 and 1000 m depth, using unbalanced hooks numbers 5, 6, 7 and 9. Main resources caught during these activities were: deep water eel ( Bassanago nielseni), breca (Cheilodactylus gayi), Juan Fernandez rockfish (Scorpaena fernandeziana), croaker (Helicolenus lengerichi), Juan Fernandez corvina (Umbrina reedi), Juan Fernandez mackerel (Pseudocaranx chilensis), moray (Gymnotorax porphyreus), codling (Mora moro), Juan Fernandez dogfish (Squalus mitsukurii), robin fish ( Pterygotrigla picta) and alfonsino (Beryx splendens). Even though the catch with these gears was not conspicuously abundant, it was possible to identify the deep water fauna around these islands. The species with higher yields were the breca and Juan Fernandez dogfish, between 50 and 200 m, and codling, between 400 and 600 m. Between 600 and 1000 m no fishes were recorded.
Scaling Projections for Sb-based p-channel FETs

Abstract Numerical device modeling is used to study p-channel FETs with InSb, GaSb and InGaSb channels. To be as realistic as possible, the basic parameters are chosen to be those measured experimentally in state-of-the-art high-mobility materials, and where possible, predictions are compared against published data. Confinement effects are captured in the simulations using the density-gradient description of quantum transport. The emphasis is on projecting scaling properties and ultimate performance, with key issues being short-channel effects, the importance of source-drain leakage current, power considerations and p + -cap design. Although important, issues related to gate leakage current and gate stack design are not well addressed by modeling, and so are not considered in detail. With III–V complementary circuits and high-speed, low-power applications in mind, the general conclusion is that among the antimonide-based pFETs, InGaSb devices provide the best balance of speed and power dissipation.
Conditionally immortalized cell lines, engineered to produce and release GABA, modulate the development of behavioral seizures.

Abstract Transplantation of genetically engineered cells can provide sustained focal delivery of naturally occurring molecules, including neurotransmitters and growth factors. We have engineered immortalized mouse cortical neurons and glia to deliver GABA by driving GAD65 expression. Engineered cell lines showed GAD65 mRNA expression, enzymatic activity, and GABA release. In vitro, basal flux of GABA was approximately 20% of total cellular GABA. We transplanted these GABA-producing cells bilaterally into either the anterior or the posterior substantia nigra of 43 rats. The rats were subsequently kindled through an electrode placed in the entorhinal cortex. GABA-producing cells, but not β-galactosidase-producing cells, affected kindling rates. The number of stimulations needed to reach the first stage-5 seizure and to achieve full kindling differed significantly between the anterior and posterior transplantation sites when GAD65-producing cells were transplanted but not when β-galactosidase-producing cells were transplanted. Our data show that transplanted engineered cells can make and release GABA at physiologically meaningful concentrations.
A new approach for symbol frame synchronization and carrier frequency estimation in OFDM communications

This work considers the problem of jointly estimating symbol frame boundaries and carrier frequency offsets for orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) communications in frequency selective fading environments. Orthogonality between the modulated and virtual carriers over an interference free window of the received signal is used to develop an algorithm for estimating the carrier frequency offset and detecting the beginning of a symbol frame. By using a cyclic prefix to remove interference from neighboring frames, the the method is applicable in the presence of dispersive channels. The main contribution of this work is the joint estimation of the frequency offset and the frame boundary.
Longitudinal analysis of long-timescale open source repository data

One of the more unique features of open source software development is the continuity of projects over large time scales and incremental development efforts. For this reason, the open development process provides an interesting environment for investigation of the software development process. The problems of data collection and analysis of two particular long-running repositories, the X Window System and the Nickle Programming Language, are considered here as instructive examples. The use of uniform software tools (CVS/RCS) with open formats and interfaces makes it possible to collect data that provide unique analysis opportunities.
A brief description of privacy measures in the multics operating system

The problem of maintaining information privacy in a multi-user, remote-access system is quite complex. Hopefully, without going into detail, some idea can be given of the mechanisms that have been used in the Multics operating system at MIT.
A Really Big Picture of Personality

How do you describe personality? One way is to begin with a picture of where personality is in relation to its neighboring systems. For example, a biopsychosocia l model is often used to position personality between a lower-level brain and higher-level social groups. A more complete model, however, would also distinguish what is inside personality from what is outside of it. An enlarged model that accomplishes that goal is presented. After personality is positioned, models that focus on the system's inner function can be used to complete the picture. One such model, called the systems set, divides personality into such key areas as energy development and knowledge guid­ ance. Both the positional and functional models are illustrated with examples from the life of the composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Using such models is one way to provide an organized description of a person. When we encounter a new individual, we quickly assemble a mental model of that per­ son (Craik, 1943), perhaps recalling models of similar people (Fiske, 1993; Oatley & Mar, 2005). When we learn about the composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, for example, we might begin with just a few facts: that he lived in Vienna, he was a child prodigy, and he wrote highly regarded classical music. These initial conceptions of people may be suffi­ cient for many purposes — such as providing a context for understanding a discussion of major composers (Fiske & Taylor, 1991, p. 13). Such models are incomplete, however, relative to a full characterization of a person (McAdams & Pals, 2006).
Side Chain Conformational Distributions of a Small Protein Derived from Model-Free Analysis of a Large Set of Residual Dipolar Couplings

Accurate quantitative measurement of structural dispersion in proteins remains a prime challenge to both X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. Here we use a model-free approach based on measurement of many residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) in differentially orienting aqueous liquid crystalline solutions to obtain the side chain χ1 distribution sampled by each residue in solution. Applied to the small well-ordered model protein GB3, our approach reveals that the RDC data are compatible with a single narrow distribution of side chain χ1 angles for only about 40% of the residues. For more than half of the residues, populations greater than 10% for a second rotamer are observed, and four residues require sampling of three rotameric states to fit the RDC data. In virtually all cases, sampled χ1 values are found to center closely around ideal g–, g+ and t rotameric angles, even though no rotamer restraint is used when deriving the sampled angles. The root-mean-square difference between experimental 3JHαHβ...
Spray density measurements using X-ray radiography:

AbstractAn ultra-fast X-ray radiography technique has been developed to study the structure of diesel sprays. Radiography provides quantitative time-resolved measurements of the fuel distribution f...
Variation in spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) from the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean: sexual dimorphism in cranial morphology

Four meristic and 32 morphometric cranial characteristics were analyzed for sexual dimorphism in 200 adult spinner dolphins ( Stenella longirostris ) from the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (ETP). Specimens were first separated into “whitebelly” and “eastern” forms based on external criteria and compared in a two-way ANOVA of color versus sex. Differences between the two color forms were minor, thus allowing the specimens to be pooled for subsequent analyses of sexual dimorphism. We assessed animals from nine 5° latitude-longitude blocks containing four or more individuals with a two-way ANOVA involving sex and geographic block. Sexual dimorphism was significant in 13 of the 36 characters and ranged from 0.04 to 11.32% difference. We could correctly identify 67% to 69% of the specimens to sex based on a discriminant function involving six characters (three rostral widths, a tooth width, the length of the temporal fossa, and one braincase measure). Classification functions are included to classify unknown specimens to sex. In addition, correction terms are included that will enable investigators to adjust measurements and factor out sexual differences in studies where it is advantageous to treat the sexes simultaneously. Trends in sexual dimorphism were very similar to those found in spotted dolphins ( S. attenuata ) from the same geographic region, although the differences were less pronounced in the spinners.
Status quo and prospect of research on technological collaborative innovation of equipment manufacturing industry

From the moment that relative theory of technological collaborative innovation is proposed,its application in equipment manufacturing industry has become a hot research topic at home and abroad.The research status quo of technological collaborative innovation of equipment manufacturing industry is focused to discuss,and through the review and summary of related literatures,the status quo of researches on technological collaborative innovation of equipment manufacturing industry in China is analyzed from perspective of industry-university-research collaboration and combined with regional collaborative innovation and industrial cluster collaborative innovation.Based on grasping the latest research trend of technological collaborative innovation of equipment manufacturing industry at home and abroad,the focus and difficulty of related researches are pointed out,and the future research orientation of technological collaborative innovation of equipment manufacturing industry is analyzed and pointed out according to the shortages of exsiting researches at home and abroad.
Determination of trace mercury in water samples by cloud point exaction-hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry

Objective To establish a method for determination of trace mercury in water samples by hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry and cloud point extraction with dithizone. Methods Dithizone-mercury chelate was extracted from water samples by cloud point extraction using nonionic surfactant Triton X-114,then mercury in water samples was determined by hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The optimal extraction and reaction conditions( e. g.,pH,reagent concentration) were studied. Results Under the optimized condition,the detection limit( 3s / k) of mercury was 0. 015 g / L, the relative standard deviation( RSD) for six determinations was 1. 3%. The mercury contents in tap water samples and river water samples were determined respectively,and the recoveries were 96% ~ 109% and 91% ~ 97%,respectively. Conclusion The proposed method was successfully applied to determination of trace mercury in water samples.
Replication of SCN5A Associations with Electrocardiographic Traits in African Americans from Clinical and Epidemiologic Studies

The NAv1.5 sodium channel α subunit is the predominant α-subunit expressed in the heart and is associated with cardiac arrhythmias. We tested five previously identified SCN5A variants (rs7374138, rs7637849, rs7637849, rs7629265, and rs11129796) for an association with PR interval and QRS duration in two unique study populations: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, n= 552) accessed by the Epidemiologic Architecture for Genes Linked to Environment (EAGLE) and a combined dataset (n= 455) from two biobanks linked to electronic medical records from Vanderbilt University (BioVU) and Northwestern University (NUgene) as part of the electronic Medical Records & Genomics (eMERGE) network. A meta-analysis including all three study populations (n~4,000) suggests that eight SCN5A associations were significant for both QRS duration and PR interval (p<5.0E-3) with little evidence for heterogeneity across the study populations. These results suggest that published SCN5A associations replicate across different study designs in a meta-analysis and represent an important first step in utility of multiple study designs for genetic studies and the identification/characterization of genetic variants associated with ECG traits in African-descent populations.
Evaluation of a Non-Invasive Method for the Measurement of Metabolic rate in Humans

1. Measurements of oxygen consumption (V O2 ) and carbon dioxide production (V CO2 ) can be used to calculate energy expenditure. Such data are useful in the nutritional management of a variety of pathological conditions. 2. This study is an evaluation in vitro and in vivo of the mating of a canopy and a Beckman metabolic measurement cart 1 (MMC). The canopy allows for the collection of expired gases without facial attachments. 3. Studies in vitro demonstrated the necessity of calibrating the CO 2 analyser at the concentrations used in such a system (0.50-0.80% CO 2 ). Measurements of V o2 were within +12% to −8% of predicted values, and when calibrated at 0.50% and 0.75% CO 2 , measurements of Vco 2 were within +2% and −7% of predicted values. 4. The studies in vivo revealed that V O2 and Vco 2 were within ± 11% of the values obtained by using a canopy-spirometer-computer system. 5. The MMC plus canopy may provide an alternative method for the clinical measurement of Vo 2 and Vco 2 , especially in subjects unable to tolerate a tight-fitting mask for prolonged periods.
A Review of the Relationship of Atrial Fibrillation and Acute Coronary Syndrome

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia encountered by clinicians. Clinical decision-making focuses on reducing ischemic stroke risk in AF patients; however, AF is also associated with an increased risk of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Patients with ACS and concurrent AF are less likely to receive appropriate therapies and more likely to experience adverse outcomes than ACS patients in sinus rhythm (SR). Clinicians may be able to stratify ACS patients at increased risk of AF development based on clinical characteristics. Evidence supporting specific therapeutic options for prevention of ACS in AF patients or for prevention of AF in ACS patients is limited, however there is some evidence of differing effects among oral anticoagulant regimens in these populations. Investigations of the relationship of AF with the full spectrum of ACS are not well described and should be the focus of future research.
Application of Transfer Matrix Method to Second-Harmonic Generation in Nonlinear Photonic Bandgap Structures: Oblique Incidence

Generalization of the transfer matrix method is developed to analyze Type I second-harmonic generation in linear–nonlinear multilayer one-dimensional photonic bandgap structures for oblique incidence of a nondepleted fundamental. The advantage of the transfer matrix method is that it takes into account reflections and interferences between all forward and backward propagating fundamental and second-harmonic waves. The conversion efficiency is calculated as a function of the incident angle of the fundamental and the thicknesses of the linear and nonlinear layers. Specific incident angles and thicknesses may generate relatively high conversion efficiency inside nonlinear material. Our analytical and numerical analyses show that the conversion efficiency of second-harmonic generation depends on the fundamental pump power, second-order susceptibility, and field enhancement in the photonic bandgap structure. Upper bounds on pump intensity can be found for a given incidence angle and sample thickness where the nondepleted pump approximation can be used to model such a nonlinear structure.
The dynamics of senatorial religion in Rome and Italy

As the symbolic capital of the empire, the city of Rome has always been the center of attention. It was from here that power emanated, here where the stakes were the highest and representations the most charged. Under the empire this role of Rome as traditional center, of both religion and political representation, continued with diffuse lines of more or less intense influence. There was, on the one hand, attention focused on the capital, which, however, did not exert a concentrically weakening affect around itself but rather compiled a complex hierarchy in which certain provincial capitals could fare better than many Italian municipalities. On the other hand, we can also observe the growth of another, converse dynamic in which the person of the emperor himself came to represent the symbolic center of the empire, which was, however, now movable: as the emperor traveled around his realm, he moved the center of power with him and drew the focus of attention to the various places he visited. The purpose of this second part of the monograph is to analyze the “geography” of senatorial religion in light of these two distinct dynamics: the enduring importance of the city of Rome and the new symbolic weight of the emperor. In a detailed survey of evidence for senatorial religion from Rome, Italy, and the provinces, these chapters study primarily epigraphic evidence and archaeological remains.
Talking Health With a Machine: How Does Message Interactivity Affect Attitudes and Cognitions?

By affording interactive communication and natural, human-like conversations, can media tools affect the way we engage with content in human–machine interactions and influence our attitudes toward that content? A between-subjects experiment (N = 172) examined the effects of two communication variables: (a) message-interactivity and (b) conversational tone, in an online health information (Q&A) tool. Findings suggest that informal conversational tone lowers perceptions of relative susceptibility to health risks. Perceived contingency positively mediates the influence of message interactivity on individuals' health attitudes and behavioral intentions whereas perceived interactivity negatively mediates the relationships between these variables. These contrasting mediation effects are further explored via a phantom model analysis that tests two theoretically distinct paths, with implications for both theory and practice.
The Body of Evidence

My investigations into the information circuits through which my data traversed led me to more questions than answers, and only deepened my confusion and uncertainty about where I might find my marketing baby. I began my detective work fiercely determined to master the network of disclosure, to understand the totality of the system and to confront the company that owns my data. My marketing baby’s bones and flesh of direct mail marketing have become the body of evidence for my hard-boiled investigation; that pile of bones speaks to me and taunts me to pursue it, to find it, to make it whole again. This body of evidence has my name on it.
Mechanistic and Evolutionary Insights from Comparative Enzymology of Phosphomonoesterases and Phosphodiesterases across the Alkaline Phosphatase Superfamily.

Naively one might have expected an early division between phosphate monoesterases and diesterases of the alkaline phosphatase (AP) superfamily. On the contrary, prior results and our structural and biochemical analyses of phosphate monoesterase PafA, from Chryseobacterium meningosepticum, indicate similarities to a superfamily phosphate diesterase [Xanthomonas citri nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP)] and distinct differences from the three metal ion AP superfamily monoesterase, from Escherichia coli AP (EcAP). We carried out a series of experiments to map out and learn from the differences and similarities between these enzymes. First, we asked why there would be independent instances of monoesterases in the AP superfamily? PafA has a much weaker product inhibition and slightly higher activity relative to EcAP, suggesting that different metabolic evolutionary pressures favored distinct active-site architectures. Next, we addressed the preferential phosphate monoester and diester catalysis...
A low-cost four-switch BLDC motor drive with active power factor correction

This paper presents a high-performance low-cost brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive for commercial and residential applications. The proposed drive employs fewer number of switches than the conventional converter and incorporates an active power factor correction feature which results in sinusoidal input current at close to unity power factor. The proposed converter has bidirectional capability, which improves speed control features of the drive. Moreover, a new PWM current control system, with regenerative braking capability is proposed. Finally, simulation and experimental results are given to verify the proposed developed methods.
Sexual Dimorphism in a Reciprocal Interaction of Ryanodine and IP 3 Receptors in the Induction of Hyperalgesic Priming

Hyperalgesic priming, a model of pain chronification in the rat, is mediated by ryanodine receptor-dependent calcium release. Although ryanodine induces priming in both sexes, females are 5 orders of magnitude more sensitive, by an estrogen receptor α (EsRα)-dependent mechanism. An inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) receptor inhibitor prevented the induction of priming by ryanodine. For IP3 induced priming, females were also more sensitive. IP3-induced priming was prevented by pretreatment with inhibitors of the sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase and ryanodine receptor. Antisense to EsRα prevented the induction of priming by low-dose IP3 in females. The induction of priming by an EsRα agonist was ryanodine receptor-dependent and prevented by the IP3 antagonist. Thus, an EsRα-dependent bidirectional interaction between endoplasmic reticulum IP3 and ryanodine receptor-mediated calcium signaling is present in the induction of hyperalgesic priming, in females. In cultured male DRG neurons, IP3 (100 μm) potentiated depolarization-induced transients produced by extracellular application of high-potassium solution (20 mm, K20), in nociceptors incubated with β-estradiol. This potentiation of depolarization-induced calcium transients was blocked by the IP3 antagonist, and not observed in the absence of IP3 IP3 potentiation was also blocked by ryanodine receptor antagonist. The application of ryanodine (2 nm), instead of IP3, also potentiated K20-induced calcium transients in the presence of β-estradiol, in an IP3 receptor-dependent manner. Our results point to an EsRα-dependent, reciprocal interaction between IP3 and ryanodine receptors that contributes to sex differences in hyperalgesic priming.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The present study demonstrates a mechanism that plays a role in the marked sexual dimorphism observed in a model of the transition to chronic pain, hyperalgesic priming. This mechanism involves a reciprocal interaction between the endoplasmic reticulum receptors, IP3 and ryanodine, in the induction of priming, regulated by estrogen receptor α in the nociceptor of female rats. The presence of this signaling pathway modulating the susceptibility of nociceptors to develop plasticity may contribute to our understanding of sex differences observed clinically in chronic pain syndromes.
A Critical Role of Mir-9 in Myelopoesis and EVI1-Induced Leukemogenesis.

Abstract 2332 MicroRNA-9 (miR-9) is required for normal neurogenesis and organ development. The expression of miR-9 is altered in several types of solid tumors suggesting that it may have a function in cell transformation. However the role of this miR in normal hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis is unknown. Here we show that miR-9 is expressed at low levels in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSCs/HPCs), and that it is upregulated during hematopoietic differentiation. Ectopic expression of miR-9 strongly accelerates terminal myelopoiesis, while promoting apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the inhibition of miR-9 in HPC with a miRNA sponge blocks myelopoiesis. EVI1, required for normal embryogenesis, and is considered an oncogene because inappropriate upregulation induces malignant transformation in solid and hematopoietic cancers. In vitro, EVI1 severely affects myeloid differentiation. Here we show that EVI1 binds to the promoter of miR-9–3 leading to DNA hypermethylation of the promoter as well as repression of miR-9. We also show that ectopic miR-9 reverses the myeloid differentiation block that is induced by EVI1. Our findings suggest that inappropriately expressed EVI1 delays or blocks myeloid differentiation, at least in part by DNA hypermethylation and downregulation of miR-9. It was previously reported that FoxOs genes inhibit myeloid differentiation and prevent differentiation of leukemia initiating cells. Here we identify FoxO3 and FoxO1 as new direct targets of miR-9 in hematopoietic cells, and we find that upregulation of FoxO3 in miR-9-positive cells reduces the acceleration of myelopoiesis. These results reveal a novel role of miR-9 in myelopoiesis and in the pathogenesis of EVI1-induced myeloid neoplasms. They also provide new insights on the potential chromatin-modifying role of oncogenes in epigenetic changes in cancer cells. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
La pragmática transcultural de los hablantes de herencia de español: análisis e implicaciones pedagógicas

RESUMENLa investigacion sobre la competencia pragmatica de los hablantes de herencia (HH) de espanol indica que, en su produccion de los actos de habla, estos hablantes comparten algunas caracteristicas con los aprendientes de espanol como segunda lengua. Sin embargo, todavia es necesario desarrollar una aproximacion teorica para el analisis de dichos aspectos en comun. Tomando como referencia un estudio sobre la realizacion de disculpas por HH de espanol que residen en Kansas, este articulo considera como se puede llegar a una mejor comprension de las practicas pragmaticas de los HH. Ademas, se propone una metodologia para ensenar la pragmatica fundamentada en la conciencia metapragmatica de los estudiantes y que tiene en cuenta las practicas discursivas de las diferentes comunidades en las que participan.
Convergence of Sequences I

In this chapter, we shall examine issues that relate to the manner in which sequences of random variables approach a limit. When we deal with sequences or series of real numbers, such issues are rather simple in their resolution, i.e., the sequence either has a unique limit or it may have several limit points; and a series may either converge to a finite number or diverge (to ±∞) or it may have no limit point, as, for example, the series $$ \sum\limits_{{i = 1}}^{\infty } {{{{\left( { - 1} \right)}}^{i}}} $$ .
Support with a twist: New approaches in CTOs and complex lesions.

One-third of patients undergoing coronary angiography have coronary chronic total occlusions (CTOs) with the incidence increasing with age. Successful recanalization of a CTO is associated with a reduction in the future need for coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), improvement in left ventricular function, and angina status as well as long-term survival. Success rates for treating CTOs with conventional techniques have remained unchanged over time averaging 65%-70% in experienced hands, well below the success rates for non-occlusive coronary lesions. The antegrade approach is utilized in standard balloon angioplasty. Modification of this technique has been used with an anchoring balloon to more successfully open up CTOs. We describe a new device that in addition to allowing increased support, also centers one in the lumen for both coronary and peripheral intervention. .
IFN-λ4 Attenuates Antiviral Responses by Enhancing Negative Regulation of IFN Signaling

Type III IFNs are important mediators of antiviral immunity. IFN-λ4 is a unique type III IFN because it is produced only in individuals who carry a dG allele of a genetic variant rs368234815-dG/TT. Counterintuitively, those individuals who can produce IFN-λ4, an antiviral cytokine, are also less likely to clear hepatitis C virus infection. In this study, we searched for unique functional properties of IFN-λ4 that might explain its negative effect on hepatitis C virus clearance. We used fresh primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) treated with recombinant type III IFNs or infected with Sendai virus to model acute viral infection and subsequently validated our findings in HepG2 cell line models. Endogenous IFN-λ4 protein was detectable only in Sendai virus–infected PHHs from individuals with the dG allele, where it was poorly secreted but highly functional, even at concentrations USP18 and SOCS1 . Transient treatment of PHHs with IFN-λ4, but not IFN-λ3, caused a strong and sustained induction of SOCS1 and refractoriness to further stimulation with IFN-λ3. Our results suggest unique functional properties of IFN-λ4 that can be important in viral clearance and other clinical conditions.
Planning the next-generation biofuel crops based on soil-water constraints

Abstract Widely blended in the transportation fuels, biofuels have been generally regarded as indispensable components in the U.S. national energy portfolio. Although the current production of cellulosic biofuels has been staggering at pilot scales, it is expected that large-scale cultivation of cellulosic biofuel crops may occur when techniques for cost-effective bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol are available. However, it is still unclear if enough land is in existence to accommodate potential large-scale lignocellulosic crops development without negative effects on the environment and food market. The appropriate land use for the next-generation biofuel crops should be planned and allocated in a manner that the competitive use of land dedicated to food and energy production and other side effects could be minimized. This research proposes an approach of identifying the potential available land for planting switchgrass in the U.S. Midwest using a GIS-based multi-criteria analysis that combines soil and water constraint factors. The results showed that land areas of approximately 13.6 million ha are unsuitable for profitable food crops but available for switchgrass cultivation in 7 U.S. Great Plains states. The findings can assist decision-makers in formulating land use policies and related environmental management strategies.
Editorial Commentary: Knee Dislocations: What's Working and Who's Not

Knee dislocations are severe injuries that are being seen with increasing frequency. Surgical treatment of knee dislocations improves outcomes, but many patients are unable to return to physical occupations or sporting activities. Patient factors and associated trauma can significantly affect the patient's final functional activity level. Future studies are needed to better assess our treatment methods of these challenging injuries.
Characteristics of Dolphin Sonar Signals

The sonar task for dolphins perceiving their environment involves detection, localization, discrimination, and recognition of objects of interest. Target information such as range, azimuth, direction of movement, speed, and size should also be of interest. The ability of dolphins to accurately perceive their environment and to perform difficult recognition and discrimination tasks depends to a large extent on the characteristics of their sonar signals and how these signals are emitted. The signals must have sufficient energy to detect small targets at large ranges. They must also have sufficient information-carrying capacity so that fine features and characteristics of objects and targets can be determined by analyzing their sonar echoes. At a minimum, a dolphin sonar system should be able to detect and recognize prey, obstacles, and predators. The sonar task is usually performed in a noisy or highly reverberant environment associated with shallow waters, or during searches near the bottom or in the presence of many obstacles.
Uses of Radiopharmaceuticals in Nuclear Medicine

In previous chapters, we have described various characteristics and production of radionuclides, preparation of different radiopharmaceuticals using various radionuclides, and their quality control. In the present chapter we shall discuss clinical applications of these radiopharmaceuticals in the diagnosis of various diseases in humans. The discussion is primarily divided into sections on different human organs. In each section the anatomic structure and physiologic function of the organ are briefly described and appropriate nuclear medicine tests are discussed along with their clinical usefulness, particularly with respect to the radiopharmaceuticals used, their pharmacologic aspect, the mechanism of their localization, and diagnosis of various diseases.
Ureteral obstruction associated with prostate cancer: the outcome after percutaneous nephrostomy.

AbstractWe retrospectively reviewed the outcome of 37 prostate cancer patients with ureteral obstruction treated by percutaneous nephrostomy. The over-all survival was 57% at 1 year and 29% at 2 years (median survival time 21 months). The 1 and 2-year survival rates of 15 patients with no prior hormonal therapy were 73 and 47%, respectively, while those of patients who had previously received hormonal therapy were 48 and 19%, respectively. Median survival times of these groups were 24 months and 12 months, respectively. Of 12 patients who had severe renal failure before percutaneous nephrostomy (serum creatinine greater than or equal to 6.9mg. per dl.) 9 had an adequate return of renal function (serum creatinine less than 3mg. per dl.) after drainage and 58% survived more than 1 year (median survival time 22 months). Percutaneous nephrostomy is safe and effective in relieving ureteral obstruction and reasonable survival can be achieved even in patients with renal failure. Percutaneous nephrostomy should b...
PVD- Treated ALD TaN for Cu Interconnect Extension to 5nm Node and Beyond

We report a novel approach to enable thin (≤15A) ALD-based TaN barriers. The use of a post-ALD treatment in a PVD chamber resulted in ALD films with resistivity, density and Ta/N ratio similar to industry-standard PVD TaN. This approach enables conformal Cu barrier without reliability degradation compared to PVD TaN. This new approach overcomes the shadowing effect of the traditional PVD approach, improves the metal-fill process window, and promotes lower via resistance through barrier thickness reduction, proving it to be a viable Cu-barrier candidate for 5nm node and beyond.
NMR and MS-based Stable Isotope-Resolved Metabolomics and Applications in Cancer Metabolism

Abstract There is considerable interest in defining metabolic reprogramming in human diseases, which is recognized as a hallmark of human cancer. Although radiotracers have a long history in specific metabolic studies, stable isotope-enriched precursors coupled with modern high resolution mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy have enabled systematic mapping of metabolic networks and fluxes in cells, tissues and living organisms including humans. These analytical platforms are high in information content, are complementary and cross-validating in terms of compound identification, quantification, and isotope labeling pattern analysis of a large number of metabolites simultaneously. Furthermore, new developments in chemoselective derivatization and in vivo spectroscopy enable tracking of labile/low abundance metabolites and metabolic kinetics in real-time. Here we review developments in Stable Isotope Resolved Metabolomics (SIRM) and recent applications in cancer metabolism using a wide variety of stable isotope tracers that probe both broad and specific aspects of cancer metabolism required for proliferation and survival.
Outcomes of Hospitalizations for Cardiogenic Shock at Left Ventricular Assist Device Versus Non-Left Ventricular Assist Device Centers.

Background Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a complex syndrome associated with high morbidity and mortality. In recent years, many US hospitals have formed multidisciplinary shock teams capable of rapid d...
Solutions for the Present Universe

The universe is presently dominated by vacuum or dark energy, described by the cosmological constant lambda, and cold dark matter; it is thus referred to as the LCDM universe. In the spatially flat case the Friedmann master equation may be solved for the two ingredients separately and also for both together; the combined solution is remarkably simple and useful in understanding properties of the universe.
Contrastive Learning with Stronger Augmentations

Representation learning has been greatly improved with the advance of contrastive learning methods with the performance being closer to their supervised learning counterparts. Those methods have greatly benefited from various data augmentations that are carefully designated to maintain their identities so that the images transformed from the same instance can still be retrieved. Although stronger augmentations could expose novel patterns of representations to improve their generalizability, directly using stronger augmentations in instance discrimination-based contrastive learning may even deteriorate the performance, because the distortions induced from the stronger augmentations could ridiculously change the image structures and thus the transformed images cannot be viewed as the same as the original ones any more. Additional efforts are needed for us to explore the role of the stronger augmentations in further pushing the performance of unsupervised learning to the fully supervised upper bound. Instead of applying the stronger augmentations directly to minimize the contrastive loss, we propose to minimize the distribution divergence between the weakly and strongly augmented images over the representation bank to supervise the retrieval of strongly augmented queries from a pool of candidates. This avoids an overoptimistic assumption that could overfit the strongly augmented queries containing distorted visual structures into the positive targets in the representation bank, while still being able to distinguish them from the negative samples by leveraging the distributions of weakly augmented counterparts. The proposed method achieves top-1 accuracy of 76.2% on ImageNet with a standard ResNet-50 architecture with a single-layer classifier fine-tuned. This is almost the same as 76.5% of top-1 accuracy with a fully supervised ResNet-50. Moreover, it outperforms the previous self-supervised and supervised methods on both the transfer learning and object detection tasks.
Bioaccessibility of oil-soluble vitamins (A, D, E) in plant-based emulsions: impact of oil droplet size.

We systematically investigated the impact of oil droplet diameter (≈0.15, 1.6, and 11 μm) on the bioaccessibility of three oil-soluble vitamins (vitamin A palmitate, vitamin D, and vitamin E acetate) encapsulated within soybean oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by quillaja saponin. Lipid digestion kinetics decreased with increasing droplet size due to the reduction in oil–water interfacial area. Vitamin bioaccessibility decreased with increasing droplet size from 0.15 to 11 μm: 87 to 39% for vitamin A; 76 to 44% for vitamin D; 77 to 21% for vitamin E. Vitamin bioaccessibility also decreased as their hydrophobicity and molecular weight increased, probably because their tendency to remain inside the oil droplets and/or be poorly solubilized by the mixed micelles increased. Hydrolysis of the esterified vitamins also occurred under gastrointestinal conditions: vitamin A palmitate (∼90%) and vitamin E acetate (∼3%). Consequently, the composition and structure of emulsion-based delivery systems should be carefully designed when creating vitamin-fortified functional food products.
Tunable magnetic anisotropy in multiferroic oxides

Room-temperature electric-field control of magnetism is actively sought to realize electric-field assisted changes in perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA), which is important to magnetic random access memories (MRAMs) and future spin-orbit based logic technologies. Traditional routes to achieve such control rely on heterostructures of ferromagnets and/or ferroelectrics, exploiting interfacial effects, including strain generated by the substrate, or electric-field induced changes in the interfacial electronic structures. Here we present design rules based on $d$-orbital splitting in an octahedral field and crystallographic symmetries for electric-field control of PMA utilizing hybrid improper ferroelectricity by scaffolding simple perovskite oxides into ultrashort period superlattices, ${(\mathrm{AB}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}_{1}/{({\mathrm{A}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\mathrm{B}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}_{1}$, and in multiferroic ${\mathrm{AA}}^{\ensuremath{'}}{\mathrm{BB}}^{\ensuremath{'}}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ double perovskites. We validate the strategy using first principles calculations and a single-ion anisotropic model. We find a change in the magnetic anisotropy from the in-plane to the out of plane direction in ${(\mathrm{BiFe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}_{1}/{(\mathrm{LaFe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}_{1}$ and a 50% decrease of the magnetization along the out of plane direction in $\mathrm{LaYNiMn}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$, when a polar to nonpolar phase transition occurs with strain. The origin of the PMA control is due to the structural tunable competitions among the ${t}_{2g}$ and ${e}_{g}$ orbital interactions on the magnetic ions arising from relativistic spin-orbital interactions that are susceptible to changes in the oxygen octahedral tilts across the field-tunable transition. Our results allow us to search rapidly for other promising multiferroics materials with voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy for applications in low-energy information storage and logic devices.
Efficacy of BotaniGard® against the mushroom phorid fly Megaselia halterata

Megaselia halterata (Wood) (Diptera: Phoridae) is a major pest of cultivated white button mushrooms, Agaricus bisporus (J.E.Lange) Emil J. Imbach (Agaricales: Agaricaceae), in the United States. Th...
Pregnancy Intention: Associations with Maternal Behaviors and Experiences During and After Pregnancy

Background: The associations between levels of pregnancy intention and adverse behaviors or experiences during pregnancy and postpartum have not been well described. Materials and Methods: We used ...
Fully automated segmentation of the corticospinal tract using the TractSeg algorithm in patients with brain tumors

ABSTRACT Objective Tractography has been used to define the presurgical location of white matter tracts, but this is subjective and time-intensive, making incorporation to imaging workflow at scale problematic. The objective is to validate a fully automated pipeline using the TractSeg algorithm (Wasserthal et al. NeuroImage 2018;183:239-253) to segment the corticospinal tract in patients with brain tumors adjacent to the corticospinal tract. Methods The process of importing a structural MPRAGE sequence and raw diffusion weighted images from PACS, executing the TractSeg algorithm, overlaying the resulting bilateral corticospinal tracts on the MPRAGE image, and exporting this composite image to PACS was automated. This procedure was used to segment the corticospinal tract in 28 patients with brain masses adjacent to or displacing the corticospinal tract. These segmentations were compared with both manual deterministic tractography performed with DSI Studio using seeds placed in the pons and an automated tractography method in DSI Studio. Results The automated algorithm was able to segment the bilateral corticospinal tracts in all 28 patients whereas the manual reference method and DSI Studio based automated tractography were unsuccessful in 2 and 1 patients, respectively. In all cases, the TractSeg segmentations very closely matched the manual segmentations. Also, TractSeg appeared to include larger portions of the lateral corticospinal tract fibers than the other 2 methods. Conclusion The TractSeg algorithm demonstrated robust performance in segmenting the corticospinal tract in patients with brain tumors adjacent to this tract. The algorithm is fast to perform and has great potential for optimizing and streamlining neurosurgical planning.
Richard Montague and the logical analysis of language

Richard Montague was an exceptionally gifted logician who made important contributions in every field of inquiry upon which he wrote. His professional career was not only marked with brilliance and insight but it has become a classic example of the changing and developing philosophical views of logicians in general, especially during the 1960s and 70s, in regard to the form and content of natural language. We shall, in what follows, attempt to characterize the general pattern of that development, at least to the extent that it is exemplified in the articles Montague wrote during the period in question.
Parental Transfers, Student Achievement, and the Labor Supply of College Students

Using nationally representative data from the NLSY97 and a simultaneous equations model, this paper analyzes the financial motivations for and the effects of employment on U.S. college students' academic performance. The data confirm the predictions of the theoretical model that lower parental transfers and greater costs of attending college increase the number of hours students work while in school, although students are not very responsive to these financial motivations. They also provide some evidence that greater hours of work lead to lower grade point averages (GPAs).
Webbase: building a web warehouse

The World Wide Web, or simply the Web, is rapidly becoming the world's collective information store, containing everything from news, to entertainment, to personal communications, to product descriptions. This world information store is distributed across millions of computers, but it is often important to gather significant parts of it at a single site. One reason is to build content indices, such as Google. Another reason is to mine the cached Web, looking for trends or data correlations. A third reason for gathering a Web copy is to create a historical record for Web sites that are ephemeral or changing.