cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bilateral pulmonary artery banding for resuscitation in high-risk, single-ventricle neonates and infants: a single-center experience

Objectives Bilateral pulmonary artery banding with or without ductal stenting has been performed as a resuscitative intervention for patients considered at too high risk for conventional single ventricle palliation. The purpose of the present study was to determine the outcomes using this strategy. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 24 patients with single ventricle anatomy who were younger than 3 months who had undergone bilateral pulmonary artery banding and ductal stenting or maintenance of prostaglandin E 1 from January 2007 to October 2011 at our institution. The echocardiographic, angiographic, operative, and clinical data were reviewed. Follow-up data were available for 100% of the patients. Results All 24 patients (13 male patients) underwent bilateral pulmonary artery banding at a median age of 8 days (range, 2-44 days). Their gestational age was 38 weeks (range, 27-41 weeks), and their weight was 3.01 kg (range, 1.5-4.4 kg). The cardiac diagnoses included hypoplastic left heart syndrome/variant hypoplastic left heart syndrome in 18, unbalanced atrioventricular canal in 4, and tricuspid atresia in 2. In the hypoplastic left heart syndrome group, 9 (50%) had an intact or a highly restrictive atrial septum requiring open (n = 1) or transcatheter (n = 8) atrial septostomy with or without atrial stent placement (n = 4). Ductal stenting was performed in 14 patients, and 10 patients were continued with prostaglandin E 1 . Fifteen patients (62.5%) survived to undergo a Norwood procedure (n = 7), comprehensive stage 2 (n = 1), or primary cardiac transplantation (n = 7). Of the 9 who died, support was withdrawn in 5 because of a contraindication to transplantation, 1 because of sepsis and/or multiorgan system failure, and 1 for whom palliative care was desired. Two died awaiting transplantation. All 7 patients who underwent a conventional Norwood operation survived to discharge, and 6 of the 7 (85.7%) underwent bidirectional Glenn shunt placement. Of the 7 patients who underwent transplantation, 6 (85.7%) were alive at a median follow-up of 33.6 months. Conclusions Bilateral pulmonary artery banding with or without ductal stenting is an effective method of resuscitation for high-risk neonates and infants with a single ventricle, allowing for reasonable survival to conventional first-stage palliation or primary transplantation.
Initiation and maintenance of clinical learning sites in nurse-midwifery.

Abstract This article describes in practical terms the approach to selection and maintenance of clinical experience sites for nurse-midwifery educational programs. The responsibilities of clinical instructors, University programs, and student nurse-midwives in clinical settings are examined. Guidelines are offered to assist in providing a sound educational environment for the teaming of the role of the nurse-midwife.
POST-PARTUM VACCINATION OF RUBELLA-SUSCEPTIBLE WOMEN

Abstract A serological survey of immunity to rubella among 1410 pregnant or post-partum women revealed that 196 (13·9%) were susceptible as indicated by haemagglutination inhibition (H.A.I.) antibody titres of
Phylogenetics of cytoplasmically inherited microorganisms of arthropods.

Associations with cytoplasmically inherited microorganisms are fundamental to the ecology and reproductive biology of many insects. Molecular phylogenetics now provides a window into the previously obscure history of these associations. This approach has recently yielded striking findings for two cases: the mutualistic endosymbionts of aphids and relatives, and some of the cytoplasmically inherited organisms that induce reproductive abnormalities in various arthropods. These examples provide useful reference points for future extensions of molecular phylogenetic methods to other prokaryote-eukaryote associations.
TWO CULTURES OF RELIGION AS OBSTACLES TO PEACE

. There are two contrasting cultures in every religious tradition, the holy war and peaceable garden cultures. Examples are given for Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. Conflict is basic to human existence, stemming from the uniqueness of human individuals and their groups. Churches, instead of helping their societies develop the middle-ground skills of negotiation and mediation, have insisted on a choice between two extreme behaviors: unitive love or destruction of the enemy. In international affairs this has led to the identification of the church with the state in wartime and kept it from claiming the important middle ground of peacemaking. Institutionalized religion can pick up its missed opportunities.
Robotic Partial Nephrectomy with Sliding-Clip Renorrhaphy: Technique and Outcomes☆

Abstract Background Robotic partial nephrectomy (RPN) is emerging as an alternative to traditional laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN). Despite the potential advantages of the robotic approach, renorrhaphy remains a challenging portion of the procedure. Objective To present our technique and outcomes for RPN, including sliding-clip renorrhaphy. Design, setting, and participants Between 2007 and 2008, 50 patients underwent RPN performed by a single attending surgeon. Surgical procedure In this paper, we describe our technique for RPN, including a sliding-clip renorrhaphy, which is distinguished by the use of Weck Hem-O-Lock clips that are slid into place under complete control of the surgeon seated at the console and secured with a LapraTy clip. For the first 13 procedures, traditional tied-suture or assistant-placed clip closures were performed; sliding-clip renorrhaphy was performed in the remaining 37 cases. Results and limitations Mean tumor size was 2.5cm. Mean operative time was 145.3min, and mean overall warm ischemia time was 17.8min. Mean estimated blood loss was 140.3ml. The learning curve for overall operative time was 19 cases; the learning curve for portions of the case performed under warm ischemia (including tumor resection and renorrhaphy) was 26 cases. The introduction of a sliding-clip renorrhaphy produced significant reductions in overall operative time and warm ischemia time, while blood loss and hospital stay remained stable over our experience. Limitations of RPN include cost and increased reliance on the bedside assistant. Conclusions Sliding-clip renorrhaphy provides an efficient and effective repair that is under nearly complete control of the surgeon. This technique appears to contribute to significantly shorter overall operative times and, perhaps most critically, to shorter warm ischemia times. The learning curve for RPN using this technique appears to be foreshortened compared with LPN.
Quasiextremal distance domains and conformal mappings onto circle domains

This paper contributes to the theory of quasiextremal distance domains. We present some new properties for these domains and point out results concerning the extension of quasiconformal homeomorphisms.For example, we establish a continuity property for mod(E, F; D) and use this to demonstrate that mod(E, F; D) = cap(E, F; D) whenever D is a QED domain and E, F are disjoint compacta in D. Our final result is that if each boundary component of a plane domain is either a point or a Jordan curve and if the domain satisfies a boundary quasiextremal distance property, then there exists a quasiconformal self-homeomorphism of the entire plane which maps the given domain conformally onto a circle domain.
Correlates of mini-mental status examination scores among elderly demented patients: The influence of race-ethnicity

Data on 1888 patients seen at Alzheimer's Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centers in California were used to examine possible differences in Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) results for different racial-ethnic groups. White patients had scores less indicative of dementia than Black and Hispanic patients using the standard 23 cutting point on the MMSE. However, there were no differences among these groups in the percentages clinically diagnosed as demented. The difference in the percentage of Whites vs Blacks and Hispanics categorized as demented by the MMSE was not accounted for by education, occupation, age, sex, or other variables tested, even though these variables were correlated with MMSE scores. Our data suggest that clinicians should consider MMSE scores for Black and Hispanic patients an underestimate of their cognitive capabilities relative to that of White patients.
A PROBABLE G/G TRANSLOCATION TRISOMY.

A female infant with severe failure to thrive and several minor congenital abnormalities is described. Chromosomal analysis revealed a chromosome number of 46 with only three members in the G group and an additional member in the F group. The karyotype is considered to consist of a probable G/G translocation trisomy. The possibility that this case represents an instance of trisomy 22 is discussed.
Legal issues relating to patent searching in publicly accessible libraries

Abstract The purpose of this article is to discuss responsible library service when using patent search resources in light of the unauthorized practice of law. This issue is significant, but also very unsettled. Because patents document legal rights, libraries that provide patent search services should be cautious when assisting the public, much as libraries that provide assistance with legal resources should be. Activities that could be construed as the unauthorized practice of law are examined closely and distinguished from good information services practices. Recommendations for library policies and practices are outlined. Selected aspects of patent law, relevant to information needs of patent search patrons, are also discussed.
Experimental convective heat-transfer measurements

Stagnation point heat transfer used to determine range of uncertainties in convective heat transfer in model planetary atmospheres
New transparent conductive films: FTO coated ITO

Abstract New transparent conductive films, fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) films coated on indium-tin-oxide (ITO) films, were developed. These transparent conductive films were prepared by the spray pyrolysis deposition method at a substrate temperature of 350 °C in ITO and 400 °C in FTO. For ITO deposition, an ethanol solution of indium(III) chloride, InCl 3 ·4H 2 O, and tin(II) chloride, SnCl 2 ·2H 2 O [Sn/(In+Sn), 5 at.%] was sprayed on a Corning #7059 glass substrate (100×100×1.1 mm 3 ). After the deposition, FTO films were consecutively deposited for protecting oxidation of ITO films. FTO deposition was carried out by an ethanol solution of tin(IV) chloride, SnCl 4 ·5H 2 O within the saturated water solution of NH 4 F. These new transparent conductive films achieved the lowest resistivity of 1.4×10 −4 Ω cm and the optical transmittance of more than 80% in the visible range of the spectrum. The electrical resistance of these new transparent conductive films increased by less than 10% even when exposed to high temperatures of 300–600 °C for 1 h in the air.
Physician job satisfaction as a public health issue

In Hirschman’s classic formulation, physicians can signal discontent with their conditions of work by “exiting” (leaving the profession or not entering it in the first place) or by giving “voice” to their concerns (e.g. complaining, protesting, bargaining collectively, or conducting work actions and strikes). This Commentary reviews the findings of a survey of Israeli neonatologists by Moshe et al. Survey respondents were satisfied with their careers but not with salary, patient care demands, and leisure time, a pattern that has been seen in other countries, particularly within “small, acute care specialties” (SACS). One question for policymakers is how to help physicians in SACS maintain work-life balance and avoid burnout while providing superb patient care. The Commentary considers several possible solutions while advocating for rigorous and comprehensive monitoring of physician satisfaction over time.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder confounds nicotine withdrawal self-report in adolescent smokers.

Individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more likely than those without ADHD to initiate smoking and develop nicotine dependence. Recent research indicates that adults with ADHD experience more severe nicotine withdrawal symptoms than those without ADHD. However, little is known about nicotine withdrawal in adolescent smokers with history of ADHD. Among a sample of 134 nicotine-dependent adolescents entering a smoking cessation research study, participants completed the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (MNWS) and lifetime diagnostic assessment for ADHD during the baseline visit. Responses on individual items and MNWS total score were compared between participants with and without history of ADHD. In addition, correlations between MNWS responses and current ADHD symptoms were investigated among participants with history of ADHD. Forty-eight participants (36%) met lifetime ADHD criteria. Adolescent smokers with history of ADHD scored significantly higher on MNWS than those without history of ADHD. Among participants with history of ADHD, responses on the MNWS difficulty concentrating, restlessness/impatience, and anxiety/nervousness items each correlated positively with several current ADHD symptoms. Treatment-seeking adolescent smokers with history of ADHD are more likely to endorse nicotine withdrawal symptoms than those without history of ADHD. However, it does not appear that the symptoms reported in this sample represent a valid “withdrawal syndrome,” particularly because these smokers had not yet formally attempted to quit. Rather, the data likely reflect common features between ADHD and nicotine withdrawal. Smoking research, particularly among adolescents in whom ADHD is so common, should carefully consider the complex issue of comorbid ADHD and nicotine dependence. (Am J Addict 2010;19:325–331)
Terrorism and counterterrorism: an overview

This introduction sets the stage for the articles collected in this special issue of Oxford Economic Papers. It begins by introducing essential concepts including domestic terrorism, transnational terrorism, defensive actions, proactive countermeasures, and guerrilla warfare. Three terrorist event databases, used by seven of the articles, are briefly introduced. These data sets are then used to display some stylized facts about domestic and transnational terrorism during the past four decades. Next, some essential strategic distinctions are drawn between defensive and proactive measures in the case of transnational terrorism when multiple countries are confronted by a common terrorist group. These strategic concerns vanish for domestic terrorism as a central government is able to internalize potential externalities. Finally, the key findings of the articles in the special issue are highlighted in two tables.
Interruption of antiretroviral therapy to augment immune control of chronic HIV-1 infection: Risk without reward

There is no doubt that continuous treatment of HIV-infected persons with combinations of three or more antiretroviral drugs reduces morbidity and mortality from HIV-1 infection (1, 2). Nevertheless, growing concern about the long-term toxicity of antiretroviral drugs, the prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance in patients receiving therapy,† and the substantial cost of continuous treatment has focused interest on postponing therapy or administering it only intermittently (3). Potential benefits of intermittent therapy include (i) augmentation of HIV-specific immunity through “autovaccination” (4) from recrudescent viremia that occurs during treatment interruptions; (ii) lowering of drug exposure to decrease toxicity; and (iii) reduction in the cost of antiretroviral therapy (5). Data in humans (6) and animal models (4) support “autovaccination” in acute HIV-1 infection (i.e., before serologic conversion), but this strategy is controversial in chronic HIV-1 infection because of limited and conflicting data. An important report in this issue of PNAS by Oxenius et al. (7) describes the disappointing results of sequential, structured treatment interruptions (STIs) on virologic and immunologic parameters in a large prospective trial of STI in chronic HIV-1 infection. Oxenius et al. describe the disappointing results of sequential, structured treatment interruptions on virologic and immunologic parameters.
Notes on bat diversity at Berenty Private Reserve and Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve in southern Madagascar

Surveys of bat diversity are rare for the southern domain of Madagascar. Mistnetting for bats took place at Berenty Private Reserve in southeastern Madagascar during a six months study in 2009 and at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve in southwestern Madagascar for one month in 2011. At Berenty, Hipposideros commersoni, Triaenops rufus, Myotis goudoti, and Miniopterus spp. were captured along trails and clearings inside forests. Two bats, T. rufus and Miniopterus sp., were captured near the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve. These captures increase the known bat diversity reported for both sites, but more surveys at Berenty and Beza Mahafaly are recommended.
Fair rate adaptation in multiuser interference channels

Achievable rate regions of multiuser fading interference channels depend on their fading realizations. Motivated by this premise we consider the problem of adapting the users' rates to fading variations. Channel-dependent rate adjustments are accomplished after each transition of the fading channel from one state to another. Such rate adjustments (increments or decrements) are constrained to meet some notion of fairness among the users and are designed to ensure that all users remain decodable. Here, we employ the notions of symmetric fair and max-min fair rate adaptations and offer algorithms for computing such fair rate adaptations. Besides fairness, the two other major features of these algorithms are that they are amenable to distributed implementation with limited information exchange among the users, and their complexities scale polynomially in the number of users.
Discovery of potent and selective inhibitors of human platelet-type 12- lipoxygenase.

We report the discovery of novel small molecule inhibitors of platelet-type 12-human lipoxygenase, which display nanomolar activity against the purified enzyme, using a quantitative high-throughput screen (qHTS) on a library of 153607 compounds. These compounds also exhibit excellent specificity, >50-fold selectivity vs the paralogues, 5-human lipoxygenase, reticulocyte 15-human lipoxygenase type-1, and epithelial 15-human lipoxygenase type-2, and >100-fold selectivity vs ovine cyclooxygenase-1 and human cyclooxygenase-2. Kinetic experiments indicate this chemotype is a noncompetitive inhibitor that does not reduce the active site iron. Moreover, chiral HPLC separation of two of the racemic lead molecules revealed a strong preference for the (−)-enantiomers (IC50 of 0.43 ± 0.04 and 0.38 ± 0.05 μM) compared to the (+)-enantiomers (IC50 of >25 μM for both), indicating a fine degree of selectivity in the active site due to chiral geometry. In addition, these compounds demonstrate efficacy in cellular models,...
Enhanced Catalytic Action of HLA-DM on the Exchange of Peptides Lacking Backbone Hydrogen Bonds between their N-Terminal Region and the MHC Class II α-Chain

The class II MHC homolog HLA-DM catalyzes exchange of peptides bound to class II MHC proteins, and is an important component of the Ag presentation machinery. The mechanism of HLA-DM-mediated catalysis is largely obscure. HLA-DM catalyzes exchange of peptides of varying sequence, suggesting that a peptide sequence-independent component of the MHC-peptide interaction could be involved in the catalytic process. Twelve conserved hydrogen bonds between the peptide backbone and the MHC are a prominent sequence-independent feature of the MHC-peptide interaction. To evaluate the relative importance of these hydrogen bonds toward HLA-DM action, we prepared peptide variants that lacked the ability to form one or more of the hydrogen bonds as a result of backbone amide N-methylation or truncation, and tested their ability to be exchanged by HLA-DM. We found that disruption of hydrogen bonds involving HLA-DR1 residues α51–53, a short extended segment at the N terminus of the α subunit helical region, led to heightened HLA-DM catalytic efficacy. We propose that those bonds are disrupted in the MHC conformation recognized by HLA-DM to allow structural transitions in that area during DM-assisted peptide release. These results suggest that peptides or compounds that bind MHC but cannot form these interactions would be preferentially edited out by HLA-DM.
The mass spectral fragmentation of phenyl ω‐dialkoxyethyl tellurides

The 70 eV mass spectrum of phenyl ω-dimethoxyethyl telluride [C6H5TeCH2CH(OR)2, RCH3]contains an intense peak at m/z 238 which corresponds to a rearrangement ion [C6H5TeOR]+. The formation of this species is further illustrated by the presence of a peak at m/z 241 in the spectrum of the hexadeuterated analog (RCD3) and a peak at m/z 252 in the spectrum of the ethyl analog (RCH2CH3). These combined results illustrate the presence of only one of the alkoxyl groups in the rearrangement ion. Several other abundant ions that contain oxygen but not tellurium are present in the spectra of these compounds. High resolution analyses have aided in the determination of the origin and composition of several of the characteristic ions formed upon electron impact fragmentation of phenyl ω-dimethoxyethyl telluride.
SPECIALIZATIONS OF GENERALIZED RIKUNA POLYNOMIALS

The generalized Rikuna polynomials are an iterative generalization of Rikuna's generic cyclic polynomials, which themselves generalize Shanks' cubic polynomials. In this paper we study Galois properties of the generalized Rikuna polynomials under specialization.
Coxsackievirus-induced chronic myocarditis in murine models

Challenge of several murine strains with two highly myocarditic variants of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) induced acute and chronic myocarditis, detectable at 21 and 45 days post-inoculation (p.L). In-situ hybridization of coronal heart sections showing chronic inflammation with a radiolabelled CVB3 probe detected viral genomic RNA at day 7 p.i. but rarely at 21 or 45 days p.L, suggesting few murine heart cells actively replicate virus during chronic myocardial inflammation. Data will be presented that favour an alternative hypothesis, i.e. autoimmune responses to shared epitopes among CVB3 proteins, cardiac myosin and myocardial cell surface proteins (molecular mimicry) can affect the severity of chronic inflammation. Mice inoculated with human cardiac myosin (HM) prior to a CVB3m challenge develop less myocarditis than mice inoculated with virus only, suggesting that antibodies stimulated by HM bind virus, reduce the virus burden and provide protection. Mice inoculated with HM only develop non-neutralizing antibodies against purified CVB3m particles. Several strains of mice inoculated with specific synthetic peptides of HM produce antibodies against CVB3m and/or develop cardiomyopathy. Thus antigen-challenged mice can produce antibodies which cross-react among CVB3m, HM or cardiac cells to protect or exacerbate heart disease.
Network resilience: a measure of network fault tolerance

A probabilistic measure of network fault tolerance expressed as the probability of a disconnection is proposed. Qualitative evaluation of this measure is presented. As expected, the single-node disconnection probability is the dominant factor irrespective of the topology under consideration. The authors derive an analytical approximation to the disconnection probability and verify it with a Monte Carlo simulation. On the basis of this model, the measures of network resilience and relative network resilience are proposed as probabilistic measures of network fault tolerance. These are used to evaluate the effects of the disconnection probability on the reliability of the system. >
Prevalence and prognostic significance of exercise-induced silent myocardial ischemia detected by thallium scintigraphy and electrocardiography in asymptomatic volunteers.

Although a silent ischemic electrocardiographic response to treadmill exercise in clinically healthy populations is associated with an increased likelihood of future coronary events (i.e., angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, or cardiac death), such a response has a low predictive value for future events because of the low prevalence of disease in asymptomatic populations. To examine whether detection of reduced regional perfusion by thallium scintigraphy improved the predictive value of exercise-induced ST segment depression, we performed maximal treadmill exercise electrocardiography (ECG) and thallium scintigraphy (201Tl) in 407 asymptomatic volunteers 40-96 years of age (mean = 60) from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging. The prevalence of exercise-induced silent ischemia, defined by concordant ST segment depression and a thallium perfusion defect, increased more than sevenfold from 2% in the fifth and sixth decades to 15% in the ninth decade. Over a mean follow-up period of 4.6 years, cardi...
Urinary bladder function in conscious rat pups: a developmental study.

Cystometric studies of bladder function in anesthetized neonatal rats have suggested specific changes in urodynamic parameters that coincide with the development of a mature bladder-to-bladder mict...
Symptoms Reported by Older and Middle-Aged Adults after Coronary Bypass Surgery

Knowledge of the most prevalent symptoms after coronary artery bypass surgery (CABS) can be used to assist patients to anticipate recovery. The purposes of this study were to describe the prevalence of symptoms during the first 6 weeks after CABS, to assess changes in the number and types of symptoms, and to compare symptoms in older and middle-aged adults. The most prevalent symptoms during hospitalization (rime 1) were pain, edema, wound drainage, fever, and fatigue. In the third through fifth postoperative weeks (Time 2), the most prevalent symptoms were pain, edema. sleep problems, fatigue, and wound drainage. At 6 weeks (Time 3), sleep problems, edema. pain, fatigue, and shortness of breath were the most common. Number of symptoms decreased significantly between Times 1 and 3. AU symptoms were more prevalent at Time 2 than at Time 1 and less prevalent at Time 3, with the exception of sleep problems, which were reported more frequently at Time 3 than at Time 1. The most persistent symptoms were edema,...
Evaluation of the Tabular Feed Energy and Protein Undegradability Values of the National Research Council Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle

Abstract Evaluations with animal performance data indicated the tabular feed energy and undegraded intake protein ( UIP ) values used by the National Research Council's ( NRC ) Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle (2000) model Level 1 were less accurate than those predicted by their model Level 2 (the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System model; CNCPS ; Fox et al., 2004 ) or by an alternative mechanistic equation developed by Weiss et al, (1992) ( WEISS ). The r 2 of observed vs predicted ADG using tabular, WEISS, and CNCPS total digestible nutrients ( TDN ) were 0.61, 0.73, and 0.80 for ME-allowable ADG and were 0.80, 0.79, and 0.92 for metabolizable protein ( MP )-allowable ADG, respectively. The tabular system overpredicted ME- and MP-allowable ADG by 11 and 4%, respectively, whereas WEISS and CNCPS biases were http://www.cncps.cornell.edu .
Spectral Doppler Sonography: Waveform Analysis and Hemodynamic Interpretation

The spectral Doppler power waveform contains an immense amount of hemodynamic information from the sampled circulation. As we saw in Chap. 3, the spectral information consists of three fundamental variables: frequency, amplitude, and time. Spectral frequency reflects the speed of blood flow. The amplitude approximately represents the number of scatterers traveling at a given speed and is also known as the power of the spectrum. Amplitude depends on the quantity of moving red blood cells (RBCs) in the sample and therefore reflects the volume of blood flow. The time over which the frequency and amplitude of the Doppler spectrum is therefore three-dimensional (see Chap. 3). Such a display is complex, however, and not particularly useful for clinical application. Fortunately, there are alternative approaches for effectively characterizing the spectral waveform, including two-dimensional sonograms and various frequency envelope waveforms. These approaches can be utilized to evaluate various aspects of hemodynamics of flow to downstream impedance. This chapter discusses these subjects and other related issues.
The Global Population, Food, and the Environment

The world’s human population is currently more than 5.6 billion, projected to reach nearly 8.4 billion by the year 2025 and may reach a disastrous 15 billion by 2100 (PCC 1989). Presently a quarter million humans are added each day. Many leading scientists and public organizations are concerned about the rapid growth in population numbers and the deterioration of natural resources and the environment caused by human numbers and activities (CEQ 1980, Keyfitz 1984, Hardin 1986, Demeny 1986, Ehrlich and Ehrlich 1990, Holdren 1992). As populations and their consumerism increase basic resources are depleted, this leads to environmental degradation while freedom of individual choice and quality of life decline (Durning 1989, Durham 1992). At present, from 1.2 billion (Durning 1989) to 2 billion people (Abernethy, Vanderbilt University, PC, 1992) worldwide are living in poverty, malnourished, diseased, and experiencing short life-spans. In the United States 36 million now are living in poverty (USBC 1994).
Structure-property relationships in SrRuO3 epitaxial thin films

Epitaxial SrRuO3 films were prepared on (001) SrTiO3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The film structure was characterized by 4-circle x-ray diffraction and the electrical behavior by temperature dependent resistivity measurements. With variations in the deposition conditions, significant changes in both structural and electrical properties were observed. When deposited under conditions favoring appreciable energetic bombardment, the SrRuO3 films on SrTiO3 exhibited extended in and out-of-plane lattice constants and increased values of resistivity; in addition, a depression of the Curie temperature was measured. SrRuO3 deposited under less aggressive conditions displayed structures and properties more similar to those associated with bulk crystals.
A simple strategy to examine the sources of errors in attenuation relations

Abstract A new method is presented in this article to visualize two different sources in the uncertainty of attenuation regression relations. The method utilizes the residuals from regression equations, defined as the log of the ratio of observed to predicted ground-motion parameters, from stations that have recorded more than one earthquake. The earthquake-to-earthquake variance is first calculated. Then the residuals are corrected with the mean residual of the corresponding earthquake. The corrected residual from one event is plotted versus the corrected residual from another event for every station that has more than one record. If site effects are perfectly represented in the regression, the resulting scatter plot will show statistically uncorrelated points, while extension along the diagonal and a positive correlation coefficient is the result of a contribution from site effects. This simple strategy allows us to visualize the uncertainty caused by the earthquake source and path in regression relations and indicates quantitatively how much we can improve the prediction by adding additional site information. The results obtained from this method are very similar to those that are calculated directly from the method proposed by Joyner (personal comm., 1997). In southern California, we find that source and path effects dominate the uncertainties at high frequency, while at low frequency, the regression can be still improved more significantly by correcting for the site effects.
Important considerations in LHRH antagonist therapy for prostate cancer.

Drs. Crawford and Hou provide an important clinical introduction to a novel class of hormonal agents that have been under development for several decades for the treatment of advanced and metastatic prostate cancer.
The long-solved problem of the best-fit straight line: application to isotopic mixing lines

Abstract. It has been almost 50 years since York published an exact and general solution for the best-fit straight line to independent points with normally distributed errors in both x and y. York's solution is highly cited in the geophysical literature but almost unknown outside of it, so that there has been no ebb in the tide of books and papers wrestling with the problem. Much of the post-1969 literature on straight-line fitting has sown confusion not merely by its content but by its very existence. The optimal least-squares fit is already known; the problem is already solved. Here we introduce the non-specialist reader to York's solution and demonstrate its application in the interesting case of the isotopic mixing line, an analytical tool widely used to determine the isotopic signature of trace gas sources for the study of biogeochemical cycles. The most commonly known linear regression methods – ordinary least-squares regression (OLS), geometric mean regression (GMR), and orthogonal distance regression (ODR) – have each been recommended as the best method for fitting isotopic mixing lines. In fact, OLS, GMR, and ODR are all special cases of York's solution that are valid only under particular measurement conditions, and those conditions do not hold in general for isotopic mixing lines. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we quantify the biases in OLS, GMR, and ODR under various conditions and show that York's general – and convenient – solution is always the least biased.
Effect of Change in Portal Vein Flow Rates on Hepatic Ablations Created with a Bipolar Radiofrequency Ablation Device.

Our study shows that the size and shape of coagulation necrosis created by the bipolar radiofrequency ablation device tested in this study is not affected significantly by changes in portal vein blood flow rates.
Systematic analysis of non-structural protein features for the prediction of PTM function potential by artificial neural networks

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) provide an extensible framework for regulation of protein behavior beyond the diversity represented within the genome alone. While the rate of identification of PTMs has rapidly increased in recent years, our knowledge of PTM functionality encompasses less than 5% of this data. We previously developed SAPH-ire (Structural Analysis of PTM Hotspots) for the prioritization of eukaryotic PTMs based on function potential of discrete modified alignment positions (MAPs) in a set of 8 protein families. A proteome-wide expansion of the dataset to all families of PTM-bearing, eukaryotic proteins with a representational crystal structure and the application of artificial neural network (ANN) models demonstrated the broader applicability of this approach. Although structural features of proteins have been repeatedly demonstrated to be predictive of PTM functionality, the availability of adequately resolved 3D structures in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) limits the scope of these methods. In order to bridge this gap and capture the larger set of PTM-bearing proteins without an available, homologous structure, we explored all available MAP features as ANN inputs to identify predictive models that do not rely on 3D protein structural data. This systematic, algorithmic approach explores 8 available input features in exhaustive combinations (247 models; size 2-8). To control for potential bias in random sampling for holdback in training sets, we iterated each model across 100 randomized, sample training and testing sets-yielding 24,700 individual ANNs. The size of the analyzed dataset and iterative generation of ANNs represents the largest and most thorough investigation of predictive models for PTM functionality to date. Comparison of input layer combinations allows us to quantify ANN performance with a high degree of confidence and subsequently select a top-ranked, robust fit model which highlights 3,687 MAPs, including 10,933 PTMs with a high probability of biological impact but without a currently known functional role.
Quality of small group work and learning outcomes in design-based science

This research posits that high quality small group work demands collective construction of a “triple problem solving space” such that engagement occurs along cognitive, social/relational as well as affective dimensions. Pre- and post-survey data and learning outcomes were gathered from introductory biology classes in which small groups of students worked on 3 engineering design tasks. Results highlight the particular role of group affect on learning outcomes.
Research Transparency and the Credibility of Survey-Based Social Science

As survey researchers, when we are having conversations with others about the value of what we do, I think there are two questions that come up fairly regularly. One is what is the value of what you’re doing? And by value, it’s not just our ability to tell people why we like this work or why it’s important. It’s our ability to tell people who have the option to fund breast cancer research or research on post-traumatic stress disorder, why funds ought to be allocated to what we do or to pursue methodological questions that we have, as opposed to other things that they can do with the resources. And so, for what it’s worth, I think we can win those arguments if we give them correctly, but we actually have to engage them.
Transradial approach to endovascular Infrarenal aortic repair

Abstract Atherosclerotic disease of the abdominal aorta is relatively common. However chronic stenosis of the infrarenal aorta is a fairly rare condition that has been traditionally treated with open endarterectomy and aorto-bifemoral bypass surgery. These surgeries may be associated with a significant increase in mortality and morbidity. Using 2 case examples we describe the feasibility of endovascular treatment of severely calcified infra-abdominal aortic lesion using a transradial endovascular approach that greatly reduce both vascular and access site complications.
Adherens Junction Assembly

Classical cadherins are a family of transmembrane proteins that mediate cell–cell adhesion at adherens junctions. A complex chain of cis- and trans- interactions between cadherin ectodomains establishes a cadherin adhesive cluster. A principal adhesive interaction in such clusters is an exchange of β strands between the first extracellular cadherin domains (EC1). The structure of cadherin adhesive clusters can be modified by other adherens junction proteins including additional transmembrane proteins, nectins and various intracellular proteins that directly or indirectly interact with the intracellular cadherin region. These interactions determine the dynamics and stability of cadherin adhesive structures.
Neurologic Outcomes After Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Systematic Review.

Objectives The goal of this systematic review of the literature was to summarize neurologic outcomes following neonatal and pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Data sources We conducted electronic searches of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane, and EMBASE. Study selection Inclusion criteria included publication dates 2000-2016, patient ages 0-18 years, and use of standardized measures to evaluate outcomes after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Data extraction We identified 3,497 unique citations; 60 full-text articles were included in the final review. Data synthesis Studies evaluated patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (7), cardiac disease (8), cardiac arrest (13), and mixed populations (32). Follow-up was conducted at hospital discharge in 10 studies (17%) and at a median of 26 months (interquartile range, 8-61 mo) after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in 50 studies (83%). We found 55 outcome measures that assessed overall health and function (4), global cognitive ability (7), development (4), motor function (5), adaptive function (2), behavior/mood (6), hearing (2), quality of life (2), school achievement (5), speech and language (6), learning and memory (4), and attention and executive function (8). Overall, 10% to as many as 50% of children scored more than 2 SDS below the population mean on cognitive testing. Behavior problems were identified in 16-46% of children tested, and severe motor impairment was reported in 12% of children. Quality of life of former extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients evaluated at school age or adolescence ranged from similar to healthy peers, to 31-53% having scores more than 1 SD below the population mean. Conclusions This systematic review of the literature suggests that children who have undergone extracorporeal membrane oxygenation suffer from a wide range of disabilities. A meta-analysis was not feasible due to heterogeneity in pathologies, outcome measures, and age at follow-up, underscoring the importance of developing and employing a core set of outcomes measures in future extracorporeal membrane oxygenation studies.
Employer Monitoring of Employee Email: Attorney-Client Privilege Should Attach to Communications That the Client Believed Were Confidential

Emails feel like private, confidential communications. But in the workplace, employers often retain the right to monitor every communication sent or received by an employee on an employer-owned device or network. This Note addresses the issue of whether attorney-client privilege should attach to communications made between an employee and her private attorney over a system monitored by her employer. When addressing this issue, most district and state courts apply a test that seeks to determine the reasonableness of the employee’s expectation of confidentiality in the attorney-client communication. However, courts differ in how they apply the expectation of reasonableness test, with nearly every court finding a different fact dispositive. This Note argues that attorneys, employers, and courts should instead use a three-pronged approach: first, attorneys should seek to prevent monitored communications with their clients from occurring in the first place; second, employers should take precautions to prevent their employees’ attorneyclient communications from becoming nonconfidential; and third, courts should allow attorney-client privilege to attach to communications that the client believed were confidential. This three-pronged approach is consistent with the doctrine’s other exceptions to a strict confidentiality requirement and realigns attorney-client privilege with its public policy goals.
Systematic Evaluation of Convergence Criteria in Iterative Training for NLP.

Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, such as Named Entity Recognition (NER), involve an iterative process of model optimization to identify different types of words or semantic entities. This optimization to achieve a more precise model becomes computationally difficult as the number of iterations increase. The small datasets available for training typically limit the models. Adding iterations on such sets to further optimize the model can often cause over-fitting, which generally leads to reduced performance. Therefore, the choice of convergence criteria is a critical step in robust and accurate model building. We evaluate different convergence criteria in terms of their robustness, stopping threshold selection, and independence from the training data size and entity. The underlying framework employs a limited-memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (L-BFGS) parameter optimization in the context of Conditional Random Fields (CRF). This paper presents a convergence criterion for robust training irrespective of semantic types and data sizes with two-orders of magnitude reduction in stopping threshold for improved model accuracy and faster convergence. Additionally, we examine convergence with active learning to further reduce the training data and training time.
Public attitudes toward prison capacity expansion in Mississippi

This paper presents the results of an exploratory study designed to identify and determine the effects of social and economic factors on Mississippians’ attitudes toward prison expansion strategies. Data were obtained from a statewide survey, utilizing a random digit dialing telephone sampling procedure. The study sample consists of 606 respondents. Favorable attitudes toward correctional facilities were hypothesized to be explained by fear of crime, presence of an existing facility, perceived economic impact of prisons, gender, race, age, and income. The results of the regression analysis revealed that the presence of an existing prison facility, perceived economic benefits, race, and education were significant predictors of attitudes toward prison expansion strategies among Mississippians. Possible explanations for the findings and directions for future research are discussed.
Pediatric Applications of Augmentation Cystoplasty: The Johns Hopkins Experience

Since 1976, 23 children with bladder or cloacal exstrophy, meningomyelocele, sacral agenesis, the prune belly syndrome and noncompliant bladders associated with urethral valves or prior diversion underwent augmentation cystoplasty. Of these procedures 7 were combined with some type of urinary undiversion. Bowel segments used for augmentation included ileum alone in 10 patients, ileocecal segments in 4, a sigmoid patch in 8 and a hindgut patch in 1. An artificial urinary sphincter was placed at the time of bladder augmentation in 3 patients. There were no urinary fistulas or cases of urinary rediversion. Two patients required oral alkalizing agents as a result of persistent systemic acidosis. One patient required reoperation twice for ureteral obstruction, 1 had removal of the sphincter device secondary to erosion, 1 required reinforcement of the ileocecal valve owing to persistent reflux and 1 required reoperation for small bowel obstruction. Other complications included a superficial wound infection and 5 urinary tract infections, all of which were managed easily. Three patients were voiding and continent, 18 were dry with intermittent self-catheterization, 1 had giggle incontinence and 1 remained incontinent after sphincter removal. Augmentation cystoplasty appears to offer a reliable alternative to urinary diversion in the reconstructive management of children with small capacity bladders.
Numerical Studies of the Dynamics of Unstable Interfaces

We discuss in detail algorithms that are being used to study the temporal evolution of an interface separating two coexisting phases, after it becomes morphologically unstable. The two cases presented model the diffusive decay of macroscopic inhomogeneities and are “one-sided” in that variations of the order parameter are neglected in one of the phases. The first model discussed assumes quasistationary diffusion in a laboratory reference frame. In the second model, the quasistationary approximation is introduced in a frame that is advancing with the interface. The equations obtained in this latter case are a simplified model of directional solidification from the melt.
SEVERE, PROLONGED, DENOSUMAB-INDUCED HYPOCALCEMIA WITH RECOVERY AFTER 111 DAYS OF HIGH-DOSE CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTATION

ABSTRACT Objective: Denosumab is a monoclonal antibody commonly used for the prevention of skeletal-related events in patients with bone metastases from solid tumors. Hypocalcemia is a known advers...
Jurymen, Jurywomen, and Law

In the United States, jurors for state trial courts are chosen from pools of individuals who possess the qualifications prescribed by state law and have not been exempted or excused from jury service pursuant to state law. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled in two cases on whether the Constitution of the nation is violated by state law that exempts all women from jury duty while allowing women individually to volunteer to be jurors. The cases, although separated by less than a decade and a half, produced opposite rulings: In 1961, such law was held to be constitutional, but in 1975, it was held to be unconstitutional.