cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy control system design by fuzzy clustering and self-organization

Proposes a two-step method for designing fuzzy rules when no plant model or control surface table is available. The first step learns heuristic fuzzy rules by performing online adaptive control via a trial-and-error method. One simple rule is to choose the control y(t) such that both the plant-state error x(t) and the change of error /spl Delta/x(t) move toward zero at the same rate, up to some constant factor. The second step applies fuzzy clustering to the rule data generated by the first step to obtain more general and robust fuzzy control rules. Our experiments with an inverted pendulum problem show a good performance.
Automated immobilized metal affinity chromatography/nano-liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry platform for profiling protein phosphorylation sites

A versatile integrated system has been developed for the automated enrichment and analysis of phosphopeptides by immobilized metal affinity chromatography/nano-liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (IMAC/nano-LC/ESI-MS). This system utilizes two independently controlled high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) pumps, an autosampler and microvalves to prepare and elute samples into an ion trap mass spectrometer. The use of robust reversed-phase HPLC columns with integrated ESI emitter tips enables the reproducible detection and identification of low-femtomole quantities of phosphopeptides. The entire system is coordinated through a simple user interface by customized software. The ruggedness of the system is demonstrated by highly reproducible analyses of single and multi-protein digests, while its utility is demonstrated by the thorough evaluation of the relative immunoprecipitation efficiencies of several commercially available anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies.
The Neuropsychological Bases of Category Learning

There is a long history of research into how people learn new categories of objects or events. Recent advances have led to new insights about the neuropsychological basis of this critically important cognitive process. In particular, there is now good evidence that the frontal cortex and basal ganglia contribute to category learning, that medial temporal lobe structures make a more minor contribution, and that categorization rules are not represented in visual cortex. There is also strong evidence that normal category learning is mediated by at least two separate systems. A recent neuropsychological theory of category learning that is consistent with these data is described.
Validation of a Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment (NEPSY) through comparison of neurological, scholastic concerns, and control groups

Validity of the standard, 13 subtest A Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment (NEPSY) was investigated by comparing scores for 30 children with neurological conditions, 35 children with scholastic concerns, and 39 controls. Overall differences were found among the groups with and without controlling for IQ (Lambda = .60, Lambda = .001; Lambda = .70, P < .001). Four of five NEPSY domain scores differed among the three groups. Language and Sensorimotor domain score differences were found even when IQ was controlled, and group status accounted for substantial variance in these domain scores. Regarding specific tasks, Phonological Processing and Fingertip Tapping were among the subtests that varied the most between groups, especially when children with scholastic concerns were compared with controls. Findings offer preliminary support for the validity of several NEPSY indexes.
Techniques for Interactive Graph Drawing

There are two complementary approaches to graph drawing: algorithmic and interactive. By algorithmic graph drawing we mean the automatic placement of vertices and routing of edges using heuristics to improve understandability. Interactive graph drawing, on the other hand, implies that a user directly influences at least some low-level aspects of graph layout, either by direct placement of vertices and edges, or by providing some form of feedbackto the system.Interactively engaging the user is in some instances unavoidable. When a user desires a difficult-to-quantify aesthetic quality of the graph, or is incrementally constructing a graph (such as a state diagram for an automaton) as part of a problem-solving taskor pedagogical exercise, it is difficult or impossible to employ algorithmic graph drawing. In these instances it is more natural to employ a sketching metaphor in which a user draws the graph in a traditional sense.A common strategy for making interactive drawing of diagrams immediately understandable is to incorporate physical analogies; that is, to mimic some familiar real-world appearance or process. For example, the hand-drawn appearance of a diagram can be retained by preserving its unevenness and through the use of textures that impart the appearance of physical writing implements, such as pencil, ink, or chalk. It can be advantageous to retain this type of appearance in situations where userdrawn and computer-drawn diagrams coexist.The behavior of a graph that is interactively altered can also incorporate useful physical metaphors. For example, the edges adjacent to a vertex that is interactively re-positioned by a user can mimic physical linkages that stretch when pulled, and bend or contract when pushed. Such behaviors are natural in that they are almost immediately plausible and predictable to a user. However, not all interactive techniques can benefit from physical metaphors, for some transcend the capabilities of physical media. For example, recognition of hand-drawn elements, such as those representing vertices and edges, are often combined with gradual morphing that can improve the appearance of the diagram. Since physical writing surfaces exhibit no analogous behavior, a spectrum of possibilities has been explored. One approach that has been successfully applied in the context of graph drawing is the approach known as fluid sketching in which drawing and morphing occur nearly simultaneously.There are many potential combinations of algorithmic and interactive graph drawing to explore, such as the graceful re-routing of edges as a user interactively re-positions a vertex, or systems in which a user modifies automatically generated graphs, or in which local improvements are automatically applied to user-drawn graphs.
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance of pulmonary artery growth and ventricular function after Norwood procedure with Sano modification

For hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), there have been concerns regarding pulmonary artery growth and ventricular dysfunction after first stage surgery consisting of the Norwood procedure modified with a right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery conduit. We report our experience using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) to determine and follow pulmonary arterial growth and ventricular function in this cohort. Following first stage palliation, serial CMR was performed at 1 and 10 weeks post-operatively, followed by cardiac catheterization at 4 – 6 months. Thirty-four of 47 consecutive patients with HLHS (or its variations) underwent first stage palliation. Serial CMR was performed in 20 patients. Between studies, ejection fraction decreased (58 ± 9% vs. 50 ± 5%, p < 0.05). Pulmonary artery growth occurred on the left (6 ± 1 mm vs. 4 ± 1 mm at baseline, p < 0.05) but not significantly in the right. This trend continued to cardiac catheterization 4–6 months post surgery, with the left pulmonary artery of greater size than the right (8.8 ± 2.2 mm vs. 6.7 +/- 1.9 mm, p < 0.05). By CMR, 5 had pulmonary artery stenoses initially, and at 2 months, 9 had stenoses. Three of the 9 underwent percutaneous intervention prior to the second stage procedure. In this cohort, reasonable growth of pulmonary arteries occurred following first stage palliation with this modification, although that growth was preferential to the left. Serial studies demonstrate worsening of ventricular function for the cohort. CMR was instrumental for detecting pulmonary artery stenosis and right ventricular dysfunction.
Marginal True-Score Measures and Reliability for Binary Items as a Function of Their IRT Parameters

This article provides analytic evaluations of population true-score measures for binary items given their item response theory (IRT) calibration. Under the assumption of normal trait distribution, the expected values of marginalized true scores, error variance, true score variance, and reliability for norm-referenced and criterion-referenced interpretations are presented as a function of the item parameters. The proposed formulas have methodological and computational value in bridging concepts of IRT and true score theory. They provide information about the individual contribution of IRT calibrated items to marginal true-score measures and may have valuable applications in test development and analysis. For example, given a bank of IRT calibrated items, one can select binary items to develop a test with known true-score characteristics prior to administering the test (without information about raw scores or trait scores.) Calculations with the proposed formulas are easy to perform using basic statistical programs, spreadsheet programs, or even hand-held calculators. Index terms: true score theory, item response theory, reliability.
Photodynamic oxidation of iodide ion and aromatic amino acids by eosin.

Abstract— The photosensitized oxidation of I-, tyrosine, and tryptophan by aqueous eosin has been investigated with a photostationary technique, in which the system is irradiated with sinusoidally modulated light and phase sensitive detection is used to measure the spectra of short-lived intermediates and their rate constants. It has been shown that the principal oxidizing agent for I- is semi-oxidized eosin (X) produced by the reduction of oxygen by triplet state eosin. The same mechanism obtains when femcyanide ion is substitued for oxygen. A second oxidizing agent is effective in oxygenated solutions at high I- concentrations, attributed to O2-. The X mechanism controls when tyrosine or tryptophan are irradiated at low substrate concentrations in the presence of oxygen or femcyanide. However, at high substrate concentrations, or in the absence of the electron accepting agents, the mechanism switches to the ‘dye-substrate’ process where triplet state eosin oxidizes the aromatic substrate and is reduced to the semiquinone. The conversion quantum yields agree with the predictions based on the measured quenching and reaction rate constants.
ECG signal classification using block-based neural networks

This paper investigates the application of evolvable block-based neural networks (BbNNs) to ECG signal classification. A BbNN consists of a two-dimensional (2-D) array of modular basic blocks that can be easily implemented using reconfigurable digital hardware. BbNNs are evolved for each patient in order to provide personalized health monitoring. A genetic algorithm evolves the internal structure and associated weights of a BbNN using training patterns that consist of morphological and temporal features extracted from the ECG signal of a patient. The remaining part of the ECG record serves as the test signal. The BbNN was tested for ten records collected from different patients provided by the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database. The evolved BbNNs produced higher than 90% classification accuracies.
A rare complication of a common stress test.

Abstract In 2008, regadenoson, a selective adenosine2A (A 2A ) receptor agonist, was approved by the US Federal and Drug Administration for use as a pharmacologic stress agent in myocardial perfusion studies. By stimulating A 2A receptors in coronary smooth muscle, it can increase coronary blood flow by 2.5-fold or greater. Previous data showed non-inferiority of regadenoson in detecting reversible myocardial ischemia, compared to adenosine. Given less serious adverse effects, being better tolerated and easily administered, regadenoson has been widely used for myocardial perfusion imaging. As adenosine receptors have many sub-types and are located in multi-organ systems, regadenoson can cause various adverse effects, including bronchospasm, atrioventricular block, or hypotension. However, adverse effects on the central nervous system are rarely reported. As adenosine receptors (A 1 and A 2A receptors) play a major role in neuron–glial cells interaction, regadenoson can provoke seizure through A 2A receptor activation. We hereby report a case of regadenoson associated-seizure and review seizure mechanism. This may raise more concern for a rare serious adverse effect of regadenoson which should be taken into consideration when selecting cardiac stress modalities. Learning objective: Regadenoson can provoke seizure through central A 2A receptor activation. This should be taken into consideration when selecting cardiac stress test modalities, particularly in patients with known seizure disorder or history of organic brain disease.>
Spike generator limits efficiency of information transfer in a retinal ganglion cell.

The quality of the signal a retinal ganglion cell transmits to the brain is important for preception because it sets the minimum detectable stimulus. The ganglion cell converts graded potentials into a spike train with a selective filter but in the process adds noise. To explore how efficiently information is transferred to spikes, we measured contrast detection threshold and increment threshold from graded potential and spike responses of brisk-transient ganglion cells. Intracellular responses to a spot flashed over the receptive field center of the cell were recorded in an intact mammalian retina maintained in vitro at 37°C. Thresholds were measured in a single-interval forced-choice procedure with an ideal observer. The graded potential gave a detection threshold of 1.5% contrast, whereas spikes gave 3.8%. The graded potential also gave increment thresholds approximately twofold lower and carried ∼60% more gray levels. Increment threshold “dipped” below the detection threshold at a low contrast (<5%) but increased rapidly at higher contrasts. The magnitude of the “dipper” for both graded potential and spikes could be predicted from a threshold nonlinearity in the responses. Depolarization of the cell by current injection reduced the detection threshold for spikes but also reduced the range of contrasts they can transmit. This suggests that contrast sensitivity and dynamic range are related in an essential trade-off.
Site-specific casein kinase 1ε-dependent phosphorylation of Dishevelled modulates β-catenin signaling

Careful regulation of the Wnt–Β-catenin signaling pathway is critical to many aspects of development and cancer. Casein kinase Ie is a Wnt-activated positive regulator of this pathway. Members of the Dishevelled family have been identified as key substrates of casein kinase I (CKI). However, the specific sites phosphorylated in vivo by CKI and their relative importance in the physiologic regulation of these proteins in the canonical Wnt–β-catenin signaling pathway remain unclear. To address this question, recombinant mouse Dishevelled (mDvl-1) was phosphorylated by CKIin vitro and phosphorylation sites were identified by MS. CKI phosphorylation of mDvl-1 at two highly conserved residues, serines 139 and 142, was observed by MS and confirmed by phosphopeptide mapping of in vivo phosphorylated protein. Phosphorylation of these sites is dependent on casein kinase I epsilon activity in vivo. Phenotypic analysis of mutant mDvl-1 indicates that phosphorylation of these sites stimulates the Dvl-activated β-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling pathway in both cell culture and in Xenopus development. Casein kinase I epsilon is a Wnt-regulated kinase, and regulated phosphorylation of Dvl allows fine tuning of the Wnt–β-catenin signaling pathway.
Creating Professional Learning Communities: The Work of Professional Development Schools

If professional learning communities offer opportunities for improving the teaching and learning process, then developing strong professional development school (PDS) partnerships establish an appropriate framework for that purpose. PDS partnerships, however, can be less than effective without proper planning and discussion about the aims of those partnerships. We argue that creating effective partnerships requires time upfront to establish ground rules, clarify the tasks to be undertaken, identify supports required for successful implementation, and ensure that a shared vision and mission exist between partners. Utilizing essential questions for organizing such a collaborative venture, and illustrating effective partnerships in three schools, the researchers describe strategies for developing P–12 professional learning communities that are positive, effective, and durable.
TRaX: A Multi-Threaded Architecture for Real-Time Ray Tracing

Ray tracing is a technique used for generating highly realistic computer graphics images. In this paper, we explore the design of a simple but extremely parallel, multi-threaded, multi-core processor architecture that performs real-time ray tracing. Our architecture, called TRaX for Threaded Ray eXecution, consists of a set of thread states that include commonly used functional units for each thread and share large functional units through a programmable interconnect to maximize utilization. The memory system takes advantage of the application's read-only access to the scene database and write-only access to the frame buffer output to provide efficient data delivery with a relatively simple structure. Preliminary results indicate that a multi-core version of the architecture running at a modest speed of 500 MHz already provides real-time ray traced images for scenes of a complexity found in video games. We also explore the architectural impact of a ray tracer that uses procedural (computed) textures rather than image-based (look-up) textures to trade computation for reduced memory bandwidth.
Distinguishing highly-related outbreak-associated Clostridium botulinum type A(B) strains.

Background: In the United States, most Clostridium botulinum type A strains isolated during laboratory investigations of human botulism demonstrate the presence of an expressed type A botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT/ A) gene and an unexpressed BoNT/B gene. These strains are designated type A(B). The most common pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern in the C. botulinum PulseNet database is composed of A(B) strains. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of genome sequencing and multi-loci variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) to differentiate such strains. Results: The genome sequences of type A(B) strains evaluated in this study are closely related and cluster together compared to other available C. botulinum Group I genomes. In silico multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis (7-loci) was unable to differentiate any of the type A(B) strains isolated from seven different outbreak investigations evaluated in this study. A 15-locus MLVA scheme demonstrated an improved ability to differentiate these strains, however, repeat unit variation among the strains was restricted to only two loci. Reference-free single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis demonstrated the ability to differentiate strains from all of the outbreaks examined and a non-outbreak associated strain. Conclusions: This study confirms that type A(B) strains that share the same PFGE pattern also share closely-related genome sequences. The lack of a complete type A(B) strain representative genome sequence hinders the ability to assemble genomes by reference mapping and analysis of SNPs at pre-identified sites. However, compared to other methods evaluated in this study, a reference-free SNP analysis demonstrated optimal subtyping utility for type A(B) strains using de novo assembled genome sequences.
Herbivores and molecular clocks as tools in plant biogeography

Historical biogeography plays an important role in understanding evolutionary processes and the history of life, with fossil data, plate tectonics, and palaeoclimatology oVering major data bases for biogeographic analyses. Here we suggest that specialized interspecific interactions, in combination with molecular data, can play an important role in such analyses. We use the interaction between Bowlesia incana (Apiaceae) and the host-specific herbivore Greya powelli (Lepidoptera: Prodoxidae) in California to demonstrate the utility. Distributed in disjunct temperate parts of North and South America, B. incana has been proposed to have been introduced in historical time (<250 yrs BP) into North America. Three lines of evidence together suggest that the plant is of a far older age in North America. First, G. powelli is not known from the South American range and the genus is very unlikely to exist there, making introduction with the plant in North America unlikely. Second, divergence of mtDNA among members of the genus Greya suggests that the lineage leading to G. powelli originated 2.3‐3.8 Mya, thus predating a proposed introduction by several orders of magnitude. Third, host shifts are consistently linked with species divergence within the genus Greya, suggesting that the G. powelli lineage has utilized Bowlesia since a time near its origin. We conclude that B. incana has been present in western North America for a long period of time, and that it did not arrive by human transport. The use of specialized herbivores and molecular data adds a powerful tool to historical plant biogeography.
The end of American history: Democracy, capitalism, and the metaphor of two worlds in Anglo-American historical writing, 1880-1980

Examines the work of four major historians, Turner, Beard, Hofstadter, and Williams, and shows how modern events have forced a change in the writing of American history.
Biodegradable and biocompatible thermosensitive polymer based injectable implant for controlled release of protein

Abstract This study was aimed at developing a suitable controlled release system for proteins by modifying the structure of thermosensitive copolymer monomethoxy poly(ethylene-glycol)-co-poly( d , l -lactide-co-glycolide)-co-monomethoxy poly(ethylene-glycol) (mPEG–PLGA–mPEG). Eleven mPEG–PLGA–mPEG copolymers were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Thermosensitivity of the copolymers was tested using the tube inversion method. Four of the eleven synthesized copolymers were dissolved in water as injectable solutions at room temperature which turned into gels abruptly at body temperature (37 °C), indicating the potential use as in vivo drug delivery system. Lysozyme was used as a model protein to study in vitro release characteristics of the copolymer based delivery system. The copolymer based formulations released lysozyme (quantified by micro-BCA protein assay) over 10–30 days, depending on copolymer structure. The released lysozyme was confirmed to conserve its structural stability by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and circular dichroism (CD), and biological activity by specific enzyme activity assay. Furthermore, the copolymer based formulations showed excellent biocompatibility as tested by MTT assay and in vivo histological evaluation. Therefore, the copolymers controlled the in vitro release of lysozyme while conserving protein stability and biological activity, indicating that it is an appropriate delivery system for long term controlled release of proteins.
An Empirical Study on the Stability of Feature Selection for Imbalanced Software Engineering Data

In software quality modeling, software metrics are collected during the software development cycle. However, not all metrics are relevant to the class attribute (software quality). Metric (feature) selection has become the cornerstone of many software quality classification problems. Selecting software metrics that are important for software quality classification is a necessary and critical step before the model training process. Recently, the robustness (e.g., stability) of feature selection techniques has been studied, to examine the sensitivity of these techniques to changes (adding/removing program modules to/from their dataset). This work provides an empirical study regarding the stability of feature selection techniques across six software metrics datasets with varying levels of class balance. In this work eighteen feature selection techniques are evaluated. Moreover, three factors, feature subset size, degree of perturbation, and class balance of datasets, are considered in this study to evaluate stability of feature selection techniques. Experimental results show that these factors affect the stability of feature selection techniques as one might expect. We found that with few exceptions, feature ranking based on highly imbalanced datasets are less stable than based on slightly imbalanced data. Results also show that making smaller changes to the datasets has less impact on the stability of feature ranking techniques. Overall, we conclude that a careful understanding of one's dataset (and certain choices of metric selection technique) can help practitioners build more reliable software quality models.
Citizen Attributions of Blame in Third‐Party Governance

The authors use a survey experiment to examine how structural differences in governance arrangements affect citizens’ notions of who is culpable for poor service quality. More specifically, two questions are investigated: (1) When things go wrong, do citizens attribute more blame to political actors if the provider of government services is a public agency or a private contractor? (2) Does the length of the accountability chain linking political actors to service providers influence citizens’ attributions of blame? The authors hypothesize that provider sector and accountability chain length affect citizens’ perceptions of political actors’ control over service delivery, which, in turn, inform citizens’ attributions of blame. Mixed support is found for this theory.
Toward an 'Eco-Imagining' of the Place of Francophone Studies from Africa and the African Diaspora in U.S. Colleges and Universities: The Need for a Migration of the Field and for an Academic Shift in the Twenty-first Century

: This paper offers a critical analysis and reflection on the place Francophone Studies occupy or not in institutions of higher learning in the Unites States, and on the future of Francophone Studies. The focus of the paper is on Francophone Studies, specifically, literature and the arts, from Francophone Africa and the Francophone African Diaspora. The premise of the argument is that to continue to place Francophone Studies within their current locations, which is typically, in Departments of French, or Department of World (non-English) Languages and Literatures, poses increasingly a particular set of challenges and results more often than not, in a superficial and somewhat ineffective study and understanding of the field. Further, the paper argues that the fullness, the very richness, diversity, and multi layered dimensions of the field are lost when Francophone specialists are expected to cover the entire field (including the entire globe) of Francophone Studies, in addition to their specific area of specialization. Moreover, the very fact that Francophone Studies are best situated at the intersections of multiple disciplines (including, history, political science, psychology, sociology, geography, philosophy, etc., besides the obvious ones of languages, literatures, and cultures), this fact lends itself to placing Francophone Studies in Interdisciplinary Studies and African and African Diaspora Studies Academic Departments. / /
Sliding mode control for automobile applications

Automobile-related control and estimation issues usually involve either high-order, high levels of nonlinearities or limited system state information. Evidently, from the reported results, sliding mode control theory demonstrates its capability of dealing with various problems, either control or estimation ones, with limited information. The results are promising and worthy of further modification or extension.
Place Matters: The Spatial Effects of Human Service Expenditures

Place matters in human services. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) devolves spending to services, most often provided by nonprofit organizations. We argue that this devolution allows for people to “vote with their feet” (Ostrom, Tiebout, and Warren 1961: “The organization of government in metropolitan areas: A theoretical inquiry.” American Political Science Review 55:831–42) in seeking jurisdictions where there will be more spending on human services. This paper considers the spatial patterns of human service expenditures, arguing that people of lower Socio-Economic Status (SES) are less likely to benefit from higher human service spending. We use a spatial Durbin regression to indicate the effects of SES on expenditures in a home county as well as the spillover effect to surrounding counties. The results show that while human service expenditures increase as African American and Renter populations increase in a home county, they also indicate that neighboring counties free-ride on the efforts of the home jurisdiction. Likewise, as a population ages, there is a very large free-riding effect. We conclude that the decentralized TANF policy regime allows for jurisdictions to specialize in human services.
Muslims' eschatological discourses on colonialism in Northern Nigeria

A la fin du 19e siecle et au debut du 20e siecle, pour comprendre le colonialisme, les musulmans ont invoque le mahdisme, forme de messianisme islamique. L'A. etudie les traites arabes ou le colonialisme est decrit au travers du prisme du mahdisme en se referant specifiquement au colonialisme du Nigeria du Nord. Pour lui, le mahdisme est davantage un mode de discours qu'une ideologie de la resistance. C'est la multiplicite des discours sur le colonialisme qui explique les reponses multiples des individus et des groupes.
THE CICHLID FISH OF CUATRO CIÉNEGAS, MEXICO: DIRECT EVIDENCE OF CONSPECIFICITY AMONG DISTINCT TROPHIC MORPHS.

The idea that different individuals within a biological species may have radically different morphologies and distinct feeding modes has commanded attention because of its profound implications for evolutionary biology. If individuals from a panmictic population are recognized as species by standard taxonomic criteria, organismal diversity in nature may be more apparent than real. This concern is particularly germane to the great diversity seen within assemblages of tropical freshwater fishes such as cyprinids and cichlids, where endemic specializations are extreme (Myers, 1960; Greenwood, 1974; Reid, 1980). Several examples of substantial dichotomous morphological divergence have been reported among sympatric collections of closely related fishes (Roberts, 1974; Sage and Selander, 1975; Vrijenhoek, 1978; Turner and Grosse, 1980). The cichlids of Cuatro Cienegas, Mexico are particularly interesting and their study by Sage and Selander set a precedent which has had a significnat impact on subsequent systematic studies (Kirkpatrick and Selander, 1979; Graves and Rosenblatt, 1980). By any phenetic criteria, the extreme distinctiveness of sympatric cichlids in Cuatro Cienegas suggests the presence of two discrete species. A "small tooth" form with papilliform pharyngeal dentition feeds on plant material and possesses a relatively narrow head, slender pharyngeal jaw, and long intestine. A "large tooth" form with molariform pharyngeal teeth feeds on snails and has a wider head, relatively stouter jaw, and short intestine. The morphological and trophic differentiation between these two forms exceeds that observed among many closely related biological species and precisely mimics the differences which define numerous cichlids in the African Great Lakes (Fryer and Iles, 1972). Further, it is this type of variation that might be associated with incipient macroevolution (Greenwood, 1979). The magnitude of differences between these forms has thus historically caused them to be treated as two distinct species (Taylor and Minckley, 1966; Minckley, 1969; LaBounty, 1974; Kornfield and Koehn, 1975). Alternatively, on the basis of the segregation of both types within wild-caught broods, complete electrophoretic similarity, and concordant patterns of allozymic variation between forms, Sage and Selander (1975) suggested that both forms belong to a single polymorphic species. However, this evidence did not provide a definitive test of the two species hypothesis (Hutchinson, 1978). We present in this article the results of complementary studies of genetics and reproductive biology initiated to resolve the biological status of these fishes. Our allozyme data and observations of mating in natural populations verify the insight of Sage and Selander and attest to their accurate electrophoretic evaluation of conspecificity. This demonstration of substantial morphological variation within a single species has significant implications for ecology and conventional taxonomic characterization.
Technology Integration Scheme of Smart Power Distribution and Utilization Park

Facing new boundary conditions such as distributed power,distributed storage,electric automobile scale access,and user demand side response,the functions and business transaction of the park gradually are developing in the direction of integration,and technology integration is the basis of achieving the above goals.A description is made of the overall line thought of the smart power distribution and utilization park integrated technology,and the specific integration method around the three aspects,viz.equipment and equipment,equipment and system,and system and system,is given.The park integrated information security problems are discussed.The proposed technology integration scheme will be applied in the China-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city. This work is supported by National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No.2011AA05A117).
The Present Situation of the Chronic Disease Management and Analysis on Health Service Demand in Binhu District of Wuxi City

OBJECTIVE Analysis of the chronic patient management present situation in Binhu District of Wuxi City,Exploring the management countermeasures in the health service demand of Chronic patient.METHODS Investigation of chronic patient management accountResults,Current status of prevention and treatment on chronic patients and health needs by means of questionnaire survey,And the result is input EXCEL form analysis.RESULTS 1 chronic disease management physicians need to management in 462 patients,Hypertension,diabetes prevention and treatment knowledge rate respectively is 58.9%,27.63%.39.80% of patients with chronic diseases in 1 years to carry out regular physical examination.Chronic disease health service needs for regular physical examination(73.36%)and health education lecture(51.32%).CONCLUSIONS Binhu District of chronic disease health services can not meet the growing demand for the management of patients with chronic diseases,recommended that the government spend the money to support chronic disease,free physical examination for patients with chronic diseases,build independent management mode for chronic patients,To solve the contradictions in the medical service and health service demand.
German Socialism since 1914

The SPD members of the German Reichstag had voted en bloc in August 1914 to support the grant of war credits in compliance with the majority vote at the Reichstag Party meeting. The decision opened up a deep and bitter divide between the majority who endorsed the decision to go to war and the minority who opposed it. The majority accepted the official claim that the war was forced on Germany as a war of national defence, in the face of the imminent threat of invasion resulting from the Russian mobilisation of its vast armies to attack Germany’s ally, Austria. The minority embraced a wide spread of opinion from pacifists to revolutionary Marxists, who saw the war credit vote as marking the abandonment of the principles of international working-class solidarity. Many of the majority doubtless recalled and repeated the words of the revered late leader, August Bebel, at the 1907 Party Conference: If a time really comes when we have to defend the fatherland, then we shall do so because it is our fatherland; we shall defend it as the soil on which we live, as the country whose language we speak and whose customs we hold, and because we wish to make of this fatherland of ours a land of such perfection and beauty as shall be unmatched in all the world.2
Factors affecting functional outcome in patients with intramedullary spinal cord tumors: results from a literature analysis

Recently, great advances have been made in the surgical treatment of intramedullary spinal cord tumors (IMSCTs). Many articles have been published; but looking at the literature of the last 5 years, there are only descriptive reviews and no works in which a literature statistical analysis was performed. Here, we analyzed the literature to identify potential prognosticators of good functional outcome in IMSCT patients. To level out the selected studies, we stratified patients’ neurological status as independent (ambulation possible without caregiver assistance) or disabled (cannot ambulate or can only ambulate with caregiver assistance). 18 out of 125 articles were included in the analysis (691 patients). A significant higher percentage of gross total resection (GTR) in ependymomas, hemangioblastomas and cavernomas compared to the astrocytomas (particularly high-grade gliomas) was observed. We found a strong correlation between a good pre-operative neurological function and a good post-operative and at follow-up (FU) neurological status and between GTR and a good post-operative and at FU neurological status. A significant better outcome was found in ependymomas, hemangioblastomas and cavernomas compared to astrocytomas. Our analysis suggests that an early surgery could be reasonable in IMSCTs, because a good pre-operative neurological function is a strong predictor of good neurological outcome. In patients with high-grade gliomas, there is no indication to attempt a GTR due to the infiltrative growth pattern of this tumor that leads to a higher surgical morbidity. Although not innovative, the evidences of our literature statistical analysis strengthen the results from previous surgical series and descriptive reviews.
Severe Pulmonary Vein Stenosis Resulting From Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation: Presentation, Management, and Clinical Outcomes.

Background:The frequency of pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) after ablation for atrial fibrillation has decreased, but it remains a highly morbid condition. Although treatment strategies including pul...
Co-Occurring Trajectory of Mothers' Substance Use and Psychological Control and Children's Behavior Problems: The Effects of a Family Systems Intervention.

This study examined the effects of a family systems therapy (Ecologically-Based Family Therapy [EBFT]) on the co-occurring trajectory of mothers' substance use and psychological control, and its association with children's problem behaviors. Participants included 183 mothers with a substance use disorder who had at least one biological child in their care. Mothers were randomly assigned to one of the three intervention conditions: EBFT-home, n = 62; EBFT-office, n = 61; or Women's Health Education, n = 60. Participants were assessed at baseline, 3, 6, 12, and 18 months post-baseline. A dual-trajectory class growth analysis identified three groups of mothers in regard to their change trajectories. The majority of the mothers exhibited a synchronous decrease in substance use and psychological control (n = 107). In all, 46 mothers exhibited a synchronous increase in substance use and psychological control. For the remaining 30 mothers, substance use and psychological control remained stable. Mothers in the family therapy condition were more likely to show reduced substance use and psychological control compared to mothers in the control condition. Moreover, children with mothers who showed decreased substance use and psychological control exhibited lower levels of problem behaviors compared to children with mothers showing increased substance use and psychological control. The findings provide evidence for the effectiveness of family systems therapy, EBFT, in treating mothers' substance use, improving parenting behaviors, and subsequently improving child behavioral outcomes.
Controlled Dopant Migration in CdS/ZnS Core/Shell Quantum Dots.

The physical properties of a doped quantum dot (QD) are strongly influenced by the dopant site inside the host lattice, which determines the host–dopant coupling from the overlap between the dopant and exciton wave functions of the host lattice. Although several synthetic methodologies have been developed for introducing dopants inside the size-confined semiconductor nanocrystals, the controlled dopant-host lattice coupling by dopant migration is still unexplored. In this work, the effect of lattice mismatch of CdS/ZnS core/shell QDs on Mn(II) dopant behavior was studied. It was found that the dopant migration toward the alloyed interface of core/shell QDs is a thermodynamically driven process to minimize the lattice strain within the nanocrystals. The dopant migration rate could be represented by the Arrhenius equation and therefore can be controlled by the temperature and lattice mismatch. Furthermore, the energy transfer between host CdS QDs and dopants can be finely turned in a wide range by dopant mi...
When the Premises Are Untrue

In the previous pages we have reasoned under the assumption that the premises were true, but this is not enough. One cannot accept the “one size fits all” approach.
Enhancing individual and community disaster preparedness: Individuals with disabilities and others with access and functional needs.

Abstract Preparedness planning is essential to minimizing the impact of disasters on communities and individuals. Attention to the needs of people with disabilities is vital as they have additional needs before, during and after a disaster that are specific to the disabling condition. In this Commentary, we emphasize national guidelines on disability inclusion in emergency preparedness. We examine some potential areas of planning and response that need attention as suggested by preparedness data for people with self-reported disabilities (also referred to as access and functional needs) and highlight selected resources (e.g., tools, trainings, and online webinars) to enhance whole community preparedness and disability inclusion efforts. This Commentary intends to bridge the gap between those various facets of preparedness, at all levels of government and among individuals, with the aim of ensuring that the whole community is prepared to adapt, withstand and rapidly recover from disruptions due to disasters.
Free Markets, Consumer Choice, and the Poor: Some Reasons for Caution

“Consumer choice” is the rallying cry for health policy analysts who espouse an essentially free, competitive market for health care. Some, of course, would make their market freer than others. On the one extreme are the libertarians, who would allow health care to be distributed precisely as the market allocates it, with no independent evaluation of the outcome. On the other are modified market theorists, such as Alain Enthoven, who would give the poor vouchers for health care and would restrict the sorts of health plans that competing providers could offer. Despite the significant differences in their views, however, both pure market advocates and voucher proponents share an underlying faith in not only the market, but also the ability of health care consumers to make their demands effectively heard in this market.
Superior Olivary Cells with Descending Projections to the Cochlear Nucleus

The cochlear nucleus is the target of a greater concentration of descending projections than any other auditory structure, including the cochlea (Rasmussen,’ 64; Cant and Morest,’ 78; Spangler and Warr,’ 91). In contrast to the rest of the central auditory system, parts of the cochlear nucleus may receive more descending afferents than ascending afferents (Kane and Conlee,’ 79; Conlee and Kane,’ 82; Spangler et al.,’ 87). Despite their unusual numbers and potential importance, the descending inputs to the cochlear nucleus have received limited attention. Consequently, we have an equally limited understanding of the contribution of descending projections to the functional integrity of the cochlear nucleus. General stimulation of the descending fibers has broad inhibitory effects upon unit activity, although some facilitory effects have also been reported (Pfalz,’ 62; Comis and Whitfield,’ 68; Starr and Wernick,’ 68; Comis and Davies,’ 69; Comis,’ 70; Mast,’ 70; Bourk,’ 76; Brown and Buchwald,’ 76; Caspary,’ 86). Pickles and Comis (’73) and Pickles (’76) have argued that descending input may enhance signal detection in noise by influencing critical bandwidth, but this concept has not been developed. Others have suggested an influence of descending input on the effective encoding of complex signals (Frisina et al.,’ 90; Shore et al.,’ 91). Still other proposed roles of the descending auditory pathways, such as loudness protection, might be expected to function at the level of the cochlea rather than at the level of the cochlear nucleus (Cody and Johnstone,’ 82; Liberman,’ 88).
Individual Differences in Heterosexual Cisgender Students’ Responses to Brief Education about Local LGBTQ+ Safe Zones

AbstractWe assessed heterosexist attitudes and prior knowledge as correlates of undergraduates’ responses to brief education about an LGBTQ+ ally program. Heterosexual cisgender students with stronger heterosexism reported less favorable attitudes about the program and less sense of community on campus. Prior knowledge moderated this latter association. That is, after brief education, heterosexist students without prior knowledge of the program reported a stronger sense of community than those with prior knowledge. These findings suggest the importance of providing brief, factual education about local inclusivity programs as early as possible to promote an informed student body and positive campus climate.
Orbital Stability Analysis for Perturbed Nonlinear Systems and Natural Entrainment via Adaptive Andronov–Hopf Oscillator

Periodic orbits often describe desired state trajectories of dynamical systems in various engineering applications. Stability analysis of periodic solutions lays a foundation for control design to achieve convergence to a prescribed orbit. Here we consider a class of perturbed nonlinear systems with fast and slow dynamics and develop a novel averaging method for analyzing the local exponential orbital stability of a periodic solution. A framework is then proposed for feedback control design to stabilize a natural oscillation of an uncertain nonlinear system using a synchronous adaptive oscillator. The idea is applied to linear mechanical systems and a design theory is established. In particular, we propose a controller based on the Andronov–Hopf oscillator with additional adaptation mechanisms for estimating the unknown natural frequency and damping parameters. We prove that, with sufficiently slow adaptation, the estimated parameters locally converge to their true values and entrainment to the natural oscillation is achieved as part of an orbitally stable limit cycle. Numerical examples demonstrate that adaptation and convergence can in fact be fast.