cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The cycling of mercury through the environment

Abstract This paper reviews what is now known about the mercury cycle in the aquatic environment and indicates where the gaps in our knowledge lie. It describes the aquatic chemistry of mercury in the presence of chloride ions and the sulfate-sulfide system, the affinity of mercury for the sulfhydryl group in proteinaceous matter, the formation of methylated mercury compounds by microbial mediation, and the tendency for mercury in solution to adsorb on suspended solids. The paper then describes how mercury behaves in a typical local aquatic system based on facts known from its chemistry. It presents, finally, an estimate of the global cycle of mercury, and concludes that although man has created serious local problems by his indiscriminate discharge of mercury into the environment, he has had but negligible effect on a global scale.
A previously healthy adolescent with evolving infiltrates and progressive respiratory distress.

A 14-year-old boy was transferred to our paediatric referral centre with a 1-day history of worsening respiratory distress. He had initially presented to a community hospital complaining of dyspnoea, cough and emesis, and was treated with antibiotics and methylprednisolone prior to transfer. He was taking no other medications and his history was notable only for mild wheezing as …
Histological abnormalities of the small bowel mucosa in cirrhosis and portal hypertension.

AIM: To study the small bowel (SB) mucosa on biopsy in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension and in non-cirrhotic controls and grade findings according to the Marsh criteria. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 51 consecutive patients undergoing an upper endoscopy for their routine medical care. Twenty five patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension were compared to 26 controls. We obtained coeliac serology and multiple upper small bowel biopsies on all 51 patients. A GI pathologist interpreted biopsies and graded findings according to the Marsh criteria. We assessed equivalence in Marsh grade between cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic controls using the Mann-Whitney test for equivalence. RESULTS: Gender, ethnicity and age were similar between both groups. Marsh grades were equivalent between the groups. Grade of 0 was present in 96% and grade of 1 was present in 4% of both groups and there was no villus atrophy or decrease in villus/crypt ratio in patients with portal hypertension. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence for the lack of villus atrophy in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension, and supports the continuous reliance on the Marsh criteria when the diagnosis of coeliac disease is to be made in the presence of cirrhosis.
Fluorescence-Based Tension Probes to Image Force Transmission at Cell Surface

The interplay between physical inputs and biochemical signaling regulates a significant number of biological processes. A major challenge to elucidating chemo-mechanical coupling lies in the development of new materials and techniques to image forces in cells. Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of fluorescence-based turn­-on probes for imaging the molecular tension at the surface of living cells in real-time (Nat.Methods 2012). Our sensor takes advantage of FRET between fluorophores as a “ruler” and a flexible polymer chain as a reversible spring with a known constant. The linker is comprised of a PEG chain that can be modeled using the worm-like chain model. The sensor allows one to quantify molecular forces with high spatial and temporal resolution for a wide range of receptors and cell types. I will describe the application of these sensors to image forces associated with endocytosis, Notch receptor activation, and integrin adhesion receptors. We measure forces associated with the initial stages of EGF endocytosis (1-4 pN) and show that this force localizes with clathrin light chain. Finally, I will discuss the development of ligation strategies to generate recombinantly expressed protein force sensors to investigate the Notch pathway.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
The role of aluminum particle size in electrostatic ignition sensitivity of composite energetic materials

Abstract Very often unintentional ignition of composite energetic materials (CEM) occurs when static electricity is discharged into the CEM. An interesting finding recently reported showed that for micron particle CEM formulations, only aluminum (Al) combined with copper oxide (CuO) was electrostatic discharge (ESD) ignition sensitive, while commonly used Al combined with molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) was deemed not ESD ignition sensitive. In practice however, nano Al-MoO3 results in frequent unintentional ESD ignition events. This study examines the role of Al particle size on ESD ignition sensitivity and measures electrical conductance for each CEM. Results show that as Al particle size is reduced, electrical conductance increases dramatically as does ESD ignition sensitivity. Overall, electrical conductance is shown to increase linearly with increasing Al surface area to volume ratio and the alumina passivation shell surrounding Al core particles plays a significant role in enhancing ignition sensitivity.
Acute cholecystitis in AIDS patients: correlation of Tc-99m hepatobiliary scintigraphy with histopathologic laboratory findings and CD4 counts.

BACKGROUND AIDS patients are susceptible to opportunistic gastrointestinal infections including ascending cholangitis and cholecystitis, especially if CD4 count is 200 in 15 patients. HIDA imaging was performed in 31 patients; in 8, the CD4 count was > 200 and all had calculous cholecystitis. The gallbladder was visualized in 3 patients for a sensitivity of 63% and no organisms were found in the gallbladder specimens. In 23 patients, the CD4 count was < 200; the gallbladder was visualized in 5 patients for a HIDA sensitivity of 78%; 16 (52%) had acalculous cholecystitis; and 15 had calculous cholecystitis. In acalculous cholecystitis, Cryptosporidium was found in six cases, cytomegalovirus (CMV) in six cases, and fungus, yeast, tuberculosis, and mycobacterium avium intracellular each in one case. The thirty day mortality rate was 18%; 5 of 28 who underwent open cholecystectomy died within 30 days, 4 of them with a CD4 count < 200. There was no mortality in the 26 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS (1) Because of the high incidence of 52% of acalculous cholecystitis in AIDS patients with a CD4 count < 200, we recommend using intravenous cholecystokinin if the gallbladder is visualized on hepatobiliary scintigraphy in order to determine gallbladder ejection fraction and exclude acalculous cholecystitis. (2) Laparoscopic rather than open cholecystectomy should be the surgical procedure of choice in AIDS patients especially if the CD4 count is < 200.
Exploring cross‐national differences in service innovation process and strategy in developing and developed nations

Purpose – Few research studies have been conducted to investigate the issue of new service development (NSD) across nations and geographical regions. To address this critique of the literature, the purpose of this paper is to conduct a comparative study of NSD process and strategy in a developed country, Australia and a developing country, India.Design/methodology/approach – The paper conducted surveys of 102 Australian firms and 97 Indian firms operating in the business‐to‐business financial services industry.Findings – The findings suggest that significant differences exist between the Australian and Indian firms. Service firms in both countries use different strategies to compete in the industry and emphasize different sets of development stages in developing new services.Research limitations/implications – The analysis has been restricted to two countries: India and Australia. This suggests the need for further comparative studies of NSD in other cultures/countries.Practical implications – The finding...
Density functional theory calculations of ozone adsorption on sidewall single-wall carbon nanotubes with Stone-Wales defects

Abstract In this study, we employed density functional theory to investigate the adsorption mechanisms of O3 on the sidewalls of C(5,5), C(8,8), and C(10,0) single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), also having Stone-Wales (SW) defects with different orientations. An understanding of the adsorption of O3 on SWCNT sidewalls with SW defects was obtained by examining local structural changes, described by the pyramidalization angle, while in investigating the electronic structure of ozonized SWCNT, the results were found to be consistent with experimental observations in some cases.
Conduction- and Valence-Band Energies in Bulk InAs(1-x)Sb(x) and Type II InAs(1-x) Sb(x)/InAs Strained-Layer Superlattices

The energy gaps were studied in two types of structures: unrelaxed bulk InAs1−x Sb x layers with x = 0.2 to 0.46 grown on metamorphic buffers and type II InAs1−x Sb x /InAs strained-layer superlattices (SLS) with x = 0.225 to 0.296 in the temperature range from T = 13 K to 300 K. All structures were grown on GaSb substrates. The longest wavelength of photoluminescence (PL) at low temperatures was observed from bulk InAs0.56Sb0.44 with a peak at 10.3 μm and full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 11 meV. The PL data for the bulk InAs1−x Sb x materials of various compositions imply an energy gap bowing parameter of 0.87 eV. A low-temperature PL peak at 9.1 μm with FWHM of 13 meV was observed for InAs0.704Sb0.296/InAs SLS. The PL spectrum of InAs0.775Sb0.225/InAs SLS under pulsed excitation revealed a second peak associated with recombination of electrons in the three-dimensional (3D) continuum with holes in the InAs0.775Sb0.225. This experiment determined the conduction-band offset in the InAs0.775Sb0.225/InAs SLS. The energies of the conduction and valence bands in unstrained InAs1−x Sb x and their bowing with respect to the Sb composition are discussed.
The effects of boron and lithium on the ratio of induced to spontaneous fission in natural uranium

Abstract The presence of boron and lithium in natural uranium systems in altering the ratio of induced fission of 235U is significant. For systems containing 0.06% boron and 0.038% lithium with respect to uranium (low Z/U atom to atom ratio equals 1.32 × 10−2), the induced to spontaneous fission ratios were measured to be 1.4 and 0.60 respectively. The increase in the neutron flux is attributed to (α, n) reactions on the low Z elements present in the systems.
Adaptation of sonar techniques for exploring the sediments and crust of the Earth beneath the ocean

The `continuous seismic profiler? is an instrument system for studying the structure of sediments and rock beneath the sea floor by the seismic reflection method. Pulses of sound reflected at near-normal incidence are automatically timed and correlated by the recording method used in echo sounding. The sound source is chosen to give a repeatable pulse having a broad spectrum rich in low frequencies. One sound source called the `sparker? has been developed into a unit with a power supply delivering 25,000 joules. A second source called the `boomer? generates a sound pulse by means of the repulsive force induced between a flat spiral coil and a contiguous plate of aluminium when a large pulse of current passes through the coil. The latest `boomer? is designed to accept 13,000 joules of electrical energy. Recordings of good quality can be made in 3000 fathoms of water from a ship proceeding at 6 knots and echoes have been recorded well over one second after the initial bottom reflection. These sound sources and recording techniques have also been applied to studying layered structures in the sediments by the refraction method and by studying reflection of sound from these layers as a function of angle of incidence.
The nucleus basalis of the pigeon: a single-unit analysis.

Single unit responses were recorded from neurons in the nucleus basalis of the pigeon. Two hundred and twelve basalis cells, from 23 birds, were characterized in terms of modality, receptive area and adaptive properties. Most basalis units (97%) fired spontaneously in bursts of a few spikes separated by one to two seconds of silence. All units were activated by light mechanical stimulation of the beak or buccal cavity. The units adapted rapidly to a maintained stimulus, but fired vigorously when the stimulating probe moved back and forth across the surface of the receptive area. Receptive fields fell into two clearly separable groups with respect to size: small fields, less than 15 mm2, generally clustered near the beak tips, and large fields occupying from one-third to the entire beak surface. Both unilateral (ipsilateral or contralateral) and bilateral receptive areas were encountered. Nucleus basalis units could be driven electrically by stimulation of the beak surface or the main sensory trigeminal nucleus (PrV). The data suggest that n. basalis cells are particularly responsive to movement of food (grains) within the mouth and that this information is relayed by trigeminal afferents to the PrV, thence to the n. basalis via a partially decussating quinto-rontal tract. The results are discussed in relation to the role of the n. basalis in the control of feeding behavior in the pigeon.
Genetic aspects of mother-offspring conflict in rhesus macaques

This study investigated the occurrence of mother-offspring conflict in rhesus macaques and possible genetic correlations between maternal and offspring conflict-related behavior, using a cross-fostering procedure and a developmental approach. Ten female infants were cross-fostered at birth and observed with their foster mothers during their 1st year of life. Data on the infants’ biological mothers were also available. In the 1st 3 months of infant life, there was little or no mother-infant conflict over time spent in contact. Correlations between infant behavior and the behavior of foster mothers in this period likely resulted from individual differences in infant activity levels and maternal concerns for safety or maternal attempts to encourage infant independence. During the mating season, when infants were 7–9 months old, conflict over time spent in contact became apparent. Infant conflict-related behavior was not predicted by their foster mothers’ behavior but by the behavior of their biological mothers. These findings concur with those of recent studies in other animal taxa in suggesting that conflict-related behavioral traits may be genetically correlated in mothers and offspring and that the latter may be engaged in a runaway selection process that would result in the escalation of conflict.
Production of disease-resistant transgenic plants

Abstract Plants possess a wide range of mechanisms for protecting themselves against infection by pathogenic microorganisms. Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the molecular basis of many of these responses and have allowed progress towards the production of transgenic plants with enhanced resistance to pests. Additionally, advances in physical and genetic mapping and identification of host resistance genes will advance our understanding of the function of these genes and their potential for the production of disease-resistant varieties.
Does Eating during Television Viewing Affect Preschool Children’s Intake?

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the effects of television (TV) viewing on children's lunch and snack intake in one condition when the children watched a 22-minute cartoon video on TV (TV group), and in another without the TV (no TV group). Participants included 24 children and their parents, recruited from a university child-care center. Parents reported children's TV viewing habits at home. Overall, children ate significantly less snack and lunch in the TV condition compared with the no TV condition. However, children who reportedly watched more daily hours of TV and who had a higher frequency of meals eaten in front of the TV at home ate more lunch in the TV condition. TV viewing may either increase or reduce children's intake, depending on prior experience with eating during TV viewing.
Optical pumping with laser-induced-fluorescence

We describe a new procedure for optical pumping that is based on laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). The procedure is demonstrated by optically exciting a sample of Rb85 atoms, which then creates a population imbalance between the ground state hyperfine levels of Rb87 by “LIF depopulation pumping”. Though optical pumping with this technique increases the intensity dependent light-shift coefficient (i.e., ac Stark shift) of the Rb87 0-0 hyperfine transition, it reduces the frequency dependent light-shift coefficient by at least an order of magnitude. Since the stabilization of the diode laser wavelength is a significant challenge in the development of laser-pumped gas-cell atomic clocks, it is anticipated that optical pumping with LIF will be of benefit to atomic clock technology.
Production of Haploid Saccharum spontaneum L. - Comparison of Media for Cold Incubation of Panicle Branches and for Float Culture of Anthers.

Summary Means were sought to increase the frequency of haploid production from anther cultures of Saccharum spontaneum L. Excised preemerged panicle branches were incubated in modified Murashige-Skoog (MS), Nitsch (H), Gamborg (B5), and Chu (N6) media at 10 °C for 4 to 10 weeks prior to removal of the anthers for culturing at 27 °C. Anthers, either continuously cultured on liquid media or floated on liquid media 1 to 8 weeks prior to nurse culture, produced visible calli in 30 days. Nearly 1% of the anthers in one clone, SES 208, produced calli. The calli increased in mass on nurse medium containing 0.25 to 0.50 mg · l -1 picloram as the auxin source and differentiated into green calli when the picloram was reduced to 0.05 to 0.125 mg · l -1 . The green calli developed into plants on lowered-picloram or picloram-free media. Calli and green plants were obtained from all three clones studied. Plants were regenerated from 100 out of 276 callus lines. Seventeen plant lines have been transferred to greenhouse culture. Four of seven plant lines checked for ploidy were haploid, two were diploid. A method utilizing stomate guard cell lengths was developed as a means to estimate ploidy level. The increased success in haploid callus and plant production is thought to be the result of long cold treatment of panicle branches, use of low salt media for panicle treatment in the cold, use of picloram in place of 2,4-D in the nurse culture, and use of a high nitrate/ammonium ratio in the liquid culture.
Real-time stereo imaging of gaseous phenomena

Gaseous phenomena such as clouds, fog, and mist have been difficult to render in realistic monoscopic imaging environments. Such phenomena are transparent, cast shadows, have dynamic behavior, and are of variable density. This paper describes a method based on splatting, billboarding, and alpha-blending that works well in a realistic real-time stereo imaging environment. Splatting is used to reconstruct a discretely sampled 3D volume to produce a 2D image with appropriate density. Efficient reconstruction is gained through the use of texture-mapped billboards, whose transparencies are determined by a Gaussian reconstruction kernel. To achieve the fastest rendering, it is possible to orient all billboards to face the viewplane rather than the viewpoint. The parallax error introduced by this approach is analyzed. The authors give examples to illustrate how the number, transparency, color, and size of the billboards in a scene can be used to create different effects. The discussion does not treat the problems of self-shadowing or dynamic behavior, although the approach could be used as the basis for simulating both.
The effects of X-irradiation on the biological activity of cottonmouth moccasin (Ancistrodon piscivorus) venom

Agkistrodon piscivorus venom in a diltuion of 1 mg venom per 10 ml distilled water was exposed to 18,375 rad±263 rad of X-irradiation to determine the effect on its local reactivity and lethality. The precipitation patterns of antigens by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis of crude and irradiated venom was compared. The results indicate that the local reactivity of the venom was reduced 50–65 per cent. The lethal effect was markedly decreased. It took almost six times the weight of lyophilized X-irradiated venom to produce the mouse LD50. Immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion demonstrated little difference in the pattern of antigens of X-irradiated and normal venom.
Variables in Color Perception of Young Children.

Abstract The purpose of this research is to make available information about young children's color perception within value, chroma, and hue variables. Most previous studies of children's color perception use only light, saturated focal colors. In this study, the Munsell color matrices are divided into nine combinations of low, medium, and high chroma and low, medium, and high value to investigate the effects of varying components of lightness and saturation within hues. Two levels of difficulty in six hues are measured: green, red, purple, blue, orange, and yellow. Results show that in order to predict a young child's discrimination ability, it is necessary to have value, chroma, and hue specified. While young children are found to be surprisingly skilled across all color discriminations, discriminations using low saturation and low lightness are most difficult and slowest, regardless of hue. Discriminations of middle and high saturation and lightness are easy and fastest. Differences in hue discrimination are least stable but generally, green and red are most difficult and slowest; orange and yellow are easiest and fastest. Error rate, but not latency, is lower under a feedback and correction condition than a reward-alone condition.
On an optimal property of compliant topologies

An optimal structural property for compliant topologies is presented in this paper for general multicriteria formulations that comprise the conflicting flexibility and stiffness requirements. The property deduced from the first-order necessary conditions for optimality implies that the ratio of the mutual potential energy density to the strain energy density is uniform throughout the continuum, but for portions otherwise bounded by gage constraints. This property is used to develop an optimality criteria method for synthesizing compliant topologies. It is also noted that the multicriteria formulations considered here are nonconvex and can result in nonunique solutions. However, by incorporating a one-variable search along the direction determined by the above optimal property, it is ensured that the converged solution is a minimum. Several synthesis examples are included with linear frame finite elements which are easy for implementation and are capable of appropriately accounting for the bending behaviour in the continuum. Examples with previously reported density based design parameterization using bilinear plane-stress elements are also included to illustrate the synthesis procedure.
V-Gate GaN HEMTs with 12.2 W/mm and 65% PAE at X-Band

In this paper, we present our development of a novel HEMT which uses V-shaped gate geometry to reduce the field crowding at the gate edge, and pushes the high power performance of the deeply recessed HEMTs toward higher operating voltages. The V-gate GaN HEMTs were fabricated by using a highly manufacturable approach, and demonstrated X-band power performance superior to devices made by other technologies.
The effect of film properties and laser processing parameters on the laser ablation of molybdenum thin films

Molybdenum is commonly used as the electrical back contact for Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S) 2 thin-film solar cells. In order to create a monolithically interconnected device, scribing of the molybdenum layer is required. This scribe, known as the P1 scribe, is commonly carried out through laser processing. Optimization of this laser scribing has been carried out using a 532nm pulsed Nd:YAG laser. It was found that two specific regimes of processing resulted in defect free scribes. These regimes are low fluency and high pulse overlap, and high fluency and low pulse overlap. Film properties, including the microstructure, surface oxidation, and internal stress, were studied to understand their effect on the laser ablation process. It was observed that a thin layer of oxidation resulted in significant heat affected zone during the laser ablation process. A discussion of the optimal film properties and laser processing parameters is presented.
Surgical Correction of Soft-Tissue Ankle Equinus Contracture

Soft-tissue ankle equinus contracture is an important component of numerous foot and ankle deformities. In high-risk patients who have multiple co-morbidities, procedure selection and careful surgical technique are paramount to increase the likelihood of postoperative success. This article discusses the indications for percutaneous Achilles tendon lengthening, open gastrocnemius recession, and endoscopic gastrocnemius recession, and provides a detailed description of each surgical technique with pearls to avoid intra-perative and postoperative complications specific to the high-risk patient. Thorough knowledge of each of these techniques will aide the foot and ankle surgeon in appropriate peri-operative management of equinus deformity in a complex patient population.
Genetic determinants of cerebral vasospasm, delayed cerebral ischemia, and outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Despite extensive effort to elucidate the cellular and molecular bases for delayed cerebral injury after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), the pathophysiology of these events remains poorly understood. Recently, much work has focused on evaluating the genetic underpinnings of various diseases in an effort to delineate the contribution of specific molecular pathways as well as to uncover novel mechanisms. The majority of subarachnoid hemorrhage genetic research has focused on gene expression and linkage studies of these markers as they relate to the development of intracranial aneurysms and their subsequent rupture. Far less work has centered on the genetic determinants of cerebral vasospasm, the predisposition to delayed cerebral injury, and the determinants of ensuing functional outcome after aSAH. The suspected genes are diverse and encompass multiple functional systems including fibrinolysis, inflammation, vascular reactivity, and neuronal repair. To this end, we present a systematic review of 21 studies suggesting a genetic basis for clinical outcome after aSAH, with a special emphasis on the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia. In addition, we highlight potential pitfalls in the interpretation of genetic association studies, and call for uniformity of design of larger multicenter studies in the future.
Ions of the rare earths as possible reactivators of acetylcholinesterase inhibited by some organophosphorus compounds.

Abstract 1. 1. The reactivation of ‘aged’ phosphonylated acetylcholinesterase may form the basis for a therapy for poisoning by certain organophosphorus compounds. Since it is known that rare earth metal ions catalyse the hydrolysis of p -nitrophenyl hydrogen methylphosphonate—a simple model compoudn for the ‘aged’ enzyme—it was considered of interest to investigate the possibility that rare earth metal ions might reactivate the ‘aged’ inhibited enzyme itself. 2. 2. Studies of the effects of rare earth metal ions on acetylcholinesterase indicated that they were reversible competitive inhibitors of the enzyme. 3. 3. Using two criteria of reaction, namely, the reappearance of enzyme activity and the release of [ 32 P]phosphonate, it was shown that the rare earth metal ions did not catalyse the dephosphonylation of organophosphorus-inhibited acetylcholinesterase. 4. 4. The reasons for the lack of reaction are discussed briefly and it is concluded that studies with rare earth metal ions are unlikely to lead to a new therapy for poisoning by organophosphates.
Kinetic Mechanism of Mismatch Recognition by S. cerevisiae DNA Mismatch Repair Protein, Msh2-Msh6

Kinetic Mechanism of Mismatch Recognition by S. cerevisiae DNA Mismatch Repair Protein, Msh2-Msh6 Jie Zhai and Manju Hingorani MBB b) Msh2-Msh6 has a similar rapid association rate for both sites, but it dissociates at a >30-fold slower rate from G:T versus 2Ap:T; c) ATP binding to Msh2-Msh6 increases its rate of dissociation from both sites, but Msh2-Msh6-G:T complex still has a longer half life (∼2 seconds) compared to Msh2-Msh6-2Ap:T complex (∼0.3 seconds). Thus, Msh2-Msh6 appears to bind Watson-Crick base pairs in search of errors, and it distinguishes bona fide mismatches by forming stable, long-lived complexes specifically at these sites. ATP binding to Msh2-Msh6 appears to aid this discrimination process by further destabilizing false positive complexes.
Molecular states formed by ion beam neutralization of [C2H2]+ and [C2H3]+ on metal targets

A combination of charge-stripping and beam-scattering techniques has been used to study the molecular states formed when a fast beam of [C2H2]+ and [C2H3]+ in several isotopic forms are neutralized by electron transfer from metal target atoms (K, Na, Mg and Zn). For [C2H3]+ the isotopic compositions and relative abundances of product states were found to be insensitive to the method of ion preparation (electron impact and chemical ionization). Ground state neutrals are formed in partial abundance when Mg or Zn is used as a target atom. With low ionization potential targets (K and Na) excitel dissociative states of C2H2 and C2H3 are formed as major beam constituents. For these states decomposition products have been identified and fragmentation energies measured. The excited states of C2H2 and C2H3 lie alout 6.8 eV and 2.9 eV, respectively, above their stable ground states. The discussion focuses on the possible identity of the excited states and their structural relations to the precursor ions.
The low-energy theorem for the forward compton amplitude of a stationary composite system and the FW additive external electromagnetic interaction

We show that the low-energy theorem for the forward Compton amplitude of a stationary composite system in states with nonzero internal orbital angular momentum can only be verified with the use of the FW additive external electromagnetic interaction to order 1/M3 together with the relativistic c.m. variables to order 1/M2, contrary to what is usually believed. We also explicitly demonstrate the theorem even when both the constituent particles of the composite system are electrically charged.
PLATO: Army applications

The Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences conducts research in support of Army education and training. A review of training research using the PLATO computer system is presented. Research in the areas of curriculum development and evaluation, computer graphics, and game-based learning are discussed, including a description of the capabilities and limitations of the PLATO system as a research tool.
An Evaluation of Polarization Resistance Measurements

The linear polarization, polarization resistance, threepoint and CORFIT method have been used to determine polarization resistance values for 4130 Steel in inhibited HCl. From the three-point and the CORFIT method the corrosion current and the Tafel slopes are obtained directly. A comparison of the results obtained by the four methods and an application to on-line monitoring of inhibitor levels in pickling baths are given. Auswertung von Polarisationswiderstandsmessungen Mit Hilfe der linearen Polarisationsmethode, der Polarisationswiderstandsmessung, der Dreipunkt- und der Corfit-Methode wurde der Polarisationswiderstand von Stahl AISI 4130 in inhibierter Salzsaure bestimmt. Aus den Ergebnissen der Dreipunkt- und der Corfit-Methode kann man den Korrosionsstrom und die Tafelneigungen direkt erhalten. Ein Vergleich der nach den vier Methoden erhaltenen Ergebnisse wird durchgefuhrt und die Anwendung dieser Methoden zur on-line-Uberwachung der Inhibitorkonzentration in Beizlosungen wird beschrieben.
The Struggle for Equality: Essays on Sectional Conflict, the Civil War, and the Long Reconstruction. Edited by Orville Vernon Burton , Jerald Podair , and Jennifer L. Weber . (Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2011. Pp. 306. $45.00.)

James McPherson has long established himself as one of the premier historians of the American Civil War, Abraham Lincoln, and race and equality. To honor his work, Orville Vernon Burton, Jerald Pod...
RELIABILITY & VALIDITY OF A NEONATAL STABILIZATION SCORE (NSS). A PREDICTIVE TOOL OF MORTALITY OUTCOME IN TRANSPORTED NEWBORNS ≤ 1000 g

A reduction in newborn (NB) mortality is contingent on efforts of NB stabilization. The study attempts to quantify stabilization into predictive scores (NSS). This tool may be useful to epidemiologist, health planners, in auditing NB care, etc. All (192) transported NB ≤ 1000 g moved from Level I hospitals in New York City during 5 years, i.e., 1977-81 inclusive, were studied. NSS were based on 5 components: vital signs, parenteral fluid, resp. care, lab tests, Rx. Each was rated 0, 1 & 2. Maximum score of 10 indicated excellent stabilization. Analyses included Mantel-Haenzsel test (allowed for controlling BW & Apgar) & logistic regression (outcome on NSS). Results: (1) mortality rates were lower in those with higher NSS; odds of death was 2.43 times greater in NB with low NSS (x2, = 7; p < .01), (2) by logistic regression, the inverse relationship of NSS & mortality was validated, (r = .90,p <.005). Finally, an interrater reliability test on error distribution on 16 charts followed a Poisson curve (discrepancies were rare).
Mating behaviour and spermatophore transfer in the shrimp Heptacarpus pictus (Stimpson) (Decapoda: Caridea: Hippolytidae)

Summary Heptacarpus pictus, a small caridean shrimp inhabiting the low intertidal of southern and Baja California, breeds during the winter, spring, and summer months. Fall is a period of growth. Life span of an individual does not exceed 18 months, with fish predation as the most likely source of mortality. Females are multiple brooders, carrying developing embryos concomitant with increase in ovary size. Hatching of larvae is followed by a moult, after which the female is attractive to males and receptive to copulation. A distance pheromone does not appear to be involved in attraction of males to females. Males apparently respond to a non-diffusible substance on the exoskeleton of newly moulted females. Precopulatory behaviour is absent. Copulation can be divided into a series of relatively stereotyped events. Female rejection of the male or his spermatophore is the chief cause of unsuccessful matings. Males deposit the spermatophore on the underside of the female's first abdominal segment. Sperm packet...
Shape- and Size-Selective Electrochemical Synthesis of Dispersed Silver(I) Oxide Colloids

Silver(I) oxide (Ag2O) micro- and nanoparticles were electrochemically synthesized by anodizing a sacrificial silver wire in a basic aqueous sulfate solution. Ag2O particles were released from the silver electrode surface during synthesis producing a visible sol “stream”. The composition of these particles was established using selected area electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The shape of Ag2O crystallites could be adjusted using the potential of the silver wire generator electrode. The generation of a dispersed Ag2O sol and the observed shape selectivity are both explained by a two-step mechanism involving the anodic dissolution of silver metal, Ag0 → Ag+(aq) + 1e-, followed by the precipitation of Ag2O particles, 2Ag+ + 2OH- → Ag2O(s) + H2O. Within 100 mV of the voltage threshold for particle growth, cubic particles with a depression in each face (“hopper crystals”) were produced. The application of more positive voltages resulted in the generation of 8-fold s...
Time and Space Variability of Spectral Estimates of Atmospheric Pressure

The temporal and spatial behaviors of atmospheric pressure spectra over the northern Italy and the Alpine massif were analyzed using data on surface pressure measurements carried out at two microbarograph stations in the Po Valley, one 50 km south of the Alps, the other in the foothills of the Dolomites. The first 15 days of the study overlapped with the Alpex Intensive Observation Period. The pressure records were found to be intrinsically nonstationary and were found to display substantial time variability, implying that the statistical moments depend on time. The shape and the energy content of spectra depended on different time segments. In addition, important differences existed between spectra obtained at the two stations, indicating a substantial effect of topography, particularly for periods less than 40 min.
Self and society in the claims of individualism

The paper argues that an assessment of individualism requires distinguishing five individualistic claims about the self and society: 1) Philosophical Individualism holds that individuals are distinct from society in their reality and capacity for knowledge; 2) The dignity of the individual is a moral belief about the status of human beings; 3) The ideal of individuality is a value belief about the value of diversity; 4) Moral individualism is a comprehensive moral theory based upon philosophical individualism; 5) Political liberalism is a theory of social justice based on construing human dignity in terms of equal liberty. It is argued that philosophical individualism should be rejected and, hence, moral individualism, that individuality is desirable but not obligatory, and that political liberalism, if it can avoid a tendency toward favoring individualistic conceptions of the good, is necessary for dignity in a modern society.
Simulations of Hypervelocity Impact Damage and Fracture of Aluminum Targets Using a Constitutive-microdamage Material Model,'

The material damage and fracture of Aluminum 1100 target plates that experience hypervelocity impact by glass projectiles traveling at 6 km/s are simulated using a proposed constitutive-microdamage material model. The model is best suited for polycrystalline metals that are subject to hypervelocity impact at the lower range of velocities. Simulations are performed for three projectile diameter-target thickness ratios that produce a wide range of damage features. The predicted damage is compared with that of the corresponding test laboratory specimens, illustrating the capability of the constitutive-microdamage model.
Predicting death in patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia.

Abstract ▪Objective:To validate a previously reported discriminant rule for predicting mortality in adult patients with primary community-acquired pneumonia and to determine which factors available...
Making a Global Community on the Net – Global Village or Global Metropolis?: A Network Analysis of Usenet Newsgroups

This study examined the global structure of intercultural communication on a computer-mediated communication network. Extracted from a total of 232,479 discussion messages, a matrix of crossposted messages among 133 online newsgroups over a year on the Usenet was analyzed to investigate structural patterns of communication flow. This research found, unlike earlier research, that a simple structure of core-periphery relations does not fit the pattern of cross-cultural postings in Usenet discussion groups. Bonacich's centrality, cluster analysis, and multidimensional scaling analysis were conducted using UCINET V software. Results identified a multi-cored structure with decentralized and diversified patterns of information distribution in cyberspace.
Comparison of the color glass condensate to dihadron correlations in proton-proton and proton-nucleus collisions

We perform a detailed comparison of long-range rapidity correlations in the color glass condensate framework to high multiplicity dihadron data in proton-proton and proton-lead collisions from the CMS, ALICE and ATLAS experiments at the LHC. The overall good agreement thus far of the nontrivial systematics of theory with data is strongly suggestive of gluon saturation and the presence of subtle quantum interference effects between rapidity separated gluons. In particular, the yield of pairs collimated in their relative azimuthal angle $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\phi}\ensuremath{\sim}0$, is sensitive to the shape of unintegrated gluon distributions in the hadrons that are renormalization group evolved in rapidity from the beam rapidities to those of the measured hadrons. We present estimates for the collimated dihadron yield expected in central deuteron-gold collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider.
Quality of care for gout in the US needs improvement

Objective To examine evidence-based quality indicators (QIs) in US veterans with gout diagnosis, and to examine the effect of demographics, heath care utilization/access, comorbid conditions, or physican characteristics as predictors of quality of gout care. Methods Using the Minneapolis Veterans Affairs electronic medical record system, we identified a cohort of veterans receiving medication to treat gout between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2003, and evaluated 3 recently published evidence-based QIs for gout management: QI 1 = allopurinol dose <300 mg in gout patients with renal insufficiency, QI 2 = uric acid check within 6 months of starting a new allopurinol prescription, and QI 3 = complete blood count and creatine kinase check every 6 months for gout patients receiving prolonged colchicine therapy. We calculated the proportion of patients whose therapy adhered to each QI and to all applicable indicators (overall physician adherence). Logistic regression analysis examined association of overall physician adherence with sociodemographics, health care utilization, comorbidity, and provider characteristics. Results Of 3,658 patients with a diagnosis of gout, 663 patients qualified for examination of ≥1 QI. Of these 663 patients, therapy in only 144 (22%) adhered to all applicable QIs; 59 (78%) of 76 adhered to QI 1, 155 (24%) of 643 adhered to QI 2, and 18 (35%) of 52 adhered to QI 3. Overall physician adherence to QIs was significantly lower in older veterans and in those with more inpatient visits per year, but was higher in those with more primary care visits or more health care providers. Conclusion Suboptimal physician adherence to QIs was seen for all 3 QIs tested in this cohort of veterans with gout. These findings can guide quality improvement efforts.
Susceptibility of insecticide-susceptible and wild house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) to abamectin on whitewashed and unpainted wood.

Unpainted plywood panels treated with 0.1% abamectin (avermectin B,) provided >90% control of house flies, Musca domestica L., susceptible to insecticides for 4 wk and >70% control for 7 wk compared with 46-92% control observed with permethrin at the same time and rate of application. Efficacy of abamectin on whitewashed panels was similar to that observed on unpainted panels, whereas permethrin was ineffective on whitewashed panels at all rates tested (range, 0.001-0.1%) at all intervals after treatment. Bioassays of newly colonized house flies resistant to permethrin indicated that wild populations may be cross-resistant to abamectin.
Numerical and Experimental Study of Low Reynolds Number Flow Through Thin-Walled Orice and Short Circular Tube

Flow through circular orices with thickness-todiameter ratios varying from 0.015 to 1.2 is studied experimentally and numerically with kinetic and continuum approaches. Helium and nitrogen gases are used in the range of Reynolds numbers from 0.02 to over 700. Propulsion properties of thin and thick orices are examined. Good agreement between experimental and numerical results is observed for mass o w and thrust corrected for the experimental facility background pressure. For thick-to-thin orice ratios of mass o w and thrust vs pressure, a minimum is established. The thick orice propulsion eciency is much higher than that of a thin orice. The eects of edge roundness and surface specularity on a thick orice specic impulse were found to be relatively small.
Enhanced Inhibition of a Mutant Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor by Agonists: Protection of Function by (E)-N-Methyl-4-(3-pyridinyl)-3-butene-1-amine (TC-2403)

Inhibition of neuronal nicotinic receptors can be regulated by sequence in the beta subunit second transmembrane domain (TM2). The incorporation of a beta4(6'F10'T) subunit, which contains sequence from the muscle beta subunit at the TM2 6' and 10' positions of the neuronal beta4 subunit, increases the loss of receptor responsiveness after the application of acetylcholine (ACh), nicotine, or 3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)-anabaseine (DMXB), an alpha7-selective partial agonist. Inhibition of receptor responsiveness following agonist exposure may occur through either an enhancement of desensitization, increased channel block by an agonist, or alternatively via allosteric modulation. Although DMXB produces very little activation of either alpha3beta4 or alpha3beta4(6'F10'T) receptors, DMXB shows an enhanced use-and voltage-dependent inhibition of alpha3beta4(6'F10'T) receptors compared with wild-type. In contrast, the alpha4beta2-selective agonist (E)-N-methyl-4-(3-pyridinyl)-3-butene-1-amine (TC-2403, previously identified as RJR-2403) shows increased activation of alpha3beta4(6'F10'T) receptors compared with alpha3beta4 receptors (as related to ACh activation) but with no significant increase in antagonist activity. The interaction between the binding of local anesthetics and the functional inhibition produced by these agonists was evaluated. The binding of the local anesthetics to their inhibitory sites does not affect inhibitory effects of DMXB and nicotine. However, TC-2403 can protect receptor function from the inhibitory effects of other agonists, suggesting that TC-2403, as well as agonists that cause inhibition, may be binding to an allosteric site, either promoting or inhibiting channel opening. The ability of TC-2403 to protect receptor function from agonist-induced inhibition may point toward valuable new combination drug therapies.
Prolongation of intermeal interval by gastrin-releasing peptide depends upon time of delivery

Abstract We have previously shown that brief, vena caval infusion of gastrin-releasing peptide 1–27 (GRP), delivered shortly (5 min) after the end of the first spontaneous nocturnal meal, significantly prolongs the postprandial intermeal interval (IMI) without affecting the size of the subsequent meal in freely-feeding rats. In the present study, we tested whether varying the time at which GRP was delivered during the IMI affected its ability to prolong the interval. Specifically, rats ( n = 9), fed milk ad lib and with indwelling inferior vena caval catheters, were infused for 1 min with saline or 10 nmol/kg of GRP either 5, 15, or 30 min after the end of the first spontaneous nocturnal meal. Each received a single infusion on any given test day. Infusions and recording of individual licks were fully automated and computer-controlled. When delivered 5 or 15 min after termination of the first nocturnal meal, GRP significantly increased the IMI from a control level of 82 ± 12 min to 111 ± 13 min and 106 ± 18 min, respectively. Infusion of GRP 30 min after meal termination did not significantly alter the IMI. No effect on the size of the subsequent meal was observed under any condition. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that endogenous GRP acts in conjunction with events occurring shortly after meal termination to extend the duration of the IMI.