cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Refueling infrastructure planning in intercity networks considering route choice and travel time delay for mixed fleet of electric and conventional vehicles

Abstract The range anxiety has been a major factor that affects the market acceptance of electric vehicles. Even with the recent development of battery technologies, a lack of charging stations and range anxiety are still significant concerns, specifically for intercity trips. This calls for more investments in building charging stations and advancing battery technologies to increase the market share of electric vehicles and improve sustainability. This study suggests a configuration for plug-in electric vehicle charging infrastructure to support long-distance intercity trips of electric vehicles at the network level. A model is proposed to minimize the total system cost including infrastructure investment (building charging stations/spots) and travel time delays (charging time, waiting time in the queue, and detour time to access charging stations). This study fills existing gaps in the literature by capturing realistic patterns of travel demand and considering flow-dependent charging delays at charging stations. Furthermore, the proposed model, which is formulated as a mixed-integer program with nonlinear constraints, solves the optimization problem at the network level. At the network level, impacts of charging station locations on the traffic assignment problem with a mixed fleet of electric and conventional vehicles need to be considered. To this end, a traffic assignment module is integrated with a simulated annealing algorithm. The numerical experiments show a satisfactory application of the model for a full-scale case study (intercity network in Michigan). The solution quality and efficiency of the proposed solution algorithm are evaluated against those of an enumeration approach for a small case study. The results suggest that even for the current market share and charging stations’ setting, a significant investment is needed to support intercity trips without range anxiety issues and with acceptable delays. Furthermore, through sensitivity analyses, the required infrastructure and battery investments to support intercity trips with acceptable delays are established for hypothetical increased market shares and battery size in the future.
Exploring Officer-Involved Shootings With Interaction Effects: A Deeper Understanding of How Race/Ethnicity Interacts With Other Factors in the Use of Deadly Force:

There has been a substantial body of research examining the reasons behind the police officers’ use of deadly force. Little research has been done to examine how race and ethnicity interact with ot...
Fuel economy and the price of gasoline: Evidence from fueling-level micro data

Abstract The short-term elasticity of gasoline consumption is determined by both vehicle distances traveled and the efficiency with which each mile is driven. Rarely is the latter observed. We use novel micro-level data on on-road fuel consumption and fuel prices in Japan to estimate both the contemporaneous and dynamic effects of gasoline prices on on-road fuel economy. Our estimate of the contemporaneous price elasticity of on-road fuel economy is approximately 0.07, suggesting that approximately 19% of the price elasticity of gasoline consumption comes from improvements in fuel-conserving behavior. We also find limited habit formation of fuel economy changes; fuel economy effectively responds only to current gasoline prices. This is consistent with substantial utility costs for behavioral adjustments in fuel saving.
Preservice Teachers and Cognitive Literacy Skills

AbstractTechnology in education is raising unprecedented levels of new concerns for educators. Perhaps one of the greatest challenges is building college students’ advanced literacy and technical skills, especially those of preservice teachers. In dealing with technology issues, educators and policy makers are faced with problematic decisions about how to attract, sustain, and prepare students for careers and living in an increasingly technological society (Prager, 1993). Educators need direction for retooling to restructure instructional approaches to help entering students develop knowledge and skills they need to succeed in this ever-changing environment (Lieberman & Linn, 1991). Though educators embrace the emphasis on high-quality education, they may have justifiable concerns about teaching new and more challenging subject matter to students who need to develop advanced literacy skills to improve achievement (Palumbo & Reed, 1991).
Effect of formation of “long range” secondary dendritic nanostructures in molten salt nanofluids on the values of specific heat capacity

Abstract Several studies in recent literature have demonstrated the enhancement of specific heat capacity (Cp) of molten-salts on doping with minute concentration of nanoparticles, especially when the synthesis conditions enabled the formation of stable colloidal suspensions (which are also known as “molten-salt nanofluids”). In this study we present additional evidence in support of theory proposed earlier in the literature that stable colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in a molten-salt medium induces the preferential surface adsorption of the constitutive chemical species in the salt mixture which in turn leads to the nucleation of solid phase of the molten salt (with perhaps a different chemical composition than in the bulk phase) on the nanoparticle surface. The surface adsorbed salt species leads to the nucleation and growth of a semi-solid layer of dendritic shaped phase (dendritic shaped secondary “long range” nanostructures). Incidentally, such nanostructures were not observed in electron microscopy images for samples of pure molten-salt mixtures subjected to control experiments (i.e., without nanoparticles). Hence, this study conclusively demonstrates that the existence of these nanostructures is primarily responsible for the enhancement of specific heat capacity. In this study, three different types of nanoparticles are dispersed in the same molten-salt mixture (“base fluid”) and the experimentally measured values of specific heat capacity enhancements obtained in this study are correlated to the formation of dendritic nanostructures that are observed in the images obtained from the electron microscopy of the molten-salt nanomaterial samples.
Analysis of Domestic Violence Costs in West Virginia and the Potential Cost of False or Unnecessary Claims

Government entities around the country (if not the world) expend large dollar amounts related to domestic violence. This study attempted to determine the cost of false or unnecessary domestic violence cases to West Virginia taxpayers. The costs are incurred by West Virginia state, county, and city governments, by many different departments within those governments, and members of the West Virginia Coalition Against Domestic Violence (WVCADV) that receive public funding. Many joint costs related to government programs that provide services not exclusively to domestic violence victims must be reasonably allocated to domestic violence cases. As many costs as possible were identified from publicly available documents and reasonable estimates were calculated for costs related to domestic violence cases. This report includes domestic violence related costs from law enforcement agencies, the court system, public defenders, and the WVCADV. Other substantial costs related to domestic violence (particularly costs associated with the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources), were not estimated because no reasonable basis could be determined with which to derive an estimate. The total annual cost of reasonably estimated items related to domestic violence was over $22.6 million. Information on court decisions related to domestic violence petitions filed led to an estimate that 80.6% of domestic violence petitions are false or unnecessary. Consequently, the total identifiable cost for false or unnecessary domestic violence cases annually in West Virginia is estimated at over $18.2 million per year.
On combining multiple speedup techniques

Abstract A variety of speedup techniques can be combined to improve the performance of an inference system. We present an empirical study evaluating the composition of two speedup techniques: explanation-based learning and subgoal caching.
Pre-A/D filter and AGC requirements for multimegabit telemetry data detection

A candidate pre-Analog to Digital filter bandwidth versus data rate design is presented for the multimegabit telemetry demodulator/detector. The design is based on considerations of Analog to Digital bias, quantization errors, and automatic gain control effects, as well as the deleterious effects of filtering. Two methods of gain control of the input level to the analog to Digital converter are considered. The first method uses a particular value of gain, according to which bandwidth is selected. The second method uses a second narrowband noncoherent Automatic Gain Controls (in the LPF bandwidth) to attempt to keep the Analog to Digital input level constant. This second method reduces the bit error rate degradation slightly but appears to be more difficult to implement.
Prevalence of reported peyote use 1985-2010 effects of the American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1994.

Background Peyote was classified as a hallucinogen in the Drug Abuse Control Act of 1965, leaving American Indian (AI) religious use in legal ambiguity. In 1994, the American Indian Religious Freedom Act was amended to unambiguously protect the right of religious use of peyote for AIs. Objectives The purpose of this article is to report the prevalence rates of peyote use by AIs compared to the rest of the US population and to determine what effect the act's passage had on peyote use rates. Methods This investigation utilized an analysis of existing archived large nationally representative surveys of the American population. Data on peyote use rates was determined for most years 1985 through 2010. A total of 886,088 completed surveys were analyzed, of which 12,749 were from AIs. Use rates were triangulated using peyote harvest data. Results and Conclusions Peyote use for AIs and the rest of the US population has remained stable between 1% and 2%. American Indian use rose dramatically in the 4 years following the AIRFA and leveled to just under 10%. The rapidity of the rise was excessive in light of the growth in the NAC and compared to the amounts of peyote stocks available. It is hypothesized that social desirability biases suppressed the Pre-AIRFA use rates due to peyote illegal status. Scientific Significance Beyond describing peyote use rates and the effects of the AIRFA, this research adds to the body of evidence regarding the levels of under-reporting of illicit drugs. (Am J Addict 2014;23:156–161)
Note on a differentiation formula, with application to the two-dimensional Schrödinger equation

A method for obtaining discretization formulas for the derivatives of a function is presented, which relies on a generalization of divided differences. These modified divided differences essentially correspond to a change of the dependent variable. This method is applied to the numerical solution of the eigenvalue problem for the two-dimensional Schrodinger equation, where standard methods converge very slowly while the approach proposed here gives accurate results. The presented approach has the merit of being conceptually simple and might prove useful in other instances.
Essential role of the plasmid hik31 operon in regulating central metabolism in the dark in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

The plasmid hik31 operon (P3, slr6039-slr6041) is located on the pSYSX plasmid in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. A P3 mutant (ΔP3) had a growth defect in the dark and a pigment defect that was worsened by the addition of glucose. The glucose defect was from incomplete metabolism of the substrate, was pH dependent, and completely overcome by the addition of bicarbonate. Addition of organic carbon and nitrogen sources partly alleviated the defects of the mutant in the dark. Electron micrographs of the mutant revealed larger cells with division defects, glycogen limitation, lack of carboxysomes, deteriorated thylakoids and accumulation of polyhydroxybutyrate and cyanophycin. A microarray experiment over two days of growth in light-dark plus glucose revealed downregulation of several photosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis, energy metabolism genes; and an upregulation of cell envelope and transport and binding genes in the mutant. ΔP3 had an imbalance in carbon and nitrogen levels and many sugar catabolic and cell division genes were negatively affected after the first dark period. The mutant suffered from oxidative and osmotic stress, macronutrient limitation, and an energy deficit. Therefore, the P3 operon is an important regulator of central metabolism and cell division in the dark.
Effects of ionophore A23187 on calcium flux and amylase release in isolated mouse pancreatic acini

Abstract The divalent cation ionophore A23187 has been used extensively to demonstrate the importance of Ca 2+ in the control of pancreatic enzyme secretion. The relative importance, however, of the ability of the ionophore to facilitate Ca 2+ movement across plasma and intracellular membranes in the stimulation of amylase release is not clear. We therefore studied these relationships in isolated pancreatic acini, a preparation in which it is possible to precisely measure both 45 Ca 2+ fluxes, Ca 2+ content and amylase release. A23187 increased the initial rates of both 45 Ca 2+ uptake and washout. In addition, the content of both exchangeable 45 Ca 2+ and total Ca 2+ were reduced. These results indicated, therefore, that A23187 increases Ca 2+ fluxes across both plasma and intracellular membranes. Consistent with this observation, the initial stimulation of amylase release by A23187 was independent of extracellular Ca 2+ . In the absence of extracellular Ca 2+ , however, A23187 caused a rapid fall in acinar Ca 2+ and subsequent amylase release was abolished. Depletion of intracellular Ca 2+ by the ionophore also blocked the subsequent stimulation by cholecystokinin (CCK). The results indicate certain similarities in the actions of A23187 and CCK on pancreatic acini; both the agonists have striking effects on intracellular Ca 2+ which in turn mediates their actions.
Linker molecules in surfactant mixtures

Abstract Linker molecules are amphiphiles that segregate near the microemulsion membrane either near the surfactant tail (lipophilic linkers) or the surfactant head group (hydrophilic linkers). The idea of the lipophilic linkers was introduced a decade ago as a way to increase the surfactant–oil interaction and the oil solubilization capacity. Long chain (>9 tail carbons) alcohols were first used as lipophilic linkers. Later it was found that the solubilization enhancement plateaus (saturates) above a certain lipophilic linker concentration. Hydrophilic linkers have been recently introduced as a way to compensate for the saturation effect observed for lipophilic linkers. Hydrophilic linkers are surfactant-like molecules with 6–9 tail carbons that coadsorb with the surfactant at the oil/water interface, thereby increasing the surfactant–water interaction, but have a poor interaction with the oil phase due to their short tail. A special synergism emerges when combining hydrophilic and lipophilic linkers, which further increases the solubilization enhancement over lipophilic linkers alone. We will discuss the profound impact of linker molecules on interfacial properties such as characteristic length, interfacial rigidity and dynamics (coalescence, solubilization and relaxation experiments) of the interface. We also demonstrate how these properties affect the performance of cleaning formulations designed around linker molecules. We describe linker-based formulations for a wide range of oils, including highly hydrophobic oils (e.g. hexadecane) that have proven very hard to clean. We also report on the use of ‘extended’ surfactants as an alternative to self-assembled linker systems.
Nuclear domain 10, the site of DNA virus transcription and replication

Within the highly organized nuclear structure, specific nuclear domains (ND10) are defined by accumulations of proteins that can be interferon-upregulated, implicating ND10 as sites of a nuclear defense mechanism. Compatible with such a mechanism is the deposition of herpesvirus, adenovirus, and papovavirus genomes at the periphery of ND10. However, these DNA viruses begin their transcription at ND10 and consequently initiate replication at these sites, suggesting that viruses have evolved ways to circumvent this potential cellular defense and exploit it. Other ND10-associated proteins belong to ubiquitin-related pathways. These findings, together with the accumulation of various overexpressed cellular and viral proteins, suggest that ND10 function as nuclear dumps or as nuclear depots. Consistent with the recruitment or deposition of various proteins and viral genomes adjacent to ND10, ND10 themselves may only be protein accumulations at specific but as yet undefined nuclear deposition sites. The concept of specific nuclear deposition sites may explain the juxtaposition of various nuclear bodies and allows testable predictions about a potential supramolecular regulatory mechanism whereby proteins are selectively segregated or released by global changes induced in nuclear functions such as viral infections, stress, or hormonal induction.
Malignant hyperthermia: A disease of specific myofiber type?

The present study attempts to determine if malignant hyperthermia susceptibility (MHS) is limited to muscles composed predominantly of a single major fiber type. The MHS trapezius muscle (49 per cent type 1 and 51 per cent type 2 fibers) has greater abnormal contracture response to halothane or to caffeine than does MHS gracilis (11 per cent type 1 and 80 per cent type 2 fibers). The dynamic properties (contraction and relaxation times) of MHS trapezius and MHS gracilis are similar, suggesting that the greater contracture response of MHS trapezius to halothane or to caffeine is more biochemical than physiological in origin. The results of this study are discussed in relevance to the diagnosis and to aetiologic investigation of malignant hyperthermia.
RNA-seq analysis of short fiber mutants Ligon-lintless-1 (Li 1 ) and - 2 (Li 2 ) revealed important role of aquaporins in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fiber elongation.

Cotton fiber length is a key determinant of fiber quality for the textile industry. Understanding the molecular basis of fiber elongation would provide a means for improvement of fiber length. Ligon lintless-1 (Li 1 ) and Ligon lintless-2 (Li 2 ) are monogenic and dominant mutations, that result in an extreme reduction in the length of lint fiber to approximately 6 mm on mature seeds. In a near-isogenic state with wild type (WT) cotton these two short fiber mutants provide an excellent model system to study mechanisms of fiber elongation. We used next generation sequencing (RNA-seq) to identify common fiber elongation related genes in developing fibers of Li 1 and Li 2 mutants growing in the field and a greenhouse. We found a large number of differentially expressed genes common to both mutants, including 531 up-regulated genes and 652 down-regulated genes. Major intrinsic proteins or aquaporins were one of the most significantly over-represented gene families among common down-regulated genes in Li 1 and Li 2 fibers. The members of three subfamilies of aquaporins, including plasma membrane intrinsic proteins, tonoplast intrinsic proteins and NOD26-like intrinsic proteins were down-regulated in short fiber mutants. The osmotic concentration and the concentrations of soluble sugars were lower in fiber cells of both short fiber mutants than in WT, whereas the concentrations of K+ and malic acid were significantly higher in mutants during rapid cell elongation. We found that the aquaporins were the most down-regulated gene family in both short fiber mutants. The osmolality and concentrations of soluble sugars were less in saps of Li 1 – Li 2 , whereas the concentrations of malic acid, K+ and other detected ions were significantly higher in saps of mutants than in WT. These results suggest that higher accumulation of ions in fiber cells, reduced osmotic pressure and low expression of aquaporins, may contribute to the cessation of fiber elongation in Li 1 and Li 2 short-fiber mutants. The research presented here provides new insights into osmoregulation of short fiber mutants and the role of aquaporins in cotton fiber elongation.
Nonshrinking Heat and Acid-Resistant Hydrothermal Cements for Use in Oil and Gas Wells

In response to the need of oil and gas producers for cements adaptable to deep hot-well environments and capable of withstanding not only geothermal temperatures but also the thermal overburden of nuclear stimulation, the Southwest Research Institute developed a family of four hydrothermally curable cements that retain their mobility and permeability for indefinite periods of time at less than the threshold activation temperatures that initiate the cure. Each cement system has a different activation temperature - 150/sup 0/, 225/sup 0/, 300/sup 0/, and 425/sup 0/F - thus allowing the selection of a suitable system for a broad range of downhole temperatures and ensuring a trouble-free emplacement of cement without danger of flash setting before the cement is pumped into position. Heat supplied by the surrounding formation triggers the endothermic cure.
Data suggest that animation assists individuals with intellectual disabilities to guess the meaning of action symbols, but internal validity concerns call these findings into question

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Fujisawa, K., Inoue, T., Yamana, Y., & Hayashi, H. (2011). The effect of animation on learning action symbols by individuals with intellectual disabilities. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 27(1), 53–60. Source of funding and disclosure of interest: No source of funding reported, and the original authors of this research report no conflicts of interest.
Household factors, family behavior patterns, and adherence to dietary and physical activity guidelines among children at risk for obesity.

Abstract Objective To describe the proportion of children adhering to recommended physical activity and dietary guidelines, and examine demographic and household correlates of guideline adherence. Design Cross-sectional (pre-randomization) data from a behavioral intervention trial designed to prevent unhealthy weight gain in children. Participants A total of 421 children (aged 5–10 years) at risk for obesity (body mass index percentile, 70–95). Main Outcomes Measured Physical activity (accelerometry), screen time (parent survey), and fruit and vegetable and sugar-sweetened beverage intake (24-hour dietary recall). Analysis Proportions meeting guidelines were calculated. Logistic regression examined associations between demographic and household factors and whether children met recommended guidelines for (1) physical activity (≥ 60 min/d), (2) screen time (≤ 2 h/d), (3) fruit and vegetable intake (≥ 5 servings/d), and (4) sugar-sweetened beverage avoidance. Results Few children met more than 1 guideline. Only 2% met all 4 recommended guidelines and 19% met none. Each guideline had unique sociodemographic and domain-specific household predictors (ie, availability of certain foods and beverages, media, and active play and exercise equipment). Conclusions and Implications Families equipped to promote healthy child behavior patterns in 1 activity or dietary domain may not be in others. Results have implications for the development of interventions to affect children's weight-related behaviors and growth trajectories.
A hybrid laser-tracking/GPS location method allowing GPR acquisition in rugged terrain

Ground-penetrating radar images of geologic structures provide information about the crucial third dimension, which is inaccessible to geologic mapping. In order to correlate images with geologic mapping, photomosaics, and behind-outcrop borehole logs, radar profiles must be accurately mapped. Moreover, accurate profile elevations are required during processing to avoid introducing into the radar image false structures associated with topographic relief. In recent years, radar station locations and elevations have been obtained very efficiently from a self-tracking laser theodolite operated at the same time the radar data are being acquired. The required physical link between radar and laser systems, however, may make such a system unusable in areas of rugged terrain.
Melting and solidification with internal radiative transfer—A generalized phase change model

Abstract A more general melting and solidification model is proposed to account for an interesting phenomenon, namely, the existence of a two-phase zone in which partial phase change can occur. The two-phase zone is attributed to internal melting or solidification (as opposed to surface melting or solidification) induced by internal thermal radiation. The model proposes three physical layers: the liquid and solid layers as in the classical model, and a two-phase mixture (part liquid and part solid) layer in between. It is shown that in the limiting case of opaque media, the thickness of the two-phase layer diminishes and the proposed model reduces to the classical one. A corresponding mathematical formulation is presented for phase change problems with internal radiative transfer, which is used to clarify some inconsistencies in the existing literature. Finally, an exact and two approximate solutions to three simple solidification problems are also presented to illustrate the effect of the two-phase zone on solidification of semi-transparent materials.
Gendered political subjectivity in post-soviet latvia

Abstract Political texts such as parties' pre-election programs, manifestos, slogans, or TV ads can be analyzed as narratives using multidisciplinary methods. Such an analysis can be especially beneficial in the political context of Latvia where the prevalent political rhetoric contains post-Soviet legacies, the impact of international integration and nationalist projects of ethnic isolationism. This article is based on a study of political documents of parties in Latvia and their story of what characterizes an empowered political subjectivity. It consists of three main themes—the family, the borders and the order. In all of them, the political subjectivity is masculinized and concentrated on developing various levels of social and political differentiation, especially ethnic and gender stratification. Such a political rhetoric leads to the exclusion from decision-making of women and other groups that do not fit prevalent characterizations of the political subjectivity.
Evaluation of leukoagglutination and cytotoxicity in allotransplantation in unrelated canines

Abstract Cross-immunization and production of antisera in six unrelated mongrel dogs led to persistently elevated cytotoxic titers. Leukoagglutination and cytotoxicity titers were used to check antisera reactivity in a group of unrelated mongrels. Leukoagglutination and cytotoxicity tests failed to show any correlation. Matching of donor and recipient, based on their reactivity to antisera as shown by cytotoxicity titers, indicated an increased survival in the compatible group. The production of antisera in a sufficient number of mongrels to evaluate an antigenicity pattern, based on cytotoxicity tests of donor and recipient, may lead to a better selection of donor and recipient and prolongation of allotransplants in mongrels.
Bayesian semiparametric model for spatially correlated interval-censored survival data

Interval-censored survival data are often recorded in medical practice. Although some methods have been developed for analyzing such data, issues still remain in terms of efficiency and accuracy in estimation. In addition, interval-censored data with spatial correlation are not unusual but less studied. In this paper, we propose an efficient Bayesian approach under a proportional hazards frailty model to analyze interval-censored survival data with spatial correlation. Specifically, a linear combination of monotonic splines is used to model the unknown baseline cumulative hazard function, leading to a finite number of parameters to estimate while maintaining adequate modeling flexibility. A conditional autoregressive distribution is employed to model the spatial dependency. A two-step data augmentation through Poisson latent variables is used to facilitate the computation of posterior distributions that are essential in the proposed MCMC algorithm. Simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The approach is illustrated through geographically referenced smoking cessation data in southeastern Minnesota where time to relapse is modeled and spatial structure is examined.
Identification of gamma delta T lymphocyte subsets that populate calf ileal mucosa after birth.

Abstract Ileal intraepithelial and lamina propria lymphocytes from newborn, 1.5-week-old, and 3-week-old calves were compared to determine to what extent the mucosa becomes populated after birth. Single and dual fluorescence flow cytometry were used with monoclonal antibodies to bovine (Bo) CD molecules to identify lymphocyte subpopulations. Few ileal mucosal lymphocytes were present in calves at birth. However, by 1.5 weeks of age, the villi were populated with large numbers of lymphocytes, and by 3 weeks of age, the numbers had increased further. These included a prominent subpopulation of γδT cells. Several subsets of γδT cells populated ileal mucosa after birth. The predominant subset coexpressed BoCD2, and a smaller subset coexpressed BoCD8. WC1 + γδT cells comprised the smallest subset. All γδT cell subsets coexpressed ACT2, a molecule expressed on activated WC1 + and WC1 − γδT cells from cattle.
Nonadiabatic Electron Pumping: Maximal Current with Minimal Noise

The noise properties of pump currents through an open double-quantum-dot setup with nonadiabatic ac driving are investigated. Driving frequencies close to the internal resonances of the double-dot system mark the optimal working points at which the pump current assumes a maximum while its noise power possesses a remarkably low minimum. A rotating-wave approximation provides analytical expressions for the current and its noise power and allows to optimize the noise characteristics. The analytical results are compared to numerical results from a Floquet transport theory.
The concentration of propoxyphene in the plasma and analgesia scores in postpartum patients

Abstract Equimolar quantities of 2 propoxyphene salts were administered as single oral doses to women reporting postpartum uterine cramping. The doses included 32, 65, and 130 mg of the hydrochloride and 50, 100, and 200 mg of the napsylate salt. Identical-appearing placebo capsules were included. Both analgesia scores and plasma concentrations were determined. The correlation between these 2 measures of response was not significant when all of the 336 pairs of individual observations were included in the computation. Both responses were related to amount of drug ingested, and on this basis the means of the analgesia scores and the concentrations in the plasma were significantly correlated.
Radiation-induced solute segregation in a V—15 wt. % Cr alloy☆

Measurements of the dose and temperature dependences of radiation-induced segregation in a V-ion irradiated alloy of V-15 Cr are reported. Very rapid migration of Cr atoms toward the external surface occurs during irradiation in the temperature range from approx. 450/sup 0/C to 700/sup 0/C. A maximum in the degree of segregation is found near 650/sup 0/C for a peak dose rate of approx. 3 x 10/sup -3/ dpa s/sup -1/.
Frequency domain measures of human performance under G-stress

An experimental/analytical study of human performance under linear acceleration stress was jointly undertaken by the Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories (AMRL), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB), Ohio, and the University of Connecticut. The experimental phase involved a steady-state compensatory tracking task in the lateral plane, under three experimental conditions: (1) Static (fixed base) tracking, (2) Tracking under G-stress of 5g in the z-axis, and (3) Post-runs (static runs immediately following condition (2)). The experiments were performed in the AMRL centrifuge (DES). The analysis of the data yielded, for the three conditions, the operator empirical describing functions, the control remnants, and the performance scores (RMS tracking error). The data exhibit two major effects of the G-stress: (1) Significant increases in the operator's remnant and RMS error levels under G-stress, as compared to the static-condition, and (2) Lower describing function magnitude in the post-run condition (presumably an accumulative G-effect). In conjunction with these experiments, the Optimal Control Model (OCM) is applied to predict the pertaining frequency measures. The empirical data are reporduced by the OCM, and the performance decrements under G-stress modeled by adjusting the appropriate parameters.
Biotin-responsive carboxylase deficiency associated with subnormal plasma and urinary biotin.

AN increasing number of patients have been diagnosed as having biotin-responsive multiple carboxylase deficiency.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 This genetic disorder involves defects in the metabolism of biotin a...
Work in progress-designing and building a mini supercomputer to improve parallel processing instruction

It is well documented that computer science education is improved with greater student involvement through interesting practical exercises. Many studies exemplify this through their use of hands-on programming activities with physical objects, such as robots, to illustrate important concepts. It is also known that interest in computer science has recently waned, and more specifically, interest in parallel processing has decreased greatly since its zenith in the early 1990s. Simultaneously, recent developments in computer architecture underline the future importance of parallel processing, and the popular press continually reports on the great need for more IT graduates in general. Past studies suggest that intrinsic motivation for given tasks can improve creativity. This paper presents a work-in-progress study, in which specific practical exercises were examined for their effectiveness at improving the motivation level of students, leading to greater creativity and interest in participation in a parallel processing class. The exercises involved the design and construction of a low-cost supercomputer using off-the-shelf components.
Pulmonary Mucormycosis: Another Cure

Pulmonary mucormycosis in an 01 patient with poorly controlled chronic lymphocytic leukemia was diagnosed with open lung biopsy without excision. He improved on medical management and became ambulatory. At autopsy one year later, no residual mucormycosis was present Better control of leukemia and more specific antimicrobial therapy are discussed as potentially important factors in patient management.
A Method for Estimating the Sinusoidal Iron Losses of a Transformer from Measurements Made with Distorted Voltage Waveforms

A method for estimating the sinusoidal iron losses of a transformer from measurements made under highly distorted voltage waveform conditions is proposed. No assumption of the hysteresis/eddy current loss division within the transformer is required. A maximum discrepancy of 2% between the corrected and actual sinusoidal measurements was obtained during the testing of a 50 kVA, 2400 V single phase transformer with voltage waveforts containing six zero crossings per period.
Current directions in cultural planning.

Abstract This article describes and analyzes the current state of the emerging field of cultural planning, utilizing survey data from 54 communities across the US, as well as planning documents from 32 communities. Community groups engage in cultural planning primarily to gain direction. The scope of cultural planning is broadly defined in most plans to include far more than just the arts, emphasizing instead the arts in the context of, and in relation to, the whole community. Recommendations typically address such matters as resources and facilities for the arts, arts education, marketing and promotion, inter-organizational cooperation, and community development. Cultural plans are prepared by various combinations of professionals and lay people, with a loosely defined division of labor: citizens formulate the plan's substance, facilitated by a professional who designs the process and prepares the final document. In addition to a document, communities expect the planning process to yield improved community and inter-organizational relations. A great variety of ‘models’ of planning are being followed, although the documents often fail to specify the process followed. The documents have only about half a dozen features in common, another indication of the newness of the field. Cultural plans more often than not are well received in terms of receiving praise from the media and public officials, being formally adopted by the local government, and having resources committed to them. Many features of the planning process, the document, and the follow-up that would enhance the chances for plan implementation could be greatly improved. The field is seen as one that will only grow, and that can stand improvement. Professional planners should become more involved in cultural planning. That involvement could improve the plans, heighten the likelihood of their implementation, and help them more with comprehensive plans and hence with the community.
Growth of bones as revealed by implant markers in animals.

Implantation of screws, pegs, wires, or other material as markers has been of value during the last 200 years in the serial study of growth of bones. With this direct method, for a given period, the increase in distance between implants on either side of an endochondral growth center or suture can be readily determined. In contrast, the relatively constant position of two or more implants within a single bone can be utilized to establish the pattern of peripheral apposition and resorption. When radiopaque implants are used in combination with serial roentgenography, not only the amount but also the rate, periods of activity and relative direction of growth may be determined. This indirect method obviates reoperating or killing the animal to measure the distance between implants. Some of the problems in the use of these methods are that (1) growth occurs in more than one plane, (2) the implants may not remain where inserted into the bone, (3) the implants may not be in a plane parallel to the X-ray film, and (4) the distance between the implants and the film may not be constant. (Abstract previously published Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 27: 236, September, 1967).
Conditions of risk for substitute care

Abstract The nationwide rise in the substitute care rate appears related, in part, to changes in children's family life which have increased the risk of out-of-home care. These changes include rising levels of teenage motherhood and never-married parenthood, high child poverty rates, and problems of child abuse and neglect, drug dependence and AIDS. The rise in substitute care is also correlated with an increased public reliance on kinship foster care. Placement with relatives was the largest component of growth in publicly supported foster care in Illinois during the 1980s. California and New York experienced similar increases. Current Population Survey data on children's living arrangements provide inclusive evidence on whether the growth in kinship foster care constitutes an expansion of the substitute care of children or reflects merely the incorporation of pre-existing informal arrangements into the formal system. The potential blurring of the boundaries between the two systems of kinship care raises budgetary concerns and adds to the need for better information about the circumstances of non-custodial parents in general. Data show that non-custodial mothers in inner-city Chicago share a similar profile with mothers of children in formal care: They are more likely to be single, economically vulnerable, in poor health, and socially isolated than custodial mothers. In addition, they are more likely to have experienced foster care themselves as children.
With a little help from my friends Intellectual sociability and literary value in contemporary Buenos Aires

This article presents an ethnography and analysis of the formations in which the latest Argentine literary ideas and intellectuals are shaped. In trying to understand the end, during the 1990s, of ...
Exercise testing in chronic congestive heart failure

Exercise testing is often used by clinicians to diagnose and follow patients with coronary heart disease, because myocardial ischemia during exertion produces pathophysiologic alterations that can be qualitatively and quantitatively defined by means of relatively safe, accurate and reliable techniques. Adequacy of peripheral tissue perfusion during exertion also depends upon cardiovascular performance, but exercise testing to assess overall functional capacity has been used primarily by exercise physiologists and relatively little by clinicians. Nevertheless, many pathologic states, especially cardiovascular disorders, manifest themselves as exertional symptoms, and clinicians commonly attempt to classify the symptomatic and functional status of patients by subjectively evaluating exercise tolerance according to nonspecific criteria such as those proposed by the New York Heart Association. 1 Assessment of functional capacity by means of exercise testing in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) has received increased attention from clinical investigators recently as they have perceived a need for objective criteria to establish indications for and evaluate results of therapeutic interventions. Thus exercise capacity has been helpful in the pre- and postoperative evaluations of surgery for valvular heart disease. 2 In chronic CHF, the need for sensitive tests has become readily apparent with the questioning of established treatments and the introduction of new therapeutic approaches whose eft' ~acy must be objectively demonstrated. Clinical classifications of symptomatic status are too subjective to be comparative among different observers, and they have not correlated well with measured functional capacity using exercise testing in patients wtih CHF. 3-5 In addition, numerous investigators have shown that indexes of hemodynamics and left ventricular (LV) function at rest do not correlate with measured functional capacity in patients with chronic LV failure. 4-r~ Therefore, such measurements of cardiac performance, which must often be obtained invasively, can no longer be accepted as proof of symptomatic severity or clinical efficacy of treatment in patients with CHF. Whereas mortality represents the best end point to assess therapeutic efficacy, it may be unrealistic to
Generating parity relations for detecting and identifying control system component failures

The monitoring of control system sensors and actuators for failures is presently undertaken by means of an exceptionally simple form of generalized parity relations based on a discrete-time model of the dynamics of linear, time-invariant systems. These generalized parity relations are constructed by recourse to a transfer matrix-description of the system that is additionally useful in the interpretation of their properties. Attention is given to a novel method for constructing the parity relation of minimum length that depends on the output of only a single sensor.
Simulations of nonlinear fracture process zone in cementitious material—a boundary element approach

A boundary element method based numerical model is presented to simulate the nonlinear fracture process zone in cementitious materials. A cohesive type stress-separation constitutive relationship (σ-w curve) is incorporated in the model to represent the process zone. Numerical algorithms for both force-controlled (prescribed loading history) and crack-tip-control-led (prescribed crack tip position) are implemented to allow whole range simulations, including strain-softening and snap-back behavior. The numerical program includes special features to permit re-adjustment of nodal points such that accurate determination of the crack-tip position is achieved. A series of numerical simulations on both 3-point beams and double cantilever beams (DCB) are conducted to investigate the development of the inelastic process zone with respect to load level, loading configuration, specimen size, and the stress-separation relationship in the process zone. Size effect on fracture resistance is clearly demonstrated. Conclusions are drawn regarding the importance of determining the details of σ-w curve (i.e., the values of f t and w c )and the need for re-evaluating the R-curves approach in cementitious materials.
Integrating nanoscale technologies with cryogenics: a step towards improved biopreservation

At the beginning of the 20th century, successful preservation methods for cells and tissues were developed with new insights into biology and physics. In nature, we have already seen interesting examples of biopreservation. For instance, species such as water-bears (e.g., Tardigrada) and distinct frog types (e.g., Rana sylvatica) can survive in extremely cold temperatures by replacing the water in their bodies with highly concentrated glucose, which serves as an antifreezing agent [1]. These species can keep their metabolism at minimal levels under belowfreezing conditions. Inspired by nature, the
Challenges in Business Process Optimization

As organizations become more and more process-centered and as the extended enterprise becomes more of a reality, there is an increasing need to move toward the intelligent enterprise characterized by its agility for provisioning resources and services and the adaptation and optimization of its business processes. Many are the challenges that need to be faced to equip the extended enterprise with intelligence, in particular with business process intelligence. This talk gives an overview of some challenges, opportunities and directions for analysis and optimization of business processes towards the intelligent enterprise.
Significance of electromyographic changes in the external urinary sphincter

The diagnostic role of electromyography of external urinary sphincter is well established in neurologically compromised patients. A brief historical review and methodology is described. For those who are not familiar with this modality, the character and clinical significance of abnormal potentials has been described. The coordination of bladder and sphincter mechanism and its abnormality is explained. Our experience with various neurological disorders is listed. It includes myelodysplasia, transverse myelitis, multiple sclerosis, herpes zoster, Parkinson disease, and some cerebral disorders. Any apparent statistical difference is due to the highly selected nature of the cases.