cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A preservative splitting approximation of the solution of a variable coefficient quenching problem

Abstract This paper studies the numerical solution of a two-dimensional quenching type nonlinear reaction-diffusion problem via dimensional splitting. The variable coefficient differential equation considered possesses a nonlinear forcing term, and may lead to strong quenching singularities that have profound multiphysics and engineering applications to the energy industry. Our investigations focus on the construction and preservative properties of a semi-adaptive Peaceman-Rachford procedure for solving the aforementioned problem. In the study, the multidimensional differential equation is decomposed into single dimensional subequations so that the computational efficiency can be effectively raised. Temporal adaptation is implemented through arc-length estimations of the rate-of-change of the numerical solution. The positivity, monotonicity and localized linear stability of the variable step splitting scheme are analyzed. These ensure key preservations of underlying physical features of the computed approximations for applications. Computational experiments are presented to illustrate our results as well as to demonstrate the viability and accuracy of the splitting method for solving singular quenching-combustion problems.
MRI based injury characterization immediately following ablation of atrial fibrillation

A major limitation of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation is the lack of tools to evaluate the efficacy and extent of lesion creation. Late gadolinium enhanced MRI has been used to detect acute injury following ablation, and scar tissue that forms weeks to months later However, at the earliest imaging time point previously feasible in a clinical setting (&#60; 24 hrs. post-ablation) the tissue hyper-enhancement was diffuse and poorly predictive of future scarring. Using a new EP/MRI facility, and images acquired approximately 1 hr. post-ablation, heterogeneous atrial wall enhancement was observed. Specifically, regions of hypo-, normal, and hyper-enhancement were detected. Quantitative comparison of hyper-enhancing scar at 3 months post-ablation to enhancement states imaged acutely indicated a significant majority of scar comes from hypo-enhancing tissue. Further study of hypo-enhancing tissue may facilitate early examination of procedural end-points and prediction of scar formation.
Interaction of apolipoprotein(a) with apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins.

Recombinant DNA-derived apolipoprotein(a) was used to demonstrate that the apo(a) moiety of lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is responsible for the binding of Lp(a) to other apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins (apoB-Lp) including LDL2, a subclass of low density lipoproteins (d = 1.030-1.063 g/ml). The r-apo(a).LDL2 complexes exhibited the same binding constant as Lp(a).LDL2 (10(-8) M). Treatment of either recombinant apo(a) or Lp(a) with a reducing agent destroyed binding activity. A synthetic polypeptide corresponding to a portion of apo(a)'s kringle-4 inhibited the binding (K1 = 1.9 x 10(-4) M) of LDL2 to Lp(a). Therefore, we concluded that binding to apoB-Lp was mediated by the kringle-4-like domains on apo(a). Using ligand chromatography which can detect complexes having a KD as low as 10(-2) M, we demonstrated the binding of plasminogen to apoB-Lp. Like Lp(a), binding of plasminogen to apoB-Lp was mediated by the kringle domain(s). The differences in binding affinity may be due to amino acid substitutions in the kringle-4-like domain. In most of the kringle-4-like domains of apo(a), the aspartic residue critical for binding to lysine was substituted by valine. Consistent with this substitution, we found that L-proline and hydroxyproline, but not L-lysine, inhibited the binding of LDL2 to apo(a). Inhibition by L-proline could be reversed in the binding studies by increasing the amount of apo(a); and L-proline-Sepharose bound plasma Lp(a), suggesting that L-proline acted as a ligand for the kringle-4-like domain(s) of apo(a) involved in the binding of apoB-Lp. The binding of apo(a) to proline and hydroxyproline could be responsible for the binding of apo(a) to the subendothelial extracellular matrix, i.e. domains of proteins rich in proline or hydroxyproline (e.g. collagen and elastin).
Spectra and structure of some silicon-containing compounds Microwave and low-frequency vibrational spectra of trimethylchlorosilane

The microwave spectra of (CH3)3Si35Cl, (CH3)3Si37Cl, (CD3)3Si35Cl and (CD3)3Si37Cl have been recorded from 12.5 to 40.0 GHz. By assuming a carbon-hydrogen distance of 1.095 A and a silicon-carbon-hydrogen angle of 110.15°, the four rotational constants were fit by a least-squares program which gave the following structural parameters: rSiC: = 2.022; rSiC = 1.857 A, ∡ClSiC = 110.5°. The quadrupole splitting was resolved for the (CH3)3Si35Cl molecule and the value of −46.9 ± 1.5 was determined for the quadrupole coupling constants. The quadrupole coupling constant for (CH3)3Si37Cl was determined to be −36.5 ± 3.0 from only two resolvable components. The far-infrared spectra from 33 to 350 cm−1 were recorded for (CH3)3SiCl and (CD3)3SiCl in both the solid and gaseous states. The corresponding Raman spectra of the liquids and solids were also obtained. The methyl torsional modes were assigned for the solid state to bands at 233 (e) and 208 (a2) cm−1 for the “light” molecule and at 176 (e) and 148 (a2) cm−1 for the deuterium compound. The threefold barrier to internal rotation was calculated to have a value of 3.0 kcal/mole. Four lattice modes were observed in the far-infrared spectra and were assigned on the basis of their shift with isotopic substitution.
Measuring the effectiveness of an alternative education collaboration

Purpose – Program efficacy and outcomes can often be determined through an examination of collaborative activities between and among inner city school districts with high dropout rates and private, public, and nonprofit organizations. Kettl (2004) adeptly describes additional collaborative practice trends that not only transform governance structures, but blurs the line between and among sectors. These trends illuminate the need for governmental agencies to collaborate with nonprofit and for-profit organizations to address “wicked problems” where no single organization has sufficient resources and the consequences are enormous. The paper aims to discuss theses issues. Design/methodology/approach – Utilizing a quantitative approach, this research compares the efficacy of a newly developed collaborative alternative education program to existing programs in New Jersey's Newark Public Schools during 2008-2009. Findings – The results indicate that the overall performance of the students enrolled in the new res...
The terrestrial ionosphere

The theory relating to the basic physics governing the behavior of the terrestrial ionosphere is reviewed. The review covers the coupling of the ionosphere to both the neutral atmosphere and magnetosphere, the creation and transport of ionization in the ionosphere, and the ionospheric thermal structure. The review also covers the variation of the ionosphere with altitude, latitude, longitude, universal time, season, solar cycle, and geomagnetic activity. In addition, some unique ionospheric features are discussed, such as the polar ionization hole, the main electron density trough, the ion temperature hot spots, the high-latitude ionization tongue, the equatorial fountain, Appleton’s peaks, and the polar wind.
Glycosaminoglycans modulate fibronectin matrix assembly and are essential for matrix incorporation of tenascin-C

We have investigated the role of glycosaminoglycans in fibronectin matrix assembly and the incorporation of tenascin-C into matrix fibrils. Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants with a total block in heparan and chondroitin sulfate production failed to assemble a fibronectin matrix, and incorporated no tenascin-C. Another mutant with reduced heparan sulfate produced a normal fibronectin matrix but failed to incorporate tenascin-C. Excess soluble glycosaminoglycans inhibited the binding of tenascin-C to purified fibronectin in ELISA, and completely blocked incorporation into matrix fibrils. Treating cultured cells with xyloside, which interferes with glycosaminoglycan attachment to proteoglycans, also completely blocked their ability to incorporate tenascin-C into matrix fibrils. We conclude that proteoglycans bound to fibronectin fibrils play a major role in binding tenascin-C to these fibrils. We examined more closely the large heparan sulfate proteoglycan, perlecan, and found that it co-localizes with tenascin-C and fibronectin in the matrix. The perlecan binding site in tenascin-C was mapped to the fibronectin type III domains 3-5, but this binding was strongly enhanced for the small splice variant, which is the major form incorporated into the matrix. Apparently when the alternative splice segment is inserted after domain 5 it inhibits perlecan binding. Thus heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans, and perlecan in particular, may play a role in incorporation of the small splice variant of tenascinC into fibronectin matrix fibrils. SUMMARY
Methods for evolving robust programs

Many evolutionary computation search spaces require fitness assessment through the sampling of and generalization over a large set of possible cases as input. Such spaces seem particularly apropos to Genetic Programming, which notionally searches for computer algorithms and functions. Most existing research in this area uses ad-hoc approaches to the sampling task, guided more by intuition than understanding. In this initial investigation, we compare six approaches to sampling large training case sets in the context of genetic programming representations. These approaches include fixed and random samples, and adaptive methods such as coevolution or fitness sharing. Our results suggest that certain domain features may lead to the preference of one approach to generalization over others. In particular, coevolution methods are strongly domain-dependent. We conclude the paper with suggestions for further investigations to shed more light onto how one might adjust fitness assessment to make various methods more effective.
13C nuclear magnetic resonance data of lanosterol derivatives--profiling the steric topology of the steroid skeleton via substituent effects on its 13C NMR.

Abstract The 13C NMR spectra of over 24 tetracyclic triterpenoid derivatives have been structurally analyzed. The 13C NMR chemical shifts allow one to probe the steric topology of the rigid steroid skeleton and inductive effects of its substituents. Use of deuterium labeling in chemical shift assignment and B-ring aromatic terpenoids are also featured.
Introduction to special section: Recent Advances in Studies of Schumann Resonances on Earth and Other Planets of the Solar System

[1] Schumann resonances are global electromagnetic resonances, which exist in a cavity formed by the conducting planetary surface and the lower ionosphere. This special section of Radio Science presents a broad collection of papers reflecting the most recent advances in experimental studies of variability of Schumann resonances in the Earth-ionosphere cavity, Schumann resonances on other planets of the solar system, and models and theory of Schumann resonances and their correlations with lightning, sprites, and Q bursts. Several recent years have demonstrated a remarkable growth in studies of Earth-ionosphere cavity resonances, and the idea of this special section has appeared as a natural reflection of the increasing interest of the international scientific community in related topics. I am grateful to Martin Fullekrug, Alexander Nickolaenko, Colin Price, Gabriella Satori, Dave Sentman, and Earle Williams for initial encouragement and enthusiastic support of the idea of this special section. A total of 22 papers has been submitted to this special section, and at the time of this writing, 18 have been accepted for publication. The electronic version of this special section published on the Web also contains links to two recent papers on Schumann resonances published by Radio Science in previous printed issues of the journal [Pechony and Price, 2004; Molina-Cuberos et al., 2006]. I would like to specially highlight the contribution to this special section by Bruno P. Besser on historical development of Schumann resonances, containing in particular a brief biography of Winfried Otto Schumann and his unique picture provided through the courtesy of the Archives of the Technical University of Munich, Germany.
Hodgkin's disease in children.

From 1921 to 1973, 106 children with Hodgkin's disease under the age of 17 years were seen at Roswell Park Memorial Institute and were analyzed retrospectively. Evaluation was separated into three eras: 1921–1949 (early era), 1950–1964 (middle era), and 1965–1973 (recent era). In the early era, suboptimal radiation therapy was employed. In the middle era, radiation therapy techniques were improved, and single-agent chemotherapy was introduced. In the recent era, multiagent chemotherapy routines were frequently used; aggressive external megavoltage radiation therapy became routine in conjunction with improvement in staging procedures. The best survival was observed in the recent era where five-year survival of 96% was noted in early stage disease. Favorable prognostic features included: younger age group (5–9 years), female sex, lymphocytic predominant histology, early stage disease, and complete response to therapy. Nodular sclerosing and mixed cell types had an equal prognosis. The concept of involved area radiotherapy along with combination chemotherapy appears a reasonable approach in children and should be tested in a randomized study against more extensive radiotherapy techniques in early stage disease.
Data Mining of General Corrosion of Most Commonly Used Alloys Using Kohonen Mapping

This study was developed to provide an optimum method for designing metal alloys. Information on general corrosion of the most commonly used alloys, namely nickel-, iron-, aluminum-, stainless steel-, copper- and carbon-based alloys, was obtained from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Parameters such as pH, temperature, conductivity, and composition of the electrolyte used in each experiment (alloy in contact with an environment), along with alloy composition (UNS) and corrosion rates, were collected. The parameters in the collected data were the electrolyte characteristics, the alloy composition, and the general corrosion rates. The data consisted of over 4000 samples. The next task was to cluster the data by similarities of the parameters. A web-based, publicly available Kohonen mapping software was used to perform the clustering analysis; the two dimensional Kohonen map was chosen. The map is composed of a number of cells on a plane of two dimensions and each cell stores a sample prototype representing that cell. Kohonen maps have the ability to preserve the topological properties of the data; i.e. samples with similar “high corrosion rates” will cluster together in a given cell of the map, while samples with “low corrosion rates” will cluster in a different cell, far apart from the cell storing the “high corrosion rates” samples. Once the Kohonen map is trained to cluster the samples by their corrosion rates, each one of the parameters of the samples (representing the electrolyte characteristics, the alloy composition and the general corrosion rates) is drawn as a function of the (X,Y) map position of the cell where the samples were stored. In this paper, we present the results obtained with nickel alloy data for which 1369 samples (or independent experiments) were collected.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
AntEpiSeeker: detecting epistatic interactions for case-control studies using a two-stage ant colony optimization algorithm

Epistatic interactions of multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are now believed to affect individual susceptibility to common diseases. The detection of such interactions, however, is a challenging task in large scale association studies. Ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithms have been shown to be useful in detecting epistatic interactions. AntEpiSeeker, a new two-stage ant colony optimization algorithm, has been developed for detecting epistasis in a case-control design. Based on some practical epistatic models, AntEpiSeeker has performed very well. AntEpiSeeker is a powerful and efficient tool for large-scale association studies and can be downloaded from http://nce.ads.uga.edu/~romdhane/AntEpiSeeker/index.html .
Mechanoelectromagnetic interaction in isotropic dielectrics with regard for the local displacement of mass

On the basis of the earlier proposed model of electromagnetothermomechanics of polarizable bodies, which takes into account the process of local displacement of mass, key equations for the corresponding scalar and vector potentials are written. The generalization of the Lorentz gauge, at which the equations for calculating the scalar and vector potentials of an electromagnetic field become uncoupled, is proposed. We write a resolving system of equations for potentials in the dimensionless form and obtain a parameter of interrelation of the processes of local displacement of mass and deformation. With the use of this system, the propagation of a plane harmonic wave in an infinite isotropic medium is investigated. It is shown that the model describes the dispersion of a modified elastic wave in the high-frequency region. The obtained results agree with known data presented in the literature and obtained from relations of the gradient theory of piezoelectrics.
Comparison of Aortic Root Geometry with Bicuspid versus Tricuspid Aortic Valve: Real-Time Three-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiographic Study

Background An understanding of aortic root anatomy in bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) has not been well established. The aims of this three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic study were (1) to examine whether aortic root geometry differs between BAV and tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) and (2) to analyze the dynamic motion of the aortic annulus throughout cardiac cycle. Methods A total of 66 patients with BAV (38 with severe aortic stenosis [AS]) and 66 age-, gender-, and body surface area–matched patients with TAV (36 with severe AS) who underwent three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography were retrospectively enrolled. The dynamic motion of the aortic annulus was also analyzed in 40 selected patients (10 with BAV with severe AS, 10 with BAV without AS, 10 with TAV with severe AS, and 10 with TAV without AS). Results The area of the aortic root in patients with BAV was larger than in those with TAV (aortic annulus, P P P 2 ) of the sinus of Valsalva between patients with BAV and those with TAV ( P P Conclusions Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography successfully demonstrated significant differences in the size of the aortic root and the shape of the sinus of Valsalva between patients with BAV and those with TAV.
The comparison of various club guessing principles

Abstract We investigate variations of the club guessing principle, and show that most of the trivial implications cannot be reversed.
3-D Color Separation Maximizing the Printer Gamut

Besides having CMY colorants, most of color printers include at lease one extra colorant, black (K), to increase the density for shadow colors and to reduce the colorants required for printing shadow colors. In recent years, CMYKcm, CMYKcmk (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, blacK, light-cyan, light-magenta, and light-black), and CMYKOG (O and G stand for Orange, and Green) or CMYKOV (V stands for Violet) ink-sets have been used in printers to reduce graininess or to extend printer color gamut. No matter how many colorants are used, a printer is often configured as a three-channel printer to simplify the color mapping process. The traditional GCR/UCR approach has been widely applied for CMY to CMYK color separation. However, this approach is not flexible for controlling K usage locally; it does not guarantee reasonable gamut usage; and it does not work very well for more than CMYK colorants. In order to solve the problems existed in traditional GCR approaches, a color separation method based on 3-D interpolation was developed. In this process, we first determine the color conversion for some important node points, which include primary colors, neutral colors, and other color ramps in the gamut surface. Then different interpolation approaches are applied to fill the entire 3-D lookup table. This approach solves the problem existed in traditional GCR that a lot of high-chroma shadow colors may be lost in the color separation step. It controls K usage globally as well as locally. It well controls ink limit in the entire gamut. It also works for the color separation for more than CMYK four colorants. Because it performs automatically without human interaction, it can be applied to general printer color calibration as well as ICC profile recreation and smart CMM implementation.
Kinetics of donor-vehicle coal liquefaction in a flow reactor

Abstract Development of the Exxon Donor Solvent process has necessitated studies to more clearly define the influence of liquefaction conditions on coal conversion. Process studies were conducted in a 22.7 kg/day (fifty-pound-per-day) integrated pilot plant. Illinois No. 6 coal was liquefied at temperatures from 644 to 756 K, pressures of 10 and 17 MPa, and a tenfold range of residence time. A kinetic model was developed in terms of an empirical classification of four reactive coal constituents. The reactive classes are an incorporation of concepts published in other coal-liquefaction kinetic studies. The effect of vehicle vaporization on actual residence time was used in evaluating the kinetic parameters for this study in a tubular flow reactor. The kinetic model accurately predicts distillation bottoms yields, which ranged from 41 to 72 wt % on coal. Material-balanced quadratic equations are presented for other liquefaction products.
Chewing problems and mortality in older adults in home care: results from the Aged in Home Care study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the association between chewing problems and risk of mortality in an older population receiving home care in Europe. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Eleven European countries. PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand seven hundred fifty-five older adults (mean agestandard deviation 82.2 � 7.2) in home care. MEASUREMENTS: Data were collected using the Mini- mum Data Set for Home Care. Study personnel recorded chewing problems (inability to chew food easily and with- out pain or difficulties, regardless of cause) that presented in the last 3 days before baseline assessment. Data on mortal- ity were collected over a 1-year period. RESULTS: Three hundred ninety-five participants (14.3%) presented with chewing problems. One-year mortality differed significantly according to presence of chewing prob- lems; 303 of 2,361 (12.8%) without chewing problems (crude incident rate per person-year (p-y) 50.15) and 80 of 394 (20.3%) participants with chewing problems (crude in- cident rate per p-y 50.24) died during follow-up. After ad- justing for potential confounders, the risk of death was significantly higher for participants with chewing problems (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 51.45, 95% confidence inter- vals (CI) 51.05-1.99). This association remained after ex- clusion of participants with cognitive impairment (adjusted HR 51.50, 95% CI 51.03-2.20) and those with unintended weight loss (adjusted HR 51.62, 95% CI 51.12-2.34). CONCLUSION: In older adults in home care in Europe, chewing problems are associated with greater risk of mor- tality. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007.
Sequence analysis of the α2B‐ADRENERGIC receptor (ADRA2B) gene and in‐vivo functional effects of novel variants

Background ADRA2B is important in vasoconstriction and blood pressure regulation. The only common variant identified (del301–303) decreased receptor desensitization in vitro but did not alter vascular sensitivity in vivo. We therefore characterized the genetic variation in ADRA2B and related this to in vivo phenotype. Methods We examined 5812 bp of contiguous sequence of ADRA2B (promoter, exon, and 3' flanking region) using PCR and bidirectional sequencing (n=68). Vasoconstriction in response to the selective α2AR agonist dexmedetomidine (0.01–1000 ng/min) was measured in the dorsal hand vein using a linear variable differential transformer. ED50 and Emax were used to compare vascular responses in subjects with and without variant alleles. Results 27 variants were detected, including the previously described 301–303 deletion, 15 in the promoter region, 5 (2 non-synonymous) in the coding region and 7 in the 3'UTR region. Among the 9 variants with a minor allele frequency >5%, 3 SNPs (T1901G and G2572T in the promoter region and G4807A in the 3'UTR) were in linkage disequilibrium and associated with a lower Emax, 61.3±23.5% (mean±SD) compared to 77.8±17.0% in wildtype subjects, P= 0.048. There was no association between the 9 common variants and ED50. Conclusion We describe novel variants of the ADRA2B gene. These do not alter sensitivity to a selective α2AR agonist but may decrease maximal venoconstriction in vivo. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P25–P25; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.11.095
Agar-gel electrophoresis of soluble lens proteins in galactose-fed rats.

A NUMBER of reports have recently been published dealing with the electrophoretic properties of water-soluble lens proteins of albino rats and the presence of a ‘fast’ anodic fraction in electrophoretic patterns of lens proteins from galactose- and lactose-fed rats1,2. It is well established that dense cataractous opacities develop in rat lenses within two to three weeks of galactose feeding3. Electrophoretic analysis of such lens extracts shows that the fraction with the highest anodic mobility is considerably increased when compared to normal rat lens4. There is, furthermore, an overall decrease in fractions migrating toward the cathode.
Money, fiscal policy and the Cambridge theorem

This paper extends the Cambridge theory of income distribution to a monetary economy and explores the implications of fiscal deficits that are money financed. It is shown that the Pasinetti Paradox represents a special case applicable to either a nonmonetary economy or a monetary economy with constant prices. Once steady-state inflation is introduced, this generates an inflation tax on money holdings which affects saving. If the distribution of money holdings depends upon relative consumption shares, then the savings propensity of workers affects the distribution of the burden of the inflation tax, which in turn affects the profit rate and profit share. Copyright 1997 by Oxford University Press.
Ecto-ATPase/phosphatase activity in the olfactory sensilla of the spiny lobster, Panulirus argus: localization and characterization.

Electrophysiological studies have shown that the olfactory organ (antennule) of the spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, has chemoreceptors that are selectively excited by adenine nucleotides in seawater. Biochemical studies have revealed that these same nucleotides can be rapidly dephosphorylated by ectoenzymes associated with the olfactory sensilla (aesthetascs). In this study the distribution of ecto-ATPase/phosphatase activity within aesthetascs was determined cytochemically and the nature of the adenine-nucleotide dephosphorylating activity was dissected biochemically. Cytochemically, the distribution of ATP-dephosphorylating activity was similar to that shown previously for AMP and β-glycerol phosphate; i.e., cerium phosphate reaction product was specifically localized to the transitional zone where the sensory dendrites develop cilia and branch to form the outer dendritic segments. Unlike the dephosphorylation of AMP and β-glycerol phosphate, Mg2+ or Ca2+ was required for ecto-ATPase/phosphatase activity. Biochemical measures of both AMP-and ATP-dephosphorylating activity within aesthetascs corroborated the cytochemical evidence that these activities are localized to the transitional zone. A major portion of the AMP dephosphorylation (about 67%) derives from nonspecific alkaline phosphatase activity that is insensitive to levamisole and L-bromotetramisole. In contrast, nonspecific phosphatase activity accounted for a much smaller part of the ATP dephosphorylation (about 15%). Ectoenzymatic activity in the transitional zone may be an important means of removing excitatory/inhibitory nucleotides from this region.
Evaluation of mono- and dibenzoyl esters of dopamine as potential pro-drugs for dopamine in the central nervous system.

In this study, two ester pro-drugs of dopamine (DA) were synthesized and evaluated. These derivatives were the monobenzoyl (MBDA) and dibenzoyl (DBDA) esters of DA. MBDA was 300-fold and DBDA was 20,000-fold more lipophilic than DA itself. The half-lives of hydrolysis for MBDA and DBDA at physiologic pH and temperature were 15 and 420 min respectively. These compounds were radiolabelled and their uptake into brain measured. 14C-DBDA penetrated the brain rapidly; 0.28% of the dose injected was taken up per gram of brain tissue at 5 min. However DBDA did not produce measurable increases in DA levels in the brain. 14C-MBDA was found not to penetrate the brain. However, when MBDA was administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) to rats, it caused DOPAC levels to increase significantly both in the striatum and in the rest of the brain. The increase in the amount of DOPAC measured in the striatum was 3 to 10-fold greater than that seen in the rest of the brain. In rats that were pretreated with the MAO inhibitor, pargyline, MBDA given i.c.v. caused increases in DA levels in both the striatum and in the rest of the brain. The increased DA levels in striatum were considerably greater than those seen in the rest of the brain. From these results, it is inferred that MBDA is being hydrolyzed in vivo in the brain to form DA which is then taken up into dopaminergic neurons. Given this, it seems likely that an ester pro-drug of DA can be obtained that will have sufficient lipophilicity to penetrate the brain as well as a rate of hydrolysis that will produce increases in DA in the brain.
Playworlds of Children and Adults: Cultural Perspectives on Play Pedagogy

In recent decades the major trend in public education in the United States and some other Western countries was to focus on teaching specific academic skills and to prepare students for statewide a...
Study on Complex Helical Drill Grinding Using the Grinder with Tripod Parallel Universal Moving Platform

It is necessary to develop complex helical drill point grinders in order to improve drilling quality and efficiency. In this paper, a new type of cutting tool grinder in which there is the tripod universal moving platform is developed, and complex helical drill grinding using the grinder is presented. In addition to complex helical drills, other cutting tools also can be ground using the grinder.
Alcohol and drug abuse treatment at the University of Connecticut Health Center

This article describes a multidisciplinary team approach to the treatment of alcohol and drug dependence and comorbid disorders. The principal aim of this approach is the identification and treatment of patients' chemical dependence, as well as the medical and psychiatric disorders that contribute to and/or stem from the chronic use of alcohol and drugs. The focus of treatment is on the identification of high risk and other problem situations, training coping skills to handle these situations, developing insight, and enhancing patients' motivation for sobriety and ongoing treatment. In this article we describe the features of our program that address these various goals.
Finite element solution of two‐dimensional inverse elastic problems using spatial smoothing

A finite element method (FEM) is presented for calculating the surface tractions on a body from internal measurements of displacement at discrete sensor locations. The solution algorithm employs a sensitivity analysis which minimizes the difference between the calculated and measured displacements at each sensor location. Spatial regularization is one technique employed to stabilize the minimization process by imposing various degrees of smoothness on the solution. It also allows the problem to be solved with fewer sensors than traction boundary nodes. As an alternative to spatial regularization, a method based on ‘keynodes’ is introduced which assumes that each component of the boundary traction distribution can be described by a polynomial of specified order. The methods are applied to several two-dimensional examples including a rolling contact problem. The effects of parameters such as the number of sensors, the location of the sensors and the error in the sensor displacements are discussed.
Celestial ephemerides in an expanding universe

The post-Newtonian theory of motion of celestial bodies and propagation of light was instrumental in conducting the critical experimental tests of general relativity and in building the astronomical ephemerides of celestial bodies in the Solar System with unparalleled precision. The cornerstone of the theory is the postulate that the Solar System is gravitationally isolated from the rest of the Universe and the background spacetime is asymptotically flat. The present article extends this theoretical concept and formulates the principles of celestial dynamics of particles and light moving in the gravitational field of a localized astronomical system embedded to the expanding Friedmann-Lema\^{\i}tre-Robertson-Walker universe. We formulate the precise mathematical concept of the Newtonian limit of Einstein's field equations in the conformally flat Friedmann-Lema\^{\i}tre-Robertson-Walker spacetime and analyze the geodesic motion of massive particles and light in this limit. We prove that by doing conformal spacetime transformations, one can reduce the equations of motion of particles and light to the classical form of the Newtonian theory. However, the time arguments in the equations of motion of particles and light differ from each other in terms being proportional to the Hubble constant $\mathcal{H}$. This leads to the important conclusion that the equations of light propagation used currently by space navigation centers for fitting range and Doppler-tracking observations of celestial bodies are missing some terms of the cosmological origin that are proportional to the Hubble constant $\mathcal{H}$. We also analyze the effect of the cosmological expansion on motion of electrons in atoms. We prove that the Hubble expansion does not affect the atomic frequencies and hence does not affect the atomic time scale used in the creation of astronomical ephemerides. We derive the cosmological correction to the light travel time equation and argue that its measurement opens an exciting opportunity to determine the local value of the Hubble constant $\mathcal{H}$ in the Solar System independently of cosmological observations.
Structural Defects in Poly(vinyl chloride) and the Mechanism of Vinyl Chloride Polymerization: Comments on Recent Studies

Abstract Investigations in the title areas within the past ten years are summarized and critiqued. The polymerizations studied were performed by conventional free-radical methods. A new mechanism, not yet confirmed, is suggested to explain a reported enhancement in the chloromethyl branch concentration of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) prepared at high conversions of monomer. This mechanism involves an intramolecular 1,5 hydrogen shift in a 1,3,5,6-tetrachlorohexyl radical. Evidence showing that most of the internal double bonds in PVC are not formed via intermolecular H abstraction from internal monomer units is tentatively rationalized, in part, by hydrogen transfer via at least one cyclic transition state containing more than eight members. The absence of free chlorine atoms from polymerizations of vinyl chloride (VC) is reaffirmed, and the copolymerization of VC with the chloroallylic chain ends of PVC is argued to be insignificant. New information in the literature does not invalidate the currently accepted mechanism of vinyl chloride polymerization.
Ribosomal protein S12 and aminoglycoside antibiotics modulate A-site mRNA cleavage and transfer-messenger RNA activity in Escherichia coli.

Translational pausing in Escherichia coli can lead to mRNA cleavage within the ribosomal A-site. A-site mRNA cleavage is thought to facilitate transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA)·SmpB- mediated recycling of stalled ribosome complexes. Here, we demonstrate that the aminoglycosides paromomycin and streptomycin inhibit A-site cleavage of stop codons during inefficient translation termination. Aminoglycosides also induced stop codon read-through, suggesting that these antibiotics alleviate ribosome pausing during termination. Streptomycin did not inhibit A-site cleavage in rpsL mutants, which express streptomycin-resistant variants of ribosomal protein S12. However, rpsL strains exhibited reduced A-site mRNA cleavage compared with rpsL+ cells. Additionally, tmRNA·SmpB-mediated SsrA peptide tagging was significantly reduced in several rpsL strains but could be fully restored in a subset of mutants when treated with streptomycin. The streptomycin-dependent rpsL(P90K) mutant also showed significantly lower levels of A-site cleavage and tmRNA·SmpB activity. Mutations in rpsD (encoding ribosomal protein S4), which suppressed streptomycin dependence, were able to partially restore A-site cleavage to rpsL(P90K) cells but failed to increase tmRNA·SmpB activity. Taken together, these results show that perturbations to A-site structure and function modulate A-site mRNA cleavage and tmRNA·SmpB activity. We propose that tmRNA·SmpB binds to streptomycin-resistant rpsL ribosomes less efficiently, leading to a partial loss of ribosome rescue function in these mutants.
CHILD ABUSE AS PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: A Sociological Critique and Reformulation

Book reviewed in this article: Much of the current research on child abuse employs a psychopathological model, which explains child abuse as a function of a psychological pathology, or a “sickness.” This paper asserts that major deficiencies of this model are its inconsistency and narrowness. It is suggested that a more dimensional approach to child abuse is possible by focusing on the sociological and contextual variables associated with abuse.
Differences in Sandy forecasts due to cumulus parameterization

One reason for Hurricane Sandy's noteworthy impact was a discrepancy in its forecasting. Scientists knew of the hurricane days before it made landfall, but two different models consistently made two different predictions for its track. One week in advance of the actual landfall, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) predicted that the hurricane would eventually make landfall, while the Global Forecast System (GFS) forecast that the hurricane would travel toward the central north Atlantic. A sudden turn to the left—a move scientists say would only be expected every 714 years—caused Sandy to hit land.
OKT4 epitope correlates with renal allograft survival in African Americans

Flow cytometry was used to type the distribution of OKT4 and OKT4A epitopes in a population of African American renal allograft recipients. The prevalence of the OKT4A epitope is more common than previously described and is associated with increased graft survival. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Estimating the sliding velocity of a Pleistocene ice sheet from plowing structures in the geologic record

[1] As an ice sheet slides over its sediment bed, some clasts partly embedded in the glacier sole plow through the bed surface. The size distribution of such clasts, if it can be characterized from structures in the geologic record, can be used to estimate the sliding velocity of a past ice sheet. By combining a theory of glacier sliding with a geotechnical theory of cone penetration, sliding velocity can be calculated in terms of clast-size parameters, a fluidity parameter for ice, and the thermodynamic properties of ice and clasts. If frictional properties of the bed are measured, the effective normal stress on the bed and bed shear strength during glaciation can also be calculated. We used this approach to estimate the sliding velocity of an Illinoian ice sheet that left plowing structures in cemented outwash near Peoria, Illinois. Fluidity parameters for normal and basal temperate ice yielded sliding velocities of 140–168 m yr−1 and 60–72 m yr−1, respectively. These are overestimates if solutes impeded regelation of ice past clasts or if friction between debris-laden ice and clasts retarded slip. Preconsolidation stresses determined in laboratory tests on silt from the bed agree with effective normal stresses calculated using clast-size parameters. The high shear strength of the bed (>145 kPa) and primary structures preserved within it indicate that additional movement due to pervasive shear of the bed was unlikely. Application of this method elsewhere would provide basal velocity data that are otherwise unavailable for testing and tuning of ice sheet models.
Establishing a growth axis in fucoid algae

Plant morphogenesis is governed by intricate, coordinate regulation of the orientations of cell expansion and cell division. The polarity of expansion and division are influenced significantly by extrinsic cues, including local, systemid and environmental signals. Understanding how these cues are perceived by cells and transduced into molecular, structural and physiological asymmetries that govern morphogenesis is a major focus of plant developmental biology Although much has been learned about morphogenesis in later stages of development, embryonic morphogenesis largely remains a mystery because the embryo is enclosed within the ovule and is inaccessible to experimental manipulation.
Cometary plasma boundaries

The solar wind starts to interact with comets at distances from the nucleus of several million kilometers. The nature of the interaction changes as a function of cometocentric distance. Several dynamically important boundaries have been observed in the cometary plasma environment by instruments on several spacecraft: (1) the bow shock marks the transition from supersonic to subsonic solar wind flow, (2) the cometopause was observed at a distance of about 100,000 km from Comet Halley where the flow begins to stagnate and where charge exchange with neutrals becomes important, (3) the diamagnetic cavity boundary (i.e., contact surface, ionopause) separates magnetized and unmagnetized cometary plasma, (4) the magnetotail boundary defines the tail lobes, (5) the plasma sheet boundary defines the extent of the plasma sheet, and (6) the density enhancement layer was observed at a distance of 10,000 km from Comet Halley and might be located where the neutrals and plasma thermally decouple.
Insulin, glucagon and catecholamine interactions in avian liver explants

Abstract 1. 1. A mechanical tissue chopper was used to obtain liver explants (35–75 mg) from 2- to 3-week-old chickens to determine both tissue sensitivity and metabolic effects of isoproterenol, avian insulin and glucagon. 2. 2. Avian insulin had no effect on lipogenesis; however, lipogenesis was decreased by dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Insulin did not overcome a decrease in lipogenesis caused by catecholamines. Therefore, this control mechanisms is not modulated by insulin. 3. 3. Preincubation in the presence of glucagon decreased in vitro lipogenesis. Preincubation in the presence of a 19–29 amino acid construct that approximated the radioimmune site for glucagon did not result in a similar effect. Therefore, this site does not relate to the biopotency of the hormone. 4. 4. A previously noted catecholamine induced decrease in in vitro lipogenesis was verified, showing that points of in vitro regulation are under phosphorylation-dephosphorylation control. 5. 5. Preincubation of slices (1 hr) with propranolol blocked the inhibition of lipogenesis caused by α and β adrenergic agonists (arterenol or isoproterenol) during a subsequent 2-hr incubation. 6. 6. Preincubation of slices with either of these agonists decreased lipogenesis even following an extensive washout. 7. 7. Inhibition could be overcome with propranolol, a β adrenergic antagonist.
Development of a personal exposure monitor for two sizes of inhalable particulates

Measurement of personal exposure to ambient level particulate concentrations is often extremely difficult because of a lack of personal exposure monitors capable of collecting measurable quantities within a meaningful sampling period. A new personal exposure monitor for two fractions of inhalable particulates (i.e., the 3–15 μm aerodynamic diameter and the < 3 μm or respirable fraction) has been developed and characterized. This monitor is capable of collecting a sample of each fraction that is quantifiable with ambient concentrations of inhalable/respirable particulates as low as 25 μg/m3 in a 24-h sampling period. Wind tunnel tests have been made on the particulate personal exposure monitor to determine sampling efficiency as a function of relative wind speed and orientation with respect to the sampler.
Inhibition of Gibberellic Acid-induced α-Amylase Formation by Polyethylene Glycol and Mannitol

Both polyethylene glycol (PEG) and mannitol inhibit gibberellic acid-induced α-amylase production in barley aleurone layers. The effect of the osmotic solution is on enzyme synthesis rather than α-amylase secretion. The inhibition of α-amylase synthesis does not appear to be mediated via an indirect effect on respiration or protein synthesis. Rather it seems that the osmotic solutions reduce the extent of proteolysis of the stored aleurone grain protein thus making available less substrate for new protein synthesis.
Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation using a single cannula in patients with pulmonary hypertension and atrial septal defects

DISCUSSION Takedown of a Glenn shunt has been reported, but it is uncommon. In particular, there is a paucity of information on take-down and reconstruction of a left-sided Glenn in patients with atrial situs solitus. Coloni and colleagues describe using ringed and non-ringed PTFE grafts, as well as a conduit made from autologous or bovine pericardium to reconstruct the SVC and left brachiocephalic veins. Mahesh and Ratnatunga reported reconstruction of the SVC with aortic and pulmonary homograft in patients with SVC occlusion due to benign or malignant pathology.
Comparison of spin–lattice relaxation measurements made in the presence of strong radiation damping

Abstract The scientific literature contains reports of external magnetic fields affecting the fundamental properties and structure of water, including a report of the rotational motion of water molecules being slowed due to increased hydrogen bonding resulting from magnetic treatment. To investigate such a change in molecular motion, 1 H spin–lattice relaxation times of water were measured at increasing magnetic field strengths. Strong radiation damping was observed at each magnetic field strength when using inversion-recovery experiments. To measure the relaxation times in the presence of radiation damping, several experimental methods of saturation recovery to measure spin–lattice relaxation were applied to a 90% H 2 O sample to obtain results as a function of field strength for proton frequencies from 300 to 800 MHz.
Buckling of moderately thick, laminated cylindrical shells under lateral pressure

Abstract The problem of instability of laminated circular cylindrical shells under the action of lateral pressure is investigated. The analysis is based on higher-order shear-deformation theory where the effect of transverse shear is taken into account. The buckling is elastic for moderately thick composite shells and the geometry is assumed to be free of initial imperfections. The equilibrium equations and the related boundary conditions are derived by variational methods. The buckling equations are derived through the perturbation technique. Critical lateral pressures are computed for finite- and infinite-length cylinders for several stacking sequences and several radius-to-thickness ratios. The numerical results are presented in tabular and in graphical form.