cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of short-term forearm exercise training on resistance vessel endothelial function in normal subjects and patients with heart failure***

Abstract Background: Exercise training improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in animals. This study was designed to determine whether forearm exercise training improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in control subjects and patients with heart failure, a disease associated with abnormal endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Methods and Results: We used strain gauge plethysmography to assess the effects of short-term forearm exercise training on resistance vessel function in 11 control subjects and 7 patients with New York Heart Association class II and III heart failure. Subjects performed 30 minutes of handgrip exercise four times a week for 4–6 weeks. In the control subjects, exercise training increased forearm blood flow (FBF) responses to intra-arterial acetylcholine (20 μ g/min) from 6.9 ± 3.1 to 12.2 ± 3.0 mL/min/100 mL and peak reactive hyperemic FBF responses from 38.1 ± 5.6 to 47.4 ± 5.6 ( P N -monomethyl arginine and acute forearm exercise were not significantly changed. In the patients with heart failure, chronic forearm exercise did not significantly change any of the above-measured parameters. Conclusion: Forearm exercise training improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation and peak hyperemic FBF in control subjects but not in patients with heart failure. These data suggest that resistance vessel abnormalities may not be as readily modifiable by exercise training in patients with heart failure compared with control subjects.
Activation of the repulsive receptor Roundabout inhibits N-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion

The formation of axon trajectories requires integration of local adhesive interactions with directional information from attractive and repulsive cues. Here, we show that these two types of information are functionally integrated; activation of the transmembrane receptor Roundabout (Robo) by its ligand, the secreted repulsive guidance cue Slit, inactivates N-cadherin-mediated adhesion. Loss of N-cadherin-mediated adhesion is accompanied by tyrosine phosphorylation of β-catenin and its loss from the N-cadherin complex, concomitant with the formation of a supramolecular complex containing Robo, Abelson (Abl) kinase and N-cadherin. Local formation of such a receptor complex is an ideal mechanism to steer the growth cone while still allowing adhesion and growth in other directions.
Introduction to distributed geographic information processing research

Distributed geographic information processing (DGIP) refers to the processing of geographic information across dispersed processing units through computer networks and other communication channels. DGIP has become increasingly important in the past decade with the popularization of computer networks, the growth of distributed data repositories, and the collaboration of researchers, developers, and users among multiple disciplines using geographic information. DGIP focuses on the technical research on how to allocate and process geographic information resources in a distributed environment to achieve a specific application objective (such as the implementation of virtual globes). The geographic information resources may include sensors, geographic data, models, information, knowledge, visualization tools, computers, computer networks, software components, architecture, security strategies, applications, and human resources. This introduction to DGIP research defines six research areas: (a) DGIP architecture, including service-oriented architecture (SOA) and Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA), (b) spatial computing issues for leveraging and allocating computing power to process geographic information, (c) geographic information-processing models for decoupling and integrating models for specific or cross application domains, (d) interoperability, defining the standards and interfaces for sharing processing units, (e) intelligence in DGIP for leveraging knowledge, and (f) applied sciences. The papers selected for this special issue cover all six areas. DGIP will become increasingly important with the globalization of our daily lives across planet Earth and the need to leverage distributed geographic information resources for problem solving and decision making in the global environment.
High Precision Microscale Bending by Pulsed and CW Lasers

This paper discusses high precision microscale laser bending and the thermomechanical phenomena involved. The use of a pulsed and a CW laser for microscale bending of ceramics, silicon, and stainless steel is demonstrated. For each laser, experiments are conducted to find out the relation between bending angles and laser operation parameters. Changes of the ceramics surface composition after laser irradiation are analyzed using an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA). Results obtained by the pulsed and the CW laser are compared, and it is found that the CW laser produces more bending than the pulsed laser does. However, the pulsed laser causes much less surface composition change and thermomechanical damage to the targets. Numerical calculations based on the thermo-elasto-plastic theory are carried out and the results are used to explain the phenomena observed experimentally.
The Proteasome Inhibitor Epoxomicin Has Potent Plasmodium falciparum Gametocytocidal Activity

The current recommended treatments for malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, including artemisinin combination therapy, eliminate intraerythrocytic asexual parasites that are responsible for the clinical symptoms. However, these treatments do not kill mature intraerythrocytic gametocytes that are required for the transmission of the parasite (24). In contrast to the 2-day asexual cycle of P. falciparum, the production of a mature stage V gametocyte takes 10 to 12 days. Once mature gametocytes are taken up by a mosquito during a blood meal, fertilization is stimulated. The resulting zygotes develop into oocysts where thousands of sporozoites are produced that can be transmitted to humans during a subsequent blood meal. The prolonged period required for P. falciparum gametocyte maturation in the human host suggests that malaria can be transmitted for several weeks after asexual parasites are eliminated (23). Thus, the development of drugs that are effective against both asexual-stage parasites and gametocytes may directly decrease malaria morbidity and mortality and reduce the spread of the disease. Cysteine protease and proteasome inhibitors have been found to affect asexual intraerythrocytic parasites and are being evaluated as possible antimalarial agents (4, 7, 10, 15, 19-21, 25). However, their effect on the 10- to 12-day course of intraerythrocytic gametocyte development has not been reported. Proteasome inhibitors also have not been tested on parasites taken up by a mosquito, while cysteine protease inhibitors have been shown to significantly decrease P. falciparum gamete surface antigen processing, oocyst production, and sporozoite maturation (7, 10). The dual cysteine and serine protease inhibitors l-1-tosylamide-2-phenylethyl-chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) and Nα-p-tosyl-l-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) also have been reported to reduce P. falciparum exflagellation and the transmission of Plasmodium berghei to mosquitoes (22, 26). Genes predicted to code for cysteine proteases and the proteasome are expressed throughout gametocytogenesis, providing targets for both classes of compounds (12, 28). Falcipain 1 and the P. berghei orthologs of PfSERA8 (PbECP1) and metacaspase 1 (PbMC1) are the only proteases whose function has been studied directly during gametocytogenesis by targeted gene disruption (3, 9, 14). The disruption of falcipain 1 and PfECP1 affected oocyst production in the mosquito midgut but not the asexual or sexual intraerythrocytic stage, while no stage of the life cycle was affected by the PbMC1 knockout. The work described here evaluates the effect of cysteine and proteasome inhibitors during P. falciparum sexual differentiation and development in the mosquito midgut.
Diffusive logistic equation with constant yield harvesting and negative density dependent emigration on the boundary

Abstract The structure of positive steady state solutions of a diffusive logistic population model with constant yield harvesting and negative density dependent emigration on the boundary is examined. In particular, a class of nonlinear boundary conditions that depends both on the population density and the diffusion coefficient is used to model the effects of negative density dependent emigration on the boundary. Our existence results are established via the well-known sub-super solution method.
How to show one-fourth? Uncovering hidden context through reciprocal learning

This paper suggests that mathematics teacher educators should listen carefully to what their students are saying. More specifically, it demonstrates how from one pre-teacher's non-traditional geometric representation of a unit fraction, a variety of learning environments that lead to the enrichment of mathematics for teaching can be developed. The paper shows how new knowledge may be generated through an attempt to validate an intuitive idea; in other words, how the quest for rigour may serve as a catalyst for the growth of mathematical concepts in the context of K-16 mathematics.
Glycerol Formation in Dunaliella Cells under Non-Growing Conditions with Hypertonic Lithium or Magnesium Media

Glycerol formation ofDunaliella cells in non-growing media was investigated.Dunaliella tertiolecta andD. bioculata grew well in a NaCl medium but not at all in a LiCl or a MgCl2 medium. When the cells originally suspended in a medium containing 0.5 M NaCl were transferred to media which contained one of 1 M NaCl, 1 M LiCl or 0.7 M MgCl2, the intracellular glycerol content increased.D. tertiolecta cultured in either a 1 M LiCl or a 0.7 M MgCl2 medium did not multiply, but maintained abilities to evolve O2 in the light and absorb O2 in thedark even after about a 5 day culture. From these results, it can be concluded that the halotolerance ofDunaliella to different kinds of salts is not directly related to osmoregulation by the glycerol formation.
Acute albumin-induced plasma volume expansion and exercise in the heat: effects on hormonal responses in men.

To assess the responses of fluid regulatory and stress hormones to acute expansion of plasma volume and exercise in the heat, 50 g of albumin dissolved in 200 ml normal saline or 200 ml saline alone was administered intravenously to 7 adult, male test subjects followed by exercise (40%\(\dot V\)O2 max) in the heat (Tdb=45‡ C, Twb=25‡ C). Blood samples were obtained after sitting in the heat for 1 h, 1 h after completion of infusion which itself required approximately 1.5 h, after standing for 30 min, and 15, 30, 45, and 60 min after commencing exercise. Plasma cortisol levels were generally unaffected by these treatments. Responses of plasma aldosterone levels to postural change and exercise in the heat were attenuated in the albumin trial, and growth hormone levels were unaffected by albumin administration. Angiotensin I levels were significantly decreased at several sampling intervals during the albumin trial, but unaffected by exercise. We concluded from these studies that plasma volume expansion by intravascular albumin administration had no effect on stress hormone responses during exercise in the heat, while regulatory hormone levels were lower in several instances during the albumin trial.
Batch grinding kinetics in the presence of a dead space, as in a hammer mill

Abstract It is shown that the presence of a dead space in a hammer mill leads to apparent non-first-order breakage of the top feed size in batch grinding. The equations to describe the disappearance of the top size are obtained, as are those for the total size distribution as a function of time. Examples are given of the effects caused by the magnitude of the dead space and the rate of mass transfer between the active and inactive space. The concepts may be applicable to other mills where dead space can exist.
Software assurance with samate reference dataset, tool standards, and studies

Today's avionics systems depend more and more on software from many sources: vendors, subcontractors, in-house, and open source. System interactions are exposed to external agents in contexts from air-to-ground links to OS patches downloaded via the Internet. This is a huge amount of software with the risk of attack from distant global sites. Yet users need assurance that the software will work and not create security problems. We focus on NIST's Software Assurance Metrics And Tool Evaluation (SAMATE) project and its contribution. SAMATE is developing specifications, metrics, and automated test suites for software assurance tools. For instance, source code security analyzers can help developers produce software with fewer security flaws. They can also help identify malicious code and poor coding practices that lead to vulnerabilities. The project's publicly available reference dataset, the SRD, contains more than 1800 flawed (and fixed!) program examples to help evaluate software assurance tools and algorithms. These metrics and reference datasets help purchasers confirm tool vendors' claims. We also study the assurance impact of tool use, methods, and techniques.
Pharmacomorphological study of denervation induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in Porichthys photophores

The effects of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on the bioluminescent response of Porichthys photophores were investigated as part of a pharmacological study of the neural control of luminescence in this fish. Subcutaneous injections of 6-OHDA induce a luminescent response similar to that of norepinephrine (NE), suggesting a sympathomimetic action. The luminescent response to electrical stimulation is almost completely and irreversibly abolished within 24 hours following low-dose treatment of the photophores with 6-OHDA, while the sensitivity of these organs to exogenous NE is increased significantly over the few days post-treatment. During this period the photophores continuously emitted a steady low-level glow. Electronmicroscopic studies of such photophores revealed progressive destruction of the nerve endings. Photophore luminescent sensitivity to NE subsequently became sub-normal, and at this stage electron microscopy revealed an increasingly larger number of damaged photocytes, supportive cells and, in one case, lens cells. From these results it is suggested that 6-OHDA initially impairs neuro-photocyte transmission by destroying catecholaminergic nerve endings. In turn, the transmitter reuptake mechanism is also impaired, thus accounting for development of supersensitive responses to exogenous NE. Subnormal luminescent responses to NE appear as a result of loss of photocyte competence due to structural deterioration. The latter are interpreted as the consequence of removal of trophic factors supplied by the photophore adrenergic innervation. Suppression of luminescent response to both electrical stimulation and exogenous NE in photophores treated with higher doses of 6-OHDA, may be due to a direct effect of this drug on the receptor sites of the photocytes.
Material considerations for the fusion engineering device (FED) pump limiter

Abstract A mechanical pump limiter is provided in the Fusion Engineering Device (FED) to establish the plasma edge, to exhaust plasma particles, to handle a significant fraction of the plasma heat load, and to protect the first wall from large particle and energy fluxes. Various protective surface materials were evaluated for applicability to the limiter. Bare metal and armor tile design concepts were considered. The protective surface concept selected for the baseline FED limiter consists of graphite tiles brazed to a water cooled copper substrate. Graphite and copper were selected because of their resistance to damage at high heat fluxes, the low atomic number of graphite and the potential for reliable brazing of copper and graphite.
Excited-State Photophysics in a Low Band Gap Polymer with High Photovoltaic Efficiency

We report an experimental investigation of a newly synthesized polymer, PNDT-DTPyT, with a 1.55 eV band gap tuned for optimal photovoltaic performance. Several time-resolved optical spectroscopies are used to examine fundamental photophysics in pure polymer films. Clear signatures of a distribution in photoexcitation sizes are found in steady state absorption and fluorescence measurements conducted from 100 to 300 K. Electronic structure calculations are combined with an empirical model to establish that, on average, the excitations span less than two repeat units because of strong interactions with the surrounding environment. These strong vibronic interactions are attributed to the charge transfer nature of the excitation, which involves a significant change in the spatial charge distribution. Femtosecond transient grating (TG) measurements find energy transfer processes occurring with roughly 1 and 10 ps time constants. This distinction in time scales most likely has a geometric origin (e.g., processes...
POTASSIUM IN POLYPHOSPHATE BODIES OF CHLORELLA PYRENOIDOSA (CHLOROPHYCEAE) AS DETERMINED BY X‐RAY MICROANALYSIS1

Potassium is an important component information of polyphosphate bodies (PB) by Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick. However, it was not detected in PB by X-ray energy dispersive microanalyses when the specimens were subjected to a standard preparation procedure for transmission electron microscopy. Intact cells were incinerated at 350 C on stainless steel grids coated with silicon monoxide. X-ray spectra from PB showed conspicuous peaks of energy counts in the Kα lines for phosphorus and potassium. It is proposed that potassium is a major cationic component of PB in C. pyrenoidosa grown in potassium sufficient medium.
Conservation voltage reduction system modeling, measurement, and verification

A utility has recently installed a conservation voltage reduction (CVR) system on multiple distribution substations in order to test, measure and verify the performance of the system, as well as provide peak demand and energy reduction. The testing of the system is to determine the effects of particular CVR implementations on customers' loads, while maintaining voltages within the ANSI C84.1 standard range. The measurement and verification of the performance of the system on one of the distribution substations is the subject of this panel session. We will discuss the measurement and verification (M&V) protocols used, their application, and the results from a test period covering one calendar year. Finally, we will discuss lessons learned from the M&V process that are particular to the system under study.
Small-angle scattering by dislocations.

It is shown that the small-angle scattering of X-rays or neutrons by dislocations within a deformed metal, which are partially ordered into wall-like structures, is characterized by several factors. Principally these are associated with: (i) a single dislocation or dipole; (ii) the dislocation configuration in the plane of the wall; and (iii) the distribution of dislocations across the wall thickness. With the assumption of isotropic elasticity, small-angle scattering will be sensitive only to the edge components of the dislocations. The scattered intensity is dominated by scattering from dislocations that lie perpendicular to the scattering vector, \bf q, and reaches a maximum when \bf q is normal to the slip plane of these dislocations. Above a particular |\bf q |, the scattered intensity is sensitive only to the total edge dislocation content of the scattering dislocations (i.e. scattering is incoherent), while, below this value, the scattering is dominated by how the dislocations are distributed in walls. For walls normal to their slip planes, the configuration factor will reflect the dislocation distribution in the plane of the wall, while, for walls parallel to their slip planes, the distribution in the thickness direction will be visible. Therefore, even though a deformed material is composed of complicated dislocation structures, only those segments conforming to these rather strict prescriptions will be singled out for scattering, and, by adjusting the beam/slip system geometry, many parameters of the microstructure can be determined experimentally.
Correlation functions of local composite operators from generalized unitarity

We describe the use of generalized unitarity for the construction of correlation functions of local gauge-invariant operators in general quantum field theories and illustrate this method with several calculations in $ \mathcal{N} $ = 4 super-Yang-Mills theory involving BPS and non-BPS operators. Form factors of gauge-invariant operators and their multi-operator generalization play an important role in our construction. We discuss various symmetries of the momentum space presentation of correlation functions, which is natural in this framework and give examples involving non-BPS and any number of BPS operators. We also discuss the calculation of correlators describing the energy flow in scattering processes as well as the construction of the effective action of a background gravitational field.
Support for an Explanation of the Guidance Effect in Motor Skill Learning

The authors investigated whether the knowledge of results (KR) schedule influences the extent to which intrinsic feedback is noticed and used. Fifty-six participants received KR that was either delayed over 2 trials (Delay-2) or provided directly after each trial (Delay-0) during 160 trials of an unfamiliar aiming task. No-KR retention tests were given after 80 trials and 1 min and 24 hr after the end of acquisition. After retention, all participants were questioned about their use of intrinsic feedback during practice and whether those sources changed as a function of practice. The Delay-2 group performed significantly less accurately on the 1st and last blocks of acquisition trials but showed a significantly smaller performance decline from acquisition to retention. Moreover, the Delay-2 group noticed and used a greater variety of intrinsic feedback sources and its members were more likely to report that their usage changed with practice.
Crack‐arrest study in mode II Delamination in composites

Procedures for measuring the crack initiation and arrest toughnesses in Mode II interlaminar fracture in composite materials were analyzed. Different techniques using flexural specimens were studied. The strain energy release rate, G, which is the energy available for crack propagation was calculated using simple beam theory. The calculation takes into account the transverse shear effect. Stable and unstable fractures are analyzed, and conditions required to measure the arrest toughness of interlaminar fracture are discussed. The methodology was applied to the measurement of fracture energy at the onset and arrest of delamination in glass/epoxy laminate.
Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS): A Novel Probe For Local Structure Of Glassy Solids

The extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) is the oscillation in the absorption coefficient extending a few hundred eVs on the high energy side of an x-ray absorption edge. This mode of spectroscopy has recently been realized to be a powerful tool in probing the local atomic structure of all states of matter, particularly with the advent of intense synchrotron radiation. More importantly is the unique ability of EXAFS to probe the structure and dynamics around individual atomic species in a multi-atomic system. In this paper, the physical processes associated with the EXAFS phenomenon will be discussed. Experimental results obtained at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory on some oxide and metallic glasses will be presented. The local structure in these materials are elucidated using a Fourier transform technique.
The Efficacy of Nebulized Albuterol/Ipratropium Bromide versus Albuterol Alone in the Prehospital Treatment of Suspected Reactive Airways Disease

Objective Ipratropium bromide has demonstrated efficacy when added to albuterol for the treatment of reactive airways disease (RAD). Its prehospital use has not been explored. Methods A before-and-after design was used. Prehospital and emergency department (ED) medical records were examined retrospectively six months before and six months after institution of a new protocol, which allowed the addition of ipratropium bromide to all nebulized treatments with albuterol. Primary outcome measures included: changes in vital signs (heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation), clinical improvement as assessed by paramedics, and admission rates. Results A total of 371 patients were included (n = 192 albuterol alone, n = 179 ipratropium/albuterol). There was no statistically significant difference between groups with regard to the change in heart rate, respiratory rate, or oxygen saturation. In addition, there was no difference in the proportion of patients with clinical improvement or deterioration as assessed by paramedics. There was no statistically significant difference in the admission rate from the ED except in the subgroup of patients using a metered-dose inhaler at the time of illness. Of note, more than one-third (133/371) of the patients were ultimately determined to have a diagnosis other than RAD, the majority of whom were diagnosed as having cardiac disease. Conclusions The addition of ipratropium bromide to albuterol for the prehospital treatment of RAD does not appear to result in clinical outcome improvements. A substantial number of patients enrolled in the study were diagnosed as having cardiac disease.
Introduction—Comparing learner performance in southern Africa: A natural experiment

Over the past two decades, the education policy discussion worldwide has shifted, from increasing educational attainment to improving ‘‘educational quality’’—that is, toward increasing student learning at each level of schooling (Hanushek and Woessman 2008; UNESCO 2005). An accelerated pace of international and national testing around the world has contributed to this shift. Despite widespread acceptance of the notion that improving student performance may have a high economic and social payoff, policy analysts in all countries have surprisingly little hard data on which to base educational strategies for raising achievement (UNESCO 2005). A major problem in drawing policy conclusions from analyses within one country or one state or region is that many key macro-educational policy variables, such as teacher recruitment, teacher training, and school supervision, are fairly uniform within such political units. One way to overcome the limits of single-country educational policy research is to undertake comparative studies of neighboring countries (or regions) with apparently similar socio-economic conditions, but significant differences in student performance and, possibly, educational policies. Examples include the United States and Canada, Finland and Norway, and Costa Rica and Panama; on the latter, see (Carnoy, Gove, and Marshall 2007). Some have used the term ‘‘natural experiment’’ for a situation where national social conditions are similar but policies and outcomes differ (Knight and Sabot 1990). In southern Africa, we have such a ready-made comparative case: South Africa and Botswana. The peoples inhabiting the region near the border are of the same language and culture, but students’ school performance, and, for historical reasons, the educational conditions and policies in the two countries, differ substantially. A second problem inherent in such research is the difficulty to identify the effects of school resources on student achievement. For one, much of the variation in student achievement across and even within schools is explained by the socio-economic background differences of students (Rothstein 2005). Further, the distribution of school resources is highly correlated with the family resources students bring to those schools (Barbarin and Richter 2001); students are not randomly assigned to schools, and neither are
Interface delamination study of diamond-coated carbide tools considering coating fractures

Abstract Interface delimitation is one of the major failure modes of diamond-coated carbide tools in machining. On the other hand, diamond coatings are prone of cracking easily due to its brittleness, which may affect interface delaminations. To study any influence between the two failure modes, micro-scratch testing on diamond-coated carbide tools was conducted and finite element (FE) modeling was developed to simulate the scratching process. In scratch testing, normal and tangential forces as well as acoustic emission signals were recorded to detect coating delaminations and crack initiations. Scratched samples were also observed by optical microscopy to determine the corresponding critical load of delaminations and cracking initiations. In the FE scratch simulation, a cohesive-zone interface and the extended finite element method (XFEM) were applied to investigate delamination and coating fracture behaviors, respectively. The cohesive elements were based on a bilinear traction separation model and XFEM was implemented to model cracking behavior in a diamond coating with a damage criterion of the maximum principal stress. The major findings are summarized as follows. The coating fracture energy has a negligible effect on the critical load for interface delaminations, and similarly, the interface fracture energy has no effect on the critical load for coating cracking, indicating that the two failure modes are mostly uncoupled for the testing range in this study. From the experiments and simulations, it is estimated that the coating fracture energy of the samples tested in this research is in the range of 120 to 140 J/m 2 , and the diamond-carbide interface fracture energy is from 77 to 192 J/m 2 . Moreover, increasing the coating Young's modulus will increase the critical load for coating delaminations, but decrease the critical load of coating cracking.
A model to explain the various paradoxes associated with mantle noble gas geochemistry

As a result of an energetic accretion, the Earth is a volatile-poor and strongly differentiated planet. The volatile elements can be accounted for by a late veneer (≈1% of total mass of the Earth). The incompatible elements are strongly concentrated into the exosphere (atmosphere, oceans, sediments, and crust) and upper mantle. Recent geochemical models invoke a large primordial undegassed reservoir with chondritic abundances of uranium and helium, which is clearly at odds with mass and energy balance calculations. The basic assumption behind these models is that excess “primordial”^3He is responsible for ^3He/^4He ratios higher than the average for midocean ridge basalts. The evidence however favors depletion of ^3He and excessive depletion of ^4He and, therefore, favors a refractory, residual (low U, Th) source Petrological processes such as melt-crystal and melt-gas separation fractionate helium from U and Th and, with time, generate inhomogeneities in the ^3He/^4He ratio. A self-consistent model for noble gases involves a gas-poor planet with trapping of CO_2 and noble gases in the shallow mantle. Such trapped gases are released by later tectonic and magmatic processes. Most of the mantle was depleted and degassed during the accretion process. High ^3He/^4He gases are viewed as products of ancient gas exsolution stored in low U environments, rather than products of primordial reservoirs.
Export productivity and carbonate accumulation in the Pacific Basin at the transition from a greenhouse to icehouse climate (late Eocene to early Oligocene)

[1] The late Eocene through earliest Oligocene (40–32 Ma) spans a major transition from greenhouse to icehouse climate, with net cooling and expansion of Antarctic glaciation shortly after the Eocene/Oligocene (E/O) boundary. We investigated the response of the oceanic biosphere to these changes by reconstructing barite and CaCO3 accumulation rates in sediments from the equatorial and North Pacific Ocean. These data allow us to evaluate temporal and geographical variability in export production and CaCO3 preservation. Barite accumulation rates were on average higher in the warmer late Eocene than in the colder early Oligocene, but cool periods within the Eocene were characterized by peaks in both barite and CaCO3 accumulation in the equatorial region. We infer that climatic changes not only affected deep ocean ventilation and chemistry, but also had profound effects on surface water characteristics influencing export productivity. The ratio of CaCO3 to barite accumulation rates, representing the ratio of particulate inorganic C accumulation to Corg export, increased dramatically at the E/O boundary. This suggests that long-term drawdown of atmospheric CO2 due to organic carbon deposition to the seafloor decreased, potentially offsetting decreasing pCO2 levels and associated cooling. The relatively larger increase in CaCO3 accumulation compared to export production at the E/O suggests that the permanent deepening of the calcite compensation depth (CCD) at that time stems primarily from changes in deep water chemistry and not from increased carbonate production.
Estimating the biases associated with self-perceived, self-reported, and measured BMI on mental health.

Purpose The purpose of the study is to explore the relationship between individuals' perceptions of their weight-status, self-reported height and weight, and measured weight status.
An Experimental Verification of a Simple Distributed Model of MIM Capacitors for MMIC Applications

A distributed model has been derived for MIM capacitors using a simple coupled-transmission-line approach. The model has been compared with measured S-parameter data from MIM capacitors having different aspect ratios fabricated on 4-mil GaAs substrates. The agreement is very good. The derived model will converge to the first-order capacitor model, generally given in the literature, under a few assumptions.
Autonomic dysreflexia associated with transient aphasia.

Study design Case report of autonomic dysreflexia presenting with transient aphasia in a subject with C4 tetraplegia. Objectives To report a rare case of autonomic dysreflexia. Setting Rehabilitation Service, The Ohio State University, USA. Case report A 21-year-old man with a C4 spinal cord injury (ASIA B) developed aphasia associated with autonomic dysreflexia. He was treated with an adrenergic blocking agent. Conclusion Autonomic dysreflexia manifested by a transient aphasia and seizures is uncommon.
Wayfinding difficulties among elders with dementia in an assisted living residence

The concerning phenomena of spatial disorientation and wayfinding difficulties among elders with Alzheimer's disease or a related dementia in assisted living residences are understudied. This qualitative study aimed to identify the types of wayfinding difficulties as experienced by residents with memory-loss in two special care units of an assisted living residence. The data collection period included participant observation complemented by semi-structured interviews with care staff and managers and review of clinical records. A wide spectrum of wayfinding difficulties was identified as experienced by six residents. The residents experienced difficulties reaching several destinations on the units. The implications of the findings to practice, architectural design, and policy are discussed.
The accurate determination of gold and silver in ores and concentrates by wet-chemical analysis of the lead assay button

Abstract Hydroquinone or formic acid can be used as reductant for the quantitative precipitation of gold in the lead perchlorate solution obtained after the lead assay button has been parted with perchloric acid. Silver chloride can be completely precipitated by dilution and overnight standing of the parting solution, thus both gold and silver can be isolated by filtration for the final measurement. The proposed lead-wet chemical method was successfully applied to ores, concentrates, dusts, etc.
Modeling family-centered pediatric nursing care: strategies for shift report.

ISSUES AND PURPOSE. Family-centered care philosophies place the family as central to the plan of care. These philosophies are often challenging for nurses to put into clinical practice. The purpose of this article is to provide interventions for nurses to use with families who are stressed. CONCLUSIONS. Families' coping styles may be subject to judgments from the nurses, and these judgments may be passed on during shift report. Labels that are passed on in report can influence nurses' care. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. This article describes positive communication strategies for shift report that can facilitate successful family-centered care.
Dichotomous Thinking in Borderline Personality Disorder

This study investigated dichotomous thinking (DT) in borderline personality disorder (BPD) to determine: (1) whether it is unidimensional in nature—all-good or all-bad, or multidimensional—both good and bad; and (2) whether it is pervasive or specific to BPD schemas. Replicating and extending a study by Veen and Arntz (2000, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 23–45), the capacity of positive stimuli to elicit DT was also examined. Sixteen individuals with BPD, 16 individuals with other personality disorders (OPDs), and 16 nonclinical controls evaluated characters in film clips depicting themes either specific or nonspecific to BPD. DT was operationalized as the extremity of evaluations on visual analogue scales with bipolar trait descriptions. The BPD group’s evaluations reflected a mix of positive and negative attributes, suggesting that DT is multidimensional. DT in BPD was not confined to theoretically related stimuli, but occurred in response to nonspecific stimuli, including emotionally positive stimuli.
Guided reflective journals depict a correlation to the academic success of nursing students

Reflective guided journal assignments can be correlated to the academic success of nursing students in the clinical area through the evaluation of the student's level of reflective writing. The student's journal recordings can be compared with their course grades and course completion rates. Students are encouraged to better prepare themselves for the clinical area and to self-direct their learning experiences, and the nursing instructor identifies students who require additional guidance in applying theoretical concepts.
New tungsten pyrophosphate with cubic zirconium pyrophosphate-type structure

Abstract Tungsten pyrophosphate, WP2O7, was prepared by reacting mixtures of (NH4)2HPO4, WO3 and W at 900 °C in an evacuated quartz tube. Powder X-ray diffraction study shows the compound to be isostructural with cubic zirconium pyrophosphate, ZrP2O7, with a = 7.947 (1) A . The electrical resistivity of the compound at room temperature is in the Mega-Ohm region indicating insulating behavior. The magnetization study made on a pelletized sample shows a paramagnetic behavior similar to MoP2O7. The effective magnetic moment calculated in the temperature range 100–300 K is 2.4 BM.
The second National Institutes of Health International Congress on advances in uterine leiomyoma research: conference summary and future recommendations

Objective To summarize the proceedings of the Advances in Uterine Leiomyoma Research: 2nd NIH International Congress, which was convened on February 24–25, 2005 by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland. Design Scientific information was presented at a 2-day conference, which was a collaborative effort of agencies across the DHHS and members of the academic, clinical, and medical communities involved in uterine leiomyoma research. Conclusion(s) The conference brought together scientists in biomedicine, epidemiology, basic research, therapeutics, and translational medicine and fostered an exchange of scientific information among members of the uterine leiomyoma research and health care communities. This document summarizes this exchange and outlines research needs and recommendations for future research directions.
Reduced Cd2+ accumulation and elevated metallothionein levels in a Cd2+ and Zn2+-resistant clonal CHO-K1 cell line.

A clonal cell line, R40F, was selected from a heterogenous population of Cd2+ and Zn2+-resistant CHO-K1 cells. These R40F cells demonstrated resistance to 120- and 4-fold higher concentrations of Cd2+ and Zn2+, respectively, than did wild type CHO-K1 cells. When cultured in the presence of low concentrations of Cd2+ (0.5–1.0 μM), the accumulation of intracellular Cd2+ in R40F cells appears to be significantly less than in wild type cells. Since R40F cells maintained in medium containing high concentrations of Cd2+ (200 μM) retain levels of Cd2+ equivalent to the intracellular concentration observed in wild type cells exhibiting cytotoxicity, it is assumed that reduced Cd2+ transport alone is unlikely to account for the resistance to Cd2+ toxicity. Exposure of R40F cells to non-toxic (2 μM or 100 μM) or toxic (200 μM) Zn2+ levels resulted in an accumulation of Zn2+ equal to, or greater than, that observed in the wild type cell. When compared to the basal level in uninduced wild type cells, metallothionein levels were elevated 14- and 23-fold, respectively, in R40F cells cultured in the presence of 0.5 μM Cd2+ and 100 μM Zn2+. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that R40F cells express Cd2+ and Zn2+ resistance as a consequence of a reduction in unbound intracellular Cd2+ levels and an elevation of metallothionein synthesis.
Biomedical Applications: Taking Stock [AP-S Turnstile]

The annual joint IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and the USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting [2] also featured multiple technical sessions devoted to biomedical issues. As would be natural for the sponsoring societies, there was a special emphasis on the role of antennas in biomedical sensor and imaging systems. There were dedicated sessions on biomedical telemetry (including implanted devices), breast cancer detection (with a heavy emphasis on computational modeling), electromagnetic dosimetry and biological exposure assessment, human body interactions with antennas and other electromagnetic devices (including body-centric networks), and therapeutic/rehabilitative applications (e.g., micro-magnetic neuro-stimulation and trans-cranial magnetic stimulation). In addition, a short course focused on the design of biocompatible antennas for handheld devices (mobile phones, tablet PCs).
Can structural neuroimaging be used to define phenotypes and course of schizophrenia

This article examines whether structural neuroimaging measures have been found to predict outcome in schizophrenia and whether changes in neuroimaging measures have been found to correlate with poor outcome in the disorder. Overall, there is little compelling evidence that structural neuroimaging measures in either first-episode or chronic patients predict future outcome. Progressive brain changes might reflect a neuroimaging phenotype associated with a worse course of the disorder. At the same time, there are many fruitful avenues that future research could take in an attempt to better predict future outcome or to identify specific imaging phenotypes associated with outcome.
GUEST EDITORIAL: BEHAVIORAL HEALTH EQUITY: A CALL TO ACTION FOR SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION

PHRASES SUCH AS health equity, minority health, and health disparities have increasingly become part of the lexicon of social work and other helping professions. The phrase behavioral health equity is more focused and strongly resonates within our profession. Schools of social work have been involved in behavioral health equity education and research for more than a century, usually using other terms (Davies, 1994).
Farm-scale production of fuel ethanol and wet grain from corn in a batch process

The batch production of fuel grade ethanol and distillers' wet grain (wet solids) in a farm-scale process (1240-15,580 L/batch) is described. The employs yeast fermentation of amylase-treated corn mash and a two-stage distillation. Primary emphasis in this study was on the cooking, fermentation, and centrifugation steps. Without recycling, fermentation of the mash yield beers with 10.0-10.5% ethanol. Recycling of stillage supernatant at full, 75, or 50% strengths produced enriched mashes that after 48-h fermentation yielded beers with 5-;14% more ethanol. Recycling twice with full-strength supernatant at pH 7.0 increased the ethanol yield in the final beer 16.5%; however, the time to complete the final fermentation was extended form 48 to 72 h and salt buildup occurred. By recycling at pH 5.4, it was possible to avoid rapids salt buildup and obtain beers with 10.3-10.5% ethanol. Recycling resulted in increased levels of glucose, starch, crude protein, and fat in the beer and a reduced moisture content while the wet solids showed an increased starch content. Centrifugation after cooking or fermentation yield in the subsequently produced beer. Fermentation of a volume-resorted mash supernatant gave a beer with only 9.25% ethanol. Mash wet solids varied somewhat chemically from beer and stillage solids. An economic and energy balance analysis of various modes of plant operation are provided and plant considerations are suggested.
Processes Limiting the Performance of InAs/GaSb Superlattice Mid-Infrared PIN Mesa Photodiodes

In this study, we examine processes limiting the performance of 4 micron superlattice pin photodiodes for different temperature and mesa size regimes. We show that the performance of large mesa photodiodes at low temperature is most severely limited by a trap-assisted tunneling leakage current (x300), while small mesa sizes are additionally limited by perimeter leakage (x20). At room temperature, large mesa photodiodes are limited by the diffusion current, and small mesa photodiodes are further limited by the perimeter leakage (x100). To reduce or eliminate the impact of perimeter leakage, we have tried passivating the mesa sidewalls with SiN, an approach that was only minimally successful. We have also laid the groundwork for another approach to elimination of perimeter leakage currents, namely, elimination of the sidewalls altogether through planar processing techniques. Planar processing schemes require the deposition of a thick, wide bandgap semiconductor or “window layer” on top of the homojunction. We compare the performance of two otherwise identical InAs/GaSb superlattice homojunction detectors, except one with a GaSb window layer, and one without. We show that inclusion of the thick GaSb window layer does not degrade detector performance.
POEMS - a process and object environment for manufacturing simulation

Existing research efforts in object-oriented manufacturing simulation are structured predominantly on the event-interaction simulation paradigm. An often effective simulation option for discrete-event systems modeling is a process interaction approach, as indicated by the success of commercial manufacturing simulation software that support this paradigm. The construction and use of an object-oriented modeling architecture structured on the process-interaction simulation paradigm is described in this paper. Through a real-world example, the creation and re-use of an object and process library for manufacturing entities is illustrated. The software is implemented in C++, using C++/CSIM and runs on UNIX workstations.
Theoretical Study of Native Point Defects in Aln and InN

We have studied native point defects in AlN and InN using density-functional calculations employing both the local-density and generalized gradient approximations for the exchange-correlation functional. For both materials we find that the nitrogen vacancy acts as a compensating center in p-type material. For AIN in the zinc-blende structure, the aluminum interstitial has an equally low formation energy as the nitrogen vacancy. For n-type material the aluminum vacancy is the dominant compensating center in AlN. For n-type InN, all defect formation energies are high.