cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exponential growth of space-like gluon distribution functions

Abstract The ordinary damping processes that drive gluon distribution functions to their equilibrium form can produce exponential growth in frames where the plasma has a non-zero flow velocity. This occurs when k μ is space-like and k · μ is negative. For propagation from space-time point y α to z α the exponential growth is in the center of mass coordinate x α = (y α + z α ) 2 projected along the space-like momentum. Thus f ( k , x ) grows exponentially in the variable k α x α k 2 .
FREE OSCILLATIONS OF A FLUID IN A CYLINDRICAL CONTAINER WITH ARBITRARY AXISYMMETRIC BOTTOM AND ELASTIC ELEMENTS ON THE FREE SURFACE OF THE FLUID

We consider the problem of free oscillations of an ideal fluid in a container that has the form of a right circular cylinder with arbitrary axisymmetric bottom in the case where the unperturbed free surface of the fluid is covered by an elastic membrane or plate. Using the expansion in eigenfunctions of an auxiliary spectral problem with a parameter in boundary conditions and the method of decomposition of the domain of meridional cross-section of a container, we obtain an analytic solution of the problem. Individual examples of mechanical systems are considered, for which we construct solutions by using the proposed algorithm, analyze these solutions, and compute the frequencies and forms of oscillations.
The Effects of 10 Communication Modes on the Behavior of Teams During Co-Operative Problem-Solving.

Sixty teams of two college students each solved credible “real world” problems co-operatively. Conversations were carried on in one of 10 modes of communication: (1) typewriting only, (2) handwriting only, (3) handwriting and typewriting, (4) typewriting and video, (5) handwriting and video, (6) voice only, (7) voice and typewriting, (8) voice and handwriting, (9) voice and video, and (10) a “communication-rich mode.” Performance was assessed on three classes of dependent measures: time to solution, behavioral measures of activity, and linguistic measures. Significant and meaningful differences among the communication modes were found in each of the three classes of dependent variable. This paper is concerned mainly with the results of the activity analyses. Behavior was recorded in 21 different categories from which three additional composite categories were formed. The analyses of the behavioral data yielded 51 statistically significant terms. The data support the conclusion that the single most important decision in the design of a telecommunications link should center around the inclusion of a voice channel.
Risk for systemic embolization of atrial fibrillation without mitral stenosis.

Abstract The risk for systemic embolization was studied in 272 patients without mitral stenosis or prosthetic valves who were referred to the echocardiography laboratory with atrial fibrillation (AF). During a mean follow-up period of 33 months (range
Photoelectron angular distributions for near-threshold two-photon ionization of cesium and rubidium atoms.

Photoelectron angular distributions have been measured for nonresonant two-photon ionization of cesium and rubidium atoms just above the ionization threshold. The photoelectron energies ranged from 25 to 100 meV. The results are compared with theoretical estimates based on nonrelativistic atomic wave functions. Initial results are also presented for above-threshold ionization in cesium.
Transformation of stress-induced martensite in 304 stainless steel by ion implantation

Abstract Type 304 stainless steel made largely martensitic by rolling was implanted with nitrogen, nickel, and neon. Transformation of the martensite to austenite was found by transmission election microscopy for the nitrogen and nickel implantations, but not for the neon. The transformation was found to be confined to the implanted layer. Lattice expansion was measured for nitrogen implantation, and an unusual electron-diffraction effect apparently due to surface strain was observed for the highest nitrogen concentration.
Control Design for a Helicopter Using Dynamic Inversion and Extended High Gain Observers

In this paper we propose a new method for the design of an output feedback controller for a helicopter which is an uncertain, input-nonaffine, Multi-Input-Multi-Output (MIMO), nonlinear system. By combining dynamic inversion control together with extended high-gain observer, our output feedback controller is able to bring the trajectories of the closed-loop system arbitrarily close to that of a given target system. The conditions applicable to a helicopter model for dynamic inversion control are obtained. The proposed method is illustrated by simulation.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Spontaneous variability of ventricular function in patients with chronic heart failure

Abstract purpose: The spontaneous variation of the left and right ventricular ejection fractions (LVEF and RVEF) was evaluated in patients with chronic heart failure receiving only digoxin and diuretics over a 12-week interval. patients and methods: Fifty-one patients with stable heart failure were studied with radionuclide angiography. A baseline evaluation and a 12-week follow-up study were performed. Heart failure therapy consisted of digoxin and diuretics alone during this time. results: The mean baseline LVEF (n = 51) was 27.2 ± 9.5 (range: 7 to 50) and the LVEF after 12 weeks was 27.6 ± 9.7 (range: 11 to 53; p=NS versus baseline). Mean RVEF (n = 19) was 31.9 ± 11.3 at baseline and 30.3 ± 11.3 (range: 14 to 50; p=NS versus baseline) after 12 weeks. Although there was no significant change in mean LVEF or RVEF in this group of patients, individual patients demonstrated considerable spontaneous variation. Individual LVEF values changed from 0 to 26 ejection fraction percentage points (mean of individual changes=5.6 ± 5.5). Individual RVEF determinations over the 12-week period varied by 0 to 15 percentage units (mean = 5.6 ± 4.9). Thirty-five percent of patients had an absolute change in LVEF greater than 5 and 37% of patients had an absolute change of RVEF greater than 5. Even after deletion of the two worst outliers from the LVEF and RVEF data, a change in LVEF greater than 13 and a change in RVEF greater than 11% units were necessary to exclude spontaneous variation as a likely cause for the observed changes (95% confidence limits). No relationship between a change in the individual patient's LVEF or RVEF was found when these values were compared with exercise time, systolic or diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, or degree of baseline left or right ventricular dysfunction. conclusion: In patients with heart failure, large (greater than 5) spontaneous changes in LVEF and RVEF may be seen in over one third of patients during a 12-week period. This variability should be considered when the ejection fraction is used as an index of improved or worsened cardiac function. The use of the LVEF and RVEF to assess interventions or therapy for heart failure should be interpreted with caution.
Prevalence of marijuana use at college entry and risk factors for initiation during freshman year.

Background Marijuana is currently the most commonly used drug on college campuses. Marijuana use among college students is increasing, and many students begin using marijuana during college. The goal of this study was to investigate predictors of lifetime marijuana use at college entry and initiation during freshman year.
Effects of television sitcom exposure on the accessibility of verbally aggressive thoughts

This study examined the effects of exposure to verbally aggressive television sitcoms on the accessibility of aggressive cognitive responses within the framework provided by the General Aggression Model (Anderson & Bushman, 2002). Participants viewed either a sitcom or a crime drama and then completed a thought‐listing task and measures of affective state, arousal, and trait verbal aggressiveness. Results indicated that during sitcom exposure, participants produced a statistically significant number of aggressive cognitive responses, with character attacks being the most common type, followed by competence attacks. Furthermore, when controlling for the effects of affect and arousal, the television exposure condition and trait verbal aggressiveness interacted to predict aggressive cognitive responses. Trait verbal aggressiveness predicted aggressive cognitive responses during sitcom exposure, but not during crime drama exposure. Finally, sitcom viewers produced a marginally higher number of aggressive cogn...
In situ Raman spectroscopy measurements of MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1400 °C

In-situ Raman measurements using a gated spectroscopy system revealed irreversible changes at 800–1000 °C in a natural red spinel (with 2 cation mol% Cr and 1 cation mol% Zn) and at 1100–1200 °C in a natural clear spinel (without Cr or Zn). Our observations of rapid broadening of a mode at 409 cm−1 and the appearance of two weak modes at 210 and 520 cm−1 at the transition temperature confirm the association of these features with cation disordering proposed by previous quench studies. Furthermore, we found that the frequencies of modes at 313 and 666 cm−1 change at the transition temperature. The discontinuous frequency decrease of the mode at 313 cm−1 and the increase in the frequency of the mode at 666 cm−1 can be explained by the entrance of heavier Al atoms into the tetrahedral sites and the entrance of lighter Mg atoms into the octahedral sites, respectively. Our study demonstrates that in-situ Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool for studying cation disordering in spinel-structured minerals at high temperature.
Evolutionary principles and synthetic biology: avoiding a molecular tragedy of the commons with an engineered phage

In prior work, adding a gene to phage T7 that degraded the host K1 capsule facilitated growth when plated on capsulated hosts. However, the transgenic protein (an endosialidase) is expressed as an exoenzyme, released from the cell at lysis but unattached to the phage particle. There is thus the possibility that the gene will be subject to a tragedy of the commons and be selected against, if the enzyme benefits other genomes. This evolutionary perspective was supported in short term experiments. The genome carrying the endosialidase gene was favored on a capsulated host if grown in physical isolation of control genomes (lacking the gene) but was selected against otherwise. These results challenge efforts to engineer phages with exoenzymes that degrade biofilm polymers. If biofilms do not facilitate spatially structured phage growth, the transgenic enzymes may be rapidly eliminated from the phage population after release in the environment, even if the transgene benefits overall phage growth on the biofilm.
Special Committee on Flood‐Waves, 1939–40

The Special Committee on Flood-Waves is now in its third year of existence. Up to last year the work of the Committee has been carried on primarily through sub-committees and special assignments to individual members and their colleagues. These sub-committees having served their function and presented their reports were automatically dissolved. Two changes in membership of the Committee occurred during the past year; the membership is now as follows: Merrill Bernard, U.S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D.C.; M. C. Boyer, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.; H. N. Eaton, Hydraulic Laboratory, National Bureau of standards, Washington, D.C.; R. S. Goodridge, U.S. Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C.; G. A. Hathaway, Office of Chief of Engineers, U.S. Engineer Department, Washington, D.C.; Robert E. Horton, Consulting Hydraulic Engineer, Voorheesville, New York; Ivan E. Houk, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 440 Customhouse, Denver, Colorado; Hans Kramer, U.S. Engineer Office, Conchas Dam, New Mexico; F, T. Mavis, College of Engineering, Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pennsylvania; M. P. O'Brien,College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California; Lorenz G. Straub (Chairman), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; H. A. Thomas, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Lateral‐Acceleration Experience of Six Commercial Vehicles

Abstract This communication provides a detailed review of the lateral‐acceleration experience of six tractor‐semitrailer combinations in real commercial service for approximately one year. Lateral‐acceleration experience is described in histograms of travel time. Influences of speed, load, road geometry, driving style, and longitudinal position on the vehicle are examined. Distributions of both path curvature and lateral acceleration are presented. The six vehicles studied were all five‐axle, tractor‐semitrailer combinations. The semitrailers were cryogenic tankers for transporting liquid nitrogen. The fleet operated from La Porte, Indiana and serviced much of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Data from nearly 10,000 hours and more than 770,000 km of travel were collected and analyzed.
Calibrated Faraday current and magnetic field sensor

We have developed a calibrated optical fiber Faraday rotation current sensor. A strong magnetic field in an optical fiber introduces circular birefringence, causing the plane of polarization of light to rotate by an amount proportional to the magnetic field. Faraday loops used in the past were nonlinear due to the stress-induced linear birefringence caused by bending the loop. This linear birefringence interfered with the Faraday rotation, yielding a complicated relationship between the current and detected light signal. We have found a way to overcome the effects of the unwanted linear birefringence and produce a calibrated current waveform. The calibration is limited only by the accurate knowledge of the Verdet constant of the optical fiber. Results of recent experiments as well as planned measurements will be presented.© (1986) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Resource amendments influence density and competitive phenotypes of Streptomyces in soil

Carbon from plant rhizospheres is a source of energy for soil microbial communities in native habitats. Soil amendments have been used as a means for deliberately altering soil community composition in agricultural soils to enhance plant health. However, little information is available in agricultural or natural soils on how specific carbon compounds or quantities influence soil microbial communities. Streptomyces are important soil saprophytes noted for their ability to produce antibiotics and influence plant health. To explore how specific types and amounts of carbon compounds influence Streptomyces in soil, glucose, cellulose, and lignin were added alone and in combination with six other carbon substrates of varying complexity to mesocosms of native prairie soil for 9 months at amounts equivalent to natural inputs from plants. Estimated culturable population densities, antibiotic inhibitory phenotypes, and resource utilization profiles were examined for Streptomyces communities from each treatment. The type and quantity of carbon compounds influenced densities, proportions, antibiotic phenotypes, and substrate utilization profiles of Streptomyces. Cellulose and lignin inputs produced the largest Streptomyces densities. Also, Streptomyces communities receiving high-resource inputs were more inhibitory whereas those receiving low-resource inputs used substrates more efficiently. Knowledge of how the availability and quantity of particular carbon compounds influences Streptomyces communities and their function, specifically resource use and inhibitory phenotypes, may be helpful in understanding the roles of resource availability in Streptomyces community dynamics and the potential of Streptomyces to suppress pathogens and enhance plant fitness in native and agricultural soils.
Prostate Size and Risk of High-Grade, Advanced Prostate Cancer and Biochemical Progression After Radical Prostatectomy: A Search Database Study

Purpose Prostate growth and differentiation are under androgenic control, and prior studies suggested that tumors that develop in hypogonadal men are more aggressive. We examined whether prostate weight was associated with tumor grade, advanced disease, or risk of biochemical progression after radical prostatectomy (RP). Patients and Methods We evaluated the association of prostate weight with pathologic tumor grade, positive surgical margins, extracapsular disease, and seminal vesicle invasion using logistic regression and with biochemical progression using Cox proportional hazards regression among 1,602 men treated with RP between 1988 and 2003 at five equal-access medical centers, which composed the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) Database. Results In outcome prediction models including multiple predictor variables, it was found that the predictor variable of prostate weight was significantly inversely associated with the outcomes of high-grade disease, positive surgical margins, ...
Universal compression for I.I.D. sources with large alphabets

The minimum description length (MDL) principle is derived for universal compression of i.i.d. sources with large alphabets of size k that may be up to sub-linear with the data sequence length n. Each unknown source probability parameter is shown to cost 0.5log(n/k) bits. This result is shown to be a lower bound in the average minimax sense, and also for most sources in the class. The bound is shown to be achievable even sequentially with the well-known Krichevsky-Trofimov low-complexity scheme.
Ownership by Agreement

This article proposes a way of looking at ownership in which the central conceptual feature is the agreement that brings ownership into existence. On this understanding, ownership is a social fact,...
Effect of Geometric Parameters of Superhydrophobic Surface on Liquid Slip

In this paper, we experimentally study how geometric parameters of textured hydrophobic surfaces affect a liquid slip, empowered by a custom-tuned microfabrication procedure that produces regular micro-patterns of posts and grates on an entire 4” wafer with a good size uniformity and no defect. A pitch of the patterns and a gas fraction of the structured surface are independently controlled, and the slip length over each type of patterns is measured using a rheometer system. On both grates and posts, the slip length increases linearly with a pitch but exponentially with a gas fraction. The trend of exponential increase by gas fraction appears more pronounced on posts than on grates. The defect-free surfaces allow the flows to maintain a de-wetted (Cassie) state at much higher pitches and gas fractions than previously possible, permitting flows with the maximum slip effect.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
We Can All Participate! Adapting Circle Time for Children With Autism:

Perla, a 4.5-year-old girl with autism, attended an inclusive child care center. She had 12 classmates, but she was the only child with autism. Perla used three-and four-word sentences to communica...
Personalizing lung cancer prevention through a reverse migration strategy

Lung cancer is the deadliest cancer in the United States and worldwide. Tobacco use is the one of the primary causes of lung cancer and smoking cessation is an important step towards prevention, but patients who have quit smoking remain at risk for lung cancer. Finding pharmacologic agents to prevent lung cancer could potentially save many lives. Unfortunately, despite extensive research, there are no known effective chemoprevention agents for lung cancer. Clinical trials in the past, using agents without a clear target in an unselected population, have shown pharmacologic interventions to be ineffective or even harmful. We propose a new approach to drug development in the chemoprevention setting: reverse migration, that is, drawing on our experience in the treatment of advanced cancer to bring agents, biomarkers, and study designs into the prevention setting. By identifying molecular drivers of lung neoplasia and using matched targeted agents, we hope to personalize therapy to each individual to develop more effective, tolerable chemoprevention. Also, advances in risk modeling, using not only clinical characteristics but also biomarkers, may help us to select patients better for chemoprevention efforts, thus sparing patients at low risk for cancer the potential toxicities of treatment. Our institution has experience with biomarker-driven clinical trials, as in the recently reported Biomarker-integrated Approaches of Targeted Therapy for Lung Cancer Elimination (BATTLE) trial, and we now propose to bring this trial design into the prevention setting.
Some effects of electric vs. magnetic field Mur absorbing boundaries on FDTD RCS calculations for dielectric and magnetic scatterers

Recent calculations made for magnetic material scatters have shown that the Mur absorbing boundary condition plays a significant role in the RCS (radar cross section) calculation accuracy, and that changing from a Mur condition that operates on electric field to one operating on magnetic field may improve the accuracy of the RCS results when the composition of the scattering object is changed. To illustrate this, scattering from a 20 cm radius lossy dielectric sphere and then from a sphere composed of the dual magnetic material is considered. By duality the far zone scattering cross sections for the two should be identical. In order for the FDTD (finite-difference-time-domain) results to be exactly dual. the Mur absorbing boundary must be changed from operating on the electric field to operating on the magnetic field. However, changing from electric to magnetic field Mur conditions causes the scattering results to differ by as much is 6 dB. >
Auger optimization in mid-infrared lasers: the importance of final-state optimization.

We consider the effect of reducing the density of final hole states for Auger processes on the Auger rate at room temperature and 77K at densities near lasing thresholds. The system of interest is a strain-compensated superlattice based on the InAs/GaInSb material system with a 3.7 μm band gap. At 77K the Auger lifetime is reduced by two orders of magnitude, while the change at 300K is less than a factor of two. We conclude that final-state optimization in this particular structure, while pronounced at 77K, has little effect at 300K.
How to Analyze Political Attention with Minimal Assumptions and Costs

Previous methods of analyzing the substance of political attention have had to make several restrictive assumptions or been prohibitively costly when applied to large-scale political texts. Here, we describe a topic model for legislative speech, a statistical learning model that uses word choices to infer topical categories covered in a set of speeches and to identify the topic of specific speeches. Our method estimates, rather than assumes, the substance of topics, the keywords that identify topics, and the hierarchical nesting of topics. We use the topic model to examine the agenda in the U.S. Senate from 1997 to 2004.Usinganewdatabaseofover118,000speeches(70,000,000words)fromtheCongressional Record,ourmodelreveals speech topic categories that are both distinctive and meaningfully interrelated and a richer view of democratic agenda dynamics than had previously been possible.
Tissue Engineering of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Using a Braid-Twist Scaffold Design

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most commonly injured intra-articular ligament of the knee. The insufficient vascularization of this tissue prevents it from healing completely after extreme tearing or rupture, creating a need for ACL grafts for reconstruction. The limitations of existing grafts have motivated the investigation of tissue-engineered ACL grafts. A successful tissue-engineered graft must possess mechanical properties similar to the ACL; to date no commercially available synthetic graft has achieved this. To accomplish this goal we have combined the techniques of polymer fiber braiding and twisting to design a novel poly L-lactic acid (PLLA) braid-twist scaffold for ACL tissue engineering. The scaffold is designed to accurately mimic the biomechanical profile and mechanical properties of the ACL. In this study, braid-twist scaffolds were constructed and compared to braided scaffolds and twisted fiber scaffolds. The addition of fiber twisting to the braided scaffold resulted in a significant increase in the ultimate tensile strength, an increase in ultimate strain, and an increase in the length of the toe region in these constructs over scaffolds that were braided. Based on the findings of this study, the braid-twist scaffold studied was found to be a promising construct for tissue engineering of the ACL.
Compensation for Natural Resource Damages from Oil Spills: A Comparison of USA Law and International Conventions

The basic measure of natural resource damages in USA environmental liability statutes is the cost of restoring the injured resources, plus compensation for the interim loss of resources from the time of injury until their full recovery. In contrast, until 1996, the international Convention Protocols addressing liability for accidental oil spills did not hold the responsible party liable for damages to natural resources, except to compensate for lost profits and earnings of commercial users of the resources.Recent developments, however, suggest international and USA laws are on paths toward convergence. In the 1996 regulations implementing the natural resource liability provisions of the USA Oil Pollution Act [OPA], natural resource damages are quantified as the costs of a Restoration Plan designed to return resources to baseline and to compensate for interim losses. The 1992 international Convention Protocols, which entered into force in May 1996, include the costs of resource "reinstatement" measures, though a clear definition of the scope of reinstatement has not yet been provided. A broad interpretation of "reinstatement", consistent with the restoration concepts in the OPA regulations, could provide an inclusive measure of damages for environmental harm.In section 2 of the paper, we discuss briefly the key features of the USA measure of damages. We then outline the international measure of damages and identify how it excludes losses incurred by members of the public -- for both market and non-market uses of resources. With this background, we present in section 3 an overview of key economic concepts for valuing the loss of public enjoyment of natural resources, which provides the analytic framework underlying the component of damages in USA law compensating for interim losses. In section 4, we briefly outline the OPA process for determining a restoration-based measure of damages, and in section 5 we outline approaches and methods for measuring the second component of the USA damage measure -- compensation for the interim loss of resources. The Appendix provides an example of the restoration-based approach from a recently settled mining waste case in Idaho.
A novel sclerosing skeletal dysplasia with mixed sclerosing bone dysplasia, characteristic syndromic features, and clinical and radiographic evidence of male–male transmission

We report on a father and his 4-year-old son sharing a characteristic dysmorphic facial phenotype (including hyperteleroism, prominent forehead, and wide nasal bridge), macrocephaly, hearing loss, palatal clefting, developmental delay, hypotonia and bony abnormalities including marked cranial sclerosis and sclerosis of the ribs and long bones, which evolved in severity in the son between the ages of 2 and 4 years. The father's radiographs also showed prominent coarse striations, patchy metaphyseal sclerotic plaques, markedly increased bone density and cortical thickening of long bones, and significant degenerative changes in the thoracic spine. The son has an additional history of sleep apnea resulting from multi-level airway obstruction that includes adenoid hypertrophy, lingual tonsil hypertrophy, subglottic stenosis, and supra-arytenoid tissue consistent with laryngomalacia and tracheomalacia. The clinical, radiographic, and genetic findings in father and son are consistent with a sclerosing skeletal dysplasia syndrome with similarities to mixed sclerosing bone dysplasia (MSBD) including metaphyseal plaques, osteopathia striata, and cranial sclerosis (OS-CS). This family may represent one of the first descriptions of familial inheritance and evolving phenotype in MSBD. The evidence for male-male transmission would support the existence of an autosomal mechanism of inheritance for a novel form of MSBD with characteristic syndromic features.
“Mixed” Results Multiracial Research and Identity Explorations

Multiracial individuals report that the social pressure of having to “choose” one of their racial groups is a primary source of psychological conflict. Yet because of their ability to maneuver among their multiple identities, multiracials also adopt flexible cognitive strategies in dealing with their social environments—demonstrating a benefit to having multiple racial identities. The current article reviews recent research involving multiracial participants to examine the behavioral and cognitive outcomes linked to being multiracial and pinpoints possible moderators that may affect these outcomes. Limitations in applying monoracial identity frameworks to multiracial populations are also discussed.
Wavelet Decomposition to Detect Periodic Signals in Head Accelerometry Measures

An ~1 Hz signal appears in head accelerometry measures, but is difficult to extract by normal FFT techniques because of the addition of a subject's sway. The spectrum of the sway overlaps that of the periodicity spectrum. A wavelet transform is used here to remove the sway component to better extract the periodic signal.
Difficulties of Alternatively Certified Teachers

This daily diary study followed, over a 2-week period, 252 beginning New York City public school teachers. Seventy percent were alternatively certified (New York City Teaching Fellows) and the rest, traditionally certified teachers. Alternatively certified teachers were more likely to experience stressors such as violent incidents and classroom management problems. No differences were found in exposure to stressors/difficulties such as problematic adults, student learning problems, and students experiencing emotional upset. Although differences in the rates of exposure to violent stressors could be explained by other factors (e.g., working in a low-performing school and years of experience), differences in the rates of occurrence of classroom management problems could not. Nevertheless, the high absolute rates of management problems and violence in both groups of teachers were striking and need to be addressed. The authors suggest measures to be taken to address the problem of retaining talented new teachers.
National Inventors Hall of Fame

This PDF file contains the editorial “National Inventors Hall of Fame” for OE Vol. 45 Issue 12
Oral Mucositis: Time for More Studies

Oral Mucositis (OM) is a frequent cause of severe morbidity in patients receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. The pathophysiology of OM involves direct cytotoxic effects, local inflammatory responses, and alterations in oral microflora. There are currently no approved agents for the prevention or treatment of OM. In this review we briefly describe current knowledge of the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of OM. We then discuss investigational agents being studied in OM with a particular focus on local antimicrobial agents, hemopoietic growth factors, and cytokines. Measures to reduce the incidence of OM and/or alleviate its clinical sequelae should be incorporated into all chemotherapy or radiotherapy studies.
The Obligation for Biologists to Commit to Political Advocacy

I explain here why all scientists should feel obligated to do their part to support the community by advocating for the benefits of government investments in scientific research and training.
Did History End? Democracy, Capitalism, Nationalism, Religion, War, and Boredom Since 1989

In a 1989 essay, Francis Fukuyama advanced the notion that, with the death of Communism, history had come to an end. By this he meant that liberalism — democracy and market capitalism — had triumphed over other governmental and economic systems. Looking for future challenges to this triumph, he examined the potential rise of destructive forms of nationalism and of fundamentalist religion, but found them unlikely to prevail.This paper evaluates developments over the subsequent quarter century and argues that Fukuyama seems to have had it fundamentally right. Beginning with the countries of eastern Europe, democracy has continued its progress, and old-fashioned forms of tyranny have almost completely vanished. Moreover, capitalism has increasingly come to be accepted.In the meantime, violent forms of nationalism that surged in some places in the last decade of the old century scarcely proved to be much of a challenge to these trends, and the same seems likely to hold for violent forms of fundamentalist religion that surged in some places in the first decade of the new one. In retrospect, in fact, the significance of both of these illiberal developments seems to have been much exaggerated. In addition, there was a striking decline of civil warfare during the decade after 1989 to low levels that have held now throughout the new century.However, Fukuyama’s prediction that the end of history would be characterized by “boredom” has, perhaps unfortunately, proven to be savagely mistaken. On the other hand, his celebration of the “autonomous power of ideas” seems justified.The central policy implication of this experience is to suggest that, if the trends are on one’s side, it is probably best not to work too hard to move them along.
Contribution of breast density to the volume of the augmented breast: A preliminary study.

Breast reconstruction and augmentation plays an important role in the field of plastic surgery. The procedure can help a woman feel complete, and can re-establish her emotional balance and self-esteem after suffering through a horrifying battle. Breast augmentation is one of the five most common procedures performed by plastic surgeons (1). Women undergo this procedure for mainly two reasons: bilateral hypoplasia of the breast or asymmetry of the breasts due to breast reconstruction of the contralateral side as a consequence of cancer surgery. In both situations, it is most important to try to meet the patient’s expectations and to create two symmetrical breasts. In previous years, breast reconstruction and augmentation has relied on the surgeon’s subjective appreciation of breast tissue characteristics matched with technique and knowledge of wound healing to achieve an aesthetically pleasing result. Currently, three-dimensional digital analysis offers the ability to objectively define anatomical subtleties to refine surgical technique through its capacity to calculate breast volume, surface area, shape, size and contour (2). Baseline volume data can be objectively collected before deciding on the correct implant size to match the cancer-free breast. To improve the outcome of breast augmentation, factors such as patient age and breast density on mammogram must be evaluated. The purpose of the present study was to objectively measure the truly created breast volume (using three-dimensional photography) and compare it with the implant size used for augmentation; furthermore, the study compared the results with breast density on mammogram. The resulting volume and the actual implant size used for augmentation were subsequently compared with breast density on mammogram. The hypothesis was that a younger, more dense breast results in compression of the breast implant and, therefore, leads to smaller true breast volumes when compared with the implant size.
DIELECTRIC AND PIEZOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF (K,Na)NbO3-BASED PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMICS

Solid solutions based on Li, Ta and Sb-doped (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 (KNN) lead-free perovskite systems were created using standard solid-state methods. X-ray diffraction was used to confirm that all compositions were single phase and to verify the phase transition from tetragonal to cubic at TC = 302°C. The three compositions examined, originally developed by Saito and Li, were shown to be strongly ferroelectric with sharp peaks in permittivity present at the Curie temperature. The optimum composition had loss tangent values below 5% up to 100 kHz at room temperature. Bipolar hysteresis measurements showed high values for both maximum polarization (25 and 21 μC/cm2) and remenant polarizations (20 and 16 μC/cm2) for undoped and 0.2 wt% CuO-doped samples. Maximum strain values of greater than 0.23% were observed.
OBJECT BASED LIBRARY FOR 3D UNSTRUCTURED GRID REPRESENTATION AND VOLUME BASED AGGLOMERATION

*† ‡ The design, implementation and performance of an obje ct -oriented library for representing unstructured grids and performing volume based agglomeration for a multigrid solver is presented. The library provides a modular, flexible and efficient framework for representing three dimensional domains. An unstructu red grid is represented using a hierarchy of classes: domain, grid level, cells, faces, edges and vertices. This structure provides the machinery needed to represent physical variables (e.g. variables of a differential equation) directly in the relevant cl ass. It also obviates the need for storing information of a logically independent entity like a cell across several arrays. We use an unstructured volume based agglomeration routine where the agglomeration front propagates inward from the boundaries. Agglo meration occurs across cells sharing a common vertex. Cell fusion rate (number of cells sharing a vertex that get fused into a coarse cell) is parameterized. Aspect ratio is defined so that it captures the degree of cell convexity and gives an indication o f direction of cell stretching. This information is useful for performing directional agglomeration. Quality of agglomeration is evaluated using mean and standard deviation of cell aspect ratios, cell volume, and number of finer grid cells forming a coarse cell. We also solve a simple scalar transport equation using the generated coarse grids in order to discriminate the quality of agglomeration and the optimum number of coarse grid levels. An algorithm for improvement of cell quality that fills up cavities between coarse cells by relocating fine cells between coarse cells is also incorporated into the agglomeration library.
Where Do Undergraduate Civil Engineering Students Fit In within Interdisciplinary Design Experiences

Civil engineering projects inherently require the contribution of many sub-disciplines within engineering. However, current civil engineering undergraduate curricula include limited opportunities for civil engineering students to participate in interdisciplinary design experiences that involve students or topics from other engineering programs (mechanical, electrical, computer, chemical, and/or biomedical). Some challenges to interdisciplinary work for civil engineering students include limitations in available curriculum time, perceived lack of certain background knowledge, and difference in student skill sets between disciplines. This paper is a first step exploration of the performance of undergraduate civil engineering students in comparison to other engineering students in interdisciplinary design experiences facilitated by the authors. An evaluation of freshman level civil engineering student participation and performance within an international, interdisciplinary poverty reliefbased project offered through Ohio Northern University’s (ONU) second semester Introduction to Engineering is presented. The performance and participation of civil engineering students in immersive interdisciplinary design experiences offered to students at ONU and Bucknell University is also explored from an instructor observation point of view. Finally, this paper also explores a limited set of data from senior civil engineering students at Ohio Northern who participated in interdisciplinary capstone design experiences. Student performance evaluations and instructor observations are reported.
Isolation and Properties of the Factor Responsible for Increased Capillary Permeability in Inflammation.

ConclusionsFor the sake of convenience the name Leukotaxin is tentatively proposed for this active crystalline nitrogenous substance which is evidently released by injured tissue and is readily recovered in inflammatory exudates. “Leukotaxine”per se appears to be capable of rapidly initiating the usual sequences of the inflammatory reaction first by inducinw a prompt increase in capillary permeability and secondly by causing an extremely rapid aggregation and migration of leucocytes through the endothelial wall.
Abstract 4183: Modeling soft tissue sarcomas by conditional inactivation of p53 and Rb tumor suppressor genes

Soft tissue sarcomas, particularly its most common type, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas (also known as malignant fibrous histiocytomas), frequently carry mutations in p53 and Rb tumor suppressor genes. We have established the sarcoma mouse model using conditional inactivation of p53 and Rb by a single subcutaneous injection of adenovirus carrying Cre-recombinase into transgenic mice with floxed copies of p53 and Rb genes. The majority of sarcomas in this model are malignant fibrous histiocytomas, which is a neoplasm consisting of intermixed fibroblast- and histiocyte-like cells. By using irradiation chimeras that have been generated by transplanting bone marrow cells from mice carrying the Rosa26StopLacZ or the Z/EG reporter, as well as floxed p53 and Rb genes, to irradiated p53 loxP/loxP Rb loxP/loxP mice, we have determined that sarcomas in this model do not originate from hematopoietic cells but arise from the local resident cells. Although the majority of dermal cells infected with AdCMVCre-eGFP have shown expression of fibroblast marker procollagen type I or macrophage marker F4/80, we have observed that cells expressing stem cell markers Sca-1 and nestin also have been targeted by adenovirus. Notably, isolated mesenchymal multipotent cells characterized by strict plastic adherence and low levels of Sca-1 expression have shown enhanced potential for malignant transformation according to proliferation, invasion, and soft agar assays, following conditional inactivation of p53 and Rb. Additionally, we have determined that sarcomas have increased expression of CXCR4, while its ligand SDF-1 is expressed by infiltrating macrophages. Treatment of sarcoma cells with SDF-1 leads to their increased invasion in Boyden chamber assay while CXCR4 knockdown with siRNA abrogates this effect. Taken together, our results indicate that local Sca-1 low multipotent dermal stem/progenitor cells may be a preferential target for malignant transformation associated with p53 and Rb deficiency. Furthermore, accumulation of SDF-1 producing macrophages may stimulate sarcomagenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4183.
An Examination of University Conducting Faculty Members’ Score Study Attitudes and Practices:

The purpose of this study was to examine university conducting teachers’ attitudes about score study, the source materials they used to teach score study, their personal score study practices, and the score study approaches they taught their undergraduate conducting students. Respondents (N = 236) were members of the College Band Directors National Association who taught undergraduate conducting courses. Our findings indicated that “developing an interpretation of how the music should be performed” was considered the most important reason to study the score, that respondents spent an average of 6 hours in score study per week, and that The Art of Conducting by Donald Hunsberger and Roy Ernst was the most frequently used undergraduate conducting textbook. The two most frequently used personal score study practices, which were also reported as the two most frequently taught practices to undergraduate conductors, were “define all unfamiliar music terms” and “initial, casual read-through of the score.”
Are low levels of 25(OH) vitamin D and testosterone clinically relevant in men with paraplegia

The incidence of fractures is twice as common in persons with paraplegia as in the general population (there is limited data on men with tetraplegia). It is related to increased loss of bone mass a...
The potential impact of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) restrictions on expenditures: a systematic review.

Objective To systematically review the potential impact of reducing the set of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)-eligible foods (e.g. not allowing purchase of sugar-sweetened beverages with SNAP benefits) on expenditures for restricted foods. Design The impact on food expenditures of a $US 1 reduction in available SNAP benefits can be used to estimate the impact of restrictions on SNAP-eligible foods. An electronic search of EconPapers, AgEcon Search, EconLit, WorldCat, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, PubMed and NALDC, and a snowball search were conducted to obtain a sample of studies up to March 2015 that estimate the impacts of SNAP and other income on household food expenditures. The studies were classified according to study population, study design and whether they attempted to correct for major study design biases. Setting Estimates were extracted from fifty-nine published and unpublished studies. Subjects US households. Results Fifty-nine studies were found, yielding 123 estimates of the impact of SNAP benefits on food expenditures and 117 estimates of the difference in impacts between SNAP benefits and other income. Studies correcting for or mitigating study design biases had less estimate variation. Estimates indicate that expenditures on the restricted item would decrease by $US 1·6 to $US 4·8 if $US 10 of SNAP benefits would have otherwise been spent, with a median overall impact of $US 3. Conclusions The present literature suggests that restrictions on SNAP-eligible items may result in a small but potentially meaningful decrease in SNAP expenditures for restricted items. Further research is needed to evaluate whether this would translate into improvements in diet quality.
Computer calculations across time and length scales in photovoltaic solar cells

Photovoltaic (PV) solar cells convert solar energy to electricity through a cascade of microscopic processes spanning over 10 order of magnitudes of time and length. PV conversion involves a complex interplay of photons, charge carriers, and excited states. Processes following light absorption include generation of charge carriers or excitons, exciton dissociation over nanometer lengths and subpicosecond times, and carrier transport over ns–ms times and nm–mm lengths. Computer calculations have become an indispensable tool to understand and engineer solar cells across length and time scales. In this article, we examine the microscopic processes underlying PV conversion and review state-of-the-art computational methods to study PV solar cells. Recent developments and future research challenges are outlined.
Clinical analysis of 40 newborn cases of hyposic ischemic encephalopathy treated with nerve growth factor (bFGF)

Objective: To observe two compared groups of newborn infants with HIE: treatment group, treated with bFGF intramuscular injection and the control group, with citicolin sodium intravenous infusion. Methods: bFGF 10 mg/d intramuscular injection for 10-20 days. Results: The effective incidence was 87. 5% in treatment group, and 65. 0% in control one. Conclusion: We found bFGF group was more effective than control one ( P 0. 01) and have mild side-effect in bFGF group. This drug is promising.