cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of Hurricane Sandy on the shoreface and inner shelf of Fire Island, New York: Large bedform migration but limited erosion

Abstract We investigate the impact of superstorm Sandy on the lower shoreface and inner shelf offshore the barrier island system of Fire Island, NY using before-and-after surveys involving swath bathymetry, backscatter and CHIRP acoustic reflection data. As sea level rises over the long term, the shoreface and inner shelf are eroded as barrier islands migrate landward; large storms like Sandy are thought to be a primary driver of this largely evolutionary process. The “before” data were collected in 2011 by the U.S. Geological Survey as part of a long-term investigation of the Fire Island barrier system. The “after” data were collected in January, 2013, ~two months after the storm. Surprisingly, no widespread erosional event was observed. Rather, the primary impact of Sandy on the shoreface and inner shelf was to force migration of major bedforms (sand ridges and sorted bedforms) 10’s of meters WSW alongshore, decreasing in migration distance with increasing water depth. Although greater in rate, this migratory behavior is no different than observations made over the 15-year span prior to the 2011 survey. Stratigraphic observations of buried, offshore-thinning fluvial channels indicate that long-term erosion of older sediments is focused in water depths ranging from the base of the shoreface (~13–16 m) to ~21 m on the inner shelf, which is coincident with the range of depth over which sand ridges and sorted bedforms migrated in response to Sandy. We hypothesize that bedform migration regulates erosion over these water depths and controls the formation of a widely observed transgressive ravinement; focusing erosion of older material occurs at the base of the stoss (upcurrent) flank of the bedforms. Secondary storm impacts include the formation of ephemeral hummocky bedforms and the deposition of a mud event layer.
How could the validity of the DSM-IV pain disorder be improved in reference to the concept that it is supposed to identify?

This article examines the dilemmas inherent in psychiatry’s attempts to incorporate pain disorders into the standard psychiatric nomenclature. Each succeeding Diagnostic and Statistical Manual has broadened the concept of pain disorders, and, gradually, the diagnosis has become increasingly removed from the original idea of "psychogenic pain." The advantage of this broadening has been the increased use of the diagnosis in clinical settings. However, there remains a problem of validity, as the disorder continues to imply a mind-body dualism, and clinicians are asked to determine the relative contribution of both to the overall picture of pain. After examining this problem, the article looks at some alternative models, and offers some generalizations regarding the dimensions of the pain experience. The article ends by tentatively offering some suggestions for future approaches to pain diagnoses in psychiatry.
ESTIMATION OF TREATMENT EFFECT AND MEASUREMENT OF CHANGE

Summary.-A variety of staristical procedures have been recommended for the evaluation of treatment effects in correlated sequential measures. Analysis of covariance is generally favored and recognized as an appropriate procedure although other techniques have been suggested as simpler and essentially equivalent. This paper examines several of these techniques and reports results of a Monte Carlo scudy comparing Type I error rate per experiment for rhe following procedures (1) analysis of variance of difference scores, (2) analysis of variance of final scores, and (3) analysis of covariance. It is shown that of these procedures only analysis of covariance produces error rates close to chance. Analysis of covariance is recommended for the assessment of treatment effects in data with ptetreaunent-posttreatment measures of the dependent variable and where experimental control is not possible. Behavioral scientists employ a variety of analytic procedures such as repeated-measures designs, test-retest designs, designs equating or blocking subjects according to some criterion or baseline measures, and designs involving the use of a concomitant measure. All the above procedures have in common the sequential measurement of the dependent variable with the treatment inserted between subsequent measurements. Most measures of the same variable taken in dose temporal proximity may be expected to be positively correlated. This has been a recurrent observation in a variety of research fields (Benjamin, 1963; Darrow, 1937; Garside, 1956; Harris, 1967; Helson, 1948, 1964; Lacey, 1956; Thomson, 1924; Zieve, 1940). Such research generally proceeds with an initial measurement or training period, the imposition of a treatment, and a final measurement. Thus final scores are assumed to include variance associated with the initial state of the subject as well as variance associated with treatment effects. The researcher may attempt to equate subjects or assess treatment effects by adjusting final scores for differences in initial scores. A variety of procedures are commonly used in such a situation. This paper compares the more common univariate statistical design strategies used to assess treatment effects with correlated sequential measurement. PROCEDURAL ALTBRNATIVES In analyzing data in the format described above a variety of design and statistical alternatives are available. The following comprise general examples of statistical and experimental controI. These procedures are presented in simplified form and were selected because an extensive survey of thelicerature indicates they are the most commonly used. The procedures are (1) blocking
The conespray nebulizer for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

Abstract A version of the conespray nebulizer proposed by Sharp has been designed and evaluated for routine liquid sample introduction for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The short-term analytical precision was better than 1% RSD with the conespray nebulizer using both simple aqueous solutions and solutions containing a matrix of 10% NaCl. The long-term %RSD (about 8 hr) was typically about 1% with simple (low matrix) solutions. The precision and stability of the analytical signal while nebulizing solutions with a 10% NaCl matrix during continuous runs were not distinguishable from the case when simple solutions were used. Sensitivity and detection limit data collected for the conespray nebulizer at a solution flow rate of 2 ml min and the cross-flow nebulizer at 1 ml min showed similar performance for these figures of merit. Wash-in and wash-out times for the conespray nebulizer were 9 and 40 s, respectively. Generally, this version of the conespray nebulizer provided similar overall performance to the best of the currently available Babington style nebulizers such as the V-groove nebulizer.
Green's-function theory of the anisotropic Heisenberg model in a transverse field.

The S=(1/2 anisotropic Heisenberg model in a transverse field (AHMTF) is studied by means of double-time Green's functions. A new approximation scheme is employed which is based upon the assumption of the statistical independence of the ordering operator. The basic approximations are required to satisfy all relevant operator and correlation identities. Emphasis is placed upon obtaining accurate approximations for those Green's functions which are related to the ordering susceptibility. The scheme is relatively simple to use and applicable to a wide variety of systems. Standard Green's-function techniques are shown to provide results for the critical transverse field for Ising-like systems which violate S=(1/2 identities. They are also shown to be not applicable to the ordered phase of XY-like systems. In contrast, the new approximation provides reasonable results for all temperatures and couplings for the S=(1/2 AHMTF.
Traffic Analysis for Highway-to-Highway Interchanges on Automated Highway Systems: Congestion in Absence of Dedicated Ramps

Special connector ramps linking the automated lanes at automated highway-to-automated highway interchanges may be needed to enable continuous automated driving between two crossing highways. Although a typical cloverleaf configuration has only two levels and is more amenable for such additions, the sharp curvature of this design usually imposes constraints on traffic speed and flow. Because of these constraints, most highway-to-highway interchanges in urban areas have straighter lanes but tend to involve three or more levels. Building the additional connector ramps to accommodate eight high-speed turning movements at an area where the geometry is already complex could be difficult or costly. Therefore, proponents of automated highway systems (AHS) face a major dilemma. This dilemma is studied, including the impact of not providing automated connector ramps on the manual and AHS traffic on manual lanes at or near a highway-to-highway interchange. It is shown that, with a typical cloverleaf design, in the a...
Client research that counts: involve your staff, engage your clients, and improve your services

Client research---done well---results not only in improved products and services, but also in greater staff sensitivity to clients' needs and greater client involvement and satisfaction. But how does one conduct regular, quality client research with limited staff? In this paper, we describe five approaches to client research undertaken by our small unit within University of Washington Information Technology. Our unit identifies, develops, and supports technologies and services for faculty, students, researchers, and staff on three campuses. We strive to understand client needs and to incorporate client feedback into our software and service production life cycle. In this paper, we share our many-faceted approach to client research as well as how data gathered has informed decisions about our services. We also offer suggestions for effectively engaging staff and clients in the research effort and for maximizing the benefits that result.
Local and Global Interpretations of a Disease-Causing Mutation near the Ligand Entry Path in Hyperpolarization-Activated cAMP-Gated Channel

Hyperpolarization-activated, cAMP-gated (HCN) channels sense membrane potential and intracellular cAMP levels. A mutation identified in the cAMP binding domain (CNBD) of the human HCN4 channel, S672R, severely reduces the heart rate, but the molecular mechanism has been unclear. Our biochemical binding assays on isolated CNBD and patch-clamp recordings on the functional channel show that S672R reduces cAMP binding. The crystal structure of the mutant CNBD revealed no global changes except a disordered loop on the cAMP entry path. To address this localized structural perturbation at a whole protein level, we studied the activity-dependent dynamic interaction between cAMP and the functional channel using the patch-clamp fluorometry technique. S672R reduces the binding of cAMP to the channels in the resting state and significantly increases the unbinding rate during channel deactivation. This study on a disease-causing mutation illustrates the important roles played by the structural elements on the ligand entry-exit path in stabilizing the bound ligand in the binding pocket.
Effects of volatile inhalants on sensorimotor reactivity in rats

Abusers of inhaled solvents may show impaired cognitive functioning as reflected in problems with short-term memory and attention. In the present study, we examined the effects of the abused solvents toluene, m-xylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane in an acoustic startle paradigm which included tests for pre-pulse inhibition (PPI). This procedure has been used to model sensorimotor reactivity and gating, pre-attentional processes that may be disrupted by mental illness, substance abuse or drug withdrawal. Following exposure to an inhalant vapor or to air, rats were placed in startle chambers in which they were exposed to loud: [120 dB] acoustic pulses presented alone or preceded by a less intense pre-pulse: [85 dB]. Results were compared to those obtained with the depressants ethanol, pentobarbital and methoxyflurane, which have many acute behavioral effects in common with those of abused solvents. As expected, these depressants only decreased startle amplitudes during pulse alone trials and had no effect on PPI. Although solvent vapors also had no effect on PPI, they did not decrease startle amplitudes in pulse alone trials, at least at the concentrations tested. In fact, toluene robustly increased startle amplitude. The lack of effect of the abused solvents on PPI does not provide support for an hypothesis that acute effects of vapors on attention and early information processing is a basis for cognitive deficits in solvent abusers.
Development of emotional facial recognition in late childhood and adolescence

The ability to interpret emotions in facial expressions is crucial for social functioning across the lifespan. Facial expression recognition develops rapidly during infancy and improves with age during the preschool years. However, the developmental trajectory from late childhood to adulthood is less clear. We tested older children, adolescents and adults on a two-alternative forced-choice discrimination task using morphed faces that varied in emotional content. Actors appeared to pose expressions that changed incrementally along three progressions: neutral-to-fear, neutral-to-anger, and fear-to-anger. Across all three morph types, adults displayed more sensitivity to subtle changes in emotional expression than children and adolescents. Fear morphs and fear-to-anger blends showed a linear developmental trajectory, whereas anger morphs showed a quadratic trend, increasing sharply from adolescents to adults. The results provide evidence for late developmental changes in emotional expression recognition with some specificity in the time course for distinct emotions.
The limitations of medical ecology: The concept of adaptation in the context of social stratification and social transformation

(1989). The limitations of medical ecology: The concept of adaptation in the context of social stratification and social transformation. Medical Anthropology: Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 223-234.
Cistercian Architectural Purism

Since the end of the first world war scholars have intensified their research on the Cistercian movement and its 12th-century architecture. In this note dealing with the building code and the structures of a minority group an attempt will be made to analyze the historical and theoretical bases which were responsible for the austerity of the Cistercian oratories. The question will have to be asked if and for how long the community was able to achieve and to maintain an ideally neutral type of monastic architecture, which was intended to be of such simplicity that it would not impose any emotions on the viewer.
Clinical decision support

Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted Highlights? We study the research efforts of Clinical Decision Support for the last 20years. ? We examine why there are so many definitions and architectures in CDS literature. ? We find that the CDS architectures are coalescing toward an integrated architecture. ? This finding is supported by current CDS research, EHR vendors and several national projects.
Alterations in nucleic acid turnovers in subcellular components during tryptophan peroxidase induction.

Abstract Parental tryptophan administration to the rat leads to tryptophan peroxidase induction and to acceleration in the turnover rates of the RNA of the various liver subcellular fractions. The kinetics of these processes indicate that the stimulation in RNA turnover does not precede or accompany but, rather, is subsequent to the period of active enzyme protein synthesis. The maximum percentage increases in RNA turnover rates are: mitochondria and microsomal RNA, 260%; soluble RNA, 154%; nuclear RNA, 60%. However, due to the markedly different basal turnover rates of RNA in the various subcellular organelles, the absolute increase in total amount of RNA synthesized as a result of enzyme induction are in the order: nuclear > soluble = microsomal > mitochondrial. The kinetic data are compatible with the hypothesis that enzyme induction results in extra nuclear RNA utilization with subsequent resynthesis largely in the nucleus.
Nebivolol and valsartan as a fixed-dose combination for the treatment of hypertension.

Introduction: The fixed-dose combination of nebivolol and valsartan drug has been clinically evaluated and demonstrated to represent a unique combination of nebivolol, a selective β1-adrenoceptor antagonist and a β3-adrenoceptor agonist; β3 receptor activation increases endothelial nitric oxide and produces vasodilation. Valsartan is highly selective angiotensin AT1 receptor blocker and exerts its major pharmacological effect by decreasing angiotensin II-induced vasoconstriction and production of aldosterone. The addition of nebivolol counteracts the effects of increased angiotensin II concentrations resulting from potent AT1 blockade. This review describes a recently completed trial establishing the efficacy of the nebivolol/valsartan combination.Areas covered: This review provides a literature search of pertinent pharmacological and clinical data that describes the mechanisms of both drugs individually and the results of a clinical trial comparing fixed-dose combinations of nebivolol with valsartan as c...
Feasibility of Postmastectomy Treatment With Helical TomoTherapy

Purpose To investigate the potential of helical tomotherapy for postmastectomy radiation therapy. Methods and Materials By use of the TomoTherapy Hi-Art II treatment-planning system (TomoTherapy Inc., Madison, WI), helical tomotherapy dose plans were developed for 5 patients and compared with the mixed-beam (electron–photon) plans with which they had been treated. The TomoTherapy plans were evaluated by use of dose–volume quantities, tumor control probability, normal tissue complication probability (NTCP), and secondary cancer complication probability (SCCP). Results The TomoTherapy plans showed better dose homogeneity in the planning treatment volume containing the chest wall and internal mammary nodes ( p = 0.001) and eliminated the need for abutting fields. For the normal tissues, the TomoTherapy plans showed a smaller fractional volume receiving 20Gy or greater for the ipsilateral lung ( p = 0.05), no change in NTCP for postradiation pneumonitis, increased SCCP for each lung and both lungs together ( p p p p = 0.001). Conclusions Overall, the TomoTherapy plans had comparable tumor control probability and NTCP to the mixed-beam plans and increased SCCP. The TomoTherapy plans showed significantly greater dose homogeneity in the chest wall, which offers the potential for improved cosmesis after treatment. These factors have resulted in TomoTherapy often being the treatment of choice for postmastectomy radiation therapy in our clinic.
Spectral sensitivity of photoreceptor neurons in the sixth ganglion of the crayfish

Abstract 1. 1. The spectral sensitivity function for the photosensitive neurons found in the sixth abdominal ganglion of the crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) has been determined using monochromatic stimuli. 2. 2. Its peak lies at 500 mμ; the position of this maximum and the shape of the curve agrees with the absorption spectra of previously extracted crustacean rhodopsins. 3. 3. The sensitivity curve differs markedly, however, from that found previously for the crayfish compound eye, which has its peak at 570 mμ; thus the sixth-ganglion photoreceptor utilizes a different photosensitive pigment from that found in the compound eyes.
Restructuring help: A human services paradigm for the 1990s

The new paradigm calls for the restructuring, redistribution, and expansion of helping behavior by those who ordinarily function as consumers of help. Consumers are to become producers of prosumers. By so doing they expand the help-giving resources quantitatively by converting helpees into helpers. The help is also changed qualitatively because the peers and the self-helpers possess an indigenous or inside understanding of the problems and the people to whom they offer help. Heins Kohut, the brilliant psychoanalyst, suggests that the key to therapeutic change may not be insight or understanding, but rather being understood. Who better to understand than those who have been there?
Active living collaboratives in the United States: understanding characteristics, activities, and achievement of environmental and policy change.

INTRODUCTION: Changing the built environment to promote active lifestyles requires collaboration among diverse sectors. Multisectoral collaborative groups in the United States promote active lifestyles through environmental and policy changes. The objective of this study was to examine the characteristics of these collaborative groups and the extent to which they have achieved change. METHODS: We identified, recruited, and interviewed the coordinators of active living collaborative groups in the United States. We used descriptive statistics to characterize groups by composition, stakeholder engagement, and the extent of environmental and policy change in 8 strategic areas. RESULTS: Fifty-nine groups from 22 states participated in the study. Most groups had a diverse set of partners and used a range of activities to advance their agendas. Most groups achieved some form of environmental or policy change. On average, groups reported working on 5 strategy areas; parks and recreation (86%) and Safe Routes to School (85%) were named most frequently. More than half of groups reported their environmental initiatives as either in progress or completed. Groups reported the most success in changing policy for public plazas, street improvements, streetscaping, and parks, open space, and recreation. Complete Streets policy and zoning ordinances were the most frequently cited policy types. Engaging in media activities and the policy-making process in addition to engaging stakeholders appear to influence success in achieving change. CONCLUSION: Although many groups successfully worked on parks and recreation improvements, opportunities remain in other areas, including transit and infill and redevelopment. Additional time and resources may be critical to realizing these types of changes. KW: SW2S Language: en
Neural-network-directed Bayes-decision rule for moving target classification

In this paper, a new neural network directed Bayes decision rule is developed for target classification exploiting the target's dynamic behavior. The system consists of a feature extractor, a neural network directed conditional probability generator and a sequential Bayes classifier. The velocity and curvature sequences extracted from each track are used as the primary features. Several hidden states are used to train the neural network, the output of which is the conditional probability of occurring the hidden states given the observations. These conditional probabilities are then used as the inputs to the Bayes classifier to make the classification. The classification results are updated recursively whenever a new scan of data is received. Simulation results on both clean tracks and heavily cluttered Infrared (IR) satellite images are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Regulation of the immune response. V. Antibody-mediated inhibition of T and B cell cooperation in the in vitro response to red cell antigens

The investigation of the mechanism by which antibody inhibits the production of antibody has been continued using the in vitro response of mouse spleen cells to red cell antigens as assay system. Extending earlier findings demonstrating that antibody does not inhibit (1) the priming of T cells (as opposed to B cells) and (2) the production of antibody by antigen-sensitive B cells, we show here that antibody (endogenous as well as exogenous) does not affect the potential of primed T cells to perform a helper function either. It appears that antibody interferes with the realization of this potential, i. e. the cooperation of T and B cells. Possible mechanisms are discussed, drawing particular attention to the fact that an intact Fc portion is required for antibody to be suppressive in this system.
Synthesis of Hydrophobic Molecular Sieves by Hydrothermal Treatment with Acetic Acid

A series of calcined borosilicate molecular sieves are treated hydrothermally with aqueous acetic acid and subsequently characterized in detail. The acid treatments are shown to expel boron from the molecular sieves, and the defects created by the boron removal are subsequently healed with silicon dissolved from other parts of the crystal. By use of this procedure, highly crystalline, hydrophobic all-silica CIT-1 and SSZ-33 (CON topology) molecular sieves are synthesized for the first time. ^(29)Si Bloch decay (BD) and cross-polarization magic-angle spinning (CPMAS) NMR spectra indicate that the materials have few internal defects and allow for structural characterization of CON materials by 29Si MAS NMR. Seven unique tetrahedral silicon species are identified in the spectra in agreement with the published crystal structure. The effects of treatment conditions such as acid type, solution pH, and temperature are studied in detail. Conditions near the isoelectric point of silica (pH = 0−2) are found to be efficient for the production of a variety of hydrophobic materials with few structural defects including molecular sieves of the *BEA, CON, and MWW topologies. Detailed control studies using SSZ-33 show that the nearly defect-free materials contain triangular mesopores that are clearly distinguishable in field-emission electron microscopy images. The silica that previously inhabited the mesopores is a likely source for the species required to heal the defects created by boron expulsion. In addition to healing the vacancies previously inhabited by boron with dissolved silicon, an additional aluminum or gallium source can be added to the acetic acid solution and the ions are incorporated into the framework. Many of the defects that are not filled with the Al^(3+) or Ga^(3+) species are filled with silicon during the treatment to produce a more hydrophobic metallosilicate than the one containing internal silanol defects.
62.1: Invited Paper: Liquid Crystal and Liquid Lenses for Displays and Image Processing

We demonstrate a thin flat polymeric microlens for improving the aperture ratio and light efficiency of an LCD; a tunable-focus LC lens for imaging processing and switchable 2D/3D displays, and a liquid lens with large focal length tenability for beam steering and machine vision. Detailed device structure and operation mechanism of each lens will be described.
Impaired parathyroid hormone receptor-adenylate cyclase system in the postobstructed canine kidney.

The present studies examine the initial events in the action of PTH, namely receptor binding and adenylate cyclase activation in the postobstructed canine kidney. Both kidneys were removed from five mongrel dogs 2 h after relief of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) of 42 h duration. Basolateral membranes (BLM) were prepared from both the UUO and contralateral (control) kidneys. Maximal activation of adenylate cyclase by PTH was 35% lower (P <0.01) in BLM from UUO than control kidneys (3869 ± 200 vs. 5978 ± 425 pmol cAMP/mg protein-30 min). The concentration of PTH required for half-maximal activation of the enzyme was unchanged. Addition of 1 mM GTP failed to correct the decreased enzyme activity in response to PTH of BLM from kidneys with UUO. NaF activation, a measure of interaction of the nucleotide regulatory component (G/F) with the catalytic unit of the adenylate cyclase was similar in BLM from UUO and control kidneys. Similarly, activation of the catalytic unit of the enzyme by Mn2+ was not dif...
Lying to Get a Date: The Effect of Facial Physical Attractiveness on the Willingness to Deceive Prospective Dating Partners

This research explored the extent to which people use deception to initiate a date with opposite-sex prospects who varied in facial physical attractiveness. Participants reviewed profiles of prospective dates varying in facial attractiveness, described their own personal characteristics to the prospective dates (study 1), and rated their willingness to lie to make themselves appear to be more desirable to each prospect (study 2). Both men and women deceptively altered their self-presented expressivity and love attitudes to more attractive prospects (study 1), and reported being more willing to lie about their personal appearance, personality traits, income, past relationship outcomes, career skills and intelligence to prospective dates who were higher in facial physical attractiveness, compared with prospective dates who were lower in facial physical attractiveness (study 2). No sex-differences in the willingness to use deceptive self-presentational tactics were found. A strong positive correlation was fo...
Planning approaches to constraint-aware navigation in dynamic environments

Path planning is a fundamental problem in many areas, ranging from robotics and artificial intelligence to computer graphics and animation. Although there is extensive literature for computing optimal, collision-free paths, there is relatively little work that explores the satisfaction of spatial constraints between objects and agents at the global navigation layer. This paper presents a planning framework that satisfies multiple spatial constraints imposed on the path. The type of constraints specified can include staying behind a building, walking along walls, or avoiding the line of sight of patrolling agents. We introduce two hybrid environment representations that balance computational efficiency and search space density to provide a minimal, yet sufficient, discretization of the search graph for constraint-aware navigation. An extended anytime dynamic planner is used to compute constraint-aware paths, while efficiently repairing solutions to account for varying dynamic constraints or an updating world model. We demonstrate the benefits of our method on challenging navigation problems in complex environments for dynamic agents using combinations of hard and soft, attracting and repelling constraints, defined by both static obstacles and moving obstacles. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Looking for opportunistic discovery of information in recent biomedical research: a content analysis

The most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds new discoveries, is not 'Eureka!' but 'That's funny...' --- Isaac Asimov From the discovery of penicillin and x-rays to the development of many of today's chemotherapy agents, serendipitous findings tangential to the researcher's intended purpose, those "That's funny..." moments, have greatly impacted the health and well-being of society. As an information behavior, these unexpected findings are an example of the Opportunistic Discovery of Information (ODI). ODI has been described in many contexts, from information behavior in virtual worlds to the impact of information encountering on health behaviors. Yet, little is known about instances of ODI within the context of scientific research. This study uses content analysis to reveal reported instances of ODI in recently published biomedical literature. Our findings propose a taxonomy of term use indicating the presence of serendipity in the research process and reveal the relationship between the authors' word choice for serendipity and specific types of ODI experiences.
Smoke management of wildland and prescribed fire: understanding public preferences and trade-offs

Smoke from forest fires is a serious and increasing land management concern. However, a paucity of information exists that is specific to public perceptions of smoke. This study used conjoint analysis, a multivariate technique, to evaluate how four situational factors (i.e., smoke origin, smoke duration, health impact, and advanced warning) influence public tolerance of smoke in the northern Rocky Mountains and south-central United States. Separate analyses were performed for subgroups, based on community type, level of fire preparedness, demographics, and smoke experience, to explore potential differences among managerially relevant populations. Origin of the smoke and advanced public warning were commonly the most impor- tant factors influencing public tolerance of smoke. A comparison of our conjoint approach with a univariate rating technique is also discussed. Findings from this research will help fire managers understand public tolerance of smoke from forest fires, inform forest management, and enhance public communication strategies.
Feasibility of electric power transmission by DC superconducting cables

The electrical characteristics of dc superconducting cables of two power ratings were studied: 3 GW and 500 MW. Two designs were considered for each of the two power ratings. In the first design, the SUPPLY stream of the cryogen is surrounded by the high-voltage high-temperature superconductor cylinder. The RETURN stream of the cryogen is on the grounded side of the system. In the second design, both the SUPPLY and the RETURN streams of the cryogen are on the grounded side of the cable. Two electrical characteristics of these cables were studied: 1) fault currents and 2) current harmonics. It was concluded that neither the fault currents nor the current harmonics pose any problems in the operation of the dc superconducting cables.
SPHEROIDAL BODIES IN THE JUNCTIONAL SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM OF LIZARD MYOCARDIAL CELLS

The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of lizard (Anolis carolinensis) myocardial cells has been examined, with particular attention being paid to the structural details of the peripheral couplings (junctional SR). Spheroidal bodies are present within the opaque core of junctional SR; these can be seen both in sections made en face and in sections cut to show the apposition of the junctional SR with the sarcolemma. Opaque junctional processes extend between the sarcolemma and the peripheral junctional SR. The myocardial cells in addition contain some SR cisternae deep within the cells which also possess opaque cores composed of spheroids. Although the significance of the junctional SR spheroidal bodies is unknown, it is thought that they could act as a matrix on which enzymes such as calcium-specific ATPase may be located.
Ankersmit's Postmodernist Historiography: The Hyperbole of “Opacity”

Ankersmit's articulation of a postmodern theory of history takes seriously both the strengths of traditional historicism and the right of historians to decide what makes sense for disciplinary practice. That makes him an exemplary interlocutor. Ankersmit proposes a theory of historical “representation” which radicalizes the narrative approach to historiography along the lines of poststructuralist textualism. Against this postmodernism but invoking some of his own arguments, I defend the traditional historicist position. I formulate criticisms of the theory of reference entailed in his notion of “narrative substance,” of his master analogy of historiography with modern painting, and finally of his characterization of historical hermeneutics. In each case I find him guilty of the hyperbole which he himself cautions against. While it is true that historical narratives cannot be taken to be transparent, in taking them to be opaque Ankersmit puts himself in an untenable position. Finally, Ankersmit seeks to buttress his theoretical case by an interpretation of the new cultural historical texts of authors like Davis and Ginzburg. While this is a concreteness heartily to be welcomed in philosophers of history, I cannot find his construction of this new school's work plausible.
Reassortment of simian virus 40 DNA during serial undiluted passage.

Abstract Alterations occur in the supercoiled form of viral DNA after the serial undiluted passaging of simian virus (SV) 40. We have identified a portion of the viral genome which is amplified during this process. These SV40 DNA sequences represent about 30% of the viral genetic information and are present in a reiterated form in twisted circular molecules prepared from purified virions. In addition, reiterated and unique green monkey DNA sequences are incorporated into supercoiled viral DNA. The cellular DNA appears to be inserted at numerous locations in the DNA I molecules.
Mutual Information Between Random Processes from High Dimensional Data

A number of signal estimation problems are arising where a relatively low dimensional state is to be estimated from a high dimensional observation sequence. In previous work we have shown this leads to considerable simplification in the structure of optimal state estimators even in non-linear problems. In these and other state estimation problems there is a growing interest in the computation of mutual information between unobserved state and observed sequence. Here we show that the mutual information computation can be likewise considerably simplified.
Dark-lens diffracting telescope: novel concept for direct extrasolar planet imaging

Current narrow-band optical filters for professional solar astronomy applications are primarily based on Lyot filters.1 However, the Lyot filter is severely limited in operation at UV wavelengths because of the lack of suitable UV hightransmission polarizers. In addition, the Lyot filter is comprised of over 50 elements ~over 30 cm long and weighing several kilograms! that require precise alignment and temperature stabilization for all of the elements.
A Microenterprise-Centered Economic Development Strategy for the Rural South: Sustaining Growth with Economic Opportunity

Microenterprise programs (MEPs) have become an important research concern and rural development strategy in international development circles. The basic premise of this approach is that microenterprises , that is firms with fewer than 10 employees, can be provided with a series of small loans that allow them to start or expand productive activities and thereby increase incomes and escape poverty. Governments and donor agencies have expanded funding for microfinance programs in low-income countries and more articles appear in the Western media about the success of this new approach in assisting the poor.
Tepary Bean Starch. Part I. Physico-chemical Properties†

Starch of high purity was isolated by a simple procedure from tepary beans (Phaseolus acutifolius var. latifolius). Granules were spherical to oval with a birefringence pattern similar to that of other legume starches. Under SEM they appeared smooth with no evidence of fissures. They showed a normal distribution of diameters with a range of 15.5–59.8 μ and a mean of 33.5 μ. Tepary starch had an amylose content of 30.7% and a gelatinization temperature range of 70.5–84.0°C. Other properties were also determined. Fractionation provided an amylose fraction with a β-amyloysis limit of 76.3% and an average DPη of 618. The amylopectin fraction had an average values of 33, 22 and 10 glucose units respectively. Teparybohnen-Starke. Teil 1. Physikalisch-chemische Eigenschaften. Durch ein einfaches Verfahren wurde Starke hoher Reinheit aus Teparybohnen (Phaseolus acutifolius var. latifolius) isoliert. Die Korner waren rund bis oval und zeigten ahnlich wie Starken aus anderen Hulsenfruchten Doppelbrechung. Unter dem Rasterelektronenmikroskop (SEM) erschienen sie glatt ohne Spur von Spalten. Sie zeigten eine normale Durchmesser-Verteilung im Bereich von 15,5 bis 59,8 μ und im Durchschnitt von 33,5 μ. Teparystarke hatte einen Amylosegehalt von 30,7% und eine Verkleisterungstemperatur im Bereich von 70,5 bis 84,0°C. Es wurden auch andere Eigenschaften ermittelt. Fraktionierung ergab eine Amylose-Fraktion mit einem Amylolyse-Grenzwert von 76,3% und einem durchschnittlichen DPη von 618. Die Amylopektin-Fraktion hatte einen durchschnittlichen -Werte von 33, 22 bzw. 10 Glucose-Einheiten.
Methylphenidate enhances prepulse inhibition during processing of task‐relevant stimuli in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder

ADHD is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and disinhibition, including the inability to screen out distracting stimuli. Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle indexes a related gating process and is enhanced during attended compared to ignored stimuli. We predicted that PPI during attended stimuli would be enhanced by the stimulant methylphenidate (MPH) and that this effect would be moderated by baseline PPI. Children with ADHD (n=36) completed a baseline day and a randomized, double-blind medication trial (placebo vs. sustained release MPH). Bilateral startle eyeblink EMG was measured during a tone discrimination task. MPH enhanced PPI during attended, but not during ignored stimuli. Extending findings that pretreatment functioning moderates stimulant effects on PPI, this effect tended to be inversely related to baseline PPI. These data fit with the clinical literature on ADHD and the hypothesis that MPH enhances interference control for important environmental stimuli.
Treatment of severe chronic venous insufficiency using the subfascial endoscopic perforator vein procedure

Background Before 1985, corrective surgical procedures for patients with chronic venous insufficiency and venous ulcers were performed using long incisions through diseased skin and subcutaneous tissues. The procedure, involving ligation of incompetent perforator veins, known as “the Linton operation,” often was complicated by wound infections and poor healing. This changed in 1985 when G. Hauer demonstrated a new surgical technique for direct visual identification of the incompetent perforator veins using an endoscope in the subfascial space. This seminal contribution marked the advent of subfascial endoscopic perforator vein surgery (SEPS).
Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin : structure, action and detection

Diarrheal and cramping symptoms associated with this illness are caused by a protein enterotoxin (CPE). Recently, diagnosis of C.perfringens food poisoning has been improved by the development of direct assays to detect CPE in feces or CPE production by food or fecal isolates of C. perfringens. The enterotoxin has a membrane-active action which appears to involve four early steps : binding of CPE to a mammalian receptor, insertion of CPE into membranes, formation of a complexe between CPE and mammalian membrane proteins and onset of toxin-induced ion and water permeability changes
GRASE (Gradient-and Spin-Echo) imaging: A novel fast MRI technique

A fast multi-section MR imaging technique is described. Gradient- and spin-echo (GRASE) imaging utilizes the speed advantages of gradient refocusing while overcoming the image artifacts arising from static field inhomogeneity and chemical shift. Image contrast is determined by the T2 contrast in the Hahn spin echoes. A novel k-space trajectory temporally modulates signals and demodulates artifacts.
Construction of a Spinach Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) Library as a Resource for Gene Identification and Marker Development

Spinach (Spinacae oleracae) is a nutritious vegetable and an economically important crop worldwide. Spinach is threatened by a number of diseases, and the most significant of which is downy mildew, caused by Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae (Pfs). The spinach locus RPF1 confers resistance to 11 of the 15 known races of Pfs. To study the RPF1 locus in depth, a BAC library was constructed from DNA of a single spinach plant that was homozygous at the RPF1 locus. The BAC library contained 73,728 clones, with an average insert size of 183 kb, which represented approximately 13 spinach genome equivalents (989 Mb). The ends of 1920 BAC clones were sequenced from both directions, and 3405 BAC end sequences (BESs) ranging from 100 to 935 bp were obtained. About 38.59 % of the BESs contained repetitive sequences, including 363 copies of retrotransposable elements and 32 copies of transposable elements. Less than 3 % of the clones originated from chloroplasts or mitochondria. Various categories of protein-encoding genes, including transcription factors, stress responsive genes, and reproduction-associated genes, were identified. Putative disease resistance genes containing nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) domains were also identified, one of which was closely linked to the RPF1 locus. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) motifs were identified from 154 BESs, including various di-, tri-, tetra-, and penta-nucleotide repeats. One hundred pairs of SSR primers and 24 retrotransposon primers were designed from BESs, all of which successfully amplified spinach DNA. This spinach BAC library will provide a useful resource for spinach genetic studies and breeding efforts.
Reciprocal-compensated fiber optic electric current sensor

The great interest in fiber optic current sensors results from their inherently high voltage isolation which eliminates the ground loop difficulty. Moreover fiber optic cunent sensors have the advaiitages of wide bandwidth, immunity to electromagnetic interference, low cost, and small size, over the traditional mutual inductance type current transducers. Most fiber optic current sensors utilize the Faraday effect.
A 65 nm CMOS 330 Mb/s Microwave Backscatter Link at 2.4 to 2.9 GHz With Ambient Blocker Cancellation

This letter discusses the implementation of microwave backscatter links in CMOS technology which are similar to existing systems at mid-UHF for RFID, but intended for use at the 2.4 GHz ISM band towards higher data-rate wireless connectivity solutions. The demonstrated microwave backscatter link uses CMOS RFIC implementation as opposed to discrete components, enabling low power consumption, while maintaining a high modulation bandwidth. Similar to RFID readers, the prototype link also cancels the carrier self-leakage and ambient reflection with internal calibration within a base-station chip. The demonstrated link is implemented and characterized in a 65 nm CMOS technology and is shown to provide 330 Mb/s of raw data-rate with BERs better than} $10^{-9}$ over distances up to 2.5 m.
The Difficulty of Prevention A Behavioral Perspective

Behavioral medicine provides insight in to the problem of injury prevention. Society often views unintentional injuries as only an accident when in reality many accident-related injuries are preventable. However, barriers to behavioral change in injury prevention exist for both patients (eg, inconvenience, perceived risk-benefit ratio) and health care providers (eg, feeling of badgering nonadherent patients, patient misinformation). To overcome barriers, the article discusses strategies for health care providers to address injury prevention such as choosing active over passive strategies, informing patients of predictable injury-prone circumstances, and individualizing patient risks.
Orthopaedic trauma clinical research: is 2-year follow-up necessary? Results from a longitudinal study of severe lower extremity trauma.

BACKGROUND The ideal length of follow-up for orthopedic trauma research studies is unknown. This study compares 1- and 2-year complications, clinical recovery, and functional outcomes from a large prospective clinical study. METHODS Patients (n = 336) with limb threatening unilateral lower extremity injuries were followed at the 12, 24, and 84 months. Major outcomes observed were complications requiring hospital re-admission, fracture and wound healing, attainment of full weight bearing status, return to work, and self-reported functional outcome using the Sickness Impact Profile. RESULTS The rate of newly observed complications beyond year 1 was small, ranging from 0 to <2%. In addition, 85% to 90% of the clinical recovery outcomes were attained by 1 year, and patients not achieving clinical recovery during the first year had significantly worse functional outcomes. Only 5% of patients returned to work between 1 year and 2 years. Although, a substantial number of patients achieved functional recovery between 1 year and 2 years, of the patients not achieving functional recovery at year 1, 85% of those who would go on to achieve functional recovery during the second year could be predicted using year 1 data. CONCLUSIONS Although long-term follow-up provides a more complete picture of final outcomes and rate of recovery, follow-up beyond 1 year is difficult and expensive. In our study, it accounted for 20% of the total cost. The analysis of our data suggests that 1-year data were sufficient to address our major study hypotheses.