cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seniors and the Fair Housing Act

Providing housing for America's senior population is already a massive industry and one that is certain to grow as the Baby Boom generation ages. One of the crucial issues facing this industry is compliance with the nondiscrimination commands of the federal Fair Housing Act (FHA). Originally passed in 1968, the FHA as amended now outlaws discrimination in most of America's housing based on race, disability, and five other criteria, and its provisions are mirrored in scores of state and local fair housing laws. Most of the prohibitions of the FHA and its state and local counterparts apply to housing for older persons, although providers of such housing often seem oblivious to the mandates of these laws. The result, coupled with a growing unwillingness of seniors to tolerate discriminatory treatment, has been the steady increase in FHA litigation involving housing for older persons, a trend that is likely to accelerate in the coming decades. This Article analyzes the ways in which the FHA and other fair housing laws govern housing for older persons. Part I surveys the range of housing choices available to older persons and describes the demographic trends that are likely to increase the future demand for such housing as America's population grows older. Part II reviews the FHA's substantive provisions and exemptions in order to determine the extent to which this statute applies to the various types of housing for seniors. Finally, Part III identifies the key discrimination issues that are likely to arise in such housing and suggests how the FHA and related laws should be interpreted to deal with these issues.
On aggregating probabilistic evidence

Imagine a database – a set of propositions \(\varGamma =\{F_1,\ldots ,F_n\}\) with some kind of probability estimates, and let a proposition X logically follow from \(\varGamma \). What is the best justified lower bound of the probability of X? The traditional approach, e.g., within Adams’ Probability Logic, computes the numeric lower bound for X corresponding to the worst-case scenario. We suggest a more flexible parameterized approach by assuming probability events \(u_1,u_2,\ldots ,u_n\) which support \(\varGamma \), and calculating aggregated evidence \(e(u_1,u_2,\ldots ,u_n)\) for X. The probability of e provides a tight lower bound for any, not only a worst-case, situation. The problem is formalized in a version of justification logic and the conclusions are supported by corresponding completeness theorems. This approach can handle conflicting and inconsistent data and allows the gathering both positive and negative evidence for the same proposition.
Collection of More Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells with Large Volume Leukapheresis in Patients with Multiple Myeloma

Reinfusion of mobilized peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) after high dose chemotherapy accelerates hematopoietic recovery. Because of the relatively low content of hematopoietic progenitors in the peripheral blood even after mobilization, multiple leukapheresis procedures are necessary to reach the required target number of CD34 cells to ensure prompt engraftment post-transplantation. Our previous studies have shown that the highest proportions of hematopoietic progenitors cells (CD34) are collected during the first three days of apheresis, whereas peak levels of myeloma cells are observed during subsequent days. Therefore, large volume leukapheresis (LVL), defined as processing of greater than 3 blood volumes or a total of at least 15 liters, was explored in 23 myeloma patients, undergoing 91 procedures; 14 patients were mobilized with high dose cyclophosphamide (6g/m2) and hematopoietic growth factors and 9 with G-CSF only. CD34 yields were measured separately for the first and last two hours of collection. We observed no decrease in CD34 cells/kg during the last two hours of collection and when the LVL collections were compared to historical matched controls, mobilized with the same regimen, the median quantity of CD34 cells/kg/liter collected remained equivalent during all days of apheresis. When compared to G-CSF only, mobilization with high dose cyclophosphamide appeared to result in superior hematopoietic stem cell collections. Interestingly, the G-CSF group experienced a progressive decrease in platelets during consecutive days of LVL, while the opposite was seen in the cyclophosphamide group. LVL procedures were not associated with a higher complication rate than standard volume apheresis. We conclude that LVL procedures allow collection of more CD34 cell per session while not jeopardizing progenitor cell collections during subsequent sessions. Since more CD34 cells are collected, fewer days are required to attain the optimal target of progenitor cells. This should result in PBSC grafts with less tumor contamination.
Breast Carcinoma-associated Antigen: An Immunocytochemical Study

An antiserum raised against a high molecular weight fraction of a medullary carcinoma of the breast was used to study breast carcinomas by means of an indirect unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technic. Strong cytoplasmic staining was demonstrated in all of 30 breast cancers tested and in one of three intraductal papillomas. Weak cytoplasmic staining was detected in four of nine fibroadenomas, two malignant melanomas, and one of six carcinomas of the colon. No cytoplasmic staining was seen in 24 other specimens of breast tissue, including 12 specimens from patients who had fibrocystic disease and five fibroadenomas, or in 17 extramammary malignant tumors. The antiserum appears to identify a breast carcinopma-associated antigen.
Implementation of Maximum-Likelihood Expectation-Maximization Algorithm for Tomographic Reconstruction of TDLAT Measurements

Harsh flowfields, such as those found within a scramjet, can present great difficulties for conventional mechanical diagnostics. The high speed, high enthalpy, combusting flowfields make probing the flow very challenging. Optical diagnostics, such as tunable diode laser (TDL) techniques, have an advantage over their mechanical counterparts because of their non-intrusive nature. No hardware comes in contact with the flow itself, and therefore the integrity of the diagnostic is preserved and the flow is undisturbed. Traditional implementations of TDL, such as Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS), are indeed non-intrusive, but are limited by their path-integrated line-of-sight (LOS) nature. The harsh flowfields of a scramjet are highly three-dimensional and thus an optical diagnostic technique capable of producing spatially resolved measurements is required. Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Tomography (TDLAT) is a non-intrusive optical technique which combines TDLAS and computed tomography (CT) to produce a 2-D spatially resolved measurement of two key combustion diagnostic properties: temperature and species number density. Data have been collected at the exit plane of the University of Virginia’s Supersonic Combustion Facility (UVaSCF) in both the dual-mode and scram-mode of operation. Data from the scram-mode operation are presented here. The fuel used in the experiment dictates the important species to be studied in the exhaust flow. Hydrogen was used in these experiments and therefore water vapor, its major combustion product, is the targeted molecule. This work details the development and assessment of the tomographic inversion algorithm, Maximum-Likelihood Expectation-Maximization (ML-EM), and its integration with TDLAT data analysis.
Tough Times for Medicinal Chemists: Are We to Blame?

In the United States, medicinal chemists continue to face job insecurity and high rates of unemployment. The situation is unlikely to improve in the near future. Is there a light at the end of the tunnel? Is there anything we can do to revitalize our community? The answer may be right in front of us.
Patterns of missing data and the screening of African Americans for latent TB infection during state psychiatric hospital admissions

Abstract Objective: The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate that evaluating patterns of missing purified protein derivative test data can help to identify gaps in the screening of African American psychiatric inpatients for latent tuberculosis infection. Design: The results of tuberculin skin tests were abstracted during chart reviews from patients' physical examination form after hospital admission. Two different approaches to missing test data of purified protein derivative were examined in regression models: (1) classifying patients with missing test data as having negative readings on the tuberculin skin test; and (2) a comparison of patients with missing versus nonmissing test results of purified protein derivative as the outcome. The data were from a case-control study of the psychiatric misdiagnosis of 118 Black inpatients in a psychiatric hospital in upstate New York. Results: Chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses were conducted on the missing TB test data in relation to se...
David Pollard and Philosophy

This essay attends to both the critical and poetic work of David Pollard. In so doing, it not only engages the works themselves, but also allows the contours of such an engagement to manifest themselves, both with regards to the works at hand and more broadly. What does reading and thinking with Pollard give us to experience about reading and thinking as such?
The American Society for Apheresis (ASFA) is pleased to offer a Qualification in Apheresis (QIA) in partnership with The Board of Certification (BOC) of the American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP) starting in January of 2016

ROUTE 1: RN, LPN, or LVN with U.S. state license, certificate, or diploma*, AND 3 years full-time acceptable experience in apheresis or 5 years part-time acceptable experience in apheresis within the last 10 years. ROUTE 2: Professional nurse diploma or equivalent received outside of the U.S.*, AND 3 years full-time acceptable experience in apheresis or 5 years part-time acceptable experience in apheresis within the last 10 years. ROUTE 3: ASCP or ASCPi certification in the following categories: MLS/MT, BB, SBB or MLT AND 3 years of fulltime acceptable experience in apheresis or 5 years parttime acceptable experience in apheresis within the last 10 years. ROUTE 4: Baccalaureate degree from a regionally accredited college/university in the U.S. or an accredited/ approved educational institution** outside of the U.S. with a combination of 24 semester-hours (36 quarter-hours) of biology and/or chemistry, AND 3 years of full-time acceptable experience in apheresis or 5 years part-time acceptable experience in apheresis within the last 10 years. ROUTE 5: Doctorate in Medicine or equivalent of a U.S. Doctorate in Medicine**, AND 1 year of acceptable experience as an apheresis physician within the last 5 years. ROUTE 6: Doctorate in Medicine or equivalent of a U.S. Doctorate in Medicine**, AND documented training in a relevant accredited post graduate medical education program, which includes apheresis (e.g., transfusion medicine, hematology/oncology, nephrology, clinical pathology).
Hormone pathways in cerebrospinal fluid.

It is difficult to reconcile the relative absence of evidence available on hormone pathways of the CSF and the ventricular route hypothesis, even when only very particular hormone systems are examined. One must consider several of the parameters such as possible entry of hormones into the CSF via the choroid plexus, CVOs and intraventricular nerve endings, or even the possibility that they may cross the blood-brain barrier. These considerations are important for whatever hormone system is being studied, and there probably may turn out to be several pathways for any particular hormone to access the CSF. Despite the fact that there are many acceptable features of the ventricular route hypothesis, more investigation remains to be undertaken in order to fully appreciate the importance of the CSF as an integrator of neuronal and endocrine function.
Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) junctionless transistors

Abstract: Unipolar junctionless transistors are thin-film, heavily doped (typically in the 10 19 cm − 3 range) semiconductor resistors with a gate electrode that controls the flow of current between source and drain. Device design is extremely simple as there are no PN junctions. Device operation relies on fully depleting the semiconductor using the workfunction of the gate material to turn the device off. When the device is turned on, current flows through the bulk of the thin film, and can be augmented by an accumulation current contribution. Junctionless transistors are characterized by reduced short-channel effects and present excellent subthreshold slope and low DIBL.
Is There a Natriuretic Hormone

This chapter provides with the investigative evidence of the presence of a hormone named natriuretic. Studies suggest that changes in hydrostatic pressure have analogous effects, for example, elevation of renal venous pressure has been reported to reduce proximal reabsorption. While the relationship between an inhibitor of sodium transport in amphibian membranes and a mammalian natriuretic factor would seem a little uncertain, one would surely have to give serious consideration to any activity consistently present during natriuresis and absent in hydropenia. The individual with markedly reduced renal function shares with the saline-loaded individual the characteristic of excreting a large fraction of the sodium contained in the glomerular filtrate. When assayed in diabetes insipidus rats, it caused an increased excretion of sodium but no regular change in urine flow, suggesting that its effect is primarily in the distal nephron.
Copper and silver benzoate and aryl complexes and their implications for oxidative decarboxylative coupling reactions

The synthesis and reactivity of phenanthroline-ligated copper and silver benzoate and aryl complexes are reported. The commonly proposed copper(I) and silver(I) aryl species are shown to be unlikely intermediates in the oxidative decarboxylative coupling reaction. Instead, the copper(II) benzoate undergoes decarboxylative coupling suggesting an unexpected copper(II) based pathway.
A Comparison of Deceptive and Non-Deceptive Placebo Analgesia: Efficacy and Ethical Consequences.

Research has demonstrated the efficacy of analgesic placebos. The manner in which they are usually delivered deceptively raises questions about their impact on recipients. However, there has been little empirical investigation into the potential harms of analgesic placebo. Moreover, the role of deception in determining the magnitude of analgesic placebo response remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the consequences of deceptive placebo analgesia in terms of ethical/psychological effects and efficacy. Healthy adults (N = 75) were randomized to a control group, deceptive placebo manipulation, or non-deceptive placebo manipulation. All participants underwent repeated pain testing using a thermal stimulus. Placebo manipulation groups underwent placebo conditioning involving a cream that was described as being either analgesic or inert. State-specific negative mood and attitudes toward research and pain treatment were assessed before and after placebo conditioning. Deceptive and non-deceptive placebo manipulations yielded pain ratings that did not differ significantly from one another but did differ from those of the control group, which experienced a pain sensitization response across trials. Results thus indicated that both deceptive and non-deceptive placebo manipulations prevented pain sensitization. Across groups, the participants reported improved depression, anxiety, frustration, and fear. The use of placebo did not negatively impact participants’ attitudes and beliefs about research or pain treatments. The participants tended to rate several parameters related to research participation more positively after participating in our study. Our results indicate that the placebo manipulation groups experienced an anti-sensitization effect. The use of analgesic placebo did not result in any detrimental ethical or psychological effects.
Get Ready, Get In, Get Through: Factors that Influence Latino College Student Success

“Get ready, get in, and get through.” Latino adolescents and young adults are enrolling in the nation’s colleges and universities at record numbers. However, completion rates of Latinos range from ...
New Records and Redescription of Neobenedenia pacifica (Monogenoidea: Capsalidae) from the External Surfaces of the Striped Mullet Mugil cephalus and White Mullet Mugil curema (Mugiliformes: Mugilidae) off Florida and Mississippi

ABSTRACT: Neobenedenia pacifica (Monogenoidea: Capsalidae) is redescribed from the skin and eye of the striped mullet Mugil cephalus and white mullet Mugil curema from localities off Florida and Mississippi. The capsalid is confirmed as a member of Neobenedenia, and its occurrences off Florida and Mississippi represent new distribution records for the species.
TLP measurement and analysis of graphene NEMS switches for on-chip ESD protection

Compact and robust electrostatic discharging (ESD) protection structures are critical to on-chip ESD protection for ICs. Conventional in-Si ESD protection structures have many disadvantages. A new above-IC graphene NEMS (gNEMS) switch is reported as an ESD protection structure, which features almost zero leakage and robust ESD protection. A systematic characterization of gNEMS ESD structures was conducted by transient transmission line pulse (TLP) testing. The statistical analysis reveals the relationship between ESD discharging behaviors and the influences of gNEMS device dimensions and TLP testing conditions on ESD discharging.
Barriers to Falling Risk

Falling is a major health risk in workplaces and homes worldwide. Our efforts at falling prevention have made little impact in reducing the number or severity of falls in recent decades. These effo...
RNA differential display

Differential display is a rapid, easy-to-perform technique for the identification of genes whose mRNA accumulate to different levels in two or more tissue types (Liang and Pardee 1992). Although the technique has limitations, the most notable being the large number of false positives it generates, differential display remains an attractive alternative to subtractive hybridization and differential screening. It has been successful in identifying a large number of differentially accumulated transcripts from a wide variety of eukaryotic systems (see Liang and Pardee 1995a) including plants (Heck et al. 1995, Johnson et al. 1995, Momiyama et al. 1995, Tseng et al. 1995, van der Knaap and Kende 1995, Wilkinson et al. 1995, and others). Indeed, the technique is now so popular that there are a number of commercially available kits. A complete reagent kit for differential display is available from GenHunter Corporation (Brookline, MA). Kits based on the same principle are also available from Clontech (Palo Alto, CA) and Genomyx (Foster City, CA). Collections of primers that are appropriate for use as arbitrary primers can be purchased from Operon Technologies Inc. (Alameda, CA).
Cardiovascular Biology of the Parathyroid Hormone-Related Proteins

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is best known for its central role in regulating mammalian calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Yet one of the first biological actions established for this hormone was its ability to lower blood pressure. Over the last several decades numerous studies have shown that PTH exerts pronounced effects on the cardiovascular system affecting both cardiac performance and vascular tone in a variety of species. With the discovery of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in 1987, and the demonstration that it could replicate the cardiovascular actions of PTH by activation of a common receptor, it is now believed that PTHrP rather that PTH acts in a local autocrine mode to regulate vascular tone. The purpose of this chapter is to review the literature on cardiovascular actions of the PTH-related proteins and attempt to provide a perspective as to the relative contribution of these proteins to the global control of cardiovascular hemodynamics.
Anatomy of the Ovaries

The ovaries are almond-shaped structures located in the pelvis and measure 2.5 cm in their longest diameter. The ovary is secured in position by several ligaments—the suspensory ligament that connects the ovary to the pelvic wall, the uteroovarian ligament that connects it to the uterus, and the mesovarium, which connects the ovary to the posterior surface of the broad ligament of the uterus.
How Ligand Protonation State Controls Water in Protein-Ligand Binding.

The role of water in protein–ligand binding has been an intensely studied topic in recent years; however, how ligand protonation state change perturbs water has not been considered. Here we show that water dynamics and interactions can be controlled by the protonation state of ligand using continuous constant pH molecular dynamics simulations of two closely related model systems, β-secretase 1 and 2 (BACE1 and BACE2), in complex with a small-molecule inhibitor. Simulations revealed that, upon binding, the inhibitor pyrimidine ring remains deprotonated in BACE1 but becomes protonated in BACE2. Pyrimidine protonation results in water displacement, rigidification of the binding pocket, and shift in the ligand binding mode from water-mediated to direct hydrogen bonding. These findings not only support but also rationalize the most recent structure-selectivity data in BACE1 drug design. Binding-induced protonation state changes are likely common; our work offers a glimpse at how modeling protein–ligand binding...
Bridges beyond renewable energy: Decarbonizing the global electricity sector under uncertainty

Abstract Mitigating global climate change requires decarbonizing the electricity sector, but the optimal strategy for doing so is not obvious. As power plants fueled by coal and petroleum are phased out, other generation technologies must fill the gap. While technically feasible, many low-carbon technologies are currently expensive – though costs may fall with experience. As an alternative, natural gas-fired power plants provide lower-carbon electricity – and cheaply if gas is abundant. The least-cost portfolio of generation technologies depends on several uncertain parameters. This paper presents a stylized model of the global electricity sector and evaluates several decarbonization strategies focused on three bridge technologies – natural gas, carbon capture and storage (CCS), and nuclear – over the period 2015–2050. With constraints on total demand for electricity and penetration of renewables, I find that the results are sensitive to the learning curve for CCS, the cost of natural gas, and the social cost of carbon. Depending on the true state of the world, decision-makers may find either natural gas power plants or CCS to be least-cost options for decarbonization portfolios. The expected value of information from resolving uncertainty is hundreds of billions of dollars, indicating high social benefits from investments into scientific research.
Weighing the Harms and Benefits of Using Statins for Primary Prevention: Raising the Risk Threshold.

In this issue, Yebyo and colleagues challenge the risk thresholds in current guidelines for use of statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. The editorialists discuss how the findin...
Overlapping intimate partner violence and sex trading among high-risk women: Implications for practice.

Despite research indicating higher than average rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) across groups of vulnerable women, less is known about the prevalence and types of IPV experienced by women ...
World History as Revolution: Boris Porshnev and the Experience of Dialectical Defeat

This article provides a comprehensive presentation of the most remarkable engagement with the intellectual genre of world history in the Soviet era — the hitherto unknown project Critique of Human History by the famous Soviet Marxist thinker Boris Porshnev. Porshnev’s synthesis of negative dialectics and historical materialism transposed the negativity of revolutionary defeat in Stalinist Russia into a radical teleological perspective, which conceived of world history as a single, cognitive and political, revolution. The article presents multiple institutional, cultural, and ideological contexts from the Soviet period that pertained to Porshnev’s experience of revolutionary defeat, argues for the crucial importance of the historical approach in appropriating the intellectual legacy of the Revolution, all the while highlighting the relevance of Porshnev’s thought for present-day discussions in philosophy, anthropology, and history.
Opioid Prescribing in the Midst of Crisis - Myths and Realities.

Opioid Prescribing in the Midst of Crisis With the opioid-prescribing debate remaining hopelessly polarized — opioids are either industrially sponsored weapons of mass addiction or a misunderstood ...
Primary pancreatic Ewing sarcoma: a cytomorphologic and histopathologic study of 13 cases

Introduction Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a small, round cell sarcoma that rarely occurs in solid organs, including the pancreas. A diagnostic overlap exists with other primary pancreatic neoplasms, especially for specimens from small biopsies and fine needle aspiration (FNA). To improve the diagnosis of this rare pancreatic tumor, we have reported a series of 13 cases of primary pancreatic ES and reviewed the cytopathologic, surgical pathology, clinical, and radiologic features of these neoplasms. Materials and methods We performed a retrospective case review of 13 patients with a diagnosis of pancreatic ES from 2 tertiary academic medical centers. A combination of cytology and histopathologic slides were reviewed, and the patient demographics, clinical information, somatic genetics, and radiologic findings were obtained from the electronic medical records. Results Five FNA specimens from 5 patients and 8 surgical biopsy or resection specimens were identified and reviewed. The patients included 9 males and 4 females, with a median age of 27 years (range, 15-78 years). The cytology smears were highly cellular and showed a combination of complex tissue fragments and singly dispersed small round blue cells. The final diagnosis was ES for all 5 FNA specimens in accordance with the characteristic cytomorphology, diffuse and/or strong membranous immunolabeling for CD99, membranous β-catenin, and molecular confirmation of EWSR1 using fluorescence in situ hybridization or reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Conclusions The cytologic diagnosis of ES is challenging, especially in unusual locations such as the pancreas. However, the correct cytologic diagnosis is important because these patients will require neoadjuvant therapy before surgery. Confirmatory molecular studies should be required to render the diagnosis of pancreatic ES.
Comprehensive Mechanisms of Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction by [Ir(bip)(ppy)(CH3CN)](PF6)2

Examples of transition metal complexes capable of the dual roles of light harvesting and catalysis of CO2 reduction are rare. This self-sensitized approach simplifies systems and efficiencies; ther...
Deep XMM–Newton observations of the most distant SPT-SZ galaxy cluster

We present results from a 577 ks XMM-Newton observation of SPT-CL J0459-4947, the most distant cluster detected in the South Pole Telescope 2500 square degree (SPT-SZ) survey, and currently the most distant cluster discovered through its Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect. The data confirm the cluster's high redshift, $z=1.71 \pm 0.02$, in agreement with earlier, less precise optical/IR photometric estimates. From the gas density profile, we estimate a characteristic mass of $M_{500}=(1.8 \pm 0.2) \times 10^{14}M_{Sun}$; cluster emission is detected above the background to a radius of $\sim 2.2 r_{500}$, or approximately the virial radius. The intracluster gas is characterized by an emission-weighted average temperature of $7.2 \pm 0.3$ keV and metallicity with respect to Solar of $0.37 \pm 0.08$. For the first time at such high redshift, this deep data set provides a measurement of metallicity outside the cluster center; at radii $r > 0.3 r_{500}$, we find it to be $0.33 \pm 0.17$, in good agreement with precise measurements at similar radii in the most nearby clusters, supporting an early enrichment scenario in which the bulk of the cluster gas is enriched to a universal metallicity prior to cluster formation, with little to no evolution thereafter. The leverage provided by the high redshift of this cluster tightens by a factor of 2 constraints on evolving metallicity models, when combined with previous measurements at lower redshifts.
The Affordable Care Act and Changes in Women's Health Insurance Coverage Before, During, and After Pregnancy in California.

ObjectivesHaving health insurance is associated with improvements in health care access and use, health behaviors, and outcomes. We examined changes in health insurance coverage for California wome...
Second malignancy probabilities in prostate cancer patients treated with SBRT and other contemporary radiation techniques.

Abstract Background Prostate radiotherapy has been associated with an increased risk of developing a second malignancy (SM). However, relative SM probabilities following treatment with contemporary radiation techniques such as stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) or moderately hypofractionated intensity modulated radiotherapy (HF-IMRT) remain unknown. Methods A cohort analysis was performed of men from a nationally representative database with localized prostate cancer with at least 60 months of follow-up comparing SM probability amongst men receiving either radical prostatectomy (RP), conventionally fractionated intensity-modulated radiotherapy (CF-IMRT), HF-IMRT, brachytherapy (BT), or SBRT, using multivariable logistic models, which were used to generate predicted probabilities. Additionally, propensity score-adjusted pairwise assessments of modalities were performed. Results For 303,432 patients included in the study, median follow-up was 9.08 years (IQR 7.01–11.21). Predicted rates of SM by treatment modality and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for development of SM (referent: RP) were: 6.0% for RP (AOR n/a), 7.1% for CF-IMRT (AOR 1.20, 95%CI 1.14–1.25, P Conclusions Conventionally fractionated intensity-modulated radiotherapy, moderately hypofractionated intensity-modulated radiotherapy, and brachytherapy but not stereotactic body radiotherapy were associated with increased probability of a second malignancy compared to radical prostatectomy. Patients treated with SBRT may be at lower risk of second malignancy due to improved conformality, radiobiological differences or patient selection. The possibility that SBRT in select patients may minimize the probability of SM underscores the need for assessment of second malignancy risk in prospective studies of SBRT.
Comparative Critical Decisions in Management

Critical decisions are an attempt to apply efficient modes of cognition and action to enable the organization to cope with consequential environmental threats or take advantage of important opportunities in the presence of highly restricted time in turbulent markets and/or specific situations of emergency.
Cultivation of Sandalwood Under Agro-Forestry System

Santalum album L. (Sandalwood) is a small tropical evergreen tree, and is one of the major sources of fragrant heartwood and essential oil. The plant is extensively cultivated and has a long life. Commonly, the mature tree is harvested after many years to obtain fragrant heartwood and to extract its oil. It is an important component of agro-forestry systems. Considering the growing demand and dwindling supply of Sandalwood, it has a great potential for cultivation not only in the forest areas but also in home gardens and other agro-forestry systems. The demand for Sandalwood and its oil is growing, and there is a wide gap between demand and supply. For bridging this gap, afforestation and plantation program should aim at increasing the productivity of Sandalwood. For an effective farming of Sandalwood, a strong knowledge on its basic biology and propagation is needed. Sandalwood, being a hemi-parasitic tree necessitates the implanting of host plants for supporting its growth, and this makes its cultivation very difficult. Many appropriate host species are mentioned in this chapter to support Sandalwood’s growth. Technical aspects include the identification and supply of quality germplasm, nurture in the tree establishment phase and interactions with other components in an agro-forestry system, assuming the latter provides the most interesting option for small holders who want to get involved in growing the tree. In this chapter, we will explore how a generic simulation model of tree–soil–crop interactions can be adapted to the specific properties of Sandalwood in possible agro-forestry systems.
Global Justice and International Economic Law: Three Takes

For centuries, international trade has been seen as essential to the wealth and power of nations. More recently we have started to understand its problematic role as an engine of distributive justice. In this compelling book Frank J. Garcia proposes a new way to evaluate, construct and manage international trade - one that is based on norms of economic justice, comparative advantage and national interest. Garcia examines three ways to conceptualize the problem of trade and global justice, drawn from Rawlsian liberalism, communitarianism and consent theory. These approaches illustrate specific issues of importance to the way global justice has been theorized, offering a pluralistic mode of arguing for global justice and highlighting the unique modes of discourse we employ when engaging with global justice and their implications for conceptualizing and arguing the problem. Garcia suggests a new direction for trade agreements built around truly consensual trade negotiations and the kind of international economic system they would structure.
Creating a Caring Community: The University of Arkansas Nursery School Experience.

The seven dimensions of establishing a caring community at the University of Arkansas Nursery School are described. Key components include empathetic teacher–child and teacher–parent interactions, celebration of differences, and a responsive classroom environment.
Amphetamine Depresses Excitatory Synaptic Transmission via Serotonin Receptors in the Ventral Tegmental Area

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is the origination zone for dopaminergic neurons involved in reward and addictive properties of a variety of abused substances. A major excitatory projection to VTA neurons originates in the medial prefrontal cortex, and several lines of evidence suggest that glutamatergic synapses on VTA neurons are activated and modified during exposure to psychostimulant drugs. Here, we report for the first time that amphetamine depresses excitatory glutamatergic synaptic transmission onto VTA neurons in the midbrain slice preparation. Unexpectedly, this depression is mediated not by activation of dopamine receptors, but instead by activation of serotonin receptors. Our findings suggest that an acute effect of amphetamine exposure is the release of serotonin in the VTA, which in turn modulates excitation of VTA neurons. This process may be an important early component of permanent changes occurring in the reward pathway that contribute to drug addiction.
Man of Douglas, Man of Lincoln: The Political Odyssey of James Henry Lane

Review of: "Man of Douglas, Man of Lincoln: The Political Odyssey of James Henry Lane," by Ian Michael Spurgeon.
Gastric emptying rates for selected athletic drinks.

Abstract The intent of this study was to compare the rate of gastric emptying of three commercially available athletic drinks: Gatorade (GA), Stokely-Van Camp; Braketime (BT), Johnson and Johnson; Body Punch (BP), Starting Line Sports against water (W). In so doing it was also possible to assess each drink's contribution of water, carbohydrate, and electrolytes 15 minutes after ingestion. Nine men and three women reported to the laboratory after having fasted for 12 hours. A No. 20 French Levine tube was inserted through the nasal passage and into the stomach. The subjects drank 400 ml of the test solution containing 25 mg of phenol red which was used as a volume indicator. Fifteen minutes after ingestion, the gastric contents were aspirated via the tube by means of a 50 ml syringe. The four conditions were tested in one morning, with the order of feedings rotated among subjects. The recovered gastric contents were measured for total volume, volume of original drink, carbohydrate content, and gastric elec...
PIGS, PARTIES, AND NOISE: HOW STOCHASTICITY IMPACTS THE ROBUSTNESS OF THE TSEMBAGA CULTURAL PRACTICES

We present a probabilistic perspective on sustainable resource usage. A mathematical model is introduced to describe the interplay between a population and its renewable resource base. The amount of effort a society chooses to exert in harvesting its resource is formalized in the model. Using an indigenous population of slash and burn farmers as a case study, we derive a system of stochastic differential equations from a system of ordinary differential equations introduced by another author. The cultural mechanisms that help to stabilize the population in the deterministic system actually decrease the expected survival time in the stochastic system.
Anthropogenic Impacts on Summer Precipitation in Central Arizona, U.S.A.

This article explores the possibility of urbanization- and irrigation-induced increases in summer precipitation totals in central Arizona. Maximum precipitation impacts are hypothesized to occur downwind of the Phoenix area in the Lower Verde basin. Results from statistical tests indicate that summer precipitation totals in the Lower Verde basin are greater than totals in nearby basins. Precipitation totals in the basin also appear to be equivalent to totals at more monsoon-impacted stations in eastern Arizona. While this research is preliminary, the results do provide encouraging evidence of the existence of anthropogenically enhanced summer precipitation in central Arizona.
Moving Beyound Ideology Critique to the Analysis of Practice

The global dissemination of alternative dispute resolution technologies is only one of many social reform endeavors, promoted by the global North for the alleged benefit of the global South, that are reinforcing neoliberalism and capitalist expansion in the name of improving the lot of vulnerable populations such as abused women or the illiterate poor. Laura Nader's long campaign to expose the anti-democratic features of alternative dispute resolution-its shift to a focus on getting along rather than getting justice through the rule of law-is on target when considering this recent promotion of ADR in the context of advocacy for democratization and the rule of law. Nader and Elisabetta Grande's argument that the impact of any dispute resolution system must be understood in the context of the political and economic inequalities where it operates is an excellent one, particularly for systems of dispute resolution that seek agreements rather than fairness. In assessing the impact of the global expansion of ADR, it is essential to distinguish between its ideology and its practice: between its promises and what takes place on the ground. This distinction runs through Nader and Grande's analysis. For example, they observe that harmony law models offer a language of consensus, yet their impact is repressive. Ideologies that portray alternative dispute resolution as conciliatory and harmonious render ADR approaches appealing, yet they conceal their complicity with existing structures of power. I am in full agreement with this point. When I say that popular justice offers an ideology of conflict resolution based on non-violence and opposition to the law, I am also, as are Nader and Grande, point-
Association of Ceramide Accumulation with Photodynamic Treatment-Induced Cell Death

— Ceramide, a stress-induced second messenger, has been associated with apoptosis in several malignant and non-malignant cell lines. We have shown that photodynamic treatment (PDT), using the phthalocyanine photosensitiz-er Pc 4 (HOSiPcOSi[CH3]2[CH2]3N[CH3]2), causes increased ceramide generation and subsequent induction of apoptosis in L5178Y-R (LY-R) mouse lymphoma cells. To test further if ceramide generation accompanies photocytotoxicity, we treated various cell lines with a PDT dose producing a 99-99.9% loss of clonogenicity. Like LY-R cells, human leukemia (U937) cells underwent rapid DNA fragmentation initiating within 1 h after PDT. Similarly, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells showed rapid DNA laddering, beginning 1 h following the treatment. In contrast, mouse radiation-induced fibrosarcoma (RIF-1) cells showed no apoptosis within 24 h post-PDT, as judged by the absence of 50 kbp and oligonucleosome-size DNA fragments, as well as no annexin V binding to cells with preserved membrane integrity. Using the same doses of PDT, we observed a time-dependent ceramide accumulation in all three cell lines. While a significant increase in ceramide levels was reached within 1 and 10 min in U937 and CHO cells, respectively, elevated ceramide production was measured only after 30 min in RIF-1 cells. In addition, exogenous N-acetyl-sphingosine was able to mimic PDT-induced apoptosis in U937 and CHO cells. We suggest that ceramide accumulation is associated with PDT-induced apoptosis and photocytotox-icity.
Patterns of communication among pediatric patients with leukemia, parents, and physicians: Prognostic disagreements and misunderstandings

The prognostic views of 25 pediatric patients with leukemia, their parents, and their physicians were assessed. Mothers, fathers, and physicians also estimated the prognostic views of each other as well as those of the children. Complex and subtle patterns of disagreement and misunderstanding were revealed. Physicians were generally less optimistic than mothers or fathers. Furthermore, mothers and fathers tended to overestimate physicians' views, whereas physicians tended to underestimate the prognostic views of mothers and fathers. Although children were more optimistic than their mothers, fathers, or physicians, parents understood this difference but physicians did not. These results suggest that disagreements and misunderstandings may be responsible for seemingly unusual or maladaptive patient and family coping.
The proteome of mouse brain microvessel membranes and basal lamina

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a multicellular vascular structure separating blood from the brain parenchyma that is composed of endothelial cells with tight intercellular junctions, surrounded by a basal lamina, astrocytes, and pericytes. Previous studies have generated detailed databases of the microvessel transcriptome; however, less information is available on the BBB at the protein level. In this study, we specifically focused on characterization of the membrane fraction of cells within the BBB to generate a more complete understanding of membrane transporters, tight junction proteins, and associated extracellular matrix proteins that are functional hallmarks of the BBB. We used Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology to identify a total of 1,143 proteins in mouse brain microvessels, of which 53% were determined to be membrane associated. Analyses of specific classes of BBB-associated proteins in the context of recent transcriptome reports provide a unique database to assess the relative contribution of genes at the level of both RNA and protein in the maintenance of normal BBB integrity.
Review and Evaluation of Faith-Based Weight Management Interventions That Target African American Women

This integrative review was conducted to present results of the use of recommended criteria to evaluate faith-based weight management interventions (WMIs) that target African American women. This group experiences the highest prevalence of adult obesity in the US when compared to other ethnic groups. “Best practice” WMIs can help to alleviate obesity. Faith-based interventions hold promise for helping to address the problem of obesity in African American women since a significant portion of these persons views the church as a trusted entity that advocates for their well-being. No systematic evaluation of faith-based WMIs has been reported even though there is an ongoing plea for the need for better evaluation of health interventions that prioritizes comprehensive description of their attributes (e.g., linkage to theory, interventionists’ background, and dosage) to enable replication and a broader assessment of their validity to include appropriateness and feasibility). Critique criteria were applied to faith-based WMIs (n = 5) that target African American women. Findings highlighted the need for increased disclosure about the (1) interventionists’ background, (2) intervention’s location within the church setting, and (3) nature of any “pre-intervention” treatment. The review also indicated the need for interventions that are (1) designed from robust research methodologies (effectiveness) that include randomization of both church setting and participants, (2) deemed appropriate from the perspective of African American women targeted, and (3) are financially feasible—without steep participant incentives/implementation costs that compromise internal validity and any positive outcomes generated.
DNA vaccination for HIV.

Studies in chimpanzees provide preliminary evidence that DNA vaccines may protect against experimental infection with HIV-1 (pages 526−532).
Isolation of cDNA and genomic DNA clones encoding a calmodulin-binding protein related to a family of ATPases involved in cell division and vesicle fusion.

Calmodulin (CaM), a primary Ca2+ receptor in all eukaryotic cells, is a multifunctional protein that functions by interacting with and modulating the activities of a wide variety of target proteins. Identifying and characterizing these CaM-binding target proteins is essential to define the pathways by which Ca2+-regulated signals are transduced. An Arabidopsis thaliana L. flower cDNA expression library constructed in λZAPII was screened for CaM-binding proteins with 35S-labeled CaM. A partial cDNA whose encoded protein shares a high level of similarity with yeast CDC48p was isolated. A genomic clone was isolated using the partial length cDNA clone as a probe, and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The genomic DNA sequence was used to design oligonucleotide primers for polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) experiments that facilitated cloning and reconstructing a full-length, 3.4-kb cDNA clone. The cDNA encodes a 111-kDa CaM-interacting protein (CIP111) containing motifs characteristic of a diverse family of ATPases, including proteins involved in cell cycle regulation, protein degradation, and vesicle-mediated protein transport. A truncated fusion protein encoded by the carboxy-terminal region of CIP111 was produced in Escherichia coli and shown to bind CaM in a Ca2+-dependent manner by protein gel blot and affinity chromatography binding assays. Reverse-transcription PCR analyses demonstrated that CIP111 mRNA is expressed in all organs examined including flowers, siliques, floral stalks, leaves, and roots. DNA blot hybridization analyses indicate that a single-copy gene in Arabidopsis is likely to encode CIP111.
Sand moisture assessment using instantaneous phase information in ground penetrating radar data

In this paper, a method using the instantaneous phase information of the reflection ground penetrating radar (GPR) signal to detect the variation of sand moisture is developed. The moisture changes the permittivity of the medium, which results in different speed when the GPR electromagnetic (EM) wave propagates in the medium. In accordance to this principle, we develop an analytical method to extract GPR reflection signal’s instantaneous phase parameters utilizing Hilbert Transform for sand moisture characterization. For test evaluation, Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) numerical simulations using a 3rd party open source program GprMax V2.0, and laboratory experiments on sand samples are conducted using a commercial GPR (2.3 GHz Mala CX) as the data acquisition system.