cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Siderophores and mussel foot proteins: the role of catechol, cations, and metal coordination in surface adhesion

Metal coordination, hydrogen bonding, redox reactions, and covalent crosslinking are seemingly disparate chemical and physicochemical processes that are all accomplished in natural materials by the catechol functional group. This review focuses on the reactivity of catechols in tris-2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl-containing microbial siderophores and synthetic analogs, as well as Dopa-(3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine)-containing mussel foot proteins that adhere to surfaces in aqueous conditions. Mussel foot proteins with a high content of Dopa and cationic amino acids, Lys and Arg, adhere strongly to mica, an aluminosilicate mineral, in aqueous conditions. The siderophore cyclic trichrysobactin, tris-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl-D-Lys-L-Ser) and related synthetic analogs in which the tri-Ser macrolactone is replaced by Tren, tris-(2-aminoethyl)amine, also adheres strongly to mica. Variation in the nature of the catechol and cationic groups in synthetic analogs reveals a synergism between the cationic amino acid and the catechol, required for strong aqueous adhesion. Autoxidation and iron(III)-catalyzed oxidation of 2,3-dihydroxy and 3,4-dihydroxy catechols are also considered. These siderophore analogs provide a platform to understand catechol interactions and reactivity on surfaces, which may ultimately improve the design of synthetic materials that address diverse challenges in medicine, materials science, as well as other disciplines, in which surface adhesion in aqueous conditions is important.
Using Ultrasound Technology to Predict Nutritional Value of Quality Protein Maize and Food Corn for Starter and Growth Pigs

Growth traits with starter and grower pigs and a digestion trial were conducted to compare the nutritional value of Quality Protein Maize (QPM), food corn and conventional feed corn. The QPM, food and feed corn contained .45, .31 and .29% lysine, respectively. The growth trials evaluated a QPM-soybean meal diet formulated on a lysine basis (.96% in starter and .7% in grower diets) and four diets arranged in a 2 (food corn vs feed corn) X 2 (low vs high soybean meal) factorial. Soybean meal was either added in the same amount as in the QPM diet or was added to provide the lysine content of the QPM diet. Performance was similar for pigs fed food corn and feed corn in both trials. The QPM diets resulted in greater performance than food and feed corn diets containing the same level of soybean meal supplementation; starter pigs were more (P less than .10) efficient and grower pigs had a higher (P less than .01) rate and efficiency of gain. However, performance of pigs fed the QPM diets was not equal to that of pigs fed isolysinic food and feed corn diets; growth rate was lower (P less than .05) in starter pigs and gain:feed was lower (P less than .05) in grower pigs. Diets in the digestion trial consisted of the corns plus 3.25% casein. Energy digestibility was similar for all diets. Ileal N and amino acid digestibilities were highest for QPM, intermediate for food corn and lowest for feed corn. In most instances, these differences were significant (P less than .05). Apparent biological value was highest (P less than .05) for QPM. These trials indicate that food corn and feed corn have similar nutritional value, and that starter and grower pigs can benefit from the higher protein quality of QPM.
Perseveration in Concurrent Performances by the Developmentally Retarded

Perseveration in choice behavior of retardates was defined as failure to match absolute and relative response rates to changes in relative reinforcement rates with concurrent schedules of reinforcement. 4 experiments showed that concurrent performances of retardates varied systematically as a function of type of schedule, schedule value, duration, and symmetry of changeover delays. Relative but not absolute response rates were proportional to relative reinforcement rates with long changeover delays. Increasing the changeover delay punished changeovers and reduced total reinforcement rates. Contrary to prediction, asymmetrical changeover delays disrupted rather than improved matching. The retardate’s response is similar to that of Weiner’s “one-behavior organism” even in concurrent situations by persisting in maladaptive response patterns until net gains or losses of reinforcement are made contingent upon changes in response patterns.
Par3 and aPKC regulate BACE1 endosome-to-TGN trafficking through PACS1.

The cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the rate-limiting step in beta amyloid generation during Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. In AD brains, BACE1 is abnormally accumulated in endocytic compartments, where the acidic pH is optimal for its activity. However, mechanisms regulating the endosome-to-trans-Golgi network (TGN) retrieval of BACE1 remain unclear. Here, we show that partitioning defective 3 (Par3) facilitates BACE1 retrograde trafficking from endosomes to the TGN. Par3 functions through aPKC-mediated phosphorylation of BACE1 on Ser498, which in turn promotes the interaction between BACE1 and phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein 1 and facilitates the retrograde trafficking of BACE1 to the TGN. In human AD brains, there is a significant decrease in Ser498 phosphorylation of BACE1 suggesting that defective phosphorylation-dependent retrograde transport of BACE1 is important in AD pathogenesis. Together, our studies provide mechanistic insight into a novel role for Par3 and aPKC in regulating the retrograde endosome-to-TGN trafficking of BACE1 and shed light on the mechanisms of AD pathogenesis.
MPPT-based predictive control of a back-to-back converter for a wind power generation system

This paper presents a Model Predictive Control applied to a wind energy system. This promising alternative has several advantages, such as its fast dynamic response to any reference input and the ability to take in consideration the nonlinearity of the power converter. The wind system is composed of a permanent magnet synchronous generator, and a back-to-back converter system directly connected to the grid. This work studies the model predictive control along with the maximum power point tracking algorithm and the dc-link steady state PI controller applied on the machine side converter. For the grid side converter, also the model predictive control method is applied along with an active power PI controller, but a reactive power controller is not going to be implemented as the active power is going to be injected into the grid with a unity power factor by using the model predictive model.
Two-Crystal X-Ray Spectrometer Attachment

A two-crystal spectrometer that makes full use of conventional diffractometer or spectrometer motions has been constructed so that it can be easily attached to a commercial instrument. The requisite degree of parallelism of the two crystal-rotation axes is maintained by keeping both parallel to a single ground surface. Special alignment aids have been constructed to facilitate the rapid alignment of the instrument, which can be operated manually in 1” intervals or used for automatic scanning in steps of 0.01°. Some guide lines for comparing the relative performance of spectrometers in X-ray absorption spectroscopy are suggested.
Wavelet Bases and Frames

The Gabor systems that we studied in the preceding chapter are generated from time-frequency shifts of a single function. A time-frequency shift is a composition of the two simple operations of translation and modulation. Wavelets are likewise generated by two simple operations, this time translation and dilation. A composition of translation and dilation is called a time-scale shift (see the illustration in Figure 12.1), and so a wavelet system is a collection of time-scale shifts of a single function.
Outpatient influenza antivirals in a distributed data network for influenza surveillance.

Electronic data collected from routine health care can be used for public health surveillance. To examine the Sentinel System, a distributed data network of health plans, as a source for influenza surveillance, we compared trends in outpatient prescription dispensings of influenza antivirals in Sentinel to trends in CDC's ILINet and NREVSS systems over five seasons. There were 2 102 885 dispensed prescriptions of oseltamivir capsules, 494 188 of oseltamivir powder, and 7955 of zanamivir. Across all seasons, the magnitude and timing of peaks in drug utilization were highly comparable to those in ILINet and NREVSS. Oseltamivir capsules and powder were well correlated with ILINet and NREVSS. This lays the foundation for further exploration of Sentinel's utility for influenza surveillance.
Transhumanism from the View of a Psychologist, Focusing on Mental Health Issues

Being human means striving to new advances in science and technology for the good of all people and of all unfortunate conditions we may encounter. Having no mental health issues would solve many other problems around the world and this is a topic which needs to be discussed one by one and segment by segment. Physical health issues would improve tremendously in those that are suffering from comorbid mental health issues.This is yet another reason Mental Health should be number one priority today. There are people who have many difficult and painful chronic physical illnesses however, they manage to stay positive and happy throughout their lives; but there are many people who are physically healthy, yet spend their lives just waiting for it to end.Is this not a good argument to do anything possible to prevent or cure mental health issues whichever means science can offer us and this includes the ideas that transhumanism may offer.To begin discussing Mental Health in general terms and without taking into account people’s religious and existential views is very difficult, however necessary in the context of Transhumanism debate. So, we will try to put our point of view as objectively as possible and stay on the side of (my own) logic. Technology has long been involved in mental health, although the use of it was detrimental in the past. Lobotomies were used as a means to health people with mental illness at one time; using the technology of the time to attempt to improve mental health. One of the most infamous uses of technology in “treating” mental health would come in World War II. Hitler opened the gates for the most morally corrupt scientists to use technology to intervene in those with mental health. Euthanasia and sterilization were the most common forms of technology to be utilized with those suffering from mental illness. Unfortunately, this severely injured the transhumanism movement. However, we have made great progress since that time. Just as the technology of cochlear implants has improved physical health, the technology of deep brain stimulation implants is making progress as a treatment for depression.
A Jamming Game With Rival-Type Uncertainty

We consider the communication between a source (user) and a destination in the presence of a jammer, and study resource assignment in a non-cooperative game theory framework. A player (the user or the jammer) has incomplete information about its rival’s identity in the form of uncertainty; the player only knows the probabilities that its rival is a player implementing a behavioral strategy as a follower in a Stackelberg game (smart-type), or selects a feasible strategy as in a Nash game (regular-type). We model the problem as two Bayesian games. In the first game, the user has incomplete information about the jammer, and in the second game, the jammer has incomplete information about the user. The user’s utility is throughput. We prove that a unique equilibrium exists and derive it in closed form as a function of the known probabilities. We show that the Nash and Stackelberg equilibria are boundary cases of the obtained equilibrium. Thus, our approach allows one to incorporate the Nash and Stackelberg equilibria into a unified scale of equilibria. Monotonicity properties of the equilibrium strategies and the corresponding payoffs with respect to the network parameters are proven, and also supported by simulations.
Patient-reported care satisfaction and symptom burden in hospitalized patients with cancer.

180Background: Hospitalized patients with cancer often experience a high symptom burden, which may impact care satisfaction and healthcare utilization. However, research describing these patients’ ...
Mild encephalopathy with reversible splenium lesion (MERS) in a patient with COVID-19.

Neurological complications of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) are common, and novel manifestations are increasingly being recognized. Mild encephalopathy with reversible splenium lesion (MERS) is a syndrome that has been associated with viral infections, but not previously with COVID-19. In this report, we describe the case of a 69 year-old man who presented with fever and encephalopathy in the setting of a diffusion-restricting splenium lesion, initially mimicking an ischemic stroke. A comprehensive infectious workup revealed positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies, and a pro-inflammatory laboratory profile characteristic of COVID-19 infection. His symptoms resolved and the brain MRI findings completely normalized on repeat imaging, consistent with MERS. This case suggests that MERS may manifest as an autoimmune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and should be considered in a patient with evidence of recent COVID-19 infection and the characteristic MERS clinico-radiological syndrome.
EDUCATION AS A HUMAN RIGHT

The purpose of this paper was to explore the aspect of education as a human right. Education is a pathway towards intellectual enlightenment, capacity development and personal growth. In addition, education opens up human capacity for the pursuit of all other human rights. This underscores the relevance of the idea for education as a human right in developing sufficient understanding on all dynamics that define the human life. The paper also looked into the article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the year 1948 from which 58 countries declared elementary education as a human right. The study established that to date the realization of free and quality education of the human family still faces numerous barriers such as primitive cultures, insecurity and poverty. The global cooperation through UNESCO offers hope in coordinating efforts towards the realization of free and fair education as a right for all global citizens. Key Words: Intellectual Enlightenment, Capacity Development, Personal Growth CITATION: Maundu, J. (2021). Education as a human right. T he Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, 8 (1), 101 – 104.
Acute Tension Hydrothorax in a Cirrhotic Patient With Hepatic Hydrothorax Without Ascites.

We describe a case of a 50-year-old man with alcohol cirrhosis status post transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) who presented with dyspnea, refractory hepatic hydrothorax (HH), and no ascites who subsequently developed acute tension hydrothorax (TH). Urgent ultrasound-guided thoracentesis was performed with a significant improvement of symptoms. Further management consisted of a chest tube placement, subsequently removed with a plan for intermittent thoracentesis as needed, diuretic therapy, and salt restriction. HH occurs in 5%-10% of patients with cirrhosis, and TH in these patients is a rare entity that requires prompt recognition and drainage as it may be life-threatening.
Decompositions of even hypercubes into cycles whose length is a power of two.

If $n$ is even, the $n$-dimensional hypercube can be decomposed into edge-disjoint cycles of length $2^i$ for every value of $i$ from $2$ to $n$.
Using climate uncertainty for functional resilience

Abstract Despite ambitions to limit the global average surface temperature increase to 2 °C and the grave concerns for the consequences, the world remains on a path that forecasts an average temperature increase of 3.0–4.5 °C before the end of the century. Many affected countries do not have the resources to perform sophisticated analyses, yet they require usable information for assessing local resilience needs from climate impacts. This article presents newly available analysis methods and regional estimates of climate change uncertainty that enable effective screening assessments for resilience. The assessment tool, C-FIT (Climate Futures Impact Tool), is freely and publicly available and is designed to help analysts and stakeholders evaluate the potential importance of uncertainty on compound-risks from climate change at the local, country, or regional level. It is primarily intended for use in lesser-developed countries and for users requiring screening level analyses. Using exceedance probabilities, it focuses on future climate-change risks due to volatility and uncertainty, rather than on the average-expected impacts. Parameterized uncertainty distributions were estimated for 9 climate variables (daily average and maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation, maximum wind speed, humidity, runoff, soil moisture, and evaporation) in 169 country areas. Users can then apply recent advances in numerical methods to quantify economic resilience trade-offs as well as publicly available tools to analyze and sequence adaptation options that minimize cost despite future changes in climate predictions and their associated uncertainty.
Effects of radiation on the capacity of the stem cell compartment to differentiate into granulocytic and erythrocytic progeny.

A VARIETY OF METHODS have been used to investigate the properties of the stem cell#{176} compartment.’#{176} The spleen colony method introduced by Till and McCullocW measures the production of hematopoietic colonies after injection of syngeneic bone marrow into irradiated recipient mice. These colonies appear to be the progeny of single cells’0 which are able to differentiate to form either granulocytic or erythrocytic progeny.� Under most circumstances, the system is more a measure of erythrocyte production since the surface colonies in the spleen are predominantly concerned with erythropoiesis.12’5 Other technics which measure proliferation of hematopoietic cells within the spleens of animals recovering from whole body irradiation utilize spleen weight,2 incorporation of IUDR into the DNA of newly-formed cells,’ or incorporation of 59Fe into maturing erythrocytic cells.4 A second type of assay system ( repopulating ability ) measures the ability of transplanted progenitor cells to form specific mature progeny. Irradiated recipient animals having received syngeneic bone marrow earlier will incorporate 59Fe into newly-formed erythrocytes. If one waits a sufficient period of time for proliferation and differentiation of the injected bone marrow progenitor cells before injecting the radioactive iron, then the incorporation of 59Fe is proportional to the number of bone marrow cells injected, and canbe used to assay such marrow.5 Hodgson compared irradiated with normal marrow and constructed a radiation survival curve.6 Using this as a model, we have described a similar system in which the granulocytic progeny of the injected marrow are measured.#{176} In this system, irradiated recipient mice are given syngeneic bone marrow, a period of time is allowed for this marrow to proliferate and differentiate, and then bacterial endotoxin is injected. The peripheral white blood cell response to bacterial endotoxin has
On the accuracy of in-body TOA ranging inside the gastrointestinal tract using carrier frequency

Body area network is now on its speedway of development, which stresses the importance of in-body localization. Wireless capsule endoscopy, one major application in BAN, helps physicians to work out better treatments and inspections of gastrointestinal tract if wireless capsule endoscope could be more accurately localized. In this paper we first propose the CRLB of TOA ranging inside homogeneous tissue as performance guideline and compare the accuracy of different TOA ranging methods inside homogeneous tissue. Then, simulations inside non-homogeneous tissues are conducted to investigate the impact of non-homogeneity on TOA ranging accuracy qualitatively and quantitatively.
Wikipedia's Role in Reputation Management: An Analysis of the Best and Worst Companies in the USA

Ser considerada una de les millors companyies dels Estats Units es un gran honor, pero la bona reputacio no eximeix aquestes empreses de trobar aspectes negatius a la Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia en linia editada en col·laboracio. Mitjancant una analisi de contingut de les companyies que tenen millor i pitjor reputacio dels Estats Units, aquest estudi demostra que el contingut negatiu dels articles corporatius que es publiquen a la Wikipedia supera el contingut positiu independentment de la reputacio de l'empresa. S'ha comprovat que tant les millors com les pitjors companyies contenen mes continguts negatius que positius. Es una questio important, ja que la Wikipedia no es nomes un dels llocs web mes populars del mon, sino que s'ha convertit en un dels primers indrets per buscar informacio corporativa. Tot i que s'han trobat mes continguts relacionats amb la responsabilitat social corporativa en les entrades de les deu companyies amb millor reputacio, aquests quedaven eclipsats per questions vinculades amb escandols o assumptes legals. La conclusio es que els professionals de les relacions publiques haurien de supervisar i actualitzar periodicament els seus articles corporatius a la Wikipedia independentment de la companyia per a la qual treballin.
Refining the assessment of the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests, with applications to prostate cancer screening and non-small cell lung cancer staging

Los calculos del rendimiento de las pruebas diagnosticas suelen presentarse en tablas de 2x2 con filas horizontales para los resultados positivos y negativos obtenidos con la prueba evaluada, y con columnas verticales para los resultados positivos y negativos obtenidos con el patron de oro. Esta manera de presentar los datos visualmente, asi como las sensibilidades y especificidades basadas en ella, le imprimen caracter binario a la prueba y al patron de oro. Pero cuando los resultados de la prueba pertenecen a una de varias categorias ordenadas, a menudo se utilizan curvas de las caracteristicas funcionales de la prueba (o curvas ROC, por receiver operator characteristic curve) para indicar que esta no es binaria. Tratar el patron de oro como si fuese binario tambien es problematico porque implica que toda enfermedad se comporta uniformemente, con el resultado de que a todos los casos se les trata como si fuesen intercambiables. No obstante, hay ciertos tumores, por ejemplo, que exigen mas tratamiento que otros y que por lo tanto tambien exigen mayor deteccion. En el presente trabajo proponemos el uso de una tabla refinada que clasifica a los tumores en funcion de lo que se sabe de su susceptibilidad al tratamiento, con lo cual se pretende lograr una evaluacion mas informativa de las pruebas que la proporcionada por la tabla de 2x2. A manera de ejemplo presentamos una tabla de 2x3 en la cual se refina la medicion del antigeno especifico de la prostata (AEP) teniendo en cuenta el resultado de la palpacion rectal. Dicho resultado se usa como indicador de la necesidad de tratar los canceres prostaticos que se detectan o que no se detectan mediante la prueba del AEP. Un segundo ejemplo aplica los mismos conceptos a la tomografia por emision de positrones y a la tomografia computadorizada cuando se usan para la estadificacion del cancer pulmonar no microcitico. Se usaria mas informacion si se adoptara la estructura de 2x3 para configurar la tabla.
Technological autonomy and three definitions of technology

In this essay I argue that one way to comprehend popular discourse about new technologies is to explore the meanings of the term technology. I develop the need to interrogate the meaning of technology by contrasting studies of technological discourse with studies of scientific discourse. I delineate three meanings of technology assumed in popular and academic discourse: technology-as-instrumentality, technology-as-industrialization, and technology-as-novelty. Finally, I examine the deployment of these definitions by the Clinton administration as it promulgates and defends its policies regarding the Internet. I conclude by reflecting on the significance of popular equivocation on the meaning of technology for understanding the ideology of technology.
Assay of bone resorption in vivo with3H-tetracycline

3H-Tetracycline (3H-TC) was used to quantify resorption in whole bones of growing rats and dogs. After repeated isotopic labeling of actively growing embryos or neonates,3H-TC was observed to be distributed homogeneously and in equilibrium with45Ca. A rapid and large loss of3H-TC and a small loss of45Ca occurred during the early weeks of rapid bone growth, suggesting thatabsolute amounts of45Ca resorbed from bone, as reflected by losses of3H-TC, are five to ten times greater than thenet amounts of45Ca lost from bone. Minimal loss of3H-TC occurred due to nonspecific physicochemical exchange in vivo or in vitro (5%) except with nonradioactive tetracycline, and3H-TC was not greatly exchanged or reused (10%) in vivo. The data are considered in terms of local and systemic conservation of calcium.
Lessons Learned From a History of Perseverance and Innovation in Academic–Practice Partnerships

Nurse leaders today are faced with a pressing concern to reevaluate established community resources and models for academic–practice partnerships that have been used in the preparation of new and advanced practice nurses. Nursing reform in education and practice is not achieved as a simple series of decisions in the present moment with future direction as its object. It is a process in which the outcome is ultimately evaluated within the context of history. Academic–practice partnerships are part of a nursing heritage that has persevered for hundreds of years. This article is a brief synopsis of examples from the historical records that evidence the lessons learned from the experiences of nurses who have formed innovative academic–practice partnerships with religious communities, medical colleges and physicians, government, hospitals, institutions of higher learning, and nursing organizations.
Gesture-based robot control with variable autonomy from the JPL BioSleeve

This paper presents a new gesture-based human interface for natural robot control. Detailed activity of the user's hand and arm is acquired via a novel device, called the BioSleeve, which packages dry-contact surface electromyography (EMG) and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) into a sleeve worn on the forearm. The BioSleeve's accompanying algorithms can reliably decode as many as sixteen discrete hand gestures and estimate the continuous orientation of the forearm. These gestures and positions are mapped to robot commands that, to varying degrees, integrate with the robot's perception of its environment and its ability to complete tasks autonomously. This flexible approach enables, for example, supervisory point-to-goal commands, virtual joystick for guarded teleoperation, and high degree of freedom mimicked manipulation, all from a single device. The BioSleeve is meant for portable field use; unlike other gesture recognition systems, use of the BioSleeve for robot control is invariant to lighting conditions, occlusions, and the human-robot spatial relationship and does not encumber the user's hands. The BioSleeve control approach has been implemented on three robot types, and we present proof-of-principle demonstrations with mobile ground robots, manipulation robots, and prosthetic hands.
Character and Behavior of Mist Generated by Application of Cutting Fluid to a Rotating Cylindrical Workpiece, Part 2: Experimental Validation

Summary and Conclusions This two-part paper has developed and experimentally vali-dated a model for cutting ﬂuid mist formation that describes theinteraction of the ﬂuid with the rotating cylindrical workpieceduring a turning operation. Part 1 of this paper focused on themodel development, incorporating the following components:• Thin ﬁlm and rotating disk atomization theory to predictmean droplet size.• A lognormal distribution to characterize the droplets that aregenerated.• Relations for both droplet generation and settling rates.• Relations to describe the droplet evaporation.• An expression for mass concentration as a function of thedroplet size distribution.Part 2 of this paper has been devoted to the experimental vali-dation of the model developed in Part 1. The work presented inPart 2 may be summarized as follows:• The experimental setup and capabilities were described.• The mean generated droplet diameter and maximum cuttingﬂuid ﬂow rate are validated.• The standard deviation was empirically determined using ex-perimental data.• The mist behavior component of the complete model wasvalidated with data collected on both time varying dropletsize distributions and dynamic changes in the mass concen-tration.• The complete model was validated using mass concentrationand size distribution data.Both the model predictions and the measured data point to theimportance of cutting speed as a signiﬁcant parameter for dropletgeneration and the maximum ﬂow rate. Cutting speed is alsofound to be the dominant variable in terms of mass concentration,with increasing cutting speed producing smaller droplets andhigher PM10 mass concentration levels.Based on the model and the validation effort described in thistwo-part paper, the following conclusions may be drawn:• The complete model accurately predicts the droplet size dis-tribution and the mass concentration behavior.• For the conditions examined, during ﬂuid application themass concentration increases over time because the rate ofdroplet generation exceeds the settling/evaporation rate.• Once the ﬂuid application is discontinued, the mass concen-tration decays exponentially.• The assumption that the droplets within the control volumefollow a lognormal distribution appears to be valid.• Regardless of the droplet mean diameter associated with theatomization mechanism, the distribution of droplets withinthe control volume will be dominated by small droplets be-cause of the settling and evaporation phenomenon.With the present model established, the model may now be usedto judge the effects of processing conditions, ﬂuid applicationvariables, and ﬂuid type on the resulting droplet size distributionand mass concentration.
Energy spectra of subexcitation electrons

Abstract Subexcitation electrons are those electrons that are produced in irradiated matter and have kinetic energies ( T ) lower than the first electronic excitation threshold of the major component. The abundant subexcitation electrons play an important role in many contexts such as the excitation of minor-component molecules. For quantitative assessment of effects of the subexcitation electrons, their energy spectra must be known. Often they are assumed to be of the Platzman form: A+B /( T+I ) 3 , where I is the ionization threshold. We point out that this form is justified for He and H 2 , but not in general. For Ar we have carried out an accurate calculation and have obtained a spectrum not representable by the Platzman form.
Fluid hydrogen at high density: The plasma phase transition.

We apply a new model equation of state, based on realistic interparticle potentials and a self-consistent treatment of the internal levels, to fluid hydrogen at high density. This model shows a strong connection between molecular dissociation and pressure ionization. We consider the possibility of a first-order plasma phase transition for which we give both the evolution in temperature and the critical point.
Suicide in pregnancy

Abstract Background Pregnant women with bipolar disorder often elicit conflicts between maternal and fetal considerations. Case A 26-year-old primigravida at 12 weeks' gestation presented for emergency psychiatric evaluation after discontinuing psychotropic medications when starting prenatal care. She developed worsening depression and was suicidal. She was admitted to an inpatient psychiatric unit, medication was reinitiated, and she appeared to stabilize well enough to be followed as an outpatient. Two days after discharge, she shot herself in the left chest, resulting in her death and that of her fetus. Conclusion When choosing to maintain or discontinue mood stabilizers during pregnancy, decisions are best made by the use of a risk–benefit model that takes into account the health and well-being of both mother and fetus.
Psychological and interpersonal dimensions of sexual function and dysfunction in women: An update.

Abstract Introduction We reviewed the psychological and interpersonal dimensions of female sexual function and dysfunction. Methods We identified articles published in 1970–2013 using the keywords ‘female sexual dysfunction’, ‘sexual desire’, ‘sexual arousal’, ‘female orgasmic disorder’, ‘sex therapy’, ‘psychotherapy’, ‘behaviour therapy’ and ‘Internet therapy’. Over 200 articles were reviewed (Level of evidence 2b). Results and conclusions We identified the major psychological variables affecting female sexual function. The outcomes of psychological treatment interventions are reported. A collaboration between healthcare practitioners from different disciplines is necessary in the evaluation, treatment and education of female patients with sexual dysfunction. The assessment of female and couples’ sexual dysfunction should ideally include an enquiry about the predisposing, precipitating, maintaining and contextual factors.
ECM and cell surface proteolysis: regulating cellular ecology.

Our understanding of proteolysis of ECM and cell surface molecules has expanded dramatically. We now know that the most significant proteolytic events are confined to the pericellular environment. With the discovery of new proteinases with new functions come new avenues for exploration in areas of development and disease. The synergy between adhesion, ECM, and proteolysis has been advanced by discovery of the intimate relationships between proteinases and signal transduction, particularly as effectors of epithelial–stromal interactions. Understanding the mechanisms by which pericellular proteinases are regulated and activated, the nature of their molecular targets, and how adhesion and proteolysis are integrated will provide exciting avenues for investigation over the next few years.
A new method for assaying peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase.

Abstract A new assay is described for the activity of peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase on naturally occurring peptidyl-tRNA molecules. It takes advantage of the differential binding of the tRNA and peptide moieties to DEAE paper.
Family policies, employment and poverty among partnered and single mothers

Abstract The risk of poverty for single mothers ranges from less than 2% in Sweden to more than 35% in the United States; less extreme cross-national variations also exist for partnered mothers. We explore which family policies are most effective at directly reducing poverty among families with children, and whether these policies indirectly reduce poverty through supporting mothers’ employment. We combine microdata from the Luxembourg Income Study with the Work-Family Policy Indicators dataset, and use multilevel logistic regressions to examine the associations between policy and poverty, controlling for individual-level factors. We find significant effects of family allowances, generous parental leaves and childcare provisions, with more powerful effects for single mothers. We further show that parental leave and childcare operate through boosting mothers’ employment, illustrating that work-family policies are useful for reducing poverty by enhancing mother's employment.
FoxO1 regulates Tlr4 inflammatory pathway signalling in macrophages

The macrophage-mediated inflammatory response is a key etiologic component of obesity-related tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. The transcriptional factor FoxO1 is a key regulator of cell metabolism, cell cycle and cell death. Its activity is tightly regulated by the phosphoinositide-3-kinase-AKT (PI3K-Akt) pathway, which leads to phosphorylation, cytoplasmic retention and inactivation of FoxO1. Here, we show that FoxO1 promotes inflammation by enhancing Tlr4-mediated signalling in mature macrophages. By means of chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) combined with massively parallel sequencing (ChIP-Seq), we show that FoxO1 binds to multiple enhancer-like elements within the Tlr4 gene itself, as well as to sites in a number of Tlr4 signalling pathway genes. While FoxO1 potentiates Tlr4 signalling, activation of the latter induces AKT and subsequently inactivates FoxO1, establishing a self-limiting mechanism of inflammation. Given the central role of macrophage Tlr4 in transducing extrinsic proinflammatory signals, the novel functions for FoxO1 in macrophages as a transcriptional regulator of the Tlr4 gene and its inflammatory pathway, highlights FoxO1 as a key molecular adaptor integrating inflammatory responses in the context of obesity and insulin resistance.
Fast Extraction and Dilution Flow Injection Mass Spectrometry Method for Quantitative Chemical Residue Screening in Food

A prototype multiresidue method based on fast extraction and dilution of samples followed by flow injection mass spectrometric analysis is proposed here for high-throughput chemical screening in complex matrices. The method was tested for sulfonylurea herbicides (triflusulfuron methyl, azimsulfuron, chlorimuron ethyl, sulfometuron methyl, chlorsulfuron, and flupyrsulfuron methyl), carbamate insecticides (oxamyl and methomyl), pyrimidine carboxylic acid herbicides (aminocyclopyrachlor and aminocyclopyrachlor methyl), and anthranilic diamide insecticides (chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole). Lemon and pecan were used as representative high-water and low-water content matrices, respectively, and a sample extraction procedure was designed for each commodity type. Matrix-matched external standards were used for calibration, yielding linear responses with correlation coefficients (r) consistently >0.99. The limits of detection (LOD) were estimated to be between 0.01 and 0.03 mg/kg for all analytes, allowing execution of recovery tests with samples fortified at ≥0.05 mg/kg. Average analyte recoveries obtained during method validation for lemon and pecan ranged from 75 to 118% with standard deviations between 3 and 21%. Representative food processed fractions were also tested, that is, soybean oil and corn meal, yielding individual analyte average recoveries ranging from 62 to 114% with standard deviations between 4 and 18%. An intralaboratory blind test was also performed; the method excelled with 0 false positives and 0 false negatives in 240 residue measurements (20 samples × 12 analytes). The daily throughput of the fast extraction and dilution (FED) procedure is estimated at 72 samples/chemist, whereas the flow injection mass spectrometry (FI-MS) throughput could be as high as 4.3 sample injections/min, making very efficient use of mass spectrometers with negligible instrumental analysis time compared to the sample homogenization, preparation, and data processing steps.
Some aspects of amino acid metabolism in the fruiting myxobacterium, Myxococcus xanthus.

Several aspects of amino acid metabolism were studied in the fruiting myxobacterium Myxococcus xanthus. Alanine and aspartate aminotransferases were detected at significant levels in vegetative cells and myxospores. In contrast, glutamate dehydrogenase, alanine dehydrogenase and aspartase were not detectable in the same preparations, which is consistent with the fact that inorganic nitrogen is not required for growth. The data presented suggest that the aminotransferases demonstrated provide for the synthesis of nonessential amino acids and concomitantly, oxidizable substrates.
The Exact Distribution of a Structural Coefficient Estimator

Abstract The distribution studied is that of an estimator of a structural parameter appearing in a system of linear simultaneous equations. The relationship between the bias and the true parameter value is analysed and the bias is tabulated for selected values of the parameters of the distribution. It is also shown that the estimator possesses finite moments up to order v where v is the number of overidentifying restrictions and that the estimator converges to the true parameter value as one of the parameters of the distribution (not the sample size) increases indefinitely.
Cooper v. Aaron (1958): A Hidden Story of Unanimity and Division

Contemporary and later commentators emphasized the Supreme Court's forceful affirmation of its own authority in Cooper v. Aaron (1958). The case was the Court's first significant test of states' rights opposition denying that Brown v. Board of Education (1954) (Brown I) and the Brown II (1955) decree permitting gradual implementation were legitimate constitutional law. Indeed, following the Court's announcement of Cooper v. Aaron in September 1958, Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus and his followers closed the very same Little Rock schools the Supreme Court had ordered desegregated. Black students' rights did not prevail until summer 1959. In Arkansas and elsewhere, defiance initially triumphed over the Supreme Court's self-assertive power.1
Effect of Vitamin B12 Intake of Hens Upon Carry-Over in Chicks

Abstract THE role of vitamin B12 for hatchability of chicken eggs has been established and reported by several investigators including Lillie et al. (1949), Petersen et al. (1950), Carver and McGinnis (1950), Milligan and Combs (1950), Peeler et al. (1951), and Johnson (1951). It has also been established that vitamin B12 is transferred from the hen, through the egg, to the newly-hatched chick when breeder hens received the vitamin from animal protein, litter, or crystalline B12. The work reported by Milligan and Combs (1950) showed that 4.0 micrograms per kilogram of the breeder diet failed to transfer sufficient B12 for good growth of offspring not fed supplementary B12. A level of 8.0 micrograms in the breeder diet was also slightly marginal. This paper reports the results obtained when chicks, hatched from hens which had received various levels of vitamin B12, were fed experimental rations to determine carry-over of B12 from their . . .
Cytochrome P450 2E1 is the primary enzyme responsible for low-dose carbon tetrachloride metabolism in human liver microsomes

We examined which human CYP450 forms contribute to carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) bioactivation using hepatic microsomes, heterologously expressed enzymes, inhibitory antibodies and selective chemical inhibitors. CCl(4) metabolism was determined by measuring chloroform formation under anaerobic conditions. Pooled human microsomes metabolized CCl(4) with a K(m) of 57 microM and a V(max) of 2.3 nmol CHCl(3)/min/mg protein. Expressed CYP2E1 metabolized CCl(4) with a K(m) of 1.9 microM and a V(max) of 8.9 nmol CHCl(3)/min/nmol CYP2E1. At 17 microM CCl(4), a monoclonal CYP2E1 antibody inhibited 64, 74 and 83% of the total CCl(4) metabolism in three separate human microsomal samples, indicating that at low CCl(4) concentrations, CYP2E1 was the primary enzyme responsible for CCl(4) metabolism. At 530 microM CCl(4), anti-CYP2E1 inhibited 36, 51 and 75% of the total CCl(4) metabolism, suggesting that other CYP450s may have a significant role in CCl(4) metabolism at this concentration. Tests with expressed CYP2B6 and inhibitory CYP2B6 antibodies suggested that this form did not contribute significantly to CCl(4) metabolism. Effects of the CYP450 inhibitors alpha-naphthoflavone (CYP1A), sulfaphenazole (CYP2C9) and clotrimazole (CYP3A) were examined in the liver microsome sample that was inhibited only 36% by anti-CYP2E1 at 530 microM CCl(4). Clotrimazole inhibited CCl(4) metabolism by 23% but the other chemical inhibitors were without significant effect. Overall, these data suggest that CYP2E1 is the major human enzyme responsible for CCl(4) bioactivation at lower, environmentally relevant levels. At higher CCl(4) levels, CYP3A and possibly other CYP450 forms may contribute to CCl(4) metabolism.
Chest pain in adolescents.

Abstract Adolescents with chest pain were compared with healthy adolescents to determine if they were more likely to believe they had cardiac disease and were less healthy than their peers. Perceptions were examined with a questionnaire and results analyzed by x 2 analysis. Twenty-two percent of adolescents with chest pain were diagnosed with cardiac problems, a prevalence rate higher than previous reports. While knowledge of possible etiologies of chest pain was similar for both patient and control groups, 68% of those with the symptom associated their own pain with heart disease and 44% altered their behavior because of it. Health professionals should avoid inadvertent reinforcement of the patient's fear of heart disease, particularly because subsequent unnecessary self-restrictions can result in an age group in which the symptom most often represents a noncardiac etiology.
An analytical solution of the shallow water equations

Abstract The general analytical solution of one-dimensional shallow water equation is presented. The solution corresponds to the propagation of spherical waves in four-dimensional space. The problem of two-dimensional rotating shallow water is discussed.
Motives for Maintaining Personal Journal Blogs

Abstract Although much has been learned about political and news blogs, there has been a lack of research on personal journal blogs. They deserve further research attention because of the implications blogs have in many bloggers' immediate social networks, as well as the opportunities for scientific inquiry in a rich and evolving communication environment. This study explored bloggers' motives for maintaining personal journal blogs, or blogs that resemble diaries about one's personal life. Stemming from the uses and gratifications perspective, antecedents (age, sex, loneliness, disclosiveness) and blogging motives composed a model for predicting the amount of blog use. Seven motives emerged from online survey data: helping/informing, social connection, pass time, exhibitionism, archiving/organizing, professionalism, and get feedback. Age, sex, loneliness, and disclosiveness predicted different motives, and the total model (age, sex, loneliness, disclosiveness, and motives) was useful for explaining 13% of...
Information security issues in an APL application

This paper will describe various methods to secure an APL database application. Primary foci will be in the areas of “physical” protection, and in cryptographic techniques. To that end, distinctions will be made between “data,” and “information.” Because of those differences, specific methods will be offered which are appropriate for each modality of security. A brief set of examples will be included for the use of IBM's1 RACF2 (Resource Access Control Facility). Also, a description of a Public Key Cryptographic function, implemented in APL, will be offered. Finally, these will be combined into a database scenario, applicable to products like APLDI23 (APL Data Interface).
Neonatal urine screening for metabolic disease with auxotrophic strains of Bacillus subtilis.

Abstract A simplified method for neonatal urine screening for metabolic diseases is described. This procedure involves the use of two bacterial inhibition assays which can detect uracil, lysine, and homocystine, in combination with two other assays utilizing spores of amino acid auxotrophic mutants of Bacillus subtilis which can detect several amino acids and purines. These four tests have the capability to detect several treatable inherited metabolic diseases, including three disorders of the urea cycle, using a urine specimen on filter paper. This method results in savings of cost and time over Chromatographic screening procedures, since only four agar trays (56 specimens per tray) are used, which can be processed with one cycle through a semi-automated punch index machine.