cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Petiole and leaf nitrate studies in sunflower

Abstract This study was conducted at two sites in Mississippi to determine whether petiole and leaf NO‐ 3 monitoring could be used as a management tool in making fertilizer N recommendations for sunflower (Hellanthus annuus L.). Petiole and leaf samples were taken at the four leaf stage at both sites, and later at two week intervals at Brooksville. Petiole and leaf NO‐ 3 at the four leaf stage was significantly influenced by rate of N application at both sites. The level of petiole and leaf NO‐ 3 was highly correlated with rate of N application as well as with seed yield. The concentration of NO‐ 3 in petioles and leaves was greatest at the four leaf stage and showed quadratic declines as the season progressed. Petiole and leaf NO‐ 3 showed the highest correlations with rate of N application and seed yield at the four leaf stage than at any other sampling time at Brooksville, indicating that this was the “best” period for taking petiole and leaf samples. However, analysis of petioles and leaves at the fou...
Inhibition of choroidal neovascularization by adenovirus-mediated delivery of short hairpin RNAs targeting VEGF as a potential therapy for AMD.

METHODS. Several shRNAs expressed from recombinant adenovirus were developed. These shRNAs were expressed in human RPE cells in the presence of adenovirus vectors overexpressing VEGF, and the amount of VEGF attenuation was evaluated. Adenovirus vectors expressing VEGF were subsequently injected into the subretinal space of mice, and induction of CNV was measured in the presence of adenovirus vectors expressing shRNA targeting VEGF. RESULTS. Potent shRNA sequences were identified that were able to silence VEGF in human RPE cells. When expressed from adenovirus backbones, these shRNA constructs silenced VEGF by 94% at a 1:5 molar ratio (VEGF to shRNA) and 64% at a 1:0.05 molar ratio. Adenovirus vectors expressing high levels of VEGF could induce CNV in mice within 5 days. Co-injection of VEGF-expressing viruses into mice with shRNA targeting VEGF led to a substantial (84%) reduction in CNV. CONCLUSIONS. shRNA targeting VEGF from adenovirus vectors allows potent attenuation of VEGF and prevents CNV. This approach shows promise as a therapy for AMD. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:3496‐3504) DOI:10.1167/iovs.051610
Spiritual Autobiography and Older Adults

Spiritual autobiography groups constitute a form of ministry that can potentially enrich the lives of older adults, their families, and their congregations. Such groups, when competently led, provide participants with an environment in which they can make meaning out of their lives, grieve their losses, and give and receive support. The actions and interactions involved in composing, telling, and hearing life stories are salutary exercises that can increase participants’ experiences of clarity, coherence, and connection to God and to each other. The spiritual wisdom that emerges from such life stories, when shared within congregations, can enhance intergenerational relationships and lead to spiritual growth for members of diverse ages.
Nursing Home Deficiencies in the United States A Confirmatory Factor Analysis

This is a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of deficiencies in nursing homes obtained from the On-line Survey Certification and Reporting system (OSCAR), a national database on nursing home qualit...
Internal Microstructure Investigation of Tin Whisker Growth Using FIB Technology

The problem of tin (Sn) whiskers has been a significant reliability issue in electronics for the past several decades. Despite the large amount of research conducted on this issue, a solution for mitigating the growth of whiskers remains a challenge for the research community. Whiskers have unpredictable growth and morphology, and a study of a whisker’s internal structure may provide further insights into the reason behind their complex growth. This study reports on the internal microstructure and morphology of complex-shaped Sn whiskers grown from an electroplated bright Sn layer on brass substrates exposed to ambient and 95% humid environment. The variables analyzed include surface and microstructure conditions of the film, and morphology and internal microstructure of the Sn whiskers using scanning electron microscopy with focused ion beam technology. Experimental results demonstrated that the whiskers with more complex morphology grow primarily from surfaces exposed to a controlled environment, and some of them have traits of polycrystalline growth rather than only single crystalline, as usually known.
Use of low-dose cyclosporine A/methotrexate to prolong rat cardiac allograft survival.

Abstract Cyclosporine A (CSA) is the standard immunosuppressive agent used in human cardiac transplantation to prevent rejection; however, adverse side effects have been reported at therapeutic doses. Therefore, a need remains for the implementation of specific therapies designed to achieve transplant success with a minimum of undesirable side effects. The aims of the present study were: (1) to evaluate the efficacy of a low-dose CSA (1.0 mg/kg/day) / methotrexate (MTX) (450 μg/kg/week) combination therapy in prolonging rat cardiac allograft survival, and (2) to determine the effects of low-dose CSA/MTX on interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene expression in rat cardiac allografts. The average time to rejection of newborn donor Brown Norway (BN) rat hearts transplanted into the ear pinnae of CSA/MTX-treated adult Lewis recipients, measured by the absence of electrocardiographic (ECG) activity, more than doubled from day 8 post-transplantation (post-tx) to day 18 post-tx when compared to allografts in untreated control recipients ( p ≤0.01). Northern blot analysis demonstrated that IL-2 mRNA transcripts in cardiac allografts treated with low-dose CSA/MTX were detected as early as day 1 post-tx, and at increasing levels as rejection progressed post-tx. When IL-2 gene expression in allografts from CSA/MTX-treated recipients was compared to levels in allografts from untreated recipients, no significant difference in the pattern of IL-2 induction was observed. In contrast, IL-2 mRNA transcripts were not detected post-tx in allografts from recipients treated with high-dose (15 mg/kg/day) CSA or in cardiac isografts. The presence of IL-2 gene transcripts, therefore, appears to be allograft-specific. Furthermore, low-dose CSA/MTX therapy does not appear to prolong transplant survival by altering steady-state levels of IL-2 gene transcripts. We conclude that low-dose CSA/MTX treatment may serve as a possible alternative immunosuppressive therapy for promoting allograft survival while minimizing high-dose CSA side effects. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism(s) by which low-dose CSA/MTX combination therapy increases the time to rat cardiac allograft rejection.
The occurrence of a thylakoid-localized small zinc finger protein in land plants

Previous studies showed that LOW QUANTUM YIELD OF PHOTOSYSTEM II 1 (LQY1), a small thylakoid zinc finger protein was involved in maintenance and repair of Photosystem II (PSII). Here the author provide additional evidence for the role of LQY1 in PSII maintenance and repair and further commentary on the occurrence of LQY1 protein among land plants. After exposure to high light, Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking functional LQY1 gene (At1g75690) are more photoinhibited than wild-type control plants; display higher total non-photochemical quenching and photoinhibitory quenching. These results are consistent with the initial observation that lqy1 mutants have lower PSII efficiency than wild-type plants after high-light treatment. The low-PSII-efficiency phenotype can be suppressed upon complementation of lqy1 mutants with the LQY1 gene from wild-type plants. This further demonstrates that LQY1 is important in maintaining the activity of photosystem II in Arabidopsis. LQY1 homologs are present in land plants but are absent from sequenced genomes of green algae and cyanobacteria, which may reflect plant adaptation to excess light stress during the transition to land.
Probiotic and prebiotic supplementation for the prevention of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis

The pathophysiology of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) has not been clearly elucidated, but recent studies support the role of unbalanced pro-inflammatory signaling, leading to intestinal necrosis in premature infants. Although breast milk feeding is thought to reduce the risk of this condition, there are no preventive or therapeutic approaches that have consistently shown to be effective for this common and devastating disease. Recent studies show that probiotic colonization is abnormal in preterm neonates, and enteral supplementation with a variety of probiotic organisms can reduce the risk of disease. This chapter summarizes the current state-of-the-art regarding probiotics and NEC, but suggests caution until appropriately regulated products are available for use in this high-risk population.
On-Line Documentation Its Place in a Two-Year College's Technical Writing Curriculum

This article considers on-line documentation's place in a two-year college's technical communication program. Such a course can be successful if instructors (1) emphasize design principles rather than a particular software package; (2) build on rhetorical skills students already possess, while developing the new skills necessary for authoring documents for the computer screen; and (3) acknowledge the need for their own professional development.
Factorization method for crystallographic Fourier transforms

Determining the structure of a crystal by X-ray methods requires repeated computation of the three-dimensional Fourier transform. Over the last few years, algorithms for computing finite Fourier transforms that take advantage of various crystal symmetries have been developed. These algorithms are efficient especially when the sampling space contains a prime number of points in each coordinate direction. In this work, we present a method of combining programs for two relatively prime integers p and q to obtain a program for sampling space containing p . q number of points in each coordinate direction.
Electrical properties of exfoliated -graphite filled polyester based composites

Work has been done to develop and optimize a procedure for the preparation of electrically conductive exfoliated-graphite filled unsaturated polyester composites. The exfoliated graphite flakes impart excellent electrical properties to the polyester composite. EMI (electromagnetic interference) shielding effectiveness, comparable to that of exfoliated graphite alone, has been observed over a frequency range of 0 to 1000 MHz with composite samples containing as little as 4 weight percent of exfoliated graphite. The resistivities approached the value for exfoliated graphite in the c-direction (0.03 μ-cm) at a graphite loading of 11 weight percent. It has been observed that the mechanical integrity of the composite remained good up to graphite loadings of some 17 weight percent. The polyester readily wets the graphite and penetrates most of the graphite open pore volume during processing. Flow visualization measurements have been made in a transparent compression molding apparatus. No effect of the flow conditions on the apparent electrical properties has been found.
Increased clastogenicity and decreased inhibition of DNA synthesis by neocarzinostatin and tallysomycin in ataxia telangiectasia lymphoid cells

Abstract Cytogenetic damage in cells cultured from normal individuals and patients with ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) and xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) was induced by the chemotherapeutic antibiotics neocarzinostatin (NCS), tallysomycin (TLM) and bleomycin (BLM). Chromosomal breakage was specifically elevated in A-T cells when compared to the other genotypes tested. Similar results were not observed with the clastogens mitomycin C (MMC) and N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) as all cells responded similarly. All 5 chemical agents caused a marked suppression of de novo DNA synthesis in normal and XP long-term lymphoid cell lines while the A-T cells seemed resistant to this effect of NCS, TLM and BLM.
Field Research Practice in Management and Organization Studies: Reclaiming its Tradition of Discovery

This review reasserts field research's discovery epistemology. While it occupies a minority position in the study of organization and management, discovery-oriented research practice has a long tra...
Sight Unseen: How Frémont's First Expedition Changed the American Landscape. By Andrew Menard. (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2012. Pp. xxix, 249. $29.95.)

This book offers a critical explication of John Fremont's report from his 1842 expedition up the Kansas and Platte Rivers into the Wind River Range of present‐day Wyoming. Even though many others h...
Evidence for a Function for the UAA Codon in vivo

Biological experiments on cells with/without suppressors, discussing RNA, DNA, enzymatic and UAA codon activities
On the ion chromatographic determination of S(IV)

Abstract Ion Chromatographie determination of S(IV) is described with special reference to the determination of SO 2 (g) and/or aerosol S(IV) along with chloride, nitrate and sulfate in particulate matter. A method is presented for the baseline separation of the above species. The Chromatographic behavior of hydroxymethanesulfonate under various eluent conditions is discussed.
A new microelectrophoretic procedure for delivery of horseradish peroxidase

Abstract A new procedure for microelectrophoretic delivery of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is described. A dilute solution (1.5–3% w/v) of fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated HRP is deposited according to a standard microelectrophoretic method and the tissue reacted according to a sensitive histochemical procedure. A major advantage of this method is the reduced secondary diffusion of the enzyme present at the injection site.
24. Parental Notification following Diagnosis of PID in Urban Adolescent Young Adults

Results: Most schools (n1⁄454, 60%) had health professionals with some training in youth health (study days, on-off lectures, informal teaching); 10 schools (11%) had health professionals with postgraduate education in youth health; 9 (10%) schools had no information on the level of training of their health professionals; 6 schools (6.7%) had heath professionals with no training in youth health, and 11 schools had no health services. Nurses were more likely than doctors to report post-graduate training in youth health (p< 0.001). Students in schools where the clinicians had post-graduate training in youth health were less likely to report emotional and behaviour difficulties (b1⁄40.765, p 1⁄4 0.003), significant depression symptoms (b1⁄4-0.21, p 1⁄4 0.01), suicide risk (b1⁄4-0.053, p1⁄40.039), and binge drinking(b1⁄4 -0.29, p1⁄40.035) than students from schools where school health clinicians had not completed post-graduate papers in youth health or had no health services. There were no significant associations between cigarette, marijuana, or contraception use among students and specialised training among clinicians in their schools’ health service. Conclusions: Postgraduate training inyouth health among clinicians in school health services is associated with better health outcomes among students. These findings support specialised training in youth health for clinicians working predominantly with young people. Sources of Support: Youth’12 was funded by the Ministries of Youth Development, Social Development, Health, Education, Justice; the Department of Labour, Families Commission; and the Alcohol Advisory Council.
Visual suppression during passive eye movement.

Visual suppression during passive eye movement compared to active eye movement to determine origin as retinal or central
Ocular manifestations of giant cell arteritis.

Purpose To report the ocular manifestations of giant cell arteritis using the strict criterion of a positive temporal artery biopsy for diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. Methods In a prospective study from 1973 to 1995, we investigated 170 patients whose diagnosis of giant cell arteritis was confirmed on temporal artery biopsy. At the initial visit, all patients were questioned regarding systemic and ocular signs and symptoms of giant cell arteritis and underwent ophthalmic, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Westergren), and C-reactive protein evaluations. Any patient with a high index of suspicion of giant cell arteritis was immediately started on systemic corticosteroid therapy and had temporal artery biopsy performed as soon as possible. Results Eighty-five (50.0%) of the 170 patients with giant cell arteritis proven by temporal artery biopsy presented with ocular involvement. Ocular symptoms in patients with ocular involvement were visual loss of varying severity in 83 (97.7%), amaurosis fugax in 26 (30.6%), diplopia in five (5.9%), and eye pain in seven (8.2%); ocular ischemic lesions consisted of arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in 69 (81.2%), central retinal artery occlusion in 12 (14.1%), cilioretinal artery occlusion in 12 (of 55 patients with satisfactory fluorescein angiography [21.8%]), posterior ischemic optic neuropathy in six (7.1%), and ocular ischemia in one (1.2%). In almost every patient with giant cell arteritis, fluorescein fundus angiography disclosed occlusive disease of the posterior ciliary arteries. Conclusion Because giant cell arteritis is a potentially blinding disease and its early diagnosis is the key to preventing blindness, it is important to recognize its various ocular manifestations.
Frontal Interaction with Mesoscale Topography

Abstract A two-dimensional, hydrostatic, nearly adiabatic primitive equation model is used to study the evolution of a front passing across topography. Frontogenesis is forced by shearing deformation associated with the nonlinear evolution of an Eady wave. This study extends previous work by including an upper-level potential vorticity (PV) anomaly and a growing baroclinic wave in a baroclinically unstable basic state. Results for the Eady wave simulations show that the mountain retards and blocks the approaching front at the surface while the upper-level PV anomaly associated with the front moves across the domain unaffected. Warm advection ahead of the lee trough forces convergence and cyclonic vorticity growth near the base of the lee slope. This vorticity growth is further encouraged by the approach of the upper-level PV anomaly. The upper-level PV anomaly then couples with this new surface vorticity center and propagates downstream. The original surface front remains trapped on the windward slope. Th...
Functional magnetic resonance imaging and working memory in adolescents with gestational cocaine exposure.

Objective To assess the effect of gestational cocaine exposure on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Study design Using an n-back task, we obtained fMRI with a 3T Siemens scanner on 49 adolescents, 25 who were exposed to cocaine and 24 who were not exposed. The primary outcome was PFC activation during task performance. Five functionally derived regions of interest (ROI) were defined; in addition, 2 a priori anatomical ROIs were generated for Brodmann regions 10 and 46. Results Of the 49 adolescents who underwent imaging, data from 17 who were exposed to cocaine and 17 who were not exposed were in the final analysis. Groups had similar performance on the n-back task ( P ≥ .4), with both showing a fewer number of correct responses on the 2-back than the 1-back ( P P = .05). Conclusion In this sample of adolescents, participants who were exposed to cocaine and participants who were not exposed were similar in performance on an executive function task and in fMRI activation patterns during task performance.
The Information Revolution: A Dose of Reality

Better data about the working conditions and actual practices of users can assist understanding of the capacity of electronic networking and computer technologies. The author points to information presented at two symposia as evidence of the ripeness and relevance of these issues, the complexity of social science research on them, and the fallacies of many popular assumptions about how networks are used.
Photosynthesis by isolated chloroplasts. IV. General concept and comparison of three photochemical reactions.

Abstract 1. 1. Procedures are described for the preparation of chloroplasts capable of carrying out three photochemical reactions, each representing an increasingly complex phase of photosynthesis: photolysis of water (Hill reaction), esterification of inorganic phosphate into adenosine triphosphate (photosynthetic phosphorylation) and the reduction of carbon dioxide to the level of carbohydrates with a simultaneous evolution of oxygen. 2. 2. The three photochemical reactions were separable by variations in the technique for preparation of chloroplasts and by differential inhibition by several reagents. Inhibition of a more complex phase of photosynthesis does not affect the similar one which precedes it and, conversely, the inhibition of a simpler phase of photosynthesis is paralled by an inhibition of the more complex phase which follows. 3. 3. Reversible inhibition of CO 2 fixation and photosynthetic phosphorylation, but not of photolysis, by sulfhydryl group inhibitors suggests that sulfhydryl compounds (enzymes, cofactors, or both) are involved in phosphorylation and CO 2 fixation, but not in the primary conversion of light into chemical energy as measured by the Hill reaction. 4. 4. Evidence is presented in support of the conclusion that the synthesis of ATP by green cells occurs at two distinct sites: anaerobically in chloroplasts, by photosynthetic phosphorylation, and aerobically in smaller cytoplasmic particles, presumably mitochondria, by oxidative phosphorylation independent of light. 5. 5. A general scheme of photosynthesis by chloroplasts, consistent with these findings, is presented.
Gender differences in work-related asthma: surveillance data from California, Massachusetts, Michigan, and New Jersey, 1993–2008

Objective: To characterize work-related asthma by gender. Methods: We analyzed state-based sentinel surveillance data on confirmed work-related asthma cases collected from California, Massachusetts...
Theory of Donor and Acceptor States in Silicon and Germanium

An exact theory of impurity states in crystals is developed, and an evaluation is given of the applicability of the Wannier equation to the donor states in Si and Ge in view of the multiple energy minima in the conduction band. The theory is extended to include degenerate bands, and it is shown by two different methods that the Wannier equation is to be replaced by a set of coupled wave equations. The theory is applied to acceptor states in Si and Ge. The agreement with experiment is fairly good for both donors and acceptors.
Nanoliter MEMS package gas sampling to determine hermeticity.

ABSTRACT Maintaining the integrity of the internal atmosphe re of a hermetic device is essen tial for long-term component reliability because it is within this environment that all internal materials age. As MEMS package sizes decrease with miniaturization, characterization of the internal atmosphere becomes increasingly difficult. Typical transistor metal cans (e.g., TO-5 type) and larg e MEMS devices have internal volumes of ten ths of a milliliter. Last year, gas-sampling methods for smaller-sized MEMS packages were developed and successfully demonstrated on volumes as low as 3 microliters (package outsid e dimensions: ~1 x 2 x 5 mm). This year, we present gas sampling methods and results for a much smaller MEMS package hav ing an internal volume of 30 nanoliters, two orders of magnitude lower than the previous small package. After entirely redesigning the previous sampling manifo ld, several of the 30 nanoliter MEMS were gas sampled successfully and results showed the intended internal gas atmosphere of nitrogen was sealed inside the package. The technique is a radical jump from previous methods because not only were these MEMS packages sampled, but also the gas from each package was analyzed dozens of times over the course of about 20 minutes.Additionally, alternate methods for gas analyses not using helium or fluorinert will be presented. Keywords: MEMS, hermetic, gas, sampling, reliability, RGA, volume, microliter, nanoliter Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy un der contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
The College Application Gauntlet: A Systematic Analysis of the Steps to Four-Year College Enrollment

Few studies have examined the steps to college enrollment between college aspiration and college enrollment and how these steps might present a barrier to four-year college enrollment. This study used data from the Education Longitudinal Study: 2002 and employed a multivariate random effects logistic framework to examine the completion of nine steps to enrollment based on student background characteristics and the completion of prior steps. Racial and family income gaps in step completion can be mostly accounted for by differences in academic preparation. Accounting for social and cultural capital reduced, but did not eliminate, remaining gaps. Finally, completion of early steps strongly predicts completion of later steps, though this momentum appeared much stronger for White students than Black or Hispanic ones. The findings suggest college coaching programs should target students early in their high school careers and work to foster college aspirations and provide information about steps to college enrollment.
Effects of Replacement of Factor VIII Amino Acids Asp519 and Glu665 with Val on Plasma Survival and Efficacy In Vivo

Proteolytic cleavage of factor VIII (FVIII) to activated FVIIIa is required for participation in the coagulation cascade. The A2 domain is no longer covalently bound in the resulting activated heterotrimer and is highly unstable. Aspartic acid (D) 519 and glutamic acid (E) 665 at the A1–A2 and A2–A3 domain interfaces were identified as acidic residues in local hydrophobic pockets. Replacement with hydrophobic valine (V; D519V/E665V) improved the stability and activity of the mutant FVIII over the wild-type (WT) protein in several in vitro assays. In the current study, we examined the impact of mutations on secondary and tertiary structure as well as in vivo stability, pharmacokinetics (PK), efficacy, and immunogenicity in a murine model of Hemophilia A (HA). Biophysical characterization was performed with far-UV circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence emission studies. PK and efficacy of FVIII was studied following i.v. bolus doses of 4, 10 and 40 IU/kg with chromogenic and tail clip assays. Immunogenicity was measured with the Bethesda assay and ELISA after a series of i.v. injections. Native secondary and tertiary structure was unaltered between variants. PK profiles were similar at higher doses, but at 4 IU/kg plasma survival of D519V/E665V was improved. Hemostasis at low concentrations was improved for the mutant. Immune response was similar between variants. Overall, these results demonstrate that stabilizing mutations in the A2 domain of FVIII can improve HA therapy in vivo.
Review of "Software Psychology: Human Factors in Computer and Information Systems, by Ben Shneiderman", Winthrop Computer Systems Series, 1980

The goal of Software Psychology, according to Professor Shneiderman, is "to facilitate the human use of computers." This is a significant goal and one for which a good book is long overdue. However, Professor Shneiderman's book does not quite reach its objective. In fact he is primarily concerned with programmer behavior; the stated objectives of Software Psychology are to enhance programming practice, refine programming techniques, improve teaching, develop software metrics and assess programmer aptitude and abilities. He does a thorough job of assessing the current state of the art in accomplishment of these objectives and in the last few chapters he focuses on design of systems for the nonprogramming user. But his concern is with facilitating computer usage, not with the broad issues of the impact of computer usage on individuals as organization members, as managers and as productive members of the society. For me, the title was somewhat misleading.
Rapid formation of molecular bromine from deliquesced NaBr aerosol in the presence of ozone and UV light

Abstract The formation of gas-phase bromine from aqueous sodium bromide aerosols is investigated through a combination of chamber experiments and chemical kinetics modeling. Experiments show that Br 2(g) is produced rapidly from deliquesced NaBr aerosols in the presence of OH radicals produced by ozone irradiated by UV light. The mechanisms responsible for the “bromine explosion” are examined using a comprehensive chemical kinetics Model of Aqueous, Gaseous, and Interfacial Chemistry (MAGIC). A sensitivity analysis on the model confirms that a complex mechanism involving gas-phase chemistry, aqueous-phase chemistry, and mass transfer is responsible for most of the observed bromine. However, the rate-limiting steps in the bromine explosion pathway vary, depending on the availability of ozone and bromide in the system. Interface reactions, an important source of bromine production under dark conditions, account for only a small fraction of total bromine under irradiation. Simulations performed with gaseous ozone and aerosol bromide concentrations typical of the marine boundary layer also show Br 2(g) production, with BrO (g) and HOBr (g) as the dominant Br-containing products through this mechanism. Aerosol bromide is depleted after several hours of daylight, with photolysis of BrO (g) and HOBr (g) becoming major sources of Br atoms that continue generating Br 2(g) after aerosol bromide is depleted.
Triangulation applied to facial nerve localization during parotidectomy--is math the answer?

OBJECTIVES To offer a novel framework that provides residents and practitioners with a reliable and surgically relevant method for identifying the facial nerve trunk (CNVII) after exiting the skull base during parotidectomy. METHODS The currently available literature and textbooks do not completely address the challenges trainees encounter in learning how to identify CNVII during parotidectomy. In response to this gap in the literature and potential associated deficits in surgical training, we developed an approach that integrates multiplanar intersections (based on mathematical principles) with surgical anatomy to create a reliable method for CNVII identification during parotidectomy. RESULTS The multiplanar intersections shown via our medical illustrations and surgical photography demonstrate the application of the triangulation concept to improve the accuracy and efficiency in surgical localization of CNVII. CONCLUSIONS The integration of multiplanar localization with surgical anatomy provides a reliable method for a surgeon to consistently and rapidly identify the CNVII, which inherently reduces the risk for inadvertent injury to the CNVII.
Design methodology to investigate contact fatigue damage in turbine engine hardware

Abstract One of the most significant maintenance drivers in current turbine engines is contact fatigue damage where turbine blades are inserted into the disk. This is commonly referred to as the dovetail slot. The stress state at the dovetail slot is difficult to determine with standard finite element analysis because of the nonlinear nature of the contact problem. Because of this, a design methodology based on singular integral equation analysis has been developed. This design methodology is used for the first time to compare the contact stress behavior of similar components from two different turbine engines. The use of singular integral equation methods to analyze these components is supported by a similar analysis on a dovetail experimental fixture. Stress predictions by the singular integral equation method compare well to finite element methods for static stress conditions in a dovetail slot. Additionally, the results from the component analysis indicate that there is a correlation between stress state and damage seen during maintenance. However, details concerning the correlation still need to be resolved.
High Temperature Materials and Mechanisms

Introduction Yoseph Bar-Cohen High-Temperature Materials Chemistry and Thermodynamics Sulata Kumari Sahu and Alexandra Navrotsky Refractory Metals, Ceramics, and Composites for High-Temperature Structural and Functional Applications Jeffrey W Fergus and Wesley P Hoffmann High-Temperature Adhesives and Bonding R Peter Dillon Oxidation of High-Temperature Aerospace Materials James L Smialek and Nathan S Jacobson High-Temperature Materials Processing Olivia A Graeve and James P Kelly Characterization of High-Temperature Materials Yoseph Bar-Cohen and Robert Cormia Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring of High-Temperature Materials and Structures Yoseph Bar-Cohen, John D Lekki, Hyeong Jae Lee, Xiaoqi Bao, Stewart Sherrit, Shyh-Shiuh Lih, Mircea Badescu, Andrew Gyekenyesi, Gary Hunter, Mark Woike, and Grigory Adamovsky High-Temperature Motors Nishant Kumar High-Temperature Electromechanical Actuators Stewart Sherrit, Hyeong Jae Lee, Shujun Zhang, and Thomas R Shrout Thermoacoustic Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters Mostafa Nouh, Osama Aldraihem, and Amr Baz Shape Memory and Superelastic Alloys Mohammad Elahinia, Masood Taheri Andani, and Christoph Haberland Thermoelectric Materials and Generators: Research and Application Vijay K Varadan, Linfeng Chen, Jungmin Lee, Gyanesh N Mathur, Hyun Jung Kim, and Sang H Choi High-Temperature Drilling Mechanisms Yoseph Bar-Cohen, Xiaoqi Bao, Mircea Badescu, Stewart Sherrit, Kris Zacny, Nishant Kumar, Thomas Shrout, and Shujun Zhang High-Temperature Electronics Zhenxian Liang Ultra-High-Temperature Ultrasonic Sensor Design Challenges Matthew M Kropf High-Temperature Materials and Mechanisms: Applications and Challenges Yoseph Bar-Cohen Index
Interpretation of antibiotic concentration ratios measured in epithelial lining fluid

In spite of the development and wide use of antibiotics, pneumonia is still the leading cause of infection-related mortality worldwide (101), and antibiotic resistance in the major pathogens of pneumonia has become more frequent during the past several decades. In order to defeat and prevent antibiotic resistance, antibiotics need to be used based on pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) (6, 10, 35). With regard to the PK/PD of antibiotics, considerable effort has been devoted to directly measure the concentrations of antibiotics at infection sites, because the distributions of antibiotics may be different among a variety of tissues. However, even beyond the fact that these measurements are carried out in normal tissues, the techniques used for the measurement are variable in accuracy and reproducibility and the interpretation of their results is hindered by many confounding factors (74, 75). For pulmonary infections, concentrations of antibiotics in epithelial lining fluid (ELF) for extracellular pathogens and in alveolar macrophage (AM) cells for intracellular pathogens are thought to reflect antibiotic activity in pneumonia. Antibiotics whose concentrations are high at these extravascular sites, such as macrolides and fluoroquinolones, tend to be promoted for treatment of pulmonary infection over antibiotics like betalactams and aminoglycosides, even though clinical trials do not show differences in clinical outcome or even bacteriological response. In fact, it is less clear why the ratios of ELF to plasma concentrations are diverse between antibiotics and even between members of the same antibiotic class. The measured ELF-to-plasma concentration ratios may differ based on physicochemical characteristics intrinsic to the molecules. And also, as the ELF concentration of antibiotics is commonly measured by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), technical factors or errors in the method of measurement may create these differences. It is believed that these factors need to be clarified before the concept of ELF concentration should be connected to antibiotic outcomes such as bacterial eradication or clinical response. In the current review, data from published human studies were extracted and analyzed to interpret ELF concentrations of antibiotics measured by BAL, considering possible confounding factors.
Antibiotic dosing before primary hip and knee replacement as a pay-for-performance measure.

Background: There is a trend toward linking the reimbursement for health care services to clinical outcome. One such pay-for-performance proposal that affects orthopaedic surgeons is linking reimbursement for hip and knee replacements to measures such as the percentage of patients receiving antibiotics before surgery. We analyzed the risk factors associated with failing to optimally administer preoperative antibiotics before primary hip and knee arthroplasty. Methods: Data on 988 elective primary total hip and knee replacements done at one institution were collected. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine clinical factors associated with administration of antibiotics outside the recommended window (within one hour before the incision). Results: Thirteen percent of the patients did not receive optimal antibiotic therapy (within the one-hour window prior to the elective arthroplasty). Five patients (0.5%) received no documented preoperative antibiotics. Patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty were more likely to receive antibiotics outside the one-hour window than were patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Longer induction times were associated with administration of antibiotics outside the one-hour window. Certain individual surgeons and anesthesiologists were more likely to administer antibiotics on time. The anesthesiologist effect was more significant than the surgeon effect. Conclusions: Approximately 13% of the patients did not receive optimal antibiotic therapy before total hip and knee replacement. Surgeons can improve their performance score for this measure by focusing antibiotic strategies on patients receiving a hip replacement and on complex cases, by developing systems for antibiotic dosing with the anesthesia team, and by improving documentation.
Examining offending specialization in a sample of male multiple homicide offenders

The American public’s fascination with multiple homicide offenders—individuals who seemingly transcend the heinousness of “regular” homicide offenders because of their multiple victims—has grown during the past few decades. Such growth has not, however, been matched by a proportional increase in serious scholarly attention concerning whether those who kill repeatedly are, or are not, “generally” deviant. As a way of moving beyond this problem, the current analysis builds on recent work concerning multiple homicide offenders to investigate the degree to which such offenders are, in fact, more specialized in their offending careers than are other homicide offenders. The implications for continued theoretical development and empirical research are discussed.
Heart Rhythm Society Policy Statement Update: Recommendations on the Role of Industry Employed Allied Professionals (IEAPs)

R ntroduction n 2001, the North American Society of Pacing and Elecrophysiology (Heart Rhythm Society) published a policy tatement to provide guidance for industry employed allied rofessionals (IEAPs) who render technical assistance durng pacemaker/Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) mplantations, programming, analysis of malfunctions, and ollow-up. These principles were incorporated in a recent onsensus document on the monitoring of implanted cariovascular electronic devices. The term IEAP is applied o persons who are employed or contracted manufacturer epresentatives, field clinical engineers, and industry emloyed technical specialists. These individuals often have xpertise about specific features of pacemakers or ICDs that s unique to the manufacturer’s product. This expertise may e extremely valuable to physicians and the clinical allied rofessionals (CAPs) they employ. In some instances, CAPs ay be employed by the institution incident to the practice f the responsible physician. The physician bears the reponsibility for assessing effectiveness of device programing and any device malfunctions and recommending speific courses of action. The Heart Rhythm Society sponsored an Industry Forum n July 2007 to discuss the role of industry in the care of atients with heart rhythm disorders. One topic of discusion was the role of IEAPs and the need to update the uidelines published in 2001. The meeting was attended by enior Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) staff, officers of HRS, nd executives representing several leading manufacturers f technology used in the care of heart rhythm disorders. broader scope of devices is in widespread use today. lthough pacemakers and ICDs remain central to this disussion, the guidelines must also account for technical asistance supporting intra-cardiac echocardiography, electronatomic mapping systems, remote navigation, and other echnologies that are evolving to assist complex procedures
Crystal Structures of Three Framework Alkali Metal Uranyl Phosphate Hydrates

Three homeotypic hydrated alkali metal uranyl phosphates, A2(UO2)[(UO2)(PO4)]4(H2O)2, A=Cs (CsUP), Rb (RbUP), K (KUP), were synthesized by hydrothermal methods. Intensity data were collected at room temperature using MoKa radiation and a CCD-based area detector. Their crystal structures were solved by Patterson (CsUP) and direct (RbUP, KUP) methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares techniques to agreement indices (CsUP, RbUP, KUP )w R2 ¼ 0:048; 0.230, 0.072 for all data, and R1 ¼ 0:023; 0.078, 0.038 calculated for 5338, 4738, 4514 unique observed reflections (jFojZ4rF ), respectively. The compound CsUP is orthorhombic, space group Cmc21, Z ¼ 4; a ¼ 14:854ð1Þ; b ¼ 13:879ð1Þ; c ¼ 12:987ð1Þ ( A, V ¼ 2677:5ð3Þ (
(R,R)‐N,N′‐Bis(3,5‐di‐tert‐Butylsalicylidene)‐1,2‐Cyclohexanediamino Manganese(III) Chloride, A Highly Enantioselective Epoxidation Catalyst

(R,R)-N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediamino manganese(III) chloride, a highly enantioselective epoxidation catalyst intermediate: (R,R)-1,2-diammoniumcyclohexane mono-(+)-tartrate reactant: 53.7 g (0.229 mol, 2.0 eq) of 3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylaldehyde in 250 mL of ethanol product: (R,R)-N,N′-Bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediamino manganese(III) chloride. intermediate: 50.0 g (0.09 mol, 1 eq) of (R,R)-N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine in 250 mL of toluene Keywords: acylation; enamine or imine formation; metalation reactions, manganese; resolution
Compared to standard physician care for diabetes, nurse specialists provide similar care in terms of quality of life

Commentary on: Arts EE, Landewe-Cleuren SA, Schaper NC, et al. The cost-effectiveness of substituting physicians with diabetes nurse specialists: a randomized controlled trial with 2-year follow-up. J Adv Nurs 2012;68:1224–34[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3] Diabetes is economically burdensome worldwide. Treating diabetes and preventing its complications cost at least US$465 billion in 2011, translating to 11% of total healthcare expenditures in adults.1 Despite the overwhelming costs of diabetes, overall care remains undesirable. Programmes demonstrating reduction in diabetes-related healthcare costs, while resulting in positive outcomes, will be important to replicate. … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJournal%2Bof%2Badvanced%2Bnursing%26rft.stitle%253DJ%2BAdv%2BNurs%26rft.aulast%253DArts%26rft.auinit1%253DE.%2BE.%26rft.volume%253D68%26rft.issue%253D6%26rft.spage%253D1224%26rft.epage%253D1234%26rft.atitle%253DThe%2Bcost-effectiveness%2Bof%2Bsubstituting%2Bphysicians%2Bwith%2Bdiabetes%2Bnurse%2Bspecialists%253A%2Ba%2Brandomized%2Bcontrolled%2Btrial%2Bwith%2B2-year%2Bfollow-up.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2648.2011.05797.x%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F22004474%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05797.x&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=22004474&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febnurs%2F16%2F4%2F112.atom
The Procyclical Behavior of Total Factor Productivity in the United States, 1890–2004

Between 1890 and 2004 total factor productivity (TFP) growth in the United States has been strongly procyclical, while labor productivity growth has been mildly so. This article argues that these results are not simply a statistical artifact, as Mathew Shapiro and others have argued. Procyclicality resulted principally from demand shocks interacting with capital services which are relatively invariant over the cycle. This account contrasts with explanations emphasizing labor hoarding as well as those offered by the real business cycle (RBC) program, in which TFP shocks (deviations from trend) are themselves the cause of cycles. of that work has been the finding that total factor productivity growth was strongly procyclical during the Depression years. When the unemployment rate went up, the level or rate of growth of TFP went down, and vice versa, with this cyclical dynamic overlaid upon a very strong trend growth rate. There were, in particular, large declines in TFP in 1930, 1931, 1932, and 1933. How generalizable is the phenomenon of Depression era TFP procyclicality? The answer turns out to be quite striking. For over a century, TFP growth in the United States has been strongly procyclical, and the elasticity of TFP growth with respect to a change in the unemployment rate has been remarkably stable in the years both before and after the Second World War and in a variety of subperiods during which trend growth rates of TFP were quite different. 2
The ‘Popular’ Culture of Internet Activism

How does the internet contribute to changes in civic engagement in the USA? To answer this question we must examine the institutional context of US marketizing civil society and the cultures of good citizenship constructed online. Drawing upon the findings from a case study of ONE, a campaign targeting extreme poverty and the spread of AIDS, I demonstrate how the internet may function as a space of new divisions of labor between civil society organizational actors and lay activists. While organizational actors use Web 2.0 to make activism convenient and standardized, the public is asked to participate in what I term ‘visual labor’, creating and representing images of community online that legitimize the organization’s claims. At the same time, volunteer action is understood largely as performative. Ultimately, the article confronts the understanding of the internet as a post-bureaucratic democracy and emphasizes its cultural role in communicative capitalism.
Cyborg Life: The In-Between of Humans and Machines

Cyborgs are ongoing becomings of a doubly “in-between” temporality of humans and machines. Materially made from components of both sorts of beings, cyborgs gain increasing function through an interweaving in which each alters the other, from the level of “neural plasticity” to software updates to emotional breakthroughs of which both are a part. One sort of temporal in-between is of the progressive unfolding of a deepening becoming as “not-one-not-two” and the other is a “doubling back” of time into itself in which moments that were once disparate are conjoined or enjambed. Tracing the experience of Michael Chorost during a four year period of coming to terms with his cochlear implant, related in Rebuilt: How Becoming Part Computer Made Me More Human , the essay pinpoints shifts in awareness, perceptual belief, and being-with others that unfold within the in-between of person and machine.