cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Passive Immunity for Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Commentary on Therapeutic Aspects Including Convalescent Plasma.

In the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the novel virus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) is infecting a naive population. The innate immunity of the infected patient is unable to mount an effective defense, resulting in a severe illness with substantial morbidity and mortality. As most treatment modalities including antivirals and anti-inflammatory agents are mostly ineffective, an immunological approach is needed. The mechanism of innate immunity to this viral illness is not fully understood. Passive immunity becomes an important avenue for the management of these patients. In this article, the immune responses of COVID-19 patients are reviewed. As SARS-CoV-2 has many characteristics in common with two other viruses, SARS-CoV that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus) that causes Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), the experiences learned from the use of passive immunity in treatment can be applied to COVID-19. The immune response includes the appearance of immunoglobulin M followed by immunoglobulin G and neutralizing antibodies. Convalescent plasma obtained from patients recovered from the illness with high titers of neutralizing antibodies was successful in treating many COVID-19 patients. The factors that determine responses as compared with those seen in SARS and MERS are also reviewed. As there are no approved vaccines against all three viruses, it remains a challenge in the ongoing development for an effective vaccine for COVID-19.
Derangement of Arginine and Related Amino Acids in Children Undergoing Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease With Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Arginine is a conditionally essential amino acid, the precursor for nitric oxide and a key factor in cell proliferation, protein synthesis, and energy metabolism. When there is increased demand in the setting of inflammation, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and organ dysfunction, endogenous arginine production falls short, and external supplementation may be necessary. The goal of this study was to assess changes in concentrations of plasma arginine, citrulline, ornithine, glutamine, and plasma arginase in infants and children undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease with cardiopulmonary bypass. Design Prospective observational study. Setting The study was conducted in the Heart Center at Texas Children's Hospital. Subjects Children undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease with cardiopulmonary bypass. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Serial perioperative blood samples were collected for quantification of amino acids, arginase, nitric oxide metabolites, and markers of organ function (lactate, Pao2/Fio2 ratio, and creatinine clearance). Thirty children (18 males) were included in the study; median (interquartile range) age 0.5 years (0.3-0.9 yr). The mean ± sd for plasma amino acid concentrations before cardiopulmonary bypass: arginine 62 ± 20 µmol/L, citrulline 24 ± 6 µmol/L, ornithine 53 ± 32 µmol/L, and glutamine 591 ± 126 µmol/L. Arginine concentration was decreased within the first 24 hours (43 ± 15 µmol/L; p = 0.004), citrulline and glutamine concentrations decreased over the first 48 hours (11 ± 4 µmol/L; p < 0.001 and 493 ± 131 µmol/L; p = 0.019, respectively) and were associated with an increase in arginase (3.8 ± 3 µg/mL; p < 0.05). There was an increase in Vasoactive-Inotropic Score (5.9 ± 19 vs 0.5 ± 2; p < 0.001), decrease in creatinine clearance (76 ± 24 vs 93 ± 31; p = 0.002), and Pao2/Fio2 ratio (243 ± 138 vs 374 ± 200; p = 0.007) comparing to baseline. Conclusions A widely variable degree of arginine, citrulline, and glutamine depletion occurs in children after surgery for congenital heart disease. These findings were associated with increased arginase and coincide with some of the markers of organ perfusion.
Joint azimuth and elevation localization estimates in 3D synthetic aperture radar scenarios

The location of point scatterers in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data is exploited in several modern analyzes including persistent scatter tracking, terrain deformation, and object identification. The changes in scatterers over time (pulse-to-pulse including vibration and movement, or pass-to-pass including direct follow on, time of day, and season), can be used to draw more information about the data collection. Multiple pass and multiple antenna SAR scenarios have extended these analyzes to location in three dimensions. Either multiple passes at different elevation angles may be .own or an antenna array with an elevation baseline performs a single pass. Parametric spectral estimation in each dimension allows sub-pixel localization of point scatterers in some cases additionally exploiting the multiple samples in each cross dimension. The accuracy of parametric estimation is increased when several azimuth passes or elevations (snapshots) are summed to mitigate measurement noise. Inherent range curvature across the aperture however limits the accuracy in the range dimension to that attained from a single pulse. Unlike the stationary case where radar returns may be averaged the movement necessary to create the synthetic aperture is only approximately (to pixel level accuracy) removed to form SAR images. In parametric estimation increased accuracy is attained when two dimensions are used to jointly estimate locations. This paper involves jointly estimating azimuth and elevation to attain increased accuracy 3D location estimates. In this way the full 2D array of azimuth and elevation samples is used to obtain the maximum possible accuracy. In addition the independent dimension collection geometry requires choosing which dimension azimuth or elevation attains the highest accuracy while joint estimation increases accuracy in both dimensions. When maximum parametric estimation accuracy in azimuth is selected the standard interferometric SAR scenario results. When maximum estimation accuracy in elevation is selected the multiple baseline interferometric SAR scenario results. Use of a 2D parametric estimation method attains the best accuracy possible in both dimensions. When in some scenarios particularly the orbital case where the azimuth dimension is only approximately linear the full accuracy increase of linear joint azimuth and elevation is not fully attained. Images and point cloud estimates are shown for several linear and orbital SAR scenarios. Images provide a visual representation of the data while the quantitative point cloud data is a direct input for the multiple analyzes listed earlier.
Letter: Frame Dragging Anomalies for Rotating Bodies

Examples of axially symmetric solutions to Einstein's field equations are given that exhibit anomalous “negative frame dragging” in the sense that zero angular momentum test particles acquire angular velocities in the opposite direction of rotation from the source of the metric.
The impact of sectoral guidelines on sustainability reporting in ports: the case of the Spanish ports

This paper aims to analyze the impact of standardized sectoral guidelines on the quality of port authorities’ (PAs) sustainability reporting. Sustainability reporting is a way of meeting stakeholder information demands about the economic, social, and environmental impact of port cluster activities. We claim that such guidelines do not always guarantee the quality of reporting, whenever organizations merely comply with their contents. Our study uses content analysis of the sustainability reports of 25 PAs in Spain, and it constructs two indices to measure the quality of the information disclosed: a quantitative index (the adherence index) and a qualitative index (the quality index). The existence of national port sector guidelines, coupled with regulations requiring sustainability reporting, places the Spanish case in a unique setting to study the implementation of port-specific guidelines for sustainability reporting. Our findings suggest that the provision of social and environmental information should be strengthened, especially considering the environmental impacts of port activities. Cluster analysis is also used to classify the sampled PAs based on our quality index and its influencing factors. Our results highlight the need to incorporate stakeholder engagement and dialogue in sustainability reporting processes, as this results in improved reporting quality. It is hoped that our findings help policymakers, legislators, and standardization bodies in developing their proposals on the content of reports, as well as improving the quality of PA reporting.
Monobodies as tool biologics for accelerating target validation and druggable site discovery.

Despite increased investment and technological advancement, new drug approvals have not proportionally increased. Low drug approval rates, particularly for new targets, are linked to insufficient target validation at early stages. Thus, there remains a strong need for effective target validation techniques. Here, we review the use of synthetic binding proteins as tools for drug target validation, with focus on the monobody platform among several advanced synthetic binding protein platforms. Monobodies with high affinity and high selectivity can be rapidly developed against challenging targets, such as KRAS mutants, using protein engineering technologies. They have strong tendency to bind to functional sites and thus serve as drug-like molecules, and they can serve as targeting ligands for constructing bio-PROTACs. Genetically encoded monobodies are effective “tool biologics” for validating intracellular targets. They promote crystallization and help reveal the atomic structures of the monobody-target interface, which can inform drug design. Using case studies, we illustrate the potential of the monobody technology in accelerating target validation and small-molecule drug discovery.
On Intonational Universals

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses two opposing views on the analysis of intonation and its place in language, views which are referred to as the “Strong Universalist Hypothesis (SUH)” and the “Nuclear Tone Hypothesis (NTH)”. It is hoped to show that the SUH, for all its attractiveness and its apparent power and simplicity, is excessively Procrustean in the way it treats individual languages, and that the NTH, though superficially less ambitious in the claims it makes about into national universals, is nonetheless far superior in the analysis of individual languages and more revealing about the features that languages share. In short, the NTH, while recognizing into national differences among languages, nevertheless makes claims about the nature of the cognitive representation and universal aspects of intonation that are just as strong and, in their own way, just as simplifying as those made by the SUH. The chapter shows that, in addition, the NTH is substantially in a better agreement with the facts.
So bad it's good: The kuso aesthetic in Troll 2

The kuso (shitty games) aesthetic draws from and complicates notions of camp and antifandom to provide a way to understand the emotional appeal of bad content.
Photonics for Z-axis stacking of multi-chip modules

The device designs used for this work are based on highly efficient vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers, connected to corresponding photoreceivers. In order to meet the constraints of packaging, the optical system used in the design is implemented by the integration of microlenses into the laser and photoreceiver substrates.
Technical Challenges in the Immobilization of Hanford Defense Waste

Hanford High Level Radioactive Defense Waste is highly varied in chemical composition and poses a unique problem to the development of glass and ceramic waste forms for its immobilization. Upon completion of the current high-level waste solidification program (1), approximately 95 000 m3 of salt cake, 53 000 m3 of sludge, 35 000 m3 of slurry and 11 000 m3 of complexed concentrate (residual liquid) will be stored in underground tanks. In addition, a total of four to six exabecquerels (110 to 160 megacuries) of 137CsCl and 90SrF2 will be doubly encapsulated in ∿3500 capsules and stored under water in monitored storage basins. The inner capsules are made from 306 L stainless steel (SrF2) and Hasteloy C-276 (CsCl). The outer capsules are made from 306 L stainless steel.
Acoustic Emission in 2-D Carbon-Carbon Coupons in Tension:

Carbon-carbon coupons were loaded and unloaded in uniaxial tension to progressively higher loads. Hysteresis in the material was noted especially after the stress-strain curves became nonlinear at about 2000 μ. Each subsequent reloading showed an increase in the linear range similar to work hardening in metals except that the modulus was lower on each cycle. The onset of acoustic emission was monitored on each cycle and the computed felicity ratio correlated with the change in stiffness.
Modeling the Articulatory Dynamics of Two Levels of Stress Contrast

One of the most intractable problems in the description of utterance prosody is that of understanding speech timing control. Gosta Bruce’s seminal monograph on Swedish word accents in sentence context (Bruce 1977) highlighted an aspect of this problem that is crucially important for the perception of intonational contrasts in many languages — that of modeling what speakers do when they utter a given tune for a sentence and coordinate it with the string of words that constitute its text. By decomposing the tune into independent contributions from word accent, focal phrase accent, and final boundary events, Bruce was able to show that a robust correlate of the contrast between Accent I and Accent II involves a difference in timing, relative to rhythmically critical events in the text, of tonal events that are common to both word accent types. While much work remained to be done (cf. Bruce 1990 and the literature reviewed there), Bruce’s careful attention to prosodic structure, both at the level of lexical contrasts and at the level of focal prominence contrasts for the phrase or utterance as a whole, allowed him to build a phonological model of Swedish intonation contours that could generate precise, testable quantitative predictions. This work was a foundation stone for Pierrehumbert’s later phonological model for English intonation (Pierrehumbert 1980; Liberman and Pierrehumbert 1984; Beckman and Pierrehumbert 1986), a model which produced a synthesis system capable of generating by rule the full range of grammatical intonations. for English (Anderson et al. 1984). Summarizing such developments in intonation synthesis over the last fifteen years, we can say that Bruce’s work on the Swedish model has inspired, directly or indirectly, implementable phonological models of intonation systems for many languages (see reviews in Ladd 1992, 1996; Pierrehumbert, This volume). The English model, in particular, underscores the importance of accurate tonal timing, since there are pairs of accent types that are like the Swedish word accents in contrasting just in tune-text alignment (Pierrehumbert and Steele 1989), and at the same time, there are differences in timing for the same accent type when it is coordinated with rhythmic events at different structural positions in the text (Silverman and Pierrehumbert 1990).
Coherent photoassociation of a quantum degenerate gas

Summary form only given. Coherence is predicted to be absent for the case of a non-degenerate thermal gas. Little has been said, however, about the photoassociation of the thermal component of a quantum degenerate gas. In the present work, we have proven that, under favorable experimental conditions, it is possible to establish three-level coherence in two-photon association for this later case. An ultracold (T - 280 nK) sample of about 10/sup 5/ spin-polarized /sup 7/Li atoms was probed with a pulse consisting of two co-propagating laser beams.
Middle ear epithelium of squirrel monkey.

Detailed anatomical characteristics of normal middle ear epithelium and a topographical distribution of cell types are described for the squirrel monkey. The following cell types were classified by using electron microscopy: 1) ciliated tall cell; 2) ciliated small cell; 3) non-ciliated columnar or cuboidal cell; 4) non-ciliated thin cuboidal or flat cell. Ciliated cells were found in the region of the Eustachian tube, anterior mesotympanum and hypotympanum. Columnar cells were found anterior to Jacobson's nerve and flat cells posterior to this nerve which served as a reference mark. Such findings are important in understanding normal physiology and are of special interest in interpreting pathological inflammatory alterations in man and animals ranging from mild (acute serous otitis media) to severe (chronic serous otitis media and mastoiditis).
Neutrino pairing as the origin of parity violation in a chiral flavor theory of weak interactions

In this paper we study the space-time and internal-symmetry aspects of weak interactions together with their interplay. We propose that the weak interaction be obtained by gauging the strong-interaction chiral flavor group and consider explicitly the group $\mathrm{SU}{(4)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}{(4)}_{R}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}(1)$ as a candidate unified gauge theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions. In the symmetry limit the theory is both parity conserving and flavor conserving. The neutrinos in the theory are four-component spinors. We introduce a new dynamical mechanism for obtaining parity violation in weak interactions, namely neutrino pairing, in which we allow pairs of right-handed neutrinos to condense into the vacuum. The group theory associated with this pairing produces maximal parity violation in both the lepton and quark charged-current sectors of the weak interaction and also the conventional Weinberg mixing pattern in the neutral-current sector, while keeping the observed left-handed electron and muon neutrinos massless. In the right-handed sector of the theory, however, the pairing causes the right-handed electron and muon neutrinos to combine into one massive fourcomponent spinor. The unusual phenomenology associated with this new observable massive neutral lepton is studied in detail. Using other representations of the gauge group we also break flavor spontaneously to provide a group-theoretical origin for the Cabibbo angle. Through our approach we can incorporate current algebra and the Gell-Mann-Oakes-Renner Hamiltonian phenomenology into weak-interaction theory. We discuss briefly the implications of our work for constructing grand-unified theories of the strong, electromagnetic, and weak interactions.
Ventral pallidostriatal pathway in the monkey: evidence for modulation of basal ganglia circuits.

This study describes the organization of the ventral and dorsal pallidostriatal pathway in the monkey. Both retrograde and anterograde tracers were injected into various regions of the ventral and dorsal pallidum as well as into the striatum. The data indicate that the pallidostriatal pathway is an extensive pathway in the monkey. The projections are organized in a topographic manner preserving a general, but not strict medial-to-lateral and ventral-to-dorsal organization. The terminal arrangement of pallidostriatal fibers is widespread. Non-adjacent pallidal regions send fibers to the striatum which overlap considerably, suggesting convergence of terminals from different pallidal regions. The pallidostriatal pathway is found to have a reciprocal but also a large non-reciprocal component to the striatopallidal pathway. On the basis of these data it is concluded that segregation of different corticobasal ganglia-cortical pathways is maintained in the striatopallidal direction as described earlier (Haber et al. [1990] (J. Comp. Neurol. 293:282–298). However, the pallidostriatal projection to a large region of the striatum allows the modulation of several cortico-basal ganglia circuits. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Application of the inverse Kirkendall model of radiation-induced segregation to ferritic–martensitic alloys

Abstract The inverse Kirkendall (IK) model was applied to the binary Fe–Cr b.c.c. system, to determine whether observations of Cr in ferritic–martensitic (F–M) alloys can be explained by the IK mechanism. Irradiations were conducted on alloys T91, HCM12A, and HT9 using energetic protons and Fe++ ions and Cr RIS at prior austenite grain boundaries was measured using STEM-EDS. An input data set relevant to b.c.c. Fe–Cr was assembled and model results were compared to experimental results. It was found that unlike austenitic alloys, in b.c.c. Fe–Cr alloys, interstitials played a strong role in Cr RIS. The IK model reproduced the temperature dependence of proton and Fe++ ion irradiations, as well as the composition dependence of proton irradiations. The temperature dependence of Cr RIS is attributed to the dominance of Cr depletion by the vacancy mechanism at high temperatures, and Cr enrichment by interstitials at low temperatures. Cr enrichment changes to Cr depletion at the temperature where the Cr:Fe vacancy and interstitial diffusion coefficient ratios cross one another. Model results also showed a decrease in grain boundary Cr enrichment with bulk Cr concentration, in agreement with experimental results from T91, HCM12A, and HT9 following proton irradiation at 400 °C. The IK model did not account for the experimentally observed dose dependence. This dose dependence of RIS was attributed to the complex microstructural evolution, which is not accounted for in the IK model.
JHDM1B/FBXL10 is a nucleolar protein that represses transcription of ribosomal RNA genes

JHDM1B is an evolutionarily conserved and ubiquitously expressed member of the JHDM (JmjC-domain-containing histone demethylase) family. Because it contains an F-box motif, this protein is also known as FBXL10 (ref. 4). With the use of a genome-wide RNAi screen, the JHDM1B worm orthologue (T26A5.5) was identified as a gene that regulates growth. In the mouse, four independent screens have identified JHDM1B as a putative tumour suppressor by retroviral insertion analysis. Here we identify human JHDM1B as a nucleolar protein and show that JHDM1B preferentially binds the transcribed region of ribosomal DNA to repress the transcription of ribosomal RNA genes. We also show that repression of ribosomal RNA genes by JHDM1B is dependent on its JmjC domain, which is necessary for the specific demethylation of trimethylated lysine 4 on histone H3 in the nucleolus. In agreement with the notion that ribosomal RNA synthesis and cell growth are coupled processes, we show a JmjC-domain-dependent negative effect of JHDM1B on cell size and cell proliferation. Because aberrant ribosome biogenesis and the disruption of epigenetic control mechanisms contribute to cellular transformation, these results, together with the low levels of JHDM1B expression found in aggressive brain tumours, suggest a role for JHDM1B in cancer development.
Providing culturally sensitive health care to Hispanic clients

By the year 2000, Hispanics will outnumber African Americans and become the majority minority. Statistics reveal that health problems of the three main groups of Hispanics in the United States (Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cubans) include diabetes, injuries and violence, substance abuse, HIV/AIDS, limited access to health care, and many other problems shared by the poor and disenfranchised. The health care provider may intervene with Hispanic clients and communities in culturally sensitive ways such as viewing culture as an enabler rather than a resistant force, incorporating cultural beliefs into the plans of care, stressing familialism, taking the time for "pleasant conversation," refraining from harsh criticism, and involving the community in preventive health care programs. Such interventions require providers who are knowledgeable about the culture, customs, beliefs, and language of the Hispanics within their practice area. Health care providers also need to be alert to and active in health care policy making that will improve access to health care for the growing Hispanic population.
Sinephropteris, a new genus of scolopendrioid ferns

A new genus of ferns,Sinephropteris, is described from southeast Asia. Its one species,S. delavayi (Franch.) Mickel, has most recently been placed inSchaffneria, an otherwise monotypic Mexican genus, but there is evidence that they are not closely related.
Survey of Neon and Argon Emission Between 3800 Å and 6000 Å in the EBIT-II Electron Beam Ion Trap

Using the low-energy electron beam ion trap EBIT-II at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, we surveyed neon and argon spectra throughout the wavelength range from 3800 to 6000 A employing a prism spectrograph and a scientific-grade CCD camera. By varying the electron beam energy, spectra from singly ionized to highly ionized neon and argon ions were recorded. In total, about 130 lines were observed from ions in low charge states. About half of the lines have not been reported before. From high charge state ions, several lines of forbidden transitions were observed, among which are the prominent M1 transitions from Ar XIV at 4412 A and Ar X at 5534 A.
A haptic belt for vibrotactile communication

Our sense of touch is largely underutilized-compared to vision or hearing-as a communication channel in today's computer interfaces. This is true even when our skin, given its size, spatial acuity and temporal acuity, has shown immense potential as a communication modality, particularly, vibrotactile communication. One popular form factor in vibrotactile communication that researchers have been exploring is the waist-worn belt. In this demonstration, participants will experience vibrotactile cues for dancing through our novel vibrotactile belt implementation. Moreover, participants will learn about vibrotactile belt design guidelines, and how they cross over to vibrotactile wearables in general.
Asymmetric Synthesis of (−)-Tetrahydrolipstatin: An anti-Aldol-Based Strategy

A stereoselective synthesis of (-)-tetrahydrolipstatin is described. The synthesis involves an asymmetric ester derived titanium enolate anti-aldol reaction, a nitro-aldol reaction to append the C-2' C(11) side chain, and a diastereoselective reduction of a beta-hydroxy ketone to an anti-1,3-diol functionality followed by its elaboration to (-)-tetrahydrolipstatin.
Orbital myositis, vitiligo, and giant cell myocarditis☆

Giant cell myocarditis is a rare idiopathic inflammatory heart disease characterized histologically by multinucleated giant cells, and clinically by rapid progressive heart failure, arrhythmias, or sudden death, often within hours to days of initial symptoms. There are two previously reported cases of giant cell myocarditis with idiopathic orbital myositis. We report a similar case in a patient who also had vitiligo, a diagnostic endomyocardial biopsy, and survival because of a cardiac transplant. Giant cell myocarditis should be monitored for in the course of inflammatory orbital myopathy because of its life-threatening fulminant course.
Prediction of Redundant and Less Redundant Letters.

Abstract Twelve aphasic and 12 non-aphasic individuals predicted the missing sequential letters of a paragraph four times, predicting redundant spaces two times and less redundant spaces two times. While non-aphasic individuals made higher mean scores on all tasks than the aphasics, the ratio of success was not the same with the two tasks. A major concern is to assess the adequacy of using 10 normal predictors to establish redundancy for the preparation of materials for aphasics in a language retraining task. For this purpose the number is deemed adequate.
The Criterion of Economic Choice

This paper outlines the method of determining the economic choice which is believed to be universally applicable, mathematically rigorous, and quantitatively correct to the extent permitted by the accuracy with which component items of cost can be forecast. It introduces no drastic innovations, and may be described simply as a better organization of well-established principles. However, it does demonstrate that a number of generally accepted conclusions and procedures are unsound. It points out the advantages of distinguishing between selecting the economic choice and capital budgeting; it discusses difficulties that arise when analysts attempt to solve problems in the first category by applying techniques appropriate to the latter. The paper demonstrates that the economic choice is the alternative having minimum present worth of revenue requirements; i.e., the revenues needed to earn a rate of return acceptable to investors after paying all expenses. It describes the solution to problems in engineering economy in two steps: 1. Determining which alternative is most economic, and by how much. 2. Selecting the most desirable plan, in the light of step 1, plus other factors not reducible to dollars. It is shown that this approach is equally appropriate for regulated utilities and nonregulated industry. The paper also discusses practical applications of this technique to long-range estimates as they are encountered in system planning, as well as means of anticipating the effect of future changes in price levels.
Oral History and the History of the Civil Rights Movement

Protest movements are difficult to incorporate into the narrative framework of our national history. They are disruptive: thousands of formerly quiescent people engage in protest. Ideological positions polarize as insurgents publicly challenge national beliefs and traditions. The shock of violence-of death and political assassination-punctuates their history. American historians and political leaders often settle for an elitist interpretation of social change -an understandable development, given the paucity of traditional historical records generated by the masses of insurgents and the centrality of electoral politics in the American tradition. Mass mobilization is attributed to great or charismatic leadership, and the leaders of movements are drafted into a sanitized pantheon of Great Men. The disruptions and subversive implications of the movements recede from historical vision as the progress produced by protest is memorialized by three-day weekends and commemorative coins. In recent years, the national veneration of the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., has followed this pattern and has perhaps distorted the image of the civil rights movement that brought him to prominence. As Clayborne Carson, James H. Cone, and Vincent Gordon Harding have asserted, the recent canonization of King ignores his evolving radicalism in the middle 1960s. It also obscures the local origins and strengths of the civil rights movement itself. By separating King's radical critique of American society from parallel developments among the younger activists of the black struggle, and by overlooking the process of mobilization at local levels, the liberal interpreters of the King legend diminish the radical and populist origins of the civil rights movement. Such interpretations also obscure the movement's real consequences -a transformed black political consciousness, the increased political efficacy of thousands of movement leaders and participants, and expanded opportunities and possibilities for all black Americans.1
Autism Spectrum Disorders in Older Adults: Toward Defining a Research Agenda

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are among the most common of the severe developmental disabilities, yet little is known about older adults with ASDs-in particular, how the disabilities and dependencies that result from aging interact with those resulting from ASDs. The aging of the population in Western countries, the increasing rate of diagnosis of ASDs, and the burgeoning use of services for ASDs are converging to create a large, growing influx of older adults with ASDs that could impose tremendous humanistic and economic burdens on the healthcare system and society. An understanding of the epidemiological, biological, psychological, and social aspects of ASDs in older adults is essential for preparing to meet their needs, but studies on ASDs in these individuals are practically nonexistent. This article outlines observations and recommendations of a multidisciplinary expert group convened in March 2010 to characterize gaps in knowledge regarding ASDs in older adults and defines research directions to help individuals, the healthcare system, and society prepare for meeting the needs of this population. The proposed research agenda could help improve the lives of older adults with ASDs and inform research and clinical practice involving younger individuals with ASDs.
Differences in community colleges’ missions: Evidence from California

Abstract Using data for 108 colleges in the California Community College System, this paper poses two questions. First, do California community colleges differ in their missions? Second, if they do, can inter-college differences in missions be explained? We address the first question by developing college-specific measures of curriculum mix, which we use to characterize colleges as to their curriculum emphases and specializations. We find that colleges differ in the extent to which they offer a transfer specialization or a nontransferable voc-ed specialization. Turning to the second question, we attempt to explain inter-college differences in curriculum emphasis and specialization with institutional variables including student demographics, labor market characteristics, and community characteristics. While not strong, we view our results as suggesting that curriculum emphases and specializations are related to student demographics and community needs.
An operator splitting-radial basis function method for the solution of transient nonlinear Poisson problems☆

Abstract This paper presents an operator splitting-radial basis function (OS-RBF) method as a generic solution procedure for transient nonlinear Poisson problems by combining the concepts of operator splitting, radial basis function interpolation, particular solutions, and the method of fundamental solutions. The application of the operator splitting permits the isolation of the nonlinear part of the equation that is solved by explicit Adams-Bashforth time marching for half the time step. This leaves a nonhomogeneous, modified Helmholtz type of differential equation for the elliptic part of the operator to be solved at each time step. The resulting equation is solved by an approximate particular solution and by using the method of fundamental solution for the fitting of the boundary conditions. Radial basis functions are used to construct approximate particular solutions, and a grid-free, dimension-independent method with high computational efficiency is obtained. This method is demonstrated for some prototypical nonlinear Poisson problems in heat and mass transfer and for a problem of transient convection with diffusion. The results obtained by the OS-RBF method compare very well with those obtained by other traditional techniques that are computationally more expensive. The new OS-RBF method is useful for both general (irregular) two- and three-dimensional geometry and provides a mesh-free technique with many mathematical flexibilities, and can be used in a variety of engineering applications.
Effects of Selected Inhibitors of RNA and Protein Synthesis on Brassinosteroid-induced Responses in Mung Bean Epicotyls

Summary The effects of a brassinosteroid (BR) and selected putative inhibitors of ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis (actinomycin D, 6-methylpurine, 2,6-diaminopurine, 8-azaguinine, 2-azauracil, 2-thiouracil and 5-fluorouracil) and protein synthesis (cycloheximide, puromycin and chloramphenicol) on, epicotyl growth in mung bean ( Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) cuttings were examined. Among the inhibitors of RNA synthesis, actinomycin D significantly reduced the effectiveness of BR to promote epicotyl elongation. Of each of the three inhibitors of protein synthesis applied simultaneously with BR, cycloheximide inhibited epicotyl growth the most. BR interacted strongly with these putative inhibitors, and could overcome their effects on epicotyl growth. The decline in epicotyl growth caused by the inhibitors was concentration dependent, and the inhibitors affected cell elongation and cell division.
Some Evidence on Weather-Crop-Yield Interaction

The nature of crop yield variation can have significant effects on agricultural price stability. For instance, during periods when grain reserves are low, prices are determined largely by crop yields which, in the short run, are primarily determined by weather. The identification of a systematic relationship between weather and crop yields would have significant implications for agricultural policy. Thus, the purpose of this analysis is to test for the existence of nonrandom corn, soybean, and wheat yields by examining some relationships between climatological events and crop yields. Numerous attempts have been made to assess whether crop yields are random. Twenty-five years ago, Foote and Bean examined U.S. corn yields, finding no evidence of nonrandomness. Sharpies found that corn yields during the increasing half of both the single and the double sunspot cycle were not significantly different from yields during the remainder of the cycle. Luttrell and Gilbert investigated the alternative hypothesis that crop yields are either random, cyclical, or bunchy. Their statistical analysis showed little evidence of nonrandomness for the period 1866 to 1932. For the period after 1932, however, there was evidence of autocorrelation; this was attributed to the uneven adoption of hybrid seed and the uneven application rates of fertilizer.
Lymphocyte cytotoxic antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus.

WE have observed lymphocytotoxic antibodies in sera of patients with connective tissue disorders. The antibodies are cytotoxic to lymphocytes from unrelated random donors using the microcytotoxicity technique1,2. The initial studies were done on 161 coded stored sera submitted to the clinical laboratory for routine immuno-electrophoresis, and confirmatory studies were done on forty-seven coded sera selected from patients followed in the clinic for connective tissue disorders. Results of testing of both series of sera are summarized in Table 1 and show that 74 per cent of all sera tested from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and 14 per cent of sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis contained lymphocytotoxic reactivity. Appropriate controls indicated that the cytotoxic effect of lupus sera was dependent on complement; fractionation of one lupus serum by anion exchange chromatography indicated that the cytotoxic factor resides among the IgG globulins. Because cytotoxic antibodies are not present in sera of normal persons except in some cases of immunization by multiple transfusions3,4, pregnancy5,6 or organ transplantation7,8, the results suggest that lymphocytotoxic antibodies develop during the course of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Vindication of mode-coupled descriptions of multiple-scale water wave fields

Il est montre que la description modale des ondes de surface, en eau profonde (Watson et West 1975) est independante de toute surface de reference sur laquelle sont effectuees les developpements en serie, du potentiel de vitesse et de la vitesse de surface. Il est demontre, par construction directe, que l'interaction entre ondes longues et ondes courtes ne conduit pas a des termes divergents dans les operations de dynamique lorsque cette description est utilisee
Spectral Reflectance of Highland Rock Types at Apollo 17: Evidence from Boulder 1, Station 2

Many of the non-mare rock types at Apollo 17 can be identified uniquely by their spectral reflectance properties. Mineralogical and textural information is present in the spectral curves of samples from Boulder 1, Station 2. It should be possible to determine the regional extent of rocks similar to the boulder using reflectance spectra from a spacecraft in lunar orbit.
Effective correlation energy of the dangling bond in amorphous silicon

Abstract The current theoretical and experimental situation with regard to the sign of the effective correlation energy of the dangling-bond defect in amorphous silicon-based alloys is reviewed. It is concluded that the defect could well have a negative effective energy if complete atomic relaxations occur.
Supercritical CO2 processing and annealing of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and modified PTFE for enhancement of crystallinity and creep resistance

Abstract A method is reported to improve creep resistance in tension for polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and modified PTFE (M-PTFE). PTFE and M-PTFE from different sources were annealed in air, N 2 or supercritical CO 2 (scCO 2 ) at a range of temperatures, pressures and time intervals. Annealing PTFE in scCO 2 increases crystallinity from 9 to 53%, depending on the material and annealing conditions. No corresponding increase occurs for samples annealed in air or N 2 . In comparison to as-received PTFE, significant improvements in tensile creep resistance (18–60%) are observed also dependent upon the material and annealing conditions. For a given temperature and duration, the increase in PTFE tensile creep resistance after annealing in air or N 2 is greater than after annealing in scCO 2 despite the higher crystallinity for post-scCO 2 processed PTFE. Density measurements indicate that the effect of increased crystallinity is counterbalanced by scCO 2 -generated microvoids, particularly at higher pressures, leading to smaller creep resistance. In contrast, thermal annealing in air or N 2 , which does not significantly change the density or enhance the crystallinity of PTFE or M-PTFE, yields better tensile creep resistance. The detailed morphological origin of improved resistance to tensile creep is unknown, but stress relief by thermal annealing is evident.
A contra-IL-2 cytokine derived from mice suppressed for collagen-induced arthritis.

Abstract The present study identifies and characterizes a cytokine derived from a T cell hybridoma which inhibits interleukin-2 (IL-2) function. The T cell hybridoma, T101N, was derived from somatic cell hybridization of lymphoid cells from mice suppressed for collagen-induced arthritis. Serial dilution of T101N cell culture medium reveals a concentration-dependent inhibition of recombinant IL-2 induced proliferation. Physiochemical properties of the inhibitor indicate that the contra-IL-2 activity is optimally resolved at 37 °C and neutral pH. Analysis of the molecular characteristics of the contra-IL-2 activity indicate that the cytokine activity is most biologically active as a pentimeric molecule of high molecular weight. Apparent molecular weight of monomeric contra-IL-2 is approximately 30,000–35,000 Da.
Inhibition of lipoxygenases and cyclooxygenases by linoleyl hydroxamic acid: comparative in vitro studies

In this first comparative in vitro study, linoleyl hydroxamic acid (LHA), a simple and stable derivative of linoleic acid, was tested as an inhibitor of several enzymes involved in arachidonic acid metabolism in mammals. The tested enzymes were human recombinant 5-lipoxygenase (h5-LO), porcine leukocyte 12-LO, rabbit reticulocyte 15-LO, ovine cyclooxygenases 1/2 (COX1/COX2), and human microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1). Potato tuber and soybean lipoxygenases (ptLOX and sLOX, respectively) were studied for comparative purposes. LHA inhibited most of the tested enzymes with the exception of mPGES-1. The LHA inhibitory activity increased as follows: mPGES-1 (no inhibition)<<COX1 = COX2<h5-LO = sLOX = ptLOX<12-LO<<15-LO. The IC(50) values for COX1/COX2, h5-LO, 12-LO, and 15-LO were 60, 7, 0.6, and 0.02 muM, respectively. sLOX was the only tested enzyme that was capable of aerobic oxygenation of LHA, producing 13-hydroperoxy-LHA. The enzyme rapidly inactivated during the reaction. Therefore, LHA could be used as an effective LO/LOX inhibitor without affecting COX1/COX2 and mPGES-1. Possible implications of this observation include treating diseases and pathological states that are caused by (or lead to) hyperproduction of LO-derived metabolites, e.g., inflammation, cardiovascular disorders, cancer, asthma, allergies, psoriasis, and stroke.
A method for documenting the change in center of rotation with reverse total shoulder arthroplasty and its application to a consecutive series of 68 shoulders having reconstruction with one of two different reverse prostheses.

Background: Reverse shoulder arthroplasty changes the center of rotation (COR) of the glenohumeral joint and in doing so affects the resting tension in the deltoid and residual cuff muscles, as well as their respective moment arms. The purpose of this study was to assess the change in COR from the preoperative to postoperative state in a group of patients undergoing reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Materials and methods: The position of the COR in relation to a scapular coordinate system was determined for the anteroposterior and axillary radiographs before and after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty for 68 shoulders (63 patients) receiving either a Delta prosthesis or an Encore Reverse Shoulder Prosthesis. Results: Preoperatively, the COR was superiorly displaced a mean of 9 � 7 mm from the origin of the coordinate system. For all shoulders, the postoperative COR was inferiorly displaced by 12 mm to a position 3 � 3 mm below the coordinate origin (P < .001) and medially displaced by 27 � 4 mm from the coordinate origin (P < .001) in the anteroposterior projection. For the shoulders receiving the Delta prosthesis, the COR was inferiorly displaced by 2 � 3 mm from the coordinate origin, whereas it was inferiorly displaced by 7 � 3 mm with the Encore prosthesis (P < .001). The COR was medially displaced by 28 � 4 mm with the Delta prosthesis and by 19 � 3 mm with the Encore prosthesis (P < .001). Conclusions: The position of the COR relative to the scapula is significantly altered by reverse shoulder arthroplasty and is significantly different for 2 different implant designs. Level of evidence: Basic Science Study, Anatomic/Radiologic Study. 2010 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees.
Biotic Impoverishment and Homogenization in Unfragmented Forest Understory Communities

Ecological change is often hard to document because of a lack of reliable baseline data. Several recent then-versus-now surveys of temperate forest and grassland communities demonstrate losses of local plant species, but most are based on data from a single site. We resurveyed understory communities in 62 upland forest stands in northern Wisconsin (U.S.A.) for which quantitative baseline data exist from 50 years ago. These stands are within a largely unfragmented region but vary in species composition and successional stage. We collected data on changes in (1) total and native species richness, (2) the ratio of exotic to native species, (3) the relative abundance of habitat generalists, and (4) community similarity among sites. We also compared how these rates of change varied over time. Over the past 50 years, native species density declined an average of 18.5% at the 20-m 2 scale, whereas the ratio of exotic species to native species increased at 80% of all sites. Habitat generalists increased, and habitat specialists declined, accounting in part for an 8.7% rise in average similarity in species composition among sites. Most of these changes cannot be related to succession, habitat loss, or invasion by exotic species. Areas without deer hunting showed the greatest declines in native species density, with parks and research natural areas faring no better than unprotected stands. Animal-pollinated and animal-dispersed species also declined, particularly at unhunted sites. These results demonstrate the power of quantitative multistand data for assessing ecological change and identify overabundant deer as a key driver of community change. Because maintaining forest habitats alone fails to preserve plant diversity at local scales, local biotic simplification seems likely to continue in the region unless active efforts are taken to protect diversity.