cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exact Aggregation in Mathematical Programming Sector Models

This paper defines the exact aggregation problem in the sector modeling context and develops the theoretical basis of an aggregation procedure based on extreme point representation. Under the assumption of full information on all firms this procedure yields exact aggregation, irrespective of firm heterogeneity, and it also suggests empirical procedures for cases when full information is not present. Although aggregation in such cases is in general not exact, empirical evidence shows that little error is involved, and the aggregate model is rather stable under various parameter changes. Le present document definit le probleme de l'agregation exacte dans le contexte de la modelisation d'un secteur et enonce la base theorique d'une methode d'agregation fondee sur la representation des points extremes. Si on part de l'hypothese qu'on detient toutes les informations sur les entreprises, la methode proposee donne une agregation exacte de ces dernieres, peu importe leur heterogeneite. Les auteurs suggerent aussi des methodes empiriques lorsque certaines donnees font defaut. Meme si, dans ces cas, l'agregation est rarement exacte, les resultats indiquent que les erreurs sont peu nombreuses et que le modele agrege garde sa stabilite meme advenant la modification de divers parametres.
Reduced prefrontal cortical dopamine, but not acetylcholine, release in vivo after repeated, intermittent phencyclidine administration to rats

Subchronic administration of phencyclidine to rats or monkeys produces prefrontal cortical cognitive dysfunction, as well as reduced frontal cortical dopamine utilization. In the current study, the effects of subchronic exposure to phencyclidine on dopamine and acetylcholine release in the prefrontal cortex were assessed, using in vivo microdialysis in conscious rats. Subchronic exposure to phencyclidine (5 mg/kg twice daily for 7 days) reduced both basal extracellular concentrations of dopamine as well as the increase in dopamine release produced by an acute phencyclidine challenge. The increase in dopamine release induced by a high potassium concentration in the perfusate tended to be reduced after subchronic phencyclidine treatment, while basal and evoked acetylcholine release was unaffected. These data demonstrate that altered dopamine turnover in subjects after subchronic exposure to phencyclidine is directly reflective of reduced release, and as such, represents a functionally relevant phenomenon.
Structured handoffs in expert crowdsourcing improve communication and work output

Expert crowdsourcing allows specialized, remote teams to complete projects, often large and involving multiple stages. Its execution is complicated due to communication difficulties between remote workers. This paper investigates whether structured handoff methods, from one worker to the next, improve final product quality by helping the workers understand the input of their tasks and reduce overall integration cost. We investigate this question through 1) a "live" handoff method where the next worker shadows the former via screen sharing technology and 2) a "recorded" handoff, where workers summarize work done for the next, via a screen capture and narration. We confirm the need for a handoff process. We conclude that structured handoffs result in higher quality work, improved satisfaction (especially for workers with creative tasks), improved communication of non-obvious instructions, and increased adherence to the original intent of the project.
The Effects of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes on Hepatic Thiols and Thiol-Containing Enzymes

Abstract The effects of series of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes on hepatic glutathione, cytochrome P450, and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity were compared with time. Male F-344 rats were dosed with muconaldehyde (36 μmol/kg), acrolein (89 μmol/kg), crotonaldehyde (450 μmol/kg), or the saturated aldehyde propionaldehyde (89 μmol/kg) and terminated 0.5, 4, or 24 hr later. Acrolein or muconaldehyde reduced glutathione to 51 and 75% of controls, respectively, at 4 hr; glutathione returned to control values at 24 hr. Only at 24 hr, acrolein, muconaldehyde, or crotonaldehyde decreased cytochrome P450 to 61, 71, and 67% of control values, respectively; ethylmorphine N-demethylation was decreased to a greater extent, i.e., to 35, 60, and 23% of controls. The reductase activity was unchanged at any time following the treatment with reactive aldehydes which were not hepatotoxic (as shown by glucose 6-phosphatase activity, histological changes, or serum enzymes). Propionaldehyde changed none of these activities. Acrolein (44.5 μmol/kg) given 4 hr prior to phenobarbital (50 mg/kg) for two consecutive days decreased the phenobarbital induction of cytochrome P450 to 45% of phenobarbital alone. This treatment also decreased the 2α, 2β, 6β, 16α, and 16β hydroxylation of testosterone as well as androstenedione formation showing effects on individual cytochrome P450 isozymes. NADPH-cytochrome c reductase induction was not decreased by this treatment, thus indicating that in vivo these changes are due to a mechanism other than generalized inhibition of protein synthesis.
Mechanisms of the antigen-induced delay in organ allograft rejection*

Summary Perfusion of canine kidneys with specific antisera failed to prolong their survival as allografts in nonsensitized recipients. This finding is interpreted as an argument against the hypothesis which claims that immunologic enhancement is responsible for the delayed rejection resulting from low-dose antigen pretreatment.
Engaging users by transforming the way we think

Libraries must transform the way they think and take a stronger leadership role in campus planning efforts, especially as information technology assumes an increased presence in all facets of higher education. The move toward campus portal development and use, and the rise of electronic course delivery systems with built‐in electronic course packs, offer particular opportunities for academic libraries to clarify their role and assert their expertise.
Suppression of unimolecular decay of laser desorbed peptide and protein ions by entrainment in rarefied supersonic gas jets under weak electric fields

Unimolecular decay of sample ions imposes a limit on the usable laser fluence in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) ion sources. Traditionally, some modest degree of collisional sample ion cooling has been achieved by connecting MALDI ion sources directly to gas-filled radio frequency (RF) multipoles. It was also discovered in the early 1990s that gas-filled RF multipoles exhibit increased ion transmission efficiency due to collisional ion focusing effects. This unexpected experimental finding was later supported by elementary Monte Carlo simulations. Both experiments and simulations assumed a resting background gas with typical pressures of the order of 1 Pa. However, considerable additional improvements can be achieved if laser desorbed sample ions are introduced immediately after desorption, still within the ion source, in an axisymmetric rarefied supersonic gas jet with peak pressure of the order of 100 Pa and flow velocities >300 m/s, and under weak electric fields. We describe here the design principle and report performance data of an ion source coined “MALDI-2,” which incorporates elements of both rarefied aerodynamics and particle optics. Such a design allows superb suppression of metastable fragmentation due to rapid collisional cooling in <10 μs and nearly perfect injection efficiency into the attached RF ion guide, as numerous experiments have confirmed.
Emission band ratios in Comet Kohoutek (1973f)

Abstract Preliminary results of a spectrum scanner study of Comet Kohoutek (1973f) are reported. Ratios of band sequence fluxes and their variations with solar distance have been determined for three sequences of C 2 , and two sequences of CN from observations obtained on eleven dates. The λ4050 feature of C 3 was visible on two dates, and CH (λ4300) detectable once.
Recent Developments in UV Optics for Ultra-Short, Ultra-Intense Coherent Light Sources

With the advent of Free Electron Lasers and general UV ultra-short, ultra-intense sources, optics needed to transport such radiation have evolved significantly to standard UV optics. Problems like surface damage, wavefront preservation, beam splitting, beam shaping, beam elongation (temporal stretching) pose new challenges for the design of beam transport systems. These problems lead to a new way to specify optics, a new way to use diffraction gratings, a search for new optical coatings, to tighter and tighter polishing requirements for mirrors, and to an increased use of adaptive optics. All these topics will be described in this review article, to show how optics could really be the limiting factor for future development of these new light sources.
Decision making for investment in manufacturing equipment via PDP network-the application of schema model

Summary form only given. It is pointed out that, to survive in the competitive manufacturing industry, manufacturers have to select machines with good performance and low cost. For different manufacturing environments, various constraints have to be taken into account. It may be difficult to reach a perfect solution to fulfill all constraints. With an injection molding machine used as a case study, a schema model of a PDP network was used to assist in decision making for machine selection based on machine performance and cost criteria. >
Event-by-event study of neutron observables in spontaneous and thermal fission

The event-by-event fission model FREYA is extended to spontaneous fission of actinides and a variety of neutron observables are studied for spontaneous fission and fission induced by thermal neutrons with a view towards possible applications for SNM detection. We have shown that event-by-event models of fission, such as FREYA, provide a powerful tool for studying fission neutron correlations. Our results demonstrate that these correlations are significant and exhibit a dependence on the fissioning nucleus. Since our method is phenomenological in nature, good input data are especially important. Some of the measurements employed in FREYA are rather old and statistics limited. It would be useful to repeat some of these studies with modern detector techniques. In addition, most experiments made to date have not made simultaneous measurements of the fission products and the prompt observables, such as neutron and photons. Such data, while obviously more challenging to obtain, would be valuable for achieving a more complete understanding of the fission process.
G28.17+0.05: An Unusual Giant H I Cloud in the Inner Galaxy

New 21 cm H I observations have revealed a giant H I cloud in the Galactic plane that has unusual properties. It is quite well defined, about 150 pc in diameter at a distance of 5 kpc, and contains as much as 105 M☉ of atomic hydrogen. The outer parts of the cloud appear in H I emission above the H I background, while the central regions show H I self-absorption. Models that reproduce the observations have a core with a temperature 40 K and an outer envelope as much as an order of magnitude hotter. The cold core is elongated along the Galactic plane, whereas the overall outline of the cloud is approximately spherical. The warm and cold parts of the H I cloud have similar and relatively large line widths, ~7 km s-1. The cloud core is a source of weak, anomalously excited 1720 MHz OH emission, also with a relatively large line width, which delineates the region of H I self-absorption but is slightly blueshifted in velocity. The intensity of the 1720 MHz OH emission is correlated with NH derived from models of the cold core. There is 12CO emission associated with the cloud core. Most of the cloud mass is in molecules, and the total mass is greater than 2 × 105 M☉. In the cold core the H I mass fraction may be ~10%. The cloud has only a few sites of current star formation. There may be ~100 more objects like this in the inner Galaxy; every line of sight through the Galactic plane within 50° of the Galactic center probably intersects at least one. We suggest that G28.17+0.05 is a cloud being observed as it enters a spiral arm and that it is in the transition from the atomic to the molecular state.
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of vaccination against pandemic influenza (H1N1) 2009.

Influenza A (H1N1) vaccine was distributed for use this fall in vaccination programs. Khazeni and colleagues' decision model for vaccination suggests that vaccinating 40% of the population in Octob...
A multiscale modeling and experimental study of underfill flow and void formation for flip-chip packages

This paper uses a validated, two-dimensional global underfill flow model previously developed by the authors [1] to examine the effects of substrate surface (ceramic vs. organic) and temperature-dependent underfill viscosity on underfill flow-out time, flow front shape, and void formation during the flip chip encapsulation process. Model predictions are validated by experiments using bumped quartz dies that allow for direct visualization of the underfill infiltration process. In addition, a full three-dimensional underfill flow model is developed to quantify the effect of slanted and convex-shaped solder bumps. The filler particle inhomogeneity due to settling and shear migration is also accounted for in the model. The present study seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of concurrent effects in the flip-chip underfilling process.
Atypical Sonographic Appearance of Testicular Epidermoid Cyst

A case of an epidermoid cyst with an atypical sonographic appearance is presented. Although ultrasound may aid in the diagnosis of this entity, it is not definitive.
Eyewitnesses with Pervasive Developmental Disorders

Due to the increase of awareness and diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), research has also increased regarding those with such disorders and their course in society. Eyewitness testimony is an area of research that has escalated in the recent years regarding the average person as well as PDD individuals. This paper addresses the issue of eyewitnesses with PDD.
Viewpoint:: Today’s Professionalism: Engaging the Mind but Not the Heart

Professionalism is au courant in medicine today, but the movement to teach and evaluate professionalism presents a conundrum to medical educators. Its intent is laudable: to produce humanistic and virtuous physicians who will be better able to cope with and overcome the dehumanizing features of the health care system in the United States. However, its impact on medical education is likely to be small and misleading because current professionalism curricula focus on lists of rules and behaviors. While such curricula usually refer to virtues and personal
Histone H3K27me3 demethylases KDM6A and KDM6B modulate definitive endoderm differentiation from human ESCs by regulating WNT signaling pathway

Definitive endoderm differentiation is crucial for generating respiratory and gastrointestinal organs including pancreas and liver. However, whether epigenetic regulation contributes to this process is unknown. Here, we show that the H3K27me3 demethylases KDM6A and KDM6B play an important role in endoderm differentiation from human ESCs. Knockdown of KDM6A or KDM6B impairs endoderm differentiation, which can be rescued by sequential treatment with WNT agonist and antagonist. KDM6A and KDM6B contribute to the activation of WNT3 and DKK1 at different differentiation stages when WNT3 and DKK1 are required for mesendoderm and definitive endoderm differentiation, respectively. Our study not only uncovers an important role of the H3K27me3 demethylases in definitive endoderm differentiation, but also reveals that they achieve this through modulating the WNT signaling pathway.
The Electrical Effect of Single-Chip CMOS Packages

It is becoming increasingly important to understand the electrical effects of packaging before being committed to expensive hardware. Unfortunately, complex and time-consuming computer simulation is necessary to predict accurately the electrical performance of a package system. While this type of analysis must be done during the final stage of the development cycle to ensure an adequate design, a simpler technique is needed in the conceptualization stage. Several generic package designs have been characterized and inserted into two comprehensive simulation models that were operated at various CMOS switching speeds. The results of this detailed study are summarized in a series of charts that correlate relative packaging system noise to both module design and to device speed. In referring to these graphs, the electrical performance of one packaging approach with respect to another can be approximated. This information can be used during the trade-off studies associated with the early phase of development to determine the effect of various design alternatives.
The marginal user principle for resource allocation in wireless networks

We consider the problem of resource allocation in a wireless network operated by a single service provider. The motivating model is the downlink in a cellular network where the provider sets the price of entry into the wireless network and then allocates power levels (and transmission rates) to the participating users as a function of the users' channel conditions according to a pre-specified policy. The provider's goal is to design the power allocation policy that maximizes its revenue, recognizing the effects of his decisions on the choice of users to join the network. We show that the power allocation policy chosen by the service provider satisfies the following marginal user principle: the network allocates power levels such that the utility of the marginal user, who is indifferent to joining the network or not, is maximized. While the motivation is drawn from power allocation, the marginal user principle also generalizes to other resource allocation problems.
Review: unraveling Lyme disease.

Lyme disease, caused by spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex (hereafter referred to as Lyme borrelia), is the most common tick-borne infection in the northern hemisphere (1). The potential for the infection to cause arthritis led to its recognition as a clinical entity in 1975 (2), and since then, the number of reported cases has steadily increased in the United States and elsewhere. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates the annual case incidence of Lyme disease in the United States is ~300,000, ten-fold more than the number reported by physicians. This review is intended to provide rheumatologists with a current understanding of North American Lyme disease, with emphasis on arthritis pathogenesis and expected outcomes from treatment.
Streptococcus mutans Extracellular DNA Is Upregulated during Growth in Biofilms, Actively Released via Membrane Vesicles, and Influenced by Components of the Protein Secretion Machinery

ABSTRACT Streptococcus mutans, a major etiological agent of human dental caries, lives primarily on the tooth surface in biofilms. Limited information is available concerning the extracellular DNA (eDNA) as a scaffolding matrix in S. mutans biofilms. This study demonstrates that S. mutans produces eDNA by multiple avenues, including lysis-independent membrane vesicles. Unlike eDNAs from cell lysis that were abundant and mainly concentrated around broken cells or cell debris with floating open ends, eDNAs produced via the lysis-independent pathway appeared scattered but in a structured network under scanning electron microscopy. Compared to eDNA production of planktonic cultures, eDNA production in 5- and 24-h biofilms was increased by >3- and >1.6-fold, respectively. The addition of DNase I to growth medium significantly reduced biofilm formation. In an in vitro adherence assay, added chromosomal DNA alone had a limited effect on S. mutans adherence to saliva-coated hydroxylapatite beads, but in conjunction with glucans synthesized using purified glucosyltransferase B, the adherence was significantly enhanced. Deletion of sortase A, the transpeptidase that covalently couples multiple surface-associated proteins to the cell wall peptidoglycan, significantly reduced eDNA in both planktonic and biofilm cultures. Sortase A deficiency did not have a significant effect on membrane vesicle production; however, the protein profile of the mutant membrane vesicles was significantly altered, including reduction of adhesin P1 and glucan-binding proteins B and C. Relative to the wild type, deficiency of protein secretion and membrane protein insertion machinery components, including Ffh, YidC1, and YidC2, also caused significant reductions in eDNA.
Quality of life at the end of life: trends in patients with metastatic prostate cancer

Abstract Objectives. To identify the rates of decline in health-related quality of life during the year before death in men with prostate cancer. Methods. We studied men in a subset analysis within a longitudinal, observational cohort of patients with metastatic prostate cancer at the University of California, Los Angeles, Center for Health Sciences. The analysis included 23 patients who died and had submitted at least two health-related quality-of-life surveys in the final months before death. The outcomes were measured with the RAND 36-Item Health Survey, an established, validated instrument that includes physical and emotional domains. To gauge the effect of marital status, education, and income, we dichotomized these demographic variables. Results. Most domains showed declines, many of them substantial. Patients who had a slower rate of decline in the physical domains tended to be married, better educated, and more affluent. We noted a trend toward a slower deterioration in the mental composite scores among patients who had less than a college degree and an annual household income of $30,000 or less. Conclusions. Patients dying of metastatic prostate cancer appear to experience declines in health-related quality of life during their final year of life. Further investigation may help identify specific patient characteristics associated with more rapid declines; this will help focus attention on enhancing patients’ quality of life as death approaches.
Predictors of the International HIV–AIDS INGO Network Over Time

The HIV-AIDS epidemic is one of the most challenging and significant health crises facing the world today. In order to cope with its complexities, the United Nations and World Health Organization have increasingly relied upon the resources offered by networks of HIV-AIDS nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The research reported here uses evolutionary theory to predict the patterns of alliances and collaborations within the HIV-AIDS International Nongovernmental Organizations (INGO) network. The hypotheses are tested using 8 years of data from the Yearbook of International Organizations. The results showed that geographic proximity and common ties with intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) predict the pattern of alliances among HIV-AIDS INGOs. The best predictor of such alliances, however, is past relationships among these organizations.
The energy profiles of atomic conformational transition intermediates of adenylate kinase.

The elastic network interpolation (ENI) (Kim et al., Biophys J 2002;83:1620–1630) is a computationally efficient and physically realistic method to generate conformational transition intermediates between two forms of a given protein. However it can be asked whether these calculated conformations provide good representatives for these intermediates. In this study, we use ENI to generate conformational transition intermediates between the open form and the closed form of adenylate kinase (AK). Based on Cα-only intermediates, we construct atomic intermediates by grafting all the atoms of known AK structures onto the Cα atoms and then perform CHARMM energy minimization to remove steric conflicts and optimize these intermediate structures. We compare the energy profiles for all intermediates from both the CHARMM force-field and from knowledge-based energy functions. We find that the CHARMM energies can successfully capture the two energy minima representing the open AK and closed AK forms, while the energies computed from the knowledge-based energy functions can detect the local energy minimum representing the closed AK form and show some general features of the transition pathway with a somewhat similar energy profile as the CHARMM energies. The combinatorial extension structural alignment (Shindyalov et al., 1998;11:739–747) and the k-means clustering algorithm are then used to show that known PDB structures closely resemble computed intermediates along the transition pathway. Proteins 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
ACHIEVING A SCIENCE OF SACRED DOCTRINE

Aquinas claims that sacred doctrine is a science, or scientia. All scientiae involve demonstrations containing principles which yield conclusions that are necessary and certain. The principles leading to sacred scientia are the articles of faith. Those articles are contained in Scripture and constitute the premises of demonstrations the conclusions of which form sacred doctrine's content. Because of those articles' divine origin, we can expect them to yield conclusions the truth of which is guaranteed. According to William Abraham, however, Aquinas must demonstrate Scripture's divine origin as a condition for achieving a sacred scientia. In the absence of such a demonstration, we cannot be certain that the articles contained in Scripture are God-breathed, nor can we be certain that the conclusions deduced from them belong to sacred doctrine. Abraham argues that Aquinas's putative demonstration of Scripture's divine origin fails and—consequently—so does his attempt to establish a sacred scientia. In this paper, I will show that Aquinas never intended to provide such a demonstration, nor does he need to in order to secure sacred doctrine's status as a scientia. Furthermore, I will show that achieving sacred scientia is not, pace Abraham, an epistemological undertaking but a spiritual discipline that eventuates in knowledge of and love for God.
On the tuning of predictive controllers: Application of generalized Benders decomposition to the ELOC problem

Abstract This work investigates the computational procedures used to obtain global solution to the economic linear optimal control (ELOC) problem. The proposed method employs the generalized Benders decomposition (GBD) algorithm. Compared to the previous branch and bound approach, a naive application of GBD to the ELOC problem will improve computational performance, due to less frequent calls to computationally slow semi-definite programming (SDP) routines. However, the reverse-convex constraints of the original problem will reappear in the relaxed master problem. In response, a convexification of the relaxed master constraints has been developed and proven to preserve global solution characteristics. The result is a multi-fold improvement in computational performance. A technological benefit of decomposing the problem into steady-state and dynamic parts is the ability to utilize nonlinear steady-state models, since the relaxed master problem is free of SDP type constraints and can be solved using any global nonlinear programming algorithm.
Clustering of a kinesin-14 motor enables processive retrograde microtubule-based transport in plants

The molecular motors kinesin and dynein drive bidirectional motility along microtubules (MTs) in most eukaryotic cells. Land plants, however, are a notable exception, because they contain a large number of kinesins but lack cytoplasmic dynein, the foremost processive retrograde transporter. It remains unclear how plants achieve retrograde cargo transport without dynein. Here, we have analysed the motility of the six members of minus-end-directed kinesin-14 motors in the moss Physcomitrella patens and found that none are processive as native dimers. However, when artificially clustered into as little as dimer of dimers, the type-VI kinesin-14 (a homologue of Arabidopsis KCBP (kinesin-like calmodulin binding protein)) exhibited highly processive and fast motility (up to 0.6 μm s-1). Multiple kin14-VI dimers attached to liposomes also induced transport of this membrane cargo over several microns. Consistent with these results, in vivo observations of green fluorescent protein-tagged kin14-VI in moss cells revealed fluorescent punctae that moved processively towards the minus-ends of the cytoplasmic MTs. These data suggest that clustering of a kinesin-14 motor serves as a dynein-independent mechanism for retrograde transport in plants.
Out on a Rim: Pacific Rim’s Venture Into CAFTA’s Denial of Benefits Clause

OF BENEFITS CLAUSE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 R III. COMPARING THE LANGUAGE AND STRUCTURE OF THE CAFTA DOB CLAUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 R A. Jurisdictional Limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 R B. Retrospective or Prospective Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 R C. “Substantial Business Activities” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 R D. “Own or Control” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 R IV. THE CAFTA DENIAL OF BENEFITS CLAUSE PROVIDES A SOLUTION TO “TREATY SHOPPING” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 R V. CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 R
The Original Sense of the (Equal) Protection Clause: Pre-Enactment History

The Supreme Court has long understood the Equal Protection Clause - "[N]or [shall any State] deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws" - as a generic antidiscrimination provision. This article challenges that interpretation. Applying a constitutional theory that takes the sense historically expressed by constitutional language as interpretively binding, but not that language's historically-understood or historically-intended referent, I argue that the Clause instead requires States to supply the "protection of the laws" - and supply it equally - to everyone subject to the State's decrees. This article reviews evidence from the 1866 Congressional debates, explains how the language of the Clause in its historical setting expresses the allegiance-for-protection contractual tradition, documents the extensive tradition of using "protection of the laws" to refer to the remedial and law-enforcement functions of government, and criticizes the textual foundation of the traditional view of the Clause. Elsewhere I consider subsequent interpretations of the Clause and explain why a duty-to-protect Equal Protection Clause would have great significance today.
Providing access to journals— just in time or just in case?

Description de la solution adoptee en reponse au declin budgetaire pour la fourniture des documents primaires (articles de periodiques) par les bibliotheques du departement des sciences et technologies de la Colorado State University (CSU). Le service mis en place exemplifie le concept de l'industrie juste a temps au lieu du concept traditionnel dans les bibliotheques juste au cas ou. Dans cette premiere phase experimentale, l'information secondaire est fournie par le service (Research Alert) de bulletins de sommaires de l'ISI (Institute for Scientific Information) et l'article est fourni par le service de fourniture de documents de l'ISI (Genuine Article). Le service tend a etre associe avec le pret interbibliotheque. De donnees chiffrees donnent le bilan actuel du systeme. L'aspect veille courante est une composante essentielle de ce changement
Measurement of non-crystalline calcium phosphate in bone mineral.

SummaryIt was demonstrated by X-ray diffraction that bone mineral from mature cows, humans and Wistar rats, contained a non-crystalline calcium phosphate in addition to the well-known apatite phase. X-ray diffraction technique was described for determination of the percent of this amorphous (non-crystalline) material present in bone mineral, or synthetic mixtures.
Emergence of competence (for transformation) of three Hemophilus species in a chemically defined environment.

SummaryThree species of Hemophilus, grown under the method of Goodgal and Herriott, were shown to emerge to a state of competence for transformation to SM-resistance in a chemically defined medium: L-aspartic, L-glutamic acids in buffered saline containing calcium and magnesium ions. The degree of competence of a “standard'culture was enhanced many-fold in 30 to 60 minutes even when diluted 105-fold in the defined medium. The emergence of competence in the synthetic environment was temperature dependent and inhibited by chloramphenicol; multiplication was not necessary. Competent populations washed in the defined medium retain competence; in populations which have lost transformability as a result of washing in buffered saline, competence may be restored. Data presented suggest that the competence which emerges reflects the final attainment of the competent state rather than its “restoration'in cells which were competent at an earlier period during growth of the population.
Laparoscopic Operations for Esophageal Leiomyoma

This chapter describes the preoperative work-up, operative planning, and the laparoscopic enucleation of esophageal leiomyoma.
Das zentrale visuelle System

In diesem Kapitel wird betrachtet, wie die von der Netzhaut extrahierten Informationen vom zentralen visuellen System analysiert werden. Der Pfad, der eine bewusste visuelle Wahrnehmung ermoglicht, schliest das Corpus geniculatum laterale des Thalamus und die primare Sehrinde ein. Informationen, die auf diesem geniculocortikalen Pfad transportiert werden, werden parallel von Neuronen verarbeitet, die auf die Auswertung unterschiedlicher Objektmerkmale spezialisiert sind. Die primare Sehrinde leitet diese Informationen an mehr als zwei Dutzend verschiedene extrastriare cortikale Bereiche im Schlafen- und Scheitellappen weiter. Viele dieser Bereiche scheinen auf unterschiedliche Analysen spezialisiert zu sein. Obgleich die visuelle Neurowissenschaft bisher viele Aspekte der visuellen Wahrnehmung noch nicht erklaren kann, wurde ein bedeutsamer Fortschritt bei der Beantwortung einer grundlegenderen Frage erzielt: Wie stellen Neuronen die unterschiedlichen Aspekte der visuellen Welt dar? Durch die Untersuchung der Reize, die die verschiedenen Neuronen aktivieren, und der Entstehung der Antworten in der Sehrinde beginnen wir zu verstehen, wie das Gehirn die wahrgenommene visuelle Umwelt konstruiert.
Finding the Path to Culturally Responsive Pedagogy

This chapter employs the genre of testimony to explain the researcher’s teaching learning, and teacher preparation experiences, all of which informed the design of the comparative case study that is the focus of the book. The reader is taken on a journey through the researcher’s pedagogical development in public school and teacher education classrooms in Brooklyn, NY, which eventually leads to a research interest in critical perspectives of teaching and learning in the field of teacher education. An explanation of how culturally responsive pedagogy emerged as a conceptual framework for investigating teacher educators’ instructional practices is also provided.
In their own words: Offenders’ perspectives on their participation in a faith-based diversion and reentry program

Although research has focused on the effectiveness of faith-based programs in many settings, little research has examined the qualitative impact on those who participate in them. Graduates from a f...
Risk factors for nonelective 30-day readmission in pediatric assault victims.

Abstract Purpose Hospital readmission in trauma patients is associated with significant morbidity and increased healthcare costs. There is limited published data on early hospital readmission in pediatric trauma patients. As presently in healthcare outcomes and readmissions rates are increasingly used as hospital quality indicators, it is paramount to recognize risk factors for readmission. We sought to identify national readmission rates in pediatric assault victims and identify the most common readmission diagnoses among these patients. Methods The Nationwide Readmission Database (NRD) for 2013 was queried for all patients under 18years of age with a non-elective admission with an E-code that is designed as assault using National Trauma Data Bank Standards. Multivariate logistic regression was implemented using 18 variables to determine the odds ratios (OR) for non-elective readmission within 30-days. Results There were 4050 pediatric victims of assault and 92 (2.27%) died during the initial admission. Of the surviving patients 128 (3.23%) were readmitted within 30days. Of these readmitted patients 24 (18.75%) were readmitted to a different hospital and 31 (24.22%) were readmitted for repeated assault. The variables associated with the highest risk for non-elective readmission within 30-days were: length of stay (LOS) >7days (OR 3.028, p Conclusions Readmission after pediatric assault represents a significant resource burden and almost a quarter of those patients are readmitted after a repeated assault. Understanding risk factors and reasons for readmission in pediatric trauma assault victims can improve discharge planning, family education, and outpatient support, thereby decreasing overall costs and resource burden. Psychoses, weight loss, and prolonged hospitalization are independent prognostic indicators of readmission in pediatric assault patients. Level of evidence Level IV – Prognostic and Epidemiological – Retrospective Study.
How Exemplary Inpatient Teaching Physicians Foster Clinical Reasoning

Abstract Background Clinical reasoning is a crucial component of training in health professions. These cognitive skills are necessary to provide quality care and avoid diagnostic error. Much previous literature has focused on teaching clinical reasoning in nonclinical environments and does not include learner reflections. The authors sought to explore, through multiple perspectives including learners, techniques used by exemplary inpatient clinician-educators for explicitly cultivating clinical reasoning. Methods The authors conducted (2014-2015) a multisite, exploratory qualitative study examining how excellent clinician-educators foster clinical reasoning during general medicine rounds. This was accomplished through interviews of educators, focus group discussions with learners, and direct observations of clinical teaching. The authors reviewed field notes and transcripts using techniques of thematic analysis. Results Twelve clinician-educators, 57 current learners, and 26 former learners participated in observations and interviews. The techniques and behaviors of educators were categorized into 4 themes, including 1) emphasizing organization and prioritization, 2) accessing prior knowledge, 3) thinking aloud, and 4) analyzing the literature. Conclusions The findings of this comprehensive study both confirm strategies found in previous literature and provide novel approaches. This is the first study to incorporate the perspectives of learners. Educators' techniques and behaviors, identified through direct observation and supported by reflections from the entire team, can inform best practices for the teaching of clinical reasoning.
Internal Medicine Resident Engagement with a Laboratory Utilization Dashboard: Mixed Methods Study

The objective of this study was to measure internal medicine resident engagement with an electronic medical record-based dashboard providing feedback on their use of routine laboratory tests relative to service averages. From January 2016 to June 2016, residents were e-mailed a snapshot of their personalized dashboard, a link to the online dashboard, and text summarizing the resident and service utilization averages. We measured resident engagement using e-mail read-receipts and web-based tracking. We also conducted 3 hour-long focus groups with residents. Using grounded theory approach, the transcripts were analyzed for common themes focusing on barriers and facilitators of dashboard use. Among 80 residents, 74% opened the e-mail containing a link to the dashboard and 21% accessed the dashboard itself. We did not observe a statistically significant difference in routine laboratory ordering by dashboard use, although residents who opened the link to the dashboard ordered 0.26 fewer labs per doctor-patient-day than those who did not (95% confidence interval, -0.77 to 0.25; 𝑃 = 0 .31). While they raised several concerns, focus group participants had positive attitudes toward receiving individualized feedback delivered in real time.
Advances and Current Trends in Language Teacher Identity Research, by Cheung, Y. L., Ben Said, S., & Park, K. (Eds.).: (2015). New York, NY: Routledge. xxi+262 pp. $163.00 (hardback). ISBN: 978-1-138-02536-3

Advances and Current Trends in Language Teacher Identity Research introduces cutting-edge research methods and practices to researchers and educators working with language teachers. It consists of ...
Summary — Causes of Cancer

Preventing cancer deaths in the U.S. will not be easy, given the scope of individual and societal change that must occur. But change is possible. Studies of migrant populations show that they tend to adopt the cancer pattern of the host country within a period of time that varies from less than 20 years (e.g., cancer of the large bowel) to a few generations (e.g., cancer of the breast). Cancer rates are malleable, and with the proper commitment of resources, and with time, we believe that the United States can realistically reduce cancer rates by as much as one-third.
Adult Primary Gliosarcoma: Epidemiology

Comprising approximately 2% of all glioblastoma cases, adult primary gliosarcoma is a rare aggressive tumor, composed of a mixture of malignant glial and sarcomatous elements, with dismal outcomes. While the general epidemiology and presentation reflect that of other glioblastomas, gliosarcoma has a much higher rate of metastases, may carry a worse prognosis, and has not been found to carry the hallmark characteristic of EGFR overexpression generally found in glioblastomas. The histogenesis of the disease remains unclear but there is increasing molecular and genetic evidence that the mixed components of the tumor have a monoclonal origin. In part because of a lack of information on the disease, patients with gliosarcoma are generally managed in the same manner as patients with other glioblastomas.
Complications of intravesical chemotherapy

A variety of intravesical chemotherapeutic agents are now available for the treatment of superficial transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder. The toxicities associated with these agents may make one more appealing than another in the face of similar efficacies. Intravesical instillations of thiotepa have resulted in incidences of leukopenia of 8% to 54%, of thrombocytopenia of 3% to 31%, and of irritative voiding symptoms of 12% to 69%. Close monitoring of blood counts prior to weekly instillations remains vital in preventing myelosuppressive complications. The complications associated with the intravesical use of mitomycin C are mainly chemical cystitis and contact dermatitis. Additionally, allergic reactions have been documented. Most of these complications respond to cessation of therapy with application of topical steroids as needed. Complications of reduced bladder capacity, bladder-wall calcifications, and myelosuppression are uncommon. Toxicities associated with the use of doxorubicin, epirubicin, and ethoglucid are almost exclusively local and usually described as mild to moderate dysuria, frequency, or urgency. Case reports of systemic reactions to doxorubicin are notable in that the patients responded well to diphenhydramine and, in one severe case, epinephrine. Other adverse effects such as reduced bladder capacity, fever, and nausea and vomiting are very uncommon. New agents, such as mitoxantrone, are undergoing phase I and phase II studies. The ideal agent, which would be highly effective and minimally toxic, remains to be developed.
Water-Energy-Food Nexus Sustainability in the Upper Blue Nile (UBN) Basin

The Nile basin ecosystem is under stress due to rapid population growth, inefficient utilization of resources, climate change, and persistent conflicts among riparian countries. The Blue Nile is a major tributary of the Nile River and contributes about 60% of the total annual flow. This paper presents a framework for optimal allocation of land and water resources in the upper Blue Nile (UBN) basin. This framework consists of two optimization models that aim to: (a) allocate land and water resources optimally to rain-fed and irrigated agriculture, and (b) allocate water to agriculture and hydropower production while maximizing the total net benefits. The optimal agricultural expansion is expected to reduce the UBN flow by about 7.6 cubic kilometers, impacting the downstream countries Egypt and Sudan. Optimal operation rules for the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance dam (GERD) are identified to maximize annual hydropower generation from the dam while achieving a relatively uniform monthly production rate. Trade-offs between agricultural expansion and hydropower generation are analyzed in an attempt to define scenarios for cooperation that would achieve win-win outcomes for the three riparian countries sharing the basin waters
The Self as Subject: Autoethnographic Research into Identity, Culture, and Academic Librarianship . Anne-Marie Deitering, Robert Schroeder, and Richard Stoddart, eds. Chicago: American Library Association, 2017. 361p. Paper, $70.00 (ISBN 978-0-8389-8892-3).

Much of the professional literature in information and library science focuses on bringing new, sometimes significantly different, perspectives on what is already known. From reference services to information literacy instruction, collection development to patron services, innumerable works have been published with the intention of drawing the attention of the profession on how to enhance the work we do and challenging readers to think about that work differently. Instead of where much of the professional literature focuses upon the activities of librarians, what if the research were to focus upon the librarians themselves, and the general understanding that can be gained from the experiences of individuals? Librarians at varying stages of their respective careers view themselves and the profession differently, and the unique stories they tell may help others better understand their own attitudes about their work. Meanwhile, in recent years the matter of identity, how each of us sees (and defines) ourselves and how we wish to be perceived by others, has become increasingly complex. Matters of racial, ethnic, and sexual identity have moved from something socially constructed toward something much more personally defined. Specific to librarianship, the various and sundry librarian stereotypes are well known, and compounding those stereotypes, at least for academic librarians, is a general lack of knowledge about what we do. At the intersection of these two, disparate spheres is this collaborative effort to illuminate who academic librarians are, and how that impacts their professional endeavors. Using an autoethnographic methodology, they provide a unique and welcome approach to revealing some of the diversity, both professional and personal, to be found among librarians.