cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Additive analgesic effects of oxycodone and Ibuprofen in the oral surgery model

Abstract Purpose: A traditional approach to achieve greater analgesic efficacy is to combine an efficacious dose of a nonopioid with a dose of an opioid sufficient to produce additive analgesia without a substantial increase in the incidence of adverse effects. This study evaluated the additive analagesic effects of the combination of ibuprofen and oxycodone. Patients and Methods: A dose of 400 mg ibuprofen was compared with 400 mg ibuprofen with oxycodone in doses of 2.5, 5, or 10 mg in the oral surgery model of acute pain. Analgesic efficacy was measured with category and visual analog scales at 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes and hourly up to 6 hours. Results: Ibuprofen plus 10 mg oxycodone produced significantly greater analgesia compared with the other three groups, as measured by the visual analog scale from 15 minutes after drug administration up to the 2-hour observation. All four treatments were similar from 3 to 6 hours, with the area under the pain intensity difference curve being similar across groups. Neither the 2.5-mg nor the 5-mg oxycodone dose provided any additive analgesia over ibuprofen at any points. Addition of oxycodone resulted in a dose-related increase in the number of patients reporting adverse effects, with significantly greater drowsiness and vomiting at the 10-mg dose. Conclusions: These results indicate that additive analgesia can be achieved for the combination of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and an orally effective opioid, with faster onset of relief for the combination of 400 mg ibuprofen and 10 mg oxycodone over the first 2 hours after administration, but at the expense of an increased incidence of adverse events.
Death with functioning kidney transplant: an obituarial analysis

Background Death with a functioning kidney graft (DWFG) is now a major cause of graft loss after renal transplantation, occurring in up to 40% of cases. Its occurrence provides insight into the medical care of subjects with a functioning kidney transplant. In this study, we used the time to DWFG as an endpoint, to test whether improved medical care has contributed to better kidney transplant outcomes.
Models of human behavior in information seeking tasks

Abstract Models of human information seeking in searching online bibliographic citation networks are discussed. First, the experimental environment called DBASE (Data Base Access and Search Environment) and the results from two previous experiments are briefly reviewed. Rule-based and decision theoretic approaches to modeling the search task are then presented and a progression of models is developed. The models are used to derive “optimal” search strategies when both constrained and unconstrained by experimental data. Finally, the rule-based model is used to mimic subject performance and the differences between model and subject performance are considered.
Computing the generalized Marcum Q-function

A modified version of the method of saddlepoint integration is shown to compute the generalized Marcum Q-function accurately over a broad range of parameters. Bounds on the truncation error incurred by stopping the numerical quadrature at a certain point are presented. >
ABGEN : A knowledge-based automated approach for antibody structure modeling

Immunoglobulin (Ig) amino acid sequences are highly conserved and often have sequence homology ranging from 70 to 95%. Antigen binding fragments (Fab), variable region fragments (Fv), and single chain Fv (scFv) of more than 50 myeloma proteins and monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have been crystallized and display a high degree of structural similarity. Based on this observation, several homology modeling approaches have been developed for the prediction of Fab and Fv structures prior to their experimental determination. We have extracted features from existing Ig sequences, 44 known Fab and Fv structures to create an automated AntiBody structure GENeration (ABGEN) algorithm for obtaining structural models of antibody fragments. ABGEN utilizes a homology based scaffolding technique, and includes the use of invariant and strictly conserved residues, structural motifs of known Fab, canonical features of hypervariable loops, torsional constraints for residue replacements and key inter-residue interactions. The validity of the ABGEN algorithm has been tested using a five-fold cross validation with the existing Fab structures. Molecular mechanics and dynamics methods have been implemented with ABGEN models to accurately predict two Fab structures of anti-sweetener antibodies prior to crystallographic determinations.
Cytochrome P450, a very hard mountain to climb: evidence for multiple functional species of activated oxygen

Abstract Although much has been learned about cytochrome P450 as an oxygenating catalyst since its discovery as a carbon monoxide-binding pigment in liver microsomes over 40 years ago, two major problems remain unsolved. These are the role of the heme sulfur ligand and the identity of the “activated oxygen” species generated during the reduction of molecular oxygen. To address these questions, mutagenesis of pertinent amino acid residues in NH2-terminal-truncated microsomal P450s 2B4 and 2E1, has been carried out. Clones for these cytochromes with the active-site cysteine replaced by histidine, serine, or tyrosine were expressed in Escherichia coli. Despite instability, some of the resulting hemoproteins were purified. The histidine-437 mutant of P450 2E1 is reduced by NADPH in the presence of the reductase and yields H2O2 in the reconstituted system. However, no activity was detected in the oxidation of several substrates, thus indicating a functional role for the sulfur ligand. In other experiments, the active-site threonine residue that facilitates proton transfer was replaced with alanine. Changes in the rates of catalysis of aldehyde deformylation, olefin epoxidation, ipso-substitution, and other reactions by P450 2B4:T302A and 2E1:T303A mutants provided evidence for peroxo-iron, hydroperoxo-iron, and oxenoid-iron as discrete functional oxygenating species. The availability of multiple oxidants is believed to contribute to the unmatched versatility of the P450 cytochromes.
The combined impact of pH and activated carbon on the elemental composition of a liquid conifer embryogenic tissue initiation medium

This study considered the elemental composition of plant tissue culture media in response to pH and two different types of activated C (AC; tissue culture and non acid-washed grades) in liquid media. When tissue culture medium is supplemented with AC the method of AC addition and pH adjustment can greatly impact the final medium pH, in turn, altering mineral availability. Over the pH range of 4-7, Cu and Zn adsorbed (95% and 50%) onto the two physically different ACs to the same extent. As the pH exceeded 5.8, precipitation became pronounced, resulting in 50% reductions in Mn and Fe and smaller reductions in Ca (20%), and P (15%), independent of AC. Non acid-washed AC released significant levels of Mg (65% increase) and Ca (10% increase) at pH 5.8 compared to the no-AC control. No adsorption was indicated for inorganic anions. Low levels for Cu and Zn are a concern when using AC, and low levels of Fe and Mn are a concern when the pH of the medium exceeds 5.8. Due to its impurity content and difficulty associated with its neutralization, non-acid-washed AC may be a poor choice for use in tissue culture medium.
1165 CONSEQUENCES OF PRIMARY MATERNAL CMV INFECTION (p-CMV)

To define the risk of P-CMV and its consequences for the offspring, we have prospectively studied 12180 pregnant women of upper middle class. Their mean age was 26 yrs., 90% are Caucasian and 45% were seronegative at enrollment which occurred at a median of 8.6 wks. Of the 4398 seronegatives followed to term (79%) 65 had P-CMV (1.5%). Only 6 women had mononucleosis like illness and 8 had nonspecific symptoms. P-CMV was complicated by congenital infection (C-CMV) in 24 of 58 (41.4%) babies cultured and by post-natal infection in 11 of 17 (65%) of those who escaped C-CMV and who were followed for 6 months. Only 3 of the infants with C-CMV (12%) were symptomatic at birth and two developed minor handicaps. None of the 11 infected perinatally were ill. From this and previous investigations we have studied 59 infants with C-CMV which resulted from P-CMV. Seven infected infants (12%) had symptoms at birth. Four of them and 3 initially normal babies have subsequently developed moderate to severe handicaps (12%). Mental retardation has occurred in 5 and hearing loss in 2. Gestational age at time of primary maternal infection did not influence the rate of transmission in utero but early infection did result in more affected infants. These results indicate that P-CMV is complicated by C-CMV in less than 50% of the cases and that acute and/or delayed morbidity occurs in only a small proportion of infected infants.
Notes Toward a Naturalistic Study of Education Research Methodology

As the educational research community has struggled with research issues over the last few decades, we have turned almost exclusively to epistemologically oriented methodology for answers. Implicit in this methodological discourse are three questionable presuppositions about the relationship between methods and methodology and between researchers and methodologists. First, it presumes that that the relationship is deontic, implying that researchers have a duty to follow the methods prescribed by particular methodologies. Second, it presumes that the relationship is universalistic, meaning that it is the responsibility of a researcher to apply the methods prescribed by a methodology without regard to contextual contingencies. Third, it presumes that that the relationship is individualistic, meaning that it is the responsibility of an individual researcher to demonstrate fidelity to prescribed methods. This paper refutes these presuppositions by drawing on naturalistic studies of research to argue that good educational research is a social activity concerned with persuading an audience by contributing to our collective concerns. In doing so, researchers use methodologies and methods as resources in generating persuasive research that is improvisational in nature. However, this description of educational research is only preliminary so this article also suggests studies of educational research that will describe key aspects of doing good research.
Characterization of the photo-irradiation effects on polystyrene ultrathin films with ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy

Abstract The synchrotron-radiation-induced structural degradation in polystyrene thin films was analyzed by comparing measured ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) spectra with model molecular orbital calculations. The analysis confirms degradation of the phenyl pendant groups and the generation of conjugated double-bonds in the degraded polymer. The observed degradation in polystyrene is found to be very similar to one from polyethylene previously investigated.
From Cell Growth to Leaf Growth: I. Coupling Cell Division and Cell Expansion

An area of plant growth modeling that appears to have been neglected in incorporation of current knowledge regarding cell expansion and cell division into the growth models. The objective of this research was to incorporate this knowledge into a quantitative description of plant growth. A general cell growth module is described that combines known aspects of cell expansion and cell division. Cell expansion is governed by water flux equations. The cells start at a fixed minimum volume and expand to a final (fixed) volume. The wall extensibility of a cell is considered to be a function of its volume. Cell division is described through use of a daughter ratio vs. time function that categorizes the cells resulting from a division as either proliferative or nonproliferative. Temperature is coupled to the water flow equations through its influence on cell cycle time. The daughter ratio vs. time function is of paramount importance. The influence of a number of daughter ratio functions on the rate of cell production and the rate of total cell volume accumulation are considered. Exponential, linear, and sigmoidal increases in both cell numbers and total cellular volume are shown to result from the various daughter ratios examined. A comparison was made of simulations using a constant wall extensibility to those made using the wall extensibility vs. volume function. The difference between these two cases was much less than the differences obtained by varying the daughter ratio function
Surface imaging techniques and magnetic materials

Abstract Some recently developed electron-optical techniques for imaging the surfaces of crystals at high spatial resolution are reviewed, and examples given. The application of these to magnetic materials is briefly outlined and possible magnetic contrast mechanisms are discussed for the reflection electron imaging geometry.
Design and performance analysis models of computer networks in CIM systems

Abstract Computers and communication networks are key components of a flexible manufacturing system. In this paper analytical models based on integer programming methods have been developed for optimally allocating communication and control resources in a manufacturing shop. Subsequently, a procedure to measure the performance of such an optimal set of hardware is developed. First, a deterministic procedure is used to put an upper limit on the systems performance, based on the bottleneck resource. Next, closed queueing network models are used to obtain a better estimate of performance that also accounts for the randomness in the system. Finally, simulation models are developed in order to obtain more accurate results. Average production rates and average time in the system are used as performance measures to check for the acceptability of the system design.
A masking technique for isolating the pupillary response to focused light.

The purpose of this investigation was to explore possible methods of isolating the pupillary response to focused light. Two methods were used; one employed flash stimuli of various sizes on a dark background and the other employed a masking technique. An infrared photographic technique was used for recording changes in pupil diameter in response to the stimulus conditions used in this study.When using the 51° flash stimulus, it was hoped that enough photoreceptors would be included in the area of focused light to ellicit a pupillary response before the stray light would become intense enough to produce a response.In the masking technique the retina was adapted to a centrally fixated stimulus for four to six seconds and then a one-second flash stimulus 15° in diameter or less was superimposed upon it. The purpose of the adapting stimulus was to mask the pupillo-motor effect of the stray light from the flash stimulus.Data for the flashes of various sizes on a dark background support the hypothesis that stray light is the main determinant of the pupillary response in this situation. However, when a 51° flash stimulus was used, a response to focused light was evident at low levels of luminance.In general the masking technique was successful in masking the pupillary response to stray light when used with flashes of low luminance.The visual and pupillary thresholds were shown to be about the same in this investigation.It is recommended that the masking technique used in this study be used to study summation and the pupillo-motor sensitivity of different parts of the retina.
Scoring the Rorschach: A Constructive Critique of Exner's Comprehensive Rorschach System

John Exner's rationale for scoring the Rorschach and his decision to score "blend" responses by assigning equal weights are critically reviewed. The resultant exclusion of new responses made during the Inquiry of the Free Association responses is viewed as a major deficiency in the Comprehensive Rorschach System. A change to Klopfer's "Main-Additional" scoring method is recommended as a corrective.
Uncertainties in CT-based radiation therapy treatment planning associated with patient breathing

Abstract Purpose : To evaluate uncertainties associated with treatment-planning computed tomography (CT) data obtained with the patient breathing freely. Methods and Materials : Patients with thoracic or abdominal tumors underwent a standard treatment-planning CT study while breathing quitely and freely, followedy CT scans while holding their breath at normal inhalation and normal exhalation. Identifical treatment plans on all three CT data sets for each patient pointed out differences in: (a) radiation path lengths; (b) positions of the organs; (c) physical volumes of the lung, liver, and kidneys; (d) the interpretation of plan evaluation tools such as dose-volume histograms and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) models; and (e) how well the planning CT data set represented the average of the inhalation and exhalation studies. Results : Inhalation and exhalation data differ in terms of radiation path length (nearly one quarter of the cases had path-length differences >1 cm), although the free breathing and average path lengths do not exhibit large differences (0–9 mm). Liver and kidney movements averaged 2 cm, whereas differences between the free breathing and average positions averaged 0.6 cm. The physical volume of the liver between the free breathing and static studies varied by as much as 12%. The NTCP calculations on exhale and inhale studies varied from 3 to 43% for doses that resulted in a 15% NTCP on the free-breathing studies. Conclusion : Free-breathing CT studies may improperly estimate the position and volume of critical structures, and thus may mislead evaluation of plans based on such volume dependent criteria such as dose-volume histograms and NTCP calculations.
Cellular control of ornithine decarboxylase activity by its antizyme

Conditions have been established under which the antizyme of ornithine decarboxylase (E.C. 4.1.1.17, L-ornithine carboxy-lyase, ODC) a noncompetitive protein inhibitor of ODC, can be detected in cells in response to as little as 10−7 M putrescine. The maintenance of intracellular antizyme activity depends upon the continued presence of putrescine in the medium. Removal of putrescine results in a rapid decline of antizyme activity. These phenomena are unaffected by the presence of cycloheximide and are comparable to the requirement of L-asparagine for the maintenance of ODC activity. The extent to which the antizyme level is increased is inversely related to the preexisting level of intracellular ODC at the time of addition of putrescine. The time of appearance of free antizyme is delayed in cells that have high levels of ODC; the amount of free antizyme that can be assayed for in these cells, at any particular time is correspondingly less. The converse is also true. In cells that have high levels of antizyme, the delay in appearance of ODC is greater and the amount of ODC that can be assayed for is correspondingly less than in cells with low levels of antizyme. These experiments, as well as others, indicate that the ODC antizyme and ODC interact in vitro with each other to modify their respective activities.
Wave propagation in circular cylindrical shells with periodic axial curvature

Abstract The propagation of longitudinal and flexural waves in axisymmetric circular cylindrical shells with periodic circular axial curvature is studied using a finite element method previously developed by the authors. Of primary interest is the coupling of these wave modes due to the periodic axial curvature which results in the generation of two types of stop bands not present in straight circular cylinders. The first type is related to the periodic spacing and occurs independently for longitudinal and flexural wave modes without coupling. However, the second type is caused by longitudinal and flexural wave mode coupling due to the axial curvature. A parametric study is conducted where the effects of cylinder radius, degree of axial curvature, and periodic spacing on wave propagation characteristics are investigated. It is shown that even a small degree of periodic axial curvature results in significant stop bands associated with wave mode coupling. These stop bands are broad and conceivably could be tuned to a specific frequency range by judicious choice of the shell parameters. Forced harmonic analyses performed on finite periodic structures show that strong attenuation of longitudinal and flexural motion occurs in the frequency ranges associated with the stop bands of the infinite periodic structure.
Five Year Outcomes Study of Dental Rehabilitation Conducted Under General Anesthesia for Special Needs Patients

We assessed the safety of general anesthesia for dental treatment of special needs patients as it related to American Society of Anesthesiology Physical Status (ASAPS) classification, procedure, and other factors. After Institutional Review Board review and approval, special needs patients who were admitted to the outpatient surgical operating room for comprehensive dental rehabilitation (CDR) under general anesthesia within a period of 5 years had their medical records evaluated retrospectively for intraoperative and postoperative complications both related to anesthesia and surgery. All records were evaluated by an independent evaluator who tabulated the patients' age, gender, ASAPS, and duration of procedure. N = 363, age mean = 46.93 +/- 16.835 years, age median = 48 years, male patients = 180, female patients = 183, ASAPS I =183, ASAPS II = 127, ASAPS III = 53, duration of surgery mean = 140.631 +/- 23.104 minutes, duration of surgery median time = 142.000 minutes, and number of complications = 2. One complication resulted in an ASAPS I 16-year-old boy, which was airway related, and a second was an ASAPS III 22-year-old woman, which was surgically related. Both led to unplanned inpatient admissions and were treated successfully with no residual morbidity. Dental rehabilitation of special needs patients under general anesthesia is safe. While morbidity is very low, larger studies are needed to establish risk versus benefit stratification among this patient population.
Ribonucleotide Reductase Targets for Chemotherapy; Mechanistic Aspects and Biologically Active Agents

Abstract Ribonucleotide reductases are essential for the de novo biosynthesis of the 2′-deoxynucleotide components of DNA. These enzymes have complex cofactors and execute novel chemistry involving C2′ via radical abstraction of H3′. Mechanistic aspects of these transformations and selected nucleotide analogues that cause mechanism-based inactivation of ribonucleotide reductases are discussed.
A population of wide-field bipolar cells in the rabbit's retina.

We have stained an unusual population of retinal bipolar cells. When the low molecular weight tracer biocytin was injected into the vitreous body of rabbits, it subsequently accumulated in the somata and processes of a population of wide-field bipolar cells. The cells have 2–4 primary dendrites. Their dendritic arbors span a field 50 to 200 μm in diameter. The axonal arbors are sparse and often highly asymmetric. The longest dimension of the axonal arbor ranges from 100 to 300 μm. The cells are moderately evenly spaced. They make up less than 1% of the total population of bipolar cells in the rabbit retina. With the whole population stained, regularities in the spatial arrangement of nearby cells can be recognized. Their dendrites often run to a common point, where they have the appearance of making contact with each other. A similar arrangement is seen for the cells' axonal arbors, so that the whole population is spatially linked in both the outer retina and the inner. The exact nature of the points of conjunction cannot be learned from light microscopy. One possibility is that the processes run together because they contact a common target. If so, the target structures (one in the outer retina and one in the inner) must be sparse. An alternative is that the points of conjunction represent synapses or gap junctions among wide-field bipolars of this type. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
HYBRIDS AND GENOME RELATIONS OF HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA, H. MEEUSEI, H. RADIATUS AND H. ACETOSELLA

INTEREST IN kenaf (Hibiscus canniabinus L.) and related species of Hibiscus section Furcaria as jute substitutes prompted a study of their cytogenetic relationships. H. cannabinus (n = 18) was shown to have a genome (A) in common with H. acetosella Welw. ex Hiern and H. radiatus Cav. (n = 36), which in turn share B genomes (Menzel and Wilson, 1961). Octoploid (n == 72) H. diversifolius Jacq. has four genolnes differentiated from both A and B (Menzel and Wilson, 1963b, and unpublished). Genome relationships deduced from chromosomae pairing and fertility of other interspecific hybrids were reported briefly elsewhere (Menzel and Wilson, 1963a; Wilson and Menzel, 1964; Menzel, 1964). Of the 17 species of Furcaria with which interspecific crosses have been attempted, H. sabdariffa L. (n = 36) is second in interest to H. cannabinus, since it is the only other species presently cultivated for fiber. The two cultivated species converge morphologically in certain of their cultivars, but since they have proved recalcitrant to attempted hybridization, their genetic relationships remain conjectural. Other cultivars of H. sabdariffa approach H. meeusei in some characteristics. This paper presents data on chromosome pairing in F1 hybrids from crosses of H. sabdariffa and H. radiatus with H. meeusei Exell (n = 36), in allooctoploid F2 plants of H. sabdariffa-meeusei,
Tunneling From Metal to Semiconductors

Conductance and differential capacitance have been measured as a function of frequency and of bias on a number of silicon-silicon-dioxide-aluminum sandwiches. The results indicate that information about the density and energy of states near the silicon-silicon-dioxide interface may be deduced from these measurements. Conductance is due to electron tunneling transitions between the aluminum and silicon. Analysis of the tunnel current is given in terms of a single-particle WKB approximation. A simplified formula is derived to explain tunneling between the metal and the intrinsic semiconductor bands. A preliminary analysis of tunneling to impurity bands is discussed. Experimental data are shown which display details of impurity-band spreading near the valence-band edge of silicon samples containing ${10}^{18}$ and ${10}^{19}$ boron atoms/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. Tunneling from silicon-silicon-dioxide interface states is analyzed by defining a tunneling lifetime and using this concept to explain the observed frequency dependence of the conductance and capacitance measurements. Quantitative experimental values are obtained giving the density of interface states versus energy. These results are in close agreement with those obtained by Statz et al., from inversion-layer conductance studies.
Hemophilia hometransfusion program: Effect on school attendance

T H E O R O A N I Z A T I O N Of a comprehensive care unit and the development of a home transfusion program have allowed us to give long-term management to children with hemophilia and to collect prospective data regarding the effectiveness of such a program? Rabiner and Teller 2 have provided information concerning the efficacy of home transfusion, and Cooke and associates a have reported on the effectiveness of cryoprecipitate transfusion prophylaxis in decreasing hospitalization as well as in improving school performance and attendance. The present report documents the effectiveness of the comprehensive care and home troatment program using cryoprecipitate in improving school attendance.
Role of PTPase(s) in regulating Fyn kinase at fertilization of the zebrafish egg.

Abstract Fertilization involves the activation of Src-family protein kinases which play a role at multiple stages of the egg activation process. The objective of the present study was to determine the mechanism by which one of these kinases, the Fyn kinase, is activated in response to fertilization of the zebrafish egg. Inhibitor studies demonstrated that many aspects of egg activation, including Fyn activation, require phosphotyrosyl phosphatase activity. A phosphotyrosyl phosphatase was found to be tightly associated with Fyn kinase and this interaction was mapped to the SH2 domain of Fyn. Coimmunoprecipitation studies identified rPTPα as a phosphatase that is complexed with Fyn in the egg, raising the possibility that rPTPα is part of the regulatory mechanism responsible for activating Fyn at fertilization.
Dopamine and γ-aminobutyric acid transporters: Differential regulation by agents that promote phosphorylation

Treatment of striatal synaptosomes with the protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid significantly decreased gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) uptake, indicating that the GABA transporter may be regulated by phosphorylation. Forskolin and 8-bromoadenosine-3,5-cyclic monophosphate (8-br-cAMP) inhibited GABA uptake to the same extent as okadaic acid, suggesting the involvement of protein kinase A in GABA transporter regulation. In contrast, the same treatments did not alter dopamine (DA) uptake into striatal synaptosomal preparations. The results suggest that the structurally related GABA and DA transporters may be subject to different post-translational regulation.
Flutter calculations for fixed and rotating wings with state-space inflow dynamics

A new p-type, finite-state, aerodynamic theory is used in the aeroelastic analyses of a fixed wing and a rotating wing in hover. The helicopter inflow theory is modified for application to a fixed-wing, or stopped-rotor configuration. The structural models are linear for both configurations, with elastic bending and torsion degrees of freedom. Results are compared with those using Theodorsen and Loewy theories, respectively, for the fixed and rotating wings. With the identification of both structural and nerodynamic modes, the involved frequency content of the flow is seen in a new, more detailed perspective.
Fluidic assembly at the microscale: progress and prospects

Assembly permits the integration of different materials and manufacturing processes to increase system functionality. It is an essential step in the fabrication of useful systems across size scales from buildings to molecules. However, at the microscale, traditional “grasp and release” assembly methods and chemically inspired self-assembly processes are less effective due to scaling effects. Many methods have been developed for improving microscale assembly. Often these methods include fluidic forces or the use a fluidic medium in order to enhance their performance. This paper reviews basic assembly theory and modeling methods. Three basic assembly strategies (tool-directed, process-directed, and part-directed) are proposed for categorizing these methods. It then summarizes progress in using fluidic forces (surface tension, viscous) and external fields (magnetic, electric, light) to aid microscale assembly. Applications of recent advances in both continuous flow and digital microfluidics in microscale assembly are also addressed.
Gender differences in adolescents' attitudes toward mandatory community service

Abstract One purpose of this study was to examine high school students' attitude toward a mandatory community service requirement. A second purpose was to identify the reasons that underlie the students' attitudes toward mandatory service and service in general. Ninety-one make and female 11th and 12th grade students, enrolled in either a public or private school, read a script about a community service requirements being proposed by the legislatures in two New England (or Southern) states and then responded to a series of attitude, trait and cognitive thought-listing or reasoning questions. Females were more positive toward the proposal and generally rated supporters and opposers of a mandatory service proposal more favorably than did the males. There was also a grade effect difference. Upper grade students, in general, gave more reasons for or against the proposal than lower grade students. Implications of the finding of this study for service learning programs that are school based are discussed.
Global existence and decay of energy to systems of wave equations with damping and supercritical sources

This paper is concerned with a system of nonlinear wave equations with supercritical interior and boundary sources and subject to interior and boundary damping terms. It is well-known that the presence of a nonlinear boundary source causes significant difficulties since the linear Neumann problem for the single wave equation is not, in general, well-posed in the finite-energy space H1(Ω) × L2(∂Ω) with boundary data from L2(∂Ω) (due to the failure of the uniform Lopatinskii condition). Additional challenges stem from the fact that the sources considered in this article are non-dissipative and are not locally Lipschitz from H1(Ω) into L2(Ω) or L2(∂Ω). With some restrictions on the parameters in the system and with careful analysis involving the Nehari Manifold, we obtain global existence of a unique weak solution and establish (depending on the behavior of the dissipation in the system) exponential and algebraic uniform decay rates of energy. Moreover, we prove a blow-up result for weak solutions with nonnegative initial energy.
A protein crystallization strategy using automated grid searches on successively finer grids

A simple method for systematically screening crystallization parameters on a pH vs precipitant concentration grid has been used to crystallize several proteins. Results of these experiments indicate that most proteins crystallize over an approximate range of 1.5 to 2 pH units and 20% saturation of ammonium sulfate solutions.
Local modifications of single-wall carbon nanotubes induced by bond formation with encapsulated fullerenes.

Defected fullerenes in nanopeapods form bonds with the encapsulating single-walled carbon nanotubes when irradiated by an electron beam leading to changes in the guest (fullerene) and the host (nanotube). Intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) analysis based on B3LYP hybrid density functional theory shows that a C1−C59 defect with a single protruding C atom is initially formed from the C60(Ih) cage. The high activation energy for this step (8.37 eV (193.0 kcal/mol)), being assumed to be accessible during irradiation, is lower than that of the Stone−Wales rearrangement on the sp2 network. The binding of the defected fullerene to the nanotube is preferential, orthogonal bonds relative to the tube axis being slightly preferred. Because of the covalent bonds formed between the guest and host, the carbon network on the nanotube is locally perturbed in the vicinity of the binding site. As a result of the new bonds, bisnorcaradiene-like as well as quinonoid-like patterns appear near the binding site. These results ...
Role of platelet GpIIb/IIIa receptors in the modulation of platelet plasminogen activator inhibitors type-1 (PAI-1) release.

Abstract This study was undertaken to determine the role of platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptors in the modulation of plasminogen activator type-1 (PAI-1) release from human platelets as compared to other platelet functions. To address this issue, the effect of various agonists on human platelet aggregation, [ 125 I]fibrinogen binding and the release of PAI-1 was examined in normal and Glanzmann's thrombasthenic (GT) platelets. In control subjects, maximum platelet aggregation and PAI-1 secretion were observed within 5 min in response to the different agonists including thrombin, collagen, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and arachidonic acid. Agonist-induced platelet GpIIb/IIIa receptor activation was confirmed by [ 125 I]fibrinogen binding analysis. In contrast, platelets from GT subjects demonstrated a lack of fibrinogen binding a lack of an aggregatory response to all agonists tested except to the GPIb- mediated aggregation induced by ristocetin. However, GT platelets demonstrated normal responsiveness in secreting PAI-1 in response to the various agonists. Similarly, when platelet GpIIb/IIIa receptors were blocked in normal platelets by the tripeptide Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) or the tetrapeptide Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (RGDS) at 10 −3 M, agonist-induced platelet aggregation and fibrinogen binding were blocked, but platelet PAI-1 release was not blocked. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis using dual fluorescence markers for the platelet GPIIb/IIIa membrane receptors (FITC-labeled cyclic RGD analog, XL086) and for the alpha granule (PE-monoclonal antibody for P-selectin) demonstrated a dissociation between the platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptors and granular secretion. These results suggest a lack of a role for platelet GpIIb/IIIa receptors in the modulation of platelet PAI-1 release.
An Optimal Linear Systems Approach to Load-Frequency Control

The load-frequency control problem for interconnected systems is considered from the viewpoint of optimal stochastic system theory. A control algorithm is developed which provides improved power system performance in both large and small signal modes of operation. An especially attractive feature of the proposed control scheme is that it requires as inputs only the variables currently used, i. e., frequency deviations and scheduled interchange deviations. The classical two-area power system is used as a base system for comparative studies relating the response of an interconnected power system using the new control algorithm to the response obtained using conventional control strategy.
The stakeholder approach to evaluation: Origins and promise

The promise of the stakeholder approach to evaluation lies in its potential to overcome shortcomings identified by critics: that evaluation is too narrow, unrealistic in its standards for success, unfair to program staff and participants, and irrelevant to decision makers.
Radiolarian-based transfer functions for estimating paleooceanographic conditions in the south Indian Ocean

Abstract A quantitative analysis of 37 radiolarian species in 58 deep-sea surface-sediment samples from the subtropical to the polar regions of the Indian Ocean produced four geographically distinct faunal assemblages (transitional, antarctic, subtropical, subantarctic). Geographic distributions of these assemblages coincide with present-day patterns of sea-surface temperature and water masses. The antarctic factor is almost exclusively found south of today's Antarctic Polar Front. Highest concentrations of the transitional factor are recorded at sites positioned between today's Subtropical Convergence and the Polar Front. The subtropical factor is dominant in sites north of today's Subtropical Convergence. Values of these four faunal assemblages in the surface-sediment samples were regressed onto present-day summer and winter temperatures of the surface waters overlying each of the core-top sites. Resulting transfer functions yield temperature estimates which compare favorably with observed (present-day) summer and winter sea-surface temperatures, with low standard errors of estimate (
Origin and dynamics of the heliospheric streamer belt and current sheet

[1] The broad high-density, low-temperature region around the thin heliospheric current sheet at solar minimum forms a relatively stable “streamer belt” associated with the slow wind flow. This region contains highly structured magnetic fields, with large rotations and discontinuities being common. This observational study examines the likely origins and dynamics of the interplanetary plasma and current sheets primarily using Helios data. The striking differences sometimes observed between the plasma on the two sides of the current sheet support the common interpretation that the plasma above and below the sheet comes from often very different regions located either side of the helmet streamer at the base of the slow wind flow. The entropy per proton in the streamer belt often shows sharply defined regions of strongly different plasma; this implies that the origin of the filamentary structure is in initial conditions near the Sun because dynamical evolution can only equalize entropy. The observed large relative density and other fluctuations may thus represent the conditions on flow tubes with different boundary conditions. The average entropy in the streamer belt increases by about the same factor as in the surrounding high-speed streams, indicating that this region is heated substantially, consistent with studies of the temperature evolution and with turbulence modeling. Compressive stream interaction regions are not preferentially heated (in the sense of an entropy increase) in the inner heliosphere. Strong anticorrelations between density and both temperature and magnetic field magnitude are observed within the streamer belt but not in the surrounding regions, and these become weaker as the flow moves outward. Both the smoother appearance of the entropy at greater heliocentric distance and simulation evidence support the view that the streamer belt region undergoes significant dynamical evolution. This evolution seems to also affect the current sheet because sector boundary crossings are observed to become more complex (more multiple crossings) with increasing heliocentric distance. The crossings are more complex in general near solar maximum, although the complexity still increases with radial distance.
Comparisons of sexual receptivity and proceptivity in female hamsters.

Receptivity is reflected in the estrous female's cooperation with a male during copulation. Proceptivity refers to her attraction to a male during estrus and her tendency to display various responses having a high probability of evoking investigatory and copulatory behavior by the male. Female hamsters in natural estrus allowed to investigate both a male and a diestrous female confined in wire cages showed a strong preference for remaining near the male and often exhibited lordosis while standing near his cage. Neither preference nor lordosis were exhibited when the females were in diestrus. When females were tested at hourly intervals throughout one estrous period they began displaying lordosis (receptivity) earlier than they demonstrated a reliable attraction to a caged male (proceptivity) Attraction and the display of lordosis to a caged male disappeared earlier than the tendency to exhibit lordosis to a copulating male. If a stimulus male was confined in a Plexiglas cage perforated with small holes he was still attractive to estrous females but elicited lordosis responses less frequently than when a coarse wire mesh cage was used. Females that were partially deafened by destruction of the tympanum and ossicular chain did not discriminate between caged males and diestrous females and never showed lordosis to a caged male. The tentative conclusion is that identification of and lordosis to a caged male constitute responses to auditory stimulation provided by his emission of high frequency calls and that reduction in frequency of lordosis to a male confined behind perforated plastic reflects attenuation of the directional auditory signals which would pass more easily through wire mesh than through small holes bored in the plastic. Although deafened females failed to respond to caged males they were completely receptive when tested with an uncaged copulating male. Furthermore, they demonstrated proceptivity by approaching, pursuing, and exhibiting lordosis to castrated males which did not attempt to copulate with them. Females tested first in natural and then in induced estrus continued to discriminate between a male and a diestrous female confined in wire mesh cages but showed fewer lordosis responses to the caged male during induced estrus. When these animals were given free access to a noncopulating castrated male they were clearly proceptive as evidenced by their pursuit and lordosis responses. Placed with a copulating male they demonstrated normal degrees of receptivity.
Forecasting Manufacturing Quality and Optimizing Product Robustness Using Process Capability Data

A company’s success is highly dependent on its ability to manufacture quality products. Designing products that can be manufactured to meet customer needs with an acceptable level of variation is challenging because design engineers are often unfamiliar with the company’s manufacturing capability or are unable to effectively use the capability data to improve a design. The authors present an approach to forecast the manufacturing quality of a product and optimize its robustness while it is being designed. The system comprises a database that stores process capability data and simulation models to simulate process capability data when actual, appropriate data are nonexistent. These data and tools are used with a new probabilistic approach through the inverse reliability strategy to optimize the robustness of a design by locating values of design parameters that enhance the performance of the design and are insensitive to manufacturing variation. Design engineers can use this approach to set design parameter values that will improve the functionality of the product while ensuring it can be produced with high capability. This approach is demonstrated with a design example of an engine valvetrain.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Efficient Parallel Adaptive Finite Element Methods Using Self-Scheduling Data and Computations

Parallel adaptive hp finite element methods (FEM), in which both grid size h and local polynomial order p are dynamically altered, are the most effective discretization schemes for a large class of problems. The greatest difficulty in using these methods on parallel computers is the design of efficient schemes for data storage, access and distribution. We describe here the development of a comprehensive infrastructureAdaptive Finite Elements Application Programmers Interface (AFEAPI), that addresses these concerns. AFEAPI provides a simple base for users to develop their own parallel adaptive hp finite element codes. It is responsible for the parallel mesh database, mesh partitioning and redistribution and optionally solution of the large irregularly sparse systems of linear equations generated in these schemes. Dynamic hashing schemes and B-trees are used to store and access the distributed unstructured data efficiently.
“I Have a Job, But . . .”: A Review of Underemployment

This article reviews the underemployment literature, providing a comprehensive integrative overview of underemployment research. Underemployment, which occurs when a worker is employed in a job that is inferior by some standard, is linked to a broad range of negative outcomes for employees. This article builds on Feldman’s 1996 model of underemployment and identifies relevant theoretical perspectives and dimensions of underemployment, as well as reviewing the empirical research on the relationships between underemployment’s antecedents and outcomes. Suggestions for future research are offered, with particular attention on career implications, the effects of underemployment on an employee’s identity, and the importance of “choice” for underemployed employees. Finally, recommendations for improving the methodological rigor of underemployment research are provided.
A determination of structural evolution during the processing of glycol-based, sol-gel derived ceramics through the study of ferrimagnetic interactions

This work studies the chemical and structural changes that occur in sols upon heating to form ceramics. Ferrimagnetic Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) was chosen because the geometric and structural constraint of ferrimagnetic interactions allow for a direct measurement of the degree of well-defined structure present within the sol at various stages of development. Glycolate sols of 8% mol total metal were prepared using Y(NO3)3 and Fe(NO3)3 hydrates in stoichiometric ratios. Terminal straight-chain diols were used, ranging from 1,2-ethanediol to 1,6-hexanediol. The temperatures at which mass change occurred during heating were determined by thermogravimetric analysis. Samples were heated to these temperatures and examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction, and magnetometry to determine chemical, structural, and magnetic changes. Ferrimagnetic ordering was present after the first heating step. Defined structure, determined by x-ray, occurred in the penultimate step. Analysis of FTIR spectra, in conjunction with the results of thermogravimetric analysis, revealed a predictable decomposition pathway.