cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure and evolution of the global seafood trade network

The food production system is increasingly global and seafood is among the most highly traded commodities. Global trade can improve food security by providing access to a greater variety of foods, increasing wealth, buffering against local supply shocks, and benefit the environment by increasing overall use efficiency for some resources. However, global trade can also expose countries to external supply shocks and degrade the environment by increasing resource demand and loosening feedbacks between consumers and the impacts of food production. As a result, changes in global food trade can have important implications for both food security and the environmental impacts of production. Measurements of globalization and the environmental impacts of food production require data on both total trade and the origin and destination of traded goods (the network structure). While the global trade network of agricultural and livestock products has previously been studied, seafood products have been excluded. This study describes the structure and evolution of the global seafood trade network, including metrics quantifying the globalization of seafood, shifts in bilateral trade flows, changes in centrality and comparisons of seafood to agricultural and industrial trade networks. From 1994 to 2012 the number of countries trading in the network remained relatively constant, while the number of trade partnerships increased by over 65%. Over this same period, the total quantity of seafood traded increased by 58% and the value increased 85% in real terms. These changes signify the increasing globalization of seafood products. Additionally, the trade patterns in the network indicate: increased influence of Thailand and China, strengthened intraregional trade, and increased exports from South America and Asia. In addition to characterizing these network changes, this study identifies data needs in order to connect seafood trade with environmental impacts and food security outcomes.
Is it form or function?: the "COURAGE" to ask.

Treatment selection for stable ischemic heart disease patients remains a work in progress. The stable ischemic heart disease guidelines published in 2012 [(1)][1] address 2 pathways to progress from medical therapy only toward revascularization: unsatisfactorily controlled symptoms or high-risk
Maximum-efficiency architectures for heat- and work-regenerative gas turbine engines

Abstract This study establishes maximum-efficiency architectures for heat- and work-regenerative gas turbine engines using a systematic irreversibility minimization approach. It considers engine architectures that employ two kinds of energy transfers: heat and work. It does not assume any cycle a priori (e.g., heat-recuperative reactive Brayton cycle). Instead, the maximum-efficiency architecture is directly deduced from first principles. Not surprisingly, the optimal architecture has some conventional features such as regenerative heat transfer from post-expansion combustion products to post-compression air, and external heat transfer out during compression (intercooling). But in addition it has three non-conventional features. First, unlike conventional heat recuperation heat is withdrawn between expansion turbine stages and transferred to post-compression air. Second, air is further compressed after heating. Third, compression is required to be part intercooled and part non-intercooled.
Reducing the Transmission of HIV-1: Needle Bleaching as a Means of Disinfection

Abstract Objective To review the efficacy, safety, and proper methods for use of bleach (sodium hypochlorite) as a means of needle disinfection. Data Sources Controlled studies cited in MEDLINE between 1966 and 1999 using indexing terms: needle, bleach, HIV/AIDS, and disinfection. Study Selection and Data Extraction Studies were categorized based on experimental conditions produced and specific testing procedures used. Data Synthesis Used properly, undiluted bleach (sodium hypochlorite 5.25%) appears to be an effective disinfection solution for used needles. Proper needle disinfection with undiluted bleach may reduce the risk of HIV transmission among injection drug users from needle sharing. Conclusion Pharmacists can playa role in reducing HIV transmission among injection drug users by advocating cessation of drug use, drug treatment programs, and avoidance of needle sharing. Pharmacists should be prepared to educate patients who are unwilling to cease illicit drug use or participate in drug treatment programs on the proper methods of bleach disinfection of used needles.
COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY CT IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF SUBCUTANEOUS LEAK SITES DURING CONTINUOUS AMBULATORY PERITONEAL DIALYSIS (CAPD)

Two patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) presented with abdominal, and scrotal or vulvar edema. In both we suspected a dialysate leak, but the leak site could not be ...
The Effect on Mice of Minute Doses of B. Anthracis

One occasionally meets with the statement that minute accidental inoculations with various microorganisms in amounts too small to cause a noticeable reaction may immunize or, possibly, hypersensitize to further inoculations. The object of the experiments given below has been to investigate this matter as regards mice and anthrax, making use of doses ranging from one spore or one bacillus upward; and, further, to obtain some data as regards infection, especially regarding the minimum lethal dose of this organism for mice under different conditions. Mice and anthrax were chosen because of the
Design and implementation of two-dimensional polymer adsorption models: evaluating the stability of Candida antarctica lipase B/solid-support interfaces by QCM-D.

A two-dimensional model of a solid-supported enzyme catalyst bead is fabricated on a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) sensor to measure in situ interfacial stability ...
Persistence and Change in Asian Identity among Children of Intermarried Couples

In recent years, a significant amount of attention has been devoted to the survival of ethnicity among multiracial people in the United States. This concern is especially evident in the case of the offspring of Asian-Anglo couples. While scholars have speculated on the extent to which Asian ethnicity will continue to persist among multiracial children, little empirical work has addressed this concern. In this analysis, we use a multilevel model to examine the ethnic identification (as reported by parents) of children of Asian-Anglo couples. Data from the 1980 Public-Use Microdata Sample for California are used in the analysis. The results indicate that the majority of the children had Anglo ethnic identities. The multivariate findings also identify several variables that are related to children's ethnic identification.
Studies on Prothrombin: IV. The Prothrombinopenic Effect of Salicylate in Man

Summary and ConclusionsIn man as in the rat, salicylate in adequate dosage induces prothrombinopenia which can be prevented by vitamin K compounds, if liver function is adequate. The effect on the prothrombin level (or activity) is detected most readily by the use of 12.5% plasma. The dietary intake particularly of vitamin K appears to play a significant role in determining the extent and duration of the prothrombinopenia. Cirrhosis of the liver and pre-existing prothrombinopenia augment the effect of salicylate. Acetyl salicylic acid appears to be a more potent agent than sodium salicylate. The action of salicylate is apparently identical with that of the anticoagulant dicumarol, but less effective. The two drugs can complement each other. This may be useful in the clinical application of dicumarol and should be realized to avoid excess prothrombinopenia.
C1-Symmetric Rare-Earth-Metal Aminodiolate Complexes for Intra- and Intermolecular Asymmetric Hydroamination of Alkenes

A series of novel C1-symmetric aminodiolate rare-earth-metal complexes have been prepared via arene elimination from [Ln(o-C6H4CH2NMe2)3] (Ln = Y, Lu) and the corresponding aminodiol proligand. The NOBIN-derived aminodiolate ligands feature sterically demanding triphenylsilyl and methyldiphenylsilyl ortho substituents on the naphtholate moiety and substituents of varying steric demand ranging from tert-butyl to tris(3,5-xylyl)silyl on the phenolate moiety. Complexes with a triphenylsilyl substituent on the naphtholate moiety displayed good catalytic activity in the hydroamination/cyclization of aminoalkenes, while complexes with a methyldiphenylsilyl substituent exhibited somewhat lower reactivity. The highest enantioselectivities for five- and six-membered-ring formation were observed utilizing complex 9c-Lu (R1 = Ph, R2 = Me, R3 = SiPh3) in the cyclization of (2,2-diphenylpent-4-enyl)amine (92% ee, Nt = 200 h–1 at 25 °C) and (2,2-diphenylhex-5-enyl)amine (73% ee, Nt = 20 h–1 at 25 °C). The complexes can...
Sketching Stylized Animated Drawings with Motion Amplifiers

We present a sketching tool for crafting animated illustrations that contain the exaggerated dynamics of stylized 2D animations. Our system provides a set of motion amplifiers which implement a set of established principles of 2D animation. These amplifiers break down a complex animation effect into independent, understandable chunks. Each amplifier imposes deformations to an underlying grid, which in turn updates the corresponding strokes. Users can combine these amplifiers at will when applying them to an existing animation, promoting rapid experimentation. Our system leverages the freeform nature of sketching, allowing users to rapidly sketch, record motion, explore exaggerated dynamics using the amplifiers, and fine-tune their animations.
Contextualizing Depressive Contagion A Multilevel Network Approach

The purpose of this study is to examine microsocial and macrosocial contextual moderators of adolescent depressive contagion. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), the authors find evidence supporting the depressive contagion thesis. This effect is observed above and beyond key social relationship and sociodemographic controls. To examine the role of social context in moderating the effect of depressive contagion, the authors utilize a longitudinal mixed effects model using Wave 1 and Wave 2 of the Add Health survey. The results reveal that depressive contagion is more salient for adolescents who are embedded in dense peer networks and attend schools with high network density and mutuality. Furthermore, popular students, measured as the number of received friendship nominations, are more vulnerable to depressive contagion. Overall, the findings in this study demonstrate a differential vulnerability to depressive contagion dependent on microsocial and macrosocia...
Cytogenetic Studies of Carcinoma in Situ of the Bladder: Prognostic Implications

AbstractCarcinoma in situ of the bladder has traditionally been considered a lethal disease by most urologists and as such it has been treated most frequently in an aggressive manner. Recent investigations have suggested that carcinoma in situ of the bladder may, in fact, be a complex of diseases that exists in at least 2 distinct disease forms, 1 aggressive and 1 relatively nonaggressive. We studied the cytogenetics of 17 patients diagnosed clinically and pathologically to have carcinoma in situ, and found a positive correlation of karyotype complexity (numerical and structural changes) with disease course. Superficial tumors with normal karyotypes remained superficial throughout the study and continued to exhibit a nonaggressive course, while patients whose tumors had an abnormal karyotype at diagnosis expressed a much more aggressive course that ultimately developed into invasive disease. Nonrandom chromosomal changes involving chromosomes 1, 5, 8 and 11 were observed in these tumors. Therefore, cytoge...
Supply-Scaling for Efficiency Enhancement in Distributed Power Amplifiers

Distributed amplifiers (DAs) feature large bandwidth but relatively low gain and power efficiency. This paper presents a supply-scaling technique to improve the efficiency of a mm-wave DA while maintaining a broadband $50\Omega $ match. An analysis of interstage load modulation and the effects of shunt dc-feed inductors on distributed operation is provided. A single-ended, eight-stage DA is designed in a 90 nm SiGe BiCMOS process. The fabricated amplifier has a gain of 12 dB over a 3 dB bandwidth from 14–105 GHz. The measured peak output power is 17 dBm with a peak power-added efficiency (PAE) of 12.6% at 50 GHz and 3 dB power bandwidth greater than 70 GHz. The DA occupies an area of 2.65 mm $\times 0.57$ mm, and total dc power consumed from four scaling voltage supplies is 297 mW.
On the Practical Interpretability of Cross-Lagged Panel Models: Rethinking a Developmental Workhorse.

Reciprocal feedback processes between experience and development are central to contemporary developmental theory. Autoregressive cross-lagged panel (ARCL) models represent a common analytic approach intended to test such dynamics. The authors demonstrate that—despite the ARCL model's intuitive appeal—it typically (a) fails to align with the theoretical processes that it is intended to test and (b) yields estimates that are difficult to interpret meaningfully. Specifically, using a Monte Carlo simulation and two empirical examples concerning the reciprocal relation between spanking and child aggression, it is shown that the cross-lagged estimates derived from the ARCL model reflect a weighted—and typically uninterpretable—amalgam of between- and within-person associations. The authors highlight one readily implemented respecification that better addresses these multiple levels of inference.
Optimal Pricing with Sunk Cost and Uncertainty

When static models of the firm are considered regulators make serious errors in the determination of the proper wholesale price as the opportunity cost of the delay option is neglected. For an incumbent, the option is exercised and represents an opportunity cost. For a potential entrant the delay option need not be exercised should the regulator allow the purchase access at below economic cost, i.e., operating cost plus the delay options cost. Thus service-based entry is excessive and facilities-based entry remains suboptimal. To summarize, in a static-regulated paradigm: wholesale prices are below their economic cost; inefficient service entry occurs as prices are not set at the correct marginal cost while an entrant is not required to exercise a delay option; social welfare is suboptimal; incumbent firm’s valuation by the financial markets is less; and the cost of capital for incumbent firms is higher. When a regulated paradigm is dynamic the converse holds: optimal prices are higher than for static calculations; only efficient service entry occurs as prices are set at the correct economic marginal cost; facilities-based entrants receive correct price signals; social welfare is maximal; an incumbent’s valuation by financial markets is higher; and the cost of capital is lower than for a regulated paradigm. This chapter has demonstrated the profound implications for regulatory practices. In particular, dynamics and uncertainty matter for the realization of optimal regulatory pricing outcomes. However, much work remains to develop and quantify precise models to fit the telecommunications context.
Abstract 247: Scaffold-stiffness Dependent Notch1 Activation Regulates Cardiogenic Gene Expression In Cardiac Progenitor Cells

Rationale: Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) are multipotent, self-renewing cells that can regenerate the myocardium and improve cardiac function in animal models of myocardial infarction (MI). However, limited survival of stem/progenitor cells inhibits cardiac regeneration. Force dependent Notch activation promotes cardiac development and cardiac gene expression in many adult stem cells. As dysregulation of Notch signaling leads to embryonic lethal cardiovascular defects, activating this critical pathway during cell transplantation could improve efficacy of stem cell therapy. Objective: Investigate i) whether self-assembling peptide scaffolds can be used to activate Notch1 signaling in CPCs to promote cardiogenic differentiation and ii) the effect of scaffold stiffness on Notch1 activation and differentiation. Methods: Rat CPCs (c-kit + ) were cultured for 48h in 3D self-assembling scaffolds of varying stiffness (1% low, 2% high): empty scaffolds (RADA), scaffolds modified with peptide mimicking Notch1 ligand, Jagged1 (RJAG), or scaffolds modified with a scrambled peptide (RSCR) and cardiogenic gene expression measured by qRT-PCR. CHO cells expressing Notch1 responsive YFP were also cultured in the above scaffolds for 48h and YFP expression was determined. Results are mean ± SEM with p Results: In the Notch1 reporter cells, Notch1 activation increased significantly in presence of RJAG (p Conclusions: Taken together, these data show that i) Notch1 activation in 3D is dependent on ligand density and scaffold stiffness and ii) stiffness dependent Notch1 activation differentially regulates cardiogenic gene expression in CPCs. Therefore, delivery of CPCs in JAG containing scaffolds could be used to improve cardiac function following MI.
Meaning and Money

This paper examines how the inclusion of everyday mathematics into classroom instruction can make mathematics more meaningful to students. The concept of mathematical meaningfulness is reviewed and then compared to the experiences of children learning about money at home and at school. The empirical study used interviews and observations to determine what activities Hawaiian children from preschool through second grade did with money at home, while shopping and during classroom lessons. The interview data are used to show what kinds of knowledge children derived from these experiences at different ages. This everyday knowledge is compared to what children were expected to learn about money in school. The data support the conclusion that certain kinds of differences between everyday and school mathematics can make the inclusion of everyday mathematical topics in classrooms problematic. The paper concludes with a discussion of how everyday mathematics can be more profitably included in the curriculum, with examples from several mathematics programs.
Bio-Instructive Scaffolds for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration: Conductive Materials

Skeletal muscle accounts for roughly 35–45% of total body mass in adult humans and is responsible for voluntary body movements and the maintenance of posture. Large volume deficiencies in skeletal muscle, caused by traumatic injury and surgery, can be debilitating and currently have no viable treatment options. Tissue engineers may be able to regrow muscle using biomaterial scaffolds, which attempt to mimic the native extracellular matrix of muscle tissue. One promising area of research within muscle scaffolds is the use of conductive biomaterials, or biomaterials that can carry an electric current. Since muscle is an electrically excitable tissue, the use of conductive biomaterials may facilitate myoblast communication, growth, and development. This chapter summarizes the use of conductive biomaterials in research for skeletal muscle tissue engineering.
PaolaChat: A Virtual Agent with Naturalistic Breathing

For embodied conversational agents (ECAs) the relationship between gesture and rapport is an open question. To enable us to learn whether adding breathing behaviors to an agent similar to SimSensei would lead users interacting to perceive the agent as more natural, we built an application, called Paola Chat, in which the ECA could display naturalistic breathing animations. Our study had two phases. In the first phase, we determined the most natural amplitude for the agent’s breathing. In the second phase, we assessed the effect of breathing on the users’ perceptions of rapport and naturalness. The study had a within-subjects design, with breathing/not-breathing as the independent variable. Despite our expectation that increased naturalness from breathing would lead users to report greater rapport in the breathing condition than in the not-breathing condition, the study’s results suggest that the animation of breathing appears to neither increase nor decrease these perceptions.
Decoding Allosteric Communication Pathways in Cyclophilin A with a Comparative Analysis of Perturbed Conformational Ensembles

Conformational dynamics plays the key role in allosteric regulation of enzymes. Despite numerous experimental and computational efforts, the mechanism of how dynamics couple enzymatic function is poorly understood. Here, we introduce a new approach to exploring the dynamics-function relationship combining computational mutagenesis, microsecond-long molecular dynamics simulations, and side-chain torsion angle analyses. We apply our approach to elucidate the allosteric mechanism in cyclophilin A (CypA), a peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerase known to participate in diverse biological processes and be associated with many diseases including cancer. Multiple single mutations are performed in CypA at previously discovered hotspot residues distal from the active site, and residues displaying significant dynamical changes upon mutations are then identified. The mutation-responsive residues delineate three distinct pathways potentially mediating allosteric communications between distal sites: two pathways resemble...
Effect of Ethanol on Intestinal Morphology, Metabolism, and Function

Chronic alcoholism is a frequent cause of diarrhea, malabsorption, malnutrition, and weight loss. Although the principal cause of malnutrition and weight loss is decreased dietary intake, malabsorption of nutrients may also play a significant contributory role. Both the acute and chronic ingestion of ethanol have varied effects on the morphology, metabolism, and function of the intestine. Furthermore, the effects of ethanol on the intestine often vary depending on the nutritional status.
Bantam Java compiler project: experiences and extensions

A compiler course is a critical component in an undergraduate computer science education. In this paper, we discuss our experiences in teaching a compiler course using the Bantam Java compiler project, which enables students to write a Java-like compiler. Both instructors and students have found Bantam Java effective in their courses. We describe several significant extensions to the Bantam Java toolset, which give instructors more flexibility and also lower their overhead when using it in a course. These improvements include an extended source language, a Java Virtual Machine target, an Ant-based build process, and optimization and interpreter assignments.
A language to simplify computation of differential mobility analyzer response functions

AbstractA language for computation of differential mobility analyzer (DMA) response functions is introduced. The language consists of short programming language expressions that evaluate to the size distribution of particles exiting a DMA. The language permits application of the same framework to single and tandem DMA setups. Expressions are derived for calculation of the convolution matrix used in inversion of size distribution data, calculation of the convolution matrix for transit through tandem DMA systems, and calculation of the size and mobility distribution through DMA systems that involve one or multiple DMAs. The contribution of multiply charged particles to the total response distributions can be explicitly resolved. The derived convolution matrix is suitable for inverting scanning mobility particle sizer response functions using standard regularization techniques. Users can modify and substitute any of the convolution terms—comprising the DMA transfer function, detector efficiency, loss rate, a...
Dimensionality Reduction Models in Density Estimation and Classification

In this paper we consider the problem of multivariate density estimation assuming that the density allows some form of dimensionality reduction. Estimation of high-dimensional densities and dimensionality reduction models are important topics in nonparametric and semi-parametric econometrics.We start with the Independent Component Analysis (ICA) model, which can be considered as a form of dimensionality reduction of a multivariate density. We then consider multiple index model, describing the situations where high-dimensional data has a low-dimensional non-Gaussian component while in all other directions the data are Gaussian, and the independent factor analysis (IFA) model, which generalizes the ordinary factor analysis, principal component analysis, and ICA. For each of these models, we review recent results, obtained in our joint work with Tsybakov, Amato, and Antoniadis, on the accuracy of the corresponding density estimators, which combine model selection with estimation. One of the main applications of multivariate density estimators is in classification, where they can be used to construct plug-in classifiers by estimating the densities of each labeled class. We give a bound to the excess risk of nonparametric plug-in classifiers in terms of the MISE of the density estimators of each class. Combining this bound with the above results on the accuracy of density estimation, we show that the rate of the excess Bayes risk of the corresponding plug-in classifiers does not depend on the dimensionality of the data.
Fixed Versus Flexible Exchange Rates in the Open Economy: Theory and Reality

The literature survey of the previous chapter indicates that the openness of the German economy has concerned many researchers. Macromodels are “opened up” to include external factors which affect the domestic economy through different channels. Empirical results, revealing structural breaks in the behavior of macrovariables and their relationships, are attributed to the transition from fixed to more flexible exchange rates in the early 1970’s. Yet, few authors subject their open economy modifications to rigorous statistical tests.
A Multi-locus Analysis of Arabic Negation: Micro-variation in Southern Levantine, Gulf and Standard Arabic

This book studies the micro-variation in the syntax of negation of Southern Levantine, Gulf and Standard Arabic. By including new and recently published data that support key issues for the syntax of negation, the book challenges the standard parametric view that negation has a fixed parametrized position in syntactic structure.
Capicua Transcriptional Repressor-Rearranged Undifferentiated Round Cell Sarcoma Metastatic to the Brain Treated with Surgery and Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Background Ewing-like sarcoma with capicua transcriptional repressor (CIC) rearrangement is a unique class of undifferentiated round cell sarcomas characterized by CIC–double homeobox 4 gene fusion. Despite showing great histologic resemblance to Ewing sarcomas, they have proved to be a distinct pathological entity from the immunohistochemistry and genetic examinations and the response to treatment. We have presented a case of CIC-rearranged Ewing-like sarcoma with cerebral metastasis managed with operative resection and gamma knife radiosurgery. Case Description A 56-year-old woman had initially presented with an ulcerating lesion of the right fifth toe. The histological and immunohistochemical analysis revealed features consistent with CIC-rearranged Ewing-like sarcoma, which was confirmed with genetic analysis. Despite aggressive local control and a multidrug chemotherapy regimen, the patient developed multifocal metastases involving the lungs, femur, and cerebrum. The cerebral lesions were managed with surgery and gamma knife radiosurgery, with mixed results. Conclusion CIC-rearranged Ewing-like sarcomas have recently been recognized as a distinct disease entity with a highly aggressive course. Treatment paradigms have yet to be defined to properly manage such an aggressive pathological process.
The cause, prevention, and treatment of pressure sores.

At least half of all patients with paraplegia or quadriplegia eventually develop a pressure sore, some of which result in prolonged expensive hospitalization. Most pressure sores can be prevented if patients and caregivers understand the pathogenesis. If a pressure sore occurs, prompt implementation of a treatment based on sore severity will minimize patient cost and morbidity.
Genetic testing documentation in survivorship care plans in patients with breast cancer.

e24110Background: Genetic testing results for germline mutations impact care of cancer survivors, thus are important to include in a survivorship care plan (SCP). In 2014, the Commission on Cancer ...
Can a simplified CT response criteria for vascular involvement in pancreatic adenocarcinoma after neoadjuvant therapy predict survival in patients who achieved subsequent R0 resection

To investigate if a simplified image based scoring system assessing treatment response after neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) can predict survival in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) who achieved subsequent R0 resection. Retrospective analysis of 57 PDAC patients (male = 29, 51%) with mean age of 64 at diagnosis (range 42–79) who received NAT and R0 resection. Post-NAT overall, arterial and venous imaging response was characterized as improved, similar, or worse by 2 readers independently followed by consensus review. Kaplan–Meier Analysis was performed to compare overall survival (OS) with post-NAT overall imaging response. A Multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to evaluate the association of the following variables with OS: overall, arterial and venous radiology response, clinical staging, postoperative CA19-9, and patient age. At study conclusion, 30/57 patients were deceased (53%), 26/57 (46%) alive, and 1 patient unknown. Post-NAT, 39/57 (68.4%) had overall improved disease and 18/57 (31.6%) had similar disease. The median OS was 55.7 months (95% CI 33.4–not reached, NR) for those with improved disease vs. 53.9 months (95% CI 14.3–NR) with similar disease (p = 0.859) after NAT. Among all clinical parameters, only post-operative CA 19-9 level was associated with OS (p = 0.002) and PFS (p = 0.005), respectively. Pancreatic cancer patients who underwent R0 resection showed no difference in survival when comparing those with similar vs improved disease on post-NAT imaging.
Do inventors value secrecy in patenting? Evidence from the American Inventor's Protection Act of 1999

This study examines the revealed preferences of inventors towards secrecy in patenting by analyzing their disclosure choices before and after the enactment of the American Inventor’s Protection Act (AIPA) of 1999. We find that 7.5% of U.S. patent applications use AIPA’s provisions to keep their inventions secret before patent grant. Small U.S. inventors, in particular, are more likely than large corporations to prefer disclosure over secrecy for their most important inventions. Our findings question the conventional wisdomwhich seems to have shaped important policythat the disclosure of patent applications harms U.S. invention by increasing the risk of imitation for small inventors.
Minority Programs Funded by the National Institute of Mental Health

In the discussion of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) scientific activities in education and research, I shall present an overview of the status of research, training, and accomplishments of four minority groups,* and an overview of the NIMH and of the specific research activities of the Center for Minority Groups Mental Health Program (CMGMHP).
The Integrated X-Ray Spectrum of Galactic Populations of Luminous Supersoft X-Ray Sources

We compute the composite X-ray spectrum of a population of unresolved SSSs in a spiral galaxy such as our own or M31. The sources are meant to represent the total underlying population corresponding to all sources which have bolometric luminosities in the range of 1037–1038 ergs s−1 and kT on the order of tens of eV. These include close-binary supersoft sources, symbiotic novae, and planetary nebulae, for example. In order to determine whether the associated X-ray signal would be detectable, we also “seed” the galaxy with other types of X-ray sources, specifically low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) and high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs). We find that the total spectrum due to SSSs, LMXBs, and HMXBs exhibits a soft peak which owes its presence to the SSS population. Preliminary indications are that this soft peak may be observable.
Curosurf ® Down-Regulates TNF-mRNA in Monocytes 22

Background: We have previously shown that Curosurf®, a natural porcine surfactant, suppressed secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS-) stimulated monocytes(Pediatr Res 30 (1991): 69-74). Objective: Evaluation of cellular mechanisms involved in the modulation of TNF-synthesis.
Optimizing of 2,3-diarylindenes as fluorescent estrogens. Variation of the acceptor group, ortho substitution of the 2-ring, and C-1 methylation

In an attempt to elucidate steric and electronic factors that affect the fluorescence and estrogen receptor binding properties of 2,3-diarylindenes, we have prepared and examined the behavior of 11 analogues bearing substituents on the 1-position or on the 2-aryl ring. These compounds were synthesized by alkylation of a 1,2-diarylethanone with 3-methoxybenzyl chloride, followed by cyclodehydration to the indene. The electronic spectra of those compounds without tau-electron accepting groups on the 2-aryl ring display the absorbance and fluorescence of a hindered stilbene system; those with nitro and cyano substituents on the 2-aryl ring show charge-transfer character, having a more bathochromic absorption and fluorescence. One bisphenolic nitroindene, in particular, shows a strong, long-wavelength absorption and an intense emission, with a large Stokes' shift that is highly sensitive to solvent polarity. Estrogen receptor binding affinity measurements on these compounds indicate that substituents that twist the pendant aryl rings (such as a 1-methyl group, or an o-methyl or trifluoromethyl group on the 2-phenyl ring) increase binding affinity. Bulky (4-bromo) or electron-withdrawing groups (3- and 4-nitro, 4-cyano) on the 2-phenyl group, or its replacement with a 3-pyridyl group, greatly reduce binding affinity, suggesting that the complementary region of the receptor is relatively intolerant of bulk and may have specific hydrogen-bonding requirements. This investigation of the concurrent effects of substituents on the fluorescence properties and receptor binding affinity of 2,3-diarylindenes should assist in the development of effective, inherently fluorescent ligands for the estrogen receptor.
Deuteron elastic scattering at 110 and 120 MeV

Deuteron elastic scattering cross sections ahve been measured at 110 and 120 MeV on C, $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$, and $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$. Optical model potentials have been extracted and compared to deuteron global optical model potentials.
Potential/current oscillations and anodic film characteristics of iron in concentrated chloride solutions

Abstract Anodic behavior of Fe in concentrated chloride solutions is characterized by potential/current oscillations in the current plateau region and above. These oscillations are aperiodic and directly related to formation and dissolution of a porous anodic Fe salt film. The chaotic nature of these oscillations is described by the power spectral density, phase portrait, Poincare section and Lyapunov exponent determined from experimental data. These results establish that oscillations are associated with a deterministic strange attractor and that the erratic temporal behavior is not driven by external noise. A mathematical model of potential oscillations has been developed in good qualitative agreement with experiments.
Control of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase by insulin in rat adipocytes which is unrelated to the concentration of cyclic AMP

Incubation of adipocytes in glucose-free medium with adrenocorticotrophic hormone, epinephrine, isoproterenol, or norepinephrine increased the concentration of cyclic AMP and the percentage of phosphorylase a activity, and decreased the percentage of glycogen synthase I activity. Glucose was essentially without effect on glycogen synthase or phosphorylase in either the presence or absence of epinephrine. Although glucose potentiated the action of insulin to activate glycogen synthase, the hexose did not enhance the effectiveness of insulin in the presence of epinephrine. Likewise, glucose did not increase the ability of insulin to oppose the activation of phosphorylase by epinephrine. The activation of glycogen synthase by insulin was not associated with a decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP. Insulin partially blocked the rise in cyclic AMP due to isoproterenol, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, and norepinephrine. The maximum effects of isoproterenol on glycogen synthase and phosphorylase were observed when the concentration of cyclic AMP was increased twofold. However, insulin clearly opposed the changes in enzyme activity produced by isoproterenol (and also adrenocorticotrophic hormone, epinephrine and norepinephrine) even though concentrations of cyclic AMP were still increased three- to fourfold. Nicotinic acid opposed the increases in cyclic AMP due to adrenocorticotrophic hormone, isoproterenol and norepinephrine to the same extent as insulin; however, nicotinic acid was ineffective in opposing the activation of phosphorylase and inactivation of glycogen synthase produced by these agents. Thus, it is unlikely that the effects of insulin on glycogen synthase and phosphorylase result from an action of the hormone to decrease the concentration of cyclic AMP.
Influence and Stability of Pain Scale Anchors for an Investigation of Cold Pressor Pain Tolerance

Abstract Variable use of pain scale anchors may influence recalled pain ratings, rating consistency, and agreement between actual rating change and ratings of pain relief. This investigation examined change in events that represent maximal pain scale anchors. Participants (N = 68, 50% women) provided events for maximal anchors of 0 to 100 pain scales, and cold pressor pain was rated by using self-selected event/s and an investigator-provided event. Participants then were allowed to change their self-selected event/s. The revised event/s or original events were then used to rate a second cold pressor trial. Forty-one percent of participants changed event/s, and the new event/s was more likely to involve cold or heat, but the painfulness of events and the pain ratings of the second trial did not change. The cold pressor pain ratings were higher when rated on the basis of self-selected event/s than the investigator-provided event for intensity (mean = 80.13, SD = 19.30; mean = 60.81, SD = 27.45) and unpleasantness (mean = 80.84, SD = 19.07; mean = 59.07, SD = 27.53), which could be due to the submaximal painfulness of the investigator-provided event. Therefore, the width of numerical scales is stable with maximal events regardless of the actual events. Perspective This report identifies change in physical events that are used by participants to represent maximal pain scale anchors and suggests that the maximal nature of the events’ painfulness is more important than variability in the actual events. We conclude that the numerical pain scales we used are understandable and stable, but we suggest that instructional sets for pain measurement may be improved by evaluation of the painfulness of events that respondents use to conceptualize maximal pain scale anchors.
Congenital aneurysm of the left atrial wall in infancy.

Abstract A 5-month-old male infant with congenital left atrial aneurysm is reported. The youngest patient previously reported was 2 1 / 2 years old. This case is unusual because the patient was an infant and because of the degree of mitral insufficiency and acute cardiac decompensation observed in the patient.
Computer feedback reveals quantal aspects of the Hoffmann reflex.

Abstract The Hoffmann reflex was studied in 13 normal volunteers, using computer feedback to control stimulus intensity. The intensity of the electrical pulse that evoked the H-reflex was maintained at near threshold values by a computer program, which increased or decreased the intensity on the basis of the amplitude of the recorded response. Stimulus intensity was increased for H-responses less than, and decreased for H-responses greater than, a criterion value of 50 μV peak-to-peak. More than 500 responses were recorded from each subject during a 40-min period. The feedback procedure tended to hold the H-reflexes near the criterion value. Slow drifts in the required current indicated waxing and waning of threshold. Examination of response amplitude distributions showed two different types. For the nonquantal type, all possible values were represented in the range zero to 200 μV. Responses in the upper half of that range were less frequent than those in the lower half. For the quantal type, the majority of the responses were clustered near zero and at an amplitude that was characteristic for a given recording configuration; very few responses of intermediate amplitude were observed. The quantal pattern of response was ascribed to the firing of low-threshold single motor units.
Adenosine 5[prime]-Triphosphate Is Required for the Assembly of 11S Seed Proglobulins in Vitro

Seed protein proglobulins were synthesized from cDNAs in reticulocyte lysates. Most proglobulins were recovered as trimers when translation rates were low, but mostly monomers were recovered at high translation rates. The prevalence of monomers was accompanied by elevated amounts of insoluble protein recovered at the bottom of sucrose density gradients. Apyrase treatment of translation mixtures after synthesis, but before significant assembly occurred, drastically reduced trimer assembly and increased the proportion of insoluble aggregate. These observations indicated that ATP is required for protein folding and/or trimer assembly. The appearance of insoluble aggregated protein when rates of synthesis were elevated or when ATP was absent suggested that protein misfolding had occurred. Trimer assembly was stimulated when wheat germ translation mixtures defective in supporting efficient trimer assembly were supplemented with fractions isolated from endoplasmic reticula of developing pea (Pisum sativum) seeds. Molecular chaperones are likely involved in folding and/or assembly of proglobulin trimers both in reticulocyte lysates and in seeds. Consistent with this hypothesis, trimer formation was reduced when carboxymethylated bovine albumin and [alpha]-casein, considered to mimic proteins with extended chain and molten globular conformations and thereby compete for Hsp70- and Hsp60-type molecular chaperones, respectively, were introduced into translation mixtures.
τεΧνη: trial phase for the new curriculum

The τeΧνη project, which provides an unusual alternative to the standard design of the computing curriculum for the bachelor's degree in computer science, is now entering full-scale implementation at Clemson University. The approach relies extensively on problem-based instruction, computer graphics, and the notion of cognitive apprenticeship. The novelty arises from the magnitude and origin of the problems to be integrated into the curriculum and the breadth of impact across the curriculum. The first three courses in the new curriculum are now being taught. The design of each course is described, and preliminary assessments from earlier trial sessions of the first two courses are offered.
A single step purification for recombinant proteins Characterization of a microtubule associated protein (MAP 2) fragment which associates with the type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase

Abstract A 167 base pair DNA cassette has been constructed to facilitate the detection and purification of recombinant proteins. This cassette, kfc, encodes three distinct peptide units: a phosphorylation site for the cAMP-depandent protein kinase (PKA), called k emptide, a f actor Xa cleavage site, and a c almodulin-binding peptide. Expressed kfc fusion proteins can be purified from bacterial lysates in one step by affinity chromatography on calmodulin-agarose using EGTA as eluant. As a test of this system, we describe the expression, purification and characterization of the PKA binding domain of the microtubule associated protein (MAP 2).
Influenza vaccination recommended for all adults aged 50 years and older, United States

Abstract The U.S. Public Health Services' Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices added the 41 million U.S. adults aged 50–64 years to its recommended primary target group for universal annual influenza vaccination, beginning with the 2000–2001 influenza season. Several reasons prompted lowering the recommended age from ≥65 years. (1) Between 10 and 13 million (24–32%) of persons aged 50–64 years are at high risk for influenza-related hospitalizations (80–400 hospitalizations per 100,000 persons aged 45–64 years) and death because of chronic medical conditions. (2) Strategies to increase vaccination based on age-specific recommendations have been more successful than those based on medical conditions (e.g., in 1997, 63% of all persons aged ≥65 years reported influenza vaccination compared to 40% of persons aged 50–64 years reporting one or more high-risk medical conditions). (3) Increased vaccination would reduce disease transmission from the substantial number in this age group who are contacts of persons at risk for influenza-related complications, such as the elderly and other high-risk adults. (4) Past data show that vaccination of healthy adults
Conformationally Restricted Dipyrromethene Boron Difluoride (BODIPY) Dyes: Highly Fluorescent, Multicolored Probes for Cellular Imaging

Novel fluorescent, conformationally restricted dipyrromethene boron difluoride (BODIPY) dyes have been prepared by introducing a naphthalenyl group at the meso position of the BODIPY core. These BODIPY dyes exhibit increased fluorescence quantum yields compared with dyes that have a meso-position phenyl group with internal rotation. The absorption and emission wavelengths of such conformationally restricted BODIPY dyes can be easily tuned to the near-IR range by derivatization through a condensation reaction with benzaldehyde derivatives. The two-photon absorption properties of these BODIPY dyes were also investigated and the results show that they exhibit increased two-photon excited fluorescence compared to analogue dyes that contain a phenyl group. The one- and two-photon fluorescence imaging of living cells by using selected BODIPY dyes has been successfully demonstrated.
Talking Race in Teacher Education: The Need for Racial Dialogue in Teacher Education Programs

Abstract U.S. schools continue to experience increased racial diversity in student population. In response to changing school demographics, various forms of multicultural education have emerged to help incorporate the history and culture of non-mainstream groups into the school curriculum. Among the glaring absences from the discussion of diversity has been the salience of race. Race, as a social construct, continues to be one of the most divisive constructs in our schools and society. In this article, the authors discuss the need for helping preservice teachers acquire the knowledge and skills to effectively initiate and facilitate dialogue about race and race-related issues in their classrooms. The authors discuss why the need for race-related dialogue is necessary, barriers that prevent constructive dialogue from occurring, and design principles that teacher education programs can incorporate to help teachers become effective educators in a multicultural society.