cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical sensors: From the bench to the skin

Abstract Sixty years have passed since Clark proposed the concept of glucose enzyme electrodes. Herein, we review major advances in such analyses based on electrochemical sensor systems over the past three decades that have paved the way to the leading role of wearable electrochemical sensing systems for non-invasive real-time chemical monitoring. These past developments of chemically modified electrodes, solid-contact potentiometric sensors, printable disposable electrodes, paper-based sensing devices, soft microfluidic detection systems, and miniaturized instrumentation along with the digital revolution and related advances in flexible electronics and material science have facilitated the evolution of wearable electrochemical sensors which have led to exciting possibilities for on-body analyses. Particularly, the introduction of non-invasive epidermal sensing platforms for monitoring health and wellness has been found fascinating and promising. Such skin-interfaced electrochemical sensors have shown to be extremely useful for continuous non-invasive biochemical monitoring of sweat and the interstitial fluid (ISF). A major driving force for these advances has been the large diabetes management market that has led to the introduction of self-testing glucose strips in the 1980s and continuous wearable glucose sensors in the 2000s. The current status of epidermal electrochemical sensors is discussed along with future prospects towards the broader scope and further integration and miniaturization towards the realization of complete lab-on-the-skin capable of multiplexed sensing of key biomarkers. Such use of wearable electrochemical sensors is expected to bring new opportunities in medical diagnostics, wellness, and nutrition, which will support the rapid changes from traditional, blood-centered diagnostics to decentralized personalized remote diagnostics.
Droplet probe: A non-destructive residue analysis of Wari ceramics from the imperial heartland

Abstract Analyzing ceramics from ancient cultures, many of which are degraded or damaged from hundreds or thousands of years of weathering, present some unique challenges. Mass spectrometry coupled with separation techniques, such as liquid chromatography, provides a means to analyze residues on artifacts. However, most well-known analytical techniques usually cause at least some amount of destruction of the material during the preparation phase, leading to the loss of valuable spatial information and possibly hampering future analyses. In this study of ancient Andean sherds, we present a test case of using a non-destructive LC-MS technique, termed the droplet-liquid microjunction-surface sampling probe (i.e., droplet probe), for studying the chemistry of residues on ceramics. This method combines the benefits of mass spectrometry with the collection of chromatographic data, the combination of which affords a wealth of data. Three naturally occurring plant secondary metabolites, aurantiamide acetate (1), aurantiamide benzoate (2), and aurantiamide (3) were identified on the surface of a vessel and a spoon sherd from the central highlands of Peru. Fragmentation patterns, mass defect filtering and comparison to an in-house standard were used to further confirm the identification of these metabolites. The droplet probe allows for the identification of the chemistry of residues on archeological materials, and in turn, such data allow inferences regarding the potential original or final use of these artifacts.
Neoadjuvant Therapy for Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) accounts for approximately 1–2% of all thyroid cancers in the United States, while the prevalence ranges from 1% to 10% worldwide (Smallridge RC and Copland JA. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2010;22:486–97.). Though rare, ATC remains a deadly disease, accounting for over half of annual deaths from thyroid carcinoma. In this chapter, the treatments for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and their clinical utility within the realm of neoadjuvant therapy will be explored.
Changes of ns‐soot mixing states and shapes in an urban area during CalNex

[1] Aerosol particles from megacities influence the regional and global climate as well as the health of their occupants. We used transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) to study aerosol particles collected from the Los Angeles area during the 2010 CalNex campaign. We detected major amounts of ns-soot, defined as consisting of carbon nanospheres, sulfate, sea salt, and organic aerosol (OA) and lesser amounts of brochosome particles from leaf hoppers. Ns-soot-particle shapes, mixing states, and abundances varied significantly with sampling times and days. Within plumes having high CO2 concentrations, much ns-soot was compacted and contained a relatively large number of carbon nanospheres. Ns-soot particles from both CalNex samples and Mexico City, the latter collected in 2006, had a wide range of shapes when mixed with other aerosol particles, but neither sets showed spherical ns-soot nor the core-shell configuration that is commonly used in optical calculations. Our TEM observations and light-absorption calculations of modeled particles indicate that, in contrast to ns-soot particles that are embedded within other materials or have the hypothesized core-shell configurations, those attached to other aerosol particles hardly enhance their light absorption. We conclude that the ways in which ns-soot mixes with other particles explain the observations of smaller light amplification by ns-soot coatings than model calculations during the CalNex campaign and presumably in other areas.
Paul Ricœur and the Relationship Between Philosophy and Religion in Contemporary French Phenomenology

In this paper I consider Ricœur’s negotiation of the boundary or relationship between philosophy and religion in light of the larger debate in contemporary French philosophy. I suggest that contrasting his way of dealing with the intersection of the two discourses to that of two other French thinkers (Jean-Luc Marion and Michel Henry) illuminates his stance more fully. I begin with a brief outline of Ricœur’s claims about the distinction or relation between the discourses, then reflect on those of Marion and Henry, who although they do not relate them in the same way still together form a significant contrast to Ricœur’s perspective, and conclude with a fuller consideration of Ricœur’s methodology in light of this comparison. I suggest that it is in particular his hermeneutic commitments that lead him both to more rigorous distinctions between discourses and ironically to greater mediation.
Monomeric Class I Molecules Mediate TCR/CD3ε/CD8 Interaction on the Surface of T Cells

Both CD8 and the TCR bind to MHC class I molecules during physiologic T cell activation. It has been shown that for optimal T cell activation to occur, CD8 must be able to bind the same class I molecule that is bound by the TCR. However, no direct evidence for the class I-dependent association of CD8 and the TCR has been demonstrated. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer, we show directly that a single class I molecule causes TCR/CD8 interaction by serving as a docking molecule for both CD8 and the TCR. Furthermore, we show that CD3e is brought into close proximity with CD8 upon TCR/CD8 association. These interactions are not dependent on the phosphorylation events characteristic of T cell activation. Thus, MHC class I molecules, by binding to both CD8 and the TCR, mediate the reorganization of T cell membrane components to promote cellular activation.
Variability of fault slip behavior along the San Andreas Fault in the San Juan Bautista Region

An improved understanding of the time history of fault slip at depth is an essential step toward understanding the underlying mechanics of the faulting process. Using a waveform cross-correlation approach, we document spatially and temporally varying fault slip along the northernmost creeping section of the San Andreas Fault near San Juan Bautista (SJB), California, by systematically examining spatiotemporal behaviors of characteristically repeating earthquakes (CREs). The spatial distribution of pre-1998 SJB earthquake (1984–1998) fault slip rate inferred from the CREs reveals a ~15 km long low creep or partially locked section located near the 1998 Mw 5.1 SJB earthquake rupture. A finite-fault slip inversion reveals that the rupture of the 1998 SJB earthquake is characterized by the failure of a compact ~4 km2 asperity with a maximum slip of about 90 cm and corresponding peak stress drop of up to 50 MPa, whereas the mean stress drop is about 15 MPa. Following the 1998 earthquake, the CRE activity was significantly increased in a 5–10 km deep zone extending 2–7 km northwest of the main shock, which indicates triggering of substantial aseismic slip. The postseismic slip inferred from the CRE activity primarily propagated to the northwest and released a maximum slip of 9 cm. In this 5–10 km depth range, the estimated postseismic moment release is 8.6 × 1016 N m, which is equivalent to Mw 5.22. The aseismic slip distribution following the 1998 earthquake is not consistent with coseismic stress-driven afterslip but represents a triggered, long-lasting slow earthquake.
Linear parabolic equations with strong singular potentials

Using an extension of a recent method of Cabre and Martel (1999), we extend the blow-up and existence result in the paper of Baras and Goldstein (1984) to parabolic equations with variable leading coefficients under almost optimal conditions on the singular potentials. This problem has been left open in Baras and Goldstein. These potentials lie at a borderline case where standard theories such as the strong maximum principle and boundedness of weak solutions fail. Even in the special case when the leading operator is the Laplacian, we extend a recent result in Cabre and Martel from bounded smooth domains to unbounded nonsmooth domains.
Astrophysically motivated bulge–disc decompositions of Sloan Digital Sky Survey galaxies

We present a set of bulge–disc decompositions for a sample of 71 825 Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) main-sample galaxies in the redshift range 0.003 < z < 0.05. We have fitted each galaxy with either a de Vaucouleurs (‘classical’) or an exponential (‘pseudo-’) bulge and an exponential disc. Two-dimensional Sersic fits are performed when the two-component fits are not statistically significant or when the fits are poor, even in the presence of high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). We study the robustness of our two-component fits by studying a bright subsample of galaxies and we study the systematics of these fits with decreasing resolution and S/N. Only 30 per cent of our sample have been fitted with two-component fits in which both components are non-zero. The g−r and g−i colours of each component for the two-component models are determined using linear templates derived from the r-band model. We attempt a physical classification of types of fits into disc galaxies, pseudo-bulges, classical bulges and ellipticals. Our classification of galaxies agrees well with previous large bulge plus disc (B+D) decomposed samples. Using our galaxy classifications, we find that Petrosian concentration is a good indicator of bulge-to-total ratio, while overall Sersic index is not. Additionally, we find that the majority of green valley galaxies are bulge+disc galaxies. Furthermore, in the transition from green to red B+D galaxies, the total galaxy colour is most strongly correlated with the disc colour.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO FILMS

Subjects' physiological responses and rated reactions to a medical film and an erotic film were assessed. Later cardiovascular fitness levels were determined by subjects' physiological responses to...
Albedo change by man: test of climatic effects

Sagan et al.1 have suggested that the cumulative impact of anthropogenic albedo changes may have contributed to global climate changes in the past and that its effect may be continuing. Using a statistical dynamic climate model (SDM) with more realistic surface albedo changes than previously used2, we have computed the combined impact of desertification of the Sahara and deforestation of the tropical rain forest. While the model computed a surface cooling of 0.6 K for the Northern Hemisphere, the global mean of ∼0.2 K was substantially less than the 1 K suggested by Sagan et al.1. We infer that man's cumulative impact on planetary surface albedo over the past few thousand years has had a small and probably undetectable effect on global climate.
Oxidation of chromium sulphide and chromium sulphide-coated chromium at 1050°C

Abstract The oxidation behaviour of chromium sulphide-coated chromium and “bulk” chromiumsulphide (nominally Cr7S8) has been investigated at 1050°C. The oxidation product is Cr2O3 containing little or no S; oxides of S, in particular SO2, did not form. Weight-gain kinetics for both types of samples were approximatly parabolic, and the rate of weight gain is comparable to that of pure Cr. A model involving the diffusion of excess S into the sulphide is proposed. It is concluded that the oxidation of chromium sulphide is probably not an important step in hot-corrosion phenomena.
TENSE IN FORMAL LANGUAGE SYNTAX AND CO‐OPERATING SEQUENTIAL PROCESSES

There are few places in the literature on formal language syntax where tense is efficiently treated as part of the syntactical structure. In both natural languages and programming languages, cybernetically speaking, one encounters the fundamental concept of “verb phrase”. For information processing the COBOL programmer can construct the extended general form of verb commands containing tense as follows:
Improved Krasnosel'skii theorems for the dimension of the kernel of a starshaped set

We will establish the following improved Krasnosel'skii theorems for the dimension of the kernel of a starshaped set: For each k and d, 0 ≤ k ≤ d, define f(d,k) = d+1 if k = 0 and f(d,k) = max{d+1,2d−2k+2} if 1 ≤ k ≤ d. Theorem 1. Let S be a compact, connected, locally starshaped set in Rd, S not convex. Then for a k with 0 ≤ k ≤ d, dim ker S ≥ k if and only if every f(d, k) lnc points of S are clearly visible from a common k-dimensional subset of S. Theorem 2. Let S be a nonempty compact set in Rd. Then for a k with 0 ≤ k ≤ d, dim ker S ≥ k if and only if every f (d, k) boundary points of S are clearly visible from a common k-dimensional subset of S. In each case, the number f(d, k) is best possible for every d and k.
The effect of an L-type calcium channel blocker on the hemodynamics of orbital arteries in dogs.

Purpose (1) To determine the effect of the l-type calcium channel blocker amlodipine on color Doppler ultrasound-determined vascular resistance and blood flow velocities in the distal retrobulbar arteries of dogs; (2) to determine any effect of blood pressure and PCO2 rate on such color Doppler-determined circulatory measurements. Methods Color Doppler imaging measurements of the short posterior ciliary artery, long posterior ciliary artery, and ophthalmic artery of normal eyes of 10 dogs were obtained under isofluorane anesthesia before and 1 week after oral amlodipine administration. Mean systemic arterial blood pressure and PCO2 were monitored. Results The mean resistive index decreased significantly in the short posterior ciliary artery (P = 0.0347), in the long posterior ciliary artery (P = 0.0092), and ophthalmic artery (P = 0.0004) following systemic amlodipine administration. The end diastolic velocity increased significantly in the long posterior ciliary artery (P = 0.0368) and ophthalmic artery (P < 0.0001). The peak systolic velocity increased significantly in the ophthalmic artery (P = 0.0256). Mean systemic arterial blood pressure was significantly negatively associated with resistive index (P < 0.0001) and significantly associated with the log of the end diastolic velocity (P < 0.0001). Conclusions Systemically administered amlodipine increases color Doppler imaging-determined blood flow velocity and decreases vascular resistive index in the ophthalmic artery, short posterior ciliary artery and long posterior ciliary artery of normal dogs. Changes in systemic arterial blood pressure can significantly affect the measurement of color Doppler imaging parameters.
Trumpet-puncture initial data for black holes

We propose a new approach, based on the puncture method, to construct black hole initial data in the so-called trumpet geometry, i.e. on slices that asymptote to a limiting surface of nonzero areal radius. Our approach is easy to implement numerically and, at least for nonspinning black holes, does not require any internal boundary conditions. We present numerical results, obtained with a uniform-grid finite-difference code, for boosted black holes and binary black holes. We also comment on generalizations of this method for spinning black holes.
Studies on slag deposit formation in pulverized coal combustors. 2. Results on the wetting and adhesion of synthetic ash drops on different steel substrates

A simple sticking apparatus has been further developed to study the comparative wetting and adhesion properties of a synthetic coal ash slag on boiler steels. Both the wetting and adhesion behaviour appears to be affected by the physical nature of the oxide layer on the steel surface (i.e., thickness and microporosity). The adhesion force is also found to be a function of the chemical nature of the surface oxide layer on the steel (i.e., whether the layer is predominantly ferrous (FeO) or ferric (Fe2O3) oxide). The presence of a sodium salt (either sulfate or carbonate) on the steel surface enhances both the wetting and adhesion properties by dissolution in the molten drop creating a less viscous glass with a lower liquidus temperature at the drop-surface interface. At this time it is difficult to establish whether the bonding between the slag and steel oxide layer is mechanical, chemical, or a combination of both.
Surgical modification of long-face problems

Abstract Long-face individuals make up approximately one fourth of the dentofacial deformity group who seek surgical treatment, almost 20% more than would have been expected from the presumed population incidence. Just fewer than 25% of patients who undergo surgical treatment are in the long-face group, and this group is slightly more likely to accept and receive surgical treatment than their proportion of the surgical population. When the severity of vertical deformity is so great that reasonable correction cannot be obtained by growth modification or camouflage, the combination of orthodontics and orthognathic surgery may provide the only viable treatment option. Because many long-face patients will also present with an anteroposterior problem involving prominent incisors and a receding chin, it is often easy to dwell on the Class II aspect of the problem and ignore the vertical contribution. Should a camouflage treatment plan be implemented by extracting maxillary first premolars and retracting the maxillary incisors, quite unacceptable esthetics may result because the nasolabial angle will increase. The option of vertical maxillary impaction now allows the orthodontist to avoid the negative facial esthetics that were once considered an inevitable consequence in improving the dental occlusion. Careful planning involving both the orthodontist and the oral maxillofacial surgeon now provides patients with an option that results in both desirable esthetics and good occlusion.
Infrared and Raman spectra of isobutene and isobutene-d8

Abstract The infrared and Raman spectra of isobutene and isobutene- d 8 are reported for the region of 4000-200 cm −1 . All observed bands were assigned, and some unobserved bands were calculated by a normal coordinate analysis. A set of valence force constants in symmetry coordinate representation is given.
Structure of the host-specific toxins produced by the fungal pathogen Periconia circinata.

Abstract Four metabolites named peritoxins A and B and periconins A and B have been isolated together with the known metabolite circinatin from culture filtrates of the fungal pathogen Periconia circinata. Peritoxins A and B, which correspond to the P. circinata toxins Ia and IIa partially characterized in previous work, are selectively toxic to genotypes of Sorghum bicolor susceptible to the pathogen, whereas periconins A and B are biologically inactive. Combination of instrumental analysis and chemical degradation has led to structural assignments for each of the four compounds; only the configuration at some of the chiral centers remains undefined. Structural comparison suggests a precursor role for circinatin in the formation of the peritoxins and the periconins.
Strategic and intelligent smart grid systems engineering

System engineering and smart grid technology faces several challenges in the context of systems engineering. First, smart grid development technology requires regular analysis and testing of its performance in the transition from Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and the critical infrastructures it controls and monitors. Secondly, smart grid technology is based on several premises including the efficiency of renewable energy versus traditional energy sources. Thirdly, smart grids functions include the potential to provide accurate real-time prediction of the output energy for dynamic adjustments of the output based on the load demand from consumers. However, none of these address the greater challenge facing recent developments for the smart grid initiativesnamely, intelligence and smart grid performance. The integration of smart grid with cyber infrastructures is intended to provide cost-effective deployment and additional features in the functions. This systems engineering technology however, does not adequately address the intelligent, system design, data mining and accuracy of feedback input from load demands and cyber-related issues of smart grids. This is significant for Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP), Critical Energy Infrastructure Information Protection (CII) and Critical Energy Infrastructure Information Protection (CEII) and Data Privacy for Transmission of Sensitive Data.
A general setting for halo theory.

We describe a general framework for systematically treating halos that are due to refraction in preferentially oriented ice wedges, and we construct an atlas of such halos. Initially we are constrained neither by the interfacial angles nor the orientations of real ice crystals. Instead we consider “all possible” refraction halos. We therefore make no assumption regarding the wedge angle, and only a weak assumption regarding the allowable wedge orientations. The atlas is thus a very general collection of refraction halos that includes known halos as a small fraction. Each halo in the atlas is characterized by three parameters: the wedge angle, the zenith angle of the spin vector, and the spin vector expressed in the wedge frame. Together with the sun elevation, the three parameter values for a halo not only permit calculation of the halo shape, they also give much information about the halo without extensive calculation, so that often a crude estimate of the halo’s appearance is possible merely from inspection of its parameters. As a result, the theory reveals order in what seems initially to be a staggering variety of halo shapes, and in particular it explains why halos look the way they do. Having constructed and studied the atlas, we then see where real or conceivable refraction halos, arising in specific crystal shapes and crystal orientations, fit into the atlas. Although our main goal is to understand halos arising in pyramidal crystals, the results also clarify and unify the classical halos arising in hexagonal prismatic crystals.
A traceability protocol to the SI by gravimetric analysis

An example is presented of a traceability protocol for the measurement of a single-element strontium reference material solution, executed by a “primary” method of measurement for certification. The method of measurement is briefly described together with the measurement equation and the associated calculations for the estimation of uncertainties. This is followed by a discussion and estimate of each component of uncertainty associated with the measurement, together with a final estimate of uncertainty. The final estimate of uncertainty compares well with observed uncertainties for two previous laboratory measurements of the reference material.
Modeling Perspective Effects in Photographic Composition

Automatic understanding of photo composition is a valuable technology in multiple areas including digital photography, multimedia advertising, entertainment, and image retrieval. In this paper, we propose a method to model geometrically the compositional effects of linear perspective. Comparing with existing methods which have focused on basic rules of design such as simplicity, visual balance, golden ratio, and the rule of thirds, our new quantitative model is more comprehensive whenever perspective is relevant. We first develop a new hierarchical segmentation algorithm that integrates classic photometric cues with a new geometric cue inspired by perspective geometry. We then show how these cues can be used directly to detect the dominant vanishing point in an image without extracting any line segments, a technique with implications for multimedia applications beyond this work. Finally, we demonstrate an interesting application of the proposed method for providing on-site composition feedback through an image retrieval system.
NATURAL HISTORY FIRST (BUT DON'T STOP THERE)

This quote from Agassiz welcomes visitors to the main entrance of the Ruthven Museums Building at the University of Michigan, beseeching them to collect their own data and draw their own conclusions. The sentiment has inspired generations of evolutionary biologists, who continue the long tradition of deductive science epitomized by Darwin and Wallace. The fundamental questions about evolution have always been borne from direct observation of, and curiosity about, nature. In the best cases, the process leads to elegant tests of hypotheses and formulations of general theories. No practitioners of this art of investigation have done it with more rigor, provided deeper insight, or better illuminated the aesthetic qualities of science, than Peter and Rosemary Grant. It is fitting, then, that the careers of the Grants (while showing no signs of ebbing toward a twilight!) should be celebrated by assembling a fine cadre of scientific naturalists to share their own observations and deductions. In Search of the Causes of Evolution is a collection of essays based on presentations at a symposium organized by Princeton University on the occasion of the Grants’ official “retirement.” The chapters are remarkably true to the theme that observation leads the way to detailed dissections of the underlying mechanisms of evolution. The author list represents some of the most significant contributors at the forefront of evolutionary research. Although readers will recognize most of the study systems (e.g., anoles, beach mice, dung beetles, sticklebacks even make two appearances), the authors generally have done an admirable job of resisting the temptation to rehash old work and have contributed new data or syntheses to the volume. The resultant book thereby serves as a low-altitude reconnaissance flight over some of the most exciting current research in evolutionary ecology. The ground covered by the essays is extensive, as it should be under a title purporting to encompass the causes of evolution. As anyone who has taught an introductory evolution course can attest, the scope of topics that we seek to explain is staggering. One person’s bread and butter might not even be included on another’s list. The Grants have at least attempted to span this space by including chapters across the spectrum from the evolution of early earth environments (Andrew Knoll and David Johnston) and macroevolutionary patterns of diversification (David Jablonski) to the search for “behavior genes” (Hopi Hoekstra) and the population genetics of island endemism (Trevor Price and colleagues). True to the tradition of the Grants’ own work, however, the majority of essays emphasizes the interplay of selection and genetics as drivers of biodiversity. This is a collection that is unapologetically adaptationist in its perspective on evolutionary mechanisms. So what do we learn about where the grander field of evolutionary biology is headed when we collect marquis names with license to write about whatever they want? First, evolutionary research is not dominated by traditional model systems. Indeed,
One-dimensional reduced semiconductor equations for an asymmetric two-piece doping function

In this paper, we prove the existence and uniqueness of the solutions of the one-dimensional steady-state reduced semiconductor equations for the voltage-driven case using a two-piece doping function that jumps from -α to β.
A branch-and-cut algorithm for capacitated network design problems

We present a branch-and-cut algorithm to solve capacitated network design problems. Given a capacitated network and point-to-point traffic demands, the objective is to install more capacity on the edges of the network and route traffic simultaneously, so that the overall cost is minimized. We study a mixed-integer programming formulation of the problem and identify some new facet defining inequalities. These inequalities, together with other known combinatorial and mixed-integer rounding inequalities, are used as cutting planes. To choose the branching variable, we use a new rule called “knapsack branching”. We also report on our computational experience using real-life data.
Generalizing behavioral findings across times samples and measures: a study of condom use.

A study conducted by Fishbein and his collaborators in 1995 in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines found that variables from the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) model especially behavioral norms were significantly related to reported condom use. The present study replicated the Fishbein study with a new sample of 178 sexually active residents (mean age 29.65 years) of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines who were exposed to a 2-month radio campaign promoting condom use among young adults. The study tested a more internally valid formulation of the role of past behavior that supported the argument that past condom use is better viewed as a predictor of current intention than as a criterion variable. As in the earlier study the higher the respondents level of perceived control and belief that condom use would lead to positive outcomes the more likely they were to use condoms. Behavioral norms were again associated with past condom use. Thus men and women who talked with friends about condoms perceived that their friends used condoms or had a partner who had ever suggested condom use were much more likely to have used condoms themselves. However when improved measures of TRA variables were available the role of attitudinal factors became evident. When intention to use condoms was treated as the dependent variable the results kept the same pattern. Past condom use explained 26% of the variance in attitude toward condom use and 22% of the variance in norm. These findings suggest that previous patterns of behavioral findings are generalizable across times and populations.
Where is the Support in Perceived Support? The Role of Generic Relationship Satisfaction and Enacted Support in Perceived Support's Relation to Low Distress

Abstract This study examined the roles of enacted support and generic relationship satisfaction in accounting for perceived support's relation to low emotional distress in a sample of mothers caring for infants with serious congenital heart defects. Although questionnaire measures of enacted support were related moderately to perceived support, neither questionnaire- nor interview-assessed enacted support predicted low emotional distress. Generic relationship satisfaction was more strongly related to the perceived supportiveness of network members than was enacted support. Further, the link between perceived supportiveness and participants' low emotional distress was redundant completely with generic relationship satisfaction. These findings raise questions about the extent to which measures of perceived support reflect processes unique to social support versus more generic relationship evaluations.
The electronic structure of neutral and charged surface vacancy defects in periclase

Abstract An understanding of the electronic structure of defects on mineral surfaces is critical to the development of microscopic models of the chemistry which occurs at these surfaces in natural environments, and in catalytic applications. In this work, the formation energies and electronic structure of neutral and charged surface oxygen vacancy defects (Fs, F+s and F2+s centers) on the (001) cleavage face of periclase (MgO) are computed using a recently developed ab-initio electronic structure method. The position of the defect state in the fundamental energy gap of MgO is found to be in qualitative agreement with a model for optical absorption and emission, and energy-dependent electron energy-loss experiments, and is used to explain the formation energies of these defects.
The Quantification of Physiologically Relevant Cross Shear Wear Phenomena on Orthopaedic Bearing Materials Using a Novel Wear Testing Machine

Background: Multi-directional sliding motions between total knee replacement materials is a suspected primary wear mechanism of ultra-high molecular weight poly(ethylene) (UHMWPE). Method of Approach: A wear testing machine was developed to quantify damage from crossing contact pathways on candidate biomaterials. A cyclic five-pointed star pattern was used to evaluate the tribological differences between linear and cross-motion surface tribology of stainless steel pins on flat UHMWPE. Results: Volumetric reconstruction of resultant damage showed that cross-shear volume loss was 2.94(± 0.88) times that of linear loss during testing. Conclusions: Basic multi-axis, cross-shear wear testing provides quantifiable measures of complex biomaterials wear phenomena.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Genetic regulatory mechanisms and the ecological niche of Escherichia coli.

Abstract Whether the regulatory protein of an inducible operon for a catabolic pathway is a positive or a negative element in the control of expression is correlated with the frequent or infrequent presence, respectively, of the system's substrate in the natural environment.
Exploring normative scenarios of land use development decisions with an agent-based simulation laboratory

Abstract Suburbia and exurbia have an undeniable appeal to many urban dwellers. At the same time, they are characterized by an ineffective and fragmented residential patchwork of developed and undeveloped tracts. This research addresses a question of whether other arrangements of land, ameliorating the negative effects of current growth in the suburban fringe, are feasible from the perspectives of planning agencies and property developers. In order to answer this research question, the study employs two loosely coupled land use models: multiobjective land use allocation (MOLA) and an exploratory agent-based modeling (ABM) of residential development. The aligned modeling methodology has a number of advantages. Firstly, it combines top-down and bottom-up modeling. Such an approach is an attempt to represent society from two standpoints: institutions on one side (like zoning regulations of local planning agencies) and individual agents on the other (like developers). Secondly, the framework combines both static form (MOLA) and dynamic process (ABM). The MOLA model is equipped with mechanisms that encourage both compact and alternative residential land use arrangements. The outcomes of this model are used as zoning regulations in the ABM to examine the impact of regional-scale top-down urban growth plans on agent disutility which reflects the competitiveness of the local property market. Selected MOLA plans are further relaxed using different distance buffers. The findings point to a complex disutility–fragmentation relationship. Under the simulated planning situation, a potentially acceptable solution for planners and developers involves a relatively high compactness of development, which could satisfy agents’ overall disutility.
The formation, vacuolar localization, and tonoplast transport of salicylic acid glucose conjugates in tobacco cell suspension cultures

The metabolism of salicylic acid (SA) in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. KY 14) cell suspension cultures was examined by adding [7−14C]SA to the cell cultures for 24 h and identifying the metabolites through high performance liquid chromatography analysis. The three major metabolites of SA were SA 2-O-β-D-glucose (SAG), methylsalicylate 2-O-β-D-glucose (MeSAG) and methylsalicylate. Studies on the intracellular localization of the metabolites revealed that all of the SAG associated with tobacco protoplasts was localized in the vacuole. However, the majority of the MeSAG was located outside the vacuole. The tobacco cells contained an SA inducible SA glucosyltransferase (SAGT) enzyme that formed SAG. The SAGT enzyme was not associated with the vacuole and appeared to be a cytoplasmic enzyme. The vacuolar transport of SAG was characterized by measuring the uptake of [14C]SAG into tonoplast vesicles isolated from tobacco cell cultures. SAG uptake was stimulated eightfold by the addition of MgATP. The ATP-dependent uptake of SAG was inhibited by bafilomycin A1 (a specific inhibitor of the vacuolar H+-ATPase) and dissipation of the transtonoplast H+-electrochemical gradient. Vanadate was not an inhibitor of SAG uptake. Several β-glucose conjugates were strong inhibitors of SAG uptake, whereas glutathione and glucuronide conjugates were only marginally inhibitory. The SAG uptake exhibited Michaelis–Menten type saturation kinetics with a Km and Vmax value of 11 μM and 205 pmol min−1 mg−1, respectively, for SAG. Based on the transport characteristics it appears as if the vacuolar uptake of SAG in tobacco cells occurs through an H+-antiport-type mechanism.
Academic Optimism of Individual Teachers: Confirming a New Construct.

Abstract Teacher sense of academic optimism is individual teachers' beliefs that they can teach effectively, their students can learn, and parents will support them so the teacher can press hard for learning. This new construct is grounded in the social cognitive and self-efficacy theories, social capital theory, work on school culture and climate and research on learned optimism. At the school level, collective academic optimism has been related to academic performance ( Hoy, Tarter, & Woolfolk Hoy, 2006b ). The analyses tested and supported the validity and reliability of the construct at the individual level with elementary school teachers in a confirmatory factor analysis using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).
Fire coral envenomation

Fire coral envenomation has been considered in the past to produce mild localized symptoms of skin irritation, burning, or stinging pain followed by linear erythema, urticaria and pruritus with regression over a 1–2 week period. A case is presented strongly suggesting that a direct relationship exists between such a sting and subsequent long thoracic neuropathy with serratus anterior muscle paralysis. Systemic symptoms of generalized malaise, fever, and significant burning pain around the shoulders following envenomation, along with positive serological testing for Millepora immune specific IgG indicating an immune response to the venom, lends credence to these assumptions.
Time of flight fast neutron radiography

Abstract Neutron radiography with fast or thermal neutrons is a standard technique for non-destructive testing (NDT). Here we report results for fast neutron radiography both as an adjunct to pulsed fast neutron analysis (PFNA) and as a stand-alone method for NDT. PFNA is a new technique for utilizing a collimated pulsed neutron beam to interrogate items and determine their elemental composition. By determining the time of flight for gamma-rays produced by (n,n′ gamma X) reactions, a three dimensional image can be produced. Neutron radiography data taken with the same beam provides an important constraint for image reconstruction, and in particular is important in inferring the amount of hydrogen within the interrogated item. As a stand-alone device, the radiography measurement can be used to image items as large as cargo containers as long as their density is not too high. The use of a pulsed beam gives the further advantage of a time of flight measurement on the transmitted neutrons. By gating the radiography signal on the time of flight appropriate to the energy of the primary neutrons, most build-up from scattered neutrons can be eliminated. The pulsed beam also greatly improves the signal to background and extends the range of the neutron radiography. Simulation results will be presented which display the advantage of this constraint in particular for statistically limited data. Experimental results will be presented which show some of the limitations likely in a PFNA system utilizing neutron radiography data. Experimental and simulation results will demonstrate possible uses for this type of radiographic data in identifying contraband substances such as drugs.
Homocysteine and vascular disease.

Foreword J.D. Finkelstein. Editor's Historical Preface. List of Contributors. Note on Nomenclature. Dedication. 1. Introduction I. Graham, K. Robinson. 2. Historical Aspects of the Relationship Between Homocysteine and Vascular Disease D.E.L. Wilcken. 3. Biochemistry and Metabolism D.W. Jacobsen. 4. Reference Ranges for Homocysteine Concentrations J.B. Ubbink, R. Delport. 5. Determinants of Plasma Homocysteine P.M. Ueland, et al. 6. Epidemiology of Homocysteine Levels and Relation to Vitamins P.W.F. Wilson, P.F. Jacques. 7. Vascular Pathology of Hyperhomocysteinemia K.S. McCully. 8. Vascular Complications of Homocystinuria: Incidence, Clinical Pattern and Treatment P. Rubba, et al. 9. Homocysteine as a Risk Factor for Peripheral Vascular Disease A.M. Abou-Zamzam, Jr., et al. 10. Homocysteine as a Risk Factor for Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke I.J. Perry. 11. Homocysteine as a Risk Factor for Coronary Artery Disease P.B. Duell, M.R. Malinow. 12. Homocysteine and Family History of Coronary Artery Disease J. Genest, Jr. 13. Homocysteine as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease in Women P. Verhoef. 14. Homocysteine and Venous Thrombosis M. den Heijer. 15. Homocysteine and Renal Disease K. Robinson, V.W. Dennis. 16. Molecular Biology of Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR): Interrelationships with Folic Acid, Homocysteine and Vascular Disease R. Rozen. 17. Molecular Biology of Methionine Synthase: Interrelationships with Homocysteine and Vascular Disease R. Banerjee. 18. Molecular Biology of Cystathionine b-Synthase: Interrelationships with Homocysteine, Pyridoxine, and Vascular Disease W.D. Kruger, B. Fowler. 19. Homocysteine and Cholesterol: Basic and Clinical Interactions H.J. Blom. 20. Homocysteine and Coagulation Factors: Basic Interactions and Clinical Studies R. Green. 21. Homocysteine and Endothelial Dysfunction R.T. Eberhardt, J. Loscalzo. 22. The Treatment of High Homocysteine Concentrations in Homocystinuria: Biochemical Control in Patients and their Vascular Outcome G.H.J. Boers, et al. 23. An Overview of the Homocysteine Lowering Clinical Trials R. Clarke. 24. Summary and Future Directions for Epidemiological, Preventive and Basic Research S.P. Fortmann, et al. Index.
The Drosophila antenna: ultrastructural and physiological studies in wild-type and lozenge mutants.

The physiology and ultrastructure of the antenna in Drosophila melanogaster have been examined in wild-type and lozenge mutants. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of sensilla on the antennal surface has revealed that in the wild-type the basiconic sensilla contain linear arrays of pores connected by longitudinal furrows and transected by shorter furrows. Sensilla trichodea also are shown to have pores, as revealed by examining transverse sections by transmission electron microscopy (TEM); these data directly address a long-standing controversy. Coeloconic sensilla, previously described as “pit sensilla” and as “grooved” sensilla, are shown to rise directly from the antennal surface, as opposed to lying below the antennal surface in pits; the previously observed grooves correspond to the junctions between bundled, finger-like projections. This description of coeloconic sensilla is supported by analysis of lz mutants, in which the projections of coeloconic sensilla splay apart. Coeloconic sensilla are also shown to undergo duplication on the lz 3 antenna. Physiological recordings from the antenna show that responses to all odorants tested are severely decreased in lz mutants. Measurements made from different parts of the antenna show similar defects. Evidence is provided that both the physiological and ultrastructural defects map to the lz locus.
Effects of the KATP channel opener bimakalim on coronary blood flow, monophasic action potential duration, and infarct size in dogs.

BACKGROUNDThe major purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of the potassium channel opener bimakalim, administered intracoronary only during the initial 10 minutes of ischemia, on myocardial infarct size in anesthetized dogs. A second aim was to test the possibility that bimakalim mediates its cardioprotective effects by accelerating the rate of myocyte action potential shortening during early ischemia. A third aim was to determine the relative potency of bimakalim to open coronary vascular ATP-regulated potassium (KATP) channels versus myocyte KATP channels.METHODS AND RESULTSBarbital-anesthetized open-chest dogs were used. In the initial studies, bimakalim (0.1 to 10 micrograms/min) was infused into the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), and changes in coronary blood flow and monophasic action potential duration (MAPD) were used as indexes of coronary vascular KATP channel and myocyte KATP channel activity, respectively. In subsequent infarct studies, dogs were subjected t...
Open versus Endovascular Intervention for Critical Limb Ischemia: A Population-Based Study

Background Endovascular techniques are considered by many as the first-line treatment for critical limb ischemia (CLI). The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of endovascular therapy on CLI and amputation in South Carolina during the past decade. Study Design This is a retrospective, comparative analysis of treatment outcomes for CLI in the pre-endovascular era and the endovascular era. The South Carolina Office of Research and Statistics database was reviewed using ICD-9 diagnosis and procedure codes to identify patients who underwent limb revascularization in 1996 (pre-endovascular era) and 2005 (endovascular era) for CLI and to determine those who required subsequent limb amputation and additional revascularization. Results The index limb revascularization procedures increased 33% from 571 in 1996 (420 [74%] open; 151 [26%] endovascular) to 758 in 2005 (373 [49%] open; 385 [51%] endovascular). The demographics and comorbidities for patients who underwent revascularization in 1996 were similar to those in 2005. The amputation rate for patients who underwent a revascularization procedure was 34% at 1 year and 43% at 3 years in 1996, compared with 34% at 1 year and 40% at 3 years in 2005 (p = NS). The percentage of patients who required an additional revascularization in the same calendar year increased from 8% in 1996 to 19% in 2005 (p Conclusions Although there has been an absolute increase in the number of revascularization procedures for CLI, with a clear shift toward endovascular therapy, the amputation rates for these patients have not changed. However, the shift to endovascular interventions has increased the number of secondary procedures required to maintain limb-salvage rates equivalent to those of the pre-endovascular era.