cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infection Prevention in the Intensive Care Unit

Hospital-acquired infections have profound social, economic, and personal costs to patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Numerous risk factors, such as poor nutrition and hyperglycemia, directly involve patients. Meanwhile, hand hygiene, environmental cleaning, and appropriate hospital staffing can impact ICU infection rates. A multidirectional approach—including continuing staff education, minimizing risk factors, and implementing guidelines established by national committees—is necessary to decrease infections such as catheter-related bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and Clostridium difficile . Infection-control committees can assist in implementing policies. This is an active area of research and we anticipate continued advancements to improve patient care.
COHERENT ANTI-STOKES RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF GASES

Abstract Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy, or CARS as it has come to be known, is a relatively new spectroscopic technique which has gained considerable interest over the past few years because of its potential use as a powerful analytical tool and because of its unique and curious properties [1–98], Several review articles on the subject have been written recently [4, 30, 33, 35, 49, 67, 72, 90]. Some papers have attempted to describe the theoretical background [30, 33] and others have surveyed the entire subject matter [4, 35, 49, 67, 72, 90]. In this report we will review only CARS spectroscopy of gases. However, because of recent progress it might be well to at least reference some new results [18–21, 42, 47, 66] in resonance and “normal” CARS of biological and fluorescent materials in dilute solution (as low as ∼ 10−7 M). Moreover, since the emphasis of this paper is on applications, we will not attempt to derive the theory or the principles behind CARS but merely describe the results.
EFFECT OF ELECTROLYTES ON THE SOLUBILITY OF SOME 1,3,5-TRIAZlNES AND SUBSTITUTED UREAS AND THEIR ADSORPTION ON SOIL*

Summary. The solubilities of three isopropylamino, ethylamino-triazines (chloro-, methoxy- and methylthio-) and three, N′-phenyl-. NN-dimethylureas (0, 1 and 2 chlorine substitutions on the phenyl group) were determined in water and in solutions of chloride salts of NH+4, K+ and Ca++ at ionic strengths of 0·3 and 0·6. Adsorption of these compounds by soil from the same chloride solutions at ionic strengths of 0·3 was measured. As expected, the solubilities were depressed by increasing ionic strength but the type of cation exerted a small, though significant, effect. Adsorption of the test compounds increased in the presence of the various salts. The possible import of these findings in relation to joint fertilizer and herbicide use and soil drying following herbicide application is commented on. Effets des electrolytes sur la solubilite et l'adsorption par le sol de quelques 1,3,5-triazines et urees substituees Resume. Les solubilites de trois isopropylamino, ethylamino-triazines (Chloro-, methoxy-et methylthio-), et de trois N′-phenyl-NN-dimethylurees (0, 1 et 2 chlores substitutes sur le groupe phenyle) ont ete determinees dans l'eau et dans des solutions de sels de chlorure de NH4+, K+ et Ca++a des forces ioniques de 0,3 et 0,6. L'adsorption de ces composes par le sol a partir de ces memes solutions a la force ionique de 0,3 a ete mesuree. Comme il etait attendu, les solubilites furent diniinuees par l'accroissement de la force ionique mais la nature du cation exerca une influence faible mais neanmoins significative. L'adsorption des composes essaye fut accrue en presence des differents sels. La signification possible de ces reultats, en relation avec l'utilisation simultanee des engrais et des herbicides ainsi qu'avec le dessechement du sol apres um traitement herbicide fait l'objet de commentaires. Einfluss von Elektrolyten auf die Loslichkeit einiger 1,3,5-Triazine und Harnstoffderivate und auf ihre Adsorption an Boden Zusammenfassung. Die Loslichkeit von drei Isopropylamino-athylamino-triazinen (Chlor-, Methoxy- und Methylthio-) sowie drei N′-Phenyl-NN-diniethyl-harnstoffen (0, 1 und 2 Chlorsubstitutionen an der Phenylgruppe) wurden in Wasser und in Losungen von NH4Cl, KCl und CaCl2 bei Ionenstarken von 0,3 und 0,6 bestimmt. Die Adsorption dieser Verbindungen an Boden aus Losungen derselben Saize wurde bei der Ionenstarke von 0,3 gemessen. Wie erwartet wurde die Loslichkeit mit zunehmender Ionenstarke erniedrigt, wobei die Art des Rations einen kleinen, jedoch signifikanten Effekt zeigte. Die Adsorption der untersuchten Verbindungen nahm in Gegenwart der verschiedenen Salze zu. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, dass diese Befunde fur die kombinierte Anwendung von Dungesalzen und Herbiziden wichtig sein konnen. Ebenso konnen sie wichtig sein fur eine mogliche Austrocknung des Bodens nach Herbizideinsatz.
Pulsed Plasma Thruster

The 35-year history of the development and application of the pulsed plasma thruster (PPT) is reviewed. The PPT operates by creating a pulsed, high-current discharge across the exposed surface of a solid insulator, such as a Tee on t bar. The arc discharge ablates material from this surface, thereby providing propellant that is ionized, heated, and accelerated to high speed. Typically, the current pulse lasts for a few microseconds, driven by a capacitor that is charged and discharged approximately once per second. Exhaust speeds range from 3 to 50 km/s, depending on the details of the PPT design. We review the basic physics and types of PPTs, and discuss the performance of e ight and laboratory versions, with special attention to velocity and plume measurements. We also present the status of PPT theory and modeling, with emphasis on mass evolution and plasma acceleration, and describe recent variations on PPT operation, laboratory thrust measurement techniques, and the separate components of PPT efe ciency.
Management of superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the lip with mohs micrographic surgery

Forty-one patients were treated with Mohs micrographic surgery for well-differentiated superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the lip; 34 had closure of their surgical site by a mucosal advancement flap, and five were allowed to heal by second intention. Cases were limited to T1N0M0 or T2N0M0, these being early superficial lesions. Primary closure by mucosal advancement provides cosmetic and functional healing for these lesions. The combination of Mohs micrographic excision and mucosal advancement closure may be considered standard office or outpatient surgical management of these common tumors.
State programs for medical diagnosis of child abuse and neglect: case studies of five established or fledgling programs.

Abstract Objective: To describe the programs for medical diagnosis of child abuse and neglect in three states and efforts to establish state-wide programs in two states. To describe common themes and issues that emerged related to the establishment and maintenance of these programs. Methods: Five states were selected as case studies to represent a range of experience and type of function embodied in programs that address medical diagnosis of child abuse and neglect. Individuals knowledgeable about the programs or efforts to establish state-wide programs in their home states described these in detail. Inductive analysis was used to identify themes and issues that emerged across the states studied. Findings: Themes emerged in three general areas: funding, services, and training. Findings related to funding were: 1) State funding was vital for initiation of statewide programs; 2) Alliances with other groups with parallel interests were successfully used to garner support for child abuse programs; 3) Services needed to be adequately reimbursed to be sustained; 4) Political climate often affected funding. With regard to services we found: 1) There was no optimal way to organize services, but rather many ways that worked well; 2) It was critical to address local service needs; 3) Provision of standardized quality services was essential. With regard to training: 1) Professional training was an integral part of all statewide programs; 2) New technologies, including televideo, have been explored and implemented to assist in training in statewide programs. Conclusions: Each state has taken a unique approach to programs for the medical diagnosis of child abuse and neglect. However, there are commonalities, particularly among the states that have been successful in establishing and maintaining comprehensive services and/or training.
Homeless and runaway youths' access to health care.

Abstract Purpose: To describe use of health services and self-reported access to regular and emergency care by homeless adolescents and street youth. Methods: Interviewer-administered surveys addressed use of health services, availability of sources of care for emergencies, and types of care sources used. An abbreviated version of the questionnaire used for youth in shelters was used for street youth. A nationally representative sample of 640 sheltered youth and a purposive sample of 600 street youth aged 12–21 years were interviewed. All data were collected in 1992. Results: Half of street youth and 36% of sheltered youth did not have a regular source of health care ( p ≤ .05). One-fourth of street youth and 18% of sheltered youth also reported serious health problems within the past year ( p ≤ .05). Street youth were more likely than sheltered youth to have used emergency treatment (36% vs. 29%; p ≤ .05) and alcohol- or drug-related emergency treatment (25% vs. 13%; p ≤ .05). Sheltered youth with a regular source of care were more likely to use nonemergency sites than those without a source of primary care (46% vs. 20%; p ≤ .001). Few sheltered or street youth perceived shelter clinics, clinics for runaway youth, or free youth clinics to be available to meet their emergency care needs. Conclusions: Significant numbers of homeless youth did not have a regular source of health care. Those who had a regular source of care were more likely to have continuity between routine and emergency care. Integration of health services with other agencies serving youth in shelters or on the street may improve access to care for those without a routine source of care and provide better continuity for these high-risk youth.
Foliar fertilization of soybeans (Glycine max L.)

Abstract The effects of foliar fertilizer applications to soybeans during seed‐filling were examined using a complete factorial design with four levels each of nitrogen (N), phosphorus plus potassium (P+K) and sulfur (S). Hodgson soybeans were planted in 76‐cm rows on a Piano silt loam (Typic Argiudoll) in 1976 and 1977. Four fertilizer spray applications were made at 7‐ to 10‐day intervals beginning at stage R4 2. The application of N generally increased yield, seed weight, and percent N in the grain both years of the experiment. Phosphorus, K, and S had little influence on the parameters measured. Leaf burn after each fertilizer application was significantly increased by most levels of fertilizer addition.
Communications Via Several Satellites Using the Lincoln Experimental Terminal

Abstract The Lincoln Experimental Terminal (LET) is an X-band satellite communications terminal developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory as part of its program in space communications. It combines several techniques to achieve a high antijam or multiple access capability with both active and passive dispersive satellites. The terminal communicates a single vocoded voice channel with two multiplexed teletype channels. It is completely digital; there is no analog “clear mode.” LET-1 is a self-contained, air-transportable terminal in two vehicles: an antenna trailer holding a 15-ft antenna and the rf equipment, and a signal-processing van carrying modulation, speech, and teletype equipment and the operating console, together with prime power and antenna storage space. LET-2 and LET-3 are signal processors identical to the LET-1 processor and similarly housed in vans. LET-2 operates using the Laboratory's 60-ft West Ford terminals in Massachusetts and California, and LET-3 using the 30-ft Army terminal (Mark IA) at Camp Roberts, Calif. and at Fort Monmouth, N. J. The satellites that have been employed are the Lincoln Experimental Satellites LES-2 and LES-4 and the moon.
Projections for Future Funding of NASA And NASA Science Activities: Reassessing the Obama FY 2010 Budget Request

This paper develops a novel approach for predicting future funding for the total NASA budget and for science activities within that budget. Although the budget process is inherently political, it is adequately characterized by analyzing the last thirty‐two years of NASA budgets, organized by the party of the President. Over the last thirty‐two years, Republicans have increased the buying power of the NASA budget while Democrats have decreased it, with significant differences in the rates. The President’s budget projections for NASA, available since 1990, are used to produce a model that may be applied to future budget projections. Before final conclusions are drawn from these results, the most significant NASA budgetary event of this decade is examined: the one billion dollar share of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. The hypothesis is that an unanticipated, significant, one‐year increase to the NASA budget can affect NASA’s funding profile for more than one year. This is tested with the only other similar event in NASA history, the unanticipated budget increase following the loss of Space Shuttle Challenger in 1986. An event study of the changes in NASA’s total budget before and after the loss of Challenger indicates that the one‐year spike in funding increased subsequent NASA growth rates for four years. These results are combined to predict future NASA top‐level and science budgets for FY 2011 and FY 2012.
Aqueous depletion of Mg from olivine surfaces enhanced by ion irradiation

[1] Laboratory experiments demonstrate that olivine irradiated with keV ions and exposed to water exhibits up to a 60% reduction from the original near-surface concentration of magnesium, as measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The depth of this depletion layer is measured to be ∼15 nm. Irradiations were performed with 4 keV ions at fluences from 1014–1019 ions cm–2 and water immersion times ranging from 3 s to more than 100 h in neutral (pH = 6.8), high-purity water. The depletion of Mg depends strongly on ion fluence but weakly on immersion time after 3 min, when it saturates. Remarkably, ion irradiation enhances the rate of surface depletion of Mg from olivine by a factor of 26,000. This effect must be considered when assessing the surface composition of samples exposed to simulated space weathering in the laboratory and during the handling and analysis of irradiated extraterrestrial specimens acquired via sample return missions.
Modeling Gas Migration, Distribution, And Saturation In A Structurally And Petrologically Evolving Tight Gas Reservoir

Early prediction of the distribution and saturation state of natural gas in tight gas reservoirs results in improved development and production strategy, improved recoverable volumes estimates, and decreased costs associated with development and production. Three-dimensional basin modeling coupled with three-dimensional invasion percolation-based migration modeling of the NW German Basin shows promise for prediction of gas distributions and saturations in a tight gas reservoir with a complex history.
Panel of Psychological Inquiry: The Therapist’s Perspective

I agreed to have my master's thesis case study with my client Anna" presented by a case advocate before a Panel of Psychological Inquiry, and to testify and be cross-examined before the Panel about my work. I will contrast my thesis defense on Anna's case study with appearing before the Panel, both in terms of my preparation and the myriad of emotions generated by this experience. My experience of the Psychological Inquiry was guided by my commitment to honor the confidentiality of Anna’s story and our process together, while at the same time participating in a demonstration of a new methodology that might be used generally to examine n depth and to honor the work of clinicians.
Cortisol Stress Response Is Positively Correlated with Central Obesity in Obese Women with Binge Eating Disorder (BED) before and after Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment

Stress is the most commonly reported trigger of binge eating, and high cortisol levels are positively related to both central body fat and food intake after laboratory stress. We therefore examined waist circumference (WHR) and cortisol stress responsivity after a cold pressor stress test (CPT) in 22 obese (BMI > 27) women (11 BED, 11 non-BED). BMI and WHR did not differ between groups. The BED group had higher morning basal cortisol than the non-BED group (P = .03) and greater AUC cortisol after CPT, after controlling for AUC insulin (P = .04). In the BED group, WHR was related to AUC cortisol (P = .002) and peak cortisol stress responsivity (P = .003). Twenty (10 non-BED, 10 BED) were randomized to a 6-week treatment program (CBT + Diet) or Wait-List (WL) control group. There were no BED group or treatment-group differences in WHR, morning basal cortisol, or AUC cortisol after CPT. The relationship between WHR and both AUC cortisol (P = .002) and peak cortisol stress responsivity after CPT (P = .008) remained significant in the BED group. In BED, there is a hyperactive HPA axis related to abdominal obesity that persists even after treatment, suggesting that cortisol might be a primary factor in the disorder.
Regional Monotonicity in Optimum Design

Regional monotonicity is introduced to identify dominant constraints and simplify non-monotonic expressions in optimum design problems. The technique is applied to obtain a simple solution for the design of an explosive-actuated cylinder, a problem formulated and solved by various methods in the literature. The concept of regional monotonicity provides an extension to the method of monotonicity analysis. Computational work is reduced to a simple plotting over a narrow interval. The design rules developed assist in quick parametric analysis.
Characterization of plasmids with antimicrobial resistant genes in Pasteurella haemolytica A1

Two R plasmids, pYFC1 and pYFC2, from Pasteurella haemolytica A1 encoding sulfonamide, streptomycin (pYFC1), and ampicillin (pYFC2) resistances have been characterized by restriction endonuclease digestions, subcloning or DNA sequencing. pYFC1 consists of 4225 bp and is 51.9% in AT content. Physical mapping indicated a highly conserved region of restriction sites among pYFC1, RSF1010, pGS05, pFM739, pHD148 and pGS03B. pYFC1 encoded a dihydropteroate synthase (29.8 kDa), and streptomycin kinase (29.6 kDa) which is homologous in nucleotide sequences or deduced amino acid sequence to that encoded by a broad-host range IncQ plasmid RSF1010. Based on the primary structure of pYFC1, the sulfonamide and streptomycin genes are derived from the same ancestor of RSF1010. pYFC2 is similar to the plasmid from P. haemolytica LNPB51 isolated in France by partial restriction enzyme mapping. pYFC1 and pYFC2 have the same size of 4.2 kbp.
Cytotoxic signalling by inhibitors of DNA topoisomerase II.

DNA topoisomerase (topo) II inhibitors either stabilize DNA–topo II complexes by blocking DNA religation (e.g. etoposide) or block the enzyme9s catalytic activity (e.g. dexrazoxane). The former class of drugs causes direct DNA damage through topo II, while the latter class does not, but both classes cause apoptosis. We cloned the Fas ligand (FasL) promoter and coupled it to the luciferase gene. Treatment of cells transfected with this construct revealed that complex-stabilizing (DNA-damaging) agents induce FasL expression, but the catalytic inhibitors do not, suggesting that the FasL pathway may not be involved in all cases of topoisomerase-mediated apoptosis. Some topo II inhibitors activate a pathway involving stress-activated protein kinases, which include c-Jun N-terminal kinase-1 (JNK-1). We will discuss the effects of these agents on components of this pathway. Our earlier work revealed that topo IIα interacts with the cell cycle regulatory protein, retinoblastoma protein (Rb). This interaction and the subcellular distribution of these proteins are altered by topo II inhibitory drugs and lead to apoptosis. In addition, agents that affect Rb, such as E1A and E2F1/DP-1, when transfected into cells, also alter topo IIα-Rb localization, activate jun kinase pathways and cause apoptosis. This paper discusses current studies that are designed to determine the contributions of these signalling events to the alterations in subcellular protein distribution and apoptosis. We suggest that protein-protein interactions are important for mediation of cytotoxic signalling by anticancer drugs.
Whatever Became of University Education for Technology and Public Policy

(1983). Whatever Became of University Education for Technology and Public Policy. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning: Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 43-46.
Evaluation of Two Methods to Estimate and Monitor Bird Populations

Background Effective management depends upon accurately estimating trends in abundance of bird populations over time, and in some cases estimating abundance. Two population estimation methods, double observer (DO) and double sampling (DS), have been advocated for avian population studies and the relative merits and short-comings of these methods remain an area of debate. Methodology/Principal Findings We used simulations to evaluate the performances of these two population estimation methods under a range of realistic scenarios. For three hypothetical populations with different levels of clustering, we generated DO and DS population size estimates for a range of detection probabilities and survey proportions. Population estimates for both methods were centered on the true population size for all levels of population clustering and survey proportions when detection probabilities were greater than 20%. The DO method underestimated the population at detection probabilities less than 30% whereas the DS method remained essentially unbiased. The coverage probability of 95% confidence intervals for population estimates was slightly less than the nominal level for the DS method but was substantially below the nominal level for the DO method at high detection probabilities. Differences in observer detection probabilities did not affect the accuracy and precision of population estimates of the DO method. Population estimates for the DS method remained unbiased as the proportion of units intensively surveyed changed, but the variance of the estimates decreased with increasing proportion intensively surveyed. Conclusions/Significance The DO and DS methods can be applied in many different settings and our evaluations provide important information on the performance of these two methods that can assist researchers in selecting the method most appropriate for their particular needs.
Silica gels made by bicontinuous microemulsion polymerization

Microporous silica gels can be made by polymerizing partially hydrolyzed tetramethoxysilane sols present in the aqueous phase of bicontinuous microemulsions stabilized with didodecyldimethylammonium bromide. When vacuum-dried, the gels made in microemulsions have about twice the specific surface area of conventional vacuum-dried silica gels. They have 70% of the specific area of supercritically dried gels. Small-angle X-ray Scattering measurements in these gels show two characteristic sizes. One size, around 24A, in the original microemulsion is retained during polymerization, but lost when the detergent is extracted. The second size grows with the square root of time during the polymerization, suggesting diffusion-controlled gelation.
Journalists, Cognition, and the Presentation of an Epidemiologic Study

Cognitive processes can inform an understanding of newswork. In this case study, the authors examine a growing literature relating cognitive theories to newsmaking and then apply some of the principles in that literature to media coverage of EPA-mandated reformulated gasoline in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In an analysis of how local Milwaukee television news presented an epidemiologic study answering health complaints associated with the gasoline additive, the authors find a number of cognitive processes at work, especially those involving bias and error. Finally, the authors consider implications of such processes for newsmaking.
Mother Nature versus human nature: public compliance with evacuation and quarantine

Effectively controlling the spread of contagious illnesses has become a critical focus of disaster planning. It is likely that quarantine will be a key part of the overall public health strategy utilised during a pandemic, an act of bioterrorism or other emergencies involving contagious agents. While the United States lacks recent experience of large-scale quarantines, it has considerable accumulated experience of large-scale evacuations. Risk perception, life circumstance, work-related issues, and the opinions of influential family, friends and credible public spokespersons all play a role in determining compliance with an evacuation order. Although the comparison is not reported elsewhere to our knowledge, this review of the principal factors affecting compliance with evacuations demonstrates many similarities with those likely to occur during a quarantine. Accurate identification and understanding of barriers to compliance allows for improved planning to protect the public more effectively.
Overview of electric propulsion and generation architectures for naval applications

This paper presents an overview of the most common electric propulsion and generation architectures for naval applications. This analysis was specifically devoted to ships in the range of length overall from boats of few meters up to mega-yachts of about 60 meters. The study starts with an analysis of the traditional technologies for the electric propulsion and generation for different typologies of ships, and then presents the main characteristics of new architectures to produce electric energy on board to supply either the on board auxiliaries and the electric propulsion systems. Finally, some details about the use and integration on board of renewable energy sources are reported.
Steiner tree based rotary clock routing with bounded skew and capacitive load balancing

A novel rotary clock network routing method is proposed for the low-power resonant rotary clocking technology which guarantees: 1. The balanced capacitive load driven by each of the tapping points on the rotary rings, 2. Customized bounded clock skew among all the registers on chip, 3. A sub-optimally minimized total wirelength of the clock wire routes. In the proposed method, a forest of steiner trees is first created which connects the registers so as to achieve zero skew and greedily balance the total capacitance of each tree. Then, a balanced assignment of the steiner trees to the tapping points is performed to guarantee a balanced capacitive load on the rotary network. The proposed routing method is tested with the ISPD clock network contest and IBM r1–r5 benchmarks. The experimental results show that the capacitive load imbalance is very limited. The total wirelength is reduced by 64.2% compared to the best previous work known in literature through the combination of steiner tree routing and the assignment of trees to the tapping points. The average clock skew simulated using HSPICE is only 8.8ps when the bounded skew target is set to 10.0ps.
A new species of Megastigmus Dalman (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), galling seed capsules of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnhardt (Myrtaceae) in South Africa and Australia.

The new species Megastigmus zebrinus Grissell is described based on specimens associated with seed capsules of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnhardt (Myrtaceae), an endemic Australian tree. The wasp has been commonly collected in South Africa, where it was presumably introduced along with its host tree. It has apparently adapted to fruits of Syzygium cordatum Hochst. ex Krauss, an endemic South African tree in the same family as Eucalyptus. Observations on the gall-forming habit of Megastigmus zebrinus are presented based on dissections of Eucalyptus seed capsules. This appears to be the first species of Megastigmus that has been positively confirmed as a gall-former based on dissection of seed capsules.
Balloon arterioplasty of recurrent coarctation after the modified Norwood procedure in infants

Coarctation of the reconstructed aorta after the modified Norwood procedure for hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a relatively common occurrence that can have significant adverse effects. From 1992-98, 65 infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome or variants thereof underwent a modified Norwood procedure. Of the 50 survivors of Stage I palliation, 10 (20%) were subsequently diagnosed with clinically significant obstruction of the aortic arch at a median age of 5.1 months. Eight of these patients underwent coarctation balloon arterioplasty. All 8 patients underwent successful dilation of the coarctation, with a decrease in the pressure gradient from 43 ± 20 to 4 ± 5 mmHg and an increase in aortic diameter at the site of obstruction from 3.5 ± 0.5 to 7.0 ± 1.0 mm (both P < 0.001). There was also a significant increase in lower extremity systolic blood pressure. Although there was no immediate increase in cardiac output after dilation in most patients, ventricular function was improved in 3 patients within 24-48 hr of the procedure and in all but 2 at the most recent follow-up (median 2 years). Two patients developed bradycardia during wire placement that required cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Two others died suddenly during the follow-up period. All surviving patients have undergone subsequent palliative procedures; none have required repeat intervention for arch obstruction. We found a 20% incidence of coarctation in survivors of the modified Norwood procedure. Balloon arterioplasty is effective in relieving this obstruction, and should be carried out promptly upon diagnosis to minimize its deleterious effects on ventricular function. Balloon dilation, however, should be considered a high-risk procedure in these fragile infants, and special attention must be given to cardiovascular support.
Influence of Acute Variations in Hematocrit on the QRS Complex of the Frank Electrocardiogram

The influence of acute variations in hematocrit on the QRS complex of the Frank scalar electrocardiogram was studied in 31 patients with severe polycythemia secondary to cyanotic congenital heart disease and in eight patients with anemia due to thalassemia. Moderate reduction of the hematocrit in the polycythemic group resulted in a significant increase in the magnitude and a delay in both left maximal spatial voltage (LMSV) and maximal anterior force. Raising the hematocrit in the anemic group decreased the magnitude of LMSV and maximal anterior force. A change in the orientation of the spatial vector frequently accompanied induced variations in the hematocrit. Experimental and theoretical studies suggest that alterations in the hematocrit and, hence, intracardiac electrical resistivity distort the magnitude and orientation of the surface-recorded QRS voltages. It is postulated that the effect of high intracavitary blood hematocrit in polycythemia in reducing early QRS voltages is due to its influence on...
Aging and Loneliness Downhill Quickly

Levels of loneliness are relatively stable across most of adult life, but correlates of loneliness show age differences. We review evidence of age differences in associations between loneliness and individual differences in health behaviors, stress exposure, physiological stress responses, appraisal and coping, and restorative processes. The effects of each of these pathways endow loneliness with the capacity to accelerate the rate of physiological decline with age. Additional research across the lifespan is required to understand the nature of accrued loneliness effects on health behavior and physiology in the short and long term.
Efficacy of eleven antimicrobials against a gregarine parasite (Apicomplexa: Protozoa)

The Apicomplexa are a diverse group of obligate protozoan parasites infesting a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate hosts including humans. These parasites are notoriously difficult to control and many species continue to evolve resistance to commercial antibiotics. In this study, we sought to find an effective chemotherapeutic treatment against arthropod gregarines (Apicomplexa), and to identify candidate compounds for testing against other groups of protozoan parasites. We tested eleven commercial antibiotics against a gregarine parasite of Romalea microptera grasshoppers. Infected insects were fed daily, lettuce containing known amounts of specific antibiotics. On Days 15 or 20, we measured the number of gregarines remaining in the digestive tract of each grasshopper. Treatment with metronidazole and griseofulvin in host insects significantly reduced gregarine counts, whereas, gregarine counts of insects fed, albendazole, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, fumagillin, quinine, streptomycin, sulfadimethoxine, thiabendazole or tetracycline, were not significantly different from the controls. However, albendazole produced a strong, but non-significant reduction in gregarine count, and streptomycin exhibited a non-significant antagonistic trend. Our results confirm that gregarine infections are difficult to control and suggest the possibility that streptomycin might aggravate gregarine infection. In addition, the insect system described here, provides a simple, inexpensive, and effective method for screening antibiotics.
A three-dimensional abrasion algorithm for projectile mass loss during penetration

A three-dimensional finite-element algorithm is presented for the computation of projectile mass loss due to abrasion at a projectile/target interface. The algorithm is an extension of the algorithm previously presented by the authors for axisymmetric computations. A description of the algorithm emphasizes the additional complexities introduced by three dimensions. The most significant complexity is the adjustment of the Lagrangian projectile mesh to avoid the convergence of nodes at the tip of the projectile nose as mass is removed from the nose. This adjustment is achieved in three dimensions by combining periodic calls to a rezoning algorithm (that redistributes the interior nodes of the mesh without changing connectivities) with an incremental adjustment of the surface nodes (that is applied tangent to the surface each timestep.) Numerical examples include comparisons to test data and demonstrations of the effects of non-axisymmetric impact.
Building Bridges Across Age and Cognitive Barriers Through Art: College Students' Reflections on an Intergenerational Program With Elders who Have Dementia

The positive impact of intergenerational service learning experience on college students' academic and personal development is well documented. However, it is not clear whether students engaged in such programs with elders who have dementia gain similar benefits. Qualitative analysis of 300 journals written by 59 students participating in the Opening Minds Through Art intergenerational art program for people with dementia revealed that facilitating the creative expressions of elders with dementia resulted in many positive gains for college students. The experience enhanced their academic learning, and they felt rewarded for making a difference in the lives of others. Their attitudes toward the elders became more positive, and they were able to build genuine and reciprocal relationships with the elders. In the students' eyes, the elders were artists, teachers, and friends. Further research is needed to analyze the impact of such an intergenerational art program from the perspective of the elders.
Unified microprocessor core storage

The organization and management of microprocessor storage structures (e.g., L1 caches, TLBs, etc.) is critical to the performance and energy consumption of the microprocessor. We propose and develop the first microprocessor that can dynamically allocate storage to the structures that need it. First, we replace each existing structure with a dedicated micro-cache (μcache) that is smaller than is typical for that structure. With the smaller sizes, these structures can be made faster and less energy-hungry than the original full-size versions. Second, we back up all of the μcaches with a single Unified Core Storage (UCS). Storage in the multi-banked UCS is dynamically allocated, which alleviates performance bot-tlenecks. The primary benefits of UCS are a significant reduction of storage structure energy (36% less on average) and a modest improvement in performance (9.5% speedup on average).
Marital Stability and Spouses' Shared Time A Multidisciplinary Hypothesis

Given the prominence of marital dissolution in American life in recent decades, it is important to understand what contributes to or deters it. This article focuses on spouses' shared leisure activities as a possible deterrent. An “attachment hypothesis”— that spouses' shared leisure time is a form of pleasurable interaction that strengthens the attachment between them and helps prevent marital break-up at the time and into the future—is tested in the context of controls for a variety of hypotheses. The empirical tests are supportive of the attachment hypothesis and suggest that, because couples with children have less shared leisure time, children can contribute to marital break-up as well as help prevent it.
The effects of nembutal anesthesia on the auditory steady-state response (ASSR) from the inferior colliculus and auditory cortex of the chinchilla

We examined the effects of nembutal anesthesia on the amplitude of the auditory steady-state response (ASSR) in the inferior colliculus (IC) and auditory cortex (AC) of the chinchilla. Tungsten electrodes were chronically implanted following anesthesia with ketamine/acepromazine. After a recovery period, the chinchillas were placed in a passive restraining device and put in a sound-attenuating booth. Recordings were made from the right IC and AC simultaneously, while a two-tone stimulus was presented to the left ear. The stimuli consisted of two equal-level tones (F1 and F2) that were mixed acoustically; F1 remained constant at 2000 Hz, while F2 varied between 2029 and 2249 Hz, in steps of approximately 20 Hz. The stimuli decreased in 10 dB steps from 80 to 30 dB pSPL. Animals were evaluated when unanesthetized, as well as when anesthetized with nembutal (on separate days). In the IC, the administration of nembutal resulted in either no change in ASSR amplitude or an amplitude increase for difference tone (DT) frequencies below 90 Hz, while an amplitude decrease was typically seen for DT frequencies at or above 90 Hz. In the AC, a decrease in amplitude was seen across DT frequencies and stimulus levels after the administration of nembutal anesthesia. Our results suggest that both the AC and IC may contribute to the scalp-recorded ASSR in the awake state. However, in the nembutal-anesthetized state, it seems unlikely that the AC contributes substantially to the surface-recorded ASSR, as the AC response was greatly attenuated under nembutal anesthesia. In contrast, the IC ASSR responses remained robust, which makes it a likely contributor to the surface-recorded responses under nembutal anesthesia.
Geographical pathology of Helicobacter pylori infection: is there more than one gastritis?

Helicobacter pylori is the aetiological agent of chronic gastritis and a major causative factor in duodenal and gastric peptic ulcer disease; a strong association also exists with gastric cancer an...
Panel Topic: Education and Interdisciplinary Issues in Digital Forensics, Computer Science and Judicial Process

This panel will review issues associated with the development of an interdisciplinary educational program on digital forensics practice, computer science and judicial process.
Constructing a Pragmatic Science of Learning and Instruction with Functional Contextualism

Constructivism has been embraced by many in the field of instructional design and technology (IDT), but its advocates have struggled to move beyond theory to practice or to empirically demonstrate the effectiveness of their approach. As an alternative to constructivism, a new perspective emerging in psychology, known as functional contextualism, is presented. Like constructivism, functional contextualism also rejects objectivist epistemology, but provides a much more coherent philosophical basis on which to build an empirical science of learning and instruction. The philosophical worldview known as contextualism is reviewed to outline the similarities and differences between constructivism and functional contextualism, and the key characteristics of functional contextualism and the science it supports, behavior analysis, are described. Implications of functional contextualism for research and practice in IDT are then explored.
Comparison of electron affinity and Schottky barrier height of zirconium and copper–diamond interfaces

In this study, the evolution from diamond surfaces to metal–diamond interfaces has been examined. The electron affinity and the Schottky barrier height of a few A thick films of Zr and Cu deposited in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) onto IIb substrates were correlated. Prior to metal deposition, the diamond surfaces have been cleaned by different anneals and plasma treatments in UHV, and the surfaces were characterized by Auger electron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The initial surfaces were terminated with oxygen, or free of chemisorbed species. Ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy was employed to determine whether the samples exhibited a positive electron affinity or a negative electron affinity (NEA) before and after metal deposition. For Zr, the Schottky barrier height was found to change very little with the presence or absence of chemisorbed species at the interface. A NEA was observed for Zr on diamond independent of the surface termination. However, for Cu, the surface cleaning prior to metal deposition had a more significant effect. The Schottky barrier height changed strongly depending on the chemical species at the interface. A NEA was only detected for Cu on clean diamond surfaces. The differences between Zr on the one hand and Cu on the other are correlated with differences in interface chemistry and structure.In this study, the evolution from diamond surfaces to metal–diamond interfaces has been examined. The electron affinity and the Schottky barrier height of a few A thick films of Zr and Cu deposited in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) onto IIb substrates were correlated. Prior to metal deposition, the diamond surfaces have been cleaned by different anneals and plasma treatments in UHV, and the surfaces were characterized by Auger electron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The initial surfaces were terminated with oxygen, or free of chemisorbed species. Ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy was employed to determine whether the samples exhibited a positive electron affinity or a negative electron affinity (NEA) before and after metal deposition. For Zr, the Schottky barrier height was found to change very little with the presence or absence of chemisorbed species at the interface. A NEA was observed for Zr on diamond independent of the surface termination. However, for Cu, the surface cleaning prior to metal...
Are We Wasting Money on Computers in Schools

L'auteur porte une analyse critique sur le surequipement informatique des ecoles americaines et l'usage des nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication dans un parallele entre les institutions et le milieu familial...
Mating-Induced Expression of Immediate-Early Genes in the Male and Female Nervous System

The existence of sex dimorphisms in the structure of the vertebrate nervous system was first inferred from the results of studies (reviewed in Baum, 1979; Goy and McEwen, 1980; Whalen, 1974) showing that perinatal exposure to androgens permanently altered the ability of female mammals to express either hetero-or homotypical courtship behaviors in later life. Thus, for example, female guinea pigs exposed prenatally to testosterone propionate later showed reduced levels of lordotic responsiveness to ovarian steroids and enhanced levels of mounting behavior in response to testosterone given in adulthood (Phoenix et al., 1959). These authors inferred that neural tissues controlling the expression of these steroid-dependent reproductive behaviors were ‘organized’ as a result of prenatal steroid manipulations, in a manner analogous to the androgen-induced organization of the Wolffian duct structures into the internal male accessory sex organs. It was more than a decade after the publication of the pioneering study by Phoenix et al. (1959) that Raisman and Field (1971) demonstrated a clear-cut sex dimorphism in synaptic organization of neurons in the rat preoptic area (POA), and showed that the male phenotype could be created in females by neonatal administration of testosterone whereas the female phenotype was created in males by neonatal castration. In the subsequent years even more striking sex dimorphisms in the cytoarchitecture, dendritic arborization, and connectivity of various forebrain structures were documented in species representing essentially every vertebrate class (reviewed in Tobet and Fox, 1992).
A Cyber Security Multi Agency Collaboration for Rapid Response that Uses AGILE Methods on an Education Infrastructure

This study provides a summary and analysis of a cyber security multi agency collaboration for rapid response by Regis University (RU), in partnership with the Colorado Army and Air Force National Guard (CONG) and the State of Colorado (SOC), deploying AGILE methods to improve the ability of the CONG and SOC to respond to attacks against Colorado’s critical infrastructure. The summary covers formative discussions and about a year-long series of physical exercises, lectures and certification exams that advanced the study participants domain knowledge, awareness of SOC policy and communication with industry. Other states and territories can use the model to the benefit of their citizens. Events included multiple simulations, physical exercise scenarios, and table top exercises designed to give real-world substance to more abstract cyber security concepts and integrate physical world consequences to actions performed by the participants.
Genomic characterization of patient-derived xenograft models established from fine needle aspirate biopsies of a primary pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and from patient-matched metastatic sites

N-of-1 trials target actionable mutations, yet such approaches do not test genomically-informed therapies in patient tumor models prior to patient treatment. To address this, we developed patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models from fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies (FNA-PDX) obtained from primary pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) at the time of diagnosis. Here, we characterize PDX models established from one primary and two metastatic sites of one patient. We identified an activating KRAS G12R mutation among other mutations in these models. In explant cells derived from these PDX tumor models with a KRAS G12R mutation, treatment with inhibitors of CDKs (including CDK9) reduced phosphorylation of a marker of CDK9 activity (phospho-RNAPII CTD Ser2/5) and reduced viability/growth of explant cells derived from PDAC PDX models. Similarly, a CDK inhibitor reduced phospho-RNAPII CTD Ser2/5, increased apoptosis, and inhibited tumor growth in FNA-PDX and patient-matched metastatic-PDX models. In summary, PDX models can be constructed from FNA biopsies of PDAC which in turn can enable genomic characterization and identification of potential therapies.