cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influences of Typological Parameters on L2 Learners' Judgments of Null Pronouns in English.

This study examines the responses of 60 Spanish, Chinese, and German L2 learners to English sentences with empty pronominal categories (ECs). Empty pronouns are not only acceptable in finite clauses of Spanish and Chinese but are pragmatically more natural (Rizzi, 1982; Huang, 1984, 1985). However, the phenomena are not sanctioned in standard German, which is similar to the condition for English. These facts were taken to indicate that the parametric apparatus governing pronoun conduct in the L1 of the Spanish and Chinese L2 learners would be less like that of German learners to a significant degree. It was also expected that if all three groups were asked to judge and edit English sentences with null pronouns, the Spanish and Chinese Ss would make significantly more errors than would the German Ss because of parametric adjustments than the former two groups would need to make. But this outcome was not fully supported by the data as it was only the Spanish Ss and not the Chinese Ss whose mean errors were significantly higher than those of the German group. Evidence indicated that typological parameters linked to pragmatic versus syntactic motivations of L1 had to be considered in accounting for the results.
A study of the nascent polypeptides synthesized on the free polyribosomes of rat brain in vivo.

The free polyribosomes of the cerebral cortex of the immature rat (12-14 days old) were exposed to very low concentrations of trypsin at 0°C and for very brief periods of time and the conditions under which their breakdown to smaller aggregates occurs were determined. Trypsin also caused the release of nascent, radioactive polypeptides from polyribosomes prelabelled with [14C]amino acids in vivo. An examination of the kinetics of release of the nascent chains by trypsin revealed that it was dependent on the concentration of trypsin as well as on the duration of incubation in the presence of trypsin. The influence of the nature of the [14C]amino acid used as precursor of the nascent polypeptides and of the duration of the radioactive pulse in vivo was also determined. The radioactivity associated with polyribosomes as a result of the brief radioactive pulses administered (2 to 10 minutes) was incompletely removed even after the ribosomes were dissociated into subunits by EDTA. These findings suggest that the assembly of the cerebral ribosome in vivo must be a very rapid process, particularly in the immature animal. The nature of the nascent, radioactive polypeptides was studied by disc gel and high voltage electrophoresis and by thin-layer and column chromatography. Evidence was obtained that a rather limited number of qualitatively different molecules resides on the polyribosomes at any given moment.
Measure methane to quantify the oil spill

Plumes of dissolved gas could be used to determine how much oil has leaked into the Gulf of Mexico, says David Valentine — if the studies are done soon.
LA ENSEÑANZA DEL SUBJUNTIVO EN EE.UU: EL SUBJUNTIVO EN CLÁUSULAS NOMINALES

El proposito de este articulo es proporcionar una descripcion sistematica, coherente, practica y didactica del subjuntivo en clausulas nominales para libros de texto o manuales de espanol intermedio y avanzado para anglohablantes. El hilo conductor de todos los usos es la definicion del significado o del valor del subjuntivo dentro del sistema de la lengua espanola como [+ alternativa]. La clasificacion se basa en una revision critica de la literatura sobre el valor del modo subjuntivo y sobre la metodologia de la ensenanza de este fenomeno de la gramatica espanola. Tambien se incluyen recomendaciones practicas para la ensenanza del subjuntivo a hablantes no nativos.
Counting Generalized Sum-Free Sets

Abstract We show that the number of subsets of {1, 2, …, n } with no solution to x 1 + x 2 +…+ x k = y 1 + y 2 +…+ y l for k ⩾4 l −1 is at most c 2 θn where θ =( k − l )/ k .
The binding of the N-methylphenazinium cation to phi X174-DNA.

Abstract In order to measure the binding constant of the N -methylphenazinium cation to single-strand DNA, the binding of this cation to ΦX174 single-strand DNA has been investigated by equilibrium dialysis. A single binding constant of 1.3 · 10 4 M −1 has been obtained. This result is discussed in terms of the potential usefulness of this mutagen in distinguishing between single-strand or double-strand molecular precursors in frame-shift mutations.
Experience and Foundationalism in Audi's The Architecture of Reason

Robert Audi's The Architecture of Reason is a magnificent consolidation of decades of original work by a masterful philosopher. Its scope is impressive, as it covers both theoretical and practical reason in a slim volume. More impressive yet is its coherence, for Audi reveals a unified structure shared by what many philosophers assume to be disparate fields. In this short comment, I will focus on just a few aspects of Audi's pri mary analogies between theoretical and practical reason. He argues that "reason, conceived as a general human capacity, is, as Kant thought, unified. It is unified above all by its grounding, directly or through belief, in experi ence, sensory, introspective, memorial, and reflective." (233; cf. ix, 16, 80, 222) Audi's structural thesis, then, is that good reasoning always has some foundation. His substantive thesis is that the foundation is always some experience. Hence his subtitle, "The Structure and Substance of Rationality".
K/Ar dates of hydrothermal clays from core hole VC-2B, Valles Caldera, New Mexico and their relation to alteration in a large hydrothermal system

Abstract Seventeen K/Ar dates were obtained on illitic clays within Valles caldera (1.13 Ma) to investigate the impact of hydrothermal alteration on Quaternary to Precambrian intracaldera and pre-caldera rocks in a large, long-lived hydrothermal system (∼ 1.0 Ma to present). Clay samples came from scientific core hole VC-2B (295°C at 1762 m) which was spudded in the Sulphur Springs thermal area and drilled into the boundary between the central resurgent dome and the western ring-fracture zone. Six illitic clays within Quaternary caldera-fill debris flow, tuffaceous sediment, and ash-flow tuff (48 to 587 m depth) yield ages from 0.35 to 1.09 Ma. Illite from Miocene pre-caldera sandstone (765 m) gives an age of 6.74 Ma. Two dates on illite from sandstones in Permian red beds (1008 and 1187 m) are 4.33 and 4.07 Ma, respectively. Surprisingly, three dates on illites from altered andesite pebbles within the red beds (1010–1014 m) are 0.95 to 1.06 Ma. Four illite dates on variably altered Precambrian quartz monzonite (1615–1762 m) range from 2.90 to 276 Ma. Post-Valles age illite is not correlated with alteration style (argillic to propylitic). Rather, post-Valles ages are uniformly obtained from illites in highly fractured, intensely altered, caldera-fill rocks and the Permian volcanic clasts. Generally, finer clay fractions from identical samples yield younger ages. Plots of 40 Ar/ 36 Ar versus 40 K/ 36 Ar and 40 Ar∗ versus 40 K for the illites in caldera-fill rocks lie close to a 1-Ma isochron. Most illite dates older than Valles caldera are difficult to interpret because they correspond to the ages of pre-Valles volcanic and hydrothermal episodes in the Jemez volcanic field (⩽ 13 Ma). In addition, older dates may be caused by co-mingling of different illites during sample preparation, or by inherited argon or lost argon in illites from rocks with potentially complex hydrothermal histories. However, the range of ages obtained from illites in Permian sands and pebbles and from Precambrian crystalline rocks indicates that Valles hydrothermal activity is overwhelming illite produced by earlier geologic events.
Probing the DNA structural requirements for facilitated diffusion

DNA glycosylases perform a genome-wide search to locate damaged nucleotides among a great excess of undamaged nucleotides. Many glycosylases are capable of facilitated diffusion, whereby multiple sites along the DNA are sampled during a single binding encounter. Electrostatic interactions between positively charged amino acids and the negatively charged phosphate backbone are crucial for facilitated diffusion, but the extent to which diffusing proteins rely on the double-helical structure DNA is not known. Kinetic assays were used to probe the DNA searching mechanism of human alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) and to test the extent to which diffusion requires B-form duplex DNA. Although AAG excises eA lesions from single-stranded DNA, it is not processive on single-stranded DNA because dissociation is faster than N-glycosidic bond cleavage. However, the AAG complex with single-stranded DNA is sufficiently stable to allow for DNA annealing when a complementary strand is added. This observation provides evidence of nonspecific association of AAG with single-stranded DNA. Single-strand gaps, bubbles, and bent structures do not impede the search by AAG. Instead, these flexible or bent structures lead to the capture of a nearby site of damage that is more efficient than that of a continuous B-form duplex. The ability of AAG to negotiate these helix discontinuities is inconsistent with a sliding mode of diffusion but can be readily explained by a hopping mode that involves microscopic dissociation and reassociation. These experiments provide evidence of relatively long-range hops that allow a searching protein to navigate around DNA binding proteins that would serve as obstacles to a sliding protein.
Design of a microcomputer laboratory for teaching computer science

On the premise that many of the fundamental concepts of computer science can be better taught in a hands-on, dedicated computing environment (i.e., a microcomputer), as opposed to a large multi-purpose system in which the student is insulated from the machine by multiple layers of operating system software, we have developed a microcomputer-based lecture/lab course to teach CPU organization, digital computer architecture, and assembly language programming as a third undergraduate course in computer science. By beginning with simple machine organizations and simple assembly languages, and later on making a transition toward more complex architectures and languages, the transfer of knowledge and experience is positive at every step. The same laboratory also supports a graduate course in microcomputer systems design which teaches hardware technology, component specification, operating system design, hardware/software tradeoffs, and practical applications such as process control. This paper outlines the motivation and justification for the project, and then discusses the actual design of these courses and their supporting laboratory.This project is supported in part by two grants from the National Science Foundation: SER-7915929 for the acquisition of the microcomputer equipment and SER-8000802 for the development of the undergraduate course material.
Spanish poultry education: Assisting the needs of the poultry industry

The Hispanic population is rising in most states in the United States, not only as an absolute value but as a proportion of the overall population of each state. Consequently, various poultry-related jobs have been increasingly filled by Hispanic personnel. However, although few problems have risen from lack of performance from these employees, in some cases, the language barrier has hindered professional development and production efficiency. As a result, various broiler integrators have suggested that we equip our undergraduate student body with some basic skills that would enable these future professionals of our industry to better communicate with Hispanic employees, both in casual conversational as well as at the technical poultry level. For that purpose, a course was recently developed and provided to our students and the results seem promising. Acceptance by our students of the technical information being conveyed was, for the most part, satisfactory and it was concluded that finding a common ground as a starting point was the most challenged area.
Prospective evaluation of the biological control of vine mealybug: refuge effects and climate

Summary 1. Vine mealybug Planococcus ficus is an invasive pest of vineyards in many areas of the world. In California, USA, it infests all plant subunits and has a spatial refuge from natural enemies under the bark and on roots. A temporal refuge is created when ants tending the mealybug reduce the efficacy of natural enemies. 2. Biological control of vine mealybug is only partially successful and varies among California grape-growing regions. To improve control and help determine appropriate natural enemies for importation, the effects of weather on mealybug regulation by two parasitoids, Anagyrus pseudococci and Leptomastidea abnormis , and a coccinellid predator, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri , were examined across the ecological regions of California. 3. Weather-driven, physiologically based age‐mass structured demographic models of the mealybug and its natural enemies were parameterized using laboratory data and field observations. Temperature was used to define the thermal limits and development rates of each species, and resource supply/demand ratios were used to scale daily per capita growth, fecundity and survivorship rates from maximal values at optimal conditions. 4. The population dynamics of the mealybug and its natural enemies were simulated at 108 locations in California over a 10-year period using observed weather. The simulation data were mapped using a geographical information system (GIS) and analysed using linear multiple regression and marginal analysis. 5. The models predictions indicated that: (i) the parasitoid A. pseudococci has a larger impact on vine mealybug than either L. abnormis or C. montrouzieri ; (ii) mealybug densities will be lowest in the hot desert regions of southern California and highest in the cooler areas of northern California; (iii) mealybug density increases with season length and the size of the combined spatial‐temporal refuge; (iv) biological control of mealybug could be achieved by reducing the size of the spatial‐temporal refuge. 6. Synthesis and applications. Models, no matter how detailed, will always be incomplete; despite this, the complexity of tri-trophic systems can be modelled and the effects of biotic factors and of weather separated. The predictions of our model coincided well with field observations on vine mealybug, and clearly showed why the biological control will require additional species of natural enemies and/or why the size of the spatial and temporal refuges must be reduced.
Analysis of Homologous Gene Clusters in Caenorhabditis Elegans Reveals Striking Regional Cluster Domains

An algorithm for detecting local clusters of homologous genes was applied to the genome of Caenorhabditis elegans. Clusters of two or more homologous genes are abundant, totaling 1391 clusters containing 4607 genes, over one-fifth of all genes in C. elegans. Cluster genes are distributed unevenly in the genome, with the large majority located on autosomal chromosome arms, regions characterized by higher genetic recombination and more repeat sequences than autosomal centers and the X chromosome. Cluster genes are transcribed at much lower levels than average and very few have gross phenotypes as assayed by RNAi-mediated reduction of function. The molecular identity of cluster genes is unusual, with a preponderance of nematode-specific gene families that encode putative secreted and transmembrane proteins, and enrichment for genes implicated in xenobiotic detoxification and innate immunity. Gene clustering in Drosophila melanogaster is also substantial and the molecular identity of clustered genes follows a similar pattern. I hypothesize that autosomal chromosome arms in C. elegans undergo frequent local gene duplication and that these duplications support gene diversification and rapid evolution in response to environmental challenges. Although specific gene clusters have been documented in C. elegans, their abundance, genomic distribution, and unusual molecular identities were previously unrecognized.
Experimental studies with L-asparaginase in mouse leukemias.

The classic experimental studies of Kidd [1, 2], Broome [3–5], and others [6–14] in mice on the enzyme L-asparaginase (A-ase), originally as guinea pig serum and later as preparations of varying degrees of purity from E. coli, showed it to be a unique agent with a very high chemotherapeutic index which is capable of curing some mouse leukemias and tumors at high doses without assistance from host immune mechanisms. Since the drug also has a similar chemotherapeutic index in man [15–23], the metabolism and the mechanism of action of the drug in various strains of mouse leukemia and in patients with acute leukemia have been compared in an attempt to understand why — unlike in mouse leukemia — it has not so far been possible to produce regularly with this agent long-term unmaintained remissions in human acute leukemia. To this end, the dependence of various mouse and human cell lines on asparagine in vitro, the reversibility of the antileukemic effect of A-ase in vitro and in vivo, the effects of dose and dosage schedule on early and advanced ascitic, subcutaneous, and intracerebral leukemia, and the effect of prior or concomitant treatment with other chemotherapeutic agents on both the half-life of the drug and the increase in survival time of the leukemic animals have been investigated.
Effect of leisure activities on inflammation and cognitive function in an aging sample

Cardiovascular disease risk factors (CVDRFs) increase the risk of dementia. The purpose of this study was to examine whether leisure activities (mental, physical, and social activities) modified the effect of CVDRFs on inflammatory markers and cognitive function in middle and old age. A secondary-data analysis study was conducted using data from 405 middle-age participants (40-59 years) and 342 old-age participants (60-84 years) who participated in the Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS). CVDRFs were obtained from a combination of self-report medical history and blood-based biomarkers. Three CVDRF groups (≤1, 2, and ≥3 CVDRFs) were identified. More CVDRFs were significantly associated with higher levels of inflammatory markers in both age groups, and associated with lower levels of executive function (EF) in the old age group. CVDRFs were not related to the frequency of leisure activities in either age group. After controlling for covariates, higher levels of physical activities were significantly associated with lower levels of inflammatory markers, and higher levels of mental activities were associated with higher levels of cognitive function. In the old age group, physical activities also moderated the effect of CVDRFs on episodic memory (EM), and mental activities moderated the effect of CVDRFs on interleukin-6 (IL-6). Multiple CVDRFs may be associated with poorer cognitive function and higher inflammatory markers, but middle-age and older adults with CVDRFs may not engage in frequent physical and cognitive activities that may be protective. It is important to develop strategies to facilitate engagement in these activities from midlife.
Activated PAK4 regulates cell adhesion and anchorage-independent growth

The serine/threonine kinase PAK4 is an effector molecule for the Rho GTPase Cdc42. PAK4 differs from other members of the PAK family in both sequence and function. Previously we have shown that an important function of this kinase is to mediate the induction of filopodia in response to activated Cdc42. Since previous characterization of PAK4 was carried out only with the wild-type kinase, we have generated a constitutively active mutant of the kinase to determine whether it has other functions. Expression of activated PAK4 in fibroblasts led to a transient induction of filopodia, which is consistent with its role as an effector for Cdc42. In addition, use of the activated mutant revealed a number of other important functions of this kinase that were not revealed by studying the wild-type kinase. For example, activated PAK4 led to the dissolution of stress fibers and loss of focal adhesions. Consequently, cells expressing activated PAK4 had a defect in cell spreading onto fibronectin-coated surfaces. Most importantly, fibroblasts expressing activated PAK4 had a morphology that was characteristic of oncogenic transformation. These cells were anchorage independent and formed colonies in soft agar, similar to what has been observed previously in cells expressing activated Cdc42. Consistent with this, dominant-negative PAK4 mutants inhibited focus formation by oncogenic Dbl, an exchange factor for Rho family GTPases. These results provide the first demonstration that a PAK family member can transform cells and indicate that PAK4 may play an essential role in oncogenic transformation by the GTPases. We propose that the morphological changes and changes in cell adhesion induced by PAK4 may play a direct role in oncogenic transformation by Rho family GTPases and their exchange factors.
Extending equation-based congestion control to high-speed long-distance networks: smoothness analysis

TCP-friendly rate control (TFRC), an equation-based congestion control protocol, has been a promising alternative to TCP for streaming multimedia applications. However, TFRC using the TCP response function has the same bandwidth scalability problem as TCP in high-speed long-distance networks. In this paper, we propose high-speed equation-based rate control (HERC) for streaming multimedia transfer over high-speed long-distance networks, as an extension of TFRC by replacing the TCP response function with a high-speed response function. Our result indicates that while HERC achieves better bandwidth scalability than TFRC, it has worse smoothness than TFRC with the same loss history size. We prove that the smoothness index measured by the coefficient of variation of sending rates is approximately equal to 1.09d//spl radic/LCoV[/spl theta/] where d is the exponent parameter of the response function, L is the loss history size, and CoV[/spl theta/] is the coefficient of variation of loss intervals. Furthermore, we show that by setting L to 32d/sup 2/, HERC with any value of d can achieve the same smoothness as TFRC under the same loss interval distribution.
A PRACTITIONER‐BASED ANALYSIS OF INTERVIEWER JOB EXPERTISE AND SCALE FORMAT AS CONTEXTUAL FACTORS IN SITUATIONAL INTERVIEWS

Since the first published Situational Interview (SI) study (Latham, Saari, Pursell, & Campion, 1980), research has shown practical and psychometric support for the usefulness of this behavioral interview method. However, such studies have often failed to distinguish the effects of “interview context” factors, such as the SI's behaviorally anchored scale and the use of job expert interviewers on SI ratings. To aid HR managers interested in adopting a behavioral interview system, this study examined the contributions of the SI's behaviorally anchored scale and the interviewer's job expertise to the interrater agreement and accuracy of ratings of situational questions. Two police samples (job content experts) and a student sample (naive raters) showed that ratings of videotaped interviews for police sergeant/lieutenant positions based on the SI scale were significantly superior to those gained using a more traditional rating format, and that job experts did not produce better ratings than naive raters.
Sample size calculation for multiple testing in microarray data analysis

Microarray technology is rapidly emerging for genome-wide screening of differentially expressed genes between clinical subtypes or different conditions of human diseases. Traditional statistical testing approaches, such as the two-sample t-test or Wilcoxon test, are frequently used for evaluating statistical significance of informative expressions but require adjustment for large-scale multiplicity. Due to its simplicity, Bonferroni adjustment has been widely used to circumvent this problem. It is well known, however, that the standard Bonferroni test is often very conservative. In the present paper, we compare three multiple testing procedures in the microarray context: the original Bonferroni method, a Bonferroni-type improved single-step method and a step-down method. The latter two methods are based on nonparametric resampling, by which the null distribution can be derived with the dependency structure among gene expressions preserved and the family-wise error rate accurately controlled at the desired level. We also present a sample size calculation method for designing microarray studies. Through simulations and data analyses, we find that the proposed methods for testing and sample size calculation are computationally fast and control error and power precisely.
Exploring young adults' perspectives on communication with aunts

Women are typically studied as daughters, sisters, mothers, or grandmothers. However, many, if not most, women are also aunts. In this study, we offer a preliminary exploration of the meaning of aunts as familial figures. We collected 70 nieces' and nephews' written accounts of their aunts. Thematic analysis of these accounts revealed nine themes, which were divided into two categories. The first category represented the role of the aunt as a teacher, role model, confidante, savvy peer, and second mother. The second category represented the practices of aunting: gifts/treats, maintaining family connections, encouragement, and nonengagement. Our analysis illuminates important aspects of aunts in family schema and kin keeping.
Sex differences in friendship expectations: A meta-analysis

Friendship expectations are prescriptive normative behaviors and highly valued qualities in ideal same-sex friends. This paper reports the results of five meta-analyses of sex differences from 37 manuscripts (36 samples, N = 8825). A small difference favoring females was detected in overall friendship expectations (d = .17). Friendship expectations were higher for females in three of four categories: symmetrical reciprocity (e.g., loyalty, genuineness; d = .17), communion (e.g., self-disclosure, intimacy; d = .39), solidarity (e.g., mutual activities, companionship; d = .03), but agency (e.g., physical fitness, status; d = -.34) was higher in males. Overall expectations and symmetrical reciprocity showed small effect sizes. Medium effect sizes for communion favoring females and for agency favoring males support predictions of evolutionary theory.
Steps toward building mathematical and computer models from cognitive task analyses

Typically, detailed quantitative and computer models of human operators performing real world tasks cannot easily be developed. We propose a technique that more easily allows for that development. We propose that when a cognitive task analysis has been carried out, a computer simulation model useful for approximations of task completion time is often within reach. The first step is to construct an activity network or order-of-processing diagram from the task analysis. Second, activity durations are found in the literature or approximated through multidimensional scaling. Finally, equations are written for calculating task completion time, or a program is written for simulations to estimate this time. Resulting models can be useful for optimizing system design. The approach is illustrated with an activity network by W. D. Gray, B. E. John, and M. E. Atwood (1993) for a telephone operator task. Simulations demonstrate the feasibility of using multidimensional scaling to obtain approximate activity durations. The approach is also illustrated with an order-of-processing diagram representing drivers reading roadside message displays. We point out that if a more detailed picture of unobservable mental processes in a task is needed, techniques have been developed for this through analysis of response times. Actual or potential applications of this research include system design, human-computer interaction, message comprehension, and simulation of information-processing tasks.
Power and gender influences on responsibility attributions: the case of disagreements in relationships.

Abstract In a sample of 156 college students (74 men and 82 women), the authors examined the influences of power status and gender on responsibility attributions and resolution choices during disagreements in personal relationships. The participants read vignettes in which relationship partners disagreed; then the participants placed themselves in the situations depicted and reported their perceived responsibility and resolution choices. The participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 power-status conditions (you have/your partner has greater power in the situation). Power status was based on resource power (i.e., a monetary inheritance) or on perceived power (i.e., financial knowledge). The authors tested 2 alternative power-status hypotheses (justified benefits/rights and ability/accountability) and 1 gender hypothesis. The results supported both power-status hypotheses. In addition, the men's and the women's responsibility attributions and resolution choices (i.e., adhering to their own wishes or def...
Thermomechanical characterization of shape memory polymers using high temperature nanoindentation

Abstract This paper investigates the thermomechanical behavior of a thermosetting shape memory polymer (SMP) by using a high temperature nanoindentation technique. The nanoindenter is equipped with a microheater and a sophisticated temperature control and monitoring system. This allows the SMP to be activated at elevated temperatures enabling proper implementation of the thermomechanical cycle typically used to quantify the shape memory behavior. The load–depth curves of the SMP were obtained at various temperatures, from which the instantaneous moduli were calculated with a revised indenter-sample contact depth formula. The moduli from nanoindentation are consistent with those obtained from dynamic mechanical analysis on bulk samples. When activated at elevated temperatures, the SMP exhibits surface profiles different from those obtained when activated at room temperature. A large amount of “sink-in” is observed at the SMP surface when activated at temperatures above its glass transition temperature (Tg). It is seen that the large-strain elastic deformation is almost fully recoverable when recovery takes place at a recovery temperature, Tr > Tg.
Elements of Light-cured Epoxy-based Dental Polymer Systems

The greatest problem with current dental composite systems is their polymerization shrinkage. Extensive work is being done by many investigators to alleviate this problem. Our approach has been to examine epoxy- and spiro-orthocarbonate (SOC)-based resins. The hypothesis to be tested in this study was that the cure characteristics of experimental visible-light-cured epoxy resin systems are governed by the types and concentrations of co-reactants and activators. Resin samples containing onium salt initiators and a thiozanthone sensitizer were successfully cured by means of either an experimental visible-light irradiation system or a commercially available dental lamp. Test resins consisted of di-epoxies alone or in combination, epoxy mixtures in combination with an SOC, or an epoxy in combination with a caprolactone-derived polyol. Significant findings were as follows: (a) Resins containing the SOC had longer cure times than their counterparts; (b) the optimum ratios of epoxy to polyol for most rapid cure ...
Submicron giant magnetoresistive sensors for biological applications

Abstract We have fabricated submicron giant magnetoresistive (GMR) structures and evaluated their sensitivity for biomagnetic applications. GMR devices were fabricated using electron beam lithography, with minimum dimensions below 100 nm. We developed a new characterization technique for these sensors, using a scanned nanoscale magnetic probe and monitoring the resulting response of the sensors. The magnetic field from the scanned probe is similar to that generated by the magnetic particles used to tag bioanalytes. The devices demonstrated extremely high magnetic field resolution. Noise measurements, combined with a local field sensitivity from the scanned probe measurements, predict a sensitivity of 2 × 1 0 − 16 emu/Hz 1/2 for a magnetic particle 100 nm above the sensor surface. This corresponds to detection of single 100 nm commercially available magnetic labels, which are the lowest size scale of labels now used in biological studies, with a signal-to-noise of unity. Additionally, we predict detection of single 200 nm magnetic labels with a position sensitivity of 93 nm/Hz 1/2 , allowing proximity detection for particles not directly bound to the sensor surface, with a corresponding signal-to-noise of 10.
Combustion Instability Control Through Acoustic Modulation at the Inlet Boundary: Experiments

This research investigation encompasses experimental tests demonstrating the control of a high-frequency combustion instability by acoustically modulating the propellant flow. This investigation complements an accompanying theoretical study implementing linear modal analysis [Bennewitz, J. W., Rani, S. L., Cranford, J. T., and Frederick, R. A., Jr., “Combustion Instability Control Through Acoustic Modulation at the Inlet Boundary: Analysis,” Journal of Propulsion and Power, (to be published)]. A model rocket combustor burned gaseous oxygen and methane using a single-element pentad-style injector. Flow conditions were established that spontaneously excited a 2430 Hz first longitudinal combustion oscillation at an amplitude up to p′/pc≈4%. An acoustic speaker was placed at the base of the oxidizer supply line to modulate the flow and alter the oscillatory behavior of the combustor. Two speaker modulation approaches were investigated: 1) bands of white noise, and 2) pure sinusoidal tones. The first approach ...
Packet-LDPC codes for tape drives

In this paper, we introduce packet low-density parity-check (packet-LDPC) codes for high-density tape storage systems. We report on the performance of two error control code (ECC) architectures based on the packet-LDPC codes. The architectures are designed to be (approximately) compatible with the widely used ECMA-319 ECC standard based on two interleaved concatenated 8-bit Reed-Solomon (RS) codes. One architecture employs an inner RS code; the other employs an inner turbo product code with single parity-check constituent codes (TPC-SPC). Both employ a packet-LDPC code as the outer code. As for the ECMA-319 system, both schemes are required to correct noise bursts due to media defects and synchronization loss, as well as the loss of one of eight tracks (due to a head clog, for example). We show that the first packet-LDPC code architecture substantially outperforms the ECMA-319 scheme and is only a few tenths of a decibel inferior to a long, highly complex 12-bit RS scheme. The second architecture outperforms both the ECMA-319 and the long RS code scheme.
Early Childhood Depression

Although empirical evidence has recently validated clinical depression in children as young as age 3, few data are available to guide treatment of early childhood depression. Considering this gap in the literature, a novel dyadic psychotherapeutic model, Parent Child Interaction Therapy-Emotion Development, based on a well-known and effective manualized treatment for disruptive preschoolers, is currently being tested for use in depression. To balance safety and efficacy, dyadic developmental approaches are currently recommended as the first line of treatment for preschool depression. In the absence of data on the safety and efficacy of antidepressants in preschool depression, these agents are not recommended as a first- or second-line treatment at this time. This article provides an illustrative case example of preschool depression, outlines key considerations in differential diagnosis, and describes this novel form of treatment. It also clarifies parameters for the rare situations in which antidepressants may be tried when psychotherapeutic options fail and depression is severe and impairing.
Feedback stabilization, stability and chaotic dynamics

We examine the control of a (prototype) nonlinear pendulum under uncertainty in modelling. The uncertainty is sufficiently small and is a function of both state and time. We apply Liapunov direct method to prove the stability of an equilibrium point. Then, we apply the Melnikov method to introduce a criterion for the control to avoid deforming the region of stability of the equilibrium point. We demonstrate the cooperative relationship between the Liapunov and the Melnikov methods in assessing stability. Consequently, we propose preserving the size and shape of the region of stability, and preventing the creation of complicated dynamics on its boundary, as indicative of robust control. We also demonstrate the rise of chaotic dynamics in a prototype adaptive feedback system in the face of disturbances. In essence, robustness of controllers for nonlinear systems must be treated from (nonlocal) dynamical systems viewpoint. Simulation results are given which quantitatively support the analysis.
Methods for estimating state-space size of Petri nets

The authors present the results of an investigation of the relationships between a Petri net (PN) and the size of its associated state-space. Four estimators are developed for estimating the number of states in a PN and understanding the sensitivity of this number to increases in tokens, places, and transitions. An estimator for conservative PNs demonstrated excellent accuracy. Estimators based on place boundedness and net boundedness had poor performance, but were amenable to analytical sensitivity analysis. >
Techno-economic study for 50 MW wind farm in Pasni, coastal district of Balochistan-Pakistan using ARIMA models and RETScreen

This study investigates the techno-economic assessment of predicted wind energy generation from 50 MW wind farm at Pasni, Distt of Gawadar, Baluchistan –Pakistan. Key purpose of the current work is to find wind power potential at low, medium and higher heights. To explore the best and power potential, four years wind speed data is forecasted using statistical model. ARIMA models present a better understanding to the change and estimate of the wind speed. Based on this forecasted wind speed 317 turbines of different manufacturers were examined at different heights (60m, 80m and 100m) from ground level including maximum possible rating up to 5 MW. The results show the best turbine selection at particular location with maximum possible capacity factor achievable through various numerical as well as simulation methods. Moreover this study further investigates the economic feasibility of 50 MW wind farm through numerical methods at the potential site using Minitab, Stats Graphics, and EViews. The results obtained from these software were validated by simulations through RETScreen Software. The results show that the most suitable hub height for wind turbines in Pasni-Pakistan is 100m and capacity factor found at this height is 20.19 % with annual wind energy production of 88 GWh/year.
Equity Participation: A Theoretical Analysis

This is a theoretical examination of equity participation loans in commercial real estate. The model combines the standard capital asset pricing model (CAPM) with the method developed by Hamada (19...
Near-Death Experiences and Attitude Change

Article describing a study that used the Life Attitude Profile (LAP) questionnaire to evaluate positive changes in life attitudes reported by near-death experiencers.
Produzindo diferença: neoliberalismo, neoconservadorismo e a política de reforma educacional

In this article, serious questions are raised about current educational “reform” efforts now underway in a number of nations. Gramscian inspired arguments about the growing power of rightist common sense, included in Educating the “Right” Way (Apple, 2006), are broadened and updated. In the process, research and arguments based on the English, US, New Zealand, and Scandinavian experience(s) are used to document some of the hidden differential effects of two connected strategies - neoliberal inspired market proposals with an emphasis on what we will call “thin democracy” based on individual consumer choice rather than “thick democracy” based on full collective participation and neoliberal, neoconservative, and middle class managerial inspired regulatory proposals that enforce the power of “audit culture.”
Cross-border ties and Arab American mental health

Due to increasing discrimination and marginalization, Arab Americans are at a greater risk for mental health disorders. Social networks that include ties to the country of origin could help promote mental well-being in the face of discrimination. The role of countries of origin in immigrant mental health receives little attention compared to adjustment in destination contexts. This study addresses this gap by analyzing the relationship between nativity, cross-border ties, and psychological distress and happiness for Arab Americans living in the greater Detroit Metropolitan Area (N = 896). I expect that first generation Arab Americans will have more psychological distress compared to one and half, second, and third generations, and Arab Americans with more cross-border ties will have less psychological distress and more happiness. Data come from the 2003 Detroit Arab American Study, which includes measures of nativity, cross-border ties--attitudes, social ties, media consumption, and community organizations, and the Kessler-10 scale of psychological distress and self-reported happiness. Ordered logistic regression analyses suggest that psychological distress and happiness do not vary much by nativity alone. However, cross-border ties have both adverse and protective effects on psychological distress and happiness. For all generations of Arab Americans, cross-border attitudes and social ties are associated with greater odds of psychological distress and for first generation Arab Americans, media consumption is associated with greater odds of unhappiness. In contrast, for all generations, involvement in cross-border community organizations is associated with less psychological distress and for the third generation, positive cross-border attitudes are associated with higher odds of happiness. These findings show the complex relationship between cross-border ties and psychological distress and happiness for different generations of Arab Americans.
Landscapes of Invisibility: Anachronistic Subjects and Allochronous Spaces in Mill Land Mumbai

Based on fieldwork conducted in the mill lands of Mumbai, India, this article investigates how deindustrialization shapes contemporary textile mill workers' identities. The centrality of textile manufacturing in Mumbai once made employment in the mills meaningful work. As mills closed and workers began to lose their jobs, the narrative of deindustrialization emphasized the need to protect the rights of the unemployed and eclipsed the reality that some individuals continue to work in the mills and emplace themselves in the city through their identification with mill work. This article demonstrates how deindustrialization discourse tends to erase contemporary textile workers from the city or frame workers as fake or relics of the past. I argue that framing textile workers as anachronistic while labor continues is an aspect of modernity and illuminates Mumbai's mill lands as an allochronous space that is indeed relevant to the city. Deindustrialization produces unemployment; however, it also produces other forms of marginality such as unprotected and unrepresented labor. Given that employed mill workers are not relics of the past, their perspectives are relevant to contemporary understanding of deindustrialization.
Mechanism of ATP-induced leukocyte adherence to cultured pulmonary artery endothelial cells

Previously we have shown that ATP enhances the adherence of HL-60 cells and human neutrophils to bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. The current investigations extend earlier findings by showing that ATP and UTP dose-dependently stimulate human neutrophil adherence to human pulmonary artery endothelial cells. We have also explore the mechanisms of ATP- and UTP-stimulated adherence. We have found that fucose, a component of selectin receptors, inhibits ATP-stimulated HL-60 cell-bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cell adhesion. Additionally, pretreatment of HL-60 cells with neuraminidase abolishes ATP enhancement. However, fucose does not affect ATP- or thrombin-induced adhesion of freshly isolated human neutrophils to human endothelial cells. Antibodies to human P-selection intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, and the beta-subunit of CD11/CD18 do not alter ATP-induced adherence of HL-60 cells to bovine endothelial cells. Similarly, antibodies to human P-selectin and ICAM-1 do not inhibit human neutrophil-human pulmonary artery endothelial cell adhesion. The platelet-activating factor receptor antagonists, WEB-2086 and L-659,989, are effective in attenuating ATP- and UTP-stimulated adherence. Preincubation of neutrophils or human pulmonary artery endothelial cells with ATP or UTP also enhances adherence, an effect that is blocked by L-659,989. Thus platelet activating factor, associated with both neutrophils and endothelial cells, mediates ATP- and UTP-induced neutrophil adherence. ATP, released during vascular injury, may exacerbate neutrophil-endothelial cell interaction and thereby contribute to neutrophil-induced injury.
89 DIETARY SODIUM INTAKE MODULATES MYOCARDIAL RELAXATION VELOCITY IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS

Introduction Dietary sodium intake affects the function of several target organs involved with volume homeostasis. We hypothesized that dietary sodium similarly affects the heart as a target organ, specifically myocardial relaxation. Methods Thirteen healthy volunteers (age 38.6 ± 4 y) entered a two-week crossover design study (week 1, high sodium diet [HS]>200 mmol Na/day; week 2, low sodium diet [LS], Results On HS diet myocardial relaxation velocity (E9) was greater than on LS diet (14.0 ± 1.2 vs.12.6 ± 1.0 cm/s, p = 0.02), despite an increase in systolic blood pressure of 7 mm Hg. In response to Ang II infusion, E9 was significantly reduced on the HS diet when compared to the LS diet (HSΔ -1.4 ± 0.4 vs. LSΔ -0.1 ± 0.3 cm/s, p = 0.02). E9 significantly correlated with endogenous Ang II only on the HS diet. There were no significant changes in estimates of left ventricular filling pressures (E/E9) with either maneuver. Response characteristics paralleled those measured simultaneously in renal blood flow and adrenal secretion of aldosterone. Conclusions Dietary sodium intake modulates myocardial relaxation velocity and its responsiveness to Ang II. The relationship between Ang II and myocardial relaxation is dependent on dietary sodium intake and is identical to relationships in other sodium-sensitive target organs. Abnormalities in these mechanisms may play a role in clinical abnormalities of diastolic dysfunction.
Fuzzy analysis of failure factor for separator

Separator is very important to prevent the separator from accidents, improving its reliability , and expanding its life for safety of oil gas production. Fault tree analysis can be used to trace out the logic causality of the invalidation of system and parts. The common influencing reliability of separator can be determined. The separator in operation often has some indetermination features. The combined method of the fault tree analysis and fuzzy comprehensive is established to evaluate the reliability of separator. The article analizes all factors that may make the separator failure, and builds a fault tree with failure of separator as top event. Based on the analysis results of the fault tree, some real calculation and analyses were carried out. The practical application indicates that the fuzzy comprehension evaluation methods is feasible to evaluate the performance and reliability of separator. Based on the evaluated results, the measures for improving the reliability of separator can be established.