cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Repeated injury to the lumbar nerve roots produces enhanced mechanical allodynia and persistent spinal neuroinflammation

STUDY DESIGN A lumbar radiculopathy model investigated pain behavioral responses after nerve root reinjury. OBJECTIVES To gain a further understanding of central sensitization and neuroinflammation associated with chronic lumbar radiculopathy after repeated nerve root injury. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The pathophysiologic mechanisms associated with chronic radicular pain remain obscure. It has been hypothesized that lumbar root injury produces neuroimmunologic and neurochemical changes, sensitizing the spinal cord and causing pain responses to manifest with greater intensity and longer duration after reinjury. However, this remains untested experimentally. METHODS Male Holtzman rats were divided into two groups: a sham group having only nerve root exposure, and a chromic group in which the nerve root was ligated loosely with chromic gut suture. Animals underwent a second procedure at 42 days. The chromic group was further divided into a reinjury group and a chromic-sham group, in which the lumbar roots were only re-exposed. Bilateral mechanical allodynia was continuously assessed throughout the study. Qualitative assessment of spinal cord glial activation and IL-beta expression was performed. RESULTS Mechanical allodynia was significantly greater on both the ipsilateral and contralateral sides after reinjury (P < 0.001), and the response did not return to baseline after reinjury, as it did with the initial injury. There were also persistent spinal astrocytic and microglial activation and interleukin-1beta expression. CONCLUSIONS The bilateral responses support central modulation of radicular pain after nerve root injury. An exaggerated and more prolonged response bilaterally after reinjury suggests central sensitization after initial injury. Neuroinflammatory activation in the spinal cord further supports the hypothesis that central neuroinflammation plays an important role in chronic radicular pain.
Preparation of Colloidal Gold Strips for Rapid Detection of SudanI

Objective To prepare colloidal gold strip for rapid detection of Sudan Ⅰ.Method Preparing 20 nm colloidal gold particles with trisodium citrate,labeling them with anti-Sudan ⅠMcAb,and installing strips and testing in lab.Results Under laboratory conditions,SudanⅠin food samples could be tested by colloidal gold strips in few minutes.The lowest concentration for detection was 50 ng/L.Conclusion In comparison with other detection methods,the colloidal gold strip method is more rapid,friendly in use and relatively inexpensive.
Rabbit and Human Renotropin are not Epidermal Growth Factor

Sera obtained from rabbits and humans after unilateral nephrectomy (uni sera) compared with sera obtained preoperatively (control sera) significantly stimulate 3H-thymidine incorporation into the DNA of cultured renal tissue from the respective species. In contrast, rabbit liver cells in culture are not stimulated by the uni sera compared with control sera obtained from rabbits. Mouse epidermal growth factor (EGF) added to tissue cultures significantly stimulates both kidney and liver cells of rabbits and kidney cells of humans. Antiserum against EGF overcomes, at least to some extent, the enhancing effect of EGF under all circumstances, but does not influence the stimulatory ability of uni serum obtained from rabbit and human kidney cells from the respective species. In addition, the activity of EGF was not different in the presence of uni and control sera. This study corroborates the presence of renotropic activity in the sera of rabbits and humans after removal of functioning renal mass and shows that this activity is not derived from EGF, nor does it work by potentiating some aspect of the EGF system.
Use of an automated drug distribution cabinet system in a disaster response mobile emergency department.

Objective: This article describes the innovative use of an automated drug distribution cabinet system for medication supply in a disaster response mobile Emergency Department vehicle. Prior to the use of the automated drug distribution cabinet system described in this article, the mobile hospitals were stocked as needed with drugs in individual boxes and draws. Experience with multiple deployments found this method to be very cumbersome and labor intensive, both in preparation, operational use, and demobilization . Setting: For a recent deployment to provide emergency medical care at the 2014 Super Bowl football event, the automated drug distribution cabinet system in the Institution's main campus Emergency Department was duplicated and incorporated into the mobile Emergency Department . Results: This method of drug stocking and dispensing was found to be far more efficient than gathering and placing drugs in onboard draws and racks . Conclusions: Automated drug distribution cabinet systems can be used to significantly improve patient care and overall efficiency in mobile hospital deployments .
Conduct disorder and antisocial personality in adult primary care patients.

BACKGROUND: Conduct disorder has been linked to substance use disorders in clinical populations. This study examined the relationships of conduct disorder and antisocial personality (ASP) disorder to substance use, substance abuse problems, depression, and demographic factors in primary care settings. METHODS: As part of a larger clinical trial, a survey of 1898 patients in the offices of 64 primary care physicians was conducted using a self-administered health habits questionnaire. Childhood conduct disorder and adult antisocial personality disorder were assessed using criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised. RESULTS: Eight percent of men and 3.1% of women met criteria for a diagnosis of ASP disorder. The frequency of a history of childhood conduct disorders was higher, with 13.4% for men and 4% for women. Antisocial personality disorder was predicted by male sex, being unmarried (single, separated, divorced), lifetime history of depression, binge drinking, self-reported history of drug problems, current smoking, and younger age. The predictors of a history of child conduct disorder were similar to those of ASP. CONCLUSIONS: Primary care physicians treat many patients who have personality disorders and other conditions such as alcohol problems and depression. These patients need to be identified because of the high potential for comorbidity and the barriers to treatment inherent in these disorders. Language: en
Recent Internet Use and Associations with Clinical Outcomes among Patients Entering Addiction Treatment Involved in a Web-Delivered Psychosocial Intervention Study

The acceptability and clinical impact of a web-based intervention among patients entering addiction treatment who lack recent internet access are unclear. This secondary analysis of a national multisite treatment study (NIDA Clinical Trials Network-0044) assessed for acceptability and clinical impact of a web-based psychosocial intervention among participants enrolling in community-based, outpatient addiction treatment programs. Participants were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of a web-based therapeutic education system (TES) based on the community reinforcement approach plus contingency management versus treatment as usual (TAU). Demographic and clinical characteristics, and treatment outcomes were compared among participants with recent internet access in the 90 days preceding enrollment (N = 374) and without internet access (N = 133). Primary outcome variables included (1) acceptability of TES (i.e., module completion; acceptability of web-based intervention) and (2) clinical impact (i.e., self-reported abstinence confirmed by urine drug/breath alcohol tests; retention measured as time to dropout). Internet use was common (74 %) and was more likely among younger (18–49 years old) participants and those who completed high school (p < .001). Participants randomized to TES (n = 255) without baseline internet access rated the acceptability of TES modules significantly higher than those with internet access (t = 2.49, df = 218, p = .01). There was a near significant interaction between treatment, baseline abstinence, and internet access on time to dropout (χ 2(1) = 3.8089, p = .051). TES was associated with better retention among participants not abstinent at baseline who had internet access (X 2(1) = 6.69, p = .01). These findings demonstrate high acceptability of this web-based intervention among participants that lacked recent internet access.
Solubility and Redox Equilibria of Iron Compounds in Soils

Iron is a major constituent in soils and is reported to range from 0.7 to 55% mass with a selected average of 3.8% (Lindsay, 1979). In primary soil minerals Fe occurs largely as ferromagnesium silicates in which Fe is present as reduced Fe(II). Weathering of these minerals releases Fe which oxidizes and precipitates largely as Fe(III) oxides and oxyhydroxides. Iron solubility in well-oxidized soils is generally controlled by these very insoluble Fe(III) oxides.
Feasibility of low radiation dose retrospectively-gated cardiac CT for functional analysis in adult congenital heart disease

Abstract Background The use of cardiac computed tomography (CT) in the evaluation of adult congenital heart disease patients is limited due to concerns of high radiation doses. The purpose of this study was to prospectively assess whether low radiation dose cardiac CT is feasible to evaluate ventricular systolic function in adults with congenital heart disease. Methods The study group included 30 consecutive patients with significant congenital heart disease who underwent a total of 35 ECG-gated cardiac CT scans utilizing a 320-detector row CT scanner. Each study included a non-contrast scan and subsequent contrast-enhanced retrospectively-gated acquisition. Effective radiation dose was estimated by multiplying the dose length product by a k-factor of 0.014mSv/mGycm. Results The mean age of the patients was 34.4±8.9years, 60% were men, and mean body mass index was 24.2±4.3kg/m 2 . A majority of patients (n=28, 93.3%) had contraindications to cardiac MRI. A tube potential of 80kV was used in 27 (77.1%) of the contrast-enhanced scans. The mean signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios were 11.5±3.9 and 10.3±3.7, respectively. The median radiation dose for non-contrast and contrast-enhanced images were 0.1mSv (0.07–0.2mSv) and 0.94mSv (0.5–2.1mSv), respectively. All 35 CT scans were successfully analyzed for ventricular systolic function. Conclusions A low radiation contrast-enhanced, retrospectively-gated cardiac CT with a median radiation dose of less than 1mSv was successful in evaluating ventricular systolic function in 30 consecutive adult congenital heart disease patients who underwent a total of 35 scans.
The Emergence of Mammals

Paleontology affords a special signal on evolution of neurosensory systems because many parts of that system require rigid skeletal armatures to function properly. This relationship is traced from the ancestral amniote to the origin of Mammalia. Based on inferences about the skeleton and neurosensory system in the ancestral amniote, evolution of correlated traits is traced that culminated in the origin of Mammalia, establishing a bauplan for subsequent diversification. Peripheral sensory arrays profoundly impacted evolution of the highly encephalized mammalian brain and the emergence of neocortex. The dominant pattern is a cascade following an order-of-magnitude increase in olfactory odorant receptor genes. Hypertrophied innervation of the dentition produced a virtually new peripheral array, and origin of the pelt was also influential. The proximate ancestors of mammals were miniaturized and immersed in a rich new source of information from microhabitats dominated to unprecedented degrees by scents and odors. Many peripheral influences became integrated and centralized with the emergence of orthoretronasal olfaction. Several discrete pulses in encephalization are recorded in the fossil record. Once the brain reached an encephalization quotient of ∼0.5, multiple independent increases in encephalization followed. Variational modality of the brain thus shifted from virtual stasis to repeated independent episodes of encephalization. Independent increases in brain size, particularly in neocortical surface area, would become a dominant pattern in mammalian diversification. Numerous mechanisms have been postulated as driving the origin of Mammalia including enlargement of the brain, emergence of neocortex, fur, endothermy, nocturnality, parental care, miniaturization, enhanced olfaction, and hearing. All were influential at certain periods in pan-mammalian history, but most originated prior to the origin of Mammalia, and others only thereafter.
Principles of Antibiotic Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) encompasses a broad spectrum of disease severity and may require outpatient, inpatient, or intensive care management. Successful treatment hinges on expedient delivery of appropriate antibiotic therapy tailored to both the likely offending pathogens and the severity of disease. This review summarizes key principles in starting treatment and provides recommended empiric therapy regimens for each site of care. In addition, we discuss the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory role macrolides play in CAP, as well as specific information for managing individual CAP pathogens such as community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. We also examine several novel antibiotics being developed for CAP and review the evidence guiding duration of therapy and current best practices for the transition of hospitalized patients from intravenous antibiotics to oral therapy.
METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION INDUCED BY PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO BISPHENOL-A AND DIETHYL HEXYL PHTHALATE: EXACERBATION BY HIGH FAT DIET

Despite ongoing medical and scientific efforts, the incidence of obesity and metabolic disease continues to rise in the United States and shows an upward trend world-wide. Many epidemiological stud...
Variable slope external ramp to improve the transient performance in constant on-time current mode control

These days, constant on-time current mode (COTCM) control schemes are widely used in the industry VR controllers for its light load efficiency and higher BW design with simpler compensation requirement. In COTCM control, external ramp is required to be added for jittering reduction to improve the noise performance of the controller. But unfortunately, with the increment of external ramp value, although the jittering in the system gets better, transient performance becomes worse. For this reasons, from transient point of view, it is very challenging to use large external ramp in the system to improve the noise performance. In this paper, a novel method is proposed to modify the external ramp at the transient instant to improve the transient response by increasing the slope of the ramp, and thus allows the control to use the large external ramp for noise performance improvement and enjoys the fast transient response at the same time.
4-Vectors in Minkowski Space

We show that with time seen as the 4th coordinate in Minkowski space-time there are generalized four-vectors and associated rotations, the Lorentz coordinate transformations. The ‘Lorentz-covariant’, or simply covariant, vector notation in four dimensions naturally implements the unity of space-time. We describe methods of finding new 4-vectors and show that not all objects relate to Minkowski space-time. There are ‘Lorentz invariant’, or simply invariant quantities, such as magnitudes of 4-vectors, and scalar products of two different 4-vectors. The difference between space and time is absorbed into the space-time metric and we show that metric is an invariant under changes of the reference frame.
Discrete Choice Model of Food Store Trips Using National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey (FoodAPS)

Where households across income levels shop for food is of central concern within a growing body of research focused on where people live relative to where they shop, what they purchase and eat, and how those choices influence the risk of obesity and chronic disease. We analyzed data from the National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey (FoodAPS) using a conditional logit model to determine where participants shop for food to be prepared and eaten at home and how individual and household characteristics of food shoppers interact with store characteristics and distance from home in determining store choice. Store size, whether or not it was a full-service supermarket, and the driving distance from home to the store constituted the three significant main effects on store choice. Overall, participants were more likely to choose larger stores, conventional supermarkets rather than super-centers and other types of stores, and stores closer to home. Interaction effects show that participants receiving Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) were even more likely to choose larger stores. Hispanic participants were more likely than non-Hispanics to choose full-service supermarkets while White participants were more likely to travel further than non-Whites. This study demonstrates the value of explicitly spatial discrete choice models and provides evidence of national trends consistent with previous smaller, local studies.
Intelligence Innovation: Sputnik, the Soviet Threat, and Innovation in the US Intelligence Community

It is well-documented that the 1957 launch of Sputnik I initiated a flurry of US government activity aimed at reducing a perceived shortfall in US scientific, technological, and military capacity vis-a-vis the Soviet Union. Less well known, however, is that Sputnik’s launch immediately preceded a period of rapid organizational and technological innovation within the US intelligence community. This article investigates the contribution of the Sputnik scare to this innovation. In particular, this article applies Barry Posen’s model of innovation to the historical case of post-Sputnik innovation in the US intelligence community. I find the historiographic and documentary record to indicate that Posen’s theory of innovation has substantial explanatory power in the empirical context examined here. In particular, the US intelligence services’ improved capacity to collect and analyze information regarding Soviet rocket and missile programs appears to have been initiated by a process of external auditing motivated by an increase in the perceived level of threat posed by the USSR.
Social Determinants of Health: An Essential Element in Dental Education.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined social determinants of health (SDH) as “the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age.”[1][1] SDH emphasizes that social, physical, and psychosocial environments are the contextual components that impact proximal factors such
A miraculous recovery: Bartonella henselae infection following a red ant bite.

Infections caused by the Bartonella species are responsible for the human diseases collectively called ‘bartonellosis’. The clinically important human infections are mostly caused by the three species (eg, B. bacilliformis, B. quintana and B. henselae ) of Bartonella out of the many progressively increasing identified species. Bartonella henselae transmitted by the arthropod vector, fleas, after cat bite is responsible for the rare multisystem cat scratch disease in humans. We present an extremely rare case of B. henselae contracted presumably through a red ant bite. The patient had a prolonged hospital stay for persistent encephalopathy due to delay in diagnosis and initiation of antimicrobial therapy. His hospital course was complicated by two episodes of pulseless electrical activity cardiac arrest related to pulmonary embolism. However, he recovered to his baseline status in the hospital with timely administration of systemic anticoagulation and antimicrobials. He was discharged home with no neurological deficits.
Effect of potassium and hypomagnesemia on insulin in the bovine.

Grass tetany in cattle has been associated with the consumption of early spring forages high in potassium (K) and low in magnesium (Mg). Alterations in serum Mg and K may affect intermediary carbohydrate metabolism, resulting in hypoglycemia and ketosis that often accompany grass tetany. We investigated these interrelationships by infusing potassium chloride (KCl) intravenously in normal (plasma Mg greater than 2.1 mg/100 ml) and Mg-deficient (plasma Mg less than .7 mg/100 ml) 9-month-old Holstein bull calves and intraruminally into nonpregnant, nonlactating Holstein cows. Plasma levels of both K and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) were elevated (P less than .01) by 1.14, 2, and 3 percent KCl (51, 64, and 135 mg K/kg) in calves and by 550 g KCl (440 mg K/kg body weight) in cows. Plasma K was lower (P less than .01) and IRI higher (P less than .01) in Mg-deficient calves than in normal calves during 2 percent KCl infusion. These results suggest that prolonged elevation of K and insulin in ruminants could lead to a series of metabolic disturbances that may play an important role in the etiology of grass tetany.
Sex Pheromone of the Common Sheep Moth, Hemileuca eglanterina, from the San Gabriel Mountains of California

The sex pheromone of Hemileuca eglanterina from the San Gabriel Mountains, California, was determined to be a combination of E10,Z12-hexadeca-10,12-dien-1-yl acetate, E10,Z12-hexadeca-10,12-dien-1-ol, and E10,Z12-hexadeca-10,12-dienal. Ratios of the compounds in extracts of female pheromone glands varied around a mean of 100 : 48 : 1.1 of the acetate, alcohol, and aldehyde, respectively. Field trials with synthetic compounds indicated that the optimum ratio of alcohol to aldehyde was 10 : 1 and that this ratio was more critical than the ratio of either compound to the acetate. A synthetic blend of 100 : 10 : 1 acetatendash;alcoholndash;aldehyde was effective at attracting male moths in the field. Additional compounds found in both extract and aeration samples failed to significantly increase trap catches of male moths, although some of these minor components elicited responses from male moth antennae in coupled gas chromatography–electroantennography studies.
Simulating smokers' acceptance of modifications in a cessation program.

Abstract Recent research has underscored the importance of assessing barriers to smokers' acceptance of cessation programs. This paper illustrates the use of computer simulations to gauge smokers' response to program modifications which may produce barriers to participation. It also highlights methodological issues encountered in conducting this work. Computer simulations were based on conjoint analysis, a consumer research method which enables measurement of smokers' relative preference for various modifications of cessation programs. Results from two studies are presented in this paper. The primary study used a randomly selected sample of 218 adult smokers who participated in a computer-assisted phone interview. Initially, the study assessed smokers' relative utility rating of 30 features of cessation programs. Utility data were used in computer-simulated comparisons of a low-cost, self-help oriented program under development and five other existing programs. A baseline version of the program under development and two modifications (for example, use of a support group with a higher level of cost) were simulated. Both the baseline version and modifications received a favorable response vis-a-vis comparison programs. Modifications requiring higher program costs were, however, associated with moderately reduced levels of favorable consumer response. The second study used a sample of 70 smokers who responded to an expanded set of smoking cessation program features focusing on program packaging. This secondary study incorporate in-person, computer-assisted interviews at a shopping mall, with smokers viewing an artist's mock-up of various program options on display. A similar pattern of responses to simulated program modifications emerged, with monetary cost apparently playing a key role. The significance of conjoint-based computer simulation as a tool in program development or dissemination, salient methodological issues, and implications for further research are discussed.
Bleiaufnahme und Ausscheidung in gewissen Bleigewerben

Der Befund von Blei in Urin und Faeces von Personen, bei denen die Vermutung bestand, das sie Blei ausgesetzt gewesen waren oder bei denen Verdacht auf Bleivergiftung vorlag, ist lange als wertvolle diagnostische Beweisunterlage betrachtet worden. Es mus heute im Hinblick auf sein regelmasiges Vorkommen in Nahrungsmitteln, Getranken und in den Geweben und Ausscheidungen des Korpers als festgestellt gelten, das das blose Vorhandensein von Blei in den Exkrementen keine diagnostische Bedeutung hat. [Vgl. das Schrifttum uber diesen Gegenstand (1).] Forscher, die systematische Untersuchungen vorgenommen haben, sind jedoch zu der Feststellung gelangt, das Arbeiter in Bleigewerben einen hoheren Grad von Bleiausscheidung aufweisen als Personen, die nicht mit Blei in Beruhrung kommen (2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7,8). Diese Befunde, unterstutzt von Forschungen, die uber das Verhalten von Blei in Versuchstieren gemacht worden sind (9), fuhrten uns zu der Vermutung, das zwischen Bleieinwirkung und Aufnahme verschiedenen Ausmases einerseits und der entsprechenden Bleiausscheidung andererseits quantitative Beziehungen gefunden werden konnten. Die Beobachtungen, uber die nachstehend berichtet wird, zeigen, das solche Beziehungen bestehen, wenn Gruppen von Arbeitern, die Bleieinwirkung verschiedenen Grades aufweisen, hinsichtlich ihrer durchschnittlichen Aussonderung von Blei in Faeces und Urin gegeneinander verguchen werden. Auserdem veranschaulichen die Resultate die praktische Bedeutung bestimmter Abstufungen der Bleieinwirkung, ausgedruckt durch das Ausmas der Bleiausscheidung.
Feeling normal: sexuality and media criticism in the digital age

What is the use-value of media that does not accomplish significant political or economic objectives but does characterize gay and lesbian experiences as commonplace? F. Hollis Griffin addresses th...
Self-Efficacy and the Role of Non-Pharmacologic Treatment Strategies to Improve Pain and Affect in Arthritis.

There is increasing evidence that adjunctive, non-pharmacologic treatment programs are beneficial in the management of arthritis when added to traditional disease-modifying medications. This review focuses on non-pharmacologic management strategies that impact pain and affect, with a focus on self-efficacy, for those with osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We reviewed both office-based and internet-based self-management strategies, mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs), and cognitive behavioral therapies (CBTs) for patients with arthritis. These behavioral strategies have shown to improve pain, mood disturbance, and physical function in those with both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Improvements in self-efficacy and coping capacity are associated with improvements in patient-reported outcomes (PROs) related to pain and functioning. Self-management programs, MBIs, and CBTs are more effective at improving pain and mood disturbance compared to usual care for patients with arthritis although high-quality randomized controlled trials are lacking. Non-pharmacologic management programs are increasingly available via the Internet and mobile applications.
GENDER ANXIETIES IN THE IRANIAN ZŪRKHĀNAH

The zūrkhānah is the traditional gymnasium of Iranian cities. Athletes exercised in a homosocial milieu that occasionally allowed for same-sex relations. Beginning in the 20th century, modern heteronormativity made such relations problematic, while gender desegregation allowed women to enter them. After the Islamic Revolution of 1979, gender segregation was again imposed, while heteronormativity was maintained. In recent years, women have endeavored to make the zūrkhānah more inclusive. This article analyzes the contradictions and paradoxes of gender relations in the zūrkhānah by using classical poetry, modern novels, anthropological accounts, autobiographies, travelogues, and press reports.
Soil aggregation returns to a set point despite seasonal response to snow manipulation

Abstract Most climate models predict that the timing, magnitude, and duration of snow cover will change over much of the Northern Hemisphere. Because snow cover effectively buffers soil against changes in air temperature, fluctuations in snowpack could alter freeze-thaw cycling, resulting in shifts in macroaggregate stability and subsequent detachment. Moreover, vegetation type could modify these effects; however, these interactions remain unexplored. In this study, we experimentally manipulated snow cover in an agricultural field and in an adjacent 13-year-old restored prairie to assess changes to soil aggregation and detachment over a three-winter period (November–April 2014–17). Treatments consisted of complete snow removal, natural snow cover, and a sustained snowpack simulated via straw insulation. Averaged over the course of the study, snow removal resulted in a 5% and 15% over-winter reduction in wet-aggregate stability (WAS) and mean weight diameter (MWD), respectively. Conversely, natural snow cover and straw insulation resulted in a 3% and 15% over-winter increase in WAS and MWD, respectively. However, over-winter changes to WAS and MWD did not persist but instead appeared to return to a set point by the end of each growing season regardless of vegetation type. In addition, we found an offset in WAS; it was approximately 11% higher in the prairie than in the agricultural field, likely due to increased root and microbial activity in the prairie. No similar offset was observed in MWD between vegetation types. These responses in soil aggregation did not result in significant springtime changes to soil critical shear stress, measured as a proxy for soil detachment potential. The results of this study suggest that future investigations into over-winter soil processes should consider vegetation type, temporal soil aggregation dynamics, and more detailed quantification of freeze-thaw cycling.
Understanding citizen perspectives on open urban energy data through the development and testing of a community energy feedback system

Abstract With the rise of advanced and affordable sensors offering continuous monitoring of city infrastructure, cities are increasingly seeking to become more ‘smart’ and are adopting data-driven approaches to help meet sustainability goals. In the area of building energy efficiency, closely coupled with this effort is the prevalence of building energy benchmarking policies, which require public disclosure of vast new quantities of building-level energy data at urban scales (i.e., open urban energy data). While existing research efforts have focused on the potential of this data to transform energy efficiency markets and investments in the real estate sector, little research has been dedicated to assessing this information’s value to the general public. Given that achieving energy reductions in the built environment will require not only energy efficiency investments, but also greater awareness, engagement, and action from ordinary citizens, we study the potential of open urban energy data in providing citizen benefits. Energy-cyber-physical systems offer a pertinent framework to link data from the virtual world to citizens’ physical reality in order to improve their understanding and decision making. Adopting an energy-cyber-physical system perspective, we aim to connect open urban energy data to citizens through the development and evaluation of a novel community-scale energy feedback system. This mobile cyber-physical system transforms building-level electricity consumption and production data across Georgia Tech’s campus into a mobile application consisting of three features: spatial feedback, energy supply feedback, and energy consumption feedback. Augmented-reality visualization elements are integrated into the system, providing Georgia Tech community members a direct link between their experienced physical environment and data stored in the virtual world. Applying a user-centered design approach, prospective users evaluate the system via thinking aloud sessions and user surveys to assess understandings and perceptions of open urban energy data for the Georgia Tech campus. The results contribute to literature seeking to create energy feedback systems at the community-scale and expand research investigating citizen reactions to and opinions of open urban energy data. This research is an integral step to further engagement and participation from the public to help achieve a sustainable and citizen-valued energy future.
Pharmacological Challenges in Neurocritical Care

Neurointensivists often face the challenge of providing care for critically ill patients with complicated medical conditions. Many pharmacological agents such as anticonvulsants, antimicrobials, anticoagulants, antiplatelets, sedatives, analgesics, hyperosmolar therapy, and neuromuscular blocking agents may need to be initiated or resumed in this setting. The already altered physiology of critically ill patients combined with factors such as obesity as well as interventions such as renal replacement therapy (RRT), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and plasma exchange (PLEX) may lead to therapeutic failure or toxicity. It is therefore crucial for neurocritical care providers to be familiar with the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes of commonly used medications in the neurocritical care setting and apply these principles to clinical practice. It is clear that optimal management of pharmacological agents in neurocritical care is challenging given altered physiology and non-pharmacological interventions listed above. Providing education on such topics and approaching patient care in a multi-disciplinary fashion where clinical pharmacists are actively involved is invaluable.
Prospective, longitudinal digital activity monitoring before and after treatment of low-risk oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: A feasibility study.

6578Background: Given the expected excellent prognosis of low-risk oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), consideration of long-term toxicity and functional outcomes has become increasingly...
Beyond Republicanism, Back to Constitutionalism: The Creation of the American Republic at Fifty

Jonathan Gienapp, Stanford University, and Brendan McConville, Boston University reflect on the historiographic and scholarly contributions of Gordon Wood's The Creation of the American Republic.
Childhood Sexual and Physical Abuse

The high incidence of physical and sexual abuse in the United States and in other parts of the world and the increased recognition of a history of these forms of victimization in the childhood of adults afflicted with a wide variety of psychiatric disorders make it imperative to document the harmful consequences maltreatment leaves on the child victims and to trace the process of traumatization as it extends into adulthood. The ultimate goal of this chapter is to develop a theoretical framework to help us understand the nature of the trauma associated with the physical and sexual abuse of children and its relationship to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
A Critical Disconnect: Residency Selection Factors Lack Correlation With Intern Performance.

Background Emergency medicine (EM) residency programs want to employ a selection process that will rank best possible applicants for admission into the specialty. Objective We tested if application data are associated with resident performance using EM milestone assessments. We hypothesized that a weak correlation would exist between some selection factors and milestone outcomes. Methods Utilizing data from 5 collaborating residency programs, a secondary analysis was performed on residents trained from 2013 to 2018. Factors in the model were gender, underrepresented in medicine status, United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 and 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK), Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA), grades (EM, medicine, surgery, pediatrics), advanced degree, Standardized Letter of Evaluation global assessment, rank list position, and controls for year assessed and program. The primary outcomes were milestone level achieved in the core competencies. Multivariate linear regression models were fitted for each of the 23 competencies with comparisons made between each model's results. Results For the most part, academic performance in medical school (Step 1, 2 CK, grades, AOA) was not associated with residency clinical performance on milestones. Isolated correlations were found between specific milestones (eg, higher surgical grade increased wound care score), but most had no correlation with residency performance. Conclusions Our study did not find consistent, meaningful correlations between the most common selection factors and milestones at any point in training. This may indicate our current selection process cannot consistently identify the medical students who are most likely to be high performers as residents.
A Cutting Plane Method for Least Cost Influence Maximization

We study the least cost influence maximization problem, which has potential applications in social network analysis, as well as in other types of networks. The focus of this paper is on mixed-integer programming (MIP) techniques for the considered problem. The standard arc-based MIP formulation contains a substructure that is a relaxation of the mixed 0-1 knapsack polyhedron. We give a new exponential class of facet-defining inequalities from this substructure and an exact polynomial time separation algorithm for the inequalities. We report preliminary computational results to illustrate the effect of these inequalities.
Combustible and electronic cigarette use and insufficient sleep among U.S. high school students

Abstract The study aimed to investigate the relationships between current exclusive e-cigarette use, exclusive combustible cigarette smoking, and dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes, and insufficient sleep among U.S. adolescents. We conducted a secondary data analysis of the 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey including 11,296 U.S. high school students. Current (past 30-day) tobacco use groups included exclusive e-cigarette users, exclusive combustible cigarette smokers, and dual-product users. We performed weighted unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression analyses. Insufficient sleep was defined as
Do histone deacytelase inhibitors and azacitidine combination hold potential as an effective treatment for high/very-high risk myelodysplastic syndromes?

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder, predominantly seen in elderly patients with variable clinical outcome and high tendency for leukemic transformation. All...
Making Immigration Law

This review essay’s focus is The President and Immigration Law by Adam Cox and Cristina Rodriguez. The book makes a major contribution to immigration law and to U.S. administrative and public law more generally by connecting these fields. In particular, The President and Immigration Law offers a nuanced and persuasive historical account of the rise of presidential power over immigration. The book also advances a thought-provoking analysis of the current relationship between Congress and the President as “co-principals” in making immigration law. When Cox and Rodriguez explore the history of presidential immigration power, they examine both the domestic and the international. Especially in the domestic domain, their claim seems exaggerated that they counter a “conventional wisdom” of congressional primacy in the making of immigration law. In fact, much of their analysis of the domestic aspects of presidential immigration power will be familiar to readers who know immigration law. But the book makes substantial contributions by reinterpreting what is familiar in immigration law to answer questions that immigration law scholars often overlook but are typical in public law scholarship. When Cox and Rodriguez look to the future, their main focus is domestic. They view presidential immigration power as a symptom of a “structural problem” in domestic enforcement, and they end with a detailed domestic analysis. This discussion has great value, but as an assessment of the future it remains incomplete. For all of its many virtues, the book does not engage fully with the international aspects of the migration-related challenges that Presidents are likely to face in coming years and decades. This review essay explains how the book leaves this quadrant incomplete, and why this quadrant matters. In the future, the most significant presidential decisions in responding to migration will likely to be outward-facing decisions that influence the conditions that cause people to migrate, not just from their countries of origin but also through countries of transit to the United States and other destinations.
Dispositions

Appeals to dispositionality in explanations of phenomena in metaphysics and the philosophy of mind, require that we first agree on what we are talking about. I sketch an account of what dispositionality might be. That account will place me at odds with most current conceptions of dispositionality. My aim is not to establish a weighty ontological thesis, however, but to move the discussion ahead in two respects. First, I want to call attention to the extent to which assumptions philosophers have made about dispositionality are far from innocent. The assumptions incorporate substantive theses that, by constraining the space of ‘acceptable’ answers to particular philosophical questions, have inhibited the search for answers to those questions. Second, and more positively, I hope to open up the space of possibilities by offering an alternative way of conceiving dispositionality developed by C. B. Martin.
Faraday rotation in fast radio bursts.

Fast Radio Bursts (FBRs) show highly different polarization properties: high/small RMs, high/small circular/linear fractions. We outline a complicated picture of polarization propagation in the inner parts of the magnetars' winds, at scales $\sim$ few to hundreds of light cylinder radii. The key point is the Faraday rotation of linear polarization in highly magnetized symmetric pair plasma, a $\propto B^2$ effect. Position angle (PA) rotation rate is maximal for propagation across the magnetic field and disappears only for parallel propagation. In the highly magnetized regime, $\omega \ll \omega_B$, it becomes independent of the magnetic field. Very specific properties of PA($\lambda$) (scaling of the rotation angle with the observed wavelength $\lambda$) can help identify/sort out the propagation effects. Two basic regimes in pair plasma predict PA $\propto \lambda$ and $\propto \lambda^3$ (depending on the magnetic dominance); both are different from the conventional plasma's PA = RM $ \lambda^2$. This is the main prediction of the model. A number of effects, all sensitive to the underlying parameters, contribute to the observed complicated polarization patterns: streaming of plasma along magnetic field lines near the light cylinder, Faraday depolarization, effects of limiting polarization, the associated effect of linear-circular conversion, and synchrotron absorption.
Call Tracking Technology Selection Model

In this chapter we evaluate the selection of a call tracking feature for an existing marketing automation solution. This type of selection process has become much more complex over time based on the sheer volume of offerings available, different technical approaches to implementation, and service plans (features plus costs). In order to manage this complexity for decision making, we gathered a set of core requirements from the client, assembled a panel of experts to rank the importance of requirements, and then evaluated the potential solutions based on those criteria. The actual decision making methodology used in this study is the hierarchical decision model (HDM) testing two alternative methods for evaluating the expert criteria ranking. In this case, by focusing on client requirements, rather than specific technologies or implementation approaches, allows us to greatly simplify this complex decision making process in the absence of a more detailed technical analysis of every possible solution.
Review of Needle Sharing Among Intravenous Drug Abusers

There is much that is right and pertinent about this volume, which is the eightieth in the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Research monograph series, but the title is misleading. The real story presented here is about how to prevent the spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The title should be “The Relationship Between HIV Infection (AIDS) and Needle Sharing Practices Among Intravenous Drug Abusers.” This book is based upon papers and discussion from a technical review which took place in May 1987, sponsored by the Division of Clinical Research, NIDA, but it was not printed until a year later and became available in early 1989.
Police records and accidents involving alcohol.

To explore the meaningfulness, validity and representativeness of available police records on alcohol involvement in road traffic accidents, an experienced police officer interviewed personnel and ...
Discriminatory Treatment on the Roadways: Pretextual Traffic Stops of Middle Easterners after People v. Robinson

Less than a month after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the New York Court of Appeals heard oral argument in three criminal cases with no apparent relation to the attacks or their aftermath. The Court's decision in those cases, however, may have a profound impact on people of Middle Eastern descent in light of other post September 11 changes. The decision puts the Court's imprimatur on pretextual traffic stops, "traffic infraction stops that would not have been made but for the aim of the police to accomplish an otherwise unlawful investigative seizure or search.”This article first examines the pretext stop decision, People v. Robinson, to explain how the New York Court of Appeals came to limit protection against illegal search and seizure. The article then explores how public opinion and policy toward ethnic profiling has changed since September 11. In particular, the article argues that many public officials and public policies now accept profiling of Middle Easterners as a valid law enforcement tool. Next, the article shows how federal and state governments have directly enlisted local police in investigating and tracking Middle Easterners in the United States. Finally, the article concludes that the effect of Robinson and other post-September 11 changes is a chilling one: New York police, as designated agents against terrorism, armed with the right to stop anyone in a car as long as a minor traffic offense can be identified, may now view their mission as targeting people who appear to be Middle Eastern, Arab or Muslim for stops on the roadways.
An Overview of a Compiler for Scalable Parallel Machines

This paper presents an overview of a parallelizing compiler to automatically generate efficient code for large-scale parallel architectures from sequential input programs. This research focuses on loop-level parallelism in dense matrix computations. We illustrate the basic techniques the compiler uses by describing the entire compilation process for a simple example.