cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collection Analysis When the Budget Decreases

This article begins with a discussion of the rationale behind an in-depth analysis of specific areas of a law library collection and a synopsis of selected past efforts and possible reasons for such an analysis. The majority of the article details the exact steps in the analysis process, as performed by the librarians at the William A. Wise Law Library at the University of Colorado Law School. The main purpose of the Wise Library's analysis was to identify materials that could most easily be cancelled if budget cuts warranted such actions. Finally, collection development considerations that may arise when deciding if and when to cut specific materials and alternative strategies that may be employed are discussed.
Recruitment of the left ventricle for production of atrial natriuretic facton in dahl salt-hypertension sensitive rats

Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rats on normal salt intake develop a chronic form of hypertension with aging whereas Dahl salt-resistant (R) rats do not. In old hypertensive S rats the left ventricle is recruited for the production of ANF as evidenced by a seven-to ten-fold inerease in atrial natriuretic lactor (ANF) mRNA and increased ANF in ventricular tiasue. Plaema ANF is also markedly increased in hypertensive S rats but there is no direct proof that ventricular production of ANF contributes to high plasma ANF. Atrial ANF is higher in S than R rats but this strain difference is not assoclated with strain differences in ANF mRNA in atria and atrial ANF mRNA does not increase dramatically in hypertensive S rats as does ventricular mRNA. Recruitment of the ventricle to produce ANF is clearly a secondary consequence of hypertension, but its functional significance is not established.
Normalizing the thermal effects of radiofrequency radiation: body mass versus total body surface area

The current guideline for exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) was developed through assessment of the biological effects data collected primarily from the rat. The consensus that a lack of hazardous biological effects occurred below a whole-body-averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) of 4.0 W/kg led to the proposition of a 0.4 W/kg guideline with a built-in safety factor of 10. This paper demonstrates that if the RFR absorption rate in the rat had been normalized with respect to total body surface area rather than body mass, the exposure guideline would be 2.3 W/m2, which translates to an SAR of approximately 0.06 W/kg for an adult human. It is further shown that a given RFR absorption rate, normalized as a fraction of a species' heat loss per unit of surface area, is independent of body mass over a range of 0.03-100 kg; however, a normalization of the RFR absorption rate to heat loss per unit of body mass is highly dependent on the species' mass. Normalizing the rate of RFR absorption to the surface area of the rat indicates that the current RFR exposure guideline of 0.4 W/kg may be too high.
SMOKING CESSATION AND THE RISKS OF DIABETES MELLITUS AND IMPAIRED FASTING GLUCOSE: THREE YEAR OUTCOMES FROM A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL

Smoking cessation reduces cardiovascular disease risk but leads to weight gain, which may increase risk for diabetes mellitus (DM) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Since contemporary smokers are older and more overweight than in historical cohorts, we investigated relationships between smoking
Tactical mobile robots for urban search and rescue

Few disasters can inspire more compassion for victims and families than those involving structural collapse. Video clips of children's bodies pulled from earthquake stricken cities and bombing sties tend to invoke tremendous grief and sorrow because of the totally unpredictable nature of the crisis and lack of even the slightest degree of negligence (such as with those who choose to ignore storm warnings). Heartbreaking stories of people buried alive for days provide a visceral and horrific perspective of some of greatest fears ever to be imagined by human beings. Current trends toward urban sprawl and increasing human discord dictates that structural collapse disasters will continue to present themselves at an alarming rate. The proliferation of domestic terrorism, HAZMAT and biological contaminants further complicates the matter further and presents a daunting problem set for Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) organizations around the world. This paper amplifies the case for robot assisted search and rescue that was first presented during the KNOBSAR project initiated at the Colorado School of Mines in 1995. It anticipates increasing technical development in mobile robot technologies and promotes their use for a wide variety of humanitarian assistance missions. Focus is placed on development of advanced robotic systems that are employed in a complementary tool-like fashion as opposed to traditional robotic approaches that portend to replace humans in hazardous tasks. Operational challenges for USAR are presented first, followed by a brief history of mobiles robot development. The paper then presents conformal robotics as a new design paradigm with emphasis on variable geometry and volumes. A section on robot perception follows with an initial attempt to characterize sensing in a volumetric manner. Collaborative rescue is then briefly discussed with an emphasis on marsupial operations and linked mobility. The paper concludes with an emphasis on Human Robot Interface (HRI) and a call for additional research in this exciting and all too important field.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Weighted least-square approach for simultaneous measurement of multiple reflective surfaces

Phase shifting interferometry (PSI) is a highly accurate method for measuring the nanometer-scale relative surface height of a semi-reflective test surface. PSI is effectively used in conjunction with Fizeau interferometers for optical testing, hard disk inspection, and semiconductor wafer flatness. However, commonly-used PSI algorithms are unable to produce an accurate phase measurement if more than one reflective surface is present in the Fizeau interferometer test cavity. Examples of test parts that fall into this category include lithography mask blanks and their protective pellicles, and plane parallel optical beam splitters. The plane parallel surfaces of these parts generate multiple interferograms that are superimposed in the recording plane of the Fizeau interferometer. When using wavelength shifting in PSI the phase shifting speed of each interferogram is proportional to the optical path difference (OPD) between the two reflective surfaces. The proposed method is able to differentiate each underlying interferogram from each other in an optimal manner. In this paper, we present a method for simultaneously measuring the multiple test surfaces of all underlying interferograms from these superimposed interferograms through the use of a weighted least-square fitting technique. The theoretical analysis of weighted least-square technique and the measurement results will be described in this paper.
Research and Dermatologic Excellence

Nearly everyone, even within our small specialty, has a slightly different idea, or bias, as to what constitutes research. We hear of clinical research and academic research and pharmaceutical research and descriptive research and cutting-edge research, but the distinctions often blur and are unimportant. What is important is that research of all kinds increases knowledge and adds information that improves patients' well-being. 1 Perhaps we can agree with a general definition: Research is inquiry . In its simplest form, it may be nothing more than a literature review pertinent to an observation or interest. More often we think of systematic research (a progression starting with questions and ideas) moving forward to a hypothesis, then planning approaches and methods for experiments, all directed toward characterizing normal features and disease mechanisms to prevent and treat illness. Until about 25 years ago, dermatology research was largely descriptive—we had gross cutaneous observations, we had light microscopy, we had the electron microscope, and
Flight dynamic investigations of flying wing with winglet configured unmanned aerial vehicle

A swept wing tailless vehicle platform is well known in the radio control (RC) and sailing aircraft community for excellent spiral stability during soaring or thermaling, while exhibiting no Dutch roll behavior at high speed. When an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is subjected to fly a mission in a rugged mountainous terrain where air current or thermal up-drift is frequently present, this is great aerodynamic benefit over the conventional cross-tailed aircraft which requires careful balance between lateral and directional stability. Such dynamic characteristics can be studied through vehicle dynamic modeling and simulation, but it requires configuration aerodynamic data through wind tunnel experiments. Obtaining such data is very costly and time consuming, and it is not feasible especially for low cost and dispensable UAVs. On the other hand, the vehicle autonomy is quite demanding which requires substantial understanding of aircraft dynamic characteristics. In this study, flight dynamics of an UAV platform based on flying wing with a large winglet was investigated through analytical modeling and numerical simulation. Flight dynamic modeling software and experimental formulae were used to obtain essential configuration aerodynamic characteristics, and linear flight dynamic analysis was carried out to understand the effect of wing sweep angle and winglet size on the vehicle dynamic characteristics.
A curricular initiative for internal medicine residents to enhance proficiency in internal jugular central venous line placement.

OBJECTIVE To determine the feasibility, efficacy, and outcomes of teaching internal jugular (IJ) central venous line placement (CVLP) to internal medicine residents in a hands-on training experience with adult patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Data were obtained from 47 residents during their 3-year residency program through questionnaires and a proprietary system that tracks resident procedures. Twenty-five postgraduate year (PGY) 2 residents at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn, were assigned to IJ-CVLP training in the cardiac catheterization laboratory from January 2001 to June 2001. Their experience, analyzed immediately after training and at completion of residency, was compared with that of 22 PGY-2 residents in the same class who were not assigned to IJ-CVLP training. RESULTS The median Likert scores of the residents' self-reported perception of independence in IJ-CVLP increased from 3.0 (mean ± SD score, 2.8±1.4) before the intervention to 5.0 (4.4±0.9) after the intervention ( P P P =.008). CONCLUSIONS Training internal medicine residents to perform IJ-CVLP is feasible in the cardiac catheterization laboratory with supervision from an attending cardiologist. Trained residents performed significantly more IJ-CVLPs independently during their third year compared with their first year of training. We believe this initiative may be implemented successfully in graduate medical education curriculums.
Recent charge-coupled device optimization results at Steward Observatory

Recent research efforts aimed at optimizing charge-coupled devices (CCDs) after their manufacture to achieve maximum quantum efficiency, wide spectral bandpass, and excellent cosmetics and surface flatness are discussed. Results are presented of a new acid thinning agitation technique which produces very uniform, high-quality surfaces on large area square and rectangular CCDs and 4-in silicon wafers for back illuminated operation. A method of cleaning thinned CCDs before antireflection coating for increased quantum efficiency is also discussed. The results of initial experiments with a new packaging method to mount thinned CCDs while maintaining a very flat imaging surface are presented. This bump bonding mounting technique increases yield due to reduced handling and robust packaging and is expandable to tightly packed large area focal plane mosaics.
ORIGINS OF THE COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

A number of recent articles as well as speeches at national meetings have implied that some terrible plot to denigrate the mission of community colleges by including the function of occupational education (vocational and technical) has been perpetrated by the recent tendency on the part of some to downgrade the arts and humanities. There is no historical basis for this implication. The early leaders of the junior college movement gave appropriate emphasis to the development of a comprehensive institution. This article documentes these emphases and provides a basis for more rational analysis of the curriculum of the community colleges.
Factors associated with hallux valgus in a community-based cross-sectional study of adults with and without osteoarthritis.

Hallux valgus (HV) is a common deformity of the foot characterized by the progressive subluxation and medial bony enlargement of the first metatarsophalangeal joint.1 HV is a major attributable factor to orthopedic foot and ankle surgery each year,2 and is also associated with functional disability, foot pain, impaired balance, and high risk falls in older adults.3–7 Previous large studies in adults 65+ years of age4,8,9 and in clinic samples4,10 have reported the following factors associated with HV. HV has been shown to be more common in women than men8,9 and in African Americans than Caucasians.8,11 Also, the prevalence of HV was higher in individuals with older age,4,8–10 but associations between HV and body mass index (BMI)7,9,12,13 were inconsistent and appeared to vary by sex.8,9 With the pes planus foot, forces during standing and walking may be directed more medially to the first ray, contributing to disorders of the medial foot such as HV and metatarsalgia;14 however, reports of the link between HV and pes planus differ.9,15 HV has been shown to be associated with osteoarthritis (OA) of the first metatarsophalangeal joint.16 Since OA may be a multiple joint condition, HV and OA at other lower body joint sites may be related, particularly if there are biomechanical mechanisms at play, but this relationship previously has not been explored. Other related factors include wearing shoes with high heels and structural foot attributes such as long first metatarsals, round metatarsal heads and pronated foot posture.9,17 Identifying adults with HV earlier in the life course may aid in preventing later functional limitations, such as impaired balance in older populations. The overall objective of the present study was to examine potential factors related to HV in the study sample and by sex and race in a large, community-based study of African American and Caucasian men and women 50+ years of age. Inconsistences in the existing literature of factors potentially related to HV (as described above) may be explained by sex and race differences. The present study has two main purposes: 1) to determine whether HV is associated with foot pain and if this relationship differs by sex and race, and 2) to examine sex- and race-specific associations of age, BMI, pes planus, and presence of knee or hip OA with HV. We hypothesized that: 1) foot pain would be more commonly reported in individuals with HV compared to those without HV regardless of sex or race, 2) HV would be associated with female sex, African American race, greater age, greater BMI, pes planus, and the presence of knee/hip OA, and 3) associations of HV with age, BMI, pes planus, and knee/hip OA would not vary by sex or race.
Effect of docosahexaenoic acid on membrane fluidity and function in intact cultured Y-79 retinoblastoma cells

Considerable metabolic energy is expended in ensuring that membranes possess a characteristic fatty acid composition. The nature of the specific requirement of the retina for high levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is as yet undefined. Previous work has speculated that DHA is required to maintain the fluid nature and permeability necessary for optimal retinal function. Cultured Y-79 retinoblastoma cells were grown in serum-containing media with and without supplemental DHA. Resultant changes in membrane fluidity were assessed using fluorescent probes. No differences were observed in rotational probe mobility as assessed by fluorescence polarization despite a fourfold increase in cellular DHA content. Lateral probe mobility as assessed by pyrene eximer formation was significantly enhanced in DHA-supplemented cells. Both the DHA content and total fatty acid unsaturation index in retinoblastoma cells were directly correlated with membrane fluidity as reported by eximer formation (Pearson's rho = 0.96 and 0.92, respectively). DHA supplementation also resulted in a significant increase in cellular choline uptake. We speculate that the effect of DHA content on retinal function may be mediated by changes in membrane fluidity and associated enzyme and transport activities.
Possible evidence for static octupole deformation in 128,129 Ba

It is demonstrated that recent experimental results on high spin states of128,129Ba offer substantial new evidence for static octupole deformation in these nuclei.
An efficient approach to multi-layer layer assignment with application to via minimization

In this paper, we present an efficient heuristic algorithmfor the layer assignment and via minimization problem formulti-layer gridless IC, PCB, and MCM layout.We introducethe notion of the extended conflict-continuation (ECC)graph to represent the multi-layer layer assignment problem.Our algorithm is based on a linear time optimal algorithmthat solves a special case of the layer assignment problemwhen the ECC graph is a tree.For the general layer assignmentconstructs a sequence of induced subtrees in theECC graph and applies our linear time optimal algorithmto each of the induced subtrees.We have applied this algorithmto the via minimization problem and get very encouragingresults.We have achieved 13%-16% via reduction onthe routing layout generated by V4R router, which is arouter known to have low usage of vias.We successfully appliedour algorithm to routing examples of over 30,000 wiresegments and over 40,000 vias.
An in service model for enhancing faculty computer self‐efficacy

Computer self-efficacy is a significant factor that differentiates adopters and non-adopters of computer technology among university faculty. Faculty who judge themselves unable to use computers effectively and confidently will not adopt them in the classroom even when the hardware and software are available to them. In this case study, a program was designed and implemented to enhance faculty computer self-efficacy. Using Bandura's four sources of efficacy information as a guide, the program consisted of showcases, seminars, workshops and funding. The in service program had a positive impact on both faculty and administration. The in service program was a cost-effective way for administrators to support faculty in the use of computer technology in instruction. The faculty gained confidence and enhanced their computer self- efficacy resulting in a community of faculty with shared interests in using computers in the classroom. Components of the program, its evaluation and recommendations for implementation are discussed. Higher education cannot realize the potential impact of computer technology until faculty are comfortable using technology for instructional activities. Current computer hardware and related information technologies are now faster, possess greater memory, and are available at lower costs than their predecessors. Faculty in higher education can and should make imaginative use of these technologies to enrich the learning environment and support student learning. Many faculty are sufficiently comfortable with the technology to use it in the classroom; however, many others are not. Indeed, the pace of the information revolution has left many faculty members bewildered and unsure of how or when they can utilize this ever-changing phenomenon. Academic administrators must, therefore, develop mechanisms to help faculty become comfortable with the use of computers in their instructional activities (Olivier and Shapiro, 1993). The purpose of this article is to describe an in service program designed to improve instructional computer use by faculty at a university campus. The authors found that computer self-efficacy is related to adoption among the faculty on this campus as it is at others (Faseyitan and Hirschbuhl, 1992). Therefore, the program objective was to enhance the computer self-efficacy of the faculty and their desire to integrate computers into instruction. First, we establish how improved self-efficacy is linked to computer usage in instruction, establishing the framework for the in service program. Next, a detailed description of the program is presented. Finally, we present an evaluation and an assessment of the impact of the in service program on the self-efficacy of faculty at our campus.
Health Consequences of the ‘Great Recession’ on the Employed: Evidence from an Industrial Cohort in Aluminum Manufacturing

Abstract While the negative effects of unemployment have been well studied, the consequences of layoffs and downsizing for those who remain employed are less well understood. This study uses human resources and health claims data from a large multi-site fully insured aluminum company to explore the health consequences of downsizing on the remaining workforce. We exploit the variation in the timing and intensity of layoff to categorize 30 plants as high or low layoff plants. Next, we select a stably employed cohort of workers with history of health insurance going back to 2006 to 1) describe the selection process into layoff and 2) explore the association between the severity of plant level layoffs and the incidence of four chronic conditions in the remaining workforce. We examine four health outcomes: incident hypertension, diabetes, asthma/COPD and depression for a cohort of approximately 13,000 employees. Results suggest that there was an increased risk of developing hypertension for all workers and an increased risk of developing diabetes for salaried workers that remain at the plants with the highest level of layoffs. The hypertension results were robust to a several specification tests. In addition, the study design selected only healthy workers, therefore our estimates are likely to be a lower bound and suggest that adverse health consequences of the 2007–2009 recession may have affected a broader proportion of the population than previously expected.
Microwave-assisted metathesis synthesis of Schoenfliesite-type MSn(OH)6 (M = Mg, Ca, Zn, and Sr) materials

Technologically important Schoenfliesite type MSn(OH)6 (M = Mg, Ca, Zn, and Sr) materials were synthesized by a simple solid state metathesis (SSM) approach, assisted by microwave energy. The SSM nature of the reaction is strongly suggested by the formation of NaCl byproduct. The synthesized materials are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and diffuse reflectance (DR) in the UV–VIS range, to determine physical properties and establish structure–property relationships for these materials.
General disproportionation equations for plutonium

Disproportionation equations are illustrated for two oxidation numbers (N) and for the general case of any N. The new method illustrates the effect of N on the coefficients in disproportionation equations. An estimate of the equilibrium constant for the first hydrolysis reaction of tetravalent plutonium is obtained by a new approach. The estimated value agrees with many previous results.
The Oblique Wing as a Lifting-Line Problem in Transonic Flow.

A transonic-flow theory of thin, oblique wing of high aspect ratio is presented, which permits a delineation of the influence of wing sweep, the centre-line curvature, and other three-dimensional (3D) effects on the nonlinear mixed flow in the framework of small-disturbance theory. In the (parameter) domain of interest, the flow field far from the wing section pertains to a high subsonic, or linear sonic, outer flow, representable by a Prandtl–Glauert solution involving a swept, as well as curved, lifting line in the leading approximation.Among the 3D effects is one arising from the compressibility correction to the velocity divergence, absent in classical works; this effect also leads to a correction in the outer flow in the form of an oblique line source. More important is the upwash corrections which includes the influence of both the near and far wakes, as well as the local curvature of the centre-line. For straight oblique wings, local similarities exist in the 3D flow structure, permitting the reduced equations to be solved once for all span stations. An analogy also exists between the oblique-wing problem and that of a 2D transonic flow which is weakly time-dependent; this provides an alternative method of solving numerically the inner airfoil problem.Solutions to the reduced problem are demonstrated and compared with full-potential solutions for elliptic oblique wings involving high subcritical as well as slightly supercritical component flows.
The Scope and Nature of the Labor Turnover Problem

I. The issue, 329. — II. Criticism of prevailing methods of computing replacements, 331. — III. Analysis of the case for the replacement concept, 335. — IV. The case against the replacement concept, 340.
How do cultural variations emerge from universal mechanisms

Diverse cultural norms governing economic behavior might emerge from a dynamic interaction of universal but flexible predispositions that get calibrated to biologically meaningful features of the local social and physical ecology. This impressive cross-cultural effort could better elucidate such gene-culture interactions by incorporating theory-driven experimental manipulations (e.g., comparing kin and non-kin exchanges), as well as analyses of mediating cognitive processes.
Chronic Nicotine Treatment Up-regulates Human α3β2 but Not α3β4 Acetylcholine Receptors Stably Transfected in Human Embryonic Kidney Cells

Human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subtypes alpha3 beta2, alpha3 beta2 alpha5, alpha3 beta4, and alpha3 beta4 alpha5 were stably expressed in cells derived from the human embryonic kidney cell line 293. alpha3 beta4 AChRs were found in prominent 2-micrometer patches on the cell surface, whereas most alpha3 beta2 AChRs were more diffusely distributed. The functional properties of the alpha3 AChRs in tsA201 cells were characterized by whole cell patch clamp using both acetylcholine and nicotine as agonists. Nicotine was a partial agonist on alpha3 beta4 AChRs and nearly a full agonist on alpha3 beta2 alpha5 AChRs. Chronic exposure of cells expressing alpha3 beta2 AChRs or alpha3 beta2 alpha5 AChRs to nicotine or carbamylcholine increased their amount up to 24-fold but had no effect on the amount of alpha3beta4 or alpha3 beta4 alpha5 AChRs, i.e. the up-regulation of alpha3 AChRs depended on the presence of beta2 but not beta4 subunits in the AChRs. This was also found to be true of alpha3 AChRs in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y. In the absence of nicotine, alpha3 beta2 AChRs were expressed at much lower levels than alpha3 beta4 AChRs, but in the presence of nicotine, the amount of alpha3 beta2 AChRs exceeded that of alpha3 beta4 AChRs. Up-regulation was seen for both total AChRs and surface AChRs. Up-regulated alpha3beta2 AChRs were functional. The nicotinic antagonists curare and dihydro-beta-erythroidine also up-regulated alpha3 beta2 AChRs, but only by 3-5-fold. The channel blocker mecamylamine did not cause up-regulation of alpha3 beta2 AChRs and inhibited up-regulation by nicotine. Our data suggest that up-regulation of alpha3 beta2 AChRs in these lines by nicotine results from both increased subunit assembly and decreased AChR turnover.
Open-field behavior in mice: Analysis of maternal effects by means of ovarian transplantation

Ovaries from donors of each of two inbred strains (BALB/cJ and C57BL/6J) were transplanted into F1 hybrid recipients. By appropriate matings it was thus possible to obtain inbred offspring carried by either hybrid or inbred mothers. Differences in the maternal environment were found to account for a relatively small proportion of the total variance in open-field behavior, but accounted for a relatively large proportion of the variance in body weight.
Is There Really No Projection Postulate in the Modal Interpretation

Modal interpretations of quantum mechanics admit two kinds of state: physical states, which specify the values of observables on a system, and theoretical states, which specify a probability distribution over possible physical states. They appear to use this distinction to deny the projection postulate, claiming that collapse corresponds only to a change from discussing the theoretical state to discussing the physical state. I argue that modal interpretations should adopt a projection postulate at the level of the theoretical state. However, other features of modal interpretations might render the projection postulate immune from the usual objections.
Superhydrophilic surface modification of copper surfaces by Layer-by-Layer self-assembly and Liquid Phase Deposition of TiO2 thin film

Abstract A new method has been developed for the superhydrophilic surface modification of copper using versatile solution-based fabrication techniques. The high surface area of TiO2 nanoparticles was exploited to create a thin film with increased surface energy that transformed copper materials from relatively hydrophobic to superhydrophilic. Copper exposed to ambient conditions resulting in a thin layer of copper oxide has a water contact angle near 90°, but following TiO2 modification, the contact angle dropped to 0°. The thin film responsible for this drastic improvement in wettability proved durable by retaining its excellent properties throughout an extended application of thermal stress. SEM and Raman Spectroscopic analysis confirmed the structural integrity of the film before and after a durability test.
Adhesive and elastic properties of thin gel layers

We employ linear elastic fracture mechanics to describe the adhesive and frictional properties of thin, elastic gel layers against a glass, hemispherical indenter. A triblock copolymer with poly (methyl methacrylate) endblocks and a poly (n-butyl acrylate) midblock is diluted with a selective solvent for the center block in order to form a low modulus, thermally reversible gel that behaves as an elastic solid at room temperature. Through simultaneous measurements ofthe circular contact area, normal displacement, and applied load, we show that the fracture mechanics expressions provide an accurate means to describe the adhesive behavior of the highly compliant polymer gels. By modifying the surface properties of the indenter, we show that the relationship between load and displacement is sensitive to the response of shear forces at the gel/indenter interface, whereas the relationship between the contact area and displacement is unaffected by this response. In addition, we demonstrate the utility of our methodology for quantifying adhesion in situations where the applied load cannot be measured directly.
Surgical treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a unique primary myocardial disease characterized by unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy in absence of another etiology. One of the key features is the presence of systolic anterior motion of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve which causes left ventricular outflow tract obstruction with various degrees of mitral valve regurgitation. Surgical septal myectomy is the preferred treatment of choice if medical treatment is unsuccessful or intolerable. We summarize in this review the available treatment options for HCM.
What is an Answer

In many branches of pure mathematics it can be surprisingly hard to recognize when a question has, in fact, been answered. A clearcut proof of a theorem or the discovery of a counterexample leaves no doubt in the reader's mind that a solution has been found. But when an "explicit solution" to a problem is given, it may happen that more work is needed to evaluate that " solution," in a particular case, than exhaustively to examine all of the possibilities directly from the original formulation of the problem. In such a situation, other things being equal, we may justifiably question whether the problem has in fact been solved. Examples of this sort can turn up anywhere, but here we will concentrate on problems in combinatorial mathematics, specifically those of the type "how manyare there?" Such enumeration problems lie at the heart of the subject, and it is important to be able to recognize solutions when they appear. The point, of course, is that sometimes the "answer" is presented as a formula that is so messy and long, and so full of factorials and sign alternations and whatnot, that we may feel that the disease was preferable to the cure. An answer to such an enumeration question may be given by means of a generating function, a recurrence relation, or by an explicit formula. Each of these is, in essence, just an algorithm for the computation of the counting sequence that is to be determined. How do we judge the usefulness of such answers? Obviously we might be able to do many things with the answer, such as to make asymptotic estimates, to discover congruence relations, to delight in its elegance, and so forth. We're going to restrict attention here to the appraisal of solutions from the point of view of how easily they allow us to calculate the number of objects in the set that is being studied. The quality of such -formulas should therefore be judged by the usual combination of esthetic and quantitative benchmarks that are used on algorithms. In particular, the quantitative criterion is the computational complexity: the amount of work required to get an answer. We suggest here that the same criterion should be applied to enumeration formulas. We will see that a corollary of this attitude is that our decision as to what constitutes an answer may be time-dependent: as faster algorithms for listing the objects become available, a proposed formula for counting the objects will have to be comparably faster to evaluate. For concreteness, suppose that for each integer n > 0 there is a set Sn that we want to count. Let f(n) = I Sn I (the cardinality of Sn), for each n. Suppose further that a certain formula has been found, say
The effect of calcium hydroxide on deep carious lesions

Abstract After two years, 76 per cent of all deciduous and young permanent teeth with deep carious lesions proved to be clinically and roentgenographically sound subsequent to procedures involving application of a calcium hydroxide paste over residual caries for a six-month period, followed by complete excavation and restoration by conventional methods.
Purification and characterization of an O2-utilizing cytochrome-c oxidase complex from Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteroid membranes

A cytochrome-c (cyt c) oxidase supercomplex consisting of 7-8 subunits and possessing a mass of 358-425 kDa was purified from Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteroid membranes. At least two subunits possess c-type heme as a prosthetic group. One of the c-heme-containing components was detected in bacteroid membranes, but not in free-living cells. The complex also contains b-heme, and both b-type and c-type heme proteins were spectrophotometrically shown to form complexes with carbon monoxide. A CO difference spectrum showed an absorption minimum (trough) at 551.7 nm, possibly corresponding to a previously described cyt c-552 in bacteroid membranes. 1 mM quinacrine (Atebrin) had no effect on O2 uptake by the cytochrome-c oxidase complex, but 10 mM inhibited O2 uptake by 90%. Cytochromes b and c1 of the cytochrome bc1 respiratory complex were identified as two of the components of the bacteroid complex based upon immunoreaction with antibodies against these two proteins from B. japonicum. The oxidase complex oxidized exogenously added horse heart ferrocytochrome c concomitant with the uptake of oxygen. It could also oxidize the artificial electron donor N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine in the absence of added cytochrome c. Oxygen uptake activity was completely inhibited by 10 microM NaCN and 38% by 0.1 microM NaCN. The oxidase complex was not able to oxidize a ubiquinol homolog possessing a single isoprenoid unit side chain. Solubilization of bacteroid membranes in the presence of 1.0 mM EDTA resulted in complete loss of cytochrome-c oxidase activity. Leghemoglobin deoxygenation data indicated that the oxidase complex can efficiently function at free oxygen concentrations well below 1.0 microM, even though attempts to determine the oxidase's specific affinity oxygen were unsuccessful due to the formation of oxidized leghemoglobin derivatives.
Neutral and charged particle simulation of a RF argon plasma

Particle-in-cell Monte Carlo simulations of one-dimensional capacitively coupled radio frequency glow discharges were performed for low-pressure argon plasmas. The present scheme includes the motions and collisions both of neutral species and of charged particles. To optimize computational efforts, a time-averaging technique was considered for the electric field while larger time steps (compared to those used for charged particles) were used for neutral species motion and collisions. The results show that the neutral Ar density is almost uniform between the unheated electrodes, consistent with the assumptions of earlier `charged particle' simulations. The model was applied to `heated wall' cases in which one of the electrodes (the cathode) is heated for different chamber pressures. The wall heating changes the neutral species temperature and density profiles, which affect the plasma density profile and the energy of ions impinging on the cathode. Lowering the pressure changed the plasma density and energy distributions of electrons and impinging ions.
Translational and Rotational Motion of Probes in Supercooled 1,3,5-Tris(naphthyl)benzene

Measurements of the rotational and translational motion of several probe molecules in supercooled 1,3-bis(1-naphthyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)benzene (ααβ-TNB) are reported. Rotational correlation times from 10-10 to 103 s were measured in the temperature range from 341 to 515 K (Tg = 343.5 K). Translational diffusion coefficients ranged from 10-6 to 10-15 cm2/s over a similar temperature range. The rotational correlation times of all probes have essentially the same temperature dependence as the viscosity of TNB. In contrast, the translational diffusion of the smallest probe, tetracene, is observed to have a significantly weaker temperature dependence. At Tg, the translational diffusion coefficient of tetracene is 300 times larger than expected based on its rotational correlation time. Similar enhancements of translational diffusion near Tg have recently been observed in other glass-forming liquids. These observations suggest that dynamics in TNB and other supercooled liquids are spatially heterogeneous. The probe...
A group of Giardia lamblia variant-specific surface protein (VSP) genes with nearly identical 5′ regions

The surfaces of Giardia lamblia trophozoites contain one of a set of variant-specific surface proteins. The genes encoding these proteins are highly conserved at the 3' terminus, but frequently demonstrate little similarity in the remainder of the coding region. This report describes a family of vsp genes highly similar to a repeat-containing vsp gene (vspC5) at the 5' coding and flanking regions, but which diverge abruptly from vspC5 in the first repeat and do not themselves contain full copies of the repeat. This observation suggests the possibility that recombination among different vsp genes may have played a role in development of the vsp gene repertoire.
Two- and three-particle correlations in gold-emulsion interactions at 10.6A GeV

We present an analysis on two- and three-particle correlations among shower particles, produced in semi-central collisions of197Au at 10.6A GeV with nuclear emulsion. Results are compared with the existing data of28Si ion at 14.5A GeV from BNL, and32S,16O nuclei at 200A GeV and16O beam at 60A GeV from CERN. Existence of short-range correlations is observed to be a general feature of all the heavy-ion reactions in pseudorapidity and azimuthal angle phase-spaces.
Consumer Adoption of Mobile Internet Services: An Exploratory Study

This study provides a framework that captures the antecedents of mobile internet adoption and the willingness to pay for such service. The theory of reasoned action and components of a theory of innovation adoption were integrated into a research model of consumer adoption of the mobile internet. The hypothesized model included service quality perceptions (fixed internet and mobile technology service), beliefs about mobile internet, and individual difference variables to explain intention to adopt mobile internet. An online questionnaire was used to gather data. The results showed that beliefs and quality perceptions play a significant role in influencing intentions to adopt mobile internet. In particular, beliefs about mobile internet are positively related to the adoption; quality perceptions of fixed internet are found significant to negatively influence adoption intentions, but positively relate to willingness to pay for using mobile internet. Mobile service usage, and peer influence are found non-sig...
New Options for Financing Residence Hall Renovation and Construction

Many U.S. colleges and universities are faced with the problems of aging residence hall facilities, increasing student expectations for living options, and financial structures that prevent an aggressive approach to renovation or new construction. Traditional funding options are no longer viable for some institutions, and additional options are needed to address the gaps between what is required of university housing facilities, what is desired by students, and what is affordable for the university and the student resident.
The Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Guide to Therapy

The cause of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is unknown; however, extensive research has yielded great insight into its pathogenesis. Lymphocytes play a significant role, but a lesser role in the perpetuation of late disease. The rheumatoid synovium is composed primarily of fibroblasts and monocytes that produce inflammatory cytokines, of which interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor are of key importance. Potential regulatory mechanisms balancing the effects of these cytokines are inadequate to prevent joint damage and subsequent disability. These cytokines seem responsible for stimulating destructive processes in the joint via induction of prostaglandins, angiogenesis, chemokines, adhesion molecules, osteoclastogenesis, and matrix metalloproteinases. This review discusses recent research findings in the immunopathogenesis of RA with respect to potential targets for therapy.
Automated support for managing feature requests in open forums

The result is stable, focused, dynamic discussion threads that avoid redundant ideas and engage thousands of stakeholders.
Connexin43, the major gap junction protein of astrocytes, is down-regulated in inflamed white matter in an animal model of multiple sclerosis.

Both multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), its animal model, involve inflammatory attack on central nervous system (CNS) white matter, leading to demyelination and axonal damage. Changes in astrocytic morphology and function are also prominent features of MS and EAE. Resting astrocytes form a network that is interconnected through gap junctions, composed mainly of connexin43 (Cx43) protein. Although astrocytic gap junctional connectivity is known to be altered in many CNS pathologies, little is known about Cx43 expression in inflammatory demyelinating disease. Therefore, we evaluated the expression of Cx43 in spinal cords of EAE mice compared with healthy controls. Lumbar ventral white matter areas were heavily infiltrated with CD11β-immunoreactive monocytes, and within these infiltrated regions loss of Cx43 immunoreactivity was evident. These regions also showed axonal dystrophy, demonstrated by the abnormally dephosphorylated heavy-chain neurofilament proteins. Astrocytes in these Cx43-depleted lesions were strongly glial fibrillary acidic protein reactive. Significant loss (38%) of Cx43 protein in EAE mouse at the lumbar portion of spinal cords was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Decreased Cx43 transcript level was also observed on cDNA microarray analysis. In addition to changes in Cx43 expression, numerous other genes were altered, including those encoding adhesion and extracellular matrix proteins. Our data support the notion that, in addition to damage of myelinating glia, altered astrocyte connectivity is a prominent feature of inflammatory demyelination.
Synthesis of 123I labeled Congo Red via solid phase organic chemistry

A polymer supported synthesis of 123 I labeled Congo Red has been developed that provides a high yield of radiochemically pure product.
Growth Rate of Herbage Initially Dominated by Reed Canarygrass or Tall Fescue

Herbage growth rates may fluctuate during the growing season. Yet decisions concerning herbage management, particularly in pastures, are based partially on expected production. No comprehensive study of herbage growth rates has been conducted in southern New England. Such information could be used to better predict seasonal availability of forage. The objective of this study was to determine herbage growth rates using swards initially dominated by reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) or tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). A 2 by 4 factorial experiment was conducted between 1988 and 1990 for reed canarygrass and in 1990 for tall fescue. Treatments were (i) N rates (125 and 250 lb/acre per year) and (ii) date of initial harvest (four initial spring harvest dates, each taken at weekly intervals). Regrowth was harvested at monthly intervals from each plot. Yield estimates obtained throughout the growing season were used to calculate growth rates using a reiterative pooled estimate procedure. Growth rates of both species peaked in early-mid May, producing 60 to 105 lb dry matter (DM)/acre per day. Patterns of growth rates following this peak varied with year. Growth rates in 1990 were similar for swards initially dominated by either species. Growth rates and dry matter yields were greater for herbage fertilized with 250 lb N/acre than for the lower N rate. Seasonal herbage growth rate patterns were similar at the two N rates, however. The varying growth rates observed over years and within seasons suggest that hay and pasture management must be site-specific
DETERMINANTS OF THE EXECUTION COSTS OF COMMON STOCK TRADES BY INDIVIDUAL INVESTORS

Data on a large sample of transactions in common stocks by individual investors over a nine-year period are examined to identify factors that influence the magnitude of the price concessions those investors experienced in trades executed on the New York and American Stock Exchanges. Among the factors that appear to have an influence on such “execution costs” are the exchange where the security involved is traded and the direction of the price movement in the security on the day of the trade. The size of the trade, the price of the stock, and the volatility of price, however, do not seem to have an effect. There is also little indication that execution costs have declined over time as the securities markets have become less subject to regulation.