cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validity Study of the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire for the Elderly

ABSTRACT: The short, portable mental status questionnaire (SPMSQ) developed by Pfeiffer has several advantages over previous short instruments designed to assess the intellectual functioning of older adults. It is based upon data from both institutionalized and community-dwelling elderly. Although Pfeiffer outlined a four-group classification, he used two groups in his initial validation study: (a) intact/mildly impaired, and (b) moderately/severely impaired. The present study compared clinicians' ratings with those based upon the SPMSQ scores, and examined the validity of the four-group classification. The sample included 181 subjects from seven intermediate care facilities and nine home-care agencies. All were assessed by the OARS questionnaire, which includes the SPSMQ. Three discriminant analyses were performed with three different criteria, for two-group, three-group, and four-group models. Results indicated that the two-group model (intact/mildly impaired and moderately/ severely impaired) permitted significant discrimination. The four-group model, however, gave less distinct results. In particular, patients who were mildly intellectually impaired could not be clearly distinguished from those who were intact and from those who were moderately impaired. The three-group model (minimally, moderately, severely impaired) seemed to offer the best compromise between the gross dichotomy of the original two-model system and the less accurate four-category system.
Origin of spontaneous desorption observed in direct sticking probability experiments of weak molecular adsorption

Abstract Using two isotopes of ethane, we have investigated the origin of spontaneous ethane desorption previously observed during direct adsorption probability measurements of molecular ethane adsorption onto a cold Pt(111) surface. We believe the spontaneous desorption may result from a phase transition in the ethane adlayer at coverages near monolayer saturation which shifts adsorbed ethane to a lower binding energy surface site and/or molecular configuration. We also provide conclusive evidence that desorption from the monolayer does not occur during our measurements of the coverage-dependent sticking probability.
A framework for the performance analysis of concurrent B-tree algorithms

Many concurrent B-tree algorithms have been proposed, but they have not yet been satisfactorily analyzed. When transaction processing systems require high levels of concurrency, a restrictive serialization technique on the B-tree index can cause a bottleneck. In this paper, we present a framework for constructing analytical performance models of concurrent B-tree algorithms. The models can predict the response time and maximum throughput. We analyze three algorithms: Naive Lock-coupling, Optimistic Descent, and the Lehman-Yao algorithm. The analyses are validated by simulations of the algorithms on actual B-trees. Simple and instructive rules of thumb for predicting performance are also derived. We apply the analyses to determine the effect of database recovery on B-tree concurrency.
Regulated transcription of the maize Bronze-2 promoter in electroporated protoplasts requires the C1 and R gene products.

The putative maize transcription factor genes R and C1 are required for expression of reporter genes with promoters from the Bz1 and A1 genes, which encode enzymes required for anthocyanin biosynthesis in maize. Bz2 is another anthocyanin biosynthetic gene; we show that expression of a reporter gene from the Bz2 promoter also requires R and C1 when the fusion construct is introduced into maize kernels by particle gun bombardment. When electroporated into maize protoplasts from a suspension cell line not synthesizing anthocyanins, reporter genes with Bz2, Bz1, and A1 promoters are expressed only when both R and C1 expression plasmids are co-electroporated. Electroporation of R and C1 expression plasmids also induces the endogenous genes required for anthocyanin synthesis, resulting in pink protoplasts within 24 h. RNase protection analysis demonstrates that accumulation of mRNA from the endogenous Bzl and Bz2 genes absolutely requires introduced R and C1. In time-course experiments there is a delay of 3–6 h before the Bz2 promoter is activated, supporting the proposed role for R- and C1-encoded proteins in transcriptional control. An excess of R relative to C1 suppresses expression of A1, Bz1, and Bz2 promoters, suggesting an interaction between the R and C1 proteins.
Oxalate-promoted forsterite dissolution at low pH

Abstract We ran a series of 124 semi-batch reactor experiments to measure the dissolution rate of forsterite in solutions of nitric and oxalic acid solutions over a pH range of 0–7 and total oxalate concentrations between 0 and 0.35 m at 25 °C. We found that the empirical rate law for the dissolution of forsterite in these solutions is r = 10 - 7.03 a H + 0.46 + 10 - 5.44 m ox 2 - 0.40 a H + 0.47 where a H + is the activity of hydrogen ions, m ox is the concentration of oxalate in molal, and the rate is given in (mol/m 2 s). The first term of the rate law expresses the dissolution rate for solutions with no oxalate and the second term expresses the additional rate produced by the presence of oxalate ions. Our experiments show that oxalate-promoted dissolution rates depend upon both oxalate concentration and pH. Based on this, we propose a reaction mechanism in which a hydrogen ion and an oxalate ion are simultaneously present in the activated complex for the reaction that releases H 4 SiO 4 into solution. By analogy, we propose that water acts as a ligand in the absence of oxalate, so the first term of our rate law has a H 2 O m (=1) as a hidden term. Thus, our results suggest that both a proton and a ligand (either an anion or a water molecule) must be present in the activated complex for forsterite dissolution, suggesting that proton-promoted and ligand-promoted dissolution are simply two aspects of the same process, and that the distinction between the two is artificial. The increased dissolution rate of forsterite produced by oxalate ions at a concentration of 0.001 m, a concentration comparable to the amount of organic acids in typical soils, translates into an approximately a 6-fold increase in forsterite dissolution rates at pH > 4.2. This suggests that organic acids have a measurable, but not profound, effect on chemical weathering.
Absolute rates of protein synthesis in sea urchins with specific activity measurements of radioactive leucine and leucyl-tRNA.

Abstract A technique for isolating leucyl-tRNA and determining its specific radioactivity is described. The method is applied to an analysis of the rates of protein synthesis in unfertilized sea urchin eggs and gastrulae. Comparison of specific activities of leucine and leucyl-tRNA suggests that, in the gastrula under our experimental conditions, compartmentation of intracellular leucine is relatively minor. The protein synthetic rate in the gastrula stage embryo is 113 times greater than that in the unfertilized egg.
Delirium and Sedation in the ICU

Delirium is defined by a fluctuating level of attentiveness and has been associated with increased ICU mortality and poor cognitive outcomes in both general ICU and neurocritical care populations. Sedation use in the ICU can contribute to delirium. Limiting ICU sedation allows for the diagnosis of underlying acute neurological insults associated with delirium and leads to shorter mechanical ventilation time, shorter length of stay, and improved 1 year mortality rates. Identifying the underlying etiology of delirium is critical to developing treatment paradigms.
Label-free 3D optical imaging of microcirculation within sentinel lymph node in vivo

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) is the first lymph node to drain wastes originated from cancerous tissue. There is a need for an in vivo imaging method that can image the intact SLN in order to further our understanding of its normal as well as abnormal functions. We report the use of ultrahigh sensitive optical microangiography (UHS-OMAG) to image functional microvascular and lymphatic vessel networks that innervate the intact lymph node in mice in vivo. The promising results show a potential role of UHS-OMAG in the future understanding and diagnosis of the SLN involvement in cancer development.
Characterization of self-assembled monolayers of porphyrins bearing multiple thiol-derivatized rigid-rod tethers.

A series of multithiol-functionalized zinc porphyrins has been prepared and characterized as self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au. The molecules, designated ZnPSn (n = 1−4), contain from one to four [(S-acetylthio)methyl]phenylethynylphenyl groups appended to the meso-position of the porphyrin; the other meso-substituents are phenyl groups. For the dithiol-functionalized molecules, both the cis- and the trans-appended structures were examined. The ZnPSn SAMs were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and various electrochemical methods. The studies reveal the following characteristics of the ZnPSn SAMs. (1) The ZnPSn molecules bind to the Au surface via a single thiol regardless of the number of thiol appendages that are available per molecular unit. (2) The porphyrins in the ZnPS3 and ZnPS4 SAMs bind to the surface in a more upright orientation than the porphyrins in the ZnPS1, cis-ZnPS2, and trans-ZnPS2 SAMs. The porphyrins in the ZnPS3 and ZnPS4...
Pest persistence and eradication conditions in a deterministic model for sterile insect release

The release of sterile insects is an environment friendly pest control method used in integrated pest management programmes. Difference or differential equations based on Knipling's model often provide satisfactory qualitative descriptions of pest populations subject to sterile release at relatively high densities with large mating encounter rates, but fail otherwise. In this paper, I derive and explore numerically deterministic population models that include sterile release together with scarce mating encounters in the particular case of species with long lifespan and multiple matings. The differential equations account separately the effects of mating failure due to sterile male release and the frequency of mating encounters. When insects spatial spread is incorporated through diffusion terms, computations reveal the possibility of steady pest persistence in finite size patches. In the presence of density dependence regulation, it is observed that sterile release might contribute to induce sudden suppre...
Combustor Model for Simulation of Combustion Instabilities and Their Active Control

The development and application of a numerical model of an actively controlled combustor are described. The main objective was to develop a model that could be used as a platform for studying closed-loop control of unstable combustors. The model uses a heuristic approach and global kinetics to describe mixing and combustion processes in a one-dimensionalgaseous combustor. Initially, themodel is used to investigate a combustor’s response to open-loopexcitation by periodic fuel injection. The numerical model’s prediction that 1) the pressure oscillation amplitude decreases and 2) the phase shift between the fuel injection rate and heat-release oscillations increases linearly, as the frequency of fuel injection rate increases, are in good agreement with experimental data from a gas rocket. Next, closed-loop control is studied. The investigated controller determines the characteristics of the most unstablemode in real time and damps the instability by modulating the injection rate of a fraction of the injected fuel to excite a secondary combustion process within the combustor out of phase with respect to the most unstable mode of pressure oscillations. Active control examples include the study of the dependence of the controller’s performance on the amount of fuel pulsed.
A Sudden Death Due to Central Hypoventilation in A 3-Year-Old Boy with Idiopathic Hypothalamic Dysfunction

Idiopathic hypothalamic dysfunction is a rare disorder associated with adipsia, obesity and other symptoms such as central hypoventilation without any hypothalamic structural lesion. We report the case of a 3-year-old boy who died suddenly due to central hypoventilation. His obesity index increased from 0% to 75% during the 7 months prior to 3 yr 0 mo. During this clinical course, adipsia, hyperthermia, sudoresis, mild central hypoventilation, blepharoptosia, a change of character, hypernatremia, and hypothalamic hypopituitarism were observed. No treatment was given for hypoventilation. He died from sudden respiratory arrest because of central hypoventilation at 3 yr 8 mo. MRI examination was performed twice at 3 yr 3 mo and 3 yr 4 mo and revealed neither specific lesion nor invisible pituitary stalk. At autopsy, local inflammation and gliosis of the hypothalamus were present. So far at least 14 patients with idiopathic hypothalamic dysfunction have been reported. Eight cases including ours had central hypoventilation. Six out of the eight had poor respiratory prognosis, and central hypoventilation in hypothalamic dysfunction could be potentially fatal. In conclusion the patients with hypothalamic dysfunction should be treated intensively if they are suspected of having central hypoventilation.
Growth hormone and lean tissue catabolism during long-term glucocorticoid treatment

SUMMARY objectives The aim of the study was to determine whether growth hormone (GH) treatment decreased net protein catabolism of lean tissues in patients receiving chronic glucocorticoid treatment design Whole body leuclne kinetics were measured In post-absorptive conditions using a 1-14C-leucine infusion before and during GH administration (0·0125 mg/kg/day; 0·033 U/kg/day) for 7 days. patients We studied four patients (age range 31–71 years) who had taken prednisone (mean ± SEM 0·21·0±03 mg/kg/day, total dose 10–27·5 mg/day) for longer than 5 months for various lung diseases results During GH treatment leucine oxidation decreased (baseline 0·44·0±07 vs GH 0·37·0±05 μ mol/kg lean body mass/min, P= 0·01) and non-oxidative leuclne disposal increased (1·95·0±10 vs 2·05·0±09 μ mol/kg lean body mass/min, P= 0·02) but leuclne appearance was unaltered. conclusions We conclude that GH decreased amino acid catabolism and improved protein synthesis without altering protein breakdown in patients receiving chronic glucocorticoid treatment. There may be a role for GH in mitigating the protein catabolic side-effects of prolonged glucocorticoid treatment
Transport of the photoexcited electron-hole plasma in GaAs quantum wells

We have examined the expansion of the photoexcited electron-hole plasma in GaAs quantum wells by using spatial and time-resolved Raman spectroscopy on a picosecond time scale and with approximately 2-\ensuremath{\mu}m spatial resolution. The intersubband Raman signals associated with spin-density as well as charge-density fluctuations are employed to measure directly the carrier density as a function of the time delay and the distance from the excitation spot. For an injected plasma density of n\ensuremath{\simeq}1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{11}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$, the experimental results have shown that the in-plane ambipolar transport of the carriers in GaAs quantum wells can be very well described by a diffusion model and the thickness of the GaAs quantum well does not significantly influence lateral expansion of the plasma.
Transcontinental Arch — a pattern formed by rejuvenation of local features across central North America

Abstract The Transcontinental Arch has been described by many authors as a feature having significant tectonic influence during the Phanerozoic, although the location, magnitude, and even the timing defining the arch vary greatly among authors. The general trend usually suggested for the Transcontinental Arch is northeast–southwest across the western midcontinent of North America. A series of isopachous and paleogeologic maps was compiled for this study that defines a number of smaller tectonic features — commonly trending northwest–southeast. Six persistent highs and six persistent lows (or sags) are defined that are largely basement controlled and were rejuvenated at various times during the Phanerozoic. These smaller northwest-trending features, when taken collectively and enhanced by the relative downwarping of the adjacent Williston and Anadarko basins, create a platform-like feature — the Transcontinental Arch of the literature. The concept of a Transcontinental Arch is an important reference trend in the geologic history of North America. In both regional and local studies, however, the smaller-scale, transverse features may have had significant control on both tectonic patterns and depositional influence.
Maximal matching of 3-D points for multiple-object motion estimation

Abstract Determining the relative motion/position between an observer and its environment is an important problem in computer vision. A major task is to find corresponding object features. In this paper, an efficient algorithm for matching 3-D points of multiple rigid objects is presented. The point-matching algorithm determines the correspondence by initiating a pairing of a triplet of noncollinear sensed points with a triplet of reference points and searching for new pairs of corresponding points, one at a time, using local distance and angular constraints. The pairing of each subsequent sensed point with a reference point is determined if the tetrahedron formed by the sensed point and the initial triplet is congruent to that formed by the corresponding reference points. Only simple computations are required in the algorithm. Global consistency of the pairings found by the algorithm is ensured without using model tests. The algorithm can be easily extended to incorporate other geometrical or non-geometrical object attributes to further prune the matching. Results of running the algorithm on synthetic and real data are given.
Percutaneous Supramalleolar Osteotomy for Distal Tibial (Near Articular) Ankle Deformities

Supramalleolar osteotomies are performed to realign the distal tibia and to improve foot and ankle function. This procedure requires a thorough preoperative and intraoperative understanding of limb-deformity parameters and of the center of rotation of angulation method of surgical planning. Radiographic, gait, and clinical analyses along with intraoperative fluoroscopic images are paramount to deformity correction. This article describes the radiographic and clinical analyses and technical considerations in performing a focal dome supramalleolar osteotomy. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 95(1): 72–84, 2005)
Mast cell and neuroendocrine cytoplasmic autoantigen(s) detected by monoclonal pANCA antibodies.

pANCA is a marker antibody expressed in most patients with ulcerative colitis, and its cognate antigen is potentially an immunologic target in this disease. This study evaluates whether pANCA detects an autoantigen that is expressed in the colonic mucosa. Immunohistochemistry of colon specimens with human pANCA monoclonal antibodies (Fab 5-2 and 5-3) revealed a minor population of immunoreactive mucosal cells bearing a cytoplasmic vesicle antigen. By distribution, morphology, and tryptase expression, these were identified as mast cells. Immunofluorescent analysis revealed similar immunoreactivity of mouse mast cell lines and human KU812. Western analysis of mouse mast cell lines revealed immunoreactive proteins, and these were distinct from previously proposed pANCA antigens (histone H1, HMG 1 and 2, and neutrophil vesicle antigens). Cognate antigen for Fab 5-2 and 5-3 was also expressed in other tissue mast cells, cerebellar neurons, and pancreatic islet cells. These findings identify a novel cytoplasmic autoantigen(s) associated with UC by its presence in colonic mucosa and recognition by a disease-associated marker antibody.
Microangiopathic Anemia without Thrombocytopenia and Kidney Disease in a Child with Diarrhea Caused by Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli

A child with a history of diarrhea presented with transient anemia, reticolucytosis, and red blood cell fragmentation. Blood pressure and levels of blood platelets, creatinine, and urea were normal, as were results of urinalysis. Escherichia coli harboring genes for Shiga toxin were detected in stool specimens. It is concluded that extraintestinal diseases caused by Shiga toxin-producing bacteria sometimes present without any renal involvement.
Leiomodin/tropomyosin interactions are isoform specific

Abstract Leiomodins are larger homologs of tropomodulin, a tropomyosin-binding, actin-capping protein. There are several leiomodin isoforms, one of them found in smooth muscles (Lmod1) and another one found in cardiac and skeletal muscles (Lmod2). In this work, the tropomyosin-binding abilities of these two isoforms were studied. The tropomyosin-binding sites were localized in the N-terminal regions of Lmod1 and Lmod2. The affinities of the leiomodin fragments containing the tropomyosin-binding sites for tropomyosin peptides containing N-termini of different tropomyosin isoforms, α, γ and δ, were determined and compared using non-denaturing gel-electrophoresis and circular dichroism. It was shown that leiomodin/tropomyosin binding is isoform-specific and differs almost 100-fold for different tropomyosin isoforms.
Interaction between Photosystem I and Flavodoxin from the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 as Revealed by Chemical Cross‐Linking

The interaction between photosystem I (PS I) and flavodoxin from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 was investigated by covalent cross-linking in the presence of a hydrophilic crosslinker, N -ethyl-3-(3-diaminopropyl)carbodiimide. Under the experimental conditions employed, five distinct cross-linking products of flavodoxin and PS I subunits are formed. Immunoblot analyses show that these species are the result of cross-linking of flavodoxin to PsaC, PsaD, an unidentified low-molecular-mass PS I polypeptide, and a 15-kDa subunit. The latter has been indirectly identified as the PsaF subunit. Analysis of the interaction of flavodoxin with PS I from a psaE mutant indicates that the PsaE subunit is required for correct complex formation between flavodoxin and PS I, although this subunit is not directly crosslinked to flavodoxin. In addition, the cross-linking products of PsaD with PsaC and PsaL, and PsaE with PsaF, are observed. The covalent complex of flavodoxin and PS I is shown to be fully inhibited with respect to electron transfer to soluble flavodoxin, ferredoxin or ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase.
Nature vs. nurture: can exercise really alter fiber type composition in human skeletal muscle?

This essay looks at the historical significance of two APS classic papers that are freely available online: Gollnick PD, Armstrong RB, Saubert CW IV, Piehl K, and Saltin B. Enzyme activity and fibe...
Loss and the Experience of Emotional Distress in Childhood

The objective of this study was to investigate loss and the experience of emotional distress through a series of three studies. In Study 1, results indicated that when controlling for the total number of traumas experienced, children with loss traumas did not differ significantly from children with other types of traumas in terms of the level of PTSD symptoms reported and diurnal cortisol levels. In Study 2, results indicated that youth with loss traumas had significantly higher parent-reported internalizing and externalizing symptoms than control participants. In Study 3, we replicated and extended findings from Study 1 using an independent sample of non-clinic-referred youth. Findings are discussed in terms of how loss events may constitute a traumatic stressor in youth.
Enzymatic clarification of hyperlipidemic specimens—Its rationale and limits

Abstract Enzymatic clearing of severely hypertriglyceridemic specimens is a relatively new technology for providing optical clarity in spectrophotometric procedures, thereby avoiding the interference of severe light-scattering. Interestingly, such specimens can show interference in the determination of any of the major lipids of serum. In addition, the common current procedures for partial or complete clarification of opaque specimens, namely ultracentrifugation and organic extraction, respectively, cannot be used when cholesterol, phospholipids, and/or triglycerides are desired constituents because they would be removed quantitatively in the case of organic extraction or variably in the case of ultracentrifugation. The present report was developed to show the characteristics of enzymatic clearing which differs from other means of clarification in that the sample is not pretreated. Instead, the reagents are altered so that the conversion to spectrophotometric clarity occurs while the intended equilibrium reaction for measurement is in progress. The need for a scavenger to become the host for liberated nonesterified fatty acids eliminates the potential to provide any new turbidity or reaction with serum or reagent components. The hallmark of this host-guest complex is that the latter is soluble and transparent. Included in the report is a special study using the choline-phospholipids of serum as a model for providing some insight into how on-line clarification owing to an altered reagent matrix is developed.
Identification of a negative feedback loop in biological oxidant formation fegulated by 4-hydroxy-2-(E)-nonenal

4-Hydroxy-2-(E)-nonenal (4-HNE) is one of the major lipid peroxidation product formed during oxidative stress. At high concentrations, 4-HNE is cytotoxic and exerts deleterious effects that are often associated with the pathology of oxidative stress-driven disease. Alternatively, at low concentrations it functions as a signaling molecule that can activate protective pathways including the antioxidant Nrf2-Keap1 pathway. Although these biphasic signaling properties have been enumerated in many diseases and pathways, it has yet to be addressed whether 4-HNE has the capacity to modulate oxidative stress-driven lipid peroxidation. Here we report an auto-regulatory mechanism of 4-HNE via modulation of the biological oxidant nitric oxide (NO). Utilizing LPS-activated macrophages to induce biological oxidant production, we demonstrate that 4-HNE modulates NO levels via inhibition of iNOS expression. We illustrate a proposed model of control of NO formation whereby at low concentrations of 4-HNE a negative feedback loop maintains a constant level of NO production with an observed inflection at approximately 1 µM, while at higher 4-HNE concentrations positive feedback is observed. Further, we demonstrate that this negative feedback loop of NO production control is dependent on the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway. Taken together, the careful regulation of NO production by 4-HNE argues for a more fundamental role of this lipid peroxidation product in normal physiology.
A low-emittance lattice for SPEAR

Abstract The design and implementation of a low emittance lattice for the SPEAR storage ring including measurements of the performance of the lattice are presented [J. Safranek, Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University, 1991]. The low emittance lattice is designed to optimize the performance of SPEAR as a synchrotron radiation source while keeping SPEAR hardware changes at a minimum. The horizontal emittance of the electron beam in the low emittance lattice is reduced by a factor of 4 from the previous lattice. This reduces the typical horizontal source size and divergence of the photon beams by a factor of 2 each and increases the photon beam brightness. At 3 GeV the horizontal emittance is 129π nm rad, which makes the low emittance lattice the lowest emittance, running synchrotron radiation source in the world in the 1.5 to 4.0 GeV energy range for the emittance scaled to 3 GeV. The measured vertical emittance was reduced to half that typically seen at SPEAR in the past. The brightness of the photon beams was further increased by reducing βy at the insertion devices to 1.1 m and reducing the energy dispersion at the insertion devices by more than a factor of 2 on average. The horizontal dispersion at the rf cavities was reduced by a factor of nearly 4 which gives much less problems with synchrobetatron resonances. The dynamic and physical apertures of the lattice are large, giving long beam lifetimes and easy injection of electrons. The measurements of the linear optics and intensity dependent phenomena gave reasonable agreement with the design. The overall performance of the machine was very good. Injection rates of 10 to 20 mA/min and larger were achieved routinely, and 100 mA total current was stored. Repeated ramping of stored beam from the injection energy of 2.3 GeV to the running energy of 3.0 GeV was achieved with very little beam loss. This low emittance configuration is expected to be the operating configuration for SPEAR starting in January 1992.
Cetacean distributions and oceanographic features near the Kerguelen Plateau

Cetacean surveys were conducted in the austral summer during World Ocean Circulation Experiment hydrolegs I8S and I9S in the southeastern Indian Ocean. The highest density of cetaceans occurred along the southern flank of the Kerguelen Plateau and northern edge of the Princess Elizabeth Trough, where the distribution of whales coincides with the mean positions of the Southern Front of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and southern water mass boundary (Southern Boundary) of the ACC. The topographic steerage of these features of the ACC around the southern edge of the Kerguelen Plateau brings shoaled, nutrient-rich Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW) to higher latitude than in adjacent basins. The higher concentrations of cetaceans near the Kerguelen Plateau suggests that whales benefit from a cascade of trophic dynamics associated with the poleward extent of UCDW, the marginal ice edge zone, and the proximity of several oceanographic features: the high latitude penetration and close alignment of the Southern Front and Southern Boundary of the ACC; the unique poleward extent of the Southern Boundary as it is topographically steered around the plateau; the entrainment of macronutrients into the surface mixed layer near the Southern Boundary; isopycnal shoaling in cyclonic eddies; the presence of complex bathymetry; and the advection of a tongue of ice northward along the eastern side of the plateau. The association between these concurrent oceanographic features and whales suggests that the southeastern edge of the Kerguelen Plateau is a predictably productive foraging location for cetaceans and their prey.
The space D

In this paper we study the weak convergence of the weighted empirical processes indexed by rectangles of [0, 1]^k under both weak and strong mixing conditions. This is accomplished by generalizing the Skorohod topology on a space of functions defined on a set of rectangles.
MR-guided vacuum-assisted breast biopsy: accuracy of targeting and success in sampling in a phantom model.

An 11-gauge MR-compatible system was designed for use in magnetic resonance vacuum-assisted breast biopsy. The system uses a detachable needle with minimal artifact to allow imaging after placement and before biopsy to confirm lesion location. A phantom study involving 16 biopsies of lesions smaller than 10 mm was conducted to assess the performance of this system. Fifteen (94%) of 16 biopsies resulted in successful lesion sampling. Eighty-five percent of all core samples contained specimen materials targeted lesion material. Further research to evaluate the efficiency, accuracy, and safety of this system in a patient population is recommended. © RSNA, 2004
Mouthpart morphology and stylet penetration of host plants by the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata, (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

The ultrastructural morphology of the mouthparts of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata, and method of plant penetration was examined using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy methods. The gross morphology of the labrum, labium, and stylet fascicle was consistent with what has been described for other plant-sucking homopterans. The ultrastructural examination of the mouthparts revealed unique details that have previously gone unreported. Several types of sensilla-like structures having the form of pegs and multi-lobed objects were identified on the outer surfaces of the labrum and within the labial groove. Dendritic canals terminated in an extensive network of smaller canals at the distal tip of the maxillary stylets below a series of surface denticles suggesting that this area may have a sensory function associated with locating xylem elements of host plants. Examination of salivary sheath pathways established that 65% of the plant penetrations by this insect terminated in the xylem vessels of the host plant. Probing by the insect was largely intracellular and terminal branching of a single probe site was common. Plant surface feeding sites varied with the stage of development which correlates with the depth of the xylem vessels and the length of the maxillary stylets of the various instars.
Arthroscopic biceps tenodesis: Operative technique

Biceps tenodesis is indicated for partial biceps tendon tears or biceps tendon subluxation. We present our technique for arthroscopic biceps tenodesis.
Abstract 3037: Cyr61/CCN1 regulates SHh through Notch signaling in pancreatic cancer cells

Cyr61 (cysteine-rich 61)/CCN1, a member of the CCN family of growth factors that includes CTGF, NOV, WISP-1, WISP-2 and WISP-3, is associated with the development of various cancers. Our recent studies found Cyr61/CCN1 play a critical role in pancreatic carcinogenesis through the induction of EMT and stemness. Cyr61 mRNA and protein were detected in the early precursor lesions and their expression intensified with disease progression. However, the mode of action of CCN1 in the pancreatic carcinogenesis is unknown. In this study, we have shown that CCN1 regulates the expression of Sonic hedgehog (SHh), a lipid-modified secreted signaling protein, plays a critical role in pancreatic cancer development from Pan1N lesions to invasive growth of the disease. Moreover, we also found that SHh regulation by CCN1in pancreatic cancer cells is mediated through the regulation Notch1 signaling pathway. These extensive studies proposed that targeting Cyr61/CCN1 can provide a new treatment option for patients with pancreatic cancer as blocking CCN1 simultaneously two critical pathways (i.e., SHh and Notch1) associated with the development of the disease as well as drug resistence. (THIS WORK IS SUPPORTED BY VA MERIT GRANT TO SB). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3037. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3037
The Boussinesq Rayleigh approximation for rotational solitary waves on shallow water with uniform vorticity

The theoretical work reported herein studies the free-surface profile, the flow structure, and the pressure distribution of a finite-amplitude solitary wave on shallow water with uniform vorticity. The kinematic problem for the stream function is formulated employing the vertical coordinate and the free surface as the independent variables of the Poisson equation with variable coefficients that are functions of the Hamiltonian of the rotational solitary wave. The exact solution of the boundary-value kinematic problem for the stream function is derived in the form of a power series complemented by a recurrence relation. The dynamic problems for the Hamiltonian and the free surface are solved globally in the Boussinesq–Rayleigh approximation. To find angles enclosed by the branches of the solution at critical points and points of bifurcation the surface streamline is also treated locally by an exact topological solution. The complete analysis of the four-dimensional Hamiltonian maps presented in §4 specifies critical values of the Froude number and the vorticity for five flow regimes: the emergence of the solitary wave, the flow separation near the bottom, the flow separation near the crest, the critical regime for an instability, and the formation of a limiting configuration. The streamlines of the recirculating flow are obtained as a single-eddy bifurcation that preserves continuity of all derivatives on the boundary streamline. The eddy separated near the crest forms the limiting configuration by blocking the upstream current. The results are compared with weakly nonlinear theory, with numerical simulations and with field observations with satisfactory agreement.
Pathways and Predictors of Juvenile Justice Involvement for Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Youths: A Focus on Gender.

Despite the growth of Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander (NHOPI) youths in court and correctional involvement, studies of their delinquency and juvenile justice involvement are quite limited, and the literature becomes almost nonexistent when examining gender differences. Using case file analysis of 150 Native Hawaiian/part-Hawaiian and Pacific Islander juvenile offenders, this article addresses this dearth of research by showing NHOPI's overall backgrounds and pathways to delinquency and youth corrections, ascertaining gender differences in such pathways, and analyzing those factors that impact incarceration. Overall, chronic law violations, crystal methamphetamine addiction, and death of an important adult emerged as the significant pathway predictors of correctional involvement, whereas official child welfare/protective service records of physical abuse and neglect decreased juveniles' odds of commitment. Underscoring gender, this article also shows how NHOPI girls have more extensive histories...
Low-temperature, high yield synthesis, and convenient isolation of the high-electron-density cluster compound Ta6Br14.8H2O for use in biomacromolecular crystallographic phase determination.

Abstract Reduction of TaBr 5 with Ga in the presence of KBr in a sealed borosilicate ampule at 400°, followed by aqueous Soxhlet extraction and addition of stannous bromide and hydrobromic acid to the extract, yielded Ta 6 Br 14 ·8H 2 O in 80–84% yield. The new procedure provides a convenient, low temperature, high yield route to the synthesis of the title compound from inexpensive precursors.
The thermodynamic properties of elementary phosphorus The heat capacities of two crystalline modifications of red phosphorus, of α and β white phosphorus, and of black phosphorus from 15 to 300 K

Abstract A study of time and temperature conditions for the preparation of several crystalline modifications of red phosphorus has been made. The heat capacities of two crystalline modifications of red phosphorus and the heat capacity of black phosphorus have been measured from 15 to 300 K. The heat capacity of white phosphorus has been measured from 15 to 320 K. White phosphorus has a first-order transition at 195.4 K. The enthalpy of transition, (124.6±0.2) cal mol−1, enthalpy of fusion, (157.4±0.5) cal mol−1, and the melting point, (317.3±0.1) K of white phosphorus were measured. The barrier to rotation of P4 molecules in the α-phase of white phosphorus is low enough to allow the contribution to the heat capacity associated with hindered rotation to approach the classical value for free rotation at the melting point. The sublimation pressure of red phosphorus (form IV) was determined as (1.22±0.05) atm at 444.6 °C. The entropies of the two red forms, of black, and of white phosphorus were calculated from the heat capacities. Standard Gibbs energy and enthalpy changes for white and red (IV) phosphorus have been calculated from the entropies and other data concerning phosphorus.
EINVis: A Visualization Tool for Analyzing and Exploring Genetic Interactions in Large-Scale Association Studies

Epistasis (gene-gene interaction) detection in large-scale genetic association studies has recently drawn extensive research interests as many complex traits are likely caused by the joint effect of multiple genetic factors. The large number of possible interactions poses both statistical and computational challenges. A variety of approaches have been developed to address the analytical challenges in epistatic interaction detection. These methods usually output the identified genetic interactions and store them in flat file formats. It is highly desirable to develop an effective visualization tool to further investigate the detected interactions and unravel hidden interaction patterns. We have developed EINVis, a novel visualization tool that is specifically designed to analyze and explore genetic interactions. EINVis displays interactions among genetic markers as a network. It utilizes a circular layout (specially, a tree ring view) to simultaneously visualize the hierarchical interactions between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), genes, and chromosomes, and the network structure formed by these interactions. Using EINVis, the user can distinguish marginal effects from interactions, track interactions involving more than two markers, visualize interactions at different levels, and detect proxy SNPs based on linkage disequilibrium. EINVis is an effective and user-friendly free visualization tool for analyzing and exploring genetic interactions. It is publicly available with detailed documentation and online tutorial on the web at http://filer.case.edu/yxw407/einvis/.
Holmes-like tremor of the lower extremity following brainstem hemorrhage

Holmes tremor is an arrhythmic, 2- to 5-Hz resting, postural, and kinetic upper extremity movement disorder that occurs weeks to months after acute mesencephalic pathology. We present a patient who developed tremor in three body parts postbrainstem hemorrhage with subsequent hypertrophic olivary degeneration and discuss the relevant clinical evolution. Our case is unique because in addition to expected upper extremity and cervical dystonic head tremors, the patient also developed a severe lower extremity movement disorder, which we believe to be a form of Holmes tremor. Tremor involving the lower extremity in this setting has not been previously reported. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Registration-based method for determining relative PET/MR left-right image orientation.

A quality control method is described for verifying that the coordinate systems of a PET and MR image from the same subject have the same relative left–right orientation. Such ambiguities can arise, for example, at the coordinating center receiving data from many institutions in large multisite studies. In this study, image registration was performed on the PET/MR image pair. The MR image was then reflected (left/right reversed) and the image registration was performed again. A comparison of the values of the cost function describing the accuracy of the registration was used to identify the correct relative orientation. In 122 studies using data with known orientations, 100% accuracy of the method was observed.
Enhanced delivery and bioactivity of the neurturin neurotrophic factor through focused ultrasound-mediated blood--brain barrier opening in vivo.

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) constitutes a major obstacle in brain drug delivery. Focused ultrasound (FUS) in conjunction with microbubbles has been shown to open the BBB noninvasively, locally, and transiently to allow large molecules diffusion. Neurturin (NTN), a member of the glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family, has been demonstrated to have neuroprotective and regenerative effects on dopaminergic neurons in vivo using invasive drug delivery methods. The brain’s ascending nigrostriatal pathway is severely damaged in Parkinson’s disease (PD), and therefore the substantia nigra (SN) and striatal caudoputamen (CP) were selected as the target areas. The objective of the study was to investigate whether safe and efficient NTN delivery can be achieved through FUS-induced BBB opening via intravenous administration, and thus trigger the neuroregeneration cascade in the nigrostriatal pathway. After the optimization of FUS parameters and target locations in the murine brain, NTN bioavailability and downstream signaling were detected and characterized through immunostaining. FUS significantly enhanced the delivery of NTN compared with the direct injection technique, whereas triggering of the signaling cascade was detected downstream to the neuronal nuclei. These findings thus indicate the potential of the FUS method to mediate transport of proteins through the blood–brain barrier in a PD animal model.
Strength-Based Educational Programming for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Case for Video Self-Modeling.

ABSTRACT Video-self modeling (VSM) is an effective but underused instructional strategy for youth on the autism spectrum. The authors present VSM in the context of strength-based educational programming for youth on the autism spectrum. The authors summarize research studies investigating VSM with youth on the autism spectrum in school settings and discuss common obstacles to the implementation of video-based interventions in schools. The authors conclude by providing applied examples detailing how to conduct VSM interventions in schools. These applied examples include interventions that require minimal time and editing proficiency on the part of educators.
Degradation products of the mRNA encoding the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase in soybean and transgenic petunia.

The degradation of a soybean ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit RNA, SRS4, was investigated in soybean seedlings and in petunia plants transformed with an SRS4 gene construct. Polyacrylamide RNA gel blot, primer extension, and S1 nuclease analyses were used to identify and map fragments of the SRS4 mRNA generated in vivo. We showed that SRS4 mRNA is degraded to a characteristic set of fragments in soybean and transgenic petunia and that degradation is not dependent on position of insertion of the gene construct within the genome, on the expression level of the SRS4 mRNA, or on the rbcS promoter. Degradation products lacked poly(A) tails and fractionated with poly(A)-depleted RNA on oligo(dT)-sepharose columns. These products pelleted with polysomes and were released from polysomes prepared with EDTA. Sequences at the 59 end of the SRS4 mRNA were more stable than those at the 39 end of the mRNA. Three models for SRS4 mRNA degradation involving endonucleolytic and exonucleolytic degradation were presented to explain the origin of the 59 proximal fragments.
OPEN MARKET STOCK REPURCHASE PROGRAMS AND LIQUIDITY

In this paper I examine the behavior of bid and ask spreads and depths around announcements of open market stock repurchase programs. For a sample of 195 announcements from 1988 to 1990, I find statistically significant evidence of a small decline in spreads and no evidence of a shift in depths following the announcement date. Results are similar for a subsample of firms experiencing post-announcement declines in the number of shares outstanding. I conclude that open market repurchase programs as used recently do not adversely affect market liquidity.
Phase Compensation for Widely-Spaced Antenna Systems Employing Coherent Signal Combinations

This paper describes a technique for providing phase compensation to signals received at widely-spaced antennas and processed at a central location. Self-compensation is provided for pathlength variations in reference-signal distribution systems. The technique may be adapted to include the measurement and compensation of signal-channel phase variations. Practical systems which require this type of compensation include interferometric systems used for position and position-rate measurements of missiles and spacecraft, interferometers and arrays of antennas used for radio and radar astronomy, and arrays of large-aperture antennas used for deep-space communications.