cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Law Firm Billing Meets the Payments Revolution: The Need for a Cohesive Framework Governing Attorney Conduct

The world is in the midst of a payment system revolution. Traditional systems, such as cash and checks, are being replaced by cards and other forms of electronic payment. In fact, we are now experiencing a shift from card to non-card payment systems like PayPal and the infamous virtual currency Bitcoin. In the same way that the rise of credit cards dramatically changed how, when, and where consumers and businesses interact and gave rise to new forms of commerce, the latest phase of this revolution is causing businesses to evolve so that they can satisfy consumer preferences and capture the competitive advantages offered by new payment methods.Historically, the legal industry has been slow to embrace change, and the rapid innovation in payment systems is no exception. In fact, while more than 100 million companies now accept multiple electronic payment methods, the legal industry is still working through the ethical implications that arise when an attorney accepts credit cards. But as the payment system revolution progresses and traditional systems fade, the legal industry will have to confront growing pressure to accept new forms of payment. To that end, this Essay examines and provides solutions to the ethical challenges that new payment systems create for attorneys who want to accept them. Specifically, the Essay examines the ethical implications faced by attorneys that accept credit card, Paypal, and Bitcoin payments. In doing so, two major themes emerge. First, in light of the nearly complete absence of specific ethical guidance on emerging payment technologies like PayPal and Bitcoin, rules and opinions regarding credit card acceptance provide useful guidance for attorneys considering new ways of accepting client payments. Second, attorneys are generally free to enjoy the benefits of these new choices so long as they take time to fully understand the technologies supporting them in order to address any structural limitations that might implicate ethical rules. These themes are utilized to provide recommendations to enable the legal profession to fully embrace the electronic payment system revolution.
Surveillance of Iodine Deficiency Disorders in Chongqing in 2011

Objective To investigate iodine deficiency disorders(IDD)and iodine nutrition level among the residents in Chongqing for formulating preventive measures.Methods With population probability sampling method (PPS),30counties were selected for monitoring.Forty students aged 8-10were selected from each of 30primary schools.Urinary iodine,salt iodine were detected while the thyroid content was measured by B ultrasound.Five pregnant women and 5lactating women were randomly selected from 3spot townships nearby and urinary iodine of whom was tested.Results A total of 1,322students aged 8-10were investigated and the goiter rate was 5.52%.A total sample of 1,321salts were test and the salt iodine was 30.46mg/kg on average.The coverage rate,rate of qualified iodized salt,taking rate of qualified iodized salt and rate of non-qualified iodized salt was 99.70%,97.04%,96.74% and 0.30%,respectively.The median of urine iodine in children aged 8-10was 254.1μg/L.Urine iodine of 100-199.99 μg/L accounted for 23.23%and 300μg/L of urine iodine accounted for 36.52%of the total.The median of urine iodine of pregnant and lactating women was 222.5μg/L.Urine iodine of 100-199.99μg/L accounted for 30.34% and urine iodine above 300μg/L accounted for 32.20%.Conclusion Total goiter rate,salt iodine and urinary iodine have achieved the national standard for eliminating IDD.The iodine nutrition of children exceed the adequate level;iodine nutrition of pregnant and lactating women is appropriate.
Analysis on the New Trend of the Regulations in the Field of Drugs and Medical Devices

This article analyzes the Technical Barriers to Trade( TBT) notifications from OECD countries in the field of drugs and medical devices in 2012 and the new trend of the regulations.
Distribution Model of Forces of Airborne Division Landed Combat

In this paper,indicator system about a single shutoff and a few shutoffs value are constituted and a primary distribution model of forces is established based on Union Game by combined the features of airborne division landed combat.Then,a reasonable distribution model of forces is gained by combined troops losses in throw-in of airborne troops based on Shapely Value of the Union Game,thereby the distribution model and calculating of force of airborne division landed combat.The calculation of model is more simple relatively,can be taken into practice by calculator procedures completely.
Nonexcisional treatment of benign and premalignant cutaneous lesions.

Proper clinical diagnosis, supported by the correct biopsy technique, is important in the management of clinically benign, premalignant, and malignant lesions. Therapeutic procedures, including shave excision, curettage, laser, and chemical treatment are all simple office procedures that, when selected appropriately, yield excellent therapeutic and cosmetic results. An understanding of the histopathology of the lesion under consideration will direct the diagnostic and treatment approaches and minimize the use of excessive excisional surgery for benign lesions and the attendant medicolegal risks.
Code migration with statistical machine translation

In modern software development, developers often need to migrate code written for one platform in a programming language to another language for a different platform. The migration process is often performed manually or semi-automatically, in which developers are required to manually define translation rules and API mappings between languages. This talk outlines our research plan and results in investigating Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) in supporting code migration. We will explain the challenges and our solutions to address them, as well as our vision along this direction.
The Total Synthesis of WU-07047: A Selective Inhibitor of Gαq

Abstract G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are responsible for a multitude of physiological, cellular, and disease processes. GPCRs signal through nonreceptor-based heterotrimeric G-proteins. Since G-proteins effectively mediate GPCR signal transduction, they are attractive therapeutic targets. Little is known about the signaling pathways associated with individual G-proteins. There is, therefore, intense interest in the development of chemical probes that can help identify these pathways. One small-molecule natural product that shows promise along these lines is YM-254890 (YM). YM has been shown to specifically and potently (IC50 = 0.15 nM) inhibit the G-protein Gq. Further studies of the natural product have been hampered because YM has yet to be synthesized due to its complex cyclic depsipeptide structure. In order to circumvent this problem, we have targeted the simplified analog WU-07047. This analog preserves the protein contact points of YM while reducing the complexity of the molecule. The heart of the project undertaken centers on the development of a convergent synthetic route to WU-07047 that is general enough to enable the synthesis of a variety of YM derivatives.
Modest power savings for applications dominated by switching of large capacitive loads

A method for improving the power efficiency of conventional CMOS through charge storage and reuse is proposed and evaluated. The application of the method is specific to nodes within a circuit which are dominated by capacitive loads much larger than the gate capacitance of a minimum-sized device within the desired CMOS technology. An upper bound on power savings via the proposed method is given, and implementation and shortcomings of the method are discussed.
Message framing in the context of the national menu-labelling policy: a comparison of public health and private industry interests.

Objective We conducted a content analysis of public comments to understand the key framing approaches used by private industry v . public health sector, with the goal of informing future public health messaging, framing and advocacy in the context of policy making. Design Comments to the proposed menu-labelling policy were extracted from Regulations.gov and analysed. A framing matrix was used to organize and code key devices and themes. Documents were analysed using content analysis with Dedoose software. Setting Recent national nutrition-labelling regulations in the USA provide a timely opportunity to understand message framing in relation to obesity prevention and policy. Subjects We examined a total of ninety-seven documents submitted on behalf of organizations (private industry, n 64; public health, n 33). Results Public health focused on positive health consequences of the policy, used a social justice frame and supported its arguments with academic data. Industry was more critical of the policy; it used a market justice frame that emphasized minimal regulation, depicted its members as small, family-run businesses, and illustrated points with humanizing examples. Conclusions Public health framing should counter and consider engaging directly with non-health-related arguments made by industry. Public health should include more powerful framing devices to convey their messages, including metaphors and humanizing examples.
Characterization of a compact and highly sensitive fluorescence-based detection system for point-of-care applications

This work details the design and characterization of a low-cost, portable and highly sensitive fluorescence detection system intended for use in a compact and disposable point-of-care (POC) device. The detection device leverages time integration to improve the signal to noise ratio (SNR) compared to instantaneous measurements. It also eliminates complicated focusing optics and electronics typically found in bulky and expensive laboratory-scale devices. Characterization was performed by measuring a series of logarithmically scaled dilutions of 1 μm Nile Red fluorescent microspheres immobilized on microscope slides. This approach eliminates assay dependencies and elucidates the actual system performance. A theoretical model that predicts the time-integrated output voltage profile of the sensor was developed; this prediction is useful for evaluating any lens-free fluorescent system based on a set of filters and choice of fluorophore. By relating the fluorophore concentration, system design parameters, and the output voltage, the model matches well with the empirical data and the limit of determination (LOD) for Nile Red is 20 particles. This system provides a sensitive and potentially low-cost device for fluorescent diagnosis in an integrated and compact/miniaturized POC device, lab-on-chip or a table-top reader.
Assessing the Therapeutic Potential of Epothilone D and an ApoE mimetic peptide in a Murine Model of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (S35.008)

Objective: To assess longterm cognitive and motor function in a repetitive traumatic brain injury (TBI) mouse model of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) treated with novel therapeutics Epothilone D (EpoD) or an Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) mimetic peptide. Background: Repetitive mild TBIs may increase the risk of developing CTE, a progressive neurodegenerative process. This experiment assessed potential therapeutics for CTE. Endogenous ApoE, which is synthesized in the brain and upregulated after injury, helps suppress neuroinflammatory responses. Preclinical studies conducted by this lab demonstrated that an ApoE-mimetic peptide has lasting neuroprotective effect when administered after severe TBI and other acute neurological injuries, and thus might be effective in limiting the chronic neuroinflammation believed to contribute to CTE. A second therapeutic, EpoD, is a microtubule stabilizing compound that has shown promise in treating tauopathies such as Alzheimer’s disease. We hypothesized it might offset the development of the toxic CNS tau aggregates believed to contribute to the development of CTE. Methods: Our lab has developed a reproducible murine model of CTE. We administered a mild repetitive TBI at weekly intervals for 4 weeks. Treatment groups received either ApoE peptide at 0.5 mg/kg or EpoD at 1.0mg/kg intraperitoneally at 30 minutes and 72 hours after each weekly TBI. Vestibulomotor function was tested via Rotarod latency at intervals up to 3 months post-injury; cognitive function was tested with the Morris Water Maze. Results: A generalized linear model comparing the placebo and treatment groups over time demonstrated that the ApoE-treated group’s motor performance was significantly improved over time (p=0.015) and displayed significantly less hippocampal microgliosis. In contrast, EpoD-treated mice did not have histologic or motor results significantly different from placebo. Conclusions: Our results suggest that an ApoE-mimetic peptide is a promising therapeutic to treat the chronic motor deficits caused by repetitive TBIs. Disclosure: Dr. Rosenberg has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dawson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Laskowitz has nothing to disclose.
Propagation rate constants for the peroxidation of sterols on the biosynthetic pathway to cholesterol.

Abstract The free radical chain autoxidation of cholesterol and the oxidation products formed, i.e. oxysterols, have been the focus of intensive study for decades. The peroxidation of sterol precursors to cholesterol such as 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) and desmosterol as well as their oxysterols has received less attention. The peroxidation of these sterol precursors can become important under circumstances in which genetic conditions or exposures to small molecules leads to an increase of these biosynthetic intermediates in tissues and fluids. 7-DHC, for example, has a propagation rate constant for peroxidation some 200 times that of cholesterol and this sterol is found at elevated levels in a devastating human genetic condition, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS). The propagation rate constants for peroxidation of sterol intermediates on the biosynthetic pathway to cholesterol were determined by a competition kinetic method, i.e. a peroxyl radical clock. In this work, propagation rate constants for lathosterol, zymostenol, desmosterol, 7-dehydrodesmosterol and other sterols in the Bloch and Kandutsch–Russell pathways are assigned and these rate constants are related to sterol structural features. Furthermore, potential oxysterols products are proposed for sterols whose oxysterol products have not been determined.
Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy presentation as persistent fetal vasculature

Abstract Purpose To illustrate a presentation of familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) that can be mistaken for persistent fetal vasculature (PFV) and the importance of wide angle fluorescein angiography in making this distinction. A patient was referred with a unilateral retrolental membrane and retinal detachment from PFV but was found to have FEVR. Observations A 4 month-old full-term infant was referred with the diagnosis of PFV based on findings of a dense retrolental membrane and microphthalmia in the left eye. The patient had a near-complete retinal detachment with some exudation. Wide-field fluorescein angiography of the right eye revealed avascular retina and leakage at the vascular/avascular junction. Genetic testing confirmed a mutation in FZD4 , supporting the clinical diagnosis of FEVR. Prompt laser therapy to the avascular area in the right eye was performed and lensectomy/vitrectomy with membrane dissection was performed in the left eye. Conclusions and importance FEVR can present with great variability between eyes. In patients presenting with findings suggestive of PFV, careful bilateral examination with wide-field fluorescein angiography is helpful. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to preserve visual acuity, especially in the less affected eye.
“Triuwe” in Gottfried’s Tristan

Words do not seem to matter equally in different cultures. Nor do they matter equally to all people. It is therefore altogether appropriate that an essay honoring Martin Joos should deal with the meaning of a word in a Middle High German courtly epic; for there have been few cultures in which words counted for so much as in medieval German courtly society, and there are few people to whom words matter so much as Martin Joos. I mean this of course not in the trivializing sense that mere words matter to the detriment of substance, but in the ancient, honorable sense that concern for words and their relations reflects profound involvement in and understanding of language and culture. To Martin Joos, then, I dedicate this exploratory study of triuwe in Gottfried’s Tristan .
Becoming “Spanish Learners”: Identity and Interaction Among Multilingual Children in a Spanish-English Dual Language Classroom

ABSTRACTThis article explores the interactional co-construction of identities among two first-grade students learning Spanish as a third language in a Spanish-English dual language classroom. Drawing on ethnographic and interactional data, the article focuses on a single interaction between these two “Spanish learners” and two of their Spanish-speaking classmates that took place within the context of a classroom literacy event. Analysis involved examining the sequential organization of talk, as well as identifying the particular linguistic resources that speakers recruited in their conversational turns. Findings showcase the interactional mechanisms by which students’ identities were variously asserted, contested, and negotiated in everyday classroom talk. The article ends by offering implications and raising further questions with respect to the implementation of dual language education for multilingual students.
Micro disasters: Expanding the social work conceptualization of disasters:

Environmental problems, like environmental disasters, mirror oppressive structural forces in society, as the primary victims of environmental degradation are also the main victims of other injustic...
Math Made Visual: Creating Images for Understanding Mathematics

(2008). Math Made Visual: Creating Images for Understanding Mathematics. Math Horizons: Vol. 15, Mathematics and the Performing Arts, pp. 30-31.
Building Competencies in Clinical Supervision: Outcomes of Integrating Self-Assessment Resources From the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's Ad Hoc Committee on Supervision Training

Purpose This article describes supervisors' experiences with integrating the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) Ad Hoc Committee on Supervision Training (AHCST) resources into a cl...
The RhoGAP myosin 9/HUM-7 integrates membrane signals to modulate Rho/RHO-1 during embryonic morphogenesis in C. elegans

During embryonic morphogenesis, cells and tissues undergo dramatic movements under the control of F-actin regulators. Our studies of epidermal cell migrations in developing C. elegans embryos have identified multiple plasma membrane signals that regulate the Rac GTPase, thus regulating WAVE and Arp2/3 complexes, to promote branched F-actin formation and polarized enrichment. We describe here a pathway that acts in parallel to Rac to transduce membrane signals to control epidermal F-actin through the GTPase Rho. Rho contributes to epidermal migrations through effects on underlying neuroblasts. Here we identify signals to regulate Rho in the epidermis. HUM-7, the C. elegans homolog of human Myo9A and Myo9B, regulates F-actin dynamics during epidermal migrations, by controlling Rho. Genetics and biochemistry support that HUM-7 behaves as GAP for the Rho GTPase, so that loss of HUM-7 enhances Rho-dependent epidermal cell behaviors. We identify SAX-3/ROBO as an upstream signal that contributes to attenuated Rho activation through its regulation of HUM-7/Myo9. These studies identify a new role for Rho during epidermal cell migrations, and suggest that Rho activity is regulated by SAX-3/ROBO acting on the RhoGAP HUM-7.
Resistance to Pathogens and Parasitic Invertebrates

In the laboratory, insects have demonstrated many times that they can evolve resistance to pathogens, parasitoids, and nematodes. Now a few cases of field-evolved resistance have been observed. Resistance can involve changes in behavior to avoid parasites, or it can occur through physiological mechanisms in the host’s body. IPM is important for delaying resistance in pests to biological control agents.
LIDAR, Point Clouds, and Their Archaeological Applications

It is common in contemporary archaeological literature, in papers at archaeological conferences, and in grant proposals to see heritage professionals use the term LIDAR to refer to high spatial resolution digital elevation models and the technology used to produce them. The goal of this chapter is to break that association and introduce archaeologists to the world of point clouds, in which LIDAR is only one member of a larger family of techniques to obtain, visualize, and analyze three-dimensional measurements of archaeological features. After describing how point clouds are constructed, there is a brief discussion on the currently available software and analytical techniques designed to make sense of them.
Synergizing Research on Constructing Number: Themes and Prospects

The overarching theme of this book can be simply stated: Building on a foundation of biologically based abilities, children construct number via sensorimotor and mental activity. In this chapter, we return to this theme, and we connect it to three additional themes that emerge across chapters: comparing competing models for conceptual change; consideration of multiple concepts for natural numbers, fractions, and integers; and understanding interrelations of conceptual and procedural knowledge in the construction of number. We close by suggesting ways that psychologists and mathematics educators might move forward with interdisciplinary research that addresses important questions about the construction of number. Indeed, the chapters in this volume chart many possible paths.
Mentor, Scholar, Academic, and a Massage Therapist: an Interview with Amanda Baskwill, PhD(c), MSc, RMT

Amanda Baskwill, PhD(c), RMT is influencing the massage therapy profession from seemingly all angles; she is a researcher, massage therapist, edu-cator, innovator, and mentor. Baskwill previously was a full-time faculty member at Humber College in Ontario, Canada, and now holds the position of Associate Dean in the Allied Health School of Health Sciences at the same institution. She has published widely on research centered on the mas-sage therapy profession, as well as the safety and effectiveness of massage therapy as a treatment for various conditions. This interview explores the development, career, and research of the in-novative educator and scholar, Amanda Baskwill.
A transmission electron microscopy study of EBR-II neutron-irradiated austenitic stainless steel 304 and nickel-base alloy X-750

Abstract The microstructure of EBR-II neutron-irradiated austenitic stainless steel 304 and nickel-base alloy X-750 was investigated. Both alloys were irradiated at low dose rates (∼2 × 10−8 dpa/s) to a neutron fluence of 6.9 × 1022 n/cm2 (E > 0.1 MeV) at 371–389 °C. Different types of defects, including Frank loops, cavities, and precipitates were characterized. The Frank loops in Type 304 stainless steel (SS) are larger in size (∼50 nm in diameter) and lower in number density (2.58 × 1021 m−3), compared to most previous higher dose rate neutron irradiation studies. The Frank loops in X-750 have an average size 26.0 nm of and a number density of 9.44 × 1021 m−3. In 304 SS and X-750, cavities are of ∼20 nm and ∼14 nm in diameter, respectively. The swelling of both alloys was found to be insignificant. In 304 SS, Ni and Si were found enriched at the cavity surfaces and Ni,Si-rich precipitates were also found. Multivariate statistical analysis using non-negative matrix factorization reveals that these Ni,Si-rich precipitates contain only ∼5.7 at.% Si, differing from the Ni3Si γ ’ precipitates found in several previous studies. In X-750, L12-structured γ ’ precipitates were found, and multivariate statistical analysis confirmed the 3:1 stoichiometry (Ni3(Ti,Al)) of the γ ’ precipitates and the superlattice reflections confirmed the stability of the crystal structure of these γ ’ precipitates, indicating higher-than-expected precipitate stability under high-dose neutron irradiation.
Formation of Protonated ortho-Quinonimide from ortho-Iodoaniline in the Gas Phase by a Molecular-Oxygen-Mediated, ortho-Isomer-Specific Fragmentation Mechanism

Upon collisional activation under mass spectrometric conditions, protonated 2-, 3-, and 4-iodoanilines lose an iodine radical to generate primarily dehydroanilinium radical cations (m/z 93), which ...
Forgiveness and Reconciliation

I argue that forgiveness is openness to reconciliation with the wrongdoer with respect to the wrongdoing. A victim is open to reconciliation with the wrongdoer with respect to the wrongdoing in vir...
The Theology of the Books of Haggai and Zechariah

Tucked away at the end of the Minor Prophets, the Books of Haggai and Zechariah offer messages of challenge and hope to residents of the small district of Yehud in the Persian Empire in the generations after the return from Babylonian exile. In this volume, Robert Foster focuses on the distinct theological message of each book. The Book of Haggai uses Israel's foundational event - God's salvation of Israel from Egypt - to exhort the people to finish building the Second Temple. The Book of Zechariah argues that the hopes the people had in the prophet Zechariah's days did not come true because the people failed to keep God's long-standing demand for justice, though hope still lies in the future because of God's character. Each chapter in this book closes with a substantive reflection of the ethics of the major sections of the Books of Haggai and Zechariah and their implications for contemporary readers.
Magneto-Structural Combined Dimensional and Topology Optimization of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Rotors

A magneto-structural combined dimensional and topology optimization approach for interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) rotor design is proposed using the Solid Isotropic Material Penalization (SIMP) density-based topology optimization method. This method optimizes the location and dimensions of the permanent magnets (PMs) embedded in the rotor, while simultaneously optimizing the lamination flux barriers using topology optimization.To allow for the location and dimensions of the PMs to change while retaining the same number of mesh elements and connectivity, the mesh must be deformed. Mesh deformation is accomplished using a Laplace smoothing technique. To increase the range of PM displacement and size changes, the non-PM areas of the rotor design domain are divided into sub-regions along whose boundaries the mesh nodes are redistributed also using a Laplace smoothing algorithm. Three examples of IPMSM rotor optimizations are presented to demonstrate the proposed approach.
Driving Factors of Smart City Development in Thailand

Smart City is an emerging concept that meets the needs of today's urban development. However, when implementing the above concepts, it is necessary to determine the factors that contribute to the success of urban development goal. This study conducted a policy formulation in term of strategy and development mechanism for Pathum Thani to exploring driving factors of smart city development. By gathering data of 1,000 sets from questionnaire survey from the residents in the study area which was input into the statistical analysis process to identify the factors that have an impact on driving Pathum Thani smart city development. Including the consideration of an understanding about pattern of urban development, it is the signification finding ways to drive smart city development by integrating knowledge based to create a real smart city.
A high-throughput phenotyping algorithm is portable from adult to pediatric populations

Objective Multimodal automated phenotyping (MAP) is a scalable, high-throughput phenotyping method, developed using electronic health record (EHR) data from an adult population. We tested transportability of MAP to a pediatric population. Materials and methods Without additional feature engineering or supervised training, we applied MAP to a pediatric population enrolled in a biobank and evaluated performance against physician-reviewed medical records. We also compared performance of MAP at the pediatric institution and the original adult institution where MAP was developed, including for 6 phenotypes validated at both institutions against physician-reviewed medical records. Results MAP performed equally well in the pediatric setting (average AUC 0.98) as it did at the general adult hospital system (average AUC 0.96). MAP's performance in the pediatric sample was similar across the 6 specific phenotypes also validated against gold-standard labels in the adult biobank. Conclusions MAP is highly transportable across diverse populations and has potential for wide-scale use.
Calf mortality, heifer replacements and vaccines:

Preweaning calfhood diseases such as diarrhea and pneumonia have a devastating effect on a dairyman’s efforts to improve production. Losses of up to 30% of the live born calves are all too common. These losses reduce the dairyman’s ability to cull cows for low production and may increase dairy expenses due to the purchase of heifer replacements. In some cases, vaccines are available to control these losses, however, these vaccines should be less expensive than the disease itself in order to justify their use. The purpose of this article is to present two programmable calculator programs which help to explain the economic impact of diseases such as calfhood diarrhea and pneumonia. The first program projects the availability of herd replacements while the other program compares the cost of preventing a disease by vaccination to the actual cost of the disease itself.
Donor-Derived Cell-Free DNA in Kidney Transplantation: Origins, Present and a Look to the Future

Since its first detection in 1948, donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) has been employed for a myriad of indications in various medical specialties. It has had a far-reaching impact in solid organ transplantation, with the most widespread utilization in kidney transplantation for the surveillance and detection of allograft rejection. The purpose of this review is to track the arc of this revolutionary test-from origins to current use-along with examining challenges and future prospects though the lens of transplant nephrology.
Preparing to Conduct Therapy

Clinical work is far more complicated than our theories. Our interventions are far less immediately helpful than we like to admit.
New Governance and the 'New Paradigm' of Police Accountability: A Democratic Approach to Police Reform

The inherent power of police officers in a democratic society fuels the expectation that those bestowed with such power must be held accountable if they abuse it. Although police departments are most deserving of transparency and public accountability, police culture, often characterized by the "blue code of silence," toleration of aggressive policing techniques, and lax internal oversight, impedes the effective implementation and of meaningful police accountability measures. This Article argues that local police agencies are in fact administrative agencies that regulate not only the conduct of citizens, but also the conduct of police officers operating within the agency. Because some community members are aware of pervasive police misconduct within their communities, they are unlikely to view police reforms as legitimate, especially when they are excluded from the reform process. Thus, the notoriously insular nature of police culture and the resulting community tensions create political legitimacy problems similar to those arising in traditional regulatory contexts. The storied relationship between many communities and police officers amplifies the need for political legitimacy in the police reform context. Therefore, federal intervention efforts addressing the persistence of police misconduct and corruption must be carefully crafted to ameliorate deficiencies in the democratic processes used to develop reforms. This Article contends that efforts to reform police institutions should embrace core principles of the emerging new governance theoretical framework because these principles limit community outrage and enhance the legitimacy of police reforms. Specifically, the paradigm of democratic experimentalism, a subcategory of the broader new governance framework, advocates stakeholder deliberation and local experimentation, features that contribute to overall quality and sustainability of the reforms. This Article argues that the paradigmatic shift in policing from the crime control model to community policing mode, which emphasizes police-community collaboration, is analogous to the shift that must now take place within the context of police reform.
Validation of SplitVector encoding and stereoscopy for quantitative visualization of quantum physics data in virtual environments

We designed and evaluated SplitVector, a new vector field display approach to help scientists perform new discrimination tasks on scientific data shown in virtual environments (VEs). Our empirical study compared the SplitVector approach with three other approaches of direct linear representation, log, and text display common in information-rich VEs or IRVEs. Our results suggest the following: (1) SplitVectors improve the accuracy by about 10 times compared to the linear mapping and by 4 times to log in discrimination tasks; (2) SplitVectors lead to no significant differences from the IRVE text display approach, yet reduce the clutter; and (3) SplitVector improved task performance in both mono and stereoscopy conditions.
Genetic Differences Between Chimpanzee Populations

The evolutionary history of chimpanzees has been widely studied by researchers for a number of years. The number, and evolutionary relationship, of chimpanzee subspecies has been disputed for a number of years. In recent years researchers have used genomic data to investigate these questions. A consensus has emerged that chimpanzees are divided into four subspecies ranging across tropical Africa. However, little is known about underlying evolutionary processes that generated these patterns. Two major mechanisms have been proposed to drive the evolutionary diversification of chimpanzees: (1) isolation and subsequent diversification of taxa in Pleistocene Refugia and (2) isolation on opposite banks of riverine barriers. Additionally, the role of intraspecific differentiation and speciation through divergent selection across habitat gradients has been the focus of several recent studies, but this mechanism is relatively understudied in primates. Key Concepts: There have been recent breakthroughs into understanding the genetic differences between chimpanzee populations. Genomic science has provided a window into the evolutionary history of chimpanzees. Understanding evolutionary processes is vital to understanding chimpanzee evolution. Understanding chimpanzee evolutionary history is of great interest to scientists. Common chimpanzees can be divided into four genetically distinct subspecies. Keywords: chimpanzee; genetics; subspecies; genome; bonobo; population; Africa
Physical–biological coupling and the challenge of understanding fish recruitment in freshwater lakes

Marine fisheries recruitment research has emphasized approaches that explore physical-biological interactions during early life stages (ELS). Herein, we review evidence that such approaches would benefit our understanding of fish recruitment in large freshwater lakes, which exhibit similar physical processes and contain fishes with comparable life-history characteristics as marine ecosystems. A review of the primary literature (1965-2008) for freshwater and marine ecosystems revealed that coupled biophysical research on fish ELS (i) has benefited our ability to understand and predict fish recruitment in marine ecosystems; (ii) has been virtually absent from small lake ecosystems but has been growing in the Laurentian Great Lakes; and (iii) has shown that similar to marine ecosystems, physical processes can control fish recruitment in large lakes through direct and indirect pathways, often involving interactions between biological processes and physicochemical conditions. In addition to identifying specific research gaps and opportunities, this perspective points to the need for increased research on physical-biological coupling in large lake ecosystems, as well as the continued erosion of barriers between marine and fresh- water fisheries recruitment science. Resume : La recherche sur le recrutement des ressources halieutiques marines s'est axee sur des approches qui explorent les interactions physicobiologiques durant les premieres etapes du cycle de vie (PECV). Nous passons en revue les preuves indiquant que de telles approches sont utiles ala comprehension du recrutement de poissons dans les grands lacs d'eau douce, qui presentent des processus physiques semblables et contiennent des poissons aux cycles de vie comparables aceux d'ecosystemes marins. Un examen de la documentation primaire (1965-2008) sur les ecosystemes marins et d'eau douce revele que la recherche biophysique combinee sur les PECV des poissons (i) a ameliore la capacite de comprendre et predire le recrutement de poissons dans les ecosystemes marins, (ii) est essentiellement inexistante en ce qui concerne les ecosystemes de petits lacs, mais est en croissance pour ce qui est des Grands Lacs laurentiens et (iii) a demontre que, al'instar des ecosystemes marins, des processus physiques peuvent controler le recrutement de poissons dans les grands lacs par l'entremise de voies directes et indirectes dans lesquelles interviennent souvent des interactions entre des processus biologiques et des conditions physicochimiques. En plus de cerner differentes lacunes et occasions de recherche, cette perspective souligne la necessite d'accroitre la recherche sur l'effet du couplage physicobiologique sur le recrutement de poissons dans les ecosystemes lacustres, ainsi que l'erosion soutenue des barrieres entre l'etude du recrutement en milieux marins et d'eau douce. (Traduit par la Redaction)
Low loss rapidly tunable optical add drop multiplexer in Ti:LiNbO/sub 3/

Polarization-independent guided-wave electrooptically tunable wavelength filters have been produced in Ti:LiNbO/sub 3/ for the 1550 nm regime of the spectrum utilizing static strain-optic effect from a spatially periodic surface film. The 3-dB optical bandwidth (FWHM) of 2.3 nm for a 10.5-mm interaction length is in agreement with theory. Electro-optic tuning of the center wavelength over a range of 20 nm with an RC-limited rise time of 52 ns have been demonstrated. Although only results on the drop function are reported here, the same 4-port device can also add wavelengths via port 2. Increasing the length of the polarization conversion/tuning region and apodization of the polarization converting strain pads can be used to achieve narrower channel bandwidth and higher side lobe suppression. Such devices are in process.
A rapid, sensitive mass spectrometric method for investigating microscale chemical reactions of surface adsorbed peptides and proteins

A new mass spectrometric method for measuring the products of reactions of surface adsorbed peptides and proteins is described. The technique is rapid, convenient, and sensitive and provides detailed information concerning the molecular weights of the reaction products and the rate and extent of reaction. The properties of the technique are illustrated by an investigation of cleavage reactions of the disulfide bonds in bovine insulin, cyclic somatostatin, and conotoxin G1 utilizing the reducing agent dithiothreitol.
Towards a compact, empirically-verified rational expectations model for monetary policy analysis A comment

In a series of prominent and influential papers of which the current paper is an outgrowth, Jeffrey Fuhrer has been proposing a radical rethinking of much of empirical macroeconomics. I very much like Fuhrer's basic approach to macroeconomic modeling which involves the specification and estimation of three behavioral equations. The first of these is the interest-rate rule which gives the behavior of the central bank as it conducts monetary policy. The second is the IS curve which gives the behavior of purchasers of final output as a function of the real interest rate. Finally, the third equation is the price-setting rule; it characterizes the behavior of the producers of output - be they workers or firms. Each of these three equations involves three variables, namely, the nominal interest rate, the rate of inflation, and the level of output. Given the centrality of these three variables in our field, this structure provides a wonderfully convenient vehicle for discussing many of the basic questions with which macroeconomics is concerned. In the current paper, Fuhrer spends most of his time developing and estimating a set of equations describing consumption and investment which represent potential replacements for the IS curve of his original papers with George Moore. These newer equations are derived from optimizing behavior by at least some of the agents doing the consuming and the investing. These equations are then embedded into a complete model that also contains the interest-rate and price-setting rules from the earlier papers. The complete model is stochastically simulated and the correlations among the variables of the simulated model are then compared with the actual correlations among macroeconomic variables. As Fuhrer shows, many of the simulated correlations, particularly those relating real variables and interest rates, are grossly
Use of response surface metamodels to generate system level fragilities for existing curved steel bridges

Abstract Fragility curves that have been developed for curved steel bridges have not extensively addressed horizontal curvature and do not sufficiently account for major contributing curved bridge components that influence their seismic response (e.g., radius of curvature, cross-frame spacing, etc.). This study considers a group of horizontally curved steel I-girder bridges located in Pennsylvania, New York and Maryland to examine the influence of important parameters on their seismic response and develop system level fragility curves for the bridge group. The developed methodology is then applied to specific bridges. This paper provides description of the procedure used to generate representative curved bridge fragility curves using input from select component fragilities. The curves were generated for representative bridge systems, and utilized fragilities from important bridge seismic components created using Response Surface Metamodels (RSMs). The critical components included items at the bearings and the supporting pier columns. A statistical screening approach, using design of experiments and incorporating seismic response information obtained from nonlinear time history analyses, was used to determine critical curved bridge component seismic response ranges. Monte Carlo simulation was then implemented to assist with fragility generation for both the group of bridges and sample bridges. Using the generated fragility, case studies were performed to investigate the effects of the certain bridge parameters on seismic vulnerability. Findings indicated that parameters that significantly influenced seismic fragilities were the number of spans, radius of curvature, and maximum span length.
Lentivirus display: stable expression of human antibodies on the surface of human cells and virus particles.

Background Isolation of human antibodies using current display technologies can be limited by constraints on protein expression, folding and post-translational modifications. Here we describe a discovery platform that utilizes self-inactivating (SIN) lentiviral vectors for the surface display of high-affinity single-chain variable region (scFv) antibody fragments on human cells and lentivirus particles. Methodology/Principal Findings Bivalent scFvFc human antibodies were fused in frame with different transmembrane (TM) anchoring moieties to allow efficient high-level expression on human cells and the optimal TM was identified. The addition of an eight amino acid HIV-1 gp41 envelope incorporation motif further increased scFvFc expression on human cells and incorporation into lentiviral particles. Both antibody-displaying human cells and virus particles bound antigen specifically. Sulfation of CDR tyrosine residues, a property recently shown to broaden antibody binding affinity and antigen recognition was also demonstrated. High level scFvFc expression and stable integration was achieved in human cells following transduction with IRES containing bicistronic SIN lentivectors encoding ZsGreen when scFvFc fusion proteins were expressed from the first cassette. Up to 106-fold enrichment of antibody expressing cells was achieved with one round of antigen coupled magnetic bead pre-selection followed by FACS sorting. Finally, the scFvFc displaying human cells could be used directly in functional biological screens with remarkable sensitivity. Conclusions/Significance This antibody display platform will complement existing technologies by virtue of providing properties unique to lentiviruses and antibody expression in human cells, which, in turn, may aid the discovery of novel therapeutic human mAbs.
Theory of Dislocation Mobility in Semiconductors

A new model for dislocation motion appropriate for crystals having high Peierls stress is presented. The model makes use of dragging points on the dislocation which restrict the free motion of kinks on the line. It predicts a dislocation velocity with an exponential dependence inverse in the stress and an activation energy appropriate to kink nucleation. In extensive Appendixes, kink theory is used to develop explicit formulas for the stress dependence of the kink nucleation energy and to work out the statistical details of the nucleation rate. Also, a detailed theory of kink collisions is developed when the kink population is high. Finally, the experiments of Kabler described in the previous paper of this journal are interpreted in terms of the model with appropriate parameters for Ge.
Multiple domains for initiator binding proteins TFII-I and YY-1 are present in the initiator and upstream regions of the rat XDH/XO TATA-less promoter

We previously reported that the TATA-less rat xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase (XDH/XO) promoter is organized with multiple initiator elements (Inr 1, 2, 3 and 4). Additionally, we identified six factor binding footprints in the upstream region of this promoter (FP 1-FP 6), two of which (FP 2 and FP 4) we showed to be C/EBP binding sites. In this report we continue our characterization of the XDH/XO promoter, detailing other cis elements which comprise the Inr and upstream binding factors. Interestingly, multiple binding domains for known initiator binding proteins, YY-1 and USF-related factor/TFII-I, have been identified which potentially play an important role in transcription initiation.
Electrical obsolescence management: How to spend $1B efficiently

An engineering team at a large Oil & Gas company was tasked to address the alarming trend of increasing capital expenditure required to manage its 2 main challenges: obsolescence and aging of electrical equipment in over 1000 electrical substations. It was forecasted that nearly $1B will be required over the next ten years to replace obsolete electrical equipment. Reliability and cost efficiency in power systems operation equates to zero incidents and unplanned outages as a result of equipment failure. However, it is natural for electrical switchgear and control gear to degrade over time. If they remain in operation long enough, failure is inevitable. There are numerous challenges with vintage electrical equipment that includes maintenance issues, personnel training, and electrical safety. Ultimately, old and obsolete systems pose increased risks. Given that nearly 50% of electrical equipment in the company is at least 30 years old, the risk posed by obsolete equipment must be managed.