cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonrotating Convective Self-Aggregation in a Limited Area AGCM

We present non-rotating simulations with the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) in a square limited area domain over uniform sea surface temperature. As in previous studies, convection spontaneously aggregates into humid clusters, driven by a combination of radiative and moisture-convective feedbacks. The aggregation is qualitatively independent of resolution, with horizontal grid spacing from 3 km to 110 km, with both explicit and parameterized deep convection. A budget for the spatial variance of column moist static energy suggests that longwave radiative and surface flux feedbacks help establish aggregation, while the shortwave feedback contributes to its maintenance. Mechanism denial experiments confirm that aggregation does not occur without interactive longwave radiation. Ice cloud radiative effects help support the humid convecting regions, but are not essential for aggregation, while liquid clouds have a negligible effect. Removing the dependence of parameterized convection on tropospheric humidity reduces the intensity of aggregation, but does not prevent the formation of dry regions. In domain sizes less than (5000 km)squared, the aggregation takes the form of a single cluster, while larger domains develop multiple clusters. Larger domains initialized with a single large cluster are unable to maintain them, suggesting an upper size limit. Surface windspeed increases with domain size, implying that maintenance of the boundary layer momentum balance may limit cluster size. As cluster size increases, large boundary layer temperature anomalies develop to maintain the surface pressure gradient, leading to an increase in the depth of parameterized convective heating and an increase in gross moist stability.
Street Outreach Workers’ Understanding and Experience of Working with Chronically Homeless Populations

Street outreach has long been an essential practice method for locating people who are homeless to connect them to social and housing services. Using in-depth interviews with street outreach worker...
Eddy Current Evaluation of Electrical Anisotropy in Polycrystalline Ti-6AL-4V

High strength titanium alloys find a significant number of applications throughout the aircraft industry for gas turbine engine and airframe components. Ti-6A1-4V is an alloy that has been around since the 1950’s and has been used extensively for fan blades, disks, and superplastically formed and diffusion bonded structures. This alloy has been studied and tested in virtually every conceivable way and a great deal is known about the material in terms of its capabilities, yet there are still lingering performance issues that evade researchers. A recent initiative by the Air Force to better understand conventional Ti alloys from the standpoint of High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) has brought to light some intriguing research in the nondestructive characterization of polycrystalline titanium alloys. The major goal of this research is to detect and characterize the microscopic defects or fatigue damage precursors associated with HCF and to understand some of the physical characteristics of the nucleation and growth of low-level, mechanically imparted damage. From a nondestructive inspection viewpoint the goal boils down to finding and interpreting signals from smaller and smaller “defects.” With this approach, the identification of smaller defects early in the service life of the component presumably leads to higher reliability of the aircraft through the removal of flawed components for rework, scrap, or further study.
The Intramolecular Alder Ene Reaction

In comparison to the intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction, the intramolecular Alder ene reaction has been little studied (1, 2). All examples in the literature through mid-1981 are included in the Tables at the end of this chapter.
The Past, Present and Future of Ionic Liquids as Battery Electrolytes

Batteries and similar electrochemical devices are a means to convert stored chemical energy directly into electrical power. They occupy a large niche in electrical power storage and generation applications. Batteries are used to provide low power over long times and high pulsed power for short times. They find applications in consumer appliances and electronics, industry, transportation, military systems and spacecraft. Batteries are simple in concept, but the wide range of applications results in a plethora of chemistries and designs.
Foundations of Modern International Thought

Introduction: rethinking the foundations of modern international thought Part I. Historiographical Foundations: 1. The international turn in intellectual history 2. Is there a pre-history of globalisation? 3. The elephant and the whale: empires and oceans in world history Part II. Seventeenth-Century Foundations: Hobbes and Locke: 4. Hobbes and the foundations of modern international thought 5. John Locke's international thought 6. John Locke, Carolina and the Two Treatises of Government 7. John Locke: theorist of empire? Part III. Eighteenth-Century Foundations: 8. Parliament and international law in eighteenth-century Britain 9. Edmund Burke and Reason of State 10. Globalising Jeremy Bentham Part IV. Building on the Foundations: Making States since 1776: 11. The Declaration of Independence and international law 12. Declarations of independence, 1776-2012.
Universal Enveloping Algebra

For a complex Lie algebra g, the universal enveloping algebra U(g) is an explicit complex associative algebra with identity having the property that any Lie algebra homomorphism of g into an associative algebra A with identity “extends” to an associative algebra homomorphism of U(g) into A and carrying 1 to 1. The algebra U(g) is a quotient of the tensor algebra T(g) and is a filtered algebra as a consequence of this property. The Poincare-Birkhoff-Witt Theorem gives a vector-space basis of U(g) in terms of an ordered basis of g.
Preservation of Traffic Liveness in MPC Schemes for Guidepath-based Transport Systems

Guidepath-based transport systems is a pertinent abstraction for the traffic that is generated in many contemporary applications, ranging from industrial material handling and robotics, to computer game animations and the qubit transport systems that are employed in quantum computing. In some recent works of ours, we have proposed the traffic coordination in this class of systems according to a model predictive control (MPC) scheme that seeks to maximize the traffic throughput while retaining computational tractability for the corresponding scheduling problem. In this work we perform a more systematic investigation of the conditions that must be observed by the adopted MPC scheme in order to ensure the liveness of the resulting traffic. The presented results span a number of possible configurations of the underlying guidepath-based transport systems, and integrate and extend a variety of past results concerning the liveness-enforcing supervision of AGV and other complex resource allocation systems.1
Tumor Lysis Syndrome: A Rare Complication of Chemotherapy for Metastatic Breast Cancer

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a fatal complication of chemotherapy treatment. It is rarely seen in the treatment of solid tumors particularly in breast cancer. We presented the case of a chemo-naive 58-year-old Caucasian woman who developed tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) after a single treatment dose of gemcitabine for metastatic breast cancer. Despite optimal management, the patient clinically deteriorates and is referred to inpatient hospice. Although targeted chemotherapy options have become increasingly effective, physicians should be aware of the rare, yet often fatal complications of TLS. Similarly, physicians should be able to quickly recognize the development of TLS to ensure swift and effective prophylaxis or treatment.
A Fully Integrated Maximum Power Tracking Combiner for Energy Harvesting IoT Applications

Modern Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices rely on energy harvesting to extend their battery life and create maintenance-free applications. However, energy from ambient sources is intermittent and unpredictable, which compromises the reliability of any system. Harvesting from multiple sources allows the collection of higher amounts of power, producing robust operation even in the presence of ambient variations. This paper describes the design of a fully integrated system that combines the energy delivered by four inputs. The proposed architecture applies a smart harvesting strategy based on the available power from the transducers. The two inputs with the most power are automatically selected and combined, while maximum power tracking is performed. If the other two sources still show some usable power, a two-way energy storage scheme allows their use to sustain the circuit's operation. The system is fabricated in a 0.13- $\mu$ m complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Experimental results demonstrate a peak tracking efficiency of 96 $\%$ . The power conversion efficiency has a maximum of 87.2 $\%$ at 198 $\mu$ W of output power and 72 $\%$ at 981 $\mu$ W.
Pyloroplasty (Heineke-Mikulicz and Finney) Operation for Bleeding Duodenal Ulcer

Pyloroplasty is now primarily used in poor-risk patients undergoing emergency surgery for massive hemorrhage from duodenal ulcer. A vagotomy is generally added (see Chapters 25 and 26).
Computed Tomographic Angiography-Derived Risk Factors for Vascular Complications in Percutaneous Transfemoral Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation

Transfemoral aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has become a viable alternative to surgical valve implantation, particularly for higher risk patients; however, vascular complications (VCs) remain a concern in transfemoral TAVI. We aimed to determine clinical and computed tomographic angiography-derived risk factors associated with Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC)-2 criteria VCs in patients who underwent TAVI. From 2011 to 2017, 481 patients underwent percutaneous transfemoral TAVI at the Minneapolis Heart Institute and were screened for procedural and postprocedural access-related VC according to VARC-2 criteria. Clinical and clinical and computed tomographic angiography-derived data were collected to establish risk factors for VC. A total of 99 (21%) patients had VARC-2 VCs. Closure device failure (CDF) occurred in 56 of 99 (57%), minor VCs in 37 of 99 (37%), and major VCs occurred in 6 of 99 (6%). Access site-related VCs were preceded by CDF in 18 of 43 (42%) patients and the risk of major/minor VCs was 14 times greater in patients who experienced closure complications. The incidence of CDF was higher in common femoral artery (CFA) access sites with circumferential vessel wall calcification of more than 90° (p = 0.02) and when skin-surface to CFA access-site distance at an optimal access angle of 45° exceeded 80 mm (p = 0.03). In conclusion, both the degree of circumferential CFA access site calcification and distance to skin surface at an optimal access angle may improve risk stratification of access planning in patients who underwent percutaneous transfemoral TAVI.
Unplanned returns to the operating room within three months of pediatric cataract-related intraocular surgery: indications and risk factors

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the indications and associated risk factors for unplanned returns to the operating room within 90 days of pediatric cataract-related surgery. Methods The medical records patients undergoing either cataract extraction or secondary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation at a single center from 1991 to 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. Results A total of 1,392 eyes of 989 patients were included, with 48 unplanned reoperations in 46 eyes of 43 patients, yielding a reoperation rate of 3.3% (46/1392) for one reoperation and 0.14% (2/1392) for two within 90 days of surgery. Of the 48 reoperations, indications for reoperation were as follows: lens cortex reproliferation (n = 14), elevated intraocular pressure (n = 11), inflammatory pupillary membranes (n = 7), vitreous wick to the cataract surgery wound (n = 6), synechiae (n = 3), uveitis (n = 3), posterior capsule opacification in an eye with intact posterior capsule (n = 1), retained cortex (n = 1), traumatic iris prolapse (n = 1), and foreign body in anterior chamber (n = 1). Risk factors for an unplanned reoperation included a history of traumatic cataract (relative risk, 2.55) or age Conclusions Unplanned reoperations after pediatric cataract surgery are uncommon, but when they occur it is often in the setting of trauma or surgery performed before the age of 1 year.
The role of tissue factor and the coagulation system in the function of tumor initiating (stem) cells

5852 Oncogenic events affect tumor initiating cancer stem cells (CSCs), but also play a significant role in tumor-host interrelationships, including cancer-related Trousseau syndrome, angiogenesis and metastasis. It is of note that some of the latter events are attributed to the procoagulant cell membrane receptor known as tissue factor (TF), or thromboplastin. TF binds the clotting factor VIIa and thereby activates the coagulation cascade. At the same time TF also triggers intracellular signalling, gene expression and alters cellular behaviour. Collectively, this raises the question as to the possible relationship between CSCs and TF in cancer. Our studies show that cancer cells frequently upregulate TF downstream of several different oncogenic events. In A431 squamous cell carcinoma cells driven by the amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) TF levels are controlled by this genetic lesion. This is evident from the fact that in this context EGFR inhibitors downregulate TF expression and procoagulant activity and also suppress tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo. At the same time in the subset of A431 cells, which express high levels of CD133 (a marker of CSCs) we observed several fold greater TF activity than in the corresponding CD133-negative tumor cell population. It is of interest whether high and sometimes heterogenous TF expression can also be linked to the CSC subset in other cell lines and tumors. Notably, in some of these instances tumor growth/take can be inhibited by the administration of TF inhibitors. Host TF also plays a role in tumor growth. Thus, while TF expressing cancer cells readily form tumors in mice hypomorphic for this receptor, cells rendered TF-deficient fail to grow in such recipients. We postulate that activation of the coagulation system and TF signaling, may deliver growth-promoting stimuli (e.g. fibrin, thrombin, platelets) to dormant CSCs and thereby facilitate tumor take, growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. In summary, TF may be expressed by CSCs and provide them with the capacity to generate provisional (coagulation-related) cancer stem cell niche due to stimulating influences of coagulation proteases, growth factors and the fibrin matrix. Alternatively, these CSC growth/survival-promoting activities may be associated with the intercellular TF transfer, as cargo of microvesicles, or are delivered in a paracrine manner i.e. by various 9activated9 elements of the tumor stroma (blood vessels, inflammatory cells and mesenchymal cells). Thus, targeting TF may diminish the potential of CSCs to initiate tumor growth, metastasis or recurrence.
Use of Cannabis Concentrates by Adolescents

* Abbreviation: E-cigarette — : electronic cigarette In 1996, the state of California was the first state to legalize medical marijuana. Since then, the landscape has changed dramatically regarding the legalization of both recreational and medicinal marijuana. Currently, 10 states plus the District of Columbia have legalized recreational marijuana and 31 states have legalized medicinal forms of marijuana. In the wake of these state-level changes, clinicians, public health providers, and health policy planners have raised concern that greater availability and use of marijuana by adults along with decreased perception about the harms of marijuana use by adolescents will result in higher use rates and adverse consequences among adolescents. Thus far, these concerns have not fully materialized. Although rates of marijuana use among adolescents have remained relatively stable over the past 5 years, rates are still persistently high, with 5.8% of high school seniors reporting daily use of marijuana.1 This is in contrast with declining rates of other substances such as alcohol, cigarettes, and prescription opioids. The United States is also currently experiencing an unprecedented increase in the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) … Address correspondence to Sheryl Ryan, MD, Division of Adolescent Medicine and Eating Disorders, Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Health Medical Group Briarcrest, 905 W Governor Rd, Briarcrest Building, Suite 200, Hershey, PA 17033. E-mail: sryan4{at}pennstatehealth.psu.edu
8.03 – Receptor Theory and the Ligand-Macromolecule Complex☆

The quantification of the interaction between a small molecule such as a drug or pollutant and a cellular macromolecule is called receptor theory and is often overlooked in modern molecular toxicology. The proper use of receptor theory can be used to examine structure–activity relationships and modifications of chemicals to fit the active site of the macromolecule. Thus, the basic tools of quantification and characterization of a bimolecular interaction is applicable to drug discovery as well as toxicology. The shape of the dose–response curve, the most important relationship examined in toxicology, is dictated by receptor theory. In this chapter, the approaches to examining the ligand-receptor complex, taking into account all assumptions and limitations, will be described.
Repairability redux

Cerf reflects on repairability, highlighting his experience of repairing broken things around their home during the COVID-19 pandemic He has encountered several problems with "replacement parts" that don't quite fit the piece of equipment he is trying to repair He comments that manufacturers should take lessons from the LEGO company They have produced interchangeable LEGO parts since 1932 If you are going to make products that are intended to last for decades, you should maintain spare-part compatibility for the lifetime of the product That's what standards are for Maybe 3D printing is a partial solution for some products since printing the part on demand might be less expensive than maintaining inventory He argues that manufactured goods do not seem to take into account the possibility of repair
Radiation Signatures From Striped Blazar Jet

Relativistic jets from supermassive black holes are among the most powerful and luminous astrophysical systems in Universe. We propose that the open magnetic field lines through the black hole, which drive a strongly magnetized jet, may have their polarity reversing over time scales related to the growth of the magneto-rotational dynamo in the disc, resulting in dissipative structures in the jet characterized by reversing toroidal field polarities, referred to as ``stripes''. Magnetic reconnection between the stripes dissipates the magnetic energy and powers jet acceleration. The striped jet model can explain the jet acceleration, large-scale jet emission, and blazar emission signatures consistently in a unified physical picture. Specifically, we find that the jet accelerates to the bulk Lorentz factor $\Gamma \gtrsim 10$ within one parsec distance from the central engine. The acceleration slows down but continues at larger distances, with intrinsic acceleration rate $\dot{\Gamma}/\Gamma$ between $0.0005~\rm{yr^{-1}}$ and $0.005~\rm{yr^{-1}}$ at tens of parsecs, which is in very good agreement with recent radio observations. Magnetic reconnection continuously accelerates nonthermal particles over large distances from the central engine, resulting in the core-shift effect and overall flat-to-inverted synchrotron spectrum. The large-scale spectral luminosity peak $\nu_{\rm peak}$ is anti-proportional to the location of the peak of the dissipation, which is set by the minimal stripe width $l_{\rm min}$. The blazar zone is approximately at the same location. At this distance, the jet is moderately magnetized, with the comoving magnetic field strength and dissipation power consistent with typical leptonic blazar model parameters.
Using tree swallows to assess reductions in PCB exposure as a result of dredging at Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) sites in the Upper Midwest, USA.

Tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) were used to assess the effectiveness of reducing polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure to wildlife as a result of contaminated sediment removal at locations across the Great Lakes under two dredging scenarios, full or spot dredging. For comparative purposes, other locations where no dredging occurred were also assessed. Calculating accumulation rate, from the mass of a contaminant in tree swallow eggs and nestling carcasses, is a useful tool to assess the effectiveness of sediment removal. It has the advantage over more commonly used metrics such as cubic yards of sediment removed or kg of a contaminant removed, because it assesses a biotic endpoint that has more societal understanding. Egg and nestling concentrations of total PCBs and accumulation rate (μg of total PCBs accumulated per day) were compared pre- and post-dredge. At the most contaminated site, Waukegan Harbor, Illinois, the accumulation rate decreased by 95% because of dredging. At less contaminated locations in Wisconsin and Ohio, the accumulation rate was reduced by dredging as well, but not to such a large extent (~50%). Even at reference locations, there was a very small amount (0.01-0.06 μg/day) of PCBs accumulated each day because of the prevalence of this contaminant in the environment. The profile of individual PCB congeners also differed pre-and post-dredge and demonstrated significant changes as a result of dredging activities.
The importance of dedicated colorectal team participation in the management of spina bifida and spinal cord injury patients.

In September 2020, the colorectal team of the International Center for Colorectal and Urogenital Care joined the spina bifida and spinal cord injury multidisciplinary clinic at Children’s Hospital Colorado. Many important lessons were learned. A retrospective review of patients seen in the spina bifida and spinal cord injury multidisciplinary clinic from September 2020 to May 2021 was conducted. Data collected included demographics, diagnosis, pre or post-natal repair for those with myelomeningocele, whether the patient was previously seen by the colorectal team, wheelchair usage, voluntary bowel control vs. fecal incontinence, urinary control vs. clean intermittent catheterization, characteristics of contrast enema, and our proposed intervention. Overall, 189 children were seen during the study period, ranging from 3 months to 20 years of age (average = 9.5 years). One hundred and two were males and 87 were females. Diagnosis included myelomeningocele (n = 153), spinal cord injury (n = 18), transverse myelitis (n = 7), sacral agenesis (n = 5), diastematomyelia (n = 2), spinal stenosis (n = 2), and tethered cord with lipoma (n = 2). Fifteen patients with myelomeningocele were repaired in-utero. One hundred and sixty patients were new to the colorectal team. Eighty-one patients were wheelchair users. One hundred and twenty-three patients suffered from fecal incontinence and needed enemas to be artificially clean for stool and thirty-eight patients had voluntary bowel movements and were clean with laxatives, suppository, or rectal stimulations. Twenty-eight patients were younger than three years of age and still in diapers. Despite a non-dilated colon on contrast enema, this population has a hypomotile colon. One hundred and twenty-eight patients required clean intermittent catheterization. Joining the spina bifida and spinal cord injury multidisciplinary clinic allowed us to better serve this population and gave us enormous satisfaction to contribute to improve the quality of life of the patients and their parents. III
3D Spatial Attention Effects are Independent of Projected 2D Size and Location for Older and Younger Drivers

Previous research has found the reaction time (RT) to light change targets when performing a car following task, is partially dependent on the distance in depth of the target from the driver. Researchers have concluded from this evidence that the spatial extent of attention is three dimensional (3D) during dual-task driving. However, in prior experiments the effect of two-dimensional (2D) projected size and position was not experimentally controlled. If spatial attention is 3D, then there should be an effect of target distance when 2D projected size and position are constant. The purpose of the current work was to assess this hypothesis. We manipulated the size and position of light-change targets at different depths to hold the projected size and position of targets constant between blocks. Although projected size and position were identical in this experiment, the results demonstrated that for younger and older drivers, targets further from the driver were responded to more slowly than targets closer to the driver. These results demonstrate that 3D attention effects are not dependent on projected size or position, and that the mechanism of 3D attention is present in younger and older drivers. These results, considered with the findings of other studies, suggest that tests to assess crash risk, such as the UFOV, are limited in scope because such tests fail to incorporate variation in attention as a function of distance.
Low-Level Radioactive Wastes and Their Siting

Low-level radioactive wastes are, by volume, the largest of the radioactive wastes generated. They are also benign relative to HLW, SURF, and TRU. Siting of the low-level wastes is a job requiring cooperation between Federal and State Agencies, in accord with 10CFR61 (1981), and different types of sites are currently under investigation in the United States.
W.S. Fielding and the Repeal Elections of 1886 and 1887 in Nova Scotia

On 15 June 1886, after a number of unsuccessful attempts to redress Nova Scotia grievances through existing political channels, the Liberal Government of Premier William S. Fielding contested the provincial elections of 1886 on the issue of secession from Confederation, winning 29 of the province's 38 seats. In the federal elections held less than a year later, John A. Macdonald's Conservative party reversed this apparent repeal victory, winning 14 of 21 seats. Almost immediately the repeal campaign collapsed. Unfortunately, the important relationship of the secession question to the electoral volte-face of 1886 and 1887 in Nova Scotia has not yet received comprehensive analysis. Lacking the information provided by the Fielding papers, most historians have hitherto dealt with repeal only in passing, treating it either as a minor incident in federal-provincial relations,1 or as one of those occasional outbursts of regional discontent that help make up Nova Scotia's protest tradition.2 Not only has this resulted in a tendency to divorce the secession agitation from the socioeconomic and political conditions out of which it emerged, but also it has left us with an incomplete understanding of Fielding's objectives and behaviour during the elections of 1886 and 1887.3 In July 1886, Fielding's contemporary, James W. Carmichael, described repeal in the narrowest way possible: it was simply "a lever to obtain better terms".4 But repeal was more than just a device to wring financial concessions out of the Federal Government. It was related to the decline of Nova Scotia's
Teaching the U.S. v. Windsor Same Sex Marriage/Equal Protection/DOMA Case

The same sex marriage cases are proving to be the hottest of topics during a very eventful Supreme Court term. The U.S. v. Windsor case is a fitting vehicle to cover the topic. These slides help tell the story and can be used to teach the case as well as important constitutional law issues such as: (1) equal protection, (2) federalism, (3) executive discretion to defend federal laws, (4) incorporation and more.
Jacob, François (1920–Present)

This article has no abstract. Keywords: Jacob, Francois (bacterial sexuality and genetics); messenger RNA
Object-Oriented Analysis and Design of a Health Care Management Information System

We have created a prototype for a universal object-oriented model of a health care system compatible with the object-oriented approach used in version 3.0 of the HL7 standard for communication messages. A set of three models has been developed: (1) the Object Model describes the hierarchical structure of objects in a system—their identity, relationships, attributes, and operationss (2) the Dynamic Model represents the sequence of operations in time as a collection of state diagrams for object classes in the systems and (3) functional Diagram represents the transformation of data within a system by means of data flow diagrams. Within these models, we have defined major object classes of health care participants and their subclasses, associations, attributes and operators, states, and behavioral scenarios. We have also defined the major processes and subprocesses. The top-down design approach allows use, reuse, and cloning of standard components.
Optimization of antenna beam pattern in ad hoc networks for optimal global performance

Directional antennas shape transmission patterns to provide greater coverage distance and reduced coverage angle. When used in an ad-hoc network, this reduces interference among transmitting nodes and thereby increases throughput. A problem that has not been addressed is how to compute individual beam patterns that maximize some measure of global network performance. Historically, the focus has been on finding node antenna patterns that give locally optimal performance. In this paper we investigate a low hardware complexity beamforming approach aimed at improving global performance. Given a multi-hop route from source to destination, beam patterns are shaped to maximize average signal-to-noise ratio across all nodes on the route, which reduces bit-error rates and extends battery and network lifetime. By using phase-only weights, hardware costs are minimized.
The radiation balance of the Southern Hemisphere

The generalized effects of the earth and its atmosphere on solar radiation are discussed for the Southern Hemisphere. Monthly data for each radiation balance component for every ten degree latitudinal band is compiled in tables. Figures showing annual patterns are also presented. A final radiation balance is computed by combining all the components, and the full pattern is shown in Figs. 8 and 9. The planetary albedo is 39.6%, somewhat higher than in the Northern Hemisphere. The latitude of change between positive and negative radiation balance was calculated as 38°S, the same as in the Northern Hemisphere.
Si la palabra se distrae

Imago silencio. Julio Cesar Goyes N. Fondo Mixto de Cultura, Coleccion Sol de Los Pastos, Narino, 1997, 121 pags.
Molecular Polymorphism in the MTA and MTB Mating Type Genes of Tetrahymena thermophila and Related Asexual Species

Each of the seven mating types of Tetrahymena thermophila is determined by a pair of large genes, MTA and MTB, whose expression peaks at early conjugation. Each protein consists of a mating-type specific domain and a common transmembrane domain. To assess variation in natural populations, regions of both domains from wild isolates expressing mating types V and VII were analyzed. Corresponding regions of amicronucleates incapable of mating also were examined. MTA and MTB showed high haplotype diversity, with greater sequence variation in MTB. Mating type VII was less variable than mating type V, suggesting more recent origin. No polymorphism distinguished between mat1- and mat2-like alleles encoding different arrays of mating types, nor did polymorphisms give evidence of population structure. MTA and MTB variants have different phylogenies, suggesting independent rather than concerted evolution, and are under weak purifying selection. Codon usage is less biased than for housekeeping genes, and reassigned glutamine encoding stop codons are preferentially used. Amicronucleate T. thermophila and closely related nsp15 and nsp25 have higher levels of nucleotide and amino acid substitution, consistent with cox1 distances. The results suggest that complete sequencing of mating type genes of wild isolates coupled with functional analysis will be informative.
Quantum chemical studies of methane monooxygenase: comparision with P450.

Abstract The catalytic pathways of soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) and cytochrome P450CAM, iron-containing enzymes, are described and compared. Recent extensive density functional ab initio electronic structure calculations have revealed many similarities in a number of the key catalytic steps, as well as some important differences. A particularly interesting and significant contrast is the role played by the protein in each system. For sMMO, the protein stabilizes various species in the catalytic cycle through a series of carboxylate shifts. This process is adequately described by a relatively compact model of the active site (∼100 atoms), providing a reasonable description of the energetics of hydrogen atom abstraction. For P450CAM, in contrast, the inclusion of the full protein is necessary for an accurate description of the hydrogen atom abstraction.
Polymeric Systems for Amorphous Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Produced by a Hot-melt Method. Part II: Effect of Oxidation Mechanisms and Chemical Interactions on Stability

The objectives of the present research investigations were to (i) elucidate the mechanism for the oxidative degradation of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in polymer matrix systems prepared by a hot-melt fabrication procedure, and (ii) study the potential for controlling these mechanisms to reduce the degradation of THC in solid dosage formulations. Various factors considered and applied included drug-excipient compatibility, use of antioxidants, cross-linking in polymeric matrices, microenvironment pH, and moisture effect. Instability of THC in polyethylene oxide (PEO)-vitamin E succinate (VES) patches was determined to be due to chemical interaction between the drug and the vitamin as well as with the atmospheric oxygen. Of the different classes and mechanisms of antioxidants studied, quenching of oxygen by reducing agents, namely, ascorbic acid was the most effective in stabilizing THC in PEO-VES matrices. Only 5.8% of the drug degraded in the ascorbic acid-containing patch as compared to the control (31.6%) after 2 months of storage at 40°C. This coupled with the cross-linking extent and adjustment of the pH microenvironment, which seemed to have an impact on the THC degradation, might be effectively utilized towards stabilization of the drug in these polymeric matrices and other pharmaceutical dosage forms. These studies are relevant to the development of a stable transmucosal matrix system for the therapeutic delivery of amorphous THC.
THREE-BODY PROBLEM WITH LOCAL HARD-CORE POTENTIAL.

The Faddeev formalism is used to compute the ground-state energy of the triton for a simple model in which the nucleon-nucleon force is given by a spin-independent $s$-wave Herzfeld potential (hard core with outside square well). The effective nucleon-nucleon potential used corresponds to the usual weighted average of triplet and singlet potential strengths. The two-variable Faddeev equation is solved using the complete off-shell $t$ matrix given by: (1) an exact analytic expression, and (2) an integral-equation formalism recently proposed. Three-body calculations based on both evaluations of the two-body $t$ matrix lead to a triton binding energy of 8.13 MeV with about 0.5% accuracy.
Properties of ion channels closed by light and opened by guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate in toad retinal rods.

1. In patch-clamp recordings from outer segments of dark-adapted rod photoreceptors, single-channel recordings were obtained from the light-sensitive conductance when divalent cations were omitted from the pipette solution bathing the extracellular face of the recorded patch of membrane. 2. Activity of the light-sensitive channel was suppressed by light within the normal response range of the dark-adapted rod. During dim, steady illumination, the rate of opening of the channel fluctuated dramatically, as expected qualitatively from statistical fluctuations in the number of photoisomerizations occurring within the effective collecting area of the recorded patch. 3. The light-sensitive channel flickered rapidly in the open state, so that individual events appeared as a burst of openings and closings. The average duration of a burst was 0.78 +/- 0.03 ms (mean +/- S.E.). The average duration of an individual opening was 0.18 +/- 0.008 ms. The average closed duration within a burst was 0.37 +/- 0.02 ms. 4. Hyperpolarization of the recorded patch had no effect on average burst or open duration, although opening frequency increased slightly (+18.6 +/- 4.9%; n = 13; mean +/- S.E.). Average single-channel current increased linearly with hyperpolarization, giving an estimated single-channel conductance of 20.5 +/- 1.1 pS. By extrapolation of the relation between channel current and hyperpolarization, the dark driving force was estimated to be about 48 mV. 5. In addition to reducing the rate of channel events, dim non-saturating light also reduced the average duration of a burst of openings and the average duration of openings within a burst. 6. About 50% of cell-attached patches showed no channel activity in darkness. Light-suppressable channel activity could be induced in these silent patches by perfusing the outer segment with low-Ca2+ Ringer solution. Similarly, activity could be increased dramatically by low-Ca2+ Ringer solution in patches that did show channel activity in the dark. From the maximal channel activity observed during low-Ca2+ perfusion, the lower limit for the number of channels per patch was 20-70, corresponding to an estimated channel density of 100-350 channels micron-2. 7. After recording light-sensitive channel activity in the intact rod, the patch of membrane was excised, exposing the intracellular membrane face. Application of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP) to the intracellular face activated channels (Haynes, Kay & Yau, 1986; Zimmerman & Baylor, 1986; Matthews, 1986d, 1987) whose properties could then be compared directly with the light-sensitive channels recorded earlier in the same patch of membrane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The Icebreaker : Soundscape works as everyday sound art

The following discusses the potential of soundscape work to reveal new aspects of our everyday aural environments. Openness to the voice(s) of one’s sonic surroundings is maintained as a hallmark of soundscape works, and also a key component of sound art more generally. Different perspectives and questions are articulated, with a consistent focus on the variety of spaces engaged by both sound(scape) artists and listeners. A case study is presented – a recently initiated sound art project on the part of the author entitled The Icebreaker. The latter is a musical instrument, performance piece and interactive installation made from piezo microphones and ice. Prepared compositions, including soundscape works, are diffused at different moments when one ‘plays’ The Icebreaker. I describe this emergent work as an example of the sort of considerations and negotiations that are at the heart of soundscape/sound art composition. My aim is to demonstrate how sound artworks bring us to attend to sounds we formerly failed to notice, revealing our own reactions to these stimuli at the same time.
Computer image analysis of combinatorial multi-fluor FISH

Epifluorescence filter sets and computer software for the detection and discrimination of up to 27 different DNA probes using multiplex-fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) have been developed recently. This paper focuses on a more detailed description of the specific software developed for the analysis of M-FISH experiments. Crucial steps in the evaluation process such as standardization of image acquisition, chromosome segmentation, fluorescence background estimation, accurate measurement of fluorescence intensities and definition of thresholds will be described. The application of M-FISH and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) for the detection of chromosomal abnormalities in squamous cell cancer of the head and neck is also reported. Finally, we try to define an acceptable ‘standard’ for a fully automated multicolor imaging system.
Oxygen reduction on CrO2 bonded to a proton-exchange membrane

Abstract Oxygen reduction at a gas-fed, porous CrO2 electrode bonded to a Dow Development Fuel Cell Membrane was measured at various values of pH. Bonding of the CrO2 to the membrane stabilizes the oxide. The activity for the reaction is strongest at pH = 14 and decreases monotonically with pH until it is completely suppressed in the range pH = 0 to pH = 3.94; it reappears for pH
Combating Vancomycin Resistance in Bacteria: Targeting the D-ala-D-ala Dipeptidase VanX

In the past 20 years, vancomycin and other glycopeptide antibiotics have been administered to patients with Streptococcal and Staphylococcal infections that were resistant to all other antibiotics or to patients who were allergic to penicillins and cephalosporins. After extensive use of vancomycin and other glycopeptide antibiotics in humans, several strains of Enterococcus have developed high-level vancomycin resistance (collectively called VRE, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus), and this resistance phenotype has spread to other organisms. The spread of vancomycin resistance to other pathogens and, potentially, to bacterial strains on the CDC's bioterrorism watch list is a major biomedical concern. Bacteria most often become resistant to vancomycin by acquiring a transposon containing genes that encode for a number of proteins, five of which are essential for the high-level resistance phenotype. The five essential gene products are called VanR, VanS, VanH, VanA, and VanX. Previous studies have shown that the inactivation of VanX results in an organism that is sensitive to vancomycin and that VanX is an excellent inhibitor target. In this review the known inhibitors and structural and mechanistic properties of VanX will be discussed. These data will be used to offer suggestions for novel, rationally-designed or -redesigned inhibitors, which could potentially be used in combination with existing glycopeptide antibiotics as a treatment for vancomycin-resistant bacterial infections.
Remplacement et réparation des gros composants

Les faits marquants et recents du domaine des remplacements des gros composants du CPP, sont : - les remplacements multi-composants ( RGV+ RCC, RCC + RPZR, Troncons CPP, hydrauliques de Pompes) - un scope elargi (ouverture/fermeture BR, bâtiment de stockage des composants uses,...). Cette tendance se confirme pour les annees a venir, pour la durabilite et la performance du Parc Nucleaire. Une societe comme Areva, par son experience internationale, sa technologie et ses capacites a gerer des gros projets, offre les garanties de reussite attendues par les Exploitants pour ces operations.
Spectral parameters in band models with distributed line intensity

Abstract In this paper, a concept of intermediate limits is introduced. Using intermediate limits, together with the traditional weak and strong limits, all parameters in a band model with distributed function can be determined systematically. The method is applied to two band models with S-1-β tailed distributions developed by Zhu in 1989. The important band quantity leading to an intermediate limit for H2O, CO2 and O3, and the traditional quantities leading to the weak and strong limits, are calculated in a form similar to that in Houghton's textbook according to the latest HITRAN database.
A model for X-ray emission from loop prominences

A study is made of X-ray line emission observed during the developing stages of a set of post-flare loop prominences. The time behaviour of the line emission can be described by a model consisting of two flux tubes containing plasma heated impulsively at the flash phase; the plasma cools by radiation and by conduction to the chromosphere. These ideas are extended to the possible formation of Hα prominences from low-lying hot loops.
Sleep in acute care settings: an integrative review.

Purpose: To report an integrative review about sleep patterns, factors that influence sleep, and sleep interventions in acutely ill hospitalized adults; discuss methodological challenges associated with studying sleep in this population; and propose future research. Organizing framework: Research literature on sleep patterns of acutely ill hospitalized adults, obtained using computerized searches of Medline and CINAHL, was reviewed. Studies of patients on intensive care and medical-surgical units conducted in a range of health disciplines over a span of almost 30 years were included. Studies were organized into the following categories: descriptive studies of sleep using objective and subjective measures; correlational studies of personal, health status, and environmental variables and sleep; and intervention studies. Findings: Sleep disturbance is a common but highly variable experience during acute care hospitalization. Multiple personal, health status, and environmental factors are related to sleep disturbance. Behavioral interventions show promise as a means to modify factors related to sleep. Few studies have shown the outcomes of sleep disturbance in acute care settings. Conclusions: More systematic research is needed to determine correlates of sleep disturbance in acutely ill hospitalized adults. Such studies can help investigators to identify patients who are most at risk for sleep disturbance and to provide the theoretical and conceptual bases for sleep-promoting interventions. Methodological challenges include characteristics of acute care patients and hospital environments, as well as the complexity of measuring sleep.
Single and Multiple Trait Sire Selection. First Lactation Milk Yield and Composition, Conformation, Feed Intake, Efficiency, and Net Income

Abstract Daughters of sires selected on Predicted Difference milk of first lactations (yield) were compared with daughters of sires selected on an udder index from among artificial insemination bulls with less than 10% of their daughters culled and with a Predicted Difference fat-corrected milk greater than 181 kg (merit). On latest proofs yield bulls were 425 kg higher than merit bulls for Predicted Differences of first lactations, whereas merit bulls had an average Predicted Difference Type, which was 1 point higher than yield bulls. Data were from first calving interval. Yield daughters produced 685 and 51 kg more milk and solids-not-fat but were .28% and .12% lower in fat and protein percentages than merit daughters. Energy intake of the ad libitum mix rations was nearly identical, but gross feed efficiency was significantly higher (.73 vs. .69) for yield daughters. Mammary conformation score was significantly higher for the merit group. A significantly higher number of merit daughters were coded acceptable for descriptive udder traits in the udder index. Net income per day was significantly higher for the yield group than for the merit group ($.25 vs. $.15). Much of this difference was due to the higher expense associated with a 21 day longer calving interval of merit heifers.
Non-linear equation for transport of electric charge in low dielectric constant fluids

Abstract A general, non-linear partial differential equation for transport of electric charge in fluid media is derived. It is based onthe flux equations for transport of univalent positive and negative ions in effective equilibrium with a very weak undissociated dissolved electrolyte by diffusion, electrical conduction, and convection in an incompressible fluid. It is applicable, therefore, primarily to low dielectric constant fluids. Although complicated, the equation may be reduced, on the one hand, to a linear equation by the approximation that the charge density in the fluid is very small and, on the other hand, to less complicated useful non-linear equations by the approximations that the ionic diffusivities are equal, or that the charge density is very large.