cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for a J/psi p anti-p Pauli Strong Coupling?

The couplings of charmonia and charmonium hybrids (generically $\ensuremath{\Psi}$) to $p\overline{p}$ are of great interest in view of future plans to study these states using an antiproton storage ring at GSI. These low to moderate energy $\ensuremath{\Psi}p\overline{p}$ couplings are not well understood theoretically, and currently must be determined from experiment. In this paper we note that the two independent Dirac (${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$) and Pauli (${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}$) $p\overline{p}$ couplings of the $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ and ${\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ can be constrained by the angular distribution of ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(J/\ensuremath{\psi},{\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p\overline{p}$ on resonance. A comparison of our theoretical results to recent unpolarized data allows estimates of the $p\overline{p}$ couplings; in the better determined $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ case the data is inconsistent with a pure Dirac (${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$) coupling, and can be explained by the presence of a ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}$ term. This Pauli coupling may significantly affect the cross section of the PANDA process $p\overline{p}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ near threshold. There is a phase ambiguity that makes it impossible to uniquely determine the magnitudes and relative phase of the Dirac and Pauli couplings from the unpolarized angular distributions alone; we show in detail how this can be resolved through a study of the polarized reactions.
Sugar fuels T-cell memory

Previous work has highlighted the role of metabolic shifts in regulating the formation of memory T cells, which are generated during a primary infection to provide long-lasting immunity. A study now shows that memory T cells rely on a gluconeogenesis–glycogenolysis cycle to provide antioxidant defence and support their survival.
Isotope Effects in Metabolic Studies

It has been reported that rapidly metabolizing microbiological cultures tend to exhibit lower apparent isotope effects than do less active cultures. This paper includes an example of that phenomenon and offers an explanation for it. In one variant, the proposed hypothesis focuses on the pool of metabolite which is inside the organism and the two fates which can befall it; namely, to be metabolized or to be re-exported back to the bulk medium. In cases where the latter fate is more important, the fractionation effected by the metabolic reaction becomes observable through measurements on the substrate or product species sampled external to the microbial cells. As the rate at which the substrate is metabolized increases, less substrate is available for export to the medium and a smaller apparent isotope effect is observed. This hypothesis assumes that the isotopic discrimation caused by bond breaking (or making) is large compared with that associated with the physical processes of diffusion through a cell membrane or the attachment of a substrate to (or detachment from) an enzyme (as in facilitated transport). A model consistent with the experimental findings is presented. While the hypothesis was formulated to explain specific experimental results, we believe it to be applicable in a broader realm; namely, whenever a substrate suffers competing fates and tracer cannot be added to evaluate these fates.
Genetic Factors and Stress

Stress is the response of the cell or the organism to challengers of homeostasis (a dynamic state of balance between the stress response and the stressors). Homeostasis is essential for the preservation of life. In humans and other higher organisms, components of the stress system include various neurotransmitters and hormones, which in most species constitute the effectors of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Thus, the cholinergic and catecholaminergic systems, corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), arginine vasopressin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and the glucocorticosteroids are all essential parts of the stress system in higher organisms.
Skin Incision Translation in Total Knee Arthroplasty: The Difference Between Flexion and Extension

Scar location and point loading of the scar after total knee arthroplasty are common postoperative concerns for patients and physicians. A frequent problem is discomfort associated with the incision. We evaluated 40 knees to better understand the association of the tibial tubercle with the overlying skin in both flexion and extension. Our results revealed lateral translation of the skin overlying the tibial tubercle in 100% of our volunteers as the knee is flexed and the tibia internally rotates. The average amount of lateral translation measured 9.7 mm. This could have a significant impact on point loading of the scar if an anterior midline incision for total knee arthroplasty is planned in extension.
Breast Cancer Screening: An Evidence-Based Update

Breast cancer screening is used to identify women with asymptomatic cancer with the goal of enabling women to undergo less invasive treatments that lead to better outcomes, ideally at earlier stages before the cancer progresses. There are important considerations for who should be screened, how often women should be screened, and with which imaging modality (or modalities). Ultimately, clinicians need to help women understand the benefits and risks of breast cancer screening in order to make informed decisions.
Quasi-Exponential Solutions for Some PDE with Coefficients of Limited Regularity

Let \(\Omega \subset {R^3}\) be a bounded Lipshitz domain, and let \(\zeta \in {C^3},\zeta \cdot \zeta = 0.\) In Ω, consider an elliptic equation $$div\left( {a\nabla u} \right) + b\cdot \nabla u + cu = 0$$ with \(a \in {C^1}\left( {\bar \Omega } \right),b \in {L^\infty }\left( \Omega \right).\) Assume also that a is real valued and has a positive lower bound. We prove that for |ζ| sufficiently large, this equation has special quasi-exponential solutions of the form $$u = {e^{ - \frac{1}{2}i\zeta \cdot x}}\left( {1 + w\left( {x,\zeta } \right)} \right)$$ depending on parameter ζ and such that \({\left\| \omega \right\|_{{L^2}\left( \Omega \right)}} = 0\left( {|\zeta {|^{ - \alpha }}} \right),\) for any α ∈ (0,1).
Optimal Organizations Guided by Cognitive Networks and Verified by Eyemovement Analyses

Lee and MacGregor (1985) presented an analysis of search time that suggests that the optimal number of options per menu panel, over a wide range of conditions, is in the range of only four to eight. We have extended their analysis to cases when the options on each menu panel can be organized into meaningful categories (Paap & Roske-Hofstrand, 1986). Under the assumption that user's can restrict their search to the relevant category, the extended model predicts optimal sizes that are much larger: 16 to 78 options per panel. Organizing items into categories will produce faster search times than alphabetical orderings (McDonald, Stone, & Liebelt, 1983). However, the magnitude of the benefit is likely to depend upon the degree to which organization of the database corresponds to the user's conceptual organization. For the past several years we have been developing a formal method for knowledge elicitation and representation that derives cognitive networks from rating and/or sorting judgments and applies these cognitive organizations to the design of human-computer interfaces. In this paper we show how the cognitive networks, in conjunction with a Category Quality metric, can be used to organize the options for a menu-driven interface. The method is validated through an eye movement analysis that permits overall search time to be decomposed into several processing components.
Evidence for a Former Transgressive Dune Field: Shetland Islands, United Kingdom

ABSTRACT Kelley, J.T.; Kelley, A.R.; Sorrell, L.; Bigelow, G., and Bampton, M., 2018. Evidence for a former transgressive dune field: Shetland Islands, United Kingdom. Transgressive sand dunes result from a large disturbance of a significant coastal sand dune field. Sand blows landward, covering whatever it encounters, including agricultural fields, forests, or human habitations. This investigation is of a beach-dune system in the Shetland Islands of northern Scotland that is known from historic documents and archaeological excavations to have experienced a sand invasion during the Little Ice Age (LIA). Ground-penetrating radar observations suggest remnants of pre-LIA dunes and buried soils. Excavation of dunes and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of sand deposits confirm historic accounts but also document that the “event” lasted centuries. Geomorphological observations and OSL dates also indicate that earlier events occurred in this region, sometimes in association with known archaeologica...
Active surveillance for prostate and thyroid cancers: evolution in clinical paradigms and lessons learned

The adverse effects of overdiagnosis and overtreatment observed in men with clinically insignificant prostate cancers after the introduction of prostate-specific antigen-based screening are now being observed in those with thyroid cancer, owing to the introduction of new imaging technologies. Thus, the evolving paradigm of active surveillance in prostate and thyroid cancers might be valuable in informing the development of future active surveillance protocols. The lessons learned from active surveillance and their implications include the need to minimize the use of broad, population-based screening programmes that do not incorporate patient education and the need for individualized or shared decision-making, which can decrease the extent of overtreatment. Furthermore, from the experience in patients with prostate cancer, we have learned that consensus is required regarding the optimal selection of patients for active surveillance, using more-specific evidence-based methods for stratifying patients by risk. In this Review, we describe the epidemiology, pathology and screening guidelines for the management of patients with prostate and thyroid cancers; the evidence of overdiagnosis and overtreatment; and provide overviews of existing international active surveillance protocols.
Bicycloheptylamine-Doxorubicin Conjugate: Synthesis and Anticancer Activities in σ2 Receptor-Expressing Cell Lines.

Background Novel bicycloheptylamines were designed and synthesized. These compounds were found to be selective for sigma-2 receptors. These receptors have been found to be up to 10 fold over-expressed in certain cancer cell lines, leading to investigation of possible uses as a biomarker in diagnosis and/or treatment especially in cancers with poor prognosis. Objectives The aim was to conjugate a novel sigma-2 receptor ligand to doxorubicin to examine anticancer activities, with and without conjugation, and therefore possibilities in drug delivery. Methods Conjugation was conducted using N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide HCl as a coupling agent. Affinity towards the sigma-2 receptor was tested using ligand-receptor binding studies. Anticancer activities against cancer cell lines were carried out using cell viability assays. Caspase dependency was tested using Z-VAD-FMK, a pan-caspase inhibitor, to begin to investigate mechanisms of action. Results The target compound retained affinity towards the sigma-2 receptor and exhibited potent anticancer activities on cancer cell lines expressing the sigma-2 receptor. The potencies exceeded those of doxorubicin, the lead sigma-2 receptor ligand, as well as non-covalent combination of both drugs. The activity was also found to be caspase-dependent. Conclusion The conjugation of target bicycloheptylamines with cytotoxic moieties may yield potent and selective molecules for detection and/or treatment of certain cancers.
Testosterone Deficiency and Other Testicular Disorders in Kidney Disease

Testosterone deficiency is frequent among men with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Aberrations at all levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis contribute to testicular dysfunction and low testosterone levels in CKD. Testosterone levels decline as CKD progresses with further reductions in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Both CKD and low serum total testosterone concentrations are independent predictors of mortality risk, and combined evaluation of the GFR and circulating testosterone improves mortality risk stratification even further. Testosterone deficiency may have important clinical implications with regard to sexual dysfunction, anemia, loss of muscle mass and function, mobility, well-being, and health-related quality of life. Patients with CKD also suffer from high rates of erectile dysfunction and decreased fertility. Hypogonadism associated with CKD is seldom improved with the initiation of hemodialysis alone, but impairment of the HPG axis and sexual dysfunction are often improved by renal transplantation. In healthy hypogonadal men with normal renal function, testosterone replacement improves sexual desire, erectile function, sexual activity, muscle mass and maximal voluntary strength, as well as bone mineral density and bone quality. Randomized clinical trials are needed to determine the efficacy and safety of administering testosterone replacement therapy in patients with CKD.
Survey of Osteopathic Medical Students Regarding Physician Shadowing Experiences Before and During Medical School Training

Introduction:Shadowing a physician is an observational experience which includes a student observing a licensed healthcare provider caring for patients. Shadowing is commonly done by students befor...
Utilizing Carbonyl Coordination of Native Amides for Palladium-Catalyzed C(sp 3 )-H Olefination.

PdII -catalyzed C(sp3 )-H olefination of weakly coordinating native amides is reported. Three major drawbacks of previous C(sp3 )-H olefination protocols, 1) in situ cyclization of products, 2) incompatibility with α-H-containing substrates, and 3) installation of exogenous directing groups, are addressed by harnessing the carbonyl coordination ability of amides to direct C(sp3 )-H activation. The method enables direct C(sp3 )-H functionalization of a wide range of native amide substrates, including secondary, tertiary, and cyclic amides, for the first time. The utility of this process is demonstrated by diverse transformations of the olefination products.
Abstract 2014: A novel small molecule inhibitor to suppress Notch1 activation in CRC

Introduction: Earlier we reported that aberrant overexpression of Notch1 in colon cancer patients is responsible for aggressiveness and progression of the disease. Current, therapeutic interventions of notch1 inhibitors that binds catalytic unit of γ-secretase and disrupts the cleavage activity cause gastrointestinal toxicity in clinical trial. Therefore, our study aims to develop a small molecule inhibitor, which inhibits Notch1 signaling but binds outside of γ-secretase’s catalytic unit thereby substantially reducing associated toxicity attributes. Through structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies based on naturally occurring Withaferin A (WA) structure, we have recently identified a WA-difuroate analog ASR458 as one such small molecule. Methods: To analyze the effect of ASR490 on HCT116 and HCT116/Notch1 cells, we performed phenotypic, western blot and in vivo analysis. Results: Notch1 overexpressing CRC cells (HCT/Notch1) showed aggressive cell growth (42%) as compared to HCT116 cells, however, ASR490 treatment inhibited cell growth in both HCT116 (IC50: 600 nM) as well as HCT/Notch1 cells (IC50: 850 nM). ASR458 significantly inhibited Notch1 expression and its downstream events in both the transfected cell lines. As a result, we observed shutdown of pro-survival machinery and induction of pro-apoptotic events (Bax, caspases and PARP) resulting in apoptotic cell death in ASR456 treated HCT116 and Notch1/HCT116 cells. Since Notch1 is responsible for epithelial mesenchyme transition (EMT); we analyzed EMT drivers and readout invasion/migration assays. ASR458 treatment reversed the mesenchymal characteristics by restoring the function of E-cadherin, which resulted in the suppression of invasion and migration in readout assays of HCT116 transfectants. Our ongoing Xenotransplanted mice experiments may suggest whether ASR458 inhibits the growth of HCT116 and HCT116/Notch1 tumors. Conclusion: Restrained gastrointestinal toxicity of Notch1 targeting therapeutics is achievable with novel small molecules displaying a differential binding affinity to γ-secretase. ASR458 inhibits cell growth in Notch1 overexpressing cells and abrogates Notch1 induced EMT. Ongoing molecular docking and in vivo studies may confirm ASR458 binding sites in γ-secretase and validate our in vitro findings respectively. Citation Format: Chendil Damodaran, Ashish Tyagi, Balaji Chandrasekaran, Venkatesh Kolluru, Ibrahim Jojua, Srinivasa Ramisetti, Arun K. Sharma, Murali K. Ankem. A novel small molecule inhibitor to suppress Notch1 activation in CRC [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2014.
Fracture Toughness of ATJ-S Graphite and CVD Carbon-Carbon Composites at Elevated Temperatures

The fracture toughness and flexural strength of ATJ-S polycrystalline graphite and two chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD) carbon-carbon composites (CVD/felt and CVD/filament wound) are reported for temperatures between 20 and2000°C. For both the ATJ-S and CVD/felt materials, the toughness and strength are found to rise linearly with increasing temperature. The properties of CVD/filament wound composite exhibit the greatest directional dependence of the materials examined. When the machined notch is oriented perpendicular to the reinforcing filaments, the CVD/filament wound specimens fail by delamination, precluding any fracture toughness determination. Results of scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the fracture surfaces are also presented. In the case of the polycrystalline graphite, a preference for interfacial separation and, to a lesser extent, cleavage separation are observed.
Family Type 3: Progenitors

Progenitors include people whose goal of family is to produce children—ideally, successful children. The two main subtypes include dream chasers, those who produce children to realize their own (often unfulfilled) dreams in life; and legacy builders, those who produce children to carry on the family’s bloodline, fortune, fame and status.
Methods to Determine the Effects of MIF on In Vitro Osteoclastogenesis Using Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Cells and Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

Osteoclasts are the only cells that are capable of resorbing bones, and they are involved in multiple diseases and disorders. This chapter will describe several in vitro osteoclastogenesis methods, which allows further investigation of molecular mechanisms of osteoclastogenesis in normal physiological and disease conditions. This chapter includes a protocol for isolating osteoclast progenitors from mouse bone marrow and human peripheral blood, as well as obtaining murine osteoblasts for the coculture system. Furthermore, culture and identification of multinucleated osteoclasts in vitro is also described in this chapter.
Wireless Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Treatment of Peripheral Neuralgias.

BACKGROUND Peripheral neuralgia is a common cause of chronic pain. Treatment might be challenging, and the condition can be resistant to commonly used treatment modalities for chronic pain. We present five cases of peripheral neuralgia who were successfully treated using wireless peripheral nerve stimulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective case series that includes a description of five patients who underwent wireless peripheral nerve stimulator therapy for the treatment of peripheral neuralgia. RESULTS The patients in this case series underwent peripheral nerve stimulator placement for the treatment of superior cluneal, sural, ilioinguinal and genitofemoral neuralgias. Patients reported a decline in their Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) pain scores from a mean of 6.4 before the procedure to a score of 1 following implant. The change in pain scores was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We present five patients with peripheral neuralgias resistant to other treatment modalities who received excellent pain relief following implantation of a peripheral nerve stimulator.
Effects of compounded metronidazole and metronidazole benzoate oral suspensions on food intake in healthy chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera)

Abstract Background The administration of metronidazole in chinchillas remains controversial and some sources raise concerns regarding drug-induced anorexia or hyporexia. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate if the oral administration of oral metronidazole has a significant effect on food intake in clinically healthy chinchillas, and if drug-induced reduction of food intake differs between metronidazole and metronidazole benzoate as well as between different concentrations of metronidazole benzoate suspensions. Methods In a series of randomized, blinded, crossover experiments, the effects of oral administration of metronidaole at 20 mg/kg was evaluated following q12h (for 3 days, n = 12) or q24h (for 5 days, n = 9) dosing using two different drug compounding protocols. Results Following administration of metronidazole, food intake was significantly reduced within 24 hours of drug administration, regardless of drug formulation type, compounding protocol, or drug concentration. Variation in metronidazole-induced food intake reduction differed widely between individual chinchillas, with a reduction of >50% of food intake reported in 50% of the animals following q12h administration, and 33% of animals after q24h administration of metronidazole. The reduction in food intake was self-limiting and return to normal food intake occurred after discontinuation of metronidazole administration. Neurological adverse effects were observed in one animal following q12h administration. Conclusions and clinical relevance The oral administration of metronidazole and metronidazole benzoate at published dosages can result in a marked reduction in food intake, and therefore, this drug should be used cautiously in chinchillas and food intake carefully monitored.
Degenerate four-wave mixing in photonic crystal resonators

We investigate degenerate four-wave mixing in ring resonators, modified by a photonic-crystal nanostructure to arbitrarily control nonlinear phase-matching. We demonstrate efficient and broadband optical parametric oscillation, laser-wavelength translation, and parametric amplification.
Barriers to influenza vaccination among different populations in Shanghai.

Background: Seasonal influenza vaccination coverage remains low in most areas of China. Its influencing factors and barriers in various populations receiving influenza vaccinations need to be well ...
Noisy-signalling models of organizational decision making

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics, September, 2020
Profiling of the immune landscape in murine glioblastoma following blood brain/tumor barrier disruption with MR image-guided focused ultrasound.

Glioblastoma (GB) poses formidable challenges to systemic immunotherapy approaches owing to the paucity of immune infiltration and presence of the blood brain/tumor barriers (BBB/BTB). We hypothesize that BBB/BTB disruption (BBB/BTB-D) with focused ultrasound (FUS) and microbubbles (MB) increases immune infiltration in GB. As a prelude to rational combination of FUS with ITx, we herein investigate the impact of localized BBB/BTB-D on innate and adaptive immune responses in an orthotopic murine GB model. Mice with GL261 gliomas received i.v. MB and underwent FUS BBB/BTB-D (1.1 MHz, 0.5 Hz pulse repetition frequency, 10 ms bursts, 0.4–0.6 MPa). Brains, meninges, and peripheral lymphoid organs were excised and examined by flow cytometry 1–2 weeks following FUS. The number of dendritic cells (DC) was significantly elevated in GL261 tumors and draining cervical LN in response to sonication. CD86 + DC frequency was also upregulated with 0.6 MPa FUS, suggesting increased maturity. While FUS did not significantly alter CD8 + T cell frequency across evaluated organs, these cells upregulated checkpoint molecules at 1 week post-FUS, suggesting increased activation. By 2 weeks post-FUS, we noted emergence of adaptive resistance mechanisms, including upregulation of TIGIT on CD4 + T cells and CD155 on non-immune tumor and stromal cells. FUS BBB/BTB-D exerts mild, transient inflammatory effects in gliomas—suggesting that its combination with adjunct therapeutic strategies targeting adaptive resistance may improve outcomes. The potential for FUS-mediated BBB/BTB-D to modify immunological signatures is a timely and important consideration for ongoing clinical trials investigating this regimen in GB.
Coordinating Product Market Strategies Using Market Feedback

We develop a model where firms learn from stock price movements about their product market competitors. The firm uses market feedback to adjust its best responses to its rivals' strategies, and these adjustments help to increase profits. We find consumers are worse off. To understand the role of information, we consider two scenarios: first, a public-private, and second, a public-public combination. We find firms are better off and consumers are worse off in the second relative to the first scenario. The informed investor earns less in the second scenario implying that, in equilibrium, she picks one stock to trade. We find market feedback is socially valuable. Our results have important normative implications: we highlight the partial irrelevance of direct regulatory efforts and the role of corporate taxes in mitigating consumers' resentments in a free-market economy.
Live-Cell Labeling of Specific Protein Glycoforms by Proximity-Enhanced Bioorthogonal Ligation

Reagents for detecting post-translational modifications in the context of their protein scaffold are powerful tools, but are challenging to develop for glycosylated epitopes. We describe a strategy for detecting protein-specific glycosylation through the use of cyclooctyne-aptamer conjugates. These molecules selectively ligate to azidosugar-labeled glycans exclusively on a target protein on live cells. We characterized aptamer conjugates against two different cell surface glycoproteins and show that these reagents are amenable to detecting protein sialoforms by mass spectrometry, Western blotting, and flow cytometry. Given the abundance of aptamers that bind cell surface targets, we expect this technology will be a useful platform for investigating the roles of protein-specific glycosylation in various cellular contexts.
Introduction of the Bacteroides ruminicola xylanase gene into the Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron chromosome for production of xylanase activity.

The xylanase gene from the ruminal bacterium Bacteroides ruminicola 23 is highly expressed in colonic Bacteroides species when carried on plasmid pVAL-RX. In order to stabilize xylanase expression in the absence of antibiotic selection, the xylanase gene was introduced into the chromosome of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron 5482 by using suicide vector pVAL-7. Xylanase activity in the resulting strain, B. thetaiotaomicron BTX, was about 30% of that observed in B. thetaiotaomicron 5482 containing the xylanase gene on pVAL-RX. The data obtained from continuous culture experiments using antibiotic-free medium showed that expression of xylanase activity in strain BTX was extremely stable, with no demonstrated loss of the inserted xylanase gene over 60 generations, with dilution rates from 0.42 to 0.03 h-1. In contrast, the plasmid-borne xylanase gene was almost completely lost by 60 generations in the absence of antibiotic selection. Incubation of strain BTX with oatspelt xylan resulted in the degradation of more than 40% of the xylan to soluble xylooligomers. The stability of xylanase expression in B. thetaiotaomicron BTX suggests that this microorganism might be suitable for introduction into the rumen and increased xylan degradation.
Assessing the Impact of Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP): A Reading Technique

Currently there is a vast amount of information available on the World Wide Web (WWW). When trying to traverse this space, human reading speed and comprehension are limiting factors. These factors may be affected by poor website design and inconsistent presentation of text styles which can result in screen illegibility and disinterest on the part of the users. Most computer-based reading tools use book metaphors to display information. As designers continue to rely on mechanical-age paradigms, they are often blinded to the potential of the computer to do a task in a better, albeit different, way. The main objective of this research was to investigate the impact of a different reading technique (Rapid Serial Visual Presentation) on reading speed and comprehension.
Designing Transfers to Geostationary Orbit Using Combined Chemical–Electric Propulsion

Although it is clear that electric propulsion can deliver more payload mass when compared to conventional chemical propulsion, near-term transfers to geostationary-equatorial orbit will likely use both propulsion modes in order to reduce the transfer time. Determining the best starting orbit for the subsequent electric-propulsion phase is the key to computing time-constrained maximum-payload transfers to geostationary orbit. Numerical optimization methods are used to determine the unique optimal starting orbit for a given low-thrust velocity increment ΔV to be performed by the electric-propulsion stage. This approach yields a purely analytical algorithm that can determine spacecraft mass requirements for a desired electric propulsion system and desired transfer time. Numerical examples are presented in order to demonstrate how this tool can be used to rapidly perform trade studies for transfers that use chemical and electric propulsion stages.
The E. coli single stranded DNA binding protein SSB interacts with the UmuD polymerase manager protein (735.7)

Escherichia coli single-stranded DNA binding protein (SSB) binds to and protects the ssDNA present in various DNA processing mechanisms. It has been shown that SSB inhibits replication by binding t...
Deep Brain Stimulation in Tourette's Syndrome.

Objective: Tourette’s syndrome (TS) is defined by one year of persistent motor and vocal tics. Often, the tics are refractory to conventional pharmacologic and psychobehavioral interventions. In these patients, deep brain stimulation (DBS) may be an appropriate intervention. This paper reviews different DBS targets in TS, discusses existing evidence on the efficacy of DBS in TS, highlights adverse effects of the procedure, discusses indications and patient selection as well as future directions for DBS in TS. Methods: A literature review searching PubMed database entries between 2000 and 2015. Search terms included “DBS in Tourette Syndrome”, “Deep brain stimulation in Tourette syndrome” and “Surgical management of Tourette Syndrome”. Results: Though there are no universally accepted guidelines defining ideal DBS candidates for TS, age, tic severity, and treatment refractoriness are important factors to consider in patient selection. A variety of targets exist for DBS in TS, but thalamic targets and GPi are the most widely studied. Psychiatric side effects that are target specific should be monitored closely and it is possible that these adverse effects may be resolved with programming. Small randomized controlled trials support the efficacy of DBS in TS. Conclusions: DBS for TS is safe and feasible, but large multi-center clinical trials are needed to determine the ideal target and optimal location within a particular target.
Harmony in Haydn and Mozart

Preface Part I. Methodological Orientation: 1. Harmonic practice in the late eighteenth century: twelve excerpts from string quartets by Haydn and Mozart 2. Anatomy of the I-II#-V two-part exposition: twelve keyboard sonatas by Haydn 3. Composition in a minor key: six arias in G minor from operas by Mozart 4. The happy ending: three sonata-rondos in D major from piano concertos by Haydn and Mozart Part II. Masterpieces: 5. Haydn: Symphony No. 45 in F# Minor ('Farewell'), movement 2: in response to James Webster 6. Haydn: String Quartet in G Minor (op. 20, no. 3), movement 3: in response to Robert O. Gjerdingen 7. Mozart: String Quintet in C Major (K. 515), movement 1: in response to Kofi Agawu and Michael Spitzer 8. Mozart: Don Giovanni (K. 527), Act I, Scene 13: Donna Anna's Recitative and Aria: in response to Carl Schachter 9. Mozart: Symphony in G Minor (K. 550), movement 3, Trio: in response to Leonard B. Meyer 10. Haydn: Symphony No. 96 in D Major ('Miracle'), movement 1: in response to Warren Darcy, James Hepokoski and Lauri Suurpaa Select bibliography Index of works by Haydn and by Mozart Index of names and concepts.
The Mechanism of Action of Cobamide Coenzyme in the Ribonucleotide Reductase Reaction

When highly purified cobamide-dependent ribonucleotide reductase from Lactobacillus leichmannii is incubated with synthetically prepared 5, 6-dimethylbenzimidazolylcobamide 5'-deoxyadenosyl coenzyme containing tritium attached to carbon atom 5' of the deoxyadenosyl moiety (DBCC-5'-3H), tritium is transferred from DBCC-5'-3H to H2O in a reaction requiring substrate, enzyme, and dithiol reductant. At low enzyme concentrations, the amount of tritium transferred to H2O is stoichiometrically equivalent to the amount of ribonucleotide reduced; hence, substrate-dependent release of tritium from DBCC-5'-3H is a sensitive assay for cobamide-dependent ribonucleotide reductase. When enzyme is incubated with unlabeled cobamide coenzyme in H2O-3H, tritium is transferred to coenzyme as well as to the 2'-deoxyribosyl carbon of the reaction product. The amount of tritium transferred from H2O-3H to product decreases with increasing concentration of unlabeled coenzyme. Coenzyme tritiated in the reductase reaction labels propionaldehyde in the dioldehydrase reaction. The results indicate that cobamide coenzyme functions as an essential hydrogen-transferring agent in the cobamide-dependent ribonucleotide reductase reaction, and that transferred hydrogen attaches to carbon atom 5' of the coenzyme deoxyadenosyl moiety. We conclude that although hydrogen is transferred intermolecularly in the reductase reaction and intramolecularly in the dioldehydrase reaction, the mechanism of coenzyme function is the same in both reactions.
Cyclophosphamide/fludarabine nonmyeloablative allotransplant for acute myeloid leukemia

We compared survival outcomes following myeloablative allotransplant (MAT) or cyclophosphamide/fludarabine (Cy/Flu) nonmyeloablative allotransplant (NMAT) for 165 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) in remission or without frank relapse. Patients who received NMAT were more likely to be older and have secondary AML and lower performance status. At a median follow-up of 61 months, median event-free survival and overall survival survival were not different between NMAT and MAT in univariate as well as multivariate analyses. Cy/Flu NMAT may provide similar disease control and survival when compared with MAT in patients with AML in remission or without frank relapse.
Review of Jerry A. Fodor & Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini's Book: What Darwin Got Wrong

I agree with most of Fodor and Palmarini`s analysis. They ask what kind of "theory is natural selection?," and write the following: "The same kind as Skinner`s theory of operant conditioning. With, however, the following caveat: all that`s wrong with Skinner`s story about filtering of psychological profiles is that it is a variety of associationism, and quite generally, associationism is not true. But Darwinism has (we`ll claim) no analogous story about the evolutionary filtering of randomly generated phenotypes. In consequence, whereas Skinner`s theory of conditioning is false, Darwin`s theory of selection is empty." You can find this book at Amazon: What Darwin Got Wrong .
The effect of substrate orientation on the chemical vapour deposition growth of αfe2o3 on α-al2o3

Abstract The early stages of growth of haematite (α-Fe2O3) on four orientations of sapphire (α-Al2O3), namely (0001), {102}, {110} and {100}, has been studied by transmission electron microscopy. Specimens were made by a new technique in which the haematite is deposited directly onto specially prepared electron-transparent sapphire substrates using low-pressure chemical vapour deposition. Growth was epitaxial and occurred by the formation of islands on all four substrate orientations. On the (0001) surface, nucleation and growth of the islands occurred preferentially at surface steps. The islands grew parallel to the substrate surface and most rapidly along the step directions. On the {102} surface, the nucleation rate was higher and extensive coalescence of small islands was observed. The islands also exhibited small tilts away from exact epitaxy. On the {110} and {100} substrates, the islands tended to grow normal to the substrate surfaces. The growth behaviour of the haematite on the four substrate ori...
Alterations in the Vaginal Microbiome by Maternal Stress Are Associated With Metabolic Reprogramming of the Offspring Gut and Brain

The neonate is exposed to the maternal vaginal microbiota during parturition, providing the primary source for normal gut colonization, host immune maturation, and metabolism. These early interactions between the host and microbiota occur during a critical window of neurodevelopment, suggesting early life as an important period of cross talk between the developing gut and brain. Because perturbations in the prenatal environment such as maternal stress increase neurodevelopmental disease risk, disruptions to the vaginal ecosystem could be a contributing factor in significant and long-term consequences for the offspring. Therefore, to examine the hypothesis that changes in the vaginal microbiome are associated with effects on the offspring gut microbiota and on the developing brain, we used genomic, proteomic and metabolomic technologies to examine outcomes in our mouse model of early prenatal stress. Multivariate modeling identified broad proteomic changes to the maternal vaginal environment that influence offspring microbiota composition and metabolic processes essential for normal neurodevelopment. Maternal stress altered proteins related to vaginal immunity and abundance of Lactobacillus, the prominent taxa in the maternal vagina. Loss of maternal vaginal Lactobacillus resulted in decreased transmission of this bacterium to offspring. Further, altered microbiota composition in the neonate gut corresponded with changes in metabolite profiles involved in energy balance, and with region- and sex-specific disruptions of amino acid profiles in the developing brain. Taken together, these results identify the vaginal microbiota as a novel factor by which maternal stress may contribute to reprogramming of the developing brain that may predispose individuals to neurodevelopmental disorders.
Detection of small intestine bacterial overgrowth by means of a 14C-D-xylose breath test.

Breath excretion of 14CO2 after oral administration of '4C-xylose has been determined in patients with untreated small intestine bacterial overgrowth, normal control subjects, patients with malabsorption not due to overgrowth, and overgrowth patients after antibiotic therapy. Excessive catabolism of 25 g 14Cxylose to 14CO2 was noted in untreated overgrowth patients as contrasted to the other groups. However, an element of nonspecific colon bacterial catabolism of substrate was noted in both patients and controls, leading to an inadequate level of sensitivity and specificity. Reduction of the total dose of xylose to 1 g, with increased concentration of radioactive xylose in the small intestine and less osmotic-related passage of substrate to the colon, has led to improved sensitivity and specificity. The modified test allowed detection of all overgrowth patients by breath analysis at 30 and/or 60 min (except the few with markedly delayed gastric emptying). 99mTc Intestinal scans, performed simultaneously with 1 g xylose breath tests in some overgrowth patients, demonstrated the potential for elevated breath 14CO2 excretion to be due solely to catabolism of xylose by small intestinal bacteria. Both the simply determined breath 14CO2 concentration and the actually measured 14CO2 output were found to be comparable in detecting bacterial overgrowth. The one gram 14Cxylose breath test, employing determination of breath 14CO2 concentration at 30 and 60 min, allows practical, sensitive, and relatively specific screening for the presence of small intestine bacterial overgrowth.
Simulation of CNC controller features in graphics-based programming

Abstract The arrival of microcomputers has led to the rapid development of the approach to Computer Numerical Control (CNC) programming. CNC programs can be generated by employing graphics instead of time consuming, lengthy programming statements. A graphics-based programming system has been developed. It enables the use of graphics for the CNC programming and improves CNC capability by permitting simulation. This paper shows that the capabilities of a basic controller can be enhanced by simulation of advanced controlling features in a microcomputer. The approach developed in this paper represents the current trend of increasing emphasis on microcomputer-based software systems for machining.
MAPC: a library for efficient and exact manipulation of algebraic points and curves

We present MAPC a library for exact representation of geometric objects speci cally points and algebraic curves in the plane Our library makes use of several new algorithms which we present here including methods for nding the sign of a determinant nding intersections between two curves and breaking a curve into monotonic segments These algorithms are used to speed up the underlying computations The library provides C classes that can be used to easily instantiate manipulate and perform queries on points and curves in the plane The point classes can be used to represent points known in a variety of ways e g as exact rational coordinates or algebraic numbers in a uni ed manner The curve class can be used to represent a portion of an algebraic curve We have used MAPC for applications dealing with algebraic points and curves including sorting points along a curve computing arrangement of curves medial axis computations and boundary evaluation of spline primitives As compared to earlier algorithms and implementations utilizing exact arithmetic our library is able to achieve more than an order of magnitude improvement in performance
Primary Pericardial Malignant Epithelioid Mesothelioma Causing Acute Myocardial Infarction

A case of primary pericardial malignant epithelioid mesothelioma had an unusual presentation and emphasizes the urgency and possibility of antemortem diagnosis. Postmortem findings with electron microscopic studies document its histologic origin.
A new species of phyllotine rodent, genus Andalgalomys (Muridae : Sigmodontinae), from Argentina

A new species of Andalgalomys is described from the Monte Desert-Chacoan thorn-scrub region of Argentina. This genus previously was known in Argentina only near Andalgala, Catamarca Province, from a single isolated valley; specimens of the new species are the first documentation of the genus outside the province. Specimens from localities in Catamarca and San Luis provinces are reported. The distribution of the genus is extended southward ca. 500 km. The diploid number of chromosomes is 60.
Lattice vibrations and infrared absorption of mixed linear chains

Abstract The vibration spectrum, atomic displacements, and infrared absorption for isotopically disordered mixed linear chains of the type AB 1- x C x have been calculated as a function of composition for chains forty atoms long in which nearest neighbor interactions are assumed. Qualitatively different types of behavior are obtained depending on whether mass A is heavier or lighter than masses B or C. This may be related to the ‘one mode’ and ‘two mode’ behavior observed in infrared absorption spectra of mixed crystals.
Immunochemical analysis of the basic immunoglobulin in papular mucinosis.

Abstract The basic immunoglobulin (PM protein) isolated from the serum of a patient with papular mucinosis is unique in that it appears to be a homogeneous immunoglobulin distinct from myeloma paraproteins. The PM protein is electrophoretically homogeneous, always has λ light chains, and in most cases has γG 1 heavy chains. Individual antigenic determinants of the PM protein were detected with rabbit anti-PM protein serum. The diagnostic PM protein seems to be a γG 1 immunoglobulin whose only unusual feature is its marked basicity. The PM protein has a net positive charge much greater than that of normal IgG fractions. This difference in net charge is associated with the light chains of the PM protein.
Upper and lower limb motor impairments in alcoholism, HIV infection, and their comorbidity.

Background: Both HIV infection and alcoholism can impair motor abilities involving manual dexterity and postural stability. Given the high prevalence of HIV and alcoholism comorbidity, we examined whether each disease selectively disrupts different components of upper and lower limb motor control and whether these impairments are compounded by disease comorbidity. Methods: Simple and complex upper (speed and finger dexterity) and lower (static posture) limb functions were tested in 31 men with HIV infection, 27 with alcoholism, 43 comorbid for HIV infection and alcoholism, and 22 normal healthy controls to assess whether comorbid patients would demonstrate greater motor impairment relative to those with a single diagnosis. Results: Individuals with HIV infection and those with alcoholism had impaired upper and lower limb motor function. Disease comorbidity compounded deficits in speeded finger movement. Neither Beck Depression Inventory scores, self-reported peripheral neuropathy, nor HIV medication accounted for group differences. Lower limb motor composite scores with eyes open were correlated with upper limb motor scores in the alcoholism group. Conclusions: Overall, the observed impairment patterns indicate the presence of upper and lower limb motor impairment in both HIV infection and alcoholism and the relevance of alcoholism in exacerbating impairment in speeded fine finger movement, when it occurs in HIV infection.
Interhemispheric cuing systems remaining after section of neocortical commissures in monkeys

Abstract Split-brain monkeys permanently fitted with goggles equipped with a red filter over one eye and a blue filter over the other were placed in a specially-designed testing apparatus which could be illuminated by either red or blue light. They were trained and maintained in blue light, thereby allowing vision through only the eye covered with the blue filter. Under these conditions other visual stimuli were briefly presented to the opposite hemisphere in red light. Stimuli with emotional quality presented in this manner were distractive and could affect the normal performance of the ongoing activity of the opposite working hemisphere. Additionally, if a fear-producing stimulus was directly presented to a hemisphere while it was engaged in some visuomotor task, immediate testing of the opposite hemisphere showed it to be relatively undisturbed provided the exposure was brief. With protracted exposure, the animal's behavior was found to be equally disturbed in each hemisphere.