cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Water penetration resistance of residential window installation options for hurricane-prone areas

While recent building code advancements have reduced structural failures in residential buildings during hurricane events, water intrusion through the building envelope is a recurring problem. Water ingress poses a significant threat to the building interior and its contents. The interface between the window and the wall system has been identified as a significant source of this water ingress. The fenestration industry has made extensive efforts to develop installation methods to improve water tightness; however, the body of research needed to guide window installations in high-humidity, hurricane-prone areas is sparse. The goal of this research is to investigate the water penetration resistance of selected window installation options consistent with current construction practice of single-family homes when exposed to wind-driven rain. Static, cyclic, as well as amplitude- and frequency-modulated sinusoidal pressure load sequences were applied with simulated wind-driven rain scenarios to 18 finished wall assemblies with integrated windows. The specimens varied in their unique combination of fenestration, installation methodology, wall structural system, and exterior finish. General conclusions were drawn regarding the effectiveness of the window installation methods to manage water intrusion, as well as the effects that the components of the surrounding wall system have on their performance. The performance of the various sealants used to create the interior moisture/air seal in drainage method window installations is also investigated. It was found that the water barrier and drainage installation methods can provide sufficient water penetration resistance in wood frame construction, while the water barrier method is preferable for windows integrated into masonry walls. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Transcription Control in Bacteria

Regulation of transcription is a key step in controlling gene expression in all cells. Many diseases and cancers result from alterations of gene expression caused by defects in transcription machinery. The basic structure and function of RNA polymerase (RNAP) and RNAP-associated proteins are conserved throughout evolution. Sophisticated genetics and advanced biochemistry make single-cell organisms, such as E. coli, an ideal model system to study the role of RNAP and transcription factors in gene expression and regulation. Studies of the simple model system have contributed greatly to our knowledge of transcription in principle, which underpin our understanding of gene regulation in much more complex eukaryotic organisms. In addition, studies of E. coli and other microorganisms have laid the foundation for the biotechnology industry. This chapter describes transcription machinery including RNAP and RNAP-associated proteins and regulation of transcription cycle in E. coli, with a focus on the unique feature of global regulation by RNAP (re)distribution in response to environment cues.
Price Elasticity of the Marketed Surplus of a Subsistence Crop

The supply response of the marketed surplus of food grains in the agricultural sector of less-developed countries has long been a subject of debate in discussions of the effects of such policies as P.L. 480 disposals, food price regulations, and export taxes. Estimates of this response have been very few because the lack of time-series data for marketed quantities precludes direct estimation. This article presents a model for the indirect estimation of the price elasticity of the marketed surplus of a subsistence crop. The model is contrasted with an earlier model presented by Raj Krishna. The model is then applied to the case of Thai rice. In this application, some new nonlinear estimates of a Nerlovian model for the total supply response of Thai rice production are also presented and discussed. S OME economists contend that the supply response of the agricultural sector in less-developed countries is quite similar to the response in countries with high per capita incomes. Others argue that this response is perverse in the sense that increased prices result in smaller quantities. A third group maintains that institutional constraints are so limiting that no significant response to economic incentives is likely to be observed. To some degree, these different opinions have resulted from the failure to distinguish explicitly between the supply of a single crop and the supply of all crops, between total production and the marketed surplus, and between short-run and long-run responses. Even after discounting for the confusion which has resulted from the failure to make explicit such distinctions, however, considerable disagreement remains. Consequently, disputes continue over the role of agriculture in less-developed countries and over the effects
A Internet: Um Objecto Para O Direito Administrativo Global? (Internet: A subject matter for Global Administrative Law?)

Portuguese Abstract: This small text poses the question whether the analytical framework of Global Administrative Law (GAL) is fit to describe and understand Internet Regulation. In order to answer, it starts by summarizing the idea of GAL and its purpose. The working and regulation of the Internet are briefly described before concluding that although GAL has some utility, Internet law is still mainly national law. Este artigo analisa brevemente a utilidade dos quadros conceptuais do Direito Administrativo Global (DAG) para descrever a regulacao da Internet. Para o efeito, comeca por fazer um pequeno enquadramento do DAG e do respectivo proposito. De seguida, descreve o funcionamento e regulacao da Internet, antes de concluir que apesar de o DAG ter alguma utilidade, o Direito da Internet e ainda uma realidade regulada fundamentalmente a nivel nacional.English Abstract: This small text poses the question whether the analytical framework of Global Administrative Law (GAL) is fit to describe and understand Internet Regulation. In order to answer, it starts by summarizing the idea of GAL and its purpose. The working and regulation of the Internet are briefly described before concluding that although GAL has some utility, Internet law is still mainly national law.
Bond Graph Modeling and Simulation of a Closed-Loop Feed Drive System for a CNC Machine

The feeddrive of a CNC machine is a mechatronic system consisting of motor, mechanical transmission devices and the worktable. The accuracy and precision of the feeddrive system determines the final part quality. Hence closed control of the drive system is very important. Accurate modeling of this system and its simulation helps in system design and parametric optimization. In this paper, bond graph based approach has been used to model the feeddrive of a CNC machine. This technique is based on power flow and uses a basic component types to develop models for complex multi-physics systems. The governing equations can be algorithmically derived from a visual representation of the system. In this model all linear and nonlinear effects such as backlash, stick-slip friction and cutting forces have been accounted for. The model is also enhanced through the addition of a control loop for position and velocity.
Reinitiation of Estrous Cycles in Light-Induced Constant Estrous Female Rats by Drugs

SummaryLight induced constant estrous female rats were injected daily with central acting drugs that either increased or decreased brain catecholamines or serotonin or altered levels of both amines. Only the combination of L-dopa and p-chloroamphet-amine (PCA) was effective in reinitiating regular estrous cycles in the rats while still under constant light. Nine of 15 rats so treated with PCA and L-dopa in the first experiment showed at least 2 consecutive cycles, and 22 of 30 rats in a second experiment showed 3 consecutive cycles. Serum LH was observed from 10 AM to 6 PM on the day of proestrus in the 22 cycling rats of the second experiment. Rats showing LH peaks ovulated by the next day. These results suggest that constant light induces a deficiency of catecholamines and an excess of serotonin in the hypothalamus, thereby preventing normal LH release.
Functional outcomes after bilateral arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.

Background Arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff tears is a common procedure performed by orthopedic surgeons. There is a well-known incidence of up to 35% of bilateral rotator cuff tear disease in patients who have a known unilateral tear. The majority of the literature focuses on outcomes after unilateral surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine if there are clinical differences in shoulders of patients who underwent staged bilateral rotator cuff repairs during their lifetime. Methods A retrospective review of all patients who underwent staged bilateral arthroscopic rotator cuff surgery at our institution was performed. All patients had at least 2 years of follow-up. Clinical outcome scores including the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation, and Rowe measures were obtained. A subset of patients returned for clinical and ultrasound evaluation performed by an independent fellowship-trained musculoskeletal radiologist. Results Overall, 110 shoulders in 55 patients, representing 68% of all eligible patients, participated. No clinical or statistical difference was found in any outcome measure. ASES scores averaged 86.5 (36.7-100) in the dominant shoulder compared with 89.6 (23.3-100) in the nondominant shoulder ( P = .42). Ultrasound was available on 34 shoulders and showed complete healing rate of 88%. The shoulders with retearing of the rotator cuff (12%) demonstrated clinically relevant lower ASES scores (72.5) compared with shoulders with confirmed healed repairs (86.2; P = .2). Discussion Patients who undergo staged bilateral rotator cuff repair can expect to have similarly good clinical outcomes regardless of hand dominance or chronologic incidence with excellent healing rates in both shoulders.
New telechelic polymers and sequential copolymers by polyfunctionalinitiator-transfer agents (inifers)

Three-arm star telechelic liquid polyisobutylenes carrying exactly three -C(CH3)2Cl endgroups have been synthesized and characterized. Subsequently the tertiary chlorine endgroups have been quantitatively converted to terminal olefins and these in turn to primary alcohols. These terminally trifunctional oligomers are most valuable intermediates for the preparation of networks.
Comparing the cost-effectiveness of the triple test score to traditional methods for evaluating palpable breast masses.

BACKGROUND Physical examination, mammography, ultrasonography, and fine needle aspiration are traditionally used to guide further management of palpable breast masses, often leading to open biopsy of benign masses. The triple test score (TTS) integrates physical examination, mammography, and fine needle aspiration in the initial evaluation, limiting open biopsy. OBJECTIVE To compare cost-effectiveness of TTS and traditional methods. METHODS The primary measure of clinical effectiveness, frequency of missed malignancy, was determined for each strategy using probabilities and outcomes from a systematic literature review. Costs were calculated using the Medicare resource-based relative-value scale. A decision-analytic model compared costs of initial work-up, costs per mass evaluated, and costs per malignancy diagnosed. Sensitivity analyses assessed the influence of variations in model assumptions. RESULTS In the base case, neither strategy led to undiagnosed breast cancer. However, open biopsy was required in 13% of benign masses using TTS versus 88% using the traditional strategy. The cost of the initial work-up using traditional management was less than TTS (377 US dollars vs. 627 US dollars), but cost per mass evaluated and cost per malignancy diagnosed (1793 US dollars vs. 925 US dollars and 5670 US dollars vs. 2925 US dollars) favored TTS, due to substantially reduced open biopsy.In sensitivity analyses, TTS cost varied most with changes in cost of initial evaluation, whereas the traditional strategy cost varied most with changes in open biopsy cost. CONCLUSIONS The TTS provides equivalent diagnostic effectiveness but substantially lower cost than traditional management. Cost savings are based on decreased open biopsy, a major contributor to the cost of traditional evaluation in this model.
The Hydnaceae of Iowa. II. The Genus Odontia

Odontia is the only strictly resupinate genus of the Hydnaceae characterized by the presence of cystidia. Steccherinum ochraceum, S. lacticolor and 5\ setulosum have cystidia and may occur resupinate but these can be distinguished generally by their more coriaceous texture and larger size. Cystidia are readily separated from gloeocystidia, setae and conducting organs but often are distinguished with difficulty from the sterile hymenial organs known as paraphyses. Sterile hymenial organs which are readily distinguished from basidia are here treated as cystidia. A cystidium is generally regarded as the specialized end of an undifferentiated hypha and typically has thickened walls, no conspicuous content and is often incrusted with granular material (Overholts, 1929). It seems unwise arbitrarily to distinguish between the unspecialized hyphae and typical cystidia projecting at the crest of the tooth in many species of Odontia, particularly since this character may vary in a given species.
Survey on contents of chloroform and carbon tetrachloride in drinking water of Handan City and surrounding county ( district) in 2012

[Objective]To understand the current situation of contents of chloroform and carbon tetrachloride in drinking water of Handan City and surrounding county(district),ensure the safety of drinking water in both urban and rural areas.[Methods]The drinking water of 309 monitoring sites in Handan City and surrounding county(district) was monitored according to Hebei drinking water monitoring scheme.The sampling was conducted according to the Standard examination methods for drinking water(GB/T 5750-2006),and the evaluation was performed according to the Drinking water sanitary standard(GB 5749-2006).[Results]The exceeding standard rate of chloroform and carbon tetrachloride in drinking water of Handan City and surrounding county(district) was 8.1% and 0.3%.[Conclusion]The related measures of water quality management should be strengthened in Handan City and surrounding county(district),so as to improve drinking water quality and ensure the safety of drinking water.
Grain Refinement Microstructure Evolution of Pure Al Based on CAFE Module

Based on Pro CAST software, the grain macrostructure evolution of pure Al after grain refinement was studied.To improve the accuracy and reliability of simulation, heterogeneous nucleation model and improved KGT model was employed to simulate the columnar to equiaxed transition(CET) of dendrite. More important, simulation results were highly agreed with the experimental results. This indicates that the microstructure prediction of Al grain can be achieved successfully via proper creation of volume nucleation sites density and supercooling in CAFE module of Pro CAST.Combination with simulation and experiment results, the refinement mechanism of Fe on grain was revealed.
Basic Statistics for Comparing Categorical Data From 2 or More Groups.

In both clinical research and quality improvement, it is commonplace to compare groups of patients (eg, treatment versus control, pre versus post, hospital A versus hospital B) on a variety of characteristics. These characteristics usually take the form of (1) continuous data with comparisons made with t tests (for normal distributions) or Wilcoxon rank-sum tests (for nonnormal distributions) or (2) categorical data. Continuous data are data that can take almost any numeric value within a given range and can be subdivided into smaller and smaller increments without losing the meaning associated with the data. Examples of continuous data commonly found in health care include age, height, weight, temperature, or cost. Categorical data, as the name suggests, can be put into nonoverlapping categories, groups, or classes. Some examples of categorical data that frequently occur in health care are gender, disposition, and skill level (eg, RN, LPN, AHT). Antibiotic receipt, chest radiograph receipt, or admission from the emergency department also qualify because they can be categorized into “yes” or “no” responses. As long as people cannot be classified in >1 group, you are likely dealing with categorical data. There is, however, a special type of categorical data that is treated a little differently from the data we discuss in this article, and it is somewhere between categorical and continuous. It too can be put into nonoverlapping categories, but the categories have a logical ordering or sequence. This is called ordinal data, and a Likert scale commonly used on surveys (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = neutral, 4 = agree, 5 = strongly agree) is an example. Although experts do not always agree on the best approach to analyze ordinal data, it generally requires a different approach from the categorical data that we discuss in this here. Knowing what type …
Sammary of Conference on Future Prospects and Applications of UV/VUV Lasers

A recent meeting of UV/VUV laser experts discussed the status and future needs of short wavelength lasers. Highlights of new device research, commercial laser developments and applications in medicine, materials processing and spectroscopy are presented.
Residential segregation and mental health among Latinos in a nationally representative survey

Background Among Latinos, living in a locality with greater Latino ethnic density may be protective for mental health, although findings vary by Latino subgroup, gender and birthplace. Although little studied, Latino residential segregation may capture different pathways linking risk and protective environmental factors to mental health than local ethnic density. Methods This study evaluated the association between residential segregation and mental distress as measured by the Kessler-10 (K10) among Latino participants in the National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS). Census data from 2000 was used to calculate metropolitan statistical area (MSA) residential segregation using the dissimilarity and isolation indices, as well as census tract ethnicity density and poverty. Latino subgroup (Puerto Rican, Mexican American, Cuban American and other Latino subgroup), gender and generation status were evaluated as moderators. Results Among 2554 Latino participants in NLAAS, residential segregation as measured by the isolation index was associated with less mental distress (β −0.14, 95% CI −0.26 to −0.03 log(K10)) among Latinos overall after adjustment for ethnic density, poverty and individual covariates. Residential segregation as measured by the dissimilarity index was significantly associated with less mental distress among men (β −0.56, 95% CI −1.04 to −0.08) but not among women (β −0.20, 95% CI −0.45 to 0.04, p-interaction=0.019). No modification was observed by Latino subgroup or generation. Conclusions Among Latinos, increasing residential segregation was associated with less mental distress, and this association was moderated by gender. Findings suggest that MSA-level segregation measures may capture protective effects associated with living in Latino communities for mental health.
The co-evolution of supplier relationship quality and product quality in the U.S. auto industry: A cultural perspective

Abstract Strategic buyer-supplier relationships have been credited with vital outcomes such as lower costs, faster lead times, and better product quality. As such, by the 1990s, U.S. automakers have been moving away from traditional arm's length relationships—and towards strategic relationships—with their suppliers. Despite such shifts, perceptions persist that U.S. automakers consistently produce lower quality vehicles than their Japanese counterparts. Thus, an unanswered question is the extent to which better supplier relationships lead to better product performance. Using a longitudinal approach with secondary data, we explore the co-evolution of relationship quality and product quality among six major automakers (the U.S. and Japanese Big Three). Our results point to previously unidentified boundary conditions on the association between strategic supplier relationships and product quality. For example, strategic supplier relations precede product quality only when relationship quality meets or exceeds a given threshold. Moreover, for Japanese automakers, high relationship quality tends to precede high product quality whereas for U.S. automakers, only those who improve supplier relationships faster than competitors appear to benefit from strategic supplier relationships. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Detecting the Photoexcited Carrier Distribution Across GaAs/Transition Metal Oxide Interfaces by Coherent Longitudinal Acoustic Phonons

A prominent architecture for solar energy conversion layers diverse materials, such as traditional semiconductors (Si, III–V) and transition metal oxides (TMOs), into a monolithic device. The efficiency with which photoexcited carriers cross each layer is critical to device performance and dependent on the electronic properties of a heterojunction. Here, by time-resolved changes in the reflectivity after excitation of an n-GaAs/p-GaAs/TMO (Co3O4, IrO2) device, we detect a photoexcited carrier distribution specific to the p-GaAs/TMO interface through its coupling to phonons in both materials. The photoexcited carriers generate two coherent longitudinal acoustic phonons (CLAPs) traveling in opposite directions, one into the TMO and the other into the p-GaAs. This is the first time a CLAP is reported to originate at a semiconductor/TMO heterojunction. Therefore, these experiments seed future modeling of the built-in electric fields, the internal Fermi level, and the photoexcited carrier density of semiconduc...
Are University Communities Deeply Divided over the Value of Diversity on Campus? Understanding Students’ Preferences via Conjoint Analysis

The issue of diversity – in terms of race/ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status – on university campuses is now highly politicized in the United States. Remarkably little research, however, has attempted to identify, without bias, students’ preferences for prioritizing diversity. To address this problem, we apply the method of fully randomized conjoint analysis recently developed and applied by political scientists to measure multidimensional preferences for politicians and policies, as well as on politicized issues, such as immigration. Specifically, using campus-wide surveys of undergraduate students at Dartmouth College, one of the universities frequently in the news on diversity-related protests and conflicts, we show broad support among undergraduate students for prioritizing diversity in faculty recruitment and undergraduate admissions. The estimated preferences for diversity vary across groups but, contrary to what some recent media coverage suggests, we find no evidence of polarization in opinions among students with regard to preferences for diversity in faculty recruitment and undergraduate admissions.
Production rate calculations for cosmic-ray-muon-produced 10Be and 26Al benchmarked against geological calibration data

Abstract First, I benchmark existing methods of calculating subsurface 26Al, 10Be, and 14C production rates due to cosmic-ray muons against published calibration data from bedrock cores and mine excavations. This shows that methods based on downward propagation of the surface muon energy spectrum fit calibration data adequately. Of these methods, one that uses a simpler geographic scaling method based on energy-dependent attenuation of muons in the atmosphere appears to fit calibration data better than a more complicated one that uses the results of a global particle transport model to estimate geographic variation in the surface muon energy spectrum. Second, I show that although highly simplified and computationally much cheaper exponential function approximations for subsurface production rates are not globally adequate for accurate production rate estimates at arbitrary location and depth, they can be used with acceptable accuracy for many exposure-dating and erosion-rate-estimation applications.
The Agency Declaratory Judgment

This Article identifies and examines an overlooked provision of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) that extends to administrative agencies a device analogous to the declaratory judgment. This device—the declaratory order—enables agencies to provide case-specific, noncoercive, legally binding advice to regulated entities and the public, thereby reducing regulatory uncertainty and its attendant harms. Recent changes in how the courts interpret the Administrative Procedure Act have made the declaratory order more useful and accessible to agencies, while simultaneously reducing the attractiveness of other forms of nonbinding agency guidance. This Article fits the declaratory order among the various policymaking forms available to agencies and comprehensively analyzes current, limited agency use of the device. It argues that agencies should accept the courts’ invitation to use declaratory orders more frequently and creatively to improve the administration of federal regulatory programs.
Adverse pregnancy outcomes in deliveries prior to, at and beyond 39 weeks; low- and high-risk women.

AbstractBackground: Hypertensive disorders are associated with maternal and neonatal complications. Though they are more common in women with history of prior preeclampsia, they can occur in uncomplicated pregnancies.Objective: To determine the proportion of adverse pregnancy outcomes in deliveries prior to or at ≥39 weeks, in uncomplicated singleton nulliparous women (low-risk), as well as women with history of preeclampsia in a prior gestation (high-risk).Study design: This was a secondary analysis from the multicenter trials of low dose aspirin for preeclampsia prevention in low and high-risk pregnancies. The proportion of adverse pregnancy outcomes including hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, small for gestational age, placental abruption, neonatal intensive critical unit admission, and respiratory distress syndrome were evaluated in the two groups. Adverse pregnancy outcomes were stratified by gestational age at delivery (<39 weeks and ≥39 weeks). Descriptive statistics were performed, and results ...
Exercise, Health, and Falls Risks among Older African American Women

Background of Study: Although exercise has many benefits, older African American (AA) women are less active than older Caucasian women and older AA men. Balance and muscle-strengthening activities are typically recommended for decreased falls, whereas the role of aerobic training alone on falls prevention is controversial. Objective: This was a mixed methods phronetic (pragmatic) study – without an intervention – including quantitative data (falls risks) and qualitative data on exercise behavior and its importance to health and falls prevention; therefore, the studied phenomenon was thoroughly and pragmatically investigated. The first purpose of the study was to examine differences in falls risks based on exercise type (aerobics vs. combination of aerobics, muscle training, and balance activities) and exercise level (active people vs. somewhat active people). Secondly, participants’ exercise values were examined in relation to their health, falls-risk prevention, exercise behavior, and falls risks. Method: Interviews and falls risk assessments were conducted among 12 older AA women in an inner-city community center. Results: ANCOVA and ANOVA showed that the aerobics group performed better in Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) and Timed Up and Go than the combination group (d =0.85, -0.97); the latter surpassed the former in Functional Reach (d = 2.27). The active group (met the 150 minutes/week exercise recommendation) performed better in DGI and Six-Minute Walk than the somewhat active group (d =0.62.,50); the latter outperformed the former in balance-eyes open (d = -0.52). Emerging themes about lifestyle values included: a) reasons for health conditions and staying healthy and b) falls prevention. Conclusion: Exercise programs for fall risk reduction should include not only muscle strengthening and balance activities, but also aerobic exercises. Meeting minimum exercise recommendations is key to falls risk reduction. Beyond healthy diet, the role of exercise on the prevention of health conditions needs to be emphasized.
P100 Latency as a Function of Head Size

ABSTRACT.Recent studies of factors affecting the P100 latency of the pattern visual evoked potential (PVEP) have questioned the earlier assumption that gender has a statistically significant effect. Guthkelch et al. (1987) reported that head size is an important variable. The question still remained as to what measurement of head size correlates with variation in P100 latency and how this variable should be used in clinical studies. The present study of 22 normal volunteers demonstrates that the transverse (preauricular notch to preauricular notch) head measurement is a major determinant of P100 latency. Gender and other head measurements were not found to make a statistical difference. Use of head-size-normalized data for clinical studies should improve both the sensitivity and specificity of the PVEP.
The Jury's Brady Right

When prosecutors violate due process by suppressing evidence favorable to criminal defendants in violation of Brady v. Maryland, their misconduct causes serious harm to defendants and to the system. Scholars have focused on these harms, responding by offering proposals designed to increase compliance with the defendant’s Brady right. Nevertheless, the misconduct continues, as is evident by the steady stream of exonerations and other cases overturned because of Brady violations. This Article addresses this problem from a different angle. It demonstrates that the narrow focus on harms to the defendant and the system overlooks harms to jurors and the institution of the jury. That is, violations of the defendant’s Brady right prevent the jury from fulfilling its constitutional role and render it an instrument of the prosecutor’s misconduct. To address these overlooked harms, this Article proposes a separate and distinct Brady-like right in the jury — the jury’s Brady right. It finds support for this right in the Sixth Amendment and the Due Process Clause. Recognizing this right will reinforce the jury as an essential constitutional actor. Furthermore, even if the Supreme Court is not prepared to recognize a new right in the jury, explicit consideration of the harms to the jury from violations of the defendant’s Brady right offers promise for increasing compliance with Brady.
The Regiomontanus Problem

The Regiomontanus problem is that of determining the optimal place to stand to view a painting. The problem, which predates calculus by some 200 years, appears in most modern calculus books, though...
Central neurocytoma: Clinical characteristics, patterns of care, and survival.

Abstract Purpose To investigate clinical characteristics and patterns of care among patients with central neurocytomas in a large cohort of patients. Methods The National Cancer Database (NCDB) was queried to identify patients with biopsy confirmed neurocytoma from 2004 to 2015. Patterns of care were described and univariable and multivariable models were performed to investigate the impact of prognostic factors on overall survival. Results Among 223,404 patients with brain tumors in the NCDB, 868 patients were diagnosed with biopsy-proven neurocytoma and analyzed (0.4% or approximately 75 patients annually). Median age at diagnosis was 31 years and median tumor size was 4–5 cm. Diagnosis was similar between male (49.5%) and female (50.5%). Regarding location, 622 (72%) tumors were intraventricular, 168 (19%) were extra-ventricular, and 78 (9%) overlapping or unspecified. Five-year overall survival among all patients was 89%. On multivariable analysis tumor location, extent of resection, and use of radiation, were not predictive for improved survival (each p > 0.05); however, patient age (p Conclusion Patients with central neurocytoma often present as young adults with sizable tumor burden and are well managed with surgery alone. Considering their favorable survival, efforts to improve tumor control should be carefully weighed against the long-term risks associated with adjuvant therapy like radiation.
Traducción e historiografía en México: Nuestro ‘ser histórico’ a través de la cortina de hierro

Although the translation of Marxist works in Mexico can be traced back to the end of 19 th century, especially from French or English into Spanish, during the Cold War years the languages involved in these translation practices, as well as the discourses that went along with them, changed significantly. During the first half of the 20 th century, a boom for many Latin American publishing houses, translations of Marxism-Leninism works published by the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union had an important role to play, that is, they disseminated and promoted the ideological agenda of the Soviet Union. In Mexico, at the end of the 1930s, Fondo de Cultura Popular (FCP) contributed to the international campaign for promoting Soviet publishers’ endeavors. In this article, I will examine the contribution of these translated works to the dissemination of ideological and political discourses. Considering, on the one hand, the relationship between translation and political agency, and on the other, the instrumentalization of the writing of history, I contend that these translations shed light on the ideological and political debates of the day, particularly on those taking place in the field of historiography.
Supervised Learning for the Neurosurgery Intensive Care Unit Using Single-Layer Perceptron Classifiers

In the continuing goal to merge the fields of computational neuroscience with medical based neurodiagnostic clinical research this paper presents advancements on machine learning Big Electroencephalogram (EEG) Data. The authors’ clinical decision-support systems (CDSS) presented in previous work was able to distinguish, within minutes, pathological oscillations hidden in terabytes of complex signal analysis. This paper presents training and learning elements that compliment and advance this previous work. This paper shows how perceptrons, that predate modern-day neural network constructs, remain relevant in many modern classification applications where a clear linear separation is present in the data. Furthermore, the perceptrons also compliment the domain adaptation covariant shifts later used when the system is used in the neuroICU (Intensive Care Unit). Accordingly, we present supervised learning for the neuroICU using single-layer perceptron classifiers.
The Coulomb Dissociation of 8B and the 7Be(p, γ) 8B Reaction

Our current understanding of stellar evolution allows the use of stars as a labo-bratory for tests of fundamental physics. In particular the sun is well known to be the major contributer to the ambient neutrino flux on earth. Its large distance from the earth and the high density of the core allow for a window in the search for neutrino masses and oscilations with Δm 2 < 10−5 eV 2 1. This mass range is not accesible to either accelerator experiments or atmospheric neutrino studies and thus is of fundamental importance. In such a study one compares the predicted neutrino flux with the observed one and hence it relies on our understanding of the sun vis-a-vis the Standard Solar Model (SSM) 1 and most critically on our knowledge of the nuclear inputs to the SSM in the form of nuclear reaction rates. Indeed the question of evidence for neutrino oscilations and the possible deficit in observed neutrino flux is of current interest to the physics community as a whole vis-a-vis its consequences to the Standard Model of Particle Physics and it reaches far beyond the scope of Nuclear Astrophysics.
Comparison of segmental body composition estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Summary Background & aims Segmental body composition may be an important indicator of health and nutritional status in conditions where variations in fat and lean mass are frequently isolated to a particular body segment (e.g. paralysis, sarcopenia). Until recently, segment-specific body composition could only be assessed using invasive and expensive methods such as dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or computed tomography (CT). Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) may be a rapid, inexpensive alternative for assessing segmental composition, but it has not been fully validated for this purpose. The purpose of this study was to compare segmental estimates of lean and fat mass using BIA versus a criterion standard of DXA. Methods A cross-sectional pilot study was conducted in n = 30 healthy adults. Outcome measures included total mass, fat mass and lean mass of arm, leg and trunk. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) and paired-samples t-tests (t) were used to assess relationships between each outcome as measured by BIA and DXA. Results Although the methods were strongly correlated for all measures, (r > .87 for all segments) BIA routinely overestimated lean mass for arm and trunk (mean difference arm: 0.97 kg, p = .008; trunk: 5.58 kg, p Conclusions Significant discrepancies were noted between DXA and BIA in all body segments. Further research is needed to refine BIA methods for segmental composition estimates in heterogeneous samples and disease-specific populations before this methods can be used reliably in a clinical setting.
Cross-Roads in Studies of Galaxy Evolution

Studies of galaxy evolution at optical and near-infrared wavelengths have reached an interesting point in their historical development and the arrival of a new millenium provides an appropriate occasion to review the overall direction in which this subject is moving. The aim of this short essay is to emphasize the qualitatively different datasets now arriving and the more detailed and challenging scientific analyses needed for future progress.
Undecidability in function fields of positive characteristic

We prove that the first-order theory of any function field K of characteristic p > 2 is undecidable in the language of rings without parameters. When K is a function field in one variable whose constant field is algebraic over a finite field, we can also prove undecidability in characteristic 2. The proof uses a result by Moret-Bailly about ranks of elliptic curves over function fields.
Ethical Concerns of Internet Communication

The use of the internet by attorneys - through websites, social networking, and blogging - has increased dramatically in recent years. This increased use raises a host of ethical issues. In this ethics column, we examine cases and ethics opinions and analyze the following issues: Internet usage creating inadvertent attorney client relationships and inadvertent prospective clients; duties of competency and confidentiality while using the Internet; prohibitions against false statements and contacting represented parties; and limitations on using the Internet for trial publicity and criticizing judges. We conclude that the increasingly public nature of social networking venues and blogs make discovery by ethics authorities increasingly likely, and the permanence of the electronic records eases enforcement. The primary lesson for lawyers: if you wouldn't do or say something off the Internet, don't do or say it on the Internet.
Chapter 6 – Plasma Albumin

Publisher Summary Two striking properties stand out upon examination of the literature on plasma albumin: (1) the unusual affinity for ions, particularly anions, in which regard plasma albumin is almost in a class by itself, and (2) the remarkable degree to which the molecule is capable of undergoing extensive conformational alterations apparently in a fully reversible manner. These properties are the key to the physiological role of plasma albumin. Albumin may serve to reduce the concentration of a variety of low molecular weight ionic substances and even nonionic materials by combining with them and, thus, buffering their activity. Albumin also serves as a transport function, carrying both undesirable and desirable ions to the site of elimination or need. In a review of fatty acid transport in the blood, Frederickson and Gordon assigned an important role to albumin. The fact that organic mercurials added to blood are bound almost exclusively by the albumin component is well established. Such compounds are deposited in the kidney prior to elimination to an unloading of the albumin caused by the greater acidity of the kidney.
How income and the economic evaluation of time affect who we socialize with outside of work

Abstract Building on research showing that organizational practices that highlight the monetary value of time can affect decisions about time use, we examined how income and the economic evaluation of time jointly predict decisions about socializing with others who can be instrumentally useful to people (e.g., colleagues). Using a multimethod approach of surveys and experiments, we found that income was a stronger predictor of both the economic value placed upon socializing with colleagues outside of work as well as the propensity to engage in such activities. When the economic value of time was high, individuals weighed the instrumental value of networking more heavily in their decision making about how to allocate time. These findings illustrate how organizational pay practices and the salience of income can influence decisions about daily social interactions outside of work.
A case for integrative epistemology

Western analytic epistemology is undergoing an upheaval: the importance of social justice concerns is becoming increasingly recognized. Many of us want epistemology to reflect our lived experiences, and to do real work for us on issues that matter. Motivated by these concerns, researchers are increasingly focusing on ameliorating our epistemic concepts: finding ones that contribute to social justice. At the same time, however, many epistemologists claim that their project is purely metaphysical and thus value-neutral: epistemology is just about the truth, the facts! Ethics and politics thus have no place in epistemology proper. I will argue that, despite appearances to the contrary, these ameliorative and objectivist projects are not in conflict. Indeed, because the same concepts are our tools for both theoretical and practical reasoning, properly carrying out either project must be done in an integrated way with the other. I’ll use the example of medical research to show how social justice concerns can deeply influence scientific practice in ways that contribute to, rather than threaten, its claims to objectivity. I then develop an integrative epistemology on analogy with medical research to resolve both longstanding philosophical disputes and support our understanding and healing of public discourse.
Planar Multilayered 2D GeAs Schottky Photodiode for High Performance VIS-NIR Photodetection

Novel group IVV 2D semiconductors (e.g., GeAs and SiAs) has arisen as an attractive candidate for broad-band photodetection and optoelectronic applications. This 2D family has wide tunable bandgap, excellent thermodynamic stability, and strong in-plane anisotropy. However, their photonic and optoelectronic properties have not been extensively explored so far. In this work we demonstrate a broadband back-to-back metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) Schottky photodiode with asymmetric contact geometries based on multilayered 2D GeAs. The photodetector exhibited a Schottky barrier height (SBH) in the range of 0.40 to 0.49 eV. Additionally, it showed low dark current of 1.8 nA with stable, reproducible, and excellent broadband spectral response from UV to optical communication wavelengths. The highest measured responsivity in the visible is 905 A/W at 660 nm wavelength and 98 A/W for 1064 nm near infrared. Most notably, the planner configuration of this GeAs photodetector showed low detector capacitance below 1.2 pf, low voltage operation (<1V), and a large bandwidth which may exceed 40 GHz. The stability and broadband response of the device are promising for this 2D materials application in high-speed optoelectronic devices.
Reframing the Past: Role of Memory Processes in Emotion Regulation

The ability to modulate undesirable emotions is essential for maintaining mental health. Negative emotions can arise both while experiencing and remembering an unpleasant event, which presents a persistent emotion regulation challenge because emotional memories tend to be particularly vivid and enduring. Despite the central role that memories play in our affective lives, little is known about the memory processes supporting successful regulation of emotions associated with long-term memories, which we refer to as retrospective emotion regulation. In this paper, we review the literature on the mechanisms of memory modification, which may contribute to the success of retrospective emotion regulation. In particular, we review rodent and human studies that examine the modification of conditioned fear associations and emotional episodic memories. Based on this literature, we conclude that memory reactivation plays a crucial role in memory modification. We discuss further the potential role of memory reactivation in mediating the success of cognitive reappraisal, which may be considered a special case of memory modification. We propose that the completeness, or strength, of reactivation during retrospective emotion regulation will be related to the likelihood of updating an episodic memory, reducing its emotional impact upon later recall. Understanding the role of memory processes in emotion regulation can help to inform research on memory-based treatments for affective disorders.
When Mendelian randomisation fails

Mendelian randomisation (MR) is the ingenious approach of using the consistent long-term modulation of interesting exposure variables by inborn genetic differences to mimic the effect of different levels on outcomes of interest. This type of analysis is particularly important for evaluating the causal impact of nutritional exposures on long-term health outcomes. The MR approach is predicated on equivalent effects of exposure and genetic proxy on the outcome. But what happens when the proxy is not a good predictor of the outcome of interest? MR analysis of the hypothesised role of vitamin D in the pathology related to SARS-CoV-2 infection illustrates this conundrum. Up to this point, a growing number of observational studies appeared to link low 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD) concentrations to higher risk of infection and worsening COVID-19 outcomes.1 For instance, the analysis of 25-OHD measurements in more than 190 000 clinical samples from across the USA found that the likelihood to test positive for SARS-CoV-2 was more than twice as high for samples with low 25-OHD concentration ( 55 ng/mL).2 The findings based on UK Biobank data which include clinical outcomes are possibly different because the observed 61% higher mortality risk for the univariate association with low vitamin D concentration disappeared after adjustments.3 An argument can be made that adjustments for age, sex, ethnicity and body mass index were inappropriate because it is exactly these variables that are well-known causes of low vitamin D concentrations. No plausible rationale was offered that they actually confound the association, that is, that ethnicity is the cause for higher risk and not lower capacity for producing vitamin D in people with darker coloured skin. Vitamin D concentrations tend to be low in patients with COVID-19. Thus, the majority of patients with COVID-19 in a …