cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of tangential blowing applied to a subsonic V/STOL inlet

Engine inlets for subsonic V/STOL aircraft must operate over a wide range of conditions without internal flow separation. An experimental and an analytical investigation were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of tangential blowing to maintain attached flow to high angles of attack. The inlet had a relatively thin lip with a blowing slot located either on the lip or in the diffuser. The height and width of these slots were varied. Experimentally determined flow separation boundaries showed that lip blowing achieved higher angle-of-attack capability than diffuser blowing. This capability was achieved with the largest slot circumferential extent and either of the two slot heights. Predicted (analytical) separation boundaries showed good agreement except at the highest angles of attack.
Axis selection in transverse magnetic resonance imaging of the brain: Electronic angulation techniques

Abstract The cylindrical design of most head coils utilized with current magnetic resonance (MR) imaging units and the necessity of close approximation of the coil to the head to maximize signal-to-noise ratio precludes flexion or extension of the head to any significant degree during imaging of the brain. For this reason, the canthomeatal line is approximately parallel to the standard transverse magnetic axis. Standard computed tomography (CT) scans in the transverse plane are usually obtained at an approximately 25° angle to Reid's baseline (RBL). This leads to projection differences in viewing and comparing standard transverse MR and CT studies. High convexity lesions which may present anteriorly on a given CT section may present posteriorly on an MR section which appears to be at a comparable level on first inspection. Secondly, one or more transverse MR sections usually display a portion of the occipital lobes behind the cerebellar hemispheres. The region of the tentorium and straight sinus can occasionally give rise to a vermiform appearance (the “AVM artifact”). Thirty patients were studied with MR at a 20–30° angulation to RBL without any loss of image quality and with excellent visualization of the posterior fossa. The effect of transverse axis change on lesion position was demonstrated in five high convexity lesions and by utilizing fixed brain specimens. While clearly MR can accurately localize lesions utilizing orthogonal multiplanar techniques, it is suggested that investigators and clinicians currently performing MR studies of the brain consider potential advantages of electronic angulation techniques for comparative clinical studies and certain research applications.
A Sensory Code for Host Seeking in Parasitic Nematodes

Parasitic nematode species often display highly specialized host-seeking behaviors that reflect their specific host preferences. Many such behaviors are triggered by host odors, but little is known about either the specific olfactory cues that trigger these behaviors or the underlying neural circuits. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae are phylogenetically distant insect-parasitic nematodes whose host-seeking and host-invasion behavior resembles that of some devastating human- and plant-parasitic nematodes. We compare the olfactory responses of Heterorhabditis and Steinernema infective juveniles (IJs) to those of Caenorhabditis elegans dauers, which are analogous life stages [1]. The broad host range of these parasites results from their ability to respond to the universally produced signal carbon dioxide (CO_2), as well as a wide array of odors, including host-specific odors that we identified using thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. We find that CO_2 is attractive for the parasitic IJs and C. elegans dauers despite being repulsive for C. elegans adults [2–4], and we identify a sensory neuron that mediates CO_2 response in both parasitic and free-living species, regardless of whether CO_2 is attractive or repulsive. The parasites’ odor response profiles are more similar to each other than to that of C. elegans despite their greater phylogenetic distance, likely reflecting evolutionary convergence to insect parasitism.
Single-molecule imaging of organic semiconductors: Toward nanoscale insights into photophysics and molecular packing

a b s t r a c t Photophysical properties of functionalized anthradithiophene (ADT) and pentacene (Pn) derivatives, as well as energy and charge transfer properties of donor-acceptor (D/A) pairs of these derivatives, are presented. The molecules studied were imaged on the single-molecule level in a polymeric and in a func- tionalized benzothiophene (BTBTB) crystalline host using room-temperature wide-field epifluorescence microscopy. The BTBTB host imposed orientational constraints on the guest molecules, depending on their functionalization. Flexibility of functionalization of both guest (ADT, Pn) and host (BTBTB) molecules can be used for systematic studies of nanoscale morphology and photophysics of D/A organic semiconductor bulk heterojunctions using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy.
Comparison of cryogenic wind tunnel, flight, and computational results for a thin, low-aspect-ratio wing

A research program was conducted at NASA Langley Research Center to build and test a thin, pressure instrumented wing. The wing chosen was the canard of the X-29, which has a maximum thickness of 5 percent of chord. The wing has 90 pressure taps and was built utilizing an advanced laminated metal technique. It was tested in the 0.3-Meter Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel at transonic Mach numbers and over a wide range of Reynolds number. The data are compared with flight data and Navier-Stokes computational results.
Ultrastructural changes in Culex tarsalis flight muscle associated with exhaustive flight

Abstract Glycogen deposits and the morphology of mitochondria of Culex tarsalis flight muscle are markedly altered when these mosquitoes are flown to exhaustion. In mosquitoes that have not flown, glycogen is abundant both intrafibrillarly in the form of beta particles concentrated in the M-band region and extrafibrillarly throughout the sarcoplasm. In mosquitoes flown to exhaustion, however, intrafibrillar glycogen is depleted, and only small amounts remain extrafibrillarly. Mitochondria of non-flown mosquitoes exist as individual spheroid-to-ovoid shaped bodies packed in rows between the myofibrils. They contain numerous, closely packed cristae. In flown individuals, discrete mitochondria cannot be discerned. Membranes resembling cristae are present throughout the sarcoplasm, but there are no limiting, outer mitochondrial membranes. The effect is one of a continuous mitochondrial mass completely surrounding the myofibrils.
Distribution and characterization of gases produced by detonation of explosives in an underground mine

Abstract A description is given of a study carried out to determine the volume of gases produced in major and trace amounts as a result of detonation of explosives in an underground environment. The volume of major gases (CO, CO 2 , NO and NO 2 ) was measured immediately following detonation, during the mucking operation, and following the removal of muck. Tests to identify and quantify the gases produced in trace amounts were performed following the detonation only. The results indicate that the composition of the gases produced varied significantly depending on the composition of the explosive/blasting agent. Approximately 95% of the gases produced were found in the test chamber immediately following the detonation, while 2% were found in the chamber following the removal of the muck. Several compounds were identified in trace amounts. Of particular interest was the detection of benzene, toluene, butenes, ethyl benzene and naphthalene, since exposure to some of these compounds, even in trace amounts, could present a serious health hazard.
Absolute Total Cross Sections for the Scattering of Low-Energy Electrons by Rubidium, Cesium, and Potassium

Using the atom-beam recoil technique, absolute total cross sections were measured for the scattering of electrons in the energy range 0.3-9 eV by potassium, rubidium, and cesium. The results of these measurements are in substantial disagreement with the experimental values of Brode, obtained more than 40 years ago. On the other hand, our potassium cross sections agree extremely well with the recent calculations of Karule, and Karule and Peterkop, as well as with the experimental values of Collins et al. For cesium and rubidium, the existing theoretical calculations are not in as good agreement with our results as in the case of potassium.
Nanoscale Mechanism of Molecular Transport through the Nuclear Pore Complex as Studied by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is the proteinaceous nanopore that solely mediates molecular transport across the nuclear envelope between the nucleus and cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. Small molecules (<40 kDa) diffuse through the large pore of this multiprotein complex. A passively impermeable macromolecule tagged with a signal peptide is chaperoned through the nanopore by nuclear transport receptors (e.g., importins) owing to their interactions with barrier-forming proteins. Presently, this bimodal transport mechanism is not well understood and is described by controversial models. Herein, we report on a dynamic and spatially resolved mechanism for NPC-mediated molecular transport through nanoscale central and peripheral routes with distinct permeabilities. Specifically, we develop a nanogap-based approach of scanning electrochemical microscopy to precisely measure the extremely high permeability of the nuclear envelope to a small probe molecule, (ferrocenylmethyl)trimethylammonium. Effective medium th...
Measurement of Strain/Load Transfer in Parallel Seven-wire Strands with Neutron Diffraction

The elastic strains induced in the constituent wires of parallel wire strands under tensile loading were measured using neutron diffraction. The elastic strains carried by the individual wires depended very strongly on the boundary conditions at the grips and on radial clamping forces. The friction forces between the wires were quite significant and should not be neglected in analytical or numerical formulations of strain partitioning in parallel wire cables.
The influence of female role models on women’s implicit science cognitions.

Can female science professors benefit women? Women’s negative implicit cognitions about science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines impact performance in these fields, mark...
A spill code minimization technique: application in the metrowerks starcore C compiler

Graph coloring algorithms have been shown to be an efficient and effective means of performing register allocation. The power of these algorithms lies in their strong coloring heuristics and their ability to abstract away disparate allocation problems such as data-flow constraints, conforming to calling conventions, and target machine restrictions. However, even optimal algorithms cannot color every graph, and often some live ranges must be spilled to memory to make room for others. In this paper, we present a new approach of reducing spill code, which can be used to complement virtually any register allocation algorithm, and provides a good support to implement cheaper spill methods like spilling to another register (from a different class) and rematerialization (reloading the register from a constant or expression). This algorithm was partially implemented into the Metrowerks StarCore C compiler where it has proven its efficiency in terms of both cycle count and code size.
Methanol oxidative dehydrogenation in a catalytic packed-bed membrane reactor

Abstract Methanol oxidative dehydrogenation to formaldehyde over a Fe-Mo oxide catalyst was studied experimentally in a packed-bed membrane reactor (PBMR) as well as in a conventional fixed-bed reactor (FBR) under identical overall reaction conditions. Two configurations for PBMR were investigated, using either oxygen (PBMR-O) or methanol (PBMR-M) as permeate, and the other reactant flowing over the catalyst bed. The influence of temperature, reactant residence time, feed concentration and nitrogen diluent split were studied. In the FBR experiments, selectivity to formaldehyde increased for increasing feed concentration of methanol and decreased when oxygen concentration was increased. This behavior indicated that the relative reactor performance should be in the order PBMR-O>FBR>PBMR-M, and this was confirmed experimentally.
Defining as a mathematical activity: A framework for characterizing progress from informal to more formal ways of reasoning

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to further the notion of defining as a mathematical activity by elaborating a framework that structures the role of defining in student progress from informal to more formal ways of reasoning. The framework is the result of a retrospective account of a significant learning experience that occurred in an undergraduate geometry course. The framework integrates the instructional design theory of Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) and distinctions between concept image and concept definition and offers other researchers and instructional designers a structured way to analyze or plan for the role of defining in students’ mathematical progress.
ONE-DIMENSIONAL OXIDE NANOSTRUCTURES PRODUCED BY GAS PHASE REACTION

One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures are of great interest due to the promise of enhanced properties and improved device performance such as increased efficiency in solar cells by improved charge separation. There are many means of producing 1D nanostructures including chemical synthesis, lithography, template assisted growth and gas phase reaction. While all of these have their advantages and disadvantages, growth by gas phase reaction has the benefit of low cost and scalability to be used in mass production. This work outlines several of the more common growth mechanisms which utilize gas phase reactions to produce 1D nanostructures. The similarities and differences between the different mechanisms are discussed with an emphasis on the confinement of growth to 1D.
Applying a Medical Budget System to Biostatistics Clinics

Biostatistics are indispensable in clinical medicine because doctors increasingly need to publish and understand medical articles that use statistical methods. An opportunity is needed for medical doctors to interact with biostatisticians on statistical issues. This paper's objective is to determine how much it costs to establish a biostatistics clinic and what revenue is required to run the clinic. A balance sheet was used to outline the revenue and expenses of a statistics clinic using a simple method introduced by the author. Expenses for personnel, material, and tenancy costs were 41.9, 18.1, and 25.1% of the total, respectively. To run, the biostatistics clinic required 200 research design engagements, 1200 h of hourly consultation, and 6600 h of data processing. To acquire scientific grants, each of four biostatisticians had to write one academic paper annually. The results show that a biostatistics clinic could be managed profitably based on the assumptions in this study.
Th17 cell cytokine secretion profile in host defense and autoimmunity

The goal of this review is to examine the effector functions of Th17 cells in host defense and autoimmunity. Published literature on Th17 cells was reviewed with a focus on the secreted products that mediate effector activities of these cells. Th17 cells secrete an array of cytokines that contribute to host defense and that bridge the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response. When this subset of T cells is dysregulated, autoimmune phenomena develop that contribute to the manifestations of many autoimmune diseases. Th17 cells are positioned at a crossroads between innate and adaptive immunity and provide mediators that are essential for host defense. Current interest in harnessing this system for treatment of autoimmune disease will be challenged by the need to avoid abrogating these many protective functions.
Effects of nonlinear synapses on the performance of multilayer neural networks

The problems arising from the use of nonlinear multipliers in multilayer neural network synapse structures are discussed. The errors arising from the neglect of nonlinearities are shown and the effect of training in eliminating these errors is discussed. A method for predicting the final errors resulting from nonlinearities is described. Our approximate results are compared with the results from circuit simulations of an actual multiplier circuit.
External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT) for Patients with Malignant Pheochromocytoma and Non-Head and -Neck Paraganglioma: Combination with 131I-MIBG

In patients with malignant pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, 131I-MIBG radiotherapy can achieve an objective response rate of 30-50% with the dose limiting toxicity being hematologic. Patients with disseminated disease, who also have a few index bulky or symptomatic lesions, may benefit from the addition of targeted external beam radiotherapy alone or in combination with systemic 131I-MIBG. The records of patients with malignant paraganglioma who were treated with external beam radiotherapy at the University of Pennsylvania from February 1973 to February 2011 were reviewed in an institutional review board approved retrospective study. Of the 17 patients with tumors in the thorax, abdomen, or pelvis, 76% had local control or clinically significant symptomatic relief for at least 1 year or until death. As expected, the predominant toxicity was due to irradiation of tumor-adjacent normal tissues without clinically significant hematologic toxicity. Due to widespread systemic metastases with areas of bulky, symptomatic tumor, 5 of the 17 patients were treated with sequential 131I-MIBG (2 mCi/kg per treatment) and external beam radiotherapy to 9 sites. In these patients, all areas that were irradiated with external beam radiotherapy showed durable objective response despite all patients eventually experiencing out-of-field systemic progression requiring other treatment. Four of these patients remain alive with excellent performance status 16, 18, 23, and 24 months after external beam radiotherapy. External beam radiotherapy can be highly effective in local management of malignant paraganglioma and can be used in conjunction with 131I-MIBG due to nonoverlapping toxicities with excellent control of locally bulky tumors.
As You Like It: Personalized Database Visualization Using a Visual Language

Abstract The Delaunay system supports a visual language that is specifically geared to the querying and visualization of databases. In this paper, we concentrate on the information visualization capabilities of the system. A distinctive feature of Delaunay is its full personalization capabilities: users can define their visualizations from scratch without limiting themselves to pre-defined visualization modes. Fine customization of the visualization is achieved by the availability of a visual alphabet of atomic graphical symbols and by the expressive power of the visual query language, which supports recursion. We describe the key components of the Delaunay system, namely its interface modules, which support advanced visualization techniques and principles, and its efficient constraint solver. The successful implementation of Delaunay demonstrates the feasibility of a powerful database system with which users can effectively specify a wide variety of visualizations supporting data and visualization exploration for different kinds of applications including graph visualization and business analysis.
Construction and evaluation of a programmable gradient liquid chromatograph

Abstract A programmable gradient synthesizer has been constructed which is capable of forming flow-programs and gradients (linear and non-linear) of variable duration. The synthesizer is constructed from simple digital integrated circuits and is interfaced to an inexpensive two-channel high-pressure reciprocating pump. Other components necessary to complete the chromatograph are specified to provide high performance and flexibility at moderate cost. The application of the system to the analytical and preparative separation of some azodye reaction mixtures is presented. A new procedure for reproducible sample application in preparative liquid chromatography, employing flow-programming, is introduced.
Enzymatic Reduction of Arsenic Compounds in Mammalian Systems: Reduction of Arsenate to Arsenite by Human Liver Arsenate Reductase

An arsenate (AsV) reductase has been partially purified from human liver. Its apparent molecular mass is approximately 72 kDa. The enzyme required a thiol and a heat stable cofactor for activity. The cofactor is less than 3 kDa in size. The thiol requirement can be satisfied by dithiothreitol (DTT). However, the extent of stimulation of reductase activity by glutathione, thioredoxin, or reduced lipoic acid was negligible compared to that of DTT. The heat stable cofactor does not appear to be Cu2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, or Ca2+. The enzyme does not reduce monomethylarsonic acid (MMAV). The isolation and characterization of this enzyme demonstrates that in humans, the reduction of arsenate to arsenite is enzymatically catalyzed and is not solely the result of chemical reduction by glutathione as has been proposed in the past.
Nature of Spin-Reorientation Transitions

The change in the easy axis of magnetization observed in some ferrimagnets has been studied using a phenomenological description. It is found that two second-order phase transitions can occur.
Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae): suppression efficiencies of unisexual and bisexual sterilized release populations in field cages

Male-only, female-only, and bisexual radiosterilized populations of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), were evaluated for competitiveness against control non-irradiated flies in screened field cages in Hawaii. Male-only and bisexual (1:1 sex ratio) sterile fly populations were equally efficient at suppressing production of viable eggs (competitiveness values of control versus non-irradiated flies were 0.56 and 0.69, respectively). Female-only populations were as efficient as male-only populations when the guava tree was kept relatively bare of foliage, but much less efficient when the tree was bushy. Sterile flies, particularly females, suppressed oviposition by interfering with normal females on fruit and contributed to higher mortality rates of non-irradiated flies. In general, sterile and normal females survived the 4-day field exposure significantly better than their male counterparts.
Low temperature surface diffusion and decomposition of [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 adsorbed on oxidized Al(100)

Abstract The adsorption and decomposition of [Rh(CO) 2 Cl] 2 on three different model Al 2 O 3 supports were studied with high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). The aluminum oxide supports were prepared by oxidation of Al(100) single crystal with either oxygen or water at temperatures from 425 to 725 K to prepare Al 2 O 3 films of three types: planar-dehydroxylated, porous-dehydroxylated, and planar-hydroxylated. TPD of adsorbed [Rh(CO) 2 Cl] 2 showed that [Rh(CO) 2 C1] 2 decomposed on the Al 2 O surfaces above 275 K and that the decomposition kinetics were dependent on the substrate porosity. HREELS data showed that on the porous Al 2 O 3 layers, [Rh(CO) 2 C1] 2 diffuses to stable binding sites within the pore structure below 245 K after which decomposition proceeds. For [Rh(CO) 2 C1] 2 on hydroxylated Al 2 O 3 films changes in the OH stretch region of the HREELS spectrum indicate that [Rh(CO) 2 C1] 2 reacts with surface OH groups below 275 K. The experiments demonstrate that HREELS can be applied to the study of adsorbates on oxide supports in spite of complications of strong oxide lattice modes and poor resolution due to the nature of the support.
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease and Pheochromocytoma

In Reply. —The findings of Drs Walther and Linehan are consistent with the findings in our article. These authors also call attention to another entity, namely, pheochromocytoma-only families. These families are different from the two reported in our article since both of our families have well-documented C-cell tumors, the hallmark of MEN-II. We suspect that the majority of pheochromocytoma-only families will turn out to have VHL mutations 1 and those without might be due to the as yet unidentified PGL locus on the long arm of chromosome 11. 2 Prior to the observations made by Walther and Linehan and those in the cited French study, 3 we reported a high incidence of VHL in patients with symptomatic pheochromocytoma and documented that 38% of VHL patients identified in our series had only pheochromocytoma even after intensive investigation. 4
Comments on "A Two's Complement Parallel Array Multiplication Algorithm"

The two's complement multiplication algorithm discussed by Baugh and Wooley1 is indeed a viable one, and we have used it several times in the past to great advantage in applications where modestly high performance signed multiplies were required, but the design was constrained to commercially available, standard components. This approach to sign compensation, which was first described to me in 1969 by C. M. Rader, does give rise to a uniform partial product array which can be efficiently summed by any of several techniques.
Effects of clonazepam and phenobarbital on the responding of pigeons maintained under a multiple fixed-ratio fixed-interval schedule of food delivery

The effects of clonazepam (0.25–4.0 mg/kg) and phenobarbital (10–80 mg/kg) were examined in pigeons responding under a multiple fixed-ratio 50 fixed-interval 90-sec schedule of food delivery. When given acutely 30 min prior to testing, the lowest dose of each drug generally increased responding under both components of the multiple schedule, whereas high doses decreased responding. Time-course determinations revealed maximum rate-reducing effects when phenobarbital was given 30 min prior to testing; 15- and 30-min presession intervals were similarly effective with clonazepam. When a 120-min presession interval was used, responding generally exceeded control rates for clonazepam, but not for phenobarbital.
Properties of an N,N‐dimethyl‐p‐aminoazobenzene Oxide Reductase Purified from Rat Liver Cytosol

Homogenates of all rat tissues examined, except brain, catalyze reduction of N,N-dimethyl-p-aminoazobenzene N-oxide (DMAB N-oxide) to N,N-dimethyl-p-aminoazobenzene by NADPH. Liver is the most active, and about one third of the homogenate activity of this tissue is recovered in the cytosol fraction. The purified cytosol enzyme has the properties of a tetrameric protein (Mr 370,000) consisting of identical subunits free from chromophores that absorb in the visible spectrum and from metals or other detectable prosthetic groups. The purified reductase is also free from NADPH oxidase and from cytochrome c or azo reductase activities. The enzyme is quite specific for NADPH as reductant and DMAB N-oxide as the electron acceptor. Reduction of other N,N-dimethyl-arylamine or alkylamine oxides as well as N-methylheterocyclicamine oxides could not be detected. Analysis of kinetic data indicate that, at saturating concentrations of the other substrate, 21 microM NADPH and 700 microM DMAB N-oxide are required for half maximal velocity. At infinite concentrations of both substrates the turnover is 150 min-1 at 37 degrees C.
Bond Receives 2003 Maurice Ewing Medal

Gerard C. Bond was awarded the Ewing Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, which was held on 10 December 2003, in San Francisco, California. The medal honors “significant original contributions to the scientific understanding of the processes in the ocean; for the advancement of oceanographic engineering, technology, and instrumentation; and for outstanding service to marine sciences.”
The d-Band Character of Metals and the Rate and Mechanism of the Electrolytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

IT is known empirically1 that for the hydrogen evolution reaction, log i 0 (where i 0, the exchange current density, is directly proportional to the rate constant of the reaction) increases linearly with increase of ϕ, the thermionic work function of the electrode substrate, for most metals, but may decrease with increase of ϕ for mercury, thallium and lead. The work function is eliminated in the potential terms governing the rate of hydrogen evolution in an actual cell. The origin of the dependence of rate constant upon ϕ must therefore be sought in the relation to ϕ of some other parameter upon which the rate of evolution of hydrogen depends.
Helical computed tomographic incidence and characterization of appendoliths in 100 patients with appendicitis

This study was performed to determine the helical computed tomographic (CT) incidence and characteristics of appendoliths and the cecal bar sign of appendicitis. One hundred consecutive positive and 100 consecutive negative appendiceal CT scans were reviewed. Appendolith presence, number, size, shape, calcification and air pattern, density, and location were assessed, and the cecal bar, when present, was noted.
Parents’ Restrictive Feeding Practices are Associated with Young Girls’ Negative Self-evaluation of Eating

Abstract Objective This study was conducted to determine whether parents' restriction of young girls' access to palatable foods promotes the consumption of those foods while evoking negative self-evaluation. Design Girls' intake of 10 snack foods was measured immediately following a standard lunch, in a setting with free access to palatable snack foods. Girls' self-evaluation about their eating was assessed following the free access snack session. In addition, reports of parental restriction were obtained from mothers, fathers, and girls. Participants Participants were 197 girls aged 4.6 to 6.4 years and their parents. Statistical analysis Structural equation modeling was used to test models describing relationships between parents' restriction and girls' eating. Results Following the standard lunch, girls' snack food intake during the 10-minute free access session ranged from 0 to 436 kcal, with a mean of 123±7 kcal. Approximately half of the girls reported negative self-evaluation about eating 1 or more of the 10 foods provided. The revised path model indicated that parents' restriction predicted both girls' snack food intake and girls' negative self-evaluation of eating. Girls' negative self-evaluation of eating was not associated with the amount of food that they consumed when not hungry, but was linked to their perceptions of being restricted from those foods. Applications/conclusions These findings indicate that restricting young girls' access to palatable foods may promote the intake of restricted foods and may also generate negative feelings about eating restricted foods. JAm DietAssoc. 2000;100:1341-1346 .
Arise and Judge the Earth

I worked as a chaplain at the county hospital and regional trauma center. At the close of any encounter, I would offer to pray with the patient or the family members. I then asked a seemingly innoc...
Sensorimotor transformations in the worlds of frogs and robots

The paper develops a multilevel approach to the design and analysis of systems with ''action-oriented perception'', situating various robot and animal ''designs'' in an evolutionary perspective. We present a set of biological design principles within a broader perspective that shows their relevance for robot design. We introduce schemas to provide a coarse-grain analysis of ''cooperative computation'' in the brains of animals and the ''brains'' of robots, starting with an analysis of approach, avoidance, detour behavior, and path planning in frogs. An explicit account of neural mechanism of avoidance behavior in the frog illustrates how schemas may be implemented in neural networks. The focus of the rest of the article is on the relation of instinctive to reflective behavior. We generalize an analysis of the interaction of perceptual schemas in the VISIONS system for computer vision to a view of the interaction of perceptual and motor schemas in distributed planning which, we argue, has great promise for integrating mechanisms for action and perception in both animal and robot. We conclude with general observations on the lessons on relating structure and function which can be carried from biology to technology.
Stigma as a barrier to treatment of sexually transmitted infection in the American deep south: issues of race, gender and poverty.

Abstract Sexually transmitted infections (STI) occur at high rates in the US compared to other Western nations. Sociocultural indicators such as race and ethnicity, lower socioeconomic status and historically higher rates of certain diseases, such as syphilis, are correlated factors but do not explain fully why STI rates are particularly high in the American Deep South. One salient factor is the stigma associated with STI and its effect on screening and treatment. This paper presents the results of six focus group interviews that were conducted among mainly African-American health workers, patients and students in Alabama, USA. The results showed that STI-related stigma directly and indirectly affected willingness to be treated for STI at public health clinics. Four dimensions of stigma emerged: (1) Religious ideation affected how health workers felt about ‘promiscuous’ patients (especially women), (2) privacy fears discouraged male patients from seeking treatment at local clinics, (3) racial attitudes affected willingness to be treated for STI and (4) Stigma transference (being “scarlet lettered”) emerged as a potent disincentive to treatment. Partner notification was more likely if patients felt betrayed by a sexual partner. Further research is needed to clarify these stigma-related dimensions and the impact on screening, treatment and partner services.
Hardenability in high carbon steels

Multiplying factors (MF) for the hardenability effects of Mn, Si, Cr, Ni, Mo, Al, and B at high carbon levels were successfully derived to a pure iron or alloy free base for austenitizing conditions ranging from 1475°F (800°C) to 1700°F (927°C). Base factors were also determined for carbon in the range of 0.60 to 1.10 pct. These data supersede a similar set of MF’s determined previously by the author to a reference or base composition of 1.0 pct C and 0.25 pct of each of Mn, Si, Cr, and Ni. The new MF’s are presented in both tabular and graphical form and can be used to predict hardenability from composition for homogeneous high carbon steels as well as the so-called “case” hardenability of high carbon regions in carburizing grades. Case hardenability can be calculated for both the single quench practice wherein the steel is hardened by direct or delay quenching from carburizing, and for the double quench practice wherein the steel is reheated for hardening to some lower temperature after a prior air cooling (normalizing) or quenching from the carburizing treatment. The accuracy of hardenability prediction using these new factors has been found to be within ±10 pct of the measured hardenability atD I’s as high as 26 in. (660 mm).
The Performance of Lenses Made from Inhomogeneous Glasses

The performance of lenses made from glass elements containing defects such as bubbles, streaks, striae, etc., has been measured and an attempt made to compare the effect of the various defects. Four defective lenses and a good or control lens were used. The performance in the image plane was determined by four different evaluation procedures. A summary evaluation showed that the lens containing striae, although the most difficult defect to detect, produced the lowest quality image.
Scanning Tomographic Acoustic Microscopy: Principles And Recent Developments

Acoustic Microscopy is an important branch of non-destructive evaluation which provides high resolution for imaging the detailed structure of a small object. When an acoustic microscope operates in the transmission mode, the micrograph is simply a shadowgraph of all the structures encountered by the acoustic wave passing through the object. Because of diffraction and overlapping, the resultant images are difficult to comprehend in the case of specimens of substantial thickness and structural complexity. We used the principles of diffraction tomography and acoustical holography along with digital calcuations of wavefield propagation to overcome this problem. We have described in previously-published work how a scanning laser acoustic microscope (SLAM) can be modified to obtain data for subsurface tomographic imaging. In this paper, we review the principles of scanning tomographic acoustic microscopy (STAM). The required modification of SLAM to obtain STAM and the reconstruction process are described. We show how we are able to accurately acquire the complex-amplitude information necessary for image reconstruction. We demonstrate the power of this technique by comparing digitally-computed images thus obtained with analogue images of a conventional SLAM. The results show that high-quality, high-resolution subsurface images can be obtained from experimentally acquired data. We also describe techniques to obtain projection data from different angles of wave incidence enabling us to tomographically reconstruct different planes of a complex specimen in microscopic detail. With these modifications in place, STAM should shortly become a powerful tool in non-destructive evaluation.
Dedicated path protection for waveband switching in WDM networks (invited paper)

This paper considers the problem of dedicated path-protection in a wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) mesh network with waveband switching (WBS) functionality under shared risk link group (SRLG) constraints. Two protection schemes are proposed, namely the Protecting-waveBand-At-waveBand-Level-only (PBABL) and the Mixed-Protection-At-waveBand-and-Wavelength-Level (MPABWL). The PBABL protects each working waveband-path by a backup waveband-path. While the MPABWL protects each working waveband-path by either a backup waveband-path or multiple backup lightpaths. The performances of the two protection schemes in terms of gained revenue and cost saving are studied and compared. Integer linear programming (ILP) formulations are presented to solve the problems for each protection scheme. Numerical results of the ILPs and the experimental results of previously proposed heuristics are presented, which show that both heuristics can obtain optimum solutions. According to the results, under heavy load traffic the MPABWL scheme provides solutions with higher revenues than the PBABL scheme does. Under light load traffic, where network resources are sufficient to accommodate all the traffics, the PBABL scheme leads to less switching and transmission costs than the MPABWL scheme does.
The heavy-duty vehicle future in the United States: A parametric analysis of technology and policy tradeoffs

We present a parametric analysis of factors that can influence advanced fuel and technology deployments in U.S. Class 7–8 trucks through 2050. The analysis focuses on the competition between traditional diesel trucks, natural gas vehicles (NGVs), and ultra-efficient powertrains. Underlying the study is a vehicle choice and stock model of the U.S. heavy-duty vehicle market. The model is segmented by vehicle class, body type, powertrain, fleet size, and operational type. We find that conventional diesel trucks will dominate the market through 2050, but NGVs could have significant market penetration depending on key technological and economic uncertainties. Compressed natural gas trucks conducting urban trips in fleets that can support private infrastructure are economically viable now and will continue to gain market share. Ultra-efficient diesel trucks, exemplified by the U.S. Department of Energy's SuperTruck program, are the preferred alternative in the long haul segment, but could compete with liquefied natural gas (LNG) trucks if the fuel price differential between LNG and diesel increases. However, the greatest impact in reducing petroleum consumption and pollutant emissions is had by investing in efficiency technologies that benefit all powertrains, especially the conventional diesels that comprise the majority of the stock, instead of incentivizing specific alternatives.
X-ray fluorescence analysis of silver and palladium film thicknesses on silicon solar cells

An x-ray fluorescence technique was developed to analyze the thickness of Ag and Pd metallization layers on the back side contacts of Si solar cells. The technique employed a Sn secondary target x-ray source excited by a Cr target x-ray tube. Sn Kβ excited Ag Kα in the overlying Ag contact while Sn Kα and Kβ excited Pd Kα in the underlying Pd film. The emitted Ag and Pd Kα intensities were compared with corresponding intensities emitted from pure bulk Ag and Pd standards. Attenuation of Sn Kβ and Sn, Ag and Pd Kα in the Ag contact and in the standards was accounted for in the calculations. The results on 17 cells compared favorably with neutron activation analyses. An accuracy of ±10% was estimated for a 40 nm Pd film beneath a 7 μm Ag contact. Palladium films as thin as 1.5 nm were analyzed. The technique is nondestructive and can be applied to process control in a production environment as well as to laboratory testing of experimental cells.
Psychophysiological Measurement and Meaning

Potter, R. F., & Bolls, P. D. (2012). Psychophysiological Measurement and Meaning: Cognitive and Emotional Processing of Media. New York, NY: Routledge. 285 pages. ISBN: 9780805862867As Potter and ...
Enzymatic Detachment of Endplate Acetylcholinesterase from Muscle

AT the vertebrate neuromuscular junction acetylcholinesterase catalyses the hydrolysis of the transmitter, acetylcholine, which is released from presynaptic nerve terminals1,2. The enzyme is present in high concentration at the endplate, where it can be located by histochemical3 and autoradiographic4 methods. Electron microscopic studies of the endplate region show most of the histochemical reaction product to be in the synaptic cleft or associated with the nerve and muscle membranes5–9. We report here that enzymatic treatment of intact muscle causes the detachment of active endplate acetylcholinesterase from the muscle into the bathing fluid.
Optimizing Sol−Gel Infiltration and Processing Methods for the Fabrication of High-Quality Planar Titania Inverse Opals

We developed a simple sol−gel chemistry-based opal infiltration method for the fabrication of high-quality planar titania photonic crystals. Polystyrene synthetic opals were infiltrated with a hydrophobic and air/moisture-stable liquid titania precursor. The high stability and hydrophobicity of the titania precursor enabled a new “lift-off/turn-over” backfilling technique that after calcination gives planar titania inverse opals with a flat and completely open surface, without the need for additional processing steps to remove any excess surface coating of the backfilling material. We also compare two different infiltration strategies and their influence on the structural and photonic properties. The obtained inverse opals display excellent photonic properties as evidenced by the presence of first-, second-, and third-order Bragg reflection peaks in accordance with theoretical photonic band structure calculations.
Synaptic Organization of the Vertebrate Retina: General Principles and Species-Specific Variations: The Friedenwald Lecture

One of the most striking features of the vertebrates is that their retinal structures are remarkably similar, as recognized by Ramon y Cajal over 100 years ago.1 All vertebrates have two types of photoreceptors, rods and cones, with a ubiquitous molecular cascade underlying phototransduction in the outer segments of both cell types.2,3 Five major types of second-/third-order retinal neurons are found in all vertebrate species: bipolar cells (BCs, including the hyperpolarizing and depolarizing BCs, HBCs, and DBCs), horizontal cells (HCs), amacrine cells (ACs), interplexiform cells (IPCs), and ganglion cells (GCs).4 The neuronal somas are located in three nuclear layers, and their axonal and dendritic processes form complex and orderly networks of chemical and electrical synapses in two (outer and inner) plexiform layers (OPL and IPL).1 During the past few decades, detailed studies on synaptic connectivity and functional pathways in the retina have been performed in many species, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and humans. Results from these studies indicate that retinal synapses are organized in an intricate and orderly fashion, to efficiently process visual signals,4,5 and that synaptic pathways in the retina are arranged according to several general, cross-species principles.6,7 These principles dictate how retinal neurons are connected, synapses are formed, and various synaptic pathways are used to process different attributes of visual stimuli. Since not every type of retinal cell in every vertebrate is equally accessible for experimentation, identifying cross-species, general synaptic principles is important, not only to unravel how the first stages of the visual system operate, but also to facilitate our understanding of retinal function and dysfunction in less accessible animals, especially in humans. In this article, I shall discuss several general principles of synaptic organization in the vertebrate retina and their roles in visual information processing. Moreover, I will briefly mention several species-specific variations in retinal synaptic organization, but because of the space limitation, I will focus on the mammalian-specific AII amacrine cell (AIIAC) pathway.
On a New Lepidomysid From India

[Es wird eine detaillierte und vielseitig illustrierte Beschreibung von Spelaeomysis longipes (Pillai & Mariamma, 1963) vorgelegt. Unter Berucksichtigung der Charaktere der neuen Art wird die Definition der Gattung Spelaeomysis revidiert., Es wird eine detaillierte und vielseitig illustrierte Beschreibung von Spelaeomysis longipes (Pillai & Mariamma, 1963) vorgelegt. Unter Berucksichtigung der Charaktere der neuen Art wird die Definition der Gattung Spelaeomysis revidiert.]
A system for receiving crowd feedback on visual designs

This paper proposes a demonstration of Voyant, a novel system giving users access to a non-expert crowd to receive structured feedback on the perceptions of their designs from a target audience. Voyant generates the elements seen in a design, the order in which elements are noticed, impressions formed when the design is first viewed, and interpretation of the design relative to guidelines in the domain and the user's stated goals. The coordinated views in Voyant is designed to help user analyze relations between the crowd's perception of a design and the visual elements within it.
A Monte Carlo reaction simulation for small-angle correlations between light charged particles

Abstract Nuclear reactions often proceed via fusion of projectile and target into a thermalized compound nucleus. For hot compound nuclei of temperature ≈1–5 MeV one expects that a chain of particles (neutrons, protons, alphas…) will be evaporated with a variety of time intervals of ≈10-22-10-20 s. The determination ofthese emission times is a major challenge for nuclear physicists. Such time intervals are too short to measure directly, but they do lead to final-state interactions between charged-particle pairs due to their mutual Coulomb repulsions. Therefore, one expects correlations between the charged-particle pairs that depend on their velocities and separation distances at birth, i.e. the flight distance of the first particle before birth of the second. The KALLIOPI program is a reaction simulation designed to predict the particle-particle correlations as a function of predicted or assumed values of the mean emission times. By comparison of the simulated results to experimental data one can test the basic predictions of decay rates for particle ejection from hot nuclear emitter.
Variable pressure hollow-core band-gap fiber cell produced using femtosecond laser micromachining

We fabricate a high-transmission, variable-pressure gas fiber cell that can operate at low and high pressures. The cell is formed by using femtosecond pulses to drill micrometer- diameter radial capillaries through a hollow-core photonic band-gap fiber.