cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Murine Pbx1-d Lupus Susceptibility Allele Accelerates Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation and Impairs Their Immunosuppressive Function

Pre–B cell leukemia homeobox 1 (Pbx1)-d is a dominant-negative splice isoform of the gene Pbx1 that corresponds to the NZM2410 lupus susceptibility locus Sle1a1. Pbx1 is required to maintain stem cell self-renewal, including that of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs have immunosuppressive functions that require stem cell maintenance. We tested the hypothesis that the expression of Pbx1-d favors MSC differentiation and impairs their immunosuppressive functions. We demonstrate that Sle1a1 MSCs express high levels of Pbx1-d as compared with congenic C57BL/6J (B6) MSCs. Sle1a1 MSCs grew faster and differentiated significantly more rapidly into osteoblasts than did B6 MSCs. This corresponded to a significant decrease in the expression of genes associated with stemness and an increase in the expression of genes associated with differentiation. Additionally, Sle1a1 MSCs express a gene expression profile associated with an enhanced innate immunity and inflammation. Suppression of Ig production from TLR-activated B6 B cells and IL-2 secretion from activated B6 CD4+ T cells was significantly impaired in Sle1a1 MSCs as compared with B6 MSCs. B6.Sle1a1 MSCs showed intermediate activity in suppressing lupus immunophenotypes in three different mouse models. Taken together, these data suggest that the expression of the lupus susceptibility allele Pbx1-d isoform impairs MSC functions, which may contribute to lupus pathogenesis both through a defective immunosuppression and the promotion of a proinflammatory environment.
Self-reference and chaos in fuzzy logic

Investigates a range of phenomena from dynamical systems or chaos theory which appear in a simple fuzzy logic with the introduction of self-reference. Within that logic, self-referential sentences exhibit properties of fixed point attractors, fixed point repellers, and full chaos on the
Risk Analysis, Philosophy, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences: Reflections on the Scope of Risk Analysis Research

This paper reviews the contributions of philosophy and the social and behavioral sciences to risk analysis. It concludes that philosophical, social, and behavioral research can contribute to the resolution of complex risk issues in at least four areas: (i) comparative risk analysis; (ii) the use of risk-related scientific information in the decision-making process; (iii) risk perception; and (iv) institutional and organizational features of the risk-management system.
Extended Region of Nodulation Genes in Rhizobium meliloti 1021. II. Nucleotide Sequence, Transcription Start Sites and Protein Products

We have established the DNA sequence and analyzed the transcription and translation products of a series of putative nodulation (nod) genes in Rhizobium meliloti strain 1021. Four loci have been designated nodF, nodE, nodG and nodH. The correlation of transposon insertion positions with phenotypes and open reading frames was confirmed by sequencing the insertion junctions of the transposons. The protein products of these nod genes were visualized by in vitro expression of cloned DNA segments in a R. meliloti transcription-translation system. In addition, the sequence for nodG was substantiated by creating translational fusions in all three reading frames at several points in the sequence; the resulting fusions were expressed in vitro in both E. coli and R. meliloti transcription-translation systems. A DNA segment bearing several open reading frames downstream of nodG corresponds to the putative nod gene mutated in strain nod-216. The transcription start sites of nodF and nodH were mapped by primer extension of RNA from cells induced with the plant flavone, luteolin. Initiation of transcription occurs approximately 25 bp downstream from the conserved sequence designated the "nod box," suggesting that this conserved sequence acts as an upstream regulator of inducible nod gene expression. Its distance from the transcription start site is more suggestive of an activator binding site rather than an RNA polymerase binding site.
Doing Ethics in a Plural World

The nearly universal moral acclaim granted to Gandhi — even more after his death than during his lifetime — may eventually make him one of history’s first global saints.If so, it would be a significant phenomenon: rarely has a figure been admired as a moral exemplar simultaneously in several cultural traditions.To what can we attribute Gandhi’s multicultural appeal? One explanation — and a enticing one at that — is that Gandhi manifests a set of virtues held in common by many ethical traditions.
Selection for a red tide organism: Physiological responses to the physical environment1,2

The dinoflagellate Prorocentrum mariae-Zehouriae has specific physiological characteristics that allow it to participate in a subsurface transport from the southern Chesapeake Bay to the northern bay, where it upwells and forms red tides. A particular growth rate dependence both on temperature and salinity restricts its year-round distribution to”the high-salinity southern bay. At summer temperatures, increased tolerance to low salinities allows rapid growth in the low-salinity waters of the northern bay. Positive phototaxis is proposed to act in conjunction with downwelling convergence at a frontal region to form the initial subsurface concentration maximum or lens. Repression of positive phototaxis at a salinity interface appears to prevent the subsurface concentrations from crossing the sharp halocline, retaining the lens population in northward-flowing bottom waters. Prorocentrum increases its pigment concentration and retains its photosynthetic capacity at the extremely low light intensities encountered during the 200-km northward transport. In nutrient-poor surface waters in surnmer, Prorocentrum migrates at night to the higher nutrient pycnocline region. The winterspring phasing of the strcamflows in both northern and soiithern bays may be used to predict the degree of Prorocentrum blooming in the northern bay in summer. Tyler and Seliger (1978) described a subsurface transport of a red tide organism, Prorocentrum mariae-lebouriae, from the southern to the northern Chesapeake Bay, a distance of about 240 km. The evidence for this transport consisted of a temporal series of synoptic measurements of salinity stratification and destratification in the southern and northern bay respectively upon which were superimposed the sequential concentration isopleths of Prorocentrum. The entire sequence thus appeared as a series of snapshots indicating the progression of Prorocentrum in bottom waters from its winter quarters in the southern bay to its summer bloom area in the northern. We here describe and present evidence for specific physical hydrographic mecha
Comments from the Editor

Legal Statement UPDATE: Applications of Research in Music Education is copyrighted by MENC: The National Association for Music Education. You can read or download a single print of an MENC online journal exactly as if you had purchased a subscription to the journal in print form. You do not have any other rights or licenses to this material. This material cannot be reproduced, retransmitted, or reprinted without permission from MENC. This means multiple copies for handout or library reserve cannot be made. Placing on Web sites or school broadcast systems is prohibited, and printing in full or part in other documents is not permitted. To make use of an article or a journal in any of the aforementioned circumstances, please send a request to our editorial department at caroline@menc.org, fax a request to Caroline Arlington at 703-860-9443, or call 800-336-3768, ext. 238 for more information. FALL–WINTER 2005 VOLUME 24, NUMBER 1
Localization of AMPA glutamate receptor subunits in subpopulations of non-pyramidal neurons in the rat basolateral amygdala

Abstract A two-color immunoperoxidase technique was used to investigate the localization of GluR1 and GluR2/3 α-amino 3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole (AMPA) glutamate receptor subunits in subpopulations of non-pyramidal neurons in the rat basolateral amygdala. Antibodies to neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and calcium binding proteins were used to mark three distinct subsets of non-pyramidal cells. Only non-pyramidal neurons containing the calcium binding proteins parvalbumin (PV) and calbindin D-28k (CB) exhibited robust GluR1-like immunoreactivity (GluR1-ir). Light GluR1-ir was observed in some neurons with NPY-ir and VIP-ir, as well as in some pyramidal cells. Only pyramidal cells exhibited robust GluR2/3-ir. No significant amount of GluR2/3-ir was seen in any of the three main classes of non-pyramidal cells. These findings indicate that in the rat basolateral amygdala GluR2/3-ir is found primarily in pyramidal neurons whereas GluR1-ir is found mainly in non-pyramidal neurons that contain PV or CB.
Hinged Dissection of Polygons is Hard

We show several natural questions about hinged dissections of polygons to be PSPACE-hard. The most basic of these is: Given a hinged set of pieces and two configurations for them, can we swing the pieces on the hinges to transform one configuration to the other? We also consider variants in which the configurations must be convex, the placement of hinges is not specified, or the configurations are not supplied, but just the target shapes. We show all of these variants to be PSPACEhard, via a reduction from Nondeterministic Constraint Logic [4].
The fitness of filamentous fungi

Fitness is a common currency in comparative biology. Without data on fitness, hypotheses about the adaptive significance of phenotypes or basic mechanisms of evolution, for example natural selection, remain speculative. Experiments with fungi can address questions specific to fungi or questions with a broader significance. Fungi can challenge the generality of fundamental evolutionary principles, yet there are no standard measures of fungal fitness. We argue that focusing on a single aspect of a complex life cycle, or a single measure of fitness (e.g. the number of asexual spores) is appropriate. Choosing which aspect of fitness to measure can be facilitated by an understanding of how fitness measures are correlated. Choices can also be based on the ecology of a species, for example whether a fungus is semelparous and reproduces once, or iteroparous and reproduces multiple times.
The Photoactivated Cross-linking of Recombinant C-terminal Domain to Proteins in a HeLa Cell Transcription Extract That Comigrate with Transcription Factors IIE and IIF

Abstract The C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) is essential for the assembly of RNAP II into preinitiation complexes on some promoters such as the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) promoter. In addition, during the transition from a preinitiation complex to a stable elongation complex, the CTD becomes heavily phosphorylated. In this report, interactions involving the CTD have been examined by protein-protein cross-linking. As a prelude to the study of CTD interactions, the effect of recombinant CTD on in vitro transcription was examined. The presence of recombinant CTD inhibits in vitro transcription from both the DHFR and adenovirus 2 major late promoters, suggesting that the CTD is involved in essential interactions with a general transcription factor(s). Factors in the transcription extract that interact with the CTD were identified by protein-protein cross-linking. Recombinant CTD was phosphorylated at its casein kinase II site, at the C terminus of the CTD, in the presence of [S]adenosine 5′-O-(thiotriphosphate) and alkylated with azidophenacyl bromide. Incubation of azido-modified S-labeled CTD with a HeLa transcription extract followed by ultraviolet irradiation results in the covalent cross-linking of the CTD to proteins in contact with the CTD at the time of irradiation. Subsequent incubation with phenylmercuric acetate results in the transfer of S from the CTD to the protein to which it was cross-linked. The two major photolabeled bands have a M of 34,000 and 74,000. The specificity of CTD interactions was demonstrated by a reduction in photolabeling in the presence of unmodified CTD or RNAP II containing an intact CTD (RNAP IIA) but not in the presence of a CTD-less RNAP II (RNAP IIB). The S-labeled 34- and 74-kDa proteins comigrate on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with the β subunit of transcription factor IIE and the 74-kDa subunit of transcription factor IIF, respectively. Moreover, some of the minor S-labeled bands comigrate with other subunits of the general transcription factors.
Malignant Memories Effect of a Shooting in the Workplace on School Personnel's Attitudes

Because attitudes signify how an individual organizes and integrates perceptions of self and social context, effects of a man-made disaster in the workplace on attitudes toward self, family, workplace, community, and social issues were surveyed in school personnel 6 and 18 months after a shooting and intervention to extend understanding of human response to stress. Results showed that attitudes were more positive than negative in this study group. Additionally, specific attitudes were associated with specific preexisting personality and familial variables, as well as posttraumatic and associated symptoms. Positive attitudes toward the self were associated with fewer maladaptive personality and family characteristics. Positive attitudes toward family correlated with fewer maladaptive personality features and fewer posttraumatic symptoms. Positive attitudes toward community and workplace, especially coworkers, were associated with fewer posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and associated symptoms. Generally...
Developing a Strategy for Adult Education Via Mass Media

Most research on the effectiveness of instructional television is generalizable to school children and other "captive" audiences. Empirical support is presented here for the proposition that the typical, non-captive adult audience will attend to and appreciate exposure to instructional television. Formative and summative evaluations of two developmental stages of a television-based, multi-media system are reviewed, indicating a strategy for adult education via mass media should include nationally known per sonalities and extensive advertising; and that, while personal con tacts in the form of home visitors is not necessary, a feedback mechanism encouraging audience participation does seem to im prove effectiveness. The need for formative research in instruc tional television is discussed.
Satanic verses or a satanic novel? Moral dilemmas of the Rushdie affair

(1990). Satanic verses or a satanic novel? Moral dilemmas of the Rushdie affair. Third World Quarterly: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 116-139.
Does donor arterial partial pressure of oxygen affect outcomes after lung transplantation? A review of more than 12,000 lung transplants.

Introduction In lung transplantation (LTx), the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO 2 ) is traditionally regarded as critical information for assessment of donor lung function. Each center sets its own thresholds; by convention, a donor PaO 2 of less than 300 mm Hg has been considered disqualifying. Limited literature exists to support such a practice. We analyzed all LTxs performed in the United States over a 9-year period to assess the effect of donor PaO 2 on graft survival. Methods The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database was queried for LTx (January 2000–November 2009). Of 12,545 LTx performed, 12,045 (96%) had donor PaO 2 data on a fraction of inspired oxygen of 1.0, recorded at the time of procurement. Results Mean donor PaO 2 was 407 ± 140 mm Hg. The majority of LTxs had a donor PaO 2 greater than 300 mm Hg (9593 (80%]) whereas PaO 2 was 200 mm Hg or less in 1830 (15%) and 201 to 300 in 582 (5%) donors. Use of donors with a PaO 2 of less than 200 increased over time from 5% (45) in 2000 to 21% (295) in 2009 ( P = .002). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed no difference in graft survival with differing donor PaO 2 s, irrespective of whether patients had a single or double LTx. A Cox multivariable analysis of 21 donor characteristics demonstrated that donor PaO 2 had no association with graft survival. Conclusions Donor PaO 2 levels did not affect graft survival. The use of donors with lower PaO 2 s could substantially increase the donor pool. We are not suggesting that donor PaO 2 is not important when assessing potential lung donors but its level of importance in regard to other criteria appears less than previously believed.
Conformational Evolution: The Wiggling of Peptides into Amyloid

Abstract In this issue of Structure , Klimov and Thirumalai provide a first glimpse into the forming amyloid nucleus and explain divergent experimental observations of amyloid self-assembly in the initial stages of amyloid formation.
Turner, Thornburgh, and an Inmate's Right to Read: The Chelsea Manning Case and Possible Solutions to BOP and USDB Regulation Language

In 2013, the United States Army Military District of Washington convicted army intelligence analyst Chelsea Manning of violating provisions of the federal Espionage Act by releasing highly-sensitive military and diplomatic documents to WikiLeaks. Currently incarcerated in a maximum-security prison, Manning faces solitary confinement for keeping prohibited publications in her cell without filing a book request. The Manning case represents a recent concern lodged at both the United States Disciplinary Barracks (USDB) rules and the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) regulations they derive from: the ambiguity of how prison administrators may accept or deny book requests on a case-by-case basis.The current BOP framework under 28 C.F.R. § 540.71(b) allows wardens to deny a request if it is “determined detrimental to the security, good order, or discipline of the institution or if it might facilitate criminal activity.”The United States Supreme Court preserves a doctrine of deference toward incoming publications as a First Amendment issue. Since 1977, the Court has maintained that prison administrators are in the best position to assess the reasonability of book requests. Institutional rules are flexible and depend on the individual prisoner, sentence, or behavior. Some correctional facilities keep relaxed systems meeting the minimum requirements of § 540.71, while others “refuse to allow any books whose content includes anything legal, medical or contains violence.”By affording prison officials the freedom to decide which materials to ban from federal inmates, inconsistencies result in the interpretation of § 540.71 throughout the federal prison system. This lack of judicial guidance can have a significant effect on the level of First Amendment protection afforded from institution to institution.This Note sheds light on the constitutional and enforcement implications of § 540.71 on book requests for federal inmates, and proposes an alternative to these regulations based on a federally recognized banned publication list extendable to the USDB Military Correctional Complex (MCC) Regulations. The Note will examine the deference given to prison officials — the “hands-off” approach — and the historical trend toward this doctrine. Education and open access to information in the prison system can encourage self-improvement and reduce recidivism. A guided, analytical approach to prison publication requests would eliminate the pressure to determine what constitutes objectionable material by equipping prison administrators with the sense of direction necessary to decide delicate constitutional questions, thus creating a level playing field between prison policies.
POLARIZATION OF THE L$alpha$$sub 1$ X RAYS OF MERCURY.

The polarization of the $L{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$ characteristic x rays of mercury has been measured with respect to the emission plane. A mercury-vapor-target x-ray tube was used with a jet density such that most electrons encountered only a single exciting collision. A quartz crystal ($23\overline{5}4$) plane which diffracted the $L{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$ line (1. 241 20 ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{*}$) at an angle $2\ensuremath{\theta}={104}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ was used as the analyzer. The observed polarization was (- 14\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4)%.
Extending the diffuse layer model of surface acidity constant behaviour: IV. Diffuse layer charge/potential relationships

AbstractMost current electrostatic surface complexation models describing ionic binding at the particle/water interface rely on the use of Poisson–Boltzmann (PB) theory for relating diffuse layer charge densities to diffuse layer electrostatic potentials. PB theory is known to contain a number of implicit assumptions whose significance in environmental applications is largely unknown. This study seeks to better quantify the impact of these assumptions by: (1) comparing potentials obtained from planar analytical solutions to the PB with those obtained from Hypernetted Chain (HNC) theory (Attard, 2006), (2) assessing the accuracy of the Ohshima et al. (1982) spherical approximate analytical solution to the PB equation by comparison with published numerical values (Loeb et al., 1961), and (3) comparing interfacial potential estimates obtained from the spherical approximate analytical solution to the PB equation at and adjacent to the particle surface with potential estimates obtained from the Entropic Balanc...
Heat stress yields a unique MADS box transcription factor in determining seed size and thermal sensitivity

Early seed development events are highly sensitive to increased temperature. This high sensitivity to a short-duration temperature spike reduces seed viability and seed size at maturity. The molecular basis of heat stress sensitivity during early seed development is not known. We selected rice (Oryza sativa), a highly heat-sensitive species, to explore this phenomenon. Here, we elucidate the molecular pathways that contribute to the heat sensitivity of a critical developmental window during which the endosperm transitions from syncytium to the cellularization stage in young seeds. A transcriptomic comparison of seeds exposed to moderate (35°C) and severe (39°C) heat stress with control (28°C) seeds identified a set of putative imprinted genes, which were down-regulated under severe heat stress. Several type I MADS box genes specifically expressed during the syncytial stage were differentially regulated under moderate and severe heat stress. The suppression and overaccumulation of these genes are associated with precocious and delayed cellularization under moderate and severe stress, respectively. We show that modulating the expression of OsMADS87, one of the heat-sensitive, imprinted genes associated with syncytial stage endosperm, regulates rice seed size. Transgenic seeds deficient in OsMADS87 exhibit accelerated endosperm cellularization. These seeds also have lower sensitivity to a moderate heat stress in terms of seed size reduction compared with seeds from wild-type plants and plants overexpressing OsMADS87. Our findings suggest that OsMADS87 and several other genes identified in this study could be potential targets for improving the thermal resilience of rice during reproductive development.
Kinetics of −CH2CH2– Hydrogen Release from a BN-cyclohexene Derivative

Complete −CH2CH2– dehydrogenation of 1,2-dimethyl-1,2-BN-cyclohexene (1) was achieved using a Pd/C catalyst in a gas-phase microreactor. Arrhenius analysis yielded an activation energy (Ea) of 10.3 ± 0.3 kcal mol–1 and a pre-exponential factor (A) of 2.2 ± 0.2 (log A), respectively. These terms reflect a lesser kinetic favorability in comparison to those determined for all-carbon dimethylcyclohexene (Ea = 8.6 ± 0.3 kcal mol–1, log A = 3.6 ± 0.1). Despite being isostructural and isoelectronic with a C═C bond, the B–N bond of 1 thus appears to confer a different measure of activity with respect to Pd-catalyzed −CH2CH2– dehydrogenation.
Monte Carlo simulation of the influence of pressure and target–substrate distance on the sputtering process for metal and semiconductor layers

The energy and the number of particles arriving at the substrate during physical vapor deposition (PVD) are in close relation with divers parameters. In this work, we present the influence of the distance between the target and substrate and the gas pressure in the sputtering process of deposited layers of metals (Cu, Al and Ag) and semiconductors (Ge, Te and Si) for substrate diameter of 40 cm and target diameter of 5 cm. The nascent sputter flux, the flux of the atoms and their energy arriving at the substrate have been simulated by Monte Carlo codes. A good agreement between previous works of other groups and our simulations for sputter pressures (0.3–1 Pa) and target–substrate distances (8–20 cm) is obtained.
Model of Meniscus Shape and Disjoining Pressure of Thin Liquid Films on Nanostructured Surfaces with Electrostatic Interactions

The effect of electrostatic interactions on the stability of thin liquid films on nanostructured surfaces is important in lubrication, wetting, and phase change but is poorly understood. In this study, a general, closed-form model is developed to account for both the effects of electrostatic and van der Waals interactions on meniscus shape and disjoining pressure for thin liquid films on nanostructured surfaces based on the minimization of free energy, the Derjaguin approximation, and the disjoining pressure theory for flat surfaces. The model is verified using the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for a water–alumina system with both triangular and square nanostructures of varying depth and film thickness. Good agreement is obtained between MD results and model predictions, demonstrating the robustness of the analytical model. The results show that the electrostatic interactions enhance the disjoining pressure, thereby making the meniscus more conformal to the nanostructured surfaces. In addition, the ...
Rare Taxa Maintain Microbial Diversity and Contribute to Terrestrial Community Dynamics throughout Bark Beetle Infestation

ABSTRACT A global phenomenon of increasing bark beetle-induced tree mortality has heightened concerns regarding ecosystem response and biogeochemical implications. Here, we explore microbial dynamics under lodgepole pines through the analysis of bulk (16S rRNA gene) and potentially active (16S rRNA) communities to understand the terrestrial ecosystem responses that are associated with this form of large-scale tree mortality. We found that the relative abundances of bulk and potentially active taxa were correlated across taxonomic levels, but at lower levels, cladal differences became more apparent. Despite this correlation, there was a strong differentiation of community composition between bulk and potentially active taxa, with further clustering associated with the stages of tree mortality. Surprisingly, community clustering as a function of tree phase had limited correlation to soil water content and total nitrogen concentrations, which were the only two measured edaphic parameters to differ in association with tree phase. Bacterial clustering is more readily explained by the observed decrease in the abundance of active, rare microorganisms after tree death in conjunction with stable alpha diversity measurements. This enables the rare fraction of the terrestrial microbial community to maintain metabolic diversity by transitioning between metabolically active and dormant states during this ecosystem disturbance and contributes disproportionately to community dynamics and archived metabolic capabilities. These results suggest that analyzing bulk and potentially active communities after beetle infestation may be a more sensitive indicator of disruption than measuring local edaphic parameters. IMPORTANCE Forests around the world are experiencing unprecedented mortality due to insect infestations that are fueled in part by a changing climate. While aboveground processes have been explored, changes at the terrestrial interface that are relevant to microbial biogeochemical cycling remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the changing bulk and potentially active microbial communities beneath healthy and beetle-killed trees. We found that, even though few edaphic parameters were altered from beetle infestation, the rare microbes were more likely to be active and fluctuate between dormancy and metabolic activity. This indicates that rare as opposed to abundant taxa contribute disproportionately to microbial community dynamics and presumably biogeochemical cycling within these types of perturbed ecosystems.
Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy: Diagnostic Criteria

The diagnostic significance of clinical, neurophysiologic, and neuroradiologic findings in 13 patients with infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD) was evaluated at the National Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy.
A review of nursery production systems and their influence on urban tree survival

Abstract Urban trees face a myriad of complex challenges growing in the built environment. The most common environmental conditions influencing urban tree mortality are water availability, nutrient deficiency and soil compaction. Long-term survival of recently installed trees has been directly attributed to site conditions, planting technique, and post-transplant maintenance. Tree survival is also dependent on selection of healthy, suitable plant material. Production methods for woody plants include traditional plastic containers (CG), pot-in-pot containers (PIP), and in-ground fabric containers (IGF). Field grown trees may be produced as bare-root (BR) or root ball-excavated and burlap-wrapped (B&B) trees. Each of these methods offers unique advantages in relation to production and installation. Many of the studies reviewed reveal varying post-transplant establishment and survival responses to production methods at a species-specific level.
Timing of Apple Fruit Infection by Neofabraea perennans and Neofabraea kienholzii in Relation to Bull's-eye Rot Development in Stored Apple Fruit

Bull’s-eye rot is a postharvest disease of pome fruit in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. The disease is caused by the fungi Neofabraea kienholzii, N. malicorticis, N. perennans, and N. vagabunda. Fruit infection by these pathogens is initiated in the orchard during the fruit-growing season but remains latent at harvest. For fruit held in postharvest cold storage, bull’s-eye rot symptom development is slow to progress, requiring at least 3 months before symptoms are first visible. In order to determine the timing of preharvest fruit infection in relation to bull’s-eye rot development in cold storage, ‘Red Delicious’ and ‘Fuji’ apple fruit were inoculated with a conidial suspension of N. perennans or N. kienholzii at different inoculation timings throughout the fruit growing seasons of 2012 to 2014. Fruit were harvested and stored at 0°C for up to 10 months, during which time disease incidence was recorded periodically. Results from this study demonstrate that apple fruit infection by either pathogen may occur ...
Facework and (Im)politeness in Political Exchanges

This chapter begins with a description of the six features of political exchanges that make facework and politeness demands different from those of ordinary conversation. Then, the chapter reviews what we have learned about (Im)politeness in parliamentary discourse and broadcast interviews with political figures, as well as a number of other less frequently studied kinds of political situations. The next section is an exploration of a case: citizen testimony in US state legislative committees regarding same-sex marriage, and the chapter’s final section offers directions for future study.
23andMe Paves the Way for Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Health Risk Tests of Limited Clinical Utility

This commentary discusses the limited clinical utility of 23andMe's direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic test and raises concerns that its approval creates a pathway that could lead to expansive DTC ge...
Examining the Hepatic Effects of In Utero Exposure to 2-Amionanthracene

The extreme prevalence of diabetes in the United States has not always existed; the number of cases has dramatically risen in recent history. Previous research has indicated 2-aminoanthracene (2AA) causing alteration of gene expression and systemic injury in adult rats. This project determines the effects of 2AA on the in utero pups after being ingested by the dams. The goal was to identify any systemic injuries or effects on the in utero pups after ingestion of 2AA by their dams. This information is useful to determine the possible effects of pregnant humans ingesting 2AA, which is a compound that could easily be ingested in large quantities because of its prevalence in products and prepared food. 2AA could have potential effects on the pregnant mother and her unborn child. 2AA may cause alteration in gene expression or systemic injury that could last into adulthood and encourage or even cause insulin resistance or Type-II diabetes (T2D). Weight gain differed between the test groups and the control group. The low dose of 2AA promoted weight gain and the high dose inhibited. No significant difference in CD68+ (cluster differentiation 68) cell count between the treated and untreated groups occurred. Alteration in gene expression because of 2AA exposure was found. mRNA quantification revealed that adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), fatty acid synthase(FASN) and peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor alpha (PPARA) were not expressed, while cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1(PCK1) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1(SOCS1) were upregulated. Findings from this study suggest intrauterine exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particular 2-aminoanthracene, may lead to susceptibility to T2D.
59 Correlates of digital dating violence among high-risk emerging adults

Purpose Digital dating violence (DDV) is an issue of concern with increases in technology use among emerging adults (EA). Despite this surge, predictors of DDV perpetration remain understudied, particularly among non-college EAs. This study examines the relationship between DDV perpetration, trait mindfulness, dating partner residence, receipt of public assistance, and demographic characteristics among at-risk EAs. The evaluation of correlates of DDV perpetration will inform the development of effective treatment interventions. Methods EAs (n=775) ages 18–25 years treated in the emergency department (ED) for any reason completed a self-administered computerised survey. Ordinary least squares linear regression with a Poisson distribution was conducted to examine associations between DDV perpetration and trait mindfulness, dating partner residence, receipt of public assistance, and demographic characteristics. Results Thirty-seven percent of the sample was comprised of women, 43% received public assistance, and 25% lived with a dating partner. The majority of the sample identified as Black (61%), while the remaining as Caucasian (39%). Analyses indicated that higher levels of trait mindfulness were associated with lower levels of DDV perpetration (I²=−0.06, p Conclusions These findings indicate that lower levels of trait mindfulness, living with a partner and receiving public assistance (likely indicative of economic stressors) were associated with more DDV perpetration. Interventions aimed at reducing DDV perpetration should give special attention to these characteristics. Contributions This work is part of a growing body of research aimed at developing evidenced-based interventions for DDV perpetration. The identification of correlates of DDV perpetration will contribute to the development of more effective interventions to mitigate this type of aggression.
The Transformation of the Healthcare System: Integrated Primary Care and the Role of Stepped Care Interventions for Behavioral Health Providers

Most countries spend a significant portion of their gross domestic product (GDP) on healthcare expenses. As of 2013, the OECD average healthcare expense per GDP was 8.9%, and in the United States (US), one of the most fragmented examples of healthcare, over 16.4% of the nation’s GDP was spent on healthcare expenses (OECD, 2015). Furthermore, healthcare costs are steadily increasing at an annual rate of 3%, well above the inflation rate (Moses et al., 2013). Though US healthcare expenditures surpass that of any other developed country, data indicates that American healthcare fails to achieve proportionately higher outcomes and quality, typically trailing behind many middle-income countries (Berwick, Nolan, & Whittington, 2008; Moses et al., 2013). The mismatch between spending and quality, in conjunction with the ever-increasing costs of healthcare, has spurred the need for reform and has become a major political and social discussion point.
Simple analytics of the impact of terror generation on attacker–defender interactions

A simple Attacker-Defender interaction is analyzed, in which a single terrorist (denoted T) may attack a single target in the homeland of a government/state (denoted G). The interaction is modelled as a one-shot sequential move game in which G first chooses how heavily to defend the target, after which T chooses whether or not to stage an attack. T’s benefit from a successful attack is allowed to be increasing in the quantity of resources that G allocates to defense. In the context of terrorism, that assumption has multiple reasonable interpretations, including situations in which: (i) citizens of the target country are terrified to a greater degree when a more heavily fortified target is attacked successfully or (ii) a successful attack on a more heavily fortified target allows the terrorists to recruit more effectively. The amount by which T’s benefit from a successful attack exceeds its baseline owing to greater defensive efforts by G can be thought of as a terror effect. Such an approach differentiates terrorism from traditional conflict in an important way. For the specified model, defensive efforts by G necessary to prevent T from staging an attack are increasing in the magnitude of the terror effect. Moreover, if G inaccurately underestimates the magnitude of the terror effect, then G might choose either less than or more than the optimal level of defense, with the realized outcome depending upon model parameters. The results highlight the importance of correctly understanding the payoffs and motives of terrorists in order to be able to allocate defensive resources optimally.
Surface Energy as an Indicator of Interfacial Mechanical Response

Contact angles between silicon and a variety of silicon carbide-based fibers have been measured and correlated to the mechanical behavior of the fiber-matrix interface. Infiltration by the molten silicon into the fibers and/or reaction with excess carbon to form silicon carbide gives rise to low contact angles and high toughness interfaces. It is suggested that the high toughness of the interface is morphology-controlled.
Terrien's Marginal Degeneration: Corneal Topography

Computer-assisted corneal topographic analysis was used to evaluate the corneal contour of four patients with Terrien's marginal degeneration. The corneal topography in these patients was characterized by flattening over the areas of peripheral thinning produced by the disorder. When thinning was restricted to the superior and/or inferior areas of the peripheral cornea, there was a relative steepening of the corneal surface approximately 90 degrees away from the midpoint of the thinned area. This resulted in high against-the-rule or oblique astigmatism characteristic of the disorder. This common pattern is attributable to the frequency with which the superior and/or inferior peripheral cornea is preferentially involved in Terrien's marginal degeneration. In some patients, the central corneal topography may remain relatively spherical if the area of thinning is small or if the disorder extends around the entire circumference of the cornea.
Glycohemoglobin quantitation by alkaline gel electrophoresis. A reliable technique with practical clinical advantages.

The Beckman Paragon® alkaline gel electrophoresis system was evaluated for utility in identification and quantitation of glycosylated hemoglobin in the clinical laboratory setting. In contrast to other alkaline hemoglobin electrophoresis systems, this system provides adequate separation of HbA from its glycosylated form. A band anodal to HbA was identified as glycohemoglobin; in vitro synthesis of glycohemoglobin confirmed the migration pattern of the glycohemoglobin band. In both in vitro synthesis studies and in a series of 48 patients, quantitation of the glycohemoglobin band by densitometry showed good correlation (r = 0.99 and r = 0.96, respectively) with values obtained by a standard column chromatographic technique. Beyond reliable quantitation of glycohemoglobin, this system offers two advantages. First, it discriminates hemoglobin F and hemoglobins with low isoelectric points that may coincidentally be measured as glycohemoglobin by other techniques. Second, it provides simultaneous detection of common hemoglobinopathies, a necessity for accurate reporting of glycohemoglobin in the diabetic patient with a concomitant hemoglobinopathy.
Effects of ketamine on the fetal transcriptomic response to umbilical cord occlusion: comparison with hypoxic hypoxia in the cerebral cortex.

Key points The cerebral response to fetal asphyxia is characterized by an upregulation of nucleic acid and chromatin modification processes, as well as a downregulation of metabolic processes at 1 h post-umbilical cord occlusion (UCO). Twenty-four hours post UCO, there was an upregulation of metabolic processes and protein modifications. UCO did not alter bacterial gene expression levels, nor did it produce a robust inflammatory response compared to maternal hypoxia. The administration of ketamine produced minimal effects on the fetal response to UCO in the cerebral cortex. Abstract Umbilical cord occlusion (UCO) is known to cause neurological disorders in the neonate. Previously, we have reported that hypoxic hypoxia (HH) stimulates the appearance of bacteria in the fetal brain and upregulates the expression of inflammatory markers in fetal cerebral cortex (CTX) and also that ketamine attenuates these responses. In the present study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that UCO, similar to HH, produces an inflammatory response in the fetal CTX and also that treatment with ketamine reduces these effects. In chronically instrumented fetal sheep (∼125 days), 30 min of partial UCO decreased fetal P a O 2 levels by ∼50%. Half of the fetuses received ketamine (3 mg kg-1 ) 10 min prior to UCO (n = 4 per group). Fetal brains were collected 1 and 24 h after the experiment and mRNA was extracted and hybridized for microarray analyses. Differentially-expressed genes were analysed for significant association with gene ontologies and pathways. After 1 h, UCO upregulated nucleic acid processing and chromatin modification and downregulated metabolic processes compared to control. After 24 h, UCO upregulated metabolic and protein modification processes. Ketamine produced minimal effects. UCO did not alter the abundance of bacterial DNA in fetal brain, nor did it upregulate inflammation pathways compared to HH. We conclude that UCO produced time-dependent responses that did not include bacterial invasion or upregulation of inflammation pathways in fetal CTX. This contrasts with the response to HH, which resulted in the appearance of bacteria in the CTX and upregulated inflammation pathways. These responses in fetal CTX to oxygen deprivation are therefore modified by the maternal or placental response to the stimulus.
The Effect of Unpreparedness for Immigration Court on Psychopathology

Violence and economic hardship in Central America have resulted in a surge of immigrants entering the USA and immigration court proceedings. Concerns about immigration proceedings, including fear of deportation, and feeling unprepared for court appearances, may exacerbate risk for mental illness. Against this background, this study aimed to examine the degree to which immigration-court-related concerns relate to emotional symptoms. Seventy-six recently immigrated Spanish-speaking high school students were surveyed using the Perceived Preparedness for Immigration Court Scale (PPICS) and the Intolerance of Unpreparedness Scale for Immigration Court (IUPS). Participants ranged in age from 15 to 25 years old (M = 19.6; SD = 2.1), and 56.6% were male (n = 43). Analyses revealed that perceived preparedness for immigration court is a significant moderator of the relation between intolerance of unpreparedness for immigration court and emotional problems, such that individuals experience more emotional problems the more intolerant they are of feeling unprepared for immigration court at all levels of perceived preparedness in females, but only at low and moderate levels of perceived preparedness for males. Future research should explore intolerance of unpreparedness and perceived preparedness for immigration court as targets for intervention in this population, taking note of gender differences.
Toward Better Understanding of Function Allocation Requirements for Planetary Eva and Habitat Tasks

The authors participated in a Mars planetary science research analog that included simulated extravehicular activity (EVA) and intravehicular (IV) crewmembers with delayed communications with Earth...
In-Hospital Outcomes After Transcatheter Versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Octogenarians.

Background Octogenarians have low physiologic reserve and may benefit more from transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) than surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). Methods and Results This...
Evaluation of the Effects of Dose on Lung Ventilation Calculated from 4D-CT using Deformable Image Registration

Ventilation derived from 4D-CT using deformable image registration (DIR) has been found correlate to the result from a conventional modality very well. How radiation affects ventilation in lungs is still not clearly studied. In this paper, ventilation versus radiation dose is investigated using IV method, a ventilation calculation algorithm based on 4D-CT and DIR. Diffeomorphic morphons was used as the DIR tool. Tidal volume normalized ventilation was used in this study. A total of 20 SBRT lung cancer patientsâ 4D-CT and planning dose data were retrospectively analysed. All the patients had two sets of 4D-CT, one at pre-treatment and one post treatment. Ventilation distributions were calculated based on the two sets of 4D-CT for each case. The two ventilation data sets were aligned using DIR. Radiation dose distributions were resampled to match the resolution of CT images. A ventilation (or ventilation change) and dose values were thus associated to each voxel of the CT images. A function (ventilation change) â dose â volume surface was generated for each case. Average ventilation was found degraded in higher than 20 Gy dose regions for 16 out of the 20 cases. This result can be applied in treatment planning to spare functional lung volumes.