cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Small stories as performative resources: An emerging framework for studying literacy teacher identity

Abstract Taking a functionalist small stories approach, we conceptualize and study teacher identity as theatrical performance of self. From that perspective, we ask: What identity work do small stories do for teachers in literacy classrooms? How do interlocutors use available resources – including curricular resources, small-scale discursive resources, and circulating master narratives/storylines about “how the world is” – to accomplish that identity work through small stories? Analyzing a focal small story event in an urban US middle school English classroom, we show how a teacher (a) mobilized human and non-human story characters to perform being “owner” of the classroom “territory,” (b) appropriated a micro-discursive routine in the classroom, the IRE sequence, to accomplish that performance of self, and (c) construed a reality, a naturalized set of assumptions about the social order of the classroom, by recruiting assumptions available in more broadly circulating cultural “master narratives” about teachers, students and classroom discipline. Combining layers of small story analysis allows us to trace teacher identity through locally enacted, interactionally negotiated performances.
Understanding and Analyzing Freezing-Point Transitions of Confined Fluids within Nanopores.

Understanding phase transitions of fluids confined within nanopores is important for a wide variety of technological applications. It is well known that fluids confined in nanopores typically demonstrate freezing-point depressions, ΔTf, described by the Gibbs–Thomson (GT) equation. Herein, we highlight and correct several thermodynamic inconsistencies in the conventional use of the GT equation, including the fact that the enthalpy of melting, ΔHm, and the solid–liquid surface energy, γSL, are functions of pore diameter, complicating their prediction. We propose a theoretical analysis that employs the Turnbull coefficient, originally derived from metal nucleation theory, and show its consistency as a more reliable quantity for the prediction of ΔTf. This analysis provides a straightforward method to estimate ΔTf of nanoconfined organic fluids. As an example, we apply this technique to ibuprofen, an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), and show that this theory fits well to the experimental ΔTf of nanoco...
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) prevents the degeneration of medial septal cholinergic neurons following fimbria transection

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a member of the neurotrophin family, supports the survival of developing basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in vitro and is retrogradely transported by cholinergic neurons of the medial septum and diagonal band following intrahippocampal injections in vivo. To substantiate a potential role for BDNF in the maintenance of forebrain cholinergic neurons in the adult brain, we assessed the ability of BDNF to sustain the phenotype of medial septal cholinergic neurons following a unilateral transection of the fimbria. BDNF, NGF, or vehicle solutions were infused continuously in adult female rats either into the lateral ventricle (intracerebroventricularly) or directly into the septum for 2 weeks beginning at the time of the transection. In vehicle-infused animals, only 28% of the ChAT-immunoreactive neurons remained on the side ipsilateral to the lesion compared to the contralateral intact side. When infused intracerebroventricularly, both BDNF and NGF reduced the extent of the phenotypic loss, in that 44% and 68%, respectively, of the ChAT-immunopositive neurons remained on the lesioned side. Intraseptal infusion proved even more effective, in that following BDNF and NGF treatment 60% and 86%, respectively, of the normal complement of ChAT-immunopositive neurons were apparent on the side ipsilateral to the lesion. Similar results were obtained when an antibody to the low- affinity NGF receptor was used to identify the cholinergic neurons. To determine if the apparent greater efficacy of NGF compared to BDNF might be related to differences in delivery, we examined the patterns of distribution of radiolabeled BDNF and NGF injected into the lateral ventricle. 125I-BDNF showed only very little diffusion from the ventricles into the adjacent neural tissue and negligible retrograde labeling of the neurons within the basal forebrain. 125I-NGF, however, diffused readily into the brain, resulting in widespread retrograde labeling of basal forebrain neurons. A similarly limited distribution pattern was observed where BDNF was detected immunohistochemically in animals infused intracerebroventricularly (12 micrograms/d) for 2 weeks. In contrast, when delivered intraseptally, the same dose of BDNF exhibited a widespread diffusion within the surrounding neuropil and retrograde labeling of neurons in the medial septum and the vertical limb of the diagonal band. Thus, when delivered effectively, BDNF has a substantial capacity to rescue axotomized cholinergic neurons.
How Markets Work: The Lawyer's Version

In this article, we combine two sources of data to shed light on the nature of transactional legal work. The first consists of stories about contracts that circulate widely among elite transactional lawyers. Surprisingly, the stories portray lawyers as ineffective market actors who are uninterested in designing superior contracts, who follow rather than lead industry standards, and who depend on governments and other outside actors to spur innovation and correct mistakes. We juxtapose these stories against a dataset of sovereign bond contracts produced by these same lawyers. While the stories suggest that lawyers do not compete or design innovative contracts, their contracts suggest the contrary. The contracts, in fact, are entirely consistent with a market narrative in which lawyers engage in substantial innovation despite constraints inherent in sovereign debt legal work. This raises a puzzle: Why would lawyers favor stories that paint them in a negative light and deny them a potent role as market actors? We conclude with some conjectures as to why this might be so.
The Effect of Silicon and Carbon Opacity on Ultraviolet Stellar Spectra

Silicon and especially carbon bound-free absorptions considerably reduce the emergent flux in the ultraviolet for stars near spectral type A0 (T eff = 10000K). An overabundance of silicon and/or an underabundance of carbon can affect the Balmer discontinuity and the Paschen continuum by a few per cent at most. However, the abundances of these ultraviolet absorbers will have little effect on the temperature distribution calculated for a star if the model is chosen to match the visual spectrum. An examination of the ultraviolet spectrum of Sirius shows that still more opacity is needed; part of this absorption can be supplied by line blanketing.
The New International Law Scholarship

This essay replies to criticisms advanced at a conference on our book, The Limits of International Law. We engage the critics on several methodological issues, we attempt to correct misimpressions about some of our arguments, and we reiterate our distinctive empirical claims. We also argue that our critics have more in common with us, and less in common with traditional international law scholars, than they are willing to admit. This observation leads us to claim that a new kind of international law scholarship is emerging, one that relies more heavily on social scientific attitudes and methodologies than the international law scholarship that it is gradually displacing. This trend fills us with optimism about the field, but at the same time we predict, with some misgiving, that much future scholarship will be preoccupied with reconciling the traditional liberal internationalism of the international law academy and the new imperative to use rigorous social scientific methods.
Seeking the Spirit: Communication and the (Re)Development of a “Spiritual” Organization

ABSTRACT This paper reports the results of a 10-month ethnographic case study of a Midwestern U.S. health care system's transition to an avowedly spiritual approach to organizing. Using structuration theory as our guiding framework, we identify and explore participants' meanings for “spiritual” organizing, the communicative processes through which spirituality was created and sustained, and the motives of organizational leaders for linking the spiritual with the corporate. We examine whether spirituality is used to create a system of unobtrusive control used to exploit and manipulate organizational members. We conclude that organizational leaders must balance a dialectic of inspiration and control in striving to create models of organizing that disrupt the subjugation of the spiritual in organizational life.
Ration and toxicant preexposure influence dieldrin accumulation by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Whole body accumulation and tissue distribution of dieldrin in rainbow trout were studied through oral-dose disposition tests and subchronic exposures via water (0.04 and 0.08 μg dieldrin/L) and/or diet (0.087 μg dieldrin/g fish/d). Growth and no-growth (maintenance) rations of 4 and 2% body weight per day were employed. In subchronic tests, apparent steady-state residue concentrations depended on ration and exposure concentration after 8 weeks of exposure. At 16 weeks, mean whole fish residue concentrations ranged from 120 to 1,400 ng dieldrin/g fish. Combination food and water exposures at a growth ration produced the highest accumulation values (1,300–1,400 ng dieldrin/g fish). Maintenance rations apparently limited accumulation to a maximum of 360 ng dieldrin/g fish. Whole body dieldrin concentration, calculated on the basis of total lipids, greatly reduced the differences in residue levels due to ration. Tissue distribution of a single oral dose of [14C]dieldrin was determined in naive (no pretreatment) fish and those preexposed via the diet for 2, 4 or 6 weeks. Tissue concentrations of the tracer dose were determined 48 h following administration. Retention of the [14C]dieldrin was similar in most tissues of naive, 2- or 6-week dieldrin-pretreated fish with a slight downward trend with duration of pretreatment. Retention of 14C in the bile of fish receiving maintenance and growth treatments increased two- and five-fold, respectively, in 6-week pretreated as compared with naive fish. After 4 weeks of pretreatment, 14C concentrations peaked in all tissues except the bile, gut, and gut contents.
Ventricular septal perforation following left ventricular angiography

Abstract A rare case of ventricular septal perforation at the time of left ventricular angiography is reported. The complication, which may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of ventricular septal defect, is suggested by detection of extravasation of contrast agent within the septum itself.
On the Access Time in Mobile Hybrid Networks

This paper investigates the {\em access time} of mobile nodes to infrastructure networks in Mobile Hybrid Networks (MHNs), e.g., sensor-actuator networks, where mobile nodes move around the coexisting infrastructure networks. In such networks, mobile nodes may relay data packets in a hop-by-hop fashion, and eventually deliver packets to the wired networks. Our objective is to study the lower bound of the access time, which implies the minimum time to deliver data packets from low-speed, unreliable wireless networks to the high-speed, reliable infrastructure network. In particular, we propose a theoretical framework to analyze the packet propagation speed in MHNs, and to show that there is a unified lower bound on the access time regardless of data forwarding schemes. When wireless nodes move at an average speed of $v$ and variance $\sigma^2$ towards an AP, and their density $\lambda$ is small (e.g., the network is sparse and surely disconnected), we prove that the expected access time is lower bounded by $\frac{(L_b(0)-r)^2}{\sigma^2}$ if {\em packet mobility} is unbiased and $\frac{L_b(0)-r}{v}$ for the biased case, where $L_b(0)$ is the distance from the source node to the nearest access point. Here, packet mobility is the mobility of a packet due to both {\em node mobility} and {\em data transmissions}. We further propose a routing scheme to achieve such theoretical bounds.
Enzymatic transformation in an electrochemical reactor utilizing a redox mediator-modified enzyme electrode for NAD(H) regeneration

Abstract Lipoamide dehydrogenase covalently modified with N-ethyl-N′-(γ-aminopropyl)-viologen bromide is dip-coated onto a carbon electrode under a Nafion ® film. This provides a novel system for electroenzymatic regeneration of NADH which can be coupled to NADH-dependent enzyme-catalyzed synthesis.
Discrete subaortic stenosis—rapid evolution in infancy

Discrete subaortic stenosis is an acquired lesion that is rare in infancy. We report an infant in whom the lesion developed within four months after cross-sectional echocardiography had revealed an apparently normal outflow tract. Surgical repair was successfully undertaken.
Effects of Chlorpromazine On Dominance and Fighting Behavior in Rats

Forty male albino rats were paired and tested for five trials, one trial daily, in a dominance test situation. At the end of the five trials the dominant-submissive relationships of the pairs of animals were determined and the pairs assigned randomly to one of four groups. The criterion for dominance was total time in control of a food source during the trials. In the second five trials of the study, animals assigned to Group I, which served as a control group, were given injections of saline solution one hour before a dominance test. In Group II, submissive animals were administered .5 mg/kg. of chlorpromazine one hour prior to testing while dominant animals received saline solution. In Group III, dominant animals were given the drug while submissive animals received saline and in Group IV all animals received chlorpromazine. At the conclusion of the five drug trials, all pairs of animals were tested on five more trials during a port-drug stage. Results showed that: 1. When either a dominant or submissive animal of a pair was administered chlorpromazine, the drugged animals tended to control the food source for longer periods of time than did the non-drugged animals. Administration of chlorpromazine to both dominant and submissive animals of a pair caused both animals to spend more time in control of the food although the dominant animals tended to control the food source for longer periods of time than the submissive animals. 2. Fighting behavior was significantly reduced in all drug groups during the drug stage of the study.
Clinical verification of the performance of the pathwork tissue of origin test: utility and limitations.

Gene expression–based assays have been introduced into the clinical arena to assist in the diagnosis of poorly differentiated or undifferentiated tumors. The US Food and Drug Administration has cleared the microarray-based Pathwork Tissue of Origin (TOO) Test (Pathwork Diagnostics, Sunnyvale, CA) for the molecular characterization of such challenging specimens. We aimed at verifying the analytic and clinical performance of this test on 43 poorly differentiated and undifferentiated tumor samples, including 6 off-panel cases and 7 cancers of unknown primary (CUP). Our results showed 97% (95% confidence interval, 80.4%-99.8%) agreement between the Pathwork TOO Test result and the complete diagnosis, which included clinical correlations and immunohistochemical staining, after the original diagnosis. We concluded that for off-panel and CUP samples, the tissue type and the cell type may be confounded by the Pathwork TOO Test and that careful clinicopathologic assessment is needed when interpreting results from this helpful ancillary tool for pathologists.
Health information searching behavior in MedlinePlus and the impact of tasks

Consumer health information is increasingly available online, but this vast amount of information is not necessarily accessible to general consumers. To design effective health information websites, it is critically important to gain an in-depth understanding of how consumers search for health information in these systems. This study is an attempt to explore consumer health information searching behavior in web-based health information spaces by observing their search behaviors in MedlinePlus. Nineteen undergraduate students accomplished three search tasks in MedlinePlus. The participants used both searching and browsing as interaction strategies. This paper reports on the findings of their searching behaviors, particularly query construction, query reformulation, and access to results; and their browsing behaviors, particularly access to different resources, health topics, and related topics. Furthermore, we examined if the number of concepts involved in search tasks had any impact on search behaviors.
Separation of Selected Bile Acids by TLC. VI. Separation on Cyano‐ and Diol‐Modified Silica Layers

Abstract Seven selected bile acids: cholic acid (C), glycocholic acid (GC), glycolithocholic acid (GLC), deoxycholic acid (DC), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDC), glycodeoxycholic acid (GDC), and lithocholic acid (LC) were separated on silica gel modified by cyano and diol groups, with the use of a mobile phase: n‐hexane–ethyl acetate–acetic acid in different volume compositions, at 18°C. The estimation of separation was carried out on the basis of the separation factors values: ΔRF and RS. Almost all bile acids, except for CDC/DC, were completely separated on cyano‐modified silica plates when a mobile phase n‐hexane–ethyl acetate–acetic acid in the volume composition 49:49:2 was used; whereas, the optimal separation for all examined bile acids was obtained on diol plates, using a mobile phase n‐hexane–ethyl acetate–acetic acid in the volume composition 42:42:16.
Is liver cancer a stem cell—derived disease?

In transgenic mice bearing the Simian Virus 40 large T antigen under the control of the human anti-thrombin III regulatory sequences, a step-wise progression toward hepatocellular carcinoma is observed. We have used two monoclonal antibodies (A6 and G7) developed against a surface antigen expressed in oval cells from dipin-treated mice, to analyze the emergence of such preneoplastic populations in the livers of anti-thrombin III Simian Virus 40 T transgenic mice. We show that a unique population of small heterogenous epithelial cells, which probably corresponds to oval and/or transitional cells according to their morphological features, consistently appears at approximately the 10th week after birth and proliferates thereafter. This oval cell-like population stained positively for A6 and G7 monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore, different subpopulations usually recognized as possible precursors of carcinoma cells including hyperplastic foci and neoplastic nodules as well as carcinoma cells, were also positive for A6 but not G7 monoclonal antibodies. Stimulation of cell proliferation by partial hepatectomy performed at the time of emergence of the oval-like cells resulted in a rapid increase in the number of oval/transitional A6-positive cells. Our findings support the view that a common mechanism may be involved in the development of carcinomas that are induced by chemical carcinogens and in transgenic mice expressing a potent oncogene under the control of a hepatic specific promoter. In addition, our findings demonstrate a specific precursor-product relationship between the appearance of the oval/transitional cells and the development of neoplastic hepatocytes in this transgenic model.
Toddlers' traumatic memories

Des cas sont presentes dans lesquels de lointains et precis souvenirs verbaux et visuels de trauma sont presents durant la petite enfance a partir de l'âge de 16 mois. L'âge auquel les souvenirs peuvent etre verbalises depend du debut de l'elocution des phrases et de l'abilite cognitive. Le souvenir peut demeurer jusqu'a l'âge adulte. Les petits enfants rapportent spontanement les souvenirs traumatiques. Plus tot un trauma se produit, moins l'enfant est capable d'organiser le materiel sous une forme narrative. L'enfant est seulement capable de rapporter les parties de l'experience traumatique qui se trouvent dans son repertoire verbal et qui sont importantes pour lui
Meiotic chromosome distribution in Drosophila oocytes: roles of two kinesin-related proteins.

The recent finding that two proteins required for proper chromosome distribution in Drosophila oocytes are related to the microtubule motor protein, kinesin, provides new insights into the forces involved in meiotic chromosome movement. ncd is a spindle motor in meiosis but may perform a different role in the early mitotic divisions of the embryo. nod, until recently, has been thought to be a component of the distributive process of chromosome segregation. The finding that nod is a kinesin protein provides an alternative explanation of the effect of mutants on nonexchange chromosomes and suggests that nonexchange chromosomes segregate with exchange chromosomes in a single process, rather than via a two-step distributive system.
Self-organized quantum dots

We review the concepts and principal experimental results pertaining to the self-assembly and self-ordering of quantum dots in semiconductor systems. We focus on the kinetics and thermodynamics of the formation and evolution of coherently strained 3D islands, and the effects of strain on nucleation, growth, and island shape. We also discuss ongoing research on methods to control the density, size, and size distributions of strained islands, both within a single strained layer and in quantum dot (QD) multilayers.
Introduction to and experimental conditions during the first year of the GMR chronic inhalation studies of diesel exhaust

Abstract A chronic exposure study was initiated to determine the effects of diesel exhaust on the health of experimental animals. For this purpose, test atmospheres of clean air (control) or freshly diluted diesel exhaust at concentrations of 250, 750, and 1500 μg/m 3 were supplied to four 12.6 m 3 inhalation chambers which housed rats and guinea pigs. Diesel aerosol size and concentration, as well as chamber temperature and relative humidity, were continually monitored and controlled to maintain the exposure dose levels and an environment of 22±2°C and 50%±20% relative humidity. The concentrations of CO and NO x were found to be 5.8±1.0 mg/m 3 and 7.9±1.0 mg/m 3 above ambient in the chamber containing 1500 μg/m 3 of particulate. Animals were supplied from the chambers, on a random basis, for both intramural and extramural studies throughout the exposure period. The experiment ran uninterrupted for over twelve months with mean diesel particle mass concentrations within 2% of the target values.
Extrathoracic esophageal elongation (Kimura's technique): a feasible option for the treatment of patients with complex esophageal atresia

Abstract Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of all patients who underwent an extrathoracic esophageal elongation (EEE) (Kimura's technique) and determine its role, among other surgical options, for the treatment of patients with complex esophageal atresia (EA) who have a previously created esophagostomy. Methods Between March 1997 and September 2008, we performed 20 EEEs. Twelve patients were males and 8 were females. The diagnoses were type C EA (n = 12), type A EA (n = 5), type B EA (n = 2), and type D EA (n = 1). Mean age at the initiation of the EEE was 10 months (range, 3-25 months). Results At the time of this report, 15 of the 20 patients have finished the treatment, 4 patients are still in the process of elongation, and one patient (premature, with a birth weight of 685 g) died before the final esophageal reconstruction. Of the 15 patients who finished the treatment, 12 (80%) completed it satisfactorily and 3 (20%) had to be prematurely interrupted. (In 2 patients, despite multiple attempts, the upper pouch could not be adequately elongated, and in one patient, an early perforation of the upper pouch precluded further elongations.) Of the 12 patients who completed the treatment satisfactorily, 10 (83%) are asymptomatic and exclusively on oral alimentation, whereas 2 (17%) have a pseudodiverticulum and esophageal dysmotility (requiring supplemental alimentation through a gastrostomy). Five of the 12 patients have gastroesophageal reflux (2 required a Nissen fundoplication and 3 are being treated medically). Conclusions We believe that the EEE is a useful surgical option for a selected group of patients with complex long-gap EA who required a primary esophagostomy and also for patients with any type of EA who developed severe complications after a primary repair and required a secondary esophagostomy. With this technique, we avoided an esophageal replacement in 80% of cases, and given that the EEE does not invalidate a later esophageal replacement, we believe that the EEE is a feasible initial option for these patients.
Tympanometry measures in native and non-native Hawaiian children.

Abstract Background: Ethnicity has been readily accepted as a variable affecting the incidence of otitis media, with certain indigenous groups having an increased risk of middle ear dysfunction. Tympanometry provides objective information on middle ear status, and findings obtained from this procedure have often served as a criterion for medical referral. Objective: To extend previous research and to facilitate use of normative tympanometry measures obtained from children with native Hawaiian ancestry. Methods: Data were collected from 718 ears of 359 children in academic levels ranging from preschool to third grade. Subjects were matched across groups (182 native Hawaiian; 177 non-native Hawaiian) for academic level and gender. Variables included physical ear-canal volume ( V ec ), tympanometric peak compliance (peak Y, also known as static admittance), tympanometric width (TW), and tympanometric peak pressure (TPP). Results: Significantly higher TW ( F 1,714 =8.82, P =0.008) and TPP ( F 1,714 =9.98, P =0.002) values occurred in ears of native Hawaiian children. Statistical interaction between gender and age was not significant. Conclusion: Differences in tympanometric findings between groups suggest differences in middle ear function, and these findings continue to underscore the importance of including tympanometry within a hearing screening protocol for early identification of possible hearing impairment.
Renormalization of Higgs-boson-mass sum rules and screening

We compute the renormalization of the Higgs-boson masses of the minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model as a function of the scale of mass breaking between gauge-Higgs bosons and their supersymmetric gaugino-Higgsino partners. We demonstrate that the basic tree-level sum rules for Higgs-boson masses receive very small corrections even when the scale of the supersymmetry-breaking mass parameters describing the latter sector are very large. We show analytically that the mass sum rules are screened against large effects from large mass splitting between the two sectors.
Cognitive therapy and the prevention of depression

Abstract Recent studies suggest that cognitive therapy may reduce risk following successful treatment of depression. Although not conclusive, these studies suggest that patients treated with cognitive therapy may be at less than half the risk for subsequent symptom return following treatment termination than are patients treated pharmacologically. Change in explanatory style, the tendency to attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global factors, appears to mediate cognitive therapy's preventive capacity. Whether this prophylactic capacity extends to the prevention of new episodes (including the initial onset of the disorder) remains to be determined.
Behavioural responses following tooth injury in rats.

Summary Early changes in spontaneous behaviour (exploration, grooming, freezing, rearing, jaw motion, yawning) and body weight were measured at two and three days after pulp exposure injury and implantation of Fluorogold (FG) into molar teeth of rats. Rats with FG and injuries to three teeth gained weight less rapidly, explored less frequently and froze more often than sham-operated rats. Yawning was not observed in any rats prior to surgery and it was seen more frequently in tooth-injured rats than in sham-operated rats. These results suggest that careful observation of spontaneous behaviour after tooth injuries can be used to assess dental pain in rats and may provide behavioural markers to correlate with anatomical changes after injury. The dental nerve cell bodies that had accumulated transported FG were medium to large, and they only co-localized calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in a subset of the medium neurons. Chromatolytic or moribund FG-labelled neurons were also found.
Lymphoma models for B cell activation and tolerance IV. Growth inhibition by anti‐Ig of CH31 and CH33 B lymphoma cells

CH31 and CH33 are B cell lymphomas whose growth in vitro is inhibited by anti-Ig reagents, including both polyclonal and monoclonal anti-mu antibodies, and an anti-idiotype antiserum. Antibodies against class I or class II major histocompatibility complex antigens do not affect the growth of these cells. Inhibition is dependent on surface Ig cross-linking and does not require ligand binding to Fc receptors. Interestingly, the inhibition of growth by anti-mu is reversed in CH31 (but not CH33) by E. coli lipopolysaccharide. These lymphomas should provide excellent models to study the mechanisms of growth inhibition mediated by surface Ig cross-linking and the pathways of its reversal.
A structural basis for streptomycin-induced misreading of the genetic code

During protein synthesis, the ribosome selects aminoacyl-transfer RNAs with anticodons matching the messenger RNA codon present in the A site of the small ribosomal subunit. The aminoglycoside antibiotic streptomycin disrupts decoding by binding close to the site of codon recognition. Here we use X-ray crystallography to define the impact of streptomycin on the decoding site of the Thermus thermophilus 30S ribosomal subunit in complexes with cognate or near-cognate anticodon stem-loop analogues and messenger RNA. Our crystal structures display a significant local distortion of 16S ribosomal RNA induced by streptomycin, including the crucial bases A1492 and A1493 that participate directly in codon recognition. Consistent with kinetic data, we observe that streptomycin stabilizes the near-cognate anticodon stem-loop analogue complex, while destabilizing the cognate anticodon stem-loop analogue complex. These data reveal how streptomycin disrupts the recognition of cognate anticodon stem-loop analogues and yet improves recognition of a near-cognate anticodon stem-loop analogue.
Isoelectric Focusing of Long-Acting Thyroid Stimulator Immunoglobulin G

Isoelectric focusing of long-acting thyroid stimulator immunoglobulin G [LATS-IgG] was used to determine the distribution of LATS activity among IgGs of various isoelectric points and to determine if isoelectric focusing techniques might yield LATS-IgG of increased biologic activity. LATS-IgG prepared from 16 LATS-positive sera was fractionated by isoelectric focusing [72 hr, 1200 V] using a 1% Ampholine solution, pH range 7.0 to 10.0. On the basis of absorbance at 280 nm, the effluent was gathered into 8 fractions. The 8 LATS-IgG subfractions and the parent IgG were tested in the same mouse bioassay. Following each of the 16 isoelectric focusing runs, maximal LATS activity was confined to one [6 instances] or two [10 instances] IgG subfractions [peak pi 8.99 ± 0.08 and 8.78 ± 0.09, respectively], with a 4- to 7-fold increase in LATS activity per mg protein compared to the parent IgG. However, of 12 LATS-negative Graves' disease IgGs submitted to isoelectric focusing, none of the IgG subfractions so deriv...
The proselytizing of jews: Its history and consequences

Psychologists, sociologists, and others have, for the past century, sought to explain the motivations for religious conversion beyond the simple theological explanation of Divine intervention. Specifically, they have raised the possibility that suggestion, hypnosis, and/or schizoid tendencies, for example, have played decisive roles in the process. Conflict has resulted from the publication of disparate viewpoints, especially between those who accept converts' narratives about their pre-conversion motives at face value and those who question the validity of such recollections.
Validation of AIRS/ AMSU / HSB retrieved products

We describe preliminary comparisons of AIRS/AMU/HSB retrieved geophysical products with correlative data sets to constrain retrieval uncertainties. The results are relevant to the 70% of oceanic retrieval footprints within the latitude range from 40S to 40N where infrared retrievals are completed. Comparisons are further limited to those retrievals whose sea surface temperatures (SST) agree with forecast model SST to within ±3 K. We present here comparisons with forecast model assimilations and dedicated radiosondes. Retrieved cloud cleared radiances and those calculated from weather forecast model output agree within 0.5 to 3 K, depending on cloud amount. Retrieved sea surface temperatures at night are compared against model output, with a resulting difference of 0.94 ± 0.95 K (a result skewed by the ±3 K selection criterion). Retrieved temperature profiles are compared with model output, and with dedicated radiosondes. Temperature profile uncertainties vary from about 1.3 K just above the surface to less than 1 K in the troposphere. Total water vapor is compared against dedicated radiosondes. Under dry conditions retrieved total water vapor agrees with radiosonde total water to within 10%, with small biases. The current retrieval algorithm generates temperature profiles meeting the 1 K per km requirement of the AIRS system.
Laryngeal afferent activity and reflexes in the guinea pig

We have investigated the various sensory modalities represented in the laryngeal nerves of the guinea pig. In addition, we have examined the defensive responses to mechanical stimuli and capsaicin instillation into the laryngeal lumen of the same species. Recording from both the whole superior laryngeal nerve and from single units of the same nerve revealed the presence of afferent activity related (1) to the contraction of laryngeal muscles and/or the 'tracheal tug', (2) to transmural pressure changes, either positive or negative and (3) to mechanical and chemical irritants. The irritant type receptors of this species, when challenged with water solutions, show two distinct patterns of activation: some behave as osmoreceptors, some respond to the lack of chloride ions. Challenges with capsaicin solutions activated one ending with the characteristics of a C-fiber receptor that failed to respond to a subsequent trial. This behavior is consistent with the reflex apnea, dependent on an intact laryngeal innervation, induced by capsaicin instillation that was not elicitable on repeating the challenge. Cough to mechanical probing of the supraglottic area depended on an intact SLN, whereas cough elicited from the subglottic area depended on an intact RLN. Cough to mechanical stimulation could not be desensitized by capsaicin. These findings suggest the presence of two independent afferent pathways for defensive responses.
The history of physical medicine and rehabilitation as recorded in the diary of Dr. Frank Krusen: Part 3. Consolidating the position (1948–1953)

This article is a continuation of the story of the struggle to win recognition of physical medicine and rehabilitation as a medical specialty, as told in the pages of a daily diary kept by Frank H. Krusen, MD, from 1943 through 1967. The first two articles described Dr. Krusen's professional development before 1943, his efforts to establish a certifying Board for physiatrists, and the role of the Baruch Committee on Physical Medicine in Krusen's eventual successes. This article focuses on how Krusen and his physiatric colleagues campaigned to gain acceptance by organized medicine of the new specialty, to unite the fields of physical medicine and rehabilitation, and to identify and maintain the scope of physiatric practice despite challenges from other specialties.
Scheduling a Bridge Club (A Case Study in Discrete Optimization).

Introduction Interesting mathematics problems arise from a wide variety of sources in everyday life. This paper explores a scheduling problem that was presented to one of the authors by a local bridge club. Although the problem appears simple on the surface, analysis uncovers a complexity that is often present in simply stated discrete optimization problems, and illustrates pitfalls that can arise from naively applying brute force techniques on the computer. The paper first defines the problem and explores the meaning of arn optimal solution. Next an analytical solution is sought based on the classification of the problem, and finally the paper considers four increasingly sophisticated techniques of discrete optimization. Historically, optimization problems have arisen in a variety of applications including electrical engineering, operations research, computer science, and communication. Although a variety of techniques for solving linear and non-linear optimization problems with continuous variables has been well known for 25 years [2, 4, 15], it is only recently that progress has been made in solving optimization problems involving discrete variables [9, 101. This paper examines a variety of these discrete techniques in the context of solving one specific scheduling problem.
The descending auditory pathway and acousticomotor systems: connections with the inferior colliculus

In this review the following major points are emphasized. First, the descending auditory system includes 3 separate, but parallel pathways connecting the AC, MGB and IC. Each pathway makes a strong set of connections with a distinctive area from each of 3 auditory centers. The three sets of connections are mutually exclusive, such that the pathways describe 3 separate corticocolliculo-geniculate systems. Thus, multiple feedback loops between the AC and the IC are formed which create a great capacity for parallel processing of auditory information. Second, the IC projects to the SOC and, in particular, to the source of olivocochlear efferent neurons. The connections of the IC with the AC rostrally, and with the olivocochlear neurons caudally, imply a descending trisynaptic pathway from the cortex to the cochlea whose travel time could better that of the ascending pathway and thus provide an efficient feedback mechanism. It is probable that the IC influences cochlear signal processing. The reciprocal connectivity between any two of either the IC, SOC or the CN, again, affords to the auditory system remarkable parallel processing capabilities. Finally, the descending auditory, and 'extra-auditory' connections of the IC bestow a functional separateness to the 3 nuclei of the IC, a view that is best illustrated by description of the ICX as an acousticomotor nucleus, having connections with the SC, cerebellum and somatosensory and vocalization systems. More sophisticated questions about the descending auditory system will incorporate these present observations and test functional implications to which they allude.
The effect of service quality on trust and commitment varying across generations

We examine the effect of service quality on consumer trust and commitment in the context of obtaining a financial loan and how these relationships vary across different generational cohorts. We find that the service quality offered by a loan officer has a significant effect on consumer trust towards a financial institution, which in turn influences consumer commitment to a financial institution for a future transaction. We also find that relative strengths of a few paths in the model differ across different age cohorts, indicating some generational variability in the relationship between service quality, trust and commitment.
An alternative proof of the Hurwicz (1972) impossibility theorem

Abstract Hurwicz (in: C.B. McGuire and R. Radner, edn., Decision and organisation, 2nd edn. (University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis) pp. 297–336) proved that for any classical private goods environment with two or more individuals, there is no incentive-compatible direct revelation mechanism whose dominant strategy equilibrium outcomes are Pareto efficient and individually rational. I present a simple alternative proof which is constructive.
Osteoarthritis of the TMJ in Teenaged Females: Report of Cases

From the cases reported by Ogus and those presented here, it appears degenerative joint disease of the TMJ in young individuals is not a rare finding. The incidence of DJD of the temporomandibular joint has been reported to be 8% to 16%. In a review of 346 patients who were referred for jaw disorders, 23 patients were 19 years old or younger. Six patients (or 26%) had a diagnosis of osteoarthritis of the TMJ confirmed with charts, reviewed retrospectively, were considered as suggestive of degenerative joint disease. It has been reported that the symptoms of DJD continue for one to three years. The majority of patients have acute symptoms that usually last about nine months but gradually subside after nine months. It is important to rule out degenerative disease of the TMJ before beginning radical or irreversible dental procedures. Conservative management of these patients includes analgesics, antiarthritic drugs, muscle relaxants, antiinflammatory agents, the construction of hard or soft bite splints, exercise, warm moist heat applications, minor equilibration if indicated, and physical therapy. Injections of steroids into the joint are not recommended and anti-arthritic drugs should be used with caution because the safe usage of some of these drugs has not been demonstrated in children. Patients who still experience pain after one to three years, or patients who are refractory to conservative therapy, may be candidates for surgical treatment. Age should not be a deterrent to surgery or other treatment modality for treatment of severe degenerative joint disease that does not respond to conservative treatment and is intolerable to the patient.
Expression of coliphage T7 in aging anucleate minicells of Escherichia coli.

Abstract Anucleate minicells produced by a mutated strain of Escherichia coli remain metabolically active for up to 48 h at 37°C. Minicells of increasing age have been infected with the coliphage T7. Infection results in the onset of transcription and translation producing T7 encoded polypeptides. Quantitative and qualitative changes in T7 gene expression result from infection of increasingly old minicells. There is no detectable increase in the frequency of error occurrence in the synthesis of T7 polypeptides in infected old minicells as compared to infected young minicells.
Influence of a stereo surface on the perceived tilt of a monocular line.

This study addressed the issue of how a stereo-specified surface influences the perceived twodimensional orientation of a monocularly viewed line. In a series of three experiments, it was found that, in general, when a monocular line was embedded in a disparity field specifying a planar surface slanted about the horizontal axis, the tilt of the line depended on the slant of the surface in which it was embedded and on whether the line was presented in the left or in the right visual field. These results, predicted by perspective geometry, are compatible with the hypothesis that the monocular line is perceived as part of the stereo surface. Moreover, it was found that timing is a crucial factor in determining the strength of the effect. The effect was at a maximum when the monocular line and the stereo surface were presented together, with no prior presentation of the surface. The influence of the stereo surface on the monocular line was substantially reduced, however, when the surface alone preceded the combined presentation of the line and the surface.
Significant others as corroborative sources for problem drinkers

Abstract Self-reported alcohol consumption data from clients in four treatment outcome studies were compared with corroborative data obtained from “significant other” collaterals. Overall product-moment correlations were strong and positive, supporting the validity of self-report. Approximately equal numbers of collaterals overestimated and underestimated clients' own reports. Intercorrelation increased with repeated interviews.
An Analysis of Sketching Skill and Its Role in Early Stage Engineering Design

Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of sketching in design cognition, particularly in the early stages of engineering design. The goal of this preliminary study is to consider the role of a designer's sketching ability and to examine the potential link between sketching skill and measures of engineering design performance. Sketching ability was evaluated on three distinct aspects relevant to engineering design: visual recall, rendering, and novel visualization. These evaluations were correlated with each other and with measures for sketch fluency, reviewer ranking, and design project outcome. The results of this study suggest that sketching skill is not comprehensive nor is it solely task based. Rather, a designer's sketching ability lies between these two poles. Positive correlations were found between the quantity of sketches produced and two of the sketching skills that emphasize drawing facility, but a negative correlation was found between sketch quantity and a skill related to mechanism visualization. No conclusive correlations were found between the sketching skills and design outcome and reviewer ranking. This study's findings suggest an important interplay between a designer's ability to sketch and their ability to visualize in their heads or through prototypes. Results also suggest that designers who are given sketch instruction tended to draw more overall.