cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Nested Partitioning Algorithm for Adaptive Meshes on Heterogeneous Clusters

In the era of the accelerator, load balancing strategies that are well-understood for traditional homogeneous supercomputers must be re-worked in order to address the problem of distributing work across heterogeneous hardware such that neither the CPU nor the accelerator is left idle. Whereas partitioning for a homogeneous system need only balance node-level workload against single-node performance, partitioning for an accelerator-enabled system requires a nested partitioning scheme that ensures both an optimal intra-node and inter-node load balance. We refer to this as enclave partitioning. Our parallelization scheme allows the same shared-memory-level code to be used on both the CPU and the accelerator, and also allows inter-node communication code to be reused during CPU-accelerator communication. This is in contrast to the traditional "offload" model, in which accelerator code can differ significantly from CPU code in both form and programming language. Using a hybrid MPI-OpenMP implementation of the acoustic-elastic wave propagation, we demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed partitioning scheme on a heterogeneous, Intel R® Xeon Phi™-accelerated supercomputer (Stampede). With our approach we have realized speedups of up to 5.78x using a 7th order discretization and 6.88x for 15th order discretization relative to a baseline, pure-MPI implementation. We present strong and weak scaling results as well as individual node performance to illustrate the benefits and limits of the accelerator-enabled scientific computing.
INSTITUTIONS, INTERESTS, ENERGY, AND THE ENVIRONMENT: POLICYMAKING IN CORPORATISM, PLURALISM, AND BEYOND

This article provides an overview of a symposium of papers that address the problem of how institutional arrangements affect environmental and energy policy when the two are often seen as being competing and inherently incompatible. The role of government institutions is seen as key in managing the delicate balance between striving to protect the environment on one hand, while providing energy for economic growth on the other. The authors in this symposium have sought collectively to address the question of how institutionalized systems of interest group representation manage competing demands for a clean environment with affordable, easily accessible energy to fuel economies. Together they demonstrate that this issue is more complex than suggested by either environmentalists or economists.
Morphology and mechanical behavior of poly(vinyl chloride)/poly(butadiene–co–acrylonitrile) latex interpenetrating polymer networks

A series of poly(vinyl chloride)/poly(butadiene–co–acrylonitrile) interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs), all having 50/(25–25) weight compositions, was synthesized in latex form. The latex particles were studied after each step of the two-staged polymerization and after molding or casting. Transmission electron microscopy together with dynamic mechanical spectroscopy suggest a graded composition within the latexes, in which the poly(vinyl chloride) seed latex network I forms a core that is partially penetrated by the poly(butadiene–co–acrylonitrile) network II, yielding increased amounts of poly(butadiene–co–acrylonitrile) in the shell of the latex particles.
Shape matching using coarse descriptors

In this paper, we propose a new method for silhouettes matching. Silhouettes are described according to the textual language LWDOS (Larabi et al., 2003). Sometimes, although silhouettes appear identical, their LWDOS descriptors may be very different therefore we wrongly conclude that the two silhouettes are different. In order to resolve such problem, we try to deduce the same descriptor from two slightly different silhouettes descriptors to be compared. In this work, we use the part-based method published in Larabi et al. (2003) for object representation from its silhouettes. We use coarse descriptors in the matching process, this method is an efficient way for the indexing process for real and noisy images, but not applicable in this form to the recognition process, because different shapes can have same coarse descriptors.
Operating point selection and burn stability control for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor

The selection and burn-stability control of near-ignited operating points for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) are considered. High-electron-density ( approximately 1-2*10/sup 20/ m/sup -3/), low-electron-temperature ( approximately 6-10 keV) operating points are preferred, based on considerations of proximity to magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stability limits, divertor operation, and fueling even though those points are intrinsically thermally unstable. Results from simple 0-D transport simulations suggest that these operating points can be effectively stabilized at Q>50 if neutral beam feedback based on total neutron flux measurements is used. >
Strategies for Malaria Control: Realities, Magic, and Science

I am commenting on methods for malaria eradication and control, while realizing my limitations in first-hand experience with malaria-control programs. I will not deal, therefore, with the potential impact of improvement of primary health care or the relative advantages and disadvantages of a vertical program organized centrally, as was the malaria eradication program of the 1950s and the 1960s. I will also not discuss economic considerations, although these are important. We are critical of economists for not considering the impact of health on development. Improvement of the standard of living of families in the developing world combined with health education is likely to have a marked effect on health. Who are more committed to the health of children than their parents? Because of my limited knowledge and experience in the above issues, I will draw strongly from the interaction of discoveries in the laboratory and their impact in the field and from my own experiences in the laboratory today.
Millennials’ “Get a ‘Real Job’” Exploring Generational Shifts in the Colloquialism’s Characteristics and Meanings

This study provides a replication of Clair’s research on the colloquialism “real job.” Colloquial meanings are influenced by generational and sociocultural changes; thus, a replication exposes how ...
RELATIONSHIP OF VITAMIN B12 TO STILBESTROL STIMULATION OF THE CHICK OVIDUCT

RESPONSE of the chick oviduct to stilbestrol is severely limited by a deficiency of pteroylglutamic acid (PGA), while in other vitamin deficiency states investigated, little or no impairment of oviduct response to stilbestrol is observed (Hertz and Sebrell, 1944; Hertz, 1945; Franklin et ah, 1948; Kline and Dorfman, 1948, 1951a, b).There is, furthermore, a quantitative relationship between the availability of PGA and the response of the chick oviduct to stilbestrol, whether the availability be regulated by dietary intake or by administration of specific antagonists such as aminopterin. Protection against aminopterin interference with stilbestrol stimulation of the chick oviduct is afforded by PGA given one hour prior to aminopterin (Hertz, 1948; Hertz and Tullner, 1949; Kline and Dorfman, 1951b). More efficient than PGA in preventing aminopterin inhibition of stilbestrol action is the citrovorum factor (CF), a metabolic conversion product of PGA (Kline and Dorfman, 1951b).
Unique Retrieval of Complex Permittivity and Permeability of Dispersive Materials From Reflection and Transmitted Fields by Enforcing Causality

The electromagnetic properties of general classes of materials can be obtained by inverting the measured or numerically simulated reflection ( S 11) and transmission ( S 21) coefficients through a known thickness of a planar slab of the material. The major difficulty is the uncertainty in the change of phase of the transmitted field, if the phase change exceeds 2mpi, m=0,1,2,.... This happens for thick samples as well as for highly dispersive materials. An infinite number of solutions are generated for the imaginary part of the complex wavenumber gamma = alpha + jbeta for different choices of m. The choice of m can be made unique by noting that for a causal medium, gamma is an analytic function of frequency and this results in a Kramers-Kronig-type relation between alpha and beta. Since alpha is independent of the choice of m and, hence, uniquely determined, a Kramers-Kronig reconstruction of beta using alpha will provide a guideline for the correct choice of m. This is a "foolproof" approach even for totally unknown materials since no initial guess is required. Indeed, this approach will work in optics and ultrasonics, and should also be effective for determining the effective refractive index of photonic-bandgap structures that are also highly dispersive.
Report on the irreducibility of L -functions

In this paper, in honor of the memory of Serge Lang, we apply ideas of Chavdarov and work of Larsen to study the \(\mathbb{Q}\)-irreducibility, or lack thereof, of various orthogonal L-functions, especially L-functions of elliptic curves over function fields in one variable over finite fields. We also discuss two other approaches to these questions, based on work of Matthews, Vaserstein, and Weisfeller, and on work of Zalesskii-Serezkin.
Google Books Settlement Still a Bit Unsettled

After nearly three years, a settlement was announced in October of 2008. In the settlement proposal, Google agreed to pay up to $60 to the copyright owner for each book that had already been scanned. Google would also be permitted to continue to digitize books and pay royalties unless the copyright owner opted out. In addition, Google agreed to fund a new “Book Rights Registry” which would collect revenues and pay out royalties for the ongoing use of digitized books. Google would pay the copyright holders 63% of all revenues – both from subscriptions to the books and Google advertising associated with the search pages – and retain 37% for its costs and profit. This proposed settlement, however, is not final until approved by the court.Initial reaction to the settlement was generally positive. Both sides focused on the settlement as a means of making long lost and hard-to-obtain print resources broadly available to the general public. However, as details of the Registry and Google’s involvement it became more widely disseminated, concerns began to emerge.
External Irradiation Dose of Clinical Radiation Workers of Nuclear Medicine in Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Qianghai Province

[Objective]To know the individual dose of external irradiation and health protection status among radiation workers in some hospitals of Hainan prefecture,provide the information for health surveillance among radiation workers.[Methods]With thermoluminescence measurement,list analysis was performed on dose monitoring results. [Results]The individual dose of radiation workers accorded with the national standards. During 2007 - 2009,monitoring for exposure doses of external irradiation was performed on 66 person times of radiation workers who came from prefecture and country level medical institutions. The collective dose equivalent was 148. 99 ( man·mSv) . The per capita annual dose equivalent was 1. 02 ( mSv/a) ,which showed a downward trend. The individual dose of radiation workers accorded with the national standards.[Conclusion]The clinical radiation workers of nuclear medicine should be regarded as the key population of health surveillance for radiation. Meanwhile,self-protection consciousness of radiation workers should be strengthened,and the individual monitoring rates should be improved.
12 PHORBOL ESTER-INDUCED ENDOTHELIAL CYTOSKELETAL REMODELING.

We have previously shown that treatment of bovine endothelial cell monolayers with phorbol myristate acetate leads to the thinning of cortical actin ring and rearrangement of the cytoskeleton into a grid-like structure, concomitant with the loss of endothelial barrier function. Here we demonstrate that phorbol myristate acetate induces both myosin and caldesmon redistribution from cortical ring into the grid-like network. However, the initial step of actin and myosin redistribution is not followed by caldesmon. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed that short-term (5 minutes) treatment with phorbol ester leads to the weakening of caldesmon ability to bind actin and myosin. Prolonged incubation with phorbol myristate acetate, however, strengthens caldesmon complexes with actin and myosin, which correlates with the grid-like actin network formation. Phorbol ester stimulation leads to an immediate increase in caldesmon Ser/Thr phosphorylation. This process occurs at sites distinct from the sites specific for ERK1/2 phosphorylation and correlates with caldesmon dissociation from the actomyosin complex. Inhibition of ERK-kinase MEK fails to abolish grid-like structure formation, although reducing weakening of the cortical actin ring, whereas inhibition of protein kinase C reverses phorbol ester-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement. Our results suggest that protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation of caldesmon is involved in phorbol ester-mediated complex cytoskeletal changes leading to the endothelial cell barrier compromise.
Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference: difficult-to-treat hypertension.

ABSTRACT In this article, the author identifies the major causes of difficult-to-treat hypertension and provides guidelines for its management. The data were obtained from multiple clinical series of patients with hypertension resistant to therapy, reports of over-sensitivity to antihypertensive drugs, and the effects of anxiety-induced hyperventilation. As many as 15% of patients are resistant to antihypertensive therapy. Of the multiple possible causes for resistance, volume overload is the most common. Volume overload, in turn, is related to multiple factors, with inadequate diuretic therapy playing a major role. Many patients may experience tissue hypoperfusion when given usual doses of antihypertensive therapy, making their hypertension difficult to treat. In the author’s experience, an even larger number of patients have psychosomatic symptoms, usually attributable to anxiety-induced hyperventilation, that often are blamed on their therapy. Therefore, hypertension may be difficult to treat for various reasons. When the cause is recognized, appropriate management almost always can be provided.
Vesicoureteral reflux in the adult. I. Factors in pathogenesis.

AbstractThe morphologic and functional findings in 67 adults with primary bilateral vesicoureteral reflux were analyzed. A significant correlation was found between the severity of vesicoureteral reflux and the extent of renal scarring but the position and shape of the ureteral orifices did not influence the degree of reflux or scarring. Large bladder capacity was a common finding, especially in patients with residual urine or with renal insufficiency. However, bladder capacity did not correlate with the grade of vesicoureteral reflux. Patient age at the time of the first recognized urinary tract infection, and the frequency and pattern of subsequent infections did not have any influence on the severity of the renal scarring. The interpretation of these findings in the light of the current hypotheses on the pathogenesis of reflux nephropathy is discussed.
Patient-Centered Participatory Research in Three Health Clinics: Benefits, Challenges, and Lessons Learned

Research informed by individuals' lived experiences is a critical component of participatory research and nursing interventions for health promotion. Yet, few examples of participatory research in primary care settings with adolescents and young adults exist, especially with respect to their sexual health and health-risk behaviors. Therefore, we implemented a validated patient-centered clinical assessment tool to improve the quality of communication between youth patients and providers, sexual risk assessment, and youths' health-risk perception to promote sexual health and reduce health-risk behaviors among adolescents and young adults in three community health clinic settings, consistent with national recommendations as best practices in adolescent health care. We describe guiding principles, benefits, challenges, and lessons learned from our experience. Improving clinical translation of participatory research requires consideration of the needs and desires of key stakeholders (e.g., providers, patients, and researchers) while retaining flexibility to successfully navigate imperfect, real-world conditions.
Heat Stress and Climate Change

Limitations to livestock production and global food security caused by heat stress are likely to grow in importance because of global climate change, population growth, increased demand for animal products in the developing world, and because improvements in milk yield and growth rate increase the susceptibility of livestock to the deleterious effects of heat stress. Biotechnology offers the opportunity to minimize the impact of heat stress on animal production through manipulation of the genotype and of physiological and cellular processes involved in thermotolerance at the animal and cellular level. Genetic resistance to heat stress can be improved by transfer of specific genes that improve thermotolerance from one population to another or by genetic selection for genes conferring thermotolerance. Biotechnology can also facilitate maintenance of rare genotypes of livestock that contain sets of genes that could be important for enhancing adaptation to specific environments. There are also opportunities, largely not yet realized, to use biotechnology to identify and produce molecules that can be used as pharmaceuticals or nutraceuticals to manipulate the control of body temperature during heat stress and to protect cells from the damaging effects of hyperthermia. One reproductive technology, embryo transfer, can also be used to minimize the infertility caused by heat stress by overcoming the disruption in function of the early oocyte and embryo caused by maternal hyperthermia.
Bioenergetics of Sleep

Energy metabolism is strongly linked to sleep and wakefulness, and this link enhances the probability of survival. Variations in sleep patterns have profound effects on the brain and whole body metabolism. Metabolic derangements disrupt sleep and a number of hormones and peptides that directly modulate metabolism also alter sleep. Rapid industrialization has been accompanied by an epidemic of obesity, the optimal treatment of which may include correction of sleep disorders. Understanding the relation between sleep and energy metabolism is key to prevention and treatment of some metabolic and sleep disorders.
NTRU modular lattice signature scheme on CUDA GPUs

In this work we show how to use Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) with Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) to accelerate a lattice based signature scheme, namely, the NTRU modular lattice signature (NTRU-MLS) scheme. Lattice based schemes require operations on large vectors that are perfect candidates for GPU implementations. In addition, similar to most lattice based signature schemes, NTRU-MLS provides transcript security with a rejection sampling technique. With a GPU implementation, we are able to generate many candidates simultaneously, and hence mitigate the performance slowdown from rejection sampling. Our implementation results show that for the original NTRU-MLS parameter sets, we obtain a 2x improvement in the signing speed; for the revised parameter sets, where acceptance rate of rejection sampling is down to around 1%, our implementation can be as much as 47x faster than a CPU implementation.
Performance analysis of diode-bridge-type non-superconducting fault current limiter in improving transient stability of DFIG based variable speed wind generator

Abstract The application of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is very effective in the fast-growing wind generator (WG) market. The foremost concern for the DFIG based WG system is to maintain the transient stability during fault, as the stator of the DFIG is directly connected to the grid. However, according to the grid code, DFIG needs to remain connected to the network even during the fault. Therefore, transient stability enhancement of the DFIG is very important. In this paper, to achieve this goal a diode-bridge-type nonsuperconductor fault current limiter (NSFCL) is proposed to augment the transient stability of the DFIG based WG system. A three-line-to-ground (3LG), double-line-to-ground (2LG) and single-line-to-ground (1LG) faults were applied to one of the double-circuit transmission lines of the test system to investigate the proposed NSFCL transient stability performance. Besides, a DC resistive superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL), bridge-type fault current limiter (BFCL) and series dynamic braking resistor (SDBR) are also considered to compare their performance with the proposed NSFCL. Simulations were carried out in Matlab/Simulink software. Simulation results show that the NSFCL enhances the transient stability of the DFIG system. Moreover, the NSFCL works better than the DC resistive SFCL, BFCL and SDBR in every aspect.
Work System Theory and Work System Method: A Bridge between Business and IT Views of IT-Reliant Systems in Organizations

This tutorial explains the most current version of work system theory (WST) and shows how WST and several direct extensions can be applied in the work system method (WSM), a systems analysis method developed over several decades for use by business professionals.
An MCMC approach to solving hybrid factored MDPs

Hybrid approximate linear programming (HALP) has recently emerged as a promising framework for solving large factored Markov decision processes (MDPs) with discrete and continuous state and action variables. Our work addresses its major computational bottleneck - constraint satisfaction in large structured domains of discrete and continuous variables. We analyze this problem and propose a novelMarkov chainMonte Carlo (MCMC) method for finding the most violated constraint of a relaxed HALP. This method does not require the discretization of continuous variables, searches the space of constraints intelligently based on the structure of factored MDPs, and its space complexity is linear in the number of variables. We test the method on a set of large control problems and demonstrate improvements over alternative approaches.
PL 99–457

This discussion will review the major points of PL 99–457 and address the challenges and responsibilities of physicians in its implementation.
Multivariate Linear Regression

Regression methods are perhaps the most widely used statistical tools in data analysis. When several response variables are studied simultaneously, we are in the sphere of multivariate regression. The usual description of the multivariate regression model, that relates the set of m multiple responses to a set of n predictor variables, assumes implicitly that the m × n regression coefficient matrix is of full rank. It can then be demonstrated that the simultaneous estimation of the elements of the coefficient matrix, by least squares or maximum likelihood estimation methods, yields the same results as a set of m multiple regressions, where each of the m individual response variables is regressed separately on the predictor variables. Hence, the fact that the multiple responses are likely to be related is not involved in the estimation of the regression coefficients as no information about the correlations among the response variables is taken into account. Any new knowledge gained by recognizing the multivariate nature of the problem and the fact that the responses are related is not incorporated when estimating the regression parameters jointly. There are two practical concerns regarding this general multivariate regression model. First, the accurate estimation of all the regression coefficients may require a relatively large number of observations, which might involve some practical limitations.
Octanuclear Rare-Earth Clusters

The polyoxo rare-earth core \(Ln_8 (\mu _4 {\text{ - O}})(\mu _3 {\text{ - OH}})_{12}^{10 + } \) (Ln = Y, Gd, and Yb) has been synthesized from the appropriate rare-earth chloride hydrate and K2Se and Se in dmf (dimethylformamide). The cluster core is ligated with a variety of polyselenido chains in addition to a number of dmf molecules. The structure of the Gd8(dmf)13(μ4-O)(μ3-OH)12(Se3)(Se4)2(Se5)2 cluster, 1, was determined by X-ray diffraction methods. It is similar to an Eu cluster previously characterized. Two new clusters, Yb8(dmf)11(μ4-O)(μ3-OH)12(Se4)2(Se5)2Cl2·dmf, 2, and Y8(dmf)12(μ4-O)(μ3-OH)12(Se4)4Cl2·6 dmf, 3, have also been synthesized and characterized. Clusters 2 and 3 have the same octanuclear core of rare-earth atoms as the Gd cluster but contain two chloro ligands in two isomeric conformations in place of the Se32- ring in the Gd cluster. The geometry of the Ln8 core is described as a triangulated dodecahedron with μ3-OH groups capping the 12 faces. A μ4-O atom centers the cluster with close contacts to four Ln atoms in an approximate tetrahedral arrangement. Pertinent crystallographic data are: Compound 1, monoclinic, \({\text{C}}_{{\text{2h}}}^{\text{5}} {\text{ - }}P2_1 {\text{/}}n\), a= 14.410(3) A, b = 24.439(5) A, c = 28.927(6) A, β = 101.05(3)°, V = 9998(3) A3, T = 106(2) K, Z = 4; Compound 2, orthorhombic, \(D_{{\text{2h}}}^{{\text{15}}} {\text{ - Pbca }}\), a = 17.049(9) A, b = 24.68(1) A, c = 45.03(2)A, V = 18,945(16) A3, T = 153(2) K, Z = 8; Compound 3, monoclinic, C2h5-P21/c, a =18.728(l) A, b = 29.263( 1) A, c = 20.548(1) A, β = 90.144(1)°, V = 11,261(1) A3, T = 153(2) K, Z = 4.
Tracking Performance of an Identical Master-Slave Teleoperation System Under Variable Time Delays

Teleoperation system performance suffers from the delays in communication lines. These delays are usually variable time delays. The customary wave variable technique used for constant time delays cannot provide satisfactory results to stabilize the system under variable delays. Another problem is observed in the position tracking performance of the limited-workspace teleoperation systems. Although wave variable technique is proven to track position demands successfully under constant time delays given that there is no communication failure, position tracking performance also degrades under variable delays. In this paper, a new controller is proposed to stabilize the system and enhance position tracking performance under variable time delays. This proposed controller is then applied to an identical master-slave teleoperation configuration which qualifies as a limited-workspace teleoperation system.
In Vivo Electrophysiological Approaches for Studying Head Direction Cells

Abstract Head direction (HD) cells fire as a function of the animal's directional heading within the environment and are thought to provide a sense of direction used for navigation. Over the past 3 decades, HD cells have been extensively studied using in vivo electrophysiological techniques. Here, we review how these techniques have been used to discover fundamental properties of HD cells and the rodent spatial processing circuit. We first describe the typical approach for performing in vivo extracellular electrophysiological recordings of HD cells. We then illustrate how this approach has been combined with other tools for measuring and manipulating the brain and behavior to reveal (1) the link between the HD signal and navigation behavior, (2) the influence of different sensory inputs on HD cell activity, and (3) functional relationships between nodes in the spatial processing circuit. We conclude by describing limitations of the traditional extracellular recording technique and how these limitations are overcome by recently developed electrophysiological, optogenetic, and imaging tools that offer new insights into the functional anatomy of the spatial processing circuit.
A New Lens for RNA Localization: Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation

RNA localization mechanisms have been intensively studied and include localized protection of mRNA from degradation, diffusion-coupled local entrapment of mRNA, and directed transport of mRNAs along the cytoskeleton. While it is well understood how cells utilize these three mechanisms to organize mRNAs within the cytoplasm, a newly appreciated mechanism of RNA localization has emerged in recent years in which mRNAs phase-separate and form liquid-like droplets. mRNAs both contribute to condensation of proteins into liquid-like structures and are themselves regulated by being incorporated into membraneless organelles. This ability to condense into droplets is in many instances contributing to previously appreciated mRNA localization phenomena. Here we review how phase separation enables mRNAs to selectively and efficiently colocalize and be coregulated, allowing control of gene expression in time and space.
Nucleolin Overexpression Confers Increased Sensitivity to the Anti-Nucleolin Aptamer, AS1411

AS1411 is an antiproliferative DNA aptamer, which binds the ubiquitous protein, nucleolin. In this study, we show that constitutive overexpression of nucleolin confers increased sensitivity to the growth inhibitory effects of AS1411. HeLa cells overexpressing nucleolin have an increased growth rate and invasiveness relative to control cells. Nucleolin overexpressing cells demonstrate increased growth inhibition in response to the AS1411 treatment, which correlates with increased apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, when compared to non-transfected cells. AS1411 induces nucleolin expression at the RNA and protein level in HeLa cells, suggesting a feedback loop with important implications for the clinical use of AS1411.
Minimally Invasive Dual Iliac-Screw and Dual-Rod Construct: A Case Report Describing Optimal Subcrestal Iliac-Screw Entry Points in the Surgical Treatment of Metastatic Lumbosacral Fracture.

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE Dual iliac-screw and dual-rod fixation provides additional stability to lumbopelvic constructs and can be employed in management of neoplastic disease with extensive osseous involvement. Optimal iliac-screw positioning is vital to achieve the desired dual iliac-screw and dual-rod linkage. CLINICAL PRESENTATION In this report, we describe our technique with particular focus on subcrestal iliac-screw entry point position using a 4-quadrant teardrop radiological view concept in a case of minimally invasive L3-iliac spinopelvic fixation using dual iliac-screw and dual-rod for a patient with pathological sacral fracture. At the last follow-up 20 mo postsurgery there was minimal axial and radicular pain and no evidence of screw prominence. Radiographs showed no evidence of construct failure. CONCLUSION The 4-quadrant teardrop concept provides a good visual reference for optimal subcrestal screw placement when employing a dual iliac-screw and dual-construct.
Impact of nations meeting the MPOWER targets between 2014 and 2016: an update

Objective Since the WHO released the Monitoring tobacco use and tobacco control policies; Protecting from the dangers of tobacco smoke; Offering help to quit tobacco; Warning the public about the dangers; Enforcing bans on advertising, promotion and sponsorship; and Raising tobacco taxes (MPOWER) policy package to assist nations with implementing the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), 88 countries have adopted at least one MPOWER policy at the highest level as of 2014. Building on previous evaluations, we estimated the reduction in smoking-attributable deaths (SADs) from all policies newly adopted at the highest level between 2014 and 2016. Methods For each nation that implemented highest level policies, the difference in policy effect sizes from previously validated SimSmoke models for the policies in effect in 2014 and 2016 were multiplied by the number of smokers in that nation to derive the reduction in the number of smokers. Based on research that half of all smokers die from smoking, we derived SADs averted. Findings In total, 43 nations adopted at least one highest-level MPOWER policy between 2014 and 2016, resulting in 14.6 million fewer SADs. The largest number of SADs averted were due to stronger health warnings (13.3 million), followed by raising taxes (0.6 million), increased marketing bans (0.4 million), smoke-free air laws (0.3 million) and cessation interventions (2500). Conclusion These findings demonstrate the continuing public health impact of tobacco control policies adopted globally since the FCTC, and highlight the importance of more countries adopting MPOWER policies at the highest level to reduce the global burden of tobacco use.
Calibration Uncertainty and Model-Based Analyses with Applications to Ovarian Cancer Modeling

Model-based analyses for comparative analyses within medical decision making require the development of a model of the disease that is being examined. This involves the specification of the model structure and the calibration of model parameters so that model outcomes are consistent with observable disease-related data. There is rarely a unique set of model parameters that are consistent with observable data, and such parameter sets can vary significantly. This phenomenon is known as “calibration uncertainty” and is especially prevalent when models address preclinical phases of the disease. Because model parameters influence comparative analyses, examination of the impact of calibration uncertainty on recommendations derived from the analysis is crucial to developing confidence in the recommendations. In this chapter, we present an approach to the characterization and systematic examination of the set of models that provide plausible representations of the disease. We illustrate our approach within the context of ovarian cancer. In doing so, we illustrate the impact of calibration uncertainty on the potential for early detection of ovarian cancer.
Theory of the Hydraulic Analogy for Steady and Unsteady Gas Dynamics

Let us consider a supersonic parallel flow of gas. If a small cylindrical obstacle is situated in such a supersonic flow, the disturbance wave produced by the obstacle is propagated with respect to the moving gas with the local sound velocity. The waves are circular-cylindrical in shape. At each point, such waves arise continuously. All of them have as their common envelope two straight rays, the Mach rays, which form the Mach angle α with the direction of flow. If the obstacle is small, the intensity of the circular waves is small, and the disturbance is propagated only along the Mach rays. Now, instead of a parallel flow, we shall consider a general supersonic flow. The flow velocity and the sound velocity vary from point to point. For each sufficiently small partial region of flow, the same considerations as above are valid, the direction and Mach angle varying only from point to point. The disturbance arising from a small obstacle is now propagated along curved (broken Mach) lines.
Worry About Daily Financial Needs and Food Insecurity Among Cancer Survivors in the United States.

BACKGROUND A cancer diagnosis can impose substantial medical financial burden on individuals and may limit their ability to work. However, less is known about worry for nonmedical financial needs and food insecurity among cancer survivors. METHODS The National Health Interview Survey (2013-2017) was used to identify cancer survivors (age 18-39 years, n=771; age 40-64 years, n=4,269; age ≥65 years, n=7,101) and individuals without a cancer history (age 18-39 years, n=53,262; age 40-64 years, n=60,141; age ≥65 years, n=30,261). For both cancer survivors and the noncancer group, adjusted proportions were generated for (1) financial worry ("very/moderately/not worried") about retirement, standard of living, monthly bills, and housing costs; and (2) food insecurity ("often/sometimes/not true") regarding whether food would run out, the fact that food bought did not last, and the inability to afford balanced meals. Further adjusted analyses examined intensity measures ("severe/moderate/minor or none") of financial worry and food insecurity among cancer survivors only. RESULTS Compared with individuals without a cancer history, cancer survivors aged 18 to 39 years reported consistently higher "very worried" levels regarding retirement (25.5% vs 16.9%; P<.001), standard of living (20.4% vs 12.9%; P<.001), monthly bills (14.9% vs 10.3%; P=.002), and housing costs (13.6% vs 8.9%; P=.001); and higher "often true" levels regarding worry about food running out (7.9% vs 4.6%; P=.004), food not lasting (7.6% vs 3.3%; P=.003), and being unable to afford balanced meals (6.3% vs 3.4%; P=.007). Findings were not as consistent for cancer survivors aged 40 to 64 years. In contrast, results were generally similar for adults aged ≥65 years with/without a cancer history. Among cancer survivors, 57.6% (age 18-39 years; P<.001), 51.9% (age 40-64 years; P<.001), and 23.8% (age ≥65 years; referent) reported severe/moderate financial worry intensity, and 27.0% (age 18-39 years; P<.001), 14.8% (age 40-64 years; P<.001), and 6.3% (age ≥65 years; referent) experienced severe/moderate food insecurity intensity. Lower income and higher comorbidities were generally associated with greater intensities of financial worry and food insecurity in all 3 age groups. CONCLUSIONS Younger cancer survivors experience greater financial worry and food insecurity. In addition to coping with medical costs, cancer survivors with low income and multiple comorbidities struggle to pay for daily living needs, such as food, housing, and monthly bills.
Variation in Colorectal Cancer Screening Practices According to Cardiovascular Disease Status and Race/Ethnicity.

To assess current estimates of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening practices in relation to cardiovascular disease (CVD) status and whether this association varies by race/ethnicity. Cross-sectional analysis of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data from 2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018 among US adults aged 50–75 years (n = 807,937). Participants’ self-reported CRC screening practices were categorized as being up-to-date, not up-to-date, or never screened. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess whether self-reported prevalent CVD was associated with CRC screening practices after adjusting for several potentially confounding variables; additional analyses were stratified by race/ethnicity. One-quarter of US adults had never been screened for CRC, while 67.0% reported being up-to-date with CRC screening. The proportion of Hispanics who had never been screened (35.3%) was higher than non-Hispanic Whites (23.5%) and Blacks (20.6%). Adults with CVD were less likely to never have been screened (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 0.92; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.88–0.95) or not to be up-to-date (aOR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.86–0.94) on CRC screening than those without CVD. The presence of CVD is associated with better adherence to CRC screening guidelines. Poor CRC screening utilization in Hispanics should be a priority for further investigation and intervention.
Segmental Myocardial Wall Motion and Myocardial Ischemia

Segmental wall motion abnormalities reliably occur with acute ischemia and can be detected during angina pectoris, with myocardial infarction, and during stress in patients with significant coronary artery disease. Some chronic contraction abnormalities can be reversed by successful revascularization surgery[1], as well as by physiological interventions that reduce ischemia by improving the myocardial oxygen sypply-demand ratio[2–5]. Demonstration of reversible asynergy during intervention ventriculography can aid in selecting low-risk patients who will benefit from aortocoronary bypass surgery, whereas irreversible asynergy signifies infarction and is associated with a poorer prognosis after surgery[2]. Furthermore, the extent and location of segmental contraction abnormalities determines the level of global ventricular pump function which is a major determinant of morbidity and mortality after myocardial infarction[6,7]. The chapter will describe the effects of acute ischemia upon the mechanical behavior of myocardial segments, and will review the use of cardiokymography to detect and record cardiac motion in man.
Correction to: Multicenter comparison of three intraoperative hemoglobin trend monitoring methods.

In the original publication of the article, the ABGHb graph of Fig. 2 was incorrectly rendered during conversion from black and white to color. The figure shows hemoglobin results from the 3 compared monitoring methods to results obtained by laboratory hematology analyzer. Importantly this illustration of secondary outcome was not used for statistical comparisons but is intended to show relative accuracy of the 3 monitoring methods. The corrected Fig. 2 is given in this erratum.
Perspectives on Quenching and Tempering 4340 Steel

Steels are ubiquitous due to their affordability and the landscape of useful properties that can be generated for engineering applications. But to further expand the performance envelope, one must be able to understand and control microstructure development by alloying and processing. Here we use multiscale, advanced characterization to better understand the structural and chemical evolution of AISI 4340 steel after quenching and tempering (Q&T), including the role of quench rate and short-time, isothermal tempering below 573 K (300 °C), with an emphasis on carbide formation. We compare the microstructure and/or property changes produced by conventional tempering to those produced by higher temperature, short-time “rapid” tempering. We underscore that no single characterization technique can fully capture the subtle microstructure changes like carbon redistribution, transition carbide and/or cementite formation, and retained austenite decomposition that occur during Q&T. Only the use of multiple techniques begins to unravel these complexities. After controlled fast or slow quenching, η transition carbides clearly exist in the microstructure, likely associated with autotempering of this high martensite start temperature (Ms) steel. Isothermal tempering below 598 K (325 °C) results in the relief of carbon supersaturation in the martensite, primarily by the formation of η transition carbides that exhibit a range of carbon levels, seemingly without substitutional element partitioning between the carbide and matrix phases. Hagg transition carbide is present between 300 °C and 325 °C. After conventional tempering at or above 598 K (325 °C) for 2 h, cementite is predominant, but small amounts of cementite are also present in other conditions, even after quenching. Previous work has indicated that silicon (Si) and substitutional elements partition between the cementite, which initially forms under paraequilibrium conditions, and the matrix. Phosphorous (P) may also be preferentially located at cementite/matrix interfaces after high temperature tempering. Slower quench rates result in greater amounts of retained austenite compared to those after fast quenching, which we attribute to increased austenite stability resulting from “autopartitioning”. Rapid, high temperature tempering is also found to diminish tempered martensite embrittlement (TME) believed to be associated with the extent of austenite decomposition, resulting in mechanical properties not attainable by conventional tempering, which may have important implications with respect to industrial heat treatment processes like induction tempering. Controlling the amount and stability of retained austenite is not only relevant to the properties of Q&T steels, but also next-generation advanced high strength steels (AHSS) with austenite/martensite mixtures.
Weaning Protocols After Ambulatory Surgery

Nearly 60% of all surgeries are performed in an outpatient setting with 24 hours or less of hospital care (Latifi, The modern hospital: patients centered, disease based, research oriented, technology driven. Springer, Cham, 2019; Russo et al., Hospital-based ambulatory surgery. HCUP statistical brief #86, February 2010). These surgeries are performed in both hospital-based outpatient departments (HOPDs) and ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs). There has been a marked increase in the number of surgeries being performed in ASCs in recent years, with cost and convenience being cited as contributing factors (Goldfarb et al., J Am Acad Orthop Surg 25:12–22, 2017). The report by US Government Accountability Office demonstrated that it costs 84% less to perform surgeries in ASCs than in HOPDs (United States Government Accountability Office. Medicare: payment for ambulatory surgical centers should be based on the hospital outpatient payment system, 2006). However, there are some long-term costs that are not necessarily quantifiable. More than 80% of patients undergoing surgery complain of postoperative pain, with pain, intractable nausea, and vomiting cited as major causes of unplanned admissions (Gan, Curr Med Res Opin 30:149–160, 2014). The rate of unplanned admissions after ambulatory procedures is 2.2% in orthopedic procedures and 1.42% in all surgeries (Fortier et al., Can J Anaesth 45:612–619, 1998). Optimum control of postoperative pain can lead to a decrease in unanticipated admissions. A majority of these patients are discharged with an opioid prescription, and nearly half of them are at an increased risk of becoming long-term opioid users (Alam et al., Arch Intern Med 172:425–430, 2012). The primary reason for this inadvertent adverse effect is due to not only lack of immediate postoperative follow-up for patients but also lack of effective guidelines to wean off pain medications postoperatively. In this chapter, we touch upon optimizing perioperative analgesia and discuss protocols for weaning off opioids after ambulatory surgery. Use of multimodal analgesia is covered in-depth elsewhere in this book.
Improve, But Avoid Death by Rigor

While HCI research has admittedly lacked the statistical rigor of other fields, the research that comes out of our community is also touted as being highly relevant, practically applicable, and able to enact real impact on society. Lest we depart from the core strengths, our goal is to impart rigor without sacrificing our relevance. In this position paper, I provide a cautionary tale from the field in which I purposely left – Information Systems (IS), in order to make sure that in calling for more transparency, we do not overly police the HCI community for the sake of statistical rigor.
Aperiodic neural activity is a better predictor of schizophrenia than neural oscillations

Diagnosis and symptom severity in schizophrenia is associated with irregularities across neural oscillatory frequency bands, including theta, alpha, beta, and gamma. However, electroencephalographic signals consist of both periodic and aperiodic background activity, characterized by the (1/f) slope of the power spectrum. We compared traditional band-limited periodic oscillatory activity to aperiodic activity, in schizophrenia participants and healthy controls, during an attention task. Classification analysis revealed that the change in slope of the power spectrum better predicted group status than traditional oscillatory power. It even outperformed the predictions made using participants9 own behavioral performance. Additionally, the differences in slope were highly consistent as they were observed across all electrodes. In sum, the aperiodic slope appears to be a more accurate, consistent, and robust metric to differentiate schizophrenic patients from healthy controls.