cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural studies on the bovine mammary gland with particular reference to glycogen distribution.

Summary The ultrastructure of the bovine mammary gland has been studied in virgin heifers, dry barren cows and lactating cows. The epithelial lining of the mammary alveoli, milk cistern and teat sinus is composed of 3 cell types; epithelial cells, myoepithelial cells and pale cells each with a characteristic ultrastructure. In the virgin heifer, the majority of the lumina of the mammary ductules are filled with an amorphous, electron-dense material possibly derived from cell debris. In the dry cow only a small minority of ductules contain this material. Glycogen is mainly present in the cytoplasm of the myoepithelial cells, although smaller amounts are also seen in the epithelial cells. In the lactating mammary gland, the majority of secretory epithelial cells show well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus consistent with active milk synthesis. However, some (15-20%) of the secretory epithelial cells appear inactive in protein and fat secretion but contain glycogen, in the form of β-particles, some of which is in close relationship to membranes apparently derived from the endoplasmic reticulum. The epithelial cells lining the milk cistern and teat sinus also contain large amounts of glycogen, but in no apparent relationship with any particular organelle.
The perioperative management of the arthroscopic patient.

The prearthroscopic management of a patient relies heavily on establishing a correct diagnosis. The indications for arthroscopy may be influenced by the acuteness of the situation. Operative preparation, complications, and anesthesia should be discussed with the patient. Postarthroscopic management involves variable and procedure-specific recovery times.
External Validity: The Next Step for Systematic Reviews?:

Background:Systematic reviews—which identify, assess, and summarize existing research—are usually designed to determine whether research shows that an intervention has evidence of effectiveness, rather than whether an intervention will work under different circumstances. The reviews typically focus on the internal validity of the research and do not consistently incorporate information on external validity into their conclusions.Objectives:In this article, we focus on how systematic reviews address external validity.Methods:We conducted a brief scan of 19 systematic reviews and a more in-depth examination of information presented in a systematic review of home visiting research.Results:We found that many reviews do not provide information on generalizability, such as statistical representativeness, but focus on factors likely to increase heterogeneity (e.g., numbers of studies or settings) and report on context. The latter may help users decide whether the research characteristics—such as sample demograph...
Beginning to End Racial Profiling: Definitive Solutions to an Elusive Problem

Many Americans have had interactions with police officers and other law enforcement agents, and the majority of these police-citizen encounters occur in the context of traffic stops. Although mildly inconvenient, traffic stops are necessary not only for enforcing traffic rules and deterring traffic violations, but they are generally beneficial for broader public safety concerns. For many people, traffic stops are simply part of life. For many racial minorities, however, especially African-American and Latino men, even a routine traffic stop takes on an entirely different meaning. Historically, the relationship between racial minorities and police has been strained, and many members of racial minority groups believe that law enforcement officers unfairly target them because of their race or ethnicity. It is widely known that many Americans, especially minorities, believe that police officers use race as a "proxy" for criminal involvement. There is strong evidence that racial minorities believe law enforcement officers engage in racial profiling. African-Americans have long argued that police officers scrutinize their behavior more closely, and many report that they are fearful of arrest even if they have done nothing illegal. The majority of African-Americans believe that racial profiling is wrong, yet is pervasive within their communities. Unfortunately, there is a growing body of evidence that suggests that the perception that police unjustly target minorities is not merely an unsubstantiated feeling, but an uncomfortable reality. While all forms of police misconduct or corruption are disturbing, racial profiling occupies a unique place among such harmful practices because it presents several unique issues that make it difficult to address through standard police accountability measures. Society entrusts law enforcement officers with a wide-breadth of discretion in order to perform their everyday duties. While the fast-paced nature of law enforcement necessitates discretion, if left unchecked, broad grants of discretion can lead police officers to abuse their position and engage in misconduct ranging from falsifying evidence, participating in violent excessive uses of force, and engaging in racial profiling. Remedying an elusive practice such as racial profiling remains a challenging issue for the judiciary and reformers must rely on other avenues for a solution. This Article argues that while courts may be reluctant to provide judicial remedies, police departments themselves should not ignore the perceptions and should take measures to reduce any possible profiling and increase partnerships with communities.
Transcription Factor Hand-offs “Enhance” Motor Neuron Differentiation

Rhee et al. (2016) in this issue of Neuron and Velasco et al. (2016) in Cell Stem Cell find that the activity of transcription factors binding sequentially to a series of transient early and late enhancers directs gene expression that is essential for motor neuron differentiation and function.
Effects of CO2 delivery on fatty acid and chitin nanofiber production during photobioreactor cultivation of the marine diatom Cyclotella sp.

Abstract Diatoms are single-celled algae that make cell walls of nanopatterned biogenic silica through metabolic uptake of dissolved silicon. The centric marine diatom Cyclotella sp. produces intracellular lipids and the valued co-product chitin, an N-acetyl glucosamine biopolymer that is extruded from the cell as pure nanofibers. The effect of CO2 delivery on the phototrophic production of biomass, lipids, and chitin from Cyclotella sp. was studied in a bubble-column photobioreactor by varying the inlet partial pressure of CO2 in the aeration gas (pCO2) from 0.5 × ambient (200 ppm) to 7.5 × ambient (3000 ppm) under silicon-limited growth conditions at fixed light intensity corresponding to 50% of saturation on the photosynthesis-irradiance curve. The cumulative consumption of CO2, determined the difference between the inlet and outlet pCO2 vs. time, showed that CO2-replete cultivation occurred at an inlet pCO2 of 800 ppm. Both lipid and chitin production were triggered after silicon substrate depletion. The lipid production rate increased with increasing inlet pCO2 under CO2 delivery-replete conditions until saturation was achieved at an inlet pCO2 of 3000 ppm. In contrast, chitin production was not strongly affected by pCO2. At pCO2 saturation, production rates were 195 ± 21 mg dry/L-day for biomass, 42 ± 11 mg/L-day for lipids, and 8.5 ± 1.4 mg/L-day for chitin. Final yields in the biomass were 23 ± 0.9 wt% for lipid, and 8.5 ± 0.5 wt% for chitin (all errors 1.0 S.E.). This study has showed that silicon and CO2 delivery can be manipulated to control the relative production of lipid and the valued chitin nanofiber co-product by the diatom Cyclotella, where silicon depletion initiates chitin formation, and inlet pCO2 enhances lipid production on top of chitin formation.
A Revisionist Stakeholder: China and the Post-World War II World Order

Taking advantage of President Trump’s retreat from global leadership, President Xi has vowed to provide ‘China solutions’ to global governance, raising the question if China is to overhaul the post...
Cardiac arrhythmias in the monkey during classically conditioned fear and excitement

Rhesus monkeys(Macaca mulatto) were tested in classic aversive and appetitive conditioning paradigms following complete coronary artery occlusion (CO) to test the hypothesis that “emotional stress” induces ventricular arrhythmias. Findings were based upon conditioning trials conducted for one or more weeks after occlusion in 13 animals. When all data from each animal for the week following CO were considered, there was no demonstrable tendency for arrhythmias to increase during “fear” conditioned to unavoidable electric shock or during “excitement” in anticipation of food. However, selected trials from six monkeys did reveal instances when changes in the frequency of occurrence of arrhythmias were coupled with behavioral conditioning. While analysis of these trials did not reveal any simple relationship between emotional stress and the development of ventricular arrhythmias after myocardial infarction, certain of the behavioral situations may be more potentially arrhythmogenic than others. For these selected trials, with respect to control, the number of arrhythmias may have increased or decreased upon presentation of the conditional stimulus; the exact response appears to depend upon the immediate physiologic status of the animal as well as on the behavioral condition. “More stressful” situations, such as aversive conditioning, are not necessarily associated with greater numbers of arrhythmias than were “less stressful” situations, such as appetitive conditioning. Arrhythmias appear to occur more frequently when an animal’s heart rate is within a given range; this may reflect underlying cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve activity.
Enzymes of pyrimidine salvage pathways in intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum

Malaria remains a significant public health problem worldwide with an estimated annual global incidence of 200 million and an estimated 450,000 annual deaths. Among the five known human malarial species, Plasmodium falciparum is the deadliest and most resistant to antimalarials. Hence, there is a need for new antimalarial targets. The rational design of a drug is usually based on biochemical and physiological differences between pathogens and their hosts. In view of their high rate of replication, parasites require very active nucleic acid synthesis which necessitates large supplies of the indispensable pyrimidine nucleotides. Consequently, delineation of P. falciparum pyrimidine metabolic pathways may reveal potential targets for the chemotherapy of malaria. Previous studies reported the existence of pyrimidine de novo pathways in this organism. The present results demonstrate the presence of enzymes of the pyrimidine salvage pathways in P. falciparum and indicate that this parasite is capable of pyrimidine salvage. Furthermore, some of the pyrimidine salvage enzymes, e.g., dTMP kinase, phosphoribosyltransferase, and uridine phosphorylase could be excellent targets for chemotherapeutic intervention against this parasite.
Test Beam Results and Status of the sPHENIX Calorimeter System

sPHENIX is a planned upgrade to the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). It is designed for precise measurements of jets, heavy-flavor and upsilons in the quark gluon plasma which is created in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC. sPHENIX consists of tracking and calorimeter systems that cover the full 2 in azimuth and $^\pm 1$ in psuedo-rapidity. The calorimeter system is composed of an electromagnetic calorimeter and a hadronic calorimeter. The EMCal towers are made of fibers embedded in a tungsten and epoxy mixture. The HCal has alternating layers of steel plates and scintillator tiles. Fibers embedded in the scintillator tiles are read out by SiPMs as is the light collected in the EMCal towers. To test the performance of the calorimeter design, a prototype was built and tested as the T-1044 experiment at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility. Results from the 2016 test beam demonstrated that the midrapidity configuration performed as expected from simulation and satisfied the performance requirements for the sPHENIX program. In February 2017, the high rapidity configuration of the calorimeter prototypes were tested. This includes the 2dimensional projective EMCal towers. The preliminary results from the 2017 beam test and corresponding simulation studies are presented along with the plans for the 2018 beam test.
TRENDS IN LEFT VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE USE IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOGENIC SHOCK IN THE SETTING OF ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Left ventricular support devices, particularly intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABP) and percutaneous LV assist devices are often utilized in patients with cardiogenic shock in the setting of ST elevation myocardial infarction. For many years, IABP has been the primary device; however, in 2008
A Single-Session of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Health-Related behavior change: An Open Trial with a nonconcurrent matched comparison group

Abstract The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have identified tobacco use, physical activity, alcohol consumption, nutrition, and sleep as five key health-related behavior domains for chronic disease prevention. Only a minority of the population meet recommended guidelines across all domains. To impact population health it is important to develop interventions that can be simulateously focused, flexible, efficient, and efficacious. Toward this end, we examined the initial efficacy of a single ACT session targeting health-related behavior change. Using an open clinical trial design, 39/40 participants (Mage = 20.64 [2.68], 92% female, 60% white, 20% black) chose one of the five health-related domains to target, received a single ACT session, and completed a 30-day follow-up assessment. Within-group analyses suggested an immediate post-session increase in confidence in making a change (t[39] = −5.70, p
Novel and emerging therapies for B cell lymphoma

Lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative disorders, with unique clinical and biological characteristics that exhibit variable response to therapy. Advances in chemo-immunotherapy have improved outcomes in a number of lymphoma subtypes; however, the prognosis for many patients with relapsed and refractory disease remains poor. Novel therapies including several small molecule inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T cells have been approved for the treatment of different lymphoma subtypes at relapse, changing the therapy landscape and further improving survival in many of these diseases. This has led to a focus on the development of new cellular therapy, antibody-based therapy, and small molecule inhibitors for relapsed and refractory disease that offer an alternative approach to cytotoxic chemotherapy. We will review these promising novel therapies and discuss their safety and efficacy in first in human studies.
Visualizing Speech-Generated Oral Fluid Droplets with Laser Light Scattering.

Oral Fluid Droplets Generated during Speech In this experiment, investigators used a laser in a darkened box to visualize droplets that were generated during speech. The droplets decreased in numbe...
Preferences of High Achieving High School Students in Their Career Development

The intent of this study was to identify the needs and preference of high-achieving high school students. In terms of career related programs in high school, Students listed AP courses and mentorin...
Evaluation of an Intrathecal Drug Delivery Protocol Leads to Rapid Reduction of Systemic Opioids in the Oncological Population

Objective: The article that follows is purposed at demonstrating how IT opioid plus bupivacaine achieves sustained acceptable pain relief while simultaneously rapidly reducing oral morphine equivalents (OME). Background: Cancer patients represent a population with significant morbidity, pain, and limited life expectancy. It is, therefore, vital to achieve satisfactory analgesia quickly and safely. To date, there is limited data in the literature that discusses efficacy of combined intrathecal (IT) medication therapy in reducing systemic opioids in the oncological population. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis that reviewed cancer pain patients from day of IT pump implantation through the six-month postoperative time point. A cohort of 50 oncological patients who had intrathecal drug delivery systems (IDDSs) implanted at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center between 2017 and 2019 were studied. Median OMEs were the primary modality of analysis for this review. Mean visual analogue scale scores were secondarily reviewed. Results: Median OMEs decreased from 503 preoperative to 105 at six months postoperative time point. Median time to discharge was 6.5 days. Unfortunately, due to malignant mortality, 27 patients did not make it to the 6-month postoperative time point. Discussion: IDDSs with opioid plus bupivacaine represent a safe and efficient route toward expeditious pain relief and decreased OMEs in the cancer pain population.
Finite element composite simplification modeling and design of the material extrusion wave infill for thin-walled structures

Abstract The finite element composite simplification model (CSM) for modelling the material extrusion (MEX) wave infill of a thin-walled structure (TWS) with generalized geometries and loading conditions is presented. The MEX wave infill is a sine wave infill pattern used to generate a lightweight TWS with desired bending properties. In CSM, the wave infill and TWS faces are modelled as a homogenous stacked composite, which significantly reduces the computation and setup time associated with full-scale finite element modeling. Analytical models are presented to determine the effective material properties of the homogeneous core of the CSM. Previously reported four-point flexural experiments were used to validate the CSM. CSM has been shown to predict the experimentally measured four-point bending stiffness within 15%. Using CSM, fixed flat- and curved-plate cantilevers with uniform and varying wave infill are analyzed. These analyses show CSM to be a good finite element tool for modeling complex geometries with wave infill for TWSs.
PortAuthority: Integrating energy efficiency analysis into cross-platform development cycles via dynamic program analysis

Abstract Source code improvements can be suggested or automatically applied from within an IDE augmenting the skills of a developer. In addition, compiler optimizations are readily available for a variety of languages and programming environments that continue to enhance a developer's code on the back end. Common optimizations include transformations that automatically improve the speed or lower the memory usage of an application. However, no equivalent options exist to tailor the compilation, linking or refactoring of a program for better energy efficiency. This paper fills the gap by proposing a methodology that can integrate energy efficiency analysis into software development cycles via dynamic program analysis. Our goal is to provide the same usability and increased code quality that are available for performance-oriented optimizations in the context of a development environment but for issues concerning power consumption. We explore using PortAuthority as an easy-to-use tool that can increase developer awareness of energy related improvements via both descriptive messages and indicators of severity. By analyzing the power efficiency of basic instructions at the binary level and building generalized rules for improving code's energy efficiency, our approach is language agnostic, cross-platform, and can be seamlessly integrated to popular IDEs. We present the integrated solution to the Visual Studio Code IDE and demonstrate its usage in several sample projects.
Micro-climate Prediction - Multi Scale Encoder-decoder based Deep Learning Framework

This paper presents a deep learning approach for a versatile Micro-climate prediction framework (DeepMC). Micro climate predictions are of critical importance across various applications, such as Agriculture, Forestry, Energy, Search & Rescue, etc. To the best of our knowledge, there is no other single framework which can accurately predict various micro-climate entities using Internet of Things (IoT)data. We present a generic framework (DeepMC) which predicts various climatic parameters such as soil moisture, humidity, windspeed, radiation, temperature based on the requirement over a period of 12 hours - 120 hours with a varying resolution of 1 hour - 6hours, respectively. This framework proposes the following new ideas: 1) Localization of weather forecast to IoT sensors by fusing weather station forecasts with the decomposition of IoT data at multiple scales and 2) A multi-scale encoder and two levels of attention mechanisms which learns a latent representation of the interaction between various resolutions of the IoT sensor data and weather station forecasts. We present multiple real-world agricultural and energy scenarios, and report results with uncertainty estimates from the live deployment of DeepMC, which demonstrate that DeepMC outperforms various baseline methods and reports 90%+ accuracy with tight error bounds.
Silencing of hippocampal synaptic transmission impairs spatial reward search on a head-fixed tactile treadmill task

Abstract Head-fixed linear treadmill tasks have been used to study hippocampal physiology in mice. Although some hippocampal neurons establish place fields along linear treadmills, it is not clear if the hippocampus is required for spatial memory on this task. Using a Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) approach, we found that silencing hippocampal output on rewarded treadmill tasks impaired search for rewards signaled by spatial cues but did not impair search for rewards signaled by local cues, recapitulating findings from other behavior tasks. These findings serve to contextualize data on hippocampal physiology from mice performing this task.
Effect of sintering atmospheres on printed silver nanoparticle patterns for flexible electronics application

A unique atmosphere using formic acid was introduced to sinter silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) for conductive patterns applicable for flexible electronics. Printed Ag NP patterns on flexible polyimide sheets using Ag NP ink were sintered in the atmosphere selected from air, N2, or N2-bubbled formic acid (N2-FA). Microstructures, organic residues, and electrical and mechanical properties of the sintered Ag patterns were compared, depending on sintering parameters including atmosphere, temperature, and time. The Ag NP patterns sintered in N2-FA atmosphere revealed an effective decomposition of organic materials, resulting in lower electrical resistivities and improved mechanical properties. For the Ag NP patterns sintered in N2-FA, organic residues were obtained below 5 wt% and grain sizes increased to 30–31 nm when the sintering temperature increased from 80 to 140 °C and sintering time increased up to 12 min. Less amount of organic residues and larger grain sizes contributed to achieving lower electrical resistivity of 15.7 μΩ-cm and higher hardness and modulus with their respective values of 0.184 and 8.405 GPa. The Ag NP patterns sintered in N2-FA resulted in improved electrical and mechanical properties in comparison with those sintered in air or N2. The Ag NP patterns sintered in N2-FA had enough electrical conductivity to operate light emitting diode lamps and were used to fabricate a radio frequency identification (RFID) antenna tag. From the measurement of the return loss (S11) in the RFID tags, the antenna showed a dual-band feature with two resonance frequencies of 27.76 and 33.50 MHz, which gave the ability to receive and send information in both frequencies.
Theoretical investigation of charge transfer between the NV− center in diamond and substitutional N and P

The nitrogen-vacancy (N V) lattice defect in diamond, consisting of an N substitutional atom and an adjacent C vacancy, is commonly observed in two charge states, negative (N V−) and neutral (N V0). The N V− defect exhibits spin state-dependent fluorescence and is, therefore, amenable to optical methods for spin-state readout, while the N V0 is not. Hence, the N V− defect is much more useful for quantum sensing and quantum information processing. However, only N V0 electroluminescence has been observed, even from centers showing N V− in photoluminescence. In the present work, we use first-principles electronic structure calculations to determine adiabatic charge transition levels for the conversion of N V− to N V0 in the presence of substitutional N or P impurities, which provide the charge of the N V− center. We find that the adiabatic charge transition levels in the presence of such impurities lie at energies close to or lower than the zero-phonon line of the N V− center and that these energies only decrease as the concentration of N donors increases. This work, therefore, elucidates the absence of observed electroluminescence from the N V− and proposes a path toward observation of the phenomenon.
Fy 2005 Scientific and Technical Reports, Articles, Papers, and Presentations

This Technical Memorandum (TM) presents formal NASA technical reports, papers published in technical journals, and presentations by Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) personnel in FY 2005. It also includes papers of MSFC contractors. The information in this TM may be of value to the scientific and engineering community in determining what information has been published and what is available.
Crucifixion & Execution: The Trial of Jesus Christ as a Death Penalty Sentencing Process

Last year, I came to a remarkable conclusion: That the debate over the death penalty in the United States is largely among Christians, but has ignored the capital sentencing which is at the center of that faith. The result of this epiphany is Crucifixion & Execution: The Trial of Jesus Christ as a Death Penalty Sentencing Process. In Crucifixion & Execution, I argue that the story of Christ parallels modern capital practice in many respects: Christ was turned in by a paid informant (Judas), arrested in a strategic manner, given an arraignment and stood mute, was tried, convicted and sentenced, appealed to two separate sovereigns, and finally was denied a pardon. These similarities lead to two primary conclusions. First, the death of Jesus Christ, an innocent, indicts a modern death penalty system that continues to threaten the execution of innocent men and women. Second, the trial of Christ suggests structural reforms of capital sentencing, if we are to retain capital punishment.
Actions of anesthetics on ligand-gated ion channels: role of receptor subunit composition

Molecular cloning of cDNAs coding for ligand-gated ion channel subunits makes it possible to study the pharmacology of recombinant receptors with defined subunit compositions. Many laboratories have used these techniques recently to study actions of agents that produce general anesthesia. We review the effects of volatile and intravenous anesthetics on recombinant GABAA, glycine, AMPA, kainate, NMDA, and 5HT3 receptors. Evidence for and against specific ligand-gated ion channel subunits as targets responsible for anesthesia or the side effects of anesthetic agents is discussed for each type of receptor. Subunit specific actions of some of the agents suggest that construction and testing of certain chimeric receptor subunits may be useful for defining the amino acid sequences responsible for anesthetic actions.
Observations of the freeze/thaw performance of lithium fluoride by motion picture photography

To gain direct observation of the molten salt phase change, a novel containerless technique was developed where the high surface tension of lithium fluoride was used to suspend a bead of the molten salt inside a specially designed wire cage. By varying the current passing through the wire, the cage also served as a variable heat source. In this way, the freeze/thaw performance of the lithium fluoride could be photographed by motion picture photography without the influence of container walls. The motion picture photography of the lithium fluoride sample revealed several zones during the phase change, a solid zone and a liquid zone, as expected, and a slush zone that was predicted by thermal analysis modeling.
The effect of tafamidis on the QTc interval in healthy subjects

Aims The transthyretin (TTR) stabilizer, tafamidis, has demonstrated efficacy and safety in the treatment of TTR familial amyloid polyneuropathy (20 mg day−1). Tafamidis use in TTR cardiomyopathy led to the study of the potential effect of tafamidis on the QTc interval in healthy subjects. Methods This randomized, three treatment, three period, six sequence crossover study with placebo, a positive control (moxifloxacin 400 mg) and tafamidis (400 mg, to achieve a supra-therapeutic Cmax of ~20 µg ml−1) was conducted in healthy volunteers at three clinical research units. Oral dosing in each of the three treatment periods was separated by a washout period of ≥ 14 days. Serial triplicate 12-lead electrocardiograms were performed. QTc intervals were derived using the Fridericia correction method. Safety and tolerability were assessed by physical examination, vital signs measurement, laboratory analyses and monitoring of adverse events (AEs). Results A total of 42 subjects completed the study. The upper limit of the two-sided 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for the difference in baseline-adjusted QTcF between tafamidis 400 mg and placebo was <10 ms (non-inferiority criterion) for all time points. The lower limit of the two-sided 90% CI between moxifloxacin 400 mg and placebo exceeded 5 ms at the pre-specified moxifloxacin tmax of 3 h post-dose, confirming assay sensitivity. Cmax and AUC(0,24 h) for tafamidis were 20.36 µg ml−1 and 305.4 µg ml−1 h, respectively. There were no serious/severe AEs or treatment discontinuations due to AEs. Conclusions This thorough QTc study suggests that a supra-therapeutic single 400 mg oral dose of tafamidis does not prolong the QTc interval and is well-tolerated in healthy volunteers.
Effects of Pancreatin on the Growth of Reovirus

Wallis, Craig (Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.), Joseph L. Melnick, and Fred Rapp. Effects of pancreatin on the growth of reovirus. J. Bacteriol. 92:155-160. 1966.-The influence of pancreatin and other proteolytic enzymes on the growth, plaque formation, and antigenicity of reovirus was studied. Single-cycle yields of virus in the presence of enzyme were not increased, but multiple-cycle yields of virus were greatly enhanced. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that the transmission of reovirus from cell to cell is more rapid in the presence of the enzyme. These findings led to the development of a rapid plaque assay system for reovirus, a virus which has previously been difficult to assay by the plaque method. In the recommended procedure, pancreatin is incorporated into the agar overlay. Monkeys immunized with enzyme-treated reovirus yielded higher antibody titers than animals receiving the same amount of untreated virus.
Phase transfer of highly monodisperse iron oxide nanocrystals with Pluronic F127 for biomedical applications

Iron oxide nanoparticles made from the thermal decomposition method are highly uniform in all respects (size, shape, composition and crystallography), making them ideal candidates for many bioapplications. The surfactant coating on the as-synthesized nanoparticles renders the nanoparticles insoluble in aqueous solutions. For biological applications nanoparticles must be water soluble. Here we demonstrate the phase transfer of our nanoparticles with the biocompatible copolymer Pluronic F127. Transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering indicate that the nanoparticles are coated discretely. Magnetic measurements show that the nanoparticles remain superparamagnetic with saturation magnetization ∼96% of the maximum theoretical value.
An abstract characterization of the semigroup of all closed relations on a c-space

Among the first countable spaces, K-spaces are characterized [2, Theorem (3.2), p. 1911 as those which are either sequentially compact or discrete. It follows immediately from the definition that the family of all closed relations on a K-space X (i.e., closed subsets of X s X) is a semigroup under composition as defined above. One of the main results of [2, p. 1911 is Theorem (3.3) which determines all the isomorphisms between two such semigroups and it readily follows that two such semigroups are isomorphic if and only if the corresponding spaces are homeomorphic. As the title of this paper indicates, we give here an abstract characterization of these semigroups. We also discuss some characterizations of the semigroup of all relations on a set. Before we state the main theorem, we need to agree on some conventions and we also need a definition. First of all, we recall that in any semigroup 5’ with zero, a subset I of S is said to be orthogonal if the product of any two distinct elements of I is zero. For any a E S and any subset W/of S, the expression al+’ = 0 means that aw = 0 for each w E W. The statement aU’ # 0 means simply that aw # 0 for at least one w E W.
Integrated High-Fidelity Geoscience Simulations for Enhanced Terrain-Related Target Detection

A loosely coupled suite of physics-based geotechnical, geospatial, hydrogeologic, and thermal simulations are integrated into a virtual testing facility aimed at resolving terrain-related warfighter problems. This article describes the key aspects of the research conducted by the US Institute for Maneuverability and Terrain Physics Simulation and provides two examples of the virtual testing facility applied to subsurface threat detection.
A model of integrated learning

Research in integrated learning is concerned with designing learning systems that combine empirical (inductive) and analytical (deductive) approaches to learning. A model of integrated learning is proposed, and is illustrated with a detailed case study from the field of epidemiology. An algorithm called Negative Instance Elimination algorithm is presented. We show that it is orthogonal to the well-known Candidate Elimination algorithm, i.e. the former is based on a set of assumptions similar to the letter, except that the roles of features and instances are interchanged.
The effect of inflammation on drug metabolism: a focus on pediatrics.

Inflammation is associated with downregulation of the expression and activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450) involved in hepatic drug metabolism. Elevated plasma drug levels and increased toxicity might be the consequences of this downregulation. Few clinical studies have investigated these consequences of inflammation in children, who are prescribed many off-label or unlicensed drugs. This review describes the impact of inflammation on CYP450 drug metabolism and drug effect in children, with the consequent implications for drug studies and clinical therapy in this group.
Transient instability in case II diffusion

A well-known model of one-dimensional Case II diffusion is reformulated in two dimensions. This 2-D model is used to study the stability of 1-D planar Case II diffusion to small spatial perturbations. An asymptotic solution based on the assumption of small perturbations and a small driving force is developed. This analysis reveals that while 1-D planar diffusion is indeed asymptotically stable to small spatial perturbations, it may exhibit a transient instability. That is, although any small perturbation is damped out over sufficiently long times, the amplitude of any perturbation initially grows with time.
Quantized displays of human movement : a methodological alternative to the point-light display

In this paper, we describe a methodological alternative to the point-light display for the study of the impact of human movement on social perception. This quantization technique involves degrading standard videotapes via a special effects generator at the time of editing. As is the case with a point-light display, quantization disguises structural characteristics of videotaped stimulus persons, and highlights their patterns of movement. Because quantization requires no special procedures during videotaping, it is unobtrusive, and helps maintain the ecological validity of the original stimulus. We offer empirical support from two studies for our proposal that dynamic quantization is a valuable methodological approach to the study of nonverbal behavior.
Development of an Isothermal Journal Bearing Employing Heat-Pipe Cooling Technology

This paper reports the development of an isothermal journal bearing by employing heat-pipe cooling technology for improved thermal-tribological performance. A stainless-steel bearing with a number of heat-pipe grooves which use methanol as the working fluid was designed and constructed to verify the heat-transfer mechanism in the isothermal journal bearing. The constructed journal bearing was tested to evaluate its thermal performance. The experimental results indicated that the heat pipe uniformly distributes the “frictional heat” along the entire circumference of the bearing. As a result, the journal bearing becomes a nearly isothermal element. Experimental data also indicate that with the heat pipe as a heat sink, the bearing can work at a much higher thermal load. Presented as a Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASME/STLE Tribology Conference in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, October 26–28, 1998
Elements of a DNA-polypeptide recognition code: Electrostatic potential around the double helix, and a stereospecific model for purine recognition☆

Abstract A model for stereospecific complex between a polynucleotide double helix and a twisted β-ribbon type polypeptide is described. The β ribbon lies in the major groove with alternate side chains pointing toward the interior of the groove. The base-amino acid complementarities are: Arg, G and Asn or Gln, A. It is shown that this complex can: (a) distinguish between G and A in homopolar sequences; (b) the complex is stabilized by approx. 6 Kcal/mole per hydrogen bond per base pair; (c) the required backbone conformation is in the permitted range of Ramachandran plots.
Mechanism of Fundulus Epiboly—A Current View

This paper summarizes evidence for the following picture of Fundulus epiboly, with an eye toward laying groundwork for future investigation. The major force in epiboly is the yolk syncytial layer (YSL). Prior to epiboly, it spreads well beyond the border of the blastoderm to form the wide external YSL (E-YSL). This has contractile properties, which, however, are restrained prior to epiboly by the attached enveloping layer (EVL) of the blastoderm. Epiboly begins when the E-YSL contracts and narrows, throwing its surface into folds and pulling the internal YSL (I-YSL) and the attached EVL vegetally. When the narrowing of the E-YSL has ceased, it is postulated that its contractility continues as a circumferential wave of vegetally directed contraction that moves over the yolk toward the vegetal pole, dragging the I-YSL and the attached EVL (and blastoderm) with it. The most obvious visible manifestation of this wave is a marked marginal constriction, where the YSL joins the yolk cytoplasmic layer (YCL). As this contractile wave passes over the yolk, cytoplasm from the YCL mingles with that of the advancing E-YSL, and YCL surface adds to the already highly convoluted surface of the E-YSL. This folded surface is the site of a thin, highly localized band of rapid endocytosis that encircles the egg and passes over it with the E-YSL in a wave throughout epiboly. This internalization, which is receptor independent and therefore somehow programmed, accompanies the putative contractile wave, and accounts for the disappearance of the surface of the YCL. Since the YCL surface stands in the way of the advancing YSL, its internalization is part of the mechanism of epiboly. As the I-YSL expands in response to this marginal pull, its abundant microvilli gradually disappear, providing surface for its epiboly. The firmly attached EVL likewise expands toward the vegetal pole in response to the pull of the autonomously expanding YSL. As epiboly of the EVL progresses, it adjusts to the geometric problems posed by a sheet expanding over a sphere by active cell rearrangement within the cell monolayer. Thus, epiboly of the EVL has an active as well as a passive component. Deep cells are not causally involved in epiboly, but move about in coordinated ways in the constantly increasing space between the I-YSL and the EVL provided by epiboly and form the germ ring and the embryonic shield and eventually the embryo proper. An attempt is made to pull all of this together, and more, in order to achieve as comprehensive an understanding of epiboly as present evidence will allow.
Quadtree-structured multiple resolution segmentation of some computed images

Image statistics of some computed images and statistical history of the corresponding quadtree are analyzed. A new multiple resolution segmentation (MRS) approach using quadtree for these computed images is presented. The results obtained by using this approach demonstrate the correctness of the derived statistical properties and efficacy of this MRS scheme.
Deletions in the ligand for CD40 in X-linked immunoglobulin deficiency with normal or elevated IgM (HIGMX-1)

Patients with X-linked Ig deficiency with normal or elevated IgM (HIGMX-1) fail to switch from IgM/IgD to other Ig isotypes. Interaction between the B cell antigen CD40 and the CD40 ligand expressed on activated T cells is critical for T cell driven isotype switching. We have reported that T lymphocytes from three unrelated male patients with HIGMX-1 failed to express CD40 ligand on their surface, but the mRNA for CD40 ligand was of an apparently normal size and level. Analysis of CD40 ligand cDNA from two of the patients revealed deletions that alter the reading frame. Patient 1 displayed two mutations: a C-->A transversion at nucleotide 590 and the deletion of an adjacent C nucleotide. The second patient had a 58 bp deletion from nucleotides 289-346. Furthermore, neither patient expressed a protein product detectable by the CD40L mAb, 5c8.
Implementation of Tuy's cone-beam inversion formula

Tuy's cone-beam inversion formula was modified to develop a cone-beam reconstruction algorithm. The algorithm was implemented for a cone-beam vertex orbit consisting of a circle and two orthogonal lines. This orbit geometry satisfies the cone-beam data sufficiency condition and is easy to implement on commercial single photon emission computed tomography (PECT) systems. The algorithm, which consists of two derivative steps, one rebinning step, and one three-dimensional backprojection step, was verified by computer simulations and by reconstructing physical phantom data collected on a clinical SPECT system. The proposed algorithm gives equivalent results and is as efficient as other analytical cone-beam reconstruction algorithms.
Second-order-accurate radiative hydrodynamics and multidimensional protostellar collapse

A second-order-accurate numerical scheme for computing the radiative hydrodynamics of three-dimensional, collapsing protostellar clouds has been developed and implemented in both spherical and cartesian coordinates. The scheme employs spatially second-order-accurate advective fluxes based on van Leer monotonic interpolation and consistent advection. The advective fluxes also contain the terms necessary to make the scheme temporally second-order-accurate in the presence of spatially and temporally varying velocity fields. A predictor-corrector treatment of the source terms completes the requirements for second-order accuracy in time. The Poisson equation for the gravitational potential is solved by either a spherical harmonic expansion or a Green's function method. Radiative transfer in the Eddington approximation is handled through the solution of a mean intensity equation. The numerical scheme has been shown to be second-order-accurate through convergence testing and has been shown to improve the performance on a shock propagation problem compared to schemes that do not contain the spatially and temporally second-order-accurate terms.
Soil Response to Long-Term Cropping Systems on an Argiustoll in the Central Great Plains

Development or identification of cropping systems that conserve soil and water, sequester soil organic C (SOC), and improve soil productivity is a high research priority, particularly in semiarid regions. We assessed the impacts of 33-yr cropping systems on near-surface soil structural, compaction, and hydraulic properties and their relationships with SOC concentration on a nearly level Crete silty clay loam (fine, smectitic, mesic Pachic Argiustoll) in the central Great Plains. Five cropping systems (sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]-fallow [SF], continuous sorghum [SS], winter wheat [Triticum aestivum L.]-sorghum-fallow [WSF], wheat-fallow [WF], and continuous wheat [WW]) under reduced tillage (RT) and no-till (NT) were studied. Cropping systems significantly impacted soil properties. Wet aggregate stability and aggregate water repellency in WW were two to five times greater than in other rotations for the 0- to 2.5-cm soil depth. The WW and WSF retained 10 to 16% more water than SF between 0 and -3 kPa matric potentials under NT. The WW reduced bulk density (ρ b ) and increased cumulative water infiltration over other rotations under NT. The WW increased SOC concentration over all other rotations under NT and SF and SS under RT in the 0- to 2.5-cm depth. The SF affected soil properties more adversely than WF. Wet aggregate stability, water repellency, total porosity, cumulative water infiltration, and soil water retention increased while ρ b decreased with an increase in SOC concentration. Wet aggregate stability increased with an increase in aggregate water repellency (r > 0.80, P < 0.001). Overall, intensification of cropping systems such as WW coupled with NT improved soil physical properties and increased SOC concentration.
"I hadn't joined church yet, and I wasn't scared of anybody": Violence and Homosociality in Early Black Men's Christian Narratives

(2012). “I Hadn't Joined Church Yet. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 153-182.
Physicians in Alcoholism: A Study of Current Status and Future Needs

Members of the American Medical Society on Alcoholism were studied to shed light on medical manpower needs in the alcoholism field. Findings were compared to AMA and federal survey data for all American physicians. AMSA respondents were broadly distributed among specialties: primarily psychiatrists, internists, and family practitioners. They were evenly divided between office-based and institutional practice, and most were on medical school faculties. Regarding alcoholism treatment, they generally agreed that Alcoholics Anonymous is necessary and that nonmedical counsellors are effective, although their altitudes on the etiology of alcoholism were divided. This sample of physicians in alcoholism, although not inclusive of all in the field, represents a diverse group, with differing clinical and educational needs.