cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activity and Hyperactivity-Attention Deficit Disorder

Activity level is consistently featured as a primary component of infant and child temperament (Buss and Plomin, 1975, 1984; Hubert, Wachs, Peters-Martin, and Gandour, 1982; Thomas and Chess, 1977). Consequently, disorders of childhood often impact activity level. Hyperactivity is among the most common behavior disorders in childhood and has become widely studied (Barkley, 1981; Winchell, 1981; Conners, 1986).
Evolution of Apache Open Source Software

Our modern infrastructure relies increasingly on computation and computers. Accompanying this is a rise in the prevalence and complexity of computer programs. Current software systems (composed of an interacting collection of programs, functions, classes, etc.) implement a tremendous range of functionality, from simple mathematical operations to intricate control systems. Software systems are inherently extendable and tend to gain new functionality over time. Modern computers and programming languages are Turing complete and, thus, capable of implementing any computable function no matter how complex. The interdependencies between the elements of a software system form a network, and, therefore, we believe software systems can provide useful prototypic examples of how to build complex networked systems which require minimal maintenance, are robust bugs to and yet are readily extendable. Thus we ask: What makes for good design in software systems? We are particularly interested in open source software (OSS)—software with source code that is freely available for download and modification. A typical OSS project is a collaborative effort by volunteers, with no central authority assigning development tasks. Instead individuals, or self-organized teams of developers, fix bugs and maintain and extend the code. In OSS, modularity is essential [1, 2], and remarkably, the software resulting from an OSS process can rival or even surpass the quality of commercial software [3, 4]. Software systems are always evolving, responding to user demands for “bug fixes” and new features. Invariably, systems grow in size and complexity, eventually becoming difficult to parse, maintain and extend further. In response to this, developers refactor their systems [5], streamlining and restructuring the entire code base. Thus there are several strong analogies between OSS systems and biological systems. Both classes of systems are inherently modular, readily evolvable, must be robust to anomalies and experience periods of punctuated equilibrium [6]. Yet high-confidence data on the structure of OSS, unlike data on biological networks, is easily obtained for minimal cost.
EFFECTS OF TILLAGE AND CROP SEQUENCE ON PARASITISM OF HETERODERA GLYCINES JUVENILES BY HIRSUTELLA SPP. AND ON JUVENILE POPULATION DENSITY

Chen, S., and S. Liu. Effects of tillage and crop sequence on parasitism of Heterodera glycines juveniles by Hirsutella spp. and on juvenile population density. 2007. Nematropica 37:93-106. The effect of tillage on parasitism of Heterodera glycines second-stage juvenile (J2) by the nematophagous fungi Hirsutella rhossiliensis and/or Hirsutella minnesotensis and on J2 population density was investigated at four sites in soybean-corn rotation and one site in soybean monoculture in Minnesota. Soil samples were taken at planting, in midseason, and at harvest in 2002, at planting, 1 and 2 months after planting, and at harvest in 2003, and 2 weeks and 2 months after planting, and at harvest in 2004. Heterodera glycines J2 were extracted, and the number and percentage of J2 parasitized by Hirsutella were determined. No significant differences in the percentages of parasitized J2 were observed between conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) at all sampling dates, except that the percentage of J2 parasitized in NT was significantly higher than in CT during the soybean-growing season in 2003 at one site in the soybean-corn annual rotation. The percentage of J2 parasitized by Hirsutella was higher in soybean fields than in corn fields, and the percentage of J2 parasitized in midseason was generally higher than that at planting and harvest. Growing a resistant soybean cultivar in the preceding year reduced the percentage of J2 parasitized by Hirsutella in the following season. Conventional tillage increased the mid-season J2 population density during 2002-2004 soybean-growing seasons as compared with NT at two of the five sites.
Microlensing towards the Magellanic Clouds: Nature of the Lenses and Implications for Dark Matter

(Abridged) A close scrutiny of the microlensing results towards the Magellanic clouds reveals that the stars within the Magellanic clouds are major contributors as lenses, and the contribution of MACHOs to dark matter is 0 to 5%. The principal results which lead to this conclusion are the following. (i) Out of the ~17 events detected so far towards the Magellanic Clouds, the lens locations have been determined for four events where the lenses are most likely within the Magellanic clouds. (ii) If caused by MACHOs, the event timescales would imply that the MACHOs in the direction of the LMC and the SMC have masses of the order of 0.5 and 2 solar masses, respectively. This is inconsistent with even the most flattened model of the Galaxy. If caused by stars within the Magellanic Clouds, the masses of the lenses are of the order of 0.2 solar mass for both the LMC as well as the SMC. (iii) The fact that the two observed binary events are caused by lenses within the Magellanic Clouds would suggest that there should be a total of ~20 events caused by lenses within the Magellanic Clouds. This implies that most of the microlensing events observed so far are probably caused by stars within the Magellanic Clouds. (iv) If the microlensing events are caused by MACHOs of 0.5 solar mass, ~15 events should have been detected by now towards the SMC, with timescales of ~40 days. The fact that both the events detected towards the SMC have been shown to be due to self-lensing places severe constraints on the MACHO contribution and suggests that the contribution of MACHOs to dark matter is consistent with zero, with an upper limit of 5%.
√3-based 1-form subdivision

In this paper we construct an edge based, or 1-form, subdivision scheme consistent with $\sqrt{3}$ subdivision. It produces smooth differential 1-forms in the limit. These can be identified with tangent vector fields, or viewed as edge elements in the sense of finite elements. In this construction, primal (0-form) and dual (2-form) subdivision schemes for surfaces are related through the exterior derivative with an edge (1-form) based subdivision scheme, amounting to a generalization of the well known formule de commutation. Starting with the classic $\sqrt{3}$ subdivision scheme as a 0-form subdivision scheme, we derive conditions for appropriate 1- and 2-form subdivision schemes without fixing the dual (2-form) subdivision scheme a priori. The resulting degrees of freedom are resolved through spectrum considerations and a conservation condition analogous to the usual moment condition for primal subdivision schemes.
Atmospheres of Late-Type Giants

Much of the research on atmospheres of cool giant stars is still found to be classical in nature. We describe current developments in molecular opacities and discuss recently published model photospheres. Some of these go beyond classical models. Such distinctly non-classical topics as chromospheres, acoustic and hydrodynamic waves, and mass loss are then briefly discussed.
Evaluating the use of plasma hematocrit samples to detect ketones utilizing urine dipstick colorimetric methodology in diabetic dogs and cats: Use of plasma hematocrit samples

Objective: To determine whether plasma from a heparinized hematocrit tube placed on a urine dipstick would accurately reflect (positive or negative) urine ketone results in diabetic dogs and cats. Design: Prospective study, 37 dogs and 43 cats, with a known history of diabetes or hyperglycemia, glucosuria, and symptoms of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus were tested. Setting: Veterinary Referral Hospital. Animals: Client owned dogs and cats. Interventions: None. Measurement and main results: Heparinized plasma and urine ketone results were recorded using urine reagent strips. Plasma dipstick results were compared to urine dipstick results as the standard. Results were recorded based on the color chart provided by the manufacturer. Two individuals were responsible for verifying the results of the colorimetric test. Test efficiency was 97% (sensitivity = 96%, specificity = 100%) for the canine population, 93% (sensitivity = 100%, specificity = 83%) for the feline population, and 95% (sensitivity = 98%, specificity = 91%) for the total population. Four of 80 animals were found to have discordant results (1 dog and 3 cats). Conclusion: Plasma from heparinized hematocrit tubes is clinically useful for detecting the presence or absence of ketonuria, and therefore ketosis, in diabetic dogs and cats using urine dipstick colorimetric methodology.
Convergence Analysis of a Finite Difference Scheme for the Gradient Flow associated with the ROF Model

We present a convergence analysis of a finite difference scheme for the time dependent partial different equation called gradient flow associated with the Rudin-Osher-Fatemi model. We devise an iterative algorithm to compute the solution of the finite difference scheme and prove the convergence of the iterative algorithm. Finally computational experiments are shown to demonstrate the convergence of the finite difference scheme. An application for image denoising is given.
Clark Thomas Rogerson, 1918–2001

The passing of Clark Thomas Rogerson on September 7, 2001, at age 82, marks the loss to Mycology of one of the last of the classical mycologists; he was a scientist whose love of fungi knew no boun...
PO-0660 Pain Management Around Necrotizing Enterocolitis Surgery:towards Evidence-based Guidelines

Background and aims Necrotizing entero colitis (NEC) is an extremely painful complication in premature neonates. To our knowledge there are no pain management guidelines for NEC. We studied pain management in a cohort of neonates operated on for NEC in our hospital over a 5-year period. Methods Data from 2008–2012 including COMFORTneo scores and analgesic treatment were retrieved from our patient data management system. COMFORTneo scores of 14 or higher and numeric rating scale pain score (NRS) of 4 or higher suggest pain or discomfort. Results 69 neonates (29 boys, 40 girls) were operated on at median postnatal age 10 days (range 4–82 days). The majority was Bell’s stage 3 (81.1%), gestational age ranged from 24.2 to 36.4 weeks. Twenty children (29%) died, of whom 9 on day of surgery or the next day. Conclusions Patients received relatively high doses of opioids leading to acceptable pain scores for such a painful condition. Benchmarking and prospective studies are necessary next steps.
Processing-Microstructure-Strength Predictions for Short Fiber Reinforced Composite Structures Based on a Spray Deposition Process

An approach to the prediction of strength of spray deposited composite structures is described. The work documented links manufacturing simulations, providing the fiber microstructure information, to a strength prediction formulation that can finally be incorporated into structural stress analysis.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
A multilevel analysis of parental discipline and child antisocial behavior

We demonstrate graphical and analytical methods for multilevel (2- and 3-level) models using the analysis of observed microsocial interaction between parent-child dyads as an example. We also present multilevel path diagrams and argue that while not as compact as equations, path diagrams may communicate results better to a wider audience. The example data were drawn from an urban risk sample of kindergarten children and their parents observed in a 1-hour structured lab task and coded for behavioral process using the Family Peer Process (FPP) Code. Four repeated assessments of aversive parent discipline across the 1-hour observation session were nested within dyads, which were nested under coders, which created a 3-level model. The model also included the random effect of observed child aversive behavior as a time-varying predictor of parent aversive discipline at Level 1, child school antisocial behavior as a Level 2 predictor and coder gender as a Level 3 predictor. Our results indicated that coders accounted for about 13% of the variance, families accounted for about 20% of the variance, leaving 67% of the variance in parent aversive discipline due to random, time-specific influences. We discuss the psychometric implications of the small (20%) trait-like component of parent discipline in detail. We also found that observed child aversive behavior provoked parent aversive discipline more strongly in some families than others but child school antisocial behavior was not related to the magnitude of the child aversive effect on the parent.
The Prologue to Fleta and the School of Petrus de Vinea

NOT the least among the many obvious advantages of a new edition of an old text is that the unaccustomed setting, print, and size may render even a familiar text unfamiliar and cause the reader's eye to rest on passages which formerly he may have failed to notice. In John Selden's seventeenth-century editions of that summary of English or (better) Bractonian law which passes under the puzzling name of Fleta the Prologue is somewhat lost. Printed in italics on a single sheet following the title page, it is separated from the text proper by many pages of Tituli capitulorum, and from some copies in our public libraries the lonely Prologue sheet may have even vanished entirely.' In the handsome new edition of Fleta prepared for the Selden Society by the distinguished Dioscuri of English mediaeval studies, Mr Richardson and Professor Sayles, the author's Prologue cannot easily be missed.2 In the margin of the English translation which runs parallel with the Latin text, the editors have indicated the sources from which Fleta drew, and, if we disregard an isolated Biblical reference to Ezekiel, it turns out that all the marginal quotations refer to the Prologue of Glanville's De legibus Angliae.3 The opening words of Glanville and therefore of Fleta, it is true, are ultimately a paraphrase of the Prologue to Justinian's Institutes adapted to the royal dignity (replacing Imperatoriam maiestatem by the more modest Regiam potestatem); but since Fleta copied verbatim the text of Glanville, and not that of the Roman textbook, the editors of Fleta were probably correct in leaving the indirect borrowing from the Institutes unmentioned.
Interaction with a visual interactive simulation, and the effect of cognitive style

Abstract Despite the considerable folklore surrounding Visual Interactive Simulation (VIS), there is little published empirical evidence concerning how users interact with models, what displays they require, and how well they perform with them. This paper reports an initial experiment into user interaction with a VIS. Twenty-five subjects were asked to ‘solve’ a service capacity and allocation problem using a VIS model that provided three separate displays: an animation, a listing, and a dynamically changing graphic. Use of the model was monitored by the simulation program. Compared to a known optimum, performance with the VIS was mediocre, and there was little evidence that any particular pattern of usage affected performance, although performance and absolute time to solve the problem were significantly correlated. Those who performed well, however, generally had higher confidence in their solution. Further, there was a marked preference for displays, with the listing hardly used, but with users' having a strong preference for either the animation or the graphic. Users' cognitive style was measured, using the Myers-Briggs instrument, and there is some weak evidence that preference for display type can be partially explained by cognitive style.
Treatment of Stomal Variceal Hemorrhage with TIPS: Case Report and Review of the Literature

We report a case in which recurrent hemorrhage from stomal varices was successfully treated by placement of a TIPS in a patient with prior colectomy for inflammatory bowel disease. Although several treatment options have been reported for this entity we believe that TIPS offers minimally invasive and definitive treatment.
Aqueous humor dynamics: experimental studies.

Abstract Experimental measurements have been made in vitro of the reflection coefficient (σs) of the ciliary epithelium to NaCl, sucrose, urea and dextran, with the first three substances having a σ of 0·02 and dextran a σ of unity. Plasma or blood separated from aqueous or Ringer by the ciliary epithelium exerted an osmotic pressure of 20·8 mmHg. In vivo determinations were made of σs to various solutes by perfusion of the anterior chamber, here σ for NaCl and sucrose was about 0·02 while σ for dextran was unity. The fluid permeability (LpA), episcleral venous pressure (Pe), total facility (Ctot), true facility (Ctr) and intraocular pressure (Pi) were measured and a plot made of CtotPi-CtrPe against LpA. the slope (25·9 mmHg) is capillary pressure minus colloid osmotic pressure and the intercept is secretion minus uveoscleral bulk flow. The capillary pressure is about 47–50 mmHg and the secretory component to aqueous formation is 35% of the total fluid inflow. Data, taken from Kupfer and Ross (1971) on humans, was plotted in a similar manner and the capillary pressure was again about 50 mmHg with the secretory component to total aqueous inflow about 35%. These results suggest that ultrafiltration is the most important contributing factor to aqueous formation.
Demultiplexing multiple-beam laser Doppler vibrometry for continuous scanning

Using Laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) to find buried land mines has been shown to have a high probability of detection coupled with a low probability of false alarms. Previous work has shown that is it possible to scan a square meter in 20 seconds, but this method requires that discrete areas be scanned. This limits the use of LDVs for land mine detection to a confirmation role. The current work at the University of Mississippi has been to explore ways to increase the speed of scanning to allow the sensor to move down the road at speed. One approach has been to look at the feasibility of using multiple beams to look at the same spot, time division multiplexing, in order to build a time history over small ground segments as each beam passes over the spot. The composite velocity signature built from each beam will provide a long enough time series to obtain the necessary frequency resolution.
Eccrine porocarcinoma of the nose: case report and review of world literature.

Eccrine porocarcinoma is a rare malignancy that is derived from the eccrine sweat gland. 1 The paucity of information about this entity in the literature creates a challenge in both diagnosis and treatment. We present a case report and review the world literature regarding eccrine porocarcinoma in an effort to summarize the international experience with this lesion and to help guide future management.
The distribution and timing of tephra deposition at Siple Dome, Antarctica: possible climatic and rheologic implications

. Approximately 300 volcanic ash and dust layers were observed in the Siple Dome (Antarctica) ice core. Most of this tephra, deposited between 700 and 800 m depth, consisted primarily of glass shards with varying amounts of crystalline material and groundmass fragments. The pattern of distribution of tephra fallout closely replicates that found in the Byrd ice core, indicative of contemporaneous deposition at both locations. Peak fallout occurred approximately 19 500 years ago, based on methane tie points in the Siple Dome and Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) ice cores. Mount Berlin was identified as a potential source of tephra, although other volcanoes in West and East Antarctica appear to have contributed ash and dust. Ice between 697 and 730 m, in which fine-grained tephra is concentrated, has undergone enhanced thinning compared to ice with a similar concentration of tephra deposited contemporaneously between 1300 and 1540m at Byrd. It is speculated that this thinning has occurred in response to dynamic interaction between ice at Siple Dome and the two ice streams flanking it. A dramatic change to a shear fabric appears to be directly related to the higher concentration of volcanic particles in the ice between 700 and 800 m.
Integrated Departure Route Planning

This paper describes research on the integrated departure route planning (IDRP) operational concept and supporting functions that will assist traffic flow management (TFM) personnel conducting departure management. IDRP will provide automated support and information to help decision makers evaluate and implement different solutions, taking into account all significant data such as filed flight plans and acceptable alternatives, surface departure queues, predicted convective weather and traffic congestion impacts to routes in the terminal area and nearby en route airspace, and forecast uncertainty. By bringing all of these factors into a single integrated environment, IDRP will reduce the time needed to make departure management decisions and coordinate their implementation, increase the effectiveness of the decisions made, and support efficient revision of departure management plans as weather and traffic situations change. IDRPpsilas background and operational concept are described, followed by an overview of a prototype used to demonstrate and evaluate the concept. Results are presented from a series of interviews with experts having TFM experience; these sessions helped to enhance the operational concept and refine the information requirements for the prototype. Next steps are to implement the IDRP prototype in operational centers for the purpose of obtaining further data about the usage and benefits of the capabilities, and to conduct additional laboratory research exploring more highly automated IDRP functionality and addressing integration issues.
Epineurial and perineurial fascicular nerve repairs: a critical comparison.

To compare the results of epineurial and intrafascicular perineurial nerve repair techniques, ulnar nerves of 20 domestic cats were severed proximal to the medial humeral epicondyle. One nerve was repaired with No. 8-0 nylon by standard epineurial technique with the aid of three to five magnifications; the other nerve was repaired with No. 10-0 nylon by intrafascicular perineurial technique under higher magnification. Four to five months following neurorrhaphies, the ambulation pattern, fanning of claws, and sensation were evaluated subjectively. Objective measurements included efficiency, absolute strength, and exact weight of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. Proximally and distally to each neurorrhaphy, complete axon counts were taken. Histochemical and histologic analyses were made on reinnervated muscles and neuromas. No statistically significant differences were detected between the results of epineurial and intrafascicular perineurial neurorrhaphies. These findings indicate that, following acute nerve laceration in the cat, epineurial neurorrhaphy is as satisfactory as is intrafascicular perineurial neurorrhaphy.
All-electron full-potential calculation of the electronic band structure, elastic constants, and equation of state for graphite

The all-electron full-potential linear combinations of Gaussian-type orbitals---fitting-function technique has been used to calculate the electronic structure, equation of state (EOS), and elastic constants for crystalline graphite. An analysis of the zero-pressure band structure is used to resolve inconsistencies between previous local-density-approximation (LDA) calculations. The calculated band structure is consistent with experimental data to the extent expected given the known limits of LDA one-electron energies. The in-plane lattice constant found here exhibits the usual LDA-induced contraction, whereas the interlayer separation and the unit-cell volume exhibit an anomalous expansion due to a LDA underestimate of the weak interlayer bonding. The calculated values of ${\mathrm{C}}_{11}$+${\mathrm{C}}_{12}$ and ${\mathrm{C}}_{33}$ are in good agreement with ultrasound measurements, while the value of ${\mathrm{C}}_{13}$ (\ensuremath{\approx}0) is much smaller than the ultrasound value. The bulk modulus and pressure derivatives of the lattice constants derived from the theoretical elastic constants are in very good agreement with diamond anvil cell (DAC) data, suggesting that the theoretical value for ${\mathrm{C}}_{13}$ is more reliable than the ultrasound measurement. An analytical EOS has been determined for pressures up to 50 GPa, well beyond the range of stability for the graphite structure. The EOS and the pressure dependencies of c/a and the optical transition energies (${\mathrm{A}}_{1}$ and ${\mathrm{A}}_{2}$) are in reasonable agreement with DAC data up to 14 GPa.
The Efficacy of State and Local Governments' Redistributional Policies

This article examines the relative effectiveness of the redistributive efforts of state and local governments. Specifically, we examine whether these efforts have affected both income inequality within a state and income inequality within racial groups as well as in urban/rural populations across states. To do this, we use a recently developed statistical model of comprehensive inequality to analyze the size distribution of income in the United States for the fifty states for the years 1970 and 1980. We proceed by examining the relationships of these income inequality measures to state and local tax progressivity, state and local government expenditures on education and welfare, federal tax burden, and federal expenditures. We find that states with more progressive sales and personal income taxes tend to have more inequality, while the overall state/local tax progressivity appears to contribute to reducing inequality.
Racial and ethnic inequality in the United States, 1940 and 1950: the impact of geographic location and human capital.

This article examines the trend in ethnic stratification from 1940 to 1950 a decade that has been viewed as a critical turning point in race and ethnic relations in the United States....It begins with a brief overview of ethnic diversity in the United States and a descriptive account of ethnic differentiation and inequality. Then it tests--in a preliminary fashion--several hypotheses about the role of socioeconomic and geographical forces in shaping ethnic occupational inequality across this significant interval of American history. Based upon an analysis of the newly released Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) files of the 1940 and 1950 Population Censuses the study concludes that racial minorities and Hispanics experienced a qualitatively different occupational attainment process than did men in the white majority and white ethnic populations. This is a revised version of a paper originally presented at the 1986 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America (see Population Index Vol. 52 No. 3 Fall 1986 p. 445). (EXCERPT)
Glucose inhibition and inheritance of pigment-producing ability in Phytophthora.

Pigment production by Phytophthora drechsleri was greatest in a synthetic, glucose-free medium to which casein hydrolysate and tyrosine had been added. Glucose strongly inhibited the production of ...
Sorption and binary exchange of nitrate, sulfate, and uranium on an anion-exchange resin.

Competitive ion-exchange reactions were studied on a strong-base anion-exchange resin to remove NO3- and uranium from a contaminated groundwater containing high levels of NO3- (∼140 mM), SO42- (∼10 mM), and U(VI) (∼0.2 mM). Results indicate that although SO42- carries divalent negative charges, it showed the least selectivity for sorption by the Purolite A-520E resin, which is functionalized with triethylamine exchange sites. Nitrate was the most strongly sorbed. Sorption selectivity followed the order of NO3- > Cl- > SO42- under the experimental conditions. Nitrate competitively sorbed and displaced previously sorbed SO42- in a column flow-through experiment and resulted in a high elution front of SO42- in the effluent. Although the concentration of uranium in groundwater is orders of magnitude lower than that of NO3- or SO42-, it was found to be strongly sorbed by the anion-exchange resin. Because the most stable uranium species in oxic and suboxic environments is the UO22+ cation, its strong sorption b...
Fast Spectral Projection Algorithms for Density-Matrix Computations

We present a fast algorithm for the construction of a spectral projector. This algorithm allows us to compute the density matrix, as used in, e.g., the Kohn?Sham iteration, and so obtain the electron density. We compute the spectral projector by constructing the matrix sign function through a simple polynomial recursion. We present several matrix representations for fast computation within this recursion, using bases with controlled space?spatial-frequency localization. In particular we consider wavelet and local cosine bases. Since spectral projectors appear in many contexts, we expect many additional applications of our approach.
Facial expressions, smile types, and self-report during humour, tickle, and pain

The nature of ticklish smiling and the possible emotional state that accompanies it have been pondered since the ancient Greeks. The present study is arguably the first to systematically examine facial behaviour and self-reports of emotion in response to tickling. Using a within-participants design, 84 participants' responses to being tickled were compared to their responses when experiencing a painful stimulus and their responses to comedy. Overall results for both self-report and facial action coding showed that the tickle condition elicited both pleasure and displeasure. Facial action during tickling included “Duchenne” smiles plus movements associated with negative emotions. Results suggest that tickle-induced smiling can be dissociated from positive affect. Accounts of tickle are discussed.
Localizing Gaseous Fugitive Emission Sources by Combining Real-Time Optical Remote Sensing and Wind Data

This paper presents a new approach to localize point emissions from ground-level fugitive gaseous air pollution sources. We estimate the crosswind plume's ground-level peak location downwind from the source by combining smooth basis functions minimization (SBFM) with pathintegrated optical remote sensing concentration data acquired along the crosswind direction in alternating beam path lengths. Peak location estimates, in conjunction with real-time measured wind direction data, are used to reconstruct the fugitive source location. We conducted a synthetic data study to evaluate the proposed peak location SBFM reconstruction. Furthermore, the methodology was validated with open-path Fourier transform infrared concentration data collected with wind direction data downwind from a controlled point source. This approach was found to provide reasonable estimates of point source location. The field study reconstructed source location was within several meters of the real source location.
The principle of rational explanation defended

Le principe de l'explication rationnelle est une impasse dans le debat sur la volonte libre
A new infiltration method for coating highly permeable matrices with compound materials for high-power isotope-separator-on-line production target applications

A new infiltration coating method has been conceived for uniform and controlled thickness deposition of target materials onto highly permeable, complex-structure matrices to form short-diffusion-length isotope-separator-on-line (ISOL) production targets for radioactive ion beam research applications. In this report, the infiltration technique is described in detail and the universal character of the technique illustrated in the form of SEMs of several metal-carbide, metal-oxide and metal-sulfide targets for potential use at present or future radioactive ion beam research facilities.
Budd-Chiari syndrome after liver transplantation resulting from inferior vena cava occlusion at the suture line.

Abstract A 64-year-old male with Budd–Chiari syndrome (BCS) due to inferior vena cava (IVC) occlusion after liver transplant presented with massive ascites and lower extremity edema. He was found to have chronic total occlusion of the supra-hepatic IVC with thrombosis in the infra-hepatic IVC, hepatic, renal, and iliac veins. Attempts to recanalize the occlusion by multiple operators failed. He was not a surgical candidate. The patient underwent venography of the IVC, and placement of a McNamara catheter for catheter-directed thrombolysis on the first day. The second day, he underwent right internal jugular access with contrast injections to mark the superior aspect of the occlusion via a Multipurpose catheter. An adult transseptal needle (Bard Electrophysiology Division C. R. Bard, Inc., Lowell, MA, USA) was used to create a tract through a 6French Raabe Sheath and traverse the occlusion. A 10-mm Snare (Cook, Bloomington, IN, USA) cranially retracted the guidewire. Intravascular ultrasound was performed to further delineate the diameter of the IVC at the lesion before dilation with a 6.0mm×40mm PTA balloon and a 10mm×29mm Palmaz Stent (Cordis Corporation, Bridgewater, NJ, USA) deployment. The patient lost 24.6kg in 2 weeks with resolution of ascites and pedal edema. Learning objective: This case provides a unique approach to percutaneous intervention of inferior vena cava chronic total occlusion in the setting of Budd–Chiari syndrome post-liver transplant. There was use of an inferior and superior marker followed by use of transseptal needle to transverse the occlusion followed by balloon dilation and stent placement. While the disease and intervention have been described, the use of dual cranial/caudal markers and use of transseptal needle is unique to this particular case.>
Model Selection Using Information Theory and the MDL Principle

Information theory offers a coherent, intuitive view of model selection. This perspective arises from thinking of a statistical model as a code, an algorithm for compressing data into a sequence of...
Furanosteroid studies. Improved synthesis of the A,B,C,E-ring core of viridin

Abstract The tetracyclic core skeleton of the furanosteroid viridin is prepared in nine steps from readily available materials. The key step in the synthesis is a facile acid-promoted cyclodehydration of an aryloxyketone to prepare the benzofuran moiety. From this intermediate, the known target skeleton is prepared in four steps. This new synthesis is a six-step improvement over the previously reported one.
Leakage-aware scheduling for embedded real-time systems with (m, k)-constraints

In this paper, we study the problem of reducing both the dynamic and leakage energy consumption for real-time systems with (m, k)-constraints, which require that at least m out of any k consecutive jobs of a task meet their deadlines. Two energy efficient scheduling approaches incorporating both dynamic voltage scheduling (DVS) and dynamic power down (DPD) are proposed in this paper. The first one statically determines the mandatory jobs that need to meet their deadlines in order to satisfy the (m, k)-constraints, and the second one does so dynamically. The simulation results reveal that, with more accurate workload estimation, our proposed techniques outperformed previous research in both overall and idle energy reduction while providing the (m, k)-guarantee.
Simulation-Based Unassisted Sit-to-Stand Motion Prediction for Healthy Young Individuals

Sit-to-stand (STS) is a common activity in daily lives which requires relatively high joint torques and a robust coordination of lower and upper extremities with postural stability. Many elderly, people with lower limb injuries, and patients with neurological disorders or musculoskeletal abnormalities have difficulties in accomplishing this task. In contrast to the literature on numerous experimental studies of STS, there are limited studies that were carried out through simulations. In literature, mostly bilateral symmetry was assumed for STS tasks, however even for healthy people, it is more difficult to perform STS tasks with a perfect bilateral symmetry. The goal of this research is to develop a three-dimensional unassisted STS motion prediction formulation for healthy young individuals. Predicted results will be compared with experimental results found in literature for the validation of the proposed formulation.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Influx of glutamic acid in peripheral nerve. Energy, ionic, and pH dependence

The energy, ionic, and pH dependence of the influx of labelled L-glutamic acid has been studied in frog sciatic nerve (1) The addition of 10−2 M D-glucose to the incubation medium was found to inhibit the total influx of glutamic acid from a 10−6 M solution by about 40%. (2) The rate of influx was found to be sensitive to the temperature of the bathing medium. Influx was found to increase with temperature in a linear manner from 10°C to 34°C; above 34°C, the rate of influx dropped with increased temperature. (3) At room temperature, the effect of metabolic inhibitors on total influx ranged from 18% inhibition with aresenate to 62% with DNP. Increasing the incubation temperature to 34°C increased the percentage inhibition, a maximum inhibition of 86% occurring with DNP. (4) The cardiac glycoside ouabain (10−3 M) slightly inhibited influx (15%). (5) Reduction of the sodium concentration to 2.3 mM resulted in an 82% decrease in total influx. Omission of potassium or a tenfold increase in potassium concentration had no significant effect on influx. Omission of calcium resulted in a slight stimulation of uptake (16%); a tenfold increase in calcium concentration was slightly inhibitory (15%). (6) No relation was found between influx and the pH of the incubation medium. Lowering the pH to 5.4 or raising it to 9.4 had no significant effect on influx. (7) It is concluded that L-glutamic acid influx in frog sciatic nerve is probably associated with an energy-dependent process.
A New Age for Cancer Information Seeking: Are We Better Off Now?

A decade after the dawn of the Internet Age, are people who seek health information better off than they used to be? The current study by Arora and colleagues examines a small slice of the massive Health Information National Trends Survey dataset and attempts to understand the experiences of those US adults who have sought cancer information at any point in their lives from any source. One third reported that the information they encountered was hard to understand, and one half questioned the quality of the information they found. Several research questions regarding how individuals successfully find information on the Internet remain to be answered.
Effects of glucocorticosteroids on the urinary excretion of cyclic AMP and electrolytes by asthmatic children

Asthmatic children receiving steroid therapy excreted nearly as much cAMP as nonasthmatic children, while asthmatic children not on steroids and children in status excreted an average of 72 per cent and 58 per cent, respectively, of control cAMP. Injection of 40 mg. methylprednisolone elicted an increase in excretion of cAMP by asymptomatic asthmatic boys, which persisted for at least 3 days. It also caused the appearance of a circadian rhythm with maxima at 11 A.M. to 3 P.M. and 11 P.M. to 3 A.M. Circadian rhythms for excretion of electrolytes by asthmatic boys were normal. Methylprednisolone caused increased K + excretion followed by retention, and altered the circadian rhythm depending on the time of injection. The steroid caused Na + retention and absence of rhythm if injected at 3 P.M. or 7 P.M. , but increased Na + excretion if given at 3 A.M. Steroid effects on Cl- excretion were similar to those for Na + . All values began to approach control levels on the third day following injection. No significant effects by methylprednisolone on histamine or creatinine excretion were observed. Methylprednisolone was excreted within 12 hours, suggesting that its effects on cAMP and electrolytes were partly indirect. Restoration of beta adrenergic responsiveness by the steroid is suggested as a possible explanation for the increased cAMP excretion and the duration of the effects.
Distributed compression-estimation using wireless sensor networks

This paper provides an overview of distributed estimation-compression problems encountered with wireless sensor networks (WSN). A general formulation of distributed compression-estimation under rate constraints was introduced, pertinent signal processing algorithms were developed, and emerging tradeoffs were delineated from an information theoretic perspective. Specifically, we designed rate-constrained distributed estimators for various signal models with variable knowledge of the underlying data distributions. We proved theoretically, and corroborated with examples, that when the noise distributions are either completely known, partially known or completely unknown, distributed estimation is possible with minimal bandwidth requirements which can achieve the same order of mean square error (MSE) performance as the corresponding centralized clairvoyant estimators.
Thyroid autoimmunity in children with features of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Aim/hypothesis: To assess the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD) in insulin-treated youth with clinical features of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: We evaluated prevalence of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (TGA) antibodies at onset of insulin-treated diabetes and follow-up in 183 White and Black children. Of these, 136 had a body mass index (BMI) <85th percentile with 122 (89%) positive for β-cell autoimmunity [type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)/group I], 25 were overweight (BMI ≥85thpercentile) with or without acanthosis nigricans with β-cell autoimmunity [‘double’ diabetes (DD)/group II], and 22 were overweight with no conventional β-cell autoantibodies (group III). Results: The prevalence of TPO and/or TGA was 39 and 29% (p = 0.19) in White and Black children and 39, 32, and 0% (p = 0.007) in groups I, II, and III, respectively. After a median follow-up of 60 months, 3.7, 4.3, and 0% developed hypothyroidism (increased thyroid-stimulating hormone with or without decreased free T4) in groups I, II, and III, respectively (p = 0.6). In subjects with TPO and/or TGA, hypothyroidism developed in 10 and 14% of groups I and II, respectively (p = 0.7). No child without thyroid antibodies developed hypothyroidism. Conclusions: In patients with clinical features of T2DM who have evidence of β-cell autoimmunity (DD), the frequency of thyroid antibodies and ATD is similar to that in classical T1DM. This suggests that TIDM comorbidities may be common in clinical T2DM patients who have β-cell autoimmunity. Despite their obesity, youth with insulin-requiring diabetes should be screened for thyroid and possibly other T1DM-associated autoimmune diseases.
Neurotoxicity of Pesticides

Several pesticides such as organophosphates, carbamates and the organochlorine pesticides directly target nervous tissue as their mechanism of toxicity. In several others, such as the fumigants, the nervous system is affected by toxicological mechanisms that diffusely affect most or all tissues in the body. Both the central and peripheral nervous system are involved in the acute toxidromes of many pesticides resulting in acute short-term effects. There is strong human epidemiological evidence for persistent nervous system damage following acute intoxication with several important pesticide groups such as organophosphates and certain fumigants. However, whether persistent nervous system damage follows chronic low-level exposure to pesticides in adults (particularly organophosphpates), and whether in utero and/or early childhood exposure leads to persistent nervous system damage, is a subject of study at present. Parkinson's Disease, one of the most common chronic central nervous system diseases, has been linked to pesticide exposure in some studies, but other studies have failed to find an association. Several new pesticidal chemicals such as the neo-nicotinoids and fipronil have central nervous system effects, but only case reports are available to date on acute human intoxications with several of these. Little data are yet available on whether long-term effects result from these chemicals. Several ongoing or recently completed studies should add valuable insight into the effects of pesticides on the human nervous system particularly the effect of low-dose, chronic exposure both in adults and children.
Pathogenesis and Management of Graft-versus-Host Disease

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is an important therapeutic option for various malignant and nonmalignant conditions. As allogeneic HCT continues to increase, greater attention is given to improvements in supportive care, infectious prophylaxis, immunosuppressive medications, and DNA-based tissue typing. However, graft versus host disease (GVHD) remains the most frequent and serious complication following allogeneic HCT and limits the broader application of this important therapy. Recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of GVHD have led to new approaches to its management, including using it to preserve the graft versus leukemia effect following allogeneic transplant. This article reviews the important elements in the complex immunologic interactions involving cytokine networks, chemokine gradients, and the direct mediators of cellular cytotoxicity that cause clinical GVHD, and discusses the risk factors and strategies for management of GVHD.
Time—distance relations in shifting attention between locations on one’s body

Does the time to discriminate the presence or absence of a tactile stimulus depend on its distance from the bodily location to which one has been attending? Subjects were tested by the presentation of air puffs at four of eight possible locations on the body. In each trial of Experiment 1, (1) subjects attended auditorily to an announcement of one of the eight locations; (2) 2 sec later, a second location was announced and, simultaneously, air puffs were presented at a randomly selected four of the eight locations; (3) the subjects reported as quickly as possible on whether or not air puffs had been presented at the second-announced location. Overall, reaction times increased with the distance between the just-attended and the tested locations. Experiment 2 was undertaken to determine whether the operative distance was distance through the subject’s body or directly through three-dimensional space. The subjects were tested as in Experiment 1, but with their arms or legs either side-by-side in front or spread out to each side. Reaction times then depended more on straight-line distance in space than on distance through the body.