cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of ambient particulate matter on vascular tissue: a review

Fine and ultra-fine particulate matter (PM) are major constituents of urban air pollution and recognized risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. This review examined the effects of PM exposure on vascular tissue. Specific mechanisms by which PM affects the vasculature include inflammation, oxidative stress, actions on vascular tone and vasomotor responses, as well as atherosclerotic plaque formation. Further, there appears to be a greater PM exposure effect on susceptible individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions.
Race and Reasonable Suspicion

The current political moment requires us to rethink the ways that race impacts policing. Many of the solutions will be political in nature, but legal reform is necessary as well. Law enforcement officers have a long history of considering a suspect’s race when conducting criminal investigations. The civil rights movement and the progressive criminal justice decisions of the Warren Court mitigated the explicit use of race as a factor, but there is ample evidence that many modern police officers still openly or implicitly use race to guide their investigative decisions. This article examines and critiques how courts have historically analyzed the question of race in the context of determining reasonable suspicion or probable cause. There are two constitutional provisions that regulate whether and how the police can use race as a factor to meet the legal standards. Under the Fourth Amendment, police can only use race as a factor if race is relevant to the likelihood that the suspect is engaged in criminal activity. In theory, there could be a relationship between race and criminal activity in a narrow subset of cases. But in reality, police and courts rely on dubious anecdotal data to support this relationship, and conduct flawed statistical analysis to calculate the strength of the relationship. Also, much of the data that exists is tainted by decades of biased policing and prosecution practices. Because there are a small subset of cases in which a correlation between race and crime may exist; we need a legal reform that requires prosecutors to demonstrate the existence and strength of the correlation through empirical data rather than through the subjective experiences of law enforcement. Under the Equal Protection Clause, police officers may only explicitly use race to support individualized suspicion if the use of race is narrowly tailored to serve a compelling state interest and there is no race-neutral factor that would also satisfy that interest. Although one would expect this standard to severely limit the use of race in criminal investigations, courts have allowed police to use race in a surprising number of cases. In many cases, courts do not even find that the explicit use of race triggers strict scrutiny. In other cases, when so-called race neutral factors trigger disparate impact, the evidentiary burden shifts to criminal defendants to prove that the race-neutral factor was applied with discriminatory purpose, a standard which is nearly impossible to establish. Even when strict scrutiny is triggered, courts have often been willing to conclude that crime control is a compelling state interest and that the use of race is narrowly tailored to meet that interest. This article argues that courts in criminal cases must apply an Equal Protection test identical to the test used in civil cases in order to limit the use of race in criminal investigations, thereby limiting the practice to the rare instances when it is truly necessary.
Using the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) and machine learning to predict trauma patient mortality at admission

A 400-estimator gradient boosting classifier was trained to predict survival probabilities of trauma patients. The National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) provided 799233 complete patient records (778303 survivors and 20930 deaths) each containing 32 features, a number further reduced to only 8 features via the permutation importance method. Importantly, the 8 features can all be readily determined at admission: systolic blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, oxygen saturation, gender, age and Glasgow coma score. Since death was rare, a rebalanced training set was used to train the model. The model is able to predict a survival probability for any trauma patient and accurately distinguish between a deceased and survived patient in 92.4% of all cases. Partial dependence curves (Psurvival vs. feature value) obtained from the trained model revealed the global importance of Glasgow coma score, age, and systolic blood pressure while pulse rate, respiratory rate, temperature, oxygen saturation, and gender had more subtle single variable influences. Shapley values, which measure the relative contribution of each of the 8 features to individual patient risk, were computed for several patients and were able to quantify patient-specific warning signs. Using the NTDB to sample across numerous patient traumas and hospital protocols, the trained model and Shapley values rapidly provides quantitative insight into which combination of variables in an 8-dimensional space contributed most to each trauma patient's predicted global risk of death upon emergency room admission.
CertiQ: A Mostly-automated Verification of a Realistic Quantum Compiler.

We present CertiQ, a verification framework for writing and verifying compiler passes of Qiskit, the most widely-used quantum compiler. To our knowledge, CertiQ is the first effort enabling the verification of real-world quantum compiler passes in a mostly-automated manner. Compiler passes written in the CertiQ interface with annotations can be used to generate verification conditions, as well as the executable code that can be integrated into Qiskit. CertiQ introduces the quantum circuit calculus to enable the efficient checking of equivalence of quantum circuits by encoding such a checking procedure into an SMT problem. CertiQ also provides a verified library of widely-used data structures, transformation functions for circuits, and conversion functions for different quantum data representations. This verified library not only enables modular verification but also sheds light on future quantum compiler design. We have re-implemented and verified 26 (out of 30) Qiskit compiler passes in CertiQ, during which three bugs are detected in the Qiskit implementation. Our verified compiler pass implementations passed all of Qiskit's regression tests without showing noticeable performance loss.
Middle-age people with multiple sclerosis demonstrate similar mobility characteristics to neurotypical older adults.

Abstract Background Clinical trials often report significant mobility differences between neurotypical and atypical groups, however, these analyses often do not determine which measures are capable of discriminating between groups. Additionally, indirect evidence supports the notion that some mobility impaired populations demonstrate similar mobility deficits. Thus, the current study aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of three distinct aspects of mobility (walking, turning, and balance) to determine which variables were significantly different and were also able to discriminate between neurotypical older adults (OA) and middle-aged people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), and between middle-aged neurotypical adults and PwMS. Methods This study recruited 21 neurotypical OA, 19 middle-aged neurotypical adults, and 30 people with relapsing remitting MS. Participants came into the laboratory on two separate occasions to complete mobility testing while wearing wireless inertial sensors. Testing included a self-selected pace two-minute walk, a series of 180˚ and 360˚ turns, and a clinical balance test capturing a total of 99 distinct mobility characteristics. We determined significant differences for gait and turning measures through univariate analyses and a series of repeated measures analysis of variance in determining significance for balance conditions and measures. In determining discrimination between groups, the Area Under the Curve (AUC) was calculated for all individual mobility measures with a threshold of 0.80, denoting excellent discrimination. Additionally, a stepwise regression of the top five AUC producing variables was performed to determine whether a combination of variables could enhance discrimination while accounting for multicollinearity. Results The results between neurotypical OA and middle-aged PwMS demonstrated significant differences for three gait and one turning variable, with no variable or combination of variables able to provide excellent discrimination between groups. Between middle-age neurotypical adults and PwMS a variety of mean and variability gait measures demonstrated significant differences between groups; however, no variable or combination of variables met discriminatory threshold. For turning, five 360˚ turn variables demonstrated significant differences and furthermore, the combination of 360˚ mean turn duration and variability of peak turn velocity were able to discriminate between groups. Finally, the majority of postural sway measures demonstrated significant group differences and the ability to discriminate between groups, particularly during more challenging balance conditions where participants stood on a compliant surface. Conclusion These results offer a comprehensive analysis of mobility differences and measures capable of discriminating between middle-age neurotypical adults and PwMS. Additionally, these results provide evidence that OA and middle-age PwMS display similar movement characteristics and thus a potential indicator of advanced aging from a mobility perspective.
ADSORPTION OF SODIUM OLEATE ON QUARTZ AND FELDSPAR

The sdsorption behaviour of sodium oleate on quartz or feldspar has been ex-amined by zeta-potential and adsorbabilty measuremant, together with IR spectral analysesand flotation tests. Both electrostatic adsorption with oleate ions and physical one with oleatemolecules were occurred on quartz. While on feldspar, the chemical adsorption was con-ducted between oleate ions and Al. Thus, the adsorbability on feldspar is superior to that onquartz. The sodium cleate is able to activate feldspar flotation with amine as collector.
Surgical Management of Concomitant Proximal Tibiofibular Instability and Medial Collateral Ligament Tear: A Case Report

Introduction Proximal tibiofibular instability is a relatively rare cause of lateral-sided knee pain, and it can be difficult to diagnose. However, medial collateral ligament (MCL) tears are much more common and are much easier to diagnose. Concomitant management of these injuries, however, is uncommon and not well described. Case report We present the case of a 26-year-old female who was struck on the lateral side of the knee by a motor vehicle. She suffered a Grade III MCL tear involving both the superficial and deep bands of the ligament, as well as proximal tibiofibular instability. She failed a course of non-operative management with bracing, and the decision was made to proceed with surgery. The procedure entailed peroneal nerve neurolysis, proximal tibiofibular joint stabilization with Tight Rope™ construct, deep MCL repair, and the superficial MCL reconstruction. Conclusion A heightened suspicion for proximal tibiofibular instability must be had in patients with trauma to the knee and lateral-sided pain. In this case, concurrent MCL reconstruction and proximal tibiofibular joint stabilization were necessary to return the knee to normal kinematics.
Gender Differences in the Effect of Depressive Symptoms on Prospective Alcohol Expectancies, Coping Motives, and Alcohol Outcomes in the First Year of College

Problematic alcohol use and risk for dependence peak during late adolescence, particularly among first-year college students. Although students matriculating into college with depressive symptoms experience elevated risk for alcohol problems, few studies have examined the intervening mechanisms of risk. In this study, we examined depressed mood at college entry on prospective alcohol expectancies, drinking motives, and alcohol outcomes during the first year of college, adjusting for pre-college factors. Participants (N = 614; 59 % female, 33 % non-White) were incoming college students from three universities who completed online self-report surveys prior to matriculating into college and at the end of their first year in college. We utilized path analysis to test our hypotheses. In women, the path that linked depressive symptoms to consequences was primarily attributable to the effect of pre-college drinking to cope on drinking to cope in college, which in turn was associated with alcohol consequences. In men, the effect of depressive symptoms on alcohol consequences in college was independent of pre-college and college factors, thus indicating the need for research that identifies mechanisms of risk in males. Interventions that address coping deficits and motivations for drinking may be particularly beneficial for depressed adolescent females during this high-risk developmental period.
Elliptical Galaxy Chemical Evolution

Conclusions about elliptical and other early-type galaxies come from studies of integrated starlight and studies of giant stars in the nearest galaxies. The abundance distribution for all galaxy types at all radii appears to exhibit a “G dwarf problem” in that the distribution is more strongly peaked than the one-zone closed-box constantyield homogeneous instantaneous-recycling analytic model predicts. The peak of the distribution is near solar for galaxies as small as M32 up to giant elliptical galaxies. Much (and perhaps all) of the line-strength variation between small and large galaxies is due to increased light element abundances in larger galaxies. In large elliptical galaxies [N/Fe], [Na/Fe], and [Mg/Fe] appear to be about a factor of 2 supersolar, but [Ca/Fe] ≈0. The fact that the larger ellipticals show enhancement but not small ones leads to various conjectures about the ratio of chemical enrichment contributed by Type Ia supernovae versus Type II, and how this ratio can be made to vary with environment. At least a plurality of elliptical galaxies show an abundance gradient of about ∆ log Z ≈ -0.3∆ log R. This is about a factor of 2 more shallow than that reported for the disks of spiral galaxies, and at least some ellipticals seem to have gradients even more shallow than that. [Mg/Fe] appears approximately constant with radius, implying that Mg enrichment is an approximately global phenomenon.
Governance structures and technology adoption in the post-communist Caucasus case study: Armenia

This poster presentation includes a high level review of my research on institutions of political governance in Armenia. It focuses on the ways in which government adopts and diffuses technologies to change key governance processes and mechanisms. This is specifically undertaken in the context of the transition process between the communist and neo-liberal paradigms; indeed, the goal of progressing toward the objective of democratization is reflective of a very specific ideology inherent to the dominant discourse on development. This discourse was and continues to be encapsulated quite effectively in supranational fora like the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS).
Reconstruction of Group Multiplication Tables by Quadrangle Criterion

For n 3, every n×n partial Cayley matrix with at most n? 1 holes can be reconstructed by the quadrangle criterion. Moreover, the holes can be filled in given order. Without additional assumptions, this is the best possible result. Reconstruction of other types of multiplication table is discussed.
Synaptic Transport of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Tat Protein Causes Neurotoxicity and Gliosis in Rat Brain

Neurodegeneration, synaptic alterations, and gliosis are prominent features of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalitis, but HIV encephalitis is distinct from other viral encephalitides because neurodegeneration occurs in uninfected neurons at anatomical sites that are often distant from the site of viral replication. The HIV protein Tat is both neurotoxic and proinflammatory; however, its contribution to HIV-related synaptic dysfunction remains unknown. To determine the consequences of continuous Tat production in brain, we genetically engineered rat C6 glioma cells to stably produce Tat and stereotaxically infused these cells into the rat striatum or hippocampus. We discovered that HIV-Tat protein could be transported along anatomical pathways from the dentate gyrus to the CA3/4 region and from the striatum to the substantia nigra, resulting in behavioral abnormalities, neurotoxicity, and reactive gliosis. This demonstrates a unique neuronal transport property of a viral protein and establishes a mechanism for neuroglial dysfunction at sites distant from that of viral replication. Tat may thus be an important participant in brain dysfunction in HIV dementia.
Duodenal ulcerogens, cysteamine and propionitrile, stimulate serum gastrin levels in the rat.

Cysteamine and propionitrile are members of a family of compounds which induce the formation of acute duodenal ulcers in fasted and fed rats. Gastric acid secretion is increased by both agents, and acid hypersecretion appears to be required for ulcer formation. To determine the role of gastrin in the ulcerogenic mechanism, cysteamine and propionitrile were administered to fasted rats and their effect on fasting and food- stimulated serum gastrin levels was studied. Intragastric administration of cysteamine caused a 3- to 4-fold increase in fasting serum gastrin levels over the values of controls. Propionitrile was a less effective stimulant of gastrin release, causing a 1.5- to 2-fold increase in gastrin levels over matched control rats. The food-stimulated rise in serum gastrin levels after either a chow meal or intragastric instillation of a peptone solution was markedly enhanced by cysteamine pretreatment. Three hours after feeding the serum gastrin levels of cysteamine pretreated rats were 6 times higher than those of fed controls. The high serum gastrin levels of cysteamine-pretreated fed rats could not be explained solely by the additive effects of cysteamine and food, indicating that a potentiating interaction may exist between the two stimulants of gastrin release. The importance of this drug-induced stimulation of gastrin release, under both fasted and fed conditions, in the ulcerogenic process has yet to be ascertained.
Critical Thinking and the Web

TechNotes is designed to bring to readers’ attention new developments in technology of relevance to social work education. In this second column, the authors recommend strategies for teaching students to critically evaluate online sources.
Easy PC maintenance and repair

Basic components of the generic IBM PC basic practices of computer repair and maintenance installation and expansion of system memory or random access memory maintenance and installation of the keyboard electronic interface between a storage device and the computer how the hard disk works floppy disk drives monitor or video display and the video card installation and diagnosis of serial and parallel ports and related devices diagnosing and replacing a faulty power supply maintenance of the system clock and recognition and use of cables discussion of DOS 6.0 and Windows software tools that are provided with DOS partial ASCII table.
Analyzing the performance of a configurable ROPUF design controlled by programmable XOR gates

Physical unclonable functions (PUFs), are physical entities that are embodied in a silicon chips and can be easily evaluated but they are difficult to predict. Ring Oscillators (ROPUFs) are appropriate security techniques for FPGA-based systems. This paper presents a Configurable design of ROPUF controlled with programmable XOR (PXORs) gates for area efficiency and stronger secret key production. PXORs gates are integrated in our design in order to control the frequencies of the Ring Oscillators. The proposed design is mapped on the entire area of five Xilinx Spartan-3E FPGAs, and takes advantage of the dedicated logic in the Configurable Logic Blocks (CLBs) to create multiple ROs. The Experimental results show that the design presented exhibits high performance in terms of average RO frequencies, average RO standard deviation, and a static variation ratio which is considerably higher than the dynamic variation. In addition, an efficient algorithm to reduce systematic variations and improve ROPUF uniqueness is presented.
The Intricate Relation between Return, Market Value and Past Performance of Common Stocks in the United States 1926-2006

We study the interrelation between the size and winner-loser effects in U.S. stock returns. We use data for the period 1926-2006. The two effects are robust --- also in data gathered after 1980. Small-firm loser portfolios perform particularly well in January but poorly during the 4th quarter of the year. Large-firm winner portfolios do the exact opposite. Surprisingly, small-firm loser portfolios earn high (time-series average) mean returns but low (time-series average) median returns. This observation may be of great consequence for the risk and return characteristics of small-cap and value-based investment strategies.
Nuclear Receptors and Autoimmune Disease: The Potential of PPAR Agonists to Treat Multiple Sclerosis

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a T-cell-mediated, autoimmune disorder characterized by central nervous system inflammation and demyelination, features reminiscent of the human disease, multiple sclerosis (MS). Prior work in the EAE model has suggested that encephalitogenic T cells are of the T helper (Th)-1 phenotype. Our group has performed several studies in the EAE model that suggest that a strategy for treating autoimmune disorders is to convert the pathogenic cells from the Th1 to Th2 phenotype. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of a nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that include receptors for steroids, retinoids, and thyroid hormone, all of which are known to affect the immune response. Recently, we examined the role of PPARgamma in EAE and observed that administration of the PPARgamma agonist 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14) prostaglandin J2 exerted a significant therapeutic effect predominantly by inhibiting the activation and expansion of encephalitogenic T cells. One potential advantage in studying PPARalpha agonists is that they have been very well tolerated when used in humans to treat conditions such as elevated triglycerides. Building on prior work in immune deviation and with PPAR agonists, we have demonstrated that PPARalpha agonists can alter the cytokine phenotype of myelin-reactive T cells, alter their encephalitogenicity, and be useful in the treatment of EAE. The fact that PPARalpha agonists have been used as therapeutic agents in humans to treat metabolic conditions for over 25 years with little toxicity makes them attractive candidates for use as adjunctive therapies in MS.
Antitrinitrophenyl (TNP) Plaque Assay. Primary Response of Balb/c Mice to Soluble and Particulate Immunogen

SummaryA technique was developed for the detection of individual cells producing anti-TNP antibody by the hemolytic plaque technique. Conjugation of TNP directly to the erythrocyte surface by use of TNBS resulted in a stable reagent that permitted a study of the antihapten response to TNP-KLH. It was possible to induce a primary anti-TNP response with soluble TNP-KLH but the response was greater when the immunogen was made particulate by coating it onto bentonite. Both primary and secondary responding cells (those brought out by antiglobulin serum) were inhibited by TNP-BSA added to the plating medium but at an equivalent concentration of hapten only the secondary cells were completely inhibited. This was interpreted to indicate the higher binding affinity of secondary antibody.Author's note. As we were in process of submitting this manuscript, we became aware of an abstract which indicated that responses of similar magnitude to those reported here with TNP could be obtained in Balb/c mice to DNP using a ...
Chain elongation and joining of DNA synthesized during hydroxyurea treatment of Chinese hamster cells.

We have previously presented evidence that hydroxyurea treatment of synchronized G1 Chinese hamster cells did not prevent the entry of cells into the DNA synthetic period but that the DNA synthesized during this period (in which total DNA synthesis was severely depressed) was quite small (Walters, R.A., Tobey, R.A. and Hildebrand, C.E. (1976) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Com. 69, 212–217). In view of the reported effects of hydroxyurea on deoxyribonucleoside metabolism and possible relationship to control of DNA replication (Bjursell, G. and Reichard, P. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 3904–3909 and Walters, R.A., Tobey, R.A. and Ratliff, R.L. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 319, 336–347), we examined the fate of DNA synthesized during and shortly after hydroxyurea treatment to determine if this DNA exhibited any kinetic behavior which might be an indicator of aberrant synthesis. We found that, upon hydroxyurea removal, DNA grew at a linear rate of 0.98 ± 0.12 · 106dalton/min (0.98 ± 0.12 μm/min) for about 2.3 h. Beginning at 2.3 h, DNA with a molecular weight approx. 1.4 · 108 was very rapidly integrated into bulk DNA of ≥ 3.5 · 108 daltons. The apparent growth rate of the 1.4 · 108 dalton DNA was approx. 10.6 μm/min. The data suggest that, at least for this DNA, joining into bulk DNA required one-third to one-half of the S period to begin and, once begun, occurred very rapidly. The possibility of integration of replicon clusters is considered.
Progesterone, 16a-hydroxy-progesterone, and maintenance of pregnancy in mice.

SummaryIn the Hooker-Forbes bio-assay in CHI mice, the minimal effective dose of 16a-hydroxy-progesterone was 0.006 μg. Subcutaneous pellets of this compound did not affect the normal duration of pregnancy or survival of fetuses in intact mice. In mice implanted with 2 progesterone pellets (about 18 mg) of pure progesterone on day 12 of pregnancy and ovariectomized on day 14, fetal survival was good. If pellets of 16a-hydroxy-progesterone were substituted, total abortion promptly occurred. If the pellets were a mixture of 16a-hydroxy-progesterone and progesterone, some fetuses survived, the survival rate diminishing as the proportion of 16a-hy-droxy-protesterone to a fixed amount (about 18 mg) of progesterone increased.
The intertester and intratester reliability of hand volumetrics

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the intertester and intratester reliability of hand volumetric measurements comparing two different protocols. The first protocol involved three clinicians at an outpatient facility interpreting the manufacturer's volumeter instructions. At the second university site, three testers utilized a modified version of the American Society of Hand Therapists' recommended protocol. Three measurements were taken of each of 30 nonedematous hands per site. Reliability was assessed using only the first measurement and using the mean of the three measurements. Results for both protocols revealed very high intertester reliability (ICC = 0.99) whether using the first measurement or the mean of three measurements. Intratester reliability was also very high (ICC = 0.99) using either protocol. Standard error of measurement values are included and additional variables, which may affect the reliability of hand volumetrics, are discussed. The authors conclude that there is high reliability with volumetric measurements.
Characteristics of saccades in human infants

Infants (14-151 days) and adults were shown two-dimensional geometric forms or stimuli from a set of highly textured patterns. Their eye movements were recorded by an infrared corneal reflection eye movement recorder as they freely scanned the stimuli. For both infants and adults, linear relationships were found between the peak velocities of fast eye movements and their amplitudes (main sequences). Infants viewing texture stimuli had main sequences with slopes comparable to those of adults. Infants viewing simple geometric forms made slower saccades. They also showed more eye movement oscillations which analyses showed were probably back-to-back saccades. Both the slower saccades and saccadic oscillations were attributed to factors related to the attentional value of the stimuli.
Naltrexone induces melanocyte-stimulating hormone release and degenerative changes in pituitary innervation in amphibians

Adult Rana pipiens (common frog) were treated with the long-acting opiate antagonist drug naltrexone hydrochloride to study potential effects of an opiate-receptor block on release of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) peptides from the pituitary intermediate lobe. The melanophore response of the animals was used to assess relative release of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). Animals were adapted to a light background, then injected with 20 or 50 mg/kg naltrexone for up to 3.5 days. All drug-treated animals showed increased release of MSH while on the light background while controls remained light-adapted. Ultrastructure of the pars intermedia of naltrexone-treated frogs revealed nerve fibers containing myelin figures, swelling of neurovesicles, and abnormal membrane components indicative of degenerative changes. The observations suggest that naltrexone has a damaging effect on pituitary innervation, and that MSH release may be the result of loss of neuroregulation from the normally inhibitory innervation. The findings are in agreement with our earlier studies in rats, which also demonstrated degenerative changes induced by naltrexone in intermediate lobe innervation. The long-acting antagonist may therefore have a "neurotoxic" effect after multiple injections or chronic use.
Primary oat cell carcinoma of the larynx: A case history and literature review

A case of primary oat cell carcinoma of the larynx is described and the literature reviewed. The origin of this rare tumor and the natural history of the disease are discussed. The different treatment modalities carried out so far are described.
Ouabain-uninhibited Na+ transport in human erythrocytes: the effects of triflocin

Abstract 1. 1. Triflocin, a new diuretic agent, was used to study ouabain-uninhibited Na + transport in human erythrocytes. 2. 2. Triflocin inhibits ouabain-uninhibited 22 Na + efflux and 22 Na + influx and in this regard it resembles furosemide and ethacrynic acid. No effect on net Na + flux could be demonstrated. 3. 3. The portion of the ouabain uninhibited 22 Na + flux inhibited by triflocin, ethacryanic acid or furosemide appears to represent exchange diffusion Na + rather than a net transport step.
The Rôle of the Skull and Dura in Experimental Feline Hydrocephalus

UMMARY The skull and dura were removed over one or both cerebral hemispheres of cats with experimental hydrocephalus, and the effects on ventricular volume and csf turnover were measured by ventricular perfusion. This procedure frequently resulted in bilateral massive ventriculomegaly when the calvarium was removed on both sides; when it was removed on one side, ventriculomegaly occurred only on that side. No differences in rates of csf formation and absorption between both groups of animals were noted; however, these rates may be significantly different from those noted in hydrocephalic cats with intact skulls. RESUME Le role du crâne et de la duremere dans l'hydrocephalie experimentale du chat Le crâne et la duremere ont ete supprimes sur l'un ou les deux hemisphees cerebraux de chat presentant une hydrocephalie experimentale; les effets sur les volumes ventricu-laires et la circulation du lcr furent mesures par perfusion ventriculaire. Ce procede a provoque frequemment une ventriculomegalie massive bilaterale en cas de resection de la boite crânienne des deux cotes; en cas de resection unilaterale, la ventriculomegalie ne se manifestait que du meme cote. Entre les deux groupes, il n'a ete note aucune difference dans les taux d'absorption ou de formation de lcr, mais ces taux pouvaient etre signi-ficativement differents de ceux observes chez les chats hydrocephales a crâne intact. ZUSAMMFASSUNG Die Bedeutung von Schadeldach und Dura bei experimentellem Hydrocephalus bei Katzen Bei Katzen mit experimentellem Hydrocephalus wurden das Schadeldach und die Dura entfernt, und durch ventriculare Perfusion wurde der Einflus auf das ventriculare Volumen und die Liquorzirkulation gemessen. Bei Entfernung des Schadeldaches auf beiden Seiten resultierte dadurch haufig eine doppelseitige massive Ventrikelvergroserung; wenn es nur auf einer Seite entfernt worden war, trat die Ventrikelvergrosserung nur auf der Seite auf. Zwischen den beiden Gruppen wurden keine Unterschiede bei der Liquorbildung und Liquorabsorption beobachtet, aber es ist moglich, das dafur signifikante Unterschiede bei hydrocephalen Katzen mit intaktem Schadeldach bestehen. RESUMEN El papel del craneo y fa dura en el hidrocefalo experimental del gato Se extirpo la parte osea del craneo y la dura sobre uno o dos hemisferios cerebrales de gatos con hidrocefalia experimental y se midio por perfusion ventricular los efectos sobre el volumen ventricular y el ciclo del lcr. Este proceder daba lugar frecuentemente a una ventriculomegalia masiva bilateral cuando se extirpaba el hueso en ambos lados; si se extirpaba en un solo lado la ventriculomegalia ocurria solo en este lado. No se observo ninguna diferencia en la velocidad de formacion y absorcion del lcr de ambos grupos, pero estas velocidades pueden ser significativamente diferentes de las observadas en gatos hidrocefalicos con craneo intacto.
Crystal Structure of Ethylenebidiguanide Silver (III) Nitrate

WHILE trying to prepare co-ordination compounds of ethylenebidiguanine with bivalent silver analogous to Cu(II) and Ni(II) by oxidation of a silver salt by sodium persulphate, Ray and Ghosh1 found that a complex compound was formed in which silver exhibited an oxidation state of three instead of the expected two. Tervalent silver is isoelectronic with Pd(II). Ray and Ghosh proved the trivalency of silver by showing experimentally the diamagnetic character of silver (III) ethylenebidiguanide complex salts, and on the basis of this evidence they proposed a square–planer configuration (dsp2 hybridization) for silver in these compounds, with the silver coordinated to four nitrogen atoms of the ligand. I have analysed the crystal structure of silver ethylenebidiguanide nitrate to confirm this proposal, and also because complete crystallographic work on a trivalent silver compound has not yet been reported.
Unequal Precision Multiple Comparisons for Randomized Block Designs Under Nonstandard Conditions

Abstract A multiple comparison technique for simultaneous inference in the nonstandard randomized block design models considered by Graybill [3] and Scheffe [11] is developed. Its computation and properties are discussed in terms of a clinical trial. The technique involving a number of independent tests with possibly unequal sizes, not the well-known Bonferroni tests [5], is appropriate when most contrasts between the treatments are of interest, but a few of the comparisons are of primary importance.
Knowledge Strategy: Its Mitigating Effects on the Organization

Knowledge strategy is defined as the set of guidelines and philosophies that guide an organization's knowledge-based activities, such as knowledge gathering, development, storage, and utilization. Much of the early literature describing knowledge strategy suggests that its role in the organization is to drive, and be driven by, organizational structure and the human resources and technology strategies. This paper derives a model that places the firm's knowledge strategy as a mitigating factor between the decisions made by management and the manner in which they are communicated to the rest of the organization. The present research is an update to a previously published paper and extends the research that first generated the metaphor of the KS as a lens.
Sipuleucel-T: Prototype for Development of Anti-tumor Vaccines

Prostate cancer immunotherapy officially debuted with the recent FDA approval of Sipuleucel-T. The novel trend of cancer immunotherapy relies on the identification of particular tumor-associated antigens, like prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). Sipuleucel-T consists of autologous dendritic cells activated in vitro with recombinant fusion protein PA2024, PAP-linked to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Sipuleucel-T represents a prototype for the development of cancer vaccines. Preclinical and clinical data as well as landmark studies for the existing narrow chemotherapy alternatives and early immunotherapy trials will be discussed. The pivotal trial demonstrated a 4.1-month difference of median survival, but with no effect on time to progression in asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic castrate-resistant patients. Several immunologic effects were observed in the treated population, including antibody and T cell-specific activity to P2024 and PAP. With all new therapies the extent of clinical and objective benefits versus encountered limitations should be evaluated. This review highlights the events and decisions in the process of the development of Sipuleucel-T. We discuss how this successful immunotherapy outcome challenges us to use it as a starting point for variations to or try to amplify practical anticancer progress within the antitumor vaccine paradigm.
Conditioned taste aversion induced by fluoxetine

The present study assessed the ability of the serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine (FLX) and lithium chloride (LiCl) to induce conditioned taste aversion (CTA) to a novel 20% sucrose solution. FLX (2, 5, or 8 mg/kg) or LiCl (10 mg/kg) was administered 30 min after an initial exposure to the solution. A single-bottle test of CTA 24 h after the initial exposure indicated that rats that received FLX, at any dose, or LiCl consumed significantly less solution than did those that received a vehicle treatment following the initial exposure. To examine the possibility that decreased consumption during the CTA test exposure was associated with lasting hypophagia and/or hypodipsia induced by FLX, separate groups of rats, without any prior exposure to the solution, were administered FLX (2, 5, or 8 mg/kg) and given access 24 h later to a 20% sucrose solution. FLX failed to suppress consumption of the solution at any dose. These data suggest that FLX induces an aversive drug state in rats, similar to that induced by LiCl, which serves as a potent conditioned stimulus in CTA. In addition, this CTA is independent of FLX-induced hypophagia and/or hypodipsia. The relevance of these results to the study of hypophagia induced by FLX administration is discussed.
Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. adults

Background Incidence estimates of hospitalizations for community-acquired pneumonia among children in the United States that are based on prospective data collection are limited. Updated estimates of pneumonia that has been confirmed radiographically and with the use of current laboratory diagnostic tests are needed. Methods We conducted active population-based surveillance for community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among children younger than 18 years of age in three hospitals in Memphis, Nashville, and Salt Lake City. We excluded children with recent hospitalization or severe immunosuppression. Blood and respiratory specimens were systematically collected for pathogen detection with the use of multiple methods. Chest radiographs were reviewed independently by study radiologists. Results From January 2010 through June 2012, we enrolled 2638 of 3803 eligible children (69%), 2358 of whom (89%) had radiographic evidence of pneumonia. The median age of the children was 2 years (interquartile ...
A statistical view of universal stock market portfolios

Cover's universal portfolio has deep connections to universal data compression. In this paper, we provide a statistical view of universal portfolios in order to develop a clearer understanding of their performance on actual financial data sequences. By recasting the analysis of a universal portfolio in statistical terms - with a special emphasis on means and covariances - we are able to resolve a long standing and false perception of a disconnect between information theory and empirical finance. We first show that the universal portfolio can be characterized as a conditional expectation of a multivariate normal random variable. We then show that this implies that the universal portfolio algorithm is asymptotically approximately equal to a constrained sequential Markowitz mean-variance portfolio optimization based on estimates of the mean of a multivariate normal distribution. In light of this equivalence, we propose alternative estimation methods and conclude with some practical investment advice
All Abraham's Children: Changing Mormon Conceptions of Race and Lineage

All Abraham's Children is Armand L. Mauss's long-awaited magnum opus on the evolution of traditional Mormon beliefs and practices concerning minorities. He examines how members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints have defined themselves and others in terms of racial lineages. Mauss describes a complex process of the broadening of these self-defined lineages during the last part of the twentieth century as the modern Mormon church continued its world-wide expansion through massive missionary work. Mauss contends that Mormon constructions of racial identity have not necessarily affected actual behavior negatively and that in some cases Mormons have shown greater tolerance than other groups in the American mainstream. Employing a broad intellectual historical analysis to identify shifts in LDS behavior over time, All Abraham's Children is an important commentary on current models of Mormon historiography.
The comprehension processes and memory structures involved in anaphoric reference

The inference processes involved in anaphoric reference were examined in three experiments. The first two experiments used an activation procedure in which the subject read a paragraph sentence by sentence and was then presented with a single test word from the first sentence of the paragraph for recognition. Response time to the test word was speeded both when the test word was a referent of an anaphor mentioned in the last sentence of the paragraph and when the test word was in the same proposition as the referent of the anaphor in the last sentence. This shows that an anaphor activates both its referent and concepts in the same proposition as its referent. The third experiment used a priming technique to show that the referent and a concept in the same proposition as the anaphor are connected in the long-term memory representation of a text. These results are discussed in terms of a simple three-process model of anaphoric inference. Other methodologies used to study inference processing are evaluated and it is concluded that these methods involve considerable problems in experimental design and theoretical interpretation and are also limited in the kinds of information they can provide about inference processing.
Quadriceps strength and weight acceptance strategies continue to improve two years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most commonly-injured knee ligament during sporting activities. After injury, most individuals experience episodes of the knee giving way during daily activities (non-copers). Non-copers demonstrate asymmetrical quadriceps strength and movement patterns, which could have long-term deleterious effects on the integrity of the knee joint. The purpose of this study was to determine if non-copers resolve their strength and movement asymmetries within two years after surgery. 26 non-copers were recruited to undergo pre-operative quadriceps strength testing and 3-dimensional gait analysis. Subjects underwent surgery to reconstruct the ligament followed by physical therapy focused on restoring normal range of motion, quadriceps strength, and function. Subjects returned for quadriceps strength testing and gait analysis six months and two years after surgery. Acutely after injury, quadriceps strength was asymmetric between limbs, but resolved six months after surgery. Asymmetric knee angles, knee moments, and knee and hip power profiles were also observed acutely after injury and persisted six months after surgery despite subjects achieving symmetrical quadriceps strength. Two years after surgery, quadriceps strength in the involved limb continued to improve and most kinematic and kinetic asymmetries resolved. These findings suggest that adequate quadriceps strength does not immediately resolve gait asymmetries in non-copers. They also suggest that non-copers have the capacity to improve their quadriceps strength and gait symmetry long after ACL reconstruction.
Intra-guild predation and variation in egg defence between sympatric and allopatric populations of two species of ladybird beetles

1. Ladybird eggs are defended chemically against intra-guild predation, and are unsuitable to varying degrees as food for other ladybirds. 2. Ladybird eggs [Coccinella septempunctata (Cs) and Harmonia axyridis (Ha); Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] from local Japanese versus North American populations were compared as food for two ladybirds (Cs and Ha) co-occurring in Japan. 3. Larvae of Cs exhibited high mortality, slow development, and reduced egg consumption and weight gain when they fed on Ha versus conspecific eggs, especially when Ha eggs were from the local (Japanese) population versus a distant (North American) population of Ha. 4. Larvae of Ha survived equally well on a diet of Cs or conspecific eggs, but developed more slowly and gained less weight on Cs eggs. Ha larvae were more reluctant to eat eggs from the local (Japanese) population of Cs than eggs from the distant (North American) population of Cs; however, other measures of performance did not differ significantly. 5. These results indicate greater egg chemical defence of Ha eggs against Cs larvae than vice versa, as expected from field observations of greater temporal overlap between Cs larvae and Ha eggs than between Ha larvae and Cs eggs. Furthermore, results also indicate that local populations of eggs are better defended than eggs from elsewhere against locally occurring intra-guild predators. Thus, it appears that the effectiveness of chemical defence of ladybird eggs reflects the degree to which specific pairings of ladybirds have the potential to interact in nature through egg predation.
DFT-D: a cognitive-dynamical model of dynamic decision making

The study of decision making has traditionally been dominated by axiomatic utility theories. More recently, an alternative approach, which focuses on the micro-mechanisms of the underlying deliberation process, has been shown to account for several “paradoxes” in human choice behavior for which simple utility-based approaches cannot. Decision field theory (DFT) is a cognitive-dynamical model of decision making and preferential choice, built on the fundamental principle that decisions are based on the accumulation of subjective evaluations of choice alternatives until a threshold criterion is met. This article extends the basic DFT framework to the domain of dynamic decision making. DFT-Dynamic is proposed as a new alternative to normative backward induction. Through its attention to the processes underlying planning and deliberation DFT-D provides simple, emergent explanations for violations of choice principles traditionally taken as evidence of irrationality. A recent multi-stage decision making study is used to showcase the model’s efficacy for developing cognitive models of individual strategies.