cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rising Inequality and Intergenerational Mobility: The Role of Public Investments in Human Capital.

One consequence of the rise in inequality witnessed over the past 40 years is its potentially negative impact on intergenerational mobility if parents at the bottom of the income distribution invest significantly less in their children's human capital. I consider whether public investments in children can potentially offset the inequality of private investments. Specifically, examining changes in public spending in 25 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries over the period 2000–2009, I find that increases in spending on health are most strongly associated with reductions in the importance of family background and declines in inequality in the production of child human capital as measured by the Program for International Student Assessment test scores among 15-year-olds. Public spending on family support, housing, and education are also moderately related. In contrast, increased spending on the elderly is associated with increases in the importance of parental background and inequality of child test scores. These results suggest that public investments in child human capital have the potential to offset the potentially negative impact of increasing income inequality on intergenerational mobility and inequality of the next generation. Further research firmly establishing a causal relationship is needed.
Preparing Nurse Practitioner Students for International Experiences Using Skills Acquisition

Abstract Background Nursing education has utilized international experiences to increase nursing students' education of global perspectives on health care and increase their awareness of cultural differences. Reviews of these learning experiences have primarily focused on student benefits after their completion of the international experiences. Method Doctorate of nurse practitioner (DNP) students enrolled in a family nurse practitioner (NP) program in a small northeastern university participated in three international experiences in Nicaragua for 2014 (March, June, and November 2014). Analysis of the experience in June 2014 demonstrated performance of several procedures by NP faculty that DNP students were unfamiliar and could be better prepared for the next international experience. Results A skills laboratory experience of the most frequent procedures performed in Nicaragua was planned and implemented to better prepare students before the November 2014 international experience. "Hands-on" skills were practiced in the laboratory to familiarize DNP students with the procedures before their international experience. Conclusions From suturing to the dental inferior alveolar blocks, the simulations allowed the students to manipulate the instruments and become comfortable with the procedures. Although there were a wide variety of patient complaints in the nearly 200 patients that were encountered at the November 2014 clinic. Having the students prepared for the most common procedures that have been performed with previous international experiences provides them familiarity with the procedure content before a foreign experience. The purpose of this article was to describe this skills laboratory education of the NP students to prepare them for upcoming international experiences.
Inorganic Reactions in Chlorine Dioxide Bleaching of Softwood Kraft Pulp

Abstract A softwood kraft pulp (27 kappa) was bleached with chlorine dioxide to various end pH values. The formation of chlorite, chlorate, and chloride was measured to quantify the amount of chlorine dioxide wasted as a function of pH during a Do (pre‐bleaching) stage. Chlorate formation increased with a decrease in final pH. Conversely, residual chlorite increased with an increase in the final pH. After 120 min of bleaching the total residual chlorite and chlorate showed that no substantial increase in residual oxidant occurs when bleaching to an end pH below 3.4. As a result, the brightness and permanganate numbers for low pH chlorine dioxide bleached pulps did not differ when bleaching to an end pH between 3.4 and 1.8. However, decreasing the pH below 3.4 did result in increased organic chloride formation. The results are contrary to previous studies where the maximum bleaching efficiency for a D1 stage was reported to occur when the end pH was between 3 and 4.
Characterizing selfishly constructed overlay routing networks

We analyze the characteristics of overlay routing networks generated by selfish nodes playing competitive network construction games. We explore several networking scenarios - some simplistic, others more realistic - and analyze the resulting Nash equilibrium graphs with respect to topology, performance, and resilience. We find a fundamental tradeoff between performance and resilience, and show that limiting the degree of nodes is of great importance in controlling this balance. Further, by varying the cost function, the game produces widely different topologies; one parameter in particular - the relative cost between maintaining an overlay link and increasing the path length to other nodes - can generate topologies with node-degree distributions whose tails vary from exponential to power-law. We conclude that competitive games can create overlay routing networks satisfying very diverse goals.
On capturing malware dynamics in mobile power-law networks

The increasing convergence of power-law networks such as social networking and peer-to-peer sites, web applications and mobile platforms makes today's users highly vulnerable to entirely new generations of malware that exploit vulnerabilities in web applications and mobile platforms for new infections, while using the power-law connectivity for finding new victims. The traditional epidemic models based on assumptions of homogeneity, averagedegree distributions, and perfect-mixing are inadequate to model this type of malware propagation. In this paper, we study three aspects crucial to modeling malware propagation in such environments: application-level interactions among users of such networks, local network structure, and user mobility.Since closed-form solutions of malware propagation in such environments are difficult to obtain, we describe an open-source, flexible agent-based emulation framework that can be used by malware researchers for studying today's complex malware. The framework, called Agent-Based Malware Modeling (AMM), allows different applications, network structure and user mobility in either a geographic or a logical domain to study various infection and propagation scenarios. The majority of the parameters used in the framework can be derived from real-life network traces collected from these networks, and therefore, represent realistic malware propagation and infection scenarios. As representative examples, we examine two well-known malware spreading mechanisms: (i) a malicious virus such as Cabir spreading among the subscribers of a cellular network using Bluetooth, and (ii) a hybrid worm that exploit email and file-sharing to infect users of a social network. In both cases, we identify the parameters most important to the spread of the epidemic based upon our extensive simulation results.
First In, First Out Properties of a Commodity-Based Kinematic Wave Simulation Model

Computational efficiency and first in, first out (FIFO) are both important issues in applications such as dynamic traffic assignment. This paper first shows by example the FIFO properties of a computationally efficient commodity-based kinematic wave (CKW) model of network traffic flow. After the development of measurements of FIFO violation among commodities in location and time on the basis of the misplacement of vehicles in total and commodity traffic, it is argued theoretically that numerical CKW solutions converge to FIFO ones. Then, with numerical examples, it is shown that FIFO violation in CKW solutions is a function of the simulation time and the number of commodities but decreases with decreasing cell lengths, even for infinite number of commodities. Finally, the possible implications of this study are discussed.
Instituting Cultural Change at a Major Organization: A Case Study

This article examines the development and implementation of a strategic cultural change program from a case study perspective. Initially, the article describes how the program was developed, includ...
On storm weakening during substorm expansion phase

Iyemori and Rao recently presented evidence that the strength of a magnetic storm, as measured by -Dst, weakens, or its rate of growth slows, during the substorm expansion phase. Yet the expansion phase is known to inject energetic particles into the ring current, which should strengthen the storm. We propose to reconcile these apparently contradictory results by combining the virial theorem and a principle of energy partitioning between energy storage elements in a system with dissipation. As applied to the unloading description of the substorm expansion phase, the virial theorem states that -Dst is proportional to the sum of the total magnetic energy and twice the total kinetic energy in the magnetosphere including the tail. Thus if expansion phase involves converting magnetic energy stored in the tail into kinetic energy stored in the ring current, a drop in -Dst during expansion phase requires that less than half the drop in magnetic energy goes into the ring current, the rest going into the ionosphere. Indeed Weiss et al., have estimated that the energy dissipated in the ionosphere during expansion phase is twice that injected into the ring current. This conclusion is also consistent with the mentioned energy partitioning principle, which requires that more energy be dissipated than transferred between storage elements. While Iyemori and Rao's observations seem to contradict the hypothesis that storms consist at least in part of a sum of substorms, this mode of description might none- theless be preserved by including the substorm's growth- phase contribution. Then the change in storm strength measured from before the growth phase to after the expansion phase is positive, even though the expansion phase alone makes a negative contribution.
Nephrotoxicity of vancomycin, alone and with an aminoglycoside

The incidence of nephrotoxicity in patients receiving vancomycin alone or in combination with an aminoglycoside was prospectively evaluated. A total of 231 courses of antibiotic therapy in 224 patients were consecutively monitored over 28-month period. One hundred and sixty-eight patients received vancomycin alone, 63 patients received vancomycin with an aminoglycoside, and 103 patients received gentamicin. Nephrotoxicity was defined as an increase in serum creatinine of 0.5 mg/dl or a 50% increase above baseline, whichever was greater. Eight patients (5%) receiving vancomycin alone, 14 patients (22%) receiving vancomycin with an aminoglycoside, and 11 patients (11%) receiving gentamicin alone were found to have nephrotoxicity. Factors found to be associated with increased risk of nephrotoxicity in patients receiving vancomycin were concurrent therapy with an aminoglycoside, length of treatment with vancomycin (greater than 21 days), and vancomycin trough serum concentration (greater than 10 mg/l). Although the incidence of vancomycin nephrotoxicity is low, patients receiving vancomycin therapy with the above risk factors should be closely monitored.
Linear programing formulations and algorithms for radiotherapy treatment planning

Optimization has become an important tool in treatment planning for cancer radiation therapy. It may be used to determine beam weights, beam directions, and appropriate use of beam modifiers such as wedges and blocks, with the aim of delivering a required dose to the tumor, while sparing nearby critical structures and normal tissue. Linear programing formulations are a core computation in many approaches to treatment planning, because of the abundance of highly developed linear programing software. However, these formulations of treatment planning often require a surprisingly large amount of time to solve—more than might be anticipated given the dimensions of the problems. Moreover, the choices of formulation, algorithm, and pivot rule that perform best from a computational viewpoint are sometimes not obvious, and the software's default choices are sometimes poor. This article considers several linear programing formulations of treatment planning problem and tests several variants of simplex and interior-...
Influence of Grain Size on Effects of Thermal Expansion Anisotropy in MgTi2O5

Properties relating to the effects of thermal expansion anisotropy were measured as functions of grain size in hot-pressed dense MgTi2O5. Samples with grains smaller than ∼3 μm exhibited none of the microcracking attributed to thermal expansion anisotropy, whereas those with larger grains had all the characteristics. An energy criterion is proposed to explain the grain-size effect on microcracking in ceramics exhibiting high degrees of thermal expansion anisotropy.
Age-related changes in brain–behaviour relationships: Evidence from event-related functional MRI studies

A fundamental aim of studies in neurocognitive ageing is to understand age-related changes in brainbehaviour relationships. Neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can be used for observation of these age-related changes only if the assumption of age-equivalent relations between neural activity and haemodynamic activity is valid. In one study, we characterised age-related differences in the coupling of the haemodynamic response to neural activity and found greater voxel-wise noise in older than in younger adults, but age-equivalent signal magnitude. These results suggested that alternative techniques may be necessary for analysing age-related differences in neuroimaging data. In a second study, we utilised one alternative method for comparing fMRI activation between younger and older adults performing a working memory (WM) task. Across three experiments, the results suggested that age-related functional changes in fMRI activation...
siRNA Screening Identifies the Host Hexokinase 2 (HK2) Gene as an Important Hypoxia-Inducible Transcription Factor 1 (HIF-1) Target Gene in Toxoplasma gondii-Infected Cells

ABSTRACT Although it is established that oxygen availability regulates cellular metabolism and growth, little is known regarding how intracellular pathogens use host factors to grow at physiological oxygen levels. Therefore, large-scale human small interfering RNA screening was performed to identify host genes important for growth of the intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii at tissue oxygen tensions. Among the genes identified by this screen, we focused on the hexokinase 2 (HK2) gene because its expression is regulated by hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1 (HIF-1), which is important for Toxoplasma growth. Toxoplasma increases host HK2 transcript and protein levels in a HIF-1-dependent manner. In addition, parasite growth at 3% oxygen is restored in HIF-1-deficient cells transfected with HK2 expression plasmids. Both HIF-1 activation and HK2 expression were accompanied by increases in host glycolytic flux, suggesting that enhanced HK2 expression in parasite-infected cells is functionally significant. Parasite dependence on host HK2 and HIF-1 expression is not restricted to transformed cell lines, as both are required for parasite growth in nontransformed C2C12 myoblasts and HK2 is upregulated in vivo following infection. While HK2 is normally associated with the cytoplasmic face of the outer mitochondrial membrane at physiological O 2 levels, HK2 relocalizes to the host cytoplasm following infection, a process that is required for parasite growth at 3% oxygen. Taken together, our findings show that HIF-1-dependent expression and relocalization of HK2 represent a novel mechanism by which Toxoplasma establishes its replicative niche at tissue oxygen tensions. IMPORTANCE Little is known regarding how the host cell contributes to the survival of the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii at oxygen levels that mimic those found in tissues. Our previous work showed that Toxoplasma activates the expression of an oxygen-regulated transcription factor that is required for growth. Here, we report that Toxoplasma regulates the abundance and activity of a key host metabolic enzyme, hexokinase 2, by activating HIF-1 and by promoting dissociation of hexokinase 2 from the mitochondrial membrane. Collectively, our data reveal HIF-1/hexokinase 2 as a novel target for an intracellular pathogen that acts by reprograming the host cell9s metabolism to create an environment conducive for parasite replication at physiological oxygen levels.
Profile-guided Java program partitioning for power aware computing

Summary form only given. In embedded devices, like PDAs, limited battery power presents a bottleneck while running power-hungry applications. Hence, it is important for such applications to be energy aware. Consider a scenario where the embedded device is wirelessly linked to a tethered server and can exploit the computing cycles in it. This presents an opportunity to execute parts of an application remotely and reduce computing energy on the embedded device. However, such a scheme is limited by the transmission energy needed in transferring program parts to be executed remotely. We present a fast profile-guided partitioning algorithm that can choose the program parts that can be executed remotely and save energy on the embedded device. We argue that the partitioning might have to be done on the client device more than once and hence the need for a efficient algorithm. We have chosen Java programs in particular because of their widespread use in embedded applications. Experiments show that our approach can conserve energy in embedded devices from 29% to 43%.
Do group practices have lower caesarean rates than solo practice obstetric clinics? Evidence from Taiwan

This study examined physicians propensity for caesarean deliveries at solo versus group practice obstetrics/gynaecology (ob/gyn) clinics in Taiwan. We used population-based (National Health Insurance) claims data covering all 253 618 singleton deliveries conducted at ob/gyn clinics during 2000--02. The dependent variable delivery mode was treated as dichotomous [caesarean section (CS) = 1 vaginal delivery (VD) = 0]. The independent variable of interest was practice size classified into four categories: 1 2 3 and 4+ physicians. Multilevel logistic regression modelling accounting for clinic-level variation in CS rates was used to examine CS likelihood by practice size among the total delivery sample and among the sub-samples disaggregated by obstetric complication status. Solo practices have 7% excess caesarean cases relative to large group practices. After controlling for patients age physician demographics the clinics geographic location and size of delivery service and clinic-level random effect solo practice physicians were 5.38 times as likely as 4+ physician practices to provide caesarean delivery (CI=4.18~6.93) 2-physician practices were 3.87 times (CI = 2.99 ~ 5.01) and 3-physician practices 2.72 times (CI = 2.06 ~ 3.59) as likely as 4+ physician practices to provide caesarean delivery. This effect is driven by higher CS propensity among solo and small groups among cases with obstetrically less salient complications and the no complications subset of patients. Wide confidence intervals for odds ratios in these sub-samples also attest to wide variations in clinic-level CS rates among these patient groups. Solo physicians are the most likely to provide caesarean delivery and CS likelihood decreases with increasing number of physicians in the practice. Group practice support may reduce the CS likelihood when it is not clinically indicated. Policy makers should consider initiatives to limit full service delivery privileges to group practice obstetric clinics in order to reduce unnecessary CS. Solo practice clinics should at best be licensed as birthing centres required to transfer patients needing CS to a larger facility. (authors)
Low-density Parity Constraints for Hashing-Based Discrete Integration

In recent years, a number of probabilistic inference and counting techniques have been proposed that exploit pairwise independent hash functions to infer properties of succinctly defined high-dimensional sets. While providing desirable statistical guarantees, typical constructions of such hash functions are themselves not amenable to efficient inference. Inspired by the success of LDPC codes, we propose the use of low-density parity constraints to make inference more tractable in practice. While not strongly universal, we show that such sparse constraints belong to a new class of hash functions that we call Average Universal. These weaker hash functions retain the desirable statistical guarantees needed by most such probabilistic inference methods. Thus, they continue to provide provable accuracy guarantees while at the same time making a number of algorithms significantly more scalable in practice. Using this technique, we provide new, tighter bounds for challenging discrete integration and model counting problems.
The Turbot War: Resolution of an International Fishery Dispute

Numerous international fishery disputes have taken place in recent decades, many involving distant-water fleets threatening to deplete coastal fisheries. This chapter provides a brief narrative of the confrontation that took place just outside Canada’s 200-mile coastal zone in March–April 1995 and explores the larger historical context and contemporary circumstances within which the dispute arose. It goes on to survey applicable international fishing law and the role of the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO). The agreement Canada and the European Union reached to end the Turbot War assigned the European Union a larger share of the allowable turbot catch and established stronger mechanisms for enforcing international fishing rules. The Convention on Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks that was adopted later in 1995, partly in response to the Spanish-Canadian confrontation, has new provisions for managing these types of fisheries. While the Turbot War exposed some of the gaps in international fishery law and the weaknesses of NAFO, it had the positive outcome of spurring the development of new international legal mechanisms that will more effectively conserve fisheries and reduce the incidence of armed confrontations between fishing states.
Differing Responses of Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome and Ataxia Telangiectasia Cells to Ionizing Radiation

Abstract Little, J. B., Nagasawa, H., Dahlberg, W. K., Zdzienicka, M. Z., Burma, S. and Chen, D. J. Differing Responses of Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome and Ataxia Telangiectasia Cells to Ionizing Radiation. Radiat. Res. 158, 319–326 (2002). Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. Originally thought to be a variant of ataxia telangiectasia (AT), the cellular phenotype of NBS has been described as almost indistinguishable from that of AT. Since the gene involved in NBS has been cloned and its functions studied, we sought to further characterize its cellular phenotype by examining the response of density-inhibited, confluent cultures of human diploid fibroblasts to irradiation in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Both NBS and AT cells were markedly sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of radiation. NBS cells, however, were proficient in recovery from potentially lethal damage and exhibited a pronounced radiation-induced G1-phase arrest. Irradiated AT cells showed no potentially ...
Networks of Power, Degrees of Freedom

The article offers a conceptual framework for describing freedom and power in terms of human behavior in multiple overlapping systems. Power and freedom describe relations of influence and susceptibility over the principles, policies, perceptions and preferences; outcomes; and configurations available to human beings, in each case as characterized by the affordances and constraints of an agent in context of multiple overlapping systems. Networks characterize systems while keeping classes of discrete entities and relations between them explicit. Freedom and power are affected by the degree of (a) openness, the extent to which individuals can bob and weave between networks to achieve their desired behaviors, perceptions, or outcomes, and (b) completeness, the degree to which they can maneuver within a network to achieve those results; and (c) configuration, pathways for the flow of influence or its avoidance. The paper uses examples from Web-based music, video, and news reporting to explain these concepts.
Outcome prediction of septal ablation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy still a long way to go.

Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction is common in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, resulting from a complex interplay of myocardial hypertrophy, ventricular load, as well as drag and Venturi effects on the mitral valve ([1][1]). Although its clinical significance has
Influence of C-Trap Ion Accumulation Time on the Detectability of Analytes in IR-MALDESI MSI

Laser desorption followed by post electrospray ionization requires synchronized timing of the key events (sample desorption/ionization, mass spectrometry analysis, and sample translation) necessary to conduct mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) with adequate analyte sensitivity. In infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) MSI analyses, two laser pulses are used for analysis at each volumetric element, or voxel, of a biological sample and ion accumulation in the C-trap exceeding 100 ms is necessary to capture all sample-associated ions using an infrared laser with a 20 Hz repetition rate. When coupled to an Orbitrap-based mass spectrometer like the Q Exactive Plus, this time window for ion accumulation exceeds dynamically controlled trapping of samples with comparable ion flux by Automatic Gain Control (AGC), which cannot be used during MSI analysis. In this work, a next-generation IR-MALDESI source has been designed and constructed that incorporates a mid-infrared OPO laser capable of operating at 100 Hz and allows requisite C-trap inject time during MSI to be reduced to 30 ms. Analyte detectability of the next-generation IR-MALDESI integrated source has been evaluated as a function of laser repetition rate (100-20 Hz) with corresponding C-trap ion accumulation times (30-110 ms) in both untargeted and targeted analysis of biological samples. Reducing the C-trap ion accumulation time resulted in increased ion abundance by up to 3 orders of magnitude for analytes ranging from xenobiotics to endogenous lipids, and facilitated the reduction of voxel-to-voxel variability by more than 3-fold.
Phase I and Pharmacologic Study of Sequences of Gemcitabine and the Multitargeted Antifolate Agent in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors

PURPOSE: Multitargeted antifolate (MTA) is an investigational agent that, like gemcitabine, exhibits broad activity in solid tumors. A phase I trial of MTA and gemcitabine was undertaken, based on the demonstration of preclinical cytotoxic synergy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-five patients (group I) received 164 courses (median, four; range, one to 14 courses) of treatment of gemcitabine at doses of 1,000 and 1,250 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 and MTA at doses of 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 mg/m2, given 90 minutes after gemcitabine on day 1. Courses were repeated every 3 weeks. Because the day 8 dose of gemcitabine was reduced or omitted in 57% of courses due to neutropenia, 21 patients (group II) were treated on an alternate schedule, with MTA administered on day 8 rather than day 1. This group received 85 treatment courses (median, four; range, one to 10 courses). RESULTS: The most common and dose-limiting toxicity was neutropenia. Other toxicities included nausea, fatigue, rash, and elevated hepatic transami...
Prognosis in breast cancer.

Only one-half of patients presenting with primary breast cancer are cured by local therapy. It is thus desirable to have a method to predict which patients are likely to have a recurrence so that systemic therapy can be instituted to delay, or even prevent, such recurrences. For many years, our laboratory in San Antonio has been measuring factors in human breast cancer patients which have been hypothesized to correlate with clinical outcome. Our efforts have dealt primarily with the prognostic factors listed in Table 1. We will briefly review each of these prognostic factors and provide the essential data which correlates each factor with clinical outcome. In this summary of San Antonio efforts, we will not attempt to review the literature or detail the work of others.
What makes no-clean flux residue benign?

Since the conversion to lead-free solders, no-clean flux has become the predominate flux used in electronic card assembly and test (ECAT) manufacturing. No-clean flux performs well and can save steps in manufacturing. If used properly, no-clean flux can be effective, safe and reliable. It is a common misconception that since it is no-clean flux it can be used in any manner and still be safe and reliable. Numerous examples can be shown where no-clean flux, when used improperly, can lead to electrochemical migration and dendritic growth, leading to electrical fails. With this in mind, the question becomes, what is the proper use of no-clean flux? The focus of this paper is to share the conditions in which no-clean flux becomes benign. This paper will present the conditions of no-clean flux residues (from any of the flux and paste suppliers) that cause poor electrical performance and explain what leads to the poor performance. Millions of electronic systems assembled with no-clean flux perform very well in the field. However under some conditions, whether the product has seen early or extended time in the field, it fails to function. Additionally there are cases where causes a battery fails to hold a charge, no matter how many new, good, replacement batteries are installed. The electronics industry is seeing a greater number of product recalls, product returns with no defects found, and hard short failures due to electrochemical migration than the industry experienced with hardware from the '70-'90s. Many of the field failures seen today are not due to software, bad components or abuse of the hardware, but are due to a variety of conditions relating to the use of no-clean flux. These include: shorting dendrites growing under conformal coating/potting compounds; parasitic leakage issues under low standoff components, such as QFNs or Power FETs; dendrite shorting of SMT components and vias near selective solder regions on printed circuit board assemblies (PCBAs). If the board and components are ionically clean, what is causing the leakage and electrochemical migration creating the hard short under/over and around the parts that only saw flux? This paper will explain what can be done on the production floor to ensure that the residues are benign and will remain so. It will also address typical areas to which no-clean flux residues can travel or are trapped and need additional thermal attention and monitoring.
Cytoferrin, maternofetal iron transport, and neonatal hemochromatosis.

The serum concentration of cytoferrin, a low-molecular-weight iron-binding compound, in an infant with neonatal hemochromatosis was significantly elevated (270×) by comparison with normal adult values. Concentrations of cytoferrin in cord sera from 25 normal term neonates were substantially lower but also were elevated (2×) by comparison with normal adult values. Concentrations of cytoferrin in placental tissues were comparable to values previously obtained for various mammalian tissues, and concentrations of cytoferrin in maternal sera were not elevated. This transplacental gradient in serum concentrations of cytoferrin suggests that cytoferrin may be involved in mater-nofetal iron transport. Although iron is known to be taken up by the hemochorial placenta via trophoblast brush border receptors for transferrin, further iron handling within the placenta is poorly understood. In particular, the routes or carriers by which iron enters the fetal circulation have not been identified. Cytoferrin may participate in stages of maternofetal iron transport distal to transferrin, and further investigation of the role of cytoferrin in neonatal hemochromatosis and other disorders may be warranted.
Designing disciplinary identity: an analysis of the term design in library and information science vocabulary

This poster explores the role of design in the disciplinary identity and positioning of librarianship and information science through examination of the term "design" in two prominent contemporary library and information science vocabularies: the thesaurus for H. W. Wilson's Library Literature & Information Science Full Text database and the American Society for Information Science & Technology's Thesaurus of Information Science, Technology and Librarianship. Findings include conflicting and fractured identities, power struggles and paradigm entrenchment. Further research into disciplinary identity is necessary not only to improve controlled vocabularies but also to solidify and unify professional identity.
The Theoretical Foundation of Core Stakeholders Sharing Control Rights

The core stakeholders are of core stakeholders,managers and employees.The character of core stakeholders' corporate governance is that shareholders,managers and employees own the enterprise controlling power and share enterprise surplus together.In the view of human resource,if the owners of human capital own the controlling power of the company,it will bring about many advantages such as arousing employee's enthusiasm,cutting down the cost of enterprise excitation and superintendence improving superintendence deficiency and information asymmetry problem of enterprise trust agency relationship,reducing cost of acting,improving enterprise governing efficienc,mitigating employee's rights and interests being damaged and employee-employer's tight relations,etc.
Regularized sequence-level deep neural network model adaptation.

We propose a regularized sequence-level (SEQ) deep neural network (DNN) model adaptation methodology as an extension of the previous KL-divergence regularized cross-entropy (CE) adaptation [1]. In this approach, the negative KL-divergence between the baseline and the adapted model is added to the maximum mutual information (MMI) as regularization in the sequence-level adaptation. We compared eight different adaptation setups specified by the baseline training criterion, the adaptation criterion, and the regularization methodology. We found that the proposed sequence-level adaptation consistently outperforms the crossentropy adaptation. For both of them, regularization is critical. We further introduced a unified formulation in which the regularized CE and SEQ adaptation are the special cases. We applied the proposed approach to speaker adaptation and accent adaptation in a mobile short message dictation task. For the speaker adaptation, with 25 or 100 utterances, the proposed approach yields 13.72% or 23.18% WER reduction when adapting from the CE baseline, comparing to 11.87% or 20.18% for the CE adaptation. For the accent adaptation, with 1K utterances, the proposed approach yields 18.74% or 19.50% WER reduction when adapting from the CE-DNN or the SEQ-DNN. The WER reduction using the regularized CE adaptation is 15.98% and 15.69%, respectively.
"Brain death" is not death.

We draw attention to differences and difficulties in language and in concepts between “brain death” and true death that was published 24 years ago.1 We also focus on failure to utilize the scientific method, sound reasoning, and available medical technology in the determination of one of the two most important states known to man: death. The other condition, life,is obviously related because of the interdependence of the two conditions. Life and true death cannot and do not exist at the same time in the same person.
Glutamine and Ammonia

Overview • Nitrogen and carbon flux from the liver to the kidneys increases in metabolic acidosis.
3D cardiac motion estimation using RF signal decorrelation

Mouse cardiac ultrasound imaging is generally acquired as sets of 2D B-mode video or RF data. The high signal bandwidth and frame rate (>100 Hz) required for real-time 3D mouse heart scanning presents a major challenge making it unlikely that direct capture of finely sampled real-time 3D data will be achieved in the near future. Collecting and registering image sets from intersecting orthogonal 2D scan planes enables the estimation of 3D motion, but only at points along lines of intersection between acquired image frames. We propose the use of RF signal decorrelation to estimate elevational motion from 2D data at points other than the lines of intersection. RF data was collected and processed using a 30 MHz VisualSonics Vevo 770 scanner. A mouse heart was scanned along short and long axis imaging planes, producing RF data throughout the entire cardiac cycle. RF decorrelations were computed along all A-lines. Orthogonal displacement measurements were used to compute functions which map decorrelation to displacement at lines of intersection between planes. Combining in-plane speckle tracked estimates and out of plane decorrelation based displacement estimates yielded a full 3D displacement data set for the entire cardiac cycle. Displacements estimated using RF decorrelation were highly correlated with independent (orthogonal) speckle-tracked estimates. Out-of-plane decorrelation provides a method for computing 3D displacements from 2D scan-planes of in vivo mouse heart RF data. 3D displacement vectors may be used to compute 3D strain that may be useful when analyzing ischemic, normal and ldquoborder zonerdquo regions post myocardial infarct.
The application of high repetition rate voltage pulses to electrical and thermal aging

A critical factor in the research and development of a new insulation system is the accurate assessment of its reliability and expected lifetime during service. The methods to determine reliability generally attempt to accelerate the degradation processes that normally occur in electrical insulation over an extended operating time period. To date, most accelerated aging studies have featured test voltage frequencies and/or temperatures that far exceed typical operating levels. However, these efforts have not been completely successful due to the lack of knowledge concerning the relationships between the temperature, frequency of applied voltage, and the physical mechanisms responsible for dielectric deterioration and breakdown.
Why does drug resistance readily evolve but vaccine resistance does not

Why is drug resistance common and vaccine resistance rare? Drugs and vaccines both impose substantial pressure on pathogen populations to evolve resistance and indeed, drug resistance typically emerges soon after the introduction of a drug. But vaccine resistance has only rarely emerged. Using well-established principles of population genetics and evolutionary ecology, we argue that two key differences between vaccines and drugs explain why vaccines have so far proved more robust against evolution than drugs. First, vaccines tend to work prophylactically while drugs tend to work therapeutically. Second, vaccines tend to induce immune responses against multiple targets on a pathogen while drugs tend to target very few. Consequently, pathogen populations generate less variation for vaccine resistance than they do for drug resistance, and selection has fewer opportunities to act on that variation. When vaccine resistance has evolved, these generalities have been violated. With careful forethought, it may be possible to identify vaccines at risk of failure even before they are introduced.
A THEOREM ON EXPONENTIALLY BOUNDED STOPPING TIME OF INVARIANT SPRT'S WITH APPLICATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a theorem on exponentially bounded stopping time of invariant sequential probability ratio tests (SPRTs) with applications. It presents an assumption that Z 1 , Z 2 , … are iid random variables with common distribution P and the joint distribution of the Zs is also denoted as P . The chapter presents a description of a model based on this assumption a specified family of distributions ρ = {P θ : θ ∈ Ξ} where Ξ is some index set, also called the parameter space. P may or may not be a member of ρ. The chapter also highlights that a priori there is no reason why Stein's result for Wald's SPRT could not also be valid for invariant SPRT's. However, as a result of the difficulty of the problem, the beginnings of the investigation of N for invariant SPRT's were very modest.
Self-Efficacy and Adjustment

Despite the continuing controversy over what psychological health is and how one might best achieve it, psychologists seem to agree on at least one principle—that a sense of control over our behavior, our environment, and our own thoughts and feelings is essential for good psychological adjustment (e.g., Korchin, 1976). When the world seems predictable and controllable and when behavior, thoughts, and emotions seem within their control, people are better able to meet life’s challenges, deal with stress, build healthy relationships, and achieve personal satisfaction and peace of mind (e.g., Kobasa, 1979; Taylor, 1983; Thompson, 1981, 1991). Although a sense of control, competence, or mastery does not ensure good psychological adjustment, good adjustment is difficult, if not impossible, without such beliefs. The most common complaints of emotional distress that lead people to seek professional help—anxiety and depression (Smith, Glass, & Miller, 1980)—are both characterized by the belief that the good things in life cannot be obtained and that the bad things in life cannot be avoided through one’s own efforts. Sometimes perceptions of lack of control are the direct result of ineffective behavior; but such perceptions also can produce ineffective behavior, as well as inaction and inertia.
El papel de la música en la configuración de la esfera pública española durante el siglo XIX. Ideas y pautas de investigación

As in the rest of the Western world, a new public sphere was being shaped in Spain since the mid-eighteenth century. In recent years, Spanish historiography has made remarkable progress in studying the history of this process, from its early stages in the academies and societies of friends, to the more complex forms of the public in today’s society. Nevertheless, there are enormous gaps and unknown areas in this history. One of these understudied aspects refers to the role music played in the process of creating new public spaces of sociability, debate and civic activity during the liberal era. This article introduces some ideas and suggests guidelines for research on how to approach the study of the shaping of a modern musical public in nineteenth-century Spain.
Integrated optimization and simulation models for the locomotive refueling system configuration problem

This paper introduces the locomotive refueling system configuration problem, which arises when railroad companies aim to improve efficiency in refueling yards through new technologies or policies. Refueling speed is important to freight railroad operational efficiency; faster refueling can increase rail network capacity without the infrastructure cost associated with new terminals or tracks. We propose a method that integrates integer programming and discrete event simulation to inform these decisions, and we demonstrate the method on data derived from industry. Specifically, the models determine the best location (denoted the "strike line") to align trains at the refueling platform and measure the impact on refueling yard throughput associated with adopting the optimal strike lines in combination with new refueling equipment. Results using realistic parameters demonstrate a statistically significant improvement over intuitive policies.
Interrelation of mating, flight, and fecundity in navel orangeworm females

The navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Phycitini), is an economically important pest of nut crops in California, USA. Improved management will require better understanding of insect dispersal, particularly relative to when mating occurs. A previous study demonstrated a more robust laboratory flight capacity compared to other orchard moth pests, but it was unclear how mating affects dispersal, and how dispersal affects fecundity. In this study, 1‐ and 2‐day‐old females were allowed to fly overnight on a flight mill either before or after mating, respectively, and were then allowed to oviposit. Data on fecundity were compared between treatments to minimally handled or tethered‐only control females. Females that mated before flight flew longer and covered a greater distance than those flying prior to mating. However, timing of flight relative to mating did not affect fecundity, nor did any measure of flight performance. There was no effect on fecundity when females were forced to fly for designated durations from 3 min to 2 h. Together, our data revealed no obvious trade‐off between flight activity and reproductive output. Distances measured on the flight mills (mean ca. 15 km for mated females) may overestimate net displacement in the field where flight tracks are often meandering. The results suggest that most females mate and oviposit in or near their natal habitat, but that some may disperse potentially long distances to oviposit elsewhere.
What K-12 Teachers Need to Know About Teaching Gifted Black Girls Battling Perfectionism and Stereotype Threat:

Perfectionism is commonly associated with gifted females, yet little research examines perfectionism across racial groups. Although gifted Black girls’ perfectionistic tendencies mirror other femal...
A Mathematical Model of Air-Flow Induced Regional Over-Distention during Mechanical Ventilation: Comparing Pressure-Controlled and Volume-Controlled Modes

In this paper we study a five compartment lung model to examine the effects of heterogeneity (i.e., different portions of the lungs have different impedance characteristics) on physiologic outcomes using two common modes of mechanical ventilation: pressure-controlled (PCV) and volume-controlled (VCV). In particular, we attempt to answer the question: If heterogeneity exists in the lungs, then does one mode produce lower peak alveolar pressures, given a desired overall tidal volume? A third type of mechanical ventilation, decelerating flow ventilation (DFV), is also considered and it is shown that an optimal initial flow (a multiple of the desired minute ventilation) exists that will minimize peak compartmental pressures.
Industrial Enterprises in Q1 2017: Cautious Pessimism

In early 2018, main features of the lingering stagnation inherent from 2015-2016 crisis persisted. The January optimism seemed unstable for enterprises and did not result in projections’ optimism. At the quarter-end, dynamics of major indexes demonstrated validity of pessimism.
Close Friends’ Drinking and Personal Income as Mediators of Extreme Drinking: A Prospective Investigation

Objective:This study examined longitudinal associations between college attendance, residence on- or off-campus, and work status during the first 2 years after high school with extreme binge drinki...