cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Four-Dimensional Incremental Analysis Update for the Ensemble Kalman Filter

AbstractThe analysis produced by the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) may be dynamically inconsistent and contain unbalanced gravity waves that are absent in the real atmosphere. These imbalances can be exacerbated by covariance localization and inflation. One strategy to combat the imbalance in the analyses is the incremental analysis update (IAU), which uses the dynamic model to distribute the analyses increments over a time window. The IAU has been widely used in atmospheric and oceanic applications. However, the analysis increment that is gradually introduced during a model integration is often computed once and assumed to be constant for an assimilation window, which can be seen as a three-dimensional IAU (3DIAU). Thus, the propagation of the analysis increment in the assimilation window is neglected, yet this propagation may be important, especially for moving weather systems.To take into account the propagation of the analysis increment during an assimilation window, a four-dimensional IAU (4DIAU) use...
Social perception in Russian displace persons and an American comparison group.

(1957). Social Perception in Russian Displaced Persons and an American Comparison Group. Psychiatry: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 131-149.
Neonatal Problems in Twins

Twins have higher rates of perinatal mortality, prematurity and its complications, low birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation, congenital anomalies, and long-term developmental morbidity. Monozygotic twins have lower birth weights and higher rates of congenital anomalies than dizygotic twins, which suggests that the etiology of these problems may be related to the monozygotic twinning process. Monochorionic twins have higher rates of perinatal mortality, intrapair birth weight discrepancies, and intrauterine growth retardation than dichorionic twins, which suggests that these complications may be related to placental vascular anastomoses. Monochorial vascular communications also can be responsible for twin transfusion syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation at birth and disruptive structural defects. Followup studies indicate that twins remain at a disadvantage for subsequent physical growth and intellectual achievement. The management of twins is challenging and fascinating because of the wide range of perinatal, neonatal, developmental, and parenting problems that can occur.
Classification of Caudal Ventrolateral Pontine Neurons With Sympathetic Nerve-Related Activity

This study was designed to answer three questions concerning caudal ventrolateral pontine (CVLP) neurons whose naturally occurring discharges are correlated to sympathetic nerve discharge (SND). 1) What are the proportions of CVLP neurons that have activity correlated to both the cardiac-related and 10-Hz rhythms in SND, to only the 10-Hz rhythm, and to only the cardiac-related rhythm? 2) Do CVLP neurons with activity correlated to the cardiac-related and/or 10-Hz rhythm in SND subserve a sympathoexcitatory or sympathoinhibitory function? 3) Do CVLP neurons with activity correlated to the cardiac-related and/or 10-Hz rhythm in SND project to the thoracic spinal cord? To address these issues we recorded from 476 CVLP neurons in 24 urethan-anesthetized cats. Spike-triggered averaging, arterial pulse-triggered analysis, and coherence analysis revealed that the discharges of 66 of these neurons were correlated to inferior cardiac postganglionic SND. For 39 of these neurons, we were able to determine whether their discharges were correlated to one or both rhythms. The results showed that the CVLP contained a heterogeneous population of neurons with sympathetic nerve-related activity. The discharges of 21 neurons were correlated to both the 10-Hz and cardiac-related rhythms in SND, 9 neurons had activity correlated to only the 10-Hz rhythm, and 9 neurons had activity correlated to only the cardiac-related rhythm. The firing rates of CVLP neurons with activity correlated to both rhythms or to only the 10-Hz rhythm were decreased during the inhibition of SND induced by baroreceptor reflex activation (rapid obstruction of the abdominal aorta). These neurons are presumed to exert sympathoexcitatory actions. The time-controlled collision test verified that 11 of 12 CVLP neurons with activity correlated to both rhythms were antidromically activated by stimulation of the first thoracic segment of the spinal cord. Antidromic mapping at this level showed that the site requiring the least stimulus current to elicit the longest latency response (nearest the terminal) was in the vicinity of the intermediolateral nucleus (IML). In contrast, only 1 of 13 CVLP neurons with activity correlated to only one of the rhythms in SND could be antidromically activated by spinal stimulation. These data demonstrate for the first time that there is a direct pathway from the CVLP to the IML that is comprised almost exclusively of sympathoexcitatory neurons whose discharges are correlated to both the 10-Hz and cardiac-related rhythms in SND.
SU-F-R-50: Radiation-Induced Changes in CT Number Histogram During Chemoradiation Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer

Purpose: In an effort of early assessment of treatment response, we investigate radiation induced changes in CT number histogram of GTV during the delivery of chemoradiation therapy (CRT) for pancreatic cancer. Methods: Diagnostic-quality CT data acquired daily during routine CT-guided CRT using a CT-on-rails for 20 pancreatic head cancer patients were analyzed. All patients were treated with a radiation dose of 50.4 in 28 fractions. On each daily CT set, the contours of the pancreatic head and the spinal cord were delineated. The Hounsfiled Units (HU) histogram in these contourswere extracted and processed using MATLAB. Eight parameters of the histogram including the mean HU over all the voxels, peak position, volume, standard deviation (SD), skewness, kurtosis, energy, and entropy were calculated for each fraction. The significances were inspected using paired two-tailed t-test and the correlations were analyzed using Spearman rank correlation tests. Results: In general, HU histogram in pancreatic head (but not in spinal cord) changed during the CRT delivery. Changes from the first to the last fraction in mean HU in pancreatic head ranged from −13.4 to 3.7 HU with an average of −4.4 HU, which was significant (P<0.001). Among other quantities, the volume decreased, the skewness increased (less skewed), and the kurtosis decreased (less sharp) during the CRT delivery. The changes of mean HU, volume, skewness, and kurtosis became significant after two weeks of treatment. Patient pathological response status is associated with the changes of SD (ΔSD), i.e., ΔSD= 1.85 (average of 7 patients) for good reponse, −0.08 (average of 6 patients) for moderate and poor response. Conclusion: Significant changes in HU histogram and the histogram-based metrics (e.g., meam HU, skewness, and kurtosis) in tumor were observed during the course of chemoradiation therapy for pancreas cancer. These changes may be potentially used for early assessment of treatment response.
Estimating cancer risk from invasive cardiac procedures in children.

In recent decades, survival among patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) has increased considerably, to the point that there are currently more adults than children living with CHD. With increasing life expectancy, new health concerns have come into focus, including the potentially long-term carcinogenic risks of exposure to low-dose ionising radiation (LDIR) from cardiac diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, particularly those related to cardiac catheterisation in children. Studies from non-medical contexts—atomic bomb survivors and uranium mine workers, among others—have clearly linked LDIR exposure with a higher risk of subsequent malignancy. Many organisations monitoring the use of radiation-emitting technologies—including the US National Research Council's Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR VII) Committee, the International Commission on Radiological Protection and the US National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements—endorse a ‘linear no-threshold’ model for LDIR-related malignancy risk. That is, even at the lower doses typically encountered in medical settings, LDIR would be expected to confer some carcinogenic risk, although that risk could be imperceptibly low unless large populations are examined. Indeed, with larger cohorts being assembled around these questions, there is an emergence of evidence to suggest that contemporary medical sources of LDIR likely also confer cancer risk.1 ,2 Of concern is the observation that the use of LDIR-emitting cardiac procedures in patients with CHD is increasing on a population level, with exposure occurring at progressively younger ages.3 This is of particular concern, since children have immature and developing organs and tissues with higher rates of cell division, and thus greater potential for mutagenesis following LDIR exposure. Exposure to LDIR at younger ages is known to be associated with higher risks of …
Utopische Prosa als Längeres Gedankenspiel: Untersuchungen zu Arno Schmidts Theorie der Modernen Literatur und ihrer Konkretisierung in “Schwarze Spiegel”, “Die Gelehrtenrepublik” und “Kaff auch Mare Crisium”

(1989). Utopische Prosa als Langeres Gedankenspiel: Untersuchungen zu Arno Schmidts Theorie der Modernen Literatur und ihrer Konkretisierung in “Schwarze Spiegel”, “Die Gelehrtenrepublik” und “Kaff auch Mare Crisium”. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 64, No. 2, pp. 88-89.
Evaluation of Bolt Holes Fabricated by Using Plasma Arc Cutting

Modern technologies for plasma cutting have the potential to produce bolt holes that perform on a par with those made by currently accepted methods and at the same time to reduce fabrication costs related to steel bridge construction. Current specifications do not allow holes in primary members to be formed by using plasma cutting. A lack of data showing how plasma-cut holes perform under fatigue and tensile loading inhibits their use in secondary members as well. This paper presents findings from an ongoing investigation into the structural performance of steel members with plasma-cut bolt holes. Specimens include members with a single plasma-cut hole and connection members. Material with plasma-cut holes was procured from four fabricators throughout various industries. Results from approximately 170 fatigue tests and 34 tensile tests are presented. Data from the fatigue tests show that under certain conditions, plasma-cut bolt holes perform comparably to drilled and punched holes. Results from tensile t...
Mizan-RMA: Accelerating Mizan Graph Processing Framework with MPI RMA

The MPI programming model has been used by several graph processing systems. Out of these systems, only MPI two-sided programming model is used for datamovements. The MPI one-sided programming model that achieves better overlap ofcommunication and computation has been seen as advantageous for applicationswith irregular communication patterns. However, the benefits of MPI one-sidedprogramming model for graph processing systems is still not exploited. In thispaper, we choose the Mizan graph processing framework that uses MPI two-sidedprogramming model and analyze its performance bottlenecks. Based on ouranalysis, we propose Mizan-RMA which takes advantage of MPI one-sidedprogramming model to alleviate these bottlenecks. Experimental evaluations showthat our proposed designs could achieve up to 2.8X improvement compared with thedefault version. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper tore-design a graph processing system with MPI one-sided programming model.
Changing HPV vaccination rates in bisexual and lesbian women.

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates continue to be below national targets for women and lower in some sexual minorities. HPV is a primary causal agent in cervical cancer, from which members of the lesbian and bisexual community mistakenly believe they are at low risk. This study characterized rates of HPV vaccination in women based on their sexual orientation. Methods Data were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Health Interview Survey 2013–2014. This survey evaluated 5695 women—113 (2%) lesbian, 135 (2.4%) bisexual, and 5446 (95.6%) heterosexual women ages 18–26 in 2006—using logistic regression. A dependent variable of having had HPV vaccination and independent variable of sexual orientation was used. Results Significant differences were found in vaccine uptake based on sexual orientation. Bisexual women were most likely to be vaccinated, and differed significantly from heterosexual and lesbians which did not differ significantly from each other. The results suggest improvement in sexual minority rates but this finding is tempered by the low rates of vaccination in adult women. Implications The low vaccination rates in adult women and sexual minorities merit further study. The low rates may be a function of the transition from pediatric to adult care and/or practice barriers perceived by sexual minorities.
Privacy Mechanisms for Drones: Perceptions of Drone Controllers and Bystanders

Drones pose privacy concerns such as surveillance and stalking. Many technology-based or policy-based mechanisms have been proposed to mitigate these concerns. However, it is unclear how drone controllers and bystanders perceive these mechanisms and whether people intend to adopt them. In this paper, we report results from two rounds of online survey with 169 drone controllers and 717 bystanders in the U.S. We identified respondents' perceived pros and cons of eight privacy mechanisms. We found that owner registration and automatic face blurring individually received most support from both controllers and bystanders. Our respondents also suggested using varied combinations of mechanisms under different drone usage scenarios, highlighting their context-dependent preferences. We outline a set of important questions for future privacy designs and public policies of drones.
Monitoring Ethiopian Wheat Fungus with Satellite Imagery and Deep Feature Learning

Wheat is the most important Ethiopian crop, and rust one of its greatest antagonists. There is a need for cheap and scalable rust monitoring in the developing world, but existing methods employ costly data collection techniques. We introduce a scalable, accurate, and inexpensive method for tracking outbreaks with publicly available remote sensing data. Our approach improves existing techniques in two ways. First, we forgo the spectral features employed by the remote sensing community in favor of automatically learned features generated by Convolutional and Long Short-Term Memory Networks. Second, we aggregate data into larger geospatial regions. We evaluate our approach on nine years of agricultural outcomes, show that it outperforms competing techniques, and demonstrate its predictive foresight. This is a promising new direction in crop disease monitoring, one that has the potential to grow more powerful with time.
Vaccine-draining lymph nodes of cancer patients for generating anti-cancer antibodies

Our research is focused on using the vaccine draining lymph node to better understand the immune response to cancer vaccines and as a possible source of anti-cancer reagents. We evaluated vaccine draining lymph nodes archived from a clinical study in melanoma patients and determined the reaction of B cells to the vaccine peptides. Mononuclear cells (MNCs) were recovered from cryopreserved lymph nodes that were directly receiving drainage from multi-peptide melanoma vaccine. The patients were enrolled on a vaccine study (NCT00089219, FDA, BB-IND No. 10825). B cell responses in the vaccine-draining lymph nodes were studied under both stimulated and un-stimulated conditions. Cryopreserved cells were stimulated with CD40L, stained with multiple human cell-surface markers (CD19, CD27, IgM) to identify different categories of B cell sub populations with flow cytometry. Hybridomas were generated from the lymph node cells after CD40L-stimulation. Cells were fused to murine plasmacytoma P3X63.Ag8.653 using Helix electrofusion chamber. ELISA was used to evaluate hybridoma derived antibody binding to vaccine peptides. Viable MNCs were satisfactorily recovered from lymph nodes cryopreserved from six vaccine study patients 8–14 years previously. B cell ELISPOT demonstrated responses for each patient to multiple vaccine peptides. CD40L stimulation of lymph node cells increased the proportion of CD19+ CD27+ cells from 12 to 65% of the sample and increased the proportion of class-switched cells. Screening of IgG secreting clones demonstrated binding to melanoma vaccine peptides. B cells were successfully recovered and expanded from human cryopreserved vaccine-draining lymph nodes. Individual B cells were identified that secreted antibodies that bound to cancer vaccine peptides. The ability to reliably generate in vitro the same antibodies observed in the blood of vaccinated patients will facilitate research to understand mechanisms of human antibody activity and possibly lead to therapeutic antibodies.
Does Entrepreneurship Pay or Satisfy

Much research has been conducted studying entry into entrepreneurship and the corresponding rewards and consequences of entrepreneurship on wages. This literature finds mixed results regarding whether workers enter entrepreneurship to maximize their wages or to maximize their non-pecuniary benefits. I suggest that whether workers are able to increase their pecuniary or non-pecuniary benefits in entrepreneurship depends on their motivations for entering entrepreneurship in the first place. I use longitudinal SESTAT data on over 28,000 scientists and engineers to track employment changes and changes in work outcomes over time for the same individuals. I examine changes in pecuniary and non-pecuniary work outcomes when wage workers transition to entrepreneurship, compared to those who do not change employers, as well as to those who change employers but do not transition to self-employment. This allows me to gain a deeper look at the implications of different types of mobility on work outcomes, instead of ju...
Energy management algorithm for resilient controlled delivery grids

Resilience of the power grid is most challenged at power blackouts since the issues that led to it may not be fully resolved by the time the power is back. In this paper, a Real-Time Energy Management Algorithm (RTEMA) has been developed to increase the resilience of power systems based on the controlled delivery grid (CDG) concept. In a CDG, loads communicate with a central controller, periodically sending requests for power. The central controller runs an algorithm, based on which it may decide whether to grant the requested energy fully or partially. Therefore, the CDG limits loads discretionary access to electric energy until all problems are resolved. The developed algorithm aims at granting most or all of the requested loads, while maintaining the health of the power system (i.e. the voltage at each bus, and the line loading are within acceptable limits), and minimizing the overall losses. An IEEE 30-bus standard Test Case, encountering a blackout condition, with high penetration of microgrids, has been used to test the developed algorithm. Results proved that the developed algorithm with the CDG have the potential to substantially increase the resilience of power systems.
Endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure after failure of primary endoscopic sinus surgery: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND The endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure (EMLP) has been used as a salvage technique for frontal sinusitis following failed endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). We aim to examine the safety and efficacy of the EMLP following failure of primary ESS. METHODS All English-language publications from 2000 to 2016 reporting the use of EMLP after primary ESS were identified using the PubMed database and evaluated per Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Random effects summaries of patient demographics, comorbidities, and surgical outcomes were obtained through meta-analysis. RESULTS Eleven studies constituting 778 patients were included and 86.5% had chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Mean follow-up duration was 28.4 months. The mean number of surgeries prior to EMLP was 3.5. Symptom improvement was reported in 82.3%. Subgroup analysis of 7 studies in which all 357 patients had CRS revealed a mean follow-up of 31.5 months. Symptom improvement occurred in 75.9% of cases and 23.1% experienced polyp recurrence. The cerebrospinal fluid leak rate was 2.5%. Restenosis of the neo-ostium occurred in 17.1% with complete closure occurring in 3.9% of cases. The reoperation rate after EMLP was 9.0%. Aspirin sensitivity was associated with an increased risk of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak (p = 0.0339) and a reduced incidence of neo-ostium closure (p = 0.0001). Aspirin sensitivity and asthma were associated with a reduced incidence of reoperation (p ≤ 0.001) and increased symptom improvement (p < 0.005). Restenosis or closure of the frontal neo-ostium was associated with less symptom improvement (p < 0.04) but not with reoperation. CONCLUSION The EMLP is an effective salvage procedure for refractory frontal sinusitis based on data from higher-volume centers.
Frobenius distributions in short intervals for CM elliptic curves

Abstract For an elliptic curve E / Q , Hasse's theorem asserts that # E ( F p ) = p + 1 − a p , where | a p | ≤ 2 p . Assuming that E has complex multiplication, we establish asymptotics for primes p for which a p is in subintervals of the Hasse interval [ − 2 p , 2 p ] of measure o ( p ) . In particular, given a function f = o ( 1 ) satisfying some mild conditions, we provide counting functions for primes p where | a p | ∈ ( 2 p ( 1 − f ( p ) ) , 2 p ) , and for primes where a p ∈ ( 2 p ( c − f ( p ) ) , 2 c p ) , where c ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) is a constant.
Increased flexibility in the use of exogenous lipoic acid by Staphylococcus aureus

Lipoic acid is a cofactor required for intermediary metabolism that is either synthesized de novo or acquired from environmental sources. The bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus encodes enzymes required for de novo biosynthesis, but also encodes two ligases, LplA1 and LplA2, that are sufficient for lipoic acid salvage during infection. S. aureus also encodes two H proteins, GcvH of the glycine cleavage system and the homologous GcvH-L encoded in an operon with LplA2. GcvH is a recognized conduit for lipoyl transfer to α-ketoacid dehydrogenase E2 subunits, while the function of GcvH-L remains unclear. The potential to produce two ligases and two H proteins is an unusual characteristic of S. aureus that is unlike most other Gram positive Firmicutes and might allude to an expanded pathway of lipoic acid acquisition in this microorganism. Here, we demonstrate that LplA1 and LplA2 facilitate lipoic acid salvage by differentially targeting lipoyl domain-containing proteins; LplA1 targets H proteins and LplA2 targets α-ketoacid dehydrogenase E2 subunits. Furthermore, GcvH and GcvH-L both facilitate lipoyl relay to E2 subunits. Altogether, these studies identify an expanded mode of lipoic acid salvage used by S. aureus and more broadly underscore the importance of bacterial adaptations when faced with nutritional limitation.
Professional development in schools: predictors of effectiveness and implications for statewide PBIS trainings

ABSTRACTResearch has identified several factors that contribute to the effectiveness of professional development opportunities in schools including improvement of participants’ knowledge, administr...
Inclusion of Students with Behavior Disorders in General Education Settings: Research and Measurement Issues

Inclusion of students with disabilities, including children and youth diagnosed with emotional and behavioral disorders, has been a prominent and contentious issue for decades. Yet, in spite of the...
Complex Crystal and Glass Structures

In most simple metal–oxide structures, r C << r A and the structures can be built up by considering a nearly close-packed arrangement of oxygen ions with cations located in interstices. The ionic radius ratios given earlier are useful and provide a means of predicting the coordination number (CN) of a particular compound, and often the predictions are in good agreement with observed values. In cases where the observed CN differs greatly from the expected value, such as 12 for K+ in mica, KAl3Si3O10(OH)2, it is probable that the other ions present play the most important part in determining the arrangement.
Canonical neurons and their computational organization

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses canonical neurons and their computational organization using neurons in the olfactory pathway as models for analysis. Several types of programs for neural modeling, including ASTAP (IBM), SPICE, SABER (ANALOGY), GENESIS, and NEURON are used which have several advantages over being limited to one approach. The advantages include, enabling basing line to any application of a particular program to a new model; second, as documentation for the public domain programs is often limited and support sometimes unavailable, it ensures continuity in pursuing a problem by the well-documented commercial programs. The chapter also presents the concept of a canonical neuron, and several examples in a model system and the olfactory pathway are considered, such as olfactory receptor neuron, mitralltufted cell, and olfactory granule cell. Cortical pyramidal neurons compute complicated logic functions because of nonlinear interactions within their dendritic trees, and that incorporation of these properties into network nodes will confer more realistic and much enhanced computational capacity onto those networks.
What Is Supportive about Social Support

The close connection between personal well-being and the availability of rich, intimate personal relationships has become increasingly evident to psychological theorists. Clearly, there are relationships that heal, that soothe, that foster growth, that facilitate health, and that provide satisfactions essential to a sense of well-being.
FIRST PILOT BLINDED STUDY COMPARING FEASIBILITY & SAFETY OF THE IMPLANTATION OF THE WATCHMAN DEVICE & ASSESSMENT OF THE PASS CRITERIA AS GUIDED BY STANDARD ANGIOGRAPHY ALONE VERSUS THE GOLD STANDARD OF TEE GUIDANCE

The Watchman implantation procedure is performed using Transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) and general anesthesia (GA) conditions. We evaluated in a blinded fashion the feasibility and safety of implanting the Watchman device and assessing the (PASS criteria) using angiography guidance alone VS
Managing the Parents

Management of the parents is a vital part of transitioning any patient with complex medical disorders from childhood, through adolescence and into adulthood. The literature is sparse; approaches develop with experience and become a part of the ‘art’ of practicing medicine. Parent preparation and management for and through transition must begin early. Such preparation will include strategies to engage the parents early while using the clinical setting to gradually establish privacy and confidentiality for the affected adolescent—all this is aimed to work towards their ultimate autonomy.
Improved Unconstrained Energy Functional Method for Eigensolvers in Electronic Structure Calculations

This paper reports on the performance of a preconditioned conjugate gradient based iterative eigensolver using an unconstrained energy functional minimization scheme. In contrast to standard implementations, this scheme avoids an explicit reorthogonalization of the trial eigenvectors and becomes an attractive alternative for the solution of very large problems. The unconstrained formulation is implemented in the first-principles materials and chemistry CP2K code, which performs electronic structure calculations based on a density functional theory approximation to the solution of the many-body Schrodinger equation. We study the convergence of the unconstrained formulation, as well as its parallel scaling, on a Cray XC40 at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC). The systems we use in our studies are bulk liquid water, a supramolecular catalyst gold(III)-complex, a bilayer of MoS2-WSe2 and a divacancy point defect in silicon, with the number of atoms ranging from 2,247 to 12,288. We show that the unconstrained formulation with an appropriate preconditioner has good convergence properties and scales well to 230k cores, roughly 38% of the full machine.
The interleukin-33 receptor contributes to pulmonary responses to ozone in male mice: role of the microbiome

Interleukin-33 is released in the airways following acute ozone exposure and has the ability to cause airway hyperresponsiveness, a defining feature of asthma. Ozone causes greater airway hyperresponsiveness in male than female mice. Moreover, sex differences in the gut microbiome account for sex differences in this response to ozone. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there were sex differences in the role of interleukin-33 in ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and to examine the role of the microbiome in these events. Wildtype mice and mice genetically deficient in ST2, the interleukin-33 receptor, were housed from weaning with either other mice of the same genotype and sex, or with mice of the same sex but opposite genotype. At 15 weeks of age, fecal pellets were harvested for 16S rRNA sequencing and the mice were then exposed to air or ozone. Airway responsiveness was measured and a bronchoalveolar lavage was performed 24 h after exposure. In same-housed mice, ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness was greater in male than female wildtype mice. ST2 deficiency reduced ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in male but not female mice and abolished sex differences in the response to ozone. However, sex differences in the role of interleukin-33 were unrelated to type 2 cytokine release: ozone-induced increases in bronchoalveolar lavage interleukin-5 were greater in females than males and ST2 deficiency virtually abolished interleukin-5 in both sexes. Since gut microbiota contribute to sex differences in ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, we examined the role of the microbiome in these ST2-dependent sex differences. To do so, we cohoused wildtype and ST2 deficient mice, a situation that allows for transfer of microbiota among cage-mates. Cohousing altered the gut microbial community structure, as indicated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal DNA and reversed the effect of ST2 deficiency on pulmonary responses to ozone in male mice. The data indicate that the interleukin-33 /ST2 pathway contributes to ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in male mice and suggest that the role of interleukin-33 is mediated at the level of the gut microbiome.
Hepatitis C virus NS3/4a protease inhibitors

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major health issue around the world and HCV NS3/4a protease inhibitors have been the focus of intensive research for the past 20 years. From the first identification of substrate-derived peptide inhibitors to the complex, macrocyclic compounds, including paritaprevir and grazoprevir, that are currently available, the field has used structure-based design to confront the issues of potency, resistance and pharmacokinetics. Numerous breakthrough structures from a multitude of companies have led to compounds that are now key components of combination therapies with cure rates of >90%. Herein, we detail the compounds that have advanced to clinical trials including their design and their impact on the NS3/4a protease field.
A comparison of clinical paediatric guidelines for hypotension with population-based lower centiles: a systematic review

Different definitions exist for hypotension in children. In this study, we aim to identify evidence-based reference values for low blood pressure and to compare these with existing definitions for systolic hypotension. We searched online databases until February 2019 (including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science) using a comprehensive search strategy to identify studies that defined age-related centiles (first to fifth centile) for non-invasive systolic blood pressure in healthy children 12 years. For children > 12 years, the definition of Parshuram’s early warning score agreed well, but the Advanced Paediatric Life Support definition was above the fifth centiles. The different clinical guidelines for low blood pressure show large variability and low to moderate agreement with population-based lower centiles. For children 12 years, the Advanced Paediatric Life Support overestimates hypotension but Parshuram’s cut-off for hypotension in the early warning score agrees well. Future studies should focus on developing reference values for hypotension for acutely ill children.
Variation in dental services by rurality among privately insured adults in the United States

OBJECTIVES Rurality is associated with reduced dental access and worse oral health outcomes. It is unknown whether there is variation in dental services received by rural adults who visit a dentist. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of claims data from a large private insurer. All individuals who had at least one dental visit in 2018 were included. Patient demographics, whether or not a patient's ZIP code was rural as defined by the Federal Office of Rural Health Policy, as well as ZIP code demographics were collected. Differences in the frequency of dental services received were evaluated using χ2 tests. Multilevel logistic regressions were used to evaluate the individual and ZIP code-level correlates of receiving a preventive dental procedure, a tooth extraction, or a denture-related dental procedure. RESULTS Rates of preventive, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and denture-related procedures were higher among rural adults. Accounting for individual age and gender, and ZIP code average income and dentist density, rural dwellers were more likely to receive a preventive procedure [odds ratio (OR) 1.15, P < 0.0001] or tooth extraction (OR 1.08, P < 0.0001), and less likely to have a denture-related procedure (OR 0.94, P = 0.015) compared to nonrural dwellers. Female gender was the strongest predictor of receiving a preventive procedure (OR 1.30, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Even among privately insured individuals with known access to dental care, rurality was associated with significant differences in the frequency of various dental procedures. Rural dental patients may have higher needs for oral surgical procedures, even when they have access to preventive care.
Epidemiology of gastroparesis

Abstract Gastroparesis, whether idiopathic or related to an underlying disease, is thought to be common but data on the actual community prevalence of the disorder are scanty. Hospital admission data, which, of course are highly selective, suggest that gastroparesis imposes a significant burden on health care systems and is a cause of significant morbidity for the affected individual. One of the major barriers to the generation of accurate epidemiological data is the very definition of gastroparesis – its symptoms are non-specific and the most widely available objective test to document gastric emptying delay involves radiation exposure. The availability of non-invasive and non-radiation emitting alternatives should open the way to providing accurate epidemiological data on this challenging condition and, thereby, close an enormous gap in our understanding.
Muted responses to chronic experimental nitrogen deposition on the Colorado Plateau

Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition is significantly altering both community structure and ecosystem processes in terrestrial ecosystems across the globe. However, our understanding of the consequences of N deposition in dryland systems remains relatively poor, despite evidence that drylands may be particularly vulnerable to increasing N inputs. In this study, we investigated the influence of 7 years of multiple levels of simulated N deposition (0, 2, 5, and 8 kg N ha−1 year−1) on plant community structure and biological soil crust (biocrust) cover at three semi-arid grassland sites spanning a soil texture gradient. Biocrusts are a surface community of mosses, lichens, cyanobacteria, and/or algae, and have been shown to be sensitive to N inputs. We hypothesized that N additions would decrease plant diversity, increase abundance of the invasive annual grass Bromus tectorum, and decrease biocrust cover. Contrary to our expectations, we found that N additions did not affect plant diversity or B. tectorum abundance. In partial support of our hypotheses, N additions negatively affected biocrust cover in some years, perhaps driven in part by inter-annual differences in precipitation. Soil inorganic N concentrations showed rapid but ephemeral responses to N additions and plant foliar N concentrations showed no response, indicating that the magnitude of plant and biocrust responses to N fertilization may be buffered by endogenous N cycling. More work is needed to determine N critical load thresholds for plant community and biocrust dynamics in semi-arid systems and the factors that determine the fate of N inputs.
Transfacial Exposures of the Anterior Skull Base and Cervical Spine: Straightforward "Line-of-Sight" Algorithm for Selection of Approach.

ABSTRACT Surgical treatment for tumors of the skull base remains gross total resection with microscopic negative margins. Sufficient surgical access is paramount to adequate treatment but must be balanced with patient morbidity and protection of vital neurovascular structures. While endoscopic surgery has made transfacial access less common, there are still indications for open transfacial exposure including tumors that involve facial soft tissues, the palate, anterolateral frontal sinus, dural involvement lateral to the mid-pupillary line, tumor recurrence/repeat resection, and/or lack of access to endoscopic equipment or expertise. The authors present a "line-of-sight" algorithm for selection of approach, discuss pre-operative planning, review selected clinical experiences, and discuss the role of microsurgery and prevention of complications.
Trends and Usage Patterns of Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery in the United States: IRIS® Registry Analysis 2013-2018.

Purpose Understanding trends and patterns in the use of minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) and patient profiles undergoing each procedure is important given their relative expense and unknown long-term safety and effectiveness. Design Retrospective analysis. Participants Minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries and standard glaucoma surgeries recorded in the American Academy of Ophthalmology Intelligent Research in Sight (IRIS®) Registry. Methods We used the data from IRIS® Registry between 2013 and 2018 (inclusive) to measure the annual number of MIGS and standard surgical techniques (trabeculectomy or glaucoma drainage device [GDD] placement) performed in the United States, stratified by demographic characteristics. Secondary analyses of concurrent surgeries and of subsequent surgeries for MIGS and standard surgical technique also were conducted. Main Outcome Measures Trends and sociodemographic characteristics of MIGS use in the United States. Results Two hundred three thousand three hundred thirty-two eyes and 232 537 unique procedures had associated, documented International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD), Ninth or Tenth Revision, codes for glaucoma and were included in final analyses. Among eyes with documented glaucoma diagnoses, a substantial increase in annual MIGS procedures occurred over the study period (from 7586 in 2013 to 39 677) and a smaller decrease in standard glaucoma procedures (from 16 215 to 13 701). The proportion of iStent procedures almost tripled during the study period (from 14% to 40%), and by 2017 accounted for almost half (43.7%) of all glaucoma surgeries in the United States. Twenty-one thousand twenty-five of all eyes (10.3%) underwent multiple procedures: 7638 (36.3%) on the same day and 13 387 (63.7%) on subsequent days. Endocyclophotocoagulation and iStent placement were the most common concurrent procedures (55.4% of all concurrent procedures). Trabeculectomy and GDD placement were most commonly followed by another standard glaucoma surgery, but when followed by sequential MIGS, endocyclophotocoagulation and goniotomy were the most common procedures performed (33.0% and 21.9%, respectively). Conclusions A significant increase in MIGS use occurred over the recent 6-year period, despite limited evidence of their long-term safety or effectiveness, highlighting the need for trials comparing safety and outcomes of novel MIGS versus traditional surgical treatments for glaucoma.
Growth and Properties of BiFeO3 Thin Films by Molecular-Beam Epitaxy

This is a copy of the slides presented at the meeting but not formally written up for the volume. Description: Epitaxial thin films of the multiferroic BiFeO3 have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy in an adsorption-controlled growth regime where substrate temperature and bismuth oxide over pressure establish phase and stoichiometry control. 30 nm thick BiFeO3 films have been deposited directly on (001) SrTiO3 and SrRuO3/(110) DyScO3, and on (0001) GaN containing a 1 nm thick TiO2 overlayer to enable the epitaxial transition between (0001) GaN and (0001) BiFeO3. Films grown on (001) SrTiO3 possess rocking curves identical to that of the underlying substrate, e.g., a full width at half maximum (FWHM) in u of 25 arc sec in the best case. This is over 40 times narrower than the best published result for epitaxial BiFeO3 films deposited by any technique. On all of the above substrates, the BiFeO3 films exhibit rhombohedral symmetry. The in-plane epitaxial alignment observed for BiFeO3/TiO2/(0001) GaN differs by a 30° in-plane rotation from that observed in previous work for BiFeO3/SrTiO3/TiO2/(0001) GaN. Specifically, our (0001) BiFeO3/TiO2/(0001) GaN is oriented in-plane with [10-10]BiFeO3 [11-20]GaN, accompanied by a 180° in-plane rotational twin variant. The results of this work will be discussed in the context of the interfacial and crystallographic orientation dependence on the ferroelectric, antiferromagnetic, and dielectric properties of this multiferroic.
Pseudomonas viridiflava: An internal outsider of the Pseudomonas syringae species complex.

Pseudomonas viridiflava is a gram-negative pseudomonad that is phylogenetically placed within the Pseudomonas syringae species complex. P. viridiflava has a wide host range and causes a variety of symptoms in different plant parts, including stems, leaves, and blossoms. Outside of its role as a pathogen, P. viridiflava also exists as an endophyte, epiphyte, and saprophyte. Increased reports of P. viridiflava causing disease on new hosts in recent years coincide with increased research on its genetic variability, virulence, phylogenetics, and phenotypes. There is high variation in its core genome, virulence factors, and phenotypic characteristics. The main virulence factors of this pathogen include the enzyme pectate lyase and virulence genes encoded within one or two pathogenicity islands. The delineation of P. viridiflava in the P. syringae complex has been investigated using several molecular approaches. P. viridiflava comprises its own species, within the complex. While seemingly an outsider to the complex as a whole due to differences in the core genome and virulence genes, low average nucleotide identity to other of P. syringae complex members, and some phenotypic traits, it remains as part of the complex. Defining phylogenetic, phenotypic, and genomic characteristics of P. viridiflava in comparison to other P. syringae members is important to understanding this pathogen and for the development of disease resistance and management practices. TAXONOMY Kingdom Bacteria; Phylum Proteobacteria; Class Gammaproteobacteria; Family Pseudomonadaceae; Genus Pseudomonas; Species Pseudomonas syringae species complex, Genomospecies 6, Phylogroup 7 and 8. MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES Gram-negative, fluorescent, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped, oxidase negative, arginine dihydrolase negative, levan production negative (or positive), potato rot positive (or negative), tobacco hypersensitivity positive. GENOME There are two complete genomes, five chromosome-level genomes, and 1,540 genomes composed of multiple scaffolds of P. viridiflava available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information Genome database. The median total length of these assemblies is 5,975,050 bp, the median number of protein coding genes is 5,208, and the median G + C content is 59.3%. DISEASE SYMPTOMS P. viridiflava causes a variety of disease symptoms, including spots, streaks, necrosis, rots, and more in above- and below-ground plant parts on at least 50 hosts. EPIDEMIOLOGY There have been several significant disease outbreaks on field and horticultural crops caused by P. viridiflava since the turn of the century. P. viridiflava has been reported as a pathogen, epiphyte, endophyte, and saprophyte. This species has been isolated from a variety of environmental sources, including asymptomatic wild plants, snow, epilithic biofilms, and icepacks.
Barriers, Enablers, and Possible Solutions for Student Wellness: A Qualitative Analysis of Student, Administrators, and Staff Perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Child well-being, which includes physical, mental, and social health, has a critical effect on academic performance. Schools face many challenges in meeting needs for child well-being. Schools in low-resource areas, including the Mississippi Delta, face greater challenges when meeting student needs. METHODS: Eleven focus groups with middle school students and 12 interviews with teachers, staff, and administration in one Mississippi Delta middle school were completed in 2019. The Social Ecological Model and Theory of Organizational Readiness for Change were used as a framework for the study. RESULTS: Focus group data with middle school students and interviews with teachers, staff, and administrators show that academic stressors play a major role in student well-being; yet, teachers, staff, and administrators face immense pressure to achieve high test scores. However, students seem to be encouraged by a positive school environment, which could help minimize some stressors. CONCLUSIONS: It seems that small improvements to the school environment could have a significant effect on student well-being, especially when school infrastructure and limited resources do not support comprehensive changes.
Molecular beam epitaxy of phase-pure antiperovskite Sr3SnO thin films

The antiperovskite oxide Sr3SnO has attracted substantial interest due to its topologically non-trivial band structure. Sr-deficient Sr3-xSnO can become superconducting, making it a candidate intrinsic topological superconductor. Here, we show that epitaxial, phase-pure Sr3-xSnO films can be synthesized by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) using solid Sr and SnO2 sources. We show that Sn-rich growth conditions result in a large amount of a Sn-rich impurity phase, which is challenging to detect in x-ray diffraction. Carrier densities and the amount of the impurity phase change systematically with the growth conditions, indicating that MBE provides excellent control over the films' stoichiometry. We discuss the electrical properties, including quantum interference phenomena, which support the topological nature of the films.