cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Healthy People 2000/2010: health appraisal of the nation and future objectives.

H OW HEALTHY ARE we as a nation in the year 2000? One indication of this is how far we have come in achieving the targeted goals of the nation's health initiative program: Healthy People 2000. The Healthy People program, started in 1979, defines the nation's health agenda in certain targeted areas for 10-year periods. The overall goal of the program is to focus community, state, and national efforts toward meeting the stated health objectives. Healthy People 2000 defined this past decade's health agenda by establishing 300 objectives in the areas of disease prevention and health promotion. There is an annual review of the goals by the states as well as by the nation (Health and Human Service News, 1999). The 1998-1999 re;ciew of progress toward Healthy People 2000 goals has shown that 15% of the objectives have been met in the areas of nutrition, maternal and child health, heart disease, and mental health. Another 44% of the objectives are proceeding on track toward their targeted goals. These areas include child immunizations, breastfeeding, regular dental visits, mammography screening, and consumption of five fruits and vegetables per day (Healthy People 2000 Program Review, 1999). The objectives are grouped in accord with four major life stages: infants/children, adolescents/ young adults, adults, and older adults. A brief review of progress in each of these areas follows.
Apoptotic changes occur in syncytiotrophoblast of human placental villi where fibrin type fibrinoid is deposited at discontinuities in the villous trophoblast

The syncytial nature and surface location of the trophoblast layer of human placental villi positions the syncytiotrophoblast to regulate maternal-fetal exchange of molecules while also providing a barrier function. However, discontinuities in the syncytiotrophoblast breach the integrity of this interface, and deposition of fibrin type fibrinoid on the trophoblast basal lamina at the syncytial discontinuity provides a matrix for trophoblast re-epithelialization. Using the electron microscope, I tested the hypothesis that apoptosis in the syncytiotrophoblast was one process that initiated discontinuity in the trophoblast layer of term placental villi. Ultrastructural analysis of fibrin deposits on villi from six placentae from uncomplicated term pregnancies indicated the following morphological features typical of apoptosis: condensation and margination of chromatin along an intact nuclear envelop in syncytiotrophoblast nuclei associated with villous surface fibrin deposits; loss of microvilli with membrane blebbing on the surface membrane; cytoplasmic condensation; autophagocytosis of cellular debris containing nuclear fragments; absent inflammatory response. I conclude that human placental syncytiotrophoblast undergoes apoptosis, and this process is associated with breaks in the trophoblast covering of villi. The presence of trophoblastic apoptosis, and of discontinuities in the trophoblast layer of term villi, provide new insights into the pathways for maternal-fetal exchange in the human placenta.
A Lanczos procedure for the modal analysis of very large nonsymmetric matrices

Procedures for solving many different kinds of engineering and scientific problems often require intermediate computations on very large matrices. These intermediate computations frequently take the form of either a modal analysis of a large matrix or the solution of large systems of algebraic equations. When large systems of equations have to be solved, bounds on the spectrum of the iteration operator being used to solve these equations can be used to accelerate the convergence of the iteration procedure. Thus, in either situation certain types of modal computations are important. During the past few years practical procedures have been devised for computing eigenvalues and eigenvectors of very large, real symmetric matrices. However, very limited progress has been made on such procedures for large nonsymmetric matrices. In this paper we propose a practical procedure for the computation of some eigenvalues of very large, real nonsymmetric but diagonalizable matrices.
Resource management issues of a video server

A video-on-demand system in a distributed environment relies on a video server that simultaneously provides video services to multiple clients and guarantees the quality of service (QoS) for each client. Because video data is categorized as continuous media, which has an implied dynamic temporal dimension, resource management of a video server has to be specially designed to meet new requirements. In this paper we develop the policy and the mechanism of resource management for implementing an MPEG- based video server that supports common VCR functionality. Our goal is to maximize the number of video streams to clients, while maintaining the quality of service of each video stream, under the limitation of system resources available on a workstation. We first define the policy and the QoS parameters for different video services. Then, we describe the mechanisms of admission control and resource control to efficiently implement the policy and guarantee the QoS for video services. A dynamic approach of resource reservation dealing with state change is also presented. The major contribution of this paper is to present a framework that integrates CPU/disk/network scheduling and memory management for video services. Under such a framework, we can manage system resources and optimize individual resources systematically.
175 años de la National Library of Medicine, de los EE.UU. de NA: un tesoro científico y cultural digno de admiración

The National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the United States of America, celebrates in 2011 its 175th anniversary. This Library, the largest biomedical library in the world, has a proud and rich history serving the health community and the public, especially since its transfer to the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, in 1968. It holds 17 million publications in 150 languages, and has an important collection of ancient and modern historical books as well as original publications of Vesalius and other founders of biomedicine. Its modern document collections illustrate the progress of medical sciences. These collections include laboratory notes from many scientists whose work forms the foundations of contemporary life sciences. The Library also provides several services for health research and for the public, including databases and services such as MedLine and BLAST. The NLM constantly strives to fulfill the information needs of its customers, whether scientists or the public at large. For example, as the Hispanic population of the Unites States has increased in recent years, the NLM has made larger and larger amounts of data available in Spanish to fulfill the health information needs of this population. NLM programs train professionals in library science and biomedical informatics and link biomedical libraries of 18 academic centers throughout the United States. The NLM funds competitive grants for training at the Library, organizing short instruction courses about library science and informatics, and writing books on health related matters including the history of medicine and public health. The NLM is managed and maintained by an outstanding and farsighted group of professionals and dedicated support staff. Their focus on serving and reaching both the biomedical community and the public at large has been crucial to its development into a world icon of biomedical sciences, information technology and the humanities.
Multi‐Output Capacity Measures and Their Relevance for Productivity

In this paper, measures of capacity are developed following those suggested in 1968 by Leif Johansen. By taking advantage of Shephard’s duality, both primal and dual multi-output measures of capacity can be derived. Having generalized the capacity utilization measures, the authors show how these may be entered into measures of productivity. In particular, it is shown how the Malmquist direct and indirect productivity measures are related to various measures of capacity utilization.
Beliefs about Responsibility and Improvement Associated with Liberal-Conservative Justice Beliefs

This study investigated the association between belief in the possibility of human improvement, beliefs about responsibility, and liberal-conservative beliefs about justice. 510 predominantly middl...
A Return to Moral Philosophy

A book of moral philosophy is in these days almost a rarity; and a new book, which deals directly with ethical problems, uses rigorous argument, and still retains interest both for the trained philosopher and for the educated layman, is indeed hard to come by. Sir Malcolm Knox's Gifford Lectures, published under the title Action,' is such a book-though I may be too optimistic in assuming that because I have found it of arresting interest, professional philosophers trained in the contemporary analytic fashion, will pay it the attention it deserves. I am, in fact, in general agreement with so much of the book that my review of it may prove to be inadequate to its merits and my differences of opinion may appear as mere cavilling. Sir Malcolm confesses at the outset that his thought is deeply influenced by Hegel and Collingwood, but what he has written is no less, for that reason, relevant to the contemporary situation. One may say, in fact, that had this type of ethics been less neglected in the years since World War II many of our present social and political problems might have been mitigated. For are they not in large measure due to the perplexity of modern man in the face of complex problems and dogmatic extremisms that contemporary philoso phers have declined to discuss? And is this not the result of the misguided conviction that philosophy can concern itself only with logical (or linguistic) analysis and not with the quest for enlightment of common experience in all its aspects?
Angiotensins and the Heart Is Angiotensin-(1–7) Cardioprotective?

See related article, pp 389–395 Left ventricular hypertrophy is the most common cardiac complication of hypertension. Although the initial adaptations associated with cardiac hypertrophy are compensatory, ultimately abnormal ventricular function including diastolic dysfunction (impaired relaxation) and often heart failure may develop.1 Activation of the renin–angiotensin system and its main effector peptide angiotensin II (Ang II), acting on the Ang II type 1 receptor, has been considered an important part of the cascade leading to left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis.1,2 Recent work, however, examining the effects of Ang II infusion using cardiomyocyte and vascular smooth muscle–specific Ang II type 1 receptor knockouts suggests that the hypertension-induced increase in afterload, rather than direct Ang II–Ang II type 1 receptor signaling in the heart, is the key factor that promotes hypertrophic responses.2 The renin–angiotensin system peptide Ang-(1–7), which is generated from Ang II by the action of carboxypeptidases, such as ACE2,3 exhibits actions that are mainly opposite to those of Ang II, including vasodilatory and antifibrotic effects.4 In this issue, Machado de Almeida et al5 report a series of interesting observations that suggest that in an Ang-(1–7) transgenic line, TGR(A1–7)3292, there is cardioprotection from deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)–salt induced hypertension which is independent of blood pressure. The latter conclusion is not unexpected considering the strong evidence against an antihypertensive effect of Ang-(1–7): (1) acute infusions of supraphysiologic concentrations of this peptide do not lower blood pressure in mice,3 (2) a 4-week continuous infusion of Ang-(1–7) did not decrease blood pressure in DOCA-treated Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats,6 (3) acutely Ang-(1–7) does not attenuate the hypertensive effect of infused Ang II, and a blocker …
Prospective evaluation of the risk of bacteremia associated with transesophageal echocardiography.

BACKGROUNDTransient bacteremia may lead to endocarditis in patients with significant valvular lesions.METHODS AND RESULTSBecause transesophageal echocardiography selects a patient population with a high prevalence of valvular lesions, we prospectively evaluated the risk of transient bacteremia associated with transesophageal echocardiography in 49 patients. Blood cultures were obtained immediately before transesophageal echocardiography and at 5, 10, and 20 minutes after the start of the procedure. For each culture, 30 ml venous blood was obtained and 10 ml was inoculated into each of an Isolator tube, Septi-chek bottle, and a nonvented Trypticase soy broth bottle. Broth cultures were incubated for 14 days. Blood from the Isolator tube was plated onto appropriate media for recovery of bacteria and fungi. Two patients were excluded from analysis because the final two sets of blood cultures could not be obtained. Among the remaining 47 study patients, two preprocedure control blood cultures were positive, a...
Development and validation of an inconsistent responding scale for an abbreviated version of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory — Revised

Abstract An abbreviated version of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory — Revised (PPI-R; Lilienfeld & Widows, 2005) was recently developed to facilitate assessment in settings with time constraints (PPI-R-40; Eisenbarth, Lilienfeld, & Yarkoni, 2015). However, the shortened measure precludes use of the Inconsistent Responding (IR) scales embedded in the full PPI-R. In the present study, we develop a new inconsistent responding scale for the PPI-R-40 and provide initial evidence of its reliability and validity in a sample of undergraduate students (N = 974) and a sample of forensic psychiatric inpatients (N = 200) that previously completed the PPI-R. Across both samples our newly constructed scale, the Inconsistent Responding-Short-10 (IRS-10), correlated moderately with existing IR scales of the PPI-R ( r s = .35–.48) and was associated with several external indicators of inattentiveness, including trait conscientiousness among undergraduates and symptoms of psychosis among forensic inpatients. ROC curve analyses demonstrated that IRS-10 scores strongly discriminated between respondent and randomly-generated protocols and tentative cut scores for profile invalidity are proposed based on rates of sensitivity and specificity. Overall, our findings suggest that the IRS-10 is capable of detecting inconsistent or careless completion of the PPI-R-40 and may improve the integrity of future research and clinical practice with this instrument.
Acute Splenic Sequestration Crisis in a 70-Year-Old Patient With Hemoglobin SC Disease

A 70-year-old African American female with a past medical history significant for chronic bilateral shoulder pain and reported sickle cell trait presented with acute-onset bilateral thoracolumbar pain radiating to her left arm. Two days after admission, Hematology was consulted for severely worsening microcytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. Examination of the patient's peripheral blood smear from admission revealed no cell sickling, spherocytes, or schistocytes. Some targeting was noted. A Coombs test was negative. The patient was eventually transferred to the medical intensive care unit in respiratory distress. Hemoglobin electrophoresis confirmed a diagnosis of hemoglobin SC disease. A diagnosis of acute splenic sequestration crisis complicated by acute chest syndrome was crystallized, and red blood cell exchange transfusion was performed. Further research is necessary to fully elucidate the pathophysiology behind acute splenic sequestration crisis, and the role of splenectomy to treat hemoglobin SC disease patients should be better defined.
Evaluation of Modified MicroScan Screening Tests for High-Level Aminoglycoside Resistance in Enterococcus faecalis

Enterococcus faecalis strains that are refractory to aminoglycoside-penicillin synergistic killing can be predicted by their ability to grow in high concentrations of aminoglycoside (2,000 mg/L) or by disk diffusion tests using high content aminoglycoside disks. Forty-eight well-characterized clinical isolates of E. faecalis were used to evaluate recently reformulated gentamicin and streptomycin synergy screening tests on both overnight and rapid MicroScan (MS) Pos MIC panels (Baxter, West Sacramento, CA). The results obtained with the MS screening tests were compared with those from modified agar disk diffusion results. Discrepancies were resolved by an in-house broth microdilution method. The MS overnight tests detected 25 of 25 (100%) gentamicin high-level resistant strains and 23 of 24 (96%) streptomycin high-level resistant strains. No false high level resistance was found with the MS overnight tests. The MS rapid tests detected 100% of the gentamicin and 100% of the streptomycin high-level resistant strains, but one isolate was falsely high-level resistant to gentamicin (96% specific). The reformulated MS synergy screening tests were acceptable alternatives to disk diffusion for detection of high level aminoglycoside resistance in E. faecalis.
The effect of distance from the parental site on offspring performance and inbreeding depression in Impatiens capensis: A test of the local adaptation hypothesis.

If microgeographic variation in selection within a natural plant population has resulted in local adaptation, then offspring fitness should decline with distance from the parental site. If outcrossed progeny are less well-adapted to the parental environment than inbred progeny, but perform better in environments different from that of the parent, then the fitness of inbred progeny relative to outcrossed progeny should decrease with dispersal distance from the parent. To test these predictions, we collected seedlings at 10-m intervals from a 40 times 40-m permanent grid in a natural population of Impatiens capensis, grew them in a greenhouse, and crossed them to produce outcrossed chasmogamous seeds. Seedlings from outcrossed chasmogamous and self-fertilized cleistogamous seeds were planted back into the source population in the original site of their maternal parents and in arcs 3 and 12 m from the parental location and censused weekly for survival and reproduction. The fitness of inbred offspring declined significantly and the magnitude of observed inbreeding depression increased with distance from the parental site, supporting the local adaptation hypothesis.
John Kemble’s Gibraltar Journal

[Dunedin Public Library, NZ. A. H. Reed Collection. Acquired by trade from Mr. Alex Robertson of I nve rear gill. Paper watermarked 1828. Fragment I. The first dated entry is 24 July 1830, and at least the preceding three leaves are written in retrospect.]
386 LARGE INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE LEVEL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ARE APPARENT THROUGH THE PUBERTAL TRANSITION.

Background A number of epidemiologic studies have shown an association between low levels of physical activity and elevated weight gain, but most reports of physical activity have been made by self-report. Recently, we directly measured physical activity using three-way accelerometers in adult female rhesus monkeys and showed that sedentary monkeys gained significantly more weight than active monkeys (Sullivan et al, Am J Physiol Regul Integ Comp Physiol 2006;291:R633-42). An eightfold variation in daily physical activity was found between the least and most active monkeys, and the physical activity level was very stable over time. Purpose Over adolescent development, human studies have shown a dramatic decrease in average physical activity level. In this study, we sought to determine if individual differences in physical activity already exist prepubertally and whether an individual9s prepubertal level of physical activity predicts their postpubertal level of physical activity. Methods Forty-three rhesus monkeys were studied over a 1-year period between 2005 and 2006. Monkeys were living in seminatural conditions in large outdoor troops at the Oregon National Primate Research Center. Each year the monkeys were brought indoors for a 10-day period in the summer and each monkey had physical activity monitored one summer by a three-way accelerometer (set to record activity counts each minute) that was attached to a loose-fitting metal collar. During the 10-day period of study, monkeys were housed individually in single cages. Results There was a 10.5-fold difference in physical activity level among monkeys. Over the 1-year study period there was a 2.6-fold decrease in physical activity. There was a significant correlation (r = .519, Conclusion We conclude that like humans, monkeys experience a decrease in physical activity as they transition through puberty; however, prepubertal physical activity level is a strong predictor of postpubertal physical activity level. These findings suggest that sedentary adolescents will remain sedentary in adulthood and that these individuals will be at risk of obesity.
Cyclic leukocyte oscillations in chronic myelogenous leukemia during hydroxyurea therapy.

Cyclic fluctuations of the leukocyte and platelet counts were observed in five patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia during treatment with hydroxyurea. The cyclic periods ranged from 30 to 50 days, were similar in each individual, but the peak-to-trough values of single cycles varied in magnitude. A second biorhythm was a cyclic undulation of the leukocyte count with heights of the peaks at nine-to-20-month intervals. Rhythmic variations of the platelet counts were also observed; the period and phase of the cycle being the same as that of the leukocyte cycle. No cyclic oscillations were noted in the hemoglobin or reticulocyte counts. The recognition of the phenomenon may aid in the use of hydroxyurea or other chemotherapeutic agents in the control of myelogenous leukemia. Chronopharmacology may more accurately develop the use of antitumor agents by its investigation of drug effects on biologic characteristics as a function of biologic timing.
Deoxydehydration (DODH) of Biomass-Derived Molecules

Deoxygenation of vicinal diols and polyols, common moieties in biomass-derived molecules, represents an important chemical pathway for making chemicals from renewable biomass resources. Catalytic deoxydehydration (DODH) is a promising deoxygenation reaction that removes two adjacent hydroxyl (−OH) groups from vicinal diols in one step to generate alkenes. Since the first catalytic DODH with Cp*Re(O)3 report by Cook and Andrews in 1996, a number of metal complexes based on rhenium, ruthenium, vanadium, and molybdenum have been investigated. High-valent oxorhenium complexes are among the most efficient catalysts for DODH reactions and have been studied using various reductants including organic phosphines, molecular hydrogen (H2), sulfite, and alcohols. These complexes exhibit intriguing oxophilic performance, which facilitates selective C-O bond cleavage of polyols. A flurry of investigations have appeared in the literature over the past few years on the scope and mechanism of the DODH reaction in the context of biomass conversion and sustainable chemistry. In this chapter, we briefly review the development of DODH reactions with a focus on homogenous Re-catalyzed transformations. Several heterogeneous and other metal catalysts are included for comparison.
Machado de Assis and Realism: A Literary Genealogy

This chapter aims to locate Machado’s place in the development of literature—more specifically, realism in Brazil. This exploration of the aesthetic mode of realism in Brazilian literature focuses on Machado and his often contentious place within literary movements. More importantly, Gumbrecht addresses how Machado reconfigured realist aesthetics to the demands of his time, engendering a new brand of realism—in stark contrast to the European realist tradition—founded upon a firm philosophical questioning of placing reality into representation. Gumbrecht interrogates Machado’s relationship with realism, centering on the writer’s singular narrative form of instability and self-reflexivity.
Gas bubble and expansion crack origin of molar-tooth calcite structures in the middle Proterozoic Belt Supergroup, western Montana

"Molar-tooth" structures in the Belt Supergroup are complexes of interconnecting, thin sheets and small spheroids, composed of uniform, blocky 5-15 mm calcite crystals that cut fine-grained clayey carbonate layers. Bauerman (1885) likened the network of sheets to the corrugated surface of an elephant molar tooth. "Molar-tooth" structure described here comes from the Chamberlain and Helena formations of the Middle Proterozoic Belt Supergroup, but the structure occurs in other silty, clayey limestone and dolomite of the Belt and in Middle and Late Proterozoic rocks elsewhere in the world. Previous investigators have applied the term "molar-tooth" to several kinds of structures and attributed them to a variety of physical, biological, and chemical processes. We adhere to Bauerman's (1885) original citation of "molar-tooth" and limit our definition to blobs, vertical ribbons, and horizontal ribbons (O'Connor 1967, 1972; Eby 1977). Observations of molar-tooth samples suggest to us that ribbons formed as open voids through which gas and water flowed before being filled by fine, equant sparry calcite crystals. We tested the gas hypothesis by experimenting with mixtures of plaster of Paris, clay, water, sugar, and yeast in glass aquaria. Yeast metabolized the sugar, producing CO 2 gas that first formed bubbles in the mud slurry, nearly identical in shape to Belt "molar-tooth" blobs. The bubbles rose to the surface and pulled water behind them, stiffening the mud. We later sealed off the mud surface with plaster. The confined gas within the stiffened mud produced vertical and horizontal expansion cracks that were nearly identical in form to vertical and horizontal "molar-tooth" ribbon shapes. Finally, we precipitated fine equant crystals of calcium carbonate, identical to "molar-tooth" calcite, by mixing solutions of Na 2 CO 3 and CaCl 2 . The close replication of "molar-tooth" blobs and ribbons by biogenic gas convincingly explains the origin of the blob and ribbon forms. This explanation satisfies all the constraints of the data. We propose that some ribbons in the Chamberlain and Helena formations formed as gas cracks in water-saturated mud within a meter of the depositional surface, and were partially filled with fine calcite spar before compaction. Other cracks in the mud were first compacted and later filled by calcite. Still other "molar-tooth" structures probably formed deeper in the sediment column. Patterns of "molar-tooth" structure are commonly repeated within sedimentary cycles up to tens of meters thick, indicating that they may have formed during periods of lowstand between depositional cycles. Biogenic gas generated in Belt sediment probably included H 2 S, as evidenced by microcrystalline pyrite in "molar-tooth" calcite, CO 2 , and methane. Rapid calcite precipitation in the gas voids is probably necessary for "molar-tooth" preservation and may be a secular feature of the Middle and Late Proterozoic.
Analysis on the buyback contract game model based on predominated by the supplier

In this paper, we analyze the buyback contract Stackelberg game model based on the predominated by the supplier. Analyses effects of buyback price fluctuation on the benefits of supplier, buyer and supply chain. The stochastic market demands result in expected risk loss of the supply chain and supply & demand parties. The coordination of different types of supply chains and risks of both supply and demand are analyzed. The supply and demand parties share different risks because of their different leading statuses and maximum buyback proportion offered by the supplier to the retailer. When the supplier is in a dominant position, it can give the proportion or relationship between the risk of the two sides. By comparing buyback Stackelberg model and cooperative game, supply China profit of cooperative game is the most, so that the supply chain is well coordinated.
OMI-a standard model interface for IP delivery

The Open Model Forum (OMF) industry consortium has developed a simulator-independent and HDL-independent interface between an EDA tool such as a simulator and a "black box" model of a block of intellectual property. This interface, called the Open Model Interface (OMI), allows interoperable models to be developed, distributed and used with any compliant tool without exposing the internal structure or operation of the model. An IEEE effort was recently launched to begin the process of standardizing OMI. The need for OMI is motivated, expected usage scenarios are discussed, and an overview of the technical solution is presented.
hBfl-1/hNOXA Interaction Studies Provide New Insights on the Role of Bfl-1 in Cancer Cell Resistance and for the Design of Novel Anticancer Agents

Upregulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins in certain tumors confers cancer cell resistance to chemotherapy or radiations. Members of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, including Bcl-2, Mcl-1, Bcl-xL, Bcl-w, and Bfl-1, inhibit apoptosis by selectively binding to conserved α-helical regions, named BH3 domains, of pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bim, tBid, Bad, or NOXA. Five antiapoptotic proteins have been identified that interact with various selectivity with BH3 containing pro-apoptotic counterparts. Cancer cells present various and variable levels of these proteins, making the design of effective apoptosis based therapeutics challenging. Recently, BH3 profiling was introduced as a method to classify cancer cells based on their ability to resist apoptosis following exposure to selected BH3 peptides. However, these studies were based on binding affinities measured with model BH3 peptides and Bcl-2-proteins taken from mouse sequences. While the majority of these interactions are conserved between mice and ...
Polygamy and Western History

In the Western tradition, for the last 2,000 years and more, marriage has been most often defined as a monogamous bond between one man and one woman. While the second half of this definition has br...
A Form of the Translational Dynamical Equations for Relative Motion in Systems of Many Non-Rigid Bodies*

The translational dynamical equations for an arbitrary system of interconnected non-rigid bodies is written in terms of the relative translations between bodies, the barycentric vectors describing attachment points between bodies, and the deformational deflections of those points. The results are derived in terms of the characteristics of the system graph, in the spirit of the Roberson-Wittenburg formulation of the rotational dynamical equations.
Heat kernel and Weyl anomaly of Schrödinger invariant theory

We propose a method inspired by discrete light cone quantization to determine the heat kernel for a Schr\"odinger field theory (Galilean boost invariant with $z=2$ anisotropic scaling symmetry) living in $d+1$ dimensions, coupled to a curved Newton-Cartan background, starting from a heat kernel of a relativistic conformal field theory ($z=1$) living in $d+2$ dimensions. We use this method to show that the Schr\"odinger field theory of a complex scalar field cannot have any Weyl anomalies. To be precise, we show that the Weyl anomaly ${\mathcal{A}}_{d+1}^{G}$ for Schr\"odinger theory is related to the Weyl anomaly of a free relativistic scalar CFT ${\mathcal{A}}_{d+2}^{R}$ via ${\mathcal{A}}_{d+1}^{G}=2\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\delta}(m){\mathcal{A}}_{d+2}^{R}$, where $m$ is the charge of the scalar field under particle number symmetry. We provide further evidence of the vanishing anomaly by evaluating Feynman diagrams in all orders of perturbation theory. We present an explicit calculation of the anomaly using a regulated Schr\"odinger operator, without using the null cone reduction technique. We generalize our method to show that a similar result holds for theories with a single time-derivative and with even $zg2$.
Abstract 328: Effects of Sympatho-excitation on Directional Anisotropy in Ventricular Myocardium

Introduction: Control of electrical propagation exerted by the sympathetic nervous system is has not been quantified in-depth. Methods: High-resolution mapping (64-electrode plaque, 8x8, 1.96cm 2 ) of the anterior LV myocardium in porcine model (n=6) was performed before & during left stellate ganglion stimulation (LSGS). Activation times (AT), activation recovery intervals (ARIs), conduction velocities (CV), and CV anisotropy were obtained during pacing. Ex vivo diffusion tensor MRI and histology were performed to define myocardial fiber orientation in the mapped regions. Results: LSGS shortened ARI (314.3±7.8ms vs. 287.8±6.6ms, p L ) was greater than transverse CV (CV T ) (1.2±0.2m/s vs 0.7±0.1m/s, p L (1.16±0.16m/s vs 1.17±0.15m/s, p=0.2), or CV T (0.67±0.07m/s vs 0.7±0.04m/s, p=0.2). However, CV in the retrograde direction along fiber orientation was significantly increased by LSGS (0.7±0.05m/s vs 0.9±0.06m/s, p antegrade /CV retrograde ) along fiber direction (1.6±0.3 vs 1.3±0.3, p L /CV T (1.78±0.2 vs. 1.66±0.2 for BL and LSGS, respectively, p>0.2). Heterogeneity of activation (AT disp ) was greater in the transverse than longitudinal direction (20±2ms 2 /cm 2 vs. 13±1.5ms 2 /cm 2 , p= 0.022). LSGS decreased transverse AT disp to 18±1.8 ms 2 /cm 2 (p=0.015), but not longitudinal AT disp . Conclusion: Cardiac sympatho-excitation modulates CV and AT disp in a fiber orientation-dependent manner. These uneven changes may contribute to arrhythmogenic mechanisms seen during sympatho-excitation.
Scaling laws for AC gas breakdown and implications for universality

The reduced dependence on secondary electron emission and electrode surface properties makes radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) plasmas advantageous over direct current (DC) plasmas for various applications, such as microthrusters. Theoretical models relating molecular constants to alternating current (AC) breakdown often fail due to incomplete understanding of both the constants and the mechanisms involved. This work derives simple analytic expressions for RF and MW breakdown, demonstrating the transition between these regimes at their high and low frequency limits, respectively. We further show that the limiting expressions for DC, RF, and MW breakdown voltage all have the same universal scaling dependence on pressure and gap distance at high pressure, agreeing with experiment.
Learning Better Classification-Based Reordering Model for Phrase-Based Translation

Reordering is of a challenging issue in phrase-based statistical machine translation systems. This paper proposed three techniques to optimize classification-based reordering models for phrase-based translation under the bracket transduction grammar framework. First, a forced decoding technique is adopted to learn reordering samples for maximum entropy model training. Secondly, additional features are learned from the context of two consecutive phrases to enhance the prediction ability of the reordering classifier. Thirdly, the reordering model score is integrated as two feature functions (STRAIGHT and INVERTED) into the log-linear model to improve its discriminative ability. Experimental result demonstrates significant improvements over the baseline in two translation tasks such as Chinese to English and Chinese to Japanese translation.
Abstract 1715: Necrotic Core and its Ratio to Dense Calcium are Predictors of High-risk Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: Results from the Prospective, Multi-center, Global VH-IVUS Registry

Background: Increased CK-MB levels and ST-segment depression are predictors of a worse prognosis in the setting of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). We hypothesized a relationship between virtual histology intravascular ultrasound (VH-IVUS) findings and these prognostic factors. Methods and Results: We performed whole vessel VH-IVUS measurements in a consecutive series of 225 pts presenting with non ST-elevation (NSTE) ACS on admission; the four basic VH-IVUS coronary plaque components - fibrous (FI), fibro-fatty (FF), dense calcium (DC) and necrotic core (NC) - were measured and the NC/DC ratio calculated. Pts age was 62 ± 11 years with 72% males and 23% diabetics. Among VH-IVUS parameters, only the NC/DC ratio had a positive association to CK-MB levels (r=0.21, p=0.03); it was also significantly higher for ST-depression vs. non-ST-depression ACS (1.97±0.37 vs. 1.58±0.31, p=0.02). A NC/DC value ≥2 was the threshold that best separated high-risk NSTE ACS pts from those with neither abnormal CK-MB nor abnormal ECG findings (odds ratio 3.8, p=0.01), and a %NC ≥6 best enhanced the predictive value of the NC/DC ratio (odds ratio 3.1, p=0.04). Pts with both NC/DC value ≥2 and %NC ≥6 had significantly higher LDL-C (132.46±49.80 vs. 100.28±36.46, p=0.001) and more myocardial injury when compared to pts with no predictors (p=0.002, Figure). Conclusions: Using VH-IVUS analysis, we identified parameters that were positively associated to a high-risk ACS presentation. Our results in-vivo reinforce previous histopathological findings that both a larger necrotic core content and less quantitative calcium are substrates for plaque vulnerability.
Caspase 3 in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy: relationship with NF-κB gene expression and AOPP

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common and prevalent complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Persistent hyperglycemia was induced oxidative stress,leading to cell damage and death by apoptosis,and enhanced the development of DN. However,the mechanism by which hyperglycemia induces apoptosis is not well understood. 60 patients (30 patients with Typ2 DM,30 patients with DN) and 30 healthy subjects as control group were enrolled in this study. Serum levels of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) and CAT activity as indirect markers of oxidative stress were measured by the colorimetric method,level of serum caspase-3 as a proapoptotic biomarker was also measured by ELISA. Additionally,expression of the apoptotic genes,nuclear factor-B (NF-κB) in serum was investigated using qPCR. The level of AOPP was significantly increased in DN and DM group than control (P <0.05),while CAT activity in DN significantly decrease (P< 0.05) as compared with DM and control groups. Levels of caspase-3 in DN patients were significantly higher than DM and control groups (𝑃< 0.05),with upregulation of NF-κB mRNA gene expression.This study identified caspase-3 as a final common mediator of high glucose-induced apoptosis and have an important role in DN pathogenesis and progression. Apoptosis seems to be associated with an alteration in inflammatory mediators such as oxidative stress.
Synthesis of Highly Uniform Nickel Multipods with Tunable Aspect Ratio by Microwave Power Control.

As the importance of anisotropic nanostructures and the role of surfaces continues to rise in applications including catalysis, magneto-optics, and electromagnetic interference shielding, there is a need for efficient and economical synthesis routes for such nanostructures. The article describes the application of cycled microwave power for the rapid synthesis of highly branched pure-phase face-centered cubic crystalline nickel multipod nanostructures with >99% multipod population. By controlling the power delivery to the reaction mixture through cycling, superior control is achieved over the growth kinetics of the metallic nanostructures, allowing formation of multipods consisting of arms with different aspect ratios. The multipod structures are formed under ambient conditions in a simple reaction system composed of nickel acetylacetonate (Ni(acac)2), oleylamine (OAm), and oleic acid (OAc) in a matter of minutes by selective heating at the (111) overgrowth corners on Ni nanoseeds. The selective heating a...
Biomechanics of the Soft Tissue in Repetitive Motion Disorders

Repetitive motion or overuse loading resulting from sports activities and certain tasks in the workplace is thought to be associated with soft tissue disorders. In order to confirm such an association, numerous ergonomic measurements have been adopted to quantify exposure in occupational tasks. In addition, clinical evaluations have been utilized to document the symptoms of such disorders. Nevertheless, the association of soft tissue disorders to repetitive motion and overuse are still controversial. Recently, however, more insight has been developed relating external loading exposure to internal stress in the tissue and interaction between the tissues. Newly generated data on physiological and cellular responses of the tissues to these mechanical triggers, which would lead to either biological adaptation or chronic pathology, makes the associations scientifically justifiable. The specific details on the timing of such responses and the dose response would be essential to establish the proper prevention and treatment modalities.
The Units of Analysis of Science Studies

Science studies is a diverse field with many subject matters and a variety of goals. One goal is to develop a coherent, unified theory of science as a human activity. This goal, however, is at the moment far from being achieved, not because there are no candidate theories, but because there are several different general approaches to constructing an adequate theory. The main rivals derive from the major disciplines that contribute to science studies—history, philosophy, psychology, and sociology. Of these, philosophy and sociology have thus far contribute most in the way of general theory. Historians have contributed much to our understanding of science as a historical phenomenon, but they have tended to be indifferent, if not antithetical, to general theory. Psychologists, until very recently, have lagged behind. Nevertheless, I will argue that it is to cognitive psychology, and to the cognitive sciences generally, that we should turn for the most promising approach to a unified, general theory of science.
Intracellular Delivery of Rapamycin From FKBP Elastin-Like Polypeptides Is Consistent With Macropinocytosis

Rapamycin (Rapa) is a highly potent drug; however, its clinical potential is limited by poor solubility, bioavailability, and cytotoxicity. To improve Rapa delivery, our team has fused the cognate protein receptor for Rapa, FKBP12, to high molecular weight elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs). One construct, FAF, includes an FKBP domain at each termini of an ELP. In a recent report, FAF/Rapa outperformed a family of related carriers with higher tumor accumulation and efficacy. Despite apparent efficacy, an explanation for how FAF carries Rapa into cells has not been elucidated. This manuscript explores the intracellular fate of FAF in MDA-MB-468, a triple negative (ER-/PR-/HER2-) breast cancer line. Based on a lack of displacement by excess unlabeled FAF, no evidence was found for the involvement of a receptor in cell-surface binding. Cellular association showed no dose-dependent saturation at concentrations up to 100 μM, which is consistent with uptake through fluid phase endocytosis. FAF does colocalize with dextran, a marker of fluid phase endocytosis. Upon internalization, both FAF and dextran target low pH intracellular compartments similarly. Despite likely exposure to lysosomal pH and proteolytic activity, intracellular FAF is eliminated from cells with a relatively long half-life of 17.7 and 19.0 h by confocal microscopy and SDS-PAGE respectively. A split luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that FAF delays the cytosolic access of Rapa in comparison to free drug by 30 min. A specific macropinocytosis inhibitor, amiloride, completely inhibits the cytosolic delivery of Rapa from FAF. Each of these results are consistent with macropinocytosis as the mechanism of cellular uptake necessary for the hand-off of Rapa from FKBP-based drug carriers like FAF to endogenous FKBP12 in the cytosol.
Policies to promote energy efficiency and air emissions reductions in China's electric power generation sector during the 11th and 12th five-year plan periods: Achievements, remaining challenges, and opportunities

Abstract This paper reviews China’s achievements in energy efficiency improvements and air emissions reductions from the electric power sector during the 11th five-year plan (FYP) (2006–2010) and 12th FYP (2011–2015) periods, and discusses the remaining challenges and opportunities for policy formulation. Mandates for closure of small coal-fired power plants (CFPPs), and replacement with large ones, together with the promulgation of air emissions standards and the development of renewable energy projects, have resulted in an improvement of 15% in energy efficiency and a reduction of 91%, 89% and 96% in emission rates of SO2, NOx and PM from China’s electric power sector over the last decade. Compared to the United States, the Chinese electric power generation fleet is more energy efficient and has lower average emissions rates of SO2 and NOx. Despite these achievements, two characteristics of the current system pose serious challenges for China’s clean power development: a) two thirds of China’s power generation still rely on coal, and more CFPPs are being built and approved to be built; and b) high curtailment of renewable energy limits its benefits. We review the root causes of these challenges and highlight opportunities for enacting policies to address them.
Interactive Preparatory Work in a Flipped Programming Course

The flipped classroom pedagogy is a popular framework for teaching computing courses. This pedagogy hinges on students completing the preparatory (prep) work before class. This usually requires watching videos or reading several sections from the textbook. To encourage students to do the prep work, a short multiple-choice online quiz is often given. However, despite this incentive, many students do not spend enough time on the prep work. To deal with this challenge, we introduce a new approach that is designed to be more engaging. This approach replaces the regular textbook with an interactive textbook and replaces the multiple-choice quizzes with small programming assignments, which are graded automatically to give students immediate feedback. To test the efficacy of this approach, we offered two sections of the course with the only difference being in the prep work, one (the experimental group) used the proposed approach while the other (the control group) used a standard approach. Our results suggest that students in the experimental group tended to perform better in terms of both the overall mean and the DFW rate, i.e. the proportion of students receiving a D, F, or W (withdraw) as their overall grade in the class. Further, students in the experimental group tended to report more positive attitudes to the prep work and the class overall.
Cytochrome Oxidase I Sequences from Northern and Southern California Suggest Cryptic Baetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) Species

The geographically widespread mayfly genus Baetis occurs from the subarctic to tropical regions of the world. Many of the 20 described Baetis species in North America are known to show cryptic species diversity. However, studies of Baetis that have examined morphology and genetic diversity have found mixed results in terms of cryptic species, with some studies indicating a complex of related species and others suggesting a single widespread species. We used Bayesian analyses, intra- and interspecific genetic diversity values, and median-joining haplotype networks to compare cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequences from Baetis specimens from parts of northern and southern California (n = 742). Our results suggest that genetic diversity at the COI gene region in populations from northern California supports the diversity indicated by morphology (Baetis tricaudatus and Baetis adonis); however, populations in southern California exhibit more genetic diversity than indicated by morphology alone (DNA divergence > 1%), which suggests cryptic species diversity. The putative species that was morphologically and genetically identified as Baetis tricaudatus was the only taxon that occurred in both regions. No haplotypes were shared between regions. Intraspecific diversity within putative species from northern California was >1%. In contrast, intraspecific diversity within species from southern California was always <1%. Such discrepancies highlight the need for locally derived reference libraries in using next-generation sequencing or environmental DNA as a method to examine genetic diversity.