cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling stream-aquifer interactions with linear response functions

Abstract The problem of stream–aquifer interactions is pertinent to conjunctive—use management of water resources and riparian zone hydrology. Closed form solutions expressed as convolution integrals of impulse response and unit step response functions are derived for channel flow and stream–aquifer interactions. The solutions, obtained using Laplace transforms, relate channel reach discharge, stream–aquifer exchange rates, and associated flow volumes to hydrologic processes and regulatory and management control measures. Channel flow is modeled using a simple mass balance equation and the Muskingum linear storage relationship, and groundwater flow is approximated by a linearized representation of the one-dimensional Boussinesq equation. Within a given channel reach, the aquifer is assumed to be homogeneous, separated from the channel by a semipervious layer, and with a time-variable prescribed head or no-flow boundary condition at a finite distance normal to the channel flow direction. Discrete-time unit response functions are derived for arbitrary channel inflow hydrographs and other system's excitations, which extend the utility of the model to a wider spectrum of water management problems. Although the closed-form solutions are based on simplifying assumptions which may limit the utility of the solutions, applications to example flow scenarios nonetheless illustrate the robustness of the solutions to a variety of applications such as the bank storage problem, effect of drought periods, and groundwater–surface water interactions in the presence of water management controls.
Identification of neutrophils in the nonsensory epithelium of the vomeronasal organ in virus-antibody-free rats

Cells infiltrating the nonsensory epithelium of the vomeronasal organ of virus-antibody-free rats exhibited surface immunoreactivity for β 2-microglobulin and immunoglobulin (Ig) E. They were further characterized by using immunohistochemical techniques with antibodies to cell-specific markers or histochemical techniques for immunocytes with surface receptors for IgE. Localization of intracellular granules immunoreactive for lactoferrin and CD18, a leukocyte adhesion molecule, unequivocally identified these cells as neutrophils. The low number of IgA-and IgG-immunoreactive B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and accessory immunocytes in the vomeronasal organ as well as the rest of the nasal cavity confirmed the absence of infection. We hypothesize that the operation of the vomeronasal pump induces repeated episodes of transient focal ischemia followed by reperfusion, which results in release of neutrophil chemoattractants and modulation of adhesion factors that regulate the extravasation and migration of neutrophils into the nonsensory epithelium. The distribution of immunoreactivity for interleukin 8 suggests that it is not the primary neutrophil chemoattractant in this system while that of CD18 suggests its active involvement in neutrophil extravasation. In addition to their role in immune surveillance, neutrophils may stimulate ion/water secretion into the vomeronasal lumen, affecting the perireceptor processes regulating stimulus access and clearance from the sensory epithelium.
Implications of twenty-first century climate change on Northeastern United States maple syrup production: impacts and adaptations

Previous research on the impacts of maple syrup production in the Northeastern United States has been based on correlative relationships between syrup production and average temperature. Here a simple biologically and physically-based model of sapflow potential is used to assess observed changes in sapflow across the Northeastern US from 1980 to 2006; document the correspondence between these observations and independent downscaled atmosphere ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) simulations of conditions during this period; and quantify changes in sapflow potential through 2100. The sapflow model is able to capture the spatial and temporal (in terms of the start date of sapflow) variations of sapflow that are observed across the Northeast. Likewise the AOGCM simulations reflect the mean number of sapflow days and the timing of sapflow during the 1980–2006 overlap period. Through the twenty-first century, warming winter temperatures will result in a decline in the number of sapflow days if traditional sap collection schedules are maintained. Under the A1fi emissions scenario the number of sapflow days decreases by up to 14 days. However, the changes in climate also translate the optimal timing of sap collection to earlier in the year. Across the region, the time period that maximizes the number of sapflows days becomes as much as 30 days earlier by 2100 under the A1fi emissions scenario. Provided this change is accounted for by modifying the start of the traditional sap collection schedule, there is essentially no net loss of sapflow days across the majority of the region, with a net increase of sapflow days indicated in the extreme north.
Evaluation of Clothing Systems to Determine Heat Strain

This article describes the basic evaluation process and test methodology employed when temperature extremes for clothing systems must be considered as part of the U.S. Army's Health Hazard Assessment for materiel in the development and acquisition process. The goals of the evaluation are to select clothing systems that minimize the hazards of heat strain and to predict the heat strain for persons wearing such clothing. Clothing evaluations begin with biophysical assessments that determine the thermal characteristics (vapor permeability and insulation) for textiles via guarded hot plate tests and for clothing systems via thermal manikin tests. The results from biophysical tests can be used to select the textile and/or clothing with the best thermal characteristics. The data from manikin evaluations also can be used in prediction modeling. Human physiological testing is best done in a controlled laboratory environment, although for realism and user acceptability field trials may also be conducted. Proven te...
Promoter, alternative splice forms, and genomic structure of protocadherin 15.

We originally showed that the protocadherin 15 gene (Pcdh15) is necessary for hearing and balance function; mutations in Pcdh15 affect hair cell development in Ames waltzer (av) mice. Here we extend that study to better understand how the Pcdh15 operates in a cell. The original report identified 33 exons in Pcdh15 with exon 1 being noncoding; additional exons of Pcdh15 have since been reported. The thirty-three exons of Pcdh15 described originally are embedded in 409 kb of mouse genomic sequence whilst the corresponding exons of human PCDH15 are spread over 980 kb of genomic DNA; the exons in Pcdh15/PCDH15 range in size from 9 to ∼2000 bps. Genomic organization of Pcdh15/PCDH15 bares similarity to Cadherin 23, but differs significantly from other protocadherin genes, such as Pcdhα, β, or γ. A CpG island is located ∼2900 bps upstream of the PCDH15 transcriptional start site. The Pcdh15/PCDH15 promoter lacks TATAA or CAAT sequences within 100 bases upstream of the transcription start site; deletion mapping showed that Pcdh15 harbors suppressor and enhancer elements. Preliminary searches for alternatively spliced transcripts of Pcdh15 identified novel splice variants not reported previously. Results from our study show that both mouse and human protocadherin 15 genes have complex genomic structures and transcription control mechanisms.
Tunable diode laser absorption technique for detection of water vapor in aerodynamic flows

A tunable diode laser diagnostic based on spectrally resolved laser absorption has been developed to detect water vapor. The system uses a distributed feedback InGaAsP diode laser, emitting around 1.38 mm. The diode laser is tuned in wavelength by modulating the current, resulting in 1.3 cm.' tuning at 80 Hz repetition rate. Temperatures and concentrations are inferred from the directly measured absorption spectra. The technique has been demonstrated, at low and high temperatures, to detcct the water vapor present in laboratory room air and in the postflame gases above a methane-air flat flame burner. The results agree well with calculated values and independent measurements.
Worst-case performance of Rayward–Smith's Steiner tree heuristic

Abstract In this paper we prove that the worst-case performance of the Steiner tree approximation algorithm by Rayward-Smith (RS) is within two times optimal and that two is the best bound in the sense that there are instances for which RS will do worse than any value less than two.
Visual search in the pigeon: hunt and peck method

Pigeons pecked at small forms displayed on an oscilloscope screen under computer control. The birds were required to find a small o amid varying numbers of x forms. A photocell glued to the bird's beak provided a signal to the computer when the beak approached a form, and the computer recorded the time and target of the response. As in some similar studies with human subjects, erros and reaction times increased with number of x forms displayed. The method appears promising for further studies of search and of other processes related to perception and information-processing in birds.
Genetic Variation and Breeding Potential of Phytate and Inorganic Phosphorus in a Maize Population

Seed P is predominantly bound in the organic compound phytate, which makes the bioavailability of P low for monogastric animals fed maize (Zea mays L.)-based diets. Decreasing phytate and increasing inorganic P (P i , an available form of P) concentrations in maize grain would be desirable to help ameliorate environmental problems associated with high P in feces. Our objective was to investigate the potential of improving the P profi le of maize grain through breeding and selection. Ninety S 1 families from the BS31 population were evaluated at two locations for phytate, P i , and other grain quality and agronomic traits. Phytate concentrations ranged from 1.98 to 2.46 g kg −1 , and the broad-sense heritability (H) was relatively low (0.60). Both genetic variance and H (0.84) were much greater for P i . Few unfavorable genetic correlations were observed between either P i or phytate and other key economic traits. Also, selection differentials of multiple trait indices indicated that the P profi le of maize grain and grain yield and moisture could be improved simultaneously. Many cycles of selection will be needed, however, to reach desirable phytate and P i concentrations, especially when selecting for multiple traits. Regardless, our results are encouraging given that the families evaluated were related S 1 families and the number of families was relatively small.
A Model for Ranking the Punitiveness of the States

There has recently been much interest in the measurement of imprisonment rates. Since this variable has such widespread importance in criminological research and policy, new methods are called for in expanding the procedures for evaluating levels of punitiveness as indicated by imprisonment rates. This paper presents a new model using logarithmic transformations to develop a system for ranking the punitiveness of the states. Comparisons are made between different approaches to specifying imprisonment rates including controls for crime rates and arrest rates. Results of the analyses indicate that the use of this model generates somewhat different rankings of punitiveness compared with those based on sample imprisonment rates or prisoner/arrest ratios.
Extremal properties of principal curves in the plane

Principal curves were introduced to formalize the notion of "a curve passing through the middle of a dataset." Vaguely speaking, a curve is said to pass through the middle of a dataset if every point on the curve is the average of the observations projecting onto it. This idea can be made precise by defining principal curves for probability densities. In this paper we study principal curves in the plane. Like linear principal components, principal curves are critical points of the expected squared distance from the data. However, the largest and smallest principal components are extrema of the distance, whereas all principal curves are saddle points. This explains why cross-validation does not appear to be a viable method for choosing the complexity of principal curve estimates.
Project crossroads: Vehicular ad-hoc newtwork for collision warning

The most accident-prone intersections on roadways across the United States are the same intersections where the most drivers are killed in car crashes. These dangerous intersections often place drivers at risk because of obstructions. To reduce accidents at these intersections, the research in this paper suggests a new technological approach in accident prevention. The results of this paper indicate that the use of “vehicle to vehicle communication” and “vehicle to infrastructure communiation” could drastically help drivers navigating dangerous intersections.
Executive Function and Cerebrovascular Reactivity in Pediatric Hypertension

Primary hypertension is associated with decreased performance on neurocognitive testing and a blunted cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia. Parents of 14 children with hypertension and prehypertension completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions. Children underwent 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and transcranial Doppler with reactivity measurement using time-averaged maximum mean velocity and end-tidal carbon dioxide during hypercapnia-rebreathing test. Comparing the reactivity slope for the patients to historical controls showed a statistically significant difference (t = -5.19, df = 13, P < .001), with lower slopes. Pearson correlations of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions scores with the reactivity slopes showed a statistically significant inverse relationship with Behavioral Regulation Index (r = -.60, P = .02), Metacognition Index (r = -.40, P = .05), and the Global Executive Component (r = -.53, P = .05). Children with hypertension have decreased executive function, and this correlates to low transcranial Doppler-reactivity slopes, suggesting that the brain is a target organ in hypertensive children.
INTRAVESICAL SODIUM HYALURONATE INHIBITS THE RAT URINARY MAST CELL MEDIATOR INCREASE TRIGGERED BY ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS

Purpose: Mast cell activation and stress have been suggested as factors in the pathogenesis of interstitial cystitis, a painful disorder of the bladder that is diagnosed more frequently in women and characterized by increased urgency and frequency with absent infection. Intravesical sodium hyaluronate has been used to treat interstitial cystitis due to its possible replenishment of bladder glycosaminoglycans. We investigated the effect of sodium hyaluronate on the activation of bladder mast cell and release of proinflammatory mediators in the urine induced by acute immobilization stress in rats.Materials and Methods: Using anesthesia a catheter was inserted in the bladder of 170 gm. female Sprague-Dawley rats. After emptying post-void residual urine a solution of normal saline, 0.08% or 0.4% sodium hyaluronate was introduced for 30 minutes. Each rat was allowed to recover from anesthesia and stressed for 30 minutes by confining it in a clear acrylic plastic immobilizer, while urine was continuously collec...
Homologous recombination generates T-loop-sized deletions at human telomeres.

Abstract The t-loop structure of mammalian telomeres is thought to repress nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) at natural chromosome ends. Telomere NHEJ occurs upon loss of TRF2, a telomeric protein implicated in t-loop formation. Here we describe a mutant allele of TRF2, TRF2 ΔB , that suppressed NHEJ but induced catastrophic deletions of telomeric DNA. The deletion events were stochastic and occurred rapidly, generating dramatically shortened telomeres that were accompanied by a DNA damage response and induction of senescence. TRF2 ΔB -induced deletions depended on XRCC3, a protein implicated in Holliday junction resolution, and created t-loop-sized telomeric circles. These telomeric circles were also detected in unperturbed cells and suggested that t-loop deletion by homologous recombination (HR) might contribute to telomere attrition. Human ALT cells had abundant telomeric circles, pointing to frequent t-loop HR events that could promote rolling circle replication of telomeres in the absence of telomerase. These findings show that t-loop deletion by HR influences the integrity and dynamics of mammalian telomeres.
Fabrication and analysis of deep submicron strained-Si n-MOSFET's

Deep submicron strained-Si n-MOSFETs were fabricated on strained Si/relaxed Si/sub 0.8/Ge/sub 0.2/ heterostructures. Epitaxial layer structures were designed to yield well-matched channel doping profiles after processing, allowing comparison of strained and unstrained Si surface channel devices. In spite of the high substrate doping and high vertical fields, the MOSFET mobility of the strained-Si devices is enhanced by 75% compared to that of the unstrained-Si control devices and the state-of-the-art universal MOSFET mobility. Although the strained and unstrained-Si MOSFETs exhibit very similar short-channel effects, the intrinsic transconductance of the strained Si devices is enhanced by roughly 60% for the entire channel length range investigated (1 to 0.1 /spl mu/m) when self-heating is reduced by an ac measurement technique. Comparison of the measured transconductance to hydrodynamic device simulations indicates that in addition to the increased low-field mobility, improved high-field transport in strained Si is necessary to explain the observed performance improvement. Reduced carrier-phonon scattering for electrons with average energies less than a few hundred meV accounts for the enhanced high-field electron transport in strained Si. Since strained Si provides device performance enhancements through changes in material properties rather than changes in device geometry and doping, strained Si is a promising candidate for improving the performance of Si CMOS technology without compromising the control of short channel effects.
OXYGEN TRANSPORT AND UTILIZATION: AN INTEGRATION OF THE MUSCLE SYSTEMS

Exercise offers a unique stage from which to study and teach the integration of physiological systems. In this article, the process of matching O2 transport from air to its ultimate consumption in the contracting cell is utilized to integrate the workings of the cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle systems. Specifically, the physiology of exercise and the maximal oxygen consumption (V˙o2 max) achieved through the precise linking of these three muscle systems are utilized to highlight the complexity and importance of this integration. Smooth muscle plays a vital “middleman” role in the distribution of blood-borne O2 to the appropriate area of demand. Cardiac muscle instigates the convective movement of this O2, whereas skeletal muscle acts as the recipient and ultimate consumer of O2 in the synthesis of ATP and performance of work. In combination, these muscle systems facilitate the remarkable 15- to 30-fold increase in metabolic rate from rest to maximal effort in endurance-type exercise.
Coalition structure generation with worst case guarantees

Coalition formation is a key topic in multiagent systems. One may prefer a coalition structure that maximizes the sum of the values of the coalitions, but often the number of coalition structures is too large to allow exhaustive search for the optimal one. Furthermore, finding the optimal coalition structure is NP-complete. But then, can the coalition structure found via a partial search be guaranteed to be within a bound from optimum? We show that none of the previous coalition structure generation algorithms can establish any bound because they search fewer nodes than a threshold that we show necessary for establishing a bound. We present an algorithm that establishes a tight bound within this minimal amount of search, and show that any other algorithm would have to search strictly more. The fraction of nodes needed to be searched approaches zero as the number of agents grows. If additional time remains, our anytime algorithm searches further, and establishes a progressively lower tight bound. Surprisingly, just searching one more node drops the bound in half. As desired, our algorithm lowers the bound rapidly early on, and exhibits diminishing returns to computation. It also significantly outperforms its obvious contenders. Finally, we show how to distribute the desired search across self-interested manipulative agents. © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Bacteriorhodopsin: Molecular Biology of the Light Activated Proton and Divalent Cation Receptor in the Membranes of Halobacteria

The study of membrane receptors, their specificity and their relation to membrane transport and signalling ranks among the most important of the current unsolved problems in biological research. One membrane transport system that has received unprecedented attention during the last dozen years as a model system for such investigations has been bacteriorhodopsin, a retinal-containing protein which exists in specialized regions of the envelope membranes of halobacteria called “purple membrane.” Certain mutants of halobacteria also produce similar “white membranes” containing the apoprotein only. In both instances, there is evidence that the proteins are organized in a hexagonal arrangement in tightly packed arrays.1, 2
Evaluation of Library Resources for a Teacher Education Program

Central to this chapter is the assumption that each college or university library system—and the education library or collection within those systems—is unique and therefore should determine its own criteria for performance and evaluation. Any evaluation should be undertaken within the framework of the college or university’s mission and goals. While recognizing that all academic libraries are unique and individual, this chapter is, occasionally, prescriptive and will refer to specific standards developed by the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL), a division of the American Library Association (ALA). All suggestions within this chapter are intended to assist non-librarians who are responsible for determining priorities and evaluating the performance of a library which supports a teacher preparation program. While the standards and guidelines noted in this chapter cannot be stated as absolutes applicable to all college and university libraries, such standards and guidelines do set forth a process by which expectations may be established. Further, they suggest the topics that must be addressed in some fashion during any evaluation of a library which supports a teacher education program.
High Voltage Transmission Investment in the Restructured Electric Industry: How Do the New ISOs Compare to the Traditional Vertically Integrated Utilities?

This paper examines the impact on transmission investment of the transition away from central planning by vertically integrated electric utility monopolies toward Independent System Operators (ISOs) and market incentives. After summarizing the regulatory background of the new ISOs and the unbundled transmission sector, the paper maps ISO regions, states, and cost regions to a sample of nine NERC sub-regions. A log-linear, two-way fixed effects specification estimates the causal effect of the institutional transition and is fitted according to the General-to-Specific Method. The results indicate that, upon becoming an ISO, the uncertainty over losing control of system operations may result in an initial hesitancy to modify transmission investment behavior on behalf of the formerly vertically integrated sub-regions. However, utilities eventually gain confidence in the ISOs and in the ISOs’ transmission investment policies. Over six years, the cumulative effect of the transition is an 11.59% relative increase in transmission capacity, or a 1.93% average annual relative increase.
TCV software test and validation tools and technique

The paper describes techniques for testing and validating software for the TCV (Terminal Configured Vehicle) program which is intended to solve problems associated with operating a commercial transport aircraft in the terminal area. The TCV research test bed is a Boeing 737 specially configured with digital computer systems to carry out automatic navigation, guidance, flight controls, and electronic displays research. The techniques developed for time and cost reduction include automatic documentation aids, an automatic software configuration, and an all software generation and validation system.
The Earliest Culture History of the Northern Part of the European USSR: A Review Article

Two contributions of unusual value for our knowledge of the comb- and pit-marked pottery culture of North-eastern Europe have recently appeared in vols. 20 and 29 of the series Materialy i Issledovaniia po Arkheologii SSSR (Materials and Investigations on Archaeology of the USSR) , published in Moscow in 1951 and 1952 by Akademiia Nauk SSSR. The English titles of the two volumes are: (1) The Neolithic and Early Metal Age Sites in the Northern Part of the European USSR (1951, 173 pp., 82 illustrations), edited by M. E. Foss, which includes studies on ‘The Pile-dwelling Site on the Modlona River and other Sites in the Charozer Region of the Vologda District’ by A. J. Briusov, ‘The Neolithic and Early Metal Age Sites on the Northern Coast of Lake Onega’ by N. N. Gurina and ‘The Neolithic Sites on the Northern Coasts of the Kola Peninsula’ by N. N. Gurina. (2) The Earliest History of the Northern Part of the European USSR (1952. 280 pp., 121 illustrations), by M. E. Foss, edited by A. J. Briusov. The former publication, which includes a detailed report by Briusov on the sites in the Vologda region, dated by stratigraphic evidence and pollen analysis, and the well presented studies by Gurina on the culture in the Lake Onega region and on the Kola Peninsula in the extreme north, is both a prelude and a supplement to the latter which embraces the entire northern part of the USSR.
A Cascaded Approach to Optimal Aircraft Trajectories for Persistent Data Ferrying

Unmanned aircraft are ideal vehicles for collecting and transferring data for sparse sensor networks, acting as data ferries for the networks. This paper investigates the optimality of periodic trajectories of an unmanned aircraft ferrying data between two stationary sensor nodes. The aircraft has a single half-duplex radio channel for wireless communication, and must allocate the channel along its trajectory to maximize data transfer between the nodes. The general data ferrying problem is known to be NP-Hard. This work takes advantage of the problem structure to cascade the solution between trajectory optimization and bandwidth optimization. We prove that this decomposition retains optimality, and further derive necessary conditions for trajectories to be optimal. In particular, the ferry must deliver exactly as much data as it collects over the periodic trajectory. Insights from these conditions lead to well-defined policies on bandwidth allocation. Our cascaded approach thus significantly reduces dimension of the persistent data ferrying problem.
Laboratories respond differently to the same clinical request.

A survey of 19 clinical chemical laboratories, undertaken to determine what tests would normally be done in response to a number of common clinical requests (e.g. 'plasma electrolytes please'), revealed wide variations in test patterns. It is suggested that laboratories must bear some of the responsibility for unnecessary testing, and that new strategies are needed to persuade laboratories to adopt more cost-effective test patterns.
Utilization of Pressure Wave Interaction to Investigate PDE Internal Flow Paths

The use of pressure waves to replace the chemical kinetic driven detonation waves in the design and analysis of the pulse detonation engine is examined. External to the detonation chamber, the pressure waves exhibit no appreciable hysteresis effect. The high velocities (thousands of meters per second) associated with the pressure waves resulting from the detonation process enables the neglect of recombination effects. The net result is the ability to design the internal flow path of a pulse detonation based device using non-reacting computational fluid dynamics yielding a significant savings in computational time, resources, and complexity relative to previous CFD efforts incorporating chemical reacting detonation models and sufficiently refined grids to capture detailed detonation phenomena.
Aerodynamic Comparison of Flat and Cambered Frames for Flexible MAV Wings

This paper compares the aerodynamic properties for flexible membrane MAV (micro air vehicle) wings with flat frames and cambered frames. The frames for the wings were designed in SolidWorks and constructed using an Objet30 Pro 3D printer. The membranes are composed of silicone rubber. The wings were tested in a The University of Alabama’s low speed wind tunnel at a Reynolds number of 50,000 (10 m/s) while varying angles-of-attack from -4 to 24°. A load cell was used to gather force measurements that were used to develop lift, drag, and pitching moment coefficients. The results show that cambering the frames for the flexible MAV wings increases maximum lift and aerodynamic efficiency when compared to flat frames.
En bloc transplantation of a horseshoe kidney from a high risk multi- organ donor: Case report and review of the literature

AbstractWe report on the successful en bloc transplantation of a horseshoe kidney from an elderly, hypertensive multiple organ donor. To our knowledge the use of a horseshoe kidney from a multiple organ donor has not been reported previously.
Diagnosis of Viral Respiratory Infections in the 1980s

The introduction of immunologic techniques for rapid viral diagnosis and the availability of high quality commercial reagents have resulted in significant advances in the laboratory diagnosis of viral respiratory infections. Laboratories just beginning in the area of diagnostic virology are advised to direct their efforts at viral isolation using cell types such as human embryonic kidney; immunofluorescence and other techniques of rapid viral diagnosis are recommended when the laboratory is prepared to expand.
Effects of yeast combined with chromium propionate on growth performance and carcass quality of finishing steers.

A combination of yeast and chromium propionate (Y+Cr) was added to the diets of crossbred finishing steers ( = 504; 402 kg ± 5.76 initial BW) to evaluate impact on feedlot performance and carcass traits. We hypothesized supplementation of Y+Cr would increase growth of feedlot steers. Steers with initial plasma glucose concentrations ≤6.0 m were stratified by initial BW and randomly allocated, within strata, to receive 0 (control) or 3.3 g/d Y+Cr. Steers were further divided into heavy and light weight blocks with 6 pens/diet within each weight block. Cattle were housed in dirt-surfaced pens with 21 steers/pen and had ad libitum access to feed. Body weights were measured at 21-d intervals. Blood samples were collected on d 49 and 94 from a subset of steers (5/pen) for analyses of plasma glucose and lactate concentrations. At the end of the finishing phase, animals were weighed and transported 450 km to an abattoir in Holcomb, KS. Severity of liver abscesses and HCW were collected the day of harvest, and after 36 h of refrigeration, USDA yield and quality grades, LM area, and 12th rib subcutaneous fat thickness were determined. There were no treatment × time × weight block interactions ( > 0.05) and no treatment × block interaction for ADG, DMI, or final BW ( ≥ 0.06), but a treatment × block interaction ( = 0.03) was observed for G:F, in which control, light cattle had poorer efficiency compared with other groups. Treatment × weight group interactions were observed for overall yield grade and carcasses that graded yield grade 1 ( ≤ 0.04). Light steers supplemented with Y+Cr had decreased overall yield grade and increased percentage of carcasses grading yield grade 1 compared with their control counterparts, with no differences observed for heavy steers. Regardless of weight group, a greater percentage of carcasses from steers supplemented with Y+Cr graded yield grade 2 ( = 0.03) and fewer carcasses from steers supplemented Y+Cr graded yield grade 3 ( 0.10). Overall, yeast in combination with chromium propionate may improve feed efficiency and decrease yield grade of light cattle but had no effect on remaining carcass traits and blood constituents.
Crystallographic orientation relationships and interfaces in laser-processed directionally solidified WC–W2C eutectoid ceramics

Crystallographic orientation relationships and interfaces in directionally solidified WC–W2C eutectoids are investigated by electron microscopy and electron back-scattered diffraction. The WC–W2C eutectoids are prepared by a laser surface processing method, which unidirectionally melts and resolidifies ceramic powder substrates. Lamellar-type microstructures are observed in all samples with preferred nominal growth directions of [\( \overline{1} 2\overline{1} 0 \)]WC//[\( \overline{1} 2\overline{1} 0 \)]W2C along the solidification direction. The majority of interface habit planes are found to be (0001)WC//(0001)W2C. The interfaces are found to be semicoherent, with a misfit Burger’s vector of 1/3[\( 2{\bar{1}} {\bar{1}} 0 \)]. An intermediate layer is identified at the interface and is associated with a change in the stacking sequence of the close-packed (0001) tungsten planes.
The World Powers: Was Portugal the First World Power?

Just as the last two chapters have painted the big picture of long cycles in their unfolding over the centuries, the present chapter singles out for special and detailed attention one single world power, namely Portugal, whose standing appears to be the least secure and the most questionable. To that end it asks the important question: which was the power that was prominent in the management of the global system at the very onset of that system? Was it Portugal as predicted by long cycle theory (Modelski, 1978)?
Post-Geneva Developments and the Soviet Collapse

The Soviet Union promptly withdrew its armed forces from Afghanistan by February 1989 as stipulated in the Geneva Accords of April 1988. But the struggle for power continued on the battlefield between the Mujahideen and the Najib regime. Also, two other issues — Pakistan’s nuclear capability and Soviet naval presence in the Indian Ocean — continued to have their unsettling impact on their bilateral relations. (These issues are discussed here in sequence.)
High-resolution bathymetry of the axial channels within Monterey and Soquel submarine canyons, offshore central California

High-resolution multibeam bathymetry and chirp (compressed high-density radar pulse) seismic data acquired from an autonomous underwater vehicle outline in unprecedented detail the shape and near subbottom character of the axial channels within upper Monterey and Soquel Canyons (offshore California, USA). In Monterey Canyon, the bathymetric data span water depths from 100 m to >2100 m, and include the confluence with Carmel Canyon at ∼1900 m water depth. The bathymetric data for Soquel Canyon begin close to the canyon head at 100 m water depth and extend down to the intersection with Monterey Canyon. The seafloor within the axis of Monterey Canyon is covered with sediment fill out to 910 m water depth. Below this water depth exposures of underlying strata are common, presumably because of decreasing sediment drape and generally increased erosional resistance of the pre-canyon host strata. The seafloor within the axial channel of upper Soquel Canyon is smooth and contains horizontally layered sediment fill. In contrast, the sediment fill within the incised portions of the axial channel of Monterey Canyon is characterized by distinctive crescent-shaped bedforms down to the limit of the surveys. These differences in morphology and texture correspond with the contrasting cohesive strength of the sediments filling these canyons and the increased propensity for weakly cohesive sands and gravels in Monterey Canyon to fail. Episodic movement of coarse-grained sediments down Monterey Canyon maintains a longitudinal gradient of ∼1.6°. The more cohesive fine-grained sediments in Soquel Canyon stabilize the seafloor and maintain a substantially higher longitudinal gradient (3°–6°) than that measured in Monterey Canyon. The textural and lithologic data, plus previously published observations, indicate that upper Monterey Canyon is currently active, whereas upper Soquel Canyon appears to be inactive as a coarse sediment transport conduit. Episodic seabed sediment failures in active submarine canyons are hypothesized to control the gradient of the axial channel. The propensity for sediment failure in weakly cohesive coarse-grained sediments results in shallower horizontal gradients compared to submarine canyons stabilized by more cohesive fine-grained sediments.
Hybrid friction diffusion bonding of 316L stainless steel tube-to-tube sheet joints for coil-wound heat exchangers

Hybrid friction diffusion bonding (HFDB) is a solid-state bonding process first introduced by Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht to join aluminum tube-to-tube sheet joints of Coil-wound heat exchangers (CWHE). This study describes how HFDB was successfully used to manufacture 316L test samples simulating tube-to-tube sheet joints of stainless steel CWHE for molten salt coolants as foreseen in several advanced nuclear- and thermal solar power plants. Engineering parameters of the test sample fabrication are presented and results from subsequent non-destructive vacuum decay leak testing and destructive tensile pull-out testing are discussed. The bonded areas of successfully fabricated samples as characterized by tube rupture during pull-out tensile testing, were further investigated using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy including electron backscatter diffraction.
Air: Confined Animal Facilities and Air Quality Issues

Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) have become a prevalent form of intensive animal production. They are operations that confine livestock for more than 45 days, in an area that does not produce vegetation, and meets size thresholds. CAFOs can have considerable impacts on the environment because greater stocking density is directly associated with increased feed and manure production per unit of area. Resulting nutrient flows can cause pollution to air, soil, and water. Pollutants associated with CAFOs are the focus of both air quality regulations and public policy discussions. This article reviews the primary air pollutants associated with CAFOs.
Prediction of subjective ratings of emotional pictures by EEG features.

Objective Emotion dysregulation is an important aspect of many psychiatric disorders. Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology could be a powerful new approach to facilitating therapeutic self-regulation of emotions. One possible BCI method would be to provide stimulus-specific feedback based on subject-specific electroencephalographic (EEG) responses to emotion-eliciting stimuli. Approach To assess the feasibility of this approach, we studied the relationships between emotional valence/arousal and three EEG features: amplitude of alpha activity over frontal cortex; amplitude of theta activity over frontal midline cortex; and the late positive potential over central and posterior mid-line areas. For each feature, we evaluated its ability to predict emotional valence/arousal on both an individual and a group basis. Twenty healthy participants (9 men, 11 women; ages 22-68) rated each of 192 pictures from the IAPS collection in terms of valence and arousal twice (96 pictures on each of 4 d over 2 weeks). EEG was collected simultaneously and used to develop models based on canonical correlation to predict subject-specific single-trial ratings. Separate models were evaluated for the three EEG features: frontal alpha activity; frontal midline theta; and the late positive potential. In each case, these features were used to simultaneously predict both the normed ratings and the subject-specific ratings. Main results Models using each of the three EEG features with data from individual subjects were generally successful at predicting subjective ratings on training data, but generalization to test data was less successful. Sparse models performed better than models without regularization. Significance The results suggest that the frontal midline theta is a better candidate than frontal alpha activity or the late positive potential for use in a BCI-based paradigm designed to modify emotional reactions.
Effective Strain in Helical Rippled Carbon Nanotubes: A Unifying Concept for Understanding Electromechanical Response

Despite its importance, little is known about how complex deformation modes alter the intrinsic electronic states of carbon nanotubes. Here we consider the rippling deformation mode characterized by helicoidal furrows and ridges and elucidate that a new intralayer strain effect rather than the known bilayer coupling and σ-π orbital mixing effects dominates its gapping. When an effective shear strain is used, it is possible to link both the electrical and the mechanical response of the complex rippled morphology to the known behavior of cylindrical tubes. In combination with objective molecular dynamics, this concept may be useful for understanding the electromechanical characteristics of large scale carbon nanotube assemblies and other individual nanoscale forms of carbon.
The Pond : Interactive Multimedia Installation

In this paper, we describe an interactive multimedia installation, The Pond. It is a human-scaled, proximity-based non-linear sequencer. A ceiling-mounted projector fills the floor with light. As each player enters the pool of light, a circle surrounds them and follows them as they move. Each player carries a ROCK, an accelerometer-based wireless controller. A quick shake of the ROCK triggers the player's identifying sound and, like throwing a rock into an actual pond, causes their circle to expand. As the circle spreads to touch another player's circle, it triggers a convolution of both their sounds resulting in a complex melodic sequence.
The View Beyond Looking: Isaac Julien’s Frantz Fanon: Black Skin, White Mask

This paper is a simulation of a court hearing in which Frantz Fanon is accused of different things by different authors while I attempt to present a case for the defence of Fanon, indicating that a careful reading of his work will show that he has no case to answer. The paper arose from a plenary talk that I presented at a conference on immigrants in Europe which included the premier of the film on Fanon directed by Isaac Julien. The paper has been updated to reflect some current debates since the original presentation.
Aldo-Keto Reductase (AKR) 1C3 inhibitors: a patent review

ABSTRACTIntroduction: AKR1C3 is a drug target in hormonal and hormonal independent malignancies and acts as a major peripheral 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase to yield the potent androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, and as a prostaglandin (PG) F synthase to produce proliferative ligands for the PG FP receptor. AKR1C3 inhibitors may have distinct advantages over existing therapeutics for the treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer, breast cancer and acute myeloid leukemia.Area covered: This article reviews the patent literature on AKR1C3 inhibitors using SciFinder which identified inhibitors in the following chemical classes: N-phenylsulfonyl-indoles, N-(benzimidazoylylcarbonyl)- N-(indoylylcarbonyl)- and N-(pyridinepyrrolyl)- piperidines, N-benzimidazoles and N-benzindoles, repurposed nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (indole acetic acids, N-phenylanthranilates and aryl propionic acids), isoquinolines, and nitrogen and sulfur substituted estrenes. The article evaluates inhibitor AK...
Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cognition: an understudied issue in women's health.

Introduction: Diabetes is a common chronic illness, affecting approximately 16 million Americans, and is slightly more common in women than men. Data from population studies demonstrate that women with diabetes are at greater risk for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death among women and an independent risk factor for cognitive decline. Longitudinal epidemiologic studies report an association between diabetes mellitus and vascular dementia, but conflicting data on the association between diabetes and Alzheimer's dementia. Whether type 2 diabetes has an effect on cognitive function, independent of dementia, has received much attention since the 1980s, but the question remains unresolved. Method: The literature was rigorously reviewed for studies in which cognitive functioning was measured with neuropsychological (NP) tests in participants with type 2 diabetes and a control/comparison group without diabetes. Results: Of 32 studies that reported the effects of type 2 diabetes on cognition in nondemented middle-aged and older adults, 30 included women in their samples, and two focused exclusively on women. Of studies that included women, 20 (67%) reported that participants with type 2 diabetes performed more poorly than those without diabetics on one or more NP tests, leading the authors to conclude that diabetes is positively associated with cognitive dysfunction. Conclusions: Owing to the small number of studies with adequate numbers of women to report findings by gender, little is known about the effect of type 2 diabetes on cognition in women. It is critical that studies on type 2 diabetes and cognitive functioning be designed to include women in numbers adequate for examination of gender effects. The discussion addresses issues specific to women that warrant further research.
Low-Flow Priapism in Children

As with many surgical emergencies, the saying “time is tissue” holds true for priapism. This condition is a true urological emergency and early intervention provides the best chance of functional recovery. It has been described at nearly all ages. Idiopathic low-flow is chemic priapism in the pediatric population is extremely rare.
Utilization of radiosynovectomy in treatment of patients with inflammatory arthropathies

1047 Learning Objectives 1. Understand the role of radiosynovectomy in the treatment of patients with inflammatory arthropathies including hemophilia, pigmented villonodular synovitis, and synovial osteochondromatosis. 2. Describe the procedure of P-32 chromic phosphate synovectomy. 3. Discuss the advantages and limitations of radiosynovectomy in the treatment of inflammatory arthropathies. The process of joint arthropathy caused by chronic synovitis and progressive joint arthritis is an important musculoskeletal complication of inflammatory arthritidies. Joint arthopathy is a direct consequence of hemarthrosis. Since the introduction of P-32 chromic phosphate synovectomy it has provided a minimally invasive procedure to treat hemorrhage in joints. At the University of North Carolina, radiosynovectomy has been utilized since 1998 primarily in the elbow, knee, and ankle joints. We will discuss the indications for the procedure, the methodology and comparison to other procedures for the same problem. In addition, recent developments and concerns in the field will be discussed. Conclusion: radiosynovectomy appears to be a valuable clinical procedure in the treatment of patients with hemarthroses and inflammatory arthropathies
The Spin-Pairing Model for the Binding of Dioxygen to Transition Metal Complexes

The binding and activation of dioxygen is essential to many biological functions. Cobalt(II) complexes reversibly bind O2 and the resulting adducts have one unpaired electron. The presence of an odd electron in these complexes affords a ready probe of the electronic structure of the O2 adduct by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. This feature and the relative stability of the cobalt(II) complexes has stimulated considerable research on the cobalt (II) system. Early interpretations of epr, X-ray diffraction and infrared results on these dioxygen adducts of cobalt (II) are classic cases of over-interpretation of data. The topic will be developed historically and the objective of this school will be to learn the lessons from the past so they will not be repeated.