cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Justifications for Copyright Limitations & Exceptions

Modern copyright laws grant authors a broad set of rights to control exploitations of their works. Typically tempering the reach of these broad rights are a series of limitations and exceptions (L&Es) adopted by legislatures or developed by courts through common law adjudication. L&Es uniformly result in free uses of protected works under U.S. copyright law, although in other countries, some L&Es may be subject to equitable remuneration obligations. L&E provisions in national copyright laws often seem a hodgepodge of special purpose provisions whose policy justifications are sometimes difficult to discern.The essay traces the historical development of L&Es in U.S. copyright law. For the first hundred years of the nation’s existence, there were no L&Es in its copyright law, in part because rights were fewer in number and narrower in scope than they became over time. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, courts invented the exhaustion of rights and fair use doctrines as limits on copyright’s scope. The exhaustion doctrine was first codified in the Copyright Act of 1909 and fair use in the Copyright Act of 1976 (“1976 Act”), although these doctrines have continued to evolve in the nearly four decades after their enactment. Less visible, although quite important to those whom they affect, are dozens of other L&Es codified in the 1976 Act.The essay then considers nine justifications for the existence of these L&Es. One set promotes ongoing authorship. A second recognizes both authorial and broader public interests in dissemination of news, freedom of expression, and access to information. A third protects privacy, personal autonomy, and ownership interests of consumers. A fourth aims to fulfill certain cultural and social policy goals. A fifth enables public institutions, such as courts and legislatures, to function more effectively. A sixth fosters competition and ongoing innovation. A seventh exempts incidental uses lacking in economic significance. An eighth addresses market failure problems. A ninth encompasses L&Es adopted for politically expedient reasons. It also discusses a tenth type of L&E, those designed to enable copyright law to be flexible and adaptable over time. The fair use doctrine accomplishes this goal in the U.S., although there are other ways to build flexibility into copyright laws. Especially in an era of rapid social, economic, and technological change, flexible exceptions such as fair use have some advantages over specific L&Es. The essay concludes that the optimal policy for L&Es may well be to have specific exceptions for categories of justified uses that are relatively stable over time and for which predictability is more important than flexibility and to have an open-ended exception such as fair use to allow the law to adapt to new uses not contemplated by the legislature.
Multi-level hierarchies for scalable ad hoc routing

Ad hoc networks have the notable capability of enabling spontaneous networks. These networks are self-initializing, self-configuring, and self-maintaining, even though the underlying topology is often continually changing. Because research has only begun to scratch the surface of the potential applications of this technology, it is important to prepare for the widespread use of these networks. In anticipation of their ubiquity, the protocols designed for these networks must be scalable. This includes scaling to both networks with many nodes, and networks with rapidly changing topologies. This paper presents two hierarchical clustering protocols that improve the scalability of ad hoc routing protocols. The Adaptive Routing using Clusters (ARC) protocol creates a one-level clustered hierarchy across an ad hoc network, while the Adaptive Routing using Clustered Hierarchies (ARCH) protocol creates a multi-level hierarchy which is able to dynamically adjust the depth of the hierarchy in response to the changing network topology. It is experimentally shown that these protocols, when coupled with an ad hoc routing protocol, produce throughput improvements of up to 80% over the ad hoc routing protocol alone.
Effects of Different Levels of Dietary Iron on Pregnancy Superimposed upon Growth in the Rat

The effects of feeding four levels of dietary iron, 10, 50, 250 and 1.250 mg/kg were studied during pregnancy in growing and adult rats. Hematological measurements, plasma iron and total iron binding capacity, and iron content in liver, spleen and tibia were compared relative to pregnancy, diet and growth. Iron content in fetuses and fetal livers were compared relative to diet and growth of the dams. All parameters were lowest in rats fed the 10 mg Fe/kg diet. The highest level of iron fed, 1,250 mg/kg, resulted in increased iron content in liver, spleen and tibia of all treatment groups but did not alter hematological values or fetal iron content. Pregnant rats fed any of the four levels of iron had significantly lower Hb, Ht, total and storage iron concentration and ferritin and hemosiderin iron in liver than nonpregnant rats fed the same levels. The level of dietary iron needed by growing pregnant rats for maximal iron content in fetuses and fetal livers was between 50 and 250 mg Fe/kg which was fivefold that needed to obtain maximal hemoglobin concentration in dams. However, adult pregnant rats only needed between 10 to 50 mg Fe/kg for both maximal iron stores in fetal tissues and maximal hemoglobin concentration.
SOME STUDIES ON THE SPECIFICITY OF AMINO ACID ENTRY ROUTES IN PIGEON ERYTHROCYTES.

Abstract Inhibition of glycine entry into pigeon red cells by 33 amino acids, analogues, and derivatives was tested. Only N -methylglycine and N -ethylglycine inhibited glycine entry significantly. These were competitive inhibitors with ratios of inhibition constants to the Michaelis constant for glycine entry of 1.0 and 5.2, respectively. Derivatives with larger substituents on the nitrogen were essentially inactive as inhibitors, as were all the l -amino acids tested, two d -amino acids ( d -alanine and d -leucine), and several other glycine derivatives and analogues. The glycine route entry is evidently highly specific. An l -alanine entry route of high capacity was also observed. This was insensitive to inhibition by glycine and therefore distinct from the glycine entry route.
Organic neem compounds inhibit soft-rot fungal growth and improve the strength of anthracite bricks bound with collagen and lignin for use in iron foundry cupolas

Aims To examine organic neem compounds for their effective growth inhibition of saprotrophic soft-rot fungi on anthracite bricks bound with collagen and lignin for use in iron foundry cupolas as an alternative fuel source. Methods and Results Azadirachtin, crude neem oil (NO), and clarified neem oil extract (CNO) were combined with copper to inhibit the growth of the soft-rot fungus, Chaetomium globosum. A synergistic interaction was observed between CNO and a low dose of copper on nutrient media (two-factor anova with triplicate replication: P < 0·05). Interaction was confirmed on lab-scale collagen-lignin-anthracite briquettes by measuring their unconfined compressive (UC) strength. The effective collagen strength of the briquettes was enhanced by applying CNO to their surface prior to inoculation: the room temperature UC strength of the briquettes was 28 ± 4·6% greater when CNO (0·4 mg cm−2) was surface-applied, and was 43 ± 3·0% greater when CNO plus copper (0·14 μg cm−2) were surface-applied. Conclusion Surface application of CNO and copper synergistically prevents fungal growth on bindered anthracite briquettes and increases their room temperature strength. Significance and Impact of the Study This novel organic fungicidal treatment may increase the storage and performance of anthracite bricks in iron foundries, thereby saving 15–20% of the energy used in conventional coke production.
Factors involved in strain-induced injury in skeletal muscles and outcomes of prolonged exposures

Repetitive motion disorders can involve lengthening of skeletal muscles to perform braking actions to decelerate limbs under load often resulting in muscle strains and injury. Injury is a loss of isometric force (weakness) requiring days to recover. The capacity of skeletal muscle to tolerate repeated strains is dependent on multiple factors including individual variation. The most important factors producing muscle strain injury are the magnitude of the resisting force (peak-stretch force) and the number of strains. Other factors such as muscle length and fiber type contribute to the susceptibility to injury as well, but to a lesser degree. Strain injury can also lead to inflammation and pain. Chronic exposure to repeated strains can result in fibrosis that is not completely reversed after months of rest. Long rest times appear to be the only factor reported to prevent inflammation in rats following repeated strain injury. Further understanding of the mechanism for prevention of histopathologic changes by long rest times should provide a rationale for prevention of negative outcomes.
Variations in Globin Chain Synthesis in Hereditary Persistence of Fetal Haemoglobin

Globin synthesis was studied in four Negro families including 10 members with Hb A-HPFH and four with Hb S-HPFH. The beta/alpha specific activity ratios in 10 of these HPFH heterozygotes were similar to those of the control group. In two patients with Hb A-HPFH, the beta/alpha ratio was slightly decreased in one (0.84) and clearly decreased in another (0.78). In two of the patients with Hb S-HPFH the ratios were clearly decreased (0.71 and 0.75). The extended range of beta/alpha ratios in these 14 patients is similar to that of Negro patients with beta-thalassaemia trait. These studies indicate that a decreased beta/alpha ratio may be found in HPFH, as well as in beta-thalassaemia. Bone marrow globin synthesis was measured in two patients with Hb S-HPFH and decreased peripheral blood beta/alpha ratios, and in one with Hb A-HPFH and a normal peripheral blood beta/alpha ratio. In each patient the (beta+gamma)/alpha ratio of radioactivities as well as the beta/alpha specific activity ratio was close to 1 and therefore balanced, indicating more rapid decay of beta-chain synthesis relative to alpha-chain during red cell maturation or extremely rapid destruction of newly synthesized excess alpha-chains in the bone marrow.
Natural convection in a cavity with fins attached to both vertical walls

Numerical calculations are presented for two-dimensional natural convection flow inside an air-filled cavity with fins/baffles—of length 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 of the cavity width—attached along both the heated and the cooled side of the cavity. The governing equations in the stream function-vorticity formulation are solved using finite differences. The Arakawa differencing scheme is used to represent the convection terms. Flow characteristics are investigated for three baffle lengths and Grashof numbers in the range of 9.0 x 103 to 1.0 x 105. A multicellular flow structure is found to exist for a baffle length of 0.1. However, when the baffle length is equal to 0.3 or greater, the fluid flow breaks down into secondary circulations—in addition to the primary circulation— and that, in turn, results in higher heat transfer rates across the two sides of the cavity. Nomenclature Gr = Grashof number, g/3ATw3/v2 h = baffle length N = number of baffles Pr = Prandtl number, via T = temperature u' = nondimensional velocity in £ direction v' = nondimensional velocity in £ direction w = cavity width z = cavity length a = thermal diffusivity j8 = coefficient of thermal expansion d = baffle thickness £ = nondimensional spatial coordinate 0 = nondimensional temperature A = cavity aspect ratio, z/w v = kinematic viscosity £ = nondimensional spatial coordinate r = nondimensional time ^ = nondimensional stream function i// = stream function H = nondimensional vorticity co = vorticity
Making Sense of Multiple Interpretations.

Some teaching innovations arise from a combination of good intentions, last-minute planning, and incredible luck. Colgate University hired me in late July 1997 as a visiting professor for the fall semester. As I scrambled to finish my dissertation and move my family, only a few days remained to pull together the syllabus for a course on Race and Education. I wanted to begin this contemporary course with an historical focus, delving into African-American experiences with school desegregation during the mid twentieth century, but could not decide on which of the many excellent historical case studies to assign. The bookstore wanted my order as soon as possible. So I ordered two books—David Cecelski's Along Freedom Road and Vanessa Siddle Walker's Their Highest Potential—hoping that at least one would arrive on time. When both magically appeared on the bookstore shelves a day before the first class, I decided to innovate and revised the syllabus. Half of the students would read Cecelski; the other half would read Walker. Despite some initial confusion, my students began to engage in serious discussions over historical interpretations of school desegregation, demonstrating a level of depth that would not have happened had I assigned only one book to the entire class.
Observations on the toxic effects of organo-mercury treatments on sugar-beet seed

SUMMARY The toxicity of organo-mercury fungicides to sugar-beet seed increased with the amount added and with the moisture content of the seed. Methyl mercury dicyandiamide was more phytotoxic than the less volatile ethyl and phenyl mercury compounds tested. In a bioassay for organo-mercury fungicides on seeds, the area of inhibition decreased when moist treated seed was stored in airtight containers.
Seed ontologies: growing digital libraries as distributed, intelligent systems

Ontologies are more than a particularly elaborate approach to the description and classification of information. They can be used to support the operation and growth of a new kind of digital library, implemented as a distributed, intelligent system. We describe the design and use of ontologies in the University of Michigan Digital Library. These ontologies will model all aspects of the digital library, including content, services, and licenses. We have refined and extended the IFLA hierarchy for the realization of work, and are starting to use ontologies to support reasoning about content search. We have also used the ontologies to classify the capabilities of computational elements of the system (agents), in a dynamic way that sustains functionality as new agents are added to the system.
The Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equations and fundamental string theory

In this paper the infinite sequence of non-linear partial differential equations known as the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equations is described in simple terms and possible applications to a fundamental description of interacting strings are addressed. Lines of research likely to prove useful in formulating a description of non-perturbative string configurations are indicated.
Properties of sea grass and sand flat sediments from the intertidal zone of St. Andrew Bay, Florida

Organic and carbonate carbon and textural properties of the substrates underlyingHalodule wrightii andThalassia testudinum sea grass beds in the intertidal zone of St. Andrew Bay, Florida were compared to adjacent unvegetated sand flats by physiographic divisions within the bay and to the subtidal slopes of the bay. Sea grass and sand flat sediments were principally fine-grained quartz sands. The mean particle-size of the sea grass sediments were finer-grained than those of the sand flats only in the west arm and lagoon of the bay. Size-frequency distributions of the sea grass sediments were generally slightly more negatively skewed and more leptokurtic than those of the sand flats. The sea grass sediments were less well sorted than were the sand flat sediments. The average organic and carbonate carbon contents of the sea grass beds were 1.9-fold greater than that of the sand flats but much less than that of the subtidal sea grass meadows. In the areas of pollution, sea grasses were absent; near this areaHalodule wrightii was the dominant sea grass.
Darwinian Controversies: An Historiographical Recounting

This essay reviews key controversies in the history of the Darwinian research tradition: the Wilberforce-Huxley debate in 1860, early twentieth-century debates about the heritability of acquired characteristics and the consistency of Mendelian genetics with natural selection; the 1925 Scopes trial about teaching evolution; tensions about race, culture, and eugenics at the 1959 centenary celebration Darwin’s Origin of Species; adaptationism and its critics in the Sociobiology debate of 1970s and, more recently, Evolutionary Psychology; and current disputes about Intelligent Design. These controversies, I argue, are etched into public memory because they occur at the emotionally charged boundaries between public-political, technical-scientific, and personal-religious spheres of discourse. Over most of them falls the shadow of eugenics. The main lesson is that the history of Darwinism cannot be told except by showing the mutual influence of the different norms of discourse that obtain in the personal, technical, and public spheres. Nor can evolutionary biology successfully be taught to citizens and citizens-to-be until the fractious intersections between spheres of discourse have been made explicit. In the course of showing why, I take rival evolutionary approaches to be dynamical historical research traditions rather than static theories. Accordingly, I distinguish Darwin’s version of Darwinism from its later transformations. I pay special attention to the role Darwin assigned to development in evolution, which was marginalized by twentieth-century population genetical Darwinism, but has recently resurfaced in new forms. I also show how the disputed phrases “survival of the fittest” and “social Darwinism” have shaped personal anxieties about “Darwinism,” have provoked public opposition to teaching evolution in public schools, and have cast a shadow over efforts to effectively communicate to the public largely successful technical efforts to make evolutionary inquiry into a science.
Tolerance to extensively heated milk in children with cow's milk allergy.

Background Cow's milk allergy is the most common childhood food allergy. Previously we noted that children who outgrew their milk allergy had milk-specific IgE antibodies primarily directed against conformational epitopes; those with persistent milk allergy also had IgE antibodies directed against specific sequential epitopes. Objective Because high temperature largely destroys conformational epitopes, we hypothesized that some children with milk allergy would tolerate extensively heated (baked) milk products. Methods Children with milk allergy were challenged with heated milk products; heated milk–tolerant subjects were subsequently challenged with unheated milk. Heated milk–tolerant, unheated milk–reactive subjects ingested heated milk products for 3 months and were then re-evaluated. Immune responses were assessed in all subjects; growth and intestinal permeability were followed in heated milk–tolerant subjects. Results One hundred children (mean age, 7.5 years; range, 2.1-17.3 years) underwent heated milk challenges. Sixty-eight subjects tolerated extensively heated milk only, 23 reacted to heated milk, and 9 tolerated both heated and unheated milk. Heated milk–reactive subjects had significantly larger skin prick test wheals and higher milk-specific and casein-specific IgE levels than other groups. At 3 months, subjects ingesting heated milk products had significantly smaller skin prick test wheals and higher casein-IgG 4 compared with baseline; other immunologic parameters, growth, and intestinal permeability were not significantly different. Heated milk–reactive subjects had more severe symptoms during heated milk challenge than heated milk–tolerant subjects experienced during their unheated milk challenge. Conclusion The majority (75%) of children with milk allergy tolerate heated milk.
A Wizard-of-Oz elicitation study examining child-defined gestures with a whole-body interface

This paper explores the use of a guessability study to examine child-defined gestures with Kinect. Applying a Wizard-of-Oz approach, gestures were elicited from six children (age 3--8) through a series of 22 task stimuli including object manipulation, navigation-based tasks, and spatial interaction. Gestures were video recorded, transcribed, and coded by three researchers employing an inductive, qualitative method of analysis. Five themes emerged from the data: (1) the influence of 2D touchscreens on children's interactions in 3D, (2) the role of contextual cues in designing a stimuli set, (3) individual preferences for dominant styles of interaction, (4) different approaches children employ to simulate the same object path, and (5) and allocentric versus egocentric approaches for manipulating objects on screen. While we did not achieve strong consensus among all of the gestures produced by children in our study, our results provide a basis for further refinement of the stimulus set and methodology used for future work examining child-defined gestures for whole-body interfaces.
Studies of accounting and commerce in Chaucer's Shipman's Tale: a review article

Chaucer’s Shipman’s Tale is a satire of late medieval mercantile culture, and it is replete with commercial and accounting language. Literary critics have examined some of the relevant commercial elements such as the influence of double entry bookkeeping and the operations of late medieval foreign exchange markets. This paper introduces the tale to accounting historians by reviewing the literature that examines the business and accounting elements. A review of the critical studies helps us avoid misreading the tale and, thus, distorting inferences about the role of the merchant and his practices in medieval society. There are, however, a number of instances where critics may have misread the tale because of inadequate understanding of accounting and accounting history. Also, we find critics’ descriptions of accounting and business practices to be less efficient and precise than the sources upon which they relied. We conclude that literary critics would benefit from collaboration with an accounting historian when making inferences about technical issues. Further, accounting historians will benefit as well from collaboration with the appropriate literature specialist when attempting to analyze a piece of literature as history.
Directing human embryonic stem cell differentiation by non-viral delivery of siRNA in 3D culture.

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) hold great potential as a resource for regenerative medicine. Before achieving therapeutic relevancy, methods must be developed to control stem cell differentiation. It is clear that stem cells can respond to genetic signals, such as those imparted by nucleic acids, to promote lineage-specific differentiation. Here we have developed an efficient system for delivering siRNA to hESCs in a 3D culture matrix using lipid-like materials. We show that non-viral siRNA delivery in a 3D scaffolds can efficiently knockdown 90% of GFP expression in GFP-hESCs. We further show that this system can be used as a platform for directing hESC differentiation. Through siRNA silencing of the KDR receptor gene, we achieve concurrent downregulation (60–90%) in genes representative of the endoderm germ layer and significant upregulation of genes representative of the mesoderm germ layer (27–90 fold). This demonstrates that siRNA can direct stem cell differentiation by blocking genes representative of one germ layer and also provides a particularly powerful means to isolate the endoderm germ layer from the mesoderm and ectoderm. This ability to inhibit endoderm germ layer differentiation could allow for improved control over hESC differentiation to desired cell types.
Right Ventricular Function in Preterm and Term Neonates: Reference Values for Right Ventricle Areas and Fractional Area of Change

Background Right ventricular (RV) fractional area of change (FAC) is a quantitative two-dimensional echocardiographic measurement of RV function. RV FAC expresses the percentage change in the RV chamber area between end-diastole (RV end-diastolic area [RVEDA]) to end-systole (RV end-systolic area [RVESA]). The objectives of this study were to determine the maturational (age- and weight-related) changes in RV FAC and RV areas and to establish reference values in healthy preterm and term neonates. Methods A prospective longitudinal study was conducted in 115 preterm infants (23–28 weeks' gestational age at birth, 500–1,500 g). RV FAC was measured at 24 hours of age, 72 hours of age, and 32 and 36 weeks' postmenstrual age (PMA). The maturational patterns of RVEDA, RVESA, and RV FAC were compared with those in 60 healthy full-term infants in a cross-sectional study (≥37 weeks, 3.5 ± 1 kg), who underwent echocardiography at birth ( n = 25) and 1 month of age ( n = 35). RVEDA and RVESA were traced in the RV-focused apical four-chamber view, and FAC was calculated using the formula 100 × [(RVEDA − RVESA)/RVEDA)]. Premature infants who developed chronic lung disease or had clinically and hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus were excluded ( n = 55) from the reference values. Intra- and interobserver reproducibility analysis was performed. Results RV FAC ranged from 26% at birth to 35% by 36 weeks' PMA in preterm infants ( n = 60) and increased almost 2 times faster in the first month of age compared with healthy term infants ( n = 60). Similarly, RVEDA and RVESA increased throughout maturation in both term and preterm infants. RV FAC and RV areas were correlated with weight ( r = 0.81, P r = 0.3, P = .45). RVEDA and RVESA were correlated with PMA in weeks ( r = 0.81, P P = .04) but was not correlated with size of patent ductus arteriosus ( P = .56). There was no difference in RV FAC based on gender or need for mechanical ventilation. Conclusions This study establishes reference values of RV areas (RVEDA and RVESA) and RV FAC in healthy term and preterm infants and tracks their maturational changes during postnatal development. These measures increase from birth to 36 weeks' PMA, and this is reflective of the postnatal cardiac growth as a contributor to the maturation of cardiac function These measures are also linearly associated with increasing weight throughout maturation. This study suggests that two-dimensional RV FAC can be used as a complementary modality to assess global RV systolic function in neonates and facilitates its incorporation into clinical pediatric and neonatal guidelines.
Tuning of sculptured-thin-film spectral-hole filters by postdeposition etching

Postdeposition chemical etching of spectral-hole filters, which were fabricated as chiral sculptured thin films with central 90-deg-twist defects, decreases the cross- sectional dimensions of the helical columns that such films comprise and blueshifts the spectral holes, thereby estab- lishing the efficacy of postdeposition chemical etching as a means to tune the optical response characteristics of sculp- tured thin films. © 2007 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Epigenetic modifications in cancer

Cancer initiation and progression is controlled by both genetic and epigenetic events. The complexity of carcinogenesis cannot be accounted for by genetic alterations alone but also involves epigenetic changes. Epigenetics refers to the study of mechanisms that alter gene expression without altering the primary DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms are heritable and reversible, and include changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications and small noncoding microRNAs (miRNA). Disruption of epigenetic processes can lead to altered gene function and malignant cellular transformation. Aberrant epigenetic modifications probably occur at a very early stage in neoplastic development, and they are widely described as essential players in cancer progression. Recent advances in epigenetics offer a better understanding of the underlying mechanism(s) of carcinogenesis and provide insight into the discovery of putative cancer biomarkers for early detection, disease monitoring, prognosis, and risk assessment. In this review, we summarize the current literature on epigenetic changes causing genetic alterations that are thought to contribute to cancer, and discuss the potential impact of epigenetics future research.
Cholestasis induces murine hepatocyte apoptosis and DNA synthesis with preservation of the immediate-early gene response

Background. Major hepatic resection in patients with unrelieved obstructive jaundice carries an increased risk of postoperative liver failure. We hypothesized that cholestasis induces hepatocyte apoptosis and impairs hepatic regeneration by inhibiting up-regulation of the known immediate-early response genes, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and activating protein-1 (AP-1). The aim of this study was to determine whether the immediate-early gene response in hepatic regeneration remains intact in extrahepatic cholestasis. Methods. Eight-week-old BALB/c mice underwent either sham operation (SO) or common bile duct ligation (BDL). Two-thirds partial hepatectomy (PH) was performed at 4 and 7 days, with remnant liver harvested 0, 15, 30, or 60 minutes after PH. Serum analysis for markers of cholestasis and histopathology was obtained. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen and terminal deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) immunohistochemistry for detection of DNA synthesis and apoptosis, respectively, was performed 4, 7, or 10 days after SO or BDL. Liver samples from 0, 15, 30, or 60 minutes after PH were analyzed for NF-κB and AP-1 DNA binding activity by using electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Results. Increased serum bilirubin level and hematoxylin-eosin-stained liver sections confirmed cholestasis in BDL mice. BDL induced marked DNA synthesis and hepatocyte apoptosis in prehepatectomy liver at both 4 and 7 days. Substantially higher basal levels of both NF-κB and AP-1 binding activity were present in BDL compared with SO mice. Fold induction of NF-κB and AP-1, however, was similar between BDL and SO mice. Cholestasis induced hepatocyte DNA synthesis and apoptosis. Basal NF-κB and AP-1 DNA binding activity was increased in BDL mice, but fold induction of these immediate-early genes did not differ from controls. Conclusions. Although basal NF-κB and AP-1 DNA binding is increased in cholestasis, the immediate-early gene response to PH remains intact in BDL mice. (Surgery 2002;131:556-63.)
An evolutionary framework for the acquisition of symbolic cognition by Homo sapiens.

Human beings are unique in their possession of language and symbolic consciousness. Yet there is no doubt that modern Homo sapiens is descendedfrom a nonlinguistic, nonsymbolic ancestor. How might this extraordinary transition have occurred? Slow fine-tuning over the eons is not the answer: the apparent steadiness in hominid brain enlargement over the past two myr is probably an artifact of inadequate systematics, while behavioral innovation was highly episodic in human evolution, and nonsynchronic with anatomical innovation. Evidence for expression of symbolic behaviors appears only very late – substantially after Homo sapiens had arrived as an anatomical entity. Apparently the major biological reorganization at the origin of Homo sapiens involved some neural innovation that “exapted” the already highly evolved human brain for symbolic thought. This potential then had to be “discovered” culturally, plausibly through the invention of language. Emergence rather than natural selection is thus implicated in the origin of human symbolic consciousness, a chance coincidence of acquisitionshaving given rise to an entirely new and unanticipated level of complexity. This observation may undermine claims for “adaptedness” in modern human behaviors.
An analysis of brand manager capability in assessing the legality of selected actions

Presents the outcome of a study into the extent to which a sample of brand managers were cognizant of the legality of a set of activities. In a mail survey, sample members were asked to record their belief in the legality of various business practices. An assessment of the results suggests that the brand managers are able to identify the legal status of many activities, but lack knowledge on the legality of various important practices, especially those relating to pricing. Generally, managers employed by small firms were less informed than those employed by larger enterprises.
Localization of the urge to void in patients with painful bladder syndrome.

Aims Our aim was to describe the location of urinary urgency or bladder discomfort in patients with painful bladder syndrome (PBS) and controls. Methods Patients with symptomatic diagnoses of PBS, overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome, stress urinary incontinence (SUI), and asymptomatic controls were asked to indicate the location of their urinary urge/urgency/discomfort on a body map. Results We present results for 30 PBS patients, 25 OAB patients, 15 SUI patients, and 15 asymptomatic controls. In asymptomatic subjects and those with SUI, the urge to void was localized to the suprapubic region only. More than half (53%) of patients with PBS and a minority (20%) of those with OAB localized their urinary urgency/discomfort to both suprapubic and vulvar/urethral locations. Some patients with PBS also localized their urinary discomfort to other body sites including low back, upper and lateral buttocks, lower abdomen, and upper thighs. Conclusions In most patients with PBS and some with OAB, complaints of bladder discomfort or urgency may refer to sensations that are localized at sites other than suprapubic. The etiology of widespread sensation may include an expansion of dermatomes of referral of bladder sensation, and/or the presence of associated somatic abnormalities. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Better materials can reduce the threat from terrorism

... you will never have a perfect defense, not against the bullet, not against the tank and not against nuclear weapons. What you can do is vastly complicate an attacker’s calculations, blunt his force and save millions of lives.
Insulin-induced phosphorylation of ENaC correlates with increased sodium channel function in A6 cells

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a correlation between phosphorylation and activity of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). The three subunits that form the channel were...
REYNOLDS NUMBER DEPENDENCE OF THE FREESTREAM TURBULENCE EFFECTS ON TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS

Published experimental data on the influence of freestream turbulence on turbulent boundary layers were examined to determine the effect of Reynolds number on such influence. Two manifestations of the effect of low Reynolds numbers on the outer layer were observed: (1) the dependence of Clauser's shape parameter G on Reynolds number at very low Reynolds numbers and (2) the reduction in the wake component due to freestream turbulence undergoing a reversal in the Reynolds number dependence. These observations were used to modify Hancock's (1980) freestream turbulence parameter.
Analysis of mechanical wear during grinding by empirical-stochastic models

Abstract The wear process caused by the grinding wheel-workpiece interaction is analyzed. An empirical-stochastic model is used to characterize sequential profile measurements obtained during two different grinding cycles. The type and rate of mechanical wear which altered the wheel configuration are identified and quantified from the resulting model parameters. Relationships between the wear process and the corresponding three stages of the observed wheel wear curves are discussed.
Multimodal concept-dependent active learning for image retrieval

It has been established that active learning is effective for learning complex, subjective query concepts for image retrieval. However, active learning has been applied in a concept independent way, (i.e., the kernel-parameters and the sampling strategy are identically chosen) for learning query concepts of differing complexity. In this work, we first characterize a concept's complexity using three measures: hit-rate, isolation and diversity. We then propose a multimodal learning approach that uses images' semantic labels to guide a concept-dependent, active-learning process. Based on the complexity of a concept, we make intelligent adjustments to the sampling strategy and the sampling pool from which images are to be selected and labeled, to improve concept learnability. Our empirical study on a $300$K-image dataset shows that concept-dependent learning is highly effective for image-retrieval accuracy.
Laws of approach to magnetic saturation for interacting and isolated spherical and cylindrical defects in isotropic magnetostrictive media

Laws of approach to magnetic saturation are derived for interacting spherical and cylindrical defects in isotropic magnetostrictive media like amorphous materials. The normalized longitudinal magnetic deviation ΔM/M goes as 1/H2for both cases, provided all defects have the same sign. For randomly signed defects, 1/H5/4and 1/H3/2laws for spheres and cylinders, respectively. Isolated cylindrical defects obey a 1/H or 1/H2law depending on whether the defect is small or large compared to an exchange length.
Transient Drift Dominated Conduction in Dielectrics

A generalized transient analysis has been developed using a drift dominated conduction model to solve for the electric field and space charge distributions in a dielectric for any initial and boundary conditions as well as for any type of terminal excitation or constraint. Past results for parallel plate electrodes were extended to lossy dielectrics with ohmic conductivity. Analogous methods were developed for concentric cylindrical and spherical electrodes. The case of bipolar conduction including charge recombination is also treated. The method of characteristics was used throughout this study so that the governing partial differential equations were converted into a set of first order ordinary differential equations. For current excitations, these equations are easily integrated while for voltage excitations the equations are in the correct form for Runge-Kutta numerical integration. Special cases examined include the charging transients to a step voltage or current from rest or from a pre-stressed level and the discharging transients for systems in the dc steady state which are instantaneously opened or short circuited.
Accelerated whole breast irradiation with intensity-modulated radiotherapy to the prone breast.

Purpose Whole breast irradiation (WBI) is the standard of care for patients with early-stage breast cancer who opt for breast conservation. After a randomized trial demonstrated equivalent cosmesis and disease control with accelerated WBI (AWBI), our institution began to offer AWBI to appropriate patients. The aim of this study was to examine our unique experience with AWBI using prone positioning and simplified intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) planning with a sequential boost to the tumor bed. Methods and Materials We identified 356 patients who had been treated with prone WBI using IMRT in our department between January 2004 and December 2006. Of these, 128 (36%) patients had received AWBI (representing 131 treated breasts), consisting of 16 daily fractions of 265 cGy to a total dose of 4,240 cGy followed by a conventionally fractionated boost. Results Patients who opted for AWBI were similar demographically to the patients undergoing conventional WBI. In the AWBI cohort, 83% of the patients had Stage T1 disease and 22% had nodal involvement (N1). The tumors were estrogen receptor-positive, progesterone receptor-positive and Her-2/Neu-amplified in 82%, 69%, and 11%, respectively. The median duration of AWBI plus a boost was 29 days, and no patient required a toxicity-related treatment break. No Grade 3 or greater acute toxicity developed. At a median follow-up of 18 months, one ipsilateral breast recurrence developed that was salvaged with mastectomy and immediate reconstruction. Conclusion AWBI to the prone breast using simplified IMRT with a sequential boost offers women requiring breast-only adjuvant radiotherapy an abbreviated treatment with early tumor control and cosmesis comparable to that with standard fractionation.
Oxidative dissolution of chromium(III) hydroxide at pH 9, 3, and 2 with product inhibition at pH 2.

Hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), can be immobilized under neutral to alkaline conditions by reduction to Cr(III); similarly, the mobility of naturally occurring Cr in soils and sediments can be limited by its occurrence in the +III oxidation state. Conversely, the oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) increases both its toxicity and often its mobility. Dissolution of Cr(OH)3(s) in 0.01 M NaNO3 suspensions was examined in batch experiments in the presence and absence of the strong oxidant sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Dissolution of Cr(OH)3(s) (1.0 g/L) was accelerated in the presence of excess strong oxidant (20 mM) at pH 9 by a factor of ca. 200 and to a lesser extent at pH 2 and 3. Linear kinetics of oxidative dissolution was observed at pH 9 and 3. In contrast, the rate of Cr release at pH 2 decreased rapidly with time, and within 2.5 h, the dissolution reaction was completely inhibited. Under oxidizing conditions, Cr released into solution is expected to be present as Cr(VI), which sorbs strongly to Cr(OH)3(s) at...
Moisture content of aramid and polybenzimidazole fibers

Abstract The moisture loading characteristics of two Kevlar fibers (49 and 149), two aramid copolymer fibers (X-500 and Technora), and two polybenzimidazole fibers (unmodified and sulfonated forms) were studied as a function of relative humidity (11–97% RH) by TG. The limited literature data on moisture absorption in these high-tech fibers infer a linear dependence of absorbed moisture versus %RH. Our results suggest a nonlinear, sigmoidal dependence on %RH. The temperature of maximum rate moisture loss varied from 75–110 ° C, implying that polymer physical packing and chemical structure, including impurities, play a significant role in the amount of moisture absorbed and the degree to which it is bound.
Transfers of Varroa mites from newly emerged bees: Preferences for age- and function-specific adult bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Movements of the parasitic honey bee mite,Varroa jacobsoni (Oud.) were monitored in several assays as they moved among adult host honey bees,Apis mellifera. We examined the propensity of mites to leave their hosts and to move onto new bee hosts. We also examined their preference for bees of different age and hive function. Mites were standardized by selecting mites from newly emerged worker bees (NEWs). In closed jars, 50% ofVarroa left NEWs irreversibly when no physical path was present for the mites to return to the NEWs; about 90% of mites left newly emerged drones in identical assays. In petri dish arenas, mites were rarely seen off NEW hosts when monitored at 15-min intervals for 4 h; this was the case for single NEWs with one mite (NEWs+) and when a NEW+ and a NEW− (no mites) were placed together in a petri dish. When a NEW+ was held with either a nurse beeor a pollen forager, 25% of the mites moved to the older bees. When both a nurseand a pollen forager were placed in a petri dish with a NEW+, about 50% of the mites transferred to older bees; nurse bees received about 80% of these mites, whereas pollen foragers received significantly fewer mites (about 20%,P 0.05), implying that the factors mediating the mites’ adult-host preference change gradually with bee age. A possible chemical basis for host choice byVarroa is indicated by their greater propensity to move onto freezer-killed nurse bees than onto freezer-killed pollen foragers (P < 0.05) and by their lower movement onto heat-treated bees than onto control bees (P < 0.05). Bee age, hive function, and directional changes in cuticular chemistry are all correlated. Movements of newly emerged mites in relation to these variables may provide insights into their reproductive success inApis mellifera colonies.
Reply to “parliamentary enclosure and population change in England, 1750–1830”

Michael Turner is to be commended for improving our understanding of the enclosure movement in lh the other to assume that none of the area enclosed by agreement was commons or waste. The second approach gives us a lower bound for the figure we need. The first approach gives 5.5% + Y$ x 7.3% = 9.15% of the area of England, consisting entirely of commons and waste, enclosed in the 130 years from 1700 to 1830, equivalent to 3,250,OOO acres and a rate of 25,000 acres per annum. The second gives 5.5% of the area of England, again consisting entirely of commons and waste, enclosed during the same time period, 1,950,OOO acres in all, and 15,000 acres per annum. Our revised figures thus involve comparing a rate of enclosure of 4,000 acres per annum during the period 1455-1637, with arable predominating,
Conveying level of science: Tests of iconic and comparative formats

Supplement and food manufacturers are permitted to make certain health claims from emerging science on package labels, provided that a qualifier which indicates the strength of science supporting the claim is used. The Food and Drug Administration has proposed four levels of strength of science; however, the research to date has demonstrated that consumers cannot distinguish between these four levels. The current study tests whether iconic and comparative representations are effective at conveying strength of science. We find that both displays are effective and that consumers' perceptions of level of science are significantly influenced by industry trust and processing involvement.
Computational Investigation on the Role of Plasticizers on Ion Conductivity in Poly(ethylene oxide) LiTFSI Electrolytes

A combination of molecular dynamics and connectivity-altering Monte Carlo simulations was carried out to understand on the molecular level the effect of the addition of plasticizers on lithium ion transport in poly(ethylene oxide) with LiTFSI. The simulations were performed using a moderately high molecular weight polymer (Mn = 10 000 g/mol) mixed with 10 wt % plasticizers at 320 and 348 K at an EO:Li ratio of 15. Comparisons with experiment showed slight underestimation of the ionic conductivity with an array of experimental values, but within a factor of 2 of most. With the addition of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate plasticizers, the ionic conductivity increased a moderate degree. However, the lithium diffusion did not show a significant increase with the addition of plasticizers, and most of the conductivity increase was due to faster TFSI− motion. It was found that propylene carbonate formed complexes with the TFSI−, in which lithium was an intermediary, creating moderate sized clusters. T...
Evolution of the lumbosacral angle

The lumbosacral angle (LSA) was studied in 131 children ranging in age from birth to 5 years. This angle increases from an average of 20 degrees at birth to an average of 70 degrees at the age of 5 years; it remains at that level thereafter. This study demonstrates that the formation of the LSA is not related to increasing age, height, or weight. Nor do obstetrical requirements seems to play any major role in the formation of the lumbosacral angle. Rather, it appears that the development of the LSA is related to the progressive acquisition of erect posture and the ontogeny of bipedal locomotion. This angle is almost nil in the nonprimate mammals (who only infrequently stand erect). It is minimal in monkeys who occasionally assume bipedal postures and increases somewhat in living apes who engage in facultative bipedal positional behavior. In the early australopithecines, the LSA is increased over that in apes, and it reaches its maximum in Homo sapiens. Deviations from normal and healthy erect posture in Homo sapiens result in corresponding changes in the lumbosacral angle. Lumbar and sacral angles (both forming the lumbosacral angle) are almost equal in all mammalian species. Since the sacral angle of Australopithecus afarensis is approximately 15 degrees, it can be implied that its lumbosacral angle was small, thus attesting to its "imperfect" erect posture and "primitive" form of bipedal locomotion.