cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensory Topography of Oral Structures.

Importance Sensory function in the oral cavity and oropharynx is integral to effective deglutition and speech production. The main hurdle to evaluation of tactile consequences of upper aerodigestive tract diseases and treatments is access to a reliable clinical tool. We propose a rapid and reliable procedure to determine tactile thresholds using buckling monofilaments to advance care. Objective To develop novel sensory testing monofilaments and map tactile thresholds of oral cavity and oropharyngeal structures. Design, Setting, and Participants A prospective cross-sectional study of 37 healthy adults (12 men, 25 women), specifically without a medical history of head and neck surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy, was carried out in an academic tertiary medical center to capture normative data on tactile sensory function in oral structures. Interventions Cheung-Bearelly monofilaments were constructed by securing nylon monofilament sutures (2-0 through 9-0) in the lumen of 5-French ureteral catheters, exposing 20 mm for tapping action. Main Outcomes and Measures Buckling force consistency was evaluated for 3 lots of each suture size. Sensory thresholds of 4 oral cavity and 2 oropharyngeal subsites in healthy participants (n = 37) were determined by classical signal detection methodology (d-prime ≥1). In 21 participants, test-retest reliability of sensory thresholds was evaluated. Separately in 16 participants, sensory thresholds determined by a modified staircase method were cross-validated with those obtained by classical signal detection. Results Buckling forces of successive suture sizes were distinct ( P P 0.7). The lower lip, anterior tongue, and buccal mucosa were more sensitive than the soft palate, posterior tongue, and posterior pharyngeal wall ( P P P Conclusions and Relevance Topography of normal oral cavity and oropharyngeal tactile sensation is organized in accordance to decreasing sensitivity along the anteroposterior trajectory and growth of perceptual intensity at all subsites is log-linear. Cheung-Bearelly monofilaments are accessible, disposable, and consistent esthesiometers. This novel clinical tool is deployable for quantitative sensory function assessment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal structures.
Body burden of heavy metals among HIV high risk population in USA

Abstract Objective HIV high risk population may face not only the threat of HIV infection but also a higher chance of exposure to environmental contaminants. However, no previous studies have examined the body burden of environmental pollutants including heavy metals among HIV high risk populations. The aim of this study was to investigate whether adults aged 20–59 years old at high risk of HIV infection have higher blood levels of heavy metals compared to those with low risk of HIV infection in United States. Material and methods We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2010 to compare exposures to heavy metals including cadmium, lead, and total mercury by HIV risk status. Results The results showed that people at high risk of HIV had higher blood concentrations of all heavy metals compared to their counterparts with lower HIV risks. In multivariate linear regression models, HIV risk status was significantly associated with increased blood cadmium, lead, and total mercury after adjusting for age, sex, race, education, and poverty income ratio. Conclusions Our study suggests that people at high risk of HIV have significantly higher body burden of heavy metals including cadmium, lead, and mercury compared to those with low risk of HIV. Further longitudinal study collecting more pollutants are warranted to determine the potential health effects of these elevated pollutants on both HIV-infected and HIV high-risk populations.
High-level synthesis of a genomic database search engine

Genomic database search is an I/O-bound problem, so avoiding unnecessary I/O transactions is a key consideration for improving search throughput. Many approximate search tools such as NCBI BLAST perform a database scan for each query, lacking a mechanism to avoid access to portions of the database that offer no potential for a match. In this paper we present an approach for using an FPGA-based pattern filter to convert each search query into a set of potential database matches that reduces the average portion of the database accessed per query. The approach is based on a hardware design for a pattern filter that can achieve a sustained recognition rate of one pattern per cycle. We used Vivado HLS to design the filter. Despite the presence of loop-carried dependencies, the final design meets the maximum possible throughout as constrained by the code's arithmetic intensity and available memory bandwidth. In this paper we describe the filter implementation and our code tuning methodology.
The need for a translational science of democracy

The bitterly factious 2016 U.S. presidential election campaign was the culmination of several trends that, taken together, constitute a syndrome of chronic ailments in the body politic. Ironically, these destructive trends have accelerated just as science has rapidly improved our understanding of them and their underlying causes. But mere understanding is not sufficient to repair our politics. The challenge is to build a translational science of democracy that maintains scientific rigor while actively promoting the health of the body politic.
Imaging early embryonic calcium activity with GCaMP6s transgenic zebrafish

Intracellular Ca2+ signaling regulates cellular activities during embryogenesis and in adult organisms. We generated stable Tg[βactin2:GCaMP6s]stl351 and Tg[ubi:GCaMP6s]stl352 transgenic lines that combine the ubiquitously-expressed Ca2+ indicator GCaMP6s with the transparent characteristics of zebrafish embryos to achieve superior in vivo Ca2+ imaging. Using the Tg[βactin2:GCaMP6s]stl351 line featuring strong GCaMP6s expression from cleavage through gastrula stages, we detected higher frequency of Ca2+ transients in the superficial blastomeres during the blastula stages preceding the midblastula transition. Additionally, GCaMP6s also revealed that dorsal-biased Ca2+ signaling that follows the midblastula transition persisted longer during gastrulation, compared with earlier studies. We observed that dorsal-biased Ca2+ signaling is diminished in ventralized ichabod/β-catenin2 mutant embryos and ectopically induced in embryos dorsalized by excess β-catenin. During gastrulation, we directly visualized Ca2+ signaling in the dorsal forerunner cells, which form in a Nodal signaling dependent manner and later give rise to the laterality organ. We found that excess Nodal increases the number and the duration of Ca2+ transients specifically in the dorsal forerunner cells. The GCaMP6s transgenic lines described here enable unprecedented visualization of dynamic Ca2+ events from embryogenesis through adulthood, augmenting the zebrafish toolbox.
Action-oriented group therapy for lower-socio-economic-status clients

An attempt is made to present a model of group therapy for Lower-5ocio-Eoonomic-Status (LSES) olients. The theoretical issues include a definition of traditional group therapy along with a brief desoription of the more reoent sensitivity training approaches. A rationale for oombining these two different group appraoches is presented to form the model for action-oriented group therapy (ACT groups) which utilizes both the traditional approach and action techniques.of the sensitivity group. It is proposed that this hybrid, the AOT group, is more appropriate for treating the LSES client. The needs and expeotations of the LSES client are discussed. The goals of the ACT group are to increase coping ability through inoreased awareness of self and others, and finding alternative behaviors to problems. A methodology tor AOT groups is presented and includes planned action teohniques which are used in oombination with discussion. The methodology of ACT is desoribed in detail from the initial planning stages to the three major phases of treatment, i.e. beginning, middle, and termination. The specific techniques are listed and described along with a rating soale for the leader to evaluate techniques. Specific ideas for research are suggested.
Axial, Bending and Torsional Behavior of Pipelines

Axial pull-out, bending and torque-rotation stiffness and capacity data and equations for underground torsional behavior are provided for utility pipelines using rubber gasket joints. Analytically predicted values are compared with the experimental data with satisfactory results. Axial pull-out for utility pipes occurs at 1.2 in. (30 mm) displacement. Metal-to-metal binding takes place at very small axial push-in or after 4 degrees bending rotation of the joint. Failure mechanisms are explained, and a modified joint which could eliminate high seismic stress buildup is outlined.
A phase I trial of concurrent sorafenib and stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with brain metastases

We hypothesized that sorafenib (BAY 43-9006), an oral multi-kinase inhibitor, used in combination with SRS will improve overall intracranial control. This Phase I study assesses the safety, tolerability, and maximal tolerated dose of sorafenib administered with SRS to treat 1–4 brain metastases. This was an open label phase I dose escalation study with an expansion cohort. Eligible adults had 1–4 brain metastases from solid malignancies. Sorafenib was begun 5–7 days prior to SRS and continued for 14 days thereafter. Dose escalation of sorafenib was conducted via a “3 + 3” dose escalation design. Dose limiting toxicities (DLT) were determined 1 month after SRS and defined as ≥grade 3 neurologic toxicities. Twenty-three patients were enrolled. There were no DLTs at dose level 1 (400 mg per day) or dose level 2 (400 mg twice per day). An expansion cohort of 17 patients was treated at dose level 2. There were six grade 3 toxicities: hypertension (n = 2), rash (n = 1), lymphopenia (n = 1), hypokalemia (n = 1), fatigue (n = 1) and hand-foot syndrome (n = 1). All of these were attributable to sorafenib and not to the combination with SRS. The median time to CNS progression was 10 months, 1 year CNS progression-free survival was 46%, the median overall survival was 11.6 months and the 1 year overall survival was 46%. The use of sorafenib concurrent with SRS for the treatment of 1–4 brain metastases is safe and well tolerated at 400 mg twice a day. Our recommended phase II dose of concurrent sorafenib with SRS would be 400 mg twice daily.
YIELD RESPONSE TO PRICES: IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY MODELING

We examine the determinants of own-price output supply response in policy models, focusing primarily on the OECD-PEM equilibrium displacement model. Reviewing expert assessments and econometric literature estimates we find that there is evidence to both support and challenge the relatively high supply response of a model like the OECD-PEM. We also consider possible avenues of reconciliation between evidence that supports and challenges the assumed supply response in the OECD-PEM model. Our analysis of supply response in the OECD-PEM case and from reviewing literature leads us to recommend that future econometric investigation be focused on the role of farm household owned resource mobility as it contributes to agricultural supply response.
Analog to Stochastic Bit Stream Converter Utilizing Voltage-Assisted Spin Hall Effect

We introducea spintronic analog to stochastic bit stream (SBS) converter (ASC) based on a three terminal magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) with a heavymetal layer. The critical current of the spin Hall effect (SHE) for switching the MTJ is efficiently modulated by applying a voltage across the MTJ via the voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy effect. This effect results in the switching probability linearly depending on the amplitude of the analog input signal of the ASC. There are several advantages of using the voltage-assistedSHE for generating an SBS. The stochastic switching behavior of MTJ devices drastically reduces the area overhead by simplifying control circuits in the ASC. Moreover, the voltage-assisted SHE switching improves energy efficiency over traditional spin transfer torque (STT)-based MTJ switching by diminishing ohmic dissipation. Also, multiple MTJs on a single heavy metal layer increases the bandwidth by simultaneously converting analog input signals to SBSs. The performance of the spintronic ASC was evaluated by using the macrospin three terminal MTJ compactmodel integrated into a 45-nm CMOS technology. The proposed ASC can achieve 7x reduction in power consumption comparedto the previousSTT-basedwork and significant improvement in area-efficiency compared with the pure CMOS-based design.
Label-Free Fluorescent Sensors Based on Functional Nucleic Acids

Functional nucleic acids (FNAs), evolved in vitro from nucleic acid libraries by combinatory processes, are a general platform to design sensors for a variety of targets and analytes of interest. Among the developments in this area, label-free fluorescent sensors based on FNAs received much attention recently because they do not require any modifications on the FNAs and can most preserve the activities of the FNAs. In addition, the use of FNAs consist of only natural nucleotides and no modifications for sensor designs may facilitate the encoding of the sensors in living system for imaging and sensing applications. In this chapter, several unique sensing platforms for label-free fluorescent FNA sensors have been reviewed, including label-free fluorescent sensors based on the intercalation of fluorescent dyes in dsDNA, on “turning-on” of the non-fluorescent dyes that are aptamer-dependent, on the binding of a fluorophore to an abasic or vacant site, or on a conjugated polymer whose fluorescence depends on the FNA conformations.
Research and Design

This chapter covers the basic concepts of clinical epidemiology and translational epidemiology; the credibility of a study, bias, confounder, association, causality; and the interpretation of epidemiologic evidence and study designs, ecologic study, cross-sectional study, prospective study, case-control study, nested case-control study, and clinical and community trials.
How Learners Communicate Their Mathematics Reasoning in Mathematics Discourse

This paper reports on qualitative research that draws on Gee’s Discourse analysis to understand how learners communicate their mathematics reasoning in a multilingual classroom in South Africa. Data was collected in a Grade 11 class (14–16 years age group) of 25 learners in a township school in South Africa. Data was collected using classroom observations, and document analysis. The study showed that the way learners communicated their mathematics reasoning depended on the activities that were given by the textbook being used in the classroom, and the questions that the teacher asked during the lessons. From the findings of the study, mathematics classroom textbooks should be designed to enable learners communicate to their mathematics reasoning.
Thirdhand smoke component can exacerbate a mouse asthma model through mast cells

Background Thirdhand smoke (THS) represents the accumulation of secondhand smoke on indoor surfaces and in dust, which, over time, can become more toxic than secondhand smoke. Although it is well known that children of smokers are at increased risk for asthma or asthma exacerbation if the disease is already present, how exposure to THS can influence the development or exacerbation of asthma remains unknown. Objective We investigated whether epicutaneous exposure to an important component of THS, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), can influence asthma pathology in a mouse model elicited by means of repeated intranasal challenge with cockroach antigen (CRA). Methods Wild-type mice, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)– or mast cell (MC)–deficient mice, and mice with MCs that lacked α7 nAChRs or were the host's sole source of α7 nAChRs were subjected to epicutaneous NNK exposure, intranasal CRA challenge, or both, and the severity of features of asthma pathology, including airway hyperreactivity, airway inflammation, and airway remodeling, was assessed. Results We found that α7 nAChRs were required to observe adverse effects of epicutaneous NNK exposure on multiple features of CRA-induced asthma pathology. Moreover, MC expression of α7 nAChRs contributed significantly to the ability of epicutaneous NNK exposure to exacerbate airway hyperreactivity to methacholine, airway inflammation, and airway remodeling in this model. Conclusion Our results show that skin exposure to NNK, a component of THS, can exacerbate multiple features of a CRA-induced model of asthma in mice and define MCs as key contributors to these adverse effects of NNK.
A systems theory of development through sport for traumatized and disadvantaged youth

Abstract Objectives The current study builds on an ongoing line of research in which the overarching purpose is to develop a theory for positive youth development through sport that examines: (a) the various roles sport can play in the development of individuals who have experienced complex and developmental trauma and were raised in under-resourced communities, and (b) how interrelated systems interact to augment a positive sport experience and engender positive developmental outcomes. Method Utilizing both grounded theory methodology and narrative inquiry, interviews were conducted with 14 participants with extensive experience working with this population (e.g., high school counselor, physical education teacher, psychologist, coach, program manager, police officer), as well as knowledge or expertise in using sport with this population. Data collection and data analysis took place concurrently. Results and discussion Findings were originally presented in the form of participant systems maps, which were ultimately combined for a comprehensive systems map, representing the optimal system through which youth may engage in sport. The core variables and interactions of this optimal system are presented in this manuscript. Key findings include the role of vigorous physical activity and healthy competition in youth development, the need for talent development and youth development to be complementary goals, and the potential for multiple identity development to be a critical first step in the transference of life skills into other domains.
Music Perception: Current Research and Future Directions

In the rich tradition of the Springer Handbook of Auditory Research series, the present volume continues to provide an accessible overview of a relatively new field of psychoacoustic and hearing research. The field of central interest in this volume involves perception of musical sound patterns. In keeping with the goals of the Handbook, it presents a set of chapters that reflect the current status of scientific scholarship related to music perception. Each chapter aims at synthesizing a range of findings associated with each of several major research areas in the field of music perception. Thus, topics central to this field involve pitch perception, responses to harmony/tonality, tempo and rhythm, emotion and music, and finally melody ­recognition. These chapters have been crafted to present conceptual, but not necessarily exhaustive, reviews of research addressing the major issues in the field of music perception. The dominant issues, hypotheses, and theories that drive research within each topical area are presented along with relevant experimental findings. The aim is to introduce this growing research area to new investigators and established researchers unfamiliar with music perception scholarship.
Laminagraphic cephalometry in the analysis of mandibular condyle morphology. A preliminary report.

Abstract 1. Using two fixed reference planes, the vertical and horizontal angles of fifty mandibular condyles were measured. All condyles were found to fall into one of three groups. 2. Each condyle was roentgenographed by techniques of standard cephalometric pantomography, conventional cephalometric laminagraphy, and corrected cephalometric laminagraphy. In the latter method, the correction in condylar position was made to conform with the measured vertical and horizontal angles of each condyle. 3. Condylar image distortion and geometric condylar image enlargement were analyzed for each roentgenographic method. Corrected cephalometric laminagraphy was found to produce the most accurate lateral roentgenographic image of the mandibular condyle.
Quantum Electronics–Where We Have Been and Where We May Go

Quantum electronics represents a type case of the interplay between basic science and practical applications and also of the increasing possibility of utilizing nature’s micromechanisms. The significance of quantum electronics to science and applications and its possible future will be broadly considered. (Plenary paper, 40 min.)
Uncertainties in Transportation Infrastructure Development and Management

The development and management of transportation infrastructure is a continuous process that includes the phases of planning and design, construction, operations, maintenance, preservation, and reconstruction. Uncertainties at each phase include variability in demand estimation, reliability of planning and design parameters, construction cost overruns and time delay, unexpected outcomes of operational policies and maintenance and preservation strategies, and risks of unintended disruption due to incidents or sudden extreme events. These variabilities, which are due to inexact levels of natural and anthropogenic factors in the system environment, are manifest ultimately in the form of variable outcomes of specific performance measures established for that phase. Transportation infrastructure managers seek to adequately identify and describe these uncertainties through a quantitative assessment of the likelihood and consequence of each of possible level of the performance outcome and to incorporate these uncertainties into the decision-making process. This chapter identifies major sources of uncertainties at different phases of transportation infrastructure development and management and examines the methods of their measurements. Finally, this chapter presents several approaches to incorporate uncertainties in transportation infrastructure decision-making and provides future directions for research.
Characterization of Intermediate Spaces of Mϕ Spaces

A natural problem in interpolation theory is to find necessary and sufficient conditions for interpolation properties to hold among spaces of the same type. This paper serves to provide a solution for Mϕ spaces which appear in fundamental roles in classical interpolation theorems such as the Marcinkiewicz and Stein-Weiss theorems ([1], [2], [10]) as well as in the class of rearrangement invariant Banach function spaces ([6], [8]).
Abstract 972: Defining the molecular context of MYC and WDR5 at chromatin

MYC is an oncoprotein transcription factor that is overexpressed in the majority of malignancies and contributes to the deaths of ~100,000 Americans each year. The tumorigenic functions of MYC stem from its influence on the transcriptional program of a cell, promoting the expression of thousands of genes involved in cell cycle progression, growth, and metabolism. In order to understand how MYC promotes cancer, we must understand the mechanisms by which MYC selects its target genes. Epigenetic signatures, DNA sequence motifs, and protein-protein interactions have all been implicated to play a role in MYC target gene selection, but a deep molecular understanding of the determinants of target gene recognition by MYC is missing. Our laboratory discovered that the chromatin-associated scaffolding protein WDR5 directly interacts with MYC and co-localizes on chromatin at a majority of loci (Thomas et al., Mol. Cell, 58: 440-452, 2015). The MYC-WDR5 interaction is disrupted by point mutation of three charged residues in MYC. While this MYC mutant retains the ability to bind to naked DNA, the mutant does not bind target loci in the context of chromatin and is unable to form tumors in mice. From these findings we propose that WDR5 is a crucial factor for enabling MYC activity in cancer. Both MYC and WDR5 are known to be highly networked proteins with multiple simultaneous interactions. Our aim is to tease apart this complicated network and define the molecular context specifically for the MYC-WDR5 interaction. To do this, we are employing our WDR5-binding deficient MYC mutant as a tool to genetically distinguish MYC interactions that are dependent upon WDR5. Our approach is to use Stable Isotope Labeling of Amino acids in Cell Culture (SILAC) because it enables us to quantitatively compare wild-type and mutant MYC and reduces background noise common to non-quantitative MYC-centered proteomics. Once identified by SILAC, interacting proteins are validated with biochemical methods and by proximity ligation assay in cells. This dual validation confirms the interaction in two ways, and provides information on the sub-cellular localization of the interaction. Thus far we have identified a preliminary set of ~25 interacting proteins that are currently undergoing validation. Characterization of these new factors by genetic, genomic, and biochemical approaches will expand our understanding of MYC biology, and potentially identify new factors that can be therapeutically targeted in cancer. Citation Format: Alissa D. Guarnaccia, William P. Tansey. Defining the molecular context of MYC and WDR5 at chromatin [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 972.
Practice Drift: Are there risks when integrative medicine physicians exceed their scope?

Editor´s Note: This is the third commentary from the JACM column partnership with the Osher Collaborative for IntegrativeMedicine. These quarterly columns from leaders of the seven prominent academ...
Probiotics and the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis.

Abstract Background Immaturity of the host immune system and alterations in the intestinal microbiome appear to be key factors in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). The aim of this paper is to weigh the evidence for the use of probiotics to prevent NEC in premature infants. Methods Animal studies, randomized controlled trials, observational cohort studies and meta-analyses involving administration of probiotic products for the prevention of NEC were reviewed. This review of the evidence summarizes the available preclinical and clinical data. Results In animal models probiotic microbes alter the intestinal microbiome, decrease inflammation and intestinal permeability and decrease the incidence and severity of experimental NEC. In randomized, placebo-controlled trials and cohort studies of premature infants, probiotic microbes decrease the risk of NEC, death and sepsis. Conclusion Evidence is strong for the prevention of NEC with the use of combination probiotics in premature infants who receive breast milk. The potential risks and benefits of probiotic administration to premature infants should be carefully reviewed with parents. Type of study Therapeutic. Level of evidence I.
Device Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale—Is it Time to Update the Guidelines?

Background: The current American Association of Neurology guidelines do not recommend patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure for prevention of cryptogenic strokes, however recent findings from randomiz...
Dynamic Data Driven SAR Reconstruction on Hybrid Multicore systems

The reconstruction of nxn-pixel Synthetic Aperture Radar imagery using a Backprojection algorithm is compute intensive and incurs O(n2 · m) cost, where m is the number of pulses. As part of this research, we develop dynamic data driven multiresolution algorithms that speed up SAR backprojection on GPUs, hybrid multicore and many-core processors. Further, we performed experiments to observe improvements on a variety of architectures.The challenges in improving performance of this spatially variant reconstruction process on any architecture is load balancing, which circumvents asymmetric work assignment. On GPUs, fine tuned algorithms were developed as part of our research for improving execution time. Further, communication between processors was overlapped with computation to reduce overall execution time.We also developed parallel algorithms and software for constructing multi-resolution SAR images on hybrid multicore processors (HMPs). In particular, several load balancing algorithms were developed for optimizing performance and energy consumption on HMPs. We also developed a systematic approach for deriving the performance-energy trade-offs on HMPs while exploiting dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) features of CPU cores and GPUs. This approach helps the user to select the right system configuration, that is, the number of processing elements of each type (cores/GPUs/etc.) and the respective clock frequencies, depending on whether performance or energy optimization is critical to the user.We evaluated performance and energy consumption of our algorithms on an Intel Knights Landing (KNL) processor as a representative of a many-core architecture. We also compared performance and energy consumption of KNL, Ivy Bridge and Tesla K40m.
A modified implantation technique for temporary right ventricular assist device: Enabling ambulation and less invasive decannulation

This report describes our unique temporary right ventricular assist device (RVAD) implantation technique, which enables early mobilization even during biventricular support and subsequent less invasive RVAD removal without needing resternotomy upon recovery.
Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Urachal Excision Using Hidden Incision Endoscopic Surgery Technique in Pediatric Patients

Introduction: Although laparoscopic urachal excision in children has been well reported, there are limited data on a robot-assisted surgery (RAS) approach. The hidden incision endoscopic surgery (H...
Kinetic analysis of amino acid radicals formed in H2O2-driven CuI LPMO reoxidation implicates dominant homolytic reactivity.

Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) have been proposed to react with both O 2 and H 2 O 2 as cosubstrates. In this study, the H 2 O 2 reaction with reduced Hypocrea jecorina LPMO9A (CuI-HjLPMO9A) is demonstrated to be 1,000-fold faster than the O 2 reaction while producing the same oxidized oligosaccharide products. Analysis of the reactivity in the absence of polysaccharide substrate by stopped-flow absorption and rapid freeze–quench (RFQ) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) yields two intermediates corresponding to neutral tyrosyl and tryptophanyl radicals that are formed along minor reaction pathways. The dominant reaction pathway is characterized by RFQ EPR and kinetic modeling to directly produce CuII-HjLPMO9A and indicates homolytic O–O cleavage. Both optical intermediates exhibit magnetic exchange coupling with the CuII sites reflecting facile electron transfer (ET) pathways, which may be protective against uncoupled turnover or provide an ET pathway to the active site with substrate bound. The reactivities of nonnative organic peroxide cosubstrates effectively exclude the possibility of a ping-pong mechanism.
Electric utility disconnection policy and vulnerable populations

Abstract When a household is energy burdened, its members may struggle to pay its energy bills and face the potential of service disconnection. While such conditions can inflict mental and physical harm on household members, more significant consequences include death from exposure to excessive heat or cold. State utility disconnection policies have the potential to protect vulnerable populations from such outcomes. In this article, we examine disconnection policies, and the immense variation that they exhibit across states. We discuss how different policy protections interact and how seemingly minor differences in policy design produce significant differences in levels of protection. We further show how a changing climate is leading to increased exposure to extreme temperatures, and discuss how policy reforms could address these risks. We conclude with a set of recommendations for how to improve the design of such protections, expand their reach, and monitor and track utility connections and disconnections.
Effect of distance, angle, and illumination on color in smartphone digital photos

To evaluate the effect of illumination, camera orientation, and camera distance on color consistency of different skin tones, several swatches from a Pantone SkinTone Guide deck were selected and photographed at varying distances, illuminations, and angles. The RGB values from each selected swatch from each image were converted to LAB units and compared with the converted “true” values provided by Pantone. The ability of various color references to correct different skin tones was tested by comparing color values from a subject’s forearm skin to “true” color values of the closest Pantone SkinTone swatch found by visual comparison.
Revisiting the founder of attachment theory: memories and informal reflections

In commemorating Robbie Duschinsky’s publication of Cornerstones of Attachment Research, I have decided that I could best serve this special issue by revisiting the founder of attachment theory, Jo...
Examining the Discrepancies between Self-Reported and Actual Commuting Behavior at the Individual Level

For decades, transportation researchers have used survey data to understand the factors that affect travel-related choices. Nowadays, travel surveys lay the foundation of travel behavior analysis f...
On Growth and Obsolescence

The growth of astronomy in the last 50 years is barely sustainable.Even as new radio telescopes are being born, some must of necessity die.Arguments have begun to rage as to whether some of the very best radio telescopes in the world, while still performing at their peak, should be allowed to wither on the vine, or whether creative new ways can be found to support their continued existence.
Transport of flight critical data over Internet protocol

The growth of the Internet in recent times can be attributed to people's need to access information quickly. This, combined with the need to provide seamless connectivity to mobile users, has led to the development of multiple mechanisms to keep up with user demand for reliability and security. The recent events affecting the critical infrastructures of the nation indicate the vulnerability of these systems, and highlight the importance of the work that needs to be carried out to provide assurances for their safe and efficient operation. The aviation industry forms an important component of the nation's critical infrastructure. By considering the issues involved in protecting the operational aspects of the aviation industry, in conjunction with the introduction of Internet access within an airplane, the authors present the possibility of providing an additional path for the transport of critical content between an airplane and ground stations.
A neural network model of saccade generation using distributed dynamic feedback to superior colliculus

In this paper we present a new spatio-temporal neural network model of saccade generation using distributed dynamic feedback to the superior colliculus. Although the saccadic eye movement system has been widely studied little is known about what part of the brain calculates motor error, the difference between the desired eye position and the actual eye position, that accurately controls saccade eye movements. In the model we place the superior colliculus inside a brainstem feedback loop in order to replicate collicular discharge profiles observed neurophysiologically. In simulations the model succeeds in making accurate saccadic eye movements of a variety of sizes while producing realistic spatio-temporal patterns of collicular discharge.
The Use of Gilles De La Tourette’s Syndrome as an Impulse Control Defense in Criminal Cases: A Comprehensive Review

The New England Journal of Medicine describes Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome (GTS) as a "rare, bizarre psychological disorder" accompanied with "uncontrollable noises and utterances, as well as features that are now associated with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, poor impulse control, and other coexisting behavioral problems." Studies and literature have shown that patients with GTS and its associated behavioral co-morbidities are at a higher risk for becoming involved in the criminal justice system and GTS has been offered as an impulse control defense in a number of criminal cases in a variety of ways. This article provides an overview of the studies and literature regarding GTS and its behavioral co-morbidities and their link to increased risk for involvement in criminal cases and discusses the criminal cases involving GTS and the manner in which GTS has been used as an impulse control defense in those cases. The author concludes by finding that further education of the legal community regarding this particular patient population is required and that further study is necessary to assist trial judges in understanding and assessing the admissibility of GTS as a defense in criminal cases to ensure that justice is accomplished in these particular cases.
Information Technology and Productivity: Results and Policy Implications of Cross-Country Studies

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCTIVITY: CENTER FOR RESEARCH ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIZATIONS University of California, Irvine 3200 Berkeley Place Irvine, California 92697-4650 Graduate School of Management and Department of Information and Computer Science RESULTS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF CROSS - COUNTRY STUDIES AUTHORS: Kenneth L. Kraemer Jason Dedrick Email: kkraemer@uci.edu, jdedrick@uci.edu FEBRUARY 1999 Working Paper: #PAC-144 Paper prepared for the UNU/WIDER Study on Information Technology and Economic Development Acknowledgement: This research has been supported by grants from the CISE/IIS/CSS Division of the U.S. National Science Foundation and the NSF Industry/University Cooperative Research Center (CISE/EEC) to the Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations (CRITO) at the University of California, Irvine. Industry sponsors include: ATL Products, the Boeing Company, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Canon Information Systems, IBM, Nortel Networks, Rockwell International, Microsoft, Seagate Technology, Sun Microsystems, and Systems Management Specialists (SMS).
Jejunal infarction as a complication of pancreatitis.

A patient with pancreatitis had symptoms of an associated mechanical small bowel obstruction for 4 weeks. At operation, the only discernible cause for this was an infarction of a segment of the jejunum (without perforation). Fat necrosis in the sigmoid mesocolon had involved the mesentery of this portion of the jejunum, thrombosing the arteries as well as the veins. Earlier operation in selected instances of acute pancreatitis, especially when there are complications, is supported. Such may have permitted this patient's survival.
A Transaction Cost Theory of Patent Law

Patent law is under-theorized in the sense that the predominating incentive-based justifications cannot by themselves adequately explain empirical evidence on patenting gathered by research economists. This article provides an alternative justification for patent law based on private transaction costs savings offered by patent law in comparison to alternative options available to those who wish to exploit information assets. In particular, it identifies striking parallels to corporate law as described in recent scholarship and shows how patents act as affirmative asset partitions, ameliorate significant team production problems, and encourage technology transfer. Even if the patent system provides no significant incentives to invent, it can be explained and justified in terms of transaction costs savings alone.
The Suicidal Patient: Clinical and Legal Standards of Care

This work provides realistic standards of care and a high-quality working model for the assessment, management and treatment of the suicidal patient in both inpatient and outpatient contexts. It also gives detailed suggestions for optimal clinical practice, along with risk management strategies.
California's Early Coverage Expansion under the Affordable Care Act: A County-Level Analysis

Objective To assess the coverage effects of California's 2011 Low-Income Health Program (LIHP), enacted as an “early expansion” under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), and to demonstrate the feasibility of using Census data to measure county-level coverage changes. Data Sources/Study Setting 2008–2012 American Community Survey (ACS). The sample contained California adults ages 19–64 years (n = 237,876) and children 0–18 years (n = 113,159) with incomes below 200 percent of the federal poverty level. Study Design Differences-in-differences analysis comparing public coverage, private insurance, and the uninsured rate in counties that expanded the LIHP in 2011 versus California counties not expanding during this time. Additional analyses tested for heterogeneous impacts of the LIHP and spillover effects on children. Principal Findings Compared to nonexpansion counties, public coverage for adults increased by 1.8 percentage points (p = .02) in expanding counties, while the uninsured rate declined by 2.1 percentage points (p = .01). There was no significant change in private coverage. Public coverage gains were largest for Latinos and those with limited English proficiency. The expansion produced a positive spillover effect on children's Medicaid enrollment. Conclusions California's 2011 expansion produced significant increases in public coverage for low-income individuals, particularly Latinos. Substate coverage analyses with the ACS can add valuable detail to future assessments of the ACA.
The Construct-Related Validity of Assessment Center Ratings: A Review and Meta-Analysis of the Role of Methodological Factors

In the present study, we provide a systematic review of the assessment center literature with respect to specific design and methodological characteristics that potentially moderate the construct-related validity of assessment center ratings. We also conducted a meta-analysis of the relationship between these characteristics and construct-related validity outcomes. Results for rating approach, assessor occupation, assessor training, and length of assessor training were in the predicted direction such that a higher level of convergent, and lower level of discriminant validity were obtained for the across-exercise compared to the within-exercise rating method; psychologists compared to managers/supervisors as assessors; assessor training compared no assessor training; and longer compared to shorter assessor training. Partial support was also obtained for the effects of the number of dimensions and assessment center purpose. Our review also indicated that relatively few studies have examined both construct-r...
Urologic implications of imperforate anus

Recent clinical studies have documented the high association of genitourinary and lumbosacral spine anomalies with imperforate anus. Many of these associated anomalies may go undetected unless special diagnostic studies are performed, and these genitourinary anomalies can be the cause of significant clinical morbidity in later life if not managed properly initially. All neonates with imperforate anus should therefore undergo radiographic examination with lower spine films, intravenous pyelography and voiding cystourethrography, and cystoscopy should be reserved for those with cloaca deformity or those whose x-ray films demonstrate urinary anomalies requiring further workup. Significant morbidity involving the genitourinary tract may be encountered after surgical treatment of the anorectal anomaly, particularly if total anorectal reconstructions are performed in the neonatal period.
Impact of Protocol Complexity on Digital Data Integrity Quality Assurance for Clinical Trials Requiring Digital Data Submission

9. Institutional Experience Disease Site Number of cases Digitally Submitted Cases Requiring Human Intervention % Cases Requiring Human Intervention Lung 72 28 39 Prostate 3D/IMRT 1296 293 23 Prostate Seed 204 24 12 Partial Breast 1134 292 26 Liver SBRT 12 2 17 Prostate 3D/IMRT with Nodal Volumes 438 215 49 H&N IMRT 726 204 28 Other Pelvic IMRT 215 49 23 TOTAL 4097 1107 27 Impact of Protocol Complexity on Digital Data Integrity Quality Assurance for Clinical Trials Requiring Digital Data Submission
Quenchable Transparent Phase of Carbon

The sp3-bonded “transparent phase” of carbon, formed by compression of single-crystal graphite to 18 GPa, has been found to be quenchable to atmospheric pressure at low temperatures (<100 K). The quenched transparent phase reverts to graphite upon warming to room temperature, indicating that there is a surprisingly small activation barrier for a transformation that must involve carbon−carbon bond breakage. Visual observations and Raman spectroscopy are used to document the novel ambient pressure transformation.
Development of emotional intelligence in a team-based learning internal medicine clerkship.

Background: Although increasing number of articles have been published on team-based learning (TBL), none has explored team emotional intelligence.Aim: We extend the literature by examining changes in team emotional intelligence during a third year clerkship where TBL is a primary instructional strategy. We hypothesized that team emotional intelligence will change in a positive direction (i.e., increase) during the clerkship.Method: With IRB approval, during the 2009–2010 academic year third-year students in their internal medicine clerkship (N = 105, 100% response rate) completed the Workgroup Emotional Intelligence Profile – Short Version (WEIP-S) at the beginning and at the end of their 12-week clerkship. TBL is an instructional strategy utilized during the internal medicine clerkship.Results: Paired t-tests showed that team emotional intelligence increased significantly pre to post clerkship for three of the four areas: awareness of own emotions (p = 0.018), recognizing emotions in others (p = 0.031),...
Commercial pressures and professional ethics: troubling revisions to the recent ACOG Practice Bulletins on surgery for pelvic organ prolapse.

Commercial interests are reshaping the practice of gynecological surgery by promoting the use of trochar-and-mesh surgical “kits” for the treatment of stress incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. In this article, we discuss the ethical implications of changes in surgical practice that are driven by commercial interests. We point out the dangers inherent in the adoption of new procedures without adequate and documented evidence to support their safety and efficacy. We discuss the most recent American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Practice Bulletins on pelvic organ prolapse (numbers 79 and 85) which were altered without explanation to downplay the experimental nature of these commercial products. We suggest that in so doing, ACOG is not meeting its fiduciary responsibilities to patients and is undermining important professional values.