cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for a Persistent Viral Infection in a Cell Line Derived from Burkitt's Lymphoma

Abstract Henle, Gertrude (Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.), and Werner Henle. Evidence for a persistent viral infection in a cell line derived from Burkitt's lymphoma. J. Bacteriol. 89:252–258. 1965.—Exposure of a cell line (EB2) derived from Burkitt's lymphoma to vesicular stomatitis (VSV) and certain other viruses revealed a marked resistance of the cultures to infection. Intact, but not disintegrated lymphoma cells induced resistance to VSV in human embryonic kidney, amnion and diploid, as well as in green monkey kidney cells employed as feeder layers. A line of rabbit kidney or Earle's strain L cells was not protected under similar conditions. Depending upon the number of EB2 cells initially transferred, resistance developed within 1 day or in more than 2 weeks. Cell-free media collected from cultures of EB2 cells in the presence or absence of feeder layers of human cells were capable of conferring rapid protection against VSV to human-cell cultures but not to L cells. The protective principle complies with present criteria for an interferon. The results are compatible with the suggestion that EB2 cultures are latently infected with an as yet unidentified virus.
Protein interactions with myocilin.

PURPOSE. To identify factors that interact in vivo with myocilin, a glaucoma gene product. METHODS. The yeast two-hybrid system with myocilin as the bait and a human skeletal muscle cDNA library as the prey was used to identify potential factors that interact with myocilin. Interactions were also examined in bovine trabecular meshwork (TM) cells through a mammalian two-hybrid system. Biochemical coimmunoprecipitation from both human TM cell lysate and in vitro translated proteins was also used to confirm results obtained from yeast analysis. RESULTS. Twenty positive clones isolated through yeast two-hybrid screening were deemed potential myocilin partners. Sequence analysis determined that two of them encoded for myocilin from amino acids 64 to 268. Myocilin was also found to interact with a component of the myosin motor protein, myosin regulatory light chain (RLC). The myocilin-myocilin and myocilin-RLC interactions revealed by the yeast system were further confirmed and demonstrated in cultured TM cells, by means of a mammalian two-hybrid system, and through biochemical coimmunoprecipitation, subcellular fractionation, immunofluorescence, and immunogold double labeling. CONCLUSIONS. These results indicate that myocilin can form homomultimers in vivo, independent of the olfactomedin-like domain. Further analysis established that the leucine zipper motif of myocilin may be necessary for the myocilin-RLC interaction. The interaction of myocilin with RLC, a component of the myosin motor protein complex, implies a role for myocilin in the actomyosin system, linking in turn this novel protein to functional status of the TM.
Data Mining: Opportunities and Challenges

A Survey of Bayesian Data Mining Control of inductive Bias in Supervised Learning Using Evolutionary Computation: A Wrapper-Based Approach Cooperative Learning and Virtual Reality-Based Visualization for Data Mining Feature Selection in Data Mining Parallel and Distributed Data Mining Through Parallel Skeletons and Distributed Objects Data Mining Based on Rough Sets Impact of Missing Data on Data Mining Mining Text Documents for Thematic Hierarchies Using Self-Organizing Maps The Pitfalls of Knowledge Discovery in Databases and Data Mining Maximum Performance Efficiency Approaches For Estimating Best Practice Costs Bayesian Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Mining Free Text for Structure Query-by-Structure Approach for the Web Financial Benchmarking Using Self-Organizing Maps - Studying the International Pulp and Paper Industry Data Mining in Health Care Applications Data Mining for Human Resource Information Systems Data Mining in Information Technology and Bank Performance Social, Ethical and Legal Issues of Data Mining Data Mining in Designing an Agent-Based DSS Critical and Future Trends in DM: A Review of the Key DM Technologies and Applications
A framework for managing the life-cycle of event-driven, embedded applications

Event-driven, embedded applications that embody the composition of many disparate components are emerging as an important class of pervasive applications. Realizing such applications often requires a breadth of expertise across many disciplines; consequently, managing the life cycle for this class of applications can be a very complex, time-intensive process. In this paper, we present a framework that eases the complexity of managing the life cycle of event-driven, embedded applications. We call this framework Rapid Integrated Solution Enablement or RISE. For solution creation, component composition and software reuse are two central concepts of RISE. Solutions in RISE are graphically composed from reusable components using a visual editor. For deployment and management of solutions, we exploit the concept of dynamic and remote deployment of components from the Open Service Gateway Initiative (OSGi). We describe the RISE architecture and discuss our prototype implementation, which follows the model-driven methodology and leverages open source technologies, such as Eclipse. Additionally, we illustrate the efficacy of RISE with an example solution for RFID supply chain logistics.
Accidental arterial injections

Abstract A case is presented of inadvertent intra-arterial injection of meperidine and promethazine. The initial sequence of events following injection was similar to that reported previously. Complete recovery ensued with the administration of intravenous heparin and corticosteroids. Consideration of the pathology seen with this accident suggests that the injury is a chemical endarteritis caused by a high concentration of drug delivered to the peripheral vessels. Immediate treatment should be instituted, including local sympathetic blocks, anticoagulation, and systemic corticosteroids. The basis of most inadvertent intra-arterial injections is the presence of an abnormal arterial branch adjacent to the intended vein. Prevention can best be accomplished by use of solutions containing low concentrations of the medication and by making sure that the needle is lying in the vein lumen for which it was intended.
Medical Management of Crohn's Disease in Adolescence

The therapy of Crohn's disease in adolescence must balance the natural disease history of growth suppression, debilitation, and progression against possible drugrelated adverse effects on growth and development. In contrast to published guidelines which usually suggest episodic and symptomatic treatment of relapses, we have attempted to suppress disease activity throughout adolescence. Sixteen consecutive adolescent patients treated with continuous medical therapy for a mean duration of 3.5 years are presented. Fourteen received long term prednisone therapy for maintenance of disease suppression. All 16 have been asymptomatic or have had only mild symptoms which did not interfere with regular activities. Only 1 subject had to be rehospitalized. He subsequently underwent bowel surgery. Alternate day corticosteroid administration has been attained in 11 patients; 10 are growing and developing at a normal rate. In total, 13 of 16 have achieved pubertal development appropriate for age. The 8 patients with distal ileal disease have had a consistently excellent response to medical therapy. There have been no major adverse effects from drug therapy. It is concluded that an effort to suppress disease activity continuously in adolsecents with Crohn's disease is warranted. Excellent symptomatic control and normal rate of growth can be expected in patients with primarily ileal disease.
Eastern Beringian biogeography: historical and spatial genetic structure of singing voles in Alaska

Aim Pleistocene climatic cycles have left marked signatures in the spatial and historical genetic structure of high-latitude organisms. We examine the mitochondrial (cytochrome b) genetic structure of the singing vole, Microtus miurus (Rodentia: Cricetidae: Arvicolinae), a member of the Pleistocene Beringian fauna, and of the insular vole, Microtus abbreviatus, its putative sister species found only on the St Matthew Archipelago. We reconstruct the phylogenetic and phylogeographical structure of these taxa, characterize their geographical partitioning and date coalescent and cladogenetic events in these species. Finally, we compare the recovered results with the phylogenetic, coalescent and spatial genetic patterns of other eastern Beringian mammals and high-latitude arvicoline rodents. Location Continental Alaska (alpine and arctic tundra) and the St Matthew Archipelago (Bering Sea). Methods We generated and analysed cytochrome b sequences of 97 singing and insular voles (M. miurus and M. abbreviatus) from Alaska. Deep evolutionary structure was inferred by phylogenetic analysis using parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches; the geographical structure of genetic diversity was assessed using analysis of molecular variance and network analysis; ages of cladogenetic and coalescent events were estimated using a relaxed molecular clock model with Bayesian approximation. Results Regional nucleotide diversity in singing voles is higher than in other high-latitude arvicoline species, but intra-population diversity is within the observed range of values for arvicolines. Microtus abbreviatus specimens are phylogenetically nested within M. miurus. Molecular divergence date estimates indicate that current genetic diversity was formed in the last glacial (Wisconsinan) and previous interglacial (Sangamonian) periods, with the exception of a Middle Pleistocene split found between samples collected in the Wrangell Mountains region and all other singing vole samples. Main conclusions High levels of phylogenetic and spatial structure are observed among analysed populations. This pattern is consistent with that expected for a taxon with a long history in Beringia. The spatial genetic structure of continental singing voles differs in its northern and southern ranges, possibly reflecting differences in habitat distribution between arctic and alpine tundra. Our phylogenetic results support the taxonomic inclusion of M. miurus in its senior synonym, M. abbreviatus.
Debilitating Reaction following the Initial Dose of Tramadol

OBJECTIVE:To describe a debilitating reaction following a single oral dose of tramadol.CASE SUMMARY:A 32-year-old white man with no prior medical problems, allergies, or previous medication reactions experienced ataxia, dilation of the pupils, numbness in his arms and legs, tremulousness, and dysphoria lasting approximately 4 hours following an initial tramadol dose (100 mg). The patient recovered with no sequelae.DISCUSSION:Central nervous system (CNS) stimulation during therapy with tramadol was reported in 7% of patients in clinical trials. These reactions are usually mild and transient. This report describes a debilitating CNS-mediated reaction to an initial dose of tramadol in an otherwise healthy adult. The patient was phenotyped for CYP2D6 activity, the major metabolic pathway for tramadol elimination, and was determined to be an extensive metabolizer with very high CYP2D6 activity.CONCLUSIONS:The exact mechanism of the adverse response is not known; however, based on phenotyping results, we suspec...
The Case for Shareholder Access to the Ballot

The SEC is now considering a proposal to require some public companies to include in their proxy materials candidates for the board nominated by shareholders. I document that incumbents do not currently face any meaningful risk of being replaced via the ballot box, and I argue that providing shareholder access would be a moderate step toward improving board accountability. Analyzing each of the objections that opponents have raised against the proposed shareholder access, I conclude that none of them provides a good basis for opposing it. Indeed, it would be desirable to supplement shareholder access with additional measures to invigorate corporate elections.
Reaching experience increases face preference in 3-month-old infants

The developing infant learns about the physical and the social world by engaging with objects and with people. In the study reported here, we investigated the relationship between infants’ interactions with the physical and the social world. Three-month-old infants were trained for 2 weeks and experienced either actively manipulating objects themselves or passively having objects touched to their hands. Following active or passive experiences, spontaneous orienting towards faces and objects was compared between the trained groups and untrained 3- and 5-month-olds. It is known that the onset of reaching behavior increases infants’ interest in objects. However, we report that active, self-produced reaching experiences also increase infants’ spontaneous orienting towards faces, while passive experiences do not affect orienting behavior. Regression analyses provide evidence for a link between manual engagement and the development of orienting towards faces. Implications of orienting towards faces for the development of triadic interactions, joint attention, and social cognition in general are discussed.
Adoptive suppression of granuloma formation by T lymphocytes and by lymphoid cells sensitive to cyclophosphamide.

Abstract Egg-induced granulomas formed in mice with chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection are smaller than those which develop during early (8-week) infection. Adoptive transfer of spleen cells from chronically infected mice (15–25 week), which displayed modulated granulomas, to 6-week-infected recipients effectively suppressed active granuloma formation in the recipients by 8 weeks after infection. Pretreatment of these suppressive spleen cells with anti-Thy 1.2 serum and complement eliminated their suppressive capacity. Administration of cyclophosphamide (CY) (20 mg/kg, 3 times/week for 3 weeks) to 12- to 15-week-infected mice reversed modulation of granuloma formation resulting in larger granulomas at 15 weeks. This abrogation of suppression was reflected in the spleens of the CY-treated mice, as seen by the inability of their spleen cells to adoptively transfer suppression to 6-week-infected mice. This regimen of CY treatment did not significantly alter anti-schistosome egg antigen hemagglutinating antibody titers. It is reasoned that the modulation of granuloma formation observed during chronic schistosomiasis mansoni is in part dependent upon a T lymphocyte and a CY-sensitive spleen cell.
Relapsed versus non-relapsed alcohol abusers: Coping skills, life events, and social support

Based on Marlatt's (1978) cognitive-behavioral relapse model and the results of several suggestive research studies, data were gathered on coping skills, life events, and social support to investigate the differences between relapsed and non-relapsed alcohol abusers. Results indicated that non-relapsers were reportedly less likely to drink and more noncompliant in problem situations, and experienced fewer negative life events and more positive life events, than relapsers. The social support results were inconclusive.
Structured Illumination Phase Microscopy for Super Resolution Phase Imaging

We extend structured illumination microscopy to allow enhanced-resolution phase imaging. We interfere coherent beams at the sample and use the interference pattern to alias high-resolution information through the system. These components are interferometrically imaged and detected.
Subtest Specificities for the WISC-III

The WISC-III was recently published with an expanded manual and numerous interpretive tables. One notable omission from this otherwise thorough manual is the provision of subtest specificities (estimates of reliable specific variance) for the WISC-III subtests. Estimates of reliable specific variance can be very useful for gauging the amount of interpretation based on a single Wechsler subtest score. This study used the method described by Kaufman in 1979 to compute new subtest specificities for the WISC-III. Implications of these new subtest specificity values for WISC-III interpretation are provided.
Striate palmoplantar keratoderma resulting from a frameshift mutation in the desmoglein 1 gene

Summary Background Striate keratodermas (PPKS) are a group of rare autosomal dominant palmoplantar keratodermas, characterized by a thickening of the skin on the palms and soles. PPKS is characterized by hyperkeratosis extending along the length of each finger and on the palm of the hand, as well as by patches of hyperkeratosis on the soles. Objective We report a four-generation Pakistani kindred in which 11 members were affected with PPKS. Methods Based on previous reports of DSG1 mutations in PPKS, we performed direct DNA sequencing analysis. Results Clinically, these patients presented with hyperkeratotic palms and with linear hyperkeratosis on the fingers. Additionally, focal hyperkeratosis was seen on the sole of the toes as well as the ball and heel of the foot. DNA sequencing analysis revealed a heterozygous G-to-T transversion in the 3′ splice acceptor site of intron 11 of the DSG1 gene designated 1688 −1 G > T. We predict that this mutation will lead to the skipping of exon 12 which is out of frame (134 nt), subsequent degradation of the mutant mRNA by non-sense mediated RNA decay, and haploinsufficiency for DSG1. Conclusion We report a novel splice site mutation in the DSG1 gene in PPKS, which further underscores the significance of the desmoglein gene family in diseases of epidermal integrity.
Shortwave Aerosol Radiative Forcing from MODIS and CERES observations over the oceans

[1] Using spatially and temporally collocated data sets from the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) and Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments on the Terra satellite, a new strategy is presented for studying the Shortwave Aerosol Radiative Forcing (SWARF) over the global oceans. Using collocated data, for September 2000, the global averaged optical thickness (τ0.55) for cloud-free CERES pixels is 0.07 with a SWARF of −6 Wm−2. The τ0.55 and SWARF values derived from two independent instruments are in excellent agreement with the following relationship: SWARF = 0.35 −105.34τ0.55 +61.47τ0.552 (0 ≤ τ0.55 ≤ 0.7) Wm−2. The synergistic use of the MODIS and CERES data sets can be used to provide independent estimates of SWARF, and can be used as a validation tool for studies that attempt to model the role of aerosols on climate.
15N natural abundances and N use by tundra plants.

Plant species collected from tundra ecosystems located along a north-south transect from central Alaska to the north coast of Alaska showed large and consistent differences in 15N natural abundances. Foliar δ15N values varied by about 10% among species within each of two moist tussock tundra sites. Differences in 15N contents among species or plant groups were consistent across moist tussock tundra at several other sites and across five other tundra types at a single site. Ericaceous species had the lowest δ15N values, ranging between about −8 to −6‰. Foliar 15N contents increased progressively in birch, willows and sedges to maximum δ15N values of about +2‰ in sedges. Soil 15N contents in tundra ecosystems at our two most intensively studied sites increased with depth and δ15N values were usually higher for soils than for plants. Isotopic fractionations during soil N transformations and possibly during plant N uptake could lead to observed differences in 15N contents among plant species and between plants and soils. Patterns of variation in 15N content among species indicate that tundra plants acquire nitrogen in extremely nutrient-poor environments by competitive partitioning of the overall N pool. Differences in plant N sources, rooting depth, mycorrhizal associations, forms of N taken up, and other factors controlling plant N uptake are possible causes of variations in δ15N values of tundra plant species.
Re-examination of a critical experiment on conditions for formation of bainite and pearlite

Abstract Diebold, Aaronson and Franti have observed that the product of β → α +Ti2Ni eutectoid decomposition in a Ti-6.2 wt% Ni alloy changes from bainite to what appeared to be degenerate pearlite when transformation was proceeded by severe deformation at room temperature and then recrystallization in the α + β region. These microstructural changes have now been further examined with TEM. Even after recrystallization, proeutectoid α was found to faceted. Rational lattice orientation relationships were demonstrated between eutectoid α and Ti2Ni and also between recrystallized α and Ti2Ni. Interphase boundaries between eutectoid α and eutectoid Ti2Ni, eutectoid α and β and eutectoid Ti2Ni and β were shown to be ledged. Repeated interruption of Ti2Ni lamellae by eutectoid α and observation of a somewhat larger ratio of ledge height to inter-ledge spacing on eutectoid α than on eutectoid Ti2Ni indicate, on the considerations of an accompanying theoretical paper, that the eutectoid structure produced after thermomechanical processing is bainite. However, the drastic compaction of proeutectoid α morphologies engendered by the processing procedure permitted bainite to develop as nodules instead of the usual “plating out” of the bainitic α + Ti2Ni structure on previously formed proeutectoid α plates and allotriomorphs.
The auxiliary field problem

Abstract Auxiliary fields (fields which have trivial dynamics but can't be gauged away) are important in field theory at the classical perturbative, and nonperturbative levels. “Self-dual” theories present a barrier to the construction of extended supersymmetric theories off shell, i.e., in superspace, where auxiliary fields for supersymmetry appear automatically. The solution involves the use of Lagrange multipliers which are gauge degrees of freedom and imply nonlinear constraints.
An Initial Experience with Hip Resurfacing Versus Cementless Total Hip Arthroplasty

BackgroundHip resurfacing is an alternative to total hip arthroplasty.Questions/PurposeWe aimed to compare an experienced hip surgeon's initial clinical results of hip resurfacing with a new cement...
Differences in the responses of brain cytosolic and mitochondrial hexokinases to three essential divalent metal ions.

Abstract 1. Rat brain cytosolic and mitochondrial hexokinase activities were undetectable without added divalent cations. 2. Mg 2+ activated cytosolic ( K 0.5 of Mg 2+ = 343 ± 13 μ M) and mitochondrial ( K 0.5 of Mg 2+ = 183 ± 8 μ M) hexokinase in a concentration-related manner. The corresponding values for Mn 2+ were 702 ± 99 and 413 ± 21 μ M respectively. 3. Ca 2+ , however, activated both forms of hexokinase poorly. 4. In the presence of Mg 2+ , both Mn 2+ and Cu 2+ were more potent inhibitors of cytosolic hexokinase than mitochondrial hexokinase, whereas the inhibition of Cd 2+ and Ca 2+ did not show such selectivity. 5. These results demonstrate that brain mitochondrial and cytosolic hexokinases differ significantly in their responses to divalent cations.
Properties and chemical environment effects of alkylamino styryl pyrazine two-photon fluorophores

Advancement over the past decade of materials based on two-photon absorption has been phenomenal; yet, a need for greater understanding of multi-photon processes remains. Questions of design to maximize two-photon absorbance cross-sections and quantum yields have been addressed quantitatively. However, effects of the chemical environment on the absorption and emission processes in these chromophores are largely unexplored. This study presents the effects of 26 different solvents on the absorption and emission characteristics of a set of six new alkylamino-substituted styryl pyrazines. The solvatochromic comparison method is employed to derive structure-optical property relationships within this family of fluorophores, and the effects of solvent polarity, hydrogen bonding and inductive and dispersive forces are discussed. Electrostatic and transition moments are measured and their contributions to two-photon absorbance cross-sections (δTPA) are discussed. Symmetric D-π-A-π-D molecular architecture is thought to play a very important role in increasing δTPA by disrupting the degeneracy of excited states and increasing one- and two-photon transition probabilities. The coupling of strong electron donors to strong electron acceptors with symmetric D-π-A-π-D molecular architecture is shown to produce fluorophores with exceptional two-photon activities.
Cancer incidence among pesticide applicators exposed to dicamba in the agricultural health study.

BackgroundDicamba is an herbicide commonly applied to crops in the United States and abroad. We evaluated cancer incidence among pesticide applicators exposed to dicamba in the Agricultural Health ...
Database management system for fast object recognition using normalized interval vertex descriptors

The development of a vision system for fast recognition of `flat'' rigid 2-D representations of man made objects belonging to a large library is presented here. The library is organized into a relational database where every tuple represents a prototype class. Tuples are made of attributes defined over features characterizing the object. Classification speed is gained by constraining the number of comparisons of the unknown object representations to those in the library of known objects. Comparisons are only made on a `candidate'' set of possible prototypes (usually smaller than the total number of prototypes) derived from the library `object'' set through the application of successive refinement filters (restriction operators) operating on the database attributes. Normalized Interval Vertex Descriptors (NIVD) representation is used to describe objects. NIVDs, a representation derived from the physical characteristic of an object (vertices and sides), not only provides a compact representation, but it also allows the definition of attributes that can be used to define the relation. In addition, since NIVD representation is translation, rotation, and scale invariant, recognition is performed without regard for orientation, position, and scale of the objects. Experimental results of this process are also included.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Culturability of Stream Bacteria Assessed at the Assemblage and Population Levels

Lotic bacterial communities can be examined at multiple levels: from the assemblage level to populations of individual species. In stream environments, as in many other systems, the percentage of bacteria that are culturable is quite low. In this study, the culturability of the overall bacterial assemblage, as well as the culturability of three common species (Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Burkholderia cepacia, and Pseudomonas putida), was determined in samples collected from four streams on three dates. Colony hybridization (colonies were grown on modified nutrient agar) and fluorescent in situ hybridization were used to calculate the percentage of cells of a given species that were culturable. Approximately half of the overall assemblage was estimated to be viable but nonculturable cells (VBNC). The culturability of two of the species was low (0.29% for A. calcoaceticus and 0.46% for P. putida), whereas the value for B. cepacia (2.48%) exceeded the overall assemblage level culturability (0.90%). Overall, both bacterial assemblages and populations were dominated by VBNC. These results show quantitatively that not all members of a species that has culturable representatives are culturable when retrieved from natural populations, likely because of interspecific phenotypic and genotypic variability. Thus, the large pool of nonculturable cells includes representatives of species that are, under some circumstances, culturable.
The fate of C14-labeled palmitic acid administered intravenously as a tripalmitin emulsion.

Summary1. In order to test the extent of utilization of fat emulsions in parenteral feeding, palmitic acid labeled with C14 at its sixth carbon was injected intravenously, in the form of the triglyceride, into fasted rats.2. From 36 to 59% of the administered C14 was expired as CO2 in 24 hours.3. Considerable amounts of the administered fatty acids were stored in adipose tissues throughout the body.4. The availability of intravenously administered tripalmitin for metabolic purposes is further shown by the finding that as much as 78% of the radioactive fatty acids recovered from the liver and small intestine had been incorporated into phospholipids.
Residual bovine serum albumin (BSA) quantitation in vaccines using automated Capillary Western technology

Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a major component of fetal bovine serum (FBS), which is commonly used as a culture medium during vaccine production. Because BSA can cause allergic reactions in humans the World Health Organization (WHO) has set a guidance of 50 ng or less residual BSA per vaccine dose. Vaccine manufacturers are expected to develop sensitive assays to detect residual BSA. Generally, sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are used in the industry to detect these low levels of BSA. We report the development of a new improved method for residual BSA detection using the SimpleWestern technology to analyze residual BSA in an attenuated virus vaccine. The method is based on automated Capillary Western and has linearity of two logs, >80% spike recovery (accuracy), intermediate precision of CV <15%, and LOQ of 5.2 ng/ml. The final method was applied to analyze BSA in four lots of bulk vaccine products and was used to monitor BSA clearance during vaccine process purification.
Brain tissue oxygen monitoring identifies cortical hypoxia and thalamic hyperoxia after experimental cardiac arrest in rats

Brain tissue oxygen monitoring identifies cortical hypoxia and thalamic hyperoxia after experimental cardiac arrest in rats
Systemic effects of local allergic disease

Allergic reactions are not confined to the area they originated, but assume a secondary systemic, nonanaphylactic element. This element has two consequences: it feeds back into the site of the original reaction and it leads to the development of distant local manifestations. The well-established interactions between the nasal and the lower airways in allergic disease could be viewed as an example of this model. Interactions between the nasal mucosa and the paranasal sinuses, as well as interactions between the respiratory system, the skin, and the gastrointestinal tract have been described and may also fall under the same category. Two conduits of the systemic element of allergic disease are proposed: the systemic circulation and the nervous system. The mechanisms that lead to the development of the systemic element, and particularly the mechanisms of distant manifestations after a local allergic reaction have not been elucidated, but they probably include intricate interactions between the classic mediators of the acute allergic reaction, locally- and systemically-produced cytokines and neurotrophins, the vascular epithelium and the adhesion molecule system, the chemokine network, antigen-presenting dendritic cells and their interactions with T-lymphocytes, as well as a strong bone marrow component. From this perspective, the systemic element presents an exciting area of current and future research in allergic disease.
Critical Theory and Criminology

This paper applies the critical theory of Jurgen Habermas to theoretical issues in criminology. Since criminologists have generally neglected the critical tradition, we include a brief summation of concerns central to critical sociology. These concerns include a defense of reason and a provocative critique of both culture and science. We then apply the critical model to themes and issues in criminology. Specifically, our analysis uses Habermas' three “knowledge constitutive interests” to reconceptualize cultural explanations of crime, to address the linkage between macro-and micro-levels of explanation, and to outline a novel interpretation of the relationship between culture and social structure. We conclude with a critique of Habermas' prescription for social change.
Prostatic Inflammation Induces Fibrosis in a Mouse Model of Chronic Bacterial Infection

Inflammation of the prostate is strongly correlated with development of lower urinary tract symptoms and several studies have implicated prostatic fibrosis in the pathogenesis of bladder outlet obstruction. It has been postulated that inflammation induces prostatic fibrosis but this relationship has never been tested. Here, we characterized the fibrotic response to inflammation in a mouse model of chronic bacterial-induced prostatic inflammation. Transurethral instillation of the uropathogenic E. coli into C3H/HeOuJ male mice induced persistent prostatic inflammation followed by a significant increase in collagen deposition and hydroxyproline content. This fibrotic response to inflammation was accompanied with an increase in collagen synthesis determined by the incorporation of 3H-hydroxyproline and mRNA expression of several collagen remodeling-associated genes, including Col1a1, Col1a2, Col3a1, Mmp2, Mmp9, and Lox. Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation of inflammation severity with collagen deposition and immunohistochemical staining revealed that CD45+VIM+ fibrocytes were abundant in inflamed prostates at the time point coinciding with increased collagen synthesis. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis demonstrated an increased percentage of these CD45+VIM+ fibrocytes among collagen type I expressing cells. These data show–for the first time–that chronic prostatic inflammation induces collagen deposition and implicates fibrocytes in the fibrotic process.
Activity and lifetime of organophosphorous hydrolase (OPH) immobilized using layer-by-layer nano self-assembly on silicon microchannels

Abstract Organophosphorous hydrolase (OPH) enzyme has been immobilized and layered onto the walls of silicon microchannels manufactured at Louisiana Tech University. Enzyme immobilization was performed using layer-by-layer (LbL) nano self-assembly. The polycation used was poly(ethylenimine) (PEI). The polyanion used was poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS). Enzyme microreactors were constructed with one and two layers of enzyme to compare activity performance. The substrate utilized for this study was methyl-parathion (MPT) which is hydrolyzed by the OPH enzyme to para -nitrophenol (PNP). Reactor performance was characterized by feeding 100 μM MPT through the microreactors at a variety of flow-rates and measuring the concentration of PNP in the effluent using a UV/vis spectrometer. The reactor conversion versus residence time was used to determine the observed first order rate kinetics. The first order rate constant for the two bilayers of enzyme was double that observed for the single layer architecture, however the activity of both architectures dropped substantially over a period of 2 days. Microreactors with two channel dimensions were tested, one with 98 parallel channels 60 μm wide and another with 1000 parallel channels 5 μm wide. The microreactor with the smaller channel width demonstrated superior performance that was proportional to the increase in available surface area.
Looking Forward in Geriatric Anxiety and Depression: Implications of Basic Science for the Future

Major depression and anxiety are common psychiatric illnesses whose etiology remains incompletely understood. This review highlights progress in understanding the etiology of these illnesses through genetic strategies and looks forward to their impact on geriatric psychiatry. We briefly address three broad domains of progress, namely 1) genetic approaches to etiology, including linkage and association studies, pharmacogenetics ("personalized medicine"), and gene × environment interactions; 2) mechanisms of thyroid and testosterone action via nuclear receptors, given these hormones' status as possible augmenters of antidepressants; and 3) the role of the neuroimmune system as a contributor to the stress response. Genetic strategies offer one path for converting correlational findings into causal pathways while complementing studies of a gene's function at the molecular, cellular, network, and whole-organismal levels. Neuroendocrine supplementation (thyroid and testosterone) has a long history and tradition. A molecular understanding of nuclear receptor pathways and their coactivators, the mediator complex proteins, provides a rationale for improved targeting of hormonal action in a tissue-selective manner, yielding drugs with improved safety and efficacy. Neural–immune interactions in psychiatric illness remain tantalizing topics. Research suggests that cytokine pathways may contribute to the maintenance or susceptibility to stress, anxiety, and depressive disorders. The reciprocal and recursive interactions among basic science, drug discovery, and clinical science will continue to provide hopeful themes for improving the lives of patients with treatment-refractive psychiatric illness.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF POST-CHF HEAT TRANSFER IN A 3×3 ROD BUNDLE

This chapter describes post-critical heat flux (CHF) heat transfer experiments in a 3×3 rod bundle. The objective of these experiments was to obtain measurements of thermodynamic nonequilibrium in the post-CHF regime and to characterize its effects on two-phase heat transfer. In boiling heat transfer systems a maximum value of heat flux called critical heat flux occurs when the heated surface can no longer support continuous liquid contact. A two-phase heat transfer loop was designed and built specifically for convective boiling heat transfer studies using steam-water mixtures. Each fuel rod simulator was equipped with 12 thermocouples such that two thermocouples were in the lower extension, one thermocouple in the upper extension and the remaining nine were in the test length. The data acquisition system consisted of a HP series 200, 9816A computer, HP 3497A Data Acquisition/Control unit and an HP34S6A Digital Voltmeter with all the devices on a single HP-IB interface bus, and a Bascom-Turner fast multichannel data recorder.
Human papillomavirus infections: diagnosis, treatment, and hope for a vaccine.

Abstract HPV infections are common, with millions of Americans infected. Common gynecologic manifestations of HPV infection include genital warts and cervical neoplasia. The CDC recently issued guidelines for the treatment of genital warts. Gynecologists should be familiar with these therapies and their potential short-comings. A recently reported clinical trial has raised hopes that HPV and its sequelae may be prevented by vaccination.
Altitude accuracy while tracking pedestrians using a boot-mounted IMU

This paper characterizes altitude errors based solely on the integration of a boot-mounted inertial measurement unit (IMU) and co-located digital magnetic compass. The system is self-contained, small, and inexpensive and requires only passive sensors (no infrastructure to set up) mounted to the heel of the operator's boot. During each footstep, there is a natural rest period that is detected and used to perform a zero-velocity update (ZUPT) to significantly constrain the position, velocity, roll and pitch errors through the use of an extended Kalman filter (EKF). This paper describes the fundamental issues that impact accurate altitude estimation based solely on the use of an IMU/compass sensor. Experimental altitude errors are shown for walks based on a simplified IMU error model to show the sensitivity of altitude errors to inadequate dynamic range of the accelerometers and gyros and inadequate detection of ZUPT periods. Experimental altitude errors are shown for multiple users both ascending and descending several floors of a building while walking a common route for 15 minutes, including an acceptance test conducted in June 2008 to track first responders and a test in the stairwell of a seventeen story apartment building. Altitude errors are also shown for an operator climbing a ladder.
A comparison of the neurochemical and behavioral effects of clenbuterol and desipramine

Because both long-term adrenoceptor agonist administration and antidepressant treatment in animals down-regulate CNS beta-adrenoceptors and attenuate brain adenylate cyclase activity, beta-adrenoceptor agonists may also possess antidepressant properties. We compared the effects of the centrally acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol (5, 10 and 35 mg/kg per day), and the combination of propranolol (5 mg/kg per day) and clenbuterol (10 mg/kg per day), with desipramine (15 mg/kg per day) on forced swim test performance and on cortical beta-adrenoceptors in rats following 7 days of drug administration. Desipramine (15 mg/kg per day), and clenbuterol (10 and 35 mg/kg per day, but not 5 mg/kg per day) both significantly reduced immobility in the forced swim test. Frontal cortex beta-adrenoceptors were significantly down-regulated after desipramine and all 3 doses of clenbuterol. The co-administration of propranolol (5 mg/kg per day) blocked both the reduction in immobility and down-regulation of cortical beta-receptors induced by clenbuterol (10 mg/kg per day). Propranolol (5 mg/kg per day) alone up-regulated frontal cortex beta-adrenoceptors, but had no significant effect on swimming performance. These data suggest that the physiological consequences of beta-adrenoceptor down-regulation are important in the mechanism of action of antidepressants. The results also suggest that clenbuterol may be useful in the treatment of depression.
being-in-the-market versus being-in-the-plaza: material culture and the construction of social reality in Spanish America

This article describes how the people of Cartago, Costa Rica—compelled, like each of us, to create—incorporate the material culture of their town's market and plaza into social situations. In so doing, they move from the physical reality of simply being there to the distinctive social realities of being-in-the-market and being-in-the-plaza. The juxtaposition of these two complementary realities, the article concludes, constitutes the dialectic through which Spanish American culture becomes. [interpretation, symbolic interactionism, experience, material culture, humanistic anthropology]
A quantum many-body spin system in an optical lattice clock

Strongly interacting quantum many-body systems arise in many areas of physics, but their complexity generally precludes exact solutions to their dynamics. We explored a strongly interacting two-level system formed by the clock states in ^(87)Sr as a laboratory for the study of quantum many-body effects. Our collective spin measurements reveal signatures of the development of many-body correlations during the dynamical evolution. We derived a many-body Hamiltonian that describes the experimental observation of atomic spin coherence decay, density-dependent frequency shifts, severely distorted lineshapes, and correlated spin noise. These investigations open the door to further explorations of quantum many-body effects and entanglement through use of highly coherent and precisely controlled optical lattice clocks.
Single Catheter Technique for Cardioplegia and Venting during Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Two areas of current controversy concerning coronary artery bypass operations involve the use of cardioplegia and the need for left ventricular venting. We wish to describe a very simple, safe, and effective method of accomplishing both cardioplegic arrest and venting using a single 14-gauge catheter inserted into the aortic root.
Characterization of the holdfast region of wild-type cells and holdfast mutants of Asticcacaulis biprosthecum

Mutants of Asticcacaulis biprosthecum lacking the ability to attach to various surfaces were selected by serial transfer in liquid media containing cheesecloth, to which wild-type cells attach but holdfast mutants do not. Congo red, incorporated into solid media, distinguishes between colonies of wild-type cells and those of holdfast mutants. Holdfast mutants were characterized and compared to wild-type cells according to their ability to swim, to attach to each other or to wild-type cells, for the presence on the cells of polar surface structures (holdfast, flagella, pili), and for sensitivity to phages. All holdfast mutants produced flagella, even though some mutants were nonmotile. Eighteen holdfast mutants fell into two groups: those apparently defective only in holdfast function and those defective in additional structures localized at the holdfast pole of the cell. None of these holdfast mutants was defective in prosthecal development. All holdfast mutants are capable of forming rosettes with wild-type cells, even though they are incapable of initiating attachment on their own, suggesting polymeric bridging as a likely mechanism for attachment.
Multiobjective observation network design for regionalized variables

In this paper mathematical programming models and special solution algorithms are presented for the optimal allocation of data points for regionalized variables. Two models are discussed; the first one minimizes the estimation variance subject to a given number of additional measurement points or additional measurement cost. The second model minimizes the number of additional points or additional cost subject to upper bounds given to the estimation variances. The models are based on the theory of kriging and the properties of the estimation variances, which lead to certain multiobject programming problems. As it can be shown, a special branch and bound algorithm can be used for solving the resulting nonlinear programming problems
Displacement‐proportional friction (DPF) in base isolation

The theoretical implications of an isolation mechanism that utilizes progressively increasing frictional resistance is investigated. This type of frictional resistance can be provided by the tightening together of a set of friction plates by compressive forces that increase with relative separations of the building and the foundation. The mathematical model of the device is developed and its numerical solutions are obtained. It is shown that in comparison with dry friction alone significant reductions in acceleration transmissibility and relative displacement transmissibility can be obtained.
Nonlinear optical waveguides based on near-infrared intersubband transitions in GaN/AlN quantum wells.

We present the design, fabrication, and characterization of III-nitride quantum-well waveguides optimized for nonlinear-optical switching via intersubband transitions. A dielectric structure consisting of an AlN lower cladding and a GaN cap layer allows minimizing the propagation losses while maintaining a large modal overlap with the quantum-well active layer. A strong nonlinear saturation of the intersubband absorption near 1.55 μm is demonstrated at record low input powers for these materials; in particular, a 3-dB saturation pulse energy of less than 10 pJ with 240-fs pulses is measured. Combined with the well established sub-picosecond recovery lifetimes of intersubband absorption in III-nitride quantum wells, these results are very promising for all-optical switching applications in future ultrafast fiber-optic communication networks.