cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variation of Leading-Edge Suction at Stall for Steady and Unsteady Airfoil Motions

Computational results for steady and unsteady airfoil motions are used to study the variation of leading-edge suction at stall. Computations were performed on the NACA 0012 symmetric airfoil and the SD7003 cambered airfoil using an unsteady RANS code that was validated against steady and unsteady experimental results. A parametric study was performed to determine the behavior of leading-edge suction with variations in pitch rate and Reynolds numbers. Results show that flowfield structures of unsteady low pitch rate motions are similar to steady results for a given amount of trailing-edge separation. The overshoot in lift and suction coefficients can be attributed to the boundary layer convection lag. For leading-edge vortex (LEV) dominated flows, it is found that flow morphology after LEV initiation is similar regardless of motion parameters. However, the time instant and flowfield structure at the point of LEV initiation vary for low and high Reynolds numbers. While leading-edge suction parameter (LESP) values at LEV initiation for low Reynolds number simulations are found to be independent of motion kinematics, the same is not true for the high Reynolds number cases.
Oxygen Precipitation in Silicon

The precipitation of oxygen in silicon exhibits many interesting phenomena: the precipitates are often distributed in striated zones; the morphology of precipitates changes with annealing temperatures; the kinetics of precipitation in the bulk is affected by annealing ambients and other surface treatments. These phenomena are briefly reviewed. A model consistent with all these phenomena is presented. Then, the energetics and the kinetics of nucleation and precipitation are discussed. Finally, a growth law is derived in general for disc precipitates, and applied in particular to oxygen precipitates in silicon.
Neuro-Psychiatry Diseases Predisposing to Mental Status Changes in Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia (P1.313)

Objective: The objective of this study was to define the incidence and etiology of mental status changes (MSC) in patients with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) presenting to hospital emergency departments in Louisville-Jefferson County, KY. Background: Hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia who present with mental status changes are at higher risk for mortality when compared to patients with normal mental status. Data evaluating etiology of MSC in patients with CAP in Louisville-Jefferson County, KY is lacking. Methods: This was a secondary data analysis of the Hospitalized Adult Patients with Pneumonia Incidence (HAPPI) study. MSC was defined as any change in the patient’s level of awareness from slight confusion to complete unresponsiveness. Etiology of MSC were classified as 1) Neuro-Psychiatric conditions such as stroke, Parkinson9s, seizures, dementia, mental retardation, bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, or drug abuse/overdose; and 2) Other medical conditions such as metabolic, hemodynamic, or gaseous exchange derangements, medication side effects, or infection. Results: A total of 1,500 patients with CAP in the 9 adult hospital emergency departments in Jefferson County were evaluated. MSC were identified in 326 (22[percnt]) patients. Neuro-psychiatric conditions explained the MSC in 156 patients (48[percnt]). Dementia was the most common neuro-psychiatric condition, occurring in 98 patients (30[percnt]). Conclusions: This study indicates that MSC is frequent in patients with CAP presenting to hospital emergency departments. The etiology of MSC is diverse, with approximately half of the cases due to neuro-psychiatric conditions. In patients presenting to the emergency department with MSC, a high index of suspicion should be maintained regarding the diagnosis of pneumonia. Disclosure: Dr. Kolikonda has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wiemken has nothing to disclose. Dr. Arnold has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nakamatsu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Raghuram has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ramirez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Peyrani has nothing to disclose.
Linguistic and object-based stance-taking in Appalachian interviews

This article uses data from interviews conducted in western North Carolina in order to examine the ways in which speakers enact authoritative, evaluative, and interactional stances to construct individual identity. In this data, we find a subtle interplay between the content of explicit statements, narrative content, and the use of grammatical features associated with Appalachian English (e.g. a-prefixing, nonstandard past tense), and the use of physical artifacts as sources of stance-taking. This article focuses on two speakers' use of (present and not-present) physical artifacts (a placemat, a Civil War era sword, a lock of hair, and a piece of wood with a bullet hole in it) to enact stances that construct individual versions of an Appalachian identity. What this analysis suggests is that it is not just linguistic choices that contribute to stance enactment, but physical objects as well. (Sociolinguistics, stance-taking, Appalachian English, material culture, language and idenity)*
Gas Chromatography/Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Fingerprinting the Macondo Oil Spill.

We report the first application of a new mass spectrometry technique (gas chromatography combined to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry, GC/APCI-MS/MS) for fingerprinting a crude oil and environmental samples from the largest accidental marine oil spill in history (the Macondo oil spill, the Gulf of Mexico, 2010). The fingerprinting of the oil spill is based on a trace analysis of petroleum biomarkers (steranes, diasteranes, and pentacyclic triterpanes) naturally occurring in crude oil. GC/APCI enables soft ionization of petroleum compounds that form abundant molecular ions without (or little) fragmentation. The ability to operate the instrument simultaneously in several tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) modes (e.g., full scan, product ion scan, reaction monitoring) significantly improves structural information content and sensitivity of analysis. For fingerprinting the oil spill, we constructed diagrams and conducted correlation studies that measure the similarity between en...
Unavailability assessment of repairable system using Markov modelling

1. SummaryThe unavailability of a redundant system with two units has been estimated using the Markov modelling technique for two cases: single repair crew available and two repair crews available. The same system has also been modelled using a Monte Carlo simulation package and the unavailability estimated in this way has been compared with the results predicted by the Markov analysis for the same set of failure and repair data. Consistency with the conclusions in the paper by Simpson and Kelly [2] has been observed for the Markov analysis results. However, a discrepancy by a factor of two has been observed between the unavailability calculated using the Markov technique and that generated by simulation for the single repair crew case.
Selective embryo reduction in a heterotopic pregnancy using potassium chloride injection resulting in a hematosalpinx.

Objective To incorporate conservative management of a heterotopic pregnancy using injection of KCl into the ectopic pregnancy (EP). Design A retrospective case report. Setting A patient referred to an academic institution in the division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, incorporating the ultrasound (US) and operating room facilities. Intervention(s) Using US as a guide, KCl was injected into the chorionic cavity of an EP. Main Outcome Measure(s) Resolution of ectopic gestational tissue with resultant hematosalpinx requiring exploratory laparotomy. Uncomplicated prenatal course of intrauterine pregnancy. Result(s) Injection of KCl into the chorionic cavity of EP resulting in resolution of gestational tissue but complicated by hematosalpinx in the fallopian tube. Conclusion(s) Selective embryo reduction of a tubal heterotopic pregnancy remains a viable therapeutic option.
Editorial Commentary: Not for The Faint of Heart: The Arthroscopic Latarjet Procedure, A North American Experience

Abstract The Latarjet operation is a very difficult operation both when performed arthroscopically and when performed with an open approach. I do not think that this is an operation that should be done by a casual shoulder surgeon. I think, in the best interests of the patient, that this surgery should be performed only by orthopaedic surgeons who are trained in it.
The LGBTQI health forum: an innovative interprofessional initiative to support curriculum reform

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex (LGBTQI) individuals continue to face barriers to accessing appropriate and comprehensive healthcare. Compounding this problem, healthcare trainees report few training opportunities and low levels of preparedness to care for LGBTQI patients. In 2009, an interprofessional group of students and a faculty advisor at the University of California, San Francisco, developed a novel student-organized LGBTQI Health Forum for medical, dental, pharmacy, nursing, and physical therapy students to deliver LGBTQI health content that was otherwise absent from the formal curriculum. This elective course has evolved based upon participant feedback, emerging educational strategies, and the existing curricula infrastructure at our institution. After eight years of growth, this 10-contact hour weekend elective attracts over 250 participants each year. Plenary sessions deliver foundational terminology and skills to all attendees. Learners then select breakout sessions to attend, allowing for an individualized curriculum based upon specific interests and knowledge gaps. Breakout session topics prioritize traditionally underrepresented aspects of LGBTQI health in professional school curricula. This Forum serves as a model in which to supplement LGBTQI content into existing school curricula and offers an opportunity for interprofessional education. Next steps include conducting a formal evaluation of the curriculum, expanding our performance-based assessments, and potentially implementing a continuing education program for licensed practitioners. With a core group of interprofessional student organizers and a faculty champion, other institutions may view this course architecture as a potential way to offer learners not only LGBTQI content, but other underrepresented subjects into their own educational programs.
SF3B1 is a stress-sensitive splicing factor that regulates both HSF1 concentration and activity

The heat shock response (HSR) is a well-conserved, cytoprotective stress response that activates the HSF1 transcription factor. During severe stress, cells inhibit mRNA splicing which also serves a cytoprotective function via inhibition of gene expression. Despite their functional interconnectedness, there have not been any previous reports of crosstalk between these two pathways. In a genetic screen, we identified SF3B1, a core component of the U2 snRNP subunit of the spliceosome, as a regulator of the heat shock response in Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, we show that this regulatory connection is conserved in cultured human cells and that there are at least two distinct pathways by which SF3B1 can regulate the HSR. First, inhibition of SF3B1 with moderate levels of Pladienolide B, a previously established small molecule inhibitor of SF3B1, affects the transcriptional activation of HSF1, the transcription factor that mediates the HSR. However, both higher levels of Pladienolide B and SF3B1 siRNA knockdown also change the concentration of HSF1, a form of HSR regulation that has not been previously documented during normal physiology but is observed in some forms of cancer. Intriguingly, mutations in SF3B1 have also been associated with several distinct types of cancer. Finally, we show that regulation of alternative splicing by SF3B1 is sensitive to temperature, providing a new mechanism by which temperature stress can remodel the transcriptome.
Stewarding dairy herd health and antibiotic use on U.S. Amish and Plain Mennonite farms

Abstract This study uses a survey of dairy farmers in Michigan and Pennsylvania to examine self-reported antibiotic use and use of natural therapies to treat mastitis on dairy farms, comparing Amish and Mennonite (Plain) farmers to others. Plain farmers represent a large minority of U.S. farmers, and their proportion is projected to increase. Scholars suggest a unique environmental ethic amongst Plain farmers, and we extend this to examine antibiotic use. Antibiotic use is a key component of sustainability on dairy farms. Regarding environmental sustainability, imprudent antibiotic use is associated with the risk of antibiotic resistance and drug residues. Regarding economic sustainability, antibiotic use is associated with increased costs and lost production. Results suggest that Plain farmers use antibiotics less frequently than others and rely more frequently on natural therapies. However, Mennonite farmers more closely resemble non-Plain peers. This suggests the need to recognize the distinctiveness of Plain farmers and that Plain farmers may offer lessons on sustainable practices that could be extended to other farmers.
Riddle Me This: Using Riddles That Violate Gender Stereotypes to Demonstrate the Pervasiveness of Stereotypes.

This paper describes a classroom demonstration that showcases how pre-existing beliefs (e.g., stereotypes) influence problem-solving. Across four studies, participants solved riddles with gender st...
Family History and Breast Cancer Risk Among Older Women in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium Cohort.

Importance First-degree family history is a strong risk factor for breast cancer, but controversy exists about the magnitude of the association among older women. Objective To determine whether first-degree family history is associated with increased risk of breast cancer among older women, and identify whether the association varies by breast density. Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective cohort study between 1996 and 2012 from 7 Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium (BCSC) registries located in New Hampshire, North Carolina, San Francisco Bay area, western Washington state, New Mexico, Colorado, and Vermont. During a mean (SD) follow-up of 6.3 (3.2) years, 10 929 invasive breast cancers were diagnosed in a cohort of 403 268 women 65 years and older with data from 472 220 mammography examinations. We estimated the 5-year cumulative incidence of invasive breast cancer by first-degree family history, breast density, and age groups. Cox proportional hazards models were fit to estimate the association of first-degree family history with risk of invasive breast cancer (after adjustment for breast density, BCSC registry, race/ethnicity, body mass index, postmenopausal hormone therapy use, and benign breast disease for age groups 65 to 74 years and 75 years and older, separately). Data analyses were performed between June 2016 and June 2017. Exposure First-degree family history of breast cancer. Main Outcomes and Measures Incident breast cancer. Results In 403 268 women 65 years and older, first-degree family history was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer among women ages 65 to 74 years (hazard ratio [HR], 1.48; 95% CI, 1.35-1.61) and 75 years and older (HR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.28-1.62). Estimates were similar for women 65 to 74 years with first-degree relative’s diagnosis age younger than 50 years (HR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.25-1.73) vs 50 years and older (HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.17-1.51) and for women ages 75 years and older with the relative’s diagnosis age younger than 50 years (HR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.05-1.63) vs 50 years and older (HR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.33-1.81). Among women ages 65 to 74 years, the risk associated with first-degree family history was highest among those with fatty breasts (HR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.27-2.21), whereas in women 75 years and older the risk associated with family history was highest among those with dense breasts (HR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.29-1.87). Conclusions and Relevance First-degree family history was associated with increased risk of invasive breast cancer in all subgroups of older women irrespective of a relative’s age at diagnosis.
ATRIAL ARRHYTHMIAS IN LEFT VENTRICULAR NONCOMPACTION: ASSOCIATION WITH CLINICAL AND ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) is an inherited cardiomyopathy with an underlying arrhythmogenic substrate. Limited information is available on prevalence and risk factors of atrial arrhythmias in LVNC. Imaging databases were queried from 2000-16 to identify a cohort of patients with LVNC,
Miscellaneous Boundary Crossing Problems

The subject of this chapter is several results which can be obtained by refinements of the methods developed in Chapters IV and IX. Some of them have already been used in Chapters IV and V.
Microethical and relational insights from pediatric palliative care.

To prepare for providing truly ethical care in the pediatric palliative area (as well as others), clinicians must be trained in ways that are cognitively complex and emotionally challenging, and given space to confront the health care realities we're not supposed to talk about. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Pouch-Vaginal Fistula: Management

Abstract Pouch-vaginal fistula is a debilitating condition for the patient after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis construction. It remains challenging for the practicing surgeon with no single best surgical treatment available. Procedures described for the treatment of this condition vary in success rates, and almost half of the attempted repairs may not be successful. Treatment of this uncommon complication requires detailed examination of the patient and choosing the best available surgical approach. These patients should be referred to specialized centers and treated by experienced surgeons.
Combinatorial thin film screening to identify single-phase, non-equiatomic high entropy alloys in the MnFeCoNiCu system

To identify new face centered cubic high entropy alloys (HEAs), MnFeCoNiCu thin film samples were prepared by simultaneous magnetron sputtering of elements onto Si wafers. This sputtering arrangement yielded compositional gradients in the samples. The films exhibited regions with different phases, some of which were single-phase and non-equiatomic. To screen the crystal structure and composition across film samples, multiple characterization techniques were used: scanning electron microscopy, focused ion beam, energy-dispersive x-ray spec-troscopy, x-ray diffraction, and electron backscattered diffraction analysis. Using this combinatorial method, candidate single-phase HEAs were identified and then successfully arc-melted in bulk form, followed by thermomechanical processing.
Floral Colonization Dynamics and Specificity of Aureobasidium pullulans Strains Used to Suppress Fire Blight of Pome Fruit.

Aureobasidium pullulans is used as a biocontrol agent for fire blight protection in organic apple and pear production. We assessed colonization of pome flowers by A. pullulans in orchards located n...
Polar labeling: silver standard algorithm for training disease classifiers.

MOTIVATION Expert-labeled data are essential to train phenotyping algorithms for cohort identification. However expert labeling is time and labor intensive, and the costs remain prohibitive for scaling phenotyping to wider use-cases. RESULTS We present an approach referred to as polar labeling (PL), to create silver standard for training machine learning (ML) for disease classification. We test the hypothesis that ML models trained on the silver standard created by applying PL on unlabeled patient records, are comparable in performance to the ML models trained on gold standard, created by clinical experts through manual review of patient records. We perform experimental validation using health records of 38 023 patients spanning six diseases. Our results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed approach. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION We provide a Python implementation of the algorithm and the Python code developed for this study on Github. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Peak Oxygen Consumption and Survival after Heart Transplant is Similar in Patients with and without Comorbid Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Purpose Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the general population and may be associated with decreased exercise capacity on cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). While comorbid OSA is often considered when evaluating patients for heart transplantation, post-transplant outcomes are poorly studied. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of 307 heart transplant recipients at a large academic institution with CPET ≤2 years after transplant. Patients with and without comorbid OSA were compared with respect to baseline characteristics and post-transplant exercise performance. Survival was compared with Cox proportional hazards modeling with time-varying exposure to account for patients who developed OSA during follow-up. Analyses were repeated after restricting the case definition to only ≥moderate OSA (apnea hypopnea index ≥15 or physician's qualitative report of sleep study result). Results Of 307 heart transplant recipients, 32 had OSA at baseline with 23 cases ≥moderate. Patients with OSA had higher body mass index (30.5 vs 27.0 kg/m2, p Conclusion Heart transplant recipients with and without OSA have similar peak VO2 and post-transplant survival. Exercise time may be shorter in patients with ≥moderate OSA compared to patients with no or only mild disease. Whether compliance with nocturnal positive airway pressure mitigates these comparable outcomes remains to be explored.
Influence of age and cancer history on prevalence of autoimmunity in patients with metastatic melanoma: A large retrospective study.

e22016Background: While immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have improved the survival rates of metastatic melanoma in recent years, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) remain a major toxicity. S...
Delta Event-Related Oscillations Are Related to a History of Extreme Binge Drinking in Adolescence and Lifetime Suicide Risk.

Alcohol exposure typically begins in adolescence, and heavy binge drinking is associated with health risk behaviors. Event-related oscillations (EROs) may represent sensitive biomarkers or endophenotypes for early alcohol exposure as well as other risk behaviors such as suicidal thoughts and actions. In this study, young adults (age 18–30 years) of American Indian (AI) (n = 479) and Mexican American (MA) (n = 705) ancestry were clinically assessed, and EROs were generated to happy, sad and neutral faces. Extreme adolescent binge drinking (10+ drinks) was common (20%) in this population of AI/MA and associated with a significantly increased risk of a lifetime history of suicidal acts (SA, suicide attempts, deaths) but not suicidal thoughts (ST, ideation, plans). ST were reported among MA participants, whereas SA were more common among AI young adults. Extreme adolescent binge drinking was also associated with errors in detection of sad and neutral faces, increases in delta ERO energy, and decreases in phase locking (PL), particularly in parietal areas. A lifetime history of ST was associated with increases in delta ERO energy and PL, whereas SA were associated with decreases in both. These studies suggest that ERO measures may represent important potential biomarkers of adolescent extreme binge drinking and risk for suicidal behaviors.
Heterostructure Photonic Devices

The light emitters made of III–V alloys are the most important and widely used photonic devices because Si and Ge do not emit light due to their indirect band structures. The semiconductor laser is similar to the solid-state ruby laser and Ar+ gas laser in that the emitted radiation is highly monochromatic and produces a highly directional beam of light. However, the semiconductor laser is much smaller (on the order of 0.25 mm long) than other lasers and is easily modulated at high frequencies simply by modulating the injected current. Because of these unique properties, the semiconductor laser is one of the most important light sources for optical-fiber communication. It also has many applications in consumer electronics such as optical reading, laser printing, and face ID, to mention just a few. In addition, semiconductor lasers have significant applications in many areas of basic research and technology, such as high-resolution gas spectroscopy and atmospheric pollution monitoring. A related important photonic device is the light-emitting diode (LED), which has a device structure very similar to the semiconductor injection laser but without a resonant optical cavity. Today, visible LEDs play a leading role in displays and solid-state lighting applications. In this chapter, the device physics, structures, and characteristics of many types of heterostructure lasers are discussed. The current status and challenges of visible LEDs are briefly reviewed. In addition, the quantum cascade laser based on unipolar inter-subband transitions for long-wavelength applications is introduced. Also discussed is the mid-infrared quantum-well infrared photodetector, operating based on the same unipolar inter-subband optical transition. Finally, the concept of optoelectronic integration is demonstrated in the transistor laser where both transistor and laser operation are realized simultaneously in the same device.
Pathways to college admissions: student strategies and class variations in activating cultural knowledge in Taiwan

Students attain cultural knowledge to navigate college admissions, yet few studies investigate when and how students activate this knowledge in a relatively transparent system. Drawing upon 26 Taiw...
And Then There Was Copyright

The U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 has reorganized the ownership of textual materials and altered the social relations of academic publishing in the United States. Using institutional ethnography I explore the disjuncture between our own work as scholars attempting to disseminate our work and the legal and administrative processes imposed on us by the publishing enterprise Through an analysis of text-work-text sequences in obtaining copyright permission I discover that the copyright work of researchers is hierarchically coordinated through discursive practices in contractual law and business. The interpretative frames of liability, infringement, and profitability have replaced previous understandings and practices of fair use among researchers. This has made it more difficult for social scientists to incorporate existing texts into their manuscripts because prior understandings of fair use have become more restricted.
Emergent myxobacterial behaviors arise from reversal suppression induced by kin contacts

A wide range of biological systems - from microbial swarms to bird flocks, display emergent behaviors driven by coordinated movement of individuals. To this end, individual organisms interact by recognizing their kin and adjusting their motility based on others around them. However, even in the best-studied systems, the mechanistic basis of the interplay between kin recognition and motility coordination is not understood. Here, using a combination of experiments and mathematical modeling, we uncover the mechanism of an emergent social behavior in Myxococcus xanthus. By overexpressing the cell surface kin recognition receptors, TraA and TraB, large numbers of cells adhere to one another and form organized macroscopic circular aggregates that spin clockwise or counterclockwise. Mechanistically, TraAB adhesion results in sustained cell-cell contacts that signal the Frz chemosensory pathway. In turn, cell reversals are suppressed and circular aggregates form as the result of cells ability to follow cellular slime trails. Furthermore, our in-silico simulations demonstrate a remarkable ability to predict self-organization patterns when phenotypically distinct strains are mixed. Therefore, this work provides key mechanistic insights into M. xanthus social interactions and demonstrates how social recognition transforms physical interactions into emergent collective behaviors. SignificanceIn many species, large populations exhibit emergent behaviors whereby all related individuals move in unison. For example, fish in schools can all dart in one direction simultaneously avoiding a predator. Currently, it is impossible to explain how such animals recognize kin and elicit these behaviors at a molecular level. However, microbes also recognize kin and exhibit emergent collective behaviors that are experimentally tractable. Here, using a model social bacterium, we engineer dispersed individuals to organize into synchronized collectives that create emergent patterns. With experimental and mathematical approaches we explain how this occurs at both molecular and population levels. The results demonstrate how the combination of local physical interactions and signaling between cells leads to emergent behavior on a global scale.
Potentially Inappropriate Medication Usage in Older Adults in a Tertiary Academic Medical Center Emergency Department.

Background:The Beers Criteria® medications are potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) recommended by the American Geriatric Society to be avoided or used with caution in adults 65 years and o...
Context-specific behavior serves as a mechanism of interspecific cohesion in mixed-species flocks

We investigated whether context-specific behavior is responsible for the cohesion of mixed-species flocks of antshrikes and antwrens in Amazonian Peru. Antshrikes perform a behavior while spatially repositioning, to which antwrens respond by approaching. The cohesion of interspecific associations requires communication, although the mechanisms often are unexplored. In monospecific groups, cohesion among individuals is maintained with actions or vocalizations given in a certain context. Dusky-throated Antshrikes (Thamnomanes ardesiacus) vocalize while in flight and the number of times they vocalize covaries with the flight distance. We refer to this pairing of flight and vocalization as repositioning behavior. Furthermore, antshrikes pair a different call type with perching, which we refer to as perching behavior. We followed Long-winged (Myrmotherula longipennis) and White-flanked Antwrens (M. axillaris) and recorded their response following natural vocalizations (no playback used) given by the antshrikes. Long-winged Antwrens, but not White-flanked, flew toward an antshrike significantly sooner and were more likely to approach the antshrikes after the repositioning behavior than after perching behavior. In addition, Long-winged Antwrens, but not White-flanked, flew toward an antshrike sooner after a longer series of repositioning calls than after a shorter series. We did not distinguish between the Long-winged Antwrens' response as a function of movement vs. vocalizations of the antshrikes, although we argue that vocalizations are likely a more important communication component of repositioning behavior than movement. It remains unclear whether the antshrikes are deliberately signaling the Long-winged Antwrens or the antwrens are taking advantage of the repositioning behavior; active signaling is possible since antshrikes benefit from antwrens. White-flanked Antwrens may be less responsive to the antshrikes since they have a lower propensity to occur in a mixed-species flock. The results indicate that the repositioning behavior of Dusky-throated Antshrikes is a key mechanism of interspecific cohesion of Amazonian mixed-species flocks of the understory. LAY SUMMARY studied how one species of bird uses behavior as a cue to follow another species. Antshrikes are the flock “leader” and antwrens follow the antshrikes. Antshrikes give different vocalizations that are paired with either perching or repositioning. We investigated whether a repositioning behavior serves as a mechanism that birds use to stay together in mixed-species flocks in Amazonian Peru. Antwrens use the behavior of the antshrikes as a way to know where the antshrikes are and follow them.
The effect of financial access on convergence: evidence from the US agricultural sector

We investigate the effect of financial access on convergence in the US agricultural sector. We find that financial access allows states with lower real per-capita agricultural production to catch u...
A Principle-Based Analysis of Multilevel Policy Areas on Inshore Fisheries in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

Small-scale fisheries in Newfoundland and Labrador have been shaped by multiple institutions and policies occurring at various scales. Some of these institutions and policies present opportunities, while others pose threats to the sustainability and the viability of this inshore fishery, a sector already facing a grim decline. This chapter analyzes contemporary policy areas at three different scales (provincial, national and transatlantic) and assesses their likely effects on the future of the small-scale fisheries and the rural communities who depend on it. Utilizing the governability perspective focusing on ‘meta-level’ governance, the governing principles embedded in these policy areas are given particular attention in the analysis. The discussion generates a set of questions that need to be considered in moving forward with the governance of the small-scale inshore sector in Newfoundland and Labrador. We argue that these inquiries are also crucial for charting the overall direction of the fishing industry in the province as a whole.
The Cdc13-Stn1-Ten1 complex stimulates Pol α activity by promoting the primase-to-polymerase switch (548.2)

The Cdc13-Stn1-Ten1 complex stimulate Pol α activity by promoting the primase-to-polymerase switch Neal F. Lue1. 1Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065 Emerging evidence s...
Patient satisfaction with medical disclosure and consent documents for treatment: Applying conceptualizations of uncertainty to examine successful attempts at communicating risk

AbstractAlthough growing evidence suggests that the informed consent process often involves ineffective communication, little is known about how patients evaluate the communicative features of medical disclosure and consent documents (MDCDs). This study was an attempt to uncover some successful elements of MDCDs by asking patients to report on what they found satisfying with a consent form. Participants (N = 150) were administered a sample form for a cardiac catheterization and were asked during face-to-face interviews to describe what they liked about it. They also provided data about their level of education, level of health literacy, age, and experience receiving healthcare as patient characteristics. Open-ended comments were thematically analyzed according to conceptualizations of uncertainty and information management in healthcare settings. We found that patients commented most often on the completeness of relevant information, clear language, straightforward organization, and minimal volume of mate...
Financing Technology and Innovation

Innovation is the key element to economic progress. Keywords: financing innovation adverse selection and moral hazard; the problem of project valuation; financing options; bootstrapping; peer-to-peer lending; microlending; angel investors; royalty financing; private placement; venture philanthropy; research parks; local/state/federal programs; asset-based lending; venture capital; mergers and acquisitions; swords and spinouts; outsourcing; public markets; PIPE (private investment in public entities); strategic alliances/partnerships
Nitrogen mobilization in Asia

The addition of anthropogenic N by food and energy production to the global environment contributes to the greenhouse effect, acid deposition, photochemical smog, stratospheric ozone depletion and eutrophication of fresh and marine waters. On a global basis, anthropogenic N mobilization is greater then natural sources of bio-reactive N. Currently, Asia is a hotspot of N mobilization and distribution to downwind and downstream environments, primarily due to food production. Asia's contribution will continue to increase, not only due to population growth, but also to increases in the per capita consumption of food and energy. This paper provides an overview of the global N cycle, presents an analysis of N dynamics within agroecosystems, examines N mobilization in Asia and discusses possible rates of N mobilization in the future.
MANAGING GENDER-RELATED CHALLENGES IN ICT4D FIELD RESEARCH

A significant number of ICT4D projects funded by the developed world cannot meet their objectives. One cause of failures of ICT4D projects is likely to be the failures or shortcomings of the field research component since it is an integral part of a majority ICT4D projects. Hence, it becomes an imperative for researchers to be able to manage the challenges encountered in ICT4D field research. Project management principles (PMP) concerned with the scope, time, cost, quality, human resources, communications, and risks related to a variety of projects may help researchers to manage ICT4D field research challenges. However, PMP developed in and for the developed world cannot be applied as is; they need to be customized to a developing nation context. This paper illustrates the culturally sensitive application of PMP to manage contextual challenges mainly consisting of gender-related challenges in field research with poor female mobile phone users in rural India. The communications and risk management principles were most useful when collecting quantitative and qualitative data from one of the most disadvantaged communities in the world. The insights into gender relations between the male researcher, the female local mediator, the female study participants, and their male family members would better equip researchers and practitioners to manage gender-related challenges in ICT4D field research.
Characterization of Deactivated Bio-oil Hydrotreating Catalysts

Deactivation of bio-oil hydrotreating catalysts remains a significant challenge because of the poor quality of pyrolysis bio-oil input for hydrotreating and understanding their deactivation mode is critical to developing improved catalysts and processes. In this research, we developed an understanding of the deactivation of two-step bio-oil hydrotreating catalysts (sulfided Ru/C and sulfided CoMo/C) through detailed characterization of the catalysts using various analytical techniques. Severe fouling of both catalysts by carbonaceous species was the major form of deactivation, which is consistent with the significant loss of surface area and pore volume of both deactivated catalysts and the significant increase of the bulk density. Further analysis of the carbonaceous species by thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that the carbonaceous species was formed by condensation reaction of active species such as sugars and sugar derivatives (aldehydes and ketones) in bio-oil feedstock during bio-oil hydrotreating under the conditions and catalysts used. Microscopy results did not show metal sintering of the Ru/C catalyst. However, X-ray diffraction indicated a probable transformation of the highly-active CoMoS phase in the sulfided CoMo/C catalyst to Co8S9 and MoS2 phase with low activity. Loss of the active site by transport of inorganic elements from the bio-oil and the reactor construction material onto the catalyst surface also might be a cause of deactivation as indicated by elemental analysis of spent catalysts.
The zebrafish fibroblast cell line AB9 as a tool to complement gene regulation studies

The regenerating caudal fin of an adult zebrafish is a great model system to study gene regulation and function. However, manipulation of essential genes in adult fins can be challenging. In this brief report, we suggest that a fibroblast cell line AB9, isolated from regenerating caudal fins of adult zebrafish, can be used to perform pilot studies for gene regulation. We also provide standardized protocols for morpholino and drug treatment of AB9 cells. Our findings suggest that the AB9 cell line is an easily manipulated system that expresses key regulators of the Cx43 dependent growth and patterning pathway, identified from studies in the regenerating fin. We also provide evidence that expression and function of proteins can be easily manipulated, either through targeted morpholino knockdown or by pharmacological inhibition.
PML and PSTD algorithm for arbitrary lossy anisotropic media

A general perfectly matched layer (PML) formulation is presented for lossy anisotropic media with arbitrary permittivity, permeability, and conductivity tensors. This PML is then used in a pseudospectral time-domain (PSTD) algorithm for solutions of electromagnetic fields in lossy anisotropic media. Numerical results verify the efficiency of the PML absorbing boundary condition and the PSTD algorithm.
Synthesis and Some Properties of Modified Oligonucleotides. II. Oligonucleotides Containing 2′-Deoxy-2′-fluoro-β-D-arabinofuranosyl Pyrimidine Nucleosides

Abstract In order to find the effects of unnatural nucleosides on the stability of duplex, several oligonucleotides containing 1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)-uracil(FAU),-cytosine (FAC) and -thymine (FMAU) were synthesized by two alternative approaches: phosphoramidite method on an ABI 392 synthesizer and H-phosphonate procedure on our GeneSyn I universal module synthesizer. It was shown from the melting profiles that the presence of FMAU has a large stabilizing effect on the duplex. Replacement of thymidine with FAU, or deoxycytidine with FAC resulted in the formation of less stable duplexes. Temperature-dependent CD spectroscopy demonstrated that the structures of the fluorine containing oligomers are very similar to those of unmodified oligomers.
Leukotrienes increase levels of prostanoids in cerebrospinal fluid in piglets.

Abstract We investigated effects of exogenous leukotrienes (C 4 , D 4 , or E 4 on levels of prostanoids in cerebrospinal fluid in newborn pigs (1–5 days). A “close” cranial window was placed over the parietal cortex. Pial arterial diameter was measured with a microscope and electronic micrometer system. Levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 6-keto-Prostaglandin F 1α (6-keto-PGF 1α ), Thromboxane B 2 (TXB 2 ), and Prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) were measured by radioimmunoassay. Topical application of leukotrienes C 4 , D 4 , or E 4 (5,000 ng/ml) similarly constricted pial arteries by 15 ± 2% (n = 14) (mean ± SEM). In addition, leukotrienes increased levels of 6-keto-PGF 1α from 806 ± 136 to 1,612 ± 304 pg/ml (n = 13), TXB 2 from 161 ± 31 to 392 ± 81 pg/ml(n = 10), and PGE 2 from 2,271 ± 342 to 4,636 ± 740 pg/ml (n = 13). Each type of leukotriene had similar effects on prostanoid synthesis. In other experiments (n = 5), we found that 0.2 ng/ml PGE 2 in CSF dilated pial arteries by 24 ± 8% and that 1.0 ng/mg PGI 2 dilated pial arterial by 15 ± 6%. These results indicate that leukotrienes are able to increase levels of prostanoids in cerebral cortex.
Multisite phosphorylation and the nuclear localization of phosphatase inhibitor 2-green fluorescent protein fusion protein during S phase of the cell growth cycle.

Human phosphatase inhibitor 2 (Inh2) is a phosphoprotein that complexes with type 1 protein phosphatase, and its expression peaks during S phase and mitosis during the cell cycle. Localization of Inh2 was visualized in HS68 human fibroblasts by fusing Inh2 to green fluorescent protein (GFP). During G1phase, Inh2-GFP was localized in the cytoplasm, and as cells progressed into S phase Inh2-GFP accumulated in the nucleus. Known phosphorylation sites of Inh2 at Thr-72, Ser-86, and Ser-120/121 were each replaced with alanine. None of the mutated Inh2-GFP proteins accumulated in the nucleus during S phase, indicating that all of these phosphorylation sites were required. Mutation of two lysine residues in a putative nuclear localization sequence in Inh2 also prevented the Inh2-GFP fusion protein from accumulating in the nucleus during S phase. Recombinant Inh2 was phosphorylated by kinases in cytosols prepared from G1 and S phase cells. The amount of Inh2 kinase attributed to casein kinase 2, based on inhibition by heparin, increased 2.6-fold from G1 to S phase. In addition, kinases in G1 versus S phase cytosols produced distinct Inh2 phosphopeptides. The results indicate that changes in phosphorylation of Inh2 are involved in intracellular redistribution of the protein during the cell cycle.
Do aggressive people play violent computer games in a more aggressive way? Individual difference and idiosyncratic game-playing experience

ABSTRACT This study investigates whether individual difference influences idiosyncratic experience of game playing. In particular, we examine the relationship between the game player's physical-aggressive personality and the aggressiveness of the player's game playing in violence-oriented video games. Screen video stream of 40 individual participants' game playing was captured and content analyzed. Participants' physical aggression was measured before the game play. The results suggest that people with more physical-aggressive personality engage in a more aggressive style of playing, after controlling the differences of gender and previous gaming experience. Implications of these findings and direction for future studies are discussed.
STEIN FILLINGS OF LENS SPACES

We describe a foliation by finite energy holomorphic curves of some symplectic manifolds which are constructed from Stein manifolds with Lens space boundaries. One application is that all such Stein manifolds bounded by the same contact Lens space are equivalent up to Stein homotopy.
All-optical polarization switching based on the excitation of spin-polarized "virtual excitons" in quantum wells

Summary form only given. We describe a novel optically-addressed coherent polarization switch that is based on the non-resonant excitation of spin-polarized "virtual excitons" in unstrained MQWs. By operating near (but below) resonance, we achieve nonlinearities that approach the magnitudes of those that can be obtained with resonant excitation, yet we are able to avoid the restrictions that accompany carrier generation, and we take advantage of speeds that are characteristic of non-resonant excitation. Consequently, our device exhibits a pulse-width-limited response that is determined solely by the length of the control and signal pulses and produces large contrast ratios in thin MQW samples.
The role of computer system models in performance evaluation

Models constitute a useful means of investigating computer system performance. This paper examines the interrelationships between models and other methods for evaluating the performance of computer systems and establishes circumstances under which the use of a model is appropriate.
Lake herring (Coregonus artedi) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) diets in western Lake Superior

Abstract We describe the diets of lake herring ( Coregonus artedi ) and rainbow smelt ( Osmerus mordax ) in western Lake Superior during the summers of 1996 and 1997. Both species consumed predominantly (> 71% by number) zooplankton, showing a preference for larger taxa. Diet overlap between the two species was low (Schoener's index = 0.42). Mysis was most important in rainbow smelt diets, whereas Diaptomus sicilis was most important in lake herring diets. Rainbow smelt selected larger taxa, and larger individuals within a taxon when compared to lake herring, although rainbow smelt tended to be smaller fish. Fish diets have changed relative to previous studies and may be reflecting changes in the zooplankton community. Continued changes in the fish and zooplankton community will alter predatorprey and energetic pathways, ultimately affecting growth and production of the ecosystem.