cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mapping the literature of nursing administration.

Objectives: As part of Phase I of a project to map the literature of nursing, sponsored by the Nursing and Allied Health Resources Section of the Medical Library Association, this study identifies the core literature cited in nursing administration and the indexing services that provide access to the core journals. The results of this study will assist librarians and end users searching for information related to this nursing discipline, as well as database producers who might consider adding specific titles to their indexing services. Methods: Using the common methodology described in the overview article, five source journals for nursing administration were identified and selected for citation analysis over a three-year period, 1996 to 1998, to identify the most frequently cited titles according to Bradford's Law of Scattering. From this core of most productive journal titles, the bibliographic databases that provide the best access to these titles were identified. Results: Results reveal that nursing administration literature relies most heavily on journal articles and on those titles identified as core nursing administrative titles. When the indexing coverage of nine services is compared, PubMed/MEDLINE and CINAHL provide the most comprehensive coverage of this nursing discipline. Conclusions: No one indexing service adequately covers this nursing discipline. Researchers needing comprehensive coverage in this area must search more than one database to effectively research their projects. While PubMed/MEDLINE and CINAHL provide more coverage for this discipline than the other indexing services, none is sufficiently broad in scope to provide indexing of nursing, health care management, and medical literature in a single file. Nurse administrators using the literature to research current work issues need to review not only the nursing titles covered by CINAHL but should also include the major weekly medical titles, core titles in health care administration, and general business sources if they wish to adequately cover the many aspects of nursing administration.
The PRISM project: Social withdrawal from an RDoC perspective.

Abstract The PRISM (Psychiatric Ratings using Intermediate Stratified Markers) project was funded under the auspices of the European Union Innovative Medicine Initiative (EU-IMI) to explore quantitative approaches to the biological and behavioral aspects of neuropsychiatric disorders. PRISM focuses specifically on social withdrawal, although its principles are applicable to a wide range of disorders. This commentary explores some of the major aspects of the PRISM design from the perspective of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project initiated by the National Institute of Mental Health. PRISM represents an apt exemplar of the principles developed in the RDoC framework, with the potential to contribute palpable advances in precision diagnosis and innovative approaches to treatment development.
Argentines in the United States: Migration and Continuity

Argentina, a South American country with over 44 million inhabitants, is characterized by its family-centered, affectionate culture, and by close interpersonal distance. While a sizable portion of the population descends from European migrants, there is also a significant portion of the population with Amerindian roots. Argentina has experienced periods of political and economic instability, including the Dirty War in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the economic collapse of 2001, and the financial difficulties of 2014. Socioeconomic, educational, and family reasons have incentivized Argentines to relocate to other countries; it is estimated that over one million Argentines live overseas, including the United States. Approximately 242,000 Argentines and Argentine Americans reside in the United States. The chapter details some of the challenges and opportunities encountered by Argentines in the post-migration era and their relationship to their homeland.
A near miss: Autonomic dysfunction in a 2% total burn surface area burn patient with ventilator‐dependent amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting primarily upper and lower motor neurons in the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord.1 The estimated incidence is six per 100 000 in North America with 5‐year survival around 20%.1 Also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, ALS is characterized by a number of variants and thus has a broad range of presenting symptoms. Patients can present with any combination of upper motor neuron, lower motor neuron, and bulbar symptoms, or even primary respiratory dysfunction. The temporal onset of symptoms is variable as well. The duration between disease onset and death is an average of 3 years, and patients most commonly succumb to respiratory failure. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis was previously thought to be exclusively a disease of motor neurons, but a growing body of literature suggests that the autonomic system is also affected.2, 3, 4 The clinical manifestations and postulated mechanisms of autonomic system involvement in ALS have been hotly debated with discordant results. Some reported symptoms include orthostatic hypotension and nocturnal blood pressure fluctuations.3, 5 Though the cause of mortality in most patients is related to respiratory failure, an increasing number of cases suggest that dysrhythmias and circulatory collapse also play a role. One study described a series of 23 patients with ventilator‐dependent ALS, six of whom died as a result of circulatory arrest.5 As a result of the progressive motor neuron degeneration, patients with ALS are at risk of burn injuries due to their physical disabilities.6 However, the treatment of burns in the ALS patient population has not been described in the literature. Added to the inherent challenges in caring for an ALS patient with burns are potential autonomic derangements that could be fatal. In this case report, we present a patient with ALS who suffered from a burn injury and then showed signs of autonomic dysfunction and suspected circulatory collapse during the hospital admission.
Post-exercise facilitation in a post-synaptic congenital myasthenic syndrome (P2.123)

Objective: To present detailed electrodiagnostic findings in a patient with congenital myasthenic syndrome. Background: Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders that underlie mutations in the structural components in the neuromuscular junction complex. The clinical presentation is usually quite variable, reflecting the affected component in the pre-synaptic, synaptic, or post-synaptic space. Understanding the various clinical presentations and electrodiagnostic characterizations is helpful in diagnosis and treatment. Design/Methods: Case Report Results: The patient is a 37-year-old woman who presented with episodic extremity weakness described as difficulty walking, running, and lifting objects starting at age 15. She also complained of occasional double vision and difficulty swallowing. Her initial examination at age 29 was reported to be normal, and further work-up showed a normal CK, negative AChR antibodies and an EMG/NCS which was suggestive of a non-irritable myopathy. Slow repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) and short and long exercise testing at that time were reportedly normal. Muscle biopsy showed non-specific alterations including type 1 fiber predominance and fiber size variability. Later in her course, she was noted to have bilateral, fatigable and fluctuating ptosis and dysconjugate gaze. EMG/NCS showed a significant decrement in CMAP amplitude with RNS at 3, 10, 15, and 30 Hz that improved post-exercise followed by further decrement in subsequent post-exercise stimulations, suggestive of post-synaptic neuromuscular junction defect. A diagnosis of congenital myasthenic syndrome was made. Treatment with pyridostigmine was initiated and a significant improvement in proximal strength and ptosis was noted. Genetic testing of the patient and family members are under evaluation. Conclusions: Our case demonstrates two important points: First, CMS can present as “myopathies”. Second, we demonstrate that appropriate electrodiagnostic characterization, including RNS, is important for accurate diagnosis and subsequent treatment. The linkage data and the role of the genetic mutation underlying the defect will be discussed. Disclosure: Dr. Iyadurai has nothing to disclose. Dr. LoRusso has nothing to disclose.
Theory-Guided Targeted Delivery of Nanoparticles inAdvective Environmental Porous Media

For near-neutrally buoyant colloids, retention on surfaces is dramatically reduced for radii in the range from approximately 100 nm to 1 μm (i.e., n−μ transition) under unfavorable conditions (ener...
Direct determination of momentum-resolved electron transfer in the photoexcited van der Waals heterobilayer W S 2 / Mo S 2

Photoinduced charge separation in transition-metal dichalcogenide heterobilayers is being explored for moir\'e excitons, spin-valley polarization, and quantum phases of excitons/electrons. While different momentum points can be critically involved in charge separation dynamics, little is known directly from experiments. Here we determine momentum-resolved electron dynamics in the $\mathrm{W}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}/\mathrm{Mo}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ heterobilayer using time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Upon photoexcitation in the $K$ valleys, we detect electrons in $M$/2, $M$, and $Q$ valleys/points on timescales as short as \ensuremath{\sim}70 fs, followed by dynamic equilibration in $K$ and $Q$ valleys in \ensuremath{\sim}400 fs. These findings reveal the essential role of phonon scattering, the coexistence of direct and indirect interlayer excitons, and constraints on spin-valley polarization.
Abstract 117: A Novel Ubiquitination Dependent Pathway Regulating Myocardial Necroptosis and Ischemic Injury

Objective: Necroptosis is a new caspase-independent, regulated form of necrosis, which has recently been implicated in ischemic cardiac injury and remodeling. This study aims to determine a novel u...
Pre-treatment planning for hepatic radiofrequency ablation

We develop a pre-treatment planning method for optimum hepatic radiofrequency (RF) ablation. In conventional methods, pre-treatment planning is minimal and for a specific tumor size, it only includes reading pre-specified treatment length and input voltage values from a look-up table that lists experimentally obtained ablation parameters. Such planning, in order to assure certain level of cell death, usually results in more healthy cell damage than desired. Different than the conventional methods, here, we develop a model-based pre-treatment optimal planning framework. As an example, we use 1-D axisymmetric tissue geometry and over this geometry, we solve Pennes' bioheat and Laplace equations to model the RF heating. Using the solutions of these equations, we define constrained nonlinear optimization problems to achieve specific temperature profiles in certain areas of the tissue. Results demonstrate that compared to the conventional methods, our approach significantly improves the healthy tissue preservation.
Modeling and Simulation of Diode Triggered Silicon Controlled Rectifier Behavior under ESD Stresses

A Diode Triggered Silicon Controlled Rectifier (DTSCR) is modeled. This DTSCR compact model is able to simulate the DTSCR’s I-V characteristics with snapback. Overshoot related parameters in this model also reproduces the overshoot phenomenon in transient simulation. Simulation of non-linear resistivity in the high current region is modeled based on the electro-thermal behavior and velocity saturation. This model is not only able to simulate quasi-static I-V under typical ESD stresses, but can predict ESD failure with arbitrary input ESD waveforms.
Lattice Model of Mitigated Epidemic

We study a statistical lattice model of a mitigated epidemic. The level of mitigation, defined by measures to slow down the spread of the infection, is characterized by the infection transmissivity. It is determined by people9s mobility, frequency of contacts, and probability to catch the virus from a contact. In the absence of testing the infected people are isolated for a finite period of time during which they are symptomatic. In the presence of testing, people become isolated a soon as they are tested positive. We compute time dependence of daily new infections as a function of transmissivity, initial infection, and testing. The duration of the epidemic increases rapidly with the increased level of mitigation while the number of people falling sick daily decreases. Testing, regardless of the level, has little effect on the duration of the epidemic. The total number of people who contract the disease over the lifetime of the epidemic depends weakly on its duration. It does not change significantly for the homogeneous testing of the population at the level below 10% daily.
New music therapy faculty and the pursuit of fulfillment, success, and identity: A collective autoethnography

Abstract Little is known about best practices for effectively developing and mentoring new music therapy faculty as they transition to the complex ecology of higher education. To address this gap, three new music therapy faculty explored their lived experiences as participant-researchers in a collective autoethnography designed to synthesize their perspectives into a shared, comprehensive story. Over the 2017–2018 academic year, data were collected from personal journals and focus groups interweaving individual and collective narratives and qualitatively analyzed via restorying, domain and taxonomic analysis, and inductive semantic thematic analysis. Forty-two total domains, or cultural categories, were identified and then consolidated into six primary themes: student relations, evaluation, self-preservation, competence, challenges, and colleague relations. Primary themes were further distilled into three composite themes – fulfillment, success, and identity—that participant-researchers experienced as aspirational goals that were critical for professional development yet difficult to conceptualize and achieve. The narrative stage of rising action reflected participant-researchers’ aspirations to feel fulfilled, achieve success, and develop identity while contending with limited insight, guidance or direction. The findings provide foundational knowledge for future scholarship examining best practices for training and mentoring new faculty.
Reliability of Moisture Reference Year (MRY) selection methods for hygrothermal performance analysis of wood-frame walls under historical and future climates

Abstract Hygrothermal simulations can be used to evaluate the hygrothermal response of building envelope to the effect of climate change. However, to account for the uncertainty in projected future climates, a large number of simulations are required. To reduce computational time, hygrothermal performance of walls is typically evaluated using Moisture Reference Year (MRY), which can be selected based on climate-based indices. This study investigated the reliability of climate-based indices by comparing to the response-based indices obtained from simulations using two methods. Firstly, the direct correlation between two indices is calculated using coefficient of determination (R2). Second method focuses on evaluating the reliability of climate-based indices in ranking the years in terms of moisture severity compared to that based on simulations. Four climate-based indices: Climatic Index (CI), Moisture Index (MI), Severity Index (Isev) and annual WDR and three response-based indices: Mould Index, Moisture Content and RHT index are investigated. In general, R2 between two indices is weak (range of 0–0.79) with highest being 0.79 (between maximum mould index and MI) for stucco cladding wall facing default orientation under historical climate in Calgary. With ranking analysis, the accuracy using climate-based indices in ranking all years is low with some improvement in ranking the first three worst-years. CI and MI perform well and Isev works for north facing walls for cities like Ottawa and Calgary but fails for Vancouver. To have a reliable assessment of moisture risks, further research is needed to improve existing or develop a new climate-based index specific to Canadian climate.
Joaquinite: The Nature of its Water Content and theQuestion of Four-Coordinated Ferrous Iron

The polarized optical and infrared spectra of oriented crystals of joaquinite from San Benito County, California, have been obtained. The infrared spectra have polarized absorption bands at 3561, 3500, and 1607 cm^(-1), which are assigned to the vibrations of crystallographically ordered molecular water in joaquinite. The optical spectra show features due to neodymimum and divalent iron. The near infrared absorptions near 1000 and 2100 nm are discussed in terms of six-coordinated iron(II) rather than the four-coordinated iron(II) proposed from X-ray structural studies.
DD37: Die Osteridee – verraten Sie sie? (April 2007)

Sie erschien eines Tages uber dem Kaffeeautomaten – es mochte gegen Ostern gewesen sein. Uber dem wohligen Dampfe einiger Kaffeetassen und Pappbecher bildete sie sich ganz undeutlich uber den Kopfen der hitzig Diskutierenden: Es war die Idee. Sie hatten eine Idee, wie sie die Firma retten konnten, wie sie ihr zur Auferstehung verhelfen wurden. Die Idee erwarmte sie wie der Kaffee. Die Stimmen schwirrten. „Man konnte, man sollte, man musste, dann ware und hatte man.“
Boom and bust methodology: Opportunities and challenges with conducting research at sites of resource extraction

Researchers conducting fieldwork at sites of resource extraction experience unique challenges associated with methodology, such as subjectivity and positionality. These challenges are further amplified through the boom and bust nature of extraction. However, these rapidly changing physical and political landscapes also give way to unique opportunities to engage with communities undergoing socioeconomic change. Commentary from researchers working in communities impacted by the development of hydraulic fracturing activity and associated infrastructure highlights the tensions and perspectives that emerge from institutional permanency, knowledge of the subterranean, oral histories, and family ties. Although these cases focus on fieldwork conducted in the American west, it is our hope that this commentary may further the discussion of issues related to boom and bust methodology to sites of resource extraction beyond North America.
Encopresis, Enemas, and Gold Stars

I was gratified to read the study of Levine and Bakow on childhood encopresis ( Pediatrics 58:845, December 1976). Disorders of defecation cause great suffering to many children and their families. Pediatrics, as a clinical pursuit and scientific discipline, has too often side-stepped disorders of elimination. The value of the authors9 humane, caring attitude toward their patients cannot be overestimated. I would like to offer the following criticisms: 1. A pediatrician9s ability to help a patient depends on his understanding of the symptom.
In Vivo Antiviral Properties of Biologically Active Compounds II. Studies with Influenza and Vaccinia Viruses

The in vivo anti-influenza virus and antivaccinia virus activity of 156 biologically active compounds was determined. One of two criteria was used for evaluating activity against the influenza virus. The criteria were increase in survivor number and mean survival time, and reduction in virus-induced lung consolidation in treated, infected Swiss mice. Increase in survivor number and mean survival time were the criteria for evaluation of antivaccinia virus activity. Several drug doses were tested against two virus concentrations to demonstrate antiviral activity more clearly. Two compounds were considered significantly active against the influenza virus: DL-noformicin (NSC 72942) and amantadine hydrochloride (NSC 83653). Eleven compounds had reproducible activity against vaccinia virus: isatin-β-thiosemicarbazone (NSC 721), 6-azauracil (NSC 3425), 9-α-fluoro-2α-methylhydrocortisone 21-acetate (NSC 12601), 5-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]uracil (NSC 34462), 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (NSC 39661), streptonigrin (NSC 45383), N-methylisatin β-thiosemicarbazone (NSC 69811), cytovirin (NSC 91770), 9-β-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (NSC 404241), and 5-(mercaptomethyl)uracil (NSC 529351).
Translational regulation of vascular permeability factor by eukaryotic initiation factor 4E: Implications for tumor angiogenesis

Studies aimed at elucidating the function of the protein synthesis factor eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (elF-4E) have demonstrated that overexpression of this protein results in marked cell phenotypic and proliferative changes, including neoplastic transformation of cells. These data suggest that elF-4E may somehow participate in the development and progression of tumors in vivo. In order to determine how elF-4E exerts its transforming effects, we examined vascular permeability factor (VPF) levels in cells transfected with an elF-4E vector. Cells overexpressing elF-4E showed an increase in intracellular, and an average 130-fold increase in secreted VPF protein levels (CHO 0.13 ± 0.12 ng/ml; CHO-4E 20.5 ± 12.5 ng/ml) over control cells. HUVEC growth induction revealed these VPF levels to be biologically active. Northern analysis revealed no difference in VPF transcript between the 2 cell lines. Polysome analysis showed that the VPF message in elF-4E-transfected cells was associated with the heavy polysomal regions, whereas the VPF message was associated with light polysomes in control cells. These data strongly suggest that enhanced VPF expression is achieved through translational regulation rather than transcriptional regulation in cells overexpressing elF-4E. This indicates that elF-4E-induced VPF expression may be an important factor in some forms of tumor angiogenesis and development. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Uptake of resveratrol and role of resveratrol-targeting protein, quinone reductase 2, in normally cultured human prostate cells.

Resveratrol is a dietary polyphenol espoused to have chemopreventive activity against a variety of human cancer types. We first reported that resveratrol significantly decreases the proliferation of both androgen-dependent and hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells. However, the effects of resveratrol in normal prostate epithelial and stromal cells, particularly with regard to its uptake, subcellular distribution and intracellular targets, have not been investigated. To advance the knowledge on accessibility and cellular disposition of resveratrol in prostate cells, [3H] resveratrol, fractionation of cell extracts into subcellular compartments, Western blot analysis, resveratrol affinity column chromatography and flow cytometry were used to study the uptake and intracellular distribution of resveratrol in normally cultured prostate stromal (PrSCs) and epithelial cells (PrECs). Pretreatment of both PrSCs and PrECs for 2 days with resveratrol modulated its uptake and selectively increased its distribution to the membrane and organelle compartments. Resveratrol affinity column chromatography studies showed differential expression of a previously identified resveratrol-targeting protein, quinone reductase 2 (QR2), in PrSCs and PrECs. Flow cytometric analysis comparing resveratrol-treated and untreated PrSCs showed a large decrease in G1-phase and a concomitant increase in S and G2/M-phases of the cell cycle. These results suggest that resveratrol suppresses PrSC proliferation by affecting cell cycle phase distribution, which may involve the participation by QR2.
Meniscus-climbing insects

Water-walking insects and spiders rely on surface tension for static weight support and use a variety of means to propel themselves along the surface. To pass from the water surface to land, they must contend with the slippery slopes of the menisci that border the water's edge. The ability to climb menisci is a skill exploited by water-walking insects as they seek land in order to lay eggs or avoid predators; moreover, it was a necessary adaptation for their ancestors as they evolved from terrestrials to live exclusively on the water surface. Many millimetre-scale water-walking insects are unable to climb menisci using their traditional means of propulsion. Through a combined experimental and theoretical study, here we investigate the meniscus-climbing technique that such insects use. By assuming a fixed body posture, they deform the water surface in order to generate capillary forces: they thus propel themselves laterally without moving their appendages. We develop a theoretical model for this novel mode of propulsion and use it to rationalize the climbers' characteristic body postures and predict climbing trajectories consistent with those reported here and elsewhere.
Constitutive activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase correlates with histologic grade and EGFR expression in diffuse gliomas

The c-Jun NH2–terminal kinase (JNK), which belongs to mitogen-activated protein kinase family, plays a major role in apoptosis in various cell types. JNK activation, however, also contributes to proliferation, survival, and tumorigenesis in some tumors, including gliomas. In this study, we used an immunohistochemical approach to examine the activation status of JNK of 226 gliomas in a high-density tissue microarray comprising all WHO codified WHO diffuse glioma subtypes and grades. The results were correlated with grade and EGFR expression status. Constitutively activated JNK (pJNK) was detected in 90.5%, 62.9% and 17.5% of WHO grade IV, III and II gliomas, respectively (p < 0.001). pJNK expression was not detected in the astrocytes or oligodendrocytes of any of 10 normal cerebral and cerebellar brain tissue samples. Among the 76 diffuse gliomas that exhibited EGFR expression, 63 (82.9%) were positive for pJNK. In contrast, only 50% (36/72) of the gliomas that were negative for EGFR were positive for pJNK (p < 0.0001). Overexpression of EGFR vIII in U87 cells or EGF treatment of U87-EGFR stable cells led to marked increase in JNK activation compared to parental U87 cells. Our data thus provide strong support for the hypothesis that JNK activation plays a role in the tumorigenesis and/or progression of diffuse gliomas, and suggests that EGFR is involved in constitutive JNK activation in diffuse gliomas. The ability to inhibit JNK activation might confer increased sensitivity to therapeutic modalities targeting this pathway.
The intermediate-hue transposition of children after same-different and seriation pretraining

Abstract The intermediate-hue transposition of first- and second-grade children was investigated in two experiments. In Expt. 1, it was found that seriation pretraining increased the amount of far transposition regardless of whether or not the same hues were used in pretraining and subsequent tasks. In Expt. 2, seriation pretraining produced more far transposition than did same-different pretaining and a no-pretraining control. The latter two conditions were not significantly different. Three assumptions about the effects of perceptual pretraining on subsequent transposition were described and related to the data.
Computation of Failure Probability Subject to Epistemic Uncertainty

Computing failure probability is a fundamental task in many important practical problems. The computation, its numerical challenges aside, naturally requires knowledge of the probability distribution of the underlying random inputs. On the other hand, for many complex systems it is often not possible to have complete information about the probability distributions. In such cases the uncertainty is often referred to as epistemic uncertainty, and straightforward computation of the failure probability is not available. In this paper we develop a method to estimate both the upper bound and the lower bound of the failure probability subject to epistemic uncertainty. The bounds are rigorously derived using the variational formulas for relative entropy. We examine in detail the properties of the bounds and present numerical algorithms to efficiently compute them.
The Self in the Emotionally Disturbed

Some key principles of Mead's psychology of the self are demostrated with a group of institutionalized child psychiatric patients as subjects. On two separate responses one year apart, changes were shown in how the subjects defined themselves, how they defined others, and how they thought others defined them. The patterns on these three dimensions were, on the second testing, more nearly what might be anticipated on the basis of Mead's theory, as compared with the responses on the first test. Those whose changes in self functions were most marked were also those whose overt behavior changed most significantly from symptomatic to non-symptomatic during the one-year period. Conversely, those whose overt behavior changed the least. It is tentatively concluded that (1) changes in one function of the self tend to be associated with changes in other functions, and (2) changes in the functions of the self tend to be associated with changes in the content of the self processes and (3) with changes in overt behavior.
The Catalytic Machinery of Chondroitinase ABC I Utilizes a Calcium Coordination Strategy to Optimally Process Dermatan Sulfate

The chondroitinases are bacterial lyases that specifically cleave chondroitin sulfate and/or dermatan sulfate glycosaminoglycans. One of these enzymes, chondroitinase ABC I from Proteus vulgaris, has the broadest substrate specificity and has been widely used to depolymerize these glycosaminoglycans. Biochemical and structural studies to investigate the active site of chondroitinase ABC I have provided important insights into the catalytic amino acids. In this study, we demonstrate that calcium, a divalent ion, preferentially increases the activity of chondroitinase ABC I toward dermatan versus chondroitin substrates in a concentration-dependent manner. Through biochemical and biophysical investigations, we have established that chondroitinase ABC I binds calcium. Experiments using terbium, a fluorescent calcium analogue, confirm the specificity of this interaction. On the basis of theoretical structural models of the enzyme-substrate complexes, specific amino acids that could potentially play a role in calcium coordination were identified. These amino acids were investigated through site-directed mutagenesis studies and kinetic assays to identify possible mechanisms for calcium-mediated processing of the dermatan substrate in the active site of the enzyme.
Myocardial threshold in patients with artificial pacemakers

Abstract A method for estimating myocardial threshold in patients with implanted artificial pacemakers has been described. By the external application of a calibrated suppression signal, the output of the implanted unit can be gradually reduced until the myocardial response ceases. The threshold level thus determined can be expressed as a per cent of available pulse energy by a simple calculation. This method promises to have clinical application because it is relatively simple and entirely external. It has been demonstrated to be safe, no sequelae having occurred during over 700 human studies. In combination with our previously reported method of estimating interelectrode impedance, it should provide a rational means of serially evaluating pacemaker function following implantation. It is applicable to both direct myocardial and transvenous modes of pacing, but its most important limitation at the present time is that it can be used with only one of the commercially available pacemakers. By application of quantitative threshold measurements, we have been able to confirm our clinical observations of exit block as a significant cause of pacemaker failure. This complication comprised the second most common cause of failure to pace, 14 per cent in a series of 128 implantations. It has also been possible by this means to verify the effectiveness of glucocorticoid and sympathomimetic drugs in lowering the myocardial threshold level. The implications of these observations have been briefly discussed. Threshold analysis may prove to be an important means of investigating the myocardial effects of other pharmacologic preparations in the future.
Maryland's Medicaid reform : Design and development

A states reform their Medicaid programs with more emphasis on managed care systems, a key decision is how to configure the delivery of mental health services. This column provides an overview of the design and development of the Maryland system to manage publicly funded mental health services in conjunction with the state’s reform of Medicaid using the section 1115 waiver. The opportunities and challenges that this system presents are discussed. This paper was prepared after approval of the Medicaid 1115 waiver by the Maryland General Assembly and the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) and before implementation of the system. In April 1996 the Maryland General Assembly passed legislation that authorizes the state secretary of health and mental hygiene to implement a systemwide managed care program that places close to 80 percent of Medicaid beneficiaries in capitated managed care organizations for physical health care. HCFA approved the Maryland 1115 waiver proposal on October 30, 1996, and enrollment of participants began in June 1997. Features of the new program, called HealthChoice, are outlined in Table 1. The waiver culminates a series of managed care initiatives in the last five years to slow the growth of spending in the Maryland Medicaid program in the face of mounting fiscal pressures and changes in federal and state political leadership (1). Mental health services for beneficiaries eligible for the waiver plan are delivered through a carve-out arrangement for specialty mental health services as part of a new publicly managed mental health system. The reform extends beyond Medicaid to manage all public mental health funds under one unified system. The mental health carve-out is the only substantial services carve-out in HealthChoice. Furthermore, this model departs from the decision to integrate mental and physical health services in Maryland’s primary care physician gatekeeper program that began in 1991 (2). In the new system, eligible Medicaid beneficiaries receive medical, substance abuse, and primary mental health services from a capitated managed care organization. Because the carve-out does not include substance abuse services, it is not the same as a “behavioral health” carve-out that is common in the private sector and in some Medicaid managed care programs.
Probing the Role of Compartmentation of Glycolysis in Procyclic Form Trypanosoma Brucei: RNA Interference Studies of PEX14, Hexokinase, and Phosphofructokinase

Trypanosoma brucei and related organisms contain an organelle evolutionarily related to peroxisomes that sequesters glycolysis, among other pathways. We have shown previously that disruption of protein import into this organelle, the glycosome, can be accomplished through RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of the peroxin PEX14. Decreased PEX14 in turn leads to cell death, which, at least in the procyclic stage, can be triggered by the presence of glucose. Here we show that fructose, which is taken up and metabolized by procyclic form T. brucei, and glycerol, which interfaces with the glycosomal glycolytic pathway, are also toxic during PEX14 RNAi. Earlier computer modeling studies predicted that glycolysis would be toxic to T. brucei in the absence of glycosomal compartmentation because of the intrinsic lack of feedback regulation of the parasite hexokinase and phosphofructokinase. To further test this hypothesis, we performed double RNAi, targeting hexokinase and PEX14. Knockdown of hexokinase rescued PEX14 knockdown cells from glucose toxicity, even though glycosomal proteins continue to be mislocalized to the cytosol. Knockdown of phosphofructokinase was benign in the absence of glucose but toxic in the presence of glucose. When PEX14 and phosphofructokinase mRNAs were jointly targeted for RNAi, glycerol remained toxic to the parasites. Taken together, these data indicate that the glycosome provides significant, but not complete, protection of trypanosomes from the dangerous design of glycolysis.
Critical History and Social Psychology's "Crisis"

Current uncertainties among social psychologists concerning the present status and future directions of their field are examined in terms of recent developments in the history and philosophy of science. Examination of the perspective social psychologists share toward the history of their field, as illustrated through a brief case study from social psychology's past, suggests that we have not come to grips with the complexity of our current crisis. Critical historical analysis provides a seldom-used perspective for examining our present dilemmas.
Implicit acquisition of context for personalization of information retrieval systems

One major problem of most current information retrieval systems is that they provide uniform access and retrieval results to all users solely based on the query terms users issued to the system. In this paper, we propose a model to personalize the search results according to the user's search context, in particular the type of task that led the user to engage in information-seeking behavior, and the behaviors that the user has engaged in during the search. The point of this personalization is to predict potentially useful documents based on the type of task, and on behaviors indicative of document usefulness. We believe this model can improve individual users' retrieval performance substantially.
Weighting macromolecular diffraction data.

The results from refinements with six different weighting schemes in PROFFT, SHELXL93 and X-PLOR show that experimental weights, and especially unit weights, tend to overweight the low-angle data at the expense of the higher resolution data. This suggests that the use of unit weights are inappropriate except during initial cycles of refinements. Two alternative weighting schemes, one-line and two-line empirical weights, are shown to produce a relatively even distribution of the weighted r.m.s. error [r.m.s. Err = ( summation operator wDeltaF(2)/n)(1/2)] as a function of sin theta/lambda and result in linear delta(R) normal probability plots. Free R values and free weighted r.m.s. errors from the refinement of a scorpion toxin structure show that the alternative weighting schemes are superior to unit weights, and the r.m.s. deviations of bond distances and angles from the target values and G factors, as calculated by PROCHECK, confirm the superiority of the empirical weighting scheme. It was also observed that changing the value of WA, the contribution of the X-ray gradient to the total function minimized, produced little variation in R free but was directly proportional to the r.m.s. deviation of the bond distances from the target values.
Evidence for glycolysis in bovine retinal microsome and photoreceptor outer segments

Abstract Enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof sequence were found to be associated with bovine retinal outer segment fragments, and also with microsomes probably originating either in the inner segment of the photoreceptor cell or in the pigment epithelium adjacent to the outer segments. Activities of enzymes associated with these membrane fragments were low by comparison with soluble protein derived during membrane isolation. However, enzyme activities of both retinal membrane fragments generally equaled or exceeded those displayed by bovine erythrocytes or liver microsomes. In the case of the photoreceptor outer segment it is inferred that while glycolysis there does not contribute appreciably to the high overall glycolytic activity of the retina, it is probably adequate to provide ATP directly to the sites of ATP hydrolysis in the outer segment membranes. An answer to the question of whether the photoreceptor cell as a unit contributes significantly to retinal glycolysis as some authors have suggested, probably depends upon whether major potions of the very active soluble protein derived from the retina originate in the photoreceptor inner segment. This question is not answered by the present study.
Design and evaluation of the gemtc framework for GPU-enabled many-task computing

We present the design and first performance and usability evaluation of GeMTC, a novel execution model and runtime system that enables accelerators to be programmed with many concurrent and independent tasks of potentially short or variable duration. With GeMTC, a broad class of such "many-task" applications can leverage the increasing number of accelerated and hybrid high-end computing systems. GeMTC overcomes the obstacles to using GPUs in a many-task manner by scheduling and launching independent tasks on hardware designed for SIMD-style vector processing. We demonstrate the use of a high-level MTC programming model (the Swift parallel dataflow language) to run tasks on many accelerators and thus provide a high-productivity programming model for the growing number of supercomputers that are accelerator-enabled. While still in an experimental stage, GeMTC can already support tasks of fine (subsecond) granularity and execute concurrent heterogeneous tasks on 86,000 independent GPU warps spanning 2.7M GPU threads on the Blue Waters supercomputer.
New Dogs in the Dogma: Lrp4 and Tid1 in Neuromuscular Synapse Formation

Two recent papers reported identification of a long-sought agrin coreceptor, Lrp4 (Kim et al. in Cell and Zhang et al. in Neuron ). In this issue of Neuron , Linnoila et al. report the identification of a new player in the agrin-MuSK pathway, Tid1, which directly interacts with MuSK and is responsible for transducing signals from MuSK activation to AChR clustering, culminating in cross-linking to the subsynaptic cytoskeleton. These papers substantially reshape the agrin-MuSK-ACh hypothesis of neuromuscular synaptogenesis.
Diagnostic peer group assessments in preschoolers with anxiety disorders

Clinical evidence suggests that diagnostic peer groups may supplement conventional forms of psychiatric assessment. The peer group places the child in a naturalistic and unstructured setting with children of a comparable developmental level. The therapist can observe the child's reaction to separation and reunion with the parent. The stress of separation precipitated by the peer group format may be conducive to the assessment of conditions such as anxiety disorder. Peer groups also enable therapists to evaluate the child's overall developmental status, including play behavior, and prosocial and language skills. For all of these reasons, the assessment of children during peer group interaction may substantially enhance conventional diagnostic techniques.
Restoration of Normal Intracardiac Pressures after Extensive Pericardiectomy for Constrictive Pericarditis

In each of seven patients studied by cardiac catheterization more than 2 weeks after extensive pericardiectomy, performed because of constrictive pericarditis, normal right heart pressure-pulse contours were demonstrated. The extensiveness of pericardial removal seems the most likely explanation for the normal catheterization findings, which contrast with demonstration by other workers of persistence for periods up to 2 years of the "W"-shaped atrial pressures and high end-diastolic ventricular pressures characteristic of pericardial constriction. Clinical findings, abnormal right heart pressures, and surgical considerations are presented for a total of 11 patients with constrictive pericarditis who were subjected to pericardiectomy between 1955 and 1960.
Matrix Cracking Effect on Delamination Growth in Composite Laminates Induced by a Spherical Indenter

An investigation was performed to study the mechanics of delamination growth in fiber-reinforced laminated composites resulting from transverse concentrated loads. The effect of matrix cracking on delamination propagation was the primary focus of the study. For simplicity's sake, only cross-ply laminates were investigated. An analytical model was proposed for determining the response of the laminates containing a matrix crack-induced delamination and subjected to a concentrated load through a spherical indenter. Two types of matrix cracks were considered in the model: a surfacebending crack and an internal shear crack. The model consists of three parts: a stress analysis, a contact analysis, and a failure analysis. A nonlinear three-dimensional finite element model based on an updated Lagrange formulation was developed for calculating stresses and strains in composites. An augmented Lagrangian method was utilized to simulate the interfacial contact condition of the embedded delamination and the indentatio...
Acute myelogenous leukemia and malignant hyperthermia in a patient with type 1b glycogen storage disease

In conclusion, the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis after bone marrow transplant can be difficult. We believe that serologic studies for Toxoplasma should be obtained routinely prior to bone marrow transplant. The combination of positive pretransplant serology, unexplained fever, and neurologic changes, especially between days 20 to 100 after transplant, should alert the Clinician to the possibility of toxoplasmosis. Finally, possible prevention with TMPS M Z deserves special consideration in these patients; our data suggest that discontinuing T M P S M Z after transplant in the patien t who has positive pretransplant toxoplasma serology puts the patient at increased risk for reactivation of latent T. gondii infection.
How to write a patient case report

Purpose. Guidelines for writing patient case reports, with a focus on medication-related reports, are provided. Summary. The format of a patient case report encompasses the following five sections: an abstract, an introduction and objective that contain a literature review, a description of the case report, a discussion that includes a detailed explanation of the literature review, a summary of the case, and a conclusion. The abstract of a patient case report should succinctly include the four sections of the main text of the report. The introduction section should provide the subject, purpose, and merit of the case report. It must explain why the case report is novel or merits review, and it should include a comprehensive literature review that corroborates the author’s claims. The case presentation section should describe the case in chronological order and in enough detail for the reader to establish his or her own conclusions about the case’s validity. The discussion section is the most important section of the case report. It ought to evaluate the patient case for accuracy, validity, and uniqueness; compare and contrast the case report with the published literature; derive new knowledge; summarize the essential features of the report; and draw recommendations. The conclusion section should be brief and provide a conclusion with evidence-based recommendations and applicability to practice. Conclusion. Patient case reports are valuable resources of new and unusual information that may lead to vital research.
Cotton is the Mother of Poverty: Peasants, Work, and Rural Struggle in Colonial Mozambique, 1938–1961; Cotton, Colonialism, and Social History In Sub-Saharan Africa

Cotton is the Mother of Poverty: Peasants, Work, and Rural Struggle in Colonial Mozambique, 1938–1961. ALLEN ISAACMAN. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996. xx + 404 pp., ligures, plates, notes, bibliography, indexes. Cotton, Colonialism, and Social History In Sub-Saharan Africa. ALLEN ISAACMAN and RICHARD ROBERTS, eds. Portsmouth, NH: Helnemann, 1995. xii + 314 pp., maps, tables, notes, contributors, index.
The ubiquitous speckle phenomenon

Since it was first observed in the early 1960s, speckle has become important in many different applications. In this paper we biefly discuss its role in holography, coherence tomography, projection TV, fiber-optic communications, lithography, optical radar detection, and metrology.