cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modification of nonlinear optical dyes for dye sensitized solar cells: A new use for a familiar acceptor

The chemistry of electron deficient π-acceptors offers unique challenges in the rational design and synthesis of organic dyes for use in solar cells. We have synthesized 2-cyano-2-(3-cyano-4-((E)-4-(dibutylamino)styryl)-5,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-ylidene)ethanoic acid (2), a dye containing an carboxylated version of the strongly electron withdrawing TCF group by way of stepwise synthesis and isolation of 2,5-dihydro-2-imino-4,5,5-trimethylfuran-3-carbonitrile (5), previously only available as an intermediate available via microwave chemistry. We use this dye to sensitize nanocrystalline TiO2 in order to examine its efficacy in dye-sensitized solar cells. Crystal structures of an intermediate and the final dye are presented and the isomerization about the terminal alkene is discussed in addition to preliminary solar cell data.
Synergistic and antagonistic effects on genotoxicity of chemicals commonly found in hazardous waste sites.

Synergistic and antagonistic effects on genotoxicity of mixtures of four chemicals; i.e., lead tetraacetate (LTA), arsenic trioxide (ATO), dieldrin (DED), and tetrachloroethylene (TCE), were evaluated by the Tradescantia-micronucleus (Trad-MCN) assay. The chemicals were mixed in ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 for mixtures of two chemicals and 1:1:1 each for three chemicals. The concentration of stock solution of these chemicals was around the minimum effective dose (MED) or below the MED for these chemicals as reported by Sandhu et al. (1989). Treatments were applied to plant cuttings by hydroponic uptake of the mixed solutions through the stems of the plant for 30 h followed by fixation of the flower buds in aceto-alcohol (1:3 ratio) without a recovery period. Microslides were prepared for scoring MCN frequencies. Results of two series of repeated experiments indicated that all mixtures of LTA/ATO exhibited antagonistic effects. On the other hand, all mixtures of TCE and DED exhibited synergistic effect. These data indicate that for evaluating biological hazards at chemical waste sites, it is prudent to evaluate the genotoxicity of complex chemical mixtures as these exist in nature because the biological effects based on evaluating individual chemicals may not be true predictors of the interactive effects of the pollutants.
Some anatomo‐clinical aspects of phonemic and semantic comprehension disorders in aphasia

60 aphasic patients, affected by localized lesions of the left hemisphere and classed as Broca's, Global, Conduction, Amnestic or Wernicke's aphasia received 1 phoneme discrimination test and 3 semantic-lexical discrimination tests. The aim of the study consisted in investigating the relationships between phoneme and semantic-lexical discrimination disorders, the clinical form of aphasia and the anatomic locus of the cerebral lesion. The results were not consistent with the claim that comprehension disorders of Wernicke's aphasic patients can be traced back to a phoneme discrimination disorder, since Wernicke's aphasics were not more impaired than other aphasic groups and since patients with lesions localized in the temporal lobe performed quite well in the phoneme discrimination test. Semantic discrimination disorders were very frequent and severe in patients classified as Wernicke's, Amnesic or Global aphasia, whereas they were much less relevant in patients classified as Broca's or Conduction aphasia. As for the locus of the lesion, left temporal damage severely impaired semantic-lexical discrimination without affecting phoneme discrimination (a finding which supports the assumption of a selective involvement of the temporal lobe in semantic-lexical memory). On the other hand, patients with damage localized in the left frontal lobe, obtained poor scores both on semantic-lexical discrimination tasks and on phoneme discrimination tests.
Synthesis-in-place of highly-conjugated oligothiophene micropatterns via photo-activated Ullmann coupling on copper surface

In contrast to the traditional thermally-activated Ullmann coupling, a photo-activated Ullmann coupling for facile synthesis of oligothiophene and polythiophene films and micropatterns is reported.
Effect of anion chain length on the solvent properties of liquid tetrabutylammonium alkylsulfonate salts studied by gas—liquid chromatography

Abstract Several tetrabutylammonium alkylsulfonate salts were synthesized and their physico-chemical properties were studied by gas-liquid chromatography. Although increasing the alkylsulfonate chain length resulted in unpredictable physical properties such as melting points, the general solution properties of the salts varied systematically, depending on the nature of the solute-solvent interaction being evaluated. Gas-liquid partition coefficients for various selectivity probes indicate a net increase in solute-solvent interactions for non-polar probes as the anion chain length is increased whereas there is a small decrease in the solute-solvent interactions for polar selectivity probes. For all of the salts studied, interfacial adsorption makes a negligible contribution to the retention mechanism of the solutes studied.
Designing simultaneous simulation experiments

Simulation experiments are often designed assuming that a fixed (and known) computing budget is to be allocated sequentially among different alternatives. However, in actual simulation experiments, there may be budget uncertainty or at least flexibility-for example, when there is a soft deadline for obtaining the study results. In such situations, it may be beneficial to allocate resources simultaneously in dynamically changing proportions. In this paper, we examine optimal resource allocation paths. These paths climb the contour curves of the probability of selecting the best of several alternatives in a manner that insures that the highest probability of correct selection, P(CS), is obtained when the study is halted. To gain insight into the complexity of optimal resource allocation paths, simple models exhibiting serial correlation, cross-correlation and trends are studied.
Kuhn, Popper, and Theory Comparison

ummary In this essay I critically discuss the views of Thomas Kuhn and Paul Feyerabend on the succession of scientific theories. I argue that, if Karl Popper's desiderata for theory succession are properly explicated, they constitute a basis for refuting the “incommensurability“ thesis of Kuhn and Feyerabend. Popper's claim that a new theory must constitute an “improvement” over the old implies that the new theory must be able to be interpreted as referring to most of the phenomena as its predecessor. Resume Dans cet essai, je discute les vues de Thomas Kuhn et de Paul Feyerabend sur la succession des theories scientifiques. Je montre que si les desiderata de Karl Popper pour la succession des theories sont correctement explicites, ils constituent une base pour refuter la these ?incommen-surabilite de Kuhn et de Feyerabend. Ľexigence de Popper selon laquelle une nouvelle theorie doit ameliorer la precedente implique que la nouvelle theorie doit pouvoir etre interpretee comme se referant a une plus grande part des phenomenes que ses predecesseurs. Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Thomas Kuhns und Paul Feyerabends Auffassungen uber die Frage, wie wissenschaftliche Theorien sich ablosen und folgen, erortert. Ich zeige, dass Karl Poppers Forderungen fur einen rationalen Theorienwechsel, wenn einmal richtig erlautert, eine Grundlage fiir die Widerlegung der Inkommensurabilitatsthese von Kuhn und Feyerabend lie-fern. Proppers Forderung, dass eine neue Theorie gegenuber der alten eine Verbesserung darstellen musse, impliziert, dass die neue Theorie so interpretiert werden kann, dass sie sich auf die meisten Phanomene bezieht, von denen auch in der Vorgangerin die Rede war.
The stereochemistry of trans-cyclooctene derivatives

Abstract X-Ray and NMR data are presented which suggest that trans-cyclooctene, 9,9-dibromo-trans-bicyclo[6.1.0]nonane, trans-bicyclo[6.1.0]nonane and trans-cyclooctene oxide exist in a distorted crown conformation. The synthesis of optically active trans-bicyclo[6.1.0]nonane and trans-cyclooctene oxide is described.
Integrated fingerprint verification method using a composite signature-based watermarking technique

We propose a composite signature-based digital watermarking technique for fingerprint verification and identity extraction applications. In a two-step process, our scheme attempts to integrate three modalities of authentication-"what you know," "what you have," and "what you are." Using a signature extracted from the Fourier phase of an original image, we hide an encoded signature back into the original image using a frequency domain bit-plane embedding technique. Additionally, other identity information is embedded in the spatial domain using a spread-spectrum method. The detection process computes the Fourier transform of the watermarked image, then extracts the embedded signature and correlates it with a calculated signature. The embedding of a composite signature ensures robustness against any chosen form of distortion. Simulation results for the signature and identity embedding and detection are provided for the Fingerprint Verification Competition (FVC) fingerprint image database.
Age-appropriate orthodontic treatment: Psychological considerations

It has been this author's observation during three decades of academic and private practice experience that pediatric dental patients, their parents, and their peers are increasingly concerned about dental mal-alignment and poor dental esthetics. This awareness drives a variety of personal, social, and relationship responses in each child's life and contributes to an increasing number of referrals for mixed dentition orthodontic treatment. Can orthodontic clinicians give children an advantage in their psychological and social development by improving self-image while providing them with age-appropriate orthodontic care? This article will present a review of the relevant literature and provide the reader with the evidence and opinions suggesting answers to the question posed above.
Topographic reorganization of somatosensory cortical areas 3b and 1 in adult monkeys following restricted deafferentation

Two to nine months after the median nerve was transected and ligated in adult owl and squirrel monkeys, the cortical sectors representing it within skin surface representations in Areas 3b and 1 were completely occupied by 'new' and expanded representations of surrounding skin fields. Some occupying representations were 'new' in the sense that (1) there was no evidence that these skin surfaces were represented in this region prior to median nerve transection; and (2) these skin surfaces retained their normal representation elsewhere within these two cortical representations of hand surfaces. Large 'new' representations of the dorsal surfaces of digits 1 and 2 (innervated by the radial nerve) and large 'new' representations of the hypothenar eminence (innervated by the ulnar nerve) were consistently recorded. Some surrounding skin surface representations expanded into the former median nerve zone, so that bordering skin surfaces (the ulnar insular palmar pad, the third digital palmar pad, glabrous ulnar digit 3, radial hand dorsum) were represented over far larger than normal cortical areas. These expanded representations of always-innervated skin sometimes appeared to move in entirety into the former median nerve representational zone (e.g. in the zone of representation of glabrous digit 4) were also consistently recorded. Reorganizational changes following median nerve sections were much more variable in Area 1 than in Area 3b. The topographic order of the reorganized cortical zone was comparable to normal. In at least most cortical sectors, there was a consistent, maintained relationship between receptive field size and magnification, i.e. as representations enlarged, receptive fields were correspondingly reduced in size. These studies indicate that topographic representations of the skin surface in adult monkeys are maintained dynamically. They clearly reveal that this projection system retains a self-organizing capacity in adult monkeys. They suggest that processes perhaps identical to a part of the original developmental organizing processes (by which details of field topographics are established) are operational throughout life in this projection system in primates. Some of the implications of these studies for the neural origins of tactile perception are discussed.
Reply to comment on “Automatic estimation of pressure-dependent rate coefficients” (J. W. Allen, C. F. Goldsmith, and W. H. Green, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2011, 14, 1131–1155)

Sources of error in determining pressure-dependent rate coefficients are discussed in the context of automatic mechanism generation. Often the approximations made in converting the master equations into phenomenological rate coefficients are not the largest source of error. However, in some cases some of the methods are seriously inaccurate. Automation of Miller and Klippenstein’s accurate CSE method, including automatic identification of equilibrated species, would be very helpful.
EXCRETION OF PHENYLALANINE BY NORMAL CHILDREN AND BY PATIENTS WITH PHENYLKETONURIA.

Urinary phenylalanine was measured in specimens from 509 normal infants, aged 2 to 6 weeks; from 954 hospital patients, aged 1 week to 16 years; and from 44 phenylketonuric patients. Mean excretion of phenylalanine by nonphenylketonuric children was 24 μg per milliliter (range 0 to 175) and by phenylketonuric patients, 259 μg per milliliter (range 100 to 530). The ranges of phenylalanine excretion overlapped. Two phenylketonuric infants and 2.5 per cent (35) nonphenylketonuric children excreted phenylalanine in the same ranges, 93 to 182 μg per milliliter. In nonphenylketonuric children excretion of phenylalanine greater than 93 μg per milliliter was accompanied by generalized aminoaciduria.
Complex network dimension and path counts

Large complex networks occur in many applications of computer science. The complex network zeta function and the graph surface function have been used to characterize these networks and to define a dimension for complex networks. In this work we present three new results related to the complex network dimension. First, we show the relationship of the concept to Kolmogorov complexity. Second, we show how the definition of complex network dimension can be reformulated by defining the concept for a single node, and then defining the complex network dimension as the supremum over all nodes. This makes the concept work better for formally infinite graphs. Third, we study interesting parallels to zeta dimension, a notion originally from number theory which has found connections to theoretical computer science. These parallels lead to a deeper insight into the complex network dimension, e.g., the formulation in terms of the entropy and a theorem relating dimension to connectivity.
Identification of Hearing Loss in Children and Young Adults Using Measures of Transient Otoacoustic Emission Reproducibility

Measures of transient evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE) reproducibility were obtained for 506 ears of 260 children and young adults. Frequency-specific and whole reproducibility (WR) data were ob...
EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF OVARIAN REFRACTORINESS TO ANTERIOR HYPOPHYSEAL STIMULATION IN THE MONKEY

It has been repeatedly demonstrated that the subcutaneous administration of anterior hypophyseal substance in the female Macacus rhesus monkey brings about marked follicular development in the ovary without accompanying luteinization (1), (2), (3), (4). These studies provide an adequate account of the result of treatment with gonadotropic extracts for a short period of time. The present work is concerned with the phenomena to be observed as a result of prolonged treatment of mature and juvenile female monkeys with unfractionated extracts of the anterior pituitary of sheep and of horses. The extracts were prepared according to the method described by Fevold, et al. (5). The average dose was the equivalent of 0.5 gm. of dried sheep pituitary tissue administered subcutaneously twice daily. Observations were made upon eleven monkeys; four of these were sexually mature and seven were juvenile. These animals were treated for periods ranging from ten to fifty-one days. A number of animals were allowed to remain ...
Pericardial Effects on Diastolic Ventricular Interaction during Development

The effects of the pericardium on myocardial diastolic ventricular interaction during early development were determined in vitro using hearts excised from eight preterm (109 +/- 0.106 SE d gestation; term = 147 d) and eight newborn (2.3 +/- 0.30 SE d postnatal age) lambs. The lamb hearts were excised with the pericardium intact and immersed in a cold cardioplegic solution. Subsequently, very compliant balloon catheters were inserted into the right and left ventricles retrograde through the pulmonary artery and aorta respectively. Before and after the removal of the pericardium, the changes in left ventricular pressure or volume caused by increasing right ventricular pressure or volume were measured. Computerized analysis of the pressure and volume recordings yielded pressure and volume transfer functions that quantified ventricular interaction. The pressure transfer functions (left ventricular pressure/right ventricular pressure) both with and without the pericardium intact were 0.297 +/- 0.010 SE and 0.140 +/- 0.005 SE, respectively, for the preterms and 0.650 +/- 0.033 SE and 0.301 +/- 0.031 SE for the newborns. The volume transfer functions (left ventricular volume/right ventricular volume) with and without the pericardium were 0.320 +/- 0.04 SE and 0.150 +/- 0.024 SE, respectively, for the preterm and 0.514 +/- 0.052 SE and 0.233 +/- 0.027 SE for the newborns. These data demonstrate that 1) the pericardium increases ventricular interaction in both preterm and newborn lambs and 2) the relative percentage increase is similar for both age groups and not age dependent. Furthermore, these findings suggest that the increase in ventricular interaction due to the presence of the pericardium is mediated by the relative compliances of the free walls, septum, and pericardium.
The writing on the wall: enacting place pedagogies in order to reimagine schooling for Black male youth

This ethnographic case study examines how Black educators at an urban middle school enacted critical place pedagogies in order to create a sense of community – that is, a sense of belonging to the place of school – and mutual nurturing between people and space in an attempt to transform how their Black males experienced school. Educators at Starks Middle School did this in order to subvert the failure narrative that describes negative schooling experiences and the ultimate failure of Black boys across this nation. Place pedagogies of Starks Middle School – the signs, symbols, text, pictures, and affirmations used to educate, encourage, and inspire students – were enacted in order to reimagine school space for their Black male students.
DETERMINANTS OF PERSONAL SPACE IN YOUNG CHILDREN: PERCEPTION OF DISTANCE CUES

Two methods of assessing personal space in young children were examined in a group of 24 boys and 24 girls, aged 3 to 6 yr. When sex of peer figures and affect attributed to them were varied, 3-yr.-olds made distance-cue judgements based on affect but failed to use affect cues in structuring personal space. However, 4- to 6-yr.-olds readily perceived and used distance to communicate the affective quality of peer relations. On both measures, perception of distance cues increased with age. Only girls also used sex of figures as a social cue in depicting appropriate distances.
Ag nanocrystal as a promoter for carbon nanotube-based room-temperature gas sensors

We have investigated the room-temperature sensing enhancement of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) for multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-based gas sensors using electrical measurements, in situ infrared (IR) microspectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Multiple hybrid nanosensors with structures of MWCNTs/SnO(2)/Ag and MWCNTs/Ag have been synthesized using a process that combines a simple mini-arc plasma with electrostatic force directed assembly, and characterized by electron microscopy techniques. Ag NPs were found to enhance the sensing behavior through the "electronic sensitization" mechanism. In contrast to sensors based on bare MWCNTs and MWCNTs/SnO(2), sensors with Ag NPs show not only higher sensitivity and faster response to NO(2) but also significantly enhanced sensitivity to NH(3). Our DFT calculations indicate that the increased sensitivity to NO(2) is attributed to the formation of a NO(3) complex with oxygen on the Ag surface accompanying a charge rearrangement and a net electron transfer from the hybrid to NO(2). The significant response to NH(3) is predicted to arise because NH(3) is attracted to hollow sites on the oxidized Ag surface with the H atoms pointing towards Ag atoms and electron donation from H to the hybrid sensor.
IQ and the wealth of nations: How much reverse causality?

Abstract This paper uses data from 130 IQ test administrations worldwide and employs regression analysis to try to quantify the impact of living conditions on average IQ scores in nationally-representative samples. The study emphasizes the possible role of conditions at or near the test-takers' time of birth. The paper finds that the impact of living conditions is of much smaller magnitude than is suggested by just looking at correlations between average IQ scores and socioeconomic indicators. After controlling for test-takers' region of ancestry, the impact of parasitic diseases on average IQ is found to be statistically insignificant when test results from the Caribbean are included in the analysis. As far as IQ and the wealth of nations are concerned, causality thus appears to run mostly from the former to the latter. The test-takers' region of ancestry dominates the regression results. While differences in average scores worldwide can thus be plausibly viewed as being influenced by genetic differences across world regions, it is also possible that score differences are influenced by regional differences in culture that are independent of genetic factors. Differences in average IQ across world regions may change in the years ahead insofar as the strength of Flynn effects may not be uniform, but some regional differences in average g levels seem likely to continue indefinitely.
Primary care at a crossroads.

The author explains why primary care is especially beleaguered today (e.g., growth in specialization and widening income gaps between specialists and generalists, growth of managed care, cutbacks in Medicare and Medicaid payments to academic medical centers, and pro-technology biases in fee-for-service payment). Medical students sense primary care's troubles; primary care residency matches continue to decline. Attempts to encourage generalist practice cannot compete with such forces as pro-specialist reimbursement policies, the way research is funded, the dominance of specialist role models, and the daunting knowledge demands of the generalist mandate. Can generalists find a niche in the current health care marketplace? How will the under-65 population influence the future of primary care practice? (The author predicts a scenario based on patients' degrees of affluence.) Will consumers be willing to pay for the services that primary care is uniquely well positioned to offer? The author explains why increasingly important issues of cost, quality, and convenience could help create a niche for primary care. He also maintains that academic medicine must rededicate itself to producing well-trained generalists, despite all the pressures not to, and discusses the challenges that family practice, internal medicine, and pediatrics must face if they are to flourish. He concludes that if generalism fails the market test, something very precious will be lost-and that generalist physicians would be so badly missed that they might have to be reinvented.
The 63rd Symposium of the Society of General Physiologists: “muscles” instead of squid at Woods Hole

On Cape Cod, a discussion of “mussels” usually conjures up images of tasty bivalves served with lemon and melted butter. However, the “muscles” of interest at this year’s 63rd Symposium of the Society of General Physiologists (SGP) in Woods Hole, MA during the second week (9–13th) of
Error-detecting/correcting-code-based self-checked/corrected/timed circuits

Nanoscale VLSI design faces unprecedented reliability challenges in the presence of prevalent catastrophic defects, soft errors and parametric variations. In this paper, I propose a group of error-detecting/correcting-code(EDC/ECC)-based self-checked/corrected/timed circuits for logic robustness and performance scalability in nanoscale VLSI design. Compared with the existing techniques, the proposed EDC self-checked circuits achieve increased reliability enhancement with comparable hardware overhead, or reduced hardware overhead for the same level of reliability. Simply applying the ECC schemes in memory systems to sequential elements does not achieve reduced hardware overhead for the same level of reliability compared with the existing techniques. EDC self-timed circuits achieve further improved performance scaling with moderately increased hardware overhead, giving a promising nanoscale VLSI circuit paradigm for further scaled technologies.
Implications for Evaluating Multi-Component, Complex Prevention Initiatives: Taking Guidance from the Safe Schools/Healthy Students Initiative.

The Safe Schools/Healthy Students (SS/HS) Initiative is an ambitious and comprehensive prevention initiative to promote evidence-based practice to address school safety and the reduction of substance abuse. This article describes the history of the SS/HS initiative and the national evaluation efforts to monitor the success of the initiative. To gather an overview of program evaluation and dissemination strategies across sites, we conducted a survey of SS/HS sites. Results revealed that most sites used an external evaluator, usually from a private firm, and quasi-experimental designs, although there was variation. We also summarize the strategies, some key findings, and common themes across the evaluation articles in this special issue. Implications for future comprehensive evaluations are discussed.
A method for comparing psychophysical and multifocal electroretinographic increment thresholds.

Abstract The multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) has been commonly used as a method for obtaining objective visual fields. Although qualitative comparisons have been good, quantitative comparisons between the results from mfERG and the results from Humphrey Visual Field Analyser (HVFA) have found variable degrees of agreement depending upon the mfERG response parameter examined and/or the disease studied. Lack of agreement may be due to differences in methodology, differences in the sites of response generation, and/or differences derived from comparing suprathreshold versus threshold responses. In addition, the two procedures are performed at different levels of adaptation. We developed an approach for matching stimulus parameters and compared mfERG and psychophysical thresholds to assess the effects of technique and level of adaptation on the two responses. Psychophysical and mfERG thresholds were obtained as a function of the adaptation level (1.5–4.0 log td) and retinal location. The derived increment threshold-versus-intensity functions for both measures were fitted using the equation log T =log T 0 +log(( A + A 0 )/ A 0 ) n . We found that the values of A 0 for the mfERG data were one log unit higher than those for the psychophysical data. In addition, the value of the slope ( n ) for the mfERG data was shallower (0.8) than that of the psychophysical data (1.0). Predictions were made about comparisons of HVFA threshold and mfERG amplitude data in patients with retinal disease based upon a two-site model of adaptation. The data for some groups of patients could be best-fitted with a model of a disease acting at a site distal to all gain changes, whereas data from other patients were best fitted with a model of a disease acting at a site proximal to all retinal gain. The relationship between the Humphrey visual field threshold losses and mfERG amplitude reductions depends upon the site and mechanism of a particular disease process and the model of retinal gain assumed. In no case is a one-to-one relationship between the losses in the two measures predicted.
Cancer of the tonsil presenting as central nervous system metastasis: A case report

Background Metastases from tonsilar cancers are uncommon, usually found in the lung and less commonly in the bone, liver, and mediastinal sites. Only approximately 20% of patients die from distant metastasis. Central nervous system (CNS) metastases usually appear later in the course of the disease, with only 1% to 2% of patients developing metastasis involving the CNS in the course of their disease. Patients seen with symptomatic CNS lesions are rare. Methods and Results A case report is presented of a patient seen with signs and symptoms of CNS disease from an isolated CNS metastasis. The primary site was ultimately determined to be of tonsilar origin. The patient's treatment and outcome are discussed. Conclusions Tonsilar cancers seen with signs and symptoms of CNS disease is a rare event. The benefit of aggressive treatment of isolated CNS metastasis from head and neck cancers will likely be gained from case reports because the incidence is quite low. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Periarticular inflammation, bilateral hilar adenopathy and a sarcoid reaction

A total of 19 cases of bilateral hilar adenopathy in association with polyarthritis are presented. Erythema nodosum, usually occurring in this syndrome, was not present; however, marked periarticular inflammation of the ankles with little pain on motion was noted and served as the initial clue to the diagnosis. All patients had elevated sedimentation rates; hyperglobulinemia and positive tests for rheumatoid factor were frequently found. A sarcoid reaction was seen in 73% of the patients whose tissue was examined histologically. Diagnosis was established by the radiologic demonstration of bilateral hilar adenopathy. Prognosis was favorable. The etiology of the disorder is unknown, and its relationship to Boeck's sarcoidosis Is uncertaian.
Optimal control of the convective velocity coefficient in a parabolic problem

Abstract We consider optimal control of the coefficient of the first spatial derivative in a parabolic equation. For our convective velocity coefficient h ( x , t ) , we treat the case of one spatial dimension and the control depends on space and time. Control of such a coefficient requires more regularity on the control set than controlling the coefficient of a zeroth-order term. The existence of an optimal control is proved and the optimality system is derived. We obtain the characterization of an optimal control through an elliptic partial differential equation. Thus the optimality system will consist of two parabolic equations coupled with an elliptic variational inequality.
The association between CYP3A5 genotype and antihypertensive response

In young African Americans (AA) the CYP3A5 genotype has been suggested to be associated with a higher blood pressure. Using real time PCR, we tested for the CYP3A5*3 allele in 412 subjects (58% Caucasians, 52% hypertensives, 77% men) and classified them as *1/*1, *1/*3, or *3/*3. Most of the hypertensive subjects (as defined by JNC 7) were on one or more antihypertensive drugs (calcium channel blockers, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, direct vasodilators, β-blockers, α-1-blockers, and clonidine). A regression analysis showed no association between BMI and the *1 allele (r2 =0.021, p=0.06) in AAs. The *1 allele was found to be more frequent in hypertensive African Americans (90% vs 81%, p=0.08 using Fisher's Exact Test). We also used the Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square test to check if the CYP3A5 genotype is associated with ease of control of hypertension or if it is correlated with the number of medications. When we compared the group composed of normotensive and adequately controlled hypertensive AAs on one to two antihypertensive drugs versus those on three or more antihypertensive medications with poor BP control, we found that the frequency of the *1 allele is significantly greater with the latter group (64% for *1/*1, 36% for *1/*3 and none for *3/*3, p=0.05). All of the above tests were not significant for the Caucasians. There was a trend for the CYP3A5*1 allele to be associated with hypertension and its treatment with multidrug regimen in AAs. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P62–P62; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.234
A new mixed conductor: AgxCS2

Abstract A new mixed ion-electron conducting material Ag x CS 2 has been made whose silver content x can be varied from 2.8 to 4.0. Using a transient four-lead method, the chemical diffusion coefficient and the ionic and electronic conductiveties have been measured as a function of x and temperature. The ionic conductivity is 3 × 10 −2 Ω −1 cm −1 at 300 K placing it among the best Ag conductors. The chemical diffusion coefficient is of the order of 10 −4 cm 2 s −1 at 300 K giving a thermodynamic enhancement factor of about 10 3 . The electronic conductivity is of the same magnitude as the ionic conductivity. All the measured quantities show a temperature dependence of the Arrhenius form and little or no dependence on x .
ALTERNATIVES FOR URBAN BUS SERVICES: AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE BRITISH REFORMS

Around the world, a variety of methods have been employed for providing urban bus services ranging from public monopolies at one extreme to unregulated private firms at the other extreme; the intermediate alternatives usually involve private firms with some degree of public regulation over fares and entry. Public monopoly is common in the developed world while private provision with some form of regulation is the norm among developing countries. The British reforms of 1986 pioneered two schemes for bus provision. First, outside of the London metropolitan area the government created one of the few largely unregulated private regimes in the world (the most notable other recent examples being in Sri Lanka and Chile); second, within London it allowed local public authorities to retain control of the design of the route network and fares but forced them to tender all services to private firms (a scale of tendering heretofore unknown). The most obvious conclusion from the experience of Britain and elsewhere is ...
Adaptation of humans to colored split-field glasses

“Split-field” glasses, consisting of a red filter before the left half-field of each eye and a green filter before the right half-field, were worn by three observers. The colors in the glasses did not seem to diminish in saturation as Kohler (1951) has reported, even after as long as 146 days. A very small change in perceived color could be noticed as the gaze was moved back and forth from right to left without the glasses on, but this may have an explanation at the ocular level.
Surgery for esophageal cancer: State of the art and future perspectives

Background: Over the past two decades the management of esophageal cancer has changed from the treatment of patients with advanced staged squamous cell cancers to those with earlier staged adenocarcinoma occurring in the setting of Barrett’s esophagus. A number of new unproven therapeutic approaches have been developed and used in patients with early asymptomatic tumors detected in the course of Barrett’s surveillance; such as mucosal ablation or endoscopic mucosal resection. For patients with more advanced staged tumors, combined modality therapy (neoadjuvant chemo-radiotherapy) has been broadly applied, despite the lack of clear evidence regarding the superiority of this approach.
Selection of Highly Informative Microsatellite Markers to Identify Pollen Donors in ‘Hass’ Avocado Orchards

‘Hass’ is the most popular avocado (Persea americana Mill.) cultivar in the world. It has been characterized as a crop requiring cross-pollination. However, the potential extent of self-pollination and the most effective pollen donors (best cross-pollinizing cultivars) have not been determined. In this study, 56 markers were screened against ‘Hass’ and nine commonly used pollinizing cultivars grown in southern California: ‘Bacon,’ ‘Ettinger,’ ‘Fuerte,’ ‘Harvest,’ ‘Lamb Hass,’ ‘Marvel,’ ‘Nobel,’ ‘Sir Prize,’ and ‘Zutano.’ Seventeen microsatellite, i.e., simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, were found to be very promising for paternity analysis. Four highly informative SSR markers were selected to accurately and unequivocally identify pollen parents of ‘Hass’ fruit from an orchard interplanted with these pollinizing cultivars. From 2003 to 2006, 7,984 ‘Hass’ fruit were analyzed for their paternity. Overall, the pollen parents of 99.55% of the analyzed fruit could be unequivocally identified with a single multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Only 36 fruits (<0.45%) required a second PCR reaction to reach unequivocal identification of the pollen parents.
Re-evaluation of the evidence for a pituitary erythropoietic hormone.

Evidence for the erythropoietic potency of adrenocorticotrophic preparations in the absence of the adrenal has been reexamined. Pituitary fractions of known erythropoietic activity did not correct the anemia in hypophysectomized rats when the adrenal was also absent.
Insights into channel architecture and substrate specificity from crystal structures of two macrocycle-forming thioesterases of modular polyketide synthases

Modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) synthesize the polyketide cores of pharmacologically important natural products such as erythromycin and picromycin. Understanding PKSs at high resolution could present new opportunities for chemoenzymatic synthesis of complex molecules. The crystal structures of macrocycle-forming thioesterase (TE) domains from the picromycin synthase (PICS) and 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase (DEBS) were determined to 1.8-3.0 A with an R(crys) of 19.2-24.4%, including three structures of PICS TE (crystallized at pH 7.6, 8.0, and 8.4) and a second crystal form of DEBS TE. As predicted by the previous work on DEBS TE [Tsai, S. C., et al. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 14808-14813], PICS TE contains an open substrate channel and a hydrophobic dimer interface. Notwithstanding their similarity, the dimer interfaces and substrate channels of DEBS TE and PICS TE reveal key differences. The structural basis for the divergent substrate specificities of DEBS TE and PICS TE is analyzed. The size of the substrate channel increases with increasing pH, presumably due to electrostatic repulsion in the channel at elevated pH. Together, these structures support previous predictions that macrocycle-forming thioesterases from PKSs share the same protein fold, an open substrate channel, a similar catalytic mechanism, and a hydrophobic dimer interface. They also provide a basis for the design of enzymes capable of catalyzing regioselective macrocyclization of natural or synthetic substrates. A series of high-resolution snapshots of a protein channel at different pHs is presented alongside analysis of channel residues, which could help in the redesign of the protein channel architecture.
The dependence of shear failure properties of trabecular bone on apparent density and trabecular orientation.

Abstract The shear properties of trabecular bone, in particular the shear failure strains, are not well understood despite their potential importance in age-related fractures and prosthesis loosening. We hypothesized that shear failure strains (yield and ultimate) are independent of apparent density and trabecular orientation, i.e. are homogeneous and isotropic. We measured the shear failure properties of bovine tibial trabecular bone, where specimens were loaded to failure in torsion longitudinally (n = 25) or transversely (n = 23) relative to the primary trabecular orientation. We found that although failure stresses depended strongly on apparent density (r2 = 0.61 − 0.80), failure strains were independent of apparent density for both trabecular orientations. Although the mean (± S.D.) yield strain in the longitudinal group (1.46 ± 0.19%) was 10% higher (p = 0.01) than in the transverse group (1.33 ± 0.15%), indicating a slight anisotropy of shear yield strains, the mean ultimate strains did not depend on trabecular orientation (longitudinal group 4.60 ± 0.77% vs transverse group 4.24 ± 1.25%, p = 0.20). These findings indicate that shear failure strains are homogeneous and largely isotropic. By combining our shear data with compressive data from a previous experiment, we also predicted that trabecular bone can fail in shear when subjected to compressive loads that are not aligned with the principal trabecular orientation. If this prediction holds for human bone, shear may be a dominant failure mode during off-axis loading of trabecular bone in vivo, such as during falls on the hip.
Of Time, Work, and Leisure revisited

Abstract This presidential address is an overview of the changes that have occurred in the study of leisure service since the publication of Sebastian de Grazia's Of Time, Work, and Leisure in 1962. Is leisure too broad a term to describe the field, the experience, and the movement? The conclusion is yes and is derived from extensive readings, personal experiences, and inductive thought.
Marriage in Medieval Culture: Consent Theory and The Case of Joseph and Mary

From the second half of the eleventh century, medieval Latin theologians and canonists wrestled with a number of questions related to sexual relations and marriage. Marriage is, characteristically, one of the avenues by which a society—especially a religious or holy community— attempts to define its boundaries. In this effort church authorities had, for centuries, proscribed both marriage and sexual relations between Jews and Christians. They had sought control over marital relations among Christian spouses by proscribing sexual contact before receiving communion, during Lent, or during a woman's pregnancy or menstrual cycle. They had also attempted to eliminate marriage among clergy, with occasional success, as part of an effort to define and control marital unions more effectively.
Earth abundant materials for high efficiency heterojunction thin film solar cells

We investigate earth abundant materials for thin-film solar cells that can meet tens of terawatts level deployment potential. Candidate materials are identified by combinatorial search, large-scale electronic structure calculations, and literature reviews. We identified cuprous oxide (Cu 2 O) as a prototype candidate for investigation as an absorber layer in thin film solar cells. Cu 2 O thin films are deposited by reactive DC magnetron sputtering and characterized. In order to tailor electrical properties, we modify grain structure, and add defects that enhance electron transport, maintaining desired optical gap.
Teleoperation assistance through variable velocity mapping

There has been increasing attention on human-machine cooperative teleoperation due to limited capabilities of autonomous robots. A method of sensor and model assisted teleoperation using variable velocity mapping is presented. The application of variable velocity mapping to the execution of Fitts tasks is described, and comparisons are made with traditional teleoperation. Application to a practical task of docking is also described.
The effects of multiple column online text on reading speed, reading comprehension, and satisfaction

This study examined the effects of the number of columns and type of justification on reading speed, reading comprehension, and satisfaction for online text. Sixty-six participants read a single narrative passage of approximately 2200 words presented in one of six conditions: one, two, or three columns and full- or left-justification. Results from this study found that reading speeds for the two-column full-justified condition and one-column left-justified condition were fastest overall. Fast readers performed best under the two-column full-justified condition, and slow readers performed best under the one-column left-justified condition. No significant differences were found for overall satisfaction or comprehension. Further studies are needed to examine the importance of individual difference in reading ability on online reading performance.
Industrial Restructuring and Expanding Income Stratification: The Case of Japan’s Four Largest Major Metropolitan Areas, 1990–2007

Drawing inspiration from Bluestone and Harrison's seminal 1982 book The Deindustrialization of America, this article examines the impact of industrial restructuring on Japan's four largest major metropolitan areas (MMAs). Focusing upon (1) the bursting of the Japanese asset bubble in the early 1990's, (2) trade friction with the West, and (3) a significant appreciation of the Japanese Yen relative to the currencies of its major industrial competitors, it reveals how a complex array of factors provoked manufacturing employment decline in these MMAs after 1991. It then describes some of the negative outcomes accompanying industrial restructuring in the four largest MMAs, namely, (1) contracting total employment after 1996, (2) absolute declines in mean household income (HHI) after 2000, and (3) rising inter-municipal income stratification during the 2000s. A final important finding from these case studies suggests that there has been an inverse relationship between the percentage of a region's employment in manufacturing and its inter-place HHI inequality. In summary, although the Japanese case is distinct from the U.S. experience in many ways, these findings nonetheless demonstrate the continued importance of Bluestone and Harrison's conclusions about the connections among manufacturing employment, regional prosperity, and interplace equity.
A new homogenization method based on a simplified strain gradient elasticity theory

Homogenization methods utilizing classical elasticity-based Eshelby tensors cannot capture the particle size effect experimentally observed in particle–matrix composites at the micron and nanometer scales. In this paper, a new homogenization method for predicting effective elastic properties of multiphase composites is developed using Eshelby tensors based on a simplified strain gradient elasticity theory (SSGET), which contains a material length scale parameter and can account for the size effect. Based on the strain energy equivalence, a homogeneous comparison material obeying the SSGET is constructed, and two sets of equations for determining an effective elastic stiffness tensor and an effective material length scale parameter for the composite are derived. By using Eshelby’s eigenstrain method and the Mori–Tanaka averaging scheme, the effective stiffness tensor based on the SSGET is analytically obtained, which depends not only on the volume fractions and shapes of the inhomogeneities (i.e., phases other than the matrix) but also on the inhomogeneity sizes, unlike what is predicted by the existing homogenization methods based on classical elasticity. To illustrate the newly developed homogenization method, sample cases are quantitatively studied for a two-phase composite filled with spherical, cylindrical, or ellipsoidal inhomogeneities (particles) using the averaged Eshelby tensors based on the SSGET that were derived earlier by the authors. Numerical results reveal that the particle size has a large influence on the effective Young’s moduli when the particles are sufficiently small. In addition, the results show that the composite becomes stiffer when the particles get smaller, thereby capturing the particle size effect.