cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activity-promoting video games and increased energy expenditure.

Objectives To test the hypothesis that both children and adults would expend more calories and move more while playing activity-promoting video games compared with sedentary video games. Study design In this single-group study, 22 healthy children (12 ± 2 years; 11 male, 11 female) and 20 adults (34 ± 11 years; 10 male, 10 female) were recruited. Energy expenditure and physical activity were measured while participants were resting, standing, watching television seated, sitting and playing a traditional sedentary video game, and while playing an activity-promoting video game (Nintendo Wii Boxing). Physical activity was measured with accelerometers, and energy expenditure was measured with an indirect calorimeter. Results Energy expenditure was significantly greater than all other activities when children or adults played Nintendo Wii (mean increase over resting, 189 ± 63 kcal/hr, P P P Conclusion Activity-promoting video games have the potential to increase movement and energy expenditure in children and adults.
Compression fixed point theorems of operator type

This paper is concerned with new fixed point theorems of operator type that are proved by fixed point index theory and are generalizations of the Leggett–Williams fixed point theorems. With additional structures on the inward and outward boundaries of a conical region, the theorems can be used to prove the existence of solutions of boundary value problems for nonlinear differential equations with dependence on higher-order derivatives, and they can provide nonlocal upper and lower bounds on the solutions. An application is given to demonstrate these advantages.
Primary Mouse Keratinocyte Cultures Contain Hair Follicle Progenitor Cells with Multiple Differentiation Potential

The interfollicular epidermis contains a single type of terminally differentiated keratinocytes, whereas hair follicles are composed of a minimum of six or seven distinct types. Whether or not these various populations of terminally differentiated keratinocytes originate from one or more progenitor cells has not been established. A related and important question is whether keratinocyte progenitor cells with a pluripotent potential, able to form not only epidermis but also hair follicles, can be maintained in vitro for any period of time. We have addressed these questions using skin reconstitution assays with admixed populations of genetically labeled, cultured keratinocytes. Examination of reconstituted epidermis and hair follicles showed that neither was composed of a random mixture of differently labeled keratinocytes, as would be predicted if they originated from a random reassociation of cells. Instead, the reconstituted inter-follicular epidermis contained distinct columnar units, comprising all the overlying layers and most likely derived from a single progenitor cell. In contrast, hair follicles were found to be composed of cells of multiple origin, with each population showing a striking localization to a separate concentric region. The vast majority of reconstituted follicles appeared to derive from a minimum of two or, in a significant fraction of cases, three progenitor cells, one for the generation of the shaft (cuticle, cortex, and medulla), one for the inner root sheath, and the third for the outer root sheath. The general implications of these findings for epidermis and hair follicle formation and for keratinocyte stem cell cultivation are discussed.
Acute suppurative obstructive cholangitis due to stones: treatment by urgent endoscopic sphincterotomy

Endoscopic sphincterotomy is an accepted treatment for retained common bile duct stones, but there is little specific information available regarding its application in acute suppurative obstructive cholangitis with sepsis due to choledocholithiasis. Thirteen patients with this condition were referred to the authors for consideration of urgent endoscopic common bile duct decompression. All had been judged to be poor surgical candidates. Pus was released from the common bile duct by sphincterotomy within 24 hours of admission in all 13. Stones were removed endoscopically in 10 patients (77%) without complications. After endoscopic stone removal, symptoms, signs, and abnormal laboratory values returned to normal rapidly; follow-up endoscopic retrograde cholangiography did not show retained stones. Three patients whose large stones precluded endoscopic removal underwent operative choledocholithotomy. Urgent endoscopic sphincterotomy offers an important alternative in the treatment of acute suppurative obstructive cholangitis secondary to choledocholithiasis.
Leishmania chagasi and L. donovani: Experimental infections in domestic cats

The susceptibility of domestic cats to visceral leishmaniasis was examined by inoculating cats with amastigotes of Leishmania donovani and L. chagasi by the intravenous route, and with promastigotes of L. chagasi by the intradermal route. Parasites were recovered from intravenously inoculated cats as long as 16 weeks after inoculation, but parasites apparently did not locate in the viscera in cats inoculated intradermally. Parasites were not detected in intravenously inoculated cats killed at 24 weeks of infection. All cats developed significantly elevated serum antibody titers to Leishmania spp., but none developed the symptoms usually associated with visceral leishmaniasis in humans.
Refinement of physiological roles for cerato-ulmin by analogy with other hydrophobins

Abstract Cerato-ulmin, a hydrophobic protein produced by the Dutch elm disease fungus Ophiostoma ulmi , is toxic to susceptible elms. The physiological role of this protein may be related to its location on hyphal surfaces. Cerato-ulmin is a member of the hydrophobins, proteins used in the formation of structures involved in asexual reproduction (sporulation and conidiation).
InfoExec: object-oriented/semantic database implementation

Abstract In 1988 Unisys released the InfoExec family of advanced data-management products for its A Series mainframe computer systems. The paper reviews the background to this major development activity and explains why the relational and entity-relational approaches were rejected in favour of an object-oriented/semantic approach. Object-oriented/semantic concepts are explained via a simple example and the InfoExec family of software products is briefly described, as is the underlying software structure. The current status and performance of the software is also reviewed.
A microprocessor-controlled P.C.M. test set

With the explosive increase in the manufacture and use of complex digital systems, the need for rapid and effective labour-saving testing equipment has also grown. This article describes the design features and elements of one such family of `intelligent? microprocessor-based automatic test sets
Interpreting the molecular biology and clinical behavior of multiple myeloma in the context of global gene expression profiling.

Summary: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a rare but uniformly fatal malignancy of antibody-secreting plasma cells (PCs). Although several key molecular events in disease initiation or progression have been confirmed (e.g. FGFR3/MMSET activation) or implicated (e.g. chromosome 13 deletion), the mechanisms of MM development remain enigmatic. Importantly, although generally being indistinguishable morphologically, MM exhibits a tremendous degree of variability in clinical course, with some patients surviving only months and others many years. However, current laboratory parameters can account for no more than 20% of this outcome variability. Furthermore, the means by which current drugs impart their anti-MM effect are also mostly unknown. In addition, the mechanisms by which MM cells contribute to serious comorbidities, such as osteopenia and/or focal lytic lesions of bone, are also poorly understood. Finally, very little knowledge exists concerning the molecular events leading to benign hyperplasia and/or overt malignancy of PCs. Given that abnormal gene expression lies at the heart of most, if not all, cancers, high-throughput global gene expression profiling has become a powerful tool for investigating molecular biology and clinical behavior of diseases. Here, we discuss recent progress made in addressing many of the above issues through the molecular dissection of the transcriptome of normal PCs and MM.
Exponential difference operator approximation for the sixth order Onsager equation

An accurate, easy to program, method of solving the one-dimensional form of the sixth order Onsager equation is presented. Boundary conditions are included naturally. (AIP)
Multicolor fluctuation spectroscopy in cells

Based on the Fluctuation Correlation principle we have developed a method that is capable of measuring the stoichiometry of molecular complexes and mapping dynamic processes in living cells. The method is based on measuring simultaneously fluctuations of the fluorescence intensity at two image channels, each detecting a different kind of protein. This is an extension of the number and brightness analysis in which we use the use of the ratio between the variance and the average intensity to obtain the brightness of molecules.
Microfibril Structure Masks Fibrillin-2 in Postnatal Tissues

Fibrillin microfibrils are polymeric structures present in connective tissues. The importance of fibrillin microfibrils to connective tissue function has been demonstrated by the multiple genetic disorders caused by mutations in fibrillins and in microfibril-associated molecules. However, knowledge of microfibril structure is limited, largely due to their insolubility. Most previous studies have focused on how fibrillin-1 is organized within microfibril polymers. In this study, an immunochemical approach was used to circumvent the insolubility of microfibrils to determine the role of fibrillin-2 in postnatal microfibril structure. Results obtained from studies of wild type and fibrillin-1 null tissues, using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies with defined epitopes, demonstrated that N-terminal fibrillin-2 epitopes are masked in postnatal microfibrils and can be revealed by enzymatic digestion or by genetic ablation of Fbn1. From these studies, we conclude that fetal fibrillin polymers form an inner core within postnatal microfibrils and that microfibril structure evolves as growth and development proceed into the postnatal period. Furthermore, documentation of a novel cryptic site present in EGF4 in fibrillin-1 underscores the molecular complexity and tissue-specific differences in microfibril structure.
BLUES: AN ASSESSMENT OF SCHOLARSHIP, REFERENCE TOOLS, AND DOCUMENTARY SOURCES

Blues music is in the midst of its second revival in popularity in roughly thirty years. The year 1960 can be identified, with some qualification, as a reference point for the first rise in international awareness and appreciation of the blues. This first period of wide‐spread white interest in the blues continued until the early seventies, while the current revival began in the middle 1980s. During both periods a sizeable literature on the blues has appeared. This article provides a thumbnail sketch of the popularity of the blues, followed by a description of scholarly and critical literature devoted to the music. Documentary and instructional materials in audio and video formats are also discussed. Recommendations are made for library collections and a list of selected sources is included at the end of the article.
Fluid-inclusion technique for determining maximum temperature in calcite and its comparison to the vitrinite reflectance geothermometer

Theory, laboratory experiments, and empirical observation suggest that many aqueous fluid inclusions in calcite reequilibrate during overheating, and therefore some homogenization temperatures ( T h ) record a temperature close to the maximum reached by the rock. This characteristic suggests that aqueous fluid inclusions in calcite can be used to establish maximum temperature ( T peak ). To test this hypothesis, we have compiled fluid inclusion T peak , mean random vitrinite reflectance ( R m ), and present-day T peak from 46 diverse geologic systems that have been at T peak from 10 4 to 10 6 yr. Present T peak ranged from 65 to 345 °C, T h modes and means ranged from 59 to 350 °C, and R m data ranged from 0.4% to 4.6%, spanning the temperature and thermal maturity range associated with burial diagenesis, hydrothermal alteration, and low-grade metamorphism. Plots of T h and T peak data for systems thought to be currently at maximum temperature demonstrate close agreement between T h and present T peak in sedimentary basins. Although caution should be applied, the relation suggests that T h of aqueous fluid inclusions in calcite may be a useful measure of maximum temperature. This study also compares T h to mean random vitrinite reflectance ( R m ) to offer further support for the use of T h as a measure of T peak , and to provide a better understanding of R m . T h correlates well with R m and results in a curve similar to R m vs. T peak calibrations determined by other workers. The strong correlation (correlation coefficient r = 0.93) between T peak and R m in these systems suggests that maximum temperature is the major control on thermal maturation.
Formulas for Calculating the Approach to Equilibrium in Open Channel Flash Evaporators for Saline Water

Abstract The evaporator used in multistage flash desalination plants, and considered for open cycle ocean-thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plants is the open-channel type, in which an essentially-horizontal stream of seawater is passed through an open channel in which it is exposed to a pressure lower than the saturation pressure which corresponds to its temperature. This paper reviews the equations used at present to determine the nonequilibrium allowance Δ′ which indicates how far from equilibrium the seawater stream is as it leaves the evaporator. Flash evaporation in open channels is used in most of the water desalination plants, and the existing equations for Δ′ have been developed for that application. The equations are typically empirical correlations, each developed for one type of geometry and range of parameters. The equations are compared graphically, plotted side-by-side to express Δ′ as a function of the major parameters: stage saturation temperature, stage flash-down, flashing seawater flow rate, stage length, and flashing seawater depth. It was found for water desalination applications that there exists a large spread between the non-equilibrium fraction values calculated by the different equations, of about one order of magnitude. The situation is even worse for OTEC conditions. Consequently, it was concluded that no general method exists for the adequately accurate prediction of Δ′, i.e. of the approach to equilibrium of flashing free stream channel flows.
Combinatorial profiling of chromatin binding modules reveals multisite discrimination.

Specific interactions between post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chromatin-binding proteins are central to the idea of a ‘histone code’. Here, a 5000-member, PTM-randomized, combinatorial peptide library based on the N-terminus of histone H3 was utilized to interrogate multi-site specificity of six chromatin-binding modules, which read the methylation status of K4. We found that T3 phosphorylation, R2 methylation, and T6 phosphorylation are critical additional PTMs that modulate the ability to recognize and bind histone H3. Notably, phosphorylation of T6 yielded the most varied effect on protein binding, suggesting an important regulatory mechanism for readers of the H3 tail. Mass spectrometry and antibody-based evidence indicate that this previously uncharacterized modification exists on native H3, and NMR analysis of ING2 revealed the structural basis for discrimination. These investigations reveal a continuum of binding affinities in which multi-site PTM recognition involves both switch- and rheostat-like properties, yielding graded effects that depend on the inherent ‘reader’ specificity.
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Using the Edwards SAPIEN Transcatheter Heart Valves

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement has a place in the therapy for valvular aortic stenosis in a selected population of patients with increased risk for standard aortic valve replacement. The SAPIEN family of balloon-expandable transcatheter heart valves is the prototype that initiated this therapy and has undergone rapid development and evolution. The SAPIEN system has taught cardiologists and cardiac surgeons much about the nature of aortic stenosis and the potential for less invasive therapy. This article will review the SAPIEN transcatheter heart valves and the clinical experience.
Separation of peptides from myoglobin enzymatic digests by RPLC. Influence of the mobile-phase composition and the pressure on the retention and separation.

The influence of the mobile-phase composition and the pressure on the chromatographic separation of the peptides from the enzymatic digest of myoglobin was studied under linear conditions. The retention behavior of these tryptic peptides was measured under isocratic conditions with different mobile-phase compositions, ranging from 9 to 28% (v/v) acetonitrile in 0.1% (v/v) aqueous trifluoroacetic acid. The effect of the pressure was studied by analyzing the separation of the tryptic peptides under different average column pressures between 14 and 220 bar, at 13, 20, and 26% (v/v) acetonitrile. The differences between the partial molar volumes of these peptides in the stationary and mobile phases were derived from these results. All the measurements were performed on a 10-cm-long C18-bonded, end-capped monolithic column. The results obtained illustrate the highly complicated behavior of the complex peptide mixtures afforded by tryptic digestion. The capacity factors of the analyzed peptides do not depend li...
Determination of isoniazid and its hydrazino metabolites, acetylisoniazid, acetylhydrazine, and diacetylhydrazine in human plasma by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry

Abstract A gas chromatographic—mass spectrometric assay for isoniazid and its hydrazino metabolites in human plasma was developed. The trimethylsilyl derivatives of diacetylhydrazine and acetylisoniazid and of the benzaldehyde hydrazones of acetylhydrazine and isoniazid were separated on a 1% OV-17 column and quantitated by single ion monitoring using a LKB 9000 mass spectrometer. Deuterated analogues served as internal standards. The method is well suited for the determination of the hepatotoxic hydrazino metabolites of isoniazid in human plasma following an oral therapeutic dose of isoniazid.
Oxygen decomposition pressures and thermodynamic data for nonstoichiometric berkelium berkelium oxide

Abstract A unique, highly sensitive system for the quantitative measurement of decomposition pressures of small samples was used to obtain equilibrium oxygen decomposition pressures over a 1·22 mg sample of nonstoichiometric 249Bk oxide. The temperature and pressure range investigated was 852°–1150°C and from 10−7 to 10−20atm O2, respectively. These conditions were sufficient to enable examination of nearly the entire compositional range between BkO2 and Bk2O3. Partial thermodynamic quantities were derived and found to be a function of composition but independent of temperature. The shapes of the equilibrium decomposition pressure isotherms were used to deduce the possible condensed phase relationships in this oxide system.
Diabatic Heating and the Low Frequency Dynamics in the Tropics

Using a General Circulation Model developed at FSU (FSUGCM), the role of the diabatic heating on the 30–60-day oscillation is investigated. To concentrate on the radiation and the moist convection processes, an aqua planet model is employed in this paper. We have obtained a 40-day oscillation with relatively lower frequency than other GCMs without strong heating in the lower troposphere. Unlike some GCMs and simple models, the convective area does not move eastward along with the oscillation. Adiabatic cooling due to the upward motion is mostly compensated by diabatic heating. This implies that Kelvin CISK theory might not explain our 40-day oscillation. We have also examined the impact of radiative heating on the low frequency oscillation. When we reduce the radiative cooling rate, our 40-day mode does not appear and a Kelvin CISK mode appears with a faster phase speed. The impact of the different convection schemes is also investigated. With an enhanced convection scheme, zonal wave number two with a 40-day period is generated.
Disproportionate contribution of right middle lobe to emphysema and gas trapping on computed tomography.

Rationale Given that the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) relies on demonstrating airflow limitation by spirometry, which is known to be poorly sensitive to early disease, and to regional differences in emphysema, we sought to evaluate individual lobar contributions to global spirometric measures. Methods Subjects with COPD were compared with smokers without airflow obstruction, and non-smokers. Emphysema (% low attenuation area, LAAinsp<−950 HU, at end-inspiration) and gas trapping (%LAAexp<−856 HU at end-expiration) on CT were quantified using density mask analyses for the whole lung and for individual lobes, and distribution across lobes and strength of correlation with spirometry were compared. Results The right middle lobe had the highest %LAAinsp<−950 HU in smokers and controls, and the highest %LAAexp<−856 HU in all three groups. While RML contributed to emphysema and gas trapping disproportionately to its relatively small size, it also showed the least correlation with spirometry. There was no change in correlation of whole lung CT metrics with spirometry when the middle lobe was excluded from analyses. Similarly, RML had the highest %LAAexp<−856 HU while having the least correlation with spirometry. Conclusions Because of the right middle lobe’s disproportionate contribution to CT-based emphysema measurements, and low contribution to spirometry, longitudinal studies of emphysema progression may benefit from independent analysis of the middle lobe in whole lung quantitative CT assessments. Our findings may also have implications for heterogeneity assessments and target lobe selection for lung volume reduction. Clinical Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00608764
La Escuela Bolera

These words1 of Angel Pericet Blanco, senior member of the third generation of the Pericet family of dance artists and teachers, express perfectly the goals of the historic international conference held in Madrid from November 16 to 22, 1992.2 Some 250 Spanish dance artists, teachers, critics, historians, and musicologists, along with colleagues from Europe and the Americas, met to investigate and celebrate la escuela bolera-the bolero school-the Spanish dance genre that by the early nineteenth century had developed from traditional regional dances into a heightened national theatrical expression. Sponsored by the Instituto Nacional de las Artes Escenicas y de la Miisica of Spain's Ministry of Culture, this encuentro internacional was truly an encounter, an active confrontation (for the most part friendly) among different disciplines, experiences, viewpoints, intense beliefs, and loyalties. The event was conceived, organized, and moderated by Roger Salas, a dance critic and historian. His motivation: to promote research on "la Escuela Bolera as the true genesis of Spanish theatrical dance, as the true Spanish ballet . to once and for all wake it up from its prolonged siesta."3
Light Penetration in the Waters of Southern Alaska

The data and results presented constitute a report of a continuation of the work of the preceding paper. The interesting new feature of the waters of Southern Alaska is definite evidence of layering. In addition to photosynthetic action it is probable that this is caused, in part at least, by the discharge of rivers and by glacial effects.
TREATMENT OF LAMELLAR ICHTHYOSIS AND OTHER KERATINISING DERMATOSES WITH AN ORAL SYNTHETIC RETINOID

Thirteen patients with keratinising dermatoses were treated for 2-17 weeks with oral 13-cis retinoic acid. There was near complete clearing of the skin lesions beginning within 2 weeks of starting treatment in all five patients with lamellar ichthyosis (including two cases of non-bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma), in two of the three patients with Darier's disease, and in one patient with pityriasis rubra pilaris. The patients with psoriasis and naevus comedonicus did not improve. The main form of toxicity was cheilitis. These results indicate that 13-cis retinoic acid may be more effective and is less toxic than naturally occurring retinoic acid (all-trans vitamin A acid), and that the synthetic retinoids may represent a potent new class of drugs in the treatment of cutaneous disease.
Office removal of tibial external fixators: an evaluation of cost savings and patient satisfaction.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and patient satisfaction of office removal of tibial external fixators and to compare the cost of this procedure with the cost of removal of fixators in the operating room. Design: A visual analog scale (VAS) and a questionnaire were answered by all patients after office external fixator removal. The treatment, complications, and costs were compared with those of patients having external fixator removal in the operating suite. Setting: An urban orthopaedic trauma office with a Level I trauma center. Participants: Two similar groups of patients; thirty fixators removed in the office and twenty-nine fixators removed in the operating room. Intervention: Office or operating room removal of tibial external fixators and application of a sterile dressing. A visual analog scale was answered by those patients who had office removal. Main Outcome Measurements: Patient satisfaction and pain rating (VAS) with office removal of external fixators. Comparison of costs, infections, time in fixator, and surgical interventions between the office and operating room groups. Results: Group I had thirty fixators (twenty-nine half-pin fixators) removed in the office. Group II had twenty-nine fixators removed in the operating room. Duration of time in the frame was not statistically different. Antibiotic usage during the fixator treatment period was 69 percent in both groups. On the visual analog scale, twenty-four members (80 percent) of the office fixator removal group rated the pain during removal as less than 25 percent of maximal, including nine (30 percent) who rated the removal as causing no pain. Cost analysis revealed an average cost of $248 for the office group versus $2,160 for the operating room group (p Conclusions: Due to the cost savings and patient satisfaction, without compromising clinical care, the office is our preferred location for tibial half-pin external fixator removal.
Hydrogen–Metal Systems

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction to NMR of Hydrogen–Metal Systems 2 Hydrogen Motion in Metals Detected by NMR 3 Dynamic Studies of Hydrogen Motion in a Metal 4 Deuteron Lineshape for Combined Electric Quadrupole and Knight Shifts 5 Low Temperature Local Hydrogen Motion and Hydrogen Tunneling in HMSs 6 Spin–Lattice Relaxation in Amorphous Hydrogen–Metal Systems 7 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
Continuity and synchronization in MPEG

The requirement of continuous retrieval, and the presence of multiple media streams whose display must proceed in a mutually synchronized manner are the distinguishing features that are unique to digital multimedia. In the emerging international multimedia encoding standard MPEG, continuity and synchronization are handled at different layers of the multimedia stream. The authors discuss how they are specified and propose techniques for their implementation within a distributed multimedia environment.
Ontology based semantic recommendations for discharge summary medication information for patients

Patients' limited knowledge about medications is a key factor in post-discharge adverse drug events. This can be improved by providing optimal advice to patients in discharge summaries for managing their post-discharge care. This paper presents a prototype system, Medication Information Decision Support System (MI-DSS), which brings together natural language processing and ontology based semantic annotations to develop a clinical decision support system to assist Electronic Discharge Summary (EDS) authors in providing medication advice to patients in EDSs. Our approach involved the selection and modeling of high risk discharge medications and their consumer related advice. We present our medication information ontology which models the medication knowledge necessary for consumers to manage their post-discharge self care. This ontology serves as the knowledge source to semantically annotate the EDS text and determine the medication-specific recommendations in the MI-DSS.
Concurrent pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma cocaine and adrenocorticotropic hormone in men.

The purpose of this study was to determine the covariance between plasma cocaine and ACTH pharmacokinetics. Twelve healthy male occasional cocaine users participated in a double blind study. Intravenous cocaine (0.2 mg/kg) or placebo was infused over 1 min, and samples for cocaine, ACTH and cortisol analysis were collected at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 120, 180, and 240 min. Peak cocaine plasma levels averaged 101.2 ± 14.6 ng/mL. ACTH increases were significantly correlated (P < 0.0001) with increases in plasma cocaine levels (r = 0.67; r2 = 0.44). Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the tmax (observed time to maximum concentration) values for cocaine (6.0± 1.4 min) and ACTH (7.3 ± 1.2 min) were almost identical. The area under the curve was calculated using the trapezoidal rule. The area under the curve for plasma cocaine was 6463 ± 1070 ng/min·mL, and the area under the curve for ACTH was 1873 ± 188 pmol/min·L. The mean half-life for plasma cocaine was 46.7 ± 4.0 min, and that for ACTH was 35...
The Rise of Neurotics: Social Networks, Leadership, and Efficacy in District Reform

Purpose: Increasing evidence suggests the importance of relationships between district and site leaders. However, there is limited empirical evidence regarding the social infrastructure between and among leaders especially as related to the exchange of advice related to reform. Moreover, we have limited understanding regarding the mechanisms that are associated with how certain leaders occupy influential social positions. Method: Using social network data from district and site leaders, we conducted social network analysis and regression models to examine the relationship between a leader’s network position measured by incoming, outgoing, and close ties; personality traits; and leader self-efficacy controlling for demographics. Findings: Findings indicate that leaders with more incoming advice relationships from other leaders were associated with more years of experience in the district, being self-identified as “neurotic,” reporting higher efficacy in leading reform, and less efficacy in management. Leaders with more outgoing advice ties also self-identified as “neurotic” and reported lower efficacy in management. Leaders who were readily sought in terms of advice were explained by the number of years in the district and the self-reported
Management of non-melanoma skin cancer.

Objectives To review types of, and treatment for, non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC): basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and less common NMSC. Data Sources Standards of care, dermatology texts, peer-reviewed journals. Conclusion BCC grows slowly and rarely metastasizes; some BCC subtypes can be aggressive and destructive. Early treatment of SCC is usually successful; untreated SCC will penetrate underlying tissue, invade lymph nodes, and metastasize. Treatment options for NMSC are based on patient and tumor characteristics, which determine whether a lesion is low or high risk for cancer recurrence after treatment. Implications for Nursing Practice Nurses are integral for educating patients about measures to prevent new skin cancers and for monitoring for recurrence of NMSC.
Pathways of Immigrant Political Socialization: Examining the Role of News Media, Social Connections, and Community Interaction

Going beyond the traditional socioeconomic status model of political participation, this study examines pathways that lead to the sociopolitical incorporation of immigrants in the USA, with a focus on the role of communication socialization agents. Using a Current Population Survey sample of 7,626 first-generation immigrants in the USA, results show that communication socialization agents significantly contribute to immigrants’ political socialization, and an important mediating path translates political learning into greater political engagement. Results also identify ethnic differences in how socialization variables affect immigrants’ socialization.
Benchmarking Patterson Analysis in Helium Atom Scattering

The technique of Patterson analysis has proven to be a powerful tool in the deduction of structures, both in 2- and 3-D. Using the standard formulation of the Patterson function, the process has been benchmarked for the Helium Atom Scattering (HAS) experiment. Analytically expanding the Patterson function reveals a straightforward Fourier series, whose coefficients are explicit functions of the surface corrugation and the momentum exchange during scattering. Examples based on this formulation reveal that in surface scattering experiments, the Patterson formulation may not be directly interpreted as a map of the inter-nuclear distances, but as a function of surface corrugation and perpendicular momentum exchange.
Middle Miocene oceanographic event in the eastern Gulf of Mexico: Implications for seismic stratigraphic succession and Loop Current/Gulf Stream circulation

Analysis of ∼1,500 km of high-resolution, single-channel air-gun seismic-reflection profiles, correlated with two drill cores, demonstrates that the central west Florida carbonate-ramp slope experienced an oceanographic event in the middle Miocene that resulted in a major stratigraphic break or succession of depositional sequences. During the long-term eustatic sea-level rise in the early to middle Miocene, carbonate shelf-margin deposition was characterized by seaward-prograding, sigmoidal clinoforms that built both laterally and vertically. Shelf-margin sediments were relatively fine grained and rich in dolomite, total organics, and clay minerals. Approximately 12–15 m.y. ago, tectonically controlled oceanographic closure of the Isthmus of Panama, and/or increased climatic gradients, resulted in an intensification of oceanic circulation. Increased flow velocity of the Loop Current truncated antecedant clinoforms along the mid-Miocene shelf margin as the Loop Current, for the first time, became a dynamic oceanographic barrier to off-shelf sediment transport. Carbonate deposition along the west Florida slope changed dramatically from a series of prograding clinoforms to a pelagic slope-front-fill system bounded on its landward margin by contour-current flow of an invigorated Loop Current. Shelf-margin sediments, presently represented as a condensed sequence, became more carbonate rich, coarser grained, lower in organic content, and depleted in dolomite. Our results suggest that oceanographic events can generate major seismic stratigraphic breaks that result in the succession of depositional sequences and systems along continental margins and that they may be as important as eustatic oscillations. Our data also suggest that “modern” Loop Current/Gulf Stream circulation was initiated in the middle Miocene, controlled by tectono-oceanographic and/or climatic processes. The challenge now is to identify seismic stratigraphic-scale oceanographic events in the rock record, differentiate them from eustatic responses, and evaluate their paleoenvironmental significance.
Coronary risk stratification in patients with end-stage lung disease

Abstract Background: Significant coronary artery disease (CAD) has been a contraindication for listing patients for lung transplantation. We hypothesize that coronary risk stratification can help identify a sub-set of patients who need additional diagnostic tools and intervention. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of 72 consecutive patients who underwent lung transplantation at our institution from 1995 to 2000. Further, a review of patients who are currently listed for transplantation yielded 48 patients. We then identified the various risk factors for CAD, the diagnostic tools used, and pre-operative intervention. Risk factors identified included smoking history, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, CAD, congestive heart failure, age >50, and arrhythmias. Based on these risk factors, the patients were then classified into 2 groups: low risk (≤1 risk factors) and high risk (≥2 risk factors). We identified the patients in each group who underwent coronary angiography (CA), those with angiographic evidence of CAD, and those who received pre-operative intervention. Results: Of the 72 patients who underwent lung transplantation, 48 were identified as at high risk for CAD. Of these, 5 patients had CAD diagnosed before surgery using CA, and 1 patient received pre-operative intervention. Of the 48 patients currently on the lung transplant list, we identified 28 patients as high risk for CAD, 12 of whom were noted to have CA, and 2 of whom received pre-operative intervention. Conclusions: Although CAD was once a contraindication for lung transplantation, pre-operative risk stratification allows identification of CAD with CA in a high-risk group. We believe that by using appropriate pre-operative cardiac intervention, patients with severe CAD could successfully undergo lung transplantation.
A logarithmic Sobolev inequality on the real line

A new logarithmic Sobolev inequality for the real line is obtained. The inequality is obtained by applying a differentiation argument to a sharp Sobolev inequality due to Nagy, and is Lp rather that L2 in structure.
Energy efficient power control policies for the low rate WPAN

Energy efficiency is a major concern in large scale wireless sensor networks. Transmit power control can provide an effective mechanism for improving energy efficiencies. In this paper, an alternative approach to power management is presented which is applicable to wireless sensor networks. The approach is based on developing power control policies which take into account the sensor network's deployment characteristics and the RF environment in which the sensor network is deployed. The method developed in the paper can be applied, in general to packet based transceivers, but the energy models developed for optimizing the transmit power are based on IEEE802.15.4/spl trade/ devices, specifically the Chipcon CC2420. As illustrated in the paper, the approach provides a straight forward method for evaluating the feasibility of a network's deployment strategy as well as provide insight into the modifications to the wireless network design to obtain greater energy efficiencies.
Ultrasound for internal medicine physicians: the future of the physical examination.

Objectives With the advent of compact ultrasound (US) devices, it is easier for physicians to enhance their physical examinations through the use of US. However, although this new tool is widely available, few internal medicine physicians have US training. This study sought to understand physicians’ baseline knowledge and skill, provide education in US principles, and demonstrate that proper use of compact US devices is a skill that can be quickly learned. Methods Training was performed at the Mayo Clinic in June 2010 and June 2011. The participants consisted of internal medicine residents. The workshop included didactics and hands-on US experiences with human and cadaver models in a simulation center. Pretests and posttests of residents’ knowledge, attitudes, and skills with US were completed. We reassessed the 2010 group in the spring of 2012 with a long-term retention survey for knowledge and confidence in viewing images. Results A total of 136 interns completed the workshop. Thirty-nine residents completed the long-term retention survey. Posttest assessments showed a statistically significant improvement in the knowledge of US imaging, confidence in identifying structures, image identification, and image acquisition (P < .0001). In the long-term retention study, knowledge of US imaging and confidence in identifying structures did decline. Conclusions This educational intervention resulted in improvement in US knowledge and image acquisition. However, the knowledge diminished over time, suggesting that further education is needed if US is to become an important component of internal medicine training and practice.
FEASIBILITY STUDIES ON AN AUXILIARY PROPULSION SYSTEM USING MPD THRUSTERS.

Auxiliary propulsion system using low power MPD thrustors, discussing feasibility of thrust vectoring with skewed magnetic coil arrangement
The Role of Ocean Dynamics in the Optimal Growth of Tropical SST Anomalies

The role of ocean dynamics in optimally exciting interannual variability of tropical sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies is investigated using an idealized-geometry ocean general circulation model. Initial temperature and salinity perturbations leading to an optimal growth of tropical SST anomalies, typically arising from the nonnormal dynamics, are evaluated. The structure of the optimal perturbations is characterized by relatively strong deep salinity anomalies near the western boundary generating a transient amplification of equatorial SST anomalies in less than four years. TheassociatedgrowthmechanismislinkedtotheexcitationofcoastalandequatorialKelvinwavesnearthe westernboundaryfollowingarapidgeostrophicadjustmentowingtotheoptimalinitialtemperatureandsalinity perturbations. The results suggest that the nonnormality of the ocean dynamics may efficiently create large tropical SST variability on interannual time scales in the Atlantic without the participation of air‐sea processes or the meridional overturning circulation. An optimal deep initial salinity perturbation of 0.1 ppt located near the western boundary can result in a tropical SST anomaly of approximately 0.458C after nearly four years, assuming the dynamics are linear. Possible mechanisms for exciting such deep perturbations are discussed. While this study is motivated by tropical Atlantic SST variability, its relevance to other basins is not excluded. The optimal initial conditions leading to the tropical SST anomalies’ growth are obtained by solving a generalized eigenvalue problem. The evaluation of the optimals is achieved by using the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm) tangent linear and adjoint models as well the the Arnoldi Package (ARPACK) software for solving large-scale eigenvalue problems.
1-Methylcyclopropene: a review

Since the discovery of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) as an inhibitor of ethylene action, over 100 studies have examined details of its action, application and effects on ethylene inhibition. This plant growth regulator is a tool that can help scientists make major advances in understanding the role of ethylene in plants. 1-MCP prevents ethylene effects in a broad range of fruits, vegetables and floriculture crops. Effective concentrations are low and range from 2.5 nl l 1 to 1 m ll 1 . Concentration interacts with temperature such that low concentrations of 1-MCP applied over longer durations may be as effective as high concentrations. 1-MCP is most commonly applied at 68/77 8F (20/25 8C), but can be used at lower temperatures in some commodities. Generally, treatment durations of 12/24 h were sufficient to achieve a full response. A variety of factors may need to be considered when using 1-MCP including cultivar, developmental stage, time from harvest to treatment, and multiple applications. Depending on the species being treated, 1-MCP may hav ea variety of effects on respiration, ethylene production, volatile production, chlorophyll degradation and other color changes, protein and membrane changes, softening, disorders and diseases, acidity and sugars. This review compiles what is known about the technological uses for 1-MCP, defines where discrepancies exist between reports, and aims to define areas requiring further study. # 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Heat-to-Heat Variability in the Corrosion Resistance and Microstructure of Low Carbon AISI 316 Nuclear Grade Stainless Steel

Abstract This paper considers the heat-to-heat variability in corrosion resistance and microstructure that might be encountered in low carbon AISI 316 nuclear grade stainless steels (SSs). The results will show that although these low carbon steels are rather resistant to sensltization by chromium depletion, they vary significantly in their grain size, inclusion content, and microstructural homogeneity. Aging for as long as 1000 h at 550 C did not produce grain boundary precipitation in any of these alloys; aging for 100 h at 650 C produced Laves phase along the grain boundaries of two alloys and chromium-rich M23C6 carbides in the other. Impurity segregation was low in all three alloys. The two alloys that contained Laves phase along their grain boundaries exhibited very little corrosion in the modified Strauss test. The other heat showed only slightly more corrosion because of very limited carbide precipitation. All of the alloys underwent corrosion in the more oxidizing Huey test. The amount of corrosi...
Novel methods for delivery of cell-based therapies.

Background—Pulmonary hypoplasia (PH) is found in 15-20% of all neonatal autopsies, accounting for 2,850 deaths yearly. Development of engineered tissue substitutes that could functionally restore damaged tissue remains a unique opportunity for biotechnology. Recently, we isolated and characterized murine fetal pulmonary cells (FPC) and engineered 3-dimensional pulmonary tissue constructs in vitro. Our goal is to devise a reliable and reproducible method for delivering FPC into a live animal model of PH. Materials and Methods—Three methods of delivery were explored: intraoral, intratracheal and intrapulmonary injection. Adult Swiss Webster mice were anesthetized and fluorescent labeled microspheres (20μm diameter) were delivered by intraoral and intratracheal injection. Subsequently, labeled FPC (Cell Tracker, CMPTX) were delivered by the same methods. In addition, direct transpleural intrapulmonary injection of FPC was performed. Outcome analysis included survival, reproducibility, diffuse vs. confined location of the injected substance, and adequacy of delivery. Routine histological examination, fluorescent microscopy, and immunostaining were performed. Microspheres: We demonstrated reproducible, diffuse instillation via tracheotomy into the distal alveoli. Intraoral delivery appeared less reliable compared to direct intratracheal injection. FPC: Intratracheal injection was a reliable method of delivery. Labeled FPC showed transepithelial migration after 7 days of in vivo culture. Intrapulmonary injection led to local accumulation of cells in sites of injection.
Mechanical degradation of dilute solutions of high polymers in capillary tube flow

Experimental results on mechanical degradation in capillary tubes of polyisobutylene polymers in dilute solution are described. In laminar flow, degradation is independent of tube length, indicating that entrance effects are dominant. This shows that capillary experiments do not yield explicit information on the effect of shear stress on mechanical degradation. In turbulent flow, large entrance effects are also observed, but some degradation does take place in the fully developed flow region.