cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two textbook representations of second language acquisition and Universal Grammar: ‘access’ and ‘constraint’

Two textbooks written by Lydia White, one published in 1989 and the other in 2003, introduce generative research on second language acquisition and evaluate existing proposals about the role of Universal Grammar. Comparison of the two texts provides an opportunity to examine some of the conventions the field uses in representing itself to a novice readership. It also brings to light certain aspects of the field’s development during a 14- year interval. A point of particular interest is that this interval spans a shift in the language commonly used to pose questions about the relationship of Universal Grammar to second language acquisition, from the metaphor of ‘access’ to the metaphor of ‘constraint’.
Effects of alkali-heat treatment on β-melanocyte-stimulating hormone☆

Abstract Prolongation of the activity of β-melanocyte-stimulating hormone is produced by heating in 0.1 N NaOH at 100 °C. for 10 minutes. Zone electrophoresis on starch and countercurrent distribution have been employed to demonstrate the multiplicity of the products formed. Chemical and microbiological amino acid analyses of the major product(s) resolved by electrophoresis indicate that the following has taken place: (1) conversion of arginine to ornithine; (2) cleavage of a gly.ser. peptide bond with loss of the C-terminal pentapeptide ser.pro.pro.lys.asp; and (3) extensive racemization of arginine, histidine, methionine, and phenylalanine. Consideration of these findings and those obtained with other melanocyte-stimulating hormones and synthetic peptides, indicates that racemization alone is sufficient to explain the prolongation phenomenon.
In vitro laser recanalization of chronically occluded prosthetic grafts.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and Dacron grafts were implanted in canine femoral and carotid arteries using PTFE and Prolene suture, respectively. Arteries containing occluded grafts were explanted and laser recanalization was attempted in vitro. Laser recanalization was successful in 78% of PTFE grafts compared to 30% of Dacron grafts. Recanalization was complete (residual stenosis < 5%) in opened PTFE grafts, whereas residual stenosis averaged 60% in recanalized Dacron grafts. PTFE graft/ PTFE suture anastomotic tensile strength was unchanged after recanalization, while Dacron graft/Prolene suture anastomotic tensile strength decreased significantly. In addition, anastomotic bursting pressure was significantly higher for lased PTFE grafts with PTFE sutures (300 mg Hg) compared to lased Dacron grafts with Prolene sutures (70 mm Hg). Chronically occluded PTFE grafts with PTFE suture can be safely and effectively opened by laser recanalization. In contrast, attempted laser recanalization of Dacron grafts sutured with Prolene suture is seldom successful, significantly weakens the graft artery anastomosis, and should be avoided.
Secure Sharing of Tuple Spaces in Ad Hoc Settings

Abstract Security is emerging as a growing concern throughout the distributed computing community. Typical solutions entail specialized infrastructure support for authentication, encryption and access control. Mobile applications executing over ad hoc wireless networks present designers with a rather distinct set of security requirements. A totally open setting and limited resources call for lightweight and highly decentralized security solutions. In this paper we propose an approach that relies on extending an existing coordination middleware for mobility ( Lime ). The need to continue to offer a very simple model of coordination that assures rapid software development led to limiting extensions solely to password protected tuple spaces and per tuple access control. Password distribution and security are relegated to the application realm. Host level security is ensured by the middleware design and relies on standard support provided by the Java system. Secure interactions among agents across hosts are accomplished by careful exploitation of the interceptor pattern and the use of standard encryption. The paper explains the design strategy used to add security support in Lime and its implications for the development of mobile applications over ad hoc networks.
Subtropical Low Cloud Response to a Warmer Climate in a Superparameterized Climate Model. Part II: Column Modeling with a Cloud Resolving Model

[1] A cloud resolving model (CRM) is used to investigate the low-cloud increase due to a 2 K SST increase in the SP-CAM superparameterized climate model. Of particular interest is the sensitivity of cloud changes to the CRM resolution (4 km horizontal, 30 vertical levels) in SP-CAM. The CRM is run in column-modeling framework using SP-CAM composite cloud regimes. The experiments are run to steady state using composite advective tendencies, winds, and sea-surface temperature from the control and +2 K climates of SP-CAM. A new weak temperature gradient algorithm based on an idealized form of gravity wave adjustment is used to adjust vertical motion in the column to keep the simulated virtual temperature profile consistent with the corresponding SP-CAM composite profile. Humidity is also slowly relaxed toward the SP-CAM composite above the boundary layer. With SP-CAM grid resolution, the CRM shows +2 K low cloud increases similar to SP-CAM. With fine grid resolution, the CRM-simulated low cloud fraction and its increase in a warmer climate are much smaller. Hence, the negative low cloud feedbacks in SP-CAM may be exaggerated by under-resolution of trade cumulus boundary layers.
FT-IR External Reflection Spectroscopy at Brewster's Angle

A nondestructive technique for the measurement of infrared spectra of thick, hard, and dark materials has been studied with the use of external reflection spectroscopy. The distortion of the absorption bands which is due to optical effects can be minimized with the use of parallel polarized light which is incident at Brewster's angle. With this technique, it is impossible to observe over-absorption even if the material has a semi-infinite thickness. Also, this technique can be applied to the study of thin films on polymer substrates.
Effect of UV irradiation on evaporated ZnS films.

Evaporated ZnS films used as a component in reflectance enhancing or decreasing multilayer coatings for mirrors, transparent optical materials, and vacuum UV reflecting optics, are investigated with reference to the reflectance loss under UV irradiation and the formation of ZnO as a result of the decomposition of ZnS in the presence of oxygen. Reflectance measurements over a broad wavelength range reveal that the UV induced reflectance losses are generally restricted to wavelengths shorter than 4000 A and are most severe in the vacuum UV region. After 134 hr of UV exposure initially polycrystalline film of 150-200 A thick is completely converted to amorphous ZnO. The results demonstrate that caution should be exercised in employing ZnS as the outer layer in an optical coating system designed for use in the UV and vacuum UV regions.
Pattern Recognition Correlating Materials Properties of the Elements to Their Kinetics for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Here we demonstrate the use of a previously reported pattern recognition algorithm to evaluate correlations between 50 different materials properties of the elements and their kinetics for the hydrogen evolution reaction in acid. We determined that the melting point and bulk modulus of the elements quantitatively gave the highest correlations of all materials properties investigated. We also showed that the melting point and bulk modulus correlations held true for a popular hydrogen evolution catalysts alloy, NiMo, and a previously untested material, MoSi2. In addition, we quantified the previously known relationship between the d-band center of an element and its kinetics for hydrogen evolution, and found that the melting point and bulk modulus correlations have correlations that are similar to but slightly stronger than those of the d-band center.
Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients Thirty-Five Years of Age and Under

A series of 59 cases of clinically proved myocardial infarction in patients 35 years of age and under has been presented and the literature on the subject of myocardial infarction in patients under the age of 40 reviewed. The group consisted of 46 white men of whom 12 (26 per cent) died; four white women of whom two (50 per cent) died; five Negro men of whom four (80 per cent) died; and four Negro women of whom four (100 per cent) died. Hypertension was noted in 34 per cent of the cases. Diabetes mellitus was noted in 18 per cent, and obesity was a factor in 27 per cent of the cases. Elevated serum cholesterol (above 250 mg/100 ml) was noted in 84 per cent of the cases with a range of 191 to 460 mg/100 ml, or an average of 297 mg/100 ml. Necropsy in 17 (77 per cent) of the 22 deaths revealed a predominant involvement in the left anterior descending coronary artery. Electrocardiographic infarction pattern was found to be as frequently anterior as posterior in distribution with lateral extention about half as frequent. There is no question that myocardial infarction is a more severe and devastating disease in the overall younger age groups than in the older age groups, the current study having shown a 24 per cent instant mortality. The mortality in white women is higher than that of white men, although the incidence of the disease is less. The incidence of the disease in the Negro is almost equal in men and women, but the mortality rate in the Negro, particularly women, approaches 100 per cent.
Analysis and practical use: the Abt Study of Medical Physicist Work Values for Radiation Oncology Physics Services--round II.

Purpose The initial Abt Study of Medical Physicist Work Values for Radiation Oncology Physics Services was published in October 1995. That study measured qualified medical physicist (QMP) work associated only with routine radiation oncology procedures. In the intervening years, medical physics practice has changed dramatically. Three-dimensional treatment planning, once considered a special procedure, is the standard of care for many patient presentations. Prostate seed brachytherapy, stereotactic procedures, and intensity-modulated radiation therapy now constitute a large portion of the time medical physicists devote to clinical duties. Special procedures now dominate radiation oncology, leading to the request for an updated work and staffing study for qualified medical physicists. Methods The updated Abt Study of Medical Physicist Work Values for Radiation Oncology Physics Services: Round II was published in June 2003. Round II measures and reports QMP work associated with both routine and most contemporary special procedures. Additionally, staffing patterns are reported for a variety of practice settings. Results A work model is created to allow medical physicists to defend QMP work on the basis of both routine and special procedures service mix. The work model can be used to develop a cost justification report for setting charges for radiation oncology physics services. The work and cost justification models may in turn be used to defend medical physicist staffing and compensation. Conclusion The updated Abt study empowers medical physicists to negotiate service or employment contracts with providers on the basis of measured national QMP work force and staffing data.
Dimensional perturbation theory: an efficient method for computing vibration-rotation spectra

Abstract Large-order perturbation theory in D −1 2 , where D is the dimensionality of space, is shown to be an accurate and computationally efficient method for computing molecular vibration-rotation spectra. Results are presented for the ground vibrational state of CO 2 with J as high as 80. The rate of convergence of the perturbation expansion increases with J and the computational cost scales on JN v 5 3 , where N v is the number of vibrational basis functions. Therefore, this approach seems to be especially well suited for treating highly excited rotational states.
Distribution of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors in afferents of the rat striatum

Treatment with conventional antipsychotic drugs (APDs) is accompanied by extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), which are thought to be due to striatal dopamine D(2) receptor blockade. In contrast, treatment with atypical APDs is marked by a low incidence or absence of EPS. The reduced motor side effect liability of atypical APDs has been attributed to a high serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor affinity coupled with a relatively low D(2) affinity. Despite the high density of 5-HT(2A) binding sites in the striatum, there are few detectable 5-HT(2A) mRNA-expressing neurons in the striatum. This suggests that most striatal 5-HT(2A) receptors are heteroceptors located on afferent axons. A combined retrograde tracer-immunohistochemistry method was used to determine the sites of origin of striatal 5-HT(2A)-like immunoreactive axons. 5-HT(2A)-like immunoreactive neurons in both the cortex and globus pallidus were retrogradely labeled from the striatum; very few nigrostriatal or thalamostriatal neurons expressed 5-HT(2A)-like immunoreactivity. Within the striatum, parvalbumin-containing interneurons displayed 5-HT(2A) immunolabeling; these neurons are the targets of cortical and pallidal projections. Our data indicate that cortico- and pallido-striatal neurons are the major source of 5-HT(2A) receptor binding in the striatum, and suggest that cortico- and pallido-striatal neurons are strategically positioned to reduce the motor side effects that accompany striatal D(2) receptor blockade or are seen in parkinsonism.
Comparison of venturi and peristaltic vacuum in phacoemulsification.

Purpose To evaluate the efficiency of peristaltic-based and venturi-based vacuums. Setting John A. Moran Eye Center Laboratories, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Design Experimental study. Methods Porcine lenses were hardened with formalin and cut into 2.0 mm cubes. Time to fragment removal (efficiency) and fragment bounces off the tip (chatter) were measured using a Signature machine with the ability to switch between peristaltic-based and venturi-based vacuum. Micropulse longitudinal and transversal ultrasound motions were tested. Results Venturi-based vacuum had increased efficiency and decreased chatter compared with peristaltic-based vacuum at lower vacuum levels. Conclusion Use of a venturi-based vacuum, when available, may result in reduced clearance time of lens material and mitigate chatter even under noisy conditions. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Multiple forms of a highly purified β-N-acetylhexosaminidase from hen oviduct

Abstract A β- N -acetylhexosaminidase was purified from hen oviduct to near homogeneity. At least two forms of this enzyme, a major (I) and a minor (II), were shown to exist by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. Their molecular weights, as determined by gel electrophoresis, were approximately 118,000 and 158,000. On isoelectric focusing, two peaks of activity were obtained, one at pH 6.45, the other at 6.86. β- N -acetylglucosaminidase could not be separated from β- N -acetylgalactosaminidase activity by any of the procedures employed. Of a number of compounds tested as substrates, there was no difference in the ratio of hydrolysis rates of N -acetylhexosaminidase I–II, except with tri- N -acetylchitotriose and tetra- N -acetylchitotetrose. At a concentration of 6 μ m Hg ++ , the enzyme was completely and selectively inhibited. The inhibition was reversed entirely by thiols. Of about 20 other cations tested, only Ag + inhibited the enzyme, but amounts 200 times greater were required to effect the same degree of inhibition as Hg ++ .
Increased electrical impedance of mice following administration of scopolamine.

Mice were administered either scopolamine hydrobromide (1 or 5 mg/kg, ip) or scopolamine methylbromide (1 or 5 mg/kg, ip) 15 min prior to being tested for an escape response. Scopolamine either increased or decreased escape latencies as compared to saline controls depending on the nominal shock intensity used. It also increased the electrical impedance of the mice from 10- to 20-fold. Neither of these effects was observed following administration of methylscopolamine.
Study of heart mitochondria and glycolytic metabolism in experimentally induced cardiac failure.

Studies were made on the biochemical activity of mitochondria and of homogenates obtained from normal hearts and from hearts after experimentally induced failure. The principal types of failure investigated were: "chronic" congestive failure and acute failure in the guinea pig. The "chronic" failure was induced in from 2 to 10 days by a partial constriction of the ascending aorta, while the acute type of failure was induced by a more severe aortic constriction of a similar type. Various physiological parameters were studied. The "chronic" animals exhibited tachycardia, elevated right ventricular systolic pressure and a significant depression of myocardial contractility. In addition, a highly significant increase in cardiac tissue mass was observed. Passive congestion of the liver, spleen, kidneys, and lungs was evident. Mitochondria isolated from the hearts of guinea pigs in "chronic" failure exhibited a significant depression of metabolic activity. Thus phosphorylation associated with the oxidation of glutamate, succinate, or α-ketoglutarate was uncoupled in mitochondria isolated from the "failed" heart. Cardiac glycosides administered to animals with experimental cardiac failure did not alter the uncoupled state of the mitochondria, although these agents effected a significant improvement in cardiac contractility. The ATPase activity of the "failed" mitochondria was normal. Experiments concerning the localization of the site or sites of uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in the "failed" mitochondria revealed that the defect probably resided in the phosphorylation step associated with the electron transfer between cytochrome C to oxygen. Homogenates prepared from hearts of chronically failing animals were markedly depressed with respect to oxygen and glucose consumption and lactic acid formation. Mitochondria isolated from acutely failed guinea pig hearts exhibited a "mild" uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation manifested as a decrease in responsiveness to a phosphate acceptor system. This was a graded effect, increasing in severity with increasing duration of aortic constriction. On the basis of the present study, it is possible that uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in heart mitochondria may play a role in the development of congestive cardiac failure.
Correlation in laser speckle

We demonstrate experimentally that the intensity correlation function with shift in the scattered wave vector or with identical shifts in both the incident and scattered wave vectors form Fourier transform pairs, respectively, with the intensity distribution on the output surface and the propagator between the input and output surfaces. Measurements in samples with and without internal reflection are in excellent agreement with diffusion theory without adjustable parameters.
Successful treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a child with cystic fibrosis

A 3 1/2 year old girl with cystic fibrosis who underwent successful treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia remains in complete remission 36 months after diagnosis. We also report high clearance rates of three antineoplastic agents in this patient. Drug doses were adjusted to achieve optimal systemic exposure.
“The Religion We Plant in Their Hearts”: A Critical Exploration of the Religiosity of a German Jewish Family at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century

The long-standing historiographical consensus on nineteenth- and twentieth-century German Jews suggests that they were largely “beyond Judaism.” Most historians concur that German Jews abandoned a particularistic faith and the restricted social life of the autonomous community in exchange for cultural tropes of the dominant bourgeois culture as they strove to integrate into the surrounding society. While most German Jews no longer practiced the Judaism of their fathers or their fathers’ fathers, this did not necessarily mean that religion or belief had become irrelevant. In this essay I explore, through a close reading of a set of diaries, the religiosity of one Jewish family—that of William and Clara Stern and their three children, Hilde, Gunther, and Eva. In the process, I seek both to address a gap in the research and to contribute to an ongoing discussion in the historiography regarding modern Judaism. While religiosity among German Jews had increasingly become a matter of individual, and not collective, action and choice, I argue that Jews of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries still engaged in a quest for meaning for themselves and future generations specifically as Jews. The religious worldview and education that Clara Stern aimed to impart to her children reflect precisely this search for personal religious meaning and exemplify the individual nature of early twentieth-century German Jewish religiosity.
Waves on interfaces

In wave propagation along plane or cylindrical interfaces a distinction is made between truly guided waves (surface waves) and partially guided waves (radiating waves). When dissipation losses are involved, surface waves no longer represent the asymptotic field near the interfaces at large distances from the source. In order to separate them from the total field it is necessary to have a criterion for radiating waves which are free of any surface wave components. Such a criterion exists in the form of orthogonality relations which are the mathematical formulation of the concept that an ideal antenna which excites only a surface wave should not receive a radiating wave.
Regulation of gap junction coupling through the neuronal connexin Cx35 by nitric oxide and cGMP.

Gap-junctional coupling among neurons is subject to regulation by a number of neurotransmitters including nitric oxide. We studied the mechanisms by which NO regulates coupling in cells expressing Cx35, a connexin expressed in neurons throughout the central nervous system. NO donors caused potent uncoupling of HeLa cells stably transfected with Cx35. This effect was mimicked by Bay 21-4272, an activator of guanylyl cyclase. A pharmacological analysis indicated that NO-induced uncoupling involved both PKG-dependent and PKG-independent pathways. PKA was involved in both pathways, suggesting that PKG-dependent uncoupling may be indirect. In vitro, PKG phosphorylated Cx35 at three sites: Ser110, Ser276, and Ser289. A mutational analysis indicated that phosphorylation on Ser110 and Ser276, sites previously shown also to be phosphorylated by PKA, had a significant influence on regulation. Ser289 phosphorylation had very limited effects. We conclude that NO can regulate coupling through Cx35 and that regulation ...
Genome-wide analysis in Drosophila reveals age-specific effects of SNPs on fitness traits

Most organisms exhibit senescence; a decline in physiological function with age. In nature, rates of senescence vary extensively among individuals and this variation has a significant genetic component; however, we know little about the genes underlying senescence. Here we show the first evidence that individual alleles influence fecundity in an age-specific manner and so the genetic basis of natural variation in fecundity changes dramatically with age. We complete a genome-wide association to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) affecting lifespan and age-specific fecundity using the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel. We identify 1,031 SNPs affecting fecundity and 52 influencing lifespan. Only one SNP is associated with both early- and late-age fecundity. The age-specific effect of candidate genes on fecundity is validated using RNA interference. In addition, there is a dramatic increase in the number of SNPs influencing fecundity with age. This result provides support for the mutation accumulation theory of aging.
Vocational Rehabilitation ' in Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia exacts a heavy toll on a person's capacity to work, and a variety of vocational rehabilitation interventions have been developed over the past few decades to enhance the vocational capacities of persons with this disorder. The research literature on outcomes of vocational rehabilitation during the era of deinstitutionalization for persons with schizophrenia is reviewed. Most vocational rehabilitation programs have a positive influence on work-related activities, but most have failed to show substantial and enduring impacts on independent, competitive employment. Recent advances in supported employment suggest that vocational rehabilitation offers greater promise than do transitional and sheltered employment approaches. Vocational rehabilitation intervention may also exert positive influences on such clinical outcomes as medication compliance, symptom reduction, and relapse.
The Response of Laying Hens to Sudden Feed Changes

Abstract NUMEROUS cautions and warnings have been issued by leaders in poultry husbandry against sudden feed changes. These warnings stated that birds will go off feed and suffer an interruption in the rate of growth; that laying hens will suffer a loss in egg production, and probably go into a partial or complete molt as the result of sudden feed changes. Other workers have not shared the view that sudden feed changes result in economic losses. Stout (1926) states that: “If changes are made from one feed to another, they should be gradual.” Jaff (1905) in discussing the subject of changing feed expressed the view that even though the nutritive ratio may be maintained, palatability may be changed, and sudden changes may be disastrous. Jones, Davis, and McDonald (1917) expressed the view that feed formulas may be changed to take advantage of lower prices and obtain more economical production. Card and . . .
COMPARISON OF THE RELATIVE SYNTHESIS OF THE PROTEINS OF THE 50S RIBOSOMAL SUBUNIT IN GROWING AND VALINE-DEPRIVED HELA CELLS

Quantitative studies of the synthesis of the ribosomal proteins of the 50S ribosomal subunit have been made with growing versus valine-deprived HeLa cells. The synthesis of total cell protein and 50S subunits was also compared between the growing and nongrowing cells. It was found that between 12 and 20 hr of valine deprivation the net synthesis of 50S subunits drops to approximately 8% of that in control cells while the over-all synthesis of 50S subunit ribosomal proteins declines to approximately 12% of that in the controls. However, the synthesis rates for each of two particular 50S subunit proteins decline to approximately 8% of the rates in the growing cells, indicating that the synthesis of one of these proteins may be rate limiting for 50S subunit biosynthesis in valine-deprived HeLa cells. Other evidence indicates that the regulation of synthesis of the ribosomal proteins in valine deprivation depends on control at the level of transcription or translation rather than being a function of the relative valine content of these proteins.
Polyimidazopyrrolone model compounds.

The model reactions between phthalic anhydride and o-phenylenediamine were studied under conditions analogous to the polymerization and post-cyclization of dianhydrides with bis(o-diamines) to form polyimidazopyrrolones (Pyrrones). The route from the initial amide-acid-amine to the tetracyclic Pyrrone model when the reactions are conducted in aprotic solvents is highly competitive between isolatable benzimidazole-acid and imide-amine intermediates. Solid-state thermal conversion of the amide-acid-amine affords a unique dimeric species containing amide, imide, and benzimidazole functions. It was confirmed that melt techniques lead to disproportionation products. The application of these findings to related polymer synthesis is discussed.
Sharing Statistical Data in the Biomedical and Health Sciences: Ethical, Institutional, Legal, and Professional Dimensions

A 1992 report issued from the National Research Council observes: "The general norms of science emphasize the principle of openness. Scientists are generally expected to exchange research data as well as unique research materials that are essential to the replication or extension of reported findings." (34). While these norms have been acknowledged over centuries, the actual practice of sharing research data has varied widely even within individual disciplines , and until recently it has rarely been instantiated in the form of specific rules and formal mechanisms. Recent technological changes have given new meaning to access to rescarch data, and scientists are questioning whether the principle of scientific openness actually requires providing access to their own research data. What has emerged is the notion of research data as a public good, irrespective of the source of funding for the research. In essence, there appears to be general agreement that research data become a public good when the research results enter into the public domain through publication or formal presentation in some scientific or public policy forum.
Implications of baryon magnetic moments for the quark model

The implications of recent baryon-magnetic-moment measurements for various assumptions in the quark model are considered. The static quark model is seen to give a qualitative understanding of the baryon magnetic moments, but fails in a quantitative test (chi/sup 2//DF = 21.5/5), largely due to inconsistency of the now accurate determinations of the ..lambda../sup 0/ and ..xi../sup 0/ moments. Introducing nonstatic effects (orbital, relativistic, or exchange) still permits four independent sum rules to be written (for eight moments) if approximate SU(3) symmetry is assumed for quark-model wave functions. Two sum rules give good agreement with experiment, but those sum rules for any case involving the ..xi../sup -/ or ..sigma../sup -/ moments do not, suggesting that their experimental determination is inconsistent with such a quark model.
Partial characterization of alcohol dehydrogenase activity in purified rat Leydig cells.

Ethanol metabolism to acetaldehyde by NAD+ -dependent alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity reduces, in part, androgen secretion by rat Leydig cells. ADH in Leydig cells is proposed to decrease the NAD + /NADH ratio and thereby inhibit NAD+ -dependent Δ5-3βhydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase activity and increase NADH-dependent 5α-androstane-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Although the reciprocal changes in these steroidogenic enzyme activities by ethanol are attributed to ADH activity, there is very little information about this enzyme in purified Leydig cells. The present studies examined specific characteristics of this enzyme in metrizamide-gradient purified Leydig cells. ADH activity was linear with respect to protein concentration and incubation time. The activity was concentrated in the soluble fraction, and the most effective cofactor was NAD+. The apparent Km for ethanol was 0.50 mM, and the Vmax was 53 nmol NADH/10 min/mg protein. When Leydig cell cytosol was incubated with a fixed e...
Depth recovery from blurred edges

A method is proposed for recovering depth from a measure of the degree of blur of an edge. Closed-form solution is derived for an edge which is a step discontinuity of intensity in the focused image. The method is simpler and more general than two earlier methods proposed by A.P. Pentland (1987) and P. Grossman (1987). It has been verified experimentally and found to provide useful depth information. >
Formal Approaches to Software Architecture

An important goal in software engineering is to describe complex software systems at an architectural level of abstraction. While good software engineers routinely employ architectural concepts in their designs these concepts are typically used idiomatically and in an ad hoc fashion. What appears to be missing is a formal basis for software architecture. But what exactly does this mean? In this paper we illustrate by example three approaches to formalizing software architecture. The first represents an industrial development effort to formalize a specific class of applications. The second shows how to use formalism to understand the design space for a commonly used architectural style. The third considers the problem of providing a formal basis for the generic notion of architectural interconnection.
Adsorbate interactions on surface lead to a flattened Sabatier volcano plot in reduction of oxygen

Abstract Ab initio electronic-structure calculations of surface catalysis often give changes ⩾0.1 eV for activation energies of intermediate steps when the surface structure or composition is varied, yet ⩾50-fold change in activity according to naive interpretation of the Arrhenius formula is usually not seen in corresponding experiments. To quantitatively analyze this sensitivity inconsistency between simulations and experiments, we propose a mean-field microkinetic model of electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction on Pt (1 1 1) and (1 0 0) surfaces, which outputs similar steady-state reaction rates despite of large differences in adsorption energies of reaction intermediates and activation energies. Sensitivity analyses indicate lateral repulsions between surface adsorbates (“enthalpic effect”) and site competition (“entropic effect”) flatten the catalytic activity vs. adsorption strength volcano plot and reduce sensitivity to material elementary energetics, in agreement with the observed experimental sensitivity behavior. Our analyses provide a systematic method to quantitatively investigate sensitivities of surface reactions when the mean-field approximation is reasonable.
Behavioural response of Meloidogyne incognita to benzyl isothiocyanate

Summary – The breakdown of brassicaceous plant material produces nematotoxic isothiocyanates (ITCs). However, after the incorporation of brassicaceous plant material into soil, many nematodes are likely to be exposed only to sublethal concentrations of these compounds. Although unknown, the effect of these low ITC concentrations on the behaviour of plant-parasitic nematodes could play a role in nematode suppression. To address this question, the behaviour of infective second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne incognita was evaluated following in vitro exposure to sublethal concentrations of benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC). Behaviour was qualitatively and quantitatively affected. Overall nematode activity in treatment groups scored visually, and individual nematode movement frequencies, quantified by video assay, were each significantly reduced within 2 h of exposure to 0.01 mM BITC. All responses were dose dependent. Infectivity of BITC-treated J2 of M. incognita on soybean (Glycine max) was measured directly by root staining and gall rating, and indirectly by egg production. All experiments showed significantly reduced infectivity after treatment of J2 with 0.01 mM BITC. In addition, egg production was almost completely eliminated (<5% of control) by 0.03 mM BITC. The correlation between the effect of BITC concentrations on J2 activity and infectivity was positive, with decreased J2 activity and infectivity resulting in decreased egg production. BITC concentrations that do not cause mortality significantly affect the behaviour of M. incognita J2, indicating that sublethal concentrations contribute to the overall nematode suppression by brassicaceous green manures.
Acute Targeting of General Transcription Factor IIB Restricts Cardiac Hypertrophy via Selective Inhibition of Gene Transcription

Background—We previously reported that specialized and housekeeping genes are differentially regulated via de novo recruitment and pause-release of RNA polymerase II, respectively, during cardiac hypertrophy. However, the significance of this finding remains to be examined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the mechanisms that differentially regulate these gene groups and exploit them for therapeutic targeting. Methods and Results—Here, we show that general transcription factor IIB (TFIIB) and cyclin-dependent kinase 9 are upregulated during hypertrophy, both targeted by microRNA-1, and play preferential roles in regulating those 2 groups of genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing reveals that TFIIB is constitutively bound to all paused, housekeeping, promoters, whereas de novo recruitment of TFIIB and polymerase II is required for specialized genes that are induced during hypertrophy. We exploited this dichotomy to acutely inhibit induction of the latter set, which encompasses...
Should We Have Lay Justices

By "lay justices" I mean justices of the Supreme Court of the United States who are not accredited lawyers. Currently the number of lay justices is zero, although there is no constitutional or statutory rule that requires this. Commentators who urge that the Supreme Court should be diverse on all sorts of margins - methodological diversity, ideological diversity, and racial or ethnic or gender diversity - say little or nothing about professional diversity on the Court. I argue that the optimal number of lay justices is greater than zero. In the strong form of the argument, an historian, economist, doctor, accountant, soldier or some other nonlawyer professional should be appointed to the Court. In a weaker form of the argument, we should at least appoint dual-competent justices - lawyers who also have a degree or some other real expertise in another body of knowledge or skill.
POPL 2003: A real-time garbage collector with low overhead and consistent utilization

Now that the use of garbage collection in languages like Java is becoming widely accepted due to the safety and software engineering benefits it provides, there is significant interest in applying garbage collection to hard real-time systems. Past approaches have generally suffered from one of two major flaws: either they were not provably real-time, or they imposed large space overheads to meet the real-time bounds. We present a mostly non-moving, dynamically defragmenting collector that overcomes both of these limitations: by avoiding copying in most cases, space requirements are kept low; and by fully incrementalizing the collector we are able to meet real-time bounds. We implemented our algorithm in the Jikes RVM and show that at real-time resolution we are able to obtain mutator utilization rates of 45% with only 1.6--2.5 times the actual space required by the application, a factor of 4 improvement in utilization over the best previously published results. Defragmentation causes no more than 4% of the traced data to be copied.
Scanning electrochemical microscopy of hydrogen electro-oxidation: Part II. Coverage and potential dependence of platinum deactivation by carbon monoxide

We describe measurements using the scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) to evaluate the reactivity of polycrystalline platinum towards the hydrogen oxidation reaction in the presence and absence of adsorbed carbon monoxide (CO). Steady-state rate constant measurements for the hydrogen oxidation reaction on platinum in a CO saturated sulfuric acid solution indicate that the platinum surface is completely inactive at potentials below 0.8 V (vs. RHE) due to adsorbed CO. Rate constant measurements as a function of fractional CO coverage (θCO) show that the activity of the platinum surface towards hydrogen oxidation is high for θCO 0.6 ML and becomes completely inactive for θCO≥0.8 ML. Surprisingly, dynamic tip–substrate voltammetry (TSV) experiments show that CO-covered platinum surface becomes highly active for hydrogen oxidation at potentials in the pre-ignition region (0.4–0.7 V) where the surface is completely inactive under steady-state conditions. This activation is thought to occur due to a surface phase transition between a high coverage, weakly adsorbed CO (COads,w) state that forms at low potentials and a lower coverage, strongly adsorbed CO (COads,s) state that is favored at high potentials. This structural phase transition results in the creation of reactive sites of sufficient quantity that diffusion-limited oxidation rates are observed for hydrogen oxidation in the pre-ignition region. Although, this activation was found to be transient, pulsing the substrate potential between the hydrogen adsorption (∼0.1 V) and pre-ignition (0.4–0.7 V) regions resulted in a sustained activity for hydrogen oxidation on a nominally high CO coverage surface.
Efficacy of the Candida precipitin test. Verification with a protoplast antigen preparation.

Cytoplasmic antigens, prepared by sonication of Candida albicans and lysed C. albicans protoplasts, were studied for the presence of surface cell wall antigens. Rabbit antisera were compared by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis against the two antigen preparations and showed lines of identity and similar electrophoretic patterns. Rabbits immunized with the sonicate preparation failed to demonstrate a rise in agglutination titer to 0.4% formalized whole cells, and precipitin lines were unaffected by adsorption of the antisera with either whole cells or an alkali extract of the Candida cell wall. The two preparations reacted equally well when tested with clinical sera. This study demonstrates the lack of superficial cell wall antigens in the sonicate antigen preparation as detected by routine serologic procedures.
Management of Crop Diseases in Reduced Tillage Systems

Reduced tillage is an important cultural practice that may greatly affect the onset and development of plant diseases. The principal diseases associated with reduced tillages involving minimum or no tillage operations are fungus and bacterial diseases of plants. One reason for the recent upsurge of some plant diseases relates to the large quantities of plant residue left relatively undisturbed in the field until shortly before planting the same field with the same crop. A continual supply of surface residue resulting from reduced tillage systems and a monoculture system of cropping, as practiced in many areas, may maintain a high enough level of inoculum of a pathogen to initiate severe disease outbreaks. Reduced tillage systems are by no means the only factor involved in plant disease epidemics. Other equally important and interrelated factors conducive to disease development include weather conditions, particularly temperature and moisture; nutrition of the host and the pathogen; the viability and virulence of the inoculum; the variability of the pathogen (strains of the pathogens); and the susceptibility of the host. These factors in turn may be affected by cultural practices such as the kind and the rate of fertilizers, especially nitrogen, a narrow germ plasm base of the cultivars, high plant populations, narrow row spacing, irrigation, monoculture, and herbicides and insecticides that may directly or indirectly affect the susceptibility of the host and the virulence, germ inability and survival of the inoculum. This paper emphasizes some of the better known plant diseases associated with reduced tillage systems and the management practices for combating these diseases.
The Human Cancer Genome:Laboratory Analysis and Clinical Application

Genomic aberrations cause cancers through activation of cancer genes and consequently functional changes of cellular processes or signal transduction pathways. Technological advances have allowed us to interrogate DNA aberrations not only in a single cancer gene,but also in a panel of cancer genes or the entire human cancer genome. Discovery of new genomic aberrations has increased our understanding of carcinogenesis,and revolutionalized the diagnosis,classification and treatment of human cancers as well. This review provides an overview of the organization of the human genome,laboratory methods of human genome analysis,genomic alterations in human cancers,and clinical application of human cancer genomics.
Biochemical and genetic studies of Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) causes infectious mononucleosis in normal adolescents and malignant B lymphocyte proliferation in immune compromised patients, in marmosets, or upon transfer of infected human B lymphocytes into SCID mice. EBV is also etiologically associated with African Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's Disease, and nasopharyngeal cancer. EBV transformed, latently infected B lymphocytes contain EBV episomes and eight virus encoded proteins. Six are nuclear proteins (EBNAs) and two are the integral membrane proteins, LMP1 and LMP2. These eight proteins are presumed to mediate latent virus infection or B lymphocyte proliferation and are thus under intense scrutiny. Besides EBNA1, which is required for episome maintenance, LMP1 and LMP2, are the two transformation associated proteins that are most consistently detected in EBV related malignancies, and the LMP2 message is the only message detected in PCR analysis of B lymphocytes from individuals harboring EBV latent infections. LMP2 associates with src family tyrosine kinases, a 70 kda cell phosphoprotein, LMP1 and several other unidentified cell proteins. LMP1 is a key mediator of EBV's effects on inducing B lymphocyte activation and adhesion molecules and is a transforming oncogene in rodent fibroblasts. The association of these two EBV encoded membrane proteins could create a macromolecular complex mediating constitutive B lymphocyte activation through normal cell signal transduction pathways. LMP2 might may control activation of lytic replication or down regulate the activation state of EBV infected cells allowing persistence in the human host.
Panel Proposal: Recovering the Howard School of International Affairs

This panel proposal is part of a larger project that aims to name, re-claim, and re-position the contributions of Howard University-based African American scholars in the 1930s and 1940s on Race and Empire in International Relations. It will introduce critically important new scholarly work on what scholars are now referring to as the Howard School of International Affairs, which includes the research and scholarship of Alain Locke, Ralph Bunche, Rayford Logan, E. Franklin Frazier, Eric Williams, Lorenzo Turner and Merze Tate. These scholars represent an African American (and Afro-Caribbean) internationalist tradition, and, at the time, the only sustained critique of the hierarchy of the international system and the role that race played in buttressing it. These scholars problematized race in the discussion of international affairs, critiqued the Wilsonians, repeatedly referenced imperialism, and joined debates about anthropological methods for incorporating global and local perspectives into a single study. Yet, just as the hidden history of race in the early years of the discipline of IR has been forgotten, so too has the critique that emerged from the Historically Black Academy. By revisiting the works of earlier black scholars who wrote on race, and illuminating the unique contributions but also the marginalization of their work, this panel will contribute to contemporary efforts to re-center race scholarship in a 'post-racial' world. The panel will be anchored by Professor Pearl Robinson's paper on UN TRUSTEESHIP AND HOWARD UNIVERSITY'S CONFERENCE ON "TRUST & NON-SELF-GOVERNING TERRITORIES," 1947, and Professor Krista Johnson's paper on "Merze Tate and the White Man's Blunders". Two additional papers will be presented by Howard University undergraduate students who have been doing a directed reading on Howard scholars.