cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor is responsible for mediating the effects of insulin, IGF-1, and IGF-2 in Xenopus laevis oocytes.

Competitive hormone binding studies with membrane and partially purified receptors from Xenopus laevis oocytes revealed that the oocyte possesses high affinity (KD = 1-3 nM) binding sites for both insulin growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF-1 and IGF-2), but not for insulin. Consistent with these findings, IGF-1 activates hexose uptake by Xenopus oocytes with a KA (3 nM) identical with its KD, while IGF-2 and insulin activate hexose uptake with KA values of 50 nM and 200-250 nM, respectively, suggesting activation mediated through an IGF-1 receptor. Both IGF-1 and insulin activate receptor beta-subunit autophosphorylation and, thereby, protein substrate (reduced and carboxyamidomethylated lysozyme, i.e. RCAM-lysozyme) phosphorylation with KA values comparable to their respective KD values for ligand binding and KA values for activation of hexose uptake. The autophosphorylated beta-subunit(s) of the receptor were resolved into two discrete components, beta 1 and beta 2 (108 kDa and 94 kDa, respectively), which were phosphorylated exclusively on tyrosine and which exhibited similar extents of IGF-1-activated autophosphorylation. When added prior to autophosphorylation, RCAM-lysozyme blocks IGF-1-activated autophosphorylation and, thereby, IGF-1-activated protein substrate (RCAM-lysozyme) phosphorylation. Based on these findings, we conclude that IGF-1-stimulated autophosphorylation of its receptor is a prerequisite for catalysis of protein substrate phosphorylation by the receptor's tyrosine-specific protein kinase. The IGF-1 receptor kinase is implicated in signal transmission from the receptor, since anti-tyrosine kinase domain antibody blocks IGF-1-stimulated kinase activity in vitro and, when microinjected into intact oocytes, prevents IGF-1-stimulated hexose uptake.
Managing Web Sites with OntoWebber

Onto Webber is a system for creating and managing data-intensive Web sites. It aims at reducing the efforts for publishing data as static and dynamic Web pages, personalizing user experience for browsing and navigating the data, and maintaining the Web site as well as the underlying data. Based on a domain ontology and a site modeling ontology, site views on the underlying data are constructed as site models. Instantiation of these models will create the browsable Web site. Rule-based manipulation of site models provides a declarative way to personalize and maintain the Web site. In this paper we present the architecture and demonstrate the major components of the system.
Side effects are not sufficient to authenticate software

Kennell and Jamieson [KJ03] recently introduced the Genuinity system for authenticating trusted software on a remote machine without using trusted hardware. Genuinity relies on machine-specific computations, incorporating side effects that cannot be simulated quickly. The system is vulnerable to a novel attack, which we call a substitution attack. We implement a successful attack on Genuinity, and further argue this class of schemes are not only impractical but unlikely to succeed without trusted hardware.
Color Test for the Measurement of Antibody to T-Strain Mycoplasmas

Purcell, Robert H. (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md.), D. Taylor-Robinson, D. Wong, and R. M. Chanock. Color test for the measurement of antibody to T-strain mycoplasmas. J. Bacteriol. 92:6–12. 1966.—A metabolic inhibition technique for the measurement of antibody to T-strain mycoplasmas was developed, based upon the ability of T-strain mycoplasmas to metabolize urea with the concomitant production of ammonia, and the ability of specific antiserum to inhibit this ammonia production. Phenol red added to the medium served as an indicator of pH change resulting from ammonia production. Specific antiserum to T-strain mycoplasma T-960 was prepared. The T-strain organism was shown to be serologically distinct from the recognized large-colony mycoplasmas. Antibody to mycoplasma strain T-960 in human sera was demonstrated with the metabolic inhibition technique.
Salt effects on ligand-DNA binding: Minor groove binding antibiotics

Salt dependent electrostatic effects play a central role in intermolecular interactions involving nucleic acids. In this paper, the finite-difference solution to the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann (NLPB) equation is used to evaluate the salt dependent contribution to the electrostatic binding free energy of the minor groove binding antibiotics DAPI, Hoechst 33258 and netropsin to DNA using detailed molecular structures of the complexes. For each of these systems, a treatment based on the NLPB equation accurately describes the variation of the experimentally observed binding constant with bulk salt concentration. A solvation formalism is developed in which salt effects are described in terms of three free energy contributions: the electrostatic ion-molecule interaction free energy, delta delta G degrees im; the electrostatic ion-ion interaction free energy, delta delta G degrees ii; and the entropic ion organization free energy, delta delta G degrees org. The electrostatic terms, delta delta G degrees im and delta delta G degrees ii, have both enthalpic and entropic components, while the term delta delta G degrees org is purely a cratic entropy. Each of these terms depends significantly on salt dependent changes in the counterion and coion concentrations around the DNA. In each of the systems studied, univalent ions substantially destabilize charged ligand-DNA complexes at physiological salt concentrations. This effect involves a salt dependent redistribution of counterions near the DNA. The free energy associated with the redistribution of counterions upon binding is dominated by the unfavorable change in the electrostatic ion-molecule interactions, delta delta G degrees im, rather than the change in the cratic entropy of ion organization, delta delta G degrees org. In addition, the observed slope of the salt dependence of the free energy is determined by electrostatic ion-molecule and ion-ion interactions as well as the cratic entropy of ion release. These findings are in contrast to models in which the cratic entropy of counterion release drives binding.
Development of microstructure in nanostructures and thin films

We have created a finite-element based, multiple-material, levelset-based code to implicitly represent and track evolving islands and grains. With this method, the code can track island growth in three dimensions through nucleation to coalescence into a grain structure. We discuss the numerical methods, capabilities, and limitations of the code, and then examine the microstructures that result from different models of growth based on starting structures derived from atomistic Monte Carlo simulations. We show simulation results from a kinetically limited process (electroless deposition), a transport-limited process (physical vapor deposition), and a process neither transport nor kinetically limited (physical vapor deposition with orientation dependent sticking factors).
A New Mass Classification System Derived from Multiple Features and a Trained MLP Model

High false-positive recall rate is an important clinical issue that reduces efficacy of screening mammography. Aiming to help improve accuracy of classification between the benign and malignant breast masses and then reduce false-positive recalls, we developed and tested a new computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) scheme for mass classification using a database including 600 verified mass regions. The mass regions were segmented from regions of interest (ROIs) with a fixed size of 512×512 pixels. The mass regions were first segmented by an automated scheme, with manual corrections to the mass boundary performed if there was noticeable segmentation error. We randomly divided the 600 ROIs into 400 ROIs (200 malignant and 200 benign) for training, and 200 ROIs (100 malignant and 100 benign) for testing. We computed and analyzed 124 shape, texture, contrast, and spiculation based features in this study. Combining with previously computed 27 regional and shape based features for each of the ROIs in our database, we built an initial image feature pool. From this pool of 151 features, we extracted 13 features by applying the Sequential Forward Floating Selection algorithm on the ROIs in the training dataset. We then trained a multilayer perceptron model using these 13 features, and applied the trained model to the ROIs in the testing dataset. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate classification accuracy. The area under the ROC curve was 0.8814±0.025 for the testing dataset. The results show a higher CAD mass classification performance, which needs to be validated further in a more comprehensive study.
On the simultaneous training of counselors and counselor educators

The article describes an applied experience for the simultaneous training of future school counselors and future counselor educators. The course instructor determined the training needs of both groups and established a number of process and outcome goals for each. Process goals constitute necessary preparation for the practicum/supervision experience and are outlined first. Details of the course are then presented, followed by an explanation of outcome goals with a more explicit presentation of one of the most important outcome goals for each group. The approach appears to have a variety of positive features for all participants — course instructor, counselor trainee and future counselor educator.
Diagnostics of x-ray laser plasmas (Invited Paper)

Thomson scattering, X-ray diagnostics and optical interferometry are employed to characterize both collisionally excited and recombination X-ray laser plasmas. Spatially and time-resolved Thomson scattering spectra from carbon plasmas provide the electron and ion temperatures, which are compared with hydrodynamic computer modelling. The electron density is inferred from the recorded interferograms. Time-integrated X-ray spectra in the keV range are used to characterize very precisely the optimum irradiance conditions for lasing in Ne-like germanium plasmas. Also, electron temperatures obtained with the 5C/4C line ratio, assuming a PLTE model, are compared to Thomson scattering results.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The search space of the rat during whisking behavior.

Rodents move their vibrissae rhythmically to tactually explore their surroundings. We used a three-dimensional model of the vibrissal array to quantify the rat9s ‘search space’ during whisking. Search space was quantified either as the volume encompassed by the array or as the surface formed by the vibrissal tips. At rest, the average position of the vibrissal tips lies near the rat9s mouth, and the tips are all approximately equidistant from the midpoint between the rat9s eyes, suggesting spatial registration with the visual system. The intrinsic curvature of the vibrissae greatly increases the volume encompassed by the array, and during a protraction, roll and elevation changes have strong effects on the trajectories of the vibrissal tips. The size of the rat9s search space – as measured either by the volume of the array or by the surface area formed by the vibrissal tips – was surprisingly unaffected by protraction angle. In contrast, search space was strongly correlated with the ‘spread’ of the array, defined as the angle between rostral and caudal-most whiskers. We draw two conclusions: first, that with some caveats, spread can be used as a proxy for changes in search space, and second, in order to change its sensing resolution, the rat must differentially control rostral and caudal vibrissae. Finally, we show that behavioral data can be incorporated into the three-dimensional model to visualize changes in vibrissal search space and sensing resolution during natural exploratory whisking.
Hydrological tracers using nanobiotechnology: proof of concept.

In order to answer questions that involve differentiating among multiple and potentially interacting hydrological flowpaths, it would be ideal to use multiple tracers with identical transport prope...
Global optimization in multiproduct and multipurpose batch design under uncertainty

This paper addresses the design of multiproduct and multipurpose batch plants with uncertainty in both product demands and processing parameters. The uncertain demands may be described by any continuous/discrete probability distribution. Uncertain processing parameters are handled in a scenario-based approach. Through the relaxation of the feasibility requirement, the design problem with a fixed number of pieces of equipment per stage is formulated as a single large-scale nonconvex optimization problem. This problem is solved using a branch and bound technique in which a convex relaxation of the original nonconvex problem is solved to provide a lower bound on the global solution. Several different expressions for the tight convex lower bounding functions are proposed. Using these expressions, a tight lower bound on the global optimum solution can be obtained at each iteration. The αBB algorithm is subsequently employed to refine the upper and lower bounds and converge to the global solution. The tight low...
The varimax criterion for analytic rotation in factor analysis

An analytic criterion for rotation is defined. The scientific advantage of analytic criteria over subjective (graphical) rotational procedures is discussed. Carroll's criterion and the quartimax criterion are briefly reviewed; the varimax criterion is outlined in detail and contrasted both logically and numerically with the quartimax criterion. It is shown that thenormal varimax solution probably coincides closely to the application of the principle of simple structure. However, it is proposed that the ultimate criterion of a rotational procedure is factorial invariance, not simple structure—although the two notions appear to be highly related. The normal varimax criterion is shown to be a two-dimensional generalization of the classic Spearman case, i.e., it shows perfect factorial invariance for two pure clusters. An example is given of the invariance of a normal varimax solution for more than two factors. The oblique normal varimax criterion is stated. A computational outline for the orthogonal normal varimax is appended.
Sol-gel germania triblock polymer coatings of exceptional pH stability in capillary microextraction online-coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography.

For the first time, a germania-based sol−gel coating was used in capillary microextraction (CME) in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A hydroxy-terminated triblock copolymer, poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide), was covalently bonded into a sol−gel germania matrix in the course of its creation from an alkoxide precursor via hydrolytic polycondensation reactions. A thin layer of this in situ-created sol−gel hybrid material was covalently anchored to the inner walls of a 0.25 mm i.d. fused silica capillary to produce a sol−gel germania triblock polymeric sorbent in the form of a highly stable surface coating. Such a coating served as an effective extracting phase for the preconcentration of a wide range of polar and nonpolar analytes (e.g., alcohols, amines, ketones, phenols, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) with nanomolar and picomolar detection limits. Most significantly, the sol−gel germania triblock polymer coating demonstrated i...
Infestation Patterns of Commonly Cultivated., Edible Fruit Species by Ceratitis capitata and Anastrepha spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Guatemala and Their Relationship to Environmental Factors

In Guatemala, 1,137 fruit samples weighing 3,912 kg from 30 host plants had a mean C. capitata infestation of 1.58 (range, 0.1–382.9) pupae/kg and 20.18 (range, 0.1–447) for Anastrepha spp. from 1980 to 1983. A. ludens was the most abundant and was found from 10 to 2,000 m elevation. Ranking of host fruits revealed that C. capitata infested mostly introduced temperate zone fruits and Anastrepha spp. mostly the tropical fruits. Infestation was inversely correlated with the numbers of mature fruits available on the trees and positively correlated with altitude up to 2,000 m for C. capitata and A. ludens , as well as with host plant biomass for C. capitata . An infestation sequence showed the preference of C. capitata for the fruits present in the field. Diversity of host plant infestation of Anastrepha in different regions of South and Central America and the economic importance of both genera in Guatemala are discussed.
Clinical response of psoriasis to low-energy irradiance with the Nd:YAG laser at 1320 nm report of an observation in three cases.

Background. Psoriasis is a perplexing disease for which we have no definitive therapy. many types of lesions and clinical forms exist, from the small, localized indolent papule, to the persistent intractable plaque, to the disabling palmo-plantar involvement to the erythrodermic form. This wide variety of clinical manifestations has made it difficult to apply therapies such as lasers, which can reportedly produce an improvement. Although they have been shown to work, the carbon dioxide laser needs local injection for anesthesia along with healing by second intention, lasting for 3 to 6 weeks, while the flashlamp-pumped dye laser needs to be delivered in individual pulses of 5 to 10 mm in diameter each and repetition rates of only 1 to 2 pulses per second (1-2 Hz). These factors have made both lasers impractical for widespread use given the extensive skin involvement, which is often present. Objective. To report on the beneficial effects of this new apparatus in some psoriatic lesions as observed in 3 out of 3 individuals tested. Methods. Three patients who had lesions ranging from the small indolent papule to the persistent plaque, resistant to conventional treatment, to plantar involvement, underwent focal treatment with low-energy continuous emission of laser light below the threshold of pain for a total of 4 treatments in a span of 2 weeks. Results. A clinical response was observed in all 3 cases. Improvement was noticed at a 4-week follow-up visit and continued for 3 months. Early recurrence in 1 case was noted at the end of this period. Partial response in a case of plantar involvement was seen. Conclusions. These findings are not only encouraging to undertake a study in a larger number of patients, with several different fluences and treatment frequencies, but are also intriguing regarding the possible mechanism or mechanisms of action.
Can parents prevent heavy episodic drinking by allowing teens to drink at home

The current study examined whether permitting young women to drink alcohol at home during senior year of high school reduces the risk of heavy drinking in college. Participants were 449 college-bound female high school seniors, recruited at the end of their senior year. Participants were classified into one of three permissibility categories according to their baseline reports of whether their parents allowed them to drink at home: (a) not permitted to drink at all; (b) allowed to drink with family meals; (c) allowed to drink at home with friends. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare the drinking behaviors of the three groups at the time of high school graduation and again after the first semester of college. Students who were allowed to drink at home during high school whether at meals or with friends, reported more frequent heavy episodic drinking (HED) in the first semester of college than those who reported not being allowed to drink at all. Those who were permitted to drink at home with friends reported the heaviest drinking at both time points. Path analysis revealed that the relationship between alcohol permissiveness and college HED was mediated via perceptions of parental alcohol approval.
Biomedical applications of free-electron lasers: generation of ultrashort high-peak-power optical pulses

applications of free-electron lasers:Generation of ultrashort, high peak power optical pulsesEric B. Szarmes and John M. J. MadeyDepartment of Physics, Duke Free Electron Laser Laboratory,Duke University, Durham NC 27706ABSTRACFThe Mark ifi free-electron laser (FEL) is an if linac-driven infrared laser continuously tunable from2 to 9 microns which delivers diffraction-limited optical pulses with durations of several picoseconds andpeak output powers of several megaWaus. By driving the laser with electron pulses which exhibit a linearenergy chirp over time, one can create broadband optical pulses which exhibit a linear frequency chirp andare susceptible to pulse compression in an external dispersive delay line. Numerical simulations of theMark ifi FEL at 3.35 jim using electron pulses with only a 2 % energy chirp over 4 ps have demonstratedsubsequent optical pulse compression from 3.4 Ps to 230 fs, and compressed peak output powers of 30MW; such pulses can be focused to intensities greater than 1013 W/cm2. We review the extension of thetechnique to other wavelengths, and describe the design of prism compressors in the wavelength ranges of2.5 -
The effect of temperature and inoculum concentration on rheological and light scatter properties of milk coagulated by a combination of bacterial fermentation and chymosin. Cottage cheese-type gels

Abstract The main differences between the processing methods generally used for cottage cheese manufacture are the coagulation temperature and starter concentration. The effects of these factors on cottage cheese gels were investigated. Gels were made with a low rennet concentration. Gel formation was monitored using infrared light backscatter and dynamic small amplitude oscillatory rheology. Light backscatter profile was explained by a complex combination of casein micelle aggregation, curd firming and micelle demineralization. Increasing temperature or inoculum concentration resulted in faster network formation, which resulted in more viscous and less stiff gels. Activation energy of aggregation decreased significantly with increasing starter concentration. Casein aggregation had a higher temperature coefficient than firming and transition from rennet- to acid-type gels mostly occurred during curd firming stage of network formation. The second minimum of the backscatter profile second derivative and the rheological gelation time were highly correlated but not significantly different, suggesting that they both corresponded to the beginning of gel firming.
Some remarks on van der Waals forces in QCD

Abstract Some features of van der Waals and other long-range forces between color singlets in QCD are examined in perturbation theory. An intuitive explanation of these effects is developed.
Rob Kling Bibliography

Danziger, James N., William H. Dutton, Rob Kling, and Kenneth L. Kraemer [The URBIS Group]. 1982. Computers and politics: High technology in American local governments. New York: Columbia Universit...
Life threatening complication associated with anesthesia in a dog with masticatory muscle myositis.

Objective— To report a serious complication in a dog with masticatory muscle myositis (MMM) that occurred during general anesthesia for diagnostic testing. Study Design— Case report. Animals— A 2-year-old male Pug. Methods— MMM was diagnosed in a Pug with a 2-week history of trismus by electrodiagnostics, histopathology, and 2M antibody test. During anesthesia tongue protrusion occurred and because of trismus, an inability to reposition the tongue resulted in venous congestion and severe swelling. Forceful physical attempts and subsequent removal of the rostral digastricus and masseter muscle attachments from the mandible did not increase jaw mobility. Mandibular symphysiotomy was necessary to resolve lingual venous congestion and to reposition the tongue into the oral cavity. Results— Tongue swelling rapidly subsided after symphysiotomy allowing the tongue to be repositioned into the oral cavity. After treatment of MMM with corticosteroids, jaw range of motion improved and at 6 months was ∼70% normal. Conclusions— Trismus could not be overcome by detachment of the masseter and digastricus muscle insertions from the mandible, and symphysiotomy was required to reposition the tongue in the oral cavity. Clinical Relevance— In dogs with MMM, tongue position should be monitored during anesthesia to avoid inadvertent protrusion and swelling from venous congestion. Use of anesthetic monitoring equipment on the tongue, such as a pulse oximeter probe, should be avoided in these patients.
Nisin-induced expression of a recombinant antihypertensive peptide in dairy lactic acid bacteria

To improve the process for the production of milk-derived antihypertensive peptides, including a 12-residue peptide (FFVAPFPECVGK) from αS1-casein. A synthetic gene encoding this peptide was cloned within the pediocin operon, replacing the nucleic acid sequence encoding the mature pediocin peptide (papA) and resulting in a translational fusion between the pediocin leader peptide and the 12-residue hypotensive (C-12) peptide. The recombinant operon was subsequently cloned immediately downstream of the nisA promoter to allow for inducible gene expression within Streptococcus thermophilus ST128, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis ML3 and Lactobacillus casei C2. RT-PCR was used to confirm recombinant gene expression in complex medium; and SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the pediocin secretion machinery, encoded by papC and papD, allowed for secretion of the recombinant peptide from both L. lactis ML3 and L. casei C2 in a chemically defined medium. The use of a nisin as a “food-grade” inducer molecule, and generally-regarded-as-safe LAB species suggests that this system could be used for the production of functional food ingredients.
A CORRELATION OF EPR SPINS WITH P700 IN SPINACH SUBCHLOROPLAST PARTICLES

— The ratio of the concentrations of P700, as measured by oxidized-minus-reduced (also light-minus-dark) spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal I, as measured by EPR spectroscopy, were determined on aliquots of photosystem I spinach subchloroplast particles. The results substantiated a 1:1 ratio with a precision of ±25%. This constitutes correlative evidence that P700 is the molecular source of the EPR signal I.
The Teen International Entomology Group

Insects from diverse habitats and geographical regions differ in size, shape, and color, and large tropical butterflies and beetles are especially desired by collectors. Thus, in 1965 a group of teen entomologists in New York started a correspondence club to acquire insects from different states and countries and to exchange information about insects. A newsletter was developed by one of the original organizers, Colleen Seeley, and was subsequently sent worldwide as the Teen International Entomology Group (TIEG) Newsletter. This early publication was encouraged by the Cooperative Extension Service and Cornell University. The Newsletter became a forum for information on collecting and preserving insects, trip reports, insect behavior, and other items written by the teen entomologists.
Mahogany and CITES: moving beyond the veneer of legality

The genuine mahoganies (Swietenia spp., Meliaceae) are the most valuable timber species in Latin America. Only one species, bigleaf mahogany S. macrophylla, is still traded. Because of concerns regarding logging it is regulated under Appendix III of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). We analyze implementation of CITES regulations by the USA, which is the major importer, comparing CITES statistics with data from US Customs to determine if shipments entering the USA have proper CITES documentation. Based on summary data for 1997–1999 (the most recent available), US Customs reports substantially more mahogany imports than CITES, although >90% of imports were accompanied by the proper CITES documents. The discrepancies resulted from (1) changes in shipment volume made after permits were issued, (2) data transcription and unit conversion errors, (3) mistaken inclusion of other species in Customs data, and (4) imports that might or might not have been accompanied by the appropriate CITES documents. The analysis demonstrates that the USA is properly implementing CITES requirements. However, mahogany may be smuggled under different species names. Furthermore, the numerous credible reports of widespread illegal mahogany logging suggest that a substantial proportion of US imports might have been obtained in a manner inconsistent with the domestic laws of the exporting countries. Thus illegally obtained mahogany might have been ‘legalized’ through the CITES process, with Appendix III providing a veneer of legality to what is otherwise illegal wood.
Technical efficiency of carp production in India: a stochastic frontier production function analysis

This paper aims to examine the levels and determinants of technical efficiency in carp pond culture in India. The stochastic production frontier technique involving the model for technical inefficiency effects is applied separately to samples of semi-intensive/intensive and extensive carp producers interviewed during 1994–95. The results showed significant technical inefficiencies in carp production in India, especially among extensive farms. The mean technical efficiencies for semi-intensive/intensive and extensive sample farms were estimated to be 0.805 and 0.658 respectively. By operating at full technical efficiency levels, the semi-intensive/intensive farms could, on average, increase their production from about 3.4 Mt ha−1 to 4.1 Mt ha−1. Likewise, the extensive farms could increase their production from 1.3 Mt ha−1 to 1.9 Mt ha−1. Much of these efficiency gains would come from improvement in the adoption of recommended fish, water and feed management and monitoring practices. Besides expanding production area, the results indicated several other possibilities for increasing carp production in India by increasing yields per hectare, such as: (1) increased intensification of carp culture (i.e. moving from extensive to semi-intensive or intensive systems); (2) improvement in technical efficiency at the farm level; and (3) technological progress. However, the realization of these potentials will depend on continuous efforts by the government in ensuring an adequate supply of inputs, technology transfer and development and adequate provision of research, extension and credit services in aquaculture.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Volcanic Glass Shards from Pozzuolana Ash, Thera Island, and from Upper and Lower Ash Layers in Eastern Mediterranean Deep Sea Sediments

Two volcanic ash layers have been correlated in deep sea piston cores from the eastern Mediterranean1,2. The lower ash layer (n = 1.521) occurs between late Wurm carbonate sediment and originated in an eruption more than 25,000 years ago. The upper ash layer (n = 1.509) occurs in postglacial carbonate sediment less than 5,000 yr old. Patterns of distribution indicate that both beds of volcanic ash originated in eruptions of Santorini (Aegean Sea).
Problems of production and trade data availability for tracking international competitiveness in the fiber optics and medical imaging industries

The medical imaging and fiber optics industries are among the most advanced and internationally competitive of all U.S. industries. Because of the importance of such high- technology industries to the economic health of the nation as a whole it is especially important that industry and government analysts have access to timely, accurate, and useful information which permit them to track the production and trade of products in these industries. However, problems of production and trade data availability for the medical imaging and fiber optic industries make it difficult for the analysts to accurately measure and compare changes and shifts in productivity and trade in these important industries.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Framework of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis for Alternative Energy Strategies

Abstract:Strategies for implementing alternative energy sources are drawing growing attention as global environmental and other challenges raise concerns over energy consumption. Cost-effectiveness is an important criterion for assessing strategy applicability. Currently, few economic studies have been performed on alternative energy in a systematic approach. Thus, this article establishes a framework for such analysis that summarizes a consensus of anticipated changes resulting from the use of representative alternative energy types and presents an adaptive scheme of cost estimation. Consequently, it is able to provide a basis for systematic cost-effectiveness analysis of alternative strategy research and practice. A case study developed as part of this research project demonstrates the functionality of the framework and shows how it assists engineering managers, policy makers, and investors in asset acquisition, strategy deployment, or operations and maintenance.
Damage Mechanics of Porcine Flexor Tendon: Mechanical Evaluation and Modeling

Porcine flexor tendons underwent cyclic and stress relaxation testing before and after strain exceeding elastic limit (“overstretch”) to examine which mechanical parameters undergo changes following subfailure damage. From these data, we developed an “effective strain” damage model (in which the tendon is modeled as if being pulled to a lower strain). Damage was induced at three strain levels to determine the extent to which post-damage parameter changes were affected by overstretch strain level. We found that diffuse damage induced by overstretch decreased elastic and viscoelastic parameters obtained during testing. The stress response of tendon to strain is therefore altered following damage. We next compared the strain-dependent parameter behavior to damage-dependent behavior to determine the effective strain for each parameter. Effects of damage became more pronounced as strain during overstretch increased; following overstretch to 6.5, 9, or 13% strain, effective strain was 2.43 ± 0.33, 1.98 ± 0.3, or 0.88 ± 0.43% strain, respectively. By determining the effective strain and using it to calculate predicted values of post-damage mechanical parameters, it was possible to predict the stress relaxation behavior of tendons with Schapery’s nonlinear viscoelastic model. Using this approach, a single parameter predicts both elastic and viscoelastic compromise from known, strain-dependent behaviors.
Evolution of vertebrate steroid receptors from an ancestral estrogen receptor by ligand exploitation and serial genome expansions

The evolution of novelty in tightly integrated biological systems, such as hormones and their receptors, seems to challenge the theory of natural selection: it has not been clear how a new function for any one part (such as a ligand) can be selected for unless the other members of the system (e.g., a receptor) are already present. Here I show—based on identification and phylogenetic analysis of steroid receptors in basal vertebrates and reconstruction of the sequences and functional attributes of ancestral proteins—that the first steroid receptor was an estrogen receptor, followed by a progesterone receptor. Genome mapping and phylogenetic analyses indicate that the full complement of mammalian steroid receptors evolved from these ancient receptors by two large-scale genome expansions, one before the advent of jawed vertebrates and one after. Specific regulation of physiological processes by androgens and corticoids are relatively recent innovations that emerged after these duplications. These findings support a model of ligand exploitation in which the terminal ligand in a biosynthetic pathway is the first for which a receptor evolves; selection for this hormone also selects for the synthesis of intermediates despite the absence of receptors, and duplicated receptors then evolve affinity for these substances. In this way, novel hormone-receptor pairs are created, and an integrated system of increasing complexity elaborated. This model suggests that ligands for some “orphan” receptors may be found among intermediates in the synthesis of ligands for phylogenetically related receptors.
BMPs Are Required at Two Steps of Limb Chondrogenesis: Formation of Prechondrogenic Condensations and Their Differentiation into Chondrocytes

Abstract Formation of the long bones requires a cartilage template. Cartilage formation (chondrogenesis) proceeds through determination of cells and their aggregation into prechondrogenic condensations, differentiation into chondrocytes, and later maturation. Several studies indicate that members of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family promote cartilage formation, but the exact step(s) in which BMPs are involved during this process remains undefined. To resolve this issue, we have used a retroviral vector to misexpress the BMP antagonist Noggin in the embryonic chick limb. Unlike previous reports, we have characterized the resulting phenotype in depth, analyzing histological and early chondrogenic markers, as well as the patterns of cell death and proliferation. Misexpression of Noggin prior to the onset of chondrogenesis leads to the total absence of skeletal elements, as previously reported (J. Capdevila and R. L. Johnson, 1998, Dev. Biol. 197, 205–217). Noggin inhibits cartilage formation at two distinct steps. First, we demonstrate that mesenchymal cells do not aggregate into prechondrogenic condensations, and additional results suggest that these cells persist in an undifferentiated state. Second, we show that differentiation of chondroprogenitors into chondrocytes can also be blocked, concurrent with expanded expression of a presumptive joint region marker. In addition, we observed alterations in muscle and tendon morphogenesis, and the potential role of BMPs in these processes will be discussed. Our studies therefore provide in vivo evidence that BMPs are necessary for different steps of chondrogenesis: chondroprogenitor determination and/or condensation and subsequent differentiation into chondrocytes.
Antennopsis gallica Heim and Buchli (Hyphomycetes. Gloeohaustoriales), an entomogenous fungus on subterranean termites in Florida.

Abstract Antennopsis gallica Heim and Buchli is reported for the first time in North America on the subterranean termites Reticulitermes virginicus Banks and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) from north Florida. Details of the life cycle of this entomogenous fungus are described and illustrated.
Efficacy of six VAM fungi with containerized Acer platanoides

Abstract The response of Acer platanoides to inoculation with Glomus versiforme, Glomus etunicatum, Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus macrocarpum, Glomus mosseae or Gigaspora margarita was investigated. Analyses included height, dry weights of shoots and roots, and nutrient concentrations in leaves and roots. Inoculation of A. platanoides with each fungal species resulted in mycorrhizal development. The plant growth response to inoculation varied with fungal species. Growth of A. platanoides was maximized by inoculation with Glomus etunicatum .
Neutron Radiation Effects in Junction Field-Effect Transistors

A theory is formulated for the static properties of silicon junction field-effect transistors which are compensated with defects with deep energy levels. A single effective level of an acceptortype 0.40 eV below the conduction band accounts satisfactorily for the degradation of heavily doped n-channel devices with neutron irradiation. Furthermore, based on the existence of defect levels, a frequency dependence of the transconductance is predicted and observed experimentally. The charging and discharging of the defects in the junction space-charge region can follow only at low frequencies. At higher frequencies (above 10-100 kHz at room temperature) the trapped charge cannot respond to the signal frequency very rapidly and the transconductance may be several times higher than the low frequency value.
Estrogen treatment increases the levels of regulator of G protein signaling-Z1 in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: possible role in desensitization of 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptors.

Abstract Desensitization of post-synaptic serotonin 1A (5-HT 1A ) receptors may underlie the clinical improvement of neuropsychiatric disorders. In the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, Gα z proteins mediate the 5-HT 1A receptor-stimulated increases in hormone release. Regulator of G protein signaling-Z1 (RGSZ1) is a GTPase-activating protein selective for Gα z proteins. RGSZ1 regulates the duration of interaction between Gα z proteins and effector systems. The present investigation determined the levels of RGSZ1 in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of rats subjected to four different treatment protocols that produce desensitization of 5-HT 1A receptors. These protocols include: daily administration of β estradiol 3-benzoate (estradiol) for 2 days; daily administration of fluoxetine for 3 and 14 days; daily administration of cocaine for 7 or 14 days; and acute administration of (±)-1-(2,5 dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-amino-propane HCl (DOI; a 5-HT 2A/2C receptor agonist). Estradiol treatment was the only protocol that increased the levels of RGSZ1 protein in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in a dose-dependent manner (46%–132% over control). Interestingly, previous experiments indicate that only estradiol produces a decreased Emax of 5-HT 1A receptor-stimulation of hormone release, whereas fluoxetine, cocaine and DOI produce a shift to the right (increased ED 50 ). Thus, the desensitization of 5-HT 1A receptors by estradiol might be attributable to increased levels of RGSZ1 protein. These findings may provide insight into the adaptation of 5-HT 1A receptor signaling during pharmacotherapies of mood disorders in women and the well-established gender differences in the vulnerability to depression.
NEED FOR SOCIAL APPROVAL AND ATTITUDE CHANGE.

(1965). Need For Social Approval and Attitude Change. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 123-128.
Range-Finding Sensor Degradation in Gamma Radiation Environments

The effects of gamma radiation on common sensors used in robots intended for nuclear remediation scenarios are examined. Commercial rangefinders are chosen as an exemplar of the impact of gamma radiation on sensors and systems. This paper illustrates sensor radiation degradation not only in operational failure, but also in changes in the sensor transfer function. Three types of commercial range-finding sensors are considered [infrared (IR) triangulation using a position sensitive detector, sonar using time of flight, and laser rangefinder using triangulation and a CMOS camera]. Experimental results show significant changes in the IR sensor’s static sensitivity with dose, abrupt failure of the laser range finder at low dose, and degradation and abrupt failure for the sonar detector. The input–output relationship of the IR sensor showed further variation after a period of room-temperature annealing. Significant part-to-part variation in radiation response is shown for both the sonar and IR sensor. System level impacts due to sensor input–output relationship degradation and a technique to diagnose the degradation extendable to more complex sensor assemblies are presented.
Using Duality Theory for Identification of Primal Efficient Points and for Sensitivity Analysis in Molp: A Comment

(1979). Using Duality Theory for Identification of Primal Efficient Points and for Sensitivity Analysis in Molp: A Comment. Journal of the Operational Research Society: Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 285-287.
Dynamical potential for non-linear vibrations of cantilevered beams

Abstract Recently it was shown that averaged characteristics of non-linear vibrations are potential functions of load parameters in the limit of small dissipation. The question of the range of dissipation for which potentiality takes place remained open. In this paper, we study this question for the case of non-linear vibrations of a cantilever beam excited harmonically at the unclamped end. We develop a non-linear one-degree-of-freedom beam model and show that the existence of a dynamical potential of beam vibrations can be guaranteed with acceptable accuracy even for sufficiently large dissipation.
Eternity again: A reply to Stump and Kretzmann

In a recent paper,1 Eleonore Stump and Norman Kretzmann have attempted to articulate and defend the traditional notion of eternity, where "eternity" is defined, following Boethius, as "the complete possession all at once of illimitable life." They argue that the doctrine of divine eternality is a coherent element of orthodox Christian theology. What they offer is therefore an updated version of the view espoused by a majority of Christian theologians throughout history by Augustine, Boethius, Anselm, and Aquinas, to cite only a few. The mere weight of authority established by such a long line of esteemed thinkers might reasonably be considered enough to quash the suggestion that an eternal God cannot be the God of Christianity. Nevertheless, in this paper I hope to show that the doctrine of divine eternality is a cowbird's egg in the nest of Christian theology. Cowbirds, you may recall, lay their eggs in the nests of smaller bird species; the host bird incubates the egg and feeds the voracious intruder while its smaller offspring are starved or crowded out. I shall argue that the attribute of eternality i.e., the condition of having eternity as one's mode of existence in spite of the sophisticated and interesting analysis of Stump and Kretzmann, cannot with consistency be ascribed to God as he is portrayed in the essential tenets of Christian doctrine. Stump and Kretzmann emphasize and defend four features of Boethius's definition of eternity. First, whatever is eternal has life. Presumably this blocks the ascription of eternality to such things as mathematical objects and Platonic forms. Second, the life of an eternal being cannot be limited. Stump and Kretzmann support the traditional interpretation of illimitable life as "involving duration, beginningless as well as endless." (433) Third, the term "duration" in this interpretation must be understood in a special sense. My own intuition is that this special sense is so peculiar that it is only tenuously related to ordinary usage of the term. At any
The mind–brain relation and neuroscientific foundations: II. Neurobehavioral integrations

Neuroscientific research focuses on the mind-brain relation, particularly with respect to patterns of brain arousal and activity in the production of various forms of behavior, both external and mental behavior. In this article the author reviews neuroscientific findings to demonstrate that there are no activities of the human person, whether in the form of external behavior or purely mental activity, that are not produced by activation of the CNS. Areas considered include information processing, development, brain plasticity, language, memory, and affects.
"It's the electability, stupid" - or maybe not?: Electability, substance, and strategic voting in presidential primaries

Abstract In an experiment that tests the effects of different information on the role of electability and policy considerations in people's evaluations of presidential candidates, we find that both substance and electability affect those assessments. In the context of the 2004 Democratic presidential primary, evaluations of candidates by more politically sophisticated partisans were affected by the experimental treatment that mentioned the traditional Democratic issue of social security, whereas less sophisticated respondents were more affected by the issue treatment that mentioned the economy. Because both groups were affected by positive electability information, we find some evidence of strategic considerations in voters' decision-making processes. In contrast to complaints that citizens do not use substantive information when assessing candidates in presidential nomination campaigns, we find that presidential primary candidates' electability and issue emphases both matter.