cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Social Impact of Heritage

As previously noted, after 1949, cultural institutions such as museums, schools, religious buildings and, at the village level, ancestral halls and other spiritual sites were closely regulated or seized by the new authorities. The goal immediately after the establishment of the People’s Republic was not to preserve the past for its own sake but to utilize this to help shape a new socialist collective identity. In support of this party project to cultivate socialist citizens, the peasantry was organized first into collectives and later into communes, and urban residents into work units (danwei). In the latter, all the needs of its members were met behind the walls of each unit, making these both the primary social web and a foundational aspect of members’ identity. The goal was to create a micro-society that simultaneously displaced preferential kin ties and turned social relationships into a key aspect of production (Bray 2005: 96). In doing so, public (gong) and private (si) distinctions were transformed, as “state” and “public” were collapsed into a single category, and the private sphere was erased. The result was the replacement of public-private distinctions, in the form of kin and other, with a lived form of public life that contrasted with an abstract general public – the public/state space of the nation (Lu and Perry 1997: 10; Womack 1991: 324).
Comments on landscape evolution and diffusion processes

Brown L. A. and Malecki E. J. (1977) Comments on landscape evolution and diffusion processes, Reg. Studies 11, 211–223. This paper is concerned with the linkage between landscape evolution and the diffusion of entrepreneurial or other organizational entities related to differentials in urban area growth. Drawing upon the conceptual model of diffusion agency establishment and a case study of the diffusion of the bank credit card in Ohio and West Virginia, this paper provides a detailed example of the considerable effect of a central propagator upon the temporal and spatial patterns of diffusion. One conclusion is that to account for the diffusion underpinnings of landscape evolution, the population and distance notions of traditional diffusion models and the assumptions of empirical regularity are not sound. Needed instead is a more comprehensive model, derived by looking towards the organizational decision making process, which often involves turning to the unique institutional setting in which such decis...
DNA Replication and the Stability of Cell Differentiation

DNA replication may produce unoccupied regulatory binding sites on DNA. Such unoccupied sites can disrupt regulatory stability after replication has been completed. A mechanism is proposed which can maximize stability by minimizing production of such unoccupied sites. This mechanism probably acts in stabilizing E. coli lysogenic for λ. The role of DNA replication in the maintenance of developmental stability and in changes of differentiation is discussed.
The derivative ratio algorithm: avoiding atmospheric effects in remote sensing

The author describes the development of the derivative ratio algorithm based on derivatives of a simple radiative transfer equation. The limiting conditions of the algorithm are derived and demonstrated using examples of reflectance spectra of turbid water and an ash leaf. For these example targets, the algorithm indicates that some spectral features do survive the trip through the atmosphere and are recognizable using ratios of the spectral derivatives. The most detectable spectral features tended to be those that spanned bandwidths substantially larger than the minimum bandwidth tested (10 nm). >
Productivity enhancement in hydrofractured oil reservoirs

Low permeability formations are often hydrofractured to increase the production rate of oil and gas. This process creates a thin, but highly permeable, fracture which provides an easy path for oil and gas to flow through the reservoir to the borehole. Here we examine the payoff of hydrofracturing by determining the increased production rate of a hydrofractured well. We find explicit formulas for the steady production rate in the three regimes of small, intermediate, and large (dimensionless) fracture conductivities. Previously, only the formula for the large fracture conductivity case was known.We assume that Darcy flow pertains throughout the reservoir. Then, the steady fluid flow through the reservoir is governed by Laplace's equation with a second-order boundary condition along the fracture. We first analyze this boundary value problem for the case of small fracture conductivities. An explicit formula for the production rate is obtained for this case, essentially by combining singular perturbation methods with spectral methods in a function space which places the second-order boundary condition on the same footing as Laplace's equation. Next, we re-cast Laplace's equation as a variational principle which has the second-order boundary condition as its natural boundary condition. This allows us to use simple trial functions to derive accurate estimates of the production rate in the intermediate conductivity case. Then, an asymptotic analysis is used to find the production rate for the large fracture conductivity case. Finally, the asymptotic and variationally-derived production rate formulasare compared to exact values of the production rate, which have been obtained numerically.It may be feasible to create more than a single fracture about a borehole. So we also develop similar asymptotic and variational formulas for the production rate of a well with multiple fractures.
Congenital cardiac defects: a possible association of aminopterin syndrome and in utero methotrexate exposure?

Folate antagonist are chemotherapeutic agents used in many neoplastic, autoimmune, and inflammatory disorders. The first suggestions that folic acid antagonists were teratogenic in humans were based on reports of failed terminations in mothers given aminopterin in the first trimester. Newborns who survived after aminopterin exposure were noted for years to have defects of the neural tube, skull, or limbs. There is now a well-defined syndrome of congenital anomalies associated with the use of aminopterin. The aminopterin syndrome consists of cranial dystosis, hypertelorism, anomalies of the external ears, micrognathia, limb anomalies, and cleft palate. The use of aminopterin has now fallen out of favor. Methotrexate is a folate antagonist that is now used more frequently. A similar pattern of malformations has been found in fetuses exposed to methotrexate. If used during pregnancy, it can cause congenital malformations or fetal death. A consistent association between methotrexate exposure and cardiac, renal, or gastrointestinal malformations has not been reported. We report two patients who presented with classic features of aminopterin syndrome combined with significant congenital cardiac malformations after first-trimester in utero methotrexate exposure. Both of these patients survived to undergo corrective cardiac surgery.
On the peak to average power reduction of OFDM signals using reserved subcarriers

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is an attractive technique for high data rate transmissions in wireless and wireline systems. However OFDM signals suffer from high peak-to-mean envelope power (PMEPR). In this paper we consider the problem of reducing this high PMEPR using reserved peak reduction subcarriers as considered by Tellado and Cioffi. We analyze the fundamental tradeoff between PMEPR reduction and the rate loss due to reserved subcarriers. We first provide a lower bound on the complementary cumulative distribution of PMEPR using infinitely many reserved subcarriers. We then show that the problem of minimizing the maximum of the absolute value of the signal using reserved subcarriers can be stated as a convex linear matrix inequality problem. While the problem is proved to be convex, its complexity is cubic in the number of OFDM subcarriers n which can be prohibitive when n is large. We then propose a suboptimal greedy algorithm based on p-norm minimization that chooses only bipolar values for each subcarrier that has less complexity and more PMEPR reduction than the previously proposed algorithm in. Our results provide the best tradeoff possible between PMEPR reduction and the associated rate loss and also leads to a practical algorithm to approach those limits.
The Development of Hydrazine‐Processed Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 Solar Cells

The hydrazine-based deposition of Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGS) thin films has attracted considerable attention in recent years due to its potential for the high-throughput production of photovoltaic devices based on this absorber material. This article provides an introduction as well as presenting a complete picture of the current status of hydrazine-based CIGS solar-cell fabrication, including the three major steps of this deposition process: dissolution of the precursor materials in hydrazine, deposition of a film from the resulting precursor solution, and the completion and characterization of a photovoltaic device following absorber deposition. Recent discoveries are then discussed, regarding the dissolution chemistry of the relevant precursor complexes in hydrazine, which together represent the true foundation of this processing method. Recent studies on CIGS film formation are then summarized, including the control and analysis of the crystalline phase, electronic bandgap, and film morphology. Finally, the latest progress in high-performance device fabrication is highlighted, with a focus on optoelectronic characterization including current–voltage, junction capacitance, and minority carrier lifetime measurements. Finally, a discussion and future outlook is provided.
A General Mechanistic Model for Admixture Histories of Hybrid Populations

Admixed populations have been used for inferring migrations, detecting natural selection, and finding disease genes. These applications often use a simple statistical model of admixture rather than a modeling perspective that incorporates a more realistic history of the admixture process. Here, we develop a general model of admixture that mechanistically accounts for complex historical admixture processes. We consider two source populations contributing to the ancestry of a hybrid population, potentially with variable contributions across generations. For a random individual in the hybrid population at a given point in time, we study the fraction of genetic admixture originating from a specific one of the source populations by computing its moments as functions of time and of introgression parameters. We show that very different admixture processes can produce identical mean admixture proportions, but that such processes produce different values for the variance of the admixture proportion. When introgression parameters from each source population are constant over time, the long-term limit of the expectation of the admixture proportion depends only on the ratio of the introgression parameters. The variance of admixture decreases quickly over time after the source populations stop contributing to the hybrid population, but remains substantial when the contributions are ongoing. Our approach will facilitate the understanding of admixture mechanisms, illustrating how the moments of the distribution of admixture proportions can be informative about the historical admixture processes contributing to the genetic diversity of hybrid populations.
WHO Guideline: Vitamin A supplementation in pregnant women. Geneva: WHO, 2011; WHO Guideline: Vitamin A supplementation in postpartum women. Geneva: WHO, 2011.

Background Vitamin A deficiency remains a significant public health concern worldwide, especially in portions of Africa and Southeast Asia. Indeed, w19 million pregnant women are thought to be affected by this nutritional deficiency. Because vitamin A deficiency during pregnancy and postpartum periods can severely affect both maternal and infant health, vitamin A supplementation is sometimes suggested. For instance, the WHO in 1998 recommended that, although vitamin A supplementation should not exceed 10,000 IU/d, pregnant women living in areas of endemic vitamin A deficiency should receive daily or weekly doses during the first 60 d post-conception. Similarly, they concluded that many breastfeeding women and their nursing infants would benefit from a high-dose maternal supplement given up to 60 d postpartum. Noteworthy, however, is the legitimate and serious concern about toxic and teratogenic effects of high-dose vitamin A supplementation during these critical periods of growth and development. As such, researchers and public health experts have continued to study the putative effects (both health-promoting and potentially detrimental) of vitamin A supplementation on maternal and infant health during the reproductive cycle.
Behavioural changes produced by transgenic overexpression of γ2L and γ2S subunits of the GABA(A) receptor

Transgenic mice overexpressing either the mouse gamma2L or gamma2S subunit of the GABAA receptor were generated in a C57BL/6 J x DBA/2 J mixed background and expanded into transgenic lines. Transgenic mice and littermate controls were analysed with respect to altered behaviour indicative of anxiety, motor activity and acute effects of benzodiazepines and alcohol, as well as with regard to altered responses to alcohol withdrawal and acute functional tolerance to alcohol. Biochemical tests assessed flunitrazepam- and ethanol-enhanced 36Cl- flux stimulated by muscimol in cerebellar and cortical microsacs and [3H]-flunitrazepam binding to cerebellar membranes. There were no significant differences in any of these measures between the transgenic and control mice, except in tests of acute functional tolerance to acute injection of ethanol. Compared to controls, mice carrying either the gamma2L or gamma2S transgene developed significantly less tolerance to the ataxic effects of ethanol. We conclude that acute functional tolerance to ethanol is very sensitive to the amount of GABAA receptor gamma2 subunit available (regardless of whether it is gamma2L or gamma2S) but overexpression of neither subunit isoform alters other behavioural and biochemical phenotypes.
A Fast State Assignment Procedure for Large FSMs

This paper addresses the problem of state assignment for large Finite State Machines (FSM). This is an important problem in the high performance digital system design where added functionality often comes at the expense of a larger (and slower) FSM to control the system. We present a new method to solve the graph embedding problem which is the main step in the state assignment process. The basic idea is to place the state adjacency graph in a two-dimensional grid while minimizing the total wire length. The grid is then mapped into an n-dimensional hypercube while nearly preserving the adjacency relations that is with dilation at most 2. Experimental results are presented and compared with those of NOVA.
Cultural Aspects of Adjustment to End-Stage Renal Disease

From the beginning of the availability of chronic hemodialysis as a treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), it has been recognized that major adjustments in life style are imposed on most patients. The inevitability of psychological distress and social disruption has led to the great interest in factors associated with psychosocial adjustment to ESRD. The impact of cultural background on such adjustment has been studied very little, however. Culture is known to affect symptom choice and beliefs about illness and its treatment. The importance of cultural background on adjustment to chronic illness is not well understood, however.
State and unknown input simultaneous estimation for a class of nonlinear systems with time-delay

For a class of nonlinear systems with time-delay in state and unknown input signal, a simultaneous state and unknown input signal estimation technique is developed. The delays include three types. The systems nonlinear part comprises a Lipschitz nonlinear function with respect to the state and input, and a state-dependent unknown function including additive disturbance as well as uncertain/nonlinear/time-varying terms. By constructing an appropriate augmented matrix, the nonlinear system is expressed into a generalized singular system. Upon satisfying some conditions, the observer design problem can be solved via the Riccati inequality or the linear matrix inequality-based technique. At the same time, the generalized inverse method is supplied. Sufficient conditions for asymptotic estimation convergence are established. The simulation includes three examples, and every example includes two schemes. One scheme ignores the influence of the time-delay. The other scheme deals with the influence of the time-delay using the proposed method. The simulation results show the efficiency of the proposed method.
Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia and Infantile Convulsions

A team of twelve geneticists and neurologists from centers in the Netherlands studied the phenotypes and penetrance of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD), infantile convulsion and choreoathetosis (ICCA) syndrome, and benign familial infantile convulsions (BFIC), caused by PRRT2 mutations.
Spinal Factors in Sympathetic Regulation

The spinal cord represents the final central neural site for the generation of patterns of sympathetic activity. It is the locus of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs), whose axons project to the sympathetic ganglia and the adrenal medulla, transmitting these patterns to final sites of neural or humoral integration. It is the locus of pathways descending upon SPNs and their associated interneurons from supraspinal systems, and it is the site of termination of visceral and somatic primary afferents which affect sympathetic activity. Finally, the spinal cord contains extensive intrinsic or propriospinal systems which may play significant roles in the regulation of sympathetic activity.
Design for an Ultrasound-based Instrument for Measurement of Tissue Blood Flow

Quantitative measurement of tissue blood flow is of importance for many reasons: detection of capillary flow disturbances, evaluating indications for amputation, investigating vasospastic conditions, and evaluating vasoactive drugs or the effect of sympathectomy. Methods of investigating tissue blood flows include skin thermometry, thermal conductance or clearance, transcutaneous PO2, laser doppler flux, and photoplethysmographic techniques. A major reason that ultrasound has not previously been applied to this problem is that at the very low blood velocities in the capillaries (0.1 to 1 mm/sec) the Doppler shift is small (on the order of 1 Hz/MHz of carrier signal). Advantages of ultrasound are a noninvasive procedure and penetration depths greater than that possible with optical techniques. This paper discusses the development of a Doppler ultrasound instrument which allows spectral resolution of the velocities in tissue blood flow. Briefly, a low phase noise oscillator at 7.5 Mhz is used with two trans...
How Do You Solve a Problem Like in Kelo

This article analyzes one of the most controversial recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions and demonstrates that the common perception of the Kelo case, that now the government can take any property under the 5th Amendment if they simply allege or show that the new use of the property will achieve a higher economic use, is a misreading of the majority and concurring opinions in Kelo. The article then argues that the Kelo decision is still very troubling for the dicta in the majority, concurring, and even Justice O'Connor's dissenting opinion, that judges should show extreme deference to a legislative judgment of public use and not to "second guess" legislative judgments. The article then reviews all of the cases cited to by the Court in Berman and Midkiff (the two key cases relied upon by the Court in Kelo) and demonstrates that none of them provide support for this extreme judicial deference in the context of a non-traditional taking. Consequently, the Court is in a very strong position to re-examine the continued applicability of this deferential approach in the context of non-traditional takings. Rather than interpret public use to exclude all such non-traditional exercises of eminent domain, this article suggests that an approach that better comports with the legitimate functions of the legislative and judicial branches is for courts to more closely scrutinize these takings to make sure that the alleged public benefits from the taking are real rather pretextual or highly speculative and to increase the level of review when the taking will lead to high uncompensated subjective values to home owners. The article concludes by developing three distinct categories of takings and specific appropriate levels of judicial review and legislative burdens for each category in order to restore the system of checks and balances between the legislative and judicial branches that are essential to the American Constitutional system.
A SIRT2-Selective Inhibitor Promotes c-Myc Oncoprotein Degradation and Exhibits Broad Anticancer Activity

Targeting sirtuins for cancer treatment has been a topic of debate due to conflicting reports and lack of potent and specific inhibitors. We have developed a thiomyristoyl lysine compound, TM, as a potent SIRT2-specific inhibitor with a broad anticancer effect in various human cancer cells and mouse models of breast cancer. Mechanistically, SIRT2 inhibition promotes c-Myc ubiquitination and degradation. The anticancer effect of TM correlates with its ability to decrease c-Myc level. TM had limited effects on non-cancerous cells and tumor-free mice, suggesting that cancer cells have an increased dependency on SIRT2 that can be exploited for therapeutic benefit. Our studies demonstrate that SIRT2-selective inhibitors are promising anticancer agents and may represent a general strategy to target certain c-Myc-driven cancers.
The island thoracoacromial artery muscle perforator flap.

Abstract: Descriptions of muscle perforator flaps incorporating the same skin territory of almost all known musculocutaneous flaps reflect their versatility. The pectoralis major musculocutaneous flap is a proven “workhorse” flap, especially for head and neck reconstruction. Yet, the corresponding thoracoacromial artery muscle perforator flap has been relatively overlooked, with few clinical experiences reported, presumably because of the highly variable and diminutive perforators emanating from this source vessel. However, in certain circumstances, this can be another alternative as a local muscle perforator flap for the transfer of chest skin to adjacent defects. Two clinical examples using the island thoracoacromial artery perforator flap prove that this can sometimes be a viable option also for head and neck reconstruction.
Unusual Example of Chelate Ring Opening upon Coordination of the 9-Ethylguanine Nucleobase to [Pt(di-(6-methyl-2-picolyl)amine)Cl]Cl.

Anticancer-active monofunctional Pt(II) complexes have bulky carrier ligands and bind to G residues in DNA, causing structural distortions. To gain fundamental chemical information on such monofunc...
Incidence of Thromboembolic Complications Within 30 Days of Electrical Cardioversion Performed Within 48 Hours of Atrial Fibrillation Onset

Abstract Objectives This study sought to compare the risk of thromboembolism after cardioversion within 48 h of atrial fibrillation (AF) onset in patients therapeutically versus not therapeutically anticoagulated. Background Although guidelines do not mandate anticoagulation for cardioversion within 48 h of AF onset, risk of thromboembolism in this group has been understudied. Methods Patients undergoing cardioversion within 48 h after AF onset were identified from a prospectively collected database and retrospectively reviewed to determine anticoagulation status and major thromboembolic events within 30 days of cardioversion. Results Among 567 cardioversions in 484 patients without therapeutic anticoagulation (mean CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score, 2.3 ± 1.7), 6 had neurological events (1.06%), all in patients on aspirin alone. Among 898 cardioversions in 709 patients on therapeutic anticoagulation (mean CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score, 2.6 ± 1.7; p = 0.017), 2 neurological events occurred (0.22%; OR: 4.8; p = 0.03), both off anticoagulation at the time of stroke. No thromboembolic events occurred in patients with CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score Conclusions In patients with acute-onset AF, odds of thromboembolic complications were almost 5 times higher in patients without therapeutic anticoagulation at the time of cardioversion. However, no events occurred in post-operative patients and in those with CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc scores of
The Use of Diazinon and Fertilizers for Reducing Bermudagrass Mite Damage and Promoting Grass Growth

Results of experiments conducted for 3 seasons at Tucson, Ariz., clearly indicated that diazinon treatments for the control of Bermudagrass mite, Aceria neocynodonis Keifer, on poorly fertilized turf required the addition of fertilizer to improve the turf quality (Butler et al. 1963).
Zika virus-associated Guillain-Barré syndrome variant in Haiti.

Zika virus is a single-stranded RNA virus (genus Flavivirus ) transmitted by the Aedes mosquito and through sexual contact with infected individuals.1,2 Zika virus infection may be asymptomatic or may cause fever, rash, joint pain, conjunctivitis, myalgias, and headache.1 Initially endemic to Africa and Asia, outbreaks in the Pacific Islands occurred in 2007 and 2013, and Central America, South America, and the Caribbean islands are currently in the midst of an epidemic. In both prior and current outbreaks of Zika,1 an increased incidence of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) has been reported.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Flow Cytometry of Benign Prostatic Disease

AbstractDeoxyribonucleic acid flow cytometry was performed on aspirated prostatic cells from 198 patients who had benign cytological or histological findings. Unsatisfactory acellular histograms were obtained from 10.6 per cent of the cases. Three-fourths of the satisfactory samples (more than 5,000 cells after subtracting debris) showed the expected single peak deoxyribonucleic acid diploid to near diploid histograms. Unexpectedly, the remaining samples were deoxyribonucleic acid aneuploid, most having 2 peridiploid peaks (deoxyribonucleic acid index 0.82 to 1.31). Usually, proliferation was low with less than 20 per cent hyperdiploid cells and with 2.5 ± 1.5 per cent G2 cells. In 10 per cent of the single peak histograms there was evidence of inflammation, identified as an increase in hyperdiploid cells without an increased percentage of G2 cells but with a tail of high channel values. The aforementioned histogram features were considered to be benign findings. Seven per cent of the samples had deoxyrib...
Refining Stroke Prediction in Atrial Fibrillation Patients by Addition of African-American Ethnicity to CHA2DS2-VASc Score

Abstract Background Prior studies show that African-American patients have a higher risk of stroke compared with Caucasians. Objectives This study hypothesized addition of African-American ethnicity to CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes, previous stroke, vascular disease, age 65 to 74, and female sex) score might improve stroke prediction in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods Medicare claims from January 2010 to December 2012 identified patients with newly diagnosed AF. The CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc was calculated on the basis of diagnoses in claims incurred during 12 months before first AF diagnosis. Ethnicity was identified from the Beneficiary Summary File. CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc-R score was calculated by giving 1 additional point for African-American ethnicity. The primary outcome was stroke, defined by primary diagnosis on acute inpatient admissions after the initial AF diagnosis. We used proportional hazards regression to determine the relationship between stroke and the CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc or a revised CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc-R score. Results Of 460,417 patients with AF, 390,590 (85%) were non-Hispanic whites, 31,702 (7%) were non-Hispanic African Americans, and the remainder were other non-white ethnicities. Mean age was 79.2 ± 8.0 years, with 60% females. Overall, 16,703 stroke events occurred, and 151,441 (32.7%) patients died during a mean follow-up period of 18.0 months. Compared with CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc, CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc-R score improved the fit of the model significantly as measured by the log likelihood ratio statistic (p 2 DS 2 -VASc-R score, only prior stroke, age ≥75 years, and female sex had a stronger association with incident stroke than African-American ethnicity. Conclusions In patients >65 years of age with newly diagnosed AF, the addition of ethnicity to CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score significantly improved stroke prediction.
The Cultivation of Mouse Bone Marrow in Vivo

The cultivation of normal mouse bone marrow cells in diffusion chambers implanted into the peritoneal cavity of mice has been described. Mouse bone marrow cells cultivated by this method continue to undergo differentiation and maintain their morphologic identity for a considerable time.
Smoking selectivity among Mexican immigrants to the United States using binational data, 1999-2012.

Abstract Mexican immigrants have lower smoking rates than US-born Mexicans, which some scholars attribute to health selection—that individuals who migrate are healthier and have better health behaviors than their non-migrant counterparts. Few studies have examined smoking selectivity using binational data and none have assessed whether selectivity remains constant over time. This study combined binational data from the US and Mexico to examine: 1) the extent to which recent Mexican immigrants ( n = 10.901) on adult (ages 20–64) Mexican immigrants and US-born Mexicans from the 1999/2000 and 2011/2012 National Health Interview Survey, and repeated cross-sectional Mexican data on non-migrants ( n = 67.188) from the 2000 Encuesta Nacional de Salud and 2012 Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutricion. Multinomial logistic regressions, stratified by gender, predicted smoking status (current, former, never) by migration status. At both time points, we found lower overall smoking prevalence among recent US immigrants compared to non-migrants for both genders. Moreover, from the regression analyses, smoking selectivity remained constant between 2000 and 2012 among men, but increased among women. These findings suggest that Mexican immigrants are indeed selected on smoking compared to their non-migrating counterparts, but that selectivity is subject to smoking conditions in the sending countries and may not remain constant over time.
Parental sex effect of parthenogenesis on hatchability and sperm-egg penetration in mated Chinese Painted quail (Coturnix chinensis)

Selecting quail for an increased incidence of parthenogenesis also impacts egg weight and albumen pH as well as reduces hatchability and fertility due to decreased sperm-egg penetration (SEP). However, it is unknown which parental sex is responsible for these changes in quail selected for parthenogenesis. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine which sex influences egg weight, albumen pH, hatchability, and SEP in birds selected for parthenogenesis. In this study, 2 lines of birds were used: 1 line that was selected for parthenogenesis and 1 line not selected for parthenogenesis (control). Treatments were as follows: control females w/control males, control females w/parthenogenetic line males, parthenogenetic line females w/control males, and parthenogenetic line females w/parthenogenetic line males. Fresh eggs were collected daily, labeled and analyzed for albumen pH and SEP or incubated at 37.5 °C for 20 d of incubation. Eggs were candled at 10 days of incubation (DOI) and eggs exhibiting little or no embryonic development were removed and broken open to determine hatching failure. This was repeated at 20 DOI for eggs that did not hatch. A dam main effect for egg set weight existed with parthenogenetic line dams exhibiting heavier eggs than control dams. The parthenogenetic line dams and sires exhibited lower albumen pH and hatch but a higher incidence of parthenogenesis than control line dams or sires. However, only a sire main effect existed for fertility and SEP. Sires from the parthenogenetic line yielded the highest infertility due to lower SEP. In conclusion, both the parthenogenetic line dams and sires contribute to reduced reproductive performance. However, it appears that the sire from the parthenogenetic line is responsible for lower fertility due to a reduction in SEP. Because the sire has a negative impact on overall fertility, it is possible that males selected for parthenogenesis have poorer semen quality resulting in fewer sperm traversing the oviduct or penetrating the perivitelline layer.
Prosecutorial Discretion The Duty to Seek Justice in an Overburdened Criminal Justice System

Prosecutors have a special ethical duty to seek justice. However, prosecutors cannot meet that duty where zero-tolerance policing has resulted in overburdened lower criminal courts. Prosecution in these overburdened courts undermines justice in two important ways. First, because zero-tolerance policing is typically enforced in communities of color, racial disparities in criminalization are exacerbated and unequal enforcement of the law is permitted. Second, the overburdened criminal justice system does not reliably distinguish between constitutional and unconstitutional arrests, or between guilty and innocent individuals. This Article examines the discretionary power that rests in the prosecutor’s office and the ethical duty to seek justice that guides that power. To promote justice chief prosecutors should decline to prosecute minor offenses where policing choices cause racial disparities or lead to overburdened courts that can provide neither procedural nor substantive justice. Refusal to prosecute certain classes of minor offenses will reduce racial inequities in the criminal justice system and improve the ability of prosecutors to meet their ethical obligation to provide procedural and substantive justice in the remaining cases.
The Development of the Judicial Role Orientation

This chapter begins, in Sect. 4.1, by building on the theory articulated in Chap. 2 to develop three models of role orientation development: one based on the institutional structures of the courts, one based on the backgrounds of judges, and one that integrates both. Empirical tests of these models of the determinants of the judicial role theory are devised in Sect. 4.2, the results of which are discussed in Sect. 4.3.
Exploring Community Levels of Lead (Pb) and Youth Violence

ABSTRACTAn emergent body of literature has documented a relationship between the lead (Pb) pollution (a structural form of violence) and crime (including interpersonal forms of violence) at the aggregate level. This study contributes to the lead and crime literature by exploring the relationship between lead and youth violence at the community level. To explore this association, data on lead, concentrated disadvantage, residential mobility, racial and ethnic heterogeneity, percentage divorced, and youth violence were obtained across the city of Chicago’s Community Areas (n = 77). Results from hot spot analyses, Ordinary Least Squares regressions, and a Geographically Weighted Regression suggest that not only do lead and youth violence appear to concentrate in the same communities, but increases in community lead level are associated with corresponding increases in youth violence 10 years after exposure. This study concludes with a discussion of theoretical and policy implications.
Cultural and Spiritual Humility: A Guiding Principle

Many texts, including texts outside the domains of both social work and spirituality, focus on the concepts of cultural sensitivity and cultural competence. These concepts are often implemented in such a way as to imply that adherence to a laundry list of cultural do’s and don’ts ensures one’s ability to “connect” to a client and/or community. This chapter explores the concepts of cultural competence, cultural humility, and cultural safety. Diversity in faith and practice is examined in the context of cultural humility, where the focus is on openness and the acknowledgement of one’s own lack of knowledge and understanding as a key to engagement. Suggestions are provided for the incorporation of cultural humility and cultural safety into social work training and education to promote a holistic approach to clients and communities.
Assessment of Uncertainties for the Nist 1016 MM Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus: Extended Analysis for Low-Density Fibrous-Glass Thermal Insulation

An assessment of uncertainties for the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 1016 mm Guarded-Hot-Plate apparatus is presented. The uncertainties are reported in a format consistent with current NIST policy on the expression of measurement uncertainty. The report describes a procedure for determination of component uncertainties for thermal conductivity and thermal resistance for the apparatus under operation in either the double-sided or single-sided mode of operation. An extensive example for computation of uncertainties for the single-sided mode of operation is provided for a low-density fibrous-glass blanket thermal insulation. For this material, the relative expanded uncertainty for thermal resistance increases from 1 % for a thickness of 25.4 mm to 3 % for a thickness of 228.6 mm. Although these uncertainties have been developed for a particular insulation material, the procedure and, to a lesser extent, the results are applicable to other insulation materials measured at a mean temperature close to 297 K (23.9 °C, 75 °F). The analysis identifies dominant components of uncertainty and, thus, potential areas for future improvement in the measurement process. For the NIST 1016 mm Guarded-Hot-Plate apparatus, considerable improvement, especially at higher values of thermal resistance, may be realized by developing better control strategies for guarding that include better measurement techniques for the guard gap thermopile voltage and the temperature sensors.
Health Lifestyles in Adolescence and Self-rated Health into Adulthood.

Do health behaviors cluster together as health lifestyles in adolescence? Are these lifestyles socially patterned? Do these lifestyles impact physical health into adulthood? To answer these questions, we employed data from Waves 1 and 4 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 7,827). Our latent class analysis revealed four health lifestyles: (a) low risk, (b) moderate risk with substance use, (c) moderate risk with inactivity, and (d) high risk. As suggested by health lifestyle theory, membership in these classes varied according to gender, race-ethnicity, and family structure. Consistent with the life course perspective, regression analyses indicated that those in the high-risk lifestyle tend to exhibit worse health in adolescence and adulthood than those in the low-risk lifestyle. Our findings confirm that socially patterned lifestyles can be observed in adolescence, and these lifestyles are potentially important for understanding the distribution of physical health across ...
Fluorescamine Labeling for Assessment of Protein Conformational Change and Binding Affinity in Protein–Nanoparticle Interaction

Protein adsorption alters the “biological identity” of nanoparticles (NPs) and could affect how biosystems respond to invading NPs. Study of protein–NP interaction can help understand how the physicochemical properties of NPs impact the interaction and thus potentially guide the design of safer and more effective NPs for biomedical or other applications. Binding affinity between proteins and NPs and the occurrence of protein conformational change upon binding to NPs are two important aspects to be learned, but few methods are currently available to assess both simultaneously in a simple way. Herein, we demonstrated that the fluorescamine labeling method developed by our group not only could reveal protein conformational change upon adsorption to NPs, owing to its capability to label the primary amines exposed on protein surface, but also could be applied to measure the binding affinity. By screening the interaction between a large number of proteins and four types of NPs, the present study also revealed t...
Analysis of coined quantum walks with renormalization

We introduce a framework to analyze quantum algorithms with the renormalization group (RG). To this end, we present a detailed analysis of the real-space RG for discrete-time quantum walks on fractal networks and show how deep insights into the analytic structure as well as generic results about the long-time behavior can be extracted. The RG flow for such a walk on a dual Sierpinski gasket and a Migdal-Kadanoff hierarchical network is obtained explicitly from elementary algebraic manipulations, after transforming the unitary evolution equation into Laplace space. Unlike for classical random walks, we find that the long-time asymptotics for the quantum walk requires consideration of a diverging number of Laplace poles, which we demonstrate exactly for the closed-form solution available for the walk on a one-dimensional loop. In particular, we calculate the probability of the walk to overlap with its starting position, which oscillates with a period that scales as ${N}^{{d}_{w}^{Q}/{d}_{f}}$ with system size $N$. While the largest Jacobian eigenvalue ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{1}$ of the RG flow merely reproduces the fractal dimension, ${d}_{f}={log}_{2}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{1}$, the asymptotic analysis shows that the second Jacobian eigenvalue ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{2}$ becomes essential to determine the dimension of the quantum walk via ${d}_{w}^{Q}={log}_{2}\sqrt{{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{1}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{2}}$. We trace this fact to delicate cancellations caused by unitarity. We obtain identical relations for other networks, although the details of the RG analysis may exhibit surprisingly distinct features. Thus, our conclusions---which trivially reproduce those for regular lattices with translational invariance with ${d}_{f}=d$ and ${d}_{w}^{Q}=1$---appear to be quite general and likely apply to networks beyond those studied here.
Genitourinary Prosthetic Use among Prostate Cancer Survivors Treated with Radical Prostatectomy

AbstractIntroduction:Erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence are well-known side effects of radical prostatectomy that, when refractory to medical therapy, can be addressed by major genitouri...
Effects of Ventricular Enlargement of Experimental Hydrocephalus on the Regional Cerebral Blood Flow, Somatosensory Evoked Potentials, and Biomechanical Factors

This study was designed to determine the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs), pressure volume index (PVI), and resistance to absorption of cerebrospinal fluid (Ro) in different stages of kaolin-induced hydrocephalus. The experimental animals (cats) were divided into 2 groups; a normal control, and a kaolin-induced hydrocephalic group.
Small chest-tube drainage followed by bleomycin sclerosis for malignant pleural effusions.

OBJECTIVE To review our experience with bleomycin sclerotherapy as treatment of pleural effusions due to gynecologic malignancies. METHODS Twenty-one women with histologically documented malignant effusions (16 ovarian carcinoma, three uterine sarcoma, and two cervical cancer) were treated with small flexible chest-tube drainage followed by intrapleural bleomycin sclerotherapy (60 units). RESULTS After placement of the chest tube, suction was required for a median of 5 days (range 3-12) before output was low enough (less than 100 mL/24 hours) to instill bleomycin. Among 24 treated effusions, there was a 71% overall response rate, including ten complete responses (42%) and seven partial responses (29%); seven effusions (29%) did not respond to therapy. Six of the seven patients whose effusions did not respond to bleomycin died of disease within 2 months of attempted sclerotherapy. Fever was the most common side effect, occurring in 13 of 21 patients (62%) following instillation of bleomycin. Pain during sclerosis was reported by only two patients. CONCLUSIONS Bleomycin sclerotherapy after small flexible chest-tube drainage of malignant pleural effusions is an effective technique, with minimal adverse reactions, for controlling effusions that develop in women with gynecologic malignancies.
Thermochemistry of stuffed quartz-derivative phases along the join LiAlSiO4-SiO2

Enthalpies of drop-solution (ΔHdrop-soln) of a suite of stuffed quartz-derivative phases with the composition Li1-xAl1-xSi1+xO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) have been measured in molten 2PbO·B 2O3 at 974 K. Substitution of Si 4+ for Li + +Al 3+ results in more exothermic enthalpies of drop-solution, which is consistent with behavior seen in other crystalline and glassy aluminosilicates. Al/Si ordering serves to stabilize these phases, and long-range ordering for compositions with x approximately <0.3 can be discerned in both calorimetric data and in structural data obtained by electron and synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD). In contrast, a structural but not an energetic discontinuity is apparent at x ≅ 0.65, which corresponds to a compositionally induced α-β quartz transition with a small enthalpy of transformation. An enthalpy for the Al/Si order-disorder reaction in β-eucryptite was measured as 25.9 ± 2.6 kJ/ mol. Standard molar enthalpies of formation of the stuffed quartz-derivative phases from constituent oxides (ΔH 0 f,ox) and elements (ΔH 0 f,el) at 298 K also are presented. ΔH 0 f,ox = ‐69.78 ± 1.38 kJ/mol and ΔH 0 f,el = ‐2117.84 ± 2.50 kJ/mol for β-eucryptite, which are in good agreement with results previously determined by HF solution calorimetry at 346.7 K (Barany and Adami 1966). The enthalpies of formation of other compositions are reported for the first time.
Relationship between child maltreatment and adolescent body mass index trajectories

This study examines the relationship between childhood maltreatment experiences and body mass index (BMI) over time. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we use latent profile analysis to create child maltreatment experience classes and latent growth modeling to understand how classes relate to BMI trajectories from adolescence to early adulthood. The best-fitting model suggests four child maltreatment experience classes: 1) poly-maltreatment (n=607); 2) physical abuse (n=1,578); 3) physical abuse and neglect (n=345); and 4) no childhood maltreatment (n=4,188). Class membership differentially predicts BMI trajectories, such that individuals in the no maltreatment, physical abuse, and physical abuse plus neglect classes exhibit the most stable BMI, and individuals in the poly-maltreatment class increase most rapidly (Χ2[9]=149.9, p < 0.001). Individuals in the poly-maltreatment class experience significantly higher BMI over time compared to the other three classes. In addition to overall growth differing between classes, there is substantial inter-individual variability in BMI trajectories within each class. Because BMI trajectories differ across different childhood maltreatment experiences-and substantial variability in BMI trajectories exists within these different experiences-future analyses should investigate mediators and moderators of this relationship to inform trauma-based therapies and interventions.