cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ownership, Branding and Multiple Audience Concerns: Evidence from Nursing Homes

Multi-unit ownership and branding are separate decisions and non-consumer audiences can affect both. In this study we distinguish between the branding and chaining decisions of nursing homes, while measuring the effects of litigation and labor unions on these decisions. Chaining (independent of branding) is more likely in “right to work” states and where capital requirements are high. Branding is less likely where laws are favorable to patient litigation or unionization. Potential litigation and unionization negatively impact branding more so than chaining because branding communicates a chain’s “deep pockets”, making it vulnerable to costly rent seeking by outside audiences.
PTEN permits acute increases in D3-phosphoinositide levels following TCR stimulation but inhibits distal signaling events by reducing the basal activity of Akt

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is important in TCR signaling. PI3K generates phosphatidylinositol 3, 4, 5-trisphosphate (PI-3,4,5-P3), which regulates membrane localization and/or activity of multiple signaling proteins. PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10) opposes PI3K, reversing this reaction. Maintaining the balance between these two enzymes is important for normal T cell function. Here we use the PTEN-null Jurkat T cell line to address the role of PTEN in modulating proximal and distal TCR-signaling events. PTEN expression at levels that restored low basal Akt phosphorylation (an indicator of PI-3,4,5-P3 levels), but which were not themselves cytotoxic, had minimal effect on TCR-stimulated activation of phospholipase Cγ1 and Ca2+ flux, but reduced the duration of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) activation. Distal signaling events, including nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) activation, CD69 expression and IL-2 production, were all inhibited by PTEN expression. Notably, PTEN did not block TCR-stimulated PI-3,4,5-P3 accumulation. The effect of PTEN on distal TCR signaling events was strongly correlated with the loss of the constitutive Akt activation and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) inhibition that is typical of Jurkat cells, and could be reversed by expression of activated Akt or pharmacologic inhibition of GSK3. These results suggest that PTEN acts in T cells primarily to control basal PI-3,4,5-P3 levels, rather than opposing PI3K acutely during TCR stimulation.
Developmental differences in the effects of negative and positive evidence

The current study sought to assess development differences in children's learning of irregular nouns and verbs under conditions of negative and positive evidence. Fifty-five 3-, 4- and 5-year-old children learned nonsense nouns and verbs and were later asked to produce plural forms for the nouns and past tense forms for the verbs. Forms were constructed to be irregular, and half were provided through negative evidence and half through positive evidence. Age, form (noun vs. verb) and evidence type (negative vs. positive) interacted: 3-year-olds learned more nouns through negative evidence t(15) = 2.76, p = 0.014, r2 = 0.34, while 5-year-olds learned more verbs through negative evidence t(16) = 2.281, p = 0.04, r2 = 0.25. Four-year-olds showed equal learning across the two conditions. These results suggest developmental differences in the efficacy of negative evidence.
Pre-Bötzinger complex in cats: respiratory neuronal discharge patterns.

Patterns of respiratory neuronal discharge in the pre-Botzinger complex, hypothesized as a brainstem site generating respiratory rhythm, are described in adult cats. Signals were recorded from neurons in the Botzinger complex, pre-Botzinger complex and rostral ventral respiratory group (rVRG) of anesthetized adult cats. The pre-Botzinger complex, located caudal to expiratory-modulated Botzinger neurons, contained a mix of neurons with inspiratory-modulated, expiratory-modulated, or phase-spanning patterns of impulse activity, in contrast to the more homogenous neuronal distributions characteristic of adjacent Botzinger and rVRG regions.
Biogenesis and function of peroxisomes and glycosomes

Peroxisomes of higher eukaryotes, glycosomes of kinetoplastids, and glyoxysomes of plants are related microbody organelles that perform differing metabolic functions tailored to their cellular environments. The close evolutionary relationship of these organelles is most clearly evidenced by the conservation of proteins involved in matrix protein import and biogenesis. The glycosome can be viewed as an offshoot of the peroxisomal lineage with additional metabolic functions, specifically glycolysis and purine salvage. Within the parasitic protozoa, only kinetoplastids have been conclusively demonstrated to possess glycosomes or indeed any peroxisome-like organelle. The importance of glycosomal pathways and their compartmentation emphasizes the potential of the glycosome and glycosomal proteins as drug targets.
Combined microspectrophotometric and crystallographic examination of chemically reduced and X-ray radiation-reduced forms of cytochrome ba3 oxidase from Thermus thermophilus: structure of the reduced form of the enzyme.

In respiring organisms cytochrome c oxidase catalyzes proton translocation coupled to the reduction of O2 to water (1, 2). Cytochrome ba3 oxidase is one of two heme-copper oxidases isolated from T. thermophilus (3). It contains the dinuclear CuA center; a six-coordinated, low-spin, (6cLS) heme-B; and a (usually) five-coordinated, high-spin (5cHS) heme-As in close proximity to CuB ((3, 4) and references therein). The latter (heme-As and CuB) constitute the bimetallic site, and it is widely agreed that dioxygen binds to this site as the first step in O2-reduction and proton pumping. Two crystal structures of native and recombinant, oxidized ba3-type cytochrome c oxidase have been solved at <2.5 A resolution (5, 6). However, the structure of reduced cytochrome ba3 oxidase has not been reported. Oxidized and reduced forms of cytochrome c oxidase represent two important intermediates in its catalytic cycle, and one might expect differences in their structures. Particularly, the reduced enzyme should be structurally prepared to bind O2 (7, 8). However, such structures obtained so far for the A1-type (9) enzymes indicate very small, if any, changes near the redox centers (10-12). Reported structures of both redox states from the cytochrome aa3 of Paracoccus denitrificans also revealed essentially no changes at 3.0 to 3.3 A resolution (10), while in the case of bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase (also of the aa3-type, and at a higher resolution), a redox-linked conformational change was observed in a surface loop (13) not present, for example, in ba3. We recently reported the structure of a doubly-mutated form of cytochrome ba3 (II-E4Q/I-K258R) that forms robust crystals in just a few days due to a new lattice contact (14). This form of the enzyme is used throughout this work to examine properties and structures of the chemically-reduced enzyme. By recording optical absorption spectra from single crystals before and after exposure to the X-ray beam, we gained new information on the redox state of the two hemes. Small but significant, and possibly important structural changes were detected around the Fea3 - CuB dinuclear center. These changes, observed for defined spectroscopic states, support a direct, as opposed to an indirect (15), mechanism for the B-type oxidases (see Fee et al. (7)). The structures provide important new information on how the enzyme functions.
Lifetimes and Gj factors in excited states of chromium. Hyperfine structure of Cr53

The $^{7}P$ terms of two excited chromium configurations have been studied by the techniques of level-crossing and double-resonance spectroscopy. The lifetimes of the $J$ levels of the two terms were found by observation of the Hanle effect to be (3.34\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ sec and (6.51\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.9) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ sec for $(3{d}^{5}4p)^{7}P_{4}$ and $(3{d}^{4}4s4p)^{7}P_{4}$, respectively. ${g}_{J}$ values for the three $J$ levels of the $(3{d}^{5}4p)^{7}P$ term were also determined: $g(J=4)=1.7512(3)$, $g(J=3)=1.9178(2)$, and $g(J=2)=2.3351(3)$. For the purpose of studying core polarization in chromium, measurements were made of the magnetic hyperfine constants in both configurations. For $3{d}^{5}4p$, $|a(J=4)|=11.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15$ Mc/sec, $|a(J=3)|\ensuremath{\le}1.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.0$ Mc/sec, $|a(J=2)|=26.16\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10$ Mc/sec, and for $3{d}^{4}4s4p$, $|a(J=3)|=70.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.6$ Mc/sec.
Molecular Pathology of Hepatic Neoplasms: Classification and Clinical Significance

Recent technological advances have enabled investigators to characterize the molecular genetics and genomics of hepatic neoplasia in remarkable detail. From these studies, an increasing number of molecular markers are being identified that correlate with clinically important tumor phenotypes. This paper discusses current knowledge relevant to the molecular classification of epithelial primary hepatic tumors that arise in adults, including focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), hepatocellular adenoma (HCA), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma (CC), and combined HCC-CC. Genetic analysis has defined molecular subtypes of HCA that are clinicopathologically distinct and can be distinguished through immunohistochemistry. Gene expression studies have identified molecular signatures of progression from dysplastic nodules (DNs) to early HCC in cirrhosis. Analyses of the mutational spectra, chromosomal aberrations and instability, transcriptomics, and microRNA profiles of HCC have revealed the existence of biologically distinct subtypes of this common malignancy, with prognostic implications. Molecular characterization of biliary and hepatic progenitor cell phenotypes in liver cancer has shed new light on the histogenesis of these tumors and has focused attention on novel therapeutic targets. In coming years, the molecular classification of hepatic neoplasms will be increasingly valuable for guiding patient care, as targeted therapies for liver cancer are developed and brought into clinical practice.
Congenital and acquired abnormalities of the dural venous sinuses

The imaging features of a variety of dural venous sinus (DVS) abnormalities are reviewed. Congenital and heritable diseases affecting the DVS, tumor-related sinus compression, and traumatic injuries of the DVS are discussed. The causes, clinical manifestations, and imaging findings in cerebral sinovenous thrombosis are described, and pertinent imaging techniques and pitfalls are illustrated. Etiologic theories about the formation of dural arteriovenous malformations are discussed and their imaging features are demonstrated.
Parameter identification of the calvin photosynthesis cycle

This article is concerned with the determination of kinetic parameters of the Calvin photosynthesis cycle which is described by seventeen nonlinear ordinary differential equations. It is shown that the task requires dynamic data for several sets of initial conditions. The numerical technique is based upon an algorithm for non-linear optimization and Gear's numerical integration scheme for stiff systems of differential equations. The sensitivity of the parameters to noise in the data is tested with a method adapted from Rosenbrook and Storey. A preliminary set of parameters has been obtained from a preliminary set of experimental data. The numerical methods are then tested with synthetic data derived from these parameters. The mathematical model and the results obtained in the simulation are used as an aid in designing new experiments.
Modeling texture, twinning and hardening evolution during deformation of hexagonal materials

Abstract Hexagonal materials deform plastically by activating diverse slip and twinning modes. The activation of such modes depends on their relative critical stresses, and the orientation of the crystals with respect to the loading direction. For a constitutive description of these materials to be reliable, it has to account for texture evolution associated with twin reorientation, and for the effect of the twin barriers on dislocation propagation and on the stress–strain response. In this work, we introduce a model for twinning, which accounts explicitly for the composite character of the grain, formed by a matrix with embedded twin lamellae which evolve with deformation. Texture evolution takes place through reorientation due to slip and twinning. The role of the twins as barriers to dislocations is explicitly incorporated into the hardening description via geometrically necessary dislocations and a directional Hall–Petch mechanism. We apply this model to the interpretation of compression experiments, both monotonic and changing the loading direction, done in rolled Zr at 76 K.
Complexity, Governance and Constitutional Craftsmanship

This paper explores the relationship of Max Weber's “social economics” to the work of the Austrian School of Economics, and in particular the writings of Ludwig von Mises and F. A. Hayek. We argue that the Austrian school scholars complement and extend the work of Weber. The sophisticated form of methodological individualism found in Weber, Mises and Hayek overcomes the shortcomings of traditional economic and sociological analysis and could provide the analytical structure for a post-classical political economy.
Stable Cu(II) and Cu(I) mononuclear intermediates in the assembly of the CuA center of Thermus thermophilus cytochrome oxidase.

CuA is a dinuclear mixed-valence center located in subunit 2 of the ba3-type cytochrome oxidase from Thermus thermophilus. The assembly of this site within the periplasmic membrane is believed to be mediated by the copper chaperones Sco and/or PCuAC, but the biological mechanisms are still poorly understood, thereby stimulating interest in the mechanisms of CuA formation from inorganic ions. The formulation of the CuA center as an electron-delocalized Cu1.5–Cu1.5 system implicates both Cu(II) and Cu(I) states in the metalation process. In earlier work we showed that selenomethionine (SeM) substitution of the coordinated M160 residue provided a ligand-directed probe for studying the copper coordination environment via the Se XAS signal, which was particularly useful for interrogating the Cu(I) states where other spectroscopic probes are absent. In the present study we have investigated the formation of mixed-valence CuA and its M160SeM derivative by stopped-flow UV–vis, EPR, and XAS at both Cu and Se edges...
Non-traditional plasticization of polymeric films

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of methylparaben, ibuprofen, chlorpheniramine maleate and theophylline on the thermal and mechanical properties of polymeric films of Eudragit® RS 30 D. The effects of methylparaben and ibuprofen in the film coating on the rate of drug release from Eudragit® RS 30 D coated beads were also studied. The physical and mechanical properties of the cast films and coated beads were investigated using thermal analysis, tensile testing, X-ray diffraction analysis and dissolution testing. The results demonstrated that the glass transition temperature of the Eudragit® RS 30 D decreased with increasing levels of methylparaben, ibuprofen and chlorpheniramine maleate in the film.Theophylline exerted no influence on the thermal properties of the polymer. The higher levels of the ibuprofen and methylparaben incorporated into the film resulted in a decrease in the tensile strength of the film. The decrease in Young's modulus of Eudragit® RS 30 D coated beads was attributed to an increase in the flexibility of the polymeric films when the level of methylparaben or ibuprofen in the polymeric dispersion was increased. The dissolution data demonstrated that the rate of release of the ibuprofen from coated beads was decreased by increasing the amount of ibuprofen and methylparaben in the polymeric film coating.
Glabellar Flaps in Nasal Reconstruction

Reconstruction of nasal defects presents a particularly unique challenge for the surgeon. Complex aesthetic subunits and limited available adjacent mobile skin with varying color, texture, and thickness all contribute to this task. The ideal reconstruction of nasal defects recruits tissue of similar color, texture, and thickness to that of the defect. Two versatile local flaps for nasal reconstruction are the glabellar flap and an extension of the glabellar flap, the dorsal nasal flap. The authors describe the use of these two local flaps for reconstruction of nasal defects and modifications of these procedures for certain indications, as well as their use in medial canthal reconstruction.
Immune-Modulating Effects of Melatonin, N-Acetylserotonin, and N-Acetyldopamine

Melatonin and N-acetylserotonin (NAS) have antioxidant properties. In the present study, we examined whether melatonin, NAS, and N-acetyldopamine (NAD) have a modulatory effect on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) synthesis and superoxide production. Differentiated THP-1-derived human monocytes were coincubated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and rising concentrations of melatonin, NAS, or NAD. After 24 h, TNF-alpha was measured in cell supernatants. In addition, the production of superoxide by HL-60-derived human neutrophils upon stimulation with 4-beta-phorbol 12-beta-myristate 13-alpha-acetate (PMA) or N-formyl methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) and increasing concentrations of melatonin, NAS, or NAD was determined. Incubation of THP-1-derived monocytes with increasing concentrations of melatonin, NAS, or NAD resulted in a marked decrease in LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha production, which was dose-dependent and on the order of 96-98%. Incubation of HL-60-derived neutrophils with increasing concentrations of melatonin, NAS, or NAD resulted in a modest decrease in PMA-stimulated superoxide production, which was dose-dependent. At the 100 microM dose, melatonin, NAS, or NAD resulted in a 14 +/- 4%, 30 +/- 1%, and 29 +/- 1% decrease in PMA-stimulated superoxide production, respectively. Coincubation of HL-60 cells with melatonin, NAS, or NAD also resulted in a modest dose-dependent decrease in fMLP-stimulated superoxide production. At the 100 microM dose, melatonin, NAS, or NAD resulted in a 13 +/- 1%, 14 +/- 1%, and 14 +/- 1% decrease in superoxide production, respectively. Our results indicate that the inhibitory effect of melatonin, NAS, or NAD on LPS-induced TNF-alpha production is robust and dose-dependent. These compounds are equally effective in attenuating the generation of oxidant radicals, although to a lesser degree.
Identification of Genes Associated with Survival of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis in Chicken Egg Albumen

Salmonella enterica consists of over 2,000 serovars that are major causes of morbidity and mortality associated with contaminated food. Despite similarities among serovars of Salmonella enterica, many demonstrate unique host specificities, epidemiological characteristics, and clinical manifestations. One of the unique epidemiological characteristics of the serovar Enteritidis is that it is the only bacterium routinely transmitted to humans through intact chicken eggs. Therefore, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis must be able to persist inside chicken eggs to be transmitted to humans, and its survival in egg is important for its transmission to the human population. The ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis to survive in and transmit through eggs may have contributed to its drastically increased prevalence in the 1980s and 1990s. In the present study, using transposon-mediated mutagenesis, we have identified genes important for the association of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis with chicken eggs. Our results indicate that genes involved in cell wall structural and functional integrity, and nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism are important for Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis to persist in egg albumen. Two regions unique to Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis were also identified, one of which enhanced the survival of a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolate in egg albumen. The implication of our results to the serovar specificity of Salmonella enterica is also explored in the present study.
Amino acid signatures in carbonaceous meteorites

Carbonaceous chondrites, a class of stony meteorites that contains up to 3 weight-% of organic carbon, are subdivided into types by chemical and mineralogical characteristics. These meteorites are thought to originate from asteroidal parent bodies on which secondary processing in the early history of the solar system has altered interstellar organic precursors into more complex compounds such as amino acids and nucleobases. We have analyzed nine different carbonaceous chondrites and have compared the total and relative amino acid concentrations of hydrolyzed hot-water extracts of these meteorites. When the relative amino acid concentrations [(Beta) -alanine]/[glycine], [AIB]/[glycine] and [D- alanine]/[glycine] of meteorites are plotted against each other, a clustering of the data points of the CM and CI type carbonaceous chondrites can be observed. This signature indicates that the amino acids in the Cms were synthesized via the Strecker synthetic pathway, whereas the amino acids found in the Cis probably have a different synthetic origin.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The interface phase in Al−Mg/Al2O3 composites

Auger and electron diffraction studies of Al2O3 isolated from a composite prepared by introducing fibers into a vigorously agitated Al−Mg melt indicated the presence of MgAl2O4 on the fiber surface. The evidence suggested that the spinel was present as discrete crystals. The thickness and coverage of the spinel is likely to vary with processing conditions.
The kinin system in rhinitis and asthma

The past decade has seen renewed interest in the potential role of kinins in airway diseases. The correlation between kinin generation and symptoms of inflammation, together with the demonstration that administration of kinins to the airway mucosa can induce relevant symptoms, provides strong circumstantial support for a role of kinins in the pathogenesis of airway diseases, such as allergic and viral rhinitis and asthma. Definitive studies of the effects of blockade of kinin actions on symptomatic responses, however, are still needed. The effects of kinins in the airways, and the mechanisms by which they exert their actions clearly vary depending on the presence of inflammation in the airways. Although a growing body of evidence implicates activation of sensory nerves as an important component of kinin effects in inflamed airways, the components of inflammation that modify the response of these sensory nerves, the mechanisms by which neuronal responsiveness alters, and the degree of selectivity of neuronal activation to bradykinin are all topics that require further delineation.
Influence of assertiveness training on the stuttering rates exhibited by three young adults

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the impact of an assertiveness training program on the stuttering rates of three young adults. Components of the training program included instruction, modeling, behavior rehearsal, feedback, social reinforcement, and homework. Results of a multiple baseline analysis indicated that implementation of the training program corresponded to a decrease in the stuttering rates exhibited by two of the three subjects. These results are discussed with reference to future research to determine client variables that suggest the use of assertiveness training.
Applying Sentence Simplification to the CoNLL-2008 Shared Task

Our submission to the CoNLL-2008 shared task (Surdeanu et al., 2008) focused on applying a novel method for semantic role labeling to the shared task. Our system first simplifies each sentence to be labeled using a set of hand-constructed rules; the weights of the system are trained on semantic role labeling data to generate simplifications which are as useful as possible for semantic role labeling. Our system is only a semantic role labeling system, and thus did not receive a score for Syntactic Dependencies (or, by extension, a score for the complete problem). Unlike most systems in the shared task, our system took constituency parses as input. On the sub-task of semantic dependencies, our system obtained an F1 score of 76.17, the highest in the open task. In this paper we give a high-level overview of the sentence simplification system, and discuss and analyze the modifications to this system required for the CoNLL-2008 shared task.
Effects of extracellular matrix proteins on macrophage differentiation, growth, and function: Comparison of liquid and agar culture systems

Both spaceflight and skeletal unloading suppress the haematopoietic differentiation of macrophages (Sonnenfeld et al., Aviat. Space Environ. Med., 61:648-653, 1990; Armstrong et al., J. Appl. Physiol., 75:2734-2739, 1993). The mechanism behind this reduction in haematopoiesis has yet to be elucidated. However, changes in bone marrow extracellular matrix (ECM) may be involved. To further understand the role of ECM products in macrophage differentiation, we have performed experiments evaluating the effects of fibronectin, laminin, collagen type I, and collagen type IV on macrophage development and function. Bone marrow-derived macrophages cultured on four different ECM substrates in liquid culture medium showed less growth than those cultured on plastic. Significant morphological differences were seen on each of the substrates used. Phenotypically and functionally, as measured by class II major histocompatibility molecule (MHCII) expression, MAC-2 expression, and the secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), these macrophages were similar. In contrast, bone marrow-derived macrophages cultured in suspension, using agar, showed no difference in growth when exposed to ECM proteins. However, IL-6 and TNF-alpha secretion was affected by fibronectin, laminin, collagen type I, and collagen type IV in a concentration-dependent manner. We conclude that the ECM products fibronectin, laminin, collagen type I, and collagen type IV have profound effects on macrophage development and function. Additionally, we suggest that an ECM-supplemented agar culture system provides an environment more analogous to in vivo bone marrow than does a traditional liquid culture system.
Guided-wave acoustooptic tunable filters using simple coupling weighting technique

A simple acoustooptic (AO) coupling weighting technique for sidelobe suppression that involves only variation of the width of the surface acoustic wave (SAW) slot waveguide is presented. Calculations on single-stage and multistage acoustooptic tunable filters (AOTFs) consisting of an optical channel waveguide and a SAW slot waveguide in LiNbO/sub 3/ have shown that waveguide width coupling using the Hanning weighting function provides significant improvement in sidelobe suppression. Specifically, using the Hanning function a sidelobe level of -26 dB is predicted as compared to that of -9 dB with the conventional uniform coupling. Calculated results together with the design, fabrication, and preliminary measured performance characteristics of a single-stage guide-wave AOTF in YX-LiNbO/sub 3/ substrates at the optical wavelengths of 0.6328 and 1.55 mu m are reported. >
Magnetic resonance imaging of labral cysts of the hip

Objective. To present the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings in patients with labral cysts adjacent to the acetabulum and to examine their association with hip pathology. Design. MR images and conventional radiographs of seven patients with paralabral cysts were retrospectively reviewed by three musculoskeletal radiologists. Patients. The patients included three men and four women with hip pain, ranging in age from 29 to 82 years. Two patients had developmental dysplasia of the hip and six had a history of remote trauma/dislocation. Clinical history and follow-up were obtained in all patients. Surgery was performed on one patient. Results and conclusions. Paralabral cysts were located in the posterosuperior aspect of the hip joint in five patients and in the anterior aspect in two patients. A tear of the adjacent acetabular labrum was confirmed surgically in one patient, and in all patients the MR features suggested the presence of an abnormal labrum. Osteoarthritis was observed in three patients and there was associated subchondral cyst formation in the acetabulum adjacent to the cyst in three patients. The paralabral cyst of the hip is well visualized on MR imaging and is seen in patients with a predisposition to labral pathology.
The polish transition to democracy: a game-theoretic approach

This article present a gametheoretic model of the transition to democracy in Poland. The events in Poland are conceptualized as a strategic game between a government and an opposition. The transition is modeled as a sequence of intentional decisions about political arrangements. During the 1980s Poland went through three such arrangements: dictatorship, broadened dictatorship, and democracy. Each one is understood as a game-theoretic equilibrium. The transition between two political arrangements is explained as a shift from one equilibrium to another. These shifts occurred because the probability of Soviet intervention diminished over time, changing incentives for the government and the opposition.
A Really Good Art Teacher Would Be like You, Mrs. C.: A Qualitative Study of a Teacher and her Artistically Gifted Middle School Students

In this paper, I examine the experiences of a teacher and her artistically gifted middle school students over the course of a school year in an attempt to add to the definition of effective teaching for that population. Identified as artistically gifted through a formal, multimethod process, the students experienced a five-phase curriculum rhythm (a construct devised to describe the chronology of the class content). The phases—image flood, reflection, art work, critique, and exhibition—enabled the veteran teacher to “translate” meaning in both the student world and the adult art world. The translation process influenced students' self-identification as artists and their abilities to reflect and to be more articulate about their art. Possible ramifications of this study include further exploration of the themes of curriculum rhythm and translation as components of art teacher effectiveness with artistically gifted and other student populations.
Chemokines and transplant immunobiology.

The importance of showing up at the right place at the right time is instilled in leukocytes, just as it is in each one of us, by our parents. The fact that leukocyte infiltration of a newly established allograft typically presages the development of acute rejection is the downside of having an
A GRAVITY MODEL FOR COMPONENTS OF IMPORTS

This paper develops a gravity model to explain different components of imports. It is shown that specific variables from competing trade theories affect each component differently: As economic sizes or relative factor endowments become similar, the volume of intra-industry imports, especially that of its horizontal component increases. Furthermore, the typical variables of an extended gravity model have different impact on each component: Colonial relations are important determinants of inter-industry imports whereas cultural proximity based on religion and language plays a more crucial role in determining intra-industry imports. Overall, the significance of these different effects suggests that the proposed decomposition of imports into its components removes a widespread but unnecessary restriction in the gravity models.
Automatic data movement and computation mapping for multi-level parallel architectures with explicitly managed memories

Several parallel architectures such as GPUs and the Cell processor have fast explicitly managed on-chip memories, in addition to slow off-chip memory. They also have very high computational power with multiple levels of parallelism. A significant challenge in programming these architectures is to effectively exploit the parallelism available in the architecture and manage the fast memories to maximize performance.In this paper we develop an approach to effective automatic data management for on-chip memories, including creation of buffers in on-chip (local) memories for holding portions of data accessed in a computational block, automatic determination of array access functions of local buffer references, and generation of code that moves data between slow off-chip memory and fast local memories. We also address the problem of mapping computation in regular programs to multi-level parallel architectures using a multi-level tiling approach, and study the impact of on-chip memory availability on the selection of tile sizes at various levels. Experimental results on a GPU demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Evidence-Based Practice: The Wave of the Past

Chwalisz (2003 [this issue]) proposed an evidence-based practice model for training in counseling psychology, based on the apparent failures of the scientist-practitioner model and the need for an expanded view of scientific evidence. Although I am sympathetic to the model she developed, and also to a local clinical scientist model that I have written about previously, I do not believe that these differ substantially from the scientist- practitioner model. I also differ with the need for expanding the nature of scientific evidence, which easily can embrace the qualitative studies that she and I both see as valuable potential contributions to knowledge.
Direct answers for search queries in the long tail

Web search engines now offer more than ranked results. Queries on topics like weather, definitions, and movies may return inline results called answers that can resolve a searcher's information need without any additional interaction. Despite the usefulness of answers, they are limited to popular needs because each answer type is manually authored. To extend the reach of answers to thousands of new information needs, we introduce Tail Answers: a large collection of direct answers that are unpopular individually, but together address a large proportion of search traffic. These answers cover long-tail needs such as the average body temperature for a dog, substitutes for molasses, and the keyboard shortcut for a right-click. We introduce a combination of search log mining and paid crowdsourcing techniques to create Tail Answers. A user study with 361 participants suggests that Tail Answers significantly improved users' subjective ratings of search quality and their ability to solve needs without clicking through to a result. Our findings suggest that search engines can be extended to directly respond to a large new class of queries.
Coplanar transmission lines on thin substrates for high-speed low-loss propagation

We investigate the attenuation and phase velocity characteristics of coplanar strip (CPS) transmission lines designed for high-speed, low-loss propagation at sub-THz frequencies. Photoconductor switches driven by femtosecond optical pulses were used to generate propagating picosecond electrical transients. External electrooptic sampling was used to measure the time-domain impulse-response characteristics with subpicosecond time resolution. The finite-difference transmission-line-matrix (FD-TLM) numerical method was used to model picosecond pulse propagation on identical transmission lines. The experiment and the numeric simulations have clarified nonquasistatic high-frequency effects and were shown to agree over a 500 GHz frequency range. Additionally, analytic quasi-static velocity and characteristic impedance formulas have been verified and their frequency range of validity established for the investigated CPS geometries. Radiation into the substrate is the dominant loss mechanism at frequencies above /spl sim/100 GHz for the CPS lines on thick substrates. CPS transmission line fabrication on thin substrates has been proposed as a method for reducing high-frequency loss and increasing the microwave propagation velocity. CPS transmission lines fabricated on 8-/spl mu/m-thick Si membranes have been studied and demonstrated to possess the desired high-speed, low-loss properties. >
Teaching the applications of optimisation in game theory's zero sum and non-zero sum games

We apply linear and non-linear programming to find the solutions for Nash equilibriums and Nash arbitration in game theory problems. Linear programming was shown as a viable method for solving mixed strategy zero-sum games. We review this methodology and suggest a class of zero-sum game theory problems that are well suited for linear programming. We applied this theory of linear programming to non-zero sum games. We suggest and apply a separate formulation for a maximising linear programming problem for each player. We move on the Nash arbitration method and remodel this problem as a non-linear optimisation problem. We take the game's payoff matrix and we form a convex polygon. Having found the status quo point (x*, y*), we maximise the product (x-x*)(y-y*) over the convex polygon using KTC non-linear optimisation techniques. The results give additional insights into game theory analysis.
Jefferson and Reagan: The rhetoric of two inaugurals

Using analog‐criticism, the inaugurals of Thomas Jefferson and Ronald Reagan are examined for their responses to three exigences, (1) excessive federal powers, (2) inappropriate foreign policies, and (3) negative perceptions of each man by a sizeable portion of the population. Conclusions are drawn relative to (1) the effectiveness of the rhetorical strategies employed, (2) the question of whether these strategies were well adapted to pivotal elections, and (3) the contributions of this particular analysis to rhetorical criticism.
Microsecond timescale backbone conformational dynamics in ubiquitin studied with NMR R1ρ relaxation experiments

NMR spin relaxation experiments are used to characterize the dynamics of the backbone of ubiquitin. Chemical exchange processes affecting residues Ile 23, Asn 25, Thr 55, and Val 70 are characterized using on- and off-resonance rotating-frame 15N R1ρ relaxation experiments to have a kinetic exchange rate constant of 25,000 sec−1 at 280 K. The exchange process affecting residues 23, 25, and 55 appears to result from disruption of N-cap hydrogen bonds of the α-helix and possibly from repacking of the side chain of Ile 23. Chemical exchange processes affecting other residues on the surface of ubiquitin are identified using 1H-15N multiple quantum relaxation experiments. These residues are located near or at the regions known to interact with various enzymes of the ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation pathway.
ALS mutations in TLS/FUS disrupt target gene expression

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is caused by mutations in a number of genes, including the gene encoding the RNA/DNA-binding protein translocated in liposarcoma or fused in sarcoma (TLS/FUS or FUS). Previously, we identified a number of FUS target genes, among them MECP2. To investigate how ALS mutations in FUS might impact target gene expression, we examined the effects of several FUS derivatives harboring ALS mutations, such as R521C (FUS(C)), on MECP2 expression in transfected human U87 cells. Strikingly, FUS(C) and other mutants not only altered MECP2 alternative splicing but also markedly increased mRNA abundance, which we show resulted from sharply elevated stability. Paradoxically, however, MeCP2 protein levels were significantly reduced in cells expressing ALS mutant derivatives. Providing a parsimonious explanation for these results, biochemical fractionation and in vivo localization studies revealed that MECP2 mRNA colocalized with cytoplasmic FUS(C) in insoluble aggregates, which are characteristic of ALS mutant proteins. Together, our results establish that ALS mutations in FUS can strongly impact target gene expression, reflecting a dominant effect of FUS-containing aggregates.
Activated lymphocytes as a metabolic model for carcinogenesis

Metabolic reprogramming is a key event in tumorigenesis to support cell growth, and cancer cells frequently become both highly glycolytic and glutamine dependent. Similarly, T lymphocytes (T cells) modify their metabolism after activation by foreign antigens to shift from an energetically efficient oxidative metabolism to a highly glycolytic and glutamine-dependent metabolic program. This metabolic transition enables T cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. In both activated T cells and cancer cells metabolic reprogramming is achieved by similar mechanisms and offers similar survival and cell growth advantages. Activated T cells thus present a useful model with which to study the development of tumor metabolism. Here, we review the metabolic similarities and distinctions between activated T cells and cancer cells, and discuss both the common signaling pathways and master metabolic regulators that lead to metabolic rewiring. Ultimately, understanding how and why T cells adopt a cancer cell-like metabolic profile may identify new therapeutic strategies to selectively target tumor metabolism or inflammatory immune responses.
Refining the Quadratic Crown Height Method of age estimation: do elk teeth wear quadratically with age?

Teeth are the basis for the best methods for estimating the age-at-death of archaeological and paleontological faunal remains, because they change by eruption and wear throughout an individual’s life and because they preserve well. However, age-at-death can be difficult to estimate when teeth are isolated or when no known-age reference sample is available. For these reasons, researchers developed the Quadratic Crown Height Method (QCHM), a set of quadratic formulae that can be used to predict age-atdeath from tooth crown height, when unworn crown height and the ages when the tooth erupts and when its crown height should reach zero can be estimated. Previous tests of the QCHM suggest that modified equations could improve the method. Here, we use crown height measurements on a sample of 226 known-age Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) to perform such modifications. We adjust the age at which each tooth type’s crown height reaches zero from the species’ potential ecological longevity or average maximum life span to an age that we empirically estimate for each tooth type. We also empirically assess whether for different elk teeth the exponent in the QCHM formula is actually equal to 2; it is for M1, but for P4 it is about 1, indicating a roughly linear relationship. The exponents for M2 and M3 are intermediate, being closer to 1.5. Because different teeth wear at different rates and wear completely away at different ages, we recommend that researchers use the modified equations provided here to estimate age-at-death for samples of Cervus elaphus.
Effective Teaching Strategies for Gifted/Learning-Disabled Students With Spatial Strengths

This study sought to determine effective teaching strategies for use with high-ability students who have spatial strengths and sequential weaknesses. Gifted students with spatial strengths and weak verbal skills often struggle in the traditional classroom. Their learning style enables them to grasp complex systems and excel at higher levels of thinking while struggling with material typically considered “easy.” Many high-ability students with spatial strengths and verbal weaknesses underachieve and even drop out of school. Teachers must develop effective strategies to help these at-risk students experience success in educational settings. If students with spatial strengths find success in the educational system, then they are more likely to become creative producers in society and less likely to underachieve and be underemployed.
Multiaccess quantum channels

Shared communication channels are subject to multiple-access interference. Transmitter and receiver design techniques that explicitly deal with this interference have been shown to improve substantially the performance of communication systems over radio-frequency and other "classical" channels. Quantum multiple-access communication channels, on the other hand, have received comparatively little attention. In this paper, an input-output model for multiple-access quantum channels relevant to optical communications is proposed. The model accounts for multiaccess interference, signal attenuation, and random noise, and can be used in the analysis and design of communication systems. Using a result from optimization, a perturbation method is developed to find the minimum achievable error probability in small-interference channels. It is shown that the quantum measurement that minimizes the error probability in a no-interference channel is robust in the presence of small multiaccess interference. The results are illustrated with numerical examples, which show that optimal quantum detectors can significantly outperform conventional detectors even for moderate levels of crosstalk.
Parental displacement and adolescent suicidality: exploring the role of failed belonging.

Prior studies have demonstrated that events causing displacement from parents—such as parental death, abandonment of the adolescent, or divorce—represent a risk factor for adolescent suicide, but research to date has not established a theoretical model explaining the association between parental displacement and adolescent suicidal behavior. The current studies examined the construct of failed belonging proposed by the interpersonal theory of suicide as one factor that may link parental displacement with adolescent suicide. Study 1 found that low levels of belonging mediated the association between parental displacement and adolescent suicide attempts in a large, urban community sample of older adolescents between the ages of 18 and 23. In Study 2, parental displacement interacted with low belonging to predict suicide attempts, such that adolescents (average age = 16.6 years; SD = 1.2) who experienced both displacement and low levels of belonging had the highest risk for suicide.
Influence of the ITCZ on the flow of thermocline water from the subtropical to the equatorial Pacific Ocean

Abstract The flow of thermocline water from the subtropical to the equatorial Pacific Ocean is investigated using a 2½-layer numerical model. In this system, the lower of the two active layers represents the thermocline region of the ocean, and the upper layer simulates the near-surface region including the mixed layer. Water is allowed to move between the layers via an across-interface velocity that parameterizes the processes of upwelling and subtropical subduction. Solutions are obtained in a basin that resembles the Pacific basin, and they are forced by Hellerman and Rosenstein winds. The primary result is that the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) creates a potential vorticity barrier that inhibits the direct flow of lower-layer (thermocline) water from the subtropical North Pacific to the equator. Lower-layer water must first flow to the western boundary north of the ITCZ and only then can it move equatorward in a western boundary current to join the Equatorial Undercurrent. Another result is th...
A note on electrophoresis in hypothyroidism.

SummaryThe electrophoretic patterns of the sera of 4 hypothyroid patients were studied, 2 before and after thyroid administration. The results have been compared with those of other authors. On the basis of all the available data there does not appear to be a characteristic distribution of protein fractions in hypothyroid disease.