cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partitioning of hydrophobic organic compounds within soil-water-surfactant systems.

Abstract Understanding the partitioning of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) within soil–water–surfactant systems is key to improving the use of surfactants for remediation. The overall objective of this study was to investigate the soil properties that influence the effectiveness of surfactants used to remediate soil contaminated with hydrophobic pesticides, as an example of a more general application for removing strongly sorbing HOCs from contaminated soils via in-situ enhanced sorption, or ex-situ soil washing. In this study, the partitioning of two commonly used pesticides, atrazine and diuron, within soil–water–surfactant systems was investigated. Five natural soils, one nonionic surfactant (Triton-100 (TX)) and one cationic surfactant (benzalkonium chloride (BC)) were used. The results showed that the cation exchange capacity (CEC) is the soil property that controls surfactant sorption onto the soils. Diuron showed much higher solubility enhancement than atrazine with the micelles of either surfactant. Within an ex-situ soil washing system, TX is more effective for soils with lower CEC than those with higher CEC. Within an in-situ enhanced sorption zone, BC works significantly better with more hydrophobic HOCs. The HOC sorption capacity of the sorbed surfactant ( K ss ) was a non-linear function of the amount of surfactant sorbed. For the cationic surfactant (BC), the maximal K ss occurred when around 40% of the total CEC sites in the various soils were occupied by sorbed surfactant. Below a sub-saturation sorption range (∼20 g/kg), under the same amount of BC sorbed, a soil with lower CEC tends to have higher K ss than the one with higher CEC.
Ecosystems, paleoecology and human disturbance in subtropical and tropical america

Abstract Human disturbances of ecosystems last a long time and have quantifiable influences on the structure and function of the systems. If long records (e.g. paleoecological) of both disturbances and the responses are available, the array of disturbances provides quasi-experimental treatments useful for the study of factors which govern ecosystems. This paper examines the paleoecology of a series of lake-drainage basin ecosystems that have been subject to disturbances which vary through time and space. In all cases studied, it has been demonstrated that human activities have increased the movement of materials from the catchment to the lake. Examples in Guatemala, Haiti and Florida demonstrate that the flow of macronutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) is proportional to human population sizes, and that the flow of inorganic particulates is related to the nature of both the disturbances and the catchment. Lake eutrophication is driven by growing human populations, but the rate of increase can be slowed by activities such as urbanization, which increases siltation. Several tropical ecosystems have recovered from severe disturbances, but the rate of recovery was related to the severity and temporal extent of the disturbances.
A new buoyancy model replacing the standard pseudo-density difference for internal natural convection in gases

Abstract Natural convection in enclosed spaces has been analyzed and numerically evaluated using a direct buoyancy model which replaces the pseudo-density difference which has been heretofore standard in all previous studies of internal natural convection of gases. It was demonstrated conclusively that the pseudo-density-difference model is totally irrelevant to the physical processes which create the buoyancy. When properly accounted, the presence of the pseudo-density difference does no harm, but it provides a source of confusion for the source of the buoyant forces which create motion. This conclusion was drawn from numerical solutions of three-dimensional natural convection in an oven-like cavity. These solutions were irrefutably supported by experimental data. It was also demonstrated that accounting for the naturally occurring pressure variations within the enclosed space had a negligible effect upon the surface heat transfer coefficients. The commonly used Boussinesq equation of state was found to provide accurate surface heat transfer results provided that the density, thermal conductivity, viscosity, and coefficient of thermal expansion are evaluated at a temperature that is the average of the temperatures of the surfaces which bound the enclosed space.
DNA adduct formation by 12 chemicals with populations potentially suitable for molecular epidemiological studies.

Abstract DNA adduct formation, route of absorption, metabolism and chemistry of 12 hazardous chemicals are reviewed. Methods for adduct detection are also reviewed and approaches to sensitivity and specificity are identified. The selection of these 12 chemicals from the Environmental Protection Agency list of genotoxic chemicals was based on the availability of information and on the availability of populations potentially suitable for molecular epidemiological study. The 12 chemicals include ethylene oxide, styrene, vinyl chloride, epichlorohydrin, propylene oxide, 4,4′-methylenebis-2-chloroaniline, benzidine, benzidine dyes (Direct Blue 6, Direct Black 38 and Direct Brown 95), acrylonitrile and benzyl chloride. While some of these chemicals (styrene and benzyl chloride, possibly Direct Blue 6) give rise to unique DNA adducts, others do not. Potentially confounding factors include mixed exposures in the work place, as well the formation of common DNA adducts. Additional research needs are identified.
Terminal Sedation: An Acceptable Exit Strategy?

Rietjens and colleagues' description of physician behavior near the end of their patients' lives can help us decide whether the ethical concerns raised by terminal sedation are merely theoretical o...
The effect of communication, writing, and technology apprehension on likelihood to use new communication technologies

This study explores the role of computer anxiety, communication apprehension, and writing apprehension in predicting future use of new communication technologies. Past research has rarely examined these constructs as predictors of future use and has not considered the impact of writing and communication apprehension on text‐based and phone‐based technologies, which are used primarily for interaction. Survey results from 178 undergraduate students tend to support hypotheses about the relevance of computer anxiety and communication apprehension in predicting future technology use, but not those with regard to writing apprehension. Furthermore, past experience appears to be a strong predictor of future use; however, gender differences are rare. The implications of these findings for educational contexts are discussed.
An offline implicit solver for simulating prebomb radiocarbon

Abstract It takes several thousand years for the deep-ocean concentration of natural radiocarbon to come to equilibrium with surface fluxes, making it computationally too expensive to routinely simulate it with moderate- to high-resolution ocean models. We present an implicit solver for computing prebomb Δ 14 C that requires the equivalent of only a few tens of model years to reach equilibrium. The solver uses a Newton–Krylov algorithm with a preconditioner based on a coarse-grained annually-averaged tracer-transport operator. Coarse-graining provides a general approach for developing preconditioners for models of increasing resolution. We implemented and tested the solver for the ocean component of the Community Earth System Model (CESM) with a nominal horizontal resolution of 1 ° × 1 ° and with 60 vertical levels. Simulated Δ 14 C values are in good agreement with observations at the surface and in the North Atlantic, but the deep North Pacific simulated values show a substantial bias, with prebomb radiocarbon Δ 14 C values translating to ages that are twice the observationally based estimate. This bias is substantially larger than published simulations obtained with coarser resolution models, suggesting that increasing model resolution does not automatically improve the fidelity of the deep ocean ventilation processes. We therefore recommend that natural Δ 14 C be used as a deep-ocean ventilation metric for critically evaluating deep ocean circulation.
Concomitant Septal Myectomy at the Time of Aortic Valve Replacement for Severe Aortic Stenosis

Background Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction may be unmasked after a successful aortic valve replacement (AVR) for severe aortic stenosis in the setting of asymmetrical basal septal hypertrophy (ABSH). The quantitative assessment of the obstructive potential of ABSH adjacent to a severely stenotic valve can be challenging. We reviewed our experience with patients who underwent concomitant septal myectomy at the time of AVR for severe aortic stenosis. Methods During the 10-year period ending January 2009, 3,523 patients underwent AVR for the primary indication of severe aortic stenosis. Forty-seven of these patients underwent concomitant septal myectomy. Preoperative and postoperative echocardiograms, operative data, hospital course, morbidity, and mortality were assessed. Results The mean age of the group was 73 ± 11 years. The mean aortic valve area was 0.74 cm 2 preoperatively. On preoperative transthoracic echocardiography, only 28% of the patients were considered to be at risk for possible left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. The mean left ventricular mass index decreased from 113.7 ± 24.3 g preoperatively to 90.0 ± 17.2 g at 1 year after the surgery ( p Conclusions A quantitative assessment of the obstructive ABSH in the setting of severe aortic stenosis may be difficult preoperatively. Surgeons should inspect left ventricular outflow tract for possible obstructive ABSH at the time of AVR. Concomitant myectomy is a safe and effective procedure without additional complications and should be considered for patients with a preoperative or intraoperative diagnosis of ABSH even though dynamic obstruction was not demonstrated.
The minimum weight dominating set problem for permutation graphs is in NC

In this paper, we show that the problem of finding a minimum weight dominating set in a permutation graph, where a positive weight is assigned to each vertex, is in NC by presenting an O(log n) parallel algorithm with polynomially many processors on the CRCW model.
Ternary gas-phase plutonium oxide cluster ions, MXPuYOZ+: exploring the oxidation behavior of Pu

Abstract Fundamental aspects of the oxidation chemistry of plutonium have been explored by investigating small ternary oxide clusters, M a X Pu Y O Z + , where X + Y ≤3 and 1≤ Z ≤7. The metals, M a , that were combined with plutonium to synthesize oxide cluster ions were cerium, lanthanum, uranium, strontium, and zirconium. The compositions and abundances of the clusters formed are interpreted in the context of the relative oxidation state stabilities of the constituent metals, and comparison is made between the gas-phase clusters and solid state oxides. Plutonium combined readily with cerium and uranium to form ternary oxide clusters; this reflects the redox compatibility of plutonium with these two elements and is reminiscent of their solid state behaviors. Although smaller quantities of La X Pu Y O Z + , Sr X Pu Y O Z + , and Zr X Pu Y O Z + clusters were formed, their compositions and abundances revealed the relative redox characteristics of the metal pairs, La/Pu, Sr/Pu and Zr/Pu. It was possible to assign confidently oxidation states to the component metals for several oxide clusters. Our results demonstrate the value of elementary clusters for elucidating plutonium chemistry, and extending the fundamental understanding of the chemical nature of its materials chemistry.
Lake-Land Precipitation Relationships Using Northern Lake Michigan Data

Abstract Data from a network of recording precipitation gages, operated over a 5-year period on islands in Lake Michigan, provides the basis for the first monthly analysis of the relationship of lake to land precipitation conducted on the Great Lakes. Wide monthly fluctuations in lake to land relationships, previously masked by seasonal analysis using storage gages, are shown. An examination of the significance of the findings indicates that all but the largest differences are not statistically significant and that even the largest lake-land differences could possibly be attributed to gage errors.
Hindrance of solute diffusion within membranes as measured with microporous membranes of known pore geometry.

Abstract 1. 1. Mica sheets were made into membranes by a process of bombardment with fission fragments from a U235 source and subsequent etching with hydrofluoric acid. Pores formed by this process were essentially straight through the membrane, extremely uniform in size and elliptical in cross-section. On eight of these membranes, with pore radii ranging from 45 to 300 A, air flow, water flow, and diffusion rates for a graded series of 7 solutes were measured. From measurements of the diffusion rate of mostly non-electrolytes, with radii between 2.5 and 22.5 A, the true hindrance effect on diffusion within pores was determined. 2. 2. Restriction of diffusion for even relatively small solutes is a very significant effect and can be adequately described by the Renkin equation D m / D 0 = (1−R s /R p 2 ×(1−2.104 R s /R p + 2.09 (R s /R p −0.95 (R s /R p ) 5 ) for membranes which have well-defined, straight through pores, where D m / D 0 is the ratio of solute diffusivity in the membrane to that in free solution, and Rs/Rp is the ratio of solute radius to pore radius. An approximation to the Renkin equation, D m / D 0 = (1−R s /R p ) 4 , which is much simpler to use, correlates as well with the data in the range 0 3. 3. Water flow under small pressure drops is well described by the assumption of Poiseuille flow for this range of pore diameters, and therefore no effects due to “anomalous” water were apparent. 4. 4. In most membrane operations there is a considerable resistance to diffusion due to the presence of a liquid film boundary layer along the surface of the membrane. This boundary layer resistance was not inversely proportional to the solute diffusivity as has often been assumed in the “unstirred layer” theory, but instead was found under these experimental conditions to be proportional to the −0.6 power of the solute diffusivity. 5. 5. Boundary layer diffusion resistances were obtained by two independent methods: an electrochemical polarographic method and a membrane substitution method using membranes of known permeability to calibrate the diffusion cell. 6. 6. Heteroporous membranes do not differ from isoporous membranes very much in regard to the relative hindrance of solute molecules, as long as the ratio of solute radius to mean pore radius is less than 0.2. For larger solute molecules, heteroporous membranes become increasingly less effective in hindering diffusion rates through the membrane.
The production and electrical characterization of free-standing cubic single-crystal Si nanoparticles

This paper reviews processes to synthesize single-crystal silicon nanoparticles in an aerosol, then deposit the particles on the wafer to characterize the materials and build devices. By using plasma for particle formation, particle charge can be used to prevent particle agglomeration. This low-temperature process for constructing electronic devices never exposes the substrate to the very high temperature needed to form the single crystals.
Utility of Chemoresponse Assay in Patients Undergoing Cytoreductive Surgery Plus Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy

Our aim was to evaluate the utility of in vitro drug sensitivity testing in patients with peritoneal surface malignancies undergoing cytoreductive surgery (CRS) plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). We found data for 27 patients who underwent CRS plus HIPEC from September 2009 to May 2012 and whose tumors were submitted for in vitro drug sensitivity (ChemoFx®). Intraperitoneal chemotherapy agents included mitomycin C, cisplatin + doxorubicin, or cisplatin alone. There were 12 (44.4 %) appendiceal adenocarcinomas, 5 (18.5 %) colon cancers, 4 (14.8 %) sarcomas, 3 (11.1 %) ovarian cancers, 2 (7.4 %) mesotheliomas, and one (3.7 %) gastric cancer. In all, 15 patients (55.5 %) underwent complete cytoreduction (CC ≤ 1). Seventeen tumors (63 %) displayed in vitro sensitivity to the agents used. Mean overall (OS) and progression-free (PFS) survivals for the entire group were 34.4 ± 4.5 months (median 41 months) and 12.5 ± 2.1 months (median 8 months), respectively. There were no significant differences in OS and PFS for patients whose tumors displayed in vitro drug sensitivity versus those whose tumors did not (p = 0.101 and p = 0.403, respectively). These results also did not differ when evaluating only the patients who underwent complete cytoreduction. In vitro, the drug sensitivity did not correlate with primary tumor pathology or preoperative systemic chemotherapy administration. In vitro drug sensitivity correlated with the drug used at the time of HIPEC (p = 0.003). None of the tumors tested showed in vitro sensitivity to cisplatin and/or doxorubicin. Eight nonresponsive tumors, however, showed in vitro activity to other agents. Data indicate a high rate of in vitro resistance to the intraperitoneal chemotherapeutic agents used. In vitro drug sensitivity is not useful in patients undergoing CRS plus HIPEC.
Incidence of Musculoskeletal and Neoplastic Diseases in Patients on Statin Therapy: Results of a Retrospective Cohort Analysis

Abstract Background Because of their beneficial cardiovascular effects, several studies have recently advocated starting statins at a young age for primary prevention. However, some reports suggest that statin therapy may be associated with an increased incidence of musculoskeletal and neoplastic diseases. This study was conducted to investigate the incidence of various musculoskeletal and neoplastic diseases in statin users and nonusers. Methods A retrospective cohort study of patients in the San Antonio Military Multi-Service Market during the period from October 1, 2003, to March 5, 2010, was conducted. The International Classification of Diseases , 9th edition, diagnosis codes between 2 cohort groups—statin users and nonusers—were compared. Statin users were those patients with at least one 3-month prescription for a statin in the fiscal year 2004. Nonusers were those patients who received a prescription—but not a statin—during the period of the study. Both groups were assessed for the development of musculoskeletal and neoplastic diseases in the following 4-year period (October 1, 2004, to September 30, 2009). Results A total of 92,360 patients were identified: 12,980 statin users and 45,997 nonusers. After adjusting for age, sex and Charlson comorbidity index, statin users had significantly higher rates of osteoarthritis and arthropathy (odds ratio: 1.26; 95% confidence interval: 1.19–1.33), and dorsopathies, rheumatism and chondropathies (odds ratio: 1.20; 95% confidence interval: 1.12–1.27). Conclusions In this retrospective analysis, statin use was associated with an increased incidence of musculoskeletal diseases, including arthropathy. Further studies are needed to provide physicians and their patients with adequate information regarding statin therapy, particularly if recommended for primary prevention in younger populations.
Two-dimensional ultrasound detection with unfocused frequency-randomized signals

A method is described for detecting scattering in two-dimensions using an unfocused ultrasound field created from a continuously driven source array. The frequency of each element on the array is unique, resulting in a field that is highly variant as a function of both time and position. The scattered signal is then received by a single receiving line. The method, as currently written, is valid under the first order Born approximation. To demonstrate the approach, a series of simulations within the frequency range of 0.10–1.25MHz are performed and compared with a simulated B-Scan in the same frequency range. The method is found to be superior in resolving closely spaced objects, discerning 1.4mm separation in the radial and 0.5-mm separation in the axial direction. The method was also better able to determine object size, resolving scatters less than 10% of wavelength associated with the center frequency.
Analysis of formation of the Odessa crater

The impact of the meteorite that formed the Odessa crater is examined in this numerical study. Extensive information collected from excavation of the site has made it possible to use the Odessa crater as a code validation test, to the extent that a calculated impact can produce equivalent cavity dimensions and stratification. In addition, the calculations can be used to provide a better estimate of velocity and trajectory of the meteorite at impact. The initial set of simulations performed in this study suggests that original estimates of the impact conditions may not have been sufficient to produce a crater of the size and shape known from the Odessa site. Supplemental analysis was performed and suggested that the meteor impacted at a much larger obliquity angle and may have been much larger than originally speculated. Details of the analysis leading to these observations are presented.
Activated carbon adsorption capacities for vapors

Abstract It is sometimes desirable to estimate the adsorption capacity of an activated carbon bed for a chemical vapor at a selected concentration. The laboratory measurement of such a capacity (one point on an adsorption isotherm) may be hindered due to toxicity, availability, cost, time, etc. Therefore, an adsorption isotherm equation with general parameters based on physical properties of the adsorbate would be very useful. Equilibrium adsorption isotherm data and affinity coefficients for wide varieties of vapors and activated carbon have been collected from reports and publications. The Dubinin/ Radushkevich equation was used for a correlation of these data based on readily available molar polarizations. The correlations for 123 affinity coefficients and 1350 adsorption capacities resulted in standard deviations of 0.18 and 0.029 g/g, respectively.
Studies on the biosynthesis of thiarubrine a in hairy root cultures of Ambrosia artemisiifolia using 13C-labelled acetates

Abstract The 13C NMR spectra of thiarubrine A and B have been completely assigned. In a biosynthetic study using hairy root cultures of Ambrosia artemisiifolia, the 13C NMR spectra of thiarubrine A labelled by incorporation of [1-13C]-, [2-13C]- and [1,2-13C2]-acetate showed patterns of enrichment consistent with a biosynthetic pathway in which the 13-carbon 1,2-dithiin arises from a longer-chain precursor, most likely a 14-carbon homologue, by carbon-carbon scission.
Test Gas Vitiation Effects in a Dual-Mode Scramjet Combustor

An experimental study was conducted to characterize the influence of combustion air preheater major vitiate species (H 2 O and CO 2 ) on scramjet combustion. These species were added to an initially clean airflow that was supplied by an electrically heated facility. With dry air, the scramjet combustor operated in the supersonic mode at an equivalence ratio in the range of 0.25-0.32 and transitioned to dual mode over an equivalence ratio range of 0.35-0.37. At an equivalence ratio of 0.27, the combustor operated in the supersonic mode for three cases: 1) dry air, 2) air vitiated with 5% H 2 O by mole, and 3) air vitiated with 5% H 2 O and 2.5% CO 2 by mole. In the second case, the combustor pressure distribution decreased 10% relative to dry air and, in the third case, another 2% decrease was measured. At an equivalence ratio of 0.35, the combustor operated in the dual mode with dry air, but in the supersonic mode with 7 % H 2 O. This is the first demonstration of mode transition solely caused by test gas vitiation. It is therefore important to account for such effects when extrapolating from vitiated ground testing to flight.
Crackles in interstitial lung disease : comparison of sarcoidosis and fibrosing alveolitis

Study Objective Determine why crackles on chest auscultation are characteristic of most interstitial lung diseases, but may not be heard in sarcoidosis. Design All patients with sarcoidosis or cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis seen during a four-week period were studied. In a second study to relate ausculatory findings to anatomy, patients with fibrotic changes on their chest roentgenogram were studied. Setting Patients were recruited from outpatient clinics. Patients In the first part, all patients seen over the course of one month were studied. In the second study, patients with pulmonary fibrosis seen on chest roentgenograms were studied. Interventions For the first study, two independent observers performed auscultation on five sites for crackles and reviewed four roentgenogram quadrants for changes. For the second study, patients underwent VC measurements, auscultation, and high resolution computer tomography scans. Measurements and Results For the first study, crackles were noted at >2 sites in all 11 CFA patients, but only one of 17 SARC patients (p 2 quadrants in nine of 11 CFA patients and eight of 17 SARC patients (p = ns). In the second study, the VC was similar in the two groups: SARC: 1.96±.90 L (means±SD), 58±20.4 percent predicted; CFA: 1.81 ±.33 L, 59 ± 9.2 percent predicted). Only two of 14 SARC patients had crackles in >1 area, while all 14 CFA patients had crackles at >2 sites. The HRCT studies were read by a radiologist unaware of the diagnosis. The presence and degree (0 to 3 scale) of subpleural and peribronchial fibrosis were scored. Twelve SARC patients had peribronchial changes (mean score 1.9 ±1.08), while only eight had subpleural fibrosis (mean score .6±.52). There was a significantly different pattern in the CFA patients, where eight had peribronchial fibrosis (mean score = .9±.78, p Conclusion We conclude that crackles are more frequent in fibrosing alveolitis than in sarcoidosis; this difference may be due to the distribution of parenchymal fibrosis.
A Search for V 0 Particles Produced by 450-Mev Protons

A search was made for high energy gamma-rays originating in vacuum close to a target bombarded by 450-Mev protons. The absence of a significant number of such gammas indicates that the cross section per nucleon is less than 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}33}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ for production of unstable particles which decay into ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ with a lifetime \ensuremath{\sim}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ sec.
A small sample Monte Carlo study of four system reliability bounds

Abstract Four theoretical methods providing approximations to total system reliability bounds from subsystem test data are compared through a Monte Carlo study. The system bounds in question, Kraemer, El Mawazini-Buehler, Grubbs and Mann-Grubbs, are valid asymptotically, i.e. when the number of failures observed is large. However, their small sample properties, and the closed forms of their small sample distributions, are unknown. In practice, when a system cannot be tested as a whole, the number of observed failures may be small. Hence, the practical importance for the study of the small sample properties of these bounds. Lacking this information, we perform a numerical study of these small sample properties, as well as a comparison of the bounds.
The Effect of Oxygen on Biochemical Networks and the Evolution of Complex Life

The evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis and ensuing oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere represent a major transition in the history of life. Although many organisms retreated to anoxic environments, others evolved to use oxygen as a high-potential redox couple while concomitantly mitigating its toxicity. To understand the changes in biochemistry and enzymology that accompanied adaptation to O2, we integrated network analysis with information on enzyme evolution to infer how oxygen availability changed the architecture of metabolic networks. Our analysis revealed the existence of four discrete groups of networks of increasing complexity, with transitions between groups being contingent on the presence of key metabolites, including molecular oxygen, which was required for transition into the largest networks.
Rebates: An Ethical Issue?

Rebates are a form of sales promotions that have seen increased use over the past few years, with the difficulty in compliance increasing over time. To avoid fraudulent rebate claims, manufacturers have established such stringent rebate requirements that many consumers are unable to satisfy them and realize the rebate. The issue has become one of ethics in that manufacturers are aware of these difficulties, and are relieved of their obligation concerning the offer. This paper analyzes the actions of manufacturers according to the ethical framework put forth by Laczniak (1983) and makes recommendations for change if rebates are to enjoy continued use free of regulation. Further, the impact of rebate offers on the lower classes is explored. It is postulated that the less sophisticated shoppers will be more affected by the requirements of rebates and the difficulties associated with compliance than the better informed shopper.
Energy efficiency comparison of nanowire heterojunction TFET and Si MOSFET at L g =13nm, including P-TFET and variation considerations

Reducing supply voltage (Vdd) while keeping leakage current low is critical for minimizing energy consumption and improving mobile device battery life. The thermal limit of MOSFET subthreshold slope (SS) restricts lowering threshold voltage (Vt), causing significant performance degradation at low Vdd. A Tunneling Field Effect Transistor (TFET) is not limited by this thermal tail and may perform better at low Vdd [1,2]. In this paper, a leading N-TFET option - GaSb/InAs heterojunction - is atomistically modeled [3,4] and circuit simulation models are developed to predict 64% average energy savings against Si CMOS at Lg=13nm for a nanowire. Energy savings diminish to 21% without a good P-TFET option. Both MOSFET and TFET device variations are dominated by work-function variation, and TFET energy savings are slightly reduced when variations are considered.
ECCU Business Cycles: Impact of the U.S.

With a fixed peg to the U.S. dollar for more than three decades, the tourism-dependent Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU) countries share a close economic relationship with the U.S. This paper analyzes the impact of the United States on ECCU business cycles and identifies possible transmission channels. Using two different approaches (the common trends and common cycles approach of Vahid and Engle (1993) and the standard VAR analysis), it finds that the ECCU economies are very sensitive to both temporary and permanent movements in the U.S. economy and that such linkages have strengthened over time. There is, however, less clear-cut evidence on the transmission channels. United States monetary policy does not appear to be an important channel of influence, while tourism is important for only one ECCU country.
Some Thoughts Regarding the Sensitivity of t to Error in Estimated Within-Group Variance

A. J. Riopelle (2003) has eloquently demonstrated that the null hypothesis assessed by the t test involves not only mean differences but also error in the estimation of the within-group standard deviation, s. He is correct in his conclusion that the precision of the interpretation of a significant t and the null hypothesis tested is complex, particularly when sample sizes are small. In this article, the author expands on Riopelle's thoughts by comparing t with some equivalent or closely related tests that make the reliance of t on the accurate estimation of error perhaps more salient and by providing a simulation that may address more directly the magnitude of the interpretational problem.
Base-station Location Anonymity and Security Technique (BLAST) for Wireless Sensor Networks

To ensure the uninterrupted usage in a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), it is important to preserve the location privacy of sensor nodes. In this paper, we propose a novel technique of protecting the location privacy of the base station in a WSN. Many techniques have been proposed to protect the source in WSNs and relatively fewer techniques exist to protect the base station. Our technique, which we call BLAST is aimed at protecting the base station from both Packet Tracing and Traffic Analysis attacks with equal importance to the delay and energy consumption. It also provides reasonable privacy against a Global attacker. The core idea is to vary the transmission range of a set of selected sensors around the base to confuse the attacker. Through this technique, we are able to create a set of fake base stations which cannot be identified even by a strong Global attacker who can hear all the transmissions.
Ab initio study of 4‐monosubstituted pyrimidines in ground and excited n → π* states

Ab initioSCF and SCF-CI calculations have been performed to investigate substituent effects on ground- and excited-state properties of 4-R-pyrimidines, and to compare these with substituent effects in 2- and 4-R-pyridines, with R including the π donating and σ withdrawing groups CH3, NH2, OH, F, and C2H3 and the σ and π electron-withdrawing groups CHO and CN. Substitution leads to significant changes in the internal angles of the pyrimidine ring, which are independent of the nature of the substituent. The geometry of the pyrimidine ring is more sensitive to substitution in the 4 position than the pyridine ring geometry is to substitution in either the 2 or the 4 position. The isodesmic reaction energies for substituent transfer from the 4 position of pyrimidine to the 2 or 4 position of pyridine indicate that all R groups except CN have a relative stabilizing effect in pyrimidine. The presence of a π donating group leads to an increase in the n→π* transition energy of 4-R-pyrimidines, while the π withdrawing group CN leads to a decrease in the transition energy relative to pyrimidine. Orbital energy differences and virtual excitation energies tend to correlate with n→π* transition energies of 4-R-pyrimidines with saturated R groups, but such correlations are masked by π conjugation, n orbital interaction, and configurational mixing when the unsaturated groups C2H3, CHO, and CN are present. The electronic effects of a π donating group are stronger when the group is bonded to pyrimidine than to pyridine, but those of a π withdrawing group are weaker when the group is bonded to pyrimidine.
Results on the spectrum and composition of cosmic rays from the IceTop air shower array of the IceCube Observatory

We report on measurements of the energy spectrum and mass composition of cosmic rays above 1 PeV with the data taken during the construction phase of the IceTop and IceCube detectors. We discuss our current systematics and observation of a structure in the energy spectrum above 20 PeV where the mass composition gets heavier than iron nuclei.
The Reemergence of the Venezuelan Armed Forces as a Political Actor

Abstract On the evening of 11 April 2002, the third day of a general strike, the Venezuelan armed forces rebelled against their president, Hugo Chavez Frias. Reacting to the bloody outcome of clashes between pro- and antigovernment demonstrators near the presidential palace, the commander of the Army, General Efraim Vasquez Velasco, announced in a nationally televised address that he would no longer obey presidential orders. General Vasquez accused Hugo Chavez of preparing widespread repression of antigovernment strikers and demonstrators and he ordered military units under his command to disregard further government orders and remain confined to base. High-ranking generals and admirals soon followed Vasquez onto the airwaves, expressing their solidarity with his position and their refusal to support President Chavez. In the early hours of 12 April 2002, the senior military officer in the Venezuelan armed forces, General Lucas Rincon Romero, announced the resignation of President Chavez and the formation ...
Trends in montane grasslands in Snowdonia, expressed in terms of "relative entropy".

BETWEEN 1957 and 1960 a series of experiments was set up at four sites in Snowdonia, North Wales, to study the influence of sheep grazing on two widely distributed plant communities characterized by the dominance within them of Nardus stricta (on soils of peaty podsol/peaty gley character), and Agrostis tennis and Festuca ovina (on soils of brown earth character), respectively. Some of the experiments were established by M. J. Chadwick1. The experimental sites cover an altitude range of 1,300–3,000 feet O.D. (396–914 m) and, at each site, three treatments are set out in a randomized design incorporating four replicates per treatment. The experimental treatments were: (i) Normal grazing: open to the sheep from the surrounding mountain pastures (most of the breeding ewes and yearling sheep are removed from the mountain in winter); (ii) winter protection from grazing: the plots were protected by fencing from October to April each year; normal grazing took place during the summer; (iii) no grazing; the plots were ungrazed throughout the period of the experiment. (The approximate densities of the sheep populations grazing the experimental plots, expressed in ewe units/acre (hectares), are set out in Tables 1 and 2.)
Gender differences in perceptions of emotionality: The case of close heterosexual relationships

Previous research suggests some support for the stereotype that women are the more emotional gender, but very little research has examined whether women are more emotional than men in the context of close relationships. We examined gender differences in reports of emotions experienced and expressed in close heterosexual relationships. A sample of 197 couples (at different stages of relationship involvement), most of whom were white and from middle-class backgrounds, responded to a list of 25 positive and negative emotions three times. Participants indicated how often they experienced the emotions, how often they expressed the emotions, and how often they believed their partner experienced the emotions (all in the past month). Women reported experiencing several emotions to a greater frequency than men, regardless of degree of relationship involvement. Further, women reported being more emotionally expressive than men in dating and more advanced (e.g., engaged) relationships, but not in marital relationships. Finally, women believed that they were generally more emotional than men, whereas men believed that women were more emotional in the experience of negative but not positive emotions. The results were generally consistent with the stereotype that females are the more emotional gender.
Emergency centre management of paediatric diarrhoea: An overview

Abstract The worldwide burden of diarrhoeal disease results in 1.5 million deaths annually in children under the age of five. Emergency physicians are often the primary medical provider to care for these children, so a firm understanding of diarrhoeal aetiology, microbiology, risk stratification, and treatment options is crucial. By using a focused history and physical exam with appropriately targeted serum investigations and imaging studies, children may be accurately assessed for degree of dehydration. Ultrasound imaging in particular is emerging as a rapid and reliable tool for this purpose. While oral rehydration remains essential first-line treatment, more severe presentations warrant use of intravenous crystalloid for the correction of fluid deficit. A focus on proper patient disposition and discharge instructions is also critical for prevention of further morbidity and to prevent unnecessary emergency centre returns. This overview of recent literature provides the emergency physician with a basic understanding of the evidence supporting management of paediatric diarrhoea.
Response to Comments on "Efficient Photochemical Water Splitting by a Chemically Modified n-TiO2"

We do not disagree with the contention in the comment by Fujishima ( [1][1] ) that we should have cited the work of Fujishima et al . ( [2][2] ) in which titanium oxide was made by flame oxidation, a common method used both in our work ( [3][3] ) and that of other authors. However, the Fujishima et
Nuclease mapping of the secondary structure of the 49-nucleotide 3' terminal cloacin fragment of Escherichia coli 16S RNA and its interactions with initiation factor 3

Abstract Escherichia coli translational initiation factor 3 (IF3) may be crosslinked to the 3' end of 16S RNA in 30S ribosomal subunits. In order to determine the sequence to which IF3 may bind in vivo, samples of 5'-32P labelled 3' terminal 49-nucleotide fragment of 16S RNA were incubated 5 min. at 37 degrees in 40 mM Tris-HOAc, pH 7.4, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM Mg (OAc)2, 1 mM ZnSO4, with or without IF3, then reacted a further 5 min with nuclease S1, RNase T1, or RNase A. Base pairing between the 5' and 3' legs of the fragment occurs in the absence of IF3, but is disrupted by IF3 binding. IF3 appears to protect some residues near the 5' end of the fragment (U1495, A1499, A1500, A1502, and A1503) from nuclease S1, and potentiates S1 attack on others (G1494, G1497, C1501, G1504, G1505, U1506, G1517, G1529, G1530, and C1533). A series of equimolar reactions at increasing dilution imply an association constant range of 1.4-7.0 X 10(7) M-1.
Prosopagnosia: A clinicopathological study

Two cases of prosopagnosia (failure to recognize faces) are presented, together with the autopsy findings. Only 7 other cases of prosopagnosia caused by pathologically verified occlusive vascular lesions have been described. All the patients had significant bilateral lesions of the cerebral hemispheres, at least one being in the medial-ventral occipital region. In our patients the bilateral lesions were grossly symmetrical in the distribution of the posterior cerebral arteries but with somewhat more extensive involvement on one side. In all reported cases one or both fusiform gyri were destroyed, and there were variably sized lesions in the pericalcarine structures. These findings suggest that the fusiform gyrus functions as a visual association area for the recognition of specific faces.
Autoimmune Hepatitis: A Review of Current Diagnosis and Treatment

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by periportal inflammation, elevated immunoglobulins, autoantibodies, and a dramatic response to immunosuppression. An environmental agent is hypothesized to trigger an immune-mediated attack directed against liver antigens in genetically predisposed individuals. A plethora of clinical presentations can be seen ranging from chronic indolent disease to fulminant hepatic failure, and diagnosis requires exclusion of other causes of liver disease. Corticosteroid therapy must be instituted early and modified in an individualized fashion. Treatment decisions are often complicated by the diverse clinical manifestations, uncertainty about natural history, evolving ideas about treatment end points, and a multitude of alternative immunosuppressive agents. Achieving normal liver tests and tissue is the ideal treatment end point, but needs to be weighed against the risk of side effects. Decompensated patients may benefit from early liver transplantation. Long-term prognosis is excellent with early and aggressive initiation of therapy. Our paper discusses AIH, giving a detailed overview of its clinical presentation, risk factors, immunopathogenesis, up-to-date diagnostic criteria, current updates in therapy with a brief discussion of AIH in pregnancy, and long-term implications for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in AIH patients.
Kinetic Modeling of Oxidation of Antibacterial Agents by Manganese Oxide

Several groups of popular antibacterial agents (i.e., phenols, fluoroquinolones, aromatic N-oxides, and tetracyclines) were demonstrated in earlier studies to be highly susceptible to oxidation by manganese oxides, a common oxidant in soils. However, because of the high complexity, the reaction kinetics were not fully characterized. A mechanism-based kinetic model has now been developed to successfully describe the entire range of kinetic data for a total of 21 compounds of varying structural characteristics (with R2 > 0.93). The model characterizes the reaction kinetics by two independent parameters, the reaction rate constant (k) and total reactive surface sites (Srxn). The model fitting indicates that the reaction kinetics of antibacterials with MnO2 are controlled by either the rate of surface precursor complex formation (for tetracyclines) or by the rate of electron transfer within the precursor complex (for phenols, fluoroquinolones, and aromatic N-oxides). The effect of reactant concentration, pH, ...
Two-photon interference from separate pulses

Abstract Two-photon or biphoton interference has been studied extensively for CW and single pulse pumped spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC). In this paper we examine biphoton interference between amplitudes originating in different pump pulses. This novel effect arises from the coherence of the pump pulses. The interference has a natural interpretation in terms of indistinguishability of various Feynman alternatives.
An adaptive controller for a one-legged mobile robot

An adaptive controller based upon the online minimization of a performance criterion is described. The adaptive controller is used to improve the performance of a one-legged mobile robot, removing problems experienced with previous controllers. Specifically, this controller eliminates the problem of a bias in the forward velocity experienced with the nonadaptive controller and, at the same time, provides the flexibility required to allow a dynamically stabilized legged machine to perform satisfactorily under the widely varying conditions that exist in the real world. The performance of several minimization algorithms is analyzed, and the adaptive step size random search algorithm is selected. Finally, a series of experiments illustrating the ability of the adaptive controller to handle a changing environment is presented. >
The Science Transfer Series: Keeping Up-to-Date

Today’s health care provider faces a significant challenge in keeping up-to-date with the burgeoning increase in biomedical information. A simple PubMed search for the term “dental” returned 105,749 references for the decade from 2000 through 2009. Furthermore, the current “half-life” of biomedical knowledge, the time until half the knowledge in a field becomes obsolete or is disproven, is estimated to be only a few years. At these rapid rates of evolution and decay, much of the information learned during dental education could be outdated or superseded within only a few years of entering practice. The practical implications of this situation are suggested by a recent systematic review that concluded, “... physicians who have been in practice for more years and older physicians possess less factual knowledge, are less likely to adhere to appropriate standards of care, and may also have poorer patient outcomes” (1). Over one-half (52%) of the 62 studies reviewed found decreasing performance with increasing years in practice. The problem of keeping up-to-date also has serious implications for dental education, and it looks like dental schools are not keeping up. For example, 23% of U.S. and Canadian dental schools surveyed reported that they continued to endorse occlusal adjustment for the prevention and/or treatment of temporomandibular disorders despite opposing conclusions presented in three review articles and a Cochrane systematic review recommending against this approach (2). In this environment, where both practitioners and dental schools are challenged in their efforts to keep up-to-date, new models of education and science transfer must be explored.