cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of the reaction H2O + O →2 2OH in rhyolitic glasses upon cooling: Geospeedometry and comparison with glass transition

Abstract Controlled cooling rate experiments of hydrous rhyolitic glasses have been carried out to examine the relation between the apparent equilibrium temperature of the quenched glass (or the final quenched speciation of molecular H2Om and OH groups), the cooling rate, and the total H2O content (H2Ot). The experimental data are highly reproducible and internally consistent. Original band intensities are used to represent the data. A 523 and A 452 (absorbances of the 523 and 452 mm−1 bands in terms of peak height per mm sample thickness) are used as proxy for H2Om and OH, respectively. Q′ A 452 2 / A 523 ) is used as proxy for the equilibrium constant of the reaction. For a given cooling rate, 1n Q′ and 1n [ A 523 + A 452 ] are linearly related. When combined with air-quenched and water-quenched experiments reported by Silver et al. (1990), an abrupt change in slope is apparent. The experimental results provide a geospeedometer to calculate quench rates of natural hydrous rhyolitic glasses. The apparent equilibrium temperature for the reaction is roughly the same as the viscosity-defined glass transition temperature. An approximate reaction rate law for the reaction has been inferred.
Sedimentation equilibrium studies of human chymotrypsin II and bovine δ-chymotrypsin

Abstract Sedimentation equilibrium experiments indicate that neither human chymotrypsin II nor bovine δ-chymotrypsin molecules undergo association in the pH range 3–5 where dimerization occurs with α-chymotrypsin. The weight-average molecular weights of human chymotrypsin II and δ-chymotrypsin in a pH 4.4 0.1 ionic strength buffer are 26,200 and 26,400, respectively, using the measured partial specific volumes of 0.722 and 0.727 ml/g at 25 °C. Number-average molecular weight calculations also support the presence of monomeric species at this pH. In the pH range 6–7.6 where sedimentation velocity studies have shown that δ-chymotrypsin associates at concentrations above 3 mg/ml, no association was observed for either the human chymotrypsin II or bovine δ-chymotrypsin in the sedimentation equilibrium experiments where protein concentrations were below 1.2 mg/ml. These studies provide additional evidence that human chymotrypsin II is similar to bovine δ-chymotrypsin.
Post‐Flashover compartment fires

Fourteen mathematical models of post-flashover compartment fires are classified on the basis of fourteen principal modeling aspects. Expressions are presented for the potential of fire to spread by destruction and convection. The assessment of the fire resistance requirements for the compartment boundaries is discussed and measures to counter the potential of fires to spread by convection are outlined.
Preparation and characterization of multilayer coated microdroplets: droplet deformation simultaneously probed by atomic force spectroscopy and optical detection.

We report the preparation and characterization of multilayer coated droplets in an emulsion. Stability and control of mass transport across the interface are the key issues for such coated microdroplets. Shelf life of cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food formulations can be improved by increasing stability. Moreover, such emulsions have potential applications in drug delivery and storage. A primary oil-in-water emulsion with caseinate as an emulsifier was prepared. On the basis of attractive electrostatic interactions, polyelectrolytes with opposite charges were added layer by layer. The oil droplets (particle size around 10 μm) were successively coated with casein, pectin, whey proteins, pectin, whey proteins, and pectin. Laser diffraction spectroscopy, particle charge measurements, and confocal laser scanning microscopy were applied to characterize the multilayer droplets. The complementary results indicate that the inner layers merge and the packing density of the interface increases. AFM-induced mechani...
An Apparatus and Methodology for Predicting the Dustiness of Materials

A bench-scale, impact-type chamber was developed to measure the “dustiness” of a variety of finely divided solid materials. The design of the chamber incorporates a 0.27-L container with a rotation rate of 0.8 rpm from which solids are poured onto a solid surface 25 cm below. Suspended particulate matter is collected on a 47-mm glass fiber filter sampler in the chamber lid which draws air through side vents at an 8.3-L/min sampling rate. The measure of dustiness is the mass of suspended particulate material collected during a 10-min period beginning just before the pouring, divided by the total mass dropped in the chamber. A total of 36 tests of 14 solids were performed in the dustiness chamber. These test materials consisted of inorganics, carbonaceous substances, and dyes. All of the test materials were characterized for the physical properties which might affect dustiness potential. These included bulk density, particle-size distribution, moisture content, and angle of repose. Both dried and humidified...
A conceptual framework for pulmonary function testing

Pulmonary function (PF) testing is traditionally depicted as a sequence of separate activities in which a “test” is performed producing “results” which are subsequently “interpreted.” An alternative view of PF testing is presented which identifies two problems that must be solved: an inductive problem and a deductive problem. Solving the inductive problem yields two sets of models both of which are needed for the solution of the deductive problem. One set of models, called physiology models, describes physical processes in the respiratory system. The second set, termed pathology models, relates parameters of the physiology models and clinical measures to functional status category, treatment and prognosis. A key component of the deductive problem is the PF test, itself, which is the test of the hypothesis that a subject belongs to a particular functional category specified by a given pathology model. Since this hypothesis is formulated before pulmonary function (physiology model) parameters are evaluated, knowledge of the implications (interpretation) of any observed parameter values (results) is an integral part of the “test” and therefore must be understood before “results” are obtained. Even though this framework is described in the context of PF testing, it can be applied to medical decision making in general.
Surface topography of the Bacillus stearothermophilus ribosome.

The surface topography of the intact 70S ribosome and free 30S and 50S subunits from Bacillus stearothermophilus strain 2184 was investigated by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was employed to separate ribosomal proteins for analysis of their reactivity. Free 50S subunits incorporated about 18% more 125I than did 50S subunits derived from 70S ribosomes, whereas free 30S subunits and 30S subunits derived from 70S ribosomes incorporated similar amounts of 125I. Iodinated 70S ribosomes and subunits retained 62–78% of the protein synthesis activity of untreated particles and sedimentation profiles showed no gross conformational changes due to iodination. The proteins most reactive to enzymatic iodination were S4, S7, S10 and Sa of the small subunit and L2, L4, L5/9, L6 and L36 of the large subunit. Proteins S2, S3, S7, S13, Sa, L5/9, L10, L11 and L24/25 were labeled substantially more in the free subunits than in the 70S ribosome. Other proteins, including S5, S9, S12, S15/16, S18 and L36 were more extensively iodinated in the 70S ribosome than in the free subunits. The locations of tyrosine residues in some homologus ribosomal proteins from B. stearothermophilus and E. coli are compared.
Gender issues in the neurobiology of epilepsy: A clinical perspective

A patient's hormonal milieu contributes to the timing of emergence of several epilepsy syndromes that are known to begin at puberty and recede with the end of reproductive potential. One's hormonal balance at any particular moment contributes to seizure occurrence in both men and women. The best studied condition, catamenial epilepsy, refers to seizure clusters occurring in a cyclical pattern related to menses. Treatment of epilepsy using hormones complements standard antiepileptic therapy and its use will be reviewed, along with some other medications unique to catamenial epilepsy, such as diuretics.Seizures and “silent” epileptiform discharges in turn affect the hypothalamic pituitary axis and can cause release of hormones at inappropriate times leading to sexual dysfunction, menstrual irregularity, infertility and premature termination of reproductive states. Combined with psychological consequences of epilepsy, this sexual dysfunction has deleterious effects on the quality of life in patients and their partners.
An algorithm for the optimization of kubelka‐munk absorption and scattering coefficients

A new approach to the calculation of Kubelka-Munk absorption and scattering coefficients based on linear-leastsquares techniques is proposed. This algorithm characterizes colorants by determining the coefficients from typical mixtures. Several advantages are gained over traditional methods: Absorption and scattering can be determined without use of primary binary mixtures by using production-mixture history; colorants are characterized in the same manner in which they are used; and the approach is quite flexible in terms of manipulating the calculation.
Stabilization Policies and Agricultural Impacts in Developing Countries: The Case of Bolivia

This research examines the success of stabilization policies to control hyperinflation in Bolivia. Money demand functions for the hyperinflation and stabilization periods were econometrically estimated and statistically tested. We conclude that the demand for money in Bolivia changed after stabilization policies were implemented, indicating that the new government’s objectives were met. Stabilization policies resulted in real economic growth for Bolivia’s economy, including its agricultural sector, where agricultural export shares increased tenfold as stabilization policies corrected overvalued exchange rates.
Body weight loss as a measure of motivation in thirsty guinea pigs

Guinea pigs deprived of water reduce their food intake and lose weight rapidly. Bar pressing for water over the course of this weight loss is a linear log log function of percent body weight loss. Experience was found to have no effect on body weight loss but to affect the rate of bar pressing.
Chrysoperla carnea predation on Heliothis virescens larvae parasitized by Microplitis croceipes

Predation by third instar larvae of Chrysoperla (=Chrysopa) carnea (Stephens) (Chrysopidae) did not alter the ratio of unparasitized Heliothis virescens (F.) (Noctuidae) larvae to H. virescens larvae parasitized by Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (Braconidae) when these second instar larvae were exposed together to the predator on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., Malvaceae) in field cages. This indicates that C. carnea larvae did not prefer either parasitized or unparasitized larvae. RESUME Predation par Chrysopa carnea des chenilles d'Heliothis virescens parasitees par Microplitis croceipes Les predations de chenilles d'Heliothis virescens, parasitees ou saines, elevees sur coton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), de la variete Stoneville 213, ont ete comparees, dans des cages de 10 m2 chacune placees dans la nature. Des chenilles du second stade ont ete placees sur des pieds de coton dans 10 cages, a raison de 160 chenilles prealablement exposees a M. croceipes pendant leur premier stade et 40 chenilles saines par cage. Des larves du troisieme stade de Chrysopa carnea ont ete ajoutees dans 6 cages, a raison de 500/cage, et 4 cages ont servi de temoins pour evaluer les autres causes de mortalite. L'experience a ete repetee 2 fois. Les chenilles d'H. virescens ont ete retirees au bout d'un jour dans une experience et au bout de 2 jours dans l'autre. C. carnea n'a fait aucun choix entre chenilles parasitees ou non; la frequence moyenne de chenilles parasitees n'a pas presente de difference significative entre les cages avec ou sans C. carnea. Qui qu'il en soit, C. carnea a reduit significativement la survie des chenilles d'H. virescens parasitees ou non.
Electron diffraction from elliptical nanotubes

A quantitative method for the structural determination by electron diffraction of nanotubes of elliptical cross-section is developed as a general case while the cylindrical nanotubes are treated as a special class. We found that the chiral indices of a carbon nanotube can always be measured from the electron diffraction pattern regardless if the nanotube is circular or elliptical. An experimental electron diffraction pattern from a partly-deformed carbon nanotube is also analyzed. Assisted with numerical simulations, it is determined that the observed carbon nanotube has chiral indices (15,7) with 8° tilt relative to the horizontal plane and eccentricity of 0.553.
Oxidation of Manganese Ferrite

The oxidation of manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) in air has been studied in the temperature range 750° to 1150°C. Between 1050° and 1150° a homogeneous oxidation takes place, resulting in a spinel phase of a defect type containing up to 10% of the manganese in the trivalent state. At 1050° and below, bixbyite (Mn2O3) and hematite (Fe2O3) are precipitated. The kinetics indicate that initially a diffusion-limited homogeneous reaction takes place, followed by precipitation and grain growth. At lower temperatures, well-defined Widmanstatten precipitates are formed; at higher temperatures, recrystallization alters these precipitates. The oxidation of manganese ferrite can be strongly retarded by a ceramic glaze, offering a practical method of preparing the material by air firing.
Product end-of-life management networks

Interest in product end-of-life management (EoL), from industry, government and academia alike, has grown tremendously in the last decade. Although theoretically promising, relatively few circular production structures are in practice self-sustaining without government intervention. While reuse and recycling activities are usually studied as circular material and process flows, a closer look reveals more complex product end-of-life management networks involving many economic agents. Using the example of cell phones as illustration, we introduce an analytical framework for studying EoL management networks. This framework is part of our ongoing research efforts to better understand the relationship between processes, agents, decisions, and information involved in product EoL management and its resulting environmental and economic performance. We seek to understand how EoL management networks evolve and adapt to regulations and market conditions, and evaluate the resulting changes based on their impact on the economic and environmental performance of reuse and recycling. Understanding how networks of EoL agents and processes evolve and adapt will help to identify, understand, and ultimately remove existing barriers that currently prevent higher rates of collection, reuse, and recycling.
Diffusion via native defects, and the appropriate choice of independent thermodynamic variables in both quasi-equilibrium and nonequilibrium experimental designs

It is often incorrectly assumed that temperature alone defines the equilibrium state of a crystal. However, the Gibbs phase rule shows that the number of independent thermodynamic variables required to define the equilibrium state depends upon the experimental design. In most practical cases, this means that temperature and components of the external phase or phases in proximate contact with the sample will determine the equilibrium state, e.g., the equilibrium native defect concentrations, impurity solubility, etc. If native defect concentrations approach their equilibrium values in a time which is short compared to the time of an experiment, then impurity diffusion can be described well by a thermodynamic model and impurity diffusion is analogous to classic tracer diffusion. If native defect concentrations require a long time to approach their equilibrium values, then diffusivities will exhibit significant time dependence and simple models do not apply. However, multi-phase, multi-component systems generally have several possible equilibrium regions within their phase diagram. Relating the phase diagram to a given experimental design allows one to qualitatively understand how the native defect concentrations change as a crystal in a nonequilibrium state relaxes toward one (of several possible) well-defined equilibrium states. Examples will focus largely on the diffusion of impurities in single crystal GaAs. Evidence will be presented that native defect concentrations can rapidly approach equilibrium in a limited group of experimental designs. We shall show why a description of diffusivity in terms of carrier concentration, a dependent thermodynamic variable, sometimes succeeds but often fails. Examples of commonly used experimental designs, in which there is inadequate control over the independent variables, will demonstrate some large variations in measured diffusivity. An enormous range of reported diffusivities, in GaAs covered by SiO 2 or Si 3 N 4 encapsulant layers, will demonstrate the difficulty and the futility of measuring diffusion when the solid is cut off from the external phases which define the equilibrium state.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NURSE TO POPULATION RATIO AND POPULATION DENSITY: A PILOT STUDY IN A RURAL/FRONTIER STATE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between nurse to population ratio and population density. A secondary analysis was conducted, correlating nurse to population data with county-based population density data. The sample consisted of all 17 counties in the state of Nevada (3 urban, 4 rural and 10 frontier). County nurse to population ratios ranged from 178 to 861 per 100,000 population and population density ranged from 0.3 to 173.9 people per square mile (mean of 39.3). Correlational analysis indicated a significant positive relationship between nurse to population ratio and population density (r = .65 (p <.005). Mean nurse to population ratios were found to be significantly different between frontier (356/100,000), rural (682/100,000), and urban (587/100,000) counties (F = 7.53, p =.006). Not surprisingly, the results indicated that the lowest nurse to population ratios occur in areas with the lowest population density. These findings provide rural and frontier nurses with support in advocating for aggressive strategies to address the nurse to population disparity affecting rural and frontier communities.
Image-directed parathyroidectomy under local anaesthesia in the elderly.

Background: Surgical morbidity and mortality rates are increased in elderly patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of targeted parathyroid operations in patients over the age of 70 years. Methods: Forty patients aged over 70 years underwent targeted parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT). Data were collected prospectively and reviewed retrospectively. Results: There were 33 women and seven men with a mean age of 78 (range 70-92) years, all of whom had symptoms attributable to HPT. A solitary parathyroid adenoma was detected by ultrasonography and/or sestamibi scintigraphy before operation in all patients. Six patients had a history of neck surgery, including two with persistent or recurrent HPT. Thirty-three patients underwent neck exploration under local anaesthesia with intravenous sedation. Following parathyroidectomy, intraoperative parathyroid hormone levels normalized in 39 of 40 patients and accurately predicted postoperative eucalcaemia. Intraoperative findings included 37 solitary adenomas, one double adenoma and two carcinomas. One patient with persistent HPT developed severe hypoparathyroidism following targeted parathyroid exploration with autotransplantation. Twenty-nine patients were discharged from hospital on the day of surgery. Nineteen of 21 patients for whom data were available reported an improvement in symptoms. Conclusion: A focused neck exploration provides a safe and effective alternative to bilateral neck exploration in elderly patients in whom a solitary parathyroid adenoma has been localized before operation. Targeted parathyroidectomy under local anaesthesia is recommended in most elderly patients with HPT.
Petrology and geochemistry of Neoproterozoic volcanic arc terranes beneath the Atlantic Coastal Plain, Savannah River Site, South Carolina

The Piedmont of South Carolina and Georgia is a complex mosaic of exotic terranes of uncertain provenance. Farther south and east, these terranes form the basement beneath several kilometers of Cretaceous and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks, commonly referred to as the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The distribution and geologic history of this hidden crystalline basement can be inferred only on the basis of limited exposures at the margins of the Coastal Plain onlap, aeromagnetic lineaments that define basement trends in the subsurface, and core data from wells that penetrate basement. During the past 40 years, basement cores aggregating more than 6 miles (10,000 m) have been recovered from 57 deep wells at the Department of Energy’s Savannah River Site. These cores provide the only known samples of basement terranes that lie southeast of the Fall Line in central South Carolina. Cores from the 57 deep wells, along with structural trends defined by aeromagnetic lineaments, allow us to define four distinct units within the basement beneath the Coastal Plain: (1) the Crackerneck Metavolcanic Complex (greenstones and felsic
Transform methods for remote sensing environmental monitoring

Transform methods in signal and image processing generally speaking are easy to use and can play a number of useful roles in remote sensing environmental monitoring. Examples are the pollution and forest fire monitoring. Transform methods offer effective procedures to derive the most important information for further processing or human interpretation and to extract important features for pattern classification. Most transform methods are used for image (or signal) enhancement and compression. However other transform methods are available for linear or nonlinear discrimination in the classification problems. In this paper we will examine the major transform methods which are useful for remote sensing especially for environmental monitoring problems. Many challenges to signal processing will be reviewed. Computer results are shown to illustrate some of the methods discussed.
Profiling Gene Expression During the Differentiation and Development of the Murine Embryonic Gonad

The application of microarray technology to the study of mammalian organogenesis can provide greater insights into the steps necessary to elicit a functionally competent tissue. To this end, a temporal profile of gene expression was generated with the purpose of identifying changes in gene expression occurring within the developing male and female embryonic gonad. Gonad tissue was collected from mouse embryos at 11.5, 12.5, 14.5, 16.5, and 18.5 days postcoitum (dpc) and relative steady-state levels of mRNA were determined using the Affymetrix MGU74v2 microarray platform. Statistical analysis produced 3693 transcripts exhibiting differential expression during male and/or female gonad development. At 11.5 dpc, the gonad is morphologically indifferent, but at 12.5 dpc, transitions to a male or female phenotype are discernible by the appearance of testicular cords. A number of genes are expressed during this period and many share similar expression profiles in both sexes. As expected, the expression of two well-known sex determination genes, specifically Sry and Sox9, is unique to the testis. Beyond 12.5 dpc, differential gene expression becomes increasingly evident as the male and female tissue morphologically and physiologically diverges. This is evident by two unique waves of transcriptional activity occurring after 14.5 dpc in the male and female. With this study, a large number of transcripts comprising the murine transcriptome can be examined throughout male and female embryonic gonad development and allow for a more complete description of gonad differentiation and development.
Stability Analysis of Decentralized Cooperative Controls

This paper describes how large-scale decentralized control theory may be used to analyze the stability of multiple cooperative robotic vehicles. Models of cooperation are discussed from a decentralized control system point of view. Whereas decentralized control research in the past has concentrated on using decentralized controllers to partition complex physically interconnected systems, this work uses decentralized methods to connect otherwise independent non-touching robotic vehicles so that they behave in a stable, coordinated fashion. A vector Liapunov method is used to prove stability of two examples: the controlled motion of multiple vehicles along a line and the controlled motion of multiple vehicles in a plane.
Stable Antibiotic Sensitivity Disks

Two methods of preparing sensitivity disks were compared for their effect on disk stability at 25 and 37 C. One method consisted of applying a solution of the antibiotic to blank disks by the conventional procedure; the second method consisted of applying the antibiotic to the disks as a suspension of crystals. Of the four beta-lactam antibiotics that were studied, disks made with suspended crystals were substantially more stable than corresponding disks made by the conventional method. The increased stability is related to the greater chemical stability of the antibiotics in the crystalline versus the amorphous state.
Plastic Torsional Buckling of Cruciform Compression Members

In this paper the plastic torsional buckling of a cruciform column is revisited. The interest in this classical problem resurfaced from a practical application in the area of seismic protection of structures. The theoretical challenges associated with this problem emerge from the “paradoxial” differences between the plastic buckling strength that results from the total deformation and the incremental theories of plasticity. The paper shows that when the flanges of the column are not perfectly straight, the incremental theory of plasticity predicts that at the onset of plastic torsional buckling, the shear stress and the shear strain are related with the tangent shear modulus. The analysis presented herein involves a small-strain theory, examines the column at its slightly deformed configuration, and results are obtained with hand calculations. Experimental evidence supporting the theoretical findings is presented.
Experimental Analysis of Overhead Data Processing To Support Long Range Navigation

Long range navigation by unmanned ground vehicles continues to challenge the robotics community. Efficient navigation requires not only intelligent on-board perception and planning systems, but also the effective use of prior knowledge of the vehicle's environment. This paper describes a system for supporting unmanned ground vehicle navigation through the use of heterogeneous overhead data. Semantic information is obtained through supervised classification, and vehicle mobility is predicted from available geometric data. This approach is demonstrated and validated through over 50 kilometers of autonomous traversal through complex natural environments.
Protein kinase C regulation of P2X3 receptors is unlikely to involve direct receptor phosphorylation.

Abstract P2X receptors (P2XR) act as ligand-gated, cation-selective ion channels. A common characteristic of all seven P2X family members is a conserved consensus sequence for protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated phosphorylation in the intracellular N-terminus of the receptor. Activation of PKC has been shown to enhance currents through P2X 3 R, however the molecular mechanism of this potentiation has not been elucidated. In the present study we show that activation of PKC can enhance adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-mediated Ca 2+ signals ∼ 2.5-fold in a DT-40 3KO cell culture system (P2 receptor null) transiently overexpressing P2X 3 R. ATP-activated cation currents were also directly studied using whole cell patch clamp techniques in HEK-293 cells, a null background for ionotropic P2XR. PKC activation resulted in a ∼ 8.5-fold enhancement of ATP-activated current in HEK-293 cells transfected with P2X 3 R cDNA, but had no effect on currents through either P2X 4 R- or P2X 7 R-transfected cells. P2X 3 R-transfected HEK-293 cells were metabolically labeled with 32 PO 4 − and following treatment with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and subsequent immunoprecipitation, there was no incorporation of 32 PO 4 − in bands corresponding to P2X 3 R. Similarly, in vitro phosphorylation experiments, utilizing purified PKC catalytic subunits failed to establish phosphorylation of either P2X 3 R or P2X 3 R-EGFP. These data indicate that PKC activation can enhance both the Ca 2+ signal as well as the cation current through P2X 3 R, however it appears that the regulation is unlikely to be a result of direct phosphorylation of the receptor.
Older adults' participation in the development of smart environments: An integrated review of the literature

Smart environments are being developed to support older adults aging in place. However, the design contributions of the older users have not been explicated. The purpose of this review of literature was to determine how older adults' ideas are being incorporated into the design of smart environments. Twenty-one research articles, incorporating older adults' preferences into the design and evaluation of smart environments are presented. Although only one study was found that used findings from older adult focus groups in the design and development of their system, the findings indicate that older adults are open to living in technically advanced environments if doing so would improve their quality of life and help them stay in their own homes, and that incorporating older adults ideas about smart environments improve the desirability of smart homes.
Book Review, True Tales for Trying Times: Legal Fables for Today (Bob Rains)

Bob Rains has written a wonderful little book, True Tales for Trying Times: Legal Fables for Today. This review, overflowing with embarrassingly sophomoric humor, explains why you should buy and read True Tales.
I Ruling, Testing and Use of Optical Gratings for High-Resolution Spectroscopy

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the developments in the ruling, testing, and use of high resolution gratings. The chapter focuses on the new use of gratings to obtain resolutions in visible and near ultraviolet domains. This is the domain of high-resolution spectroscopy. The chapter also discusses the principle of interferometric control of a continuously moving carriage and high-resolution gratings in comparison with Fabry–Perot (FP) etalons in spectrometers and spectrographs. Examples are provided to illustrate the respective advantages of photographic spectrographs and photoelectric spectrometers, both of which conserve the remarkable simplicity associated with the use of gratings in high-resolution studies. A replica grating consists of a thin layer of an aluminized plastic resin molecularly adherent to a perfectly flat optical glass blank. Advances in ruling techniques, which should permit further improvements in the blaze of gratings and the speed of ruling, are under intensive study in a number of laboratories, with the help of electron microscopes.
A Covering Not to be Ashamed of & Reconciliation is the Gospel of Christ

The verse reads, 'ως οτι θeος ην eν Χριστω κοσμον καταλλασσων eαυτω μη λογιζομeνος αυτοις τα παραπτωματα αυτων και θeμeνος eν ημιν τον λογον της καταλλαγης.' In this form it might be rendered, “that like God, it was in Christ, the world is reconciled to himself, not reckoning their misdeeds against them and having established in us the word of reconciliation. Arguably, the author of this verse (as established by p46) used a more specific Greek word to indicate what God had ordained. Eυαγγeλιον puts teeth into this verse so that it might be rendered, 'It was in Christ that God reconciled the world to himself, not reckoning their misdeeds against them and having established in us the Good-news (Gospel) of reconciliation.'
Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT Lymphoma)

Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), also known as MALT lymphoma, is a low-grade B-cell lymphoma that arises in extranodal sites. Virtually any extranodal site can be involved, but often these tumors are associated with epithelial elements.
Stability of Poultry Anaphage

Abstract Poultry anaphage (dried cage layer excreta) samples were analyzed according to A.O.A.C. methods for calcium, phosphorus, crude fiber, ether extract, moisture, Kjeldahl nitrogen, and non-protein nitrogen before and after storage of 15 to 54 weeks. The results showed that the nutrients, by chemical analysis, in the anaphage were stable during the storage period.
Buying insurance in an urn-scheme experiment

The Ss drew from urns containing 50, 74, or 99 blue balls and one yellow ball and gained money unless they drew the yellow ball before completing 50 draws. Insurance of zero expected value against the yellow ball was bought increasingly as draws from an urn proceeded.
Practice Research of PBL in Sports Physiology Teaching

Objective:To evaluate the effect of PBL mode in sports physiology Teaching.Methods The 2011 session of exercise physiology students were divide into experimental class1,experimental class2 and comparing class.PBL combined with traditional teaching mode was used in experimental class1.PBL model was used in experimental class2.And traditional teaching mode was used in comparing class.Then we compared the scores of three classes.Results The total scores of experimental class1 was higher than that of experimental class2 and comparing class.There had a significant difference(P0.05).There was no significant difference between experimental class2 and comparing class(P0.05).About the scores of synthetical problems,experimental class1 was the hightest and comparing class was the lowest.Experimental class1 and experimental class2 was higher than comparing class(P0.05).There was no significant difference between experimental class1 and experimental class2(P0.05).Conclusion PBL combined with traditional teaching mode can improve the teaching quality of sports physiology.And the teaching effect was superior to traditional teaching mode or PBL model.
The Historical Evolution of the Bankruptcy Discharge

This article traces how the discharge in the United States became such a central part of our bankruptcy scheme. Specifically, the article examines the evolution of the bankruptcy discharge from the inception of the Anglo-American bankruptcy laws in 1542 until the first part of this century, by which time the fundamental shape of our current discharge laws had been formed. This article concludes with a review of some fine-tuning of the discharge provisions in 1903, which show a very slow and uneven evolution in bankruptcy law from its origins as a creditors’ collection remedy to the powerful debtor relief system in effect in our country in this century.
Collective Motion of Microorganisms in a Viscoelastic Fluid

We study the collective motion of a suspension of rodlike microswimmers in a two-dimensional film of viscoelastic fluids. We find that the fluid elasticity has a small effect on a suspension of pullers, while it significantly affects the pushers. The attraction and orientational ordering of the pushers are enhanced in viscoelastic fluids. The induced polymer stresses break down the large-scale flow structures and suppress velocity fluctuations. In addition, the energy spectra and induced mixing in the suspension of pushers are greatly modified by fluid elasticity.
De-extinction: Costs, benefits and ethics.

Cost–benefit analysis suggests that the costs of de-extinction could imperil conservation of extant biodiversity in many cases. But there is also an ethical dimension to this debate that cannot be ignored.
VivaGel™ (SPL7013 Gel): A candidate dendrimer – microbicide for the prevention of HIV and HSV infection

Microbicides are compounds that applied vaginally or rectally, protect the user from sexually transmitted infections. Although no commercial product is yet available, many candidates are under development. A leading candidate, VivaGel (SPL7013 Gel) is the product of nanotechnology. The active ingredient is SPL7013, a dendrimer that was designed specifically with HIV and HSV antiviral activity and human safety in mind. SPL7013 has demonstrated efficacy against human immunodeficiency virus and herpes simplex virus in in vitro and animal models. VivaGel appears to be well tolerated in both animals and humans. This review summarizes the studies of VivaGel and its active ingredient, SPL7013.
A Gender Agenda: A Progress Report on Competitiveness

I review the role of a new behavioral trait, competitiveness, on the gender agenda. I first describe how to measure competitiveness in the laboratory and show that gender differences in competitiveness are robust. I then establish the external economic relevance of the experimental measure of competitiveness: competitiveness correlates with education and labor market outcomes and can help account for gender differences therein. Finally, institutions can differ in the importance they place on competitiveness and hence can affect gender differences in economic outcomes. Exploring these institutional differences and their effects remains an open area of behavioral market design.
A UNIQUE APPROACH TO THE EVOLUTION OF SEX.

Over the last ten years books by Ghiselin (1974), Williams (1975), Maynard Smith (1978), and Bell (1982) have generated a considerable amount of discussion concerning the evolution and maintenance of sexual reproduction, but no true consensus has emerged as to whether the general phenomenon of sex evolved or is maintained by a common selective mechanism. A second, and to some degree overlapping, body of literature has concerned itself with the evolution and genetic consequences of various mating systems within sexual populations. A third body of literature has sought to explain the evolution, or adaptive significance, and genetic consequences of various dispersal strategies displayed by plants and animals, particularly in the context of patterns of habitat stability. Shields's book attempts to synthesize aspects of the literature in these three areas in such a way as to present a rather novel view of the adaptive significance of sexual reproduction. The book will no doubt stir up some controversy among evolutionary biologists, in that its central hypothesis states that mating systems that exhibit moderately high levels of inbreeding should be selected for in many species. Shields's thesis is that epistatic fitness interactions among loci will result in some combinations of alleles particularly well suited to a given local environment. Any mating system that will act to preserve these coadapted genotypes will be selected for. One mechanism that would limit the disruption of the gene complexes would be inbreeding. Shields seems to define inbreeding rather broadly as nearly any deviation from species-wide panmixia or, alternately, any probability much greater than zero that an individual will carry two alleles that are identical by descent. Individuals migrating into a local population will carry gene complexes adapted to the local environment from which they originated and which would not necessarily interact well with genes derived from individuals native to the new locality. Under this scenario, selection should act to limit dispersal distances, keeping the individual within the environment to which it is adapted and increasing the probability that paired alleles are identical by descent. It should also promote xenophobic mate se-
Abstract P287: Therapeutic Hypothermia Cardioprotection During Cardiac Arrest Alters Reperfusion-Associated mTORC1 and AMPK Signaling

Introduction: Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is highly cardioprotective in cellular and animal models of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and cardiac arrest and is dependent upon Akt. The mammalian target ...
Christina Rossetti, George Herbert, and the Uses of Devotional Wit

Christina Rossetti has long been linked to the early modern poet George Herbert, including by her contemporaries, although surprisingly few studies have focused on their literary interrelations in ...
A preliminary study of the operculate cup-fungi of Costa Rica

Se presenta un estudio preliminar de los ascomicetes operculados de Costa Rica, conocidos hasta la fecha abarcando las colecciones de Dodge y companeros de 1929 a 1936 y las del autor y su grupo en 1962, con un comentario sobre metodos de recoleccion y estudio y una clave analitica para los generos.
Regulating the Block Loss Ratio of the Licklider Transmission Protocol

Interplanetary communication networks operate in harsh environments where space protocols must deal with huge propagation delays, scanty resources, and regular link disrup- tions. The Licklider Transmission Protocol (LTP) serves as a convergence layer for the transmission of bundles in the form of data blocks, and offers reliable delivery through segment retransmissions. To prevent waste of resources, LTP can stop a block transmission at either side of a communication after a certain number of timeout events or control segment transmis- sions. We analyze the method employed in the current reference implementation of LTP that sets values for these parameters and suggest an alternative method that provides enhanced control over the expected block loss ratio. Simulation results provide evidence of the efficacy of the proposed approach. Outputs of this research potentially benefit the performance of space networks and challenged terrestrial networks.
Efficient Memristor-Based Architecture for Intrusion Detection and High-Speed Packet Classification

Deep packet inspection (DPI) is a critical component to prevent intrusion detection. This requires a detailed analysis of each network packet header and body. Although this is often done on dedicated high-power servers in most networked systems, mobile systems could potentially be vulnerable to attack if utilized on an unprotected network. In this case, having DPI hardware on the mobile system would be highly beneficial. Unfortunately, DPI hardware is generally area and power consuming, making its implementation difficult in mobile systems.We developed a memristor crossbar-based approach, inspired by memristor crossbar neuromorphic circuits, for a low-power, low-area, and high-throughput DPI system that examines both the header and body of a packet. Two key types of circuits are presented: static pattern matching and regular expression circuits. This system is able to reduce execution time and power consumption due to its high-density grid and massive parallelism. Independent searches are performed using low-power memristor crossbar arrays giving rise to a throughput of 160Gbps with no loss in the classification accuracy.
From Clinical Trials to Clinical Practice: Practical Considerations for Gene Replacement Therapy in SMA Type 1

Abstract Spinal muscular atrophy is a devastating neurodegenerative autosomal recessive disease that results from survival of motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene mutation or deletion. Patients with spinal muscular atrophy type 1 utilizing supportive care, which focuses on symptom management, never sit unassisted, and 75% die or require permanent ventilation by age 13.6 months. Onasemnogene abeparvovec (Zolgensma, formerly AVXS-101) is a gene replacement therapy comprising an adeno-associated viral vector containing the human SMN gene under control of the chicken beta-actin promoter. This therapy addresses the genetic root cause of the disease by increasing functional SMN protein in motor neurons and preventing neuronal cell death, resulting in improved neuronal and muscular function as previously demonstrated in transgenic animal models. In an open-label, one-arm, dose-escalation phase 1 trial, systemic administration of onasemnogene abeparvovec via a one-time infusion over one hour demonstrated improved motor function and survival in all infants symptomatic for spinal muscular atrophy type 1. Of the 12 patients who received the proposed therapeutic dose, 11 achieved independent sitting, two achieved independent standing, and two are able to walk. Most of these 12 patients remained free of respiratory supportive care. The only treatment-related adverse event observed was transient asymptomatic transaminasemia that resolved with a short course of prednisolone treatment. This review discusses the biological rationale underlying gene replacement therapy for spinal muscular atrophy, describes the onasemnogene abeparvovec clinical trial experience, and provides expert recommendations as a reference for the real-world use of onasemnogene abeparvovec in clinical practice. As of May 24, 2019, the Food and Drug Administration approved onasemnogene abeparvovec, the first gene therapy approved to treat children younger than two years with spinal muscular atrophy.
Microtubule-dependent protein trafficking promotes apical constriction during tissue invagination

The formation of an epithelial tube is a fundamental process for organogenesis. Mechanisms underlying coordination between actomyosin and microtubules (MTs) during tube formation is beginning to be elucidated. During the Drosophila embryonic salivary gland (SG) invagination, Folded gastrulation (Fog)-dependent Rho-associated kinase (Rok) promotes contractile apical myosin formation to drive apical constriction. MTs are also crucial for the effective change in apical area and are required for forming and maintaining apicomedial myosin. Here, we show that MT-dependent intracellular trafficking has a role in regulating apical constriction during SG invagination. Key components involved in protein trafficking, including dynein heavy chain, Rab11 and Nuclear fallout (Nuf), are apically enriched near the invagination pit in a MT-dependent manner during SG invagination. This enrichment is crucial for apical constriction as disruption of the MT networks or intracellular trafficking impairs formation of apicomedial myosin, which leads to apical constriction defects. We show that apical transport of several proteins along MTs, either in a Rab11-dependent or independent manner, mediates clustered apical constriction during SG invagination. Key proteins that are transported include the Fog ligand, the apical determinant protein Crb, a key adherens junction protein E-Cad and the scaffolding protein Bazooka/Par3, and knockdown of these genes in the SG results in apical constriction defects. These results define a role of MT-dependent intracellular trafficking in regulating the actomyosin networks as well as cell junctions to coordinated cell behaviors during tubular organ formation.
Applied Injected Air into Subsurface Drip Irrigation: Plant Uptake of Pharmaceuticals and Soil Microbial Communities

AbstractThe growing global food security crisis is complicated by the need for increased crop production with less arable land and limited water resources. Reuse of treated wastewater for agricultu...