cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of performance metrics with digital 2D versus tomosynthesis mammography in the diagnostic setting

To compare performance metrics between digital 2D mammography (DM) and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) in the diagnostic setting. Consecutive diagnostic examinations from August 2008 to February 2011 (DM group) and from January 2013 to July 2015 (DM/DBT group) were reviewed. Core biopsy and surgical pathology results within 365 days after the mammogram were collected. Performance metrics, including cancer detection rate (CDR), abnormal interpretation rate (AIR), positive predictive value (PPV) 2, PPV3, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated. Multivariable logistic regression models were fit to compare performance metrics in the DM and DM/DBT groups while adjusting for clinical covariates. A total of 22,883 mammograms were performed before DBT integration (DM group), and 22,824 mammograms were performed after complete DBT integration (DM/DBT group). After adjusting for multiple variables, the CDR was similar in both groups (38.2 per 1,000 examinations in the DM/DBT group versus 31.3 per 1,000 examinations in the DM group, p = 0.14); however, a higher proportion of cancers were invasive rather than in situ in the DM/DBT group [83.7% (731/873) versus 72.3% (518/716), p < 0.01]. The AIR was lower in the DM/DBT group (p < 0.01), and PPV2, PPV3, and specificity were higher in the DM/DBT group (all p = 0.01 or p < 0.01). Complete integration of DBT into the diagnostic setting is associated with improved diagnostic performance. Increased utilization of DBT may thus result in better patient outcomes and lead to a shift in the benchmarks that have been established for DM. • Integration of tomosynthesis into the diagnostic setting is associated with improved performance. • A higher proportion of cancers are invasive rather than in situ with digital breast tomosynthesis. • Increased utilization of tomosynthesis may lead to a shift in established benchmarks.
Islands, Vitamins, Salt, Germs: Four Visions of the Future of ADR in Law Schools (and a Data-Driven Snapshot of the Field Today)

Many have written about the growth and evolution of ADR, both within law schools and in broader contexts. With this article, I hope to add two things to those descriptions of the field. First, I provide a more detailed and data-driven snapshot of the field’s recent history within the legal academy. How large is the field? Is it growing? What do we know about those who are joining the ranks of ADR faculty and those who are leaving it? How many courses do ADR faculty teach, and what do they wind up teaching? What roles do gender and teaching experience play in who teaches or in what they teach? What do we know about the schools at which law faculty are teaching ADR? Second, I suggest four different models for describing how law schools approach their ADR offerings. Some law schools may become Islands of ADR - ones in which ADR is part of the school’s distinctiveness. Some law schools may ADR as Vitamins - requiring every student to take at least the recommended dosage. Some law schools may treat ADR as Salt - vital seasoning for many different offerings, but never consumed on its own. Finally, individual faculty members at some law schools may intentionally, but quietly, incorporate ADR as Germs into their courses. These four images of ADR’s future in law schools provide an opportunity to return to the data, to test the extent to which law schools are already pursuing one or more of these visions.
The Influence of Magnetism and Structure on Transport Properties and Interlayer Coupling of Systems in Reduced Dimensions

Recent attention has been focused on magnetic multilayered structures and thin films containing magnetic granules which display a new magnetoresistive (MR) effect. This effect, first found in Fe/Cr multilayered structures, has now been observed in at least a dozen different combinations of magnetic and non-magnetic metallic layers. In addition, two groups have recently observed the effect for thin films containing magnetic particles, e.g., copper with cobalt precipitates.
Push the Envelope: An Alternative to Testing and the Teaching of Emily Dickinson’s Manuscripts

Beginning with the premise that the object in which a student encounters a poem is itself an instructor of reading, the paper began with an investigation of one of the most “encountered” Emily Dickinson poems in a scene of contemporary poetry reading: the AP English Literature classroom. The poem, “We grow accustomed to the night,” is ubiquitous in this context because it is one of two paired poems in an AP English Literature Exam published by the College Board. The paper proposes that poetry pedagogy should challenge contemporary student readers of poems to investigate other spaces the poem can occupy, rendering students as producers of alternate relationships to Emily Dickinson’s language beyond those made possible to them by the examiners of College Board. Turning to Dickinson manuscript scholarship on fragments and repurposed materials, this paper responds to desire for newer instructions for poetry reading, imagining a dis-assembling and subtractive pedagogy that seeks to uncover and unravel in order to restore the animus to create and make.
Ethnic Entrepreneurial and Marketing Systems: Implications for the Global Economy:

The role of immigrant ethnic entrepreneurs in the small business milieu of the developed world has been studied within sociology for the past three decades. This article attempts to generate intere...
The Mariner IV Spacecraft Television System

Publisher Summary The successful performance of scientific measurements by the Mariner IV spacecraft of Mars and the successful transmission of these data over some 135 million miles, has demonstrated the capability of highly integrated and mechanical equipment to perform unmanned exploration of the planets. The spacecraft was fully attitude stabilized, using the Sun end Canopus as reference objects. Power was derived from the Sun, using photovoltaic cells mounted on panels having a body-fixed orientation. The primary objective of the Mariner IV mission was to obtain scientific measurements of the planet during the brief encounter period. One such measurement was the acquisition of photographic data from the planet's surface. The photographic system was to perform preliminary topographic reconnaissance of portions of the surface in two color bands. The use of vidicon television system as spacecraft scientific instrument presentes a number of new problems with respect to test and calibration. First of all, the camera must qualify environmentally for a spacecraft mission. Further picture processing consists of restoring the high frequencies, removing non-linearities of the photoconductor surface, and spatial filtering using both digital computer and optical techniques.
Intramolecular cyclization of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via a silver mediated/palladium catalyzed C–H activation strategy

A C–H activation reaction was developed using imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine adducts via an AgOAc-mediated, Pd catalyzed intramolecular cyclization. The reaction was optimized and extensively explored using the Ugi/azide MCR as a tool to rapidly broaden substrate scope. Title compounds were screened against a cancer cell panel, and 6af exhibited selective, antiproliferative activity against the MCF-7 (breast cancer) cell line. This C–H activation methodology can be utilized to rapidly reach new chemical-space for drug discovery.
Efficacy of melaleuca oral solution for the treatment of fluconazole refractory oral candidiasis in AIDS patients

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of melaleuca oral solution in AIDS patients with fluconazole-resistant oropharyngeal candida infections. Design A prospective, single center, open-labeled study. Setting A university-based inner-city HIV/AIDS clinic. Patients Thirteen patients with AIDS and oral candidiasis documented to be clinically refractory to fluconazole, as defined by failure to respond to a minimum of 14 days of > or = 400 mg fluconazole per day. Additionally, patients had in vitro resistance to fluconazole, defined by minimal inhibitory concentrations of > or = 20 microg/ml. Interventions Patients were given 15 ml melaleuca oral solution four times daily to swish and expel for 2-4 weeks. Main outcome measures Resolution of clinical lesions of oral pseudomembranous candidiasis lesions. Evaluations were performed weekly for 4 weeks and at the end of therapy for clinical signs of oral candidiasis. Quantitative yeast cultures were performed at each evaluation. Results A total of 13 patients were entered into the study, 12 were evaluable. At the 2-week evaluation, seven out of 12 patients had improved, none were cured, and six were unchanged. At the 4-week evaluation, eight out of 12 patients showed a response (two cured, six improved), four were non-responders, and one had deteriorated. A mycological response was seen in seven out of 12 patients. A follow-up evaluation 2-4 weeks after therapy was discontinued revealed that there were no clinical relapses in the two patients who were cured. Conclusions Melaleuca oral solution appears to be effective as an alternative regimen for AIDS patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis refractory to fluconazole.
Facebook support for breastfeeding mothers: A comparison to offline support and associations with breastfeeding outcomes.

ObjectivesFor breastfeeding mothers, online support groups through Facebook may be a more convenient and preferred source for accessing breastfeeding information and support, but few studies exist ...
Vagus Nerve Stimulator–Associated Sleep Disordered Breathing: Identification, Treatment, and Outcomes in a Pediatric Patient

Vagus nerve stimulator (VNS)-associated sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is a poorly understood side effect of VNS treatment. We present a patient with VNS-associated SDB who underwent sleep laboratory VNS titration, evaluation by drug-induced sleep endoscopy, and treatment including adenotonsillectomy and positive airway pressure therapy. This case is unique as it is the first to document, in real time, the inverse correlation of VNS current with airflow. This case offers unique insights into mechanisms and treatment of VNS-associated SDB, and a novel approach in its management. Most importantly, this case highlights the need for collaboration between physicians managing epilepsy with VNS and those managing sleep.
A Neural Scaling Law from the Dimension of the Data Manifold.

When data is plentiful, the loss achieved by well-trained neural networks scales as a power-law $L \propto N^{-\alpha}$ in the number of network parameters $N$. This empirical scaling law holds for a wide variety of data modalities, and may persist over many orders of magnitude. The scaling law can be explained if neural models are effectively just performing regression on a data manifold of intrinsic dimension $d$. This simple theory predicts that the scaling exponents $\alpha \approx 4/d$ for cross-entropy and mean-squared error losses. We confirm the theory by independently measuring the intrinsic dimension and the scaling exponents in a teacher/student framework, where we can study a variety of $d$ and $\alpha$ by dialing the properties of random teacher networks. We also test the theory with CNN image classifiers on several datasets and with GPT-type language models.
Cell-cell communication predicts aging, senescence and death: an integrated, predictive evolutionary approach

None of the extant theories of aging have proven to be effective in advancing our knowledge of senescence or mortality. In contrast to the gene-centric focus on evolution, the mechanism of cell-cell interactions as the driving force for evolution as the logic of biology is proposed. Since the distribution of bioenergy over the course of the life cycle is skewed towards the reproductive phase, bioenergy flags in the post-reproductive stage of life, causing failure of cell-cell signaling, loss of homeostatic control, senescence and death. In the interim, the phenotype acts as the ‘agent’ for epigenetic inheritance, obtaining ‘marks’ that inform the organism of changes in the environment. Such marks are inherited by the offspring, providing it with foreknowledge of the environment to come. The organism appears to ‘return’ to the unicellular state over the course of the life cycle, but in reality meiosis is the mechanism of epigenetic inheritance, the adult phenotype being the means for transmitting the epigenetic marks obtained from the environment back to the organism.
Clinical implications of drug-induced liver injury in early-phase oncology clinical trials.

Background Data on drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and acute liver failure (ALF) in modern phase 1 oncology trials are limited, specifically with respect to the incidence and resolution of DILI and the safety of drug rechallenge. Methods This study reviewed all patients who were recruited to phase 1 oncology trials between 2013 and 2017 at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Clinicopathologic data were extracted to characterize DILI, and attribution was assessed on the basis of data prospectively generated during the studies. Logistic regression models were used to explore factors related to DILI and DILI recurrence after drug rechallenge. Results Among 1670 cases recruited to 85 phase 1 trials, 81 (4.9%) developed DILI. The rate of DILI occurrence was similar for patients in immune-based trials and patients in targeted therapy trials (5.0% vs 4.9%), as was the median time to DILI (5.5 vs 6.5 weeks; P = .48). Two patients (0.12%) met the criteria of Hy's law, although none developed ALF. The DILI resolved in 96% of the patients. Pretreatment factors were not predictive for DILI development. Thirty-six of the 81 patients underwent a drug rechallenge, and 28% of these patients developed DILI recurrence. Peak alanine aminotransferase during the initial DILI was associated with DILI recurrence (odds ratio, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-1.09; P = .035). Conclusions In modern phase 1 oncology trials, DILI is uncommon, may occur at any time, and often resolves with supportive measures. Rechallenging after DILI is feasible; however, the high rate of DILI recurrence suggests that clinicians should consider the severity of the DILI episode and treatment alternatives.
Measurement Invariance of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fifth Edition 10-Subtest Primary Battery: Can Index Scores be Compared across Age, Sex, and Diagnostic Groups?:

Measurement invariance of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fifth Edition (WISC-V) 10 subtest primary battery was evaluated across sex, age (6–8, 9–11, 12–14, and 15–16 year-olds), and ...
Two-dimensional transport model of spin-polarized tunneling in a topological-insulator/tunnel-barrier/ferromagnetic-metal heterostructure

Spin-polarized electrons injected from a ferromagnet (FM) onto the surface of a topological insulator (TI) tend to produce a charge current transverse to the direction of the spin polarization because of the spin-momentum helical locking of the TI surface states. The charge current can be measured as an open-circuit voltage that will change in sign if the magnetization direction of the FM is reversed. Here, we model the two-dimensional transport on the TI surface coupled to a FM through a tunnel barrier (TB). The transport equations are solved analytically for two different boundary conditions on the TI surface, and the effectiveness of the TI-TB-FM junction for determining such voltage change upon FM magnetization reversal has been derived for different device dimensions. Such measurement can be used to study the spin-momentum helical locking of the TI surface states as well as for reading the FM magnetization direction in memory and logic devices based on TI-TB-FM heterostructures.
OMT-Coupled CMB Detector Development at Argonne

Future cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments will deploy increasing numbers of superconducting detectors with requirements for increased sensitivity and reduced systematics. We report on the ongoing development of OMT-coupled CMB detectors at Argonne National Laboratory. Key areas of development include bolometers with dual Transition Edge Sensors (TES) for easier lab characterization, a hybrid SiN membrane fabrication process, a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) SiN dielectric process, and a new pixel design for improved compatibility with large scale fabrication. These developments enhance our ability to fabricate large-scale (150 mm diameter wafers) detector arrays with the performance necessary for future CMB experiments.
Use of Home Care Services Reduces Care-Related Strain in Long-Distance Caregivers.

Background and objectives Prior work examining the role of older adult home care service use in alleviating strain in family caregivers has resulted in contradictory findings. However, prior research has been entirely limited to caregivers who live within close geographical proximity to their care-recipients. Long-distance caregivers are a unique caregiving subgroup that has remained understudied. Guided by the stress process model, this study examined if the association between primary caregiving stressors (the care recipient's functional and cognitive status) and secondary stressors (perceived role strains related to work and to other family responsibilities) in long-distance caregivers was mediated by the care recipient's utilization of home care services. Research design and methods The sample included 166 long-distance caregivers in the United States who provide and manage care to a community-dwelling care-recipient living two or more hours away. Participants reported on their care-recipient's cognitive and functional status, perceived interference of caregiving with work and other family responsibilities, and the care-recipient's use of home care services. Results Path analyses show that home care use by the care recipient fully mediated the association between care-recipients' functional impairment and caregiver strains (work and family). Further, home care use partially mediated the effects of care-recipients' cognitive impairment on caregiver strains. Discussion and implications Results indicate that the care-recipient's home care service utilization may serve as a protective factor against care-related strain in long-distance caregivers. These findings can be used to inform intervention efforts focused on a family-centered care approach that can be specifically tailored to long-distance caregivers.
Language diversity and challenges to communication in Indian emergency departments.

BACKGROUND Communication in emergency departments (ED) in India is complicated by the country's immense language diversity. Prior research has revealed challenges in language and communication as barriers to care. Our objective was to quantify language diversity among clinicians in Indian EDs and better understand issues related to clinician-clinician and clinician-patient communication. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional survey of ED clinicians was conducted. Survey participants were recruited in-person and through email at six partner sites in India. ANOVA and binary logistic regression were used for subgroup analysis. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ED clinicians. Interview data was analyzed using the rapid assessment process to determine predominant themes. RESULTS 106 clinicians completed the survey. On average, clinicians spoke 3.75 languages. Seventy-one percent used a non-English language to speak to fellow clinicians most of the time, and 53% reported at least one critical incident over the last year where poor communication played a part. Interviews revealed challenges including low health literacy, high patient volume, and workplace hierarchy. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to document the impact of language diversity and communication barriers in Indian EDs. The results highlight the need for effective strategies to improve communication between the multiple languages spoken by clinicians and patients.
The application of geographical information systems in the spatial analysis of crime

Urban crime is a major problem facing cities in the United States. Police and public safety departments continue to feel the stress of manpower shortages that must be continuously balanced against the rising crime rate. In addition to standard crimes such as burglary and theft, many departments have special groups to handle gang and drug related crimes. These groups are typically assigned to problem areas at specific times in response to problems. The tools available in a Geographical Information System (GIS) provide a method for crime analysts to examine crimes in a different way than with the traditional record keeping systems. The GIS tools are available on a variety of platforms including micro-computers, workstations, mini-computers, and mainframe computers. However, in order for the tools to be useful, they must fit into existing operations within police departments, interface with existing systems, and provide an easy way for crime analysts to perform spatial analysis. This chapter examines how a crime analysis application system can be developed, explains how the GIS tools are used, and illustrates the results of the development process.
A Genetic Algorithm Approach to Scheduling Communications for a Class of Parallel Space-Time Adaptive Processing Algorithms

An important consideration in the maximization of performance in parallel processing systems is scheduling the communication of messages during phases of data movement to reduce network contention and overall communication time. The work presented in this paper focuses on off-line optimization of message schedules for a class of radar signal processing techniques know as space-time adaptive processing on a parallel embedded system. In this work, a genetic-algorithm-based approach for optimizing the scheduling of messages is introduced. Preliminary results indicate that the proposed genetic approach to message scheduling can provide significant decreases in the communication time.
Abstract W P34: Voxel-Based Mapping of C-arm CT Cerebral Blood Volume to Infarct Probability in a Canine Model of Ischemic Stroke

OBJECTIVE: Advances in C-arm cone-beam CT (CBCT) have opened up opportunities for imaging CBV during endovascular therapy. However, lack of quantitative and voxel-based evaluation of CBCT-CBV maps precludes widespread adoption in the angiography suite. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine the feasibility of voxel-based infarct probability mapping using CBCT-CBV. METHODS: Adult beagle dogs (n=10) received stroke by unilateral ICA-injection of an autologous blood clot. Baseline and contrast-enhanced CBCT images were acquired 4.5h after stroke onset to calculate CBV maps, immediately followed by ADC-mapping at 3T. One animal was excluded because of acquisition problems. CBV maps were normalized by the value in the vertebral arteries. After co-registration, a supervised learning approach modeled infarct probability as a function of CBV. A generalized linear model (GLM) discriminated ischemic lesion (ADC < 5.3 * 10^-4 mm^2 s^-1) from healthy brain tissue voxels. Only subjects with significantly reduced CBV in the lesion (vs. contralateral control area) were evaluated (n=7) using leave-one-out cross-validation. RESULTS: The area under the ROC-curve for all predictions was 0.80, with a sensitivity and specificity of 73% and 75%, respectively, at the optimal operating point. The figure displays input and prediction images in one coronal slice for each animal, A-G. ADC maps [0-0.003] display a clearly defined lesion, whereas the normalized CBV maps [0-0.25] are more heterogeneous. Infarct probabilities [0-100%] were high in the lesion territories for subjects A-D and G. The discrepancy between ADC and CBV in subject E is likely due to a spontaneous complete recanalization around 4 hours post-stroke. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our results underscore the feasibility of voxel-level infarct probability mapping using angiographic CBV imaging. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Bayesian Spectrum and Chirp Analysis

We seek optimal methods of estimating power spectrum and chirp (frequency change) rate for the case that one has incomplete noisy data on values y(t) of a time series. The Schuster periodogram turns out to be a “sufficient statistic” for the spectrum, a generalization playing the same role for chirped signals. However, the optimal processing is not a linear filtering operation like the Blackman-Tukey smoothing of the periodogram, but rather a nonlinear operation. While suppressing noise/side lobe artifacts, it achieves the same kind of improved resolution that the Burg method did for noiseless data.
Generalized Estimating Equations: Introduction

Correlated datasets develop when multiple observations are collected from a sampling unit (e.g., repeated measures of a bank over time, or hormone levels in a breast cancer patient over time), or from clustered data where observations are grouped based on a shared characteristic (e.g., observations on different banks grouped by zip code, or on cancer patients from a specific clinic). The generalized linear model framework for independent data is extended to model correlated data via the introduction of second-order variance components directly into the independent data model's estimating equation. This generalization of the estimating equation from the independence model is thus referred to as a Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE). This article discusses the foundation of GEEs as well as how user-specified correlation structures are accommodated in the model-building process. This article also discusses the relationship and similarity to the underlying generalized linear model framework and we point out alternative approaches to GEEs for modeling correlated data such as fixed-effects models and random-effects models. Keywords: working correlation matrix; sandwich estimate of variance; generalized linear models; subject-specific models; population-averaged models
Propagation of Errors in Correction Models for Quantitative Electron Probe Microanalysis

Lack of appropriate standards frequently forces the analyst to use elemental standards. The usefulness of correction models is limited by the accuracy to which the input parameters are known. Uncertainties in presumably known quantities (mass absorption coefficients, fluorescence yield, mean ionization potentials, etc.) are in many cases the limiting factors. The resulting analytical errors can be minimized by judicious choice of experimental conditions. This paper will give examples involving the corrections for absorption, fluorescence by characteristic lines, and atomic number effects.
Endogenous Changes in the Minimum Tick: An Analysis of NASDAQ Securities Trading Near Ten Dollars

This study evaluates changes in trade execution costs and liquidity for a set of 773 Nasdaq-listed stocks whose tick size changed as their share prices passed through $10 during 1995. This analysis allows for a substantially larger effective sample size as compared to before-versus-after studies of market-wide tick size reductions, since stocks experience tick size changes on different dates. It also allows for separate examination of tick size increases and decreases. Full sample results indicate moderately (five to ten percent) lower average trade execution costs with the smaller tick size, and no deterioration in measures of liquidity. The small average effect on trading costs reflects that the tick size does not directly constrain spread widths for the majority of sample firms. Notably, the largest reductions in trading costs occur for a set of firms whose market makers avoid odd-eighth quotations and quote spreads that average fifty to sixty cents. This result is consistent with models implying that the tick size can affect equilibrium bid-ask spreads in a dealer market, even when the equilibrium spread is larger than the tick size.
Surgical approach to multifocal carcinoma in situ of the vulva

Abstract Thirty-nine patients with multifocal carcinoma in situ of the vulva were managed with en bloc removal of the involved skin and a split-thickness skin graft to the surgical defect. The characteristic presentations of this clinical entiry are reported and options for therapy are discussed. Thirty-nine percent of the patients developed a recurrence, but none of the recurrences was within the donated skin graft. No reports of dyspareunia or seriously altered sexual function were noted. The details of the surgical approach are outlined and modifications of the original procedure are described.
Postdisaster reciprocity and the development of inequality in personal networks

Within the context of major changes in economics, population distribution, and lifestyles around the world, people continue to rely on personal relationships for support. People also often create or find themselves in relationships that are alternatively asymmetrical or balanced. In this study, we are interested in how people face acute or chronic hazards and how asymmetrical or balanced exchange relationships are associated with different types of social support in these contexts. This study examines the degree to which populations in three disaster settings–flooding in Mexico and volcanic eruptions in Mexico and Ecuador–show variation in the degree and form of reciprocity. We found people on average to engage in giving and/or receiving with three to five people in their personal networks. Most of these relationships were reciprocal, but those that were not reciprocal suggested potential inequality in these rural communities.
Regulatory and research approach to current pesticide residue problems at the state level (Florida, U.S.A.)

The full scope and significance of the efforts exerted by the individual states (U.S.A.) in the regulatory and research areas involving pesticide residues are probably not fully appreciated. However, the combined accomplishments of the individual states, both in the regulatory and research areas, have a very considerable impact on the agricultural growers and consumers of this country. Of course, there is vast difference between individual states with respect to their funding to support regulatory and/or research efforts in this field. Some states, for varying reasons, invest very few resources or effort in either the regulatory or the research areas involving pesticide residues. These states usually depend on the federal regulatory agencies and other states for direct or indirect support. On the other end of the spectrum, certain states with large, diverse agricultural resources to protect, invest significant resources in comprehensive regulatory and research programs involving pesticide residues. Florida should be considered in this latter category of states because of its very diverse and large fruit and vegetable crop industry and a climate that requires a high degree of pest control to protect its crops. Consequently, Florida will be used as an example of one state’s contribution to the pesticide residue field. Because of Florida’s comprehensive regulatory coverage of its fruit and vegetable crops, with respect to adherence to established tolerances for pesticide residues, the Food and Drug Administration restricts its regulatory activities in Florida to a very limited surveillance program. In Florida, the purpose of the pesticide residue program of the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services is not only regulatory, but is also designed to aid and advise Florida growers wherever possible in avoiding excessive pesticide residues on their marketable crops.
Variations in Prothrombin Time and International Normalized Ratio over 24 Hours in Warfarin‐Treated Patients

Study Objective. To determine the variation of prothrombin times and international normalized ratio (INR) over 24 hours in humans. Design. Prospective, parallel study. Setting. University-affiliated general clinical research center. Patients. Six patients receiving long-term warfarin therapy and six sex-matched controls. Interventions. Warfarin was administered to the patients at 6:00 P.M. Measurements and Main Results. Prothrombin times and INR were determined every 2 hours over 24 hours. Time of study entry, meals, and sleep cycles were controlled. A significant cosinor rhythm for prothrombin times and INR (p≤0.03) occurred in warfarin-treated patients, suggesting that diurnal variation occurs. The mean difference between the peak and trough prothrombin times was 1.8 ± 0.9 seconds (range 0.8-3 sec) with a mean change of 9.3% ± 3.7%. The peak prothrombin time and INR values occurred between 4:00 A.M. and 8:00 A.M. in five patients, and trough values between 6:00 P.M. and midnight in five. No significant cosinor rhythm was noted for controls (p>0.5). Conclusion. Significant variations in prothrombin time and INR occurred in patients receiving warfarin therapy, with the highest values occurring in the morning and the lowest in the evening. These results may have clinical implications for patients receiving either high- or low-intensity warfarin therapy.
Evaluation of cardiovascular, respiratory and biochemical effects, and anesthetic induction and recovery behavior in horses anesthetized with a 5% micellar microemulsion propofol formulation.

Abstract Objective To characterize cardiovascular, respiratory and biochemical effects and recovery behavior associated with a 3‐hour continuous infusion of a micellar microemulsion propofol formulation in horses. Study design Prospective experimental trial. Animals Six healthy adult horses, 9 ± 2 years old and weighing 557 ± 14 kg. Methods All horses received xylazine (1 mg kg−1, IV) 5 minutes prior to anesthetic induction. Each horse was anesthetized on two occasions with a 5% micellar microemulsion propofol formulation (2 mg kg−1, IV); first as a single bolus (phase I) and then as a 3‐hour continuous infusion (phase II). Propofol pharmacokinetics were obtained from phase I and used to determine the starting infusion rates in phase II. Anesthetic induction and recovery characteristics were quantitatively and qualitatively assessed. Cardiovascular, respiratory and biochemical parameters were monitored during anesthesia and recovery. Results Induction quality varied, ranging from good to poor. Standing and overall recovery quality scores were consistently excellent in phase I but more variability was observed among horses in phase II. Heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were adequately maintained but marked hypoventilation developed. There were only minimal changes in blood biochemical analytes following anesthesia. Conclusions and clinical relevance The micellar microemulsion propofol formulation, administered as a 3‐hour continuous infusion, showed similar results compared to those previously described with a commercially available propofol preparation. However, based on present findings, use of propofol as a primary anesthetic in horses for prolonged periods of anesthesia requires further study to determine the limits of safety and clinical applicability.
EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED OVULATION IN DWARF MICE1

Hereditary dwarfism in mice was reported in 1929 by Snell (1), who described the dwarf characteristics and presented breeding data indicating that the mutation bred true as a Mendelian recessive. Snell concluded that both sexes were entirely sterile. Studying the endocrine system of the dwarf mouse, Smith and MacDowell (2) confirmed Snell’s observations on sexual infantilism and also described subnormal development of the thyroids, adrenal cortex, and anterior pituitary. By making fresh implants of rat pituitaries, they were able to correct some of the deficiency effects described. Growth was markedly stimulated, the thyroids looked normal, the adrenal cortex thickened, fertility was restored to some of the males, and definite corrective responses were noted in the female reproductive tract. The implants opened some of the vaginas, stimulated follicles to grow much larger than are typical of dwarfs, and produced corpora lutea. No mention is made of actual fertility in the females. According to MacDowell (...
Preparing Student Teachers and Beginning Teachers for the Post-Teaching Conference.

Student teachers and beginning teachers in most states are required to receive supervisory visits. These visits are meant to ensure that student teachers and/or beginning teachers are demonstrating effective teaching behaviors and warrant progression to initial certification (or licensure) and/or endorsement as professionals. One of the first questions asked by a supervisor to initiate a dialogue during the post-teaching conference is frequently something like “What did you think of that lesson?” This question opens the door for student teachers and beginning teachers to make an important statement about themselves as thoughtful, focused, and reflective professionals, or as not yet ready to function independently. The purpose of this article is to help new teachers and student teachers prepare for the supervisory visit with particular attention to the post-teaching conference.
Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 fibers spun by means of pendant drop melt extraction

Abstract Fibers of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 up to 15 cm in length have been spun by means of pendant drop melt extraction; typical diameters are 60 μm. The fibers, as-spun, are amorphous, flexible, and not superconducting; they can be made superconducting by a subsequent heat treatment. Fibers heat-treated in air at 850°C for 72 h have a T c of 80 K, measured magnetically; at 4.2 K they have intragranular critical current densities on the order of 10 6 A/cm 2 at 1 T, and transport critical current densities of typically 100 A/cm 2 in zero field. The fibers after heat treatment are very brittle.
The Vema Channel: Physiography, structure, and sediment—Current interactions☆

Abstract The east flank of the Vema Channel in the southwestern Atlantic is an opportune location for interpreting the Pleistocene/Holocene record of deep thermohaline circulation. The channel and the adjacent sediment-covered Rio Grande Rise intersect each of the principal sub-thermocline water masses of the western Atlantic. We analyzed a suite of 25 giant gravity cores in transects extending between 1400 and 4150 m depth; this interval includes the upper and lower branches of Circumpolar Water, North Atlantic Deep Water, and Antarctic Bottom Water. The late Pleistocene/Holocene sediments along these transects are pelagic carbonates with excellent stratigraphic continuity; shallower and deeper regions are relatively unsuitable due to poor core recovery or widespread erosional unconformities. Extensive hydrographic and direct current observations near the location of our prime coring transect at 30°S indicate a notable cross-channel asymmetry in the abyssal hydrography and velocity structure which is reflected in the underlying lithofacies distribution. The near-bottom flow field shows marked temporal and spatial variability on a local scale, even in the channel axis where one would anticipate relatively steady, uniform flow. Much of this variability appears to reflect the effects of transient mesoscale eddies rather than regional variations in the integrated north ward transport of AABW. In spite of temporal variations in the flow field, the NADW/AABW transition zone appears to have remained remarkably stable over time scales of 10 5 –10 6 yrs, on geological evidence discussed elsewhere in this volume (Jones, 1984; Jones and Johnson, 1984). This observation is somewhat surprising, because in the modern oceans the density contrast between NADW and AABW is relatively small. If the transition zone between the two water masses has indeed remained relatively stationary, then the density-determining water properties ( T and S ) may also have remained relatively constant, with only the rates of production changing. If this interpretation proves correct upon further studies, it implies that pale-oceanographic interpretations of deep thermohaline flow should in some instances utilize geological indices of non-conservative water properties (e.g. CO 2 , δ 13 C for monitoring paleocirculation changes.
Transcriptional regulation of mouse MARCKS promoter in immortalized hippocampal cells.

Abstract Mouse MARCKS is a prominent myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate implicated in brain development, calcium/calmodulin signaling, and membrane cytoskeletal restructuring, and is developmentally regulated in a cell- and tissue-specific fashion. In this study, transcriptional regulation of mouse MARCKS promoter in the neuronally derived immortalized hippocampal cells (HN33) was examined for a portion of 5′-flanking genomic sequence from −993 to +1 relative to the translation start site. Transfection experiments carried out in this neural cell line identified, for the first time, that the distal promoter segment from −993 to −713 plays a crucial role as an enhancer/activator element in the up-regulation of the basal transcription activity driven by MARCKS core promoter sequence. Motif analyses revealed at least 12 overlapping potential transcription factor binding sites in this region, among which a prominent GA-rich sequence centered at −765 has been shown to be functionally important in the binding of Sp1 protein-like complex. Deletion of the GA-rich segment significantly reduced the MARCKS promoter activity. Further, competitive EMSA indicated two additional sites within the −993/−713 that may also interact with Sp1 protein, demonstrating that the activator function of −993/−713 is under control of multiple Sp1 transcription factors. Unlike the distal promoter sequence, the proximal core promoter sequence (−649/−438) contains a GC-rich box and a Z-DNA-forming segment and is critical to basal transcription. The deletion of −649/−438 segment has been shown to drastically impair the promoter activity even in the presence of −993/−713, suggesting that its presence is also important to the function of −993/−713. These data emphasize that the synergistic interaction between distal and proximal promoter sequences is indispensable for the optimal MARCKS promoter function in the immortalized hippocampal cells. The discovery of the activator function of the MARCKS distal promoter region, and its potential interaction with multiple Sp proteins may provide a new clue to the understanding of Macs transcriptional regulation in brain.
Labor Markets and Opportunity Structures Modeling the Context of Retirement in the Historical United States

This article uses linked county-level and individual-level economic, demographic, and social indicators drawn from three historical U.S. censuses to examine a construct that has been labeled labor market or opportunity structure in historical and demographic multilevel research. Findings are that turn-of-the-twentieth-century localities were diverse opportunity structures that systematically and differentially shaped older men’s unemployment rates and their likelihood of work and retirement. This article also highlights issues that researchers might face as they work with linked census data—specifically, multidimensionality of contextual influences with resultant collinearity and variable selection problems.
A Micro-fabricated Hydrogen Storage Module with Sub-atmospheric Activation and Durability in Air Exposure

The objective of this work was to develop a hydrogen storage module for onboard electrical power sources suitable for use in micro-power systems and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). Hydrogen storage materials were developed as thin-film inks to be compatible with an integrated manufacturing process. Important design aspects were (a) ready activation at sub-atmospheric hydrogen pressure and room temperature and (b) durability, i.e. capable of hundreds of absorption/desorption cycles and resistance to deactivation on exposure to air. Inks with palladium-treated intermetallic hydrogen storage alloys were developed and are shown here to be compatible with a thin-film micro-fabrication process. These hydrogen storage modules absorb hydrogen readily at atmospheric pressure, and the absorption/desorption rates remained fast even after the ink was exposed to air for 47 weeks.
Beta-hyperglobulinemia produced by cholesterol feeding in the rabbit.

SummaryThe hyperglobulinemia accompanying hypercholesterolemia produced by cholesterol feeding in the rabbit is predominantly due to beta-globulin.
Steps Involved in Activation of the Pro-matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (Progelatinase B)-Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-1 Complex by 4-Aminophenylmercuric Acetate and Proteinases

The precursor of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (proMMP-9, progelatinase B) noncovalently binds to tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 through the C-terminal domain of each molecule. We have isolated the proMMP-9•TIMP-1 complex from the medium of human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 cells and investigated the activation processes of the complex by 4-aminophenylmercuric acetate, trypsin, and matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3, stromelysin 1). The treatment of the proMMP-9•TIMP-1 complex with 4-aminophenylmercuric acetate or trypsin converts proMMP-9 to lower molecular weight species corresponding to active forms, but no gelatinolytic activity is detected. The lack of enzymic activity results from binding of TIMP-1 to the activated MMP-9. The treatment of the proMMP-9•TIMP-1 complex with a possible physiological proMMP-9 activator, MMP-3, does not reveal any gelatinolytic activity unless the molar ratio of MMP-3 to the complex exceeds 1. This is due to the inhibition of MMP-3 by TIMP-1 forming a ternary proMMP-9•TIMP-1•MMP-3 complex. The formation of the ternary complex weakens the interaction between proMMP-9 and TIMP-1, resulting in partial dissociation of the complex into proMMP-9 and the TIMP-1•MMP-3 complex. When MMP-3 is in excess, the propeptide is completely processed, and the full activity of MMP-9 is detected. Similarly, the proMMP-9•TIMP-1 complex inhibits MMP-1 (interstitial collagenase) and in turn renders the proMMP-9 activable by a catalytic amount of MMP-3. These results suggest that formation of the proMMP-9•TIMP-1 complex regulates extracellular matrix breakdown in tissue by switching the predominant MMP activity from one type to another.
Short‐Term Functional Donor Site Morbidity After Radial Forearm Fasciocutaneous Free Flap Harvest

Objectives/Hypothesis The existing literature on postoperative donor extremity function describes a spectrum of morbidity in the long term (>3 mo after surgery). However, the consensus is that there is minimal to no impact of flap harvest on patients' activities of daily living. No previous reports have examined functional donor site morbidity in the early postoperative period; such may affect patients' overall perioperative progress, especially with respect to donor extremity dominance. The authors' objective was to quantify functional morbidity of the donor site in radial forearm fasciocutaneous free flaps during the early postoperative period. Study Design Retrospective case series review. Methods Patient data were obtained from hospital records of 12 consecutive patients who underwent head and neck reconstruction with radial forearm fasciocutaneous free tissue transfer over a 6-month period at a tertiary academic medical center. Functional results of each patient's donor extremity obtained preoperatively and at 5 to 8 days after surgery were determined by quantifying forearm supination and pronation, wrist flexion and extension, and sharp and dull hand sensations in radial, median, and ulnar nerve distributions. Results Mean patient age was 57 years (age range, 42–71 y). The nondominant extremity was the donor site in 9 of 12 patients. Using the paired two-tailed t test, statistically significant differences were demonstrated in preoperative versus postoperative forearm supination (P < .032), pronation (P < .006), wrist flexion (P < .000), and wrist extension (P < .000). Three of 12 patients demonstrated diminished sharp sensation in the “anatomical snuffbox” distribution. Conclusion The authors describe statistically significant functional forearm and wrist range-of-motion morbidity associated with the harvest of a radial forearm fasciocutaneous free flap in the early postoperative period.