cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Termination and invariance analysis of loops

Deductive verification aims to prove deep properties about programs. The classic Floyd-Hoare-style approach to verifying sequential programs reduces program validity queries to first-order validity queries via verification conditions. Proving that a program is totally correct requires proving the safety aspect with invariants and the progress aspect with invariants and ranking functions. Where do the invariants and ranking functions come from? A verifying compiler that reads program annotations enables the programmer to write desired properties as assertions. Unfortunately, verifying a safety property requires strengthening it to an inductive assertion, while proving termination requires finding ranking functions. The strengthening process often involves writing many tedious facts, while ranking functions are not always intuitive. In practice, programmers do not want or are unable to invent inductive assertions and ranking functions. Instead, the ideal verifying compiler strengthens the given assertions with facts learned through static analysis. Invariant generators are a class of static analyzers that automatically synthesize inductive invariants. Ranking function generators automatically synthesize ranking functions, sometimes with supporting invariants. Together, they reduce the burden on the programmer by automatically learning facts about programs. In this talk, we discuss our approach to invariant and ranking function generation. A constraint-based method labels program points with parameterized expressions, which encode the shape of the desired inductive assertions or ranking functions. For example, the shape of an inductive invariant could be an inequality between affine combinations of program variables, while the shape of a ranking function could be an affine combination of program variables. It then generates a set of parameterized verification conditions and solves for the parameter values that make them valid. Instantiating the parameterized expressions with these values results in a set of inductive assertions or ranking functions. We discuss recent work for analyzing termination of programs that manipulate variables via affine expressions. We also discuss a constraint-based analysis for programs with integer division and modulo operators. Finally, we present experimental evidence indicating that invariant and ranking function generation is a powerful technique for scaling deductive verification to large programs.
Inhibition of the fetal stress response improves cardiac output and gas exchange after fetal cardiac bypass

Cardiac bypass in late-gestation fetal lambs causes severe placental vasoconstriction, which leads to fetal death from hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis. This response can be blocked by the administration of indomethacin; however, a fatal metabolic acidosis then gradually develops in the fetus. Because the fetus is known to mount an intensive catecholamine response to stress, and because the fetal myocardium is particularly sensitive to increased afterload, we hypothesized that elevated afterload as a result of fetal stress contributes to diminished cardiac output after bypass. Twenty fetal lambs at 80 % gestation underwent 30 minutes of normothermic cardiac bypass at flow rates of 200 to 500 ml/kg per minute. All ewes received general anesthesia with ketamine. In 10 fetuses general anesthesia was specifically designed not to inhibit the release of stress-related catechols (ketamine); the remaining 10 fetuses received a "high" (cisterna magna) total spinal anesthetic with tetracaine, to block the fetal stress response. In each anesthetic group, 5 of the 10 lambs received indomethacin. During operation, normal hemodynamics were preserved in the spinal anesthetic group. Cardiac output, placental blood flow, and arterial carbon dioxide tension were all improved relative to results in the ketamine group. When spinal anesthesia and indomethacin are both given, hemodynamics also approach normal after bypass, and gas exchange is further improved. These data suggest that the inhibition of the stress response by spinal anesthesia improves the hemodynamic status of the fetus during operation and, in combination with indomethacin, allows maintenance of near-normal placental function after fetal cardiac bypass. Similar responses may also be possible in human fetuses with use of a high-dose narcotic technique.
Individuality in captive and field measures of behavior and space use in wild muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus)

The role of individual behavioral tendencies in wild populations remains largely unstudied, especially in mammals, despite its potential ecological importance. We examined whether individual variation in muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) behavior in a captive novel environment correlates with other measures of behavior and habitat use. We compared the novel environment assay behavior with handling docility and trap habitat for all animals. We radio-collared subadults to look for correlation between assay behavior, summer space use, trappability and likelihood of autumn dispersal. In the novel environment test, we found many muskrat did not exit the shelter during the test. Muskrat that entered the arena showed activity and boldness/emotionality axes similar to behaviors identified in other taxa in similar tests. Participation in entering the arena appears to be related to boldness rather than activity. Both participation and boldness were lower in subadults and higher in males. Neither activity nor boldness of...
Isolation and purification of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin by affinity chromatography.

Sporulating cells of certain strains of Clostridium perfringens produce an intracellular enterotoxin believed to be the causative agent of C. perfringens food poisoning. Rabbit antibody preparations to both vegetative and sporulating cell extracts were used to purify toxin by differential immuno-affinity chromatography. Solid phase immune adsorbents were prepared by attaching antibody via α-amino groups to succinylaminoethyl Sepharose-4B to give two resins: one binding anti-vegetative immunoglobulin G (IgG), (V-resin), the other, antisporulating IgG, (S-resin). Sporulating cell extract was passed through resin with bound IgG to vegetative cell extract. A large protein fraction representing antigens common to both C. perfringens forms was retained, but toxin was not measurably absorbed to the resin as determined by erythemal activity in rabbits. The toxic fraction was then passed through resin with bound IgG to sporulating cell extract. The majority of the protein did not adhere to this resin; however, that which did, showed erythemal activity in rabbits. Disc-gel electrophoresis of the protein fraction eluted from resin with bound IgG to sporulating cell extract demonstrated the presence of five components. One elicited erythemal activity in rabbits. The maximum capacity of the V-resin column was 102 μg of bound protein/ml of resin, and of the S-resin column, 32 μg of bound protein/ml of resin. A 150-fold purification was achieved by the procedure. Resins could be used repeatedly.
Biological chemistry: Just add chlorine

Nature provides lessons about developing 'green chemistry' in seemingly out-of-the-way places. One such lesson comes from an enzymatic step in the production of a leaf toxin by a bacterium.
Robust Controller Design to Achieve Active Damping for a MEMS Microphone

This paper presented an H∞ -controller design to achieve active damping for a MEMS microphone system. The parametric uncertainties introduced by linearization process were modeled. The stability and performance of the closed-loop system were analyzed for the uncertain microphone model and both were shown to be robust. The nonlinear simulation further verifies that the controller offers the desired performance.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Hydrogen/deuterium exchange in the reactions of methyl cation with methane

Abstract The reaction of methyl cation with methane to form C 2 H 5 + and molecular hydrogen has been studied for several combinations of deuterated reactants. The experiments were carried out at room temperature with a tandem flowing afterglow-selected ion flow tube (FA-SIFT). We observed small deviations from statistical loss of H 2 /HD/D 2 and some reactions, notably the 3H/4D and 4H/3D cases, exhibit an asymmetry in product distributions. A matrix method for solving coupled rate equations, originally developed by J. Weiner et al. ( J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95 (1973) 4115), has been extended to include isotope effects in the dissociation of the intermediate complex, and provides very good fits to the experimental data. The data and analysis suggest that even for highly exothermic reactions such as the title reaction, the product distributions can deviate from statistical distributions depending on the relative rates of H/D scrambling within the collision complex and of its dissociation to products. The observed isotope effect is approximately equal to the reciprocal square root of the relative masses of the H 2 , HD, and D 2 products.
Measurement of low speed gas flows by particle trajectories: A new determination of free convection velocity profiles

Abstract The development of a method for the measurement of small flow velocities and the application of this method to the measurement of free convection velocity profiles in air is described. The method employed uses photographic techniques to measure the trajectories of small dust particles ( d μ ) carried along with the flow. Factors affecting the measurement technique and the results of the measurement of two laminar free convection velocity profiles on a vertical flat plate are presented.
Mud Volcanoes revealed and sampled on the Western Moroccan Continental Margin

We surveyed and sampled two active and 3 inactive mud volcanoes on the Atlantic continental margin of Morocco. The active mud volcanoes (named Yuma and Ginsburg) are each about 4 km in diameter, rise between 150–250 meters above the seafloor and are the first active methane-related mud volcanoes to be identified in this region. The inactive volcanoes range in diameter from 1–3 km, with relief between 50 and 80 meters. Gravity cores from the crest of the active mud volcanoes yielded methane hydrates and mud breccia deposits. Chemosynthetic communities of Pogonophora worms and the bivalve Solemya were found on the surface of the active mud volcanoes. Sediment cores from the inactive volcanoes contained hemipelagic sediments, rich in foraminifera and ahermatypic coral debris, overlying mud breccia
The magnetic structure of Fe3Al

Abstract A polarized-neutron-beam spectrometer has been used to determine the room-temperature magnetic structure of ordered Fe3Al. The results show that the aluminum atoms possess no magnetic moment and that the iron moments differ for the two sublattice sites. On one sublattice, where the iron atoms are surrounded by both iron and aluminum nearest neighbors, the average moment/atom is found to be l.46±0.1μB. On the other sublattice, where the iron atoms have only iron atoms as nearest neighbors, the average moment/atom is found to be 2.14±0.1μB. The data taken on higher-order magnetic reflections also permitted a comparison of the magnetic form factors for each of the different sites with that of metallic iron. No difference was observed to within the ±2 per cent accuracy of the measurements on the form factor.
Immunolocalization of transforming growth factor-α in normal and diseased human gastric mucosa

Roles for transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF alpha) in the stomach include cell migration and proliferation, inhibition of acid secretion, and cytoprotection. The authors have previously shown increased TGF alpha expression in rat gastric mucosa in response to acute gastric injury. They also have shown that TGF alpha immunoreactivity is increased in the gastric mucosa of four patients with Menetrier's disease. To further characterize TGF alpha immunoreactivity in human gastric mucosa, the authors have performed immunohistochemical analysis with an anti-TGF alpha monoclonal antibody on human gastric biopsies (n = 25) showing either normal (n = 8), mild reactive/reparative change in common conditions with or without associated gastritis (n = 13), and exaggerated mucosal change in proliferative conditions (Menetrier's disease, hypertrophic lymphocytic gastritis, and hyperplastic polyps) (n = 17). All normal biopsies showed a predictable pattern of TGF alpha immunostaining, with significant positivity found only in foveolar cells at the luminal surface and parietal cells, sparing foveolar cells in the gastric pits, mucous neck cells and chief cells of the gastric glands. Three patients with mild foveolar hyperplasia without associated inflammation did not deviate from the normal pattern except in foci of reactive epithelial change. Ten of 11 patients with chronic active gastritis, in addition to this normal staining pattern, demonstrated significant immunoreactivity in deeper foveolar cells and mucous neck cells showing reactive epithelial changes, defined as the presence of nuclear enlargement and nucleolar prominence with or without mucin depletion. Three cases of ulceration with associated reactive epithelial changes also showed increased immunoreactivity. Furthermore, five cases of Menetrier's disease with massive foveolar hyperplasia and minimal inflammation (MFH) and six cases with hypertrophic lymphocytic gastritis (HLG) have been studied, and both show full-thickness TGF alpha immunoreactivity restricted to the gastric epithelium. This pattern of staining is indistinguishable from that observed in two cases of hyperplastic polyps but differs significantly from that observed in cases of mild foveolar hyperplasia. These results further define patterns of TGF alpha immunostaining in normal, reactive/reparative and exaggerated proliferative human gastric biopsies, confirm participation of TGF alpha in the response to gastric mucosal injury, and provide additional support for a possible role for TGF alpha in the pathogenesis of proliferative gastric disorders including Menetrier's disease, hypertrophic lymphocytic gastritis, and hyperplastic gastric polyps.
Constructions by transfinitely many workers

In one of the author's earlier articles the main result is a metatheorem for constructions by finitely many workers. In an article of Ash. Jokusch and Knight, there were two constructions which had, for an arbitrary recursive ordinal α, one worker for each β≤α. The present paper gives a metatheorem for constructions like these ones. The object of the construction is to produce: 1) a sequence of instructions with «labels» attached, following a prescribed «instruction function» that is recursive in 0 (α) , and 2) a recursive sequence of neighborhoods in a metric space, determining a point that «adheres» to the sequence of labels. The metatheorem is applied to pairs of structures
Thermopower and phase diagram for pure solid and liquid samarium

Abstract Measurements of thermopower, S, for pure solid and liquid samarium are reported. Trends in S and dS/dT for the liquid light lanthanide metals are discussed. Based on these thermopower results and other work, a proposed phase diagram for Sm is presented.
Some notes on Muskingum method of flood routing

Abstract The Muskingum method of flood routing is revisited. A survey of literature indicates that the initial condition proposed by Gill is incompatible with the Muskingum hypothesis, that the translatory characteristics later derived by Gill are based on unrealistic assumptions, and that the assumptions made by Kulandaiswamy are also unrealistic. These issues are examined in this paper. Further, five different methods of parameter estimation are compared for three sets of data reported in the literature and are found to be comparable.
Researchers as constituents: Three exceptions to the rules governing access to the records of congressional committees

Abstract Researcher access to the unpublished records of the U.S. Congress is governed by rules imposed by each chamber. Constituents can play a role in encouraging exceptions to those established rules by voicing their interest in specific records either at the time they are being created or after they are archived. Drawing on published congressional committee reports, hearings, and experience with the process, the author examines the public's influence on the Senate and House of Representatives' decisions to make exceptions to its standard access policies relating to the records of the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs, the House Select Committee on Assassinations, and the House Un-American Activities Committee.
Bovine Milk-Associated Calcium as an Uncoupling Factor of Mitochondrial Respiration

Attempts to obtain coupled mitochondria from lactating bovine mammary tissue proved unsuccessful. To ascertain the nature of the uncoupling factor(s) responsible, we chose mitochondria of rat liver as a test system for their established isolation with retention of coupled respiration. Isolated, coupled rat liver mitochondria were uncoupled immediately by addition of microliter amounts of bovine milk and aqueous milk fractions. Dialysis of whey resulted in loss of the uncoupling factor, whereas boiling did not prevent the uncoupling effect. Inclusion in whey of the calcium chelator ethylene glycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid protected rat liver mitochondria from the uncoupling effect. Mitochondrial swelling paralleled whey-induced respiratory uncoupling. When monitored by both oxygen consumption and swelling experiments, loss of respiratory control was correlated with the ionic calcium content of bovine milk. These findings suggest that high ionic calcium in bovine milk caused uncoupling. Extensive washings to remove or chelate calcium or inhibit mitochondrial calcium uptake were ineffective in preventing bovine mammary mitochondrial uncoupling. The implications of these findings suggest large amounts of compartmentalized intracellular calcium in bovine mammary tissue.
Characterization of 4H-SiC Bipolar Junction Transistor at High Temperatures

In this work, a 4H-Silicon Carbide (SiC) Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) capable of operating at high temperatures up to 673 K is demonstrated. Comprehensive characterization including current gain, early voltage, and intrinsic voltage gain was performed. At elevated temperatures, although the current gain of the device is reduced, the intrinsic voltage gain increases to 5900 at 673 K, suggesting 4H-SiC BJT has the potential to be used as a voltage amplifier at extremely high temperatures.
America's Opinion Leader Historians on Behalf of Success.

A complex communication mosaic contributed to Americans' impelling motives to be successful. Some particularly credible “bits” of information in that mosaic came at crucial times from several twentieth‐century historians whose “literature of actuality” reinforced our faith in ways of achievement practiced earlier on the frontier and by our founding fathers. As they provided guidance to corroborate what was read and heard in popular culture, those historians are among America's most subtle but influential opinion leaders.
Undergraduate student perceptions of teamwork and use of teams in the classroom

The Human Factors and Ergonomics Society has recognized that, in order to properly prepare students for teamwork in the workplace, team-building experiences are an indispensable part of education (Stone, Moroney, & Wortham, 2006). Panels held at previous HFES meetings have identified approaches to instructing student teams, developing effective teams, and utilizing peer ratings. One hundred fifty-five students were surveyed concerning methods used to plan and communicate with other team members, best and worst team task experiences, and what was liked best and least about working in teams. Responses indicated that, while many students enjoy the collaborative and social aspects of working in teams, many are displeased with the distribution of workload between team members, procrastination by team members, and the difficulty of scheduling meetings. Implications for instructors and recommendations for tools designed to enhance student team experiences are described.
Not all lacrimal epithelial cells are created equal-heterogeneity of the rabbit lacrimal gland and differential secretion.

Aims: To test the hypotheses that some epithelial cells in the rabbit lacrimal gland (LG) are mucin-secreting cells that are also particularly rich in aquaporin 5 (AQP5) and sodium potassium ATPase β1 subunit (NKAβ1), LG-secreted mucins contribute to the total mucin pool in tear film, and that the rabbit LG is a heterogenic gland where proteins secreted in response to different agonists are varied. Materials and methods: LGs were obtained from adult female rabbits and processed for paraffin sections for hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), mucicarmine, and Alcian blue (pH 0.4, 1.0, and 2.5) for the detection of mucins. Serial sections were used for immunohistochemistry (IHC) and PAS. LG lysates and fluids were assayed by dot blot for detection of mucins, and by SDS-PAGE to detect differences in protein profiles of LG fluids stimulated by different agonists. Results: HE staining demonstrated that the LG is a heterogeneous gland where most epithelial cells are serous, while all d...
A METHOD OF INJECTING SMALL LABORATORY ANIMALS BY THE OPHTHALMIC PLEXUS ROUTE.

Discussion and summaryA method is described of injecting small laboratory animals by a venous plexus in the orbital cavity. This plexus, when entered with reasonable care, facilitates the introduction of materials into the circulation rapidly and without leakage. The tissues surrounding the area of the eye heal rapidly and the eyesight of the animal is not impaired.Over 100 mice and 50 hamsters were injected in this laboratory and the success of the plexus route suggested it could be utilized in other mammalian species such as rats and guinea pigs. Rats required more manipulation and orientation of the needle than mice or hamsters, but once the plexus was located, no difficulty was encountered in introducing physiological saline (1.5 ml). In the case of the guinea pigs, injections were made directly through the nictitating membrane because of the difficulty in extruding the eyeball. However, the ledge of the sphenoid bone was easily located, thus allowing injection of saline.
The Trepobatinae (Gerridae) of New Guinea and surrounding regions, with a review of the world fauna. Part 6. Phylogeny, biogeography, world checklist, bibliography and final taxonomic addenda

The small waterstriders of the subfamily Trepobatinae have radiated extensively on New Guinea and surrounding archipelagos. The present contribution is the sixth in a series of reports dealing with this endemic fauna, and presents a cladistic analysis at the generic level for the subfamily, a biogeographic analysis, a world checklist, a complete bibliography, and final taxonomic addenda. The taxonomic appendix contains new distributional records for Stygiobates mubi Polhemus & Polhemus, and descriptions of the following new taxa: the new genus Talaudia to hold the previously described Andersenella nilsi Chen & Nieser from the Talaud Archipelago; Metrobatoides bifurcatus sp. n. from northern central Irian Jaya; and Iobates ivimka sp. n. from southern Papua New Guinea. The current cladistic analysis supports the previously proposed tribal classification, with the Metrobatini, Trepobatini, Naboandelini, and Stenobatini all resolved as discrete monophyletic groups. Our cladistic and biogeographic analyses also suggest that the current distribution of trepobatine genera in the New Guinea region has been strongly influenced by past tectonic events, most notably the accretion of island arc terranes derived from the Solomons and Halmahera arc systems. This has led to distinct areas of freshwater and marine endemism among the Metrobatini and Stenobatini in the areas surrounding Halmahera, the Vogelkop Peninsula, and northeastern New Guinea plus nearby islands. By contrast, the distribution of Naboandelini in the New Guinea region suggests a vicariance pattern with Australia across the Torres Strait.
Anticephalgic Photoprotective Premeditated Mask. A Report of a Successful Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study of a New Treatment for Headaches With Associated Frontalis Pain and Photophobia

This study was performed to determine the efficacy of an anticephalgic photoprotective premedicated mask in the treatment of migraine and/or tension-type headaches. There were 54 patients. They were given masks and numbered bottles of topical medication containing either salicin or placebo. The patients were instructed to apply the medication to their frontalis region in the event they should suffer a headache, apply a photoprotective mask, and lie down. Furthermore, they were instructed to take their usual oral or parenteral medications, if required, for relief of the headache. They subsequently filled out forms rating the degree of relief which they attributed to the topical medications and the masks using a 0 to 10 scale. They were also simply asked if this form of treatment helped or not. Seven of the 20 patients receiving placebo stated the medication and mask helped. The placebo group rated the treatment an average of 4.31 on a 0 to 10 scale. Twenty-eight of 34 patients receiving salicin stated it was effective. The salicin group rated it 7.42 on a 0 to 10 scale (P<0.001). The majority of the salicin patients stated the duration of their headaches was significantly reduced, as was their need for analgesic and/or narcotic medications. This study demonstrates a significant difference between placebo and salicin in association with the photoprotective mask in treating migraines and/or tension-type headaches with associated frontalis pain and photophobia.
Prospective study of high grade anal squamous intraepithelial neoplasia in a cohort of homosexual men: influence of HIV infection, immunosuppression, and human papillomavirus infection

ObjectiveTo determine the risk of developing high grade anal squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (HG-AIN) in relation to HIV infection, and immunosuppression, after controlling for the effects of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.DesignProspective cohort study of 158 HIV-seropositive, and 147 HIV-
Refining the Plasmid-Encoded Type IV Secretion System Substrate Repertoire of Coxiella burnetii

The intracellular bacterial agent of Q fever, Coxiella burnetii, translocates effector proteins into its host cell cytosol via a Dot/Icm type IV secretion system (T4SS). The T4SS is essential for parasitophorous vacuole formation, intracellular replication, and inhibition of host cell death, but the effectors mediating these events remain largely undefined. Six Dot/Icm substrate-encoding genes were recently discovered on the C. burnetii cryptic QpH1 plasmid, three of which are conserved among all C. burnetii isolates, suggesting that they are critical for conserved pathogen functions. However, the remaining hypothetical proteins encoded by plasmid genes have not been assessed for their potential as T4SS substrates. In the current study, we further defined the T4SS effector repertoire encoded by the C. burnetii QpH1, QpRS, and QpDG plasmids that were originally isolated from acute-disease, chronic-disease, and severely attenuated isolates, respectively. Hypothetical proteins, including those specific to QpRS or QpDG, were screened for translocation using the well-established Legionella pneumophila T4SS secretion model. In total, six novel plasmid-encoded proteins were translocated into macrophage-like cells by the Dot/Icm T4SS. Four newly identified effectors are encoded by genes present only on the QpDG plasmid from severely attenuated Dugway isolates, suggesting that the presence of specific effectors correlates with decreased virulence. These results further support the idea of a critical role for extrachromosomal elements in C. burnetii pathogenesis.
Motivation to Manage: A Study of Change with Positive Implications for Women Managers

In an earlier study a program for change significantly increased male students' positive acceptance of a concept, motivation to manage. The present study was a replication (n = 20 male college students) and supported the previous findings; however, unlike the original study, the present research included 7 female students who completed the change program and also demonstrated a positive change.
Synthesis of the ABC ring system of azaspiracid. 1. Effect of D ring truncation on bis-spirocyclization.

Synthesis of a spirocyclization precursor with a truncated D ring has been accomplished. Subsequent bis-spirocyclization induced the formation of equal amounts of the natural transoidal 10R,13R bis-spirocycle and its cisoidal 10R,13S epimer under an apparent thermodynamically controlled process.
Problems with using components in educational software

Abstract Reuse is vital in the education world because the time and money necessary to create high-quality educational software is a significant problem. Estimates for the cost of creating a single well-designed, highly graphical and interactive online course in the commercial domain range from several hundred thousand dollars to a million or more. Thus, the idea of reusable software components that can be shared easily is tremendously appealing. In fact, “component” has become a buzzword in the educational software community, with millions of dollars from the National Science Foundation and other sponsors funding a wide variety of “component-based” projects. But few, if any, of these projects have approached the grand vision of creating repositories of easy-to-reuse components for developers and educators. This paper investigates some of the factors that stand in the way of achieving this goal. It also looks forward to a new genre of educational software that we hope will emerge when the basic components problems have been addressed. We begin by defining the word “component” and looking at several projects using components, with a focus on our Exploratories project at Brown University. We then discuss challenges in: critical mass, intellectual property issues, platform and system specificity, programming in the university environment, quality assurance, searching and metadata, and social issues. We look at relevant software engineering issues and describe why we believe educational applications have unique factors that should be considered when using components.
An Exploratory Procedure for Tracking Heterogeneity Associated with the Intercept in Regression

IN some linear regression problems samples may be unwittingly drawn from a heterogeneous population. The exploratory procedure described in this paper can be used to detect heterogeneity in a regression problem associated with the intercept.
Review: Dual-antiplatelet therapy does not reduce recurrent stroke but can increase ICH

Source Citation Lee M, Saver JL, Hong KS, et al. Risk–benefit profile of long-term dual- versus single-antiplatelet therapy among patients with ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysi...
Transition from back-arc to foreland basin development in the southernmost Andes: Stratigraphic record from the Ultima Esperanza District, Chile

During the Mesozoic evolution of the southernmost Andes, back-arc basin formation in an extensional setting was followed by foreland basin development in a compressional setting. A stratigraphic record of this tectonic transition is described from Jurassic and Cretaceous rock units exposed in the Patagonian fold-thrust belt at 51°S latitude. Initiation of an extensional deep-marine trough in Late Jurassic time is documented by interstratified rhyolites and marine mudstones in the Tobifera Formation. Development of the Early Cretaceous Rocas Verdes back-arc basin is recorded by Zapata Formation submarine-slope deposits, which draped the west-facing, passively subsiding cratonic margin of the basin. The onset of Andean compressional orogenesis and creation of the Magallanes foreland basin is marked by the influx of coarse-grained sandstone turbidites of the Albian-Cenomanian Punta Barrosa Formation. During Late Cretaceous time, the foreland basin configuration consisted of a narrow foredeep trough bounded by a gently sloping foreland ramp on the craton to the east. This geometry reflects greater flexural subsidence of the stretched and thermally weakened passive back-arc basin margin beneath the load of the obducted Rocas Verdes basin floor. Changes in depositional regime and sediment dispersal patterns in the latest Cretaceous, together with an eastward shift in the Magallanes basin depocenter, record cratonward migration of deformation in the Patagonian fold-thrust belt. Loading of the thicker, cratonic lithosphere caused subsidence of the foreland ramp to form a wide flexural basin.
Ten-year stability of remission in private alcohol and drug outpatient treatment: non-problem users versus abstainers

Background This study examined stability of remission in patients who were abstainers and non-problem users at 1-year after entering private, outpatient alcohol and drug treatment. We examined: (a) How does risk of relapse change over time? (b) What was the risk of relapse for non-problem users versus abstainers? (c) What individual, treatment, and extra-treatment characteristics predicted time to relapse, and did these differ by non-problem use versus abstinence?
The presence of functional estrogen receptors in intestinal epithelial cells

Reproductive and maturational nutritive needs are examples of situations in which alterations in circulating concentrations of estrogens are associated with changes in intestinal epithelial function. However, it is not clear that any of these effects is due to direct interaction of estrogen with intestinal epithelial estrogen receptors (ER). The experiments reported here were designed to determine whether the small intestinal epithelium contains functional ER and might, therefore, be an estrogen-responsive tissue. IEC-6 cells, a non-transformed line of cells isolated from rat small intestinal crypts, were used for many of the experiments, because they provide a pure preparation of crypt epithelial cells. IEC-6 cells were found to exhibit specific saturable binding of estradiol with a Kd of 5 x 10(-10) M and approximately 100 binding sites/cell. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that IEC-6 cells as well as epithelial cells from each segment of the rat intestine (duodenum, jejunum...
Treatment of steroid refractory, Gamma Knife related radiation necrosis with bevacizumab: Case report and review of the literature

Radiation necrosis is the most significant complication associted with Gamma Knife radiosurgery. It typically becomes manifest s a necrotic white matter lesion 3 or more months following treatent [3]. Treatment volume and radiation dose are the two most mportant predictors of radiation necrosis. Once radiation necrois has become clinically apparent treatment has historically been imited to corticosteroids. Antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants and yperbaric oxygen have been studied but there is currently minimal igh quality evidence to support their use in routine clinical pracice [6]. If the radiation necrosis fails to respond to steroid treatment herapeutic options are limited. Recent trials have highlighted a potential role for bevacizumab, a onoclonal antibody directed against vascular endothelial growth actor (VEGF) in the treatment of radiation necrosis from convenional radiation therapy [14]. We present a case of symptomatic adiation necrosis following Gamma Knife radiosurgery for muliple atypical WHO grade II meningiomas initially unresponsive o steroid treatment and ultimately responsive to bevacizumab herapy.
Maturation-dependent alterations in (3H)GABA compartmentalization in neural tissue in vitro.

Abstract The uptake and subcellular distribution of [3H]GABA into slices of mouse cerebral cortices were studied at various stages of postnatal development. (1) The subcellular distribution of [3H]GABA was observed to change during neural maturation. (2) Cellular uptake of [3H]GABA was considerably greater in immature as compared to mature cerebral cortical slices. (3) The radioactivity of extractable [3H]GABA associated with synaptosome enriched fractions was comparable across all ages of mice. (4) Control studies indicated that substrate limitations, cellular water content, extracellular space, retention of occluded radioactivity during preparation of subcellular fractions and tritiated water exchange could not account for the differences in subcellular compartmentalization of [3H]GABA associated with mouse age. (5) In synaptosome enriched fractions uptake specificity and uptake sensitivity to various inhibitors were comparable for tissues from all ages of mice. These findings are related to morphological alterations in the cerebral cortical fractions obtained from mice of different ages. An apparent paradox between biochemical and morphological observations suggests several possibilities regarding cerebral cortical development and the subcellular compartmentalization of GABA.
Adjustable suture strabismus surgery in infants and children.

Purpose To evaluate the success rate of adjustable suture techniques in horizontal eye muscle surgery in children aged 10 years and younger. Methods A retrospective review of children who had horizontal eye muscle surgery at or before the age of 10 years. Patients were divided into 1 of 2 groups according to whether a nonadjustable or an adjustable technique was used. The preoperative measurements, type of strabismus, and postoperative results were analyzed. Results A total of 98 cases in the nonadjustable group and 298 cases in the adjustable group were identified. Early success rate, defined as alignment within 8Δ of straight at the end of 3 months, was notably greater in the adjustable group (79%) than in the nonadjustable group (64.5%). The difference was statistically significant (p Conclusions The use of adjustable sutures can provide an improved success rate over nonadjustable sutures in eye muscle surgery in children aged 10 years or younger.
Plant cell wall polysaccharide-degrading enzymes of Melanoplus bivittatus

Abstract Enzymes in freeze-dried extracts and acetone powder preparations of whole grasshoppers, Melanoplus bivittatus , are capable of degrading hypocotyl cell walls isolated from 5- and 8-day-old red kidney bean plants. Over 40 per cent of the neutral sugars in the cell walls are solubilized by 4 hr incubation with the enzyme preparations. This extraction of cell wall constituents includes 64 per cent of the galactose, 48 per cent of the glucose, and 46 per cent of the arabinose recoverable from untreated walls. The following p -nitrophenyl glycosidase activities are detectable in grasshopper extracts: α- and β-galactosidase, α- and β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase, α-fucosidase, and α-mannosidase. Enzymes are also present which degrade commercial xyland and carboxymethylcellulose. A correlation is made between the ability of the grasshopper enzymes to extract wall polymer and to degrade model substrates.
Synthesis of diphenyl thioether derivatives of peptides and aminoacids

Abstract Derivatives of p-mercaptophenylalanine and iodotyrosine or iodohydroxyphenylglycine are efficiently converted to thioethers by S RN 1 reaction in ammonia.
Hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope analysis of pollen collected from honey

AbstractAnalyses of stable isotope ratios of pollen present within complex matrices may be useful in sample provenance or climate change applications. We developed a method for separating pollen from honey and preparing pollen for hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratio analysis. The method combined several treatments: ethanol dilution to separate pollen; hexane washing to remove wax; and acetolysis to digest all but the external layer of pollen granules. There were large isotopic effects associated with treatments but effects were consistent between replicate applications of the method. We used the method to separate pollen from 45 honey samples from across the United States. Pollen δ2H and δ18O isotope values were significantly positively correlated (P < 0.05), but there was little variation in δ2H values explained by δ18O values (r2 = 0.17). Pollen δ2H values were significantly correlated with δ2H values of precipitation predicted for hive locations (P < 0.05, r2 = 0.24), but there was no significant ...
Category-specific naming and recognition deficits in temporal lobe epilepsy surgical patients.

Abstract Objective Based upon Damasio's “convergence zone” model of semantic memory, we predicted that epilepsy surgical patients with anterior temporal lobe (TL) seizure onset would exhibit a pattern of category-specific naming and recognition deficits not observed in patients with seizures arising elsewhere. Methods We assessed epilepsy patients with unilateral seizure onset of anterior TL or other origin (n = 22), pre- or post-operatively, using a set of category-specific items and a conventional measure of visual naming (Boston Naming Test: BNT). Results Category-specific naming deficits were exhibited by patients with dominant anterior TL seizure onset/resection for famous faces and animals, while category-specific recognition deficits for these same categories were exhibited by patients with nondominant anterior TL onset/resection. Patients with other seizure onset did not exhibit category-specific deficits. Naming and recognition deficits were frequently not detected by the BNT, which samples only a limited range of stimuli. Interpretation Consistent with the “convergence zone” framework, results suggest that the nondominant anterior TL plays a major role in binding sensory information into conceptual percepts for certain stimuli, while dominant TL regions function to provide a link to verbal labels for these percepts. Although observed category-specific deficits were striking, they were often missed by the BNT, suggesting that they are more prevalent than recognized in both pre- and post-surgical epilepsy patients. Systematic investigation of these deficits could lead to more refined models of semantic memory, aid in the localization of seizures, and contribute to modifications in surgical technique and patient selection in epilepsy surgery to improve neurocognitive outcome.
Drifts induced by multiplicative red noise with application to climate

It is well known that moment equations for a multivariate linear system with multiplicative red noise are not closed: equations for low-order moments involve higher-order moments. Further, the probability density for this system is complicated enough that analytic expressions for the moments are difficult to obtain by direct integration. We introduce a closure approximation so that the vector mean of such systems may be estimated with high accuracy. The approximation is accurate for red noises with a wide range of timescales, and approaches the correct limits for both very small and very large correlation times. We include an application relevant to climate modeling and comment on the implications for numerical-model investigations of global warming.
Factors influencing nonprofit career choice in faith-based and secular NGOs in three developing countries

Much of the research on the factors that draw individuals to nonprofit careers is based in Australia, Western Europe, and the United States, and research on the role of faith in career choice focuses largely on Christian organizations. This article examines the factors that draw individuals to work in the nongovernmental organization (NGO) sector in the developing countries of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Lebanon, and Sri Lanka. It also looks at whether faith offers similar motivations for NGO workers in Buddhist, Druze, Sunni Muslim, and Shiite Muslim NGOs as it does for workers in Christian NGOs. Much like nonprofit workers in other studies, the individuals interviewed chose their jobs based on their personal commitment to an organization’s work.
Colonial Latin American Literature: A Very Short Introduction

The publication of a synthetic overview of colonial Latin American literature by Oxford University Press is the culmination but one hopes not the peak of a trend that began in the 1960s. Colonial L...
Quantitative Imaging of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachments Using Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography

Purpose To evaluate the reproducibility of area and volume measurements of retinal pigment epithelium detachments (PEDs) in eyes of patients with age-related macular degeneration using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography imaging and a novel automated, quantitative algorithm. Design Prospective study to evaluate a diagnostic technology. Methods Patients with PEDs associated with age-related macular degeneration underwent spectral-domain optical coherence tomography imaging. Each eye was imaged 5 times, and each scan consisted of a raster pattern comprising 40 000 uniformly spaced A-scans organized as a 200 × 200 A-scan array. Each raster scan covered a retinal area of 6 × 6 mm encompassing the entire PED. A novel algorithm was used to create PED maps that permitted both qualitative and quantitative assessment of PED area and volume. Test–retest standard deviations of PED area and volume measurements were calculated for each eye. Results Sixty-three eyes of 58 patients were enrolled in this study. The qualitative appearance and the quantitative measurements of PED area and volume were highly reproducible over the 5 different datasets obtained from each eye. The intraclass correlation coefficient was more than 0.99 for both area and volume measurements obtained using the entire dataset. Conclusions A novel algorithm for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of PEDs imaged using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was shown to be highly reproducible. The ability to measure PED area and volume reliably represents a novel strategy for following disease progression, especially when assessing the response of vascularized PEDs to antiangiogenic therapy.
Perfect phylogeny and haplotype assignment

This paper is concerned with the reconstruction of perfect phylogenies from binary character data with missing values, and related problems of inferring complete haplotypes from haplotypes or genotypes with missing data. In cases where the problems considered are NP-hard we assume a rich data hypothesis under which they become tractable. Natural probabilistic models are introduced for the generation of character vectors, haplotypes or genotypes with missing data, and it is shown that these models support the rich data hypothesis. The principal results include: A near-linear time algorithm for inferring a perfect phylogeny from binary character data (or haplotype data) with missing values, under the rich data hypothesis;A quadratic-time algorithm for inferring a perfect phylogeny from genotype data with missing values with high probability, under certain distributional assumptions;Demonstration that the problems of maximum-likelihood inference of complete haplotypes from partial haplotypes or partial genotypes can be cast as minimum-entropy disjoint set cover problems;In the case where the haplotypes come from a perfect phylogeny, a representation of the set cover problem as minimum-entropy covering of subtrees of a tree by nodes;An exact algorithm for minimum-entropy subtree covering, and demonstration that it runs in polynomial time when the subtrees have small diameter;Demonstration that a simple greedy approximation algorithm solves the minimum-entropy subtree covering problem with relative error tending to zero when the number of partial haplotypes per complete haplotype is large;An asymptotically consistent method of estimating the frequencies of the complete haplotypes in a perfect phylogeny, under an iid model for the distribution of missing data;Computational results on real data demonstrating the effectiveness of a the greedy algorithm for inferring haplotypes from genotypes with missing data, even in the absence of a perfect phylogeny..