cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sulfation of di- and tricyclic phenols by rat liver aryl sulfotransferase isozymes.

Abstract Aryl sulfotransferases (ASTs) catalyze the sulfation of a variety of hydroxyl-containing substrates, including phenols, aryl oximes, benzylic alcohols, and arylhydroxamic acids. Sulfation of the latter class of substrates (e.g., N -hydroxy-2-acetamidofluorene) can yield highly unstable sulfuric acid esters capable of covalently binding to cellular nucleophiles. Accordingly, these enzymes have been implicated in the bioactivation of the arylhydroxamic acid (and precursor arylamine) class of hepatocarcinogens. Rat liver contains three well-characterized isoforms of AST. To understand better the factors which influence isozymic substrate specificity, the present study focused on steric and regiochemical factors with the sulfation of polyaromatic phenols as a model system. Seven di- and tricyclic phenols were tested as substrates for ASTs I, II, and IV. Based on a comparison of kinetic constants and assuming an absence of substrate-specific pH effects, the results suggest that regiochemical and steric factors play an important role in substrate specificity and provide insight into isozymic differences in active-site topology. For both AST I and AST II, the kinetic results were consistent with an active-site model in which the hydrophobic substrate binding pocket is wider, but less elongated, than that for AST IV. In addition, kinetic results for AST II with Q-phenylphenol were indicative of negative cooperativity which was unique to this isozyme. In contrast to those for ASTs I and II, the kinetic results for AST IV suggest an active-site model that is linearly extended. This elongated active-site model accommodates lengthy substrates and appears to derive little catalytic benefit from additional aromatic rings which increase substrate width.
Visualization of Heat Shock Proteins for Quantifying Laser-Induced Thermal Ablation of Biological Tissues

In laser-based therapeutics, it is important to ablate target tissue with minimal damage to surrounding healthy tissue. Unique properties of lasers allow precise and controlled ablation of tissue. Tightly focusing a short-pulse laser at the desired tissue region and controlling the exposure time by scanning the beam at the target can minimize corresponding collateral damage [1]. Even so, design of effective laser-based ablation procedures requires an understanding of the extent of laser-induced damage for given laser parameters (power, intensity, duration, etc.). Therefore, the instantaneous and effects over time of laser irradiation in live tissue should be studied. Instantaneous effects can be quantified by measuring thermal effects of laser irradiation on tissue. Depending on the application, threshold temperature is necessary to make permanent or temporary changes in tissue structure [1]. The temperature profile around the laser-irradiated region gives insight into radial energy spread and the extent of damage in tissue surrounding the ablation zone. In order to investigate the effects over time of laser irradiation of tissue, we studied the temporal expression patterns heat shock proteins (HSP), members of a class of proteins whose expression patterns change when cells are exposed to elevated temperature or other stressors [2]. We conducted experiments on live anesthetized mice to determine the spatiotemporal expression patterns of heat shock proteins in skin tissue after laser stimulation, both to understand the roles of heat shock proteins in laser-induced tissue damage and repair, and to develop heat shock proteins as tools to illustrate the extent of laser-induced damage and wound healing following irradiation.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Tandem lesions are the major products resulting from a pyrimidine nucleobase radical.

Nucleobase radicals (e.g., 1) are the major family of reactive intermediates formed when DNA is exposed to gamma-radiolysis. Independent generation of 1 in chemically synthesized oligonucleotides reveals that formation of this nucleobase radical under aerobic conditions results in the formation of tandem lesions approximately 65% of the time. The distribution of lesions formed with the 5'- and 3'-adjacent nucleotides is dependent upon the secondary structure of duplex DNA. Tandem lesions, which are defined as two contiguously, damaged nucleotides in a single DNA strand, are of significant biological interest. The yield of tandem lesions from 1 is much greater than was previously believed. The observations presented could have significant ramifications on how scientists interpret the effects of gamma-radiolysis on DNA.
Lymphocyte Subpopulations and Cytokines in Nasal Polyps: Is there a Local Immune System in the Nasal Polyp?

Abstract Purpose The pathogenesis of chronic hyperplastic rhinosinusitis with massive nasal polyposis is still not entirely known. The present study evaluates the lymphocyte subpopulations and their production of cytokines using a technique for detection of intracytoplasmic cytokines by flow cytometry. This information may allow us to determine whether the source of these lymphocytes is from peripheral blood, the common mucosal immune system, or both. Methods Detection of intracytoplasmic cytokines by flow cytometry was performed using a fluoresceinated monoclonal antibody directed against CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes and a rhodamine-labeled intracytoplasmic monoclonal antibody directed against four cytokines. In this way, the percentage of lymphocytes synthesizing TH1 and TH2 cytokines were identified in nasal polyp lymphocytes and the corresponding peripheral blood lymphocytes of 13 patients. Results Lymphocytes producing interferon-gamma and IL-2, as well as IL-4 and IL-5, were found in the nasal polyps, suggesting that the nasal polyp possesses both TH1 and TH2 cytokine expression. There are also significant differences between the percentage of lymphocytes producing these cytokines between nasal polyps and peripheral blood, suggesting that nasal polyp lymphocytes derive from at least another source than only peripheral blood lymphocytes. Statistical analysis of four groups of patients demonstrated that no statistically significant difference in the lymphocyte subpopulations in atopic versus non-atopic patients, nor aspirin-intolerant versus aspirin-tolerant patients. In general, CD8 cells always produce more interferon-gamma than IL-2 in both peripheral blood and nasal polyps. In contrast with this data, CD4 cells produce more IL-2 in the peripheral blood than in nasal polyps. Conclusions Data support the concept that nasal polyp lymphocyte subpopulations may be derived from both the local mucosal immune system as well as from random migration of peripheral blood lymphocytes secondary to adhesion molecules and chemokines, which are known to be present in nasal polyps.
Building Information Modeling (BIM)-based daylighting simulation and analysis

Abstract Daylighting is an important aspect in designing high performance buildings. Many simulation tools have been developed to study the daylighting performance of buildings. These tools primarily use CAD environments for creating architectural models, which are then converted into daylighting models to run on the daylighting simulation engines. Once the architect defines the architectural model in CAD, a simulation expert creates the simulation input file to perform daylighting analysis. Each tool has its own rules that the architect and the engineer have to follow to prepare the simulation input files, and the complexity depends on the tools. Currently, Building Information Modeling (BIM) is widely used in the AECO industries and BIM models are used as a means of exchanging data among different professionals involved in the design and construction of buildings. The present paper discusses the use of BIM for building performance simulations and mainly focuses on how daylighting analysis can be incorporated into a BIM environment, and what challenges and benefits exist in the process of integrating BIM with daylighting simulation tools. The paper presents the development and validation of a prototype to integrate the BIM tool, Revit with the daylighting simulation tools, Radiance and DAYSIM.
Exposure uniformity considerations in slit radiography

Slit radiography is a highly efficient means of suppressing scatter. However, when employed with a pulsating x-ray source, a grid line type of artifact results if the movement of the slit is not properly coupled to the periodicity of the source. Taking the exposure of the film to be the convolution of the slit transmittance and the radiation intensity, the conditions for a uniform exposure have been derived for the realistic configuration of a multiple-slit array and a slit transmittance that includes the focal spot and slit geometry. Expressions for the amplitude and spatial frequency of the artifact when the conditions are not met are derived. Methods of suppressing the artifact when its vanishing conditions are not met are also discussed.
Comparison of FEV6 and FVC for detection of airway obstruction in a community hospital pulmonary function laboratory

The National Lung Health Education Program recommends that primary care providers perform spirometry tests on cigarette smoking patients 45 years or older in order to detect airways obstruction and aid smoking cessation efforts [Ferguson GT, Enright Pl, Buist AS, et al. Office spirometry for lung health assessment in adults: a consensus statement from the national lung education program. Chest 2000; 117: 1146-61]. An abbreviated forced expiratory maneuver that requires exhalation for 6s (FEV6) has recently been proposed as a substitute for forced vital capacity (FVC) to facilitate performance of such spirometry. We set out to assess the accuracy of diagnosis of obstruction and abnormal pulmonary function using FEV6 in comparison to FVC in a community hospital population. One hundred pulmonary function tests performed at a community hospital were randomly selected and retrospectively analyzed. Sixty-three of the 100 tests had satisfactory 6-s expiration and were subject to further analysis. We compared the spirometric interpretation using Morris predictive equations for FEV1/FVC and Hankison predictive equations for FEV1/FVC and FEV1/FEV6. The Hankison set of equations is the only published reference formulas for prediction of FEV6. We found that versus our Morris gold standard, Hankison based FEV1/FVC interpretation was 100% sensitive and 67% specific for the diagnosis of obstruction and 100% sensitive and 65% specific for the diagnosis of any abnormality. The Hankison based FEV1/FEV6 interpretation was 97% sensitive and 47% specific for diagnosing obstruction and 100% sensitive and 50% specific for identifying any abnormality versus the Morris FVC based gold standard. In conclusion, in our hospital based pulmonary function laboratory, FEV6 based interpretation has excellent sensitivity for detection of spirometric abnormalities. However, its moderate specificity may hinder its utility as a screening test. Further testing is necessary to determine its reliability in different patient populations with less highly trained operators.
Causes and Implications of Readmission after Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair

Objective To determine the frequency, causes, predictors, and consequences of 30-day readmission after abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair.
Incorporation of an SPH option into the EPIC code for a wide range of high velocity impact computations

Abstract This paper describes and demonstrates how a Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) algorithm can be incorporated into a standard Lagrangian code such as EPIC. The SPH technique is also Lagrangian, but it has variable nodal connectivity and can handle severe distortions in a manner comparable with Eulerian codes. Included is the SPH algorithm for axisymmetric geometry, example problems using only the SPH option, and example problems where the SPH grid is coupled to the standard EPIC grid. The coupling techniques allow for attachment, sliding, and automatic generation of SPH nodes.
Modifications of Modified Jacobi Sequences

The known families of binary sequences having asymptotic merit factor 6.0 are modifications to the families of Legendre sequences and Jacobi sequences. In this paper, we show that at N = pq, there are many suitable modifications other than the Jacobi or modified Jacobi sequences. Furthermore, we will give three new modifications to the character sequences of length N = pq. Based on these new modifications, for any pair of large p and q, we can construct a binary sequence of length 2pq so that such families of sequences have asymptotic merit factor 6.0 without cyclic shifting of the base sequences.
Bergsonism in Russia: The case of Bakhtin

“Bergsonism in Russia: The Case of Bakhtin” examines an important question of Russian intellectual history and Bakhtin studies, namely Bergson's impact on Bakhtin, and traces similarities and differences between the two thinkers' views. Bergson's influence on the cultural and intellectual climate in Europe was profound. For a new generation of thinkers, he was a symbol of opposition to traditional philosophy, determinism, and mechanistic science. All major works by Bergson were translated into Russian by 1914 and widely read and discussed in intellectual and artistic circles. The Formalists, Osip Mandelstam, Nikolai Gumilev, Alexandr Voronskii, to name but a few Russian intellectuals, were interested in his philosophy, and so was Mikhail Bakhtin. Although Bergson's influence on Bakhtin has been briefly mentioned in Michael Holquist's works on Bakhtin, no substantial research has appeared on this subject. This study establishes Bergson as a formative source of Bakhtin's thinking and provides a comparative analysis of their patterns of thought. Specifically, it discusses Bakhtin's and Bergson's theories of the self, their views on time and space, and their approaches to ethics. This paper not only traces Bakhtin's and Bergson's patterns of thought and Bakhtin's polemics against Bergson, it also places Bakhtin within a wider group of twentieth-century thinkers who attempted to create new approaches to knowledge.
Traumatic tricuspid insufficiency.

Abstract In a 45 year old farmer, free tricuspid insufficiency developed after blunt injury to the right anterior lower chest by a heavy flying object. The clinicle course was complicated by recurrent atrial flutter with 2:1 atrioventricular block and right to left shunt through a patent foramen ovale. Diagnosis was based on clinical, roentgenologic and catheterization data and was confirmed by surgical findings. Tricuspid insufficiency was caused by thin atrophic retracted tricuspid leaflets which were attached normally to the annulus and intact papillary muscles. However, the attached chordae were unusually elongated. Six months after replacement of the tricuspid valve, the heart size returned to normal and the patient was again performing heavy farm labor.
Stimulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase Production by Recombinant Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase Inducer from Transfected Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

Many of the tumor-associated matrix metalloproteinases that are implicated in metastasis are produced by stromal fibroblasts within or surrounding the tumor in response to stimulation by factors produced by tumor cells. In this study we transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells with putative cDNA for human extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), a transmembrane glycoprotein that is attached to the surface of many types of malignant human tumor cells and that has previously been implicated in stimulation of matrix metalloproteinase production in fibroblasts. We show that these transfected cells synthesize EMMPRIN that is extensively post-translationally processed; this recombinant EMMPRIN stimulates human fibroblast production of interstitial collagenase, stromelysin-1, and gelatinase A (72-kDa type IV collagenase). We propose that EMMPRIN regulates matrix metalloproteinase production during tumor invasion and other processes involving tissue remodeling.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Low-Coordinate Iron(II) Fluoride Complexes and Their Use in the Catalytic Hydrodefluorination of Fluorocarbons

Transition metal fluoride complexes are of interest because they are potentially useful in a multitude of catalytic applications, including C−F bond activation and fluorocarbon functionalization. We report the first crystallographically characterized examples of molecular iron(II) fluorides: [LMeFe(μ-F)]2 (12) and LtBuFeF (2) (L = bulky β-diketiminate). These complexes react with donor molecules (L‘), yielding trigonal-pyramidal complexes LRFeF(L‘). The fluoride ligand is activated by the Lewis acid Et2O·BF3, forming LtBuFe(OEt2)(η1-BF4) (3), and is also silaphilic, reacting with silyl compounds such as Me3SiSSiMe3, Me3SiCCSiMe3, and Et3SiH to give new thiolate LtBuFeSSiMe3 (4), acetylide LtBuFeCCSiMe3 (5), and hydride [LMeFe(μ-H)]2 (62) complexes. The hydrodefluorination (HDF) of perfluorinated aromatic compounds (hexafluorobenzene, pentafluoropyridine, and octafluorotoluene) with a silane R3SiH (R3 = (EtO)3, Et3, Ph3, (3,5-(CF3)2C6H3)Me2) is catalyzed by addition of an iron(II) fluoride complex, giving...
Phenogram Based on Allozymes and Its Relationship to Classical Biosystematics and Pheromone Structure among Eleven Diabroticites (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Gel electrophoretic techniques were used to resolve allozymes representing nine known or putative genetic loci for Acalymma blandulum LeConte; Paranapiacaba tricincta (Say); Diabrotica balteata LeConte; D. barberi Smith & Lawrence; D. cristata (Harris); D. lemniscata LeConte; D. longicornis (Say); D. undecimpunctata howardi Barber; D. virgifera virgifera LeConte; D. virgifera zeae Krysan & Smith; and D. sp., an undescribed species from Mexico. The Rogers's (modified) indices of genetic distance paralleled closely the relationships expected from existing taxonomic classifications. A phenogram constructed from the Rogers's distances indicated the following relationships: the species from two established groups of Diabrotica formed cohesive clusters; D. barberi, D. cristata, and D. longicornis , three species with Nearctic origins, are closely related; D. barberi and D. virgifera occupy the corn field habitat by convergence; the response of males to stereoisomers of sex attractants is evolutionarily plastic; and premating isolation mechanisms are stronger among closely related sympatric species than among more distantly related allopatric species.
"Color Command"-A Digital Method for Extracting the Color Information from the NTSC SIGNAL

A new color-signal processing system is described which utilizes digital methods to decode the three color-difference signals from the NTSC signal. Using a 3.58 MHz crystal multivibrator as the basic time element, sampling pulses, initiated by the color burst and terminated by the following horizontal synchronizing pulse, are generated by low-level digital logic elements. These sampling pulses, delayed the appropriate time, are then used to demodulate the color-difference signals from the chrominance signal. Since the sampling pulses exist only during the active time following each color burst, no color killer is required. The system, referred to at Texas Instruments as "Color Command," uses Monolithic Integrated Circuits to generate the reference waveform and the sampling pulses, and to demodulate the chrominance signal.
The Promising Syllabus Enacted: One Teacher's Experience

The purpose of this report is to describe a rationale and strategies for use of the Promising Syllabus (in Bain, 2004, What the best college teachers do). This syllabus reflects the learner-centered paradigm where students take charge of their own learning. The syllabus creates a series of promises between teacher and student, focusing on a question—or questions—of significance the course will help the student answer. Allowing students input into the direction and evaluation of their learning challenges current pedagogy. A Promising Syllabus was used in COM 365, Organizational Communication. This report explores the use of the Promising Syllabus and one teacher's attempt to challenge students to take ownership of their learning experience.
Environmental Protection Activities in the Balkan Operations: The Experience in Bosnia, Albania, Kosovo, and Macedonia

Environmental issues are playing a pivotal role in the ongoing operations in the Balkan states. U.S. Army commanders have realized that environmental issues have strategic and operational implications. Each of the Balkan countries where the Army has had missions is of unique character and state of development. The Army is developing a doctrine in facilities support and environmental protection that enables the Army to achieve all mission objectives. The Army serves as a role model of how a military force should operate, from an environmental protection standpoint, in a free society. Environmental protection is now seen by the command as a mission enabler and as a force protection issue. The evolution in command thinking from the start of the mission in Bosnia to the inception of the mission in Kosovo is dramatic. The recognition by the command of the relationship between environmental issues and mission accomplishment grows with each deployment of forces. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FOWL CHOLERA : V. FURTHER FIELD OBSERVATIONS OF THE SPONTANEOUS DISEASE.

An investigation of endemic fowl cholera, the common form of the disease in this locality, has been made at a poultry farm in Belle Meade, N. J. The focus or reservoir of P. avicida proved to be the healthy pullets which had become carriers the previous year and which were selected as the breeding stock for the ensuing season. From these carriers, the organisms spread and gave rise during the winter months to the various forms of infection, including the carrier state, localized upper respiratory disease, and typical cholera. Strains of P. avicida were in general very similar and of the "blue" colony type. They were all of the same low degree of virulence; no differences were demonstrable between a) "carrier" and "autopsy" strains, b) strains where the infection was spreading and severe, and strains where disease was rare, and c) "autumn" and "winter" strains. In general, a relatively high carrier rate was accompanied by a high mortality rate, although in one instance, a community with high carrier incidence plus a probable high degree of host resistance suffered but little fatal infection. An attempt was made to reduce the amount of cholera by the removal of carriers. The results of this measure indicate that such a procedure is both effective and practical.
Vector—valued fractal interpolation functions and their box dimension

We introduce continuous functions f:\(I \subseteq \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^n ,n > 1 \), whose graphs are the attractors of certain iterated function systems, and which interpolate a given set of data or interpolation points Δ={(tj,xj):j = 0, 1, ⋯, M; M >1} according tof(tj) =xj. The box dimension of the graph of these functions is in general non-integral. We present a formula for this dimension. Applications to the approximation of complicated self-affine functions are indicated.
Scalable, MEMS-enabled, vibrational tactile actuators for high resolution tactile displays

The design, fabrication, and characterization of a new type of tactile display for people with blindness or low vision is reported. Each tactile element comprises a piezoelectric extensional actuator that vibrates in plane, with a microfabricated scissor mechanism to convert the in-plane actuations into robust, higher-amplitude, out-of-plane (vertical) vibrations that are sensed with the finger pads. When the tactile elements are formed into a 2D array, information can be conveyed to the user by varying the pattern of vibrations in space and time. Analytical models and finite element analysis were used to design individual tactile elements, which were implemented with PZT actuators and both SU-8 and 3D-printed scissor amplifiers. The measured displacements of these 3 mm × 10 mm, MEMS-enabled tactile elements exceed 10 µm, in agreement with models, with measured forces exceeding 45 mN. The performance of the MEMS-enabled tactile elements is compared with the performance of larger, fully-macroscale tactile elements to demonstrate the scale dependence of the devices. The creation of a 28-element prototype is also reported, and the qualitative user experience with the individual tactile elements and displays is described.
Theory of ion-ion recombination in plasmas

Ionic recombination in a dense plasma is studied by the application of molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations and through the development of transport theory. For charge densities exceeding ${10}^{14}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, the modification of the effective interaction between positive and negative ions leads to a significant reduction in the recombination rate at pressures below 1 atm. At higher pressures the rate is less sensitive to the ion density. The presence of an external field also inhibits the recombination rate. This latter effect may be especially important in rare-gas---halide discharge laser plasmas.
Influence of pre-eruptive storage conditions and volatile contents on explosive Plinian style eruptions of basic magma

Sub-Plinian to Plinian eruptions of basic magma present a challenge to modeling volcanic behavior because many models rely on magma becoming viscous enough during ascent to behave brittlely and cause fragmentation. Such models are unable, however, to strain low viscosity magma fast enough for it to behave brittlely. That assumes that such magmas actually have low viscosities, but the rare Plinian eruptions of basic magma may in fact result from them being anomalously viscous. Here, we examine two such eruptions, the 122 B.C. eruption of hawaiitic basalt from Mt. Etna and the late Pleistocene eruption of basaltic andesite from Masaya Caldera, to test whether they were anomalously viscous. We carried out hydrothermal experiments on both magmas and analyzed glass inclusions in plagioclase phenocrysts from each to determine their most likely pre-eruptive temperatures and water contents. We find that the hawaiite was last stored at 1,000–1,020°C, whereas the basaltic andesite was last stored at 1,010–1,060°C, and that both were water saturated with ∼3.0 wt.% water dissolved in them. Such water contents are not high enough to trigger Plinian explosive behavior, as much more hydrous basic magmas erupt less violently. In addition, despite being relatively cool, the viscosities of both magmas would range from ∼102.2–2.5 Pa s before erupting to ∼104 Pa s when essentially degassed, all of which are too fluid to cause brittle disruption. Without invoking special external forces to explain all such eruptions, one of the more plausible explanations is that when the bubble content reaches some critical value the fragile foam-like magma disrupts. The rarity of Plinian eruptions of basic magma may be because such magmas must ascend fast enough to retain their bubbles.
Top-down guidance in visual search for facial expressions.

Using a visual search paradigm, we investigated how a top-down goal modified attentional bias for threatening facial expressions. In two experiments, participants searched for a facial expression either based on stimulus characteristics or a top-down goal. In Experiment 1, participants searched for a discrepant facial expression in a homogenous crowd of faces. Consistent with previous research, we obtained a shallower response time (RT) slope when the target face was angry than when it was happy. In Experiment 2, participants searched for a specific type of facial expression (allowing a top-down goal). When the display included a target, we found a shallower RT slope for the angry than for the happy face search. However, when an angry or happy face was present in the display in opposition to the task goal, we obtained equivalent RT slopes, suggesting that the mere presence of an angry face in opposition to the task goal did not support the well-known angry face superiority effect. Furthermore, RT distribution analyses supported the special status of an angry face only when it was combined with the top-down goal. On the basis of these results, we suggest that a threatening facial expression may guide attention as a high-priority stimulus in the absence of a specific goal; however, in the presence of a specific goal, the efficiency of facial expression search is dependent on the combined influence of a top-down goal and the stimulus characteristics.
A summary of the effects of mining and related activities on the sediment-trace element geochemistry of Lake Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, USA

Abstract During 1989 and 1990 a series of 12 gravity cores, and 150 surface grab samples were collected in Lake Coeur d'Alene, Idaho to determine trace element concentrations, partitioning and surface and subsurface distribution patterns in the bed sediments of the lake. In addition, selected subsamples from one core were analyzed for 117 Cs activity to begin to establish a trace element geochemical history for the lake. The intent was to try and relate the trace element concentrations and distributions in the sediment column to past and present mining and mining related activities in the area. Substantial portions of the surface and near-surface sediments in Lake Coeur d'Alene are markedly enriched in Ag, As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Sb and Zn, and somewhat enriched in Cu, Fe and Mn. Surface distribution patterns, as well as variations in the thickness of the trace element-rich subsurface sediments, indicate that the source of much of this enriched material is the Coeur d'Alene River. The similarity between the trace element-rich surface and subsurface sediments with respect to: their location, their bulk chemistry, and their trace element partitioning indicate that the sources and/or concentrating mechanisms causing the trace element enrichment in the lake sediments probably have been the same throughout their depositional history. An estimated 75 million metric tons of trace element-rich sediments have been deposited on or in the lakebed. Based on a Mt. St. Helens' ash layer from the 1980 eruption, ages estimated from 137 Cs activity, and the presence of 80 discernible and presumably annual layers in a core collected near the Coeur d'Alene River delta, indicate that the deposition of trace element-rich sediments began, at least in the Coeur d'Alene River delta, some time between 1895 and 1910, dates consistent with the onset of mining and ore-processing activities that began in the area in the 1880's.
GOLD NANOPARTICLES IN CANCER IMAGING AND THERAPEUTICS

The use of nanomedicine in the war on cancer diseases has progressed significantly in the recent past. Liposomal- and albumin-based chemotherapeutic agents as well as tumor contrast agents (e.g. Gd-DTPA, ferumoxides) have received FDA approval for human clinical use, while many other agents are in different phases of pre-clinical investigation and clinical trials. Plasmonic gold nanoparticles hold great promise as potential theranostic devices for detection and ablation of cancer diseases. This review discusses recent progress in the imaging, photothermal therapy, and nucleic acid/drug delivery using gold nanoparticles (spheres, shells, rods, cages) in vitro and in vivo. Issues relating to toxicity, biocompatibility, biodistribution, cellular uptake, and targeting efficiency are also discussed.
An Excel‐based dice game: an integrative learning activity in operations management

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to extend the role of the theory of constraints (TOC) to complement, reinforce, and help integrate conventional operations management (OM) concepts by using an Excel‐based version of the dice game discussed in The Goal by Goldratt.Design/methodology/approach – The paper discusses the motivation for and the development and evaluation of an Excel‐based dice game model of a production system for novice managers to experiment with. A set of experiments related to OM concepts (e.g. inventory, capacity, and variability) is designed and counterintuitive results are discussed. The paper concludes by demonstrating how TOC provides an integrative OM framework.Findings – The novel The Goal by Goldratt serves as a comprehensive case study in OM. The computerized dice game provides a mechanism for understanding relationships among various OM concepts. The proposed set of experiments strengthens the linkages between OM and TOC concepts. Managers can conduct additional experiments ...
Characterization of the Interaction between Fibronectin and Treponema pallidum

The interaction betweenTreponema pallidum and rabbit plasma fibronectin was characterized. Fibronectin was isolated from rabbit plasma and radioiodinated by the lactoperoxidase method. Fibronectin bound to the surface ofT. pallidum, reaching saturation at approximately 54 μg/ml. The association affinity constant was 2.85×107M−1, much lower than that ofStaphylococcus aureus (5.6×109M−1) Fibronectin binding plateaued within 15 min at 20° and 37°C, with some reelution at 37°C by 30 min. Little fibronectin, bound toT. pallidum at 4°C. The greatest amount of fibronectin was bound at the lowest pH tested (pH 6.0); the poorest binding was at pH 7.5. Approximately 90% of the binding was reversible in the presence of excess unlabeled fibronectin. The data indicate a more dynamic and weaker interaction betweenT. pallidum and fibronectin than that seen withS. aureus.
The Advanced Test Accelerator (ATA), a 50-MeV, 10-kA Induction Linac

The ATA is an induction accelerator designed to produce 70 ns pulses of electrons at currents of 10 kA and energies in excess of 50 MeV. The accelerator is capable of operating at an average rate of 5 Hz or at 1 kHz for ten pulses. The parameters were chosen primarily to provide the experimental basis for advancing the understanding of electron beam propagation physics. The 85 m accelerator has been under construction for the past four years and has adopted mainly an improved version of the ETA technology to satisfy the required parameters. Initial operation of the facility and the energy conversion system from primary power to axial electric field will be described; recent advances in magnetic switching which have been incorporated in the injector will also be discussed.
Synthesis of the driving functions of an array for propagating localized wave energy

This paper presents a framework for designing the driving functions of an array of radiating elements given a scalar representation of the desired propagating field at a finite number of remote spatial locations. Based on a point source propagation model in a homogeneous media, the relationship between the driving functions and the resulting field leads to a system of linear equations in the frequency domain. A least‐squares solution to the inverse problem is obtained by solving the system of linear equations for the unknown array driving functions. The proposed framework is suitable for designing array driving functions that could be used to generate ‘‘source‐free’’ (homogeneous) solutions to the wave equation. This paper focuses on the use of the proposed technique for calculating array driving functions for generating localized wave energy. Two cases are discussed; one based on a source‐free solution to the wave equation, and the other based on a numerical traveling impulse function. The results are compared to the beam generated by driving the array uniformly with a continuous‐wave (cw) signal.
Establishing positional information through gradient dynamics: a lesson from the Hedgehog signaling pathway

A longstanding question in developmental biology is how morphogen gradients establish positional information during development. Although the existence of gradients and their role in developmental patterning is no longer in doubt, the ability of cells to respond to different morphogen concentrations has been controversial. In the Drosophila wing disc, Hedgehog (Hh) forms a concentration gradient along the anterior-posterior axis and establishes at least three different gene expression patterns. In a recent study, we challenged the prevailing idea that Hh establishes positional information in a dose-dependent manner and proposed a model in which dynamics of the gradient, resulting from the Hh gene network architecture, determines pattern formation in the wing disc. In this Extra View, we discuss further the methodology used in this study, highlight differences between this and other models of developmental patterning, and also present some questions that remain to be answered in this system.
MicroRNA-15a and -16-1 act via MYB to elevate fetal hemoglobin expression in human trisomy 13

Many human aneuploidy syndromes have unique phenotypic consequences, but in most instances it is unclear whether these phenotypes are attributable to alterations in the dosage of specific genes. In human trisomy 13, there is delayed switching and persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) and elevation of embryonic hemoglobin in newborns. Using partial trisomy cases, we mapped this trait to chromosomal band 13q14; by examining the genes in this region, two microRNAs, miR-15a and -16-1, appear as top candidates for the elevated HbF levels. Indeed, increased expression of these microRNAs in primary human erythroid progenitor cells results in elevated fetal and embryonic hemoglobin gene expression. Moreover, we show that a direct target of these microRNAs, MYB, plays an important role in silencing the fetal and embryonic hemoglobin genes. Thus we demonstrate how the developmental regulation of a clinically important human trait can be better understood through the genetic and functional study of aneuploidy syndromes and suggest that miR-15a, -16-1, and MYB may be important therapeutic targets to increase HbF levels in patients with sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia.
Will we see a regional or global duopoly in the satellite manufacturing industry? The European perspective

Abstract Consolidation in the aerospace industry in the 1990s has been swift and dramatic as companies strive to gain size and scale in order to better compete both in the global aerospace commercial market and in the regional institutional market. Restructuring has stalled, however, in the satellite manufacturing industry since the turn of the century. And, despite the significant over-capacity that plagues the market and the financial stress endured by satellite manufacturers, the industry has shown remarkable resistance to restructuring and adapting itself to the new market size and reality. This paper explores whether the current satellite manufacturing industry structure is sustainable, or whether it will evolve towards a global or regional duopoly (one or two satellite manufacturers on each side of the Atlantic), by focusing on the European side of this hypothesis.
Optimizing continuity in multiscale imagery

Multiscale imagery often combines several sources with differing appearance. For instance, Internet-based maps contain satellite and aerial photography. Zooming within these maps may reveal jarring transitions. We present a scheme that creates a visually smooth mipmap pyramid from stitched imagery at several scales. The scheme involves two new techniques. The first, structure transfer, is a nonlinear operator that combines the detail of one image with the local appearance of another. We use this operator to inject detail from the fine image into the coarse one while retaining color consistency. The improved structural similarity greatly reduces inter-level ghosting artifacts. The second, clipped Laplacian blending, is an efficient construction to minimize blur when creating intermediate levels. It considers the sum of all inter-level image differences within the pyramid. We demonstrate continuous zooming of map imagery from space to ground level.
The effects of hardware faults on signal detector performance

Given a data sample of fixed size, a nonsequential detector computes a test statistic, compares it to a threshold, and generates a decision variable d*. If d* = 1, we decide that the signal is present, and if d* = 0 we decide that the signal is absent. Let S be the event that the signal is present and let Sc be the event that the signal is absent. The performance of the detector is generally measured by the probability of detection PD* and the probability of false alarm PFA*, where PD* = P (d*=1|S) PFA* = P(d*=1|Sc). Existing treatments of such detection problems implicitly assume that the detector is implemented on hardware that is never faulty. In reality, the computational hardware used to compute the decision variable is liable to failures. It is therefore reasonable to analyze the effect of possible hardware failures on the detector performance criteria and to ascertain if the possibility of failures can or cannot be neglected.
Wet-process surface modification of dielectric polymers: adhesion enhancement and metallization

For many electronic applications, the surface of a dielectric polymer must be modified to obtain the desired surface properties, such as wetting, adhesion, and moisture barrier, without altering the bulk properties. This paper reviews wet- process modifications of dielectric polymer surfaces and also presents unpublished results related to fluorinated polyimides. In a typical wet process, a substrate is immersed in or sprayed with a chemical solution, rinsed with a solvent to remove the excess reagents, and then dried if necessary. Wet processing can provide greatly enhanced adhesion and reliability of the adherate (top) layer to the modified polymer surface (adherend). We discuss a) the wet-process modification of various polymers (e.g., PMDA-ODA, BPDA-PDA, 6FDA-ODA, PTFE, PCTFE); b) polyimide/polyimide and PCTFE/glass adhesion, and c) the surface chemistry and the adhesion at a fluorinated polyimide (6FDA-ODA) surface. Entanglement of polymer chains plays an important role in polyimide/polyimide adhesion, while chemical reactions are the major contributors to PCTFE/glass adhesion strength. The metallization of dielectric substrates often requires surface pretreatments or conditioning by wet processes to sensitize a polymer surface for deposition of a metal seed layer. After seeding, a thick layer of a conducting metal (e.g., Cu) is deposited by electroless or electrolytic plating. Unlike dry or high-vacuum processing of polymer surfaces, the chemistry of a wet-processed polymer surface can be well characterized and often defined at a molecular level. A relationship can be established between a polymer's surface chemical (or morphological) structure and its surface properties such as adhesion and metallization.
Nonlinear dynamics of the large-scale structure in the universe

Abstract This paper briefly reviews the nonlinear gravitational dynamics in an expanding universe. The gravitational instability is believed to play a key role in the formation of the large-scale structure of the universe, amplifying primordial small-amplitude random density fluctuations of Gaussian type and then, at the nonlinear stage, transforming them into thin dense pancakes, filaments, and compact clumps of matter. Although there are evidences that the distribution of galaxies and the distribution of the underlying mass density are not quite the same, it is widely accepted that they become similar when smoothed with a window of a sufficiently large size. At present the formation of galaxies themselves is very poorly understood and is not discussed here. We discuss scales in the range roughly from 1 Mpc to 100 Mpc (≈ 3 × 1024 - 3 × 1026cm). The lower limit is at least 50 times greater than the size of the luminous part of a large galaxy, and the upper limit is at least 30 times smaller than the size of the observed universe. The problem of the formation of the large-scale structure is one of the key problems in modern cosmology and has too many aspects to mention in a short paper. Instead I review only the nonlinear evolution of density inhomogeneities on scales in question, which occured relatively recently. The paper discusses mainly analytical and semianalytical methods used in examining the nonlinear gravitational dynamics of the large-scale structure, though many hints were found in N-body simulations which have played a very important role in confronting theoretical models with observations.
Parallel visualization on leadership computing resources

Changes are needed in the way that visualization is performed, if we expect the analysis of scientific data to be effective at the petascale and beyond. By using similar techniques as those used to parallelize simulations, such as parallel I/O, load balancing, and effective use of interprocess communication, the supercomputers that compute these datasets can also serve as analysis and visualization engines for them. Our team is assessing the feasibility of performing parallel scientific visualization on some of the most powerful computational resources of the U.S. Department of Energy's National Laboratories in order to pave the way for analyzing the next generation of computational results. This paper highlights some of the conclusions of that research.
Yield response of bell pepper and tomato to controlled‐release fertilizers on sand 1

Abstract In fall (September‐December) 1991, bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Jupiter) and in spring (February‐June) 1992, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Sunny), were grown with controlled release (CR) nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizers on EauGallie fine sand (sandy siliceous hyperthermic Alfic Haplaquod). Production system was the full‐bed polyethylene mulch with seepage (modified furrow) irrigation. For bell peppers, the CR‐N and ‐K source was an 18N‐0P‐15K analysis resin‐coated (RC) fertilizer, applied at 0, 25, 50, and 75% of the total N and K. The remaining N and K was supplied from soluble (SF) NH4NO3 and KNO3. The 50% PC N and K treatment increased early marketable yields and fruit size of pepper compared with the 100% SF (P<0.05). From early to mid‐season, soil nitrogen (NO3)‐ and ammonium (NH4)‐N concentrations were higher with decreasing CR‐N rates. However, residual soil NO3 and NH4 concentrations and macronutrient concentrations in shoots and in fruits were similar with CR ...
Children’s Internalizing Symptoms: The Role of Interactions between Cortisol and Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia

We examined interactions between children's physiological activity across two systems, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), as predictors of child-reported internalizing symptoms (depression, anxiety). HPA activity was indexed by baseline salivary cortisol, and PNS activity was indexed by baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). Study 1 consisted of 57 children (54% girls; M age=8.81 years ±.34), and Study 2 included 219 children (51% girls; M age=9.31 years ±.79). Cortisol interacted with RSA to explain unique variance in children's internalizing symptoms. Across the two studies, children with higher cortisol levels in conjunction with higher RSA levels tended to exhibit the lowest levels of depression and anxiety symptoms. Findings demonstrate that contemporaneous consideration of physiological activity across multiple systems can advance understanding of internalizing symptoms in children.
An investigation of patterns of discontinuous learning: implications for ESL measurement

Research from cognitive psychology, L2 acquisition and psychometry sug gests that competence/proficiency is multidimensional, and that proficiency does not always develop at the same rate in all it...
Improving shared rules in multiple category domain theories

This paper presents an approach to improving the classification performance of a multiple category theory by correcting intermediate rules which are shared among the categories. Using this technique, the performance of a theory in one category can be improved through training in an entirely different category. Examples of the technique are presented and experimental results are given.