cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estrogen receptor variants in epithelial compartment of normal human breast.

Estrogen receptor (ER) splice variants have previously been identified in normal human breast. Normal breast, however, comprises many cell types including fat cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and a variety of inflammatory cells besides breast epithelial cells. The objective of our study was to demonstrate the existence of several variants in the epithelial compartment of the normal human breast. To this end, highly enriched breast epithelial cells from reduction nammoplasty specimens were isolated using Precoll gradient centrifugation. We analyzed the presence of both wild-type (WT) and variant receptors in human breast epithelial cells using the seminested polymerase chain reaction and direct automated sequencing of the amplified products. We demonstrated that a number of splicedvariants of the ER coexist with the WT receptor. Variants lacking exons 2, 4, 5, and 7 are detected in the breast epithelial compartment of the normal human breast.
Strategy Training: An Incidental Learning Model for CAI.

Attempts to train learning strategies have not produced marked or lasting increases in academic achievement probably because current training models fail to recognize the evolutionary nature of strategies acquisition. Empirical and theoretical evidence is presented supporting an incidental learning model that engineers the instructional environment following study skills training, so that students are prompted to recall and use strategies during study. At onset of spontaneous strategies initiation, prompts are faded gradually, to produce automatic processing. The model can be implemented on a very large scale as CAI, or as a somewhat less promising paper curriculum.
Surface ultrastructure of trypsin-banded chromosomes.

Abstract The surface ultrastructure of trypsin-banded chromosomes has been examined by electron microscopy. Trypsin pretreatment removed cellular debris and produced banding patterns recognizable with the electron microscope as ridges in platinum-carbon replicas. The ridges observed in replicas of trypsin-treated chromosomes corresponds to Giemsa-stained bands observed by light microscopy. The bands appeared as an area of tightly compacted fibrils on the surface of the chromosomes. Prolonged treatment in trypsin resulted in collapsed chromosomes and loss of ridges in the replicas. Interchromosomal fibers were also noted and in some preparations appeared to be localized to banded regions.
Chimpanzee isotopic ecology: a closed canopy C3 template for hominin dietary reconstruction.

Abstract The most significant hominin adaptations, including features used to distinguish and/or classify taxa, are critically tied to the dietary environment. Stable isotopic analyses of tooth enamel from hominin fossils have provided intriguing evidence for significant C 4 /CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) resource consumption in a number of Plio-Pleistocene hominin taxa. Relating isotopic tooth signatures to specific dietary items or proportions of C 3 versus C 4 /CAM plants, however, remains difficult as there is an ongoing need to document and quantify isotopic variability in modern ecosystems. This study investigates the ecological variables responsible for carbon isotopic discrimination and variability within the C 3 -dominated dietary niche of a closed canopy East African hominoid, Pan troglodytes , from Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. δ 13 C values among C 3 resources utilized by Ngogo chimpanzees were highly variable, ranging over 13‰. Infrequent foraging on papyrus (the only C 4 plant consumed by chimpanzees at the site) further extended this isotopic range. Variation was ultimately most attributable to mode of photosynthesis (C 3 versus C 4 ), food type, and elevation, which together accounted for approximately 78% of the total sample variation. Among C 3 food types, bulk carbon values ranged from −24.2‰ to −31.1‰ with intra-plant variability up to 12.1‰. Pith and sapling leaves were statistically more 13 C depleted than pulp, seeds, flowers, cambium, roots, leaf buds, and leaves from mature trees. The effect of elevation on carbon variation was highly significant and equivalent to an approximately 1‰ increase in δ 13 C for every 150 m of elevation gain, likely reflecting habitat variability associated with topography. These results indicate significant δ 13 C variation attributable to food type and elevation among C 3 resources and provide important data for hominin dietary interpretations based on carbon isotopic analyses.
An Approach to Concurrent Control Flow Checking

A control flow checking scheme capable of detecting control flow errors of programs resulting from software coding errors, hardware malfunctions, or memory mutilation during the execution of the program is presented. In this approach, the program is partitioned into loop-free intervals and a database containing the path information in each of the loop-free intervals is derived from the detailed design. The path in each loop-free interval actually traversed at run time is recorded and then checked against the information provided in the database, and any discrepancy indicates an error. This approach is general, and can detect all uncompensated illegal branches. Any uncompensated error that occurs during the execution of a loop-free interval and manifests itself as a wrong branch within the loop-free interval or right after the completion of execution of the loop-free interval is also detectable. The approach can also be used to check the control flow in the testing phase of program development. The capabilities, limitations, implementation, and the overhead of using this approach are discussed.
Near wake of a hypersonic blunt body with mass addition

An experimental investigation of the steady, laminar near-wake flowfield of a two-dimensional, adiabatic, circular cylinder ·with surface mass transfer has been made at a freestream Mach number of 6.0. The pressure and mass- concentration fields associated with the transfer of argon, nitrogen, or helium into the near wake were studied for mass transfer from the forward stagnation region, and from the base. For sufficiently low mass transfer rates from the base, for which a recirculating zone exists, the entire near-wake flowfield correlates with the momentum flux, not the mass flux, of the injectant, and the mass-concentration field is determined by counter-current diffusion into the reversed flow. For mass addition from the forward stagnation region, the pressure field is undisturbed and the mass- concentration field is nearly uniform in the region of reversed flow. The axial decay of argon mass concentration in the intermediate wake, downstream of the neck, is explained with the aid of an integral solution in the incompressible plane, from which the location of the virtual origin for the asymptotic far-wake solution has been derived as one result.
An integrated application of multiple description transform coding and error concealment for error-resilient video streaming

Multiple description coding has been shown to provide improved error resiliency for video streaming over error-prone channels. In a typical multiple description codec, the decoder simply reproduces the signal using the received description(s). The optimal reconstruction is obtained from the available description in the sense that the mean squared error is minimized. However, this reconstruction operation does not consider the unique spatial and temporal properties underlying a video signal. In this paper, we propose a joint multiple description transform coding and statistical error concealment algorithm that adopts a maximum a posteriori estimation approach to compensate for the loss of descriptions. Our method considers not only the correlation between descriptions but also the spatial/temporal redundancy in video signals. Simulation results with several video sequences show that the proposed algorithm results in significant visual improvements over a conventional multiple description transform decoder.
Flow and heat transfer in the axisymmetric boundary layer over a circular cylinder

Abstract The problem of laminar boundary-layer flow and heat transfer over a long thin cylinder in uniform flow has been analyzed. Solutions are obtained for small as well as large values of the curvature parameter. Solutions valid for small values of curvature are extended to apply to in ermediate values of curvature as well. This is done by casting the expressions into fractions. Finally, these fractions are joined with the asymptotic solution to produce heat-transfer and skin friction results for all values of the curvature parameter. The shapes of the velocity and temperature profiles are given graphically.
Effects of sodium deficiency on sodium saccharin drinking

This experiment attempts to test Warren & Warren’s (1966) hypothesis that the persistence of intake of nonnutritive sodium saccharin is due in part to the sodium content of the solution. The intakes of sodium saccharin, sodium chloride, and deionized water by sodium-sufficient and by sodium-deficient rats were compared, using a single-stimulus technique. The results contradict Warren and Warren’s findings, leading to the conclusion that sodium does not play an important role in saccharin preference.
Hemangiopericytoma of the Meninges of the Optic Nerve: A Clinicopathologic Report Including Electron Microscopic Observations

A 61-year-old man complained of visual loss of his right eye following a systemic viral illness. At this time, complete ophthalmologic examination failed to disclose any abnormalities. Over the next months the patient developed dramatic loss of vision. Extensive workup, including CT scans, failed to clarify the underlying cause and a diagnosis of optic atropy following optic neuritis was made. The patient remained asymptomatic, but repeated CT scans depicted a fusiform enlargement of the intraorbital portion of the right optic nerve, three years after the onset of visual loss. The presumptive clinical diagnosis was optic nerve meningioma and the tumor was removed via a Kronlein procedure. Histopathologically, a highly vascularized intradural mass that led to compression atrophy of the optic nerve was present. The tumor was composed of fascicles of spindle-shaped cells that were interspersed among numerous, irregular vascular channels. Electron microscopically, the cells disclosed a lucent cytoplasm with a scarcity of organelles, prominent cytoplasmic filaments, numerous micropinocytotic vesicles and subplasmalemmal linear densities (hemidesmosomes). Poorly developed intercellular junctions were present between interdigitating cytoplasmic processes. The tumor cells surrounding the vascular units displayed a continuous basement membrane as well as all the features of well-differentiated pericytes. Away from vascular structures some tumor cells, which showed a focally discontinuous basement membrane, exhibited intermediate features between pericytes and fibroblasts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a hemangiopericytoma arising from the meninges of the optic nerve.
Male breast cancer: a review

Cancer Treatment P~eviews (1976) 3, 83-93 Male breast cancer: a review Frank L. Meyskens, Jr t D o u g l a s s C. T o r ~ t e y 1 ~ and Janaes P. Nelfeld 2 X Medical Breast Cancer Section, Medicine Bralwh and ZSurgerg Branch, National Cancer Institute., National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, M d 20014, U.S.A. Introduction Breast c a n c e r in m a l e s is a n u n c o m m o n disease. I n most countries it a c c o u n t s for a p p r o x i - m a t e l y 1 ~/o & a l l breast cancers a n d in the U n i t e d States a b o u t 600 cases p e r y e a r (84, 86). I t is f r e q u e n t l y sensitive to steroid h o r m o n e m a n i p u l a t i o n s w i t h h i g h response rates to e n d o c r i n e a b l a t i o n (4.2, 46, 63). H o r m o n a l d e p e n d e n c y , h o r m o n a l r e c e p t o r status a n d clinical responses in f e m a l e breast c a n c e r h a v e b e e n correlated, b u t t h e m e c h a n i s m s in- volved are p o o r l y u n d e r s t o o d (52, 103). M a l e breast c a n c e r p o t e n t i a l l y offers a u n i q u e o p p o r t u n i t y to d e l i n e a t e h o r m o n a l i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f i m p o r t a n c e in u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d p r e d i c t i n g responses to h o r m o n a l m a n i p u l a t i o n s i n b r e a s t cancer. F o r this r e a s o n a re- view o f breast c a n c e r i n males w i t h special a t t e n t i o n to h o r m o n a l p a r a m e t e r s has b e e n undertaken. H3storlcal T h e earliest allusions to m a l e b r e a s t c a n c e r o c c u r i n t h e writings of FrancLsus A r c a n e u s (1493-1573) (25) a n d A m b r o i s e P a r d (1510-1590) (68). T h e first d o c u m e n t e d case is c r e d i t e d to F a b r i c u s H i l d a n u s (1537-1619) (69). P o r i e r (71) a n d W i l l i a m s (102) first described the basic clinical features o f this disease. T h e first systematic s t u d y o f m a l e b r e a s t c a n c e r was r e p o r t e d in 1927 b y W a i n r i g h t w h o p r e s e n t e d b o t h the clinical feature.~ a n d t h e results o f p r i m a t T surgical t r e a t m e n t (98). F u r t h e r reports c o n f i r m i n g these clini- cal observations a n d *he efficacy o f surgical t r e a t m e n t o f m a l e breast c a n c e r o c c u r r e d d u r i n g t h e 1930s a n d 1940s (58, 62, 76). T h e v a l u e o f a b l a t i v e e n d o c r i n e t h e r a p y for a d - v a n c e d disease w a s d o c u m e n t e d over t h e n e x t q u a r t e r c e n t u r y w h e n o r c h i e c t o m y (22), t Reprint requests to: D o , glare O. Tormey, M.D., Ph.D., Head, Medical Breast Cancer Section, Medicine Branch, National Oancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethcsda, Md 20014, U.S.A.
Domestic Politics and International Relations

In reviewing the history of portions of international studies I reflect on how we might best advance knowledge. I dwell on two issues: questions of method and the urgency of refocusing our efforts on leaders and domestic affairs as the centerpiece for understanding the world of international relations. I argue that scientific progress is best made by combining three methodological approaches in our research: formal, mathematical logic to ensure internal consistency in arguments about complex and contingent relations among variables; case studies and archival research to evaluate verisimilitude between theory and action; and statistical analysis to establish the generality of the hypothesized relations among variables. Often such methodologically diverse and progressive research will best be accomplished by encouraging collaboration rather than by perpetuating the current norm of penalizing co-authorship especially among junior scholars. I offer concrete examples of advances in knowledge achieved through the employment of mathematical reasoning and statistical analysis as many have cast doubts about the substantive contributions of these particular approaches. My perspective is, of course, personal and may not be shared by many others. I set out my thoughts, therefore, with the hope that they will stimulate constructive debate and dialogue and that they will serve to integrate diverse approaches to international affairs.
The Structural Syllabus and Second Language Acquisition

This paper examines the case for a structural syllabus in the light of second language acquisition research. It argues that a structural syllabus cannot easily serve as a basis for developing implicit knowledge of a second language because of the learnability problem-learners are often unable to learn the structural properties they are taught because the manner in which they are taught does not correspond to the way learners acquire them. It is possible, however, to envisage a role for a structural syllabus based on a weak interface model of L2 acquisition. This role consists of intake facilitation (i.e., causing learners to pay attention to specific formal features in the input and to notice the gap between these features and the ones they typically use in their own output). A structural syllabus can also serve as a basis for the construction of problem-solving tasks designed to develop learners' explicit knowledge of grammatical properties. It is argued that this knowledge may facilitate subsequent intake. The role proposed for a structural syllabus, therefore, is a substantial one. It is recognized, however, that such a syllabus will need to be used alongside some kind of meaning-based syllabus, which is designed to provide learners with opportunities for communicating in the second language.
Understanding Dysphagia in Dementia: The Present and the Future

Dysphagia is common in patients with dementia of varying types and often results in serious health consequences, including malnutrition, dehydration, aspiration pneumonia, and even death. Due to progressive cognitive and functional decline, patients with dementia experience difficulties throughout the eating process which encompasses all aspects of self-feeding and swallowing function. Variations in underlying neuropathology and disease severity may influence specific swallow disorders observed. New functional neuroimaging modalities offer exciting possibilities to increase understanding of neural control of swallowing that will lead to design of novel treatments. Current treatment approaches include a combination of compensatory strategies for swallowing, cueing from caregivers, and modifications to the dining experience that maximize independence during mealtime. A new focus on development of treatment regimens, possibly involving taste and smell receptor stimulation and rehabilitative exercise that may be implemented during the prodromal stages of dementia, is necessary to prevent or delay further swallowing decline.
Distribution of stress in a craze of the tip of a uniformly extending crack

Abstract A model of a craze at the tip of a uniformly extending crack is developed which permits the calculation of the stress distribution in the craze. In accord with experimental observations by Kramer 11 the craze is modelled as a collection of independent fibrils that draw from the substrate by a process akin to the drawing of textile fibres with necking. Except at the very tip of the craze where complex yielding type phenomena occur, the stress in the craze is taken to correspond to the drawing stress. The craze stress is treated as the cohesive crack closing stresses in the Barenblatt treatment of crack tips. The principal fact used in the development is that the drawing stress depends upon the rate of draw and hence upon the slope of the craze displacement. This leads to a non-linear integral equation for the craze stress. Using an empirical relation between drawing stresses and rate of draw, this equation is solved for the stress distribution in the craze by numerical methods. The distribution shows peaks at the craze tip and at the crack tip as observed in some experiments. The magnitude of the peaks depends upon the materials parameters used. For certain values of these parameters, the constant stress Dugdale model yields a good approximation to the displacement profile.
Accretion dynamics and polarized X-ray emission of magnetized neutron stars

The basic ideas of accretion onto magnetized neutron stars are outlined. These are applied to a simple model of the structure of the plasma mound sitting at the magnetic poles of such a star, in which upward diffusion of photons is balanced by their downward advection. This steady flow model of the plasma's dynamical state is used to compute the emission of polarized X-raysfrom the optically thick, birefringent medium. The linear polarization of the continuum radiation emerging from the quasi-static mound is found to be as much as 40 percent at some rotation phases, but is insensitive to the geometry of the accretion flow. The role of the accretion shock, whose detailed polarimetric and spectral characteristics have yet to be calculated, is emphasized as the final determinant of the properties of the emerging X-rays. Some results describing the fully time dependent dynamics of the flow are also presented. In particular, steady flow onto a neutron star is shown to exhibit formation of 'photon bubbles', regions of greatly reduced plasma density filled with radiation which form and rise on millisecond time scale. The possible role of these complex structures in the flow for the formation of the emergent spectrum is briefly outlined.
Lessons Learned From Using Adobe Connect in the Social Work Classroom

Adobe Connect is synchronous web conferencing software available to colleges and universities. This pilot study sought to understand student and faculty participation in use of this software as part of an already established hybrid master's level social work curriculum. This software was utilized in two courses: concentration year field practicum and advanced social work practice. Student feedback and satisfaction are presented. Lessons learned for using such software are explored.
Microsome catalyzed conversion of N-hydroxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene by cumene-hydroperoxide

Abstract This report presents heretofore unreported data which demonstrate that the microsomal fraction of rat liver in the presence of cumene-hydroperoxide catalyzed the disappearance of the carcinogen N-hydroxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene. Utilizing optical spectroscopy we have found that the carcinogen disappearance corresponds kinetically with an absorption increase at 340 nm. The compound (s) absorbing at 340 nm has not been identified. The microsomal catalyzed reaction was heat labile, manifested a reaction rate which was proportional to microsomal protein content, and had a km of 2.6 μM for the carcinogen in the presence of a large excess of cumene-hydroperoxide.
Fertility Change in Asia and Africa

Abstract There have been profound changes in fertility rates in Asia and Africa in the past two to three decades. The availability of new data allows a closer examination of fertility trends and underlying causes than has hitherto been possible. This collection brings together evidence on fertility decline in India, China, and a number of African countries. The papers examine the role of different explanatory factors in lowering fertility, including female education, declines in child mortality, urbanization, and the spread of mass media and “modern” consumer culture. The relative importance of female education as an explanatory factor vis-a-vis other factors is examined, with specific reference to India. The papers also explore the impact of the decline in birth rates for ageing and social security reform as well as health policy.
Reactivation of avian erythrocyte nuclei in mammalian cytoplasts. A dominant role for pre-existing cytoplasmic components.

Abstract Antibodies and inhibitors have been used to study the process of nuclear reactivation following the fusion of chick erythrocytes with mouse L cell cytoplasts. Immunofluorescence results showed that a monoclonal antibody against a DNA ‘tight-binding’ protein from HeLa chromatin as well as an anti-Sm human serum failed to bind to the unreactivated erythrocyte nucleus, but showed strong binding after fusion. The development of antibody-binding sites was affected neither by α-amanitin nor by cycloheximide, indicating that some of the processes of reactivation, including specific protein uptake are independent of DNA and RNA synthesis. These results are discussed in terms of the role of the chick nucleus in directing the reactivation process.
Isolation and characterization of 5,8,12-trihydroxy-trans-9-octadecenoic acid from wheat bran

Abstract A trihydroxyacid was isolated from wheat bran under conditions commonly used for the recovery of prostaglandins from mammalian tissues. This compound was difficult to distinguish from dinor -PGF 2 α by chromatographic methods, but was found not to be a prostaglandin. Characterization of the bran component as 5,8,12-trihydroxy- trans -9-octadecenoic acid was accomplished using a variety of chemical and instrumental techniques.
Absolute space and absolute motion in Kant's critical philosophy

In his critical philosophy Kant treats space, in varying contexts, as an intuition, as a concept, and as an idea of reason. Space as an intuition and space as a concept are familiar enough to readers of the Critique of Pure Reason, though the relation between them is not so easy to make out. Space — more precisely, absolute space — as an idea of reason, occurring as it does only in the Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science, is perhaps not so well known. To set the stage for my discussion of Kant’s absolute space I shall first try to locate it with respect to his other two spaces; after describing the markedly relativistic character of Kant’s idea of absolute space, I shall then explain how Kant attempts to reconcile this idea with the reality of circular motion.
Application of TRMM PR and TMI Measurements to Assess Cloud Microphysical Schemes in the MM5 for a Winter Storm

Abstract This paper uses observations from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) and microwave imager (TMI) to evaluate the cloud microphysical schemes in the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5; version 3.7.4) for a wintertime frontal precipitation system over the eastern Pacific Ocean. By incorporating a forward radiative transfer model, the radar reflectivity and brightness temperatures are simulated and compared with the observations at PR and TMI frequencies. The main purpose of this study is to identify key differences among the five schemes [including Simple ice, Reisner1, Reisner2, Schultz, and Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) microphysics scheme] in the MM5 that may lead to significant departures of simulated precipitation properties from both active (PR) and passive (TMI) microwave observations. Radiative properties, including radar reflectivity, attenuation, and scattering in precipitation l...
The absence of an age effect on enamel solubility in phosphoric acid.

Abstract The growing proportion of older Americans and the projections in declining edentulousness in future cohorts of elderly necessitate elucidation of the responses of the aging human dentition to existing restorative techniques. This study investigated the results of the acid etch process as a function of age of specimen donors as well as a function of race, tooth type, and time between extraction and etch. Statistical analysis of data showed no significant effect on solubility by age, race, or length of time from extraction until etch. Molars were significantly less soluble than other teeth. The most frequently observed microscopic texture was an irregular, granular configuration termed 3g. Widely textural variation was observed in each specimen. A possible explanation for the observations is the distribution of prismless enamel. The widespread belief that older teeth are less efficaciously etched may be based on the greater frequency of composite restoration failures in the elderly, which in turn is more likely a factor of restoration size and changes in intraoral environment than of age.
Application of I131 to determination of viral antibodies.

SummaryExperiments are described in which preparations of yellow fever virus, Bwamba fever virus and influenza virus were allowed to react with corresponding antisera labeled with radioactive iodine (I131). No significant differences were observed in the activity of the sediments obtained with the first 2 virus systems from those of appropriate controls. The influenza virus-immune serum sediment showed significantly more activity than any of its control preparations. It is suggested that the technic may be of value in virus studies where relatively pure and concentrated virus preparations are available.
Diffractive production of vector mesons at HERA

An extended study of vector meson production has been performed by the ZEUS collaboration over a large kinematical phase space. Precision data test various QCD based predictions at high energies in a region that maps the transition between soft and hard dynamics. This report covers recent results on exclusive ρ and J/ψ and proton dissociative J/ψ photoproduction at high |t|.
Purification and characterization of a lysosomal aspartic protease with cathepsin D activity from the mosquito

Abstract A lysosomal aspartic protease with cathepsin D activity, from the mosquito, Aedes aegypti , was purified and characterized. Its isolation involved ammonium sulfate (30–50%) and acid (pH 2.5) precipitations of protein extracts from whole previtellogenic mosquitoes followed by cation exchange chromatography. Purity of the enzyme was monitored by SDS-PAGE and silver staining of the gels. The native molecular weight of the purified enzyme as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions was 80,000. SDS-PAGE resolved the enzyme into a single polypeptide with M r = 40,000 suggesting that it exists as a homodimer in its non-denatured state. The pI of the purified enzyme was 5.4 as determined by isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis. The purified enzyme exhibits properties characteristic of cathepsin D. It utilizes hemoglobin as a substrate and its activity is completely inhibited by pepstatin-A and 6M urea but not by 10 mM KCN. Optimal activity of the purified mosquito aspartic protease was obtained at pH 3.0 and 45°C. With hemoglobin as a substrate the enzyme had an apparent K m of 4.2 μ M. Polyclonal antibodies to the purified enzyme were raised in rabbits. The specificity of the antibodies to the enzyme was verified by immunoblot analysis of crude mosquito extracts and the enzyme separated by both non-denaturing and SDS-PAGE. Density gradient centrifugation of organelles followed by enzymatic and immunoblot analyses demonstrated the lysosomal nature of the purified enzyme. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified mosquito lysosomal protease (19 amino acids) has 74% identity with N-terminal amino acid sequence of porcine and human cathepsins D.
Size tuning in the absence of spatial frequency tuning in object recognition

How do we attend to objects at a variety of sizes as we view our visual world? Because of an advantage in identification of lowpass over highpass filtered patterns, as well as large over small images, a number of theorists have assumed that size-independent recognition is achieved by spatial frequency (SF) based coarse-to-fine tuning. We found that the advantage of large sizes or low SFs was lost when participants attempted to identify a target object (specified verbally) somewhere in the middle of a sequence of 40 images of objects, each shown for only 72 ms, as long as the target and distractors were the same size or spatial frequency (unfiltered or low or high bandpassed). When targets were of a different size or scale than the distractors, a marked advantage (pop out) was observed for large (unfiltered) and low SF targets against small (unfiltered) and high SF distractors, respectively, and a marked decrement for the complementary conditions. Importantly, this pattern of results for large and small images was unaffected by holding absolute or relative SF content constant over the different sizes and it could not be explained by simple luminance- or contrast-based pattern masking. These results suggest that size/scale tuning in object recognition was accomplished over the first several images (<576 ms) in the sequence and that the size tuning was implemented by a mechanism sensitive to spatial extent rather than to variations in spatial frequency.
Dynamic compression mechanical properties of fiber masses with a rheovibron viscoelastometer

The Rheovibron viscoelastometer is useful for obtaining dynamic tensile, shear, and bending mechanical properties of films and fibers over a wide teḿperature range. In recent years a modification that makes measurement on materials in a liquid or gas medium possible has been reported. A new compression grip and procedure were used for measuring dynamic mechanical properties of a fiber mass in the compression mode using the Rheovibron instrument. The dynamic compression properties on nylon, polyester, and acrylic fibers are presented.
Getting the facts straight on health care reform.

Jonathan Gruber argues that the primary criticisms of the health care reform bills are largely unwarranted.
Nonverbal communication and the support process: Interactional sensitivity in interactions between mothers and young adult children

This study investigated the contribution of nonverbal cues to supportive communication in interactions between mothers and young adult children. Current support communication research primarily focuses on verbal messages communicating support or conceptualizes nonverbal communication in narrow ways. Using the concept of interactional sensitivity from attachment theory for direction, a number of hypotheses concerning support provision were proposed in order to develop our understanding in this area. Findings provide insight into the role of nonverbal as well as verbal communication in supportive interaction. Interactional sensitivity—in the form of certain conversational involvement cues (vocal warmth/interest and kinesic/proxemic attentiveness), responses appropriate to the child's needs, and movement synchrony—predicted young adult children's perceptions of mothers’ supportiveness during a conversation about a relationship problem.
Phylogeny of chloromonas (chlorophyceae): A study of 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences

The unicellular, biflagellate genus Chloromonas differs from its ally, Chlamydomonas, primarily by the absence of pyrenoids in the vegetative stage of the former. As with most green flagellate genera, little is known about phylogenetic affinities within and among Chloromonas species. Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear-encoded small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences demonstrate that a sampling of five Chloromonas taxa, obtained from major culture collections, do not form a monophyletic group. However, only three of these isolates, Chloromonas clathrata, Chloromonas serbinowi, and Chloromonas rosae, are diagnosable morphologically as Chloromonas species by the absence of a pyrenoid in the vegetative stage. The three diagnosable Chloromonas taxa form an alliance with two pyrenoid-bearing chlamydomonads, Chlamydomonas augustae and Chlamydomonas macrostellata. With the exception of Chloromonas serbinowi, which represents the basal lineage within the clade, each of the diagnosable Chloromonas taxa and their pyrenoid-bearing Chlamydomonas allies were isolated originally from mountain soils, snow, or cold peat. These observations suggest that hibitat, independent of pyrenoid status, may be most closely linked to the natural history of this clade of chlamydomonad flagellates. 51 refs., 3 figs., 3 tabs.
Relationships between North Pacific Wintertime Blocking, El Niño, and the PNA Pattern

Abstract The frequency of persistent high-latitude ridging events (commonly referred to as blocking) over the North Pacific–Alaskan region is investigated using a 44-winter record of daily 500-mb height fields. The winters are stratified in accordance with the phase of the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle and according to the sign of the seasonally averaged PNA index. It is found that the occurrence of blocking in the Bering Strait region is sensitive to the averaged polarity of the PNA pattern but is even more sensitive to the phase of the ENSO cycle. Sixty-nine percent more days of blocking are observed during winters occurring during the cool phase of ENSO, compared to those occurring during the warm phase. ENSO-related differences in blocking frequency are found to be associated with changes to both the mean and variance of the circulation over the North Pacific. The variance of geopotential heights on timescales corresponding to the lifetime of blocking events is found to be higher over the ...
Location-allocation planning of stockpiles for effective disaster mitigation

In the existing framework for receiving and allocating Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) assistance, there are three noticeable delays: the delay by the state in requesting federal assets, the delay in the federal process which releases assets only upon the declaration of a disaster and lastly the time it takes to reach supplies rapidly from the SNS stockpile to where it is needed. The most efficient disaster preparedness plan is one that addresses all three delays taking into account the unique nature of each disaster. In this paper, we propose appropriate changes to the existing framework to address the first two delays and a generic model to address the third which determines the locations and capacities of stockpile sites that are optimal for a specific disaster. Specifically, our model takes into account the impact of disaster specific casualty characteristics, such as the severity and type of medical condition and the unique nature of each type of disaster, particularly with regard to advance warning and factors affecting damage. For disasters involving uncertainty (magnitude/severity) with regard to future occurrences, such as an earthquake, development of appropriate solution strategies involves an additional step using scenario planning and robust optimization. We illustrate the application of our model via case studies for hurricanes and earthquakes and are able to outline an appropriate response framework for each.
A high throughput FFT processor with no multipliers

A novel technique for implementing very high speed FFTs based on unrolled CORDIC structures is proposed in this paper. There has been a lot of research in the area of FFT algorithm implementation; most of the research is focused on reduction of the computational complexity by selection and efficient decomposition of the FFT algorithm. However there has not been much research on using the CORDIC structures for FFT implementations, especially for large, high speed and high throughput FFT transforms, due to the recursive nature of the CORDIC algorithms. The key ideas in this paper are replacing the sine and cosine twiddle factors in the conventional FFT architecture by non-iterative CORDIC micro-rotations which allow substantial (~ 50%) reduction in read-only memory (ROM) table size, and total removal of complex multipliers. A new method to derive the optimal unrolling/unfolding factor for a desired FFT application based on the MSE (mean square error) is also proposed in this paper. Implemented on a Virtex-4 FPGA, the CORDIC based FFT runs 3.9 times faster and occupies 37% less area than an equivalent complex multiplier-based FFT implementation.
Enhancement of DIGLIB: Computer graphics software for animated computer-generated video movies

Abstract An increasingly important application of computers is for technical education. In 1984, the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) initiated a summer program with the objective to promote the use of computer graphics software in education for interactive modeling and display of appropriate problems, and the production of computer-generated movies for displaying physical phenomena. Much of the original effort was devoted to the development of a Device Independent Graphics Library (DIGLIB), i.e. computer graphics software needed for computer-generated film making. Due to the enormous scope of the project, however, many directions for DIGLIB remained unexplored after the LLNL summer project terminated. The efforts documented in this paper were devoted to exploring new directions and creating further enhancements to DIGLIB, such as a facility to capture and replay generated scenes and the addition of a new user interface containing improved graphics primitives and coordinate mapping functions. The enhancements improve DIGLIB's performance as a software interface for creating computer-generated movies.
Changing Structure of Agriculture and Resulting Statistical Needs

A GOOD deal of literature on the topic of the changing structure of agriculture has been generated in the last few years. In fact, stated data needs on structure are now so extensive that a complete listing becomes a prohibitive task. Even a partial listing, however, calls for some priority basis for ordering statistics needed. Thus, it seems important to devote some brief attention initially to a definition of structure and to some of the important questions surrounding the structure of agriculture before moving on to an enumeration of certain key statistical needs. Structure, I take to mean essentially the number, size, and decision-making control that prevails for firms engaged in the production and marketing phases of our natural food and fiber industry.' Within this broader definition there are subsets of structure such as tenure, legal form, production composition of firms, degree of vertical integration, and financing basis. Though one's preference might be to neatly limit the structure of agriculture to production and marketing of farm commodities, it is clear that some segments of the food and fiber industry are integrated, formally or informally, into an interrelated continuum ranging all the way from the acquisition of raw materials used to produce farm supplies to the retailing of farm commodities and even to the point of disposition of some of them as prepared foods in eating establishments.
Localization of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 expression in the developing and adult rat brain: analysis by in situ hybridization

We have previously isolated insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) from media conditioned by a neuronal cell line and have detected IGFBP-4 mRNA in selected regions of the developing and adult rat brain by Northern blot analysis. In this study, the ontogeny and regional distribution of IGFBP-4 expression were determined by in situ hybridization histochemistry. While IGFBP-4 mRNA expression at embryonic day 15 was restricted to choroid plexus primordium and meninges, by embryonic day 20 IGFBP-4 mRNA was also localized in the basal ganglia. In the postnatal rat, at days 1 and 5, IGFBP-4 was also present in the meningeal cell layer surrounding the developing cerebellum and in the hippocampal formation. The distribution of IGFBP-4 mRNA in the adult brain was considerably more widespread. The principal areas where IGFBP-4 mRNA was detected were the cerebral cortex (layers II and IV), olfactory peduncle (anterior olfactory nuclei), limbic system (hippocampus and amygdala), thalamus and basal ganglia, as well as choroid plexus and meninges. The widespread and persistent expression of IGFBP-4 is in marked contrast with IGFBP-2, the other IGFBP in the brain, whose localization by in situ hybridization is reported to be restricted to choroid plexus and meninges. The spatial pattern of IGFBP-4 expression in areas known to either overlap, be adjacent to, or project to regions that express the IGFs or their receptors may reflect a role for IGFBP-4 as a modulator of IGF action in the brain.
SEDATIVE ACTIVITY OF CELERY OIL CONSTITUENTS

The central depressant activities of 3, n-butylphthalide and a new compound, sedanenolide, were studied in mice. While neither compound affects ethanol sedation, they exhibit similar activities in both prolonging pentobarbital narcosis by prior administration of the test compounds and in inducing sleep immediately following recovery from a prior treatment with barbiturate. Weak sedative activity is also shown to reside in both compounds without potentiation.
Diencephalic sites of progesterone action for inhibiting aggression and facilitating sexual receptivity in estrogen-primed golden hamsters.

Diencephalic sites of action of progesterone (P) responsible for inhibiting aggression and facilitating sexual receptivity were examined in ovariectomized golden hamsters primed with Silastic capsules of estradiol. P was applied centrally by inserting a hormone-filled, 27-gauge cannula into a 22-gauge guide cannula that was implanted unilaterally in the medial preoptic area (MPO), the anterior hypothalamus (AH), or the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). Control implants consisted of cholesterol-filled cannulae placed within the same regions of the brain. Tests for sexual and aggressive behavior occurred 1, 2, 4, and 6 h after hormone implantation by introducing a sexually experienced male into the home cage of the female. Nine of 20 females with P in the VMH exhibited lordosis in comparison to 1 of 12 females in the MPO group and 5 of 16 animals in the AH group. The induction of sexual responsiveness after P implantation in the VMH was further demonstrated in 6 of 11 ovariectomized-adrenalectomized females,...
Effects of neuropeptide Y on alpha1- and beta-adrenoceptor-stimulated second messenger systems in rat frontal cortex

Abstract Neuropeptide Y (NPY) (1 μM) significantly reduced the basal cAMP concentration in slices of rat frontal cortex. However, NPY (10 −9 –10 −6 M) did not alter the isoproterenol-stimulated (10 −9 –10 −5 M) accumulation of cAMP in the frontal cortical slices, showing that Y 2 NPY receptors do not modulate the beta-adrenoceptor-stimulated adenylase cyclase activity. NPY (10 −8 –2.5 × 10 −5 M) was also demonstrated to stimulate inositol phosphate accumulation in rat frontal cortex slices in a dose-dependent manner. However, NPY (1 μM) did not potentiate the ability of phenylephrine (5 × 10 −8 –10 −4 M), an alpha 1 -adrenoceptor agonist, to stimulate inositol phosphate hydrolysis. The combined effects of phenylephrine and NPY (1 μM) on inositol phosphate hydrolysis were additive, suggesting that the alpha 1 -adrenoceptor and NPY Y 1 receptor sites are located on different postsynaptic sites in rat frontal cortex. This study demonstrates the existence of both Y 2 and Y 1 NPY receptors in the rat frontal cortex based on second messenger systems, but there does not appear to be an interaction of NPY with either alpha 1 - or beta-adrenoceptors.