cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phage Ecology and Bacterial Pathogenesis

Bacteriophages (phages) are the viruses of bacteria. The impact of phages on bacterial pathogenesis may be divided into two major themes, transduction and predation. In this chapter, the authors take a phage-centered view of the ecology of the phage-bacterium relationship, looking in particular for unappreciated subtleties that might impact pathogen formation, disease progression, or the phage-induced destruction of bacterial populations. The impact of phages on bacterial pathogenesis occurs primarily over the course of phage infection. Transduction is described as the phage-mediated movement of genetic material from one bacterium to another. Generalized transduction consequently does not result in DNA serial transfer except via subsequent accidental means. Researchers need to be aware not just of the traditional laboratory characterization of phage biology but also of how to interpret that biology from an ecological perspective. Phages are also often compared by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and Southern blotting. The major advantage of working with cultured phages is the potential for further investigations into phage biology. Metagenomic analyses are another way to identify uncultured phages within environmental communities. Population modeling also suggests that uncultured phage genomes from the environment may be sequenced to completion by the shotgun approach. Obtaining and propagating more virulence factor (VF)-encoding phages in culture, including currently unidentified toxin-carrying phages sequenced from the environment, will provide valuable information concerning host range and other aspects of phage biology that are relevant to bacterial pathogenesis.
Halomethyl—metal compounds : LXIII. Diethyl lithiodichloromethylphosphonate and tetraethyl lithiochloromethylenediphosphonate

Abstract The action of n-butyllithium in THF at low temperature on diethyl trichloromethylphosphonate and tetraethyl dichloromethylenediphosphonate gave the reagents LiCCl 2 P (O) (OEt) 2 and [(EtO) 2 (O)P] 2 CClLi, respectively. The hydrolyses of these reagents, some coupling reactions with dimethyl sulfate, allyl bromide and trimethylchlorosilane and their use in the synthesis of chloroolefins are described.
Ion channel transport systems for high current electron beam accelerators

Experiments are underway to explore innovative transport systems for high-current, relativistic-electron-beam accelerators and free-electron lasers. Two unique, long-pulse, intense relativistic electron beam generators have been utilized for transport studies: MELBA (Michigan Electron Long Beam Accelerator) and a Febetron electron beam generator. Two different ion channel generation systems have been used. The first utilized a KrF excimer laser to preionize a channel in DEA (diethylaniline) gas at pressure from 0.1-1 mtorr. The second technique involves using a hot tungsten filament as a low-voltage electron source. Electron beam current injected into channels was in the range 200-300 A. Laser guided transport on MELBA was maintained for 0.6 mu s at 50% efficiency (defined as the ratio of injected beam current to transported beam current). Loss of transport was primarily a result of the cumulative effect of the REB-induced ionization of the DEA, causing the beam to become overneutralized (f/sub e/>1) late in the beam pulse. Experimental results from Febetron-generated electron beam transport in pure monatomic ion channels demonstrate the development of IFR beam transport from space-charge neutralization fractions in the range 0 >
A Self-Study Instrument for Program Review of Graduate Programs in Health Education.

Abstract Periodic evaluation of graduate degree programs in health education is important and necessary in order to maintain the quality of faculty, students, and curriculum. A review of professional preparation literature indicated that there was an absence of evaluation instruments specifically designed for graduate programs in health education. We constructed and validated a program evaluation instrument for internal and/or external evaluation of graduate programs in health education at the masters and/or doctoral level. The methodology used included a review of the literature on program evaluation in health education, instrument development, and instrument evaluation. The instrument's format was reviewed by two individuals with expertise in program evaluation and instrument construction. The instrument was validated by a jury of experts responsible for graduate programs in health education
Practicing Accountants' Views of the Content of Accounting Ethics Courses

The National Association of State Boards of Accountancy's most recent proposal (NASBA 2007) requires all students sitting for the Uniform CPA examination to have completed a curriculum that includes a three-semester-hour (SCH) ethics course or one that integrates the study of ethics into all accounting courses at the equivalent of the three SCH minimum. If passed, the implied curriculum modification suggests that accounting instructors can benefit from guidance on ethics content to include in their courses. Because much of the debate of how to cover ethics in the curriculum focuses on the requirements to become a CPA, experienced practicing accountants' views can be helpful in determining the content of ethics courses in accounting. We compare our results with Hurtt & Thomas (2008) who asked academicians similar questions. Specifically, we surveyed 215 highly experienced practicing accountants (the vast majority of whom were CPAs). Among the top choices of content are current ethical issues, professional codes of conduct, ethical judgment and decision making process/models, corporate codes of ethics, whistleblower protection, record retention, philosophical theories of ethics and theories of ethics. The subjects agreed-moderately -- that ethics courses can influence attitudes and behavior, but they were neutral on whether ethics courses can reduce instances of Enron-like fraud. We also discuss some implications for the future of accounting education.
Labeled Glucose Analogs in the Genomic Era

In a preclinical research article in this issue of The Journal of Nuclear Medicine , Bormans et al. ([1][1]) examine the uptake of 11C-labeled d-glucose analogs α-methyl-d-glucoside and β-methyl-d-glucoside in the mouse kidney. It appears that both of these compounds are taken up efficiently from
Isolation and Characterization of the Glycopeptides of Porcine Pancreatic Lipases La and Lb

Abstract The glycopeptides of porcine pancreatic lipases La and Lb have been isolated. Compositional and end group analyses, in addition to enzymatic hydrolysis with carboxypeptidases A and B, suggest the following amino acid sequence: Thr-Asx-Gly-Thr-Ile-Glu-Arg. Pronase digestion yielded a smaller glycopeptide which contained only aspartic acid, threonine, and glycine. The carbohydrate linkage is alkali-stable, indicating that N-acetylglucosamine is involved in an N-acylglucosylamine bond to asparagine. Lipases La and Lb contain fucose and galactose as well as mannose and glucosamine. Lipase La also contains sialic acid and gives rise to a more heterogeneous glycopeptide population upon proteolysis; the heterogeneity is due solely to the carbohydrate moieties.
Prospecting for Jurassic slabs

Seismic tomography, a technique for imaging Earth's deep interior, is becoming ever more refined. The latest work tracks the subduction of a lithospheric slab below Siberia down to 2,800 km beneath the Earth's surface and back to Jurassic times.
Swimming Energetics of Striped Bass (Morone Saxatilis) and Bluefish (Pomatomus Saltatrix): Gill Ventilation and Swimming Metabolism

1.Striped bass and bluefish use cyclic ventilatory movements to accomplish gas exchange at rest and slow swimming speeds, whereas at intermediate and high velocities, both species routinely shift to ram gill ventilation. 2.Metabolic characteristics of the shift in respiratory behaviour indicate that as an animal adopts the ram mode, energy expenditure departs from an exponential relationship and increases at a shallow rate over the next 15 cm. S −1 range in speed. At higher, ram-supporting velocities, oxygen uptake increases once again at an exponential rate. 3.Similar determinations of oxygen uptake at imposed swimming velocities in hatchery-raised rainbow trout reveal an exponential relationship over the entire swimming range. Trout actively ventilate their gills over this velocity range as well. 4.In striped bass, the requisite trans-gill pressure for ram ventilation, as developed between the mouth and opercular door margins, is about 05 cm H 2 O. 5.Critical swimming velocities for striped bass are 2.9–3.3 bl.s −1 while bluefish can maintain station at 4.0–4.6 bl.S −1 . 6.The adoption of ram gill ventilation is a velocity-dependent phenomenon over the size-range tested. 7. Transfer of the work load of ventilation from the branchial to the swimming musculature results in substantial metabolic savings well within the cruising ranges of striped bass and bluefish. The savings probably accrue from cessation of rhythmic pumping by the branchial musculature and a change in overall body drag at ram-supporting swimming speeds.
Effects of Cardiac Hormones on Arterial Pressure and Sodium Excretion in NPRA Knockout Mice

These studies were designed to determine if the atria contains natriuretic substances that act through a non–natriuretic peptide type A (NPRA) receptor mechanism. C57BL/6 mice, either wild-type NPRA++ (WT) or NPRA —- knockout (KO), were anesthetized with pentobarbital. Catheters were placed in the trachea, carotid artery, jugular vein, and bladder. Urine was collected for six 30-min periods. Both groups received an iv injection of 100 ng of rat atrial natriuetic peptide (rANP) in 200 μl of saline after the first period (30 mins) and 200 μl of rat atrial extract after the fourth period (120 mins). ANP injection increased urine flow (UF) to 2.7 ± 0.5 μl/min in the WT versus 1.9 ± 0.2 in KO. Extract increased UF to 7.9 ± 1.5 μl/min in WT versus 2.7 ± 0.4 in KO (P < 0.01). ANP increased sodium excretion (ENa) to 0.47 ± 0.10 μmoles/min in WT versus 0.27 ± 0.04 in KO (P < 0.05). Extract increased ENa to 1.44 ± 0.47 μmoles/min in WT versus 0.26 ± 0.06 in KO (P < 0.05). Extract decreased mean arterial pressure (M...
Analysis of radar micro-Doppler with time-frequency transform

Micro-Doppler induced by mechanical vibration or rotation of structures in a radar target is potentially useful for target detection, classification and recognition. While the Doppler frequency induced by the target body is constant, the micro-Doppler due to vibrating or rotating structures of the target is a function of dwell time. Analysis of the time-varying Doppler signature in the joint time-frequency domain can provide useful information for target detection, classification and recognition.
Harmaline-Induced Tremor in Mice: Videotape Documentation and Open Questions About the Model

Background: Harmaline‐induced tremor in rodents has been extensively used as an animal model for essential tremor (ET). However, there is no visual documentation in the published literature. Methods: We injected mice subcutaneously with either 20 mg/kg of harmaline hydrochloride or saline and then videotaped the responses. Results: Action and postural tremor in the mouse began 5 minutes after subcutaneous harmaline injection and peaked at approximately 30 minutes. The tremor involved the head, trunk, tail, and four limbs and lasted for approximately 2 hours. The forelimb tremor was postural or action tremor, similar to that observed in ET. Discussion: This video segment provides the first visual documentation of the phenomenology of harmaline‐induced tremor in a mouse. We also raise several unanswered questions regarding the use of harmaline‐induced tremor to model ET.
Proliferation Conditions Promote Intrinsic Changes in NK Cells for an IL-10 Response

Constitutively found at high frequencies, the role for NK cell proliferation remains unclear. In this study, a shift in NK cell function from predominantly producing IFN-γ, a cytokine with proinflammatory and antimicrobial functions, to producing the immunoregulatory cytokine IL-10 was defined during extended murine CMV infection. The response occurred at times subsequent to IL-12 production, but the NK cells elicited acquired responsiveness to IL-12 and IL-21 for IL-10 production. Because neither IL-12 nor IL-21 was required in vivo, however, additional pathways appeared to be available to promote NK cell IL-10 expression. In vitro studies with IL-2 to support proliferation and in vivo adoptive transfers into murine CMV-infected mice demonstrated that NK cell proliferation and further division enhanced the change. In contrast to the sustained open profile of the IFN-γ gene, NK cells responding to infection acquired histone modifications in the IL-10 gene indicative of changing from a closed to an open state. The IL-10 response to IL-12 was proliferation dependent ex vivo if the NK cells had not yet expanded in vivo but independent if they had. Thus, a novel role for proliferation in supporting changing innate cell function is reported.
The Small Group in Large Classes

(1984). The Small Group in Large Classes. The Educational Forum: Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 64-73.
Φ-Values beyond the ribosomally encoded amino acids: Kinetic and thermodynamic consequences of incorporating trifluoromethyl amino acids in a globular protein

The consequences of the substitution of 4,4,4-trifluorovaline for valine on the folding kinetics and thermodynamics of a globular protein are presented. Variants of the N-terminal domain of L9, a small α-β protein, were prepared in which V3 or V21 was replaced by trifluorovaline. CD and NMR demonstrate that the structure is not perturbed. Both are more stable, the V3 variant by 0.8 kcal mol-1 and the V21 variant by 1.4 kcal mol-1. The increase of stability is significantly larger than that observed in coiled-coils on a per trifluoromethyl group basis. Folding is two-state, and the variants both fold faster than the wild type. The Φ-values are 0.16 and 0.11, respectively.
New electro-active self-assembled multilayer thin films based on alternately adsorbed layers of polyelectrolytes and functional dye molecules

The layer-by-layer self-assembly of a number of quite different functional dye molecules has been accomplished via the alternate spontaneous adsorption of polyelectrolytes and ionic dyes from dilute solutions. Combinations of different functional dyes such as Ponceau SS and Infrared dye 125 were successfully incorporated into self-assembled multilayer heterostructures. Uniform and well defined multilayer films were also prepared using newly synthesized ionic ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes and related polymers. Multilayers containing these ionic ruthenium based complexes have been utilized to fabricate light emitting devices. The fabrication and evaluation of new heterostructure thin film devices based on these light emitting materials are discussed as well as the properties of other multilayer thin films containing dye molecules.
Promoters active in interphase are bookmarked during mitosis by ubiquitination

We analyzed modification of chromatin by ubiquitination in human cells and whether this mark changes through the cell cycle. HeLa cells were synchronized at different stages and regions of the genome with ubiquitinated chromatin were identified by affinity purification coupled with next-generation sequencing. During interphase, ubiquitin marked the chromatin on the transcribed regions of ∼70% of highly active genes and deposition of this mark was sensitive to transcriptional inhibition. Promoters of nearly half of the active genes were highly ubiquitinated specifically during mitosis. The ubiquitination at the coding regions in interphase but not at promoters during mitosis was enriched for ubH2B and dependent on the presence of RNF20. Ubiquitin labeling of both promoters during mitosis and transcribed regions during interphase, correlated with active histone marks H3K4me3 and H3K36me3 but not a repressive histone modification, H3K27me3. The high level of ubiquitination at the promoter chromatin during mitosis was transient and was removed within 2 h after the cells exited mitosis and entered the next cell cycle. These results reveal that the ubiquitination of promoter chromatin during mitosis is a bookmark identifying active genes during chromosomal condensation in mitosis, and we suggest that this process facilitates transcriptional reactivation post-mitosis.
Profile Evolution Simulation of Oxide Fencing during Via-First Dual Damascene Etching Processes

The introduction of copper interconnects has increased the use of dual damascene etching processes, which leads to new challenges for feature profile control. Oxide fencing around vias during the trench etch of the via-first dual damascene scheme can be detrimental to the device performance and therefore need to be eliminated. A systematic study of oxide fencing formation during via-first dual damascene etching processes is presented. A Monte Carlo technique associated with surface kinetics and cell removal algorithm is used to simulate the profile evolution, and the simulation results qualitatively agree with the experimental results taken from literature. The simulation indicated that the feature profile evolution is controlled by both the ion and neutral flux distribution along the etching surface and angular dependent etching yield. The shape of via, the SiO 2 :BARC etching selectivity, and etching chemistry can affect the oxide fencing. Bowed via can eliminate the oxide fencing, and tapered via will result in severe oxide fencing. Reducing etching selectivity can also control the height of oxide fencing, but it does not seem to be a practical solution. Less polymerizing chemistry causes much less severe oxide fencing than does more polymerizing chemistry. The simulation can thus serve as a useful guide for searching optimal profile evolution control conditions.
Vibrational and photoionization spectroscopy of neutral valine clusters.

We report the first observation of infrared (IR) and mass spectra of neutral, aliphatic amino acid clusters: the example presented herein is for (valine)n, n = 2−5. The clusters are generated in a supersonic expansion and their IR spectra are recorded in various fragment and (valine)n−1H+ (n = 2−5) mass channels. The ions are created by single photon ionization with a VUV laser at 118 nm (10.5 eV/photon) following IR absorption in the single photon energy range 2500−4000 cm−1. Mass channels obviously associated with valine clusters lose intensity and mass channels associated with valine monomers gain intensity under IR irradiation. No free OH modes are identified in any of these spectra suggesting that for (valine)n, n = 1−5, all the OH groups are hydrogen bonded. The infrared transition for the hydrogen bonded OH moiety appears as a very broad, shifted feature ca. 3000 cm−1 (∼2800 to ∼3200 cm−1). Free and perturbed NH2 modes can also be identified in the cluster spectra. CH modes ca. 3000 cm−1 can be ide...
Pathogen reduction capabilities of freeze/thaw sludge conditioning

Abstract Freezing and thawing sludge has become an economically feasible technique of sludge conditioning in regions where natural freezing is available. Even though the dramatic effects of freeze/thaw on dewatering have been studied extensively, its effects on the survival of pathogenic microorganisms have not been investigated. If freeze/thaw conditioning can be shown to reduce pathogenic microorganisms, then sludges treated in this fashion can be disposed of on land with less risk of health effects. In this paper, the effects of freezing rate, temperature and time in the frozen state on the removal of pathogens are tested. The response of seven indicators of microbial contamination; fecal coliforms, Salmonella , plaque forming units, fecal streptococci, poliovirus, helminths and protozoa to the freeze/thawing of both aerobically and anaerobically digested sludges is examined. Fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and plaque forming units are chosen as the commonly used indicators of bacteria and viruses, respectively in wastewater sludges. Pathogenic bacteria ( Salmonella ), virus (Poliovirus) and parasites ( Ascaris suum and Cryptosporidium parvum ) tested in the second phase are chosen as sample microorganisms in their respective classes. Freeze/thaw sludge conditioning is proven to be an effective means of removing most pathogenic microorganisms. Fecal streptococci are found to be the best indicator of the effectiveness of freeze/thawing on enteric bacteria. Results of this study indicate that freeze/thaw conditioning coupled with sludge digestion can significantly enhance the overall pathogenic microorganism reduction achieved in a wastewater treatment plant. Added effectiveness by freeze/thaw treatment may become critical for a plant in meeting the pathogen reduction requirements by U.S. regulations prior to any practice of land application or land disposal of sludge.
A SKETCH OF EASTERN DAKOTA ETHNOLOGY

4'HE data for the following sketch were obtained principally from Sisseton and Wahpeton informants at Sisseton, South Dakota, during the month of August, 1914, on a field expedition for the American Museum of National History. A little Isanti material was gathered the year before at Portage La Prairie, Manitoba. The works of Lowie, Wissler, Dorsey, Riggs, and Mrs. Eastman also furnished much valuable material, and the writer wishes to acknowledge the valuable assistance of Mr. Amos Oneroad, a Wahpeton, as guide, interpreter, and informant. Dress.-In costume we find the Isanti and Wahpeton inclining to the Central Algonkian. Anciently the men of both groups banged their hair in front and back and dressed it in four little braids, two hanging over the forehead and two in the rear. The Wahpeton, according to some of my informants, roached the hair at one time; others denied this however. The Isanti and probably the Wahpeton used a headdress made from a woven sash twisted turbanwise about the head, or the deer's hair roach. Warriors who had entered the camp circle of the enemy and escaped alive were entitled to wear the war-bonnet.
Scaling of asymmetric magnetic reconnection: Kinetic particle-in-cell simulations

[1] Recently, Cassak and Shay (2007) applied a generalized Sweet-Parker analysis to derive scaling laws for gross properties of asymmetric magnetic reconnection, including the reconnection rate, outflow speed, and outflow density. This study presents the first comprehensive test of this scaling theory using fully electromagnetic particle-in-cell simulations of antiparallel asymmetric magnetic reconnection. By varying the upstream densities and magnetic fields, we find that the reconnection rates, outflow speeds, and outflow densities are consistent with the general scaling theory. This implies that kinetic electron and proton physics beyond the Hall term does not fundamentally alter the gross properties of the asymmetric diffusion region as understood in Cassak and Shay (2007). In addition, the results confirm the validity of the assumption of mixing of particles on recently reconnected flux tubes, which is of key importance for accurately predicting the location of the flow stagnation point in the diffusion region.
Probabilistic ranking of large scale transmission projects

Abstract The purpose of this investigation is to determine an appropriate way of probabilistically prioritizing transmission system alternatives. Three approaches widely exercised by different electric utilities are studied and compared to the methodology proposed and developed in this paper. Utilizing the appropriate methodology, transmission system alternatives are prioritized and the best alternative is placed on the top of a ranking table. An analysis of qualitatively identifying the different transmission system benefits is performed. Some of the qualitative benefits are quantified and used in our methodology. The proposed methodology is tested on the IEEE 25 bus reliability test system (RTS). TRELSS (transmission reliability evaluation of large scale systems), a software package developed by Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) is utilized in determining the probabilistic indices that are used in the proposed approach.
Tectonic and magmatic processes in the Eastern Branch of the East African Rift and implications for magmatically active continental rifts

Abstract Magmatism has played a major role in the development of the Eastern Branch of the East African Rift System. Geological, geochemical and geophysical constraints indicate that magmatism and tectonism vary significantly with depth and along strike. In the uppermost crust, faulting, fissuring, block rotation and volcanic construction have been widely documented. However, in the middle to lower crust magmatic intrusion dominates. In some places, the volume of intrusive material generated per kilometer of rift axis equals or exceeds the cross-sectional area created by tectonic extension, thereby maintaining or even increasing the crustal thickness. Elsewhere, magmatism is much less voluminous, and tectonic extension may result in thinning of the crust. Basic and ultrabasic igneous bodies clustered in the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the rift valley probably account for the observed positive axial gravity anomalies and high compressional wave velocities centered there. Incompatible trace-elementratios of Quaternary volcanos suggest that individual magmatic diapirs have intruded the crust and upper mantle of the rift. The diapirs may be fed by a vertical, wedge-like body of asthenosphere with a concentration of partial melt along its apex. In Turkana, where seismic reflection data are available, diapirs corresponding to Quaternary volcanos are located beneath the centers of individual half-graben rift basins. A similar relation between rift basins and Quaternary volcanic centers is inferred for the entire Eastern Branch. The magnitude of extension across the rift units is probably insufficient to cause mantle upwelling and extensive partial melting. Thus, the geometry of rifting at the surface must be controlled by that of the mantle diapirism and related magmatism, not vice versa . The implied style of rifting has important implications for the partitioning of extensional strain through the lithosphere and the constitution of the crust beneath the rift. Aulacogens and rifted continental margins, such as the southern Red Sea and the Norwegian-E. Greenland margins, that formed from magmatically active rifts, may have passed through a similar stage of evolution.
Turning heads: Development of vertebrate branchiomotor neurons

The cranial motor neurons innervate muscles that control eye, jaw, and facial movements of the vertebrate head and parasympathetic neurons that innervate certain glands and organs. These efferent neurons develop at characteristic locations in the brainstem, and their axons exit the neural tube in well-defined trajectories to innervate target tissues. This review is focused on a subset of cranial motor neurons called the branchiomotor neurons, which innervate muscles derived from the branchial (pharyngeal) arches. First, the organization of the branchiomotor pathways in zebrafish, chick, and mouse embryos will be compared, and the underlying axon guidance mechanisms will be addressed. Next, the molecular mechanisms that generate branchiomotor neurons and specify their identities will be discussed. Finally, the caudally directed or tangential migration of facial branchiomotor neurons will be examined. Given the advances in the characterization and analysis of vertebrate genomes, we can expect rapid progress in elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the development of these vital neuronal networks.
Bronchoconstrictor additives in bronchodilator solutions

Nebulized bronchodilator solutions are available in the United States as both nonsterile and sterile-filled products. Sulfites, benzalkonium chloride (BAC), or chlorobutanol are added to nonsterile products to prevent bacterial growth, but there have been reports of contaminated solutions containing preservatives. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) is added to some products to prevent discoloration of the solution. With the exception of chlorobutanol, all of these additives are capable of inducing bronchospasm in a concentration-dependent manner. However, it is rarely apparent to the patient or health care provider that the additive diminishes the bronchodilator effects. Older products (eg, isoproterenol and isoetharine) contain enough sulfites to produce bronchospasm in most patients with asthma, even in those without a prior history of sulfite sensitivity. Bronchoconstriction from inhaled BAC is cumulative, prolonged, and correlates directly with basal airway responsiveness. The multidose dropper bottle of albuterol contains 50 μg BAC/dose, which is below the threshold for bronchoconstriction whereas the screwcap unit-dose vial contains 300 μg/dose, which is above the threshold for many patients. If the screwcap product is used in the emergency department, a patient could receive as much as 1800 μg of BAC in the first hour. Three sterile-filled unit dose albuterol products contain no additives, whereas a fourth, (manufactured by Dey Laboratories) contains 300 μg of EDTA, which is also below the threshold dose for bronchoconstriction. Only additive-free sterile solutions should be used for hourly or continuous nebulization of albuterol. The multidose dropper bottle or the Dey product can be used when the interval between doses is longer, whereas the screwcap product should not be used for acute therapy. Ipratropium is available only as a sterile, additive-free unit-dose vial, as is levalbuterol. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:S53-60.)
Perceptions of relationships with parents and peers in youth sport: Independent and combined prediction of motivational outcomes

Purpose: This study was designed to examine how youths’ perceptions of their relationships with parents and peers independently and in combination predict motivational outcomes in youth sport. Method: Youth soccer players (NZ186) completed survey measures tapping perceptions of parent–child relationship quality, friendship quality, and peer acceptance relative to the soccer context as well as soccer-related motivational outcomes (i.e. enjoyment, stress, perceived competence, and self-determined motivation). Results: Descriptive findings showed that more positive perceptions of social relationships were associated with more positive motivational outcomes. Hierarchical regression analyses showed: (a) higher enjoyment and perceived competence were predicted by higher perceptions of two or three social relationship variables in combination, (b) lower stress was predicted by higher peer acceptance and father–child relationship quality, but not by combinations of social relationship variables, and (c) higher self-determined motivation was predicted by higher peer acceptance, father–child relationship quality, and either friendship quality or mother–child relationship quality. Conclusion: Overall the study suggests that considering the combination of parent, peer group, and friendship relationships is critical to a full understanding of the social relationship-motivation linkage. q 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Segmentation of MRI brain scans into gray matter, white matter and CSF

An algorithm is described that can separate gray matter, white matter and CSF in brain scans taken with 3DFFT T1- weighted gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging. Although the algorithm is fully automated, it requires brain contours as input that utilize user-defined features. The inter- and intra-operator errors stemming from the variability of the contour definition and affecting the segmentation were assessed by using coronal brain scans of 19 subjects. The inter-operator errors were (1.61 plus or minus 2.38)% (P equals 0.01) for gray matter, (0.31 plus or minus 2.06)% (P equals 0.53) for white matter and (0.28 plus or minus 3.84)% (P equals 0.76) for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). the intra- operator error was (0.28 plus or minus 0.55)% (P greater than 0.04) for gray matter, (0.40 plus or minus 0.37)% (P equals 0.0002) for white matter and (0.26 plus or minus 1.31)% (P equals 0.39) for CSF.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cholesterol 27-hydroxylase but not apolipoprotein apoE contributes to A2A adenosine receptor stimulated reverse cholesterol transport.

Movement of free cholesterol between the cellular compartment and acceptor is governed by cholesterol gradients that are determined by several enzymes and reverse cholesterol transport proteins. We have previously demonstrated that adenosine A2A receptors inhibit foam cell formation and stimulate production of cholesterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1), an enzyme involved in the conversion of cholesterol to oxysterols. We therefore asked whether the effect of adenosine A2A receptors on foam cell formation in vitro is mediated by CYP27A1 or apoE, a carrier for cholesterol in the serum. We found that specific lentiviral siRNA infection markedly reduced apoE or 27-hydroxylase mRNA in THP-1 cells. Despite diminished apoE expression (p < 0.0002, interferon-gamma (IFNγ) CGS vs. IFNγ alone, n = 4), CGS-21680, an adenosine A2A receptor agonist, inhibits foam cell formation. In contrast, CGS-21680 had no effect on reducing foam cell formation in CYP27A1 KD cells (4 ± 2%; p < 0.5113, inhibition vs. IFNγ alone, n = 4). Previously, we reported the A2A agonist CGS-21680 increases apoAI-mediated cholesterol efflux nearly twofold in wild-type macrophages. Adenosine receptor activation had no effect on cholesterol efflux in CYP27A1 KD cells but reduced efflux in apoE KD cells. These results demonstrate that adenosine A2A receptor occupancy diminishes foam cell formation by increasing expression and function of CYP27A1.
"till the simple religious idea": An Unpublished Whitman Manuscript Fragment

This Discovery is brought to you for free and open access by Iowa Research Online. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walt Whitman Quarterly Review by an authorized administrator of Iowa Research Online. For more information, please contact lib-ir@uiowa.edu. Recommended Citation Folsom, Ed. ""till the simple religious idea": An Unpublished Whitman Manuscript Fragment." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 18 (Summer 2000), 63-64.
The mechanism of serum alkaline phosphatase elevation by chloroform.

Abstract The oral ingestion of low levels of chloroform (45 mg/kg/day) by female beagles caused an elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase. No histopathologic lesions were noted, and all other routine clinical parameters were normal. The isoenzyme appearing in the serum was the hepatic type. Alkaline phosphatase was shown to be lost from the brush border of the small intestine while the serum and hepatic enzyme activities increased. Bile volumes and alkaline phosphatase activities were normal. Other brush-border enzymes were lost from the small intestine, but not all of these losses were accompanied by elevations in serum activities. Alkaline phosphatase did not appear to be lost into the lumen of the intestine. These results suggest that the intestine may be the source of the elevated serum alkaline phosphatase activity caused by chloroform. Action of chloroform on the membranes of other organs and organelles is supported by the elevation of other serum enzymes.
Brief communication: American ginseng reduces warfarin's effect in healthy patients: a randomized, controlled Trial.

Background People using prescription medication often concurrently take herbal supplements. In a case report, the anticoagulant effect of warfarin decreased after patients consumed ginseng. Objective To evaluate the interactions between American ginseng and warfarin. Design Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Setting General Clinical Research Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Participants 20 healthy patients. Intervention In this 4-week study, 20 patients received warfarin for 3 days during weeks 1 and 4. Beginning in week 2, patients were assigned to receive either American ginseng or placebo. Measurements International normalized ratio (INR) and plasma warfarin level. Results The peak INR statistically significantly decreased after 2 weeks of ginseng administration compared with placebo (difference between ginseng and placebo, -0.19 [95% CI, -0.36 to -0.07]; P = 0.0012). The INR area under the curve (AUC), peak plasma warfarin level, and warfarin AUC were also statistically significantly reduced in the ginseng group as compared with the placebo group. Peak INR and peak plasma warfarin level were positively correlated. Limitations The study sample consisted of young, healthy volunteers in a research setting rather than patients taking therapeutic doses of warfarin. Conclusions American ginseng reduces warfarin's anticoagulant effect. When prescribing warfarin, physicians should ask patients about ginseng use.
Measurement of Phased Array Point Spread Functions for Use with Beamforming

Microphone arrays can be used to localize and estimate the strengths of acoustic sources present in a region of interest. However, the array measurement of a region, or beam map, is not an accurate representation of the acoustic field in that region. The true acoustic field is convolved with the array s sampling response, or point spread function (PSF). Many techniques exist to remove the PSF's effect on the beam map via deconvolution. Currently these methods use a theoretical estimate of the array point spread function and perhaps account for installation offsets via determination of the microphone locations. This methodology fails to account for any reflections or scattering in the measurement setup and still requires both microphone magnitude and phase calibration, as well as a separate shear layer correction in an open-jet facility. The research presented seeks to investigate direct measurement of the array's PSF using a non-intrusive acoustic point source generated by a pulsed laser system. Experimental PSFs of the array are computed for different conditions to evaluate features such as shift-invariance, shear layers and model presence. Results show that experimental measurements trend with theory with regard to source offset. The source shows expected behavior due to shear layer refraction when observed in a flow, and application of a measured PSF to NACA 0012 aeroacoustic trailing-edge noise data shows a promising alternative to a classic shear layer correction method.
Revisionist look at solvophobic driving forces in reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Abstract Based on the use of alkylbenzenes as test solutes, most of the free energy of retention in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) is shown to arise from net attractive (exoergic) processes in the stationary phase, and not from net repulsive (endoergic) processes in the mobile phase. The classical view of the “passive” role of bonded phase ligands is challenged. However, it is also shown that variations in retention upon changing the mobile phase are dominated by alterations in the net processes in the mobile phase. Furthermore, it is shown that the free energy of transfer of a methylene group from the mobile phase to a bonded reversed phase over a wide range in mobile phase composition, is similar but not equal, to the free energy of transfer of a methylene group from the same mobile phase to pure bulk hexadecane. This observation is in accord with the partition model view of the mechanism of RPLC. Finally, by comparison of measured and computed activity coefficients, the regular solution theory is shown to be a grossly inadequate model of interactions in water and hydro—organic mixtures. It should not be used to model retention in aqueous mobile phases.
Determination of water mass properties of water pumped down from the Ekman layer to the geostrophic flow below.

Abstract In a subtropical gyre, the convergent Ekman layer forces water downward into the geostrophic flow below. The properties and depth of the mixed layer vary considerably during the course of the year, but this variability does not penetrate into the geostrophic region. Evidently there is some process at work that selects only late winter water for actual net downward pumping. It is a process much like that performed by Maxwell's Demon. Arguing from a particular example in a North Atlantic region where Sverdrup dynamics is presumed to prevail, an elementary description is given as to how the Demon works and a sample set of profiles by season is computed. Present day mixed layer models involve a local vertical mixing process. Thermocline theories involve adiabatic flow from high latitudes. There is an intermediate depth range at which the two processes operate alternatively, according to season.
Di- and tetraosmium carbonyl complexes with dicarboxylato ligands serving as intramolecular rings and intermolecular bridges

Abstract The osmium(I) carbonyl complexes Os2(μ-sebacate)(CO)4(dmso)2 (1) and [Os2(CO)6]2(μ4-1,3-adamantanediacetate)2 (2) have been prepared by microwave heating and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The reaction of Os3(CO)12 with sebacic acid in 1,2-dichlorobenzene at 205 °C produces Os2(μ-sebacate)(CO)6 in 45% yield. Subsequent treatment with dimethylsulfoxide at 70 °C results in conversion to the dmso adduct 1. The reaction of Os3(CO)12 with 1,3-adamantanediacetic acid in 1,2-dichlorobenzene at 208 °C produces 2. Clusters 1 and 2 contain Os2(CO)4 units with sawhorse geometries and Os–Os single bonds. In the diosmium complex 1, a sebacato (decanedioato) ligand forms an intramolecular chelate ring within a single Os2 sawhorse unit. In the tetraosmium complex 2, two 1,3-adamantanediacetato ligands form intermolecular bridges that join two Os2 sawhorse units into a molecular loop.
Streptococci Dominate the Diverse Flora within Buccal Cells

Previously, we reported that intracellular Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythensis were present within buccal epithelial cells from human subjects, as lesser components of a polymicrobial flora. In this study, we further characterized that intracellular flora by using the same double-labeling techniques to identify Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, oral Campylobacter species, Eikenella corrodens, Treponema denticola, Gemella haemolysans, Granulicatella adiacens, and total streptococci within buccal epithelial cells. All those species were found within buccal cells. In every case, species recognized by green-labeled species-specific probes were accompanied by other bacteria recognized only by a red-labeled universal probe. Streptococci appeared to be a major component of the polymicrobial intracellular flora, being present at a level from one to two logs greater than the next most common species (G. adiacens). This is similar to what is obse...
Partnerships with Parents to Promote Healthy Development

Partnerships with parents are an essential strategy for promoting children's healthy development. Partnerships, themselves, also comprise a context for promoting and sustaining mental health among adults and communities at large. We must foster parents' own development in order to support their role as fully participating partners in mental health promotion; such development guides their abilities and propensity to create and sustain growth‐enhancing environments. The Listening Partners Program is an example of a program that pursued such a goal.
The Principle of Reciprocity in Hospitality Contexts: The Relationship Between Tipping Behavior and Food Servers’ Approaches to Handling Leftovers:

Based on the norm of reciprocity, this study hypothesized that food servers would earn higher tips when they boxed customers’ leftovers compared with having customers’ box leftovers themselves. In addition, the effect of writing messages (i.e., the date and/or customer’s name) on boxes of leftovers was explored. Two female food servers waited on 608 diners and boxed or did not box leftovers, and wrote or did not write messages on boxes. The hypothesis was supported. However, writing messages was not associated with tipping behavior.
Proponents and Opponents: Where Do They Stand on the Employee Free Choice Act and Neutrality and Card-Check Agreements?

The Employee Free Choice Act (EFCA) is a top priority for Democrats in the current Congress. Passage is also a priority for the union representing the largest number of hotel workers, UNITE HERE. The debate over the bill, including the neutrality and card-check agreement provisions, is polarized between the union and management stakeholders. This qualitative study used grounded theory to explore the degree of polarization between the San Francisco hotel labor-relations stakeholders. The results confirmed expectations that the union representative and other stakeholders have divergent views on key issues, National Labor Relations Act organizing process, the impact of neutrality, and the impact of the EFCA on employees, with the union on one end of the continuum and others at times on the complete opposite end. It also identified employees as being the central theme of the debate. However, regarding the views on the impact of the EFCA on San Francisco labor relations, there was virtual agreement that the im...
Long-term outcomes and clinical predictors for pacemaker-requiring bradyarrhythmias after cardiac transplantation: Analysis of the UNOS/OPTN cardiac transplant database

Background Pacemaker-requiring bradyarrhythmias after cardiac transplantation are common, and rarely can lead to sudden cardiac death. Prior outcomes studies have been limited to single-center data. Objective This study sought to define the long-term outcomes and clinical predictors for pacemaker-requiring bradyarrhythmias in the cardiac transplant population. Methods This study used multivariable analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing/Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (UNOS/OPTN) database of sequential U.S. cardiac transplant recipients from 1997 to 2007 stratified by postoperative bradyarrhythmias requiring a pacemaker. The primary end point was all-cause mortality. Results Among 35,987 cardiac transplant recipients (age 46.1 ± 18.3 years, 76% male, 22% bicaval technique) with a follow-up of 6.3 ± 4.7 years, pacemaker-requiring bradyarrhythmias occurred in 3,940 patients (10.9%). Pacemaker recipients demonstrated improved survival (median 8.0 years vs. 5.2 years, P P P P P P P Conclusion Cardiac transplant recipients with pacemaker-requiring bradyarrhythmias have an excellent long-term prognosis. Increased mortality in the nonpacemaker group merits further investigation. Biatrial surgical technique and increasing donor/recipient age are associated with postoperative pacemaker requirement.
Sulfonamides in the Control of Pullorum Disease in Young Chicks

Abstract THAT some of the sulfonamides possess value in reducing acute mortality from pullorum disease in baby chicks has been shown by various investigators, Anderson (1946) Severns et al. (1945) and Pomeroy et al. (1948). This study was undertaken to evaluate further some of the sulfonamides which are being used and to study the possible activity of other agents against Salmonella pullorum infection in chicks under laboratory conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chicks used in this study were obtained as day old chicks and placed in a five compartment battery brooder at the laboratory. Those used in experiments 1, 2, 4 and 5 were obtained from a pullorum-passed flock maintained by the university poultry department. The chicks used in experiment 3 were obtained from a local commercial hatchery which had a pullorum-clean rating. The chicks used in experiments 1, 2 and 3 were New Hampshire chicks of mixed sex. Those used . . .