cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selenium in Agriculture: Crisis or Opportunity1

Abstract Selenium has been identified for over 30 yr as an essential micronutrient. Areas of soil, and consequently of forage and other crop deficiencies of the element, have been charted worldwide, and livestock fed exclusively on such Indigenous feeds exhibit characteristic signs of selenium deficiency, including white muscle disease in calves and lambs, liver necrosis in pigs, and exudative diathesis and pancreatic dysfunction in poultry. Protection against these metabolic diseases, plus demonstrated benefits to reproduction and growth, has made selenium supplementation an important livestock production practice in areas of deficiency, worldwide. But selenium is also known to be highly toxic in excess, and situations in which toxic levels of selenium have accumulated have been recognized in this country and elsewhere. Concerns have been raised that continued agricultural use of selenium in domestic animal production may add to environmental burdens of the selenium and hence contribute to selenotoxicity. This paper examines issues involved and concludes that the low levels of selenium involved, together with protective mechanisms operating in the environment, render agricultural usage effective and safe.
Studies on swinepox virus: fluorescence and light microscopy of infected cell cultures.

Summary Swinepox virus was cultivated in PK-15, and primary swine kidney cells and the developing nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions studied by light and fluorescence microscopy employing acridine orange(AO) and specific fluorescent antibody (FA). Both unclear and cytoplasmic inclusions were evident within 24–48 h post inoculation. The cytoplasmic inclusions gave a positive FA reaction and a strong greenish fluorescence when stained with AO. The nuclear inclusions appeared as round to oval vacuoles, gave a negative FA reaction, and only a faint greenish fluorescence when stained with AO. The formation of the nuclear inclusion appears to be an indirect restult of the viral infection. At no time could viral antigen be demonstrated cither in the nucleus or nuclear inclusion.
Isolated, unruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm: serendipitous detection and correction.

Resection of an isolated, unruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm is described. Detection was serendipitous in a patient with previous surgical resection and grafting of significant aortic coarctation. The philosophy and importance of proceeding with elective resection in these progressive lesions is emphasized.
Love and Advocacy in Childbirth

Heather’s birth story reinforces what much of the clinical research suggests—social and emotional support provided by a doula benefit women in childbirth. However, Heather’s birth story demonstrates the impact when social support is absent, the need for social support, and the magnitude of the effect when social support is provided:
Fracture Mechanics Evaluation of Generator Rotors

Although a very few generator rotors have failed in comparison to the total number of turbine generator units presently in service, the amount of stored energy in a rotor when at rated speed is high enough to cause a catastrophic event if brittle failure does occur. With this in mind, the designer of generator rotors must use all the tools available, to design against the possibility of brittle failure.
Cooperative and Non-Cooperative Differential Games

Many player differential games are discussed for both a cooperative mood of play, in the sense of Pareto, and a non-cooperative one, in the sense of Nash. Necessary conditions and sufficient conditions for optimal play are considered. Two examples of collective bargaining are presented to illustrate the theory.
Reading Fiction in Biology Class to Enhance Scientific Literacy

Students in the United States struggle with literacy skills, a problem that extends into their undergraduate education and beyond. Particularly in the sciences, reading assignments are usually singularly academic in nature and do not impart the importance of creativity and innovation. We propose a curriculum strategy and lesson plan that employs a “reading across the curriculum” approach to enhance literacy skills in biology students while simultaneously encouraging scientific discourse and creativity.
The Quantum Leader: Applications for the New World of Work, 2nd Edition

By Kathy Malloch and Tim Porter-O’Grady Published by Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 40 Tall Pine Drive, Sudbury, MA 01776, 2009. 246 p. Price $59.95. This is a unique and practical guide to the development of advanced leadership skills in healthcare professionals. The purpose is to provide
Achilles Tendon Loading During Heel-Raising and -Lowering Exercises

Context: Achilles tendinopathies are common injuries during sport participation, although men are more prone to Achilles tendon injuries than women. Heel-raising and -lowering exercises are typically suggested for Achilles tendon rehabilitation. Objective: To compare the estimated Achilles tendon loading variables and the ankle range of motion (ROM) using a musculoskeletal model during commonly performed heel-raising and -lowering exercises. Design: Controlled laboratory study. Setting: University biomechanics laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-one healthy men (age = 21.59 ± 1.92 years, height = 178.22 ± 8.02 cm, mass = 75.81 ± 11.24 kg). Intervention(s): Each participant completed 4 exercises: seated heel raising and lowering, bilateral standing heel raising and lowering, bilateral heel raising and unilateral lowering, and unilateral heel raising and lowering. Main Outcome Measure(s): A repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance (α = .05) was used to compare Achilles tendon stres...
Dynamics of Solvent and Spectral Relaxation

In the preceding chapter we described the effects of solvents on emission spectra and considered how the solvent-dependent data could be interpreted in terms of the local environment. We assumed that the solvent was in equilibrium around the excited-state dipole prior to emission. Equilibrium around the excited-state dipole is reached in fluid solution because the solvent relaxation times are typically less than 100 ps whereas the decay times are usually 1 ns or longer. However, equilibrium around the excited-state dipole is not reached in more viscous solvents and may not be reached for probes bound to proteins or membranes. In these cases emission occurs during solvent relaxation, and the emission spectrum represents an average of the partially relaxed emission. Under these conditions, the emission spectra display time-dependent changes. These effects are not observed in the steady-state emission spectra but can be seen in the time-resolved data or the intensity decays measured at various emission wavelengths.
Melt-processed P3HT and PE Polymer Nanofiber Thermal Conductivity

Thermal management is a growing challenge for electronics packaging because of increased heat fluxes and device miniaturization. Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are used in electronic devices to transfer heat between two adjacent surfaces. TIMs need to exhibit high thermal conductivity and must be soft to minimize thermal contact resistance. Polymers, despite their relative softness, suffer from low thermal conductivity (∼0.2 W/m-K). To overcome this challenge, we infiltrate nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates with molten polymer to fabricate large area arrays of vertically aligned polymer nanofibers. Nanoscale confinement effects and flow induced chain elongation improve polymer chain alignment (measured using polarized Raman spectroscopy) and thermal conductivity (measured using the photoacoustic method) along the fiber’s long axis. Conjugated poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and non- conjugated polyethylene (PE) of various molecular weights are explored to establish a relationship between polymer structure, nanofiber diameter, and the resulting thermal conductivity. In general, thermal conductivity improves with decreasing fiber diameter and increasing polymer molecular weight. Thermal conductivity of approximately 7 W/m-K was achieved for both the ∼200 nm diameter HDPE fibers and the 100 nm diameter P3HT fibers. These results pave the way for optimization of the processing conditions to produce high thermal conductivity fiber arrays using different polymers, which could potentially be used in thermal interface applications.
A Two Stream Siamese Convolutional Neural Network for Person Re-identification

Person re-identification is an important task in video surveillance systems. It can be formally defined as establishing the correspondence between images of a person taken from different cameras at different times. In this paper, we present a two stream convolutional neural network where each stream is a Siamese network. This architecture can learn spatial and temporal information separately. We also propose a weighted two stream training objective function which combines the Siamese cost of the spatial and temporal streams with the objective of predicting a person's identity. We evaluate our proposed method on the publicly available PRID2011 and iLIDS-VID datasets and demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed method. On average, the top rank matching accuracy is 4% higher than the accuracy achieved by the cross-view quadratic discriminant analysis used in combination with the hierarchical Gaussian descriptor (GOG+XQDA), and 5% higher than the recurrent neural network method.
Stability of Fe- and Zn-Promoted Mo/ZSM-5 Catalysts for Ethane Dehydroaromatization in Cyclic Operation Mode

The stability of Fe- and Zn-promoted Mo/ZSM-5 catalysts was studied toward the ethane dehydroaromatization reaction. To elucidate the catalyst deactivation and regeneration mechanism, the catalytic...
Floire and Blancheflor and the European Romance: Signs, wonders and the telling of the tale

Throughout the various versions of Floire and Blancheflor , the reader or listener encounters a variety of inscribed texts from specific references to authors and ancient narratives to iconographic representations. The extent to which each version employs an inscribed text and the intended function of that text vary greatly. As an audience within a given work, characters and narrators engage in the activities of reading, writing and storytelling which encourage interpretation of the tales by the audience beyond the work and by the characters themselves. Within the stories, the programmatic images – literary and iconographic – enhance the narrative, propel the story forward, and in at least one case, that of the Spanish Chronicle, help to establish a national identity. The inscribed texts focus the attention of the audience on something outside the story itself, either as part of the structure of meaning within the tale or as a means of creating links between this text and others. The most complex examples of the intricacy of inscribed textual patterns occur in the aristocratic French version, Boccaccio's Il Filocolo , the Spanish Chronicle and the Spanish prose romance. Roberta Krueger first mentioned the distinctive literariness of the aristocratic French version as opposed to the popular version, which exchanges idyllic scenes for those of armed combat.
Surveys and Polling: Ethical Aspects

This article discusses ethical issues that arise in surveys and polling under two main headings: Standards for the Conduct of Research, and Standards for Dealing with Clients, the Public, and Respondents. The first section briefly discusses a set of ‘best practices’ that researchers are urged to adhere to with respect to sampling, follow-up, pretesting, interviewer training, and so on, as well as practices that they are urged to avoid, such as selling or canvassing under the guise of research or misrepresenting the results of a self-selected survey. The second section, which discusses obligations to clients, the public, and respondents, is based on the Ethics Code of the American Association for Public Opinion Research. This section discusses the researcher's obligation to disclose technical information about a survey when releasing its conclusions. It also discusses the meaning of informed consent in surveys. Breaches of confidentiality are seen as the major risk to which survey respondents are exposed, and this article includes a discussion of how to mitigate such risks. The article concludes with a discussion of the ethics of attempting to persuade reluctant respondents to participate in surveys.
Effects of seasonal variation and winter supplementation of ground whole flaxseed on milk fatty acid composition of dairy cows in organic farms in the northeastern United States

ABSTRACT Fourteen organic dairy farms in the northeastern United States were used to evaluate (1) seasonal variation in bioactive milk fatty acid (FA) profile from 2012 to 2015 and (2) supplementation of ground whole flaxseed (GFLX) to maintain elevated concentrations of bioactive milk FA during the nongrazing season. During regular farm visits, milk, feed, and pasture samples were collected, and diet composition, milk yield, and milk composition were recorded. During winters of 2013 to 2014 and 2014 to 2015, 9 farms supplemented GFLX at 6% of diet DM to half of each herd (n = 238 cows per treatment). Milk samples were collected and pooled by treatment (GFLX or control). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. A significant month × year interaction (P 0.15) milk yield or concentrations of milk fat or protein; however, BCS tended (P = 0.08) to be greater for GFLX cows. Compared with the control diet, GFLX decreased (P
What's in a name? Branding reclaimed water

Abstract Reclaimed water is often presented as a cost-effective, reliable, and safe solution to increasingly common water shortages in the United States and across the globe, but studies have shown that consumers tend to object to the use of this water. Broad adoption of this technology will require consumer acceptance or at least tolerance of it, and studies have suggested that better branding could minimize consumers’ concerns. In this study, we first test twenty-one potential branding names for reclaimed water using survey responses to identify the top-six most favored names. We then determine whether an opportunity for consumers to try reclaimed water can change their preferences. The results suggest that the common names for this water, such as Recycled, Reclaimed, Nontraditional, Treated Wastewater, and Reused, are the least appealing, as they all scored at the bottom. In contrast, names that invoke desirable characteristics of the water—Pure, Eco-Friendly, and Advanced Purified, were viewed significantly more favorable than the others. Having an opportunity to taste reclaimed water treated to a potable standard seems to clarify consumers’ preferences by increasing the differences in favorability between the names. Based on these results, it appears that while there are a couple of appealing names, the most consistently preferred is Pure Water.
Parametric supplements to systems factorial analysis: Identifying interactive parallel processing using systems of accumulators

Abstract Systems Factorial Technology (SFT; Townsend and Nozawa (1995)) gains much of its power from finding tight nonparametric links between theory and data. But this power comes at a price: Applying SFT typically requires low error rates, many observations, and a guarantee of selective influence of experimental manipulations, conditions that cannot be satisfied in many fields of psychology. We present a set of parametric methods that, while lacking the full power of traditional SFT, allow its logic to be applied to situations that do not adhere to those conditions. These methods are based around building different parallel architectures from systems of Linear Ballistic Accumulators (Brown and Heathcote (2008)), including architectures that involve interactions between processes. The primary output of these methods is an estimate of the probabilities that a participant is best described by each of these architectures. In an example and set of simulations, we show that these methods are accurate and robust at identifying the processing architectures employed by a set of participants, may be estimated in maximum a posteriori or fully Bayesian fashion, and that hierarchical estimation allowing accurate identification with as few as three trials per participant per condition. We provide code that allows researchers to apply these methods to their own data at https://osf.io/m6ubq/ .
Understanding detailed balance for an electron-radiation system through mixed quantum-classical electrodynamics

We investigate detailed balance for a quantum system interacting with thermal radiation within mixed quantum-classical theory. For a two-level system coupled to classical radiation fields, three semiclassical methods are benchmarked: (1) Ehrenfest dynamics overestimate the excited-state population at equilibrium due to the failure of capturing vacuum fluctuations. (2) The coupled Maxwell-Bloch equations, which supplement Ehrenfest dynamics by damping at the full golden rule rate, underestimate the excited state population due to double-counting of the self-interaction effect. (3) $\mathrm{Ehrenfest}+\mathrm{R}$ dynamics recover detailed balance and the correct thermal equilibrium by enforcing the correct balance between the optical excitation and spontaneous emission of the quantum system. These results highlight the fact that, when properly designed, mixed quantum-classical electrodynamics can simulate thermal equilibrium in the field of nanoplasmonics.
Globalization and Cultural Identity of Art Works

Works of art are properly characterized as cultural objects, as opposed to being merely physical or perceptual objects. As cultural objects, works of art can be embodied in physical objects, but they require properties that physical objects do not necessarily possess, such as being intentionally composed in some artistic medium in a particular historic context informed by ideas, values, and technical skills and means offered by the culture. Works of art retain their identity in important respects, but may also undergo change when transferred from one culture to another. The identity of a work may be enriched and expanded to incorporate features acquired as a result of its being interpreted in a new cultural setting. An expanded and clarified account of culture is required to give a fuller characterization of the cultural properties that comprise works of art and to support the view that cultural identity in some sense transcends a culture of origin. Culture is a multi-phased concept involving at least three related elements. First, there are the particular art cultures consisting of art-making and their attending strategies of interpretation found in the art worlds of various societies. Secondly, the culture of a people consists of the broader societal, political, economic, religious, ideological, and other practices that define a culture. An additional element is world or global culture consisting of the features of art that enable people from diverse cultures to interpret and appreciate art from other cultures. Within these frameworks, the identity of art works is open and cumulative, with the result that they continuously acquire new properties over the duration of their existence.
Scalable Software Infrastructure for Integrating Supercomputing with Volunteer Computing and Cloud Computing

Volunteer Computing (VC) is a computing model that uses donated computing cycles on the devices such as laptops, desktops, and tablets to do scientific computing. BOINC is the most popular software framework for VC and it helps in connecting the projects needing computing cycles with the volunteers interested in donating the computing cycles on their resources. It has already enabled projects with high societal impact to harness several PetaFLOPs of donated computing cycles. Given its potential in elastically augmenting the capacity of existing supercomputing resources for running High-Throughput Computing (HTC) jobs, we have extended the BOINC software infrastructure and have made it amenable for integration with the supercomputing and cloud computing environments. We have named the extension of the BOINC software infrastructure as BOINC@TACC, and are using it to route *qualified* HTC jobs from the supercomputers at the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) to not only the typically volunteered devices but also to the cloud computing resources such as Jetstream and Chameleon. BOINC@TACC can be extremely useful for those researchers/scholars who are running low on allocations of compute-cycles on the supercomputers, or are interested in reducing the turnaround time of their HTC jobs when the supercomputers are over-subscribed. We have also developed a web-application for TACC users so that, through the convenience of their web-browser, they can submit their HTC jobs for running on the resources volunteered by the community. An overview of the BOINC@TACC project is presented in this paper. The BOINC@TACC software infrastructure is open-source and can be easily adapted for use by other supercomputing centers that are interested in building their volunteer community and connecting them with the researchers needing multi-petascale (and even exascale) computing power for their HTC jobs.
Discussion of: "Do Stock Prices of Property Casualty Insurers Fully Reflect Information About Earnings, Accruals, Cash Flow and Development?"

My remarks are intended to accomplish two primary objectives. My first objective is to describe how this paper contributes to several streams of current research, offer a few observations on the strengths and limitations of the research design, and consider several ways one might interpret the results. My second objective is to describe several opportunities for future studies by Bill Beaver and Maureen McNichols or other researchers to extend this line of research to address related questions. I have organized these remarks into the following sections: overview of the paper; strengths of the analysis; opportunities to refine the analysis; interpretations of the results; and potential extensions.
Cytomorphology, immunoprofile, and management of renal oncocytic neoplasms.

Background The goal of this study was to evaluate the morphology, immunoprofile, and management of renal oncocytoma (RO), hybrid oncocytic tumor (HOT), and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC). Methods Forty-seven cases of RO, 7 cases of HOT, and 25 cases of ChRCC were included in the study. Tissue microarrays were prepared for immunohistochemical evaluation. Results Large sheets of cells with transverse vessels, and higher nuclear grade were seen more often in ChRCC than in RO or HOT. Tumor cells of RO were more uniform in size and shape relative to HOT and ChRCC. The cytoplasmic features of RO were more uniformly granular relative to HOT and ChRCC, which exhibited variable cytoplasmic features. CK7 and MUC1 were expressed more frequently and diffusely in ChRCC (54% and 94%, respectively) than RO (4% and 52%, respectively) and HOT (0% and 71%, respectively). AMACR and PAX8 were more frequently expressed diffusely in RO (67% and 42%, respectively) than in HOT (0% and 0%, respectively) or ChRCC (14% and 11%, respectively). Most HOT (57%) and CHRCC (60%) patients underwent nephrectomy. Cryoablation was the treatment of choice for 24% of patients with ChRCC, 2% of patients with RO, and 0% of patients with HOT. The majority of patients with RO (88%) opted for active surveillance-a much higher rate than that for patients with HOT (29%) or ChRCC (12%). Conclusion Some cytologic features and immunomarkers are useful in differentiating RO, HOT, and ChRCC. Because no immunomarker or morphologic finding is specific by itself, a combination of morphologic features with immunohistochemistry appears to be the most reliable way to distinguish ChRCC, HOT, and RO on biopsy samples. Subclassification of renal oncocytic tumors into specific categories impacts clinical management and downstream treatment selection.
Bilingual family communication and the impact of language anxiety on cortisol reactivity

Objectives The effects of socially evaluated tasks on stress-related behavior and physiology are often studied under artificial experimental conditions, such as contrived public speaking. Less is known about these behavioral and physiological dimensions under more routine conditions, such as family interactions. Here, we tested whether language anxiety during bilingual family conversations correlated to cortisol reactivity and speech patterns and whether family members' ages moderated this effect. Methods Individuals (N = 34) from Spanish-English bilingual families participated in prompted conversations in both languages with their family members and provided saliva that we assayed for cortisol. Participants responded to a survey about language anxiety, and we analyzed their conversations for code switching. We tested whether higher reported anxiety was correlated with increased cortisol reactivity and if participants' age moderated this effect. Results Participants' reported language anxiety was not significantly correlated with cortisol reactivity after conversations in either language. However, age significantly moderated the effect of English language anxiety. Among younger individuals, higher English language anxiety was correlated with greater cortisol reactivity after the English conversations. Older individuals did not demonstrate this same pattern. Individuals who code-switched during the English conversations had higher English language anxiety than individuals who did not. Similar patterns were not observed for the Spanish conversations. Conclusions The physiological and verbal responses to English language anxiety may be reflective of the high pressure placed on English use among bilingual families in the U.S., and the greater cortisol reactivity of younger individuals suggests they may face more identity challenging acculturation pressure.
When Home Does Not Exist

In this chapter, the author offers the view that the long-term existences of many conflicts and refugee/IDP camps should lead to a redefinition of the nature of camps and their purposes. While the philosophy underpinning the existence of camps is always short-term, due to the assumption that conflicts are temporary, some camps in the DRC or Central African region have existed for decades. Such camps should be progressively treated as new cities or towns in their host countries or communities. This would accelerate the social and economic integration of displaced people by helping them to rebuild their identity, recover their agency, and find places that they could consider home. It would be naive to ignore the political and financial interests that some countries and humanitarian actors have in maintaining camps or returning people to their places of origin.
A direct injection technique for investigation of lung sensory properties and reflex functions

New findings This article reviews a unique direct injection technique that complements the more conventional right atrial injection and aerosol delivery methods to study sensory and reflex effects of the lung sensors. Used in combination with other methods, this technique should contribute to the pulmonary sensory research. Abstract The lungs house sensory receptors (sensors) that mediate a variety of sensory and reflex responses to mechanical or chemical changes. These reflexes are mainly carried through pulmonary vagal afferent pathways. The chemosensors in the lung periphery are especially important in pulmonary diseases and their reflex responses have traditionally been studied either by aerosol delivery, which also activates receptors in the central airways, or by right atrial injection, which also activates receptors lying outside the lung. Thus, these techniques may confound the interpretation of sensory function. Our laboratory has developed a direct injection technique to deliver agents into the lung parenchyma, which complements the conventional techniques with some important advantages. This article reviews the technique. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Using Fidget Spinners to Improve On-Task Classroom Behavior for Students With ADHD

Using fidget toys is one way to allow students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to move while completing academic assignments in the classroom. This study investigated the effect of fidget spinners on the on-task behavior of three second-grade students with ADHD. Before beginning treatment, the rules of use were briefly explained and demonstrated to students by the researchers; students were then provided with fidget spinners during treatment sessions in language arts class. A multiple-baseline design across students was used to determine whether each student had higher levels of on-task behavior when using the fidget spinner. Momentary time sampling was used to record on-task behavior; visual analysis of time-series graphs showed large immediate and sustained increases in on-task behavior during fidget spinner use. Implications for implementing a fidget spinner intervention and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Mapping the Global Dust Storm Records: Review of Dust Data Sources in Supporting Modeling/Climate Study

Dust storms, as extreme environmental events, are one of the Earth’s major natural hazards. Their impact on socio-economics can range from local urban to (trans-) continental and from minutes to decades, such as the dust bowl of the 1930s in the United States. Research on dust storms can be traced back for several decades as a meteorological extension. Latest technology developments have enabled comprehensive studies on dust storms, including sampling improvement, analytic studies, and numerical modeling. However, inhomogeneity of the data has hampered and sometimes even misguided research on comprehensive understanding of dust storms and exploring their feedbacks with climate. This review will focus on currently available observations of dust activities, which include routine meteorological records, in situ air chemistry observations, and satellite remote sensing. The aim is to show data sources and the status of their usage in a common framework for global dust regions. Emphasis is placed on data continuity and the spatial and temporal coverage of dust storms, since it is anticipated that this brief summary of dust data will benefit modeling and climate studies. Therefore, it must be noted that field campaign data are outside of the scope of the current review, although they play an important role in research and understanding.
Knowledge Producers and Policymakers: Kissing Kin or Squabbling Siblings?

Over the past 30 years policy and evaluation scholars have often faced a serious question: Is our effort to produce “useable information” worth it? Does our potential audience care?
The Detection and Characterization of Several Conformational States of Cytochrome b5 Aporeductase during Reversible Denaturation

Abstract The reversible denaturation of cytochrome b5 reductase at pH 2.0 has been described. During the relatively slow process of recombination, several protein species have been detected by spectral and fluorescence measurements of nucleotide binding, by protein fluorescence changes, and by alterations in the number of reactive sulfhydryl groups. Mercuribenzoate and mersalyl were used to prepare stable derivatives of several forms of the aporeductase that appear during recombination. This series of reactions, and in particular the stable mercurial derivatives, thus provide an ideal system for examining the dependence of the tertiary structure of a monomeric flavoprotein upon its primary structure and chemical environment.
An analysis of global aerosol type as retrieved by MISR

In addition to aerosol optical depth (AOD), aerosol type is required globally for climate forcing calculations, constraining aerosol transport models and other applications. However, validating satellite aerosol-type retrievals is more challenging than testing AOD results, because aerosol type is a more complex quantity, and ground truth data are far less numerous and generally not as robust. We evaluate the Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) Version 22 aerosol-type retrievals by assessing product self-consistency on a regional basis and by making comparisons with general expectation and with the Aerosol Robotic Network aerosol-type climatology, as available. The results confirm and add detail to the observation that aerosol-type discrimination improves dramatically where midvisible AOD exceeds about 0.15 or 0.2. When the aerosol-type information content of the observations is relatively low, increased scattering-angle range improves particle-type sensitivity. The MISR standard, operational product discriminates among small, medium, and large particles and exhibits qualitative sensitivity to single-scattering albedo (SSA) under good aerosol-type retrieval conditions, providing a categorical aerosol-type classification. MISR Angstrom exponent deviates systematically from ground truth where particle types missing from the algorithm climatology are present, or where cloud contamination is likely to occur, and SSA tends to be overestimated where absorbing particles are found. We determined that the number of mixtures passing the algorithm acceptance criteria (#SuccMix) represents aerosol-type retrieval quality effectively, providing a useful aerosol-type quality flag.
Economic Exegesis of the Hippocratic Oath

Analysis of the statements regarding prices, income sharing and other economic concerns in the original hippocratic oath and the 7 versions of the AMA Code of ethics from 1847 to 2001.
Resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus, powdery mildew and leaf rust in wheat x Thinopyrum backcrosses

Wheat (Triticumaestivum) relatives are sources of useful genes for disease resistance. Chromosomally segregating populations of intergeneric hybrids between wheat and its distantly related species provide opportunity to study and introgress multiple disease resistance. While introgressing resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) from Thinopyrum into wheat, which is susceptible to BYDV, we scored powdery mildew (Erysiphaegraminis) and leaf rust (Pucciniatriticina) resistance, and chromosome numbers in second and third backcrosses (BC2 and BC3) of intergeneric hybrids of wheat with Thinopyrum ponticum and Thinopyrumintermedium. The frequency of multiple resistance to all the three diseases was low or became low when selection was applied for BYDV resistance and low chromosome numbers. Selection for fewer alien chromosomes while maintaining BYDV resistance was more effective in wheat x T. intermedium than in the wheat x T. ponticum cross. Mean chromosome numbers were significantly different in BC3 generation between BYDV resistant and susceptible plants in both crosses. Significant negative correlations between chromosome numbers and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) values showed that as the critical Thinopyrum chromosome(s) were eliminated, susceptibility to BYDV increased. Results indicated that it is unlikely that genes for full resistance to all three diseases can be transferred simultaneously from Thinopyrum to wheat.
The effects of transgressor sex on judgments of unethical behavior

This study investigated the effect of gender stereotypes on evaluator judgments of unethical behavior. Subjects were working adults who completed a mailed survey in which they evaluated unethical behavior depicted in written scenarios. Sex of the transgressor in the scenarios was manipulated. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses indicated that there are no stable differences in evaluations of men and women across scenarios. These results suggest that evaluators do not hold different standards of ethical behavior for men and women, they do not make different causal attributions for the behavior of men and women, nor do evaluators treat men and women differently when an ethical transgression has been committed.
Window-Dressing, Tax-Loss Selling, and Momentum Profit Seasonality

The success of momentum strategies over the past 20 years is predominately driven by the last month in each quarter. Excluding Januaries (a month in which lag losers typically outperform lag winners), the average monthly return to a momentum strategy in non-quarter-ending months is 59 basis points. Alternatively, the average monthly return to a momentum strategy for a quarter-ending month is 310 basis points. These patterns are strongest in securities with high levels of institutional ownership and in December. The results suggest that window-dressing by institutional investors and tax-loss selling contribute to stock return momentum. Investors attempting to exploit stock return momentum should focus their efforts on quarter-ending months and securities with high levels of institutional ownership.
Influence of geographic database scale on prediction of groundwater vulnerability to pesticides

Abstract Selection of optimal locations for sampling of groundwater is an important aspect of determining the fate of pesticides in the environment. For large land areas such as states and counties, the interaction of physical and chemical properties of soil, geologic strata, and pesticide molecule are quite complicated and highly variable. This article presents information that shows that the scale of the database influences not only the prediction of the vulnerability of ground‐water to pesticides, but also the areal coverage. In this study, the statewide agricultural pesticide in groundwater model was modified to evaluate the vulnerability of the uppermost aquifer in Woodruff County, AR, to pesticides. The state scale model used soil, geological, and topological databases on a 1:500,000 scale. In contrast, the county‐scale model used databases that were specific to the data layer rather than inferred and used soils at a 1:24,000 scale. A land use component was added to both models to reflect where pest...
Measurements of Q{sub 2} evolution of the GDH sum rule and the spin structure of the {sup 3}He and the neutron

The authors have recently completed experiment E94-010 at Jefferson Lab. The experiment used a polarized {sup 3}He target and polarized electron beam to measure asymmetries and cross sections for {sup 3}He (e,e{prime}) from the threshold to deep inelastic region, covering the quasielastic and the resonance region. The Q{sup 2} range covered is from 0.03 to 1 GeV{sup 2}. From these data, the {sup 3}He and the neutron spin structure and the Q{sup 2} evolution of the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn (GDH) sum rule will be studied. This is the first measurement of the Q{sup 2} evolution of the GDH sum rule. Preliminary results are presented. Plans for future study on this subject at Jefferson Lab is discussed.
Physician Rewards in the Academic Medical Center

Publisher Summary This chapter uses the systems approach to analyze the impact of the evolving health care scene on the academic clinician. Such an analysis divides the organization and its activities into the following systems: technical, structural, psychosocial, cultural, and managerial. The US medical system, including its system of medical education, has evolved around a philosophy that every patient should be treated with every means available that might ameliorate the patient's condition. Implicit in this philosophy is the belief that “the doctor knows best” and that the role of society is to supply the funds necessary to support the work of physicians. The paradigm for this system was the traditional or monastic model of the AMC. It rested on an academic “stool” with the three legs of teaching, research, and patient care. Technical and structural subsystems challenges to the AMC may initially appear to be purely fiscal ones; however, their implications for the socio-technical systems of an academic teaching hospital are significant. To meet these financial challenges implicit in the new academic “stool” and to broaden the dean's “tax base,” academic institutions are merging with non-academic institutions. The old-order monastic academic model, based on the three principles of teaching, research, and patient care, is deeply ingrained in many academicians who also resent their loss of the rewards encompassed by academic rank and prestige. The chapter concludes that if AMCs are to remain viable and capable of supporting their multifaceted mission, one must realign the reward systems to make them congruent.
Review of How to Make Two-Lane Rural Roads Safer: Scientific Background and Guide for Practical Application by R. Lamm, A. Beck, T. Ruscher, T. Mailaender, S. Cafiso, and G. La Cava

This book sheds a new light to the design practice of two-lane rural highways, and provides scientific backgrounds and guides that would help highway engineers design safer two-lane rural highways. The guides presented in this book are based on research studies conducted by the authors and others on the relationships between the elements of the horizontal alignment and accident rates. Often, when accidents take place, driver errors are emphasized. However, the authors argue that some elements of the horizontal alignment the relationship between tangent and curved sections contribute to increased accident potential, and by eliminating or improving poor combinations of tangents and curves, highway designers can help reduce accident potentials. The authors found that almost 60% of highway fatalities occur on two-lane rural highways. About half of these fatalities would occur on curved roadway sections. They found that many of these accidents caused by speed errors may be related to inconsistencies in the horizontal alignment design, which would cause the driver to be surprised by sudden changes in the highway’s characteristics, leading him or her to exceed the critical speed of a curve, hence losing control of the vehicle. The authors concluded that curved roadway sections and the associated transition sections would present a great opportunity for reducing accident frequency and severity. Hence, reducing accidents caused by excessive speeds inconsistent with highway conditions or geometry became the core principle of the methods presented in this book. To unify the analysis of the three consistency criteria discussed below , the authors defined a curvature change rate of the single curve with transition curves CCRS to be used as a parameter to evaluate the safety of transition from a tangent segment to a curve segment of a highway. The accident rate used in this analysis relates the number of accidents that occur on an investigated section in a given time period to vehicle-kilometers traveled on the section. They found that there was a statistically significant correlation between horizontal alignment design expressed by CCRS and safety expressed by the accident rate . Using these two factors, the authors classified the horizontal alignment design into three design classes: good, fair, and poor design. In Chapters 1 and 2, the authors present three quantitative safety criteria which, when properly applied, are intended to provide rural two-lane highways with design consistency, operating speed consistency, and driving dynamic consistency and help improve the highway designer’s ability to analyze two-lane rural roads, thus providing safer designs. These criteria are summarized below for the prospective readers. These are the main concepts
Characterizing the Li–Li7La3Zr2O12 interface stability and kinetics as a function of temperature and current density

Abstract The stability and kinetics of the Li–Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) interface were characterized as a function of temperature and current density. Polycrystalline LLZO was densified using a rapid hot-pressing technique achieving 97 ± 1% relative density, and 10-fold decrease. In characterizing the maximum sustainable current density (or critical current density – CCD) of the Li-LLZO interface, several signs of degradation were observed. In DC cycling tests, significant deviation from Ohmic behavior was observed. In post-cycling tests, regions of metallic Li were observed; propagating parallel to the ionic current. For the cells cycled at 30, 70, 100, 130 and 160 °C, the CCD was determined to be 50, 200, 800, 3500, and 20000 μA cm−2, respectively. The relationships and phenomena observed in this work can be used to better understand the Li-LLZO interface stability, enabling the use of batteries employing Li metal anodes.
Evaluation of a single-visit approach to cervical cancer screening and treatment in Guyana: Feasibility, effectiveness and lessons learned

Aim To evaluate a cervical cancer prevention project in Guyana utilizing visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and immediate cryotherapy in a single-visit approach; and to identify lessons learned to inform the improvement of cervical cancer prevention programs in Guyana and other low-resource settings. Methods Service records from January 2009 to June 2012 were analyzed for 18 cervical cancer prevention sites across Guyana. Records included women's HIV status, data on visual inspection with acetic acid screening and treatment status for women's initial and 1-year follow-up screenings, provider training and retention. A process evaluation was conducted in 2011 to identify programmatic strengths and interventions for integration, scale-up and sustainability. Results During the 42-month interval, 21,597 new screenings were performed, reaching 95% of HIV(+) women enrolled in care and 17% of women aged 25-49 years in Guyana. The VIA(+) rate was 13% (n = 2806); 85% of women eligible for cryotherapy received immediate treatment. Half of VIA(+) women treated with cryotherapy or loop electrosurgical excision procedure returned for a 1-year follow-up screening (n = 1027); 95% were VIA(-) at the second screening. Non-physician providers were more likely to continue offering services than physicians. Most programmatic challenges were related to systemic rather than technical/clinical issues. Conclusion The single-visit approach-based program is feasible, effective, and when scaled up, likely to have an impact on overall incidence of cervical cancer. Services can be shifted to non-physicians for scale-up of high-quality cervical cancer prevention services nationally. To ensure sustainability and expansion, support structures should be prioritized.
Superhydrophobic Analyte Concentration Utilizing Colloid-Pillar Array SERS Substrates

The ability to detect a few molecules present in a large sample is of great interest for the detection of trace components in both medicinal and environmental samples. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a technique that can be utilized to detect molecules at very low absolute numbers. However, detection at trace concentration levels in real samples requires properly designed delivery and detection systems. The following work involves superhydrophobic surfaces that have as a framework deterministic or stochastic silicon pillar arrays formed by lithographic or metal dewetting protocols, respectively. In order to generate the necessary plasmonic substrate for SERS detection, simple and flow stable Ag colloid was added to the functionalized pillar array system via soaking. Native pillars and pillars with hydrophobic modification are used. The pillars provide a means to concentrate analyte via superhydrophobic droplet evaporation effects. A ≥ 100-fold concentration of analyte was estimated, with a limit of detection of 2.9 × 10(-12) M for mitoxantrone dihydrochloride. Additionally, analytes were delivered to the surface via a multiplex approach in order to demonstrate an ability to control droplet size and placement for scaled-up uses in real world applications. Finally, a concentration process involving transport and sequestration based on surface treatment selective wicking is demonstrated.