cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of aminopterin on incorporation of C14 formate into the 2 and 8 carbons of guanine.

SummaryThe ratios of specific activity of carbon 2 vs. carbon 8 of rat nucleic acid guanine, labeled in vivo with C14 formate, remains constant in aminopterin treated animals compared to controls.
The Rheology and Processing of Olefin-Based Thermoplastic Vulcanizates

Abstract Olefinic thermoplastic vulcanizates (OTV's) comprise rubber in the form of discrete, completely crosslinked particles uniformly dispersed in an olefinic thermoplastic matrix. By their nature, they flow like filled polymer melts: die swell is low, and shows evidence of a particle association at low shear rate and high temperature; viscosity obeys a power law relationship with shear rate over a wide range. In place of a Newtonian plateau at low shear rate, the viscosity of OTV's begins to rise precipitiously in building toward a yield stress. As with other olefinic thermoplastic elastomers, their viscosity is more highly sensitive to shear rate than to temperature. Both shear viscosity and die swell were measured for evidence of morphological character and definition of fabricability. Due to their high shear sensitivity, these OTV's can be easily processed by injection molding and extrusion. Processing temperatures are not critical, but lower ranges are preferred to optimize appearance and promote ...
The Theoretical Discussion on the Bilingual Teaching in Higher School

The bilingual teaching theory is a focus problem in teaching research.The article makes a discussion on bilingual leaching from the perspective of the definition,goals,patterns,and principles,so as to improve the bilingual teaching in higher education.
Regulation of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase gene expression in rat mesangial cells by interleukin-1 beta.

In primary cultures of rat mesangial cells from passage 3 to 6, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1) induced a time-dependent increase in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) formation and release into the extracellular m...
The Media and the Far Right in Western Europe: Explaining Far Right Trajectories

This chapter develops a theoretical framework to account for Far Right performance. In line with Chapter 1, the emphasis is on the earlier phase of party development, although as suggested before, the theoretical propositions explicated here also have implications for the subsequent development of the Far Right. The focus is on two major actors: mainstream parties and the mass media. The basic argument presented here is that the fortunes of the Far Right largely depend on mainstream party and mass media behavior: on how mainstream parties compete over national identity issues and on how the media treat the Far Right. Mainstream party competition structures the political opportunities available for the entry of Far Right parties into the electoral market. Access to communication resources allows them to overcome their organizational or financial shortcomings and capitalize on these opportunities. The rest of this chapter develops these basic theoretical propositions in more detail. National Identity and Public Demand The concentration on national identity uses and extends the theoretical insights of a significant body of literature on sociocultural change. Earlier contributions to this literature documented a shift in value orientations of Western societies toward postmaterialism. This value change was thought to affect the most affluent members of society and was associated with the rise of Green parties in Western Europe (Inglehart 1971, 1977, 1990). More recent contributions have built on these earlier findings to suggest that a parallel process has been taking place on the opposite side of the political spectrum.
Models of Porous Carbons

Except for the fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, nanohorns, and schwarzites, porous carbons are usually disordered materials, and cannot at present be completely characterized experimentally. Methods such as X-ray and neutron scatter ing and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) give partial structural information, but are not yet able to provide a complete description of the atomic structure. Nevertheless, atomistic models of carbons are needed in order to interpret experimental characterization data (adsorption isotherms, heats of adsorption, etc.). They are also a necessary ingredient of any theory or molecular simulation for the prediction of the behavior of adsorbed phases within carbons — including diffusion, adsorption, heat effects, phase transitions, and chemical reactivity.
Mouse Models of PNKD

Paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD, DYT8) is a highly penetrant autosomal-dominant episodic movement disorder characterized by bouts of mainly hyperkinetic involuntary movements precipitated by alcohol, coffee, stress, and fatigue. Point mutations (A7V, A9V, or A33P) in PNKD on Chr. 2q33–q35 are responsible for PNKD. Upon intraperitoneal administration of ethanol or caffeine, mice expressing a mutant Pnkd transgene (Tg) exhibit dyskinesias characterized by severe axial and appendicular dyskinesias, nigrostriatal neurotransmission deficits, reduced extracellular dopamine (DA) levels in the striatum, and increased striatal DA release. Knock-out (KO) mice deficient in Pnkd exhibit lower glutathione levels in frontal cortex and impaired motor coordination. Mouse models of PNKD (Tg and KO) are valuable tools for elucidating the function of PNKD and understanding the pathophysiology of paroxysmal dyskinesias.
A [3Fe-4S] cluster is required for tRNA thiolation in archaea and eukaryotes

The sulfur-containing nucleosides in transfer RNA (tRNAs) are present in all three domains of life; they have critical functions for accurate and efficient translation, such as tRNA structure stabilization and proper codon recognition. The tRNA modification enzymes ThiI (in bacteria and archaea) and Ncs6 (in archaea and eukaryotic cytosols) catalyze the formation of 4-thiouridine (s4U) and 2-thiouridine (s2U), respectively. The ThiI homologs were proposed to transfer sulfur via cysteine persulfide enzyme adducts, whereas the reaction mechanism of Ncs6 remains unknown. Here we show that ThiI from the archaeon Methanococcus maripaludis contains a [3Fe-4S] cluster that is essential for its tRNA thiolation activity. Furthermore, the archaeal and eukaryotic Ncs6 homologs as well as phosphoseryl-tRNA (Sep-tRNA):Cys-tRNA synthase (SepCysS), which catalyzes the Sep-tRNA to Cys-tRNA conversion in methanogens, also possess a [3Fe-4S] cluster similar to the methanogenic archaeal ThiI. These results suggest that the diverse tRNA thiolation processes in archaea and eukaryotic cytosols share a common mechanism dependent on a [3Fe-4S] cluster for sulfur transfer.
PUZZLES ABOUT EXCITABLE MEDIA AND SUDDEN DEATH

There still exists no quantitative understanding of ventricular fibrillation (VF), the main cause of sudden cardiac death among 300,000 Americans annually. It would be useful to have one, not only for engineering design of implantable defibrillators and clinical management of arrhythmias that threaten to become VF, but also for the satisfaction of understanding this aspect of the dynamics of excitable media and of the corresponding partial differential equations.
Resonances in /sup 12/C(/sup 12/C,. cap alpha. )/sup 20/Ne. [Excitation functions]

Excitation functions for /sup 12/C(/sup 12/C,..cap alpha..)/sup 20/Ne show a number of strongly correlated resonances in the c.m. bombarding-energy range 17--20 MeV, all with widths of approx.300--400 keV. (AIP)
3D Alpha Matting Based Co-segmentation of Tumors on PET-CT Images.

Positron emission tomography – computed tomography (PET-CT) has been widely used in modern cancer imaging. Accurate tumor delineation from PET and CT plays an important role in radiation therapy. The PET-CT co-segmentation technique, which makes use of advantages of both modalities, has achieved impressive performance for tumor delineation. In this work, we propose a novel 3D image matting based semi-automated co-segmentation method for tumor delineation on dual PET-CT scans. The “matte” values generated by 3D image matting are employed to compute the region costs for the graph based co-segmentation. Compared to previous PET-CT co-segmentation methods, our method is completely data-driven in the design of cost functions, thus using much less hyper-parameters in our segmentation model. Comparative experiments on 54 PET-CT scans of lung cancer patients demonstrated the effectiveness of our method.
Patient-Identified Barriers and Facilitators to Pre-Visit Patient-Reported Outcomes Measures Completion in Patients With Hip and Knee Pain

Abstract Background Although patient-reported outcomes measures (PROMs) provide valuable health information and aid medical decision making for patients with hip and knee arthritis, survey completion rates remain low. The purpose of this study is to elucidate patient preferences regarding location of completion, delivery method, and barriers or facilitators to pre-visit completion. Methods Patients with hip and/or knee pain who were asked to complete pre-visit PROMs at 2 urban arthroplasty clinics were recruited. In-person, semi-structured, audio-recorded interviews were conducted, transcribed, and coded for thematic analysis. Codes were developed using a data-driven approach. Results We analyzed 51 interviews. The mean age was 57 years, 57% were women, and 45% had private or Medicare insurance. Prevalent themes regarding location preferences were convenience and communication preferences. Thirty-four patients stated a preference for completing pre-visit PROMs at home, 19 for in-office completion, and 10 stated no preference. Prevalent themes around delivery methods included technology access and familiarity. Of the 43 patients asked to select their preferred pre-visit PROM delivery method (phone call, email, text message, or postal mail), 31 (72%) preferred email or text messaging. Barriers to completing pre-visit PROMs were technological issues, recognizing the message was healthcare-related, and being too busy or forgetting. Twenty patients identified no barriers. Conclusion Electronic PROM collection is favored by many patients, but alternative methods for patients without access to or familiarity with technology remain important. Clear recognition that the message is from a physician's office and physician communication of the utility of PROMs in clinical decision making may increase pre-visit completion.
Association Between Hospital Participation in Medicare Shared Savings Program Accountable Care Organizations and Readmission Following Major Surgery.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of Medicare Shared Savings Program accountable care organizations (ACOs) on hospital readmission after common surgical procedures.Summary Background Data:Hospital readmissions following surgery lead to worse patient outcomes and wasteful spending. ACOs, and their ass
Tunnel magnetoresistance in polyaniline

Abstract The single-molecule electric current in polyaniline was investigated by first-principles calculation with a focus on tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR). The electric current in an aniline oligomer contacting two ferromagnetic electrodes was calculated by alternating the relative magnetic direction of the electrodes from parallel to antiparallel alignments. The oxidized state with imine instead of amine enhanced tunnelling between the electrodes under the parallel alignment. The electronic delocalization by π-conjugation upon varying the oxidation state of polyaniline increased the transmission at the Fermi level to induce the TMR effect under a low applied bias voltage between the electrodes.
The Impact of Trade Liberalization on Gender Wage Differentials in India's Manufacturing Sector

As trade liberalization in India has unleashed a new wave of competitive forces in the economy since 1991, firms have faced growing pressure to cut costs in order to continue production. This study addresses the question of whether the increasing competitive forces from India's trade liberalization affected the wages of male and female workers differently. Neoclassical theory implies that costly discrimination against female workers should diminish over time with increased competition (Becker 1971). We incorporate this idea into a theoretical model of competition and industry concentration in which the net impact of international trade on the gender wage gap could be positive or negative depending on the initial size of Becker's discrimination coefficient. Our study tests the theoretical model using repeated cross sections of India's NSSO household survey data merged with trade and production data from 1983 to 2004. We employ OLS and Fixed Effects techniques at the industry level to estimate the relationship between the male-female residual wage gap and measures of domestic concentration and international trade competition. Results indicate that increasing openness to trade is associated with a widening in the wage gap in India's concentrated manufacturing industries. This result is consistent with female workers in India having weak bargaining power and a lower workplace status. They are thus less able to negotiate for favorable working conditions and higher pay, a situation that places them in a vulnerable position as firms compete in the global market place.
On the Ecology of Classroom Instruction

Drawing from research on emergent literacy and activity theory, this chapter explains an ecological perspective on classroom instruction and literacy development distinguished by the reciprocal and epistemological roles of teachers, students, and peers as these roles are shaped through their interactions. The resulting activity networks involve both oral and written discourse, providing a research window on the potential interactions of classroom discourse and writing. This chapter explores such interrelationships with quantitative data from 54 ninth-grade English classes and 48 ninth-grade Social Studies classes. The main finding is that classroom discourse contributes to student writing performance to the extent that writing and talk each extend the scope of one another. Evidence from observations and questionnaires revealed many superficial similarities between the two subject matters. Students wrote about as frequently in English and Social Studies, and classroom discourse pattems in both subjects tended heavily towards lecture, recitation, and seatwork. Beyond these similarities, the research uncovered striking differences in the two contexts as they affected student writing. Though frequent writing activities enhanced writing performance in English, they had the opposite effect in Social Studies. Further probing of writing activities and assignments revealed that writing served different purposes in the different subject areas. With an emphasis on rhetoric and form, English classes displayed more attention to writing as writing. In Social Studies, by contrast, writing was used to teach students methods of close reading. Such differences show that the curricular landscapes of English and Social Studies affected writing performance very differently, producing two different environments for literacy development.
ENFORCING INFORMATION SECURITY POLICIES THROUGH CULTURAL BOUNDARIES: A MULTINATIONAL COMPANY APPROACH

Information security policies can be considered as guidelines and used as a starting point to create a security structure within an organization. Although practitioners continuously emphasize the importance of such policies, information system scholars have not paid the required attention to this context from the cross-cultural perspective. The purpose of this study is to look at the cultural and institutional differences of a multinational company (MNC) and its subsidiaries, and discuss how these differences affect the MNC’s strategy to enforce corporate information security policies to its subsidiaries in different cultural settings. The proposed framework considers the effects of the cultural distance, national economy, institutional distance, and stickiness of the knowledge transfer on the process of enforcing information security policies from the parent company to its subsidiaries.
Performance Analysis of Hadoop Cluster for User Behavior Analysis

User activities produce an enormous amount of data when using popular devices such as smartphones. These data can be used to develop behavioral models in several areas including fraud detection, finance, recommendation systems, and marketing. However, enabling fast analysis of such a large volume of data using traditional data analytics tools may not be applicable. As a result, many organizations that are seeking to collect, process, and analyze big data have adopted a new class of technologies that includes Apache Hadoop and related tools. This paper reports on the feasibility and the performance of using a Hadoop cluster for user behavior analytics based on their activities in applications with a large number of users while using in-memory processing for faster querying and processing of data stored in computers memory rather than disk storage. In this paper, user behavior analysis is used as a base model for performance analysis because of its unique features and similarity with current problems in academia and industry, it includes performance analysis in two different areas: the performance of the cluster in data ingestion and its performance in analyzing the data.
Vaginal Diazepam for Nonrelaxing Pelvic Floor Dysfunction: The Pharmacokinetic Profile.

Abstract Background Vaginal diazepam is frequently used to treat pelvic floor tension myalgia and pelvic pain despite limited knowledge of systemic absorption. Aim To determine the pharmacokinetic and adverse event profile of diazepam vaginal suppositories. Methods We used a prospective pharmacokinetic design with repeated assessments of diazepam levels. Eight healthy volunteers were administered a 10-mg compounded vaginal diazepam suppository in the outpatient gynecologic clinic. Serum samples were collected at 0, 45, 90, 120, and 180 minutes; 8, 24, and 72 hours; and 1 week following administration of a 10-mg vaginal suppository. The occurrence of adverse events was assessed using the alternate step and tandem walk tests, the Brief Confusion Assessment Method, and numerical ratings. Plasma concentrations of diazepam and active long-acting metabolites were measured. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by standard noncompartmental methods. Results The mean peak diazepam concentration (Cmax) of 31.0 ng/mL was detected at a mean time (Tmax) of 3.1 hours after suppository placement. The bioavailability was found to be 70.5%, and the mean terminal elimination half-life was 82 hours. The plasma levels of temazepam and nordiazepam peaked at 0.8 ng/mL at 29 hours and 6.4 ng/mL at 132 hours, respectively. Fatigue was reported by 3 of 8 participants. Clinical Implications Serum plasma concentrations of vaginally administered diazepam are low; however the half-life is prolonged. Strengths & Limitations Strengths include use of inclusion and exclusion criteria aimed at mitigating clinical factors that could adversely impact diazepam absorption and metabolism, and the use of an ultrasensitive LC-MS/MS assay. Limitations included the lack of addressing the efficacy of vaginal diazepam in lieu of performing a pure pharmacokinetic study with healthy participants. Conclusion Vaginal administration of diazepam results in lower peak serum plasma concentration, longer time to peak concentration, and lower bioavailability than standard oral use. Providers should be aware that with diazepam’s long half-life, accumulating levels would occur with chronic daily doses, and steady-state levels would not be reached for up to 1 week. This profile would favor intermittent use to allow participation in physical therapy and intimacy. Larish AM, Dickson RR, Kudgus RA, et al. Vaginal Diazepam for Nonrelaxing Pelvic Floor Dysfunction: The Pharmacokinetic Profile. J Sex Med 2019;16;763–766.
Lone-Pair Electron-Driven Thermoelectrics at Room Temperature

Identifying materials with good electron transport and poor thermal transport properties for thermoelectric applications has been challenging. Here we report a series of new materials including Tl3...
Atomically Thin Nonlinear Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Holograms.

Nonlinear holography enables optical beam generation and holographic image reconstruction at new frequencies other than the excitation fundamental frequency, providing pathways toward unprecedented...
Elimination of cervical cancer: challenges for developing countries

Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable cancers today, yet over 500,000 new cases are diagnosed globally each year and every 2 minutes a woman dies from cervical cancer. The burden of this disease and the highest mortality from cervical cancer occur in developing countries. High-income countries are poised to eliminate cervical cancer in the 21st century, but despite a global call to eliminate this disease, low- and middle-income countries face many challenges as they strive to answer that call.
Scientific foundations: understanding human nature

Abstract There are many starting points for learning about the tremendous complexity involved in human psychology. Regardless of where one begins, a contemporary scientific understanding of the field needs to include knowledge of the evolutionary origins of human beings. This chapter provides an overview of the role of evolutionary psychology in understanding the human brain, mind, and behavior. It also discusses the role of nature versus nurture in human development and essential perspectives for understanding the nature of behavior change, including neural plasticity and epigenetics. The chapter also argues that a biopsychosocial perspective is necessary for integrating scientific knowledge regarding important influences on human development and functioning and the nature of behavior change.
Peripartum Fascicular Ventricular Tachycardia

For arrhythmias compatible with a fascicular dependent mechanism, meticulous fascicular potential mapping is required for definitive diagnosis and successful treatment.
Oxygen Absorption in M87: Evidence for a Warm+Hot ISM

We present a re-analysis of the ROSAT PSPC data within the central 100 kpc of M87 to search for intrinsic oxygen absorption similar to that recently measured in several galaxies and groups. Using a spatial-spectral deprojection analysis we find the strongest evidence to date for intrinsic oxygen absorption in the hot gas of a galaxy, group, or cluster. Single-phase plasma models modified by intervening Galactic absorption cannot fit the 0.2-2.2 keV PSPC data as they under-predict the 0.2-0.4 keV region and over-predict the 0.5-0.8 keV region where the emission and absorption residuals are obvious upon visual inspection of the spectral fits. Since the excess emission between 0.2-0.4 keV rules out intrinsic absorption from cold gas or dust, the most reasonable model for the excess emission and absorption features is warm, collisionally ionized gas with a temperature of ~10^6 K. Simple multiphase models (cooling flow, two phases) modified by both intervening Galactic absorption and by a single oxygen edge provide good fits and yield temperatures and Fe abundances of the hot gas that agree with previous determinations by ASCA and SAX. The multiphase models of M87 inferred from the PSPC can account for the excess EUV emission observed with EUVE and the excess X-ray absorption inferred from EINSTEIN and ASCA data above 0.5 keV. Although the total mass of the warm gas implied by the oxygen absorption is consistent with the matter deposited by a cooling flow, the suppression of the mass deposition rate and the distortion of the X-ray isophotes in the region where the radio emission is most pronounced suggest some feedback effect from the AGN on the cooling gas. (Abridged)
The relation between category compactness and L2 VOT learning

L1 and L2 category compactness have been reported to correlate with L2 vowel pronunciation accuracy in advanced intermediate learners (Kartushina and Frauenfelder, 2014). However, it is not clear whether category compactness is an effect of L2 learning, or whether it is an individual characteristic that might predict aspects of L2 learning. Holliday (2015) suggests that more variable VOT categories early in L2 learning may facilitate acquisition of new L2 VOT patterns. We tested relationships between L1 and L2 category compactness and L2 pronunciation progress for voiceless stops, in ten L1 English-L2 Spanish learners over the course of one semester of early Spanish courses. We found that lower L2 Spanish VOT correlated with higher voiceless VOT standard deviation at the end of the semester for all but the absolute beginners (R2 = 0.6256, F(1,5) = 37.75, p = 0.004). Thus, for early learners, as production improves, L2 categories may expand. In addition, L1 English voiceless stop VOT category compactness at beginning of term correlated with L2 Spanish VOT accuracy at end of term for all learners (R2 = 0.6798, F(1,9) = 17.0, p = 0.003), suggesting that L1 category compactness may reflect individual properties that influence progress in L2 learning.
Sustainable Supply Chain of Automobile Sector: A Literature Review

Currently, the British automotive industry still has its own benefits within economic situations. As an instance, its automotive infrastructure field is still driving the world. In the case of automotive innovation and framework, the UK also has the ability to drive and collect. According to data from the “European Automobile Association and the British Automobile Manufacturers and Traders Association”, the production of British cars in 2012 was 1.58 million, an increase of 7.7% compared to 2011, while automobile production has maintained steady growth. In 2012, 2.5 million units were supplied. During the same period, German car production declined by 8.1 percent and Spain by 16.6 percent. France lost another 12.3 percent. By 2013, the annual offer for British cars reached 1.6 million units, which has returned to levels well before the financial crisis. The overall development from the Supply Chain to the Extended Supply Chain has been carried out by various enterprises for some time. As one of the largest and dominant organisations in the world, the automotive industry can greatly influence the development of a better society. Although another combination has emerged in the field of original supply chain management, no reviewing department can fully cover the front-line research of the automotive industry. To fill this gap, this research considers the sustainable management of supply chain in the automotive industry, which was adopted around 1995 and 2017. Therefore, the research has performed a persuasive bias analysis and studied the material and their contents. According to the “Icam DEFinition for Function Modeling (IDEF0)”, content analysis is categorised according to several key business structures, which is a common way of separating business structures. The survey provides useful principles for building the automotive supply chain of the surveyor and combines robustly-distributed research theft clauses and recommendations for future investigations. Keywords: sustainable SCM, Automotive Industry, Green SCM, Electric Vehicles
Due Process in American Military Tribunals after September 11, 2001

This article examines several cases in which the Supreme Court had to grapple with the issue of what process was due to captured enemy combatants. These cases were brought as a result of President Bush’s position that the joint resolution issued by Congress after September 11, 2001, the Authorization for Use of Military Force ("AUMF"), granted him the authority to hold an "enemy combatant" who was captured, "without formal charges or proceedings," until a determination has been made "that access to counsel or further process is warranted." The author finds that striking note that resounds from these cases is the insistence of the Judiciary that it, not the Executive or the Legislature, controls the power to set standards for due process. Further, the Judiciary insisted on setting more stringent standards than the Executive was willing to set. The author concludes that given the passions aroused during times of strife, it makes sense that the branch of government least affected by politics, and therefore likely to be less affected by those passions, should set the standards protecting those accused of being foreign combatants.
Unix shell programming: the next 50 years

The Unix shell is a powerful, ubiquitous, and reviled tool for managing computer systems. The shell has been largely ignored by academia and industry. While many replacement shells have been proposed, the Unix shell persists. Two recent threads of formal and practical research on the shell enable new approaches. We can help manage the shell's essential shortcomings (dynamism, power, and abstruseness) and address its inessential ones. Improving the shell holds much promise for development, ops, and data processing.
Periviability Decision-Making: Assessing Provider Characteristics and Cognitive Traits.

Background: To investigate maternal-fetal medicine (MFM) physicians' approaches to periviable delivery management and examine whether personal characteristics, practice features, or cognitive trait...
A Neural Network Estimation of Ankle Torques From Electromyography and Accelerometry

Estimations of human joint torques can provide clinically valuable information to inform patient care, plan therapy, and assess the design of wearable robotic devices. Predicting joint torques into the future can also be useful for anticipatory robot control design. In this work, we present a method of mapping joint torque estimates and sequences of torque predictions from motion capture and ground reaction forces to wearable sensor data using several modern types of neural networks. We use dense feedforward, convolutional, neural ordinary differential equation, and long short-term memory neural networks to learn the mapping for ankle plantarflexion and dorsiflexion torque during standing, walking, running, and sprinting, and consider both single-point torque estimation, as well as the prediction of a sequence of future torques. Our results show that long short-term memory neural networks, which consider incoming data sequentially, outperform dense feedforward, neural ordinary differential equation networks, and convolutional neural networks. Predictions of future ankle torques up to 0.4 s ahead also showed strong positive correlations with the actual torques. The proposed method relies on learning from a motion capture dataset, but once the model is built, the method uses wearable sensors that enable torque estimation without the motion capture data.
Restoring Honor and Integrity Through Integrating Restorative Practices in Academic Integrity with Student Leaders

This article examines one institution’s transition from a legalistic approach for resolving cases of academic misconduct to a learning-centered approach that embraces peer-to-peer student-led meetings. The article provides detailed information on how to train students on conducting these meetings along with suggestions for future research. The results of this article provide a framework for institutions who wish to engage students in a learning-centered adjudication model for resolving cases.
Effects of Small-Scale Bathymetric Roughness on the Global Internal Wave Field

Abstract : The small-scale roughness properties of the seafloor are increasingly being recognized as critical parameters in determining important processes in physical oceanography. For instance, in situ observations (e.g., Polzin et al., 1997) find that mixing levels are greatly elevated in regions of rough topography. Gille et al. (2000) demonstrate that mesoscale eddy energy tends to be lower in areas where the bottom is rough (suggesting the possibility that dissipation of eddy energy takes place in such areas), and Egbert and Ray (2003) show that substantial tidal dissipation occurs in such areas. The dissipation is generally thought to arise from the breaking of internal waves generated by flows over the rough seafloor. On the time scales of internal waves, mesoscale eddies and the general circulation can be regarded as steady, while tides are oscillatory. The physics of linear internal wave generation is different for these two classes of motions (e.g., Bell 1975), but for both types of flows the wave generation is strongly dependent on the horizontal and vertical scales inherent in the bottom topography. Using the classical formulation for lee waves (e.g., Cushman-Roisin, 1994, St. Laurent, 1999), one can argue that horizontal wavelengths ranging from 60 m to 6 km generate internal waves when forced by steady flows. Features typical of abyssal hill morphology (e.g., 50 m height over 1 km horizontal scale) will generate a significant vertical internal wave energy flux.
A scalable monitoring architecture for managing distributed multimedia systems

Monitoring is an essential process to observe and improve the reliability and the performance of large-scale distributed multimedia (LDM) systems. Monitoring events generated by LDM systems is necessary for observing the run-time behavior of LDM systems and providing status information required for managing such applications. However, correlated events are generated concurrently and could be distributed in various locations in the applications environment. Furthermore, different media streams in LDM systems may have different management requirements that must be considered in the monitoring architecture. In this paper, we present a scalable high-performance monitoring architecture for LDM systems using a hierarchical event filtering mechanism to detect and classify interesting local and global events and perform the appropriate action specified with this event or disseminate the monitoring information to the corresponding end-points management applications. We also describe how this monitoring architecture improves the reliability and the performance of an interactive multimedia distance learning system via supporting fault recovery and performance tuning applications.
Curriculum as a Site of Political and Cultural Conflict

Schools are both political and academic institutions. This essay explains the different ways that schools generate conflict because people dispute the content of the school curriculum. This essay begins by noting that schools require the approval of political elites and the public. Without such support, schools can't operate. Also, schools lend legitimacy to particular ideas, which means that people will fight over the content of classroom instruction. The essay then discusses how social movements target schools and the factors contribute to successful curricular challenges in schools. Prior research has focused on uncovering the inherently political nature of school curricula. These researchers produce case studies of conflict over the curriculum. Research also focuses on how political actors target schools and try to enact change. There is also a growing literature on bureaucratic dynamics. Scholars now focus on the administrative response to protest and the demand for educational reform. I conclude by outlining new directions for research. Specifically, researchers should ask about the relationship between academic reform movements and broader social movements. For example, do most mass movements target schools? How much curricular conflict is unique to the educational system? I also suggest that researchers should examine the “spill out” of protest from schools to the larger society. Keywords: schools; curricula; conflict; social movements; protest; social movements; academic reform
The Origins and Growth of Information Privacy Law

In recent years, information privacy has emerged as one of the central issues of our times. Today, we have hundreds of laws pertaining to privacy - the common law torts, criminal law, evidentiary privileges, constitutional law, at least twenty federal statutes, and numerous statutes in each of the fifty states. To understand the law of information privacy more completely, it is necessary to look to its origins and growth. This article provides a brief overview of the history of the development of information privacy law. In particular, it explores the way that the law has emerged in response to changes in technology that have increased the collection, dissemination, and use of personal information.
Themes in Expatriate and Repatriate Research over Four Decades: What Do We Know and What Do We Still Need to Learn?

Since the 1970s, international work assignments have been, and continue to be, a growing trend in multinational corporations. Organizations most commonly do this through an expatriate assignment where the employee expatriates to a foreign country to live and work for at least one year in order to complete a specific assignment, and then typically repatriates back to the home country. Scholars of organizational psychology and behavior have thus investigated various aspects of expatriation and repatriation over the past 40 years. We review the 100 most influential articles published in this area during these decades. We identify important themes, discuss how and why the themes have evolved, and make note of unanswered research questions. On the basis of what we have learned, we make suggestions with regard to how individuals and organizations can better manage expatriate assignments. We close by providing future research directions on expatriation and repatriation.
Pyocyanin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibits prostacyclin release from endothelial cells

Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia causes a vasculitis of small pulmonary arteries. While the fully developed lesion demonstrates vessel wall necrosis, the early lesion is remarkable for preservation of viable endothelium despite vessel wall invasion by bacteria. Pyocyanin, an exoproduct of P. aeruginosa, markedly inhibited prostacyclin production by pulmonary artery endothelial cells without causing cell lysis. Pyocyanin might after vascular homeostasis in the absence of cytolysis.
Semantic NLP-Based Information Extraction from Construction Regulatory Documents for Automated Compliance Checking

AbstractAutomated regulatory compliance checking requires automated extraction of requirements from regulatory textual documents and their formalization in a computer-processable rule representatio...
Telomere Length Shortens with Body Length in Alligator mississippiensis

In Alligator mississippiensis (American Alligator), body length increases with age, but body length can be used as an accurate estimator of age only up to about 6-7 years, when growth rates slow considerably. Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences that cap the ends of each chromosome. Telomeres shorten with age in most animals, but telomere shortening has not been examined in reptiles. We measured telomere length in erythrocytes of A. mississippiensis varying between ≈ 5 and 240 cm in body length and found a negative relationship between telomere length and body length (P < 0.01). Assuming that erythrocyte telomeres continue to shorten with time, even after growth rate declines, those individuals with the shortest telomeres should be the oldest members of the population. This method of estimating age, even in animals of similar body size, should allow questions about age structure and senescence to be addressed.
The Transmission of Marital Instability across Generations: Relationship Skills or Commitment to Marriage?

We used national, longitudinal data from 2 generations to assess 2 explanations for the intergenerational transmission of marital instability, one based on relationship skills and the other based on marital commitment. Parental divorce approximately doubled the odds that offspring would see their own marriages end in divorce. Offspring with maritally distressed parents who remained continuously married did not have an elevated risk of divorce. Divorce was most likely to be transmitted across generations if parents reported a low, rather than a high, level of discord prior to marital dissolution. These results, combined with other findings from the study, suggest that offspring with divorced parents have an elevated risk of seeing their own marriages end in divorce because they hold a comparatively weak commitment to the norm of lifelong marriage.
Content Analysis of the Journal of Black Psychology (1985-1999)

Since its inception, the Journal of Black Psychology has only undergone a period of self-reflection once. To that end, this study examined the content of the Journal of Black Psychology. A content analysis of articles published for a 15-year period (1985-1999) was conducted. A total of 245 articles were classified into 15 content categories. Authors and institutions that were the most frequently published were identified and ranked. The categories of articles that received the most activity were in the areas of personality (i.e. racial identity), reactions and commentary, social behavior, and physiological functioning and health psychology. These 4 categories accounted for 52% of the articles examined. Neglected areas of research are discussed.
On the Mechanism of Growth Hormone Autofeedback Regulation: Possible Role of Somatostatin and Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor

To determine the role of somatostatin (SRIF) and GH-releasing factor (GRF) in GH autofeedback, 20 μg rat GH in 2 μl were injected into the third ventricle (IVT) 1 or 3 h before injection of the α2-receptor stimulator clonidine (50 μg/kg, iv), which elevates plasma GH and TSH levels in normal rats. GH preinjected 1 or 3 h before clonidine significantly suppressed the clonidine-induced GH surge, whereas TSH release was not affected by GH. Preinjection of ovine LH IVT following the same protocol did not inhibit the clonidine-induced GH surge, suggesting a specific effect of IVT GH. Passive immunization with 400 μl sheep antisomatostatin serum did not reverse the inhibition of the clonidine-induced GH surge by exogenous GH administered IVT either 1 or 3 h before clonidine. The TSH response was augmented by this procedure. Furthermore, IVT GH did not reduce the surges of GH and TSH elicited by GRF (250 ng/kg, iv) and TRH (150 ng/kg, iv) administered 1 or 3 h after IVT rat GH. These results suggest that GH auto...
The misuse of the 'Gateway Theory' in US policy on drug abuse control: A secondary analysis of the muddled deduction

Abstract Much research (mostly from general population surveys) suggests that people typically use alcohol, tobacco and then marijuana, so called ‘gateway drugs', prior to any potential use of ‘hard drugs' like cocaine powder, crack and heroin. Other research (mostly with surveys of special populations) indicates that hard-drug use is associated with numerous social problems such as crime, routine violence, and lower productivity. A muddled interpretation of these separate findings has been widely misused in support of the US drug abuse prevention policies to suggest that gateway drugs cause hard-drug use and its associated problems. This paper superimposes secondary analyses of data from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) and the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program. The findings indicate that (1) extremely few members of the general population become persistent daily hard-drug-using criminal offenders; and (2) an increasing percentage of daily hard-drug-using criminal offenders did not follow the gateway sequence of substance use progression. These results strongly suggest that the use of gateway drugs by youths is not the central cause of hard-drug use and its associated problems. Thus, fighting the use of gateway drugs by youths may not be a particularly appropriate approach to drug abuse prevention.
When cure is care: Diagnosis and management of pulmonary arterial hypertension

Purpose The purpose of this article is to provide nurse practitioners with an understanding of the pathophysiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) disease, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, drug therapy, strategies for health promotion, and relevant care issues for patients and families. Data sources Selected clinical and research articles, as well as current government guidelines. Conclusions Symptoms expressed are more apparent as PAH disease progresses, leaving fewer treatment options in advanced disease stages. New drugs are currently being tested for the treatment of PAH; however, the costs of many of the currently approved treatments may be prohibitive. Implications for practice Earlier recognition of disease symptoms leads to prompt initiation of diagnostic evaluation and referral to specializing medical centers. Upon referral, specialty centers may begin appropriate treatment regimens earlier in the disease process, which could improve clinical outcomes and quality of life.
Cameo and profile: effective records of anterior esthetics and occlusion.

Abstract Fundamental professional responsibility dictates the preservation of records of the features of the anterior part of the dentition and the facial contours. The cameo cast and profile card provide a patient with effective, valuable, and impressive records which are expressions of the dentist's concern for his natural esthetics and normal facial contours. Past performance indicates that an all-out effort is critically needed to make the preparation of such records routine procedure in the prosthodontic care of patients.
U.S. Senators’ Support for Israel Examined Through Sponsorship/Cosponsorship Decisions, 1993–2002: The Influence of Elite and Constituent Factors

This paper explores Senate policy-making toward Israel from 1993–2002. Previous scholarship suggests that congressional policymaking toward Israel is heavily influenced by the ethnic and religious identification of both legislators and their constituents, not simply by legislators' abstract perceptions of the national interest. Other literature de-emphasizes the likelihood that constituent interests will affect Congressional foreign policy making. We test for an impact of both elite and constituent characteristics on Congressional support for Israel, using sponsorship–cosponsorship decisions in the 103rd–107th Congresses. Israel's strongest supporters in this period are shown to be Jewish, conservative, Republican, and evangelical senators. Notably, elite characteristics (partisanship, ideology, and religion) matter more than constituency factors, with the exception of the Jewish population in senators' home states. While Jewish and conservative senators have long been vocal supporters of Israel, evangelical and Republican senators have not historically taken such a strong pro-Israel stance; hence they are relatively new additions to the active pro-Israel coalition. Thus the pro-Israel coalition shows both continuity and change as it has broadened to include new partners. However, we suggest that this coalition is not necessarily stable and may undergo further evolution in the future.
Attosecond transient absorption in molecular hydrogen

Isolated attosecond pulses are used to probe laser-perturbed hydrogen molecules using attosecond absorption spectroscopy. We observe dynamic features in the delay-dependent absorption on both the electronic and nuclear timescales for the first time.
Tablet as human

Relationship intensity influence the level of social contextualization in impression formation processes.Relationship stability influence attribute associations in impression formation processes.Relationship intensity and stability jointly influence impression formation. When can computers seem "human"? How do users form identity impressions of computers? In an examination of the ways in which users form impressions of their tablet computers, this study offers a new perspective by allowing users to verbalize their impressions of their products. Findings from in-depth interviews revealed two basic constructs that inform users' impression formation - intensity and stability, which respectively foster social-contextualization and attribute association processes. This study contributes to impression formation and human-computer relationship literature in two aspects. The first is a novel methodological design that was humanistic in nature but was informed by social psychology; the second is a new construct "relationship intensity," which operates jointly with relationship stability in impression formation processes.