cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diamond Field-Effect Transistors With V 2 O 5 -Induced Transfer Doping: Scaling to 50-nm Gate Length

Wereport on the fabrication and measurement of hydrogen-terminated diamond field-effect transistors (FETs) incorporating V2O5 as a surface acceptor material to induce transfer doping. Comparing a range of gate lengths down to 50 nm, we observe inversely scaling peak output current and transconductance. Devices exhibited a peak drain current of ~700 mA/mm and a peak transconductance of ~150 mS/mm, some of the highest reported thus far for a diamond metal semiconductor FET (MESFET). Reduced sheet resistance of the diamond surface after V2O5 deposition was verified by four probe measurement. These results show great potential for improvement of diamond FET devices through scaling of critical dimensions and adoption of robust transition metal oxides such as V2O5.
Effect of Compatibilizers on the Structure and Dynamics at Polymer Blend Interfaces

We use coarse grained Molecular Dynamics simulations to determine the effect of diblock copolymers and inorganic sheet like compatibilizers at polymer blend interfaces. Previous studies have shown that the interfacial region is prone to slip if an external shear force is applied to the polymer blend. While a number of theoretical and computational studies have examined the effect of copolymer compatibilizers, the effect of adding sheet-like compatilibilizers (for e.g. nanoclay) has not been investigated computationally. Thus, while experiments have shown that sheet-like filler are effective, the exact mechanisms are unknown. Our results indicate that sheet like fillers that have equal affinity to either polymer in a binary blend can produce a larger reduction of interfacial tension when compared to diblock copolymers at equal volume fractions. However, the localization of sheet fillers at the interface can be a possible limiting factor. We also show that sheet fillers reduce slip, thus providing for improved stress transfer across the interface, leading to a stronger blend.
An ellipse-guided routing algorithm in wireless sensor networks

Abstract In wireless sensor networks, sensor nodes are deployed to collect data, perform calculations, and forward information to either other nodes or sink nodes. Recently, geographic routing has become extremely popular because it only requires the locations of sensor nodes and is very efficient. However, the local minimum phenomenon, which hinders greedy forwarding, is a major problem in geographic routing. This phenomenon is attributed to an area called a hole that lacks active sensors, which either prevents the packet from being forwarded to a destination node or produces a long detour path. In order to solve the hole problem, mechanisms to detect holes and determine landmark nodes have been proposed. Following the proposed mechanisms, landmark-based routing was developed in which the source node first sends a packet to the landmark node, and the landmark node then sends the packet to the destination. However, this approach often creates a constant node sequence, causing nodes that perform routing tasks to quickly run out of energy thus producing larger holes. In this paper, a new approach is proposed in which two virtual ellipses are created with the source, landmark, and destination nodes. Forwarding is then guided along virtual ellipses. Furthermore, a recursive algorithm is designed to ensure a shortcut even if there are multiple holes or a hole has multiple landmarks. Thus, the proposed approach improves both geographic routing and energy efficiency routing. Simulation experiments show that the proposed approach increases the battery life of sensor nodes, lowers the end-to-end delay, and generates a short path.
Cancer testis antigens and genomic instability: More than immunology.

Abstract Cancer testis antigens or genes (CTA, CTG) are predominantly expressed in adult testes while silenced in most or all somatic tissues with sporadic expression in many human cancers. Concerted misexpression of numerous CTA/CTGs is rarely observed. This finding argues against the germ cell theory of cancer. A surprising number of CTA/CTGs are involved in meiotic chromosome metabolism and specifically in meiotic recombination. Recent discoveries with a group of CTGs established that their misexpression in somatic cells results in genomic instability by interfering with homologous recombination (HR), a DNA repair pathway for complex DNA damage such as DNA double-stranded breaks, interstrand crosslinks, and single-stranded DNA gaps. HR-deficient tumors have specific vulnerabilities and show synthetic lethality with inhibition of polyADP-ribose polymerase, opening the possibility that expression of CTA/CTGs that result in an HR-defect could be used as an additional biomarker for HR status. Here, we review the repertoire of CTA/CTGs focusing on a cohort that functions in meiotic chromosome metabolism by interrogating relevant cancer databases and discussing recent discoveries.
Effect of Metasurface Quality Factor on the Thermal Time Constant in Microbolometers

This paper investigates the effects of the metasurface quality on the thermal mass of metasurface integrated microbolometers. In this configuration, a temperature sensitive layer forms the insulator in a metal/insulator/metal metasurface. The geometric parameters of a hexagonal close packed disk array are optimized for perfect absorption at $A=10.6 \mu \mathrm{m}$ for different thicknesses. Increasing the thickness of the insulator increases the quality factor but increases the thermal mass of the microbolometer.
High-Temperature Superconductivity of Oxides

Evidence is presented that high-temperature superconductivity does not necessarily originate in the cuprate-planes. In the cuprates such as YBa2Cu3O7, i is argued that the superconductivity resides in the BaO layers. This superconductivity is s-wave, not d-wave, in the bulk. The trio of ruthenate compounds, Cu-doped Sr2YRuO6, GdSr2Cu2RuO8, and Gd2−zCezSr2Cu2RuO10 all super conduct in their SrO layers, which is why they have almost the same ∼45 K onset temperatures for superconductivity. Ba2GdRuO6, whether doped or not, does not superconduct, because the Gd breaks Cooper-like pairs. Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 YBa2Cu3O7, Nd2−zCezCuO4 homologues, and the Pb2Sr2(RE)1−xCaxCu3O8 compounds that superconduct (where RE is a rare-earth) are all s-wave, p-type superconductors.
27 Examining Individual Step Stability within Step-pool Sequences

Individualandstepsequencestabilitylieatthenexusofanumber of research topics in steep channels, includingissues related to channel boundary roughness. While allsteps in a step-pool sequence contribute to channelroughness, only stable steps can contribute in a predict-able manner. If the number and spacing of steps fre-quently vary due to step instability, reliable estimates oftotalflowresistanceandsedimenttransportratesthroughthechannelduringhighflowswillbedifficulttodevelop.Information on step stability also has the potential toinform about the probability of step formation anddestruction processes. For example, if the step destruc-tion process under a known set of flow and sedimenttransport rates becomes predictable, the probability ofstep destruction for a given flow may become predict-able. Because sediment transport rates have beenshown to increase in the years immediately followinga step destabilizing flow (Lenzi et al., 2004; Turowskiet al., 2009), this type of predictability would proveuseful.Pooldevelopmentandscourdeptharealsorelatedtostepstabilitybecauseapoolcanformonlywhileastepis stable. However, excessive scouring can also lead tostepfailure.Thecurrentresearchintopoolformationandpool hydrodynamics is well summarized by Comiti andMao (Chapter 26, this volume).Anexplorationofstepstabilitynecessarilyinvolvesanexaminationofstepformationandfailureprocesses,andthe role of step spacing. Step stability is hypothesized tobe a function of these parameters as well as flow andsedimenttransportrates,andtheabilityofstepstoadjusttheir location. This chapter summarizes the current stateof research, and presents anew analysis of experimentaldata with theintention of furthering an understanding ofindividual and sequence step stability.
Subjective understanding in strategic decision making: an information systems perspective

Abstract Decision makers and people in general, are constantly involved with understanding, formulating, and solving problems. Many of the problems faced by decision makers fall into the ill-structured/ill-defined category — as a contrasted with well-structured/well-defined problems. This is especially true of problems faced by strategic decision makers. These problems routinely challenge the cognitive capacities of managers. Managers meet these challenges with limited information-processing capabilities. Decision makers perform various activities that help them understand ill-structured problems. These activities to a large extent are “cognitive” in nature. It is argued that IS support provided to managers “through” their “cognitive orientations” might facilitate understanding of ill-structured problems. A new concept called the called the “cognitive lens” is used to describe these cognitive orientations from an IS perspective. In conjunction with this notion, a classification of IS support in terms of a continuum of inquiry modes is proposed. These inquiry modes — introspective, dialectic, and eclectic inquiry — operate on cognitive lenses stored and maintained in a “cognitive lens support system.” The system architecture and the functional support required to facilitate the different inquiry modes are also described.
A parent‐directed portion education intervention for young children: Be Beary Healthy

Purpose. This pilot study aimed to determine the effects of an intervention on nutrition knowledge, food parents serve, and children's dietary intake. Design and Methods. A single-group pre-/posttest design was used with 45 mothers and their 4- to 6-year-old children. After pretesting, parents received child nutrition information and portion-related activities. Results. Paired samples t-tests revealed that from pre- to posttest the average calories mothers served and the average calories children ate significantly decreased (medium effect size). Medium effects also were recognized from pre- to posttest for the carbohydrates served and carbohydrates consumed. No significant change was found in parents' nutrition knowledge. Practice Implications. Interventions focusing on skill building rather than on increasing knowledge may more effectively lead to changed child intake.
Appendix B: Float Operators

This documentation was generated from the Python documentation available by typing help(float) in the Python shell.
Over the Counter Drugs (and Dietary Supplement) Exercise: A Team-based Introduction to Biochemistry for Health Professional Students.

For successful delivery of basic science topics for health-professional students, it is critical to reduce apprehension and illustrate relevance to clinical settings and everyday life. At the beginning of the Biochemistry course for Physician Assistants, a team-based assignment was designed to develop an understanding of the mechanism of action, effectiveness, and toxicity of five common over the counter (OTC) drugs and dietary supplements, and place these familiar medicines in a political and historical context. The objectives of this exercise were to stimulate interest in biochemistry; to provide basic information on enzymes and enzyme inhibitors related to these drugs to be expanded upon later in the course; and to encourage active and interactive learning. Teams of five students were formed, and each student was given an information sheet on aspirin, alpha-galactosidase, orlistat, dextromethorphan, or simvastatin, a low dose statin, which was previously available without prescription at pharmacies in the UK. After each member of the team acquired information on one OTC drug/dietary supplement by reading an assigned information sheet, the team was asked to go through a series of questions, and then submit answers to a quiz as a group. A high rate of success on the quiz, an overwhelmingly positive response on formal course evaluations, and enthusiastic exchanges during class suggested this team-based session accomplished its goals.
Etiology of the masochistic and narcissistic personality.

It is the premise of this article, that at least in some instances, narcissistic and masochistic characters may develop from different role assignments in the same family (i.e., families with narcissistic dynamics). It is hypothesized that the child who later becomes narcissistic becomes assigned the role of the good child, remains merged with the mother, and becomes her ego-ideal. In contrast, the mother projects the egodystonic aspects of herself onto the child who becomes scapegoated, more willful, and defiant and eventually masochistic. The author has observed among her patients that some variables that seem to have contributed to the particular role assignment of a given child in the family are birth order, temperament, gender, resemblance to grandparents or significant objects in parents' life, and/or innate talents, gifts, and differences. It is suggested that the presence of narcissistic dynamics in the families of both masochistic and narcissistic characters may account for the similarities between the two character structures previously noted in the literature. It is obviously a limitation of this article that conclusions about family members (i.e., mothers and siblings) are based on reports of patients during long-term psychoanalytic treatment rather than direct observation. It is thus recommended that future research efforts attempt to verify these hypotheses through longitudinal family studies.
Silent Synapses in Developing Cerebellar Granule Neurons

Silent synapses are excitatory synapses endowed exclusively with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) responses that have been proposed to acquire alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) responses during development and after long-term potentiation (LTP). These synapses are functionally silent because of the Mg(2+) block of NMDA receptors at resting potentials. Here we provide evidence for the presence of silent synapses in developing cerebellar granule cells. Using the patch-clamp technique in the whole-cell configuration, we recorded the spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) from rat cerebellar granule cells in culture and in slices at physiological concentration of Mg(2+) (1 mM). A holding potential of +60 mV removes Mg(2+) block of NMDA channels, allowing us to record NMDA-sEPSCs. We thus compared the frequency of AMPA-sEPSCs, recorded at -60 mV, with that of NMDA-sEPSCs, recorded at +60 mV. NMDA-sEPSCs occurred at higher frequency than the AMPA-sEPSCs in most cells recorded in slices from rats at postnatal day (P) <13 and in culture at 6-8 days after plating (DIV6-8). In a few cells from young rats (P6-9) and in most neurons in culture at DIV6 we recorded exclusively NMDA-sEPSCs, supporting the hypothesis of existence of functional synapses with NMDA and without AMPA receptors. Increasing glutamate release in the slice with cyclothiazide and temperature increased AMPA and NMDA-sEPSCs frequencies but failed to alter the relative ratio of frequency of occurrence. Frequency ratio of NMDA versus AMPA-sEPSCs in slices was correlated with the weighted time constant of decay (tau(w)) of NMDA-sEPSCs and decreased with development along the reported decrease of tau(w). We suggest that the prevalence of synaptic NR2A subunits that confer faster kinetics is paralleled by the disappearance of silent synapses early in cerebellar development.
Key mediators of somatic ATR signaling localize to unpaired chromosomes in spermatocytes

Meiotic silencing of unpaired chromatin (MSUC) occurs during the first meiotic prophase, as chromosomes that fail to pair are sequestered into a transcriptionally repressive nuclear domain. This phenomenon is exemplified by the heterologous sex chromosomes of male mammals, where the ATR DNA damage response kinase is crucial for this silencing event. However, the mechanisms underlying the initiation of MSUC remain unknown. Here, we show that essential components of ATR signaling in murine somatic cells are spatially confined to unpaired chromosomes in spermatocytes, including the ATR-dependent phosphorylation of the single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-binding complex replication protein A (RPA) and the checkpoint kinase CHK1. These observations support a model in which ssDNA plays a central role in the recruitment of ATR during MSUC, and provide a link to meiotic progression through activation of CHK1.
Enhancement of the binding of 3H-diazepam to rat brain membranes in vitro by SQ 20009, a novel anxiolytic, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and muscimol

Abstract SQ 20009, a compound with anxiolytic-like activity, was found to cause an enhancement of the binding of 3 H-diazepam to rat brain membranes in a concentration-dependent manner with inhibition of binding occuring at 10 −4 M. Both GABA and the GABA agonist, muscimol, were also found to enhance 3 H-diazepam binding while the GABA antagonist (+)-bicuculline decreased binding. The effects of SQ 20009, the GABA agonists and (+)-bicuculline were reflected as a change in the affinity rather than number of binding sites. The effects of SQ 20009 and GABA and muscimol are discussed in terms of an interaction with an endogenous diazepam-like factor.
Markers on bovine chromosome 20 associated with carcass quality and composition traits and incidence of contracting infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis.

The objective of this study was to use single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) located on bovine chromosome 20 to fine map a previously identified QTL associated with the incidence of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). Crossbred steers (GPE 7; n = 539) derived from sires of 7 Bos taurus breeds and having veterinary records related to IBK were used to test the association of a total of 105 SNP located under the most relevant region of the QTL. Five SNP were significantly associated with IBK (P < 0.05), as animals inheriting differing genotypes from individual SNP exhibited significantly different incidence rates of IBK. The population also had numerous other phenotypes, supporting evaluation of association of the 105 markers with carcass traits to identify potential antagonistic effects of implementing a marker-assisted selection program for IBK susceptibility. An association of 2 SNP for marbling and tenderness was identified, along with 3 SNP associated with the percentage of carcasses classifie...
Tests of Distributional Hypotheses with Nuisance Parameters Using Fourier Series Methods

Abstract We develop a class of smoothed χ 2 tests of distributional hypotheses based on Fourier coefficients used in the density estimation procedure of Fellner. Starting with the simple test of Fx = G, where G is a completely specified hypothesized continuous distribution, we develop tests of the composite null hypothesis Fx − Gα for some vector of unknown parameters α. Variances used in computing the tests vary according to the choice of distributional family and depend on estimators used to estimate the nuisance parameters α. Expressions are given that allow one to use fast Fourier transforms to compute the necessary quantities. Examples given include tests of exponential, normal, Laplace, Pareto, Weibull, and uniform distributions as well as a test of the normality of residuals in least squares regression. Simulation studies indicate fast convergence of the statistics’ distributions to the χ 2 distribution under the null hypothesis. The power of the test of normality was found to be competitive with o...
Production and Processing Trait Comparisons of Channel Catfish, Blue Catfish, and Their Hybrids Grown in Earthen Ponds

Fingerling HS-5 channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, NWAC 103 channel catfish, D&B blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus, HS-5 female channel x D&B male blue catfish F₁ hybrids, and NWAC 103 female channel x D&B male blue catfish F₁ hybrids were stocked into twenty-five 0.04-ha earthen ponds at 12,500 fish/ha and grown for 277 d. Fish were fed daily at rates from 1.0 to 3.0% biomass based on feeding activity and temperature and adjusted weekly assuming a feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.8 and 100% survival. At harvest, 40 fish from each pond were sampled, and all other counted and weighed. Mean survival, growth rate indexes (a), FCR, and skin-on fillet percentages were not significantly different. Mean harvest weights and net production were higher for HS-5 channel and its hybrid than for the NWAC 103 channel, NWAC 103 hybrid, and D&B blue catfish, partially because of their larger mean stocking weights. D&B blue catfish was more uniform in size than NWAC 103 channel and NWAC 103 hybrid. D&B blue catfish was the easiest to seine. HS-5 hybrids and NWAC 103 hybrids had lower mean head percentage and a better processing yield than their parent channel catfish.
Novel receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTPrho) and acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1) transcripts delineate a rostrocaudal boundary in the granule cell layer of the murine cerebellar cortex.

We have identified a novel receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTPρ) transcript whose expression in the cerebellar cortex is restricted to the granule cell layer of lobules 1–6. Acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1) mRNA follows a similar cerebellar expression pattern. Together, the two markers define a sharp boundary in lobule 6, slightly caudal to the primary fissure. Anterior and posterior compartments became discernible only during postnatal weeks two and six, for RPTPρ and FGF-1, respectively. A rostrocaudal boundary in lobule 6 of the murine cerebellar cortex has also been identified morphologically by the effects of the meander tail mutation. The position of the RPTPρ and FGF-1 boundary on the rostrocaudal axis of the cerebellar cortex was close to, but not coincident with, the caudal extent of the disorganized anterior lobe of meander tail and the rostral extent of Otx-2 expression. The restricted pattern of FGF-1 and RPTPρ implies that these molecules may have specific signaling roles in the tyrosine phosphorylation/dephosphorylation pathway in the anterior compartment of the adult cerebellar cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 391:444–455, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A multispecialty pediatric neurovascular conference: a model for interdisciplinary management of complex disease.

Abstract Introduction In 2013, our institution established a multidisciplinary pediatric neurovascular conference for coordination of care. Here, we review our initial experience. Methods Clinical and demographic data were obtained from medical records for patients presented to the pediatric neurovascular conference from April 2013 to July 2014. Patient descriptive characteristics were described by mean and standard deviation for continuous measures and by number and percent for categorical measures. Patients were secondarily stratified by lesion/disease type, and descriptive statistics were used to measure demographic and clinical variables. Results The pediatric neurovascular conference met 26 times in the study period. Overall, 75 children were presented to the conference over a 15-month period. The mean age was 9.8 (standard deviation, 6.3) years. There were 42 (56%) male patients. These 75 children were presented a total of 112 times. There were 28 (37%) patients with history of stroke. Complex vascular lesions were the most frequently discussed entity; of 62 children (83%) with a diagnosed vascular lesion, brain arteriovenous malformation (29%), cavernous malformation (15%), and moyamoya (11%) were most common. Most discussions were for review of imaging (35%), treatment plan formulation (27%), the need for additional imaging (25%), or diagnosis (13%). Standardized care protocols for arteriovenous malformation and moyamoya were developed. Conclusion A multidisciplinary conference among a diverse group of providers guides complex care decisions, helps standardize care protocols, promotes provider collaboration, and supports continuity of care in pediatric neurovascular disease.
Few millimeter precision for baselines in the California permanent GPS geodetic array

Geodetic measurements with Rogue GPS receivers from sites in the California Permanent GPS geodetic Array (PGGA) have been analyzed using the GIPSY orbit-determination and baseline-estimation software. Based on an unbiased selection of 23 daily measurements spanning 8 months, the LF contributions to the long-term repeatabilities of baseline measurements are approximately 5, 3, and 8 mm for the east, north, and vertical components. Short-term contributions to the long-term repeatabilities were evaluated by examining data from the week of October 21, 1990, which showed the lowest short-term scatter. For this week, daily repeatabilities of 2-3 mm in the horizontal and 4 mm in the vertical have been achieved for the 172-km JPL-Pinyon baseline, consistent with carrier phase date noise of about 6 mm. High quality (less than about 5 mm) repeatabilities have been achieved for all components of the other baselines as well.
Finding robust pathway markers for cancer classification

Advances in high-throughput measurement technologies have enabled the analysis of genome wide expression. One important problem in translational genomics is the identification of reliable and reproducible markers that can be used to effectively discriminate between different classes of a complex disease, such as cancer. The typical small sample setting makes the prediction of such markers very challenging. Recent studies have shown that pathway markers, which aggregate the gene activities in the same pathway, tend to be more robust than single gene markers and may improve the overall classification accuracy. To utilize pathway markers, we need a way to infer the activity level of a given pathway based on the expression of its member genes. In this work, we propose an improved pathway activity inference method that uses gene ranking to predict the pathway activity in a probabilistic manner. We show that the proposed method leads to better pathway markers with higher discriminative power and more consistent classification performance across different datasets.
Importance of physicians in Chlamydia trachomatis control.

Abstract Introduction During 2002–2006, reported rates of Chlamydia (CT) increased 17.3% nationally, with 43.6% of guideline eligible females screened in 2006. Annual costs associated with CT exceed $1.88 billion. We sought to determine the importance of private medical doctors (PMDs) and hospitals as screening venues in Illinois, USA and if this varied by county Rural–Urban Continuum Code (RUCC). Methods A retrospective analysis of all CT cases reported in Illinois during 2002–2006. Counties were stratified by RUCC and eighteen provider types were condensed into nine venues. Venue positivity rates were derived from laboratory data. Results PMDs and hospitals reported 247,725 CT cases (33.1% and 25.4%, respectively). Sample positivity rates were 6.2% and 6.1%, comparable to 5.7% for family planning clinics (FPC). Distribution of cases within these venues (and STD clinics) by RUCC was highly significant (p Discussion Even though screening guideline compliance is low, PMDs identify the majority of cases in Illinois and are consistently important screening venues at all levels of urbanization. As PMDs (and/or hospitals) exist in every Illinois county, it may be more efficient to augment screening rates at these venues rather than create new venues of other types which may be cost-ineffective in rural or low-prevalence areas.
Electron spin resonance of sulfide catalysts

Abstract ESR observations of finely divided MoS2 and MoS3 compounds and sulfided molybdenum species on high surface area alumina supports show two distinct defect classes: an oxygen-coordinated (oxo-Mo5+) form and a sulfur coordinated (thio-Mo5+) form. The density of thio-Mo5+ defects correlates linearly with catalytic sulfur removal from dibenzothiophene molecules.
Subjective organization following constant input order in multitrial free recall

The present experiments were designed to assess the influence of consistent contiguous relations among list members on the development of subjective organization. One major source of contiguity experiences is provided by E’s arrangement of items during study trials. In the present experiments, recall following constant and varied input order was compared. Constant input order assures that the nominal input contiguity relations are consistent across trials. The results indicated that constant-input-order groups were superior to varied-input-order groups in terms of correct responses, subjective-organization scores, and input-order I output-order consistency scores.
Anomalous deformation twinning in coarse-grained Cu in Ag60Cu40 composites under high strain-rate compressive loading

Abstract The deformation response of a directionally solidified Ag60Cu40 eutectic alloy with a cube-on-cube orientation relationship between Ag and Cu subjected to high strain-rate 103 s−1 compressive loading was examined. Loading at 45° and 90° to the growth axis, near [ 001 ] and [ 11 1 ¯ ] local crystal orientations, respectively, resulted in deformation twinning and dislocation slip in both Ag and Cu under conditions where deformation twinning would not normally be expected in Cu. In contrast, loading at 0° and 90° to the growth axis, near 〈 101 〉 local crystal orientations, resulted in the primary deformation mode being dislocation slip. These results are interpreted in terms of the influence of loading axis with respect to the local crystal orientation in the directionally solidified alloy and on slip transmission from Ag into Cu.
A comparison of a communication strategies in cooperative learning

In the wild groups of hyenas are often observed to cooperate in driving lions away from a kill in order to claim it for themselves. Because lions are much larger and can easily injure or kill a single hyena, this is a difficult, high-risk, high-reward behavior requiring complex cooperation by the hyenas and depends on their ability to use communication to coordinate their attack. In this paper we attempt to evolve hyena behaviors that successfully drive-off simulated lions. We are particularly interested in how the type of communication influences the evolution of successful strategies. Several forms of communication are tested including two inspired by hyena behavior. The first is a generalized vocalization or "call" which can be either local or global and used by any hyena. The second mimics the recognition of a special hyena, which we refer to as the "flag-bearer". Our results show that the presence of a flag-bearer leads to the evolution of significantly more effective coordination than either purely local or name based communication. These results suggest that there may be a "sweet spot" between too little information, which makes coordination difficult, and too much information which makes both evolutionary learning and coordination difficult.
Mitochondrial ion channels as therapeutic targets

The study of mitochondrial ion channels changed our perception of these double-wrapped organelles from being just the power house of a cell to the guardian of a cell's fate. Mitochondria communicate with the cell through these special channels. Most of the time, the message is encoded by ion flow across the mitochondrial outer and inner membranes. Potassium, sodium, calcium, protons, nucleotides, and proteins traverse the mitochondrial membranes in an exquisitely regulated manner to control a myriad of processes, from respiration and mitochondrial morphology to cell proliferation and cell death. This review is an update on both well established and putative mitochondrial channels regarding their composition, function, regulation, and therapeutic potential.
Crosstalk-Canceling Multimode Interconnect Using Transmitter Encoding

A new implementation approach to cancel crosstalk using modal decomposition on a multiconductor transmission bundle is presented. The proposed approach requires a CODEC only at the transmitter, not at both the transmitter and receiver. This gives potential for more flexibility, lower power, better scaling, and ease of implementation. A circuit is presented along with the simulation results.
The effect of gamma irradiation on the young's modulus of copper

Abstract Copper single crystals have been subjected to irradiation with 1.2 MeV Co 60 gamma rays at room temperature. This irradiation causes an increase in the Young's modulus and a decrease in the internal friction. These effects are quantitatively consistent with an interpretation on the basis of the pinhing of dislocation lines by lattice defects which migrate to the dislocation line from the point at which they are originally produced through the Compton and photoelectrons resulting from the incident gamma rays. Comparison with previous work shows that for each primary displaced lattice atom only one eightieth as many pinning points result from the gamma ray bombardment as from bombardment with fast neutrons; this result is in satisfactory agreement with calculations of higher order displacements in the two cases.
Coronary arterial remodeling studied by high-frequency epicardial echocardiography: an early compensatory mechanism in patients with obstructive coronary atherosclerosis.

Coronary arterial remodeling is a compensatory mechanism that may limit the adverse effects of coronary obstructive lesions by expansion of the entire vascular segment. To determine if this compensatory anatomic change occurs in patients, high-frequency epicardial echocardiography using a 22 MHz transducer was performed during open heart surgery in 33 patients (10 with normal coronary arteries undergoing valvular surgery and 23 with coronary atherosclerosis). From stop-frame videotape high-frequency epicardial echocardiographic images cross-sectional measurements of luminal area and total arterial area (lumen. intima, media and dense adventitia) were made in the patients with atherosclerosis at the site of arterial lesions and from the most proximal portion of the same artery. Remodeling was defined as enlargement of the total arterial area. In normal arteries measurements were made from proximal and midarterial locations. In the patients with normal coronary arteries, total arterial area, as determined by high-frequency echocardiography, decreased from the proximal site to the midportion of the artery (from 10.4 ± 0.9 to 8.4 ± 1.0 mm2, p < 0.05), luminal area also decreased (from 6.0 ± 0.6 to 4.5 ± 0.7 mm2, p < 0.05). In patients with coronary arterial lesions, luminal area also decreased from the proximal site to the arterial lesion site (from 5.3 ± 0.6 to 2.3 ± 0.3 mm2, p < 0.05), but total arterial area increased (from 11.6 ± 1.0 to 13.0 ± 1.0 mm2, p < 0.05). Of the 25 coronary arteries evaluated, only 4 had angiographic evidence of coronary collateral formation. These data indicate that coronary arterial remodeling is an important compensatory mechanism in obstructive coronary disease. In most patients, arterial remodeling occurs before angiographically detectable coronary collateral vessels develop.
Fractionation and characterization of the polypeptide chains of low molecular weight calf lens alpha-crystallin

Abstract Purified polypeptides of low molecular weight calf alpha-crystallin have been obtained by a combination of affinity chromatography upon a p-aminophenylmercuric acetate-Bio-Gel A-5m column followed by DEAE cellulose chromatography. The affinity chromatography provides a very rapid procedure for obtaining A chains completely free of B polypeptides. Subsequent fractionation upon DEAE cellulose yields pure B2, B1, A2 and A1. Atypical A chains have also been observed and fractionated. Characterization of the isolated polypeptides indicates that on the basis of size, amino acid composition and fingerprinting of tryptic and chymotryptic peptides, B2 and B1 are very closely related as are A2 and A1. The data suggest a ratio of approximately 2 : 1 for A to B chains.
Brown Midrib Sorghum or Corn Silage for Milk Production

Abstract In two total collection digestion experiments and two milk production experiments feeding value of brown midrib sorghum silage ( brm 12) was compared with corn silage. Normal sorghum (N12) also was included in the first digestion experiment. Heifers consumed more dry matter from brown midrib sorghum (2.64 versus 1.83 and 2.00 versus 1.68 kg/100kg body weight) than from corn silage for the digestion experiments. No differences were significant for dry matter digestibility between the two silages in either experiment. Protein digestion for corn silage exceeded that for brown midrib sorghum in Experiment 1 (38.3 versus 31.3%); however, this was reversed in Experiment 2 (31.0 versus 41.2%). In Experiment 1, dry matter digestibility (53.3 versus 61.4%) was lowered for normal sorghum compared to corn silage. A 24% (4.4 versus 5.8%) reduction of lignin was obtained from brown midrib sorghum to normal sorghum. The lignin percentage of brown midrib sorghum and corn silages were relatively close in all experiments. No differences were significant for actual milk production, fat-corrected milk production, milk fat percent, protein percent, or flavor scores of milk produced by cows fed corn and brown midrib silages in either milk production experiment.
ADIPOSE TISSUE IN HUMAN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD : AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE

Humans diverge from most mammals, including nonhuman primates, by depositing significant quantities of body fat in utero and are consequently one of the fattest species on record at birth. While explanations for the fat layer of human neonates have commonly assumed that it serves as insulation to compensate for hairlessness, empirical support for this hypoth- esis is presently weak. Whether the tissue's abundance at birth and growth changes in adiposity during infancy and childhood might be explained in light of its role as energy buffer has not been assessed, and this possibility is explored through development of a model of fat function and growth centered on two related hypotheses. The first is that the greater adiposity of human neonates is at least partially explainable as an accompaniment of the enlarged human brain, which demands a larger energy reserve to ensure that its obligatory needs are met when the flow of resources from mother or other caretakers is disrupted. The second is that age-related changes in the likelihood of experiencing such disruption have influenced the pattern of investment in the tissue, reflected today in peak adiposity during infancy and a decline to a leaner childhood period. Nutritional disruption is common at birth and until lactation is established, during which time human newborns survive from fats deposited prenatally, suggesting one possible explanation for the early onset of fat deposition. At weaning, the transition from breast milk to supplemental foods and the parallel transition from maternal to endogenous immune protection interact to increase the frequency and impact of nutritional disruption, and this may help explain why newborns devote roughly 70% of growth expenditure to fat deposition during the early postnatal months. Evidence is presented that fat stores are mobilized during infections, hinting at one possible mechanism underlying the association between nutritional status and infectious morbidity and mortality among infants in nutritionally stressed human populations. Consistent with the proposed hypothesis, well-fed infants acquire peak fat reserves by an age of peak prevalence of malnutrition, infectious disease, and fat reserve depletion in less-buffered contexts, and childhood—characterized by minimal invest- ment in the tissue—is a stage of reduced risk of energy stress. The model presented here foregrounds energy storage in adipose tissue as an important life-history strategy and a means to modify mortality risk during the nutritionally turbulent period of infancy. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 41:177-209, 1998. r 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Adaptive information retrieval: using a connectionist representation to retrieve and learn about documents

AIR represents a connectionist approach to the task of information retrieval. The system uses relevance feedback from its users to change its representation of authors, index terms and documents so that, over time, AIR improves at its task. The result is a representation of the consensual meaning of keywords and documents shared by some group of users. The central focus goal of this paper is to use our experience with AIR to highlight those characteristics of connectionist representations that make them particularly appropriate for IR applications. We argue that this associative representation is a natural generalization of traditional IR techniques, and that connectionist learning techniques are effective in this setting.
Iron management in end-stage renal disease

One of the important components of successful anemia therapy in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) treated with recombinant human erythropoietin is the maintenance of adequate available iron. To accomplish this task, iron status must be serially monitored and supplemental iron administered as required. Among nonuremic subjects, the body's iron supply is tightly conserved, and iron deficiency usually develops only when chronic blood loss occurs. In patients with ESRD, iron deficiency occurs more frequently, because of increased external losses of iron, decreased availability of the body's storage of iron, and perhaps a deficit in intestinal iron absorption. Detecting iron deficiency in these patients can be difficult because of the inaccuracy of available diagnostic tests. The goals of iron therapy in ESRD include the prevention of iron deficiency by chronically supplementing iron, and the prompt treatment of overt iron deficiency. Oral iron supplements are inexpensive and safe, but poor patient compliance and reduced intestinal absorption may limit their effectiveness. Intravenous iron supplements have a greater efficacy then oral iron, which must be weighed against the small risk of allergic reactions. We present strategies for using the various diagnostic tests and treatment modalities to effectively manage iron supply for predialysis, hemodialysis, and peritoneal dialysis patients.
Long-lasting activation of rhythmic neuronal activity by a novel mechanosensory system in the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system

Sensory neurons enable neural circuits to generate behaviors appropriate for the current environmental situation. Here, we characterize the actions of a population (about 60) of bilaterally symmetr...
Arthroscopic treatment of arthrofibrosis of the elbow joint

Twenty-five patients with arthrofibrosis of the elbow were treated with arthroscopic debridement; 15 had post-traumatic arthrofibrosis and 10 had contractures caused by degenerative arthritis. At an average follow-up of 18 months, all patients had increased motion and decreased pain. One patient required reoperation because of continued stiffness and pain; she had moderate pain before surgery, mild pain after initial debridement, and occasional mild pain after the second operation. Patients with post-traumatic arthritis had more severe flexion contractures preoperatively than did those with degenerative arthritis, but they also had more improvement postoperatively. There were no perioperative or postoperative complications. Arthroscopic release and debridement of arthrofibrotic elbow joints appear to obtain improvement equal to that obtained by open techniques, with less morbidity and earlier rehabilitation.
Interaction between intramolecular charge transfer state of p-N,N-dimethylaminobenzonitrile and amines. Stereo-controlled fluorescence quenching☆

Abstract The first excited singlet state, an intramolecular charge transfer state, of p -N,N-dimethylaminobenzonitrile (DMABN) is quenched by tertiary amines. The quenching rate cannot be correlated with the oxidation potential of the amines, but is controlled by the size of the amine alkyl group. This unusual steric effect indicates a short-range interaction, which we attribute to three-electron bonding. Excited-state three-electron bonding interaction should be a general phenomenon and can lead to the formation of sigma-bonded exciplexes. The implication of this result on the origin of the anomalous dual fluorescence of DMABN is discussed.
Factorized S-Matrix Method for the Thermodynamics of the Massive Thirring Model

A new method based on the S-matrix factorization is developed for the thermodynamics of the massive Thirring model. The method can be applied to any charge sector and coupling constant. In the zero-charge sector, the present theory reproduces all the Bethe-Ansatz-theory results in the attractive-coupling regime, and agrees with a perturbation calculation in the repulsive-coupling regime.
Mixed boundary-value problems for Maxwell’s equations

We study the Maxwell system with mixed boundary conditions in a Lipschitz domain Ω in ℝ 3 . It is assumed that two disjoint, relatively open subsets ∑ e , ∑ h of ∂Ω such that ∑ e ∩ ∑ h = ∂∑ e = ∂∑ h have been fixed, and one prescribes the tangential components of the electric and magnetic fields on ∑ e and ∑ h , respectively. Under suitable geometric assumptions on ∂Ω, ∑ e and ∑ h , we prove that this boundary value problem is well-posed when L P -estimates for the nontangential maximal function are sought, with p near 2. A higher-dimensional version of this result is established as well, in the language of differential forms. This extends earlier work by R. Brown and by the author and collaborators.
Dislocation mobility in heavily doped silicon single crystals

Dopant effect on dislocation mobility in elastically loaded silicon crystal using internal friction and modulus defect measurements
Regional differences in mercury levels in aquatic ecosystems: A discussion of possible causal factors with implications for the Tennessee river system and the Northern Hemisphere

Concern about mercury pollution from atmospheric deposition has risen markedly in the last decade because of high levels of mercury in freshwater fish from relatively pristine waters. Whereas high concentrations have been found principally in Canada, the northern United States, and Scandinavia, they have also recently been observed throughout much of Florida. Recent surveys of the Tennessee River system, however, have found no locations where fish levels exceed EPA guidelines for fish consumption. This paper evaluates a number of factors that may cause certain regions in the northern hemisphere to experience unacceptable fish mercury levels while other regions do not. Relevant regional differences include: (1) Waters of the Tennessee River system are generally nonacidic (pH>6) and well buffered, whereas 16%, 22%, and 40% of the lakes in upper Midwest, Northeast, and Florida, respectively, have acid-neutralizing capacities below 50 µeq/liter. Acidity correlates highly with fish mercury levels in a number of lake surveys, and experimental manipulations of acidity have significantly raised fish mercury levels. (2) The ratio of land area to water surface area in the Tennessee Valley averages about 30, whereas it is 15 in the upper Midwest and 6 in Florida. Low ratios allow mercury in precipitation to be directly deposited to aquatic bodies, without an opportunity for the mercury to be sequestered by terrestrial ecosystems. (3) Stream organic matter concentrations in Florida, the upper Midwest, and Sweden are 2–10 times those in the Tennessee Valley. Mercury binds strongly to organic matter, and organic matter transport in runoff is a major pathway by which mercury enters aquatic ecosystems.
On the stability of solutions of the linearized plasma equation

Abstract We consider the equation u t + ixu −iaf′ (x) ∫ − ∞ u dx = 0, u(x,0) = h(x) a linearized version of a basic equation in plasma physics. Deriving a relation equivalent to the usual dispersion relation, but of more convenient form, we derive some simple criteria for stability of solutions of this equation.