cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ESTABLISHING THE NEUROBIOLOGIC BASIS OF TREATMENT IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is associated with significant morbidity in children and adolescents, yet only recently have the neuropharmacology and neurophysiology of this condition been studied in youth. Accumulating data suggest structural and functional abnormalities within the brain's fear networks in youth with GAD. Additionally, seven studies examined the efficacy of medications that modulate this system and, in some cases, the direct effects of these medications on structures within these networks (e.g. amygdala, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex [VLPFC]). In this review, we summarize the extant functional, functional connectivity, and structural neuroimaging data in children and adolescents with GAD. In addition, data concerning selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), selective serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSNRIs), atypical anxiolytics, benzodiazepines, and psychotherapy are reviewed in the context of the neurophysiology of pediatric GAD. The existing data suggest abnormal activity within the amygdala, VLPFC, and anterior cingulate cortex, as well as the possibility of impaired connectivity among these brain regions. In addition to numerous cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) trials, five randomized, controlled psychopharmacologic trials primarily in youth with GAD suggest that SSRIs and SSNRIs are effective for this condition. These findings also raise the possibility that functional activity within the amygdala and VLPFC may be altered following successful treatment.
Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Network-Aware Data Management

Welcome to the fifth International Workshop on Network-aware Data Management (NDM'15), to be held on November 16, 2015, in conjunction with the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC'15), in Austin, Texas, USA. The goal of this half-day workshop is to promote new collaborations between data management and networking communities to develop intelligent networking middleware and efficient data management infrastructure. As current technology enables faster storage devices and larger interconnect bandwidth, there is a substantial need for novel system design and middleware architecture to address increasing latency and scalability requirements. Topics of interest include emerging trends in resource coordination, data-aware scheduling, storage technologies, end-to-end performance, network-aware workflow management, high-performance networking, and network virtualization.
Engaging culture, race, and spirituality: new visions

Is it possible that acknowledgment of ‘spirituality’ is essential to increasing academic success in historically underperforming student populations? Is there conceptual space for the spiritual in ...
Comparison of Adverse Events for Endoscopic vs Percutaneous Biliary Drainage in the Treatment of Malignant Biliary Tract Obstruction in an Inpatient National Cohort.

Importance Nonsurgical biliary drainage in malignant biliary tract obstruction can be performed endoscopically by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or by percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD). The published body of literature to support either approach is surprisingly sparse, is conflicting on the preferred approach, and is limited by small studies with heterogeneous groups. Objective To evaluate the procedure-related adverse event rate with endoscopic vs percutaneous drainage in patients with malignant biliary tract obstruction. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a retrospective analysis from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2007 through 2009. Data analysis was performed in 2015. Patients from the NIS database are representative of the US population and are included from both community and tertiary care hospitals in the United States. Main Outcomes and Measures Procedure-related adverse event rates. Results A total of 7445 patients were included for ERCP and 1690 for PTBD. The overall adverse event rate was 8.6% for endoscopic drainage (640 events) and 12.3% for percutaneous biliary drainage (208 events) ( P P P = .10). For pancreatic cancer, endoscopic procedures were associated with a lower rate of adverse events regardless of the volume of percutaneous procedures performed by a center. For cholangiocarcinoma, centers that performed a low volume of percutaneous biliary drainage procedures were more likely to have adverse events compared with endoscopic procedures performed at the same center (5.7% vs 2.5%; OR, 2.28 [95% CI, 1.02-5.11]; P = .04). In centers that performed a high volume of percutaneous drainage procedures, rates of adverse events were similar to those of endoscopic adverse events (3.5% vs 3.0%; OR, 1.18 [95% CI, 0.53-2.66]; P = .68). Conclusions and Relevance Our results support the finding that endoscopic biliary drainage for malignant biliary obstruction is a first-line intervention. Endoscopic drainage is superior to percutaneous drainage, in regard to adverse event rate, for patients with pancreatic cancer. For patients with cholangiocarcinoma, endoscopic drainage is superior in centers that perform a low volume of percutaneous biliary drainage procedures.
Parity Nonconservation in Atoms

Atomic physics has played an important role in the advance of fundamental physics. The analysis of the spectral lines of hydrogen gave some of the important clues necessary for the development of quantum theory. Likewise the observation of the Lamb shift led to the modern theory of quantum electrodynamics. Although today most of the discoveries in fundamental physics come from high-energy accelerators, the field of atomic physics still has many contributions to make. A good example is the subject of this review, the atomic parity violation experiments.* These experiments have provided a direct test of the Weinberg-Salam-Glashow standard model of weak interactions, and should continue to test aspects of weak interaction theory. These experiments also possess an intrinsic interest within the domain of atomic physics, because they offer a striking example of the breakdown of left-right symmetry—a phenomenon not seen before in atoms.
Primate spatial strategies and cognition: introduction to this special issue.

Wild primates face significant challenges associated with locating resources that involve learning through exploration, encoding, and recalling travel routes, orienting to single landmarks or landmark arrays, monitoring food availability, and applying spatial strategies that reduce effort and increase efficiency. These foraging decisions are likely to involve tradeoffs between traveling to nearby or distant feeding sites based on expectations of resource productivity, predation risk, the availability of other nearby feeding sites, and individual requirements associated with nutrient balancing. Socioecological factors that affect primate foraging decisions include feeding competition, intergroup encounters, mate defense, and opportunities for food sharing. The nine research papers in this Special Issue, “Primate Spatial Strategies and Cognition,” address a series of related questions examining how monkeys, apes, and humans encode, internally represent, and integrate spatial, temporal, and quantity information in efficiently locating and relocating productive feeding sites in both small-scale and large-scale space. The authors use a range of methods and approaches to study wild and captive primates, including computer and mathematical modeling, virtual reality, and detailed examinations of animal movement using GPS and GIS analyses to better understand primate cognitive ecology and species differences in decision-making. We conclude this Introduction by identifying a series of critical questions for future research designed to document species-specific differences in primate spatial cognition. Am. J. Primatol. 76:393–398, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prevalence of ADHD symptoms in patients with congenital heart disease.

Objective The presence of attention-deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children with congenital heart disease (CHD) was investigated. Methods Swanson, Nolan and Pelham teacher and parent rating scales, version 4 (SNAP-IV), commonly used for assessing symptoms of ADHD, were completed by parents and counselors of children who attended a CHD summer camp. Mean scores (n = 51) were compared with two comparison groups without CHD: patients with ADHD (n = 75) and patients without ADHD (n = 41). Parent scores were also compared to previously published parent normative data. Results Patients with CHD were reported to have elevated SNAP-IV scores by parents and counselors (11.8%). Parent ratings of inattention were significantly greater in CHD subjects when compared to the comparison group without ADHD (P < 0.001), and similar to the ADHD-positive comparison group. Regarding parent ratings of hyperactivity and impulsivity, the CHD group was significantly lower than the ADHD-positive controls (P = 0.024) but greater than the ADHD-negative controls (P < 0.001). Conclusion ADHD symptoms are more prevalent in children with CHD. Parent ratings of inattention and hyperactivity symptoms in CHD patients are similar to ratings in children diagnosed with ADHD. There is a trend towards a greater prevalence of inattention symptoms in patients with cyanosis or single ventricle physiology.
Genetic characterization of the vaccinia virus DNA polymerase: cytosine arabinoside resistance requires a variable lesion conferring phosphonoacetate resistance in conjunction with an invariant mutation localized to the 3'-5' exonuclease domain.

Abstract In this report, we describe the isolation, molecular genetic mapping, and phenotypic characterization of vaccinia virus mutants resistant to cytosine arabinoside (araC) and phosphonoacetic acid (PAA). At 37 degrees C, 8 microM araC was found to prevent macroscopic plaque formation by wild-type virus and to cause a 10(4)-fold reduction in viral yield. Mutants resistant to 8 microM araC were selected by serial passage of a chemically mutagenized viral stock in the presence of drug. Because recovery of mutants required that initial passages be performed under less stringent selective conditions, and because plaque-purified isolates were found to be cross-resistant to 200 micrograms of PAA per ml, it seemed likely that resistance to araC required more than one genetic lesion. This hypothesis was confirmed by genetic and physical mapping of the responsible mutations. PAAr was accorded by the acquisition of one of three G-A transitions in the DNA polymerase gene which individually alter cysteine 356 to tyrosine, glycine 372 to aspartic acid, or glycine 380 to serine. AraCr was found to require one of these substitutions plus an additional T-C transition within codon 171 of the DNA polymerase gene, a change which replaces the wild-type phenylalanine with serine. Congenic viral stocks carrying one of the three PAAr lesions, either alone or in conjunction with the upstream araCr lesion, in an otherwise wild-type background were generated. The PAAr mutations conferred nearly complete resistance to PAA, a slight degree of resistance to araC, hypersensitivity to aphidicolin, and decreased spontaneous mutation frequency. Addition of the mutation at codon 171 significantly augmented araC resistance and aphidicolin hypersensitivity but caused no further change in mutation frequency. Several lines of evidence suggest that the PAAr mutations primarily affect the deoxynucleoside triphosphate-binding site, whereas the codon 171 mutation, lying within a conserved motif associated with 3'-5' exonuclease function, is postulated to affect the proofreading exonuclease of the DNA polymerase.
Fertility-dependent effects of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities on white spruce seedling nutrition

Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EcMF) typically colonize nursery seedlings, but nutritional and growth effects of these communities are only partly understood. To examine these effects, Picea glauca seedlings collected from a tree nursery naturally colonized by three dominant EcMF were divided between fertilized and unfertilized treatments. After one growing season seedlings were harvested, ectomycorrhizas identified using DNA sequencing, and seedlings analyzed for leaf nutrient concentration and content, and biomass parameters. EcMF community structure–nutrient interactions were tested using nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) combined with vector analysis of foliar nutrients and biomass. We identified three dominant species: Amphinema sp., Atheliaceae sp., and Thelephora terrestris. NMDS + envfit revealed significant community effects on seedling nutrition that differed with fertilization treatment. PERMANOVA and regression analyses uncovered significant species effects on host nutrient concentration, content, and stoichiometry. Amphinema sp. had a significant positive effect on phosphorus (P), calcium and zinc concentration, and P content; in contrast, T. terrestris had a negative effect on P concentration. In the unfertilized treatment, percent abundance of the Amphinema sp. negatively affected foliar nitrogen (N) concentration but not content, and reduced foliar N/P. In fertilized seedlings, Amphinema sp. was positively related to foliar concentrations of N, magnesium, and boron, and both concentration and content of manganese, and Atheliaceae sp. had a negative relationship with P content. Findings shed light on the community and species effects on seedling condition, revealing clear functional differences among dominants. The approach used should be scalable to explore function in more complex communities composed of unculturable EcMF.
Unique ramus anatomy for Neandertals

The ramus of Neandertal mandibles is said to show a suite of uniquely Neandertal character states that demonstrate the independent course of Neandertal evolution. This is the latest of numerous attempts to define cranial and mandibular autapomorphies for Neandertals. We examine variation in the four presumably autapomorphic ramal features and show they are neither monomorhic within Neandertals (to the contrary Neandertals are at least as variable as other human samples) nor unique to Neandertals, since they regularly appear in populations predating and postdating them. Neandertals differ from other human populations, both contemporary and recent, but the question of whether this fact reflects a divergent evolutionary trajectory must be addressed by the pattern of differences. In this case, as in the other attempts to establish Neandertal autapomorphies, rather than showing restricted variation and increased specialization, the Neandertal sample shows that the range of human variation in the recent past encompasses, and in some cases exceeds, human variation today, even in the very features claimed to be autapomorphic.
Surface morphology of silicon carbide epitaxial films

Silicon carbide (SiC) semiconductor technology has been advancing rapidly, but there are numerous crystal growth problems that need to be solved before SiC can reach its full potential. Among these problems is a need for an improvement in the surface morphology of epitaxial films that are grown to produce device structures. Because of advantageous electrical properties, SiC development is shifting from the 6H to the 4H polytype. In this study of both 6H and 4H-SiC epilayers, atomic force microscopy and other techniques were used to characterize SiC epilayer surface morphology. Observed features included isolated growth pits a few micrometers in size in both polytypes and triangles (in 4H only) approximately 50 um in size for epilayers 3 um in thickness. Also observed in some epilayers were large steps with heights greater than 20 nm. We found that there are significant differences between the morphology of 6H and 4H epilayers grown under identical conditions. We were able to improve surface morphology by avoiding conditions that lead to excess silicon during the initial startup of the growth process. However, the observed morphological defect density in both 6H and 4H epilayers was still the order of 104 cm-2 and varied widely from run to run. As expected, we found that morphological defects in the SiC substrates play a role in the formation of some epilayer surface features.
Multiracial Church Attendance and Support for Same‐Sex Romantic and Family Relationships

Research has found that attending a racially diverse congregation promotes more favorable attitudes toward interracial dating, marriage, and adoption, but does participation in an integrated faith community promote tolerance toward other non-traditional romantic and family forms? This study examines the relationship between involvement in a racially diverse congregation and support for same-sex romantic and family relationships. Data are taken from the 2005 Baylor Religion Survey. I fit logistic regression models to estimate the effect of attending a multiracial church on support for homosexuality, same-sex marriage, and same-sex adoption, net of sociodemographic and religious controls. Results indicate that persons who attend churches where between 25 and 75 percent of attendees are of another race are more likely to support gay sex, marriage, and adoption compared with those who attend more racially homogenous churches. This relationship generally holds when models are estimated for evangelicals and mainline Protestants separately, but not for Catholics. Findings suggest a link between religion-based racial prejudice and heterosexism/homophobia and that increased exposure to racial diversity may promote a general tolerance toward non-traditional romantic couples and families.
Managing lean DRC systems with demand uncertainty: an analytical approach

This paper considers a dual resource constrained manufacturing system with identical parallel work cells, which operates in an environment with demand uncertainty. The system is evaluated under the principles of lean manufacturing: zero lead times, zero inventories, and zero defects. The study shows that group-dispatching rules and labor assignment policies have a significant impact on manufacturing productivity. By properly managing the changeover-per-unit output ratios and operator assignments, the available capacity for value adding activities is increased and manufacturing cost is reduced. Results of an experiment show that labor requirements can be reduced from 5% to 46% and, machine utilization can be reduced from 2% to 14%.
Genetic selection disrupts stability of mouse brain weight development

Abstract Fuller Brain Weight Selection lines are well differentiated for 42-day brain weight and a high degree of homogeneity for trait-relevant genes is indicated. Using these lines, random bred descendants of the foundation population and an inbred line, biometrical analysis of brain growth from birth to 23 days was attempted. Whilde strain means differ as expected, within and between litter variances for genetically heterogenous mice were typically no greater than for more genetically homogenous selected lines. Possible explanations involving gestational age, intra-uterine and postnatal competition and ontogenetic buffering are discussed.
Personality profiles of physically impaired adolescents

Investigated MMPI profiles between two groups of adolescents with dissimilar disabilities (cleft lip/palate, orthopedic) who displayed observable physical impairment. The findings support the contention that type of disability has differential effects on adolescent personality characteristics. However, the profile elevations are consistent with previous reports of behavioral inhibition in both disability groups. Adolescents with impairments of the cleft lip/palate display greater self-concern and ruminative self-doubt over interpersonal interactions. The orthopedically impaired group exhibit an isolative and passive orientation to interpersonal interactions, as well as more generalized feelings of alienation.
Inquiry Science in Bilingual Classrooms

AbstractThis research was designed to determine the value of implementing a hands-on, inquiry science curriculum in classrooms where elementary children are developing second language skills along with their first language skills. The children were taught by interns from the University of Texas at El Paso in three elementary schools in the El Paso area. Half the instruction was in Spanish and half in English. The interns and in-service teachers provided evidence of the children's concept development. The elementary students provided data via an attitude survey and written assessments from 107 fifth graders. The consistency of the data indicates that there was a strong positive feeling about the value of this inquiry approach for increasing the children's language skills in both languages, that new science concepts were understood, and there was very little difference between children who chose Spanish or those who chose English to respond. The results of this research illustrate the value of a hands-on in...
VYTAUTAS ANDRIUS GRAICUNAS: A BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

The article presents a biography of Vytautas A. Graicunas, author of the essay “Relationship in Organization.” Graicunas was born on August 17, 1898 in Chicago, Illinois. He entered the University ...
Emerging roles of the FBW7 tumour suppressor in stem cell differentiation.

FBW7 is a ubiquitin E3 ligase substrate adaptor that targets many important oncoproteins—such as Notch, c-Myc, cyclin E and c-Jun—for ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. By doing so, it plays crucial roles in many cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, cell growth, cellular metabolism, differentiation and apoptosis. Loss of FBW7 has been observed in many types of human cancer, and its role as a tumour suppressor was confirmed by genetic ablation of FBW7 in mice, which leads to the induction of tumorigenesis. How FBW7 exerts its tumour suppression function, and whether loss of FBW7 leads to de-differentiation or acquisition of stemness—a process frequently seen in human carcinomas—remains unclear. Emerging evidence shows that FBW7 controls stem cell self-renewal, differentiation, survival and multipotency in various stem cells, including those of the haematopoietic and nervous systems, liver and intestine. Here, we focus on the function of FBW7 in stem cell differentiation, and its potential relevance to human disease and therapeutics.
Idiopathic Spontaneous Deep Venous Thrombophlebitis in an Adolescent: A Case Report

A rare case of spontaneous deep venous thrombophlebitis in a 15-year-old adolescent is presented. This case is remarkable as it lacks any associated condi tions and predisposing factors, as well as an etiologic diagnosis.
The gender gap in capital punishment attitudes: An analysis of support and opposition

This study examines the gender gap in attitudes toward the death penalty, including attention to global versus specific measures. The study is based on a survey in Tennessee of attitudes toward crime and criminal justice. Specifically, the study examines male and female global attitudes, attitudes toward a life without parole option, reasons that supporters and opponents give for their views, and how specific factors might change the level of support for or opposition to capital punishment. Although majorities of both genders favor capital punishment, important differences exist. Implications are discussed.
Low-dose aspirin: Major benefits, minimal cost

In 1948, an internist from California noticed a dramatically low occurrence of myocardial infarction (MI) among hundreds of his male patients who used aspirin, leading him to recommend daily aspirin use to his patients and colleagues.[1][1] Since then, clinical trials and treatment guidelines have
Application of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system to analysis of travel behavior

A relatively new method for data analysis called the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is illustrated with an example from travel behavior modeling. The options offered by this data analysis technique are illustrated by using data from Australia. In addition, an experiment was performed to identify the optimal split of data into an estimation sample and a validation sample. Comparisons of ANFIS and the more traditional regression methods such as ordinary least-squares linear regression and negative binomial regression were performed by using the mean square error and correlation coefficients. ANFIS is shown to be a useful tool, and its further use in travel behavior research and applications in transportation planning is recommended. However, many additional issues require further scrutiny and experimentation, which are discussed.
Uric acid catabolism in the woolly monkey

Abstract The degradation and excretion of 2- 14 C-uric acid were examined in three adult woolly monkeys ( Lagothrix lagothrichia ) to determine the basis for the relatively high serum and urinary uric acid concentrations previously reported in this species. Like man and the great apes which lack uricase, but in distinction to most other mammals, these animals converted very little urate to allantoin. Uric acid turnover, as has been reported for other New World monkeys, was several times that of normal man. Renal urate excretion as well as disposition by extrarenal mechanisms may protect Lagothrix from hyperuricemia. The capacity to convert urate to allantoin appears to have been lost late in the evolution of New World monkeys. The woolly monkey deserves further study as a primate model for investigations of enzyme replacement strategies.
Defining Journalists in Late-Nineteenth Century Britain

This article uses journalists’ memoirs, professional publications, and handbooks to show how British journalists projected images of themselves in the late nineteenth century. In a period of professional and social insecurity, journalists employed such self-presentations as a way of legitimizing their “title to be heard” in the public sphere. Rather than demand that journalism be converted into a closed profession comparable to law or medicine, journalists presented theirs as an “open profession” in which ability and hard work automatically led to success. Although such self-projections legitimized the status of elite journalists, they hampered attempts to improve journalists’ working conditions.
The qualitative effects of laser irradiation on human arteriosclerotic disease

To determine the effects of laser irradiation upon human coronary atherosclerotic disease, coronary plaques were extracted from fresh human cadaver hearts. Seventy-four diseased artery samples were sectioned either transversely or longitudinally and subjected to laser treatment from argon-ion and carbon dioxide sources. The laser beam affected vaporization and patency in fibrous, lipoid, and calcified plaques as observed histologically. Calcified blockage showed greater extent of charred remnants following controlled thermal injury than did fibrous or lipoid obstructions. The area and depth of penetration varied directly with intensity and duration of photoirradiation and inversely with the density of the atherosclerotic tissue. This study supports further research work on the use of lasers to effect relief of atherosclerotic obstructions.
Assay of mixtures of padimate-O and oxybenzone in sunscreen formulations by high-performance liquid chromatography☆

Abstract A simple assay method for the quality control of some sunscreen products containing padimate-O and oxybenzone has been developed. A methanolic extract of the product containing sulfathiazole internal standard was subjected to reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography on a 10-μm Partisil ODS-2 column with methanol-acetonitrile (90:10, v/v) mobile phase. The drug-sulfathiazole peak height ratio was linear between 0.04–2.68 μg of padimate-O ( r = 1.0003) and 0.02–1.05 μg of oxybenzone ( r = 0.9997) injected. All peaks were well-resolved. Approximate retention times for sulfathiazole, oxybenzone and padimate-O were 3.9, 5.7 and 7.4 min., respectively. The height equivalent to a theoretical plate (± S.D.) were ( n = 10) 0.79 ± 0.07, 0.53 ± 0.06 and 0.26 ± 0.04 mm, for sulfathiazole, oxybenzone and padimate-O, respectively. Average percent recoveries (± S.D.) ( n = 3) from simulated lotions containing 7% padimate-O and 3% oxybenzone were: padimate-O, 101.4 ± 1.5%; oxybenzone 99.9 ± 1.9%; from simulated lipsticks containing (a) 7% padimate-O and 3% oxybenzone: 103.8 ± 1.2% and 100.1 ± 0.9%, respectively; and (b) 7% padimate-O and 0.5% oxybenzone: 99.4 ± 0.6% and 99.3 ± 2.4%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to marketed products.
Notes on the Beginnings of Modern Meteoritics

Important landmarks in meteoritic science are outlined, from the time of its emergence from the limitations of Aristotelian thinking (ca. 1750) until the beginning of the 19th century.
Designing Structures and Research Texts: Situated Learning and Elementary Teaching

(2002). Designing Structures and Research Texts: Situated Learning and Elementary Teaching. Studies in Science Education: Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 149-154.
The compositional classification of chondrites: IV. Ungrouped chondritic meteorites and clasts

Abstract Six specimens of unusual chondritic materials were analyzed by neutron activation for 30 elements in order to assess their degree of chondritic compositional pristinity and to search for evidence of genetic links to other chondrites. Five have highly recrystallized textures; the other, the Cumberland Falls chondrite, has suffered minor metamorphic recrystallization. Acapulco and Allan Hills A77081, are closely related and have subpristine compositions; they are more distantly related to Enon which has an altered composition. Udei Station appears to be a IAB meteorite even though its FeO (FeO + MgO) ratio is slightly above the IAB field. The highly weathered meteorite Tierra Bianca is closely related to IAB but has a δ18O value 5 standard deviations higher than the IAB mean and is designated ungrouped. Udei Station and Tierra Bianca have altered compositions; rare earth element patterns indicate loss of a phosphate phase. The elemental composition of the Cumberland Falls chondrite is virtually identical to that of LL chondrites and its O-isotope composition is closely similar to those of some unequilibrated ordinary chondrites including LL Semarkona. The FeO (FeO + MgO) ratios in its olivine are generally much lower than those in pyroxene, a relationship we show to be indicative of in situ reduction resulting from exchange with the aubritic host. The names winonaites and forsterite chondrites have no taxonomic utility.
Correlates of experiencing life events just before or during pregnancy

This study evaluates the prevalence of selected life events around the time of pregnancy, examining changes in the prevalence of these events, and identifying maternal characteristics associated with these events. We used data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) to examine 18 stressful life events among women who recently gave birth and to identify maternal characteristics associated with these events. PRAMS is a mail sample survey with telephone follow-up for non-respondents. Sixty-four percent of women experienced at least one event. The prevalence of specific events ranged from 0.4 to 30%. Women who experienced events differed from those who did not. Most notably, women of low socioeconomic status (SES) were much more likely to experience stressful life events. These events were also associated with other demographic and behavioral characteristics after controlling for SES. These results have implications for interpreting studies of stressful life events. The strong associations with SES highlight the importance of controlling for SES in studies of life events and health, and of considering differences in SES when interpreting these studies.
DISPOSAL OF SWEET CHERRY PROCESSING BRINES

Alternative procedures for the disposal of waste calcium bisulfite cherry processing brine were investigated. SO2 concentrations in waste brine can be reduced to several hundred ppm by neutralization with lime and filtration or sedimentation to separate precipitated CaSO3. Lower SO2 concentrations can be achieved by oxidation with H2O2. Anaerobic storage of sludge and supernatant from neutralized brine may produce objectionable odors. Brine to be disposed in deep wells should be pretreated by neutralization and sedimentation. Substitution of Ca(H2PO4)2· H2O for CaCl2 in brine formulations to eliminate chloride from processing waste was not feasible.
The inactivation of α-1-proteinase inhibitor by gas-phase cigarette smoke: Protection by antioxidants and reducing species

The abilities of a number of compounds of biological interest to protect alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor (alPI) against the loss of elastase inhibitory capacity (EIC) resulting from exposure to gas-phase cigarette smoke have been tested. We have identified several species that protect AlPI. Amino acids prevent the loss of EIC in a manner that correlates with their pK alpha-values; only the unprotonated amine provides protection. Catalase partially prevents the loss of EIC, suggesting that hydrogen peroxide produced from the reduction of oxygen in cigarette smoke extracts is responsible for at least some of the smoke-induced inactivation. The best protection against smoke-induced loss of EIC was provided by two biologically important antioxidant species: glutathione and ascorbic acid. Both species provide almost complete protection to alPI under the experimental conditions used. The nature of species that protect AlPI against the inactivation caused by exposure to gas-phase smoke provides clues upon which speculations about the mechanism of this inactivation may be based. The identification of protective species could lead to the development of compounds that smokers could take (for example, vitamin C) that would protect their lung tissue against the oxidative damage caused by cigarette smoke.
Effect of washing and capacitating media pH on bull sperm motility, acrosome integrity, and ability to penetrate zona-free hamster oocytes.

Bovine-ejaculated sperm were washed thrice in bovine serum albumin-saline media, pH 7.2 to 8.4, and incubated at 37 degrees C in Ca++-free Tyrode's media. pH 7.2 to 8.4, for 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h. Motility was highest when sperm were washed in pH 7.2 medium and incubated in pH 8.0 or 8.4 media. Motility remained above 50% until 8 h. Washing in pH 7.6, 8.0, or 8.4 media induced more acrosome reactions after incubation than washing at pH 7.2. Percentage of acrosome-reacted sperm increased at each successive time period. Sperm penetrated more oocytes at 4, 6, and 8 h when wash medium pH was fixed at 7.2 and capacitating media pH was raised at .4 unit increments from 7.2 to 8.4. When sperm were washed in pH 7.2 medium, the postincubation penetration rates peaked at 8 h. With wash media of pH 7.6, 8.0, or 8.4, the postincubation penetration rates peaked at 4 h and then gradually declined. In conclusion, the most effective system for capacitating bull sperm was a pH 7.6 wash followed by capacitation in pH 7.6 medium for 4 to 8 h and this system resulted in the highest penetration rates. Wash media pH hastened capacitation but was not a capacitating agent.
EFFECTIVENESS OF DIRECT REWARD AND MODELING IN ESTABLISHMENT OF STANDARDS OF EXCELLENCE

Two procedures, modeling and direct reward, were presented as possible methods for studying one aspect of achievement behavior, namely, the tendency to set standards of excellence. A comparison of these two procedures was made to determine their relative efficacy for inducing the hypothesized standards of excellence. 84 boys (ages 7 to 11 yr.) were tested under 1 of the 6 conditions of a 2 × 3 factorial design. The two main variables were (a) the method used to establish a standard of excellence (modeling or direct reward) and (b) the level of standard that was established (low, high, or none). An analysis of the results in terms of a standard setting score (based on the pattern of self-reward) showed that both the direct-reward groups and the modeling groups exhibited standard setting. The direct-reward group, if anything, showed more standard setting than the modeling group did, due mainly to the low level of standard setting in the high-standard modeling group. These results were interpreted as providi...
Large entropy difference between terrace and step sites on surfaces.

Using atomic beam/surface scattering measurements to investigate the desorption kinetics of low-coverage Pb from Mo(100), we uncover a large entropy difference between Pb atoms at terrace and step sites, which should be general for adsorbates on surfaces at high temperatures. A line shape analysis of the transient desorption signal reveals the presence of two species with different lifetimes on the surface. An Arrhenius analysis of these lifetimes from 1150 to 1320 K provides the prefactors and desorption activation energies (332 and 411 kJ/mol) of these two states. A comparison of these energies to those measured directly via adsorption calorimetry strongly suggests that one state is a terrace-bound species. The other, more strongly bound species is attributed to steps. The more strongly bound step species has the higher rate constant for desorption because of its much larger desorption prefactor (9 × 10 19 vs 5 × 10 15 s -1 ). Within transition state theory, the ratio of these prefactors corresponds to 82 J/(mol K) higher entropy for the terrace species than for the step species. This large entropy difference is quantitatively reproduced by a simple model which assumes the terrace species is a 2D ideal gas parallel to the surface and the step species is a 1D ideal gas along the step edges. Such a difference will generally exist for adsorbed species when kBT exceeds the barrier height for adsorbate diffusion across terraces. A consequence of this large entropy difference is that the defect sites are much less populated relative to terrace sites than would be expected based on enthalpy alone. The measured prefactor for Pb desorption was used to analyze earlier surface lifetime measurements for Pb on MgO(100) to extract adsorption energies for that system, as well.
Relationships between childhood sexual abuse and substance use and sexual risk behaviors during adolescence: An integrative review.

Abstract Background Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is thought to be a precursor to substance use and sexual risk behaviors during adolescence. To inform adolescent prevention efforts, information is needed to explicate the nature of the relationships between CSA and these health risks. The aim of this study was to summarize the current literature on the associations between a history of CSA and substance use and sexual risk behaviors during adolescence. Methods We conducted a systematic literature search and an integrative review. Results Current evidence implicates CSA as a robust precursor to the use of a wide variety of substances and multiple sexual risk behaviors during adolescence. Conclusion Screening for CSA in adolescents at risk and incorporating strategies that enhance CSA recovery in adolescent prevention programs are warranted. Future research that includes longitudinal designs, uses multiple methods of assessment, and identifies pathways between CSA and adolescent health risks is recommended.
Citizenship Status and Military Service: The Quest For Inclusion by Minorities and Conscientious Objectors

This article examines the relations between citizenship status and military service asthey have affected the social standing of African Americans, women, and conscientiousobjectors in the United States. One purpose is to review evidence for the claim that there isa close connection between one's willingness to perform military service and one's accep-tance as a citizen. Ironically, while the military has become a more inclusive institution forminorities since the end of World War II, the political community has become less insistentin its demand that citizens ought to perform military service. A second purpose is to correct(somewhat) the frequent preoccupation with economic and political inequality in the studyof citizenship. I show that apart from and before the question of one's place in a hierarchyof possession, there is the question of whether one is recognized and respected as a memberin good standing of the political community. Despite obvious differences, minority groupsand conscientious objectors ...
PROTEIN DISPERSIBILITY AND EMULSION CHARACTERISTICS OF FOUR SOY PRODUCTS

The relationship between protein dispersibility (PDI) and certain emulsion characteristics of four soy products: an isolate, two concentrates (toasted and untoasted) and full-fat flakes, were examined at 5 pH's. PDI, emulsifying activity and emulsion stability were significantly affected by pH. Values for these parameters were lowest at pH 4.5, and increased at pH's above and below this point. Coefficients of determination indicated that pH is a major factor in determining the ability of a soy product to form an emulsion. A strong positive linear correlation between PDI and emulsifying activity and stability was found. The emulsification capacities of the isolate and untoasted concentrate were not affected by pH when the amount of dispersible protein was equalized.
Completing China's Move to the Market

Beginning in late 1978, by luck as much as design, China arrived at a strategy for market-oriented economic reform that combined substantial reform with rapid growth in GDP and exports. The sequencing of reform began with the 'easy to reform' sectors, agriculture and foreign trade, and then took up the more difficult task of reforming the large state-owned enterprises. With respect to agriculture, small-scale industry, and foreign investment, China found ways of introducing meaningful property rights into the increasingly marketized system. A partially unreformed financial system and inadequate autonomy of large state enterprises accounts, however, for the current stop-go nature of Chinese development.
Molecular weight distributions from sedimentation equilibrium of nonideal solutions

Abstract Sedimentation equilibrium experiments were performed on a sample of clinical dextran. The sample is similar to that used as a plasma extender. Experiments were conducted at both θ-point and conventional nonideal solution conditions. The differential MWD's as well as Mn, Mw, and Mz were calculated at their respective conditions. As theory predicts, the average molecular weights and the MWD's, of the dextran sample differed greatly when θ-point and nonideal results were compared. To solve this problem, theoretical and experimental treatments of sedimentation equilibrium data were developed to obtain the light scattering second virial coefficient (BLS). This BLS was then used as a means of correcting the data obtained from the nonideal solution experiments. The BLS corrected data was used to calculate the average molecular weights and MWD's of the dextran. The agreement between the average molecular weight and MWD results from the θ-point and the BLS corrected experiments was quite good. Prior to these experiments, the determination of MWD's by sedimentation equilibrium have been limited to θ-point solutions. As the results here indicate, this restriction has been removed.
Regional metamorphic dehydration and seismic hazard

We use a one-dimensional model of coupled heat transport, fluid transport, porosity feedback, and metamorphism to investigate how dehydration reactions, proceeding during burial of hydrous rocks in the footwall of thrusts or the hanging wall of normal faults, may influence the temporal evolution of pore fluid pressure (Pf). Based on a new interpretation of existing kinetic data for the dehydration of model serpentinite, we advance the hypothesis that Pf buildup to tensile failure may be possible within decades of the onset of dehydration in low permeability metamorphic rocks of the middle crust. This model contrasts with both: 1) typical earthquake nucleation models which involve preexisting fluids that play a passive role, responding to tectonic stresses rather than generating them and 2) conventional treatments of Pf generation based on equilibrium thermodynamics and constant rates of dehydration, which require 10³–106 years to produce significant Pf increases. Our results suggest that repeated cycles dehydration-induced seismicity are plausible in low permeability areas of the mid-crust, and can be sustained throughout an orogenic episode if fresh hydrous minerals descend into the metamorphic zone along the downgoing face of a thrust- or normal-fault system.
Noninvasive assessment of left ventricular performance in patients with ischemic heart disease: Ear densitographic study during uninterrupted treadmill exercise

Among 738 consecutive patients with chest pain referred for exercise testing, only 17 men fulfilled strict criteria for this pilot study: (1) achievement of at least 90 percent of age-predicted maximal heart rate or etectrocardtographic criteria for a positive test; (2) subsequent coronary anglography; (3) exclusion of prior heart disease; and (4) absence of medication. Measurements of systolic time intervals obtained with ear densitography during early exercise differentiated 10 patients with coronary artery disease (Group 1) from 17 men (7 patients plus 10 normal volunteers) with normal coronary arteries (Group 2). Despite nearly identical heart rate and blood pressure responses In both groups, men In Group 1 had a significantly greater reduction of preelection period (PEP) at 1 minute and 4 minutes as well as a greater decrease hi PEP/LVET (left ventricular ejection time) ratio. Differences were most significant when expressed as percent change of PEPLVET ratio from control value (p <0.001 at both 1 minute and 4 minutes). After 4 minutes, men in Group 1 had no further decrease in PEPLVET ratio and in 8 of the 10 men PEPLVET ratio then increased to peak exercise. By contrast, PEPLVET ratio continued to decrease to peak exercise in men In Group 2. The early floor in PEPLVET ratio In Group 1 represents limited functional reserve and the subsequent increase suggests functional deterioration. Thus, densHographic systolic time interval measurements during uninterrupted exercise in unmedlcated subjects appear to improve the sensitivity and specificity of the conventional treadmill test.
Parental Divorce and Attitudes toward Marriage and Family Life.

Respondents from a national survey of Australians between the ages of 18 and 34 who experienced parental divorce as children were compared with respondents who grew up in continuously intact families or who experienced parental death as children on 8 measures of attitudes toward marriage and family life. Compared with respondents from intact families those from divorced families hold more negative attitudes toward their families of origin. Few differences emerged between groups in their attitudes toward the advantages and disadvantages of marriage living together or singlehood once other family-of-origin variables were statistically controlled. Examination of individual items from a family values scale reveals that adults from divorced families of origin hold relatively complex views of marriage; they value marriage but are aware of its limitations and are tolerant toward its alternatives. (authors)
Influence of poles on equioscillation in rational approximation

The error curve for the rational best approximation of ƒ ∈ C[−1, 1] is characterized by the well-known equioscillation property. Contrary to the polynomial case, the distribution of these alternations is not governed by the equilibrium distribution. It is known that these points need not be dense in [−1, 1]. The reason is the influence of the distribution of the poles of rational approximants. In this paper, we generalize the results known so far to situations where the requirements for the degrees of numerators and denominators are less restrictive.