cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consumer Perceptions of Electric Cars: The Effects of Exposure

This study considered the effect of exposure to an electric car on respondents’ perceptions of the car. Results indicate that buyers’ perceptions on certain dimensions do improve after exposure. This is relevant because of the large budgets spent on demonstration of electric vehicles (EV) in particular, and other technical products in general. Conclusions are drawn which may benefit the DOE, and EV manufacturers.
Anévrysme de l’artère splénique et grossesse : revue de la littérature

The aneurysm of the splenic artery (SAA) is rare. His rupture is one cause of non-obstetrical hemoperitoneum and abdominal pain during pregnancy. The increased splanchnic and splenic arterial blood flow due to pregnant uterus by compression of the aorta and iliac vessels, and alterations of the arterial wall structures, induced by hormonal modifications, are thought to be the principal factor in SAA development and rupture. The emergency splenectomy during pregnancy has been reported in over 100patients in the literature and appears to be associated with a maternal mortality rate around 75% and a fetal mortality rate around 95%. According to literature review, adequate surgical treatment and a multidisciplinary approach including surgeons and obstetricians is needed to lead to a decrease in the rates of maternal and fetal mortality in cases of SAA. The midline laparotomy seems to improve materno-fetal prognosis. Therefore, physicians should be aware of ruptured SAA in case of hemoperitoneum in pregnant woman. When the pathology is suspected, prompt diagnosis, immediate resuscitation and surgical management of rupture of SAA in an appropriate structure are needed to ensure survival of both mother and fetus.
Hypertonic resuscitation: physiologic mechanisms and recommendations for trauma care.

Hypertonic saline solutions, with or without added colloid, have received extensive evaluation as volume expanders in both animal studies and clinical trials. Most studies have used 75% NaCl/6% dextran 70 (HSD). HSD's primary mechanism of action is rapid osmotic mobilization of cellular water into the blood volume. The measured volume expansion efficiency of HSD is equal to 10 times that of lactated Ringer's solution. Part of HSD's effectiveness is because of the hyperosmotic vasodilation of both systemic and pulmonary vessels. Increased cardiac effectiveness occurs because of the combination of increased preload (venous return) and reduced afterload (vasodilation). Increased cardiac contractility also has been reported in several studies and may play a role, but other studies refute a direct effect on contractility. HSD has been shown to be effective and safe with preexisting dehydration. Animal studies of immune function suggest that increased osmolarity prevents T-cell depression and decreases neutrophil activation. Several perioperative and eight randomized, blinded trauma trials have shown safety and reduced volume needs and suggest increased survival, particularly in head- and penetrating-injury patients. Infusion rates for HSD of 10 to 20 minutes may be recommended for the initial resuscitation of hypotensive trauma.
Intel® Xeon Phi coprocessor (codename Knights Corner)

This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation on Intel's Xeon Phi (Knights Corner] coprocessor. Some of the specific topics discussed include: the special features and applications supported by Xeon Phi; Intel's integrated core architecture; coprocessor system specifications and architecture; memory management; media streaming capabilities; and system performance evaluations.
Law and Theory: Pre-modern and Contemporary Development of Islamic Discourse on Rebellion

Scholars have argued that the early theoretical and historical discourses concerning concepts of rebellion and political violence within Islam, specifically Sunni Islam, developed during a time of conflict within the early Islamic Community. In their quest for stability and desire for the preservation of order, early Muslim jurists used key moments in the history of the early Community, as well as doctrinal sources, in order to construct a theoretical discourse addressing rebellion and obedience to authority. Similar to the methods of the early jurists, the construction of contemporary discourses concerning obedience and rebellion have been used by modern Islamic scholars in order to confront issues involving protesting and political violence, especially as they relate to contemporary events such as socio-political movements, dissent, and notably, the Arab Uprisings. The purpose of this paper is to provide a survey of these pre-modern and contemporary discourses and how their contexts influence Islamic legal approaches.
Images of African Americans in Advertising, PR, and Social Media

Chapter 4 focuses on images of African Americans in advertising, PR, and social media. Because many of the stereotypes, cultural narratives, and frames that exist today originated in historical advertisements of products and services, we begin with an in-depth analysis of antebellum racial and ethnic advertisements in mass media. Starting with the 1800s, we trace the evolution of longstanding racial stereotypes, which provides context for the subsequent chapters of our text. Topics include how and why African Americans have been depicted as they have in advertisements, PR, and social media. The chapter presents implications for self-presentation in new media platforms. A case study on President Barack Obama’s early social media presence concludes this chapter.
Pressures to improve student performance: A context that both urges and impedes school-based research

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB, 2002) elevates the importance of educational research and thereby provides opportunities for mathematics education researchers in its support for and funding of rigorous research studies and its requirement of effective, research-based practices. At the same time, by demanding more of overburdened teachers and administrators, NCLB may exacerbate a long-standing gulf between educational research and practice. We use our recent experiences with conducting school-based research to illustrate how educational research can be impeded by the added demands of NCLB and other factors in the current climate. In addition, we hope to begin a dialogue that will encourage researchers and practitioners to work together to capitalize on NCLB's increased emphasis on educational research to create a systematic approach to bridging the research-practice gulf.
Catechol reactivity: Synthesis of dopamine derivatives substituted at the 6-position

ABSTRACTDopamine is a ubiquitous neurotransmitter essential in the proper functioning of the human body. In addition to this critical role, the catecholamine core has shown utility as a scaffold for numerous drugs and in other applications, like metal detection and adhesive materials. Substituents at the 6-position of dopamine’s catechol core can modulate its stereoelectronic properties, the acidity of its phenolic hydroxyl groups, and the overall hydrophobicity of the molecule. Herein, we report the synthesis of a series of four novel dopamine analogues substituted at the 6-position of catechol core. The 1H NMR chemical shift of the aromatic proton meta to the substituent correlated strongly with the Hammett σm constant, confirming the electronic properties of substituents.
Probabilistic Modeling for Crowdsourcing Partially-Subjective Ratings

While many methods have been proposed to ensure data quality for objective tasks (in which a single correct response is presumed to exist for each item), estimating data quality with subjective tasks remains largely unexplored. Consider the popular task of collecting instance ratings from human judges: while agreement tends be high for instances having extremely good or bad properties, instances with more middling properties naturally elicit a wider variance in opinion. In addition, because such subjectivity permits a valid diversity of responses, it can be difficult to detect if a judge does not undertake the task in good faith. To address this, we propose a probabilistic, heteroskedastic model in which the means and variances of worker responses are modeled as functions of instance attributes. We derive efficient Expectation Maximization (EM) learning and variational inference algorithms for parameter estimation. We apply our model to a large dataset of 24,132 Mechanical Turk ratings of user experience in viewing videos on smartphones with varying hardware capabilities. Results show that our method is effective at both predicting user ratings and in detecting unreliable respondents.
Poly-tetrakis-5,10,15,20-(4-aminophenyl)porphyrin Films as Two-Electron Oxygen Reduction Photoelectrocatalysts for the Production of H2O2

Thin films of electropolymerized porphyrin polymers, poly-tetrakis-5,10,15,20-(4-aminophenyl)porphyrin (pTAPP) and its cobalt derivative (pCoTAPP), were found to be electrocatalysts and photoelectrocatalysts for the photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide via a two-electron reduction of oxygen. On glassy carbon (GC) electrodes, oxygen reduction potentials were measured at −0.58 (GC), −0.40 (pTAPP), and −0.05 V (pCoTAPP), compared to Pt at +0.34 V (all vs Ag/AgCl). Thin electrode films were tested as photosynthetic electrocatalysts using small positive bias potentials (0.0 to +0.3 V) and specifically measuring H2O2 production. pTAPP achieved turnover numbers (TON) of 5–6, while pCoTAPP showed TON of 14–23. Faradaic efficiency in both cases was initially high, about 50%, but decreased over 1 h.
Extending Antimicrobial Stewardship to All Hospitalized Children: The Time Is Now.

Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat to human health regardless of age or geography,1 and the most rapidly modifiable cause for antimicrobial resistance is antimicrobial use.2 In the United States, 1287 antibiotic prescriptions are written for every 1000 children 0 to 2 years of age annually, up to half of which are inappropriately prescribed or completely unnecessary.3 Antimicrobial exposure is not benign and may result in far-reaching and lifelong ramifications for child health and development, including risks of adverse drug events,4 Clostridium difficile infection,5 and long-term risks for developing obesity.6 Given the impact of inappropriate antimicrobial use on human health, it is no surprise that antimicrobial stewardship is an emerging focus of national and international health agencies7 and regulatory agencies, such as The Joint Commission.8 In the United States, laws mandating the development and implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) have already been passed in California and Missouri. As stated in the Missouri law, “each hospital and ambulatory surgical center, excluding mental health facilities, shall establish an antibiotic stewardship program for evaluating the judicious use of antibiotics, especially antibiotics that are the last line of defense against resistant infections.”9 Hospitals that treat both children and adults may face greater challenges to implementing ASPs than freestanding …
GRIP: A university's program develops tracks to bridges, a professional development opportunity

Data literacy education provides an opportunity for libraries and departments to collaborate to meet the rapidly changing needs of students, faculty, and researcher. Expertise is required and expected in so many areas that navigating the changing climate can be overwhelming. However, a large midwestern university has developed a library-facilitated initiative that delivers instructional content to graduate students, postdocs, and faculty on the matters on data management and professional managements. The program has designed two tracks covering topics like professional identity, creating data management plans, understanding funding agency requirements, and others. This paper will discuss the development and maturation of the program, as well as the needs assessment techniques that inform the future practices of the program. This paper will provide a possible solution to bridging the information gaps on data management topics for graduate students and translating those gaps into bridges of understanding and collaboration. This work in progress paper will discuss the challenges with this project, insights, and future directions for the program.
Use, applicability and reliability of depth of hypnosis monitors in children - A survey among members of the European Society for Paediatric Anaesthesiology

To assess the thoughts of practicing anaesthesiologists about the use of depth of hypnosis monitors in children. Members of the European Society for Paediatric Anaesthesiology were invited to participate in an online survey about their thoughts regarding the use, applicability and reliability of hypnosis monitoring in children. The survey achieved a response rate of 30% (N = 168). A total of 138 completed surveys were included for further analysis. Sixty-eight respondents used hypnosis monitoring in children (Users) and 70 did not (Non-users). Sixty-five percent of the Users reported prevention of intra-operative awareness as their main reason to apply hypnosis monitoring. Among the Non-users, the most frequently given reason (43%) not to use hypnosis monitoring in children was the perceived lack or reliability of the devices in children. Hypnosis monitoring is used with a higher frequency during propofol anaesthesia than during inhalation anaesthesia. Hypnosis monitoring is furthermore used more frequently in children > 4 years than in younger children. An ideal hypnosis monitor should be reliable for all age groups and any (combination of) anaesthetic drug. We found no agreement in the interpretation of monitor index values and subsequent anaesthetic interventions following from it. Prevention of intraoperative awareness appears to be the most important reason to use hypnosis monitoring in children. The perceived lack of reliability of hypnosis monitoring in children is the most important reasons not to use it. No consensus currently exists on how to adjust anaesthesia according to hypnosis monitor index values in children.
Selective Cd Removal From CdTe for High-Efficiency Te Back-Contact Formation

The presence of a Te-rich surface or an elemental Te layer is beneficial for the formation of a low-barrier back contact for high-efficiency CdTe solar cells. Etching processes are widely used to form Te-rich CdTe surfaces, while deposition processes such as evaporation are used to form elemental Te layers. Here, we show that a reaction between methylammonium iodide (CH3NH3I, MAI) and CdTe can be used to simply and controllably produce elemental Te over a wide processing window. Both X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of a Te layer. The MAI-produced Te layer reduces the Schottky barrier height, improves the open-circuit voltage ( V OC) and fill factor, and outperforms contacts formed with the evaporated Te. We examined the effect of MAI reaction temperature and the amount of Cu needed to optimize the device. CdS/CdTe stacks that were treated with a 125 mM MAI solution and heated to 125 °C for 10 min showed the best power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.1%, while the best efficiency of a standard device without treatment was 13.0%, and the best PCE of an evaporated Te layer was 13.8%. Notably, the improved efficiency for the MAI-treated devices was achieved with less Cu than was required for the standard device. With an indium tin oxide back electrode, the PCE was also improved from 11.0% to 12.2% with MAI treatment, providing a potential route for fabricating high-efficiency transparent or bifacial CdTe solar cells.
Varieties of Causal Modeling: How Optimal Research Design Varies by Explanatory Strategy

Structural equation (SE) models provide a statistical model summarizing a multivariate probability distribution in terms of linear equations. When researchers interpret a SE model in terms of causal relationships, the SE model serves as a causal model. Researchers also give causal interpretations to models not currently expressible as SE models. Recognizing that both sets of models have expanding membership, the present chapter focuses primarily on the intersection of these two sets: causally interpreted SE models.
Interactivity and electronic communication: an experimental study of mediated feedback

Interpersonal critical feedback is a particularly important form of organizational communication. With the rise of distributed work practices, virtual teams, and other non-collocated forms of work, feedback must increasingly be communicated through electronic means. Electronic communication media can reduce and distort contextual information, affect the interpretation of social cues, and shape relationships among communicators. This dissertation develops a theory of communication interactivity and presents two experimental studies designed to understand how the interactivity of a communication environment affects the delivery and interpretation of critical feedback. In both experiments a participant received critical feedback about a document (s)he had written. The feedback was delivered in one of four mediated communication conditions. In two conditions, both the feedback provider and feedback recipient used the same communication medium, either videoconferencing or instant messaging. The other two conditions used mixed-media environments in which one participant sent messages through videoconferencing while the other replied using instant messaging. The first experiment examined how the communication environment affected both the critic and the feedback recipient, with experimental subjects in both roles. The second experiment focused only on the recipient's reaction to criticism, so that uniform feedback was delivered to all participants by a confederate. The results of these experiments suggest that feedback delivery, interpretation, and use are affected by the communication environment. When feedback was delivered in videoconferencing instead of instant messaging, recipients found it less negative, formed better impressions of the critic, and believed the feedback more. Recipients were more likely to incorporate the critic's suggestions into their document when the critic was sending feedback through videoconferencing, and when the recipient was able to reply in videoconferencing. There is some evidence that men and women react to communication media differently in the feedback process. The experiments provide limited support for the theory of interactivity in electronically mediated communication developed here.
Precursor purity effects on solution-based growth of MAPbBr3 single crystals towards efficient radiation sensing

Organometallic halide perovskite (OMHPs) single crystals have recently gained attention for high-energy radiation detection due to their low trap state densities, high bulk resistivities, excellent stopping power and cost-effective solution growth. An integral focus for radiation sensing materials is the reduction of trap states to enhance charge transport properties. In this perspective, we investigate the use of high and low purity precursors for growth to understand impurity inclusion, as well as effects on structural properties due to impurities. Using both high purity and low purity precursors, we report minimal effects on impurity inclusion observed via Raman, ToF-SIMS and X-ray diffraction. Through SEM analysis, we observe that the particle size in the grown single crystal increased on average by a factor of two to five, when using high purity precursors. The microstructural changes affect the recombination mechanisms, promoting longer charge carrier lifetimes (τavg), where time-resolved photoluminescence shows a large increase from τavg = 1.26 × 10−6 s (low purity) to τavg = 1.18 × 10−4 s (high purity). We further investigate the purity effects with alpha radiation detection, demonstrating charge collection efficiency and observing an increase in charge collection by 32 ± 30% using the higher purity precursors. The microstructural differences in growth are herein proposed to be caused by nucleation from the impurities present in the solution, thereby adversely affecting the electronic properties of the MAPbBr3 single crystals. In this perspective, we provide a deeper understanding of the effects of precursor purity on solution-based single crystal growth of OMHPs towards development of efficient radiation sensors and optoelectronic devices.
Co-Occurrence of Myeloid Sarcoma of the Lymph Node and Acute Monocytic Myeloid Leukemia: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Background Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common leukemia in adults. According to the French-American-British (FAB) system, monocytic leukemia is classified as M5. Myeloid sarcoma further occurs in 3-5% of AML. This is defined as an extramedullary tumor of myeloid cells in the lymph nodes, soft tissues, periosteum, bone, central nervous system (CNS), spinal cord, intestine, mediastinum, prostate, uterus, or ovaries. Case presentation Here, we describe the case of a 29-year-old female who presented with fever, swelling of gums, neck pain, and weakness, which had persisted for 1 week. The patient had a white blood cell (WBC) count of 53.5 K/μL, and a peripheral smear revealed a myeloid blast cell (blast) percentage of 8%. Computed tomography (CT) of the neck indicated lymphadenopathy. Fine needle aspiration of the cervical lymph node showed groups of atypical immature myeloid cells, mixed with occasional megakaryocytes, and infiltration of eosinophilic myeloid cells into the lymph node, consistent with myeloid sarcoma. Flow cytometry analysis revealed intermediate to large circulating blasts, with irregular nuclei, fine chromatin, and distinct nucleoli, indicative of AML, with monocytic differentiation. The patient responded well to chemotherapy with fludarabine, cytarabine, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), and idarubicin; WBC counts returned to normal and patient was discharged to home. Conclusion Myeloid sarcoma of the lymph node is a rare co-occurrence with AML. Results of our study are consistent with the conclusion that early diagnosis and appropriate treatment improve survival.
In-Phase and Out-of-Phase Oscillations in BWRs: Impact of Azimuthal Asymmetry and Second Pair of Eigenvalues

Stability and bifurcation analyses of boiling water reactors have been carried out using a reduced-order two-channel model developed earlier by Karve et al. To parameterize azimuthal asymmetry in c...
Occurrence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Pest Flies Captured in Leafy Greens Plots Grown Near a Beef Cattle Feedlot

ABSTRACT Leafy greens are leading vehicles for Escherichia coli O157:H7 foodborne illness. Pest flies can harbor this pathogen and may disseminate it to produce. We determined the occurrence of E. ...
Nephrolithiasis in Chronic Kidney Disease

Nephrolithiasis and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are two common entities that are increasing in prevalence and are associated with high costs. Each may serve as an independent risk factor for the other while also serving as dual manifestations of certain inherited conditions. Part one of this chapter highlights the relationship of nephrolithiasis and CKD, while the second part focuses on specific inherited conditions associated with both entities. Part three will briefly touch on management issues for those afflicted with both diseases.
Sinus irrigation penetration after balloon sinuplasty vs functional endoscopic sinus surgery in a cadaveric model.

Background Nasal irrigation is a cornerstone of treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis. The purpose of this study was to quantify irrigation penetration to the sinuses following balloon sinuplasty and functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Methods Balloon sinuplasty followed by FESS was performed on 4 cadaver heads. Using a high-volume, high-flow bottle, each head was irrigated with fluorescein-dyed water prior to and following each procedure, and recorded by rigid endoscopy through trephinations. Three blinded, fellowship-trained rhinologists reviewed videos and scored the extent of staining (using an accepted scale of 0 to 3) for each site. Results The mean score prior to any procedure was maxillary sinus 1.67, frontal sinus 1.29, and nasal cavity 1.71. After balloon sinuplasty the mean was maxillary 2.25, frontal 2.04, and nasal cavity 2.17. After FESS the mean was maxillary 2.75, frontal 2.08, and nasal cavity 2.63. There was a statistically significant increase for both maxillary (p = 0.005) and frontal sinuses (p = 0.006) following balloon sinuplasty. There was a statistically significant increase following FESS compared to balloon for the maxillary sinus (p = 0.003), but not the frontal sinus (p = 0.96). Interrater reliability was good, with Cronbach's alpha of 0.85. Conclusion Irrigation improved in all sinuses following balloon sinuplasty and FESS. There was further improvement to the maxillary sinus after FESS; however, there was no difference in irrigation to the frontal sinuses following FESS compared to balloon sinuplasty. Extended frontal sinus approaches such as the Modified Lothrop procedure should be considered if more extensive access for irrigation is required.
Flaws of the OO paradigm: a perspective from the procedural side

Developers are familiar with the benefits of OO programming such as encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. The difficulties with OO programming are less well known, though there are many. Good developers should know both the strengths and weaknesses of the tools they use. This paper is a survey of common issues encountered when developers try to apply OO principles to large, complex real-world software projects.
A behavioral intervention can decrease asthma exacerbations in older adults.

Abstract Background Older adults have higher rates of asthma morbidity and mortality compared with younger age groups. Few interventions are tailored to this population. Objective To evaluate a self-management asthma intervention in older adults. Methods Adults age 55 and older with persistent asthma were enrolled into blinded, randomized controlled trial of a 6-session asthma self-management intervention. This educational intervention was conducted in group sessions and through individual telephone calls. Outcomes including asthma exacerbations (defined as unscheduled office visits, emergency department visits, or hospitalizations for asthma), spirometric values, FeNO, asthma control, asthma quality of life, and asthma self-management were assessed at 3, 6, and 12 months. Results One hundred eighty-nine subjects were enrolled, 172 were randomized and received at least 1 treatment dose, and 145 (84%) were analyzed at 12 months. On a modified intent-to-treat analysis, those in the intervention group were less likely to have an asthma exacerbation (26.9% vs 47.1%, P = .01), had a lower asthma exacerbation rate (0.8 vs 1.9, P = .02), had better asthma control (19.9 vs 18.6, P = .08), and had a higher asthma self-management score (8.9 vs 8.4, P = .03). After a mixed-model analysis to control for confounding factors, a decrease in asthma exacerbations (P = .02), as well as a decreased asthma exacerbation rate (P = .04), remained statistically significant, whereas asthma control and self-management did not. No other significant outcome differences were found. Conclusion A 6-session asthma self-management intervention can successfully decrease asthma exacerbations among older adults.
Race, Labor, and the Future of Work

Amidst the full-throttle optimism surrounding the promise of automation to revolutionize the workplace and transform society for the better, there are concerns about the potential of such technologies to also widen the gulf of economic inequality. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his now iconic “I have a Dream” speech at the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Although the March is now mostly remembered for its platitudes on multiracial unity, the true driving force of the March was to explicitly link the economic justice demands of workers to the demand for civil rights for racial minorities. And at the time of his assassination, Dr. King was in Memphis to march with sanitation workers and garbage collectors who had been spurred into action after unsafe working conditions led to the death of their colleagues. In the coming future of work, lax labor protections present a dire situation for workers who are racial minorities. While undoubtedly there are new labor markets and novel work opportunities created by the technological capability for decentralized management and remote work, the rhetoric around automation tends to elide the disparities between those who enjoy its benefits and those who bear the burden of being its draught horses. This chapter examines how race factors into the demographics of the workforce of the gig economy and other precarious jobs that are creating a planetary labor market – opening up new labor markets in developing nations but without the same labor protections as those in economically privileged countries. The chapter observes that racial minorities disproportionately perform the precarious work created by the gig economy and that the jobs at danger for full automation, such as retail and care work, are jobs held by white women and racial minorities. Meanwhile, technological advancements such as automated hiring and wearable technologies also portend that the future of work may have lob-sided benefits. Governmental action is necessary to ensure that the future of work is not a dystopia for all workers, but especially for more vulnerable workers of color.
An Augmented Bayesian Reputation Metric for Trustworthiness Evaluation in Consensus-based Distributed Microgrid Energy Management Systems with Energy Storage

Consensus-based distributed microgrid energy management system is one of the most used distributed control strategies in the microgrid area. To improve its cybersecurity, the system needs to evaluate the trustworthiness of the participating agents in addition to the conventional cryptography efforts. This paper proposes a novel augmented reputation metric to evaluate the agents' trustworthiness in a distributed fashion. The proposed metric adopts a novel augmentation method to substantially improve the trust evaluation and attack detection performance under three typical difficult-to-detect attack patterns. The proposed metric is implemented and validated on a real-time HIL microgrid testbed.
Role of magnetic flux expulsion to reach Q 0 >3 ×10 10 in superconducting rf cryomodules

When a superconducting radiofrequency cavity is cooled through its critical temperature, ambient magnetic flux can become ``frozen in'' to the superconductor, resulting in degradation of the quality factor. This is especially problematic in applications where quality factor is a cost driver, such as in the cw linac for LCLS-II. Previously, it had been unknown how to prevent flux from being trapped during cooldown in bulk niobium cavities, but recent R studies showed near-full flux expulsion can be achieved through high temperature heat treatment and cooling cavities through the superconducting transition with a spatial thermal gradient over the surface. In this paper, we describe the first accelerator implementation of these procedures, in cryomodules that are currently being produced for LCLS-II. We compare the performance of cavities under different conditions of heat treatment and thermal gradient during cooldown, showing a substantial improvement in performance when both are applied, enabling cryomodules to reach and, in many cases, exceed a ${Q}_{0}$ of $\ensuremath{\sim}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{10}$.
Evaluation of competing risks prediction models using polytomous discrimination index

For competing risks data, it is often important to predict a patient's outcome status at a clinically meaningful time point after incorporating the informative censoring due to competing risks. This can be done by adopting a regression model that relates the cumulative incidence probabilities to a set of covariates. To assess the performance of the resulting prediction tool, we propose an estimator of the polytomous discrimination index applicable to competing risks data, which can quantify a prognostic model's ability to discriminate among subjects from different outcome groups. The proposed estimator allows the prediction model to be subject to model misspecification and enjoys desirable asymptotic properties. We also develop an efficient computation algorithm that features a computational complexity of O(n log n). A perturbation resampling scheme is developed to achieve consistent variance estimation. Numerical results suggest that the estimator performs well under realistic sample sizes. We apply the proposed methods to a study of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.
Brian Reynolds, Public Visibility, and Gay Stardom

Once gracing the covers of numerous gay newspapers and magazines, Brian Reynolds was a key figure of Los Angeles’ emergent gay adult film industry of the late 1960s. He had all but disappeared from...
Ascending aorta mechanics and dimensions in aortopathy – from science to application

The ascending aorta has a unique microstructure and biomechanical properties that allow it to absorb energy during systole and return energy during diastole (Windkessel effect). Derangements in aortic architecture can result in changes to biomechanics and inefficiencies in function. Ultimately biomechanical failure may occur resulting in aortic dissection or rupture. By measuring aortic biomechanics with either in vivo or ex vivo methods, one may be able to predict tissue failure in patients with aortic disease such as aneurysms. An understanding of the biomechanical changes that lead to these tissue-level failures may help guide therapy, disease surveillance, surgical intervention, and aid in the development of new treatments for this deadly condition.
To Sue or Not To Sue

In this paper, we investigate if the perceived name-based ethnicity of CEOs influences the probability of shareholder class-action lawsuits. Using machine learning algorithms on CEO names, we develop an objective proxy of name-based ethnicity and find that, firms managed by ‘foreign-sounding’ CEOs exhibit a lower probability of class-action lawsuits. Our results are robust to matched sample analysis, Heckman two-stage selection, alternate model specifications as well as use of an alternate methodology. We further find that succession of a foreign sounding CEO by a non-foreign-sounding CEO significantly increases the probability of class-action lawsuits. Our paper has important implications for firms, especially in high litigation industries or high litigation situations. Hiring a foreign-sounding CEO can significantly reduce the likelihood of lawsuits and hence, costs associated with lawsuits. However, despite the lower probability of class-action lawsuits, we do not see more firms being managed by foreign sounding CEOs.
iDDAF: An Intelligent Deceptive Data Acquisition Framework for Secure Cyber-Physical Systems

Internet of Things (IoT) and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) are creating hybrid platforms that are becoming ubiquitous in all modern infrastructure. As complex and heterogeneous systems are getting integrated, a malicious user can have tremendous opportunities to infiltrate networks, steal sensitive information, inject cleverly crafted false data into measurements, or overwhelm networks with fake packets. Such malicious activities can prevent legitimate requests or even mislead the control center to make erroneous decisions. Agility-based defense mechanisms are robust in deceiving adversaries by randomizing the sensor data at different communication hierarchy levels. While misleading the attackers, the control center must retrieve the actual data to operate the system correctly. Existing mechanisms consider sharing the exact remapping pattern with the control center. Such direct sharing raises the concern of further attacks on them and communication overheads. Hence, we propose iDDAF, an intelligent deception defense-based data acquisition framework that leverages system-agnostic prediction and remapping model at the controller level to ensure a comprehensive security solutions (CIA triad) for any hierarchical CPSs network. In this framework, the data reporting/relaying nodes randomize the associated sensor addresses/IDs and add decoy data, while the prediction mechanism at the control center reassigns the original IDs to the measurements and impute the missing data if necessary. Hence, any reconnaissance attempt fails, artfully altered measurements turn into random data injections, making it easy to remove them as outliers. Experimental results on the standard IEEE 14 bus system show that iDDAF can detect and completely mitigate different types of cyberattacks.
Bayes Strategies as Adaptive Behavior

The central tendency or regression effect is one of the most commonly observed phenomena in psychophysical judgment tasks. By regression effect we refer to the fact that the subject tends to overestimate the low values in the stimulus distribution and underestimate the high values. One interpretation, which is unsatisfactory if one poses as a goal an understanding of such behavior, is that this and other observed phenomena represent biases and errors on the part of the subject. If, on the other hand, we assume that the individual is an adaptive organism who behaves optimally in such situations, then we are faced with the problem of showing in what terms the observed effects represent optimal behavior.
Toxic shock syndrome: An ecologic imbalance within the genital microflora of women?

Epidemiologic data suggested that toxic shock syndrome (TSS) may be caused by an imbalance among the flora of the female genital tract. Since natural defense mechanisms often involve antagonistic interactions between the flora and potential pathogens, the ability of genital lactobacilli to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus was determined in agar overlay assays. Lactobacilli were chosen for study because previous investigations had suggested an important role for this genus in maintenance of health of the female genital tract. Fourteen of 50 strains of lactobacilli and Lactinex inhibited the growth of certain staphylococci, including strains from cases of TSS. The inhibitory activity of some lactobacilli was variable and could be enhanced by exogenously supplied substrates. Growth of one consistently inhibitory lactobacillus was inhibited by Staphylococcus aureus. A model for the etiology of toxic shock syndrome in menstruating women is proposed. The model includes antagonistic interactions between lactobacilli and staphylococci and the influence of tampons on these interactions to favor the staphylococcus.
Evaluation of Mixed-Mode Data-Link Communications for NextGen 4DT and Equivalent Visual Surface Operations

By 2025, U.S. air traffic is predicted to increase 3-fold and may strain the current air traffic management system, which may not be able to accommodate this growth. In response to this challenge, a revolutionary new concept has been proposed for U.S. aviation operations, termed the Next Generation Air Transportation System or NextGen. Many key capabilities are being identified to enable NextGen, including the use of data-link communications. Because NextGen represents a radically different approach to air traffic management and requires a dramatic shift in the tasks, roles, and responsibilities for the flight deck, there are numerous research issues and challenges that must be overcome to ensure a safe, sustainable air transportation system. Flight deck display and crew-vehicle interaction concepts are being developed that proactively investigate and overcome potential technology and safety barriers that might otherwise constrain the full realization of NextGen. The paper describes simulation research examining data-link communications during 4DT and equivalent visual surface operations.
Reuse in model-based systems engineering

In model-based systems engineering, systems are built as models. Models are abstractions, since they are not the real physical parts, but a data representation of then in a computer. As such, it is tempting to establish a methodology and a system in which models can be shared among projects. When an engineer creates new models of components in a new project, her past experience in making similar components, as well as that of her colleagues, can be easily reused since no physical limitations get in the way. Models in our case are actually mathematical equations. Yet, the wide variety of design tools makes it difficult to take an existing component model created in one tool and reuse it in another. This problem is often classified as ‘tools interoperability’ where models need to be shared among tools. Scenarios which give rise to such needs occur when teams collaborate on the same project, but belong to different organizations or different disciplines. Yet, the advantage of reuse is very obvious and presents a certain use case for interoperability. Our scenario would be a systems engineering organization that needs to support reuse in its design work. Our use-case would be different than the problem of product-lines. There, components are designed for ease of customization to match different, but similar requirements, while sharing one source that can be varied towards multiple different outcomes. Here, reuse can be applied too over a design for a product-line. Internet of Things (IoT) and design patterns will be looked at as well to be proper candidates to benefit from the approach to reuse as will be presented in this paper.
Getting to the Heart of Emotions and Consciousness

Publisher Summary This chapter aims to open a path that penetrates to the core of affective experience—to the heart of emotion and consciousness. Opening such a path requires a consistent view of the integral wholeness of life; that is, it requires foundational experiential understandings of commonly separated aspects, precisely such aspects as emotion and consciousness, and more finely, empathy and altruism, for example, aggression and submission, disgust and joy. In light of this requirement, phylogeny and ontogeny are of signal importance as are phenomenological analyses. These facts and analyses provide the descriptive foundations necessary for foundational experiential understandings. Common topics in investigations of social emotions such as empathy and altruism rarely provide descriptive foundations.
Nonlinear Burkitt lymphoma risk patterns with age and CD4 lymphocyte count among persons with AIDS in the United States

Background Trimodal age-specific incidence rates for Burkitt lym- phoma (BL) were observed in the U.S. general popula- tion, particularly among men. Because BL is AIDS- related, it is not known whether trimodal incidence peaks occur independently of immunosuppression. We therefore investigated age-specific BL incidence in per- sons with AIDS (PWA). Methods and adult/geriatric years, whereas the incidence rates for other NHLs increased from childhood to adult- hood. Compared to PWA aged 32-39 years, the adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) for BL was signifi- cantly elevated among PWA aged 0-19 years (2.3, 95% CI 1.2-4.4). The adjusted IRR for BL among PWA aged 20-31 years was significantly decreased (0.6, 95% CI 0.4-0.8), but the adjusted IRRs for BL among PWA aged 40-51 years, 52-59 years, and aged 60 years or older were not significantly different (1.0, 95% CI 0.8- 1.3), (0.8, 95% CI 0.4-1.4), and (1.4, 95% CI 0.7-2.7), respectively. The risk for BL among PWA with <50 CD4 lymphocytes/µL was 0.3 (95% CI=0.2-0.6) of those with ≥250 CD4 lymphocytes/µL, whereas the incidence for other NHLs rose with decreasing CD4 lymphocyte counts.
Role of Patient Factors and Practice Patterns in Determining Access to Liver Waitlist

Geographic variability in access to care is a persistent challenge in transplantation. Little is known about how patients with end-stage liver disease are chosen for referral, evaluation and listing. Utilizing death certificate data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from 2002 to 2009, estimated liver demand (ELD) was measured by aggregating annual deaths from liver disease and liver transplants performed in each donor service area (DSA). In DSAs with higher ELD, more patients per capita were listed for transplantation (p < 0.001). In addition, listing rates per ELD varied fivefold across DSAs, with more patients per ELD being transplanted in DSAs with higher listing rates (p < 0.001). After adjusting for liver donor risk index and MELD at transplant, there was no association between listing rate and posttransplant survival (HR 1.002, p = 0.77). In addition, DSAs with lower listing rates were more likely to export organs (p < 0.001) of lower liver donor risk index (p < 0.001). Listing sicker patients was associated with increased access to the waitlist and transplantation and more efficient organ utilization, but had minimal effect on posttransplant outcomes after adjusting for the resulting organ shortage.
Sensory conflict in judgments of spatial direction

Artificial discrepancy was created between information about azimuth coming from different sense modalities. The resolution of this discrepancy was examined for the cases of vision and proprioception, proprioception and audition, and vision and audition. Vision biases proprioceptive and auditory judgments. Proprioception biases auditory judgments and has a small effect on visual judgments. The results suggest that the combinations of sense modalities do not behave as an integrated system and the data are interpreted as indicating that different processes are involved in the resolution of discrepant directional information from different pairs of modalities.
Understanding the Performance of X-Ray Mirrors

The manufacture of x-ray mirrors is a rather specialized branch of the optical fabrication industry. As those who have had to deal with the procurement of these components well know, there are only a handful of optical companies who supply most of the grazing incidence optics in use at the synchrotron light source facilities in the United States. There are several reasons for this. Firstly, production of a grazing incidence asphere is usually a one-of-a-kind job. It does not lend itself to mass production methods. Not many optical houses are willing to commit the necessary resources for the fabrication of one-of-a-kind components. Secondly, because it is a one-of-a-kind job, it is labor-intensive, which drives up the cost on each individual item. A great deal of engineering and planning must go into the fixturing and design of the computer control program for numerically-controlled diamond turning machines for production of metal optics. Most end users tend to view the procurement of aspheric x-ray optics as a “catalog” process, i.e., that all one needs to do is choose the desired parameters from the manufacturers’ catalog of stock items and then expect delivery of the finished item (after considerable delay beyond the initial delivery date), which will then perform flawlessly as desired. In reality the procurement process is quite complex, starting with the initial tradeoff studies to choose between metal optics or glass-ceramic optics, continuing with the selection of a vendor who can best do the job, monitoring the progress of the job and finishing it with the final quality assurance inspection. Many times the component fails to pass the inspection and it is returned for further rework.
Glassy objects in tertiary deep-sea clays cored by the Deep Sea Drilling Project

Abstract Small glassy spheres, ellipsoids, teardrops, cylinders and dumbbells occur in large numbers in Tertiary deep sea clays cored in the northeastern Pacific by the Deep Sea Drilling Project. These objects morphologically resemble microtektites, but have the composition of an oceanic tholeiite. On the basis of their composition and stratigraphic relationship it is considered that they are of volcanic origin and most likely have been formed in deep water by submarine volcanic processes.