cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Replacement of oyster reefs by mangroves: Unexpected climate‐driven ecosystem shifts

Increases in minimum air temperatures have facilitated transitions of salt marshes to mangroves along coastlines in the southeastern United States. Numerous studies have documented mangrove expansion into salt marshes; however, a present-day conversion of oyster reefs to mangrove islands has not been documented. Using aerial photographs and high-resolution satellite imagery, we determined percent cover and number of mangrove patches on oyster reefs in Mosquito Lagoon, FL, USA over 74 years (1943-2017) by digitizing oyster reef and "mangrove on oyster reef" areas. Live oyster reefs present in 1943 were tracked through time and the mangrove area on every reef calculated for seven time periods. There was a 103% increase in mangrove cover on live oyster reefs from 1943 (6.6%) to 2017 (13.4%). Between 1943 and 1984, the cover remained consistent (~7%), while between 1984 and 2017, mangrove cover increased rapidly with a 6% year-1 increase in mangrove area on oyster reefs (198% increase). In 1943, 8.7% of individual reefs had at least one mangrove patch on them; by 2017, 21.8% of reefs did. Site visits found at least one mature Avicennia germinans on each tracked mangrove reef, with large numbers of smaller Rhizophora mangle, suggesting the post-1984 mangrove increases were the result of increased R. mangle recruitment and survival. Escalation in the coverage and number of mangrove stands on oyster reefs coincided with a period that lacked extreme freeze events. The time since a temperature of ≤-6.6°C (A. germinans mortality threshold) and ≤-4°C (R. mangle mortality threshold) were significantly correlated with the increased ratio of mangrove area:oyster area, total mangrove area, and number of mangrove patches, with greater variation explained by time since ≤ -4°C. The lack of freezes could lead globally to an ecosystem shift of intertidal oyster reefs to mangrove islands near poleward mangrove range limits.
Unintended human ingestion of nanoplastics and small microplastics through drinking water, beverages, and food sources

Abstract The potential risks on human health from the unintentional ingestion of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) is an emerging concern. Despite the mounting awareness of small-scale plastics in drinking water, beverages, and food products, little is known about potential downstream effects on human health. Furthermore, very few studies currently exist that focus on NPs and smaller sized MPs, which may be more significant for human exposure given the higher likelihood of smaller-scale particles crossing the intestinal tract. Therefore, this review summarizes the smallest NPs and MPs (NMPs) reported in the literature, focusing on a threshold size range of
Effect of singular operator products on a hard-pion calculation

A previous derivation of a hard-meson dynamical equation for the pion form factor is generalized to take into account the effect of singular operator products. The content of the relation in the limit of infinite momentum transfer is then investigated, yielding an expression for the asymptotic behaviour of an A1(1070) form factor with both external legs off shell.
Capturing the moments: concerns of in-situ leisure research.

In situ assessments are part of a general diversification from traditional research methods within the social sciences. The need for in situ sampling methods in leisure, recreation, and tourism exists because: (1) they distinguish between questions about situations and questions about persons; and (2) their minimum reliance on information associated with the inaccuracies of human memory and cognitive processing. Because of their focus on the present moment, in situ designs provide information about recreational situations largely inaccessible with traditional methods. Such information addresses traditional questions from a new perspective and allows exploration of new questions. The limitations of in situ designs are discussed regarding: (1) self-report and the alteration of experience; (2) repeated self-report and the alteration of experience; and (3) lack of compliance with the self-administration of self-report.
Quality Health Coverage for All Americans? Distinctions of Deservingness in the Health Care Reform Debates

From the shouts of 'You lie!' and 'Keep the government out of my Medicare!' to threats of 'Obama death panels' and promises to assure affordable, quality health coverage for all Americans', health care reform is the foremost social policy debate in the U.S. in the wake of the global economic crisis. Certainly the contemporary debates around health care reform in the United States are debates about the scope and size of government, partisan politics, and race in America. But they are also debates about deservingness who deserves what from whom, how and why? In this paper I use interpretive methods to map the lines of deservingness and undeservingness in the current health care reform debates, paying particular attention to the ways in which gender, race, class, age and citizenship status construct these distinctions of deservingness. Drawing from a variety of sources from across the spectrum of news media to legislation, the congressional record and presidential statements to interest group publications and citizen responses, I uncover sites of contestation and sites of agreement about where these lines of deservingness are drawn. Having established the cartography of deservingness in health care reform, I speculate on what this might mean for the politics of health care reform in the United States and for the social citizenship of those groups marked as especially deserving or undeserving.
On the metaphysics of cultural identity: A Darwinian paradigm

Constructing a theory of cultural identity requires that we first understand the metaphysics of identity and the ontological status of cultural groups. What are cultural groups? Are cultural groups objectively discernable identities with real and essential properties (essentialism)? Or are cultural groups socially constructed entities that have no basis in reality (eliminativism)? Regardless of the view we accept, some metaphysical theory of group identity will have to provide the basis for an intelligible and consistent account of cultural groups. In this article, I propose a metaphysical theory of cultural identity based on Darwin's view of the order of nature that can avoid the extreme views of essentialism and eliminativism. First, I discuss the theories of identity of Linda Martin Alcoff, J. Angelo Corlett and Jorge J. E. Gracia and evaluate their success as models for determining cultural identity. Second, I explore the various metaphysical views of group identity, and I expound a Darwinian view of the ontological nature of group identities. Finally, I illustrate how a Darwinian taxonomy can help us understand cultural identity and Gracia's Familial-Historical View of ethnic identity.
Agile Stakeholder Requirements Engineering

With the basics of model-based systems engineering (MBSE), agile methods, and modeling out of the way, Chapter 4 delves into the agile MBSE workflows in earnest. Specifically, this chapter focuses on capturing the needs of the stakeholder as stakeholder requirements to prepare for the following system activities. All the while, the agile themes of incremental development and continuous verification of engineering data are emphasized. The stakeholder requirements workflow includes five key activities; Identify Stakeholders, Generate Stakeholder Requirements, Model Stakeholder Use Case Scenarios, Create/Update Validation Plan, and Perform Review. Each of these activities is defined in detail, the workflows are explored, and their agile implementation is explained. In addition, two examples are used in this exploration—a high-end running treadmill and an industrial robot exoskeleton, the “T-Wrecks.” The chapter shows how to identify the stakeholders, elicit their needs, capture those needs as requirements, organize them into use cases, and perform scenario analysis to ensure their completeness, accuracy, and consistency.
Technology-enhanced Interactive Teaching of Marginal, Joint and Conditional Probabilities: The Special Case of Bivariate Normal Distribution.

Summary Data analysis requires subtle probability reasoning to answer questions like What is the chance of event A occurring, given that event B was observed? This generic question arises in discussions of many intriguing scientific questions such as What is the probability that an adolescent weighs between 120 and 140 pounds given that they are of average height? and What is the probability of (monetary) inflation exceeding 4% and housing price index below 110? To address such problems, learning some applied, theoretical or cross-disciplinary probability concepts is necessary. Teaching such courses can be improved by utilizing modern information technology resources. Students' understanding of multivariate distributions, conditional probabilities, correlation and causation can be significantly strengthened by employing interactive web-based science educational resources. Independent of the type of a probability course (e.g. majors, minors or service probability course, rigorous measure-theoretic, applied or statistics course) student motivation, learning experiences and knowledge retention may be enhanced by blending modern technological tools within the classical conceptual pedagogical models. We have designed, implemented and disseminated a portable open-source web-application for teaching multivariate distributions, marginal, joint and conditional probabilities using the special case of bivariate Normal distribution. A real adolescent height and weight dataset is used to demonstrate the classroom utilization of the new web-application to address problems of parameter estimation, univariate and multivariate inference.
Modeling Strategic Behavior in Human-Automation Interaction: Why an "Aid" Can (and Should) Go Unused:

Task-offload aids (e.g., an autopilot, an 'intelligent' assistant) can be selectively engaged by the human operator to dynamically delegate tasks to automation. Introducing such aids eliminates some task demands but creates new ones associated with programming, engaging, and disengaging the aiding device via an interface. The burdens associated with managing automation can sometimes outweigh the potential benefits of automation to improved system performance. Aid design parameters and features of the overall multitask context combine to determine whether or not a task-offload aid will effectively support the operator. A modeling and sensitivity analysis approach is presented that identifies effective strategies for human-automation interaction as a function of three task-context parameters and three aid design parameters. The analysis and modeling approaches provide resources for predicting how a well-adapted operator will use a given task-offload aid, and for specifying aid design features that ensure that automation will provide effective operator support in a multitask environment.
Technology and the Fleshly Interface in Forster’s "The Machine Stops": An Ecocritical Appraisal of a One-Hundred Year Old Future

As a prescient critique of telepresence technologies like the Internet, “The Machine Stops” satirizes hypermediated contact and in its place valorizes contact made with the fleshly body—so much so, that it fantasizes the removal of all technological mediations between that body and the “real.” This move carries strong ecocritical implications in its suggestion that all authentic connection—whether between people themselves or between people and the earth—must be corporeal. The narrator’s apology on behalf of “beautiful naked man” (122) and his nostalgia for the robust, technology-free body are, however, both problematic. Forster appears to conflate nakedness and fleshly connection with unmediated contact or “full presence,” a view that raises many potential criticisms and questions. If the body proves to be but one kind of mediating interface itself, then on what grounds should the mode of fleshly connection be privileged over interactions mediated by motors, buttons, and video screens? If all contact must be mediated somehow, does it even make sense to consider one type of interface as “more authentic” than another? Is it right to equate nakedness with freedom from technology? In this paper I use an ecocritical perspective to explore such questions in the text, focusing in particular on Forster’s depiction of technology as devastating to both the human body and to the experience of space and place. The timeliness of such concerns suggests that “The Machine Stops” might prove even more significant in the hypermediated world of today than it was a hundred years ago for questioning the relationship between corporeality, representation, and nature.
Global asymptotic stability of certain nonlinear feedback systems

The global asymptotic stability of nonlinear feedback systems x = Ax + bf(ξTx) where the matrix A has purely imaginary roots is investigated. Narendra and Taylor have studied nonlinear systems where they assumed A to be negative definite. In this letter, conditions are derived which guarantee that all bounded solutions approach an equilibrium state.
Review of Data Related to Energy Use in Residential and Commercial Buildings

This paper reviews data dealing with energy use in residential and commercial buildings and their determinants. Three types of data are discussed: data prepared by and for the federal government on overall trends in buildings energy use, data prepared by and for the federal government related to the details of energy use, and data collected at the state and utility level. The major conclusion from this review is that existing national data sources are inadequate for answering the kinds of questions being raised on buildings energy use and conservation. These questions concern overall trends, recent changes, determinants of changes, roles of the private sector and government intervention in implementing conservation measures, and the effectiveness of different kinds of government programs. Relevant data are being collected by many state energy offices and by gas and electric utilities. However, the existence of these potentially-useful subnational data sources is not widely known.
Efficacy of Oral Ribavirin in Lung Transplant Patients With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Lower Respiratory Tract Infection

Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause severe lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) and is a risk factor for the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) after lung transplantation (LTx). Currently, the most widely used therapy for RSV is inhaled ribavirin. However, this therapy is costly and cumbersome. We investigated the utility of using oral ribavirin for the treatment of RSV infection after LTx. Methods RSV was identified in nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) using direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) in 5 symptomatic LTx patients diagnosed with LRI. Data were collected from December 2005 and August 2007 and included: age; gender; type of LTx; underlying disease; date of RSV; pulmonary function prior to, during and up to 565 days post-RSV infection; need for mechanical ventilation; concurrent infections; and radiographic features. Patients received oral ribavirin for 10 days with solumedrol (10 to 15 mg/kg/day intravenously) for 3 days, until repeat NPS were negative. Results Five patients had their RSV–LRI diagnosis made at a median of 300 days post-LTx. Mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ) fell 21% ( p 1 returned to baseline and was maintained at follow-up of 565 days. There were no complications and no deaths with oral therapy. A 10-day course of oral ribavirin cost $700 compared with $14,000 for nebulized ribavirin at 6 g/day. Conclusions Treatment of RSV after LTx with oral ribavirin and corticosteroids is well tolerated, effective and less costly than inhaled ribavirin. Further studies are needed to directly compare the long-term efficacy of oral vs nebulized therapy for RSV.
Secondary ion emission and images from a biologic matrix

Abstract Secondary ion mass spectra and images were obtained from organic compounds deposited on gold and 30–50 μm thick biologic tissue substrates. Analyte solutions were prepared from acetylcholine chloride, choline chloride, and methylphenylpyridinium (MPP + ) iodide. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was used to distinguish secondary ions characteristic of the analyte from secondary ions characteristic of the tissue itself. Effects of primary ion damage appear similar regardless of substrate. Samples of choline chloride deposited on a gold substrate are exceptional; secondary ion emission from such samples appeared unaffected by primary ion dose. Emission of acetylcholine secondary ions was found to decay with a rate independent of primary ion dose, but dependent on the substrate. These results show that the distribution of organic compounds can be mapped from biologic tissue under conditions of static SIMS, but matrix effects and chemical noise must be considered.
Understanding the Dynamics of Signal Transduction for Adsorption of Gases and Vapors on Carbon Nanotube Sensors

Adsorption dynamics and their influence on signal transduction for carbon nanotube-based chemical sensors are explored using continuum site balance equations and a mass action model. These sensors are shown to possess both reversible and irreversible binding sites that can be modeled independently. For the case of irreversible adsorption, it is shown that the characteristic response time scales inversely with analyte concentration. It is inappropriate to report a detection limit for this type of sensor since any nonzero analyte concentration can be detected in theory but at a cost of increasing transduction time with decreasing concentration. The response curve should examine the initial rate of signal change as a function of analyte concentration. Conversely, a reversible sensor has a predefined detection limit, independent of the detector geometry with a characteristic time scaling that becomes constant in the zero analyte concentration limit. A simple analytical test is presented to distinguish between...
Comments about cognitive therapy and behavior therapy

This article identifies, describes and discusses two major sources of controversy between cognitive therapists and behavior therapists. One class of conflict has been generated by specific misinterpretations of opposing viewpoints. Appropriate quotations are used in an attempt to clarify the views of the major protagonists. The other source of conflict is the metaphysical issue of mind-body dualism and differing definitions of psychology. After discussing justifications for renewed research on cognitive interactions and the major behaviorist objections to such an effort, the author recommends intensified applications of behavioral technology in the socio-economic and political arena.
Milk progesterone sensor for application with dairy cattle

Abstract A biochemical sensor for progesterone was developed and evaluated for its feasibility for measurement of milk progesterone concentration. The approach involved the attachment of progesterone antibodies to the surface of a 10 Mhz quartz crystal. Binding of progesterone to the antibodies increases the crystal's mass resulting in a proportional decrease in the crystal's natural frequency. Significant changes were observed in the natural frequency of crystals coated with antibodies consistent with changes in mass related to the attachment of progesterone, saturation of antibody binding sites with progesterone, and removal of progesterone. Operation of the crystal in liquid caused an increase in variation of the crystal's frequency and loss of crystal oscillation. This research illustrated the potential of this conceptual approach for measurement of progesterone in milk and highlighted several remaining challenges.
Blackbody radiation functions

Abstract The present paper reports an exact solution of the fractional function of blackbody radiation. The new equation is expressed as F 0−λT = ∫ λT 0 E bλ (T) σT 5 d (λT)= 15 π 4 ∑ n=1 ∞ e −nx n (x 3 + 3x 2 n + 6x n 2 + 6 n 3 )
Heat Transfer Problems of Distribution Transformers in Open Underground Vaults

An idealized model for heat transfer problems of an underground distribution transformer, where the unit is placed in an uncovered vault, is studied. The work emphasizes the steady state operation of transformers, in which the time rate of heat generation is constant and the temperature distribution depends only on spat1al coordinates. Such an approach much simplifies the numerical calculations, while providing important inf ormation concerning various factors which affect the temperature distribution. It is shown that Increasing the vault size, in particular the diameter, has the most pronounced effect in reducing the transformer temperature rise. Other factors such as thermal conductivities of vault and surrounding soil, and the emissivities of tank and vault surface, have only minor effect.
Universal PCR amplification of mouse immunoglobulin gene variable regions : the design of degenerate primers and an assessment of the effect of DNA polymerase 3' to 5' exonuclease activity

Degenerate primers were designed for PCR amplification of unknown mouse immunoglobulin (Ig) light (L) and heavy (H) chain variable (V) genes. Each subgroup of mouse Ig gene sequences [Kabat, E.A., Wu, T. T., Perry, H.H., Gottesman, K.S., Foeller, C., 1991. Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th edn. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, NIH.] was analyzed, and highly degenerate primers in the framework one (FR1) region were designed. A single highly degenerate FR1 primer sufficed for the amplification of light chains; for heavy chains, a series of FR1 primers was used. At the same time, we assessed the effect of 3' to 5' exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase on the utilization of these degenerate primers. Using Taq polymerase, which lacks 3' to 5' exonuclease activity, we successfully amplified the Ig VL and VH genes expressed in more than a hundred monoclonal hybridoma cell lines reactive against a phosphonamidate hapten. Sequence analysis of the cloned VL and VH genes, 52 of each, showed that they are derived from multiple germline families (10 of the 17 VL families and 9 of the 14 VH families) as recently defined [Martinez, C., Lefranc, M., 1998. The mouse (Mus musculus) immunoglobulin kappa variable (IGKV) genes and joining (IGKJ) segments. Exp. Clin. Immunogenet. 15, 184.]. The universality of our primers was also demonstrated by successful amplification of other mouse hybridoma cell lines that are specific to different antigens.
Single-molecule force spectroscopy of bimolecular reactions: system homology in the mechanical activation of ligand substitution reactions.

The mechanochemistry of the bimolecular nucleophilic substitution of DMSO for substituted pyridines at a square-planar pincer Pd(II) center was investigated using single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS). The SMFS data are interpreted in terms of the Bell−Evans model, which gives thermal off-rates for two reactions that agree well with previous, stress-free measurements. The characteristic force dependency of the rupture rate, fβ, is effectively constant for the two reactions examined (22 ± 2 and 24 ± 2 pN), and the system homology in the mechanical response is consistent with expected similarities in the reaction potential energy surfaces.
Design of Distillation Columns with External Side Reactors

Previous work presented a quantitative economic comparison between a reactive distillation process and a conventional multiunit process for systems in which relative volatilities are temperature dependent. A fundamental difference between these two flowsheets is the ability in the conventional process to adjust reactor temperature and distillation column temperatures completely independently, which is not possible in the reactive distillation process. If the temperature required for reasonable reaction kinetics is not in the same range as that in which vapor−liquid phase equilibrium permits the use of distillation, reactive distillation becomes unattractive. This paper explores a third alternative process that can overcome the problem of reaction/distillation temperature mismatch. The column is operated at its optimum temperature (and pressure). Several liquid trap-out trays collect all the liquid coming down from upper trays. These liquids are pumped to external reactors operating at their optimum temper...
Gsα meets its target – shedding light on a key signal transduction event

The recently determined crystal structure of Gs alpha bound to a catalytically active form of adenylyl cyclase reveals the location of the enzyme's active site and provides the first view of heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunit activating a downstream effector. Comparison with the structure of a catalytically inactive form of adenylyl cyclase suggests a plausible allosteric mechanism whereby the synergistic activators Gs alpha and forskolin stimulate the activity of adenylyl cyclase.
Use of Complementary Therapies Among Breast and Prostate Cancer Patients During Treatment: A Multisite Study

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the use of complementary therapies (CT) among breast and prostate cancer patients during active cancer treatment. The authors compared use and beliefs about the role of CT in cancer recovery. Methods: A self-report survey was completed by 126 breast cancer patients and 82 prostate cancer patients as part of a multisite research project. The self-report questionnaire inquired about the use of various CTs, sources of information about CT, reasons for using CT, beliefs about the benefits and risks of CT, demographic characteristics, and cancer treatment history. Results: Most of the respondents were older than 50 years, Caucasian, married, had attended or completed college, and were less than 1 year postdiagnosis. Prostate cancer patients were significantly older than the breast cancer patients (P < .001). Several differences emerged between the groups. Compared to the prostate cancer patients, significantly more of the breast cancer patients reported using CT because they wanted to reduce the risk of recurrence (P < .01), play a more active role in recovery (P < .01), help manage stress (P < .01), take a more holistic approach (P < .01), or boost the immune system (P < .01). More of the prostate cancer patients reported using CT to have more control of their recovery (P < .05). The 2 groups also differed significantly (P < .01) on several beliefs about the potential benefits and risks of using CT. Conclusions: Most of the patients in this study had used some form of CT since the time of their diagnosis. Differences among breast and prostate cancer patients with regard to their use of CT during cancer treatment should be considered by oncology professionals who are discussing this topic with their patients.
Setting Environmental Standards: The Statistical Approach to Handling Uncertainty and Variation

Introducing a novel approach to setting environmental pollution standards that allow for proper treatment of uncertainty and variation, this book surveys the forms of standards and proposes a new kind of "statistically verifiable ideal standard."Setting Environmental Standards includes:a current analysis regarding the treatment of uncertainty and variation in environmental standard settinga review of basic principles in standard setting, including costs, actions and effects, and benefitsexamples where uncertainty and variation have been well-treated in current practice as well as examples where clear deficiencies are apparentspecific proposals for the future approach to setting environmental pollution standards - encompassing the anticipated elements of uncertainty and variabilityThe issues discussed serve statisticians as well as those persons involved with environmental standards. Scientists in agencies responsible for setting standards, in organizations advising such agencies or working in industries subject to these standards, will find Setting Environmental Standards an invaluable reference.
Consideration of dispersion and group velocity dispersion in the determination of velocities of electromagnetic propagation

Electromagnetic (EM) propagation velocities play an important role in the determination of power and energy flow in materials and interfaces. It is well known that group and phase velocities need to be in opposition in order to achieve negative refractive index. Recently, we have shown that considerable differences may exist in phase, group and signal/energy velocities for normal and anomalous dispersion, especially near dielectric resonances. This paper examines the phase and group velocities in the presence of normal and anomalous dispersion, and group velocity dispersion (GVD), which requires introduction of the second order coefficient in the permittivity and permeability models.
Elmer Boyd Staats and the Pursuit of Good Government

After more than a quarter-century of service at the Bureau of the Budget, Dr. Elmer Staats accepted a 15-year appointment as head of the General Accounting Office. Prior to his retirement in 1981, Staats oversaw an expansion and modernization of the GAO. He introduced sophisticated data processing, program evaluation beyond mere efficiency, as well as a more diverse workforce. Improving relationships with Congress and agency clients significantly advanced public accountability throughout government. His remarkable career achievements contain invaluable lessons for today's administrators involved with initiating organizational reforms.
TURNER SYNDROME (TS): ULTRASONOGRAPHY (US) DEFINES RENAL ANOMALIES AND GONADAL STRUCTURE

Renal anomalies occur with sufficient frequency in Turner Syndrome to warrant routine imaging. Previously using IVP, in 36 of 98 TS patients, we found: significant obstruction with hydronephrosis (3), unilateral renal agenesis (1), horseshoe kidney (6), renal ectopia (3), and minor anomalies of the calyces and collecting system (23). Since introducing ultrasonography, we have studied 18 patients, demonstrating the presence of hydronephrosis, horseshoe kidney, ectopia, extrapelvic calyx, and unilateral absence. Pelvic imaging, considered essential in TS patients with a Y chromosome, had not been otherwise used to define gonadal structures. With US, we have demonstrated, so far, a gonadoblastoma in 1 of 2 patients with a Y chromosome, while most TS patients studied routinely showed no gonadal structures at all. However, in 3 adolescent patients with spontaneous menses and one with spontaneous breast development and normal serum gonadotropins, we found unilateral or bilateral ovarian structures. In 3 other adolescents whose spontaneous menses had ceased 2+ years ago, ovaries were not seen on US. Thus, the presence of ovaries demonstrable with US correlates with active ovarian function. In summary, ultrasonography can replace IVP in routine renal imaging in TS; it can also assess pelvic anatomy, detect gonadal tumors, and document functioning ovarian tissue.
El Chichon as seen from Project Airstream

In April 1982, and again in July, while flying at 17–19 km on regularly scheduled missions, DOE's WB-57F aircraft (flown by NASA/Johnson Space Center) successfully intercepted the plume from the April 1982 eruption of El Chichon in Mexico. These flights are part of DOE's high-altitude sampling program (HASP), which provides data three times a year—April, July, and October—on the distribution of radioactivity and various nonnuclear compounds in the troposphere and the stratosphere. Project Airstream, the aircraft part of HASP, is a cooperative effort, with Robert Leifer of DOE's Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) as the scientific director. On the April and July missions the aircraft had aboard instruments from four laboratories: EML, Los Alamos, NASA/Johnson Space Center, and the Atmospheric Environment Service of Canada. The samples collected are being analyzed at each laboratory, and the results will be presented at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting in San Francisco.
Employee Preferences for Tipping Systems

Abstract In this paper, a human resource management perspective was adopted to compare and evaluate four different tip systems. Data were collected by means of a between-subjects experiment; two hundred and six individuals were randomly assigned to each of four groups. Participants were first required to read written scenario and then their perceptions of fairness, distributive justice, and perceptions of control were measured. The results indicate significant group differences. Participants rated a modified tipping system tied to sales as the most just, fair, and providing the most autonomy. Implications of the results of this study for theory and practice are discussed.
1H NMR spectral simplification with achiral and chiral lanthanide shift reagents. 2-Methyl-3-(2'-hydroxymethylphenyl)-4(3H)-quinazolinone, a major metabolite of methaqualone

Abstract The 60 MHz 1H NMR spectra of 2-methyl-3-(2′-hydroxymethylphenyl)-4(3H)-quinazolinone, 1, a major metabolite of methaqualone, have been studied at 28° in CDCl3 solution with the achiral reagent tris (6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octanedionato) europium (III), 2, and the chiral reagent tris [3-(heptafluoropropylhydroxy-methylene)-d-camphorato]europium (III), 3, Lanthanide induced shifts, Δλ, are consistent with major LSR binding at the hydroxyl, and the diastereotopic hydrogens of the CH2 are clearly anisochronous. Substantial Δλ values and spectral simplification are achieved with 2 or 3. Significant enantiomeric shift differences, ΔΔλ, are observed with 3 that should provide direct optical purity determinations of 1. Results are discused in terms of LSR binding sites and hindered rotations about selected bonds in 1.
A local-global matching method for the single fiber pullout problem with perfectly bonded interface

This paper presents a local-global matching method to effectively determine the detail spatial structure and magnitude of the locally singular stress field as well as the complete global stress distribution in the single fiber pullout model. The motivation to solve for the local stress field is the belief that these accentuated stresses, strains and energy are likely to induce damage. The local-global matching method consists of three components: a local analysis, a global analysis, and proper matching of the local asymptotic field to the global complete stress field. The method as developed is applicable for various fiber-matrix interfacial conditions: namely perfectly bonded interface, partially debonded interface with interfacial crack, or debonded interface with frictional interfacial sliding. In this paper, results for perfectly bonded fiber-matrix interface are presented to illustrate key features of the local-global matching method. For this problem, the local stress field is asymptotically singular at the location where the fiber protrudes from the matrix. A local analysis at the fiber protrusion point reveals that, when the fiber is stiffer than the matrix, the most dominant singular stresses are of the from: $$\sigma _{ij} (\rho ,\theta ) = K\rho ^\lambda \tilde \sigma _{_{ij} } (\theta )$$ where the exponent λ is real-valued and λ<0. The local analysis can solve for the spatial structure of the local field: its radial dependence ρλ and angular variations $$\tilde \sigma _{ij} (\theta )$$ . The actual magnitude of the local stress field is scaled by the amplitude factor K which depends upon externally applied load and global boundary conditions. The global analysis, performed using a finite element model, can be subjected to arbitrary fiber-pulling load and/or thermal load. With solutions from both the local analysis and global analysis, a local-global matching method based on angular variation of stresses is developed to accurately determine K. In local-global matching, a proper region is selected in which the angular variation of stresses of the local field is scaled to match the angular variation of the finite-element computed full-field stresses. Several monitoring parameters are developed to measure the quality of the matching and to determine the region of dominance of the local asymptotic field. The local analysis shows that in many composite material systems, there are two singular terms in the local field: $$\sigma _{ij} K = \rho ^{\lambda _1 } \tilde \sigma _{ij}^1 (\lambda ;{\text{ }}\theta ) + K_2 \rho ^{\lambda 2} \tilde \sigma _{ij}^2 (\lambda ;{\text{ }}\theta ), - 1 < \lambda _1 < \lambda _2 < 0$$ . Hence, local-global matching procedures have been developed for both one-term field and two-term field. The matching method is further generalized to determine complex-valued K for composites having complex-valued λ. The local-global matching method may also be applied to problems with material nonlinearity.
The Influence of Social Consensus Information on Intergroup Attitudes: The Moderating Effects of Ingroup Identification

Two studies examined the role of ingroup identification in the influence of social consensus information (information about others' beliefs) on intergroup attitudes. Research demonstrates that consensus information influences individuals' intergroup attitudes. However, the extent to which individuals identify with the group providing consensus information seems important to understanding consensus effects. In Study 1, 100 high or low ingroup identifiers received information that other ingroup members held favorable or unfavorable attitudes toward African Americans and then provided their own attitudes. In Study 2, 250 participants completed an ingroup identification manipulation (high, low, or control) before receiving favorable or no consensus information. Results of both studies demonstrated that ingroup identification moderated consensus effects, such that high identifiers were more susceptible to others' beliefs than individuals in the low identification and control conditions. In determining critical factors involved in consensus effects, we hope to create a useful method to promote favorable intergroup attitudes and behaviors.
Comparison of MNDO to tight-binding, total-energy methods for surface atomic structure determination: Aluminum phosphide (110)

Tight-binding, total-energy (TBTE) models have been successfully used to calculate the equilibrium surface atomic structures of a variety of materials, but are difficult to apply to substances with complicated interatomic repulsions. In these cases, the modified neglect of diatomic overlap (MNDO) method, which specifically includes longer-range interactions, may provide an effective alternative. We present new calculations of the surface atomic structure of the AlP (110) surface using both techniques. This surface, whose structure has been determined quantitatively using a low-energy, electron-diffraction intensity analysis, displays a well-known relaxation characteristic of (110) surfaces of zincblende-structure semiconductors. The TBTE model, parameterized to bulk AlP properties, provides a more accurate prediction of the relaxed surface atomic positions, although MNDO, parameterized to small molecules, produces acceptable results. Despite the greater demands placed by MNDO on computer resources, it may prove useful in the study of materials that are difficult to model within a TBTE framework. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tests of Poetry

Contribution to a forum convened by Robert von Hallberg to consider literary history as a method applied to poetry & poetics.
The Psychotherapy of Genetics

The evolution of genomic science and its effect on medicine and health care offer opportunities for family therapists to participate in the comprehensive care of patients and families with genetic disorders. This article provides an overview of what we now know about the psychological and interpersonal experience of patients and families facing some of these illnesses. Case examples illustrate the process of decision-making about testing and treatment, and the importance of understanding developmental issues and transgenerational family dynamics in any related psychotherapy. Challenging emotional issues include managing anger, ambivalence, and guilt; challenging interpersonal issues include dealing with differing coping and communication styles, decisions about disclosure and secrets, and conflict resolution. Family-oriented interventions include individual, couple, and family therapy, and psychoeducational groups. Recommendations are made for family therapists to participate as part of the genetic healthcare team.
Molecular mechanisms underlying tumor dormancy

Evidence suggests that dormant, microscopic tumors are not only common, but are highly prevalent in otherwise healthy individuals. Due to their small size and non-invasive nature, these dormant tumors remain asymptomatic and, in most cases, undetected. With advances in diagnostic imaging and molecular biology, it is now becoming clear that such neoplasms can remain in an asymptomatic, dormant stage for considerable periods of time without expanding in size. Although a number of processes may play a role in thwarting the expansion of microscopic tumors, one critical mechanism behind tumor dormancy is the ability of the tumor population to induce angiogenesis. Although cancer can arise through multiple pathways, it is assumed that essentially most tumors begin as microscopic, non-angiogenic neoplasms which cannot expand in size until vasculature is established. It is now becoming clear that cancer does not progress through a continuous exponential growth and mass expansion. Clinical cancer is usually manifested only in late, unavoidably symptomatic stages of the disease when tumors are sufficiently large to be readily detected. While dormancy in primary tumors is best defined as the time between the carcinogenic transformation event and the onset of inexorable progressive growth, it can also occur as minimal residual or occult disease from treated tumors or as micro-metastases. The existence of dormant tumors has important implications for the early detection and treatment of cancer. Elucidating the regulatory machinery of these processes will be instrumental in identifying novel early cancer biomarkers and could provide a rationale for the development of dormancy-promoting tumor therapies. Despite the high prevalence of microscopic, dormant tumors in humans and the significant clinical implications of their early detection, this area in cancer research has, to date, been under-investigated. In this mini review observations, models and experimental approaches to study tumor dormancy are summarized. Additionally, analogies and distinctions between the concepts of "tumor dormancy" and that of the "cellular dormancy" of tumor cells, as well as between the "exit from tumor dormancy" and the "onset of the angiogenic switch" are discussed.
Individual strategies in goal-setting☆

Abstract Information integration theory was applied in a study of long-term behavior in a goal-setting task. Goal-setting was conceptualized as a process of serial integration in which the goal on any one trial is a weighted average of previous successes and failures. Six subjects performed a computer controlled maze-running task, received score feedback, and predicted their score for the next trial. The data of all six subjects supported the serial integration model, but with individual differences in the number of proceding trials to which the subject attended. In addition, the data of two subjects suggested that they also attended to immediate rate of progress on the task.
Anin vitro study on the effect of UVA radiation on human gingival fibroblasts

Abstract The recent availability of a 99.9% UVA source has made possible studies that show that low energy wavelengths, previously considered innocuous, significantly affected wound healing in hairless guinea pigs. Decreased wound tensile strength and a slower rate of wound contraction in irradiated animals were among the changes noted. Because of their advocated role in the wound healing process, fibroblasts were chosen to study the effects of pure UVA exposure at a cellular level. 3 H-thymidine uptake levels were measured in 8 groups of fibroblast cultures (12 samples/group). The cultures were exposed to varying concentrations of pure UVA. Previously incorporated 14 C-thymidine levels were used to compensate for differences in cell numbers between samples. At a fluence of 3.65 × 10 −3 watts/cm 2 , a significant decrease in 3 H-thymidine incorporation (compared to controls) was seen for all exposure periods and there was a dosedependent decrease only in 3 H-thymidine uptake for cells exposed to 1–4 min of UVA. Using post-exposure incubations of 2–16 h, a time-dependent recovery of 3 H-thymidine uptake was also demonstrated, from 40% of control at 4 h, to 75% at 8 h, and 99% at 16 h. The near-complete recovery at 16 h was seen in exposures up to 2.73 joules/cm 2 (12 min), whereas higher concentrations showed only partial recovery. These studies demonstrated the deleterious, though reversible, effects of UVA on fibroblasts and suggest a possible pathophysiologic process for UVA's effect on wound healing in this animal model.
Defensive stinging by Parabuthus transvaalicus scorpions: risk assessment and venom metering

Venom is a metabolically expensive commodity that animals should use judiciously. The venom-metering hypothesis proposes that venomous animals control, or meter, the quantity of venom they deploy during predatory or defensive situations. We sought to clarify experimentally whether the buthid scorpion Parabuthus transvaalicus can regulate defensive venom expenditure based on perceived risk. Scorpions were tested under two threat conditions by inducing them to sting repeatedly a parafilm-covered cup. The high-threat condition involved five sting presentations at 5 s intervals, and the low-threat condition comprised five sting presentations at 5 min intervals. Venom metering appeared to be modulated at three levels: wet versus dry sting, composition of venom injected and volume of venom delivered. Scorpions delivered dry stings more often under the low-threat condition, but in both conditions were more likely to employ wet stings as the threat persisted. Venom appearance changed during successive stings from clear (potassium-rich ‘prevenom’), to opalescent, to milky (protein-rich ‘venom’), with biochemical analyses (protein assay and MALDI-TOF) confirming the compositional changes. However, progression through this sequence depended on quantity of venom expended, with milky secretion appearing only after the limited quantity of clear secretion was exhausted (i.e. composition and volume covaried). Scorpions injected approximately two-fold more venom per sting during the high-threat compared to the low-threat condition, with milky venom appearing more quickly within the sequence of five stings for the high-threat condition. Thus, these scorpions perceive risk and regulate venom expenditure during stinging according to level of threat, providing further support for the venom-metering hypothesis.
One articulation of the structural family therapy model: a biobehavioral family model of chronic illness in children

This article presents the Biobehavioral Family Model (BBFM), which, as a general systems model, has the advantage of being conceptually neutral with respect to health versus pathology, and promotes integration of individual, family and social levels of theory. The BBFM provides a heuristic theory of pathways by which family patterns of interaction and individual family member physiological function influence one another. The BBFM also can be extrapolated to the clinical domain, providing a developmental biopsychosocial approach to assessment and intervention in childhood chronic illness or disability. A case illustration demonstrates clinical application.