cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Total Belowground Carbon Allocation in a Fast-growing Eucalyptus Plantation Estimated Using a Carbon Balance Approach

Trees allocate a large portion of gross primary production belowground for the production and maintenance of roots and mycorrhizae. The difficulty of directly measuring total belowground carbon allocation (TBCA) has limited our understanding of belowground carbon (C) cycling and the factors that control this important flux. We measured TBCA over 4 years using a conservation of mass, C balance approach in replicate stands of fast growing Eucalyptus saligna Smith with different nutrition management and tree density treatments. We measured TBCA as surface carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux (“soil” respiration) minus C inputs from aboveground litter plus the change in C stored in roots, litter, and soil. We evaluated this C balance approach to measuring TBCA by examining (a) the variance in TBCA across replicate plots; (b) cumulative error associated with summing components to arrive at our estimates of TBCA; (c) potential sources of error in the techniques and assumptions; (d) the magnitude of changes in C stored in soil, litter, and roots compared to TBCA; and (e) the sensitivity of our measures of TBCA to differences in nutrient availability, tree density, and forest age. The C balance method gave precise estimates of TBCA and reflected differences in belowground allocation expected with manipulations of fertility and tree density. Across treatments, TBCA averaged 1.88 kg C m 2 y 1 and was 18% higher in plots planted with 10 4 trees/ha compared to plots planted with 1111 trees/ha. TBCA was 12% lower (but not significantly so) in fertilized plots. For all treatments, TBCA declined linearly with stand age. The coefficient of variation (CV) for TBCA for replicate plots averaged 17%. Averaged across treatments and years, annual changes in C stored in soil, the litter layer, and coarse roots (0.01, 0.06, and 0.21 kg Cm 2 y 1 , respectively) were small compared with surface CO2 efflux (2.03 kg C m 2 y 1 ), aboveground litterfall (0.42 kg C m 2 y 1 ), and our estimated TBCA (1.88 kg C m 2 y 1 ). Based on
K-ras Mutations Correlate with Atypical Cytology and Elevated CEA Levels in Pancreatic Cystic Neoplasms

Introduction Benign pancreatic cystic neoplasms are important precursors to pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and offer the opportunity to prevent cancer. Conversely, prevention only occurs with surgical resection associated with significant morbidity and mortality, while the natural history of small cystic neoplasms is a slow and uncertain progression to malignancy. Markers that predict progression to malignancy are needed. Cyst fluid DNA analysis including K-ras mutations may predict more aggressive natural history of pancreatic cystic neoplasms. Methods Sixty patients with pancreatic cysts measuring less than 3 cm without solid component or pancreatic ductal dilation underwent EUS with fine needle aspiration. Nine had surgical resection. Cyst fluid was tested for cytology, CEA levels, and DNA analysis including K-ras mutations, and eight loss of heterozygosity mutations. Mutations were correlated with findings of atypia and CEA levels. Results Cyst fluid K-ras mutation was found in 30% of patients. Patients with mutated K-ras were more likely to have atypia on cytology or pathology (39 vs. 14%) and higher CEA (median 591 vs. 42) compared to wild-type K-ras. K-ras mutants were more likely to have two or more loss of heterozygosity mutations. Loss of heterozygosity mutations did not correlate with atypia or CEA levels. Conclusions Cyst fluid K-ras mutation correlates with other markers of aggressive cyst behavior. EUS with cyst DNA analysis may alter management of smaller pancreatic cysts when surgery might otherwise be deferred. Further studies of cyst fluid DNA and long-term outcomes are needed.
Combining relational learning with SMT solvers using CEGAR

In statistical relational learning, one is concerned with inferring the most likely explanation (or world) that satisfies a given set of weighted constraints. The weight of a constraint signifies our confidence in the constraint, and the most likely world that explains a set of constraints is simply a satisfying assignment that maximizes the weights of satisfied constraints. The relational learning community has developed specialized solvers (e.g., Alchemy and Tuffy) for such weighted constraints independently of the work on SMT solvers in the verification community. In this paper, we show how to leverage SMT solvers to significantly improve the performance of relational solvers. Constraints associated with a weight of 1 (or 0) are called axioms because they must be satisfied (or violated) by the final assignment. Axioms can create difficulties for relational solvers. We isolate the burden of axioms to SMT solvers and only lazily pass information back to the relational solver. This information can either be a subset of the axioms, or even generalized axioms (similar to predicate generalization in verification). We implemented our algorithm in a tool called Soft-Cegar that out-performs state-of-the-art relational solvers Tuffy and Alchemy over four real-world applications. We hope this work opens the door for further collaboration between relational learning and SMT solvers.
Self-reproduction in cellular automata

Abstract Self-reproduction in cellular automata is discussed with reference to the models of von Neumann and Codd. The conclusion is drawn that although the capacity for universal construction is a sufficient condition for self-reproduction, it is not a necessary condition. Slightly more “liberal” criteria for what constitutes genuine self-reproduction are introduced, and a simple self-reproducing structure is exhibited which satisfies these new criteria. This structure achieves its simplicity by storing its description in a dynamic “loop”, rather than on a static “tape”.
Occipital Neurostimulation (ONS) for Treatment of Intractable Headache Disorders

Intractable migraine and other headache syndromes affect approximately 38 million Americans and many more millions worldwide. Although there are many treatment protocols mainly designed around medication regimens, there are estimated to be at least 5% of these headache sufferers that do not respond in a meaningful way to medications and whose lives can be severely restricted to darkened, quiet rooms, heavy doses of narcotics, failed personal relationships, and an overwhelming sense of hopelessness. Occipital neurostimulation using subcutaneously inserted cylindrical electrodes at the level of the C1 (occipitocervical junction) was pioneered by the author over the past 12 years is a relatively simple, minimally invasive technique for treating many of these intractable headache syndromes. Implanting percutaneously or surgically placed single or bilateral electrode arrays into the subcutaneous tissues, the patients perceive a gentle paresthesia sensation to the back of the head, blocking the painful areas from disorders including chronic daily transformed migraines, occipital neuralgia, cervicogenic headaches, and deafferentation neuropathic pain. Not all patients are responders; however, long-term follow-up to date consistently reflects a 70–75% success rate with greater than 50% pain reduction and diminished use of medications, particularly narcotics.
Vulnerability assessment of fuzzy targets

Abstract This paper describes the assessment of vulnerability of approximately specified targets and threats whereby the vagueness of the specifications is not stochastic. Such specifications are typical for hypothetical or generic weapon systems. Treating the inaccuracies within the framework of possibility theory, we obtain to confidence measures for the occurrence of a kill, namely, the values of possibility and necessity of kill. These measures supplement and may replace the usual probability of kill that is an appropriate measure if the inaccuracies are stochastic. Possibilistic vulnerability analyses can be particularly useful in the early development phases of new weapon systems. The same methodology can be used to obtain vulnerability estimates for civilian applications, for instance, for vulnerability to earthquakes or for vulnerabilities involving car accidents.
Microvascular oxidative stress preceding leukocyte activation elicited by in vivo nitric oxide suppression

This study was aimed to determine the mechanism by which endogenous nitric oxide suppression promotes leukocyte adhesion in vivo. The rat mesenteric microcirculation was superfused with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 100 microM), and intracellular oxidant formation in several microcirculatory cellular components such as arteriolar and venular endothelium and mast cells was visually monitored by digital microfluorography assisted by carboxydichlorofluorescein (CDCF), a hydroperoxide-sensitive fluorogenic probe. Adherent leukocyte density was measured simultaneously. L-NAME induced a significant time-dependent increase in CDCF fluorescence in arteriolar and venular endothelium and mast cells followed by firm adhesion of leukocytes. L-NAME-induced CDCF elevation showed a different spatial distribution compared with that evoked by N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, in which only local venular segments with adhering leukocytes exhibited CDCF fluorescence enhancement. The level of hydroperoxide formation in arterioles and venules evoked by 60-min L-NAME superfusion was equivalent to that induced by the superfusion of approximately 880 microM tert-butyl hydroperoxide for 10 min. Pretreatment with anti-intracellular adhesion molecule-1, anti-P-selectin, or anti-CD18 monoclonal antibody attenuated L-NAME-elicited venular leukocyte adhesion without abolishing CDCF fluorescence in situ. Pretreatment with desferioxamine (50 mg/kg iv; 1 h before L-NAME superfusion) significantly diminished the iron-catalyzed hydroperoxide formation in arterioles and venules, but not in interstitial mast cells, as well as subsequent venular leukocyte adhesion. These findings indicate that endogenous nitric oxide may modulate oxidative stress in mast cells, arteriolar and venular microvascular endothelium and thereby can play a crucial role in leukocyte recruitment in venules.
A Particle Swarm Optimization Based Aircraft Evacuation Simulation Model - VacateAir

This paper introduces a PC-based simulation and visualization tool, VacateAir, which incorporates a modified Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) as a path finding algorithm, to simulate the evacuation of passengers on commercial aircraft in certification tests or lifethreatening scenarios. In VacateAir, the Cabin Configuration System (CCS) is used to monitor the dynamic changes of the cabin configuration (such as the availability of exits due to the blocking effects from fire hazards). The Fire Hazard Model in Aircraft Evacuation (FHMAE) is used to supply the dynamic fire hazard information and provide the human tenability analysis in fire. The Human Behavior System in Aircraft Evacuation (HBSAE) is used to predict the pre-evacuation time, exit selection of passengers and individual behavior, and the dynamic passenger moving speed. The Behavior Simulation System in Aircraft Evacuation (BSSAE) is PSO driven and used to simulate the predicted passenger behaviors. VacateAir is validated against real tests conducted on a narrow bodied cabin simulator B737200 with various aisle configurations and lighting conditions under different evacuation scenarios. Simulation data demonstrates that VacateAir can be used to provide reliable and realistic human behaviors for multiple scenarios. Aircraft designers and engineers can use VacateAir during the design process to find optimal cabin configurations by investigating large numbers of evacuation ‘what-if’ scenarios.
Licensure of Adapted Physical Education Teachers and Undergraduates' Attitudes toward Students with Disabilities

This study compared attitudes of 816 undergraduates toward students with disabilities by whether the state licensed teachers for adapted physical education. Analysis indicated mean attitude scores in states with such licensure were significantly more positive than in states working toward licensure and those with none.
The Lean Innovation Model for Academic Medical Discovery

In this chapter, the authors introduce the lean innovation concept in academia with a direct and personal approach, and point out how the academic research and clinical skills are used to develop new medical products. First, the differences between academic and industrial innovation are discussed, and the concept of lean innovation is introduced. In lean innovation, a new medical product’s key attributes are tested using an early prototype or scientific experiments, therefore accelerating the innovation process and reducing development costs. For illustration purposes, a hypothetical new medical product, an atraumatic vascular forceps, is discussed in the remaining sections of the chapter. The authors demonstrate how the most important stages of the early development process apply to this hypothetical product. The first stages of development are forming the social network of medical innovation participants (with the main players being the clinician/inventor and the innovation director), and defining the clinical need and the design inputs and outputs of the product to meet that need. Academic skills such as formulating and testing research hypotheses are used to test product feasibility in research and clinical studies. In parallel with the technical feasibility activities, some business and marketing activities can be done by the clinician and the innovation director such as a prior art search, defining the clinical market of the new product, and raising funds. The authors conclude that innovation and entrepreneurship are fit to the academic environment and should be considered as part of the academic mission. Knowledge of the medical development process and building the appropriate social network to support it could make medical product innovation a familiar reality among academic clinicians and researchers.
Intersystem Implications of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: Advancing Health Promotion in the 21st Century

The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) theory and life course theory (LCT) are emerging fields of research that have significant implications for the public health and health promotion professions. Using a DOHaD/LCT perspective, social determinants of health (SDH) take on new critical meaning by which health promotion professionals can implement DOHaD/LCT guided interventions, including recommended policies. Through these interventions, public health could further address the sources of worldwide chronic disease epidemics and reduce such disease rates substantially if related policy, programs, and interdisciplinary and multi-sector collaboration are emphasized. Additional characteristics of the most effective interventions involve context-specific adaptation and societal structures that impact upstream, early life environments on a broad scale, influencing multiple locations and/or diseases.
The Use of Randomized Clinical Trials in the Evaluation of Innovative Therapy

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been described as the gold standard to evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of therapeutic interventions [1, 2]. Innovative therapeutic interventions may be pre- or postoperative pharmacologic or nonpharmacologic treatments related to a procedure; this chapter however will focus on the use of RCT for the comparison of innovative treatments in gastrointestinal diseases when the comparator contains the critical component of a surgical or interventional procedure. The use of RCTs in this setting may be more challenging than for pharmacologic studies, as surgical and interventional procedures often are complex interventions that depend on the operator, the team, the setting, the learning curve, and the variations in quality.
The Road Ahead: The Future of Global Leadership and Implications for Research and Practice

While there has been progress in our understanding of global leadership, there is more to learn, and Henson recommends a number of areas that will help both scholars and practitioners gain a better understanding of successful global leadership in the next decade: (1) future success factors for various global leadership roles; (2) the impact of the continued growth of emerging markets on the practice of global leadership; (3) the implications of new technologies and innovations for how a new generation of managers will lead globally; (4) future developmental paths and experiences for global leaders; (5) the relationships among national cultures, corporate cultures, and institutional forces; and (6) increasing use of joint ventures, strategic alliances, partnerships, networks, and other forms of cross-border collaboration and cooperation within and across organizations.
Ultrasonic Welding of Thermoplastic Composites

(1988). Ultrasonic Welding of Thermoplastic Composites. Materials and Processing Report: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 6-6.
Role of Ito's lemma in sampling pinned diffusion paths in the continuous-time limit

We consider pinned diffusion paths that are explored by a particle moving via a conservative force while being in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings. To probe rare transitions, we use the Onsager-Machlup (OM) functional as a path probability distribution function for transition paths that are constrained to start and stop at predesignated points in different energy basins after a fixed time. The OM theory is based on a discrete-time version of Brownian dynamics, and thus it possesses a finite number of time steps. Here we explore the continuous-time limit where the number of time steps, and hence the dimensionality, becomes infinite. In this regime, the OM functional has been commonly regularized by using the Ito-Girsanov change of measure. This regularized form can then be used as a basis of a numerical algorithm to probe transition paths. In doing so, time again is discretized, progressing in fixed increments. When sampling paths, we find that numerical schemes based on this regularized continuous-time limit can fail catastrophically in describing the path of a particle moving in a potential with multiple wells. The origin of this behavior is traced to numerical instabilities in the discrete version of the continuous-time path measure that are not present in the infinite-dimensional limit. These instabilities arise because of the difficulty of satisfying, in finite dimensions, the conditions imposed by Ito's lemma that was an essential ingredient in the derivation of the regularized continuous-time measure. As an important consequence of this analysis, we conclude that the most probable diffusion path is not a physical entity because the thermodynamic action is effectively flat and cannot be minimized.
Separating the optical contributions to line-edge roughness in EUV lithography using stochastic simulations

Minimization and control of line-edge roughness (LER) and contact-edge roughness (CER) is one of the current challenges limiting EUV line-space and contact hole printability. One significant contributor to feature roughness and CD variability in EUV is photon shot noise (PSN); others are the physical and chemical processes in photoresists, known as resist stochastic effect. Different approaches are available to mitigate each of these contributions. In order to facilitate this mitigation, it is important to assess the magnitude of each of these contributions separately from others. In this paper, we present and test a computational approach based on the concept of an ‘ideal resist’. An ideal resist is assumed to be devoid of all resist stochastic effects. Hence, such an ideal resist can only be simulated as an ‘ideal resist model’ (IRM) through explicit utilization of the Poisson statistics of PSN2 or direct Monte Carlo simulation of photon absorption in resist. LER estimated using IRM, thus quantifies the exclusive contribution of PSN to LER. The result of the simulation study done using IRM indicates higher magnitude of contribution (60%) from PSN to LER with respect to total or final LER for a sufficiently optimized high dose ‘state of the art’ EUV chemically amplified resist (CAR) model.
Randomized trial of two schedules of palonosetron for the prevention of nausea and vomiting in patients with metastatic melanoma receiving interleukin-2–based concurrent biochemotherapy

e20008 Background: Interleukin-2–based biochemotherapy (BCT) is a common therapy for patients (pts) with metastatic melanoma (MM). BCT induced nausea and vomiting (N/V) remains a significant problem (26% grade 3 and 4). Palonosetron (PALO) is a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist indicated for the prevention of N/V associated with chemotherapy. The recommended dosing schedule of PALO for patients on BCT is unknown. Methods: Chemo-naive MM pts undergoing their first BCT cycle were randomized to receive PALO 0.25 mg as premedication intravenously on days 1 and 4, or the same dose on days 1, 3, and 5. The BCT regimen included: cisplatin (20 mg/m2) and vinblastine (1.6 mg/m2) on days 1–4, dacarbazine (800 mg/m2) on day 1, interleukin-2 (9 MIU/m2/day) by continuous infusion on days 1–4 and interferon alpha (5 MU/m2/day) on days 1–5. A nausea episode was defined as nausea of any severity reported by the patient or documented by the nursing staff at anytime. Pts with N/V due to known central nervous system or gastrointest...
Feminist Disability Studies as Methodology: Life-Writing and the Abled/Disabled Binary:

What does feminist disability studies contribute to feminist methods? Feminist disability scholars interweave life-writing about their experiences of disability or caring for a disabled person to c...
Host genetic modifiers of nonproductive angiogenesis inhibit breast cancer.

Multiple aspects of the tumor microenvironment (TME) impact breast cancer, yet the genetic modifiers of the TME are largely unknown, including those that modify tumor vascular formation and function. To discover host TME modifiers, we developed a system called the Consomic/Congenic Xenograft Model (CXM). In CXM, human breast cancer cells are orthotopically implanted into genetically engineered consomic xenograft host strains that are derived from two parental strains with different susceptibilities to breast cancer. Because the genetic backgrounds of the xenograft host strains differ, whereas the inoculated tumor cells are the same, any phenotypic variation is due to TME-specific modifier(s) on the substituted chromosome (consomic) or subchromosomal region (congenic). Here, we assessed TME modifiers of growth, angiogenesis, and vascular function of tumors implanted in the SSIL2Rγ and SS.BN3IL2Rγ CXM strains. Breast cancer xenografts implanted in SS.BN3IL2Rγ (consomic) had significant tumor growth inhibition compared with SSIL2Rγ (parental control), despite a paradoxical increase in the density of blood vessels in the SS.BN3IL2Rγ tumors. We hypothesized that decreased growth of SS.BN3IL2Rγ tumors might be due to nonproductive angiogenesis. To test this possibility, SSIL2Rγ and SS.BN3IL2Rγ tumor vascular function was examined by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI), micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and ex vivo analysis of primary blood endothelial cells, all of which revealed altered vascular function in SS.BN3IL2Rγ tumors compared with SSIL2Rγ. Gene expression analysis also showed a dysregulated vascular signaling network in SS.BN3IL2Rγ tumors, among which DLL4 was differentially expressed and co-localized to a host TME modifier locus (Chr3: 95–131 Mb) that was identified by congenic mapping. Collectively, these data suggest that host genetic modifier(s) on RNO3 induce nonproductive angiogenesis that inhibits tumor growth through the DLL4 pathway.
Management of Gastropleural Fistula after Revisional Bariatric Surgery: A Hybrid Laparoendoscopic Approach

Gastropleural fistula (GPF) is a serious complication after bariatric surgery. Multiple treatment modalities including pharmacologic, endoscopic, and revisional surgery have been proposed. We present a case of a GPF managed successfully with a laparoendoscopic approach utilizing a fistula plug. A 43-year-old male patient presented with a GPF after a revisional bariatric surgery. A laparoendoscopic approach including lysis of adhesions, identification of the fistula, plugging the fistula with a BioGore A® fistula plug, placement an enteric stent, placement of a feeding tube, and surgical drainage was performed. The multimedia video illustrates the technique used. Postoperatively, upper gastrointestinal (UGI) imaging showed no evidence of leak. The enteric stent was removed after 2 months after verifying complete healing of the fistula. A laparoendoscopic approach to GPF repair with the use of fistula plug is effective, safe, and feasible.
Operational metrics reporting processes at scientific user facilities: Comparing a high-energy x-ray synchrotron facility to a supercomputing facility

This paper compares the annual metrics reporting documents of two federally funded scientific user facilities: a supercomputing facility and a high-energy x-ray synchrotron facility. The aim of this paper is to motivate a discussion about the extent to which annual metrics reporting documents at user facilities are shaped by the type of scientific resources that they support and other organizational factors.
Neural Correlates of Consumer Buying Motivations: A 7T functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Study.

Consumer buying motivations can be distinguished into three categories: functional, experiential, or symbolic motivations (Keller, 1993). Although prior neuroimaging studies have examined the neural substrates which enable these motivations, direct comparisons between these three types of consumer motivations have yet to be made. In the current study, we used 7 telsa (7T) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess the neural correlates of each motivation by instructing participants to view common consumer goods while emphasizing either functional, experiential, or symbolic values of these products. The results demonstrated mostly consistent activations between symbolic and experiential motivations. Although, these motivations differed in that symbolic motivation was associated with medial frontal gyrus (MFG) activation, whereas experiential motivation was associated with posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) activation. Functional motivation was associated with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activation, as compared to other motivations. These findings provide a neural basis for how symbolic and experiential motivations may be similar, yet different in subtle ways. Furthermore, the dissociation of functional motivation within the DLPFC supports the notion that this motivation relies on executive function processes relatively more than hedonic motivation. These findings provide a better understanding of the underlying neural functioning which may contribute to poor self-control choices.
hPIC: A scalable electrostatic Particle-in-Cell for Plasma–Material Interactions

Abstract The hPIC code is a fully-kinetic electrostatic Particle-in-Cell application targeted at large-scale simulations of Plasma–Material Interactions. The code can simulate multi-component strongly-magnetized plasmas in a region close to the wall, including the magnetic sheath and presheath, plus the first surface layers which release material impurities. The Poisson solver is based on PETSc conjugate gradient with BoomerAMG algebraic multigrid preconditioners. Scaling tests on the Blue Waters supercomputer have demonstrated excellent weak-scaling (tested up to 65,536 cores) and good strong-scaling up to 262,144 cores. In this paper, we will make an overview of the main features of the code and of the scaling performance as measured on the Blue Waters supercomputer at Illinois.
Swim to the Top: A University Partnership Focused on Enhancing Swimming Competency in African American Youth

Swimming is considered by many to be a significant form of physical activity with many health benefits. Few opportunities exist for African American youth to participate in programs focused on providing developmentally appropriate swim instruction, due in part to a lack of aquatic facilities and programs in urban schools and communities. In an effort to alleviate this problem, the Office of Community Affairs at a large public university in the southeast United States, in addition to several graduate students from the kinesiology department, decided to create a swimming program focused providing developmentally appropriate swim instruction to African American youth. Swim to the Top (S3T) was created with the primary objective of developing stronger swimming skills in African American children. The purpose of this article is to describe how the S3T program was created, share the challenges that were faced throughout its inception, and illuminate the experiences from the program with the hope that future pro...
Bolstering Global Image: A Website-based Comparison of Corporate Introductions between Chinese and American Public Companies

By using verbal data analysis technique, this study compares website-based corporate introductions between Chinese public companies and their American peers. When presenting themselves, both Chinese and American companies appeal to ethos by stressing their capabilities. American companies are more skillful than Chinese companies at appealing to pathos and logos by orienting and interacting with their audience through the use of subheadings, shorter sentences, and more visual and audio elements.
Genome-Wide Associations with Resistance to Bipolaris Leaf Spot (Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoemaker) in a Northern Switchgrass Population (Panicum virgatum)

ABSTRACT Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a northern native perennial grass, suffers from yield reduction from Bipolaris leaf spot caused by Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoe-maker. This study aimed for determining the resistant populations via multiple phenotyping approaches and identifying potential resistance genes to the disease from genome-wide association studies in the switchgrass northern association panel. The disease resistance was evaluated from both natural (field evaluations in NY and PA) and artificial inoculations (detached leaf and leaf disk assays). There are ten out of the 66 populations showed the most resistant based on a combination of detached leaf, leaf disk, and mean from two locations. The GWAS from five subgroups from the association panel to different disease evaluation combinations yielded 27 significant SNPs on 12 chromosomes: 1K, 2K, 2N, 3K, 3N, 4N, 5K, 5N, 6N, 7K, 7N, and 9N accumulatively explaining phenotypic variance of BLUPs of detached leaf percent lesion via image analysis 26.52% at most and BLUPs of leaf disk percent lesion via image analysis 3.28% at least. Within linkage disequilibrium of 20 kb, these SNP markers linked with the potential resistance genes including genes encoding for NBS-LRR, PPR, cell wall related proteins, homeostatic proteins, anti-apoptotic proteins, and ABC transporters.
UV‐C irradiation as a management tool for Tetranychus urticae on strawberries

BACKGROUND: Tetranychus urticae Koch, the two‐spotted spider mite, is a highly polyphagous and worldwide pest of many agricultural crops, including fruit, vegetables, and ornamentals. Typical methods of control include applications of acaricides and biological control agents. Here, we present a non‐chemical technology for management of T. urticae on strawberry plants through the use of a nightly short‐duration ultraviolet‐C (UV‐C) irradiation treatment. RESULTS: Potted strawberry plants infested with T. urticae that received a nightly 60‐s exposure of UV‐C irradiation had significantly fewer live mites per mid‐canopy leaflet (fewer than five) than untreated control plants (> 175). Furthermore, none of the UV‐C irradiated strawberry plants had any spider mite webbing; whereas, 65% of untreated plants were webbed. Tetranychus urticae feeding on untreated plants caused significant yellowing of the leaves compared with UV‐C‐treated plants. CONCLUSION: The UV‐C irradiation treatment maintained mite populations below the accepted economic threshold of five mites per mid‐canopy leaflet. No phytotoxic effects were visible on plants exposed to the short‐duration nightly UV‐C irradiation treatments. Further discussion is provided on the potential benefits of UV‐C irradiation for mite management. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Theorizing the theory complex in Japanese film studies

The recent surge in studies of Japanese film theory can be seen as an aspect of efforts to counter Eurocentrism in film studies and the aversion to theory in Japan studies. It could also help schol...
Associations between family characteristics and influenza vaccination coverage among children.

BACKGROUND To assess the associations between family characteristics and influenza vaccination coverage among children. METHODS Data were used from the National Health Interview Survey 2011-2016. RESULTS The number of children ranged from 10 720 to 12 991 per year from 2011 to 2016. After adjustment for the high-risk status of influenza complications, sex, age, region, race and office visits of children, children of adults who received influenza vaccination were 3.83-4.79 times (the lowest and the highest odds ratios from 2011 to 2016) more likely to be immunized for influenza. Health insurance (1.36-1.61) was also associated with vaccination in children. However, the education level of family adults (0.59-0.79) and marital status of being widowed/divorced/separated (0.74-0.79) were negatively associated with vaccination uptake in children. The following characteristics were not major concerns with influenza vaccination in children: class of worker, years on the job, physical activity, drinking, smoking, hepatitis B immunization, number of family members aged ≥65 years and the ratio of family income to the poverty threshold. Overall, results from the pooled analysis (2011-2016) were consistent with the above-mentioned findings. CONCLUSIONS Promoting parental influenza immunization and access to health insurance may be the most effective tools to promote the coverage of influenza vaccine among children.
Pathogenesis of SCA3 and implications for other polyglutamine diseases

Tandem repeat diseases include the neurodegenerative disorders known as polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases, caused by CAG repeat expansions in the coding regions of the respective disease genes. The nine known polyQ disease include Huntington's disease (HD), dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), and six spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6, SCA7, and SCA17). The underlying disease mechanism in the polyQ diseases is thought principally to reflect dominant toxic properties of the disease proteins which, when harboring a polyQ expansion, differentially interact with protein partners and are prone to aggregate. Among the polyQ diseases, SCA3 is the most common SCA, and second to HD in prevalence worldwide. Here we summarize current understanding of SCA3 disease mechanisms within the broader context of the broader polyQ disease field. We emphasize properties of the disease protein, ATXN3, and new discoveries regarding three potential pathogenic mechanisms: 1) altered protein homeostasis; 2) DNA damage and dysfunctional DNA repair; and 3) nonneuronal contributions to disease. We conclude with an overview of the therapeutic implications of recent mechanistic insights.
Implications for REDUCE IT in clinical practice

Statin therapy is effective in primary and secondary prevention, but substantial residual risk remains on statin treatment, especially among high risk and very high risk patients. Add-on therapy with ezetimibe and proprotein convertase subtilisin /kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors provides additional risk reduction through further reduction in low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Elevated triglycerides/triglyceride rich lipoproteins contribute to atherogenesis and to the residual risk on statin therapy. Addition of icosapent ethyl to statins has recently been shown to markedly lower risk of ASCVD events in patients with established atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) and high risk patients with type II diabetes mellitus. These data are discussed in the context of current guidelines and synthesized in a decision pathway to guide combination lipid-lowering therapy in patients at high ASCVD risk.
Effects of False Vocal Folds on Intraglottal Velocity Fields

Previous models have theorized that, during phonation, skewing of the glottal waveform (which is correlated with acoustic intensity) occurred because of inertance of the vocal tract. Later, we reported that skewing of the flow rate waveform can occur without the presence of a vocal tract in an excised canine larynx. We hypothesized that in the absence of a vocal tract, the skewing formed when dynamic pressures acted on the glottal wall during the closing phase; such pressures were greatly affected by formation of intraglottal vortices. In this study, we aim to identify how changes in false vocal folds constriction can affect the acoustics and intraglottal flow dynamics. The intraglottal flow measurements were made using particle image velocimetry in an excised canine larynx where a vocal tract model was placed above the larynx and the constriction between the false vocal folds was varied. Our results show that for similar values of subglottal pressures, the skewing of the glottal waveform, strength of the intraglottal vortices, and acoustic energy increased as the constriction between the false vocal folds was increased. These preliminary findings suggest that acoustic intensity during phonation can be increased by the addition of a vocal tract with false fold constriction.
Food deserts and food insecurity: in tribal lands and from coast to coast

Abstract This chapter starts with a look at “food deserts” as a product of political, geographical, and social (population) forces. “Food insecure families” exist on Native American reservations and across the nation. How do policies and limitations in the current trend of “hybrid retail stores” impact food security? How is this issue addressed globally by the United Nations? Next, food security is examined through the lens of dietary and nutritional concern. A future nutrition agenda must consider new forms or definitions of food, including: plant-based foods, sustainable foods, bio-engineered foods, nanotechnology foods, and 3D printed foods. Finally, food security is examined in terms of food waste. The UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) include a focus on responsible consumption and production of food. Future food technologies will include “back-of-house” tech to track food waste, recovery, and food donations.
Modeling Firm Transportation Strategy using Big Text Data

Agent-based freight models are used to simulate a individual agents and their attributes, behaviors, and environments. The population in these models typically comprises business establishments or firms. Due to lack of data, attributes are often limited to readily available traits such as firm size and industry category. However, these basic attributes, while important, yield little insight into the underlying behavioral drivers of firm decisions. This research addresses this data gap by building a data development engine (DDE). The DDE extracts key company data from big, online, text-based information systems and builds a dataset of companies to use in model estimation. The primary, initial focus of the DDE is to develop data regarding strategies that are adopted by companies and used to guide company decisions. Earlier work has shown that including firm strategies in an agent-based freight model is important for estimating freight agent behavior and, ultimately, impacts on energy use and vehicle-miles traveled. Factor Analysis and Structural Equation models are used to identify firm “emphasis areas” and a latent variable that weighs the relative importance of two emphasis areas (service vs. product innovations). The resulting strategic data is used to inform a model of private fleet ownership.
Leaf litter input to ponds can dramatically alter amphibian morphological phenotypes.

Phenotypic plasticity in growth and development is commonly examined, but morphology can exhibit plasticity as well. Leg length plasticity is important, because it impacts mobility, which affects predator avoidance, prey capture, and seasonal movements. Differences in relative (i.e., body size adjusted) hind leg lengths > 5% in anurans affect jumping abilities, and resource levels and predation can generate these differences. Leaf litter input can alter larval growth and development and likely morphology as well. I show that relative leg length [leg length/snout-to-vent length (SVL) × 100%] can be quite variable, ranging from 44% of SVL to 120% of SVL across the following species: Hyla versicolor, Lithobates sylvaticus, L. sphenocephalus, and Anaxyrus americanus. Within species variability was highest in L. sylvaticus and almost as great as across species. I measured relative leg length for metamorphs from aquatic mesocosm studies examining the effects of plant litter type and quality. I also examined the relative importance of different environmental variables, including water quality, predation, resource level, and temperature. Good predictors were found only for the two ranids, where leaf litter input was the only variable found to affect relative leg length. Ranid frogs had longer legs when emerging from mesocosms with grass than mesocosms with no litter input, and deciduous leaves produced metamorphs intermediate in leg length. These results suggest that habitat changes in vegetation from land use change, invasive species, and climate change may affect the mobility and fitness of individuals through changes in metamorph relative leg length.
Long-term complications associated with COVID-19 infection

Background: In Michigan, 44,964 (68%) of the 66,269 COVID-19 patients have recovered However, there is concern that COVID-19 infection may lead to long-term sequelae, including pulmonary defects, cardiac complications, blood clots, and neurocognitive impairment This study describes the 30-day outcomes of patients who had recovered Methods: From 3/16/2020 to 5/19/2020, a follow-up was attempted for patients who were discharged alive from Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit and had recovered Recovery was defined as being alive 30 days post symptom-onset A telephone survey was conducted 30 days post-index admission and recorded in electronic medical records Oxygen (O2) requirements, symptoms, readmissions and the need for antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections were evaluated Results: 585 patients met inclusion criteria and were contacted by phone;303 answered their phone (Table 1), but only 266 (45%) completed a full telephone encounter and were included in the final analysis (Table 2) The majority were female (53%), black (80%), and discharged to home (84%) The clinical characteristics of those who completed the survey were as follows: 11% presented with O2 saturation < 90%, 16% had underlying lung pathology, and 57% had a BMI above 30 Patients' average age was 61 ± 14 3 years At 30 days post-index admission, 49% were still symptomatic Of the symptomatic patients, 86% had dyspnea on exertion and 15% required O2 supplementation 18% of patients were readmitted within 30 days, and 9% developed a secondary infection prior to the phone encounter No statistically significant differences in demographics or comorbidities were found between symptomatic and asymptomatic cohorts (Tables 1, 2) Conclusion: In our study, almost half of the discharged patients remained symptomatic after 30 days with a substantial proportion experiencing pulmonary symptoms A better understanding of the long-term pulmonary sequelae following COVID-19 infection is needed to design interventions to reduce post-infectious morbidity
Classification of COVID-19 in chest radiographs: Assessing the impact of imaging parameters using clinical and simulated images

As computer-aided diagnostics develop to address new challenges in medical imaging, including emerging diseases such as COVID-19, the initial development is hampered by availability of imaging data. Deep learning algorithms are particularly notorious for performance that tends to improve proportionally to the amount of available data. Simulated images, as available through advanced virtual trials, may present an alternative in data-constrained applications. We begin with our previously trained COVID-19 x-ray classification model (denoted as CVX) that leveraged additional training with existing pre-pandemic chest radiographs to improve classification performance in a set of COVID-19 chest radiographs. The CVX model achieves demonstrably better performance on clinical images compared to an equivalent model that applies standard transfer learning from ImageNet weights. The higher performing CVX model is then shown to generalize effectively to a set of simulated COVID-19 images, both quantitative comparisons of AUCs from clinical to simulated image sets, but also in a qualitative sense where saliency map patterns are consistent when compared between sets. We then stratify the classification results in simulated images to examine dependencies in imaging parameters when patient features are constant. Simulated images show promise in optimizing imaging parameters for accurate classification in data-constrained applications.
Liquid jet breakup regimes at supercritical pressures

Abstract Previously, a theory has been presented that explains how discrete vapor–liquid interfaces become diminished at certain high-pressure conditions in a manner that leads to well known qualitative trends observed from imaging in a variety of experiments. Rather than surface tension forces, transport processes can dominate over relevant ranges of conditions. In this paper, this framework is now generalized to treat a wide range of fuel-oxidizer combinations in a manner consistent with theories of capillary flows and extended corresponding states theory. Different flow conditions and species-specific molecular properties are shown to produce distinct variations of interfacial structures and local free molecular paths. These variations are shown to occur over the operating ranges in a variety of propulsion and power systems. Despite these variations, the generalized analysis reveals that the envelope of flow conditions at which the transition from classical sprays to diffusion-dominated mixing occurs exhibits a characteristic shape for all liquid–gas combinations. For alkane-oxidizer mixtures, it explains that these conditions shift to higher pressure flow conditions with increasing carbon number and demonstrates that, instead of widely assumed classical spray atomization, diffusion-dominated mixing may occur under relevant high-pressure conditions in many modern devices.
Distributed fuel cell generation in restructured power systems

This paper emphasizes the role of fuel cells as one of the popular options for distributed generation (DG) applications in restructured power systems. Typical topologies of fuel cell-based distributed generation systems are introduced, and major issues concerning interconnection with the utility grid are highlighted. Also presented in the paper are some of the issues related to marketing and standardization of fuel cell DG technology. Finally, a few working examples of fuel cell-based DG systems in the US and around the world are reviewed and their operation and performance characteristics are discussed
Shikimate Kinase Isoenzymes in Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract A study was undertaken of the shikimate kinase activity of extracts of Salmonella typhimurium. Chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose revealed consistently the presence of two widely separated peaks of activity, the faster moving enzyme being more unstable than the slower moving, major enzymic constituent. The latter shikimate kinase was purified more than 100-fold on Sephadex G-200. The existence of two isoenzymes could account for the absence in Salmonella of single gene mutants lacking shikimate kinase.