cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stress preferentially increases extraneuronal levels of excitatory amino acids in the prefrontal cortex : comparison to hippocampus and basal ganglia

: The technique of intracerebral microdialysis was used to assess the effect of stress on the extracellular concentrations of excitatory amino acids, glutamate and aspartate, in the rat medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and nucleus accumbens. A 20-min restraint procedure led to an increase in extracellular glutamate in all regions tested. The increase in glutamate levels was significantly higher in the prefrontal cortex than that observed in other regions. With the exception of the striatum, extracellular levels of aspartate were increased in all regions. Furthermore, the increase in aspartate levels was significantly higher in prefrontal cortex compared to hippocampus and nucleus accumbens. Local perfusion of tetrodotoxin during the restraint procedure significantly decreased the stress-induced increase in extracellular excitatory amino acids. In order to ensure that the above results were not an artifact of restraint not associated with stress (e.g., decreased mobility), we also examined the effect of swimming stress on the extracellular levels of excitatory amino acids in selected regions, i.e., striatum and medial prefrontal cortex. Both regions displayed a significant increase in extracellular levels of aspartate and glutamate following 20 min of swimming in room temperature water. This study provides direct evidence that stress increases the neuronal release of excitatory amino acids in a regionally selective manner. The implications of the present findings for stress-induced catecholamine release and/or hippocampal degeneration are discussed.
Characterization of non-methane hydrocarbons in the rural southeast United States

Measurements of non-methane hydrocarbons, as well as ozone, meteorological and trace gas data, made at four rural sites located within the southeastern United States as a part of the Southern Oxidants Study are compared. The C2–C10 hydrocarbons were obtained during the 1200–1300 local time period, once every six days from September 1992 through October 1993. The light molecular weight alkanes (ethane, propane, n-butane, iso-butane, ethene and acetylene) display a seasonal variation of a winter maximum and summer minimum. Isoprene was virtually non-existent during the winter at all sites, and averaged from 9.8 ppbC (Yorkville, Georgia) to 21.15 ppbC (Centreville, Alabama) during the summer. The C10 terpene concentration was largest during the summer period with averages ranging between 3.19 ppbC (Centreville, Alabama) and 6.38 ppbC (Oak Grove, Mississippi); winter time concentrations ranged from 1.25 to 1.9 ppbC for all sites. Propylene-equivalent concentrations were calculated to account for differences in reaction rates between the hydroxyl radical and individual hydrocarbons, and to thereby estimate their relative contribution to ozone, especially in regard to the highly reactive biogenic compounds such as isoprene. The propy-equivalent concentrations from the biogenics represent at least 65% of the total non-methane hydrocarbon sum at these four sites during the summer season. A plot of ozone versus NOγ-NO highlights the NOx limited relationship of this region.
A mixing rate approach to understanding nutrient distributions in the plume of Mississippi River

Abstract Studies of estuarine chemical and biological distributions frequently focus on biogeochemical processes while ignoring how the rates of these processes might compare with mixing rates. This is understandable in view of the complex physical regime of many estuaries. In this report a mixing rate diagram is described which shows freshwater transit times versus salinity. This approach is straightforward to construct and can provide information regarding relative rates of mixing (or dilution) in different parts of an estuarine/coastal mixing zone. A simplified preliminary application of this approach suggests that nutrient uptake in the plume of the Mississippi River may be related to a slowing of the mixing process at high salinities.
Supporting audiovisual query using dynamic programming

A necessary capability for content-based retrieval is to support the paradigm of query by example. Most systems for video retrieval support queries using image sequences only. We present an algorithm for matching multimodal (audio-visual) patterns for the purpose of content-based video retrieval. The novel ability of our approach to use the information content in multiple media coupled with a strong emphasis on temporal similarity differentiates it from the state-of-the-art in content-based retrieval. At the core of the pattern matching scheme is a dynamic programming algorithm, which leads to a significant improvement in performance. Coupling the use of audio with video this algorithm can be applied to grouping of shots based on audio-visual similarity. We also support relevance feedback. The user can provide feedback to the system, by choosing clips, which are closer to the user's desired target. The system then automatically adjusts the relative weights or relevance of the media and fetches different sets of target clips accordingly. It is our observation that a few iterations of such feedback are generally sufficient, for retrieving the desired video clips.
The Global Distribution of the Annual and Semiannual Cycles in Sea Level Pressure

Abstract The annual march of sea-level pressure is documented on a global basis by mapping the amplitudes and phases of the annual and semiannual cycles in a vectorial format.
In vitro sensitivity of pathogenic enteric bacteria to various antibiotics.

Strains tested.?About one-third of the strains included in this study were isolated from the stools or blood of patients acutely ill with enteric infections at the Boston City Hospital or at neighboring hospitals. They were obtained in pure culture and identified in a preliminary manner either in the Bacteriological Laboratory of the Mallory Institute of Pathology by Miss Marion E. Lamb or in the Diagnostic Laboratory of the Massachusetts Department of Public Health through the courtesy of Dr. Robert A. MacCready. Phage typing of all strains of Salmonella typhosa and final classification of the strains of the other salmonellas and of the shigellas were done in the Enteric Bacteriology Laboratory of the Communicable Disease Center,
Computing Constrained Laplacian Navigation Function Paths in Configuration Space

This paper demonstrates path-planning for complex geometric models using harmonic function solutions to Laplace’s equation in the configuration space of the robot. The principal elements of the system are an approximate representation of the configuration space obstacles, finite element meshing of the free space, and Laplacian solutions to a path between start and end configurations in the free configuration space. Paths found by this system are smooth and free of local minima. Additionally, the full field solution can be used in novel ways to enforce constraints on the computed robot path, such as needed for car-like robots and in the presence of moving obstacles. The system is tested on several scenarios, such as a moving, rotating robot and a translating robot with moving obstacles, that demonstrate the generality of the approach.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Calling all antigens.

Many parasites vary their surface molecules to avoid the host's immune response, thereby perpetuating long-term infections. Disrupting this process in the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia now provides a useful tool for vaccination (pages 551–557).
Chelate additives and the purification of scandium by displacement ion-exchange chromatography

Abstract Displacement ion-exchange methods were used to prepare kilogram quantities of Sc2O3 of ultrahigh purity. Modifications of the temperature and pH of separation and the inclusion of additives to the HEDTA eluting solution were found to improve the separation and to control the Fe(III) /ag Fe(II) reaction. After the elution (purification) process was complete, a method was developed to remove the HEDTA from the purified scandium on the columns. (The presence of HEDTA interferes with the oxalate precipitation.) Scandium subsequently stripped from the columns with NH4C2H3O2 was then readily precipitated as the oxalate. Typical purification runs upgraded about 10 kg of Sc2O3 from 98% to 99.995% purity.
Compression strategies for LiDAR waveform cube

Abstract Full-waveform LiDAR data (FWD) provide a wealth of information about the shape and materials of the surveyed areas. Unlike discrete data that retains only a few strong returns, FWD generally keeps the whole signal, at all times, regardless of the signal intensity. Hence, FWD will have an increasingly well-deserved role in mapping and beyond, in the much desired classification in the raw data format. Full-waveform systems currently perform only the recording of the waveform data at the acquisition stage; the return extraction is mostly deferred to post-processing. Although the full waveform preserves most of the details of the real data, it presents a serious practical challenge for a wide use: much larger datasets compared to those from the classical discrete return systems. Atop the need for more storage space, the acquisition speed of the FWD may also limit the pulse rate on most systems that cannot store data fast enough, and thus, reduces the perceived system performance. This work introduces a waveform cube model to compress waveforms in selected subsets of the cube, aimed at achieving decreased storage while maintaining the maximum pulse rate of FWD systems. In our experiments, the waveform cube is compressed using classical methods for 2D imagery that are further tested to assess the feasibility of the proposed solution. The spatial distribution of airborne waveform data is irregular; however, the manner of the FWD acquisition allows the organization of the waveforms in a regular 3D structure similar to familiar multi-component imagery, as those of hyper-spectral cubes or 3D volumetric tomography scans. This study presents the performance analysis of several lossy compression methods applied to the LiDAR waveform cube, including JPEG-1, JPEG-2000, and PCA-based techniques. Wide ranges of tests performed on real airborne datasets have demonstrated the benefits of the JPEG-2000 Standard where high compression rates incur fairly small data degradation. In addition, the JPEG-2000 Standard-compliant compression implementation can be fast and, thus, used in real-time systems, as compressed data sequences can be formed progressively during the waveform data collection. We conclude from our experiments that 2D image compression strategies are feasible and efficient approaches, thus they might be applied during the acquisition of the FWD sensors.
Gallium arsenide on sapphire Gunn effect devices

The epitaxial growth of single-crystal GaAs on an insulating sapphire substrate, recently reported, has been used in the fabrication of Gunn effect devices.
DEVELOPMENT OF MECHANISTIC MODELS FOR THE PREDICTION OF MACHINING PERFORMANCE: MODEL BUILDING METHODOLOGY

ABSTRACT In this paper, recent research efforts at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) on the development of machining process models are summarized under a unified mechanistic modeling framework. The fundamental elements of the basic cutting force model are described first, which include the computation of chip load and chip flow, force transformation relations, workpiece-cutter intersection algorithm, and the model calibration procedure. Some advanced model enhancements are then presented, such as the modeling of process faults, modeling of chip-control tools, and the incorporation of ploughing and tool wear effects. The integration of the process model with the machining system dynamics is discussed next. Finally, representative results are shown to validate the mechanistic modeling approach.
Computer Simulations of Transient Flow in a Real City Water Distribution System

Several cases of computer simulation for transient flow have been conducted to demonstrate the transient effects in distribution system. Each case is simulated with specified scenarios. The results of computer model show that any changes of water demand can produce large pressure oscillation. If the change of demand is sudden, it will create many undesirable consequences such as backflow, excessive high pressure, or negative pulling pressure. The computer model utilized in this study has been found to be a promising simulation tool for the solution of transient flow in distribution system. Computer models have to be used for the design of distribution system subject to transient flow. Moreover, it can be used as an operational tool to protect the distribution system from the excessively high pressure, the column separation due to excessive negative pressure, or any undesirable incidents.
Methods of developing children's emotional intelligence

Abstract Almost a century ago, Thorndike had the foresight to announce to the world that IQ is not the only type of intelligence. And he was right. What he was referring to is emotional intelligence, the product of two main factors – personal and social competency – without which one cannot envisage the human personality of the 21st century. Emotions have taught humanity how to think, Luc de Vauvenargues said. Those emotions that are not dealt with disrupt the mind and body while those emotions that are transformed in abilities ensure a better productivity, more satisfactions derived from everyday activities and positive interpersonal relationships, they drive us to assume accountability as well as bolster up our self-control, among many other things. Our attempt to develop and optimize the involvement of emotions in achieving individual success was aimed at the following objectives. Discovering the four unique areas of EQ: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship management. Developing EQ through the use of specific techniques. Using EQ for: cognitive and interrelational advantages, lowering stress level, the increase of individual productivity, comprehending emotions, positively interacting with others, etc. This paper deals exactly with the most efficient methods of developing emotional intelligence in children.
Species richness of wild bees, but not the use of managed honeybees, increases fruit set of a pollinator-dependent crop

Summary 1. Native, wild bees are important pollinators for both crop and wild plants. With concerns over the availability and cost of managed honeybees, attention has turned to native, wild bees as crop pollinators. However, the ability of native, wild bees to provide sufficient pollination may depend on their populations at local scales. 2. Therefore, at the farm scale, we examined the pollination contribution of both native, wild bees and managed honeybees to apples and assessed the relative importance of bee abundance vs. species richness. Over three growing seasons, apple fruit set, bee abundance and bee species richness were measured at orchards in Wisconsin, half of which used managed honeybees, thus allowing us to independently examine the contribution of native, wild bees to fruit set. We additionally conducted observations of honeybees and wild bees foraging on apple blossoms in order to examine functional complementarity. 3. We found that apples are highly dependent on animal pollinators. However, fruit set was not significantly higher at orchards with managed honeybees, nor did it increase with the number of honeybees per orchard. Instead, fruit set significantly increased with the species richness of native, wild bees during bloom. 4. Honeybees and wild bees showed different foraging preferences: honeybees more frequently visited apple flowers on densely blooming trees, while wild bees showed no preference for floral density, thereby evenly visiting trees throughout the orchard. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our results show that native, wild bees play a significant and unique role in apple pollination within our region and cannot therefore be replaced by managed bees. Moreover, our findings suggest that bee conservation efforts should focus specifically on maintaining or increasing bee species richness in order to improve pollination and crop yields.
Citizen Chávez: The State, Social Movements, and Publics

Scholars are divided over whether the emancipatory politics promised by new social movements can be attained within civil society or whether seizure of the state apparatus is necessary. The Bolivarian Revolution led by President Hugo Chavez presents a crucial case for examining this question. Chavez’s use of the state apparatus has been fundamental in broadening the concept of citizenship, but this extension of citizenship has occurred alongside the deliberate exclusion of others. This has not only limited its appeal as a citizenship project but created counterpublics that challenge the functioning of the government and its very legitimacy. Analysis of Bolivarianism in terms of micropublics shows both how otherwise disparate micropublics fuse together and why their union remains contingent and dependent on the figure of Chavez, its most significant producer.
S matrix derivation of the Weinberg model

By applying only the requirement of asymptotic softness (i.e., the requirement that amplitudes should not grow, asymptotically, faster than that in a renormalizable theory) to various Born amplitudes with four external lines and making some specific assumptions about the number of added particles to meet the requirement, we obtain all of the interaction Lagrangian and relations among the masses and coupling constants of the Weinberg Model.
Sydney Nevile: Squire in the slums or progressive brewer?

Alistair Mutch argues that Sydney O. Nevile co-operated with social workers in Somers Town owing to his own position as the son of a member of the gentry. Whitbread's subsequent pub improvement programme, Mutch contends, reflected the firm's work in this London slum. This article challenges Mutch's thesis, and points to Nevile's social status as an outsider, who survived truly by his own wits, arduous effort, sense of social inferiority and as a result of sheer luck. Involvement with Somers Town pubs came late in Whitbread's pub improvements and had impact neither on the company nor on how Nevile subsequently approached reforming pubs.
Planetesimal growth in turbulent discs before the onset of gravitational instability

It is difficult to imagine a planet formation model that does not at some stage include a gravitationally unstable disc. Initially unstable gas-dust discs may form planets directly, but the high surface density required has motivated the alternative that gravitational instability occurs in a dust sub-layer only after grains have grown large enough by electrostatic sticking. Although such growth up to the instability stage is efficient for laminar discs, concern has mounted as to whether realistic disc turbulence catastrophically increases the settling time, thereby requiring additional processes to facilitate planet formation on the needed time scales. To evaluate this concern, we develop a model for grain growth that accounts for the influence of turbulence on the collisional velocity of grains and on the scale height of the dust layer. The relative effect on these quantities depends on the grain size. The model produces a disc-radius dependent time scale to reach a gravitationally unstable phase of planet formation. For a range of dust sticking and disc parameters, we find that for viscosity parameters � ≤ 10 3 , this time scale is short enough over a significant range in radii R that turbulence does not catastrophically slow the early phases of planet formation, even in the absence of agglomeration enhancement agents like vortices.
Functionalized Asymmetric Linear Acenes for High‐Performance Organic Semiconductors

A series of compounds from the from the tetraceno[2,3-b]thiophene and the anthra[2,3-b]thiophene family of semicondacting molecules has been made. Specifically, synthetic routes to functionalize the parent molecules with bromo and then hexyl groups are shown. the bromo- and hexyl-functionalized tetraceno[2,3-b]thiophene and anthra[2,3-b]thiophene were characterized in the top-contact thin-film transistor (TFT) geometry. They give high mobilities, ranging from 0.12 cm 2 V -1 s -1 for α-n-hexylanthra[2,3-b]thiophene to as high a 0.83 cm 2 V -1 s -1 for α-bromotetraceno [2,3-b]thiophene core, with a corresponding increase in mobility. The shorter anthra[2,3-b]thiophene core to the longer tetraceno [2,3-b]thiophene core, with a correspondence increase in mobility. The transition from undesirable 3D to desirable 2D thin-film growth is explained by the increase in length of the molecule, in this case by one benzene ring, which results in an increase in intralayer interactions relative to interlayer interactions.
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor activity in porcine adipocytes is androgen and age/cell size dependent.

Abstract 1. 1. Using epinephrine plus propranolol we demonstrated alpha-2 adrenergic receptor (α2AR) activity (49% inhibition of theophylline stimulated lipolysis) in adipocytes of adult intact male pigs (61 kg body wt and 97 μm adipocyte diameter). 2. 2. Dose titration with an α2AR antagonist (yohimbine) confirmed α2AR associated activity. 3. 3. No α2AR activity was observed in younger male or castrated male pigs. 4. 4. The inhibitory action on lipolysis via the a2AR in pigs is dependent on androgen status and adipocyte size or age.
Spectroscopy of strongly localized excitons and band-gap states in semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes

It is often assumed that single-walled carbon nanotubes grown via catalytic chemical vapor deposition are free of defects, particularly when suspended over a trench. Here we show that semiconducting nanotubes grown in this manner can contain a surprisingly large number of states within the band gap. High-resolution photocurrent spectroscopy is used to probe these states in individual nanotubes. We observe a series of band-gap states in suspended nanotubes, resulting in long trapping and detrapping times. These states significantly alter the exciton spectra, resulting in a manifold of strongly localized exciton states with narrow linewidths (1 meV at room temperature) within a broader exciton envelope.
Neuromuscular transmission defect caused by carbamazepine1

The clinical effect of carbamazepine (CBZ) on neuromuscular transmission is described in two children who presented in coma with diffuse hypotonia and areflexia following CBZ overdose. Repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) showed a decremental response only at high-frequency stimulation. With supportive care, the patients made an uneventful recovery. Follow-up RNS was normal. This is the first report of a clinically evident neuromuscular transmission defect produced by CBZ. We postulate that CBZ's known effect on decreasing sodium channel depolarization produced a defect in neuromuscular transmission. The report emphasizes the contribution of RNS in the evaluation of coma of uncertain etiology, particularly in cases of possible intoxication, and the potential for CBZ to compromise neuromuscular transmission in normal individuals or in patients with a decreased neuromuscular transmission safety factor.
A Mathematical Model of HIV Infection: Simulating T4, T8, Macrophages, Antibody, and Virus via Specific Anti-HIV Response in the Presence of Adaptation and Tropism

A mathematical model of the host’s immune response to HIV infection is proposed. The model represents the dynamics of 13 subsets of T cells (HIV-specific and nonspecific, healthy and infected, T4 and T8 cells), infected macrophages, neutralizing antibodies, and virus. The results of simulation are in agreement with published data regarding T4 cell concentration and viral load, and exhibit the typical features of HIV infection, i.e. double viral peaks in the acute stage, sero conversion, inverted T cell ratio, establishment of set points, steady state, and decline into AIDS. This result is achieved by taking into account thymic aging, viral and infected cell stimulation of specific immune cells, background nonspecific antigens, infected cell proliferation, viral production by infected macrophages and T cells, tropism, viral, and immune adaptation. Starting from this paradigm, changes in the parameter values simulate observed differences in individual outcomes, and predict different scenarios, which can suggest new directions in therapy. In particular, large parameter changes highlight the potentially critical role of both very vigorous and extremely damped specific immune response, and of the elimination of virus release by macrophages. Finally, the time courses of virus, antibody and T cells production and removal are systematically investigated, and a comparison of T4 and T8 cell dynamics in a healthy and in a HIV infected host is offered.
THE GROWTH, SURVIVAL, AND FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF REDFISH (Sciaenops ocellata) IN PONDS RECEIVING HEATED DISCHARGE WATER FROM A POWER PLANT

One hundred young redfish (Sciaenopsocellata) were caught by hook and line fishing and stocked in two 0.1 ha ponds. The ponds, located near Baytown, Texas on the Galveston Bay complex, received heated discharge water from the Cedar Bayou Generating Station of the Houston Lighting and Power Company. Once established in the ponds, the fish were taught to eat Purina trout chow pellets. The ponds were drained periodically and redfish were counted, weighed, and measured. Eighty-three fish were alive at the end of the study. Mean daily weight and length gain in the two ponds were 3.15 g and 2.69 g and 0.76 mm and 0.85 mm, respectively. Food conversion values ranged from 2.70 to 6.61. Mean KSL values ranged from 1.67 to 1.94.
Intracranial trigeminal nerve rhabdomyoma/choristoma in a child: A case report and discussion of possible histogenesis

Rhabdomyomas are rare tumors that usually arise within the heart, orocervical, or vulvovaginal regions. The cardiac tumors have a characteristic immature morphology, occur often in association with tuberous sclerosis, and are regarded as hamartomas rather than true neoplasms. The histogenesis of the extracardiac tumors and their true neoplastic nature are matters of controversy. We report the first case of a rhabdomyoma located inside the cranium. The intimate association with the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, the normal embryogenesis of the craniofacial muscles, and animal homograft and xenograft experiments provide a framework for considering this tumor, and possibly other rhabdomyomas, as a choristoma/hamartoma rather than a true neoplasm.
Volume (crystalloid) replacement in the ICU patient

Abstract Crystalloids are crucial to the treatment of the adult intensive-care patient. An understanding of their distribution is an important consideration for the clinician when determining the rate and volume of administration. Selection of an appropriate site and catheter type for intravenous catheter placement is discussed. A fluid therapy plan should be formulated for each patient that provides for correction of the fluid deficit, maintenance requirements, and ongoing losses. Monitoring techniques to ensure correction of hypovolemia and prevention of over-hydration are described. This article also discusses common plasma electrolyte disturbances and how their measurement can be used to guide selection of the most appropriate crystalloid.
Perceptions That Influence the Maintenance of Scientific Integrity in Community-Based Participatory Research

Scientific integrity is necessary for strong science; yet many variables can influence scientific integrity. In traditional research, some common threats are the pressure to publish, competition for funds, and career advancement. Community-based participatory research (CBPR) provides a different context for scientific integrity with additional and unique concerns. Understanding the perceptions that promote or discourage scientific integrity in CBPR as identified by professional and community investigators is essential to promoting the value of CBPR. This analysis explores the perceptions that facilitate scientific integrity in CBPR as well as the barriers among a sample of 74 professional and community CBPR investigators from 25 CBPR projects in nine states in the southeastern United States in 2012. There were variations in perceptions associated with team member identity as professional or community investigators. Perceptions identified to promote and discourage scientific integrity in CBPR by professional and community investigators were external pressures, community participation, funding, quality control and supervision, communication, training, and character and trust. Some perceptions such as communication and training promoted scientific integrity whereas other perceptions, such as a lack of funds and lack of trust could discourage scientific integrity. These results demonstrate that one of the most important perceptions in maintaining scientific integrity in CBPR is active community participation, which enables a co-responsibility by scientists and community members to provide oversight for scientific integrity. Credible CBPR science is crucial to empower the vulnerable communities to be heard by those in positions of power and policy making.
Symmetry properties of cross correlation functions in molecular liquids

Abstract The symmetry laws affecting the existence of laboratory frame cross correlation functions are discussed in terms of parity and time reversal.The cross correlation functions are obtained systematically by repeated differentiation in the laboratory and rotating frames of reference. In principle, these c.c.f.'s can all be used to analyse the nature of molecular dynamics in a computer simulation, and are illustrated in this paper in various molecular liquids.
Interaction of antibodies with liposomes bearing fluorescent haptens

Kinetic and equilibrium aspects of the recognition of antigenic model membranes by antibodies have been studied. Monoclonal anti-fluorescein IgG and its monovalent Fab fragment were allowed to interact with a fluorescein-lipid hapten that was incorporated into phospholipid vesicles. The binding was assayed in the nanomolar hapten concentration range by monitoring the quenching of hapten fluorescence by antibody. The rate and strength of the binding depended on the lipid composition of the vesicles; cholesterol enhanced both. The biphasic binding kinetics observed at high antibody concentrations for some compositions, plus additional spectroscopic evidence, led us to hypothesize that the hapten existed in a composition-dependent equilibrium between at least two conformations: (1) extended away from the membrane surface, available for binding, and (2) sequestered at or in the surface, unavailable for binding. The rate and strength of IgG binding were always greater than those of Fab, indicating bivalent binding by the IgG. This binding was intra-vesicular, since no agglutination of the vesicles was detected.
Activation of the IL-10 Gene Promoter Following Photodynamic Therapy of Murine Keratinocytes¶

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), an anticancer treatment modality, has recently been shown to be an effective treatment for several autoimmune disease models including antigen-induced arthritis. PDT was found to induce the expression of IL-10 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein in the skin, and this expression has similar kinetics to the appearance of PDT-induced suppression of skin-mediated immune responses such as the contract hypersensitivity (CHS) response. Some aspects of the UVB-induced suppression of the immune response have been linked to the induction of IL-10. IL-10 has been shown to inhibit the development and activation of Th1 cells, which are critical for many cell-mediated immune responses, including CHS. We have examined the effect of PDT and UVB irradiation on the activity of the IL-10 gene promoter and on IL-10 mRNA stability using the murine keratinocyte line, PAM 212. In vitro PDT induces IL-10 mRNA and protein expression from PAM 212 cells, which can be correlated with an increase in AP-1 DNA binding activity and activation of the IL-10 gene promoter by PDT. Deletion of an AP-1 response element from the IL-10 gene promoter was shown to abrogate the PDT-induced promoter activity indicating that the AP-1 response element is critical to IL-10 induction by PDT. In addition, PDT results in an increase in IL-10 mRNA stability, which may also contribute to the increased IL-10 expression in PAM 212 cells following PDT. In vitro UVB irradiation also results in activation of the IL-10 promoter. However, in contrast to PDT, UVB-induced activation of the IL-10 promoter is not AP-1 dependent and did not increase IL-10 mRNA stability.
Continuous telemetry from a chronic canine model of sudden cardiac death.

Continuous Telemetry in a Dog Model of Sudden Death. Introduction: We sought to develop a continuously telemetered animal model of sudden cardiac death (SCD) to study the role of existing infarcts and acute ischemia in fatal arrhythmias. Methods and Results: A telemetry system capable of recording eight channels of electrophysiologic data continuously and chronically has been developed. To demonstrate the use of this technology in an animal model of sudden death. 12 anesthetized dogs were instrumented with eight electrodes located in endocardium of the right side of the heart, epicardium of the left ventricle (LV), or in the subcutaneous tissues. The left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery was occluded for 90 minutes and reperfused to produce LV infarction. A copper wire was placed in the left circumflex (LCX) coronary artery to cause intimal injury in a second arterial bed. The telemetry unit recorded deaths in seven animals between 19 to 64 hours after surgery. Five animals that did not experience SCD by the fifth postoperative day served as controls. There were three modes of SCD: complex ventricular ectopy that degenerated into ventricular fibrillation VF (n = 4); normal sinus rhythm that suddenly degenerated into VF (n = 1); and bradycardia (RK intervals > 1.000 msec) that lasted >3 minutes and preceded VF (n = 2). ST segment changes were significantly greater in the LCX-bed electrograms for tachyarrhythmic compared to bradyarrhythmic deaths (mean ± SD; 4.0 ± 3.4 mV and 0.2 ± 0.8 mV, respectively). Fast Fourier transform showed the peak frequency of VF 10 seconds after onset was significantly higher in the five dogs with initial tachyarrhythmic compared with the VF that followed profound bradycardia (6.5 ± 3.1 Hz and 3.7 ± 0.6 Hz. respectively). Computer-assisted planimetry of postmortem heart slices revealed that infarcts in the two dogs with bradycardie events were larger (19.7%± 2.2% of the LV and septal mass) than in the five dogs with tachyarrhythmias (7.7%± 2.4%) or in the five control dogs (11.9%± 8.1%). Conclusion: It is possible to record via telemetry the events leading to SCD in an animal model. Continuous telemetry monitoring demoastrated that both tachyarrhythmias and bradyarrhythmias ultimately resulted in VF in an animal model of SCD. Animals with tachyarrhythmic deaths had greater ischemia in the LCX bed, smaller preexisting infarcts, and higher VF peak frequency than animals with bradyarrhythmic deaths.
LACK OF IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSES BY AN INVERTEBRATE.

Abstract 1. 1. We have failed to find evidence of acquired specific humoral antibody production by crayfish ( Cambarus virilis ). 2. 2. Methods utilized included attempts to demonstrate the development of local or generalized responses resembling the Arthus phenomenon or anaphylaxis, specific precipitins, and immune clearance. 3. 3. Iodine 131 -labeled human serum albumin was catabolized following intracardiac injection.
Electron microscope studies of silver salmon spermatozoa (Oncorhynchus kisutch [Walbaum]).

Abstract The electron microscope has been used to study the structure of spermatozoa of the silver salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum). Several fixative and fixative-buffer combinations were used to differentiate artefacts from actual structures. Because of the opacity of the head to electrons little was learned of its internal structure. Changes in head dimensions, however, were found with differences in osmotic stress and degree of hardening at the time of fixation. The neckpiece is attached to and lies lateral to the tail at its insertion into the head. It is an ovoid structure, the size of which varies with the use of different fixatives. The tail is composed of an isodiametric axial filament containing eleven fibrils and is covered by a spirally wound, membranous sheath. Nine of the fibrils are of equal diameter and are probably each made up of five protofibrils. The remaining two fibrils are of smaller diameter than the others and contain four protofibrils each. The protofibrils comprise the clockwise spiral substructure of the fibrils, in which no central core was detected. An analysis of the effects of different fixatives upon the tail dimensions was attempted. In some instances highly significant differences in tail widths with different fixatives were found.
Effect of biogenic amines and gaba on ATPase activities in mouse tissue

ATPase activities were studied in brain, kidney and liver (13,000 X g pellet) fraction from the mouse. Dopamine and norepinephrine added in vitro showed a dose-dependent stimulation of Na+ and K+ activated and oligomycin sensitive Mg2+ ATPase activities in brain but not kidney and liver tissue fractions. GABA and serotonin had no effect on ATPase in brain, but inhibited oligomycin sensitive Mg2+ ATPase activities in kidney and liver. The relationship between the enhancement of ATPase activity by neurotransmitters in brain and the neuronal excitation is discussed.
Pharmacodynamic Action of Acetylcholine

THE old ‘side-chain’ theory of Ehrlich placed unwarranted emphasis on pictorial symbols designed to represent molecular entities. In an interesting recent article, H. R. Ing1 has suggested that a precise fit between the drug cation and some macro-molecular structure in the living cell is required if a high degree of activity is to be observed". A similar preoccupation with skeletal rather than “dynamic properties of autonomic drugs will be found in the recent speculations of Pfeiffer2, who has suggested that all drugs which possess parasympathetic stimulant action contain a ketone oxygen group adjacent to an ether oxygen linkage with a methyl-substituted nitrogen at a distance of two saturated carbon atoms. The term ”prosthetic’ employed by Pfeiffer for these groups is obviously unacceptable, as pointed out by Ing, who proposes an equally unacceptable term, “pharmacodynamic’ group. Unfortunately, neither of these authors considers the dynamic aspects of cholinergic action. It has been shown3 that cholinergic drugs have outstanding phase-boundary potentials at the interface between saline and lipoid (analogous to the surface of neurones). In a previous communication in Nature4, it was reported that acetyl-choline produces a negative phase-boundary potential which can be calculated from the increase in conductivity of the oil. Additional evidence suggests that no other substance found in nerve is capable of generating sufficient phase-boundary potential to produce the nerve impulse. Unpublished data on adenosine triphosphate demonstrate that this important metabolic agent has feeble electrogenic action, producing only 10 mV. on guaiacol, compared with 35 mV. generated by acetylcholine (both drugs 0·05 per cent). Sodium, potassium, choline, acetate and other constituents of nerve have even lower phase-boundary potentials in artificial systems resembling conditions at the neuronal surface. On a sensitized oil surface, it is possible to measure the electrogenic effect of one part in several million of acetylcholine5. Other nerve substances are inactive at this concentration.
Social communication among captive stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides)

I compared the frequency of occurrence, contextual usage, and meaning of some of the most prominent gestural signals in stump-tailed macaques. I recorded the occurrence of 15 visual and tactile behavior patterns in a multimale multifemale captive group of stump-tailed macaques with the behavior sampling method in 100 hr of observation and analyzed the data via factor analysis and analyis of variance. The hindquarter presentation was the most frequent gesture. It was displayed by subordinates to appease dominants even in the absence of impending risk of aggression. Bared-teeth, lip-smack, teeth-chatter, and present-arm are submissive signals as well, but they differ from the presentation and from one another in their contextual usage. Nonthrusting mount, hip-touch, hip-clasp, and genital manipulation are directed down the hierarchy and appear to reflect dominance, reassurance, protection, or bonding. Mock-bite is a ritualized aggressive behavior pattern, often used to resolve uncertain dominance relationships. Ventroventral embrace occurs as a female bonding pattern. Overall, most gestural signals in stump-tailed macaques relate to dominance and submission and, to a lesser extent, social bonding.
Search for long range interactions at highly relativistic velocities

The Fermilab Tevatron is used to search for unknown weak long-range forces between the proton beam circulating at 800 GeV and a stationary detector. The limit established for a long-range nucleon-nucleon force at a distance of 23 cm, is FNN<3.4×10−40 dyne. Assuming an inverse distance-squared force law with dimensionless coupling κmp2 between the nucleons in the detector and the protons in the beam one finds (κmp2hc)<5×10−20.
The record in the meteorites—V A thermometer mineral in the Mighei carbonaceous chondrite

Abstract Mighei contains submicrogram fragments of strained glass of refractive index 1.55 which can be annealed at temperatures below 300°C. The time-temperature curve for annealing has been determined, and serves as an upper boundary for the thermal experiences of the meteorite since the time its constituent minerals were brought together. Mighei cannot have been heated to 180°C for more than a few weeks, to 250°C for more than a fraction of an hour and can never have been heated to 300°C. Hypotheses concerning the origin of the glass are presented: Their common element is the action of aqueous solutions. It is shown that thermal action alone is inadequate.
Ca2+ channels in rat central and peripheral neurons: High-threshold current resistant to dihydropyridine blockers and ω-conotoxin

Block of Ca2+ channel current by dihydropyridines and by omega-conotoxin (omega-CgTx) was studied in a variety of freshly dissociated rat neurons. In most neurons, including those from dorsal root ganglia, sympathetic ganglia, spinal cord, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus, nitrendipine and omega-CgTx each blocked a fraction of the high-threshold current, but a substantial fraction of current remained even when the two blockers were applied together at saturating concentrations. An extreme case was cerebellar Purkinje neurons, in which very little current was blocked by either nitrendipine or omega-CgTx. These results demonstrate the existence in mammalian neurons of high-threshold channels that are resistant to both omega-CgTx and dihydropyridine blockers. Such channels might underlie instances of synaptic transmission and other processes that depend on Ca2+ entry but are not sensitive to these blockers.
Resolution, contrast, and noise of quantum and thermal ghost images

We compare the quality of images formed by quantum and thermal ghost imaging systems. We find the resolution to be the same and determine the scaling laws for the contrast and signal-to-noise ratio.
Association of stomatal frequency and morphology in Lycopersicon species with resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria

Study of the stomata and leaf epidermis of eight Lycopersicon species has revealed a relationship between frequency of stomata, stomatal size and some morphological leaf characteristics, and resistance to bacterial leaf spot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. Significant correlations were found between the stomatal frequency in both adaxial and abaxial leaf epidermis and the number of bacterial lesions per leaf area (r= 0.70 and 0.68, respectively) and the frequency of stomata in both adaxial and abaxial epidermis and disease incidence (percentage of diseased plants) (r=0.87 and 0.80, respectively) for all the Lycopersicon species and one hybrid tested. A correlation was also found between disease incidence and number of bacterial lesions per leaf area (r= 0.85). The length and width of stomata were correlated with frequency of stomata in adaxial and abaxial epidermis (r= 0.85, 0.75, 0.89 and 0.90, respectively). The stomatal width was correlated with the number of bacterial lesions per cm2 (r=0.82; P= 0.0065). Scanning electron microscopic studies of the leaf surface and stomata indicated that other morphological features such as the raised stomatal complex in L. hirsutum and persistent, hydrophobic waxy coating of the epidermis in L. peruvianum may also be relevant in disease response.
Remark on a convex nonlinear problem

where 1,(-A f&)) denotes the first eigenvalue of -A f,(g) with zero Dirichlet condition. If u # _u is another solution of (1) (relative to the same g), then M-A f,(u)) 5 0, (or c 0, if f(u) is strictly convex). (3) AssumeJ(u) is strictly convex, the solution of (1) is unique for g E K\Int K. We are interested in the properties of the map: g y g(g) (Cp(@ + C,‘*“(Q). On Int K, this map is continuous. Indeed, let g, + g E Int K. Since &(-A -f,@(g))) > 0, we may apply the inverse function theorem and say that there exists uk solution of
Ionic interactions between proteins in nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis: Histones affect the migration of high mobility group nonhistone chromatin proteins

Abstract In two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the high mobility group (HMG) proteins, it has proved necessary to use nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis (NEPHGE) in the first dimension rather than isoelectric focusing, because of the basic character of most of the HMG proteins [ D. Tyrell, P. J. Isackson, and G. R. Reeck (1982) Anal. Biochem. 119 , 433–439]. In this paper it is reported that in samples that contain histones, the mobilities of HMG proteins (particularly HMG-1, HMG-2, and HMG-E) are severely distorted in NEPHGE. This presumably results from formation of complexes between histones and HMG proteins through ionic interactions. Analysis of HMG proteins by NEPHGE/sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis is thus precluded in samples containing histones. Our results raise the possibility of similar artifacts occurring in NEPHGE (or isoelectric focusing) analysis of other proteins with regions of high charge density.
The stoichiometry of A23187- and X537A-mediated calcium ion transport across lipid bilayers.

Abstract Initial rates of ionophore-mediated Ca2+ transport across egg phosphatidylcholine bilayers of large unilamellar vesicles were measured using the absorbance change of arsenazo III at 650 nm as an indicator of Ca2+ translocation. A23187 induced the movement of Ca2+ in a 2:1 ionophore:Ca2+ complex, whereas its methyl ester (CH3A23187) and X537A mediated Ca2+ movement in a 1:1 ionophore:Ca2+ complex. The relative potencies of these ionophores in transporting Ca2+ across lipid membranes were A23187 ⪢ X537A > CH3A23187.