cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eruptive history and structural development of the Toquima caldera complex, central Nevada

The Toquima caldera complex, located in the Toquima Range of central Nevada, consists of three overlapping to nested calderas. The Moores Creek caldera is the largest (∼30 by 20 km); it formed ∼27.2 Ma in response to eruption of the high-silica rhyolite tuff of Moores Creek. Because of recurrent volcanic activity and subsequent basin-range faulting, only the northern segment of the Moores Creek caldera is preserved; its eastern and western margins are downfaulted below valley fill, and its southern part was obscured by collapse of the Mount Jefferson caldera. Eruption of the tuff of Mount Jefferson resulted in collapse of the 18- by 20-km Mount Jefferson caldera ∼26.5 Ma. The ash-flow tuff exposed at Round Mountain is a silicic outflow-facies equivalent of the compositionally zoned (76–67 wt % SiO 2 ) intracaldera tuff of Mount Jefferson. Pyroclastic eruptive activity in the complex concluded ∼23.6 Ma with formation of the comparatively small 8- by 10-km Trail Canyon caldera. With time, caldera size diminished, and the focus of volcanic activity shifted progressively southeastward. The southeastward migration of volcanism in the complex approximately parallels regional northwest-striking faults, suggesting fundamental structural control in the rise and eruption of magma. Arcuate faults and small, aphyric to porphyritic plugs outline the structural margins of the calderas. Some plugs, on the basis of gradational textural changes from vitroclastic in the tuff to flow-layered and porphyro-aphanitic in the plug, appear to represent lava-choked, ash-flow-tuff, feeder vents. Caldera collapse breccias are locally well exposed in all three calderas. Caldera resurgence is not strongly developed in the Toquima caldera complex. The Mount Jefferson massif, which dominates the complex at an elevation of 3,640 m, is an artifact of young basin-range block faulting. The limited development of resurgence in the Mount Jefferson caldera is attributed to ponding of the bulk of erupted material within the caldera. Intermediate to mafic volcanic rocks, premonitory or coeval to silicic ash-flow tuff, are volumetrically minor over central Nevada and are lacking in the Toquima caldera complex. The less silicic magma apparently became lodged in the middle to lower crust below an extensive zone of more silicic, less dense magma.
Development and Use of a Sedimentation Risk Index for Unpaved Road-Stream Crossings in the Choctawhatchee Watershed

Abstract: Unpaved road-stream crossings increase sediment yields in streams and alter channel morphology and stability. Before restoration and sedimentation reduction strategies can be implemented, a priority listing of unpaved road-stream crossings must be created. The objectives of this study were to develop a sedimentation risk index (SRI) for unpaved road-stream crossings and to prioritize 125 sites in the Choctawhatchee watershed (southeastern Alabama) using this model. Field surveys involved qualitative and quantitative observations of 73 metrics related to waterway conditions, crossing structures, road approaches, and roadside soil erosion. The road-stream crossing risk analyses involved elimination of candidate metrics based on redundancy, skewness, lack of data, professional judgment, lack of nonzero values, unbalanced box plots, and limited ranges of values. A final selection of 12 metrics formed the SRI and weighed factors involving soil erodibility, road sedimentation abatement features, and stream morphology alteration. The SRI was organized into narrative categories (excellent, good, fair, poor, and very poor) based on the distribution of scores. No excellent sites (scores ≥55) were found in this study, 17 (20.7%) were good (low sedimentation risk), 37 (45.1%) were fair (moderate sedimentation risk), 26 (31.7%) were poor (high sedimentation risk), and two (2.5%) were very poor (high sedimentation risk). There was no significant difference in SRI scores among crossing structure type (round culverts, box culverts, and bridges) (H = 4.31, df = 2, p = 0.058). A future study of the Choctawhatchee watershed involving the same study sites could assess the success of restoration plans and activities based on site score improvement or decline.
Reduced-order robust controllers: H/sub infinity /-balanced truncation and optimal projection

Some insights are given regarding the H/sub infinity /-balanced truncation and optimal projection methods for reduced-order robust control. After a concise description of the optimal projection approach, it is shown how positive semidefiniteness of the Lagrange multiplier implies a minimized, not just extremized, auxiliary cost. When the results are specialized to the full-order case, it is observed that the apparently redundant fourth optimal projection equation has an important role to play, both in guaranteeing a minimized (not just extremized) auxiliary cost, and in removing nonminimal controller states. >
Orientation-Dependent Mechanisms in Shape Recognition: Further Issues

Tarr and Pinker (1989, 1990) delineated the conditions in which the orientation of a shape affects the time subjects take to recognize it. Relatively large effects of orientation were found (1) when misoriented asymmetrical shapes were unfamiliar, and (2) when familiar asymmetrical shapes appeared in unfamiliar orientations. In contrast, relatively small effects or no effect of orientation were found (1) when familiar asymmetrical shapes appeared at familiar orientations, (2) when unfamiliar mirror-reversals of familiar asymmetrical shapes appeared at unfamiliar orientations, (3) for misoriented symmetrical shapes, whether they were unfamiliar or familiar, and (4) for misoriented bilaterally redundant shapes, whether they were unfamiliar or familiar. To account for these data, two questions must be addressed: What mental processes underlie large effects of orientation or their absence; and why do these two patterns of data depend on manipulations of familiarity, handedness, and shape geometry? In Tarr and Pinker (1989, 1990) we proposed a theory that simultaneously answered both of these questions {what processes are used when very small effects of orientation are observed, and when are these processes used). The theory, multiple-views-plus-transformation, suggests that large effects of orientation in shape recognition are due to mental rotation. Crucially, this conclusion is based not only on the presence of an orientation effect, but on the similarity between our rotation rates and the rates observed in experiments by Shepard and Cooper (1982). These experiments used independent evidence to demonstrate the existence of an incremental mental rotation transformation, not confined to the effects of orientation, but depending on converging manipulations such as response time to probes at intermediate orientations and presentation points, effects of advance information and preparation time, and other techniques. We suggested that the absence of such large effects of orientation may result from orientation-invariant mechanisms of three kinds: orientation-specific representations of familiar shapes at familiar orientations; a 180° rotation in depth to align unfamiliar mirror-reversals with their familiar standards; and \Vi D orientation-independent descriptions for symmetrical and bilaterally redundant shapes. Together these hypotheses not only explain the causes of the absence of mental-rotation-size orientation
Hepatitis C virus coinfection increases mortality in HIV-infected patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era: data from the HIV Atlanta VA Cohort Study.

Background. We compared survival among patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) with that among patients infected solely with HIV. Methods. Descriptive, bivariate, and survival analyses were conducted using data for all HIV-positive patients who were seen during the period of January 1997 through May 2001 in the HIV Atlanta VA Cohort Study (HAVACS) and who had been tested for HCV antibody since 1992 ( ). n p 970 Results. The prevalence of HCV coinfection was 31.6%, and coinfected patients were significantly more likely to be older, black, and injection drug users. In multivariate analysis, the duration of survival from the time of diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was significantly shortened for HIV-HCV‐coinfected patients (hazard ratio [HR], 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09‐3.10), as was time from HIV diagnosis to death (HR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.26‐4.82). Recovery of CD4 + cell count from the time of initiation of HAART did not differ significantly by coinfection status. Conclusions. HCV coinfection is common in this HIV-infected population and negatively affects survival from the time of both HIV and AIDS diagnoses, although this is apparently not associated with a difference in CD4 + cell recovery while receiving HAART. These findings differ from those of a previous study that was conducted in this cohort in the pre-HAART era, which found no association between HIV-HCV coinfection and HIV disease progression.
Imaging spectroscopy of thermal and electrical burs

Today it is still clinical practice to determine burns wounds and their depth by visual inspection. However, it was recently shown that burns develop differently from their initial grade depending on the contact time of the source. As this contact time varies it is difficult to assess the burn severity relaying only on a naked eye. Parameters such as oxygen saturation, hematocrit, water presence, and perfusion, can offer a more quantitative approach to wound assessment hence improving diagnosis and treatment. These parameters can be obtained with spectroscopic and flow sensitive techniques. We propose a study of burns dynamic using a combination of spectroscopic and thermal imaging techniques. A spectral camera based on a lenslet array architecture was used to obtain 18 images of the skin, each lenslet was interfaced with a narrowband filter hence 18 spectrally sensitive images were obtained. In this paper the results of a preliminary electrical burns study are presented.
The case for early detection and integrated intervention in patients with peripheral arterial disease and intermittent claudication.

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is defined as atherosclerotic disease of the aorta and arteries of the lower extremities. The most frequent manifestations of ischemia occur in the lower extremity arteries, with intermittent claudication as the most common symptom. Intermittent claudication, which is characterized by temporary pain brought on by muscle exertion, is usually experienced in the calf muscles and typically subsides with rest. The atherosclerotic nature of PAD/intermittent claudication makes it an important predictor of risk for cardio- and cerebrovascular disease, as well as limb loss. Thus, active screening and early diagnosis of PAD/intermittent claudication, in addition to aggressive management that incorporates risk factor modification, exercise therapy, platelet inhibition and other appropriate pharmacotherapy, and potential lifestyle changes, play important roles in overall patient management. Pharmacotherapy with cilostazol has been shown to improve maximal and pain-free walking distan...
An Evaluation of the Quick Neurological Screening Test (QNST)

The Quick Neurological Screening Test (QNST) is a brief screening instrument which purports to identify children having, or likely to develop, learning difficulties in the regular classroom. The development of the QNST is compatible with a model of learning disabilities which invokes the construct of minimal cerebral dysfunction. The instrument is examined from a theoretical and methodological perspective. Additionally, comments on screening programs in general are discussed.
Diazene Dehydrogenation Follows H2 Addition to Coordinated Dinitrogen in an ansa-Zirconocene Complex

An activated side-on-bound ansa-zirconocene dinitrogen complex, [Me2Si(η5-C5Me4)(η5-C5H3-3-tBu)Zr]2(μ2,η2,η2-N2), has been prepared by sodium amalgam reduction of the corresponding dichloride precursor under an atmosphere of N2. Both solution spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction data establish diastereoselective formation of the syn homochiral dizirconium dimer. Addition of 1 atm of H2 resulted in rapid hydrogenation of the N2 ligand to yield one diastereomer of the hydrido zirconocene diazenido complex. Kinetic measurements have yielded the barrier for H2 addition and in combination with isotopic labeling studies are consistent with a 1,2-addition pathway. In the absence of H2, the hydrido zirconocene diazenido product undergoes swift diazene dehydrogenation to yield an unusual hydrido zirconocene dinitrogen complex. The NN bond length of 1.253(5) A determined by X-ray crystallography indicates that the side-on-bound N2 ligand is best described as a two-electron reduced [N2]2- fragment. Comparing the barr...
A voice system for the computer entry of Chinese characters

Abstract We describe a method for the computer entry of Chinese characters using speech recognition with no vocabulary restrictions. The method exploits the fact that spoken Chinese has only about 400 syllables, and the syllable structure is extremely simple: either consonant/vowel group or vowel group alone. To each of the 23 consonants and 35 vowel groups that comprise a syllable, a code word, or Chinese phonetic alphabet representation (CPAR), is associated. All Chinese characters can be "spelled-out" using the 58 highly discriminable CPARs, thus allowing accurate transcription by means of current speech recognition technology. The CPAR system and the speech input method were tested with a discrete word speech recognizer in an experiment with four human subjects. On average, a subject could learn the method with 22 hours of training over a period of 1 or 2 weeks. Subjects were able to translate vocally about 40 characters of Chinese text into CPARs per minute with an accuracy in excess of 97%. This compares roughly to 31 English words per minute. The speech recognition system used was not fast enough to accommodate this rate of speaking, and in actual practice only 24 syllables, or the equivalent of 19 English words, per minute could be entered. Recently developed discrete speech recognition systems can now handle the higher rate; however, such equipment was not available at the time of the experiments reported here.
The generic graph component library

In this paper we present the Generic Graph Component Library (GGCL), a generic programming framework for graph data structures and graph algorithms. Following the theme of the Standard Template Library (STL), the graph algorithms in GGCL do not depend on the particular data structures upon which they operate, meaning a single algorithm can operate on arbitrary concrete representations of graphs. To attain this type of flexibility for graph data structures, which are more complicated than the containers in STL, we introduce several concepts to form the generic interface between the algorithms and the data structures, namely, Vertex, Edge, Visitor, and Decorator. We describe the principal abstractions comprising the GGCL, the algorithms and data structures that it provides, and provide examples that demonstrate the use of GGCL to implement some common graph algorithms. Performance results are presented which demonstrate that the use of novel lightweight implementation techniques and static polymorphism in GGCL results in code which is significantly more efficient than similar libraries written using the object-oriented paradigm.
The functional nitrite reductase activity of the heme-globins.

Hemoglobin and myoglobin are among the most extensively studied proteins, and nitrite is one of the most studied small molecules. Recently, multiple physiologic studies have surprisingly revealed that nitrite represents a biologic reservoir of NO that can regulate hypoxic vasodilation, cellular respiration, and signaling. These studies suggest a vital role for deoxyhemoglobin- and deoxymyoglobin-dependent nitrite reduction. Biophysical and chemical analysis of the nitrite-deoxyhemoglobin reaction has revealed unexpected chemistries between nitrite and deoxyhemoglobin that may contribute to and facilitate hypoxic NO generation and signaling. The first is that hemoglobin is an allosterically regulated nitrite reductase, such that oxygen binding increases the rate of nitrite conversion to NO, a process termed R-state catalysis. The second chemical property is oxidative denitrosylation, a process by which the NO formed in the deoxyhemoglobin-nitrite reaction that binds to other deoxyhemes can be released due to heme oxidation, releasing free NO. Third, the reaction undergoes a nitrite reductase/anhydrase redox cycle that catalyzes the anaerobic conversion of 2 molecules of nitrite into dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3), an uncharged molecule that may be exported from the erythrocyte. We will review these reactions in the biologic framework of hypoxic signaling in blood and the heart.
Computation and Semiotic Practice as Compositional Process

Abstract In sound computation, computational processes are brought into the acoustic domain by a set of formalized instructions for controlling parameters in synthesis engines and compositional algorithms. From the acoustic events, listeners often extract patterns or “musical objects” in their perception to the extent that certain associations are made external to the computational process. Perceived, musical objects rapidly become immutable, and that immutability may be considered a compositional problem. The problem is how to approach a compositional project for bringing new insights into play while, on one side, using the existing representational system such as symbolic language in computation, and on the other side, facing listeners' perceptual tendency to make external associations. For composers, the problem requires technical solutions as well as an ability to articulate the philosophical issues. This problem also exists in semiotics, a general study of signs, when one has to borrow language from existing linguistic systems in order to express a new thought without being trapped within the immutability of given linguistic sources. Semiotic practice is a discipline which emphasizes the function of semiotics to generate necessary discourse to examine the linguistic system in use and its logocentric tendency—the tendency towards known signs. We define semiotic practice as a signifying process in which meaning may be generated during that particular process under study; thus, meaning in semiotic practice is temporal context-dependent as a function of signifiers. The compositional problems involving sound computation for generating cases to support semiotic practice inquires about two tasks: 1. (1) how to design software which enables acoustic events to be observed as processes rather than observing sounds only as familiar objects or transformations featuring the recognition of objects, and 2. (2) how to compose a piece of music so mutability of signs can be observed. To meet these problems, this paper examines perspectives on systems and cognition from multiple views such as semiotics, computation theories, and synergetics. We also discuss software designed for composition in terms of semiotic practice.
Meal size as a determinant of food intake in normal and hypothalamic obese rats

Abstract Size of meals taken by normal rats was greatly increased by following each spontaneously initiated meal with gastric infusion of additional diet. In a second experiment, rats in the dynamic phase of hypothalamic obesity were limited to meals much smaller than the unusually large ones they usually take. In both experiments rats made precise adjustments in meal frequency which maintained daily food intakes at or close to pre-experimental levels.
Snapshot: Talking Statistics/Talking Ourselves: Some Constructionist Lessons from the Work of the Psychologist George Kelly—James Clayson

This column will publish short (from just a few paragraphs to ten or so pages), lively and intriguing computer-related mathematics vignettes. These vignettes or snapshots should illustrate ways in which computer environments have transformed the practice of mathematics or mathematics pedagogy. They could also include puzzles or brain-teasers involving the use of computers or computational theory. Snapshots are subject to peer review. From the Column Editor, Uri Wilensky, Northwestern University, e-mail: uri@northwestern.edu.
Looking for Critical Literacy With Postbaccalaureate Content Area Literacy Students

Finding practical applications for critical literacy in preservice teacher education coursework is a challenging pursuit for educators. In this study, the author investigates the possibilities of drawing on critical literacy theories within the context of a content area literacy class designed for secondary level postbaccalaureate students. Through an examination of intersections of critical literacy and content area literacy instruction, this study considers student exchange as an important factor in implementing critical literacy pedagogy. With a series of classroom vignettes, the author examines the extent to which preservice students develop their own sense of critical literacy as they engage in discussions about educational equity while experiencing content area literacy theories and strategies. Data for the study were gathered through qualitative research methods conducted from a teacher-researcher stance. Data sources include field notes, a reflective journal, collection of student questions, and artifacts of student work. Implications include the importance of fostering preservice teachers' commitment to the roles of agency and advocacy in working with their future students.
State-of-the-art synthesis and post-deposition processing of large area CVD diamond substrates for thermal management

Abstract Primarily due to its outstanding thermal conductivity and high electrical resistivity, diamond is an ideal heat spreader for a variety of applications such as multichip modules (MCMs), laser diode arrays, power modules, etc. For these and similar applications, there is a requirement for the synthesis and post-deposition processing of high quality, stress-free, large area (1–100 cm 2 ), CVD diamond substrates. Although the thermal characteristics of CVD diamond are primarily determined by proper nucleation and growth conditions, post-deposition processing such as polishing, planarization, drilling/cutting, and metallization are required for the practical application of diamond as a heat spreader. Such processes should be fast, compatible with conventional electronic packaging, adaptable to large area fabrication, environmentally-safe, and economically-viable. In the past few years, significant technological advances have been made in all these areas. Furthermore, the cost of these processes has been decreasing steadily so that fabrication of diamond-based electronic products is becoming affordable. This paper reviews the present technological and economic status of CVD diamond for thermal management applications.
Cerebrovascular Disease : Precursors and Prevention

Allthough progress is being made in treatment of acute ischemic stroke to reduce the size of the cerebral infarct and thereby lessen the severity of the neurologic deficit, it seems likely that prevention holds the key to reducing death and disability from stroke. Prevention requires the major stroke precursors to be identified, these include risk factors; increasing blood pressure level, diabetes, cigarette smoking, low levels of physical activity, increased fibrinogen level; positive family history of stroke, extremes of alcohol consumption; left ventricular enlargement either left ventricular hypertrophy by ECG (or preferably left ventricular mass by echocardiography), as well as predisposing diseases; coronary heart disease, cardiac failure, and atrial fibrillation. Other cardiac abnormalities, increased left atrial size and mitral annular calcification have also been implicated. High total cholesterol or low HDL-cholesterol has not been consistently related to ischemic stroke, while low levels of total cholesterol have been related to intracerebral hemorrhage.Clinical trials have provided evidence that reducing blood pressure, systolic as well as diastolic, reduces stroke incidence and that warfarin anti-coagulation prevents stroke in atrial fibrillation. Recent trials of rigid control of blood sugar in insulin dependent diabetics suggest that vascular complications may also be prevented by improved management. Observational data strongly support cessation of cigarette smoking and promotion of moderate physical activity as a means of significant stroke reduction. Recent trials of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors for cholesterol reduction have disclosed a striking reduction in cardiovascular events including stroke perhaps via an effect of these drugs on plaque rupture, lesion activation and endothelial dysfunction. Elevated plasma homocysteine levels, amenable to reduction with vitamins particularly folic acid, have also recently been implicated.Identification of persons at increased risk, accounting for the cumulative effect of multiple risk factor abnormalities, is key to stroke prevention. A Framingham stroke risk profile identifies those at high risk and provides each individual's conditional probability of stroke. These high risk individuals can thus be alerted so effective preventive measures may be instituted.
Unified approach to aerodynamic sound generation in the presence of solid boundaries

A general equation governing aerodynamic sound generation in the presence of solid boundaries is derived. It is shown that all the theories in the literature appear as special cases of this general equation. Derived special equations for propeller and fan noise are likewise shown to be more general than the conventional equations in that they make allowance for variation in retarded time over the blade surfaces.
More than menorrhagia: A review of the obstetric and gynaecological manifestations of von Willebrand disease

Menorrhagia is the most common symptom experienced by women with von Willebrand's disease (VWD), but several other gynaecological disorders also occur more frequently in these women; primarily ovarian cysts and endometriosis. Women with VWD are most likely to experience an increased incidence of gynaecological disorders and obstetric complications that manifest with bleeding. The incidence of these disorders and the complications of pregnancy are discussed with particular reference to a case-control study conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Crystal Structures of the High-Pressure Forms of Ice: Ice III

AT the suggestion of Prof. Linus Pauling, we have undertaken a structural study of the high-pressure polymorphs of ice. Besides their intrinsic interest, bearing upon the relative stability of different crystalline arrangements under varying conditions of temperature and pressure, the results of this work will be pertinent, it is expected, to the structure of liquid water and to the energetics of the hydrogen bond.
Class I HDACs regulate angiotensin II-dependent cardiac fibrosis via fibroblasts and circulating fibrocytes

Fibrosis, which is defined as excessive accumulation of fibrous connective tissue, contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous diseases involving diverse organ systems. Cardiac fibrosis predisposes individuals to myocardial ischemia, arrhythmias and sudden death, and is commonly associated with diastolic dysfunction. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors block cardiac fibrosis in pre-clinical models of heart failure. However, which HDAC isoforms govern cardiac fibrosis, and the mechanisms by which they do so, remains unclear. Here, we show that selective inhibition of class I HDACs potently suppresses angiotensin II (Ang II)-mediated cardiac fibrosis by targeting two key effector cell populations, cardiac fibroblasts and bone marrow-derived fibrocytes. Class I HDAC inhibition blocks cardiac fibroblast cell cycle progression through derepression of the genes encoding the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors, p15 and p57. In contrast, class I HDAC inhibitors block agonist-dependent differentiation of fibrocytes through a mechanism involving repression of ERK1/2 signaling. These findings define novel roles for class I HDACs in the control of pathological cardiac fibrosis. Furthermore, since fibrocytes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases, including heart, lung and kidney failure, our results suggest broad utility for isoform-selective HDAC inhibitors as anti-fibrotic agents that function, in part, by targeting these circulating mesenchymal cells.
Effect of compacton on chemistry of solutions expelled from montmorillonite clay saturated in sea water

The total mineralization of solutions squeezed out of montmorillonite clay saturated in sea water was determined at different overburden pressures. The subsequent fractions of expelled solutions were also analysed for various anions (Cl−, SO2-4, HCO−3, F−) and cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, B3+). The results indicate that the concentrations of squeezed-out solutions during the initial stages of compaction (at pressures up to 35 kg/cm2) are slightly higher than that of interstitial solution present initially. The concentration of squeezed-out solution goes through a maximum, or at least remains constant, before starting to decrease with increasing overburden pressure.
Phase Grating Effects In Pulsed CO2 Electric Discharge Lasers

AbstractRecent experiments have demonstrated a significant power loss (as great as 50 %) fromthe central far -field spot of a pulsed CO2 electric- discharge laser. Our theory shows thatsaturation effects that follow the unstable resonator mode variations can create index vari- ations. These index variations lead to a phase grating, and power losses result from dif-fraction off the grating.IntroductionSeveral recent experiments on the AVCO "Humdinger" pulsed-0O2-electric-discharge laserhave produced unexpected results. The far --field of the device showed an array of diffrac-tion- limited spots, rather than a single one. The total output energy was distributed sothat 60% was in the central spot, with the other 40% contained in the remainder of the far -field diffraction pattern. Figure 1 shows the far -field in an experiment, and further ex-perimental details are contained in a recent UDRI technical report.' This report also sug-gests the possibility that an amplitude grating which has somehow become superimposed on,or is intrinsically a part of, the resonator output is responsible for the losses from thecentral spot.
Coupled effects of solution chemistry and hydrodynamics on the mobility and transport of quantum dot nanomaterials in the vadose zone.

Abstract To investigate the coupled effects of solution chemistry and hydrodynamics on the mobility of quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles in the vadose zone, laboratory scale transport experiments involving single and/or sequential infiltrations of QDs in unsaturated and saturated porous media, and computations of total interaction and capillary potential energies were performed. As ionic strength increased, QD retention in the unsaturated porous media increased; however, this retention was significantly suppressed in the presence of a non-ionic surfactant in the infiltration suspensions as indicated by surfactant enhanced transport of QDs. In the vadose zone, the non-ionic surfactant limited the formation of QD aggregates, enhanced QD mobility and transport, and lowered the solution surface tension, which resulted in a decrease in capillary forces that not only led to a reduction in the removal of QDs, but also impacted the vadose zone flow processes. When chemical transport conditions were favorable (ionic strength of 5 × 10 −4 M and 5 × 10 −3 M, or ionic strengths of 5 × 10 −2 M and 0.5 M with surfactant), the dominating phenomena controlling the mobility and transport of QDs in the vadose zone were meso-scale processes, where infiltration by preferential flow results in the rapid transport of QDs. When chemical transport conditions were unfavorable (ionic strength of 5 × 10 −2 M and 0.5 M) the dominating phenomena controlling the mobility and transport of QDs in the vadose zone were pore-scale processes governed by gas–water interfaces (GWI) that impact the mobility of QDs. The addition of surfactant enhanced the transport of QDs both in favorable and unfavorable chemical transport conditions. The mobility and retention of QDs was controlled by interaction and capillary forces, with the latter being the most influential. GWI were found to be the dominant mechanism and site for QD removal compared with solid–water interfaces (SWI) and pore straining. Additionally, ripening phenomena were demonstrated to enhance QDs removal or retention in porous media and to be attenuated by the presence of surfactant.
Physical chemical properties of several organophosphates: Some implication in environmental and biological behavior

Abstract The organophosphates are a class of chemicals noted for high biological activity. Their potential for transport and persistence in the environment, based on physical chemical properties, has not been thoroughly studied. Certain physical chemical properties of several organophosphates were measured and compared to organochlorine compounds whose transport and persistence are better known. Of interest was the potential for toxicity to human and other nontarget organisms. Certain organophosphates were found to have surprisingly high partition coefficients. This suggested the possibility of uptake by organisms, as well as indicating a propensity for storage and hence, a longer persistence. Rates of hydrolysis are some indication of the likelihood of persistence.
Relativistic calculations of dielectronic recombination rate coefficients for Be-like ions

The dielectronic recombination rate coefficients for the ten initial states of the 1${s}^{2}$2l2l' configurations of the Be-like ions have been calculated for six ions with atomic numbers Z=30, 34, 36, 42, 47, and 54 in the isolated-resonance approximation. The detailed Auger and radiative rates for each autoionizing state were evaluated using the multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock model in intermediate coupling with configuration interaction. The present results are compared with the existing theoretical values and the predictions of the Burgess and the Burgess-Merts semiempirical formulas.
Sensors Know When to Interrupt You in the Car: Detecting Driver Interruptibility Through Monitoring of Peripheral Interactions

Interruptions while driving can be quite dangerous, whether these are self-interruptions or external interruptions. They increase driver workload and reduce performance on the primary driving task. Being able to identify when a driver is interruptible is critical for building systems that can mediate these interruptions. In this paper, we collect sensor and human-annotated data from 15 drivers, including vehicle motion, traffic states, physiological responses and driver motion. We demonstrate that this data can be used to build a machine learning classifier that can determine interruptibility every second with a 94% accuracy. We present both population and individual models and discuss the features that contribute to the high performance of this system. Such a classifier can be used to build systems that mediate when drivers use technology to self-interrupt and when drivers are interrupted by technology.
Functional MRI using steady‐state arterial water labeling

Flow-sensitive functional MRI (fMRI) was performed using steady-state arterial water labeling (SS-AWL). Arterial water labeling was accomplished by flow induced adiabatic fast passage. The signal intensity of the visual cortex in arterial water labeled images decreased by approximately 1.4% during visual stimulation of the brain. Acquisition of arterial water unlabeled and labeled images allows measurement of relative cerebral blood flow increase during brain activation. During visual stimulation, cerebral blood flow in the visual cortex increased by 17 to 35% as measured by SS-AWL. Quantitation of brain activation in terms of a physiological parameter using SS-AWL will facilitate comparative fMRI studies under different conditions.
An assessment of old and new DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra (Proteaceae)

Banksia (80 spp.; Proteaceae) has undergone extensive speciation and adaptive radiation on the island continent of Australia. Its members range from prostrate shrubs in the dry, infertile sandplains to 25 m tall trees in the loams of river margins, and they display striking variation in their fire survival strategies and floral and foliar morphologies. We examine the weight of both previously published (most trnL intron, trnL/F spacer, and rpl16 intron data) and new (matK, atpB, and waxy data, as well as most ITS data) DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of Banksia with respect to a monophyletic Dryandra (93 spp.). The nuclear waxy gene appears to be at two loci in the Proteaceae, and sequences presumably from the same locus resolve Banksia as paraphyletic with respect to Dryandra. The waxy and combined chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) data reject the monophyly of Banksia at a threshold of P = 0.05 using the winning sites and Kishino–Hasegawa tests. We consider this result and the repeated placement of Dryandra in the same clade (/Cryptostomata) of Banksia with each separate analysis of the DNA datasets (cpDNA, ITS, and waxy), to be strong molecular support for the paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra. The morphological synapomorphy of beaked follicles for /Cryptostomata (including Dryandra) reinforces this conclusion. We argue that realignment of taxa to produce one or more monophyletic genera is best attained by moving the taxa of Dryandra to Banksia. This would produce an easily recognised genus Banksia with four morphological synapomorphies. It would also probably confer some of the research attention garnered by the adaptive radiation of Banksia to the under-studied taxa of Dryandra, for Dryandra makes the radiation of Banksia even more remarkable.
Behavior and Learning in the “Dirty Faces” Game

This paper examines the Dirty Faces problem as a Bayesian game. The equilibrium in the general form of the game requires the extreme assumption of common knowledge of rationality. However, for any finite number of players, the exact number of steps of iterated rationality necessary for the equilibrium to arise depends on the number of players of a particular type, allowing the game to be used to bound the number of steps satisfied by actual players. The game differs from other games used to study iterated rationality in that all players are better off when common knowledge of rationality is satisfied. While behavior in experiments is inconsistent with the game-theoretic prediction at the group level, individual level behavior shows a greater degree of consistency with theory and with previous results on iterated rationality. Finally, there is some evidence of learning in repeated play.
Nothing But a Man Revisited

Abstract This article discusses the 1964 film Nothing But a Man using elements of black feminist thought and critical race theory. Nothing But a Man articulates the divides along racial lines, class lines, gender lines, and generations to expose the effects of white supremacy on black folks in the United States.
Neue Synthese und C-Markierung von Bilirubin-IX α

Durch Kondensation der Mannichbase 6 mit dem in α-Stellung unsubstituierten Oxodipyrromethen 2a unter Zusatz von Acetylendicarbonsauredimethylester entstehen Bilirubin-IX α-dimethylester (7a) und Bilirubin-XIIIα-dimethylester (8a) im Verhaltnis 3 : 1. Nach diesem Prinzip wurde radioaktives Bilirubin-IXα (7, 14C-markiert) dargestellt. New Synthesis and14C-Labelling of Bilirubin-IXα The condensation of the Mannich base 6 with the α-unsubstituted oxodipyrromethene 2a in presence of dimethylacetylenedicarboxylate gives a mixture of bilirubin-IXα-dimethyl ester (7a) and bilirubin-XIIIα-dimethyl ester (8a) in the ratio of 3 : 1. Radioactive bilirubin-IXα (7, labelled by 14C) has been synthesized by this procedure.
Pedicle-sparing transforaminal thoracic spine wedge osteotomy for kyphosis correction.

Background: Correction of a focal kyphotic deformity at times requires performing a pedicle subtraction osteotomy, which is accompanied by loss of pedicles as anchor points at the affected level in addition to significant blood loss. To help alleviate these two issues, a novel osteotomy technique for correction of kyphosis using a transforaminal approach to the thoracic vertebral body is described. Methods: We describe a bilateral pedicle-sparing approach and demonstrate it in a patient with proximal junctional kyphosis. Results: The proposed osteotomy resulted in a 28-degree Cobb angle improvement in the sagittal plane. Conclusion: The operation resulted in a similar degree of correction as a pedicle subtraction osteotomy, with the added benefit of maintaining the pedicles closest to the kyphotic deformity.
Non-reciprocal devices enabled by metamaterials

Advances in non-reciprocal devices enabled by metamaterials are presented. In particular, a compact polarization-independent isolator is proposed based on metasurfaces with modulated periodicity, which may provide similar functionality as conventional polarizing beam-splitters (PBSs) based on uniaxial crystals but with dimensions many orders of magnitude smaller. Furthermore, direction-selective non-reciprocal devices, such as isolators and Faraday rotators, are introduced by placing magneto-optical (MO) slabs in between epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) materials. Finally, a new class of sub-wavelength non- linear magnetic-free isolators is proposed, consisting of a non-linear band-stop metasurface and a linear band-pass one at the opposite sides of a quarter-wavelength slab. Pol arization-independent isolators are commonly realized by placing a magneto-optical slab, with 45 o of Far aday rotation, between two birefringent layers, as illustrated in Figs. 2(a) and (b). The left layer is designed to allow propagation of x-polarized waves without diffraction, while it diffracts y-polarized waves at an oblique angle with respect to the z-axis. The right layer is designed to cancel the effect of the left one if the latter were rotated by an angle of 45 o
Operational impact of collaboration and resource specificity: the moderating role of technology context

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to enhance understanding of the sources of relational rents in supply chains and the nature of their relationships with performance. Using the relational view framework and contingency perspective, the study develops a model and hypotheses to understand the nature of the relationships of collaboration and resource specificity with operational performance under technology context contingencies. Design/methodology/approach – Data for testing the hypothesized relationships in the conceptual model were collected through a survey of managers in the Hoover’s database of manufacturing firms. The survey sample included 115 responses from a wide variety of manufacturing forms. Findings – Findings support the conventional wisdom relating collaboration and operational improvements. Notably, technological turbulence has a differential interactive influence on collaboration and resource specificity in predicting operational performance. In the former, the strength of the perfo...
Aging increases retinal vascular lesions characteristic of early diabetic retinopathy.

The goal of this study was to determine whether aging induces retinal vascular lesions that are similar to those seen in diabetic retinopathy. Female rats were randomly divided into four groups; each group represented a time point and consisted of four non-diabetic rats and four diabetic rats. At time points of 3, 12, 18, or 22 months of age, retinas were isolated and subjected to retinal trypsin digestion (RTD) for isolation of retinal capillary networks. Blood glucose, body weight, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were monitored throughout the study. One RTD from each animal was stained with Hematoxylin and Periodic Acid Schiff’s (PAS) reagent to analyze acellular capillaries and pericyte loss, while the contralateral RTD from each animal was subjected to TUNEL assay to assess apoptosis in the retinal vascular cells. The numbers of acellular capillaries and pericyte loss were significantly increased between the 12 vs. 18 month groups, and the 18 vs. 22 month groups. Similarly, acellular capillaries and pericyte loss increased with aging in the diabetic rat retinas; however, the appearance of acellular capillaries and pericyte loss occurred at 3 months of diabetes. TUNEL assay showed increased apoptosis associated with acellular capillaries and pericyte loss in both normal, aged rats and diabetic rats. In conclusion, retinal vascular lesions that develop in aged rat retinas have striking similarities to those of diabetic rat retinas. The breakdown of normal vascular architecture with aging appears to have resemblance with the anatomical and histological lesions associated with diabetic retinopathy.
Intracerebroventricular injection of insulin or glucose alters insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) concentrations in specific hypothalamic nuclei

Peripherally administered insulin has been shown to alter content and gene expression of hypothalamic insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) in a region specific manner (Lauterio, T.J. et al., Endocrinology, 126 (1990) 392–398. The objective of this experiment was to determine whether central administration of insulin can modulate hypothalamic IGF-II peptide content. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with lateral ventricular cannulae and allowed to recover from surgery one week prior to injection. At that point animals were remotely injected with one of the following: (1) synthetic cerebral spinal fluid vehicle (sCSF); (2) 2 mIU porcine insulin (I); (3) glucose (100 mg%) only. Animals were decapitated 30 min after injections and brains were quickly removed, frozen and dissected into specific hypothalamic regions for IGF-II analysis by RIA. Insulin increased IGF-II content in the ventromedial hypothalamic region by 80% (P < 0.001) and paraventricular nucleus by 30% (P < 0.01) compared to sCSF or glucose treatment. Arcuate nucleus and neurointermediary lobe pituitary IGF-II content was decreased with insulin treatment compared to controls (P < 0.01). Insulin had no effect on IGF-II concentrations in the dorsomedial or lateral hypothalamic regions or in the supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei. Peripheral concentrations of glucose, insulin and IGF-II were unaffected by any treatment. Results show that insulin which reaches the brain can alter IGF-II levels in specific regions of the hypothalamus and suggests a possible role for IGF-II in insulin mediated changes in metabolism or hypothalamic hormone secretion.