cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Fever on the Hypermetabolic Response in Burn-Injured Children

Background Burn injury typically elicits a hypermetabolic response characterized by increased energy expenditure and muscle protein catabolism. Hypothesis Fever further increases energy expenditure and muscle loss in otherwise highly hypermetabolic burn patients. Design Retrospective analysis of experimental study. Setting University hospital. Patients Eighty-four children (aged 2-18 years) with burns covering 40% or more of total body surface area. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures Simultaneous measurements of indirect calorimetry and leg net balance of phenylalanine (as an index of muscle protein catabolism) were obtained. Patients were stratified by their rectal temperature taken at the time of these metabolic measurements: afebrile (n = 28; temperature, Results Febrile and afebrile patients were similar in age, body weight, and extent of burn area. Severe fever was associated with significantly increased resting energy expenditure (mean ± SD resting energy expenditure–predicted basal, 1.38 ± 0.39 for afebrile patients vs 1.68 ± 0.30 for patients with severe fever; P P Conclusions These findings demonstrate the association of severe fever with further increase in energy expenditure and muscle protein catabolism in otherwise hypermetabolic burned children. This suggests a possible metabolic benefit in attenuating fever in such patients.
Reflective optical ring-array interconnects: an optical system design study

We present a reflective optical ring-array interconnect architecture for handling data routings under various single-instruction-multiple-data array processing environments. The proposed architecture can perform clock-skew-free optical data communications for either a fixed-degree model, such as a nearest-neighbor network, or a variable-degree model, such as a plus–minus-2i network. It is found that space-variant routings, which are difficult to perform in a rectangular-array opto-electronic integrated circuit, can easily be mapped into rotation-invariant routines for optical implementation by a ring opto-electronic integrated-circuit array. Our system study also shows that the design of the optical imaging system for interconnecting a ring array of nodes is much easier than that for interconnecting a conventional rectangular-array topology. Design principles for both the individual optical components and the entire optical system are described. The optical network performance parameters, such as the diffraction- and aberration-related processing capabilities, the optical transmitter coupling efficiency, the optical free-space power distribution loss, and the power-dependent element bit rate, are analyzed.
The specific heat jump in superconducting lead

The jump in specific heat at the superconducting critical temperature of lead was measured. A value of ( DELTA C)T/sub c/ == 57.5 plus or minus 0.6 mJ- mole/sup -1/- deg K/sup -1/, which is substantially higher than the previous calorimetric determination by Clement and Quinnell but which is in good agreement with the value obtained by Decker et al., from the temperature dependence of the critical field was found. The result is relevant to the question of the energy dependence of the energy gap parameter DELTA ( epsilon , T) in the BCS theory of superconductivity. It was concluded that DELTA ( epsilon , T) rises with epsilon , for small epsilon , in qualitative agreement with the calculations of Culler et al. (auth)
Epoxides as Reducing Agents for Low-Catalyst-Concentration Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP) conditions utilizing a low concentration of catalyst are successfully applied for the preparation of well-defined poly(glycidyl methacrylate) without the addition of external reducing agents. The living character of polymerization is evidenced by successful chain extensions with methyl methacrylate and methyl acrylate, again, in the absence of additional reducing agents, yielding block copolymers. The epoxide groups in glycidyl methacrylate or the corresponding polymer can serve as an intrinsic reducing agent to continuously regenerate the Cu(I) -based ATRP activator from the Cu(II) halide complex present in the systems. The reactivity of various epoxides in the reduction of the Cu(II) Br2 complex of tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine is compared.
Comprehensive Analysis of a Medication Dosing Error Related to CPOE

This case study of a serious medication error demonstrates the necessity of a comprehensive methodology for the analysis of failures in interaction between humans and information systems. The authors used a novel approach to analyze a dosing error related to computer-based ordering of potassium chloride (KCl). The method included a chronological reconstruction of events and their interdependencies from provider order entry usage logs, semistructured interviews with involved clinicians, and interface usability inspection of the ordering system. Information collected from all sources was compared and evaluated to understand how the error evolved and propagated through the system. In this case, the error was the product of faults in interaction among human and system agents that methods limited in scope to their distinct analytical domains would not identify. The authors characterized errors in several converging aspects of the drug ordering process: confusing on-screen laboratory results review, system usability difficulties, user training problems, and suboptimal clinical system safeguards that all contributed to a serious dosing error. The results of the authors' analysis were used to formulate specific recommendations for interface layout and functionality modifications, suggest new user alerts, propose changes to user training, and address error-prone steps of the KCl ordering process to reduce the risk of future medication dosing errors.
The Effect of Inlet Guide Vanes Wake Impingement on the Flow Structure and Turbulence Around a Rotor Blade

The flow structure and turbulence around the leading and trailing edges of a rotor blade operating downstream of a row of inlet guide vanes (IGV) are investigated experimentally. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements are performed in a refractive index matched facility that provides unobstructed view of the entire flow field. Data obtained at several rotor blade phases focus on modification to the flow structure and turbulence in the IGV wake as it propagates along the blade. The phase-averaged velocity distributions demonstrate that wake impingement significantly modifies the wall-parallel velocity component and its gradients along the blade. Due to spatially non-uniform velocity distribution, especially on the suction side, the wake deforms while propagating along the blade, expanding near the leading edge and shrinking near the trailing edge. While being exposed to the nonuniform strain field within the rotor passage, the turbulence within the IGV wake becomes spatially nonuniform and highly anisotropic. Several mechanisms, which are consistent with rapid distortion theory (RDT) and distribution of turbulence production rate, contribute to the observed trends. For example, streamwise (in rotor frame reference) diffusion in the aft part of the rotor passage enhances the streamwise fluctuations. Compression also enhances the turbulence production very near the leading edge. However, along the suction side, rapid changes to the direction of compression and extension cause negative production. The so-called wall blockage effect reduces the wall-normal component.
The Question Of Casualities In Inpatient Small Group Psychoterapy

The issue of whether group psychotherapy is harmful to some inpatients, although significant, is meaningless in the absence of further specification of what is being done with whom. The question of therapeutic "casualties" deserves more than the passing attention it has received in the research literature. Although there exists a clinical folklore regarding patients who must be protected from group therapy, the conceptual and empirical grounds for such decisions are exceedingly shaky if not nonexistent.
The Yaqui Valley’s Agricultural Transition to a More Open Economy

Assessing agricultural practices and their environmental impacts at the regional scale is often problematic for policy analysts. And so it is with the Yaqui Valley. The main economic and policy determinants of change for farmers have originated at national and international scales, and have mostly been exogenous to production systems in the region. Since the start of our study in the early 1990s, farmers in the Yaqui Valley have had to respond to fluctuating prices for agricultural outputs and inputs caused in part by the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA);1 a set of national liberalization policies for agriculture implemented in Mexico City; a constitutional change in the rules governing collective (ejido) land holdings throughout the country; macroeconomic policy shifts related to foreign direct investment and current account imbalances at the federal level; and swings in international commodity prices driven, for example, by changes in China’s production and consumption.
Improved Flexibility of Alumina Ultrathin Barrier Films by Nano-Lamination

Ultra-thin ceramic films deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) can provide an excellent oxygen and moisture barrier for diverse applications, such as organic light emitting devices, micro heat pipes, vacuum packaging, and flexible electronics. Due to their nano-scale thickness, these films exhibit a certain degree of flexibility despite being ceramic. Above a critical strain, the ALD films will crack, and this cracking has been shown to be governed by a fracture mechanics model. This paper shows the critical cracking strain of Al2O3 deposited on polymers can be improved by incorporating the ceramic film into a nano-laminate (NL) structure, with alternating layers of ALD Al2O3 and a compliant polymer film. We find that the critical cracking strain depends on the elastic modulus of the polymer film. We experimentally demonstrate a factor of 2 improvement in critical cracking strain using an 8-layer polymer/ALD NL, with 3 different polymers, independent of the polymer thickness.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Crossroads in the Great Race: Moving Beyond the International Race to Judgment in Disputes Over Artwork and Other Chattels

Parties to international art disputes often race to the jurisdiction most likely to apply the law favorable to their position in hopes that other jurisdictions will give res judicata effect to the resulting judgment. Courts use myriad doctrines to try to reduce the risk of competing claims of jurisdiction and incongruent results, but this risk permeates jurisprudence relating to artwork and other chattels.Scholars in the field often argue in favor of universal adoption of specific rules, such as the lex loci rei sitae doctrine, through multilateral treaties. This Article, written on the verge of possible change resulting from discussions at the Hague Conference on Private International Law and the ALI, posits a simple, common sense theory: courts should defer to the forum exercising in rem jurisdiction over an action for ownership of a chattel. The forum with in rem jurisdiction will have the most control over the ultimate disposition of the chattel. This practice would decrease the likelihood of embarrassing jurisdictional power struggles, diplomatic confrontations, and conflicting judgments. This is particularly important where art and cultural antiquities are at issue, as both are a common source of diplomatic tension and emotionally charged litigation.
Is Minimax Regret Applicable to Voting Decisions

In a recent article (“The Paradox of Not Voting: A Decision Theoretic Analysis,” APSR, 68 [June, 1974], 525–536) John Ferejohn and Morris Fiorina suggest that a (potential) voter may be rational in deciding whether to vote and yet not use the expected-utility calculus introduced for this purpose by Downs and Tullock and extended by Riker and Ordeshook. The authors suggest that a rational voter, in deciding whether to vote, may use the minimax regret criterion due to the late L. J. Savage. Define the regret of an Act A as the difference, if the true state of nature were known (in advance), between the best expected payoff that could be obtained and the expected payoff that would be obtained by act A. Then the minimax regret criterion requires the decision maker to act in such a way as to minimize the maximum regret that he can suffer. They also discuss the fact that the minimax regret criterion does not require the voter to supply any (objective or subjective) estimates of the probabilities associated with the various outcomes of the election. Thus they feel that it is an attractive criterion for decision making under “uncertainty” as opposed to decision making under “risk.”
Assistive technology and veterans with severe disabilities: examining the relationships among race, personal factors, medical support, income support, and use.

Purpose Examine the relationship among assistive technology (AT), race, and other demographic characteristics (eg, sex, educational attainment, and employment status), medical coverage, as well as government support for veterans with severe disabilities. Methods Data were analyzed from the Rehabilitation Services Administration-911 dataset collected in the United States in 2012. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were performed. Results Among veterans with severe disabilities, factors that increased AT usage for European Americans (EAs) and African Americans (AAs) were employment, medical coverage (eg, access to private insurance and Medicare), government support (eg, Supplemental Security Income or Social Security Disability Income), and having a sensory type of disability. Having a mental disability was associated with decreased use of AT for EAs and AAs. Whereas EAs) had more factors associated with a decreased likelihood of using AT, AAs had more factors associated with an increased likelihood. For EA veterans with severe disabilities, receiving Medicaid, veteran benefits, and Workers' Compensation were associated with a decreased likelihood of using AT. AA veterans with severe disabilities were 60% less likely to use AT compared with EAs. Conclusions Racial differences between AAs and EAs were observed in the use of AT by veterans with severe disabilities based on sex, education, employment status, medical coverage, and government support. AAs were generally less likely to use AT; however, greater exposure to resources such as employment, insurance, and government income support partially explained the differential AT use between EAs and AAs. Future policies and research should address these racial disparities in veterans with severe disabilities to promote equitable AT use and healthy functioning.
Changing Epidemiology of Pneumococcal Disease in the Era of Conjugate Vaccines

Pneumococcal disease is a major cause of illness and death in the young, the elderly, and those with certain medical conditions. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are changing both the epidemiology of pneumococcal disease and disease burden. Conjugate vaccines were first licensed in 2000 for use in young children; second generation conjugates covering more serotypes became available in 2009 and are now part of the routine infant immunization programs of most countries around the world. When part of a routine program, conjugate vaccines not only prevent disease in the targeted age group but also in unvaccinated children and adults because of reduced pneumococcal transmission. Measurement of these direct and indirect benefits of immunization programs has illustrated how young children serve as the primary reservoir of pneumococci in the community. Clinical trials of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines have proven to be an effective method for eliciting the proportion of disease syndromes like pneumonia that is caused by pneumococci or pneumococcal and viral co-infections. While these highly successful vaccines are introduced into more places, surveillance programs are monitoring for signs of any increase in disease caused by serotypes the vaccines are not designed to prevent.
The Character of Civil Execution Power

The argumentation of the power of civil implementation is of importance in the reform of judicial system and is in relation to the resolution of the problem called 'difficulty in execution'.Under this background,this paper spreads out the argument.The article studies the placement of civil execution power in the state power system.On the basis of analyzing theories upon judicial power and administrative power,then get the character of civil execution power.
An Interview with a Hundred Online Game Lovers :Some Thoughts

Among college students,the number of online game lovers and addicts is on the increase.Students' active acceptance of online games is in sharp contrast to their passive acceptance of ideological education .An interview with part of the online game lovers shows that the features of the games and the psychology of the lovers are true and believable.The focus of ideological work innovation need to be shifted.
Breast Anatomy and Physiology

Breast development begins in the 5th and 6th weeks of fetal development and continues through puberty. Errors during development can lead to abnormal development or complete failure of breast development. The breast comprises several structures that are both functional and supportive. Some of these structures do not fully develop until pregnancy and lactation and regress or involute after lactation and at menopause. The anatomy of the breast and axilla are important in oncological surgery and must be considered during surgical planning to ensure the proper treatment of breast cancer.
Cell segmentation using stable extremal regions in multi-exposure microscopy images

We propose a novel cell segmentation approach by extracting Multi-exposure Maximally Stable Extremal Regions (MMSER) in phase contrast microscopy images on the same cell dish. Using our method, cell regions can be well identified by considering the maximally stable regions with response to different camera exposure times. Meanwhile, halo artifacts with regard to cells at different stages are leveraged to identify cells' stages. The experimental results validate that high quality cell segmentation and cell stage classification can be achieved by our approach.
Sexual Consent Capacity: Ethical Issues and Challenges in Long-Term Care

More than two million Americans live in nursing homes and other long-term care facilities. Available research suggests that the majority of older nursing home residents, including those with some degree of cognitive impairment, place significant value upon a variety of sexual activities. With nearly half of all residents suffering from dementia, psychologists and other mental health professionals often face significant challenges in the assessment of their patients' sexual consent capacity. A primary ethical issue is to balance an individual resident's rights to autonomy and privacy with a facility's need to protect residents from harm. Sexual consent capacity functions on a continuum across time and behavior. It also cannot be predetermined by proxy, in which an individual prepares legal documents ahead of time to identify a surrogate decision maker; sexual consent capacity must be determined by information obtained in the present moment. In this paper, an approach to the assessment of residents' sexual consent capacity, encompassing knowledge, reasoning, and voluntariness, along with a brief overview of sexual activity among long-term care residents, will be presented. A case example is offered to illustrate complex clinical dilemmas involving staff attitudes, residents' rights, and family dynamics.
Novel Approaches in Spectroscopy of Interparticle Inter-Actions. Vibrational Line Profiles and Anomalous Non-Coincidence Effects

This chapter deals with the theories of vibrational line profiles and anomalous (negative) frequency non–coincidence effects in condensed media. First, a novel approach to the line profile analysis is described. It is based on a new, flexible time–correlation function (TCF), which has an analytical counterpart in the frequency domain. Using this function one can fit vibrational line profiles obtaining dynamical information at the same time. Numerous applications of this TCF are considered, including analyses of both line profiles and dynamics. Second, direct methods of estimation of repulsion contributions to frrequency shifts and non–coincidence effects are described, and model calculations enabling one to separate the contributions of repulsion and attraction forces resulting in frrequency non–coincidences are presented.
Cigarette use, comorbidities, and prognosis in a prospective head and neck squamous cell carcinoma population.

Background To better understand the associations between a history of tobacco use and survival outcomes, cigarette use was prospectively surveyed in 687 previously untreated patients with cancer of the oral cavity (n = 271), oropharynx (n = 257), larynx (n = 135), or hypopharynx (n = 24). Methods Kaplan–Meier and Cox models explored the associations of tobacco use intensity (packs/day), duration (years of use), and timing before diagnosis with overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS). Results Cigarette use duration, timing, and intensity were significant predictors for all outcomes in univariate analysis. Never smoking and pack-years were not significantly associated with outcomes after adjustment for prognostic factors, such as stage, comorbidities, and human papillomavirus (HPV) status, which were strongly associated with clinical outcomes. Conclusion The findings confirm the association between smoking history and survival and the importance of clinical variables in evaluating smoking as a prognostic factor. Timing, intensity, and duration of cigarette use should be considered with other prognostic factors when considering risk stratification for treatment planning. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 1810–1820, 2016
Tunable pH-Responsive Polymeric Micelle for Cancer Treatment

The development of bioresponsive polymers is important in drug delivery systems. Herein, we reported the construction of a series of pH-sensitive micelles by conjugating the hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) segment to a hydrophobic farnesylthiosalicylate derivative, FTS-hydrazide (FTS-H), with a hydrazone linker, whose cleavability can be conveniently modulated by choosing various lengths of the carbon chain or appropriate electron-withdrawing groups with different steric environment around the hydrazone linker. We examined the hydrolysis rates of these pH-sensitive micelles in both neutral and acidic conditions. One of the pH-sensitive micelles (PHF-2) was found to be highly sensitive to acidic conditions while being fairly stable in neutral conditions. Furthermore, PHF-2 micelles well retained the antitumor activity of free FTS-H. We further evaluated the use of PHF-2 micelles as a carrier for delivering paclitaxel (PTX) and the triggered release of PTX under the acidic environment. PTX-loaded PHF-...
Review: Building-in-Time: From Giotto to Alberti and Modern Oblivion by Marvin Trachtenberg

Marvin Trachtenberg Building-in-Time: From Giotto to Alberti and Modern Oblivion New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010, 516 pp., 120 color and 200 b/w illus. $65, ISBN 9780300165920 Time is not the first theme one awaits in a treatise on architecture. And yet, it provides a convincing framework for Marvin Trachtenberg to redirect our perception of the building culture of eleventh- through sixteenth-century Italy from a series of more or less iconic styles, monuments, and architects to sources for highlighting and even recovering a process of making buildings that adapted to the flux of time. The strangeness to contemporary readers of connecting time to building has led Trachtenberg to cover cultural and theoretical aspects of time ostensibly far from the art of building. The depth to which Trachtenberg grounds attitudes toward time before reinserting them into building penetrates beyond the foundations of architecture, to touch essential aspects of how we conceive of architects, authors, and implicitly, ourselves in relation to history, mortality, and whatever attempts we may make to guarantee ourselves our own iconic status in the eyes of later commentators. Trachtenberg prefaces the book with his concept of building-in-time and its obverse, building-outside-time, which provide a binary framework coordinating the entire text. In chapters one through four he presents his theoretical and cultural-historical analysis of time on its own, and then in relation to building. He continues with a series of in-depth, formal-theoretical case studies of buildings, which occupy chapters five through nine. The number of pages Trachtenberg devotes to the theory and cultural context of time is consistent with his binary framework. While building-in-time was standard practice in one way or another up to the sixteenth century, since then a shift to building-outside-time has so dominated design, theory, critique, and history, Trachtenberg argues, as to eradicate our memory of building-in-time. How we build, evaluate, even describe architecture today blinds us to earlier processes. This is the “oblivion” of the subtitle. In order to recover the historical …
CELLULAR, MOLECULAR, GENOMICS, AND BIOMEDICAL APPROACHES | Molecular and Chromosomal Aspects of Sex Determination

The sexual fate of an organism is determined by one of many means. Sex chromosomes provide the genetic material for sex determination in some organisms, or the combination of several genes scattered throughout the genome might influence this fate choice. In addition, environmental or social cues determine sex in some species. Once the sexual fate is determined, sex differentiation leads to the development of sex-specific morphologies typically commencing with the development of the sexually dimorphic structures of the ovary and testis from an undifferentiated gonad primordium. The genes governing gonadal sex differentiation in fish are beginning to be elucidated.
Long-Term Treatment of Hyperlipidaemic Patients with Stanozolol and Phenformin:

The effect of combined stanozolol-phenformin therapy was assessed in 21 patients with Types IIB, IV and V primary hyperlipoproteinaemias. Three-months treatment resulted in marked reduction of serum triglycerides, less distinct decrease of serum cholesterol and significant augmentation of blood fibrinolytic activity.
Model based heritability scores for high-throughput sequencing data

Abstract Background Heritability of a phenotypic or molecular trait measures the proportion of variance that is attributable to genotypic variance. It is an important concept in breeding and genetics. Few methods are available for calculating heritability for traits derived from high-throughput sequencing. Results We propose several statistical models and different methods to compute and test a heritability measure for such data based on linear and generalized linear mixed effects models. We also provide methodology for hypothesis testing and interval estimation. Our analyses show that, among the methods, the negative binomial mixed model (NB-fit), compound Poisson mixed model (CP-fit), and the variance stabilizing transformed linear mixed model (VST) outperform the voom-transformed linear mixed model (voom). NB-fit and VST appear to be more robust than CP-fit for estimating and testing the heritability scores, while NB-fit is the most computationally expensive. CP-fit performed best in terms of the coverage of the confidence intervals. In addition, we applied the methods to both microRNA (miRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) sequencing datasets from a recombinant inbred mouse panel. We show that miRNA and mRNA expression can be a highly heritable molecular trait in mouse, and that some top heritable features coincide with expression quantitative trait loci. Conclusions The models and methods we investigated in this manuscript is applicable and extendable to sequencing experiments where some biological replicates are available and the environmental variation is properly controlled. The CP-fit approach for assessing heritability was implemented for the first time to our knowledge. All the methods presented, as well as the generation of simulated sequencing data under either negative binomial or compound Poisson mixed models, are provided in the R package HeritSeq .
ADCC employing an NK cell line (haNK) expressing the high affinity CD16 allele with avelumab, an anti‐PD‐L1 antibody

NK-92 cells, and their derivative, designated aNK, were obtained from a patient with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Prior clinical studies employing adoptively transferred irradiated aNK cells have provided evidence of clinical benefit and an acceptable safety profile. aNK cells have now been engineered to express IL-2 and the high affinity (ha) CD16 allele (designated haNK). Avelumab is a human IgG1 anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody, which has shown evidence of clinical activity in a range of human tumors. Prior in vitro studies have shown that avelumab has the ability to mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of human tumor cells when combined with NK cells. In the studies reported here, the ability of avelumab to enhance the lysis of a range of human carcinoma cells by irradiated haNK cells via the ADCC mechanism is demonstrated; this ADCC is shown to be inhibited by anti-CD16 blocking antibody and by concanamycin A, indicating the use of the granzyme/perforin pathway in tumor cell lysis. Studies also show that while NK cells have the ability to lyse aNK or haNK cells, the addition of NK cells to irradiated haNK cells does not inhibit haNK-mediated lysis of human tumor cells, with or without the addition of avelumab. Avelumab-mediated lysis of tumor cells by irradiated haNK cells is also shown to be similar to that of NK cells bearing the V/V Fc receptor high affinity allele. These studies thus provide the rationale for the clinical evaluation of the combined use of avelumab with that of irradiated adoptively transferred haNK cells.
Surface tension—Organic compounds

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the results of the surface tension for organic compounds in tabular format. For the tabulation, a modified Othmer relation is selected for correlation of the surface tension as a function of temperature. The tabulation is arranged by carbon number such as C, C2, and C3 to provide ease of use in quickly locating the data by using the chemical formula. The compound name and chemical abstracts registry number (CAS No) are also provided in columns. Values for regression coefficients are given in the adjacent columns. The temperature range for use is given in the next columns (TMIN and TMAX). The equation should not be used for temperatures outside this range. The next column provides the code for the tabulation. The last two columns provide a representative temperature and value for the surface tension at the representative temperature. The compilations of CRC, Daubert and Danner, Jasper, and Yaws are used extensively. Estimates are primarily based on the Sugden method, Brock and Bird correlation, and Sastri and Rao method. Experimental data and estimates are then regressed to provide the same equation for all compounds. A comparison of calculated and data values is also presented for a representative compound. The graph shows favorable agreement of equation and data.
Development of the anterior visual input pathway to the Drosophila central complex.

The anterior visual pathway (AVP) conducts visual information from the medulla of the optic lobe via the anterior optic tubercle (AOTU) and bulb (BU) to the ellipsoid body (EB) of the central complex. The anatomically defined neuron classes connecting the AOTU, BU, and EB represent discrete lineages, genetically and developmentally specified sets of cells derived from common progenitors (Omoto et al., Current Biology, 27, 1098–1110, 2017). In this article, we have analyzed the formation of the AVP from early larval to adult stages. The immature fiber tracts of the AVP, formed by secondary neurons of lineages DALcl1/2 and DALv2, assemble into structurally distinct primordia of the AOTU, BU, and EB within the late larval brain. During the early pupal period (P6–P48) these primordia grow in size and differentiate into the definitive subcompartments of the AOTU, BU, and EB. The primordium of the EB has a complex composition. DALv2 neurons form the anterior EB primordium, which starts out as a bilateral structure, then crosses the midline between P6 and P12, and subsequently bends to adopt the ring shape of the mature EB. Columnar neurons of the central complex, generated by the type II lineages DM1-4, form the posterior EB primordium. Starting out as an integral part of the fan-shaped body primordium, the posterior EB primordium moves forward and merges with the anterior EB primordium. We document the extension of neuropil glia around the nascent EB and BU, and analyze the relationship of primary and secondary neurons of the AVP lineages.
Selectivity and Kinetic Requirements of HDAC Inhibitors as Progranulin Enhancers for Treating Frontotemporal Dementia

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) arises from neurodegeneration in the frontal, insular, and anterior temporal lobes. Autosomal dominant causes of FTD include heterozygous mutations in the GRN gene causing haploinsufficiency of progranulin (PGRN) protein. Recently, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been identified as enhancers of PGRN expression, although the mechanisms through which GRN is epigenetically regulated remain poorly understood. Using a chemogenomic toolkit, including optoepigenetic probes, we show that inhibition of class I HDACs is sufficient to upregulate PGRN in human neurons, and only inhibitors with apparent fast binding to their target HDAC complexes are capable of enhancing PGRN expression. Moreover, we identify regions in the GRN promoter in which elevated H3K27 acetylation and transcription factor EB (TFEB) occupancy correlate with HDAC-inhibitor-mediated upregulation of PGRN. These findings have implications for epigenetic and cis-regulatory mechanisms controlling human GRN expression and may advance translational efforts to develop targeted therapeutics for treating PGRN-deficient FTD.
Effects of Extended-release Eprinomectin on Replacement Heifer Performance and Reproductive Success

This study evaluated the effect of extended-release eprinomectin on production parameters and reproductive success of yearling fall replacement heifers. Heifers were treated with an ivermectin (CONV) or an injectable extended-release eprinomectin (EPR). There were no differences between treatments at initial body weight (BW). However, subsequent body weights taken 7 months and 12-months post-treatment demonstrated heavier body weight, greater overall weight gain and a greater average daily gain for heifers treated with EPR. Heifers treated with EPR had greater pregnancy rates to AI and greater overall pregnancy rates than CONV. Also, a greater proportion of EPR heifers calved in the first 21 days of the subsequent calving season. Results from this study indicate improved performance and greater reproductive success for replacement heifers treated with extended-release eprinomectin.
Preliminary evaluation of simultaneous Tl-201/Tc-99m dual-isotope cardiac SPECT imaging with model-based crosstalk compensation

1690 Objectives Simultaneous Tl-201/Tc-99m-Sestamibi dual-isotope myocardial SPECT imaging can reduce imaging time and produce perfectly registered rest/stress images. However, crosstalk from Tc-99m into Tl-201 images can significantly reduce the image quality. We have developed a model-based method (MBC) that can accurately compensate for the crosstalk. In this study, we evaluated the MBC using a canine model. Methods Left anterior descending or left circumflex coronary artery stenoses were created in 15 adult mongrel dogs. The dogs were first injected with 3 mCi Tl-201 and imaged at rest to provide a gold standard. Adenosine was then administrated and 20 mCi of Tc-99m sestamibi was then injected at peak stress. A SPECT scan was acquired in both Tl-201 and Tc-99m energy windows to provide simultaneous dual-isotope data. The images were reconstructed using OS-EM with compensation for attenuation, scatter and detector response. For simultaneously acquired Tl-201 data, we also applied the MBC to compensate for crosstalk. Results Without compensation, crosstalk increased the myocardial activity concentration in the Tl-201 images and reduced defect contrast. Especially for left circumflex coronary artery stenosis, crosstalk from Tc-99m liver activity caused ischemic regions in the Tl-201 images to appear normal. After MBC, the Tl-201 images were much improved and in good agreement with images without crosstalk contamination. The differences in the ischemic to non-ischemic region Tl-201 activity concentration ratios with respect to the single isotope acquisition were 0.26 and 0.16 for images without and with MBC, respectively. The p-value for the difference was 0.1; additional dog studies are scheduled. Conclusions The MBC method provided substantial reduction of crosstalk effects in the simultaneously acquired data
Action of Solanum malacoxylon on calcium metabolism in the rat

Abstract The administration of an aqueous extract of the leaves from Solanum malacoxylon to vitamin D-deficient rats fed a normal calcium, normal phosphorus diet markedly increased serum calcium concentration within 48 hours. The Solanum malacoxylon extract also stimulated intestinal calcium transport in the vitamin D-deficient rat but was without effect on the mobilization of calcium from bone. The extract from 100 mg of dry Solanum malacoxylon leaves was more effective than 25 units of vitamin D given daily to vitamin D-deficient rats in stimulating intestinal calcium transport but its effect was not additive to that of the vitamin D. The results demonstrate that the action of Solanum malacoxylon is independent of vitamin D and, although it can substitute for vitamin D in the stimulation of intestinal calcium transport activity, it cannot substitute for vitamin D in the mobilization of calcium from bone.
In vivo and in vitro monitoring of phagosome maturation in retinal pigment epithelium cells

The ingestion and degradation of photoreceptor disk membranes is a critical and major role for the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). To help elucidate the cellular events involved in this role, functional in vivo and in vitro assays need to be developed further. Here we propose a method to help monitor phagosome maturation, using antibodies against different epitopes of opsin. We show that antibodies specific for the C-terminus of opsin label only immature phagosomes located in the apical region of the RPE. In contrast, antibodies recognizing the N-terminus also label more mature phagosomes, located more basally. The combined use of antibodies against different opsin epitopes thus provides a valuable tool in the study of phagosome maturation in the RPE.
Epidemiology of Essential Hypertension in Children

Essential (primary) hypertension is detectable in children and adolescents and, as in adults, is associated with a positive family history of hypertension, obesity, and lifestyle factors. Blood pressure (BP) levels and the prevalence of hypertension in children and adolescents have increased, largely due to the childhood obesity epidemic. The prevalence of primary hypertension in childhood is estimated to be approximately 3.5 %, and the prevalence of prehypertension in childhood is approximately 3.5 % with higher rates among adolescents. Although adverse outcomes of death and cardiovascular disability are rare in hypertensive children, intermediate markers of target organ damage such as left ventricular hypertrophy, thickening of carotid vessel wall, retinal vascular changes, and subtle cognitive changes are detectable in children and adolescents with high BP. Considering the rates of verified hypertension in asymptomatic children and adolescents, high BP is a common chronic health problem in childhood.
Computerised decision support for differential lung ventilation.

Differential lung ventilation treatment is a mechanical ventilation strategy used for unilateral lung disease or injury. This treatment can be provided to patients who fail to respond to conventional mechanical ventilation to both lungs and is technically challenging to medical personnel. An effective computerised decision support system (CDSS) can be used as a support system to intensivists in providing this treatment to their patients. In this study, a CDSS for differential lung ventilation is presented. By using this system, the mode of ventilation to each lung can be pressure controlled or volume controlled and all ventilation parameters including the peak inspiratory pressure (P insp), tidal volume (V t), positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen ( F I O 2 ), and the respiratory rate (f) can be assigned individually to each lung. The proposed CDSS has the potential to be used as a support system to clinicians in providing differential lung ventilation treatments to patients.
Measuring Ice: How Swiss Peasants Discovered the Ice Age

The discovery of the ice age was arguably one of the most important scientific breakthroughs of the nineteenth century, resulting in a reconceptualization of the climate as mutable and volatile. Un...
Live Quality Assurance: Using a Multimedia Messaging Service Group Chat to Instantly Grade Intraoperative Images.

Background The technique for attaining photographic evidence of the critical view of safety (CVS) in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has previously been defined; however, the consistency, accuracy, and feasibility of CVS in practice is unknown. The aim of this study was to use an already established image sharing and grading system to determine the feasibility of timely feedback after sharing intraoperative images of the CVS and to evaluate if and how cholecystitis affects the ability to attain a CVS. Study Design We studied 193 laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed by 14 surgeons between August 2017 and January 2019. Anterior and posterior intraoperative CVS images were shared using a standard multimedia messaging system (MMS). Images were graded remotely by members of the group using an established scoring system, and their times to response and scores were recorded. Response data were analyzed for the ability to attain timely and consistent CVS scores. Results There were 74 urgent laparoscopic cholecystectomies for acute cholecystitis and 119 nonurgent cholecystectomies performed during the study period. Scoring of shared images occurred in less than 5 minutes, and peer review (mean 3 responses) showed agreement that was not significantly different. In patients with acute cholecystitis, a small but significant difference was observed between anterior and posterior image scoring agreement. Conclusions An established image sharing and grading system for CVS can be used for real-time intraoperative feedback without increasing operative time or compromising private health information. The CVS is almost always attainable; however, decreases in CVS quality and grading agreement are observed in patients with acute cholecystitis.
Iterative DBSCAN (I-DBSCAN) to Identify Aggressive Driving Behaviors within Unlabeled Real-World Driving Data

Each year, 1.35 million people die and over 50 million are injured in traffic accidents. Over half of fatal accidents are due to aggressive driving behaviors. Machine learning analytic strategies hold promise in helping to identify aggressive driving behaviors within real world driving (RWD) datasets, but innovative strategies are required in order to achieve this promise. Herein, we introduce and define Iterative DBSCAN (I-DBSCAN), an extension of the Density Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise algorithm, as one tool that can be utilized as part of a machine learning analytic strategy for identifying aggressive driving behaviors within large, unlabeled RWD datasets. Further, we provide a case example of I-DBSCAN’s application and discuss how its application can enhance efforts to identify aggressive driving and improve overall traffic safety.
Half a Million Strong: “forgotten” festivals punch through Arnold’s critical history of festivals

In Half a Million Strong: Crowds and Power from Woodstock to Coachella, Gina Arnold provides a critical rock festival timeline in an entertaining and informative manner, while investigating the dee...
Phenotypic Variability of an Inherited Pathogenic Variant in CIC Gene: A New Case Report in Two-Generation Family and Literature Review

CIC encodes capicua protein, a transcriptional repressor that is highly expressed in developing brains. A previous study reported pathogenic mutations in the CIC gene in five individuals with significant neurodevelopmental disorders of intellectual disability, epilepsy, and autism spectrum disorder. All these mutations are either de novo or likely due to germline mosaicism. Here we reported a pathogenic mutation (c.2694dupC; p.K899Qfs X32: NM_015125) in the CIC gene in three members of a two-generation family presenting with neurodevelopmental impairment but has significant phenotypic variability. Interestingly, loss of function variants of somatic origin are frequently found in cancers of brain and other organs. We summarized germline and somatic pathogenic or loss of function variants in CIC gene in public genome databases through in silico analysis and published literature. Our findings provided further evidence to support the review of haploinsufficiency of CIC in neurodevelopmental disorder, in addition to suggesting a strong modifier effect for the CIC mutations.
Image Fusion in Remote Sensing: Conventional and Deep Learning Approaches

Abstract Image fusion in remote sensing or pansharpening involves fusing spatial (panchromatic) and spectral (multispectral) images that are captured by different sensors on satellites. This book a...
Short-term whole body cigarette smoke exposure induces regional differences in cellular response in the mouse larynx.

Abstract The larynx is an essential organ in the respiratory tract and necessary for airway protection, respiration, and phonation. Cigarette smoking is a significant risk factor associated with benign and malignant laryngeal diseases. Despite this association, the underlying mechanisms by which cigarette smoke (CS) drives disease development are not well elucidated. In the current study, we developed a short-term murine whole body inhalation model to evaluate the first CS-induced cellular responses in the glottic [i.e. vocal fold (VF)] and subglottic regions of the larynx. Specifically, we investigated epithelial cell proliferation, cell death, surface topography, and mucus production, at various time points (1 day, 5 days, 10 days) after ∼ 2 h exposure to 3R4F cigarettes (Delivered dose: 5.6968 mg/kg per cigarette) and following cessation for 5 days after a 5 day CS exposure (CSE). CSE elevated levels of BrdU labeled proliferative cells and p63 labeled epithelial basal cells on day 1 in the VF. CSE increased proliferative cells in the subglottis at days 5, 10 and following cessation in the subglottis. Cleaved caspase-3 apoptotic activity was absent in VF at all time points and increased at day 1 in the subglottis. Evaluation of the VF surface by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed significant epithelial microprojection damage at day 10 and early signs of necrosis at days 5 and 10 post-CSE. SEM visualizations additionally indicated the presence of deformed cilia at days 5 and 10 after CSE and post-cessation in the respiratory epithelium lined subglottis. In terms of mucin content, the impact of short-term CSE was observed only at day 10, with decreasing acidic mucin levels and increasing neutral mucin levels. Overall, these findings reveal regional differences in murine laryngeal cellular responses following short-term CSE and provide insight into potential mechanisms underlying CS-induced laryngeal disease development.