cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Equation of state of classical systems of charged particles

Recent developments in the classical theory of fully ionized gases and strong electrolyte solutions are reviewed and used to discuss the equation of state at high temperatures and low densities. The pressure is calculated with the ring-integral approximation, and quantitative estimates of higher correction terms are given. The effect of short-range repulsive forces is shown by comparing the results with two kinds of potential functions: hard spheres of diameter a, and soft spheres for which the short-range potential cancels the Coulomb potential at the origin and decreases exponentially with distance. It is found that the use of either type of potential extends the range of validity of the ring-integral approximation to considerably greater densities and lower temperatures. Since there is little difference in the results for the hard spheres and the soft spheres in this range, and since the soft-sphere system is more easily handled by analytical methods, it is investigated more extensively. The expressions derived for the free energy of a system of charged particles can also be used in ionization equilibrium calculations, and the effect of electrostatic interactions on the equilibrium concentrations of various kinds of ions is indicated.
RACE AND SENTENCING OUTCOMES AMONG FEMALE DRUG OFFENDERS IN NORTH CAROLINA: AN EXPLORATORY CONSIDERATION OF EARLIER CASE PROCESSING OUTCOMES

ABSTRACT A largely unanswered question is whether black and white female offenders receive differential treatment by the criminal justice system. The current exploratory study examined sentencing outcomes for a random sample of female drug offenders convicted during calendar year 2000 in a large urban jurisdiction in North Carolina, with consideration given to earlier case processing outcomes. Black and white women came to the attention of the authorities in different ways and had notably different drug indictment charges. Black women were more likely to receive charge severity reductions at the disposition stage than white women, and this appeared to be related to the manner in which they were apprehended by the police. Findings for differences at the sentencing stage were mixed. While black women were not more likely to end up behind bars than white women, they were more likely to be given shorter community-based punishments. Police interdiction strategies did not influence the sentencing outcome.
A critical comparison of theoretical and experimental electronic spectrum and potential energy curves of HF molecule and its positive and negative ions

Abstract Although ab initio many-body methods can provide accurate predictions for most small systems, substantial effort is devoted to design and develop fairly accurate and computationally efficient ‘packageable’ methods for treating large molecular systems, where packageable implies a method that can be incorporated into widely distributed suites of electronic structure programs. Here, we provide further tests and illustrations of our recently developed improved virtual orbital-complete active space configuration interaction (IVO-CASCI) method, which is designed to supplant CIS and CASSCF approaches in electronic structure ‘packages’ because of greater computational efficiency without sacrificing accuracy. The IVO-CASCI method is used here to compute the ground, excited, positive, and negative ion potential energy curve of hydrogen fluoride. Additional dynamical correlation is incorporated by using IVO-CASCI wavefunctions as the initial approximation in selected further effective valence shell Hamiltonian computations for HF and its ions. The excellent agreement between the theory, experiment, and some benchmark calculations for several ground, excited, and ion states of HF reinforces the claim that the IVO-CASCI method is a viable alternate packageable many-body method for ground, excited, and other open-shell states of small to large molecular systems.
Purification of a proaleurain maturation protease

Abstract Aleurain is a cysteine aminopeptidase expressed ubiquitously in plants that serves as a marker for the lytic vacuole. The protease responsible for converting proaleurain, the inactive zymogen, into active form is not known. Using recombinant proaleurain secreted into the medium of Drosophila S2 cells as substrate, we have purified a protease from cauliflower florets that converts proaleurain into a molecular form indistinguishable in size from barley aleurain. This proaleurain maturation protease is a cysteine protease with C-terminal granulin domain, a plant-specific protease that represents only a small set of members of the plant papain-like cysteine protease family. The purified maturation protease uniquely required activation by partial denaturation in 2% SDS, and was active at pH 4.5 but not 5.0 or 5.5. The closely related Arabidopsis cysteine protease with granulin domain, RD21, is a vacuolar enzyme [K. Yamada, R. Matsushima, M. Nishimura, I. Hara-Nishimura, A slow maturation of a cysteine protease with a granulin domain in the vacuoles of senescing Arabidopsis leaves, Plant Physiol. 127 (2001) 1626–1634]. Our work is the first to tie a member of this vacuolar protease family to a specific substrate, and raises the possibility that the proaleurain maturation protease could regulate proaleurain activation in vivo.
Radiation exposure and privacy concerns surrounding full-body scanners in airports

Abstract Millions of people filter through airport security check points in the United States every year. These security checks, in response to the post 9/11 and 2009 “Underwear Bomber” terrorist threats, have become increasingly burdensome to the general public due to the wide spread deployment of “enhanced screening systems.” The enhanced screening systems that have generated the most controversy are the passenger “full-body scanners.” These systems enable airport security personnel to effectively detect contraband (often concealed under clothing) without the physical contact necessitated by a strip search. The two types of full-body scanners (also known as Advanced Imaging Technology systems), used in airports in the United States and around the world are referred to as backscatter technology units and millimeter-wave technology units. Although their respective radiation emissions vary, both scanners serve the same purpose; that is, the detection of concealed metallic and non-metallic threats in the form of liquids, gels, plastics, etc. Although enhanced screening systems were deployed to further public safety efforts, they have also generated wide spread public concern. Specifically, these concerns address the potential of adverse health and privacy issues that may result from continued public exposure to full-body scanner systems.
Characterization of mould growth in orange juice.

Mould growth rates at 0, 3, 7, 10 and 15°C were measured by dry weight analysis of the mycelium and as a function of mycelial growth across the surface of an orange juice-based agar medium. Penicillium italicum produced significantly greater ( P ≤ 0·05) mass and was capable of significantly ( P ≤ 0·05) faster growth than the other test fungi at most temperatures. Only P. italicum and Cladosporium cladosporioides grew at 0° C. P. citrinum was most sensitive to refrigerated temperatures and did not grow at 7° C or below. After growth of fungi in orange juice at 10° C for 12 days, there was a slight reduction in °Brix although pH and total titratable acidity did not change. Invertase production by P. digitatum caused a reduction in sucrose levels accompanied by concomitant increases in glucose and fructose. Results suggest preferential utilization of glucose by Geotrichum and fructose by P. digitatum . Destruction of cloud was observed in orange juices inoculated with penicillia but not Geotrichum .
On-Line Near-Infrared Spectrometer to Monitor Urea Removal in Real Time During Hemodialysis

The ex vivo removal of urea during hemodialysis treatments is monitored in real time with a noninvasive near-infrared spectrometer. The spectrometer uses a temperature-controlled acousto optical tunable filter (AOFT) in conjunction with a thermoelectrically cooled extended wavelength InGaAs detector to provide spectra with a 20 cm(-1) resolution over the combination region (4000-5000 cm(-1)) of the near-infrared spectrum. Spectra are signal averaged over 15 seconds to provide root mean square noise levels of 24 micro-absorbance units for 100% lines generated over the 4600-4500 cm(-1) spectral range. Combination spectra of the spent dialysate stream are collected in real-time as a portion of this stream passes through a sample holder constructed from a 1.1 mm inner diameter tube of Teflon. Real-time spectra are collected during 17 individual dialysis sessions over a period of 10 days. Reference samples were extracted periodically during each session to generate 87 unique samples with corresponding reference concentrations for urea, glucose, lactate, and creatinine. A series of calibration models are generated for urea by using the partial least squares (PLS) algorithm and each model is optimized in terms of number of factors and spectral range. The best calibration model gives a standard error of prediction (SEP) of 0.30 mM based on a random splitting of spectra generated from all 87 reference samples collected across the 17 dialysis sessions. PLS models were also developed by using spectra collected in early sessions to predict urea concentrations from spectra collected in subsequent sessions. SEP values for these prospective models range from 0.37 mM to 0.52 mM. Although higher than when spectra are pooled from all 17 sessions, these prospective SEP values are acceptable for monitoring the hemodialysis process. Selectivity for urea is demonstrated and the selectivity properties of the PLS calibration models are characterized with a pure component selectivity analysis.
Polyominoes which tile rectangles

On montre qu'il existe une infinite d'exemples de polyominos dissemblables pour tout ordre n multiple de 4
A Numerical Model of the Somali Current

Abstract We have sought to simulate and understand consistently observed features of the Somali Current system during the southwest monsoon using a two-layer, nonlinear numerical ocean model driven from rest by a uniform south wind in a flat bottom, rectangular geometry. High spatial resolution in both equatorial and coastal boundary regions was retained in this free-surface model. The model Somali Current is best classed as a time-dependent, baroclinic inertial boundary current. Analytical solutions to a quasi-steady linear model of the Somali Current are shown to be self-inconsistent with the linear approximation. While linear theory predicts perfect symmetry about the equator, the nonlinear numerical solutions exhibit marked asymmetries in less than a month as the model Somali Current becomes strongly inertial. By day 30 the current has attained its maximum value (140 cm s−1) within a few degrees of the equator, in accord with observations. In this time-dependent case, boundary layer separation occurs ...
Cell orientation influences the biaxial mechanical properties of fibroblast populated collagen vessels.

Bioartificial tissues, composed of cells in a collagen matrix, can be fabricated with preferred cell orientations to mimic the histologic arrangement of biologic tissues. The influence of preferred cell orientations on the biaxial mechanical behavior of bioartificial tissues is unknown. Characterizing the biaxial mechanical behavior is necessary for better predicting the in vivo behavior of bioartificial tissues. Fibroblast populated collagen vessels (FPCVs) were fabricated with two different cell orientations by controlling the mechanical constraints during incubation. The cell orientation was verified by confocal microscopy and the collagen fiber organization was examined by confocal reflection and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Pressure–diameter, force–length tests were performed to determine the influence of cell orientation on the biaxial mechanical behavior. FPCVs were more extensible in the direction perpendicular to the preferred cell orientation, than in the direction parallel to the cell orientation. Biaxial tests were also performed in the presence of Cytochalasin D (Cyto D) to minimize the mechanical contribution of the cells. After Cyto D treatment, the FPCVs remained more extensible in the direction perpendicular to the cell orientation, even though a preferred collagen fiber orientation was not observed in the microscopy images.
Surface conditions in a conceptual D--T mirror reactor with direct conversion

Abstract A conceptual D-T fusion reactor employing magnetic mirror confinement and periodic focusing electrostatic direct conversion is described with emphasis on surface conditions.
Propulsive performance of airbreathing pulse detonation engines

The propulsive performance of airbreathing pulse detonation engines at selected flight conditions is evaluated by means of a combined analytical/numerical analysis. The work treats the conservation equations in axisymmetric coordinates and takes into account finite-rate chemistry and variable thermophysical properties for a stoichiometric hydrogen/air mixture. In addition, an analytical model accounting for the state changes of the working fluid in pulse detonation engine operation is established to predict the engine performance in an idealized situation. The system under consideration includes a supersonic inlet, an air manifold, a valve, a detonation tube, and a convergent-divergent nozzle. Both internal and external modes of valve operation are implemented. Detailed flow evolution is explored, and various performance loss mechanisms are identified and quantified. The influences of all known effects (such as valve operation timing, filling fraction of reactants, nozzle configuration, and flight condition) on the engine propulsive performance are investigated systematically. A performance map is established over the flight Mach number of 1.2-3.5. Results indicate that the pulse detonation engine outperforms ramjet engines for all the flight conditions considered herein. The benefits of pulse detonation engines are significant at low-supersonic conditions, but gradually decrease with increasing flight Mach number.
An early illustrated comparative anatomy of the brain: Samuel Collins' A Systeme of Anatomy (1685) and the emergence of comparative neurology in 17th century England.

The concept of comparing of the brains of various animals and of individual human brains was launched in the last half of the 17th century in England and was much influenced by the formation of the European scientific societies and their attempts to guide naturalist observations into a new systematics. An ambitious attempt to document this trend in an extensively illustrated work of encyclopedic pretensions was the singular publication of Samuel Collins (1618–1710), an energetic anatomist and president of the Royal College of Physicians. His little known two-volume folio presentation, written in the vernacular for broad acceptance, contains the seeds of a science of comparative neurology with the largest collection of brain illustrations (as well as of other organ systems) attempted in his era. Although lacking the conceptual insight that might derive from a true “comparative” anatomy and an understanding of the relations of different animals, the handsome engravings exemplified the new direction of the ‘...
Call Me Elijah: Microcomputer Circulation at Southern Illinois

In July of 1989, the Circulation Department of Lovejoy Library at Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville began to employ a microcomputer‐based circulation system for tracking various library materials not held or chargeable in our main LCS (ILLINET Online) database. Called Elijah after Elijah P. Lovejoy, the library's namesake, this menu‐driven system was developed over the course of the previous year by the Library Systems Coordinator, John Drueke, and was written in an earlier version of the R:Base software. For handling the occasional circulations of those various uncataloged materials held by almost every library (e.g., loose periodicals, ephemeral documents, and leased browsing‐collection materials), this auxiliary system has provided a practical alternative to the usual paper‐file recording of loans when the principal automated circulation system, in this case a shared, statewide system, allows no such machine option in the absence of an existing database record for the item.
Platelets in atherothrombosis

The participation of platelets in atherogenesis and the subsequent formation of occlusive thrombi depend on platelets' adhesive properties and the inability to respond to stimuli with rapid activation. By understanding the multifaceted mechanisms involved in platelet interactions with vascular surfaces and aggregation, new approaches can be tailored to selectively inhibit the pathways most relevant to the pathological aspects of atherothrombosis.
A Spectrophotometric Survey of K-Band Emission Lines in Planetary Nebulae

We present observations of 16 planetary nebulae (PNs) in the 2 μm (K band) spectral region, obtained with a long-slit near-infrared spectrometer at McDonald Observatory. In general, the strongest features in our spectra are recombination lines of H I, He I, and (in some cases) He II. Half the sample shows emission from vibrationally excited H2. Some of the observed PNs (e.g., M 1-13) display H2 line ratios characteristic of shocked, thermalized gas, while others (e.g., BD +30 3639) have ratios intermediate between pure radiative (UV) and shock excitation, consistent with either a combination of the mechanisms or UV illumination of dense material. Our spectra of J900 and M 1-13 confirm that published narrowband images trace the H2 emission, and we find that the H2 emission in SwSt 1 has a larger spatial extent than previously reported. In IC 5117, SwSt 1, and NGC 40 we detect the [Kr III] 2.199 μm line identified by Dinerstein in 2001, with strengths indicating that krypton is enriched relative to the solar abundance, most markedly so in NGC 40. We also detect several lines from the 3G term of [Fe III] in Vy 2-2, SwSt 1, and marginally in Cn 3-1. The [Kr III] and [Fe III] lines fall near in wavelength to H2 transitions, which are often used as diagnostics for UV excitation because they arise from higher vibrationally excited levels (v = 2, 3). For moderate spectral resolving power, R ≤ 600, these lines may be blended with, or even mistaken for, the corresponding H2 lines, leading to misinterpretation of the H2 emission. The strength of both the Kr and Fe nebular emission lines can be enhanced by special circumstances, Kr because of nucleosynthetic self-enrichment in the progenitor star and Fe due to inefficient initial dust condensation or partial destruction of the dust after formation, causing a larger fraction of the elemental iron to reside in the gas phase.
Opioids : clinical use as anesthetic agents

Opioids (narcotic analgesics) are widely used in the practice of anesthesia for preanesthetic medication, systemic and spinal analgesia, supplementation of general anesthetic agents, and as primary anesthetics. The last use is particularly widespread for major surgical operations, especially those involving patients with cardiovascular disease. The use of opioids in anesthetic doses is based on the absence of cardiac depression by the opioids. As with all anesthetic drugs, the opioids have limitations and side effects, but for the most part, these are easily managed on the basis of knowledge of their pharmacology. The key to their efficient use is careful titration of dose according to the individual patient's responses to the drug as well as to noxious stimulation. Although there is a very wide margin of safety, allowing administration of enormous doses intraoperatively when the patient's ventilation is supported mechanically, the disadvantage of using doses far in excess of the individual patient's need is a prolonged recovery from anesthesia with the risk of postoperative ventilatory depression. Titration of the dose can be facilitated by computer-controlled infusion pumps with the benefit that the recovery time from anesthetic doses can be appropriate for the individual patient and surgical procedure, and postoperative analgesia can be continued by patient-controlled analgesia, which is another example of computer-controlled opioid infusion. Although specific opioid antagonists are available, their use to antagonize residual anesthetic effects is potentially hazardous.
Modeling simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of lignocellulose to ethanol in batch and continuous reactors

Abstract An adsorption-based kinetic model was sought that accurately predicts simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of insoluble lignocellulosic substrates in batch and continuous reactors. With a common set of three heuristic parameters, a hydrolysis rate equation of the form r = {k × (1 − x) n + c} × (ES) ( C s ) conjunction with Langmuir adsorption is capable of accurately representing batch SSF data from well-mixed bioreactors for a variety of feed substrate concentrations and cellulase loadings (root mean squared (RMS) difference in predicted and measured conversion = 5.2%). Using a particle population model in conjunction with the batch kinetics, conversion in a CSTR as a function of residence time is also well predicted (4.6% RMS difference). Including both batch and continuous data, the model is successful over a four-fold range of enzyme loadings and a 12.8-fold range of substrate concentrations. Commentary is offered on useful features of kinetic models for processes including cellulose hydrolysis.
Effects of the plant alkaloid sanguinarine on cation transport by human red blood cells and lipid bilayer membranes

The plant alkaloid, sanguinarine, inhibits the ouabain-sensitive K−Na pump and increases the downhill, ouabain-insensitive movements of K and Na in human red cells. These two effects have different temporal and concentration dependencies and are mediated by two different chemical forms of sanguinarine. The oxidized, charged form (5×10−5m) promptly inhibits the pump but does not affect leakage of K and Na. The reduced, uncharged form of sanguinarine causes lysis of red cells but does not inhibited the pump. Sanguinarine also increases the conductance of bilayers formed from sheep red cell lipids. The effect is produced by the uncharged but not by the charged form of sanguinarine. Bilayer conductance increases as the fourth power of sanguinarine concentration when the compound is present on both sides of the membrane and as the second power of concentration when present on only one side. Conductance also increasee-fold for each 34 mV increase in the potential difference imposed across the membrane. The results suggest that the uncharged forms of sanguinarine produce voltage-dependent channels in bilayers.
Acyclic Ribooxacarbenium Ion Mimics as Transition State Analogues of Human and Malarial Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylases

Transition state analogues of PNP, the Immucillins and DADMe-Immucillins, were designed to match transition state features of bovine and human PNPs, respectively. A third generation of inhibitors has been designed that contain an acyclic iminoalcohol to replace the cyclic mimic of the ribooxacarbenium ion at the transition states of PNPs. The best third generation inhibitor is equivalent to the best inhibitors found in the previous transition state analogues.
A polarity field is established early in the development of the Drosophila compound eye

Abstract The photoreceptors within the ommatidia of the Drosophila compound eye form a trapezoid. This occurs in two chiral forms in the dorsal and ventral half of the eye. We have used two manipulations to induce ectopic ommatidia, in combination with molecular markers for specific positions in the retinal field. We find that ectopic morphogenetic furrows induced on the eye field margin (or midline) and those induced in the body of the field have different consequences for the establishment of retinal polarity. Furthermore, the dorsal/ventral vector field is established early in development, prior to and independent of the initiation of the morphogenetic furrow. An `early equator' model is presented to account for these and previously published data.
RECONSTITUTION OF YEAST NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION REPAIR WITH PURIFIED RAD PROTEINS, REPLICATION PROTEIN A, AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR TFIIH

Abstract Nucleotide excision repair (NER) functions to remove DNA damage caused by ultraviolet light and by other agents that distort the DNA helix. The NER machinery has been conserved in structure and function from yeast to humans, and in humans, defective NER is the underlying cause of the cancer-prone disease xeroderma pigmentosum. Here, we reconstitute the incision reaction of NER in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using purified protein factors. The Rad14 protein, the Rad4-Rad23 complex, the Rad2 nuclease, the Rad1-Rad10 nuclease, replication protein A, and the RNA polymerase II transcription factor TFIIH were purified to near homogeneity from yeast. We show that these protein factors are both necessary and sufficient for dual incision of DNA damaged by either ultraviolet light or N-acetoxy-2-aminoacetylfluorene. Incision in the reconstituted system requires ATP, which cannot be substituted by adenosine 5′-O-(3-thiotriphosphate), suggesting that the hydrolysis of ATP is indispensable for the incision reaction. The excision DNA fragments formed as a result of dual incision are in the 24-27-nucleotide range.
N-Acetylcysteine reverses cocaine-induced metaplasticity

Cocaine addiction is characterized by an impaired ability to develop adaptive behaviors that can compete with cocaine seeking, implying a deficit in the ability to induce plasticity in cortico-accumbens circuitry crucial for regulating motivated behavior. We found that rats withdrawn from cocaine self-administration had a marked in vivo deficit in the ability to develop long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) in the nucleus accumbens core subregion after stimulation of the prefrontal cortex. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment prevents relapse in animal models and craving in humans by activating cystine-glutamate exchange and thereby stimulating extrasynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR). NAC treatment of rats restored the ability to induce LTP and LTD by indirectly stimulating mGluR2/3 and mGluR5, respectively. Our findings show that cocaine self-administration induces metaplasticity that inhibits further induction of synaptic plasticity, and this impairment can be reversed by NAC, a drug that also prevents relapse.
APPL/A: a language for software process programming

Software process programming is the coding of software processes in executable programming languages. Process programming offers many potential benefits, but their realization has been hampered by a lack of experience in the design and use of process programming languages. APPL/A is a prototype software process programming language developed to help gain this experience. It is intended for the coding of programs to represent and support software processes including process, product, and project management. APPL/A is defined as an extension to Ada, to which it adds persistent programmable relations, concurrent triggers on relation operations (for reactive control), optionally and dynamically enforceable predicates on relations (which may serve as constraints), and composite statements that provide alternative combinations of serializability, atomicity, and consistency enforcement (for programming high-level transactions). APPL/A has been used to code engineering-oriented applications, like requirements specification and design, as well as management-related activities, such as personnel assignment, task scheduling, and project monitoring. APPL/A has also enabled us to experiment with process program design techniques and architectures, including process state reification, intermittent (or persistent) processes, reflexive and metaprocesses, and multiple-process systems. Our ability to address a wide range of software processes and process characteristics indicates that the APPL/A constructs represent important and general capabilities for software process programming.—Authors' Abstract
Using Semantic Web Technologies for RBAC in Project-Oriented Environments

Project-oriented environments are key to supporting the co-operative work essential to collaborative research activities. However, personnel and resources in project-oriented environments are typically diverse and heterogeneous as they come from both internal as well as external domains. Providing a robust data security system in such an environment becomes critical. The ideal access control architecture should manage access to resources not only based on roles but also based on the specific nature of each resource and its involvement within the project. Traditional role-based access control (RBAC) does not consider the context which often modifies the responsibility given to resources. We propose using an enhanced role-based access control (RBAC) mechanism to address this problem. Specifically, we discuss the implementation of RBAC using ontological methods borrowed from semantic web technology. We used an ontology-based approach for specification and implementation of the RBAC in a collaborative system used within a research group to manage proteomics data, where the access control policy depends on how the project team hierarchy is structured. We describe the design and implementation of this system in this paper. We also provide a preliminary evaluation of the implementation. We find there are several advantages to using ontological methods to implement RBAC. The most significant of these is standardization, which is essential for portability. Also key is modifiability as the actual roles are defined by the ontology itself. Since data access is provided through URI handling moving to a federated system is made easier. This becomes very important in collaborative environments as the data in question is invariably distributed.
Recent advances in natural product discovery

Natural products have been and continue to be the source and inspiration for a substantial fraction of human therapeutics. Although the pharmaceutical industry has largely turned its back on natural product discovery efforts, such efforts continue to flourish in academia with promising results. Natural products have traditionally been identified from a top-down perspective, but more recently genomics- and bioinformatics-guided bottom-up approaches have provided powerful alternative strategies. Here we review recent advances in natural product discovery from both angles, including diverse sampling and innovative culturing and screening approaches, as well as genomics-driven discovery and genetic manipulation techniques for both native and heterologous expression.
Changes of lead and barium with time in California off-shore basin sediments

During ancient times the natural deposition fluxes of lead which can be leached with dilute acid from sediments in Santa Barbara, Santa Monica and San Pedro basins offshore from the Los Angeles Urban complex, were about 0.7, 0.1 and 0.2 μg Pb/cm^2 yr respectively. Since there was little difference in biological productivity in surface waters of these basins, it is proposed that clay is a major transport vehicle for sequestered soluble lead, which then explains why the lead deposition flux within the Santa Barbara basin was so much larger compared to the other basins. The fluxes of silicate mud in the basins in ancient times were about 92, 19 and 30 mg/cm^2 yr in Santa Barbara, Santa Monica and San Pedro basins respectively. Today deposition fluxes of acid soluble lead within these three basins are 3- to 9-fold greater, being about 2.1, 1.1 and 1.8 μg Pb/cm^2 yr respectively, partly in the form of directly deposited large sewage particles, which account for none, 2/3 and 3/4 of the total industrial lead deposition fluxes in the respective basins. Concentrations of leachable lead in varve dated sediment layers increase with time and isotopic compositions of these leads change in accordance with corresponding known changes of isotopic compositions of industrial lead in the Los Angeles atmosphere. Lead remaining in acid leached sediment residues originates from igneous and clay minerals, exhibiting no change in concentration or isotopic composition since pre-industrial times. Deposition fluxes of total barium in sediments among the three basins were proportional to mass deposition fluxes before 1950 in the same manner as for lead. Afterwards, there are barium concentration maxima with time in both Santa Monica and San Pedro Basin sediments which are attributable to industrial sewage rather than to episodic erosion from barium-rich sedimentary evaporite strata exposed locally along the shore. An increase of barium concentrations in present day Santa Barbara basin sediments may reflect dispersal of barium-rich drilling mud from local drilling operations.
The effect of war on young engineers inducted into industry

THE WAR is bringing to engineers and other college people a completely new set of experiences. The colleges themselves will feel the most immediate effects, and these are already indicated by the much-discussed speed-up plans, and by the plans for inducting young men into the Navy, the Signal Corps, and other branches of the military service. The trend in college education indicates that a large percentage of those young people who normally would come into industry in the next few years will be diverted into military channels, and a decreasing number will be available to industry.
Abstract 3360: Loss of sulf-1 reprograms energy metabolism in ovarian cancer

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA We have previously shown that loss of HSulf-1, an endosulfatase that removes 6-O sulfation of HSPGs augmented heparin binding growth factor (HB-GF) signaling resulting in enhanced tumorigenesis, angiogenesis and metastasis in ovarian cancer. However, the role of HSulf-1 in energy metabolism and how the increased growth factor signaling in cells with loss of HSulf-1 altered cellular metabolism in cancer yet to be investigated. Here, we show for the first time that batch clonal lines of HSulf-1 knockdown cells [OV202 (Sh1/2)] and HSulf-1 knock out (KO) MEFs showed a significantly higher glycolytic flux (glucose uptake and lactate production) and reduced oxygen consumption rate (OCR) compared to a non-transduced control (OV202NTC) and wild-type (WT) MEF cells respectively. Conversely, enhanced expression of HSulf-1 in TOV21G cells resulted in lower glycolytic flux and higher OCR. Microarray analysis revealed that several of the genes in the glycolytic pathway such as Glut1, HK2, PFKFB3, ALDOC, PGAM, PKM2 and LDHA were upregulated in Sh1/2, cells compared to NTC cells. Expression of these genes and their respective products were validated both at the mRNA and protein levels in OV202Sh1/2, TOV21G Vec and MEFs KO cells compared to OV202NTC, TOV21G Cl13 and MEF WT respectively. Importantly, we found that loss of HSulf-1 decouples the energy flow from glycolysis to mitochondria by lowering the PDH and up-regulating PDK1 expression. We further demonstrated that loss of HSulf-1 reduced the total cellular ATP levels in Sh1/Sh2, TOV21G VEC, and MEFs KO cells, all consistent with lower mitochondrial activity as evidenced by decreased total number of mitochondria, its cross sectional area and perimeter in Sh1/Sh2, TOV21G Vec and MEF KO cells. This augmented aerobic glycolysis with loss of HSulf-1 was further corroborated by metabolomics study which showed significantly higher glycolytic metabolites such as G-6P, F1,6BP, F2,6BP, 3PG. While most of the TCA intermediates were downregulated in Sh1 and Sh2 cells; glutamate, glutamine, α-ketoglutarate and 2-hydroxyglutarate were higher upon loss of HSulf-1. These results suggests that loss of HSulf-1 plays a pivotal role in reprogramming the energy metabolism towards the Warburg effect which are critical to sustain cancer cells proliferation, transformation and angiogenesis. Citation Format: Susmita Mondal, Debarshi Roy, Juliana Camacho Pereira, Eduardo N. Chini, Vijayalakshmi Shridhar. Loss of sulf-1 reprograms energy metabolism in ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3360. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3360
Horner's syndrome secondary to Swan-Ganz catheterization

Abstract A preganglionic Horner's syndrome developed shortly after Ipsilateral percutaneous insertion of a Swan-Ganz catheter in the Internal jugular vein for management of pulmonary edema. There were no other neurologic findings nor evidence of mass lesions in the neck or pulmonary apex. This is believed to be the first reported case of Horner's syndrome complicating Swan-Ganz catheterization, which may occur more commonly than is generally appreciated.
On the origin and direction of replication of the Escherichia coli K12 chromosome

Abstract Replication of the chromosome of Escherichia coli K12 bacteria was studied by measuring transduction frequencies of generalized transducing phage P1 prepared upon donor bacteria containing DNA pre-labeled with 5-bromouracil near the beginning or near the end of the chromosomes. Alignment of the chromosomes for specific labeling was accomplished by amino acid starvation. The phage containing the bromouracil-labeled DNA were isolated by cesium chloride density-gradient ultracentrifugation and were analyzed by transduction experiments using 11 genetic markers distributed nearly uniformly over the genetic map. It was found that chromosome replication terminates in a definite region of the genetic map during amino acid starvation and initiates a new cycle in the same region when amino acids are restored. Three strains (F − DG68, F − DG75, and Hfr P7201) have their terminus-origin in the region between lys and xyl (54 to 70 minutes on the E. coli genetic map); the clockwise direction of replication agrees best with the data. Another strain (Hfr DG163) has its terminus-origin in the region between pro and gal (6 to 16 minutes on the map) and counterclockwise replication. There seems to be no uniform rule relating the chromosomal replication pattern with F-factor integration. It cannot be determined from these studies whether the terminus-origin observed in amino acid starvation experiments is identical to the vegetative origin presumed to exist in normally growing cells.
Numerical Investigation of Generalized Correlations for Turbulent Flow Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer Applied in Helically Coiled Tube Systems

A numerical analysis using a CFD package (Fluent v5.5) has been employed to investigate the turbulent pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics in the helically coiled tube system. The validity of using the techniques for creating coiled tube geometry and the corresponding volume mesh developed in this work is verified by explicitly comparing the numerically calculated results with those obtained from the experiments and correlations related to the straight and toroidal tubes. The authors’ previous work [5] includes the collection and summary of the general and application-specific published research and correlations. The information describing the pressure drop and heat transfer phenomena related to turbulent forced convection were combined and re-expressed into more generalized correlations using multiple linear regression techniques. In this paper, a numerical research effort using a commercial CFD package has been employed to reassess the actual phenomena with those predicted by the previously developed generalized correlations. The numerically predicted pressure drop and heat transfer coefficients at various Reynolds numbers are about 5–10% lower than those obtained by using existing generalized correlations [5]. For purposes of engineering calculations an error level of 15% or less is appropriate. The level of accuracy of the CFD modeling technique developed in this work is justified to investigate thermal-fluid phenomena in a coiled tube system.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Embedding security policies into a distributed computing environment

This paper discusses the implementation of security policies in multipolicy systems. Multipolicy systems are systems supporting a multitude of security policies, each policy governing the applications within its own and precisely defined security domain.The paper argues that within multipolicy systems, traditional approaches for implementing security policies such as security kernels are both too weak and too strong. In order to support this thesis, we will discuss architectural issues of the implementation of policy separation, policy persistency, total mediation and putting off-the-shelf applications under the control of security policies. Whenever our statements are illustrated by examples, these examples are taken from a case study we implemented for the OSF Distributed Computing Environment.
Structural basis for cyclic Py-Im polyamide allosteric inhibition of nuclear receptor binding.

Pyrrole-imidazole polyamides are a class of small molecules that can be programmed to bind a broad repertoire of DNA sequences, disrupt transcription factor−DNA interfaces, and modulate gene expression pathways in cell culture experiments. In this paper we describe a high-resolution X-ray crystal structure of a β-amino turn-linked eight-ring cyclic Py-Im polyamide bound to the central six base pairs of the sequence d(5′-CCAGTACTGG-3′)2, revealing significant modulation of DNA shape. We compare the DNA structural perturbations induced by DNA-binding transcripton factors, androgen receptor and glucocorticoid receptor, in the major groove to those induced by cyclic polyamide binding in the minor groove. The cyclic polyamide is an allosteric modulator that perturbs the DNA structure in such a way that nuclear receptor protein binding is no longer compatible. This allosteric perturbation of the DNA helix provides a molecular basis for disruption of transcription factor−DNA interfaces by small molecules, a mini...
Do Plasma Thrombopoietin Concentrations Predict the Kinetic Mechanism Responsible for Thrombocytopenia in Neonates

Do Plasma Thrombopoietin Concentrations Predict the Kinetic Mechanism Responsible for Thrombocytopenia in Neonates?
Response to Mattiazzi et al

Our recent article in Circulation Research 1 has received attention from a number of investigators in the field. Our goal in this research was to explore the hypothesis proposed by Marks and colleagues that PKA-mediated phosphorylation of the ryanodine receptor at Ser2808/09 is a central component of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) regulation of cardiac contractility.2 Our experiments were mainly designed to address this issue. We used a genetically modified mouse in which phosphorylation of Ser2808/09 was eliminated by an alanine substitution (S2809/09A). Our results strongly supported the idea that PKA-mediated phosphorylation of Ser2808/09 has no significant functional role in SNS regulation of cardiac function. In this issue of Circulation Research , Mattiazzi et al3 have written to the editor regarding our recent report.1 The purpose of our letter here is to respond to the 3 points made …
New Magnetic Phenomena in Liquid He 3 below 3 mK

Magnetic measurements have been made on a sample of ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ in a Pomeranchuk cell. Below about 2.7 mK, the NMR line apparently associated with the liquid portion of the sample shifts continuously to higher frequencies during cooling. Below about 2 mK the frequency shift vanishes, and the magnitude of the liquid absorption drops abruptly to approximately \textonehalf{} its previous value. These measurements are related to the pressure phenomena reported by Osheroff, Richardson, and Lee.
Repair of helix-stabilizing anthramycin-N2 guanine DNA adducts by UVRA and UVRB proteins.

The transfectivity of anthramycin (Atm)-modified φX174 replicative form (RF) DNA in Escherichia coli is lower in uvrA and uvrB mutant cells but much higher in uvrC mutant cells compared to wild-type cells. Pretreatment of the Atm-modified phage DNA with purified UVRA and UVRB significantly increases the transfectivity of the DNA in uvrA or uvrB mutant cells. This pretreatment greatly reduces the UVRABC nuclease-sensitive sites (UNSS) and Atm-induced absorbance at 343 nm in the Atm-modified DNA without producing apurinic sites. The reduction of UNSS is proportional to the concentrations of UVRA and UVRB and the enzyme-DNA incubation time and requires ATP. We conclude that there are two different mechanisms for repairing Atm-N2 guanine adducts by UVR proteins: (1) UVRA and UVRB bind to the Atm-N2 guanine double-stranded DNA region and consequently release the Atm from the adducted guanine; (2) UVRABC makes an incision at both sides of the Atm-DNA adduct. The latter mechanism produces potentially lethal double-strand DNA breaks in Atm-modified φX174 RF DNA in vitro
A new algorithm for non-rigid point matching

We present a new robust point matching algorithm (RPM) that can jointly estimate the correspondence and non-rigid transformations between two point-sets that may be of different sizes. The algorithm utilizes the soft assign for the correspondence and the thin-plate spline for the non-rigid mapping. Embedded within a deterministic annealing framework, the algorithm can automatically reject a fraction of the points as outliers. Experiments on both 2D synthetic point-sets with varying degrees of deformation, noise and outliers, and on real 3D sulcal point-sets (extracted from brain MRI) demonstrate the robustness of the algorithm.
Increasing student evaluation capacity through a collaborative community-based program evaluation teaching model

The evaluation literature reflects a long-standing interest in ways to provide practical hands-on training experience in evaluation courses. Concomitantly, some funders have shown rising expectations for increased accountability on the part of Community-Based organizations (CBOs), even though agencies often lack the associated funding and expertise required. This paper describes a training evaluation model, developed and refined over the past ten years, that partners student needs for real-world evaluation experience with CBOs needs for technical expertise and assistance in conducting evaluation activities that support program improvement. The process of developing and implementing the model is presented, and content analysis of ten years of student feedback is summarized.
Sarcoidosis. Part I: Pulmonary manifestations

CLINICAL PEARLS Prevalence, 1-40 cases per 100,000 in the United States Age at diagnosis 20-30 years, any age Women affected in 2/3 of cases African-American women most frequent; all races affected Serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), calcium level, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) can be elevated; a normal ACE level does not rule out sarcoid; elevated levels do not indicate systemic involvement Pulmonary function tests are sensitive even early in the course Mainstay of treatment is steroids. Traditional second-line therapy includes hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate, and azathioprine. Pentoxifylline, thalidomide, and infliximab may also be useful. Lofgren syndrome (erythema nodosum, bilateral hilar adenopathy, polyarthralgia, uveitis, fatigue,
Performance information in risk-averse control of model-following systems

The paper presents an extension of the theory of risk-averse control of a linear-quadratic class of model-following control systems with incomplete state feedback. It is shown that performance information can improve control decisions with only available output measurements for system performance reliability but information structures can also be costly. Many of the results entail measures of the amount, value, and cost of performance information, and the design of model-following control strategy with risk aversion. It becomes clear that the topic of performance information in control is of central importance for future research and development of correct-by-design of high performance and reliable systems.