cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel strategy for the design of multiple reaction systems for genetic analysis

Heat-transfer considerations are critical in the design of multiple reaction microdevices. We present a new methodology for the design and fabrication of multiple reaction systems using the concept of heat integration. In our application, we use heat integration to minimize the overall power consumption in multiple-reaction device operation by optimizing component placement. Designs based on heat integration rely on the use of steady-state temperature gradients developed in the substrate by the actuation of a single reaction chamber to initiate several reactions at progressively lower temperatures. The use of thermal gradients in this manner places design constraints on component placement, but eliminates the need to heat each individual reaction chamber and actively control the temperature of those chambers, and eliminates the power requirement for active cooling. Complete thermal isolation of components in a device, on the other hand, requires higher power input for overall device cooling and local heating but, unlike designs based on heat integration, does not constrain geometry of reaction chambers or their placement.
Give the Kid a Break—But Only if He's Straight: Retributive Motives Drive Biases Against Gay Youth in Ambiguous Punishment Contexts

Two studies addressed how people punish juvenile sex offenders in ambiguous punishment contexts. Sex offender registry laws now make voluntary sexual activity between juveniles a registration-worthy offense in the U.S. Using contemporary prejudice theories as a theoretical framework, we tested whether the ambiguity surrounding the application of these laws to juveniles provides a context for expression of prejudice against gay youth. In the ambiguous context of 2 juveniles having consensual sex, people supported sex offender registration more for gay, versus heterosexual, offenders. This punishment discrimination did not emerge, however, in the societally less ambiguous context of an adult having sex with a juvenile. Study 2 revealed that punishment discrimination again emerged against gay male juveniles but not lesbian juveniles. Across both studies, punishment discrimination against gay juveniles was consistently mediated by retributive motives (moral outrage), but less consistently by utilitarian motives (concern about protecting society)—the stated legislative purpose of registration.
Effect of endrin on the hepatic distribution of iron and calcium in female Sprague-Dawley rats.

The distribution of iron and calcium in hepatic subcellular fractions of female rats treated with endrin (1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 10-hexachloro-6, 7-epoxy-1, 4, 4α, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8α-octahydroendo, endo-1, 4:5, 8-dimethanonaphthalene) was determined. Endrin in corn oil was administered orally to rats in single doses of 3, 4.5, or 6 mg/kg, and the animals were killed at 0, 12, 24, 48, or 72 hr posttreatment. Iron and calcium were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The administration of endrin increased the iron content of mitochondria and decreased the iron content of microsomes and nuclei. Significant increases occurred in the calcium content of mitochondria, microsomes, and nuclei. Thus, the results indicate that with respect to the subcellular distribution of iron and calcium, endrin produces differential effects. Vitamin E succinate administration partially prevented the endrin-induced hepatic alterations in iron and calcium homeostasis. Endrin also produced dose- and time-dependent increases in the liver and spleen weight/body weight ratios, while decreasing the thymus weight/body weight ratios. The altered distribution of calcium and iron may contribute to the broad range of effects of endrin.
Adjoint Formulations for Topology, Shape and Discrete Optimization

The use of adjoints for PDE constrained optimization problems has become a common design tool in many areas of applied engineering. The use of adjoint methods for shape optimization has received much attention as it exploits the inherent advantage of computing the Frechet derivative of a single or small number of objectives with minimal computational effort. Topology optimization primarily for problems in structural mechanics has also used adjoints to efficiently compute sensitivities of the weight of the structure. Inverse design to recover the shape that results in a particular scattering pattern have used adjoints to quickly morph topologies. Eulerian network models of transportation (personal and commercial) fleets have also been controlled using adjoints to determine the control authority that maximizes throughput of hubs and transportation corridors. The objective of this paper is to formulate and solve the adjoint problem for a variety of PDE constrained optimization problems. The PDEs we will address include Euler equations, linear elasticity, helmholtz and wave equations. For the Euler equations, building on experience of the second author, we plan to tackle new objective functions that include derivatives of the state variables. For the problems in linear elasticity we compare continuous and discrete formulations for minimum weight structures. For the Hemlhotz problem, we study objective functions that contain a mix of polynomial and derivatives in the state-variable. For the wave propagation problem, we use the linear wave equation and its adjoint formulation to determine time dependent optimal controls that enable the identification of the scattering object. Finally, we look at problems in which the PDEs constraining the optimization problem discontinuously change in time and space.
Formation of convective cells, anomalous diffusion, and strong plasma turbulence due to drift instabilities

Large-scale, fully three-dimensional particle simulations have been carried out for the collisionless drift instabilities in a cylindrical geometry. It is found that nonlinear excitation of convective cells ($\ensuremath{\omega}=0, {k}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}=0$) due to drift instabilities gives rise to enhanced turbulence and anomalous plasma diffusion. The observed power spectra have resemblance with the recent measurements in toroidal devices.
Modeling of Radiative and Optical Behavior of Nanofluids Based on Multiple and Dependent Scattering Theories

There is a lot of interest in the research community about nanofluids due to their high thermal conductivity and potential applications as heat transfer fluids. In this paper we calculate the optical and radiative properties of nanofluids. Results indicate that the radiative properties of nanofluids can be very different from those of the base fluid, suggesting that these properties can be tailored to satisfy specific applications. Results also suggest that multiple and dependent scattering effects can be very dominant in nanofluids.© 2005 ASME
Glycerol Excretion by Symbiotic Algae from Corals and Tridacna and Its Control by the Host

Zooxanthellae isolated from reef corals and Tridacna crocea incorporate labeled carbon dioxide photosynthetically. In the presence of some component of the host tissue, up to 40 percent of the labeled algal photosynthate is liberated primarily as glycerol. Excretion of glycerol by the algae in situ and its control and utilization by the host may represent a mechanism by which zooxanthellae contribute to produtctivity of coral reefs.
Electrophoretic and serological characterization of Porthetria dispar polyhedron protein

Abstract Several modifications of the dissolution method employed for obtaining Porthetria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus from polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIBs) were utilized in attempts to obtain undegraded virus particles and polyhedron proteins. Utilization of brief dissolution periods (3–4 min) with an immediate lowering of p H to 8.5–9 yielded predominantly (> 95%) enveloped virus particles. Examination of the polyhedron proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis showed two protein bands: a major component with a molecular weight of 30,350 ± 200 comprising 88–95% of the sample; and a minor component with a molecular weight of 62,750 ± 1800 comprising 5–12% of the sample. Proteolytic activity which led to the degradation of the polyhedron proteins was detected in the alkaline dissolution mixtures. The rate of degradation and the electrophoretic profile of the proteins varied with p H, ionic strength, and length of exposure to these conditions. The degradation could be minimized by addition of a proteolytic inhibitor either to the dissolution mixture or the freshly prepared polyhedron protein solution. Radial immunodiffusion studies conducted with the polyhedron protein fraction and its homologous antiserum showed one precipitin band at its equivalence point and two or three bands in regions of antigen and antiserum excess. There were also two or three faint precipitin bands observed when an excess of virus was assayed against the polyhedron protein antiserum.
Do Public-Sector and Private-Sector Personnel Have Different Ethical Dispositions?A Study of Two Sites

With the use of an instrument consisting of responses to eight vignettes, the authors of this study sampled ninety-two employees of a southern city's administration and 141 employees of a midwest financial firm regarding their predispositions to prefer deontological or consequentialist formrs of ethical reasoning (or, more crudely, duties v. results). Contrary to theory, we found no difference between the public- and private-sector groups we studied. Furthermore, in contrast with thefindings in earlier studies, we found that these respondents did not prefer conse
The endothelial cell: An “early responder” in the development of insulin resistance

Vascular endothelium is an important insulin target and plays a pivotal role in the development of metabolic insulin resistance provoked by the Western lifestyle. It acts as a "first-responder" to environmental stimuli such as nutrients, cytokines, chemokines and physical activity and regulates insulin delivery to muscle and adipose tissue and thereby affecting insulin-mediated glucose disposal by these tissues. In addition, it also regulates the delivery of insulin and other appetite regulating signals from peripheral tissues to the central nervous system thus influencing the activity of nuclei that regulate hepatic glucose production, adipose tissue lipolysis and lipogenesis, as well as food consumption. Resistance to insulin's vascular actions therefore broadly impacts tissue function and contribute to metabolic dysregulation. Moreover, vascular insulin resistance negatively impacts vascular health by affecting blood pressure regulation, vessel wall inflammation and atherogenesis thereby contributing to the burden of vascular disease seen with diabetes and metabolic syndrome. In the current review, we examined the evidence that supports the general concept of vascular endothelium as a target of insulin action and discussed the biochemical and physiological consequences of vascular insulin resistance.
Stepdown single agent antibiotic therapy for the management of the high risk neutropenic adult with hematologic malignancies.

The standard of therapy for the high risk adult neutropenic host being treated with broad spectrum antibiotics for fever has been to continue intravenous antibiotics until neutropenia resolves. We performed a small, limited pilot study to determine if it is safe to switch these patients to oral monotherapy with ciprofloxacin. Ten patients with hematologic malignancies who had ⩽ 108 granulocytes/mm3 after cytoreductive therapy and were afebrile for at least five days had intravenous antibiotics discontinued and were placed on oral ciprofloxacin. Eight patients were able to be discharged hospital and seven were treated without the need for reinstitution of intravenous therapy. Of the three failures, one developed fever with a new bloodstream infection and two developed fever with relapse of leukemia. Patients remained on ciprofloxacin an average of 14.5 days (range 4 to 35 days). Aggregate cost savings for the 10 patients from this approach were estimated to be $11,400 for antibiotics and $88,800 for hospit...
Stabilization of bioderived surfactant/polyelectrolyte complexes through surfactant conjugation to the biopolymer

Mixtures of oppositely charged surfactants and polyelectrolytes self-assemble into a variety of nanostructured complexes. With the view of developing simpler and cleaner alternatives to synthetic nanomaterials, self-assembled nanostructures can be prepared from bioderived surfactant/polyelectrolyte mixtures. These complexes can be designed to vary their phase behavior and structure in response to external stimuli, and are simpler and cleaner to prepare than conventional synthetic copolymers (e.g., block or graft). Yet, some potential applications of surfactant/polyelectrolyte complexes are limited by their lower stability. Here, we overcome this limitation by covalently coupling the surfactant head group to the polymer chain. Visual observations and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) reveal that covalent coupling dramatically improves stability at both the macroscopic and mesoscopic lengthscales. This suggests that, through covalent conjugation, stability of nanostructured surfactant/biopolymer complexes can be made to rival that of synthetic copolymers, thereby extending their use to applications that require long-lasting nanostructured materials.
BEHAVIORAL GERONTOLOGY: APPLICATION OF BEHAVIORAL METHODS TO THE PROBLEMS OF OLDER ADULTS

Elderly persons are under-represented in research and clinical applied behavior analysis, in spite of data suggesting that behavior problems are quite prevalent in both community dwelling and institutionalized elderly. Preliminary investigations suggest that behavioral procedures can be used effectively in treating various geriatric behavior problems. We discuss a number of areas within behavioral gerontology that would profit from additional research, including basic field study, self-management, community caregiver training, institutional staff training and management, and geriatric behavioral pharmacology. Special considerations for adapting behavioral procedures are discussed, and suggestions for expanding the role of behavior analysis in geriatric care are offered.
Subthalamic nucleus lesions: widespread effects on changes in gene expression induced by nigrostriatal dopamine depletion in rats

Lesions of the subthalamic nucleus block behavioral effects of nigrostriatal dopamine depletion in rats and primates, but the contribution of this region to the molecular effects of dopaminergic lesions is unknown. The effects of subthalamic nucleus lesions alone or in combination with a 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesion of the substantia nigra were examined in adult rats. Unilateral subthalamic nucleus lesions caused ipsiversive rotation after peripheral administration of apomorphine and a small decrease in glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) mRNA in the ipsilateral globus pallidus (external pallidum). Confirming previous results, nigrostriatal dopaminergic lesions caused contraversive rotation after apomorphine injection, and increased enkephalin mRNA in the striatum, GAD mRNA in the globus pallidus, and somatostatin mRNA in the entopeduncular nucleus (internal pallidum) ipsilateral to the lesion. In addition, the lesion decreased substance P mRNA in the ipsilateral striatum compared to the contralateral side, and GAD mRNA in the contralateral entopeduncular nucleus. These effects were abolished in rats with lesions of the subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra on the same side. Thus, the subthalamic lesions prevented changes in gene expression induced by dopamine depletion, not only in regions receiving a direct input from the subthalamic nucleus (ipsilateral pallidum), but also in regions which do not (striatum and contralateral pallidum). This suggests that polysynaptic pathways regulated by the subthalamic nucleus contribute to the effects of dopaminergic lesions in many regions of the basal ganglia. This pivotal role of the subthalamic nucleus may account for the beneficial effects of subthalamic nucleus lesions on motor symptoms resulting from dopamine depletion.
cDNA cloning and bacterial expression of the human type I keratin 16.

Abstract The human type I keratin 16 is constitutively expressed in a number of complex epithelial tissues, including skin, but is better known for its induction under conditions favoring enhanced proliferation or abnormal differentiation, including wound healing, psoriasis, and cancer. We cloned the coding sequence of human K16 by applying a coupled reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction procedure to mRNAs prepared from cultured human skin kelatinocytes. We then expressed the human K16 coding sequence in E. coli and purified the solubilized protein by anion-exchange chromatography. The recombinant protein recovered behaves similarly to human K14 (a related acidic keratin) on the anion-exchanger, co-migrates with native human K16 on SDS-PAGE (M r 48 kD), and reacts with antisera directed against human K16. Based on the nucleotide sequence obtained and the properties of the corresponding recombinant protein, we conclude that we have cloned the coding portion of the human K16 cDNA. The sequence data obtained in this study is compared to earlier reports of the human K16 sequence, which are conflicting in many respects. The availability of K16 in a purified recombinant form will allow us to study how its properties may relate to its function during wound healing and in skin diseases.
Mobilization as a preparative regimen for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Current myeloablative conditioning regimens for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Thus, alternative strategies to promote engraftment of infused HSCs with increased safety warrant investigation. Using parabiotic mice, we determined that, after mobilization with AMD3100 (a CXCR4 antagonist), HSCs exited from marrow, transited blood, and engrafted in open niches in partner marrow. We then hypothesized that mobilization before transplantation might vacate niches and improve HSC engraftment. When PeP3(b) mice were treated with AMD3100 at 2 hours before the transplantation of 4 x 10(7) marrow cells, donor cell engraftment was higher (4.6% +/- 1.1%) than in control animals (no AMD3100; 1.0% +/- 0.24%, P < .001). When mice received weekly injections of AMD3100 on 3 consecutive weeks and marrow cells were transplanted 2 hours after each mobilization, donor cell engraftment further increased (9.1% +/- 1.7%, P = .001). In contrast, in similar experiments with Balb/cByJ mice that mobilize poorly, there was no difference between the donor cell engraftment of AMD3100-treated and control recipients. These results indicate that the number of available niches regulates the number of HSCs. In addition, mobilization with AMD3100 may provide a safer preparative approach for HSC transplantation in genetic and other nonmalignant disorders.
Combination of Petri nets and intelligent decision makers for manufacturing systems control

A Petri net-based methodology for intelligent controller design is formulated and applied to such discrete-event systems as flexible manufacturing systems. A design theory is proposed based on the integration of Petri net theory, machine intelligence techniques, and process control theory organized as a hierarchy. Both bottom-up and top-down synthesis methods are discussed. >
A review of occurrences and treatment of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in water

Abstract The scope of PAH contamination of raw, finished, and distributed waters is reviewed. The concentrations of PAHs in drinking water sources range from nanogram to microgram-per-liter quantities. Conventional treatment (flocculation, sedimentation, chlorination, and filtration) appears to substantially reduce total PAH concentrations present at higher concentrations in source waters. A major factor in this reduction is the removal of PAHs adsorbed onto particulate matter. The role of chlorination is not clear and reactions of PAHs with chlorine may in fact produce products which themselves are deleterious. Activated carbon can further assist in PAH removal. However, it may be inappropriate for treatment of PAHs present at low concentrations. Water entering the distribution system can become recontaminated via contact with reservoirs and pipes coated with coal-tar or asphalt based products.
Reemergence of an Unusual Disease: The Chikungunya Epidemic

Since the beginning of 2006, a crippling mosquito-borne disease has shown an explosive emergence in nations in the Indian Ocean area. By March 7, 2006, 157,000 people had been infected in the French island La Reunion, and the disease had spread to the islands of Seychelles, Mauritius, and Mayotte (French). Subsequently, the disease appeared in India, China, and European countries. The World Health Organization is taking measures to assist in fighting the epidemic. This article describes the disease, its recent emergence, and the current epidemic.
A 32-year demography of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris)

Yellow-bellied marmots Marmota flaviventris in the East River Valley of Colorado were live-trapped and individually marked annually from 1962 through 1993. These pooled data were used to produce a demography and life table for these years. Females had significantly better survivorship than males beyond the first-year age class, and the sex ratio became progressively female biased. The major mortality factors of predation and unsuccessful hibernation acted evenly on all age classes as shown by the constant rates of survivorship. The rate of senescence indicated that the probability of mortality did not increase with age. Females produced litters from ages 2 to 10 years. Mean litter size was 4.1 and did not differ among age classes. The female generation length of 4.49 years was 2.4 times the life expectancy and the median survivorship. The net reproductive rate (Ro) was 0.67, yet the population did not continually decline; adjustments to these data increased Ro to 0.85. Reproductive values (Vx) were approximately equal across the reproductive age classes. The polygynous mating system is both cause and effect of the demography. Marmot population size is affected by weather factors that influence reproduction and survival, by predation, and by movement into and out of the study area.
Programs in R for computing truncated t distributions

Truncated distributions arise naturally in many industrial settings. Owing to the popularity of the normal distribution, programs have been developed for computing quantities of interest of its truncated version such as the truncated mean, truncated variance and the cumulative probability. In this note, we follow up the work for the Student's t distribution because of its recent popularity as a rival to the normal distribution. We provide programs for computing the mean, variance, cumulative probability and two other quantities of interest for any truncated t distribution: whether it is left truncated, right truncated or doubly truncated. The programs are written in R: a freely downloadable statistical software. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using software evolution history to facilitate development and maintenance

Much research in software engineering have been focused on improving software quality and automating the maintenance process to reduce software costs and mitigating complications associated with the evolution process. Despite all these efforts, there are still high cost and effort associated with software bugs and software maintenance, software still continues to be unreliable, and software bugs can wreak havoc on software producers and consumers alike. My dissertation aims to advance the state-of-art in software evolution research by designing tools that can measure and predict software quality and to create integrated frameworks that helps in improving software maintenance and research that involves mining software repositories.
Contract and Procedure

This paper examines both the theoretical underpinnings and empirical picture of procedural contracts. Procedural contracts may be understood as contracts in which parties regulate not merely their commercial relations but also the procedures by which disputes over those relations will be resolved. Those procedural contracts regulate not simply the forum in which disputes will be resolved (arbitration vs litigation) but also the applicable procedural framework (discovery, class action waivers, remedies limitations, etc.). At a theoretical level, this paper explores both the limits on parties' ability to regulate procedure by contract (at issue in the Supreme Court's recent Rent-A-Center decision) and the scope of an arbitrator's ability to fill gaps in parties' procedural contracts (at issue in the Supreme Court's recent Stolt-Nielsen decision). At an empirical level, this paper taps a largely unexplored database of credit card contracts available at the Federal Reserve in order to examine actual practices in the use of procedural contracts.
Defect‐Assisted Covalent Binding of Graphene to an Amorphous Silica Surface: A Theoretical Prediction

We propose a mechanism for defect-assisted covalent binding of graphene to the surface of amorphous silica (a-SiO(2)) based on first-principles density functional calculations. Our calculations show that a dioxasilirane group (DOSG) on a-SiO(2) may react with graphene to form two Si-O-C linkages with a moderate activation barrier (≈0.3 eV) and considerable exothermicity (≈1.0 eV). We also examine DOSG formation via the adduction of molecular O(2) to a silylene center, which is an important surface defect in a-SiO(2) , and briefly discuss modifications in the electronic structure of graphene upon the DOSG-assisted chemical binding onto the a-SiO(2) surface.
Biology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Most biological findings in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are compatible with those of the chronic stress response, such as increased corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) concentrations, catecholamine depletion within the central nervous system, and reduced hippocampal volume. However, over the last 10 years, biological observations have been made in PTSD that are different from what has been typically associated with chronic stress, notably certain hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis findings. In particular, urinary and plasma cortisol levels are considerably lower in PTSD patients than in non-PTSD trauma survivors and normal controls. Furthermore, the circadian pattern of cortisol release from the adrenal glands follows a greater dynamic range in PTSD than in patients with major depression or in normal controls. The reduction in cortisol levels results from an enhanced negative feedback by cortisol, which is secondary to an increased sensitivity of glucocorticoid receptors in target tissues. This HPA axis alteration contrasts with the well-known chronic stress cascade in which CRF release results in erosion of negative feedback and down-regulation of glucocorticoid receptors. Sensitization of the HPA axis is consistent with the clinical picture of hyperreactivity and hyperresponsiveness in PTSD.
Update on the appropriate use of meropenem for the treatment of serious bacterial infections.

Challenges in the treatment of serious bacterial infections include the requirement for prompt initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy (therapy that is correct on the basis of available clinical, pharmacological, and microbiological data) to minimize morbidity and mortality. Delaying the initiation of appropriate therapy or initiating inappropriate therapy has been shown, in numerous studies of a variety of serious bacterial infections, to be associated with poor outcomes [1-3]. Challenges in the determination of appropriate antimicrobial therapy for serious bacterial infections include an increasing incidence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens [4-11]. In addition, for most cases of serious bacterial infection, there is little time to determine the right treatment, as time to initiation of effective therapy is a strong predictor of mortality. Thus, initial treatment must be empirical; that is, it must be implemented before pathogen culture and susceptibility results can be obtained.
Interatomic potentials for Zirconium Diboride and Hafnium Diboride

We report on the first interatomic potentials for Zirconium Diboride and Hafnium Diboride. The potentials are of the Tersoff form, and are obtained by fitting to a first-principles database of basic properties of elemental Zr, Hf, B, and the compounds ZrB2 and HfB2. Two variants of the Zr–B potentials have been obtained, and one for Hf–B. The potentials have been tested against a variety of properties of the compound, with the conclusion that they are stable and provide a reasonable representation of the desired properties of the two diborides.
Direction selectivity in the larval zebrafish tectum is mediated by asymmetric inhibition

The extraction of the direction of motion is an important computation performed by many sensory systems and in particular, the mechanism by which direction selective ganglion cells (DS-RGCs) in the retina acquire their selective properties, has been studied extensively. However, whether DS-RGCs simply relay this information to downstream areas or whether additional and potentially de-novo processing occurs in these recipient structures is a matter of great interest. Neurons in the larval zebrafish tectum, the largest retino-recipent area in this animal, show direction selective responses to moving visual stimuli but how these properties are acquired is still unknown. In order to study this, we first used two-photon calcium imaging to classify the population responses of tectal cells to bars moving at different speeds and in different directions. Subsequently, we performed in-vivo whole cell electrophysiology on these direction selective tectal neurons and we found that their inhibitory inputs were strongly biased towards the null direction of motion, whereas the excitatory inputs showed little selectivity. In addition, we found that excitatory currents evoked by a stimulus moving in the preferred direction occurred before the inhibitory currents whereas a stimulus moving in the null direction evoked currents in the reverse temporal order. The membrane potential modulations resulting from these currents were enhanced by the spike generation mechanism to generate amplified direction selectivity in the spike output. Thus our results implicate a local inhibitory circuit in generating direction selectivity in tectal neurons.
The pathophysiology of tension pneumothorax in ventilated swine.

It remains unclear as to whether the cardiovascular collapse observed in tension pneumothorax (TP) is strictly a mechanical pressure-related phenomenon or secondary to hypoxemia. This study describes the pathophysiologic changes associated with a surgically induced progressive TP in a ventilated swine model. With a balloon occlusion catheter surgically placed into the pleural space, progressive volumes of pneumothorax were created in six anesthetized pigs on positive-pressure ventilation. Air was introduced into the right hemithorax in 100-mL increments every 4-5 min, with measurements of heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), mean intrapleural pressure (MIP), oxygen saturation (O2%), arterial blood gas (ABG), and cardiac output (C.O.). With the induced progressive TP, results showed that O2% measures decreased immediately and continued to decline throughout the experiment to levels below 50% prior to cardiovascular collapse. The MAP and HR remained relatively stable until approximately 57% total lung capacity progressive TP (600 mL) was reached. At this point, a significant decline in MAP and increase in HR was noted, indicating tension physiology. The C.O. showed a small but significant decrease after 200 mL of air was injected, with a progressive decline after this point. At > 97% total lung capacity TP, lethal cardiovascular collapse occurred in all animals and was associated with an abrupt drop in C.O., HR, and MAP. There was a concurrent equalization of MIP with CVP at the point of collapse. Arterial blood gas measures correlated with O2% trends during the trials. We conclude that the findings of this study support the alternative hypothesis that significant hypoxemia occurs early and precedes hypotension in ventilated animals with TP. Occlusive mechanical compression, suggested by equalization of MIP and CVP, is probably a late event.
Contact geometry and visual factors for vibrotactile-grid location cues

Visual and haptic factors can affect a user's interpretation of vibrotactile cues communicating location of objects in a real or virtual environment. Identifying and understanding relevant factors will lead to better device and interface design, for example, through procedures that adjust for systematic error or per-user differences. We considered direct effects of hand-tactor contact geometry and a possible cross-modal effect of the visual interface. Our experiment examined contact geometry on a single row of tactors and presence of a visual border on a graphical region that mapped to the tactor array. We measured the relationship between vibrotactile array stimulus coordinates and user responses. Contact geometry that emphasized a certain tactor increased tendency for subjects to mark near it. Effects of visual borders were noticeable but subtle, acting more as a modulating factor.
Study on the Dynamical Parameters of Inertial-Type Counter Flow Screen

The structure of inertial-type counter flow screen is presented in this paper. It can be proved that the solid wastes with different friction factors and elasticity coefficients can be well separated by inertial-type counter flow screen. The more difference they have in friction factors and elasticity coefficients, the better sorting performance can be achieved. The selection and calculation on the dynamical parameters of inertial-type counter flow screen is carried out. The study provides the theory basis for the design on new-type friction separation equipment and develops new prospects for the application of inertial-type counter flow screen.
Retention and turnover of radiocalcium by the skeleton of large rats.

SummaryThe calcium specific activities of the femoral epiphyses, femoral diaphyses, humeri, lumbar vertebrae and the remainder of the skeleton of large rats differ soon after the administration of radiocalcium but decrease to a common value after 52 days, following which the specific activities decline at equal but much reduced rates. The fraction of the injected dose of radiocalcium retained in the animals declines to 42-45% on the 52nd day, after which only small quantities of radiocalcium are excreted. The results indicate the existence in large rats of two kinds of skeletal calcium which differ markedly in their rate of turnover and in the lenght of time over which they fix radiocalcium. The apparent reduction in skeletal calcium specific activity occurring in large rats after the 52nd day following the injection of radiocalcium is due to accretion of calcium to the skeleton. Part of the decline in skeletal specific activities which takes place in rats before radiocalcium excretion ceases is also due ...
Personality factors of the Cattell "16 PF Test" and hypnotic susceptibility.

22 undergraduate psychology majors (14 males, 8 females) were administered the Cattell 16 PF Test and were later seen in two groups of 11 for determining hypnotic susceptibility as assessed by the Barber Suggestibility Scale. Only 2 of the 16 rank-difference correlations reached significance (p < .01). The highly hypnotizable Ss scored significantly higher than the low Ss on the enthusiastic and insecure factors.
Two new species of Crotiscus (Acari: Trombiculidae) from northern South America.

Crotiscus danae , n. sp., holotype off Thomasomys hylophilus , from Venezuela, and Crotiscus tuponka , n. sp., holotype off Proechimys sp., from Colombia and Surinam, are described and figured. A key to the species of Crotiscus is given.
Diabetes: The roles of brains, brawn, and brown fat?

The global prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically, with a consequent increase in complications such as diabetes. Maintenance of normal weight relies on CNS circuits that integrate hormonal, nutrient, and sensory cues to balance energy intake and expenditure. A hypothalamic neural
154 ASSESSMENT OF LOWER EXTREMITY VENOUS ENHANCEMENT AFTER LOW- (CONTRAST) DOSE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC PULMONARY ANGIOGRAPHY.

Background Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTA) combined with computed tomographic venography (CTV) of the lower extremities has been shown to have a higher diagnostic sensitivity than does CTA alone in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Most published studies of CTV following CTA have used 130 to 150 mL of nonionic intravenous contrast, the standard dose of contrast used with single detector CT scanning. The amount of intravenous contrast used for multidetector CT scanners is usually 100 mL or less. The objective of this study is to determine if 100 mL of intravenous contrast provides adequate opacification of the pelvic and lower extremity veins. Methods Venous phase images were acquired in patients undergoing CTA for pulmonary embolism using a 16-row multidetector CT scanner. Three 5 mm single axial CT slices were taken: one at the level of the anterior inferior iliac spine, one at the level of the midfemoral heads, and one 5 cm below the lesser trochanter. Images were obtained 21/2 minutes after completion of the pulmonary angiogram. Hounsfield units (HU) were measured of the external iliac vein, common femoral vein, and superficial femoral vein and compared to the adjacent artery. Results Preliminary data from 9 patients and 50 vein cross sections show an opacification average of 89.39 HU with a standard deviation of 19.5 HU. External iliac veins show an average of 93.13 HU with a standard deviation of 20.03 HU. Common femoral veins show an average of 89.82 HU with a standard deviation of 19.21 HU. Superficial femoral veins show an average of 85.16 HU with a standard deviation of 19.72 HU. The patient9s average creatinine was 0.87, and the average weight was 91.25 kg. Conclusions In patients with suspected pulmonary embolism, 100 mL of intravenous contrast appears to provide adequate opacification of the pelvic and lower extremity veins. Veins measuring 60 HU are considered adequately opacified. This suggests that using the current dose of contrast will permit concurrent testing for venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism using multidetector CTA-CTV, but additional testing is necessary to compare weights and creatinine clearances and their effect on venous opacification.
Treatment of syndromic and nonsyndromic bilateral coronal synostosis in infancy and childhood.

Nonsyndromic bilateral coronal synostosis results in a turribrachycephalic skull shape abnormality. In syndromic bilateral coronal synostosis, the shape abnormality is similar in direction but exaggerated in degree, particularly with respect to hypoplasia of the anterior cranial base and periorbital region. Treatment principles have been individualized to both nonsyndromic and syndrome-associated bilateral coronal synostosis in differing age groups.
Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Homoconjugate Addition of Organotrifluoroborates to Arylated Cyclopropyl Ketones

A novel and practical homoconjugate addition of alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroaryl, and aryl trifluoroborates to arylated cyclopropyl ketones to synthesize γ,γ-disubstituted ketones is reported. A preliminary mechanistic proposal involving ketone protonation, an intermediary carbocation, and intermolecular nucleophile addition has been made based on control studies.
Wilson Disease: Epigenetic effects of choline supplementation on phenotype and clinical course in a mouse model

ABSTRACTWilson disease (WD), a genetic disorder affecting copper transport, is characterized by hepatic and neurological manifestations with variable and often unpredictable presentation. Global DNA methylation in liver was previously modified by dietary choline in tx-j mice, a spontaneous mutant model of WD. We therefore hypothesized that the WD phenotype and hepatic gene expression of tx-j offspring could be modified by maternal methyl supplementation during pregnancy. In an initial experiment, female tx-j mice or wild type mice were fed control or choline-supplemented diets 2 weeks prior to mating through embryonic day 17. Transcriptomic analysis (RNA-seq) on embryonic livers revealed tx-j-specific differences in genes related to oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the neurological disorders Huntington's disease and Alzheimer disease. Maternal choline supplementation restored the transcript levels of a subset of genes to wild type levels. In a separate experiment, a group of tx-j ...
Top to Bottom: A New Method for Assessing Adequacy of Laparoscopic Pyloromyotomy.

Abstract Introduction: Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is a commonly encountered pediatric surgical issue. Initially treated with open surgical techniques, many pediatric surgeons have adopted the minimally invasive approach using laparoscopy. However, some concerns exist that the rate of incomplete pyloromyotomy is elevated in laparoscopy. We propose a new technique to assess the adequacy of laparoscopic pyloromyotomy. Methods: Adequacy of laparoscopic pyloromyotomy was assessed by confirming that the top of the serosa on one side of the pylorus has adequate freedom to reach the bottom of the muscle on other side. A retrospective review of patients undergoing laparoscopic pyloromyotomy confirmed by this method from March 2012 to January 2016 was conducted. Demographics, laboratory values on admission, and postoperative outcomes were collected. Descriptive statistics was utilized. Results: Thirty-three patients were included. Median age was 30 days (interquartile range [IQR]: 24, 47). Median pylorus length ...
Interaction of stress and lactation differs between mothers of premature singletons and multiples.

Preterm mothers commonly have difficulty providing sufficient milk to meet the needs of their infants (Lau 2001). For many infants, lactation is halted prior to their hospital discharge. This early termination of lactation is often blamed on the stress mothers encounter as a result of the medical condition of their infants. Indeed, inhibition of lactation by stress routinely is acknowledged and a number of studies have reported significant psychological distress in preterm mothers (Lau 2001; Meyer et al. 1995; Miles et al. 1999; Singer et al. 1999). However, no study to our knowledge has investigated the relationship between stress and lactation in the same mothers. In 2002, we examined such interaction in mothers of infants born <30 weeks gestation. Lactation performance was measured as 24-hour milk collection. Maternal psychological distress was assessed as a function of anxiety, depression, and a parental stress score scale specifically designed for neonatal intensive care units [PSS:NICU] (Miles et al. 1993). Total duration of skin-to-skin holding during hospitalization and pumping frequency also were recorded. We reported that the lactation performance of these mothers was correlated negatively with depression, but not anxiety, and positively with skin-to-skin holding and pumping frequency (Lau et al. 2002). Given that multiple births account for a large proportion of premature deliveries (Blondel et al. 2002), determination of whether the interaction of stress and lactation differed between mothers of premature singletons and multiples is important.
Testability, failure rates, detectability, trustability and reliability

Discusses the relationship between several statistical measures of program dependability, including failure rates and testability. This is done by describing these concepts within the framework of a confidence-based measure called trustability. Suppose that M is a testing method, F is a class of faults and P is a class of programs. Suppose that the probability of a fault from F causing a failure is at least D when a program p/spl isin/P is tested according to M, if in fact p contains a fault of type F. Then D is called the detectability of M with respect to F and P. If we test a program using a method with detectability D, and see no faults, then we can conclude with risk at most 1-D that the program has no faults, i.e. we can have confidence at least C=D that the program is fault-free for the associated fault class F. If we have confidence at least C that a program has no faults, then we say that the program has trustability C with respect to F. More refined measures of trustability can be defined which also take fault class frequencies into account. Testability is defined to be the probability of finding a fault in a program p, if p contains a fault. The probability that a program will fail when it is tested over its operational distribution is called its failure rate. Trustability is confidence in the absence of faults and reliability is the probability of a program operating without failure. Trustability and reliability coincide if the class of faults for which we have a certain level of trustability is the class of common case faults. >
El problema de los aportes europeos no ibéricos en la arquitectura latinoamericana

Articulo de George Kubler publicado originalmente en Boletin del Centro de Investigaciones Historicas y Esteticas , 9, 104-116 (1968). Reproducido con autorizacion de los herederos del autor. Nota introductoria por Li Cardenas Noa (Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Peru).
All-in-One Derivatized Tandem p+n-Silicon-SnO2/TiO2 Water Splitting Photoelectrochemical Cell

Mesoporous metal oxide film electrodes consisting of derivatized 5.5 μm thick SnO2 films with an outer 4.3 nm shell of TiO2 added by atomic layer deposition (ALD) have been investigated to explore unbiased water splitting on p, n, and p+n type silicon substrates. Modified electrodes were derivatized by addition of the water oxidation catalyst, [Ru(bda)(4-O(CH2)3PO3H2)-pyr)2], 1, (pyr = pyridine; bda = 2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-dicarboxylate), and chromophore, [Ru(4,4′-PO3H2-bpy) (bpy)2]2+, RuP2+, (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine), which form 2:1 RuP2+/1 assemblies on the surface. At pH 5.7 in 0.1 M acetate buffer, these electrodes with a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) back contact under ∼1 sun illumination (100 mW/cm2; white light source) perform efficient water oxidation with a photocurrent of 1.5 mA/cm2 with an 88% Faradaic efficiency (FE) for O2 production at an applied bias of 600 mV versus RHE (ACS Energy Lett., 2016, 1, 231−236). The SnO2/TiO2–chromophore–catalyst assembly was integrated with the Si electrodes by ...
Histone peptide microarray screen of chromo and Tudor domains defines new histone lysine methylation interactions.

Histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs) function to regulate chromatin structure and function in part through the recruitment of effector proteins that harbor specialized “reader” domains. Despite efforts to elucidate reader domain–PTM interactions, the influence of neighboring PTMs and the target specificity of many reader domains is still unclear. The aim of this study was to use a high-throughput histone peptide microarray platform to interrogate 83 known and putative histone reader domains from the chromo and Tudor domain families to identify their interactions and characterize the influence of neighboring PTMs on these interactions. Nearly a quarter of the chromo and Tudor domains screened showed interactions with histone PTMs by peptide microarray, revealing known and several novel methyllysine interactions. Specifically, we found that the CBX/HP1 chromodomains that recognize H3K9me also recognize H3K23me2/3—a poorly understood histone PTM. We also observed that, in addition to their interaction with H3K4me3, Tudor domains of the Spindlin family also recognized H4K20me3—a previously uncharacterized interaction. Several Tudor domains also showed novel interactions with H3K4me as well. These results provide an important resource for the epigenetics and chromatin community on the interactions of many human chromo and Tudor domains. They also provide the basis for additional studies into the functional significance of the novel interactions that were discovered.