cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
History of the Department of Pediatrics Yale University School of Medicine.

Abstract The history of pediatrics at the Yale University School of Medicine can be divided into eight historical eras. The "Paleohistorical Era" included colonial figures such as Governor John Winthrop and Hezekiah Beardsley who wrote about children's disease in colonial times. Eli Ives, Professor of the Diseases of Children at Yale Medical School gave the first systematic pediatric course in America in the first half of the nineteenth century. During the second era, from 1830-1920, the New Haven Hospital was opened. An affiliation between Yale University and the New Haven Hospital led to the formal establishment of clinical departments including pediatrics in the early 20th century. Six eras coinciding with successive pediatric chairman have led the department to its present respected position in American pediatrics. The department's 75th anniversary in 1996 is an occasion to recognize many of the department's accomplishments and leaders over the years. It is also a time to reaffirm the mission of the department: to the health needs of the children of Connecticut and beyond, to the advancement of scientific knowledge of infants and children and their diseases, and to the training and educational of the pediatric clinicians, educators and investigators of the future.
Overview of genetics of disorders of sexual development.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Disorders of sexual development (DSD) are a genetic and phenotypic heterogeneous group of congenital disorders. This review focuses on the genetics of DSD and aims to recognize and contextualize, in a systematic way, based on the classification and the genetic mechanisms, the latest developments in the field of DSD diagnostics. RECENT FINDINGS Due to the current diagnostic armamentarium, during the past decade, the field of DSD diagnostics has changed dramatically from the recognition of few genes and cytogenetic abnormalities, to the identification of multiple genes and a wide arrange of genetic mechanisms involved in the genesis of DSD. In addition, the phenotypes associated with the genetic mechanism have expanded tremendously. SUMMARY Despite the current diagnostic limitations, the landscape for genetics of DSD is encouraging due to discovery of new genes, their interactions, and the recognition of the variety of mechanisms involved.
Evaluation of anterior abdominal stab wounds: is local wound exploration beneficial?1

Abstract Purpose: Local wound exploration (LWE) to assess penetrance when used as an indicator for mandatory laparotomy leads to a high rate of negative laparotomies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the need for LWE. Methods: An ongoing 5-year retrospective review of stab wounds to the anterior abdomen with LWE was performed. Patients with multiple stab wounds or associated injuries were excluded. Twenty-five cases of single stab wounds were identified, in all of which LWE was performed. Results: In 22 cases where fascial penetration was found, there were 17 (77%) negative laparotomies (5 nontherapeutic) and 5 with intra-abdominal injuries. Three of the LWEs were negative for penetrance, but all resulted in positive laparotomy. Cases that resulted in laparotomy presented with findings on clinical evaluation (tenderness, hemodynamic lability, etc.). When evisceration was used as an indicator for mandatory laparotomy, 4 of 6 (66%) resulted in negative explorations. No deaths occurred. Conclusions: Local wound exploration to assess penetrance, in the setting of hemodynamic stability and lack of clinical findings, results in a high rate of nontherapeutic laparotomies and may not be necessary. Evisceration as an indicator may also need further evaluation.
Impact of pre-transplant bone marrow plasma cell percentage on post-transplant response and survival in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma

We evaluated 1070 patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, who completed a single line of induction therapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation. Patients with pre-transplant <5% BMPC had a threefold likelihood of achieving stringent complete response (sCR) after transplant compared to those with BMPC ≥5% (45.6% vs. 16.3%; p < 0.0001). The median progression-free survival and overall survival from transplant for patients with pre-transplant BMPC <5% and ≥5% was 30.8 and 115.2 months compared to 20.8 and 74.1 months, respectively (p < 0.0001 for both comparisons). The effect of pre-transplant BMPC was most pronounced in patients achieving complete response or very good partial response after transplant. In conclusion, pre-transplant BMPC <5% is an important prognostic marker of long-term survival after transplant and should be routinely incorporated into pre-transplant risk stratification.
On reverse Stackelberg game and optimal mean field control for a large population of thermostatically controlled loads

This paper studies a multi-stage pricing problem for a large population of thermostatically controlled loads. The problem is formulated as a reverse Stackelberg game that involves a mean field game in the hierarchy of decision making. In particular, in the higher level, a coordinator needs to design a pricing function to motivate individual agents to maximize the social welfare. In the lower level, the individual utility maximization problem of each agent forms a mean field game coupled through the pricing function that depends on the average of the population control/state. We derive the solution to the reverse Stackelberg game by connecting it to a team problem and the competitive equilibrium, and we show that this solution corresponds to the optimal mean field control that maximizes the social welfare. Realistic simulations are presented to validate the proposed methods.
(γ, n) Cross Sections of Nuclides near Neutron Number 50

Measurement of the ($\ensuremath{\gamma}, n$) cross sections of the nuclides ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{86}$, ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{87}$, ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{88}$, ${\mathrm{Y}}^{89}$, ${\mathrm{Zr}}^{92}$, together with earlier measurements for the nuclides ${\mathrm{Zr}}^{90}$, ${\mathrm{Zr}}^{91}$, and ${\mathrm{Nb}}^{93}$, show a pronounced narrowing of the giant dipole resonances in the region of neutron number 50, the narrowest resonances being those for the 50-neutron nuclides. Possible confusion of the interpretation of the data due to ($\ensuremath{\gamma}, 2n$) and ($\ensuremath{\gamma}, \mathrm{pn}$) processes is shown to be inadequate to explain the observed effects, and the narrowing is concluded to be real, in agreement with the prediction of the single-particle model of Wilkinson. The changes in widths are observed to occur entirely on the high-energy sides of the curves, the low-energy sides being remarkably similar for all 8 nuclides. A regularity in the behavior of the peak values of the cross sections is also observed. The ($\ensuremath{\gamma}, n$) threshold of ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{86}$ is observed to be at about 11.5 Mev, in agreement with other reaction data, but in disagreement with an earlier tentative assignment based on neutron yield measurements on natural Sr.
An interactive computer package for fitting probability distributions to observed data

An important problem which occurs in many different disciplines is that of determining a probability distribution which is a good representation of an observed data set. For example, in building a simulation model of a manufacturing process or of a computer system, one needs to determine appropriate probability distributions for the input random variables. A common solution to this problem is to fit standard distributions (e.g., normal or gamma) to observed system data. However, since this fitting process is rather complicated and time consuming when done by hand, it is often performed in a superficial and incorrect manner. The net effect is, of course, that the selected distributions may not be good representations of the observed data.UNIFIT is a state-of-the-art, interactive computer package for fitting probability distributions to observed data. By combining the latest statistical techniques with graphical displays, the package allows one to perform a comprehensive analysis of a data set in significantly less time than would otherwise be possible. It employs a there-activity approach for determining an appropriate distribution. The first activity involves using heuristic techniques such as histograms or sample moments to hypothesize one or more families of distributions which might be representative of the observed data. For example, if our data are continuous and if a histogram of the data indicates that the density function of the underlying distribution is skewed to the right, then we might hypothesize that a gamma, lognormal, or Weibull distribution is an appropriate model for our observed data. However, each of these families of distributions has several parameters which must be specified in order to have a completely determined distribution. Therefore, the second activity typically involves estimating the parameters of each hypothesized family from the data, thereby specifying a number of particular distributions. In the third activity we determine which of the fitted distributions, if any, is the best representation for the data using both heuristic techniques and goodness-of-fit tests. An example of a heuristic technique provided by UNIFIT is the frequency comparison, which is a graphical display showing both the observed proportion of observations and the expected proportion of observations from a particular fitted distribution for each histogram interval. The frequency comparison is particularly useful for visually determining how well a selected probability model represents the underlying distribution for the data. In addition to heuristic techniques, UNIFIT makes available to an analyst the chi-square, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, and the Anderson-Darling goodness-of-fit tests. These tests can be considered to be a formal approach for detecting gross discrepancies between the fitted distribution and the observed data.
Broiler Breeders do not Respond to Added Corn Oil or Poultry Fat

Abstract Harms, R. H. and Russell, G. B. 1997. Broiler breeders do not respond to added corn oil or poultry fat. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 11: 157–162. An experiment was conducted with Arbor Acres breeder hens to study the influence of adding corn oil (CO) or poultry fat (PF) to the diet. The corn-soybean meal basal diet used contained .261, .556 and .103%, respectively of methionine, lysine and tryptophan. Two other diets were formed by the addition of 3% (CO) or (PF). Egg production, egg weight and egg content were not significantly different for the three diets. Hens fed diets with CO and PF gained more weight than fed the basal diet.
Space-Time GIS and Its Evolution

Human activities and surrounding environments dynamically change over space and time. Geographers have long studied this change by describing patterns and processes across spatial and temporal scales in domains such as human migration, transportation, environmental change, and socio-economic dynamics. In the last two decades, the geographic information system (GIS) and geographic information science (GISci) research communities have witnessed a growing interest in studying spatiotemporal data. These data are available largely due to advancements in remote sensing and location-aware technologies and can be used to advance geographic knowledge over time. By incorporating the temporal dimension into the conventional GIS framework, researchers in many fields have contributed toward the development of space-time GIS (ST-GIS). This chapter provides a review of research trends in ST-GIS using dynamic topic modeling, a text mining method to analyze the evolution of topics in the ST-GIS literature.
Joint Intensity Fusion Image Synthesis Applied to Multiple Sclerosis Lesion Segmentation.

We propose a new approach to Multiple Sclerosis lesion segmentation that utilizes synthesized images. A new method of image synthesis is considered: joint intensity fusion (JIF). JIF synthesizes an image from a library of deformably registered and intensity normalized atlases. Each location in the synthesized image is a weighted average of the registered atlases; atlas weights vary spatially. The weights are determined using the joint label fusion (JLF) framework. The primary methodological contribution is the application of JLF to MRI signal directly rather than labels. Synthesized images are then used as additional features in a lesion segmentation task using the OASIS classifier, a logistic regression model on intensities from multiple modalities. The addition of JIF synthesized images improved the Dice-Sorensen coefficient (relative to manually drawn gold standards) of lesion segmentations over the standard model segmentations by \(0.0462 \pm 0.0050\) (mean ± standard deviation) at optimal threshold over all subjects and 10 separate training/testing folds.
Immunoglobulins in the Normal State and in Neoplasms of B Cells

The major function of plasma cells, and to a lesser extent of lymphocytes, is to produce immunoglobulins (Ig’s). Since these molecules play a major role in the defense of the body against a variety of infectious agents, it does not come as a surprise that there is no other group of molecules with such extreme heterogeneity. This heterogeneity can be viewed on several levels. First, in most vertebrate species, there are several major classes and subclasses of Ig’s. In man, these are IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. The properties of the major classes and subclasses are listed in Table 1. In the case of IgG, we know of four well-recognized subclasses (IgGl, -2, -3, and -4). There are two subclasses of IgA (IgAl and -2). Subclasses of IgM and IgD are as yet less well defined, but it would appear that for IgM there may be several, and in the case of IgD, there appear to be two. As yet, no subclasses have been recognized for IgE. These major classes and subclasses of Ig’s appear to have evolved one from the other as manifested by the striking structural homologies among them (Natvig and Kunkel, 1973; Fudenberg et al 1972; Solomon and McLaughlin, 1973). The next level of heterogeneity is somewhat more subtle, in that it reflects genetic polymorphisms that have recognized for several of the Ig classes and subclasses and presumably exist for all of them (Fudenberg et al., 1972). Last is the very complex heterogeinity related to antibody specificity (Wu and Kabat, 1970; Capra and Kehoe, 1975; Pawlak et al., 1973; Rudikoff et al., 1973).
Mary Jane Hogue (1883-1962): A pioneer in human brain tissue culture.

The ability to maintain human brain explants in tissue culture was a critical step in the use of these cells for the study of central nervous system disorders. Ross G. Harrison (1870-1959) was the first to successfully maintain frog medullary tissue in culture in 1907, but it took another 38 years before successful culture of human brain tissue was accomplished. One of the pioneers in this achievement was Mary Jane Hogue (1883-1962). Hogue was born into a Quaker family in 1883 in West Chester, Pennsylvania, and received her undergraduate degree from Goucher College in Baltimore, Maryland. Research with the developmental biologist Theodor Boveri (1862-1915) in Wurzburg, Germany, resulted in her Ph.D. (1909). Hogue transitioned from studying protozoa to the culture of human brain tissue in the 1940s and 1950s, when she was one of the first to culture cells from human fetal, infant, and adult brain explants. We review Hogue's pioneering contributions to the study of human brain cells in culture, her putative identification of progenitor neuroblast and/or glioblast cells, and her use of the cultures to study the cytopathogenic effects of poliovirus. We also put Hogue's work in perspective by discussing how other women pioneers in tissue culture influenced Hogue and her research.
Blueberries and metabolic syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic disorders that increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases,which includes type 2 diabetes, elevated blood pressure, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Studies have shown thatoxidative stress plays an important role in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases, as well as diabetes and itscomplications. Antioxidants provide protection from these chronic diseases. Antioxidants can be obtained fromfruits, and blueberries have the highest antioxidant activity compared to other fruits. The health benefits ofblueberries have been widely explored. The effects of blueberries on metabolic syndrome are reviewed. Key Words: Blueberries; Metabolic syndrome; Antioxidants; Diabetes; Hypertension; Hyperlipidemia
Markedly Prolapsed Uterus

The markedly prolapsed uterus lends itself well to vaginal hysterectomy. With such prolapse there is coexistent significant anatomic distortion of the urinary tract. Some technically important aspects of transvaginal removal of the markedly prolapsed uterus are described. Much of the surgical effort and therefore emphasis of this chapter is on reconstruction of genital tract anatomy and support.
Implementierung Rekursiver Datenstrukturen

Die Implementierung der erweiterten Datenstrukturen und Operationen eines rekursiven Datenmodells wird in diesem Kapitel am Beispiel der automatischen Generierung einer Prototypversion dargestellt. Dazu werden die Sprachkonstrukte eines rekursiven Datenmodells auf die Benutzerschnittstelle eines relationalen Datenbanksystems abgebildet, das bereits effizient implementiert ist. Dadurch kann die so realisierte rekursive Sprache auch als zusatzliche, abstrakte Schnittstelle fur das relationale Datenbankverwaltungssystem angesehen werden.
Streaming Cross Document Entity Coreference Resolution

Previous research in cross-document entity coreference has generally been restricted to the offline scenario where the set of documents is provided in advance. As a consequence, the dominant approach is based on greedy agglomerative clustering techniques that utilize pairwise vector comparisons and thus require O(n2) space and time. In this paper we explore identifying coreferent entity mentions across documents in high-volume streaming text, including methods for utilizing orthographic and contextual information. We test our methods using several corpora to quantitatively measure both the efficacy and scalability of our streaming approach. We show that our approach scales to at least an order of magnitude larger data than previous reported methods.
Tracheid differentiation in Pinus radiata

Differentiating tracheids in Pinus radiata D. Don have been examined with the electron microscope. Despite the fact that one of the major differentiation processes is cellulose formation, little ultrastructural evidence has been found to indicate how this occurs. On the other hand, there is ample evidence of the incorporation of non-cellulosic material into both the expanding primary wall and the developing secondary wall. The only structure which could possibly be related to cellulose formation is a system of osmiophilic particles which have been found in the space between the plasmalemma and the developing wall, or attached to the most recently formed wall layer. The absence of microtubules during the main phase of secondary wall formation supports the view that these structures are not involved directly in the biosynthesis of cellulose.
Clues to basis of exploratory behaviour of the C. elegans snout from head somatotropy.

Wave propagation during locomotory movements of Caenorhabditis elegans is constrained to a single dorso/ventral plane. By contrast, the tip of the head (snout) can make rapid exploratory movements ...
Comparison of agreement and efficiency of a swept source-optical coherence tomography device and an optical low-coherence reflectometry device for biometry measurements during cataract evaluation.

Purpose To compare the agreement and efficiency of a swept source-optical coherence tomography biometer, IOLMaster 700 (IOLM700), and a low-coherence optical reflectometry biometer, LENSTAR LS 900 (LS900), when acquiring biometry measurements during cataract evaluation. Methods A retrospective chart review of biometry measurements that were performed in 64 eyes of 32 patients on the same day using the LS900 and the IOLM700. The total image acquisition time per subject was compared between the two machines using a Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Bland-Altman plots showing the mean difference and 95% limits of agreement were graphed. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated for the mean axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), and two keratometry mean values (K1 and K2) that were output from each device. Results The average time to complete biometry measurements in both eyes was significantly shorter for the IOLM700 compared with the LS900 (44.5±12.4 vs 168.8±67.2 seconds, P<0.001). The Bland-Altman analysis and ICCs showed high degrees of agreement for the mean biometry values (ICC: AL 0.9999, ACD 0.9993, LT 0.9571, K1 0.9922, K2 0.9926) generated by the two devices. Conclusion There was a high level of agreement between the mean biometry output measures for IOLM700 and LS900. However, it took ~73% less time on average to acquire the images when using the IOLM700 compared with the LS900. In a busy clinic setting, use of the IOLM700 for biometry measures may save time and prove more efficient.
Development of Pain Behavior in the Fetus and Newborn

Patients have the right to analgesia regardless of age. That right should be recognized and guaranteed by healthcare providers. The fetus and newborn cannot, however, express the need for analgesia. It is the clinician’s job to accurately assess surrogate measures of pain and deliver the appropriate analgesic intervention. The development of fetal surgery, increasing awareness of painful procedures in the perinatal period, and lasting neurological effects have raised the issue of neonatal and fetal pain management. Data from numerous studies have demonstrated that untreated or inadequately treated pain may cause altered long-term pain and somatosensory response in neonates.
Abstract 170: Loss of the ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 (USP18) reduces lung cancer metastasis

Metastasis is a major cause of cancer-related mortality. Yet, current antineoplastic strategies do not effectively repress metastasis. Thus, there is a pressing need to explore targets that can reduce metastasis, especially in lung cancer that is the most common cause of cancer mortality. Our prior work reported that expression of the ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 (USP18) was augmented in diverse cancers (including lung cancers) and USP18 knock-down suppressed in vitro and in vivo growth of murine and human lung cancers. This deubiquitinase stabilizes target proteins by removing interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) from substrate proteins. We explored here whether engineered loss of USP18 decreased lung cancer metastasis. Stable USP18 knockdown was independently achieved in human (A549 and H1299) and murine (344SQ and KC2) lung cancer cells by use of small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs). Notably, knockdown of USP18 expression reduced lung cancer cellular proliferation, migration and invasion versus control shRNA transfectants (p Citation Format: Zibo Chen, Lin Zheng, Yulong Chen, Masanori Kawakami, Lisa Mustachio, Jason Roszik, Xin Liu, Jonathan Kurie, Xi Liu, Ethan Dmitrovsky. Loss of the ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 (USP18) reduces lung cancer metastasis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 170.
Cell-free hemoglobin augments acute kidney injury during experimental sepsis

Acute kidney injury is a common complication of severe sepsis and contributes to high mortality. The molecular mechanisms of acute kidney injury during sepsis are not fully understood. Because hemo...
Multitasking as multisensory behavior: Revisiting media multitasking in the perspective of media ecology theory

Abstract Media multitasking has become an inseparable part of the media routine for many Internet users as it is being retribalized, as a multisensory computer-mediated behavior, in the mobile media age. Guided by McLuhan's media ecology theory, this study examined the hierarchical relationships between media multitasking and media generations, mobile media use, and need for cognition among users in the United States and China (N = 1,340). After gender was controlled, media generations (defined as those growing up with or without the pervasive use of mobile media) was directly associated with media multitasking. Moreover, mobile media power use mediated the relationship between media generations and media multitasking. The personality construct of need for cognition was also found to play a critical role in performing multitasking. These findings indicate that mobile media technologies are reactivating multiple human senses in multitaskers, which might be a result of the evolutionary process spearheaded by the ubiquity of mobile media technologies. Thus, it is high time to revisit media multitasking as a new normal and access it as a multisensory behavior. McLuhan's media ecology theory helps understand the evolution of media multitasking, which may no longer be as simple as a technology distraction to users.
International trade policy and global value chains

The rise of global value chains (GVCs) as a key model for organizing global production coincided with important shifts in the international trade regime. These shifts included the quantitative expansion of the trade regime through an increase in the number of trade agreements and the number of states that are signatories to these agreements. They also included a qualitative shift in what is governed by the trade regime through the inclusion of issues such as investments, intellectual property and regulatory harmonization. This chapter argues that there is a structural relationship between these two shifts and that GVCs cannot be the dominant mode of production in the absence of an effective rules-based trade regime. This regime is needed to facilitate stable and predictable flows of goods and to provide a stable and predictable regulatory framework for the operations of GVC actors and for the capital and knowledge flows needed for the functioning of GVCs. Examining this relationship, the author argues, is crucial to unpacking the geography of GVCs and to predicting the implications of changing trade policies on the future of GVCs.
Choosing High-Yield Tasks for the Mathematical Development of Practicing Secondary Teachers

Many mathematics teacher educators encounter the challenge of creating or choosing mathematical tasks that evoke important mathematical insights and connections yet remain firmly grounded in school mathematics. This challenge increases substantially when trying to meet the needs of practicing secondary mathematics teachers pursuing graduate work in mathematics. This paper articulates characteristics of mathematical tasks that can help teachers develop their mathematical knowledge grounded in school mathematics by drawing on (a) work with practicing secondary mathematics teachers in a mathematics graduate program and (b) relevant research literature on the professional development of mathematics teachers and profound understanding of fundamental mathematics for teaching.
A generalized approximate control variate framework for multifidelity uncertainty quantification

Abstract We describe and analyze a variance reduction approach for Monte Carlo (MC) sampling that accelerates the estimation of statistics of computationally expensive simulation models using an ensemble of models with lower cost. These lower cost models — which are typically lower fidelity with unknown statistics — are used to reduce the variance in statistical estimators relative to a MC estimator with equivalent cost. We derive the conditions under which our proposed approximate control variate framework recovers existing multifidelity variance reduction schemes as special cases. We demonstrate that existing recursive/nested strategies are suboptimal because they use the additional low-fidelity models only to efficiently estimate the unknown mean of the first low-fidelity model. As a result, they cannot achieve variance reduction beyond that of a control variate estimator that uses a single low-fidelity model with known mean. However, there often exists about an order-of-magnitude gap between the maximum achievable variance reduction using all low-fidelity models and that achieved by a single low-fidelity model with known mean. We show that our proposed approach can exploit this gap to achieve greater variance reduction by using non-recursive sampling schemes. The proposed strategy reduces the total cost of accurately estimating statistics, especially in cases where only low-fidelity simulation models are accessible for additional evaluations. Several analytic examples and an example with a hyperbolic PDE describing elastic wave propagation in heterogeneous media are used to illustrate the main features of the methodology.
A snapshot of the frontiers of fairness in machine learning

A group of industry, academic, and government experts convene in Philadelphia to explore the roots of algorithmic bias.
Neuroscience: Sensing Absolute Cold

Summary To overwinter, animals must detect constant cold temperatures before adapting their behavior accordingly. A new study in Drosophila describes a circuit mechanism — from sensory neurons to higher brain centers — that encodes and relays persistent, absolute cold stimuli to modulate sleep.
Three As of American Indian adolescent marijuana use: Availability, acceptability, and approval

Abstract Background American Indian (AI) adolescents report high rates of marijuana use and related consequences and availability of marijuana has a robust relationship with marijuana use. The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of perceptions of approval (i.e., injunctive norms), and acceptability (i.e., descriptive norms and perceived harm) in the relationship between marijuana availability and marijuana use. Methods Data collected from 2009 to 2013 included 3498 AI 7th-12th graders residing on or near a reservation (47.8 % female). Multilevel mediation analyses were conducted using the MLmed macro in IBM SPSS v26.0 to account for the nesting of data within schools. Results The associations between marijuana availability and perceived risks (b=-.38, p Conclusions Interventions aiming to reduce AI adolescent marijuana use should focus on availability and may also be well served by targeting descriptive and injunctive norms, as well as perceived risks of marijuana use.
Accounting for Emissions Trading: How Allowances Appear on Financial Statements Could Influence the Effectiveness of Programs to Curb Pollution

Cap-and-trade programs to curb carbon emissions frequently rely on the use of tradable emissions credits known as “allowances.” To date, companies' presentations of their usage of these allowances on their financial statements has not been uniform. Cap-and-trade programs will be most effective when presentation of allowances on financial statements is standardized, since all companies will be forced to be transparent about their methods of compliance with carbon emissions trading systems. Therefore, the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the International Accounting Standards Board should implement standards for the presentation of allowances on companies’ financial statements.
Immigration as a Social and Structural Determinant of Health

This chapter describes how immigration status affects patients and influences care in the emergency department (ED). There are 11.3 million undocumented immigrants within the US, and many more with limited legal status, who are vulnerable to political, legal, and structural factors predisposing them to poor health outcomes. Many of these factors are beyond the control of the emergency provider, but there are ways to mitigate the structural vulnerability of this population by optimizing their care in the ED. Important steps include educating providers regarding health risks, care gaps, and patient experience; creating a system of immigration-informed care that employs sensitive and stabilizing care while in the ED; and integration of the clinical encounter with community resources (legal, case management, accompaniment) to support patients outside the ED.
Traffic Signal Control Under Mixed Traffic With Connected and Automated Vehicles: A Transfer-Based Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach

Backgrounds: The traffic signal control (TSC) system could be more intelligently controlled by deep reinforcement learning (DRL) and information provided by connected and automated vehicles (CAVs). However, the direct training procedure of the DRL is time-consuming and hard to converge. Methods: This study improves the training efficiency of the deep Q network (DQN) by transferring the well-trained action policy of a previous DQN model into a target model under similar traffic scenarios. Different reward parameters, exploration rates, and action step lengths are tested. The performance of the transfer-based DQN-TSC is analyzed by considering different traffic demands and market penetration rates (MPRs) of CAVs. The information level requirements of the DQN-TSC are also investigated. Results: Compared to directly trained DQN, transfer-based models could improve both the training efficiency and model performance. In high traffic scenarios with a 100% MPR of CAVs, the total waiting time, CO2 emission, and fuel consumption in the transfer-based TSC decrease about 38%, 34%, and 34% compared to pre-timed signal schemes. Also, the transfer-based TSC system requires more than 20% to 40% MPRs of CAVs under different traffic demands to perform better than pre-timed signal schemes. Conclusions: The proposed model could improve both the traffic performance of the TSC system and the training efficiency of the DQN model. The insights of this study should be helpful to planners and engineers in designing intelligent signal intersections and providing guidance for engineering applications of the DQN TSC systems.
ICE MOVING IN SEAWATER

To understand the melting of ice which is moving in sea water, the interdisciplinary team at the Naval Postgraduate School searched for advanced theoretical equations on the subject while simultaneously looking for the results of experimental work. The theoretical work of Dr. Owen Griffin at the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., came to the attention of the NPS scientists, and the team asked Dr. Griffin to extend his melt equations, which include consideration of heat, mass, and momentum transfer under conditions of laminar flow, to take account of turbulent flow. Unable to discover significant experimental work on the subject of glacial ice moving in sea water, the team decided to conduct experiments on moving ice in (sea) water (1) to test and verify or modify Dr. Griffin's equations, and (2) to determine the rates of melt, volumetric changes and associated volumetric dimensions.
Manipulation of Lymphocyte Homeostasis for Enhancing Antitumor Immunity

Our appreciation of how the immune system recognizes and destroys cancer has led to the advancement of innovative approaches to be used for the treatment of cancer patients. The concept of immunotherapy is based on the body’s immune system to combat potentially dangerous assaults to the host such as those occurring from infection, but also those from transformed malignant cells. T-lymphocytes are capable of eliminating transformed cells after recognizing specific tumor antigens expressed on their cell surface. Thus, one immediate goal of tumor immunology is the development of effective approaches to harness the immune system’s natural tendency to eliminate cancer. However, the processes that govern the total size and diversity of the T-cell pool represent a major barrier for the induction of effective antitumor immune responses. We propose that cancer vaccines intended to generate effective antitumor responses have been unsuccessful to control disease because of inadequate T-cell activation, the fleeting duration of antitumor T-cell responses, and an active suppressor system that downplay immune responses.
Experiences with an object-oriented architecture for developing dynamically extensible distributed system management software

Developing extensible, robust, and efficient distributed applications is a complex task. In order to help alleviate this complexity, we have developed the ADAPTIVE Service eXecutive (ASX) framework. ASX is an object-oriented framework composed of automated tools and reusable C++ components that simplify the development, configuration, and reconfiguration of distributed applications in a heterogeneous environment. These applications may be configured dynamically to contain multiple network services that execute concurrently in one or more processes or threads. Components in the ASX framework have been ported to UNIX and Windows NT and are currently being used in a number of large-scale production distributed systems. This paper describes our experience gained using the ASX framework to build a highly modular reusable and extensible software architecture for a family of distributed system management applications.
Fault protection design for the command and data subsystem on the Cassini spacecraft

The Cassini orbital mission is to explore the Saturnian system are much greater depth than was possible by the Voyager flyby missions. To do this, the Cassini spacecraft is comprised of a Saturn orbiter and a Titan probe. The Command and Data Subsystem (CDS) on Cassini is responsible for uplink command processing, spacecraft intercommunications and control, and downlink telemetry formatting. The 10.7 year mission life, 160 minute round-trip light time, and extended periods of operation without continuous ground communications drive the CDS design in directions of redundancy, autonomy, and fault protection to assure the mission objectives. >
Responses from below: a tale of two Tanzanian villages.

Abstract Given the persistence and severity of the African food crisis, the need for strengthening local ‘institutional capacity’ is is likely to be high on the agenda of policy makers during the current decade. Exploratory research in two Tanzanian villages compares the roles of local institutions in food production and examines the mechanisms for coping with food shortages.
Spike Time Response Curve

The spike time response curve (STRC) is a measure of how a stimulus affects the timing of a neuron’s action potential. Specifically, in a periodically firing neuron, the STRC is a measure of the change in the interspike interval given the time of the stimulus pulse since the last action potential. An example of an STRCmeasured from a pyramidal neuron in the hippocampus is shown in Fig. 1. The STRC is closely related to the phase response curve (PRC); the difference is that the STRC is not normalized by the period of the neuron.
Maintaining positive cable tensions during operation of a single degree of freedom flexible cable-driven parallel manipulator

This paper investigates the control of a single degree of freedom flexible cable-driven parallel manipulator (CDPM) with a focus on maintaining positive cable tensions. A control architecture that uses a particular saturation prevention function is used to force the control torques to remain within limits that maintain positive cable tensions. The maximum and minimum allowable control torque limits are calculated by solving a linear programming problem on an element-wise inequality involving the equations of motion of the system. It is shown that the controller is input strictly passive and the closed-loop system is input-output stable. Numerical simulation results compare the performance of the proposed controller to that of an existing controller from the literature.
“Feminism” as Ideology: Sarah Palin’s Anti-feminist Feminism and Ideology Critique

The point of this essay is threefold: to describe the main tenets of Marx’s theory of ideology by critically engaging in the work of Marx and Engels, to flesh out the claim that Sarah Palin’s “feminism” works ideologically as Marx and Engels describe, and consequently, to demonstrate that ideology critique is important intellectual work for feminist Marxist scholars. As I suggest in the conclusion, this is work that should inform scholars’ political activism.
The debut of 'modern water' in early 20th century Mexico City: The Xochimilco potable waterworks

Abstract In September 1910, during the Centennial celebration of Mexico's independence, Mexico City witnessed the inauguration of the Xochimilco Potable Waters Supply Works, marking the debut of ‘modern water’ in the capital. This was a shift from the traditional notion of water as a heterogeneous element expressive of diverse geographies and histories – waters, that is – to an understanding of water as a placeless, timeless natural substance. The transition to modern water and hydraulic control could never be a completed process. Rather, it would continue to evolve in tension with the great diversity of hydraulic histories and geographies of Mexico City. Different from most studies that analyze the Xochimilco system in the context of modernity, we see it as also a fundamentally visual phenomenon, an interaction among technologies of construction, representation, and access. This includes the architecture, its photographic representation, as well as an 1884 study that set forth the concept of ‘potable waters’ and argued a case for creating a modern network to deliver it. The Xochimilco works promised a flow as stable as its delivery system and as permanent as its photographic record. Drawing from Science and Technology Studies, recent work on the hydrosocial cycle, visual geography, and art history, we explore these waterworks' technologies as a novel but unstable confluence of objects, narratives, people, and places. For all the apparent durability of this network, the Xochimilco springs would run dry by the early 1930s. Instead of seeing water, we now see a collection of historical artifacts in the landscape and the archive.
Embryonic Expression of Lim-1, the Mouse Homolog of Xenopus XLim-1, Suggests a Role in Lateral Mesoderm Differentiation and Neurogenesis

cDNAs encoded by the mouse homolog (Lim-1) of the Xenopus LIM-class homeobox gene Xlim-1 have been isolated from an 8.5-day mouse embryo cDNA library. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences show a high degree of identity with Xlim-1 in the LIM and homeodomains, and 85% identity over the whole protein. An interspecific back-cross has been used to show close linkage of Lim-1 to the endogenous proviral marker Mpmv-4 on mouse chromosome 11. Whole mount in situ hybridization studies have been carried out on mouse embryos between 6.5 and 10.5 days. In mid- to late-streak stage embryos, Lim-1 is expressed in a restricted region of mesoderm in the primitive streak, with the highest level of signal at the anterior. At 7.5 days, transcripts can be seen in a horseshoe-shaped pattern in the periphery of the node, as well as along both sides of the immediately adjacent notochord. In addition, transcripts are present in presumptive lateral and intermediate mesoderm. Later, expression becomes progressively restricted to intermediate mesoderm, the nephrogenic cords, and eventually mesonephric ducts and tubules. By 10.5 days Lim-1 transcripts also appear in restricted regions of the central nervous system (CNS) that are associated with sensory function. The lateral diencephalon, hindbrain, and presumed commissural neurons in the dorsal spinal cord all show Lim-1 expression. In the adult, Lim-1 is expressed in the cerebellum/medulla and kidney, and at very low levels in the cerebrum. These data suggest that in the mouse embryo Lim-1 plays a role in early mesoderm formation and later specification of a differentiated phenotype in subsets of cells of the mesonephros and sensory neurons of the CNS.
Palladium‐doped polyimides: An X‐ray photoelectron study

Five polyimide films prepared from 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid'dianhydride (BTDA) and diamines, 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA), 3,3′-diaminobenzophenone (DABP), or 3,3′-diaminodiphenylcarbinol (DADPC) and doped with Li2PdCl4 (LTP) or Pd[(CH3)2S]2Cl2 (PDS) were selected for a detailed x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) study to determine the oxidation state of palladium and the relative distribution of this and other elements in these films, especially as they relate to electrical resistivity. XPS shows that Pd in the films is present as a mixture of zero and +2 valence states. Films that contain lithium as part of the dopant all show that metal is present as Li+ and Li2O, a fact that may have a bearing on film electrical properties. An Auger electron spectroscopic (AES) or XPS profiling was performed on two of the electrically conductive films. A film doped with PDS reveals a majority of palladium at the surface as Pd(0) and much smaller amounts in film bulk as a mixture of Pd(0) and Pd(II). Film behavior is similar to a metal-vapor deposited film. An LTP doped film, by contrast, exhibits a homogeneous composition with a mixture of Pd(0) and Pd(II). These studies support others that use chemical etching on the film surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used to provide surface evaluations.
Structural phase transition of K adsorbed on Al(111) investigated using second-harmonic generation.

Optical second-harmonic generation has been used to probe the structural phase transition for potassium adsorbed on Al(111). At high potassium coverages, a transition from an atop site to a quasisubstitutional site occurs in an oscillatory fashion. The transition is thermally activated, with a barrier of about 0.7 eV. For the low-coverage lattice gas, the quasisubstitutional site is not observed, which suggests that the quasisubstitutional site is not the lowest-energy configuration for an isolated potassium atom.
Osmoregulation in Panagrellus Redivivus and Aphelenchus Avenae 1)

Modifications in volume and salt content of Panagrellus redivivus and Aphelenchus avenae after incubation in distilled water and salt solutions were measured. Decreased water content within P. redivivus caused an internal osmotic pressure increase of about 20% when the NaCl concentration of the incubation fluid was changed from 0.1 to 0.3 molal. In addition, Na and Cl ions added to internal solute produced an osmotic pressure adjustment of approximately 33% of the external fluid. Quantitative analyses of Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, and Cl were performed.
Interaction of waves with non-colinear currents

Abstract The present paper reports on a study of the interaction of a current-free monochromatic surface wave field with a wave-free uniform current field in a three-dimensional flow frame. The wave and the current fields are not necessarily collinear with each other. The formulation of the wave–current field is done under the assumption of irrotational and inviscid flow. We have developed the three dimensional expressions describing the characteristics of the combined flow in terms of mass, momentum and energy transport conservation. These equations are found efficient to describe the sought-for combined wave–current field. The parameters describing the wave–current field after the interaction are the surface disturbance amplitude and length, mean water depth, mean current-like parameter and direction of the combined flow, which would be calculated from a set of equations that satisfy conservation of mean mass, momentum and energy flux and a dispersion relation on the free surface before and after the interaction. The results are shown in terms of relative changes in wave heights and lengths, current-like parameters and final directions obtained for the combined wave–current field with respect to current-free wave and wave-free current pre-interaction parameters.
A Simple Model of a Magnetic Impurity

The effect of a single spin impurity on the energy spectrum of the one-dimensional X-Y model of magnetism is investigated. Two localized spin deviation states are found when the exchange constant between the impurity and its two nearest neighbors exceeds a critical value.