cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Designing Efficient, Equitable Policies to Abate Acid Rain

Economists recognize a number of criteria for good policy: economic efficiency, equity, administrative simplicity, transparency of the objectives and methods of the program, etc. (Lave, 1981). Thoughtful economists will admit that each of these criteria are generally important in deciding which policy to choose. However, most economists will either confess or assert that economic efficiency is the first and most important criterion, at least in the sense that a program should be economically efficient, whatever else its attributes.
The Rationalization of Infancy

In this chapter I examine the impact of technological or instrumental rationality,considered as a worldview, as a cognitive style, and as a mode of inquiry, upon psychological studies of infancy and early childhood. This work joins a relatively new trend in psychology, more thoroughly developed in Europe than in North America (Buss, 1975; Richards, 1974; Seve, 1978; Shotter, 1974). This new tendency, for which the rubric dialectical psychology serves most aptly (Riegel, 1975, 1976; Wozniak, 1973), entails a critical reflection on all aspects of psychological knowledge, seeing as interrelated the growth, function, and dissemination of underlying interests in theory and in empirical research. This critical or hermeneutic approach treats theory and research in psychology as a text, susceptible to structural analyses both of the deep and surface meaning. More importantly, the psychological text is placed and interpreted within a countertext,that is, the historical and current social and structural conditions in which it is embedded. A binding assumption here is that the elements within and between text and countertext coexist in some complex and nontrivial relationship. The identification and analysis of these relationships is the task of a dialectical treatment.
Putah Creek hydrology affecting riparian cottonwood and willow tree survival

Creating or recruiting new riparian forests to improve Lower Putah Creek (LPC) ecosystem functions is challenging under the modified stream flow regime developed after historic gravel mining and installation of Monticello Dam upstream. Hydrologic connectivity between riparian trees, shallow groundwater, and the low flow channel is essential towards maintaining these forests and related habitats through the annual summer and multi-year drought periods typical in this Sacramento Valley region of California. Despite increased average summer flows, significant mature cottonwood and willow tree mortality along the LPC riparian areas below the Putah Creek diversion dam in 2014 raised concerns over the soil and hydrologic factors affecting riparian vegetation survival. A forensic analysis was conducted combining annual canopy coverage fractions and tree ring studies with daily soil-water balances, low flow records, and available groundwater level Information from the past few decades to determine the key hydrologic factors affecting riparian tree survival along the LPC. The 2011–2016 drought was linked with greater than prior average soil-water deficits in 2012–2015 and lower initial soil-water storage on March 1 of 2012 and 2014 that would be expected to stress the trees. However, such stress was not apparent in decreased tree ring spacing during this period from mature (40–50 years old), deceased, and living trees. Tree canopy coverage declined dramatically (by as much as 50% as compared to the previous decade average) only in the summer of the 2014 despite a ~ 35% increase in average summer flows from 2011 to 2014. However, the regional water table aquifer levels declined at an average rate of ~ 35 mm/day in 2014 (as compared to ~ 17 mm/day in previous decade) and by several meters overall between 2011 and 2016 suggesting that deceased trees lacked access to the water table aquifer or lateral stream seepage. The increased rates of water table decline and overall depth may be associated with a large increase in adjacent irrigated almond orchard areas in 2014–2016. Knowledge of the dynamic hydrologic factors controlling sustainability of riparian trees should better inform and guide future tree restoration efforts along the LPC.
Surgical Fixation of Geriatric Sacral U-Type Insufficiency Fractures: A Retrospective Analysis.

Objectives To define the incidence of sacral U-type insufficiency fracture and describe management of a consecutive series of patients with this injury. Design Retrospective analysis. Setting Single Level II trauma center. Patients/participants Sixteen adult patients with sacral U-type insufficiency fractures treated over a 36-month period. Intervention Patients were indicated for percutaneous screw fixation of the posterior pelvis if they had posterior pelvic pain that prohibited mobilization. Main outcome measurements Visual analog scale for pain, distance ambulated on postoperative day 1, and change in sacral kyphosis. Results The sacral U-type insufficiency fracture incidence was 16.7% (19/114); average patient age was 75 years. Delayed surgery was performed after primary nonoperative treatment had failed in 62.5% (10/16) at an average 83 days postinjury. Acute surgery was performed in 37.5% (6/16) at an average 5 days postinjury. Distance ambulated on postoperative day 1 was 114.4 feet [95% confidence interval (CI) (50.6, 178.2)] and 88.7 feet [95% CI (2.8, 174.6)] in the delayed and acute surgery groups, respectively, P = 0.18. Change in visual analog scale for pain was -3.2 [95% CI (-5.0, -1.4)] and -3.7 [95% CI (-7.0, -0.4)] in the delayed and acute surgery groups, respectively, P = 0.15. Change in sacral kyphosis from presentation to surgery was 12.3 degrees [95% CI (6.7, 17.9)] and 0.3 degrees [95% CI (-0.2, 0.9)] in the delayed and acute surgery groups, respectively, P Conclusions Treatment of sacral U-type insufficiency fractures by percutaneous screw fixation permits early mobilization, provides rapid pain relief, and prevents progressive deformity. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Managing for Stakeholders in the Digital Age

Learning Objectives • Identify the core principles of stakeholder theory. • Understand why and how stakeholder theory pioneered and developed in the Scandinavian context. • Understand company-stakeholder relationships in the age of technology. • Analyse the Monsanto case study, illustrating the challenges behind managing for stakeholders in the twenty-first century. Introduction At the beginning of the 1990s, Jack Smith, the General Motors (GM) CEO, brought Jose Ignacio Lopez, who had previously served as the successful GM head of purchasing in Europe, to purchasing operations at Detroit. The objective was clear: to stop the automaker's losses by cutting costs. Often described as a fanatically dedicated and hard-working manager, Lopez became a GM hero by ripping up long-standing contracts with dedicated suppliers and demanding lower prices. Within his first year in Detroit, Lopez achieved an astounding $1.1 billion of savings in purchasing and identified another $2.4 billion in savings for the next year, which made Jack Smith acknowledge that Lopez had ‘stopped the bleeding’ at GM (Kurylko and Crate, 2006). Was Lopez successful in his managerial position with the cost-cutting strategy he was using? For those who consider maximising financial returns as the primary objective of any business, it is only logical to answer ‘yes’. The rationality behind this train of thought runs, generally speaking, in the following way: shareholders own the company and their primary objective is to maximise a company's financial returns within legal boundaries; shareholders hire an executive manager to run the company and serve their interests in the best possible way; the hired executive will be rewarded, both financially and career-wise, based on his/her success in serving shareholders’ interests; thus, keeping shareholders happy, within legal boundaries, is the executive's primary responsibility, and the interests of all other parties in the business are secondary. Lopez was certainly successful in keeping his shareholders happy. However, this GM story does not end happily: Lopez's deeds significantly undermined the level of trust between GM and its long-time suppliers. Over time this strategy of constantly squeezing suppliers turned out to be less productive compared to the trusting long-term relationship built by Japanese car producers. The lesson behind the story is self-evident. Maximising immediate profits at the expense of ruining relationships with a stakeholder holds the company back. Lopez's success was more than dubious.
Sacral spinal tumors

Tumors of the sacral spine are rare, comprising up to only 7% of all spinal tumors. They can be broadly categorized into two groups: primary or metastatic. Primary sacral tumors can be further divided into three groups based on origin: congenital, neurogenic, or osseous. The most common primary sacral tumor is the chordoma. The most common sacral tumor is from metastasis.
Blown out of proportion? Induction Foley balloon ruptures associated with overinflation.

Background Larger volume Foley catheters are occasionally used for labor induction. In some instances the balloon is overinflated to obtain this volume. Neither the risk or rate of rupture are known for this practice. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of overinflated Foley catheter balloons and the rate of rupture in prospective trials and to describe rupture events in our institutions. Study Design Clinical trials and prospective cohorts were identified through a search of MEDLINE from 2000 through May 1, 2017; prospective studies were examined for the use of overinflated Foley catheters. Reports of overinflated balloons were then reviewed in detail to determine if rupture occurred and to record any reported maternal, neonatal, or gynecologic outcomes. Internal reports to the Obstetric Safety Report System were used to describe the local cases at our institutions. Results We reviewed 296 abstracts. Seventeen prospective cohorts or randomized trials used larger balloon volumes (≥50 mL), of which 12 abstracts confirmed routine overinflation of the balloon. Within these studies, 19 patients who underwent cervical ripening with overinflated Foley catheters experienced balloon rupture during use. The incidence of rupture in these studies was 0.9%. No adverse maternal or fetal effects were noted. Internal safety reporting yielded an additional case. One gynecologic case was identified internally. The patient had an overinflated Foley catheter balloon used to tamponade excessive uterine bleeding after uterine evacuation. Balloon rupture was noted, and hysteroscopy was needed to remove fragments of the balloon. Conclusion Overinflation of Foley catheter balloons in obstetric and gynecologic applications may cause rupture. Because of possible underreporting, the extent of complications that may result from balloon rupture is unknown.
A flexible head fixation system for optical imaging and electrophysiology in awake mice

We describe a head fixation system allowing chronic microscopic imaging through cranial windows and optically transparent implanted microelectrode arrays in awake mice.
10.10 – Ricin

Ricin is a protein toxin produced by the castor bean plant, Ricinus communis. Since its discovery in the late 1800s, it has been recognized as one of the most potent plant toxins in existence. While all parts of the plant contain ricin, the castor bean seed contains the highest concentration ranging from approximately 1 to 5% by weight. Due to its inherent toxicity, ricin has been implicated in several animal and human poisonings, be it accidental or malicious. Attempts to exploit the poisonous attributes of ricin for use as a chemical/biological warfare agent have prompted enhanced surveillance of the toxin by international government agencies. Thus, ricin is classified as a Schedule 1 toxic chemical under the Chemical Weapons Convention Regulations (U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security 2006) and as a CDC Category B select agent. Depending on the dose and route of exposure, ricin toxicity can be a result of its direct cytotoxic effect by causing protein synthesis inhibition, apoptosis, or upregulation of inflammatory signaling cascades such as mitogen-activated protein kinases and transcription factors. As a result, tissue damage can occur in several organ systems including the lungs, kidneys, liver, and spleen. However, the toxicity of ricin is highest in mucosal regions directly exposed to the toxin. Due to the direct effects of ricin on mucosal cell membranes, the gastrointestinal tract is the most vulnerable site for toxic insult.
Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease in childhood—a rare disease not to be missed

Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) is a rare disease leading to pulmonary hypertension and potentially death related to right heart failure and/or respiratory insufficiency. Clinical symptoms are heterogenous and nonspecific: fatigue, decreased exercise tolerance, shortness of breath on exertion, cough, dizziness, chest pain with exercise, palpitations, syncope, as well as nonspecific symptoms such as headache, poor appetite, pallor or perioral cyanosis. Mutations in the EIF2AK4 (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 4) have been recently described, other risk factors include exposure to organic solvent and trichloroethylene, tobacco exposure and chemotherapy. Echocardiography helps to estimate right ventricular systemic pressure, but further diagnostic workup includes cardiac catheterization to confirm pulmonary hypertension and increased pulmonary vascular resistance. High-resolution computed tomography reveals typical findings: centrilobular ground-glass nodules or opacities, septal lines, thickened interlobular septa, mosaic perfusion, and lymphadenopathy. Histology remains the gold standard, but carries risks for the patient. Proper workup is essential in order to avoid incorrect diagnosis. Pulmonary hypertension targeted treatment has been used in patients with PVOD, however, experience is limited, vasodilatory effects on pulmonary vasculature may lead to deterioration of the patients and should be used with great caution. Lung transplantation is currently the only valid treatment option for patients with PVOD. With prolonged waiting time and progression of the disease mechanical support could be considered.
Secure Traffic Networks in Smart Cities: Analysis and Design of Cyber-Attack Detection Algorithms

In this paper, we focus on cyber attacks in the context of macroscopic transportation network models. For our studies, we consider a strip of freeway traffic network that is actuated on the upstream boundary by ramp-metering, which are controlled remotely from a centralized command center. In our framework, we first formulate analytical conditions for generating stealthy cyber-attacks using Aw-Rascle-Zhang (ARZ) macroscopic traffic model. Such conditions elucidate the capability of attackers and theoretical limitations of attack detection algorithms. Subsequently, we propose a design framework for cyber attack detection algorithms that considers several desirable detection characteristics such as stability, robustness and attack sensitivity. Finally, we illustrate the effectiveness of our framework via simulation studies.
Chinese Remainder Encoding for Hamiltonian Cycles.

The Hamiltonian Cycle Problem (HCP) consists of two constraints: i) each vertex contributes exactly two edges to the cycle; and ii) there is exactly one cycle. The former can be encoded naturally and compactly, while the encodings of the latter either lack arc consistency or require an exponential number of clauses. We present a new, small encoding for HCP based on the Chinese remainder theorem. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the encoding on challenging HCP instances.
Polarization, Hyperbole and the Battle for Control over the Narrative

We investigate the causal connections between elite polarization, hyperbole in public discourse and narrative control. The victor of a narrative battle gains a strategic advantage in hyperbole, steering a contentious policy in its preferred direction. This gain, weighed against the information loss from hyperbole, determines the equilibrium narrative. Platform polarizations, which relate to elites’ messages, are induced by, and amplify, preference polarizations, which relate to their political orientations. IS polarizations, in which two opposing factions move further apart, intensify the narrative battle and decrease social welfare. These effects are reversed for IB polarizations, in which each faction becomes more homogeneous.
How I Treat Chronic Phase Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia.

When imatinib, the first tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) developed for use in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) was approved in 2001, the treatment of this disease was forever changed. Significant reductions in the molecular burden of disease were seen with the first generation TKI imatinib and with the addition of dasatinib (2006), nilotinib (2007), bosutinib (2012) and ponatinib (2013), deeper and more rapid reductions were noted. Physicians could begin to tailor TKI therapy to individual patients, and patients who did not respond to or could not tolerate first line therapy now had options. Importantly, the number of patients who developed accelerated or blast phase disease decreased dramatically. Research in CML continues to evolve and by presenting illustrative cases, this article will review some of the newer aspects of clinical care in this disease. Updated information regarding bosutinib and asciminib, the latter currently in clinical trials, will be presented; bosutinib is of particular interest as the drug's transit through the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) highlights the question of what is considered optimal response to TKI therapy. The challenge of understanding the cardiac safety data of ponatinib and the unique dosing schedule based on individual response will be discussed. Lastly, two cases will focus on features of TKI treatment that -remarkably- have become part of the treatment algorithm: family planning for women with CML and stopping therapy after meeting a specific treatment milestone.
A comparison of single and multi-echo processing of fMRI data during overt autobiographical recall

Recent years have seen an increase in the use of multi-echo fMRI designs by cognitive neuroscientists. Acquiring multiple echoes allows one to reduce thermal noise and identify nuisance signal components in BOLD data (Kundu et al., 2012). At the same time, multi-echo acquisitions increase data processing complexity and may incur a cost to the temporal and spatial resolution of the acquired data. Here, we re-examine a multi-echo dataset (Gilmore et al., 2021) analyzed using multi-echo ICA (ME-ICA) and focused on hippocampal activity during the overly spoken recall of recent and remote autobiographical memories. The goal of the present series of analyses was to determine if ME-ICA9s theoretical denoising benefits might lead to a practical difference in the overall conclusions reached. Compared to single echo data, ME-ICA led to qualitatively different conclusions regarding hippocampal contributions to autobiographical recall: whereas the single echo analysis largely failed to reveal hippocampal activity relative to an active baseline, ME-ICA results supported predictions of the Standard Model of Consolidation and a time limited hippocampal involvement (Alvarez and Squire, 1994). These data provide a practical example of the benefits multi-echo denoising in a naturalistic memory paradigm and demonstrate how they can be used to address long-standing theoretical questions.
Robust Target Identification Using a Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test

The concept of deciding among a set of alternatives (or hypotheses) based upon the observation of a set of random variables has been a topic studied by statisticians for many years. This concept, known as hypothesis testing, provides a mathematically solid foundation to perform target identification. Target identification with known signatures can be easily formulated using Bayes hypothesis testing. However, a significant challenge lies in the need to accurately discriminate among known targets with only partial knowledge of target signatures. The lack of complete target signature knowledge results from the unknown orientation of the target and the dependency of the target signature on the target’s orientation. For practical purposes, it is important to derive efficient and reliable schemes to accurately identify the target without a priori knowledge concerning the target’s orientation.
PubMed QUEST: the PubMed query search tool. an informatics tool to aid cancer centers and cancer investigators in searching the PubMed databases.

Searching PubMed for citations related to a specific cancer center or group of authors can be labor-intensive. We have created a tool, PubMed QUEST, to aid in the rapid searching of PubMed for publications of interest. It was designed by taking into account the needs of entire cancer centers as well as individual investigators. The experience of using the tool by our institution’s cancer center administration and investigators has been favorable and we believe it could easily be adapted to other institutions. Use of the tool has identified limitations of automated searches for publications based on an author’s name, especially for common names. These limitations could likely be solved if the PubMed database assigned a unique identifier to each author.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylytransferase, a nonhistone chromatin protein. Purification and properties of the chicken erythrocyte enzyme.

Abstract Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.1) was purified 200-fold from chicken erythrocyte nuclei. An important feature of the purification procedure is the preliminary preparation of chromatin and extraction of the enzyme from insoluble chromatin into 0.3 m NaCl. Active enzyme in a partially purified preparation has an isoelectric point of 5.5 and a molecular weight of approximately 300,000. The most highly purified enzyme migrates as a single protein band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme has a broad pH optimum from 6–9 and is most active at 55 °C. The activation energy for the enzyme-catalyzed reaction is 8.0 kcal/mol. The purified enzyme is able to use either nicotinate mononucleotide or nicotinamide mononucleotide as a substrate. The isolation procedure is applicable to partial purification of enzyme activity from erythrocytes of closely related birds, including pheasant, goose, and turkey. Immunochemical studies of the enzyme are reported in an accompanying article.
Some mechanisms of reduction of carotenoid levels in chickens infected with Eimeria acervulina or E. tenella.

The levels of plasma carotenoids were markedly reduced in broiler cockerels infected with Eimeria acervulina or E. tenella. The mechanisms of this depigmentation differed between the two species, being primarily associated with interference of absorption of xanthophyll (carotenoids) from the intestinal lumen with E. acervulina infection and with leakage through the damaged wall of the cecum with E. tenella infection. Chicks reared on an essentially carotenoid-free diet and inoculated with E. acervulina showed no detectable levels of carotenoids in the blood 48 hours after being changed to a diet containing 30 mg of xanthophyll/kg. Conversely, uninoculated chicks and chicks inoculated with E. tenella showed significant and similar increases in plasma levels of carotenoids. Chicks reared on a diet containing xanthophyll and inoculated with E. tenella showed a more rapid decrease in plasma carotenoids than did uninoculated controls when changed to a xanthophyll-free diet. In chicks fed high xanthophyll diets containing chromic oxide, no indication of malabsorption was seen in chicks infected with E. tenella compared with uninoculated controls, whereas chicks inoculated with E. acervulina showed significantly less xanthophyll absorption. Conversely, a marked increase in the xanthophyll : Cr2O3 ratio was observed in the cecal contents of chicks inoculated with E. tenella compared with uninuoculated controls or those inoculated with E. acervulina. Studies of uninoculated chicks pair-fed with chicks inoculated with E. acervulina or E. tenella indicated that the decrease in plasma carotenoids and increases in intestinal pH are not associated with the reduced intake of feed associated with infection. The studies involving uninoculated birds with reciprocal chagnes between high and low xanthophyll diets indicated that plasma carotenoids are a more rapid and sensitive means of measuring changes in pigmentation levels than are visual skin scores carotenoid levels from the skin.
Combining Fast-Paced Usability and Scientific Testing to Improve the Lunar Quest Physics Game

This study focuses on conducting fast-paced in-house testing in combination with user comments and scores on the Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction (QUIS) to provide a better educational game. The standard QUIS was shortened and focused to be more sensitive to aspects of our educational game. The game, Lunar Quest, was created at the University of Central Florida as a supplemental instruction tool that would provide students with examples of several different Physics concepts while being an enjoyable and fun game. Overall the modified version of the QUIS was not successful in determining which categories of the game should be targeted, although the open ended questions did help our researchers focus the game redesign and showed improvement throughout the testing period.
Superconducting Magnets - Principles, Operation, and Applications

Contemporary technical superconductors provide high Jc in wide range of magnetic fields and temperatures. These features are used in superconducting magnets to produce high fields, reduce magnet size and lower power consumption. Thanks to these features superconducting magnets are widely used in scientific research, industrial application, medicine, transportation, etc. Large scale applications of superconducting magnets became possible also thanks to the remarkable progress in cryogenics, superconducting composite industrialization, and engineering of cryogenic electrical systems. Applications of superconducting magnets include particle accelerators and detectors, fusion and energy storage (SMES), laboratory magnets, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), high speed transportation (MagLev), electrical motors and generators, magnetic separators, etc. This paper presents the overview of practical superconducting materials, being used in various superconducting magnets, magnet designs and operation features, and the most remarkable examples of superconducting magnets. Keywords: superconductors; magnets
Hormones and social behavior of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus): I. Effects of endocrine status of females on behavior within heterosexual pairs

Abstract Intact male squirrel monkeys were paired with ovariectomized females given either oil vehicle, estradiol benzoate (10 μg) alone, or estradiol benzoate combined with progesterone (5 mg). Affiliative behaviors, including social contacts, female grasping of the male, male and female approaches, and following by the male were observed more frequently, and social distance decreased when females received estradiol as compared to oil. Furthermore, when progesterone was combined with estradiol, some of the effects seen with estradiol alone, such as grasping by the female and following by the male, were reversed. These results support the hypothesis that seasonal changes between sex-segregated and sex-integrated forms of social organization reported for this species are influenced by endocrine conditions of the female.
Succinct approximate counting of skewed data

Practical data analysis relies on the ability to count observations of objects succinctly and efficiently. Unfortunately the space usage of an exact estimator grows with the size of the a priori set from which objects are drawn while the time required to maintain such an estimator grows with the size of the data set. We present static and on-line approximation schemes that avoid these limitations when approximate frequency estimates are acceptable. Our Log-Frequency Sketch extends the approximate counting algorithm of Morris [1978] to estimate frequencies with bounded relative error via a single pass over a data set. It uses constant space per object when the frequencies follow a power law and can be maintained in constant time per observation. We give an (e, δ)-approximation scheme which we verify empirically on a large natural language data set where, for instance, 95 percent of frequencies are estimated with relative error less than 0.25 using fewer than 11 bits per object in the static case and 15 bits per object on-line.
Scalable Web Search by Adaptive Online Agents: An InfoSpiders Case Study

The trend of the recent years in distributed information environments is a good example of the life-like complexity that we expect to observe in most aspects of information and computational science. The explosion of the Web and electronic mail, multiplying the number of information providers and consumers many times over and bringing the Internet inside the average home, has created formidable new opportunities and challenges in almost every area of computer and information science.
Metal Homeostasis: Sparing and Salvaging Metals in Chloroplasts

Chloroplast function is dependent on the acquisition and correct allocation of metal cofactors. When the plant encounters a shortage of metal, programmed responses involving sparing and salvaging of the limiting nutrient are activated to ensure that necessary proteins are metalated at the expense of proteins with dispensable functions. These mechanisms operate at the transcriptional, translational, and post-translation levels, and serve to widen the window of metal concentrations, in which the plant can survive. Mainly by taking advantage of microbial reference organisms, several classic examples of chloroplast metal sparing and salvaging are available. These include the plastocyanin/cytochrome c6 switch in cyanobacteria and algae, the microRNAs (miRNAs)-mediated copper economy in land plants, and the programmed degradation of the photosynthetic machinery during iron deficiency in algae. Keywords: back-up; metal economy; copper deficiency; iron deficiency; metalloprotein; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Sound Organization by Source Models in Humans and Machines

We present a framework for speech enhancement and robust speech recognition that exploits the harmonic structure of speech. We achieve substantial gains in signal to noise ratio (SNR) of enhanced speech as well as considerable gains in accuracy of automatic speech recognition in very noisy conditions. The method exploits the harmonic structure of speech by employing a high frequency resolution speech model in the log-spectrum domain and reconstructs the signal from the estimated posteriors of the clean signal and the phases from the original noisy signal. We achieve a gain in signal to noise ratio of 8.38 dB for enhancement of speech at 0 dB. We also present recognition results on the Aurora 2 data-set. At 0 dB SNR, we achieve a reduction of relative word error rate of 43.75% over the baseline, and 15.90% over the equivalent low-resolution algorithm.
Protein Kinase C and Protein F1: Potential Molecular Mediators of Lesion-Induced Synaptic Plasticity Recapitulate Developmental Plasticity

This review is focused on the suggestion that a potential molecular mechanism involving protein kinase C and its substrate protein F1 may be directly involved in the process of mediating lesion-induced neuronal plasticity. As several chapters in this Volume illustrate, after damage to the nervous system, intact neurons show growth activities such as axonal sprouting. Under certain conditions this can lead to recovery of function, in whole or in part. The mechanisms for this process are not known, though some recent clues from biochemistry suggest particular proteins that may be essential for the process. In this review I wish to emphasize one essential point: that the input-dependent molecular mechanism related to synaptic growth of intact synapses is also recruited by injury-produced growth factors that stimulate the response to nerve injury.
A thermally activated gate current in off-state PMOSFETs

Using buried-channel PFET devices with lightly doped drains (LDDs), the authors study the gate current and the threshold-voltage instability at intermediate electric fields and as a function of temperature. Although the same effects occur on surface-channel devices, larger potential differences were required because the built-in potential difference between N+ and P+ diffusions increases gate-induced diffusion leakage (GIDL) in buried-channel devices. Gate current was measured over a wide range of voltage and temperature on large gate perimeter PMOSFET devices. The measurements revealed a gate current with a voltage and temperature dependence proportional to the GIDL current. Hot electron stressing suggests the trapped charge is located near the gate-drain overlap region for short channel devices and near the intersection of the gate-drain overlap and the trench convex corner for narrow trench isolated devices. >
Work and revolution in France: THE REVOLUTION OF 1848

The nation constitutes itself from this moment as a republic; All citizens must remain armed and defend their barricades until they have obtained the enjoyment of their rights as citizens and as laborers; Every adult citizen is a national guard; Every citizen is an elector; Absolute liberty of thought and of the press; Right of political and industrial associaiton for all … Brothers, let us be calm and dignified like the law, like force, in the name of human liberty, equality and fraternity. POSTED IN THE STREETS OF PARIS as a declaration of “The Sovereign People” on February 24, a few hours before the Provisional Government officially proclaimed the Second Republic, this placard declared the continuity of the Revolution of 1848 with the French revolutionary tradition. The “Sovereign People” began by proclaiming the republic and closed with an invocation of liberty, equality, and fraternity; in between they demanded their “rights as citizens.” The rights demanded were all commonplaces of republicanism - universal suffrage, universal participation in the National Guard, and freedom of thought, press, and association. How commonplace they were was soon demonstrated by the Provisional Government. Although it was totally unaware of this ephemeral placard, it nevertheless proclaimed within the first day of its existence every one of the rights the placard specified. When the sovereign people demanded their rights as citizens, whether by explicit statements or simply by taking control of the streets of the capital, everyone knew what they meant.
Tracking strategies and cognitive demands

The processing demands of two tracking strategies are investigated using an optimum-maximum procedure. Subjects performed two one-dimensional tracking tasks concurrently. Ten subjects employed a do...
Persistent tracheostomy after primary chemoradiation for advanced laryngeal or hypopharyngeal cancer.

Background Despite the demonstrated survival equivalence between chemoradiation and ablative surgery as primary treatment for advanced laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers, a subset of patients who undergo organ-preservation therapy have persistent tracheostomy requirement after completion of treatment. Methods Patients who received primary chemoradiation for advanced laryngeal or hypopharyngeal cancer in a 3-year interval were identified. Rate of persistent posttreatment tracheostomy requirement was evaluated. The 12-month overall mortality rate was compared between patients who did and did not receive a tracheostomy before treatment. Results In 60 patients identified for this study, T3/T4 status and hemilarynx fixation at the time of presentation were associated with persistent tracheostomy requirement 6 and 12 months posttreatment (p = .022; p < .001; and p = .032; p = .0495, respectively). Twelve-month mortality was higher in T3/T4 patients who received pretreatment tracheostomy (p = .034). Conclusion Patients with advanced laryngeal or hypopharyngeal cancer who require tracheostomy before treatment have low rates of decannulation and higher short-term mortality than those who do not require tracheostomy before organ-preservation therapy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 1628–1633, 2014
Three New Species of Petrolisthes (Decapoda, Anomura, Porcellanidae) From the Indo-west Pacific

ABSTRACT Three new species of the anomuran crab genus Petrolisthes (family Porcellanidae) are described: P. perdecorus (type locality Howland Island, in central Pacific at 0°48'N. 176°38'W), P. elegans (type locality Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands), and P. celebesensis (type locality Sulawesi, Indonesia). The genus now contains 32 described species in the Indo-West Pacific.
A New Goodness of Fit Test for the Logistic Distribution

The logistic distribution is often used in survival analysis and biological studies to model growth curves. In this paper we present a method to test if the available data come from a logistic distribution. The proposed test is a modification of the Greenwood statistic based on higher order spacings as proposed by Rao and Kuo (1984). Parameters of the distribution are estimated by the method of moments and the method of maximum likelihood in order to compute the test statistic. Power comparisons of the test for both methods of estimation are carried out via simulations. It is concluded that the test statistic based on the method of moments has higher power.
Does an orbiting star cause periodic modulation of X-rays from NGC6814?

An obvious candidate for the phenomenon underlying the periodicity in the X-ray emission from the Seyfert galaxy NGC6814 is the orbital motion of a star or low-mass compact object around the central black hole. It is shown here that the presence of an orbiting star could be easily verified by looking for the effects of Lense-Thirring precession of the orbital plane caused by the dragging of inertial frames around a rotating black hole. Precession-induced variations in the waveform and in the phase of the observed periodicity should have a period of between a month and a year. Such variations could account for the different waveforms present in the Ginga and Exosat data set from observations of NGC6814 and may be detectable in existing Ginga and future Rosat, OSSE/BRO, and Astro-D data.
Effective thermal conductivity of common geometric shapes

Abstract This work explores the porous block paradigm based on replacing an actual heat sink by the volume of fluid that once enveloped the fins. Thermal equivalence is achieved by increasing the thermal conductivity of the lumped fluid above the base plate until the thermal resistance of the actual heat sink is matched. The popularity of the porous block model can be attributed to its ability to approximate the three-dimensional isotherms corresponding to a detailed heat sink. While previous investigations have focused on a numerically calculated, effective thermal property of the compact model, we employ a methodology leading to a closed-form alternative. The explicit solutions that we provide are not limited to the rectangular porous block models used in former studies. Rather, we extend the analysis to cover most fundamental body shapes and flow configurations under both free and forced convection modes. The exact or approximate formulations that we provide apply to most common Nusselt number correlations and obviate the need for guesswork or user-intervention to reach convergence.
Digital linearization and display of non-linear analog (sensor) signals

The author describes a technique for linearization of analog signals produced by typical sensors in modern vehicle applications. With this technique, arbitrary linearization functions can be selected simply. The proposed digital linearization method overcomes many of the pitfalls of traditional linearization methods, at the expense of some additional hardware and more stringent requirements on the internal voltage reference. The technique can be extended to meet necessary accuracy requirements, though the principal application is low-cost display instrumentation. As a result of this linearization method, a linear output voltage is available for recording or display. A survey of conventional techniques for signal linearization is presented, followed by a description of the proposed technique, including design considerations. A typical application example is included. >
A theory of cell swelling in high concentrations of KCl and other chloride salts

A theory of the cell volume is presented with emphasis on the swelling effect of high concentrations of KCl and other chloride salts. In this theory a particular cell volume represents a state of balance between the tendency of the cell water to build deeper layers of polarized water and the restraining forces exerted by the salt linkages and H-bonds. Taking into account also the different structure-breaking effects of different salts, theoretical curves can be constructed which describe the complex multiple peak-plateau of swelling curve observed in frog muscle in response to increasing concentrations of different chloride salts.
Placental lactogen-binding sites in isolated fetal fibroblasts: characterization, processing, and regulation.

Placental lactogen (PL) stimulates amino acid transport, DNA synthesis, and insulin-like growth factor production in isolated fetal fibroblasts and myoblasts. To clarify the mechanisms by which PL exerts its effects in fetal tissues, we have examined the binding and processing of PL and its receptor in cultured ovine fetal skin fibroblasts. Fetal sheep fibroblasts bound ovine PL (oPL) with high affinity (Kd, 0.2 nM) and ovine (o) GH (Kd, 1.6 nM) and oPRL (Kd, > 200 nM) with lower affinities, as recently reported. Maximal specific binding of oPL was noted after a 24-h incubation at 4 C. When fibroblasts were incubated with [125I]oPL at 4 C and then warmed to 37 C, the radiolabeled hormone was internalized within 2-4 min. Most of the internalized hormone, however, was recycled rapidly to the cell surface by 6-10 min and released intact by retroendocytosis into the incubation medium. Of the small amount of remaining internalized radioligand, approximately 50% appeared to be degraded, as assessed by solubilit...
A Review of Instrumentation on Stress

This article reviews five instruments that measure some aspect of stress. The instruments are: Kindler's Personal Stress Assessment Inventory, Derogatis's Stress Profile, Folkman and Lazarus's Ways of Coping Checklist, Maslach's Burnout Inventory, and Pareek's Organizational Role Stress Scale. These instruments are very different and, therefore, will serve different purposes in communication research. Currently, several of the instruments report that considerable research needs to be done to test the validity and reliability of the instruments in different contexts.
2-Halogenoethylamines and the role of Ca2+ in adrenergic α-receptor activation in the rat vas deferens

Abstract The interaction of 2-halogenoethylamines and cinchocaine (CE), tetracaine (TE), diazoxide (DZE) and SKF 525A has been studied for the adrenergic responses of the rat vas deferens. Phenoxybenzamine (PB) and 2-SY28 normally produce a long lasting antagonism of this system while N,N-dimethyl-2-bromo2-phenylethylamine (DMPEA) produces a very short lived antagonism the recovery of which follows first order kinetics. Pretreatment of tissues with subthreshold concentrations of DMPEA prior to treatment with PB and 2-SY28 did not alter the degree of blockade but did significantly increase the rate of recovery of blockade from these latter agents. Analogous effects to those of DMPEA were produced by CE, TE and DZE. SKF 525A which selectively inhibits K + but not NE-induced blockade lacked these effects. A model is proposed according to which 2-halogenoethylamines have at least two sites of action: one of these sites may be the NE recognition site proper and the other is a linked Ca 2+ site activation of which is critical to excitation-contraction coupling. Implications of this model are discussed.
Kinesins and microtubules: their structures and motor mechanisms.

Abstract Atomic resolution three-dimensional structures of two oppositely directed kinesin motors — conventional kinesin and non-claret disjunctional (ncd) protein — are now available in their functional dimeric form. A detailed model of the microtubule has also been recently obtained by docking the 3.7 A structure of tubulin into a 20 A map of the microtubule. Recent structural studies of kinesin motors and their microtubule tracks are contributing to our current understanding of kinesin motor mechanisms.
Customer service-oriented behavior: Person and situational antecedents

Abstract The personality antecedents of two types of customer service behavior (i.e., role-prescribed and extra-role) were studied in conjunction with the effects of experimentally manipulating participants' accountability. The results (n = 286) of a videotape-based questionnaire suggested differences between the personality antecedents of these two types of service behavior, suggesting that personality-based selection procedures should be consistent with the extent to which the organization's customer service philosophy promotes imaginative vs. scripted reactions to customer queries.
Increasing Healthy Eating vs. Reducing High Energy-dense Foods to Treat Pediatric Obesity

Objective: The objective was to compare targeting increased eating of healthy foods vs. reducing intake of high energy-dense foods within the context of a family-based behavioral weight control program. Methods and Procedures: Forty-one 8–12 year-old children >85th BMI percentile were randomly assigned to a 24-month family-based behavioral treatment that targeted increasing fruits and vegetables and low-fat dairy vs. reducing intake of high energy-dense foods. Results: Children in the increase healthy food group showed greater reduction in zBMI compared to children in the reduce high energy-dense food group at 12- (−0.30 zBMI units vs. −0.15 zBMI units, P = 0.01) and 24- (−0.36 zBMI units vs −0.13 zBMI units, P = 0.04) month follow-up. Parents in the increase healthy food group showed greater reductions in concern about child weight (P = 0.007), and these changes were associated with child zBMI change (P = 0.008). Children in the reduce high energy-dense group showed larger sustained reductions in high energy-dense foods (P < 0.05). Baseline levels of high energy-dense foods (P < 0.05), parent food restraint (P = 0.01), parent concern over parent weight (P = 0.01) and parent acceptance of the child (P < 0.05) moderated child zBMI change, with greater sustained reductions in zBMI for children in the increase healthy food group for each measure. Parent zBMI change followed the same pattern as child changes, and parent and child zBMI changes were correlated (P < 0.001). Discussion: Focusing on healthy food choices within an energy restricted diet may be useful in family-based weight control programs.