cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functionally valid gate-level peak power estimation for processors

Traditionally, peak power consumption has been estimated at the module-level and there has been no attempt to check the functional validity of the gate-level estimate through instruction execution. This leads to the overdesign of the processor components that deliver current to the modules. In this work, we present a methodology to estimate the peak dynamic power at the module-level which is functionally valid at the processor-level and thus, avoid the overdesign. We tackle the problem of module-level peak power estimation by building our algorithm using the reactive tabu search technique. We use a bounded model checker for verifying the instruction validity of the module-level peak power estimates at the processorlevel. Our algorithm intelligently combines the module-level power estimates with these instruction validity checks and efficiently derives functionally valid peak power estimates. In addition, we automatically derive the sequence of instructions that causes this peak power dissipation for the modules under study. We have evaluated our methodology on modules of the Open-Risc (OR1200) processor and the results demonstrate that our methodology derives the power estimates efficiently.
Tensile failure of unflawed polycrystalline Al2O3

Scanning electron microscopy and acoustic emission are used to investigate the initial stages of tensile failure in unflawed polycrystalline alumina. It is found that deformation twinning plays an important role in crack initiation even at low homologous temperatures, and that the temperature-dependent strength behaviour between 23 to 410° C is controlled by twinning.
The gates of ion channels and enzymes

Protein dynamics are essential for virtually all protein functions, certainly for gating mechanisms of ion channels and regulation of enzyme catalysis. Ion channels usually feature a gate in the channel pore that prevents ion permeation in the closed state. Some bifunctional enzymes with two distant active sites use a tunnel to transport intermediate products; a gate can help prevent premature leakage. Enzymes with a buried active site also require a tunnel for substrate entrance; a gate along the tunnel can contribute to selectivity. The gates in these different contexts show distinct characteristics in sequence, structure and dynamics, but they also have common features. In particular, aromatic residues often appear to serve as gates, probably because of their ability, through side chain rotation, to effect large changes in cross section.
Complication rates following operative treatment of calcaneus fractures.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study is to report the short-term complication rates and mid-term subtalar fusion rates following operative management of calcaneal fractures. Methods This is a retrospective study of Californians undergoing operative treatment of a calaneus fracture from 1995 to 2005. The main outcomes reported are readmission for a short-term complication within 90 days of surgery and reoperation for subtalar fusion during the observation period. Results We identified 4481 patients who underwent open reduction and internal fixation of their fracture as inpatients within 30 days of the index admission. The short-term rate of complications included a 90-day rate of readmission of 1.03% for wound infection, 0.25% for thromboembolic disease, and 0.22% for mortality. The mid-term rate of subtalar fusion was 3.49% at 5 years post-operatively. Conclusions This study reports the short-term complication rates and mid-term subtalar fusion rates following operative management of calcaneal fractures using population-based data.
Microstructural response of aluminum honeycomb to combined out-of-plane loading

This paper deals with the experimental investigation on the microstructural response of aluminum honeycomb under combined normal and shear out-of-plane loading. The enhanced Arcan apparatus (EAA) was used to apply a controlled biaxial displacement field to the boundaries of a flat butterfly-shaped honeycomb specimen. The specimen thickness corresponded to the width of a single honeycomb cell. Two reaction force components related to all the stresses acting on the specimen were directly measured during the experiments: a vertical force measured by a load cell of a standard universal testing machine and a normal force measured by an additional EAA-integrated load cell. Flat specimens were extracted from honeycomb blocks of 1.8% relative density compared to the solid cell wall material (aluminum 5056 H39). Observations on the behavior of the honeycomb microstructure during biaxial testing were made and discussed in detail. Two sources of macroscopic inelasticity of a honeycomb microstructure were identified and defined, namely: plastic collapse of the hexagonal honeycomb microstructure over a wide range of combined loading and conventional yield of the cell wall material at loading states dominated by tensile stresses. According to these mechanisms, a macroscopic yield envelope was found to be described by two different intersecting yield functions.
Near-limit flame structures at low Lewis number

The characteristics of premixed gas flames in mixtures with low Lewis numbers near flammability limits were studied experimentally using a low-gravity environment to reduce buoyant convection. The behavior of such flames was found to be dominated by diffusive-thermal instabilities. For sufficiently reactive mixtures, cellular structures resulting from these instabilities were observed and found to spawn new cells in regular patterns. For less reactive mixtures, cells formed shortly after ignition but did not spawn new cells; instead these cells evolved into a flame structure composed of stationary, apparently stable spherical flamelets. Experimental observations are found to be in qualitative agreement with elementary analytical models based on the interaction of heat release due to chemical reaction, differential diffusion of thermal energy and mass, flame front curvature, and volumetric heat losses due to gas and/or soot radiation.
Lateral Vibrations of a Rotating Shaft in a Viscous Fluid

Lateral vibrations of rigid rotating shaft in viscous fluid using inner and outer expansions method, considering small amplitude vibration and fast rotation
Prolonged responses after autologous stem cell transplantation in African-American patients with multiple myeloma

Prolonged responses after autologous stem cell transplantation in African-American patients with multiple myeloma
When to treat adolescents with pelvic inflammatory disease as outpatients.

Dr. Lydia Shrier and Dr. Michael Rich take opposing views on this issue. From my own practice, I have tended to err on the side of "the conservative approach" with inpatient treatment. However, from some of the more recent studies on the effectiveness of the oral antibiotic regimens in the treatment of adults with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), one may be able to extrapolate to the adolescent population. Certainly the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in publishing their 1998 guidelines on the treatment of PID have removed the criteria for admission of all adolescents. Unfortunately, compliance issues in adolescents have not changed since the previous guidelines were published. Hospitalization gives the practitioner the opportunity to treat the adolescent with antibiotics even if for a short time. Hospitalization also captures the adolescent so that the clinician can have, one hopes, the opportunity to educate her regarding safe sex practices and to investigate other issues in the adolescent's life that may make her susceptible to such a disease process. On the other hand, hospitalization is expensive. It also makes the issue of confidentiality more difficult for both the practitioner and patient to maintain with the parent and other significant others in the adolescent's life. Each author makes a compelling argument for his or her opinion. I think that we should view the new guidelines and treatment regimens as means for improving our treatment of the adolescent with a sexually transmitted disease. It is apparent that more research is needed with this population. See what you think.
Absolute gravity‐determinations

The National Research Council Committee on Fundamental Physical Constants recently appointed a Subcommittee on Gravity to study the various determinations of the absolute value of gravity and to recommend a “best” value. This Committee consists of E. A. Eckhardt, W. D. Lambert, A. H. Miller, A. Romberg, and the author.
Self-consistent solutions for fermions in constant SU(2) gauge potentials

Abstract We derive self-consistent solutions for isospin - 1 2 Dirac particles coupled to constant SU(2) vector potentials. Such solutions can be identified as classical approximations to non-topological fermionic solitons. We discuss the stability of these states under quantum fluctuations.
A historically significant case of labor-management problems: The newport torpedo plant before world war II

This study argues that the failure of submarine torpedoes during the early years of World War II were partially the result of the unique labor-management problems in the only arsenal producing this weapon before the war. Declassified National Archives material obtained by the authors records the continuous friction between unionized workers, local and federal politicians, and U.S. Navy administrators which led to morale and productivity problems at the Newport, Rhode Island torpedo arsenal. These problems resulted in inadequate production, enforced conservation of torpedoes, and a consequent lack of torpedo testing before World War II.
Purification and characterization of salicylate hydroxylase from Pseudomonas putida PpG7

The salicylate hydroxylase from P. putida PpG7 was purified and characterized. The enzyme appears to be monomeric, and it showed one major band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with an apparent Mr of 45 kDa. The sequence of the first 25 amino acids of salicylate hydroxylase (PpG7) was determined. Also, the total amino acid composition of salicylate hydroxylase (PpG7) was obtained and compared with that of the known salicylate hydroxylase from P. putida.
21st-Century Literature Searching in Physical Education

(2000). 21st-Century Literature Searching in Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 71, No. 6, pp. 49-52.
Fine Needle Aspiration Low Coherence Interferometry System for guidance in the Breast Biopsy Procedures

A method and apparatus utilizing low coherence interferometry (LCI) for guiding breast fine needle aspiration (FNA) is described. Our results demonstrate that LCI may be used for accurate differentiation of various types of breast tissue.
Expression of lipogenic enzymes in chickens.

Abstract Hubbard × Hubbard chickens (Gallus gallus) growing from 7 to 28 days of age were fed 12 or 30% protein diets and then switched to the diets containing the opposite level of protein. Birds were killed on days 28, 29, 30 and 31. Measurements taken included in vitro lipogenesis (IVL), malic enzyme (ME), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD) and aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) activities and the expression of the genes for ME, fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl coenzyme carboxylase (ACC). Gene expression was determined with a combined RT–PCR using SYBR green as a fluorescent probe monitored in a real time mode. IVL and ME activity were inversely related to dietary protein levels (12 to 30%) and to acute changes in either level. In contrast, both ICD and AAT activities were increased by any increase in dietary protein. Lipogenic gene expression was inversely related to protein level, whether fed on an acute or chronic basis. It appears that real time RT–PCR is an acceptable method of estimating gene expression in birds. In addition, further work will focus on primer sizes that might further optimize RT–PCR as an instrument for studying the regulation of avian lipid metabolism. Results of the present study demonstrate a continued role for protein in the regulation of broiler metabolism. However, it should be pointed out that metabolic regulation at the gene level only occurs when feeding very high levels of dietary protein.
Demonstration of the potential for chronically injured neurons to regenerate axons into intraspinal peripheral nerve grafts

Abstract Experiments were carried out to determine if neurons damaged by injury to the spinal cord retain the ability to regenerate their axonal process for a prolonged period of time after the initial response to injury and if peripheral nerve (PN) grafts could support the regrowth of these processes. True blue (TB) was injected into one side of the adult rat lumbar spinal cord to label neurons with axons coursing through this region. Seven days later spinal cord tissue surrounding the injection sites was removed by aspiration to create a hemisection cavity 3–4 mm in length. Four weeks later scar tissue lining the lesion cavity was removed prior to grafting 1 cm segments of autologous tibial nerve to the rostral and the caudal surfaces of the cavity wall. The distal end of each graft was ligated and left unapposed to spinal cord tissue. Four weeks later the distal end of each PN graft was exposed to nuclear yellow (NY) to retrogradely label neurons that had grown an axon into the graft. Neurons containing both TB and NY were deemed capable of axonal regeneration while in a chronically injured state. Double-labeled ( TB NY ) neurons were found in the ipsilateral spinal cord in laminae IV through X, excluding IX, and in Laminae VI and VII contralateral to the lesion. Most neurons were located within 10 mm of the lesion, with the majority caudal to the lesion. Nearly 50% (range 24–74%) of lumbar dorsal root ganglion neurons containing TB also were labeled with NY. These double-labeled, regenerating ganglion neurons had a mean cell area of 947 μm2, which was significantly lower than that of the total ganglion cell population. This indicated that primarily small neurons were involved in the regenerative response elicited by the present experimental paradigm. No double-labeled neurons were found in the cervical spinal cord or within regions of the brain known to project to the spinal cord. These results indicate that certain neurons associated with a chronic spinal cord injury have the potential to regenerate their axonal process for at least 4 weeks after sustaining a direct injury.
Phosphorylation of Heterochromatin Protein 1 by Casein Kinase II Is Required for Efficient Heterochromatin Binding inDrosophila

Heterochromatin-associated protein 1 (HP1) is a nonhistone chromosomal protein with a dose-dependent effect on heterochromatin mediated position-effect silencing. It is multiply phosphorylated in vivo. Hyperphosphorylation of HP1 is correlated with heterochromatin assembly. We report here that HP1 is phosphorylated by casein kinase II in vivo at three serine residues located at the N and C termini of the protein. Alanine substitution mutations in the casein kinase II target phosphorylation sites dramatically reduce the heterochromatin binding activity of HP1, whereas glutamate substitution mutations, which mimic the charge contributions of phosphorylated serine, have apparently wild-type binding activity. We propose that phosphorylation of HP1 promotes protein-protein interaction between HP1 and target binding proteins in heterochromatin.
On the coupling of layer instabilities in the nighttime midlatitude ionosphere

[1] There are two plasma-structuring mechanisms that are known to operate at night in the midlatitude ionosphere, the Perkins instability (Perkins, 1973) in the F region, and the more recently discovered sporadic-E layer (EsL) instability (Cosgrove and Tsunoda, 2002) in the E region. Both are layer processes, whose coupled response has been shown to be more unstable than either by itself (Cosgrove and Tsunoda, 2004). Derived growth rates, however, were given only in terms of the most unstable mode; exactly how the individual growth rates in the Es and F layers are affected by coupling remains to be shown. To do so, simplified descriptions of the instabilities are derived in this paper to show that the growth rates of both layer instabilities are enhanced by additional vertical drifts produced by polarization electric fields that map between regions along geomagnetic field lines. Key findings are (1) largest enhancement is in the growth rate of F region structure (γPc), (2) γPc is controlled by the EsL instability, and (3) additional positive feedback to the EsL instability occurs because of its dependence on the field-line-integrated Pedersen conductivity of the F layer. An important byproduct of this study is the finding that a more consistent interpretation of existing data is possible, if we assume that the coupled system involves a large-scale, but finite-sized, Es patch. These new findings seem to explain several puzzling observations that are associated with midlatitude spread F.
Dynamics of tissue topology during cancer invasion and metastasis

During tumor progression, cancer cells mix with other cell populations including epithelial and endothelial cells. Although potentially important clinically as well as for our understanding of basic tumor biology, the process of mixing is largely a mystery. Furthermore, there is no rigorous, analytical measure available for quantifying the mixing of compartments within a tumor. I present here a mathematical model of tissue repair and tumor growth based on collective cell migration that simulates a wide range of observed tumor behaviors with correct tissue compartmentalization and connectivity. The resulting dynamics are analyzed in light of the Euler characteristic number (χ), which describes key topological features such as fragmentation, looping and cavities. The analysis predicts a number of regimes in which the cancer cells can encapsulate normal tissue, form a co-interdigitating mass, or become fragmented and encapsulated by endothelial or epithelial structures. Key processes that affect the topological changes are the production of provisional matrix in the tumor, and the migration of endothelial or epithelial cells on this matrix. Furthermore, the simulations predict that topological changes during tumor invasion into blood vessels may contribute to metastasis. The topological analysis outlined here could be useful for tumor diagnosis or monitoring response to therapy and would only require high resolution, 3D image data to resolve and track the various cell compartments.
Insect-damaged corn stalks decompose at rates similar to Bt-protected, non-damaged corn stalks

The relative decomposability of corn (Zea mays L.) residues from insect (Bt)-protected hybrids and conventional hybrids cultivated under insect pressure was investigated in two studies. Above-ground biomass, residue macromolecular composition, and stalk physical strength were also measured. In the first decomposition study, chopped residues (stalks and leaves) were used from a corn rootworm-protected (Cry3Bb1) hybrid and its non-Bt near isoline that were grown in replicated plots infested with corn rootworms (Diabrotica spp.). In the second study, residue (intact stalk sections) was used from three European corn borer (ECB, Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner)-resistant (Cry1Ab) hybrids representing different seed manufacturer/maturity date series, their non-Bt near isolines, two Cry3Bb1-protected isolines, and three additional conventional hybrids, all cultivated in replicated plots under conditions of elevated ECB pressure. In both studies, insect-resistant residues decomposed at rates similar to their non-protected near isolines. No evidence was found that insect-protected hybrids produced more above-ground biomass or had distinct residue composition. While some measures of mechanical stalk strength indicated that ECB-damaged stalks were not as stiff as protected stalks, these physical differences did not translate into differences in residue decomposition. We conclude that while individual hybrids may vary in their production of biomass, residue composition or residue decomposability, these characteristics do not systematically vary with the presence of the Bt gene conferring insect resistance, even under conditions of insect pressure.
An analysis of particle formation efficiency in a colloid thrustor.

Propellant properties and particle formation efficiency determined for homogeneous condensation-type colloid thrustor
Stochastic Navier--Stokes Equations for Turbulent Flows

This paper concerns the fluid dynamics modelled by the stochastic flow \left\{ \begin{array}{l} \boldsymbol{\dot{\eta}}\left( t,x\right) =\boldsymbol{u}\left( t,\boldsymbol{\eta} \left( t,x\right) \right) +\boldsymbol{\sigma}\left( t,\boldsymbol{\eta}\left( t,x\right) \right) \circ\dot{W}, \\ \\ \boldsymbol{\eta}(0,x)=x, \end{array} \right. where the turbulent term is driven by the white noise $\dot{W}$. The motivation for this setting is to understand the motion of fluid parcels in turbulent and randomly forced fluid flows. Stochastic Euler equations for the undetermined components $\boldsymbol{u}(t,x)$ and $\boldsymbol{\sigma}(t,x)$ of the spatial velocity field are derived from the first principles. The resulting equations include as particular cases the deterministic and randomly forced counterparts of these equations.In the second part of the paper, we prove the existence and uniqueness of a strong local solution to the stochastic Navier--Stokes equation in $W_{p}^{1}(\boldsymbol{R}^{d}),d >1,p > d. ...
HIgh volume collection of chlorinated hydrocarbons in urban air using three solid adsorbents

Abstract Airborne polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and chlorinated pesticides were measured in Columbia, SC; Denver, CO and over a landfill at New Bedford, MA. At each location comparative sampling was carried out using porous polyurethane foam (PPF), Tenax-GC resin and XAD-2 resin. Concentrations of light and heavy PCB (Aroclors 1016 and 1254), p,p'-DDE, chlordane and toxaphene measured using the different adsorbents agreed well, with average relative standard deviations of 11–15%. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was poorly collected by PPF, but well retained by the resins. HCB concentrations measured using Tenax and XAD-2 agreed within 6 % average relative standard deviation, and were several times higher than those found using PPF. The breakthrough of Aroclor 1016 on PPF was studied in detail for over 30 field sampling experiments. Penetration of 1016 through a PPF bed depends on total air volume and ambient temperature. Breakthrough from the front to backup traps was best correlated with the temperature-weighted air volume, where the temperature factor was derived from PCB vapor pressures at the ambient sampling temperature and at 20 °C.
Diminished prohormone convertase 3 expression (PC1/PC3) inhibits progastrin post-translational processing.

Abstract Gastrin is initially synthesized as a large precursor that requires endoproteolytic cleavage by a prohormone convertase (PC) for bioactivation. Gastric antral G-cells process progastrin at Arg 94 Arg 95 and Lys 74 Lys 75 residues generating gastrin heptadecapeptide (G17-NH 2 ). Conversely, duodenal G-cells process progastrin to gastrin tetratriacontapeptide (G34-NH 2 ) with little processing at Lys 74 Lys 75 . Both tissues express PC1/PC3 and PC2. Previously, we demonstrated that heterologous expression of progastrin in an endocrine cell line that expresses PC1/PC3 and little PC2 (AtT-20) resulted in the formation of G34-NH 2 . To confirm that PC1/PC3 was responsible for progastrin processing in AtT-20 cells and capable of processing progastrin in vivo we coexpressed either human wild-type (Lys 74 Lys 75 ) or mutant (Arg 74 Arg 75 , Lys 74 Arg 75 , and Arg 74 Lys 75 ) progastrins in AtT-20 cells with two different antisense PC1/PC3 constructs. Coexpression of either antisense construct resulted in a consistent decrease in G34-NH 2 formation. Gastrin mRNA expression and progastrin synthesis were equivalent in each cell line. Although mutation of the Lys 74 Lys 75 site within G34-NH 2 to Lys 74 Arg 75 resulted in the production of primarily G17-NH 2 rather than G34-NH 2 , inhibition of PC1/PC3 did not significantly inhibit processing at the Lys 74 Arg 75 site. We conclude that PC1/PC3 is a progastrin processing enzyme, suggesting a role for PC1/PC3 progastrin processing in G-cells.
Infinitesimal R‐Trees Associated with Lifts of Quadratic Differentials without Connections in the Unit Disk

It is shown that each pair of transverse measured foliations without connections between singularities on a compact surface contains within it a geometric structure that becomes an R-tree on the universal covering space. It is proved that the trees can be parameterized by sequences of positive numbers that reflect both their topological and geometric structures.
Teacher self-talk: Interactional resource for managing instruction and eliciting empathy

Abstract This study reveals the significant role of teacher self-talk in managing classroom interaction during unplanned moments of instruction and in building affective teacher–student relationships. We examined 24 hours of video-recordings collected from nine university level courses: three upper level ESL courses; one undergraduate linguistics course; a split-level undergraduate/graduate course and four graduate courses, all broadly related to the topic of applied linguistics. Drawing on conversation analytic methods, we present a detailed analysis of five examples of teacher self-talk. Findings suggest that the practice of teacher self-talk, accomplished via specific prosodic cues, eye gaze direction, and body positioning, plays a significant role in managing the moments when aspects of the pedagogical task need to be monitored or adjusted. By making the students aware of the teacher's predicament, self-talk helps to maintain the instructional space while trouble is being resolved by keeping students’ focus on the instructional task. Moreover, teacher self-talk acts as an affordance for eliciting self-initiated empathetic responses from students. The findings confirm the importance of examining how unplanned classroom moments are accomplished in talk-in-interaction, and reveal how practices like self-talk, which may appear on the surface be slight or unimportant, in fact make significant contributions to teaching.
Evaluating infinite integrals involving Bessel functions of arbitrary order

Abstract The evaluation of intergrals of the form I n = ∫ 0 ∞ ƒ(x)J n (x) d x is considered. In the past, the method of dividing an oscillatory integral at its zeros, forming a sequence of partial sums, and using extrapolation to accelerate convergence has been found to be the most efficient technique available where the oscillation is due to a trigonometric function or a Bessel function of order n = 0, 1. Here, we compare various extrapolation techniques as well as choices of endpoints in dividing the integral, and establish the most efficient method for evaluating infinite integrals involving Bessel functions of any order n, not just zero or one. We also outline a simple but very effective technique for calculating Bessel function zeros.
Evaluation of bystander recruitment and cytotoxic functions of the IFN-γ producing alloreactive CD8+ T cells in mice

Vigorous CTL response against alloantigens, which is the main effector mechanism in acute allograft rejection, has been well described. Studies to monitor these responses in a quantitative manner has recently taken a new turn following the introduction of new quantitative flow cytometric methods such as CFSE cell proliferation and intracellular cytokine staining as alternatives to the conventional LDA assays. Although this technique has frequently been used in allogeneic systems in recent years, potential recruitment of non-antigen-specific bystander CD8+ T cells in the antigen-specific population has not been studied in detail. In addition, the degree of association between the cytotoxicity function and the IFN-gamma expression of CD8+ T cells has not been elucidated. In this study, we have investigated the bystander recruitment in a mouse allogeneic setting using ex vivo mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) expanded allogeneic CD8+ T cells. By using a fluorescent labeling technique, primary unsensitized CD8+ cells were monitored for their potential to be stimulated to produce IFN-gamma when present in close proximity to activated cells during a 6-h incubation period. In addition, by using two different approaches, direct flow cytometric sorting of IFN-gamma producing cells as well as a direct comparison of IFN-gamma expression and cytolysis in LDA wells, we were able to determine the cytotoxic capacity of IFN-gamma producing CD8+ T cells. Our results demonstrated that antigen-non-specific CD8+ T cells are not recruited to produce IFN-gamma in vitro by alloantigen activated T cells. In addition, our results showed only a moderate correlation between the two functions of the alloreactive CD8+ T cells, and might also suggest the existence of non-cytotoxic subpopulations.
Models of physiology and physiologically based models in clinical pharmacology.

As science matures, it becomes more mathematical, progressing from enumeration to the use of equations to the formulation of models. Clinical pharmacology has developed to the stage where models play an increasingly important role in predicting and analyzing drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and even in characterizing disease progression and therapeutic response. Useful models have two characteristics that are in ostensible conflict: (i) they must accurately represent the essential features of the underlying system and (ii) the representation must be sufficiently simplified to enable its salient features to be identified and investigated through further experimentation. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2012); 92 1, 3–6. doi:10.1038/clpt.2012.67
Free radical intermediates during peroxidase oxidation of 2-t-butyl-4-methoxyphenol, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol, and related phenol compounds

2-t-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA) and 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) are widely used antioxidant food additives that are generally recognized as safe by the Food and Drug Administration. Previously reported studies have suggested that the ip LD50 of BHA may be as much as 2 orders of magnitude lower than its oral LD50. Metabolic activation of BHA to reactive intermediates possibly may be responsible for this result and may be related to other reported toxic effects. BHT has been reported to cause haemorrhagic lung damage and possible hepatocarcinogenicity in test animals. The present studies report investigations by electron spin resonance spectroscopy of free radical metabolites of BHA, BHT and related compounds. The primary, unstable phenoxy free radical of BHA has been generated by oxidation with horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide and detected by ESR spectroscopy. A scheme has been proposed for the peroxidatic oxidation of BHA. The ESR spectrum of the di-BHA dimer, one product of BHA oxidation, has been observed, analyzed, and reported. ESR studies have been extended to other phenol derivatives structurally related to BHA and suspected to be substrates for peroxidase. Similarly it has been found that BHT and structurally related phenols are substrates for peroxidation by horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide. In agreement with previous chemical and biochemical studies, it has been found that ortho-disubstituted phenols are oxidized to more stable phenoxy radicals than are ortho-monosubstituted phenols. The ESR hyperfine coupling constants for the phenoxy radicals studied are in agreement with those for similar radicals produced by chemical oxidation. Attention has been drawn to the biochemical and toxicological implications of these and related studies of BHA and BHT peroxidation.
Electrocatalytic activity and stability of niobium-doped titanium oxide supported platinum catalyst for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

Abstract Rutile phase niobium-doped titanium oxide [NbxTi(1 − x)O2, x = 0.25] with a high electrical conductivity (1.11 S cm−1) was synthesized and investigated as a cathode catalyst support material for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The TEM image of the Pt/NbxTi(1 − x)O2 catalyst revealed that Pt particles (dPt = 3–4 nm) were deposited on the NbxTi(1 − x)O2 support using a borohydride reduction method. The Pt/NbxTi(1 − x)O2 catalyst showed comparable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity to that of a commercial Pt/C catalyst (E-TEK) when tested in rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE). The results of an accelerated durability test (ADT, continuous cycling between 0.6 and 1.4 V) in RRDE indicated high stability for the Pt/NbxTi(1 − x)O2 electrocatalysts at high potentials in terms of minimum loss in Pt electrochemical surface area (ECSA). Furthermore, the Pt/NbxTi(1 − x)O2 showed nearly 10-fold higher ORR activity after potential cycling tests when compared to the Pt/C catalyst (1.19 and 0.13 mA cm−2 for Pt/NbxTi(1 − x)O2 and Pt/C, respectively). The Pt/C catalyst showed no activity in fuel cell testing after 1000 cycles due to severe carbon corrosion and subsequent disintegration of the catalyst layer. Conversely, the Pt/NbxTi(1 − x)O2 catalyst showed only a small voltage loss (0.11 V at 0.6 A cm−2) even after 3000 cycles. Based on the ADT results, the Pt/NbxTi(1 − x)O2 electrocatalyst synthesized in this investigation offers a new approach to improve the reliability and durability of PEM-based fuel cell cathode catalysts.
Stochastic incipient motion criterion for spheres under various bed packing conditions

Incipient motion criteria based solely on time-averaged bed shear stress may underpredict sediment transport. The focus of this study is on the stochastic aspect of the problem of incipient motion. Specifically, the role of near-bed turbulent structures and bed packing density on the commencement of sediment motion is investigated. The cornerstone of the proposed model is based on the concept that the particle motion is governed by the intermittent nature of near-bed turbulence. Based on this mechanism, in this article we provide a quantitative model for predicting the commencement of sediment entrainment for the first time under three representative bed packing densities corresponding to the isolated, wake interference, and skimming flow regimes. The performance of the proposed model is compared to published experimental data and the “conventional” approach that is based on the consideration that flow parameters are statistically well represented by a normal distribution.
Modeling of household biomass cookstoves: A review

This article reviews the cookstove modeling literature for one- to three-burner natural draft, wood-fired cookstoves fueled with solid unprocessed biomass ranging in size from 1 to 20cm and operated by an individual in a residential setting. These household cookstove models are organized around the three major zones of the cookstove system: the fuel bed, the gas phase reaction zone, and the heat transfer zone. Today's household biomass cookstove models are coupled steady-state models with simplified algebraic relationships for the packed bed; computational fluid dynamics with a four-equation set global reaction scheme for CO2, CO, H2, H2O, and hydrocarbons in the gas phase reaction zone; and generic correlations or computational fluid dynamics models in the heat transfer zone. The current models do not address the production of particulate or other harmful emissions or the effects of fuel tending, varying fuel, or transient operations.
Morphometric and biochemical studies of peripheral nerves in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Phrenic nerves of 11 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis studied postmortem contained only 33% of the normal number of large myelinated fibers (9 controls; p less than 0.001). In the phrenic nerves of these patients, there were 18% fewer large myelinated fibers in the distal segment than in the proximal segment (p less than 0.025). The ratio of axonal circumference to myelin lamellae in large myelinated fibers in the distal segment was 34% greater than that in control fibers (p less than 0.002). The proportion of acute axonal degeneration was the same at all levels (48.0 +/- 13.7%). Sural nerves of 21 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis had more acute axonal degeneration and 30% fewer myelinated fibers (p less than 0.05) than controls; evidence of degeneration also extended to unmyelinated fibers. The amount of axonal transport of acetylcholinesterase in 9 sural nerves determined in vitro was reduced by 24% (p less than 0.05) and the apparent transport rate was reduced by 44% (p less than 0.01) compared with 4 controls. These findings show that in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis a small degree of dying-back change and of distal axonal atrophy is superimposed on the degeneration of motor neuron cell bodies, and that the disease effects spread beyond the motor neurons.
Conflicting Organizational Patterns in Funeral Directing

This article deals with funeral directing as it takes place within the context of a business operation performed in service establishments. As a business with professional overtones, funeral directing has before it the socially legitimate goal of profitable enterprise, and the successful pursuit of business profit carries with it in our society a fair share of social prestige. The critical problem of orientation from the standpoint of the funeral director is not whether he should make a profit, but in light of so many imponderables and variables that can affect vitally his pursuit of this goal, what scheme, what pattern of social and economic activity may he follow to ensure his success?
The Interactive Wiring System

By using directed-beam displays, light pens, and a flexible data base, this interactive in-house tool speeds design time.
History Repeats itself Restorative Justice in Native American Communities

Although restorative justice principles served as the foundation for many Native American legal systems, contemporary tribal courts rely heavily on the laws and standards they received from European settlers. This trend is now being reversed as tribal courts have begun to rediscover their restorative roots and share them with non-Indians. In this article, a framework is developed for understanding the transformation of Native American legal systems from primarily restoration based to those that are more retribution oriented. A case study of the Navajo restorative justice system is presented to illustrate the framework, followed by a discussion of the future of restorative justice in Native American communities.
I Approve This Message: Effects of Sponsorship, Ad Tone, and Reactance in 2008 Presidential Advertising

This experiment (N = 198), conducted just before the 2008 presidential election, set out to examine the effects of tone and sponsorship in current political advertising, the first such study since campaign law began requiring candidates to approve their ads explicitly. In another first, we also examined the role of reactance in responses to political advertising. With regard to tone, positive ads received higher ad evaluation and cognitive response valence scores and less reactance than negative ads, but negative ads led to a greater likelihood of turning out to vote. Moreover, those without a strong candidate preference were more likely to vote for a candidate supported by a negative ad. Sponsorship had little effect on its own, but there were some intriguing interactions with political knowledge such that high-knowledge respondents had less reactance and lower opponent ratings, whereas moderate-knowledge respondents had the opposite reaction. We also found that reactance appears to play a major role in ...
Potassium activation associated with intraneuronal free calcium

Relations between calcium entry and activation of a calcium-dependent outward current during depolarization were examined under voltage clamp in dorid giant neurons injected with the calcium-sensitive photoprotein aequorin. Activation kinetics and amplitude of the slow calcium-dependent component were both found to be related to the rate and extent of free calcium accumulation and to the electromotive force acting on potassium ions, independent of the calcium activation kinetics. This indicates that the activation of the calcium-dependent outward current is more closely related to the transient intracellular accumulation of free calcium ions than to the movement of calcium through the plasma membrane during depolarization.
WS-Sim: A Web Service Simulation Toolset with Realistic Data Support

Service-oriented computing has become the most promising paradigm for system integration and interoperation. Many different models and mechanisms have been proposed to achieve security, dependability, real-time, etc. capabilities in service composition and execution. To facilitate the evaluation of these mechanisms, especially their performance impacts, it is generally desirable to have a web service simulation environment. However, many existing simulations are based on specific cases and specialized for evaluating specific mechanisms. In some cases, the simulations are based on randomly generated data to simulate the property of the simulated web services without the support of realistic data from actual web services and/or applications. In this paper, we take the first step towards building a general and more practical web service simulation system, WS-Sim. We explore many existing web services and various applications that can be readily wrapped into services and measure the statistical characteristics of their nonfunctional properties. Based on these measurements, we build a database of simulated web services and their nonfunctional property descriptions. We also develop a toolset to generate simulated web services and deploy them to support various simulation tasks, so as to evaluate the performance of various web service protocols.
Methods of analysts of occupational lung disease

The problem of occupational lung disease (OLD) is widely recognized and multiple reviews of individual cases, diseases, and relation to occupations are available in common texts and are reviewed elsewhere in this symposium. Some types of OLD are poorly understood in relation to mechanism. There are likely undiscovered types of OLD and there will be new types of OLD occurring in response to chemicals, dusts, and irritants that will result from new chemicals that are developed in the next decades by industry. This review has the objective of summarizing analytic approaches to evaluating individual cases or groups of cases of apparent OLD. This review must be considered a broad overview with a directional rather than specific approach to each type of disease.
Innovation from Imitation: Error Correction in Networks Reduces Accuracy and Promotes Innovation

An enormous body of scholarship examines how social contagions spread over social networks. But despite the fact that humans make mistakes, diffusion through social networks is typically modeled as though information is relayed with perfect fidelity. As a result, little is known about how errors, the robustness of message formats, and attempts to correct errors, impact the spread of contagions. We find in an experiment using human subjects that compact (high entropy) message formats, such as text messaging pidgin, are more prone to error than more expansive (lower entropy) formats, such as standard English. We also find that while efforts to correct mistakes improve the accuracy of individual messages, over time they paradoxically generate a wider variety of mutant forms of the contagion than would result from a lack of correction. This indicates that the ability of messages to cross even “small- world” human social networks may be overestimated and that models of social contagion and diffusion are biased...
Solid tumors after heart transplantation: Lethality of lung cancer

Background. Prolonged nonspecific immunosuppression after solid-organ transplantation is associated with an increased risk of certain cancers. This study examined the development of solid-organ tumors after cardiac transplantation. Methods. Thirty-eight solid tumors were identified in 36 (5.9%) of 608 cardiac transplant recipients who survived more than 30 days. Two patients had two types of skin tumors (basal cell and squamous cell). The tumors included the following types: skin (15), lung (10), breast (1), bladder (2), larynx (2), liver (1), parotid (1), testicle (1), uterus (2), melanoma (2), and Merkel's cell (1). Four immunosuppression regimens based on cyclosporin A or FK 506 were used during this period. Results. There was no association between the incidence of solid tumors and the use of lympholytic therapy. After the diagnosis of tumor was made, the actuarial 2-year survival rates of recipients with skin, lung, and other solid tumors were 71%, 22%, and 23%, respectively. Eight of 10 patients with lung cancer were in stage IIIA or higher at the time of diagnosis. Conclusion. Skin and lung tumors are the most frequent solid tumors in heart transplant recipients. Skin tumors (except Merkel's cell carcinoma and melanoma) usually have a benign course, whereas lung and other tumors developing in cardiac transplant recipients carry a poor prognosis. Advanced disease stage at the time of diagnosis is responsible for the dismal outcome of recipients in whom solid tumors develop. Close postoperative tumor surveillance after cardiac transplantation is warranted.
Self-organization in the genome.

One of the most important recent discoveries in the field of genome biology has been the demonstration that genomes are nonrandomly organized in the cell nucleus (1, 2). Examples now abound of chromosomes or genes localizing to a particular location in the nucleus or undergoing positional changes as they became activated or repressed. Much of what we know about how genomes are organized in space and time comes from observation of single genes and is based on cytological, often descriptive, studies. The Holy Grail in this field is to elucidate what the mechanisms are that determine where a gene or a chromosome localizes within the cell nucleus. In a recent issue of PNAS, using a combined cytological and computational approach, Rajapakse et al. (3) make the first step toward this goal, and their findings support the provocative idea that genomes are self-organizing entities.
Theoretical predictions for a two-dimensional rhombohedral phase of solid C60.

We have calculated the properties of a rhombohedral phase of solid ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ using a C tight-binding potential. The solid is formed by layers of hexagonally packed ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$, each of them connected to six neighbors by 2 + 2 cycloaddition of double bonds. We predict an equilibrium intermolecular distance of 9.17 \AA{}, in agreement with experimental estimates of 9.2 \AA{}. Rhombohedral ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ solid is higher in energy than free ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules by 2.1 eV/molecule, and the barrier for dissociation to free ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules is estimated to be 1.6 eV/molecule. Our results indicate that the lowest energy conformation of this new phase of solid ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ is a semiconductor, but defects in the intermolecular bonding pattern lead to semimetal properties. Results from similar calculations on tetragonal and orthorhombic ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ phases are also presented.
Viscoelastic Properties of Butter

Viscoelastic properties were studied on butters prepared from fractionated high-melting triglyceride (HMT) and anhydrous milk fat (AMF). The elastic moduli (G'), the viscous moduli (G) and the complex viscosities (η * ) were determined as functions of angular frequency (ω). With increasing frequency, η * and G decreased while G' increased. Higher G', G and η * values were obtained for HMT butter, indicative of its firmer characteristics. Shift factors, determined using method of reduced variables, followed the Arrhenius model, from which the energies of activation were calculated. Power law intercepts, determined by relating G * to ω, exhibited a semi-logarithmic inverse relationship with temperature. Slight increase in power law intercepts was observed on storage due to thixotropic rearrangements of fat crystals.