cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
US Covert Operations toward Iran, February–November 1979: Was the CIA Trying to Overthrow the Islamic Regime?

This article examines US covert operations toward Iran from February until November 1979. It focuses especially on whether the CIA was trying to undermine or overthrow Iran's nascent Islamic regime, as many Iranians believed. The article details the extensive covert contacts the CIA and other US personnel established in this period with Iranian officials and various Iranian opposition factions. Its main conclusion is that US officials established these contacts for the purpose of gathering intelligence about the rapidly changing situation in Iran, rather than to undermine the Islamic regime. Indeed, US personnel never encouraged these Iranian contacts to plot against the regime and often explicitly discouraged them from doing so.
Robustness of the pattern spectrum

Morphological texture classification employs moments of the granulometric pattern spectrum. Classification depends on the statistical distributions of the grain size and shape. Recent work has shown the power of using asymptotic expressions for the granulometric moments which leads to successful classification in terms of an underlying random image process. These methods depend, however, on the validity of the statistical model: robustness concerns the measure of how the results are affected by various departures from the assumed model. The model may specify a normal size distribution when in fact the grain sizes are Gamma distributed; it may specify the correct type of distribution but the wrong values of its parameters; it may specify that grains are non-overlapping when in fact some are overlapping. Investigations of the robustness of the pattern spectrum mean are presented under the indicated departures from the ideal model.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Peace research agenda

Peace researchers need an interdisciplinary research agenda. It should focus on how American foreign policy is made, how new policies gain acceptance, and whether membership‐based peace organizations have access to the policy making process. We must try to better understand the impact of the American peace movement. About 10 years ago, I began exploring this when I asked activists and analysts whether the peace movement was serious about trying to influence public policy, and whether it was organized effectively to do so. I also wondered whether the tactics used were more likely to be expressive—aimed at making the actors feel better, or instrumental—aimed at changing policies. These and other questions were asked as part of a 1988 comprehensive national survey of organizations working for peace, and by a 1992 followup survey. Besides these questions, I've also been concerned with the external environment of U.S. peace movement organizations. What part of the foreign policy process is open to citizen‐grou...
Fourier transform infrared spectra of zucchini squash stored at chilling or non-chilling temperatures

Abstract Mention of a trademark, proprietary product, or vendor does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products or vendors that might be suitable. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to investigate spectral changes in the epidermis of zucchini squash resulting from low temperature storage-chilling (5°C) or non-chilling (15°C). Increased levels of fluid (water) were found in the tissue after 2 days of 5°C storage. This increase was reversed to harvest levels when chilled squash were warmed to room temperature for 1 day. After 3 days at 5°C and 1 day at room temperature, a further increase in fluid levels was found in the epidermis. Squash chilled for 3 days were apparently beyond recovery as indicated by spectral changes, although visual symptoms of chilling injury were not apparent until another 3 days of exposure to 5°C. Spectra of epidermis tissues from squash stored at 15°C indicated a pattern of increased non-reversible fluid accumulation when storage was prolonged. These results suggest that FTIR spectroscopy may be a rapid way to detect changes in chilled tissues before the eventual appearance of visible symptoms.
Somatostatin analog treatment of a cervical thoracic duct fistula

Background Reoperation for recurrent thyroid cancer poses an increased risk of complications, including thoracic duct fistula. Treatment of this complication is controversial. A survey of thoracic literature reports the use of somatostatin analog, whereas no cases have reported the use of this therapy in cases arising from neck dissection. Methods We report a 16-year-old girl with recurrent papillary thyroid cancer who had a persistent lymphatic-cutaneous fistula develop after repeat modified left neck dissection. Despite conservative management, drainage persisted for 2 months. A regimen was begun that included TPN and injections of a somatostatin analog. Results Treatment with a somatostatin analog resulted in an immediate attenuation of drainage and subsequent closure of the fistula after 16 days of treatment. Conclusion The use of somatostatin analog can increase the success of conservative management of thoracic duct fistulae. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 810–813, 2002
Prominent expression of lysyl oxidase during mouse embryonic cardiovascular development

By mRNA differential display in mouse hearts, lysyl oxidase (Lox), a key enzyme catalyzing cross-links in elastin and collagens, was found to be up-regulated between embryonic days 11 (E11) and 13 (E13). This was confirmed by semiquantitative RT-PCR. We analyzed its spatio-temporal expression pattern by in situ hybridization in regard to the development of myocardial cells, endocardial cushion tissue, aortic arch vessels, and epicardium. Anat Rec Part A 270A:93–96, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Heterogeneity in Tournaments with Incomplete Information: An Experimental Analysis

We focus on the relationship between a player's effort provision and tournament heterogeneity in a setting where players only know the distribution of their opponents' abilities. By isolating whether increases in heterogeneity influence optimal effort provision in cardinal, ordinal, and piece rate tournaments, we show that a model in which ability and effort are complements can be empirically distinguished from a model in which ability and effort are neither complements nor substitutes. To discriminate between the two models, we conduct a laboratory experiment where subjects participate in a real effort task and are paid based on performance relative to a group of opponents that may be relatively homogeneous or relatively heterogeneous. In these laboratory data, the level of effort provision is independent of tournament heterogeneity, lending support to the model in which ability and effort are neither complements nor substitutes.
Riparian buffers and potentially unstable ground

The spatial coincidence between riparian buffers of various widths and extents and potentially unstable ground was quantified using a physically based model for shallow landslide initiation and GIS for two watersheds on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, USA. The proportion of the potentially unstable ground in each watershed within riparian buffers is a function of both buffer width and the extent of the stream channel network being buffered. While current buffers required by Washington State cover less than 5% of the potentially unstable ground, buffering all stream channels in these watersheds with 100-m buffers covered 75%–90% of the potentially unstable areas. Our analyses further show that: (1) riparian buffers are not efficient mechanisms for protecting potentially unstable ground, and (2) identifying potentially unstable ground using a physically based model should prove more effective for designing methods to reduce shallow landsliding hazards than relying on extensive buffer zones along stream channels.
The Impact of Cross‐Cultural Experiences on Worldviews of Chinese International Students

This study compared worldviews of Chinese international students who have been in the United States for 1 year or less, Chinese international students who have been in the United States for 4 years or more, and European American students. Worldview was assessed with the Scale to Assess Worldview (F. A. Ibrahim & H. Kahn, 1987). Results indicated that (a) each group demonstrated its own general patterns of worldviews, (b) Chinese international students with substantial cross-cultural experience believed more in controlling nature and were more future oriented than were European Americans, and (c) newly arrived Chinese international students viewed human relationships as more individualistic than did European American students. Implications for cross-cultural counseling are discussed.
Removing Milky Way from airglow images using principal component analysis

Abstract Airglow imaging is an effective way to obtain atmospheric gravity wave information in the airglow layers in the upper mesosphere and the lower thermosphere. Airglow images are often contaminated by the Milky Way emission. To extract gravity wave parameters correctly, the Milky Way must be removed. The paper demonstrates that principal component analysis (PCA) can effectively represent the dominant variation patterns of the intensity of airglow images that are associated with the slow moving Milky Way features. Subtracting this PCA reconstructed field reveals gravity waves that are otherwise overwhelmed by the strong spurious waves associated with the Milky Way. Numerical experiments show that nonstationary gravity waves with typical wave amplitudes and persistences are not affected by the PCA removal because the variances contributed by each wave event are much smaller than the ones in the principal components.
A phenomenological approach to Harold Pinter's a slight ache

The use of phenomenological techniques with Pinter's “Comedy of Menace” presents the “menace” as an internal, ontological threat rather than as an actual, physical danger from a source outside the character's milieu.
Class differences in the effects of calcium channel blockers in the rat remnant kidney model

Conclusions. These class differences between CCBs in their Class differences in the effects of calcium channel blockers in relative impact on systemic BP profiles, renal autoregulation, the rat remnant kidney model. and glomerular pressure transmission may have clinically sigBackground. Controversy persists as to the existence of class nificant implications and may account for the variable glomerudifferences between calcium channel blockers (CCBs) in their loprotection that has been observed with these agents in both ability to provide renoprotection and as to potential mechaexperimental models and in humans. nisms involved. Methods. Rats with 5/6 renal ablation were left untreated or received diltiazem, verapamil, or felodipine after the first week, and the relationship between continuous radiotelemet- The rat remnant kidney (RK) model, produced by rically measured blood pressure (BP) and glomerulosclerosis right nephrectomy and segmental infarction of two thirds (GS) was assessed at seven weeks. Additionally, the effects of these CCBs on renal autoregulation and hypertrophy were of the left kidney, has been extensively used to investiexamined at three weeks after renal ablation. gate the progressive nature of chronic human renal disResults. Although an excellent linear correlation was ob- ease [1‐8]. The initially normal remnant nephrons unserved between the average BP levels and GS in all groups dergo compensatory increases in size and function, but (r 5 0.75 to 0.84, P , 0.01), significant protection was not with time, these rats develop a syndrome of hypertenachieved with any of the CCBs, but for different reasons. The antihypertensive effects of diltiazem were not sustained beyond sion, proteinuria, and progressive glomerulosclerosis the second week. Verapamil significantly reduced the average (GS), the pathogenesis of which remains controversial BP (144 6 4 mm Hg vs. 181 6 8 in untreated rats) but shifted [1‐8]. Substantial evidence supports the concept that the the slope of the relationship between BP and GS (increase in compensatory vasodilation of the preglomerular vasculapercentage GS/mm Hg increase in average systolic BP) to the ture and the associated impairment in renal autoregulaleft (x intercept 121 vs. 144 mm Hg for untreated rats, P , 0.01) so that GS was not reduced. Felodipine also significantly tion after an approximate 5/6 renal ablation permit an reduced the average BP (144 6 3 mm Hg) and shifted the exaggerated transmission of systemic pressure to the gloslope to the left (x intercept 123 mm Hg), but additionally merular capillaries, resulting in glomerular capillary hymade the slope steeper (2.3 6 0.5 vs. 0.82 6 0.2 in untreated
IMPROVED INSULIN SENSITIVITY AFTER GASTRIC BYPASS CORRELATES WITH DECREASED TOTAL BODY FAT, BUT NOT WITH CHANGES IN FREE FATTY ACIDS

Background Increased plasma free fatty acids (FFAs) are considered one of the key elements in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We hypothesize that, in diabetic patients undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB), a postoperative decrease in FFA will correlate with improved insulin sensitivity (Si).
Augmented order statistics and the biasing effect of outliers

Abstract Augmented order statistics are defined as the order statistics in a sample of n consisting of n - k random observations and k fixed values. Some distribution theory is developed and applied to a study, for k = 1, of the biasing effect of an observation at x on estimators, such as trimmed means, that are linear functions of the order statistics.
Orbicularis suspension flap and its effect on lower eyelid position: a digital image analysis.

Objective To evaluate changes in lower eyelid position using digital image analysis in patients who have undergone an orbicularis suspension flap combined with blepharoplasty. Methods A total of 68 patients (136 eyes) underwent a lower eyelid orbicularis oculi suspension flap combined with blepharoplasty. Digital image analysis was used to standardize each patient's preoperative and postoperative photographs for accurate objective comparison. The photographs were analyzed for lower eyelid position. Results The mean (SD) preoperative standardized distance from the center of the pupil to the lower eyelid margin (MRD2) in all procedures was 5.53 (0.74) mm. The mean (SD) postoperative standardized MRD2 was 5.22 (1.0) mm. There was a statistically significant difference in MRD2 position such that the postoperative MRD2 position decreased or the lower eyelid position was elevated by an average of 0.31 mm in comparison to the preoperative position ( P Conclusions A well-performed suspension flap can elevate the lower eyelid position to a more natural and anatomically appropriate position. By resuspending the ptotic orbicularis muscle, the suspension flap also reinforces the underlying attenuated orbital septum. Such cases may not achieve the optimum level of rejuvenation if isolated lower eyelid blepharoplasty is performed.
Review article: High-Rise ghettos as an American project in Chicago

(2004). Review article: High-Rise ghettos as an American project in Chicago. Social Identities: Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 689-705.
Experimental study of the origin of strain-rate sensitivity in a common Pb-Sn alloy

The origin of strain-rate sensitivity existing in the room-temperature plastic distortion of a 60 pet Pb-40 pet Sn alloy is examined experimentally using simple tension loadings. It is found that the response of this material to both constant stress and constant strain-rate loadings is accurately described by a single uniaxial constitutive relation which is independent of the instantaneous level of straining rate and dependent explicitly only on stress, strain and lapse-time variables. The rate sensitivity exhibited by this alloy during room-temperature quasistatic tensile deformations is thus concluded to be explainable directly in terms of a combination of the competing effects of strain hardening and time-dependent thermal softening without the necessity of introducing explicit strain-rate mechanisms of any kind.
Enhancement of a viscous-inviscid-interaction airfoil analysis code using the parallel direct search algorithm

The coupling mechanism for an existing viscous-inviscid-interaction (VII) code, developed for the analysis of two-dimensional, turbulent, attached flow around airfoils, is enhanced using the parallel direct search (PDS) optimization algorithm. It is demonstrated that this parallel processing implemented optimization scheme leads to faster convergence of the VII code, and therefore, requires less computational time when the number of optimization (or design) variables is low, and a moderate number of processors are available. As the number of design variables increases, more processors are required to maintain this advantage. Results are presented for the NACA-0012 and the RAE-2822 airfoils. The quality of the results obtained is satisfactory and confirms that the enhanced VII code can be an acceptable alternative to reduced Navier-Stokes solvers as an airfoil analysis tool.
Study on the reasonable threshold of ecological water demand in arid areas

It is an important prerequisite to determine the threshold of ecological water demand scientifically and reasonably for sustainable development of socio-economic and ecological environment. This paper analyzes the ratio of ecological water demand account for of the total runoff in Northwest arid areas, and combines with the instance of Manas River basin, proposes a reasonable threshold of ecological water demand of the arid areas should be for 30% to 50% of the total runoff. The environment should first meet the requirements of the ecological water demand in regional water planning.
Polarizability of interacting atoms: relation to collision-induced light scattering and dielectric models

The polarizability tensor of a pair of interacting He atoms has been calculated as a function of internuclear separation r using the fully self-consistent Hartree-Fock theory. It was found that the trace of the polarizability tensor, α(r), to which the second dielectric virial coefficient Be is directly proportional, decreases with decreasing r, giving a theoretical value of Be=-0.093 a.u. at room temperature, compared with the experimental result Be=-0.06±0.04 a.u., measured by Orcutt and Cole [J. Chem. Phys. 46, 697 (1967)]. This is the first calculation that predicts the correct sign of Be. We conclude that for He the effects of overlap are of opposite sign from and of sufficient magnitude to overcome the contributions of the van der Waals interaction to α(r). Furthermore, the anisotropy of the pair polarizability β(r) can be represented by a simple form: β(r)=6α2r-3-λ e-r/r0, where r0=0.74 a.u., and the collision-induced light-scattering spectrum predicted by this form has an essentially exponential line shape. These results are in qualitative agreement with recent work on collision-induced light-scattering spectra from rare gases.
Price bundling and framing strategies for complementary products

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of price bundling and message framing on attitudes, intentions, and beliefs about attributes of teeth whitening products. Although each of these variables, message framing and price bundling, has been explored individually, few attempts have been made to investigate them jointly. This study is based on a full factorial design that allows for testing of interaction effects. Second, the market for whitening products is maturing, resulting in a target market that is gaining knowledge about these products. Thus, we use knowledge as a covariate in the above investigation to determine if the communication strategy should be changed as the product moves from introduction to maturity.Design/methodology/approach – The study is based on a 2 × 2 factorial design with price bundling (bundle price – individual price) and framing (positive – negative). The setting for the study is a hypothetical brand name of teeth whitening products.Findings – The...
Nonrobustness in Z, t, and F tests at large sample sizes

The alleged robustness of Z, t, and F tests against nonnormality and, when sample sizes are equal, of t and F tests against heterogeneity as well was investigated in a large-scale sampling study under conditions realistic to experimentation and testing in the behavioral sciences. Factors varied were: population shape (L or bell), σ1/σ2 (1/2, 1, or 2), size N of smallest sample (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, or 1,024), N1/N2 (1/3,1/2,1, 2, or 3), α (.05,.01, or.001), and test tailedness (left, right, or two). In about 25% of the situations investigated, the test failed to meet a very lax criterion for robustness at every examined N value less than 100, and in 8% at every value less than 1,000; no test met the criterion in all of the situations studied before N=512. Robustness was strongly influenced by all of the factors investigated, and interactions among the influencing factors were often strong and complex.
Some independent families of one-letter languages

A set of languages is independent if no language in the set can be obtained from other languages in the set by a sequence of full AFL operations. It is proved that the set {P"k|k>=2} is independent, where P"k={a^n^^^k|n>=1}. For J@?{2, 3, 4,...}, it is proved that {tE"k|k@?J} is independent if and only if no two numbers in J are powers of the same integer, where E"k={a^k^^^n|n>=1}.
Nanothermochromic diffraction gratings with giant switching contrast based on the metal-insulator transition of vanadium dioxide

Nanothermochromic diffraction gratings based on the metal-insulator transition of VO 2 are fabricated by site- selective ion-beam implantation in a SiO 2 matrix. The studied diffraction gratings were defined (i) directly by spatially selective ion-beam synthesis or (ii) by site-selective deactivation of the metal-insulator transition by ion-beam induced structural defects. The strongest increase of the diffraction efficient was observed at a wavelength of 1550 nm exceeding one order of magnitude for the selectively deactivated gratings. The observed pronounced thermal hysteresis extends down close to room temperature and makes these optical elements well suited for optical memory devices.
Rapid CO2 Evolution Method for Determining Shelf Life of Refrigerated Catfish

The feasibility of a CO 2 evolution method using an IR analyzer to evaluate the shelf life of refrigerated (4°C) catfish was investigated. Aerobic plate count (APC), and isoelectric focusing (IEF) of samples were compared with the CO 2 evolution rate (CER) determinations. The increase in CER (25.78 to 195.63 μLg -1 h -1 ) for farm raised catfish stored from 0 to 10 days correlated highly with APCs (4.32 to 10.24 log CFU g -1 ). The IEF data also confirmed the APC and CER results. Catfish spoilage was evident after 6 days at 4°C. Direct measurement of CER is a rapid and effective method to determine the microbial quality of catfish.
In vitro self-splicing reactions of the chloroplast group I intron Cr.LSU from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and in vivo manipulation via gene-replacement

The group I intron from the chloroplast rRNA large subunit of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Cr.LSU) undergoes autocatalytic splicing in vitro. Cr.LSU displays a range of reactions typical of other group I introns. Under optimal conditions, the 5' cleavage step proceeds rapidly, but the exon-ligation step is relatively slow, and no pH dependent hydrolysis of the 3' splice site occurs. A requirement for high temperature and high [Mg2+] suggests involvement of additional splicing factors in vivo. The positions of three cyclization sites of the free intron have been mapped; two of these sites represent reactions analogous to 5'-splice site cleavage, whereas the third is an example of G-exchange. Cr.LSU contains an open reading frame (ORF) potentially encoding an 163 amino acid polypeptide. ORF function has been investigated by using chloroplast gene replacement via particle bombardment. We have shown that the ORF can be deleted from Cr.LSU without affecting splicing in vivo and it thus does not encode an essential splicing factor.
Faculty perceptions of their roles in alcohol education/prevention

Alcohol use among college students continues to be a major public health threat to our nation. The purpose of this study was to explore faculty perceptions of their roles and responsibilities in alcohol education and prevention. The researchers adapted the Core Faculty and Staff Environmental Alcohol and Other Drug Survey to include only questions regarding alcohol and created additional questions concerning Friday classes. The survey was sent to all faculty members (N = 1,712). Completed surveys were collected from 122 faculty members (7.1%). The majority (95%) agreed that institutions of higher education should be involved in alcohol awareness efforts. Fewer (76%) agreed that they could positively affect students' alcohol consumption. Responses from open-ended questions revealed areas where faculty perceived they could have the most impact. Recommendations include implementing the Institute of Medicine strategies on campuses and incorporating faculty in these alcohol education and prevention strategies.
Aeroservoelastic tailoring for lateral control enhancement

The need for effective aileron power for aircraft lateral control and turning maneuvers dates back to the Wright Brothers and their wing warping concept for active stabilization of their aircraft. Early researchers in Great Britain, Japan, Germany and the United States explored ways to increase the effectiveness of control aileron to generate a roll moment. The basic problem of aileron effectiveness and the interrelationship between structural distortion and the loads applied by the control surface is illustrated. A rigid wing/aileron surface will develop the capability to generate increased roll rates as airspeed increases. A flexible surface will become less effective as airspeed increases because of the twisting distortion created by the aft-mounted control surface. This tendency is further worsened by bending distortion of an aft swept wing. This study focuses its attention on the ability of a combined effort between structural redesign of a wing and sizing and placement of a control surface to create specified roll performance with a minimum hinge moment. This design optimization problem indicates the advantages of simultaneous consideration of structural design and control design.
A CONSTANT TIME ALGORITHM FOR THE CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT PROBLEM USING THE RECONFIGURABLE MESH

A constant lime algorithm is given for the reconfigurable mesh which uses a re-configurable mesh to solve the channel assignment problem involving n intervals. To accomplish this, an algorithm is given which creates a linked list of nitems in a reconfigurable mesh of size .
Neutrophil-derived JAML inhibits repair of intestinal epithelial injury during acute inflammation

Neutrophil transepithelial migration (TEM) during acute inflammation is associated with mucosal injury. Using models of acute mucosal injury in vitro and in vivo, we describe a new mechanism by which neutrophils infiltrating the intestinal mucosa disrupt epithelial homeostasis. We report that junctional adhesion molecule-like protein (JAML) is cleaved from neutrophil surface by zinc metalloproteases during TEM. Neutrophil-derived soluble JAML binds to the epithelial tight junction protein coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR) resulting in compromised barrier and inhibition of wound repair, through decreased epithelial proliferation. The deleterious effects of JAML on barrier and wound repair are reversed with an anti-JAML monoclonal antibody that inhibits JAML-CAR binding. JAML released from transmigrating neutrophils across inflamed epithelia may thus promote recruitment of leukocytes and aid in clearance of invading microorganisms. However, sustained release of JAML under pathologic conditions associated with persistence of large numbers of infiltrated neutrophils would compromise intestinal barrier and inhibit mucosal healing. Thus, targeting JAML-CAR interactions may improve mucosal healing responses under conditions of dysregulated neutrophil recruitment.
Inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity by diamide is reversed by epidermal growth factor in fibroblasts.

Diamide (azodicarboxylic acid bis(dimethylamide)) inhibits protein tyrosine phosphatase activity in fibroblasts without altering protein tyrosine kinase activity associated with the epidermal growth factor receptor. The loss of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity caused by diamide is reversed by 2-mercaptoethanol or epidermal growth factor.
Dispensability in the Indispensability Argument

One of the most influential arguments for realism about mathematical objects is the indispensability argument. Simply put, this is the argument that insofar as we are committed to the existence of the physical objects existentially quantified over in our best scientific theories, we are also committed to the mathematical objects existentially quantified over in these theories. Following the Quine–Putnam formulation of the indispensability argument, some proponents of the indispensability argument have made the mistake of taking confirmational holism to be an essential premise of the argument. In this paper, I consider the reasons philosophers have taken confirmational holism to be essential to the argument and argue that, contrary to the traditional view, confirmational holism is dispensable.
AFM study on the non-monotonic texture evolution of heteroepitaxially nucleated diamond films

Abstract After the heteroepitaxial nucleation of diamond on Si(001) the texture of the film depends strongly on the subsequent growth process. According to the van der Drift mechanism of evolutionary selection, a growth parameter α slightly below 3 should result in a splitting of the central pole density maximum at χ = 0 ° in the {400} pole figure into four maxima for high film thicknesses. In contrast, a strong narrowing of this maximum for the studied films was observed experimentally. Based on simple geometric considerations a two-dimensional simulation is presented which shows that in the growth competition between two selected grains for α
A History of Infrared Extinction at CTIO, Chile, and A Possible Connection with the el Nin~o Phenomenon

Extinction coefficients and sensitivity values in the JHKL band-passes measured on nearly 200 nights of observing between 1978 and 1992 on the 1.5-meter and the Blanco 4- meter telescopes at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory are presented and discussed. Analysis of these data shows the following: There are seasonal variations in both the extinction coefficients and sensitivity values that are qualitatively consistent with expected variations in the amount of H2O in the atmosphere - relatively high in the summer months, lower in the winter months. The linear correlation coefficients between most of these quantities are statistically significant. The yearly mean values of these quantities also show significant variability of a few hundredths of a magnitude. The correlations between these yearly means are again consistent with variations in the H2O content of the atmosphere. At least some of these longer term variations are closely correlated with quantitative measures of the strength of the atmospheric and oceanic El Nin~o/Southern Oscillation phenomenon.
The Impact of Dissimilarity and Redundancy on the Reliability of DSRC Safety Applications

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are considered one of the most critical infrastructures. For wireless communication ITS use communication links based on Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) in Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) systems, which is a promising technology to improve traffic safety and reduce highway fatalities. Much research has focused on supporting WAVE safety applications, which depend on many message types. The most important message related to safety applications is the Basic Safety Message (BSM), as defined in the SAE J2735 Message Set Dictionary Standard. Thus, this paper focuses on the reliability of safety applications in the presence of jamming attacks affecting BSM. The case of a constant jammer is considered under the assumption that its capabilities are limited to the technical specifications of the vehicles On-Board Unit (OBU), a device that is readily available for purchase. A communications architecture for safety applications is defined that considers dissimilarity and redundancy to overcome the effects of jamming. The dual and triple-redundant schemes presented enable channels with higher power ratings to communicate the needed BSM data to safety applications. This is accomplished without making any assumptions deviating from the existing standards. Using the Forward Collision Warning safety application, it is shown that the redundancy schemes can effectively overcome the impact of jamming. Furthermore, it is shown that the use of 12 Mbps communication speed is not advisable under the adversary model.
Reducing the risk of colorectal cancer by intervening in the process of carcinogenesis: a status report.

Risk factors for colorectal cancer have been identified, and significant advances have been made in understanding the process of colorectal carcinogenesis. The transition from normal colonic mucosa to adenomatous polyp to adenocarcinoma is a gradual process involving genetic and epigenetic instability that can take decades, offering numerous opportunities for early detection (e.g., colonoscopy screenings), lifestyle changes (e.g., reduced red meat intake, increased physical activity, and reduced alcohol/ tobacco exposure), and chemopreventive interventions. Aspirin and various other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may have chemopreventive benefits for colorectal cancer and other human epithelial carcinomas, butthe long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is associated with serious gastrointestinal side effects. Recently, overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 has been documented in colorectal tumors and numerous other pre-cancers and cancers. The development of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, such as celecoxib, provides an opportunity for preventive intervention in the carcinogenic process. Celecoxib has been approved for the management of familial adenomatous polyposis and is under investigation for the management of sporadic colorectal polyps and for its potential as a chemopreventive agent for other cancers.
Developing a sociocultural orientation to variation in language

Abstract This article aims to develop a sociocultural orientation to variation in language. It engages with Eckert’s recent reconceptualization of variationist sociolinguistic theory as an enterprise that privileges social meaning and communicative activity over language structure. Four concepts are presented. (1) Language structure is emergent and, therefore, structural regularity and variation arises from more frequent ways of using language. (2) Language and activity types are mutually contingent so that language recognized as allowable is determined by the activity in progress and, recursively, activities are recognized by the actions that constitute them. (3) Meaning is contingent upon the dialectics of micro-social and macro-social frames. (4) Speakers make use of collaboratively constructed conventions to design their own meanings in concrete communicative activity.
Organisms as Functional Machines: A Connectivity Explanation

Living organisms exist as a complex set of levels of organization arranged in a pattern of strong ordering with none of these levels being more important than others for a full understanding of life. Central to biological strong ordering is the organismal level. Individual organisms are of special interest to biologists because they are relevant to all biological processes regardless of the operational level of the process. This is especially true for investigations of the morphological-physiological properties of organisms. For such studies, living organisms must be considered as complex machines with all of the sophisticated integration and multifarious interactions of component parts typical of complex systems. Understanding of the properties of any individual feature in an organism depends as much, or possibly even more, on an appreciation of its connections and interactions with other features of that organism than on an understanding of its intrinsic attributes. Learning the connectivity skills, including the modes of thinking, needed to comprehend the integration of diverse components of any complex system requires a different training than that needed to determine the detailed attributes of individual parts; both are necessary, however, to achieve proper advances in biological knowledge. Case studies of several vertebrate features will be used to illustrate types of interactions which exist between structural/functional attributes, and how their recognition can lead to new and interesting questions. This “feeling for the organism” may be the major factor separating those biologists who are able to make important discoveries from those who will only provide the subsequent, less exciting details of normal science.
Systematics and biogeography of Onychomys leucogaster in Western North America

Systematic and biogeographic relationships of Onychomys leucogaster in western North America were assessed using morphometric, karyotypic, and fossil data. The names O. l. utahensis and O. l. fuscogriseus are relegated to synonymy with O. l. brevicaudus . Populations in northeastern Oregon and eastern Washington are named and described as a new subspecies. Populations in the Wyoming Basin are referred to the Northern Plains subspecies, O. l. missou-riensis . We hypothesize that O. leucogaster inhabited a “cold” desert refugium in the location of the present Mohave “hot” desert during the last glacial episode. The species colonized the Great Basin during late glacial time and the Wyoming Basin and northern Columbia Plateau during early Holocene time. Populations of O. leucogaster on the Colorado Plateau phenetically are more like those on the Central Great Plains than those in the Great Basin or Wyoming Basin.
INTERNALIZATION OF AIRPORT CONGESTION

Abstract This paper analyzes the internalization of airport congestion by nonatomistic carriers. It is shown that, in allocating traffic between the peak and off-peak periods, a monopolist fully accounts for the effect of congestion on passenger time costs, while also taking account of its impact on his own operating costs. The analysis thus suggests no role for congestion pricing under monopoly conditions. In an oligopoly setting, carriers are shown to internalize only the congestion they impose on themselves. A congestion toll that captures the uninternalized portion of external costs can then improve the allocation of traffic
Endogenous opioid system down-regulation during hibernation in amphibians.

Abstract In late summer, Northern grass frogs, Rana pipiens, intraspinally administered dynorphin produces a potent, dose-dependent antinociceptive action as measured by the acetic acid test used to evoke a hindlimb wiping response. Surprisingly, in fall, frogs which have entered hibernation, intraspinal dynorphin produces no antinociception action. Intraspinal morphine shows a decreased effect in fall frogs while systemic morphine is equi-effective in summer and fall frogs. Immobilization stress, previously shown to be mediated by endogenous opioid systems in this amphibian, produces a robust increase in nociceptive thresholds in summer frogs while the nociceptive thresholds of fall frogs are unaffected by this procedure. Summer frogs adapted to cold room (4 °C) show a significant decrease in nociceptive thresholds, compared to cohorts kept at room temperature, and cold-adapted frogs returned to room temperature show a naloxone-attenuated increase in nociceptive threshold. Collectively, these data suggest that endogenous opioid systems in these northern frogs are down-regulated during fall hibernation.
Becoming American/Becoming New Yorkers: Immigrant Incorporation in a Majority Minority City

Many observers have noted that immigrants to the United States are highly concentrated in the largest metropolitan areas of a relatively few states. Though immigrants diffused into many places that had previously seen relatively few immigrants during the 1990s, as of the 2000 census, 77 percent of the nation's 31.1 million foreign born residents still lived in six states - California, New York, Texas, Florida, New Jersey, and Illinois. According to the 2000 census, the two largest metropolitan areas, Los Angeles and New York, accounted for one third of all immigrants (httf://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2002/demoprofiles. html). While immigrants moved into many new areas during the 1990s, making the challenge of incorporating their children a national issue, their concentration in our largest cities remained pronounced.
Esophageal perforation following anterior cervical spine surgery.

The authors surveyed the Cervical Spine Research Society to compile a series of esophageal perforations following anterior cervical spine surgery. Twenty-two cases were assembled. Six occurred at the time of surgery, 6 in the postoperative period, and 10 weeks to months later. Eight surgeries were b
Real-time recognition of microscopic phase objects

A method of image enhancement and real-time input of 3-D, microscopic phase objects into a coherent optical pattern recognition system is described. The method consists of directing a low-power laser beam into a microscope objective to produce a real, magnified, coherent image of the specimen under test. The image plane is followed by two successive Fourier transform (FT) planes. In the first FT plane, low and high frequency spatial filters, one of which is photographically produced, are used as pre-processing filters to enhance the image quality. The enhanced signal is imaged from the first FT plane to the second FT plane which contains a matched spatial filter used for specimen identification. The system does not require an expensive incoherent-to-coherent light transducer and in addition, is capable of utilizing both phase and amplitude information from 3-D objects. Examples of results are given.
Trouble in the Hedgerows

Abstract Along with all interdisciplinary enterprises, archaeological science has more serious problems with maintaining professional standards and ethics than do established fields of scholarship. There are no simple solutions, but neither is it justifiable to accept such lapses as inevitable. All members of the profession must share the responsibility of exposing shoddy work and curbing abuses.
The significance of intermediate hydrocarbons during wall quench of propane flames

A one-dimensional model is used to study end-on wall quench using a detailed chemical kinetics mechanism for propane. Previous models using detailed chemical kinetics mechanisms for methane, methanol, and acetylene revealed that intermediate hydrocarbons exist at much lower levels than unreacted fuel molecules during quench, and thus led to the general conclusion that one-step global chemistry (which accounts only for the rate of disappearance of the fuel) is adequate for studying hydrocarbon evolution during wall quench. However, these fuels are extremely simple, low molecular weight molecules with very limited paths available for forming intermediate hydrocarbons. In the present study, wall quench is studied for propane-air mixtures at equivalence ratios of 0.9, 1.0, and 1.1; pressures of 1, 10, and 40 atmospheres; and wall temperatures of 400 and 500 K. It is shown that intermediate hydrocarbons exist at higher levels and at greater distances from the wall during quench than unreacted fuel. Furthermore, the intermediate hydrocarbons are oxidized less rapidly and persist at significant levels much longer after quench. The persistence of the intermediate hydrocarbons is aggravated by lower wall temperatures, lower pressures, and equivalence ratios both greater than and less than stoichiometric. At lower pressures, the rate of oxidation of the intermediate hydrocarbons is slowed to an even greater extent than is the fuel oxidation rate. The conclusion that intermediate hydrocarbons contribute significantly to wall quench hydrocarbon evolution indicates that one-step global chemistry is inadequate for studying turbulent wall quench, bulk quench, and crevice volume quench of higher hydrocarbon fuels and thus casts doubt on the use of the results of previous theoretical wall quench studies to obtain general conclusions regarding wall quench hydrocarbon evolution in practical engines using practical fuels.
PROPHETIC CRITICISM, INCARNATIONAL OPTIMISM : ON RECOVERING THE LATE KIERKEGAARD

Abstract Actually the revolution is much closer than we think. The last band of free thinkers (Feuerbach and all related to him) has attacked or tackled the matter far more clearly than formerly, for if you look more closely, you will see that they actually have taken upon themselves the task of defending Christianity against contemporary Christians. The point is that established Christendom is demoralized, in the profoundest sense all respect for Christianity's existential commitments has been lost … Now Feuerbach is saying: No, wait a minute—if you are going to be allowed to go on living as you are living, then you also have to admit that you are not Christians … it is wrong of established Christendom to say that Feuerbach is attacking Christianity; it is not true, he is attacking the Christians by demonstrating that their lives do not correspond to the teachings of Christianity … What Christianity needs for certain is traitors … (JP 6523)
Incentive compensation: Bridging theory and practice

This article discusses the four roles that compensation and reward programs serve in organizations—motivating effort, directing attention, extracting information, and attracting able individuals. The article highlights the delicate interplay between compensation theory and practice—and the importance of matching the compensation program to the needs at hand. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanism of inhibitory action by salts in the feeding behaviour of the blowfly, Phormia regina.

Abstract Blowfly proboscis extension during stimulation of labellar sugar receptors can be inhibited by the presence of salt. The possibility that the salt receptor might initiate a central nervous inhibitory state is investigated behaviourally and electrophysiologically using simultaneous recordings from labellar chemoreceptors and the extensor muscle of the haustellum. While a mixture of 100 mM sucrose and 4 M NaCl applied to a single sensillum does cause inhibition, the same compounds applied separately simultaneously on separate sensilla do not. A mixture of 100 mM sucrose and 4 M NaCl does not produce central nervous effects such as motor response decrement to repeated stimulation; nor does it produce an enhanced motor response resulting from cross-channel summation when applied simultaneously with 100 mM sucrose on another sensillum. These results argue that the inhibitory effect of mixtures containing sugar and salt can be explained by inhibition of the sugar receptor without having to invoke a central inhibitory mechanism.