cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nervous System Origin of Renal Galactosylceramide in the Twitcher Mouse Mutant

Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD, Krabbe disease) is a rare genetic disorder caused by a catalyc deficiency of galactosylceramide (EC 3.2.1.46) (Suzuki and Suzuki, 1970). One of the unusual features of the disease is the absence of abnormal accumulation of galactosylceramide in the nervous system or in the kidney despite the genetic block in its degradative pathway (Suzuki, 1971; Vanier and Svennerholm, 1974). Genetically equivalent diseases with similar clinical and pathological manifestations occur in the dog, mouse, sheep, and probably also in the cat (Suzuki and Suzuki, 1985). In the central nervous system of affected dogs and mice, abnormal accumulation of galactosylceramide also does not occur. In contrast, an enormous accumulation of galactosylceramide is observed in the kidney of affected mice (the twitcher mutant) (Ida et al., 1982; Igisu et al., 1983) and to a lesser extent in the kidney of affected dogs (Igisu, Katayama and Suzuki, unpublished observations).
Disclosure of familial implications of pathogenic variants in breast-cancer genes to patients: Opportunity for prompting family communication

Familial communication of pathogenic genetic variants is necessary to maximize the clinical utility of genetic testing and its public health benefits. Insights to family communication considerations may be obtained from existing clinical documentation available in medical records. The goal of this study was to describe and characterize information about family communication of pathogenic variants and cascade genetic testing from genetic counseling summary notes. We completed structured content analysis of 656 summary notes describing pathogenic variants in breast cancer genes, for patients seen at a tertiary cancer center. Patients were 89.5% female, median age of 49 years, 32.6% non-White, and were counseled by 23 unique genetic counselors (GCs) with mean post-certification experience of 3.7 years. Cascade genetic testing was documented in 92.2% of all notes. Specific relatives (i.e., relationship to patient) who would benefit from genetic counseling and cascade testing were referenced in 33.1% of notes. Specific risk messaging was 2.5 times more likely to be present in notes of high- compared to moderate-risk genes (OR=2.53, 95% CI: 1.71-3.80), and when summary notes indicated the presence of a friend or relative (OR=2.29, 95% CI: 1.50-3.48). Summary notes frequently attempted to contextualize the patients' familial relationships by referencing positive family communication patterns (41.6%) or negative communication issues (2.4%) and included various strategies to address barriers to communication and assist relatives with cascade testing. Overall, GCs consistently documented family communication recommendations when pathogenic variants are identified on patients' genetic testing, albeit with heterogeneous use of specific communication prompts.
Barrier-certified Learning-based Control of Systems with Uncertain Safe Set

This paper focuses on the problem of safe control design for systems that operate in cluttered environments and proposes a safe controller that ensures safety of the ego system despite the uncertain behavior of the surrounding external agents. To model the interaction between the ego system and other agents, two sets of decoupled dynamics are utilized: the dynamics of the ego system which is known and controllable and the dynamics of external agent which is unknown and out of control of the ego system. The safety criterion is represented as a function of both ego system's and external agent's states. An uncertain safe set is then formed as a set for which its forward invariance assures that safety specifications of the ego system are satisfied. Control barrier function (CBF) is then employed to ensure forward invariance of the safe set and thus assuring the safety of ego system. Since the trajectory information of external agents is also required to satisfy the safety specifications of the ego system, the external agent dynamics are learned through the data collected from their behavior observations. However, inaccurate approximation might lead to violation of safety. To overcome this challenge, a modified CBF is proposed that uses the instantaneous sensory observations to avoid imminent safety violation by ensuring the forward invariance of a sub-set of the safety set that satisfies safety. It results in safety guarantee with simplified approximation and even during learning. This set then expands toward the exact safe set by improvement of the approximation. The efficacy of the proposed method is demonstrated in the simulation.
Update of pediatric soft tissue tumors with review of conventional MRI appearance—part 2: vascular lesions, fibrohistiocytic tumors, muscle tumors, peripheral nerve sheath tumors, tumors of uncertain differentiation, and undifferentiated small round cell sarcomas

There are numerous soft tissue tumors and tumor-like conditions in the pediatric population. Magnetic resonance imaging is the most useful modality for imaging these lesions. Although certain soft tissue lesions exhibit magnetic resonance features characteristic of a specific diagnosis, most lesions are indeterminate, and a biopsy is necessary for diagnosis. We provide a detailed update of soft tissue tumors and tumor-like conditions that occur in the pediatric population, emphasizing each lesion's conventional magnetic resonance imaging appearance, using the recently released 5th edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Soft Tissue and Bone Tumors as a guide. In part one of this review, pediatric tumor-like lesions, adipocytic tumors, fibroblastic and myofibroblastic tumors, and perivascular tumors are discussed. In part two, vascular lesions, fibrohistiocytic tumors, muscle tumors, peripheral nerve sheath tumors, tumors of uncertain differentiation, and undifferentiated small round cell sarcomas are reviewed. Per the convention of the WHO, these lesions involve the connective, subcutaneous, and other non-parenchymatous organ soft tissues, as well as the peripheral and autonomic nervous system.
Energy-Efficient Joint Wireless Charging and Computation Offloading in MEC Systems

Edge networks offer a promising solution for satisfying the increasing energy and computation needs of user devices with new data intensive services. A mutil-access edge computing (MEC) system with collocated MEC servers and base-stations/access points (BS/AP) has the ability to support multiple users for both data computation and wireless charging. We propose an integrated solution for wireless charging with computation offloading to satisfy the largest feasible proportion of requested wireless charging while keeping the total energy consumption at the minimum, subject to the MEC-AP transmit power and latency constraints. We design a novel nested algorithm to optimally solve the resulting non-convex problem in order to jointly perform data partitioning, time allocation, transmit power control and design the optimal energy beamforming for wireless charging. The proposed resource allocation scheme offers minimal energy consumption compared to other schemes while also delivering a higher amount of wirelessly transferred charge to the users. The results also show that compared to other solutions, the energy charging beams for minimum consumption have a wider main lobe, smaller side lobes, with an absence of the back lobe. Even with data offloading, the proposed solution shows significant charging performance, comparable to the case of charging alone, hence showing the effectiveness of performing partial computation offloading jointly with wireless charging.
Design and Analysis of ‘Xenia: The Medi-Assist Robot’ for Food Delivery and Sanitization in Hospitals

Everyday, the exponential rise in the number of patients of Covid-19 being admitted to hospitals have put pressure on the hospital staff. Due to the highly contagious nature of the virus, the hospital staff face a constant risk of getting infected as they are in direct contact with the patients. To help reduce their workload, and to reduce the contact time between the staff and patients, the ‘Xenia: The Medi-Assist Robot’ is designed in this research study. To accomplish this, this novel robot delivers food and medicine trays to the patient's bed and autonomously sanitizes wards after they are vacated. Obstacle avoidance and path planning was implemented with MATLAB-SIMULINK software. For realistic modelling, ROS based simulator Gazebo was used by creating virtual environment of hospital corridors. The Computer Aided Design (CAD) model of the robot had successfully followed virtual path containing waypoints for both the processes i.e. food tray delivery and sanitization. As a result of this research, it is expected that the Medi-Assist robot would be suitable to reduce the spread of Covid-19 in Hospitals and strengthen the health infrastructure of the country.
Surface Barrier Effects in Adsorption, Illustrated by Zinc Oxide

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the surface barrier effects in adsorption. It discusses the importance of adsorbed oxygen on several properties of zinc oxide (ZnO)—namely, the conductance, fluorescence, photoconductance, and the adsorption of hydrogen. The electron transfer theory of chemisorption is also presented in the chapter, including the important role played by the potential barrier associated with a double layer between adsorbed ions on the surface and ionized impurities of opposite charge in the semiconductor. The electron transfer theory provides a consistent interpretation of many anomalous time-dependent effects occurring on zinc oxide. According to the band theory, the allowed energy values for an electron in a crystal are grouped, as a function of energy, into bands. Among these allowed energy regions, there may be one or more bands of energy that are “forbidden”—that is, in an ideal crystal, an electron cannot possess energy in a forbidden range. Electric conduction in the semiconductor takes place by the movement of electrons with energies in the conduction band (N-type conduction) or by holes, which are unoccupied states in the normally filled band (P-type conduction).
Quaternions and Euler Parameters — A Brief Exposition

The quaternion concept has found successful applications in many areas of the physical sciences. In the kinematics and dynamics of spatial mechanical systems and synthesis of mechanisms, quaternion theory may be found under the guise of Euler parameters, dual numbers, dual quaternions, rotation tensors, screw axis calculus, etc. Quaternion algebra has been applied to obtain analytical solutions, and to classify single- and multi-degree-of-freedom motions of many closed loop spatial mechanisms. The resulting systems of algebraic equations are generally extremely complex and difficult to interpret or transform to computer programs. The objective of this paper is to look at some of the basic quaternion algebra and identities, and their corresponding matrix representations to aid in the development of mechanism anaysis capabilities and computer algorithms.
Studies in valine biosythesis: IX. The enzymes in photosynthetic and autotrophic bacteria

Abstract The pathway of valine and isolucine biosynthesis was studied in the photoorganotrophs, Rhodospirillum rubrum and Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. Extracts of anaerobic, light-grown cells from both organisms were found to catalyze the conversion of substrates for the enzymes: reductoisomerase, dihydroxyacid dehydratase (2.3-dihydroxyacid hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.9), and aminotransferase (similar to l -leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.6). Several of these enzymatic activities were also demonstrated in extracts from aerobic, dark-grown cells. For the photoorganotrophs and Hydrogenomonas eutropha, the reductoisomerase was NADPH specific. The dihydroxyacid dehydratase had an optimal pH of 8.0–8.2, required Mg2+, and catalyzed keto acid formation from both α,β-dihydroxyisovalerate and α,β-dihydroxy-β-methyl-n-valerate. Dehydratase activity was also present in R. rubrum an R. spheroids grown with acetate as the main carbon source, in the photolithotrop, Chromatium D, and in the chemolithotrophs, Micrococcus denitrificans, H. eutropha, H. ruhlandii and H. facilis. The aminotransferase from R. spheroids was dependent on pyridoxal phospate and utilized several amino donors for the amination of α-ketoisovalerate; the R. rubrum enzyme had a higher specificity in its amino donor. These and other results provide that the Escherichia coli-Neurospora crassa pathway of valine-isoleucine biogenesis occurs in the above microbes with their diverse sources of energy and carbon.
Velocimetry of cathode particles in a magnetoplasmadynamic thruster discharge plasma

With high-speed imaging, it is possible to directly observe the time-evolution of the macroscopic behavior of the discharge plasma in a magnetoplasmadynamic thruster (MPDT). By utilizing direct high-speed imaging capable of capturing many images over the course of a single discharge, the velocity of the cathode erosion particles can be measured, opening the possibility of a novel, noninvasive technique for discharge plasma flow field velocimetry. In this work, an 8 kA argon MPDT discharge is imaged at 26 173 fps utilizing a 0.9 neutral density filter. The camera is aligned with thruster centerline 4 m downstream of the thruster exit plane. By tracking visible particles appearing in the multiple images, the particle motion in the radial and azimuthal directions is directly imaged. Through the use of traditional techniques in digital particle image velocimetry, the cathode particles emanating from the discharge are measured to have a mean radial velocity of 44.6 ± 6.0 m/s with a 95% confidence interval and a statistically insignificant azimuthal velocity. The setup and analysis employed permits measurement of the particle velocity in orthogonal direction to the image sensor plane using a single camera. By combining a background removal subtraction technique and knowledge of the optical focal plane, the estimated mean axial velocity of the particles is 1.59 km/s. This investigation ends with a discussion of important factors to consider for future MPDT high-speed imaging particle velocimetry, such as frame-rate, image size, spatial resolution, optics, and data handling selections.
Nature‐Inspired Molecular Machines

The sections in this article are Introduction Biological Molecular Machines Kinesin and Myosin ATPase DNA Biomimetic Molecular Machines Rotaxanes, Catenanes, and Pseudorotaxanes Nanocars Polyelectrolyte Brushes Light-Driven Molecular Motors Conclusions Future Perspective Keywords: artificial molecular machines; nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS); biomimetic NEMS; rotaxanes; polyelectrolyte brushes; liquid crystals
The birth of immunology. II. Metchnikoff and his critics.

The presentation of the phagocytic theory of immunity, proposed by Metchnikoff in 1883, was immediately attacked by German pathologists and microbiologists. Led by Baumgarten and Ziegler, criticism was levied against the hypothesis in three general respects: 1) Can an analogy truly be established between leukocyte phagocytosis and feeding of monocellular organisms? 2) What is compelling about the phagocytic process as a universal defensive activity? 3) General philosophic objections were raised, centered upon the accusation of a teleologic formulation. Underlying the argument was the rejection of the notion that the response of phagocytic leukocytes was truly causal in the successful response to infection. We note that the humoral school of immunity was not established until 1888-1890, and the early debate between Metchnikoff and his detractors was not over an alternative theory of an active immune response. There was none. With the development of the humoralist position, in direct response to Metchnikoff's formulation, a true dialogue about immunity, in the modern context of active host response, was initiated. The debate at this point changed to issues of mechanism (cellular versus humoral effectors), and the relative importance of defining innate versus acquired immune processes. Our study traces the scientific and logical basis of the initial rejection of the phagocytosis theory. More broadly, the analysis of this debate elucidates the emergence of a new concept of immunity that rested upon the notion of an active host response. The humoralists erected their theory on Metchnikoff's original scaffold, and the ensuing debate of the nascent science relied on the successful establishment of his basic concept. With the studies of Bordet, Metchnikoff's protege, the essential resolution of the acrimonious debate was offered. Metchnikoff continued his research by attempting to apply the phagocytosis theory to mechanisms of senility, while immunology oriented itself toward the biochemical definition of immune recognition.
Isotope topology of individual hotspot basalt arrays: Mixing curves or melt extraction trajectories?

[1] Arrays of basalts from the same hotspot usually plot within an elongate tube-like field in 87Sr/86Sr–143Nd/144Nd–206Pb/204Pb space (Hart et al., 1992). Each hotspot array tube (HART) is commonly interpreted as the result of melting multiple basalt sources that are variably proportioned mixtures of the hotspot source components. I propose instead that a HART is the isotopic trace of the melt extraction trajectory produced by progressive melting of a heterogeneous source mixture characteristic to that hotspot. melt extraction trajectories form when the sources of the individual hotspot basalts differ in the amount of previous melt extraction from the upwelling and melting plume mantle mixture. Sequential melts along a melt extraction trajectory trace a one-dimensional path in through isotope space, independent of the number of distinct isotopic components in the initial source mixture. Subsequent partial mixing of the melts produced along a melt extraction trajectory would still tends to preserve this tube-like isotope topology. The melting physics that leads to a melt extraction trajectory also provides straightforward explanations for the 187Os/188Os contrasts between mid-ocean ridge basalts and their presumed abyssal peridotite source and for the enigmatic trace element and isotopic patterns of pyroxenite veins and peridotite exposed within orogenic lherzolites.
Dose to craniofacial region through portal imaging of pediatric brain tumors

The purpose of this study was to determine dose to the planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk (OARs) from portal imaging (PI) of the craniofacial region in pediatric brain tumor patients treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Twenty pediatric brain tumor patients were retrospectively studied. Each received portal imaging of treatment fields and orthogonal setup fields in the craniofacial region. The number of PI and monitor units used for PI were documented for each patient. Dose distributions and dose-volume histograms were generated to quantify the maximum, minimum, and mean dose to the PTV, and the mean dose to OARs through PI acquisition. The doses resulting from PI are reported as percentage of prescribed dose. The average maximum, minimum, and mean doses to PTV from PI were 2.9 ± 0.7%, 2.2 ± 1.0%, and 2.5 ± 0.7%, respectively. The mean dose to the OARs from PI were brainstem 2.8 ± 1.1%, optic nerves/chiasm 2.6 ± 0.9%, cochlea 2.6 ± 0.9%, hypothalamus/pituitary 2.4 ± 0.6%, temporal lobes 2.3 ± 0.6%, thyroid 1.6 ± 0.8%, and eyes 2.6 ± 0.9%. The mean number of portal images and the mean number of PI monitor units per patient were 58.8 and 173.3, respectively. The dose from PI while treating pediatric brain tumors using IMRT is significant (2%-3% of the prescribed dose). This may result in exceeding the tolerance limit of many critical structures and lead to unwanted late complications and secondary malignancies. Dose contributions from PI should be considered in the final documented dose. Attempts must be made in PI practices to lower the imaging dose when feasible.
Integrating activity patterns into destination choice models.

Traditional approaches to modeling individuals' destination selection process have focused attention on the relationship between physical and social characteristics of a place and the destination a...
High-dose therapy and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation in children with primary refractory and relapsed Hodgkin's disease: atopy predicts idiopathic diffuse lung injury syndromes.

Abstract The use of high-dose therapy (HDT) and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT) for children and adolescents with primary refractory and relapsed Hodgkin's disease is increasing. The purpose of this retrospective analysis was to: (1) evaluate the outcome of HDT and AHCT in pediatric patients with Hodgkin's disease, and (2) identify factors that predispose patients to the development of transplantation-related complications. We describe the experiences of 34 pediatric patients from a single institution with primary refractory or relapsed Hodgkin's disease. HDT regimens consisted of cyclophosphamide and etoposide combined with either carmustine, chloroethylcyclohexylnitrosurea, or fractionated total body irradiation. Kaplan-Meier survival predicts that 67% (95% confidence interval [CI] 47%-87%) of patients will be alive and disease-free at 5 years. Nine patients had disease recurrence, of whom 5 relapsed after 1 year (1.5-6.3 years). Five patients succumbed to treatment-related toxicities, of whom 4 died of pulmonary failure. Fifteen patients (44%) developed post-AHCT idiopathic diffuse lung injury syndrome: acute alveolitis (n = 2); diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (n = 2); acute respiratory distress syndrome (n = 2); delayed interstitial pneumonitis (n = 8); and bronchiolitis obliterans (n = 1). The following factors did not predict for the development of a diffuse lung injury syndrome in univariate analysis: prior treatment with bleomycin, pre-HDT pulmonary function tests, and prior thoracic irradiation. Of the patients in our cohort, 44% had a history of atopy (allergic rhinitis and/or asthma). Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that a preexisting history of atopy was highly predictive of idiopathic pulmonary complications (P = .0001, odds ratio=21, CI 3.6-125). Our experience shows that HDT followed by AHCT results in durable remissions in two thirds of pediatric patients with refractory and relapsed Hodgkin's disease, and a history of atopy is associated with post-AHCT pulmonary complications. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2001;7(1):49-57.
Multi-responsive hydrogels derived from the self-assembly of tethered allyl-functionalized racemic oligopeptides

A multi-responsive triblock hydrogelator oligo(DL-allylglycine)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-oligo(DL-allylglycine) (ODLAG-b-PEG-b-ODLAG) was synthesized facilely by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of DLAG N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) with a diamino-terminated PEG as the macroinitiator. This system exhibited heat-induced sol-to-gel transitions and either sonication- or enzyme-induced gel-to-sol transitions. The β-sheeting of the oligopeptide segments was confirmed by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). The β-sheets further displayed tertiary ordering into fibrillar structures that, in turn generated a porous and interconnected hydrogel matrix, as observed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The reversible macroscopic sol-to-gel transitions triggered by heat and gel-to-sol transitions triggered by sonication were correlated with the transformation of nanostructural morphologies, with fibrillar structures observed in gel and spherical aggregates in sol, respectively. The enzymatic breakdown of the hydrogels was also investigated. This allyl-functionalized hydrogelator can serve as a platform for the design of smart hydrogels, appropriate for expansion into biological systems as bio-functional and bio-responsive materials.
The imbedded state space approach to reducing dimensionality in dynamic programs of higher dimensions

By exploiting discontinuity properties of the maximal convolution it is possible to drastically reduce dimensionality in finite dynamic programs. In fact, we show how the search over the usual M-dimensional state space can be reduced to a one-dimensional search over an imbedded state space. The versatility of our approach is illustrated on a number of example problems.
Rethinking the Context of Language in the Schools

When taken together, the involvement strategies that operate on sound and meaning, coupled with the historical, spatial, thematic, and relational frames that make up the human world, help form an i...
Diabetes: Finding and treating gestational diabetes mellitus—does it help?

Controversy surrounds the importance and potential benefits (or lack thereof) of identifying and treating women whose pregnancies are complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus. A meta-analysis of five randomized, controlled trials has now demonstrated that adverse outcomes are reduced by specific treatment for gestational diabetes mellitus when compared with routine obstetrical management.
Brain metastasis from renal cell carcinoma: presentation, recurrence, and survival.

BACKGROUND. Patients with renal cell carcinoma brain metastases (RCCBM) are frequently excluded from trials and to the authors' knowledge no guidelines currently exist regarding central nervous system (CNS) surveillance or treatment. The objective of the current study was to assist in the creation of treatment guidelines. METHODS. Patients undergoing evaluation for RCCBM from 1989 to 2006 were identified. Their characteristics, symptoms, pathologic variables, number and size of RCCBM, CNS treatment, CNS recurrence, overall survival, and use of systemic therapy were reviewed. RESULTS. A total of 138 patients were identified with RCCBM, of whom 92% had clear cell RCC and 95% had synchronous extracranial metastases. CNS symptoms were noted in 67% of patients. Symptomatic CNS tumors were larger (2.1 cm vs 1.3 cm; P 1 tumor) was found to be an independent predictor of CNS recurrence (hazards ratio of 3.72; P 1 lesion had a median CNS recurrence-free survival of 13 months and 4 months, respectively (P < .001). Patients receiving interleukin-2 after CNS treatment had a response rate of 17%. CONCLUSIONS. Patients with metastatic RCC should undergo CNS screening to allow the identification of smaller lesions that are more amenable to treatment. Those patients with solitary RCCBM are less likely to develop CNS recurrence after local therapy. Selected patients with good performance status may exhibit prolonged survival and should be offered aggressive therapy. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Analysis of arbitrarily shaped coax-fed microstrip antennas with thick substrates

Arbitrarily shaped, coax-fed microstrip patch antennas with thick substrates are studied using a mixed-potential integral equation approach. This incorporates a triangle-element model of the patch and a rigorous treatment of the probe-to-patch junction. Computed input impedance data are shown to agree well with measured results.
TURBULENCE OF ELECTROSTATIC ELECTRON CYCLOTRON HARMONIC WAVES OBSERVED BY OGO 5.

Analysis of VLF emissions that have been observed near 3/2, 5/2, and 7/2 f sub H by Ogo 5 in the magnetosphere (f sub H is the electron cyclotron frequency) in the light of the mechanism used for the diffuse plasma resonance f sub Dn observed by Alouette 2 and Isis 1. The VLF emission is considered to be generated by nonlinear coupling mechanisms in certain portions of the observation as the f sub Dn is enhanced by its association with nonlinear wave-particle interaction of the electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic wave, including the instability due to the nonlinear inverse Landau damping mechanism in the turbulence. The difference between the two observations is in the excitation mechanism of the turbulence; the turbulence in the plasma trough detected by Ogo 5 is due to natural origins, whereas the ionospheric topside sounder makes the plasma wave turbulence artificially by submitting strong stimulation pulses. Electron density values in the plasma trough are deduced by applying the f sub Dn-f sub N/f sub H relationship obtained from the Alouette 2 experiment as well as by applying the condition for the wave-particle nonlinear interactions. The electron density values reveal good agreement with the ion density values observed simultaneously by the highly sensitive ion mass spectrometer.
Measurements of inelastic \(J/\psi\) and \(\psi^{\prime}\) photoproduction at HERA

The cross sections for inelastic photoproduction of $J/\psi$ and $\psi^{\prime}$ mesons have been measured in ep collisions with the ZEUS detector at HERA, using an integrated luminosity of 38.0 pb-1. The events were required to have 0.1 < z < 0.9 and 50 < W < 180 GeV, where z is the fraction of the incident photon energy carried by the $J/\psi$ in the proton rest frame and W is the photon-proton centre-of-mass energy. The $\psi^{\prime}$ to $J/\psi$ cross-section ratio was measured in the range 0.55 < z < 0.9. The $J/\psi$ data, for various ranges of transverse momentum, are compared to theoretical models incorporating colour-singlet and colour-octet matrix elements. Predictions of a next-to-leading-order colour-singlet model give a good description of the data, although there is a large normalisation uncertainty. The $J/\psi$ helicity distribution for z > 0.4 is compared to leading-order QCD predictions.
The crystal structure of disodium tetranitritonitrosohydroxyruthenate(III) 2-hydrate by neutron diffraction

Abstract The crystal structure of Na2[Ru(NO2)4(NO)(OH)]·2H2O was determined by neutron diffraction. The unit cell is monoclinic, a = 12·75; b = 14·52; c = 7·37 A ; β = 121·20° . The space group is C2/m with 4 molecules per unit cell. The ruthenium is octahedrally co-ordinated to four nitrogens of the nitrito groups arranged in a square, the nitrogen of the nitroso, and the oxygen of the hydroxyl group. The ruthenium octahedra are held together by NaO bridges involving six fold co-ordination about the two crystallographically different sodium atoms. Hydrogen bonding apparently is not important in this crystal.
The psychological study of anxiety in the era of the Second World War

The mid-twentieth century in Britain ushered in a new age of anxiety with the development of total war and the aerial bombing of civilians. Rather than trying to chart and quantify levels of anxiety and fear on the British home front during the Blitz, this article's goal is to examine how these emotions were conceptualized by psychological experts immediately prior to and during the war. The essay follows the rising problematization of anxiety and fear as new concepts calling for professional knowledge and management. It emphasizes the contribution of psychoanalysts to this development while pointing to gradual change between the two world wars.
Recent advances and controversies in childhood renal osteodystrophy.

Renal osteodystrophy starts very early in chronic renal failure. Although vitamin D levels are normal in patients with 70–80% function, the levels are not appropriate to the prevailing biochemical milieu. Renal osteodystrophy may contribute to renal growth failure but a correlation between the degree of renal osteodystrophy and growth failure is not observed. Catch-up growth cannot be obtained over a longer period of time with vitamin D. The main reason for osteomalacia is Al intoxication. Aluminium osteopathy is more common in pediatric renal patients than anticipated. The mechanism whereby Al produces its effect on bone is uncertain. Guidelines for the diagnosis and therapy of renal osteopathy are presented. Prophylaxis of renal osteopathy can be attempted by phosphate restriction and/or vitamin D and by avoiding Al-containing drugs. All vitamin D compounds can be used for treatment and all have their advantages and disadvantages.
An In-Group Becomes Part of the Self: Response Time Evidence

Social identity theory holds that social group memberships become part of the psychological self; affecting thoughts, feelings, and behavior. However, tests of this hypothesis to date have mainly involved judgmental dependent measures. A method adapted from Aron and associates can provide more direct evidence. Subjects made speeded self-descriptiveness judgments for a variety of traits. Responses were slower and involved more errors for traits on which the individual believed he or she mismatched an in-group, compared with matching traits. Matches or mismatches between the self and a salient out-group had no effect. This evidence suggests that cognitive representations of the self and an in-group are directly linked, to the point where reports about the self are facilitated for traits on which the self and in-group are perceived as similar, and inhibited for dissimilar traits.
A probabilistic theory for the strength of discontinuous fibre composites

The strength of discontinuous fibre-reinforced composites is often reduced due to local stress concentrations at large fibre-end-gaps. A theoretical prediction of the strength of unidirectional fibre composites is performed based upon a probabilistic model of the fibre configuration. This work further develops the concepts of Bader, Chou and Quigley, and Fukuda and Chou. A limiting case of the present analysis shows good agreement with the results of Smith. Emphases are placed on the effect of matrix stress transfer properties including matrix plasticity. For a matrix deforming elastically, the strength is reduced as the composite size (N) increases. As compared with the rule-of-mixtures prediction for continuous fibre composites with identical fibre volume fraction, the reduction is shown to be proportional to (In N)−P, with the exponent P being between 0.5 and 1 for two-dimensional composites and between 0.25 and 0.5 for three-dimensional composites. For a matrix deforming plastically, the local stress concentrations are reduced. Based upon the analytical expression of the local load sharing rule for a plastically deformed matrix, the composite strength is shown to approach the modified rule-of-mixtures of Kelly and Tyson as the matrix yield stress decreases.
Firm self-regulation through international certifiable standards: determinants of symbolic versus substantive implementation

International certifiable management standards that have been advocated as a governance mechanism for firm self-regulation of corporate social responsibility issues are effective only if certified firms comply with the requirements of the standards. Our empirical analysis shows that ISO-certified firms in China strategically select their level of compliance depending on customer preferences, customer monitoring, and expected sanctions by customers. Our findings have implications for the effectiveness of a global system of self-regulation based on certifiable standards, research on certifiable standards, and for practicing managers who require suppliers to obtain standard certifications.
Structural properties of sp3-bonded hydrogenated amorphous carbon.

Hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) is important as a material for hard coatings. Here, we describe the structural properties of computer-generated models of a-C and a-C:H with nearly ideal ${\mathit{sp}}^{3}$ bonding. Without H, the material is very hard, but it is highly strained compared with ordinary ${\mathit{sp}}^{2}$-bonded a-C. Increasing the hydrogen content reduces the internal strain, facilitating ${\mathit{sp}}^{3}$ bonding, but also softens the material. In addition, the number of primitive rings in the structure decreases, and the size of the rings increases, indicating a transition to a polymeric form at high hydrogen content. Implications for very hard ion-beam-deposited a-C are discussed.
Binding properties and histamine release in variants of rat basophilic leukemia cells with changes in the IgE receptor.

Abstract Variants of the rat basophilic leukemia cell line were selected that had a decreased number of high affinity IgE receptors (Fc ϵ R). Cloned lines with fewer than 10,000 Fc ϵ R on their surface could release histamine following IgE-mediated stimulation. These variant lines were further characterized by binding studies with 125 I-labeled IgE or a series of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) that inhibit IgE binding. Three of these mAb (mAb BC4, mAb CA5 and mAb CD3) bind competitively with IgE. A fourth mAb (AA4) inhibits IgE binding but its binding is not inhibited by IgE. In all the variant cloned lines, binding by the 3 mAb was highly correlated to IgE binding. Therefore, these epitopes are closely related. In contrast, there was poor correlation between mAb AA4 and IgE binding. However, even in these lines, mAb AA4 inhibited labeled IgE binding. Therefore, there is independent variation of the mAb AA4 epitope compared to the sites to which the other mAb and IgE bind.
Current management of adolescent pilonidal disease

Abstract Background Controversy persists regarding the optimal management for adolescent pilonidal disease. We reviewed the outcome of wide local excision (WLE) vs unroofing and marsupialization (UM) for pilonidal disease. Methods A retrospective review 2002 to 2007 of adolescents undergoing surgical treatment of pilonidal disease was performed. Data were analyzed using Student's t test. Results Twenty-six patients were treated for pilonidal disease during this period. Average age was 16.7 years (range, 14-19 years) with 50% males. Nine patients underwent WLE and 17 had UM. Before initial evaluation, 44% of patients in the WLE group had drainage of acute abscess compared to 59% in the UM group ( P > .05). Postoperative complications in the WLE group (78%) were significantly higher compared to the UM group (0%). Median time for final healing was significantly higher in the WLE group (32 weeks) compared to the UM group (6 weeks). The reoperative rate was also significantly higher in the WLE group (56%) compared to the UM group (0%). No patient had recurrent disease after complete healing in either group. Conclusion Unroofing and marsupialization for primary pilonidal disease has a shorter time to heal and carries a lower complication and reoperative rate compared to WLE.
The shape of public choice to come: Some predictions and advice

In the normal course of events, elders are sometimes called upon to reflect on the past while the more youthful set about deciding the future. For the most part, I shall honor the dictum but offer some unsolicited advice on what needs to be done and be so bold as to predict these suggestions will be acted upon — a kind of self-fulfilling prophecy. Of course, the advice may be rejected or ignored. What, then?
An approach to DFT calculations using standard microprocessors

The use of the DFT as an everyday tool is now commonplace, principally due to advances in hardware technology. Special-purpose VLSI chips for signal processing are available. In this paper, we describe an approach which marries the Winograd Fourier Transform Algorithm (WFTA) with a state-of-the-art 16-bit general-purpose microprocessor for the purpose of DFT calculation. The heart of the approach is the real-input 240-point WFTA, which has been carefully optimized for time and space. In particular, an implementation for the 10-MHz M68000 executes in 10.8 ms. A simple hardware module is described which implements the optimized software. The use of the module for the inverse transform and for the complex case is also discussed. Advantages to the approach taken in this paper are the low cost/ performance ratio and the general-purpose nature of the system that allows many nonsignal-processing functions to be performed by the microprocessor.
Synergism between streptomycin and penicillin: A proposed mechanism

Brief treatment of growing Escherichia coli with penicillin hastened subsequent killing of these cells by streptomycin. It also hastened the secondary uptake of streptomycin, which represents an increase in the number of freely accessible binding sites. In contrast, brief treatment with streptomycin failed to affect subsequent killing by penicillin. These findings suggest that the synergism of penicillin with streptomycin depends on the damaging effect of penicillin on the cell membrane, which promotes further damage by streptomycin and increases its subsequent access to intracellular sites. Observations on a streptomycin-resistant mutant are also reported.
Alternative Methods for Determining Resource Requirements: The Chile Example

Many more or less attractive techniques have been proposed for statistical analyses involving multiple sources of variation, for example in examining the possible contributors to differential patterns of health services utilization and expenditure. A large scale investigation of such patterns among 10,000 households in Chile provided a useful basis for comparison of alternative analytical approaches. The multiple regression, Automatic Interaction Detection, and Multisort techniques were applied to the survey data separately and in combination and results were compared. The Multisort technique was found to be the single most useful and convenient approach, but the most meaningful results were obtained from the systematic application of the three approaches combined.
Are there ENSO signals in the macroeconomy

Abstract Whether ENSO has affected U.S. macroeconomic performance has been a matter of dispute. To address the issue we explore whether there has been any co-cyclicality of ENSO fluctuations and the rates of inflation and economic growth over the 1894–1999 timespan and, failing this, whether aperiodic ENSO shocks have had any impact on these variables. Neither co-cyclicality nor aperiodic shocks are discernible. While ENSO may briefly influence the performance of particular sectors of the economy in particular regions, as documented by the previous literature, such locally-important effects vanish into the noise surrounding macroeconomic trends in an economy as large and complex as that of the U.S.
Q&A: Taking charge

Nature Outlook talks to the first director of the MIT's Centre for Graphene Devices and Systems, which was created in July 2011 to foster collaboration among academic, industrial and government groups studying this form of carbon.
Refractory metallization of green ceramic

Successful refractory metallization of green ceramic is shown to require close matching of the shrinkages of the metal layer and the ceramic substate. Selection of specific metal particle sizes is used as the prime controlling parameter for metallizing several alumina ceramic types, including commercially pure alumina. Warpage of the fired part and adhesion of the metallization are demonstrated to be dependent on and controllable by the choice of metal particle distribution. Properly selected particle distribution results in flat metallized ceramic parts and good adhesion is obtained with pure elemental particles; other additives are unnecessary. X-ray stress analysis data and warpage results are correlated with pull strength measurements.
Robotic materials handling for automated building construction technology

Abstract Several leading Japanese construction firms are developing fully automated, self-rising platforms for the construction of high-rise buildings. These automated building construction systems provide an integrated building construction environment for robotized cranes, finishing robots, computer work stations, and other automated construction equipment. A number of benefits are anticipated from these systems, including improved construction productivity, less dependence on labor, and improved safety and quality. The impact of this integrated automation approach is expected to be significant due to its high level of coordination between resources and processes, and well defined environment for information transfer. As a follow-up to this effort, several research issues need to be considered, including the design of materials handling systems which will maintain the efficiency of the automated building construction approach. This paper describes an automated materials handling system concept for managing and handling construction materials within automated building construction systems. The materials handling system is based on proven automation technologies and a distributed computer network. A prototype robotic materials handling workcell based on a micro-robot and bar code technology, and developed for integration within the automated materials handling system is also described.
Effects of orbitofrontal lesions on social behavior in a confined group of stump-tail macaques ( Macaca speciosa )

We grouped 14 stump-tail macques, five males and nine females, and observed social behavior before subjecting four of them to resection of orbitofrontal cortex. Four monkeys also received control lesions of superior temporal cortex and the remaining animals served as unoperated controls. Observations of social behavior continued after surgery on the following behavior: Joining, grooming, self-grooming, threat, aggression, and presenting (total hours of observation equaled 154). Monkeys with orbitofrontal lesions showed decreases in threat and aggression but only one such monkey fell in dominance. Control (operated and unoperated) monkeys displayed little change in these behaviors. Monkeys with orbitofrontal lesions also increased joining and self-grooming but showed a decrease in grooming of others. Presenting did not change. The role of orbitofrontal cortex in modulating different aspects of social interaction is emphasized by these results. However, in primates this area of the frontal lobes appears to have its major influence in the emotional loading of such complex behaviors.
Acute toxicity of malonaldehyde.

Abstract The median lethal dose (LD 50 ) of malonaldehyde for rats was determined to be 632 mg/kg, using the enolic sodium salt, sodium β-oxyacrolein. This value represents the most accurate estimation of the acute toxicity of free malonaldehyde. The LD 50 of malonaldehyde calculated from that of the ethoxy derivative, 1,1,3,3-tetraethoxypropane, was found to be 527 mg/kg. This value, although near that obtained with sodium β-oxyacrolein, is probably influenced by the effects of ethanol and other possible partial hydrolysis products.
Matching and Partially-Matching DNA Profiles

The DNA profiles of two individuals can have 0, 1, or 2 pairs of alleles that are the same at each locus. These events may be called mismatches, partial matches or matches, respectively, and they have probabilities that depend on the population proportions of alleles as well as the population structure parameter theta. The observed and expected numbers of pairs of individuals with various numbers of matching or partially matching loci in FBI and Australian databases are found to be in good agreement provided theta is set equal to some small value greater than zero. The likelihood ratios for two individuals having a specified degree of relationship versus being unrelated also depend on the numbers of matching and partially matching loci, but even unrelated pairs of individuals can have likelihood ratios that support hypotheses of relatedness. Matching probabilities allow predictions to be made for the sizes of databases that are expected to contain a pair of individuals with high numbers of matching loci. It is very likely that two individuals with at least 9 matching loci among the 13 CODIS loci have already been typed.
Causes and Costs of Unplanned Hospitalizations Among Persons with Spinal Cord Injury

The purpose of this study was to document causes and average costs of hospitalization among persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Data were collected prospectively on 430 hospitalizations occurring among 206 persons. Urinary tract complications were the most frequent cause of hospitalization (29.5%), followed by skin conditions (16.5%). Mean charges per hospitalization in 2009 dollars were highest for skin conditions ($75,872) and lowest for endocrine and nutritional problems ($13,530). These data should be useful for life care planning as well as for setting priorities for research and education aimed at preventing unnecessary hospitalizations, reducing costs, and improving quality of life for persons with SCI.