cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain degeneration induced by psychosocial stress

Psychological and social stress can produce irreversible damage to various organs and physio­ logical control systems. It is understood that the brain plays a role in responding to stressful conditions, but up to now there has been no clear evidence that stress, in the young animal, can produce irreversible damage to the brain. Here we report degeneration ofaxons of mice as a corre· late of stress-induced hypertension, the loss of fibers being most conspicuous in the optic tract and in structures related to the hippocampus. It seems likely that hypertension is causing de­ generation ofaxons by a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, or by changes in the vasculature that predispose the brain to ischemia. There is ample evidence that psychological and social stress have a strong influence on physiological systems, and that they can cause deterioration in and irreversible damage to organs. In mice, for example, the demands of living in a social colony can cause hypertension, arterio­ sclerosis, myocardial fibrosis, increases in heart and adrenal weight, and renal damage (Henry & Stephens­ Larson, 1983). Aggressive encounters among the mice lead to the arousal of autonomic and humoral control sys­ tems that allow the animals to cope with the demands of the situation. Although the arousal may be viewed as an adaptive response, the existence of organ pathology indi­ cates some element of adverse consequence. Stress can exacerbate the traumatic effects of hypoxia/ischemia, sei­ zure, exposure to antimetabolites, and aging (Sapolski, 1986a, 1986b), but there has been minimal evidence that the brain of a young animal is directly damaged by stress. Here we report such an effect, finding degeneration of axons as a correlate of hypertension in colony-reared mice.
Satellite Retrieval of Lower-Tropospheric Ice Crystal Clouds in the Polar Regions

Abstract This paper investigates the satellite detection of low-level ice crystal clouds in the Arctic using a radiative transfer model and aircraft observations for six cases. Brightness temperatures at the top of the atmosphere are calculated for the six cases and for the corresponding clear-sky cases. Sensitivity studies are conducted to determine the sensitivity of brightness temperature at the top of the atmosphere to ice crystal layer optical depth, clear-sky brightness temperature, and height of the top of the ice crystal layer. These results are interpreted in the context of the ISCCP cloud retrieval algorithm.
Making environmental law for the market: the emergence, character, and implications of Chile's environmental regime

As one of the earliest and deepest cases of neoliberal reform, Chile's political economic model has been the subject of extensive debate. The associated environmental law and policy that emerged in this context has, however, received little attention. The country's environmental policymaking process as well as the character and effects of the environmental regime that emerged are examined. Environmental policymaking has been tightly constrained by institutional and political arrangements that embody neoliberal principles such that legislation only advances when internal demands connect up with global forces. As a result, and despite many regulatory initiatives, the environmental regime expresses a strongly market-enabling quality instead of the market-regulating character commonly ascribed to environmental law and policy.
Deep ultraviolet mapping of intracellular protein and nucleic acid in femtograms per pixel.

By using imaging spectrophotometry with paired images in the 200- to 280-nm wavelength range, we have directly mapped intracellular nucleic acid and protein distributions across a population of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells. A broadband 100× objective with a numerical aperture of 1.2 NA (glycerin immersion) and a novel laser-induced-plasma point source generated high-contrast images with short (∼100 ms) exposures and a lateral resolution nearing 200 nm that easily resolves internal organelles. In a population of 420 CHO-K1 cells and 477 nuclei, we found a G1 whole-cell nucleic acid peak at 26.6 pg, a nuclear-isolated total nucleic acid peak at 11.4 pg, and, as inferred by RNase treatment, a G1 total DNA mass of 7.4 pg. At the G1 peak, we found a whole-cell protein mass of 95.6 pg, and a nuclear-isolated protein mass of 39.3 pg. An algorithm for protein quantification that senses peptide-bond (220-nm) absorbance was found to have a higher signal-to-noise ratio and to provide more reliable nucleic acid and protein determinations when compared to more classical 280/260-nm algorithms when used for intracellular mass mapping. Using simultaneous imaging with common nuclear stains (Hoechst 33342, Syto-14, and Sytox Orange), we have compared staining patterns to deep-UV images of condensed chromatin and have confirmed bias of these common nuclear stains related to nuclear packaging. The approach allows absolute mass measurements with no special sample preparation or staining. It can be used in conjunction with normal fluorescence microscopy and with relatively modest modification of the microscope. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Association between residences in U.S. northern latitudes and rheumatoid arthritis: A spatial analysis of the Nurses' Health Study.

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (5 P42 ES007381); National Institutes of Health (R01 AR49880, CA87969, P60 AR047782, K24 AR0524-01, BIRCWH K12 HD051959)
Dense water formation on the northwestern shelf of the Okhotsk Sea: 2. Quantifying the transports

an estimated 8.6 � 10 12 m 3 of DSW was formed during the winter of 1999–2000, resulting in a mean annual production rate of 0.3 Sv. According to direct observations, the export rate of DSW during this period varied from negligibly small in autumn to 0.75 ± 0.27 Sv in winter (January–February), to 0.34 ± 0.12 Sv in spring (March–April). From these observations the mean annual export rate can be estimated to be 0.27 Sv. The same relationships used to obtain the integral estimates were also applied differentially using an advective approach incorporating realistic flow and heat flux fields, which allowed direct comparison with the moored observations. The comparison highlights the importance of along-shelf advection and cross-shelf eddy transport to the accurate parameterization of DSW formation. INDEX TERMS: 4207 Oceanography: General: Arctic and Antarctic oceanography; 4540 Oceanography: Physical: Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes; 4283 Oceanography: General: Water masses; 4219 Oceanography: General: Continental shelf processes;
Modal pattern analysis of multimode interferometric sensors applied to fully integrated silicon-based chem/bio sensors

A multimode, Mach-Zehnder, interferometric chem/bio sensor with sensitivity developed through modal pattern tracking and analysis is demonstrated on silicon. Simulated and experimental data, show that integrated structures of length <5000 ?m together with modal analysis permit fully-integrated sensors with index sensitivities near 10-6 and methanol vapor sensitivities approaching 500 ppb.
Muscarine-binding sites localized to cortical dopamine terminals.

Abstract The effects of lesions to the mesocortical dopaminergic system on D 2 dopamine receptors and muscarine receptors in the frontal cortex of the rat was examined. Four weeks following 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning of the ventral tegmental area, there was a 26% increase in the number of [ 3 ]Hspiroperidol sites, and a 13% decrease in the number of [ 3 H]oxotremorine-M sites in the frontal cortex, indicating a development of D 2 receptor supersensitivity, as a result of deafferentation, and a loss of acetylcholine sites, as a result of terminal degeneration. This demonstrates that in the frontal cortex, as in the striatum and nucleus accumbens, the activity of dopaminergic terminals may be partially modulated by cholinergic inputs.
Computer-assisted Hydrodynamic Gene Delivery

The recently developed hydrodynamic delivery method makes it possible to deliver DNA and RNA into parenchyma cells by intravascular injection of nucleic acid–containing solution. While this procedure is effective in rodents, it is difficult to perform in large animals, because manual control while delivering the injection cannot be sufficiently reliable for achieving a just-right hydrodynamic pressure in targeted tissue. In order to overcome this problem, we have developed a computer-controlled injection device that uses real-time intravascular pressure as a regulator. Using the new injection device, and mouse liver as the model organ, we demonstrated continuous injection at a single pressure and different pressures, and also serial (repeated) injections at intervals of 250 ms, by programming the computer according to the need. When assessed by reporter plasmids, the computer-controlled injection device exhibits gene delivery efficiency similar to that of conventional hydrodynamic injection. The device is also effective in gene delivery to kidney and muscle cells in rats, with plasmids or adenoviral vectors as gene carriers. Successful gene delivery to liver and kidney was also demonstrated in pigs, with the computer-controlled injection being combined with image-guided catheterization. These results represent a significant advance in in vivo gene delivery research, with potential for use in gene therapy in humans.
Assessing Child-Care Quality with a Telephone Interview.

Abstract As increasing numbers of children enter child-care environments that are subsidized by federal and state funds, the demand has risen from policy makers and activists for valid, cost-effective methods of assessing the quality of those environments. In this study we asked whether data on child-care quality obtained from a telephone interview with the provider can serve as an adequate proxy for data obtained from direct observation. Observations were conducted in 89 family child-care homes and 92 centers using the Family Day Care Rating Scale (FDCRS) and the Early Childhood Environmental Rating Scale (ECERS-R), respectively. The target providers and teachers were subsequently interviewed by telephone using a protocol developed by the authors. For the family child-care providers, the 25 item telephone interview explained 49% of the variance (adjusted r 2 ) in the total FDCRS score. Discriminant analyses revealed that the telephone interview was able to predict accurately 92% of the homes in terms of three FDCRS-derived categories of quality: “poor,” “mediocre,” or “developmentally appropriate.” For the centers, the 22 item telephone interview accounted for 51% of the variance (adjusted r 2 ) in the total ECERS-R score. The telephone interview was able to predict the classification of 89% of the centers in terms of the ECERS-R derived categories of “poor,” “mediocre,” or “developmentally appropriate.” Shorter forms of the telephone interviews (12 items for family child-care; 13 items for center-based care) also demonstrated adequate predictive capability. These findings suggest that the telephone interview can be a valid source of data concerning the global quality of a child-care environment.
Comparison of static and dynamic energy release rates for different fracture specimens

Abstract Static and dynamic energy release rates were utilised to study energy losses away from the crack tip in three different fracture specimens during a dynamic fracture event. The method of analysis utilizes an energy balance in the system. The results show that a substantial amount of energy is lost away from the crack tip. Moreover the energy loss is found to be dependent on the specimen geometry and material.
The Pentecostalization of Religion and Society in Latin America

Pentecostalization is the combination of Pentecostal growth, Pentecostal influence on other religions, and Pentecostal impact on the rest of society. Increased competition with other religions (the Catholic Charismatic Renewal and mainstream Protestantism) forces these to adopt Pentecostal elements. Pentecostal elements (like conversion discourses, speaking in tongues, and faith healing) gradually spread in the mass media, affect non-religious groups in civil society and even the religiously unaffiliated, show up in political campaigns, affect economic behavior and entrepreneurship, and impact gender relations. Main research questions: To what extent is there a Pentecostalization of religion and society happening in Latin American countries, what forms is this taking, how are Pentecostal churches affected by the Pentecostalization process, and how could this lead to a new theoretical framework? The new theoretical framework of Pentecostalization links various previous approaches, theories, and unconnected country studies. Using ethnographic research, semi-structured interviews, and surveys, Pentecostal and non-Pentecostal churches and organizations will be analyzed in Chile and Paraguay. Chile has the oldest and strongest Pentecostal churches of Latin America, whereas Pentecostal growth only recently started in Paraguay, providing a clear contrast in the level of Pentecostalization.
Geochemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon in a Coastal Plain aquifer. 1. Sulfate from confining beds as an oxidant in microbial CO2 production

A primary source of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the Black Creek aquifer of South Carolina is carbon dioxide produced by microbially mediated oxidation of sedimentary organic matter. Groundwater chemistry data indicate, however, that the available mass of inorganic electron acceptors (oxygen, Fe(III), and sulfate) and observed methane production is inadequate to account for observed CO2 production. Although sulfate concentrations are low (approximately 0.05–0.10 mM) in aquifer water throughout the flow system, sulfate concentrations are greater in confining-bed pore water (0.4–20 mM). The distribution of culturable sulfate-reducing bacteria in these sediments suggests that this concentration gradient is maintained by greater sulfate-reducing activity in sands than in clays. Calculations based on Fick's Law indicate that possible rates of sulfate diffusion to aquifer sediments are sufficient to explain observed rates of CO2 production (about 10−5 mmoll−1 year−1), thus eliminating the apparent electron-acceptor deficit. Furthermore, concentrations of dissolved hydrogen in aquifer water are in the range characteristic of sulfate reduction (2–6 nM), which provides independent evidence that sulfate reduction is the predominant terminal electron-accepting process in this system. The observed accumulation of pyrite- and calcite-cemented sandstones at sand-clay interfaces is direct physical evidence that these processes have been continuing over the history of these sediments.
Multi-Path Gas Ultrasonic Flow Meter Performance at Low Velocity

Multi-path gas ultrasonic flow meters are used to measure the flow rate of natural gas in custody-transfer metering applications. Steady-flow tests were performed in the high-pressure loop (HPL) of the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) Metering Research Facility (MRF) flowing natural gas through two 300 mm (12-inch) diameter multi-path ultrasonic flow meters with different ultrasonic path configurations. Tests were performed with both small and large temperature differences between the flowing gas temperature and the outdoor ambient temperature. This paper presents the results of the large temperature difference tests with and without an upstream flow conditioner for one multi-path ultrasonic meter in the low-flow range of 0.15 m/s (0.5 ft/s) to 0.30 m/s (1 ft/s). Test conditions were selected to complement a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study performed by Morrison and Brar [2004,2005] at Texas A&M University. The experimental results confirm that the gas flow in the ultrasonic meter was thermally stratified (as predicted by Morrison and Brar [2004]) and show the effects of thermal stratification on path velocities, meter diagnostic path velocity ratios, and on meter accuracy. The results show that the flow conditioner was relatively ineffective in smoothing the axial velocity profile distortion caused by thermal stratification in this low velocity range.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Spread Volume for Currency Futures

We use a new futures database to identify and determine the importance of spread volume for currency futures and hence the liquidity available for spreading. Spreads are a significant proportion of total volume for currency futures, with both calendar and cross-spreads being significant. Commercial traders and the general public generate most of the spread volume, while floor traders do not generate much volume. The amount of spread trading has significant implications for volume-volatility studies, since spread volume is not considered to be “informed trading” and since it has a pronounced seasonal character.
High pressure Raman and neutron scattering study on structure of carbon black particles

High pressure Raman and neutron scattering study of carbon blacks and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite is reported. It is found that carbon black particles are composed of graphitic nanocrystallites and amorphous carbon. Pressure-induced order in inter-atomic distances within nanocrystallites is completely reversible. Relative concentration of amorphous carbon decreases slightly with increased pressure. This process differs from temperature induced transformation of amorphous carbon into ordered carbon. Post-production treatment at high temperatures results in lateral and vertical growth of graphitic crystallites, and at sufficiently high temperatures almost all amorphous carbon is transformed into graphitic structures. Within the pressure range under study, 5 GPa, only a small fraction of amorphous carbon is transformed into ordered structures. Pressure induced frequency shift of the E2g bands of various carbon blacks is explained in terms of a modified intermolecular potential.
Evaluation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8) in HIV-associated persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL)

Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL) resulting from polyclonal B cell activation with significant circulating Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Does HHV-8 contribute to the hyperplasia when present? Unlike EBV, seroprevalence of HHV-8 in the HIV-negative U.S. population is low. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in HIV infected is thought to reflect "de novo" HHV-8 infection, not reactivation. Does primary HHV-8 infection present as a polyclonal B cell activation manifested as PGL such as other HHV-8 associated co-morbidities like primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman's disease? This study examines the association of HHV-8 (LANA-1) with B cells in HIV-associated PGLs.
Self-assembly and photocatalysis of mesoporous TiO2 nanocrystal clusters

Mesoporous nanocrystal clusters of anatase TiO2 with large surface area and enhanced photocatalytic activity have been successfully synthesized. The synthesis involves the self-assembly of hydrophobic TiO2 nanocrystals into submicron clusters, coating of these clusters with a silica layer, thermal treatment to remove organic ligands and improve the crystallinity of the clusters, and finally removing silica to expose the mesoporous catalysts. With the help of the silica coating, the clusters not only maintain their small grain size but also keep their mesoporous structure after calcination at high temperatures (with BET surface area as high as 277 m2/g). The etching of SiO2 also results in the clusters having high dispersity in water. We have been able to identify the optimal calcination temperature to produce TiO2 nanocrystal clusters that possess both high crystallinity and large surface area, and therefore show excellent catalytic efficiency in the decomposition of organic molecules under illumination by UV light. Convenient doping with nitrogen converts these nanocrystal clusters into active photocatalysts in both visible light and natural sunlight. The strategy of forming well-defined mesoporous clusters using nanocrystals promises a versatile and useful method for designing photocatalysts with enhanced activity and stability.
Molecular interaction in a mixed α-hydroxyoxime-sulfonic acid solvent extraction system

Abstract The molecular interaction between dinonylnaphthalenesulphonic acid (HDNNS) and 5,8-diethyl-7-hydroxy-6-dodecanone oxime (HOx) was examined based on variations in the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of HDNNS in the presence of HOx. The CMC values were obtained from interfacial tension vs concentration isotherms measured at the hexane/aqueous interface. The interaction appears to involve hydrogen bonding between the HOx and HDNNS polar functional groups to form a dimeric structured complex.
Fully relativistic and quasirelativistic distorted-wave methods for calculating collision strengths for highly charged ions.

A rapid fully relativistic distorted-wave method for calculating collision strengths for highly charged ions is described. A more rapid quasirelativistic approximation in which the average over j value -1 is used for the relativistic quantum number \ensuremath{\kappa} for the free electrons is also discussed. Very rapid, but accurate, procedures for obtaining results for a given class of transitions for a large portion of an isoelectronic sequence by using fits to Z after making detailed calculations for only a few values of Z are described. Results by the present methods are compared with more elaborate relativistic distorted-wave calculations by other workers, principally for neonlike and nickel-like ions, but also comparisons for He-like, Li-like, and Na-like ions are discussed. In addition, comparisons with a few experimental results for neonlike barium could be made. Generally very good agreement is obtained with all these data.
ExMS: Data Analysis for HX-MS Experiments

A previous paper considered the problems that presently limit the hydrogen exchange - mass spectrometry (HX-MS) method for studying the biophysical and functional properties of proteins. Many of these problems can be overcome by obtaining and analyzing hundreds of sequentially overlapping peptide fragments that cover the protein many times over (Mayne et al. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2011: 10.1007/s13361-011-0235-4). This paper describes a computer program called ExMS that furthers this advance by making it possible to efficiently process crowded mass spectra and definitively identify and characterize these many peptide fragments. ExMS automatically scans through high resolution MS data to find the individual isotopic peaks and isotopic envelopes of a list of peptides previously identified by MS/MS. It performs a number of tests to ensure correct identification in spite of peptide overlap in both chromatographic and mass spectrometric dimensions and possible multi-modal envelopes due to static or dynamic structural heterogeneity or HX EX1 behavior. The program can automatically process data from many sequential HX time points with no operator intervention at the rate of ~2 sec per peptide per HX time point using desktop computer equipment, but it also provides for rapid manual checking and decision when ambiguity exists. Additional subroutines can provide a step by step report of performance at each test along the way and parameter adjustment, deconvolute isotopic envelopes, and plot the time course of single and multi-modal H-D exchange. The program will be available on an open source basis at: http://HX2.med.upenn.edu/download.html
Effect of dilantin in mice. II. Lymphoreticular tissue atypia and neoplasia after chronic exposure.

Four hundred and thirty two mice of strains C3H/f, C57Bl, and SJL/J were divided into 9 groups and fed normal mouse pellets, a liquid chocolate flavored diet (Metrecal), and the liquid diet with dipenyl hydantoin, respectively, over a period of 16 months. An additional 60 C67Bl mice were sensitized with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and complete Freund's adjuvant while on dipenyl hydantoin and studied for their humoral and cellular immune reactivity by passive hemagglutination microassays and foot-pad tests. Mice of all 3 strains showed lesions in their lymphoreticular tissues from the second month of the experiment on, varying from partial activation to atrophy. Primarily affected was the paracortical zone of lymph nodes. C3H/f and C57Bl mice developed thymic lymphosarcomas with a frequency of 3 of 24 mice each. SJL/J mice also showed similar tumors early during the experiment, i.e. 6 of 42 mice during the 4th to the 8th month. After the 8th month SJL/J mice developed up to 90% reticulum cell sarcomas type B, a lesion known to occur in these mice in a high frequency; however, its occurrence was about 2–3 months earlier than usual. Immunologic studies in dipenyl hydantoin fed mice revealed variable but not significantly decreased serum anti-BSA titers while the foot-pad tests were constantly negative for a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. It is concluded from these results that diphenyl hydantoin accelerates the spontaneous development of lymphoma in susceptible animals and may also induce such tumors at low frequencies. The mode of action probably is through interference with the normal immune response by simultaneous immunostimulation and immunosuppression.
Pain site and the effects of amputation pain: Further clarification of the meaning of mild, moderate, and severe pain.

Research among persons with cancer pain suggests that the association between pain intensity and pain interference is non-linear. That is, pain begins to have a serious impact on functioning when it reaches a certain threshold level (about 5 on 0--10 scales). Often, a second pain threshold can be identified which, once reached, shows an even greater proportional negative impact on functioning. This finding supports the potential clinical utility of classifying pain as mild, moderate, and severe based on the impact of pain on quality of life, and research among persons with cancer pain supports specific cutoffs (mild: 1--4, moderate: 5--6, severe: 7--10, see Pain 61 (1995) 277) for this classification. The current study sought to replicate the non-linear association between pain and pain interference in a non-cancer pain sample, determine whether the cutoffs that have been identified as optimal for cancer patients are also optimal for persons with pain associated with amputation, and determine whether the optimal cutoffs replicate across pain types (in this case, phantom limb, back, and general pain) within a single sample. Two-hundred and five persons with acquired amputation and phantom limb pain, back pain, or both, rated their average pain intensity and degree of pain interference for each type of pain. The results support a non-linear association between pain intensity and pain interference. However, the optimal cutoffs for classifying mild, moderate and severe pain in the present sample replicated the findings for persons with cancer pain only for back pain -- different optimal cutoffs were found for phantom limb and general pain. Moreover, the degree of pain interference appeared to vary as a function of pain type. The same level of back pain interfered more significantly with daily function than phantom limb pain did after pain levels reached five or more (on a 0--10 scale). These findings have implications for understanding the meaning of pain intensity levels, as well as for the assessment of pain intensity in persons with amputation-related pain.
Further investigations of the aeroelastic behavior of the AFW wind-tunnel model using transonic small disturbance theory

The Computational Aeroelasticity Program-Transonic Small Disturbance (CAP-TSD) code, developed at LaRC, is applied to the active flexible wing wind-tunnel model for prediction of transonic aeroelastic behavior. A semi-span computational model is used for evaluation of symmetric motions, and a full-span model is used for evaluation of antisymmetric motions, and a full-span model is used for evaluation of antisymmetric motions. Static aeroelastic solutions using CAP-TSD are computed. Dynamic deformations are presented as flutter boundaries in terms of Mach number and dynamic pressure. Flutter boundaries that take into account modal refinements, vorticity and entropy corrections, antisymmetric motion, and sensitivity to the modeling of the wing tip ballast stores are also presented with experimental flutter results.
Optical properties of microalgae for enhanced biofuels production

Research seeks to alter the optical characteristics of microalgae in order to improve solar-to-biofuels energy conversion efficiency in mass culture under bright sunlight conditions. This objective is achieved by genetically truncating the size of the light-harvesting chlorophyll arrays that serve to absorb sunlight in the photosynthetic apparatus.
Text alignment in the real world: improving alignments of noisy translations using common lexical features, string matching strategies and n-gram comparisons

Alignment methods based on byte-length comparisons of alignment blocks have been remarkably successful for aligning good translations from legislative transcriptions. For noisy translations in which the parallel text of a document has significant structural differences, byte-alignment methods often do not perform well. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) corpus is a series of articles that were first translated by machine methods and then improved by professional translators. Many of the Spanish PAHO texts do not share formatting conventions with the corresponding English documents, refer to tables in stylistically different ways and contain extraneous information. A method based on a dynamic programming framework, but using a decision criterion derived from a combination of byte-length ratio measures, hard matching of numbers, string comparisons and n-gram co-occurrence matching substantially improves the performance of the alignment process.
How Subtle Changes in Navigation Links Affect Users' Search Strategies

While large scale changes to web pages have been shown to cause initial difficulties for users when they revisit sites, little work has been done to understand how small changes in web pages may affect user performance. Using eye movement data, this study investigated the impact of adding or removing a single shortcut link on the performance of users who visited a site twice. Participants visited a site and performed a search task, and then revisited the site either immediately or three weeks later and performed the same task. The short cut link was either consistently present, consistently absent, or was inconsistently present across the two sessions. Results indicate that in the consistent conditions, users exhibit roughly the same behaviors (page counts and eye scan patterns) in the second task as they did in the first, although they spent less time reading the body text. In the link-present-then-absent (YN) condition, users searching for the missing link looked at the navigation link area significantl...
Ab initio optical potentials applied to low-energy e − H 2 and e − N 2 collisions in the linear-algebraic approach

We propose a method for constructing an effective optical potential through which correlation effects can be introduced into the electron-molecule scattering formulation. The optical potential is based on a nonperturbative, Feshbach projection-operator procedure and is evaluated on an L/sup 2/ basis. The optical potential is incorporated into the scattering equations by means of a separable expansion, and the resulting scattering equations are solved by a linear-algebraic method based on the integral-equation formulation. We report the results of scattering calculations, which include polarization effects, for low-energy e-H/sub 2/ and e-N/sub 2/ collisions. The agreement with other theoretical and with experimental results is quite good.
Headspace analysis of engine oil by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

This study establishes the rationale necessary for determining the time to change engine oil. This is based on identifying gaseous components in new and used automobile lubricants. Key compounds, so-called “signature”, are separated and identified qualitatively by coupled gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Volatile antioxidants at zero miles and fuel contaminants at low mileage are observed in the headspace of engine oil. Several oxidative degradation components have been positively identified in the used oil, which include the following: acetaldehyde, acetone, butanal, 2-propanol, acetic acid, 2-hexanol, benzoic acid, benzaldehyde, and 1-pentanol. This study strongly suggests that the status of lubricating oil can be determined by the analysis of the gas phase above the oil. Most importantly, it opens the possibility of performing conditional maintenance of the combustion engine based on information obtained from gas sensors.
Using Internal Relationship Marketing Activities to Enhance Cross-Selling Performance in Services

Despite its pervasive use in practice, the academic literature offers little guidance on how to improve cross-selling performance. This study develops and tests a model that examines how management-initiated activities shape frontline employee responses that, in turn, lead to enhanced cross-selling performance. The study draws on social exchange theories, and the results confirm that managers can improve employee cross-selling performance by implementing internal relationship marketing activities (i.e., training and incentives) that enhance employee role clarity and self-efficacy and by providing incentives that increase employee motivation to cross-sell. Managerial implications and directions for future research are offered.
EFFECT OF TISSUE SIZE ON MEASUREMENTS OF SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND WATER CONTENTS OF ISOLATED RAT VENTRICULAR TISSUE.

DURING the course of experiments designed to examine the effects of inhalation anaesthetics on the sodium, potassium and water contents of isolated rat atrial tissue1, it was noted that the standard deviations of the sodium values were rather high. These values were thought to be unreliable and were therefore not reported. It was felt that part of the deviations in sodium values could be explained by the fact that uniform blotting procedures were not used on all tissues, thus removing variable quantities of sodium-rich bathing medium. Part of the difference could also be explained on the basis of contamination of the tissue or its digest from any number of sources, despite diligent care to use demineralized water and clean apparatus. Since the tissue was so small (about 50 mg) and its sodium content so small, it is easy to see that the slightest contamination would give erroneous results. As the experiments progressed, however, and greater attention was directed to the possibilities of contamination, the sodium values decreased and the standard deviations also decreased.
Correlates of safer sex communication among college students

Correlates of safer sex communication among college students The purpose of this study was to examine factors that are thought to promote communication about safer sex and HIV among college students in the United States of America and to determine the extent to which communication about safer sex is important in the use of condoms. A better understanding of factors associated with safer sex communication can be helpful in developing HIV and STD prevention programmes for college students. Following approval from the institutional review boards of the six participating colleges and universities, researchers collected data from a random sample of students. The study included participant responses if participants were 18-25 years of age, single and sexually active. For the sample of 1349 participants, the mean age was 20.6 years. Sixty-three per cent of the sample was female, 50.5% white, 42.3% African-American, and the remainder of other ethnic groups. Over 50% of respondents reported frequent condom use, with 28% noting that they used a condom every time and 30.6% reporting condom use almost every time they had sex. Only 9.6% indicated that they never used a condom. The results of hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that the perception of quality of general communication with parents, the perception of a partner's attitude towards communication, communication self-efficacy, and communication outcome expectancies, were associated with safer sex communication. However, the association between safer sex communication and condom use was weak, suggesting that other factors excluded from this study are important in determining condom use for this sample of respondents. The findings provide some implications for HIV interventions. Interventions that enhance self-efficacy and positive outcome expectancies related to communication about safer sex are likely to foster discussion with a sexual partner. However, they might not lead to actual condom use.
Fermi-Pasta-Ulam spectrum raying for NDE purposes

ABSTRACT Since first reported in 1955 the Fermi  Pasta  Ulam (FPU) recurrence phenomenon has been thoroughly studied.Being reproduced in nonlinear electric lines this intermittent physical process became a possible instrument for astructural analysis. The FPU electromagnetic spectrum generated in coupled nonlinear lines proved to cover a wide band of frequencies (10 Hz  10 GHz). Generator and a receiver of this spectrum have been developed and tested indifferent structures including water, electrolytes, blood and biological tissues. The sample under examination wasplaced between the generator and receiver resonators of the FPU spectrum. Such a system was able to distinguishnormal and tumor tissues, healthy and leukemia blood, different water samples. Future research is aimed at thecomputerization of the system. 1. INTRODUCTION Existing methods of noninvasive tissue analysis including X  raying, computed tomorgaphy and magneticresonance don't give a possibility to represent a healthy or a pathologic tissue through its anatomic image togetherwith its histological picture. However, a nonlinear physics approach can really give a chance for a qualitatively new
ALTERATIONS OF N-ETHYLMALEIMIDE-SENSITIVE ATPASE FOLLOWING TRANSIENT CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA

Neuronal repair following injury requires recruitment of large amounts of membranous proteins into synaptic and other cell membranes, which is carried out by the fusion of transport vesicles to their target membranes. A critical molecule responsible for assemblage of membranous proteins is N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) which is an ATPase. To study whether NSF is involved in ischemic neurological deficits and delayed neuronal death, we investigated alterations of NSF after transient cerebral ischemia by means of biochemical methods, as well as confocal and electron microscopy. We found that transient cerebral ischemia induced depletion of free NSF and concomitantly relocalization of NSF into the Triton X-100-insoluble fraction including postsynaptic densities in CA1 neurons during the postischemic period. The NSF alterations are accompanied by accumulation of large quantities of intracellular vesicles in CA1 neurons that are undergoing delayed neuronal death after transient cerebral ischemia. Therefore, permanent depletion of free NSF and relocalization of NSF into the Triton X-100-insoluble fraction may disable the vesicle fusion machinery necessary for repair of synaptic injury, and ultimately leads to synaptic dysfunction and delayed neuronal death in CA1 neurons after transient cerebral ischemia.
Iodophor Disinfection of Walleye Eggs Exposed to Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Type IVb

Abstract Two experiments were performed to determine the persistence of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) genotype IVb on Walleye Sander vitreus eggs. Fertilized Walleye eggs were exposed for 30 min to 105 plaque-forming units/mL VHSV genotype IVb, and control eggs were exposed to phosphate-buffered saline. In the first experiment, the eggs were treated with 0 and 50 mg/L iodophor and incubated at 12±1°C until the first fry emerged. In the second experiment, a treatment of 100 mg/L iodophor was also tested. Periodic samples were taken during embryo development and tested for VHSV by viral isolation and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The effect of tannic acid, an inhibitor of qRT-PCR testing, was evaluated in the second experiment. In both experiments no virus was detected in any control eggs by either test. In the first experiment, virus was isolated in 0-mg/L iodophor-treated eggs up to 3 d postinfection (DPI). Virus was also isolated in the 50-mg/L iodoph...
Control of renal function in larvalAmbystoma tigrinum

Renal clearance methods were used to examine several factors which may be involved in control of urine flow in larvalAmbystoma tigrinum. Arginine vasotocin (10 ng/g) reduced both urine flow and GFR (−30%); this was reversed with mesotocin (5 ng/g). Adaptation to isosmotic media reduced GFR from 0.156 ml/10 g·h to 0.057. Neither hypophysectomy nor treatment with mesotocin altered this response. The adrenergic blocking agents propranolol and phentolamine did not reverse the antidiuresis in isosmotic medium-adapted larvac. Ten percent volume expansion with 50% and 100% Ringer's solution increased GFR in isosmotic medium-adapted animals. Hypophysectomy prevented this increase in GFR. Ten percent volume expansion with 200% Ringer's solution decreased GFR in tapwater adapted larvae; however, 20% volume expansion with 200% Ringer's increased GFR. Both volume and concentration of extracellular fluid appear to be important in control of GFR. Both arginine vasotocin and mesotocin may be involved in these responses, however other factors must also play a role.
Incommensurability and Conceptual Change during the Copernican Revolution

Kuhn’s latest account locates incommensurability as a mismatch between taxonomies of natural kind terms. In collaboration with Hanne Andersen (University of Copenhagen) and Xiang Chen (California Lutheran University) I have developed a more general account along the same lines using the dynamic frame notation introduced by cognitive psychologist Lawrence Barsalou (Emory University, Atlanta). Here I apply a simplified version of this model to the conceptual systems of Ptolemaic, Copernican and Keplerian astronomy. I conclude that Copernicus’s astronomy is only minimally incommensurable with Ptolemy’s, but that Kepler’s is strongly incommensurable with both.
Rescue cardiac transplantation for failing staged palliation in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

Objective: Orthotopic heart transplantation is considered a rescue option for children with failing staged palliation or repair of hypoplastic left heart syndrome. We present our strategy for management, and outcomes, for these complex patients. Methods: We transplanted 68 consecutive children, with diagnoses of hypoplastic left heart syndrome in 31, cardiomyopathy in 20, and post-operative complex congenital heart disease in 17. Of these patients, 9 (13.2%) were neonates, and 46 (67.6%) were infants. Median age was 118.5 days. Operative technique involves bicaval cannulation and anastamoses with continuous low flow bypass, and either short periods of circulatory arrest or continuous low flow antegrade cerebral perfusion for reconstruction of the aortic arch. Initial reperfusion of the donor heart utilizes glutamate and aspartate substrate enriched white blood cell filtered cardioplegia. Immunosuppressive therapy includes induction (pulse steroids, gamma globulin, and polyclonal rabbit antithymocyte globulin) and initial maintenance (calcineurin inhibitor, an anti-proliferative agent, and a weaning steroid protocol). Of the 31 patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, 23 underwent primary transplantation, and 8 underwent rescue transplantation from failing staged palliation in seven, or attempted biventricular repair in one. Of the seven patients who had failing staged palliation, three had undergone only the Norwood Stage 1 operation, 2 had undergone a Norwood Stage 1 operation and a Glenn superior cavopulmonary anastomosis and two had undergone a Norwood Stage 1 operation, a Glenn superior cavopulmonary anastomosis, and a completion Fontan operation. Results: The group undergoing primary transplantation was younger (p equals 0.007), weighed less (p equals 0.003), and waited longer for an appropriate donor heart (p equals 0.021) compared to those requiring rescue transplantation. No significant difference exists between the groups with regards to donor heart ischaemic time or post-transplant length of hospital stay. Thirty day survival (p equals 0.156) and overall survival (p equals 0.053) was better in those having primary transplantation, although these differences were not statistically significant when a p value of less than 0.05 is considered to be significant. In those having primary transplantation, no patients had elevated panel reactive antibody greater than 10%. Half of the 8 requiring rescue transplantation had panel reactive antibody greater than 10%, and this subgroup did especially poorly. Conclusion: Cardiac transplantation can offer children with failing staged palliation their only chance of survival. Transplantation, however, carries a high risk in this subgroup, especially in the setting of elevated panel reactive antibody.
Anaerobic bacteria associated with cervical neoplasia

Abstract The possible association between cervical neoplasia and anaerobic bacteria was examined by correlating the histopathology of cervical biopsies with anaerobic cultures obtained from the cervix in 90 patients. Fourteen patients had invasive carcinoma of the cervix (ICC). All but one of them had Stage I or II disease. Severe dysplasia was present in 11 patients, moderate dysplasia in 9, mild dysplasia in 11, and carcinoma in situ in 26. Cultures from patients with ICC were characterized by a relative sparsity of anaerobes. The cultures of 3 of 14 patients with ICC contained anaerobes, in contrast to 53 of 76 patients in the other categories. Further, none of the 14 patients with ICC had anaerobic gram-negative bacilli whereas they were present in 18 of 76 patients in the other categories. ICC was not associated with any specific anaerobic bacteria. These data suggest that anaerobic bacteria are sparse and anaerolic gram-negative bacilli are rare in early invasive carcinoma of the cervix.
Influence of Rate-of-Rise on Distribution Arrester Protective Characteristics

Lightning causes 30% to 50% of all distribution system outages, and accounts for a similar percentage of distribution equipment failures, according to studies reported by several Utility Engineers. Equipment failures, distribution transformer failures in particular, have been difficult to explain because the published protective levels of distribution surge arresters are so low compared to the equipment Basic Impulse Level (BIL). The object of this paper is to show that distribution arresters may exhibit voltages high enough to endanger transformer insulation if reasonable assumptions are made regarding the magnitudes and rates of rise of currents through arresters.
Motivic Cohomology of Pairs of Simplices

For an arbitrary field $F$ we study the double scissors congruence groups $A_n(F)$ generated by admissible pairs of simplices in the projective $n$-space ${\mathbb P}_F^n$ over $F$. Let $(L, M)$ be an admissible pair of simplices whose faces are defined as hyperplanes in ${\mathbb P}_F^n$ such that they do not have common faces of the same dimension. When $L$ and $M$ are in general positions we define a linearly constructible motivic perverse sheaf producing a motivic cohomology whose Betti realization is the relative cohomology $H^{\ast}({\mathbb P}_F^n\setminus L, M\setminus L; {\mathbb Q})$. The motivic cohomology provides a simple explanation of why the generic part of $A_\bullet$ forms a Hopf algebra with well-defined coproduct. When $n = 2$ we define explicitly the coproduct on $A_2$ which simplifies the approach of Beilinson et al. We also complete the same task for $A_3$ and $A_4$ which enables us to develop further results in another paper connecting Aomoto trilogarithms to the classical ones.