cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ESR linewidth behavior for barely metallic n-type silicon.

Measurements of the ESR linewidth of uncompensated Si:As close to ${n}_{c}$ for the metal-insulator transition have been made at 9.4 GHz in the temperature range 4.2-1.4 K. The linewidth exhibits a minimum value $\ensuremath{\Delta}{H}_{min}$ which occurs at $n={n}_{c}$ and an excess component [$\ensuremath{\Delta}{H}_{\mathrm{ex}}=\ensuremath{\Delta}H\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Delta}{H}_{min}$] which exhibits scaling behavior of the form $B{(\frac{n}{{n}_{c}}\ensuremath{-}1)}^{p}$ for $ng{n}_{c}$. The scaling behavior, established for both Si:As and Si:P (from earlier data), can be explained as a simple extension of the Elliot-Yafet mechanism for conduction-electron spin-resonance linewidths. The strong donor dependence of $B$ is satisfactorily explained with impurity spin-orbit interaction parameters obtained from Orbach spin-lattice relaxation studies.
Multilayer Josephson junction flux quantum devices

We describe the properties of flux quantum circuitry employing the relatively young technology of multilayer Josephson junctions with n superconductor-insulator (SI) layers. Multilayer junctions can be employed as both passive and active devices to increase circuit integration density, allow for new logic/voltage thresholds and higher impedances, and improve thermal noise stability. We present the results from numerical simulations of a conventional RSFQ circuit and two novel circuits with multilayer junction designs. Neural circuitry is a focus of our novel multilayer designs. We also discuss layout and fabrication issues, considering the recent progress in the fabrication of Nb multilayer junctions with AlN tunnel barriers, which exhibit intrinsic overdamping at the level of each SI layer. Included in this discussion is a long term assessment of a multilayer approach in view of deep sub-micron and high T/sub c/ technologies. >
Mass spectra of methyl-branched hydrocarbons from eggs of the tobacco hornworm.

Hydrocarbons from three homologous series of branched alkanes from the eggs of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.), were identified by mass spectrometry. Gas–liquid chromatography (GLC) peaks 37-A (equivalent chain length of 37.2) and 39-A (equivalent chain length of 39.2) were mixtures of 13-, 15-, 17-, and 19-methylheptatriacontane and 13-, 15-, 17-, and 19-methylnonatriacontane, respectively. GLC peaks 33-B, 37-B, and 39-B with equivalent chain lengths of 33.4, 37.4, and 39.4, respectively, were mixtures of 13,17- and 15,19-dimethyltritriacontane, 13,17-, 15,19-, and 17,21-dimethylheptatriacontane, and 13,17-, 15,19-, and 17,21-dimethylnonatriacontane, respectively. GLC peak 37-C (equivalent chain length of 37.6) was a mixture of 11.15,19-, 13,17,21-, and 15,19,23-trimethylheptatriacontane.
Cd44 Enhances Neuregulin Signaling by Schwann Cells

We describe a key role for the CD44 transmembrane glycoprotein in Schwann cell–neuron interactions. CD44 proteins have been implicated in cell adhesion and in the presentation of growth factors to high affinity receptors. We observed high CD44 expression in early rat neonatal nerves at times when Schwann cells proliferate but low expression in adult nerves, where CD44 was found in some nonmyelinating Schwann cells and to varying extents in some myelinating fibers. CD44 constitutively associated with erbB2 and erbB3, receptor tyrosine kinases that heterodimerize and signal in Schwann cells in response to neuregulins. Moreover, CD44 significantly enhanced neuregulin-induced erbB2 phosphorylation and erbB2–erbB3 heterodimerization. Reduction of CD44 expression in vitro resulted in loss of Schwann cell–neurite adhesion and Schwann cell apoptosis. CD44 is therefore crucial for maintaining neuron–Schwann cell interactions at least partly by facilitating neuregulin-induced erbB2–erbB3 activation.
The role of word familiarity in Spanish/English bilingual word recognition.

AbstractObjective: This study examined the contribution of word familiarity to Spanish/English bilingual listeners’ recognition of English and Spanish words. Design: The study employed a counterbalanced design. Three lists of monosyllabic English and bisyllabic Spanish words (50 words per list per language) were presented in two blocks. For each block, word lists were presented in quiet and at +6 and 0 dB SNR. Listeners repeated each word in verbal and written forms. At the end of the experiment, they rated the familiarity of the test words on a seven-point scale. Study Sample: Twenty English-dominant (ED) and 22 Spanish-dominant (SD) normal-hearing adult listeners participated in the study. Results: Most test words, English or Spanish, were familiar to the listeners. However, ED listeners were less familiar with Spanish than English words, whereas SD listeners were less familiar with English than Spanish words. Contribution of word familiarity to word recognition remained largely constant across listenin...
LXVI.—A dwarf form of the African elephant

(1906). LXVI.—A dwarf form of the African elephant. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 17, No. 101, pp. 501-503.
Recent insights into muscle fatigue at the cross-bridge level.

Muscle fatigue is a complex multi-factorial process in humans that is dependent on the mode and intensity of the contractile activity. The depression in force and/or velocity associated with fatigue can be the result of a failure at any level, from the initial events in the motor cortex of the brain to the formation of an actomyosin cross-bridge in the muscle cell. Factors distal to the neuromuscular junction appear to be most important for fatigue resulting from intense contractile activity. Given that all the force and motion generated by muscle ultimately derives from the cyclical interaction of actin and myosin, researchers have focused heavily on the impact of the accumulation of intracellular metabolites (e.g. Pi, H+ and ADP) on the function these contractile proteins. These efforts demonstrate when elevated to the levels reached during intense contractile activity these metabolites can significantly alter a muscles’ force and motion generating capacity. At saturating Ca++ levels, elevated Pi appears to be the primary cause for the loss in maximal isometric force, while increased [H+] and possibly ADP act to slow unloaded shortening velocity. These studies, performed on isolated muscle preparations, provided strong evidence that these metabolites play a causative role in muscular fatigue, however the precise mechanisms through which these metabolites might affect the individual function of the contractile proteins remains unclear because intact muscle is a highly complex structure with the observed contractile properties representing the collective action of billions of myosin molecules. Fortunately more recent experiments on isolated proteins, including some single molecule measurements, are giving us unprecedented insight into the molecular processes that may be at work during fatigue. For example, using isolated actin and myosin in an in vitro motility assay, researchers have demonstrated decreasing pH from a resting level (~7.0) to a level reache
A tool to support knowledge based software maintenance: the Software Service Bay

A software maintenance methodology, The Software Service Bay, is introduced. This methodology is analogous to the automotive service bay which employs a number of experts for particular maintenance problems. Problems in maintenance are reformulated so they may be solved with current AI tools and technologies. >
Attentional focus training by boundary region data selection

An attempt is made to improve the classification performance of a trained multilayer perceptron. Using inversion to locate boundary points of the partially trained classification surfaces, the authors have defined boundary regions and selected those training data which fell within the boundary regions. Continuing the training with only the boundary region data, the authors improved classification performance by 6% in an automated cytological classification application. >
Extended Probe Instrument Calibration (EPIC) for Accurate Spherical Near-Field Antenna Measurements

A probe calibration technique is described that removes artifacts from spherical near-field antenna measurements. The technique is based on preliminary calibration measurements of a known antenna, a process that characterizes the probe and any stationary objects in the measurement chamber including the walls in terms of a set of correction coefficients. These coefficients are then used in a correction algorithm that recovers the correct antenna pattern from the corrupted measurement data.
On the Distinctiveness, Independence, and Time Course of the Brain Responses to Syntactic and Semantic Anomalies.

We evaluated the distinctiveness, independence, and relative time courses of the event-related brain potentials (ERPs) elicited by syntactically and semantically anomalous words. ERPs were recorded from 13 scalp electrodes while subjects read sentences, some of which contained a selectional restriction violation (semantically anomalous), a verb tense violation (syntactically anomalous), or a doubly anomalous word that violated both selectional restriction and verb tense constraints. Semantic anomalies elicited a monophasic increase in N400 amplitude, whereas syntactic anomalies elicited a late positive shift with an onset around 500 msec and a duration of several hundred msec. Doubly anomalous words elicited both an increase in N400 amplitude and a late positive wave, and these effects summated in an approximately (but not perfectly) linear manner. These results are discussed with respect to the hypotheses that syntactic and semantic processes are separable and independent.
The Emergence of Extralegal BIAS During Jury Deliberation

Does deliberation attenuate extralegal biases in jury verdicts, or does it exaggerate them? Consistent with an information-integration theory analysis, Kaplan and Miller in 1978 found that deliberation can eliminate such biases. However, in the present study, the physical attractiveness of a criminal defendant only influenced postdeliberation mock juror and jury judgments. When the defendant was attractive, there was a shift in judgments toward acquittal, but when the defendant was unattractive, there was no such shift. As a result, mock juries were more likely to acquit the attractive defendant than the unattractive defendant. Because a shift toward acquittal is the modal pattern during deliberation in close criminal cases, the results suggest that the unattractive defendant did not receive the benefit of the doubt that is usually granted to criminal defendants. The results of this and other studies are discussed in terms of social influence patterns in jury deliberation.
MODERN SOUTH ARABIAN 'NINE'

There can be little doubt that the stem of the Common Semitic cardinal numeral ‘nine’ is to be reconstructed as * tis '-. Among the Modern South Arabian languages, however, we find a set of forms for this numeral which, while clearly reminiscent of those of the remaining Semitic languages, are remarkable for ( a ) the absence of the initial *ti- and ( b ) the presence of the sibilant s rather than the expected *s (Johnstone, 1975:23).
Aging of the circadian system in zebrafish and the effects of melatonin on sleep and cognitive performance

Aging is a complex process involving intracellular changes and, notably, modifications in intercellular communications, required for coordinated responses to internal and external events. One of the potential reasons for such changes is an age-dependent failure of the integrating systems, including the circadian clock. Here we demonstrate that aging in a diurnal vertebrate, zebrafish (Danio rerio), is associated with major but selective circadian alterations. By 3-5 years of age, zebrafish have reduced amplitude and increased fragmentation of entrained circadian rhythms of activity, with fast desynchronization of the rhythms in the absence of environmental time cues. Aging in zebrafish is also associated with a reduction in the overall duration of nighttime sleep, followed by lower activity levels and a higher arousal threshold during the day. The production of the principal circadian hormone, melatonin, progressively declines during zebrafish aging. However, the ability of melatonin to acutely promote sleep and entrain circadian rhythms of activity remains robust until at least 4-5 years of age, consistent with the preserved levels of mRNA expression for melatonin receptors. Aged zebrafish have altered expression of the circadian genes zBmal1 and zPer1 but not zClock1. A lack of circadian time cues alters cognitive performance in aged more than in young zebrafish and this can be partially attenuated by daily melatonin administration. The advantages of zebrafish as a diurnal, small, prolific and genetically well-characterized vertebrate model provide new opportunities to clarify the intrinsic circadian factors involved in human aging and promote the search for prophylactic and treatment strategies.
Hepatitis B: 50 years after the discovery of Australia antigen

It is an honour to be invited to recount the progress in our understanding and management of hepatitis B 50 years after the discovery of Australia antigen (Au Ag). During this half century, we have gone from identifying the causative agent--hepatitis B virus (HBV), understanding its biology and the disease it causes, to having vaccines that can prevent HBV infection and antiviral therapy that can suppress HBV replication and prevent progression of HBV-related liver disease. As a result of the progress, prevalence of HBV infection and morbidity and mortality from chronic HBV infection has declined.
The Development of Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) for Imaging

Several of the key developments leading to modern day secondary ion mass spectrometry are discussed in this review. In particular, the role of imaging is traced from the stigmatic microscope designs through ion probes using liquid metal ion sources. In addition, the evolution of mass analyzers, optimized for molecular surface analysis are described. Finally, the development of different ion beam sources, particularly those consisting of cluster ions, are described in detail.
Scientific Inference and the Donnan Membrane Theories of Dyeing

In using a Donnan membrane theory, single-ion distribution coeflicicnts are introduced through ionic distribution equations to show agreement between experimental measurements and theoretical estim...
Abstract 697: Inhibition of Cancer Progression by Upregulation of the Opioid Growth Factor (OGF) - OGF Receptor (OGFr) Axis Using Imquimod or Low Dose Naltrexone

Opioid growth factor (OGF, [Met5] enkephalin), is a tonically active, negative growth factor, and interacts with a nuclear-associated receptor, OGFr. The OGF-OGFr axis mediates cell proliferation by targeting cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory pathways. Overexpression of OGFr by pharmacological modulation of several human cancer cell lines in tissue culture has been shown to result in decreased cell replication in response to either elevated endogenous OGF or exogenous administration of this inhibitory peptide. The present study examines tumor progression in nude mice whereby established tumors of human squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck are treated by 2 methods of upregulation of the OGF-OGFr axis: imiquimod or low dosages of the opioid antagonist naltrexone (LDN; 0.1 mg/kg naltrexone). Tumor volume was monitored 3 times weekly. Some tumors were assessed for immunohistochemical levels of OGF and OGFr. Imiquimod, a promoter of OGFr gene activity, was administered topically either 1X or 3X each week. LDN was given systemically 1X or 3X per week, or daily. At the time of death, tumor volumes for the 1X and 3X imiquimod treated mice were 18 and 47%, respectively, smaller than controls, and tumor weights were decreased 36 and 43%, respectively relative to controls. All LDN treatment regimens effectively reduced tumor volume relative to mice receiving vehicle, with a regimen-related decrease in tumor growth noted throughout the study. At termination on day 35, mean tumor volumes of mice exposed to LDN were reduced from vehicle-treated controls by 35%, 61% and 84% when given 1X/week (p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 697.
Towards Transparent Debugging

Traditional malware analysis relies on virtualization or emulation technology to run samples in a confined environment, and to analyze malicious activities by instrumenting code execution. However, virtual machines and emulators inevitably create artifacts in the execution environment, making these approaches vulnerable to detection or subversion. In this paper, we present MalT , a debugging framework that employs System Management Mode, a CPU mode in the x86 architecture, to transparently study armored malware. MalT does not depend on virtualization or emulation and thus is immune to threats targeting such environments. Our approach reduces the attack surface at the software level, and advances state-of-the-art debugging transparency. MalT embodies various debugging functions, including register/memory accesses, breakpoints, and seven stepping modes. Additionally, MalT restores the system to a clean state after a debugging session. We implemented a prototype of MalT on two physical machines, and we conducted experiments by testing an array of existing anti-virtualization, anti-emulation, and packing techniques against MalT . The experimental results show that our prototype remains transparent and undetected against the samples. Furthermore, debugging and restoration introduce moderate but manageable overheads on both Windows and Linux platforms.
KINKED CRACK IN ANISOTROPIC BODIES UNDER IN-PLANE DEFORMATION

Crack kinking solutions based on Stroh formalism are presented for a monoclinic material with symmetry plane at ~3 = 0. The explicit expressions of the stress intensity factors and energy release rate at the kinked crack tip are presented in terms of nondimensional coefficients together with the stress intensity factors, T-stress, and the coefficients of the third term acting on the main crack tip prior to kinking. The role of T-stress and the third-term applied at the main crack field are determined which can be significant in the kinking and the stability of the kinked crack. Based on the energy release rate fracture criterion, the stability condition of the kinked crack is derived. The influences of anisotropy and loading mixity on the implications of crack kinking behavior are also given. Numerical results for the stress intensity factors at the kinked crack tip and the energy release rate ratio are provided.
Acute effects of waterpipe smoking on blood pressure and heart rate: a real-life trial.

AbstractBackground: Waterpipe smoking is becoming a popular way of tobacco use in the world. Its acute effects on the cardiovascular system are not well investigated.Materials and methods: This is a trial designed to evaluate the acute effects of waterpipe smoking on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) in healthy adults. Individuals who ordered waterpipe in 6 Lebanese restaurants were enrolled (cases) and were compared to controls who consisted of subjects who were sitting at the same table of smokers but who did not smoke (passive smokers) and of subjects who were sitting in nonsmoking sections (nonsmokers). BP and HR were measured immediately before and 15 min after smoking or at baseline and 15 min later in controls.Results: A total of 194 subjects were enrolled: 101 waterpipe smokers, 51 passive smokers, and 42 nonsmokers. Systolic and diastolic BP and HR significantly increased after 15 min of smoking in cases (mean 3.1 mm Hg (95% CI 0.8–5.5; p = 0.009) for systolic BP, 2.1 mm Hg (95% CI 0–4.2; p...
FPGA as service in public Cloud: Why and how

IBM is the leader of Accelerator cloud technology innovation in industry. IBM Supervessel Cloud is the first cloud providing FPGA accelerator service and FPGA DevOps service to developers. In this talk, Yonghua Lin, Supervessel Cloud leader will share her view on why FPGA service in cloud is important, and how FPGA service could accelerate the Cognitive Computing in Cloud. Meanwhile, Yonghua will introduce the key technologies supporting FPGA service in cloud. Supervessel Cloud has launched FPGA as service for more than 18 months. The FPGA service has been used by developers from different countries. In this talk, Yonghua will also share the gap learned from all these users, and her vision for future.
Can Self-Forming Actions Dispel Worries about Luck?

Libertarian theories of freedom and responsibility face a worry about luck: if an action is undetermined, the action cannot be legitimately attributed to the agent; instead the action is a matter of luck, and so the agent is not responsible for the action. Robert Kane defends libertarianism by appealing to self-forming actions (“SFAs”). These actions are undetermined because the agent is attempting to act on two conflicting motives, but the agent is responsible for the outcome if she is responsible for having those motives. If the agent “endorsed” both motives in earlier SFAs, Kane argues that we can hold the agent responsible for both motives, and hence responsible for the later SFA. We will further develop others’ arguments that Kane’s appeal to earlier SFAs to explain responsibility for a later SFA is unsatisfactory. We then raise a second objection to Kane’s use of SFAs. On one formulation of an SFA, the agent does three things: she exerts two efforts of will to make opposing choices, and she also acts on one of them. On another formulation of an SFA, the agent does just two things: she exerts two efforts of will to make opposing choices. One of those efforts turns out to be successful, but that success doesn’t require any further intervention from the agent. We distinguish two worries involving luck, a problem of resultant luck and a problem of constitutive luck, and show that neither model of SFAs solves both problems.
Effects of Device on Video Head Impulse Test (vHIT) Gain.

Background Numerous video head impulse test (vHIT) devices are available commercially; however, gain is not calculated uniformly. An evaluation of these devices/algorithms in healthy controls and patients with vestibular loss is necessary for comparing and synthesizing work that utilizes different devices and gain calculations. Purpose Using three commercially available vHIT devices/algorithms, the purpose of the present study was to compare: (1) horizontal canal vHIT gain among devices/algorithms in normal control subjects; (2) the effects of age on vHIT gain for each device/algorithm in normal control subjects; and (3) the clinical performance of horizontal canal vHIT gain between devices/algorithms for differentiating normal versus abnormal vestibular function. Research design Prospective. Study sample Sixty-one normal control adult subjects (range 20-78) and eleven adults with unilateral or bilateral vestibular loss (range 32-79). Data collection and analysis vHIT was administered using three different devices/algorithms, randomized in order, for each subject on the same day: (1) Impulse (Otometrics, Schaumberg, IL; monocular eye recording, right eye only; using area under the curve gain), (2) EyeSeeCam (Interacoustics, Denmark; monocular eye recording, left eye only; using instantaneous gain), and (3) VisualEyes (MicroMedical, Chatham, IL, binocular eye recording; using position gain). Results There was a significant mean difference in vHIT gain among devices/algorithms for both the normal control and vestibular loss groups. vHIT gain was significantly larger in the ipsilateral direction of the eye used to measure gain; however, in spite of the significant mean differences in vHIT gain among devices/algorithms and the significant directional bias, classification of "normal" versus "abnormal" gain is consistent across all compared devices/algorithms, with the exception of instantaneous gain at 40 msec. There was not an effect of age on vHIT gain up to 78 years regardless of the device/algorithm. Conclusions These findings support that vHIT gain is significantly different between devices/algorithms, suggesting that care should be taken when making direct comparisons of absolute gain values between devices/algorithms.
Changing the Discussion about On-Pump versus Off-Pump CABG.

The performance of coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG) without the use of the heart–lung machine (pump) was introduced to avoid the damaging effects of cardiopulmonary bypass.1 On-pump CABG with cardiopulmonary bypass is generally performed on an arrested heart, and off-pump CABG on a beating heart, without cardiopulmonary bypass. Off-pump CABG became popular in the 1990s, peaking at just under 25% of the CABG operations performed in the United States in 2002; the rate then plateaued and has been slowly declining. Some surgeons remain enthusiasts, whereas others have never attempted it; many use it selectively.2,3 Controversy over the value of off-pump CABG . . .
Improving aviation safety with information visualization

Many aircraft accidents each year are caused by encounters with invisible airflow hazards. Recent advances in aviation sensor technology offer the potential for aircraft-based sensors that can gather large amounts of airflow velocity data in real-time. With this influx of data comes the need to study how best to present it to the pilot – a cognitively overloaded user focused on a primary task other than that of information visualization. In this paper, we present the results of a usability study of an airflow hazard visualization system that significantly reduced the crash rate among experienced helicopter pilots flying a high fidelity, aerodynamically realistic fixed-base rotorcraft flight simulator into hazardous conditions. We focus on one particular aviation application, but the results may be relevant to user interfaces in other operationally stressful environments. Author
Impacts of maternal dietary protein intake on fetal survival, growth, and development:

Maternal nutrition during gestation, especially dietary protein intake, is a key determinant in embryonic survival, growth, and development. Low maternal dietary protein intake can cause embryonic losses, intra-uterine growth restriction, and reduced postnatal growth due to a deficiency in specific amino acids that are important for cell metabolism and function. Of note, high maternal dietary protein intake can also result in intra-uterine growth restriction and embryonic death, due to amino acid excesses, as well as the toxicity of ammonia, homocysteine, and H2S that are generated from amino acid catabolism. Maternal protein nutrition has a pronounced impact on fetal programming and alters the expression of genes in the fetal genome. As a precursor to the synthesis of molecules (e.g. nitric oxide, polyamines, and creatine) with cell signaling and metabolic functions, L-arginine (Arg) is essential during pregnancy for growth and development of the conceptus. With inadequate maternal dietary protein intake, Arg and other important amino acids are deficient in mother and fetus. Dietary supplementation of Arg during gestation has been effective in improving embryonic survival and development of the conceptus in many species, including humans, pigs, sheep, mice, and rats. Both the balance among amino acids and their quantity are critical for healthy pregnancies and offspring. Impact statement This review aims at: highlighting adverse effects of elevated levels of ammonia in mother or fetus on embryonic/fetal survival, growth, and development; helping nutritionists and practitioners to understand the mechanisms whereby elevated levels of ammonia in mother or fetus results in embryonic/fetal death, growth restriction, and developmental abnormalities; and bringing, into the attention of nutritionists and practitioners, the problems of excess or inadequate dietary intake of protein or amino acids on pregnancy outcomes in animals and humans. The article provides new, effective means to improve embryonic/fetal survival and growth in mammals.
Asymmetric Bisvinylogous Aldolation of Aldehydes via 2-Oxonia-Cope Rearrangement Enabling Total Stereochemical Control.

Highly stereoselective 2-oxonia-Cope rearrangement reactions between newly designed bisvinylogous aldolation synthons and aldehydes, which can provide e-hydroxy-α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated esters with excellent enantioselectivities, as well as with unprecedented E- and Z-selectivities without regioselectivity issues, are described.
Changing Attitudes Toward Same-Sex Marriage: A Three-Wave Panel Study

Opinions toward gay marriage, also known as same-sex marriage, have become dramatically more favorable in the last 20 years. Given the more accepting attitudes of younger Americans, generational replacement is one widely noted engine of change. However, the pace of shifts in public attitudes has been too rapid for this to be the sole explanation. Identifying other causes of increasing support has been difficult due to reliance on cross-sectional associations. Using nationally representative panel data from 2008 to 2016, we test three potential explanations for changes in public attitudes toward gay marriage. Our findings suggest that increased interpersonal contact with gays and lesbians, declining religiosity, and increasing levels of education in the U.S. all contributed to the rise in public support for same-sex marriage.
Anesthesia for dental procedures

While a significant amount of dental procedures can be done in an outpatient dental office under local anesthesia, there are numerous circumstances when the patient’s medical comorbidities require additional monitoring and deeper levels of sedation than can be provided in this setting. These may range in spectrum from mild anxiolysis performed by a dentist, to general anesthesia performed by an anesthesiologist. The content below offers an overview of human dental anatomy, dental notation, levels of sedation, common anxiolytics and anesthetic practices, guidelines for the management of dental anesthesia and potential adverse events.
Translational inhibition by microRNAs in plants.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 21–24 nucleotide riboregulators, which selectively repress gene expression through transcript cleavage and/or translational inhibition. It was thought that most plant miRNAs act through target transcript cleavage due to the high degree of complementarity between miRNAs and their targets. However, recent studies have suggested widespread translational inhibition by miRNAs in plants. The mechanisms underlining translational inhibition by plant miRNAs are largely unknown, but existing evidence has indicated that plants and animals share some mechanistic similarity of translational inhibition. Translational inhibition by miRNAs has been shown to regulate floral patterning, floral timing, and stress responses. This chapter covers recent progress on plant miRNA-mediated translational control.
Research and Future Directions

In retrospect, it is interesting to realize the way technology and new developments are sometimes so obvious and simple. Looking back over the history of laser surgery, laser tissue ablation (removal) was developed over 40 years. It became popular in the 1980s and 1990s especially because of skin resurfacing, but faded at the end of 1990s due to side effects, and almost vanished from most clinical practices. In 2004, with the introduction of new fractionated methods of skin resurfacing, the same old lasers developed decades ago became popular again, by delivering their beams in microscopic patterns. The technology to make arrays of microscopic laser beams has been available for 40 years, but not used this way in dermatology. The limiting factor is not the technology, but the way we look at it.
Folate receptor-mediated liposomal delivery of a lipophilic boron agent to tumor cells in vitro for neutron capture therapy.

Purpose. This study was aimed at the in vitro evaluations of folate receptor (FR)-targeted liposomes as carriers for a lipophilic boron agent, K[nido-7-CH3(CH2)15-7,8-C2B9H11], in FR-overexpressing tumor cells for neutron capture therapy.
Combined Experimental-Numerical Investigation of Metal-Wax Interactions for Phase Change Thermal Energy Storage

For effective thermal management, composite phase change materials (PCMs) are being developed that combine high latent heat materials such as waxes with high thermal conductivity metallic heat spreaders to effectively distribute the heat within the PCM. The interaction of the high latent heat material with the solid heat spreader is of particular interest to improving the performance of such composite PCMs. This paper aims at focuses on the melting and solidification behavior of a commercial phase change material in a single 1 cm diameter cylindrical cavity. In the experimental setup, the temperature gradients and the melt and solidification front are captured using a high-resolution infrared microscope. Ultimately, this work will shed light on the design and prediction of performance for composite phase change materials.
Cargo logistics for a Notional Mars Base using Solar Electric Propulsion

Abstract The current aim of NASA's Journey to Mars is a stepwise approach towards landing humans on the Red Planet, culminating in a sustained presence. There are many recent studies on how this could be achieved in an evolvable and affordable manner. Most architectures begin with crewed missions to Phobos or Mars orbit in the mid-2030's, progress toward short-stay missions on the surface, and then culminate with regular, long-stay missions at a permanent outpost in the 2040's. A common factor of these architectures is that many robotic launches would be required in order to support the crew by prepositioning mission elements and other needed supplies. In this paper, the use of 150 kW reusable Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) tugs as a means to deliver elements both to orbit and the surface is studied. The conceptual SEP tugs make use of continued technology developments that were initialized through the Asteroid Redirect Robotic Mission (ARRM). They would also be used to deliver food and supplies to sustain the crews similar to resupply missions for the International Space Station. These SEP tugs would cycle (with loitering) between staging orbits in cislunar space and Mars orbit. The concepts presented here focus on the use of SEP for purposes of delivering cargo, and could potentially be complimentary to many human Mars architectures presented in the literature. In order to characterize mission design parameters such as dates, masses, and durations, thousands of optimized trajectories were run using low-thrust optimization software. Solutions are found for all launch/arrival date pairs for the years 2038–2053. They can be displayed as contour plots called Bacon plots – the SEP equivalent of porkchop plots. Possible mission architecture concepts for a steady-state human presence on Mars along with the cargo missions needed to keep it functioning are described and the relevant mission parameters such as launch dates, masses, arrival dates, etc., are given. It was found that the reusable SEP tug architecture would be highly beneficial to the logistics of a sustainable Mars outpost.
Self-report measures of loss of control over eating: Psychometric properties in clinical and non-clinical samples.

OBJECTIVE Research evidence supports the clinical significance of subjective feelings of loss of control over eating; however, limited attention has been given to how this construct is assessed. Two measures have been developed in recent years (i.e., Eating Loss of Control Scale [ELOC] and Loss of Control over Eating Scale [LOCES]), but further validation in clinical and non-clinical samples is needed. METHOD The current study evaluated the psychometric properties, including factor structure, criterion validity, and measurement invariance of the ELOC and LOCES across two groups: (a) a clinical sample of individuals with eating disorders (n = 106) and (b) a non-clinical sample of college students (n = 321). RESULTS Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the 16-item version of the ELOC and 7-item brief version of the LOCES provided good fit to the data in both samples. These measures were highly correlated (r = .83-.87) and associated with binge-eating and related psychopathology. The ELOC demonstrated partial invariance between men and women and between the clinical and non-clinical samples. The LOCES-brief demonstrated full invariance between men and women and partial invariance between the clinical and non-clinical samples. DISCUSSION Findings suggest that the 16-item ELOC and 7-item LOCES are reliable measures of severity of loss of control eating in clinical and non-clinical samples. Given the brevity of the LOCES-brief and evidence for measurement invariance across sex, it is recommended over the ELOC in heterogeneous samples. Future research is needed to confirm the validity of these measures across individuals with and without eating disorders.
Variance function estimation of a one-dimensional nonstationary process

Abstract We propose a flexible nonparametric estimation of a variance function from a one-dimensional process where the process errors are nonstationary and correlated. Due to nonstationarity a local variogram is defined, and its asymptotic properties are derived. We include a bandwidth selection method for smoothing taking into account the correlations in the errors. We compare the proposed difference-based nonparametric approach with Anderes and Stein(2011)’s local-likelihood approach. Our method has a smaller integrated MSE, easily fixes the boundary bias, and requires far less computing time than the likelihood-based method.
Development of a Theoretical Model for Achieving Inclusion in Schools

School systems are in the midst of dealing with changing demographics. It is assumed schools play an important role in addressing the varying educational, cultural, and social needs of an increasin...
Subchronic low-dose 2,4-D exposure changed plasma acylcarnitine levels and induced gut microbiome perturbations in mice

The gut microbiota critically confers various health benefits, whereas environmental chemicals can affect its constitution and functionality thereby increasing disease risk. In the present study, we aim to evaluate the toxic effects of a wildly-used herbicide 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) on the gut microbiome and host using an occupationally relevant dose. A mouse model was used combined with metagenomic sequencing and metabolomic profiling to examine the alterations induced by subchronic low-dose 2,4-D exposure in fecal and plasma samples. The metagenomics results revealed a distinct gut microbial community with profound changes in diverse microbial pathways including urea degradation, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism in 2,4-D-treated mice. Moreover, the metabolomics results revealed that the metabolic profiles in treatment group were differentiated from control group in both fecal and plasma samples. Toxic effects on the host of 2,4-D at an occupationally relevant dose were observed indicated by decreased acylcarnitine levels in plasma. These findings indicated that 2,4-D can cause toxicity and substantially impact the gut microbiome in mice at occupationally relevant doses, inferring that the relationship between environmental contaminants and microbiota is largely underestimated calling for more comprehensive consideration of the toxicity of occupational exposures.
Do Denser Neighborhoods Have Safer Streets? Population Density and Traffic Safety in the Philadelphia Region:

This study uses multilevel negative binomial models to investigate relationships between neighborhood socio-demographics, urban form, roadway characteristics, traffic collisions, injuries, and fata...
Benign Alveolar Ridge Keratosis: Clinical and Histopathologic Analysis of 167 Cases

Benign alveolar ridge keratosis (BARK), the intraoral counterpart of cutaneous lichen simplex chronicus, is a reactive hyperkeratosis caused by trauma or friction that presents as a poorly demarcated white papule or plaque on the keratinized mucosa of the retromolar pad or alveolar ridge mucosa (often edentulous). This is a clinical and histopathologic analysis of BARK including evaluation of p53 expression in selected cases. One hundred and sixty-seven cases of BARK were identified from 2016 to 2017 and 112 (67.1%) occurred in males with a median age of 56 years (range 15–86). The retromolar pad was affected in 107 (64.1%) cases and the edentulous alveolar mucosa in 60 (35.9%) cases, with 17.4% of the cases presenting bilaterally. BARK showed hyperkeratosis often with wedge-shaped hypergranulosis and occasional focal parakeratosis. The epithelium exhibited acanthosis and surface corrugation with tapered rete ridges often interconnected at the tips. The study for p53 performed in 12 cases showed less than 25% nuclear positivity. BARK is a distinct benign clinicopathologic entity caused by friction, which should be clearly distinguished from true leukoplakia, a potentially malignant disorder.
Infrared Image Fault Identification of Power Equipment Based on Residual Network

Using an unmanned aerial vehicle equipped with an infrared camera to fly along the transmission line and collect image and video data. Analyze the causes of power equipment faults, the classification of faults, and the characteristics of faults reflected in infrared images. Achieve the function of fault detection, classification and positioning. First, the video data is parsed to read the infrared image sequence, and the read infrared image is filtered and preprocessed to suppress noise and interference. The infrared image is then used to extract the potential area of the fault using superpixel segmentation. Finally, according to the trained residual network, these potential areas are sequentially classified to calculate the probability, and the threshold is set by experiment to screen the real fault and calculate its position. Automatic detection and classification and positioning of power equipment faults are achieved. Practice has proved that the method has a high degree of automation and efficiency.
Heterogeneity of Treatment and Outcomes Among Asians With Coronary Artery Disease in the United States.

Background Prior data demonstrate significant heterogeneity regarding coronary artery disease risk factors and outcomes among Asians in the United States, but no studies have yet examined coronary ...
Resolving dynamics of inertial migration in straight and curved microchannels by direct cross-sectional imaging.

The explosive development of inertial microfluidic systems for label-free sorting and isolation of cells demands improved understanding of the underlying physics that dictate the intriguing phenomenon of size-dependent migration in microchannels. Despite recent advances in the physics underlying inertial migration, migration dynamics in 3D is not fully understood. These investigations are hampered by the lack of easy access to the channel cross section. In this work, we report on a simple method of direct imaging of the channel cross section that is orthogonal to the flow direction using a common inverted microscope, providing vital information on the 3D cross-sectional migration dynamics. We use this approach to revisit particle migration in both straight and curved microchannels. In the rectangular channel, the high-resolution cross-sectional images unambiguously confirm the two-stage migration model proposed earlier. In the curved channel, we found two vertical equilibrium positions and elucidate the size-dependent vertical and horizontal migration dynamics. Based on these results, we propose a critical ratio of blockage ratio (β) to Dean number (De) where no net lateral migration occurs (β/De ∼ 0.01). This dimensionless number (β/De) predicts the direction of lateral migration (inward or outward) in curved and spiral channels, and thus serves as a guideline in design of such channels for particle and cell separation applications. Ultimately, the new approach to direct imaging of the channel cross section enables a wealth of previously unavailable information on the dynamics of inertial migration, which serves to improve our understanding of the underlying physics.
Accelerated electron transfer in nanostructured electrodes improves the sensitivity of electrochemical biosensors

ABSTRACT Electrochemical biosensors hold the exciting potential to integrate molecular detection with signal processing and wireless communication in a miniaturized, low-cost system. However, as electrochemical biosensors are miniaturized to the micron scale, their detection sensitivity degrades precipitously, thereby greatly reducing their utility in the context of molecular diagnostic applications. Studies have reported that nanostructured electrodes can greatly improve electrochemical biosensor sensitivity, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood, thus making it difficult to fully exploit this phenomenon to improve biosensor performance. In this work, we propose and experimentally validate a novel mechanism in which electron transfer is physically accelerated within nanostructured electrodes due to reduced charge screening, resulting in enhanced sensitivity. We show that this mechanism can be exploited to achieve up to 24-fold increase in signal and nearly four-fold lower limit-of-detection relative conventional planar electrodes. This accelerated electron transfer mechanism should prove broadly applicable for improving the performance of electrochemical biosensors.
Severe hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a report of two cases

Severe insulin resistance is an uncommon finding in patients with type 2 diabetes but is often associated with difficult to managing blood glucose. While severe insulin resistance is most frequently seen in the setting of medication side effects or rare genetic conditions, this report of two cases highlights the presence of severe insulin resistance in the setting of severe COVID-19 and explores how this may contribute to the poor prognosis of patients with diabetes who become infected with SARS-CoV-2. Here we present the cases of two African-American women with pre-existing type 2 diabetes who developed severe COVID-19 requiring mechanical ventilation and concurrent severe insulin resistance with total daily insulin dose requirements of greater than 5 unit/kg. Both patients received aggressive insulin infusion and subcutaneous insulin therapy to obtain adequate glucose management. As their COVID-19 clinical course improved, their severe insulin resistance improved as well. The association between critical illness and hyperglycemia is well documented in the literature, however severe insulin resistance is not commonly identified and may represent a unique clinical feature of the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 infection and type 2 diabetes.