cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A mutation that increases a novel calcium-activated potassium conductance of Paramecium tetraurelia.

Under two-electrode voltage clamp, a mutant ofP. tetraurelia, restless (rst/rst), showed a large increase in induced current and an outward tail current when compared to the wildtype cell for hyperpolarizing voltage steps. An increase in the induced and tail currents is also observed for depolarizing voltage steps. The larger current during voltage steps and tail in the mutant were eliminated by the use of CsCl-filled electrodes and tetraethylammonium ion (TEA+) in the bath solution, characterizing the lesion as affecting a K+ conductance. Ionophoretic injection of ethylene glycol bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether) n,n,n′,n-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) to buffer internal Ca2+ concentration reduced the increased K+ current and tail of therestless cell, indicating Ca2+ activation of the K+ current. Time course and amplitude of remaining currents after blockage of K+ conductances with Cs+ and TEA+ were similar in wild-type andrestless cells suggesting norestless defect in entry of calcium. The Ca2+-activated sodium current was similar in the mutant to that in wild type arguing against a defect in calcium regulation activating the K+ channel in therestless cell. We conclude that therestless mutation alters a Ca2+-activated potassium conductance other than the one previously described. The multiplicity of Ca2+-activated potassium conductances inParamecium is discussed.
Role of prolactin in benign prostatic hypertrophy

Abstract Plasma prolactin levels were measured in 22 adult men less than age forty five and 31 men more than age fifty by means of a double radioimmunoassay technique. No rise in plasma prolactin to correlate with the period of benign prostatic growth was noted; in fact there was a statistically significant decline of prolactin with increasing age. When the older patients were subdivided, patients with larger prostates had prolactin levels similar to those of patients with smaller prostates. While these experiments do not rule out a permissive role for prolactin in benign prostatic hypertrophy, they do indicate that increased prolactin secretion is not an initiating stimulus for its development.
Multiple New-Onset Subcutaneous Nodules of the Upper Extremity Digits: Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath and Lipoma

A black woman with the concurrent onset of two subcutaneous nodules located on the digits of her upper extremities is described. Initially, a single systemic disorder was considered; yet, the lesions differed in morphology and consistency. Microscopic examination of the nodules showed a giant cell tumor of tendon sheath and a lipoma. Although Occam's "razor" suggests that multiple lesions in the same person are more likely to represent variable manifestations of a single disorder than several different diseases in that individual, the simultaneously appearing lesions in this patient represented two different conditions.
Automatic scoring of pronunciation quality

We present a paradigm for the automatic assessment of pronunciation quality by machine. In this scoring paradigm, both native and nonnative speech data is collected and a database of human-expert ratings is created to enable the development of a variety of machine scores. We first discuss issues related to the design of speech databases and the reliability of human ratings. We then address pronunciation evaluation as a prediction problem, trying to predict the grade a human expert would assign to a particular skill. Using the speech and the expert-ratings databases, we build statistical models and introduce different machine scores that can be used as predictor variables. We validate these machine scores on the Voice Interactive Language Training System (VILTS) corpus, evaluating the pronunciation of American speakers speaking French and we show that certain machine scores, like the log-posterior and the normalized duration, achieve a correlation with the targeted human grades that is comparable to the human-to-human correlation when a sufficient amount of speech data is available.
Applications of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator with Returning Adult Students

(1992). Applications of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator with Returning Adult Students. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education: Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 25-28.
IN VITRO AND IN VIVO STIMULATION OF THE RELEASE OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE.

The in vitro pituitary incubation system of Saffran and Schally was modified for the study of stimulation of luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. The modification consisted of the use of chronically ovariectomized and estrogen progesterone-treated rats. The basic rate of LH secretion in vitro was established. Preparations of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF), of bovine and ovine origin, were shown to effect significant stimulation of LH release, in vitro. These preparations were also active in vivo in depleting ovarian ascorbic acid in immature rats pretreated with gonadotropins and in increasing plasma LH levels in chronically ovariectomized, estrogen progesteronetreated rats. Thus, the results of the in vitro experiments seem to show agreement with those from the in vivo studies. (Endocrinology 75: 312, 1964)
Poster: Statistical learning strategies for RF-based indoor device-free passive localization

In this paper, we present the design, implementation and evaluation of a RF-based device-free passive localization strategy using active RFID nodes. Patterns of the measured power on multiple radio links are used to determine the location of a person in a room in a home environment. We develop an adaptive algorithm and training technique to minimize multi-path effects. With experimental deployment in a 5 x 8 meters room, we demonstrate that our system can successfully localize an individual to a 30-inch grid square with an 97.2% accuracy and 0.36 meters average error distance.
F(ab') 2 -like Fragments from Severely Burned Patients provide a New Serum Immunoglobin Component

INTEREST in immunoglobulin fragments in serum centres around their antigenic sites which stimulate autoantibody1, and the insight they provide into the metabolism of immunoglobulins. They also have the potential to alter host immune defence mechanisms. For example, the F(ab′)2 fragment prepared in vitro from IgG is less effective than intact IgG in protecting animals injected with pathogens2, in aiding phagocytosis3,4 and in clearing bacteria from the blood stream2,5. Also, F(ab′)2 fragments are non-cytotoxic in the presence of complement6,7 and enhance the growth of tumours8,9. Because severely burned patients have larger than normal concentrations of proteolytic enzymes10 and immunoglobulins in their serum11–13, we regarded them as potential models for in vivo degradation of immunoglobulin, and examined serum from forty patients with 3–70 per cent body surface area full-thickness burns for immunoglobulin fragments. The following report identifies for the first time a serum F(ab′)2-like fragment in severely burned patients.
Prophylactic Effect of Sulfaguanidine Against Ulcerative Cecitis in Rats

Discussion and SummaryChronic ulcerative cecitis, as it developed spontaneously in a rat colony, presented itself as an ideal experimental disease in which to study the effect of chemotherapy. At the time of the present observations the majority of the animals in our colony developed lesions of “cecitis” by the time they had reached 300+ g in weight. The addition of 0.5% of sulfaguanidine to the diet produced no deleterious clinical effect nor any visible gross lesions. On the contrary rats on sulfaguanidine gained weight rapidly. The drug even in the small doses used had a striking prophylactic effect against the development of cecitis; not only was the incidence very much lower than in the control group but, even more impressive, such lesions as occurred were minimal in contrast to the advanced disease found in most of the untreated rats. The protective effect of sulfaguanidine is demonstrated further by the failure of the treated animals to lose weight as did the controls with progressive lesions.The c...
Predictive Routing in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Predicting future state of dynamic networks has been a growing area of research in recent years. Mobile ad-hoc networks in particular are subject to frequent disconnects and topology changes as a consequence of user mobility. However, in many kinds of mobile networks, e.g. vehicular networks, mobility is not strictly random, and some prediction of node mobility is possible, which enables estimation of route stability. However, predictive techniques rely on accurate localization, which is not always available. In this paper, we examine the effect localization error as commonly encountered in practice has on a simple mobility prediction method.
Observations on the interrelationship between insulin, the adrenal cortex and non-specific stress (cold) in adipose tissue glycogen synthesis in the rat.

IN A previous study (Engel and Scott, 1951) it was found that ACTH, cortisone or adrenal extract had no measurable effect on the glycogen concentration of the dorsal interscapular body fat of the rat fasted 48 hours and then fed glucose. On the other hand, administration of insulin with the glucose to rats pretreated with ACTH or cortisone resulted in striking increases in adipose tissue glycogen concentration. This increment was significantly greater than that occurring after treatment with the same dose of insulin and glucose but no adrenal hormone. Insulin either by itself or in conjunction with glucose had been shown earlier to promote glycogen accumulation in adipose tissue (Wertheimer and Shapiro, 1948; Fawcett, 1948; Engel and Scott, 1950). Although circumstantial evidence was presented by Wertheimer and Shapiro (1948) to suggest that the level of glycogen in adipose tissue may reflect the rate of conversion of carbohydrate to fat in this tissue,
Does Aristotle Refute the Harmonia Theory of the Soul

In Aristotle’s On the Soul he considers and refutes two versions of the harmonia theory of the soul’s relation to the body. According to the harmonia theory, the soul is to the body what the tuning of a musical instrument is to its material parts. Though he believes himself to have entirely dismissed the view, he has not. I argue that Aristotle’s hylomorphic account is, in fact, an instance of the harmonia theory.
Studies on formation and resorption of fish scales. IV. Ultrastructure of developing scales in newly hatched fry of the sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus (Atheriniformes: Cyprinodontidae).

Scale formation in Cyprinodon variegatus was found to be initiated at about 26 to 30 days after hatching. Ultrastructural investigation revealed that within 4 to 6 h in the first-formed scales the marginal cells begin to flatten and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which later change to osteoblasts and fibroblasts. These cells are separated from the surrounding epithelial cells by a basal lamina. The osteoid is formed by the marginal and osteogenic cells; the osseous layer by the osteoblasts; and the fibrillary plate by the fibroblasts. The osteoid is formed within 2 to 3 h after the initiation of the scale, and within 20 to 24 h the osseous layer is formed. Hydroxyapatite crystals are deposited in the matrix of the osseous layer without apparent association with collagen fibers. No matrix vesicles or dense bodies are evident at the sites of calcification. The fibrillary plate arises 18 to 20 h after the initiation of the scale. It is also partially calcified, but not before the third week of scale formation. The crystals develop almost exclusively between the collagen fibers at the extreme edge of the calcifying front, but solid calcification of the fibers results with further growth of the crystals. The fibroblasts appear to participate in calcification of the fibrillary plate.
Localization of urate and phosphate reabsorption in the mongrel dog kidney.

SummaryWe have provided evidence that the sites of urate and phosphate reabsorption exist at the luminal cell membrane. This was accomplished by the determination of mean glomerulus to ureter transit times for both compounds in the absence and presence of inhibitors of their reabsorption.We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Mr. Clive Pullinger and Mrs. Sheila Blanck. This research was supported by NIH Grants 5P10 ES-00159 and HE-10346.
Job interview training for the mentally retarded: Issues and applications

Vocational training has long been a major part of habilitation programs for mentally retarded adults. However, even after retarded persons develop work habits and skills, they may be unable to convince potential employers of their vocational competence. The present article discusses the rationale for systematically teaching mentally retarded persons job interview and other job finding skills, and reviews applied job interview training research with mentally retarded clients and other low functioning populations. Implementation of training techniques is also discussed.
Spectrographic determination of mercury in rocks and coal

Abstract An optical emission spectrographic method for the determination of 5–1000 p.p.b. mercury in rocks and coal is described. The method is applied to USGS rock and NBS coal standards, and the results are compared to other analytical procedures. Little or no sample preparation makes the procedure simple and rapid. The standard deviation is about 30%.
Interaction of depressant, convulsant, and anticonvulsant barbiturates with the [3H]diazepam binding site of the benzodiazepine-GABA-receptor-ionophore complex

Abstract Barbiturates with pharmacological profiles similar to that of the benzodiazepines enhance [3H]diazepam binding to rat brain membranes. Diazepam binding was increased by depressant, but not by convulsant, barbiturates. (±)-Pentobarbital enhancement of diazepam binding was saturable. Besides having a direct effect, depressant barbiturates also potentiated muscimol enhancement of diazepam binding. The barbiturate-induced increase of diazepam binding was stereospecific and was blocked by γ-aminobutyric and (GABA) synaptic antagonists [(+)-bicuculline, picrotoxinin, and t-butyl bicyclophosphate esters] and by RO5-3663, the convulsant benzodiazepine. The ability of these antagonists to block barbiturate enhancement suggests that barbiturates may increase diazepam binding by acting on the benzodiazepine-GABA-receptor-ionophore complex.
The Oldest Midrash: Pre-rabbinic Ideals and Teachings in the Passover Haggadah

The researches of the last three decades have conclusively shown that toward the end of the third century B.C. a profound change occurred in the spiritual life of the Jews. Literary prophecy, which had been declining since the time of Haggai and Zechariah (ca. 518 B.C.), now definitely came to an end. The noble tradition had been in its death throes for no less than three centuries. In vain did the Joels, the Obadiahs, and the Deutero-Zechariahs seek to save it from complete eclipse. Its hour had passed. In the meantime, new forces were arising to contend for its place in the spiritual leadership of Israel.
Noncooperative Distributed MMSE Schemes for AF SIMO Wireless Relay Networks

This paper presents a noncooperative distributed amplify-and-forward (AF) single-input multiple-output (SIMO) wireless relay networks under two adverse wireless communication environments: (1) node geometry and a jamming environment, and (2) channel uncertainty and a jamming environment. All relay nodes in wireless relay networks cannot exchange their received signals from source nodes for relay noncooperation. The main contribution of this paper is the derivation of an optimal diagonal amplifying relay matrix in AF SIMO wireless relay system using the minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion. To evaluate the effects of two adverse wireless communication environments on the AF SIMO relay scheme, simulation results are presented for a system using the derived optimal diagonal amplifying relay matrix with bit error rate (BER). In addition, performance comparisons under no node geometry, no-jamming environment, and no channel uncertainty were also considered.
Influence of crustal cumulates on 210Pb disequilibria in basalts

Abstract In historical basalts from a wide range of tectonic settings, 210 Pb is often found to have an activity deficit relative to its predecessor 226 Ra. Several processes have been hypothesized as causes of 210 Pb deficits in basalts. In subduction zone and ocean island environments, 210 Pb deficits have often been attributed to shallow magmatic degassing. At mid-ocean ridges, 210 Pb deficits have been inferred to result from mantle melting, limiting the time between melt production and eruption to 100 years or less. Here we present an alternative mechanism for producing 210 Pb deficits in magmas, by diffusive exchange between a melt and cumulate minerals (plagioclase and/or clinopyroxene) in the crust. The deficit in 210 Pb develops in response to its decay toward secular equilibrium with 226 Ra within the mineral grains; decay provides an internal sink for 210 Pb that drives continuous diffusive exchange with the melt. Deficits in 210 Pb develop under a broad range of conditions, in enriched and depleted melts and during interaction with young or old cumulate minerals. The magnitude of the deficit depends mainly on the equilibrium mineral/melt partition coefficients for Pb and Ra and on the melt/rock ratio during diffusive interaction, and is only weakly dependent on the relative diffusivities of Ra and Pb in the minerals or the trace element disequilibrium between the melt and cumulate minerals. Plagioclase in the crust has greater leverage on the 210 Pb– 226 Ra system than any silicate mineral present during mantle melting, and is capable of inducing significant 210 Pb deficits in the melt even at melt fractions above 50%. Its influence on the melt is also rapid, with a substantial 210 Pb deficit developing in less than a year and approaching a steady state value after several decades or less. The strong control crustal cumulates are capable of exerting on 210 Pb– 226 Ra fractionation in melts indicates that they may have a significant role in a wide range of tectonic environments, and suggests caution in interpreting 210 Pb deficits as a signature of mantle melting, or as a product of 222 Rn degassing.
Retroviruses, Cancer Genes, and Tumor Suppressor Genes

Cellular transformation may occur spontaneously as a result of errors in cellular safeguard mechanisms such as faulty DNA repair, exposure to physical and chemical mutagens or infection by tumorigenic viruses. Studies of tumorigenic DNA and RNA viruses have contributed profoundly to our understanding of molecular oncogenesis, since these viruses contribute to tumor formation by usurping the machineries involved in the control of cell proliferation. Some of the RNA retroviruses transduce captured cellular proto-oncogenes termed viral oncogenes which have undergone mutations. Other retroviruses can transform in the absence of a viral oncogene by inserting strong transcriptional activating elements near cellular genes that contribute positively to cell growth. The DNA tumor viruses often carry viral genes that are oncogenic.
Depression as a Mediator of the Association between Substance Abuse and Negative Parenting of Fathers

Objective: The role of substance abuse (SA) and depression on paternal parenting has recently gained attention in the research literature. Both SA and depression have been associated with negative ...
Using a combination of C-AFM and SCM for failure analysis of SRAM leakage in CMOS process with the addition of a DNW module

The use of scanning probe microscopes (SPM), such as conductive atomic force microscope (C-AFM) and scanning capacitance microscope (SCM) have been widely reported as a method of failure analysis in nanometer scale science and technology. This paper will demonstrate the use of the C-AFM to identify the true SRAM leakage path in CMOS process with the addition of a deep n-well (DNW) module. After taking electrical measurements, the SCM technique is utilized to identify and understand the physical root cause of the electrical failure.
New Descriptors of Evolutionary Information for Accurate Prediction of DNA and RNA-Binding Residues in Protein Sequences

Evolutionary information in terms of position-specific scoring matrix (PSSM) has been often used to construct classifiers for biological sequence analyses. However, PSSM is rather designed for PSI-BLAST searches, and it may not contain all the evolutionary information for modeling specific sequence patterns. In this study, several new descriptors of evolutionary information have been developed and evaluated for sequence-based prediction of DNA and RNA-binding residues using support vector machines (SVMs). The new descriptors were shown to improve classifier performance. Interestingly, the best classifiers were obtained by combining the new descriptors and PSSM, suggesting that they captured different aspects of evolutionary information for DNA and RNA-binding site prediction. The SVM classifiers achieved 77.3% sensitivity and 79.3% specificity for prediction of DNA-binding residues, and 71.6% sensitivity and 78.7% specificity for RNA-binding site prediction. Predictions at this level of accuracy may provide useful information for protein functional annotation, protein-nucleic acid docking and experimental studies such as site-directed mutagenesis.
Spray Pyrolysis of CuIn(S,Se) 2 Thin Films Using Hydrazine-based Solutions

A novel approach to fabricate CuIn(S,Se) 2 (CIS) thin films through ultrasonically spraying a hydrazine-based precursor solution onto a heated substrate is reported. The effects of the composition of the precursor solutions and the deposition temperature on the CIS film properties were investigated by comparing thin films fabricated using aqueous metal salt solution, anhydrous hydrazine solution, and hydrazine hydrate solution at various deposition temperatures. Crystallite size and texture coefficient in the preferred (112) orientation in the sprayed films increased when the aqueous solution was replaced by hydrazine-based solutions. Additionally, the hydrazine-based precursor solutions resulted in films with better surface smoothness and compositional uniformity than those fabricated using water-based solutions and the hydrazine hydrate solution resulting in the smoothest, most uniform films. The sprayed films were used to fabricate preliminary solar cells that demonstrated a modest photovoltaic response. With optimization, the synthesis of high-quality CIS films by spray pyrolysis from a hydrazine hydrate solution could demonstrate the potential for a low-cost, high-throughput manufacturing process.
Synergistic self-assembly of RNA and DNA molecules

DNA has recently been used as a programmable 'smart' building block for the assembly of a wide range of nanostructures. It remains difficult, however, to construct DNA assemblies that are also functional. Incorporating RNA is a promising strategy to circumvent this issue as RNA is structurally related to DNA but exhibits rich chemical, structural and functional diversities. However, only a few examples of rationally designed RNA structures have been reported. Herein, we describe a simple, general strategy for the de novo design of nanostructures in which the self-assembly of RNA strands is programmed by DNA strands. To demonstrate the versatility of this approach, we have designed and constructed three different RNA-DNA hybrid branched nanomotifs (tiles), which readily assemble into one-dimensional nanofibres, extended two-dimensional arrays and a discrete three-dimensional object. The current strategy could enable the integration of the precise programmability of DNA with the rich functionality of RNA.
A sequence-based control scheme for voltage-source converters in naval and commercial microgrids

A switching-sequence-based control scheme for power electronics converters in naval and commercial microgrids is investigated in this paper. The proposed scheme guarantees global stability while meeting predefined performance criteria. First, using techniques based on composite Lyapunov functions and piecewise-linear models of the system, the set of switching sequences that guarantee global stability, is determined. Next, by solving optimization problems using predefined cost functions, the optimal switching sequence and the duration of time spent in it is determined. Applications of the control scheme to multifunctional voltage source converters for naval power systems and a commercial microgrid are presented. Dynamic and steady-state performances obtained using the sequence-based control scheme is compared with those obtained using conventional linear controllers. Fault conditions are investigated to evaluate the efficacy of the control scheme.
True Metabolizable Energy Corrected to Nitrogen Equilibrium

Abstract A study was conducted to examine the effects of the correction of excreta energy to nitrogen equilibrium in the determination of true metabolizable energy (TME). Roosters and laying hens were fed diets consisting of a standard layer ration blended with increasing amounts of dehulled soybean meal ranging from 0 to 100%. Dry matter digestibility, nitrogen retention, and apparent metabolizable energy were greater for females than the males. For males and females, dehulled soybean meal had values for dry matter digestibility of 50.1 and 52.0%, TME of 3.087 and 3.145 kcal/g dry matter, metabolizable energy corrected to nitrogen equilibrium (MEn) of 2.683 and 2.719 kcal/g dry matter, and TME corrected to nitrogen equilibrium (TMEn) of 2.890 and 2.946 kcal/g dry matter, respectively. The differences between TME and TMEn values were due to larger nitrogen losses from nondietary sources by fasted birds than by fed birds. Thus, the metabolic fecal and endogenous urinary energy as measured from the fasted birds provides a larger correction than justified for accurate TME determinations. The difference between the TME and the TMEn in this study explains in part the previously reported abnormally high values for TME over MEn. Thus, MEn appears to be a more accurate measurement of metabolizable energy than TME.
Numerical Modeling of the Performance of Thermal Interface Materials in the Form of Paste-Coated Sheets

The performance of thermal interface materials in the form of core sheets coated on both sides with a thermal paste is numerically modeled by finite-element analysis. The paste is polyol-ester-based carbon black paste and serves to improve the conformability. Good agreement is found between modeling and experimental results that involve copper proximate surfaces sandwiching the thermal interface material. The core sheets are copper, aluminum, indium, and flexible graphite. Flexible graphite (made from exfoliated graphite) is advantageous in its low elastic modulus, whereas copper and aluminum foils are advantageous in their high thermal conductivity. Indium is advantageous in its low elastic modulus compared with copper or aluminum and in its high thermal conductivity compared with flexible graphite. Among the four types of core sheet with identical thickness, coated indium foil gives the best performance for the range of foil thickness of 6 μm to 112 μm for the case of smooth (0.01 μm roughness) proximate surfaces and 117 μm to 320 μm for the case of rough (15 μm roughness) proximate surfaces. Aluminum foil gives the best performance for the thickness range of 112 μm to 2000 μm in the case of smooth proximate surfaces. For thicknesses below these ranges, flexible graphite performs the best. For thicknesses above these ranges, copper foil performs the best.
Convection and segregation during vertical Bridgman growth with centrifugation

Both experiments and numerical simulations have shown that centrifugation can have a large influence on convection and segregation during vertical Bridgman growth. The buoyancy-driven flow pattern di⁄ers dramatically from that observed without centrifugation. The Coriolis force introduces an azimuthal circulation that cannot be seen via the usual side view of the ampoule. The flow pattern and intensity depend on the rotation rate, centrifuge arm length, and interface shape. Several experiments and numerical simulations exhibited a minimum in axial convection or segregation at a particular rotation rate. A correlation for these results indicate that the minimum in convection occurs at a rotation rate that is independent of the centrifuge arm length, proportional to the square root of the depth of the concave interface, and inversely proportional to the ampoule radius. In attempts to better understand this minimum, three simple models have been proposed, here called “buoyancy-Coriolis balance”, “flow transition”, and “thermal stability”. The thermal stability model is developed here. Unfortunately, none of these models agree with the correlation to the published experimental and numerical results. Numerical simulations show that rotation of a vertical ampoule about its own axis at a constant rate may be a better method to control convection. ( 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
ESTIMATING EMISSIONS AND FUEL CONSUMPTION FOR DIFFERENT LEVELS OF FREEWAY CONGESTION

To improve upon the speed correction factor methodology used by conventional emission models (i.e., MOBILE and EMFAC), the Environmental Protection Agency is introducing in its latest version of MOBILE (version 6) a new set of facility-specific driving cycles. These cycles represent driving patterns for different facility types (e.g., highway and arterial) and congestion conditions. Using a state-of-the-art comprehensive modal emissions model developed under NCHRP Project 25-11, one is able to predict the integrated emissions and fuel use values for these cycles for a wide variety of vehicle-technology categories. These facility-congestion results are then compared with steady-state emissions-fuel use measurements that were made in deriving the modal model. Furthermore, cruise modes that have mild speed perturbations are also investigated. All of these results are then compared with the speed correction equations used in the conventional emissions factor models. It is found that the mild acceleration perturbations at high speeds can lead to significantly higher emissions compared with the steady-state values. Because of this, the new high-speed freeway driving cycles (representing higher levels of service) in many cases have (modeled) emissions higher than those for the cycles that represent lower levels of service. Fuel consumption by speed does not change drastically in the comparisons.
Strategic Communication Campaigns at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office: Managing Mediatization During the Papal Visit, the Royal Wedding, and the Queen’s Visit to Ireland

This article investigates strategic communication in the context of the wider adoption of “campaign” approaches to public diplomacy at the Foreign & Commonwealth Office. The three case studies are the visit of Pope Benedict XVI to the United Kingdom, the marriage of HRH Prince William to Kate Middleton, and Queen Elizabeth II’s visit to Ireland. The analytical framework seeks to situate strategic communication theory within a political–economic environment pervaded by a dependence on the media and its institutions for sociopolitical knowledge. Therefore, while affirming the growth and influence of strategic communication as a social phenomenon, this article questions how processes of mediatization impact strategic communication, its organization and practices. The case studies reveal characteristic techniques such as managing mediated spaces for meetings and discussion; shaping the salience of target groups, stakeholders, and participants; an emphasis on values and norms that may be tailored efficiently t...
A century of plant pathology : A retrospective view on understanding host-parasite interactions

▪ Abstract The twentieth century has been productive for the science of plant pathology and the field of host-parasite interactions—both in understanding how pathogens and plant defense work and in developing more effective means of disease control. Early in the twentieth century, plant pathology adopted a philosophy that encouraged basic scientific investigation of pathogens and disease defense. That philosophy led to the strategy of developing disease-resistant plants as a prima facie disease-control measure—and in the process saved billions of dollars and avoided the use of tons of pesticides. Plant pathology rapidly adopted molecular cloning and its spin-off technologies, and these have fueled major advances in our basic understanding of plant diseases. This knowledge and the development of efficient technologies for producing transgenic plants convey optimism that plant diseases will be more efficiently controlled in the twenty-first century.
Comparative structural profiling of trichome specialized metabolites in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and S. habrochaites: acylsugar profiles revealed by UHPLC/MS and NMR.

Many plants accumulate large quantities of specialized metabolites in secretory glandular trichomes (SGTs), which are specialized epidermal cells. In the genus Solanum, SGTs store a diverse collection of glucose and sucrose esters. Profiling of extracts from two accessions (LA1777 and LA1392) of Solanum habrochaites using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS) revealed wide acylsugar diversity, with up to 11 isomers annotated for each individual elemental formula. These isomers arise from differences in ester chain lengths and their positions of substitution or branching. Since fragment ion masses were not sufficient to distinguish all isomers, 24 acylsucroses were purified from S. habrochaites accessions and cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum M82) and characterized using NMR spectroscopy. Two-dimensional NMR spectra yielded assignments of positions of substitution of specific acyl groups, and locations of branching. The range of substitution was wider than reported earlier, and in contrast to previous reports, tetra- and penta-acylsucroses were substituted at position 2 with acyl groups other than acetate. Because UHPLC/MS fails to yield sufficient information about structure diversity, and quantitative NMR of acylsugar mixtures is confounded by structural redundancy, the strategic combination of NMR and UHPLC/MS provides a powerful approach for profiling a class of metabolites with great structural diversity across genotypes.
Lattice Boltzmann based PDE solver on the GPU

In this paper, we propose a hardware-accelerated PDE (partial differential equation) solver based on the lattice Boltzmann model (LBM). The LBM is initially designed to solve fluid dynamics by constructing simplified microscopic kinetic models. As an explicit numerical scheme with only local operations, it has the advantage of being easy to implement and especially suitable for graphics hardware (GPU) acceleration. Beyond the Navier–Stokes equation of fluid mechanics, a typical LBM can be modified to solve the parabolic diffusion equation, which is further used to solve the elliptic Laplace and Poisson equations with a diffusion process. These PDEs are widely used in modeling and manipulating images, surfaces and volumetric data sets. Therefore, the LBM scheme can be used as an GPU-based numerical solver to provide a fast and convenient alternative to traditional implicit iterative solvers. We apply this method to several examples in volume smoothing, surface fairing and image editing, achieving outstanding performance on contemporary graphics hardware. It has the great potential to be used as a general GPU computing framework for efficiently solving PDEs in image processing, computer graphics and visualization.
User Information Risk: How It Improves Audit Quality

Audited financial statements are the basis for the communication of essential financial information. Accordingly, the reliability of the financial statements is of extreme importance to all parties involved in the process. This paper identifies the three primary parties as the organization, the auditor, and the user and recommends the user play an increased role in this process. The user should be allowed to analyze the quality of the auditor and audit process based upon five critical factors that should be required to be disclosed by the auditor. This paper discusses the five factors and how each one could benefit the user’s analysis of audit quality.
Structural Model of Agricultural Markets in Developing Countries

Switching regime models, including the Parity Bounds Model, are commonly used for assessing market integration, although they are not well suited to multiple market contexts. We develop an alternative structural model of markets that incorporates explanatory variables and generates the probability that a single market is integrated, therefore making it possible to identify specific factors or regions of a country associated with low integration. Our application to intraprovincial rice markets in Madagascar predicts that 56% of markets are integrated. High crime areas are less likely to be integrated, while the center of the country has a higher level of integration.
A Comparison of the Use of Glottal Fry in the Spontaneous Speech of Young and Middle-Aged American Women

Summary Objectives/hypothesis To compare vocal fry use in spontaneous speech of young and middle-aged American women. Study Design This is a cross-sectional study. Methods Subjects were 40 American women; 20 aged 18–25 years (mean = 22.9 years) and 20 aged 35–50 years (mean = 43.4 years). Participants were asked to describe all the steps involved in making a peanut butter and jelly sandwich and in doing laundry. Acoustical analysis of selected parameters and sentence position of vocal fry occurrences were performed. The acoustic parameters analyzed were mean, minimum and maximum fundamental frequency ( F 0), glottal fry/minute ratio, and sentence position of glottal fry. Results Values of minimum fundamental frequency clearly show that there was vocal fry in the participants' spontaneous speech samples. The average minimum F 0 was 74.0 Hz (standard deviation [SD] = 5.6) for the younger women and 73.10 Hz (SD = 6.7) for the middle-aged women ( P = 0.527). The mean glottal fry for the medial position and for the final position was similar for both groups. The mean glottal fry/minute ratio for young women was 13.8 (SD = 7.0), whereas for middle-aged women was 11.3 (SD = 7.5; P = 0.402). This study showed that all participants had at least one episode of glottal fry in their spontaneous speech sample. Conclusions Both groups presented with vocal fry in their spontaneous speech, showing that vocal fry is present in the speech of young and middle-aged women.
Getting a Handle on Coverage Decisions: If Not Case Law, Then What - Comments on a Paper by Professor William Sage

Comments on Professor William Sage's paper "Judicial Opinons Involving Health Insurance Coverage: Trope L'Oeil or Window on the World."
Application of Probabilistic Approaches In Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology

Typical geotechnical and engineering geology problems such as performance prediction of jointed rock slopes, tunnel cost and time prediction and landslide assessment and mitigation are used to illustrate the effect of uncertainties and how to handle them with probabilistic methods. This is done by discussing the typical steps in decision making under uncertainty, namely information collection, modelling, updating and decisions. Emphasis is put on the fact that both objective and subjective methods in collecting information and modelling are applicable.
The Value of Steelhead (Onchorhynchus mykiss) Angling in Lake Erie Tributaries

Steelhead (Onchorhynchus mykiss) have been stocked in Ohio tributaries to Lake Erie for over a decade yet little information on the value of this fishery exists. A steelhead angler intercept survey was conducted in fall, winter, and spring of 2002–2003. Almost 77% of the anglers surveyed (375) responded to a mail survey with useful information. Typical steelhead anglers were 46 years old, middle class, male, and had 9 years steelhead angling experience. Less than two-thirds of respondents fished with spinning tackle and one-third used fly tackle. On average, individuals traveled with 1.7 people in their group. They mostly took single day trips (94% of respondents), traveling approximately 84 kilometers round trip. Steelhead catch rates are positively related to number of trips taken, angler experience, number of streams visited per trip, number of hours fished per trip, and type of tackle used. The value of the steelhead angling experience to participating anglers is estimated at $36 to $46 per trip while the money spent to participate in steelhead fishing is estimated at $26 per trip. Annual value of the Lake Erie tributary steelhead fishery in Ohio could be as high as $12 to $14 million compared to the $600,000 cost for the stocking program. The fishery provides economic benefits to the coastal areas where adequate access for stream steelhead anglers exists during parts of the year when recreational demand is lowest. This information can be used by policy makers to justify expenditures on stocking, public access, and water quality improvements that enhance angling.
Microscope laser light-scattering spectroscopy of vesicles within canaliculi of rat hepatocyte couplets

Employing microscope laser light-scattering spectroscopy, we investigated "primary" bile secretion into canalicular spaces of rat hepatocyte couplets in monolayer culture. Time-dependent scattered light intensities were fitted by bi-exponential decays. The "slow" decay was attributed to an undulating canalicular membrane motion, whereas the "fast" decay was consistent with rapidly diffusing intracanalicular vesicles with mean hydrodynamic radii (+/- SD) of 479 +/- 53 A. After addition of micromolar concentrations of common bile salts, increases in the amplitude of the fast component facilitated a quantitative estimate of vesicle secretion rates. A dose-response relationship with 0.1-200 microM sodium taurocholate was characterized by an initial concentration-dependent increase and then a decrease in the amplitude of the fast canalicular component. Since these taurocholate concentrations are nontoxic to cultured hepatocytes, the maximum in vesicle-sized particles at 10 microM taurocholate suggested that its critical micellar concentration of approximately 5 mM was attained within the canalicular spaces. Sodium taurolithocholate resulted in time- and dose-dependent diminution in vesicle secretion rates, which after 2 h was followed by spontaneous canalicular recovery. This suggested that acute bicellular "cholestasis" was followed by oxidative metabolism and detoxification of the monohydroxy bile salt. Microscope laser light-scattering spectroscopy should facilitate further physical-chemical and pathophysiological studies of bile secretion at the cellular level.
Mobile ad hoc network communication for disaster recovery

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) can be used for a range of post-disaster circumstances, permitting first-responders to prioritise the use of humanitarian and repair resources in emergency situations caused by extreme weather such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, and snow storms. Real-time data and information sharing, using a mobile app, has been expanded from individual point-to-point communication or 'hot-spots' to dynamically built environments, with virtual hub-and-spoke topology, referred to as mobile ad hoc networks. The MANET approach, supported by 'uRep', a mobile app, is illustrated with a scenario of disaster recovery for reporting on the scope of disaster-related damage and communicating the status of the repair effort. The aim of the research presented is to identify how an integrated approach of a mobile app with ad hoc networks can reduce the time needed for critical services to be restored. Additionally, the actual implementation of the mobile app is provided, as the concept motivating the research was adopted by a national utility.
Strain Energy Release Rate and Mode-I Delamination Growth in Carbon-Graphene/Epoxy Hybrid Nanocomposites

Abstract The influence of graphene reinforcement in strain energy release rate (G IC ) and Mode-I delamination growth in carbon-graphene/epoxy (CG-Ep) hybrid nanocomposites have been studied using the double cantilever beam(DCB) test. The specimens of carbon/epoxy (C-Ep) and CG-Epnanocomposites were manufactured using vacuum assisted manual lay-up method. DCB tests were conducted in a displacement controlled mode to achieve stable delamination growth under static loading. At the onset of delamination growth, the load (P cr ) and the total opening displacement (δ cr ) were recorded. The total compliance of the DCB specimen was obtained using, C = δ/P. P cr and δ cr are recorded as a function of the delamination length (a). Plots of critical loads and compliances as a function of the delamination size were used in computing G IC , the Mode-I critical strain energy release rate. The delaminated zone was studied through fractographic examinations and surface roughness measurement. The results show improved G IC of CG-Epnanocompositesin comparison to traditional C-Ep composites. The fractured surface of CG-Ep shows undulated surface with higher roughness which possibly contributed in crack deflection mechanisms.
Energy-Efficient Computation Offloading in Cellular Networks

Computationally intensive applications may quickly drain mobile device batteries. One viable solution to address this problem utilizes computation offloading. The tradeoff is that computation offloading introduces additional communication, with a corresponding energy cost. Yet, previous research into computation offloading has failed to account for the special characteristics of cellular networks that impact mobile device energy consumption. In this paper, we aim to develop energy efficient computation offloading algorithms for cellular networks. We analyze the effects of the long tail problem on task offloading, formalize the computation offloading problem, and use Dijkstra's algorithm to find the optimal decision. Since this optimal solution relies on perfect knowledge of future tasks, we further propose an online algorithm for offloading. We have implemented this latter algorithm on Android-based smartphones. Both experimental results from this implementation and trace-driven simulation show that our algorithm can significantly reduce the energy of computation offloading in cellular networks.
Effect of cortisone on lung metastasis production by a transplanted mammary adenocarcinoma in mice.

SummaryRepeated administration of cortisone acetate in doses ranging from 4 to 3000 μg, injected during 10 days into mice bearing a transplantable mammary adenocarcinoma, inhibited the spontaneous production of lung metastases.
The impact of nonlinear editing on the post-production process

This paper reports on a study conducted by the New Video Technologies Project at Baylor University, which examines the effects of different editing machines on the editing process and answers the question, When compared to linear editing machines, to what extent do nonlinear editing machines affect the final product ? The experimental findings show that the nonlinear editing system projects received higher scores and contained fewer mistakes. Additional observations include : (1) a difference between education and industry expectations in learning editing techniques ; (2) students spent more time on the nonlinear system ; and (3) these students' approach to editing was more sophisticated using the nonlinear system.
A major stride in the advancement of emergency medicine pharmacy.

As the number of emergency medicine pharmacists (EMPs) grows, so does the need for professional cohesiveness and a unifying philosophy of practice for the specialty. In 2008, ASHP published a statement on pharmacy services to emergency departments (EDs).[1][1] The purpose of that statement was to