cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of wound injury on accumulation of proteinase inhibitors in leaf and stem tissues of two processing tomato cultivars

Serine proteinase inhibitor(s) and small amounts of cysteine proteinase inhibitor were detected in both leaf and stem tissue 48 h after mechanical injury to the lower leaf of 21-25 day old tomato cultivars (cv). Leaves accumulated about 2-15 times more trypsin inhibitor than stem tissue. Approximately 10 times more trypsin inhibitor (TIU) accumulated in plants held at 30C in continuous light compared to plants held under ambient greenhouse conditions after injury. Uninjured plants held at 30C under continuous light accumulated lessproteinase inhibitor(s) than injured plants. Holding Bonnie Best in the dark at 30C for 48 h resulted in less inhibitor(s) accumulation in response to mechanical wounding than holding plants at 30C in continuous light. TIU/g tissue recovered from injured plants held at 30C under continuous light varied with cultivar, i. e., for leaves : Bonnie Best (33.61), Alta (21.00 ; 25. 3), Castlemart (16.00 ; 13.17) and Halley (1.96) ; and for stems : Castlemart (8.29), Alta (4.47) and Bonnie Best (2.59). SDS-PAGE assayed for inhibitor activity revealed the main trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor(s) in injured leaves both had a molecular mass (Mr) of 19.1 KD on SDS-PAGE substrate gels. Treatment of the inhibitors with 2.0% SDS at 100C prior to electrophoresis revealed a second major trypsin inhibitor (Mr = 16.4 KD) and two additional major α-chymotrypsin inhibitors (Mr = 16.4 ; 6.2 KD).
Plasmons localized at impurities in semiconductor quantum wells

Abstract Bound plasmons in inhomogeneous carrier gases in the presence of a point charge impurity in semiconductor quantum wells are studied. An integral equation for the self-consistent localization of the plasmon is derived. Bound states are found for intersubband plasmons for all carrier densities, a result which differs qualitatively from the bulk case. Numerical results for the binding energies are given.
Influence of Multiple Age Identities on Social Comparison, Body Satisfaction, and Appearance Self‐Discrepancy for Women across the Life Span

The purpose of this study was to examine how multiple age identities—chronological, ideal, and feel ages—influence social comparison with media images, body satisfaction, and appearance self-discrepancy. Building on the possible selves theory that a closer approximation between chronological age and subjective ages—ideal age and feel age—occurs over time, a conceptual model was tested to identify individual variations of age identities and self-perceptions to body image across the life span. A convenience sample of 279 women between the ages of 30 and 80 years completed the survey at several women's philanthropic and social organizations. Findings indicated that ideal age, rather than chronological age and feel age, played a more important role in influencing participants' perceptions of body and social comparison as their age identities changed. The findings highlight the significance of multiple age identities in predicting social comparison behavior and body image among women across the life span.
Using Transmission Electron Microscopy to Quantify the Spatial Distribution of Nanoparticles Suspended in a Film

Advances in nanotechnology have resulted in a variety of exciting new nanomaterials, such as nanotubes, nanosprings and suspended nanoparticles. Characterizing these materials is important for refining the manufacturing process as well as for determining their optimal application. The scale of the nanocomponents makes high-resolution imaging, such as electron microscopy, a preferred method for performing the analyses. This work focuses on the specific problem of using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and image processing techniques to quantify the spatial distribution of nanoparticles suspended in a film. In particular, we focus on the problem of determining whether the nanoparticles are located in a co-planar fashion or not. The correspondences between particles in images acquired at different tilt angles is used as an estimate of co-planarity.
Differential targeting of tryptophan catabolism in tumors and in tumor-draining lymph nodes by stereoisomers of the IDO inhibitor 1-methyl-tryptophan

Abstract Increased activity of the tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme indoleamine 2.3-dioxygenase (IDO), encoded by the INDO gene, has been associated with a broad spectrum of cancers and is implicated in the pathophysiological process of tumoral immune escape. Our interest in IDO grew out of the finding that disruption of the Bin1 anti-cancer gene in oncogenically transformed mouse cells can lead to elevated interferon-γ mediated induction of Indo gene expression that is associated with immune escape. Using the prototypical IDO inhibitor 1-methyl-tryptophan (1MT), we demonstrated synergistic cooperativity with cytotoxic chemotherapy in an autochthonous mouse breast cancer model. Of the two stereoisomers of 1MT, the D isomer has been demonstrated to be a substantially less potent inhibitor of the IDO enzyme. However, in tolerogenic, IDO-expressing dendritic cells (DCs), D-1MT is as effective as L-1MT at blocking tryptophan catabolism and is actually superior at abrogating T cell suppression. This is consistent with data obtained in two mouse breast cancer models in which IDO is predominantly expressed in DCs within the tumor-draining lymph nodes. In both of these models D-1MT was more effective than L-1MT as an anti-tumor agent. We have recently discovered that a previously undocumented, IDO-related enzyme, referred to here as IDO2, is preferentially inhibited by D-1MT. The relative importance of targeting IDO versus IDO2 with inhibitory compounds and the possibility of cross-talk between these two enzymes is currently being evaluated.
Protoyucca shadishii gen. et sp. nov., An arborescent monocotyledon with secondary growth from the Middle Miocene of Northwestern Nevada, U.S.A.

Abstract Protoyucca shadishii gen. et sp. nov. is described from permineralized specimens collected from Middle Miocene strata in northwestern Nevada. This species is the first reported permineralized monocotyledon with secondary growth. The stem which grew to 60 cm or more in diameter, consists of a primary cylinder surrounded by a cylinder of secondary tissues. A secondary thickening meristem, secondary cortex and periderm occur outside of the cylinder containing secondary bundles. Associated leaves and lobed stem bases with roots attached are referred to this species. Protoyucca shadishii may have evolved as a potential subtropical ancestor of Yucca at possible dry edaphic sites when a more mesic environment occured in northern Nevada during the Tertiary.
Marriages with Children at Medical Risk: The Transition to Parenthood

Prior studies suggest that the birth of a new baby causes a modest but reliable drop in marital satisfaction. The present study replicates and extends this finding in couples with children at medical risk and probes the mechanisms behind this effect. Longitudinal data on marital satisfaction, family structure, infant illness and temperament, and family life events were collected at prenatal, 6, 12, and 18 month periods. Family structural burdens and family stress burdens had a significant negative effect on marital satisfaction. Child-related burdens were less reliably related. Results are discussed in the context of stress and coping as well as developmental psychopathology.
Short-term recognition memory under rehearsal instructions and imaging instructions

A modified Sternberg (1966) procedure with target sets of 3 to 18 food names was used with instructions either to rehearse items or to form a visual image of them. Under rehearsal instructions, omission errors (failures to recognize probed items that had been in the target set) were predominant; under imaging instructions, a small number of errors were made both for probed items in and not in the target set. A pronounced serial position effect emerged under rehearsal instructions, but only a small recency effect was evident under the imaging instructions. Thus results with rehearsal seem compatible with a buffer model, but imaging results do not.
Occupational social status and race in north‐south interregional migration

For the United States generally, a positive relationship has been found between occupational social status and migration propensity. However, the addition of two variables has greatly altered this relationship. The strength of the relationship for blacks was much weaker than for whites. The relationship disappeared for both races for interregional (South/non‐South) migration. More blue‐collar migration from the South to the non‐South was counteracted by more white‐collar migration from the non‐South to the South. Implications of these findings for the so‐called push‐pull theory of migration as well as public policies are discussed.
Neurocritical Care for Neonates

Background To describe the concept, implementation, patient characteristics, and preliminary outcomes of a Neonatal Neurocritical Care Service (NNCS) recently established at the University of California, San Francisco.
The Coalition Merchants: The Ideological Roots of the Civil Rights Realignment

Over the course of the twentieth century, the Democratic and Republican parties have reversed positions on racial issues. This reversal is credited to a variety of factors, chief among them strategic decisions on the part of party leaders competing for votes. An original dataset of the opinions expressed by political thinkers in leading magazines and newspapers is used to develop a measure of ideological positions parallel to nominate scores for members of Congress. Results show that the current ideological pattern, in which racial and economic liberalism are aligned together, emerged among political intellectuals at least 20 years before it appeared in congressional voting. The finding is consistent with the view that ideology shapes party coalitions.
A Technique for Measuring Area under a Curve.

A measure of the accuracy of the technique can be obtained by the following analysis of a graphical construction which was incorporated into Fig. 1. The portion AB of the load vs. displacement plot was constructed graphically as exactly one-sixth of a circle with the radius equal to P max and with center on the P = 0 line. Therefore, using plane geometry, the value of P1 shown in the figure could be calculated exactly to be 0.910 P max . For this value, eq (1) holds with no approximation. In addition, values of P1 were calculated which correspond to five percent greater and less than the area under curve OAB. These values of P1 are shown by the dashed lines. Inspection of these dashed lines show that the technique can be used to measure areas with better than five-percent accuracy. In fact, by counting grid squares in the area ACDA and BDED, an accuracy of one or two percent can be obtained. The accuracy of the technique is also better for a load vs. displacement plot with less deviation from linearity than that shown here.
Increased plasma calcitonin levels in systemic mast cell disease

Aspirin therapy for patients with systemic mast cell disease (SMCD) decreases the production of prostaglandin D 2 , which is thought to be a major mediator of flushing. Paradoxically, in 5 to 10% of patients with SMCD, administration of aspirin causes massive mediator release and an anaphylactoid reaction. We attempted aspirin desensitization in a 34-year-old man with SMCD (confirmed by bone marrow biopsy) who was incapacitated by severe flushing episodes and hypotension. His baseline mediator levels of plasma calcitonin, urinary histamine, and urinary N -methyl-imidazoleacetic acid were abnormal. Pentagastrin stimulation increased the plasma level of calcitonin from 47 pg/mL to 130 pg/mL (normal, less than or equal to 110) at 5 minutes. Oral aspirin desensitization was begun; however, after a cumulative dose of 620 mg, an anaphylactoid reaction ensued in conjunction with hypotension, abdominal cramping, and flushing. Coincidentally, 1 hour after the episode, the plasma calcitonin level increased from 37 pg/mL to 540 pg/mL, and the serum tryptase level increased from 1 ng/mL to 3.9 ng/mL. Six hours after the episode, the urine level of histamine increased from 90 μg/g creatinine to 337 μg/g creatinine, and the urinary N -methylimidazoleacetic acid increased from 32 mg/24 h to 81 mg/24 h. Hence, the patient had increased basal levels of plasma calcitonin that increased substantially during aspirin desensitization and increased to above the upper limit of normal during pentagastrin stimulation. Human mast cells may be capable of producing calcitonin or causing secretion of calcitonin in response to skeletal changes.
Relative influence of ethanol and propylene glycol cosolvents on deposition of minoxidil into the skin

Minoxidil, a potent antihypertensive, is moderately effective in the treatment of hair loss when it is applied to the scalp as a 2% solution in 60% ethanol, 20% propylene glycol and 20% water. Important questions remain concerning both the mechanism of delivery and the pathway of penetration of this drug from its ternary solvent system. Since preliminary studies in our laboratory indicated that water in the formulation influenced permeation far less than the other two solvents, we examined the relative deposition and penetration influences of binary combinations of ethanol and propylene glycol. When 50 μL/cm2 of the formulations was spread over hairless mouse skin sections mounted in Franz diffusion cells, only small amounts of minoxidil were actually recovered from the receiver compartments. Nevertheless, more minoxidil penetrated the skin as the proportion of ethanol in the mixtures was increased. To determine if these in vitro results formed a representative picture of the in vivo behaviors of these vehicles, selected deposition experiments were performed on live, anesthetized mice under experimental conditions similar to those used in the diffusion cell work. The good agreement between in vivo and in vitro studies may be a result of the relatively fast partitioning of the drug into the skin as compared to its diffusion through the skin.
Developmental concepts of asthma ☆: Reasoning about illness and strategies for prevention

Management of asthma requires not only an understanding of the causes and consequences of asthma episodes, but effective use of preventive techniques. The present study investigated asthma knowledge, causal reasoning (“concepts of illness”) regarding episodes of asthma and headache, and strategies for prevention in a sample of 104 children with persistent asthma and 90 parents. Causal reasoning regarding asthma was associated with child age (τ=.25 and .29, p<.01), as was factual asthma knowledge (r=.45, p<.001). Parents and children demonstrated higher concepts of illness for episodes of asthma compared to headache (all ps<.001), suggesting that more education and experience may facilitate reasoning regarding disease. Mentioning medication use for prevention was associated with higher causal reasoning regarding illness. Of note, this strategy was mentioned by fewer than 65% of parents and children in the study, although all of the children had been prescribed such medication. Implications for health education across child development are discussed.
The role of resource imbalances in the evolutionary ecology of tropical arboreal ants

Abstract In numbers and biomass, ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) often dominate arthropod faunas of tropical rainforest canopies. Extraordinary ant abundance is due principally to one or a few species able to tap the high productivity of canopy foliage by feeding on plant and homopteran exudates. Prior studies of nitrogen isotopic ratios show that exudate-feeders derive much of their nitrogen (N) by processing large quantities of N-poor, but carbohydrate (CHO)-rich, exudates. CHOs in excess of those that can be coupled with protein for growth and reproduction (postulated as the colony's first priorities) may be directed at little cost and some profit to functions that increase access to limiting protein. High dietary CHO:protein ratios for exudate-feeders appear to subsidize «high tempo» foraging activity, defence of absolute (level III) territories, and production of N-free alarm/defence exocrine products that enhance ecological dominance in contests with other ants. Among organisms (e.g. plants and Lepidoptera) symbiotic with ants, CHO:protein ratios of ant rewards may control both the identities of ant associates and the quality of ant-rendered services. Dietary ratios of CHO:protein play an important and previously unrecognized role in the ecology and evolution of ants generally. Modifications of worker digestive systems in certain ant sub-families and genera represent key innovations for handling and processing large volumes of liquid food. The supreme tropical dominants are species released from nest site limitation and able to place their nests in the vicinity of abundant exudate resources. Polydomy appears to be typical of these species and should produce energetic savings by taking colony fragments to the resource.
Development of pump electrogenesis in hypokalaemic rat muscle

In hypokalaemic rats maintained on a potassium deficient diets for 10–50 days, the isolated ‘Na-loaded’ and ‘K-depleted’ (‘Na-rich’) muscle fibers showed the membrane potential less than −115 mV in ‘fresh’ muscles of normal rats in K+-free Krebs solution. Upon adding 5 mM K+ to the K+-free medium bathing the soleus muscles, the measured potentials of ‘Na-rich’ muscles always exceeded the membrane potentials of ‘fresh’ muscles in 5 mM K+. The hyperpolarization was dependent on the amount of intracellular Na+ concentration ([Na]i) accumulated during the potassium deficiency. The electrogenic Na-pump was activated by an increase of [Na]i of less than 5 mM. Further increases in [Na]i resulted in increases in membrane potential which appeared to approach a limit at [Na]i levels higher than 65 mM.
Ambition, Vocation, and Sociology

Offering advice to graduate students in sociology about their career prospects is an uncertain venture. I come to the question of how to give advice with the status of an outsider. I have taught nearly my entire career in undergraduate settings, the most recent one for the past 25 years. Most of my advice has been to students considering applying to graduate school in sociology. From this vantage, I send them off and then only see them again when their cohort reaches the stage of applying for jobs at colleges such as my own. The "missing" period of my observations about their socialization requires that I speculate least about it. But I can say with what I think is some certainty, that the probation period of assistant professor is, in many ways, the more obvious moment of truth for many young sociologists than what they choose to do in graduate school. My impression is that between the graduate career and the time before tenure, many sociolo gists find their groove; most stay in it, some abandon it, and a few make it out of their professional trenches into the larger battles of ideas in a world where the usual qualities of human nature are in full force. I start with the basic proposition that well-crafted research, whether qualitative or quantitative, requires translation for audiences beyond those directly familiar with spe cific theories and methodologies. Having edited three journals during the past 15 years and having worked with hundreds of contributors over that same time, I can confidently report that the truest measure of what is important in social science is always a mix of professional accomplishment and broader public recognition and acknowledgment. But let me be as candid as I can about this mix: for some of us achievement within a profes sion with little notice beyond it is necessary and also sufficient; for others personal ambition demands greater recognition than a profession alone can provide. The narcis sism of small differences that often painfully defines the relations among colleagues in the various small ponds in which they find themselves has to be balanced against the much larger pond of the marketplace, where vanity is rarely absent in the sound-byte world of public notice and attention. Academics with large egos are similar to those thousands of kids on basketball courts across the country, all of whom dream of drib bling their way to the NBA. It would appear that an excess of academic vanity could be Jonathan B. Imber is Class of 1949 Professor in Ethics and Professor of Sociology at Wellesley College where he has taught for 25 years. He has been Editor-in-Chief of Society since 1998 and is author most recently of the forthcoming Trusting Doctors: The Decline of Moral Authority in American Medicine as well as Close Calls: Essays on Vocation.
Rapid modulation of inhibitory synaptic currents in cerebellar Purkinje cells by BDNF

The present study examined the acute effects of exogenous BDNF on inhibitory synaptic currents in Purkinje cells in cerebellar cultures. Miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) were recorded in cultures (20-30 days in vitro), using discontinuous single electrode voltage clamp (dSEVC) technique. The effects of BDNF were studied in untreated control cultures and in cultures in which the endogenous levels of BDNF were decreased by chronic block of neural activity with tetrodotoxin (TTX). Chronic activity deprivation did not alter the amplitude of mIPSCs in Purkinje cells, and acute application of BDNF (50 ng/ml) to Purkinje cells in TTX-treated cultures significantly potentiated the amplitude and frequency of mIPSCs. By contrast, acute application of BDNF (50 ng/ml) produced no significant changes on mIPSC activity in control neurons. At higher concentrations of BDNF (100 ng/ml), comparable effects on mIPSC activity were also observed in control neurons. Preincubation of cerebellar cultures with K252a, an inhibitor of tyrosine kinases, effectively blocked the effects of BDNF on mIPSCs. These results indicate that functional inhibitory synapses develop in the absence of neural activity, and that activation of TrkB receptors by BDNF modulates inhibitory neurotransmission in Purkinje cells at both pre- and postsynaptic sites.
Attitudes toward Suicide in Patients with HIV/AIDS

This study investigated the attitudes toward suicide of HIV positive patients, a population at substantial risk for suicide. Such attitudes have not been studied, and it is quite possible that the depression and stress associated with HIV may be mediated by such attitudes. The Suicide Opinion Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Hopelessness Scale, and a demographic questionnaire were administered to three male samples (n = 36 each). The first sample consisted of HIV positive gay men, with the diagnosis of AIDS or AIDS related complex (ARC). The second sample consisted of HIV negative gay men who had no symptoms for AIDS or ARC. The third sample consisted of thirty-six heterosexual males in good physical health with no evidence of AIDS, ARC, or other major medical conditions. The three samples were matched on age, ethnicity, education, and reported annual income. The three samples differed significantly on both depression and hopelessness, with HIV positive scoring highest, HIV negative scori...
Leader Appeal, Leader Performance, and the Motive Profiles of Leaders and Followers: A Study of American Presidents and Elections

Three leader trait and leader-follower interaction models of leader appeal and leader performance are evaluated with data about the motive profiles of American presidents and American society, in both cases measured at a distance. Presidential appeal, defined in terms of electoral success, is significantly correlated with the congruence or match between the president's motive profile and that of his contemporary society. In contrast, presidential greatness, as rated by historians, as well as several important outcomes involving war and peace are associated with certain of the president's motives by themselves, but not with president-society What is a great leader? What is a popular leader? Are they the same? Are they the result of the same or different factors? Our naive belief in the "great person" theory of leadership, that the person shapes events and the leader creates his or her own greatness, has long been challenged by scholars from diverse disciplines who analyze leadership appeal and performance into broad impersonal forces and social-structural Yet in the real world of politics, the factor of personal appeal or having (in the language of the Harris poll) "an attractive, forceful personality" is of enormous concern to campaign strategists and journalists (even if it is largely treated as error variance by voting analysts; see Nie, Verba, & Petrocik, 1979; Sears, 1969). And in the real world of history, successful leaders such as Abraham Lincoln or Franklin D. Roosevelt display such a blend of wisdom, flexibility, and good tactics that we conclude their greatness must be based, at least in part, on personal characteristics (e.g., see Burns, 1956; Haley, 1969; Vidal, 1984). Can these phenomena of greatness and appeal among political leaders be analyzed in psychological terms? Several classic theories and a good deal of contemporary social psychological research suggest a variety of models for a leader's appeal and performance. This article presents data on the psychological characteristics of one kind of leader--American presidentsand one series of followers--American society from the 1780s through the 1960s--as an empirical commentary on (not a test of) these theories and issues.
THE FIRST CENTURY OF COSMIC RAYS, AN HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

The 1912 balloon flights of Victor Hess and related activities in those years are reviewed. Subsequent research during the early 20th Century is noted, including the discovery of the positron, mesons, and air showers. The cosmic ray–accelerator interrelations are noted, including cosmic ray studies at Echo Lake and Mt. Evans, Colorado (USA). The more recent evolution of cosmic ray research programs to astrophysical and cosmological studies, and the major programs such as Auger and AMS conclude this discussion of the century of cosmic ray research.
User-Driven Product Data Manager System Design

With the infusion of information technologies into product development and production processes, effective management of product data is becoming essential to modern production enterprises. When an enterprise-wide Product Data Manager (PDM) is implemented, PDM designers must satisfy the requirements of individual users with different job functions and requirements, as well as the requirements of the enterprise as a whole. Concern must also be shown for the interrelationships between information, methods for retrieving archival information and integration of the PDM into the product development process. This paper describes a user-driven approach applied to PDM design for an agile manufacturing pilot project at Sandia National Laboratories that has been successful in achieving a much faster design-to-production process for a precision electro mechanical surety device.
New channel for dissociative ionization of H2

Abstract We propose a new indirect mechanism for the formation of fast protons which are observed in the dissociative ionization of H 2 at electron impact energies below 29 eV. The process involves the excitation of the molecule to doubly-excited states which autoionize to the dissociative continuum of the ground 1sσ g state of H 2 + .
Imaging of Angiogenesis: Clinical Techniques and Novel Imaging Methods

OBJECTIVE. A wide variety of antiangiogenic agents have been developed for the treatment of neoplasms. Imaging studies play an important role in assessing the effects of these treatments.CONCLUSION. This review article introduces radiologists to features of these therapies and the most important clinical and preclinical imaging techniques for evaluating antiangiogenic agents.
Natural modes of mobile flood gates

In order to study the dynamics of the mobile storm barriers for Venice inlets, we extend an earlier theory of trapped standing waves so that all eigen-modes can be calculated. We first describe the theory for an infinitely long barrier consisting of a series of identical vertical gates. It is found that the modal profile is the discrete substitute of a cosine curve. This finding leads to a much simpler procedure for computing the eigen-frequency from the equation of motion of one gate within a modal wavelength. The validity of this cosine profile is verified by checking the dynamic condition on all other gates. Eigen-modes for cases when neighboring gates are locked in clusters are also considered. The theory is then modified for a barrier of finite length spanning across an infinitely long channel. Different eigen-modes are found by requiring that an integral number of half cosine curves are fitted along the barrier.
Comparison of extra electrons in colloidal n-type Al3+-doped and photochemically reduced ZnO nanocrystals

The “extra” electrons in colloidal n-type ZnO nanocrystals formed by aliovalent doping and photochemical reduction are compared. Whereas the two are similar spectroscopically, they show very different electron-transfer reactivities, attributable to their different charge-compensating cations (Al3+vs. H+).
Ocean viruses: rigorously evaluating the metagenomic sample-to-sequence pipeline.

As new environments are studied, viruses consistently emerge as important and prominent players in natural and man-made ecosystems. However, much of what we know is built both upon the foundation of the culturable minority and using methods that are often insufficiently ground-truthed. Here, we review the modern culture-independent viral metagenomic sample-to-sequence pipeline and how next-generation sequencing techniques are drastically altering our ability to systematically and rigorously evaluate them. Together, a series of studies quantitatively evaluate existing and new methods that allow—even for ultra-low DNA samples—the generation of replicable, near-quantitative datasets that maximize inter-comparability and biological inference.
Gap stability and freeway merging

Abstract This paper analyzes freeway data consisting of velocity and gap size measured by sensors of 200ft intervals along the roadway. Distributions of velocity, gap size, and downstream change in gap size (gap stability) are displayed. Differences in actual and expected time of arrival of gaps at an entrance ramp merge point are likewise considered. Finally, several algorithms for scheduling ramp vehicles to intercept freeway gaps, measured at a decision detector upstream from the ramp, are compared.
Ischemic stroke after pellet embolization

A 9-year-old boy was shot with a pellet shotgun and developed a visual field deficit. Head CT revealed a pellet in the left ambien cistern, in the left posterior cerebral artery on catheter angiography (figure). Chest fluoroscopy revealed multiple thoracic pellets, including a mobile cardiac pellet (video on the Neurology ® Web site at [Neurology.org][1]). There was no clear cardiac injury, patent foramen ovale, or skull penetration. Arterial embolization of a pellet from the chest to the intracranial vasculature likely caused a stroke.1,2 We considered arteriotomy, endovascular retrieval, and medical therapy. The established infarct, clinical stability, and flow distal to the pellet argued for conservative treatment; the visual field deficit was unchanged at 1-month follow-up visit. [1]: http://neurology.org/lookup/doi/10.1212/WNL.0000000000001667
Compression for Low Power Consumption in Battery-powered Handsets

Only summary form given.Java has been introduced to the mobile/wireless handsets and Java enabled handsets are now prevalent in the market, showing their successful launch. A variety of attractive services have been developed and promise a lot of fun to our daily lives, which are however targeted to the high end products that are very expensive. We focus on economic types with similar performance to the high end products. Memory compression is a key technique to achieve the goal and is integrated into a Java runtime environment. We save memory with runtime compression and reduce power by a memory bank partitioning technique (powering off unused memory banks). In memory compression algorithms and the Java runtime environment are studied. The Wilson and Kaplan (WK) algorithm is discussed as in-memory compression and introduced to the Java heap as an alternative of the garbage collection (gc). Experiments show around 10% of speedup and up to 45% of memory saving in the application core part (20.0 % of memory overhead for a user interface). The Java system using the memory compression outperforms its base configuration and will give further chance to reduce memory demand in combination with the garbage collection designed for the Java compressed heap. Experiments show that the in-heap memory compression technique can save more than 50 % (up to 60 %) of the heap demand and that half of the memory banks for the Java heap may never be turned on. 50 % of the power consumption (memory leakage current) can be saved. The hardware compressor and decompressor are currently ten thousand times faster than the software counterparts. The time overhead could be negligible by introducing the hardware compressor and decompressor. Hardware/software codesign is an additional key to achieve our goal. The contribution of the runtime memory and heap compression is threefold: small memory demand, lower power consumption, and negligible time overhead in battery-powered handsets. Future work includes several issues unsolved in the Java memory compression: studies of integration of CLDC Hot Spot implementation and extension of the Java virtual machine to the traditional virtual machine.
Transient transfection and expression in the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan pathogen that produces severe disease in humans and animals. This obligate intracellular parasite provides an excellent model for the study of how such pathogens are able to invade, survive, and replicate intracellularly. DNA encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase was introduced into T. gondii and transiently expressed with the use of three vectors based on different Toxoplasma genes. The ability to introduce genes and have them efficiently and faithfully expressed is an essential tool for understanding the structure-function relation of genes and their products.
Arsenic and Cigarette Smoke Synergistically Increase DNA Oxidation in the Lung

Epidemiological evidence has indicated that arsenic and cigarette smoking exposure act synergistically to increase the incidence of lung cancer. Since oxidative damage of DNA has been linked to cancer, our hypothesis is that aerosolized arsenic and cigarette smoke work synergistically to increase oxidative stress and increase DNA oxidation in the lung. To test this hypothesis male Syrian golden hamsters were exposed to room air (control), aerosolized arsenic compounds (3.2 mg/m3 for 30 minutes), cigarette smoke (5 mg/m3 for 30 minutes), or both smoke and arsenic. Exposures were for 5 days/week for 5 or 28-days. Animals were sacrificed one day after the last exposure. In the 28-day group, glutathione levels and DNA oxidation (8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG)) were determined. Our results show that in the 28-day arsenic/smoke group there was a significant decrease in both the reduced and total glutathione levels compared with arsenic or smoke alone. This correlated with a 5-fold increase in DNA oxidation as shown by HPLC. Immunohistochemical localization of 8-oxo-dG showed increase staining in nuclei of airway epithelium and subadjacent interstitial cells. These results show that dual exposure of arsenic and cigarette smoke at environmentally relevant levels can act synergistically to cause DNA damage.
Compression of line spectral frequency parameters with asynchronous interpolation

TTS systems require a trade-off between size and speech quality. A larger acoustic inventory allows synthesis of speech that sounds more natural. The Asynchronous Interpolation Model improves the quality to size ratio, allowing better compression of large acoustic inventories, as well as better quality speech from a small system. At maximum compression, our method represents most phonemes by a single frame of data. Coarticulation effects are specified as context-specific non-linear interpolation functions. Dividing the speech features into multiple data streams allows asynchronous interpolation. In this study, AIM was applied to LSF parameters. Varying the number of streams allows for variable amount of compression. We used three different objective measures to investigate the effect of number and partitioning of streams. The first few weight functions (and the last one) seem to offer the most error reduction. Partitions separating the first 6 LSFs score well with all three measures.
Nanopatterning materials using area selective atomic layer deposition in conjunction with thermochemical surface modification via heated AFM cantilever probe lithography

Thermal probe based lithography methods are a new family of maskless nanopatterning techniques that utilize heated cantilever probes to perform local thermochemical modification of surfaces and films to achieve pattern definition. Previously, the authors demonstrated that a heated cantilever probe can be used to quickly pattern polycarbonate polymer thin films by locally decomposing the polymer film into volatile by-products. The authors also recently reported the use of PMMA polymer thin films as lithographically definable masking layers to enable area selective atomic layer deposition techniques (ASALDT). In this paper, the use of a heated cantilever probe to pattern a PMMA thin film for use as a masking layer in an ASALDT process has been investigated in detail. It is shown that PMMA films can be patterned using a heated cantilever probe tip at high tip scanning speeds, but that a small amount of organic residue is left in the patterned features at reasonable writing speeds that must be removed before ALD is performed. It is shown that a brief O"2 plasma is capable of removing this organic residue without significant degradation of the patterned PMMA features, thus enabling the deposition of titania features through the PMMA mask using an ALD process based on titanium-isopropoxide and water precursors at an ALD process temperature of 140^oC.
Anaphylaxis and Recurrent Hydatid Disease

A 62-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with anaphylaxis. Three years before this, she had been diagnosed with multivesicular hepatic hydatid cystic disease and an associated pericardial effusion.1 The cyst was resected, her pericardial effusion was drained, and she completed a course of albendazole therapy. In the interim period, she remained asymptomatic, and annual echocardiographic studies were unremarkable. On this occasion she presented with a 4-week history of recurrent episodes of transient chest pain, generalized pruritus, flushing, and urticaria. Initial management comprised intravenous …
Control of a thrust‐vectored flying wing: a receding horizon—LPV approach

SUMMARY This paper deals with the application of receding horizon methods to hover and forward flight models of an experimental tethered flying wing developed at Caltech. The dynamics of the system are representative of a vertical landing and take off aircraft, such as a Harrier around hover, or a thrust-vectored aircraft such as F18-HARV or X-31 in forward flight. The adopted control methodology is a hybrid of receding horizon techniques and control Lyapunov function (CLF)-based ideas. First, a CLF is generated using quasi-LPV methods and then, by using the CLF as the terminal cost in the receding horizon optimization, stability is guaranteed. The main advantage of this approach is that stability can be guaranteed without imposing constraints in the on-line optimization, allowing the problem to be solved in a more efficient manner. Models of the experimental set-up are obtained for the hover and forward flight modes. Numerical simulations for different time horizons are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the discussed methods. Specifically, it is shown that a mere upper bound on the cost-to-go is not an appropriate choice for a terminal cost, when the horizon length is short. Simulation results are presented using experimentally verified model parameters. Copyright # 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of a novel Y-shaped extracardiac Fontan baffle using computational fluid dynamics.

Objectives The objective of this work is to evaluate the hemodynamic performance of a new Y-graft modification of the extracardiac conduit Fontan operation. The performance of the Y-graft design is compared to two designs used in current practice: a t-junction connection of the venae cavae and an offset between the inferior and superior venae cavae. Methods The proposed design replaces the current tube grafts used to connect the inferior vena cava to the pulmonary arteries with a Y-shaped graft. Y-graft hemodynamics were evaluated at rest and during exercise with a patient-specific model from magnetic resonance imaging data together with computational fluid dynamics. Four clinically motivated performance measures were examined: Fontan pressures, energy efficiency, inferior vena cava flow distribution, and wall shear stress. Two variants of the Y-graft were evaluated: an "off-the-shelf" graft with 9-mm branches and an "area-preserving" graft with 12-mm branches. Results Energy efficiency of the 12-mm Y-graft was higher than all other models at rest and during exercise, and the reduction in efficiency from rest to exercise was improved by 38%. Both Y-graft designs reduced superior vena cava pressures during exercise by as much as 5 mm Hg. The Y-graft more equally distributed the inferior vena cava flow to both lungs, whereas the offset design skewed 70% of the flow to the left lung. The 12-mm graft resulted in slightly larger regions of low wall shear stress than other models; however, minimum shear stress values were similar. Conclusions The area-preserving 12-mm Y-graft is a promising modification of the Fontan procedure that should be clinically evaluated. Further work is needed to correlate our performance metrics with clinical outcomes, including exercise intolerance, incidence of protein-losing enteropathy, and thrombus formation.
Recovering Surface Layout from an Image

Humans have an amazing ability to instantly grasp the overall 3D structure of a scene--ground orientation, relative positions of major landmarks, etc.--even from a single image. This ability is completely missing in most popular recognition algorithms, which pretend that the world is flat and/or view it through a patch-sized peephole. Yet it seems very likely that having a grasp of this "surface layout" of a scene should be of great assistance for many tasks, including recognition, navigation, and novel view synthesis. In this paper, we take the first step towards constructing the surface layout, a labeling of the image intogeometric classes. Our main insight is to learn appearance-based models of these geometric classes, which coarsely describe the 3D scene orientation of each image region. Our multiple segmentation framework provides robust spatial support, allowing a wide variety of cues (e.g., color, texture, and perspective) to contribute to the confidence in each geometric label. In experiments on a large set of outdoor images, we evaluate the impact of the individual cues and design choices in our algorithm. We further demonstrate the applicability of our method to indoor images, describe potential applications, and discuss extensions to a more complete notion of surface layout.
Snowshoe Hare (Lepus americanus) and Mountain Cottontail (Sylvilagus nuttallii) Biogeography at Their Southern Range Limit

We surveyed snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) and mountain cottontail (Sylvilagus nuttallii) in coniferous forests in northern New Mexico. L. americanus was restricted to the Sangre de Cristo and San Juan ranges in a narrow band of elevations corresponding to subalpine coniferous forest. In contrast, S. nuttallii was widely distributed and virtually cosmopolitan, occupying a wide range of elevations and vegetation zones, including subalpine coniferous forest where it was syntopic with L. americanus. Previous reports about the distribution and ecological associations of these species at their southern limits indicated broader ecological associations for L. americanus and narrower ecological associations for S. nuttallii. Historical reports about the biogeography of these species likely were based on misinterpretation of leporid sign and specimen records. We make recommendations for reducing problems associated with the interpretation of anecdotal natural history information and specimen records.
Seasonal effects and hormonal patterns related to puberty in ewe lambs.

Ewe lambs born in March, July and August were studied in an effort to separate the effects of season from the ongoing maturational changes affecting serum luteinizing hormone (LH), folliclestimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol, prolactin and progesterone concentrations from early life through first ovulation. Blood samples were collected twice weekly and ovulation was assessed from increments in serum progesterone (>1.0 ng/ml) in two or more consecutive samples. Puberty was attained in 81% (21/26) of the lambs from October through January. A small transient rise in progesterone of 4-7 days duration was observed prior to ovulation in most (16/21) of the animals. At puberty, March lambs were older (220.9 ± 5.8 days, P<.01) than either July or August lambs (170.0 ± 12.9 and 153.0 ± 7.1 days) and alsoheavier (P<0.05, 40.8 ± 1.9 kg, 38 ± 1.5 and 35.7 ± 1.9, respectively). During the prepuberal developmental period, serum concentrations of LH, FSI-I and prolactin were higher in lambs born in March and July than in those born in August. Serum prolactin concentrations were uniformly lowest in all groups during the fall and winter when the lambs reached puberty. The pattern of circulating hormone concentrations was very similar in lambs which reached puberty and in those which failed to ovulate. The only exception noted was that equivalent increments in serum estradiol, detected in both puberal lambs and in some of their nonpuberal counterparts, were followed by increased progesterone only in some lambs. Collectively these data suggest that sexual maturity in ewe lambs can be attainedas earlyas 150 days of age, but that season dominates the timing of first ovulation and delays its occurrence in spring-born lambs until the fall. Body weights of lambs atpuberty suggest that a minimum threshold weight rather than a critical weight may be a factor. The decline in serum prolactin during the fall, coincident with decreasing photoperiod, may be one component of seasonal regulation of ovulation, but a direct causal relationship is yet to be established and other factors must be considered.
A direct sequence BPSK spread spectrum transceiver chip set

The authors describe a design methodology which uses the functional compiler concept to generate the main IF components of a direct sequence binary phase shift keying spread spectrum (DS BPSK SS) transceiver. Three functional compilers are described: a Costas loop generator, a direct digital frequency synthesizer generator, and a Gold sequence pseudorandom number generator. Each compiler automatically generates a digital VLSI implementation for a given set of system specifications. Three 1.2- mu m CMOS chips were automatically generated, fabricated, and tested. These chips form a chip set to be used in a prototype DS BPSK SS transceiver operating at a chip rate of 12.7 MHz and an input data rate of 100 kb/s. >
The Origins of Mass Warfare: A System Dynamics Approach

People of different nations often meet with the intent of destroying each other with the technology and techniques of modern warfare. This has come to be the reality of modern politics. Yet mass warfare has not been a permanent fixture throughout the history of mankind. In this paper, an attempt is made to gain a better understanding of what caused the transition from localized tribal feuding