cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The energetically consistent shallow-water equations

Abstract It is shown that the very frequently used form of the viscous, diabatic shallow-water equations are energetically inconsistent compared to the primitive equations. An energetically consistent form of the shallow-water equations is then given and justified in terms of isopycnal coordinates. Examples are given of the energetically inconsistent shallow-water equations used in low-order dynamical systems and simplified coupled models of tropical air–sea interaction and the E1 Nino–Southern Oscillation phenomena.
From Profane to Sacred America: Religion and the Cultural Revolution in the United States

in effect pervasive of all human life. That this revolution may not be confined to the United States does not make it any less American. At base, the new revolution is profoundly religious, so much so that the nature of the transformation American culture is undergoing is perhaps best indicated by the phrase from profane to sacred America. As for the culture which is emerging, its distinctive character is perhaps most aptly suggested by the words somatic culture. What Americans and others are experiencing may be viewed as a natural outgrowth from the past; it is also, however, a sharp break with the past. For the new culture emerges amidst the turmoil of a crisis of the old order, a crisis horrendous in its potentialities for the whole family of man. Trouble has ever dwelt within the American house, but the present crisis is significantly different from previous crises because it raises with consummate force the very question of the possibility of human survival, or, granting that, of the desirability of the form of life which might survive. This article is an attempt to do two things: (1) to delineate principal religious roots of the present cultural crisis in order to call attention to the nature of our trouble; and (2) to indicate the character of the emergent culture by pointing to some of its important manifestations.
Floating-Point Divider Design for FPGAs

Growth in floating-point applications for field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) has made it critical to optimize floating-point units for FPGA technology. The divider is of particular interest because the design space is large and divider usage in applications varies widely. Obtaining the right balance between clock speed, latency, throughput, and area in FPGAs can be challenging. The designs presented here cover a range of performance, throughput, and area constraints. On a Xilinx Virtex4-11 FPGA, the range includes 250-MHz IEEE compliant double precision divides that are fully pipelined to 187-MHz iterative cores. Similarly, area requirements range from 4100 slices down to a mere 334 slices
Determining the Role of the hERG Intracellular Loop Regions in Regulating Channel Gating

Human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) potassium channels exhibit unique kinetic properties, including unusually slow deactivation kinetics, which help to specialize them for their role in the heart. Previously, we demonstrated that an N-terminal Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domain is essential in regulating channel deactivation kinetics, and that this regulation occurs through a direct interaction with a cyclic nucleotide binding domain (CNBD) in the C-terminal tail. Recent evidence suggests the intracellular loop between the S4 and S5 transmembrane domains (S4-S5 linker) may also be of importance in regulating both activation and deactivation gating and that modulation of gating by the N-terminal PAS domain may act via the S4-S5 linker; however, the mechanism for this remains unclear. Here, we sought to investigate the role of the S4-S5 linker, together with the PAS domain, in regulating channel gating by performing site-directed mutagenesis within the S4-S5 linker region. We found that mutations in the S4-S5 linker produced channels with altered gating properties, including accelerated deactivation kinetics and shifts in the steady-state activation curves, supporting the notion that this region may play an important role in gating. For example, hERG E544R mutant channels exhibited faster deactivation kinetics and a rightward shift in the steady-state activation curve to more positive potentials. On the other hand, hERG Y545A mutant channels also exhibited accelerated deactivation kinetics, but instead showed a leftward shift in the steady-state activation curve to more negative potentials. Together, these experiments work towards elucidating the role of the S4-S5 linker region in regulating hERG channel gating.
Note: Primacy Effects in Impression Formation.

Primacy effects well account for differences in the mean ratings of the two groups of Ss employed. Such effects in impression formation may be the result of two separate but interacting processes, namely, Asch's directed impression formation and Anderson's decreased attention hypothesis.
A filter method for processing small samples of marine ova through fixation, dehydration, and embedding without changing containers.

Free-floating cells can be fixed, dehydrated, and embedded in a single container. The container was constructed from stainless steel, and the paraffin block formed by the shape and size of a container was perfect for microtoming. Eight containers were embedded in a fiberglass holder. This holder was designed so that it could be used with a 47 mm Millipore filter. Cells were pipetted into the top of a container while the Millipore filter sealed the bottom; thus the cells were retained on the filter while fluids were allowed to pass through it. The exposure of the cells to histological reagents was regulated by applying a vacuum to control the rate of flow through the filter.
Cocaine-related acute aortic dissection: patient demographics and clinical outcomes.

Background To compare the demographics, inpatient mortality and short-term survival following hospital discharge between cocaineusing and non-cocaine-using patients presenting with acute aortic dissection. Methods Retrospective analysis of 46 consecutive patients admitted with the diagnosis of acute aortic dissection at the Mount Sinai Hospital (Chicago, USA) between 1996 and 2005. Among these 46 patients, cocaine use was temporally related to the presenting symptom in 13 patients (28%, group 1). Patients who were not cocaine users were grouped into group 2 (33 patients [72%]). Results Patients in group 1 were younger than those in group 2 (mean age 38±9 years versus 63±17 years, P=0.001), more likely to be smokers (13 of 13 patients [100%] versus 15 of 33 patients [45%], P=0.001) and had a higher prevalence of accelerated hypertension (mean blood pressure 210/130 mmHg) compared with group 2 (10 of 13 patients [77%] versus 11 of 33 patients [33%]) (P=0.01). Group 1 patients had a higher prevalence of type B dissection than group 2 (nine of 13 patients [69%] versus one of 33 patients [3%]). After hospital discharge, eight of 13 patients (62%) in the cocaine group continued to use cocaine. Mortality following hospital discharge was significantly higher in cocaine users (nine of 13 patients [69%]) compared with the non-cocaine users (four of 33 patients [12%], P=0.01). Recurrent dissection was the cause of death in five of the 13 deaths (42%) in the cocaine group. Conclusions Patients presenting with acute aortic dissection temporally related to cocaine use are more likely to be younger, smokers, have higher prevalence of hypertensive crises, more likely to have type B aortic dissection and may have a higher mortality following hospital discharge, possibly due to continued cocaine use and recurrent aortic dissection.
Role of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell on the acquisition and expression of fructose-conditioned flavor–flavor preferences in rats

Abstract Systemic administration of dopamine D1 (SCH23390) and less so D2 (raclopride) receptor antagonists significantly reduce acquisition and expression of fructose-conditioned flavor preferences (CFP). Because dopamine in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcS) is implicated in food reward, the present study examined whether NAcS D1 or D2 antagonists altered acquisition and/or expression of fructose-CFP. In Experiment 1, food-restricted rats with bilateral NAcS cannulae were trained to drink a fructose (8%) + saccharin (0.2%) solution mixed with one flavor (CS+/Fs) and a less-preferred 0.2% saccharin solution with mixed another flavor (CS−/s). Unlimited two-bottle tests with the two flavors in saccharin (0.2%: CS+/s, CS−/s) occurred 10 min following total bilateral NAcS doses of 0, 12, 24 or 48 nmol of SCH23390 or raclopride. Preference for CS+/s over CS−/s following vehicle treatment (76%) was significantly reduced by SCH23390 (48 nmol, 62%) and raclopride (24 nmol, 63%). In Experiment 2, rats received bilateral NAcS injections (12 nmol) of SCH23390 or raclopride on one-bottle training (16 ml) days. Yoked control rats received vehicle and were limited to the CS intakes of the D1 and D2 groups, whereas untreated controls without injections received their CS ration during training. Subsequent unlimited two-bottle tests revealed initial preferences of CS+/s over CS−/s in all groups that remained stable in untreated and yoked controls, but were lost over the six tests sessions in D1 and D2 groups. These data indicate that NAcS D1 and D2 antagonists significantly attenuated the expression of the fructose-CFP and did not block acquisition, but hastened extinction of fructose-CFP.
SCR-based wind turbine control for a DC distributed wind farm

This paper details the study of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) for wind turbines and its control for maximum power point tracking, while connected to a High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) bus using a 12 pulse thyristor network. The connection to the HVDC bus is done without the use of a back-to-back converter for the PMSG, reducing the complexity and cost of the PMSG power converter. The use of SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier) vs IGBT at higher power levels also offer lower cost. HVDC power distribution allows ease of integrating DC storage for power conditioning and support the stability of the utility grid. Proposed new Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) is described in details and is verified by using MATLAB software and hardware setup.
A cointegration analysis of interest rates in Germany

Reviews the literature on the term structure of interest rates. Suggests that low German inflation might lead to idiosyncratic interest rate behaviour in Germany. Tests German government securities’ interest rates from 1981 to 1994 for cointegration, using unit root tests, for a range of maturities. Shows skewness and negative kertosis, and cointegration for German bond yields from one to ten year maturities. Concludes that German interest rates behave like US interest rates.
A new control method for multiterminal DC transmission

A new control scheme for parallel multiterminal dc systems is proposed. The scheme is divided into two separate functions: (1) a supervisory control called the System Monitor-State Predictor (SMSP), which determines the steady state operating point of the system from ac voltage measurements, power requirements at the converters, and the dc network configuration; and (2) the feedback controllers which drive the system to the desired operating point supplied by the SMSP. A systematic method is presented for calculating local feedback gains based on optimal control theory, and it is shown that use of feedback measurements is possible with negligible loss of dynamic performance. A detailed hybrid computer simulation of a four-terminal dc system was used to demonstrate the excellent performance of the new control scheme during steady state operation and for large system disturbances.
Dissecting Cytochrome P450 3A4–Ligand Interactions Using Ritonavir Analogues

Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibitors ritonavir and cobicistat, currently administered to HIV patients as pharmacoenhancers, were designed on the basis of the chemical structure/activity relationships rather than the CYP3A4 crystal structure. To better understand the structural basis for CYP3A4 inhibition and the ligand binding process, we investigated five desoxyritonavir analogues to elucidate how substitution/elimination of the phenyl side groups (Phe-1 and Phe-2) and removal of the isopropyl-thiazole (IPT) moiety affect affinity, inhibitory potency, and the ligand binding mode. Our experimental and structural data indicate that the side group size reduction not only drastically lowers affinity and inhibitory potency for CYP3A4 but also leads to multiple binding modes. Regardless of the side group chemical nature and the number of molecules bound, the space adjacent to the 369–371 peptide and Arg105 (Phe-2 site) is always occupied and, hence, must be a critically important binding site. When possible...
Effect of reduced dietary protein intake on regulation of murine in vitro polyclonal T lymphocyte mitogenesis

Moderate reduction of dietary protein in mice often results in increased cell mediated immune responses. Since alterations in immunoregulation can affect the net immune response, regulation of polyclonal T cell mitogenesis was examined in BALB/c mice fed diets low in protein compared to well-fed controls. Female BALB/c mice, 5 weeks of age, were fed 20% casein, 4% casein or 2% casein diets for 5 weeks. Mice fed the low protein diets exhibited less body weight, and lower splenic lymphocyte number compared to well-fed controls. Nevertheless, 5×105 lymphocytes from mice fed the 4% casein diet responded significantly better to the polyclonal T cell mitogens phytohemagglutin and concanval in A than lymphocytes from control mice. The increased polyclonal T cell mitogenesis in 4% casein fed mice was accompanied by an increased ability to generate suppressor T cells, altered levels of soluble immunoregulatory factors, and increased levels of spontaneously generated prostaglandin E. These results may help explain why mice fed low levels of dietary protein experienced both decreased resistance to infection and increased polyclonal immune responsiveness.
Interactive distance learning for orthodontic residents: Utilization and acceptability

Introduction Sharing resources through distance education has been proposed as 1 way to deal with a lack of full-time faculty in orthodontic residency programs. To keep distance education for orthodontic residents as cost-effective as possible while retaining interaction, we developed a “blended” interactive distance learning approach that combines observation of Web-based seminars with live postseminar discussions. For the 2009-2010 academic year, a grant from the American Association of Orthodontists opened access to the blended learning experience to all orthodontic programs in the United States and Canada. The specific aims of this project were to (1) measure programmatic interest in using blended distance learning, (2) determine resident and faculty interest, (3) determine the seminars’ perceived usefulness, and (4) elicit feedback regarding future use. Methods Participants in this project were expected to (1) read all assigned articles before viewing a recorded seminar, (2) watch a 1 to 1.5 hour recording of an actual interactive seminar on a Web site, and (3) participate in a 30-minute follow-up discussion immediately after watching the recorded seminar either with a faculty member at the participating institution or via a videoconference with the leader of the Web-based seminar. The residents and faculty then completed surveys about the experience. Results Half (52%) of the 63 orthodontic programs in the United States fully participated in this project. The blended approach to distance learning was judged to be effective and enjoyable; faculty members were somewhat more enthusiastic about the experience than were residents. Most residents were not adequately prepared for the seminars (only 14% read all preparatory articles in depth); this impacted their perception of the effectiveness and enjoyability of the experience (P = 0.0016). Prepared residents reported a greater ability to learn from the seminars (P = 0.0035) than those who did not read, and also indicated that they were more likely to use the seminars again (P = 0.0018). Despite feedback regarding the need for technologic improvements of the recorded seminars, such as better editing, more frequent slides, quicker pace, and improved sound quality, most residents and faculty agreed that they would like to use this approach to distance learning again. Conclusions Blended distance learning is an acceptable method of instruction that allows residents to access various experts, supplement traditional instructor-led training, and ease the strain of current faculty shortages. The content of the recorded seminars needs to remain evidence-based, and some technologic aspects of the recordings should be improved.
Preventing interpersonal violence in emergency departments: practical applications of criminology theory.

Over the past two decades, rates of violence in the workplace have grown significantly. Such growth has been more prevalent in some fields than others, however. Research shows that rates of violence against healthcare workers are continuously among the highest of any career field. Within the healthcare field, the overwhelming majority of victims of workplace violence are hospital employees, with those working in emergency departments (EDs) experiencing the lion's share of violent victimization. Though this fact is well-known by medical researchers and practitioners, it has received relatively little attention from criminal justice researchers or practitioners. Unfortunately, this oversight has severely limited the use of effective crime prevention techniques in hospital EDs. The goal of this analysis is to utilize techniques of situational crime prevention to develop an effective and easily applicable crime prevention strategy for hospital EDs. Language: en
Ontogeny of ovarian inhibition of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in postnatal holstein heifers

Abstract The hypotheses that pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) increases in heifers between 3 and 9 weeks of age and that ovarian inhibition of pulsatile LH release is first established between 3 and 9 weeks of age were tested in Holstein heifers. Heifers were bilaterally ovariectomized at 3 (n=5), 6 (n=4) or 9 (n=4) weeks of age. Blood samples were collected via indwelling jugular cannulae at 10-min intervals for 8 hr 1 week before and 1 and 4 weeks after ovariectomy. During the preovariectomy sampling period, no LH pulses were detected in the 3- or 6-week-old heifers, while one LH pulse occurred in three of four heifers in the 9 week age group. Both mean plasma LH concentration and number of LH pulses increased (P We conclude that ovarian inhibition of pulsatile LH secretion is established by 6 weeks of age in Holstein heifers and that the initial increase in mean LH concentration following ovariectomy is mainly due to an increased frequency of LH pulses and the subsequent increase is due to a greater amplitude of LH pulses. Furthermore, the delayed development of pulsatile LH secretion following ovariectomy in the 3-week-old heifers provides a basis for further studies to determine the integrity of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in postnatal heifers.
Emergency Department Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections

Patients seeking treatment for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) account for a large number of emergency department (ED) visits per year. Despite the large volume of patients, STIs are often missed or treated inappropriately. Due to the high prevalence and incidence of STIs in the United States, it is important that emergency practitioners recognize symptoms consistent with STIs, and treat presumptively. This practice leads to overtreatment of STIs; however, when weighed against the public health risk and complications of untreated disease, empiric treatment is recommended. This article provides an overview of STIs encountered in the ED and recommendations for their treatment.
Lateral Cell Membranes and Shunt Resistance in Rabbit Esophageal Epithelium

The structures that contribute to shunt resistance (Rs) in esophageal epithelium are incompletely understood, with 35–40% of Rs known to be calcium-dependent, reflecting the role of e-cadherin. Two calcium-independent candidates for the remaining ~60% of Rs have been identified: the glycoprotein matrix (GPM) within stratum corneum of esophageal epithelium, and the lateral cell membranes (LCMs) from neighboring cells. To determine the contribution of GPM and LCMs to Rs, rabbit esophageal epithelium was mounted in Ussing chambers so that transepithelial resistance (RT), a marker of Rs, could be monitored during luminal exposure to either glycosidases for disruption of the GPM or to hypertonic urea for separation of the LCMs. Glycosidases had no effect on RT. In contrast, hypertonic urea reduced RT, increased fluorescein flux and widened the intercellular spaces. That urea reduced RT, and so Rs, by widening the intercellular spaces, and not by altering the e-cadherin-dependent apical junctional complex, was supported by the ability of: (a) calcium-free solution to reduce RT beyond that produced by urea, (b) hypertonic urea to reduce RT beyond that produced by calcium free solution, (c) hypertonic sucrose to collapse the intercellular spaces and raise RT, and (d) empigen, a zwitterionic detergent, to non-osmotically widen the intercellular spaces and reduce RT. These data indicate that the LCMs from neighboring cells are a major contributor to shunt resistance in esophageal epithelium. As resistor, they are distinguishable from the apical junctional complex by their sensitivity to (luminal) hypertonicity and insensitivity to removal of calcium.
Fundamentally distinct outcomes of asteroid collisional evolution and catastrophic disruption

Abstract The outcomes of asteroid collisional evolution are presently unclear: are most asteroids larger than 1 km size gravitational aggregates reaccreted from fragments of a parent body that was collisionally disrupted, while much smaller asteroids are collisional shards that were never completely disrupted? The 16 km mean diameter S-type asteroid 433 Eros, visited by the NEAR mission, has surface geology consistent with being a fractured shard. A ubiquitous fabric of linear structural features is found on the surface of Eros and probably indicates a globally consolidated structure beneath its regolith cover. Despite the differences in absolute scale and in lighting conditions for NEAR and Hayabusa, similar features should have been found on 25143 Itokawa if present. This much smaller, 320 m diameter S-asteroid was visited by the Hayabusa spacecraft. Comparative analyses of Itokawa and Eros geology reveal fundamental differences, and interpretation of Eros geology is illuminated by comparison with Itokawa. Itokawa lacks a global lineament fabric, and its blocks, craters, and regolith may be inconsistent with formation and evolution as a fractured shard, unlike Eros. An object as small as Itokawa can form as a rubble pile, while much larger Eros formed as a fractured shard. Itokawa is not a scaled-down Eros, but formed by catastrophic disruption and reaccumulation.
Cerebral blood flow decreases with time whereas cerebral oxygen consumption remains stable during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in humans.

Recent investigations demonstrate that cerebral blood flow (CBF) progressively declines during hypothermic, nonpulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). If CBF declines because of brain cooling, the cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) should decline in parallel with the reduction in CBF. Therefore we studied the response of CBF, the cerebral arteriovenous oxygen content difference (A-VDcereO2) and CMRO2 as a function of the duration of CPB in humans. To do this, we compared the cerebrovascular response to changes in the PaCO2. Because sequential CBF measurements using xenon 133 (133Xe) clearance must be separated by 15-25 min, we hypothesized that a time-dependent decline in CBF would accentuate the CBF reduction caused by a decrease in PaCO2, but would blunt the CBF increase associated with a rise in PaCO2. We measured CBF in 25 patients and calculated the cerebral arteriovenous oxygen content difference using radial arterial and jugular venous bulb blood samples. Patients were randomly assigned to management within either a lower (32-48 mm Hg) or higher (50-71 mm Hg) range of PaCO2 uncorrected for temperature. Each patient underwent two randomly ordered sets of measurements, one at a lower PaCO2 and the other at a higher PaCO2 within the respective ranges. Cerebrovascular responsiveness to changes in PaCO2 was calculated as specific reactivity (SR), the change in CBF divided by the change in PaCO2, expressed in mL.100 g-1.min-1.mm Hg-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Emerging Metacognitive Processes During Childhood: Implications for Intervention Development with Children

This paper reviews the literature of how three aspects of metacognition, relevant to working with children in clinical settings, develop across childhood. In cognitive therapy children use their metacognition to monitor the recall of thoughts from memory and to control thoughts as they are actively worked on and restructured. This paper will show that over childhood children use metacognitive monitoring and control abilities in increasingly complex ways and it will provide the ages at which children may be consistently using the cognitive abilities necessary to fully benefit from cognitive therapies.
On the lie algebras of nonlinear control systems

Associated with control systems are certain Lie algebras of first-order partial differential operators; we show how they may be used to study controllability properties of the system and to obtain conditions for the existence of probability densities of related stochastic systems.
A Genetically Encoded Optical Probe of Membrane Voltage

Measuring electrical activity in large numbers of cells with high spatial and temporal resolution is a fundamental problem for the study of neural development and information processing. To address this problem, we have constructed a novel, genetically encoded probe that can be used to measure transmembrane voltage in single cells. We fused a modified green fluorescent protein (GFP) into a voltage-sensitive K+ channel so that voltage-dependent rearrangements in the K+ channel would induce changes in the fluorescence of GFP. The probe has a maximal fractional fluorescence change of 5.1%, making it comparable to some of the best organic voltage-sensitive dyes. Moreover, the fluorescent signal is expanded in time in a way that makes the signal 30-fold easier to detect. A voltage sensor encoded into DNA has the advantage that it may be introduced into an organism noninvasively and targeted to specific developmental stages, brain regions, cell types, and subcellular compartments.
Multi-beam space-time coded systems for optical atmospheric channels

We consider a terrestrial free-space optical communication link affected by atmospheric turbulence. By means of numerical simulations we estimate the reduction in scintillation achieved by the combined effect of aperture averaging and four transmitters when mutually-incoherent sources and a realistic detector size are used. We evaluate two space-time coding schemes: the first scheme uses a repetition code operating on four transmitters, and the second scheme uses a size-four rate-one space-time block code, originally proposed for wireless radio-frequency links. Both schemes deliver large signal-to-noise ratio gains compare to a single-beam system. The first scheme gives the best performance in all cases because of the natural incoherence found among optical sources.
Composition and particle size of superparamagnetic corrosion products in tap water.

Chemical analyses, magnetization, Mossbauer spectrum, and x-ray diffraction measurements were made on solids removed from tap water by means of membrane filters. The taps from which this water was obtained had previously been unused for prolonged periods of time. When these taps were reactivated and water was first drawn, it was observed that the quantity of coarse solids in the water gradually decreased with flow, while at the same time the quantity of fine solids gradually increased. The magnetization, Mossbauer spectra, and x-ray diffraction patterns of the solids showed the presence of a significant number of superparamagnetic particles of magnetite. In the temperature range of our measurements (77 K < T < 300 K), paramagnetic iron-based species, particularly lepidocrocite, were also present in the solids. Contaminants such as Pb, Cu, and As were observed to be present in significant amounts, and it is shown that these are adsorbed to the magnetic nanoparticles. It was observed that almost all of the solid particles could be removed by means of 5-μm filters. This removal process can be explained by means of a model which assumes that initial deposition of coarse aggregates of corrosion products on the filters forms a coating, rich in extremely fine iron oxides. The coating has a high capacity for sorption of very small individual particles.
An upper bound for van der Waerden-like numbers usingk colors

Functions analogous to the van der Waerden numbers w(n, k) are considered. We replace the class of arithmetic progressions,A, by a classA?, withA ? A?; thus, the associated van der Waerden-like number will be smaller forsi'. We consider increasing sequences of positive integers x1,?, xn which are either arithmetic progressions or for which there exists a polynomial ?(x) with integer coefficients satisfying ?(xi) = xi+1, i = 1,?,n - 1. Various further restrictions are placed on the types of polynomials allowed. Upper bounds are given for the corresponding functions w?(n, k) for the general pair (n,k). A table of several new computer-generated values of these functions is provided.
A Possible Second Role for Calmodulin in Biological Clock-Controlled Processes of Euglena

The response of the Euglena gracilis (Klebs strain Z) photosynthesis circadian rhythm to three calmodulin antagonists was examined. In the presence of an antagonist, the photosynthetic reactions were uncoupled from the biological clock. Instead of the highly predictable rhythmic pattern characteristic of a biological clock-controlled circadian rhythm, the photosynthetic rate appears to be influenced by the light/dark cycle. The rate of O2 evolution increases throughout the light portion of the cycle and does not decrease until the cells are exposed to darkness. Shortterm exposure to a calmodulin antagonist (2 hour pulses) failed to cause phase shifts in the timing of the rhythm. This suggests that calmodulin is not part of the clock controlling photosynthesis and that it has a clock-related role different from that reported for the cell division rhythm in Euglena.
Nomadic Elocution: Transnational Discourse in Abdourahman Waberi's Transit

An analysis of Transit 's representation of borders and mobility exposes the paradoxical and contradictory nature of national borders in twenty-first century Europe. This paper argues that Abdourahman Waberi's novel challenges and offers a nuanced response to the Hardt and Negri definition of Empire, exposing the postcolonial nomad's "infinite possibility" to be one of necessity, governed by class and social position. Specifically, the subaltern protagonist of Transit functions as "border artist" who subverts the regulatory machinery of the neocolonial nation state through acts of what I term "nomadic elocution" that unsettle statist border structures while simultaneously and paradoxically rearticulating them. I wager that Waberi's text demonstrates that in place of the global smoothness championed by Hardt and Negri, globalization structures itself through centers and peripheries that are deeply rooted in the nation state and a decidedly colonial calculus.
CERAD practice effects and attrition bias in a dementia prevention trial.

Background The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) set of tests is frequently used for tracking cognition longitudinally in both clinical and research settings. Repeated cognitive assessments are an important component in measuring such changes; however, practice effects and attrition bias may obscure significant clinical change over time. The current study sought to examine the presence and magnitude of practice effects and the role of attrition bias in a sample of cognitively normal older men enrolled in a prevention trial. Method Participants were grouped according to whether they completed five years of follow-up (n = 182) or less (n = 126). Practice effects were examined in these participants as a whole (n = 308) and by group. Results Findings indicate that moderate practice effects exist in both groups on the CERAD T-score and that attrition bias likely does not play a contributing role in improved scores over time. Conclusion The current study provides additional evidence and support for previous findings that repeated cognitive assessment results in rising test scores in longitudinally collected data and demonstrates that these findings are unlikely to be due to attrition.
Generation of expressed sequence tags from a normalized porcine skeletal muscle cDNA library.

Recent developments in microarray technologies permit scientists to analyze expression of thousands of genes simultaneously in diverse biological systems. In an effort to provide integrated resources for application of microarray technologies to studies of skeletal muscle growth and development in swine, we have constructed a normalized cDNA library from porcine skeletal muscle. The effectiveness of normalization was evaluated by DNA sequencing of clones randomly picked from the library before and after normalization, and also by Southern blot hybridization using probes representing abundant transcripts. Our data suggests that the normalization procedure successfully reduced the highly abundant cDNA species in the normalized library. To date, a total of 782 EST (expressed sequence tag) sequences have been generated from this normalized library (687 ESTs) and the original library (95 ESTs). The sequence information of these ESTs plus their BLAST results has been made available through a web accessible database (http://nbfgc.msu.edu). Cluster analysis of the data indicates that a total of 742 unique sequences are present in this collection. BLASTN search of the 742 EST sequences against the public database (dbEST) revealed that 139 had no significant matches (E-value > 10(-15)) to porcine ESTs already entered in the database, suggesting the possibility of their specific expression in porcine skeletal muscle. Generation of non-redundant ESTs from this library will allow us to construct cDNA microarrays for identification of gene expression changes that regulate muscle growth and affect meat quality in swine.
A direct comparison of pair-exchange and IEM models in premixed combustion

Abstract Two pair-exchange mixing models, viz., the original Curl model and a modification thereof, are compared with the “Interaction-by-Exchange-with-the-Mean” (IEM) model, in the context of homogeneous combustion. The IEM model is attractive because it permits highly “parallelizable” computation, but the consequences of certain peculiarities—such as determinism and the shape-preserving relaxation of the initial pdf of a conserved scalar—need to be examined in the context of combustion. A numerical simulation of a partially stirred reactor (PaSR) is used to directly compare the three models, without the additional errors that contaminate comparisons made in simulations of flowfields. The fuel is 50%CO/50%H 2 (by vol.). The kinetic scheme consists of 11 species and 23 reactions. The stoichiometry of the premixed inflow leads to a PSR temperature of 1740 K, but to blowout in a PFR. The PaSR mixing frequency was varied in the range 10 Hz to 10 4 Hz, by factors of √10. The pair-exchange models predict blowout earlier than does the IEM model. Means computed from the IEM model are less noisy, a consequence of the determinism inherent in the IEM model. Despite these differences, the pdfs and scatterplots of temperature, CO, OH, and O—selected because of their intrinsic importance as well as their influence on NO x emissions—are very similar between the three models. The similarity increases with the mixing frequency, which is significant given that practical (e.g., gas-turbine) combustors operate at high mass-loadings and therefore necessarily at high mixing rates.
Radical Radiation for Localized Prostate Cancer: Local Persistence of Disease Results in a Late Wave of Metastases

PURPOSE: To assess whether failure to maintain local control (LC) of prostate cancer after radiation therapy results in a higher incidence of distant metastasis (DM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 1972 to 1999, 1,469 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer were treated with radical radiation therapy. Disease outcome was retrospectively reviewed for all patients with more than 2 years of follow-up. RESULTS: The actuarial 10-year LC rate was 79%. Gleason score ≥ 7, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) more than 15, and T3 to T4 tumors predicted a higher incidence of local failure (LF) (palpable recurrence or positive rebiopsy). The 10-year distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) was 74%. Gleason score ≥ 7, PSA more than 15, and T3 to T4 tumors predicted a higher incidence of distant failure. LF was the strongest predictor for DM in a multivariate model. The 10-year DMFS for LC and LF patients was 77% and 61%, respectively. Median time to distant failure was prolonged in patients with LF compared with pat...
EMPIRICAL TESTS OF SPATIAL AND STRUCTURAL EFFECTS ON CATTLE AUCTION PRICES

Two investigations are reported. The first is a comparison of average prices for two cattle types within pairs of some major auction centres in Australia. Significant price differences existed in three of the four cases studied. The second is a study of the main determinants of price differences between auction selling centres through a case study of a large and small auction centre. The major factor explaining the price differences between the two auction centres was lot size. This factor also influenced price variation within auctions. The number of buyers purchasing cattle did not affect price levels.
Interpreting Youth Baseball: Players' Understandings of Attention, Winning, and Playing the Game

Abstract The purpose of this research was to broaden scholarly understanding of youth baseball by comparing the ways in which the 10-, 11-, and 12-year-old youngsters who played on two different teams at the same level of competition in the same city understood their youth baseball experiences. Research methods included participant-observation and interview processes. The most important concepts which the players believed to be crucial for understanding youth baseball—paying attention to the baseball action, winning and losing, and how to play baseball—are delineated and examined. The evidence suggests that there were both similarities and differences in the ways in which the players from the two teams conceptualized their baseball experiences, and that the players from both teams partially reflected their coaches' characterizations of youth baseball and partially re-defined and added to them.
The Restorative Effect of Fluoropolymer Coating on Electrical Characteristics of Graphene Field-Effect Transistors

We report on the improvement of the electronic characteristics of mono-layered graphene field-effect transistors by an interacting capping layer of a suitable fluoropolymer. Favorable shifts in the Dirac voltage toward zero with shift magnitudes in excess of 60 V are observed. Furthermore, the field-effect mobility is increased and the on-off current ratio is improved by up to a factor of 2. The residual carrier concentration is reduced to ~ 4.8×1011 cm-2. We hypothesize that this improvement is due to the strongly polar nature of the C-F chemical bond in the fluoropolymer. Significantly, these results have been achieved in graphene grown by wafer-scale chemical vapor deposition process and lift-off transfer.
The Rev Axis of HIV-1 and Its Associated Host Cofactors: A Viral Window onto the Workings of Eukaryotic Posttranscriptional RNA Processing.

The Rev axis of HIV is one of two key autoregulatory pathways required for viral replication and pathogenesis. The viral Rev protein interacts with its RNA target sequence, the RRE, to overcome the inhibitory effects of constitutive repressor sequences and promote nucleocytoplasmic transport and expression of viral RNAs. The Rev axis is the subject of intense scrutiny not only because it plays a central role in the viral life cycle, but also because it offers a window onto the workings of key mechanisms of posttranscriptional regulation, including splicing, polyadenylation, degradation, transport, and translation. Recent reports have conclusively demonstrated a central role for transport in the Rev mechanism and have identified cellular factors that are good candidates for mediating the transport phenomena. Other potentially involved cellular factors are being investigated. Much of the apparent heterogeneity in the observed effects of Rev may actually derive from heterogeneity in the constitutive repressor sequences rather than from heterogeneity in the mechanism of action of Rev per se.
Protein Fingerprinting Using Flat-Surface Electrophoresis

Developments in the field of proteomics are highly encouraging for medical researchers. While gel electrophoresis offers a successful means for protein recognition, it requires the use of a relatively large system and a rather long period of time. Here, a protocol is developed for electrophoresis of proteins using flat surfaces based on the principles of electrophoresis of DNA on flat surfaces. By further adapting this system, it is hoped to create a portable device for protein electrophoresis. Droplets of fluorescently tagged proteins such as albumin, casein, poly-L-lysine and their mixtures were placed on glass surfaces in an electrophoretic cell and allowed to dry. TBE buffer was added to the cell and the migration of the salt complexes was monitored using confocal microscopy. We show that different protein - salt complexes have different mobilities on a flat surface. The shape and size distributions of the protein-salt complexes and their mixtures on surfaces were also studied using atomic force microscopy and were found to be dependent upon the proteins. It is observed that the native charge of the proteins play a dominant role in the migration of the protein-salt complexes in the electrophoretic cell. From the morphology of the protein droplets it is observed that large aggregates are formed when oppositely charged proteins are mixed. Light scattering measurements and zeta potential measurements confirm the difference in the size and shape of the aggregates in solution leading to different mobilities of the protein-salt aggregates during electrophoresis.
Enhanced capacitative calcium entry and sarcoplasmic-reticulum calcium storage capacity with advanced age in murine mesenteric arterial smooth muscle cells

Abstract Intracellular Ca 2+ signaling is important to perfusion pressure related arterial reactivity and to vascular disorders including hypertension, angina and ischemic stroke. We have recently shown that advancing-age leads to calcium signaling adaptations in mesenteric arterial myocytes from C57 BL/6 mice [Corsso, C.D., Ostrovskaya, O., McAllister, C.E., Murray, K., Hatton, W.J., Gurney, A.M., Spencer, N.J., Wilson, S.M., 2006. Effects of aging on Ca(2+) signaling in murine mesenteric arterial smooth muscle cells. Mech. Ageing Dev. 127, 315–323)] which may contribute to decrements in perfusion pressure related arterial contractility others have shown occur. Even still, the mechanisms underlying the changes in Ca 2+ signaling and arterial reactivity are unresolved. Ca 2+ transport and storage capabilities are thought to contribute to age-related Ca 2+ signaling dysfunctions in other cell types. The present studies were therefore designed to test the hypothesis that cytosolic and compartmental Ca 2+ homeostasis in mesenteric arterial myocytes changes with advanced age. The hypothesis was tested by performing digitalized fluorescence microscopy on mesenteric arterial myocytes isolated from 5- to 6-month and 29- to 30-month-old C57Bl/6 mice. The data provide evidence that with advanced age capacitative Ca 2+ entry and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ storage are increased although sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ uptake and plasma membrane Ca 2+ extrusion are unaltered. Overall, the studies begin to resolve the mechanisms associated with age-related alterations in mesenteric arterial smooth muscle Ca 2+ signaling and their physiological consequences.
CADMIUM SULFIDE WITH SILVER ACTIVATOR

Further experimental evidence is presented in connection with a model which has been proposed by Lambe and Klick for CdS(Ag). In this model, the silver activator is assumed to give rise to a level which is approximately 0.4 ev below the conduction band, and that luminescence occurs when an electron in such an activator level recombines with a free hole. It is shown that irradiation in the 1\ensuremath{\mu} infrared region stimulates luminescence by generating free holes, while also causing well known quenching effects in photocurrent. It is also shown that 3\ensuremath{\mu} irradiation gives rise to photoconduction by exciting electrons from the activator levels into the conduction band. The proposed model indicates that irradiation in the 3\ensuremath{\mu} region should quench luminescence by removing electrons from activator levels, and this is found experimentally. These experiments further substantiate the proposed model for CdS(Ag).
Capitalism's anxious whole: Fear, capture and escape in the Grundrisse

: Two Hegels inhabit the Grundrisse. The first is conservative of the “selfsame” subject that continuously returns to itself as non-identical identity and propels “history”. The other Hegel tarries with the “negative” he (which or variously calls “non-being”, “otherness”“difference”) to disrupt this plenary subject to Marx's reading of a Hegel who is different-in-himself lends Grundrisse its electric buzz: seizing Hegel's “negative” as the not-value of value, i.e. “labor”, Marx explains how capital must continuously enroll labor to its will in order to survive and expand. But this enrollment is never given; hence, despite its emergent structure of necessity, capital's return to itself as “self-animating value” is never free of peril. The most speculative aspect of my argument is that the figure of “labor” in Grundrisse, because of its radically open formulation as not-value, anticipates the elusive subject of difference in postcolonial theory, “the subaltern”—that figure which evades dialectical integration, and is in some ontological way inscrutable to the “master”. Unexpectedly, then Grundrisse gives us a way to think beyond the epistemic and geographic power of “Europe”.