cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Initial Deep-Sea Sediment Deformation at the Base of the Washington Continental Slope: A Response to Subduction

Compression of flat-lying Cascadia Basin (continental rise) sediment against the Washington continental slope, resulting from underthrusting of the Gorda–Juan de Fuca plate beneath the North American plate, progresses from passive uplift and anticlinal upwarping to thrust faulting. When folding and thrusting at the continental slope-rise boundary can no longer accommodate the rate of compression, the locus of deformation shifts offshore and a new anticline begins to form. Repetition of this deformational cycle has produced the multiple ridges of the lower continental slope and westward progradation of the continental margin. The most recent anticlinal upwarping apparently began 0.11 to 0.35 m.y. ago. Consolidation of the ridge sediment during the deformation process may be tectonically induced.
The resolution of some discrepancies concerning the molecular weight and subunit structure of succinate dehydrogenase

Abstract Values in the literature for the molecular weight of mammalian succinate dehydrogenase, based on a variety of physical and chemical measurements, range from 100,000 to 200,000 and the enzyme has been generally assumed to exist as a monomer in solution. Recent reports indicate the presence of two subunits of 70,000 and 30,000 molecular weight, which have been assumed (but not proven) to be present in a 1:1 ratio. It has been shown in the present study for two types of soluble preparations that analysis for histidyl flavin indicates a minimum molecular weight of 10 5 ± 5,000, but a variety of physical measurements (chromatography on Agarose and Sephadex, density gradient centrifugation, and sedimentation-diffusion) indicate a molecular weight of 175,000 ± 10,000. The reason for this discrepancy appears to be that the enzyme exists in solution in a dynamic monomer-dimer equilibrium. This interpretation is supported by the concentration dependence of the apparent molecular weight and the broadness of the peaks in gel elution and in density gradient profiles. The subunit molecular weights have been confirmed but the ratio of the 30,000 to 70,000 subunits appears to be considerably greater than 1. This is because even the purest preparations available appear to contain a 30,000 molecular weight impurity, which is not separated from the subunit of the dehydrogenase on Sephadex or on acrylamide gels.
Owens Valley Interferometric Observations of the Gamma-Ray Bursts GRB 970228 and GRB 970508

We have obtained new observations of the gamma-ray bursts GRB 970228 and GRB 970508 with the Owens Valley Radio Observatory. GRB 970228 was observed in the 1 and 3 mm continuum bands. The field was centered on the position of the optical counterpart approximately 17 days after the initial GRB burst. GRB 970228 was not detected at either wavelength, which places 3 σ upper limits of 2.16 mJy at 92.7 GHz and 38.1 mJy at 242.4 GHz. GRB 970508 was observed in the 3 mm continuum band, centered first on the position of the X-ray source SAX J0653.8+7916 and then on the position of the optical counterpart and the transient source detected by the Very Large Array. A series of five observations were made from 1997 May 10 (~2 days after initial burst detection) to 1997 May 16 (~8 days after burst). GRB 970508 was not detected during any observation. We combine data from May 12 to May 16 to place a solid 3 σ upper limit of 3.0 mJy at 86.8 GHz. Assuming the gamma-ray burst can be modeled by a cosmological fireball, our nondetection supports the interpretation by Frail and coworkers that large fluctuations seen in the centimeter-wave radio fluxes during this time are not due to changes in the source itself but are instead due to interstellar scintillation when the early fireball is nearly a point source.
Mapping parathyroid hormone, β-globin, insulin, and LDH-A genes within the human chromosome 11 short arm by spot blotting sorted chromosomes

Rearranged human chromosomes carrying segments of chromosome 11 were separated from the normal chromosome 11 by high-resolution chromosome sorting. Sorted chromosomes were tested with parathyroid hormone, β-globin, insulin, and LDH-A gene-specific probes to determine the genes carried by each chromosome segment. Based on the gene content and karyotypes of these abnormal chromosomes, the parathyroid hormone, β-globin, insulin, and LDH-A genes and the unique restriction fragment ADJ-762 are all located on the terminal band of the short arm of human chromosome 11 (band 11p15), with LDH-A proximal to the other loci.
Failure analysis of a titanium strut tank support in the space shuttle Columbia

A titanium midtank strut support from the Columbia space shuttle was submitted for failure analysis. Stereomicroscopy, light optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy were used to investigate the failed part. Evidence of melting was found on the fracture surface. Additionally, the high temperature associated with the melting was combined with cooling from the β-phase field, as indicated by the formation of a martensitic microstructure in the surrounding material. Craters were found on the surface of the part due to impact of foreign particles containing iron, nickel, and chromium. Failure of the titanium strut support was due to the severe high temperatures encountered as a result of the shuttle breakup and re-entry into the earth’s atmosphere.
Tetrahedron model for the optical dielectric function of hydrogenated amorphous silicon nitride alloys

A microstructural model based on Si-centered tetrahedra is proposed for hydrogenated amorphous silicon nitride (a-${\mathrm{Si}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{N}}_{\mathit{y}}$${\mathrm{H}}_{\mathit{z}}$) alloys. The dependence of the optical dielectric function \ensuremath{\epsilon}=${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{1}$+i${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{2}$ of the a-${\mathrm{Si}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{N}}_{\mathit{y}}$${\mathrm{H}}_{\mathit{z}}$ alloys on stoichiometry ([N]/[Si] ratio) and hydrogen content has been determined for (1) Si-rich a-${\mathrm{Si}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{N}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$ alloys (containing no hydrogen), using five tetrahedra, Si-${\mathrm{Si}}_{4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{i}}$${\mathrm{N}}_{\mathit{i}}$ (i=0--4) and (2) N-rich a-${\mathrm{Si}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{N}}_{\mathit{y}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{z}}$(NH${)}_{\mathit{z}}$ alloys, again using five tetrahedra, Si-${\mathrm{N}}_{4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{i}}$(NH${)}_{\mathit{i}}$ (i=0--4). Specific alloys of interest for which \ensuremath{\epsilon} has been predicted using the Bruggemann effective-medium approximation include a-${\mathrm{Si}}_{3}$${\mathrm{N}}_{4}$ and a-Si(NH${)}_{2}$, amorphous silicon diimide. The predictions of the model for \ensuremath{\epsilon}, the optical energy gap ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{opt}}$, and the index of refraction n have been obtained considering both random bonding and phase separation in the alloys. These predictions are compared here with previous experimental results, while a more comprehensive comparison with experiment for some N-rich a-${\mathrm{Si}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{N}}_{\mathit{y}}$${\mathrm{H}}_{\mathit{z}}$ films is presented in the following paper.
Regularization and robust control of uncertain singular discrete-time linear systems

New sufficient linear matrix inequality (LMI) condition for regularization of singular discrete-time systems subject to norm-bounded uncertainties is given. Then a new class of feedback is proposed to stabilize singular uncertain discrete-time systems with unknown time delays. The regularization and the stabilizability condition of this class of systems is given in terms of one strict LMI. A numerical example is given to show the novelty of the control design.
Film im Sozialismus—Die DEFA; Im Schatten der DEFA. Private Filmproduzenten in der DDR

Film im Sozialismus—Die DEFA BARBARA EICHINGER and FRANK STERN (Eds) Vienna, Mandelbaum, 2009 429 pp., illus., €17.80 (hb.) Im Schatten der DEFA. Private Filmproduzenten in der DDR RALF FORSTER and...
Predictive in silico modeling for hERG channel blockers

hERG-mediated sudden death as a side effect of non-antiarrhythmic drugs has been receiving increased regulatory attention. Perhaps owing to the unique shape of the ligand-binding site and its hydrophobic character, the hERG channel has been shown to interact with pharmaceuticals of widely varying structure. Several in silico approaches have attempted to predict hERG channel blockade. Some of these approaches are aimed primarily at filtering out potential hERG blockers in the context of virtual libraries, others involve understanding structure-activity relationships governing hERG-drug interactions. This review summarizes the most recent efforts in this emerging field.
Linking harvest choices to timber supply

Aggregate timber supply by ownership was investigated for a small region by applying stand-level harvest choice models to a representative sample of stands and then aggregating to regional totals using the area-frame of the forest survey. Timber harvest choices were estimated as probit models for three ownership categories in coastal plain southern pine stands of North Carolina using individual permanent and remeasured stand-level data from last two available USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) surveys. The timber harvest decision was modeled as a function of timber values, a cost factor, and stand volume as a proxy for nontimber values. Probit models were statistically significant at 1% for all ownerships. Area expansion factors (the portion of forest area in the region represented by the sampled stand) were then combined with harvest probabilities to model the aggregate effects of price changes on timber supply, given a fixed forest area. Implied price elasticities were estimated using this modeling of aggregate effects, and a bootstrapping procedure was applied to estimate confidence limits for supply elasticities with respect to price. Our results showed that NIPF and industry were elastically responsive in the aggregate when price increases are perceived as temporary but much less elastically and usually negat ively responsive when increases are perceived as permanent. Results are consistent with theory of optimal rotations and highlight the critical influence of both existing inventory structure and expectations on aggregate timber supply. FOR. Sci. 46(3):377-389.
Proposal Based Studio Projects: How to Avoid Producing "Cookie Cutter" Software Engineers

The proposal based studio is a method to teach software engineers best practices without developing a "cookie cutter" environment. It teaches students how to get projects done in the fixed time of a degree program without relying on a dogmatic, fixed "recipe" process. This paper discusses how students are provided a template with six general process areas for which they must "propose" solutions. These proposed solutions are unique to each 4 to 5 member Master of Software Engineering team and are continuously reviewed by the faculty throughout the project.
From Toxic Tours to Growing the Grassroots: Tensions in Critical Pedagogy and Community Development

Structural inequalities in American public education are inextricably tied to deep-seated patterns of racial and economic segregation. Children in poor neighborhoods are less likely to have the hou...
What Is An "Effect"? - Assessing Causation In Bioeffects Studies

I propose criteria for inferring causation for a reported biological effect of electromagnetic fields. They were adapted from Hill's criteria for assessing causation in epidemiological studies. These criteria have broad applicability for assessing causation in exploratory research involving environmental agents of many kinds.
Comment on “interstate tax competition after TRA86”

rio's tax increases. As the model now stands, in analyzing New Jersey's neighboring states, it is irrelevant whether Governor Florio were to be defeated or reelected. If he were defeated, however, there would be more pressure on other governors not to increase taxes; conversely, if he were reelected, other governors might feel less constrained. How to weight these outcomes I leave to Professor Case's demonstrated ingenuity, but treating them as equivalent fails to capture valuable information. Finally, I wonder whether Case's results are equally valid for tax increases as well as tax decreases. Quite possibly, citizens of a state whose governor is proposing a tax increase are more likely to look to "neighboring states" than they would be if their governor were proposing a tax cut. I would be curious to see if the correlations were the same when Professor Case separately ran these two situations. A commentator on a paper is always in the enviable position of being able to raise both practical and impractical issues involving lots of work for someone else. I do so in this case with a clear conscience, because I think Professor Case's initial findings have powerful implications that deserve further support and discussion.
Maintaining safe electrical work practices in a competitive environment

It is pointed out that worldwide competitive pressures have forced engineering and construction organizations to face increased workloads using fewer experienced personnel. Significant organizational and individual effort is required to maintain high standards of electrical safety in this climate. In addition, there is recent increased recognition of hazards from electrical high energy sources. The efforts of one corporation to maintain electrical safety performance are described. Basic electrical hazards are reviewed, and a flow-chart method of categorizing hazardous electrical tasks is presented. A matrix is provided to select appropriate personal protective equipment and identify procedural requirements. >
Bounding the uncertainity in nonlinear robust model predictive control using sphere covering

We consider nonlinear continuous-time systems with additive model uncertainty. We design controllers based on a receding horizon optimization strategy, and we propose a new method to bound the uncertainty along the predicted trajectories. The bounds derived here are less conservative compared to existing methods, because the proposed method limits the exponential growth of the invariant cones around the nominal predicted trajectories. This is achieved by applying results from computational geometry, which allows us to cut and reset the width of the mouth of these cones through tunable control parameters. The method does not impose specific constraints on the structure of the uncertain term in the equations, other than assuming that it is locally Lipschitz and upper bounded.
Relationships Between Color, Trypsin Inhibitor Contents, and Urease Index of Soybean Meal and Effects on Broiler Performance

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to determine the relationships between trypsin inhibitor contents, urease index, and color of soybean meal, and the effect on broiler performance. Either 0, 8, 10, 12, 14, or 16% moisture (Experiment 1) or 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10% moisture (Experiment 2) was added after dehydrating raw, flaked, solvent-extracted soybeans to 2% moisture. Each sample was then sealed in .473-liter jars, autoclaved for 0 to 135 min, with 15-min intervals, and dried at 37 C in a vacuum oven to remove all remaining moisture. In Experiment 3 commercial soybean meal with 12.12 μg trypsin inhibited/mg protein (μg/mg) was autoclaved for 0 to 25 min with 5-min intervals to determine the effect of additional heat on broiler performance and SBM color. Commercial soybean meal with 12.12 μg/mg trypsin inhibitor, tristimulus +a color value of 3.21, and a urease index of .19 Δ pH supported poorer growth and feed efficiency in broilers than the same soybean meal heated an additional 10 min and, thus, 1.77 μg/mg trypsin inhibitor, a + a color value of +4.76, and urease index of .02 Δ pH. Results indicated that color is a good predictor of trypsin inhibitor content and broiler performance. Additional heating resulted in higher +a color values and poorer broiler performance, indicating that color may also be used to determine overprocessing. Particle size of the soybean meal influenced the color. The soybean meal ground to pass a 20 mesh screen supported the best broiler performance when tristimulus color values ranged from +4.5–5.5 ±a color values or 58–65 L color values. These results confirm that color is a quick and reliable method of determining soybean meal quality.
Proteins of vesicular stomatitis virus and of phenotypically mixed vesicular stomatitis virus-simian virus 5 virions

The identity of the glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) as the spike protein has been confirmed by the removal of the spikes with a protease from Streptomyces griseus, leaving bullet-shaped particles bounded by a smooth membrane. This treatment removes the glycoprotein but does not affect the other virion proteins, apparently because they are protected from the enzyme by the lipids in the viral membrane. The proteins of phenotypically mixed, bullet-shaped virions produced by cells mixedly infected with VSV and the parainfluenza virus simian virus 5 (SV5) have been analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These virions contain all the VSV proteins plus the two SV5 spike proteins, both of which are glycoproteins. The finding of the SV5 spike glycoproteins on virions with the typical morphology of VSV indicates that there is not a stringent requirement that only the VSV glycoprotein can be used to form the bullet-shaped virion. On the other hand, the SV5 nucleocapsid protein and the major non-spike protein of the SV5 envelope were not detected in the phenotypically mixed virions, and this suggests that a specific interaction between the VSV nucleocapsid and regions of the cell membrane which contain the nonglycosylated VSV envelope protein is necessary for assembly of the bullet-shaped virion.
Pilot study experiments sourcing quartzite, Gunnison Basin, Colorado

This paper reports the results of pilot-study efforts to develop methods to profile quartzite, a rock type to which geochemical and other sourcing techniques have only rarely been applied. The long-term goal of the research is to fingerprint sources of quartzite in the Gunnison Basin, southwest Colorado, used by Paleoindian people ca. 11,500–8,000 years ago to make stone tools. Success would facilitate reconstruction of Paleoindian mobility in the Southern Rocky Mountains and potentially anywhere prehistoric people used quartzite. The goals of this paper are more modest: to demonstrate that a small-scale exploration of sourcing techniques suggests reason for optimism that quartzites may be amenable to source discrimination. For the same twenty Gunnison Basin quartzite samples, this study evaluated petrography, ultraviolet fluorescence (UVF), wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF), instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry—both acid-digestion (AD-ICP-MS) and laser ablation (LA-ICP-MS)—as means to differentiate among the specimens and the sources they represent. Although more testing is needed to verify and refine our results, the study suggests there is potential for petrography, INAA, and both versions of ICP-MS to discriminate among quartzites from different source localities in the Gunnison Basin. The greatest potential for discriminating among different sources of quartzite in the Gunnison Basin may lie in a methodology combining petrographic analysis and LA-ICPMS. Future testing is required to evaluate this two-fold approach. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of language dominance using functional MRI A comparison with the Wada test

Article abstract-We performed functional MRI (FMRI) in 22 consecutive epilepsy patients undergoing intracarotid amobarbital (Wada) testing and compared language lateralization measures obtained with the two procedures. FMRI used a single-word semantic decision task previously shown to activate lateralized language areas in normal adults. Correlation between the two tests was highly significant (r = 0.96; 95% CIS 0.90 to 0.98; p < 0.0001). These results validate the FMRI technique and suggest that "active" areas observed with this semantic processing task correspond to those underlying hemispheric dominance for language. The strong correlation observed supports the view that language lateralization is a continuous rather than a dichotomous variable. In addition to lateralization information, FMRI consistently demonstrated focal regions of activity in lateral frontal and temporo-parieto-occipital cortex. These functional maps may be helpful in defining the boundaries of surgical excisions.
The Relation of the Protein Requirement of Chicks to the Rate of Growth I. The Quantity of Protein Required by Chicks During Early Growth

Abstract The postnatal rate of growth of animals is greatest immediately after birth, decreases rapidly for a time and then more slowly as maturity is approached. This can be demonstrated by calculating the rate of growth either by the method of Minot1, or by the method of Brody2 which takes into consideration the instantaneous increases in weight during growth. Minot1 has presented evidence in confirmation of this conclusion, based upon observations on man, guinea pigs, rabbits and chicks. The extensive data upon growth of domestic animals collected by the “Growth Committee” of the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station3 and the data of Card and Kirkpatrick4 upon Leghorns and Rhode Island Reds, when recalculated for rate of growth, show the same phenomenon. The increase in weight during growth, aside from water, is essentially protein and ash. Armsby5 in discussing growth, pointed out that the rate of gain of protein per unit of body . . .
Migdal-Kadanoff study of Z4 symmetric systems with generalized action☆

The real space renormalization group is a powerful and elegant tool for the study of phase transitions in statistical systems. Concepts such as the universality of critical exponents are readily explained in terms of renormalization group flows in the vicinity of fixed points. In this paper we discuss how generalized Z, models provide a simple illustration of these ideas in a two-parameter coupling constant
Energy expenditure and intake in children with sickle cell disease during acute illness

Abstract Background : Children with sickle cell disease have frequent bouts of pain and infection which may increase energy expenditure, decrease energy intake and lead to a subsequent energy deficit. Methods : Two groups of African-American children with sickle cell disease-SS genotype were enrolled in this study upon hospital admission for a sickle cell disease related illness: a younger ( n =14, 7 M) and older group (≥6 years, n =17, 8 M). Body composition and dietary intake were assessed, and sleeping (younger) or resting energy expenditure (older) were measured by indirect calorimetry at admission and one month later at steady state. Results : Energy expenditure was not different between the two timepoints for younger children, but was slightly elevated at steady state (+50 kcal/d, P =0.049) in the older group. After controlling for gender, changes in fat-free mass and dietary intake, the significance disappeared. Energy intake in both groups was significantly depressed at admission compared to follow-up ( P Conclusions : These children and adolescents did not expend excess energy during their acute illness, however, an energy deficit was observed secondary to poor energy intake. Since 20% of patients with sickle cell disease have multiple hospitalizations per year, these results provide justification for the development and evaluation of nutrition care protocols to maintain adequate caloric intake during hospitalization and recovery.
A Biomechanical Comparison of 3 Reconstruction Techniques for Posterolateral Instability of the Knee in a Cadaveric Model

Purpose: The objective of this study was to compare the varus and external rotatory laxity of reconstructed knees by use of 3 different reconstruction techniques that address posterolateral instability of the knee: popliteus tendon (PT) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL) reconstruction, PT and popliteofibular ligament (PFL) reconstruction, and PFL and LCL reconstruction. Methods: We divided 36 fresh-frozen cadaveric knees into 3 groups of 12, and each group was assigned to a reconstruction technique: PT-LCL reconstruction with the posterior tibialis tendon, PT-PFL reconstruction with the patellar tendon and bone (Warren technique), and PFL-LCL reconstruction with the semitendinosus tendon (Larson technique). Each specimen was fixed with an Ilizarov external fixator and mounted on a custom-designed apparatus that was made to measure posterolateral instability of the knee, that is, external rotatory and varus laxity in the intact state, after cutting, and in the postoperative state at every 30° from 0° to 90°. Results: There were no significant differences between the 3 techniques with external rotation and varus laxity in all specimens. Conclusions: PT-LCL reconstruction was comparable to the other 2 established techniques: PT-PFL reconstruction (Warren technique) and PFL-LCL reconstruction (Larson technique). However, the original strength of the native knee could not be achieved with any of the techniques. Clinical Relevance: All techniques restored the posterolateral stability of the knee to near normal, with none of them being superior.
Mineralization of Chlorofluorocarbons and Aromatization of Saturated Fluorocarbons by a Convenient Thermal Process

A chemical reaction has been discovered that mineralizes chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and enables the complete destruction of these environmentally hazardous species. The reaction products are easily handled solids, including recyclable alkali metal halides. Under milder conditions, the same reaction causes partial defluorination of cyclic perfluoroalkanes to yield perfluoroarenes, which are valuable chemical intermediates. The vaporized substrates are passed over a packed bed of heated sodium oxalate; heating at 270° to 290°C causes mineralization, whereas heating at 230°C causes aromatization.
On the importance of evolution to developmental psychobiology

The term developmental psychobiology implies an integration between psychology and biology. But what segment of biology does the discipline embrace? The present commentary asserts that developmental psychobiology devotes too much attention to structural biology, with its emphasis on proximate mechanisms, and fails to give enough prominence to evolutionary biology and ultimate perspectives. I have attempted to portray the significance of evolution to developmental psychobiology and to elaborate on how developmental psychobiology might contribute to refinements in evolutionary theory, especially recent modifications that advocate a greater role for developmental processes. Methodological suggestions are offered, which would broaden developmental psychobiology's perspective so that a more comprehensive analysis of behavioral development results.
TRANSFERENCIA DE AGUA ENTRE SISTEMAS DE RECURSOS HIDRÁULICOS

Las transferencias de agua son un componente comun en muchos sistemas de recursos hidraulicos, y estan siendo cada vez mas considerados para cubrir la creciente demanda de agua y para amortiguar los efectos de la sequia. Las transferencias pueden presentarse en muchas formas y pueden servir para diferentes propositos, en el planteamiento y operacion de los sistemas de recursos hidraulicos. Sin embargo, para que resulten exitosas, las transferencias de agua deben ser integradas con las medidas tradicionales de gestion de la demanda y mejora del suministro. Esta integracion requiere la cooperacion entre los diferentes sectores de usuarios del agua, asi como la resolucion de numerosos temas de tipo tecnico e institucional, incluyendo el posible impacto a terceros. Este articulo identifica las muchas formas en que se pueden presentar las transferencias hidraulicas, alguno de los beneficios que puede que generen, y las dificultades y restricciones que se deben superar en su implantacion
Specificity, tolerance and developmental regulation of natural killer cells defined by expression of class I-specific Ly49 receptors.

Summary: Natural killer cells in the mouse express class 1 MHC-specific inhibitory receptors of the Ly49 protein family. The receptors mediate inhibition of the lysis of tumor cells and normal cells, and mediate the specificity of bone-marrow graft rejection by NK cells in vivo. The function of these receptors may be to confer upon NK cells the capacity to distinguish normal self cells from cells that have down-regulated expression of some or all self-class I molecules, Ly49 receptors discriminate between different class I molecules, and are distributed in expression to overlapping subsets of NK cells. The receptors appear to interact with class I-MHC residues and associated N-glycans, with little or no discrimination of the class I- bound peptide. The Ly49 receptor repertoire may be initially generated by a stochastic process that distributes receptors randomly to I different cells and treats the two alleles of a given Ly49 gene independently. However, class I-MHC-dependent “education” processes shape the functional repertoire. The education processes silence potentially auto-aggressive NK cells, probably by ensuring that each NK cell expresses at least one self-specific Ly49 receptor. In addition, NK cell clones that express multiple self-specific Ly49 receptors are disfavored by the education processes, perhaps to confer greater discrimination on to individual NK cells.
The Calcium Quandary: How Consumers Use Nutrition Labels

Apatient has just left her physician’s office after a routine annual exam, during which she is given a clean bill of health. Feeling good, and possibly relieved, she vows to follow her doctor’s recommendation: exercise at least 30 minutes three times a week and get 1200‐1500 milligrams of calcium every day. Determined to begin right away, she goes to the local grocery to purchase a container of yogurt. The Nutrition Facts panel indicates that the yogurt provides 45% DV (daily value), which she thinks is a fairly good amount of calcium, but how many milligrams of calcium does this represent? How does this consumption choice contribute to reaching her doctor-prescribed goal of 1200‐1500 milligrams per day? We invite readers to refer to Figure 1 and to try to perform this calculation before reading further. This scenario represents an underresearched area in consumer decision making: How do consumers make food consumption decisions when product information falls short of providing the nutritional knowledge needed for personal health consumption goals? Our research explores how consumers interpret the percent daily value (%DV) information on the Nutrition Facts panel of food labels to determine their calcium consumption. One reason we chose to explore calcium in this research is the prevalence of osteoporosis in the United States. According to the National Osteoporosis Foundation, ten million Americans, both male and female, have osteoporosis, and an estimated 34 million more have low bone density. The National Osteoporosis Foundation estimates that one in two women and one in four men over the age of 50 will have an osteoporosis-related fracture, at a
Status Incongruity in Samoan Youth: A Biocultural Analysis of Culture Change, Stress, and Immune Function

In Samoa, the presence of a matai title in the family has historically been a valued source of social status. However, as the process of Westernization continues, new sources of social status are emerging. This study explores the degree to which new and old markers of social status agree--or disagree--and the consequences they have for the experience of stress in 329 Samoan adolescents. The study integrates cultural and biological methods and data, and measures an aspect of immune function (antibodies against the Epstein-Barr virus) as a biomarker of psychosocial stress. Results indicate that status "incongruent" adolescents experience significantly more stress (indicated by reduced immune function), and that emerging markers of social status are becoming inextricably linked to "traditional" markers in such a way that discordance between them is a significant source of stress. This study proposes new conceptual models for future studies of culture change and suggests that biomarkers may represent ethnographic tools that can provide insight into hidden cultural dynamics and the experience of stress.
Benchmark Reaction Rates, the Stability of Biological Molecules in Water, and the Evolution of Catalytic Power in Enzymes

The rates of enzyme reactions fall within a relatively narrow range. To estimate the rate enhancements produced by enzymes, and their expected affinities for transition state analog inhibitors, it is necessary to measure the rates of the corresponding reactions in water in the absence of a catalyst. This review describes the spontaneous cleavages of C-C, C-H, C-N, C-O, P-O, and S-O bonds in biological molecules, as well as the uncatalyzed reactions that correspond to phosphoryl transfer reactions catalyzed by kinases and to peptidyl transfer in the ribosome. The rates of these reactions, some with half-lives in excess of one million years, span an overall range of 10¹⁹-fold. Moreover, the slowest reactions tend to be most sensitive to temperature, with rates that increase as much as 10⁷-fold when the temperature is raised from 25° to 100°C. That tendency collapses, by many orders of magnitude, the time that would have been required for chemical evolution on a warm earth. If the catalytic effect of primitive enzymes, like that of modern enzymes and many nonenzymatic catalysts, were mainly to reduce a reaction's enthalpy of activation, then the resulting rate enhancement would have increased automatically as the surroundings cooled. By reducing the time required for early chemical evolution in a warm environment, these findings counter the view that not enough time has passed for terrestrial life to have evolved to its present level of complexity.
A performance comparison of smoothing approaches for high-resolution active direction-finding of completely-correlated targets

For high-resolution active direction-finding of completely-correlated targets, one can use two approaches: the frequency-domain smoothing and the nonfrequency-domain smoothing such as spatial smoothing or multidimensional search of signal-subspace. The authors present a performance comparison of the two approaches for the fluctuating target cases under equal transmitted-energy constraints. Both theoretical analysis and simulations are used to study the performances of the detection (determination of number of targets) and angle estimation. It is found that frequency-domain smoothing can significantly outperform nonfrequency-domain smoothing under the equal transmitted-energy constraint. >
Injury and repair of the lung: Response to intravenous freund's adjuvant

Tissue from the lungs of rabbits was examined at intervals up to 24 weeks after the animals had received a single intravenous injection of Freund's complete adjuvant. Though this is not a conventional method for damaging the peripheral lung, it had the advantage of producing multiple lesions in which most tissue components were altered for a prolonged period. White blood cells were present within the tissue and air spaces of these damaged areas. They persisted for 6 weeks in large numbers and gradually decreased over the next 12 weeks. There was replacement of type A by type B alveolar lining cells. Basement membranes were displaced and lost. Elastic and collagen fibres were distorted and destroyed. Blood vessels were occluded. Epithelioid cell and foreign body granulomas developed. Interalveolar septa disappeared, and air spaces were compressed. Despite all these changes the lungs regained near normal structure by 24 weeks after the initial injury. These results do not support the importance that has been placed on damage to various structural components of the lung as an explanation for chronic pulmonary disease. They do give some insight into the capacity of peripheral lung tissue for regenerationa following a single injury that induces a prolonged inflammatory response.
Evidence‐Based Practices: Applications of Concrete Representational Abstract Framework across Math Concepts for Students with Mathematics Disabilities

Students with mathematics disabilities (MD) experience difficulties with both conceptual and procedural knowledge of different math concepts across grade levels. Research shows that concrete representational abstract framework of instruction helps to bridge this gap for students with MD. In this article, we provide an overview of this strategy embedded within the explicit instruction framework. We highlight effective practices for each component of the framework across different mathematical strands. Implications for practice are also discussed and a detailed case study is provided.
Broccoli Librarianship and Google-Bred Patrons, or What's Wrong with Usability Testing?

Abstract Library Web site usability testing has become justifiably commonplace; with minimal effort, this kind of assessment can detect design-related problems that are often easily corrected. Yet, extensive limitations of usability testing compromise the value of results. Rather than reflecting patrons' actual library Web site usage patterns, the testing instrument reflects librarians' interpretation of “good” library Web site usage, or “broccoli librarianship.” Furthermore, usability testing instruments in general are biased toward ease of use instead of usefulness, a key distinction in the library sector. Moreover, participants accustomed to Google and other Web search engines tend to weigh results in favor of simplicity and ease of use rather than usefulness. Unfamiliarity with library terminology and limited research skills can also undermine the reliability of usability testing. Effective usability testing requires that participants possess a basic understanding of scholarly research, library langua...
Hard Copy Durable Patient Cancer Education Materials: Do They Still Matter?

Traditional hard copy information materials are still present in our cancer clinics. While their actual impact on patient care often goes un-assessed, it is important to understand their role in today’s electronic age where information can easily be obtained from various sources. It has remained the practice in our melanoma clinic to provide an information booklet to all of our new patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how useful this booklet was, as well as determine the current resources our patients use to gather cancer information. All patients referred to the clinic in the previous 3 years were pooled from our prospective, IRB-approved, melanoma sentinel node database. Of these 205 patients, a valid email address was listed for 147. A ten-question survey was emailed to all of these patients, who were not told ahead of time that their experience with the booklet would be studied. Seventy-seven of the 147 (52 %) patients polled responded. Fifty-eight (75 %) remembered receiving the booklet at their initial consultation. Forty-four (76 %) of those patients rated it as extremely or very useful, and no patients reported the booklet as not useful at all. Eighty-eight percent of respondents found the information to be clear and helpful. Sixty-four percent remembered the provider reviewing the material with them, and nearly all of these patients found that helpful. When asked to rank the importance of the various resources for obtaining cancer information, providers were ranked as most important, followed by the information booklet and Internet information sites. Internet blogs and friends and family were rated as the least important sources of information. Even in the current electronic age, our results indicate that information shared by providers, including the hard copy education booklet, was the most important source of information for our newly referred melanoma patients.
Factors that Affect the Relative Resistance of Rough Rice to Angoumois Grain Moths and Lesser Grain Borers

Susceptible commercial varieties of rice were compared with resistant World Collection varieties by using Angoumois grain moths, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), and lesser grain borers, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). Imperfect hulls favored infestation by the moth, but planting date did not. Wild and domesticated strains of moths varied in fecundity, but the relative resistance of varieties was unaffected. Varieties resistant to the moth were also less susceptible to the lesser grain borer (r = 0.96). Morphological differences in the central vascular bundle in the abscission scar affect the ability of the moth to penetrate grains that have intact hulls. Moth larvae penetrated through the vascular bundle of Vista (S) but not CI 12273 (R).
ANTEROSEPTAL ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND NON-DOMINANT RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY LESION INVOLVING ACUTE MARGINAL BRANCH: A DILEMMA IN DECISION MAKING

Acute marginal branch occlusion has been described in limited reports as a cause of anteroseptal ST-segment elevation. A 43-year-old male presented with 2 hours of severe bilateral arm and neck pain. He has a 27 pack-year history of smoking, and a family history of premature coronary artery disease
INTERGENOMIC MAPPING OF MAIZE, TEOSINTE AND TRIPSACUM

among members of the American Maydeae (Zea spp. and Tripsacumn spp.) at both chromosomal and genic levels of organization. Thus they supplement significantly previous descriptions of karyotypes and gross chromosome structure in this group. In plants, linkage maps adequate for intergenomic analysis are available for a few genera, such as Hordeum, Pisum, Lycopersicum, Gossypium and Zea. Of these, the genus Zea which includes the species Z. mays (maize) and Z. mexicana (teosinte) has been studied most intensively and it is, therefore, especially well suited for intergenomic mapping with its related genus Tripsacum. The results reported here concern chiefly the cross-mapping of maize and Tripsacum, although teosinte is included because it is considered to have had a role in the origin and evolution of maize (see review of Galinat, 1971). With respect to similarities and differences in the position of gene loci in the chromosomes and linkage maps among related species, few data other than those given here for Zea and Tripsacum are available except in Drosophila (Sturtevant and Novitski, 1941; Patterson and Stone, 1952).
Characteristics of BST Capacitors with Aluminum Electrode and Iridium Oxide Barrier Layers

The high frequency operation of BST capacitors necessitates the development of low series resistance electrodes. As an alternative to platinum, DC magnetron sputtered IrO2/Aluminum top electrode metallization for BST capacitors has been proposed. The capacitance voltage characteristics of BST capacitors did not change significantly due to the deposition of aluminum on iridium oxide. Post annealing in nitrogen environment shows that IrO2/Al metallization does not degrade annealing temperature up to 450 oC.
Syntheses of 1-Bromo-8-methylnaphthalene and 1-Bromo-5-methylnaphthalene

The Diels–Alder reaction between 2-methylfuran and 3-bromobenzyne (3), which was generated under mild conditions from 1,3-dibromobenzene and lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), gives a mixture of regioisomeric 1,4-dihydro-1,4-epoxynaphthalenes 4 and 5. A subsequent two-step deoxygenation affords the corresponding 1-bromo-8-methylnaphthalene (1) and 1-bromo-5-methylnaphthalene (2) in high yields.
HIV-1 gp120-Mediated Mitochondrial Dysfunction and HIV-Associated Neurological Disorders

The treatment of HIV infection presents a great challenge among the patients who develop various forms of cognitive impairments. Particularly, the neurotoxicity associated with HIV is attributed to different viral proteins present in HIV, and is a root cause for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). A common characteristic among several neurodegenerative disorders including HAND is mitochondrial dysfunction in various brain cells. However, there has been very little effort to explore the possibility of exploiting mitochondrial dynamics in HAND treatment. A recent study by Avdoshina and colleagues has reported the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in HIV-1 gp120-mediated neuronal dysfunction, which presents a novel mechanism for the development of adjunct therapy to treat HAND.
Job Quality Complexities: Self-employment within the Low-income Communities Surrounding Cape Town, South Africa

This paper draws on feminist and Marxist traditions to develop a framework for analyzing job quality, which incorporates context, social relations, and power. Job quality among small business owner...
Membrane Filtration Characteristics in Electro-Coagulation Membrane Bioreactor

As simulated dyeing and printing wastewater was taken as the research object,the membrane fouling and sludge mixed liquor properties in ECMBR and conventional MBR pilot systems were investigated.The results showed embrane filtration resistance were dominated by cake resistance,the cake resistance makes up 99% and 93.34% of total resistance in MBR and ECMBR,respectively.However,the total resistance in ECMBR is 1 /4 in MBR,which means electro-coagulation can effectively reduce cake resistance.Bigger particle size diameter( PSD),smaller absolute value of Zeta potential,lower concentration of extracellular polymeric substances( EPS) and soluble microbial products( SMP) and higher relative hydrophobic( RH) of sludge are found in ECMBR than those in MBR by comparing the difference of sludge mixed liquor properties.The electro-coagulation is effective to improve the filtration performance of membrane bioreactor,increase membrane flux and decrease the membrane resistance by changing the sludge mixed liquor properties.
Toward Understanding Expressive Percussion Through Content Based Analysis.

Musical expression is the creative nuance through which a musician conveys emotion and connects with a listener. In un-pitched percussion instruments, these nuances are a very important component of performance. In this work, we present a system that seeks to classify different expressive articulation techniques independent of percussion instrument. One use of this system is to enhance the organization of large percussion sample libraries, which can be cumbersome and daunting to navigate. This work is also a necessary first step towards understanding musical expression as it relates to percussion performance. The ability to classify expressive techniques can lead to the development of models that learn the the functionality of articulations in patterns, as well as how certain performers use them to communicate their ideas and define their musical style. Additionally, in working towards understanding expressive percussion, we introduce a publicly available dataset of articulations recorded from a standard four piece drum kit that captures the instrument’s expressive range.
Granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells from peripheral blood and bone marrow differ in their response to prostaglandin E1

Prostaglandins of the E series (PGE) inhibit proliferation of normal bone marrow granulocyte/macrophage progenitors (CFU-GM). Circulating CFU-GM are known to differ from marrow CFU-GM in many characteristics, and in the present study, we compared the effect of PGE1 on circulating and bone marrow progenitors in normals and in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). PGE1 caused a dose-dependent inhibition of normal marrow CFU-GM. Circulating CFU-GM were inhibited only at concentrations of 10(-5) mol/L or greater, and progenitor proliferation was, in fact, significantly stimulated at PGE1 concentrations between 10(-8) and 10(-6) mol/L. Bone marrow CFU-GM from patients with CML were inhibited in a manner similar to that of normal bone marrow. Circulating cells from patients with CML were, however, less sensitive to PGE1 inhibition than CML bone marrow cells and demonstrated a pattern intermediate between normal circulating and normal marrow progenitors. These studies suggest that peripheral blood and bone marrow contain different progenitor cell populations.