cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward emergent representations for video

Advanced systems for finding, using, sharing, and remixing video require high-level representations of video content. A number of researchers have taken top-down, analytic approaches to the specification of representation structures for video. The resulting schemes, while showing the potential of high-level representations for aiding the retrieval and resequencing of video, have generally proved too complex for mainstream use. In this paper, we propose a bottom-up, emergent approach to developing video representation structures by examining retrieval requests and annotations made by a community of video remixers. Our initial research has found a useful degree of convergence between user-generated indexing terms and query terms, with the salient exception of descriptions of characters' corporeal characteristics.
The effect of morphactin on the nutrient concentration of snapdragons

The effect of morphactin sprayed at 0, 0·5, 1·0, 1·5 or 2·0 mg/1 on the concentrations of several nutrients in snapdragons (Antirrhinum, majus L.) were studied under glasshouse conditions. Snapdragon plants treated with morphactin increased in K, and Mg but decreased in Ca, Mn, Cu, Fe, and Zn. Action of morphactin and nutrient element relationships are suggested.
Measurement and management of Internet services

It is increasingly important for Internet service providers (ISP) to monitor their systems to detect problems in advance of customer complaints. Accurate, yet rapid, diagnosis of detected problems is essential for minimizing customer-perceived service downtimes. Such requirements warrant a new generation of technologies for service quality measurement and problem diagnosis. End-to-end performance management requires analysis of the ISP network, servers, applications, and infrastructure components. This paper proposes a methodology and measurement instrumentation for managing ISP service quality. This paper presents case studies that demonstrate the use of performance measurements for problem detection and isolation. The results, which highlight the practical utility of the measurements, have been obtained from real-world measurements in commercial ISP environments and the general Internet.
The impact of the introduction of premiums into a SCHIP program.

This paper examines the introduction of premiums into the SCHIP program in Kentucky. Kentucky introduced a $20 monthly premium for SCHIP coverage for children with family incomes between 151% and 200% of the federal poverty level in December 2003. Administrative data between 2001 and 2004 is used to estimate a Cox proportional hazard model that predicts enrollment duration in this premium-paying category. The results suggest that a premium reduces the length of enrollment and that the effect is much stronger in the first two months after the introduction of the premium. Similar results are not found for the non-premium category.
Zinc Deficiency Changes Preferred Macronutrient Intake in Subpopulations of Sprague-Dawley Outbred Rats and Reduces Hepatic Pyruvate Kinase Gene Expression

Macronutrient selection patterns of male rats were analyzed using a 3-choice macronutrient selection system providing either adequate (+Zn) or deficient (-Zn) levels of zinc (30 or 1 mg Zn/kg). In study 1, rats were provided +Zn and -Zn diets for 28 d. All rats preferred carbohydrate (>50% carbohydrate intake) at the onset, consuming an average of 71% carbohydrate (cho), 17% protein (pro), and 12% fat. By the end of the study, 25% of the -Zn rats switched preference from cho to fat, whereas no +Zn rats changed. In study 2, -Zn rats preferring fat increased their total intake to normal levels, but only 50% reverted to carbohydrate preference after 35 d of zinc repletion. Hypothalamic concentrations of galanin were measured in groups of +Zn and -Zn cho- and fat-preferring rats. Galanin, which may be regulated with fat intake, was not different in -Zn rats preferring fat vs. -Zn rats preferring cho. Galanin concentrations were higher in +Zn than in -Zn rats (P < 0.05) and higher in +Zn rats preferring fat than in +Zn rats preferring cho (P < 0.05). Hepatic pyruvate kinase (PK) mRNA concentrations were related to cho preference, regardless of zinc status. When PK mRNA levels were measured in rats consuming a single AIN- 93-based diet, PK mRNA levels were significantly reduced by zinc deficiency (P < 0.05). Because PK is highly regulated by insulin, the effect of insulin may be reduced by zinc deficiency, making it more difficult for -Zn rats to catabolize dietary cho. This may explain why some -Zn rats switched from preferring cho to fat after developing zinc deficiency.
Dominance violations in judged prices of two‐ and three‐outcome gambles

The dominance principle states that one should prefer the option with consequences that are at least as good as those of other options for any state of the world. When applied to judged prices of gambles, the dominance principle requires that increasing one or more outcomes of a gamble should increase the judged price of the gamble, with everything else held constant. Previous research has uncovered systematic violations of the dominance principle: people assign higher prices to a gamble with a large probability of winning an amount, Y, otherwise zero, than they do to a superior gamble with the same chance of winning Y, otherwise winning a small amount, X! These violations can be explained by a configural-weight theory in which two-outcome gambles are represented with two sets of decision weights; one set for outcomes having values of zero and another set for lower-valued outcomes that have nonzero values. The present paper investigates whether dominance violations are limited to two-outcome gambles. Results show that people violate the dominance principle with three-outcome gambles even with financial incentives. Furthermore, results could be predicted from the configural-weight theory. The data do not support the view that configural weighting is caused by a shift in strategy that would apply only to two-outcome gambles.
Improved method for diffusion coefficient determinations employing the silver membrane filter

A convenient and rapid method for determining diffusion coefficients has been developed that is based on the quasi-stationary diaphragm cell method. A silver filter membrane is used to separate two compartments of the apparatus that are stirred magnetically with synchronous motors. The advantages are the good precision of the data, running times of the experiments, and the extended repeated usability of a given membrane.
Thermal Healing of Laser‐Induced Internal Cracks in Lithium Fluoride Crystals

Laser-induced internal cracks in LiF single crystals were annealed and healed at various temperatures in the absence of environmental contamination. The thermal healing process consists of three distinct stages: (a) pinching off of the crack into radially directed cylindrical pores within the rim of the crack front and within inner regions close to 〈110〉 directions, (b) ovulation of the 〈110〉 pores into rows of isolated, square-shaped pores and, simultaneously, regression of the plate-shaped subcracks situated near 〈100〉 directions, and (c) shrinkage of the isolated pores. A modified Arrhenius relationship between the rate of subcrack shrinkage and the annealing temperature was obtained. The apparent activation energy was found to be 2.0 eV (192.7 kJ/mol), suggesting that the healing process is controlled by volume diffusion.
COMPLEX FORMATION BETWEEN PYRENE AND THE NUCLEOTIDES GMP, CMP, TMP AND AMP

— Pyrene has been found to form ground and excited electronic state complexes of 1:1 stoichi-ometry with GMP, CMP, TMP and AMP. The values of their ground state association constants are 45 M-1, 13M-1, 14 M-1, and 52 M-1 respectively. The fluorescence of pyrene is strongly quenched by GMP, CMP, and TMP but only slightly by AMP. Fluorescence quenching analysis has yielded the values 87M-1, 73 M-1, and 154 M-1 for the excited state association constants with GMP, CMP, and TMP, respectively. The corresponding values for the excited state second-order rate constant for complex formation are: 3.3 times 109M-1 s-1 4.1 times 109M-1 s-1, and 4.0 times 109M-1 s-1. The probabilities of complex formation per collision between an excited pyrene molecule and a nucleotide are: 0.52, 0.64, and 0.63. The values for the excited state rate constant for dissociation of the complex are: 3.8 times 107s-1 5.6 times 107s-1, and 2.6 times 107s-1. The possibility is discussed that partial transfer of charge from pyrene to nucleotide may be playing a role in the complex formation process.
Railway rate theories of the Interstate commerce commission

An inductive study of rate theories, 1. — Decisions of the Interstate Commerce Commission as material for such a study, 4. — I. Commission's preliminary statement of the fundamental principle of rate making, 7. — The determining factors in the Commission's decisions, 10. — II. Value of commodity as a rate basis, 11. — 1. Competitive commodities, 12. (a) in different stages of manufacture, 13. — (b) as possible substitutes for each other, 25. — 2. Non-competitive commodities, 28. — 3. Market value the criterion, 33. — 4. Social considerations, 35. — III. Cost of service as a rate basis, 40. — 1. Some special service rendered, 42. — 2. Comparison with other commodities, 50. — 3. Comparison with rates elsewhere, 58. — 4. Car load and less than car load shipments, 60. — Conclusion with reference to cost of service, 65.
A Supply Side Theory of Mediation

We develop and test a theory of the supply side of third-party conflict management. Building on Kydd’s (2003) model of mediation, which shows that bias enhances mediator credibility, we offer three complementary mechanisms that may enable mediator credibility. First, democratic mediators face costs for deception in the conflict management process. Second, a vibrant global democratic community supports the norms of unbiased and nonviolent conflict management, again increasing the costs of deception for potential mediators. Third, as disputants’ ties to international organizations increase, the mediator’s costs for dishonesty in the conflict management process rise because these institutions provide more frequent and accurate information about the disputants’ capabilities and resolve. These factors, along with sources of bias, increase the availability of credible mediators and their efforts to manage interstate conflicts. Empirical analyses of data on contentious issues from 1816 to 2001 lend mixed support for our arguments. Third-party conflict management occurs more frequently and is more successful if a potential mediator is a democracy, as the average global democracy level increases, and as the disputants’ number of shared International Organization (IO) memberships rises. We also find that powerful states serve as mediators more often and are typically successful. Other factors such as trade ties, alliances, issue salience, and distance influence decisions to mediate and mediation success. Taken together, our study provides evidence in support of Kydd’s bias argument while offering several mechanisms for unbiased mediators to become credible and successful mediators.
Chu spaces: automata with quantum aspects

Chu spaces are a model of concurrent computation extending automata theory to express branching time and true concurrency. They exhibit in a primitive form the quantum mechanical phenomena of complementarity and uncertainty. The complementarity arises as the duality of information and time, automata and schedules, and states and events. Uncertainty arises when we define a measurement to be a morphism and notice that increasing structure in the observed object reduces clarity of observation. For a Chu space this uncertainty can be calculated numerically in an attractively simple way directly from its form factor to yield the usual Heisenberg uncertainty relation. Chu spaces correspond to wavefunctions as vectors of Hilbert space, whose inner product operation is realized for Chu spaces as right residuation and whose quantum logic becomes Girard's linear logic. >
Predictable communication protocol processing in real-time Mach

Scheduling of many different kinds of activities takes place in distributed real time and multimedia systems. It includes scheduling of computations, window services, filesystem management, I/O services and communication protocol processing. We investigate the problem of scheduling communication protocol processing in real time systems. Communication protocol processing takes a relatively substantial amount of time and if not structured correctly, unpredictable priority inversion and undesirable timing behavior can result to applications communicating with other processors but are otherwise scheduled correctly. We describe the protocol processing architecture in the RT-Mach operating system, which allows the timing of protocol processing to be under strict application control. An added benefit is also obtained in the form of higher performance. This scheduling architecture is consistent with the: other RT-Mach scheduling mechanisms including fixed priority scheduling and processor reservation. The benefits of this protocol architecture are demonstrated both under synthetic workloads and in a realistic distributed videoconferencing system we have implemented in RT-Mach. End to end delays for both audio and video are as predicted even with other threads competing for the CPU and the network.
Support for Climate Change Policy: Social Psychological and Social Structural Influences*

Abstract We investigated preferences for climate change mitigation policies and factors contributing to higher levels of policy support. The sample was comprised of 316 Michigan and Virginia residents, all of whom completed mail surveys. Of the eight policies proposed to reduce the burning of fossil fuels, respondents overwhelmingly indicated they would not support a gas tax, while support was highest for shifting subsidies away from fossil fuels and towards sustainable energy strategies. With the exception of taxes on gasoline and “gas guzzlers,” a majority of respondents supported all other mitigation policies. Multivariate analyses revealed that greater trust in environmentalists and less trust in industry, greater recognition of the consequences of climate change, higher income, being black, and older age were predictive of greater policy support. Personal values (e.g., altruism), future orientation, and political affiliation were strong predictors of policy support but only indirectly via worldviews and environmental beliefs.
Efficient generation of isolated attosecond pulses through relativistic effects

Focusing relativistic-intensity pulses to the wavelength scale in plasma leads to the formation of isolated attosecond pulses with ten percent efficiency in simulations. Experiments show this relativistic electron motion is present at 5/spl times/10/sup 17/ W/cm/sup 2/.
Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses using GLUE when modeling inhibition and pharmaceutical cometabolism during nitrification

The influence of uncertainties in biokinetic parameters for ammonia and nitrite oxidizing bacteria on the performance of a two-step nitrification model was evaluated using the Generalized Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) technique. The predictive capability of behavioral simulations generated using GLUE was assessed utilizing data from experiments comparing nitrification in the presence and absence of two pharmaceuticals - atenolol or sotalol. Results suggest that GLUE cannot account for model structural error arising when ammonia oxidation is competitively inhibited. Use of a competitive inhibition model for ammonia oxidation (i.e., correction of the model structural error), however, enables GLUE to generate meaningful uncertainty intervals. While GLUE is used in the present study, other uncertainty analysis techniques are likely to be similarly unable to account for model structural errors. Thus, results from this study emphasize the importance of model selection for efficacious uncertainty analysis. The behavioral simulations generated using GLUE based on application of the correct model was subsequently used to evaluate the sensitivity of transformation coefficients employed to describe the cometabolism of atenolol by ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB). Sensitivity was assessed by computing nonparametric elasticities of the cometabolism transformation coefficients to biokinetic parameters selected to describe nitrification in a novel application of a generalized nonparametric analysis. Results suggest that the AOB-growth related transformation coefficient of atenolol is relatively insensitive to variation in ammonia and nitrite oxidizing biokinetic parameters. In contrast, the non-growth related transformation coefficient describing atenolol cometabolism appears to be sensitive to the specific growth rate of AOB. Elasticities are used to assess whether estimates of atenolol-AOB cometabolic biodegradation coefficients from lab-scale experiments could be used more generally. This novel application of elasticities to biological wastewater process modeling suggests that seasonal temperature variations may be an important factor in pharmaceutical biodegradation during biological wastewater treatment.
Reactions of low‐energy ions with ferrocene self‐assembled monolayer surfaces

Collisions of low-energy Cr(CO) n + (n = 0, 2, 6) ions with self-assembled monolayer surfaces bearing covalently bound ferrocene groups result in transfer of the cyclopentadienyl ligand into the gas phase as the Cr(C 5 H 5 ) + ion. High fluences of Cr + ions lead to deposition of Cr at the surface and subsequent Xe + collisions liberate the metal ion. The Cr atoms deposited on the surface appear to be chemically bonded to the cyclopentadienyl rings. The implications of these results for modification of surfaces using ion beams are discussed.
Fibrinogen and prothrombin complex concentrate in trauma coagulopathy.

Abstract Background Coagulopathy after injury contributes to hemorrhage and death. Treatment with specific coagulation factors could decrease hemorrhage and mortality. Our aim was to compare fibrinogen and prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) in a rabbit model of hemorrhagic shock. Materials and methods New Zealand white rabbits were anesthetized. Blood was withdrawn to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 30–40 mm Hg for 30 min. Animals were resuscitated with lactated Ringer to a MAP of 50–60 mm Hg and randomized to receive 100 mg/kg of fibrinogen, PCC 25 IU/kg, or lactated Ringer. A liver injury was created. A MAP of 50–60 mm Hg was maintained for 60 min. The primary outcome was blood loss, and secondary outcomes were fluid administered and coagulopathy as measured by plasma-based tests. Results There were eight animals in each group. Median blood loss was significantly higher in the fibrinogen group, at 122 mL (95% confidence interval [CI], 75–194), when compared with that in the control group, 35 mL (95% CI, 23–46; P value = 0.001), and the PCC group, 26 mL (95% CI, 4–54; P value = 0.002). Resuscitation fluid requirement was highest in the fibrinogen group, at 374 mL (95% CI, 274–519), and lowest in the PCC group, at 238 mL (95% CI, 212–309) (P = 0.01). Plasma-based coagulation tests were not different among groups. Conclusions In a rabbit model, PCC did not have a significant effect on blood loss. Fibrinogen increased blood loss and fluid requirements.
Queerly Fundamental: Christian Fundamentalism, Southern Queerness, and Curriculum Studies

(2006). Queerly Fundamental: Christian Fundamentalism, Southern Queerness, and Curriculum Studies. Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 165-186.
Analysis of power system transient disturbances using an ESPRIT-based method

The area of electric power quality has witnessed increased attention, especially in the area of modeling and analysis of power quality measurements. This paper concentrates on the harmonic decomposition of capacitor-switching transient disturbances with a main objective on introducing a new technique in the area of power system analysis, an ESPRIT-based method. Initial sensitivity tests indicate promising results in providing a new and improved tool in the harmonic decomposition of capacitor-switching transients. The sensitivity tests focus on corrupting the data sequences with zero-mean white Gaussian noise at different voltage deviation levels, and analyzing the performance of the decomposition method. The transient disturbances used in the analysis are real data, created in the Center for Electric Power Engineering, Drexel University.
Predictors of Short-Term Prognosis in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis

We evaluated 191 consecutive adults with pulmonary tuberculosis in order to develop methods to determine which patients should be initially hospitalized. Using stepwise discriminant analysis, we found the six factors that were most strongly associated with an unfavorable short-term outcome (respiratory failure or death): lymphopenia, advanced age, concomitant smear-positive extrapulmonary tuberculosis, alcoholism, a high percentage of neutrophils on the differential white blood cell count, and lack of radiographic evidence of cavitation. We derived a scoring system incorporating these variables and separated patients into high- and low-risk groups. The system was prospectively validated by applying it to a separate group of 179 patients. Lymphocyte-transformation tests in 32 patients revealed an association between clinical markers of poor prognosis and minimal lymphocyte proliferation to a heat-killed strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Interactions among Forest-floor Guild Members in Structurally Simple Microhabitats

Intraguild predation in structurally complex habitats is thought to weaken trophic cascades and increase food web stability. However, many predators commonly found in leaf litter become restricted to simple microhabitat beneath rocks and logs during periods between rains. It is within this structurally simple microhabitat that some predators defend rich prey resources and are likely to interact strongly as the surrounding forest becomes too dry to forage broadly in space. We conducted a 4-y press experiment where we removed focal predators from unfenced field plots. To evaluate the effects of predators on one another we removed either salamanders or centipedes from beneath artificially placed cover objects and compared abundances of these and other intraguild predators to those in non-removal controls. We predicted that salamanders and centipedes would have strong negative effects on each other and on carabid beetles and spiders. We removed a total of 1288 salamanders and 1056 centipedes over 98 sampling dates. In salamander removal plots spider abundance increased by 34%, and carabid beetles decreased by 15% relative to the control. In centipede removal plots salamanders increased by 18% and carabid beetles increased by 29%, but spider abundance decreased by 15%. Interaction strengths were strongest in the drier summer months when territorial predators were confined in spatially fixed microhabitats. It is during these periods that predators may strongly regulate the abundances of guild members. In territorial species that defend areas beneath natural cover, the effect of intraguild predators may be an important mechanism that regulates distribution and abundance of forest floor predators.
Solar cheilosis: An ominous precursor: Part II. Therapeutic perspectives

The differential diagnosis of SC includes malignant, premalignant, metastatic, inflammatory, and eczematoid disorders, along with photodermatoses and a few rare but important disorders of the lower lip. Current treatment options include topical, ablative, and surgical therapies. Several clinical challenges are also addressed, including the issue of obtaining a high-yield diagnostic biopsy specimen while minimizing patient morbidity, field-directed treatment for SC, and strategies for combination therapy.
An Unusual Cause of Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding

53-year-old Caucasian woman presented withcomplaints of abdominal pain, constipation,pyrosis, and occasional red blood in her stool for 6months’ duration. The abdominal pain was burning innature, worse with eating, and radiated from her chest toher back. Physical examination was unremarkable anddid not show any pigmentation of the skin or the eyes.Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels on admission were14.3 g/dL and 43.1%, respectively. Colonoscopy showedinternal hemorrhoids and a bi-lobed rectal polypmeasuring 1.5 cm, which was snared and retrieved(Figures A and B). Immunohistochemical analysis wasstrongly positive for S-100, melan A, HMB-45, and nega-tive for chromogranin, which is most consistent with thediagnosis of malignant melanoma (Figure C).After the skin and retina, anorectal malignant mela-noma is the third most common location of melanoma.Anorectal melanomas make up less than 3% of all mel-anomas, and less than 1% of all malignant tumors of theanorectum are melanoma.
The Democratic First Amendment

Over the past several decades, the Supreme Court has repeatedly taken the position that the primary – albeit not necessarily the only – reason why the First Amendment protects freedom of speech is to advance democratic self-governance. Moreover, there is also a broad consensus among First Amendment scholars supporting this view. In this essay, I will argue that this position, while surely correct insofar as it goes, is also radically incomplete.The Court’s ruminations about the purpose of the Free Speech Clause fail to answer three overlapping questions. First, what is the relevance of the fact the Free Speech Clause does not stand alone, but rather is accompanied by other, equally important provisions? Second, how exactly does the Free Speech Clause, in combination with those other provisions, advance self-governance? And third, what role does the First Amendment as a whole envision for citizens in a democracy? These are important questions, requiring careful consideration that heretofore they have not received.The problem starts with the Supreme Court. One noteworthy feature of the Supreme Court’s modern First Amendment jurisprudence is that it is not truly a First Amendment jurisprudence at all; rather, it is series of decisions interpreting the Religions Clauses and the Free Speech Clause. The rest of the First Amendment – the Press, Assembly, and Petition Clauses – might as well not exist. The Press Clause has been entirely subsumed by the Free Speech Clause. The Assembly Clause has not been cited in over thirty years. And the Petition Clause’s relevance has been limited to the peripheral issue of access to courts. Even the nontextual right of association, which has not been entirely abandoned, has been made subservient to free speech, even though historically the right clearly derived from the Assembly Clause.The topic of this essay, then, is those five rights – speech, press, association, assembly, and petition – what I call the Democratic First Amendment. I will argue that the Democratic First Amendment, in toto, is best read to adopt a particular vision of citizenship, one associated with the Democratic Republican philosophy of Thomas Jefferson and his allies. Citizens, on this view, are meant to be active in a myriad ways, to engage with and even challenge their elected representatives, and to develop and communicate their values and opinions jointly, through assemblies and associations. It stands in sharp contrast to the passive form of citizenship, limited to biennial voting, favored by Jefferson’s Federalist adversaries. Each of the rights of the Democratic First Amendment advance this vision of citizenship, both individually, and in combination. The First Amendment, in short, is not just democratic, it is also kaleidoscopic.
Experimental Assessment of the Impacts of Northern Long-Eared Bats on Ovipositing Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes

The importance of predation as a mortality factor in adult mosquitoes has received only limited attention in the scientific literature. Despite the lack of consensus among researchers as to whether bats are important predators of mosquitoes, there have been no attempts to directly document the effect of bats on mosquito populations or behavior. We conducted an enclosure experiment to test the hypothesis that bats reduce the local abundance of ovipositing female mosquitoes by examining whether the northern long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis Trouessart) had an effect on Culex spp. (Diptera: Culicidae) oviposition, using naturally occurring mosquitoes, either through direct predation or trait mediated effects on mosquito behavior. We found a significant, 32% reduction in egg-laying activity associated with bat predation. Artificial oviposition habitats directly outside bat enclosures experienced no reduction in oviposition; we attributed the observed reduction in egg-laying activity to direct predation on ovipositing females by bats and not changes in mosquito behavior. In addition, we noted a decrease in the number of larval mosquitoes in enclosures exposed to bat predation. These results suggest the impact of aerial predators on pathogen transmission may be large, and warrants further scientific investigation.
How memories of school inform preservice teachers' feared and desired selves as teachers

Abstract Elementary preservice teachers (N = 69) were asked to write about their memories of elementary school and reflect on the meaning of those memories in combination with course material. Based on the theory-driven thematic analysis, students reported memories that worked to create their desired and/or feared teacher self. Some students recognized a conflict between their memories and the effective teaching practices learned in the course, and only a few were able to negotiate their past memories with current practices and describe a plan of action. Findings elucidate the power of memories as preservice teachers prepare for the classroom.
What is Wrong With the BLM's Management of Livestock Grazing on the Public Lands?

This article seeks to present an accurate description of the current state of Bureau of Land Management (BLM) range management, and this examination reveals that livestock grazing, rather than environmental protection and alternative land uses, remains the first priority of BLM range management. It briefly reviews the nature and extent of BLM managed lands, impact of grazing on those resources, and statutes and regulations affecting the BLM's management of such grazing; discusses BLM policies and practices determining which BLM lands are used for livestock grazing and the numbers of livestock permitted to graze; presents examples, from the author's own experience, of how these policies and practices lead to the subordination of environmental values to livestock interests. While some recent regulatory changes contain some significant positive features, they fail to address the fundamental issue of whether some of the lands managed by the BLM are unsuitable or inappropriate for livestock grazing.
Influence of Details on Fatigue Behavior of Structures

The behavior of a structure subjected to cyclic loads is dependent upon a number of details, either intentional or unintentional, which could be potential initiation sites. Since the over-all effect of such details on fatigue strength cannot be calculated accurately, design values have usually been based on laboratory data generated in tests of specimens that simulate the characteristic stress-raiser of the actual detail. The data from tests of butt- and fillet-welded joints, beam details, riveted and bolted joints in base materials of the common classes of structural steels are presented and analyzed. Details have a major influence on the fatigue behavior of structures because they result in: (1) localized increases in stress (above the nominal stress); and (2) residual stresses. The test data generated in the laboratory have provided a basis for establishment of allowable stresses and the development of proper design techniques to prevent fatigue failures in structures. In addition, methods have been developed to improve the fatigue strength of structures containing critical details by minimizing the stress concentration or favorably altering residual stresses, or both.
Arthur Ashe: Tennis and Justice in the Civil Rights Era

There are few modern prominent public figures who have received less scholarly attention than Arthur Ashe. While the African American tennis star, civil rights activist, and scholar died at the you...
The Pentagon's community aid program

The Pentagon's Office of Economic Adjustment was established in 1961 to assist local economies in adjusting to military base closings. The first of the following two articles defends the Office's purposes and accomplishments, while the second takes a sharply critical view of its role in military planning.
The Politics of Deconstruction: Feminism

Post-structuralism names a broad field of work that ranges from psychoanalysis (Lacan, Deleuze and Guattari) to philosophy (Derrida, Irigaray, Lyotard), to literary criticism (Barthes, Cixous, Kristeva), to social and cultural theory (Foucault, Bourdieu, Baudrillard). While this work has on the whole shifted our paradigms of understanding from cognitivist analysis and totalizing dialectics toward more differentiated, materialized, and indeterminist modes of thought, as a whole it suffers from the absence of a practicable political orientation. Descriptions of ideal worlds or of subversive strategies of writing and living abound, but none of the theories either attempts the kind of social theory Habermas proposes or sketches models of political practice of the sort Negri provides. There is in post-structuralism an antipathy to systems and to the logocentric project of subsuming the world to the categories of reason that makes the avoidance of habermassian varieties of total theories understandable. But why is practical politics so alien to philosophies that seem so eminently political?
Opportunities for energy-water nexus management in the Middle East & North Africa

Electric power is required to produce, treat, distribute, and recycle water while water is required to generate and consume electricity. Naturally, this energy-water nexus is most evident in multi-utilities that provide electricity and water but still exists when the nexus has distinct organizations as owners and operators. Therefore, the sustainability question that arises from energy-water trade-offs and synergies is very much tied to the potential for economies of scope. Furthermore, in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, multi-utilities are not only common, but also the nexus is particularly exacerbated by the high energy intensity of the water supply due to limited fresh water resources. The goal of this paper is to identify and motivate several opportunities for enhanced integrated operations management and planning in the energy-water nexus in multi-utilities in the MENA. It proceeds in four parts. First, an exposition of the energy-water nexus especially as it applies to the MENA is given. This discussion focuses on the electric power system, the potable water distribution system, and thirdly, the wastewater distribution system. Second, the paper shifts to opportunities in integrated operations management highlighted by an energy-water nexus supply- side economic dispatch illustration. Thirdly, the discussion shifts to planning opportunities for the energy-water nexus for the sustainable development of water and energy resources. A concluding section summarizes the policy implications of the identified opportunities.
The effective area of a guarded electrode

An accurate determination of the low frequency dielectric constant of a solid specimen is usually made with a guarded electrode. In order to calculate the dielectric constant of the specimen accurately, it is necessary to know the effective area of the guarded electrode, which is greater than the actual area. The correction for this increase in area depends upon the width of the gap, g, between the guard and guarded electrodes, the thickness of the electrodes, d, the thickness of the specimen, t, and the ratio of the dielectric constant of the specimen, ϵ, and the dielectric constant of the media filling the gap between the electrodes ϵ g . The purpose of this paper is to discuss certain misstatements appearing in the recent literature concerning this correction and to present some new results that elucidate the dependence of this correction upon the various factors cited above.
Design and optimization of a new-generation CZT-based positron emission tomography system(Conference Presentation)

The goal of this work is to develop and explore a novel small animal PET system that will advance our ability to detect, visualize, and quantify low concentrations of molecular probes. Key technologies of this work are: (1) A superior performance cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detector technology that uses solid-state semiconductor detectors, instead of scintillation crystals, to achieve ultra-high (≤ 1 mm3) resolution, 3-dimensional (3-D) event positioning and excellent energy resolution. (2) A novel edge-on arrangement of these semiconductor crystals in a four-sided panel geometry that facilitates an order of magnitude greater photon detection efficiency. The 3-D position sensitive dual-CZT detector module and readout electronics developed in our lab was scaled up to complete a significant portion of the final PET system. This sub-system was configured as two opposing detection panels containing a total of twelve 40 mm × 40 mm 5 mm monolithic CZT crystals for proof of concept. System-level characterization studies, including optimizing the trigger threshold of each channel's comparators, were performed. 68Ge and 137Cs radioactive isotopes were used to characterize the energy resolution of all 468 anode channels in the sub-system. The mean measured global 511~keV photopeak energy resolution over all anodes was found to be 7.35±1.75% FWHM after correction for photon interaction depth-dependent signal variation. The measured global time resolution was 24~ns FWHM after precise time caibration, and the intrinsic spatial resolution was 0.76~mm FWHM.
Incidental EBV-positivity in paediatric post-transplant specimens demonstrates the need for stringent criteria for diagnosing post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders.

Aims To examine the need for minimal diagnostic criteria for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) in children, we sought to determine the rate of incidental Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positivity in tissues from organ transplant recipients (OTR). Methods EBV in situ hybridisation (ISH) was done retrospectively on tissue from 34 paediatric autopsies of OTR and paediatric tonsillectomy specimens from non-OTR (96) and OTR (6). Patients with a history of PTLD were excluded from both data sets. Results EBV-positivity was found incidentally in 2/34 autopsy cases (5.9%). Median time from transplant to death for all patients was 12.8 months (range 0.1–153 months). Median time between transplant and death in EBV-positive cases was 34 months. EBV was positive in 26/102 tonsils (25%). Among tonsils from OTR, 4/6 (67%) were EBV-positive. Conclusions These findings reinforce the need for strict morphological and clinical criteria, other than EBV-positivity, when diagnosing PTLD in the paediatric population.
The effects of adolescent methylphenidate exposure on the behavioral and brain-derived neurotrophic factor response to nicotine.

This study analyzed the interaction of adolescent methylphenidate on the behavioral response to nicotine and the effects of these drug treatments on brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the nucleus accumbens and hippocampus in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were intraperitoneal administered 1 mg/kg methylphenidate or saline using a “school day” regimen (five days on, two days off) beginning on postnatal day (P)28 and throughout behavioral testing. In Experiment 1, animals were intraperitoneal administered 0.5 mg/kg (free base) nicotine or saline every second day for 10 days from P45–P63 and tested after a three-day drug washout on the forced swim stress task on P67–P68. Results revealed that adolescent methylphenidate blunted nicotine behavioral sensitization. However, methylphenidate-treated rats given saline during sensitization demonstrated decreased latency to immobility and increased immobility time on the forced swim stress task in males that was reduced by nicotine. In Experiment 2, a...
Dynamic data center load response to variability in private and public electricity costs

This paper assesses the potential cost-saving incentives for content distribution networks to shift traffic load among geographically distributed data centers in response to hourly variation in electricity prices. Such incentives are likely aligned with benefits to utilities and grid operators, which might take the form of peak-shaving or ancillary services. However, private cost savings are not strictly aligned with public benefits related to the avoidance of health and environmental damages from power plant emissions, so we compare private cost minimization with a strategy that minimizes these externalities. We find that feasible strategies exist to simultaneously realize public and private benefits and that load shifting can result in substantial cost savings and avoided damages in some circumstances. Concerns over increased latency and bandwidth costs can be mitigated with modifications to the model. However, the level of realized savings is dependent upon the specifics of a particular network operator and electricity rate schedule.
DNA hypomethylation and hemimethylation in cancer.

In contrast to earlier views that there was much compartmentalization of the types of sequences subject to cancer-linked changes in DNA epigenetics, it is now clear that both cancer-associated DNA hypomethylation and hypermethylation are found throughout the genome. The hypermethylation includes promoters of tumor suppressor genes whose expression becomes repressed, thereby facilitating cancer formation. How hypomethylation contributes to carcinogenesis has been less clear. Recent insights into tissue-specific intra- and intergenic methylation and into cancer methylomes suggest that some of the DNA hypomethylation associated with cancers is likely to aid in tumor formation and progression by many different pathways, including effects on transcription in cis. Cancer-associated loss of DNA methylation from intergenic enhancers, promoter regions, silencers, and chromatin boundary elements may alter transcription rates. In ­addition, cancer-associated intragenic DNA hypomethylation might modulate ­alternative promoter usage, ­production of intragenic noncoding RNA transcripts, cotranscriptional splicing, and transcription initiation or elongation. Initial studies of hemimethylation of DNA in cancer and many new studies of DNA demethylation in normal tissues suggest that active demethylation with spreading of hypomethylation can explain much of the cancer-associated DNA hypomethylation. The new discoveries that genomic 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is an intermediate in DNA demethylation, a base with its own functionality, and a modified base that, like 5-methylcytosine, exhibits cancer-associated losses, suggest that both decreased hydroxymethylation and decreased methylation of DNA play important roles in carcinogenesis.
Untangling knowledge recombination: highlighting knowledge architecture on innovation outcomes

According to the knowledge recombination perspective, innovation comes about through manipulation of knowledge components as well as the architecture of these components (reflected in the linkages among components). Nonetheless, the literature lacks a systematic explanation for how variations in architecture influence innovation outcomes. The purpose of this research is to address this problem. Treating architectural linkages as routines that enrich the meaning and function of individual components, we identify two key characteristics of architecture--the extent and non- decomposability of linkages. We examine how changes in these characteristics influence innovation novelty and use. Using pharmaceutical industry patent data from 1976 to 2014, we find that, for pairs of firm-specific patents that hold components constant, change in both extent and non-decomposability of linkages has a positive relationship with innovation novelty. In addition, the findings indicate that such architectural changes reduce e...
KiloCore: A Fine-Grained 1,000-Processor Array for Task-Parallel Applications

Many important applications can be expressed as a group of fine-grained interconnected tasks, in which individual tasks require under 100 instructions and little data memory. KiloCore, an array of 1,000 independent processors and 12 memory modules, has been designed to efficiently support these applications, and has been fabricated in 32-nm PD-SOI CMOS. Each programmable processor occupies 0.055 mm 2 and supports energy-efficient computation of small tasks, requiring 17 mW to operate with a clock frequency of 1.24 GHz at 0.9 V. Processors may operate up to 1.78 GHz at 1.1 V, or down to 115 MHz and 0.61 mW at 0.56 V. Coarse-grained tasks are supported with the assistance of the independent memory modules, which can each supply 64 Kbytes of data and instructions to neighboring processors. Processors are connected using complementary circuit and packet-based networks, which offer a total array bisection bandwidth of up to 4.2 Tbps at 1.1 V. Fine-grained tasks are found to have low communication link densities in sampled applications, allowing a large majority of links to be assigned to the energy-efficient, high-performance circuit network.
Drugs Cleared Through The FDA's Expedited Review Offer Greater Gains Than Drugs Approved By Conventional Process.

We investigated whether drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) through expedited review have offered larger health gains, compared to drugs approved through conventional review pr...
Psychosocial functioning among regular cannabis users with and without cannabis use disorder.

BACKGROUND In the United States, cannabis accessibility has continued to rise as the perception of its harmfulness has decreased. Only about 30% of regular cannabis users develop cannabis use disorder (CUD), but it is unclear if individuals who use cannabis regularly without ever developing CUD experience notable psychosocial impairment across the lifespan. Therefore, psychosocial functioning was compared across regular cannabis users with or without CUD and a non-user control group during adolescence (age 17; early risk) and young adulthood (ages 18-25; peak CUD prevalence). METHOD Weekly cannabis users with CUD (n = 311), weekly users without CUD (n = 111), and non-users (n = 996) were identified in the Minnesota Twin Family Study. Groups were compared on alcohol and illicit drug use, psychiatric problems, personality, and social functioning at age 17 and from ages 18 to 25. Self-reported cannabis use and problem use were independently verified using co-twin informant report. RESULTS In both adolescence and young adulthood, non-CUD users reported significantly higher levels of substance use problems and externalizing behaviors than non-users, but lower levels than CUD users. High agreement between self- and co-twin informant reports confirmed the validity of self-reported cannabis use problems. CONCLUSIONS Even in the absence of CUD, regular cannabis use was associated with psychosocial impairment in adolescence and young adulthood. However, regular users with CUD endorsed especially high psychiatric comorbidity and psychosocial impairment. The need for early prevention and intervention - regardless of CUD status - was highlighted by the presence of these patterns in adolescence.