cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Concept of Fair CEO Compensation

This chapter aims to explain the theoretical foundations of the fair CEO compensation framework. It is structured as follows: first, the fairness and fair pay concepts are introduced, then the prominent and most pertinent theories and school of thoughts regarding compensation and fair and optimal pay are presented in Sects. 2.1 and 2.2, respectively. Finally, how it can be applied or how it has been applied to the practice is illustrated in Sect. 2.3.
Investigation of Pupillary Changes After Carotid Endarterectomy and Carotid Stent Placement Using Automated Pupillometry.

Abstract Introduction Horner's syndrome has been reported after carotid artery endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting (CS). This study evaluates pupillary changes after these procedures using automated pupillometry. Methods Retrospective analysis from a prospective database of pupillometry readings. Cases (14 patients with CEA/CS) were matched to controls (14 patients without CEA/CS). t test models were constructed to examine pupillary light reflex measures for CEA, CS, and controls. Results The 28 subjects had a mean age of 70 years, 50% were male, and 96% were Caucasian. There was no significant difference in the mean pupil size, constriction velocity (CV), dilation velocity (DV) between the procedural side compared to the contralateral side. However, the mean DV in the left eye after a left sided procedure among CS patients (.67) was lower than mean DV in left eye among controls (.88; P Discussion CS may result in disruption of the carotid artery plexus and decreased sympathetic response thereby reducing DV in the ipsilateral pupil. In addition, decreased CV can also been seen. Conclusion The findings confirm and extend those of previous authors suggesting that pupillary changes may be seen after CS and automated handheld pupillometry may aid in the detection of Horner Syndrome.
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders

There have been remarkable advances in our understanding of the molecular, cellular and physiological mechanisms underlying the regulation of circadian rhythms, as well as the impact of circadian dysfunction on health and disease. This information has transformed our understanding of the effect of circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSD) on health, performance and safety. CRSDs are caused by alterations of the central circadian time-keeping system, or a misalignment of the endogenous circadian rhythm and the external environment. In this section, we provide a review of circadian biology and discuss the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of the most commonly encountered CRSDs in clinical practice.
Group-Level Perspective-Taking Effects on Injustice Standards and Empathic Concern When the Victims Are Categorized as Outgroup Versus Ingroup

We investigated the effects of group-level perspective taking when the target is an outgroup versus an ingroup. Men and women adopted the perspective of women suffering from wage inequality or rema...
Incidence of large granular lymphocytosis (LGL) in patients with late cytopenias after allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation (AlloBMT).

7544Background: LGL - often called LGL leukemia - is a clonal disorder of T or NK cells often associated with cytopenias, autoimmunity, splenomegaly, and B symptoms. There are a limited number of s...
Using Virtual Reality to Demonstrate Glove Hygiene in Introductory Chemistry Laboratories

In recent years, immersive technology tools have burgeoned. After the release of the affordable Oculus Go headset and the Merge Cube, there has been increasing use of virtual, augmented, and extend...
Evolution of microstructure and thermal conductivity of multifunctional environmental barrier coating systems

Abstract Environmental barrier coating (EBC) systems are applied to the surface of silicon-based composites exposed to high temperature combustion gas flow paths in gas turbine engines. They reduce the rate of composite oxidation, its volatilization by reactions with water vapor, and the temperature of the composite as their thermal conductivity decreases. Current EBC systems consist of a silicon bond coat covered by an ytterbium disilicate (Yb2O3⋅2SiO2: YbDS) permeation resistant and low silica activity barrier. When applied by atmospheric-plasma spray deposition, this outer layer contains 10–15% of a secondary ytterbium monosilicate (Yb2O3⋅3SiO2: YbMS) phase. YbDS has a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of 4–5 × 10−6 °C−1, similar to those of the silicon and the silicon-based composite, but a relatively high thermal conductivity of 5–7 W m−1 K−1. YbMS has a higher steam volatility resistance than YbDS, and it has a much lower thermal conductivity ( ∼ 2–2.5 W m−1 K−1) at ambient temperature compared to YbDS, but its higher, highly anisotropic CTE (3–11 × 10−6 °C−1) results in channel cracking which reduces environmental protection. Here, we use a combination of scanning electron beam and laser-based thermoreflectance methods to spatially map the distribution of the silicate phases and thermal conductivity at ambient temperature in a Si-ytterbium disilicate EBC system exposed to thermal cycling in water vapor. We show that during thermal cycling, diffusion of silica from the thermally grown oxide on the Si bond coat surface to nearby YbMS regions transforms this phase to YbDS, thereby reducing the risk of thermomechanical coating failure but decreasing its effective thermal resistance. We also show that as silica is volatilized at the water vapor–ytterbium silicate interface, YbDS is transformed to YbMS, restoring some of the thermal protection of the coating system lost by its reduction in thickness and the YbMS to YbDS transformation near the bond coat.
Efectos sonoros de la silva en los autos sacramentales calderonianos

From Plato to Dionysius of Halicarnassus one has postulated a possible relationship between sound and meaning. Although modern linguistics, from Ferdinand de Saussure to Noam Chomsky, ascertains that any possible relationship between them would be arbitrary and conventional, recent philologists like Ivan Fonagy and Jorge M. Guitart have proposed, as Plato and Dionysius had done earlier, that some specific sounds strongly suggest particular emotions. In this essay I should like to propose the possible relationship between sound and expression in the autos sacramentales (‘morality plays’) of Pedro Calderon de la Barca as evinced by the use of the poetic form of the silva.
High Reliability Collaborations: Theorizing Interorganizational Reliability as Constituted through Translation

High reliability organizations (HROs) need to collaborate to address risks that transcend organizational boundaries. HRO literature has yet to examine the challenge of creating interorganizational ...
The Haunted Objects of Desire

This chapter continues the examination of haunting as a foundational element of the emerging subjective experience, specifically desire and political subjectivity. The discussion here builds on and extends the earlier chapters: Chap. 2 highlighted the ghostly traces left by concrete substance and internal physical experience as they are rendered meaningful through the semiotic transformation of “things” to signifiers; Chap. 3 investigated the role played by high-level linguistic processes of metaphoricity and metonymy in ego formation with specific reference to the notion of death drive; and this chapter examines higher-level psychological processes whereby semiotic and linguistic underpinnings make possible the emergence of desire, which serves in turn as an anchoring point of intentionality and social engagement for the edifice of subjectivity. I use here a clinical example drawn from a psychotic patient’s case study to discuss the psychoanalytic notion of objet a, aka the object cause of desire, and its relevance to hauntology by conceptualizing the ghost as a decoupled objet a (of an individual or a group of people, an entire era, or even a historical past as such) which “floats” in the symbolic space because of a culturally unsanctioned termination of the original subject. The orphaned objet a lingers in the shared symbolic space seeking heed from the living—be it in the form of personal haunting or messianic or utopian ideological desire.
Structure of the Acinetobacter baumannii PmrA receiver domain and insights into clinical mutants affecting DNA-binding and promoting colistin resistance

Acinetobacter baumannii is an insidious emerging nosocomial pathogen that has developed resistance to all available antimicrobials, including the last resort antibiotic, colistin. Colistin resistance often occurs due to mutations in the PmrAB two component regulatory system. To better understand the regulatory mechanisms contributing to colistin resistance, we have biochemically characterized the A. baumannii PmrA response regulator. Initial DNA-binding analysis shows that A. baumannii PmrA bound to the Klebsiella pneumoniae PmrA box motif. This prompted analysis of the putative A. baumannii PmrAB regulon which indicated that the A. baumannii PmrA consensus box is 5'- HTTAAD N5 HTTAAD. Additionally, we provide the first structural information for the A. baumannii PmrA N-terminal domain through X-ray crystallography, and we present a full-length model using molecular modeling. From these studies, we were able to infer the effects of two critical PmrA mutations, PmrA::I13M and PmrA::P102R, both of which confer increased colistin resistance. Based on these data, we suggest structural and dynamic reasons for how these mutations can affect PmrA function and hence encourage resistive traits. Understanding these mechanisms will aid in the development of new targeted antimicrobial therapies.
Regulation of the hyperpolarization-activated cationic current Ih in mouse hippocampal pyramidal neurones by vitronectin, a component of extracellular matrix.

Because the hyperpolarization-activated cation-selective current I(h) makes important contributions to neural excitability, we examined its long-term regulation by vitronectin, an extracellular matrix component commonly elevated at injury sites and detected immunochemically in activated microglia. Focusing on mouse hippocampal pyramidal neurones in organotypic slice cultures established at postnatal day 0 or 1 and examined after 3-4 days in vitro, we observed differences in the amplitude and activation rate of I(h) between neurones in naive and vitronectin-exposed slices (10 microg ml(-1) added to serum-free medium), and between neurones in slices derived from wild-type and vitronectin-deficient mice. The potassium inward rectifier I(K(ir)), activated at similar voltages to I(h), was not affected by vitronectin. In CA1, differences in I(h) amplitude primarily reflected changes in maximum conductance (G(max)): a 23.3% increase to 3.18 +/- 0.64 nS from 2.58 +/- 0.96 nS (P 0.05) or vitronectin deficiency (-83.8 +/- 3.1 mV versus -82.0 +/- 2.9 mV in wild-type neurones; P > 0.05). In CA3 neurones, changes in I(h) reflected differences in both G(max) and V(1/2): in vitronectin-exposed neurones there was a 35.4% increase in G(max) to 1.30 +/- 0.49 nS from 0.96 +/- 0.26 nS (P < 0.01), and a +3.0 mV shift in V(1/2) to -89.8 mV from -92.8 mV (P < 0.05). The time course of I(h) activation could be fitted by the sum of two exponential functions, fast and slow. In both CA1 and CA3 neurones the fast component amplitude was preferentially sensitive to vitronectin, with its relatively larger contribution to total current in vitronectin-exposed cells contributing to the acceleration of I(h) activation. Further, HCN1 immunoreactivity appeared elevated in vitronectin-exposed slices, while HCN2 levels appeared unaltered. We suggest that vitronectin-stimulated increases in I(h) may potentially affect excitability under pathological conditions.
Real-time evolution of soft QCD in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Abstract The coherent wave functions of the valence quarks and gluons in nuclei, colliding at RHIC energies are represented by a coupled system of colored particles and Yang-Mills fields on the Hamiltonian gauge lattice. Coherent configurations of randomly color polarized particle and field distributions are generated and propagated on the lattice into the collision. These numerical simulations reveal interesting features for the gluon mean-field dynamics.
Speech privacy class for rating the speech privacy of meeting rooms

Speech privacy class (SPC) has been introduced to rate the speech privacy for meeting rooms. The speech privacy system need to detect the weakness in individual components of the sound insulation of an office or meeting rooms. The uniform-weighted signal-to-noise ratio can be used to determine the audibility and intelligibility of transmitted speech in noise. The criteria for speech privacy obtained by determining the thresholds of audibility and intelligibility of speech sounds. The study observed that the 'intelligibility threshold in rooms' can be applied to meeting rooms, while the intelligibility threshold in free field conditions' can be applied to spatially separated speech. It was also found that the SPC can determine the privacy lapse of sound insulation and ambient noise.
Implementing a Group- and Project/Problem-Based Learning in a College Algebra Course

The idea of this paper originated from reading the interesting article written by Mohammad A. Alseweed in Studies in Literature and Language (2013). In the article, the author defined and analyzed traditional learning, blended/hybrid learning and virtual learning. The result favored blended/hybrid learning in test scores and students’ attitudes suggests that students are more receptive when instructors use different teaching approaches. In this paper we describe an innovative approach to project-based learning in a group setting environment. Traditional science instruction has tended to exclude students who need to learn from contexts that are real-world, graspable, and self-evidence meaningful (Kolodner et al., 2003). As emphasized by Blumenfeld, one way of encouraging student engagement and addressing the contextualization of students’ inquiry is through project-based instruction (Bumenfeld et al., 1991; Petrosino, 2004). The learning sciences community agrees that deep and effective learning is best promoted by situating learning in purposeful and engaging activity (Bransford et al., 1999; Collins et al., 1989; Kolodner et al., 2003). Our goal for developing this collaborative project/problem-based learning technique is to engage the students in deep learning by encouraging them to write and explain all the steps of their reasoning when yielding to the answers.
Corrosion Preventing Characteristics of Military Hydraulic Fluids Part II

Abstract : Hydraulic systems are widely used in a variety of military applications including ground vehicles, aircraft, and weapon systems. The impact of corrosion on hydraulic systems and its components is well understood; however, the protection provided by different hydraulic fluids is not equal. Review of military vehicle hydraulic systems identified the most common occurrences of critical corrosion are found in hoses, hose end fittings, actuator arms, pistons, cylinders, and rams. To prevent corrosion in hydraulic systems, the U.S. Army has specified the use of hydraulic fluids with corrosion preventing and rust inhibiting characteristics for ground vehicles. Currently, the Army uses three different types of fluids in the hydraulic systems of military ground vehicles and equipment: MIL-PRF-46170, MIL-PRF-6083, and MIL-PRF-2104. To verify the corrosion protection performance of the fluids, the Fuels and Lubricants Technology Team (FLTT) of U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) continued an investigation to compare the corrosion preventing characteristics of military hydraulic fluids and engine oils based on standardized hydraulic fluid corrosion tests found in the hydraulic fluid specifications. The test results continue to show that MIL-PRF-6083 and MIL-PRF-46170 provide better corrosion protection than other non-rust inhibiting military hydraulic fluids. This follow-up report will provide updated test results demonstrating improved corrosion protection can be achieved for Army ground vehicle systems.
Anomalous Cosmic Rays: The Principal Source of High Energy Heavy Ions in the Radiation Belts

Recent observations from SAMPEX have shown that "anomalous cosmic rays" are the principal source of high energy (> 10MeV/nuc) heavy ions trapped in the radiation belts. This component of interplanetary particles is known to originate from interstellar atoms that has been accelerated to high energies in the outer heliosphere. The mechanism by which anomalous cosmic rays with ~1 to ~50 Me V/nuc are trapped in a radiation belt at L ≈ 2 has now been verified. We discuss models for accelerating and trapping anomalous cosmic rays and review observations of their composition, energy spectra, pitch angle distribution, and time variations. Extrapolation of the fluxes observed at ~600 km to higher altitude and other time periods is also discussed.
Gains in activation energy from quasi Fermi splitting, in selectively doped MQW solar cells

Illumination of a Multiple Quantum Well (MQW) solar cell, affects the Fermi level position in the gap, directly under the conduction band of the narrow gap layer. In this communication, we explore Fermi level shifting and splitting in these structures. The neutrality condition is examined in terms of (a) availability of carriers (b) carrier confinement (c) escaping carriers (d) doping levels (e) layer width and (f) Fermi level dependence on doping and illumination. We conclude that short circuit currents and open circuit voltage are seriously affected.
Direct response to selection for postweaning gain in the rat.

Evidence for correlated responses to selection was investigated in lines of rats selected for 13 generations for high (U line) and low (D line) 3–9-week gain in comparison with random-bred control lines (R and C lines). The increase in 3–9-week gain in the U lines was shown to be due largely to an increase in 9-week weight, although 3-week weight also increased in these lines. In the D lines, where a marked decrease in 3–9-week gain was observed, this was found to be due to a large decrease in 9-week weight and no detectable change in 3-week weight. The average 2-week litter weight, a measure of the lactational performance of the dam, was significantly greater in the U lines than in the D lines. Selection for 3–9-week gain in these lines of rats led to changes of litter size at birth in the same direction as that of selection. This resulted in a significantly higher litter size in the U lines than in the D lines. The number of rats alive at 2 and 9 weeks of age and the percentage of mated females pupping were similar in the U and D lines but lower in these lines than the random bred C lines, providing evidence for a reduction of "fitness" in the selected lines. Carcass composition was studied for all lines at the 11th generation of selection. Carcass composition, in terms of water, fat, ash and protein, was similar in the R and C lines. The U lines had more water and less fat than the R or C line. The D lines had similar carcass composition to the R and C lines. It is suggested that these selected and random-bred lines of rats are potentially useful animals to investigate further the developmental and physiological mechanisms which control growth.
Ensuring Health Care Worker Safety When Handling Hazardous Drugs: The Joint Position Statement From the Oncology Nursing Society, the American Society of Clinical Oncology, and the Hematology/Oncology Pharmacy Association

care workers (HCWs) are potentially exposed to HDs in the workplace during drug preparation, administration, and disposal and when handling patients’ excreta after treatment with these drugs. More than 100 studies since 1994 have documented evidence of contamination of the work environment with HDs, which increases the potential for exposure of nurses, pharmacists, and other HCWs when these agents are handled without appropriate precautions. More than 50 studies have demonstrated the presence of HDs in the urine of HCWs, indicating actual exposure. Occupational exposure to HDs has been associated with acute symptoms, such as nasal sores and hair loss; adverse reproductive outcomes, including infertility and miscarriages; genetic changes, such as DNA damage; and increased occurrence of cancer. 2
Aptamer-Nanoparticle Assembly for Logic-Based Detection

In this work, gold nanoparticles perform Boolean logic operations in response to two proangiogenic targets important in cancer diagnosis and treatment: PDGF and VEGF. In the absence of protein target, gold nanoparticles are initially dispersed as a red solution; the addition of target proteins causes nanoparticle aggregation, turning the solution blue, as well as the release of dye-labeled aptamer probes, which causes an increase in fluorescence. These outputs constitute an AND or OR gate for simultaneous protein detection. We believe this logic-gate-based detection system will become the basis for novel rapid, cheap, and reliable sensors for diagnostic applications.
Agonist and Cyclic AMP-Mediated Regulation of β1-Adrenergic Receptor mRNA and Gene Transcription in Rat C6 Glioma Cells

Exposure of rat C6 glioma cells to either agonists or agents that increase cyclic AMP levels leads to down-regulation of beta 1-adrenergic receptors (beta 1 AR) as measured by loss of radioligand binding sites. The present study examines the influence of isoproterenol and forskolin treatment on levels of beta 1 AR mRNA, mRNA stability, and gene transcription rate. Isoproterenol treatment of C6 cells altered beta 1 AR mRNA levels in a biphasic manner; i.e., short-term exposure (30-60 min) increased by 50%, whereas longer exposure (2-6 h) decreased by 50% the levels of beta 1 AR mRNA. The extent of both the up- and down-regulation was dependent on agonist concentration. Similar regulation of beta 1 AR mRNA was observed in forskolin-treated cells. Pretreatment of the cells with Pseudomonas exotoxin A, a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis, completely blocked isoproterenol- and forskolin-mediated down-regulation of beta 1 AR mRNA, and thereby potentiated the increase in receptor mRNA up to fourfold over the 6-h time course. The mechanisms underlying beta 1 AR mRNA down-regulation were examined. The half-life of beta 1 AR mRNA was slightly increased (from 61 to 77 min) after a 2-h exposure of the cells to either isoproterenol or forskolin. Nuclear run-on analysis demonstrated that the rate of beta 1 AR gene transcription was increased after isoproterenol incubation for 60 min, but then decreased after 90-240 min, consistent with the time course for up- and down-regulation of beta 1 AR mRNA. Isoproterenol treatment (120 min) also decreased the level of beta 1 AR nascent transcripts, purified by affinity chromatography of RNA isolated from 4-thiouridine-pulsed cells. The results demonstrate that beta 1 AR mRNA has a relatively short half-life and that agonist regulation of beta 1 AR mRNA is mediated by activation of the cyclic AMP system. Moreover, the results indicate that agonist regulation of beta 1 AR mRNA occurs at the level of beta 1 AR gene transcription, not mRNA stability. Finally, the observed requirement for protein synthesis indicates that beta 1 AR mRNA down-regulation may be mediated by the induction of a repressor of the beta 1 AR gene.
Tunable THz oscillators based on synchronously-pumped optical parametric oscillation in multiple-bonded, orientation-patterned, and single GaAs plates

Summary form only given. We present our new theoretical results following the investigation of a completely new type of a tunable THz oscillator based on bulk GaAs, synchronously pumped by subpicosecond laser pulses. By using ultrashort laser pulses, we can take advantage of extremely high peak laser intensities.
“No, A Soldier Doesn’t Forget”: The Memory of the Great Fatherland War and Popular Music in the Late Stalin Period

This article examines the fate of lyrical songs of the Great Fatherland War in the post-war, late-Stalin period. Despite a relentless attack by critics, songs that emphasized loss and suffering continued to be written, recorded, and performed after the war. These kept a narrative of individual struggle alive during a period when the Party attempted to impose a state-heavy, heroized interpretation of the war that emphasized the glory of Stalin’s leadership. The article includes analyses of performances by Mark Bernes and Klavdiia Shul’zhenko, traces the continued popularity of songs written during the war, and examines songs of return and memory written in the post-war period. It also makes a plea for increased attention to this neglected era: the tensions between the attempts to restalinize culture in various ways after the war and the need to promote escapism and create culture that was truly popular made for a level of complexity during the post-war period that has been largely neglected by scholars. Since the lyrical songs of the Great Fatherland War secured a public place in Soviet culture, this article also challenges the notion that the so-called cult of the Great Fatherland War was simply bombastic and dehumanizing.
Observations on function, composition, and structure of cestode calcareous corpuscles.

Abstract 1. 1. Taenia taeniaeformis contains about half as much calcareous corpuscle material as does Cysticercus fasciolaris. The corpuscles show no quantitative gradient along the strobila of Taenia taeniaeformis, but the larger individual proglottids contain more corpuscle material than the smaller ones. 2. 2. More calcareous material disappears from Cysticercus faciolaris during anaerobic than during aerobic incubation in non-nutritive media. In both cases considerably more corpuscle material disappears when the worms are incubated in slightly acid than in slightly alkaline surroundings. It is concluded that the corpuscles serve to buffer acids entering the body from the outside and, possibly, to buffer acids produced during aerobic and anaerobic fermentations. 3. 3. The corpuscles yield Ca, Mg, P, and CO2. The mineral component of the corpuscles is amorphous, but upon heating with KOH crystallization takes place and brucite and hydroxyapatite crystals are formed. The carbonates, however, do not crystallize. 4. 4. Electron microscopy indicates that the lamellae of the corpuscles may be paired rings. It reveals also an amorphous or granular background substance, but no crystalline elements. 5. 5. The inorganic material of the corpuscles can readily be demonstrated by various histochemical staining methods. It is also possible to demonstrate histochemically a glycogen-like polysaccharide, a mucopolysaccharide, lipids, and proteins as constituents of the organic base of the corpuscles.
Clotel and the Historicity of the Anecdote

In Clotel or the President's Daughter; A Narrative of Slave Life (1853), William Wells Brown makes use of several authenticating documents that are supposed-in the context of the novel-to be real. That is, these newspaper articles and advertisements, letters, legal tracts, religious publications, and the prefatory narrative of the author's own life and escape from slavery are assumed to exist "outside" the fiction of the novel. Although these documents are sometimes as much fictions as the rest of the novel, they do tend to have "authentic" counterparts, and the existence of such counterparts seems to have the effect of authenticating Brown's story about Thomas Jefferson's slave mistress and slave daughters. As early as 1979, Robert Stepto delineated the characteristics of the authenticating machinery in Brown's narrative, arguing that in his personal narrative Brown "authenticates himself" and the autobiographical narrative tends to authenticate the novel: "Brown's personal narrative functions...as a successful rhetorical device, authenticating his access to the incidents, characters, scenes, and tales which collectively make up Clotel" (30). In "The Novelization of Voice in Early African American Narrative" (1990), William Andrews re-asserts the notion that Brown uses authentic discourse and argues that it calls into question or problematizes the notion of stability of the line between "natural and fictive discourse." Brown subverts "the relation of privilege that makes natural discourse the ground for fictive discourse" (27). According to Andrews, "the voice of black narrative broke most profoundly with discursive conventions and white expectations in an attempt to find new ways of authorizing itself" (24). Other readers also elaborate the notion of authenticating in Brown's novel.1 Richard O. Lewis, for example, argues that Brown's authentic "documentation...supplies enough credibility in Brown's works to sustain his ironic situations and metaphorical characters" (153).2 Despite their careful analyses of the force of historical authentication, however, none of these essays contrasts Brown's own era
Clinically oriented assessment of the accuracy of three putty-wash silicone impression techniques

Three techniques—relining with a light-bodied material, reiining with regular- and light-bodied silicone materials, and laminated single impression technique—are compared for accuracy and significant differences.
A Six-Month Study of Growth and Energy Expenditure in Children with Cystic Fibrosis Taking a Pulmonary Inhalation Medication (rhDNase)

Objective: To characterize the effects of recombinant human deoxyribonuclease (rhDNase) on growth velocity, body composition, resting energy expenditure (REE) and food intake in children with cystic fibrosis (CF).Methods: A prospective, six-month pilot study was conducted in twenty-one subjects with CF (twelve male, nine female, ages 11.5±3.1 years) measured at baseline, two and six months post-baseline. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to examine the change in variables across time.Results: The majority (75%) of subjects had minimal lung disease at baseline (FEV1: 80%–119% predicted). As expected for growing children, weight and height gains (1.6 kg and 2.5 cm) were observed between baseline and six months (p=0.0001). No change was observed in weight z-scores from six months prior to initiation of rhDNase therapy to six months post, though a significant decline (p=0.049) in Ht z-score was observed over this twelve-month period. Triceps skinfolds and mid-arm muscle circumference increased from baseline to...
How a freeform spatial interface supports simple problem solving tasks

We developed DataBoard, a freeform spatial interface, to support users in simple problem solving tasks. To develop a deeper understanding of the role of space and the tradeoffs between freeform and structured interaction styles in problem solving tasks, we conducted a controlled user study comparing the DataBoard with a spreadsheet and analyzed video data in detail. Beyond improvements in task performance and memory recall, our observations reveal that freeform interfaces can support users in a variety of ways: representing problems flexibly, developing strategies, executing strategies incrementally, tracking problem state easily, reducing mental computation, and verifying solutions perceptually. The spreadsheet also had advantages, and we discuss the tradeoffs.
Mechanisms of radioprotection--a review.

— Theories of radiation protection can be considered at both the molecular and biochemical-physiological levels. Four molecular level protection hypotheses, radical scavenging, hydrogen transfer reactions, the mixed disulfide hypothesis and the endogenous nonprotein sulhydryl hypothesis, probably describe different aspects of the actual protection mechanism, although each has inconsistencies. At the biochemical-physiological level, hypothermia induction, hypoxia induction and biochemical shock may be involved in protection of the organism against radiation induced damage and death. It is most likely that no single mechanism can account for the protection offered by a radioprotective drug. Certain compounds may operate primarily by means of physiological effects resulting in hypoxia or hypothermia in critical tissues. Others may operate primarily by influencing the intrinsic radiosensitivity of target molecules by causing localized radical scavenging or by donating a hydrogen atom. Metabolic effects such as biochemical shock, release of endogenous nonprotein sulfhydryls, induction of structural changes in target molecules or delay in DNA synthesis and cell division are also possible mechanisms for radioprotection.
Mimetic butterflies support Wallace's model of sexual dimorphism.

Theoretical and empirical observations generally support Darwin's view that sexual dimorphism evolves due to sexual selection on, and deviation in, exaggerated male traits. Wallace presented a radical alternative, which is largely untested, that sexual dimorphism results from naturally selected deviation in protective female coloration. This leads to the prediction that deviation in female rather than male phenotype causes sexual dimorphism. Here I test Wallace's model of sexual dimorphism by tracing the evolutionary history of Batesian mimicry—an example of naturally selected protective coloration—on a molecular phylogeny of Papilio butterflies. I show that sexual dimorphism in Papilio is significantly correlated with both female-limited Batesian mimicry, where females are mimetic and males are non-mimetic, and with the deviation of female wing colour patterns from the ancestral patterns conserved in males. Thus, Wallace's model largely explains sexual dimorphism in Papilio . This finding, along with indirect support from recent studies on birds and lizards, suggests that Wallace's model may be more widely useful in explaining sexual dimorphism. These results also highlight the contribution of naturally selected female traits in driving phenotypic divergence between species, instead of merely facilitating the divergence in male sexual traits as described by Darwin's model.
The dialectics of religious conflict: Church–sect, denomination and the culture wars

In this article, I trace the shifting theorisation of religious conflict to argue that religious conflict in the USA is shaped by a dialectic of religious and secular movements. Church-sect theory, which was originally a class-based theoretical framework, was appropriated by the rational choice approach in the sociology of religion, which instead privileged competition in a religious marketplace. Ernst Troeltsch described divisions between church and sect, but H. Richard Niebuhr demarcated a denominational divide in the USA based on class, region, ethnicity and race. In the 1980s, Wade Clark Roof and William McKinney, Robert Wuthnow and James Davison Hunter observed that the differences in the US were no longer necessarily between denominations but could occur within denominations. For them, what had become known as the Culture Wars were based on a conflict between religious liberals/progressives and religious conservatives/orthodox. This conflict is shaped by a dialectic of secular and religious movement...
Ectopic hamartomatous thymoma: Clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and histogenetic considerations in four new cases

Abstract Four new cases of ectopic hamartomatous thymoma are presented. The tumor occurred either superficially or deep in the area of the sternoclavicular joint and consisted of solid islands of squamous epithelium which blended with spindled cells. Cysts lined by squamous epithelium, small glands, and fat also occurred in variable amounts. Both the spindled and epithelial regions of the tumor expressed keratin and muscle actin, but neither desmin nor S100 protein. The tumor probably originates from thymic analage associated with the third pharyngeal pouch (thymus III), although origin from other structures such as thymus IV and the cervical sinus of His are discussed. Our experience indicates that the large size and extreme cellularity of the spindled portion of some tumors may result in the mistaken diagnosis of sarcoma.
Phenomenological theory of the high-pressure structural phase transition in paratellurite (TeO2)☆

Abstract A Landau series expansion of the strain energy density is developed to described the tetragonal to orthorhombic structural phase transition in paratellurite. Two order parameters, one primary and one secondary, are needed to described the transition. The theory qualitatively explains the static and dynamic properties observed experimentally for this system, including the anomalously large slope ratio of the measured soft shear mode elastic constant in the two phases.
Bridging Child, Adolescent, and Adult Psychotherapy: Directions for Research

Child and adolescent psychotherapy research has advanced in the past decade in terms of the number of controlled outcome studies and evidence attesting to the effectiveness of alternative forms of treatment. Therapy research with children has lagged behind research with adults, as reflected in the types of questions that are asked about treatment and the methods available to permit in-depth study of the treatment process. This article advocates efforts to build bridges between adult and child psychotherapy. The advantages of developing these bridges are to deepen our understanding of child and adolescent treatment, to provide a developmental perspective relevant to both child and adult therapy, and to identify broader models of change among children, adolescents, and adults. Three areas of research in adult therapy are used to illustrate the potential benefits of bridging adult and child therapy and include research on client and therapist variables, therapeutic processes, and models of change.
The Role of Monoclonal Antibodies in the Management of Leukemia

This article will review the monoclonal antibodies more commonly used in leukemias. In the last three decades, scientists have made considerable progress understanding the structure and the functions of various surface antigens, such as CD20, CD33. The introduction of rituximab, an anti CD20 monoclonal antibody, had a great impact in the treatment of lymphoproliferative disorders. Gemtuzumab, an anti CD 33 conjugated monoclonal antibody has activity in acute mylegenous leukemia (AML). As this field is undergoing a rapid growth, the years will see an increasing use of monoclonal antibodies in hematological malignancies.
Direct Form I Realization of Active Photonic Filters

An integrated photonic architecture is introduced and used to realize an optical filter with direct form I realization. The architecture offers gain from semiconductor optical amplifiers, and this gain results in an active optical filter whose filter response depends on the individual gains. The presence of gain provides advantages in filter performance, and tunable and adaptive functionality. The optical filter is modeled as a discrete time system and the z-transform is used in its analysis and design. A low-pass filter design example is presented and the filter coefficients are derived in terms of gains and coupler splitting ratios. The region of stable operations is derived by applying the Schur-Cohn stability test.
Einstein manifolds and conformal field theories

In light of the anti\char21{}de Sitter space conformal field theory correspondence, it is natural to try to define a conformal field theory in a large N, strong coupling limit via a supergravity compactification on the product of an Einstein manifold and anti\char21{}de Sitter space. We consider the five-dimensional manifolds ${T}^{\mathrm{pq}}$ which are coset spaces $[\mathrm{SU}(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}(2)]/\mathrm{U}(1).$ The central charge and a part of the chiral spectrum are calculated, respectively, from the volume of ${T}^{\mathrm{pq}}$ and the spectrum of the scalar Laplacian. Of the manifolds considered, only ${T}^{11}$ admits any supersymmetry: it is this manifold which characterizes the supergravity solution corresponding to a large number of $D3$-branes at a conifold singularity, discussed recently by Klebanov and Witten. Through a field theory analysis of anomalous three point functions we are able to reproduce the central charge predicted for the ${T}^{11}$ theory by supergravity: it is $\frac{27}{32}$ of the central charge of the $\mathcal{N}=2{\mathbf{Z}}_{2}$ orbifold theory from which it descends via a renormalization group flow.
0-Bit Consistent Weighted Sampling

We develop 0-bit consistent weighted sampling (CWS) for efficiently estimating min-max kernel, which is a generalization of the resemblance kernel originally designed for binary data. Because the estimator of 0-bit CWS constitutes a positive definite kernel, this method can be naturally applied to large-scale data mining problems. Basically, if we feed the sampled data from 0-bit CWS to a highly efficient linear classifier (e.g., linear SVM), we effectively (and approximately) train a nonlinear classifier based on the min-max kernel. The accuracy improves as we increase the sample size.In this paper, we first demonstrate, through an extensive classification study using kernel machines, that the min-max kernel often provides an effective measure of similarity for nonnegative data. This helps justify the use of min-max kernel. However, as the min-max kernel is nonlinear and might be difficult to be used for industrial applications with massive data, we propose to linearize the min-max kernel via 0-bit CWS, a simplification of the original CWS method.The previous remarkable work on {\em consistent weighted sampling (CWS)} produces samples in the form of (i*, t*) where the i* records the location (and in fact also the weights) information analogous to the samples produced by classical minwise hashing on binary data. Because the t* is theoretically unbounded, it was not immediately clear how to effectively implement CWS for building large-scale linear classifiers. We provide a simple solution by discarding t* (which we refer to as the "0-bit" scheme). Via an extensive empirical study, we show that this 0-bit scheme does not lose essential information. We then apply 0-bit CWS for building linear classifiers to approximate min-max kernel classifiers, as extensively validated on a wide range of public datasets.We expect this work will generate interests among data mining practitioners who would like to efficiently utilize the nonlinear information of non-binary and nonnegative data.
Epigenetic alterations by NuRD and PRC2 in the neonatal mouse cochlea

Mammalian cochlear supporting cells remain quiescent at postnatal ages and age-dependent changes in supporting cell proliferative capacity are evident. Ectopic Atoh1 expression in neonatal supporting cells converts only a small percentage of these cells into hair cell-like cells. Despite tremendous potential for therapeutics, cellular reprogramming in the mammalian inner ear remains a slow inefficient process that requires weeks, with most cells failing to reprogram. Cellular reprogramming studies in other tissues have shown that epigenetic inhibitors can significantly improve reprogramming efficiency. Very little is known about epigenetic regulation in the mammalian inner ear, and almost nothing is known about the histone modifications. Histone modifications are vital for proper transcriptional regulation, and aberrant histone modifications can cause defects in the regulation of genes required for normal tissue development and maintenance. Our data indicate that cofactors of repressive complexes such as NuRD and PRC2 are present in the neonatal organ of Corti. These NuRD cofactors are present throughout most of the organ of Corti from E18.5 until P4. By P6, these NuRD cofactors are mostly undetectable by immunofluorescence and completely lost by P7, but are detectable again at P8 and continue to be present through P21. The PRC2 enzymatic subunit, EZH2 is also highly present from E18.5 to P0 in the organ of Corti, but lost between P2 and P4. However, EZH2 staining is evident again throughout the organ of Corti by P6 and persists through P21. Our data provide evidence that HDACs, DNA methyltransferases, histone methyltransferases, and histone demethylases are expressed postnatally within the organ of Corti, and may be targets for drug inhibition to increase the capacity, speed, and efficiency of reprogramming a supporting cell into a hair cell.
Dental implant failure in middle-aged women may be associated with positive history of oral bisphosphonate treatment.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Association between oral bisphosphonate use and dental implant failure among middle-aged women. Yip JK, Borrell LN, Cho SC, Francisco H, Tarnow DP. J Clin Periodontol 2012;39:408-14. Reviewer Sunday O. Akintoye, BDS, DDS, MS Purpose/Question To determine whether dental implant failure is associated with history of oral bisphosphonate therapy Source of Funding Authors' institution provided support Type of Study/Design Case-control study Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
Administrative costs in higher education: how fast are they really growing?

It is widely believed that administrative expenditures in US higher education are growing too rapidly, particularly in relation to expenditures that are directly related to instruction, and that this so‐called ‘administrative bloat’ is a major factor in the rising cost of higher education. We argue that this perception of rapid growth is exaggerated, and that it results from focusing on simple expenditure aggregates that obscure important variation across institutions. A more careful analysis using panel‐data methods supports a more benign conclusion that administrative expenditures, and their ratio to instructional expenditures, are stationary over time. This conclusion is supported by panel unit‐root tests. This suggests that some of the concern about the role of administrative expenditures in rising higher‐education costs may be misdirected.
Deposition of Particles in a Chamber as a Function of Ventilation Rate

ABSTRACT Particle deposition in indoor air is due primarily to turbulent diffusion to the boundary layer at macroscopic surfaces within the room. About 15 years ago, Crump and Seinfeld derived an equation for turbulent diffusion and deposition in an arbitrarily shaped vessel. They assumed that turbulent diffusivity near the wall is proportional to a power of the distance from the wall surface and an estimation of the turbulence intensity. Their values were found by fitting an equation with two parameters. Subsequently they showed that this theoretical result agreed with experimental data. However, other studies in which the turbulence intensity has been directly estimated, there have been problems fitting the measured deposition rates with the integer exponent needed for dimensional consistency. To eliminate this problem, Benes and Holub have recently proposed a new expression for the eddy diffusion coefficient based on the rules of dimensional analysis. However, their formulation did not include the grav...