cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determinants of hydroperoxide detoxification in diabetic rat intestine: effect of insulin and fasting on the glutathione redox cycle

The capacity for hydroperoxide detoxification in diabetic (DM) intestine was studied in streptozocin-induced DM rats by quantification of the intestinal glutathione (GSH) redox cycle, a key cellular pathway for peroxide elimination. A role for luminal glucose in regulation of redox cycle activity was examined in insulin-treated or 24-hour-fasted DM animals. Intestinal activities of the redox enzymes, GSH peroxidase, GSSG reductase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), were significantly decreased by 17 hours' insulin treatment, whereas only G6PD was decreased by fasting. Mucosal GSH levels were also markedly decreased under these conditions. These results are consistent with an overall suppression of intestinal GSH redox cycle function by short-term administration of insulin. Insulin treatment for 7 consecutive days increased hepatic G6PD activity by fourfold but was without effect on intestinal G6PD, suggesting tissue specificity in insulin regulation of G6PD. The rate of metabolism of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBH) in isolated enterocytes was low in the absence of substrates (0.51 +/- 0.07 nmol/10(6) cells/min) but was increased fivefold by exogenous glucose (2.70 +/- 0.11 nmol/10(6) cells/min), indicating that glucose availability is an important contributor to intestinal detoxification of toxic hydroperoxides. Collectively, the current results show that GSH redox cycle enzymes in DM intestine are under coordinate insulin control, and that this control appears to be downregulated by short-term insulin treatment.
Impact of gender-related job features on the accurate evaluation of performance information

Abstract This study examined the effects of two gender-related variables—job and task gender-type—on the accurate evaluation of task performance. Participants evaluated the task performance of workers in two gender-typed occupations. As hypothesized, task-gender and job-gender interactively affected the accuracy of performance ratings. Worker behaviors from male-typed task areas were appraised more accurately when presented in the context of a male-typed occupation; behaviors from female-typed task areas were appraised more accurately in the context of a female-typed occupation. Worker gender did not affect the accuracy of performance ratings. Interpretations and implications of these findings for current employment issues are discussed.
First signal on the cryogenic fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer

The construction and achievement of the first signal on a cryogenic Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FTICR-MS) are reported here, demonstrating proof-of-concept of this new instrument design. Building the FTICR cell into the cold bore of a superconducting magnet provided advantages over conventional warm bore design. At 4.2 K, the vacuum system cryopumps itself, thus removing the requirement for a large bore to achieve the desired pumping speed for maintaining base pressure. Furthermore, because the bore diameter has been reduced, the amount of magnet wire needed to achieve high field and homogeneity was also reduced, greatly decreasing the cost/Tesla of the magnet. The current instrument implements an actively shielded 14-Tesla magnet of vertical design with an external matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) source. The first signal was obtained by detecting the laser desorbed/ionized (LDI) C60+· ions, with the magnet at 7 Tesla, unshimmed, and the preamplifier mounted outside of the vacuum chamber at room temperature. A subsequent experiment done with the magnet at 14 Tesla and properly shimmed produced a C60 spectrum showing approximately 350,000 resolving power at m/z ∼ 720. Increased magnetic field strength improves many FTMS performance parameters simultaneously, particularly mass resolving power and accuracy.
Message propagation in ad-hoc-based proximity mobile social networks

The proximity service using Bluetooth and/or P2P WIFI enabled mobile devices for people's social interactions with other users who come into their close proximity is becoming an important means for people to conveniently and efficiently expand their social networks. Proximity mobile social networks (PMSNs) are usually built in ad hoc mode to allow information sharing and interaction among users in proximity-based communities through cooperative services. Reliable message propagation serves as a fundamental component for various applications of PMSN (e.g. propagating advertisement, probing nearby friends, etc.). We propose an architecture for message propagation in PMSN applications in highly dynamic and user-dense environments, such as in student dormitories, crowded sports, and shopping centers. The proposed message propagation relies on node mobility and periodic retransmission of a message. We conduct elaborate simulations under different mobility models, and show that the proposed reliable message propagation demonstrates excellent reliability, efficiency, and robustness.
Plateau Effects on Diurnal Circulation Patterns

Abstract The diurnal variation of 850 mb heights, the detailed distribution of which could be assessed by the inclusion of surface data, and of resultant winds over, and in the vicinity of, the Great Basin reveals clearly a plateau-wind circulation during summer. This circulation reverses between day and night and appears to include the low-level jet stream over Texas and Oklahoma, as well as the time of occurrence of thunderstorms. This plateau circulation system interacts with local mountain-valley breeze systems. The thickness of the daytime inflow and nighttime outflow layer over the plateau is approximately 2 km.
Surgical Atlas of Sports Medicine

Surgical Atlas of Sports Medicine is a 538-page book that purports to cover all of the essentials of sports traumatology, including the diagnosis of sports injuries and the nonoperative and operative approaches for the treatment of such injuries. The atlas is divided into two parts: the lower extremity and the upper extremity. The book contains seventy-three chapters, each of which is dedicated to a common athletic injury or pathologic condition. Open and, when applicable, arthroscopic or endoscopic techniques are described within the chapters, and numerous line drawings are used to illustrate the specifics of the surgical approach and repair. The authors duly include in each chapter one or two paragraphs, often …
A coupled radiation transport particle-in-cell model for fluorescent lamp discharges

Summary form only given, as follows. Resonance trapping and radiation transport in fluorescent lamp discharges are critical for the calculation of efficiency, but many models do not include the effects in evolving the steady state. In this study, we coupled radiation transport into a self-consistent kinetic particle-in-cell simulation. We established a basic model to include radiation transport and nonuniformity of background neutral gas in a one dimensional particle-in-cell code, XPDC1, for the case of single species neutral gas. We treat, electrons and ions with the conventional particle-in-cell method, and the ground state and excited neutral atoms with a fluid model. We include radiation transport in the fluid equations with a simplification, as well as the collisions between neutral and excited atoms, and the nonuniformity of the background gas. The results are compared for the case calculated by the modified code and that calculated by using only the steady state excited atom profile for parameters relevant to a lamp-like discharge in pure argon.
Numerical Simulation of Single Phase Liquid Flow in Narrow Rectangular Channels With Structured Roughness Walls

Laminar flow in rough channels is receiving considerable attention recently due to its application in microfluidic devices. Developing a proper understanding of the fundamental effects of roughness in narrow channels is essential. In the present study, single-phase laminar flow of an incompressible fluid through narrow rectangular channels with structured roughness walls is investigated numerically using CFD software, FLUENT. The results for smooth channel geometries are first compared with the previously validated experimental data of Brackbill [1]. Triangular ribbed roughness structures, defined by pitch and height, are incorporated in the CFD model and the fully developed region is analyzed. Pressure drop results from CFD simulations are presented and the friction factor, f , is calculated for comparison with published experimental results of Brackbill and Kandlikar [2-4] and Brackbill [1]. The validated numerical scheme will be used in future work for the evaluation of the effect of different roughness features on laminar flow.
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance and PET-CT of left atrial paraganglioma

Cardiac paragangliomas are among the rarest primary cardiac tumors. We present a case of left atrial paraganglioma in a patient who presented with symptoms and signs of catecholamine excess in which cardiovascular magnetic resonance in multiple orientations and PET-CT played an important role in the diagnosis and tissue characterization.
A Novel OFDMA-PON Architecture With Source-Free ONUs for Next-Generation Optical Access Networks

This letter proposes a novel architecture for next-generation passive optical networks based on the employment of orthogonal frequency-division multiple access. The key new feature of the proposed approach is source-free single-wavelength upstream transmission enabled by carrier suppression, which has been experimentally verified to achieve 10-Gb/s upstream throughput.
A direct equalization method

The unshielded twisted pair can be used as a transmission media for local distribution networks. To maintain a high transmission throughput, an analog or a digital adaptive channel equalizer is usually required in the receiver to minimize the effect of inter-symbol interference. Under the observation that the high sampling rate high precision A/D and subsequent digital adaptive signal processing is an expensive approach, a direct equalization method, where the equalizer is implemented in the transmitter, is proposed for symmetrical twisted pair transmission channels. This direct equalization method can also be applied to the analog equalization approach for reduced system complexity.
Activation of HGF/c-Met pathway contributes to the reactive oxygen species generation and motility of small cell lung cancer cells.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a difficult disease to treat and sometimes has overexpression or mutation of c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase. The effects of c-Met/hepatocyte growth factor (c-Met/HG...
Scratching the (T cell) surface

Using a genome-scale approach to study transcription levels in a human CD8+ T-cell clone, a recent study has suggested that the repertoire of molecules on the surface of T cells is close to being completely characterized.
Comprehension-driven generation of meta-technical utterances in math tutoring

A technical discussion often contains conversational expressions like "however," "as I have stated before," "next," etc. These expressions, denoted Meta-technical Utterances (MTUs) carry important information which the listener uses to speed up the comprehension process. In this research we model the meaning of MTUs in terms of their anticipated effect on the listener comprehension, and use these predictions to select MTUs and weave them into a computer generated discourse. This paradigm was implemented in a system called FIGMENT, which generates commentaries on the solution of algebraic equations.
Early Postnatal Development of Corpus Callosum and Corticospinal White Matter Assessed with Quantitative Tractography

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The early postnatal period is perhaps the most dynamic phase of white matter development. We hypothesized that the early postnatal development of the corpus callosum and corticospinal tracts could be studied in unsedated healthy neonates by using novel approaches to diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and quantitative tractography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Isotropic 2 × 2 × 2 mm3 DTI and structural images were acquired from 47 healthy neonates. DTI and structural images were coregistered and fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), and normalized T1-weighted (T1W) and T2-weighted (T2W) signal intensities were determined in central midline and peripheral cortical regions of the white matter tracts of the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum and the central midbrain and peripheral cortical regions of the corticospinal tracts by using quantitative tractography. RESULTS: We observed that central regions exhibited lower MD, higher FA values, higher T1W intensity, and lower T2W intensity than peripheral cortical regions. As expected, MD decreased, FA increased, and T2W signal intensity decreased with increasing age in the genu and corticospinal tract, whereas there was no significant change in T1W signal intensity. The central midline region of the splenium fiber tract has a unique pattern, with no change in MD, FA, or T2W signal intensity with age, suggesting different growth trajectory compared with the other tracts. FA seems to be more dependent on tract organization, whereas MD seems to be more sensitive to myelination. CONCLUSIONS: Our novel approach may detect small regional differences and age-related changes in the corpus callosum and corticospinal white matter tracts in unsedated healthy neonates and may be used for future studies of pediatric brain disorders that affect developing white matter.
Effects of unilateral nasal occlusion on ventilation and pulmonary resistance in infants.

Because neonates are vulnerable to spontaneous nasal obstruction, this study was designed to evaluate the ventilatory consequences of obstructing a single nasal passage in preterm infants. We emplo...
Effect of Stilbestrol on Lactogenic Content of Pituitary and Mammary. Glands of Female Rats.

SummaryStilbestrol treatment of mature spayed rats for 10 days caused serous or milk secretion from partially developed lobule-alveolar glands. The lactogenic hormone content of the pituitaries per 100 g body weight was increased as much as 226% through an increase in size of the pituitary and content per milligram.
Die Umwandlung gutartiger Gliome in bösartige Spongioblastome: Ein Beitrag zur Frage der gliogenen Geschwülste des Nervensystems

1. Die maligne Art der gliogenen Geschwulste, welcheGlobus undStrauss Spongioblastoma multiforme genannt haben, wird noch einmal beschrieben. Sie stellt sich als eine besonders zellreiche Geschwulst dar, die aus embryonalen, nicht vollig differenzierten Gliaelementen (Spongioblasten), aus zahlreichen Riesenzellen und aus verschiedenen rudimentaren Zellformen besteht. 2. Werden verschiedene andere gliogene Hirngeschwulste beschrieben, die den wahrscheinlichen Ubergang aus einem gutartigen Gliom in ein bosartiges Spongioblastom aufzeigen. Dieser Ubergang wurde durch die Untersuchung von Geschwulstgewebe festgestellt, das nach differierenden Zeitraumen entnommen war, je nachdem die Rezidive eine Wiederoperation notig machten. 3. Es wird ein Versuch gemacht, den Ubergang aus der gutartigen in die bosartige Geschwulst zu erklaren, und zwar mit Hilfe derCohnheim-Ribbertschen Embryonalresttheorie. 4. Der Einflus der Strahlentherapie auf diese Erscheinung wird kurz erortert und als zweifelhaft befunden.
Nonlinear Optics: good, bad, ugly and beautiful

Nonlinear Optics can be many things: good when creating new frequencies, improving lasers, manufacturing, offering new science; bad when damaging optics; ugly in telecommunications by limiting signals through fibers; beautiful when creating solitons.
What Do Hispanic Students Want in a Mentor? A Model of Protégé Cultural Orientation, Mentorship Expectations, and Performance

The purpose of this study was to propose and test a model of the effects of cultural factors on Hispanic proteges’ expectations for and experiences with their mentors. Specifically, the proposed mo...
Impact of Racism on Ethnic Minority Mental Health

A problem in ethnic minority mental health that can be solved in the foreseeable future is understanding how subtle and covert forms of racism affect psychological health of racial minorities. Although scientific psychology has generated a large body of literature on racial prejudice, stereotypes, intergroup attitudes, and racial bias and their often implicit and automatic nature, relatively little is known about the effects of these subtle racial bias on minority individuals. Following a selective review of recent developments in experimental psychology and multicultural psychology, I suggest some promising approaches and opportunities for future integration that would advance the field.
The Information Behavior of Catholic Women Discerning a Vocation to Religious Life

Approximately 10% of Roman Catholic women seriously discern a vocation to religious life during their lifetime. Spiritual discernment is often characterized by prayer and spiritual direction, but a...
A Layered Protocol Architecture for Scalable Innovation and Identification of Network Economic Synergies in the Internet of Things

Many solutions to important societal problems relating to the environment, health care, transportation, etc. seek to utilize the promises of the Internet of Things (IoT), where sensing, computation, and actuation merge the physical world with the computational world. To date, many such solutions have focused on a single problem domain and require dedicated sensor and actuator infrastructure. This vertical integration makes the development of innovative, novel solutions costly and difficult to deploy. An architectural approach to addressing this challenge is to enable horizontal integration, where sensors and actuators from different applications can interconnect with any computational IoT application. In order to isolate complexities and to support heterogeneous systems and software, it is necessary to provide clear abstractions. We present such abstractions in the form of a layered protocol architecture that describes the necessary interfaces. Beyond technical challenges for horizontal integration, this paper also addresses network economic considerations since the various entities owning and operating sensors and actuators need suitable economic motivation to participate in such an approach. We believe that this work provides a conceptual foundation for future, scalable IoT solutions.
Angiographic demonstration of arterial occlusion in ischemic colitis.

"Non-occlusive" ischemic colitis appears to be more common than occlusive ischemia of the colon. The nonocclusive type of ischemic colitis is usually reversible whereas the occlusive variety is more commonly progressive. A case is presented with left colic artery occlusion documented by selective inferior mesenteric arteriography. Despite the presence of major arterial occlusion, the patient recovered completely without surgery. The place of arteriography in the diagnosis and management of patients with ischemic colitis is still uncertain.
Advanced Vehicle Performance Assessment

In order to provide answers about the performance of vehicles driven by electrified drivetrains, appropriate test procedures must be developed that are robust and compatible with the technology. In IEA-HEV-Task 17, these results are presented from vehicles tested at the Argonne National Laboratory Advanced Powertrain Research Facility under direction from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Vehicle Technologies research portfolio. Chassis dynamometer testing with controlled conditions was employed and included adoption of sophisticated instrumentation, research techniques and considerable staff expertise in testing advanced automotive vehicle technologies. This process was going on for several years, including BEV and PHEV tests with a Nissan Leaf, a PHEV-converted Prius as well as a Chevy Volt (based on the reporting year 2010). This chapter provides comparisons between the different electrified vehicles in terms of their principal configurations and operating modes, charge-sustaining and electric-only and highlights the major findings.
The Emotional Impact of Breast Cancer and the Question of Premorbid Personality

The emotional impact of mastectomy is diminishing as less radical surgery is used, reconstruction becomes more available and feelings are discussed more freely. More attention is needed to those women who have a mastectomy followed by adjuvant therapy. 25 women were studied immediately after mastectomy and during adjuvant radiotherapy by use of an analysis of verbal content. They were studied at three points: prior to radiotherapy, during the second week and near the end of treatment (4-6 weeks). Mean scores showed a significant (p <. 05) decrease in anxiety about body damage, and an increase in levels of anger and depression. Mean scores also showed increased anxiety related to separation at the end of treatment, a less hopeful outlook and, a decrease in overall anxiety. Women showed considerable emotional distress, particularly near the end of radiotherapy treatment, suggesting a need for more attention to the emotional stress of adjuvant therapy. Longitudinal psychoendocrine studies of a group of women prior to breast biopsy and 10 years later revealed that reactivity to emotional distress and Cortisol production rates were stable over time. The women with breast cancer had significantly higher sustained Cortisol production rates than the women with benign lesions. Among those women who survived 10 years, there was a trend toward greater emotional expression of distress and higher Cortisol production rates at the time of biopsy and 10 years later. Lower weight was also found with longer survival. A central hypothalamic mechanism is suggested which produces the pattern of greater emotional reactivity to stress, higher Cortisol production rates and lower weight associated with longer survival. The psychologic study of breast cancer provides a model from which the interaction of psychologic and biologic parameters of disease can be studied.
Optimizing the MC6805 microcomputer for automotive systems

The MC6805 family of microcomputers includes several general purpose types. Two new devices have just been introduced that are optimized for automotive electronic microcomputer system designs requiring non–volatile memory or dual timing operations. The MC6805S2 device features a flexible dual timer architecture which is useful for ignition timing control. The MC6805K2 includes on chip EEPROM capability for storing data reference points, such as the mileage or engine run hours, when the system power is disconnected. A Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) port is also included on both devices. This SPI feature allows fast data transfer from the processor to peripherals including display drivers or another processor. The use of these two new MCU devices, MC6805S2, MC6805K2 are also shown.
Dehydration Bouts Prompt Increased Activity And Blood Feeding By Mosquitoes

Mosquitoes are prone to dehydration and respond to this stress through multiple mechanisms, but previous studies have examined very specific responses and fail to provide an encompassing view of the role that dehydration has on mosquito biology. This study examined underlying changes in biology of the northern house mosquito, Culex pipiens, associated with short bouts of dehydration. We show that dehydration increased blood feeding propensity of mosquitoes, which was the result of both enhanced activity and a higher tendency to land on a host. Mosquitoes exposed to dehydrating conditions with access to water or rehydrated individuals experience no water loss and failed to display behavioral changes. RNA-seq and metabolome analyses following dehydration indicated that factors associated with energy metabolism are altered, specifically the breakdown of trehalose to yield glucose, which likely underlies changes in mosquito activity. Suppression of trehalose breakdown by RNA interference reduced phenotypes associated with dehydration. Comparable results were noted for two other mosquito species, suggesting this is a general response among mosquitoes. Lastly, field-based mesocosm studies using C. pipiens revealed that dehydrated mosquitoes were more likely to host feed, and disease modeling indicates dehydration bouts may increase transmission of West Nile virus. These results suggest that periods of dehydration prompt mosquitoes to utilize blood feeding as a mechanism to obtain water. This dehydration-induced increase in blood feeding is likely to intensify disease transmission during periods of low water availability. Keywords: blood feeding, dehydration, mosquitoes, landing activity.
Pharmacokinetic Limitations on Effects of an Alpha7-Nicotinic Receptor Agonist in Schizophrenia: Randomized Trial with an Extended-Release Formulation.

Pharmacokinetic Limitations on Effects of an Alpha7-Nicotinic Receptor Agonist in Schizophrenia: Randomized Trial with an Extended-Release Formulation
Towards an on-chip signal processing solution for the online calibration of SS-OCT systems

This paper demonstrates a low complexity, computationally efficient method for the real-time calibration of Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography (SS-OCT) systems. In this work, Interpolated Discrete Fourier Transform (IpDFT) based algorithms were explored as a highly efficient alternative for instantaneous frequency measurement and wavenumber calibration of fast optical swept sources. Various IpDFT based methods are implemented and results are evaluated against commonly performed calibration techniques such as Hilbert transformation. Simulation shows execution times decisively improved by up to a factor of ten, depending on observational window length. Axial resolution was also slightly improved. Moreover, the inverse tangent and phase unwrapping steps necessary for Hilbert transform calibration techniques are eliminated, vastly reducing circuit implementation complexity and making the system suitable for future inexpensive, power efficient, on-chip solutions in SS-OCT post-processing.
Lost in Translation: Mary Hays Reads Heloise

ABSTRACTThe twelfth-century nun, Heloise, is most remembered for the series of letters she exchanged with the theologian, Peter Abelard, who was her teacher, lover, and later husband. Mary Hays inc...
The Required Quantitative Skills

If you glance at an advanced economics journal, you will see that many of the pages are filled with dense mathematical equations. Quite often these equations are presented as «proofs» of some economic idea. It is really quite an intimidating experience, even for those of us with a fairly good background in quantitative analysis! How can you, aspiring perhaps to become an economist, or at least to be able to understand others’ economic conclusions, do so if your skills in mathematics are limited? We are not sure, but there may be some hope for you. This is because although we believe in the critical importance of a good quantitative understanding of economic systems, we are not so sure as to the utility of very strong mathematical analysis and skills except perhaps to understand others’ work that uses them, including that, as the wonderful economist Joan Robinson said, we are not bamboozled by those who are hiding their simple or even ludicrous ideas behind impenetrable mathematics. If you are confused by this sentence, quantitative means referring to the use of numbers and basic, although well thought out, arithmetic usually relating to some kind of data and the relations among data. Mathematical has many meanings but in this context generally means the ability to use advanced paper and pencil mathematics, often called «mathematical analysis,» «analysis,» or «deriving closed form solutions,» often for theoretical work related only loosely to quantitative analysis. We believe that economics has suffered from the excessive use of complex mathematics, sometimes linked to poorly formulated problems—and sometimes under the misleading assumption that the basic understanding of economics as given in most economics textbooks is always an accurate representation of real economies. We think far too many good minds have spent far too much time undertaking such «mental masturbation» when instead we should be examining much more carefully our basic assumptions of what it is that economists should be doing and how—empirically—actual economies operate. We are not alone in this view. For example, Paul Krugman, a Nobel Prize winner in economics and a very thoughtful and productive economist, said in 2009 while referring to the enormous financial crash of 2008 (and alluding to the famous poem by John Keats «Ode to a Grecian urn»):
Nrl ubitron amplifier performance

Research is continuing on the NRL Ku-band ubitron amplifier after several major component modifications. Specifically, the input coupler has been modified for broader bandwidth and lower transmission loss, and the wiggler has been redesigned to generate a much more uniform field in the interaction region and lengthened. Steps have also been taken to remove discontinuities that excited oscillations at high wiggler fields. With a 250 kV, 100 A, 4 mm radius beam and these modifications, we expect to see saturated gain of 25 - 30 dB, efficiency greater than 15%, and bandwidth exceeding 20% in the 12.4 - 18 GHz band. Measurements will be compared with the 3-D nonlinear code ARACHNE[1].
Early Combination Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Common Comorbid Mental Disorders.

The relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and antipsychotic use by schizophrenia patients is recognized but not well understood. This article reviews the literature regarding metabolic inte...
Studies of Literally Two-Dimensional Magnets of Manganese Stearate

Phase transitions are fascinating physical phenomena. It is a remarkable fact that presumably short-range interactions between atoms can give rise to long-range order among them. The detailed explanation of such effects is a challenging problem in statistical mechanics. In order to simplify the problem and to provide test cases for theoretical methods, theoreticians have concentrated on model systems with low dimensionality; summations over one dimensional (1-d) or two-dimensional (2-d) spaces are usually easier than for 3-d. It has turned out that theories predict that low-dimensional systems will have special properties, rather unlike 3-d systems in many cases. The hope is that these theories can also be applied to the 3-d world. But, considering the simplifications of theories and the complications of Nature, one wonders if the theories are adequate. It seems that theorists have chosen to consider 1-d and 2-d models in order to make their work easier, but this has placed experimenters in the awkward position of trying to test the theories in a world that seems stubbornly three dimensional. Other lectures at this school have shown that it has proved possible to produce and study systems that closely resemble two-dimensional objects, in the form of films of atoms or molecules adsorbed on surfaces.
Evolution of the mammary gland defense system and the ontogeny of the immune system.

A decisive event in the evolution of mammals from synapsid reptiles was the modification of ventral thoracic–abdominal epidermal glands to form the mammary gland. The natural selection events that drove the process may have been the provision of certain immunological agents in dermal secretions of those nascent mammals. This is mirrored by similar innate immune factors in mammalian sebum and in protherian and eutherian milks. On the basis of studies of existing mammalian orders, it is evident that immune agents in milk such as immunoglobulins, iron-binding proteins, lysozyme, oligosaccharides, and leukocytes compensate for developmental delays in early postnatal production of antimicrobial factors. At least in human milk, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating agents also evolved to provide different types of protection for the offspring. In addition, investigations reveal that the types or concentrations of immunological agents in milk vary depending upon the type of placenta, lactation pattern, and environment of the species.
γ-Secretase Mediated Proteolysis: At the Cutting Edge of Notch Signaling

Notch proteins are evolutionary conserved transmembrane receptors used by metazoans to direct cell fate decisions, proliferation, differentiation and cell death at all stages of development, including self-renewing adult tissues. Notch signaling is a well-established example of a pathway that is mediated by Regulated Intramembrane Proteolysis (RIP). Upon binding of ligand, the Notch receptor undergoes successive proteolytic cleavages – an ectodomain shedding cleavage followed by intramembrane proteolysis by γ-secretase. This process releases the Notch intracellular domain, which translocates to the nucleus to activate its target genes. Deciphering the proteolytic mechanism for Notch activation relied on the convergence of previously independent fields of research, revealing that the Notch receptor resembled another Type I membrane protein, the amyloid-γ precursor protein, in that both are proteolytically cleaved within their transmembrane domains (TMDs) by the same protease, γ-secretase, whose catalytic center resided in the protein Presenilin. Intramembrane proteolysis has continued to emerge as an exciting research area in cell biology. Recent studies on γ-secretase function have begun to reveal the molecular details involved in ectodomain shedding and intramembrane cleavage events as well as the importance of endocytosis and endosomal sorting as key regulators of γ-secretase cleavage of Notch
Behavioral Diversity Across Classic Rodent Models Is Sex-Dependent

Symptoms of trauma and stressor related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often develop well after the traumatic experience has occurred, and so identifying early predictors of risk or resilience is important for the implementation of interventional therapies. For example, passive coping strategies such as tonic immobility and peritraumatic dissociation during the trauma itself are risk factors for the developments of PTSD, especially in women. However, discrete, sex-specific coping responses that predict later outcomes in animal models have not been rigorously defined. Recently, we identified an active, escape-like response exhibited primarily by a subset of female rats in a classic auditory fear conditioning task ("darting"). Here, we asked whether darting during conditioning predicted active responding in a single forced swim (SFS) session to study the potential for darting to reflect a trait-like behavioral strategy that translated across stress models. Male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were tested in auditory fear conditioning acquisition and memory tests to identify Darters, and then a 15-min SFS 2 weeks later. We observed a significant effect of sex in conditioned freezing behavior, with males exhibiting greater freezing than females across conditioning and testing trials in comparison to females. However, females demonstrated higher velocities in response to shock presentations, and were more likely to exhibit darting behavior in response to the conditioned stimulus (CS). In SFS measures, females engaged in active behaviors such as climbing, head shaking, and diving in greater proportions than males, while males spent more time immobile throughout testing. Despite females exhibiting a more diverse behavioral repertoire in both tests, Darters did not differ from Non-darters in any SFS measure. These results suggest that the propensity to dart does not reflect a simple hyperactivity, and that despite conceptual overlap across the two tests (inescapable stress exposure and the ability to measure active vs. passive coping), the behavioral strategies engaged by an individual animal in each are likely driven by discrete mechanisms. We discuss potential challenges in interpretation of standard behavioral outcomes in classic models across the sexes, and consider the potential need for novel models that better tap into motivational states in females.
A linux infrastructure to support modern computing programs and curriculum

This paper describes the linux infrastructure that has been both created and used by the faculty of our university to support our computing programs including an ABET accredited Computer Science degree, a Computer Information Systems degree, and a Digital Information Design degree. The infrastructure was designed for minimizing faculty time spent on managing the infrastructure, once it is created, while still allowing near real time changes to it. As a result the infrastructure provides flexibility for class instructors and students alike to use cutting edge software and development tools in coursework.
Social, Cultural and Behavioral Determinants of Health among Hawaii Filipinos: The Filipino Healthy Communities Project

Background/Purpose: Filipinos are Hawaii’s largest immigrant group and second largest ethnic group. The Hawaii Filipino Health Communities Project was initiated by the Hawaii State Department of Health, because of the high rates of heart disease and stroke mortality, and other behavioral risks seen among Hawaii’s Filipino population (i.e. high smoking rates among Filipino men). The project sought to gather Filipino community members’ perspectives on why such chronic disease health disparities exist for Filipinos, and identify solutions to address them. Methods: The project gathered information from both immigrant and local Filipinos throughout the state, using community engagement methods of interviews with community leaders (n=20) and community-based focus groups (n=20 groups with 130 participants), Results: Filipino community members were aware of, and community leaders well-versed in, the behavioral, cultural, and social determinants of health in their communities. However, being aware of such determinants of health has yet not resulted in changed behavior in the overall Filipino community (i.e. improved diet, increased physical activity, or better access to healthcare). Conclusion: More outreach is needed with Filipinos, along with interventions to combat health disparities in chronic disease, such as increased smoking cessation and creative ways to eat healthier and increase physical activity
Running with speedster superheroes: What they hear, and practical applications regarding observers travelling at supersonic speeds

In 1842, Christian Doppler provided the well-known descriptions of frequency shifts perceived by an observer in motion. These fundamental relationships show that listeners moving relative to a sound source at subsonic speeds perceive a shift in frequency that depends on the direction of relative travel. About one hundred years later, the first speedsters (characters with superhuman speed) emerged in fiction media. Since then, dozens of speedsters have come to life in comic books, television, and cinema. The acoustical content hypothetically perceived by such superheroes at supersonic speeds is investigated. Specifically, the implications of an observer passing through a sound wave—with high and low molecular density regions of a fluid medium—under various atmospheric conditions are explored, assuming turbulence could be sufficiently mitigated. Both transonic and extremely hypersonic (>10 times the speed of sound) regimes are considered. Finally, possible practical applications for supersonic travel are examined.In 1842, Christian Doppler provided the well-known descriptions of frequency shifts perceived by an observer in motion. These fundamental relationships show that listeners moving relative to a sound source at subsonic speeds perceive a shift in frequency that depends on the direction of relative travel. About one hundred years later, the first speedsters (characters with superhuman speed) emerged in fiction media. Since then, dozens of speedsters have come to life in comic books, television, and cinema. The acoustical content hypothetically perceived by such superheroes at supersonic speeds is investigated. Specifically, the implications of an observer passing through a sound wave—with high and low molecular density regions of a fluid medium—under various atmospheric conditions are explored, assuming turbulence could be sufficiently mitigated. Both transonic and extremely hypersonic (>10 times the speed of sound) regimes are considered. Finally, possible practical applications for supersonic travel are ex...
Chromatin-remodeling links metabolic signaling to gene expression.

Abstract Background ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers are evolutionarily conserved complexes that alter nucleosome positioning to influence many DNA-templated processes, such as replication, repair, and transcription. In particular, chromatin remodeling can dynamically regulate gene expression by altering accessibility of chromatin to transcription factors. Scope of review This review provides an overview of the importance of chromatin remodelers in the regulation of metabolic gene expression. Particular emphasis is placed on the INO80 and SWI/SNF (BAF/PBAF) chromatin remodelers in both yeast and mammals. This review details discoveries from the initial identification of chromatin remodelers in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to recent discoveries in the metabolic requirements of developing embryonic tissues in mammals. Major conclusions INO80 and SWI/SNF (BAF/PBAF) chromatin remodelers regulate the expression of energy metabolism pathways in S. cerevisiae and mammals in response to diverse nutrient environments. In particular, the INO80 complex organizes the temporal expression of gene expression in the metabolically synchronized S. cerevisiae system. INO80-mediated chromatin remodeling is also needed to constrain cell division during metabolically favorable conditions. Conversely, the BAF/PBAF remodeler regulates tissue-specific glycolytic metabolism and is disrupted in cancers that are dependent on glycolysis for proliferation. The role of chromatin remodeling in metabolic gene expression is downstream of the metabolic signaling pathways, such as the TOR pathway, a critical regulator of metabolic homeostasis. Furthermore, the INO80 and BAF/PBAF chromatin remodelers have both been shown to regulate heart development, the tissues of which have unique requirements for energy metabolism during development. Collectively, these results demonstrate that chromatin remodelers communicate metabolic status to chromatin and are a central component of homeostasis pathways that optimize cell fitness, organismal development, and prevent disease.
Outcomes of Gastric Per-Oral Endoscopic Pyloromyotomy for Severe Gastroparesis in a Lung Transplant Patient Population

Purpose Gastroparesis is a common and potentially devastating complication of lung transplantation. Initial results of Gastric Per-oral Endoscopic Pyloromyotomy (G-POEM) for the treatment of gastroparesis are encouraging but it's use in lung transplant is unknown. Methods Retrospective cohort analysis of consecutive patients treated with G-POEM for medically refractory gastroparesis secondary to lung transplantation. Clinical, demographic, procedural and post procedural data was collected. Results 11 patient underwent G-POEM procedure. Technical and clinical success was noted in all 11 patients. Statistically significant decreases in gastroparesis symptom scores (GCSI) were noted in all 11 patients. In patients that obtained repeat GES, 100% experienced improvements in 4 hr GES emptying. Normalization of GES ( Conclusion G-POEM is a safe and efficacious treatment for medical refractory gastroparesis secondary to lung transplantation.
Comparison of R-Curves Determined from Different Specimen Types

Crack growth resistance curves (R-curves) have been obtained by testing center-cracked tension specimens (CCT) of three aluminum alloys, one titanium alloy, and two steels. Direct comparison is possible for four of these alloys with R-curves determined from crackline loaded (CLL) specimens. Some differences between the two specimens are found in the reported values of K c . These appear to be a direct consequence of the type of stress-crack length relationship noted during testing. In tough material tested using the CCT specimen, the crack grown first under a rising load but finally continues to extend at a constant load. Since this constant load crack growth marks the end of structural integrity, its recognition is crucial to a rational interpretation of fracture resistance. The CCL specimen type does not discriminate between the changes in crack growth behavior observed for these tough materials. Further, it is shown that fatigue precracking may influence the amount of crack growth prior to instability even though the final value of K c remains unchanged. No evidence of variation in the K c -value with initial crack length has been observed over the range of slit lengths investigated.
Demonstration of 0.67-mJ and 10-ns high-energy pulses at 2.72 µm from large core Er:ZBLAN fiber amplifiers

We explored generation of high-energy nanosecond short pulses in the mid-IR wavelength range using 30-70-µm-core Er:ZBLAN fiber amplifiers. The highest energies achieved were ∼0.7mJ at 2.72 µm in 11.5-ns-long pulses, with the corresponding peak power of 60.3 kW, obtained with a 70-µm-diameter core fiber amplifier pumped at 976 nm and seeded by a KTiOAsO4-based optical parametric oscillator/optical parametric amplifier system. To the best of our knowledge, these pulse energies are the highest achieved to date from mid-IR fiber lasers at longer than 2-µm wavelengths with nanosecond pulses. The achieved highest pulse energies were limited by the surface damage of unprotected fiber output facets.
Issuing Asset-Backed Money with Transparency: Monopoly versus Competition

I study the efficiency of issuing asset-backed money by comparing a competitive setting with a monopoly. In the model a money supplier can issue money by holding commodity such as gold, but they can also fake the quality of commodity at a proportional cost. There arises a haircut in the value of money transactions, when the moral hazard incentive becomes severe. Under perfect competition the decentralized issuers would provide money until the rates of return in money and gold are equal in equilibrium. This competitive equilibrium can be sub-optimal, because the individual issuers do not internalize the aggregate supply effect of issuing money on the prices and the haircut in general equilibrium. When the cost of faking assets is sufficiently small, the monopoly equilibrium is more efficient than the competitive equilibrium. Despite an inefficiency associated with the monopoly rent, the monopoly issuer can adjust the supply of money by considering the effects on the prices to reduce its own moral hazard incentive to raise the pledgeability of money and maximize the profit. Imposing a pigouvian tax and/or an entry cost can improve welfare of the competitive equilibrium by raising the transparency on the issuer’s moral hazard.