cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automatic Extraction of Function Knowledge From Text

This paper presents a method to automatically extract function knowledge from natural language text. Our method uses syntactic rules to extract subject-verb-object triplets from parsed text. We then leverage the Functional Basis taxonomy, WordNet, and word2vec to classify the triplets as artifactfunction-energy flow knowledge. For evaluation, we compare the function definitions associated with 30 most frequent artifacts compiled in a human-constructed knowledge base, Oregon State University’s Design Repository (DR), to those extracted using our method from 4953 Wikipedia pages classified under the category “Machines”. Our method found function definitions for 66% of the test artifacts. For those artifacts found, our method identified 50% of the function definitions compiled in DR. In addition, 75% of the most frequent function definitions found by our method were also defined in DR. The results demonstrate the promising potential of our method in automatic extraction of function knowledge.
In vitro evaluation of imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-2-ones as gametocytocidal antimalarial agents.

Novel imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-2-ones were synthesized and evaluated in asexual blood stage and late stage gametocyte assays of Plasmodium falciparum, a major causative agent of malaria. The design of these compounds is based on a recently identified lead compound from a high throughput screen. A concise synthesis was developed that allowed for generation of analogues with substitution around both the quinoline and imidazolidinone rings. Through structure–activity relationship studies, a number of potent compounds were identified that possessed excellent antimalarial activity against both the asexual and sexual stages with minimal cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. This is the first Letter describing SAR and gametocytocidal activity of imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-2-ones, a new lead series for malaria treatment and prevention.
Abstract C57: Discovery and development of replication protein A (RPA)-DNA interaction inhibitors for cancer chemotherapy

Platinum (Pt)-based chemotherapeutics exert their efficacy via the formation of DNA adducts which interfere with DNA replication, transcription and cell division and ultimately induce cell death. DNA repair of Pt-DNA adducts via nucleotide excision repair (NER) or homologous recombination repair (HRR) can substantially reduce the effectiveness of the Pt therapy, which is a major contributor for cellular resistance. Inhibition of these repair pathways, therefore, holds the potential to sensitize cancer cells to Pt-treatment and increase the clinical efficacy. Replication protein A (RPA) is a single-stranded DNA binding protein that plays a crucial role in the NER and HRR pathways apart from its role in replication and DNA damage checkpoint activation. We have pursued the development of small molecule inhibitors of the RPA-DNA interaction as a mechanism to target RPA activity and increase the efficacy of Pt-based cancer chemotherapy. We have developed an inhibitor, TDRL-551, that targets the central oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding folds in DNA binding domains A and B (DBD-A/B) of the 70 kDa RPA subunit. This lead compound shows synergy with cisplatin in tissue culture models of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and in vivo efficacy, as a single agent as well as in a combination with platinum, in a lung cancer xenograft model. We have expanded our synthetic scheme and defined structure-activity relationships (SAR) towards optimization of TRDL-551 as an anticancer therapeutic for the treatment of lung and ovarian cancer. Supported by NIH grants R01 CA180710 and R41CA162648 to JJT. Citation Format: Navnath Gavande, Pamela S. VanderVere-Carozza, Akaash Mishra, John J. Turchi. Discovery and development of replication protein A (RPA)-DNA interaction inhibitors for cancer chemotherapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr C57.
The CT diagnosis of congenital aortic arch anomalies in children

Objective:To investigate the multi-slice CT characteristics of congenital aortic arch anomalies in children,in order to improve the understanding and diagnostic level of this disease.Methods:CT data of 83 cases with congenital aortic arch anomalies were analyzed retrospectively,and the images were reconstructed using multi-planar reconstruction(MPR),maximum intensity projection(MIP),minimum intensity projection(MinIP)and volume rendering(VR).Results:Obstructive congenital aortic arch anomalies were observed in 22 cases,including 17 cases of coarctation of aorta(COA)(combined with aberrant right subclavian artery in 4cases),5cases of interruption of aortic arch(IAA).Non-obstructive congenital aortic arch anomalies were observed in 61 cases,including double aortic arch(DAA)in 8cases,right aortic arch and right descending aorta in 44 cases,right aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery in 7cases,left aortic arch and right descending aorta in 2cases(combined with aberrant right subclavian artery in one case).Conclusion:MSCT can clearly demonstrate the aortic arch anomalies and associated malformations and has important value for diagnosis of congenital aortic arch anomalies.
Building America Best Practices Series - High-Performance Home Technologies: Guide to Determining Climate Regions by County

This report identifies the climate region of each county in the United States. The report is intended as an aid in helping builders to identify the appropriate climate designation for the counties in which they are building.
Crystalline Alloys of Organic Donors and Acceptors Based on TIPS-Pentacene

Co-crystals of organic semiconductors can provide model systems for the study of fundamental optoelectronic properties and also new functionality. 6,13-Bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (TIPS-Pn) and its fluorinated analogue 1,2,3,4,8,9,10,11-octafluoro-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (F8TIPS-Pn) form crystalline substitutional alloys during bulk crystal growth from solution. Alloys can also be formed by blade casting thin films from solution. The compounds appear to have sufficient geometric similarity to be miscible in all proportions without inducing long-range disorder in the solid state. The offsets of the electronic levels of TIPS-Pn and F8TIPS-Pn in pure form are similar to those found in bulk heterojunction solar cells. UV/vis spectroscopy and density functional theory demonstrate the charge transfer absorption in the alloy crystals corresponds to an excitation across molecular pairs.
Efficacy of PD-1 blockade is potentiated by metformin-induced reduction of tumor hypoxia

Blockade of the coinhibitory checkpoint molecule PD-1 has emerged as an effective treatment for many cancers, resulting in remarkable responses. However, despite successes in the clinic, most patients do not respond to PD-1 blockade. Metabolic dysregulation is a common phenotype in cancer, but both patients and tumors are metabolically heterogeneous. We hypothesized that the deregulated oxidative energetics of tumor cells present a metabolic barrier to antitumor immunity through the generation of a hypoxic microenvironment and that normalization of tumor hypoxia might improve response to immunotherapy. We show that the murine tumor lines B16 and MC38 differed in their ability to consume oxygen and produce hypoxic environments, which correlated with their sensitivity to checkpoint blockade. Metformin, a broadly prescribed type II diabetes treatment, inhibited oxygen consumption in tumor cells in vitro and in vivo, resulting in reduced intratumoral hypoxia. Although metformin monotherapy had little therapeutic benefit in highly aggressive tumors, combination of metformin with PD-1 blockade resulted in improved intratumoral T-cell function and tumor clearance. Our data suggest tumor hypoxia acts as a barrier to immunotherapy and that remodeling the hypoxic tumor microenvironment has potential to convert patients resistant to immunotherapy into those that receive clinical benefit. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(1); 9-16. ©2016 AACR.
A new robotic ultrasound system for tracking a catheter with an active piezoelectric element

Robotic-assisted catheter insertion is becoming increasingly popular due to its potential applications including cardiac catheterization. Typically, catheters are tracked during insertion procedures to verify the location of the tip relative to anatomy or features of interest. To this end, many catheter tracking systems have been proposed in the literature. Current approaches such as visual servoing are computationally intensive and sometimes require harmful ionizing radiation (X-rays) for tip localization. Conversely, other approaches use 3D ultrasound probes which can be prohibitively expensive. In contrast, we propose an ultrasound-enabled robotic catheter tracking system that uses a 2D ultrasound probe and an active piezoelectric element to track the tip of a catheter. This approach has the potential to guide catheters from initial insertion, in a vein of the groin, to final placement at a target area inside of the heart. During the tracking process, no information from the ultrasound image is necessary; however, this information can be used to help clinicians guide the catheter or to perform diagnostic procedures. In this paper, we outline this procedure by first discussing the individual components of the system and then by describing our methodology for tracking the catheter tip. Next, we simulate the system in ROS to test its effectiveness, and finally we experimentally verify that a robotic arm equipped with a 2D ultrasound probe can track a catheter in a multi-vein phantom. Furthermore, the data collected during tracking can be used to virtually reconstruct the 3D structure of veins while tracking.
Cancer screening in patients with end-stage renal disease: an individualized approach

Cancer screening guidelines exist for the general population with the expectation that screening will improve health outcomes. However, such recommendations are not easily or appropriately generali...
The impact of permanent supportive housing on homeless populations

Between 2007 and 2014 in the United States, national counts of the homeless population decreased as permanent supportive housing (PSH) for the homeless increased. Using a panel dataset from all communities across the country during this period, I investigate the effect of PSH on homeless population sizes. I first estimate the association between PSH beds and homeless counts, controlling for all time-invariant community-level factors, several time-varying community-level factors, and in some specifications, all time-varying state-level factors. One additional PSH bed is associated with between 0.04 and 0.12 fewer homeless people. Second, I estimate causal effects using federal funds allocated to communities for homeless assistance as instruments; funding decisions are based on information that precedes any current shocks to homeless populations. Adding one PSH bed reduces the homeless count by up to 0.10 people, and I can reject a reduction of more than 0.72 people at the 95% confidence level. Finally, I discuss several possible explanations for the relatively modest impact, including poor targeting, differential exit rates into private housing from PSH relative to homelessness, incentives for remaining homeless, errors in homeless counts, and migration in response to expanded PSH.
Improving the Quality of Home Health Care for Children With Medical Complexity.

Objective The objectives of this study are to describe the quality of home health care services for children with medical complexity, identify barriers to delivering optimal home health care, and discuss potential solutions to improve home health care delivery. Methods In this qualitative study, we conducted 20 semistructured in-depth interviews with primary caregivers of children with medical complexity, and 4 focus groups with 18 home health nurses. During an iterative analysis process, we identified themes related to quality of home health care. Results There is substantial variability between home health nurses in the delivery of home health care to children. Lack of skills in nurses is common and has serious negative health consequences for children with medical complexity, including hospitalizations, emergency room visits, and need for medical procedures. Inadequate home health care also contributes to caregiver burden. A major barrier to delivering optimal home health care is the lack of training of home health nurses in pediatric care and technology use. Potential solutions for improving care include home health agencies training nurses in the care of children with medical complexity, support for nurses in clinical problem solving, and reimbursement for training nurses in pediatric home care. Caregiver-level interventions includes preparation of caregivers about: providing medical care for their children at home and addressing problems with home health care services. Conclusions There are problems in the quality of home health care delivered to children with medical complexity. Training nurses in the care of children with medical complexity and preparing caregivers about home care could improve home health care quality.
Patient Portal Usage in Pediatric Urology: Is it Meaningful Use for Everyone?

Abstract Introduction The Affordable Care Act promotes multiple directives for meaningful use of the electronic health record, such as patient/provider portals, to increase patient engagement. Although portal use is common within adult health care, little information exists regarding pediatric portal use. We examined pediatric urology patient portal enrollment and activation patterns at a tertiary pediatric hospital in Southern California by race/ethnicity, preferred language, gender and residential region. Methods Retrospective electronic health record analysis of enrollment in patient portal from January 2010 to May 2016 among 10,464 patients with at least 1 outpatient urology clinic visit. Differences in adoption rates were examined using logistic regression for the categories of activated (or caregiver activated), code accepted not activated, declined and activated/then deactivated. Results Overall, 46.5% of patients/caregivers activated the portal. Primarily Spanish speaking patients were less likely to activate than English speaking patients (OR 0.25, p Conclusions Primary language and socioeconomic factors may be significant barriers to portal adoption. Patient education to reduce these barriers may increase portal acceptance and increase meaningfulness to the portal for patients/parents and providers.
Abstract 13815: Predictions of Wall-shear Stress on the Bicuspid Aortic Valves Using Three-dimensional Fluid-structure Interaction Models

INTRODUCTION: The bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is associated with a high prevalence of calcific aortic valve disease. Although abnormal hemodynamics has been proposed as potential pathogenic contributor, the native BAV hemodynamic stresses remain largely unknown. The objective of the present study was to characterize the regional wall shear stress (WSS) abnormalities on BAV leaflets using three-dimensional (3D) fluid-structure interaction (FSI) modeling. METHODS: The normal tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) model consisted of the aortic root, the aortic sinus and three identical compliant leaflets. The type-0 BAV consists of two equally-sized leaflets and two sinuses with no visible raphe while the type-1 BAV is characterized by asymmetry between a normal leaflet and a larger fused leaflet. The fully coupled FSI simulations were run in ANSYS by imposing a physiologic transvalvular pressure at the inlet of the fluid domain. Local leaflet WSS was characterized in terms of temporal shear magnitude (TSM). RESULTS: The TAV, type-0 BAV and type-1 BAV models successfully predicted leaflet and blood flow dynamics at a mean physiologic cardiac output of 4.2 L/min, 3.5 L/min and 3.2 L/min, respectively. The comparison of the flow in the three anatomies (Fig.1) suggests the existence of a central jet in the TAV and type-0 BAV but a jet skewed toward the smaller leaflet in the type-1 BAV model. The fibrosa (i.e., leaflet surface prone to calcification) WSS magnitudes in the type-0 BAV (TSM: 1.84 dyn/cm 2 ) and type-1 BAV (TSM: 2.05 dyn/cm 2 ) were found to be significantly higher than that in the TAV model (TSM: 0.55 dyn/cm 2 ). CONCLUSION: This study provides new evidence of the existence of abnormal hemodynamic stresses on BAV leaflets. The results provide new insights into the macro-scale valvular hemodynamics and are critical to the assessment of the hemodynamic theory of calcific aortic valve disease in BAV patients. Figure 1. Snapshots of flow velocity field in TAV, type-0 and type-1 BAVs.
Neurophysiological Monitoring During Placement of Spinal Instrumentation

Neurophysiologic intraoperative monitoring improves postoperative outcomes by alerting the surgeon to increased risk of neurologic injury. Neurodiagnostic monitoring techniques for spine surgery include somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP), transcranial electrical motor evoked potentials (MEP), and electromyography (EMG).
Streptococcus pneumoniae TIGR4 Phase-Locked Opacity Variants Differ in Virulence Phenotypes

ABSTRACT Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a leading human pathogen that can cause serious localized and invasive diseases. Pneumococci can undergo a spontaneous and reversible phase variation that is reflected in colony opacity and which allows the population to adapt to different host environments. Generally, transparent variants are adapted for nasopharyngeal colonization, whereas opaque variants are associated with invasive disease. In recent work, colony phase variation was shown to occur by means of recombination events to generate multiple alleles of the hsdS targeting domain of a DNA methylase complex, which mediates epigenetic changes in gene expression. A panel of isogenic strains were created in the well-studied S. pneumoniae TIGR4 background that are “locked” in the transparent (n = 4) or opaque (n = 2) colony phenotype. The strains had significant differences in colony size which were stable over multiple passages in vitro and in vivo. While there were no significant differences in adherence for the phase-locked mutant strains to immortalized epithelial cells, biofilm formation and viability were reduced for the opaque variants in static assays. Nasopharyngeal colonization was stable for all strains, but the mortality rates differed between them. Transcript profiling by transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses revealed that the expression levels of certain virulence factors were increased in a phase-specific manner. As epigenetic regulation of phase variation (often referred to as "phasevarion") is emerging as a common theme for mucosal pathogens, these results serve as a model for future studies of host-pathogen interactions. IMPORTANCE A growing number of bacterial species undergo epigenetic phase variation due to variable expression or specificity of DNA-modifying enzymes. For pneumococci, this phase variation has long been appreciated as being revealed by changes in colony opacity, which are reflected in changes in expression or accessibility of factors on the bacterial surface. Recent work showed that recombination-generated variation in alleles of the HsdS DNA methylase specificity subunit mediated pneumococcal phase variation. We generated phase-locked populations of S. pneumoniae TIGR4 expressing a single nonvariant hsdS allele and observed significant differences in gene expression and virulence. These results highlight the importance of focused pathogenesis studies within specific phase types. Moreover, the generation of single-allele hsdS constructs will greatly facilitate such studies.
Visualizing First and Second Language Interactions in Science Reading: A Knowledge Structure Network Approach

ABSTRACTThe present study considers the potential influence of first language (L1) in reading second language (L2) science text. University mixed proficiency Korean English language learners (n = 136) were asked to complete pre- and post-reading sorting maps in L1 or L2 (e.g., sort Korean, read text, sort English). All of the participants’ pre-to-post sorting artifacts were then converted into Pathfinder Networks (PFnets), a graph-theoretic psychometric scaling approach, to represent the most salient knowledge structure (KS) as their situation model of the L2 text. For the low proficiency readers, the results show that when the L2 science text was reframed by the L2 post-reading sorting map, their L2 post-reading KS was more like their pre-reading KS, a linear L2 KS that had no significant correlation with the comprehension posttest. However, when the L2 science text was reframed by the L1 post-reading sorting map, their L1 post-reading KS was more like the L2 text base, which resulted in a relational KS ...
Single and multi-objective parameter estimation of a military personnel system via simulation optimization

A discrete event simulation model is developed to represent a forced distribution performance appraisal system, incorporating the structure, system dynamics, and human behavior associated with such systems. The aim of this study is to analyze human behavior and explore a method for model validation that captures the role of subordinate seniority in the evaluation process. This study includes simulation experiments that map black-box functions representing human behavior to simulation outputs. The effectiveness of each behavior function is based on a multi-objective response function that is a sum of squared error function measuring the difference between model outputs and historical data. The results of the experiments demonstrate the utility of applying simulation optimization techniques to the model validation phase of simulation system design.
Neuroradiology Fellowship Case Requirements Need Reform.

Pediatric radiology and neuroradiology have long been radiology subspecialties certified by the American Board of Radiology (ABR), and both pathways have been Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)–accredited for many years. The discipline of pediatric neuroradiology, however
FETAL CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY AND POSTNATAL BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND INJURY IN CRITICAL CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

Fetal cerebrovascular resistance, as measured clinically by the middle cerebral artery pulsatility index (MCA-PI), has been shown to be associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes in critical congenital heart disease (CCHD). We investigated the relationship between fetal MCA-PI and postnatal, pre-
Swallow and Aspiration in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Swallowing is a complex biomechanical process that is synchronized with breathing to protect the airway. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) altered upper airway protective mechanisms coupled to ventilatory adaptations may lead to laryngeal penetration during swallow that can be followed by pulmonary aspiration. To date investigations have reported a spectrum of swallow and breathing dysfunction in COPD ranging from mild (laryngeal penetration) to severe abnormality (pulmonary aspiration). However, the prevalence of penetration and aspiration in COPD is uncertain and important aspects such as a role in recurrent lung infections and repeated exacerbations are not understood. Current evidence indicates that aspiration during swallow occurs in up to 25% of individuals with COPD. Factors putatively associated with aspiration include increased respiratory rate, reduced laryngeal elevation during swallow, post-swallow pharyngeal residue and inspiration-swallow patterns. Timely identification of indi...
Statistical Analysis of Time Course Microarray Data

Time course gene expression experiments have proved valuable in a variety of studies. Their unique data structure and the diversity of tasks often associated with them present new challenges to statistical analysis. In this report, we give a brief review of several primary questions pertaining to such experiments and popular statistical tools to address them.
Polynomial and Rational Approximation—Runge Theory

The power of “integral representations” was demonstrated in 3.8: they lead to local power series expansions. If the (Riemann) integrals involved are approximated by Riemann sums, we get global rational approximations to the function. (See 8.8 below.) If further the domains are properly disposed in ℂ, the “poles” in these rational functions can be “shoved to infinity” and the rational functions thereby approximated by polynomials. Global polynomial approximants are thus produced. They are a very powerful tool for investigating holomorphic functions: often a theorem is easy for polynomials and remains valid under local uniform convergence, hence its validity passes over to holomorphic unctions generally.
A lower bound on the subriemannian distance for Hölder distributions

Whereas subriemannian geometry usually deals with smooth horizontal distributions, partially hyperbolic dynamical systems provide many examples of subriemannian geometries defined by non-smooth (namely, Holder continuous) distributions. These distributions are of great significance for the behavior of the parent dynamical system. The study of Holder subriemannian geometries could therefore offer new insights into both dynamics and subriemannian geometry. In this paper we make a small step in that direction: we prove a Holder-type lower bound on the subriemannian distance for Holder continuous nowhere integrable codimension one distributions. This bound generalizes the well-known square root bound valid in the smooth case.
A Pilot Study of Emotional Response to Time-Out in Children With Conduct Problems and Callous-Unemotional Traits.

Little research has examined how children with conduct problems and concurrent callous-unemotional traits (CPCU) emotionally and behaviorally respond to time-out. This pilot study examined the dist...
Body Dissatisfaction and Mental Health Outcomes of Youth on Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy.

OBJECTIVES: Our first aim was to examine baseline differences in body dissatisfaction, depression, and anxiety symptoms by gender, age, and Tanner (ie, pubertal) stage. Our second aim was to test for changes in youth symptoms over the first year of receiving gender-affirming hormone therapy. Our third aim was to examine potential differences in change over time by demographic and treatment characteristics. Youth experiences of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) are also reported. METHODS: Participants (n = 148; ages 9–18 years; mean age 14.9 years) were receiving gender-affirming hormone therapy at a multidisciplinary program in Dallas, Texas (n = 25 puberty suppression only; n = 123 feminizing or masculinizing hormone therapy). Participants completed surveys assessing body dissatisfaction (Body Image Scale), depression (Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms), and anxiety (Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders) at initial presentation to the clinic and at follow-up. Clinicians completed the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms and collected information on youth experiences of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and NSSI. RESULTS: Affirmed males reported greater depression and anxiety at baseline, but these differences were small (P CONCLUSIONS: Results provide further evidence of the critical role of gender-affirming hormone therapy in reducing body dissatisfaction. Modest initial improvements in mental health were also evident.
Fusing imperfect experimental data for risk assessment of musculoskeletal disorders in construction using canonical polyadic decomposition

Abstract Field or laboratory data collected for work-related musculoskeletal disorder (WMSD) risk assessment in construction often becomes unreliable as a large amount of data go missing due to technology-induced errors, instrument failures or sometimes at random. Missing data can adversely affect the assessment conclusions. This study proposes a method that applies Canonical Polyadic Decomposition (CPD) tensor decomposition to fuse multiple sparse risk-related datasets and fill in missing data by leveraging the correlation among multiple risk indicators within those datasets. Two knee WMSD risk-related datasets—3D knee rotation (kinematics) and electromyography (EMG) of five knee postural muscles—collected from previous studies were used for the validation and demonstration of the proposed method. The analysis results revealed that for a large portion of missing values (40%), the proposed method can generate a fused dataset that provides reliable risk assessment results highly consistent (70%–87%) with those obtained from the original experimental datasets. This signified the usefulness of the proposed method for use in WMSD risk assessment studies when data collection is affected by a significant amount of missing data, which will facilitate reliable assessment of WMSD risks among construction workers. In the future, findings of this study will be implemented to explore whether, and to what extent, the fused dataset outperforms the datasets with missing values by comparing consistencies of the risk assessment results obtained from these datasets for further investigation of the fusion performance.
Mentorship of Underrepresented Physicians and Trainees in Academic Medicine: a Systematic Review

Though the USA is becoming increasingly diverse, the physician workforce contains a disproportionately low number of physicians from racial and ethnic groups that are described as underrepresented in medicine (URiM). Mentorship has been proposed as one way to improve the retention and experiences of URiM physicians and trainees. The objective of this systematic review was to identify and describe mentoring programs for URiM physicians in academic medicine and to describe important themes from existing literature that can aid in the development of URiM mentorship programs. The authors searched PubMed, PsycINFO, ERIC, and Cochrane databases, and included original publications that described a US mentorship program involving academic medical doctors at the faculty or trainee level and were created for physicians who are URiM or provided results stratified by race/ethnicity. Our search yielded 4,548 unique citations and 31 publications met our inclusion criteria. Frequently cited objectives of these programs were to improve research skills, to diversify representation in specific fields, and to recruit and retain URiM participants. Subjective outcomes were primarily participant satisfaction with the program and/or work climate. The dyad model of mentoring was the most common, though several novel models were also described. Program evaluations were primarily subjective and reported high satisfaction, although some reported objective outcomes including publications, retention, and promotion. All showed satisfactory outcomes for the mentorship programs. This review describes a range of successful mentoring programs for URiM physicians. Our recommendations based on our review include the importance of institutional support for diversity, tailoring programs to local needs and resources, training mentors, and utilizing URiM and non-URiM mentors.
Outsourcing the Internal Audit Function: The British Government Experience with Market Testing

Internal auditing has historically functioned as an integral part of an organization's risk assessment, control, and governance structure. Recently, the internal audit world has been challenged by external firms, including the large professional services firms, who are marketing internal audit services (outsourcing). The market potential for internal audit services is large with some firms projecting internal audit services to be 25% of the total of external audit billings in the next few years. Many governments have also argued that they could improve both the cost and the efficiency of governmental services by subjecting individual governmental units to competition from the private sector. Internal auditing may be an ideal candidate for market testing because (1) it is usually organized as a separate, stand-alone unit, and (2) there are many alternative providers of audit services. The authors had the opportunity to examine the ‘market testing’ of internal audit services within the British Government. We interviewed most of the major parties involved in a market test of internal audit services. Those interviewed included outsourcing providers, heads of internal audit departments, and a member of the Treasury who provided oversight of the process. Market testing led to some significant changes and challenges—some good and some not so good. This paper describes the market testing process in the UK and the potential benefits and costs associated with outsourcing governmental internal audit functions.
The Association of Cognitive and Visual Function in a Nationally Representative Study of Older Adults in India.

INTRODUCTION Due to population aging, India is poised to experience a large increase in the burden of both dementia and vision impairment (VI). Prior studies from other settings suggest that VI may be a modifiable risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia. However, to date, no studies have examined the association of impaired visual acuity and cognition in India. METHODS A total of 3,784 participants in wave 1 of the population-based Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia for the Longitudinal Aging Study in India underwent visual acuity testing and a cognitive test battery. Multivariable linear regression was used to model the cross-sectional associations of mild (<6/12-6/16), moderate (<6/18-6/60), and severe visual acuity impairment/blindness (<6/60) with cognitive performance scores corresponding to total cognition, orientation, memory, language/fluency, executive function, and informant-reported cognitive status. Models were adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic, and health characteristics. RESULTS The weighted percentage of participants with any VI was 52.6%. VI was independently associated with lower cognitive scores across all domains, even after adjustment for known dementia risk factors. In fully adjusted models of total cognition (mean score: 130.7), mild, moderate, and severe VI/blindness were associated with a significant change of -3.5 (95% CI: -6.3, -0.6), -8.2 (95% CI -10.5, -5.6), and -16.8 (95% CI -22.3, -11.3) units, respectively. A dose-response association between level of VI and cognitive function was observed for all cognitive outcomes except for language/fluency domain scores. Associations were robust when cognitive tests dependent on visual function were excluded. Across each fully adjusted model of total, domain-specific, and informant-reported cognitive performance, moderate VI was equivalent to 5-9 years of cognitive aging. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION This study illustrates that VI is cross-sectionally associated with lower cognitive performance, largely in a dose-response pattern, across various cognitive domains in the Indian population. These findings are important for informing future longitudinal and interventional studies.
Increased aperiodic gamma power in young boys with Fragile X Syndrome is associated with better language ability.

The lack of robust and reliable clinical biomarkers in Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), the most common inherited form of intellectual disability, has limited the successful translation of bench-to-bedside therapeutics. While numerous drugs have shown promise in reversing synaptic and behavioral phenotypes in mouse models of FXS, none have demonstrated clinical efficacy in humans. Electroencephalographic (EEG) measures have been identified as candidate biomarkers as EEG recordings of both adults with FXS and mouse models of FXS consistently exhibit alterations in resting state and task-related activity. However, the developmental timing of these EEG differences is not known as thus far EEG studies have not focused on young children with FXS. Further, understanding how EEG differences are associated with core symptoms of FXS is crucial to successful use of EEG as a biomarker, and may improve our understanding of the disorder. Resting-state EEG was collected from FXS boys with full mutation of Fmr1 (2.5–7 years old, n = 11) and compared with both age-matched (n = 12) and cognitive-matched (n = 12) typically developing boys. Power spectra (including aperiodic and periodic components) were compared using non-parametric cluster-based permutation testing. Associations between 30 and 50 Hz gamma power and cognitive, language, and behavioral measures were evaluated using Pearson correlation and linear regression with age as a covariate. FXS participants showed increased power in the beta/gamma range (~ 25–50 Hz) across multiple brain regions. Both a reduction in the aperiodic (1/f) slope and increase in beta/gamma periodic activity contributed to the significant increase in high-frequency power. Increased gamma power, driven by the aperiodic component, was associated with better language ability in the FXS group. No association was observed between gamma power and parent report measures of behavioral challenges, sensory hypersensitivities, or adaptive behaviors. The study sample size was small, although comparable to other human studies in rare-genetic disorders. Findings are also limited to males in the age range studied. Resting-state EEG measures from this study in young boys with FXS identified similar increases in gamma power previously reported in adults and mouse models. The observed positive association between resting state aperiodic gamma power and language development supports hypotheses that alterations in some EEG measures may reflect ongoing compensatory mechanisms.
Identification of serum microRNAs with differential expression between dogs with splenic masses and healthy dogs with histologically normal spleens.

OBJECTIVE To identify differential microRNA (miRNA) expression in dogs with splenic hemangiosarcoma, splenic hematoma, and histologically normal spleens. ANIMALS Dogs with splenic hemangiosarcoma (...
Taxonomy of Dicopus psyche Girault, 1912 (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) and its association with Psocathropos lachlani Ribaga, 1899 (Psocodea: Psyllipsocidae) in houses in Taiwan

The cave barklouse Psocathropos lachlani Ribaga, 1899 (Psocodea: Psyllipsocidae) occurs in many tropical and subtropical areas of the world, where it is a frequent dweller inside buildings. Numerou...
Lesion Normalization and Supervised Learning in Post-Traumatic Seizure Classification with Diffusion MRI

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious condition, potentially causing seizures and other lifelong disabilities. Patients who experience at least one seizure one week after TBI (late seizure) are at high risk for lifelong complications of TBI, such as post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). Identifying which TBI patients are at risk of developing seizures remains a challenge. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods that probe structural and functional alterations after TBI are promising for biomarker detection, physical deformations following moderate-severe TBI present problems for standard processing of neuroimaging data, complicating the search for biomarkers. In this work, we consider a prediction task to identify which TBI patients will develop late seizures, using fractional anisotropy (FA) features from white matter tracts in diffusion-weighted MRI (dMRI). To understand how best to account for brain lesions and deformations, four preprocessing strategies are applied to dMRI, including the novel application of a lesion normalization technique to dMRI. The pipeline involving the lesion normalization technique provides the best prediction performance, with a mean accuracy of 0.819 and a mean area under the curve of 0.785. Finally, following statistical analyses of selected features, we recommend the dMRI alterations of a certain white matter tract as a potential biomarker.
Chapter 3 – CMOS Scaling to Nanometer Lengths

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) scaling and its future. The idea of modulating the surface conductance of a semiconductor by the application of an electric field was first invented in 1930. However, early attempts to fabricate a surface field-controlled device were not successful because of the presence of large densities of surface states which effectively shielded the surface potential from the influence of an external field. The first MOSFET on a silicon substrate using SiO2 as the gate insulator was fabricated in 1960. The major breakthrough in the level of integration came in 1963 with the invention of CMOS (Wanlass and Sah 1963) in which both n- and p-channel MOSFETs are constructed simultaneously on the same substrate. The most basic building block of digital CMOS circuits is a CMOS inverter. A CMOS inverter consists of an n-MOSFET and a p-MOSFET.
On the validation of crystallographic symmetry and the quality of structures

In 2008, Zwart and colleagues observed that the fraction of the structures deposited in the PDB alleged to have "pseudosymmetry" or "special noncrystallographic symmetry" (NCS) was about 6%, and that this percentage was rising annually. A few years later, Poon and colleagues found that 2% of all the crystal structures in the PDB belonged to higher symmetry space groups than those assigned to them. Here, I report an analysis of the X-ray diffraction data deposited for this class of structures, which shows that most of the "pseudosymmetry" and "special NCS" that has been reported is in fact true crystallographic symmetry (CS). This distinction is important because the credibility of crystal structures depends heavily on quality control statistics such as Rfree that are unreliable when they are computed incorrectly, which they often are when CS is misidentified as "special NCS" or "pseudosymmetry". When mistakes of this kind are made, artificially low values of Rfree can give unjustified confidence in the accuracy of the reported structures.
Neuropsychological Assessment: Child

This article provides an overview of child neuropsychological assessment. It outlines the defining features of this type of assessment and how it contrasts with other types of psychological or neurodiagnostic methods for children. Various applications are discussed with different clinical populations of children. Current approaches to child neuropsychological assessment are described and compared, and examples of specific test methods are highlighted. Lastly, important conceptual and practical issues are examined, including the complexities involved in the neuropsychological assessment of children versus adults, as well as the special challenges that arise in the evaluation of particular categories of children. Keywords: neuropsychological testing; assessment; evaluation of children; child neuropsychology
Response Style Theory Revisited: Gender Differences and Stereotypes in Rumination and Distraction

Response Style Theory [S. Nolen-Hoeksema (1987) “Sex Differences in Unipolar Depression: Evidence and Theory,” Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 101, pp. 259–282] suggests that, when depressed, women ruminate on their sad feelings while men distract themselves from theirs. We sought to examine this gender difference in more detail. In Study 1, 155 students provided stereotype ratings or self-reports of responses to depression. The stereotype ratings conformed precisely to Response Style Theory yet exaggerated self-reported gender differences, especially for men. In Study 2, 40 roommate pairs completed a similar set of ratings. Again, other-ratings conformed exactly to Response Style Theory's predictions while self-ratings showed a more moderated pattern. In both studies, women reported ruminating more than did men, yet men and women were equally likely to report distraction. We conclude by examining several hypotheses for the discrepancies between stereotypes and self-reports for men as well as the increased rates of rumination among women.
Internet addiction, reality substitution and longitudinal changes in psychotic-like experiences in young adults

Aim Internet use has grown exponentially in the past decade, but there has been little systematic research to inform our understanding of how this phenomenon may relate to mental illness. Although several characteristics of individuals experiencing psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) may render this group particularly susceptible to problematic Internet use, to date there have been no studies examining Internet use in this group. Because the experience of PLEs is considered a risk “behaviour” for formal psychosis, it is crucial to understand how patterns of Internet use may be tied to the progression of illness. Methods A total of 170 young adults were followed for 2 months, and grouped into those showing a steady/improved course of PLEs (PLE-Improved/Constant) and those showing an exacerbation in PLEs (PLE-Increase). Internet addiction and a factor ‘Reality Substitute’ were examined within and between the two groups. Results Findings indicated that although both groups reported a similar level of Internet addiction and Reality Substitute at baseline, the PLE-Improved/Constant group showed longitudinal declines in both domains of problematic Internet usage whereas the PLE-Increase group's reported level remained constant. Further, there were moderate correlations between PLEs and domains of problematic Internet use, and the magnitude of association with Reality Substitute for the PLE-Increase group grew significantly over time. Conclusion Taken together, results implicate a close link between continued problematic Internet use and the phenomena of PLEs.
Coexistence pressure for a martensitic transformation from theory and experiment: Revisiting the bcc-hcp transition of iron under pressure

The coexistence pressure of two phases is a well-defined point at fixed temperature. In experiment, however, due to nonhydrostatic stresses and a stress-dependent potential energy barrier, different measurements yield different ranges of pressure with a hysteresis. Accounting for these effects, we propose an inequality for comparison of the theoretical value to a plurality of measured intervals. We revisit decades of pressure experiments on the $\text{bcc}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}\text{hcp}$ transformations in iron, which are sensitive to nonhydrostatic conditions and sample size. From electronic-structure calculations, we find a $\text{bcc}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}\text{hcp}$ coexistence pressure of $8.4\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$. We construct the equation of state for competing phases under hydrostatic pressure, compare to experiments and other calculations, and address the observed pressure hysteresis and range of onset pressures of the nucleating phase.