cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of separate slow and fast muscle precursor cells in vivo, prior to somite formation

We have examined the development of specific muscle fiber types in zebrafish axial muscle by labeling myogenic precursor cells with vital fluorescent dyes and following their subsequent differentiation and fate. Two populations of muscle precursors, medial and lateral, can be distinguished in the segmental plate by position, morphology and gene expression. The medial cells, known as adaxial cells, are large, cuboidal cells adjacent to the notochord that express myoD. Surprisingly, after somite formation, they migrate radially away from the notochord, becoming a superficial layer of muscle cells. A subset of adaxial cells develop into engrailed-expressing muscle pioneers. Adaxial cells differentiate into slow muscle fibers of the adult fish. We have named the lateral population of cells in the segmental plate, lateral presomitic cells. They are smaller, more irregularly shaped and separated from the notochord by adaxial cells; they do not express myoD until after somite formation. Lateral presomitic cells remain deep in the myotome and they differentiate into fast muscle fibers. Thus, slow and fast muscle fiber types in zebrafish axial muscle arise from distinct populations of cells in the segmental plate that develop in different cellular environments and display distinct behaviors.
Contrasting Trajectories of Change in Primary Care Clinics: Lessons From New Orleans Safety Net

PURPOSE We sought to compare and contrast patterns of change toward patient-centered medical homes (PCMHs) in 5 New Orleans primary care safety net clinics in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. We assessed the general direction of change in practice to discover possible reasons for differences in patterns of change, and to identify impediments to change. METHODS Data collection consisted of 5 semiannual telephone interviews with clinic leadership over 2.5 years supplemented by administrative audits. We used standard survey indexes of PCMH to monitor practice change. We conducted site visits and unstructured in-person interviews with clinicians and staff of the 5 clinics. RESULTS PCMH index scores improved during the observation period with variations in rates of change and initial levels of PCMH. Qualitative analysis suggested possible explanations for this differential success: (1) early vs later starts in practice change, (2) funding based on patient outcomes, (3) demands that compete with practice change, (4) qualities of clinic leadership, and (5) relations with the communities where patients live. Barriers to practice change included high demand for services, deficient linkages between hospital and specialty care, lack of staff resources, and a need to focus on clinic finances. CONCLUSIONS The PCMH model can successfully address the needs of safety net populations. Stable leadership committed to serving safety net patients via the PCMH model is important for successful practice transformation. Beyond clinic walls, cultivating deep ties to the communities that clinics serve also supports the PCMH model.
Automotive Quality Reputation: Hard to Achieve, Hard to Lose, Still Harder to Win Back

This article explores the rise to quality leadership by Japanese automakers, the decline in U.S. automakers' quality reputation, and whether poor quality still contributes to the U.S. automaker's competitive woes. Perception plays a key role in quality competition but not necessarily in ways that we commonly think. The ways in which information about quality performance is displayed plays an important role in customer perception. Quality should not be seen as a stand-alone asset but rather it must be understood in the context of other assets, including a firm's brand equity. It is quality's relationship to brand equity that helps explain the current quandary of U.S. automakers, and this relationship holds lessons for other industries.
Fitting atomic models into electron-microscopy maps

Combining X-ray crystallographically determined atomic structures of component domains or subunits with cryo-electron microscopic three-dimensional images at around 22 A resolution can produce structural information that is accurate to about 2.2 A resolution. In an initial step, it is necessary to determine accurately the absolute scale and absolute hand of the cryo-electron microscopy map, the former of which can be off by up to 5%. It is also necessary to determine the relative height of density by using a suitable scaling function. Difference maps can identify, for instance, sites of glycosylation, the position of which helps to fit the component structures into the EM density maps. Examples are given from the analysis of alphaviruses, rhinovirus–receptor interactions and poliovirus–receptor interactions.
Caloric effect of a 16-ounce (473-mL) portion-size cap on sugar-sweetened beverages served in restaurants

Background: New York City recently proposed a restriction to cap the portion size of all sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) sold in food-service establishments at 16 oz (473 mL). One critical question is whether such a policy may disproportionally affect lowincome or overweight individuals. Objective: The objective was to determine the demographic characteristics of US individuals potentially affected by a 16-oz portionsize cap on SSBs and the potential effect on caloric intake. Design: We analyzed dietary records from the NHANES 2007– 2010. We estimated the proportion of individuals who consumed at least one SSB .16 fluid oz (473 mL) in restaurants by age, household income, and weight status. Results: Of all SSBs .16 oz (473 mL) purchased from foodservice establishments, 64.7% were purchased from fast food restaurants, 28.2% from other restaurants, and 4.6% from sports, recreation, and entertainment facilities. On a given day, the policy would affect 7.2% of children and 7.6% of adults. Overweight individuals are more likely to consume these beverages, whereas there was no significant difference between income groups. If 80% of affected consumers choose a 16-oz (473-mL) beverage, the policy would result in a change of 257.6 kcal in each affected consumer aged 2–19 y (95% CI: 265.0, 250.1) and 262.6 kcal in those aged $ 20 y( 95% CI:267.9, 257.4). Conclusion: A policy to cap portion size i sl ikely to result in am odest reduction in excess calories from SSBs, especially among young adults and children who are overweight. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;98:430–5.
Zebrafish globin Switching Occurs in Two Developmental Stages and is Controlled by the LCR

Globin gene switching is a complex, highly regulated process allowing expression of distinct globin genes at specific developmental stages. Here, for the first time, we have characterized all of the zebrafish globins based on the completed genomic sequence. Two distinct chromosomal loci, termed major (chromosome 3) and minor (chromosome 12), harbor the globin genes containing α/β pairs in a 5′–3′ to 3′–5′ orientation. Both these loci share synteny with the mammalian α-globin locus. Zebrafish globin expression was assayed during development and demonstrated two globin switches, similar to human development. A conserved regulatory element, the locus control region (LCR), was revealed by analyzing DNase I hypersensitive sites, H3K4 trimethylation marks and GATA1 binding sites. Surprisingly, the position of these sites with relation to the globin genes is evolutionarily conserved, despite a lack of overall sequence conservation. Motifs within the zebrafish LCR include CACCC, GATA, and NFE2 sites, suggesting functional interactions with known transcription factors but not the same LCR architecture. Functional homology to the mammalian α-LCR MCS-R2 region was confirmed by robust and specific reporter expression in erythrocytes of transgenic zebrafish. Our studies provide a comprehensive characterization of the zebrafish globin loci and clarify the regulation of globin switching.
Diphtheria toxin-based bivalent human IL-2 fusion toxin with improved efficacy for targeting human CD25(+) cells.

Regulatory T cells (Treg) constitute a major inhibitory cell population which suppresses immune responses. Thus, Treg have proven to be key players in the induction of transplantation tolerance, protection from autoimmune disease and prevention of the development of effective anti-tumor immune reactions. Treg express high levels of the high affinity interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) consisting of IL-2Rα (CD25) together with IL-2Rβ (CD122) and the common γ-chain (CD132). An effective reagent capable of depleting Treg in vivo would facilitate better cancer treatment and allow mechanistic studies of the role of Treg in transplantation tolerance and the development of autoimmune disease. In this study, we have developed a novel bivalent human IL-2 fusion toxin along with an Ontak®-like monovalent human IL-2 fusion toxin and compared the functional ability of these reagents in vitro. Here we show that genetically linking two human IL-2 domains in tandem, thereby generating a bivalent fusion toxin, results in significantly improved capacity in targeting human CD25+ cells in vitro. Binding analysis by flow cytometry showed that the bivalent human IL-2 fusion toxin has notably increased affinity for human CD25+ cells. In vitro functional analysis demonstrated that the bivalent isoform has an increased potency of approximately 2 logs in inhibiting cellular proliferation and protein synthesis in human CD25+ cells compared to the monovalent human IL-2 fusion toxin. Additionally, we performed two inhibition assays in order to verify that the fusion toxins target the cells specifically through binding of the human IL-2 domain of the fusion toxin to the human IL-2 receptor on the cell surface. These results demonstrated that 1) both monovalent and bivalent human IL-2 fusion toxins are capable of blocking the binding of biotinylated human IL-2 to human CD25 by flow cytometry; and 2) human IL-2 blocked the fusion toxins from inhibiting protein synthesis and cellular proliferation in vitro, thus confirming that the human IL-2 fusion toxins target the cells specifically through binding to the human IL-2 receptor. We believe that the bivalent human IL-2 fusion toxin will be a more potent, and therefore, more optimal agent than the current clinically-used monovalent fusion toxin (denileukin diftitox, Ontak®) for in vivo depletion of Treg.
Blunted suppression of plasma renin activity in diabetes

We have documented, contrary to expectation, that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is stimulated normally by restriction of sodium intake inpatients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension. Conversely, plasma renin activity (PRA)is suppressed less than in normal subjects by a high-salt diet in these patients. Increasing plasma angiotensin II (Ang II) concentration through intravenous Ang II infusion also suppresses renin release, via the short feedback loop. In this study, we sought to ascertain whether the limited renin suppression in Type 2 diabetes mellitus via high-salt intake is a unique defect or part of a more generalised abnormality of PRA suppression. We studied 38 patients with Type 2 DM and hypertension, 158 hypertensive control patients, and 61 normotensive controls. All patients were studied while in metabolic balance on a 10 mEq sodium (Na) diet. The response to the Ang II infusion at 3 ng/kg/min for 45 minutes was measured. We found that PRA fell significantly in normal subjects, from 4.0 +/- 0.33 to 2.5 +/- 0.23 ngAngI/ml/hr (p=0.0056). In patients with essential hypertension, the Ang II infusion also led to a fall in PRA from 3.51 +/- 0.23 to 2.76 +/- 0.17 ng Angl/ml/hr(p=0.014). In patients with DM, despite a similar basal PRA (3.7 +/- 0.40 ng AngI/ml/hr), the infusion of Ang II did nor influence PRA significantly (3.43 +/- 0.42ng AngI/ml/hr; p > 0.77), though these patients had the most robust mean arterial pressure response. Our data are in complete accord with the concept of high intrarenal Ang II in DM and suggest lower systemic Ang II despite comparable PRA.
Temperature measurement in RTP: Past and future

RTP emerged as a mainstream technology during the last two decades in part by solving a difficult technical challenge, that of reliable temperature measurement using optical thermometry. Current thermal processing chambers are capable of controlling temperatures which change at hundreds of degrees celsius per second with repeatability of less than one degree with uniformity on the order of a degree. This is accomplished in a radiatively heated environment where the optical properties of the substrate may vary arbitrarily and contact with it is not acceptable or even feasible. This high degree of thermal stability has enabled the production of the current generation of integrated circuits. Processing requirements are pushing the limits of traditional lamp based technology, and new techniques for sub-second anneals are starting to emerge. With the development of the sub-second anneal, temperature heating and cooling rates may exceed millions of degrees per second, and temperature control may become the limiting factor as it was in the early days of the evolution of the industry.
Detection of Flicker Caused by Interharmonics

International standard bodies have specified an instrument capable of detecting and assessing the severity of lighting flicker, which is called a flickermeter. However, a deficiency with regard to flicker caused by high-frequency interharmonics has been reported in the recent literature. In this paper, another deficiency of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) flickermeter with regard to low-frequency interharmonics, whose frequencies are below the difference between the fundamental frequency and the cutoff frequency of a bandpass filter of the IEC standard flickermeter, will be discussed and illustrated based on analysis and numerical experiments. A new approach based on down-up sampling in the discrete-time sample domain is also proposed to address the flicker-detection problem associated with interharmonics. We demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method by a comparison with the current flickermeter standard in the presence of interharmonics.
Emergence: logical, functional and dynamical

Philosophical accounts of emergence have been explicated in terms of logical relationships between statements (derivation) or static properties (function and realization). Jaegwon Kim is a modern proponent. A property is emergent if it is not explainable by (or reducible to) the properties of lower level components. This approach, I will argue, is unable to make sense of the kinds of emergence that are widespread in scientific explanations of complex systems. The standard philosophical notion of emergence posits the wrong dichotomies, confuses compositional physicalism with explanatory physicalism, and is unable to represent the type of dynamic processes (self-organizing feedback) that both generate emergent properties and express downward causation.
Bio-inspired true coalition formation on intrusion detection by mobile robots

In this paper, we study a true coalition formation of three robots (i.e., 2 robots vs. 1 robot) in order to detect and capture intrusions in a curved loop. A coalition benefits robots by increasing detection and capture strength, but it has a tradeoff of paying an investment cost for each individual. We derive that a true coalition only arises when an interior evolutionarily stable strategy exists. We also find out the conditions under which an interior evolutionarily stable strategy exists.
X-ray Crystallographic Structure of an Artificial β-Sheet Dimer

This paper describes the X-ray crystallographic structure of a designed cyclic beta-sheet peptide that forms a well-defined hydrogen-bonded dimer that mimics beta-sheet dimers formed by proteins. The 54-membered ring macrocyclic peptide (1a) contains molecular template and turn units that induce beta-sheet structure in a heptapeptide strand that forms the dimerization interface. The X-ray crystallographic structure reveals the structures of the two "Hao" amino acids that help template the beta-sheet structure and the two delta-linked ornithine turn units that link the Hao-containing template to the heptapeptide beta-strand. The Hao amino acids adopt a conformation that resembles a tripeptide in a beta-strand conformation, with one edge of the Hao unit presenting an alternating array of hydrogen-bond donor and acceptor groups in the same pattern as that of a tripeptide beta-strand. The delta-linked ornithines adopt a conformation that resembles a hydrogen-bonded beta-turn, in which the ornithine takes the place of the i+1 and i+2 residues. The dimers formed by macrocyclic beta-sheet 1a resemble the dimers of many proteins, such as defensin HNP-3, the lambda-Cro repressor, interleukin 8, and the ribonuclease H domain of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. The dimers of 1a self-assemble in the solid state into a barrel-shaped trimer of dimers in which the three dimers are arranged in a triangular fashion. Molecular modeling in which one of the three dimers is removed and the remaining two dimers are aligned face-to-face provides a model of the dimers of dimers of closely related macrocyclic beta-sheet peptides that were observed in solution.
A Free Lunch

Federal and state excise taxes on alcoholic beverages have declined sharply in real value over the last 50 years. The result is cheaper alcohol, more alcohol abuse, and more alcohol-related problems of all sorts than would otherwise have occurred. Frequently voiced concerns that such taxes are regressive, or that they penalize the majority who drink moderately and safely, are off base. An increase in the federal alcohol taxes could provide almost everyone but the heaviest drinkers with a net financial gain even if there were no behavioral effects; the evidence that there are behavioral effects that improve health and safety is an important bonus. In a sense, alcohol taxes are the proverbial free lunch.
Characteristics of the WNR: a pulsed spallation neutron source

The Weapons Neutron Research facility (WNR) is a pulsed spallation neutron source in operation at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. The WNR uses part of the 800-MeV proton beam from the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility accelerator. By choosing different target and moderator configurations and varying the proton pulse structure, the WNR can provide a white neutron source spanning the energy range from a few meV to 800 MeV. The neutron spectrum from a bare target has been measured and is compared with predictions using an Intranuclear Cascade model coupled to a Monte Carlo transport code. Calculations and measurements of the neutronics of WNR target-moderator assemblies are presented.
Dynamic Multimodal Fusion in Video Search

We propose effective multimodal fusion strategies for video search. Multimodal search is a widely applicable information-retrieval problem, and fusion strategies are essential to the system in order to utilize all available retrieval experts and to boost the performance. Prior work has focused on hard-and soft-modeling of query classes and learning weights for each class, while the class partition is either manually defined or learned from data but still insensitive to the testing query. We propose a query-dependent fusion strategy that dynamically generates a class among the training queries that are closest to the testing query, based on light-weight query features defined on the outcome of semantic analysis on the query text. A set of optimal weights are then learned on the dynamic class, which aims to model both the co-occurring query features and unusual test queries. Used in conjunction with the rest of our multimodal retrieval system, dynamic query classes performs favorably with hard and soft query classes, and the system performance improves upon the best automatic search run of TRECVID05 and TRECVID06 by 34% and 8%, respectively.
THE ROLE OF MARITAL HISTORY, EARLY RETIREMENT BENEFITS, AND THE ECONOMIC STATUS OF WOMEN

This article compares the relative economic status of women who take and postpone taking early Social Security benefits, with particular attention to the role of marital history. Marital history categories discussed include: Lifelong marriages, marriages in which the woman had been previously divorced or widowed, divorced, widowed, and never married. The results presented here should be useful in evaluating the potential consequences of increasing the Earliest Entitlement Age (EEA). While increasing the EEA would not cause economic hardship for many, it may have adverse effects on divorced and widowed women who generally are at greater risk of poverty than married women. The economic effects of prior divorce or widowhood are reflected in the lower financial resources of women who remarry.
Buffering-prediction lightpath allocation in PCE-based WDM optical networks

In this paper the problem of efficient lightpath allocation in a PCE-based architecture is addressed. We propose a novel algorithm that uses the leveraging of lightpath request buffering and prediction at the PCE. Buffering and prediction decrease blocking and delay of requests, respectively. Simulation results in the ARPANet topology show that the algorithm proposed decreases the percentage of blocked requests (between 6% and 28%) compared to an algorithm without the buffering-prediction capability and diminishes delay (up to half) with respect to a strategy that only uses buffering of requests.
Modification of the immunologic properties of the cell surface.

Living CF1 mouse-transplantable spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma cells were modified with glutaraldehyde, formalin, 2,4,6-trinitrophenylate, Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase, iodoacetate, heparin, histamine and adenosine 3′5′-monophosphate (cAMP), then used to immunize syngeneic CF1 mice.Animals immunized with the fixed (formalinized or glutaraldehyde fixed) neuraminidase-treated cells or the membrane of these cells, rejected two challenging doses of 108 viable unmodified adenocarcinoma cells. Animals immunized with adenocarcinoma cells treated with neuraminidase (170 IU/5×105 cells) or with the spontaneous adenocarcinoma-cell surface glycoprotein, rejected the first challenging dose but developed tumors and died on the second challenge with the viable untreated adenocarcinoma cells. Animals immunized with the adenocarcinoma cells pretreated with trinitrophenylate, glutaraldehyde or formalin, developed temporary resistance to the spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma.Adenocarcinoma cells pretreated with NaF, ...
World-class expertise: a developmental model.

The field of psychology has done a remarkable job discovering the ways people differ from one another in their abilities and talents, but has long neglected the diverse ways people can unleash those capacities. There is no plausible mechanism by which our genes directly encode skills like how to dribble a basketball, play the violin, or solve an algebraic equation. We are not born knowing how to write a sonnet or flip an omelet. On the contrary, all human expertise—even at the far-right tail of the distribution—depends on experience and training. A more accurate understanding of the development of high achievement should inspire people to push beyond their perceived and often self-imposed limits to reach heights they never would have imagined possible. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1365. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1365 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Hiring Good Writers

This article provides practical tips for how to hire a strong writer. It offers suggestions for evaluating resumes and writing samples, and other considerations to keep in mind.
Mechanistic Studies on the Reaction of Nitroxylcobalamin with Dioxygen: Evidence for Formation of a Peroxynitritocob(III)alamin Intermediate

Studies by others suggest that the reduced vitamin B12 complex, cob(II)alamin, scavenges nitric oxide to form air-sensitive nitroxylcobalamin (NO–-Cbl(III); NOCbl) in vivo. The fate of newly formed NOCbl is not known. A detailed mechanistic investigation of the oxidation of NOCbl by oxygen is presented. Only base-on NOCbl reacts with O2, and the reaction proceeds via an associative mechanism involving a peroxynitritocob(III)alamin intermediate, Co(III)-N(O)OO–. The intermediate undergoes O–O bond homolysis and ligand isomerization to ultimately yield NO2Cbl and H2OCbl+/HOCbl, respectively. Ligand isomerization may potentially occur independent of O–O bond homolysis. Formation of •OH and •NO2 intermediates from O–O bond homolysis is demonstrated using phenol and tyrosine radical traps and the characterization of small amounts of a corrinoid product with minor modifications to the corrin ring.
Biochemical and ultrastructural correlates of substrate stimulation of renal organic anion transport.

SummaryPenicillin pretreatment enhanced the rate of PAH uptake into separated proximal tubules (collagenase digestion) from 2-week New Zealand white rabbits. A double reciprocal plot of these data suggests that penicillin increases the maximal velocity of PAH uptake. Na, K-ATPase was less in adult tissue but was unaffected by penicillin. No ultrastructural changes could be attributed to the treatment. Thus, substrate stimulation of PAH transport does not involve Na, K-ATPase and probably involves soluble, rather than structural proteins.
Survival of the Red Imported Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on the Texas High Plains

An isolated population of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, was discovered in Lubbock, TX, during August 1985. This find represented the northwesternmost known population in North America, and it had survived since at least 1983. Preceding the 1985–1986 winter, 207 colonies were located and marked, and 85.4% of the colonies survived until the following spring. Of 277 colonies located before the 1986–1987 winter, 47.8% survived until March 1987. Colonies found near brick walls and roadside, concrete curbs were 89.5 and 80.2%, respectively, of the numbers found at the same locations the previous fall. These percentages are significantly greater than those of colonies found in open, more exposed areas (40.0%). The larger number of overwintering colonies found near human-made structures may have been the result of colony survival due to greater insolation and consequently warmer soil temperatures than those in open areas. However, the larger number of surviving colonies could have been a manifestation of location preference resulting from repeated colony movements. Only after persistent and aggressive intervention through the use of insecticides was the population eliminated.
Use of Daphnia magna for the microbioassay of pesticides. I. Development of standardized techniques for rearing daphnia and preparation of dosage-mortality curves for pesticides.

Detailed study of optimal conditions of rearing and testing Daphnia magna Straus showed that it was possible to rear this organism under closely controlled laboratory conditions. Under these conditions asexual reproduction yielded a homogeneous population well suited for microbioassay of pesticide residues. It was found that some pesticides were extremely toxic to daphnids at concentrations as low as a few parts per trillion in water. Most of the pesticides tested showed LD50 values below parts per billion. Directions for rearing daphnids and using them for bioassay are given, with dosage-mortality curves and LD50 values for 56 of the more common pesticides.
Introduction of Unified Communication

With the rapid development of communications technology and the deployment of enterprise communications infrastructure, more and more services are required by users, especially enterprise users. Unified communication service provides a seamless combination of voice, data and multimedia to users whenever and wherever. A good unified communication platform is composed of VoIP, presence-based address book, instant messaging service, and a broad range of innovative services. In order to seamlessly integrate with enterprise business infrastructure, open service interfaces are required for unified communication service platform.
Thermodynamic Interactions between Polystyrene and Long-Chain Poly(n-Alkyl Acrylates) Derived from Plant Oils

Vegetable oils and their fatty acids are promising sources for the derivation of polymers. Long-chain poly(n-alkyl acrylates) and poly(n-alkyl methacrylates) are readily derived from fatty acids through conversion of the carboxylic acid end-group to an acrylate or methacrylate group. The resulting polymers contain long alkyl side-chains with around 10–22 carbon atoms. Regardless of the monomer source, the presence of alkyl side-chains in poly(n-alkyl acrylates) and poly(n-alkyl methacrylates) provides a convenient mechanism for tuning their physical properties. The development of structured multicomponent materials, including block copolymers and blends, containing poly(n-alkyl acrylates) and poly(n-alkyl methacrylates) requires knowledge of the thermodynamic interactions governing their self-assembly, typically described by the Flory–Huggins interaction parameter χ. We have investigated the χ parameter between polystyrene and long-chain poly(n-alkyl acrylate) homopolymers and copolymers: specifically we ...
Determinants of forage quality in Pensacola bahiagrass and Mott elephantgrass.

Our objective was to determine animal responses and forage characteristics that could explain the greater forage quality of 'Mott' dwarf elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) than that of 'Pensacola' bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge). Both grasses were harvested after 5 wk of regrowth in June and September. Sheep fed Mott hays had greater (P = .001) voluntary intake of digestible OM (DOM) than did those fed Pensacola, but voluntary intake of ash-free NDF (NDFa) did not differ (P = .21) between grasses. When hays were fed at equal NDFa intakes, sheep fed Mott chewed at a greater (P = .002) rate during eating, spent less (P = .028) time ruminating per unit OM intake, and had smaller (P = .006) prefeeding digesta pools of total and indigestible NDFa. Mott hays had greater N and K and smaller NDFa concentrations. Mott had greater (P = .001) epidermis and smaller (P = .001) sclerenchyma proportions in leaf blades, and leaf epidermis of Mott was more digestible (P = .011) in vitro. For both grasses, hays harvested in June had greater (P = .011) voluntary intake of DOM and shorter (P = .082) mean retention time of small ruminal digesta particles (< 1.18 mm) than did those harvested in September. Within grasses, there were no seasonal differences in NDFa concentration in hay, or in leaf anatomy. A less fibrous leaf structure and a more readily digested leaf epidermis may have accounted for the greater DOM intake of Mott than of Pensacola, but the greater DOM intake of hays harvested in June than of those harvested in September was not explained by measured forage characteristics.
Molecular cloning, chromosomal location, and tissue-specific expression of the murine cathepsin G gene

We previously have characterized a cluster of genes encoding cathepsin G (CG) and two other CG-like hematopoietic serine proteases, CGL-1 and CGL-2, on human chromosome 14. In this report, we clone and characterize a novel, related murine hematopoietic serine protease gene using human CG (hCG) cDNA as the probe. This murine gene spans approximately 2.5 kb of genomic DNA, is organized into five exons and four introns, and bears a high degree of homology to hCG at both nucleic acid (73%) and deduced amino acid (66%) levels. The predicted cDNA contains an open reading frame of 783 nucleotides that encodes a nascent protein of 261 amino acids. Processing of a putative signal (pre) peptide of 18 residues and an activation (pro) dipeptide would generate a mature enzyme of approximately 27 Kd that has an estimated pI of 12.0. Conserved residues at His44, Asp88, and Ser181 form the characteristic catalytic triad of the serine protease superfamily. The gene is tightly linked to the CTLA-1 locus on murine chromosome 14, where the serine protease genes mCCP1–4 are clustered. Expression of this gene is detected only in the bone marrow and is restricted to a small population of early myeloid cells. These findings are consistent with the identification of the gene encoding murine CG.
Common Peroneal Nerve Entrapment

Common peroneal nerve pathology is the most common lower extremity mononeuropathy. Dysfunction of this nerve is a cause of foot drop and anterolateral calf sensory disturbances and pain. The pattern of pain and weakness, as well as the mechanism of injury, are clues as to the etiology. This chapter describes the diagnosis and treatment of common peroneal nerve entrapments.
A Republic of One: Individuality, Autonomy and the Question of Irish Collectivity in Seamus Deane’s Reading in the Dark and Dermot Healy’s A Goat’s Song

In Celtic Revivals Seamus Deane claims “nothing is more monotonous or despairing than the search for the essence which defines a nation.” It is an exhaustive task that in twentieth-century Ireland has led to violent conflict, bloodshed and the undermining of democratic processes. If energy could be refocused to create or mould a multifarious national identity as individuals reach outward and forward rather than delving inward to the depths of a mythical past, Irish citizenry may garner the power to define a nation through multifarious cultural innovation and change rather than through a stagnant, enigmatic essence that has been the bane of twentieth-century nationalism. Seamus Deane’s Reading in the Dark and Dermot Healy’s A Goat’s Song attend to two distinct periods of twentieth-century Irish history, particularly marked by Irish nationalist agendas: post-partition Derry from the late nineteen-forties to the opening of ‘The Troubles’ in 1968 and the period of ‘The Troubles’ from the late nineteen-sixties to the nineteen-eighties in Belfast, Dublin and the West Coast of the Republic. These texts, whose central plots address the politically polarizing effects of a continued British presence in Ireland and the violent legacies of the IRA in two periods of paramilitary activity, represent some of the political and cultural effects of Irish efforts to define a nation.
Role of Novel Imaging Techniques in Detection of Chemotoxicity: Cardiac Magnetic Resonance and Radionuclide Imaging

Chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity manifests as reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and is associated with significant morbidity. Often, patients do not present with clinical symptoms until irreversible myocardial damage has occurred. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) enables the detection of subclinical changes so that cardioprotective medications and alternative chemotherapeutic strategies may be initiated before the onset of clinical symptoms. In addition to quantification of chamber volumes and ventricular function, advances in CMR including T1 and T2 mapping are playing an increasingly prominent role for the detection of inflammation and fibrosis. In this chapter we also present the relative advantages of CMR over other imaging modalities for the detection of early changes associated with cardiotoxicity.
Hepcidin Regulation by the BMP Pathway.

Abstract SCI-25 Systemic iron balance is regulated by the key iron regulatory hormone hepcidin. Secreted by the liver, hepcidin inhibits iron absorption from the diet and iron mobilization from body stores by decreasing cell surface expression of the iron export protein ferroportin. Iron administration increases hepcidin expression, thereby providing a feedback mechanism to limit further iron absorption, while anemia and hypoxia inhibit hepcidin expression, thereby increasing iron availability for erythropoiesis. Hepcidin excess is thought to have a role in the anemia of inflammation, while hepcidin deficiency is thought to be the common pathogenic mechanism underlying the iron overload disorder hereditary hemochromatosis, due to mutations in the genes encoding hepcidin itself (HAMP), HFE, transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2), or hemojuvelin (HFE2). Notably the precise molecular mechanisms by which iron levels are “sensed” and how this iron “signal” is transduced to modulate hepcidin expression have remained elusive. We have recently discovered that hemojuvelin is a co-receptor for the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway, and that hemojuvelin-mediated BMP signals increase hepcidin expression at the transcriptional level. In addition to patients with HFE2 mutations and Hfe2 knockout mice, other genetic mouse models associated with impaired hepatic BMP signaling through a global knockout of the ligand Bmp6, or selective hepatic knockout of an intracellular mediator of BMP signaling, Smad4, also cause inappropriately low hepcidin expression and iron overload. Exogenous BMP6 administration in mice increases hepatic hepcidin expression and reduces serum iron, while BMP6 antagonists inhibit hepatic hepcidin expression, mobilize reticuloendothelial cell iron stores and increase serum iron. Not only does the BMP6-hemojuvelin-SMAD pathway regulate hepcidin expression and thereby systemic iron homeostasis, but also the BMP6-SMAD pathway itself is regulated by iron. Acute iron administration in mice increases phosphorylation of Smad proteins in the liver, and chronic changes in dietary iron modulate hepatic Bmp6 mRNA expression and phosphorylation of Smad proteins concordantly with Hamp mRNA expression. Together, these data support the paramount role of the BMP6-hemojuvelin-SMAD signaling pathway in the iron-mediated regulation of hepcidin expression and systemic iron homeostasis, and suggest that modulators of this pathway may be an alternative therapeutic strategy for treating disorders of iron homeostasis. Recent work elucidating the role of the BMP signaling pathway in hepcidin regulation and systemic iron homeostasis will be presented. Disclosures Babitt:Ferrumax Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Equity Ownership.
Counter unmanned aerial system testing and evaluation methodology

Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) are increasing in flight times, ease of use, and payload sizes. Detection, classification, tracking, and neutralization of UAS is a necessary capability for infrastructure and facility protection. We discuss test and evaluation methodology developed at Sandia National Laboratories to establish a consistent, defendable, and unbiased means for evaluating counter unmanned aerial system (CUAS) technologies. The test approach described identifies test strategies, performance metrics, UAS types tested, key variables, and the necessary data analysis to accurately quantify the capabilities of CUAS technologies. The tests conducted, as defined by this approach, will allow for the determination of quantifiable limitations, strengths, and weaknesses in terms of detection, tracking, classification, and neutralization. Communicating the results of this testing in such a manner informs decisions by government sponsors and stakeholders that can be used to guide future investments and inform procurement, deployment, and advancement of such systems into their specific venues.
Selective pre-priming of HA-specific CD4 T cells restores immunological reactivity to HA on heterosubtypic influenza infection.

A hallmark of the immune response to influenza is repeated encounters with proteins containing both genetically conserved and variable components. Therefore, the B and T cell repertoire is continually being remodeled, with competition between memory and naive lymphocytes. Our previous work using a mouse model of secondary heterosubtypic influenza infection has shown that this competition results in a focusing of CD4 T cell response specificity towards internal virion proteins with a selective decrease in CD4 T cell reactivity to the novel HA epitopes. Strikingly, this shift in CD4 T cell specificity was associated with a diminished anti-HA antibody response. Here, we sought to determine whether the loss in HA-specific reactivity that occurs as a consequence of immunological memory could be reversed by selectively priming HA-specific CD4 T cells prior to secondary infection. Using a peptide-based priming strategy, we found that selective expansion of the anti-HA CD4 T cell memory repertoire enhanced HA-specific antibody production upon heterosubtypic infection. These results suggest that the potentially deleterious consequences of repeated exposure to conserved influenza internal virion proteins could be reversed by vaccination strategies that selectively arm the HA-specific CD4 T cell compartment. This could be a potentially useful pre-pandemic vaccination strategy to promote accelerated neutralizing antibody production on challenge with a pandemic influenza strain that contains few conserved HA epitopes.
Resolving the phylogenetic placement of Blossfeldia liliputana (Cactaceae): reticulate evolution, chloroplast inheritance, and graft-chimeras

The perplexing ancestral phylogenetic placement of Blossfeldia liliputana based on chloroplast DNA can possibly be explained by (1) the hybrid origin and uniparental inheritance of chloroplasts in Blossfeldia and (2) the DNA samples originating from the grafting stock upon which the Blossfeldia was cultivated. The problem with the first of these hypotheses is that nobody knows whether chloroplasts are inherited from one or both parents in Blossfeldia nor how this inheritance pattern may have changed in ancestors of Blossfeldia. Phylogenetic reconstructions of species trees assume that the mode of organelle inheritance is known, and these phylogenies are confounded by reticulate evolution. The problem with the second hypothesis is that most cultivated specimens of Blossfeldia are grafted and nobody is certain whether or not these readily form graft-chimeras. Until both hypotheses are tested, B. liliputana should be considered a highly derived member of the subfamily Cactoideae, as indicated by morphological data.
Postoperative opioid prescribing: Getting it RIGHTT.

Abstract Background Prescription opioid medications account for a large number of fatal and non-fatal overdoses. Many opioid prescription medications after surgery go unused, with the potential for diversion and misuse. As surgeons become increasingly aware of their role in opioid misuse, better tools are needed to guide behavior. Data sources There has recently been a plethora of research into opioid prescribing after surgery. A review of this literature was performed using a search for manuscripts written in the English language. Our goal was to develop an easily recalled approach to postoperative opioid prescribing. Results Based on an extensive review of recent literature, we developed the acronym RIGHTT: Risk for adverse event, Insight into pain, Going over pain plan, Halting opioids, Tossing unused opioids and Trouble identification. It is important that surgeons recognize the potential for opioid misuse in their patients. Strategies have been developed to decrease the risk of prescribing opioids. RIGHTT provides a simple acronym for surgeons to integrate best-practice strategies into their management of post-surgical opioids.
Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Systemic Sclerosis

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by fibroproliferative alterations of the microvasculature leading to fibrosis and loss of function of the skin and internal organs. Gastrointestinal manifestations of SSc are the most commonly encountered complications of the disease affecting nearly 90% of the SSc population. Among these complications, the esophagus and the anorectum are the most commonly affected. However, this devastating disorder does not spare any part of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large bowels as well as the liver and pancreas. In this review, we present the current understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of SSc including vasculopathy, endothelial to mesenchymal transformation as well as the autoimmune pathogenetic pathways. We also discuss the clinical presentation and diagnosis of each part of the GIT affected by SSc. Finally, we highlight the latest developments in the management of this disease, addressing the severe malnutrition that affects this vulnerable patient population and ways to assess and improve the nutritional status of the patients.
Outcomes from a Large Clozapine Parkinson's Registry (P01.068)

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of clozapine as a treatment for refractory psychosis in Parkinson9s disease. BACKGROUND: Clozapine has emerged as an attractive alternative among the new generation atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of Parkinson9s psychosis. DESIGN/METHODS: An IRB approved eight year retrospective chart review was conducted at the University of Florida (UF). The UF INFORM patient database and clinical records were queried for patients diagnosed with idiopathic Parkinson9s disease or Parkinsonism who developed psychosis and were subsequently treated with clozapine. Patients with a diagnosis of tardive dyskinesia, tardive dystonia, tardive akathisia and Huntington9s disease were excluded. General characteristics including age,gender and hoehn and yahr stages were collected. RESULTS: A total of 53 patients were treated with clozapine of which 32 had idiopathic Parkinson9s disease, 4 had Parkinsonism (2 multiple system atrophy, 1 Lewy body disease and 1 without a specific diagnosis). In the idiopathic PD cohort 23/53 (43%) were male. The age ranged from 45 to 87.Thirteen of the 32 (42%) patients with PD remained on clozapine and reported improvement in hallucinations with a mean treatment duration of 18 months (SD 19.2). Among those with atypical Parkinsonism one (25%) reported benefit from hallucinations. Details of the cohort will be presented including reasons for discontinuation, and symptoms best addressed by Clozapine. CONCLUSIONS: Clozapine is effective in treating a subset of refractory psychosis associated with Parkinson9s disease. However clozapine was less tolerated and less effective in addressing psychosis associated with Parkinsonism. The study was limited because of a lack of randomization or blinding and also limited by a lack of head to head comparison with another atypical antipsychotic such as quetiapine. Despite the limitations of this retrospective review, clozapine should be considered as a potential drug for treating refractory psychotic symptoms associated with PD. Supported by: Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Disclosure: Dr. Hack has nothing to disclose. Dr. Romrell has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hardwick has nothing to disclose. Dr. McFarland has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wagle-Shukla has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rodriguez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Okun has received personal compensation for activities with the National Parkinson Foundation and Ask the Expert. Dr. Okun has received royalty payments from Demos, Humana, and Cambridge. Dr. Okun has received research support from the Michael J. Fox Foundation, the National Parkinson Foundation, the Parkinson Alliance, the Smallwood Foundation, and the National Institutes of Health.
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: time for a new approach?

Nearly one-half of patients with heart failure have preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and the prevalence appears to be rising [(1)][1]. Patients with HFpEF experience similar patterns of morbidity and functional decline as do those with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) [(2,3)][
Body Image Change and Prevention: Dissonance-Based Approaches

Substantial research supports the use of cognitive dissonance-based interventions (DBIs) in the reduction of scientifically supported eating disorder risk factors, such as thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, and negative affect. Research also indicates that DBIs can reduce onset of clinically significant eating disorders. This article reviews the content of DBIs as well as the research support for and community dissemination of DBIs.