cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychotherapy for Dysthymia: A Naturalistic Study of Ten Patients

Ten early and late onset dysthymia cases, diagnosed by DSM-III criteria, were treated with the Cognitive-Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy, a standardized, three-stage therapy system developed specifically for the treatment of dysthymia. The cases are presented as naturalistic, direct-replication studies. Reliability of data trends within and across stages of treatment and generalization of effects across patients were demonstrated. The out-of-control depressive state at treatment outset is challenged by demonstrating to each patient that their depressive predicament is self-produced and maintained by maladaptive living strategies. The essential goals of therapy are teaching the patient a) to accept total responsibility for their depression and b) to achieve and maintain mood control by enacting adaptive daily living strategies. The progressive assumption of personal responsibility for the debilitative mood state is accompanied by a corresponding shift in a locus of control set from externality to internality. Patients were then taught situational coping strategies, and treatment ended when mood control was evinced. All cases were treated by J.P.M. The 10 cases met therapy termination criteria, and nine (one exception) were found in remission for dysthymia at follow-up of 2 years or more. Cognitive behavior psychotherapy, which directly attacks the helplessness and hopelessness plight of the dysthymic and teaches adaptive coping skills, appears to be an effective therapeutic strategy for the disorder.
Positive Aspects of Critical Life Problems: Recollections of Grief:

Fifty-two adults were interviewed about their bereavement, with specific focus on the ways in which the experience led to positive psychological changes in their lives. Most respondents described themselves as stronger or more competent in several ways, for example, being more mature, more independent, and better able to face other crises. A large number also reported that bereavement had led to positive experiences with their social support systems. These results are discussed in terms of their generalizability to other life crises and populations, and the degree to which they represent accurate insight and psychological health.
Patients' perception of their depressive illness.

Abstract Perception of illness has been described as an important predictor in the medical health psychology literature, but has been given little attention in the domain of mental disorders. The patient's Perception of Depression Questionnaire (PDIQ) is a newly developed measure whose factor structure and psychometric properties were evaluated on a sample of 174 outpatients meeting criteria for major depressive disorder. The clinical utility of the questionnaire was assessed on a sub-sample of 121 participants in a study of acupuncture treatment for depression. The questionnaire has four subscales, each with high internal consistency and high test–retest reliability. These four subscales are: Self-Efficacy, which reflects perceived controllability of the illness, Externalizing, which reflects attributing the illness to external causes, Hopeless/Flawed, which reflect a belief that depression is a personal trait and therefore there is little hope for cure, and Holistic, which reflects a belief in alternative therapies. Although the PDIQ did not predict outcome, its subscales were related to adherence to treatment, treatment preference, expectations, and therapeutic alliance. The subscales have adequate convergent/discriminant validity and are clinically relevant to aspects of treatment provision.
Decreased Dicer expression is linked to increased expression of co-stimulatory molecule CD80 on B cells in multiple sclerosis

Background:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. B cells have been strongly implicated in disease pathogenesis based on clinical trials with B-cell ablation. There is a growing body of evidence linking microRNAs with regulation of the immune system. Dicer, a key enzyme involved in microRNA biogenesis, is necessary for normal B-cell function.Objective:We aimed to determine whether Dicer expression is impaired in B cells and is linked to increased expression co-stimulatory molecules in patients with MS.Methods:B cells were separated from blood samples of MS patients and healthy subjects. Expression of Dicer and co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 was tested. The effect of Dicer modulation on CD80 and CD86 expression in B cells was studied.Results:Dicer expression was decreased in B cells but not in monocytes of patients with MS compared with healthy subjects. CD80 and CD86 expression was increased on B cells of MS patients compared with healthy ...
The molecular biology of Euglena gracilis. IX. Amino acid pool composition.

SYNOPSIS The amino acid composition of the acid soluble fraction of Euglena gracilis was determined from cells grown in 4 different culture media. Glutamic acid is the major free amino acid. Hydrolysis of this fraction increases the amount of free amino groups, the major amino acids found are then glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine and arginine. The pattern of amino acid distribution is similar in all 4 culture media. L-arginyl-L-glutamine was isolated and identified in extracts from all 4 culture conditions. It was shown to be a metabolic intermediate by radioactivity chase experiments.
Review of "Coping With Psychiatric and Psychological Testimony (6th ed.)," by David Faust and Jay Ziskin

Being involved in a legal case, such as giving “treating doctor” and “expert” testimony, is often difficult for a family therapist. For example, the need to make clinical records and information av...
Turning Eyes to the Big Sky project: learning optics in middle school

The Turning Eyes to the Big Sky project offered schools in southwestern Montana a unique opportunity to strengthen science instruction. The project implemented, in a formal setting, a nationally established informal science curriculum on light and optics, the Hands-on Optics Terrific Telescopes curriculum. Terrific Telescopes was implemented in 8 middle school classrooms, reaching 166 students during the 2010-11 school year. As part of the project, we conducted a teacher workshop and assessed student learning outcomes and teachers' experiences with the curriculum. The goals of our assessments were to improve our understanding of how students learn key optics-related principles, provide evidence of the learning outcomes of Terrific Telescopes, and find out how teachers adapt it for use in formal settings. Our research established that students in every classroom learned optics concepts and identified ways to support and supplement the curriculum for use in classrooms.
Issues in the measurement of energy intake for free‐living human populations

Energy intake is the most difficult component of energy balance to measure. All known methods are subject to considerable error, both random error and bias. High variability within and between subjects means that sampling is important to increase reliability. Further, the fact that true intakes are unknown means that some outside measure of validity is desirable as a check on the accuracy of recording of habitual intake. This report examines food intake for populations where expenditure has been measured by doubly labeled water. For 21 populations where aggregate data have been reported, intake came within one megajoule (MJ) of expenditure in about one-half of the cases. In seven populations where individual intake and expenditure were noted, reported intakes did not differ from measured expenditure for four groups, but differed significantly for two groups of African farm women and one group of obese volunteers. Individuals also differed in ranking of intake and expenditure, with intake able to predict the rank of expenditure only for one group of German students. Energy intake data are important for both ecological and epidemiological studies but are poor measures to use in estimating energy balance. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Familiality of Tourette Syndrome, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Heritability Analysis in a Large Sib-Pair Sample

Objective Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder with a genetic component that is highly comorbid with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the genetic relations between these disorders have not been clearly elucidated. This study examined the familial relations among TS, OCD, and ADHD in a large sample of TS families. Method Parent–offspring concordance of TS, OCD, and ADHD was examined in 952 individuals from 222 TS-affected sib-pair families originally collected for genetic studies using logistic regression with generalized estimating equations to control for correlated data. Variance components methods were used to estimate the heritability and genetic and environmental correlations among TS, OCD, and ADHD. Bilineal families where both parents had TS or OCD were excluded. Results OCD and ADHD were highly heritable in these TS families. There were significant genetic correlations between TS and OCD and between OCD and ADHD, but not between TS and ADHD. In addition, significant environmental correlations were found between TS and ADHD and between OCD and ADHD. Parental OCD + ADHD was associated with offspring OCD + ADHD. Conclusions This study provides further evidence for a genetic relation between TS and OCD and suggests that the observed relation between TS and ADHD may due in part be to a genetic association between OCD and ADHD and in part due to shared environmental factors.
Molecular orbital correlation diagrams for He2, He2+, N2, N2+, CO, and CO+

After a preliminary check with He2 and He2+, self‐consistent field calculations have been carried out for the nitrogen and carbon monoxide molecules and some of their positive ions for the range of internuclear distances from about 1.5 times equilibrium down to 0.01 bohr. To adequately describe the passage from the separated to the united atom limits, basis sets comprised of even‐tempered expansions of Slater type s and p functions were centered at each nucleus and at a point midway between them. This three center procedure is compared with that of reoptimizing basis functions at each internuclear distance. It is found that the three‐center approach almost completely obviates the need of the polarization functions which must be added if a two‐center approach is used. The correlation diagrams for nitrogen and carbon monoxide and the first positive ions of each symmetry type are all similar in shape, especially for the innermost orbitals. Ionization potential curves plotted on the diagrams for the neutral s...
Enhancement of benzodiazepine receptor binding by L-lysine is chloride-dependent and due to increase in binding affinity

Abstract L-Lysine enhanced specific [3H]flunitrazepam binding dose dependently on extensively washed bovine brain membrane in vitro. This enhancement was stimulated by chloride ions dose dependently. Scatchard analysis indicated this enhancement by L-lysine to be due to increase in binding affinity (KD) with no change in receptor density (Bmax). Since enhancement of [3H]flunitrazepam binding by L-lysine was partially inhibited by picrotoxinin, L-lysine may act on a distinct picrotoxinin-sensitive site which was distinct from the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor site. This binding site, however, appears to have some features resembling that of the central nervous system-depressant barbiturates.
Computer-Supported Content Analysis: Trends, Tools, and Techniques

This article reviews recent innovations in software for computer-supported content analysis, focusing on software designed to support quantitative analyses of texts and images. It also reviews recent developments in content analysis theory, recent research on the effectiveness of various coding protocols, and the proliferation of online databases.
Response to the 2009 pandemic: Effect on influenza control in wealthy and poor countries

The declaration by the World Health Organization (WHO) that appearance of a swine-origin novel influenza virus in 2009 represented a pandemic was based on previously adopted guidelines and the new International Health Regulations. Severity of the pandemic was not part of the definition used, but it was stated to be less than severe at the time of declaration. It was necessary, when there was still uncertainty about the overall impact of the pandemic, for vaccine production to begin to have timely availability. Countries arranged to have vaccine for their populations, and WHO attempted to secure supplies for under-resourced countries. The world had been concerned that the next pandemic might be a severe one, based on the specter of avian influenza with a case fatality of up to 80% in humans. After it was clear that the 2009 pandemic was not severe, there were accusations, especially in Europe, that countries had secured vaccine supplies mainly to benefit the manufacturers. Such charges, even when refuted, may undermine public confidence in the process which assures vaccine supply and availability of vaccine for seasonal use. Production of pandemic vaccine is conditioned on the supply of seasonal influenza vaccine; it is unrealistic to expect vaccine to be available for pandemic use when none is used for seasonal influenza. This particularly applies to poorer counties. They have traditionally not recognized that influenza is a problem, although this attitude is changing. As we go forward, we need to keep in mind the global nature of the threat of influenza. Had the 2009 pandemic been more severe, demand would have been greater and poorer counties would have had little vaccine to meet their needs. Only by taking a broad view of influenza on an annual basis can vaccine supplies be ensured for all countries of the world.
Potentiation of quinolinate-induced hippocampal lesions by inhibition of NO synthesis

Abstract Low doses of quinolinic acid (QUIN) administered intracerebroventricularly (ICV) to rats produced either no damage or mild to moderate damage in the pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus and resulted in mild, limbic seizures in the majority of animals treated. The same dose of QUIN following ICV pretreatment with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N- nitro- l -arginine (NARG), produced extensive hippocampal lesions with complete loss of the pyramidal layer in 50% of the animals, and moderate damage with total neuronal loss in areas CA1 and CA3 in the remainder of the group. Animals treated with both NARG and QUIN also exhibited a greater incidence of severe convulsive behavior ( 9 11 ) and 3 deaths. Pretreatment with the nitric oxide-generating drug molsidomine attenuated the enhanced toxicity observed with combined NARG-QUIN treatment, resulting primarily in no detectable hippocampal damages and mild seizures resembling those produced by QUIN alone. Administration of NARG alone produced neither seizure activity nor histological evidence of neurotoxicity. We conclude that inhibition of nitric oxide production with NARG potentiates the neurotoxicity of quinolinic acid in the rat hippocampus.
Display Life and Internal Cooked Color of Ground Beef from Vitamin E-Supplemented Steers

The retail display life of fresh ground meat and the internal color of patties cooked to four endpoint temperatures (55, 65, 71, and 77°C) were determined for ground beef (10% fat) from vitamin E-supplemented (500 and 2000 IU) or nonsupplemented steers. Vitamin E supplementation increased (P 0.05) internal cooked color or expressible juice color of the patties, and it did not cause premature browning or persistent redness. Increased levels of vitamin E supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) TBA values but had no effect on total reducing activity or oxidation-reduction potential.
The change in refractive power of the human eye in dim and bright light.

It has been reported that the human eye behaves as though relatively short-sighted in dim light. Observers tend to compensate for this change by setting optical instruments more negatively in dim than in bright light. New measurements of telescope settings by 21 observers reveal an average increase in power of the eye in dim light of 0.59 diopter (range +1.4 diopters to −3.4 diopters). The dilation of the pupil in dim light does not contribute significantly to this phenomenon. The chromatic aberration of the eye was measured in 14 observers with a specially designed spectral stigmatoscope. The refractive power of the eye increases about 3.2 diopters between 750 and 365 mμ. For this reason the Purkinje shift of maximum visual sensitivity from 560 mμ in bright light to 505 mμ in dim light produces a relative myopia in dim light of 0.35 to 0.40 diopter. Persons who display changes larger or smaller than this do so because of involuntary changes in the accommodation in bright and dim light. In dim light the eye enters a state of relatively fixed focus, little different from its condition when the accommodation is paralyzed with homatropine. In this fixed state the accommodation may be relaxed, or it may add as much as 3 diopters to the refractive power of the eye. Experienced observers focus optical instruments in dim light close to the optimal settings determined objectively. Departures of more than 0.5 diopter in either direction from the optimal focus depress the visual sensitivity and acuity. It is concluded that setting optical instruments about 0.4 diopter more negatively in dim than in bright light is justified on the basis of the chromatic aberration of the eye. Many observers gain a further advantage from individual adjustments of focus in dim light, appropriate to their accommodative behavior.
Chloro-oxime derivatives as novel small molecule chaperone amplifiers.

Abstract Chloro-oxime derivatives were investigated as novel small molecule chaperone amplifiers. Lead optimization led to the discovery of compounds that displayed potent HSF1 activation activity, significant cytoprotection in MG-132 stress, ER stress and PolyQ stress cell models (EC50
Parallel multigrid smoothing: polynomial versus Gauss--Seidel

Gauss-Seidel is often the smoother of choice within multigrid applications. In the context of unstructured meshes, however, maintaining good parallel efficiency is difficult with multiplicative iterative methods such as Gauss-Seidel. This leads us to consider alternative smoothers. We discuss the computational advantages of polynomial smoothers within parallel multigrid algorithms for positive definite symmetric systems. Two particular polynomials are considered: Chebyshev and a multilevel specific polynomial. The advantages of polynomial smoothing over traditional smoothers such as Gauss-Seidel are illustrated on several applications: Poisson's equation, thin-body elasticity, and eddy current approximations to Maxwell's equations. While parallelizing the Gauss-Seidel method typically involves a compromise between a scalable convergence rate and maintaining high flop rates, polynomial smoothers achieve parallel scalable multigrid convergence rates without sacrificing flop rates. We show that, although parallel computers are the main motivation, polynomial smoothers are often surprisingly competitive with Gauss-Seidel smoothers on serial machines.
Estrogen Suppresses Gastric Motility Response to Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and Stress in Awake Rats

Symptoms associated with gastric motility alteration vary with stress and ovarian hormone status, most notably in women with irritable bowel syndrome. This study examines combined effects, comparing gastric motility during administration of a stress-related neuropeptide thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and restraint stress in conscious rats of varied ovarian hormone status. Adult rats were ovariectomized and implanted with estrogen, progesterone, or vehicle-releasing pellets. After 21 days, intracerebroventricular (i.c.) cannula and gastric tension transducer were implanted. After 25-27 days, motility was recorded during neuropeptide injection (TRH/saline i.c.) or restraint stress. TRH induced increased motility in all groups; the response varied with hormone group, and was least and briefest in estrogen-treated rats. Motility during restraint varied with hormone group; it was diminished in estrogen-treated but not other groups. Ovarian hormone status (estrogen) modifies gut response to TRH and restraint stress.
Training a computer to assign descriptors to documents: experiments in automatic indexing

During the past five to ten years, increasing interest has developed in the use of machines as a substitution for human intellectual effort in the indexing or classification of the subject content of documents. In terms of practical applications, the greatest interest to date has been in keyword indexing from the significant words actually occurring in titles, abstracts, or full texts. Pioneering use of computers for this purpose, by Luhn and Baxendale, has been followed by the development of a number of KWIC (keyword-in-context) and similar programs.
Synthesis and characterization of canola oil-stearic acid-based trans-free structured lipids for possible margarine application.

Incorporation of stearic acid into canola oil to produce trans-free structured lipid (SL) as a healthy alternative to partially hydrogenated fats for margarine formulation was investigated. Response surface methodology was used to study the effects of lipozyme RM IM from Rhizomucor miehei and Candida rugosa lipase isoform 1 (LIP1) and two acyl donors, stearic acid and ethyl stearate, on the incorporation. Lipozyme RM IM and ethyl stearate gave the best result. Gram quantities of SLs were synthesized using lipozyme RM IM, and the products were compared to SL made by chemical catalysis and fat from commercial margarines. After short-path distillation, the products were characterized by GC and RPHPLC-MS to obtain fatty acid and triacylglycerol profiles, 13C NMR spectrometry for regiospecific analysis, X-ray diffraction for crystal forms, and DSC for melting profile. Stearic acid was incorporated into canola oil, mainly at the sn-1,3 positions, for the lipase reaction, and no new trans fatty acids formed. Mos...
Memberships Levels in U. S. Private Clubs During the 2008–2010 Economic Downturn

This study measured membership changes in private clubs in the United States during the economic downturn from 2008 to 2010. Specifically examined were the changes clubs experienced with their number of members, waiting lists, and attrition rates. A letter was sent via e-mail to the same 1,000 private clubs that were sent a survey in a similar study conducted by Ferreira and Gustafson (2006) The managers of these clubs were members of the Club Managers Association of America. The majority of respondents managed country clubs and member-owned clubs, representing different areas of the United States. An overall response rate of 53% was achieved. Most clubs experienced a decrease in the overall number of members and an increase in annual attrition rate. Fewer clubs reported having a waiting list of members wanting to join. The clubs without waiting lists reported a larger number of membership openings in their clubs. The results of this study suggest the levels of memberships in many private clubs are heavil...
Childbirth-related psychiatric illness

Abstract The term childbirth-related psychiatric illness might have meant: (1) a group of disorders essentially no different from nonchildbirth-related disorders; (2) a group of distinct diagnostic entities peculiar to childbearing; or (3) any specified combination of group (1) and (2). Evidence has been presented that patients with “childbirth-related psychiatric illness” have not been studied as homogeneous cohorts (or at least were not reported as such). A relationship between the illness and the childbearing period was present only in some patients; these patients were not studied separately. In others, any such relationship was either absent, uncertain, or unspecified (for reasons explained in the text). It may be that the unusual descriptions of diagnoses, the controversy over the nature of postpartum delirium, the unexpectedly low mortality rate from all causes, and other unusual characteristics found reflected, in part, the presence of inadequately identified populations in the reviewed studies. For this reason, it was believed unnecessary to include additional data in this review. In conclusion, it is believed that the contribution of this review is to suggest both the lack of and reasons for the inadequate information on childbirth-related psychiatric disorders.
Y-27632 improves rotarod performance and reduces huntingtin levels in R6/2 mice

Huntington disease (HD) is a devastating, untreatable, dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease. It is caused by an expanded CAG codon repeat that leads to an elongated polyglutamine tract in the N-terminus of the huntingtin (Htt) protein. Few mechanism-based therapeutic leads have been developed. Y-27632, an inhibitor of the Rho-associated kinase ROCK, reduces Htt aggregation in cultured cells and Htt-induced neurodegeneration in Drosophila, but its effect in mice is unknown. We determined that Y-27632 is bioavailable in brain, with a half-life of 60-90 min. We then initiated a trial in R6/2 mice, which express Htt exon 1, administering 100 mg/kg/day of Y-27632 in drinking water. We did not observe a significant effect on brain weight, inclusion number or size, striatal medium spiny neuron number, clasping behavior, or lifespan. However, Y-27632 treatment improved rotarod performance significantly, and also reduced soluble brain Htt levels. The ROCK signaling pathway thus remains a promising therapeutic target for HD, and more potent inhibitors may prove useful.
Preterm delivery and low birth weight in singleton pregnancies conceived by women with and without a history of infertility.

Objective To determine predictors of low birth weight (LBW) and preterm delivery (PTD) in singleton pregnancies conceived by women with and without a history of infertility. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Eleven infertility clinics in northern California. Patient(s) Three groups of women who carried singleton pregnancies to ≥20 weeks' gestation: 542 infertile women who conceived after treatment, 441 infertile women who conceived spontaneously, and 1,008 fertile women for comparison. Intervention(s) Chart review. Main Outcome Measure(s) Association of LBW or PTD with infertility treatment, maternal age, parity, obesity, or development of gestational diabetes. Result(s) Infertile women who conceived with treatment were more likely to be obese, develop gestational diabetes, and have ovarian, ovulatory, or male factor infertility than infertile women who conceived spontaneously. Infertile women who conceived after treatment had 1.61 times greater odds of having an LBW infant. Nulliparity was an independent predictor of LBW and PTD in all three groups after controlling for maternal age, history of infertility, infertility treatment, obesity, and gestational diabetes. Conclusion(s) Nulliparous women and women with a history of infertility who conceive a singleton after treatment may be at increased odds for having an LBW infant. Infertile women do not appear to be at increased odds for PTD.
Expression of Amphiregulin Is Regulated in Cultured Human Keratinocytes and in Developing Fetal Skin

Previous studies have indicated that amphiregulin is a major autocrine factor for human keratinocytes. To evaluate the possibilities that amphiregulin could function in fetal skin morphogenesis and contribute to the growth regulation of epidermis, immunostaining with a specific anti-amphiregulin monoclonal antibody was observed at different stages of fetal skin development, and the results were compared with neonatal and adult skin specimens and cultured neonatal keratinocytes. Immunoreactive amphiregulin was readily detected in the periderm and basal epidermal layers of embryonic epidermis but became gradually less detectable in the periderm concurrent with an increase in staining of the spinous layer as it developed during the fetal period. Basal and spinous keratinocyte expression of amphiregulin was predominantly cytoplasmic, but with punctate nuclear foci, and this pattern persisted into the neonatal period. At all developmental stages, epithelial and mesenchymal cells of the follicle were reactive, often in a nuclear pattern. Dermal mesenchymal cell were increasingly reactive in late fetal skin, but the staining decreased postnatally. In adult skin only randomly scattered nuclei of spinous keratinocytes and follicular structures such as the inner root sheath were stained. Examination by scanning laser confocal microscopy of cultured neonatal keratinocytes showed a nonrandom distribution of amphiregulin to the peripheral cytoplasm and plasma membranes at the outer perimeter of cell colonies, with much less reactivity of apposed keratinocyte membranes at interior sites. Nuclei were heterogeneously stained. Amphiregulin reactivity declined at higher cell densities. These data indicate that expression of amphiregulin is regulated in vitro and developmentally during cutaneous morphogenesis.
Fabrication of organic nanoparticles by PRINT: master generation using lithographic and RIE techniques

By using PRINT (Particle Replication In Non-wetting Templates), a general soft technique for replication of diverse shapes at the sub-micron level, we have been able to produce organic nano-particles. Lithographic patterning (using 193nm exposure tool) was employed to generate 160nm posts on a 6" Si wafer; the material of the posts being the organic polymer based commercial photoresist. RIE was then performed on the patterned substrate to transfer the geometry to the Si; various aspect ratios of the Si nano-posts were obtained upon etch time variation. PRINT was used to make a mold of the nano-features on the Si wafer and subsequently fabricate cross-linked organic nano-particles by using PEG-diacrylate (PolyEthylene Glycol diacrylate). Such organic nano-matrices would be potentially useful as therapeutic agent carriers, imaging chemical encapsulants and localized drug delivery vehicles.
Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia

Dysfunction in interpersonal relations, work, education, and/or self care is a hallmark of schizophrenia. Numerous studies have attempted to clarify how cognitive deficits may be related to patients’ positive and negative symptoms and real-world functioning, and have evaluated interventions to improve patient outcomes. Though effective interventions have proven elusive, the literature continues to grow rapidly. This review of the most recent studies places them in the broader context of the evolution of knowledge of cognition, while focusing on the definition of cognitive domains, the ways in which cognitive deficits may be related to social functioning (among other aspects of real-world functioning), and the patterns and implications of cognitive deficits in old age with respect to patients’ health and perceived quality of life. To date, lengthy, multifaceted interventions have shown the most promise. To improve self care, interventions targeting patients’ dysfunctional beliefs about aging may be particularly helpful.
Isoelectronic donor iodine and broad-band photoluminescence in TlBr

Two different experiments on nominally undoped crystals of TlBr (indirect band gap 2.670 eV) are reported: thermal quenching of the emission bands between 2 and 100 K, and the dependence of relative intensity of emission bands on exciting intensity, at 2 K. Both support unexpectedly small binding energies, of \ensuremath{\sim} 10 meV, for electrons and holes to residual impurities. These emit broad (0.25 eV) structureless bands at 1.80, 2.20, and 2.43 eV, and are therefore expected to originate in tightly bound centers. Their origin is known only for the 2.20-eV band, which is due to the recombination of an exciton bound to the isoelectronic impurity iodine. Thermal quenching of the emission bands shows two activation energies for the 2.20-eV band. These are identified with a binding energy of 37 meV for the hole to the iodine, and 2 meV for that of the electron to the system (iodine-hole). For the 2.43-eV band a single activation energy of 4 meV is identified with the binding energy of an exciton to an unknown defect. Other isoelectronic systems are compared with TlBr:I. Their possible connection with induced infrared absorption is suggested. Finally, the direct edge emission found in TlBr in the vicinity of 3.000 eV is discussed, and found to be anomalous in view of recent results showing its band gap to be indirect.
Cholesterol synthesis by isolated rat liver cells.

THE losses of metabolic activity in isolated liver cells reported by Laws1 and others might correlate with results we have obtained in studies of lipogenesis by such preparations. Our cell suspension procedure was essentially a combination of that of Anderson2 and of Kaltenbach3. Rat liver was perfused, and back-perfused with 0.0138 M potassium citrate in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH. 7.8. In some experiments one or more lobes of the liver were first tied off and the remainder of the organ perfused. After treatment the liver was cut into chunks and pressed through a 30-mesh stainless steel screen, 3 cm. in diameter, mounted in the end of a cylindrical ‘Lucite’ press (Fig. 1). The 3-cm. diameter screen is inserted between the screw-cap and the barrel of the press; the entire assembly may be readily cleaned. All operations were carried out at 0° C.
Electron Microscopy for the Diagnosis of Ocular Viral Infections

Tear samples obtained from patients with suspected viral conjunctivitis were examined by virus culture and by the pseudoreplica method for electron microscopy (EM). Adenoviruses were isolated in 13 of the 34 cases (38%) clinically diagnosed as adenovirus conjunctivitis. Characteristic adenoviral particles were demonstrated by electron microscopy in seven of the culture-positive, and two of the culture-negative samples. In cases of herpes simplex virus ocular infection, tears were virus positive by culture in one-third of the patients; two-thirds of the culture positive specimens were also positive by EM. This study demonstrates the potential of electron microscopy as a rapid, specific, and relatively inexpensive method for the laboratory diagnosis of ocular viral infections.
High-dose rate brachytherapy (HDRB) for primary or recurrent cancer in the vagina.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of HDR brachytherapy for primary or recurrent vaginal cancer. Between the years 2000 to 2006, 18 patients with primary or recurrent vaginal cancer were treated with brachytherapy (HDRB). Six patients had primary vaginal cancer (stage II to IVA) while 12 were treated for isolated vaginal recurrence (primary cervix = 4, vulva = 1 and endometrium = 7). Five patients had previous pelvic radiation therapy. All except one patient received external beam radiation therapy to a median dose of 45 Gy (range 31.2–55.8 Gy). The HDRB was intracavitary using a vaginal cylinder in 5 patients and interstitial using a modified Syed-Nesblett template in 13 patients. The dose of interstitial brachytherapy was 18.75 Gy in 5 fractions delivered twice daily. The median follow-up was 18 months (range 6–66 months). Complete response (CR) was achieved in all but one patient (94%). Of these 17 patients achieving a CR, 1 had local recurrence and 3 had systemic recurrence at a median time of 6 months (range 6–22 months). The 2-year actuarial local control and cause-specific survival for the entire group were 88% and 82.5%, respectively. In subset analysis, the crude local control was 100% for primary vaginal cancer, 100% for the group with recurrence without any prior radiation and 67% for group with recurrence and prior radiation therapy. Two patients had late grade 3 or higher morbidity (rectovaginal fistula in one patient and chronic vaginal ulcer resulting in bleeding in one patient). Both these patients had prior radiation therapy. Our small series suggests that HDRB is efficacious for primary or recurrent vaginal cancer. Patients treated with primary disease and those with recurrent disease without prior irradiation have the greatest benefit from HDRB in this setting. The salvage rate for patients with prior radiation therapy is lower with a higher risk of significant complications. Additional patients and follow-up are ongoing to determine the long-term efficacy of this approach.
Teachers as Sources of Middle School Students' Motivational Identity: Variable-Centered and Person-Centered Analytic Approaches.

Variable-centered (regression) and person-centered (cluster analytic) techniques were used to examine the relations between 206 eighth-grade students' achievement motivation and their perceptions of teacher caring, after accounting for influences of parents and peers and controlling for prior (grade 7) motivation. Motivation was assessed using students' self-reports of academic self-efficacy and intrinsic valuing of education, as well as teacher ratings of effort. Teacher, parent, and peer influences on motivation were based on students' self-reports. Regression analyses revealed that perceived teacher caring accounted for significant amounts of variance in all 3 measures of eighth-grade motivation, after controlling for both seventh-grade motivation and perceived motivational influences from parents and peers. Although these results were consistent with an additive effects model of development, cluster analyses showed that most students perceived consistency (positive, neutral, or negative) in the messag...
Short-term load forecasting by a neural network and a refined genetic algorithm

Abstract Feedforward artificial neural networks have many properties that make them specially suited to short-term load forecasting. However, the main drawback is not having a training algorithm that finds a nearly global set of weights in a reasonable amount of time. A genetic algorithm is a robust optimization method that find solutions to problems by an evolutionary process based on natural selection. This paper presents short-term load forecasting using a genetic algorithm to optimize the weights of an artificial neural network. It also presents a technique that allows a genetic algorithm to consistently find a good set of weights for an artificial neutral network. A 12-hour power system forecast is then performed comparing the refined genetic algorithm's training algorithm, the back-propagation training algorithm, and an interior point training algorithm.
ON THE STEADY-STATE BEHAVIOR OF THE NONADIABATIC AUTOTHERMAL TUBULAR REACTOR

Abstract Singularity theory, local bifurcation analysis and numerical simulations are combined to investigate the steady-state behavior of the nonadiabatic autothermal tubular reactor in which a first-order exothermic reaction occurs. The steady-state model of the reactor consists of three first-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations with unmixed boundary conditions and contains six dimensionless groups. It is found that this simple convection-reaction model can have an arbitrarily large number of steady states. In addition, when the residence time is varied, the different possible bifurcation diagrams that exist vary from all those that occur in the classical cooled CSTR model to those found in the classical nonadiabatic tubular reactor model. We use local bifurcation techniques to make these predictions and confirm them with numerical solution of the full model. Singularity theory is used to classify the different types of bifurcation diagrams for a case where there is a maximum of five steady states.
FYI 3000 Plus: For searching large files

FYI 3000 Plus retrieves information from documents in ASCII format. Ease of input, ability to handle large files, depth of indexing and low cost make this an attractive package, particularly for users who are more interested in locating stored information than in displaying it attractively.
Vibration reception by the fiddler crab, Uca minax

Abstract 1. 1. Courting male Uca minax produce sounds 1–4 sec in duration, composed of two to nine pulses and containing energies below 1 kHz (maxima between 300 and 600 Hz). Acceleration levels were 68–84 dB re: 10−3 cm/sec2 at 5–20 cm from the male. 2. 2. Thresholds to tonal vibrations between 30 Hz and 1–5 kHz were measured (a) via gross recordings from the legs of intact animals and (b) from single and multiple units in the proximal leg nerve. Multiple units yielded thresholds 10–15 dB below the single units, and up to 40 dB below the gross recording. 3. 3. All units responded primarily to stimulus onset, with single units showing most rapid adaptation (5–10 msec). Coding of stimulus amplitude was weakly developed within units, but may be accomplished by several units differing in sensitivity. None of the units coded tonal frequency.
Radiation-Induced Mouse Leukemia: Consistent Occurrence of an Extra and a Marker Chromosome

Granulocytic leukemia, induced in the primary mouse by x-irradiation, was serially transmitted to RF/Up mice. An extra chromosome, as well as a morphologicaly unusual chromosome, was found in the bone marrow cells of all the leukemic mice that had been injected previously either with leukemic spleen cells or with cell-free ultracentrifugates. This suggests that the changes in the chromosomes are caused by a virus.
Downscaling of Global Soil Moisture using Auxiliary Data

Soil moisture is important to land surface modeling and climate modeling, which usually use soil moisture as a critical parameter. Derivation of soil moisture by radar remote sensing has theoretically and practically proven to be possible. However, radar-derived soil moisture is at coarse resolution, nominally about 25 kilometers, which does not satisfy the requirements of models using higher resolution grids. It is desirable to downscale the soil moisture to resolutions finer than 25 kilometers, especially 1 to 5 kilometers. In this study, derived parameters from MODIS have been used to derive the correlation between soil moisture and these parameters and downscale soil moisture. Six downscaling algorithms were proposed and compared. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) was used as the base model. Results showed that GWR performed well in downscaling. Further studies would look into more parameters for base models and higher-order polynomial regression for improving the accuracy of soil moisture downscaling.
Nonrandom Survival of Gene Conversions among Yeast Ribosomal Proteins Duplicated through Genome Doubling

By comparing the patterns of evolution in the coding and upstream noncoding regions of yeast ribosomal protein (RP) genes duplicated in a genome duplication, we find that although nonsynonymous sites in the coding sequences show strong evidence for the fixation of recent gene conversion events, similar patterns are less evident among the synonymous positions and noncoding regulatory elements. This result suggests a potential explanation for the somewhat puzzling fact that duplicated RP genes are not functionally redundant despite their very high protein sequence identity. An analysis of the patterns of regulatory network evolution after genome duplication also indicates that the duplicated proteins have diverged considerably in expression despite their similar protein sequences.
Chemical Dependence Involving Glucocorticoids

The abuse of anabolic steroids has been well documented in the literature. In contrast, relatively little is written about the abuse potential of glucocorticoids. A case report of a 51-year-old man with substance dependence on prednisone is reported. The limited available literature on the abuse of glucocorticoids is briefly reviewed, and the challenge of treating patients who abuse these medications discussed.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor mRNA in Pericytes Is Upregulated by Phorbol Myristate Acetate

Increased microvascular permeability, which occurs in conditions such as the adult respiratory distress syndrome and diabetes mellitus, is related to physicochemical alterations in the microvascular barrier. We postulate that, in part, capillary pericytes affect microvascular permeability via production of a vasoactive cytokine, viz, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), also known as vascular permeability factor. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the effects of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), a substance known to produce nonhydrostatic pulmonary edema in intact animals, on VEGF gene expression in pericyte cultures. Microvascular pericytes were isolated from bovine retinas using magnetic microspheres coated with 3G5 monoclonal antibody. Pericyte identity was confirmed both morphologically and by immunostaining for alpha-smooth muscle actin and 3G5 ganglioside. The cultured pericytes were stimulated with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 1 x 10(-4) mmol/L), angiotensin II (1 x 10(-6) mmol/L), and PMA (5 x 10(-8) mmol/L), selected because of their ability to upregulate VEGF mRNA expressions in other cell types. Northern blot analysis was performed using [32P]dCTP labeled human VEGF cDNA (Genentech). Lane-loading differences were normalized using mouse GAPDH control cDNA probe. VEGF mRNA expression was upregulated by PMA (10(-9) to 10(-6) mol/L) in a dose-dependent manner, whereas neither L-NAME nor angiotensin II affected VEGF mRNA expression in pericytes. These results support the hypothesis that pericytes increase permeability of the endothelial barrier through increased VEGF production.
Effects of Using a New Protective Sealant on the Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets

This study determines the effect of applying a new protective sealant to the enamel surface on the shear bond strengths of orthodontic brackets. Sixty teeth were randomly divided into three groups. In group 1 (control), the brackets were bonded to the etched teeth using the regular sealant. In group 2, the sealant was replaced with Pro Seal and light cured as recommended by the manufacturer; the brackets were then placed, and the adhesive was light cured. In group 3, Pro Seal was applied, the bracket with the adhesive was placed on the tooth, and both Pro Seal and the adhesive were cured simultaneously. The purpose of this modification was to reduce one of the steps during the bonding procedure. A shear force was applied at the bracket-tooth interface using a Zwick Universal Test Machine. The results of the analysis of variance (F-ratio = 1.35) indicated that the shear bond strengths of the three groups were not significantly different (P = .267) from each other. The mean shear bond strength of the control group was 4.9+/-2.1 MPa. The mean shear bond strength for teeth coated with Pro Seal and light cured followed by application and light curing of the adhesive was 4.8+/-2.3 MPa, and the mean for the teeth coated with Pro Seal and then bracket placed followed by simultaneous light curing of the sealant and the adhesive was 4.0+/-1.5 MPa.
The Effects of Victim-Related Contextual Factors on the Criminal Justice System:

Despite numerous reforms designed to integrate the needs and concerns of crime victims into the criminal justice system, which include expanding programs for compensation and restitution, providing counseling and other services to victims, and increasing victims’ involvement in the criminal justice process, critics have argued that these reforms have failed to produce any meaningful change. To investigate this claim, the current study examined how community contextual factors (i.e., characteristics of the economic, political, and social contexts) and victim-related contextual factors (i.e., the availability of victim resources, county-level indicators of justice, and victim participation in the criminal justice system) affected sentencing outcomes across the state of Pennsylvania. Analyses using sentencing information from the Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing for the years 1996 to 2006 and contextual information from the U.S. Census, the Uniform Crime Reports, and the Pennsylvania Office of Victims’ ...