cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stable transfection of PC12 cells with estrogen receptor (ERα): Protective effects of estrogen on cell survival after serum deprivation

Potential protective effects of the gonadal steroid estrogen on neurons are of particular interest in aging, neurodegenerative disease, and other traumatic conditions. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that estrogen, acting through the estrogen receptor (ERα), can enhance neuronal cell survival in the face of serious apoptotic challenge. PC12 cells were transfected with full-length rat ERα cDNA and a number of stable transfectants that expressed ER mRNA and protein (PCER cells) at levels comparable to those present in uterus or the MCF7 breast cancer cell line were obtained. A control line of cells transfected with vector DNA alone (PCCON cells) was used for comparisons. The apoptotic challenge used in the experiments was serum-free media, as it is well established that undifferentiated PC12 cells rapidly undergo cell death via apoptosis under those conditions. Estrogen treatment of PCER cells markedly increased the viability of these cells relative to PCCON cells in serum-free media, as assessed by trypan blue staining and TUNEL staining. We also examined the mitotic effects of estrogen treatment. While estrogen significantly stimulated bromodeoxy uridine (BrdU) incorporation into PCER cells in low-serum, but otherwise steroid-free media, no BrdU incorporation occurred in serum-free media. Mitotic effects of estrogen in low-serum steroid-free media were completely abolished by treatment with the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780. From this we conclude that the effects of estrogen on PCER cells in serum-free media can be attributed to increased cell survival, rather than proliferation. J. Neurosci. Res. 56:99–108, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Transplantation of norepinephrine neurons into aged rats improves performance of a learned task.

Abstract A reproducible behavior correlate of aging in rodents is deficient performance of inhibitory avoidance memory tasks. Impaired performance has been attributed, in part, to age-related changes in brain norepinephrine (NE) system function. To determine whether supplemenation of brain NE can ameliorate avoidanace deficits in aged animals, we transplanted noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons from fetal rat donors into the cerebral ventricle of 24-month-old male F344 rats. Aged rats that received NE-containing grafts exhibited significant improvement of inhibitory avoidance retention performance compared to both unoperated aged animals and aged animals that received grafts of cerebellar tissue. Improved behavioral performance was prevented by pretreatment of NE graft recipients with the β-adrenergic receptor blocking agent, propranolol, and was mimicked by chronic intraventricular infusion of NE. Taken together, our findings support the view that age-related declines in brain NE content contribute to age-related deficits in inhibitory avoidance performance, and that NE replacement therapy can improve performance of this task in aged rats.
Resumption of ovarian function 20 years after chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure: a case report.

Objective To describe a case of resumption of ovarian function 20 years after chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure. Design Case report. Setting University teaching hospital. Patient(s) A 33-year-old nulliparous black woman. Intervention(s) Progesterone challenge, transvaginal ultrasound (TVS). Main Outcome Measure(s) Estradiol and FSH hormone levels. Result(s) Confirmation that ovarian function returned in a women who presented with cyclic vaginal bleeding after a 20-year history of amenorrhea secondary to chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure. Conclusion(s) Return of ovarian function is possible after prolonged periods in women with chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure.
The American jail: Problems, politics, prospects

Discussions of America’s local jails inevitably center around their plethora of problems. Not only are these problems pervasive, but they are also enduring. Numerous proposals have been advanced to improve jail conditions and operations. Most have failed to such an extent that some scholars have speculated that jails are simply immune to reform.
Observations on horizontal symmetries and flavor changing neutral currents

Abstract We present a detailed study of the possibility of having a horizontal gauge symmetry, in addition to SU(3) c × SU(2) L × U(1). Grand unification is not used as a constraint. We concentrate on the horizontal group SU(3) H . There are two main results. (i) The horizontal symmetry might break on two mass scales, one heavy and the other of order m z or a few m z . The K L -K S mass difference and other rare kaon and muon transitions are protected by a residual symmetry, but other flavor changing processes not involving the lightest fermion of each charge can be orders of magnitude larger, e.g. b →sl + l − , τ → μl + l − ,e + e − →bs¯, τμ,tc¯(while b→dl + l − , τ →el + l − and some others are forbidden). Some sectors should have relatively large flavor changing neutral currents. (ii) There is not enough new physics in the approach to explain fermion masses, but the structure of the model suggests that the lighter masses and the KM quark mixing angles might be generated radiatively. Unfortunately, careful analysis shows that the same symmetry that protects the K L -K S mass difference requires that the Cabibbo angle be identically zero to all orders. This suggests that it may be extremely difficult to make a realistic fundamental or effective SU(3) horizontal symmetry. While the model fails to generate the CKM angles, it is consistent with all low energy data and suggests a number of interesting reactions that might occur.
Influence of indexing errors on dynamic response of spur gear pairs

Abstract In this study, a dynamic model of a spur gear pair is employed to investigate the influence of gear tooth indexing errors on the dynamic response. This transverse-torsional dynamic model includes periodically-time varying gear mesh stiffness and nonlinearities caused by tooth separations in resonance regions. With quasi-static transmission error time traces as the primary excitation, the model predicts frequency-domain dynamic mesh force and dynamic transmission error spectra. These long-period quasi-static transmission error time traces are measured using unity-ratio spur gear pairs having certain intentional indexing errors. A special test setup with dedicated instrumentation for the measurement of quasi-static transmission error is employed to perform a number of experiments with gears having deterministic spacing errors at one or two teeth of the test gear only and random spacing errors where all of the test gear teeth have a random distribution of errors as in a typical production gear.
Diversity in the erg27 Gene of Botrytis cinerea Field Isolates from Strawberry Defines Different Levels of Resistance to the Hydroxyanilide Fenhexamid.

Abstract The hydroxyanilide (Hyd) fenhexamid has played a major role in gray mold management in Florida strawberry fields since 2000. Recent monitoring of the sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea to fen...
Backward-directed Fungal Hyphal Branching

YOUNG hyphae of filamentous fungi generally grow outward in a straight line from their point of origin in a colony. The branches of the hypha grow at a more or less acute angle to the parent hypha and in a forward-pointing direction. They never grow backwards into the colony except under unusual experimental conditions1. There are exceptions. The clamp connexions of the Basidiomycetes, on initiation, grow backwards, as may the fusion cell in crozier formation in the Ascomycetes. Another exception may be found among the mycelial strand-forming fungi such as Merulius lacrimans, where thigmotropically sensitive “tendril” hyphae may grow backwards (or forwards) along the wide main hyphae2.
Multiple forms of glucosephosphate isomerase in maize.

Three apparently different glucosephosphate isomerases are found in the developing seeds of maize (Zea mays L.). Glucosephosphate isomerase I is found in both the endosperm and embryo. It is separable by column chromatography from glucosephosphate isomerase II of the developing endosperm and glucosephosphate isomerase III of the developing embryo and is further distinguished from them by heat stability, temperature activation, and relative insensitivity to the presence of zinc ions in the reaction mixture. Glucosephosphate isomerases II and III elute in the same fractions from diethylaminoethyl cellulose columns but are distinguished by electrophoretic mobility and reaction to the presence of adenosine 5′-triphosphate in the reaction mixture. All three isomerases give multiple banding patterns on electrophoresis. An extensive investigation of the conditions generating additional electrophoretic species and chromatographically separable minor activity peak (Ia) from glucosephosphate isomerase I has shown that these transformations are enhanced by dialysis, column chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and treatment with urea. The transformations are retarded by the presence of mercaptoethanol during these operations. We concluded that the multiple banding pattern seen on electrophoresis of glucosephosphate isomerase I prepared by certain procedures is artifactual. In germinating seeds of maize, glucosephosphate isomerases I and III are detectable, but II is not. It is possible that glucosephosphate isomerase II specifically catalyzes a step in starch biosynthesis.
Observations and Modeling of a Mesoscale Cold Surge during WISPIT

A transient feature marked primarily by a sudden increase in wind speed and brief period of heavy snow was observed over northeastern Colorado on 11-12 March 1993. Little, if any, abrupt changes in surface pressure or temperature were noted, such as might accompany a gravity current. Gradual temperature falls and pressure rises were observed behind the velocity surge; however, there was no cyclonic wind shift nor did the feature last for more than a few hours, suggesting that it was not likely a classical front. Data indicate that the surge originated near the peak of the Cheyenne Ridge, a 400-m, east-west elongated hill near the border between Colorado and Wyoming. Simulations using an idealized, two-dimensional isentropic model show that a transient resembling observed surge results from impulsively started flow over heated terrain. Heating creates convergence that is in phase with the velocity surge at the leading edge of the topographic wave. The result is a coherent disturbance in velocity, which moves downstream at nearly the mean flow speed. Simulations with The Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research nonhydrostatic model (MM5) using a horizontal resolution of 6.7 km capture the evolution of the observed surge. These simulations support the identification of the surge as a topographic wave modified by heating, but they also indicate an important role played by latent heating in the updraft at the leading edge of the surge. Because the latent heating occurs mainly downstream from the Cheyenne Ridge, the formation of the topographic wave is unaltered by it, however, the updraft at the leading edge of the surge it greatly intensified, leading to a narrow, propagating band of heavy snow
Self‐rating Validation of the Eysenck Personality Inventory

To further establish the validity of the Eysenck Personality Inventory, 243 general psychology students were administered this test and were then read descriptions of the ‘typical’ introvert, extravert and the ‘typical’ high- and low-anxious person and asked to make a self-rating on these two dimensions. The self-ratings and EPI means and standard deviations were found to be equivalent. The subjects dichotomized into introverts and extraverts on the basis of the EPI scores were found to be significantly different on the self-rating scores. Subjects dichotomized on the basis of self-ratings into introverts and extraverts also yielded significantly different EPI scores. The same analyses of the Neuroticism dimension resulted in significant differences. The correlations between self-ratings of Extraversion and this scale on the EPI was 0.72, for the self-ratings and Neuroticism, 0.56.
CO2 and H2O gas conversion into CO and H2 using highly exothermic reactions induced by mixed industrial slags

Abstract This communication reports conversion phenomena in which CO2 and H2O gases are transformed into CO and H2, respectively, when exposed to a mixture of molten CaO-rich metallurgical slag and V2O3-rich gasifier slag. On reaction, CO2 and H2O are thermodynamically driven to become CO and H2, respectively, by giving up oxygen over the formation of calcium orthovanadate in the slag. The concept was experimentally investigated with a synthetic slag heated to 1500 °C (an assumed slag tap-out temperature in the metallurgical industry) in a CO2 saturated atmosphere. On heating, a rapid drop in oxygen partial pressure occurred between 1405 °C and 1460 °C, where 97% of CO2 transformed to CO. Potential industrial applications with the H2O-to-H2 conversion are then explored using detailed process computations. If the process is made economically viable, CO2 and H2O could be converted into products that are environmentally and industrially attractive and that have the potential for energy savings and greenhouse gas reduction in a process.
Target tracking using nonlinear reference phase-encoded joint transform correlation

Optical joint transform correlation (JTC) has been proven to be an efficient pattern recognition tool, especially, for real-time applications. However, the classical JTC suffers from a lot of limitations such as broad correlation peaks, large side lobes, duplicate correlation peaks and low discrimination between target and non-target objects. This paper proposes a nonlinear JTC based target detection and tracking technique, where the reference image is phase-shifted and phase-encoded and then fed to two parallel processing channels. Each channel introduces the unknown input scene and performs Fourier transformations to obtain the joint power spectra signals, which are then combined and phase-encoded. Then a nonlinear operation is performed on the modified power spectrum followed by the application of fringe-adjusted filtering operation. A subsequent inverse Fourier transform operation yields the correlation output containing a highly distinct peak corresponding to each target present in the input scene. The reference image phase-encoding process removes any overlapping issue among the input scene objects, which is a drawback of classical JTC technique. An updated decision criterion is developed for the correlation plane so that it can accurately identify the location of the target. The proposed pattern recognition technique offers an excellent alternative for target tracking in an unknown video sequence.
Rank-based algorithms for anlaysis of microarrays

Analysis of microarray data often involves extracting information from raw intensities of spots of cells and making certain calls. Rank-based algorithms are powerful tools to provide probability values of hypothesis tests, especially when the distribution of the intensities is unknown. For our current gene expression arrays, a gene is detected by a set of probe pairs consisting of perfect match and mismatch cells. The one-sided upper-tail Wilcoxon's signed rank test is used in our algorithms for absolute calls (whether a gene is detected or not), as well as comparative calls (whether a gene is increasing or decreasing or no significant change in a sample compared with another sample). We also test the possibility to use only perfect match cells to make calls. This paper focuses on absolute calls. We have developed error analysis methods and software tools that allow us to compare the accuracy of the calls in the presence or absence of mismatch cells at different target concentrations. The usage of nonparametric rank-based tests is not limited to absolute and comparative calls of gene expression chips. They can also be applied to other oligonucleotide microarrays for genotyping and mutation detection, as well as spotted arrays.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Post-Master's Educational Needs of Information Professionals

This study investigated the post-master's educational needs and interests of information professionals. The population for the study consisted of members of the library associations of Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Ontario, Canada. About 78 percent of the respondents held a master's degree in library science, 22 percent a master's degree in another discipline, almost 1 percent was enrolled in a doctoral program, 1 percent possessed a doctorate, and 16 percent had some other degree. Given the choice of an LIS only doctoral program or one combined with the field of business administration or computer science, the participants expressed a slight preference for the LIS only program. Of the other fields suggested by participants, education and public administration were the most popular. Participants also expressed a strong preference for non-traditional modes of instruction.
Primary Northupite Deposition in Lake Mahega, Uganda?

THE surface sediment of Lake Mahega, Uganda (0° 01′ S, 29° 58′ E), is a gritty grey-brown matrix containing numerous megascopic octahedral crystals of northupite (Na2CO3·MgCO3·NaCl) and occasional thenardite crystals (Na2SO4). Northupite is a rare mineral, found only four times in lacustrine sediments1,2. Most earlier investigators have considered it to be a diagenetic feature and have proposed chemical schemes for its formation1,3,4. We believe this to be the first report of primary northupite deposition formed as a precipitate at the bottom of a lake. This observation is significant because it indicates that Searles Lake (California), Borax Lake (California), Lake Katwe (Uganda) and Lake Gosiute (Eocene, Wyoming) may all have had a similar chemical composition, at the time of northupite deposition, like that observed in Lake Mahega (Table 1). Few data on the stability of northupite exist, but the mineral has been synthesized4,5. The chemical composition of Lake Mahega as it changes with depth falls generally near and sometimes within, the stability field of northupite observed at 50° C and PCO2 = 0.25 atm (ref. 5). This agreement seems reasonably good considering the differences between experimental and field conditions.
Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition, sodium depletion, calcium, isoproterenol, and angiotensin II on renin secretion by individual renocortical cells.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with enalapril increases the number of glomeruli with juxtaglomerular cells and the number of cells in the afferent arteriole that express the renin gene and contain renin. However, renin release from these newly recruited renin-containing cells has not been demonstrated. Sodium depletion also has been shown to increase renal renin messenger RNA levels. The aim of these studies was to determine whether increases in renin secretion are a result of altered numbers of cells synthesizing/releasing renin or a change in the amount of renin release per cell, or both. Adult Wistar-Kyoto rats were treated with enalapril or sodium depleted and single cell renin secretion of enzymatically dispersed renal cortical cells was examined by reverse hemolytic plaque assay. Enalapril treatment increased the number of renin secreting cells by approximately 10-fold (P < 0.05). The newly recruited renin-secreting cells were not responsive to changes in extracellular calcium concentratio...
Infrared spectroscopic characterization of mineralized tissues

Vibrational spectroscopy (Infrared and Raman), and in particular micro-spectroscopy and micro-spectroscopic imaging has been used to characterize developmental changes in bone and other mineralized tissues, to monitor these changes in cell cultures, and to detect disease and drug-induced modifications. Examples of the use of infrared micro-spectroscopy and micro-spectroscopic imaging are discussed in this review.
Heavy-traffic limits for queues with periodic arrival processes

We establish conventional heavy-traffic limits for the number of customers in a G t / G I / s queue with a periodic arrival process. We assume that the arrival counting process can be represented as the composition of a cumulative stochastic process that satisfies an FCLT and a deterministic cumulative rate function that is the integral of a periodic function. We establish three different heavy-traffic limits for three different scalings of the deterministic arrival rate function. The different scalings capture the three cases in which the predictable deterministic variability (i) dominates, (ii) is of the same order as, or (iii) is dominated by the stochastic variability in the arrival and service processes.
A collaborative approach to facilitate intrusion detection and response against DDoS attacks.

Intrusion detection and response systems (IPSs) for protecting against distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks will beneflit significantly if all the routers within each autonomous system (AS) are capable of detection and response in addition to sampling. However, DDoS detection and response will incur high storage and processing overhead if each router does redundant detection and response tasks. Many overlay communication protocols have been introduced in the literature to achieve coordination among the routers but they generally have high communication overheads. Furthermore, DDoS detection and response requires that all the flows intended to the same destination be analyzed together in order to efficiently capture the correlation between them. In order to do that, current approaches centrally collect all the sampled data and analyze them, which also increases the communication overhead. In this paper, we present a collaborative approach to distribute the sampling, detection, and response responsibilities among all the routers within the AS in such a way that each router can detect and respond to DDoS attacks. Our proposed approach achieves coordination among all the routers in the network to eliminate redundant sampling, detection, and response tasks without exploiting any specific communication protocol. We propose an optimal assignment of disjoint flows to each of the routers within the ASs in such a way that all the flows destined for the same host will be sampled, analyzed, and properly responded at the same router. Each router can thus capture the correlation between flows destined for a specific destination.
Allocation of visual attention in good and poor readers.

Twelve children, who were classified as good or poor readers, and 4 adults were given a task used to measure the ability to direct attention across visual space. Accuracy in detecting briefly presented target letters (S or N) was measured as a function of whether a cue did or did not correctly predict target location. Results showed that adults and good readers were able to direct attention effectively when given a cue that correctly predicted the location of the target letter, whereas poor readers were not. Poor readers also produced lower accuracy rates when the cue preceded the target by 100 msec or less, but demonstrated equal accuracy when the asynchrony between cue and target was 150 msec or more. Right-visual-field enhancement was found in adults and good readers, but not in poor readers. These results are discussed within the framework of current theories of reading disability.
A State-Space Modeling of One-Dimensional Active Noise Control Systems

A state-space representation of a dynamic system for one-dimensional sound reflection and transmission is developed. The state-space modeling is the first step for future development of an active noise control system using modern control synthesis tools. In contrast to a classical frequency-domain description, the state model allows direct computation of the system's time response and provides a forum for modern control synthesis, which leads to an optimal control algorithm. Based on the governing wave equation, the state model is derived using a finite difference technique combined with analytical expressions. Numerical simulation of the dynamic system model is presented, which shows a good agreement with the frequency-domain solutions. Discretization errors are investigated and improved by using nonuniform grids
Ponderolotive Oscillations in a Supercfnlucting Helical Resoiatur

The onset of ponderomotive oscillation, a radiation pressure driven mechanical oscillation, at 120 Hz was observed at low field strengths in a superconducting 130 MEz helical resonator suitable for use in a heavy ion accelerator. Thresholds were observed over a wide range of parameters such as RF Q's from 105 to 108 and mechanical Q's from 8 x 103 to 2 x 105. A typical minimum threshold value was 10-8 joule of RF energy in the resonator. A theory is presented which quantitatively explains all the threshold data. Hethods of damping ponderomotive oscillations are discussed.
Robustness Analysis of Optimally Designed Feedback Control of Linear Periodic Systems With Time-Delay

In this paper, we present an application of a semi-discretization method to the stability and robust analysis of optimally designed PID feedback control of a periodic linear system with time delay. The semi-discretization method uses a mapping of the system response in a finite-dimensional state space. Minimization of the largest absolute value of the eigenvalues of the mapping leads to optimal control gains. The robust analysis examines the stability region of system parameters with modeling errors when the control gains are set to be the optimal ones. Extensive numerical examples of stability regions are presented in the paper.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Extending the Limit of Direct Air-Cooling Heat Sink

With the continuous rise of heat flux applicable to electronic products, heat dissipation is already and will continue to be the main design concern of relevant products. The mainstream cooling tec...
Estimating the transient response and settling time of time-varying linear systems

Abstract Simple, easy-to-apply estimates are obtained for the norms, both Euclidean and generalized, of the solutions of linear time-varying vector differential equations, and for the settling times in systems which are asymptotically stable. Both eigenvalue and Gerschgorin estimates are obtained.
Thin Films Calculations Using the IBM 650 Electronic Calculator

A general program for the IBM 650 is presented for calculating the reflectance and transmittance of arbitrary multilayer combinations of absorbing and nonabsorbing films as functions of wavelength and angle of incidence. The basic formulas which are utilized in the calculations are given together with the essential details of the machine program, including a macro-flow diagram.
Prenatal alcohol exposure and offspring growth at 18 months of age : the predictive validity of two measures of drinking

This is an analysis of the effect of prenatal alcohol exposure on growth of the offspring at 18 months of age. In this prospective study, a cohort of women was interviewed at the end of each trimester of pregnancy, at delivery, and at 8 and 18 months. Offspring were examined at each follow-up point. Two drinking scales, average daily volume (ADV) and frequent heavy drinking (FHD), were used to explore the effect of different patterns of drinking. We found significant relationships between both prenatal FHD and ADV and offspring growth at 18 months. A significant and inverse relationship was found between ADV during the second and the third trimesters of pregnancy and weight, height, and head circumference at 18 months. Frequent heavy drinking during all three trimesters predicted a significant decrease in head circumference at 18 months. FHD during the second trimester was significantly related to weight and height at 18 months. Analyses demonstrated that ADV was a better predictor of growth deficits than FHD.
Racial differences in the relationship between number of cigarettes smoked and nicotine and carcinogen exposure

INTRODUCTION Black smokers are reported to have higher lung cancer rates and greater tobacco dependence at lower levels of cigarette consumption compared to non-Hispanic White smokers. We studied the relationship between cigarettes per day (CPD) and biomarkers of nicotine and carcinogen exposure in Black and White smokers. METHODS In 128 Black and White smokers, we measured plasma nicotine and its main proximate metabolite cotinine, urine nicotine equivalents, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3)pyridyl-1-butanol (NNAL), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites. RESULTS The dose-response between CPD and nicotine equivalents, and NNAL and PAH was flat for Black but positive for White smokers (Race × CPD interaction, all ps < .05). Regression estimates for the Race × CPD interactions were 0.042 (95% CI 0.013-0.070), 0.054 (0.023-0.086), and 0.028 (0.004-0.052) for urine nicotine equivalents, NNAL, and PAHs, respectively. In contrast there was a strong correlation between nicotine equivalents and NNAL and PAH independent of race. Nicotine and carcinogen exposure per individual cigarette was inversely related to CPD. This inverse correlation was stronger in Black compared to White smokers and stronger in menthol compared to regular cigarette smokers (not mutually adjusted). CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that Blacks on average smoke cigarettes differently than White smokers such that CPD predicts smoke intake more poorly in Black than in White smokers.
Amino acid content of marsh plants

Abstract Total amino acid content of 13 species of marsh plants ranges from 37 to 85 mg/g in the shoots and 20 to 55 mg/g in the roots. These concentrations comprise 67 to 94% and 47 to 72% of crude protein, respectively. Individual amino acid concentration varies among the species. There is some indication of amino acid affinity in plants grouped by taxonomic families (e.g. Gramineae, Alismataceae) but not when grouped by habitat (e.g. fresh-, brackish-, saline water). In general, all species show high levels of aspartic and glutamic acids. In addition to half cystine, which is either undetectable or occurs in trace amounts, histidine, methionine and tyrosine show the lowest concentrations.
Male sex aggression and three psychiatric hypotheses

The objective of this study is to investigate the tenability of three psychiatric hypotheses of male sex aggression. Male sex aggression, however, is an extremely amorphous and heterogeneous phrase which can encompass behavior concerned with the acquisition of a variety of erotic goals, ranging from a goodnight embrace to rape. In order to obtain a more homogeneous and speciScally defined phenomenon which would lend to the testing of more specific hypotheses, only one particular type of male aggression will be considered here. The respondents were asked: "Have you, since entering college, made an aggressively forceful attempt for sex intercourse? Please report only those attempts which were forceful to the point of being disagreeable and offensive to the girl involved." To what extent the male achieves his objective is incidental and tangential to the aims of this study. Two criteria and usually three were employed to assess whether the reported episode was to be accepted as offensively aggressive. First, the male respondent had to affirm that he made an aggressively forceful attempt for coitus to the point of being disagreeable and offensive to the girl involved. Secondly, he had to indicate that the female responded to the aggressive behavior with offended reactions, e.g., crying, fighting, screaming, pleading, etc. Both of the above were required for the episode to be accepted as aggressively offensive. Thirdly, the respondents were given the opportunity to describe the aggressive acts. Nine of the respondents offered insufficient description of the episode and, consequently, their evidence was not utilized as a criterion for inclusion in the tally of aggressive-offensive episodes. For the remainder, however, these descriptive statements appeared to adequately validate the acknowledged aggressive episodes. These sexually aggressive acts represent behavior not ordinarily expected during the course of dating-courtship relations to label it "average" or "normal" and yet, with respect to the degree of violence and persistence of effort to gain the erotic goal, it falls short of those aggressive acts reported as rape and sexual assult. Nonetheless, the persistent demonstration of sexually aggressive behavior of this variety
Visitor Assessment of the Mandatory Alternative Transportation System at Zion National Park

Transportation infrastructure in national parks has historically been designed for the automobile. With more vehicles in the parks, visitors found themselves in circumstances more reminiscent of a city than a park. Traffic jams, overcrowding, illegal parking, horn honking, and idling vehicles became common, creating stress and contributing to air and noise pollution, the very things visitors were hoping to get away from. Park managers began searching for alternatives, including shuttle systems. Many national parks have implemented optional shuttle systems, but relatively few have completely closed roads to vehicles, transporting visitors on mandatory shuttles. Zion National Park instituted a mandatory shuttle system in May 2000 to relieve crowding and congestion in the main canyon and to protect natural resources. Taking a longitudinal approach, attributes of the shuttle (e.g., crowding, accessibility, freedom, efficiency, preference, and success) were assessed with experiential park factors (e.g., scenic beauty, naturalness, solitude, tranquility, air quality, and soundscape) in 2000, 2003, and 2010 by surveying shuttle-riding park visitors. While visitors initially reported a few reservations about the shuttle system, by 2003, the majority rated the system successful. Ratings of all shuttle-related variables, except crowding, improved over the decade. Improvements were greatest for freedom, accessibility, and efficiency. Multiple regression found overall shuttle success to be mediated by preference, freedom, accessibility, efficiency, and comfort. Experiential variables assessing park conditions followed a similar pattern, with improved ratings as the decade progressed. Results provide important insights into the visitor experience with mandatory alternative shuttle systems in national parks.
An exploration of unspoken bias: women who work for women

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to inquire whether gender plays a role in the supervisory preference of female workers, and to establish a starting‐point in the identification of any bias that is discovered.Design/methodology/approach – A field experiment of 226 adults of both genders was used to test the hypotheses. It combined a video vignette with a survey that employed a dispositional index followed by attitudinal measures.Findings – Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and regression analyses were used to highlight the biases that were discovered. Females believed that other women are good managers, but the female workers did not actually want to work for them. The results may have some basis in females' perceptions of female managers as being high in dominance. The female manager was also seen as being emotional. More specifically, the female manager was seen as being more nervous and more aggressive than a male manager. It was also discovered that female preference for male supervis...
Experimental thermal analysis of friction stir processing

Despite the large number of studies that are being conducted to advance the friction stir processing (FSP) technology, the effects of FSP on various mechanical and microstructural properties are still in need for further investigations. In addition, correlations between FSP parameters, mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics are not yet well understood. Accurate correlations are needed for successful modeling and process optimization. It is established that the temperature generated during FSP plays an important role in determining the microstructure and properties of the processed sheet and defining the tool life. Process parameters must be carefully chosen to allow the generation of enough heat to soften the material while limiting significant grain growth. Accurate measurement of the temperature distributions during processing are essential to understand the complicated deformation and associated mechanisms and to allow for effective process optimization. In this work, a dual-band thermography approach is used to measure the temperature distributions of AA5052 sheet during FSP. The setup utilizes two infrared detectors, to neutralize the emissivity and the facial effects, with 30 Hz acquisition rate. The variation of temperature with process parameters and their correlation to the resulting microstructure are discussed.
The appearance of pyrimidine nucleoside and deoxynucleoside kinase activities in peanut axes

Abstract The appearance of pyrimidine nucleoside and deoxynucleoside kinase activities in peanut axes was followed during the first 96 hr of germination. The activation or synthesis of these enzymes preceded increases in RNA, DNA and fresh weight. The incorporation of DNA precursors into DNA occurred only after the formation of the pyrimidine deoxynucleoside kinases.
Texture, Second-Phase Particles, and the Anisotropy of Deformation Behavior in TTMP AZ61

The deformation, damage accumulation, and fracture behavior of thixomolded and thermomechanically processed AZ61 were studied by room temperature uniaxial straining. The material was examined in as-molded, as-rolled, and rolled + annealed conditions. The yield strength and work hardening behavior are controlled primarily by grain size and crystallographic texture, which reaches a maximum of only 4.8 multiples of random density in the as-rolled material. The low degree of texture results in a low degree of plastic anisotropy (Lankford r value), suggesting good formability properties. In addition, it is shown that although the β-phase particles begin to crack as early as 4 pct elongation, their presence does not lead to a decrease in ductility, as β-phase cracks do not coalesce to initiate fracture.
New solid equation of state combining excess energy mixing rule for solid–liquid equilibria

Crude oil is a mixture of light and heavy hydrocarbon components. The light components in crude oil keep the heavy components soluble in solution. However, the cooling of crude oil below its solidification point leads to the formation of a solid-wax phase. A number of thermodynamically based models have been proposed in the literature for the prediction of wax formation in both crude oils and fuels. Some of these models assume ideal liquid solution behavior. Others are a modification of the regular solution theory or the Flory-Huggins model for activity coefficients, with varying degrees of success. The absence of a proper model in the petroleum industry to describe the liquid-phase non-ideality for mixtures of hydrocarbons with large differences in size is still one of the major problems in solid-liquid equilibrium calculations. A simple methodology is proposed to develop a cubic equation of state (CEOS) for the solid phase to allow the accurate calculation of solid-liquid equilibria. The methodology is successfully applied to the Twu-Sim-Tassone (TST) cubic equation of state. The solid TST equation of state is then combined with the TST excess Helmholtz energy mixing rule to handle highly nonideal systems for the accurate prediction of solid-liquid phase equilibria.
Studies on the carbohydrate metabolism of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica.

Abstract Fasciola hepatica utilizes carbohydrate anaerobically at a high rate. When glucose is omitted from the medium, the amount of glycogen utilized varies from 84–97 μmoles of glucose units/g wet wt./6 h. The rate of glucose utilization from the outside medium varies from 110–180 μmoles/g wet wt./6 h. Production of volatile fatty acids accounts for almost all of the carbohydrate utilized anaerobically. These acids were identified as propionic and acetic acids in an approximate ratio of 3:1. Only 4–9% of the metabolized carbohydrate is converted to lactic acid. The rates of glucose utilization, lactic acid and volatile fatty acid production are only slightly decreased in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. Oxygen is utilized by these organisms when available. The respiratory quotient varies from 1.56–2.2. Anaerobic metabolism of flukes with ligatured oral openings is identical with intact organisms. This indicates that neither the absorption of glucose from outside medium, nor the excretion of the metabolic products are carried out through the gut of the organism.
Agriculture and the transition to the market

Agricultural sectors in Eastern and Central Europe are large so that changes in producer prices, farm employment, and land ownership affect substantial numbers of people. In the past, food in the region was politicized. For decades, governments of Eastern European countries and the USSR offered their citizens stable, subsidized food prices and a steadily improving diet in an effort to demonstrate the superiority of communism over capitalism. During the transition, the context has changed, but food remains politicized. Many consumers in the region are ill-prepared to pay the real costs of food, which are quite high. The task of reducing those costs will be difficult, involving restructuring of farms and fostering competition in processing and distribution. Management of the agricultural transition will affect the political sustainability of the process and influence agriculture's contribution to the growth of emerging market economies. Although the agricultural sector of Eastern and Central Europe is large, Soviet agriculture dwarfs it in its impact on the region and the world. A positive program to stop the decline in Soviet agriculture could contribute to economic growth and political stability. Failure to remedy the fundamental flaws in Soviet agriculture will speed the country's slide into poverty and ethnic turmoil - and undermine the efforts of Central and Eastern Europeans to succeed.
Reflections From the Field: Voices of Experience

Interviews with current community college presidents showcase their reflections on their pathway to the corner office and review the competencies they have found to be the most valuable in their practice. The presidents also offer insights into what they are doing to help prepare future leaders at their institutions.
Py scale in vapor phase and in supercritical carbon dioxide. Evidence in support of a three-density-region model for solvation in supercritical fluids

Abstract With a fluorescence study of pyrene, Py (I1/I3) values are determined in the vapor phase at 70/dgC and in supercritical CO2 at 45°C over a wide density range (pr from 0.025 to 1.9.). Noise-elimination for weak pyrene vapor-phase spectra is accomplished by the application of principal component analysis. A characteristic density dependence of Py scale becomes clear with the determination of Py values at low CO2 densities, which strongly supports a three-density-region solvation model for solvent effects in supercritical fluids.
TH-E-BRA-06: Feasibility of Real Time MRI-Guidance in Proton Therapy

Purpose: To investigate the feasibility of in‐vivo real‐time MRI guidance as a potential treatment monitoring technique in proton therapy if such a system would be installed in a treatment room. Methods: The effect of MRImagnetic field on the proton dose distribution inside the patient anatomy was studied using the TOPAS (Tool for Particle Simulation) Monte Carlo(MC) tool. The right and left lateral fields for a prostate patient with 50 Gy prescribed dose (excluding the boost) were simulated based on the existing treatment plans using 0, 0.5 and 1.5 T uniform magnetic field in the superior‐inferior direction. Dose Volume Histograms were compared for the CTV and several organs at risk (OARs) such as bladder, rectum and femoral heads. Results: Similar for both beams, lateral deflection of 2.5 and 7.3 cm was observed for 0.5 and 1.5 T fields at the end of range, respectively. It was found that an additional gantry rotation of 10 and 30 degrees could correct for the curved path of the proton beam. Therefore, the beams were re‐simulated in the magnetic field, applying an anterior‐posterior shift in the beam position. Using a beam position shift of 2.5 cm in the planning/delivery process could very well compensate for the magnetic field deflection in 0.5 T setting. The D95 varied by only 0.3 Gy. Also the OARs dose was maintained at the same level compared with the original treatment. However, the beams in 1.5 T field could not be well approximated by a simple shift of the field and the CTV and OAR doses were higher than prescribed. Conclusions: Since most existing open‐MRI systems operate at or less than 0.5 T, proton‐MRI treatments can be potentially planned by revising planned beam angles and considering MC‐determined beam position shifts requiring only subsequent fine‐tuning of the treatment plan optimization.
Path-length-multiplexed scattering-angle-diverse optical coherence tomography for retinal imaging

A low-resolution path-length-multiplexed scattering angle diverse optical coherence tomography (PM-SAD-OCT) is constructed to investigate the scattering properties of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). Low-resolution PM-SAD-OCT retinal images acquired from a healthy human subject show the variation of RNFL scattering properties at retinal locations around the optic nerve head. The results are consistent with known retinal ganglion cell neural anatomy and principles of light scattering. Application of PM-SAD-OCT may provide potentially valuable diagnostic information for clinical retinal imaging.
THE LEARNING CURVE: HISTORICAL REVIEW AND COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY

The use of the learning curve has been receiving increasing attention in recent years. Much of this increase has been due to learning curve applications other than in the traditional learning curve areas. A comprehensive survey of developments in the learning curve area has never been published. The closest thing to a survey was by Asher in 1956. His study focused exclusively on military applications during and immediately after World War II. This paper summarizes the learning curve literature from World War II to the present, emphasizing developments since the study by Asher. Particular emphasis is given to identifying the new directions into which the learning curve has made recent inroads and identifying fruitful areas for future research.