cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the merit of a syringol derived fluorophore as a charge transfer probe for detection of serum albumins

Abstract In this article a syringol-π-benz[e]indolium based donor–acceptor fluorophore has been reported. The fluorophore shows a solvent polarity dependent change in the absorption and emission spectra in solution. A combined spectroscopic and time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) studies reveal higher dipole moment of the fluorophore in the excited state, resulting positive solvatochromism. In physiological pH, the phenol group in the fluorophore is easily deprotonated owing to the electron pulling effect of the substituents. Consequently, the phenolate (PhO-) becomes a strong active donor in the new donor–acceptor pair. In aqueous solution, the new phenolate fluorochrome shows negligible fluorescence due to energy loss via non-radiative pathways from the low-lying polar excited states. The fluorochrome can detect human and bovine serum albumins in physiological buffer solution with high selectivity. The underlying mechanism of human serum albumin (HSA) detection was estimated to be strong (1.46 × 105 M−1, ΔG = −7.05 kcal/mol) supramolecular complexation between the fluorophore and albumin in hydrophobic binding site III-B. The linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and HSA concentration extends from 40 mg/L to an impressive upper limit (540 mg/L), thereby opening an opportunity for albumin detection in a broad range of health conditions. The practical applicability of the fluorophore was tested in spiked urine samples and a good correlation was observed between fluorescence intensity and the concentration of human serum albumin in neutral aqueous samples.
Human attractive cues and mosquito host-seeking behavior

Female mosquitoes use chemical and physical cues, including vision, smell, heat, and humidity, to orient toward hosts. Body odors are produced by skin resident bacteria that convert metabolites secreted in sweat into odorants that confer the characteristic body scent. Mosquitoes detect these compounds using olfactory receptors in their antennal olfactory receptor neurons. Such information is further integrated with the senses of temperature and humidity, as well as vision, processed in the brain into a behavioral output, leading to host finding. Knowledge of human scent components unveils a variety of odorants that are attractive to mosquitoes, but also odor-triggering repellency. Finding ways to divert human-seeking behavior by female mosquitoes using odorants can possibly mitigate mosquito-borne pathogen transmission.
CLAVATA3 mediated simultaneous control of transcriptional and post-translational processes provides robustness to the WUSCHEL gradient

Regulation of the homeodomain transcription factor WUSCHEL concentration is critical for stem cell homeostasis in Arabidopsis shoot apical meristems. WUSCHEL regulates the transcription of CLAVATA3 through a concentration-dependent activation-repression switch. CLAVATA3, a secreted peptide, activates receptor kinase signaling to repress WUSCHEL transcription. Considering the revised regulation, CLAVATA3 mediated repression of WUSCHEL transcription alone will lead to an unstable system. Here we show that CLAVATA3 signaling regulates nuclear-cytoplasmic partitioning of WUSCHEL to control nuclear levels and its diffusion into adjacent cells. Our work also reveals that WUSCHEL directly interacts with EXPORTINS via EAR-like domain which is also required for destabilizing WUSCHEL in the cytoplasm. We develop a combined experimental and computational modeling approach that integrates CLAVATA3-mediated transcriptional repression of WUSCHEL and post-translational control of nuclear levels with the WUSCHEL concentration-dependent regulation of CLAVATA3. We show that the dual control by the same signal forms a seamless connection between de novo WUSCHEL synthesis and sub-cellular partitioning in providing robustness to the WUSCHEL gradient.
Detection of Disbonded Regions in Bonded Aluminum Plates Using an Ultrasonic 7.5 MHz Linear Array Medical Imaging System

Current concern for ensuring the air-worthiness of the aging commercial air fleet has prompted the establishment of broad-agency programs to develop NDT technologies that address specific aging-aircraft issues.[1, 2] One of the crucial technological needs that has been identified is the development of rapid, quantitative systems for depot-level inspection of bonded aluminum lap joints on aircraft.[1–3] Research results for characterization of disbond and corrosion based on normal-incidence pulse-echo measurement geometries are showing promise, but are limited by the single-site nature of the measurement which requires manual or mechanical scanning to inspect an area. [4–7] One approach to developing efficient systems may be to transfer specific aspects of current medical imaging technology to the NDT arena. Ultrasonic medical imaging systems offer many desirable attributes for large scale inspection. They are portable, provide real-time imaging, and have integrated video tape recorder and printer capabilities available for documentation and post-inspection review. Furthermore, these systems are available at a relatively low cost (approximately $50,000 to $200,000) and can be optimized for use with metals with straight-forward modifications. As an example, ultrasonic phased-array and linear array imaging technology, which was first developed for use in the medical industry, has been successfully implemented for some NDT applications by other investigators. [8–10]
The Need for a Micromodel

Mental health and human services are being reassessed once again today. But the purpose of these studies is in good part misdirected. Analysts are attempting to define issues in a period of economic scarcity. Distribution of services has historically tended to follow the dollar. Consequently, major emphasis has been placed on such matters as financial accountability, cost effectiveness, and efficiency. These are salient “dollar issues,” which one must not lose sight of, but such fiscal exercises offer no service insights.
Chapter 10. Potassium Channel Openers: New Biological Probes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the recent literature of chemistry and pharmacology of potassium (K) channel openers (PCO's). Electrophysiologic techniques have shown that K channels are modulated via three general avenues: by ligands, voltage, and G proteins. Finally, a variety of chemical signals activate specific receptors that in turn modulate K channels via G protein-coupled mechanisms. A wide variety of synthetic compounds are also capable of nonspecifically blocking K channels, and recently compounds have become available that appear more selective for specific subtypes of K channels. Several drugs that had been previously described as “nonspecific vasodilators” have been found to exert their effects, by increasing K conductance. Smooth muscles, in general, contain a variety of K channel subtypes with high conductance (250-300 pS) Ca-activated K channels predominating. The specific K channel subtype(s) mediating the vasodilator effects of PCOs is under active investigation. PCO's have important pharmacological effects on the uterus, bronchial smooth muscle, urogenital tract, and on gastrointestinal smooth muscle. K channels have been extensively studied also in cardiac muscle. An adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-inhibited K channel is prominent in pancreatic β-cells. This channel is normally open and is responsible for the relatively high resting membrane potential of these cells. Because of the prevalence and extreme diversity of K channels, PCO's could have a variety of potentially useful clinical effects. Because of their ability to relax the vascular smooth muscle, these agents may be useful in the treatment of asthma, in the treatment of bladder hyperreflexia, in ischemic bowel syndrome, and in the treatment of alopecia areata.
The identification of an enzyme that regulates ether lipid signaling pathways in cancer

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 14-18, 2007; Los Angeles, CA 4500 Many metabolic enzymes, including lipases, oxidoreductases, and glutathione S-transferases, are believed to make key contributions to primary tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. As such, there is an urgent need for elucidating the precise roles that metabolic enzymes play in cancer biology, so as to uncover new potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers. Using activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), an advanced proteomic technology that assesses the activity of many enzymes in parallel within native proteomes, we have identified the serine hydrolase KIAA1363 as being highly elevated in numerous pathogenic human cancer cell lines. These included cell lines from several tumorigenic origins including the breast, ovary, and skin. Moreover, this enzyme was found at elevated levels in a number of primary human tumors compared to their corresponding normal tissues. Together, these data suggest an important role for KIAA1363 in human tumorigenesis. Using retroviral gene transfer in combination with either RNAi or overexpression technology we have demonstrated that KIAA1363 is not only necessary but also sufficient to support several of the in vitro and in vivo pathogenic properties of both breast and ovarian human cancer cell lines. The overexpression of KIAA1363 leads to an augmentation of the in vitro proliferation and migration potential and the in vivo tumor growth of cancer cells. Moreover, a reduction of KIAA1363 levels decreased both the migration potential and the in vivo tumor growth of cancer cells. Importantly, KIAA1363’s ability to regulate these properties was entirely dependent upon its catalytic activity. The molecular mechanism by which KIAA1363 regulates the pathogenic properties of human cancer cell lines was addressed using a global metabolite profiling strategy in combination with metabolic labeling studies to determine that KIAA1363 serves as a central node in an ether lipid signaling pathway that bridges platelet-activating factor (PAF) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Biochemical studies revealed that KIAA1363 regulates this network by hydrolyzing the metabolic intermediate 2-acetyl monoalkylglycerol to monoalkylglycerol (MAGE), which then leads onto the production of LPA and PAF. Perturbation of KIAA1363 levels or catalytic activity in human cancer cell lines directly correlates with changes in the concentration of these metabolites. This is significant because LPA is not only an established biomarker of ovarian cancer but it also influences many of the pathogenic properties of cancer cell lines. We have found that at least one of these properties, increased migration aptitude, which is regulated by KIAA1363, is more than likely though regulation of LPA levels as the migratory defect found in KIAA1363-knockdown cells is rescued by the addition of as little as 10 nM alkyl-LPA. These findings indicate that KIAA1363 is an important molecule in human cancer biology.
Trialkyl phosphites as reagents in the carbon-carbon condensations of α-diketones with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes

Abstract 2,2,2-Trimethoxy-4,5-dimethyl-2,2-dihydro-1,3,2-dioxaphospholene, made from trimethyl phosphite and biacetyl, reacted with crotonaldehyde and gave 2,2,2-trimethoxy-4β-methyl-4α-acetyl-5α-( trans -1-propenyl) 2,2-dihydro-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane. The hydrolyses of the phospholane by one mole equivalent of water in aprotic solvents and by an excess of water were studied. Two hydrolytic pathways were observed at 20°. (1) A substitution of the OMe groups on phosphorus by OH groups. This led to 5-methyl-2-heptene-4,5-diol-6-one-(5-dihydrogen phosphate), which underwent a relatively slow isomerization to the corresponding 4-dihydrogen phosphate. (2) An attack by water on the allylic carbon, with CO bond fission. This led to the formation of trimethyl phosphate and 5-methyl-2-heptene-4,5-diol-6-one. At 100°, the dihydrogen phosphate ester lost phosphoric acid and gave an unsaturated dihydroxy-ketone. Methanolysis of the phospholane produced trimethyl phosphate and 4-methoxy-5-methyl-2-heptene-5-ol-6-one byCO bond fission.
Insulin gene transfer enhances the function of human islet grafts.

Aims/hypothesis Recent success in islet transplantation renews the hope for the complete cure of patients afflicted with Type 1 diabetes. However, in the Edmonton series, two to four pancreas donors were required to obtain a sufficient islet mass to reverse the diabetes of each patient. In view of the donor shortage, this represents a major obstacle preventing greater application of islet transplantation to diabetic patients. We hypothesised that increasing the expression of the insulin gene in transplanted islets would augment their capacity for insulin production, thereby allowing reversal of diabetes with a reduced islet mass.
Estimating Vehicle Position Using Few Range Measurements to a Known Curved Surface

This paper presents a method by which data from two or more range-finders can be combined to estimate vehicle position when operating in proximity to a surface of known curvature. Estimates are combined in an Extended Kalman Filter which accounts for the expected transformation of sensor noise. Although developed for use with Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, this curvature-based localization technique can be applied to any mobile agent capable of measuring its range to a previously-mapped surface.
Characterization of an NaCl-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus mutant and rescue of the NaCl-sensitive phenotype by glycine betaine but not by other compatible solutes

To further study mechanisms of coping with osmotic stress-low water activity, mutants of Staphylococcus aureus with transposon Tn917-lacZ-induced NaCl sensitivity were selected for impaired ability to grow on solid defined medium containing 2 M NaCl. Southern hybridization experiments showed that NaCl-sensitive mutants had a single copy of the transposon inserted into a DNA fragment of the same size in each mutant. These NaCl-sensitive mutants had an extremely long lag phase (60 to 70 h) in defined medium containing 2.5 M NaCl. The osmoprotectants glycine betaine and choline (which is oxidized to glycine betaine) dramatically shortened the lag phase, whereas L-proline and proline betaine, which are effective osmoprotectants for the wild type, were ineffective. Electron microscopic observations of the NaCl-sensitive mutant under NaCl stress conditions revealed large, pseudomulticellular cells similar to those observed previously in the wild type under the same conditions. Glycine betaine, but not L-proline, corrected the morphological abnormalities. Studies of the uptake of L-[14C]proline and [14C]glycine betaine upon osmotic upshock revealed that the mutant was not defective in the uptake of either osmoprotectant. Comparison of pool K+, amino acid, and glycine betaine levels under NaCl stress conditions in the mutant and the wild type revealed no striking differences. Glycine betaine appears to have additional beneficial effects on NaCl-stressed cells beyond those of other osmoprotectants. The NaCl stress protein responses of the wild type and the NaCl-sensitive mutant were characterized and compared by labeling with L-[35 S]methionine and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The synthesis of 10 proteins increased in the wild type in response to NaCl stress, whereas the synthesis of these 10 proteins plus 2 others increased in response to NaCl stress in the NaCl-sensitive mutant. Five proteins, three of which were NaCl stress proteins, were produced in elevated amounts in the NaCl-sensitive mutant under unstressed conditions compared to the wild type. The presence of glycine betaine during NaCl stress decreased the production of three NaCl stress proteins in the mutant versus one in the wild type.
No End in Sight for the History of Corporate Law: The Case of Employee Participation in Corporate Governance

This article contests the claim made by Professors Hansmann and Kraakman that the end of history in corporate law has been reached and that this evolutionary last stop has no place for employees in corporate governance. The article analyses the theoretical foundations of this claim, namely Professor Williamson’s transaction cost account of board control and Professor Hansmann’s governance cost account of when worker ownership works and fails. It argues that while both costs place constraints on the form of efficient economic organization, neither cost can explain the absence of hybrid institutions, both real and imaginary, that would be both transaction and governance cost efficient and allow for employee participation in corporate governance. Accordingly, this article submits that if the end of history for corporate law has arrived, its identification is fortuitous, as the claim lacks theoretical support.
Warfare and Big Game Hunting: Flaked-Stone Projectile Points along the Middle Gila River in Arizona

Ethnohistorical and ethnographic observations from around the world indicate that projectiles were often made differently for warfare and hunting. Using experiential archaeology and analysis of a thousand years� worth of data from the middle Gila River in Arizona, the authors argue that side notched arrow points were produced for hunting large animals and were designed to be retrieved and reused, while unnotched points were intended for single use and for another purpose: to kill people. The data suggests furthermore that the region witnessed a steady increase in levels of violence during the period under study.
How to perform and interpret cine MR enterography

Magnetic resonance (MR) enterography has become a fundamental tool for small bowel evaluation. Multiphasic cine imaging is a useful component of MR enterography evaluation because it provides functional information about bowel motility. Cine MR enterography can be used to evaluate for strictures and adhesions. Bowel motility evaluation has been shown to increase pathologic lesion detection in Crohn's disease and has been incorporated into disease activity scoring systems. Currently, cine MR enterography remains underutilized. The purpose of this article is to outline how to perform and interpret cine MR enterography. The authors describe how to perform a multiphasic balanced steady state free precession sequence using different MR systems and give practical advice on how to display and interpret the cine sequence. Sample cases illustrate how the cine sequence complements standard MR enterography evaluation with T2 -weighted, contrast-enhanced T1 -weighted, and diffusion-weighted imaging.
Tuning the electronic communication and rates of intramolecular electron transfer of dimers of trinuclear ruthenium clusters: bridging and ancillary ligand effects.

Ten new bridged dimers of oxo-centered triruthenium clusters with CO and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (dmap), pyridine (py), or 4-cyanopyridine (cpy) as terminal ligands and pyrazine-d4 (d4-pz), 2,5-dimethylpyrazine (dmpz), 2-methylpyrazine (mpz), and 2-chloropyrazine (clpz) as bridging ligands were prepared. The carbonyl stretching frequency, ν(CO), was used as a probe for infrared spectroelectrochemical measurements. In the neutral and doubly reduced states, a single band was observed for each of the dimers, with a shift in frequency due to the oxidation state of the triruthenium clusters. In the singly reduced state, a range of ν(CO) line shapes was observed, depending on the nature of the ligands, from two bands centered at the frequencies of the bands of the neutral and doubly reduced species to one broad band at the average of these two frequencies. By synthesizing new combinations of bridging and ancillary ligands, electronic communication between two bridged triruthenium clusters was effectively tune...
Release and Phase Partitioning of Metals from Anoxic Estuarine Sediments during Periods of Simulated Resuspension

Periodically, marine sediments are subjected to physical processes which resuspend them into the water column, releasing previously sequestered metals. The role of resuspension energy and duration on release and subsequent redistribution of sediment bound metals was measured experimentally using a particle entrainment simulator. Two metal contaminated anoxic sediments with different physical and chemical characteristics were resuspended for 12 h at energies of 2 and 5 dynes cm(-2). Samples were taken at specified intervals, and the water column pH, Eh and dissolved oxygen levels were monitored continuously. Over time, metal concentrations increased in the particulate (nonfilterable > or = 1 microm) and filterable (< 1 microm) phases of the overlying water. In general, metal enrichment followed the Irving-Williams order of complex stability. Overall, the sediment's chemical and physical composition were major factors in determining the amount of metal released, more so than the level of resuspension energy applied. These results provide insight into how physical and chemical processes interact during sediment resuspension to release sediment bound metals and control their phase distribution in the water column.
What We Want this Journal to Be: Our First Editorial Essay in which We Hope to Start a Continuing and Evolving Conversation about Why We are Now Creating this New Journal and What We Want It to Become

The primary purpose of this journal is to help all of us move more rapidly toward a sustainable and socially just world. We will seek to do so by providing a forum in which scholarship oriented toward sustainability and social justice, that is, toward building a better world for all, can be published and, we hope, influence all of us as scholars, managers, leaders, and citizens of the world to effect positive change. We, the editorial board, believe that this purpose is stable and we hope that our editors, contributors, and readers will be willing and eager to take risks, try out new ideas and types of analysis, insights, and approaches, learn from our experiences, and welcome changes in and evolution of the journal. It is clear that even the best informed and wisest among us has little certainty about how to manage for global sustainability. Humility thus is appropriate in all we write and do—but we seek to combine humility with intellectual rigour and professional boldness.
Generation of Islet-Like Hormone-Producing Cells In Vitro from Adult Human Pancreas:

Transplantation of pancreatic islets can provide long-lasting insulin independence for diabetic patients, but the current islet supply is limited. Here we describe a new in vitro system that utiliz...
Local cerebral glucose utilization in fetal sheep exposed to noise

Rate of local cerebral glucose utilization in fetal sheep was measured in conditions of normal laboratory ambient sound (65 to 70 dB sound pressure levels) and broadband noise (105 and 120 dB sound pressure levels) delivered by two earphones situated on the abdominal surface of the ewe. Broadband noise had neither a visible effect on the ewe nor specific effects on the fetal arterial pH, P a O 2 , P a C O 2 , and plasma glucose concentration. However, glucose utilization of many cerebral structures was elevated in noise-exposed fetuses.
Effectiveness of Exogenous Albumin Administration for the Prevention of Ifosfamide-Induced Encephalopathy

Study Objectives. To assess the effectiveness of prophylactic albumin for the prevention of ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy (IIE), and to describe risk factors for IIE and investigate the predictive potential of a novel risk-stratification model for IIE. Design. Retrospective analysis. Setting. Single academic medical center. Patients. Forty-one adults who received 93 chemotherapy cycles of regimens that included ifosfamide for the treatment of hematologic or solid tumor malignancy between November 2007 and November 2008. Patients were divided into two groups based on the use of albumin for IIE prophylaxis: albumin group (32 cycles) and no albumin group (61 cycles). Measurements and Main Results. Overall occurrence of neurotoxicity during therapy served as the primary outcome measure. Proposed risk factors for IIE were assessed by conducting a subgroup analysis of patients who did and those who did not experience IIE. A novel risk-stratification model was developed in an attempt to predict patients at risk for IIE. The validity of the scheme was assessed by comparing the occurrence of IIE among high- and low-risk patients as identified by the model. Overall, among the 93 cycles, six cases of IIE (6.5%) were identified. The occurrence of IIE was more common in the albumin group compared with the no albumin group (15.6% [5/32] vs 1.6% [1/61], p=0.01). Baseline albumin level was significantly lower, and serum creatinine and aspartate and alanine aminotransferase concentrations were significantly higher among patients experiencing IIE. All cases of IIE occurred among patients identified as high risk according to the risk-stratification model (p=0.01). Conclusion. Prophylactic therapy with exogenous albumin is not an effective strategy for the prevention of IIE. The novel risk-stratification model appears to be an effective method for predicting patients with the greatest potential for developing this adverse effect.
Androgen metabolism in the juvenile oscine forebrain: A cross‐species analysis at neural sites implicated in memory function

Juvenile songbirds are useful models for studying the neural bases of memory. Memory-reliant behaviors demonstrated at this stage include song learning (most songbirds) and food caching (food-storing songbirds). Sex steroids are implicated in the modulation of memory processes in several vertebrates. The songbird forebrain expresses aromatase, 5alpha-reductase and 5beta-reductase, enzymes which convert testosterone to estradiol, 5alpha-, and 5beta-dihydrotestosterone, respectively. To explore the role of local androgen metabolism on memory processes, we documented the activities of these enzymes in the anterior neostriatum (NAN), caudomedial neostriatum (NCM), and hippocampus (HP) of four species of juvenile songbird, two of which are food storers. Areas were dissected, homogenized, and provided with radiolabeled substrate; and formed estrogens, and 5alpha- and 5beta-reduced androgens were measured. In the NAN, 5beta-reductase was the predominant enzyme, suggesting that local inactivation of testosterone may preserve the sensitive period of song acquisition. In the NCM, estrogens were formed in abundance despite high 5beta-reductase, suggesting that locally high estrogen synthesis may play a role in processes of song perception. In the HP, both estrogens and 5alpha reduced androgens were formed, suggesting that HP function may be modulated by both estrogens and androgens. Finally, a derived measure of steroid-differential reveals that food-storing songbirds differ from nonstorers in the steroidal milleiu within the HP, but not in the NAN or NCM. Thus, distinct loci within the juvenile songbird forebrain are exposed to different patterns of androgen metabolites. This local conversion may play a role in the neuroendocrine modulation of memory in these birds.
Climate effects of high-latitude volcanic eruptions: Role of the time of year

[1] We test how the time of year of a large Arctic volcanic eruption determines the climate impacts by conducting simulations with a general circulation model of Earth's climate. For eruptions injecting less than about 3 Tg of SO2 into the lower stratosphere, we expect no detectable climatic effect, no matter what the season of the eruption. For an injection of 5 Tg of SO2 into the lower stratosphere, an eruption in the summer would cause detectable climate effects, whereas an eruption at other times of the year would cause negligible effects. This is mainly due to the seasonal variation in insolation patterns and sulfate aerosol deposition rates. In all cases, the sulfate aerosols that form get removed from the atmosphere within a year after the eruption by large-scale deposition. Our simulations of a June eruption have many similar features to previous simulations of the eruption of Katmai in 1912, including some amount of cooling over Northern Hemisphere continents in the summer of the eruption, which is an expected climate response to large eruptions. Previous Katmai simulations show a stronger climate response, which we attribute to differences in choices of climate model configurations, including their specification of sea surface temperatures rather than the use of a dynamic ocean model as in the current simulations.
Desmoid-type fibromatoses involving the brachial plexus: treatment options and assessment of c-KIT mutational status

Object Desmoid-type fibromatoses are a locally invasive soft-tissue lesion that is most commonly encountered in abdominal sites. The tumor also affects head and neck areas, particularly the supraclavicular region, where it may encase and distort the brachial plexus and compromise neurovascular structures. Neurosurgeons may be called on to treat desmoid-type fibromatoses in these sites. The authors describe their experience in treating four patients with desmoid-type fibromatoses involving the brachial plexus and report the results of immunohistochemical analysis of the tumors. Methods Gross-total excision with nerve sparing was the first-line therapy of choice, although the surgery was challenging. Intraoperative identification of the site of tumor origin from musculoaponeurotic tissues by the neurosurgeon was necessary in two of the four cases to achieve a correct frozen section or final pathological diagnosis. Immunostaining for c-KIT (CD117) was undertaken in all cases in light of a previous report of ...
Maintenance of the Foxp3-dependent developmental program in mature regulatory T cells requires continued expression of Foxp3

The transcription factor Foxp3 is required for the development of regulatory T cells (T(reg) cell). Here we report that induced ablation of a loxP-flanked Foxp3 allele in mature T(reg) cells resulted in the loss of their suppressive function in vivo and acquisition of the ability to produce interleukin 2 and T helper type 1 cytokines. Furthermore, after adoptive transfer in the absence of functional T(reg) cells into lymphopenic hosts, T(reg) cells with deletion of Foxp3 proliferated and were predominant among tissue-infiltrating T cells. In agreement with those results, we found deregulation of Foxp3 target gene expression after Foxp3 deletion. Thus, continued Foxp3 expression in mature T(reg) cells is needed to maintain the transcriptional and functional program established during T(reg) cell development.
Constructing Urban Space With Sounds And Music

CONSTRUCTING URBAN SPACE WITH SOUNDS AND MUSIC. By Ricciarda Belgiojoso. vii and 126 pp. Map, diagrs., illus., index. Surrey, U.K.: Ashgate, 2014. $109.95 (cloth), isbn 9781472424648.As I write thi...
Assessing the impact of place characteristics on human migration: the importance of migrants' intentions and enabling attributes

I argue that the impact of place characteristics on migration behavior is moderated by potential migrants intentions (do they intend to take advantage of a particular amenity?) and enabling attributes (do they have the personal attributes that allow them to take advantage of the amenity?). The ability to take advantage of specialized shopping opportunities is contingent on adequate income and willingness to spend for example just as the ability to take advantage of public assistance amenities is often contingent on economic hardship -- on a qualifying (low) level of income. This paper introduces a four-part typology of place characteristics based on the concepts of intention and enabling attributes then presents seven testable assertions that show how these concepts can be used in the formulation of hypotheses the construction of migration models and the interpretation of empirical results. For example (1) when two or more population groups are compared the expected differences in their migration behavior can be predicted from the differences in their enabling attributes; (2) migrants with specialized enabling attributes are likely to favor locations more valuable to them than to the population in general; and (3) the most effective predictors of migration are often those place characteristics that require no enabling attributes and those for which the enabling attributes are common among a high proportion of potential migrants.
Percutaneous mesenteric venous thrombectomy and thrombolysis: Successful treatment followed by liver transplantation

Mesenteric vein thrombosis (MVT) is a rare cause of intestinal ischemia. Because of its nonspecific symptoms, diagnosis is often delayed. We describe a patient with liver cirrhosis who developed acute MVT while waiting for liver transplantation. Surgical intervention carried a high risk because of her underlying cirrhosis. Mesenteric venous thrombectomy and thrombolysis were performed with an AngioJet (Possis Medical, Minneapolis, MN) thrombectomy device and streptokinase infusion through transjugular route. The patient subsequently received an orthotopic liver transplant. We also present a review of the literature about the occurrence and treatment options for MVT.
INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM AND NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT: MULTIPLE ROLES FACING NATURAL RESOURCE TRUSTEE AGENCIES1

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the continually evolving subjects of emergency response and natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) from the perspective of a state natural resource trustee agency. Following the Exxon Valdez and American Trader spills, California enacted a law that gave the Department of Fish and Game primary responsibility for management of oil spills in marine waters of the state. There are considerable advantages to placing the lead responsibility for spill response and damage assessment on a single trustee agency which must carry out prespill planning and training, and participate in drills. Trustee agencies potentially face numerous roles in significant spill events; methods have been developed to facilitate the conduct of these activities. In particular, the unified command structure, incident command system, and the trustee NRDA team concept are useful.
Paper: Models of human problem solving: Detection, diagnosis, and compensation for system failures

The role of the human operator as a problem solver in man-machine systems such as vehicles, process plants, transportation networks, etc. is considered. Problem solving is discussed in terms of detection, diagnosis, and compensation. A wide variety of models of these phases of problem solving are reviewed and specifications for an overall model outlined.
Deformation and fracture in microlaminates

Abstract The utility of microlaminates in engineering applications depends ultimately on their strength and toughness. While the properties of monolithic films and coatings can be controlled through crystal structure and microstructure, the properties of microlaminates are a sensitive function of the interfaces. It is the large number of interfaces in a microlaminate that determines the unique behavior of this special type of composite. This review begins with a property-based definition of a microlaminate. The mechanisms by which microlaminates deform plastically are reviewed and evaluated in the context of data on metal-metal, metal-intermetallic, metal-ceramic and ceramic-ceramic systems. It is evident that in addition to layer geometry, the layer microstructure plays a major role in determining the operative deformation mechanism. The fracture processes in a microlaminate are examined in the context of the layer strength, microstructure, defects and crack-tip-dislocation processes. High toughnesses in microlaminate materials can be attained through a combination of mechanisms, and their effectiveness depends critically on the ability to affect the magnitude and shape of the stress field at the tip of the crack. The study of deformation and fracture in microlaminates is still a relatively young field in materials science. However, while our understanding of these processes is still quite incomplete, it is improving rapidly with advances in experiment, theory and modeling capability.
Case study—seams in anchor studs

Abstract Anchor studs are used extensively in industry to secure rods or other similar parts. Upon inspection, studs are frequently rejected because they contain longitudinal surface defects called seams. An analysis was conducted on the manufacturing process with the objective of finding the cause of the seams and possibly determining a manufacturing sequence that would eliminate them. Good records kept during the life of the part helped in evaluating the manufacturing process. The heat treatment, machining, plating, and inspection procedures were found to be satisfactory; the seams were formed during material deformation. They could have been eliminated by grinding the rods from which the studs are formed, but it was more cost-effective to discard the faulty parts.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC ANTECEDENTS OF PERSISTENT PULMONARY HYPERTENSION OF THE NEWBORN

Despite the clinical and public health significance of Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn (PPHN), little is known about the syndrome's epidemiologic origins. Between July 1985 and April 1989 we interviewed a total of 103 mothers of case and 309 mothers of control infants who were hospitalized at two Harvard-affiliated neonatal intensive care units. A priori hypotheses focused on events linked to three potential pathophysiologic events: 1) inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis (i.e., maternal intake of aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents [NSAIDs]), 2) fetal hypoxemia (i.e., maternal cigarette and marijuana smoking), and 3) vasospasm (i.e., maternal cocaine abuse). Two of our principal hypotheses were supported: odds ratios [OR] (95% confidence intervals [CI]) for the variables of greatest interest were: smoking=2.0 (1.2, 3.4), NSAIDs=3.6 (1.3, 10.3), aspirin products=2.1 (.89, 5.1), and illicit drugs=2.6 (.88, 7.7). Very low prevalence of confessed illicit drug use among our subjects precluded drug-specific analyses. We have tested a number of multivariate models using logistic regression to control for factors used as measures of socioeconomic status. In each model, maternal use of aspirin products and/or NSAIDs during pregnancy was linked with significantly increased risk of her infant developing PPHN, minimum OR (9 5%CI)=2,1 (1.3, 3.4). These data may have important implicat ions regarding future prevention of PPHN.
Pathways-based analyses of whole-genome association study data in bipolar disorder reveal genes mediating ion channel activity and synaptic neurotransmission

Despite known heritability, the complex genetic architecture of bipolar disorder (likely including trait, locus and allelic heterogeneity, as well as genetic interactions) has confounded genetic discovery for many years. Even modern day whole genome association studies (WGAS) using over half a million common SNPs have implicated only a handful of genes at the genomewide level. Temporally coincident with this series of WGAS, a host of pathways-based analyses (PBAs) have emerged as novel computational approaches in the examination of large-scale datasets, but thus far rarely have been applied to WGAS data in psychiatric disorders. Here, we report a series of PBAs conducted using exploratory visual analysis, an analytic and visualization software tool for examining genomic data, to examine results from the National Institutes of Mental Health and Wellcome-Trust Case Control Consortium WGAS in bipolar disorder. Consistent with a host of prior linkage findings, some candidate gene association studies, and recent WGAS, our strongest findings suggest involvement of ion channel structural and regulatory genes, including voltage-gated ion channels and the broader ion channel group that comprises both voltage- and ligand-gated channels. Moreover, we found only modest overlap in the particular genes driving the significance of these gene sets across the analyses. This observation strongly suggests that variation in ion channel genes, as a class of genes, may contribute to the susceptibility of bipolar disorder and that heterogeneity may figure prominently in the genetic architecture of this susceptibility.
Transition probabilities: New theory vs recent experimental results

Abstract Transition probabilities are calculated for various 1s22s22pn−1s22s2pn+1 electric dipole transitions in the first row ions C II, N I, N II, N III, O II, O III, O IV, F II, Ne II. A Non-Closed Shell Many Electron Theory (N.C.M.E.T.) of atomic structure developed by Sinanoǧlu and co-workers, which treats electron correlation accurately in both ground and excited states, predicts novel correlation effects which are included in the wave functions used to calculate the multiplet oscillator strengths. The calculated values are in agreement with recent experimental results within 10%. It is found that the usual improvement of the Hartree-Fock wave-function by the inclusion of a few configurations traditionally thought to be important, is not sufficient to obtain agreement with experiment. It is concluded therefore that all novel correlation effects as analyzed within the framework of N.C.M.E.T. should be included in the wave function to obtain accurate oscillator strengths.
Rehabilitation issues in autism spectrum disorders

Our purpose in this editorial is to highlight issues related to the rehabilitation of individuals diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We first provide an overview of what is known reg...
Structural and spectral characterization of novel charge-transfer salts of polyoxometalates and the cationic ferrocenyl donor

Abstract The first charge-transfer salts containing the cationic ferrocenyl donor cpFecpCH 2 N + (CH 3 ) 3 and polyoxometalate acceptors of the Lindqvist structural type (M 6 O 19 2− ; M = Mo, W) have been isolated in high yields (87–88%). The X-ray structure of the charge-transfer salt shows the close (interionic) interaction of the hydrogen atoms of the cyclopentadienyl ligand with the surface of the polyoxometalate. Furthermore, the UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrum in the solid states indicates the presence of a new charge-transfer band at λ max = 550 nm; and laser-flash photolysis spectroscopy establishes cpFe + cpCH 2 N + (CH 3 ) 3 and M 6 O 19 3− as short-lived transients in the direct photoactivation of the charge-transfer salt.
Multi-scale Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Solving Elliptic Problems with Curvilinear Unidirectional Rough Coefficients

In this paper, we propose a multi-scale discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method for second-order elliptic problems with curvilinear unidirectional rough coefficients by choosing a special non-polynomial approximation space. The key ingredient of the method lies in the incorporation of the local oscillatory features of the differential operators into the approximation space so as to capture the multi-scale solutions without having to resolve the finest scales. The unidirectional feature of the rough coefficients allows us to construct the basis functions of the DG non-polynomial approximation space explicitly, thereby greatly increasing the algorithm efficiency. Detailed error estimates for two-dimensional second-order DG methods are derived, and a general guidance on how to construct such non-polynomial basis is discussed. Numerical examples are also presented to validate and demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Directional Solidification and Melting of Eutectic GaIn

Eutectic gallium-indium is studied in a horizontal Bridgman furnace geometry. Differential temperature gradients are applied to solidify and melt the alloy while observing in-situ the interface morphology and the chemical segregation in the melt and in the solid as well. Upon cooling, a wedge-type indium-rich mushy zone develops at the cold wall. The melt is initially stirred by convective flow. After solidification starts the roll cell recedes to be replaced by a chemically layered conductive melt that eventually solidifies with rather uniform eutectic structure. Upon re-melting, the morphology of the interface adopts a profile that is predetermined by the original solid structure. Those patterns, as well as the flow, are different from single element solid melting experiments and have yet to be modeled. Under high thermal gradient the convective flow mixes the binary melt and the visualized density pattern eventually becomes that of a homogeneous melt.
CARBON K-EDGE FINE STRUCTURE IN GRAPHITE FOILS AND IN THIN-FILM CONTAMINANTS ON METAL SURFACES

We report absorption and extended-fine-structure studies on the carbon $K$ edge in microcrystalline, polycrystalline, and oriented crystalline (monochromator) graphite. On the basis of a density-of-states analysis, strong excitonic effects about the core hole are inferred. The fine structure at the absorption edge is found to differ for the three materials. This is explained by the orientational dependence of the polarization selection rules for electric dipole transitions from an $s$ core to $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ and $\ensuremath{\pi}$ conduction-band states. The extended x-ray fine structure (EXAFS) above the edge exhibits similar oscillations for the bulk crystalline samples (polycrystalline and monochromator graphite), but considerably weaker structure is observed for the microcrystalline sample. A Fourier analysis of the oscillations yields the nearest-neighbor shell separations. Finally, it is shown that the intensity modulations caused by carbon contamination on optical Au and Pt mirror surfaces that are exposed to high-intensity synchrotron radiation closely resemble those above the C $K$ edge in bulk crystalline graphite. This indicates the formation of graphitic overlayers on such mirrors even under ultrahigh-vacuum (1 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ Torr) conditions. These findings furthermore demonstrate the feasibility of EXAFS studies of adsorbates on surfaces by monitoring the (totally) reflected radiation off the substrate.
The Goldstein-McKean model revisited

The main properties of the simplest spatially non-homogeneous kinetic equation (the Goldstein-McKean model) are briefly reviewed. The relationships with generalized and/or extended hydrodynamics are looked upon, as they result from the projection operator method, spectral analysis, and scaling. New interesting features of a broader, principial interest are highlighted in connection to the irreversible behavior of the system and to the scaling procedure. For systems with boundaries, one derives systematically the full set of hydrodynamic boundary conditions, up to any order.
Thrombolytic reperfusion of acute myocardial infarction: resolved and unresolved issues.

Abstract Intensive clinical investigation has led to the acceptance of many fundamental aspects of reperfusion therapy, especially its salutary effects on improved survival, left ventricular function and reduced infarct size. However, many unresolved issues are currently being addressed or will be the focus of future clinical trials. These include patient selection with respect to risk profile and time of presentation, the choice of a thrombolytic agent, the role of adjunctive therapies and the optimal use and timing of follow-up coronary revascularization procedures. The rapidly evolving status of myocardial reperfusion therapy is reviewed, with specific attention to these important yet inresolved aspects.