cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PhysicsBook: a sketch-based interface for animating physics diagrams

We present PhysicsBook, a prototype system that enables users to solve physics problems using a sketch-based interface and then animates any diagram used in solving the problem to show that the solution is correct. PhysicsBook recognizes the diagrams in the solution and infers relationships among diagram components through the recognition of mathematics and annotations such as arrows and dotted lines. For animation, PhysicsBook uses a customized physics engine that provides entry points for hand-written mathematics and diagrams. We discuss the design of PhysicsBook, including details of algorithms for sketch recognition, inference of user intent and creation of animations based on the mathematics written by a user. Specifically, we describe how the physics engine uses domain knowledge to perform data transformations in instances where it cannot use a given equation directly. This enables PhysicsBook to deal with domains of problems that are not directly related to classical mechanics. We provide examples of scenarios of how PhysicsBook could be used as part of an intelligent tutoring system and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of our current prototype. Lastly, we present the findings of a preliminary usability study with five participants.
Design and evaluation of a distributed scalable content discovery system

A content discovery system (CDS) allows nodes in the system to discover contents published by some other nodes in the system. Existing CDS systems have difficulties in achieving both scalability and rich functionality. We present the design and evaluation of a distributed and scalable CDS. Our system uses rendezvous points (RPs) for content registration and query resolution, and can accommodate frequent updates from dynamic contents. Contents stored in our system can be searched via subset matching. We propose a novel mechanism that uses load balancing matrices (LBMs) to balance dynamically both registration and query load across nodes in the system to maintain high system throughput even under skewed load. Our system utilizes existing distributed hash table (DHT) mechanisms for CDS overlay network management and routing. We validate our system's scalability and load balancing properties using extensive simulation.
Geochronology of the Upper Alturas Formation, northern California: Implications for the Hemphillian-Blancan North American Land Mammal Age boundary

Fossil vertebrates from the Alturas Formation in northern California have previously been considered important for defining the age of the boundary between the Hemphillian and Blancan North American Land Mammal Ages. Diatomaceous mudstone of the upper Alturas Formation contain fossil mammals including the arvicoline rodent Mimomys (Ogmodontomys) sawrockensis that is diagnostic of Blancan faunas. New paleomagnetic and geochemical data from the upper Alturas Formation constrain the age of the first stratigraphic occurrence of M. (O.) sawrockensis at Crowder Flat Road to between 4.5 and 4.6 Ma. This age is approximately 0.2-0.4 Ma younger than previously reported such that the oldest record of Mimomys in North America, south of 55oN, is from Panaca, Nevada, and is constrained geochronologically to be approximately 4.9 Ma. The Hemphillian – Blancan North American Land Mammal Age boundary probably occurs within magnetic polarity Chron C3n.3r at approximately 4.9 Ma.
Hybrid controller design for safe maneuvering in the PATH AHS architecture

The design of safe control laws for normal mode regulation layer maneuvers of the automated highway system (AHS) hierarchical architecture in the California PATH program is addressed. Safety is equated to the absence of vehicle collisions at any speed. It is shown that it is possible to design safe control laws that keep the state of the platoons inside a state dependent safety region for all state transitions of the coordination layer finite state machines. This design allows the complete decoupled verification of the hybrid system composed by the normal mode regulation and coordination layers.
Formative Evaluation for Implementation: Evaluating Educational Technology Applications and Lessons.

Abstract Educational technology applications and lessons, such as learning modules, activities, and user-authored systems, face substantial implementation challenges in public schools and post-secondary institutions. The design of technology impacts the willingness of teachers to implement new technology; evaluators examining implementation obstacles can help improve design. In this article, both summative and formative implementation evaluation are discussed in non-technology contexts and compared with current practices with educational technology. Formative evaluation has traditionally focused on making applications and lessons “work”; however, many implementation problems are caused by non-technical/interface concerns and related to the compatibility of the technology with its surroundings. An overview of research on implementation of applications and lessons is provided and linked to a model of formative evaluation for implementation in this area. Technical, curricular/instructional, and practical areas of implementation are examined. Common implementation problems and typical design recommendations are presented. The use of the model is discussed in other areas, such as medicine and assistive technology.
Cost efficient synthesis of real-time systems upon heterogeneous multiprocessor platforms

Summary form only given. Given a collection of recurring tasks or processes that comprise the software for an embedded system, and a number of different types of available processing units, the minimum cost synthesis problem is concerned with obtaining an implementation of the embedded system upon a multiprocessor platform comprised of processing units from among the available types, such that the total cost of the platform is minimized. It is shown that this problem is intractable (NP-hard in the strong sense). Approximation algorithms are presented that guarantee to obtain implementations with cost no more than a constant amount greater than twice the cost of an optimal implementation.
Pharmacokinetics of (-)-2'-3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine in woodchucks.

The woodchuck (Marmota monax) has proven to be a suitable animal model for studying hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection owing to similarities in the course of infection between woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) in woodchucks and HBV in humans. (-)-beta-L-2',3'-Dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine (3TC; lamivudine) is a nucleoside analog which has demonstrated antiviral activity against HBV as well as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The purpose of the present investigation was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of 3TC following intravenous and oral administration of 20 mg of 3TC per kg of body weight to woodchucks. Following intravenous administration, the concentrations of 3TC in plasma declined, with a terminal half-life of 2.84 +/- 0.85 h (mean +/- standard deviation). The systemic clearance and steady-state volume of distribution of 3TC were 0.22 +/- 0.078 liters/h/kg and 0.75 +/- 0.13 liters/kg, respectively. The renal clearance of the nucleoside analog was 0.063 +/- 0.016 liters/h/kg. The oral bioavailability of 3TC ranged from 18 to 54%. Allometric relationships between pharmacokinetic parameters and body weight developed by Hussey et al. (E.K. Hussey, K.H. Donn, M.J. Daniel, S.T. Hall, A.J. Harker, and G.L. Evans, J. Clin. Pharmacol. 34:975-977, 1994) were augmented by including data from woodchucks, monkeys (S.M. Blaney, M.J. Daniel, A.J. Harker, K. Godwin, and F.M. Balis, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39:2779-2782, 1995), and additional data from rats (P. Rajagopalan, L. Moore, C.K. Chu, R.F. Schinazi, and F.D. Boudinot, submitted for publication). Interspecies scaling of the pharmacokinetic parameters of 3TC demonstrated a good correlation between clearance (0.74 . W0.76 [where W is body weight]; r = 0.93; P < 0.025), apparent volume of distribution (1.62 . W0.81; r = 0.98; P < 0.005), and steady-state volume of distribution (1.09 . W0.94; r = 0.99; P < 0.05) and species body weight. The allometric relationships for clearance and volume of distribution at steady state predicted the observed pharmacokinetic parameters in humans quite well; however, the apparent volume of distribution was underestimated in humans. Thus, the pharmacokinetic data obtained with the woodchuck HBV animal model should be useful for designing clinical trials.
A Process and Temperature Compensated Two-Stage Ring Oscillator

Local positive feedback in a delay element enables a ring oscillator with only two stages to oscillate and produce quadrature clocks. Routh-Hurwitz's criterion is applied to prove that such a structure can oscillate. An internally generated power supply from a constant-gm bias keeps the free running frequency to within plusmn 5% from -40 to 125degC over process variations. The 1.25 GHz oscillator in 0.13 mum CMOS draws 3.4 mA and has a phase noise of -88 dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset.
Reckless endangerment warfare: Civilian casualties and the collateral damage exception in international humanitarian law

This article examines how military organizations that are generally committed to following the laws and customs of war exploit what the author terms ‘the collateral damage exemption’, by employing legally-sanctioned war-fighting strategies that result in significant numbers of civilian casualties. This exemption shields combatants from legal liability for ‘incidental’ or ‘inadvertent’ civilian losses and the destruction of civilian objects that may occur during lawful actions. The author argues that military strategies which promote the use of overwhelming force under conditions that are likely to adversely affect the civilian population on a significant scale push the boundaries of legal behavior. Under these conditions, collateral damage is not inadvertent, but the calculated results of policy decisions. Most academics, journalists, and political leaders focus on blatant violations of International Humanitarian Law (IHL), for example, deliberate attacks on civilian populations. However, these actions ar...
Differential encoder design using stochastic control theory

The design of a differential encoder for data compression is formulated as a stochastic optimal control problem. The resulting plant to be controlled contains control-dependent noise, but the observation model is noise-free. It is shown that the optimal one-stage control is the prediction error, and therefore, the classical differential pulse code modulation system is optimal for this criterion. The optimal multistage control is shown to include a scaled version of the one-stage control and a weighted sum of the differences between the past inputs and their estimates. Simulation results are presented for a first order differential pulse code modulation system. Four, eight, and twelve level adaptive quantizers are used in the simulations.
Heteroleptic Complexes of Cyclometalated Platinum with Triarylformazanate Ligands

Formazanates are a ligand class featuring a 1,2,4,5-tetraazapentadienyl core, with variable substitution at the 1, 3, and 5 positions. Here we describe a set of four heteroleptic cylcometalated platinum complexes containing triarylformazanate ligands. The complexes are prepared by metathesis reactions of chloro-bridged dimers [Pt(C∧N)(μ-Cl)]2 (C∧N = 2-phenylpyridine or 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine) with triarylformazans in the presence of base. X-ray diffraction studies reveal the molecular structures of three such complexes. Cyclic voltammograms and UV-vis absorption spectra of the complexes show features characteristic of both the cyclometalated platinum fragment and the formazanate, with the latter giving rise to two reversible one-electron reductions in the CV and an intense visible π → π* absorption which is red-shifted by >100 nm relative to the free formazan. The electronic structures and redox properties of the complexes were further investigated by UV-vis spectroelectrochemistry and density functional theory calculations. All of the experimental and theoretical work points to a frontier molecular orbital manifold where the formazanate π and π* orbitals are substantially mixed with d-orbitals derived from the platinum center.
The Delta-Opioid System in the Brain: A Neglected Element in Parkinson’s Disease?

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common age-related neurodegenerative disease resulting from the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) which innervate all of the neuclei of the basal ganglia. Cell loss in the SNc causes a consequent striatal dopamine (DA) deficiency, leading to a cascade of functional changes in basal ganglia circuitry and ultimately the development of the cardinal features of PD, including resting tremor, bradykinesia, postural instability and rigidity, along with non-motor symptoms including cognitive, affective, psychiatric, and autonomic problems. DA replacement with the Levodopa (L-DOPA) is still a gold standard for symptomatic therapy of PD. However, the side effects of long-term use of L-DOPA are obvious. The emerging non-dopaminergic treatments for PD are becoming a scheduling program for the pipe-lines of drug development and clinical trials. The abundant expression of opioid receptors and their endogenous ligands, especially those for the δ-opioid system within the basal ganglia, has attracted much attention for its contribution to neurodegenerative diseases such as PD. In this article, we first discussed the relevant functional neuroanatomy and circuitry of the basal ganglia, and the evolving PD models of the basal ganglia. We then retrospected the studies on the location and expression of the δ-opioid system within the basal ganglia in health and PD, opioid-induced regulation of neurotransmitter release in basal ganglia, effects of pharmacological δ-opioid receptor (DOR) manipulation on PD and levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID), and the effects of DOR activation on dopaminergic neuron injury/cellular model of PD. Based on these analyses, we believe that δ-opioid signaling is generally a beneficial, not detrimental factor for motor complications in PD. However, more in-depth investigations are expected to provide more solid and direct evidence for this benefit and to develop therapeutic strategies against PD by targeting δ-opioid system.
Chromosome Numbers in the Hackberry Psyllids Pachypsylla and Tetragonocephala (Homoptera: Psyllidae)

Chromosome numbers were determined for 13 species of hackberry psyllids including Tetragonocephala flava Crawford and 12 species of Pachypsylla . T. flava and 10 of the species of Pachypsylla , including the 9 species of leaf-blade gallmakers studied ( P. celtidisasterisca Riley, P. celtidispubescens Riley, P. celtidismamma (Riley), P. celtidisvesicula Riley, and five undescribed or undetermined species) and the bark gallmarker, P. celtidisinteneris Mally, were found to have an XO type of sex determination with 2N chromosome complements of 25 in the males. The petiole gallmaker, P. venusta (Osten-Sacken) also was found to have an XO type of sex determination but to have a male 2N chromosome number of only 23. On the other hand the bud gallmaker, P. celtidisgethma Riley, has an XY type of sex determination with a 2N chromosome number of 22 in the male. In all species the X chromosome divided during the second meiotic division.
Design of Weaving Penetration for Hypersonic Glide Vehicle

As to the strategy of penetration against the Missile-Defence-System for Hypersonic Glide Vehicle(HGV) , an approach of lateral weaving maneuver based on threat time-window was proposed.A damage probability model was established based on the combination of radar, missile and HGV.The exposed Radar Cross Section(RCS) of HGV was controlled by lateral weaving maneuver.The optimal penetration trajectory was designed based on the minimax theory, which minimized the maximal damage probability of HGV for all the threat time-windows.Simulation was made, and the result demonstrated that this approach can reduce HGV's probability of being damaged, and improve it's survivability during penetration effectively at the cost of more voyage and time.
The soil microbial gene diversity for soil organic carbon degradation in different forest types

To increase our understanding of the impact of land use/cover changes on the diversity of soil microbial functional genes in microbial communities,we analyzed soil samples of fir old growth forest(Abies faxoniana) and planted spruce forest(Picea likiangensis var.balfourianan) in 1960s following the harvest of the old growth forest samples were collected from the Miyaluo forest in a subalpine area of Western Sichuan and were analyzed using a functional gene microarray.This type of functional gene microarray contained 1961 probes complementary to gene orthologs from six functional groups: organic carbon decomposition,carbon fixation,metal resistance,and nitrogen, sulfur,and phosphorous cycling.A total of 39 and 62 genes with statistically significant positive signals(SNR≥2) were observed in fir old growth forest and planted spruce forest in 1960s,respectively.The gene diversity index(H′) was 3.59 and 4.04 and the observed sum signal intensity was 480280 and 630560 in fir old growth forest and planted spruce forest in 1960s,respectively.There were 32 and 37 organic carbon decomposition genes that accounted for 82% and 60% of all observed genes in fir old growth forest and planted spruce forest in 1960s,respectively.These organic carbon decomposition genes belonged to 22 different orthologs that are involved in a variety of organic carbon decomposition process,such as decomposition of lignin,xylan,chitin.However,the individual gene orthologs associated with organic carbon decomposition and their abundance were diverse in these sites.For example,the benzoyl CoA reductase gene related to benzoate decomposition,originally found in Azoarcus evansii,was the most abundant in these sites.The putative 2-hydroxychromene-2-carboxylate isomerase gene from Ralstonic solanacearum was only observed in spruce forest planted in 1960s and had highest abundance among all the detected genes.These results showed that most soil microbes may directly take part in the decomposition of soil organic carbon and differences in forest types can significantly affect the microbial community structure and the molecular diversity of organic carbon decomposition genes.Therefore,land use/cover changes may have a large influence on the soil microbial community structure and the microorganisms involved in organic carbon decomposition.This in turn likely affects the organic carbon cycle dynamics and the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration.In addition,the results also indicated that the developed microarray appeared to be useful for analyzing differences in functional microbial community structures.
RESEARCH ON THE GERMICIDAL EFFICACY AND TOXICITY OF A NEW TYPE OF GUANIDINES DISINFECTANT

Objective To observe the germicidal efficacy and other disinfection properties of a new type of guanidines disinfectant.Methods Suspension quantitative germicidal test and animal experiment were used to carry out experimental research on the germicidal efficacy and toxicity of this guanidines disinfectant.Results The average killing logarithm values of Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exposed to disinfectant containing poly-[2-(2-ethoxyl)-ethoxylethyl ester]guanidine 6 000 mg/L for 2.5 min were5.00;the average killing logarithm value of artificial contaminated bacteria on fruit and vegetables soaked in disinfectant with the same content for 10 min was 3.79.The mouse acute oral LD50 of this disinfectant was 5 000 mg/kg bw and this solution had no irritation to the intact animal skin.Conclusion This guanidines disinfectant has good germicidal efficacy on bacteria vegetative and good stability.It has no irritation to animal skin and no toxicity.
Micro-pattern Corrosion Screening on Bimetallic Corrosion for Microelectronic Application

Abstract The continued miniaturization of the integrated circuit, leading to minute dimensions ( 12) at Cu/Ru interface, caused by enhanced oxygen reduction reaction on Ru, is proposed to generate more NH 3 for sustaining fast Cu corrosion. Effects of different plasma chemistries like CF 4 , CF 4 + O 2 , CH 2 F 2 , C 4 F 8 and SF 6 on the Cu corrosion in tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) were also investigated. Plasma treatments using higher fluorine content gases showed higher Cu corrosion rate in TMAH. Benzotriazole showed limited corrosion inhibition to plasma treated Cu/Ru micro-patterns in pH 14 TMAH solution. Contrastingly, pyrazole demonstrated as an effective corrosion inhibitor suppressing Cu corrosion rate down to the desirable
Increased Modularity of Resting State Networks Supports Improved Narrative Production in Aphasia Recovery

The networks that emerge in the analysis of resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) data are believed to reflect the intrinsic organization of the brain. One key property of such complex biological networks is modularity, a measure of community structure. This topological characteristic changes in neurological disease and recovery. Nineteen subjects with language disorders after stroke (aphasia) underwent neuroimaging and behavioral assessment at multiple time points before (baseline) and after an imitation-based therapy. Language was assessed with a narrative production task. Group independent component analysis was performed on the rsfMRI data to identify resting state networks (RSNs). For each participant and each rsfMRI acquisition, we constructed a graph comprising all RSNs. We assigned nodal community based on a region's RSN membership, calculated the modularity score, and then correlated changes in modularity and therapeutic gains on the narrative task. We repeated this comparison controlling for pretherapy performance and using a community structure not based on RSN membership. Increased RSN modularity was positively correlated with improvement on the narrative task immediately post-therapy. This finding remained significant when controlling for pretherapy performance. There were no significant findings for network modularity and behavior when nodal community was assigned without consideration of RSN membership. We interpret these findings as support for the adaptive role of network segregation in behavioral improvement in aphasia therapy. This has important clinical implications for the targeting of noninvasive brain stimulation in poststroke remediation and suggests potential for further insight into the processes underlying such changes through computational modeling.
Additional Questions about the Applicability of “False Memory” Research

Summary Brewin and Andrews present a strong case that the results of studies on adults' false memories for childhood events yield small and variable effects of questionable practical significance. We discuss some fundamental limitations of the literature available for this review, highlighting key issues in the operationalization of the term ‘false memory’, publication bias, and additional variables that have been insufficiently researched. We discuss the implications of these findings in the real world. Ultimately, we conclude that more work is needed in all of these domains, and appreciate the efforts of these authors to further a careful and evidence-based discussion of the issues.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reading nonfiction text on an iPad in a secondary classroom

The intent of this research was to investigate the experiences of eighth grade readers as they read nonfiction text on an iPad for academic purposes. We investigated reading strategies that students use to support their reading as well as what role iPad features played in the reading process. New literacies, metacognition and transactional theories informed the framework. Multiple data sources were used to triangulate findings and included (a) retrospective think alouds, (b) student iPad survey, (c) pre and post study student interviews, (d) Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies Inventory and (e) student observations. Data for the collective case study participants focused on the identification of proficient readers who displayed confidence, competency, and control over text. Themes identified in the collective case studies included (a) reading comprehension strategies, (b) nonfiction features and (c) iPad features to support their reading of nonfiction on the iPad.
Reactivity of metal-oxalate EUV resists as a function of the central metal

the microelectronics industry. Traditional EUV photoresists have been composed of organic compounds which are moderately transparent to EUV. Resist stochastics and sensitivity can be improved by increasing the number of photons absorbed. Molecular organometallic resists are a type of metal containing resist aimed at improving EUV absorption. This work focuses on studying the role of the metal center (Metal = Co, Fe, Cr) in an oxalate complex by comparing the number of absorbed photons and the photoelectron reactivity in each compound. In the study presented here, the EUV absorption coefficients are determined experimentally by measuring the transmission through a resist coated on a silicon nitride membrane using an Energetiq EQ-10M xenon plasma EUV source. Additionally, the photochemistry is evaluated by monitoring outgassing reaction products. This particular resist platform eliminates oxalate ligands when exposed to electrons or EUV photons resulting in a solubility difference between the exposed and unexposed regions. In the process, carbon dioxide is produced and is monitored using mass spectrometry, where quantitative values are obtained using a calibration technique. For the metal oxalate complexes studied, the absorption of EUV changed minimally due to the low concentrations of metal atoms. However, EUV and electron reactivity greatly changed between the three compounds likely due to the reducibility of the metal center. A correlation is shown between Esize and the reducibility of each photoresist.
India Our Great Teacher

This day is celebrated throughout China to commemorate not only the new friendship between India and China but also our long and unique historical relationship extending over a period of fully 2,000 years.
The Temne of Sierra Leone: African Agency in the Making of a British Colony

Much of the research and study of the formation of Sierra Leone focuses almost exclusively on the role of the so-called Creoles, or descendants of ex-slaves from Europe, North America, Jamaica, and Africa living in the colony. In this book, Joseph J. Bangura cuts through this typical narrative surrounding the making of the British colony, and instead offers a fresh look at the role of the often overlooked indigenous Temne-speakers. Bangura explores, however, the socio-economic formation, establishment, and evolution of Freetown, from the perspective of different Temne-speaking groups, including market women, religious figures, and community leaders and the complex relationships developed in the process. Examining key issues, such as the politics of belonging, African agency, and the creation of national identities, Bangura offers an account of Sierra Leone that sheds new perspectives on the social history of the colony.
Percutaneous coronary intervention after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in nonagenarians: use rates and in-hospital mortality.

To the Editor: A 2007 American Heart Association panel concluded that, despite growing numbers, there remains a lack of data on the outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in very elderly patients ([1][1]). The goal of this study
The Metabolism of Myelin Lipids

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the metabolism of myelin lipids. The three myelin lipid constituents, namely, inositol phosphatide, lecithin, and serine phosphatide, have certain metabolic characteristics that differentiate them from another group of myelin lipids. The pattern of rates of turnover of lipids of myelin and other brain membrane fractions is similar; nevertheless, all myelin constituents have a relatively slow rate of metabolism compared with other brain fractions. Whether the differential behavior of the lipids is the result of enzymatic activity or a simple exchange is unknown. The rate of turnover may be related to the length of the fatty acid chains and also to interactions with other lipids. Calculations of the lipid compositions of myelin show the molar ratio of cholesterol to the stable lipids to be approximately one, which may be evidence for the postulated cholesterol–galactolipid or cholesterol–phospholipid complex. A more detailed knowledge of the behavior of the lipids related to data on the turnover of the several myelin proteins may provide insight into the molecular arrangement of myelin.
Germ Cell Specification

The germline of Caenorhabditis elegans derives from a single founder cell, the germline blastomere P4. P4 is the product of four asymmetric cleavages that divide the zygote into distinct somatic and germline (P) lineages. P4 inherits a specialized cytoplasm (“germ plasm”) containing maternally encoded proteins and RNAs. The germ plasm has been hypothesized to specify germ cell fate, but the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Three processes stand out: (1) inhibition of mRNA transcription to prevent activation of somatic development, (2) translational regulation of the nanos homolog nos-2 and of other germ plasm mRNAs, and (3) establishment of a unique, partially repressive chromatin. Together, these processes ensure that the daughters of P4, the primordial germ cells Z2 and Z3, gastrulate inside the embryo, associate with the somatic gonad, initiate the germline transcriptional program, and proliferate during larval development to generate ∼2,000 germ cells by adulthood.
Whose Money Is It?: An Economic Game on the Concept of Moral Hazard

The concept of moral hazard originates in the insurance industry, where it generally indicates that the presence of an insurance contract increases the likelihood of a claim and the size of a claim. The concept is an important one for all economics students to learn, especially students of health economics. The health care scenario game Whose Money Is It? was developed to help students better understand the concept and consequences of moral hazard. When played with two cohorts of students, the game results affirmed and enlightened the concept. Rather than select the optimal game solution relative to health care needs, 43 of 51 students accessed care more frequently and spent more money under the "Other Peoples' Money" scenario than under the "Out of Pocket" scenario.
Price discrimination and the emergence of secondary markets

A frequently used explanations for the emergence of secondary markets for live entertainment and the ability of resellers to charge a markup over face‐value prices is that promoters do not price discriminate optimally. We test this hypothesis empirically, using instrumental variables techniques on a sample of 45 popular music concerts and find that secondary market markups are not caused by the level of price discrimination used by promoters on primary markets. The experience and success of the artist drive both primary market pricing and secondary market markups, which are consistent with theories of social influence and pricing of complementary products.
Prevalence and Correlates of Pain in Adolescent and Young Adult Survivors of Pediatric Brain Tumors.

Purpose: Survivors of pediatric brain tumors (PBTs) are at high risk for medical late effects, including pain. Although pain is common at PBT diagnosis and during treatment, less is known about sur...
Flight camera package design, calibration, and performance for the Water Recovery X-ray Rocket mission

The Water Recovery X-ray Rocket (WRXR) mission was a sounding rocket flight that targeted the northern part of the Vela supernova remnant with a camera designed to image the diffracted X-rays using a grating spectrometer optimized for OVII, OVIII, and CVI emissions. The readout camera for WRXR utilized a silicon hybrid CMOS detector (HCD) with an active area of 36.9  36.9 mm. A modified H2RG X-ray HCD, with 1024  1024 active silicon pixels bonded to the H2RG read-out integrated circuit, was selected for this mission based on its characteristics, technology maturation, and ease of implementation into the existing payload. This required a new camera package for the HCD to be designed, built, calibrated, and operated. This detector and camera system were successfully operated in-flight and its characteristics were demonstrated using the on-board calibration X-ray source. In this paper, a detailed description of this process, from design concept to flight performance, will be given. A full integrated instrument calibration will also be discussed, as well as the temperature dependency measurements of gain variation, read noise, and energy resolution for the HCD.
A (1+1)-dimensional Lifshitz Weyl Anomaly From a Schr$\mathrm{\ddot{o}}$dinger-invariant Non-relativistic Chern-Simons Action

The main result of this paper is that the Weyl anomaly of a $z=2$ (1+1)-dimensional Lifshitz effective action can be derived from a (2+1)-dimensional non-relativistic Schr$\mathrm{\ddot{o}}$dinger-invariant Chern-Simons (NRSCS) action which was shown to be equivalent to a specific Weyl-invariant non-projectable Horava-Lifshitz action of gravity. On a manifold with a boundary, we will show that the (1+1)-dimensional Lifshitz Weyl anomaly can be derived from a specific term, the torsional CS (tCS) term, in the NRSCS action built from the gauge fields of the Weyl and special conformal symmetry generators of the centrally-extended Schr$\mathrm{\ddot{o}}$dinger algebra. We also focus on the $z=1$ Lifshitz Weyl anomaly and attempt to elicit its geometric and physical nature, in particular its relationship with the Lorentz anomaly of a (1+1)-dimensional CFT effective actions. We show that it is directly related to the curvature scalar of the dual Lorentz connection, the integral of which is known to be a topological invariant. We also point out that making the anomalous Lifshitz quantum effective action Weyl-invariant amounts to obtaining the equation of motion for a stationary chiral boson which happens to be the spatial-component of the acceleration vector. By putting boundary conditions on the spatial slices, the time dependence of the lapse function in the Arnowitt, Deser and Misner (ADM) decomposition is eliminated and the result is a Rindler metric. We finally discuss several issues related to the (1+1)-dimensional Lifshitz Weyl anomaly regarding edge physics of fractional quantum Hall states and anomaly cancellation by anomaly inflow.
The sigma receptor ligand N-phenylpropyl-N'-(4-methoxyphenethyl)3piperazine (YZ-067) enhances the cocaine conditioned-rewarding properties while inhibiting the development of sensitization of cocaine in mice.

The N-phenylpropyl-N′-substituted piperazines SA-4503 (N-phenylpropyl-N′-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)piperazine) and YZ-185 (N-phenylpropyl-N′-(3-methoxyphenethyl)piperazine) bind to sigma (σ) receptors and block the development of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference at concentrations that inhibit cocaine-induced hyperactivity. YZ-067 (N-phenylpropyl-N′-(4-methoxyphenethyl)piperazine) also binds to sigma receptors and attenuates cocaine-induced hyperactivity in mice. The present study determined the effect of YZ-067 on the development and expression of cocaine (66 μmol/kg or 33 μmol/kg) conditioned place preference (CPP) and locomotor sensitization in mice. YZ-067 (10 or 31.6 μmol/kg) did not have intrinsic effects on place preference or place aversion. Interestingly, the 31.6 μmol/kg YZ-067 dose enhanced the development of cocaine place preference, while 10 μmol/kg YZ-067 attenuated the development of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization. However, YZ-067 did not alter the expression of cocaine place preference nor cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization. In follow-up studies, YZ-067 did not affect performance in the zero maze or rotarod, indicating that sigma receptors probed by this ligand do not regulate anxiety-like or coordinated motor skill behaviors, respectively. Overall, these results are consistent with previous studies demonstrating a role for sigma receptors in the behavioral effects of cocaine. However, the present findings also indicate that N-phenylpropyl-N′-substituted piperazines do not strictly block cocaine’s behavioral effects and that sigma receptor may differentially mediate cocaine-induced hyperactivity and place conditioning.
Anti-representationalism in language development research: A commentary on Ambridge (2020):

Ambridge argues that there is widespread agreement among child language researchers that learners store linguistic abstractions. In this commentary the authors first argue that this assumption is i...
Neighborhood disparities in timeliness of treatment for early stage lung cancer patients.

e19017Background: Lung cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States, accounting for approximately 25% of all cancer deaths....
Firebug! Dissociative Identity Disorder? Malingering? Or …? An Intensive Case Study of an Arsonist

Courts struggle with questions of how to assess competency to stand trial (CTS) and not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) in dissociative identity disorder (DID). Concerns about CTS include dissociative amnesia and unpredictable switching behaviors that could cause inconsistent information transfer across self states, with the defendant unable to access important legal information about his/her defense and to collaborate with his/her attorney; DID defendants could not conform their conduct to the law or know right from wrong due to dissociative amnesia, the seemingly independent actions of self states, and the disruption of reality testing by switching. The author presents the case of a woman charged with both a witnessed and an unwitnessed burglary and arson, the latter at the home of her former therapist. The author was the fourth forensic evaluator in the case. Disagreements included whether the defendant met diagnostic criteria for DID or was malingering, and whether she was CTS and/or NGRI. In clinical work with DID, “the whole human being” is held responsible for all behavior, despite reported amnesia or lack of subjective agency. The Discrete Behavioral States (DBS) model of DID avoids reification of the DID self states and their conflation as separate “people.” This model supports evaluating the defendant at the level of specific self states, the self-state system, and that of the whole human being. The author concluded that the defendant met diagnostic criteria for DID and also was malingering its severity. She was competent to stand trial and legally sane.
Durability of a recombination catalyst-based membrane-electrode assembly for electrolysis operation at high current density

Abstract Hydrogen production through polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis was investigated at high current density (4 A cm−2). A PtCo recombination catalyst-based membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) was assessed in terms of performance, efficiency and durability. The electrolysis cell consisted of a thin (50 µm) perfluorosulfonic acid membrane and low platinum group metals (PGM) catalyst loadings (0.6 mgMEA PGM cm−2). An unsupported PtCo catalyst was successfully integrated in the anode. A composite catalytic layer made of IrRuOx and PtCo assisted both oxygen evolution and oxidation of hydrogen permeated through the membrane. The cell voltage for the recombination catalyst-based MEA was about 30 mV lower than the bare MEA during a 3500 h durability test. The modified MEA showed low performance losses during 3500 h operation at high current density (4 A cm−2) with low catalyst loadings. A decay rate of 9 µV/h was observed in the last 1000 h. These results are promising for decreasing the capital costs of polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysers. Moreover, the stable voltage efficiency of about 80% vs. the high heating value (HHV) of hydrogen at 4 A cm−2, here achieved, appears very promising to decrease operating expenditures.
Design of 2D Optical Phased Array Emitters with Half-Wavelength Spacing and Less than −20 dB Crosstalk

We propose a multi-layered, 2D optical phased array capable of 180° × 180° beam steering range without wavelength tuning. Evanescent coupling between half-wavelength spaced waveguides is suppressed below −20 dB through index-mismatch and extreme skin-depth metamaterial waveguides.
The Case for Second Amendment Sanctuaries: The Duty to Defend the Constitution

In the wake of proposed new gun regulations the Second Amendment sanctuary movement swept Virginia and other states. The aim, to defend residents against loss of their constitutional right to keep and bear their private firearms, has been dismissed by governors and other authorities as a meaningless gesture. But is it? Federal, state and local officials are sworn to preserve, protect and defend the American Constitution. In addition forty-four states have the right to be armed in their constitutions. What is expected of those who swear that oath? This essay lays out the scope of the sanctuary movement and explores the obligation to protect a constitutional right to be armed.
Understanding factors associated with hospital admission for colon cancer diagnosis and staging work up.

17Background: Cancer diagnosis, staging work up and treatment need to be done in a timely manner but are rarely emergencies. Cancer work up during a hospital admission is costly and can take away r...
High Thermal Effusivity Nanocarbon Materials for Resonant Thermal Energy Harvesting.

The authors acknowledge King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), under award OSR-2015-Sensors-2700, for their financial support regarding this project.
Earth science: Shaken, not stirred

It is difficult to obtain a dynamic picture of the Earth's mantle. A study involving geophysical observations with geochemical implications shows that compositionally distinct megablobs contribute to the ebb and flow.
Imaging in ventricular noncompaction

Abstract Background Ventricular noncompaction is a complex clinical and imaging diagnosis typically evaluated by echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Variable phenotypes from benign variants of normal to severe forms of symptomatic cardiomyopathy may share imaging characteristics. While the gold standard for diagnosis of ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy by current imaging modalities remains elusive, advanced quantification methods in both echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging are improving. Aim of Review This review seeks to describe the current state of imaging methods and modalities that may aid in the diagnosis and differentiation of isolated, benign ventricular noncompaction from cardiomyopathy with noncompaction. Key Scientific Concepts of Review A multimodality imaging approach may allow imagers and clinicians to discriminate between benign and pathologic forms. However, an integrated imaging, clinical and genetic effort will be necessary to advance our understanding of this heterogenous cardiomyopathy.
Cartilage Restoration and Stabilization Strategies for the Patellofemoral Joint

Cartilage restoration procedures within the patellofemoral joint (PFJ) present challenges due to high shear and compressive forces, complex articular surface topography, and heterogeneity of anatomy. While outcomes in the PFJ have historically been worse than those within the tibiofemoral joint, recent studies have demonstrated nearly equivalent outcomes. Palliative options include loose body removal and chondroplasty. Reparative techniques fix the chondral or osteochondral fragment and are generally performed in the acute setting. Restorative techniques include marrow stimulation, microfracture, matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI), and particulated juvenile allograft chondrocytes (PJAC). Reconstructive methods include osteochondral autograft (OAT) and allograft (OCA). In the setting of osteochondral fractures or chondral shear injuries resulting in loose bodies, fragment excision or surgical repair should be considered acutely to prevent mechanical symptoms or fragment migration with damage to surrounding uninjured cartilage. Growing evidence supports the fixation of chondral-only fragments in skeletally immature patients. Chondroplasty should be reserved for anteriorly based mechanical symptoms. Results of microfracture within the PFJ are inferior to those within the femoral condyles. OAT is typically used for relatively small patellar lesions ( 2 cm2) with subchondral bone involvement. MACI has the longest track record of any cartilage restoration procedure within the PFJ but should not be used in the setting of intralesional osteophytes or cysts. PJAC is a promising option with an evolving role and similar indications and contraindications as MACI. Concurrent procedures such as osteotomy should be selected according to concomitant pathology present.
Status Report on Proposed Changes to Permissible Airborne Emission Exposure Limits for U.S. Shipyard Workers

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor (OSHA) and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) are making or considering reductions in worker exposure limits for nickel, manganese, and chromium compounds, including hexavalent chromium. These changes will have an impact on the operations and processes used by Navy facilities and public and private shipyards for construction, maintenance, and repair of ships. A Navy/Industry Task Group lead by the Naval Sea Systems Command is addressing these concerns and has gathered data on current worker exposure levels to nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), total cromium (Cr), and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). This paper reports the data gathered to date from literature, the Navy Environmental Health database, shipyard worker sampling, and controlled laboratory welding tests.
Stimulus Frequency Otoacoustic Emissions Provide No Evidence for the Role of Efferents in the Enhancement Effect.

Auditory enhancement refers to the perceptual phenomenon that a target sound is heard out more readily from a background sound if the background is presented alone first. Here we used stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions (SFOAEs) to test the hypothesis that activation of the medial olivocochlear efferent system contributes to auditory enhancement effects. The SFOAEs were used as a tool to measure changes in cochlear responses to a target component and the neighboring components of a multitone background between conditions producing enhancement and conditions producing no enhancement. In the “enhancement” condition, the target and multitone background were preceded by a precursor stimulus with a spectral notch around the signal frequency; in the control (no-enhancement) condition, the target and multitone background were presented without the precursor. In an experiment using a wideband multitone stimulus known to produce significant psychophysical enhancement effects, SFOAEs showed no changes consistent with enhancement, but some aspects of the results indicated possible contamination of the SFOAE magnitudes by the activation of the middle-ear-muscle reflex. The same SFOAE measurements performed using narrower-band stimuli at lower sound levels also showed no SFOAE changes consistent with either absolute or relative enhancement despite robust psychophysical enhancement effects observed in the same listeners with the same stimuli. The results suggest that cochlear efferent control does not play a significant role in auditory enhancement effects.
Gross Electric Recording from the Human Retina and Cortex

I do not read the Good Housekeeping magazine regularly, but my secretary does and she gave me a clipping the other day from a current issue.