cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conceptions of Ability and the Interpretation of Praise, Blame, and Material Rewards.

Abstract The authors assessed reactions to different levels of praise, blame, and reward received by two children who received the same test score among 79 students from the fourth, sixth, and eighth grades. Understanding of ability-as-capacity, that is, that higher effort implies lower ability when performance is constant, was also assessed. Being praised or rewarded and not being blamed led to lower ability evaluations among children who understood ability-as-capacity. Open-ended explanations indicated that children frequently believed that the usual or typical performance was lower for the praised, rewarded, or nonblamed children. These less favorable judgments often occurred without understanding ability-as-capacity. These findings suggest an alternate and less differentiated cognitive mechanism for the paradoxical effects of praise and blame. Older children showed an increasing preference to be like the nonpraised, nonrewarded, or blamed child. Implications for ego-involved motivation are discussed.
Auto ignition processing of nanocrystalline α-Al2O3

Abstract This paper reports the results of an investigation aiming at synthesizing nanocrystalline α-alumina using the “Auto Ignition” processing technique. The process utilizes in-situ exothermic reactions occurring between a suitable oxidizer (e.g., aluminum nitrate) and a fuel (urea). Due to generation of high temperatures for a short time, the resulting crystalline phase(s) is(are) able to nucleate but cannot grow. This work systematically examines and characterizes the resulting powders obtained from various ratios of the oxidizer and fuel. Both X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy results confirm that under certain conditions it is possible to obtain pure α-alumina in nanocrystalline size. It is expected that sinterability of such powders will be better because the question of γ to α phase transformation does not arise.
Observation of ice mantles toward HD 29647

The water ice absorption band at 3.1 microns has been observed in HD 29647, which is a late B type star with an anomalous ultraviolet extinction curve. The interpretation is that ice mantles are present on the dust grains in the intervening cloud and that these mantles are responsible for suppressing the 2200 A interstellar absorption feature. This is the first observation of both the 2200 A region and the 3.1 micron interstellar absorption feature toward the same star. A comparison of recent UV laboratory data of water ice with the UV spectrum of HD 29647 further supports the presence of water ice mantles in the same column density as that observed in the infrared. The diffuse interstellar features have been reported to be weakened in this star, consistent with their origin being on grain core surfaces, rather than in mantles or gaseous molecules.
Dichloromethane metabolism to formaldehyde and reaction of formaldehyde with nucleic acids in hepatocytes of rodents and humans with and without glutathione S-transferase T1 and M1 genes.

Metabolism of dichloromethane (DCM) to formaldehyde (HCHO) via a glutathione S-transferase (GST) pathway is thought to be required for its carcinogenic effects in B6C3F1 mice. In humans, this reaction is catalyzed primarily by the protein product of the gene GSTT1, a member of the Theta class of GST, and perhaps to a small extent by the protein product of the gene GSTM1. Humans are polymorphic with respect to both genes. Since HCHO may bind to both DNA and RNA forming DNA-protein crosslinks (DPX) and RNA-formaldehyde adducts (RFA), respectively, these products were determined in isolated hepatocytes from B6C3F1 mice, F344 rats, Syrian golden hamsters, and humans to compare species with respect to the production of HCHO from DCM and its reaction with nucleic acids. Only mouse hepatocytes formed detectable amounts of DPX, the quantities of which corresponded well with quantities of DPX formed in the livers of mice exposed to DCM in vivo [Casanova, M., Conolly, R.B., and Heck, H. d'A. (1996). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 31, 103-116]. Hepatocytes from all rodent species and from humans with functional GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes formed RFA. No RFA were detected in human cells lacking these genes. Yields of RFA in hepatocytes of mice were 4-fold higher than in those of rats, 7-fold higher than in those of humans, and 14-fold higher than in those of hamsters. The RFA:DPX ratio in mouse hepatocytes incubated with DCM was approximately 9.0 +/- 1.4, but it was 1.1 +/- 0.3 when HCHO was added directly to the medium, indicating that HCHO generated internally from DCM is not equivalent to that added externally to cells and that it may occupy separate pools. DPX were not detected in human hepatocytes even at concentrations equivalent to an in vivo exposure of 10,000 ppm; however, the possibility that very small amounts of DPX were produced from DCM cannot be excluded, since HCHO was formed in human cells. Maximal amounts of DPXliver that might be formed in humans were predicted from the amounts in mice and the relative amounts of RFA in hepatocytes of both species. With predicted DPXliver as the dosimeter, the unit risk, the upper 95% confidence limit on the cancer risk, and the margin of exposure were calculated at several concentrations using the linearized multistage and benchmark dose methods. Since the actual delivered dose is smaller than that predicted, the results suggest that DCM poses at most a very low risk of liver cancer to humans.
Problems for Testimonial Acquaintance

We think about and refer to things that we've never perceived or experienced. This paper bears on how this could be. Someone is testimonially acquainted with something just in case the explanation of one's ability to think de re thoughts about it essentially appeals to communication with others who already have that ability. The main motivation for the claim that testimonial acquaintance is possible is that it best explains how we can think de re about and refer to things we've never perceived or experienced: we gain these abilities in part by communicating with those who already have them. The main point of this paper is negative: to argue that testimonial acquaintance, as we currently understand it, is impossible. Although one might take this to show that we cannot be acquainted with things we haven't perceived or experienced, I prefer to think of it as motivation for rethinking the nature of acquaintance. The structure of this paper is as follows. In section 1 I refine and develop the key notions and terminology to be employed. In section 2 1 articulate the only two ways for testimonial acquaintance to be possible. Sections 3-5 contain my arguments against these two possibilities. Finally, in section 6 I discuss some consequences of my arguments, including some speculations concerning how to rethink the nature of acquaintance.
Domains of deception

The von Hippel & Trivers theory of self-deception will gain added traction by identifying psychological design features that come into play in different domains of deception. These include the domains of mating, kinship, coalition formation, status hierarchy negotiation, parenting, friendship, and enmity. Exploring these domains will uncover psychological adaptations and sex-differentiated patterns of self-deception that are logically entailed by their theory.
Content-specific auditing of a large scale anatomy ontology

Biomedical ontologies are envisioned to be useable in a range of research and clinical applications. The requirements for such uses include formal consistency, adequacy of coverage, and possibly other domain specific constraints. In this report we describe a case study that illustrates how application specific requirements may be used to identify modeling problems as well as data entry errors in ontology building and evolution. We have begun a project to use the UW Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA) in a clinical application in radiation therapy planning. This application focuses mainly (but not exclusively) on the representation of the lymphatic system in the FMA, in order to predict the spread of tumor cells to regional metastatic sites. This application requires that the downstream relations associated with lymphatic system components must only be to other lymphatic chains or vessels, must be at the appropriate level of granularity, and that every path through the lymphatic system must terminate at one of the two well known trunks of the lymphatic system. It is possible through a programmable query interface to the FMA to write small programs that systematically audit the FMA for compliance with these constraints. We report on the design of some of these programs, and the results we obtained by applying them to the lymphatic system. The algorithms and approach are generalizable to other network organ systems in the FMA such as arteries and veins. In addition to illustrating exact constraint checking methods, this work illustrates how the details of an application may reflect back a requirement to revise the design of the ontology itself.
A Runtime Assertion Checker for the Java Modeling Language (JML)

Debugging is made difficult by the need to precisely describe what each piece of the software is supposed to do, and to write code to defend modules against the errors of other modules; if this is not done it is difficult to assign blame to a small part of the program when things go wrong. Similarly, unit testing also needs precise descriptions of behavior, and is made difficult by the need to write test oracles. However, debugging and testing consume a significant fraction of the cost of software development and maintenance efforts. Inadequate debugging and testing also contribute to quality problems. We describe a runtime assertion checker for the Java Modeling Language (JML) that helps in assigning blame during debugging and in automatic generation of test oracles. It represents a significant advance over the current state of the art, because it can deal with very abstract specifications which hide representation details, and other features such as quantifiers, and inheritance of specifications. Yet JML specifications have a syntax that is easily understood by programmers. Thus, JML’s runtime assertion checker has the potential for decreasing the cost of debugging and testing.
Space and terrestrial systems in naval communications

The author gives his perspective on the place of space and terrestrial systems in naval communications. Topics discussed include the creation of a balanced C3 architecture, the Navy's Command and Control System (NCCS), the ELF communications system, the TACAMO program, the UHF SATCOM system, and submarine laser communication. >
Isoform-level microRNA-155 target prediction using RNA-seq

Computational prediction of microRNA targets remains a challenging problem. The existing rule-based, data-driven and expression profiling approaches to target prediction are mostly approached from the gene-level. The increasing availability of RNA-seq data provides a new perspective for microRNA target prediction on the isoform-level. We hypothesize that the splicing isoform is the ultimate effector in microRNA targeting and that the proposed isoform-level approach is capable of predicting non-dominant isoform targets as well as their targeting regions that are otherwise invisible to many existing approaches. To test the hypothesis, we used an iterative expectation maximization (EM) algorithm to quantify transcriptomes at the isoform-level. The performance of the EM algorithm in transcriptome quantification was examined in simulation studies using FluxSimulator. We used joint evidence from isoform-level down-regulation and seed enrichment to predict microRNA-155 targets. We validated our computational approach using results from 149 in-house performed in vitro 3′-UTR assays. We also augmented the splicing database using exon–exon junction evidence, and applied the EM algorithm to predict and quantify 1572 cell line specific novel isoforms. Combined with seed enrichment analysis, we predicted 51 novel microRNA-155 isoform targets. Our work is among the first computational studies advocating the isoform-level microRNA target prediction.
Optical Requirements with Turbulence Correction for Long-range Biometrics

Iris recognition utilizes distinct patterns found in the human iris to perform identification. Image acquisition is a critical first step towards successful operation of iris recognition systems. However, the quality of iris images required by standard iris recognition algorithms puts hard constraints on the imaging optical systems which have resulted in demonstrated systems to date requiring a relatively short subject stand-off distance. In this paper, we study long-range iris recognition at distances as large as 200 meters, and determine conditions the imaging system must satisfy for identification at longer stand-off distances.
Evidence-based treatments in child abuse and neglect

This article summarizes the background and basic concepts of evidence-based practice (EBP), contrasts EBP with traditional approaches, and examines how EBP fits within child welfare and child maltreatment related service systems. The emerging recommendations of best practice workgroups are reviewed, along with evidence across a range of child welfare target areas, including prevention, treatment and foster care settings. The article concludes with a review of challenges and possible solutions for implementing EBP's in child welfare and child maltreatment related service systems.
What is the evidence for a relationship between Chlamydia pneumoniae and late-onset Alzheimer's disease?

Beginning with the demonstration of Helicobacter pylori as an etiologic agent for ulcers, the notion that microbial pathogens can play an initiating and/or exacerbatory role in chronic disease has gained increasing credence. Indeed, studies have suggested associations between Chlamydia trachomatis and cervical cancer,1 Nocardia asteroides and Parkinson’s disease,2 and Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis,3 among many others [T1]. While most such associations are controversial, these lines of research remain under active investigation. In this article, evidence for and against the association between late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and persistent infection with C. pneumoniae will be reviewed. AD is a progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with atrophy/ death of neurons in affected brain regions. The disease occurs in two forms: an early-onset form which is primarily genetically determined, and a far more common late-onset form which is not genetically determined. Incidence of the latter increases with increasing age, and AD is considered to be the most significant single cause of senile dementia.4 The disease usually manifests itself in its early stages by minor loss of PCR assays from two groups indicated that C. pneumoniae DNA is present in a high proportion of brain tissue samples from late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients but not in those from non-AD controls. Immunohistochemical analyses from two laboratories support this observation, and electron and immunoelectron microscopy have been used to visualize chlamydial organisms in the AD brain; however, some laboratories have been unable to repeat the PCR and immunohistochemical results. Other experimental data support a relationship between the pathobiology of C. pneumoniae and possession of the APOE e4 allele type, which is a known risk factor for late-onset AD. Selected Examples of Possible Associations Between Bacteria and Chronic Diseases
Vocal frequency change reflects different responses to anthropogenic noise in two suboscine tyrant flycatchers

Anthropogenic noise is prevalent across the globe and can exclude birds from otherwise suitable habitat and negatively influence fitness; however, the mechanisms responsible for species' responses to noise are not always clear. One effect of noise is a reduction in effective acoustic communication through acoustic masking, yet some urban songbirds may compensate for masking by noise through altering their songs. Whether this vocal flexibility accounts for species persistence in noisy areas is unknown. Here, we investigated the influence of noise on habitat use and vocal frequency in two suboscine flycatchers using a natural experiment that isolated effects of noise from confounding stimuli common to urban habitats. With increased noise exposure, grey flycatcher ( Empidonax wrightii ) occupancy declined, but vocal frequency did not change. By contrast, ash-throated flycatcher ( Myiarchus cinerascens ) occupancy was uninfluenced by noise, but individuals in areas with greater noise amplitudes vocalized at a higher frequency, although the increase (≈200 kHz) may only marginally improve communication and may represent a secondary effect from increased vocal amplitude. Even so, the different flycatcher behavioural responses suggest that signal change may help some species persist in noisy areas and prompt important questions regarding which species will cope with an increasingly noisy world.
Database Note: iProLINK: an integrated protein resource for literature mining

The exponential growth of large-scale molecular sequence data and of the PubMed scientific literature has prompted active research in biological literature mining and information extraction to facilitate genome/proteome annotation and improve the quality of biological databases. Motivated by the promise of text mining methodologies, but at the same time, the lack of adequate curated data for training and benchmarking, the Protein Information Resource (PIR) has developed a resource for protein literature mining-iProLINK (integrated Protein Literature INformation and Knowledge). As PIR focuses its effort on the curation of the UniProt protein sequence database, the goal of iProLINK is to provide curated data sources that can be utilized for text mining research in the areas of bibliography mapping, annotation extraction, protein named entity recognition, and protein ontology development. The data sources for bibliography mapping and annotation extraction include mapped citations (PubMed ID to protein entry and feature line mapping) and annotation-tagged literature corpora. The latter includes several hundred abstracts and full-text articles tagged with experimentally validated post-translational modifications (PTMs) annotated in the PIR protein sequence database. The data sources for entity recognition and ontology development include a protein name dictionary, word token dictionaries, protein name-tagged literature corpora along with tagging guidelines, as well as a protein ontology based on PIRSF protein family names. iProLINK is freely accessible at http://pir.georgetown.edu/iprolink, with hypertext links for all downloadable files.
Modification of pigmentation patterns in allophenic mice by the W gene.

Summary Mouse embryos heterozygous at the W locus were combined with embryos which were wild type at this locus but homozygous for albino. The resulting allophenics displayed an unusual pigmentation phenotype consisting of entirely white fur and ruby-coloured eyes. Microscopic examination showed the eye pigment to be located exclusively in the retinal epithelium. which was a mosaic of black and white sectors. This ruby-eyed white pattern corresponds to what would have been expected for WWCC ↔ wwcc mosaics but not for WwCC ↔ wwcc mice. WW mice are black-eyed whites, but Ww mice have black eyes and black fur, except for a small ventral white spot. These results suggest that melanocytes of the Ww genotype, although capable of producing normally pigmented fur in Ww animals, fail to populate hair follicles when in competition with wwcc (albino) melanocytes that are wild type at the W locus. The genotype of these WwCC ↔ wwcc allophenes was proved by progeny testing. This is apparently the first report of a single gene change affecting the competitive ability of cells in allophenic mice, and suggests that such changes may play a significant role in the clonal selection of embryonic cells during development.
Randomized evaluation of a web-based tool for designing function-based behavioral intervention plans

Abstract Challenging behaviors are prevalent in children with autism and can have a negative impact on a variety of child outcomes. The creation of good-quality behavior intervention plans is critical to decreasing challenging behaviors but little previous research has developed or evaluated practical tools for designing intervention plans. This study consisted of a randomized evaluation of a web-based tool designed to aid clinicians in choosing treatment procedures for inclusion in behavior intervention plans. The effects of the tool were assessed on the inclusion of three types of intervention components that likely contribute to the quality of intervention plans: (1) function-based intervention components, (2) evidence-based intervention components, and (3) non-punishment-based intervention components. Use of the web-based behavior intervention plan builder produced a statistically significant increase in the inclusion of function-based intervention components but no statistically significant effect was observed on the other two measures. Results are discussed in terms of the implications for improving the quality of behavior intervention plans, as well as the dissemination of knowledge of best practices in behavioral intervention.
High prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases and plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from long-term care facilities in Korea

The aim of this study was to investigate for the first time the prevalence and types of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase (PABL) in Enterobacteriaceae in Korean long-term care facilities (LTCFs). ESBL rates were 45.3% (72/159) in Escherichia coli and 42.7% (50/117) in Klebsiella pneumoniae. In E. coli, CTX-M-28, the most prevalent ESBLs, was identified for the first time in Korea in 44 isolates. In K. pneumoniae, SHV-12 was found in 27 isolates (52.9% of ESBLs), among which 25 isolates also contained SHV-11. Twenty-seven isolates had SHV and CTX-M β-lactamase simultaneously. PABL genes were detected in 39.3% (46/117) of K. pneumoniae and 3.1% (5/159) E. coli. In E. coli, DHA-1(3), CMY-2(1), and CMY-6(1) were detected, whereas in K. pneumoniae, only DHA-1 was detected. Among the PABL-producing organisms, 80.0% (E. coli) and 52.2% (K. pneumoniae) simultaneously produced ESBLs. In conclusion, LTCF residents in Korea have a very high prevalence of E. coli and K. pneumoniae producing ESBLs, PABLs, or both, and the genotypes of ESBL and PABL were identical with those found in general hospitals.
Rapid failure analysis using contamination-defect-fault (CDF) simulation

This paper describes a new methodology for rapid failure analysis. The methodology is based on the contamination defect-fault (CDF) simulator CODEF, which is able to map the effects of contamination deposited on an IC cell during any stage of the manufacturing process, onto circuit-level faults. The utilization of CODEF's capabilities-in both single contamination mode and Monte Carlo mode-in speeding up failure analysis is illustrated in the paper with examples.
iDiary: from GPS signals to a text-searchable diary

This paper describes a system that takes as input GPS data streams generated by users' phones and creates a searchable database of locations and activities. The system is called iDiary and turns large GPS signals collected from smartphones into textual descriptions of the trajectories. The system features a user interface similar to Google Search that allows users to type text queries on their activities (e.g., "Where did I buy books?") and receive textual answers based on their GPS signals.iDiary uses novel algorithms for semantic compression (known as coresets) and trajectory clustering of massive GPS signals in parallel to compute the critical locations of a user. Using an external database, we then map these locations to textual descriptions and activities so that we can apply text mining techniques on the resulting data (e.g. LSA or transportation mode recognition).We provide experimental results for both the system and algorithms and compare them to existing commercial and academic state-of-the-art. This is the first GPS system that enables text-searchable activities from GPS data.
Two-terminal reliability of hypercubes

Two-terminal reliability is an important parameter in the design of reliable networks. The two-terminal reliability analysis problem for general stochastic networks is in the Hash P-complete class of computationally difficult problems. Thus, approximate methods are useful for quick reliability analysis. Two general algorithms for approximating the two-terminal reliability of hypercubes based on shortest paths between a source and a terminal are presented. Emphasis is placed on exploiting the regular structure of hypercubes to reduce the complexity of the computation. >
Rendering of wet materials

The appearance of many natural materials is largely influenced by the environment in which they are situated. Capturing the effects of such environmental factors is essential for producing realistic synthetic images. In this work, we model the changes of appearance due to one such environmental factor, the presence of water or other liquids. Wet materials can look darker, brighter, or more specular depending on the type of material and the viewing conditions. These differences in appearance are caused by a combination of the presence of liquid on the surface and inside the material. To simulate both of these conditions we have developed an approach that combines a reflection model for surface water with subsurface scattering. We demonstrate our approach with a variety of example scenes, showcasing many characteristic appearances of wet materials.
Caloric Intake Patterns of Nonpurge Binge-Eating Women

Daily caloric intake of nonpurge binge-eating women was monitored over 28 days using food diaries to determine how caloric intake patterns were related to binge eating. The majority of participants had extreme fluctuations in daily caloric intake. Caloric intake for both nonbinge days and days preceding the highest-calorie binge days was significantly lower than caloric intake on binge days and highest-calorie binge days. The lower caloric intake was not low enough to cause physiological deprivation. Although there was not physiological deprivation of calories, the individual may have felt that she ate less than desired, which may have contributed to subsequent binge eating.
Redefining Virtual: Leveraging Mobile Librarians for SMS Reference

This article discusses how the unique nature of texting sets SMS apart from other virtual reference tools. Near-synchronous, near-virtual, anonymous, and ubiquitous, texting blurs the lines between virtual and in-person communication. Drawing on the experiences of librarians at SUNY Purchase College and other public and academic libraries, this article addresses challenges and misconceptions surrounding SMS reference and suggests best practices for SMS reference interactions and staffing. Librarians are encouraged to explore new techniques like "mobile reference" or the "reference haiku" and return to long-standing practices like "saving the time of the user" and telephone ready reference. By embracing a mobile reference mentality and framing SMS reference as a hybrid between telephone, IM, and face-to-face reference, librarians can improve the quality of reference services and serve patrons at their point-of-need.
Nanostructural Design of Magneto-Optic Films and Multilayers

In this paper a review is given of modern magnetic films of interest as present or future magneto-optic recording media. Various classes of materials are discussed with particular emphasis on design of the nanoscale structure to achieve needed physical properties. It has been found possible to arrange anisotropic pair correlations in amorphous rare earth-transition metal alloys and multilayers, leading to perpendicular magnetic anisotropy which is necessary for polar Kerr effect measurements. In new materials based on crystalline compounds with high Kerr rotations, the challenge for the future is to prepare films with sufficiently small grain size that media noise is minimized. Challenges and opportunities are discussed in compositionally-modulated amorphous alloys, nanoscale multilayers, garnets and Mn-based compounds.
On the Principle of Stationary Present Value

18. In economic theory there are two main kinds of dynamical problems: in the first, the object is to explain and predict certain observed behavior; these may be called descriptive or predictive problems. In the second, the object is to prescribe what action should be taken in order that a given objective be attained; these may be called prescriptive problems. The present theory is applicable to both types of problems provided that in the case of descriptive problems one further condition is satisfied.
Social Work Artfully: Beyond Borders and Boundaries by Christina Sinding and Hazel Barnes (Eds.)

Social Work Artfully: Beyond Borders and Boundaries, an edited volume by Christina Sinding and Hazel Barnes, explores aspirations and practices for a merger of art-based activities and social work ...
Package Size, Portion Size, Serving Size...Market Size: The Unconventional Case for Half-Size Servings

Public policy officials are questioning whether companies should be more responsive in helping control obesity. With their concern comes the potential threat of taxes, fines, restrictions, and legislation. Being the tobacco industry of the new millennium is not a trivial fear of leading packaged goods companies and restaurants (Wansink and Huckabee 2005). The food industry’s response to these threats appears to be evolving through three phases: (1) denial, (2) appealing to consumer sovereignty, and (3) developing win-win opportunities. In the first phase, many food companies denied their role in obesity by noting that rising obesity can also be associated with rising levels of inactivity. The contention is that if the food industry is to be blamed for obesity, so are automobiles, cable TV, video games, remote controls, elevators, and the Internet. In the second phase, food companies appealed to consumer sovereignty — calling for moderation and choice. In this phase, many companies customized current offerings (became hamburgers without the burger) and advocated an increase in activity. The third phase of response to these allegations involves developing profitable win-win solutions to help consumers better control what and how much they eat. These solutions offer a wide range of profitable segmentation and revenue opportunities for companies. One of these may be in the form of single- serve packaging, which has been shown to reduce how much people eat by an estimated 25.2% (75 calories) per snacking occasion (Wansink et al. 2011) A9 e.g., veggie burgers.
Preservation of human skin structure and function in organ culture

Human keratinocytes can be maintained in monolayer culture under serum-free conditions for an extended period of time. Under low Ca2+ conditions (e.g., 0.05-0.15 mM), an undifferentiated state is maintained and the cells proliferate optimally. When the Ca2+ concentration is raised to approximately 1.0 mM, differentiation occurs and growth shows. Human dermal fibroblasts can also be maintained in monolayer culture under serum-free conditions, but in contrast to keratinocytes, a physiological level of extracellular Ca2+ (above approximately 1.0 mM) is required. A variety of growth factors stimulate proliferation of both cell types but do not replace the Ca2+ requirement of the fibroblast population. All-trans retinoic acid also promotes proliferation of both cell types and, most interestingly, replaces the requirement-for a physiological level of Ca2+ in the fibroblast cultures. Human skin can be maintained in organ culture for an extended period of time under serum-free conditions. Conditions optimized for fibroblast proliferation (either physiological Ca2+ or all-trans retinoic acid) are required. In the presence of culture conditions optimized for the epithelial cell component, both the epidermis and dermis rapidly lyse. These data suggest that the fibroblast is the critical component in maintaining homeostasis of skin, and that maintenance of the epidermis as well as the dermis depends on the viability and functioning of these cells.
Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy

Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is emerging as an attractive, minimally invasive nephron-sparing option for the management of select renal lesions. It is associated with less need for postoperative analgesia, earlier hospital discharge, and more rapid convalescence. Experience with LPN continues to grow. The technique is evolving and issues of hemostasis and renal ischemia are being further addressed in the laboratory. It should be performed by surgeons with considerable laparoscopic expertise at centers where there is frequent interaction between open and laparoscopic surgeons.
Discrepancy of the Nucleolar Number per Nucleus in Different Organs of Rodents

Nucleolar number per nucleus was observed on nuclei isolated from various kinds of organs in rodents. The nuclear isolation was carried out by the technique of DOUNCE with some modifications. Identification of nucleoli based on the previous work of the author. This observation was attained to acertain differences of the mean nucleolar number per nucleus between organs, between animals or sexes (See Table 1). The data obtained are as follows (See Tables 2-5):The mean number of nucleoli observed on a certain organ is mostly constant among animals of the same species, and the coincidence of this mean seems not greatly affected with body weight of the animal. Marked differences are, however, often found between different organs of the same animal. The mean observed on a certain organ is varied by difference of the animal species, but it is mostly well agreeable between livers of rat and guinea pig, in which any difference of the mean can not be demonstrated between both sexes.From these findings a concept of constancy of the nucleolar number does not fit for each somatic nucleus in rodents, but it might be assumed that some properties of the organ were represented partly in the mean number of nucleoli and lesser in the nucleolus of each nucleus.
Trajectories of oral medication adherence in youth with inflammatory bowel disease

Objective To examine longitudinal trajectories of oral thiopurine adherence over a 180-day interval in a sample of youth with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and to identify the role of disease activity, length of time since diagnosis, and regimen complexity in predicting adherence trajectory class membership. Method Participants included 96 adolescents (M age = 14.32 years) with IBD. Oral medication adherence was assessed via MEMS Track Caps (i.e., an electronic monitor that allows for real-time assessment of adherence) for 6 months, after which time devices were collected and data were downloaded. Medical record reviews provided information about participants' disease activity, length of time since diagnosis, and regimen complexity (including both medications and supplements) at the time of study enrollment. Results Two distinct adherence trajectory classes emerged: Group 1 represented those with consistently near-perfect adherence, whereas Group 2 represented those with mild nonadherence that increased with time. Complexity of medication regimen emerged as the only predictor of trajectory class, with adolescents whose regimen involved more than 1 daily medication administration time being more likely to be classified in Group 2 (i.e., the consistently near-perfect adherence group) than those whose regimen involved only 1 daily medication administration time. Conclusions Distinct classes of adherence trajectories in pediatric IBD can be identified with longitudinal data collection approaches; however, disease and regimen factors offered limited value in predicting adherence trajectory class. Future research should utilize longitudinal conceptualizations of adherence and examine alternative predictors of declining adherence over time.
A Frequency Analysis of Light Transport

The simulation of light in complex 3D scenes is challenging because of the number of rays that must be simulated. We use a Fourier analysis of the 4D set of rays for insights and acceleration. Article not available.
Tumor necrosis factor α antagonist-associated psoriasis in inflammatory diseases: an analysis of the FDA adverse event reporting system.

BACKGROUND Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory, relapsing, and progressive condition that leads to bowel damage and subsequent stricturing or penetrating complications. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α antagonists (e.g., infliximab) can achieve sustained remission in CD. However, a paradox exists as to whether use of these medications, which effectively treat psoriasis, also confer risk of developing psoriasiform lesions. METHODS Data from the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (2004-2011) were analyzed. Adverse event reports for the TNF-α antagonists infliximab, adalimumab, and certolizumab were reviewed. Primary "control" drugs examined included the non-CD drugs propranolol and lithium because of their recognized association with risk of psoriasis and the nonbiological CD drug mesalamine. Proportional reporting ratios for psoriasis adverse events were calculated for TNF-α antagonists versus control drugs. RESULTS From more than 13 million reports in Adverse Event Reporting System, the biological group included 5432 reports with psoriasis listed (infliximab = 1789; adalimumab = 3475; and certolizumab = 168) compared with just 88 psoriasis reports for the control group (propranolol = 24; mesalamine = 24; and lithium = 40). Compared with control drugs, the psoriasis proportional reporting ratios for TNF-α antagonists were as follows: infliximab (6.61), adalimumab (12.13), and certolizumab (5.43) (P < 0.0001). The aggregate "class" proportional reporting ratio for all TNF-α antagonists versus control drugs was 9.24 (P < 0.0001). Similar results were observed when psoriasis reports were compared between TNF-α antagonists and other drugs used to treat CD, including azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, corticosteroids, ciprofloxacin, and the antimalarial drug, hydroxychloroquine. CONCLUSIONS Data from the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System suggest that TNF-α antagonists used in the treatment of CD confer an increased risk of psoriasiform adverse events.
Obstacle Avoidance Using Circular Paths

This paper develops a method of obstacle avoidance for fixed-wing miniature air vehicles (MAV) using a series of circular oscillating paths and a single point laser ranger. The laser ranger is a low power, light-weight device used to report the distance to an object in a single direction of the body frame of a MAV. The oscillating paths allow the laser ranger to scan for obstacles and possible escape paths for the MAV in the case of obstacle detection. The circular paths are generated along waypoint paths and transition between waypoint paths without loss of scanning capabilities. Obstacle avoidance is guaranteed.
Normalized design of original pharmaceutical research

OBJECTIVE Research the basic request and standard design of innovation medicine preparation.METHODS From the points of drugs registration management and technical appraisal, and according to the request which safe effective and the quality is controllable,we research the basic request and inherent law of pharmaceutical preparation and design the elemental term and inherent law of each research stage.RESULTS Processes including formulation development, manufacturing, quality control, stability test, and the selection of container/closure system were elaborated to meet the registry requirements of safety, efficacy and quality-control were needed in original new drug product.CONCLUSION It is really need to make the preparation research process normalized designed,and raises research standardization level.
Design and Fabrication of Multiple Nanofluidic Interconnects for Three-Dimensional Microanalytical Systems

The design and fabrication is described of multi-layered interconnects using nanopore membranes and microfluidic channels to form a three-dimensional microanalytical system.
Show-Me ECHO: Complex Disease Care Capacity-Building Telehealth Program.

Introduction The University of Missouri, Missouri Telehealth Network has partnered with the State of Missouri to build provider capacity and increase healthcare outcomes in rural Missouri in six disease states. The Show-Me ECHO project was created in 2014, continuously going through program evaluation. Methods Data on participants' attendance, case presentations, awarded CMEs and self-efficacy are collected and evaluated. In addition, cost-savings data will be available after the first year of the project. Results A total of 269 providers participated in ECHO sessions learning about de-identified patient cases and attending didactic sessions. Most of the participants were PhD or Master level patient providers (42%), followed by physicians (25%), and nurses (23%), Conclusion Telehealth provider mentoring and case-based learning are an effective way of influencing provider and patient behavior change in a way that may improve patient outcomes.
Physicians in Training

Studies of disruptive behavior have recently begun to focus on troublesome conduct among resident physicians. As a basis for this evaluation, issues of professional accountability were defined by an expert consensus panel in a think tank environment [1]. The panel made the following recommendations: (1) Clear expectations should be set regarding the behavior of both faculty and residents. (2) For any behavioral deficiency cited for tracking, the desired behavior should be defined explicitly, a timeline for improvement should be set, and the consequences of continued noncompliance should be outlined clearly. (3) Health-care system problems that enable, reinforce, or perpetuate these behaviors, as an unintended consequence, should be addressed and corrected as soon as they are encountered. These are dealt with most effectively when they occur rather than at some later meeting. (4) The investigatory process should be transparent, reasonable in time and scope, and equitable to all parties involved. (5) If an intervention is warranted to address the disruptive behavior, it should be early, decisive, and monitorable (Table 8.1).
The Gnomes of Zurich Play in the Largest Market in the World

The ‘Gnomes of Zurich’ is a tag for traders that seek profits from ‘bringing down national currencies.’ Their gains would be at the public expense; the view was that the Gnomes caused currency values to differ from both those that the local political leaders thought appropriate and those that were consistent with the ‘economic fundamentals’ — whatever that means. The term became fashionable in the late 1960s when the British pound was overvalued; the transactions of the Gnomes advanced the date of the devaluation that was inevitable and that the British authorities were attempting to forestall.
Thrombosis with Epsilon Aminocaproic Acid Therapy

A patient with postoperative bleeding was treated with epsilon aminocaproic acid (EACA). Subsequent coagulation studies supported the diagnosis of intravascular coagulation and the patient subsequently developed renal failure due to glomerular thromboses. Caution is urged in the administration of EACA to patients unless primary fibrinolysis is established or the patient concomitantly receives heparin.
Agent-based modeling framework for modeling the effect of information diffusion on community acceptance of mining

Abstract Mine managers find it challenging to predict changes in the level of acceptance of their mining projects due to changes in associated social, environmental and technological factors. To address this challenge, this study presents a: (i) framework for modeling the effect of information diffusion on community acceptance of mining using agent-based modeling (ABM); and (ii) case study to illustrate the framework. The model, built in Matlab, defines individuals in the community as independent agents that interact with other agents for information. The agents' utility function is derived from discrete choice models. Drawing on data from the literature, a case study was used to illustrate the framework. The results indicate that changes in agents' perception of air pollution have a significant effect on acceptance of mining while demographic factors do not. The proposed framework could be applied in other sectors besides mining and provides stakeholders a tool to integrate sustainability into design and management choices.
Evaluation of the MPM2 score versus clinical predictions of mortality in a tertiary cancer center.

9547 Background: Prognostication is an essential yet challenging clinical skill for oncologists, even as patients approach death. Goals-of-care discussions may be improved by giving patients and fa...
The Unfitness of Traditional Military Thinking in Cyber

Comprehensive theories of conflict in the cyber world have not yet been developed, but the utilization of traditional military strategy and operational concepts in lieu of existing strategies in this realm can mislead, resulting in spurious assessments and unfavorable outcomes. Four tenets of the cyber world present profound challenges for the application of traditional military strategies in cyber conflicts. The cyber world is characterized by the following: 1) a lack of object permanence, which undermines the concept of maneuver; 2) limited or absent measurement of effectiveness in offensive cyber; 3) conflicts that are executed at computational speed, thus removing the time window for meaningful strategic leadership; and 4) anonymity, which makes the parties to the conflict unknown. As a result, the use of traditional military thinking and path-dependent behavior in cyber is likely to lead to incorrect conclusions regarding strategic achievements and abilities in the pre-conflict stage, and increase the risk of strategic failure during conflict and provide an opportunity for an adversary’s strategic surprise.
A comparative study of vibrational SCF and CI wavefunctions and expectation values

Abstract Hartree limit vibrational SCF energies, wavefunctions, and coordinate expectation values for H 2 O, HNO, HOF, and HOCl (and isotopically substituted analogs) are compared with accurate CI values. It is found that the SCF procedure accounts very well for the contributions of singly-substituted configurations while giving a poor description of multiply-substituted configurations. The very good agreement between the SCF and CI expectation value suggests that the SCF procedure is particularly suited for ground state vibrational averaging applications.
Tunable emergent structures and traveling waves in mixtures of passive and contact-triggered-active particles.

We investigate emergent behavior in binary mixtures comprised of passive particles and contact-triggered active particles (CAPs), where a propulsion force is applied on CAPs towards passive particles when the two are in contact. We show that such mixtures phase separate into distinct dense and dilute phases with as few as 10% CAPs. Furthermore, the structure of the dense phase can be tuned by varying the fraction of CAPs and the strength of their propulsion force. The dense phase is classified into seven structure types, which includes both 6-fold and 4-fold ordered crystals, and kinetically arrested gels and clusters. Mixtures with fewer than 35% CAPs exhibit traveling density waves such that one end of the dense phase recedes while the other propagates. This phenomenon results from the spontaneous symmetry breaking of particle flux at the dense–dilute interface. We show that contact-triggered activity can be employed to develop materials with a wide range of structures and dynamics.