cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Political Competition: Theory and Applications

Political Competition: Theory and Applications. By John E. Roemer. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001. 352p. $60.00.John Roemer sets out to slaughter a golden calf of positive political theory: the Downsian model of electoral competition and its famous implication, the median voter theorem. Roemer contends that not only is the premise of the Downsian model—political parties seeking election without policy objectives of their own—historically incorrect, but it also leads to implausible predictions. Throughout political history, he postulates, parties have represented disparate interests and have advocated divergent policies; thus, a model that is premised on the opposite and predicts convergence as the only equilibrium—provided an equilibrium even exists—cannot be the right tool for analyzing politics.
Analysis of preplate splitting and early cortical development illuminates the biology of neurological disease

The development of the layered cerebral cortex starts with a process called preplate splitting. Preplate splitting involves the establishment of prospective cortical layer 6 (L6) neurons within a plexus of pioneer neurons called the preplate. The forming layer 6 splits the preplate into a superficial layer of pioneer neurons called the marginal zone and a deeper layer of pioneer neurons called the subplate. Disruptions of this early developmental event by toxin exposure or mutation are associated with neurological disease including severe intellectual disability. This review explores recent findings that reveal the dynamism of gene expression and morphological differentiation during this early developmental period. Over 1000 genes show expression increases of ≥2-fold during this period in differentiating mouse L6 neurons. Surprisingly, 88% of previously identified non-syndromic intellectual-disability (NS-ID) genes are expressed at this time and show an average expression increase of 1.6-fold in these differentiating L6 neurons. This changing genetic program must, in part, support the dramatic cellular reorganizations that occur during preplate splitting. While different models have been proposed for the formation of a layer of L6 cortical neurons within the preplate, original histological studies and more recent work exploiting transgenic mice suggest that the process is largely driven by the coordinated polarization and coalescence of L6 neurons rather than by cellular translocation or migration. The observation that genes associated with forms of NS-ID are expressed during very early cortical development raises the possibility of studying the relevant biological events at a time point when the cortex is small, contains relatively few cell types, and few functional circuits. This review then outlines how explant models may prove particularly useful in studying the consequence of toxin and mutation on the etiology of some forms of NS-ID.
The Drosophila Polycomb Group proteins ESC and E(Z) are present in a complex containing the histone-binding protein p55 and the histone deacetylase RPD3

The Drosophila Polycomb Group (PcG) proteins are required for stable long term transcriptional silencing of the homeotic genes. Among PcG genes, esc is unique in being critically required for establishment of PcG-mediated silencing during early embryogenesis, but not for its subsequent maintenance throughout development. We previously showed that ESC is physically associated in vivo with the PcG protein E(Z). We report here that ESC, together with E(Z), is present in a 600 kDa complex that is distinct from complexes containing other PcG proteins. We have purified this ESC complex and show that it also contains the histone deacetylase RPD3 and the histone-binding protein p55, which is also a component of the chromatin remodeling complex NURF and the chromatin assembly complex CAF-1. The association of ESC and E(Z) with p55 and RPD3 is conserved in mammals. We show that RPD3 is required for silencing mediated by a Polycomb response element (PRE) in vivo and that E(Z) and RPD3 are bound to the Ubx PRE in vivo, suggesting that they act directly at the PRE. We propose that histone deacetylation by this complex is a prerequisite for establishment of stable long-term silencing by other continuously required PcG complexes.
Opinion: Advancing neuroscience interactions with Cuba

On December 17, 2014, US President Barack Obama announced historic actions toward normalizing United States relations with Cuba, and instructed Secretary of State John Kerry to re-establish diplomatic interactions between the two countries, so as “to reach for a better future for the Cuban people, for the American people, for our entire hemisphere, and for the world.”* On April 11, Obama and Raul Castro held an historic meeting.
Role of prostaglandins in asthma

Prostaglandins are autacoid mediators that have important regulatory roles in human inflammatory diseases. This article focuses on the immunologic and physiologic roles of prostanoids in asthma, an inflammatory condition that affects 5% to 10% of the population [1]. The strongest predisposing factor for the development of asthma is allergy; therefore, the immunologic effects of prostanoids on allergic inflammation are of great importance [2]. Prostanoids affect smooth muscle tone, vascular permeability, and mucus production, which are important features of asthma [2]. Selected data from in vitro and in vivo studies of animals and humans are summarized to illustrate the presumed role of
Ultrahigh resolution all-reflective OCT system with a compact fiber-based supercontinuum source

We report the construction and characterization of an all-reflective OCT (R-OCT) system using a newly developed compact fiber-based broadband supercontinuum source. We achieved an axial resolution of 1.5 μm in tissue (2 μm in air) with 87 dB dynamic range at a center wavelength around 1300 nm.
Wear initiation of 52100 steel sliding against a thin boron carbide coating

Boron carbide (B4C) is well known for its high hardness and wear resistance. It has been found to polish its mating surface and act as a run-in coating if one of the contacting surfaces is coated by B4C. Employing such run-in coatings demands a thorough understanding of the initiation and development of the polishing process. This paper reports a study on the initiation and development of the surface wear of 52100 steel balls run against B4C-coated disks. The evolution of the steel surface wear scar and evolution of the contact pressure contours are utilized in connection with changes in the plastically deformed area in order to gain insight into the wear development. Furthermore, variations of fractal parameters of the steel surface and the overall topothesy, which is a measure of the surface anisotropy, are examined in connection with the wear process.
Indigenous-Run Legal Services in Australia and Canada Comparative Developmental Issues

Indigenous peoples are overrepresented in the courts of both Australia and Canada. They face a number of special disadvantages in dealing with the courts that historically have led to the development of special legal services operated by Indigenous people. The kind of legal organization is not the same in these two countries because of differences in their organizational environments. These include demographics, economics, culture, law, politics, ecology, and technology. These factors provided both constraints and opportunities for the new organizations. Examples from two case studies are used: Native Counselling Services of Alberta, Canada, which provides Native Courtworkers and legal information services, and the Aboriginal Legal Rights Movement, Inc. of South Australia, which provides legal representation and legal information. The case studies indicate that Indigenous legal services organizations must still adapt and innovate by constructing new realities if they are to continue to provide desperately...
The effectiveness of an organized emergency department follow-up system.

Half the patients discharged home from our emergency department with the diagnosis of acute infection, cervicolumbar strain, bronchospasm, allergic reaction, headache, syncope, vaginal hemorrhage, and undiagnosed chest/abdominal pain were randomly assigned to receive a follow-up telephone call two to three days after their visit. Patients in the follow-up call group were telephoned by an ED nurse who questioned them about changes in their clinical status and clarified the aftercare and referral instructions received during the ED visit. Seven days after the visit, a questionnaire that rated patient satisfaction about six aspects of the ED visit was sent to those patients who had been contacted successfully (study group), and to a diagnosis-matched group of patients (control) who did not receive a follow-up call. A nurse was able to reach 144 of the 297 patients assigned to the study group. Significant referral and aftercare interventions were made in 53 (37%) cases including three patients who were instructed to return to the ED. Questionnaires were returned by 83 of 144 (49%) of the study group and by 94 of 262 (35%) of the control group. Male study group patients consistently rated five of six aspects of their visit higher than did the male controls. No difference was observed in questionnaire ratings between the female study and control groups. We conclude that male patients reached by a follow-up telephone call have a more positive perception of their ED visit. A follow-up call also can be useful for reinforcing aftercare instructions, follow-up referrals, and problem-patient identification.
The (In)frequency of the Name ‘Erastus’ in Antiquity: A Literary, Papyrological, and Epigraphical Catalog

Three questions have remained central to the Erastus debate (Ἔραστος ὁ οἰκονόμος τῆς πόλɛως, Rom 16.23): the date of IKorinthKent 232, the nature of the office of οἰκονόμος (τῆς πόλɛως), and the frequency of the name ‘Erastus’ in antiquity. The present article focuses on the third issue. Moving beyond Meggitt's earlier research (1996, 1999), the author here furnishes a comprehensive catalog of literary, papyrological, and epigraphical occurrences of the name (in Greek and in Latin) in antiquity. The chief payoff of the catalog is two-fold: (1) it provides, for the first time, comprehensive quantitative evidence that the name was in fact rare; and (2) it reveals a significant dearth of attestations from first-century Greece.
The differences between novice and expert group-piano teaching strategies: A case study and comparison of beginning group piano classes:

This case study compares the teaching strategies employed by a novice and an expert instructor of two beginning children’s group-piano classes. In the United States, there is a century-long tradition of teaching piano to children in groups, and group teaching is championed in pedagogy texts and at professional educator conferences throughout the world. However, there are few meaningful formal opportunities for professional development of group-teaching skills or for observation of successful group-piano instruction available to teachers who wish to develop group-teaching skills. This exploratory study seeks to provide some initial data about group-teaching practices of novice and expert teachers. Curricular considerations, teaching techniques, and student engagement and learning emerged as common themes. Analysis highlights how the components of these themes manifested themselves in these novice and expert teachers’ classes and describes how these teaching techniques affected students. It is hoped that fu...
TECHNOLOGY OVERLAP AND THE ACQUISITION OF EXTERNAL TECHNOLOGY BY LEADERS VERSUS LAGGARDS

Recent research on technological acquisitions has come by conflicting results due to a lack of accounting for the rationale for undertaking the acquisition. Extending prior research on resource dee...
A Feminist Critique of Breast Cancer Research among Korean Women

Studies indicate ethnic differences in incidence, mortality, and survival rate of breast cancer. Despite the low incidence rate of breast cancer among the Korean population, Koreans are reported to be less likely to survive breast cancer. In this article, using a feminist perspective, the reasons why Korean women have been reported to be less likely to survive breast cancer are analyzed through a critical review of research among Korean women. A total of 469 studies (145 unpublished master’s theses and doctoral dissertations and 324 articles published in South Korea and in the United States) were reviewed, analyzed, and critiqued in terms of biases present in the research process. Through a feminist critique of the literature, four possible reasons are proposed: androcentric views and assumptions underlying the research, modesty issues imbedded in Korean culture, the victim-blaming tendency of Korean culture, and intense emotions without adequate support.
The adoption of hospital information systems.

This paper empirically examines the diffusion of hospital information systems (ISs), specifically, pharmacy, laboratory, and radiology systems. Given the policy significance of health IS and the widespread perception that it's diffusion is slow, a better understanding of the mechanisms driving IS adoption is needed. A novel data set incorporating both IS adoption and hospital characteristics was constructed. These data follow the behavior of 1965 hospitals for the years 1990–2000. Hypotheses pertaining to hospital characteristics, hospital competition, and strategic behavior are tested utilizing proportional hazard models. I find that IS adoption is related to multi-hospital system membership, payer mix, and hospital scale. The role of scale, however, significantly diminishes throughout the time period, likely reflecting improved personal computer performance and improved IT scalability. Conversely, I find little that strategic behavior or hospital competition affects IS adoption. Likewise, hospital ownership does not affect the adoption of these systems. Overall, these results suggest that hospital IS diffusion has not been normatively slow. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recombinant SP-D carbohydrate recognition domain is a chemoattractant for human neutrophils

Human pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D) is a collagenous C-type lectin with high binding specificity to α-d-glucosyl residues. It is composed of four regions: a short NH2-terminal noncollagen s...
DENITRIFICATION AND SOIL CHARACTERISTICS OF WETLANDS CREATED ON TWO MINE SOILS IN EAST TEXAS, USA

Abstract Recovery of wetland function is the primary goal of wetland creation. This study was undertaken to quantify denitrification and soil characteristics of wetlands created after lignite mine reclamation in east Texas, USA. Surface-soil denitrification rate and capacity were quantified using an acetylene (C2H2) inhibition/gas chromatography method in created wetlands of two age classes (4–8 years, and 10 years) on two mine soil types. Soil texture, pH, total-N, ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3−), cation exchange capacity (CEC), total-P, and organic matter (OM) content were determined. Soil characteristics varied by soil type and by age. Denitrification rate ranged from less than 1 to 105 kg N ha−1yr−1, was highly variable, but did not differ among created wetlands. Denitrification rate was similar between natural and created wetlands. Denitrification capacity, denitrification rate when nitrate is in excess, ranged from 23 to 302 kg N ha−1yr−1 and varied by soil type. Denitrification appears to function ...
Bikes in the Library: Pedaling for Health, Literacy, and Green Power

The New Hanover County Public Library’s Consumer Health librarian secured an Innovation grant from the North Carolina State Library to purchase exercise bicycles, generators, and kids’ reading tablets. This column outlines the experiences of the NHC-PL with this innovation grant.
Medline and Podcasting are Here

It finally has happened! The National Library of Medicine has just accepted the Journal for indexing in Medline. My thanks to the Journal's staff in their perseverance in making this momentous event happen. We are still working with PubMed Central to have the Journal's contents downloadable from PubMed after an appropriate publication delay. Hopefully, this will occur soon. In the meantime, Academy members and Journal subscribers have electronic access to its contents through the Journal's website. The time has arrived. In my previous communications to you, the readership of the Journal, I indicated that podcasts would be available this year. This issue of the Journal brings that effort to fruition. It has required an upgrade to the information technology capabilities of the Academy's infrastructure, and additional effort on the part of the staff and myself. What will the podcast's contain? At a minimum, they will have brief summaries of the contents of the original investigations within the issue of the Journal. In some cases, there will be audio interviews with the principal or senior investigators of the papers giving a perspective on the significance of their findings. It is my hope that some of the readership will find these concise summaries of the Journal's contents educational. On a personal level, they are great listening while working out on an elliptical machine! The podcasts will be archived for 12 months, and then replaced. However, the audio transcript will remain available on the Journal's web page afterwards. You will find the URL for the podcasts in the Journal's Table of Contents and on its web page. Happy listening and I would appreciate any feedback that you might have.
A deterministic representation of plane-wave interference

It is shown how the particle aspect of plane-wave interference can be «conceived in the classical sense as a point mass possessing at each instant both a definite position and a definite momentum» (N. Jammer:The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics (Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, N.Y., 1974)). An incoherent superposition of generalized momentum eigenstates is introduced for this purpose.
Toward an Understanding of the Complete NCX1 Lifetime in the Cardiac Sarcolemma

The density of Na/Ca exchangers (NCX1) in the cardiac sarcolemma, like all plasma membrane proteins, will be influenced by (and ultimately determined by) the function of membrane insertion and retrieval processes (i.e., exo- and endocytic mechanisms). Progress in understanding these processes in cardiac muscle faces many biological and methodological complexities and hurdles. As described here, we are attempting to overcome these hurdles to study more adequately the assembly and disassembly of the cardiac sarcolemma, in general, and the control of NCX1 by membrane trafficking processes in particular. First, we have developed improved noninvasive methods to monitor the cellular capacitance of cardiac tissue (NIC) over periods of hours. Thus, we can study long-term changes of total membrane area. Second, we have developed mice that express fusion proteins of NCX1 with the pHluorin green protein. Thus, we can determine the membrane disposition of NCX1, and changes thereof, on-line in intact cardiac muscle.
Stool Caproic Acid for Screening of Clostridium difficile

Clostridium difficile is the prime etiologic agent in the production of pseudomembranous colitis by its powerful cytotoxin. The most common test for the toxin is a tissue culture method with neutralization of cytopathic effect by a C. difficile antiserum. This method is expensive and requires a minimum of 72 hours before results can be obtained. Attempts to create a rapid method, counterimmunoelectrophoresis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent, latex agglutination, and fluorescent antibody test are fraught with many problems. This report describes a rapid method for the identification of C. difficile , using gas–liquid chromatography (GLC) for the demonstration of caproic acid, a product of the organisms fatty acid metabolism.
Enhancement of the Catalytic Activity of Titanium-Based Terminal Olefin Epoxidation Catalysts via Surface Modification with Functionalized Protic Molecules

Site-isolated Ti(IV) centers were introduced onto the surface of a mesoporous SBA-15 support via the thermolytic molecular precursor method. Prior to thermal treatment to generate Ti−OH sites, residual silanol groups were capped via reaction with Me2N-SiMe3 to give TiMecapSBA15. After low temperature treatment in oxygen, the resulting Ti−OH sites of TiMecapSBA15-O2 were modified by reaction with a series of protic reagents: phenol, pentafluorophenol, acetic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid. The structure of the resulting TiSBA15 catalysts and the Ti(IV) epoxidation intermediates (formed upon treatment of Ti(IV) materials with TBHP or H2O2) were probed using diffuse-reflectance UV−visible spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. A titanium-hydroperoxo species similar to that found in TS-1 is proposed for all catalysts. Samples modified with phenol and pentafluorophenol exhibited conversions of 1-octene that are 20 to 50% higher than those for TiMecapSBA15-O2, without a significant drop in selectivity for the ...
Polycrystalline electron diffraction analysis of multiphase system

In this paper a computer program was described,which is designed for analysis of polycrystalline electron diffraction pattern of a multi-phase system.A multi-phase system may contain two or more polycrystalline phases,the electron diffraction of such a system produces a complicated ring pattern.The program can be used to simulate the resultant ring pattern by adjusting the peak height,peak width,or peak position in each pattern,which is related to the quantity of the corresponding phase,its grain size,and the camera length.This program is helpful to interpret experimental result and can be also used as a teaching tool.
Measuring cumulative learning across disciplines

Prior research has established effective and reliable ways to measure the coherence of student's repertoire of energy ideas with respect to specific contexts (Lee, et al., in press; Liu, Lee, Hofstetter, & Linn, 2008) and there are promising options for extending these methods of measurement to new open-ended assessment formats (specifically, Energy Stories and MySystem (Ryoo, this session). This poster explores cumulative learning for dyads and methods for resolving individual trajectories of cumulative learning.
Effects of text-to-speech software use on the reading proficiency of high school struggling readers

The literature highlights the benefits of text-to-speech (TTS) software when used as an assistive technology facilitating struggling readers' access to print. However, the effects of TTS software use, upon students' unassisted reading proficiency, have remained relatively unexplored. The researchers utilized an experimental design to investigate whether 9th grade struggling readers who use TTS software to read course materials demonstrate significant improvements in unassisted reading performance. A total of 164 students of 30 teachers in Hawaii participated in the study. Analyses of covariance results indicated that the TTS intervention had a significant, positive effect on student reading vocabulary and reading comprehension after 10 weeks of TTS software use (average 582 minutes). There are several limitations to the study; however, the current study opens up for discussions and need for further studies investigating TTS software as a viable reading intervention for adolescent struggling readers.
The excesses of individualism. For meaningful healthcare reform, the United States needs a renewed sense of community.

In the United States at the end of the twentieth century, the balance of values tilts too far toward the individual and away from the community. What is needed is a renewed sense of community that enhances the lives of individuals as it serves the common good. The first step toward creating a new balance is a critique of the present imbalance, which is shaped by excessive forms of individualism that affect every aspect of our healthcare delivery system. Technological individualism occurs when the value of technology is measured only by its service to the individual. The results are a technological imperative, unreasonable expectations on the part of the community, distorted judgement on the statistical likelihoods of individual outcomes, fragmentation of care, and a reliance on rescue medicine. A psychosocial individualism has misshapen our attitudes about ourselves and our communities, bringing with it a deepening sense of alienation. The results in U.S. healthcare include commercialization, exclusion of the poor, a litigious provider-patient relationship, declining respect for life, and a sense of community that excludes other generations and nations. Libertarian individualism has created political isolation and prevents the evolution of democratic decision making and real partnerships in healthcare. The results are an unpooling of insurance risk, an interpretation of freedom that is inimical to family and community ties, hostility to government, a view of healthcare as a commodity, and deprofessionalization of the medical professions. Healthcare reform must seek to change what medical technology does for us, repair the psychosocial harms healthcare individualism has produced, and promote citizen participation in the healthcare system in new and important ways.
Admission plasma levels of the neuronal injury marker neuron-specific enolase are associated with mortality and delirium in sepsis

Abstract Purpose Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) concentrations are prognostic following traumatic and anoxic brain injury and may provide a method to quantify neuronal injury in other populations. We determined the association of admission plasma NSE concentrations with mortality and delirium in critically ill septic patients. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 124 patients from a larger sepsis cohort. Plasma NSE was measured in the earliest blood draw at intensive care unit admission. Primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and intensive care unit delirium determined by chart review. Results Sixty-one patients (49.2%) died within 30 days, and delirium developed in 34 (31.5%) of the 108 patients who survived at least 24 hours and were not persistently comatose. Each doubling of the NSE concentration was associated with a 7.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.5-12.0, P = .003) increased risk of 30-day mortality and a 5.2% (95% CI 3.2-7.2, P 12.5 μ g/L was independently associated with a 23.3% (95% CI 6.7-39.9, P = .006) increased risk of 30-day mortality and a 29.3% (95% CI 8.8-49.8, P = .005) increased risk of delirium. Conclusions Higher plasma NSE concentrations were associated with mortality and delirium in critically ill septic patients, suggesting that NSE may have utility as a marker of neuronal injury in sepsis.
CRISPR-mediated genome editing and human diseases

CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) technology has emerged as a powerful technology for genome editing and is now widely used in basic biomedical research to explore gene function. More recently, this technology has been increasingly applied to the study or treatment of human diseases, including Barth syndrome effects on the heart, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, hemophilia, β-Thalassemia, and cystic fibrosis. CRISPR/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) genome editing has been used to correct disease-causing DNA mutations ranging from a single base pair to large deletions in model systems ranging from cells in vitro to animals in vivo. In addition to genetic diseases, CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing has also been applied in immunology-focused applications such as the targeting of C-C chemokine receptor type 5, the programmed death 1 gene, or the creation of chimeric antigen receptors in T cells for purposes such as the treatment of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or promoting anti-tumor immunotherapy. Furthermore, this technology has been applied to the genetic manipulation of domesticated animals with the goal of producing biologic medical materials, including molecules, cells or organs, on a large scale. Finally, CRISPR/Cas9 has been teamed with induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells to perform multiple tissue engineering tasks including the creation of disease models or the preparation of donor-specific tissues for transplantation. This review will explore the ways in which the use of CRISPR/Cas9 is opening new doors to the treatment of human diseases.
William Jennings Bryan as Demosthenes: The scopes trial and the undelivered oration, On Evolution

The 1925 Scopes Trial was a spectacle of contradictions, many of which center on William Jennings Bryan who has long been portrayed as having been “broken” by the proceedings. A close reading of Bryan's last, undelivered speech, On Evolution, however, supports a revisionist assessment of Bryan's last days. The speech is a sophisticated rhetorical production in which Bryan attempts to employ “incompatibility,” a term developed by Perelman and Olbrechts‐Tyteca, as an argumentative strategy. Far from being the work of a broken or inconsistent person, the speech implies that Bryan was well‐aware of the nature of the trial and was able to creatively engage its most salient feature for his own argument.
Applications to solutions of differential equations

The corollaries of Fay’s trisecant identity can be used to construct special solutions to many equations occurring in Mathematical Physics. In this section we will consider the following equations: 1) Sine-Gordan: utt − uxx = sin u. 2) Korteweg-de Vries(K-dV): ut + uxxx + u•ux = 0. 3) Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (K-P) ; uyy + (ut+uxxx+u•ux)x = 0.
Racial disparities in lymph node dissection for colon cancer

A68 Introduction: Blacks have higher colon cancer incidence and mortality rates, are more likely to be diagnosed at an advanced stage, and have worse stage-for-stage survival when compared to whites. The number of lymph nodes (LN) examined has been shown to be an important prognostic factor for colon cancer. We hypothesized that differences in the extent of LN dissection contribute to the observed survival disparity between blacks and whites. Methods: We selected AJCC stage 1-3 colon cancer patients identified as black or white in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database from 1988-2003. Patients were excluded if they had distant metastases, were not histologically confirmed, had an unspecified number of LN sampled, or if they had sarcomas or lymphomas of the colon. We compared demographic and clinical characteristics by race. We developed logistic regression models of the association of race with nodal status, and the ratio of positive to examined LN. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the association between race and mortality, adjusting for the other variables. Results: Among 110,529 cases of stage 1-3 colon cancer (11,038 black and 99,491 white), the proportions of blacks vs. whites who receive nodal dissections according to the ASCO guidelines was significantly higher in blacks compared to whites (45.1% vs. 43.6%, p
Preparing Oregon for Connected Vehicle Deployment: Application Prioritization Process

To build on a project recently completed for the Oregon Department of Transportation (DOT), processes and tools were developed to prioritize the implementation of connected vehicle (CV) applications. Internal mechanisms for addressing CV development and deployment at the Oregon DOT were assessed; the technical maturity of each potential CV application was scanned, reviewed, and assessed; preliminary goals were developed; prospective CV applications were linked; and applications that fit with the potential role of the Oregon DOT in advancing these initiatives were refined, prioritized, and ranked. A shared vision and business plan that prioritizes CV applications for Oregon is recommended. An internal effort aimed at producing a small set of priority CV applications for further development is described. This effort culminated in a CV application prioritization workshop that included a priority mapping exercise, discussion of the CV concept, and an initial mapping of goals and applications. The workshop ide...
Measuring Integration Achievement in the Americas

In this chapter an updated version is presented of the Integration Achievement Score (IAS) that was initially designed by Hufbauer and Schott (Western hemisphere economic integration. Institute for International Economics, Washington, DC, 1994). The author expanded the scope of the original IAS in both time and space, and has systematically applied it to regional integration schemes in the Americas with data from the 2000s. Because of its systematic nature of coding integration achievements, it allows for comparisons between the regional schemes; it is also well suited for further econometric analysis. It contains six categories with six levels each. The categories are: trade in goods and services, free movement of capital, labor mobility, decision-making of supranational institutions, monetary coordination, and fiscal coordination. Moreover; the levels for each regional scheme are calculated with a set of values that range from 0 to 5. Results are presented for five schemes in the Americas (CAN, CACM, CARICOM, MERCOSUR, NAFTA) which allow for a comparison of economic integration levels.
Simulation in Psychiatry

Simulation is used increasingly in psychiatry and mental health as a tool for clinician education, patient care, and research. Requiring realistic and evocative interpersonal interactions, as well as presentations of complex psychological symptom profiles for clinician training or emotionally salient stimuli for patient treatment, psychiatry pushes the boundaries of simulation design. Varying modalities, from simple audio tracks to immersive and interactive virtual environments, have been used to accomplish these goals. This chapter reviews current and future uses of simulation in psychiatry, focusing on the nuances of educational and therapeutic objectives as well as challenges inherent in using different simulation modalities.
Modeling of Scattering in Arbitrary-Shape Waveguide Using Broadband Green's Function With Higher Order Low Wavenumber Extractions

The broadband Green's function with low wavenumber extractions (BBGFL) consists of low wavenumber method of moments (MoM) solutions combined with modal expansions. BBGFL is suitable for broadband simulations because the modal functions are independent of frequencies. The modal expansion in this paper has sixth-order convergence. Using wavenumber derivatives of the surface current, it is shown that the higher order extraction requires only a single MoM impedance matrix on the left-hand side. For the same number of modes, the sixth-order convergence has significant improvement in accuracy over the ${\text{second}}$ - and ${\text{fourth}}$ -order convergence. Scattering in an arbitrary-shape waveguide is modeled by using a surface integral equation formulated with the sixth-order BBGFL. Using BBGFL, the unknowns are only on the surface of the scatterer. Results of simulations are illustrated and the results are in good agreement with those of direct MoM.
Engineering to Help Communities or Students’ Development? An ethnographic case study of an engineering-to-help student organization

This article offers a critical ethnographic analysis of the organization Mines Without Borders (MWB), a student group at Colorado School of Mines. It evaluates the impact the group’s institutional culture has on its effectiveness as a student-led engineering-to-help organization. Through ethnographic and participatory research methods, we sought to understand members’ motivations for joining the organization, their prior knowledge of engineering-to-help, their critiques of the organization, and how well MWB balances service learning for their members and impact on the communities they seek to serve. A participatory photo essay was used to illustrate the perspective of the community members in Nicaragua, and vice versa. The researchers found that members are primarily motivated by a desire to help disadvantaged populations, have little background knowledge on principles of engineering-to-help, see the organization as socially exclusive, and that MWB places a greater emphasis on student experience than community impact. The participative photo essay suggests that MWB members and community members have different perceptions of what constitutes collaboration. This research advances current research on engineering-to-help organizations with the growth of humanitarian engineering programs throughout the world. The results of this ethnography have been used within the organization to enhance its potential effectiveness to benefit students and community members alike.
Design-order, non-conformal low-Mach fluid algorithms using a hybrid CVFEM/DG approach

Abstract A hybrid, design-order sliding mesh algorithm, which uses a control volume finite element method (CVFEM), in conjunction with a discontinuous Galerkin (DG) approach at non-conformal interfaces, is outlined in the context of a low-Mach fluid dynamics equation set. This novel hybrid DG approach is also demonstrated to be compatible with a classic edge-based vertex centered (EBVC) scheme. For the CVFEM, element polynomial, P , promotion is used to extend the low-order P = 1 CVFEM method to higher-order, i.e., P = 2 . An equal-order low-Mach pressure-stabilized methodology, with emphasis on the non-conformal interface boundary condition, is presented. A fully implicit matrix solver approach that accounts for the full stencil connectivity across the non-conformal interface is employed. A complete suite of formal verification studies using the method of manufactured solutions (MMS) is performed to verify the order of accuracy of the underlying methodology. The chosen suite of analytical verification cases range from a simple steady diffusion system to a traveling viscous vortex across mixed-order non-conformal interfaces. Results from all verification studies demonstrate either second- or third-order spatial accuracy and, for transient solutions, second-order temporal accuracy. Significant accuracy gains in manufactured solution error norms are noted even with modest promotion of the underlying polynomial order. The paper also demonstrates the CVFEM/DG methodology on two production-like simulation cases that include an inner block subjected to solid rotation, i.e., each of the simulations include a sliding mesh, non-conformal interface. The first production case presented is a turbulent flow past a high-rate-of-rotation cube ( Re , 4000; RPM, 3600) on like and mixed-order polynomial interfaces. The final simulation case is a full-scale Vestas V27 225 kW wind turbine (tower and nacelle omitted) in which a hybrid topology, low-order mesh is used. Both production simulations provide confidence in the underlying capability and demonstrate the viability of this hybrid method for deployment towards high-fidelity wind energy validation and analysis.
Organizational Process, Leadership, and Technology for Intelligence Gathering: Development of Photo-Reconnaissance Satellites in the United States

This chapter explains the role of organizational leadership in the development of covert scientific programs. The chapter traces the development of Corona and Future Imagery Architecture satellite programs. It finds that, under similar threat conditions, the two programs, which were similar in many respects, led to different outcomes. This chapter reveals that existing explanations based on organizational process do not completely explain the outcomes of the two programs. Through process tracing, the chapter articulates the role that those in leadership positions played in the development of the Corona and FIA programs for intelligence gathering, thereby providing evidence for an explanation based on bureaucratic politics.
The impact of geological uncertainty on primary production from a fluvial reservoir

Deposition of fluvial sandbodies is controlled mainly by characteristics of the system, such as the rate of avulsion and aggradation of the fluvial channels and their geometry. The impact and the interaction of these parameters have not received adequate attention. In this paper, the impact of geological uncertainty resulting from the interpretation of the fluvial geometry, maximum depth of channels, and their avulsion rates on primary production is studied for fluvial reservoirs. Several meandering reservoirs were generated using a process-mimicking package by varying several controlling factors. Simulation results indicate that geometrical parameters of the fluvial channels impact cumulative production during primary production more significantly than their avulsion rate. The most significant factor appears to be the maximum depth of fluvial channels. The overall net-to-gross ratio is closely correlated with the cumulative oil production of the field, but cumulative production values for individual wells do not appear to be correlated with the local net-to-gross ratio calculated in the vicinity of each well. Connectedness of the sandbodies to each well, defined based on the minimum time-of-flight from each block to the well, appears to be a more reliable indicator of well-scale production.
37. Flexible Endoscopes: Characteristics, Troubleshooting, and Equipment Care

Flexible endoscopy provides a quantum leap forward in the diagnosis and therapy of problems of the digestive tract. Standard endoscopes employ fiberoptic and video technology for image transmission; while narrow band imaging, chromoendoscopy, and endomicroscopy use light wavelength and magnification differentials to distinguish between premalignant lesions and cancer. Endosonography combines visual and ultrasonographic techniques to diagnose and stage tumors with the potential for fine needle aspiration. Endoscopes vary in length, front versus side viewing configuration and number of channels depending on intended requirements of the examination. Choledochoscopes, used to view the biliary tract, include Spyglass technology which can be advanced through the therapeutic channel of a side viewing ERCP scope to directly cannulate the bile and pancreatic ducts. The equipment needed for flexible endoscopy is generally arranged on a multiple level cart which allows mobility and easy access. A systematic approach to identifying the problem, followed by creative measures to circumvent or repair the difficulty will usually permit satisfactory completion of the examination. Endoscopic intervention has evolved into ablative therapies for Barrett’s esophagus, restrictive procedures for the treatment of obesity, endoscopic plication therapies for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease and the future evolution of natural orifice translumenal surgery.
Remembering Departed 'Nurembergers'

In 1945-1946, the International Military Tribunal adjudicated at Nuremberg in Allied-occupied former Germany the criminality of Nazi leaders and organizations. More than sixty years later, most of the people who were important parts of that monumental and consequential international legal project have sadly departed.This lecture, delivered in August 2010, remembers five significant United States “Nurembergers” who died during 2009-2010: family insider Nancy R. Jackson, chief interpreter Richard W. Sonnenfeldt, and prosecuting attorneys Roger W. Barrett, Whitney R. Harris, and Benjamin Kaplan.
Patterns of Interaction among Philosophers of Science and Cognitive Scientists

I would like to begin with a few words about the impact of the cognitive sciences on philosophy as a whole, for I think that this impact will turn out to be far greater than that on the philosophy of science. Fifty years ago, at the middle of the 20th C, philosophy departments still taught courses in perception and memory. Those subjects have since been taken over, first by psychology, and now by the cognitive sciences more generally. I think that by the middle of the 21st C the same thing will have happened to the philosophy of language and the philosophy of mind, currently prominent fields in many departments of philosophy. The same fate awaits epistemology. Metaphysics has been and continues to be taken over by science in general, which is now our main authority on what there is. Logic has long been taken over by mathematics. Philosophy of science will merge into science studies. That will leave to philosophy proper only the history of philosophy and, hopefully, useful discussion of issues of morality and of social and political policy, topics that cannot be fully determined by any scientific discoveries.
The Forms of Women’s Work

This paper has four aims: (1) to propose the concept of productive activity as an alternative to conventional definitions of work, (2) to compare the patterns of productive activity of men and women throughout the life course, (3) to consider factors associated with those patterns as hypothetical causes or effects, (4) to discuss some implications of these findings for policy, especially with respect to national statistics.
Four -body problem with collision singularity

Four-body Problem with Collision Singularity Duokui Yan Department of Mathematics Doctor of Philosophy In this dissertation, regularization of simultaneous binary collision, existence of a Schubart-like periodic orbit, existence of a planar symmetric periodic orbit with multiple simultaneous binary collisions, and their linear stabilities are studied. The detailed background of those problems is introduced in chapter 1. The singularities of simultaneous binary collision in the collinear four-body problem is regularized in chapter 2. We use canonical transformations to collectively analytically continue the singularities of the simultaneous binary collision solutions in both the decoupled case and the coupled case. All the solutions are found and more importantly, we find a crucial first integral which describes the relationship between the decoupled solutions and the coupled solutions. In chapter 3, we show the existence of a Schubart-like orbit, a periodic orbit with singularities in the symmetric collinear four-body problem. In each period of the orbit, there is a binary collision (BC) between the inner two bodies and a simultaneous binary collision (SBC) of the two clusters on both sides of the origin. The system is regularized and the existence is proven by using a “turning point” technique and a continuity argument on differential equations of the regularized Hamiltonian. Analytical methods are used in chapter 4 to prove the existence of a periodic, symmetric solution with singularities in the planar 4-body problem. A numerical calculation and simulation are used to generate the orbit. The analytical method can be extended to any even number of bodies. Multiple simultaneous binary collisions are a key feature of the orbits generated. In chapter 5, we apply the analytic-numerical method of Roberts to determine the linear stability of time-reversible periodic simultaneous binary collision orbits in the symmetric collinear four body problem with masses 1, m, m , 1, and also in a symmetric planar four-body problem with equal masses. For the collinear problem, this verifies the earlier numerical results of Sweatman for linear stability.