cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infiltrative astrocytomas with granular cell features (granular cell astrocytomas): a study of histopathologic features, grading, and outcome.

Granular cell astrocytomas (GCAs) are rare, incompletely characterized infiltrative gliomas that contain a prominent component of granular cells. Such tumors can readily be mistaken for reactive conditions. We studied 22 cases to explore their morphologic spectrum, establish features useful in distinguishing GCA from nonneoplastic diseases, and to determine which parameters correlate with biologic behavior. Tumors occurred in 17 men and five women, ranging in age from 29 to 75 years, who presented mainly with seizures, headache, aphasia, or hemiparesis. Radiologically, high-grade GCAs were contrast-enhancing, cerebral hemispheric masses with prominent peritumoral edema. All contained sheets or interspersed large, round cells packed with eosinophilic, PAS-positive granules. Lymphocytic infiltrates, either perivascular or admixed with neoplastic cells, were present in 14 tumors. Transition to typical infiltrating astrocytoma was noted in 16 cases; of these, granular cells comprised 30-95% of cells. Six tumors consisted almost entirely of atypical granular cells. By WHO criteria, four GCA were grade 2, seven were grade 3, and 11 were grade 4. Glial fibrillary acidic protein staining was seen in all but one tumor, and the majority were immunoreactive for S-100 protein, KP-1, ubiquitin, and epithelial membrane antigen. Although MIB- I proliferation indices increased with tumor grade, granular cells accounted for only a minority of immunoreactive cells. Among 18 cases with follow-up, 15 recurred after surgery and resulted in death (mean survival, 7.6 months). Two patients died postoperatively, and one was alive at 51 months. Granular cell astrocytoma is an uncommon morphologic variant that appears to be rapidly progressive and usually fatal.
The allergenicity of complex cations.

Abstract A homologous series of eight quaternary ammonium salts (quats) were used as complex cations in a survey of contact hypersensitivity in guinea pigs. Two of the quats tested were found to be strong allergens which was due to stable association with membrane lipids at the surface of epidermal cells. This surface complexation reaction was studied in detail by using a spin-labelled quat of intermediate allergenicity. Electron spin resonance was used to show that stable “ion pairs” are formed between membrane receptor sites and the two strong allergens. Information was obtained on the specificity and kinetics of immunogenic complex formation as well as on the position and orientation of these haptens on epidermal receptor sites in vivo .
Optimized Distributed Data Sharing Substrate in Multi-core Commodity Clusters: A Comprehensive Study with Applications

Distributed applications tend to have a complex design due to issues such as concurrency, synchronization and communication. Researchers in the past have proposed simpler abstractions to hide these complexities. However, many of the proposed techniques use messaging protocols which incur high overhead and are not very scalable. To address these limitations, in our previous work [20], we proposed an efficient Distributed Data Sharing Substrate (DDSS) using the features of high-speed networks. In this paper, we propose several design optimizations for DDSS in multi-core systems such as the combination of shared memory and message queues for inter-process communication, dedicated thread for communication progress and for onloading DDSS operations such as get and put. Our micro-benchmark results not only show a very low latency in DDSS operations but also demonstrate the scalability of DDSS with increasing number of processes. Application evaluations with R-Tree and B-Tree query processing and distributed STORM shows an improvement of up to 56%, 45% and 44%, respectively, as compared to traditional implementations. Evaluations with application checkpointing using DDSS demonstrate the scalability with increasing number of checkpointing applications. Further, in our evaluations, we demonstrate the portability of DDSS across multiple modern interconnects including InfiniBand and iWARP-capable 10-Gigabit Ethernet networks (applicable for both LAN/WAN environments).
Complete Heterolactic Acid Fermentation of Green Beans by Lactobacillus cellobiosis

Only Lactobacillus cellobiosus, among eight strains of heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria, removed all fermentable sugars from green beans. Proper blanching of the beans was required to prevent growth by natural lactic acid bacteria. An inoculum of 10 CFU/ml Lactobacillus plantarum and 106 CFU/ml L. cellobiosus resulted in the formation of twice as much lactic acid as inoculation with L. cellobiosus alone. A maximum of 3.74% sugar was metabolized by L. cellobiosus in bean juice containing 2.5% NaCI and 0.08% acetic acid. Fructose was nearly quantitatively reduced to mannitol with a concomitant accumulation of acetic acid. Ethanol was not observed until most of the fructose was metabolized. The L. cellobiosus-fermented beans had a more mild acid flavor than beans fermented with L plantarum.
Balancing Retention and Access in Online Courses: Restricting Enrollment … is it Worth the Cost?

Open access is central to the Community College mission. For this reason, any restriction in online enrollments should not be undertaken lightly. This study uses institutional data gathered from a large, urban community college to examine a policy aimed at increasing student retention in online courses by restricting those eligible to enroll based on Grade Point Average (GPA) The data, counter to expectations, show that the policy did not significantly impact attrition rates. Further analysis reveals that a high GPA cut-off (3.0) is needed to significantly affect attrition rates; however, this would severely restrict those eligible to enroll. The data indicate that students in the middle GPA range (2.0-3.5) have the highest proportional difference in attrition between online and face-to-face courses. The results suggest that rather than focusing on GPA restrictions, community colleges may be better served by addressing research and interventions targeted toward other factors to increase student retention in online learning.
Report of the Committee on Dynamics of Streams, 1934–35

Nearly all of the members of the Committee on Dynamics of Streams have during the past year been actively engaged on research-problems of one type or another directly bearing upon the functions for which the group was established. The Committee fostered the preparation of eight of the papers presented this year at the annual meeting of the Section of Hydrology. A consistent effort has been maintained to keep in touch with other groups interested in research of the character sponsored by the Committee. A number of developments have occurred in other organizations whose activities are more or less closely related to those of the Committee on Dynamics of Streams. The Applied Mechanics Division of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers is now publishing a journal containing the results of theoretical investigations and research reviews in fluid mechanics [see reference 1 in section “Bibliography”].
Influence of land use on total suspended solid and dissolved ion concentrations: Baton Rouge, Louisiana area

Abstract. Past studies in the Baton Rouge, Louisiana area considered streamwater quality during storm events but ignored water quality during low flow periods. This study includes determination of streamwater quality during low flow time periods for none watersheds in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. These samples were collected during dry-low flow periods as indicated by water levels at USGS stream gauging sites for each stream. Chemical analysis for ions was completed using colorimeters and gravimetric analysis for total dissolved solids (TDS) and total suspended solids (TSS). Land use appears to impact concentrations of ions, TDS and TSS in a variety of ways during periods of low flow. The two most rural watersheds, which are mainly underdeveloped, have higher concentrations of Fe and Mn. By contrast the three most urban watersheds, that are mainly commercial, industrial or residential, have higher concentrations of Si, SO4 and TDS.
Evidence of Nicotine-Induced, Curare-Insensitive, Behavior in Planarians

Planarians are rapidly developing into very useful research subjects in pharmacology and neuroscience research. Here we report that curare, a cholinergic nicotinic receptor antagonist, alleviates the nicotine-induced planarian seizure-like movements (pSLM) by up to 50 % at equimolar concentrations of nicotine and curare (1 mM), while curare alone does not induce significant pSLMs. The simplest interpretation of our data is that there are nicotine induced behaviors insensitive to curare in our experimental organism. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on curare-insensitive, nicotine-induced effects in any organism.
Rheological characterization of yellow grease and poultry fat

The rheological properties of yellow grease and poultry fat and their liquid density at 25.0°C were experimentally determined. Dynamic viscosities of these industrial recycled fat products were measured for shear rates of 0.65 to 32.34 s−1 at temperatures of 15.6 to 71.1°C. The resulting measurements were fitted to a power law model to obtain values for the consistency coefficient and the flow behavior index. The data was also fit to Andrade's equation to relate viscosity to temperature. These results indicated pseudoplastic flow behavior for both products, with increasing non-Newtonian behavior at higher temperatures and shear rates.
Reduction by gaseous ozone of Salmonella and microbial flora associated with fresh-cut cantaloupe.

This research investigates the efficacy of gaseous ozone, applied under partial vacuum in a controlled reaction chamber, for the elimination of Salmonella inoculated on melon rind. The performance of high dose, short duration treatment with gaseous ozone, in this pilot system, on the microbial and sensory quality of fresh-cut cantaloupes was also evaluated. Gaseous ozone (10,000 ppm for 30 min under vacuum) reduced viable, recoverable Salmonella from inoculated physiologically mature non-ripe and ripe melons with a maximum reduction of 4.2 and 2.8 log CFU/rind-disk (12.6 cm 2 ), respectively. The efficacy of ozone exposure was influenced by carrier matrix. Salmonella adhering to cantaloupe was more resistant to ozone treatment when suspended in skim-milk powder before aqueous inoculation to the rind. This indicated that organic matter interferes with the contact efficiency and resultant antimicrobial activity of gaseous ozone applied as a surface disinfectant. Conversely, in the absence of an organic carrier, Salmonella viability loss was greater on dry exocarp surfaces than in the wetted surfaces, during ozone treatment, achieving reductions of 2.8 and 1.4 initial log CFU/rind-disk, respectively. Gaseous ozone treatment of 5000 and 20,000 ppm for 30 min reduced total coliforms, Pseudomonas fluorescens, yeast and lactic acid bacteria recovery from fresh-cut cantaloupe. A dose Ct
Activation of Cellular Arf GTPases by Poliovirus Protein 3CD Correlates with Virus Replication

We have previously shown that synthesis of poliovirus protein 3CD in uninfected HeLa cell extracts induces an increased association with membranes of the cellular Arf GTPases, which are key players in cellular membrane traffic. Arfs cycle between an inactive, cytoplasmic, GDP-bound form and an active, membrane-associated, GTP-bound form. 3CD promotes binding of Arf to membranes by initiating recruitment to membranes of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), BIG1 and BIG2. GEFs activate Arf by replacing GDP with GTP. In poliovirus-infected cells, there is a dramatic redistribution of cellular Arf pools that coincides with the reorganization of membranes used to form viral RNA replication complexes. Here we demonstrate that Arf translocation in vitro can be induced by purified recombinant 3CD protein; thus, concurrent translation of viral RNA is not required. Coexpression of 3C and 3D proteins was not sufficient to target Arf to membranes. 3CD expressed in HeLa cells was retained after treatment of the cells with digitonin, indicating that it may interact with a membrane-bound host factor. A F441S mutant of 3CD was shown previously to have lost Arf translocation activity and was also defective in attracting the corresponding GEFs to membranes. A series of other mutations were introduced at 3CD residue F441. Mutations that retained Arf translocation activity of 3CD also supported efficient growth of virus, regardless of their effects on 3D polymerase elongation activity. Those that abrogated Arf activation by 3CD generated quasi-infectious RNAs that produced some plaques from which revertants that always restored the Arf activation property of 3CD were rescued.
Quality indicators for palliative and end-of-life care in vulnerable elders.

The literature summaries that support each indicator judged valid by the expert panel are described.
Alternative Delivery Systems for Agents to Treat Acute Agitation: Progress to Date

Psychomotor agitation is often associated with aggression. It is important to identify agitation early and achieve results quickly in order to prevent aggressive behavior. Strategies may include verbal de-escalation techniques, reduced stimulation, medications, or a combination of approaches. Historically, pharmacological treatments for agitation have been delivered using oral and intramuscular formulations. Although the types of medication available have not changed dramatically, different formulations have been developed recently to aid in treating this difficult condition. This paper will detail some of the newer, more novel formulations used to deliver medications to treat agitation. Formulations to be described include orally disintegrating tablets, sublingual, buccal and intranasal forms, as well as an inhalation form. Each form has a unique purpose and will aid in treatment of different populations at different levels of agitation. Of note, of the medication formulations to be discussed, only inhaled loxapine is FDA approved for acute agitation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and no medications are approved for ‘agitation’ outside of a specific disease state. The orally disintegrating tablets of olanzapine, risperidone, and aripiprazole are swallowed and enter the circulation via the portal system. They do not have a more rapid onset of action than the standard oral tablets but are useful for patients that might otherwise divert the medication. The sublingual, buccal and intranasal formulations include asenapine and midazolam. Absorption by this route is more rapid and avoids first-pass metabolism. Finally, inhaled loxapine enters the alveoli and appears quickly in the arterial circulation. All of these novel formulations require at least some cooperation but have the potential to prevent escalation and improve the experience of patients and could be considered when negotiation is possible.
Environmentally Friendly Supply Chain Planning and Design for Biodiesel Production via Wastewater Sludge

This study presents mathematical models that capture the impact of different carbon-emission-related policies on the design of the biodiesel supply chain. These mathematical models identify locations and production capacities for biocrude production plants by exploring the trade-offs that exist between transportation costs, facility investments costs, and emissions. The mathematical models capture the dynamics of biomass supply and transportation costs during a predefined time horizon. We analyze the behavior of the chain under different regulatory policies such as carbon cap, carbon tax, carbon cap and trade, and carbon offset mechanisms. A number of observations are made about the impact of each policy on the supply chain performance. The models we developed are solved by using a commercial software GAMS/CPLEX. We use the state of Mississippi as the testing grounds for these models, and employ ArcGIS to visualize and validate the results from the optimization models.
THE BASES OF NONCOMPLIANCE WITH A POLICY

Policies have impact only if they are successful in changing the behavior of target individuals. If one focuses upon the prescription imbedded in any policy, it is possible to gauge the success of implementation by assessing the degree of compliance with the prescription. The target individual may not comply, however, due to (1) lapses or ambiguities in communication; (2) insufficient resources; (3) an objection to the policy itself (i.e., its goals or its assumptions); (4) distaste for the action required; or (5) doubts about the authority upon which the policy is based, or that authority's agents. Appropriate remedies, which may include improved communication, provision of training or resources, evidence of the effectiveness of the program, positive or negative incentives of various kinds, and appeals to authority, will depend upon the type of noncompliance encountered.
Xylem dysfunction caused by water stress and freezing in two species of co-occurring chaparral shrubs

Water transport from the roots to leaves in chaparral shrubs of California occurs through xylem vessels and tra-cheids. The formation of gas bubbles in xylem can block water transport (gas embolism), leading to shoot dieback. Two environmental factors that cause gas embolism formation in xylem conduits are drought and freezing air temperatures. We compared the differential vulnerabili-ties of Rhus laurina and Ceanothus megacarpus, co-domi-nant shrub species in the coastal regions of the Santa Monica Mountains of southern California, to both water stress-induced and freezing-induced embolism of their xylem. Rhus laurina has relatively large xylem vessel diameters, a deep root system, and a large basal burl from which it vigorously resprouts after wildfire or freezing injury. In contrast, Ceanothus megacarpus has small-diameter vessels, a shallow root system, no basal burl and is a non-sprouter after shoot removal by wildfire. We found that R. laurina became 50% embolized at a water stress of -3 MPa and 100% embolized by a freeze-thaw cycle at all hydration levels. In contrast, C. megacarpus became 50% embolized at a water stress of -9 MPa and 100% embolized by freeze-thaw events only at water potentials lower than -3 MPa. Reducing thaw rates from 0.8 °C min -1 to 0.08 °C min -1 (the normal thaw rate measured in situ) had no effect on embolism formation in R. laurina but significantly reduced embolism occurrence in well-hydrated C. megacarpus (embolism reduced from 74 to 35%). These results were consistent with the theory of gas bubble formation and dissolution in xylem sap. They also agree with field observations of differential shoot dieback in these two species after a natural freeze-thaw event in the Santa Monica Mountains.
ANTHOCYANIN INTERACTIONS WITH DNA: INTERCALATION, TOPOISOMERASE I INHIBITION AND OXIDATIVE REACTIONS

Anthocyanins and their aglycone anthocyanidins are pigmented flavonoids found in significant amounts in many commonly consumed foods. They exhibit a complex chemistry in aqueous solution, which makes it difficult to study their chemistry under physiological conditions. Here we used a gel electrophoresis assay employing supercoiled DNA plasmid to examine the ability of these compounds (1) to intercalate DNA, (2) to inhibit human topoisomerase I through both inhibition of plasmid relaxation activity (catalytic inhibition) and stabilization of the cleavable DNA-topoisomerase complex (poisoning), and (3) to inhibit or enhance oxidative single-strand DNA nicking. We found no evidence of DNA intercalation by anthocyan(id)ins in the physiological pH range for any of the compounds used in this study-cyanidin chloride, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside, malvidin 3-O-glucoside and luteolinidin chloride. The anthocyanins inhibited topoisomerase relaxation activity only at high concentrations (> 50 muM) and we could find no evidence of topoisomerase I cleavable complex stabilization by these compounds. However, we observed that all of the anthocyan(id)ins used in this study were capable of inducing significant oxidative DNA strand cleavage (nicking) in the presence of 1 mM DTT (dithiothreitol), while the free radical scavenger, DMSO, at concentrations typically used in similar studies, completely inhibited DNA nicking. Finally, we propose a mechanism to explain the anthocyan(id)in induced oxidative DNA cleavage observed under our experimental conditions.
Changing Leadership: Teachers Lead the Way for Schools that Learn.

This paper presents findings from a three-year, qualitative study of teachers enrolled in a Masters of Teacher Leadership program. Researchers sought to understand the ways teachers’ beliefs about and understandings of teacher leadership were affected by their participation in a formal teacher leadership program, as well as the kinds of actions they took up as a result of this participation. Data indicate three significant ways participants’ work as teacher leaders was developed and enhanced, including: (a) identifying and amplifying their professional voice, (b) deepening and extending their voice as they plan, and (c) reframing their work/shift responsibility through constructing widening circles of influence and impact. Authors identify implications of their research for growing teacher leaders, school improvement and change, changing school culture, enhancing student engagement, and building new structures.
Pheochromocytoma in an 8‐year‐old patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A: Implications for screening

Childhood pheochromocytoma in the setting of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) remains rare and has not been reported under the age of 12. We present an 8-year-old female with known MEN 2A, C634Y RET mutation, diagnosed with a 6 cm pheochromocytoma requiring laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Given this patient's age at diagnosis, screening guidelines should recommend annual screening beginning at age 8 for patients with MEN 2B or MEN 2A codons 630 or 634 RET mutations. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013 108:203–206. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preliminary Comparison of Microwave Heating of Complex-Shaped Composites Reinforced with Conductive and Nonconductive Fibers

The microwave heating of composites with complex shapes has been studied. A V-shaped mold was used to fabricate samples which do not lie parallel to the electric field produced in a 7-in. cylindrical microwave applicator operating at 2.45 GHz. A polyester/glass composite and a polyester/graphite fiber composite were produced for comparison. Heating profiles were made more uniform by applying mode-switching techniques to the processing. Mode-switching is the application of more than one electromagnetic mode to achieve uniform heating. The samples were tested for heating patterns in different geometric and fiber orientations within a single-frequency, cylindrical microwave applicator operating at 2.45 GHz. The temperature profile for each mode was recorded. Mode-switching provided better temperature profiles than single modes. Modeswitching techniques were more successful with the graphite fiber reinforcement.
Measurement of the anticipatory goal response in instrumental runway conditioning

Seven rats were run to water reinforcement in a straight runway while a measure was taken of anticipatory licking in the runway and consummatory licking in the goal box. Licking rate was shown to increase in a positively accelerated manner as S approached the goal box and to increase in a negatively accelerated manner with training. The results are discussed in relation to Spence’s rg-sg mechanism.
A View from Above: Cloud Plots to Visualize Global Metabolomic Data

Global metabolomics describes the comprehen- sive analysis of small molecules in a biological system without bias. With mass spectrometry-based methods, global metab- olomic data sets typically comprise thousands of peaks, each of which is associated with a mass-to-charge ratio, retention time, fold change, p-value, and relative intensity. Although several visualization schemes have been used for metabolomic data, most commonly used representations exclude important data dimensions and therefore limit interpretation of global data sets. Given that metabolite identi! cation through tandem mass spectrometry data acquisition is a time-limiting step of the untargeted metabolomic work" ow, simultaneous visualization of these parameters from large sets of data could facilitate compound identi! cation and data interpretation. Here, we present such a visualization scheme of global metabolomic data using a so-called "cloud plot" to represent multidimensional data from septic mice. While much attention has been dedicated to lipid compounds as potential biomarkers for sepsis, the cloud plot shows that alterations in hydrophilic metabolites may provide an early signature of the disease prior to the onset of clinical symptoms. The cloud plot is an e# ective representation of global mass spectrometry-based metabolomic data, and we describe how to extract it as standard output from our XCMS metabolomic software.
Safety of Cerebral Digital Subtraction Angiography in Children: Complication Rate Analysis in 241 Consecutive Diagnostic Angiograms

Background and Purpose— Catheter-based cerebral angiography remains an important diagnostic tool in the pediatric population, particularly considering the currently growing interest in diagnosing and treating cerebrovascular disorders in children. There are no recent estimates of the complication rate associated with modern diagnostic digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in the pediatric population. The purpose of this study was to estimate the rate of complications occurring during cerebral angiography in children. Methods— Data from 241 consecutive pediatric cerebral angiograms performed at a single institution were entered into an institutional review board–approved database. Information on patient demographics, DSA indication, neurovascular diagnosis, and intra procedural and postprocedural complications was collected. Results— Our population included 115 boys and 90 girls, with age ranging from 1 week to 18 years (mean±SD, 12±5 years). All angiograms were technically successful. No intraprocedural complication was noted; in particular, there was no occurrence of iatrogenic vessel injury (dissection) and no transient or permanent neurological deficit secondary to a thromboembolic event. One child with a complex dural arteriovenous fistula experienced a fatal intracranial rehemorrhage secondary to a posterior fossa varix rupture 3 hours after completion of an uneventful diagnostic angiogram. The rates of intraprocedural and postprocedural complications were therefore 0.0% (95% CI, 0.0% to 1.4%) and 0.4% (95% CI, 0.012% to 2.29%), respectively. Conclusions— The rate of immediate complications occurring during diagnostic cerebral angiography in children is very low. No intraprocedural complication was documented in the reported series. DSA performed by experienced angiographers is a safe procedure that can provide critical diagnostic information.
Partial globalization of partitioned address spaces for zero-copy communication with shared memory

We have developed a high-level language, called Kanor, for declaratively specifying communication in parallel programs. Designed as an extension of C++, it serves to coordinate partitioned address space programs written in the bulk synchronous parallel (BSP) style. Kanor's declarative semantics enable the programmers to write correct and maintainable parallel applications. The communication abstraction has been carefully designed to be amenable to compiler optimizations. While partitioned address space programming has several advantages, it needs special compiler optimizations to effectively leverage the shared memory hardware when running on multicore machines. In this paper, we introduce such shared-memory optimizations in the context of Kanor. One major way we achieve these optimizations is by selectively moving some of the variables into a globally shared address space — a process that we term partial globalization. We identify scenarios in which such a transformation is beneficial, and present an algorithm to identify and correctly transform Kanor communication steps into zero-copy communication using hardware shared memory, by introducing minimal synchronization. We then present a runtime strategy that complements the compiler algorithm to eliminate most of the runtime synchronization overheads by using a copy-on-conflict technique. Finally, we show that our solution often performs much better than shared-memory optimized MPI, and ne ver performs significantly worse than MPI even in the presence of dependencies introduced due to buffer sharing. The techniques in this paper demonstrate that it is possible to program in a partitioned address space style, without sacrificing the performance advantages of hardware shared memory. To the best of our knowledge no other automatic compiler techniques have been developed so far that achieve zero-copy communication from a partitioned address space program. We expect out results to be applicable beyond Kanor, to other partitioned address space programming environments, such as MPI.
Transcellular Transport Is not Required for Transmucosal Bacterial Passage across the Intestinal Membrane Ex Vivo

The mechanisms underlying the process of bacterial translocation are poorly defined. Possible routes for transmucosal passage of bacteria include transcellular and paracellular channels. Bacterial engulfment is a prerequisite for transcellular transport. To determine whether transcellular transport is required for transmucosal bacterial passage, we examined the effect of various inhibitors of endocytosis, such as colchicine, cytochalasin B, and sodium fluoride on transmucosal passage of bacteria across an ileal mucosal membrane mounted in the Ussing chamber. Colchicine and sodium fluoride increased the rate of decline of the potential difference across the membranes. However, neither colchicine, cytochalasin B, nor sodium fluoride affected the incidence of transmucosal bacterial passage. Sodium fluoride, which depletes intracellular ATP, significantly decreased the number of bacteria that passed per membrane. Our data suggest that transcellular transport may not be required for spontaneous transmucosal pa...
Preoperative Cognitive and Frailty Screening in the Geriatric Surgical Patient: A Narrative Review.

Abstract Purpose The identification of older patients who may have deficits in cognitive or functional domains will become more pressing as increasing numbers of these patients present for preoperative evaluations. The number of older adults with deficiencies in these areas is projected to grow, and more of these patients will present for assessment in preoperative clinics with the expectation that surgeries will be performed. Methods We review current outcomes data for preoperative cognitive impairment and frailty. Findings We point to a number of directions research is taking as systems for the prevention of postoperative cognitive and functional decline are being developed. We also discuss the current status of screening and examine potential instruments that can be used in the setting of the preanesthesia clinic. Implications Clinicians may anticipate that geriatric screening tools focused on cognitive and functional domains will play a direct role in the ongoing evolution of presurgical assessment and triage.
Must We Have a Rational Answer to the Question: Why Does Man Play?

(1969). Must We Have a Rational Answer to the Question: Why Does Man Play? Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 57-58.
Adenoacanthoma of the Ovary

Summary Two instances of a rare, primary ovarian neoplasm, adenoacanthoma, have been reported. The various histogenetic possibilities regarding the origin of squamous elements in columnar epithelial carcinoma of the ovary have been discussed. It is suggested that the term adenoacanthoma be used in naming these peculiar ovarian carcinomas, in keeping with the use of this term in the designation of adenosquamous tumors elsewhere in the body.
Abstract 156: SAMMPRIS Angiography Discloses Hemodynamic Effects of Intracranial Stenosis: Computational Fluid Dynamics of Fractional Flow

Background: Pressure gradients across an intracranial stenosis, or fractional flow (FF), may identify the hemodynamic significance of symptomatic lesions. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations on 3D morphology of such lesions can calculate these pressure gradients and model effects of systemic physiology interacting with these lesions, such as hypotension and induced hypertension. We studied SAMMPRIS angiography to calculate FF across symptomatic intracranial stenoses and modeled the downstream effect of systemic blood pressure (BP) fluctuations. Methods: Conventional angiography of symptomatic intracranial stenoses in the SAMMPRIS trial was converted from biplanar images to a 3D geometric mesh. CFD simulations were conducted with Ansys CFX on a Cray supercomputer to calculate FF derived from distal/proximal pressure gradients for each of 3 inflow conditions: normal BP (120/80 mm Hg), hypotension (90/60 mm Hg) and hypertension (180/120 mm Hg). Abnormal FF was defined as ≤ 0.8 during diastole to define hemodynamic significance of a stenosis. Results: 407 patients with 70-99% symptomatic stenosis had conventional angiography with biplanar views available for 3D reconstruction in 249, and CFD simulations in 188 (25 VA, 45 BA, 32 ICA, 86 MCA). Under simulated normal inflow conditions (120/80 mm Hg), only 76/188 (40%) cases had low FF. During simulated hypertension, FF improved to normal in 10/188 (5%) cases. Simulated hypotension caused FF to worsen from normal in 12/188 (6%) cases. Other hemodynamic parameters including shear stress could also be calculated and visually depicted in all cases. Conclusions: CFD and hemodynamic modeling of FF can be retrospectively performed after 3D conversion of biplanar angiogram views. FF estimates predict that only 40% of severe (70-99%) symptomatic intracranial stenoses are hemodynamically significant. Systemic BP fluctuations can be modeled during phases of the cardiac cycle to show downstream flow changes.
Lyapunov Stability Analysis of an Aeroleastic Torsion Model

This paper presents a feedback control approach based on Lyapunov methods for an aeroelastic torsion model that contains spatially-varying and discontinuous plant parameters. A feedback control algorithm is generated in which gains are determined to ensure certain positive definiteness, decrescency, and negative definiteness conditions are satisfied guaranteeing closed-loop asymptotic stability. Simulations are presented using a finitedifference method depicting the convergence of the state variables.
Diffusion-Induced Grain Boundary Migration and Role of Defects

A model is presented to explain various aspects of diffusion-induced grain boundary migration (DIGM). The driving energies of DIGM are identified as the free energy of mixing and the interface free energy, the former being predominant in most cases of DIGM. The grain boundary migrates due to thermally activated motion of atoms across the interface under the influence of the driving energies. An expression for the velocity of migration is derived. It is shown that this depends parabolically on the solute concentration, in agreement with experimental observations in the case of liquid film migration (LFM), which is analogous to DIGM. Furthermore, the velocity is proportional to lattice diffusivity ahead of the boundary. Recent results of enhancement of DIGM by ion bombardment is explained by radiation-enhanced lattice diffusivity due to introduction of point defects by the ions. The model also explains that diffusion-induced recrystallization (DIR) is due to a free energy decrease associated with the transformation from the amorphous phase in the grain boundary layer to the crystalline phase.
Effects of Deuterium Oxide on Respiration of Germinating Seeds

SummaryA study has been made of the germination of wheat seeds (Triticuwz z~dgavc) in 14.80j0, 38% and 94% deuterium oxide, and ordinary water for control, under as nearly identical conditions as possible. In all cases the seeds germinated and no macroscopical differences could be detected. No significant differences were observed in the respiratory rates of the seeds in ordinary and heavy water during the first and second days of germination.
Off-resonant polarized light-controlled thermoelectric transport in ultrathin topological insulators

We study thermoelectric transport in ultrathin topological insulators under the application of circularly polarized off-resonant light of frequency $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ and amplitude $A$. We derive analytical expressions for the band structure, orbital magnetization ${M}_{\text{orb}}$, and the thermal (${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{xy}$) and Nernst (${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{xy}$) conductivities. Reversing the light polarization from right to left leads to an exchange of the conduction and valence bands of the symmetric and antisymmetric surface states and to a sign change in ${M}_{\text{orb}},{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{xy}$, and ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{xy}$. Varying the sample thickness or $A/\ensuremath{\Omega}$ leads to a strong enhancement of ${M}_{\text{orb}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{xy}$. These effects, accessible to experiments, open the possibility for selective, state-exchanged excitations under light and the conversion of heat to electric energy.
Robust Intermediate Strain Rate Experimentation Using the Serpentine Transmitted Bar

The stress-strain behavior of a material at intermediate strain rates (between 5/s and 500/s) is important for characterizing dynamic deformation events. A material’s mechanical behavior can be strain rate dependent; calibrating constitutive models at actual strain rates of interest are essential for high fidelity simulations. Strain rates below 5/s are easily accomplished with conventional electro-mechanical or servo-hydraulic load frames. Strain rates above 500/s are typically performed with the split Kolsky/Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) and other devices depending upon the strain rate. The intermediate strain rate regime is a difficult test regime in which researchers have tried to extend the use of specially instrumented servo-hydraulic load frames or very long Hopkinson bars. We describe a novel design of a serpentine Hopkinson transmitted bar that allows for accurate and robust load acquisition in the intermediate strain rate regime. This design produces repeatable stress-strain results without the stress oscillations typical of a specially instrumented servo-hydraulic load frame and produces data for a longer test time than a conventional Kolsky/Hopkinson bar of the same length.
The Chairman's Problem

One of the major obstacles to the progress of political theory lies in the fact that people speak of rights without paying attention to the feasibility of their exercise. I propose to raise here some elementary problems relating to the right of speech. It is one of the basic tenets of our democratic political philosophy that all people (over a given age) have an equal right of speech. Making this right operational however gives rise to difficulties which have not been faced.I shall start out with a very simple problem, which moreover has the advantage of evoking familiar pictures: this is the chairman's problem. I find myself chairman of an assembly, and regard all participants as formally equal, which commits me to treating them equally. Feeling bound by this principle, I decide as follows: the duration of the meeting is m, the number of participants n: I shall give the floor to each participant for a time m/n; thus the equal right of speech will receive practical application. Assume that the meeting is to be crowned by a vote (the time of actual voting not figuring in m): before the participants cast their equal votes, they will have had equal opportunities to influence the voting, i.e., they shall have had, insofar as depends upon me, equal voices.Now if m the duration of the meeting (in speaking time) is three hours, and if n the number of participants is 12, my procedure is susceptible of being applied: it grants the floor to each participant for a quarter of an hour. This is not a long time but still it may be enough.
Medulloblastoma: Classification (A Review)

Medulloblastomas (MBs) represent a heterogeneous group of highly malignant primary tumors of the Central Nervous System (CNS), with prevalence in male and young age patients. MBs are rare tumors with a very aggressive behavior, characterized by a noticeable tendency to metastasize. A proper classification of MBs is important for the establishment of histopathological, diagnostic and clinical criteria, which would ultimately validate standard therapies, clinical trials, and epidemiological studies. Historically, classification of brain tumors has been based on theories related to histogenesis and grades of differentiation and anaplasia. The term “medulloblastoma” provided uniformity of classification to posterior fossa tumors in childhood arising from a hypothetical multipotential embryonal cell, the “medulloblast”, capable to differentiate along neuroblastic or spongioblastic cells. However, the existence of this progenitor cell has never been proven and its location in the developing cerebellum was also debated. The controversy on the origin of MBs raised other debates on the classification of these tumors: one hypothesis was to consider MBs as part of a larger class of Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors (PNETs), generically indicated as a group of undifferentiated embryonal tumors, arising in different sites of the CNS and at all ages. Another hypothesis supported the idea that different tumors derived from malignant transformation of resident cells in different areas should be categorized separately. Based on the different histopathologic characteristics, the location inside the brain, and the molecular genetic aberrations in the tumor cells, the latest World Health Organization classification of brain tumors lists MB and PNETs as separate entities. According to this classification, MBs are distinct entities listed among the embryonal tumors and are distinguished in multiple variants: classic MB, desmoplastic MB, MB with extensive nodularity, and large cell anaplastic MB. In addition to these two entities, two patterns of differentiation are also defined: MB with myogenic differentiation, and MB with melanotic differentiation. This chapter focuses on the main steps that lead to the actual knowledge on MB and to its proper classification in the context of the brain tumors.
Enrichments in Cages

Surveys indicate that consumers want animals that are used for food to be able to express their natural behaviors. Cages for laying hens that are furnished with a nest, perches, nail trimmers, and a scratch pad/foraging area provide opportunities for hens to perform instinctive behaviors that they otherwise could not do at all or not very easily in the barren conventional cage. To meet consumer demand, the egg industry worldwide is beginning to use enriched cages; however, the design of the enriched cage is not without problems. Strategies for improvement include perch redesign to reduce keel bone damage, improving the scratch pad or foraging area to reduce food safety concerns related to fecal contamination of eggs, finding a suitable and practical substrate that encourages dustbathing so as to improve plumage condition, and identifying the enrichment needs of caged pullets.
Pilot Study to Integrate Patient Reported Outcomes After Lung Cancer Operations Into The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Database

Background A critical gap in The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) Database is the absence of patient-reported outcomes (PRO), which are of increasing importance in outcomes and performance measurement. Our aim was to demonstrate the feasibility of integrating PRO into the STS Database for patients undergoing lung cancer operations. Methods The National Institutes of Health Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) includes reliable, precise measures of PRO. We used validated item banks within PROMIS to develop a survey for patients undergoing lung cancer resection. PRO data were prospectively collected electronically on tablet devices and merged with our institutional STS data. Patients were enrolled over 18 months (November 2014 to May 2016). The survey was administered preoperatively and at 1 and 6 months after lung cancer resection. Results The study included 127 patients. All patients completed the initial postoperative survey, and 108 reached the 6-month follow-up. The most common procedure was video-assisted thoracic lobectomy (55%). At the first postoperative visit, there was a significant increase in pain, fatigue, and sleep impairment and a decrease in physical function. By 6 months, these PRO measures had generally improved toward baseline. Conclusions Collecting PRO data from lung cancer surgical patients and integrating the results into an institutional database is feasible. This pilot serves as a model for widespread incorporation of PRO data into the STS Database. Future integration of such data will continue to position the STS National Database as the gold standard for clinical registries. This will be necessary for assessing overall patient responses to different surgical therapies.
Children's Autonomic Nervous System Reactivity Moderates the Relations between Family Adversity and Sleep Problems in Latino 5-Year Olds in the CHAMACOS Study.

Sleep problems are common for young children especially if they live in adverse home environments. Some studies investigate if young children may also be at a higher risk of sleep problems if they have a specific biological sensitivity to adversity. This paper addresses the research question, does the relations between children’s exposure to family adversities and their sleep problems differ depending on their autonomic nervous system’s sensitivity to challenges? As part of a larger cohort study of Latino, low-income families, we assessed the cross-sectional relations among family demographics (education, marital status), adversities (routines, major life events), and biological sensitivity as measured by autonomic nervous system (ANS) reactivity associated with parent-rated sleep problems when the children were five years old. Mothers were interviewed in English or Spanish and completed demographic, family, and child measures. The children completed a 15-minute standardized protocol while continuous cardiac measures of the ANS (respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), preejection period (PEP)) were collected during resting and four challenge conditions. Reactivity was defined as the mean of the responses to the four challenge conditions minus the first resting condition. Four ANS profiles, coactivation, coinhibition, reciprocal low RSA and PEP reactivity, and reciprocal high RSA and PEP reactivity, were created by dichotomizing the reactivity scores as high or low reactivity. Logistic regression models showed there were significant main effects for children living in families with fewer daily routines having more sleep problems than for children living in families with daily routines. There were significant interactions for children with low PEP reactivity and for children with the reciprocal, low reactivity profiles who experienced major family life events in predicting children’s sleep problems. Children who had a reciprocal, low reactivity ANS profile had more sleep problems if they also experienced major life events than children who experienced fewer major life events. These findings suggest that children who experience family adversities have different risks for developing sleep problems depending on their biological sensitivity. Interventions are needed for young Latino children that support family routines and reduce the impact of family adversities to help them develop healthy sleep practices.