cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cholesterol Transport in Lysosomes

Cellular cholesterol trafficking includes numerous individual processes, as cholesterol cannot only be obtained endogenously or exogenously, but also has many possible fates within the cell, including incorporation into membranes, metabolic conversion to a number of different products, covalent modification of specific proteins, regulation of gene expression, and efflux from the cell. Distinct trafficking pathways are thought to exist for de novo synthesized cholesterol and cholesterol obtained via the receptor-mediated endocytosis of low density lipoproteins. Exogenously obtained cholesterol must pass through the endosomal/lysosomal compartment prior to its trafficking to other subcellular sites, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and the plasma membrane. The inherited disorder Niemann-Pick type C, in which abnormal cholesterol trafficking from the endo-lysosomal compartment leads to substantial cholesterol and glycolipid accumulatioin in lysosomes, is caused by defects in either of two genes that encode for proteins designated as NPC1 and NPC2. NPC1 is a multiple membrane spanning domain protein containing a sterol sensing domain similar to those found in several proteins involved in cholesterol homeostasis. NPC2 is a small intralysosomal protein that has been characterized biochemically as a cholesterol binding and transport protein. While there is abundant evidence suggesting a role for the NPC proteins in late endosomal/lysosomal trafficking of cholesterol, their precise functions and mechanisms of action remain to be discovered.
Continuous diphenhydramine infusion and imatinib for KIT-D816V-negative mast cell activation syndrome: a case report

We present the first full case report of the treatment of mast cell activation syndrome with continuous diphenhydramine infusion, which resulted in the improvement of anaphylactic reactions and a decrease in hospital readmission. Furthermore, the patient received imatinib in the absence of the KIT-D816V mutation, which led to further improvement of quality of life. Currently, we are trying to wean this patient off diphenhydramine; if successful, this attempt will represent the first reported case. An 18-year-old white girl presented with a flare of mast cell activation syndrome and received epinephrine and steroids. She had failed multiple previous therapies, and her quality of life was affected due to two to three flares/week. She was started on continuous diphenhydramine infusion and imatinib, which led to a decrease in hospital admissions and marked improvement in her quality of life. Continuous diphenhydramine infusion can provide promising outcomes following the failure of intermittent antihistamine dosing in patients with severe mast cell activation syndrome. Initiating continuous diphenhydramine infusion may be helpful in an intensive care setting when the patient is particularly prone to anaphylaxis and/or the resources needed to manage anaphylaxis are not available outside the intensive care unit. Furthermore, imatinib provides benefits in KIT-D816V-negative mast cell disorders due to other unknown mutations.
Caching at the Web Scale: [Tutorial]

Today's web applications and social networks are serving billions of users around the globe. These users generate billions of key lookups and millions of data object updates per second. A single user's social network page load requires hundreds of key lookups. This scale creates many design challenges for the underlying storage systems. First, these systems have to serve user requests with low latency. Any increase in the request latency leads to a decrease in user interest. Second, storage systems have to be highly available. Failures should be handled seamlessly without affecting user requests. Third, users consume an order of magnitude more data than they produce. Therefore, storage systems have to be optimized for read-intensive workloads. To address these challenges, distributed in-memory caching services have been widely deployed on top of persistent storage. In this tutorial, we survey the recent developments in distributed caching services. We present the algorithmic and architectural efforts behind these systems focusing on the challenges in addition to open research questions.
L1-optimal compensators for continuous-time systems

Previous work has been concerned with minimizing the l1- norm of an error pulse response for discrete-time SISO1 and MIMO2 systems. In this paper we study the problem of minimizing the L1-norm of the error impulse response for SISO continuous-time systems. This problem is quite different from the discrete-time problem in that irrational solutions are obtained even when the problem data are rational.
HDAC6 Brain Mapping with [18F]Bavarostat Enabled by a Ru-Mediated Deoxyfluorination.

Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) function and dysregulation have been implicated in the etiology of certain cancers and more recently in central nervous system (CNS) disorders including Rett syndrome, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, and major depressive disorder. HDAC6-selective inhibitors have therapeutic potential, but in the CNS drug space the development of highly brain penetrant HDAC inhibitors has been a persistent challenge. Moreover, no tool exists to directly characterize HDAC6 and its related biology in the living human brain. Here, we report a highly brain penetrant HDAC6 inhibitor, Bavarostat, that exhibits excellent HDAC6 selectivity (>80-fold over all other Zn-containing HDAC paralogues), modulates tubulin acetylation selectively over histone acetylation, and has excellent brain penetrance. We further demonstrate that Bavarostat can be radiolabeled with 18F by deoxyfluorination through in situ formation of a ruthenium π-complex of the corresponding phenol precursor: the only method curren...
Differential response to heat of metastatic and non-metastatic rat mammary tumors.

Interest in the use of heat for cancer treatment has increased markedly in recent years (1–4). Information has accumulated that such hyperthermia causes a selective and irreversible inhibition of metabolism in certain animal and human tumors correlated to cell killing (5–8). It remains uncertain, however, whether and under which conditions heat exerts a specific influence on tumor tissue since much of the information available is based on cells cultured in vitro. Nevertheless, the potential application of hyperthermia in the treatment of cancer is extremely attractive since, with the exception of systemic chemotherapy, which is a notoriously blunt weapon, regional and whole body hyperthermia are the only treatment modalities presently available which could address the major problem of human cancer: the metastatic lesion. It is not known, however, whether metastasizing tumors are more susceptible to hyperthermic treatment than non-metastasizing ones, although in vitro studies are consistent with this possibility (9). The metastatic capacities of a tumor cell are related to its surface (10, 11) and one of the major mechanisms of action of hyperthermia is thought to act via the membrane (12, 13). It, therefore, was of interest to compare the membrane properties and heat sensitivity in two closely related tumor strains of which one metastasizes whereas the other does not.
Introduction to Minimum-Cross-Entropy Spectral Analysis of Multiple Signals

This paper outlines a new information-theoretic method for simultaneously estimating a number of power spectra when a prior estimate of each is available and new information is obtained in the form of values of the autocorrelation function of their sum. One application of this method is the separate estimation of the spectra of a signal and additive noise, based on autocorrelations of the signal plus noise. The basic estimation equations are given, and an application to speech noise suppression is described.
Perspectives on a BIM-integrated software platform for robotic construction through Contour Crafting

Abstract Robotic construction through concrete 3D printing is an in-progress revolution in construction industry. While significant progress is made on hardware related challenges, software and information related issues of such innovative system are less discussed. In this paper, a software platform is proposed for data retrieval and analysis from BIM models and utilizing it efficiently during various stages of the process. While the general idea of using BIM for automated construction has been mentioned before, the implementation details (the focus of this paper) were not previously discussed. To this aim, a framework is proposed to integrate BIM into an automated construction system. A Planning and Operations Control Software for Automated Construction (POCSAC) is developed as a major enabler for a seamless integration of BIM and Contour Crafting. The interoperation between different components of the construction system and BIM platform are designed to maximize the realized benefits through synergy of the two technologies.
TUNEL Assay by Benchtop Flow Cytometer in Clinical Laboratories

A high level of sperm DNA damage is associated with impaired infertility and increased risk of miscarriages. Evaluating semen samples utilizing the advanced sperm markers such as sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) is important to identify its role in male infertility and the success of subsequent treatment outcome such as in ART. Sperm DNA fragmentation tests are increasingly being used to understand the molecular mechanism of DNA fragmentation and subsequent male infertility. Of these tests, sperm chromatin structure assay or SCSA has been the most studied and is considered the gold standard. While other tests such as comet and sperm DNA dispersion test are also being increasingly used, their utility has not been widespread. In recent years, the TUNEL or the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling is gaining increasing recognition in the literature as the marker of sperm DNA fragmentation that provides the most relevant information for the clinicians and the patients alike. TUNEL test is fast becoming the assay of choice. In this chapter, we provide details on the measurement of sperm DNA fragmentation using a simple bench flow cytometer.
Influence of particle shape on the erodibility of non-cohesive soil: Insights from coupled CFD–DEM simulations

Abstract Soil erosion is a critical process that is being studied in soil science, hydraulic engineering, and geotechnical engineering. Among many societal and environmental impacts, soil erosion is a major cause for the failures of bridges. The erodibility of soil is determined by its physical and geochemical properties and is also affected by surrounding biological activities. In most of the current models for soil erosion, erodibility of non-cohesive soil is characterized by its median grain size (D50), density, and porosity. The contribution to erodibility of the irregular shape of soil grains, which plays an important role in the mechanical and hydraulic properties of coarse-grained soils, is generally ignored. In this paper, a coupled computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method model is developed to analyze the influence of the shape of sand grain on soil erodibility. A numerical model for the drag force on spherical and non-spherical particles is verified by using the results from physical free settling experiments. Erosion of sand grains of different shapes is simulated in a virtual erosion function apparatus, a laboratory device used to measure soil erodibility. The simulation results indicate that the grain shape has major effects on erodibility. Spherical particles do not show a critical velocity because of their low rolling resistance, but a critical velocity does exist for angular particles owing to grain interlocking. The erosion rate is proportional to the flow velocity for both spherical and non-spherical particles. The simulation result for angular particle erosion is fairly consistent with the experimental observations, implying that grain shape is an important factor affecting the erodibility of non-cohesive soils.
Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes on Fresh and Sliced Green and Golden Kiwifruits.

Abstract Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) is a high-acidity fruit, with two varieties available on the market. One is the green-fleshed, fuzzy, sweet but tangy-tasting kiwifruit, and the other is th...
A Control Chart for Preliminary Analysis of Individual Observations

A preliminary control chart based on individual observations for detecting a shift in either the mean or variance, or both, is developed from a likelihood ratio test (LRT). The proposed LRT control chart offers the advantage of improved detection ..
Central Coast Regional Chiefdoms

relative time period: Follows the Early Chibcha tradition and precedes the Manteno tradition. Falls within the Regional Developmental period in the traditional Ecuadorian periodization scheme. It follows the Late Formative period (Chorrera culture) and precedes the so-called Integration period. However, the ending date of 1500 b.p. is variable throughout the central and northern coast of Ecuador, as several ethnic groups continued up until the conquest with little or no “integration” into larger polities.
Near-Term Extended Solar System Exploration

Any discussion of long-duration space flight is of necessity a multidisciplinary discussion. It is of little value, for example, to discuss psychological issues as if they existed independently of engineering, sociological, physiological, and even political and economic issues. Simply put, there is no sense in discussing flights to the outer planets to be conducted at this time because it is not psychologically or physiologically possible. As an example, recently the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), in conjunction with the European Space Agency (ESA), sent the Cassini/Huygens probe to the planet Saturn and its moon, Titan. Given the resources available at the present time, that journey took 7 years. That would mean a 14-year round trip for a human space crew with no time at the destination. This is not physiologically possible, and it would be psychologically absurd. Yet humankind dreams of exploring the entire solar system, planets, moons, asteroids, and comets. Given that all of the disciplines mentioned above overlap in their involvement with human space flight, this chapter examines the promise of near-future long duration spaceflight from a multidisciplinary point of view.
The World's Largest Photovoltaic Concentrator System — a Case Study

ABSTRACT The world's largest photovoltaic concentrator system has been developed and is now in place at Mississippi County Community College in Blytheville, Arkansas. The system consists of 270 single-axis tracking parabolic collectors providing a concentration ratio of 30 suns optical. The design output of 320 kilowatts (DOE standard) peak is to be provided by approximately 65,000 single crystal silicon cells. The active cooling system allows 22 million Btu's per day thermal. The ongoing debate within the photovoltaic industry concerning the advantages of one sun photovoltaic panels versus large, tracking concentrating systems is a matter of major interest. This large-scale DOE demonstration project is intended to investigate the various aspects of a large-scale concentrator system. Various interface relationships, hardware reliability, solar cell matching, inverter operation, and many other aspects of the complex system are topics for discussion. Interface parameters essential to integrating an energy-conscious architectural design with a total solar system are additional topics for consideration.
Eyewitness Testimony of Children in Target-Present and Target-Absent Lineups*

The effects of age of witness and age of suspect on eyewitness testimony were investigated. Forty-eight elementary school children and 48 college students viewed a slide sequence of a mock crime. This was followed by target-present or target-absent photo identification with a no-choice option, central and peripheral questions related to the crime, and a second photo identification. In photo identification, child witnesses had a higher rate of choosing than adult witnesses, suggesting that children have more lax criteria of responding. The accuracy data showed similar levels of sensitivity across ages although there was a trend toward reduced accuracy of child witnesses in target-absent lineups. All witnesses made more total choices and more correct rejections with child-suspect lineups than adult-suspect lineups. Central questions were answered better than peripheral questions by both age groups, but adults made significantly more “don't know” choices.
Evidence of Glutamatergic Dysfunction in the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia

Abnormalities of the glutamate system are widely recognized to be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, though the exact mechanism is still unclear. Accumulating evidence from postmortem studies has implicated alterations in several components of glutamatergic synapses, including abnormalities of glutamate receptors and transporters. These data support the hypothesis that expression, trafficking, and downstream signaling pathways of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are altered in this illness. Changes in glutamate transporter expression suggest there may be chronic glutamate spillover from the synaptic cleft, leading to increased activation of extrasynaptic glutamate receptors. We propose that changes in NMDA-subtype glutamate receptor function and glutamate transporter expression are components of a common pathophysiological pathway leading to the schizophrenia phenotype.
Feeling Good, Feeling Well

Over the past decade, health psychologists have been finding empirical evidence that negative emotions and unexpressed emotions have negative effects on physiology and health (Kubzansky & Kawachi, 2000; Mayne, 1999; Baum & Posluszny, 1999). Correspondingly, other studies have found that the interpersonal expression of negative emotion about stressful or traumatic events produces health improvements (Pennebaker & Beall, 1986; Smyth et al., 1994). These findings are bolstered by results in the social support literature regarding psychological and emotional distress (Tyler & Hoyt, 2000; Lechner, 1993; Whelan, 1993; Thoits, 1995). However, to date, no explanation has been developed to explain why expressing emotion to others produces such positive health outcomes. Drawing on Identity Theory (Stryker, 1980; Stryker and Statham, 1986), Affect Control Theory (Heise, 1979; 1999), and sociological theories of emotion management (Francis, 1997; Thoits, 1996; Hochschild, 1983), this paper attempts to address this issues. In this chapter, I will develop a theoretical explanation of social interaction to suggest the utility of understanding the role of identity and affect in health.
Mining the Temporal Structure of Thought from Text

Thinking is a self-organized dynamical process and, as such, interesting to characterize. However, direct, real-time access to thought at the semantic level is still very limited. The best that can be done is to look at spoken or written expression. The question we address in this research is the following: Is there a characteristic pitch of thought? To begin answering this complex question, we look at text documents from several large corpora at the sentence level – i.e., using sentences as the units of meaning – and considering each document to be the result of a random process in semantic space. Given a large corpus of multi-sentence documents, we build a lexical association network representing associations between words in the corpus. This network is used to induce a semantic similarity metric between sentences, and each document is segmented into multi-sentence semantically coherent blocks (SCBs) with occasional connecting text between the blocks. Based on this segmentation, the process of document generation is modeled as a sticky Markov chain at the sentence level. We show that most documents across all the corpora are sequences of blocks with a very consistent mean length of 6.4 sentences across the corpora. This consistency suggests that a value of 6-7 sentences may be the typical mean length for single coherent thoughts in texts. We have also described several ways of visualizing the semantic structure of documents in space and time.
Metastatic tumor cells – genotypes and phenotypes

Metastasis is the primary cause of mortality in cancer patients. Therefore, elucidating the genetics and epigenetics of metastatic tumor cells and the mechanisms by which tumor cells acquire metastatic properties constitute significant challenges in cancer research. To summarize the current understandings of the specific genotype and phenotype of the metastatic tumor cells. In-depth genetic analysis of tumor cells, especially with advances in the next-generation sequencing, have revealed insights of the genotypes of metastatic tumor cells. Also, studies have shown that the cancer stem cell (CSC) and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotypes are associated with the metastatic cascade. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in the field by focusing on the genomic instability and phenotypic dynamics of metastatic tumor cells.
Race and the beauty premium: Mechanical Turk workers’ evaluations of Twitter accounts

Race, gender, and physical attractiveness strongly affect perceptions of trustworthiness and subsequent face-to-face interactions. This study examines how social media users’ perceived gender, race...
Ferroelectric Relaxation Oscillators and Spiking Neurons

We report the experimental demonstration of the ferroelectric field-effect transistor (FEFET)-based relaxation oscillators and spiking neurons. The ferroelectric relaxation oscillators and the ferroelectric spiking neurons, harnessing the abrupt hysteretic transition feature of ferroelectrics, have a compact 1T-1FEFET structure. The bias conditions of the FEFET can dynamically tune the hysteresis; therefore, the dynamics of oscillations and spikings can be controlled, which enable both excitation and inhibition functions in ferroelectric spiking neurons. Such FEFET-based systems are basic building blocks for efficient computational platforms for non-von Neumann and neuromorphic computing paradigms, such as coupled oscillator networks and spiking neural networks.
Low-Cost Industrial Monitoring Platform for Energy Efficiency and Optimized Plant Productivity

Optimizing complex industrial processes can help improve overall productivity, minimize down-times, and reduce operational costs. Traditionally plant managers have accomplished this by installing sub-metering devices for specific processes. However, sub-metering devices are expensive, require complex installation procedures, and need customization on the factory floor to get the data to the enterprise cloud. Furthermore, interpreting the acquired data and implementing suitable actions require significant subject matter expertise and a comprehensive understanding of the loads' energy consumption profiles and their exposure to power quality disturbances. As a result, this is often prohibitively expensive for small or medium scale facilities. This paper proposes a novel architecture for gaining actionable insights from the various processes being monitored. At the heart of the system is an ‘intelligent terminal block’ (ITB) that gathers process specific data such as voltage, current, and power consumption and performs edge computing in a decentralized fashion. From the acquired data, the ITB can help minimize downtime through fault diagnostics and predictive maintenance, provide situational awareness by recording power quality disturbances and their effect on equipment, and enable cost savings through energy efficiency insights like CVR factor estimation. The ITB itself requires minimal customization on the factory floor and uses existing communication back-hauls to report these insights to the cloud, capable of working with intermittent connectivity. This architecture allows plant managers to economically obtain significant insights into the plant's operation.
Utilization of Cardiac Surveillance Tests in Survivors of Breast Cancer and Lymphoma After Anthracycline-Based Chemotherapy.

Background: The National Comprehensive Cancer Network and American Society of Clinical Oncology recommend consideration of the use of echocardiography 6 to 12 months after completion of anthracycli...
Blue light phones as potential locations for deploying public access naloxone kits on a college campus.

Objective: Opioid use and the risk of opioid overdose are growing public health concerns for college-aged adults. Naloxone can temporarily reverse opioid overdoses, but only if easily accessible. O...
The cell-surface protein composition of a coral symbiont, Breviolum psygmophilum, reveals a mechanism for host specificity and displays dynamic regulation during temperature stress

The symbiosis between corals and dinoflagellates in the family Symbiodiniaceae is threatened by warming trends that induce coral bleaching, or symbiosis breakdown. Current models of symbiosis breakdown involve an immune response to an elevation in reactive oxygen species that ultimately results in the loss of the symbiont. However, the intimate nature of the symbiosis implies an important role for the symbiont surface as a point of interaction between partners. The response of symbiont cell surface proteins to experimental temperature stress was, therefore, investigated using a cell surface biotin probe. Cell-surface protein composition was found to be dynamically regulated in response to heat stress, particularly after 24 h of exposure to heat treatment. This pattern was primarily driven by an increased abundance in heat shock proteins, demonstrating that stress experienced by the symbiont can manifest at the cell surface. Elements known to activate host immunity were also increased in response to temperature stress, further demonstrating an avenue by which the symbiont can elicit a host immune response independent of reactive oxygen species. This work documents the cell surface protein composition of a Symbiodiniaceae species for the first time and highlights host–symbiont interaction mechanisms that may be important during symbiosis breakdown.
Empowerment, De-Orientalizing, and Asians: Three Aspects of Self-Determination in Asian American Music.

Asian Americans experience on marginalization and their struggle against it is distinct yet not unrelated to other ethnic groups in the United States. They have been racially discriminated and othered while their gender identity suppressed, which amounted to oriental stereotypes of Asian Americans. The Asian American movement between the 60s and the 70s is a historic turning point that gave voice to the people once considered “foreigner” by the White culture and enabled them to counter the imposed images. Among other significant achievements, the movement stimulated a consciousness towards self-determination. Music is one platform that allows Asian Americans to express the desire. Yellow Pearl stands as the pioneer of Asian American political musicians with their oft-cited tracks from Yellow Pearl. Fred Ho is another proactive figure whose improvisatory jazz compositions challenge hegemonic social norms. Sean Miura, though himself not a musician, represents a younger generation who advocates artistic expression of Asian American. Despite these contributions, I still wonder how Asian Americans are recently doing in the popular music industry. Do they still strive for the same ideology as those mentioned above, and how? With this question in mind, my final paper will be a study of 88rising, a group of Asian American rappers. I will specifically focus on their music videos and lyrics and look for embedded political messages about Asian American struggles. I will also draw on relevant materials assigned from the class and online sources. I argue that self-determination is continuous process for Asian Americans. It is always a work in progress that permeates through generations and cuts across all musical genres.
FuseRec: fusing user and item homophily modeling with temporal recommender systems

Recommender systems can benefit from a plethora of signals influencing user behavior such as her past interactions, her social connections, as well as the similarity between different items. However, existing methods are challenged when taking all this data into account and often do not exploit all available information. This is primarily due to the fact that it is non-trivial to combine the various information as they mutually influence each other. To address this shortcoming, here, we propose a ‘Fusion Recommender’ (FuseRec), which models each of these factors separately and later combines them in an interpretable manner. We find this general framework to yield compelling results on all three investigated datasets, Epinions, Ciao, and CiaoDVD, outperforming the state-of-the-art by more than 14% for Ciao and Epinions. In addition, we provide a detailed ablation study, showing that our combined model achieves accurate results, often better than any of its components individually. Our model also provides insights on the importance of each of the factors in different datasets.
Severe Necrotizing Pneumonia and Persistent Bacteremia in a Teenager with a History of Vaping

A 15-year-old previously healthy male with a history of vaping and electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use was hospitalized due to worsening breathing difficulty and hypoxemia. He had tested positive for influenza B a few days earlier but his condition acutely worsened despite symptomatic management. During hospitalization, he required intensive care management of acute hypoxic respiratory failure secondary to a necrotizing pneumonia with bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) support and broad-spectrum …
Hilde Spiel’s Freud: Jews, Exile, and a Viennese Legacy

For the prolific, award-winning Viennese writer and journalist Hilde Spiel, who spent 1936–1963 in exile before returning to reside in Austria, London was an exciting but also alienating city that offered refuge. By her own account, it never became a place that she could truly call home. As it was for many other Austrian emigre writers and intellectuals, establishing herself in a new language and culture were challenging and vital concerns. Moreover, they had an additional uncomfortable issue to contend with: many of them had not been raised Jewish or perhaps even acknowledged that aspect of their family’s heritage, but now found engaging with issues of Jewish self-identification unavoidable. This chapter examines how Spiel, in her postwar writing and in published interviews, often engaged Freud’s legacy and celebrity status as a way to make sense of her and others’ experiences as emigres. Although she maintained a position of ambivalence about Freud and his legacy, her writings show that Freud’s teachings about psychoanalysis, the unconscious, and its academic legacy, as well as his celebrity status as a Jewish exile, provided an undeniable, unavoidable backdrop against which Spiel and other emigres in Great Britain measured their own experiences of displacement and loss.
Assessing the Impact of Commuting on Workplace Performance Using Mobile Sensing

Commuting to and from work presents daily stressors for most workers. It is typically demanding in terms of time and cost, and can impact people’s mental health, job performance, and, broadly speaking, personal life. We use mobile phones and wearable sensing to capture location-related context, physiology, and behavioral patterns of N=275 information workers while they commute, mainly by driving, between home and work locations spread across the United States for a one-year period. We assess the impact of commuting on participant’s workplace performance, showing that we can predict self-reported workplace performance metrics based on passively collected mobile-sensing features captured during commute periods.
Intraoral Scanning with Rubber Dam Isolation in Place for Fabrication of a Chairside Computer-assisted Design and Computer-assisted Manufacture Ceramic Restoration.

Aim The clinical report describes how chairside intraoral scanning can be performed while a rubber dam is in place prior to fabrication of a computer-assisted design and computer-assisted manufacture (CAD/CAM) ceramic restoration. Background Recently, combining a chairside CAD/CAM system with rubber dam isolation in place could be used in order to both speed up the restorative process and avoid any contamination to abutment surface, which are the positive effects to patients and clinicians. Unfortunately, manufacturers do not provide guidance on how to make use of chairside CAD/CAM restorations while rubber dam isolation is in place. Case description The chief complaint of necessitating a crown after endodontic therapy and the patient was digital restorative procedure in single visit. Intraoral scanning with rubber dam isolation in place was planned and successfully completed in order to fabricate a chairside CAD/CAM ceramic crown. The software was able to interpose the scan of the prepped tooth with rubber dam isolation into a scan made without the rubber dam from which the tooth had been erased. Conclusion Chairside CAD/CAM system can be used to scan, design, and fabricate crowns while rubber dam is kept intraorally. Initial scan without rubber dam is needed in order to interpose the second scan with rubber dam in place. Clinical significance Combining the advantages of intraoral scanning and rubber dam isolation in place for the fabrication of a chairside CAD/CAM ceramic crown in a single visit is feasible.
Sensory integration in the deep layers of superior colliculus.

Publisher Summary The intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus appear to be critical parts of the neural circuits involved in the location of visual targets in extra personal space. Many neurons in these layers respond not only to visual input but also to input from other sensory systems - in particular, t6 auditory and somatosensory inputs, and also discharge prior to saccadic eye movements. Neuronal responses to auditory and visual targets, presented either together or separately, in alert, trained cats are studied. When the eyes are centered in the orbit, simultaneous visual and auditory stimulation at the same location in space produces substantial facilitation in the majority of intermediate and deep layer neurons. When the eyes are deviated in the orbit, the borders of some but not all, auditory receptive fields shift in the direction of the deviating eye movement. Among neurons responsive to both visual and auditory input, visual receptive fields shift more substantially than do auditory receptive fields. Deviation of the eyes does not affect the animal's ability to locate either visual or auditory targets. These results imply that sensory maps are actively transformed by the movements of organisms.
Pricing and Scheduling Decisions

Service providers and manufacturers facing customers, who are sensitive to price and delay, use both pricing and scheduling mechanisms to improve their profitability or maximize the value of their system. We study the interplay between the pricing and scheduling decisions in a variety of settings, depending on the type of provider (a social planner, a monopolist, or oligopolies), the service setting (observable queue versus nonobservable), and the customer population (homogeneous or heterogeneous, segmented or unsegmented). Keywords: profit-maximizing pricing; incentive compatibility; waiting time; strategic delays; bottleneck set
Field effect transistors: FETs and HEMTs

Abstract This chapter discusses the principles of operation and applications of field effect transistors. Field effect transistors, specifically high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) or modulation-doped field-effect transistors are being extensively used in low noise and power amplifiers at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies. The chapter begins with a discussion of current voltage and charge control mechanisms in HEMTs and this is followed by discussion of small-signal and large-signal equivalent circuit models of FET (which are used in circuit design). As operation at high frequencies is enabled by reduction in gate length, issues relating to device scaling are discussed. Issues related to operation of FETs as low-noise and power amplifier devices are discussed. The emergence of crystal growth techniques including molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) has enabled the fabrication of HEMTs using a variety of material systems. The selection of a material system depends on application and operating frequency. The AlGaAs/InGaAs pseudomorphic HEMT and the AlInAs/GaInAs HEMT are the two most widely used device structures. The performance of these devices as low-noise and power amplification devices is summarized. These devices have recently demonstrated their ability for insertion in high-volume commercial applications such as wireless and optical communication systems. This chapter therefore discusses the various design issues involving power amplifiers for wireless handsets and the suitability of GaAs p HEMTs for this application. The AlInAs/GaInAs HEMT with its high current density and superior high frequency performance has enabled the fabrication of digital circuits operating at 80 Gb/s. The various issues related to application of AlInAs/GaInAs HEMT for digital circuits are also discussed.
Induction of L Forms of Haemophilus influenzae in Culture and Their Demonstration in Human Bronchial Secretions

Transitional forms and round bodies of Haemophilus influenzae were identified in sputa from patients with chronic bronchitis who were receiving penicillin therapy for H. influenzae infections. In vitro growth of L forms of this organism was induced by penicillin and glycine and was studied for comparison with development in vivo. Variant forms demonstrated in sputum were similar to variant forms observed in penicillin-induced L colonies. Recurrence of infection after cessation of therapy was related to reversion of persisting L forms to bacillary forms. That these forms were derived from H. influenzae was established by direct staining with fluoresceinlabeled specific antibody. This demonstration that transitional forms and round bodies of H. influenzae occurred in vivo suggests that L forms of bacteria may be significant in chronic or recurrent infections.
Quantification of Bovine Sperm Separation by a Swim-up Method Relationship to Sperm Motility, Integrity of Acrosomes, Sperm Migration in Polyacrylamide Gel and Fertility

The number of bovine spermatozoa separated in a swim-up procedure was quantified using an electronic cell counter. In an initial test of the swim-up procedure, non-frozen sperm samples with different ratios of live to dead cells were prepared and tested for the number of spermatozoa counted by the swim-up procedure. In ejaculates from six bulls, the number of spermatozoa swimming up was related to the number of live cells present (R2 = 0.97). Next, sperm quality of frozen-thawed semen immediately after thawing was measured at 37 C by swim-up sperm count, sperm motility, spermatozoa with an intact acrosome and migration in polyacrylamide gel and then compared with the fertility of the semen used for artificial insemination. Twenty-nine ejaculates of frozen-thawed semen from 11 bulls were evaluated. Correlations with fertility were highest on an ejaculate basis for motility (r = 0.41, P = 0.05) and for swim-up sperm count (r = 0.35, P = 0.06). On a bull basis, swim-up sperm count had the highest correlation with fertility (r = 0.59, P = 0.06). In a multiple regression model to predict male fertility that included all described measures of semen quality, a R2 value of 0.69 was obtained. This is the first report showing that the ability of spermatozoa to swim out of a more dense medium (whole milk-glycerol extender) into culture media is quantitatively related to in vivo fertility.
Megan's Law and Sarah's Law: A Comparative Study of Sex Offender Community Notification Schemes in the United States and the United Kingdom

This article analyzes the history of sex offender registration and community notification under Mega’s Law in the United States. It examines the United Kingdom’s approach to sex offender registration and community notification via Sarah’s Law. It also explores the distinctly different approaches to community notification in the United States and the United Kingdom.
Geophysics of Mars

A physical model of Mars is presented on the basis of light-scattering observations of the Martian atmosphere and surface and interior data obtained from observations of the geopotential field. A general description of the atmosphere is presented, with attention given to the circulation and the various cloud types, and data and questions on the blue haze-clearing effect and the seasonal darkening wave are summarized and the Mie scattering model developed to explain these observations is presented. The appearance of the planet from earth and spacecraft through Mariner 9 is considered, and attention is given to the preparation of topographical contour maps, the canal problem and large-scale lineaments observed from Mariner 9, the gravity field and shape of the planet and the application of Runcorn's geoid/convection theory to Mars. Finally, a summary of Viking results is presented and their application to the understanding of Martian geophysics is discussed.
Physiological Correlates of Choice-Induced Dissonance: An Exploration of HPA-Axis Responses

Choice can produce a negatively arousing cognitive conflict (called dissonance), which is thought to motivate the chooser to spread their preferences for the relevant options (called Spreading of Alternatives, or SA). The current work aimed to determine the relationship between HPA-axis activity and both choice-induced dissonance and its reduction (i.e. SA) among individuals with varying cultural backgrounds. European–Americans and Asians made a choice between two equally attractive CDs either in the presence of a cue indicative of social eyes (i.e. public-choice condition) or in the absence thereof (i.e. private-choice condition). As predicted, European–Americans and Asians showed a reliable SA primarily in the private and public choice conditions, respectively. Importantly, a sharp decline of salivary cortisol was observed over the span of 30 min, and, moreover, this decline was reliably predicted by the magnitude of SA regardless of either culture or the choice being private vs. public. These results suggest that although choice-induced dissonance is too weak to elicit an HPA-axis stress response, SA is associated with variability in the decline of salivary cortisol during the laboratory task
Single-Session Alcohol Interventions for Heavy Drinking College Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective:The purpose of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis summarizing the effectiveness of brief, single-session interventions to reduce alcohol use among heavy drinking college students.Method:A comprehensive literature search identified 73 studies comparing the effects of single-session brief alcohol intervention with treatment-as-usual or no-treatment control conditions on alcohol use among heavy drinking college students. Random-effects meta-analyses with robust variance estimates were used to synthesize 662 effect sizes, estimating the average overall effect of the interventions and the variability in effects across a range of moderators.Results:An overall mean effect size of ḡ = 0.18, 95% CI [0.12, 0.24] indicated that, on average, single-session brief alcohol interventions significantly reduced alcohol use among heavy drinking college students relative to comparison conditions. There was minimal variability in effects associated with study method and quality, general study characteristics,...
Russian lab added to Arctic observatory program

A research laboratory in Tiksi, Russia, has been added to five existing Arctic labs that comprise NOAA's Arctic Atmospheric Observatory Program. The lab's location, a few kilometers to the northwest of the new Tiksi weather station in north-central Siberia, was chosen for its clean and clear air that will allow good measurement of aerosols, air chemistry, cloud properties, ozone, solar radiation, temperature, water vapor, and winds. The Tiksi lab was formed through a partnership of NOAA, the U.S. National Science Foundation, and the Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environment Monitoring. Alexander MacDonald, director of NOAA's Earth System Research Laboratory, said,“The development of the facility is an excellent example of cooperation between Russia and the [United States] and will help to strengthen international collaboration in science, recognizing the importance of addressing environmentalissues of common concern.”The other labs are located in Canada, Greenland, Norway, Russia, and the United States.
Lymphoma After Solid Organ Transplantation: Risk, Response to Therapy, and Survival at a Transplantation Center

Purpose We studied the incidence, risk factors, treatment, and outcomes of post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) that occurred at the University of Michigan since 1964. Patients and Methods We identified 7,040 patients who received solid organ transplantation (SOT) and post-transplantation immunosuppressive therapy. Seventy-eight patients developed PTLD. Results Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (n = 43), polymorphic PTLD (n = 10), Hodgkin's lymphoma (n = 7), Burkitts lymphoma (n = 6), plasmacytoma (n = 5), and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (n = 3) were all over-represented in the SOT population compared with a population sample from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database; follicular lymphoma (n = 0) was underrepresented. Negative pretransplantation Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) serology was a risk factor for PTLD. Available histologic analysis of tumor tissue showed that 75% were CD20 positive and that 62% were EBV positive; EBV-positive tumors occurred soo...
Lower-mantle structure from ScS–S differential travel times

KNOWLEDGE of the spectrum of structure in the lower mantle is crucial to our understanding of the dynamical evolution of the Earth and, in principle, can be inferred from the analysis of global seismic data sets. The long-wavelength compressional velocity structure has usually been constrained through tomographic inver-sion of the ISC catalogue of P-wave travel times1–3, whereas shear velocity has been inferred from waveform modelling of long-period shear waves4–6. The models that have been produced are similar in only the largest-scale features7 and explain little of the variance of the raw data used in their construction. Thus, there is a legitimate concern that the current generation of global-scale models give only a crude approximation to the largest-scale structure and that there may be significant aliasing of short-wavelength heterogeneity. Here we use ScS – S differential travel times to demonstrate that the three-dimensional structure of the lower mantle is indeed dominated by continental-scale features. Particularly convincing is the fact that the features are apparent in the raw data and are not the product of a complicated modelling procedure