cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationships among palearctic Hyla: Insights from immunology

Abstract The European or green tree frog, Hyla arborea (family Hylidae; subfamily Hylinae), was once believed to be a single widespread species ranging throughout Europe and Asia. Based on data from more detailed studies of morphology and mating call, and information from molecular techniques, H. arborea is now recognized as a superspecies group. To examine relationships among these frogs, we used the quantitative immunological technique of micro-complement fixation to estimate the degree of amino acid sequence divergence in the proetin serum albumin. We estimate the divergence time between the European H. arborea and the Middle Eastern H. savignity to be about 6 MYA, while some Asian species appear to have diverged much earlier, approximately 24 MYA. Several distinct patterns of albumin cross-reactivity to the two antisera used in this study were observed. The groups distinguished by these patterns are consistent with patterns of speciation that can be supported by biogeographical history.
DEREGULATION AND ENERGY CONSERVATION: A REAPPRAISAL

Federal and state policies do not apply the same logic and expectations to conservation as to other energy resources. The authors see an inadequate conventional understanding of conservation and an erroneous relationship between deregulation and conservation. They suggest that (1) fuel prices are a poor predictor of energy conservation; (2) energy conservation to date does not represent a structural adaptation towards greater efficiency; and (3) assumptions about the consequences of deregulation are based upon an inaccurate understanding of the circumstances that have historically shaped the political economy of energy. They propose a transition to an energy-efficient society that requires a change in the criteria used for evaluating energy options and a recognition of conservation as a real addition to future supplies. 16 references, 4 tables.
Enhanced Thermal Performance of Ionic Liquid-Al2O3 Nanofluid as Heat Transfer Fluid for Solar Collector

Next generation Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) system requires high operating temperature and high heat storage capacity heat transfer fluid (HTF), which can significantly increase the overall system efficiency for power generation. In the last decade several research going on the efficacy of ionic liquids (ILs) as a HTF in CSP system. ILs possesses superior thermophysical properties compare to currently using HTF such as Therminol VP-1 (mixture of biphenyl and diphenyl oxide) and thermal oil. However, advanced thermophysical properties of ILs can be achieved by dispersing small volume percentage of nanoparticles forming nanofluids, which is called Nanoparticle Enhanced Ionic Liquids (NEILs). In the present study NEILs were prepared by dispersing 0.5% Al2O3 nanoparticles (spherical and whiskers) in N-butyl-N, N, N-trimetylammonium bis(trifluormethylsulfonyl)imide ([N4111][NTf2]) IL. Viscosity, heat capacity and thermal conductivity of NEILs were measured experimentally and compared with the existing theoretical models for liquid–solid suspensions. Additional, the convective heat transfer experiment was performed to investigate thermal performance. The thermal conductivity of NEILs enhanced by ∼5%, heat capacity enhanced by ∼20% compared to the base IL, which also gives 15% enhancement in heat transfer performance.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Contamination of Platinum Resistance Thermometers by Silver

Mass spectrometric analysis shows that platinum resistance thermometers become contaminated by exposure to Ag and Cu at high temperatures. To study the rate at which such contamination occurs, bundles of Pt wires in quartz tubes were soaked in a silver fixed-point furnace. The results suggest that the sensing element of a platinum resistance thermometer (PRT) inserted into an Ag-contaminated thermometer well will begin to become contaminated after approximately 400 hours of accumulated use at the silver point. The experimental results suggest that the contamination may be avoided by interposing an additional, disposable quartz tube between the contaminated thermometer well and the PRT.
Tumor virulence as a function of ultrastructural morphology and lymphatic invasion in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix uteri: a preliminary study.

Abstract A prospective study of 20 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix was made in conjunction with our on-going “Radiosensitivity Testing” (RST) program during 1964 through 1966. It included 10 patients with “good responses” and an equal number of “poor responses.” By studying ultrastructural differences of these tumors and their relationships to the survival of these patients, a detailed analysis was performed. Three classes could be easily defined among the tumors. This classification was based on the tumor differentiation observed under transmission electron microscope in two specific zones, e.g., “proliferating zone” and “central zone.” The ultrastructural criteria of tumor differentiation were presence or absence of desmosomes or tonofilaments. We concluded that class 1 and 2 cancers were associated with good RST and class 3 cancer with poor RST. Patients with good RST response, class 1 or 2 cancer, and no lymphatic involvement had the best prognosis whereas those with poor RST response, class 3 cancer, and positive lymphatic involvement had poorest prognosis. The character of the tumor ultrastructure, radiation response, and demonstration of lymphatic invasion in the cervical biopsy were cardinal factors in predicting survival after adequate therapy. This preliminary study is being continued to establish further the role of ultrastructure in radiation response.
Resonantly Stimulated Desorption of Pyridine from Silver Surfaces by Polarized Infrared Laser Radiation

Resonantly excited desorption of pyridine molecules adsorbed on silver surfaces at 95 K has been observed. The strong dependence of the laser-induced desorption on the laser wavelength and the polarization of the incident radiation clearly show that molecular vibrational activation plays a major role in the observed desorption phenomenon. The desorption yields per laser pulse are also determined from the thermal desorption spectra and the x-ray photoemission-spectroscopy intensity analyses.
Chemical communication in maternal behaviour of crayfish.

I HAVE found that chemical communication is important in the brooding behaviour of the crayfish. Although chemical sex attractants have been described in the American lobster1 and Pacific crab4, this is the first report concerning maternal care of the young.
Using acoustic backscatter from a sidescan sonar to explain fish and invertebrate distributions: a case study in Bristol Bay, Alaska

Yeung, C., and McConnaughey, R. A. 2008. Using acoustic backscatter from a sidescan sonar to explain fish and invertebrate distributions: a case study in Bristol Bay, Alaska. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 242-254.Environmental variables that are ecologically relevant and easily measured over large areas are useful for modelling species distributions and habitats. Continuous acoustic, sonar-backscatter data convey information about physical properties of the seabed, and hence could be a valuable addition to that suite of variables. We tested the potential utility of acoustic backscatter for improving habitat models of marine species using data from a pilot sidescan-sonar survey. Raw digital-backscatter data were processed with QTC SIDEVIEW and CLAMS software. Resultant acoustic variables—Q-values (Q1, Q2, and Q3), representing the first three principal components of the data derived from image analysis of backscatter echoes, and a complexity metric (compx) measuring the variance of Q-values in a geographic area—were used in multiple linear regression to model individual species abundance from bottom-trawl survey data. Habitat models for flathead sole (Hippoglossoides elassodon), Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus), basket star (Gorgonocephalus eucnemis), and sponges (Porifera) included acoustic variables as significant predictors. For these six taxa, full models explained 67-86% of variability in abundance, with 9-54% of that total contributed by the acoustic predictors, suggesting that acoustic data could advance habitat research for some bottom-associated marine species.
Transforming Growth Factor-α and Insulin-like Growth Factor-I, but Not Epidermal Growth Factor, Elicit Autocrine Stimulation of Mitogenesis in Endometrial Cancer Cell Lines☆

Abstract Objectives. Endometrial carcinoma cell lines were evaluated for epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) production and for autocrine stimulation. Methods. Conditioned, serum-free media (CM) from cell lines RL95-2, KLE, HEC, and Ishikawa (ISH) were concentrated radioimmunoassayed (RIA). Samples for the IGF-1 assay were extracted with acid–ethanol to remove IGF-1 binding protein. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to validate the presence of mRNA for growth factors and receptors. Cells were incubated with Ab528, an antibody blocking EGF receptors, and αIR3, an antibody blocking IGF-1 receptors. Proliferation was quantified using [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation. Results. TGF-α was detected in CM: RL95-2 (0.4 ± 0.001 ng/ml), KLE (0.7 ± 0.003 ng/ml), HEC (0.8 ± 0.01 ng/ml), ISH (1.2 ± 0.05 ng/ml). No EGF was detected in CM. In extracted samples, IGF-1 was detected in CM: RL95-2 (0.8 ± 0.03 ng/ml), KLE (1.25 ± 0.02 ng/ml), HEC (1.6 ± 0.01 ng/ml), ISH (1.6 ± 0.08 ng/ml). Unconditioned media served as the control. EGF, TGF-α, and IGF-1 mRNA was identified in all cell lines, as was the mRNA for EGF and IGF-1 receptors. Incubation with Ab528 or αIR3 resulted in significant inhibition of DNA synthesis in HEC 1A, KLE, and ISH. No inhibition was detected in the RL95-2 cell line. A control antibody did not inhibit the cell lines. Conclusion. Autocrine production and stimulation of endometrial carcinoma cell lines by TGF-α and IGF-1 are demonstrated in three of four endometrial cancer cell lines. No measurable EGF was produced by any of the cell lines.
Multiphonon Relaxation of Excited States of Rare-Earth Ions in YV O 4 , YAs O 4 , and YP O 4

The multiphonon relaxation process has been studied in the host crystals YV${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, YAs${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, and YP${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ using the rare earths ${\mathrm{Ho}}^{3+}$, ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$, ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$, and ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$ as probes. Lifetimes were measured with the phase-shift technique using a high-frequency (60-kHz maximum) mechanical light chopper of new design. Measurements were made of the multiphonon relaxation rate at 4.2 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K on many of the rare-earth $J$ manifolds, and of the temperature dependence of the rate for selected manifolds. Vibronic sidebands were recorded for YV${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ and YAs${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$. Both the 4.2 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K multiphonon decay rate as a function of energy gap to the next lower manifold and the temperature dependences of these rates indicate that individual peaks in the phonon energy distribution (as determined from the vibronics) play a strong role in the decay, in contrast to previous results.
Gender, race and diet affect platelet function tests in normal subjects, contributing to a high rate of abnormal results.

Summary To assess sources of variability in platelet function tests in normal subjects, 64 healthy young adults were tested on 2–6 occasions at 2 week intervals using four methods: platelet aggregation (AGG) in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the Bio/Data PAP-4 Aggregometer (BD) and Chrono-Log Lumi-Aggregometer (CL); and AGG in whole blood (WB) in the CL and Multiplate Platelet Function Analyser (MP), with ATP release (REL) in CL-PRP and CL-WB. Food and medication exposures were recorded prospectively for 2 weeks prior to each blood draw. At least one AGG abnormality was seen in 21% of 81 drug-free specimens with CL-PRP, 15% with CL-WB, 13% with BD-PRP and 6% with MP-WB, increasing with inclusion of REL to 28% for CL-PRP and 30% for CL-WB. Epinephrine AGG and REL were significantly reduced in males (P < 0·0001). Ristocetin AGG and collagen and thrombin REL were significantly reduced in Blacks (P < 0·0001). One-third of specimens drawn following flavonoid-rich food exposures had aberrant results, compared to 8·5% of specimens without such exposures (P = 0·0035). PRP tests had less intra-individual variation than WB tests. Gender, race, diet and test system affected results of platelet function testing in healthy subjects, suggesting caution when interpreting the results of platelet function testing in patients.
Intact microtubules are required for the intercellular movement of the SHORT-ROOT transcription factor.

Summary In both plants and animals, cell-to-cell signaling controls key aspects of development. In plants, cells communicate through direct transfer of transcription factors between cells. It is thought that most, if not all, mobile transcription factors move via plasmodesmata, membrane-lined channels that connect nearly all cells in the plant. However, the mechanisms by which these proteins access the plasmodesmata are not known. Using four independent assays, we examined the movement of the SHORT-ROOT (SHR) transcription factor under conditions that affect microtubule stability, organization or dynamics. We found that intact microtubules are required for cell-to-cell trafficking of SHR. Either chemical or genetic disruption of microtubules results in a significant reduction in SHR transport. Interestingly, inhibition of microtubules also results in mis-localization of the SHR-INTERACTING EMBRYONIC LETHAL (SIEL) protein, which has been shown to bind directly to SHR and is required for SHR movement. These results show that microtubules facilitate cell-to-cell transport of an endogenous plant protein.
A Construction of Orthogonal Compactly Supported Multiwavelets on R2

Abstract This paper will provide the general construction of the continuous, orthogonal, compactly supported multiwavelets associated with a class of continuous, orthogonal, compactly supported scaling functions that contain piecewise linears on a uniform triangulation of R2. This class of scaling functions is a generalization of a set of scaling functions first constructed by Donovan, Geronimo, and Hardin. A specific set of scaling functions and associated multiwavelets with symmetry properties will be constructed.
A radiotracer study of slow electron interaction with co on polycrystalline Mo

Abstract The interaction of slow (50–300 eV) electrons with CO chemisorbed on a polycrystalline Mo ribbon was investigated. A radiotracer was employed to monitor C concentration on the surface and desorbed ions were collected. From the time variation of the ion current, total electron induced desorption cross sections of 3.7 × 10−17 to 1.6 × 10−16 cm2 were obtained. The desorption cross section for C containing species was found to be less than 1.4 × 10−19 cm2. In addition, the sticking coefficient for CO on Mo was found to be 0.13–0.16. These results are discussed in terms of the states of chemisorbed CO and the conclusions of other investigations of this systems.
Isolation and analysis of the gene encoding peripheral myelin protein zero

Summary We have isolated the gene encoding the Schwann cell glycoprotein PO, the major structural protein of the peripheral myelin sheath. In rats and mice, this gene is split into six exons distributed over 7 kb of DNA. The segregation of these exons is consistent with the func- tional segregation of the PO protein into extracellular, membrane-spanning, and cytoplasmic domains. We find that the PO extracellular domain is similar in structure to a single immunoglobulin variable region domain. In contrast to prototypical immunoglobulin domains, however, this PO domain is encoded by two exons, the partitioning of which provides genetic evi- dence for the evolution of immunoglobulin-related do- mains from an ancestral half-domain. We also describe procedures for transfection of cultures of nontrans- formed rat Schwann cells and use these procedures to show that the Schwann cell-specific expression of the PO gene is controlled by &acting elements localized upstream of exon I.
Metropolitan land-change science: a framework for research on tropical and subtropical forest recovery in city-regions.

Abstract In efforts to promote transitions to sustainability in city-regions, government and nongovernment actors throughout the world are devising comprehensive sustainability strategies and implementing a variety of environmental policies. Social actors in many city-regions view forest stewardship as an important element of this integrated approach. Generally, urban sustainability goals are guided by the principles of ecological integrity, environmental quality, social equity, social inclusion, and social justice. In other words, sustainable urban development should foster a good quality of life for all by providing equitable access to adequate economic opportunity, housing, education, public services, ecosystem services, and environmental amenities. Governance structures should pursue these goals democratically with legitimacy, transparency, and accountability. Effective sustainability planning and management depend on the reliability of land-use monitoring and modeling approaches. They also require field-based, qualitative empirical research to understand the complex social dynamics that are invisible from space. The aim of this paper is to encourage international, cross-disciplinary dialogue on the conceptual, theoretical, methodological, and practical groundwork necessary to effectively carry out metropolitan land-change science, particularly for rapidly expanding small- and medium-sized cities in developing countries. I begin by presenting the paper's central conceptual and theoretical framework. Next, I explore existing analytical and methodological approaches to the study of land-use dynamics in metropolitan regions. After a brief discussion of specific opportunities and challenges for collaborative, interdisciplinary research in support of metropolitan land-change science, I conclude by proposing a four-part agenda for coordinated investigation of tropical and subtropical forest recovery in city-regions worldwide.
Prediction of solvent activities in polymer solutions

Abstract The Holten-Andersen equation of state and the UNIFAC-FV (Free Volume) activity coefficient models are compared using a polymer solution data base. Both the Holten-Andersen equation of state and the UNIFAC-FV models have a foundation in the equation of state developed by Flory for polymer solutions. The Holten-Andersen equation of state is presented here with some corrections from the original publication. The UNIFAC-FV model is an extension of the UNFAC model for polymer solutions and includes the free volume expression from the Flory equation of state. The Holten-Andersen group contribution equation of state and the UNIFAC-FV activity coefficient model are the only predictive models available that were developed specifically for polymer solutions. Unlike the older correlative methods, these two models have not been previously tested and compared using an experimental data base.
The action potential in mammalian central neurons

The action potential of the squid giant axon is formed by just two voltage- dependent conductances in the cell membrane, yet mammalian central neurons typically express more than a dozen different types of voltage-dependent ion channels. This rich repertoire of channels allows neurons to encode information by generating action potentials with a wide range of shapes, frequencies and patterns. Recent work offers an increasingly detailed understanding of how the expression of particular channel types underlies the remarkably diverse firing behaviour of various types of neurons.
EDM and the resulting hydrogen embrittlement of maraging steel

The use of electrical discharge machining (EDM), or spark erosion as it is sometimes called, introduces hydrogen into maraging steel 250 such that brittle fracture surfaces result from embrittlement accelerated by slow-strain-rate tensile tests. Brittle fracture features indicate potential premature failure due to hydrogen embrittlement. Experimental control was provided by test specimens machined by abrasive waterjet, a machining technique that does not evolve hydrogen as a part of the machining process. Hydrogen concentration measurements indicate the hydrogen concentration of specimens fabricated by EDM is approximately 0.5 ppm, while that of specimens machined by abrasive waterjet is approximately 0.1 ppm. On the basis of constant-load tests, the time to failure of test specimens machined by EDM and loaded to 50% of the yield strength is estimated to be a minimum of 30 years.
An engineering approach: Hierarchical optimization criteria

An area of difficulty in the effective application of modern optimization techniques is often the choice of a performance criterion which adequately reflects the various factors of importance in the proper proportions. This short paper presents an approach appropriate to problems in which two or more performance measures can be ranked as "most important," "next most important," etc. It involves the successive application of the performance measures, with the constraint set at a given stage in the process being chosen on the basis of the results obtained in the previous stages. The resulting optimal control may be a much better compromise choice between the competing criteria than might be obtained by blind reliance on some preselected criterion.
A Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm that Employs a Hybrid Approach for Isolating Codon Usage Bias Indicative of Translational Efficiency

Isolation of translational efficiency bias can have important applications in gene expression prediction and heterologous protein production. In some genomes the presence of a high GC(AT)-content bias can confound the isolation of translational efficiency bias. In other organisms translational efficiency bias is weak making it difficult to isolate. Described here is a multi-objective genetic algorithm that improves the isolation of translational efficiency bias in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, two organisms shown to have high GC-content and weak translational efficiency bias.
Using the Web to Encourage Student-Generated Questions in Large-Format Introductory Biology Classes.

Students rarely ask questions related to course content in large-format introductory classes. The use of a Web-based forum devoted to student-generated questions was explored in a second-semester introductory biology course. Approximately 80% of the enrolled students asked at least one question about course content during each of three semesters during which this approach was implemented. About 95% of the students who posted questions reported reading the instructor's response to their questions. Although doing so did not contribute to their grade in the course, approximately 75% of the students reported reading questions posted by other students in the class. Approximately 60% of the students reported that the Web-based question-asking activity contributed to their learning of biology.
A lattice boltzmann simulation of hemodynamics in a patient-specific aortic coarctation model

In this paper, we propose a system to determine the pressure gradient at rest in the aorta. We developed a technique to efficiently initialize a regular simulation grid from a patient-specific aortic triangulated model. On this grid we employ the lattice Boltzmann method to resolve the characteristic fluid flow through the vessel. The inflow rates, as measured physiologically, are imposed providing accurate pulsatile flow. The simulation required a resolution of at least 20 microns to ensure a convergence of the pressure calculation. HARVEY, a large-scale parallel code, was run on the IBM Blue Gene/Q supercomputer to model the flow at this high resolution. We analyze and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of our system.
Support for the adolescent father

Adolescent pregnancy continues to receive significant attention from healthcare workers across the United States. Most of this attention focuses on the adolescent mother. This article focuses on the adolescent father. Pertinent literature is reviewed, and nursing guidelines for supporting the adolescent father through the childbearing experience are suggested.
Francisella novicida Bacteremia after a Near-Drowning Accident

ABSTRACT We describe a rare case of Francisella novicida bacteremia following a near-drowning event in seawater. We highlight the challenges associated with laboratory identification of F. novicida and differences in the epidemiology of F. novicida and Francisella tularensis infections.
The Interpretation of Market Discounts in Assessing Buy-Back Benefits: Comment on Dooley

IN TWO RECENT articles Michael Dooley (1988a,b) has provided important analyses of voluntary debt reduction techniques. His argument parallels the well-known Modigliani-Miller (M-M) proposition that the market valuation of a given probability distribution of returns will be unaffected by the composition of claims upon it. For country debt, this distribution is based on the assumption that the country only fails to maintain contractual loan service through inability to pay. This commitment, combined with the (realistic) assumption that full repayment on the contractual terms is highly improbable, effectively transforms the original loan contracts into equity claims on the country's net exports of goods and services (Dooley (1988a, p. 218)). If an efficiently operating secondary market in country debt instruments is assumed, this framework ensures that the country must be largely indifferent to debt buy-back schemes. If the buy-back is financed by a third-party benefactor, the benefit will accrue primarily to existing creditors through the enhanced market value of remaining claims to the (unchanged) payments stream (Dooley (1988a, p. 214)). Self-financed buy-backs, however, pre-empt resources from this stream and therefore leave market values substantially unaltered (Dooley (1988b, p. 717)). Although these results provide a valuable reference framework, they share with the M-M propositions the need for essential qualification before policy conclusions can be safely drawn. With other authors already referring to buy-backs as a creditors' "boondoggle," it is important that the limitations of the underlying analysis be emphasized (Bulow and Rogoff (1988)). The interpretation of market discounts is crucial in this connection.
Comparison of Quantitative Sweat Chloride Methods after Positive Newborn Screen for Cystic Fibrosis

Objectives Rapid and reliable confirmatory sweat testing following a positive newborn screen (NBS) for cystic fibrosis (CF) is preferred to allow for early diagnosis and to decrease parental anxiety. The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF) recently recommended a quantity not sufficient (QNS) rate of ≤ 10% in infants < 3 months of age referred for quantitative sweat chloride analysis. Two CFF-approved methods are available by which to quantitatively measure chloride concentration in sweat. Our objective was to compare the performance of the Macroduct® sweat collection system (MSCS) with the Gibson and Cooke technique (GCT) in the acquisition of samples for the determination of sweat chloride concentration in infants with a positive Minnesota State NBS for cystic fibrosis.
Mitochondrial dynamics and division in budding yeast

Mitochondria adopt a variety of different shapes in eukaryotic cells, ranging from multiple, small compartments to elaborate tubular networks. The establishment and maintenance of different mitochondrial morphologies depends, in part, on the equilibrium between opposing fission and fusion events. Recent studies in yeast, flies, worms and mammalian cells indicate that three high-molecular-weight GTPases control mitochondrial membrane dynamics. One of these is a dynamin-related GTPase that acts on the outer mitochondrial membrane to regulate fission. Recently, genetic approaches in budding yeast have identified additional components of the fission machinery. These and other new findings suggest a common mechanism for membrane fission events that has been conserved and adapted during eukaryotic evolution.
Intrinsic spin lifetime of conduction electrons in germanium

We investigate the intrinsic spin relaxation of conduction electrons in germanium due to electron-phonon scattering. We derive intravalley and intervalley spin-flip matrix elements for a general spin orientation and quantify the resulting anisotropy in spin relaxation. The form of the intravalley spin-flip matrix element is derived from the eigenstates of a compact spin-dependent $\mathbf{k}$$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}$$\mathbf{p}$ Hamiltonian in the vicinity of the $L$ point (where thermal electrons are populated in Ge). Spin lifetimes from analytical integrations of the intravalley and intervalley matrix elements show excellent agreement with independent results from elaborate numerical methods.
PROSTATE CANCER SURVIVORSHIP: LESSONS FROM CARING FOR THE UNINSURED

Abstract Since 2001, UCLA has operated IMPACT: Improving Access, Counseling, and Treatment for Californians with Prostate Cancer (CaP). Funded by the California Department of Public Health, with a cumulative budget of over $80 million, the program provides comprehensive care for low-income, uninsured Californian men with biopsy-proven CaP. Health services research conducted with program enrollees, through the UCLA Men's Health Study, yields an opportunity to perform qualitative and quantitative assessments of patient-reported outcomes in these men, all members of historically underserved, primarily minority populations. This review summarizes data from several studies in which validated instruments were administered longitudinally in 727 participants, prospectively measuring health-related quality of life (HRQOL), self-efficacy in interactions with physician interactions, social and emotional health, symptom distress, satisfaction with care, and other patient-reported outcomes.
Young, Old, Conservative, and Bold: The Implications of Heterogeneity and Finite Lives for Asset Pricing

We study the implications of preference heterogeneity for asset pricing. We use recursive preferences in order to separate heterogeneity in risk aversion from heterogeneity in the intertemporal elasticity of substitution, and an overlapping-generations framework to obtain a non-degenerate stationary equilibrium. We solve the model explicitly up to the solutions of ordinary differential equations, and highlight the effects of overlapping generations and each dimension of preference heterogeneity on the market price of risk, interest rates, and the volatility of stock returns. We find that separating IES and risk aversion heterogeneity can have a substantive impact on the model's (qualitative and quantitative) ability to address some key asset pricing issues.
Perioperative rate-related silent myocardial ischemia and postoperative death

A case is presented that demonstrates heart rate (HR)--related silent myocardial ischemia occurring preoperatively, subsiding intraoperatively, then recurring and leading to a post-operative cardiac death in a patient undergoing peripheral vascular surgery. This case illustrates that patients may have an ischemic threshold for HR whereby recurrent depression of the ST segment may occur during increase of HR to rates as low as 80 to 85 beats per minute (bpm), even in the absence of acute blood pressure (BP) changes. Myocardial ischemia may be HR related; however, the authors are not aware of a case that demonstrates repeated episodes of rate-related ischemia occurring at HRs well below the 100 bpm traditional definition of tachycardia. The authors conclude that patients at risk for perioperative myocardial ischemia should be identified and the hemodynamic management of these patients should include control of HR. This implies control of the physiologic variables that influence HR, along with the use of beta-adrenergic blockers. This case also demonstrates the value of Holter monitoring for ischemia, which, when done preoperatively, can detect patients at risk for unfavorable cardiac outcomes. Ischemia monitoring also may be useful during the intraoperative and postoperative periods, a time when ischemia is often silent and undetected. The early recognition of ischemia would allow for anti-ischemic interventions, which could decrease the morbidity and mortality of patients at risk for perioperative cardiac complications.
Eight-year institutional review of carotid artery stenting

Objectives Vascular surgeons have increasingly become proficient in carotid artery stenting (CAS) as an alternative treatment modality for cervical carotid artery occlusive disease. We analyzed our early and late outcomes of CAS over the last 8 years. Methods We report a single-center retrospective review of 388 carotid bifurcation lesions treated with CAS using cerebral embolic protection from May 2001 to July 2009. Data analysis includes demographics, procedural records, duplex exams, arteriograms, and two-view plain radiographs over a mean follow-up time of 23.0 months (interquartile range, 10.9-35.4). Results At the time of treatment, the mean age of the entire cohort (76% men and 24% women) is 71 years; 13% were ≥80 years of age, and 31% had a prior history of either carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and/or external beam neck irradiation (XRT). The mean carotid stenosis is 80%, and asymptomatic lesions represent 69% of the group. Overall 30-day rates of death, stroke, and myocardial infarction are 0.5%, 1.8%, and 0.8%, respectively. The combined death/stroke rate at 30 days is 2.3%. The 30-day major/minor stroke rates for analyzed subgroups are statistically significant only for XRT/recurrent stenosis vs de novo lesions, 0% and 2.6% ( P = .03), but not for asymptomatic vs symptomatic patients, 1.9% and 1.7% ( P = .91) and age P = .52), respectively. At long-term, the freedom from all strokes at 12, 24, 36, and 48 months was 99.2%, 97.6%, 96.7%, and 96.7%, respectively. At late follow-up, the restenosis rate is 3.5%. Restenosis rates for recurrent stenosis/XRT vs de novo lesions are 2.7% and 3.4% ( P = .39). Among the restenotic lesions were two associated type III stent fractures in de novo lesions, both of which were closed-cell stents. An additional two other type I fractures have been identified, yielding a stent fracture rate of 5.5%. The late death rate for the entire group is 16.8%, with one stent-related death secondary to ipsilateral stroke at 20 months (0.3% death rate). Conclusions Vascular surgeons performing CAS with embolic protection can achieve good early and late outcomes that are comparable to CEA benchmarks. Late stent failures (stroke, restenosis, and/or stent fatigue), while uncommon, are a recognized delayed problem.
The Constitutive Activity of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor vIII Leads to Activation and Differential Trafficking of Wild-type Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and erbB2:

A constitutively active epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant, EGFR variant III (EGFRvIII), has been detected at high frequencies in certain human cancers. This study evaluated transactivation and trafficking of erbB family members as a result of constitutive EGFR activity in a cancer cell line. Expression of EGFRvIII modulated erbB family members through different mechanisms; the erbB3 mRNA level was reduced, whereas wild-type EGFR (wtEGFR) and erbB2 protein levels were diminished, with no change in their mRNA levels, and there was no change in the erbB4 expression level. Both EGFR and erbB2 were internalized as a result of EGFRvIII's activity and redistributed to the cell surface upon addition of AG1478, an inhibitor of wtEGFR/EGFRvIII catalytic activity. Acute activation of EGFRvIII by removing AG1478 from cells increased phosphorylation of both wtEGFR and erbB2 and caused differential trafficking of EGFRvIII's activation partners; wtEGFR was directed primarily to lysosomal compartments and partially to recycling compartments, whereas erbB2 was directed primarily to recycling compartments and partially to lysosomal compartments. Our data demonstrate that the constitutive activity of EGFRvIII is sufficient to trigger endocytosis and trafficking of wtEGFR and erbB2, which may play a role in activating signaling pathways that are triggered during receptor endocytosis.
A coupled finite element–rigid block method for transient analysis of rock caverns

A coupled finite element–rigid block model for the transient analysis of caverns in jointed media is presented. This coupling permits the modelling of lined openings in a jointed rock mass as well as the propagation of stress waves to the cavern. Both the finite element and the rigid block algorithms employ explicit time integration; an efficient, stable scheme is developed for coupling the two algorithms. Two numerical examples are given: one is a simple validation, the second is a representation of a lined cavern in a sparsely jointed medium.
Legal Insights To International Business In Spain

The personal interviews were carried out to raise key issues of concern for individuals seeking an understanding of business and legal practices as they occur in today's Spain.
Essential Letters in the Fungal Alphabet: ABC and MFS Transporters and Their Roles in Survival and Pathogenicity

Fungi depend heavily on their ability to exploit resources that may become available to them in their myriad of possible lifestyles. Whether this requires simple uptake of sugars as saprobes or competition for host-derived carbohydrates or peptides, fungi must rely on transporters that effectively allow the fungus to accumulate such nutrients from their environments. In other cases, fungi secrete compounds that facilitate their interactions with potential hosts and/or neutralize their competition. Finally, fungi that find themselves on the receiving end of insults, from hosts, competitors, or the overall environment are better served if they can get rid of such toxins or xenobiotics. In this chapter, we update studies on the most ubiquitous transporters, the ABC and MFS superfamilies. In addition, we discuss the importance of subsets of these proteins with particular relevance to plant pathogenic fungi. The availability of ever-increasing numbers of sequenced fungal genomes, combined with high-throughput methods for transcriptome analysis, provides insights previously inaccessible prior to the -omics era. As examples of such broader perspectives, we point to revelations about exploitive use of sugar transporters by plant pathogens, expansion of trichothecene efflux pumps in fungi that do not produce these mycotoxins, and the discovery of a fungal-specific oligopeptide transporter class that, so far, is overrepresented in the plant pathogenic fungi.
Chapter 10 Hierarchical production planning

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses basic ingredients of Hierarchical Production Planning (HPP) systems and describes models for single and multi-stage systems. Some important issues related to aggregation and disaggregation in hierarchical systems have been discussed. The role of feedback mechanisms in HPP has been described and two different interpretations of this term have been discussed. The hierarchical models described are primarily deterministic in nature. Hierarchical models represent a stochastic, multi-level decision process in which decisions at higher levels are often based on aggregate imperfect information. These models span a wide variety of manufacturing environments ranging from continuous processes to discrete systems such as batch and job shops. The approach described is a development in the application of the hierarchical approach to control and scheduling problems in discrete manufacturing systems. The approach has been successful on two-dimensions. First, the hierarchical framework is attractive to practitioners as evidenced by the several applications that have been reported. Second, considerable amount of research has been generated in developing appropriate models and solution methods.
The fuzzy diagnostic boundaries among left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in hypertensive hypertrophy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and Takotsubo syndrome.

No abstract available Keywords: Echocardiography; Hypertophic cardiomyopathy; Hypertophic obstructive cardiomyopathy; Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction; Left ventriular hypertophy; Takotsubo syndrome.
Use of stable isotopically labeled tracers to measure very low density lipoprotein-triglyceride turnover

Tracer methods for VLDL-TG kinetics vary in their ability to account for the effect of tracer recycling, which can influence the calculation of VLDL-TG fractional catabolic rates (FCRs). We evaluated a novel approach, involving stable isotopically labeled glycerol or palmitate tracers in conjunction with compartmental modeling, for measuring VLDL-TG kinetics in normolipidemic human subjects. When administered as a bolus simultaneously, both tracers provided identical VLDL-TG FCRs when the data were analyzed by a compartmental model that accounted for hepatic lipid tracer recycling, but not by non-compartmental analysis. The model-derived FCR was greater than that determined using a non-compartmental approach, and was 2- to 3-fold higher than that usually reported by using a bolus of radioactive [3H]glycerol. When palmitate tracer was given as a constant infusion, VLDL-TG turnover appeared 5-fold slower, because tracer recycling through hepatic lipid pools could not be resolved with the infusion protocol. We conclude that accounting for tracer recycling, particularly the contribution of hepatic glycerolipid pools, is essential to accurately measure VLDL-TG kinetics, and that bolus injection of stable isotopically labeled glycerol or palmitate tracers in conjunction with compartmental modeling analysis offers a reliable approach for measuring VLDL-TG kinetics.
A Theoretical Investigation of Heat Transfer in the Laminar Flow Regions of Airfoils

An analysis is presented of the thermal boundary layer about a certain infinite cylinder having a chordwise pressure gradient. An incompressible fluid of Prandtl Number equal to unity is considered. The thermal boundary-layer profiles are obtained at various chordwise stations and are shown to differ appreciably from the existing velocity boundary-layer profiles. The method of solution is analogous to tha t used by Sears in calculating the spanwise flow in the boundary layer of a yawed infinite cylinder. Although use of this method is not feasible for an arbitrary cylinder, it presents a case in which the results of more approximate methods may be evaluated. Consequently, the heat transfer from the cylinder is calculated by several commonly used methods and is compared to the more exact solution. The results indicate that , of several available approximate methods applicable to the estimation of heat transfer in this case, only the one proposed by Squire gives good agreement with the more exact results. I N T R O D U C T I O N T PROBLEM OF theoretically calculating the thermal boundary-layer profiles, about an arbitrary airfoil having a chordwise pressure gradient, is at present too complicated for a rigorous solution. Therefore, in order to solve the dependent problem of heat transfer from an airfoil, various simplifying assumptions have been made as to the shape of the thermal layer. Consequently, several approximate methods are now available for calculating the heat transfer from an arbitrary airfoil. It was noted that the equation for the spanwise velocity component in a steady, incompressible flow over a yawed infinite cylinder is identical to the equation for the temperature distribution in a steady two-dimensional laminar boundary-layer flow, provided that the Prandtl Number is unity and the viscous heating is neglected. Therefore, the distribution of spanwise velocity near a yawed cylinder is the same as the distribution of temperature when the cylinder surface is maintained at a uniform temperature different from the stream temperature. Sears presented a rigorous solution to the spanwise velocity gradient distribution Received December 7, 1949. * An abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M.Aero.E. in the Graduate School of Aeronautical Engineering, Cornell University, 1948. t Now, Associate Research Engineer, Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc. about a certain infinite yawed cylinder. Consequently, this solution is used here to obtain the thermal boundary-layer profiles about the same cylinder. These profiles are then used as a basis to evaluate the various simplifying assumptions made in the above references.
On the evaluation of nearly singular kernel integrals in boundary element analysis

The paper concentrates on the numerical evaluation of nearly singular kernel integrals commonly encountered in boundary element analysis. Limitations of the method developed recently by Huang and Cruse (1993) for the direct evaluation of nearly singular kernel integrals are analysed and pointed out. A general method is developed that extends the idea for all practical cases. Example results are presented, demonstrating the effectiveness of the method
Effect of therapeutic doses of ephedrine on renal clearances in normal man.

SummaryEphedrine in therapeutic doses (35 to 75 mg) administered intramuscularly to 7 subjects and intravenously to one failed to cause any consistent or significant change in renal plasma flow, filtration rate, PAH extraction ratio, or renal arterial—venous oxygen difference, despite an increase in mean blood pressure and pulse rate. These results are in agreement with the conclusion of Chasis, Goldring, and Smith(l) that, in marked contrast to adrenaline, ephedrine in therapeutic doses has no or a negligible effect on the renal circulation.
Equitable Access to Care — How the United States Ranks Internationally

In a survey of adults in 11 high-income countries, the United States ranks last on measures of financial access to care as well as of availability of care on nights and weekends. Uninsured Americans are particularly likely to report encountering barriers to care.
Role of solvent and dendritic architecture on the redox core encapsulation.

Dendrimers with redox cores can accept, donate, and/or store electrons and are used in nanoscale devices like artificial receptors, magnetic resonance imaging, sensors, light harvesting antennae, and electrical switches. However, the dendrimer molecular architectures can significantly alter the encapsulation of the redox core and charge transfer pathways, thereby changing the electron transfer rates. In this study, we used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the role of solvent and peripheral groups on molecular structure and core encapsulation of iron–sulfur G2-benzyl ether dendrimers in polar and nonpolar solvent. We found that the dendrimer branches collapse in water and swell in chloroform. The presence of the long hydrophobic alkyl groups at the periphery deters the encapsulation of the core in water which may cause an increase in electron transfer rate. However, in chloroform, the dendrimer branches remain in the extended form, which leads to an increased radius of gyration. Our results su...
Why Aren't There More Republican Women in Congress? Gender, Partisanship, and Fundraising Support in the 2010 and 2012 Elections

Research indicates that fundraising is not an impediment to women candidates because women raise just as much money as men after accounting for seat status. However, previous research focuses solely on general election candidates. By examining both primary and general election candidates, we find both gender and partisan differences in fundraising. While incumbency, competitiveness, and candidate quality predict fundraising in the general election, we show that Democratic women raise more money than their male counterparts in the primary election. However, Republican women do not enjoy greater fundraising success compared with their male counterparts, and in limited cases, being a Republican woman can be an obstacle to fundraising in the primary election.