cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fine structural changes in the mandibular gland of the male spider crab, Libinia emarginata (L). Following eyestalk ablation

Mandibular glands from destalked male spider crabs were fixed in glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde, post-fixed in 1% osmium in phosphate buffer, dehydrated in acetone and embedded in Spurr's low-viscosity medium ('69). The glands hypertrophy and several changes occur in the subcellular cytoarchitecture following eyestalk ablation. These include loss of most of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum or its appearance as lamallae, appearance of numerous polysomes and a change in mitochondrial structure. Large vesicles with ribosomes spaced at intervals along their membranes are apparently formed by blebbing of the outer nuclear membrane and appear throughout the cytoplasm. Banded structures consisting of alternate granular and flocculent materials are found within the nucleus.
Hiding the Hidden Curriculum: An Interpretation of the Language of Justification in Nineteenth- Century Educational Reform.

There is a curious discontinuity in the history of educational rhetoric, one that to my knowledge has not yet been seriously explored. The discontinuity appears toward the beginning of the twentieth century as a sudden shift in the ways that school people and others have justified public schooling in America. Exploring this shift may shed considerable light on a current issue in education, the issue of the schools' "hidden curriculum." Recently we have witnessed the discovery-or, rather, we have heard the allegation, for the issue is cast most often as criticism-that schools are teaching more than they claim to teach, that they are doing it systematically, and doing it well. A pervasive hidden curriculum has been discovered in operation. The functions of this hidden curriculum have been variously identified as the inculcation of values, political socialization, training in obedience and docility, the perpetuation of traditional class structurefunctions that may be characterized generally as social control. Critics allege that, although this function of social control is not acknowledged openly, it is performed nevertheless, perhaps more effectively than the deliberate teaching of intellectual content and skill, the function in whose name we explicitly justify schooling. But if social control is now called a hidden function of the school, it cannot be called an unfamiliar one. Even the recent literature of discovery and exploration (e.g., Overly, 1970) conveys no astonishment at what it has found. The functions of the hidden curriculum are performed openly, sometimes by the most mundane and venerable practices of the schools. If these practices constitute a hidden curriculum, it is hidden only in the sense that the function of social control goes unacknowledged in current rationales for public education. The schools' social control function has been hidden from the language of justification. Indeed, it has vanished from that language, for much that is today called a hidden function of the schools was previously held to be among the prime benefits of schooling.
Pacific dulse (Palmaria mollis) as a food and biofilter in recirculated, land-based abalone culture systems

Abstract Palmaria mollis (Pacific dulse) is increasingly being used as an in situ biofilter and feed in land-based abalone culture. This work reviews physical and nutrient requirements for P. mollis culture and its nutritional value for three abalone species, the Japanese abalone Haliotis discus hannai , the red abalone Haliotis rufescens , and the U.S. Federally endangered white abalone Haliotis sorenseni . P. mollis growth was positively correlated with light over specific light densities (SLD) ranging from 0.0048 to 0.036 mol photons g −1 fresh weight d −1 , under tumble culture conditions. Under low light conditions, growth was greatest at a temperature of 12 °C (SGR = 8.69 ± 0.29% d −1 ), while under high light conditions growth was greatest at a temperature of 14–18 °C (SGR = 10.5 ± 0.12% d −1 ). Addition of Guillard's f nutrient medium [Guillard, R.R.L., Ryther, J.H., 1962. Studies on marine plankton diatoms. I. Cyclothella nana Huntedt and Detonula confercacae (Cleve). Gran. Can. J. Microbiol. 8, 229–239] significantly increased Pacific dulse growth in cultures receiving one seawater exchange per day; furthermore, growth was significantly improved by addition of trace metals. The use of NaNO 3 as an N source in the f medium resulted in better growth compared with NH 4 NO 3 . The use of phosphorus additions above 83.3 μM P d −1 depressed P. mollis growth rates. P. mollis growth was positively correlated with concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon, including HCO 3 − . Growth rates were not significantly different over a pH range of 8.3–8.9. There were no significant toxic effects on Japanese abalone, H. discus hannai cultured in seawater supplemented with (0.75 f + 1.37 μM Zn) trace metals d −1 . H. discus hannai showed the highest growth rates when fed on P. mollis fertilized with f medium and nitrate (NO 3 − -N) loads ranging from 1176 to 2353 μM d −1 while red abalone, H. rufescens , grew best when fed on P. mollis fertilized with f medium and nitrate loads of 2353–2942 μM d −1 . Both abalone species grew better on P. mollis fertilized with (0.75 f + 1.37 μM Zn) d −1 trace metal solution compared with P. mollis without trace metal additions. H. sorenseni , grew well when fed on P. mollis , showing higher linear shell growth rates and higher survival rates compared with those of abalone fed on commercially harvested and abundant giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera .
A Study of SMOS RFI Over North America

The European Space Agency's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission has been providing L-band brightness temperature observations of the Earth since its launch in November 2009. Radio frequency interference (RFI) is clearly present in SMOS data, and RFI detection and mitigation are a challenging problem. Furthermore, the interferometric nature of SMOS observations can cause RFI artifacts in SMOS measurements. This letter reports an analysis of the characteristics of SMOS RFI in North America, including a study of RFI artifacts and a method for their removal. Polarimetric properties and statistics of the resulting observations after artifact removal are also examined as an initial step in characterizing the “true” RFI sources observed in North America.
The ionosphere of Titan: an updated theoretical model

Abstract Titan has an atmosphere consisting mainly of molecular nitrogen and methane. Solar extreme ultraviolet and X-ray radiation and energetic electrons from Saturn’s magnetosphere interact with the upper atmosphere producing an ionosphere. This paper describes improvements to earlier models of Titan’s ionosphere. In particular, we consider in more detail ion production from solar ionizing radiation for solar zenith angles beyond the terminator, and a higher spectral resolution soft X-ray flux is adopted in the ion production rate calculations. We demonstrate that significant photoionization takes place well beyond the terminator. K-shell photoionization is also included, and this process adds Auger electrons to the ionospheric photoelectron spectrum, which we model using the two-stream transport code. Our calculated photoelectron spectrum shows a distinct Auger electron peak near an energy of 400 eV.
Patent Growth in the Old Dominion: The Impact of Railroad Integration before 1880

Endogenous growth theories suggest that market integration will be more conducive to economic development when the previously isolated regions have large stocks of human capital. This paper uses the level of per capita patenting in nineteenth-century Virginia to measure this human capital. By the end of the 1870s, the rail network of the Old Dominion was rapidly being integrated with the rest of the nation. Inventiveness spread throughout northern Virginia, but the former plantation areas of the state fell behind. T he American South of the nineteenth century presents a vivid case study of the economic integration of a less-developed region into a more-developed neighbor. In traditional trade theory, this integration leads to mutually advantageous specialization according to the principle of comparative advantage. While I do not wish to deny the benefits of these "gains from trade" to the South, there is little doubt that in this instance economic integration was less successful than the merger of the American Northeast with the Midwest. Thus the "Southern problem" was born.' Recent developments in the theory of economic growth have highlighted two dynamic effects that can occur during the merger of previously isolated regions. First, the presence of strong increasing returns to scale can, once transportation costs begin to fall, lead to the growing concentration of manufacturing activity. An advanced region can develop at the expense of a rural "backwater.' 2 The second effect, however, can offset this. A positive learning externality can be generated when those engaged in the production of new technologies are able to transfer knowledge from the more advanced regions.3
Superior epigastric artery perforator (SEAP) flap: a novel approach to autologous breast reconstruction.

Summary Background Although free tissue breast reconstruction has been increasingly used, it remains challenging to perform outside of specialized centers due to facility and personnel limitations. We describe a preclinical study highlighting the feasibility of a pedicled, superior epigastric artery perforator (SEAP) flap utilizing lower abdominal tissues similar to a transverse rectus abdominus myocutaneous (TRAM) reconstruction, but with decreased donor-site morbidity. Methods Fresh cadavers were dissected generating a total of 32 SEAP flaps. These flaps were subsequently studied for transposition potential and vascularity utilizing computed tomographic (CT) imaging. Results An obvious, single, dominant SEAP was appreciated, and a developed flap was routinely capable of reaching either nipple–areola complex with simple interposition. Cadaveric CT imaging revealed global contrast filling in each dissected hemi-abdomen tested. Conclusions We describe a preclinical study utilizing a novel pedicled, SEAP flap for aesthetic breast reconstruction. While this will not obviate the use of free tissue transfer, it may add to the surgical armamentarium for aesthetic restoration in the breast cancer patient.
Comparison Effect of Atorvastatin (10 versus 80 mg) on Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Subjects With Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome (MS), characterized by low-grade inflammation, confers an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Statins, in addition to having lipid-lowering effects, have pleiotropic effects and decrease biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress. The Treating to New Target Study showed a greater decrease in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and cardiovascular events with atorvastatin 80 mg versus 10 mg in patients with MS with coronary heart disease. However, part of this benefit could be caused by the greater pleiotropic effects of the higher dose of atorvastatin. The dose–response effect of atorvastatin on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress has not been investigated in subjects with MS. Thus, the dose–response effect of atorvastatin on biomarkers of inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP], matrix metalloproteinase-9, and nuclear factor-κB [NF-kB] activity) and oxidative stress (oxidized LDL, urinary nitrotyrosine, F2-isoprostanes, and monocyte superoxide release) was tested in a randomized double-blind clinical trial in subjects with MS. Seventy subjects were randomly assigned to receive placebo or atorvastatin 10 or 80 mg/day for 12 weeks. A strong dose–response (atorvastatin 10 compared with 80 mg, p
Megestrol acetate improves weight gain in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease.

Objective Megestrol acetate (MA) has been used to treat weight loss in pediatric patients with malignancies, cystic fibrosis and HIV/AIDS. We herein report our experience with MA in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Design We conducted a retrospective cohort study. Charts were evaluated for clinical, treatment, and laboratory data at six time points: approximately 6 months prior to initiation of MA, at initiation and cessation of MA, and at 2-, 4-, and 8-month follow-up. Anthropometric measurements were corrected for age and sex by conversion to z scores. Setting Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI. Patients Pediatric patients (n = 25) with CKD and poor weight gain. Intervention Patients were administered MA at initial and tapered doses of 14.4 ± 8.1 mg/kg/d and 10.1 ± 6.5 mg/kg/d, respectively, for 5.4 ± 6.3 months. Results The study population (n = 25) was 60% male, 16% African American, 72% white, and 12% Hispanic with a mean ± SD age of 8.9 ± 5.4 years. Prior to MA therapy, patients demonstrated a decrease in BMI and poor weight gain. The treatment phase was associated with significant increases in BMI (P Conclusions MA appears to effectively improve weight gain in pediatric CKD patients with minimal adverse side effects and may therefore serve as a safe, short-term, nutritional strategy.
Optimal control techniques for active noise suppression

Active suppression of noise in a bounded enclosure is considered within the framework of optimal control theory. A sinusoidal pressure field due to exterior offending noise sources is assumed to be known in a neighborhood of interior sensors. The pressure field due to interior controlling sources is assumed to be governed by a nonhomogeneous wave equation within the enclosure and by a special boundary condition designed to accommodate frequency-dependent reflection properties of the enclosure boundary. The form of the controlling sources is determined by considering the steady-state behavior of the system, and it is established that the control strategy proposed is stable and asymptotically optimal. >
The Dielectric Properties of Various Cotton Varieties

The use of dielectric measurements of cotton fibers as a method of measuring the mass of a fiber bundle would eliminate the tedious and time-consuming manual operation of weighing the fiber bundle....
Feasibility of developing curriculum standards metadata

We asked 18 teachers about their use of video and digital video in the classroom. In general teachers desired digital collections organized by curriculum objectives because curriculum objectives allowed them to quickly narrow search results based on particular units and objectives. To understand the implications for creating metadata, an example video was tagged according to 3 different state curricular standards. The time intensive task required both in-depth knowledge of the video and of the standards. This finding has implications for third party metadata generation.
Interannual patterns during spring and late summer of larvaceans and pteropods in the coastal Gulf of Alaska, and their relationship to pink salmon survival

Larvacean (1⁄4appendicularian) and pteropod (Limacina helicina) composition and abundance were studied with physical variables each May and late summer across 11 years (2001–2011), along a transect that crosses the continental shelf of the sub-Arctic Gulf of Alaska (GoA) and five stations within Prince William Sound (PWS). Collection with 53-mm plankton nets allowed the identification of larvaceans to species: five occurred in the study area. Temperature was the driving variable in determining larvacean community composition, yielding pronounced differences between spring and late summer, while individual species were also affected differentially by salinity and chlorophyll-a concentration. During the spring Oikopleura labradoriensis and Fritillaria borealis were most abundant, being present at all stations. Late summer had highest abundances of Oikopleura dioica at nearshore stations, while F. borealis dominated numerically at outer stations. The 53-mm plankton nets collected higher abundances of Oikopleura spp., Fritillaria spp. and L. helicina than coarser 150and 505-mm plankton nets. Limacina helicina abundance had a significant interaction effect among years, seasons and station location. Limacina helicina abundance in nearby PWS explained 30% of the variability in pink salmon survival; however, no significant correlations existed with larvacean or L. helicina abundances from the GoA stations.
The Philosophy of Quality

The philosophy of quality has traditionally focused upon the development and implementation of a corporate wide culture that emphasizes a customer focus, continuous improvement, employee empowerment, and data-driven decision making. The drivers of this philosophy are rooted in the alignment of product and service systems design with customer expectations, along with focusing on quality during all phases of development, production, and delivery. The philosophy is process centric and emphasizes the reduction of variability as well as a continuous improvement in the functionality of the final product or service.
HiDISC: a decoupled architecture for data-intensive applications

This paper presents the design and performance evaluation of our high-performance decoupled architecture, the HiDISC (Hierarchical Decoupled Instruction Stream Computer). HiDISC provides low memory access latency by introducing enhanced data prefetching techniques at both the hardware and the software levels. Three processors, one for each level of the memory hierarchy, act in concert to mask the memory latency. Our performance evaluation benchmarks include the Data-Intensive Systems Benchmark suite and the DIS Stressmark suite. Our simulation results point to a distinct advantage of the HiDISC system over current prevailing superscalar architectures for both sets of the benchmarks. On the average, a 12% improvement in performance is achieved while 17% of cache misses are eliminated.
Retinoic acid-induced expression of autotaxin in N-myc-amplified neuroblastoma cells.

Neuroblastoma, the most common extracranial solid tumor in children, arises from precursors of the sympathetic nervous system. Neuroblastoma cell lines are responsive to the differentiation agent retinoic acid, which induces its effects by altering transcription rates of specific target genes. We identified autotaxin (ATX), which encodes an autocrine tumor motility-stimulating factor, as a gene whose expression is significantly induced by retinoic acid in neuroblastoma cells. ATX induction was specific for neuroblastoma cell lines that contain N-myc amplification, a cytogenetic feature commonly associated with aggressive neuroblastomas. Although ATX expression was associated with amplification of the N-myc locus, N-myc itself was neither sufficient nor required for ATX expression, suggesting that a coamplified gene is responsible. ATX induction by retinoic acid was due to increased transcription and required new protein synthesis.
Medial Approach for Humeral Rotational Osteotomy in Children with Residual Brachial Plexus Birth Palsy

Residual brachial plexus birth palsy often results in an internal rotation contracture. The constant position of internal rotation leads to glenohumeral joint deformity that progresses over time. In the older child, the glenohumeral joint deformity is advanced, and the joint cannot be reduced. Humeral osteotomy can reposition the limb into external rotation, which improves appearance and enhances activities of daily living, such as eating, washing hair, and grooming. This article discusses my preferred technique for humeral osteotomy using a medial approach along with its advantages and disadvantages. The technique involves a medial incision along the arm. The internervous plane is between the median and ulnar nerves. The intermuscular septum is traced to the medial aspect of the humerus. The periosteum is incised and provisional fixation is obtained. A transverse osteotomy is performed, and the humerus is rotated into the desired position. Rigid plate and screw fixation is applied. Postoperative immobilization is nominal, although the osteotomy is protected until union. Improvement in function of activities of daily living, such as dressing, washing, self-cleaning, and feeding is obtained. An added benefit is better limb appearance with improved symmetry.
Reactivity of Nanosize Aluminum with Metal Oxides and Water Vapor

It has been well documented that the reactivity of nano-powders as well as bulk properties of materials derived from nano-particulates might be significantly different than those obtained from micron-sized grains. This paper addresses several aspects related to the characterization of coated and uncoated aluminum nanopowders, mixing of binary nanopowders, and the reactivity of nanosize aluminum with copper oxide under unconfined and confined conditions. It was found that the volumetric method is more versatile method than TGA or calorimetry for determination of reactive aluminum in coated aluminum nanopowders. It was shown that wet mixing in the presence of dispersants is essential to obtain mixtures with a high level of concentration uniformity. The combustion front velocity can be increased both by using an excess of aluminum in MIC systemand by coating of aluminum nanopowders or addition of dispersants during wet mixing. Protective organic coating with hydrophobic groups is essential to protect aluminum nanopowder from the reaction with moisture at higher relative humidity levels.
Invited Commentary: Dietary Fiber, Estradiol, and Cholesterol

The limitations of examining mediating factors by adjusting for them in standard regression models have been well-documented in the literature. Although alternative analytic models have been suggested, they are rarely used. In the accompanying article, Mumford et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2010;173(2):145-156) use marginal structural linear mixed models to determine the association between dietary fiber intake and cholesterol through pathways that do not involve estradiol. Their findings suggest that overall high fiber intake decreases levels of total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and that there are multiple pathways through which fiber can act. The estradiol-mediated pathway seems to lead to increases in total and LDL cholesterol which are more than counterbalanced by pathways leading to decreases in total and LDL cholesterol. In addition to answering a scientifically interesting question, this work provides a concrete example of the use of marginal structural models for examination of direct effects and may serve as a guide to future researchers.
Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia presenting as jaundice.

An unusual presentation of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in a 6-year-old girl is reported. She presented with unilateral cervical lymphadenopathy, a mixed obstructive/cholestatic jaundice and a progressive pancytopenia. Ultrasound examination revealed an obstructed common bile duct with gross thickening of the wall of the duct and intrahepatic bile duct dilatation. The jaundice resolved with high dose intravenous (i.v.) methylprednisolone. It is postulated that this was due to infiltration of the common bile duct, given the failure to demonstrate any other cause for the bile duct pathology.
Individual patient advocacy, collective responsibility and activism within professional nursing associations:

The systemic difficulties of health care in the USA have brought to light another issue in nurse-patient advocacy - those who require care yet have inadequate or non-existent access. Patient advocacy has focused on individual nurses who in turn advocate for individual patients, yet, while supporting individual patients is a worthy goal of patient advocacy, systemic problems cannot be adequately addressed in this way. The difficulties nurses face when advocating for patients is well documented in the nursing literature and I argue that, through collective advocacy, professional nursing associations ought to extend the reach of individual nurses in order to address systemic problems in health care institutions and bureaucracies.
Domain decomposition preconditioners for hermite collocation problems

Accelerating the convergence rate of Krylov subspace methods with parallelizable preconditioners is essential for obtaining effective iterative solvers for very large linear systems of equations. Substructuring provides a framework for constructing robust and parallel preconditioners for linear systems arising from the discretization of boundary value problems. Although collocation is a very general and effective discretization technique for many PDE problems, there has been relatively little work on preconditioners for collocation problems. This thesis proposes two preconditioning methods for solving linear systems of equations arising from Hermite bicubic collocation discretization of elliptic partial differential equations on square domains with mixed boundary conditions. The first method, called edge preconditioning, is based on a decomposition of the domain in parallel strips, and the second, called edge-vertex preconditioning, is based on a two-dimensional decomposition. The preconditioners are derived in terms of two special rectangular grids—a coarse grid with diameter H and a hybrid coarse/fine grid—which together with the fine grid of diameter h, provide the framework for approximating the interface problem induced by substructuring. We show that the proposed methods are effective for nonsymmetric indefinite problems, both from the point of view of the cost per iteration and of the number of iterations. For an appropriate choice of H, the edge preconditioner requires O(N) arithmetic operations per iteration, while the edge-vertex preconditioner requires O(N4/3) operations, where N is the number of unknowns. For the edge-vertex preconditioner, the number of iterations is almost constant when h and H decrease such that H/h is held constant and it increases very slowly with H when h is held constant. For both the edge- and edge-vertex preconditioners the number of iterations depends only weakly on h when H is constant. The edge-vertex preconditioner outperforms the edge- preconditioner for small enough H. Numerical experiments illustrate the parallel efficiency of the preconditioners which is similar or even better than that provided by the well-known PETSc parallel software library for scientific computing.
Treating seizures in Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

Seizures are known to occur in Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD). In the setting of a rapidly progressive condition with no effective therapy, determining appropriate treatment for seizures can be difficult if clinical morbidity is not obvious yet the electroencephalogram (EEG) demonstrates a worrisome pattern such as status epilepticus. Herein, we present the case of a 39-year-old man with CJD and electrographic seizures, discuss how this case challenges conventional definitions of seizures, and discuss a rational approach toward treatment. Coincidentally, our case is the first report of CJD in a patient with Stickler syndrome.
New ambulatory impedance cardiograph validated against the Minnesota Impedance Cardiograph

The validity and reliability of a new ambulatory impedance cardiograph (AZCG) was tested against the Minnesota Impedance Cardiograph (ZCG) during rest, orthostasis, and mental stress. Impedance cardiography allows noninvasive assessment of stroke volume, cardiac output, and systolic time intervals. A reliable ambulatory device would allow studies outside the lab. The devices were compared at two sites in healthy subjects. In both studies, the AZCG tracked changes across conditions closely with the ZCG (all Period x Device interactions were nonsignificant). Pearson rs, were .65 to .93, random intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from .80 to .98, indicating high degrees of shared measurement variance, and Cronbach's alpha indicated very good internal reliabilities (.91 to .99). Relative to the ZCG, the new AZCG appears to provide valid and reliable estimates of cardiac function at rest and during behavioral challenges in the lab.
Phenotypic characterization of the Ath-1 gene controlling high density lipoprotein levels and susceptibility to atherosclerosis

The Ath-1 gene determines the levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) lipid in response to a high fat diet challenge as well as susceptibility to diet-induced atherosclerosis in mice (Paigen et al. 1987. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84: 3763-3767). As yet, the identity of the Ath-1 gene and how it acts to affect HDL levels are completely unknown. In an effort to clarify the nature of the gene, we have examined HDL phenotypes in strains carrying either the susceptible or resistant alleles. When challenged with a high fat diet, the susceptible strain C57BL/6 exhibited a marked decrease in the levels of HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the major protein of HDL, whereas the resistant strains C3H and BALB/c maintained high levels of both. Separation of HDL subfractions by polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis revealed that the decrease was particularly striking among the larger HDL species. The rates of synthesis of apoA-I in liver and intestine were similar in the strains and were unaffected by the high fat diet. Although the rates of synthesis of apoA-II and the levels of apoA-II mRNA were decreased in response to the high fat diet, similar decreases were observed in both the susceptible and resistant strains. We conclude that the Ath-1 gene results in a rapid decrease in both HDL lipid and HDL apolipoprotein levels in the susceptible strain in response to the high fat diet and that this is mediated primarily at the level of HDL catabolism.
Timely HIV diagnosis and HIV/TB comanagement among California patients in 2008.

Objective. National guidelines highlight the roles of early HIV diagnosis and effective comanagement for HIV and tuberculosis (TB) to prevent mortality and morbidity from HIV-related TB. We assessed HIV diagnosis timing and HIV/TB comanagement for California HIV/TB patients. Methods. We reviewed and analyzed public health charts for California HIV/TB patients reported during 2008. HIV diagnoses fewer than three months before TB diagnosis were considered new HIV diagnoses. We determined the proportion of patients with new HIV diagnoses, risk factors for new HIV diagnoses, and proportion of patients receiving recommended CD4 cell count measurements, supervised TB therapy, and antiretroviral therapy (ART). Results. Of 130 HIV/TB patients, 51% had new HIV diagnoses. Foreign-born patients were more likely than U.S.-born patients to have new HIV diagnoses. Supervised TB therapy and CD4 cell count measurements followed national recommendations for 91% and 74% of patients, respectively. At least 73% of patients started ART before completing TB therapy. Compared with patients who had previous HIV diagnoses, patients with new HIV diagnoses started ART later and had lower CD4 cell counts and higher viral loads at TB diagnosis. Conclusions. Although most HIV/TB patients received the recommended treatment, half had new HIV diagnoses. Compared with patients who had previous HIV diagnoses, patients with new HIV diagnoses had greater immunosuppression at TB diagnosis. A new diagnosis indicates that HIV could have been diagnosed earlier and ART or treatment for latent TB infection could have been initiated to prevent TB development.
Real-time Mobile-Cloud Computing for Context-Aware Blind Navigation

Context-awareness is a critical aspect of safe navigation, especially for the blind and visually impaired in unfamiliar environments. Existing mobile devices for context-aware navigation fall short in many cases due to their dependence on specic infrastructure requirements as well as having limited access to resources that could provide a wealth of contextual clues. In this paper, we propose a Mobile-Cloud Computing approach for context-aware navigation by exploiting the computational power of resources made available by Cloud Computing providers as well as the wealth of location-specic resources available on the Internet. We propose an extensible system
THE HIGH COST OF MOTHERHOOD: END-LACTATION SYNDROME IN SOUTHERN SEA OTTERS (ENHYDRA LUTRIS NEREIS) ON THE CENTRAL CALIFORNIA COAST, USA

Sea otters ( Enhydra lutris ) have exceptionally high energetic requirements, which nearly double during lactation and pup care. Thus, females are extremely vulnerable to caloric insufficiency. Despite a number of compensatory strategies, the metabolic challenge of reproduction culminates in numerous maternal deaths annually. Massive depletion of energy reserves results in a case presentation that we define as end-lactation syndrome (ELS), characterized by moderate to severe emaciation not attributable to a concurrent, independent disease process in females dying during late pup care or postweaning. We compiled detailed data for 108 adult female southern sea otters ( Enhydra lutris nereis) examined postmortem that stranded in California, US, 2005-12, and assessed pathology, reproductive status, and the location and timing of stranding. We introduce simple, grossly apparent, standardized physical criteria to assess reproductive stage for female sea otters. We also describe ELS, examine associated risk factors, and highlight female life history strategies that likely optimize reproduction and survival. Our data suggest that females can reset both the timing and energetic demands of reproduction through fetal loss, pup abandonment, or early weaning as part of specific physiologic checkpoints during each reproductive cycle. Females appear to preload nutritionally during delayed implantation and gestation to increase fitness and reproductive success. We found that ELS was a major cause of death, affecting 56% of enrolled adult females. Peak ELS prevalence occurred in late spring, possibly reflecting the population trend toward fall/winter pupping. Increasing age and number of pregnancies were associated with a higher risk of ELS. Although the proportion of ELS females was highest in areas with dense sea otter populations, cases were recovered throughout the range, suggesting that death from ELS is associated with, but not solely caused by, population resource limitation.
Evidence by Scanning Electron Microscopy for an Association between Spermatozoa and T-Mycoplasmas in Men of Infertile Marriage *

The morphology of T-mycoplasmas in culture and in semen from men of infertile marriage was examined by scanning electron microscopy. In cultures obtained from semen of infected individuals, T-mycoplasmas were recognized as spherical particles, 160 to 200 nm in diameter, frequently interconnected by short, straight fibrils. Numerous T-mycoplasmas and associated fibrils with similar morphologic characteristics were also observed adhering to spermatozoa obtained from ejaculates of the infected donors. Similar granulofibrillar aggregates were never observed on control specimens. These observations indicate a physical association between the microorganisms and spermatozoa in semen of infected men. This association may contribute to the decreased motility of spermatozoa in semen from which T-mycoplasmas can be cultured. The binding of T-mycoplasmas to human spermatozoa may provide an effective mechanism for transfer of the microorganisms past the normal microbial barrier of the cervix.
Application of a PCA Fault-Attribute and Spectral Decomposition in Barnett Shale Fault Detection

Summary Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been found to be an effective way of combining a variety of fault detection attributes exhibiting discontinuities that line up along particular 3D orientations. The Barnes (2006) discontinuity-filter method can be used to further enhance these results. Fault detection is improved using phase discontinuities obtained using Constrained Least Squares Spectral Analysis (CLSSA; Puryear et al., 2012) which is a higher resolution spectral analysis method than the short time Fourier transform (STFT). As CLSSA has reduced spectral smoothing relative to the STFT it potentially can produce a higher resolution discontinuity attribute. Based on this feature, CLSSA is applied in the Barnett Shale to detect faults. As compared to coherence and curvature, the resulting PCA fault-attribute better resolves minor tectonic and karsting-related faults.
The Tangent Bundle of a Topological Manifold

(1972). The Tangent Bundle of a Topological Manifold. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 79, No. 10, pp. 1090-1096.
Risk of kidney failure associated with the use of acetaminophen, aspirin, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.

Background People who take analgesic drugs frequently may be at increased risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), but the extent of this risk remains unclear. Methods We studied 716 patients treated for ESRD and 361 control subjects of similar age from Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and Washington, D.C. The study participants were interviewed by telephone about their past use of medications containing acetaminophen, aspirin, and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). For each analgesic drug, the average use (in pills per year) and the cumulative intake (in pills) were examined for any association with ESRD. Results Heavier acetaminophen use was associated with an increased risk of ESRD in a dose-dependent fashion. When persons who took an average of 0 to 104 pills per year were used for reference, the odds ratio of ESRD was 1.4 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.8 to 2.4) for those who took 105 to 365 pills per year and 2.1 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 3.7) for those who took 3...
Molecular imaging of movement disorders

Positron emission tomography measures the activity of radioactively labeled compounds which distribute and accumulate in central nervous system regions in proportion to their metabolic rate or blood flow. Specific circuits such as the dopaminergic nigrostriatal projection can be studied with ligands that bind to the pre-synaptic dopamine transporter or post-synaptic dopamine receptors (D1 and D2). Single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) measures the activity of similar tracers labeled with heavy radioactive species such as technetium and iodine. In essential tremor, there is cerebellar hypermetabolism and abnormal GABAergic function in premotor cortices, dentate nuclei and ventral thalami, without significant abnormalities in dopaminergic transmission. In Huntington's disease, there is hypometabolism in the striatum, frontal and temporal cortices. Disease progression is accompanied by reduction in striatal D1 and D2 binding that correlates with trinucleotide repeat length, disease duration and severity. In dystonia, there is hypermetabolism in the basal ganglia, supplementary motor areas and cerebellum at rest. Thalamic and cerebellar hypermetabolism is seen during dystonic movements, which can be modulated by globus pallidus deep brain stimulation (DBS). Additionally, GABA-A receptor activity is reduced in motor, premotor and somatosensory cortices. In Tourette's syndrome, there is hypermetabolism in premotor and sensorimotor cortices, as well as hypometabolism in the striatum, thalamus and limbic regions at rest. During tics, multiple areas related to cognitive, sensory and motor functions become hypermetabolic. Also, there is abnormal serotoninergic transmission in prefrontal cortices and bilateral thalami, as well as hyperactivity in the striatal dopaminergic system which can be modulated with thalamic DBS. In Parkinson's disease (PD), there is asymmetric progressive decline in striatal dopaminergic tracer accumulation, which follows a caudal-to-rostral direction. Uptake declines prior to symptom presentation and progresses from contralateral to the most symptomatic side to bilateral, correlating with symptom severity. In progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and multiple system atrophy (MSA), striatal activity is symmetrically and diffusely decreased. The caudal-to-rostral pattern is lost in PSP, but could be present in MSA. In corticobasal degeneration (CBD), there is asymmetric, diffuse reduction of striatal activity, contralateral to the most symptomatic side. Additionally, there is hypometabolism in contralateral parieto-occipital and frontal cortices in PD; bilateral putamen and cerebellum in MSA; caudate, thalamus, midbrain, mesial frontal and prefrontal cortices in PSP; and contralateral cortices in CBD. Finally, cardiac sympathetic SPECT signal is decreased in PD. The capacity of molecular imaging to provide in vivo time courses of gene expression, protein synthesis, receptor and transporter binding, could facilitate the development and evaluation of novel medical, surgical and genetic therapies in movement disorders.
Primary Suture-less Closure of Gastroschisis Using Negative Pressure Dressing (Wound Vacuum)

Primary suture-less closure of gastroschisis using negative pressure dressing (wound vacuum) involves the application of an initial preformed Silo with subsequent bedside suture-less closure of the defect using negative pressure dressing. The advantages of this gentle approach are the simple bedside closure without intubation, paralysis or ventilation as well as reduced risk of barotrauma, abdominal compartment syndrome, acidosis, bowel infarction and necrotizing enterocolitis. This study is a report of the technique we used for gastroschisis closure at our institute. The medical records of 15 newborns who underwent primary suture-less closure of gastroschisis using a negative pressure dressing (wound vacuum) technique between March 2008 and February 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. Outcome criteria such as time on ventilation, time to initiating feeds, time to full feeds, time to discharge from NICU and complications were recorded. The median follow-up was 234 days (range: 13–528 days). The time on ventilation was (n=8: no ventilation; n=3: 1 day; n=2: 2–5 days; n=2:>5 days). The median time to initiating feeds was 13 days (range: 6–61 days), the median time to full feeds was 20 days (range: 12–91 days) and the median time to discharge was 24 days (range: 21–131 days). 2 patients had a tiny umbilical hernia at last follow-up. Primary suture-less closure of gastroschisis using a negative pressure dressing (wound vacuum) technique is easily reversible, does not need intubation/ventilation, avoids a trip to the operating room (OR), has minimal to no complications and provides good cosmetic results.
PROGNOSTIC IMPLICATION OF LEFT VENTRICULAR FUNCTION AMONG PATIENTS WITH ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY AND ACUTE DECOMPENSATED HEART FAILURE

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication among patients with acute heart failure (AHF) (30%) and is associated with increased in-hospital mortality and readmission. Limited data are available about the impact of left ventricular systolic function on the prognosis of these patients.
Toward a Competent Vocational Education School

In face of the current competition in vocational education, a serious consideration should be made regarding how an intermediate vocational school can take advantage of opportunities for further development.
THE LOWER CRETACEOUS YINGEN FORMATION IN THE YINGEN—EJINAQI BASIN

The Yingen—Ejinaqi Basin is a Mesozoic—Cenozoic sedimentary basin in northwestern China. The stratigraphy of the Yingen—Ejinaqi Basin is poorly understood. In recent years, petroleum exploration and geological investigation in the basin has resulted in a better understanding of the stratigraphy in this basin. On the basis of seismic and drill core data, a new lithostratigraphic unit of Lower Cretaceous age is recognized. The paleontological, lithological, electrical and physical properties, and seismic characteristics of this unit are distinct from the overlying and underlying strata. This new unit is named as the Yingen Formation (K_1y) and is considered late Early Cretaceous in age. The implications of this new stratigraphic unit for oil exploration in the Yingen—Ejinaqi Basin are also discussed.
Immunohistochemical Detection of S -Nitrosylated Proteins

Accumulating evidence shows that S-nitrosothiols, formed by the addition of nitric oxide (NO) to a cysteine thiol, S-nitrosylation, are involved in basal cellular regulation. It has been proposed that SNO formation/removal may be disrupted in a variety of pathophysiological conditions. Two types of methodology are presently available to identify specific S-nitrosylated proteins: (1) derivatization and (2) post-purification chemical detection. Neither of these techniques allows for in situ visualization of SNOs. Recently, we demonstrated that an antibody generated to the SNO moiety could be used to detect SNO formation from each of three isoforms of NOS by immunohistochemistry. This chapter details the immunohistochemical methodology used to detect SNOs in situ, offering a potentially powerful alternative for detection of SNO within tissue sections.
The Role of Appellate judges in Intermediate Courts

The editor begins with commentary on the role of an appellate judge and then provides follow-up on previous articles dealing with New Mexico appellate mediation and also prosecutorial misconduct.
A Ramp to Motherhood: The Experiences of Mothers with Physical Disabilities

This paper describes a qualitative study on the experiences of mothers with physical disabilities. Two focus groups were held for mothers with young children and mothers of older children. Eight mothers also participated in in-depth interviews. All had a mobility/limb impairment; most were wheelchair users. Participants described reactions to their pregnancy, their stay on the maternity ward, and their experience as a disabled mother with a newborn baby. They encountered a range of reactions and attitudes to their pregnancy, with some facing opposition and scepticism. Mothers varied in the level of formal and informal support available to them and in the number and magnitude of stressors that they faced. Those who required assistance to carry out caring tasks emphasized the importance of retaining control over the parental role. The shortage of funded resources to help meet children's needs was noted as a major hurdle for mothers with physical disabilities.