cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional radiotherapy of head and neck and esophageal carcinomas: a monoisocentric treatment technique to achieve improved dose distributions.

The specific aim of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy is to deliver adequate therapeutic radiation dose to the target volume while concomitantly keeping the dose to surrounding and intervening normal tissues to a minimum. The objective of this study is to examine dose distributions produced by various radiotherapy techniques used in managing head and neck tumors when the upper part of the esophagus is also involved. Treatment planning was performed with a three-dimensional (3-D) treatment planning system. Computerized tomographic (CT) scans used by this system to generate isodose distributions and dose-volume histograms were obtained directly from the CT scanner, which is connected via ethernet cabling to the 3-D planning system. These are useful clinical tools for evaluating the dose distribution to the treatment volume, clinical target volume, gross tumor volume, and certain critical organs. Using 6 and 18 MV photon beams, different configurations of standard treatment techniques for head and neck and esophageal carcinoma were studied and the resulting dose distributions were analyzed. Film validation dosimetry in solid-water phantom was performed to assess the magnitude of dose inhomogeneity at the field junction. Real-time dose measurements on patients using diode dosimetry were made and compared with computed dose values. With regard to minimizing radiation dose to surrounding structures (i.e., lung, spinal cord, etc.), the monoisocentric technique gave the best isodose distributions in terms of dose uniformity. The mini-mantle anterior-posterior/posterior-anterior (AP/PA) technique produced grossly non-uniform dose distribution with excessive hot spots. The dose measured on the patient during the treatment agrees to within +/- 5 % with the computed dose. The protocols presented in this work for simulation, immobilization and treatment planning of patients with head and neck and esophageal tumors provide the optimum dose distributions in the target volume with reduced irradiation of surrounding non-target tissues, and can be routinely implemented in a radiation oncology department. The presence of a real-time dose-measuring system plays an important role in verifying the actual delivery of radiation dose.
Three-dimensional surface rendering in MRI morphometry: a study of the planum temporale.

OBJECTIVE The emergence of methodologies for accurately rendering cortical surfaces suggests possible quantitative applications of surface rendering to morphometry of the cerebral cortex. We examined this novel use of surface renderings in a study of the planum temporale, a neuroanatomical structure exhibiting well-documented normal asymmetry previously visible only in postmortem studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS With the aid of three-dimensional renderings of the supratemporal cortex, the area of the planum temporal was analyzed in the volume MRIs of seven normal, strongly right-handed males. RESULTS In comparison with areas derived from conventional measurements of serial MRI sections, planum temporale areas derived from supratemporal surface renderings offered far greater interrater reliability, and presumably improved validity as reflected by more consistent evidence of the anticipated planum asymmetry. CONCLUSION Morphometry of the supratemporal cortex is enhanced by the use of three-dimensional surface renderings. Application of surface-rendering techniques to morphometry of other cortical regions is discussed.
Insomnia, hypnotic use, and health-related quality of life in a nationally representative sample

Purpose To assess health-related quality of life (HRQoL) associated with insomnia and prescription hypnotic use.
Patch and landscape characteristics associated with the distribution of woodland amphibians in an agricultural fragmented landscape: an information-theoretic approach

In the Midwestern United States, agricultural landscapes with scattered patches of fragmented forest are common. To investigate the relationship between amphibian distributions and wetland, woodlot, and landscape characteristics, we studied the pond-breeding amphibians within a 15,450-ha plot in rural north-central Ohio. We surveyed 25 woodlots and one area of continuous riparian forest for amphibians, and each surveyed woodland contained at least one temporary wetland. We used Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) to evaluate the effectiveness of 13 a priori models in predicting total amphibian species richness, anuran richness, caudate richness, and the presence of individual species in woodlots. We identified 13 species of amphibians within the study plot, and every woodlot contained at least one amphibian species. The most important variable in predicting total amphibian and anuran species richness was hydroperiod. For caudates, woodlot edge-to-area ratio, hydroperiod, pH, and ammonia were important characteristics in predicting species richness. Woodlots within agricultural landscapes are important refuges for amphibians.
Message Design Guidelines For Screen-Based Programs.

This paper discusses message design for screen-based (computer and video) instructional programs. Message design is defined as the art and science of planning for the manipulation of the physical form of the message. Including a comprehensive literature review, this paper supplies information based on personal experience. There are three main purposes for this work. The first purpose is to present a compilation of present conventions. The second purpose is evaluating these conventions in terms of their current relevance. The third purpose is to suggest a new set of guidelines for the instructional designer or message designer creating screen-based instructional programs.
The learning of categories: parallel brain systems for item memory and category knowledge

A fundamental question about cognition concerns how knowledge about a category is acquired through encounters with examples of the category. Amnesic patients and control subjects performed similarly at classifying novel patterns according to whether they belonged to the same category as a set of training patterns. In contrast, the amnesic patients were impaired at recognizing which dot patterns had been presented for training. Category learning appears to be independent of declarative (explicit) memory for training instances and independent of the brain structures essential for declarative memory that are damaged in amnesia. Knowledge about categories can be acquired implicitly by cumulating information from multiple examples.
Topologically sweeping an arrangement

Abstract Sweeping a collection of figures in the Euclidean plane with a straight line is one of the novel algorithmic paradigms that have emerged in the field of computational geometry. In this paper we demonstrate the advantages of sweeping with a topological line that is not necessarily straight. We show how an arrangement of n lines in the plane can be swept over in O ( n 2 ) time and O(n) space by a such a line. In the process each element, i.e., vertex, edge, or region, is visited once in a consistent ordering. Our technique makes use of novel data structures which exhibit interesting amortized complexity behavior; the result is an algorithm that improves upon all its predecessors either in the space or the time bounds, as well as being eminently practical. Numerous applications of the technique to problems in computational geometry are given—many through the use of duality transforms. Examples include solving visibility problems, detecting degeneracies in configurations, computing the extremal shadows of convex polytopes, and others. Even though our basic technique solves a planar problem, its applications include several problems in higher dimensions.
B-cell development.

Abstract The B cell population represents an extremely complex set of cells with respect to the existence of funclional and developmental cell subpopulations and their extremely diverse repertoire of antibody specificities. This article summarizes the key features of the ontogeny and developmental stages of murine B cells, the subjects of a recent extensive review 1 , and considers several crucial unresolved issues central to the ultimate understanding of B cell function and expression.
Phase space path integration of integrable quantum systems

Abstract A new method for exact evaluation of phase space path integrals for integrable quantum systems is presented. By making use of point canonical and other transformations to bring the Hamiltonian to a form linear in the coordinates, the path integral is changed so that the functional q integration may be done. This produces a momentum delta functional which can be evaluated to give an ordinary integral. This procedure is applied to find an expression for the exact propagator for a particle in the harmonic oscillator potential, the inverse quadratic potential, the Coulomb potential, the Morse potential, the 1 cosh 2 (x) potential, and for a free particle propagating on the 2-sphere. The latter two problems are solved for the first time wholly within the path integral formalism.
Ceremonial regionalism, institutions and integration in the Americas

Latin America's recent integrationist proposals have been presented as part of a new commitment to increasing living standards and international competitiveness. However, the frustrating results of integration in the past three decades should caution us against placing excessive emphasis on the technical aspects of trade. The author argues that important lessons can be learned from previous attempts to promote integration in this region while neglecting the political dimensions of integration. Inadequate organizational forms, weak institutional arrangements ruled by technocratic elites, may be more helpful as ceremonial devices in the legitimation of those elites than in advancing the substance of the integration project.
Alcohol use and intimate partner violence as predictors of separation among U.S. couples: a longitudinal model.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between partner violence (male-to-female and female-to-male) and heavy drinking (consuming five or more drinks per occasion) and the effect of this relationship on marital separation. Method: Married and cohabiting couples were selected through multistage random probability sampling from U.S. households. In 1995, 1,635 couples were interviewed; 1,392 of these couples were re-interviewed in 2000. The final analysis included couples who were still married or living with the same partner (intact n = 1,136) from the baseline, and couples who had broken up (nonintact n = 191) sometime during the 5-year follow-up period. Results: The findings indicate that couples who reported female-perpetrated violence, female alcohol-related problems and male heavy-drinking episodes (one to three times a month) were 2.5-3 times more at risk for separation. On the other hand, female heavy drinking (one to three times a month) is less likely to predict se...
Fish imagery in art 69: Japanese Netsuke Coiled fish

Netsuke are tiny carvings from Japan that were originally tied on to the end of a cord attached to a pouch, so the pouch could hang from the belt of a kimono. They evolved into a distinctive art form: exquisite carvings made from ivory, boxwood, and a wide variety of other materials, valued for their own sake. The subjects of netsuke carvings are as varied as Japanese art itself, but animals are a favorite subject, often in whimsical poses. Netsuke usually have meaning beyond the subject, representing traditional legends, stories, or symbols. The fish shown here is a carp, a common subject of netsuke because of its pleasing shape and symbolism of success or wealth. Carp are particularly conspicuous as a symbol in Japan on May 5 (Boy’s Day), when families having sons fly carp banners over their rooftops, ‘in hope the boys will grow up to be as strong and perseverant as the carp... (Symmes 1990, p. 178)’.
Linguistic Features of the Language of Schooling

Abstract This article provides an analysis of some linguistic features of school-based texts, relating the grammatical and lexical choices of the speaker/writer to the functions that language performs in school contexts. Broadly speaking, the context of schooling requires that students read and write texts that present information authoritatively in conventionally structured ways. This article describes some of the lexical and grammatical resources—the register features—that realize this context of schooling. It shows that the presentation of information typically requires technical and specific lexis and explicitly stated logical relations. Authoritativeness is reflected in the choice of declarative mood and the use of grammatical and lexical resources instead of intonation to convey speaker/writer stance or attitude toward what is said. A high degree of structure is expected in school-based language, realized through elaboration of noun phrases, sentence rather than prosodic segmentation, and clause-structuring strategies of nominalization and embedding. These features are functional for creating the texts students read and are expected to write at school.
Clinical trial of a simplified vacuum erection device for impotence treatment

Abstract Thirty-one men participated in a clinical trial of a. simplified vacuum erection device (Catalyst) in which the pump and penile cylinder have been combined to facilitate the pumping required to induce a vacuum. Of the 28 men who completed the three-month trial, 26 (93%) reported overall satisfaction with the device and an intention to continue its use, and 2 men were unable to maintain a satisfactory erection. Episodes of mild bruising or development of petechiae occurred in 9 men. None of the complications required treatment or prevented safe use of the device. Our experience with this new vacuum device indicates a high degree of patient satisfaction and minimal complications. On average, patients rated ease of use high at all follow-up visits.
Resistance of a domain wall in a thin ferromagnetic wire

The resistivity of a ferromagnetic wire depends on the magnetic domain configuration. We describe results for very narrow Ni wires which clearly reveal the effect of a domain wall on the resistance. Interestingly, the presence of a domain wall lowers the resistance, i.e., the resistance with a wall present is lower than that of the same wire without a wall. The magnitude of this effect is consistent with a recent theoretical prediction of Tatara and Fukuyama. Other possible explanations are also discussed.
Evidence for predissociation of Rb*2(C 1Πu) into Rb*(2P12) and Rb(2S12)

Abstract A nozzle beam of rubidium is irradiated by the 4765 A line of the argon ion laser, and the resulting fluorescence is spectroscopically analyzed. Under these collision-free conditions, the emission consists of molecular fluorescence from the Rb2 C 1Π - X 1Σ+g electronic system as well as atomic fluorescence from the Rb 2P 3 2 fine structure component (the Rb D2 line) only. The latter transition is caused by partial predissociation (⩽ 25%) of the Rb2 C 1Πu state. Within experimental error, the atomic fluorescence is not polarized and its intensity does not change when an electric field of 14.7 kV/cm is applied across the excitation region. The molecular fluorescence is polarized and has the value P = 0.345 ± 0.0009. This is interpreted to be caused by the superposition of P and R as well as Q lines. Although it is not possible to identify which state causes the predissociation of the Rb2 C 1Πu state, arguments are presented that only the Rb D2 line would appear provided the predissociation is an adiabatic process.
Effects of Amount of Time Allowed on the Test of Written English.

This study examined students' essay performance on topics from the Test of Written English (TWE®) under two time limits—30 minutes, as on the current TWE, and 45 minutes. In the main groups of the study, each student wrote an essay on one topic under one time limit and on another topic under the other time limit (with orders counterbalanced). The correlation between scores for 30- versus 45-minute conditions was relatively high and approached the parallel-form reliability of the task, as indicated by data from students who wrote essays on separate topics under the same time limits. Thus, the provision of additional time apparently had little effect on the standing of the students in relation to each other. Both parallel-form reliability and interrater reliability were approximately the same for the 30- and 45-minute conditions. Mean scores on the 6-point TWE scale were found to be higher by about 1/4 to 1/3 point under the 45-minute condition than the 30-minute condition, indicating that provision of additional time produced a modest but reliable increase in scores. The magnitude of the effect was roughly comparable for students of low versus high proficiency, and for students in intensive English programs versus students in academic coursework. Responses to a questionnaire indicated that the students regarded 45 minutes as more sufficient for accomplishing the task than 30 minutes. The results are discussed in relation to the literature on time effects and to practical implications for the Test of Written English.
The Bout Psalter-Hours, Dated 1453

Just before Anne Korteweg retired, she purchased for the Koninklijke Bibliotheek one final spectacular illuminated manuscript, known as the Bout Psalter-Hours, a manuscript containing miniatures made by several artists who worked in several different Northern Netherlandish cities. For his contribution, James H. Marrow analyzes this manuscript, which is a capstone of Dr Korteweg's career.
Spiritual Mentoring: Embracing the Mentor-Mentee Relational Process

In this chapter the author explains how spiritual mentoring is the everyday enactment of spiritual values into concrete instructional practices. It takes place in several ways: offering opportunities for student development, engaging in spontaneous mentoring, enlarging and enriching resources, and encouraging continuous self-development.
Development of the Quantitative Reasoning Items on the National Survey of Student Engagement

As society’s needs for quantitative skills become more prevalent, college graduates require quantitative skills regardless of their career choices. Therefore, it is important that institutions assess students’ engagement in quantitative activities during college. This study chronicles the process taken by the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) to develop items that measure students’ participation in quantitative reasoning (QR) activities. On the whole, findings across the quantitative and qualitative analyses suggest good overall properties for the developed QR items. The items show great promise to explore and evaluate the frequency with which college students participate in QR-related activities. Each year, hundreds of institutions across the United States and Canada participate in NSSE, and, with the addition of these new items on the core survey, every participating institution will have information on this topic. Our hope is that these items will spur conversations on campuses about students’ use of quantitative reasoning activities.
Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry at high drift tube pressure

Abstract An ion drift tube operated at a total pressure of 10 Torr (∼13 mbar) coupled to a mass spectrometer is described. Proton transfer from water molecules was used to detect organic compounds and calibrations of the instrument yield normalized sensitivities that are in accord with what is expected for operation at this pressure. For example, the sensitivity for acetone was found to be 240 Hz ppbv −1 for 1 MHz of reagent ion signal while that for isoprene was 120 Hz ppbv −1 . Issues particular to using this technique at pressures of 10 Torr, considerably higher than the conventional pressure, are addressed. Detection limits for a 1 s integration ( S / N =2) depend on the cleanliness history of the system but can reach as low as 20 pptv.
Chronic label-free volumetric photoacoustic microscopy of melanoma cells in scaffolds in vitro

Visualizing cells in three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds has been one of the major challenges in tissue engineering. Current imaging modalities have limitations. Microscopy, including confocal microscopy, cannot penetrate deeply (> 300 μm) into the scaffolds; X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) requires staining of the structure with a toxic agent such as osmium tetroxide. Here, we demonstrate photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) of the spatial distribution and temporal proliferation of melanoma cells inside three-dimensionally porous scaffolds with thicknesses over 1 mm. Melanoma cells have a strong intrinsic contrast which is easily imaged by label-free PAM with high sensitivity. Spatial distributions of the cells in the scaffold were well-resolved in PAM images. Moreover, we chronically imaged the same cell/scaffold constructs at different time points over 2 weeks. The number of cells in the scaffold was quantitatively measured from the PAM volumetric information. The cell proliferation profile obtained from PAM correlated well with that obtained using the traditional 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. We believe that PAM will become a useful imaging modality for tissue engineering applications, especially when thick scaffold constructs are involved, and that this modality can also be extended to image other cell types labeled with contrast agents.
The Harmonious Chromatic Number of Deep and Wide Complete n- ary Trees

Abstract The harmonious chromatic number of a graph G is the least number of colors which can be used to color V(G) such that adjacent vertices are colored differently and no two edges have the same color pair on their vertices. Unsolved Problem 17.5 of Graph Coloring Problems by Jensen and Toft asks for the harmonious chromatic number of Tm,n the complete n-ary tree on m levels. Let q be the number of edged of Tm,n and k be the smallest positive integer such that the binomial coefficient C(k, 2) ≥ q. We show that for all sufficiently large m, n, the harmonious chromatic number of Tm,n is at most k + 1, and that many such Tm,n have harmonious chromatic number k.
Exhaustive screens for disease susceptibility loci incorporating statistical interaction of genotypes: a comparison of likelihood-ratio-based and Akaike and Bayesian information criteria-based methods

Several recent papers have suggested that two-locus tests of association that incorporate gene × gene interaction can be more powerful than marginal, single-locus tests across a broad range of multilocus interaction models, even after conservative correction for multiple testing. However, because these two-locus tests are sensitive to marginal associations with either marker, they can be difficult to interpret, and it is not immediately clear how to use them to select a list of the most promising markers worthy of further study. Here we apply single- and two-locus tests to 29 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) selected from the dense marker map in the simulated Genetic Analysis Workshop 15 data spanning several candidate regions (the HLA region, the four SNPs flanking "Locus D," and two regions on the q-arm of chromosome 6). We compare the proposed two-locus likelihood ratio tests (LRT) to Akaike and Bayesian Information Criteria (AIC and BIC) for model selection, as well as AIC- and BIC-weighted measures of "SNP importance." The latter provide summary measures of evidence for association between each SNP and disease – including potential interactions with one or more other SNPs – by summing over all one- and two-SNP models. Our results suggest that the LRT using conservative p-value criteria were sensitive (but not specific) in identifying associated markers. Standard AIC and BIC criteria were similarly sensitive but not specific. On the other hand, the AIC- and BIC-weighted importance measures yielded a specific but not very sensitive rule for SNP selection. Algorithms incorporating gene × gene interaction to prioritize markers for follow-up will require further development.
The group combustion of a spherical cloud of monodisperse fuel droplets

The vaporization and combustion of a spherical, uniform monodisperse cloud of fuel drops in equilibrium with a quiescent atmosphere is considered. For typical fuel sprays in which the drops are separated by five to ten drop diameters only the droplets within a thin inwardly propagating vaporization wave at the edge of the cloud will vaporize. In analogy with single drop theory the cloud radius is found to decrease acording to a “d2 law,” although with a modified vaporization constant for both purely vaporizing and burning clouds. The cloud interior in all cases remains in saturated, non vaporizing equilibrium at a temperature determined by ambient conditions. Burning occurs at a spherical diffusion flame front outside the cloud. The flame radius to cloud radius ratio is found to be constant and independent of the cloud radius and the droplet radius and number density within the cloud. An external ignition temperature is determined by considering the bifurcation of steady state solutions for single step, irreversible Arrhenius kinetics. At ignition the cloud interior reaches a new equilibrium which is still too cool and rich for single drop ignition. Under conditions of the present analysis a fuel cloud, if it burns at all, will do so with an external diffusion flame.
Wrinkle patterns of anisotropic crystal films on viscoelastic substrates

Abstract This paper presents a nonlinear mathematical model for evolution of wrinkle patterns of an anisotropic crystal film on a viscoelastic substrate layer. The underlying mechanism of wrinkling has been generally understood as a stress-driven instability. Previously, theoretical studies on wrinkling have assumed isotropic elastic properties for the film. Motivated by recent experimental observations of ordered wrinkle patterns in single-crystal thin films, this paper develops a theoretical model coupling anisotropic elastic deformation of a crystal film with viscoelastic deformation of a thin substrate layer. A linear perturbation analysis is performed to predict the onset of wrinkling instability and the initial evolution kinetics. An energy minimization method is adopted to analyze wrinkle patterns in the equilibrium states. For a cubic crystal film under an equi-biaxial compression, orthogonally ordered wrinkle patterns are predicted in both the initial stage and the equilibrium state. This is confirmed by numerical simulations of evolving wrinkle patterns. By varying the residual stresses in the film, numerical simulations show that a variety of wrinkle patterns (e.g., orthogonal, parallel, zigzag, and checkerboard patterns) emerge as a result of the competition between material anisotropy and stress anisotropy.
A muslim princess in the temples of Viṣṇu

I begin this essay with a story.1 It tells of the daughter of the Muslim Sultan of Delhi who falls in love with an icon of the Hindu god Visnu and follows it all the way to southern India, where she dies and gains posthumous beatitude within the Hindu temple. The tale is preserved, in slightly differing versions, in several pre-British South Indian Vais?ava texts and primarily relates to two major ?rivaisnava temples, the temple of Visnu Raggan?tha at Srirangam near Tricbi and the N?r?yanasv?mi temple at Melkote in Karnataka.2 The Delhi princess also turns up in other South Indian temples, as we will see. Viewing the Sudan's daughter in her medieval setting, I would like to show how this narrative offers reflections on the problematic relations of contending Hindu and Muslim elites, the incorporative possibilities of bhakti, and the space accorded to Islam within the established Hindu temples of late medieval South India.
Imperialism As the Highest Stage of Socialism

The Soviet Union was an empire-in the sense of being very big, bad, asymmetrical, hierarchical, heterogeneous, and doomed. It was also Utopia in power and a prison of the peoples (sentenced to life without parole or death through eventual fusion). But was it a modern colonial empire? Does it belong on the same trash heap as the Dutch, French, and British imperial states that consisted of a national core and overseas dependencies? Paula Michaels seems to think that it does, but does not explain why. Her essay describes the Soviet cleansing of Kazakh persons and practices, the "subjugation of Kazakh bodies to state medical authority," and the denigration of "traditional Kazakh social, cultural, and economic structures" by a state that "knew better than Kazakhs themselves how to care for their physical selves, their domiciles, and their villages." Since this sounds very much like the progress and health care that Foucault would bemoan and most modern states would promote, the question is whether there was anything specifically colonial or specifically Soviet about the way the campaign was conducted. On the colonial score, Michaels argues her case indirectly, by suggesting that the attempt by the modernizing Soviet state to civilize its citizens was also a "Russian effort to reshape Kazakhs in their own image," a crosscultural encounter between "Russian civilization" and Kazakh life. One could quibble that the anonymous doctor from the essay's opening lines might have been just as likely to pine for the Belorussian marshes, Caucasian peaks, or Ukrainian steppes as for the "dense birch forests" of Central Russia, or that the sinister-named agents of Russian cleanliness Minlos and Akodus were ably assisted by Nurpeisov, Tleugabylov, and Salim, but the general point seems valid and potentially very productive. Michaels does not pursue it, however, stating elsewhere that "the experiences of Kazakhstan and Central Asia mirror that of other regions, including rural Russia." This weakens her argument somewhat, it seems to me-for if medical authorities used the same "tools of empire" to sanitize Kazakh nomads and Slavic peasants, then what is the utility of ''colonial empire" as a comparative framework? One way to answer this question is to argue that mutual perceptions are as good a gauge of colonialism as the behavior of the medical missionaries or the shape of the state that bred them. Would Minlos and Akodus have described Tambov backwardness differently? Did most Kazakhs regard the alien healers as "Russian"? Would a "yes" on both counts strengthen the colonial argument? I expect so, but I would like to see more evidence.
Cardinalities of Residue Fields of Noetherian Integral Domains

We determine the relationship between the cardinality of a Noetherian integral domain and the cardinality of a residue field. One consequence of the main result is that it is provable in Zermelo–Fraenkel Set Theory with Choice (ZFC) that there is a Noetherian domain of cardinality ℵ1 with a finite residue field, but the statement “There is a Noetherian domain of cardinality ℵ2 with a finite residue field” is equivalent to the negation of the Continuum Hypothesis.
Differential flatness-based robust control of mobile robots in the presence of slip

Slip between the ground and wheel often cannot be avoided in most applications of mobile robots. However, a majority of controllers developed so far make a no-slip assumption with non-holonomic constraints. To achieve desired performance in the presence of slip, controllers that are robust to slip are required. In this paper, we discuss robust trajectory-tracking control for a differentially driven two-wheeled mobile robot. The structure of a differential flatness controller, which has shown distinctive advantages providing an integrated framework for planning and control, is extended to account for slip disturbances. It is shown that the differential flatness framework can be extended to develop a robust controller based on a dynamic as well as a kinematic model with slip. Simulation results for both kinematic and dynamic controllers are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the robust controllers. Experiments with the kinematic controller which is suited to typical laboratory and field mobile robots were conducted to validate the proposed robust controller. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed robust controllers are effective in the presence of slip.
Queueing network simulation analysis: efficient analysis of rare events association with individual buffers in a tandem Jackson network

Over the last decade, importance sampling has been a popular technique for the efficient estimation of rare event probabilities. This paper presents an approach for applying balanced likelihood ratio importance sampling to the problem of quantifying the probability that the content of the second buffer in a two node tandem Jackson network reaches some high level before it becomes empty. Heuristic importance sampling distributions are derived that can be used to estimate this overflow probability in cases where the first buffer capacity is finite or infinite. The proposed importance sampling distributions differ from previous balanced likelihood ratio methods in that they are specified as functions of the contents of the buffers. Empirical results indicate that the relative errors of these importance sampling estimators is bounded independent of the buffer size when the second server is the bottleneck and is bounded linearly in the buffer size otherwise.
Transdermal Oxymorphone Formulation Development and Methods for Evaluating Flux and Lag Times for Two Skin Permeation-Enhancing Vehicles

Oxymorphone is a candidate for transdermal delivery since it is a very potent analgesic, is not very effective orally, and has a short duration of action. In developing a transdermal delivery system, two criteria that were considered important were achieving adequate flux and minimizing the lag time. Oxymorphone skin permeation rates in vitro were very low unless skin permeation enhancers were included in the vehicle. After an initial screen of 17 formulations, two skin permeation-enhancing formulations were selected for further study. These were myristic acid:propylene glycol:oxymorphone base (A), and decylmethylsulfoxide:ethanol:water:oxymorphone.HCl (B). With either formulation and either human or hairless guinea pig skin, there was little dependence of either in vitro flux or lag time on the section of skin used (stratum corneum, epidermis, epidermis/dermis). There were significant differences between human skin and hairless guinea pig skin when comparing in vitro fluxes with the two formulations. With formulation A, fluxes through hairless guinea pig skin were three-to fivefold greater than through human skin. With B, however, fluxes through human skin were up to fivefold greater than through hairless guinea pig skin. In vitro lag times with A were generally long (approximately 24 h), whereas those with B were much lower (approximately 1 to 10 h). The species dependence of permeation enhancement and the differences in lag time between formulations could be related to differences in the mechanisms of permeation enhancement. In vivo lag times with the fatty acid:propylene glycol vehicle were estimated in hairless guinea pigs based on plasma oxymorphone concentrations. These were much lower than in vitro lag times.
Plant-derived pyrrolizidine alkaloid protects eggs of a moth (Utetheisa ornatrix) against a parasitoid wasp (Trichogramma ostriniae)

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA), sequestered by the moth Utetheisa ornatrix from its larval food plant, is transmitted by both males and females to the eggs. Males confer PA on the female by seminal infusion, and females pass this gift, together with PA that they themselves procured as larvae, to the eggs. Here we show that PA protects the eggs against parasitization by the chalcidoid wasp, Trichogramma ostriniae. Eggs laid subsequent to a first mating of an Utetheisa female receive most of their PA from the female. The amount they receive from the male is insufficient to provide for full protection. However, female Utetheisa are promiscuous and therefore likely to receive PA on a cumulative basis from their male partners.
Recognition using regions

This paper presents a unified framework for object detection, segmentation, and classification using regions. Region features are appealing in this context because: (1) they encode shape and scale information of objects naturally; (2) they are only mildly affected by background clutter. Regions have not been popular as features due to their sensitivity to segmentation errors. In this paper, we start by producing a robust bag of overlaid regions for each image using Arbeldez et al., CVPR 2009. Each region is represented by a rich set of image cues (shape, color and texture). We then learn region weights using a max-margin framework. In detection and segmentation, we apply a generalized Hough voting scheme to generate hypotheses of object locations, scales and support, followed by a verification classifier and a constrained segmenter on each hypothesis. The proposed approach significantly outperforms the state of the art on the ETHZ shape database(87.1% average detection rate compared to Ferrari et al. 's 67.2%), and achieves competitive performance on the Caltech 101 database.
Scaffolding students' knowledge integration: prompts for reflection in KIE

Encouraging students to be autonomous is an important goal of the scaffolded knowledge integration framework. Knowledge integration requires students to expand their repertoire of ideas but unless those ideas are reflected upon, they cannot be linked to and reconciled with current ideas. Students are capable of doing this kind of reflection but, many need scaffolding. Scaffolding here in the form of reflection prompts can help students be autonomous integrators of their knowledge. This research investigated learning and design questions. It determined whether reflection prompts promote knowledge integration for students working on science projects and investigated the effects of students' different dispositions on their reflection. It explored which characteristics of prompts best support students in knowledge integration. The learning results indicate that prompting students to reflect significantly increases knowledge integration in science projects. Yet similar prompts elicit qualitatively diverse resp...
Inositol and Mannose Utilization Rates in Term and Late-Preterm Infants Exceed Nutritional Intakes

Nonglucose carbohydrates such as mannose and inositol are important in early growth and development, although little is known about their metabolism. Our aim in this study was to determine the plasma appearance rates (Ra) for mannose and inositol in newborns as an index of utilization and as an improved guide to supplementation practices. We studied latepreterm (n = 9) and term (n = 5) infants (median 34 wk gestation, range 33–41 wk) using a multiple isotope infusion start time protocol to determine Ra for each carbohydrate. The plasma mannose concentration [median (range)] was 69.83 (48.60–111.75) mmol/L and the Ra was 0.59 (0.42–0.98) mmol×kg 21 ×min 21 (854 mmol×kg 21 ×d 21 ). The plasma inositol concentration was 175.74 (59.71–300.60) mmol/L and Ra was 1.06 (0.33–1.75) mmol×kg 21 ×min 21 (1521 mmol×kg 21 ×d 21 ). The Ra for mannose and inositol are .10-fold higher than the amounts a breast-fed infant typically ingests, which are ~6 mmol×kg 21 ×d 21 mannose and 150 mmol×kg 21 ×d 21 inositol. Thus, for both mannose and inositol, the newborn infant must produce these compounds from glucose at rates sufficient to meet nutritional requirements. J. Nutr. 139: 1648–1652, 2009.
Assessment of Social and Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Social and generalized anxiety disorders are commonly occurring psychiatric conditions. Accurate identification of the diagnosis is essential, given the substantial difference in treatment methods for each condition. This chapter covers assessment methods including structured and semi-structured interviews, clinician-administered severity rating scales, behavioral assessments, and self-report measures. Special attention is paid to complicating factors including: depression, substance use and abuse, personality disorders, cognitive functioning, and social skills.
The Perfect Prosodic Word in Danish

The Danish STOD, a kind of glottal prosody associated with certain syllables, as in bar ʔ n 'child' (cf. stodless barnlig 'childish'), has long been the target of intense phonological investigation. In this paper, we show that its analysis requires an understanding of the prosodic constituent structure of Danish, and of the essential role of the PERFECT PROSODIC WORD (coextensive with one foot). After motivating this notion on independent grounds, both in other languages and in the context of acquisition, we show that the Danish stod system, analyzed in Optimality Theory, provides a window on the workings of the perfect prosodic word, regulating the presence and absence of stod in some of the much-discussed cases in the literature. In conclusion, we discuss the status of the perfect prosodic word in the light of recent developments in phonological theory, such as Match Theory.
Ultrathin, metamaterial-based laser cavities

The negative-index property of double-negative metamaterials and the effective matching property of single-negative metamaterials are used to achieve ultrathin laser cavities. Open and partially closed cavities are considered. Resonant enhancement of the output fields is demonstrated in both cases with a variety of metamaterial combinations.
Density, Inmate Assaults, and Direct Supervision Jails:

Researchers have completed several studies on the effects of density on violence in prisons and jails, but little work has been done on density's impact on direct supervision jails. Direct supervis...
Standoff concealed explosives detection using millimeter-wave radar to sense surface shape anomalies

In this paper present the new concept for body-worm explosive detection has been presented. It consists of an array of reflectors producing narrow steerable beams, which is able to detect abrupt changes in the surface shape of the person. 2D-FDFD modeling has been performed to compute the electromagnetic response of a human body with and without metal pipes. The results show it is possible to associate abrupt changes at the human-body shape with abrupt changes in phase of received signal.
Effect of long-term bovine somatotropin (sometribove) treatment on nitrogen (protein) distribution in Jersey milk.

Abstract Twenty-six Jersey cows were assigned randomly to one of two treatments. Twelve cows received biweekly subcutaneous injection of 500mg of sometribove, USAN (recombinant methionyl bovine somatotropin), beginning 60±3 d postpartum and continuing throughout one lactation. Fourteen control animals received injections of placebo carrier. Milk samples were taken biweekly on weeks alternate to injection when differences in milk components were expected to be greatest compared with controls. The milk samples were analyzed for total nitrogen, noncasein nitrogen, and non-protein nitrogen. The average SCC for control and treatment groups was 44,000±47,000 and 56,000±65,000. Milk from sometribove-treated cows was significantly lower in total protein (3.92, 4.12%). true protein (3.74, 3.95%), and casein (3.11, 3.34%) than that from control cows on d 8 of the 14 d injection cycle. Casein as a percentage of true protein was lower (83.38, 84.52%), and non-protein nitrogen as a percentage of total nitrogen was higher (4.61, 4.26%) in milk from treated cows. The theoretical yield of Cheddar cheese was ca. .07% less for milk from treated cows than from control cows due to ca. 1% less casein as a percentage of true protein in the former. The differences in nitrogen distribution represent the response during the middle of the injection cycle when milk output was the highest and milk protein the lowest rather than the average response for the injection cycle. The results of the study indicate minimal impact on the cheese manufacturer because in practice milk is commingled from many dairies. The observed changes in the milk nitrogen distribution can not be attributed to the effects of negative energy or protein balance of the cows.
An experimental model of the solar-stimulated fluorescence of chromophoric dissolved organic matter

We present an experimental model of CDOM solar-stimulated fluorescence. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectra of natural waters were used to determine the solar-stimulated emission as a function of depth in the water column. Inclusion of the wavelength-dependent fluorescence quantum yield provides emission values in absolute units of photons s I cmp2 5 nm- I_ Attenuation of light in the water column was also modeled, allowing determination of total upwelled emission. The upwelled fluorescence is compared to irradiance reflectance calculated from a semianalytical model. The fluorescence contribution to reflectance in the blue-green to green region can be as high as 70% for blackwater but is rapidly reduced by the introduction of scattering particles. Except for blackwaters, CDOM fluorescence does not significantly affect irradiance reflectance ratios commonly used in remote-sensing applications. In water with moderate amounts of CDOM (absorption coefficient at 355 nm ~0.5 m-l), fluorescence will dominate water Raman scattering as a secondary influence on the light field in the green spectral region.
Processor subsystem interconnect architecture for a large symmetric multiprocessing system

Integral to the significant capacity growth of the IBM eServerTM z990 (the eighth-generation zSeries® CMOS-based server) from its predecessor z900 system is the interconnect architecture, which tightly couples 48 customer CPUs in the system. A major attribute of this architecture is a new "hot swap" feature which improves zSeries system availability for customers by permitting the substitution or addition of a field-replaceable unit (FRU) in the processor subsystem without requiring the system to be powered down. The novel two-level interconnect architecture contains a distributed switch which connects up to four processor-memory nodes in book packages. The book packages, which are also FRUs, are connected in a dual concentric ring topology at the second-level (L2) interconnect. This architecture also contains an integrated 32-MB L2 cache and central switch connecting up to eight dual-core processor chips in a star topology at the first-level interconnect inside one of these nodes. This paper describes the bus protocol on the second-level interconnect, the cache coherency management throughout the storage hierarchy, and the ring topology reconfiguration for hot swap. Also described is a memory, power management scheme to support the power demand from the 48 CPUs and up to 256 GB of memory.
NEUROSCIENCE AND THE FALLACIES OF FUNCTIONALISM

Smail's "On Deep History and the Brain" is rightly critical of the functionalist fallacies that have plagued evolutionary theory, sociobiology, and evolutionary psychology. However, his attempt to improve on these efforts relies on functional explanations that themselves oversimplify the lessons of neuroscience. In addition, like explanations in evolutionary psychology, they are highly speculative and cannot be confirmed or disproved by evidence. Neuroscience research is too diverse to yield a single picture of brain functioning. Some recent developments in neuroscience research, however, do suggest that cognitive processing provides a kind of “operating system” that can support a great diversity of cultural material. These developments include evidence of “top-down” processing in motor control, in visual processing, in speech recognition, and in “emotion regulation.” The constraints that such a system may place on cultural learning and transmission are worth investigating. At the same time, historians are well advised to remain wary of the pitfalls of functionalism.