cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in prostate-specific antigen doubling time (PSADT) prior to and after treatment with hormonal therapy (HT) in men with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer (BRPC): A preliminary analysis.

e15188 Background: PSADT is an important prognostic parameter in all clinical states of PCA. Intra -subject changes in PSADT prior to and after HT remains undefined. Methods: Men with rising serum ...
Film Melodrama and Opera: La Tosca in Italian Cinema

This article focuses on the relationship between film melodrama and opera from an intermedial perspective. In addition to drawing on relevant literature in the fields of intermediality and melodram...
Older and younger adults differently judge the similarity between negative affect terms

Objectives: Theoretical models of aging suggest changes across the adult lifespan in the capacity to differentiate emotions. Greater emotion differentiation is associated with advantages in terms o...
Relationships between tyrosine, phenylalanine, chlorogenic acid, and ascorbic acid concentrations and blackspot biochemical potential and blackspot susceptibility in stored russet potatoes.

Blackspot in potato is an internal tissue discoloration that occurs during handling and transport of potato tubers. Blackspot is cosmetically undesirable and represents a huge economic cost for the potato industry. The aim of this study was to test whether concentrations of certain metabolites in the potato tuber cortex could predict blackspot susceptibility.; Results: Seven russet potato varieties were stored for eight months at 8.8 °C. Stored tubers were subjected to mechanical impact and evaluated for blackspot susceptibility. A blackspot susceptibility index was calculated for each variety by determining an index for the percentage of the tuber cortex area that was covered with blackspot, and an index for the intensity of blackspot discoloration. Concentrations of tyrosine, chlorogenic acid, phenylalanine, and ascorbic acid, and blackspot biochemical potential of tubers to synthesize pigments were measured in the tuber cortex. Blackspot indices, metabolites concentrations and blackspot biochemical potential varied significantly between varieties. Tyrosine concentrations strongly, significantly, and positively correlated with blackspot biochemical potential. Phenylalanine concentrations showed good, significant, and positive correlation with blackspot biochemical potential and discoloration index. None of the analyzed metabolites correlated with blackspot susceptibility.; Conclusion: Concentrations of tyrosine and phenylalanine explained up to ∼80% of the variation in blackspot biochemical potential between varieties but did not correlate with blackspot susceptibility. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.; © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
TCL v. Ericsson: The First Major U.S. Top-Down FRAND Royalty Decision

On December 21, 2017, the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California released its long-awaited Memorandum of Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law in TCL Communications v. Ericsson. In a lengthy and carefully crafted decision, Judge James Selna sets forth some important new points regarding the calculation of fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) royalties for standards-essential patents (SEPs). Among other things, the decision offers a strong endorsement of “top down” methodologies for the calculation of SEP royalties, and makes significant use of the non-discrimination (ND) prong of the FRAND commitment in arriving at a FRAND royalty rate. Equally importantly, the case establishes that, for non-discrimination purposes, even low end vendors like TCL will be considered “similarly situated” to high end vendors like Apple, giving them the benefit of the rates that high end vendors can negotiate with SEP holders for far more expensive consumer products.
Wellbore Strengthening Models

This chapter presents theoretical models for the evaluation of wellbore strengthening based on plugging/bridging lost circulation fractures using LCMs. An analytical model and a finite-element numerical model are presented. The analytical model is developed based on linear elastic fracture mechanics. It can be used for a fast prediction of fracture pressure enhancement due to fracture bridging, considering near-wellbore stress concentration, in situ stress anisotropy, and different LCM bridge locations. It can also be used to perform quantitative parameter sensitivity analyses to illustrate the undying mechanisms of wellbore strengthening. However, the analytical model cannot provide detailed stress and displacement information local to the wellbore and fracture in wellbore strengthening treatments and it does not consider the porous nature of the formation. To this end, a poroelastic finite-element numerical model is also developed in this chapter. The finite-element model can be used to quantify near-wellbore stress and fracture geometry, before and after bridging fractures. Effects of various parameters are investigated through a comprehensive parametric study using the numerical model. Several useful implications for field applications are obtained based on the parametric study.
Cost of being a slum dweller in Nairobi: Living under dismal conditions but still paying a housing rent premium

Abstract The UN notes that the current global slum population of nearly one billion not only reflects “a rather unacceptable contemporary reality, but one whose numbers are continuously swelling.” Not surprisingly, its latest global development priorities, announced through its Sustainable Development Goals agenda in 2015, emphasize addressing the slum challenge in developing countries as a major goal. Our study focuses on gaining an in-depth understanding of the nature and extent of such slum challenge faced by Nairobi. Specifically, using data from a recent (2012–13) statistically representative survey, we conduct a systematic empirical analysis of the rental housing market conditions faced by households living in slum versus formal areas of Nairobi. Our analysis findings establish relevant benchmarking for key policy relevant measures against which to evaluate the efficacy of new policy initiatives. Taken together, our findings show that the households in Nairobi’s slum areas, compared to their counterparts in formal areas, are currently facing a substantial double jeopardy. On one hand, they face significant disparity gaps – about 24 percentage points in less coverage – across a myriad of housing and living condition indicators. For some basic services like water, toilet and public sewage disposal, the gaps are as high as 40–50 percentage points. On the other hand, we were able to quantify for the first time the extent of rent premium – about 16 percent – that Nairobi’s slum tenants are paying relative to their formal area counterparts, after adjusting for housing quality conditions. While our study’s primary goal was on demonstrating the presence and the extent of the double jeopardy, it also sheds important insights from normative policy perspectives. A novel insight here is that although formal tenure agreements are rare in Nairobi’s slums, the tenants do pay a rent premium of about 18 percent if they possess such agreements.
Model-driven design and evolution of non-trivial synthetic syntrophic pairs

Synthetic microbial communities are attractive for applied biotechnology and healthcare applications through their ability to efficiently partition complex metabolic functions. By pairing auxotrophic mutants in co-culture, nascent E. coli communities can be established where strain pairs are metabolically coupled. Intuitive synthetic communities have been demonstrated, but the full space of cross-feeding metabolites has yet to be explored. A novel algorithm, OptAux, was constructed to design 66 multi-knockout E. coli auxotrophic strains that require significant metabolite cross-feeding when paired in co-culture. Three OptAux predicted auxotrophic strains were co-cultured with an L-histidine auxotroph and validated via adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE). Time-course sequencing revealed the genetic changes employed by each strain to achieve higher community fitness and provided insights on mechanisms for sharing and adapting to the syntrophic niche. A community model of metabolism and gene expression was utilized to predict the relative community composition and fundamental characteristics of the evolved communities. This work presents a novel computational method to elucidate metabolic changes that empower community formation and thus guide the optimization of co-cultures for a desired application.
The Development of Marx’ Doctrine of Nature and Essence (1841–1845)

In order even to begin to understand correctly the theory of knowledge and the intimately related theory of social transformation which Marx held until 1845, we must first understand his all-important concept of essence and what it implies for his doctrine of nature. A careful study of these matters will reveal not only the degree to which Marx’ early views are metaphysical but also how far they actually are from a “social subjectivism”, which is the way his views are commonly characterized by such scholars as Lukacs, Schmidt, Jordan, and Kotakowski, who, however, in other respects differ considerably from each other.
An Introduction to X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Analysis in Archaeology

As I have discussed in the last chapter, our goal here is not to elucidate XRF for the entire scientific community – this has been done admirably by others – but to translate the physics, mechanics, and art of XRF for those in archaeology and geoarchaeology who use it as one of the many tools to explain the human past in twenty-first century archaeology. While not a simple exercise, it has utility not only for those like us, who have struggled (and enjoyed) the vagaries of XRF applications to archaeological problems, but for a greater archaeology. First, we trace the basic history of X-rays used in science and the development of XRF for geological and archaeological applications, and the role some major research institutions have played in the science. Following this is an explanation of XRF that, in concert with the glossary, illuminates the technology.
Lie Groups and Differential Equations

Lie groups and Lie algebras, because of their manifold—and therefore, differentiability—structure, find very natural applications in areas of physics and mathematics in which symmetry and differentiability play important roles. Lie himself started the subject by analyzing the symmetry of differential equations in the hope that a systematic method of solving them could be discovered. Later, Emmy Noether applied the same idea to variational problems involving symmetries and obtained one of the most beautiful pieces of mathematical physics: the relation between symmetries and conservation laws. More recently, generalizing the gauge invariance of electromagnetism, Yang and Mills have considered nonabelian gauge theories in which gauge invariance is governed by a nonabelian Lie group. Such theories have been successfully built for three of the four fundamental interactions: electromagnetism, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear. Furthermore, it has been possible to cast the fourth interaction, gravity—as described by Einstein’s general theory of relativity—in a language very similar to the other three interactions with the promise of unifying all four interactions into a single force. This chapter is devoted to a treatment of the first topic, application of Lie groups to DEs. The second topic, the calculus of variations and conservation laws, will be discussed in the next chapter. The third topic, that of gauge theories, is treated under the more general setting of fiber bundles in the last part of the book.
Measurement of airborne fungal spore dispersal from three types of flooring materials

Research was conducted in an experimental roomto measure the effect of human activity onairborne dispersal of settled fungal sporesfrom carpet and vinyl tile flooring. A seriesof experiments were conducted in whichcommercial loop pile carpet, residential cutpile carpet, or vinyl tile installed in theexperimental room were contaminated with Penicillium chrysogenum spores. The flooringmaterials were contaminated to two differentlevels (106 and 107 colony formingunits per square meter [c.f.u./m2] offlooring surface). Airborne culturable andtotal P. chrysogenum concentrations weremeasured using Andersen single-stage impactorsamplers and Burkard personal slide impactorsamplers, respectively. Bioaerosolconcentrations were measured at floor level, 1meter, and the adult breathing zone (1.5 meter)heights before and after human activityconsisting of walking in a prescribed patternfor 1 minute in the room. Airborne P.chrysogenum concentrations were greater withthe higher surface loading for all threeflooring materials. For all flooring materialsthere was no significant difference betweensampler locations, although the data from the1-meter location were the highest, followed bythe floor level and the breathing zonelocations, respectively. The data from theseexperiments indicate that while a very smallfraction of culturable P. chrysogenumspores present on flooring materials wereaerosolized by walking, relatively highairborne concentrations of spores maybere-entrained from contaminated materials. Theairborne P. chrysogenum concentrationswere significantly higher after walking on cutpile carpet than with the other two flooringmaterials at both contamination levels, withthe differences in concentration often ≥ 2orders of magnitude. No differences weremeasured in airborne culturable P.chrysogenum between vinyl flooring and looppile carpet at both contamination levels. Total spore data from the experiments with the107 c.f.u./m2 contamination levelindicated that walking on loop pile carpetproduced higher airborne spore concentrationsthan similarly contaminated vinyl tile althoughno significant difference was observed at the106 c.f.u./m2 level.
Extending Virtual Access: Promoting Engagement and Retention through Integrated Support Systems.

"Extending Virtual Access: Promoting Engagement and Retention through Integrated Support Systems" focuses upon expanding the scope of on-line instructional delivery to include academic support systems critical to ensuring that virtual learning environments are inclusive, accessible, instructive, and responsive to changing student needs. Using examples from the University of Illinois at Springfield's experience of on-line program expansion in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, this paper examines: benefits of and barriers to integrating extended programming; specific approaches that facilitate virtual support and outreach; and strategies to promote continuous student support for distant students. "Information technology can be the excuse and the means to move closer to educational goals that we have been unable to achieve for decades and to some new ones. With enough commitment of resources, thoughtful effort, patience, and luck, technology will help more than it hurts" (Teaching, Learning, and Technology Group [TLT Group], 2002, para. 24). One of the largest gaps in web-based higher education continues to be institutions' limited abilities to provide time and location-independent integrated access to the array of instructional support systems, services and programs required to facilitate successful articulation, persistence, and degree completion processes. Thorpe (2002) observed that support programming "...is the arena within which transformations in the nature and the scale of activities made feasible by online teaching ... [generate] widespread change in pedagogies and learning communities, and across institutions as a whole in open and distance learning" (p. 113). She defined critical systems as including "...all those elements capable of responding to a known learner or group of learners, before, during and after the learning process" (p. 109). Thorpe concluded her remarks emphasizing support services as critical "...to the meeting of needs that all learners have because they are central to high quality learning: [for example,] guidance about course choice, preparatory diagnosis, study skills, access to group learning in seminars and tutorials, and so on" (pp. 106 107). Carnwell and Harrington (in Yalama and Aydin, 2004) identified more specific support components, to include "... 1) activities that enable students to progress satisfactorily; 2) [instructional] strategies such as cognitive, affective, metacognitive and motivational, and 3) skills such as informing, advising, counseling, assessing, enabling and feeding back" (p. 2). Yalama and Aydin (2004) noted that inadequate mechanisms for ongoing affiliation, participation, and connectedness actually undermine instructional effectiveness, with the ultimate impact of fragmented support systems measured in elevated student attrition rates (p. 1). It is generally believed that student retention through academic program completion increases as
The Entropy Theory as a Decision Making Tool in Environmental and Water Resources

Since the development of the entropy theory by Shannon in the late 1940s and of the principle of maximum entropy (POME) by Jaynes in the late 1950s, there has been a proliferation of applications of entropy in a wide spectrum of areas, including environmental and water resources. The real impetus to entropy-based modelling in environmental and water resources was however provided in the early 1970s, and a great variety of entropy-based applications have since been reported and new applications continue to unfold. Most of these applications have, however, been in the realm of modelling and a relatively few applications have been reported on decision making. This note revisits the entropy theory and emphasizes its usefulness in the realm of decision making in environmental and water resources, and is concluded with comments on its implications in developing countries.
Prevalence and Predictors of Back-Transport Closer to Maternal Residence After Acute Neonatal Care in a Regional NICU.

Objectives To describe the demographics, clinical characteristics and referral patterns of premature infants to a regional level IV neonatal intensive care unit (NICU); to determine the prevalence and predictors of back-transport of infants ≤ 32 weeks gestational age in a level IV NICU; for infants not back-transported closer to maternal residence, determine the length of stay beyond attainment of clinical stability. Methods Data (2010–2014) from the Children’s Hospital Neonatal Database and individual chart review for infants ≤ 32 weeks admitted to a level IV NICU whose maternal residence was outside the metro area were included. Bivariate associations of maternal and infant characteristics with back-transport were estimated using two-sample t tests and Fisher’s exact test. Multivariable logistic regression was used to measure independent predictors of back-transport. Clinical stability was defined as the attainment of full volume enteral feedings and low flow nasal cannula. Results A total of 223 infants were eligible for analysis; of whom 26% were back-transported after acute care. In the adjusted analysis, insurance status, distance from maternal residence and gestational age were significantly associated with back-transport. For infants not back-transported closer to maternal residence, median length of stay in the level IV NICU beyond attainment of clinical stability was 28.5 days. Conclusion for Practice Predictors of back-transport include private insurance, greater distance of maternal residence from NICU and younger gestational age. Many preterm infants admitted to a regional NICU for acute care remained hospitalized in a level IV NICU after achieving clinical stability, for which care in a NICU closer to maternal residence may be appropriate.
Meltblown Structures Formed by Robotic and Meltblowing Integrated System: The Influence of the Curvature of Collector on the Structural Properties of Meltblown Fiberwebs:

Meltblown nonwovens have been produced as 2D web structures for a variety of end uses. Investigation into the development of 3D structures, has led to the integration of meltblown and robotic techn...
Galileo’s telescope

One of the most consequential inventions of modern times is the telescope. Almost immediately upon turning it to the skies, Galileo made discoveries that altered our perceptions of our place in the cosmos forever: features on the Moon, the rotation of the Sun, the composition of the Milky Way, the phases of Venus, and the four large moons of Jupiter.
The Activin Receptor, Activin-Like Kinase 4, Mediates Toxoplasma Gondii Activation of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1

To grow and cause disease, intracellular pathogens modulate host cell processes. Identifying these processes as well as the mechanisms used by the pathogens to manipulate them is important for the development of more effective therapeutics. As an example, the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii induces a wide variety of changes to its host cell, including altered membrane trafficking, cytoskeletal reorganization, and differential gene expression. Although several parasite molecules and their host targets have been identified that mediate- these changes, few are known to be required for parasite replication. One exception is the host cell transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), which is required for parasite replication in an oxygen-dependent manner. Toxoplasma activates HIF-1 by stabilizing the HIF-1α subunit, and this is dependent on the signaling from the Activin-Like Kinase (ALK) receptor superfamily. Here, we demonstrate that specific overexpression of the ALK family member, ALK4, increased HIF-1 activity in Toxoplasma-infected cells, and this increase required ALK4 kinase activity. Moreover, Toxoplasma stimulated ALK4 to dimerize with its co-receptor, ActRII, and also increased ALK4 kinase activity, thereby demonstrating that Toxoplasma activates the ALK4 receptor. ALK4 activation of HIF-1 was independent of canonical SMAD signaling but rather was dependent on the non-canonical Rho GTPase and JNK MAP kinase signaling pathways. Finally, Toxoplasma increased rates of ALK4 ubiquitination and turnover. These data provide the first evidence indicating that ALK4 signaling is a target for a microbial pathogen to manipulate its host cell.
Decision diagrams for solving traveling salesman problems with pickup and delivery in real time

Abstract The Traveling Salesman Problem with Pickup and Delivery seeks a minimum cost path with pickups preceding deliveries. It is important in on-demand last-mile logistics, such as ride sharing and meal delivery. We examine the use of low-width Decision Diagrams in a branch-and-bound with and without Assignment Problem inference duals as a primal heuristic for finding good solutions within strict time budgets. We show these diagrams can be more effective than similarly structured hybrid Constraint Programming techniques for real-time decision making.
Variation in surface decontamination practices among Michigan child care centers compared to state and national guidelines.

Abstract Background Environmental decontamination is one of the most effective methods to prevent transmission of infectious pathogens in child care centers (CCCs). Alongside state recommendations, national organizations—including the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)—offer best-practice policies. In Michigan, these sets of guidelines differ, and the extent to which CCC practices agree with either set of protocols is unknown. Methods A survey of environmental decontamination practices was administered at a professional meeting of CCC directors (N = 24) in a single Michigan county. CCC practices (eg, products, locations, frequencies) were compared to state and AAP guidelines. Bivariate analyses investigated CCC characteristics as predictors of decontamination policy agreement. Results CCC agreement with established policy was slightly higher for national AAP guidelines (66%) than Michigan standards (59%). The use of an outside child care health consultant was strongly associated with a significantly higher level of agreement with state decontamination policy (P = .01). Conclusion We noted substantial disagreement between county CCC practices and state/national guidelines, regardless of CCC size or director experience. Results highlight opportunities to improve CCC director familiarity with current state and nationally advised protocols, to consolidate state licensing and AAP guidelines, and to promote the use of child care health consultants.
Optimum first failure load design of one/two-core sandwich plates under blast loads, and their ultimate loads

Abstract We consider a sandwich plate with face sheets made of unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite with fibers being either glass, or carbon or aramid and the core made of balsa wood loaded by a blast pressure, and find optimal geometries and materials for maximizing the first failure load. While analyzing the problem, we assume that the areal density is fixed and use the Nest-Site Selection optimization algorithm, a third-order shear and normal deformable plate theory, a one-step stress recovery scheme, and the Tsai-Wu failure criterion. We also delineate the effect on the first failure load of inertia forces and uncertainties in values of various parameters. For a sandwich plate optimally designed for the first failure load, we find the ultimate load by progressively degrading elasticities of failed elements. We find that the optimal single-core sandwich designs are symmetric about the mid-surface with thick face sheets and the optimal two-core sandwich designs have a thin middle face sheet, and thick top and bottom face sheets. The first failure load of the optimal clamped single-core (two-core) design is approximately 20% (30%) more than that of the corresponding simply-supported plate. For simply-supported (clamped) sandwich structures, the failure initiates at the centroid (center of the clamped edge) of either the top or the bottom surfaces. It is also found that the first failure occurs in a face sheet (core) due to the in-plane transverse axial stress (transverse shear stress) exceeding its critical value. The collapse load of a clamped (simply-supported) sandwich structure is approximately 15%–30% (0%–17%) higher than the first failure load. The maximum deflection of the collapsed structure may be in a direction opposite to that of the applied load. A novelty of the work is in considering inertia effects in ascertaining the first and the ultimate failure loads and quantifying the benefits, if any, of two-core over one-core sandwich structures, and determining effects of uncertainties in values of parameters.
Nitrogen Mineralization in Mississippi River Deltaic Plain Freshwater Floating Marshes

The mineralization of soil organic nitrogen in two floating marshes types in Louisiana, USA with different vegetation and mat thickness (and biomass) was measured by incubating peat soil in situ in...
“Shouting Matches and Echo Chambers”: Perceived Identity Threats and Political Self-Censorship on Social Media

This mixed-methods study, conducted during the highly polarizing and uncivil 2016 U.S. presidential election, examines how college students’ conceptions of audience and the tone of discourse on social media informed their decisions to express or withhold political opinions. A preelection survey found that students ( N = 198) preferred to discuss political views offline rather than on social media. Postelection focus groups ( N = 196) found near consensus that posting political opinions on social media was an ineffective way to persuade others or break new ground in political dialogue. Participants perceived no benefit to sharing opinions that had already widely circulated within their politically homogenous social network, and they sought to avoid conflicts they witnessed when outspoken members of their networks engaged with people with whom they disagreed. We explore how students’ impression management and perceived identity threats led them to limit political expression on social media despite having strong interest in and feelings about the election.
Assessment of the Association of D2 Dopamine Receptor Gene and Reported Allele Frequencies With Alcohol Use Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Importance The association between the D2 dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) Taq1A locus (rs1800497) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) is enduring but the subject of long-standing controversy; meta-analysis of studies across 3 decades shows an association between rs1800497 and AUD, but genome-wide analyses have detected no role for rs1800497 in any phenotype. No evidence has emerged that rs1800497, which is located inANKK1, perturbs the expression or function ofDRD2. Objective To resolve contradictions in previous studies by identifying hidden confounders and assaying for functional effects of rs1800497 and other loci in theDRD2region. Data Sources PubMed (882 studies), Embase (1056 studies), and Web of Science (501 studies) databases were searched through August 2018. Three clinical populations—Finnish, Native American, and African American participants—were genotyped for 208 to 277 informative single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across theDRD2region to test the associations of SNPs in this region with AUD. Study Selection Eligible studies had diagnosis of AUD made by accepted criteria, reliable genotyping methods, sufficient genotype data to calculate odds ratios and 95% CIs, and availability of control allele frequencies or genotype frequencies. Data Extraction and Synthesis After meta-analysis of 62 studies, metaregression was performed to detect between-study heterogeneity and to explore the effects of moderators, including deviations of cases and controls from allele frequencies in large population databases (ExAC and 1000 Genomes). Linkage to AUD and the effect on gene expression of rs1800497 were evaluated in the context of other SNPs in theDRD2region. Data analysis was performed from August 2018 to March 2019. This study follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses reporting guideline. Main Outcomes and Measures The effects of rs1800497 and other SNPs in theDRD2region on gene expression were measured in human postmortem brain samples via differential allelic expression and evaluated in other tissues via publicly available expression quantitative locus data. Results A total of 62 studies ofDRD2and AUD with 16 294 participants were meta-analyzed. The rs1800497 SNP was associated with AUD (odds ratio, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.14-1.31;P Conclusions and Relevance In this meta-analysis, the significant association ofDRD2with AUD was reassessed. TheDRD2association was attributable to anomalously low control allele frequencies, not function, in positive studies. For genetic studies, statistical replication is not verification.
Application effect of mental nursing in clinical care of pediatric surgery

目的 研究心理护理在儿科护理中的实践情况及其效果分析。 方法 选择本院2015年10月至2016年10月收治100例患者为研究对象，平均随机分成对照组和观察组，每组50例。对照组采取常规护理，观察组在常规护理基础上采取心理护理。对比两组患者护理后的情况。 结果 观察组高效率为44.0%、总有效率为94.0%，高于对照组的32.0%、78.0%，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05)。观察组满意度明显较高于对照组（92.0%比76.0%)，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05)。 结论 在小儿外科的临床护理工作中在常规护理基础上采取心理护理能够取得较好的疗效和高价值的应用。
Spine Infections Reduced at Dedicated Orthopaedics and Spine Hospital

ABSTRACT Background: Previous studies stratified postoperative infection risk by patient comorbidities. However, it is unclear whether the incidence varies by surgical approach in a specialized orthopaedic setting. This study aims to compare infection rates and microbiologic characteristics of postoperative spine infections requiring return to the operating room for debridement by hospital setting: a dedicated orthopaedic and spine hospital versus a general hospital serving multiple surgical specialties. Methods: The study is a retrospective review of prospectively collected data. Procedures performed between March 2006 and August 2008 at the multispecialty university hospital were compared with cases at an orthopaedic specialty hospital from September 2008 through August 2016. The surgeons, residents, and patients were similar, but the operative venue changed in 2008. Results: The overall general university hospital infection rate was 2.03%, higher than the overall infection rate at the dedicated orthopaedic and spine hospital of 1.31% (P Conclusions: In transitioning from a multispecialty university hospital to a dedicated orthopaedic hospital, the incidence of postoperative spine infections was significantly reduced to 0.91%. Despite the change in venue, the proportion of Gram-negative infections (∼20%) following spine surgery did not significantly change. These results suggest improved infection rates during the course of the last 10 years with consistent proportions of Gram-negative infections. Level of Evidence: 3.
Control of craniofacial and brain development by Cullin3-RING ubiquitin ligases: Lessons from human disease genetics

Metazoan development relies on intricate cell differentiation, communication, and migration pathways, which ensure proper formation of specialized cell types, tissues, and organs. These pathways are crucially controlled by ubiquitylation, a reversible post-translational modification that regulates the stability, activity, localization, or interaction landscape of substrate proteins. Specificity of ubiquitylation is ensured by E3 ligases, which bind substrates and co-operate with E1 and E2 enzymes to mediate ubiquitin transfer. Cullin3-RING ligases (CRL3s) are a large class of multi-subunit E3s that have emerged as important regulators of cell differentiation and development. In particular, recent evidence from human disease genetics, animal models, and mechanistic studies have established their involvement in the control of craniofacial and brain development. Here, we summarize regulatory principles of CRL3 assembly, substrate recruitment, and ubiquitylation that allow this class of E3s to fulfill their manifold functions in development. We further review our current mechanistic understanding of how specific CRL3 complexes orchestrate neuroectodermal differentiation and highlight diseases associated with their dysregulation. Based on evidence from human disease genetics, we propose that other unknown CRL3 complexes must help coordinate craniofacial and brain development and discuss how combining emerging strategies from the field of disease gene discovery with biochemical and human pluripotent stem cell approaches will likely facilitate their identification.
How Not To Be in the Wrong Place at the Wrong Time: An Education Primer for Use with "Deposition of Centromeric Histone H3 Variant CENP-A/Cse4 into Chromatin Is Facilitated by Its C-Terminal Sumoylation".

Recent work by Kentaro Ohkuni and colleagues exemplifies how a series of molecular mechanisms contribute to a cellular outcome-equal distribution of chromosomes. Failure to maintain structural and numerical integrity of chromosomes is one contributing factor in genetic diseases such as cancer. Specifically, the authors investigated molecular events surrounding centromeric histone H3 variant Cse4 deposition-a process important for chromosome segregation, using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism. This study illustrates an example of a post-translational modification-sumoylation-regulating a cellular process and the concept of genetic interactions (e.g., synthetic dosage lethality). Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of using diverse experimental approaches in answering a few key research questions. The authors used molecular biology techniques (e.g., qPCR), biochemical experiments (e.g., Ni-NTA/8His protein purification), as well as genetic approaches to understand the regulation of Cse4. At a big-picture level, the study reveals how genetic changes can lead to subsequent molecular and cellular changes.
Real Time Level Ground Walking vs Stair-Climbing Locomotion Mode Detection

This paper presents a real-time classification method of ground-level walking and stair climbing, which is a crucial information of natural human locomotion in robotic prosthesis control. Two Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) were mounted on an earlier developed measurement exoskeleton system (one IMU in the shank and the other IMU on the thigh) to monitor the locomotion states. A pair of force-sensing resistors were also incorporated into the shoe insole for plantar pressure measurement. The sensors were interfaced with an STM32L476RG microcontroller powered by a rechargeable battery. The data collection was performed on two healthy subjects. Three features (Thigh IMU x-axis accelerometer minimum value, Shank IMU z-axis gyroscope maximum value, and x-axis gyroscope variance) were computed from the sensors signal. Classification of ground-level walking vs. stair climbing events was performed using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were obtained on the training set as 96.50%, 96.32%, and 96.66%, respectively. After implementing the classifier in the embedded system, the sensor system was tested in real-time for 26 minutes with an accuracy of 87.21%, the sensitivity of 90.48%, and the specificity of 86.75%. The results indicate that the system can detect the locomotion states with reasonable accuracy, which could be further implemented in determining the control strategy of a powered intelligent prosthesis in the real-time.
Connectivity patterns shape sensory representation in a cerebellum-like network

SUMMARY Cerebellum-like structures are found in many brains and share a basic fan-out–fan-in network architecture. How the specific structural features of these networks give rise to their learning function remains largely unknown. To investigate this structure–function relationship, we developed a realistic computational model of an empirically very well-characterized cerebellum-like structure, the Drosophila melanogaster mushroom body. We show how well-defined connectivity patterns between the Kenyon cells, the constituent neurons of the mushroom body, and their input projection neurons enable different functions. First, biases in the likelihoods at which individual projection neurons connect to Kenyon cells allow the mushroom body to prioritize the learning of particular, ethologically meaningful odors. Second, groups of projection neurons connecting preferentially to the same Kenyon cells facilitate the mushroom body generalizing across similar odors. Altogether, our results demonstrate how different connectivity patterns shape the representation space of a cerebellum-like network and impact its learning outcomes.
Imaging of Oncologic Treatment–Related Pneumonitis: A Focused Review on Emerging Issues of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Pneumonitis, From the AJR Special Series on Inflammation

Please see the Editorial Comment by Kyung Soo Lee discussing this article. Treatment-related pneumonitis represents a major challenge in oncology patients undergoing therapy, and imaging plays an e...
Washability of ultrafine coal

With increasing interest in the physical cleaning of fine coal, there is a need for extension of the sink-float analysis procedure to finer sizes. Problems arise, however, in ensuring complete dispersion of the particles in the heavy liquids. X procedure has been developed in which surfactants are used as dispersing agents, and solids concentration is minimized (using a simple formula to estimate the minimum weight needed for statistical reliability). Using centrifuges to increase separation rates and subsieve particle size analysis of the specific gravity fractions, a complete size-specific gravity distribution can be obtained. Analyses have been performed on coal samples as fine as −10 μn.
Community-based location inference in social media using supervised learning approach

Social media embed rich but noisy signals of physical locations of their users. Accurately inferring a user’s location can significantly improve the user’s experience on the social media and enable the development of new location-based applications. This paper adopts a supervised learning model—generalized additive model (GAM) to find the best community in a user’s online neighborhood to predict the user’s physical location. It proposes to use geographical proximity, structural proximity, and generic attribute metrics to characterize the goodness of the communities in the ego-net of a user and apply variable selection techniques to identify important community metrics for user location inference. Evaluating the effectiveness of GAM model with real social media data, we discover that GAM can choose better communities for location prediction than using an individual metric and GAM identifies median haversine distance, triangle participation ratio, and internal density as the top three significant metrics for community selection.
Does Gender Congruence Make a Difference in Female Members’ Volunteering Behaviors?

This article examines the association between gender congruence—the extent to which members and senior managers or leaders are of the same gender—and volunteering behaviors of members in membership associations. Recognizing several limitations, we find that greater gender congruence has a positive effect on the breadth of volunteering (number of activities) as well as the level of satisfaction associated with these activities among female members. However, gender congruence is neither significantly related to the likelihood of volunteering nor to the depth of volunteering. In other words, having female figures in leadership positions do not necessarily mean that female members will be more likely to volunteer or assume more intense volunteer responsibilities.
Comparison of 2D crystals formed by dissociative adsorption of fluorinated and nonfluorinated alkyl iodides on Cu(111)

We report the comparison of a series of 2D molecular crystals formed from the intermediates of the dehalogenation reaction of iodoethane versus various fluorinated iodoalkanes on Cu(111). High-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy enables us to distinguish the alkyl groups from the iodine atoms, and we find that the ethyl groups and iodine atoms formed from the dissociation of ethyl iodide are well mixed. However, fluorination of the alkyl tail changes this behavior and leads to local segregation of the two species on the surface. We postulate that the low-polarizability and relatively large dipole moment of the fluorinated species drive the ordered assemblies of the fluorinated alkyl species on the surface and discuss this in the context of how solvophobicity can drive the clustering of fluorinated groups and, hence, phase separation.
CBT-I for patients with depression

Abstract Insomnia is often viewed as one of a cluster of symptoms characteristic of major depression. However, research has demonstrated that the relationship between sleep and depression is much more complicated than previously suggested. In fact, insomnia often precedes a depressive episode and has been shown to predict its onset, and symptoms of insomnia can persist following remission of a depressive episode. CBT-I has generally been shown to be effective for individuals with comorbid insomnia and depression; however, the presence of depressive symptoms can sometimes complicate treatment delivery. Here, we review the most recent findings with regard to the relationship between insomnia and major depression, highlight effective approaches for the assessment of depressive symptoms and present recommendations on how to adapt CBT-I for individuals with symptoms of depression.
Mark Taylor-Batty et al. The Theatre of Harold Pinter

ABSTRACT: A brisk, thorough overview of the Nobel laureate’s career, a welcome contribution to Pinter studies, and an engaging retrospective. Not for readers expecting a focused theoretical argument, but for those who seek a broad literary appreciation of Pinter’s work.
Treatment patterns for osteoporosis in elderly women residing in the community and in long-term care facilities enrolled in Medicare

Objectives This study compared treatment patterns and identified predictors for treatment use for osteoporosis in long-term care facility (LTCF) and community-residing elderly women. Methods A cross-sectional study using female Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older with evidence of osteoporosis participating in the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey between 1998 and 2003 was conducted. Outcome variable was use of prescription drugs used to treat osteoporosis, including bisphosphonates, calcitonin, estrogen, teriparatide and selective estrogen-receptor modulator. The main independent variable was residential status identified from survey data. Key findings The study sample included 4912 community dwellers and 453 LTCF residents with evidence of osteoporosis. The overall prevalence of treatment was 50.3% for community dwellers and 42.9% for LTCF residents. However, LTCF residents were more likely to be treated compared with community dwellers when controlling for other factors. Advancing age, African-American race, higher body mass index, breast cancer, impaired vision, Alzheimer's disease and more limits in activities of daily living were negatively associated with osteoporosis treatment. Having both a diagnosis and self-report of osteoporosis, all geographic regions outside Northeast, higher education and income level, supplemental medical insurance plus prescription drug coverage, history of hysterectomy, and use of chronic glucocorticoids and thyroid hormone were positively associated with osteoporosis treatment. Prevalence of osteoporosis treatment in LTCF residents improved markedly over the study period driven largely by increased use of bisphosphonates. Conclusion Elderly women residing in LTCFs are more likely to receive osteoporosis treatment compared with their community-based counterparts when other factors are taken into consideration.
COBE observations of the microwave counterpart of GRBs

We have used the data from the COBE satellite to search for delayed microwave emission (31 - 90 GHz) from Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs). The large 7° beam of COBE is well matched to the large positional uncertainties in the GRB locations, although it also means that fluxes from (point source) GRB objects will be diluted. In view of this we are doing a statistical search of the GRBs which occurred during the currently released COBE DMR data (years 1990 and 1991), which overlap ∼ 200 GRBs recorded by GRO. Here we concentrate on just the top 10 GRBs (in peak counts/second). We obtain the limits on the emission by comparing the COBE fluxes before and after the GRB at the GRB location. Since it is thought that the microwave emission should lag the GRB event, we have searched the GRB position for emission in the few months following the GRB occurrence.
A Signal through OX40 (CD134) Allows Anergic, Autoreactive T Cells to Acquire Effector Cell Functions

To study mechanisms of peripheral self-tolerance, we injected small numbers of naive CD4(+) TCR-transgenic T cells into mice expressing the MHC/peptide ligand under the control of an MHC class II promoter. The donor T cells expand rapidly to very large numbers, acquire memory markers, and go out into tissues, but the animals remain healthy, and the accumulated T cells are profoundly anergic to restimulation with Ag in vitro. Provision of a costimulatory signal by coinjection of an agonist Ab to OX40 (CD134), a TNFR family member expressed on activated CD4 T cells, results in death of the mice within 12 days. TCR-transgenic T cells recovered at 5 days from anti-OX40-treated mice have a unique phenotype: they remain unresponsive to Ag in vitro, but they are larger, more granular, and strongly IL-2R positive. Some spontaneously secrete IFN-gamma directly ex vivo, and the majority make IFN-gamma in response to PMA and ionomycin. Although they are anergic by conventional tests requiring Ag recognition, they respond vigorously to cytokines, proliferating in response to IL-2, and secreting IFN-gamma when TCR signaling is bypassed with IL-12 and IL-18. We conclude that the costimulatory signal through OX40 allows otherwise harmless, proliferating, autoreactive T cells to acquire effector cell functions. The ability of these T cells to respond to cytokines by synthesizing additional inflammatory cytokines without a TCR signal may drive the fatal pathogenic process in vivo.