cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interval estimation for ratios in bioequivalence trials

The problem for assessment of equivalence in variability of bioavailability between two drug products is considered. An exact confidence region for the ratio between intrasubject variabilities is derived when the intersubject variance is known. When the intersubject variance is unknown, a large sample approximation is considered. The proposed method for assessing equivalence in variability of bioavailability appears to be asymptotically uncorrelated with the sample mean ratio for average bioavailabilty. As a result, the proposed method in conjunction with the sample mean ratio method can be utilized for assessing population bioequivalence. An example concerning a bioequivalence trial with 24 healthy volunteers is presented to illustrate the proposed method.
Transient hemiparesis caused by a left atrial myxoma in a child.

A previously healthy 4-year-old girl developed symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection with fever; she was evaluated by her pediatrician on the fifth day of the illness and antibiotics were started because of concern of pneumonia. Although she had transient improvement, she presented to a local emergency department on day 7 of the illness after she developed sudden onset of left facial droop and a limp while playing hide-and-seek with her grandfather. She was subsequently transferred to our institution where her examination was significant for lethargy, right-sided weakness with facial droop, and an unusual low-pitched middiastolic clunk or “tumor plop.” Electrocardiography demonstrated frequent premature ventricular contractions, especially when lying on her left side, and echocardiography demonstrated a large left atrial mass (Figure, A) that unfolded with long villi into the left ventricle during diastole (Figure, B). Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain failed to demonstrate evidence of an acute infarct. She then underwent emergency surgical resection of a large 8-cm myxomatous tumor that was adherent to the left atrial septum (Figure, C). Pathology demonstrated a villous myxoma. Blood and urine cultures produced negative results. Her postoperative course was uneventful and she was symptom-free for 1 year with repeated echocardiography; Holter monitor and electrocardiography were normal without evidence of recurrent arrhythmia.
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure with Spontaneous Respiration: A New Method of Increasing Arterial Oxygenation in the Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Seven infants 50 mm Hg in 100% O2, were candidates for mechanical ventilation and had probabilities of survival from 0–0.3 [STAHLMAN et al., New Engl. J. Med. 276: 303, 1967]. After application of CPAP up to 12 mm Hg, PaO2 rose at once in all. In 6/7 adequate oxygenation was maintained by CPAP until recovery; 1 died of IRDS despite use of CPAP and subsequent mechanical ventilation. The effect of CPAP on PaO2 was measured in the 7 infants and on 30/31 occasions PaO2 rose 10–300 mm Hg within 5 min. There were no consistent changes in arterial CO2 tension or pH. Aortic blood pressure was measured in all infants. Application of CPAP never caused narrowing of pulse pressure or fall in mean aortic pressure (Pao) but resulted in a rise in Pao in 8/20 occasions. In 3 infants serial measurements of the effects of CPAP on heart and respiratory rates, tidal volume, esophageal pressure and dynamic compliance, made on 9 occasions, showed no consistent changes. Less than 20% of the CPAP was transmitted to the intrathoracic space (by esophageal pressure). CPAP results in improved oxygenation in severe IRDS without mechanical ventilation, and without adverse effects on arterial CO2 tension, acid base or cardiovascular status or survival. (Supported in part by HEO 6285.)
Epicuticular waxes of Panicum miliaceum, Panicum texanum and Setaria italica

Abstract Leaf waxes from Panicum miliaceum , P. texanum and Setaria italica have been analysed; the principal components are hydrocarbons, esters, al
General managers are not generalists

dlC ost of us think of general managers as generalists. So do they. Most general managers (GMs) whom I have known felt that they could do a pretty good job of managing or advising nearly any organization-another division in their company, another company, a state or federal department, even a business school. They were not necessarily interested in doing so, but they felt that they and other really good managers could do so if they wanted. The underlying belief herethat a really well-prepared and competent “professional” manager can manage nearly anything-is probably shared by many others, including some business school academics. Nevertheless, data from a recent study strongly suggest that this belief is almost entirely wrong (see the box on page 6 for a description of the study). Almost all of the GMs I have met in the course of this study, and elsewhere, are highly specialized. That is, they have an unusual set of personal characteristics that closely fit the specific demands of the contexts in which they work. Those demands are in some ways similar for all GM situations, yet in other ways they are different; therefore, effective GMs are also very similar in some ways and quite different in other ways, The process of specialization that creates those similarities and differences seems to start nearly at birth and to continue
The icon of Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome: an image and its afterlife

Focussing on the icon of the church of Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, this article explores the re-use, replication and documentation of a medieval image in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The icon, a portrait of the Virgin and Christ attributed to the hand of St Luke the Evangelist, helped to reinforce both the Catholic cult of images and the cult of Mary, which had come under attack during the period of the Protestant Reformation. During this time, the copying and dispersion of the Roman image served various purposes: the reproductions reinforced the popularity of the original representation from Santa Maria Maggiore; the copies established political ties through diplomatic gift giving; and the replications played a significant role in the Catholic missionary programme, especially under the Jesuits. The popularity of the icon copies, encouraged by missionary zeal, miraculous occurrences, or authoritative texts, blurred the distinctions among prototype (the Virgin or Christ), holy image (the icon) and replica (the Counter-Reformation copy). (pp. 660–672)
Reentrant softening in perovskitelike superconductors

We suggest a model---reentrant elastic softening---that achieves three useful results. First, and principally, it reconciles existing sound-velocity--elastic-constant measurements with thermodynamics. Second, it leads to Debye characteristic temperatures that agree with those from specific-heat and phonon density-of-states determinations. Third, it links elastic-constant--temperature behavior in Y-Ba-Cu-O and La-Sr-Cu-O. The model predicts a superconducting-state elastic stiffness lower than the normal state.
13C NMR Spectroscopic and Density Functional Theory (DFT), ab Initio, and IGLO Theoretical Study of Protonated Cycloalkylcarboxylic Acids (Carboxonium Ions) and Their Acyl Cations (Oxocarbenium Ions)1

A series of protonated cycloalkylcarboxylic acids (carboxonium ions) and their corresponding acyl cations (oxocarbenium ions) were investigated in FSO3H−SbF5−SO2ClF solution by 13C NMR spectroscopy. The ions were also studied by density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio and IGLO theoretical methods. The study shows that the various cycloalkyl groups have little effect on the 13C NMR chemical shift of the carbocationic carbons of the ions. Charge calculations show that the delocalization into the cycloalkyl group is greater for the oxocarbenium ions than for the carboxonium ions. This is consistent with the greater electronic demand in oxocarbenium ions wherein one adjacent oxygen atom effects stabilization.
Transient lumped heat pipe analyses

Abstract A transient lumped heat pipe formulation for conventional heat pipes is presented and the lumped analytical solutions for different boundary conditions at the evaporator and condenser are given. For high temperature heat pipes with a radiative boundary condition at the condenser, a nonlinear ordinary differential equation is solved. In an attempt to reduce computer demands, a transient lumped conductive model has been developed for noncondensible gas-loaded heat pipes. The lumped flat-front transient model was extended by accounting for axial heat conduction across the sharp vapor-gas interface. The analytical solutions for conventional and gas-loaded heat pipes were compared with the corresponding numerical results of the full two-dimensional conservation equations and experimental data, with good agreement.
Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review

Agency theory is an important, yet controversial, theory. This paper reviews agency theory, its contributions to organization theory, and the extant empirical work and develops testable propositions. The conclusions are that agency theory (a) offers unique insight into information systems, outcome uncertainty, incentives, and risk and (b) is an empirically valid perspective, particularly when coupled with complementary perspectives. The principal recommendation is to incorporate an agency perspective in studies of the many problems having a cooperative structure.
ASTHMA AND GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is a term that describes the intermittent regurgitation of stomach contents into the esophagus. This term has been applied to physiologic or functional reflux and GER disease (GERD). GERD includes the spectrum of associated signs and symptoms associated with this condition, some of which have been recognized because of improved technologic and diagnostic capabilities. 19
Loop Transformations for Hierarchical Parallelism and Locality

The increasing depth of memory and parallelism hierarchies in future scalable computer systems poses many challenges to parallelizing compilers. In this paper, we address the problem of selecting and implementing iteration-reordering loop transformations for hierarchical parallelism and locality. We present a two-pass algorithm for selecting sequences of Block, Unimodular, Parallel, and Coalesce transformations for optimizing locality and parallelism for a specified parallelism hierarchy model. These general transformation sequences are implemented using a framework for iteration-reordering loop transformations that we developed in past work [15].
Effects of various physical stress factors on mitochondrial function and reactive oxygen species in rat spermatozoa.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of various physical interventions on the function of epididymal rat spermatozoa and determine whether there are correlations among these functional parameters. Epididymal rat spermatozoa were subjected to various mechanical (pipetting, centrifugation and Percoll gradient separation) and anisotonic conditions, and sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity (PMI), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated. Repeated pipetting caused a loss in motility, PMI and MMP (P < 0.05). Minimal centrifugation force (200g) had no effect on motility, PMI and MMP, whereas an increase in the centrifugation force to 400g or 600g decreased sperm function (P < 0.005). Percoll gradient separation increased total motility, PMI and MMP (P < 0.05). However, the spermatozoa that were subjected to mechanical interventions showed high susceptibility to a ROS stimulant (P < 0.005). Anisotonic conditions decreased motility, PMI and MMP, and hypotonic conditions in particular increased basal ROS (P < 0.05). In correlation tests, there were strong positive correlations among total motility, PMI and MMP, whereas ROS showed no or negatively weak correlations with the other parameters. In conclusion, the physical interventions may act as important variables, affecting functional parameters of epididymal rat spermatozoa. Therefore, careful consideration and proper protocols for handling of rat spermatozoa and osmotic conditions are required to achieve reliable results and minimise damage.
Gamma/delta T-cell lymphoma as a recurrent complication after transplantation.

We present a case of gamma-delta (γδ) T-cell lymphoma as a recurrent event in a pediatric liver transplant recipient. Liver transplantation was performed during infancy in an 18-month-old black girl because of cryptogenic cirrhosis. The patient received immunosuppression with cyclosporine and prednisone. Five years after transplantation, the patient was found to have a γδ T-cell lymphoma located in retroperitoneal nodes. She received chemotherapy and did well, remaining disease-free for 6 years. She remained only on prednisone for prevention of graft rejection, but was noted to have a non-tender skin nodule that upon biopsy proved to be again a γδ T-cell lymphoma. However, comparison of tissue from both tumors revealed that the second occurrence of this malignancy was a de novo event, differing from the first by immunophenotypic and immunohistochemical characteristics, and TCR rearrangement. The patient continues to do well, without evidence of disease recurrence, after being treated again with chemothera...
Adjusting for multiple comparisons in decision tree pruning

Pruning is a common technique to avoid overfitting in decision trees. Most pruning techniques do not account for one important factor — multiple comparisons. Multiple comparisons occur when an induction algorithm examines several candidate models and selects the one that best accords with the data. Making multiple comparisons produces incorrect inferences about model accuracy. We examine a method that adjusts for multiple comparisons when pruning decision trees - Bonferroni pruning. In experiments with artificial and realistic datasets, Bonferroni pruning produces smaller trees that are at least as accurate as trees pruned using other common approaches.
MeCP2 regulates the timing of critical period plasticity that shapes functional connectivity in primary visual cortex

Mutations in methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) cause Rett syndrome, an autism spectrum-associated disorder with a host of neurological and sensory symptoms, but the pathogenic mechanisms remain elusive. Neuronal circuits are shaped by experience during critical periods of heightened plasticity. The maturation of cortical GABA inhibitory circuitry, the parvalbumin+ (PV+) fast-spiking interneurons in particular, is a key component that regulates the initiation and termination of the critical period. Using MeCP2-null mice, we examined experience-dependent development of neural circuits in the primary visual cortex. The functional maturation of parvalbumin interneurons was accelerated upon vision onset, as indicated by elevated GABA synthetic enzymes, vesicular GABA transporter, perineuronal nets, and enhanced GABA transmission among PV interneurons. These changes correlated with a precocious onset and closure of critical period and deficient binocular visual function in mature animals. Reduction of GAD67 expression rescued the precocious opening of the critical period, suggesting its major role in MECP2-mediated regulation of experience-driven circuit development. Our results identify molecular changes in a defined cortical cell type and link aberrant developmental trajectory to functional deficits in a model of neuropsychiatric disorder.
Outcome of Surgical and Medical Management of Cecal Impaction in 150 Horses (1991-2011).

Objective To evaluate short- and long-term outcome after medical and surgical management of horses with cecal impaction and to determine reasons for death or euthanasia. Study Design Retrospective case series. Animals Horses (n = 150). Methods Data collected from medical records (1991–2011) of horses with a diagnosis of cecal impaction, included signalment, history of recent disease/surgical procedure, admission data, management (medical, typhlotomy alone, jejunocolostomy), complications, and outcome. Short-term outcome (alive or dead at discharge) and long-term outcome (alive or dead at ≥1 year) were determined by telephone interview. Data were analyzed using a χ2 or Fisher's exact test. Level of significance was P < .05. Results Of 150 horses hospitalized with a diagnosis of cecal impaction, 102 (68%) had a history of recent disease or a surgical procedure. Thirty-eight horses (25%) had cecal perforation at admission and 3 horses (2%) were euthanatized without treatment. Of 109 horses treated, 59 (54%) were managed medically and 50 (46%) surgically (typhlotomy [26]; jejunocolostomy [24]). The proportion of horses alive at hospital discharge was significantly lower for horses managed medically (61%) compared with surgically (82%; P = .02) but there was no difference between horses managed with typhlotomy alone (77%) or with jejunocolostomy (88%; P = .47). There were 57% of horses managed medically alive at 1 year. There was a similar proportion of horses alive at 1 year after typhlotomy alone (73%) and jejunocolostomy (70%; P = .86). Conclusions Compared to the recent reports, the proportion of horses alive at hospital discharge was lower for both medically and surgically managed horses with cecal impaction. There was decreased survival for horses treated medically than those treated surgically; however, no significant difference was seen in survival between horses managed with typhlotomy alone versus jejunocolostomy.
Factors Influencing the Feeding Value of Rice Bran for Chickens

Abstract When rice bran was used at 60% of the diet to replace corn as an energy source in diets containing fish meal or soybean meal, growth of chicks was depressed by approximately 30%. There was no evidence that there was interference in trace mineral availability. The growth-depressing factor could not be extracted with hexane or methanol. The addition of casein or soybean oil to the diet containing 60% rice bran caused no improvement in growth. Autoclaving or steaming the rice bran caused a marked improvement in growth indicating a destruction of the growth-depressing factor. The weight of the pancreas of chicks fed rice bran was significantly greater than that of control birds. The growth-depressing effect of rice bran was noted both in diets containing fish meal and soybean meal as the source of protein.
CONTROL OF OXIDATION POTENTIAL FOR BASALT REPOSITORY SIMULATION TESTS

Borosilicate waste glass durability in simulated repository environments can be assessed by use of static tests in leach vessels fabricated of the representative geomedia. Control of the oxidation potential during the test simulates a basalt repository environment. Under very anoxic conditions (i.e., at negative Eh values) the interactions between basalt and SRP waste glass in silica-saturated basaltic groundwaters are the same as those of basalt and groundwater when no waste glass is present. The lack of significant leaching of ions from the waste glass and the lack of any significant changes in either the leached surfaces of glass or basalt under anoxic conditions suggests that the components of this system are at equilibrium when oxygen is absent.
Anti-Admissible Sets

Aczel's theory of hypersets provides an interesting alternative to the standard view of sets as inductively constructed, well-founded objects, thus providing a convienent formalism in which to consider non-well-founded versions of classically well-founded constructions, such as the “circular logic” of [3], This theory and ZFC are mutually interpretable; in particular, any model of ZFC has a canonical “extension” to a non-well-founded universe. The construction of this model does not immediately generalize to weaker set theories such as the theory of admissible sets. In this paper, we formulate a version of Aczel's antifoundation axiom suitable for the theory of admissible sets. We investigate the properties of models of the axiom system KPU−, that is, KPU with foundation replaced by an appropriate strengthening of the extensionality axiom. Finally, we forge connections between “non-wellfounded sets over the admissible set A” and the fragment LA of the modal language L ∞.
Rater training revisited: An updated meta-analytic review of frame-of-reference training

The present study updates Woehr and Huffcutt's (1994) rater training meta-analysis and demonstrates that frame-of-reference (FOR) training is an effective method of improving rating accuracy. The current meta-analysis includes over four times as many studies as included in the Woehr and Huffcutt meta-analysis and also provides a snapshot of current rater training studies. The present meta-analysis also extends the previous meta-analysis by showing that not all operationalizations of accuracy are equally improved by FOR training; Borman's differential accuracy appears to be the most improved by FOR training, along with behavioural accuracy, which provides a snapshot into the cognitive processes of the raters. We also investigate the extent to which FOR training protocols differ, the implications of protocol differences, and if the criteria of interest to FOR researchers have changed over time.
Ligand Engineering of Polymer Nanocomposites: From the Simple to the Complex

One key to optimizing the performance of polymer nanocomposites for high-tech applications is surface ligand engineering of the nanofiller, which has been used to either tune the nanofiller morphology or introduce additional functionalities. Ligand engineering can be relatively simple such as a single population of short molecules on the nanoparticle surface designed for matrix compatibility. It can also have complexity that includes bimodal (or multimodal) populations of ligands that enable relatively independent control of enthalpic and entropic interactions between the nanofiller and matrix as well as introduce additional functionality and dynamic control. In this Spotlight on Applications, we provide a brief review into the use of brush ligands to tune the thermodynamic interactions between nanofiller and matrix and then focus on the potential for surface ligand engineering to create exciting nanocomposites properties for optoelectronic and dielectric applications.
An Objective Analysis of Tornado Risk in the United States

AbstractIn this paper, an objective analysis of spatial tornado risk in the United States is performed, using a somewhat different dataset than in some previous tornado climatologies. The focus is on significant tornadoes because their reporting frequency has remained fairly stable for several decades. Also, data before 1973 are excluded, since those tornadoes were rated after the fact and were often overrated. Tornado pathlength within the vicinity of a grid point is used to show tornado risk, as opposed to tornado days or the total number of reported tornadoes. The possibility that many tornadoes in the Great Plains were underrated due to the lack of damage indicators, causing a low bias in the number of significant tornadoes there, is mostly discounted through several analyses. The kernel density analysis of 1973–2011 significant tornadoes performed herein shows that the area of highest risk for tornadoes in the United States extends roughly from Oklahoma to Tennessee and northwestern Georgia, with the...
Gender and the Relationship between Parent Role Quality and Psychological Distress: A Study of Men and Women in Dual-Earner Couples

The association between parent role quality and psychological distress is examined in a sample of 180 full-time employed dual-earner couples, controlling for such individual-level variables as age, education, occupational prestige, and marital quality and for such couple-level variables as length of marriage, household income, and number, ages, and sex of children. The magnitude of this effect is compared for men and for women. Results indicate that parent role quality is significantly negatively associated with psychological distress for men as well as for women and that the magnitude of the effect depends little, if at all, on gender, casting doubt on the widely held view that parenting experiences more significantly influence women's mental health states than men's. The results are discussed in the context of the converging roles played by men and women in dual-earner couples.
Test design compilers complement top down ASIC design

To help the test engineer and the ASIC designer implement testable designs, a set of design tools, known as Test Design Compilers, have been developed to complement a top down design approach. These tools allow test functions to be incorporated and simulated in the earliest design specifications while requiring a minimal effort by the designer. The test compilers generate synthesizable behavioral models that can then be ported to a number of simulation and synthesis environments via the VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL). This paper describes the test compilers that have been developed and implemented into a top down ASIC design environment. The design environment is described, along with the top down approach being used. Next, the test compilers are described along with example applications of the test produced by the compilers. >
Impact of Satellite Observations on the Tropical Cyclone Track Forecasts of the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System

Abstract The tropical cyclone (TC) track forecasts of the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) were evaluated for a number of data assimilation experiments conducted using observational data from two periods: 4 July–31 October 2005 and 1 August–30 September 2006. The experiments were designed to illustrate the impact of different types of satellite observations on the NOGAPS TC track forecasts. The satellite observations assimilated in these experiments consisted of feature-track winds from geostationary and polar-orbiting satellites, Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) total column precipitable water and wind speeds, Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) radiances, and Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) and European Remote Sensing Satellite-2 (ERS-2) scatterometer winds. There were some differences between the results from basin to basin and from year to year, but the combined results for the 2005 and 2006 test periods for the North Pacific and Atlantic Ocean basins indica...
Design of an optimum anti-G suit controller using an adaptive feedforward control scheme

An effort was made to design an anti-G suit valve controller based on ideal pressure profiles. A computer simulation of the cardiovascular model developed at Wright State University was used to obtain the optimal pressure profiles. The model developed by Jaron and Chu (1984) was used for this simulation. The simulation results show that an optimal duration for the pressure profiles that provides the maximum Gz tolerance exists. The results clearly contradict the belief that the faster the suit filling, the better the design and higher the G-tolerance. An anti-G suit valve controller using an adaptive feedforward control scheme was designed to produce the ideal pressure profiles. >
Long-UV excited white-emitting phosphors

In this work we have developed white-emitting phosphors that can be activated at long UV wavelengths. A blend of EuAlO 3 :Eu 3+ (red), EuAlO 3 :Eu 2+ (green) and Y 2 SiO 5 :Ce 3+ (blue), prepared by the combustion synthesis technique, yielded a white luminescence spectrum that can be stimulated with long wavelength UV photons. White emission from rare earth doped single-host yttrium oxyorthosilicates, has been also investigated. (Y 0.9625 Ce 0.0075 Tb 0.03 ) 2 SiO 5 exhibits an efficient, nearly D 65 , white emission with chromaticity x=0.225, y=0.320 due to a non-radiative (inductive) energy transfer between Ce 3+ and Tb 3+ .
Variation in the abundance of pico, nano, and microplankton in Lake Michigan: Historic and basin-wide comparisons

Abstract The Lake Michigan ecosystem has undergone numerous, systemic changes (reduced nutrient, changing climate, invasive mussels) that have altered portions of the food web and thus, appear to have changed the lake's trophic state. That said, little is known about the components of the microbial food web (MFW, heterotrophic and phototrophic pico, nano, and micro-plankton), which we hypothesized have compensated as a food source for crustacean zooplankton given the recent declines in the biomass of large phytoplankton (mainly diatoms). Therefore, we measured the abundance of the entire MFW using complementary microscopic techniques, flow cytometry, and size fractionated chlorophyll concentrations at sites in northern and southern Lake Michigan, and one site in Lake Superior; the latter site served as a benchmark for oligotrophic conditions. In addition, a historic comparison was made between 1987 and 2013 for the southern Lake Michigan site. Ppico numbers (i.e., picocyanobacteria) in 2013 were lower compared with those in the 1980s; however, the percent contribution of the 50% of total chlorophyll). The abundance of small, pigmented chrysomonads and cryptomonads (Pnano size category) was not significantly different between 1987 and 2013 at the same time Pmicro did decline; this shift towards Ppico and Pnano dominance may be related to the recent oligotrophication of Lake Michigan. The abundance of ciliated protists (Hmicro size class) was 3-fold lower in 2013 compared with levels in 1987, while the abundance of both Hpico (eubacteria, range 0.24–1.36 × 10 6 cells mL − 1 ) and Hnano (mainly colorless chrysomonads; range 0.11–6.4 × 10 3 cells mL − 1 ) remained stable and reflected the resilience of bacteria–flagellate trophic linkage.
Measurement: A Systems Approach

It has become popular in philosophical literature to refer to a certain formulation of the problem of induction as ‘Hume’s problem’, with the inevitable questioning whether Hume actually had such a problem as the formulator proposes. I should characterize the central theme of TEI as a concern with ‘Kant’s problem’, with the inevitable admission that Kant himself never faced the problem as I formulated it. ‘Kant’s problem’ is stated exactly in the middle of the text: ... we now seem forced to the following paradoxical conclusions: 1. We must agree with Kant that the construction of an intelligible world out of the immediacies of sensation demands a certain a priori equipment, i.e., demands the assumption of certain principles not derivable from the elementary facts of experience. 2. But we must disagree with Kant that a priori laws are known intuitively, and that their verification is independent of observation.
Unsupervised Medical Subject Heading Assignment Using Output Label Co-occurrence Statistics and Semantic Predications.

Librarians at the National Library of Medicine tag each biomedical abstract to be indexed by their Pubmed information system with terms from the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terminology. The MeSH terminology has over 26,000 terms and indexers look at each article’s full text to assign a set of most suitable terms for indexing it. Several recent automated attempts focused on using the article title and abstract text to identify MeSH terms for the corresponding article. Most of these approaches used supervised machine learning techniques that use already indexed articles and the corresponding MeSH terms. In this paper, we present a novel unsupervised approach using named entity recognition, relationship extraction, and output label co-occurrence frequencies of MeSH term pairs from the existing set of 22 million articles already indexed with MeSH terms by librarians at NLM. The main goal of our study is to gauge the potential of output label co-occurrence statistics and relationships extracted from free text in unsupervised indexing approaches. Especially, in biomedical domains, output label co-occurrences are generally easier to obtain than training data involving document and label set pairs owing to the sensitive nature of textual documents containing protected health information. Our methods achieve a micro F-score that is comparable to those obtained using supervised machine learning techniques with training data consisting of document label set pairs. Baseline comparisons reveal strong prospects for further research in exploiting label co-occurrences and relationships extracted from free text in recommending terms for indexing biomedical articles.
Neuronal NOS provides nitrergic inhibitory neurotransmitter in mouse lower esophageal sphincter

To identify the enzymatic source of nitric oxide (NO) in the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), studies were performed in wild-type and genetically engineered endothelial nitric oxide synthase [eNOS(−)] and neuronal NOS [nNOS(−)] mice. Under nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) conditions, LES ring preparations developed spontaneous tone in all animals. In the wild-type mice, electrical field stimulation produced frequency-dependent intrastimulus relaxation and a poststimulus rebound contraction. NOS inhibitorN ω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (100 μM) abolished intrastimulus relaxation and rebound contraction. In nNOS(−) mice, both the intrastimulus relaxation and rebound contraction were absent. However, in eNOS(−) mice there was no significant difference in either the relaxation or rebound contraction from the wild-type animal. Both nNOS(−) and eNOS(−) tissues showed concentration-dependent relaxation to NO donor diethylenetriamine-NO and there was no difference in the sensitivity to the NO donor in nNOS(...
Physical and Mental Health Among Cancer Survivors Considerations for Long-Term Care and Quality of Life

The physical and mental health of cancer patients needs to be addressed not only during active treatment but also throughout the continuum of survivorship care. This commentary provides an overview of issues pertinent to cancer survivors, with an emphasis on mental health issues and recommendations for annual clinical screening and monitoring using recently published guidelines from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
Electron-Transfer Processes in 3,4-Diferrocenylpyrroles: Insight into a Missing Piece of the Polyferrocenyl-Containing Pyrroles Family

3,4-Diiodo-1-(triisopropylsilyl)-1H-pyrrole (1), 3,4-diferrocenyl-1-(triisopropylsilyl)-1H-pyrrole (2), and 3,4-diferrocenyl-1H-pyrrole (3) were prepared and characterized using spectroscopic methods and X-ray crystallography. UV–vis spectra of 2 and 3 were correlated with their density functional theory (DFT)-calculated electronic structures as well as theoretically predicted by the time-dependent (TD) DFT-calculations vertical excitation energies. Redox properties of 2 and 3 were investigated using cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and spectroelectrochemical approaches. Ferrocene-centered oxidation processes in 2 and 3 were found to be separated by ∼180 and ∼300 mV in DCM/TBAP and DCM/(NBu4)[B(C6F5)4] systems, respectively. Stepwise spectroelectrochemical oxidation of 2 and 3 allowed us to obtain spectroscopic signatures of the mixed-valence [2]+ and [3]+ cations. Hush analysis of the intervalence charge-transfer band in [2]+ and [3]+ is suggestive of class II (in Robin and Day classif...
On the Accuracy of Insecticide Efficacy Reports

In statistical analyses of simulated insecticide efficacy trials it was found that changes in distribution of target insects caused by reductions in abundance may result in incorrect inferences. The severity of the problem is directly related to the index of aggregation from Taylor's power law. Thus, highly aggregated species, such as many pests, are likely to be inconsistently sampled, with the result that insecticide efficacy trials may suggest an incorrect conclusion with far higher probability than the nominal significance level. Transformation of the data and the use of measures of mortality such as Abbott's method do little to alleviate the problem. A simple enumeration of test reports in Insecticide & Acaricide Tests (Entomological Society of America, College Park, Md.) suggests that a large proportion of tests in the literature may be erroneous, some completely incorrect.
Studies of Maternal Retrieving in Rats I: Recognition of Young

Many naturalistic reports indicate that lactating females of many mammalian species are capable of discriminating between their own offspring and other young of the same age. “Recognition behavior” of this sort has been reported to occur in the Alaskan fur seal (Bonnot, 1929; Preble, 1923), elephant seals (Hamilton, 1934), domestic sheep (Fraser, 1937; Scott, 1945), Dall sheep of Mt. McKinley (Murie, 1944), red deer of Scotland (Darling, 1937), American elk (Altmann, 1926), and mule deer (Linsdale and Tomich, 1953). The most extensive investigation of maternal behavior in the laboratory rat lead Wiesner and Sheard (1933) to conclude that similar discrimination does not occur in this species. In studies of maternal activity in the rat ( Rattus norvegicus ), the senior author became convinced that some female rats do react selectively to their own young. The present study was conducted to determine whether or not discrimination does occur, and to discover if possible the nature of the cues involved. This study is part of a larger investigation conducted in the Department of Animal Behavior at the American Museum of Natural History and supported by a grant from the Committee for Research in Problems of Sex, National Research Council. Subjects and methods .—Ten primiparous and six multiparous female rats of a strain derived from Wistar stock served as experimental subjects. No differences were found between the maternal reaction of multiparous and primiparous individuals, and the results of their tests have therefore been combined. Approximately five days prepartum each pregnant female was placed in an observation cage …
Improved knife-holders for thin-sectioning with rotary microtomes.

SummaryA modification of the knite holder for thin-sectioning microtomes has been described. A cam and lever arrangement, timed with the cutting cycle, advances the knife edge to the cutting position on the down stroke of the instrument and withdraws the knife edge approximately one-half mm on the return stroke. This modification permits the routine cutting of serial ribbons of uniform thinness. The ribbons are flattened upon the surface of an acetone-water meniscus and can be lifted directly on to suitably coated wire grids for electron microscopy. Sections as thin as 0.025 /x have been prepared routinely.
The Disturbance and Protection for Digital Measurement

Digital measurements are widely used in engineering measurement,scientific experiment,electric power,national defense and measurement test,and play an important role in measure technology.According to the practical application,this paper analyzes the main factors producing disturbances to the digital measurements.Following that,both series and common mode disturbances and their characteristics are presented,also with the primary methods to restrain those disturbances.Finally,based upon the practical application of digital measurements,effective protecting measures are provided.
Fractures and Dislocations Encountered by the General Surgeon: General Principles

The general surgeon is often the first physician to see injured patients, especially those with multiple trauma. Consequently, it is important that he understand the diagnosis and the emergency treatment of fractures, particularly those of the back and extremities.
Compressive ladar detector noise performance

In scanning LADAR (SL) systems, a laser illuminates a small scene region and the receiver optics limits the field of view to restrict the amount of background light entering the aperture. As presented in earlier work [1], a Compressive LADAR (CL) illuminates a much larger region, all of which is also contained in the receiver field of view. If the CL is operated during daytime, this wider field of view can admit substantial background radiation, which degrades SNR. Several other noise sources can also affect pulse detection in the compressive measurements. In this paper, we present a detailed detector model and characterize CL performance for various signal level and SNR conditions.
Developing ABET criteria for undergraduate cybersecurity programs

This special session will introduce current work on program criteria currently being developed for use by ABET in accrediting undergraduate cybersecurity programs. It will provide a status report on current efforts in this area, along with expectations for future development and deployment of these criteria.
Transformations of Random Variables

This chapter presents a generalized version of the univariate change-of-variable technique for transforming continuous random variables. Extending a theorem from Casella and Berger [16] for many–to–1 transformations, we consider more general univariate transformations. Specifically, the transformation can range from 1–to–1 to many–to–1 on various subsets of the support of the random variable of interest. We also present an implementation of the theorem in APPL and present four examples.
Association among practice frequency on depression and stress among competitive US male wheelchair rugby athletes with tetraplegia

Cross-sectional. To determine whether frequency of training is related to self-reported lower psychological distress, defined as depressive symptomology and perceived stress, among the US male wheelchair rugby athletes with tetraplegia. United States. Survey data were collected on a convenience sample at wheelchair rugby tournaments from January–April 2016. Participants self-reported depressive symptomology (CES-D-10), perceived stress scale (PSS), and frequency of rugby practice. Covariate-adjusted regression models were conducted among the full sample and a subsample of individuals who reported spinal cord injury (SCI) as the nature of their disability. Participants included 150 males with tetraplegia, and 87% identified the nature of their disability as SCI. Participants were primarily Caucasian with an average age of ~35 years. Participants scored low on measures of depressive symptomology (mean=5.63; s.d.=4.35) and perceived stress (mean=4.63; s.d.=2.73). Sixty-seven percent of the participants practiced two or more times per week. Results of the main analyses indicated that practicing wheelchair rugby two times or more (compared to once a week or less) was significantly associated with lower depressive symptomology and perceived stress among the full sample and subsample of individuals with SCI. Greater frequency of wheelchair rugby participation was associated with lower levels of psychological distress. Future research should examine the directional and mechanistic relationship between frequency of sports participation and psychological distress to inform the benefits of adaptive sport.
Empowering middle school students to create data-enabled social apps

MIT App Inventor has enabled middle school students to learn computing while creating their own apps-including apps that serve community needs. However, few resources exist for building apps that gather and share data. There is a need for new tools and instructional materials for students to build data-enabled, community-focused apps. We developed an extension for App Inventor, called AppVis, which allows app-makers to publish and retrieve data from our existing web-based collaborative data visualization platform. We used AppVis with supporting instructional materials in two one-week summer camps attended by a total of 33 middle school students. Based on student interview data and analysis of their final apps, we found that this approach was broadly accessible to a diverse population of students and motivated them to build apps that could be used by their own communities.
Strain Balanced AlGaN/GaN/AlGaN nanomembrane HEMTs

Single crystal semiconductor nanomembranes (NM) are important in various applications such as heterogeneous integration and flexible devices. This paper reports the fabrication of AlGaN/GaN NMs and NM high electron mobility transistors (HEMT). Electrochemical etching is used to slice off single-crystalline AlGaN/GaN layers while preserving their microstructural quality. A double heterostructure design with a symmetric strain profile is employed to ensure minimal residual strain in freestanding NMs after release. The mobility of the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG), formed by the AlGaN/GaN heterostructure, is noticeably superior to previously reported values of many other NMs. AlGaN/GaN nanomembrane HEMTs are fabricated on SiO2 and flexible polymeric substrates. Excellent electrical characteristics, including a high ON/OFF ratio and transconductance, suggest that III-Nitrides nanomembranes are capable of supporting high performance applications.
Spatially explicit risk approach for multi-hazard assessment and management in marine environment: The case study of the Adriatic Sea.

In the last few decades the health of marine ecosystems has been progressively endangered by the anthropogenic presence. Natural and human-made pressures, as well as climate change effects, are posing increasing threats on marine areas, triggering alteration of biological, chemical and physical processes. Planning of marine areas has become a challenge for decision makers involved in the design of sustainable management options. In order to address threats posed by climate drivers in combination with local to regional anthropogenic pressures affecting marine ecosystems and activities, a multi-hazard assessment methodology was developed and applied to the Adriatic Sea for the reference scenario 2000-2015. Through a four-stages process based on the consecutive analysis of hazard, exposure, vulnerability and risk the methodology allows a semi-quantitative evaluation of the relative risk from anthropogenic and natural sources to multiple endpoints, thus supporting the identification and ranking of areas and targets more likely to be at risk. Resulting output showed that the higher relative hazard scores are linked to exogenic pressures (e.g. sea surface temperature variation) while the lower ones resulted from endogenic and more localized stressors (e.g. abrasion, nutrient input). Relatively very high scores were observed for vulnerability over the whole case study for almost all the considered pressures, showing seagrasses meadows, maerl and coral beds as the most susceptible targets. The approach outlined in this study provides planners and decision makers a quick-screening tool to evaluate progress towards attaining a good environmental status and to identify marine areas where management actions and adaptation strategies would be best targeted. Moreover, by focusing on risks induced by land-based drivers, resulting output can support the design of infrastructures for reducing pressures on the sea, contributing to improve the land-sea interface management.