cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicted Variations in Flow Patterns in a Horizontal CVD Reactor

Expressions in terms of common reactor operating parameters were derived for the ratio of the Grashof number to the Reynolds number, Gr/Re, the ratio of the Grashof to the square of 2 the Reynolds number, Gr/Re(exp 2), and the Rayleigh number, Ra. Values for these numbers were computed for an example horizontal CVD reactor and compared to numerical simulations to gauge their effectiveness as predictors of the presence or absence of transverse and longitudinal rolls in the reactor. Comparisons were made for both argon and hydrogen carrier gases over the pressure range 2- 101 kPa. Reasonable agreement was achieved in most cases when using Gr/Re to predict the presence of transverse rolls and Ra to predict the presence of longitudinal rolls. The ratio Gr/Re(exp 2) did not yield useful predictions regarding the presence of transverse rolls. This comparison showed that the ratio of the Grashof number to the Reynolds number, as well as the Rayleigh number, can be used to predict the presence or absence of transverse and longitudinal rolls in a horizontal CVD reactor for a given set of reactor conditions. These predictions are approximate, and care must be exercised when making predictions near transition regions.
Depression in schizophrenia: I. association with neuropsychological deficits

Background: The presence of depression in schizophrenia has been well described with regard to stage and symptoms of illness; however, little is known about the possible etiology. Methods: In an effort to advance the understanding of the neurobiology of depression in schizophrenia, we grouped patients with schizophrenia based on their ratings on the 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. There were 63 patients (35 men, 28 women) in the high (≥ 18) depression group and 81 patients (52 men, 29 women) in the low ( Results: The two groups differed in age at onset of illness, severity of delusions, and performance in a single neuropsychological domain: attention. The specific component of impaired attention was vigilance, with poorest performance seen in women with higher depression scores. Conclusion: The presence of specific attentional impairment associated with depressive symptoms in schizophrenia is consistent with the hypothesis of frontal lobe dysfunction in depression, because these regions have been implicated in attentional processes.
Locke on Consent: The Two Treatises as Practical Ethics

Locke's Two Treatises of Government is (primarily) a work of practical (or applied) ethics rather than (as commonly supposed) political philosophy or (as some recent historians have argued) political propaganda. The problem is the oath of allegiance to James II. So interpreting it makes political obligation resemble the special moral obligations of profession rather than the general obligations of morality. Political obligation is the formal moral obligation to law that comes from voluntary participation in law-making (directly or through representatives one helps to choose), a form of express consent. Ordinary moral obligations to law, those arising from considerations of justice, are, in contrast, much the same for ordinary residents as for foreign visitors. This is the domain of tacit consent. The right to organise a political society, including the right to exclude, derives from the natural right of free association.
Sequence and temperature dependence of the interbase hydrogen-bond breathing modes in B-DNA polymers: comparison with low-frequency Raman peaks and their role in helix melting.

We carry out temperature-dependent lattice dynamics calculations to determine the vibrational normal modes associated with the interbase H-bond breathing motion in several B-DNA copolymers at temperatures from room temperature to the melting temperatures. We take into consideration Raman selection rules and incorporate a simple empirical model of Raman susceptibility in the interbase H bonds in our calculation and compare them to Raman measurements. Our calculations are carried out using empirical force constants that are not further refined to low-frequency spectra. Our calculations show the existence of strong interbase H-bond breathing modes at frequencies and with relative oscillator strengths close to the observed Raman peaks in the range of 60–140 cm−1 for the DNA sequences considered except for one helix. The correlation between the calculated and observed frequencies and oscillator strengths indicates that the observed Raman peaks in the frequency range are likely interbase H-bond breathing modes. We find that these modes exhibit sizable temperature as well as sequence dependence. We show the softening of these modes on approaching thermal denaturation that is also in agreement with the observed behavior in Raman and melting measurements. The sensitivity of the calculation on the empirical model of Raman susceptibility and the possible reasons for the discrepancy between a few calculated values and observations are discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Monitoring of the Fate, Transport, and Effects of Sewage Sludge Disposed at the 106-Mile Deepwater Municipal Sludge Dump Site

Abstract Since 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has conducted monitoring studies to determine the transport, fate, and effects of sewage sludge dumped at the 106-Mile Deepwater Municipal Sludge Dump Site (106-Mile Site). This paper describes EPA's 106-Mile Site monitoring activities and the results from six oceanographic surveys of the Site. Surveys have been conducted to track sewage sludge plumes and monitor dispersion and settling characteristics; study plume toxicity and contaminant levels; search for sludge and sludge constituents in surface waters in the area of the Site up 74 km (40 nautical miles) away; maintain a stationary real-time current meter near the Site; deploy and retrieve approximately 50 sediment traps and 17 current meters on 10 arrays from Hudson Canyon south to Delaware Canyon, at depths ranging from 1500 to 2800 m; and deploy satellite-tracked drifters. Results of studies completed to date have provided field data on the chemical and physical behaviour of sludge d...
Plasma very long chain fatty acids in 3,000 peroxisome disease patients and 29,000 controls

The assay of plasma very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), developed in our laboratory in 1981, has become the most widely used procedure for the diagnosis of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) and other peroxisomal disorders. We present here our 17 years' experience with this assay. Three VLCFA parameters, the level of hexacosanoic acid (C26:0), the ratio of C26:0 to tetracosanoic acid (C24:0), and of C26:0 to docosanoic acid (C22:0), were measured in 1,097 males (hemizygotes) with X-ALD, 1,282 women heterozygous for this disorder, including 379 obligate heterozygotes, 797 patients with other peroxisomal disorders, and 29,600 control subjects. All X-ALD hemizygotes who had not previously received Lorenzo's oil or a diet with a high erucic acid content had increased VLCFA levels, but the application of a discriminant function based on all three measurements is required to avoid the serious consequences of a false-negative result. VLCFA levels are increased at day of birth, thus providing the potential for neonatal mass screening, are identical in the childhood and adult forms, and do not change with age. Eighty-five percent of obligate heterozygotes had abnormally high VLCFA levels, but a normal result does not exclude carrier status. VLCFA levels were increased in all patients homozygous for Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, infantile Refsum's disease, and in patients with deficiencies of peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase, bifunctional enzyme, and 3-oxoacyl-coenzyme A thiolase. In these patients the degree of VLCFA excess correlated with clinical severity.
Photodecomposition of anthracene on dry surfaces: products and mechanism

Abstract The photochemistry of anthracene ( 1 ) was studied on dry surfaces of silica, CabOSil (fumes silica) and alumina (neutral) at low coverages (less than 11% of a monolayer). The adsorption of 1 onto these surfaces from cyclohexane obeys a Freundlich adsorption isotherm, demonstrating a distribution of adsorption sites for interactions between 1 and the surface. Photolysis of 1 ( λ ex =350 nm) adsorbed on silica, CabOSil or alumina, under deaerated conditions, proceeds slowly to give the anthracene-9,10-photodimer ( 2 ) as the only product. Diffuse reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy show that a novel process, involving the formation of a stable ground state pair between two molecules of 1 takes place on all three surfaces at coverages of more than 1% of a monolayer. We propose a dimerization mechanism involving a singlet excimer formed from the stable ground state pairs. Photolysis at the solid-air interface, on the other hand, is considerably faster and proceeds to give 2 and photo-oxidation products of 1 . The primary oxidation product is anthracene-9,10-endoperoxide ( 3 ) which undergoes thermal decomposition on the surface to give 9,10-anthraquinone ( 4 ), 9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxyanthracene ( 5 ), bianthronyl ( 6 ), 9-hydroxyanthrone ( 7 ) and 10,10′-dihydroxy-9,9′,10,10′-tetrahydro-9,9′-bianthryl ( 8 ) as the secondary products. Photo-oxidation is mediated by the addition of singlet molecular oxygen to ground state 1 .
Dislocation and Disclination Contents of Line Defects

The dislocation and disclination contents are defined as integrals of the discontinuities in displacement and rotation taken along the line defect. These quantities allow one to uniquely decompose a discrete line defect into a dislocation and a disclination. Moreover, the results for the discrete line defects suggest a new definition of dislocation density. Die Versetzungs- und Disklinationsanteile werden als Integrale der Diskontinuitaten der Verschiebung und Rotation langs des Liniendefektes definiert. Diese Grosen erlauben es in einheitlicher Weise einen diskreten Liniendefekt in eine Versetzung und eine Disklination zu zerlegen. Daruber hinaus legen die Ergebnisse fur den diskreten Liniendefekt eine neue Definition der Versetzungsdichte nahe.
Assessment of Vestibular Rehabilitation Therapy Training and Practice Patterns

Vestibular rehabilitation therapy (VRT) can benefit patients with a variety of balance and vestibular disorders. This expanding field requires knowledgeable and experienced therapists; however, the practice and experience of those providing this care may vary greatly. The purpose of this study was to analyze variations in training and practice patterns among practicing vestibular rehabilitation therapists. Case–controlled cohort study. Investigation of outpatient physical therapy and audiology practices that offer vestibular rehabilitation conducted by a tertiary academic referral center. Questionnaire-based investigation of level of training in vestibular disorders and therapy, practice patterns of vestibular rehabilitation, and referral sources for VRT patients. We identified 27 subjects within the state of Kentucky who practice vestibular rehabilitation and the questionnaire response rate was 63 %. Responses indicated that 53 % of respondents had no training in VRT during their professional degree program. Attendance of a course requiring demonstration of competence and techniques was 24 % of participants. The development of VRT certification was significantly more favored by those who attended such courses compared with those who did not (p = 0.01). 50 % of therapists have direct access to patients without physician referrals. There is a wide range of educational background and training among those practicing VRT. This variability in experience may affect care provided within some communities. Certification is not necessary for the practice of VRT but the development of certification is favored among some therapists to improve standardization of practice of this important specialty.
Material properties of different layers of aorta

The arterial wall has been considered as a single homogeneous layer vessel in a wide range of biomechanical modeling of aorta from traumatic injury to stent grafts, ignoring the fact that arteries are composed of distinct anatomical layers with different mechanical characteristics. In this study, changes in the mechanical properties of porcine thoracic aorta wall in the radial direction were characterized using a custom-made nanoindentation technique and a quasi-linear viscoelastic model. Two layers of equal thickness were mechanically distinguishable based on the radial variations in the instantaneous Young's modulus E and reduced relaxation function G(t). The results showed that the outer half layer was stiffer and showed less relaxation than the inner half one. These layers may correspond to media and adventitia in the specimens.
TRP-PLIK, a bifunctional protein with kinase and ion channel activities.

We cloned and characterized a protein kinase and ion channel, TRP-PLIK. As part of the long transient receptor potential channel subfamily implicated in control of cell division, it is a protein that is both an ion channel and a protein kinase. TRP-PLIK phosphorylated itself, displayed a wide tissue distribution, and, when expressed in CHO-K1 cells, constituted a nonselective, calcium-permeant, 105-picosiemen, steeply outwardly rectifying conductance. The zinc finger containing α-kinase domain was functional. Inactivation of the kinase activity by site-directed mutagenesis and the channel's dependence on intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) demonstrated that the channel's kinase activity is essential for channel function.
A bit-addressable I/O interface for microcomputers

An input/output (I/O) interface design based on the 6522 VIA is described. This design is enhanced with additional circuitry to provide such features as latched input, bit-addressable I/O line control, and provisions for expansion.
Hydrogen Futures: Toward a Sustainable Energy System

Abstract Fueled by concerns about urban air pollution, energy security, and climate change, the notion of a “hydrogen economy” is moving beyond the realm of scientists and engineers and into the lexicon of political and business leaders. Interest in hydrogen, the simplest and most abundant element in the universe, is also rising due to technical advances in fuel cells — the potential successors to batteries in portable electronics, power plants, and the internal combustion engine. But where will the hydrogen come from? Government and industry, keeping one foot in the hydrocarbon economy, are pursuing an incremental route, using gasoline or methanol as the source of the hydrogen, with the fuel reformed on board vehicles. A cleaner path, deriving hydrogen from natural gas and renewable energy and using the fuel directly on board vehicles, has received significantly less support, in part because the cost of building a hydrogen infrastructure is widely viewed as prohibitively high. Yet a number of recent studies suggest that moving to the direct use of hydrogen may be much cleaner and far less expensive. Just as government played a catalytic role in the creation of the Internet, government will have an essential part in building a hydrogen economy. Research and development, incentives and regulations, and partnerships with industry have sparked isolated initiatives. But stronger public policies and educational efforts are needed to accelerate the process. Choices made today will likely determine which countries and companies seize the enormous political power and economic prizes associated with the hydrogen age now dawning.
Synthesis of cyclopentanol derivatives via palladium-catalyzed cyclic allylmetallation-dehydrometallation

Abstract Treatment of 4-organyl-4-hydroxy-2,7-octadienyl acetate derivatives, i.e., 8 , 10 , 12 , 14 , and 16 with 3 mol % of Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 in refluxing MeCN provides in good yields the corresponding cyclopentanol derivatives, i.e., 9 , 11 , 13 , 15 , and 17 , as mixtures of two diastereomers, the major isomers being those in which the hydroxyl and vinyl groups are cis to each other.
Publication Rates of U.S. Schools and Colleges of Pharmacy: A 22-year History

Scientific publications are the primary means by which new pharmaceutical information isdissemi- nated.Establishment of the publication output for Schools and Colleges of Pharmacy (SCOP) would be useful in helping to define a normative baseline for assessing trends in the pharmaceutical sciences. The objective of this study is to provide a 5 year update (1993-4997) on previouslypublished data (Pharma- cotherapy 1995; 15: 487-494). Taken together, these data provide a 22-year history of publication rates for U.S. SCOP. Data were obtained from the Science Citation Index (SCI) Corporate Index.Citations were counted without regard to publication type (letter, abstract, review, etc.). Duplicative publications were eliminated. Faculty counts of the 78 SCOP included in the study were obtained from the AACP Roster of Faculty and Professional Staff for the inclusive years. The main endpoints used were publications/SCOP/year and publications/faculty/year. Total publication counts for the 1990's have aver aged near 30 publications per SCOP per year. Approximately13 (17%) of SCOP account for half the publications during this period. Medical center basedSCOPappeartobemore productivethannon- medicai center based SCOP (p<.05) as do public vs. private SCOP (p<.05). More than half the SCOP continue to be minimally productive, producing less than 20 publications/year or 0.5 publications/faculty/year. We can conclude from our results that a small group of SCOP produce the majority of publications. More than half of SCOP are minimally productive. During the 1990's, yearly publication counts were similar, averaging close to 30 publications per SCOP per year.
Enhancing the fraction of grafted polystyrene on silica hybrid nanoparticles

Abstract Polymer-grafted inorganic nanoparticles are being developed for a diverse array of applications, ranging from drug delivery to multifunctional composites. In many instances, performance of these core-shell hybrids is limited by relatively broad distributions of size and composition, as well as the presence of impurities, such as unattached polymer chains. Herein, further synthetic improvements, and associated characterization techniques, to enhance the fraction of the grafted polystyrene shell on silica hybrid nanoparticles are discussed. We found that during surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) from the silica nanoparticles, thermal self-initiation of styrene produces unattached polymer chains. Size exclusion chromatography afforded a facile approach to quantify the mass of the unattached polymer, and provide a substantial refinement to estimates of chain graft density beyond traditionally-used approaches, such as thermogravimetry. This fraction of unattached polymer is still present even after post-polymerization work-up via precipitation and re-dissolution. Removal necessitates additional procedures, such as high speed centrifugation. Selection of a lower polymerization temperature, in concert with a more reactive Cu complex, significantly reduces the amount of unattached polystyrene impurity. The improved polymerization conditions and post-polymerization purification provide more refined polystyrene-grafted silica nanoparticles to clarify structure-property relationships of these core-shell hybrids.
Exergy analysis of Illinois No. 6 coal

Abstract The projected increase in coal utilization in utility power plants makes it desirable to refine customary evaluations of coal which are based on the First Law of Thermodynamics. Presented in this paper is a Second Law or exergy analysis of Illinois No. 6 coal. A theoretical analysis is carried out and the quality of coal is calculated. The methodology, although applied to Illinois No. 6 coal, should be applicable to other coals or non-homogeneous fuels.
Higher dimensional automata revisited

The dual of a true concurrency schedule appears to be a false concurrency automaton, a paradox we resolved in a previous paper by extending the latter to higher dimensions. This extension may be formalized via such discrete geometries as n-categories, simplicial complexes, cubical complexes and Chu spaces. We advocate the last as having a clear notion of event, a well-defined process algebra uniformly extending that for event structures, and ease of extension beyond the basic before-during-after analysis.
Simulation of the performance and image quality characteristics of the Landsat OLI and TIRS sensors using DIRSIG

The Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing (DIRS) Image Generation (DIRSIG) model has been significantly upgraded to support the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM). The DIRSIG improvements simulate the LDCM Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) and the Operational Land Imager (OLI) sensor’s characteristics in support of the NASA and USGS image quality assessment programs. These improvements allow for simulation of spacecraft orbits using standard NORAD two line element (TLE) orbital descriptors. Sensor improvements include individual detector element lines of site, relative spectral response (RSR), bias, gain, non-linear response, and noise. Using DIRSIG’s existing source-targetsensor radiative transfer, atmospheric propagation, scene simulation, and thermal models, simulated Landsat 8 imagery was generated. These tools were developed to enable assessment of design trades during instrument development and build, and evaluation of expected performance during instrument test, as test data is used to refine the modeled instrument performance. Current efforts are aimed at refining predicted performance models, simulating on-orbit calibration maneuvers and generation of data to test data processing and analysis algorithms. Initial studies are aimed at assessing the impact of RSR variation on banding and striping in both OLI and TIRS and the use of side slither (90° Yaw) as a possible method to characterize and potentially compensate for non-linearity effects. Ongoing work aimed at simulating targets to support image based registration of the OLI and TIRS instruments is also presented. In general, the use of advanced simulation and modeling tools to support instrument design trades, image quality prediction, on-orbit image quality assessment and operational trades is reviewed. The overall effort is designed to provide simulated imagery incorporating all aspects of the instrument acquisition physics and scene phenomenology in support of instrument developers, operators, and Earth observation scientists.
SERUM-MEDIATED LEUKEMIA CELL DESTRUCTION IN AKR MICE : ROLE OF COMPLEMENT IN THE PHENOMENON

AKR mice with spontaneous leukemia were infused with normal serum from a variety of species. Leukemia cell destruction was produced by serum from strains of mice possessing the full spectrum of complement components, but not by serum from strains with a genetically determined deficiency of C5. Serum from guinea pigs, horses, and humans also causes destruction of leukemia cells. The antileukemic factor in normal serum was heat labile (56°C for 35 min) and could be inactivated by cobra venom factor (CVF). Tests of individual complement factors from guinea pig serum and from human serum suggest that C5 is the antileukemic complement component in normal serum. Evidence was obtained that complement also plays a role in the antileukemic effect of interferon and endotoxin.
Instructional Technologists Discovering, Sharing, Preparing

This article identifies the instructional technology programs offered in the College of Education at East Carolina University. Additionally, this article briefly discusses technological and pedagogical factors that influence work pursued in the instructional technology field today, which leads to introductions of the articles in the issue. Lastly, this article provides a glimpse of the future that instructional technologists may create.
Component interactions and implications for complex formation in the multicomponent toluene 4-monooxygenase.

A fluorophore-labeled form of the T4moD, the catalytic effector protein of the toluene 4-monooxygenase complex, was prepared by engineering the N-terminal region to contain a tetraCys motif and treatment with biarsenical fluorescein. Fluorescence anisotropy was used to study the protein−protein interactions among various combinations of the four components of the complex. Binding interactions were detected between T4moD and the hydroxylase component T4moH [KD value of 83 nM for interaction with the αβγ protomer] and between T4moD and the Rieske [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin component T4moC (KD value of 78 nM). No binding interactions were detected between T4moD and the NADH oxidoreductase component T4moF, but T4moF was able to disrupt binding between T4moC and T4moD. The detected binding interactions suggest an intermediary electron transfer complex between T4moC and T4moD that excludes T4moF. The results indicate that specialization of effector protein function may include specific protein−protein interactions wit...
Difference FTIR studies reveal nitrogen-containing amino acid side chains are involved in the allosteric regulation of RecA.

The Escherichia coli RecA protein performs the DNA strand-exchange reaction utilized in both genetic recombination and DNA repair. The binding of nucleotides triggers conformational changes through...
Image processing applications for geologic mapping

The use of satellite data, particularly Landsat images, for geologic mapping provides the geologist with a powerful tool. The digital format of these data permits applications of image processing to extract or enhance information useful for mapping purposes. Examples are presented of lithologic classification using texture measures, automatic lineament detection and structural analysis, and use of registered multisource satellite data. In each case, the additional mapping information provided relative to the particular treatment is evaluated. The goal is to provide the geologist with a range of processing techniques adapted to specific mapping problems.
Odor based double alternation responding and retention as a function of naloxone injection

A two-phase experiment designed to investigate the effects of naloxone injection upon odor-based double-alternation performance is reported. Two groups of rat subjects received a daily eight-trial sequence of reward/nonreward in a straight runway during both phases of the experiment. Subjects in Group N received an injection of naloxone on each of the last 2 days of Phase 1. Subjects in Group S received an injection of isotonic saline on these 2 days. Phase 1 performance was not significantly influenced by the naloxone treatment. However, Group N displayed significantly superior retention of double-alternation patterning on Day 1 of Phase 2, begun 2 weeks after the completion of Phase 1.
Dosimetric characterization of radiosurgical beams with a diamond detector

Dosimetric characteristics of small diameter 6 MV photon beams for a commercial radiosurgery system have been measured in a solid water phantom with a new diamond detector and compared with measurements using a p-type Si photon diode, small volume cylindrical and parallel plate ionization chambers, and radiographic films. Tissue maximum ratios (TMR) and total scatter factors (S c.p) were measured with the three ionometric (diamond, diode, ion chamber) detectors for 12 circular beams ranging in diameter from 12.5 to 40 mm. The TMR values obtained with the three ionometric detectors agreed well (+/- 1%) for all cone sizes and depths investigated when the displacement of the sensitive volume of the detector from its front surface is taken into account. The S c.p factors obtained with the ionometric detectors also agreed well (+/- 1.2%) for field sizes greater than 20 mm in diameter. For smaller field sizes, the cylindrical and parallel plate chambers measure a smaller S c.p factor, as a result of the steep dose gradients across their sensitive volumes. Cross-beam profiles acquired with the diamond detector agree well with the measurements with the diode detector and radiographic film. A distortion in the measured profiles in terms of broadened penumbra is observed with a small volume cylindrical ionization chamber.
The expected detection of dust emission from high-redshift Lyman α galaxies

Recent results have shown that a substantial fraction of high-redshift Lyman a (Lya) galaxies contain considerable amounts of dust. This implies that Lya galaxies are not primordial, as has been thought in the past. However, this dust has not been directly detected in emission; rather it has been inferred based on extinction estimates from rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) and optical observations. This can be tricky, as both dust and old stars redden galactic spectra at the wavelengths used to infer dust. Measuring dust emission directly from these galaxies is thus a more accurate way to estimate the total dust mass, giving us real physical information on the stellar populations and interstellar medium enrichment. New generation instruments, such as the Atacama Large Millimeter Array and Sub-Millimeter Array, should be able to detect dust emission from some of these galaxies in the submillimeter. Using measurements of the UV spectral slopes, we derive far-infrared flux predictions for of a sample of 23 z ≥ 4 Lya galaxies. We find that in only a few hours, we can detect dust emission from 39 ± 22 per cent of our Lya galaxies. Comparing these results to those found from a sample of 21 Lyman break galaxies (LBGs), we find that LBGs are on average 60 per cent more likely to be detected than Lyα galaxies, implying that they are more dusty, and thus indicating an evolutionary difference between these objects. These observations will provide better constraints on dust in these galaxies than those derived from their UV and optical fluxes alone. Undeniable proof of dust in these galaxies could explain the larger than expected Lya equivalent widths seen in many Lya galaxies today.
Self- and clinician-rated Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale: evaluation in clinical practice.

Abstract Background Time- and cost-effective self-rating scales of depressive symptoms are particularly valuable for frequent use in large-scale effectiveness trials. The aim of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the French version of the self-rated Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS-S) and determine whether it might complement the MADRS in monitoring depression severity and change over time in routine clinical practice. Methods Sixty-three adult outpatients with a current depressive episode completed the MADRS-S and were interviewed with the MADRS on two occasions, within a 1-month interval. Results All patients readily accepted the MADRS-S. It showed good to excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.85 at Time 1; 0.94 at Time 2). Its factor structure revealed that a single component explained a large proportion of variability (47.0% at Time 1; 68.8% at Time 2). Concurrent validity of the self- and clinician-rated versions was good (Pearson's correlation coefficients for total scores 0.81 at Time 1; 0.91 at Time 2). The MADRS-S was sensitive to change over the 4-week observation period (correlation of 0.71 between change scores on self- and clinician-rated instruments). Limitations Generalizability is restricted to outpatients with moderate to severe depression, and the MADRS-S ability to measure treatment effects needs to be examined. Conclusions The present study indicates that the MADRS-S displays favourable psychometric properties and suggests that it might be a valid complement to the MADRS, both in research settings and clinical practice.
Measurements of velocity and wall shear stress inside a PTFE vascular graft model under steady flow conditions.

The flow field inside a model of a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) canine artery end-to-side bypass graft was studied under steady flow conditions using laser-Doppler anemometry. The anatomically realistic in vitro model was constructed to incorporate the major geometric features of the in vivo canine anastomosis geometry, most notables a larger graft than host artery diameter. The velocity measurements at Reynolds number 208, based on the host artery diameter, show the flow field to be three dimensional in nature. The wall shear stress distribution, computed from the near-wall velocity gradients, reveals a relatively low wall shear stress region on the wall opposite to the graft near the stagnation point approximately one artery diameter in axial length at the midplane. This low wall shear stress region extends to the sidewalls, suture lines, and along the PTFE graft where its axial length at the midplane is more than two artery diameters. The velocity distribution inside the graft model presented here provides a data set well suited for validation of numerical solutions on a model of this type.
Refraction and reflection of infragravity waves near submarine canyons

[1] The propagation of infragravity waves (ocean surface waves with periods from 20 to 200 s) over complex inner shelf (water depths from about 3 to 50 m) bathymetry is investigated with field observations from the southern California coast. A wave-ray-path-based model is used to describe radiation from adjacent beaches, refraction over slopes (smooth changes in bathymetry), and partial reflection from submarine canyons (sharp changes in bathymetry). In both the field observations and the model simulations the importance of the canyons depends on the directional spectrum of the infragravity wave field radiating from the shoreline and on the distance from the canyons. Averaged over the wide range of conditions observed, a refraction-only model has reduced skill near the abrupt bathymetry, whereas a combined refraction and reflection model accurately describes the distribution of infragravity wave energy on the inner shelf, including the localized effects of steep-walled submarine canyons.
Derived sequences and reverse mathematics

One of the earliest applications of transfinite numbers is in the construction of derived sequences by Cantor [2]. In [6], the existence of derived sequences for countable closed sets is proved in ATR0. This existence theorem is an intermediate step in a proof that a statement concerning topological comparability is equivalent to ATR0. In actuality, the full strength of ATR0 is used in proving the existence theorem. To show this, we will derive a statement known to be equivalent to ATR0, using only RCA0 and the assertion that every countable closed set has a derived sequence. We will use three of the subsystems of second order arithmetic defined by H. Friedman ([3], [4]), which can be roughly characterized by the strength of their set comprehension axioms. RCA0 includes comprehension for Δ definable sets, ACA0 includes comprehension for arithmetical sets, and ATR0 appends to ACA0 a comprehension scheme for sets defined by transfinite recursion on arithmetical formulas. MSC: 03F35, 54B99.
Informing consumers about influenza increases vaccine acceptance—the Denver experience

Abstract Influenza remains an important disease worldwide and vaccine acceptance by high-risk patients has not been optimal. Most campaigns have emphasized the role of the physician and enthusiasm has varied from exuberant to negative. By going directly to the public with television, radio, and electronic print information about the risks of influenza and the ability to reduce this risk with vaccine, Colorado has been able to improve vaccine acceptance rates in all age and risk categories. In fact, Colorado has the highest percentage of immunized elderly in the USA. Flu-like illness reports to the Health Department have decreased and mortality has decreased as well. Thus, when patients themselves are informed about the risks of a disease as well as the best means to obviate that risk, they respond by accepting influenza vaccine in record numbers.
The Noise Radiated by High-Speed Jets: Recent Insights From Numerical Simulations (Keynote Paper)

The noise emanating from high-speed jets consists of jet mixing noise and shock-associated noise with its tonal and broadband components. This paper summarizes well-known features of high-speed jet flows and their relationship to the noise radiated by the jet. Open issues on which different opinions exist are also noted. In this context key findings from numerical simulations of jet flows, and model problems related to jet flows are highlighted. The mechanism responsible for the generation of strong screech noise is discussed, and the role of large-scale structures in jet mixing noise and broadband shock-associated noise are stressed. Implications of a new analytical model of shock-cell noise generation are discussed, and in particular the scaling of shock-associated noise from heated jets.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Management of longstanding furcation perforation using a novel approach.

Abstract Introduction Iatrogenic furcation perforation may occur during the access preparation of the endodontic treatment. This may lead to periodontal defects and subsequent tooth loss. In this case report, we presented a new approach that may help salvage cases with a longstanding furcation involvement and substantial bone loss resulting from perforation. Methods A mandibular molar case that had a furcation perforation and longstanding furcation bone loss with a probing depth of 10 mm in the buccal furcation area. We applied a novel approach, which used both nonsurgical and surgical interventions. We first reaccessed the tooth to reseal the perforation site with MTA followed by a newly designed surgical approach including the use of a stent, a reverse submarginal flap, Emdogain (Straumann USA, Andover, MA), guided bone regeneration, and postoperative isolation of the surgical site. The post-treatment follow-ups with up to 19-month recall showed favorable results with significant bone regeneration at the furcation and the probing depth reduced to 4–5 mm. Conclusions Longstanding furcation perforations with periodontal involvement may be savable and have a better prognosis. This may require a modified flap design to access the defect, guided bone and periodontal regeneration, and postoperative isolation of the surgical defect.
Propofol Allergy: Assessing for Patient Risks

Allergies to certain foods such as soybeans and eggs contraindicate the use of propofol, a short-acting hypnotic medication used by many anesthesia care providers. Understanding the safe use and handling of propofol and communicating known patient allergies to all surgical team members is crucial to providing safe perioperative care. The perioperative nurse's preoperative assessment supports and improves the plan of care for the patient by identifying the patient's risk factors. Obtaining a correct and precise history of allergies, not only to medication but to food, and concise hand-off reporting are essential for patient safety.
Probing the role of negatively charged amino acid residues in ion permeation of skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor.

Sequence comparison suggests that the ryanodine receptors (RyRs) have pore architecture similar to that of the bacterial K+ channel KcsA. The lumenal loop linking the two most C-terminal transmembrane spanning segments in the RyRs has a predicted pore helix and an amino acid motif (GGGIG) similar to the selectivity filter (TVGYG) of KcsA identified by x-ray analysis. The RyRs have many negatively charged amino acid residues in the two regions linking the GGGIG motif and predicted pore helix with the two most C-terminal transmembrane spanning segments. We tested the role of these residues by generating single-site mutants, focusing on amino acid residues conserved among the mammalian RyRs. Replacement of two acidic residues immediately after the GGGIG motif in skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RyR1-D4899 and -E4900) with asparagine and glutamine profoundly affected ion permeation and selectivity. By comparison, mutagenesis of aspartate and glutamate residues in the putative linker regions showed a K+ conductance and selectivity for Ca2+ compared to K+ (PCa/PK) close to wild-type. The results show that the negatively charged carboxyl oxygens of D4899 and E4900 side chains are major determinants of RyR ion conductance and selectivity.
Epidemiologic Dynamics Contributing to Pediatric Wrist Fractures in the United States

Background The purpose of this study was to explore and evaluate national trends and factors contributing to pediatric wrist fractures.
Antagonism of the hypermotility response induced by excitatory amino acids in the rat nucleus accumbens.

Several compounds have been shown to antagonize the excitation of single neurons produced by excitatory amino acids. This study was designed to determine the effectiveness of these compounds in antagonizing the hypermotility response to excitatory amino acids after intraaccumbens administration. Of the putative antagonists tested, D-aminoadipic acid, diaminopimelic acid and glutamic acid diethyl ester all showed significant inhibitory effects on excitatory amino acid-induced hypermotility while 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, γ-D-glutamylglycine, 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid and cis-2,3-piperidine dicarboxylic acid were ineffective. D-Aminoadipic acid decreased N-methyl-aspartic acid-induced hypermotility while having no significant effect on the hypermotility responses induced by kainic or quisqualic acids. Diaminopimelic acid markedly decreased N-methyl-aspartic acid- and kainic acid-induced hypermotility but was totally ineffective on quisqualic acid-induced hypermotility. In contrast to D-aminoadipic acid, glutamic acid diethyl ester antagonized the increase in motility produced by kainic and quisqualic acids but not that produced by N-methyl-aspartic acid. The above data suggests that N-methyl-aspartic acid and quisqualic acid may produce their motor effects through the activation of two different receptors in the nucleus accumbens while kainic acid may mediate its hypermotility response through both N-methyl-aspartic acid and quisqualic acid receptors. However, a third receptor type activated solely by kainic acid cannot be excluded at this time.
The 805 second X-ray pulsar H2252-035

It is shown that the X-ray flux from the 3.6 hr binary system H2252-035 is modulated at a period of 805 sec, and that its spectrum is consistent with either (1) a 1.4 photon index power law, or (2) a greater-than-20-keV thermal model. A 560 + or - 350 eV equivalent-width iron line at about 6.7 keV is noted, and the possibility that the H2252-035 system contains a slowly rotating neutron star is discussed.
The effective surface energy of heterogeneous solids measured by inverse gas chromatography at infinite dilution.

Abstract Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) at infinite dilution has been widely used to access the nonspecific surface free energy of solid materials. Since most practical surfaces are heterogeneous, the effective surface energy given by IGC at infinite dilution is somehow averaged over the whole sample surface, but the rule of averaging has thus far not been established. To address this problem, infinite dilution IGC analysis was carried out on mixtures of known heterogeneity. These materials are obtained by mixing two types of solid particles with significantly different surface energies as characterized individually with IGC, and results are obtained for binary combinations in varying proportions. It is found that when all surface components have the same accessibility by probe molecules, the effective surface energy of such a heterogeneous surface is related to the surface energy distribution by a square root linear relationship, σ eff LW =∑ i φ i σ i LW , where σiLW refers to the nonspecific (Lifshitz–van der Waals) surface energy of patches i, and φi to their area fraction.
Simulations of site-specific target-mediated pharmacokinetic models for guiding the development of bispecific antibodies

Bispecific antibodies (BAbs) are novel constructs that are under development and show promise as new therapeutic modalities for cancer and autoimmune disorders. The aim of this study is to develop a semi-mechanistic modeling approach to elucidate the disposition of BAbs in plasma and possible sites of action in humans. Here we present two case studies that showcase the use of modeling to guide BAb development. In case one, a BAb is directed against a soluble and a membrane-bound ligand for treating systemic lupus erythematosus, and in case two, a BAb targets two soluble ligands as a potential treatment for ulcerative colitis and asthma. Model simulations revealed important differences between plasma and tissues, when evaluated for drug disposition and target suppression. Target concentrations at tissue sites and type (soluble vs membrane-bound), tissue-site binding, and binding affinity are all major determinants of BAb disposition and subsequently target suppression. For the presented case studies, higher doses and/or frequent dosing regimens are required to achieve 80 % target suppression in site specific tissue (the more relevant matrix) as compared to plasma. Site-specific target-mediated models may serve to guide the selection of first-in-human doses for new BAbs.
A response to Brody, Costa and Hess (2012): theoretical, statistical and construct problems perpetuated in the study of female orgasm

A string of publications by Brody and colleagues purport to identify health implications in women who report reaching orgasm from vaginal/partnered versus clitoral/solo stimulation. Brody, Costa and Hess (2012) responded to a number of critiques of this line of research, including one by this author (Prause, 2011). Brody, Costa and Hess (2012) elected not to address two of the most critical problems raised: (1) a lack of any theoretical foundation and (2) the absence of psychometric support for their primary measurement. Rebuts are provided for the issues addressed. Also, new data are presented: (1) demonstrating the inadequacy of their methods, (2) falsifying of the vaginal-is-always-optimal prediction, (3) failing to replicate previous reports by Brody and colleagues and (4) documenting confounds of Brody and colleagues measures. Approaches for researchers interested in testing a vaginal-is-always-optimal prediction are suggested in an effort to raise the standards of the science in this area of study.
On ramsey families of sets

The main result of this paper is a lemma which can be used to prove the existence of highchromatic subhypergraphs of large girth in various hypergraphs. In the last part of the paper we use amalgamation techniques to prove the existence for everyl, k ? 3 of a setA of integers such that the hypergraph having as edges all the arithmetic progressions of lengthk inA has both chromatic number and girth greater thanl.
Lipidation of the FPI protein IglE contributes to Francisella tularensis ssp. novicida intramacrophage replication and virulence

Francisella tularensis is a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for the human disease tularemia. The Francisella pathogenicity island (FPI) encodes a secretion system related to type VI secretion systems (T6SS) which allows F. tularensis to escape the phagosome and replicate within the cytosol of infected macrophages and ultimately cause disease. A lipoprotein is typically found encoded within T6SS gene clusters and is believed to anchor portions of the secretion apparatus to the outer membrane. We show that the FPI protein IglE is a lipoprotein that incorporates (3)H-palmitate and localizes to the outer membrane. A C22G IglE mutant failed to be lipidated and failed to localize to the outer membrane, consistent with C22 being the site of lipidation. Francisella tularensis ssp. novicida expressing IglE C22G is defective for replication in macrophages and unable to cause disease in mice. Bacterial two-hybrid analysis demonstrated that IglE interacts with the C-terminal portion of the FPI inner membrane protein PdpB, and PhoA fusion analysis indicated the PdpB C-terminus is located within the periplasm. We predict this interaction facilitates channel formation to allow secretion through this system.