cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delayed Tolerance With Repetitive Transient Focal Ischemic Preconditioning in the Mouse

Background and Purpose— Transient ischemic attacks have long been regarded as a risk factor for the incidence of stroke but may reduce the severity of stroke by inducing ischemic tolerance. The present objective was to develop an ischemic preconditioning (IPC) model of delayed tolerance in the mouse based on repetitive, transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Methods— Mice anesthetized with halothane or isoflurane underwent IPC, which consisted of repetitive MCAO at 45-minute intervals by the intraluminal filament technique. A 90-minute test MCAO was performed 24 to 96 hours later. Results— Using an IPC of 2 5-minute MCAO episodes, the reduction in infarct volume from the test MCAO was maximal with a 72-hour delay in striatum (70%) and cerebral cortex (64%) when halothane was used for surgical anesthesia. With isoflurane anesthesia, the reduction in infarct volume was less prominent in striatum (34%) and not significant in cortex (9%) despite similar levels of arterial pressure and decreases in...
Design studies of a nearly stigmatic EUV toroidal grating spectrometer

We describe the design of a novel single element holographic toroidal grating spectrometer that would be nearly stigmatic between 100 - 300 angstroms. The instrument would be 7 meters from source to image, and would have a resolution of about 1 in 6000 for a 25 (mu) pixel size. Spatial resolution on the order of 10 (mu) in 2-D would be possible for a spectrally narrow line, such as that produced in a slow and low-density coronal plasma.
US companies in transition economies: wealth effects from expansion between 1987 and 1999

This study uses a unique sample to evaluate changes in shareholder wealth from announcements of expansion by US firms into 18 transition economies, through four entry modes, from 1987 to 1999. On average, expansion in transition economies is associated with significant positive wealth effects. Results show that value creation is most significantly associated with expansion through less risky entry modes into host countries that are in the more advanced stages of market liberalization and structural reform. Sample firms with lower profitability also experience significantly higher abnormal returns, while significant value creation documented for firms entering transition economies in 1989, 1990, and 1992 suggests first-mover advantages.
Photon assisted transport through semiconductor quantum structures in intense terahertz electric fields

Abstract Quantum transport in resonant tunneling diodes, sequential resonant tunneling superlattices and miniband superlattices in the presence of intense terahertz electric fields is marked by new channels opened by the absorption or emission of one or more terahertz photons. In triple barrier resonant tunneling diodes, new transport channels supported by the absorption or stimulated emission of up to three terahertz photons are observed. In sequential resonant tunneling superlattices, dynamic localization is accompanied by absolute negative resistance. Transport in miniband resonances with controlled by coherent tunneling through several barriers and quantum wells, reveals multi-photon resonances with Bloch oscillation. Photon-assisted transport in these semiconductor quantum structures bears a strong analogy to quasi-particle tunneling and the AC Josephson effect in superconducting junctions and opens the arena of superconducting electronics to semiconductor systems. These experiments are made possible by the UCSB free-electron lasers that deliver kilowatts of tunable radiation from 120 GHz to 4.8 THz.
Trypanosoma occidentalis sp. n. from Freshwater Teleosts in Washington State

SYNOPSIS. Trypanosoma occidentalis sp. n., a hemoflagellate encountered in the blood plasma of 3 freshwater teleosts, Cottus gulosus, C. rhotheus (Family Cottidae) and Gasterosteus aculeatus (Family Gasterosteidae) from Washington State, is described and recorded. Morphologic and morphometric features are detailed, and comparisons are made with other trypanosomes reported from North American fishes and from related species of teleosts from Eurasia. The relationship of the geographic isolation of parasite, hosts, and potential vector in the determination of the new species is discussed.
Calculated Detectivity Of Schottky Barrier Detectors (SBDs)

Presented are calculations of Pd2Si and PtSi pixel spectral detectivitils as functions of background, operating temperature, and dwell times. Nearly BLIP (ΦB = 1012 cm-2 sec-1 )- limited performance can be attained when Pd2Si is cooled to T < 120 K and dwell times are longer than 0.5 sec; and when PtSi is operated at T < 80 K with dwell times longer than 0.01 sec.
Beyond Traditional Interaction: Exploring the functional form of the exposure-offending association across online network size

Abstract Purpose An emerging body of literature suggests online social networks (SNS) have the capacity to influence individual criminal behavior. However, there are fundamental differences between SNS and traditional peer groups. It is therefore likely that peer influence operates differently in SNS. The present study examines the role of network size and functional form of the relationship between individual and peer deviance in online networks. Methods Data for these analyses come from a survey of 583 undergraduates at a mid-southern university. Empirical analyses rely on a series of multivariate negative binomial regression models. Results Findings indicate there is a nonlinear relationship between exposure to criminal behavior online and self-reported offending. Network size moderates this relationship. Respondents embedded in the smallest networks exhibit a linear association between peer and individual behavior, while those in the largest networks display a saturation point, after which exposure to additional deviance becomes redundant. Conclusions The current study expands upon the emerging body of criminological research exploring the implications of online environments as venues for social learning. We showcase how processes of peer influence operate in online social networks and potentially affect criminal behavior.
Defocused optical transfer functions for two-pupil systems

An exact solution for the crosscorrelation between two different apertures of circular symmetry under defocused conditions in a two-pupil system is developed. Application to some nonstandard pupil topologies is described. Previous experimental and theoretical work demonstrates that two optical fields with different temporal frequencies when mixed through an optical heterodyne action at a photodetector can if properly preconditioned produce an electronic signal related directly to the crosscorrelation of the two corresponding pupil functions [1]. Applying this concept several aperture topologies are proposed which lead to OTFs with bandpass and bandreject properties. The approach presented herein is to calculate without approximation the crosscorrelation of two different circular apertures in a two-pupil system. This result will serve as the essential function through which OTFs for various more complicated apertures are expressible. This approach is based on an extension of a previous analysis carried out for the autocorrelation of a circular aperture with defocus [2].
Restoration of images for the Hubble Space Telescope

The Hubble Space Telescope image quality is degraded significantly as a result of the spherical aberration in the primary mirror. Although the forthcoming HST servicing mission will deploy corrective optics systems and a second-generation camera with built-in correctors, the current and archival images for the past three years require the use of restoration techniques in order to achieve the full scientific potential of the HST mission. In addition, we expect that the restoration techniques now being developed will continue to be utilized on post- servicing mission imagery in order to remove the remaining diffraction features and optimize dynamic range. A variety of well-known image restoration techniques, such as Wiener filters, Richardson-Lucy, Jansson-van Cittert, CLEAN, and maximum entropy, have been applied to HST imaging with reasonable success. However, all techniques have been hampered by incomplete knowledge of the point spread function and the space variance of the PSF in the Wide Field/Planetary Camera, HST's most frequently used imager. The best restoration results to date have been obtained by utilizing observed PSFs (an optimal exposure which minimizes noise and image defects) on small enough subsets of the total field of view so that the PSF variation can be ignored.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Differential gene expression in leiomyosarcoma

BACKGROUND Leiomyosarcomas (LMS) are a common subtype of soft tissue sarcoma. The molecular causes of the disease remain unclear. METHODS In the current study, gene expression in LMS, leiomyomas, and normal myometrium was examined. RNA was prepared and gene expression was determined using microarray analysis arrays containing approximately 12,000 known genes and 48,000 expressed squence tags (ESTs). RESULTS A number of genes were found to be differentially expressed in these sample sets, and six genes including cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, diaphanous (Drosophila homolog) 3, doublecortin, calpain 6, interleukin-17B, and proteolipid 1 were found to be overexpressed in LMS compared with normal myometrium and 18 other tissues. Sets of genes were identified whose expression could be used to cluster samples with either LMS, leiomyomas, or normal myometrium. CONCLUSIONS The authors concluded that differences in gene expression can be detected between LMS and leiomyomas, normal myometrium, and other tissues, and that these changes in gene expression may yield clues with regard to the pathophysiology of leiomyosarcoma. Cancer 2003;98:1029–38. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11586
Classification of source code archives

The World Wide Web contains a number of source code archives. Programs are usually classified into various categories within the archive by hand. We report on experiments for automatic classification of source code into these categories. We examined a number of factors that affect classification accuracy. Weighting features by expected entropy loss makes a significant improvement in classification accuracy. We show a Support Vector Machine can be trained to classify source code with a high degree of accuracy. We feel these results show promise for software reuse.
Design and use of peptide‐based antibodies decreasing superoxide production by mitochondrial complex I and complex II

Mitochondria are the major source of reactive oxygen species. Both complex I and complex II mediate O2*- production in mitochondria and host reactive protein thiols. To explore the functions of the specific domains involved in the redox modifications of complexes I and II, various peptide-based antibodies were generated against these complexes, and their inhibitory effects were subsequently measured. The redox domains involved in S-glutathionylation and nitration, as well as the binding 2011. motif of the iron-sulfur cluster (N1a) of the complexes I and II were utilized to design B-cell epitopes for generating antibodies. The effect of antibody binding on enzyme-mediated O2*- generation was measured by EPR spin trapping. Binding of either antibody AbGSCA206 or AbGSCB367 against glutathione (GS)-binding domain to complex I inhibit its O2*- generation, but does not affect electron transfer efficiency. Binding of antibody (Ab24N1a) against the binding motif of N1a to complex I modestly suppresses both O2*- generation and electron transfer efficiency. Binding of either antibody Ab75 or Ab24 against nonredox domain decreases electron leakage production. In complex II, binding of antibody AbGSC90 against GS-binding domain to complex II marginally decreases both O2*- generation and electron transfer activity. Binding of antibody AbY142 to complex II against the nitrated domain modestly inhibits electron leakage, but does not affect the electron transfer activity of complex II. In conclusion, mediation of O2*- generation by complexes I and II can be regulated by specific redox and nonredox domains.
Leverage in Bayesian Regression

Using the concept of an extended data set (Zellner, 1986), we derived the projection or hat matrix for Bayesian regression analysis. The hat matrix shows how much influence or leverage the observed responses and the prior means have on each of the posterior fitted values. The amount of leverage associated with the observed data is shown to be a monotonically decreasing function of the ratio of the process variance to the prior variance. Additional properties of the Bayesian hat matrix are discussed. Two illustrative examples are presented.
Artificial intelligence and metaphor making: Some philosophic considerations

This article argues that the metaphors presently employed in describing artificial intelligence represent the use of personification and anthropomorphism. They attempt to develop an isomorphic relationship between the human mind and a computer’s logic. It is suggested that an analogic metaphor is more appropriate in describing this relationship and is more epistemologically correct.
Young children's understanding of multiple object identity: appearance, pretense and function

Evidence from theory-of-mind tasks suggests that young children have substantial difficulty thinking about multiple object identity and multiple versions of reality. On the other hand, evidence from children's understanding of pretense indicates that children have little trouble understanding dual object identity and counterfactual scenarios that are involved in pretend play. Two studies reported here show that this competence is not limited to pretend play. Three-year-olds also understand the dual identity involved in unusual functional use (X is being used as Y), even though they have difficulty understanding deceptive appearance (X looks like Y). We suggest that children are able to distinguish extrinsic object properties from intrinsic ones (function vs. category-membership) better than they can distinguish superficial object properties from deep ones (appearance vs. category-membership).
Motor characteristics in the control of a compliant load

This paper considers a servomechanism consisting of a DC-motor, a gear train and an inertial mass controlled through a compliant drive. The compliance is modeled as a spring between the gear box and inertia, and the in- teraction between the actuator and its load is considered. Dimensioriless parameters are defined to describe this interaction, and the influence of the parameters on Open- and closed-loop performance is discussed. System behavior is relatively sensitive to one particular dimensionless parameter related to damping provided by elec- tromechanical interaction. Results of this effort illustrate the concept of quantitative controllability and indicate the possibility of controlling flexible loads conveniently by an appropriate choice of actuator parameters. MOST common type of servomechanis m consists of a DC motor, a gear box and an essentially inertial load which is to be positioned. The key to the operation of such ser- vomechanisms in many practical cases is the development of an effective speed control loop which is then supervised by an outer loop to control load position. Such servomechanisms have become popular because of their availability in a wide range of power levels and the flexibility offered by a computer based outer loop. Structural flexibility exists in all servomechanisms, and, as the load to be positioned becomes more massive or more dis- tant, low and lightly damped natural frequencies can result. These may limit the ability of the servo to provide smooth transient response at a desired speed of operation. Applica- tions where such difficulties exist include robotics^1'2 satellite tracking systems,3 and flexible drive systems.4 There has been considerable effort to develop control concepts to allow high speed operation of flexible systems. However, the role of the actuator and eases where interacting actuator dynamics may be significant have received little attention.5'8 The work presented here focuses on the system model of Fig. 1 where the armature voltage is the input to the open-loop system, and the rotational speed of the inertial load /is the out- put. The tor sional spring stiffness ^represents the flexibility of the rotational system. With appropriate transformations, the model can also be used to represent linear motion systems con- taining a cable drive or rack and pinion, for example. This ef- fort is an outgrowth of an earlier work by Wagle9 in the fre- quency domain where it was noted that resonant peaks in the frequency response of the system in Fig. 1 could be con- siderably dampened by the appropriate choice of actuator parameters. This present work focuses on the time domain and extends the open-loop conclusions into closed-loop perfor- mance via optimal control concepts and the use of Friedland's "controllability index."10 The Motor-Load Model
THE INTRAHEPATIC AND INTRACELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF COPPER FOLLOWING CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION OF THE METAL IN THE DIET.

A histochemical and electron microscopic study of the liver in rats fed a diet containing excess amounts of copper was made to demonstrate the intrahepatic, intralobular and intracellular distribution of the metal. Histochemically copper was demonstrated first at the periphery of the hepatic lobuleand appeared throughout the lobule as the amount of metal increased. Within the hepaticcell copper was demonstrated in the pericanalicular cytoplasm. As the amount of metal in the liver increased occasional perinuclear caps or plaques were formed. Hematoxylin and eosin stained sections of livers with high copper content differed from normal by the presence of light brown pigment. Copper was demonstrated histochemically in the spleen and kidneys of copper fed animals as well as in the liver. Electron microscopic studies of the hepatic cells from copper fed rats revealed numerous irregular dense bodies and pigment granules in the pericanalicular cytoplasm. The dense bodies were enclosed by a single membrane and contained granular material. The appearance of these pericanalicular bodies was associated with loss of histochemical acidphosphatase activity.
Intramuscular Lipoma of the Superior Oblique Muscle

We describe a rare intramuscular infiltrating lipomatous tumor affecting the superior oblique muscle. A 37-year-old female presented with eyelid swelling, proptosis and motility disturbance. Imaging studies revealed enlargement of the superior oblique muscle with a fat-density infiltrating lesion within its belly. The clinical and radiologic findings suggested a cystic or necrotic lesion. Biopsy showed an infiltrative tumor consisting of adipocytes with included degenerated muscle fibers. Histologic features were consistent with a benign intramuscular lipoma, rather than the more aggressive well-differentiated liposarcoma. A review of the literature found three previously described periorbital cases, two in the eyelid, and one in the anterior orbit. Lipomas are common tumors that usually do not cause functional impairment but are very rare in the orbit. Intramuscular lipoma is a rare subtype that can result in significant morbidity. Enlargement of an extraocular or periorbital muscle with a low-density infiltrating lesion should raise suspicion for this unusual tumor.
Small-cell undifferentiated carcinoma of neuroendocrine type originating in the gallbladder

Abstract Purpose We report a case of small-cell undifferentiated carcinoma with neuroendocrine (SCUCN) of the gallbladder in a 67-year-old man who presented with suspected cholelithiasis. Treatment included a cholecystectomy and a 4-cycle course of etoposide and carboplatin. Conclusions Small-cell undifferentiated carcinoma with neuroendocrine features of the gallbladder is a rare disease with approximately 30 cases reported in the literature. Clinical characteristics include an association with cholelithiasis, an elderly age distribution, a female preponderance, and a correlation with cigarette smoking. It is known to behave aggressively and carry a grave prognosis, with extensive local invasion and early metastasis being characteristic. Medical and surgical therapies exist and have demonstrated best results when used in combination.
Temporal changes in the response of chick limb bud mesodermal cells to transforming growth factor β-type 1

Abstract Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) has been found in adult and developing bone in vivo and has varied effects on chondrocytes and osteoblasts in culture. We investigated the effects of TGFβ-type 1 on embryonic chick endochondral bone precursors in culture. Stage 24 chick limb bud mesoderm cells were cultured at high density. Under these conditions a dense mat containing nodules of cartilage surrounded by alkaline phosphatase-positive cells formed. Exposure of mesodermal cells to TGFβ-type 1 over the course of 4–7 days or during Days 3 and 4 caused a reduction in alkaline phosphatase activity and [ 35 S]sulfate incorporation into proteoglycans. When the TGFβ-type 1 was applied during Days 1–2, it caused an increase in both parameters: these increases were observed in the absence of a corresponding change in [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation. The specificity of the effects of TGFβ-type 1 was confirmed by neutralizing antibodies. These studies show that TGFβ-type 1 modulates the phenotype of embryonic endochondral bone precursors. The influence may depend on the window of exposure to the growth factor and, therefore, on the state of differentiation of the cells.
Electrostatic effects in inertial impactors

A focusing impactor is used to study the influence of particle charge q on the capture efficiency versus Stokes number curve η(S). For highly charged particles, image attraction to the collector leads to considerable particle capture even at S = 0. This produces long subcritical tails in the η(S) curve (poor sizing resolution) and reduces the value S * of S at which η = 1/2. A similar behavior, now due to Brownian motion, arises for singly charged ultrafine particles, with a negligible influence of the image force. Both types of tails are reduced or eliminated by a repulsive electric field E between the collector and the nozzle, though at the price of increasing S * . For repelling fields E large enough for the subcritical tails to disappear, S * is a function only of the ratio ZE/U between the electrical and hydrodynamic velocities of the particles. The functional dependence S * (ZE/U) is characterized experimentally for a nearly incompressible thin-plate orifice nozzle flow at Reynolds number Re = 68. Calibration aerosols include singly or doubly charged oil droplets with diameters between 16 and 155 nm. Also polystyrene latex spheres (PSL) 74 nm in diameter generated from a water suspension by electrospray, whose charge q was narrowly controlled in the range 540 > q/e > 390 with a differential mobility analyzer. The analysis of the rate of deposition in the stagnation point region in the limit S = 0 predicts the repulsive fields required to offset the tails, in fair agreement with those observed both for singly and doubly charged as well as highly charged particles. The conclusion is reached that impactors whose detector is an electrometer can attain rather high resolutions in all the range of sizes and charges explored.
Inside-out: Reflecting on your inner state

We present a novel sensor system and interface that enables an individual to capture and reflect on their daily activities. The wearable system gathers both physiological responses and visual context through the use of a wearable biosensor and a cell-phone camera, respectively. Collected information is locally stored and securely transmitted to a novel digital mirror. Through interactive visualizations, this interface allows users to reflect not only on their outer appearance but also on their inner physiological responses to daily activities. Finally, we illustrate how combining a time record of physiological data with visual contextual information can improve and enhance the experience of reflection in many real-life scenarios, and serve as a useful tool for behavior science and therapy.
Bid Cost Minimization vs. Payment Cost Minimization: A Game Theoretic Study of Electricity Markets

In deregulated electricity markets, auction mechanisms are used to select supply bids for energy and ancillary services. Currently, most independent system operators in the US use a "bid cost minimization" auction mechanism that minimizes total supply bid costs to select bids, and afterwards settle the market based on market-clearing prices. Consequently, the consumer payments could be significantly higher than the minimized bid cost from the auction. This gives rise to "payment cost minimization," an alternative auction mechanism that directly minimizes consumer payments. A review of literature shows that with the same set of supply bids, payment cost minimization leads to reduced consumer payments as compared to bid cost minimization. Since power suppliers may bid differently under different auction mechanisms, investigation of market behaviors is necessary for the comprehensive assessment of auction mechanisms. In this paper, strategic behaviors of suppliers are studied within the game theoretic framework for the two auction mechanisms. Simple two-supplier Nash games are first analyzed to provide insights. General matrix Nash games are then solved by using the approximate Nash concept and with our auction algorithms developed earlier as the core. Testing results demonstrate the cost savings for consumers under payment cost minimization as compared to bid cost minimization.
THE EFFECTS OF ASCORBIC ACID, pH, AND EXOGENOUS IRON ON THE CHEMICAL IRON PROFILE OF A SOY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE

The effect of pH, ascorbic acid (Asc) and exogenous iron on the chemical iron profile in a typical soy protein concentrate was investigated. Graded levels of Asc were added to a soy protein concentrate slurry (SC) to produce various pH levels. In order to separate the effect of Asc on pH versus reduction and/or chelation, controls were included which contained appropriate amounts of concentrated HCl to match the acidity of the corresponding Asc samples. In addition, iron was added with and without Asc. Addition of 10–50 mM Asc produced statistically significant increases in percent soluble and ferrous iron over the corresponding acid controls. Results suggest that the ability of Asc to decrease the iron binding capacity of soy protein was predominantly a function of its reducing capabilities, rather than its effect on pH and/or chelation. Also, it was noted that excessive amounts of iron added to the SC produced significant differences in chemical iron profile as compared to the control. This suggests that care must be taken in assuming the presence of a common pool of non-heme iron when both exogenous and endogenous iron are present.
Comparison of Skin Stretch and Vibrotactile Stimulation for Feedback of Proprioceptive Information

We present the results of experiments to compare vibration and skin stretch in a virtual proprioception task in which subjects used a force sensor to control the movement of a virtual aim. Pilot experiments pointed to the need to provide the arm with varying dynamics (like a real arm) and to scale the feedback from vibratory and skin stretch displays to demonstrate a clear improvement in the accuracy of movement. For the final experiments, ten subjects were first trained on the system with visual feedback and then tested with vibratory feedback, skin stretch feedback and no feedback. Both vibration and skin stretch improved the subjects' performance. For some subjects, a second no-feedback case showed improvement over the initial case, indicating learning; in other cases, the no- feedback performance deteriorated and subjects reported that they had become used to relying on feedback. Overall, skin stretch provided superior results, particularly when the virtual arm was in a low-inertia configuration and at low velocity. The results suggest that small skin-stretch devices could be worn on the body to provide useful proprioceptive information when interacting with virtual environments and in motion training for rehabilitation or sports.
Stability Constraints Define the Minimum Subthreshold Swing of a Negative Capacitance Field-Effect Transistor

The current-voltage characteristics of a classical field-effect transistor (FET) is dictated by thermal injection of charge carriers over a gate-controlled energy barrier. It is well known that the subthreshold swing \((S)\) associated with these transistors cannot be reduced below the Boltzmann limit of 60 mV/decade, which in turn defines the lower limit of power dissipation. Therefore, a number of groups have recently proposed to use negative capacitance (NC) gate insulators in FETs to reduce \(S\) below the Boltzmann limit. The ferroelectric-FET (FE-FET) and suspended-gate FET (SG-FET) are two examples. It is now well accepted that NC-FETs can lower \(S\) , but given a specific device architecture, the question of whether there is a lower limit of \(S\) (and if so, the conditions that define the limit) has not been answered. In this paper, we: 1) demonstrate that the fundamental constraints of stability and hysteresis-free operation dictate that there is a lower limit of \(S\) associated with each NC-FET technology; 2) provide a general algorithm to calculate the minimum subthreshold swing \((S_{\rm min})\) ; and 3) illustrate the concept using SG-FET and FE-FET for two different channel configurations, namely, a bulk FET and an FET with constant channel capacitance. Our results broaden the understanding of field-effect action in NC-FETs and should inform research on these devices.
On a measure of program structure

Abstract : Program structure has been discussed as being an important influence on the ease with which programs can be constructed, verified, understood, and changed. Yet the notion of program structure has remained a vague and imprecisely defined concept. This thesis proposes a definition and a measure for program structure and evaluates the usefulness of the measure as a tool for determining and controlling structure in a program.
Carbohydrate and the cytokine response to 2.5 h of running

Nehlsen-Cannarella, S. L., O. R. Fagoaga, D. C. Nieman, D. A. Henson, D. E. Butterworth, R. L. Schmitt, E. M. Bailey, B. J. Warren, A. Utter, and J. M. Davis. Carbohydrate and the cytokine response...
Covert Video Monitoring in the Assessment of Medically Unexplained Symptoms in Children

OBJECTIVE: Diagnosis of medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) occurs after thorough evaluations have failed to identify a physiological cause for symptoms. However, families and providers may wonder if something has been missed, leading to reduced confidence in behavioral treatment. Confidence may be improved through the use of technology such as covert video monitoring to better assess functioning across settings. METHODS: A 12-year-old male presented with progressive neurological decline, precipitated by chronic pain. After thorough evaluation and the failure of standard treatments (medical, rehabilitative, and psychological) covert video monitoring revealed that the patient demonstrated greater abilities when alone in his room. Negative reinforcement was used to initiate recovery, accompanied by positive reinforcement and a rehabilitative approach. Covert video monitoring assisted in three subsequent cases over the following 3 years. RESULTS: and Conclusions In certain complex cases, video monitoring can inform the assessment and treatment of MUS. Discussion includes ethical and practical considerations. Language: en
Synovial sarcoma of the infratemporal fossa.

Abstract Objectives A case is reported in which synovial sarcoma (SS) is arising within the infratemporal fossa. Design and setting Case report and literature review from an academic tertiary referral practice. Results A 46-year-old white woman presented with a 1-month history of having paresthesias on the left side of her head. There was a sensory deficit at the level of the third division dermatome (V3) of the fifth left cranial nerve. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a mass centered in the left infratemporal fossa. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) revealed a spindle cell neoplasm. An endoscopic, transantral biopsy of the mass revealed SS. The SS in the infratemporal fossa was surgically removed en bloc. The patient had postoperative chemoradiotherapy and is free of disease at 1 year from completion of treatment. Conclusions This is the first reported case from the United States of America of SS located in the infratemporal fossa and the third case to be reported in the English language literature.
The Role of International Medical Graduates in the Future of Palliative Care

IT WAS CLOSE TO MIDNIGHT on the very first day of my internal medicine internship and things were not going swimmingly well. The emergency department was bursting at the seams and the emergency medicine doc had told us to “not bother going back to the call room” as he had quite a line up for us. I had picked up a super-active inpatient medicine service just that morning and we were on call the very first night. To make it worse, I could not understand a word of American drawl of my brand new colleagues. So, of course I did what any self-respecting international medical graduate would do under the circumstances: I superglued a big smile on my face and I nodded. A lot. “Can you go check on the lights in the X-lab”? My tired, sleep-deprived brain barely registered the suppressed irritation in my resident’s voice but I gave her a vague smile and nodded. Why did she want me to check the lighting in the laboratory? Where was the hospital electrician? I had heard a lot about the “doit-yourself” American culture but this was ridiculous! I walked back and forth in the hospital for several minutes looking for the X-lab and drew a blank but was too intimidated to go back and quiz my irate resident. I did not really feel like admitting my ignorance to anyone else either (after all they were all complete strangers). Thirty frustrating minutes later, I decided to stop the futile quest. Feeling both incompetent and defeated, I went to check on the seizure patient in bed five when my resident tracked me down again. “Have you checked the lights, yet” she asked pointedly, now making no effort to hide her annoyance. “Yes, yes,” I smiled again and nodded. “I am looking into the situation,” and slipped away quickly for one last desperate attempt at identifying the cursed lab. Twenty minutes later, I was just about to give up and totally ready to break rule number one in the International Medical Graduate secret code book. Enough with the smiling and nodding! They were getting me nowhere. I was going to find my resident and admit the truth. . . . that I could not understand a word of her accented English. Also it was pretty obvious to me by now that the cultural and language barrier were insurmountable and I had no hope in hell of making it through residency. So I decided to sign out all my patients to my resident and quit then and there. As I strode past the nursing station determined to track down my resident, the ER charge nurse thrust a piece of paper under my nose. “Here are the lytes on your ex-lap patient. Your resident was looking for these.” “Oh. Oh! The electrolytes on my exploratory laprotomy patient,” I exclaimed in sudden profound relief. As I vigorously shook the hands of the bemused nurse parroting “Thank you. Thank you very much” over and over again; I could almost hear her thinking “These crazy foreign doctors. . . . ”
The origins of belief representation: monkeys fail to automatically represent others' beliefs.

Young infants’ successful performance on false belief tasks has led several researchers to argue that there may be a core knowledge system for representing the beliefs of other agents, emerging early in human development and constraining automatic belief processing into adulthood. One way to investigate this purported core belief representation system is to examine whether non-human primates share such a system. Although non-human primates have historically performed poorly on false belief tasks that require executive function capacities, little work has explored how primates perform on more automatic measures of belief processing. To get at this issue, we modified Kovacs et al. (2010)’s test of automatic belief representation to examine whether one non-human primate species— the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta)—is automatically influenced by another agent’s beliefs when tracking an object’s location. Monkeys saw an event in which a human agent watched an apple move back and forth between two boxes and an outcome in which one box was revealed to be empty. By occluding segments of the apple’s movement from either the monkey or the agent, we manipulated both the monkeys’ belief (true or false) and agent’s belief (true or false) about the final location of the apple. We found that monkeys looked longer at events that violated their own beliefs than at events that were consistent with their beliefs. In contrast to human infants, however, monkeys’ expectations were not influenced by another agent’s beliefs, suggesting that belief representation may be an aspect of core knowledge unique to humans.
The ALMA Telescope

The Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) is an interferometer array of 54 12-m and 12 7-m antennas, operating in the atmospheric windows from 31 to 950 GHz. The cryogenic receivers for 10 bands employ SIS mixers and low-noise amplifiers. The aggregate data at a rate of 6.3 Tbit/s are processed in real time to yield cross-correlation functions used to construct mm/submm wavelength images with spatial resolution finer than the Hubble Space Telescope produces at optical wavelengths.
Longitudinal management with crossmatch-compatible platelets for refractory patients: alloimmunization, response to transfusion, and clinical outcomes (CME).

BACKGROUND: The use of crossmatch-compatible platelets (PLTs) improves posttransfusion corrected count increments (CCIs) in patients with alloimmune PLT refractoriness. However, few reports address the efficacy of utilizing this strategy for patients requiring intensive PLT transfusion therapy lasting several weeks to months. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Medical records of patients with two or more PLT crossmatch assays performed between 2002 and 2010 were reviewed. All patients were refractory to random single-donor apheresis PLT units, defined as two consecutive 1-hour posttransfusion CCIs of less than 7500. A commercial solid-phase adherence assay was used for crossmatching. RESULTS: Seventy-one patients were included. A median of four crossmatch assays were performed per patient (range, 2-17). Mean percent reactivity in initial (58.6%) versus last (55.3%) crossmatch assay for each patient demonstrated no trend toward progressive alloimmunization (p = NS). A total of 738 crossmatched PLT units were administered with a mean ± standard deviation CCI of 7000 ± 7900 (n = 443 units with adequate 1-hr posttransfusion counts), a significant improvement over random PLTs (p < 0.001). Patients with an initial crossmatch reactivity of greater than 66% were significantly more likely to demonstrate at least one panreactive crossmatch assay, impacting the availability of compatible PLTs for optimum transfusion support. One patient (1.4%) developed WHO Grade IV bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: Progressive alloimmunization to mismatched antigens does not impact medium-term transfusion support with crossmatched PLTs. Increased reactivity in the initial crossmatch assay can serve as a trigger to initiate workup for HLA-matched PLTs as a second-line approach. However, for most patients, medium-term transfusion support with crossmatched PLTs offers an effective and rapid first-line approach to management of PLT transfusion refractoriness.
Competition and the origins of novelty: experimental evolution of niche-width expansion in a virus

Competition for resources has long been viewed as a key agent of divergent selection. Theory holds that populations facing severe intraspecific competition will tend to use a wider range of resources, possibly even using entirely novel resources that are less in demand. Yet, there have been few experimental tests of these ideas. Using the bacterial virus (bacteriophage) ϕ6 as a model system, we examined whether competition for host resources promotes the evolution of novel resource use. In the laboratory, ϕ6 exhibits a narrow host range but readily produces mutants capable of infecting novel bacterial hosts. Here, we show that when ϕ6 populations were subjected to intense intraspecific competition for their standard laboratory host, they rapidly evolved new generalist morphs that infect novel hosts. Our results therefore suggest that competition for host resources may drive the evolution of host range expansion in viruses. More generally, our findings demonstrate that intraspecific resource competition can indeed promote the evolution of novel resource-use phenotypes.
Behavioral intervention strategies for sleep-activity disruption.

The purpose of this article is to discuss one of the key behavioral scientific problems facing the Alzheimer's disease (AD) research community: sleep-activity rhythm disruption. Research opportunities in this area have the potential for a significant positive impact on the management of AD in the home and in various institutional environments. Barriers that impede timely implementation of programs of research in this area, suggestions for overcoming these barriers, and resources needed to facilitate the rapid advance of research are also discussed.
The Development of a Utility of Assessing the Performance Impact of Shared/Distributed File Systems and Database Interactions in High-Performance Simulations

We present the development of a tool for analyzing the interactions between parallel/distributed file systems and databases in a Linux cluster environment. We begin with an overview of existing file system and database technology. We then discuss the actual design of the tool. A sample set of results on a small Linux cluster using NFS and Postgres are presented and analyzed by way of a demonstration and discussion of how this utility may be used for performance assessment.
A New Multiperiod Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem with Heuristic and Application to a Scheduling Problem

A new multiperiod variation of the M-traveling salesman problem is introduced. The problem arises in efficient scheduling of optimal interviews among tour brokers and vendors at conventions of the tourism and travel industry. In classical traveling salesman problem vocabulary, a salesman is a tour broker at the convention and a city is a vendor's booth. In this problem, more than one salesman may be required to visit a city, but at most one salesman per time period can visit each city. The heuristic solution method presented is polynomial and is guaranteed to produce a nonconflicting set of salesmen's tours. The results of an implementation of the method for a recent convention are also reported.
PREDATION AND COMPETITION: THE IMPACT OF FISHERIES ON MARINE-MAMMAL POPULATIONS OVER THE NEXT ONE HUNDRED YEARS

We discuss the potential for commercial fisheries to adversely impact ≥1 population of marine mammal by the end of the 21st century. To a large degree, patterns over the last 50 years regarding human population growth, success and failure in marine-fisheries management, and life history and status information on marine mammals are the basis for 6 predictions. First, annual worldwide landings of fish and shellfish by the end of the 21st century will be less than 80 million tons. Second, virtually all of the predictions regarding species composition and energy flow within a marine community, based on models developed to date with incomplete information on species abundance, food habits, genetic effects of fishing, and variability of predator food habits, will prove wrong on a decadal or longer time scale. Third, the most common type of competitive interaction between marine mammals and commercial fisheries will be that in which commercial fisheries adversely affect a marine-mammal population by depleting localized food resources without necessarily overfishing the target species of fish (or shellfish). Because of this, the number of extant populations and species richness of marine mammals will be reduced by the end of the 21st century, and coastal populations and species will be affected more negatively than will noncoastal species. Fifth, predator control programs designed to reduce local populations of marine mammals will be common without changes in existing forms of fishery management. Finally, protein from marine mammals will become a more important component of the human diet than it currently is.
Protein and fat content of some mushrooms grown in submerged culture.

During World War II, yeasts were used as food and fodder supplements in Germany and in Jamaica (Prescott and Dunn, 1949). Subsequently, food yeasts have been commerciallyproduced in the United States in considerable quantity (Prescott and Dunn, 1949; Wiley et al., 1950, 1953). Theirvalue as a food supplement is well known (Thaysen, 1943). The mushrooms, however, are a group of organisms which may well merit more consideration as a source of food both for human beings and for livestock. They have about the same nutritive value as torula type yeast (Block et al., 1953) and, because they have extensive enzyme complexes, in addition to simple sugars, they can utilize lignins, cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins, and other polymers (Waksman, 1944; Reusser, 1956). They should therefore grow on a variety of cheap substrates and hence, for commerical purposes, may possess a distinct economic advantage over many of the yeasts. The possibility of the submerged culture production of mushrooms for use as flavor additives to soups and other foods has been investigated (Humfeld, 1948; Humfeld and Sugihara, 1949; Block et al., 1953; Sugihara and Humfeld, 1954). In addition, the growth requirements of some wood-rotting fungi (Jennison et al., 1955) and some mushrooms (Whitaker, 1951) have been studied, and Gray and Bushnell (1955) determined carbon balances for a number of the latter fungi. Differences in the essential amino acids of a number of types of microorganisms have been found to be small (Reusser et al., 1957). To evaluate their usefulness for food production on a large scale, other factors such as concentration and total yield of protein, nontoxicity of the product, cost of substrate, and ease of recovery of the cells must be considered. This communication reports results of a study of protein and fat production by 10 strains of mushrooms grown in submerged culture on molasses and waste sulfite liquor.
Down the Rabbit Hole with David Greetham

Based on a talk given at the Symposium in honor of Dr. Greetham’s retirement, this essay addresses the influence Greetham has had on the author’s scholarship and pedagogy. Lauer describes a project she completed as Greetham’s student in which she analyzed the illustration history of the book Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. She argues that the history of a text’s illustration can be read as a history of publishing intent: just as different annotations suit a text for a particular implied readership, so too do different illustrations. The illustrators of Alice come after each other, not to re-envision the words of Lewis Carroll, but to re-envision the scenes as already represented pictorially. Furthermore, Lauer posits that the creation of different illustrated editions is part of the historical trajectory of versioning. As Greetham says of annotation, illustration, too, is “always contingent and local, for the relationship between text and audience is always changing” (1994, 369).