cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Propagation correlations at 900 MHz

The correlation in mean received power from four non-cosited 900 MHz sources is studied as a function of angle of arrival difference (AAD) at the mobile. Two tests are examined, one in the Washington-Baltimore area, and the other in the Chicago-Schaumburg area. Three hundred meter power averages were taken in Washington while 20 meter averages were obtained in Chicago. Weighted correlation coefficients averaging in the order of 0.7 were obtained at small AAD's. Serial correlations are also examined. A table lookup model of correlation coefficient versus AAD was obtained from the measurements. This was applied to the cellular system simulation to show differences in estimated performance with and without AAD correlation taken into account. The example given was assumed to be in an urban propagation enviroment with a 19-mile separation between co-channel users. Differences in 〈C〉/〈I〉 of 2.7 dB with omni antennas and 4.7 dB with 60-degree sector antennas are obtained at the level achievable at 90% of the locations.
Architectures for nanoelectronic implementation of artificial neural networks: new results

Hybrid semiconductor/molecular (''CMOL'') circuits may be used for hardware implementation of artificial neural network. Our studies show that such networks (''CrossNets'') may eventually exceed the mammal brain in areal density, at much higher speed and acceptable power consumption. In this report, we demonstrate that CrossNets based on simple (two-terminal) molecular devices can work well in at least two modes: as Hopfield networks with high defect tolerance, and multilayer perceptrons.
General relativistic hydrodynamics with viscosity: Contraction, catastrophic collapse, and disk formation in hypermassive neutron stars

Viscosity and magnetic fields drive differentially rotating stars toward uniform rotation, which has important consequences in many astrophysical contexts. For example, merging binary neutron stars can form a "hypermassive" remnant, i.e. a differentially rotating star with a mass greater than the maximum allowed by uniform rotation. The removal of the centrifugal support provided by differential rotation can lead to delayed collapse of the remnant to a black hole, accompanied by a burst of gravitational radiation. Both magnetic fields and viscosity alter the structure of differentially rotating stars on secular timescales, making numerical tracking of the evolution difficult. Here, we present the first simulations of rapidly rotating stars with shear viscosity in full general relativity. We self-consistently include viscosity in our relativistic hydrodynamic code to solve the relativistic Navier-Stokes equations both in axisymmetry and in full 3+1 dimensions. In axisymmetry, we follow secular evolution with high resolution over dozens of rotation periods (thousands of M). We find that viscosity operating in a hypermassive star generically leads to the formation of a compact, uniformly rotating core surrounded by a low-density disk. These uniformly rotating cores are often, but not always, unstable to gravitational collapse. In the unstable cases, we follow the collapse and determine the mass and the spin of the final black hole and ambient disk. In all cases studied, the rest mass of the resulting disk is found to be 10-20% of the original star, whether surrounding a uniformly rotating core or a rotating black hole. This study foreshadows more detailed, future simulations of secular processes, including magnetic effects, in relativistic stars.
Food versus Water Reinforcement for Rats Deprived of Both

Summary.-The effectiveness of food and of water as reinforcers was compared using 2 groups of 4 rats each that were deprived of both food and water. Running time to water was significantly greater than that to food (P < .001). When all rats were reinforced with food, this difference in running times disappeared. As running time to water increased as a function of days of training (P < .05), it was suggested that performance for water reflected extinction, an aversion to water or both. The results suggested that hunger and thirst might be manipulated independently over some of their ranges. Implications of these results for drive summation studies were discussed. Verplanck and Hayes (1753) showed that depriving rats of either food or water influenced intake of the other so that hunger and thirst are not manipulable independently. This paper reports an observation made during the initial phase of another study that is contrary to this generalization and that has implications for irrelevant drive studies. Method.-Eighc 5-mo.-old Holtzrnan rats had access to food and to water 60 min./day for 2 mo. When the experiment began, this period was reduced gradually to 45 min./day. Two 12-in. end boxes were joined by a 24-in. runway. The apparatus was 6 in. wide by 10.5 in. deep. The medium flat gray interior was illuminated by four overhead 25 w bulbs. Removable end boxes sat on treadles conuolling a Standard Electric timer that measured the time for S to run the alley. Reinforcement for four Ss was 200 mgm of water vs one 196-mgm dry food pellet for four Ss. Two members of both groups were assigned to two squads. Squad members were run in rotation through five trials/day for 15 days. On Day 13, each S was placed directly in the goal box with one food pellet. Thereafter, Ss were reinforced with food pellets. Resalts.-The daily mean running times are shown in Fig. 1. As daily variances yielded F,,, ratios ranging from 1.10 on Day 2 to 7,994.06 on Day 12, daily comparisons were made with the Mann-Whitney U test. The groups did not differ on Day 1 (U = 7; P < .88) or Day 2 (U = 6; P < .68). The value of U was 1 on Days 3,4, 5 and 7 (P < .05) and 0 on Days 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 and 12 (P < .02). This set of probabilities differed significantly from chance (x" 66.68; df = 24; P < .001). Also, the difference between the mean running times of the groups increased significantly as a function of Days (rs = 'This research was supported in part by a Grant in Aid of Research from Indiana University at South Bend.
Flutter Analysis of Aerostructures Test Wing with Test Validated Structural Dynamic Model

Tuning a finite element model using measured data to minimize the model uncertainties is a challenging task in the area of structural dynamics. A test-validated finite element model can provide a reliable flutter analysis to define the flutter placard speed to which the aircraft can be flown before flight flutter testing. Minimizing the difference between numerical and experimental results is a type of optimization problem. Through the use of the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center's multidisciplinary design, analysis, and optimization tool to optimize the objective function and constraints, the mass properties, natural frequencies, and mode shapes are matched to the target data and the mass matrix orthogonality is retained. The approach in this study has been applied to minimize the model uncertainties for the structural dynamic model of the Aerostructures Test Wing, which was designed, built, and tested at the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center. A 25% change in flutter speed has been shown after reducing the uncertainties. Therefore, without reducing the uncertainties, 40% of the flutter margin (15% MIL-SPEC requirement + 25% modeling uncertainties) would be needed for the safety of flight test.
The D/H ratio for Jupiter

Observations of Jupiter's spectrum near the R5(0) HD line at 6063.88 A are reported. A feature with an equivalent width of 0.065 + or - 0.021 mA is coincident with the expected line. This feature is compared with HD profiles computed for inhomogeneous scattering models for Jupiter to yield a range for the Jovian D/H ratio of 1.0-2.9 x 10 to the -5th. This D/H ratio is in the lower range of previously reported D/H values for Jupiter and corresponds to an essentially solar D/H ratio for Jupiter. The detection of HD features in the presence of probable blends with spectral features of minor atmospheric hydrocarbon molecules is discussed. Such blends may make unambiguous identification of HD features difficult.
Impact of aerial infrared roof moisture scans on the U.S. Army's ROOFER program

The ROOFER program is being used by the U.S. Army to inspect and evaluate its built-up and single-ply membrane roofs. The results of the inspection effort are used to develop an overall roof condition index. The condition of the roof insulation can greatly alter the final condition index. By using an aerial infrared (IR) roof moisture scan, all the insulated roofs at most Army installations can be effectively surveyed in a very short time. The aerial scans have detected numerous areas of wet roof insulation, which has had a profound impact on the results of the ROOFER program. The scans have also provided management personnel with more accurate analysis as to the actual condition of the installation's insulated roofs.
Effects of transformation on the expression of laminin and fibronectin by neural cells

We have studied laminin and fibronectin expression in a collection of rat cerebellar neural cell lines transformed with a mutant of Rous sarcoma virus which is temperature sensitive for transformation. We show that regardless of their neuronal or glial properties the cell lines produce both laminin and fibronectin. Laminin is expressed in similar amounts in cell lines grown at either the permissive or nonpermissive temperature for transformation, while fibronectin is generally expressed at higher levels in cells kept at the nonpermissive temperature. To provide further evidence that neural cells can produce laminin and fibronectin, double label immunofluorescence studies were conducted on primary cerebellar cultures. Both laminin and fibronectin were found to be present in the primary culture, and laminin was found to be associated with a subpopulation of astrocytes.
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Modulates Acid-Mediated Regulation of Somatostatin and Gastrin Release From Rat Antrum

Abstract Background & Aims: Acid has been shown to stimulate calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release from peripheral sensory afferent nerve endings in the stomach. The aim of this study was to determine whether endogenous CGRP was involved, by a neurocrine mechanism, in acid-mediated stimulation of somatostatin and inhibition of gastrin release. Methods: A two-compartment sleeve of antral mucosal/submucosal tissue was perfused to determine sensory nerve and endocrine cell responses to luminal acid. CGRP receptor antagonist, CGRP 8–37 , was used to inhibit the actions of endogenously released CGRP. Results: Perfusion of the antral sleeve lumen with media of increasing hydrogen ion concentration caused pH-dependent increases in CGRP and somatostatin release and decrease in gastrin release. CGRP 8–37 inhibited significantly basal somatostatin (−36%) and stimulated basal gastrin (+65%) release ( P 8–37 administration prevented luminal acid-mediated inhibition of gastrin release and stimulation of somatostatin release. These results indicate that CGRP 8–37 prevented acid-mediated feedback inhibition of gastrin release and acid-induced feedforward somatostatin release. Conclusions: These results suggest that CGRP plays an important role in the response of antral D and G cells to luminal acid and that local effector action of endogenous CGRP participates in regulation of antral regulatory peptide secretion.
Formation of non-amidine products in the reaction of primary amines with imido esters

Abstract Imido esters are widely employed for the chemical modification of amino groups in proteins between pH 7–10. We have found that near pH 8 the initial products of reaction of simple primary amines with imido esters are N-alkyl imidates which subsequently react either with ammonia to yield the expected amidine or with water to form free amine. In contrast, near pH 10 amidine formation occurs more rapidly and in better yield, apparently without the accumulation of an intermediate. The observed mechanism of amidine formation implies the possible occurrence of novel side reactions and suggests improved conditions for protein amidination.
Hallux valgus: Indications and technique of proximal chevron osteotomy combined with distal soft tissue release

Abstract Acquired hallux valgus deformity arises from progressively changing relationships of the bones in the first ray of the foot. Ligamentous laxity develops at the medial capsule of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint and the lateral capsule of the first metatarsocuneiform joint. The adductor hallucis tendons and the transverse metatarsal ligament tether the sesamoid bones and the base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe while the intermetatarsal angle (IMA) increases. These deforming forces are addressed by the distal soft tissue release in the first web space and the soft tissue plication at the medial aspect of the first MTP joint. The addition of the proximal chevron osteotomy of the first metatarsal shaft permits complete correction of the increased hallux valgus and intermetatarsal angles. The improved stability of the proximal chevron osteotomy over other types of osteotomies theoretically reduces the incidence of delayed transfer metatarsalgia. This article will show the anatomy of acquired hallux valgus, as well as the theories and techniques behind the authors' method of surgical correction.
Intellectual property protection in animal biotechnology ‐ a business with pros and cons

Abstract Animal patents are being issued by the Patent and Trademarks Offices throughout the world. Since the announcement by Donald J. Quigg in April of 1987, numerous patents have issued which fall within the definition of patentable animal subject matter. There continues to be discussion centered around the economics, environmental and ethical issues associated with patenting living organisms. Although one criticism of patenting life forms is that owners of each patent can suppress further development by others, there are others who contend the patent process actually will result in greater sharing of scientific advances. Other considerations that arise as a result of patenting life forms consist of; 1) an exemption for researchers who use patented animals to make further improvements; 2) a limitation on the numbers of generations that a royalty is collected; and 3) no royalties for commercial breeders who are producing offspring from patented animals for their own use. In conclusion patenting new life...
Evidence for phosphorylation of tubulin in carrot suspension cells

Two-dimensional gels of phosphoproteins from carrot (Daucus carota L. var. Juwarot) suspension cells labeled in vivo or in vitro revealed phosphoproteins that comigrate with carrot tubulin. A polyclonal antiserum to hibiscus tubulin immunoprecipitated an in vivo labeled phosphoprotein of 50 kDa. Cell-free extracts of carrot suspension cells phosphorylated both purified carrot and bovine brain tubulins in the presence of gamma-labeled adenosine triphosphate. This tubulin phosphorylating activity was reduced 2-fold in extracts from globular stage embryos and approximately 10-fold in extracts from heart/torpedo stage embryos. These data suggest that carrot cells phosphorylate tubulin, and that tubulin phosphorylating activity may be developmentally regulated
Smooth diamond film deposition by a. c. discharge plasma chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Smooth diamond films were deposited on silicon without pretreatment by abrasive powders and on quartz by hot filament and a.c. discharge plasma chemical vapor deposition. The deposited films were characterized by scanning electron microscope, Auger electron spectroscopy and ellipsometry. With a vertically directed a.c. discharge plasma, smooth diamond films were obtained with an index of refraction of about 2.42. However, horizontally directed plasma produced fine faceted diamond particles.
Know-how and concept possession

We begin with a puzzle: why do some know-how attributions entail ability attributions while others do not? After rejecting the tempting response that know-how attributions are ambiguous, we argue that a satisfactory answer to the puzzle must acknowledge the connection between know-how and concept possession (specifically, reasonable conceptual mastery, or understanding). This connection appears at first to be grounded solely in the cognitive nature of certain activities. However, we show that, contra anti-intellectualists, the connection between know-how and concept possession can be generalized via reflection on the cognitive nature of intentional action and the potential of certain misunderstandings to undermine know-how even when the corresponding abilities and associated propositional knowledge are in place. Such considerations make explicit the intimate relation between know-how and understanding, motivating a general intellectualist analysis of the former in terms of the latter.
Peptide from the C-terminal domain of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) inhibits membrane activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2)

Cellular activation of latent matrix metalloproteinase-2 (proMMP-2) requires formation of a cell membrane-associated activation complex that involves specific binding between the hemopexin domain of proMMP-2 (PEX) and the C-terminal domain of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (C-TIMP-2). In this study, we tested the feasibility of inhibiting activation of proMMP-2 by exogenous inhibitors, which block the binding between PEX and TIMP-2. The recombinant C-TIMP-2 and synthetic peptides from C-TIMP-2 were used as inhibitors for proMMP-2 activation. Recombinant C-TIMP-2 bound specifically to both the catalytically inactive MMP-2(E404A) and the C-terminal domain of MMP-2 (PEX) in a concentration dependent manner with apparent K(d) of 3.9×10(-7)M and 1.7×10(-7)M, respectively. Moreover, C-TIMP-2 competed the binding between MMP-2(E404A) and full-length TIMP-2. Finally, activity assays showed that addition of C-TIMP-2 to HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells inhibited proMMP-2 activation in a concentration-dependent manner. We then designed a synthetic peptide, P175L, consisting of 20 residues from the PEX-binding tail region of C-TIMP-2. P175L bound PEX and inhibited cell membrane-mediated activation of proMMP-2 in a concentration dependent manner. Deletion of the last 9 tail residues of C-TIMP-2 in P175L abrogated the inhibitory activities of the peptide showing that these residues were essential for function. Overall, these experiments have demonstrated that proMMP-2 activation can be inhibited by exogenous inhibitors which points to a potential strategy for MMP-2 specific inhibition.
Feed moisture effects on functional properties, trypsin inhibitor and hemagglutinating activities of extruded bean high starch fractions

High starch fractions (HSF) of navy, pinto and garbanzo beans were extruded with different moisture contents using a Wenger X-5 extruder. Increasing moisture content resulted in increased expansion index for navy and garbanzo beans and a decrease for pinto bean. The highest water absorption index was obtained for navy bean HSF at moisture 27%, for pinto 30% and for garbanzo 26%. For all beans, water solubility index decreased with increasing moisture. Color of extrudates also was affected by moisture. The extrusion process reduced trypsin inhibitor activity by about 70–85%, the level of decrease determined by moisture content of starting material and temperature. Extrusion temperatures of 121, 132 and 150°C inactivated hemagglutinating activity of navy, pinto and garbanzo beans.
Seismic Behavior of Steel Girder Bridge Superstructures

Recent earthquakes exposed the vulnerabilities of steel plate girder bridges when subjected to ground shaking. This paper discusses the behavior of steel plate girder bridges during recent earthquakes such as Petrolia, Northridge, and Kobe. The paper also discusses the recent experimental and analytical investigations that were conducted on steel plate girder bridges and their components. Results of these investigations showed the importance of shear connectors in distributing and transferring the lateral forces to the end and intermediate cross frames. Also, these investigations showed the potential of using end cross frames as ductile elements that can be used to dissipate the earthquake input energy. The paper also gives an update on specifications and guidelines for the seismic design of steel plate girder bridges in the United States.
Power system stabilization using a free-model based inverse dynamic neuro controller

Presents an implementation of a power system stabilizer using inverse dynamic neuro controller. Traditionally, a multilayer neural network is used for a universal approximator and applied to a system as a neuro-controller. In this case, at least two neural networks are required and continuous tuning of the neuro-controller is required. Moreover, training of the neural network is required considering all possible disturbances, which is impractical in real situation. In the paper, inverse dynamic neuro model (IDNM) is introduced to avoid this problem. The inverse dynamic neuro controller consists of the IDNM and the error reduction neuro model. Once the IDNM is trained, it does not require retuning for cases with other types of disturbances. The controller is tested for a one machine and infinite-bus power system for various operating conditions.
Gender in Cohabitation and Marriage: The Influence of Gender Ideology on Housework Allocation Over the Life Course

The analysis examines the direct and indirect influences of early gender socialization on the allocation of routine housework later in the life course. The study articulates hypotheses suggesting that the relationship between gender socialization early in adulthood and housework allocation later in adulthood is moderated by gender and union type and is mediated by subsequent contextual characteristics of the couple. The analysis draws on panel data from a sample of 586 young adults spanning 31 years. Findings indicate that married men's attitudes about gender early in adulthood are more influential for the later division of labor than are married women's attitudes, but gender differences in the influence of early attitudes on later housework patterns are not present among cohabitors. The influence of early gender socialization on later housework allocation is mediated by couple-level resources and time availability among cohabitors but not among married individuals.
Good-Bye Dodo Bird (Raphus cucullatus) Why Social Knowledge is Cumulative, Expansive, and Nonevolutionary

Social, organizational, and managerial knowledge regarding human interactions develops incrementally in a cumulative-expansive manner. This article lists seven reasons why. A primary reason is that unlike biological organisms, social knowledge that is rejected becomes knowledge in disuse and is not extinct. It remains in the knowledge pool and may reappear at a later date and under different conditions. Social knowledge is not evolutionary, as claimed by evolutionary epistemologists. Because social knowledge is generated from unique social phenomena, it expands and accumulates by a process of selection and classification that differs considerably from biological evolution. Implications for research in organizations and management issues are listed, particularly with regard to the selection of theories in these areas.
On the energy efficiency of graphics processing units for scientific computing

The graphics processing unit (GPU) has emerged as a computational accelerator that dramatically reduces the time to discovery in high-end computing (HEC). However, while today's state-of-the-art GPU can easily reduce the execution time of a parallel code by many orders of magnitude, it arguably comes at the expense of significant power and energy consumption. For example, the NVIDIA GTX 280 video card is rated at 236 watts, which is as much as the rest of a compute node, thus requiring a 500-W power supply. As a consequence, the GPU has been viewed as a “non-green” computing solution. This paper seeks to characterize, and perhaps debunk, the notion of a “power-hungry GPU” via an empirical study of the performance, power, and energy characteristics of GPUs for scientific computing. Specifically, we take an important biological code that runs in a traditional CPU environment and transform and map it to a hybrid CPU+GPU environment. The end result is that our hybrid CPU+GPU environment, hereafter referred to simply as GPU environment, delivers an energy-delay product that is multiple orders of magnitude better than a traditional CPU environment, whether unicore or multicore.
R&D benchmarking using data envelopment analysis: The case of Thailand Research Fund

Due to the limitation in the availability of resources (time, money and researchers) for research projects, it is always a policy and decision maker's challenge to decide on appropriate research projects or programs to support as well as how much money should be spent and how the funding should be managed in order to achieve the research goals. Thus, it would be helpful to provide the information on efficiencies of different research projects or programs to assist the decision making process. This paper provides the measurement and comparison of the efficiencies of the research projects or programs by utilizing data envelopment analysis (DEA) method applied to a case study of Thailand Research Fund (TRF). DEA technique is used because it does not require the impossible-to-define explicit input-output relationship of the research projects. Based upon the analysis result and the policy implication, it would enable the decision maker to identify the projects or programs with high efficiency which should be supported continuously as well as the projects or programs with lower efficiency which should be terminated or improved their operation.
Double-layer silicon photonic crystal fiber tip sensor

We describe a double-layer monolithic silicon photonic crystal (PC) fiber tip sensor. The PC is fabricated using wafer-scale Si processing and epoxy bonding to the fiber. The sensor has sharper resonances and higher sensitivity to refractive index than previously-reported single-layer PC fiber tip sensors. The bonding technique enables batch production.
Clawed toes in the diabetic foot: neuropathy, intrinsic muscle volume, and plantar aponeurosis thickness

Clawed toes, defined as extension of the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) and flexion of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints (IPJ), have been associated with the diabetic foot. One theory states that this deformity is caused by an imbalance between the extrinsic and intrinsic foot muscles [1,2]. However, Bus et al. found a 73% decrease in intrinsic muscle cross sectional area between diabetic neuropathic patients and controls, but only 2 of 8 neuropathic patients had toe deformities [3]. Anderson et al. found that diabetic neuropathic patients had a little more than 50% of the intrinsic muscle volume of either controls or non-neuropathic diabetic patients, but none of the diabetic neuropathic patients had toe deformities [4]. Others have found a link between plantar apo-neurosis (PA) dysfunction and clawed toes [5,6] and between diabetes and a thicker PA [7-9]. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between claw toes, neuropathy, intrinsic muscle volume and PA thickness.
From Nissl stains to modern concepts of brainstem function

For most neurologists, the name Olszewski is associated with the 1964 seminal paper describing progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), which was co-authored with Drs John C. Steele and J. Clifford Richardson of Toronto (Steele et al. , 1964). However, an earlier, important contribution by Dr Olszewski was his collaboration with Donald Baxter to produce their atlas, Cytoarchitecture of the Human Brainstem (1954). A third, revised and extended, edition of the atlas has now been provided by Professors Jean Buttner-Ennever and Anja Horn, of the University of Munich. Before describing what this new edition offers to neurologists and neuroscientists, a short historical summary of Olszewski, the evolution of his ideas and those of his successors concerning the brainstem—and especially the reticular formation—may help readers to understand how this atlas mirrors the development of current concepts in the clinical neurosciences. Jerzy (George) Olszewski grew up and attended medical school in what is now Vilnius, Lithuania and, during World War II, survived first Russian, and then German, invasions of his town by working ‘underground’ in a civilian army hospital (Baxter et al. , 1987). Drawing on close, long-standing ties between academics at Vilnius and the Vogt Brain Research Institute in Germany, Olszewski was able, in 1943, to obtain a position as assistant to Oskar and Cecile Vogt. The Vogts greatly influenced him and got him started on studying the brainstem reticular formation. After the war, economic circumstance forced Olszewski to move, and Oskar Vogt wrote to Wilder Penfield, who was eventually persuaded to accept him as a fellow at Montreal Neurological Institute. In collaboration with Donald Baxter (then …
Pre-Botzinger Complex Receives Glutamatergic Innervation From Galaninergic and Other Retrotrapezoid Nucleus Neurons

The retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) contains CO(2) -responsive neurons that regulate breathing frequency and amplitude. These neurons (RTN-Phox2b neurons) contain the transcription factor Phox2b, vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) mRNA, and a subset contains preprogalanin mRNA. We wished to determine whether the terminals of RTN-Phox2b neurons contain galanin and VGLUT2 proteins, to identify the specific projections of the galaninergic subset, to test whether RTN-Phox2b neurons contact neurons in the pre-Botzinger complex, and to identify the ultrastructure of these synapses. The axonal projections of RTN-Phox2b neurons were traced by using biotinylated dextran amine (BDA), and many BDA-ir boutons were found to contain galanin immunoreactivity. RTN galaninergic neurons had ipsilateral projections that were identical with those of this nucleus at large: the ventral respiratory column, the caudolateral nucleus of the solitary tract, and the pontine Kolliker-Fuse, intertrigeminal region, and lateral parabrachial nucleus. For ultrastructural studies, RTN-Phox2b neurons (galaninergic and others) were transfected with a lentiviral vector that expresses mCherry almost exclusively in Phox2b-ir neurons. After spinal cord injections of a catecholamine neuron-selective toxin, there was a depletion of C1 neurons in the RTN area; thus it was determined that the mCherry-positive terminals located in the pre-Botzinger complex originated almost exclusively from the RTN-Phox2b (non-C1) neurons. These terminals were generally VGLUT2-immunoreactive and formed numerous close appositions with neurokinin-1 receptor-ir pre-Botzinger complex neurons. Their boutons (n = 48) formed asymmetric synapses filled with small clear vesicles. In summary, RTN-Phox2b neurons, including the galaninergic subset, selectively innervate the respiratory pattern generator plus a portion of the dorsolateral pons. RTN-Phox2b neurons establish classic excitatory glutamatergic synapses with pre-Botzinger complex neurons presumed to generate the respiratory rhythm.
Chronic biotoxin-associated illness : Multiple-system symptoms, a vision deficit, and effective treatment

Blooms of toxigenic organisms have increased in spatial and temporal extent due to human activities and natural forces that alter ecologic habitats and pollute the environment. In aquatic environments, harmful algal blooms pose a risk for human health, the viability of organisms, and the sustainability of ecosystems. The estuarine dinoflagellate, Pfiesteria piscicida, was discovered in the late 1980s at North Carolina State University as a contaminant in fish cultures. P. piscicida was associated with fish death in laboratory aquaria, and illness among laboratory workers who inhaled the mist above aquaria. Both the fish and humans exhibited signs of toxicity. During the 1990s, large-scale mortality among fish and other aquatic organisms was associated with high concentrations of Pfiesteria sp. in estuaries on the eastern seaboard of North America from New York to Texas. Illness among humans was associated with direct exposure to estuaries and exposures to estuarine aerosols around the time of Pfiesteria-related fish kills. This review of the scientific literature on associations between Pfiesteria and human illness identified some of the possible mechanisms of action by which putative Pfiesteria toxins may have caused morbidity. Particular attention was given to the Pfiesteria-associated, human-illness syndrome known as Possible Estuary Associated Syndrome (PEAS). PEAS was characterized by multiple-system symptoms, deficits in neuropsychological tests of cognitive function, and rapid and severe decrements in visual contrast sensitivity (VCS), an indicator of neurologic function in the visual system. PEAS was diagnosed in acute and chronic illness cases, and was reacquired during re-exposure. Rapid normalization of PEAS signs and symptoms was achieved through the use of cholestyramine therapy. Cholestyramine, a non-absorbable polymer, has been used by humans to lower cholesterol levels since it was approved for that use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1958. When dissolved in water or juice and taken orally, cholestyramine binds with cholesterol, bile acids, and salts in the intestines, causing them to be eliminated rather than reabsorbed with bile during enterohepatic recirculation. Cholestyramine also has been reported to bind and eliminate a variety of toxic substances. The efficacy of cholestyramine therapy in treatment of PEAS supported the hypothesis that PEAS is a biotoxin-associated illness.
A DEMOCRATIC FRAMEWORK FOR EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS

Educational theorists frequently invoke rights claims to express their views about educational justice and authority. But the unyielding nature of rights claims presents a significant quandary in democratic contexts, given the tension between rights claims and majoritarian democracy. Educational theorists have given limited attention to this tension, while political theorists tend to sideline education in their analyses. In this essay Anne Newman addresses this gap by advancing a democratic rationale for educational rights. Newman's purpose is to provide a framework for advancing educational rights that protects these rights from the whims of majoritarian politics. Her central argument is that the importance of educational rights warrants giving democratic bodies far less deference than they are typically accorded. Yet the assertion of a right to a quality education, Newman emphasizes, should not be viewed as an undue constraint on democratic authority but rather is consistent with and required by the values that underlie democracy.
Fast Concomitant Gradient Field and Field Inhomogeneity Correction for Spiral Cardiac Imaging

Non-Cartesian imaging provides many advantages in terms of flexibility, functionality, and speed. However, a major drawback to these imaging methods is off-resonance distortion artifacts. These artifacts manifest as blurring in spiral imaging. Common techniques that remove the off-resonance field inhomogeneity distortion effects are not sufficient, because the high order concomitant gradient fields are nontrivial for common imaging conditions, such as imaging 5 cm off isocenter in an 1.5T scanner. Previous correction algorithms are either slow or do not take into account the known effects of concomitant gradient fields along with the field inhomogeneities. To ease the correction, the distortion effects are modeled as a non-stationary convolution problem. In this work, two fast and accurate post-gridding algorithms are presented and analyzed. These methods account for both the concomitant field effects and the field inhomogeneities. One algorithm operates in the frequency domain and the other in the spatial domain. To take advantage of their speed and accuracy, the algorithms are applied to a real-time cardiac study and a high-resolution cardiac study. Both of the presented algorithms provide for a practical solution to the off-resonance problem in spiral imaging.
Sources of Origen's Doctrine of Freedom

In Contra Celsum Origen briefly states his approach to constructing a theological system. He says, “… anyone who constructs a Christian philosophy will need to argue the truth of his doctrines with proofs of all kinds, taken both from the divine scriptures and from rational arguments (logois akolouthias). ” Origen here specifies a twofold basis for theology—Scripture and rational argument. He often speaks explicitly of these two in his system. For example, in De principiis II.v.3 he says that he has refuted the heretics by arguments drawn from the authority of Scriptures (ex auctoritate … scripturarum) but it will not be unfitting if he discusses the matter from the standpoint of rational argument (ex ratione … consequentiae=akolouthia). And again at the end of the preface of De principiis, this programmatic statement occurs: Anyone desiring to construct a system out of the articles of faith just listed will do so “… with the aid of such illustrations and declarations as he shall find in the holy scriptures and of such conclusions as he shall ascertain to follow logically from them when rightly understood.”
The spatial heterogeneity of soil invertebrates and edaphic properties in an old growth forest stand in western Oregon

Geostatistical tools, the semi-variogram and correlogram, were used to compare spatial heterogeneity and patterns of soil microarthropods, O-horizon depth, moisture content, temperature, and pH in two contrasting forest stands near the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon for June of 1992 and 1993. Two adjacent research plots were sampled: one plot consisted of a heterogeneous mix of age classes with a high density of old-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii); the other plot was dominated by a homogeneous post-fire stand of Douglas-fir regrowth with a low density of old-growth trees. Spatial analysis revealed distinguishable differences between old growth and regrowth forest and between sampled years. In the hot dry spring of 1992, short range variability and patches (0 to 5 m), especially in pH, moisture, O-horizon depth, and faunal census, were more pronounced in the homogeneous regrowth plot, whereas long range patterns (17 to 22 m) were more pronounced in the heterogeneous old growth plot. In the cold wet spring of 1993 both old growth and regrowth forest plots had only short range variation.
Analysis of air gap eccentricity in closed-loop drive-connected induction motors

This paper analyzes the effect of current-regulated indirect field-oriented drives on the diagnostics of air gap eccentricity in three-phase induction motors. It points out that the bandwidths of speed and current PI controllers determine the harmonic distribution in stator currents and voltages. Thus, for the accurate and sensitive prediction, particular electrical variables should be monitored for different faults. A motor-drive system with static and mixed eccentricity is simulated by the finite element method respectively. Meanwhile, the results of two experiments on a drive-connected 7.5-hp induction motor operating under no load and part load conditions are discussed. The simulation and experimental results verify the theoretical analysis and the feasibility of the proposed diagnostic method.
Effect of Depth of Flooding on the Rice Water Weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, and Yield of Rice

The rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Kuschel) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a semi-aquatic pest of rice and is the most destructive insect pest of rice in the United States. Adults oviposit after floods are established, and greenhouse studies have shown that plants exposed to deep floods have more eggs oviposited in leaf sheaths than plants exposed to a shallow flood. Experiments were conducted in three mid-southern states in the USA to determine if the depth of flooding would impact numbers of L. oryzophilus on rice plants under field conditions. Rice was flooded at depths of approximately 5 or 10 cm in Arkansas in 2007 and 2008 and Louisiana in 2008, and at depths between 0–20 cm in Missouri in 2008. Plants were sampled three and four weeks after floods were established in all locations, and also two weeks after flood in Missouri. On all sampling dates in four experiments over two years and at three field sites, fewer L. oryzophilus larvae were collected from rice in shallow-flooded plots than from deep-flooded plots. The number of L. oryzophilus was reduced by as much as 27% in shallow-flooded plots. However, the reduction in insect numbers did not translate to a significant increase in rice yield. We discuss how shallow floods could be used as a component of an integrated pest management program for L. oryzophilus.
Development and application of numerical models for simulating bio-oil gasification

Bio-oil, a mixture of complex oxygenated hydrocarbons, is obtained through fast pyrolysis of solid biomass. As biomass is low in energy density and not easily transportable, a novel approach is to convert biomass to bio-oil, transport bio-oil to a centralized facility, gasify bio-oil to syngas, and upgrade syngas to transportation fuels and other high-value chemicals. In this study, a comprehensive numerical model was developed to simulate the gasification of bio-oil at different operating conditions and different reactor geometries. The present model considers spray, atomization, vaporization, and chemical reactions of bio-oil. Bio-oil was modeled as a multi-component fuel, consisting of ten major components. The Joback method, a group contribution method, was used to calculate the bio-oil thermophysical properties, including enthalpy, latent heat, and vapor pressure. With the bio-oil thermophysical properties, vaporization of single bio-oil drop was simulated, and results show that the heaviest component, i.e., levoglucosan, is the last component which remains in the drop. A thermodynamic equilibrium approach was used to account for chemical reactions. Gasification of methanol was first simulated for model validation. The numerical simulations of bio-oil gasification at different operating pressures and equivalence ratios were also conducted. Comparisons between the numerical results and experimental data show that the current model can predict gasification process reasonably well. Results show that syngas yield is independent of the ambient pressure while sensible to equivalence ratio. The simulation results show that conversion of bio-oil to syngas occurs gradually along the gasifier. Using the current model, bio-oil gasification was studied for large reactors with high gasification capacity. It was found that a reactor with 30 cm in diameter and 300 cm in length can
Amino Acid Metaclusters: Implications of Growth Trends on Peptide Self-Assembly and Structure

Ion-mobility mass spectrometry is utilized to examine the metacluster formation of serine, asparagine, isoleucine, and tryptophan. These amino acids are representative of different classes of noncharged amino acids. We show that they can form relatively large metaclusters in solution that are difficult or impossible to observe by traditional solution techniques. We further demonstrate, as an example, that the formation of Ser metaclusters is not an ESI artifact because large metaclusters can be detected in negative polarity and low concentration with similar cross sections to those measured in positive polarity and higher concentration. The growth trends of tryptophan and isoleucine metaclusters, along with serine, asparagine, and the previously studied phenylalanine, are balanced among various intrinsic properties of individual amino acids (e.g., hydrophobicity, size, and shape). The metacluster cross sections of hydrophilic residues (Ser, Asn, Trp) tend to stay on or fall below the isotropic model trend...
Cbl-b Deficiency in Mice Results in Exacerbation of Acute and Chronic Stages of Allergic Asthma

Mice sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) develop allergic airway disease (AAD) with short term daily OVA aerosol challenge; inflammation resolves with long-term OVA aerosol exposure, resulting in local inhalational tolerance (LIT). Cbl-b is an E3 ubiquitin ligase involved with CD28 signaling; Cbl-b-/- effector T cells are resistant to regulatory T cell mediated suppression in vitro and in vivo. The present study utilized Cbl-b-/- mice to investigate the role of Cbl-b in the development of AAD and LIT. Cbl-b-/- mice exhibited increased airway inflammation during AAD, which failed to resolve with long-term OVA aerosol exposure. Exacerbation of inflammation in Cbl-b-/- mice correlated with increased proinflammatory cytokine levels and expansion of effector T cells in the BAL during AAD, but did not result in either a modulation of lymphocyte subsets in systemic tissues or in OVA specific IgE in serum. These results implicate a role for Cbl-b in the resolution of allergic airway inflammation.
Towards Automated Detection and Regulation of Affective States During Academic Writing

This project focuses on developing methods to automatically detect and respond to emotions that students experience while developing writing proficiency with computerized environments. We describe progress that we have already made toward detecting affect during writing using keystroke analysis, stable traits, and task appraisals. We were able to distinguish boredom from engagement with an accuracy of 38% above random guessing. Our next goal is to improve the accuracy of our classifier. We plan to accomplish this through an exploration of higher level features such as sequences of character types. Ultimately we hope to develop a system capable of both detecting affect and influencing affect through interventions and experimentally testing this system.
Child-custody reform and the division of labor in the household

We investigate whether the adoption of joint-custody laws affects the amount of time that married mothers and fathers devote to market and household work. Our findings suggest that custody reform induces a reallocation of time within marriage, with mothers working more in the market and fathers working more in the home. However, fathers lower their labor-force-participation rates in response to custody reform. The patterns in the data are most easily reconciled with models that emphasize shifts in bargaining power to one household member, which is likely the father in the case of joint-custody reform.
Resolving the 'Elephantine Mass'

Is there a fair way for policymakers to free the American economy from the specter of never-ending asbestos litigation? Even though the number of cancer deaths attributed to asbestos exposure has been dropping since 1992, some 80 firms linked to asbestos production and use have gone bankrupt, and some $54 billion has been paid out in compensation to sufferers of various asbestos-related illnesses, the number of new asbestos-related claims has begun rising in recent years. Unlike other mass torts, asbestos litigation has no natural ending point because the number of plaintiffs and potential defendants is virtually unlimited - bankrupt asbestos manufacturers are replaced as defendants by firms that sold or installed asbestos-containing products, manufacturers whose products incorporated an asbestos-containing component, or owners of production facilities that had asbestos insulation in their buildings. Needless to say, this litigation and potential future litigation poses a severe threat to the U.S. economy. Is there a way to resolve all this litigation efficiently and, at the same time, fairly compensate plaintiffs and potential plaintiffs?