cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Susceptibility of steelhead trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson to redmouth infection Yersinia ruckeri following exposure to copper

. Steelhead trout were exposed to sublethal concentrations of copper and inoculated with Yersinia ruckeri. Copper exposure at 7 and 10 μg/1 for 96 h caused more fish to die of infection than control fish (no copper). Infection susceptibility increased with time of exposure to a single dosage of copper (10 μg/1), reaching a maximum at 48 h. Lowering the copper concentration to 5 μg/1 caused the infection susceptibility to occur at 24 h. The infectious dose of Y. ruckeri was lower in fish exposed to 10 μg/1 copper for 48 h than control fish.
Computer simulation of annealing and recovery effects on serrated flow in some Al-Mg alloys

Strain to the onset of serrated flow (ec) remains an important measure of formability for aluminum alloys, especially in the 5XXX-series (Al-Mg) alloys, since serrated flow can signal undesirable surface appearance as well as premature fracture. For this reason, extensive experimental and theoretical work has been performed in order to identify the key parameters that affect the onset of serrated flow. In particular, it has been determined that thermal treatments applied after cold rolling can favorably impact the ec of an Al-Mg alloy (5182 can end stock).
Comparison of Numerical and Experimental Results of Small Scale Compressed Gas Blast Experiments Involving a Surrogate Head Form

Exposure to a shock wave from an explosive blast can result in injury to the human body even if external signs of trauma are not present. Gaining a better understanding of the mechanisms contributing to those injuries can result in the design of better personal protective equipment (PPE). Compressed gas blast experiments can be conveniently used to explore the mechanical response of PPE systems and instrumented surrogate head forms to blast loading scenarios in a laboratory environment. Likewise, numerical simulations can be used to study relevant field variables related to the compressed gas blast and its effects on the target. In this regard, experimental data is needed to validate simulation results.This paper presents an experiment that uses a small scale compressed gas blast generator to explore the pressure distribution around a surrogate head form due to blast loading. The compressed gas blast generator is an open-end shock tube which creates a shock wave when the diaphragm that separates the high pressure and low pressure (ambient air) regions ruptures. The overpressures on selected locations of the surrogate head form were measured with piezoelectric pressure sensors and the data was processed to obtain positive phase durations and positive phase impulses. The surrogate head form was positioned off-axis from the exit of the compressed gas blast generator to preclude the discharge flow from affecting the overpressure measurements. A three-dimensional Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) model of the experiment described above was prepared in Abaqus/Explicit. Selected numerical and experimental results were compared and there was good agreement between them.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The Changing Role of Marketing in the Corporation

New organization forms, including strategic partnerships and networks, are replacing simple market-based transactions and traditional bureaucratic hierarchical organizations. The historical marketi...
The process of mRNA–tRNA translocation

In the elongation cycle of translation, translocation is the process that advances the mRNA–tRNA moiety on the ribosome, to allow the next codon to move into the decoding center. New results obtained by cryoelectron microscopy, interpreted in the light of x-ray structures and kinetic data, allow us to develop a model of the molecular events during translocation.
Bor – Stickstoff-Verbindungen. XLV. Zur Kenntnis der Reaktion von Bortrichlorid, Ammoniumchlorid und Phosphorpentachlorid

Bei der gemeinsamen Reaktion von Bortrichlorid und Phosphorpentachlorid mit Ammoniumchlorid entstehen Chlorophosphazonium-tetrachloroborate, [Cl(Cl2PN)nPCl3][BCl4]. Der Kondensationsgrad des Kations ist weitestgehend von der Reaktionstemperatur abhanging; uberschussiges Bortrichlorid zeigt keinen merklichen Einflus auf den Verlauf der Umsetzung, die sich in gleicher Weise mit [PCl4][BCl4] und Ammoniumchlorid durchfuhren last. Einige spektrospkopische Daten der untersuchten Verbindungen warden diskutiert. Boron-nitrogen compounds. XLV. On the reaction of boron trichloride, ammonium chloride and phosphorus pentachloride The joint reaction of boron trichloride and phosphorus pentachloride with ammonium chloride leads to the formation of chlorophosphazonium tetrachloroborates, [Cl(Cl2PN)nPCl3][BCl4]. The degree of condensation of the cation is primarily dependent on the reaction temperature and excess of boron trichloride shows no noticeable effect on the course of the reaction. Identical products are obtained by reacting [PCl4][BCl4] with ammonium chloride. Some spectroscopic data on the compounds under consideration are discussed.
Rea on Universalism

Final version published by Blackwell Publishing in Analysis 61.269,69-76, January 2001. The definitive version is available at www.blackwell-synergy.com
Conformation and dynamics of glycoprotein oligosaccharides as studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy

Most complex carbohydrates can take a large number of shapes in solution. Determining the favored solution conformations and characterizing the internal motions of complex carbohydrates is essential to understanding their biological function, particularly their interactions with proteins. This paper describes an NMR spectroscopic study of the internal dynamics of a mucin glycoprotein-derived di-antennary octasaccharide, 1H NMR spectra of this oligosaccharide in D2O and H2O were completely assigned by the combination of TOCSY, ROESY and triple-quantum spectroscopy experiments. Specific {1H,1H} cross-relaxation rates and 1H longitudinal relaxation times were measured at various temperatures and magnetic field strengths. The data show that the NeuAcα(2 3)Galβ arm of the octasaccharide can adopt two conformations around the (2 3)-bond. Most important, the NeuAcα(2 3)Galβ and Galα(1 4)Galβ linkages both have pronounced conformational flexibility; their rearrangements are fast on the time scale of the overall molecular tumbling.
Advancing America's Health

In 1787, Thomas Jefferson wrote, "without health there is no happiness. An attention to health, then, should take the place of every other object." As the process of health system reform moves forward, attention and resources must be directed toward advancing America's health. To direct attention toward health, the US Public Health Service is developing strategies that: Restructure the health care system to focus on the health of populations. Define and strengthen the public health system. Ensure public health agencies and health care plans collaborate to respond to local community needs. Build infrastructure—information systems, research, workforce—to advance health. Realize responsible social policies. I call this fivefold strategy "reinventing public health." Although Congress did not enact comprehensive health system reform this year, the American health care system is experiencing profound change, particularly in the private sector. A major part of the health care system is moving away from
“Shallow-Water” Magnetohydrodynamic Waves in the Solar Tachocline

This Letter discusses waves in a rotating magnetized fluid layer, governed by "shallow-water" magnetohydrodynamics. Such waves likely exist in the solar tachocline, and we focus on this application. A dispersion relation is derived, giving two branches of waves: Alfven and magnetogravity. In general, finite Alfven and magnetogravity waves can propagate without change of shape. However, if the Coriolis force is absent, as on the equator of the tachocline, finite magnetogravity waves steepen and develop singularities in a time τs. It is shown that τs increases monotonically with the ambient magnetic field strength.
Introducing an application integration course in IT curriculum

In most organizations, there still exists a variety of enterprise-level applications that were developed at different times, with different technologies, and on different platforms. One of the job challenges our IT graduates face is to be involved in the projects of integrating those applications, and such a challenge requires particular technical knowledge and skills.Driven by such a market need, inspired by the IT body of knowledge, and motivated by our continuing effort of IT curriculum development and improvement, we have designed a senior level course titled "Application Integration". The course content spans from basic principles and architectures of various application integration approaches, to the foundations of modern application integration that include all the basics of XML technology, and to service-oriented architecture computing paradigm.The course involves extensive laboratory exercises and a semester project. The lab assignments require students to design and make their own "dog food" early in the semester so that it will be processed (manipulated) over time. The diverse of their initial designs provides a forum for active participation and learning as well as discussions among the students and instructor. The semester project is either a single phase or a two-phase project. The two-phase project consists of an earlier phase involving the creation of standalone applications by each individual student with different technologies and platforms, and a later phase dealing with the development of a dashboard type application that integrates individually developed applications.The feedback from students who took the course has been very positive and encouraging. Students were not only actively immersed in learning the knowledge and technology of application integration, but they were also immersed in their great learning experience to better prepare for their careers.
Commentary: A New Formula for Gendering Products and Brands

Gendering a product or brand means associating its image with a sex role stereotype in the minds of consumers. Examines, using research, the requirements and prohibitions of contemporary masculine and feminine sex roles and the kinds of consumers who do and do not adhere to them. Provides ten specific recommendations for choosing a product or brand gendering strategy, based on target market demographics and the tendency for different groups to prefer gendered products or brands over those that are ungendered.
The Courts, Health Care Reform, and the Reconstruction of American Social Legislation

Because of budgetary and other political pressures, American health care reform (and other social reform) legislation is often not enforced, or is implemented in ways that undermine its egalitarian goals. About 25 years ago the federal courts began to try to reduce this gap between statutory promise and policy reality by interpreting federal funding laws as creating rights for their ultimate beneficiaries, including low-income patients and the providers who serve them. This major innovation in the concept of legal rights was confirmed by hundreds of judicial decisions and accepted by Congress itself. Over the past few years, however, a new Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice William Rehnquist, has issued opinions denying that such rights exist and vastly increasing agency power to reduce important statutory provisions to virtually meaningless formalities. Thus, at the very moment that national health care reform is prominent on the political agenda, the federal courts are abandoning a rights-enforcing role that may be critical for the reform's success. This article explains the struggle around the courts' rights-enforcing role, defends the role, and suggests ways that it can be maintained even if the courts themselves are not currently in a good position to fulfill it.
Properties of dual language exposure that influence 2-year-olds' bilingual proficiency.

The mothers of 29 Spanish English bilingual 25-month-olds kept diary records of their children’s dual language exposure and provided information on their children’s English and Spanish language development using the MacArthur–Bates inventories. Relative amount of exposure predicted language outcomes in English and Spanish. In addition, the number of different speakers from whom the children heard English and the percent of their English input that was provided by native speakers were unique sources of variance in children’s English skills. These properties of children’s dual language exposure and their bilingual proficiency varied as a function of whether the children’s mother, father, or both parents were native Spanish speakers. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Child abuse and depression: cause or consequence?

VioLit keywords: Child Depression Child Victim Child Abuse Effects Child Abuse Causes Child Abuse Victim Child Abuse Offender Domestic Violence Causes Domestic Violence Effects Domestic Violence Offender Domestic Violence Victim Offender Depression Parent Depression Parent Offender Adult Depression Adult Violence Adult Offender Depression Causes Depression Effects Psychological Victimization Effects Language: en
Technology, pedagogy, and context: A tale of two classrooms

Abstract This article explores the interplay between pedagogy, technology, and social context through a comparison of two writing courses in two differen settings. Using computers in one classrooms seems to foster tangible changes in students' attitudes toward their writing; yet students in a conventional, pen-and-paper classroom respond readily to the same pedagogical approaches without the aid of computers. Comparisons between student writing and student attitudes toward their work in the classrooms suggest that it is nearly impossible to account for the results without weighing the roles played by pedagogy, technology, and even the ambitions, class, age, and ethnicity of the students involved.
PMH3 RISK OF HIP FRACTURES IN ELDERLY MEDICARE BENEFICIARIES USING ATYPICAL OR TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS: A PROPENSITY SCORE ANALYSIS

1. Wang, PS, Schneeweiss S, Avorn J, et al. Risk of Death in Elderly Users of Conventional vs. Atypical Antipsychotic Medications. New England J Med 2005;353: 2335-2341. 2. S. Hartikainen, E. Lonnroos and K. Louhivuori, Medication as a risk factor for falls: critical systematic review, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med 62 (2007), pp. 1172–1181. 3. R. Liperoti, G. Onder, K.L. Lapane, V. Mor, J.H. Friedman and R. Bernabei et al., Conventional or atypical antipsychotics and the risk of femur fracture among elderly patients: results of a case– control study, J Clin Psychiatry 68 (2007), pp. 929–934. 4. T.T. Hien le, R.G. Cummings, I.D. Cameron, J.S. Chen, S.R. Lord and L.M. March et al., Atypical antipsychotic medication and risk of falls in residents of aged care facilities, J Am Geriatr Soc 5. B. Takkouche, A. Montes-Martinez, S.S. Gill and M. Etminan, Psychotropic medications and the risk of fracture: a meta-analysis, Drug Saf 30 (2007), pp. 171–184. . Odds Ratio 95% Confidence Interval P-value
Data Quality Management using Business Process Modeling

The quality of data contained in the enterprise information systems has significant impact, both from the internal business decision-making perspective and the external regulatory and shareholder obligations. This paper addresses data quality assessment in business processes by proposing a modeling framework to quantify the data quality in an information processing system. We present a business process modeling framework for data quality analysis and develop the mathematical formulation for error propagation. This is overlaid with a business controls framework where the placement and effectiveness of the controls alter the propagation of errors. This framework enables the estimation and management of data quality when faced with changes in various aspects of the business process. It also allows the formulation of optimization problems that trade off the cost of business controls with the level or cost of the resultant data quality. We illustrate the modeling framework and analyses with a revenue management process.
Historical pipeline construction cost analysis

This study aims to provide a reference for the pipeline construction cost, by analysing individual pipeline cost components with historical pipeline cost data. Cost data of 412 pipelines recorded between 1992 and 2008 in the Oil and Gas Journal are collected and adjusted to 2008 dollars with the chemical engineering plant cost index (CEPCI). The distribution and share of these 412 pipeline cost components are assessed based on pipeline diameter, pipeline length, pipeline capacity, the year of completion, locations of pipelines. The share of material and labour cost dominates the pipeline construction cost, which is about 71% of the total cost. In addition, the learning curve analysis is conducted to attain learning rate with respect to pipeline material and labour costs for different groups. Results show that learning rate and construction cost are varied by pipeline diameters, pipeline lengths, locations of pipelines and other factors. This study also investigates the causes of pipeline construction cost...
Performance Predictions and Measurements for Space Power System Heat Pipes

High temperature liquid metal heat pipes designed for space power systems have been analyzed and tested. Three wick designs are discussed and a design rationale for the heat pipe is provided. Test results on a molybdenum, annular wick heat pipe are presented. Performance limitations due to boiling and capillary limits are presented. There is evidence that the vapor flow in the adiabatic section is turbulent and that the transition Reynolds number is 4000.
In a swine model, chest compressions cause ventricular capture and, by means of a long-short sequence, ventricular fibrillation.

Background— During resuscitation, fibrillation often recurs. In swine, we studied refibrillation after long-duration ventricular fibrillation, investigating an association with chest compressions (CCs). Methods and Results— In protocol A, 47 episodes of long-duration ventricular fibrillation lasting at least 2.5 minutes were induced in 8 animals. After defibrillation, CCs were required for 35 episodes and delivered with a pneumatic device (Lucas cardiopulmonary resuscitation). In 9 episodes, refibrillation occurred within 2 seconds of CC initiation (group 1) and in 26 episodes, CCs were delivered without refibrillation (group 2). From the ECG and intracardiac electrodes, the RR interval preceding CCs, the shortest cycle length during the first 2 CCs (short), and the preceding cycle length (long) were measured. A similar study was conducted in 3 more animals without intracardiac catheters (protocol B). In protocol A, the mean RR before CC was 665±292 ms in group 1 and 769±316 in group 2. CCs stimulated ventricular beats in all 35 episodes. The short and long intervals were shorter in group 1 (215±31 and 552±210 ms) than in group 2 (402±153 and 699±147 ms) ( P =0.009 and P =0.04, respectively). The prematurity index (short/RR) was lower in group 1 than in group 2 (0.35±0.09 vs 0.58±0.21; P <0.01). A short interval <231 ms predicted refibrillation with 88% sensitivity and 91% specificity. In protocol B, CCs were required in 11 episodes, causing ventricular stimulation in all of them and ventricular fibrillation within the first 2 CCs in 3. Conclusions— Under some conditions, CC during resuscitation can stimulate the ventricles and initiate ventricular fibrillation by a long-short sequence. Received January 22, 2008; accepted August 11, 2008.
Prions as adaptive conduits of memory and inheritance

Changes in protein conformation drive most biological processes, but none have seized the imagination of scientists and the public alike as have the self-replicating conformations of prions. Prions transmit lethal neurodegenerative diseases by means of the food chain. However, self-replicating protein conformations can also constitute molecular memories that transmit genetic information. Here, we showcase definitive evidence for the prion hypothesis and discuss examples in which prion-encoded heritable information has been harnessed during evolution to confer selective advantages. We then describe situations in which prion-enciphered events might have essential roles in long-term memory formation, transcriptional memory and genome-wide expression patterns.
Could gravitons from prior Universe survive quantum bounce to reappear in present Universe

We ask the question if an entropy S = E/T with a usual value ascribed of initial entropy S ~ 105 of the onset of inflation can allow an order of magnitude resolution of the question of if there could be a survival of a graviton from a prior to the present universe, using typical Planckian peak temperature values of T ~ 1019 GeV. We obtain the values consistent with up to 1038 gravitons contributing to an energy value of E ~ 1024 GeV if we assume a relic energy contribution based upon each graviton initially exhibiting a frequency spike of 1010 Hz. The value of E ~ 1024 GeV is picked from looking at the aftermath of what happens if there exists a quantum bounce with a peak density value of ρmaximum ~ 2.07 ρPlanck as has been considered recently by P. Malkiewicz and W. Piechocki [15] in the LQG bounce regime radii of the order of magnitude of l ~ 1035 meters. In this paper estimates specifically avoids using S = (E - μN)/T are done, by setting vanishing chemical potential μ = 0 for ultra high temperatures. Finally we compare briefly the obtained results with the ones recently investigated by G. 't Hooft [20] and L.A. Glinka [21, 22].
Eosinophilic Myeloproliferative Disorders

Despite recent attempts to define and classify patients with marked eosinophilia and features consistent with myeloproliferative disease, areas of controversy remain. These are particularly apparent in situations in which multiple lineages are involved in a clonal process and clinical manifestations are overlapping. Although the introduction of new molecular diagnostics and targeted therapies has begun to clarify the boundaries between some of these disorders, several questions remain with respect to the classification of patients with myeloproliferative hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) of unknown etiology.
Activity of Gatifloxacin Alone or in Combination with Pyrimethamine or Gamma Interferon against Toxoplasma gondii

The activity of gatifloxacin against Toxoplasma gondii, either alone or in combination with pyrimethamine or gamma interferon (IFN-γ), was examined in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, gatifloxacin significantly inhibited intracellular replication of tachyzoites of the RH strain with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 0.21 μg/ml at 48 h after addition of the drug to the cultures. Toxicity for host cells was not observed at this concentration. A synergistic effect (combination indices < 0.5) was demonstrated in vitro following 48 h of treatment with the combination of gatifloxacin and pyrimethamine (1:1 ratio). Doses of gatifloxacin of 100 and 200 mg/kg of body weight/day administered orally to mice for 10 days resulted in significant (P values of 0.056 and <0.0001, respectively) prolongation in time to death following infection with a lethal inoculum of tachyzoites. A dose of 400 mg/kg resulted in 20% survival (P = 0.0001). Mortality was 100% in untreated control mice and in mice treated with 25 or 50 mg/kg/day. Treatment of infected mice with a combination of gatifloxacin at 200 mg/kg/day and pyrimethamine at 12.5 mg/kg/day resulted in 85% survival, whereas 100 and 80% of mice treated with gatifloxacin alone or pyrimethamine alone, respectively, died (P < 0.0001). Moreover, a gatifloxacin dose of 200 mg/kg/day administered orally for 10 days plus 2 μg of recombinant murine IFN-γ/day administered intraperitoneally for 10 days resulted in significant survival compared with IFN-γ alone (P < 0.0001) or gatifloxacin alone (P < 0.007).
Application-aware integration of data collection and power management in wireless sensor networks

Sensors are typically deployed to gather data about the physical world and its artifacts for a variety of purposes that range from environment monitoring, control, to data analysis. Since sensors are resource constrained, often sensor data is collected into sensor databases that reside at (more powerful) servers. A natural tradeoff exists between resources (bandwidth, energy) consumed and the quality of data collected at the server. Blindly transmitting sensor updates at a fixed periodicity to the server results in a suboptimal solution due to the differences in stability of sensor values and due to the varying application needs that impose different quality requirements across sensors. In order to adapt to these variations while at the same time optimizing the energy consumption of sensors, this paper proposes three different models and corresponding data collection protocols. We analyze all three models with a Markov state machine formulation, and either derive closed forms for the operation point of the data collection application or suggest algorithms for estimating this operating point to achieve a minimal energy consumption. We observe that the operating point depends on environmental characteristics and application quality requirements, which the proposed algorithms aim to accommodate. Our experimental results show significant energy savings compared to the naive approach to data collection.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of two-phase Cr–Cr2Nb, Cr–Cr2Zr and Cr–Cr2(Nb,Zr) alloys

The microstructures and mechanical properties of binary and ternary Cr-based alloys containing Nb, Zr, or both Nb and Zr, have been studied in both the as-cast and annealed conditions. The level of alloying in each instance was targeted to lie below. or approximately at, the maximum solubility in chromium. The as-cast microstructures of these alloys consisted of Cr-rich solid solution surrounded by small amounts of interdendritic Cr-Cr 2 X eutectic structure. Annealing at 1473 K resulted in solid-state precipitation of the Cr 2 X Laves phase in the Cr-Nb and Cr-Nb-Zr alloys, but not in the Cr-Zr alloys. The binary Cr 2 Nb phase consisted of an extensively twinned ({111} twins) C15 structure whereas the presence of Zr modifies its appearance substantially; the twinned C15 structure persists. Oxides were occasionally present and their compositions were qualitatively determined. Vickers hardness primarily depended upon the volume fraction of the Cr 2 X Laves phase present. Age hardening due to solid-state precipitation of Cr 2 X Laves phase within the Cr-rich matrix was observed in the Nb-containing alloys. The room temperature bend strength of the alloys was strongly affected by the presence of grain-boundary Cr 2 X phase. It is considered that porosity as well as oxides in the alloys also lowers their bend strength.
Examining Fuel Use in Antiquity: Archaeobotanical and Anthracological Approaches in Southwest Asia

This article considers the study of wood and dung fuel use in antiquity across Southwest Asia by anthracologists and archaeobotanists. In recent years, the socially conditioned nature of fuel use has been highlighted and many scholars are stressing the central importance of fuel to pre-modern societies as on par with subsistence and tool use. By elevating and unifying the study of ancient fuel through anthracological, archaeobotanical, geochemical, and micromorphological studies, detailed insights into cultural practices, decision making, and resource use in the past can be gained. We provide a brief review of studies examining ancient fuel use and reflect on the integration of wood and seed data where seed assemblages are indicative of dung fuel use.
Linking Products and Consumers: The Consumer Benefit Ladder Approach

This note provides a brief overview of the consumer benefit ladder (CBL) technique, a tool used to uncover why consumers buy particular products or services. CBLs are similar to means-end chains, hierarchical value maps, and so forth.
An Improved Synthesis of Fmoc-Asp(O-3-methylpent-3-yl)-OH, an Aspartate Derivative That Resists Base Induced Aspartimide Formation

The problem of aspartimide formation at Asp(OtBu) during Fmoc based solid phase synthesis is well documented [1]. In 1996 Karlstrom and Unden demonstrated that the more hindered 3-methylpent-3-yl (Mpe) s-ester of aspartate is remarkably resistant to piperidine induced aspartimide formation, and its use results in significantly cleaner crude products [2]. In our hands, the critical Mpe esterification step (via acid chloride 2) has been troublesome, with yields typically in the range of 15–25%. We describe significant yield enhancements and crystallization conditions for Fmoc-Asp(OMpe)-OH (5).
Relative importance of four pressoregulatory mechanisms after 10% bleeding in rabbits

Four physiological mechanisms are known to be important for recovery of arterial pressure (AP) after acute hemorrhage. These are the sino-aortic baroreflex (SA), the vagally mediated cardiopulmonary baroreflex (CP), the renin-angiotensin system (RA), and the vasopressin system (VP). We evaluated in anesthetized rabbits the relative importance of these mechanisms by repeating rapid, 10% arterial hemorrhage (6.5 ml/kg) once before and once after eliminating one of them and comparing the posthemorrhage hypotension. The study was conducted in two series. In the first series, we randomly grouped 24 rabbits into four groups, i.e., a sinoaortic baroreceptor-denervated group (SA) a vagotomized group (CP), a renin-angiotensin-blocked group (RA), and a vasopressin-blocked group (VP). In control conditions, AP fell to 88% at 2 min and 92% at 6 min after completing the hemorrhage. Significantly greater hypotension (e.g., 74% at 6 min) occurred only in the SA group. In the second series, we randomly classified 18 rabbits into three groups, i.e., an autonomic ganglion-blocked group (AB) plus a RA group and a VP group as before. Hypotension significantly greater than control (68% opposed to 91% at 6 min) occurred only in the AB group. We submit that as far as restoration of arterial pressure after rapid, mild hemorrhage in the rabbit is concerned, the arterial baroreceptor reflex system plays a far more important role than the vagally mediated cardiopulmonary baroreflex, the vasopressin system, or the renin-angiotensin system triggered directly by a fall in renal arterial pressure.
Association between Patient Race/Ethnicity and Perceived Interpersonal Aspects of Care in the Emergency Department

Objectives To determine if perceptions of interpersonal aspects of care in the emergency department (ED) vary by patient race/ethnicity. Methods Patients in a tertiary care academic ED responded to a 22-question survey focusing on interpersonal care aspects: affiliation, satisfaction, trust and participation. Scores for each of the four generated scales were compared in terms of race, ethnicity and other basic demographics. Results African-American patients demonstrated significantly lower mean scores for trust of healthcare providers than Caucasians and significantly lower levels of participation. African-American race/ethnicity continued to be a significant predictor of lower levels of trust (but not participation) after accounting for age, gender, education, household income, health insurance, healthcare received in last six months and route of referral to the ED. Conclusion Preliminary evidence suggests that African Americans may feel less trust toward their ED providers. Understanding this phenomenon and teaching providers how to reduce distrust may translate into better patient compliance/outcomes and reduce healthcare disparities.
Constrained quadratic control of discrete-time piecewise affine systems

An increasing sequence of symbolic models of the piecewise affine plant are obtained in the order of increasing fidelity. Each of these models leads to a dynamic programming-like synthesis condition for a stabilizing state-feedback controller that satisfies a quadratic performance bound for the plant. The synthesis condition accommodates the user's willingness to trade off the size of the stable invariant set and the length of the decision horizon against computational complexity, and yet is capable of approaching the optimal performance in the limit as the user spends increasing amounts of computation.
Supplementation with Abscisic Acid Reduces Malaria Disease Severity and Parasite Transmission

Nearly half of the world's population is at risk for malaria. Increasing drug resistance has intensified the need for novel therapeutics, including treatments with intrinsic transmission-blocking properties. In this study, we demonstrate that the isoprenoid abscisic acid (ABA) modulates signaling in the mammalian host to reduce parasitemia and the formation of transmissible gametocytes and in the mosquito host to reduce parasite infection. Oral ABA supplementation in a mouse model of malaria was well tolerated and led to reduced pathology and enhanced gene expression in the liver and spleen consistent with infection recovery. Oral ABA supplementation also increased mouse plasma ABA to levels that can signal in the mosquito midgut upon blood ingestion. Accordingly, we showed that supplementation of a Plasmodium falciparum-infected blood meal with ABA increased expression of mosquito nitric oxide synthase and reduced infection prevalence in a nitric oxide-dependent manner. Identification of the mechanisms whereby ABA reduces parasite growth in mammals and mosquitoes could shed light on the balance of immunity and metabolism across eukaryotes and provide a strong foundation for clinical translation.
Energy Transfer from a Cationic Conjugated Polyelectrolyte to a DNA Photonic Wire: Toward Label-Free, Sequence-Specific DNA Sensing

We demonstrate a label-free, sequence specific DNA sensor based on fluorescence resonant energy transfer (FRET) occurring between a cationic conjugated polyelectrolyte and a small intercalating dye, malachite green chloride. The sensor combines (1) conjugated polymer chain conformation changes induced by the binding with DNA, with the conjugated polymer wrapping/twisting around the DNA helical duplex and experiencing a 3-fold increase in its photoluminescence quantum yield and (2) FRET from the conjugated polymer to the intercalated DNA. Owing to its small size, the dye intercalates at maximal, one-to-one dye-to-base pair load, making the intercalated DNA a molecular photonic wire with dyes excitonically coupled and chiroptically active. Any sequence mismatch between probe and target DNA degrades the intercalated DNA photonic wire by decreasing its brightness, excitonic coupling, and chiroptical properties, and this provides a signal transduction method for the DNA sensor. Coupling of intercalated DNA wit...
Cascading Failure Diagnosis by Application of Complex Event Processing

As cascading failure is difficult to predict,it will be helpful to prevent or mitigate cascading failure propagation if it could be detected in its initial stage.To identify the occurrence of cascading failure,a hierarchy model for complex event processing(CEP) and correlation analysis is developed based on CEP technology.For a typical cascading failure pattern and one with hidden failure in its initial stage,the temporal,spatial and electrical correlation between several successive failure events during the initial stage is analyzed.Different correlation rules are formulated among events.A case study shows that the method proposed is effective.
Marine source ω-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), inhibits human colorectal cancer growth through multiple mechanisms depending on the mutational status of p53 protein

5569 Epidemiological data and previous in vivo and in vitro studies in our lab have suggested that diets rich in ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are inversely related to human colorectal cancer growth. In addition, those studies revealed that DHA was the primary tumor inhibiting ω-3 fatty acid compared to EPA. Using flow cytometry and spectrophotometric techniques, proliferation and apoptosis assays were performed on two human colorectal cancer cell lines, WiDr and COLO 205, which possess mutated and wild type p53 protein respectively, treated with linoleic acid (LA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA in vitro. The study showed that DHA induced apoptosis in COLO 205 and only inhibited cell proliferation in WiDr. EPA did not induce apoptotic events nor inhibit cell proliferation in both cell lines although it inhibited cell growth by 30%. To confirm an involvement of p53 protein in the growth inhibition exerted by DHA, a p53 inhibitor, Pifithrin-α, was employed and the growth inhibition of DHA treated COLO 205 but not WiDr cells was reversed with the inhibitor treatment. To further elucidate mechanisms of the growth inhibition, levels of phospho- shc, JNK and ERK which play major roles in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis, were measured in the both cell lines. fatty acid treated WiDr cells exhibited lower levels of phospho- shc and ERK proteins, but not JNK. In contrast, levels of phospho-JNK were lower in DHA treated COLO 205 cells, but phosphorylation levels of other two proteins were not altered. We have demonstrated that the growth inhibitory effect of DHA is mediated through a p53 pathway when the tumor possesses a wild type protein. In the tumor line possessing a mutated p53, DHA caused decrease in cell proliferation through an inhibition of the MAPK signaling pathway. EPA does not activate the p53 pathway. These different mechanism of actions may be the cause for differential potencies between DHA and EPA. In addition, we have demonstrated that DHA possesses tumor inhibiting activity in tumors with wild type and mutated p53.
Diabetes and Obesity Research using Nonhuman Primates

Obesity and diabetes are major health problems of increasing incidence. To better study their pathogenesis and find potential therapeutic agents, appropriate animal models are needed. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are useful models for diabetes. As in humans, Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common type of diabetes and occurs in older, obese animals, with a metabolic progression from insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance to overt diabetes. Histopathologic changes in pancreatic islets are similar to those seen in humans with diabetes. Initially there is islet hyperplasia with abundant insulin production to compensate for insulin resistance, followed by insufficient insulin production with replacement of islets with islet-associated amyloid. Diabetic NHPs also have detrimental changes in plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, lipoprotein composition, markers of obesity and inflammation, and increased protein glycation due to hyperglycemia. As in humans, all these deleterious changes contribute to exacerbation of atherosclerosis and other complications. Sex hormones and pregnancy have similar effects on insulin resistance in humans and NHPs, and gestational diabetes can occur in NHPs. Environmental factors (e.g., diet, stress) are also important contributors to diabetes progression. Finally, due to the similar clinical and pathologic characteristics of T2DM, NHPs have been used in pharmacological studies to develop new therapeutic agents. Due to their genetic similarity to humans, NHPs may be increasingly used to study gene–environment interactions as they relate to diabetes. Thus, NHPs are a valuable animal model of obesity and diabetes to study disease progression, associated risk factors, and potential treatments.
Role of ROCK2 in CD4+ cells in allergic airways responses in mice.

Background Rho kinases (ROCKs) contribute to allergic airways disease. ROCKs also play a role in lymphocyte proliferation and migration. Objective To determine the role of ROCK2 acting within CD4+ cells in allergic airways responses. Methods ROCK2 haploinsufficient (ROCK2+/-) and wildtype mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA). ROCK2+/- mice then received either CD4+ cells from ROCK2 sufficient OVA TCR transgenic (OT-II) mice or saline i.v. 48 hours before challenge with aerosolized OVA. Wildtype mice received saline before challenge. Allergic airway responses were measured 48 hours after the last challenge. Allergic airways responses were also assessed in mice lacking ROCK2 only in CD4+ cells (ROCK2CD4Cre mice) versus control (CD4-Cre and ROCK2flox/flox) mice. Results OVA-induced increases in bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocytes, eosinophils, IL-13, IL-5, and eotaxin were reduced in ROCK2+/- versus wildtype mice, as were airway hyperresponsiveness and mucous hypersecretion. In ROCK2+/- mice, adoptive transfer with CD4+ cells from OT-II mice restored effects of OVA on lymphocytes, eosinophils, IL-13, IL-5, and mucous hypersecretion to wildtype levels, whereas eotaxin and airway hyperrresponsiveness were not affected. ROCK2 inhibitors reduced IL-13-induced release of eotaxin from airway smooth muscle (ASM), similar to effects of these inhibitors on ASM contractility. Despite the ability of adoptive transfer to restore allergic airways inflammation in ROCK2 insufficient mice, allergic inflammation was not different in ROCK2CD4Cre versus control mice. Conclusion ROCK2 contributes to allergic airways responses likely via effects within ASM cells and within non lymphocyte cells involved in lymphocyte activation and migration into the airways. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Examining the relationship between community participation and water handling hygiene practices in the informal neighborhoods of Kisumu, Kenya

Abstract Community participation (CP) has been shown to result in positive outcomes for development projects. However, most studies have focused on formal settlements. This study deviates from this norm by focusing on informal settlements. Four such settlements in Kisumu, Kenya are analyzed to determine the extent to which water handling hygiene practices constitute a function of CP. Basic 2 by 2 contingency tables and commensurate Chi-square tests are employed. The results, which were statistically significant at p
Moral conformity in online interactions: rational justifications increase influence of peer opinions on moral judgments

AbstractOver the last decade, social media has increasingly been used as a platform for political and moral discourse. We investigate whether conformity, specifically concerning moral attitudes, oc...
Some Thoughts on the Representation and Misrepresentation of the Colonial South Asian Labour Diaspora

This paper explores the representation and misrepresentation of indentured Indian labour migration in the colonial archive and subsequent historiography, and offers some suggestions for alternate ways of viewing the origins of the South Asian labour diaspora. Drawing on ongoing research, it emphasises the need to move away from well-worn dichotomies of ‘slavery’ and ‘free labour’ and instead to re-centre the role of human agency and creativity, even in the face of structural opposition. By reflecting on the limitations of the colonial archive, and emphasising the role of pre-existing networks, returnees and recruiters in facilitating and informing patterns of migration, it suggests ways to move beyond the persistent popular misrepresentations of this process, and find alternative, subaltern perspectives on the indentured labour experience.
Out of the Fog: Creating Value by Assembling and Managing a Portfolio of Services

As I write this chapter, I look out of my window and see a dense early-spring fog obscuring the rolling green landscape that I know lies not far from my home. I know that this fog will clear when the sun rises higher and the wind sets in Engulfed in a fog, many scholars and most managers commit a trilogy of errors plus one. First, they do not consider important differences between cost-reduction and revenue-enhancing strategies when analyzing and planning diversification strategies. Second, they ignore important differences among services — leading to erroneous beliefs about expected benefits from different diversification strategies. Third, they do not account for implementation hurdles that reduce the benefits that a firm can expect from different diversification strategies. The plus one error is that they tend to “see” synergies in diversified firms when there can be none.
Functionalization of single-walled carbon nanohorns for simultaneous fluorescence imaging and cisplatin delivery in vitro

Abstract Single-walled carbon nanohorns (SWNHs) have been shown to be effective photothermal enhancers and drug delivery agents for potential cancer therapy, particularly for the eradication of bladder cancer lesions. In this study, the potential for SWNHs to serve as nanotheranostic vehicles is demonstrated through simultaneous delivery of the chemotherapeutic cisplatin from SWNH cone interiors and imaging of the nanoparticle transport to tumor cells using conjugated quantum dots (QDs). Following the formation of cisplatin-modified SWNH-QD (SWNH-QD + cis) hybrids, their characterization by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (STEM, TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were performed to characterize the composite nanoparticles. Drug release profiles and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) determination showed that QDs do not hinder the therapeutic ability of SWNHs. In addition, the hybrids were trackable over the course of a 3 day period, which indicates that internalized SWNHs can continue to deliver therapy after removal of the nano-agents from the cell culture. This unique SWNH hybrid can successfully be used as an imaging agent to study nanoparticle transport and consequently the delivery of a therapeutic to the targeted cancer cells.
Serotonin Receptors and Antipsychotic Drug Action

The effect of serotonin (5-HT) to modulate dopaminergic activity in the nigrostriatal system has been known for some time (Dray et al. 1976). Generally, 5-HT has an inhibitory effect on dopaminergic output (see Meltzer and Nash 1991, for review). However, there is also evidence that 5-HT can enhance some aspects of dopaminergic function; thus, an over-simplistic one-way model should not be considered (Meltzer and Nash 1991). The effect of 5-HT in modulating dopaminergic activity is mediated via specific 5-HT receptors, the nature of which will be discussed subsequently. Due to the central role that antagonism of dopamine (DA) receptors has in the ability of antipsychotic drugs to reduce psychotic symptoms and in producing side effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms, tardive dyskinesia, and stimulation of prolactin secretion (Meltzer and Stahl 1976), it is necessary to consider whether serotonergic influences modulate the action of at least some antipsychotic drugs. As will be discussed, it has been suggested that serotonergic effects are particularly relevant to the action of clozapine and some other so-called atypical antipsychotic drugs (see Meltzer 1989; Deutch et al. 1991, for reviews). This article will consider the evidence for the action of antipsychotic drugs on specific 5-HT receptors as a contributing factor to their antipsychotic action or unique side effect profile.
GROWTH OF MEAT ANIMALS | Growth Patterns

Change in growth rate, size and accompanying changes in composition of livestock have an impact on meat quality and are of economic importance to meat production. Animal tissues and organs have a distinct pattern of growth with tissues and organs most important for survival developing first. Mankind has been able to alter these patterns slightly through genetic selection, nutrition, and use of the growth modifiers to enhance meat production. This article helps understand the factor that impact whole animal growth and how mankind has alter animal growth.