cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic Evaluation of Lignocellulosic Biofuel Manufacturing Considering Integrated Lignin Waste Conversion to Hydrocarbon Fuels

Abstract Although lignin accounts for 20%-25% of the total weight of dry lignocellulosic feedstock, it is largely wasted in the lignocellulosic ethanol industry due to the challenging nature of decomposing lignin polymers. In fact, through a series of chemical processes, lignin can be converted into hydrocarbon biofuels with a very low oxygen content; thus making them suitable to be combined with conventional fossil fuels for transportation fuel applications. In this paper, we present a framework to guide biofuel manufacturers seeking to extend traditional lignocellulosic biofuel manufacturing processes to process lignin waste and convert it to hydrocarbon biofuels. Additionally, we conducted an economic viability assessment on such integrated production processes by comparing to the baseline case based on the NREL 2011 bio-ethanol process design. The findings show that using lignin waste, the integrated manufacturing processes can produce 16 million gallons of hydrocarbon fuel in addition to the 67 million gallons of ethanol compared to the baseline case. In addition, the economic evaluation shows that the production cost per unit energy produced increases by only 3.97%, which indicates the integrated production scheme has great potential to be economically viable.
Surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease: a new approach.

AbstractWe treated 12 patients with intractable Peyronie’s disease with a new approach based on simple incision of the fibrotic plaque(s) and stenting of the corpora with penile implants. Infection in 1 case necessitated removal of the prostheses, while the remaining 11 patients had satisfactory functional and anatomical results. The procedure is indicated for patients with 1) Peyronie’s disease and impotency, 2) normal potency and extensive disease and 3) normal potency and localized disease in selective cases. In this series insertion of the penile prostheses did not change sexual prowess in previously potent patients.
The Effect of Cultural Empathy on Second-Language Phonological Production

As the field of second-language acquisition (SLA) research is still relatively young, it frequently looks to related disciplines such as first-language acquisition, theoretical linguistics, or psychology for much of its research methods, approaches, and models. In very recent years, a great deal of interest has been generated among second-language researchers in applying a sociolinguistic framework to SLA research. Some of these researchers, dissatisfied with the static nature of sociolinguistic descriptions, have been seeking to extend second-language (L2) sociolinguistic models by incorporating social psychological theories which seem better able to explain the dynamics of human verbal interaction. Some of these theories, however, account for first-language (L1) data better than they do for L2 data. As Beebe and Giles (1984) note, the L2 learner is a special case compared to the monolingual or fluent bilingual. The linguistic competence of the L2 learner is constantly in flux. Consequently, there is a more complex set of factors affecting L2 performance. The present study was undertaken with the goal of further exploring the social psychological dynamics that affect L2 production and seeing how well theories originally developed to explain L1 data fit within an L2 model.
Quasi-everywhere upper functions

In this paper we find a good approximation for the capacitance of paths with large deviations for the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process on Wiener space. We use this result to obtain an integral test for a function to be an upper function quasi-everywhere. The criterion differs from the necessary and sufficient condition for a function to be a.s. upper. We believe that this is a qualitatively new result.
Kinderculture in the Art Classroom: Early Childhood Art and the Mediation of Culture

Contemporary children encounter far more unfiltered information than did children of previous generations, whose unmediated and direct experiences with people, places, and things served as primary sources of knowledge. Thus, when children are given the choice of what they will draw, the full range of influences shaping their knowledge of the world materializes on the drawing page, as images supplied by commercial culture vie for space with the traditional subjects of child art. Children's choice of imagery determines the form and content of their drawings from the time they begin to produce graphic symbols. The choices made by young children, influenced by media and peer culture, produce idiosyncratic developmental trajectories that differ markedly from classic descriptions of child art that emphasized the developmental priority of autobiographical images based upon the directly experienced. The increasing complexity of young children's lives, evidenced by changes in the everyday contexts of schooling and...
The Therapist in a Missions Context: Avoiding Dual Role Conflicts:

Recent involvement of mental health workers in the task of world missions has led to greater awareness of the ethical challenges faced in this context. The challenge of avoiding dual role conflicts...
Issues in Training New Professionals

Evaluation of a program in its second year of operation shows it to be highly successful from the perspectives of its students and their employers
Oligonucleotide therapy mitigates disease in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 mice.

Objective Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), also known as Machado-Joseph disease, is the most common dominantly inherited ataxia. Despite advances in understanding this CAG repeat/polyglutamine expansion disease, there are still no therapies to alter its progressive fatal course. Here, we investigate whether an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) targeting the SCA3 disease gene, ATXN3, can prevent molecular, neuropathological, electrophysiological, and behavioral features of the disease in a mouse model of SCA3. Methods The top ATXN3-targeting ASO from an in vivo screen was injected intracerebroventricularly into early symptomatic transgenic SCA3 mice that express the full human disease gene and recapitulate key disease features. Following a single ASO treatment at 8 weeks of age, mice were evaluated longitudinally for ATXN3 suppression and rescue of disease-associated pathological changes. Mice receiving an additional repeat injection at 21 weeks were evaluated longitudinally up to 29 weeks for motor performance. Results The ATXN3-targeting ASO achieved sustained reduction of polyglutamine-expanded ATXN3 up to 8 weeks after treatment and prevented oligomeric and nuclear accumulation of ATXN3 up to at least 14 weeks after treatment. Longitudinal ASO therapy rescued motor impairment in SCA3 mice, and this rescue was associated with a recovery of defects in Purkinje neuron firing frequency and afterhyperpolarization. Interpretation This preclinical study established efficacy of ATXN3-targeted ASOs as a disease-modifying therapeutic strategy for SCA3. These results support further efforts to develop ASOs for human clinical trials in this polyglutamine disease as well as in other dominantly inherited disorders caused by toxic gain of function. Ann Neurol 2018;83:64-77.
Can Modern Evolutionary Theory Explain Macroevolution

Ever since the Evolutionary Synthesis of the 1930s and 1940s, some biologists have expressed doubt that the Synthetic Theory, based principally on mutation, genetic variation, and natural selection, adequately accounts for macroevolution, or evolution above the species level. Some questions pertain to the history of biological diversity, but the greatest argument has concerned the evolution of major changes in organisms’ form and function. Such changes have been the subject of debate on the nature and phenotypic effect of mutations (especially the role of “macromutations” or saltations), the role of developmental mechanisms and processes, and the importance of internal constraints on adaptive evolution. Bridging the two major macroevolutionary themes, the hypothesis of punctuated equilibria invoked constraints on phenotypic evolution and the role of speciation in both diversification and the evolution of form. This chapter describes the Evolutionary Synthesis and the challenges to it and addresses the extent to which the modern formulation of the Synthetic Theory (ST) adequately addresses the observations that have prompted skeptical challenge. I conclude that although several proposed extensions and seemingly unorthodox ideas have some merit, the observations they purport to explain can mostly be interpreted within the framework of the Synthetic Theory.
Permeability of egg membranes

1. A method is described for measuring the rate of water exchange through living membranes. 2. By this method definite rates of water exchange forFundulus eggs of different ages were established in solutions oi NaCl, KCl and CaCl2 of various molar concentrations. The effect of these salts in increasing permeability seems to be due to their cations, the order of effectiveness being Na>K>Ca. 3. Marked physiological differences in the membranes of eggs in various developmental stages are indicated. 4. The effect of the hydrogen-ion concentration of the solution on the rates of water exchange is of little significance. 5. Antagonistic effects of mixtures of salts are not evident in the time interval involved in the experiments. 6. The rOles of the chorion and the vitelline membrane in the water and salt exchange of the egg ofFundulus are discussed.
Invariant imbedding and the reflection of elastic waves

Formulas are derived for the reflection and transmission tensors associated with a plane elastic wave impinging obliquely upon a stratified slab interposed between two homogeneous half-spaces. Both solid-solid and solid-liquid interfaces are considered.
Introduction: Italy and the Euro–Mediterranean ‘migrant crisis’: national reception, lived experiences, E.U. pressures

The introduction discusses the origins of this themed section of the Journal of Modern Italian Studies, based on a 2017 interdisciplinary conference about migration and the migrant experience in It...
Phylogenetic and biogeographic controls of plant nighttime stomatal conductance

The widely documented phenomenon of nighttime stomatal conductance gsn could lead to substantial water loss with no carbon gain, and thus it remains unclear whether nighttime stomatal conductance confers a functional advantage. Given that studies of gsn have focused on controlled environments or small numbers of species in natural environments, a broad phylogenetic and biogeographic context could provide insights into potential adaptive benefits of gsn . We measured gsn on a diverse suite of species (n = 73) across various functional groups and climates-of-origin in a common garden to study the phylogenetic and biogeographic/climatic controls on gsn and further assessed the degree to which gsn co-varied with leaf functional traits and daytime gas-exchange rates. Closely related species were more similar in gsn than expected by chance. Herbaceous species had higher gsn than woody species. Species that typically grow in climates with lower mean annual precipitation - where the fitness cost of water loss should be the highest - generally had higher gsn . Our results reveal the highest gsn rates in species from environments where neighboring plants compete most strongly for water, suggesting a possible role for the competitive advantage of gsn .
Octa-μ3-selenido-penta­kis­(tri­ethyl­phos­phane-κP)(tri­methyl­aceto­nitrile-κN)-octa­hedro-hexa­rhenium(III) bis­(hexa­fluorido­anti­monate) tri­methyl­aceto­nitrile monosolvate

The crystal structure of the title compound, [Re6Se8{NCC(CH3)3}(Et3P)5](SbF6)2·NCC(CH3)3, contains a face-capped octa­hedral [Re6(μ3-Se)8]2+ cluster core. The pseudo-centrosymmetric [Re6Se8]2+ cluster core is bonded through the Re atoms to five tri­ethyl­phosphane ligands and one tri­methyl­aceto­nitrile ligand. No significant interactions are observed between the cationic cluster, the SbF6− anions and the trimethylacetonitrile solvent molecule.
RF MEMS Capacitive Switch with High Isolation for 5G Communication

The paper presents a design and mathematical analysis of capacitive RF MEMS switch for achieving high isolation, low insertion loss and low pull in voltage. The proposed design includes central electrode for RF path and ground plane around it. Structure is simulated on silicon substrate with gold as the conducting material. Silicon dioxide is used as the dielectric layer to ensure better isolation of the switch along with reliability. High isolation of -35dB and insertion loss of less than -0.1dB is achieved for the frequency range upto 30 GHz. The structure has very low pull in voltage which gives it advantages in terms of low power consumption with other MEMS switches. RF design is implemented on CST microwave studio. Era of new wireless standards like 5G requires high linearity & wider bandwidth operation. RF MEMS switches have many wireless communication application including cellular base station, mobile handset and tunable filters etc.
Performance and Reliability of Interface Materials for Automotive Power Electronics

Thermal management and reliability are important because excessive temperature can degrade the performance, life, and reliability of power electronics and electric motors. Advanced thermal management technologies enable keeping temperature within limits; higher power densities; and lower cost materials, configurations and systems. Thermal interface materials, bonded interface materials and the reliability of bonded interfaces are discussed in this presentation.
An Algorithm for Estimating and Correcting Decorrelation Phase From InSAR Data Using Closure Phase Triplets

We propose a novel method for quantifying and correcting phase errors in interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data associated with signal decorrelation. This proposed method relates the observed phase nonclosure (referred to as the closure phase) of triplet combinations of any three individual SAR scenes to the decorrelative phase signal in individual interferograms (pairs of SAR scenes). A singular value decomposition (SVD) method is applied to solve the minimum-norm least-squares best fitting estimate of the decorrelation phase for any arbitrary collection of SAR images. This decorrelative phase is then removed from individual interferograms; these corrected interferograms can then be used with existing InSAR time-series analysis algorithms. We demonstrate this method on the Advanced Land Observation Satellite Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (ALOS PALSAR) scenes of a groundwater pumping subsidence feature in the Central Valley of California and briefly discuss potential future applications of this algorithm to study a variety of environmental and surface physical processes that contribute to InSAR signal decorrelation.
A Conserved Cis-Regulatory Retinoic Acid Responsive Element Is Essential for Maintenance of Primitive Hematopoietic Stem Cells through Regulation of Hoxb Cluster

Abstract Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) sustain lifelong production of multiple blood cell types through a finely-tuned balance between stem cell maintenance and activation to prevent bone marrow exhaustion or overgrowth. The highly conserved Hox family of homeodomain containing transcription factors have been identified as key regulators and contributors in both normal hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis. Most previous work has focused on individual Hox genes; however, it remains largely unknown whether and how multiple Hox genes in a cluster are regulated and function in hematopoiesis. We initiated a study to perform systematic, high-throughput transcriptome analysis in the following 17 cell types from the bone marrow (BM) of C57BL/6J mice: 4 hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (CD49blo long-term (LT)-HSC, CD49bhi intermediate-term (IT)-HSC, short-term (ST)-HSC, and MPP); and 4 committed progenitors (CLP, CMP, GMP and MEP); and 9 mature lineage cells (B cell, T cell, NK cell, dendritic cell, monocyte, macrophage, granulocyte, megakaryocyte and nucleated erythrocyte). Intriguingly, as part of a unique fingerprint observed in the most primitive CD49blo LT-HSCs, we detected expression from the Hoxb cluster. Further analysis on all the four Hox clusters revealed that most of the genes from the Hoxb cluster, and not from the other Hox clusters, were predominantly expressed in the CD49blo LT-HSCs. This suggests that they might function as a cluster to maintain CD49blo LT-HSCs. A previous study has shown that one cis -regulatory retinoic acid responsive element (RARE), is conserved among vertebrate species and regulates multiple Hoxb gene expression in central nervous system development. Thus, we asked whether RARE is essential for maintenance of primitive CD49blo LT-HSCs by regulation of Hoxb cluster. To test this hypothesis, we utilized a RAREΔ knockout mouse model and assayed for HSC numbers in BM. We observed that homozygous deletion of RARE led to 2-fold reduction in both the frequency and absolute number of CD49blo LT-HSCs. Functionally, we first conducted limiting dilution, competitive repopulating unit (CRU) assays by transplanting 2.5×104, 7.5×104 or 2×105 of BM cells from RAREΔ mutants and their control littermates, together with 2×105 recipient BM cells derived from the Ptprc mutant strain, into lethally irradiated recipient mice. Our data showed a 2.5-fold decrease in functional HSCs in RAREΔ HSCs (1/20,326) compared to control (1/50,839). To further evaluate the long-term effect of RARE on HSCs, we performed serial BM transplantation and observed a 12.9-fold reduction of reconstitution ability after secondary transplantation. These data indicate that deletion of RARE compromised HSC long-term reconstitution capacity. Collectively, our work provides evidence showing that RARE is essential for maintenance of the primitive HSCs by regulation of Hoxb cluster genes. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Attributions About Bereaved Spouses: Testing the Myths of Coping With Loss:

Social expectations influence how we cope with loss and how people in our social networks respond to us. Wortman and Silver outlined Western cultural assumptions, or myths, about mourning, thought ...
Intraarterial Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy Using 90Y-DOTATOC for Hepatic Metastases of Neuroendocrine Tumors.

Background: Given the high frequency of liver metastases in neuroendocrine tumor patients, we aimed to determine whether hepatic intra-arterial (IA) injection of 90Y-DOTATOC Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy (PRRT) would achieve higher intratumoral concentrations than intravenous (IV) injection, thus maintaining efficacy while reducing systemic toxicity. Methods: PRRT-naive adult NET patients with liver-dominant metastases involving <70% of the liver were enrolled in a prospective pilot, single-center, open-label study. Patients underwent baseline PET/CT imaging using IV 68Ga-DOTATOC. 94.7±5.4 mCi 90Y-DOTATOC was administered into the proper hepatic artery over 30 minutes. The first five patients received IA 68Ga-DOTATOC and underwent PET/CT imaging after completion of treatment. All patients were followed for response (RECIST 1.1) and toxicity (CTCAE v4.0). Results: Of 10 enrolled patients, 30% of patients (3/10) experienced grade 3 adverse events (AEs), which were not attributed to 90Y-DOTATOC treatment. Two patients died within 6 months of IA therapy, though these deaths were not clearly associated with treatment. During the follow-up period, best response was Stable Disease (SD) in 70% (7/10) and Progressive Disease (PD) in 20% (n = 2/10), with an additional patient developing PD during the optional 1-year followup period. No Partial Response (PR) or Complete Response (CR) was observed. Patients who received IA 68Ga-DOTATOC failed to demonstrate increased uptake by hepatic metastases compared to IV, with median IA:IV SUVmax ratio of 0.81 (range 0.36-2.09) on a lesion level and ratio 0.90 (range 0.54-0.97) on a patient level. However, extrahepatic metastases and uninvolved organs demonstrated decreased uptake with IA compared to IV infusion (IA:IV ratio 0.68±0.19). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that a single IA administration of PRRT resulted in minimal disease response. In addition, in contrast to previous reports, there was no increased uptake of 68Ga-DOTATOC in hepatic metastases when delivered IA compared to IV routes of administration. One possible reason is somatostatin receptor saturation, as the imaged 68Ga-DOTATOC was administered alongside a much larger mass dose of 90Y-DOTATOC than diagnostic doses used in prior studies.
Endogenous GHB in Segmented Hair Part I: Inter-individual Variation for Group Comparisons.

While earlier studies have attempted to resolve the challenges encountered when interpreting gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) concentrations in hair (primarily due to its endogenous presence), few have had large sample sizes. The first objective of this study was to evaluate the inter-individual variation of endogenous GHB concentrations. The second objective, to be detailed in another report, was to assess intra-individual variation and the impact on exogenous GHB discrimination. Over 2,000 hair segments from 141 women and 73 men (all processed hair 3-12 cm long) were analyzed in this study. The raw calculated range of endogenous GHB concentrations was <0.40-5.47 ng/mg with 97.5% of the segmental results calculated less than 2.00 ng/mg. Imputation, assuming a lognormal distribution, was applied to the data to include non-detect (ND) data (<LOQ), which led to an estimated endogenous GHB range of 0.16-5.47 ng/mg. Kruskal-Wallis tests were employed on a segmental basis for group comparisons. This test was applied to the male and female segmental medians and subsequently indicated that these groups were different at the α = 0.05 level of significance. Additionally, female hair samples appeared to have a trend comprising higher endogenous GHB concentrations close to the scalp and a mean net decrease of ~0.2-0.3 ng/mg distally. Male hair samples displayed the opposite trend, with a mean net increase of ~0.5-0.6 ng/mg from the proximal to the distal end of the hair shaft. It was also concluded that differences exist between the median GHB concentrations of the 'treated' and 'untreated' hair in the female group at the α = 0.05 level of significance. Age groups and races were analyzed, but none of the observed differences in median concentration were significant at α = 0.05. This is the largest endogenous GHB hair population study to date and provides substantial new data on inter-individual variation and chronological trends of GHB concentrations in hair.
Embracing collisions: enabling parallel channel estimation with COTS passive backscatter tags

There is a growing interest in backscatter-based sensing systems in recent years. RFID techniques can be used due to low cost and structural simplicity. However, collision caused by simultaneous tag responses is one of the key issues in backscatter systems. Existing anti-collision techniques try to enable parallel decoding without sensing based applications in mind, which can not operate on COTS RFID systems. To address the issue, we propose COFFEE, which is the first work to enable parallel channel estimation of COTS passive tags by harnessing the collision. By exploiting the characteristics of low sampling rate and channel diversity of passive tags, we separate the collided data, extract the channels and identify the tags. COFFEE is compatible with current RFID standards which can be applied to all RFID-based sensing systems without any modification on tag side. To evaluate the real world performance of our system, we build a prototype and conduct extensive experiments. The experimental results show that we can achieve up to 7.33x median time resolution gain for the best case and 3.42x median gain on average.
Advanced ovarian cancer and cytoreductive surgery: Independent validation of a risk-calculator for perioperative adverse events.

Abstract Objective To independently validate a published risk-calculator for adverse perioperative outcomes in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer undergoing debulking surgery at a high-volume surgical center. Methods Using our institution's curated prospective ovarian cancer database, we identified patients with epithelial ovarian cancer who underwent a debulking procedure from 7/2015 to 5/2019, to be used as the validation cohort. Variables used in the published nomogram were collected. These included American Society of Anesthesiology classification, preoperative albumin, history of bleeding disorder, presence of ascites on preoperative imaging, designation of elective or emergent surgery, age of the patient, and a procedure score. Patients were included if they had information available for all the variables used in the nomogram, and 30-day follow-up within our institution. The primary outcome was Clavien-Dindo Class IV with specific conditions (postoperative sepsis, septic shock, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, ventilation >48 h, or unplanned intubation) and 30-day mortality. The combination of these endpoints is called the combined complication rate. Results A total of 700 patients who underwent debulking surgery for epithelial ovarian cancer during the timeframe met inclusion criteria. The combined complication rate was 11.7%; 9.9% of patients were readmitted; 2.7% required reoperation. Sepsis was the most common primary endpoint complication (4.4%), followed by septic shock (1.4%). There was no 30-day mortality in our cohort. The nomogram performed well, with a c index of 0.715 (95% CI 0.66–0.768), which was comparable to the published nomogram. Conclusions We independently validated a complication nomogram at a high-volume surgical center. This nomogram performs well at predicting a lower likelihood of serious postoperative complications. An enhanced nomogram would help identify patients at higher risk for serious complications.
Accelerating GMRES with Deep Learning in Real-Time.

GMRES is a powerful numerical solver used to find solutions to extremely large systems of linear equations. These systems of equations appear in many applications in science and engineering. Here we demonstrate a real-time machine learning algorithm that can be used to accelerate the time-to-solution for GMRES. Our framework is novel in that is integrates the deep learning algorithm in an in situ fashion: the AI-accelerator gradually learns how to optimizes the time to solution without requiring user input (such as a pre-trained data set). We describe how our algorithm collects data and optimizes GMRES. We demonstrate our algorithm by implementing an accelerated (MLGMRES) solver in Python. We then use MLGMRES to accelerate a solver for the Poisson equation -- a class of linear problems that appears in may applications. Informed by the properties of formal solutions to the Poisson equation, we test the performance of different neural networks. Our key takeaway is that networks which are capable of learning non-local relationships perform well, without needing to be scaled with the input problem size, making them good candidates for the extremely large problems encountered in high-performance computing. For the inputs studied, our method provides a roughly 2$\times$ acceleration.
Poor sleep is associated with small hippocampal subfields in cognitively normal elderly individuals

Recent studies demonstrated reduced hippocampal volumes in elderly healthy individuals who are cognitively normal but poor sleepers. The association between sleep quality and the pattern of volume loss across hippocampal subfields (HSs) is not well known. Thus, it is the focus of the present study. Sleep quality was self-assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The HS volumes were measured using sub-millimetre in-plane resolution T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging data. A total of 67 cognitively normal elderly individuals aged 60-83 years were classified into 30 normal sleepers with a PSQI <5 and 37 poor sleepers with a PSQI ≥5. The two groups were equivalent in age, gender distribution, ethnicity, education attainment, handedness and cognitive performance. Compared to normal sleepers, poor sleepers exhibited significantly lower normalised volumes in the left cornu ammonis field 1 (CA1), dentate gyrus (DG) and subiculum. In contrast, there were no significant differences in normalised grey and white matter volumes between the two groups. The global PSQI was negatively associated with the normalised volumes of the left CA1, DG and subiculum. Sleep duration was associated with the normalised volumes of the bilateral CA1, DG, left CA2 and subiculum. Verbal memory scores were associated with the left CA1 volume. In conclusion, poor sleep quality, especially insufficient sleep duration, was associated with volume loss in several HSs that are involved in specific learning and memory tasks. As the hippocampus does not regulate sleep, it is more likely that poor sleep leads to small hippocampi. Thus, based on this assumption, improving sleep quality of poor sleeper elderly individuals could benefit hippocampal health.
Buying Data and the Fourth Amendment

Can governments purchase user records as an end-run around the warrant requirement imposed by Carpenter v. United States? As a matter of Fourth Amendment law, the answer is “yes.” Companies have common authority over their business records. Common authority allows companies to consent to a government search of their databases even when their users oppose it. A voluntary sale manifests consent, permitting the government to buy access to Carpenter-protected records without a warrant or cause. Arguments exist for why a different rule may be justified someday. But for now, and for the foreseeable future, Fourth Amendment law permits buying business records even if users have rights in those records.
The ubiquitous vigilance signal in fMRI time series data

Vigilance and wakefulness modulate estimates of functional connectivity, and, if unaccounted for, they can become a substantial confound in resting-state fMRI. Unfortunately, wakefulness is rarely monitored due to the need for additional concurrent recordings (e.g., eye tracking, EEG). Recent work has shown that strong fluctuations around 0.05Hz, hypothesized to be CSF inflow, appear in the fourth ventricle (FV) when subjects fall asleep. The analysis of these fluctuations could provide an easy way to evaluate wakefulness in fMRI-only data. Here we evaluate this possibility using the 7T resting-state sample from the Human Connectome Project. Our results confirm the presence of those fluctuations in the HCP sample despite this data having relatively small inflow weighting. Moreover, we show that fluctuations of a similar frequency appear in large portions of grey matter with different temporal delays, and that they can substantially influence estimates of functional connectivity. Finally, we demonstrate that the temporal evolution of this signal cannot only help us reproduce previously reported overall sleep patterns in resting-state data, but also predict individual periods of eye closure with 70% accuracy, matching predictions attainable using the amplitude of the global signal (a common fMRI marker of arousal). In summary, our results demonstrate the ubiquitous presence of this signal in a large, publicly available, fMRI sample, its value as a marker of arousal in absence of a better metric, its relationship to the global signal, and its potential nuisance effects on functional connectivity estimates when ignored.
Biochemical Factors Influencing the Shelf Life of Dried Whole Eggs and Means for Their Control

Publisher Summary This chapter assembles and relates the results of the investigations that have been reported in the technical literature, and collates the results of those researches into the nature of the chemical, physical, and biological changes which result in quality differences and deterioration before and during processing and storage. Some of the quantitatively minor constituents of eggs, such as pigments and vitamins, contribute notably to consumer acceptance and to the nutritive value of powders and are, therefore, of interest in connection with quality deterioration. Because of the marked variations in contents of these constituents, with conditions of egg production, their relations to the general problem has been discussed. The chapter discussed the composition and properties of the egg lipids that are significant factors in quality retention of the dried products. Because of the changes in colors of whole egg powders during storage, pigmentation of the raw materials used for drying is of considerable interest in relation to the subject of this chapter. The technical literature reveals reports of a number of studies concerning the nature of changes taking place in shell and frozen eggs which may be expected to influence the properties of powders prepared from them. Palatability tests are used by several purchasing agencies as a means of assessing the quality of products. Disadvantages to the general use of the method have been mentioned and because of the disadvantages, efforts have been made to devise objective methods of evaluation that would show close correlation with palatability measurement. The chapter discusses several methods of evaluation that would show close correlation with palatability measurement.
The evolving paradigm of tissue-specific metastasis

Breast cancer frequently metastasizes to bone, lung, liver, and brain, which is the major cause of morbidity and mortality associated with the disease [1]. The propensity with which breast cancer associates with certain tissue types in advanced stages of malignancy suggests a molecular basis for this attraction, but the mechanism remains unknown. Previous dogma suggested a genetic basis for breast cancer metastasis as an extension of the stepwise transformation model, whereby the accumulation of genetic mutations confers selective survival and proliferative advantages to reach a malignant state of growth. Indeed, it was thought that several additional genetic alterations after initial transformation were required to confer metastatic ability [2]. Recent evidence has challenged this notion by suggesting that the genetic events necessary for primary tumor growth may also mediate metastatic behavior [3]. However, it is difficult to reconcile how the same genetic alterations could confer growth both in the breast microenvironment and in other tissue microenvironments. Recent work has begun to shed some light on the molecular mechanisms that mediate tissue-specific metastasis and reconcile this conceptual conflict. However, whether the genes identified in these studies will elucidate the genetic and, hopefully, predicative underlying mechanism for metastasis, or rather represents an artifact of the model systems employed for gene candidate discovery remains uncertain.
The role of slope in human reorientation

Studies of spatial representation generally focus on flat environments and visual stimuli. However, the world is not flat, and slopes are part of many natural environments. In a series of four experiments, we examined whether humans can use a slope as a source of allocentric, directional information for reorientation. A target was hidden in a corner of a square, featureless enclosure tilted at a 5° angle. Finding it required using the vestibular, kinesthetic and visual cues associated with the slope gradient. Participants succeeded in the task; however, a large sex difference emerged. Men showed a greater ability in using slope and a greater preference for relying on slope as a searching strategy. The female disadvantage was not due to wearing heeled shoes, but was probably related to a greater difficulty in extracting the vertical axis of the slope.
Towards a Regional Index of Biological Integrity: the Example of Forested Riparian Ecosystems

Our premise is that measures of ecological indicators and habitat conditions will vary between reference standard sites and reference sites that are impacted, and that these measures can be applied consistently across a regional gradient in the form of a Regional Index of Biological Integrity (RIBI). Six principles are proposed to guide development of any RIBI: 1) biological communities with high integrity are the desired endpoints; 2) indicators can have a biological, physical, or chemical basis; 3) indicators should be tied to specific stressors that can be realistically managed; 4) linkages across geographic scales and ecosystems should be provided; 5) reference standards should be used to define target conditions; and 6) assessment protocols should be efficiently and rapidly applied. To illustrate how a RIBI might be developed, we show how four integrative bioindicators can be combined to develop a RIBI for forest riparian ecosystems in the Mid-Atlantic states: 1) macroinvertebrate communities, 2) amphibian communities, 3) avian communities, and 4) avain productivity, primarily for the Louisiana waterthrush (Seirius motacilla). By providing a reliable expression of environmental stress or change, a RIBI can help managers reach scientifically defensible decisions.
Use of crop simulation models to evaluate limited irrigation management options for corn in a semiarid environment

[1] Increasing competition for land and water resources due to increasing demands from rapid population growth calls for increasing water use efficiency of irrigated crops. It is important to develop location-specific agronomic practices to maximize water use efficiency (WUE). Adequately calibrated and validated agricultural systems models provide a systems approach and a fast alternative method for developing and evaluating agronomic practices that can utilize technological advances in limited irrigation agriculture. The objectives of this study were to (1) calibrate and validate the CERES-maize model under both dryland and irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) production in northeastern Colorado and (2) use the model with a long-term weather record to determine (1) optimum allocation of limited irrigation between vegetative and reproductive growth stages and (2) optimum soil water depletion level for initiating limited irrigation. The soil series was a Rago silt loam, and the initial water content on 1 January of each year was equal to field capacity in the upper 300 mm and half of the field capacity below this depth. Optimum production and WUE with minimum nitrogen (N) losses were found when (1) a water allocation ratio of 40:60 or 50:50 (uniform) between vegetative and reproductive stages for irrigations up to 100 mm, and a ratio of 20:80 for irrigations above 100 mm was used; and (2) irrigation was initiated at 20% plant-available water (PAW) (80% depletion). When available water for irrigation is limited to 100 mm, irrigating 50% of the area with 200 mm of water at 20:80 split irrigations between the vegetative and reproductive stages produced greater yield than irrigating 100% of the area with 100 mm water. Concepts developed in the study can potentially be adapted to other locations, climates, and crops. However, precise site-specific recommendations need to be developed for each soil-climate zone using the validated system model.
Enteroviruses detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction from the coastal waters of Santa Monica Bay, California: low correlation to bacterial indicator levels.

Microbiological water quality at beaches is typically measured only by indicator bacteria, even though viruses are also a concern, because classical culture-based virus assays are not suitable. In this study, molecular-based assays for the detection of enteroviruses by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were performed on 50 coastal seawater samples taken from Santa Monica Bay, CA, over a six-year period, and compared with indicator bacteria. Sample sites were near freshwater outlets in the Bay and popular sandy beaches. RT-PCR is a primer-based molecular biology technique, used to detect the genomes of specific groups or types of viruses based upon conserved sequences. Results of the 50 analyses showed our ultrafiltration concentration methods and RT-PCR protocol could be used consistently to detect enteroviruses from 20 l samples of coastal seawater. Of the 50 samples, 16 (32%) were positive for enteroviruses, 27 (54%) were negative and 7 (14%) were inconclusive. There was no significant correlation between the presence of enteroviruses and individual standard microbiological indicators of fecal contamination, specifically total coliforms, fecal coliforms, or enterococci (r=0.14, r=0.28 and r=0.34, respectively, p>0.05). However, there was a significant correlation (r=0.71) to a combined set of bacterial water quality standards, involving all three indicators, recently adopted in California. There was no significant correlation between the RT-PCR results and levels of rainfall (a large source of runoff), but our analyses demonstrated that positive results for enteroviruses were significantly more likely during the winter `wet' season than during the summer `dry' season. Our results demonstrate that RT-PCR is an effective method for the detection of enteroviruses in coastal seawater, and they suggest that bacterial indicators are not necessarily good predictors of the presence of such viruses. Enteroviruses are known to be important etiological agents of disease from recreational water contact, so analysis for their presence might be advisable at certain locations (e.g. high-use sandy beaches) or during certain seasons of the year.
Dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium Tetrafluoroborate

[5799-67-7] C3H9BF4S2 ((MW 196.07)) InChI = 1/C3H9S2.BF4/c1-4-5(2)3;2-1(3,4)5/h1-3H3;/q+1;-1 InChIKey = LUOOXKXNWLQGLY-UHFFFAOYAV (electrophilic sulfenylation reagent capable of reacting with nucleophilic atoms;2 reacts with electron-rich alkenes to promote addition reactions,3 cyclizations;4 activates dithioacetals,5 trithioorthoesters,6 and thioglycosides7 for carbon–carbon or carbon–heteroatom bond forming reactions) Alternate Name: DMTSF. Physical Data: mp 89–92 °C. Solubility: soluble in MeCN, MeNO2; insoluble in ether, pet ether; reacts with H2O and other protic solvents. Form Supplied in: cream-colored to white solid; available from various suppliers. Preparative Method: DMTSF can be conveniently prepared from Dimethyl Disulfide and Trimethyloxonium Tetrafluoroborate (Me3O+ BF4−) in MeCN.8 Precipitation of the product results after addition of ether and isolation requires filtration under anhydrous conditions. Handling, Storage, and Precaution: DMTSF must be stored under anhydrous conditions, preferably in a well sealed bottle under nitrogen. Exposure to moisture results in a stench and the reagent is corrosive. Use in a fume hood.
Developing a process of detecting time-lag coefficients of technology licensing data of U.S. research institution

Time-series analysis in Econometrics provides advanced methods identifying relationship among time-seriesed subjects which have been rarely applied to engineering management field. While sophisticated econometrics methods such as distributed lag model with unrestricted lag, arithmetic lag, polynomial lag and geometric lag structure, and dynamics model theories enrich analysis of economic data consisting of long time periods and their lasting effect, observations in the engineering management field which tends to have highly uncertain time effect and relatively insufficient time-series hinder applying and benefiting from time lag analysis which is very important to understand dynamic behavior of subject in this field. Therefore, this study revisits and compares selected time series approaches using simulated data set representing university technology licensing and suggest a process for detecting time-lag coefficients of licensing input and output variables.
Adjudicating Non-Justiciable Rights: Socio-Economic Rights and the South African Constitutional Court

The article attempts to illuminate a hotly contested issue in international constitutional jurisprudence, the adjudication of socio-economic rights. It has historically been argued and accepted that socio-economic rights are non-justiciable. Advocates of this position have proposed that, while rights to housing, health care, education and other forms of social welfare may have value as moral statements of a nation's ideals, they should not be viewed as a legal declaration of enforceable rights. Recent judgments in South Africa represent an unparalleled challenge to this traditional assessment. Few countries' courts have found such rights to be fully and directly justiciable, even fewer have multiple, affirmative social rights opinions and no other country has developed its case law sufficiently to outline a comprehensive jurisprudence. As a consequence, South Africa's role in the social rights debate is seen as revolutionary and heroic by proponents of justiciability and as irresponsible and doomed by its detractors. In this article, I argue that the Court that has been both less revolutionary and less irresponsible than commentators expected (and continue to allege). This is because the Court's jurisprudence has incorporated the concerns of the jurists who argue that courts lack the legitimacy and competence to decide such matters, even while the Court performs the affirmative review and remediation functions desired by those who favor judicial enforcement of social rights. It is an affirmative social rights jurisprudence tempered by internalized justiciability concerns.
The Coronary Venous Anatomy: A Segmental Approach to Aid Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

The coronary sinus is the gateway for left ventricular (LV) epicardial lead placement for cardiac resynchronization therapy. The implanting electrophysiologist is usually challenged by a high degree of variability in the coronary venous anatomy, making it important to have a more consistent and uniform segmental approach to describe the coronary venous tree and its branches. Classifying the coronary sinus branches and tributaries by the segment of their location rather than by conventional anatomic names (i.e., middle cardiac vein, great cardiac vein, and so on), would provide more relevant anatomic and functional information at the time of LV lead placement. This would enable the implanting physician to proactively correlate the venous anatomy with the segmental wall motion abnormalities or dyssynchrony, as defined by echocardiography and other imaging modalities. The current viewpoint calls for a more systematic segmental approach for describing the coronary venous anatomy.
Does Experiential Learning Improve JD Employment Outcomes

This short paper provides an empirical examination of the link between law school experiential (or "skills") learning opportunities and JD employment outcomes. The current "law school crisis" poses a number of serious challenges to the legal academy, and how law schools should respond is hotly debated. One common suggestion is that law schools should reform their curriculum to emphasize the development of practical skills through experiential learning, rather than emphasize what is described as the impractical, theory- and doctrine-heavy book learning of the traditional law school curriculum. Employers are said to be more likely to hire those with substantial skills training. This paper provides a simple empirical examination of that basic hypothesis. To summarize the paper's key finding: there is no statistical relationship between law school opportunities for skills training and JD employment outcomes. In contrast, employment outcomes do seem to be strongly related to law school prestige.