cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of lithium on plasma chlorpromazine levels

The interaction of lithium and chlorpromazine (CPZ) was studied in healthy volunteers in a randomized crossover study. Each subject ingested two doses of CPZ (100 mg) as the liquid concentrate: (1) without concurrent lithium therapy and (2) after a 7-day treatment with lithium carbonate (900 mg/day). When CPZ was administered with lithium, peak plasma CPZ levels were 40.3% (mean) lower than those without lithium (p = 0.006), and the area under the CPZ plasma concentration time curve was 26.6% smaller (p = 0.08). The time to reach peak plasma CPZ levels was similar in both groups. All subjects slept for 4 to 6 hr after oral CPZ and had a maximum fall in both systolic (8 to 32 mg Hg) and diastolic (5 to 23 mg Hg) blood pressure at the time of peak plasma CPZ concentration. This lithium-CPZ interaction may explain the low plasma CPZ levels reported previously in psychiatric patients taking both lithium and CPZ.
Extent of Spinal Cord Decompression in Motor Complete (American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale Grades A and B) Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Patients: Post-Operative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis of Standard Operative Approaches.

Abstract Although decompressive surgery following traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) is recommended, adequate surgical decompression is rarely verified via imaging. We utilized magnetic resonance ...
Chapter 13 - Success for All: Policy Consequences of Replicable Schoolwide Reform11The research summarized in this paper was funded primarily by the Office of Educational Research and Improvement, U.S. Department of Education (Grant No. OERI-R-117-D40005). However, any opinions expressed are the author's and do not represent OERI positions or policies.

Publisher Summary Beginning in the mid-1980s, in parallel to the development of systemic reform policies, a set of programs has formed that is designed to create substantial reforms throughout elementary and secondary schools. The first program to apply the faithful replication approach for the reformation of the entire schools is the success for all program. Research on success for all and the widespread dissemination of this program and many others supports a vision of school reform as a process that is capable of simultaneously setting higher standards for schools and assisting them with thoughtful selection and faithful, high-quality implementation of proven programs to meet those standards. If reliable methods are properly implemented their existence will ensure that virtually all children can read in the elementary grades. These methods have enormous implications for federal Title I and special education policies, as well as for President Clinton's commitment to ensure reading success for all children by third grade.
Opportunistic compression for direct-mapped DRAM caches

Large off-chip DRAM caches offer performance and bandwidth improvements for many systems by bridging the gap between on-chip last level caches and off-chip memories. To avoid the high hit latency resulting from serial DRAM accesses for tags and data, prior work proposed co-locating tags and data to be accessed together. The state-of-the-art block-based DRAM cache design, the Alloy Cache, reduces hit latency but suffers from increased miss rate due to its direct-mapped design. In this paper, we propose using compression to increase the associativity of a direct-mapped DRAM cache with little impact on hit latency. If the fill and victim lines and the victim tag can be compressed to a single block, the cache effectively becomes a two-way set-associative cache. This mechanism can be extended to compress more lines together and achieve higher associativity. We propose using a low-latency compression algorithm to avoid performance losses. Our analysis on SPECCPU2006 benchmarks shows that nearly 36% of all sets become 2-way, which increases DRAM cache capacity and reduces conflict misses.
The Effects of Buffers on the Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Binding between Positively-Charged Cyclodextrins and Phosphate Ester Guests

Cyclodextrin derivatives in which the primary hydroxyl groups at the 6-positions of the sugar units have been replaced with 2-hydroxethylamino groups are known to bind phosphate esters with significant affinity. Association between the host and guest is mediated by a combination of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. Association constants for two cyclodextrin hosts with three phosphate ester guests are measured in a variety of buffer solutions, and it is found that the buffer has a large impact on the electrostatic component of the binding interaction. Negatively charged buffers such as phosphate and ADA (N-(2-acetamido)iminodiacetic acid) compete with the phosphate ester guests for binding to the positively charged cyclodextrins. This competition lowers the effective association constant between host and guest. Positively charged buffers such as Tris-HCl do not strongly compete and are thus more conducive to binding. The kinetics of dissociation of the host−guest complexes were measured in severa...
The Ecosystem of Scaling Social Impact: A New Theoretical Framework and Two Case Studies

This article reviews existing literature on scaling social impact and proposes a new theoretical framework to understand the ecosystem of scaling social impact beyond organizational growth. By sear...
Syncope, Orthostatic Intolerance, and Exertional Symptoms

Patients with life-threatening conditions that present with syncope can be recognized promptly and appropriately with history, physical electrocardiogram (EKG), and echocardiography. Once diseases are recognized, exercise testing may be part of disease characterization and management. Exercise testing has a critical role in patients with high-risk histories of syncope, to evaluate for catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) and other unusual arrhythmia syndromes. Most patients with low severity, typical syncope will not benefit from exercise testing (or any substantial testing). For patients with more problematic symptoms, exercise testing represents a relatively low barrier test that can identify multiple contributors to symptoms. This includes deconditioning, abnormal or potentially abnormal blood pressure responses, and incidental or potentially important arrhythmias. The differences between normal and abnormal exercise responses in those with potential orthostatic syndrome overlap with normal physiology. Testing always needs to be interpreted in context.
Healthcare costs for abortions performed in ambulatory surgery centers vs office-based settings.

Abstract Background Several states require that abortions be provided in ambulatory surgery centers. Supporters of such laws argue that they make abortions safer, yet previous studies have found no differences in abortion-related morbidities or adverse events for abortions performed in ambulatory surgery centers versus office-based settings. However, little is known about how costs of abortions provided in ambulatory surgery centers differ from those provided in office-based settings. Objective To compare healthcare expenditures for abortions performed in ambulatory surgery centers versus office-based settings using a large national private insurance claims database. Study Design A retrospective cohort study compared expenditures for abortions performed in ambulatory surgery centers versus office-based settings. Data on women who had abortions in an ambulatory surgery center or office-based setting between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2014 were obtained from the MarketScan® Commercial Claims and Encounters database. The sample was limited to women who were continuously enrolled in their insurance plans for at least one year prior to and at least six weeks after the abortion. Healthcare expenditures were assessed separately for the index abortion and the 6-week period after the abortion. Costs were measured from the perspective of the healthcare system and included all payments to the provider, including insurance company payments and any patient out-of-pocket payments. Results Overall, 49,287 beneficiaries who had 50,311 abortions met inclusion criteria. Of included abortions, 47% were first-trimester aspiration, 27% first-trimester medication, and 26% second-trimester or later abortions. Most abortions (89%) were provided in office-based settings, with 11% provided in ambulatory surgery centers. Unadjusted mean index abortion costs were higher in ambulatory surgery centers than office-based settings ($1,704 vs. $810; p Conclusions Abortions performed at ambulatory surgery centers are significantly more costly than those performed in office-based settings, with no difference in the likelihood of receiving follow-up care. Laws requiring that abortions be provided in ambulatory surgery centers may only result in increased costs for abortions with no effect on abortion safety.
Improved Computations of the Voltage Collapse Point

This work develops and applies an improved approach for estimating the point of voltage collapse based on the P-index method. The P-index is a voltage stability monitoring and prediction tool that was proposed in a recent research effort. Prediction of distance to voltage collapse in the original P-index method assumes a linear approximation of voltage-load relationship. The prediction has provided enhanced precision over most recognized indices. However, it also resulted in inaccuracies because the actual voltage-load behavior in general is not linear but rather more complex. The new model proposed here is based on a more accurate relationship between bus voltage and load. It was applied to a number of IEEE benchmark systems for several operating conditions and a comparison made with the original method. In all the tests, the new model provided higher overall accuracy in prediction of voltage collapse point compared to the linear method.
Temporal Bone Encephaloceles: Utility of Preoperative Imaging.

ObjectiveTo determine the diagnostic efficacy and clinical value of preoperative computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) among patients with suspected temporal bone encephaloc...
Representation, Paternalism, and Exclusion: The Divergent Impacts of the AKP’s Populism on Human Rights in Turkey

Turkey provides an unusual opportunity to observe how populists affect human rights when they govern a large electoral democracy for a prolonged period. This chapter introduces a tripartite framework for analyzing the impact of populism on human rights, and applies it to Turkey. "Representation" involves expanding the role of previously marginalized groups in politics and their influence on public policy. "Paternalism" describes populists’ arrogation of the right to identify the interests of “the people” for whom they claim to speak, rather than consider citizens’ actual preferences. "Exclusion" refers to populists’ marginalization from politics, and often broader repression, of groups they define as enemies of the people. The reign of Turkey’s Justice and Development Party (AKP) since 2002 illustrates these dynamics and suggests hypotheses about the relationship between populism and human rights that could be tested by studies of other countries. The AKP initially advanced representation by reducing the political power of the military and moderating the judiciary’s enforcement of secularism. This somewhat enhanced the power of ordinary citizens in general and in particular of conservative, religious Turks, whose preferences arguably had been under-weighted. The other two dynamics, paternalism and exclusion, undermined human rights, however. AKP leaders’ belief in a homogeneous popular will motivated, or helped them justify, paternalistic disregard for their constituents’ views, undermining democratic representation. Since at least the 2014 Gezi Park protests, populism’s exclusionary logic has contributed to the AKP’s assault on democratic institutions and norms. The party has dismantled almost every check on its power and neutered all rivals, bringing Turkey to the brink of dictatorship. In the process, it has eviscerated civil and political rights and brutally repressed hundreds of thousands of Turks.
BISON HAIR REDUCES PREDATION ON ARTIFICIAL BIRD NESTS

The use of bison hair by birds nesting at the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve (TGPP) in Osage County led me to hypothesize that bison hair might function as nest camouflage via scent-masking. I conducted 2 artificial nest experiments from late April to early July 2007 in which one-half of the nests were lined with bison hair collected from the residential herd at the TGPP; remaining nests served as controls. Nest predation was significantly higher on unlined control nests than hair-lined nests when located on the ground. There was no difference in predation rates between nest types when located in shrubs and trees. Use of materials such as bison hair may mask nest odors and thus be a novel and indirect method of predator avoidance by birds nesting at the TGPP.
The Possibility of Democratic Participation: Remarks on Cristina Lafont’s Democracy without Shortcuts

Cristina Lafont has written a searching and thought-provoking philosophical work on the nature of deliberation in modern democracy. Much of the book is a critique of recent efforts to ground the activity of deliberation in democracy in the light of two sobering and challenging obstacles to the implementation of deliberative democracy in modern society. One challenge arises from the observation of the pluralism of opinion and value in modern democracy. Good faith disagreement on principles and values is wide ranging in modern societies and seems to undermine most kinds of consensus aside from the most abstract agreement. A second challenge arises from the division of labor in society and stems from the observation that citizens are often quite ignorant of politics in modern society. They often seem to base their decisions on slim grounds. In what follows, I cannot pretend to do justice to this rich and engrossing book. I will discuss the central concepts of self-government and blind deference first and point to a difficulty that I think lies at the heart of Lafont’s approach. I will then discuss her arguments against deep pluralism and suggest how I think they miss the target and how I think one ought to reply fully to pluralism. I will also take up her arguments against lottocracy, which I think are good ones. But I will argue that they are not sufficient to demonstrate why we should not be lottocrats. I will then conclude with some remarks about what is necessary to respond to the problems lottocracy is meant to respond to.
Performance Funding of Public Universities: A Case Study

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are often used to give feedback concerning a post-secondary institution's progress toward policy goals. In this sense, KPIs are used to create a sense of accountability. The Government of Alberta (Canada) implemented an accountability policy initiative in the early 1990s. One aspect of the policy was the creation of KPIs. The KPIs would be used to allocate funding to universities and colleges on the basis of their relative performance. After a number of years the Alberta Government abandoned performance funding and the KPI initiative. They could not resolve the many political and managerial problems arising from the quantification process. Recent moves by Arizona, Illinois, and other financially strapped States to implement performance funding create a rationale to re-examine the collapse of performance funding in Alberta. The case study approach preserves the policy initiative so that post-secondary stakeholders can reflect more deeply on the impact of KPIs. Alberta's case demonstrates that KPIs are a powerful policy tool to accelerate institutional responses to governmental policy. It is also important to carefully consider that KPIs might encourage managerial behaviour that results in negative unintended consequences.
Percutaneous Intervention of Iatrogenic Iliac Artery Vascular Complication.

The mortality of patients from a retroperitoneal hematoma remains high if treatment is delayed or inappropriate. Percutaneous endovascular repair of iatrogenic vascular complications is quickly becoming the treatment of choice. Here, we report a case of a 76-year-old female with a non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, whose cardiac catheterization revealed a 70% distal left main coronary artery (LMCA) stenosis. She underwent successful rotational atherectomy and deployment of drug-eluting stents of the distal LMCA. Following percutaneous coronary intervention, she suffered acute profound hypotension and was found to have a retroperitoneal hematoma. Given the high cardiac risk for vascular surgery due to recent intervention and overall comorbidities, she was immediately taken to the cardiac catheterization laboratory and had a diagnostic angiogram, which revealed a right external iliac artery perforation that was treated with a covered stent. She tolerated the procedure well. This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis of retroperitoneal bleed, the prompt decision to take the patient to the cardiac catheterization laboratory, and potential use of intravascular interventions to ensure a successful outcome.
Quantitative determination of histone methylation via fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology in immortalized bovine mammary alveolar epithelial cells supplemented with methionine.

Methionine (Met) is an essential precursor of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), which is the primary methyl donor required for biological processes such as DNA and histone methylation, which alter gene expression. In dairy cows, dietary Met has been observed to exert transcriptional alterations with beneficial effects on milk biosynthesis; however, the extent of these effects via SAM remains unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of Met supply on histone methylation in lysine residues K9 and K27 in the histone tail H3 via a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) system in immortalized bovine mammary alveolar epithelial cells (MACT) incubated varying concentration of Met. The histone methylation data was complemented with global DNA methylation, cellular protein synthesis, and RT-qPCR analysis of genes related to Met cycle, DNA and histone methylation, AA transporters, and protein synthesis. The histone methylation data was performed on MACT cells seeded at 30,000 cells/well in 96-well plates 24 h prior to transfection. The transfections of FRET gene reporter plasmids H3K9 and H3K27 was performed with 0.3 μL/well of Lipofectamine® 3000 and 50 ng of plasmid DNA per well. At 24 h post-transfection, cells were treated with 0, 125, 250, and 500 μM of Met, and quantification of histone methylation was performed at 0, 12, and 24 h post-treatment as well as cell viability at 24 h using CellProfiler software. An inverted microscope for live imagining (EVOS® FL Auto) equipped with a motorized scanning stage, and an environment-controlled chamber at 37˚C and 5.0% of CO2 was used to take 4 pictures/well at 4x magnification. A more defined response on histone methylation was observed in H3K9 than H3K27 to Met supply, where maximal histone methylation in H3K9 was observed with 125 μM of Met. This greater histone methylation in H3K9 at 125 μM was accompanied by greater cellular protein concentration. The linear increase in Met supply causes a linear decrease in global DNA methylation, while linearly upregulating genes related to the Met cycle (i.e., MAT1A, PEMT, SAHH, and MTR). The histone methylation data suggest that, to some extent, methyl-donors such as Met may affect the methylation sites, H3K9 and H3K27, and consequently causing a different epigenetic alteration. In the context of the dairy cow, further refinement to this FRET assay to study histone methylation could lead to establishing novel potential mechanisms of how dietary methyl donors may control the structural conformation of the bovine genome and, by extension, gene expression.
Explaining monotonic ranking functions

Ranking functions are commonly used to assist in decision-making in a wide variety of applications. As the general public realizes the significant societal impacts of the widespread use of algorith...
Mayo Clinic experience with 1123 adults with acute myeloid leukemia.

Between 2004 and 2017, a total of 1123 adult patients (median age 65 years; 61% males) with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML), not including acute promyelocytic leukemia, were seen at the Mayo Clinic. Treatment included intensive (n = 766) or lower intensity (n = 144) chemotherapy or supportive care (n = 213), with respective median survivals of 22, 9, and 2 months (p 60 years (HR 2.2, 1.9-2.6), adverse karyotype (HR 2.9, 1.9-4.9), intermediate-risk karyotype (HR 1.6, 1.02-2.6), post-myeloproliferative neoplasm AML (HR 1.9, 1.5-2.4), and other secondary AML (HR 1.3 (1.1-1.6) as risk factors for shortened survival. These risk factors retained their significance after inclusion of FLT3/NPM1 mutational status in 392 informative cases: FLT3+NPM1- (HR 2.8, 1.4-5.6), FLT3+/NPM+ (HR 2.6 (1.3-5.2), and FLT3-NPM1- (HR 1.8, 1.0-3.0).
Long live the king: Toxoplasma gondii nucleomodulin inhibits necroptotic cell death

Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that results in chronic infection of the central nervous system, but the basis for its ability to persist is unknown. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Rosenberg and Sibley (2021) identify a parasite effector produced by the latent bradyzoite stage that inhibits host cell necroptosis.
Exploring the future energy-mobility nexus: The transportation energy & mobility pathway options (TEMPO) model

Abstract This paper documents the approaches and methods used in the Transportation Energy & Mobility Pathway Options™ (TEMPO) model to evaluate passenger and freight demand for transportation and mobility services, project vehicle ownership and technology adoption decisions, and determine transport mode choices to derive scenarios of future energy use and emissions. TEMPO is an all-inclusive transportation demand model that covers the entire United States, with an implicit spatial resolution and an hourly temporal resolution that allows for generating time-resolved energy use profiles to assess multisectoral integration aspects. Key features of the TEMPO model include the ability to perform endogenous out-of-sample forecasting to extrapolate recent emerging trends and analyze impacts of disruptive technological breakthroughs and behavioral changes. TEMPO employs an innovative representation of passenger mobility demand stemming from household-level decisions that determine vehicle adoption, ownership, and use based on sociodemographics (e.g., income, household composition), technology attributes (e.g., travel cost, time), geography (e.g., urban, suburban, rural) and population-specific multiday mobility and travel requirements. This representation enables a more forward-looking perspective on the use of new mobility options and the adoption of alternative fuel vehicles, as well as a more accurate representation of their energy usage profiles than previous modeling approaches. A comparison with the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s Annual Energy Outlook showcases the ability of TEMPO to accurately replicate widely accepted projections by representing the key elements of the entire transportation sector at the appropriate level of resolution. TEMPO is intended to generate future scenarios of technology adoption, energy use, and emissions in the transportation sector to compare alternatives, inform decision makers, and assess integration with energy infrastructure and supply systems at an appropriate spatiotemporal resolution.
An automated radiosynthesis of [18F]DPA-714 on a commercially available radiosynthesizer, Elixys Flex/Chem

Abstract [18F]DPA-714 is a radiotracer specific to the translocator protein (TSPO) and is useful for in vivo Positron Emission Tomography imaging studies. In this report, we have developed an automated radiosynthesis of [18F]DPA-714 on a commercially-available radiosynthesis platform, which comports with USP guidelines. The wide availability of the radiosynthesis module and ease of dissemination of the production sequence will facilitate preclinical and clinical research of TSPO-related pathology.
Analysis of texture in controlled shear processed boron carbide

Directionally induced texture through controlled shear processing of boron carbide is being investigated as a method of enhancing boron carbide's ballistic response. Texture was induced in boron carbide samples through hot pressing and tape casting. Texture analysis was conducted through optical microscopy techniques; Raman spectrometry studies were conducted on polished hot pressed samples. Texture was shown to be present in both tapes and hot pressed samples.
Level of detail AI for virtual characters in games and simulation

Following recent research that takes the idea of Level of Detail (LOD) from its traditional use in 3D graphics and applies it to the artificial intelligence (AI) of virtual characters, we propose our approach on such an LOD AI. We describe how our approach handles LOD classification and how we used it to simplify the simulation quality of multiple aspects of the characters' behavior in an existing application. Finally, we delineate how we evaluated our approach with both a performance and perception analysis and report our findings.
Radio System Performance

Several factors could influence the radio system performance, including radio propagation, radio link design, radio receiver design as well as radio network design. The focus of this section is on the most important elements of the radio-access portion of the system. Radio link design part covers link budget and frequency planning. Radio propagation addresses path loss prediction models, outdoor and indoor prediction models, effects of environment and small-scale variations resulting in multipath fading, with emphasis on channel characterization and statistical propagation models. Section on man-made noise and interference completes the list of external factors that influence the radio performance. The aspects of radio design include radio parameters, diversity techniques, modulation and coding, and interference suppression techniques. 1 Radio Link Design 2 Effects of Environment 3 Small-Scale Variations: Multipath Fading 4 Man-Made Noise and Interference 5 Radio Receiver Design Keywords: radio system performance; radio link design; radio propagation; path loss prediction; effects of environment; multipath fading channels; radio interference; radio receiver design
Sequence of the Klebsiella aerogenes urease genes and evidence for accessory proteins facilitating nickel incorporation

A 4.8-kilobase-pair region of cloned DNA encoding the genes of the Klebsiella aerogenes urease operon has been sequenced. Six closely spaced open reading frames were found: ureA (encoding a peptide of 11.1 kilodaltons [kDa]), ureB (11.7-kDa peptide), ureC (60.3-kDa peptide), ureE (17.6-kDa peptide), ureF (25.2-kDa peptide), and ureG (21.9-kDa peptide). Immediately after the ureG gene is a putative rho-dependent transcription terminator. The three subunits of the nickel-containing enzyme are encoded by ureA, ureB, and ureC based on protein structural studies and sequence homology to jack bean urease. Potential roles for ureE, ureF, and ureG were explored by deleting these accessory genes from the operon. The deletion mutant produced inactive urease, which was partially purified and found to have the same subunit stoichiometry and native size as the active enzyme but which contained no significant levels of nickel. The three accessory genes were able to activate apo-urease in vivo when they were cloned into a compatible expression vector and cotransformed into cells carrying the plasmid containing ureA, ureB, and ureC. Thus, one or more of the ureE, ureF, or ureG gene products are involved in nickel incorporation into urease.
Microcomputer control of a motor drive system

A method is presented for controlling a motor drive plant by a microcomputer. The overall computer controlled system is designed and simulated using the language SIMULINK. The digital control algorithm is then implemented in real time using the C programming language. Simulation and experimental results are compared and evaluated.
Papel da glucosamina no alívio dos sintomas da osteoartrose: revisão baseada na evidência

Objective: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major cause of pain and disability in the elderly. Glucosamine has attracted interest as a drug for pain relief or improvement of joint function in OA. It appears to be safe. However, many studies have shown different levels of effectiveness, so its use remains controversial. The aim of this study was to review the evidence on the efficacy and safety of glucosamine in the relief of symptoms of OA. Data Sources: Cochrane Library, PubMed, National Guideline Clearinghouse, DARE, TRIP Database, Bandolier, Index of Portuguese Medical Journals. Methods: Meta-analyses (MA), systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCT) and clinical guidelines (CG) published between 01/2009 and 12/2012 were selected, using the MeSH terms osteoarthritis and glucosamine and corresponding DeCS (Portuguese search terms). We used the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) scale of American Family Physician to assign levels of evidence and strength of recommendations. Results: From the 200 articles obtained, four met the inclusion criteria, including two MA, one RCT and one CG, representing 9428 patients studied. Three articles showed that use of glucosamine had some benefit in relieving pain and improving joint function, but this benefit is not statistically or clinically significant compared to placebo. Glucosamine was found to be as safe as placebo. The CG does not recommend the use of glucosamine in OA. Conclusion: The current available evidence suggests that benefits of glucosamine are not clinically significant in the relief of symptoms of OA, particularly in relieving pain and improving joint function (SOR A). However, it is safe (SOR A). Future studies evaluating the cost/benefit ratio of glucosamine for symptom relief may encourage or discourage its use, particularly with co-payment for treatment by the National Health Service.
Public Land Policy in the Context of Planning-Programming-Budgeting Systems

P PBS is the nearly universal code symbol for the Planning-Programming-Budgeting System of the federal government. It was ordered adopted by President Johnson in August of 1965 as the official federal system for program planning and budgeting. The Bureau of the Budget in October of that year ordered that it be applied in all respects by 22 departments, agencies, and administrations, which include all those that play any significant role in public land management. The bureau requested, but did not order, that it be applied by another 17 boards, commissions, and agencies. It was first applied by the 22 departments and agencies in the preparation of their budget requests for FY 1968, a process which began early in the calendar year 1966. Thus, it is evident that official and wide use of the system is recent in the government generally and in the public land managing agencies specifically and that experience with it by agency heads and their staffs is limited. It is not, however, a totally new system within the federal establishment. The initials PPBS first gained notoriety in 1961 when Secretary McNamara launched the system in the Department of Defense, where it was intensively developed and widely applied in defense planning and budgeting in the intervening years. William A. Carlson, deputy director of the United States Department of Agriculture's Planning, Evaluation, and Programming Staff, says that PPBS
Studies of cytochrome P-450 in testis microsomes.

Abstract Studies on the role of cytochrome P-450 in mouse, rat, and chick testis microsomes showed that this CO-binding hemoprotein is involved in the activity of the 17α-hydroxylase. A 70–80% inhibition by CO of the 17α-hydroxylase activity was detected in rat and chick testis microsomes. In the mouse testis, the level of the enzyme activity is ten times greater than that of the rat. This partly explains why an acceleration of NADPH oxidation by progesterone can be observed in mouse but not in rat testis microsomes. In rat testis microsomes, type I binding spectra of cytochrome P-450 was observed with pregnenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, and testosterone. The apparent K s values for progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone were 0.50 and 1.00 μ m , respectively. When NADPH is used to measure cytochrome P-450 levels in rat testis microsomes, CO formation resulting from a stimulation in lipid peroxidation by phosphate or Fe 2+ was sufficient to bind with 50% of the total amount of cytochrome P-450. Substitution of phosphate by Tris reduced the amount of lipid peroxidation to minimal levels. On a comparable basis, no CO formation was observed in avian testis microsomes. An increase in the testicular levels of cytochrome P-450 resulted upon the administration of HCG and cyclic-AMP to 1-day-old chicks. The lack of stimulation of the cytochrome P-450 levels by progesterone and pregnenolone suggest that the hormonal stimulation of the P-450 levels is not due to substrate induction.
Enhancing and replacing spectral information with intermediate structural inputs: A case study on impervious surface detection

Abstract This paper assessed the incorporation of road structural information in the classification process of impervious surface areas. A multi-process classification model was adopted and it consisted of an a priori classifier and an a posteriori classifier. The role of the a priori classifier was to classify the relatively simple portions of the image. This partial classification acted as the basis for the production of linear features using an iterative Radon transform. Spatial statistics derived from the linear features led to road structural intermediate inputs (RSIIs) (for example, distance to the closest segment endpoint). RSIIs were integrated with spectral information on the remaining unclassified pixels and an assessment was done to evaluate whether they would improve a binary impervious classification task. The experimental results on a 2006 Landsat ETM+ image suggested that classification accuracy improved by 8.4% for the portion of the dataset classified with the a posteriori classifier and led to an improvement of 3.2% over the entire dataset. In addition, a more challenging and wide-reaching hypothesis was tested, namely whether RSIIs could completely replace spectral information in portions of the image instead of complementing it. Exclusive use of RSIIs matched or improved classification accuracy obtained solely from spectral information, even when more than half of the validation dataset was forwarded to the a posteriori classifier. This finding offers an important contribution to the remote sensing community, since the proposed methodology handles the missing spectral information problem through exclusive analysis of the given degraded image; no external information, such as spectral information from other times and/or vector data, is needed.
Transcranial Doppler: Technique and Application to Headache

SYNOPSIS This article reviews the technique and physics relevant to a functional understanding of transcranial doppler. The frequently contradictory findings in migraine are reviewed. Several studies suggest increased flow velocities are common in the interictal period. There are disparate findings between studies of the ictal period. In cluster headache, there appear to be more easily reproduced changes between and during cluster attacks.
Coupling between heat and momentum transfer mechanisms for drag-reducing polymer and surfactant solutions

Drag-reducing solutions exhibit simultaneous friction and heat transfer reductions, yet it has been widely believed that there is no direct coupling between the two. In this work, we have conducted a study to re-examine this issue, using measurements of friction and heat transfer over a wide range of flow conditions from onset to asymptotic, various pipe diameters, and several polymer and surfactant solutions. Contrary to some earlier suggestions, out tests show that no decoupling of the momentum and heat transfer mechanisms was seen at the onset of drag reduction, nor upon departure from the asymptotes, but rather that the friction and heat transfer reductions change simultaneously in those regions. For asymptotic surfactant and polymer solutions, the ratio of heat transfer and drag reductions was seen to be constant over a large range of Reynolds numbers, if modified definitions of the reduction parameters are used. In the nonasymptotic region, however, the ratio of heat transfer to drag reductions is higher and is a function of the reduction level, but is approximately the same for polymer and surfactant solutions
American Pediatric Society's 2008 John Howland Award Acceptance Lecture: Life Goals for Academic Pediatrics

American Pediatric Society's 2008 John Howland Award Acceptance Lecture: Life Goals for Academic Pediatrics
Geochemistry of clay minerals for uranium exploration in the Grants mineral belt, New Mexico

Clay mineralogy studies of ore rocks versus barren rocks in the Grants mineral belt, New Mexico, show that some combination of chlorite (rosette form), illite, mixed-layer illite-montmorillonite, (±Mg-montmorillonite) are penecontemporaneous with uranium minerals in trend ore; these same clay minerals plus kaolinite are related to the roll-type ore near the main redox front of the Grants mineral belt. Clay minerals from barren rocks are characterized by a greater abundance of Na-montmorillonite, kaolinite, and face-to-edge form chlorite. Chlorites from ore zones contain much more vanadium than do chlorites from barren rocks. Trend orr probably formed from southeasterly flowing waters following paleochannels in the Late Jurassic. These deposits are found almost entirely in reduced rocks, and organic carbon may have been an important reductant to remove U-V-U-V-Se-Mo from solution as carbonate from ore zones contains some organic carbon based on stable isotope studies. Uplift, remobilization, and reprecipitation of some of the trend ore resulted in the formation of redistributed ore, some of which possesses a roll-type geometry. Mineralization for the roll-type ore was apparently controlled by sulfide-sulfate equilibria at or near the main redox front in the Grants mineral belt. Trend and roll-type ore possess different assemblages of clay minerals and different trace element abundances. Laramide-age faults cut both trend ore and some roll-type ores. Stack ore is found in Laramide-age fault zones. Limited oxygen isotopic data from clay minerals collected from two mines at Ambrosia Lake in reduced rocks indicate probable preservation of ancient, formational waters and show no evidence of infiltration by young meteoric waters. This information, plus the pre-Laramide-age faults, suggest, but do not unequivocally prove, that the main redox front has been relatively stable since its formation, probably some time in the Cretaceous. Younger encroachment of the redox front in post-Laramide time is proposed by others, however, and the problem is unresolved. Uranium for the deposits was most likely carried in solution as an oxyion, probably as (UO2(CO3)2·2H2O2− or (UO2(HPO4)2)2−, although organic transport cannot be entirely ruled out. Oxyions of vanadium, selenium, molybdenum and possible arsenic and antimony, are interpreted from Eh-pH diagrams to have been segregated and transported with U6+ soluble species and precipitated when a chemically reducing environment was reached. The rare-earth elements are also enriched in ore zones, but is it not clear if they were transported with the U-V-Se-Mo-(As)-(Sb) suite or derived from a more local source.
Anesthesia and Pain Control

Successful anesthetic management of critically ill dogs and cats is predicated on familiarity with the pharmacologic properties of a variety of anesthetic drugs. Knowledge of the altered physiology of the critically ill allows an anesthetic regimen to be selected that minimizes drug induced-depression or alteration of the abnormal body system(s). Successful pain management is based on the ability to recognize signs attributable to pain. Pain can be controlled with local anesthetics, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and opioids.
Advanced propfan engine characteristics and technology needs

A comparative study is presented for two of the advanced gas turbine engine designs developed in the course of a proprietary research effort for the NASA Advanced Propfan Engine Technology research program. In these engines, a cycle pressure ratio of 32.5:1 and a 2500 F maximum turbine temperature provide fuel efficient operation in the 32,000-ft altitude, Mach 0.72 cruise speed regime stipulated. Both of the engine configurations incorporate three spools, of which the compressors are dual-spool and the power turbines are free. A major design challenge for axial compressors in the 10,000-shp class was the maintenance of adequate blade heights in the later stages.
The theory of higher order weight functions for linear elastic plane problems

Abstract We generalize Bueckner's fundamental field concept and develop higher order weight functions for calculating power expansion coefficients of a regular elastic field in a two-dimensional body in the absence of body forces. Problems of the first and third kind are investigated. Integral formulas for the expansion coefficients are given for interior points and crack tips. In these formulas the integration is performed over the boundary of the body, crack faces included. The prescribed boundary data (tractions and/or displacements) of the regular field appear in the integrand in weighted form. The weights are derived from fundamental fields of universal character. The significance of these expansion coefficients in fracture analysis is also discussed.
Differentiating Adrenal Adenomas From Nonadenomas Using 18F-FDG PET/CT. Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation

Rationale and Objectives We sought to assess the ability of 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy- d -glucose (FDG) PET/CT to distinguish adrenal adenomas from nonadenomas in patients with suspected malignancy. Methods Fifty-nine adrenal masses were evaluated with coregistered 18F-FDG PET (PET/CT). Two reviewers independently graded uptake of 18F-FDG by visual inspection of the adrenal mass in comparison to liver and background. CT attenuation value of the adrenal mass and the standardized uptake value (SUV) of the mass, liver, background, and primary neoplasm (when visible) were measured. Mean SUVs of the adrenal mass, liver, and background and ratios of the SUVs were calculated. Results Of 47 adenomas, 43 measured 10 HU on unenhanced CT. Using qualitative assessment of FDG activity in the adrenal mass compared with liver, adenomas were less than, equal to, or more active than the liver in 51%, 38%, and 10%, respectively. Nonadenomas were less than, equal to, or more active than liver in 0%, 25%, and 75%, respectively. The mean SUV of adenomas (4.2) was significantly lower (P = .002) than that of their primary malignancies (9.2) but not that of liver (4.3). The mean SUV of adenomas was not significantly different than that of nonadenomas (5.2), but the mean adrenal/liver ratio (1.0) for the adenomas was significantly lower (P = .006) than that of the nonadenomas (2.1). Conclusion Adrenal adenomas were better differentiated from nonadenomas using unenhanced CT measurements in combination with ratios of the SUVs. Adrenal mass activity, which was visibly less than liver, was more specific for adenoma, whereas adrenal mass activity visibly greater than liver was more specific for malignancy.
Lymphokine-activated killer cells in primary immunodeficiencies and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Abstract Cytotoxic mechanisms (e.g., natural killer (NK) lysis, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte lysis) play an important role in host defense against various infections and neoplasms. Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cytotoxicity, induced in vitro by incubating mononuclear cells with interleukin 2 (IL-2) for 2–5 days, may also represent an important component of the body's cytotoxic repertoire. In 10 patients with congenital cellular immunodeficiencies, including 5 with severe combined immunodeficiency, the mean LAK activity in a 3-hr chromium release assay against Raji target cells was 44 ± 8.1%, which is equivalent to that observed in normal adults and neonates. In only one case, a patient with reticular dysgenesis, was there absent LAK cell generation. Haploidentical T cell-depleted bone marrow transplantation (BMT) restored LAK activity in this patient. LAK activity was first observed in this patient and two other 3–6 weeks following BMT, prior to other evidence of immunologic engraftment such as lymphocyte proliferation to mitogens, NK activity, or interferon-γ production. One patient with adenosine deaminase deficiency showed normal levels of LAK activity despite absent NK activity. Three patients with chronic granulomatous disease also had normal LAK activity (57 ± 14% specific lysis). In 9 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), IL-2 activation resulted in a mean cytotoxic activity of 56 ± 8.7% toward Raji targets. In addition, 9 patients with pre-AIDS complex also showed normal levels of cytotoxicity (37 ± 3.3% toward Raji targets), equivalent to that of 8 normal controls, including two healthy homosexual males (mean lysis 38 ± 3.9%). These results indicate that LAK cells appear early in immunologic ontogeny. Further, the mechanism of lysis is not oxygen dependent since LAK activity was present in the 3 patients with chronic granulomatous disease. The ability to generate LAK in a wide spectrum of immunodeficiences may indicate that IL-2 could be used in therapy of such disorders.
The influence of explosive-driven “taylor-wave” shock prestraining on the structure/property behavior of 304 stainless steel

The mechanical response of high-explosive (HE)-driven “Taylor-wave” (TW) shock-prestrained 304 stainless steel loaded to 35 to 45 GPa has been investigated in compression and tension at room temperature and compared to results from compressive testing of the annealed microstructure at a strain rate of 10−3/s. The microstructure and substructure evolution due to TW shock prestraining has been investigated using optical metallography and transmission electron microscopy. The mechanical behavior of 304 stainless steel following explosive shock prestraining is shown to exhibit a factor of 2 increase in yield stress and a significant reduction in ductility under tension. Microstructural analyses reveal a high density of twins after TW prestraining and very little production/retention of deformation-induced martensite. The current experimental results are shown to agree well with previous literature results on stainless steel samples shock-prestrained utilizing “square-topped” (ST) shock-pulse loading. This finding suggests that the peak shock pressure, which controls the total plastic strain that the sample must accommodate, is the dominant variable in shock-wave-loading defect generation and storage in 304 stainless steel.
Physical Culture and Sport in Soviet Society: Propaganda, Acculturation, and Transformation in the 1920s and 1930s

The effort to create a New Soviet Person in 1920s and 1930s Soviet Russia targeted the body as much as the mind. Yet most historical investigations into the New Soviet Person focus on the former. S...