cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Guest Editors' Introduction: Provenance in Web Applications

The Web has completely changed the way in which we share data, rapidly shifting us from a world of paper documents to a world of digital objects that include online documents, videos, photos, artwork, and databases. This shift has also made data management an increasingly complex problem as applications take advantage of loosely coupled resources brought together by distributed computing systems and abundant storage capacity. It's now easier than ever to modify documents, particularly with the help of general-purpose specifications such as XML, and extract data from documents or databases through the use of technologies such as query languages, REST interfaces, and Web service interconnectivity.
Hyperspectral image compression using entropy-constrained predictive trellis coded quantization

A training-sequence-based entropy-constrained predictive trellis coded quantization (ECPTCQ) scheme is presented for encoding autoregressive sources. For encoding a first-order Gauss-Markov source, the mean squared error (MSE) performance of an eight-state ECPTCQ system exceeds that of entropy-constrained differential pulse code modulation (ECDPCM) by up to 1.0 dB. In addition, a hyperspectral image compression system is developed, which utilizes ECPTCQ. A hyperspectral image sequence compressed at 0.125 b/pixel/band retains an average peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of greater than 43 dB over the spectral bands.
Long trace profiler survey results

Today the Long Trace Profiler (LTP) is widely accepted as a viable way to measure X-ray mirrors, and at some institutions is the only instrument available for measuring long, high- curvature aspheres. Although some questions of absolute accuracy over the entire LTP measurement range remain unanswered, a comparison of LTPs can still be made to assess measurement variation. Recently a round robin survey of some LTPs within the United States has been made using a single set of mirrors. These mirrors were used to characterize the performance of an LTP over its advertised range of operation. The results of this survey are presented here.
Homeostatic Regulation of Salmonella-Induced Mucosal Inflammation and Injury by IL-23

IL-12 and IL-23 regulate innate and adaptive immunity to microbial pathogens through influencing the expression of IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-22. Herein we define the roles of IL-12 and IL-23 in regulating host resistance and intestinal inflammation during acute Salmonella infection. We find that IL-23 alone is dispensable for protection against systemic spread of bacteria, but synergizes with IL-12 for optimal protection. IL-12 promotes the production of IFN-γ by NK cells, which is required for resistance against Salmonella and also for induction of intestinal inflammation and epithelial injury. In contrast, IL-23 controls the severity of inflammation by inhibiting IL-12A expression, reducing IFN-γ and preventing excessive mucosal injury. Our studies demonstrate that IL-23 is a homeostatic regulator of IL-12-dependent, IFN-γ-mediated intestinal inflammation.
Viscoelastic Functionally Graded Finite-Element Method Using Correspondence Principle

Capability to effectively discretize a problem domain makes the finite-element method an attractive simulation technique for modeling complicated boundary value problems such as asphalt concrete pavements with material non-homogeneities. Specialized "graded elements" have been shown to provide an efficient and accurate tool for the simulation of functionally graded materials. Most of the previous research on numerical simulation of functionally graded materials has been limited to elastic material behavior. Thus, the current work focuses on finite-element analysis of functionally graded viscoelastic materials. The analysis is performed using the elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle, and viscoelastic material gradation is accounted for within the elements by means of the generalized iso-parametric formulation. This paper emphasizes viscoelastic behavior of asphalt concrete pavements and several examples, ranging from verification problems to field scale applications, are presented to demonstrate the features of the present approach.
Physiological stress responses in broilers as affected by drinking water supplements or dietary corn particle size

Abstract The detrimental effects of physiological stress on broilers are well documented. However, little research exists to delineate the effects of different nutritional regimens on the stress response in broilers. Hence, an experiment was conducted to examine the effects of sucrose and supplemental water electrolytes on Ross 308 male broilers during corticosterone-induced stress, as well as the particle grind size during poststress recovery. Feeding broilers supplemental water electrolytes during corticosterone-induced stress resulted in improved live performance. Feeding water sucrose to stressed broilers did not result in live performance improvements during the stress period. However, broilers fed water-sucrose or water-electrolyte treatments during the stress period had improved feed conversion during stress recovery. Feeding broilers a diet with increased particle size during stress recovery had no effect on live performance. Carcass measurements were not affected by any treatment. Water-electrolyte or water-sucrose supplements appear to have some potential as stress amelioration agents and thus should be researched more thoroughly.
Brown-colored oxypolymers of unsaturated fats

The oxypolymerization of unsaturated fat in the presence of protein and amino acid was studied to determine whether the active carbonyl-amine-browning reaction is a dominant mechanism for the formation of brown-colored polymers. A highly reactive system of menhaden oil-aqueous egg albumin emulsion was studied in greatest detail. Three types of studies: activation energy of formation of brown color, inhibition analysis of the mechanism leading to formation of brown color, and measures of amino acid reaction in the oxidizing unsaturated fats, all gave evidence that active carbonyl-amine browning was not a dominant mechanism.
Employment and workplace accommodation outcomes among participants in a vocational consultation service for people with multiple sclerosis

Unemployment is higher among people with multiple sclerosis (MS) than would be expected and vocational rehabil- itation efforts to help people with MS retain or regain employment have been marginally successful. To better understand the role workplace accommodations may play in employment, 41 people with MS who had contacted the Kent State Employment Assistance Center between 10 and 15 years ago were telephoned as part of a program evaluation follow-up and asked about their experience with the accommodations and short term and long term employment outcomes. Sixty percent reported they were still working, and subjects reported that low cost, low impact accommodations were more likely to be provided. Further research was recommended.
Frequency of Cocaine and Phencyclidine Detection at a Large Urban Public Teaching Hospital

To assess the value of the current NIDA cutoff concentrations for screening assays that detect urinary cocaine metabolites and phencyclidine (PCP), we collected data on concentrations of these drugs in newborns and patients admitted to the Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center from July 1, 1991, to December 31, 1991. Less than 2% of the patients were positive for PCP. However, 16.5% of the newborns and 25.1% of the remaining age groups tested positive for cocaine metabolites. Among specimens that tested negative with the screening assays, approximately 3% (182 specimens, with 15 from newborns) clearly contained detectable amounts (between 50 and less than 300 ng/mL) of benzoylecgonine by GC/MS, while less than 0.6% had detectable amounts (10-25 ng/mL) of PCP. The mothers of 7 of the 15 newborns also had detectable benzoylecgonine at various concentrations. This indicates that a lower screening cutoff concentration may be desirable for cocaine metabolites in hospitalized patients. Among those patients positive for cocaine metabolites or PCP, most were males between 20 and 39 years old. The urine drug concentrations in this population were 4-300 times greater than the cutoff concentrations for the screening assays.
Treatment of Tobacco Dependence

Cigarette smoking continues to cause substantial death and disability, but more than 1 in 5 adults smoke despite the desire among most smokers to stop and the availability of effective treatments. A systematic process to identify all smokers is crucial. Because tobacco dependence is characterized by relapses and remissions, clinicians should be ready to engage smokers and reengage relapsed smokers with options for new medication strategies and additional counseling resources.
Helical CT for detection and characterization of renal masses

Helical CT permits the radiologist to image the kidney continuously, eliminating the chances of scanner misregistration. In addition, the kidneys can now be imaged during essentially any phase of contrast material enhancement. Although this offers greater flexibility to the imager, a number of potential problems with helical CT must be considered, particularly when it is performed during the cortical phase of renal enhancement. This article reviews both the advantages and potential pitfalls of helical CT when used for both detection and characterization of renal masses.
Co‐regulation of motility, exoenzyme and antibiotic production by the EnvZ‐OmpR‐FlhDC‐FliA pathway in Xenorhabdus nematophila

Xenorhabdus nematophila is an emerging model for both mutualism and pathogenicity in different invertebrate hosts. Here we conduct a mutant study of the EnvZ-OmpR two-component system and the flagella sigma factor, FliA (sigma28). Both ompR and envZ strains displayed precocious swarming behaviour, elevated flhD and fliA mRNA levels and early production of lipase, protease, haemolysin and antibiotic activity. Inactivation of fliA eliminated exoenzyme production which was restored by complementation with the fliAZ operon. Inactivation of flhA, a gene encoding a component of the flagella export apparatus, eliminated lipase but not protease or haemolysin production indicating these enzymes are secreted by different export pathways. FliA-regulated lipase (xlpA) and protease (xrtA) genes were identified. Their expression and level of production were elevated in the ompR and envZ strains and markedly reduced in the fliA strain while both were expressed normally in the flhA strain. We also found that expression of nrps1 which encodes a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase was elevated in the ompR and envZ strains. The fliA strain was pathogenic towards the insect host indicating that motility and FliA-regulated exoenzyme production were not essential for virulence. These findings support a model in which the EnvZ-OmpR-FlhDC-FliA regulatory network co-ordinately controls flagella synthesis, and exoenzyme and antibiotic production in X. nematophila.
Prevention of influenza in healthy children

Healthy children are high transmitters of influenza and can experience poor influenza outcomes. Many questions remain about the efficacy and impect of preventive measures because most existing studies report imprecise proxies of influenza incidence, do not follow subjects throughout the entire influenza season and across multiple influenza seasons, or do not control for important factors such as timing of implementation and social contact patterns. Modeling and simulation are key methodologies to answer questions regarding influenza prevention. While vaccination may be the most efficacious existing intervention, variations in circulating strains and children's immune systems keep current vaccines from being fully protective, necessitating further clinical and economic studies and technology improvements. Hand hygiene appears to be an important adjunct but improving compliance, standardizing regimens and quantifying its impact remain challenging. Future studies should help better define the specific indications and circumstances for antiviral use and the role of nutritional supplements and nonpharmaceutical interventions.
Renal Interstitial Guanosine Cyclic 3′, 5′-Monophosphate Mediates Pressure-Natriuresis Via Protein Kinase G

Pressure-natriuresis is the physiological protective mechanism whereby elevation of blood pressure induces a rapid increase in renal sodium (Na+) excretion. Pressure-natriuresis abnormalities are common to all forms of hypertension. We tested the hypothesis that pressure-natriuresis is mediated by renal interstitial (RI) cGMP and protein kinase G (PKG). We used anesthetized, uninephrectomized Sprague-Dawley rats and a standard pressure-natriuresis model in which bilateral adrenalectomy and renal denervation was done on rats. Renal perfusion pressure (RPP) was adjusted by manipulating clamps above and below the renal artery, and RI cGMP was quantified by microdialysis. RI cGMP increased from 3.1+/-0.5 to 5.5+/-0.4 fmol/min (P<0.05) when RPP was raised from 100 to 140 mm Hg. This increase in RI cGMP was eliminated by RI infusion of soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,2-alpha]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ). Raising RPP from 100 to 140 mm Hg increased urinary sodium excretion from 0.2+/-0.1 to 0.8+/-0.1 micromol/min, fractional sodium excretion from 0.2+/-0.1% to 0.8+/-0.1%, and fractional lithium excretion from 20.1+/-3.0% to 62.7+/-3.7% (all P<0.05). These responses were eliminated by RI infusion of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, ODQ, and PKG inhibitors Rp-8-pCPT-cGMP and Rp-8-Br-cGMP. Increasing RPP from 100 to 140 mm Hg decreased fractional proximal sodium reabsorption without influencing fractional distal Na+ reabsorption or glomerular filtration rate. In conclusion, pressure-natriuresis is mediated by RI cGMP and a PKG signaling pathway in target renal proximal tubule cells.
Prevalence of Migraines in NCAA Division I Male and Female Basketball Players

Objective.—The purpose of this study was to describe the overall prevalence of migraines within National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I men’s and women’s basketball players. In addition, the prevalence of migraines was determined across gender and ethnic groups for the same sample. Background.—Although numerous studies have assessed the prevalence of migraines within the general population, college students, professional groups, industrial/work place settings, and overseas populations, little has been done with athletes. To the best of our knowledge, no study of the incidence of migraines in athletes has been previously conducted. It has also been reported that migraines cause depression, insomnia, fatigue, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting, all of which might hinder athletic performance. Sports medicine clinicians and researchers also agree that migraines in athletes are probably underreported and often misdiagnosed. Methods.—Seven hundred ninety-one Division I men and women basketball players representing 51 colleges and universities were mailed a previously validated survey asking questions about headaches. All surveys were analyzed with a validated diagnostic algorithm consistent with the International Headaches Society’s (IHS) criteria for headache diagnosis. Descriptive statistics were used to report the prevalence rate for gender and ethnic groups, as well as the entire sample. Chi-square tests were performed ( P � 0.05) to determine if there were any differences in the prevalence of migraines among gender and ethnic groups. Results.—Results showed that 2.9% (n � 23 of 791) of the total sample was classified as having migraines meeting IHS guidelines. In addition, 0.9% (n � 3 of 332) of men and 4.4% (n � 20 of 459) of women were classified as having migraines meeting IHS guidelines. Additionally, results showed that women reported migraines ( � 2 � 8.140, P � 0.004) more often than men. When comparing the prevalence rates of migraines between ethnic groups, results showed that Caucasians had a rate of 3.3% (n � 14 of 429), whereas African Americans had a rate of 3.1% (n � 9 of 287). There was no significant difference found between ethnic groups in migraine prevalence ( � 2 � 2.491, P � 0.2888). Conclusions.—In conclusion, it was found that the prevalence of migraines in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I men’s and women’s basketball players was generally less than in the general population, that women showed an increased prevalence of migraines when compared with men, and that Caucasians and African Americans did not differ in prevalence of migraines.
Predicting maximum lake depth from surrounding topography.

Information about lake morphometry (e.g., depth, volume, size, etc.) aids understanding of the physical and ecological dynamics of lakes, yet is often not readily available. The data needed to calculate measures of lake morphometry, particularly lake depth, are usually collected on a lake-by-lake basis and are difficult to obtain across broad regions. To span the gap between studies of individual lakes where detailed data exist and regional studies where access to useful data on lake depth is unavailable, we developed a method to predict maximum lake depth from the slope of the topography surrounding a lake. We use the National Elevation Dataset and the National Hydrography Dataset – Plus to estimate the percent slope of surrounding lakes and use this information to predict maximum lake depth. We also use field measured maximum lake depths from the US EPA's National Lakes Assessment to empirically adjust and cross-validate our predictions. We were able to predict maximum depth for ∼28,000 lakes in the Northeastern United States with an average cross-validated RMSE of 5.95 m and 5.09 m and average correlation of 0.82 and 0.69 for Hydrological Unit Code Regions 01 and 02, respectively. The depth predictions and the scripts are openly available as supplements to this manuscript.
Advanced analysis of high-temperature failure mechanisms in telecom lasers

Laser performance degradation at elevated temperature often requires the use of costly cooling devices. Much effort has been devoted to understand and overcome the high-temperature failure of laser diodes used in telecommunication applications (wavelength 1.3-1.6micrometers ). Various physical mechanisms have been proposed to explain high-temperature effects, including Auger recombination, carrier leakage, intervalence-band absorption, gain reduction and others. The discussion of the dominating effects is still controversial. One reason for this controversy is the use of simplified theoretical models that emphasize selected mechanisms. One-sided models lead to one-sided interpretations of measurements. In this paper, high- temperature measurements on InP laser diodes are analyzed using a comprehensive laser model that includes all relevant physical mechanisms self-consistently. The software combines two-dimensional carrier transport, heat flux, strained quantum well gain computation, and optical wave guiding with a longitudinal mode solver. Careful adjustment of material parameters leads to an excellent agreement between simulation and measurements at all temperatures. At lower temperatures, Auger recombination controls the threshold current. At high temperatures, vertical electron leakage from the separate confinement layer is the main cause of performance degradation. The increase of internal absorption is less important. However, all these carrier and photon loss enhancements with higher temperature are mainly triggered by the reduction of the optical gain due to Fermi spreading of carriers.
Construction of curvilinear co-ordinate systems and applications to mesh generation

Computer-oriented mesh generators, which serve as pre-processors to finite element programs, have recently been developed by several investigators to alleviate the frustration and to reduce the amount of time involved in the tedious manual subdividing of a complex structure into finite elements. Our purpose here is to describe how the techniques of bivariate ‘blending-function’ interpolation, which were originally developed for, and applied to, geometric problems of computer-aided design and numerically controlled machining of free-form surfaces such as automobile exterior panels, can be adapted and applied to the problems of mesh generation for finite element analyses. We concentrate attention on the problem of curvilinearly co-ordinating simply connected planar domains ℛ by constructing invertible maps of the unit square [0, 1] × [0, 1] onto ℛ. Extensions of the methods described herein to shells in 3-space is straightforward and is illustrated by a practical example taken from the automobile industry. Analogous mesh generators for three-dimensional solids can be developed on the basis of the trivariate ‘blending-function’ formulae found at the end of the second section.
Novel Current Sharing Schemes for Multiphase Converters with Digital Controller Implementation

Multiphase converters require a current sharing loop to maintain equal or desired current sharing between phases or paralleled modules. Conventional current sharing schemes are based on sensing each phase current to provide the current information to the control loop. Such schemes have disadvantages including the fact that they operate to generate a pre-set sharing ratio that is independent of converter efficiency value, they are highly affected by the sensing accuracy of each phase, and they require large associated sensing circuitries and off-line calibration. In this paper, new efficiency based current sharing concepts and schemes are proposed and discussed to eliminate or reduce the disadvantages of conventional schemes. The proposed concepts are based on dynamically maximizing the efficiency (minimizing power losses) of the converter to achieve the optimum current sharing ratio. They also provide schemes that are independent of sensing accuracy and require a reduced number of sensors and associated circuitries. The proposed schemes can be used for current sharing as stand-alone designs or can be combined with conventional schemes to achieve online current sharing loop calibration. Digital controller implementation is presented utilizing flexibility and other advantages of digital controllers. Experimental results are presented to support the theoretical analysis.
Combinations of Monoclonal Antibodies to Anthrax Toxin Manifest New Properties in Neutralization Assays

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are potential therapeutic agents against Bacillus anthracis toxins, since there is no current treatment to counteract the detrimental effects of toxemia. In hopes of isolating new protective MAbs to the toxin component lethal factor (LF), we used a strain of mice (C57BL/6) that had not been used in previous studies, generating MAbs to LF. Six LF-binding MAbs were obtained, representing 3 IgG isotypes and one IgM. One MAb (20C1) provided protection from lethal toxin (LeTx) in an in vitro mouse macrophage system but did not provide significant protection in vivo. However, the combination of two MAbs to LF (17F1 and 20C1) provided synergistic increases in protection both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, when these MAbs were mixed with MAbs to protective antigen (PA) previously generated in our laboratory, these MAb combinations produced synergistic toxin neutralization in vitro. But when 17F1 was combined with another MAb to LF, 19C9, the combination resulted in enhanced lethal toxicity. While no single MAb to LF provided significant toxin neutralization, LF-immunized mice were completely protected from infection with B. anthracis strain Sterne, which suggested that a polyclonal response is required for effective toxin neutralization. In total, these studies show that while a single MAb against LeTx may not be effective, combinations of multiple MAbs may provide the most effective form of passive immunotherapy, with the caveat that these may demonstrate emergent properties with regard to protective efficacy.
Volatile odorous compounds responsible for metallic, fishy taint formed in butterfat by selective oxidation

The volatile compounds produced during the selective oxidation of butterfat at 35°C induced by α-tocopherol and cupric palmitate were isolated and their characteristic odour described as “metallic” and “fishy”. These odorous volatiles were shown to be carbonyl compounds. On chromatographic separation, the “metallic” odour was found to be associated with certain vinyl ketones, and the unpleasant “fishy” character with the class of compounds containing a 2, 4-dienal structure. The relative yields of the various volatile compounds indicated a selective mechanism for their production.
The rechargeable aluminum-ion battery

We report a novel aluminium-ion rechargeable battery comprised of an electrolyte containing AlCl3 in the ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, and a V2O5 nano-wire cathode against an aluminium metal anode. The battery delivered a discharge capacity of 305 mAh g−1 in the first cycle and 273 mAh g−1 after 20 cycles, with very stable electrochemical behaviour.
Not Just a Fluke

The large immigrant population and increasing international travel by North Americans mean that family physicians commonly see patients with diseases once considered exotic or rare on this continent. Liver fluke infestation, a problem that can persist for decades after immigration to the United States, has major associated morbidity and mortality. It can be asymptomatic or can cause vague or confusing symptoms and signs. The purpose of this report is to increase physician awareness of liver fluke infestation as a common problem among immigrants from China, Korea, Southeast Asia, and Japan.
Generating Freestyle Group Formations in Agent-Based Crowd Simulations

Few crowd simulation algorithms take collective group features such as group formations into consideration. Recent approaches often manually specify hard constraints such as predefined keyframe agent formations and interpolate them during the simulation. A proposed interactive, scalable framework generates freestyle group formations and transitions via natural and flexible sketching interaction. It automatically computes a plausible agent distribution in the target formation and agent correspondences between keyframes. In addition, two-level formation trajectory control lets users intuitively guide agents' transition paths from the initial formation to the target formation. In experiments, the framework efficiently generated formations on the fly while providing sufficiently flexible control to users.
Cyclic Fatigue Behavior of an Alumina Ceramic with Crack-Resistance Characteristics

The behavior under cyclic tension—tension loading of an alumina ceramic with pronounced crack-bridging (R-curve) characteristics is studied. Tests on disk specimens with indentation cracks reveal no failures below the static fatigue limit. Theoretical predictions of the stress-lifetime response, based on the premise that environmentally assisted slow crack growth is the sole factor determining lifetime, are consistent (within experimental scatter) with the data. The results indicate that there is no significant cyclic degradation from potential damage to the bridges, at least in the short-crack region pertinent to strength properties.
Unlocking the mysteries of cataloging: A workbook of examples, 2nd edition, by Elizabeth Haynes, Joanna F. Fountain, and Michele Zwierski

The authors have updated and expanded their original (2005) workbook with a timely 2nd edition that supports cataloging instruction after the release of new cataloging rules, Resource Description a...
Methylated Bovine Serum Albumin as a Carrier for Oligo- and Poly-Nucleotides

We initiated an immunochemical study of DNA in 1956, at a time when there was little decisive data dealing with the antigenicity of DNA (Blix et al., 1954; Lackman et al., 1941) and no evidence that chemically pure DNA was capable of eliciting antibody formation in a suitable host. For this reason, we used in our initial experiments DNA-rich preparations extracted from Brucella abortus by a phenol procedure (Braun et al., 1957). These preparations contained appreciable protein and carbohydrate material that could not be dissociated easily from the DNA.
Risk of Familial Intracranial Aneurysm

Investigators at University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands, studied the yield of long-term (up to 20 years) screening for intracranial aneurysms in individuals with a positive family history (2 or more first-degree relatives) of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) or unruptured intracranial aneurysm (1993-2013).
Tool for Hourly Energy Consumption Estimation in Existing Office Buildings

Building energy consumption analysis is a difficult task because it depends on the characteristics and interaction among the building, the heating/cooling system, and the surroundings. Since the evaluation of building energy consumption usually requires building energy profiles on an hourly basis, which often is not available for existing buildings, the hourly energy consumption must be estimated. The dynamic behavior of the weather conditions and building operation makes computer simulations a good practice for reliable solutions. However, an energy building computer simulation requires a significant amount of experience, time, and effort to enter detailed building parameters, which is a drawback for a cost-effective solution. Therefore, simplified models based on statistics or a combination of statistics and simulations may be a better solution with reasonable uncertainty. This paper presents a tool to estimate hourly building energy consumption for existent office buildings. The proposed tool, developed in Microsoft Excel, uses simulation data from EnergyPlus Commercial Reference Buildings to convert monthly energy consumption from utility bills into hourly energy consumption. Results account for baseline and variable energy consumption for electricity and fuel. The site weather conditions, for which the energy consumption is estimated, are considered using the sixteen climate zones of the U.S.© 2014 ASME
A global planktic foraminifer census data set for the Pliocene ocean

This article presents data derived by the USGS Pliocene Research, Interpretation and Synoptic Mapping (PRISM) Project. PRISM has generated planktic foraminifer census data from core sites and outcrops around the globe since 1988. These data form the basis of a number of paleoceanographic reconstructions focused on the mid-Piacenzian Warm Period (3.264 to 3.025 million years ago). Data are presented as counts of individuals within 64 taxonomic categories for each locality. We describe sample acquisition and processing, age dating, taxonomy and archival storage of material. These data provide a unique, stratigraphically focused opportunity to assess the effects of global warming on marine plankton.
Supporting Information Sharing and Presentation across Distributed Emergency Medical Settings

The goal of my dissertation research is to examine the communication process between pre-hospital care providers and medical specialists at the point of care, identify information breakdowns and challenges within this process, and develop approaches to better support the pre-hospital information handover and presentation. My research has implications for CSCW researchers interested in examining coordination work and real-time information sharing activities across interdisciplinary teams in high-risk, distributed settings.
Laboratory Measurement of Response to Consumer Information

Laboratory experimental procedures were employed in conjunction with objective measures of information adoption to study consumer responsiveness to price information. Findings suggest that informat...
Cost per quality-adjusted life year gained of revision fusion for lumbar pseudoarthrosis: defining the value of surgery.

Study Design:Single cohort study of patients undergoing revision fusion for lumbar pseudoarthrosis.Objective:To assess the 2-year comprehensive costs of revision arthrodesis for lumbar pseudoarthrosis at our institution and determine the associated cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained i
Changes in Body Fat and Lipogenic Enzyme Activities in Rats after Termination of Exercise Training

SummaryExercise training lowered the body fat content of rats but, after training was terminated, there was a rapid increase in body weight and carcass fat. After 2 weeks of detraining, there were increases in the activities of liver and adipose tissue fatty acid synthetase, adipose glucose-6-phos-phate dehydrogenase, adipose citrate cleavage enzyme, and adipose malic enzyme. The increase in the activities of lipogenic enzymes may play a role in the rapid deposition of fat after termination of exercise training.
Learning to Embed Songs and Tags for Playlist Prediction.

Automatically generated playlists have become an important medium for accessing and exploring large collections of music. In this paper, we present a probabilistic model for generating coherent playlists by embedding songs and social tags in a unified metric space. We show how the embedding can be learned from example playlists, providing the metric space with a probabilistic meaning for song/song, song/tag, and tag/tag distances. This enables at least three types of inference. First, our models can generate new playlists, outperforming conventional n-gram models in terms of predictive likelihood by orders of magnitude. Second, the learned tag embeddings provide a generalizing representation for embedding new songs, allowing it to create playlists even for songs it has never observed in training. Third, we show that the embedding space provides an effective metric for matching songs to naturallanguage queries, even if tags for a large fraction of the songs are missing.
A One-Drug Strategy is Needed to Attenuate the Multi-Proteinopathy that Leadsto Age-Related Diseases

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are age-related protein accumulation disorders. They exhibit multi-proteinopathy involving tau and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP43), and the latter two disorders can also accumulate fused in sarcoma protein (FUS). AD is the most common multi-proteinopathy with an additional and perhaps key pathogenic contributor being the Aβ42 peptide. AD can also exhibit the accumulation of α-synuclein, a key protein that accumulates in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and related Lewy body diseases. The specific disorders that constitute FTD have a high proportion of familial or inherited cases, whereas less than 5% of AD cases and 5-10% of ALS cases are the familial inherited form, and the cause of the remaining 90-95% of sporadic AD and ALS cases is not fully understood. Many of the molecular and cellular features related to combinations of protein accumulation events are observed in both sporadic and familial forms of these disorders, often occurring for many years before symptoms arise. The multiple protein accumulation/aggregation events may elicit separate degenerative pathways in distinct age-dependent manners, culminating with the enhanced risk of developing one of several protein accumulation disorders (AD, FTD, ALS, PD, Huntington’s disease, multiple system atrophy, multisystem proteinopathy).
Enabling Efficient and Confident Annotation of LC-MS Metabolomics Data through MS1 Spectrum and Time Prediction.

Liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC–ESI-MS) is a versatile and robust platform for metabolomic analysis. However, while ESI is a soft ionization technique, in-source phenomena including multimerization, nonproton cation adduction, and in-source fragmentation complicate interpretation of MS data. Here, we report chromatographic and mass spectrometric behavior of 904 authentic standards collected under conditions identical to a typical nontargeted profiling experiment. The data illustrate that the often high level of complexity in MS spectra is likely to result in misinterpretation during the annotation phase of the experiment and a large overestimation of the number of compounds detected. However, our analysis of this MS spectral library data indicates that in-source phenomena are not random but depend at least in part on chemical structure. These nonrandom patterns enabled predictions to be made as to which in-source signals are likely to be observed for a given ...
Unaccompanied Migrant Children from Central America: Context, Causes, and Responses

This paper offers a comprehensive orientation to the recent surge in migration to the United States by unaccompanied children and families from the Northern Triangle countries of Central America: El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. To inform advocates and others working on behalf of these new arrivals, this report seeks to: 1) Set the unprecedented expansion in the number of youth and family border crossings in the context of long-term migration trends from the region; 2) Present a detailed account of the country conditions (“push factors”) driving the exodus of Central American minors and families; and 3) Consider new arrivals’ prospects for remaining in the U.S. in light of available forms of deportation relief as well as current policy and advocacy responses.
Farhat J. Ziadeh 1917–2016

Farhat Jacob Ziadeh, founder and first chairman of the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilization at the University of Washington, and a distinguished scholar in the field of Islamic law, writer, teacher, and administrator, died on 8 June 2016 at the age of ninety-nine. Ziadeh was born on 8 April 1917 in Ramallah, Palestine where he received his early education. After graduating from the American University of Beirut in 1937, he studied law at the University of London, receiving an LL.B. degree in 1940. For the next eight years he worked as a lawyer and Arabic instructor in the United States, England, and Palestine. In 1948, he joined the Princeton University faculty as a lecturer in Arabic. The following year he married Suad Salem, who, like himself, was also from Ramallah. They raised five daughters: Shireen, Susan, Rhonda, Deena, and Reema. In 1950, Ziadeh began working with the Voice of America in New York as the editor of the Arabic desk. Since this was a full-time job, he could continue as a lecturer at Princeton only on a part-time basis. In 1954, however, Princeton offered him an assistant professorship, which he accepted. At Princeton, Ziadeh collaborated with the late R. Bayly Winder to write An Introduction to Modern Arabic (1957). It was during this period also that Ziadeh began to work on his translation of Ṣubḥī Maḥmaṣānī’s Falsafat al-Tashrīʿ fī al-Islām under the title, Mahmassani's Philosophy of Jurisprudence in Islam (1961).
Effects of optimism on recovery and mental health after a tornado outbreak

Objective: Dispositional optimism, a stable expectation that good things will happen, has been shown to improve health outcomes in a wide range of contexts, but very little research has explored the impact of optimism on post-disaster health and well-being.Design: Data for this study come from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Public health systems and mental health community recovery (PHSMHCR) Survey. Participants included 3216 individuals living in counties affected by the April 2011 tornado outbreak in Mississippi and Alabama.Main outcome measures: This study assesses the effect of dispositional optimism on post-disaster recovery and mental health.Results: Dispositional optimism was found to have a positive effect on personal recovery and mental health after the disaster. Furthermore, it moderated the relationship between level of home damage and personal recovery as well as the relationship between home damage and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with stronger effects for those wi...
Biogeographical and Regional Evolutionary-Ecological Effects on the Maintenance of Tropical Insect Faunas

A central theme in the development of a unified approach to understanding the high species richness, population dynamics, and habitat associations of insects in the tropics in the foregoing chapters has been the effects of local selection pressures on individuals in the populations of single species, and the interactions among species as the basis for coevolved sets of interactions underlying the composition of species assemblages, guilds, or communities.
Of Law and Other Artificial Normative Systems

Different theories of law are situated within different pictures of our normative landscape. This essay aims to make more visible and attractive one picture that reflects basic positivist sensibilities yet is oddly marginalized in the current jurisprudential literature. The picture that I have in mind tries to vindicate surface appearances. It maintains that the social world is densely populated by countless normative systems of human construction (“artificial normative systems”) whose core functions are to generate and maintain norms (oughts, obligations, powers, rights, prohibitions, and the like). The norms that these systems output are conceptually independent from each other, and may conflict. Because artificial norms possess only “thin” or “formal” normative force, whether you “really” ought to comply with any system’s norms is always an askable question that the system cannot itself resolve. Paradigmatic artificial normative systems include sports, games, fashion, etiquette, grammar, and many more. The “Standard Positivist Picture” (as I will call it) views legal systems as constituting a subclass of artificial normative systems, and suggests that legal philosophers can make progress on many central questions by expanding their focus to encompass that larger class. This essay sketches the Standard Positivist Picture, and contrasts it with other pictures embraced or assumed in prominent recent jurisprudential scholarship, notably including the “One-System Picture” that Dworkin advocated in Justice for Hedgehogs. It also shows how the picture fits with Hart’s account in The Concept of Law, and attributes Hart’s subsequent disavowal of key elements of the picture to his mistaken embrace of Raz’s reasons-fundamentalist conception of normativity.
Quantum Dots and Perovskites – Realizing the Best of Both Worlds for Revolutionary Optoelectronic Applications

We demonstrate QD photovoltaic cells made from CsPbI3 colloidal nanocrystals with an open-circuit voltage of 1.23 volts and power conversion efficiency of 13.4%. Despite very little research on this specific material system to date, the performance surpasses that of any other QD solar cell. This new material system has incredible potential for many applications in optoelectronics, including multijunction photovoltaics, solid state lighting and display technology. Here, I will present the basics behind the perovskite revolution over the past several years and a forward look into where this technology could make the greatest impact.
Division of Labor in Multi-Business Firms: Human Capital, Job Design, and Labor Contracts

We ask how division of labor is enhanced in multi-business firms. What human capital do the workers acquire, how are their jobs designed, and under what kinds of contracts do they work? To answer t...
CHAPTER 1: Reliably Measuring the Performance of Emerging Photovoltaic Solar Cells

Determining the power conversion efficiency of photovoltaic solar cells, especially those from new, emerging areas of technology, is important if advances in performance are to be made. However, although precise measurements are important, it is the accuracy of these types of measurements that can cause issues. Accurate measurements not only promote the development of new technology platforms, but they also enable comparisons with established technologies and allow assessments of advancements within the same field. This chapter provides insights into how measurements can be made with reasonable accuracy using both the components of the measuring system and a good protocol to acquire good data. The chapter discusses how to measure a calibrated lamp spectrum, determine a spectral mismatch factor, identify the correct reference cell and filter, define the illuminated active area, measure J–V curves to avoid any hysteresis effects, take note of sample degradation issues and avoid the temptation to artificially enhance efficiency data.
A revised metric for calculating acoustic dispersion applied to stop inventories

Dispersion Theory [DT; Liljencrants and Lindblom (1972). Language 12(1), 839-862] claims that acoustically dispersed vowel inventories should be typologically common. Dispersion is often quantified using triangle area between three mean vowel formant points. This approach is problematic; it ignores distributions, which affect speech perception [Clayards, Tanenhaus, Aslin, and Jacobs (2008). Cognition 108, 804-809]. This letter proposes a revised metric for calculating dispersion which incorporates covariance. As a test case, modeled vocal tract articulatory-acoustic data of stop consonants [Schwartz, Boe, Badin, and Sawallis (2012). J. Phonetics 40, 20-36] are examined. Although the revised metric does not recover DT predictions for stop inventories, it changes results, showing that dispersion results depend on metric choice, which is often overlooked. The metric can be used in any acoustic space to include information about within-category variation when calculating dispersion.
Changes in international students' health care and management

International students often bring along medical practices and medications from home when studying abroad, in case they become sick. Upon arrival, international students are faced with many challenges, such as cultural and language barriers, social isolation, financial difficulties, and disparities in healthcare practices. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 24 international students from 10 different countries to explore their health behavior change using the Health Belief Model. Our study revealed an urgent need to address the issue of self-diagnosis and self-medication, a common problem among international students. We also propose design recommendations for technologies to facilitate their healthcare information seeking and communication with health providers.
New Regionalisms in Africa after the Commodity Boom

Africa grew faster than any other region in the first half of the decade: what prospects for the second half given the decline of emerging markets (Overbeek & Apeldoorn 2012, Utting, Razavi & Varghese 2012) & continuing conflicts, now compounded by climate change? Can the continent contribute to novel formulations of ‘regional development’ & ‘global IR’ (Bergamaschi, Moore & Tickner 2016) by 2020/2025? ‘Development’ is in flux post-2015 as new technologies & new donors disrupt established North-South relations. African regions now connect with China (Forum on China Africa Cooperation - FOCAC), Japan (Tokyo International Conference of Africa’s Development - TICAD), the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China & South Africa), Korea & Turkey as well as the EU (Fioramonti 2012, Modi 2011). But the continent faces a growing range of Non-Traditional Security (NTS) issues including Transnational Organized Crime (TOC), to which the West African Commission on Drugs (WACD) responds (Shaw 2012), as well as global warming. And current 'disruptive' leaders in the US & UK make prevailing assumptions about multilateralism more problematic, reinforced by growing inequalities & nationalist forces in many regions from Europe to South America. The article concludes that there are several ‘Africas’ – developmental to fragile states plus myriad diasporas – some with more ‘agency’ than others (Shaw 2018), with which to advance ‘global governance’ beyond 2020/2025 (Bevir 2011, Brown 2012, Hale & Held 2011, Levi-Faur 2012)?