cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Happy Helpers: A Multidimensional and Mixed-Method Approach to Prosocial Behavior and Its Effects on Friendship Quality, Mental Health, and Well-Being During Adolescence

The current study used a multidimensional approach to prosocial behavior by (a) exploring various types of adolescent prosocial behavior toward friends (physical helping, sharing, defending, emotional support, including), and (b) examining longitudinal associations among prosocial behavior toward friends, friendship quality, and mental health and well-being outcomes during adolescence (anxiety, life satisfaction, depression). The data were taken from Waves 8, 9, and 10 of the [project name masked for review]. Participants at Wave 8 consisted of 470 adolescents (M age = 18.4 years, SD = 1.04, 49% male, 33% single-parent families) from the United States. Results revealed that overall prosocial behavior for boys and emotional support for girls were positively associated with friendship quality over time. Overall prosocial behavior was also associated with increased life satisfaction 2 years later. Discussion focuses on the multidimensionality of prosocial behavior and implications regarding friendships and mental health and well-being during adolescence.
Structural dynamics behind variants in pyrazinamidase and pyrazinamide resistance.

Pyrazinamide (PZA) is an important component of first-line anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) drugs. The anti-TB agent is activated into an active form, pyrazinoic acid (POA), by Mycobacterium tuberculosi...
The Effect of Tongue-Jaw Coupling on Phonetic Distinctiveness of Vowels in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the relation of tongue-jaw coupling to phonetic distinctiveness of vowels in persons at different stages (i.e., early, middle, late) of bulbar motor involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and healthy controls. Method The pattern of spatial tongue-jaw coupling was derived from 11 individuals with ALS and 11 healthy controls using the parallel factor analysis. Two articulatory components, which correspond to tongue displacement independent of the jaw (iTongue) and jaw contribution to tongue displacement (cJaw), were extracted from the composite tongue-jaw displacement. These articulatory components were correlated with F1 (i.e., height) and F2-F1 (i.e., advancement) of 4 vowels (/i/, /u/, /ae/, and /ɔ/) across all participants in each group. In addition, a comprehensive index of functional tongue-jaw coupling was derived as the ratio of cJaw/(iTongue + cJaw), and an acoustic index of vowel distortion (VowelDis) was derived to quantify the overall disease-related changes in phonetic distinctiveness of vowels. Based on these indices, disease-related changes in tongue-jaw coupling and phonetic distinctiveness of vowels were examined in individuals at the early, middle, and late stages of the disease. Results For healthy controls, both iTongue and cJaw contributed to F2-F1, while only cJaw contributed to F1. For individuals with ALS, both iTongue and cJaw contributed to F1, whereas only cJaw contributed to F2-F1. Disease-related changes in tongue-jaw coupling included (a) an overall decrease of the percent contribution of the tongue to the composite tongue-jaw displacement accompanied by an increase of percent contribution of the jaw and (b) several changes in the direction of tongue and jaw displacements occurred at different stages of the disease. These disease-related changes in tongue-jaw coupling had various impacts on phonetic distinctiveness of vowels, resulting in (a) a backward shift of front vowels and reduced front-back vowel contrasts, which occurred early and throughout the disease stages; (b) raising of all vowels during the middle stage of the disease; and (c) reduced high-low vowel contrasts during the late stage of the disease. Overall, phonetic distinctiveness of vowels deteriorated progressively throughout the disease course. Conclusions Different from healthy controls who established optimal functional coupling between the tongue and the jaw during vowel productions, individuals at the early-to-middle stages of bulbar ALS showed various adaptive changes in tongue-jaw coupling in response to the disease-related biomechanical and muscular changes in the articulators (particularly in the tongue). These adaptive changes in tongue-jaw coupling were found to be partially effective in mitigating the negative effect of articulatory involvement on phonetic distinctiveness of vowels. As the disease progressed to the late stage, such adaptations appeared to be no longer evident, resulting in a substantial overall reduction of vowel contrasts.
Palm snags are a critical nesting resource for woodpeckers in an urbanized tropical region

Critical resources for birds nesting in cities can support populations in spite of the challenges imposed by urbanization, and the identification of such resources can shed light on how species are able to adapt to novel environments. In the case of woodpeckers, these resources also support the conservation of secondary cavity-nesters. Woodpecker nesting has been well-studied in temperate regions, including within urban areas, but in subtropical and tropical regions, less is known. Here we ask what types of trees and what habitats woodpeckers use most, and which species of woodpeckers create the most nest cavities. We recorded information from 967 woodpecker nest trees in the region surrounding Miami, Florida, USA, which contained 1864 nest cavities excavated by four woodpecker species. Palm trees were used more than all other tree categories, and royal palms (Roystonea regia) were the most-used species overall. Woodpeckers preferentially excavated palm snags in every habitat where they were available and three of the four woodpecker species used palms snags over all other categories of trees. Red-bellied Woodpeckers (Melanerpes carolinus) were the most prolific cavity excavators, creating 78.1% of holes. Remnant patches of two native forest types contained the highest densities of woodpecker nest trees. We found a higher density of nest trees in moderately-developed suburban areas than either rural, agricultural areas or in the highly-developed urban core. We consider how these results can inform conservation efforts in the developing tropics, and especially within similar urbanizing environments in the nearby Caribbean.
School-based delivery of routinely recommended vaccines and opportunities to check vaccination status at school, a global summary, 2008-2017.

Abstract School-based vaccination (SBV) and checking students’ vaccination records at school have the potential to optimize vaccination coverage among school-aged children. The primary aim of this paper is to describe adoption of SBV by countries from 2008 to 2017, including target age groups and vaccines delivered in 2017, as reported annually through the World Health Organization (WHO)-United Nations Children’s fund (UNICEF) Joint Reporting Form (JRF). Expanding upon previous analyses, country-specific rates of primary school enrollment and home-based record (HBR) ownership were linked to the WHO-UNICEF JRF data, to identify countries with high potential to implement vaccination record checks at school. The proportion of countries reporting delivery of at least one routinely recommended vaccine dose in school settings increased from 95 (of 163 reporting; 58%) in 2008 to 108 (of 181 reporting; 60%) in 2017. The 13 additional countries that reported using SBV in 2017 were among 31 countries for which SBV data from the JRF were unavailable in 2017. The most common antigens delivered through SBV in 2017 were tetanus (94 countries), diphtheria (89 countries), and human papillomavirus (52 countries). Among 93 countries with data available for net primary school enrollment and HBR ownership, 52 (56%) countries had both ≥80% net primary school enrollment and ≥80% of children aged 12–23 months ever owning an HBR; 33 (63%) of these used SBV. If not already doing so, these 33 countries represent an opportunity to introduce routine checking of vaccination status at entry to, or during primary school. With the growing number of new vaccines and booster doses of childhood vaccines targeting school-age children, implementation of SBV and checking of student vaccination records at school may help improve vaccination coverage; however, additional data are needed to assess global prevalence of checking vaccination status at school and to identify factors facilitating optimal implementation of this strategy.
Core Competencies for Undergraduates in Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering: Findings, Consequences, and Recommendations.

This paper provides a synopsis of discussions related to biomedical engineering core curricula that occurred at the Fourth BME Education Summit held at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio in May 2019. This summit was organized by the Council of Chairs of Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering, and participants included over 300 faculty members from 100+ accredited undergraduate programs. This discussion focused on six key questions: QI: Is there a core curriculum, and if so, what are its components? QII: How does our purported core curriculum prepare students for careers, particularly in industry? QIII: How does design distinguish BME/BIOE graduates from other engineers? QIV: What is the state of engineering analysis and systems-level modeling in BME/BIOE curricula? QV: What is the role of data science in BME/BIOE undergraduate education? QVI: What core experimental skills are required for BME/BIOE undergrads? s. Indeed, BME/BIOI core curricula exists and has matured to emphasize interdisciplinary topics such as physiology, instrumentation, mechanics, computer programming, and mathematical modeling. Departments demonstrate their own identities by highlighting discipline-specific sub-specialties. In addition to technical competence, Industry partners most highly value our students’ capacity for problem solving and communication. As such, BME/BIOE curricula includes open-ended projects that address unmet patient and clinician needs as primary methods to prepare graduates for careers in industry. Culminating senior design experiences distinguish BME/BIOE graduates through their development of client-centered engineering solutions to healthcare problems. Finally, the overall BME/BIOE curriculum is not stagnant—it is clear that data science will become an ever-important element of our students’ training and that new methods to enhance student engagement will be of pedagogical importance as we embark on the next decade.
Further consideration of gas-particle mass transfer simulation during electrostatic precipitation using lower order representations of particle size distributions: Variable size distributions

Abstract A previous study identified the ratio of two characteristic time scales – hydrodynamic and electrostatic particle precipitation – as an indicator of whether gas-particle mass transfer during electrostatic precipitation could be modeled using a uniform particle size that represents the collective surface-to-volume ratio of the original polydisperse dispersion. The present investigation extends the earlier findings by examining the gas-particle mass transfer occurring during electrostatic precipitation of several log-normally distributed particle size distributions of varying mean particle diameters and geometric standard deviations. The results confirm that the ratio of hydrodynamic to electrostatic particle precipitation time scales can be used broadly for varying size distributions. The ratio can either be used to identify those conditions in which a lower-order representation of the particle size distribution can be used with little error, or outside of such conditions, to predict the relative error to be expected from substituting a computationally efficient uniform particle size in place of a fully resolved size distribution when predicting gas-particle mass transfer during electrostatic precipitation. In terms of computational time, using a uniform particle size results in more than an order of magnitude reduction in computational times using COMSOL™ Multiphysics. Such efficiencies could be attractive when iteratively designing processes for removing trace pollutants from combustion or for chemical and catalytic processes that rely on or are enhanced by manipulating particle suspensions.
Neurologic Complications in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices: Single Institution Retrospective Review.

Background Neurologic complications are common complications encountered by patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs). This single-center retrospective study aims to identify the incidence and risk factors of neurologic complications and interventions in patients supported with LVADs and define the associated anticoagulation management. Methods Between August 2009 and August 2017, 244 patients underwent LVAD implantation. Twenty-one patients were excluded for having neurologic complications before LVAD placement or for having previously undergone heart transplantation. Results Fifty-six patients (25%) suffered 61 complications, and 11 (19.6%) died as a result. Gender, type of LVAD, or chronic medical comorbidities evaluated did not contribute to a difference in complication rate; in contrast, length of LVAD implantation was directly related to risk of neurologic complication. Eleven patients (19.6%) underwent 13 surgical interventions including 5 mechanical thrombectomies. Anticoagulation was reversed in 16 patients and held without complication. Anticoagulation was not held for ischemic complications, and no clinically significant hemorrhagic transformation occurred. Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator was also successfully administered to 3 patients without complication. Conclusions Neurologic complications were observed in 25% of patients supported with LVADs, of which 20% required neurosurgical intervention. Anticoagulation can be safely withheld in patients with hemorrhagic complications. Patients with ischemic complications can continue to be anticoagulated with no significant risk of hemorrhagic transformation. Length of LVAD implantation was directly related to the risk of neurologic complication. Finally, our study adds to existing literature that mechanical thrombectomy and even intravenous tissue plasminogen activator are options for LVAD patients with ischemic complications.
Single-cell lineage analysis reveals genetic and epigenetic interplay in glioblastoma drug resistance

Tumors can evolve and adapt to therapeutic pressure by acquiring genetic and epigenetic alterations that may be transient or stable. A precise understanding of how such events contribute to intratumoral heterogeneity, dynamic subpopulations, and overall tumor fitness will require experimental approaches to prospectively label, track, and characterize resistant or otherwise adaptive populations at the single-cell level. In glioblastoma, poor efficacy of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) therapies has been alternatively ascribed to genetic heterogeneity or to epigenetic transitions that circumvent signaling blockade. We combine cell lineage barcoding and single-cell transcriptomics to trace the emergence of drug resistance in stem-like glioblastoma cells treated with RTK inhibitors. Whereas a broad variety of barcoded lineages adopt a Notch-dependent persister phenotype that sustains them through early drug exposure, rare subclones acquire genetic changes that enable their rapid outgrowth over time. Single-cell analyses reveal that these genetic subclones gain copy number amplifications of the insulin receptor substrate-1 and substrate-2 (IRS1 or IRS2) loci, which activate insulin and AKT signaling programs. Persister-like cells and genomic amplifications of IRS2 and other loci are evident in primary glioblastomas and may underlie the inefficacy of targeted therapies in this disease. A method for combined lineage tracing and scRNA-seq reveals the interplay between complementary genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of resistance in a heterogeneous glioblastoma tumor model.
Accurate and Numerically Efficient r2SCAN Meta-Generalized Gradient Approximation.

The recently proposed rSCAN functional [ J. Chem. Phys. 2019 150, 161101] is a regularized form of the SCAN functional [ Phys. Rev. Lett. 2015 115, 036402] that improves SCAN’s numerical performanc...
Interstitial lung disease throughout the rheumatoid arthritis disease course.

Purpose of review To summarize the current understanding of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) throughout the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease course from preclinical to established disease. Recent findings ILD is a serious extra-articular manifestation of RA. Multiple studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of both subclinical and clinical ILD throughout the RA disease course. Investigations of patients without RA have demonstrated an association between RA-related autoantibodies like anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) and interstitial abnormalities on lung imaging. A significant proportion of RA-ILD patients develop ILD prior to articular manifestations, suggesting that the lung plays a central role in RA development, perhaps through ACPA production. RA-ILD also occurs in early RA, when exuberant autoantibody production and systemic inflammation may propagate pulmonary disease activity. In patients with established RA, a high burden of subclinical and clinical ILD results in significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditure. Multiple epidemiologic and genetic risk factors, as well as serum biomarkers, have been associated with RA-ILD. Summary Subclinical and clinical ILD occur frequently in preclinical, early, and established RA and may play a key role in RA-related autoantibody production and disease progression. Further studies are needed to better understand the risk factors, prognosis, and potential therapies for RA-ILD.
Towards Application-Specific Address Mapping for Emerging Memory Devices

Recent advancements in 3D-stacked DRAM such as hybrid memory cube (HMC) and high-bandwidth memory (HBM) promise higher bandwidth and lower power consumption compared to traditional DDR-based DRAM. However, taking advantage of this additional bandwidth for improving the performance of real-world applications requires carefully laying out the data in memory which incurs significant programmer effort. To alleviate this programmer burden, we investigate application-specific address mapping to improve performance while minimizing manual effort. Our approach is guided by the following insights: (i) toggling activity of address bits can help determine strategies to improve parallelism within memory but this metric underestimates conflicts and (ii) modern memory controllers reorder address requests and therefore any toggling activity measured from an address trace is non-deterministic. Furthermore, our position is that analyzing individual address bits results in poor estimates for actual conflicts and exploited parallelism and that entropy needs to be calculated for groups of address bits. Therefore, we calculate window-based probabilistic entropy for groups of address bits to determine a near-optimal address mapping. We present simulation results for ten applications that show a performance improvement up to 25% over fixed address-mapping and up to 8% over previous application-specific address mapping for our proposed approach.
A push for examining subjective experience in value-based decision-making

Subjective experience is a powerful contributor to value-based decision-making. Not every decision is the same, nor made in isolation. Rather, decision-making relies on historical information and internal states for adaptive control. Hence, it is inherently continuous with respect to time - one decision or action evolves into the next. However, forays into the neurobiological underpinnings of decision-making have too frequently ignored the contribution of such continuous subjective experience, instead tying circuit activity and brain area involvement to discrete averaged behaviors and task parameters. While much information has been gained through these investigations, recent works have demonstrated the potential for a greater understanding of neural mechanisms when the continuous, experiential nature of behavior is integrated into the investigation. Such integration has important implications for disease states with disordered decision-making such as addiction, where subjective experience is a large contributor to the disorder.
Right Atrial Perforation Leading to Cardiac Tamponade Following Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Cannulation.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), as a supportive modality for cardiopulmonary failure, is increasing in its use due to improved advances in technology and experience lending to availability and ease of implementation. Complications with ECMO are quite common, and with increasing use, an increase in complications are a natural result. These complications can be from the underlying disease process or from the ECMO process itself, including cannula insertion. One such complication includes perforation of surrounding structures at site of insertion. We will present a case of right atrial perforation after single lumen cannula insertion, which led to development of cardiac tamponade and subsequently cardiac arrest. In addition to cannula design, lack of wire rigidity can play a role in wire migration and injury to surrounding structures. We emphasize the importance of ultrasound guidance and surveillance with echocardiogram or fluoroscopy during ECMO cannulation, regardless of cannula type, to prevent fatal complications.
Exploring difficult-to-score essays with a hyperbolic cosine accuracy model and Coh-Metrix indices

Unfolding models are frequently used to develop scales for measuring attitudes. Recently, unfolding models have been applied to examine rater severity and accuracy within the context of rater-media...
Acute Infectious Stridor

1. Pooja Musuku, MBBS* 2. Joshua P. Needleman, MD* 1. *Department of Pediatrics, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY Stridor, a harsh, grating respiratory sound often easily heard without a stethoscope, usually represents extrathoracic airflow obstruction. Although most often inspiratory, it can become biphasic in critical airway obstruction. The noise is caused by rapid, turbulent airflow through a narrowed airway. Poiseuille’s Law states that airway resistance is inversely proportional to the radius of the airway to the fourth power. Therefore, a small change in airway diameter can have a large effect on resistance. Hence, pediatric patients, particularly infants with smaller airways, are especially susceptible to changes in airway caliber from inflammation, secretions, or edema. Acute-onset stridor is primarily caused by infection, inflammation, or foreign body aspiration. The evaluation of a patient with acute-onset stridor requires an initial assessment of the respiratory pattern and severity of airway obstruction to determine the need for urgent intervention. Oxyhemoglobin desaturation or hypoxemia indicates significant obstructive hypoventilation and is a worrisome sign. If intubation for impending respiratory failure is necessary, an endotracheal tube smaller in diameter than that usually indicated by the age and size of the patient might be needed because of the narrowed airway. If the child is stable, a detailed evaluation of the stridor pattern and history should be obtained. Careful examination of the head and neck with attention to syndromic features, neurologic signs, or cutaneous hemangiomas is important. The history should include a timeline of symptom progression, feeding difficulties, sleep difficulties, episodes of aspiration, and poor weight gain. The presence …
Assessing the need for Clinical Breast Examination (CBE) training: the Oregon experience.

Abstract Background. Despite the widely held perception that CBE training has high priority among the continuing medical education (CME) needs of breast health care providers, there is actually little published information to support this notion. Methods. The authors conducted a statewide needs assessment mail survey of providers regarding a number of potential CME needs, including CBE training. Results. Of the 4,179 surveys from the single mailing, 1,427 were returned (34% response rate). Six categories of provider types responded; 51% were physicians and 23% were nurse practitioners. Fifty‐nine percent of the respondents were female; 96% felt that routine CBE was an important or very important part of providing breast care. Although 79% of all respondents performed CBE at least weekly and 41% performed more than ten CBEs/week, 80% were interested in receiving some form of CME regarding CBE, and 79% of those who performed CBE at least weekly were interested in receiving skill‐based CBE training. Conclusi...
Influence of hormones on urinary tract infection. Therapeutic implications.

Abstract Various hormone levels were determined during the infected and sterile states in females of different ages. The decreased estrogen to progesterone ratio found during urinary tract infections may provide a clue to the host defense mechanism. Possible therapeutic ramifications are discussed.
Chapter 10 Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channels: Mechanisms of Rectification

Publisher Summary Inward rectification of potassium channels means that at any given driving force (voltage), the inward flow of K + ions is greater than the outward flow for the opposite driving force. This chapter discusses the mechanism of inward rectification and the structural basis for the phenomenon. Exogenous expression of cloned inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channels has permitted determination of the molecular basis of inward rectification. The realization that intracellular polyamines are primarily responsible now begs multiple questions. From a biophysical perspective, the availability of high-affinity ligands (polyamines) for the inner vestibule, with a very large possible number of structural variants, should permit a detailed probing of the inner vestibule of the Kir channel and analysis of the residues involved in lining the channel pore. The modulation of polyamine levels and consequent alteration of rectification are possible. However, from a physiological and clinical perspective, the possibility that physiological or pathophysiological changes of polyamine levels might affect cellular excitability by altering Kir channel rectification remains essentially unexplored.
The Impact of Deregulation on Casino Win in Atlantic City

This paper examines the impact of deregulation on thedemand for casino gaming in Atlantic City. Specifically, the paper analyzes the impact ofexpanded operating hours and floor space devoted toslot machines. Using monthly win data between June1978 and July 1996, the analysis reveals that expandedfloor space had a significant, positive impact on win,resulting in an average monthly increase of over \$2million. This shows the importance of developing aregulatory structure rigid enough to ensure thehonesty and integrity of the gaming industry, butflexible enough to allow management to respond tochanging market conditions.
Chemical mechanisms for gas generation in Tank 241-SY-101

In the early 1940s, production of nuclear materials for use in weapons began at the newly established Hanford works under the Manhattan Project. Although several chemical processes were used to separate plutonium from uranium and fission products, all of the wastes were stored in underground mild steel tanks ranging in size from about 190 m3 to 3800 m3. Use of mild steel required that the wastes be made alkaline before being placed in the tanks.
Negotiation Games in the Fight Against Corruption

Game theory has allowed the study of the rationality of relationships among actors. This is a strategic relationship where the final outcome depends on the decisions made by each actor. As each player awaits the other player’s decision, the anticipation of the opponent’s move is essential. For game analysis, it is important to view such anticipation as a combination of expectations. When it comes to a negotiation game, the various rules of the game, the means that condition players’ moves and the projection of goals are also important. Likewise, corruption can be also analyzed as an agreement that is reached after a process of negotiation between actors. The objective of this paper is, therefore, to interpret Schelling’s negotiation games as adapted to the problem of corruption.Five situations are addressed. The first game describes a win-win outcome, as a classic game to reach a corrupt agreement. However, the existence of a number of requirements (based on trust and secrecy) on which an anti-corruption policy could take action is shown. The second and third games introduce the concept of simultaneous games and, in particular, the relation between asymmetrical benefits and risks of corruption for two actors, one that offers the corrupt practice and another that accepts such practice. These simultaneous games include details about the strategies of each actor and, on the other hand, the anti-corruption strategies available for the state, which are based on altering the players’ strategies. The fourth game describes a situation of victimization of corruption. This game focuses on examining how it is possible to withstand corruption through negotiation strategies. Finally, the fifth game introduces the state as one of the actors in the negotiation. This game describes a two-fold negotiation strategy that the state must develop to discourage a corrupt actor.
The 1984 Democratic Nomination Process: The Significance of Unpledged Superdelegates

This article analyzes the votes of party leaders and elected officials, or superdelegates, at the 1984 Democratic convention. Analysis of state-level data reveals that unpledged superdelegates voted overwhelmingly for Walter Mondale, even in those 26 states in which Gary Hart or Jesse Jackson won the primary or caucus. This Mondale advantage among unpledged superdelegates was substantial enough in many of these states to tip the balance of the state's delegation away from Hart or Jackson. The candidate preferences of these unpledged superdelegates were also in direct constrast to those of pledged superdelegates; the latter were more likely to reflect the preferences of voters in their state's primary or caucus. Analysis of hypothetical delegate vote totals at the convention reveals that Mondale would have had a much tighter race for the nomination without the votes of unpledged superdelegates; he might have been denied a first-ballot victory. The effects of unpledged superdelegates on the 1984 Democratic ...
Environmental Components of Pupariation-Site Selection by the Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae)

The effects of moisture, temperature, light, pH, and osmolality on pupariationsite selection and survival of stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), pupae were evaluated by means of choice tests on an artificial medium with different levels of these parameters. Of the moisture levels tested (50, 68, and 89%), more pupae were found at 68%. Wandering larvae pupariated in the dark, when placed in a light gradient, and at a temperature of ≍27°C, when in a temperature gradient. When given a choice of pH levels 5.2, 6.4, 7.2 or 9.3, wandering larvae pupariated at the highest pH. Conversely,they pupariated at the lowest osmolality when given a choice of 111, 254, 403 or 609 mmol/kg.Distribution of pupae in uniform medium was found to be nonrandom. Laboratory-reared larvae released in a feedlot dispersed up to 9.1 m, but they did not appear to relocate under the more suitable conditions. Naturally occurring pupae were found in a wider range of the above habitat parameters. This implies that other selection pressures aside from the measured environmental parameters are also important in the selection of pupariation sites.
Correlation of Carboniferous strata using a hierarchy of transgressive-regressive units

Carboniferous strata can be described, interpreted, and correlated using six scales of allocyclic transgressive-regressive (T-R) units. These T-R units are inferred to be the net result of deposition during cycles of sea-level change. All Pennsylvanian and Lower Permian strata constitute one second-order T-R unit, or synthem. The Pennsylvanian System contains third-, fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-order T-R units that can be correlated across both marine and nonmarine facies in the Appalachian Basin. This permits differentiation of allocyclic T-R units from autocyclic T-R units or fluvial autocyclic units. The hierarchical approach is also useful for predicting the location of marine horizons, coals, claystones, and various types of stratigraphic breaks. A hierarchical scheme of allocyclic T-R units could be combined with biostratigraphic, radiometric, and magnetostratigraphic data to form a practical chronostratigraphic framework for the Carboniferous.
Microwave absorption coefficients of atmospheric pollutants and constituents

Abstract Calculations of the transition frequencies and absorption coefficients of microwave rotational transitions are given for a number of atmospheric pollutants and constituents. New measurements of the absorption coefficients are made in the vicinity of 70 GHz. The apparatus used in these measurements is briefly described. The calculated absorption coefficients are compared with these measurements and with existing measurements at other frequencies where available. Transitions with frequencies up to about 200 GHz are considered for the molecules and radicals SO 2 , O 3 , H 2 O, NO 2 , H 2 S, H 2 CO, NH 3 , CO, OCS, N 2 O, NO, OH, O 2 , SO. Also discussed are criteria for the selection of appropriate transitions for the development of high sensitivity monitors to be used in air pollution and combustion research.
Reducing flicker due to ambient illumination in camera captured images

The flicker artifact dealt with in this paper is the scanning distortion arising when an image is captured by a digital camera using a CMOS imaging sensor with an electronic rolling shutter under strong ambient light sources powered by AC. This type of camera scans a target line-by-line in a frame. Therefore, time differences exist between the lines. This mechanism causes a captured image to be corrupted by the change of illumination. This phenomenon is called the flicker artifact. The non-content area of the captured image is used to estimate a flicker signal that is a key to being able to compensate the flicker artifact. The average signal of the non-content area taken along the scan direction has local extrema where the peaks of flicker exist. The locations of the extrema are very useful information to estimate the desired distribution of pixel intensities assuming that the flicker artifact does not exist. The flicker-reduced images compensated by our approach clearly demonstrate the reduced flicker artifact, based on visual observation.
Beyond Self-Determination: Causal Agency Theory

Promoting and enhancing the self-determination of children, youth, and adults has become a priority in several disability-specific disciplines, including special education, vocational rehabilitation, and community-based services and supports. The construct has a rich and complex history tied to its multiple meanings and, unfortunately, that complexity has resulted in confusion and misunderstanding associated with the constructs application in these fields. This paper provides a comprehensive examination of the self-determination construct and presents Causal Agency Theory as a theoretical foundation to move beyond confusion associated with the broader self-determination construct.
Separations of organic compounds by liquid membrane processes

Abstract By allowing a hydrocarbon mixture to permeate through a thin film of a liquid with which it is essentially immiscible, separation of the constituents of this mixture may occur. The phenomenon has been observed with both unsupported and supported liquid films. This paper discusses liquid membrane permeation (LMP) through unsupported liquid films, especially those present when an emulsion of two liquids is dispersed in the form of relatively coarse drops in a third liquid into which permeation is allowed to occur from within the drops. The mechanism underlying the separation phenomenon, differential permeation rates, can be used to formulate an actual separation process. Rate equations can be derived which allow sizing of equipment and comparison of LMP with other separation techniques. Possible improvements involving preferential complexing agents in the membrane phase, as well as potential applications to oil refining and other chemical processes, are discussed.
Designing from everyday experience

The domain of tangible and embedded interaction (TEI) provides a valuable opportunity to explore design issues that are related to novel interactive high technologies embedded in our familiarity with the everyday world. In this paper, I present an example of a design conceptualization process that draws heavily on personal everyday experience. This activity would not be recognized as valid for research or practice within a rationalist framework, yet it results in concrete knowledge relevant to TEI. This knowledge relates to key aspects of TEI such as expanding the design domain of traditional practice, the integration of behaviour, mechanism and form, and multi-disciplinarity. The example also illustrates the hermeneutics of TEI design.
Trends in United Nations Administration

The Soviet attack on the United Nations during the Fifteenth General Assembly, along with the Congo operation, has served to dramatize the emergence of the World Organization as a far-flung administrative instrumentality. Initially organized primarily to manage meetings and to provide clearing-house functions, the UN Secretariat has progressively taken on a wide variety of “action research” projects both in New York and in the regional economic commissions. More important still, it has become engaged in a complex congeries of field programs which now absorb roughly half the time of its professional personnel. Not only does it help to plan economic, social, and technical programs of increasing magnitude, but it undertakes to implement such programs around the globe—often in cooperation with one or more of the specialized agencies. Certain of these programs, e.g., the Special Fund and OPEX (Operational, Executive, and Administrative Personnel), owe their design in large part to ideas originating within the UN bureaucracy: spurred by the Secretary-General's leadership the staff has dared to improvise and to innovate as the political climate has permitted.
Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis During Suppressive Therapy With Acyclovir in a Premature Infant

Cutaneous herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection was recognized at 19 days of age in a 1415-g female infant born at 31 weeks of gestation. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HSV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was negative, and MRI of the brain was normal. After a 14-day course of high-dose intravenous acyclovir, the infant developed a cutaneous recurrence at 38 days of age. CSF HSV PCR again was negative. She was subsequently begun on oral acyclovir to prevent cutaneous reactivation of HSV. At 3 months of age, the infant developed HSV encephalitis as manifested by fever, seizures, abnormal CSF indices, abnormal brain MRI, and positive CSF HSV PCR. No cutaneous disease was present. It is not known whether the HSV encephalitis in our patient represented reactivation of previously unrecognized central nervous system infection or new onset of central nervous system disease as a result of spread from other tissue or site to the brain. The failure of oral acyclovir to prevent such an occurrence, however, highlights gaps in our understanding of the pathogenesis of neonatal HSV disease and questions the use of acyclovir suppression to prevent neurologic sequelae.
Discriminative stimuli as determinants of consonance and dissonance

Abstract A factorial experiment was conducted in which counterattitudinal advocacy was elicited from independent groups of subjects under either of two levels of decision freedom and in the presence of one of three distinctively colored stimulus lights. For all subjects one light had been previously established as a discriminative stimulus for making truthful statements (truth light), a second light had been established as the discriminative stimulus for making false statements (lie right), and a third light had not been previously illuminated (control light). As predicted, stimulus conditions during advocacy differentially affected postexperimental attitudes only when the subject was allowed relatively great freedom to refuse to make a tape recording of counterattitudinal statements, and postexperimental attitudes were most congruent with behavior when advocacy was elicited under conditions of free choice in the presence of the truth light. The implications of these results for dissonance theory and the more recently enunciated self-judgment model of attitude change are discussed.
Natural History and Management of Blunt Traumatic Pseudoaneurysms of the Internal Carotid Artery: The Harborview Algorithm Based Off a 10-Year Experience

Objective To define the natural history of, and treatment strategy for, blunt traumatic internal carotid artery (ICA) pseudoaneurysms. Background The natural history and management of traumatic ICA pseudoaneurysms is controversial. Methods We retrospectively identified all traumatic ICA pseudoaneurysms diagnosed on head/neck computed tomographic angiography at a high-volume trauma center over a 10-year period. Radiographic and clinical data were recorded, and a treatment algorithm was derived. Results Forty-three pseudoaneurysms were diagnosed in 39 patients. All patients were treated with daily aspirin unless contraindicated, and 82% underwent daily transcranial Doppler ultrasonography with embolic monitoring. A rate of 8 or more emboli per hour was predictive of embolic stroke (P = 0.0076). Acute ischemic or embolic stroke was seen in 7 patients (16%) with an overall mortality in this subpopulation of 42% (n = 3). Four patients (9%) underwent acute surgical treatment (parent vessel sacrifice and/or arterial bypass) for ongoing ischemia. Long-term radiographic and clinical follow-up was obtained for 36 surviving patients (mean = 8 months; range: 1 week-5 years), all of whom were maintained on daily aspirin. No delayed ischemic or embolic events were reported. For ICA pseudoaneurysms treated with aspirin and observation alone, 9 (28%) increased in size, 17 (53%) decreased or stabilized, and 6 (19%) resolved. Enlargement of 5 mm or more in maximal diameter underwent delayed endovascular treatment with a 100% obliteration rate and no complications. Conclusions Traumatic ICA pseudoaneurysms are safely treated with daily aspirin, embolic monitoring, and radiographic surveillance. Acute stroke or hemorrhage, or delayed radiographic progression, are indications for endovascular or surgical treatment.
(-)PPAP: a new and selective ligand for sigma binding sites.

Abstract Most agents employed for the investigation of sigma (α) binding sites display relatively low affinity for these sites, bind both at α sites and at either phencyclidine (PCP) sites or dopamine receptors with similar affinity, and/or produce some dopaminergic activity in vivo. We describe a new agent, (−)PPAP or R(−)-N-(3-phenyl-n-propyl)-1-phenyl-2-aminopropane hydrochloride, that binds with high affinity and selectivity at α (IC 50 = 24 nM) versus either PCP sites (IC 50 > 75,000 nM) or D1 and D2 dopamine receptors (IC 50 > 5,000 nM). The α affinity of this agent is comparable to that of the standard ligands (+)-3-PPP and DTG. Furthermore, although (−)PPAP is structurally related to amphetamine, it neither produces nor antagonizes amphetamine-like stimulus effect in rats trained to discriminate 1 mg/kg of S(+)amphetamine from saline.
Analysis and Quantitation of NF-[kappa]B Nuclear Translocation in Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-[alpha]) Activated Vascular Endothelial Cells

Nuclear factor–kappa B (NF-κB) is a heterodimeric transcription factor typically composed of p50 and p65 subunits and is a pleiotropic regulator of various inflammatory and immune responses. In quiescent cells, p50/p65 dimers are sequestered in the cytoplasm bound to its inhibitors, the I-κBs, which prevent entry into the nucleus. Following cellular stimulation, the I-κBs are rapidly degraded, activating NF-κB. The active form of NF-κB rapidly translocates into the nucleus, binding to consensus sequences in the promoter/enhancer region of various genes, promoting their transcription. In human vascular endothelial cells activated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha, the activation and translocation of NF-κB is rapid, reaching maximal nuclear localization by 30 min. In this study, the appearance of NF-κB (p65 subunit, p65-NF-κB) in the nucleus visualized by immunofluorescence and quantified by morphometric image analysis (integrated optical density, IOD) is compared to the appearance of activated p65-NF-κB protein in the nucleus determined biochemically. The appearance of p65-NF-κB in the nucleus measured by fluorescence image analysis and biochemically express a linear correlation (R2 = 0.9477). These data suggest that localization and relative protein concentrations of NF-κB can be reliably determined from IOD measurements of the immunofluorescent labeled protein.
Errata-Large Space Telescope Oscillations Induced by CMG Friction

'Likins, P.W., "Attitude Stability Criteria for Dual-Spin Spacecraft," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 4, April 1967, pp. 1638-1643. Mingori, D.L., "Effects of Energy Dissipation on the Attitude Stability of Dual-Spin Satellites," AIAA Journal, Vol. 7, Jan. 1969, pp. 20-26. Pringle, R., Jr., "Stability of the Force-Free Motions of a DualSpin Spacecraft," AIAA Journal, Vol. 7, June 1969, pp. 1054-1063. Gale, A.H. and Likins, P.W., "Influence of Flexible Appendages on Dual-Spin Spacecraft Dynamics and Control," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 7, Sept. 1970, pp. 1049-1056. Meirovitch, L., "A New Method of Solution of the Eigenvalue Problem for Gyroscopic Systems," AIAA Journal, Vol. 12, Oct. 1974, pp. 1337-1342. Meirovitch, L., "A New Modal Method for the Response of Structures Rotating in Space," presented as paper 74-002 at the 25th International Aeronautical Congress of the I.A.F., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Sept. 30-Oct. 5, 1974, to be published in Acta Astronautica. Meirovitch, L., "On the Reduction of the Eigenvalue Problem for Spinning Axisymmetric Structures," AIAA Paper 75-159, Pasadena, Calif., Jan. 1975, to be published in AIAA Journal.
Determining Amalgam Marginal Quality: Effect of Occlusal Surface Condition

Currently there is no "standard" finishing and polishing procedure for dental amalgam restorations. This investigation evaluated the effect of four different finishing techniques on the durability of dental amalgam restorations as determined by the marginal breakdown. Burnishing immediately before carving or as part of the condensation process seems to improve the carving characteristics of the amalgam.
Building Alliances Between Social Workers and Family Caregivers

Abstract Social workers in long-term care, whether community- or institutionally-based, have special expertise in and responsibilities for helping family or informal caregivers. Of the many professionals family caregivers encounter on their odysseys through the health care system, social workers ideally have the broadest view and the greatest opportunities to provide essential information, support, and advocacy. These contacts are especially important during transitions, when a patient moves from hospital to home or to a rehabilitation facility or long-term care facility. This article addresses social work throughout the long-term care continuum from the family caregiver's perspective. It presents previously unpublished national survey data that illustrate the broad scope of caregiving. It also highlights emotional and decision-making challenges facing caregivers, especially around discharge planning and admission to a long-term care facility.