cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
School Custodians and Green Cleaners New Approaches to Labor—Environment Coalitions

Coalitions between labor unions and environmental organizations often dissolve in class tensions that appear to force unions to choose between job security and occupational or environmental health. This article examines a successful blue-green coalition that worked to substitute cleaning products used in Boston public schools with safer alternatives. The coalition succeeded in part through the role of bridge builders, who unified a diverse group of stakeholders, including community and environmental health advocates, labor activists and labor unionists, and school administrators, to discuss their individual and common interests in eliminating toxic chemicals from the school environment. This article also explores the framing strategies used by the coalition partners, especially the logic of the precautionary principle in bridging the concerns of the environmental activists with the safety and health concerns of the union. This case raises questions of how coalition strategies and tactics may bear on the success of blue-green coalitions. © 2007 Sage Publications.
Mycobacterium Fortuitum Furunculosis in Pedicure Recipients; an Epidemic?

Isolated cases and outbreaks of mycobacterial furunculosis among patients receiving pedicures have been reported. The transmission of the mycobacteria likely occurs while soaking the legs in a whirlpool foot bath prior to the pedicure. Oils are often applied to the legs following the foot bath. Typically, patients present with multiple papules and pustules below the knees that, after several weeks or months, may become large, tender, and fluctuant furuncles. Histology usually demonstrates a suppurative folliculitis with or without associated suppurative granulomatous inflammation. We present a culture-proven case of M. fortuitum furunculosis in a patient after receiving whirlpool leg soaking and pedicure in a foot salon. We also illustrate several other highly suspected cases in which cultures failed to grow the organism. It is important for clinicians and pathologists to recognize the gross and histological patterns of this under-reported condition as cultures, particularly swabs, often fail to grow the organism.
The Process of Learning in Clinical Social Work

As a profession, social work has been particularly successful in turning out effective clinicians. This appears to have been largely due to its traditional educational practices, which included a h...
Irradiation of the pituitary in the treatment of malignant exophthalmos.

PROGRESSIVE protrusion of the eyes may occur in the presence of severe or mild thyrotoxicosis, after successful treatment of this toxic state, or in patients exhibiting no evidence of thyroid disease. This progressive exophthalmos may be spontaneously or artificially interrupted before any other eye signs or symptoms develop. If further progression of the exophthalmos occurs, however, certain accessory signs and symptoms may appear which characterize the clinical picture of “malignant exophthalmos.” These features have been described by Mulvaney (1) and others (2–4). The initial symptoms are usually orbital, retro-orbital, or frontal pain; burning; lacrimation; photobia; and, less commonly, diplopia. The eyes become obviously proptosed. The lids swell. Edema fluid appears under both bulbar and palpebral conjunctivae. These conjunctival sacs may protrude between the lids in transverse bands or hang down over the cheeks for a distance of several centimeters. The palpebral aperture may increase in size. When...
Studies of track-edge noise using a 3-D micro-track model

The characteristics of track-edge noise are studied using an extension of a 2-D micro-track model. Various experimentally observed characteristics of the noise power variation with cross-track position can be explained using the 3-D micro-track model. These include the noise peaks at the track-edge and the variation of the noise power with linear density. The 3-D micro-track model is much faster than micromagnetic simulation for calculations of noise power versus off-track position.
Are Female Voles Food Limited? Effects of Endophyte-infected Tall Fescue on Home Range Size in Female Prairie Voles (Microtus ochrogaster)

Abstract Space use patterns of female voles may or may not be related to quality and quantity of food available. We examined the relationship between food quality and home range size in female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) by radiotracking voles on grids of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Four grids were infected with a fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophialum) while three grids of uninfected fescue served as references. This endophyte is known to lower food quality for mammalian herbivores, affecting growth rates and reproductive success. We predicted that home range sizes would be larger on endophyte-infected grids if range size is affected by access to food resources. Conversely, if space use is unrelated to food availability, changes in food quality should not change the home range size of female voles. We found no difference in home range size of voles on endophyte-infected and uninfected grids. Our results indicate that patterns of space use in female meadow voles may be driven by facto...
POST-SECONDARY REGIONAL ACCREDITATION ASSESSMENT STANDARDS IN THE UNITED STATES

Regional accreditation organizations in the United States have increased their demands for transparency of student outcomes, as well as articulated the demands for a continuous improvement model that includes the assessment and evaluation of student learning. A review of the regional accreditation organizations in the United States was conducted to determine the assessment methods required to meet the accreditation standards. Two broad categories of assessment methods were identified as direct and indirect methods; however, a universal definition of the two assessment methods did not exist. This review resulted in the categorization of both methods as a resource for those responsible for assessment activities.
The Role of Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion as a Pathway to Fusion Energy

We discuss the possible impacts of a new magnetized liner inertial fusion concept on magneto-inertial fusion approaches to fusion energy. Experiments in the last 1.5 years have already shown direct evidence of magnetic flux compression, a highly magnetized fusing fuel, significant compressional heating, a compressed cylindrical fusing plasma, and significant fusion yield. While these exciting results demonstrate several key principles behind magneto-inertial fusion, more work in the coming years will be needed to demonstrate that such targets can scale to ignition and high yield. We argue that justifying significant investment in pulsed inertial fusion energy beyond target development should require well-understood, significant fusion yields to be demonstrated in single-shot experiments. We also caution that even once target ideas and fusion power plants have been demonstrated, historical trends suggest it would still be decades before fusion could materially impact worldwide energy production.
Hall conductivity of flavor fields from AdS/CFT correspondence

We use the AdS/CFT correspondence to compute a conductivity associated with massive $\mathcal{N}=2$ supersymmetric hypermultiplet fields at finite baryon density, propagating through an $\mathcal{N}=4$ supersymmetric $SU({N}_{c})$ Yang-Mills plasma in the large ${N}_{c}$, large 't Hooft coupling limit. We do so by introducing external electric and magnetic fields coupled to baryon number and computing the resulting induced current, from which we extract the conductivity tensor. At large hypermultiplet mass we compute the drag force on the charge carriers. We also compute the product of the drag coefficient with the kinetic mass, and find that the answer is unchanged from the zero-density case. The gravitational dual is a probe D7-brane, with a nontrivial world volume gauge field configuration, in an AdS-Schwarzschild background. We identify an effective horizon on the D7-brane world volume analogous to the world sheet horizon observed for strings moving in the same background. We generalize our results to a class of theories described by probe D-branes in various backgrounds.
Protein Synthesis Initiation in Animal Cells

In a chapter published in the predecessor of this volume we reviewed our work and also discussed several controversies in mammalian peptide chain initiation research.1 During the past several years we have sought to resolve some of these controversies and reach agreements. A brief description of these controversies and their current status follows.
Neutron Rethermalization Cross Section Measurements in Graphite

The thermal neutron absorption rate in “1/v” materials has been observed near a discontinuity in the temperature of a graphite moderator. A plausible group diffusion model of the space and energy d...
Surgical outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease undergoing abdominal operations: An analysis of 331,425 patients

Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects >15 million individuals in the United States and is a common comorbidity in patients undergoing surgery; therefore, the association between COPD in patients and postoperative surgical outcomes was investigated. The objective of this study was to assess the associations between COPD and postoperative morbidity, mortality, and hospital duration of stay. Methods Patients who underwent cholecystectomy, appendectomy, small bowel resection, partial colectomy, hepatic resection, gastrectomy, pancreatectomy, and ventral hernia repair with and without COPD (n = 331,425) in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database from 2007 to 2010 were studied. The primary outcomes were 30-day morbidity, mortality, and hospital duration of stay; secondary outcomes were specific postoperative complications. Results COPD was present in 12,491 patients (3.8%) undergoing the abdominal operations surveyed. The 30-day morbidity and mortality rates and hospital duration of stay for patients undergoing all abdominal procedures reviewed was greater for patients with COPD compared with patients without COPD (all P Conclusion Patients with COPD undergoing operative procedures in the abdomen have increased morbidity, mortality, and duration of stay. This study highlights the importance of studying potential preoperative optimization of pulmonary status in patients with COPD before operation.
Combinatorial Discovery and Optimization of the Composition, Doping and Morphology of New Oxide Semiconductors for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting

The increasing need for carbon free energy has focused renewed attention on solar energy conversion. Although photovoltaic cells excel at directly converting of solar energy to electricity, they do not directly produce stored energy or fuels that account for more than 75% of current energy use. Direct photoelectrolysis of water has the advantage of converting solar energy directly to hydrogen, an ideal non-carbon and nonpolluting energy carrier, by replacing both a photovoltaic array and an electrolysis unit with one potentially inexpensive device. Unfortunately no materials are currently known to efficiently photoelectrolyze water that are, efficient, inexpensive and stable under illumination in electrolytes for many years. Nanostructured semiconducting metal oxides could potentially fulfill these requirements, making them the most promising materials for solar water photoelectrolysis, however no oxide semiconductor has yet been discovered with all the required properties. We have developed a simple, high-throughput combinatorial approach to prepare and screen many multi component metal oxides for water photoelectrolysis activity. The approach uses ink jet printing of overlapping patterns of soluble metal oxide precursors onto conductive glass substrates. Subsequent pyrolysis produces metal oxide phases that are screened for photoelectrolysis activity by measuring photocurrents produced by scanning a laser over the printed patternsmore » in aqueous electrolytes. Several promising and unexpected compositions have been identified.« less
Behavior of Sulfenamide Accelerators under Adverse Processing Conditions

Abstract The technological target of this work has been to show how the best use can be made of available sulfenamides under the most adverse processing conditions. The overall conclusions are given in Table 5. On balance, therefore, the best recommendation for an accelerator system for use under adverse conditions is one based on a blend of 2-(4-morpholinyl mercapto) benzthiazole plus a nitroso retarder where the accelerator is used at normal concentrations. Because of the linear relationship between additional processing safety and Curetard concentration, the amount of Curetard added can be easily adjusted to meet individual circumstances. The use of higher concentrations of 2-(4-morpholinyl mercapto) benzthiazole can be recommended for those cases where it is possible to reformulate the stock and where a faster cure is essential.
The Effect of Various Substances on the Oxygen Uptake of Rhizopus Oryzae

The effect of various tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, amino acids, and carbohydrates on the respiration of Rhizopus oryzae was studied by using conventional manometric techniques.All of the...
Notes on the Pileate Hydnums

Precisely why one who can think of enough problems in the Boleti to last him for at least 25 years should ask for more trouble by becoming interested in the hydnums, may be somewhat difficult to explain. None but a few species of Boleti are at all abundant and one can collect for years to find that he has seen single specimens of most species only a very few times. The hydnums occur even less commonly. Banker (1, pp. 99-100) after years of study of this group spoke in a disappointed manner of the "lack . . . of getting suitable material," "the local character of the distribution of these plants," "the comparative rarity with which they are found," the intermittence of their appearance. The fact is, however, that as is the case with the Boleti, the pileate hydnums have long fascinated me for some unexplainable reason and similarly the difficulties involved in the identification and identity of specimens provide a stimulating challenge. Also, the hydnums are to be found in the same habitats as the Boleti and their collection therefore involves no extra or different effort in the hunting. Furthermore, whereas the study of the Boleti has become a rather intense preoccupation for a good part of the time available, if not actually at times a sort of mycological Old Man of the Sea, the hydnums have been a diversion and have provided mental refreshment. Therefore, it is hoped that at odd times some contribution can be made to our knowledge of this rather generally neglected group of fungi.
Predicting Drug-Drug Interactions Through Large-Scale Similarity-Based Link Prediction

Drug-Drug Interactions DDIs are a major cause of preventable adverse drug reactions ADRs, causing a significant burden on the patients' health and the healthcare system. It is widely known that clinical studies cannot sufficiently and accurately identify DDIs for new drugs before they are made available on the market. In addition, existing public and proprietary sources of DDI information are known to be incomplete and/or inaccurate and so not reliable. As a result, there is an emerging body of research on in-silico prediction of drug-drug interactions. We present Tiresias, a framework that takes in various sources of drug-related data and knowledge as inputs, and provides DDI predictions as outputs. The process starts with semantic integration of the input data that results in a knowledge graph describing drug attributes and relationships with various related entities such as enzymes, chemical structures, and pathways. The knowledge graph is then used to compute several similarity measures between all the drugs in a scalable and distributed framework. The resulting similarity metrics are used to build features for a large-scale logistic regression model to predict potential DDIs. We highlight the novelty of our proposed approach and perform thorough evaluation of the quality of the predictions. The results show the effectiveness of Tiresias in both predicting new interactions among existing drugs and among newly developed and existing drugs.
Metavante vs. Section 2(A)(III)(1) of the ISDA Master Agreement: The Context is Everything

This paper discusses the evolution of the ISDA Master Agreement. Furthermore, it discusses the disparate decisions of the U.S Bankruptcy Court of the Southern District of New York in the Lehman vs. Metavante matter and of the High Court of Justice in the Lehman vs. Lomas matter on the same issue of whether Section 2(a)(iii) of the ISDA Master Agreement is enforceable in the insolvency context.
Phantom: investigating heterogeneous gene sets in time-course data

Motivation: Gene set analysis is a powerful tool to study the coordinative change of time-course data. However, most existing methods only model the overall change of a gene set, yet completely overlooked heterogeneous time-dependent changes within sub-sets of genes. Results: We have developed a novel statistical method, Phantom, to investigate gene set heterogeneity. Phantom employs the principle of multi-objective optimization to assess the heterogeneity inside a gene set, which also accounts for the temporal dependency in time-course data. Phantom improves the performance of gene set based methods to detect biological changes across time. Availability and implementation: Phantom webpage can be accessed at: http://www.baylorhealth.edu/Phantom. R package of Phantom is available at https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/phantom/index.html. Contact: jinghua.gu@bswhealth.org Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
One-hour and two-hour postload plasma glucose concentrations are comparable predictors of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Southwestern Native Americans.

Elevated 2-h plasma glucose concentration (2 h-PG) during a 75 g OGTT predict the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, 1-h plasma glucose concentration (1 h-PG) is associated with insulin secretion and may be a better predictor of type 2 diabetes. We aimed to investigate the association between 1 h-PG and 2 h-PG using gold standard methods for measuring insulin secretion and action. We also compared 1 h-PG and 2 h-PG as predictors of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This analysis included adult volunteers without diabetes, predominantly Native Americans of Southwestern heritage, who were involved in a longitudinal epidemiological study from 1965 to 2007, with a baseline OGTT that included measurement of 1 h-PG. Group 1 (n = 716) underwent an IVGTT and hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamp for measurement of acute insulin response (AIR) and insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (M), respectively. Some members of Group 1 (n = 490 of 716) and members of a second, larger, group (Group 2; n = 1946) were followed-up to assess the development of type 2 diabetes (median 9.0 and 12.8 years follow-up, respectively). Compared with 2 h-PG (r = −0.281), 1 h-PG (r = −0.384) was more closely associated with AIR, whereas, compared with 1 h-PG (r = −0.340), 2 h-PG (r = −0.408) was more closely associated with M. Measures of 1 h-PG and 2 h-PG had similar abilities to predict type 2 diabetes, which did not change when both were included in the model. A 1 h-PG cut-off of 9.3 mmol/l provided similar levels of sensitivity and specificity as a 2 h-PG cut-off of 7.8 mmol/l; the latter is used to define impaired glucose tolerance, a recognised predictor of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The 1 h-PG was associated with important physiological predictors of type 2 diabetes and was as effective as 2 h-PG for predicting type 2 diabetes mellitus. The 1 h-PG is, therefore, an alternative method of identifying individuals with an elevated risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Cancer Immunotherapy: From local to global.

Nanoparticles that capture antigens produced in situ by tumours induce the 'abscopal' effect, improving the treatment of distant cancer lesions.
Inequality: A Matter of Justice?

Although philosophers and social scientists offer equality as a central principle of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice, it is misleading to claim simply that equality is just and inequality is unjust. This chapter addresses the complex relationship between inequality and justice by responding to three questions: (1) When are inequalities perceived to be just or unjust? (2) How do people respond to unfair inequalities? and (3) Why do people fail to redress unfair inequalities? In so doing, we examine both sociological and psychological approaches. We conclude by emphasizing the myriad of factors and processes that contribute to how individuals assess equality and justice, especially in view of the uncertainty characterizing many contexts. Such micro-level assessments, in turn, have implications for macro-level issues focused on group differences and the maintenance of the status quo—existing outcome distributions, decision-making procedures, and interaction rules—or challenges to it.
Eradication of MRSA ventilator-associated infection with inhaled vancomycin

Background: In the intubated patient, infected with methicillin resistant Staphlycoccal aureus (MRSA), treatment with systemic therapy is often unsuccessful (~50% fail, mortality~25%). Inadequate antibiotic levels in airway secretions may be important. Targeted therapy with inhaled antibiotics can provide high concentrations to the lungs with minimal systemic side effects. Methods: We developed a well-defined jet nebulizer delivery system, tailored to raise levels of vancomycin (vanco) 25 times above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). In intubated patients infected with MRSA we measured effects of inhaled vanco (120mg q8 hrs) over two weeks of therapy (end of treatment EOT). All patients received systemic therapy and were randomized to inhaled vanco or inhaled saline placebo. Results: 26 patients were randomized. At EOT, MRSA in sputum cultures was significantly reduced (10 vs 1, P P =0.47) and reduced with inhaled vanco (7.013±3.7 vs. 1.6±1.8, P =0.012). CPIS score in the treated group was reduced (6.5±2.6 vs. 7.4±2.7, P =0.38, placebo; 7.6±2.5 vs. 5.7± 2.9, P =0.3, treated.) Conclusions: Inhaled vanco was safe and effective. MRSA were eradicated from sputum, the volume of secretions was significantly decreased and the clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS) reduced below 6. Inhaled vanco may provide effective therapy for MRSA ventilator-associated infections. Future studies will test its use as adjunctive therapy for deep lung infection as well as primary treatment for proximal airway infection.
Brugmann, Karl (1849–1919)

Karl Brugmann, born in 1849, studied comparative philology under Georg Curtius in Leipzig, where he later lectured on Sanskrit and comparative philology. Brugmann was the most productive and the most influential Neogrammarian recognized for his comprehensive documentation of comparative linguistics and modeling of basic components of grammar, an undertaking that later led to the formulation of basic principles of linguistics.
Ice Cores from Tropical Mountain Glaciers as Archives of Climate Change

The 20th century has seen the acceleration of unprecedented global and regional-scale climatic and environmental changes to which humans are vulnerable, and by which we will become increasingly more affected in the coming centuries. One-half of the Earth’s surface area lies in the tropics between 30°N and 30°S, and this area supports almost 70% of the global population. Thus, temporal and spatial variations in the occurrence and intensity of coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomena such as El Nino and the Monsoons, which are most strongly expressed in the tropics and subtropics, are of worldwide significance. Unfortunately, meteorological observations in these regions are scarce and of short duration. However, ice core records are available from low-latitude, high-altitude glaciers, and when they are combined with high-resolution proxy histories such as those from tree rings, lacustrine and marine cores, corals, etc., they provide an unprecedented view of the Earth’s climatic history over several millennia. This paper provides an overview of these unique glacier archives of past climate and environmental changes on millennial to decadal time scales. Also included is a review of the recent, global-scale retreat of these alpine glaciers under present climate conditions, and a discussion of the significance of this retreat with respect to the longer-term perspective, which can only be provided by the paleoclimate records.
Tuning Magnetic Nanostructures of Free Layers for Magnetoresistive Sensors

The key issues for the development of magnetoresistive (MR) sensors are to reduce sources of noises, to increase the signal, and to understand the involved fundamental limitations.
A bi-objective network design for value recovery of neodymium-iron-boron magnets: A case study of the United States

Abstract Rare earth elements (REEs) such as neodymium (Nd) and dysprosium (Dy) are indispensable in modern society because they are vital for creating powerful neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets used in many technological applications. These elements have been subject to a significant supply uncertainty. A promising strategy to alleviate supply risk is value recovery from end-of-life (EOL) products. This paper proposes a reverse supply network to optimize: 1) the locations and capacities of dismantling and recycling facilities, and 2) the transportation flows between collection centers, dismantling facilities, recycling facilities, and sales points. Two objectives are considered: maximizing profit and environmental benefits. A Pareto front is created that shows non-dominated optimal solutions. When the model was applied to the United States, California was found to be the most important state for EOL product collection, representing up to 22% of the total collection volume. Nevada, Tennessee, and Delaware were the key states for EOL product dismantling, and Nevada, Texas, and Delaware were the key states for NdFeB magnet recycling. A sensitivity analysis was performed to measure the impact of different NdFeB magnet price on the overall network design. While REE recovery is still at an early stage of the development, this research serves as a blueprint for constructing a profitable and environmentally friendly NdFeB magnet reverse supply chain.
Bangladeshi immigrants in Detroit: an exploration of residential mobility and its effects on health

The purpose of this study was to identify key research priorities related to the health effects of the settlement process for Bangladeshi communities in the USA, specifically in Detroit. A scoping study, incorporating a literature review and interviews with key Bangladeshi community stakeholders, was completed. Content analysis was used to identify emerging research gaps in Bangladeshi community health to immigration, settlement, and residential mobility. Two major themes identified from the literature review and key informant interviews: settlement effects on health and language and culturally appropriate care. Additional issues emerged from the interviews with stakeholders, namely resettlement effects on health and physical environment and health. These key areas will help guide future research to better understand US Bangladeshi community health outcomes, in addition to the importance of community-based understanding and approaches to address immigrant health issues.
Comparison of Continuation of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin versus Switching to Unfractionated Heparin in the Peripartum.

Objective This study aimed to determine whether switching from low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) to unfractionated heparin (UFH) or its continuation in the peripartum affected anesthesia choice or bleeding complications. Study Design A retrospective cohort study of 189 anticoagulated pregnant women who delivered at the University of Illinois at Chicago Hospital and Health Science System from 2005 to 2016. Demography, anesthesia choice, and bleeding complications were compared between the two groups. Results There were 138 (73%) women on LMWH versus 51 (27%) who switched from LMWH to UFH during the peripartum. The demographics were similar, 123 women were on prophylactic: 81 (66%) were on LMWH and 42 (34%) switched to UFH. Of the 66 women on therapeutic anticoagulation, 57 (86%) continued on LMWH, while 9 (14%) switched to UFH. No difference in neuraxial anesthesia type received: 42 (82.4%) versus 108 (79.7%) women (odds ratio: 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.52–2.73, p = 0.837). Bleeding complications more than 1,000 mL, 6 versus 10% (relative risk [RR]: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.17–1.94, p = 0.380) and relaparotomy due to hemoperitoneum, 2% in either group (RR: 0.9, 95% CI: 0.10–8.48, p = 0.930) were similar in the two groups regardless of time of last injection. Conclusion Anesthesia type and rate of bleeding complications were similar between women on LMWH and UFH during the peripartum.
Understanding ferromagnetism in Co-doped Ti O 2 anatase from first principles

We present a first-principles computational study of the nature and origin of ferromagnetism in Co-doped $\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. We calculate the magnetic ordering and electronic properties as a function of the concentration and distribution of Co dopants and oxygen vacancies. We find that Co atoms prefer to substitute on neighboring sites of the Ti lattice, and show, using the well-established Goodenough-Kanamori-Anderson rules, that this leads to a ferromagnetic superexchange. We propose other semiconductor hosts in which the superexchange mechanism should lead to ferromagnetic coupling between the magnetic moments of neighboring transition metal dopants.
Data Processing at the Linac Coherent Light Source

The increase in velocity, volume, and complexity of the data generated by the upcoming LCLS-II upgrade presents a considerable challenge for data acquisition, data processing, and data management. These systems face formidable challenges due to the extremely high data throughput, hundreds of GB/s to multi-TB/s, generated by the detectors at the experimental facilities and to the intensive computational demand for data processing and scientific interpretation. The LCLS-II Data System offers a fast, powerful, and flexible architecture that includes a feature extraction layer designed to reduce the data volumes by at least one order of magnitude while preserving the science content of the data. Innovative architectures are required to implement this reduction with a configurable approach that can adapt to the multiple science areas served by LCLS. In order to increase the likelihood of experiment success and improve the quality of recorded data, a real-time analysis framework provides visualization and graphically-configurable analysis of a selectable subset of the data on the timescale of seconds. A fast feedback layer offers dedicated processing resources to the running experiment in order to provide experimenters feedback about the quality of acquired data within minutes. We will present an overview of the LCLS-II Data System architecture with an emphasis on the Data Reduction Pipeline (DRP) and online monitoring framework.
A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of the PTSD Coach App Following Motor Vehicle Crash-related Injury.

Objective Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (PTSS) are common after minor injuries and can impair recovery. We sought to understand whether an evidence-based mobile phone application with self-help tools (PTSD Coach) could be useful to improve recovery after acute trauma among injured emergency department (ED) patients. This pilot study examined the feasibility, acceptability, and potential benefit of using PTSD Coach among acutely injured motor vehicle crash (MVC) patients. Methods From September 2017 to September 2018, we recruited adult patients within 24 hours post-MVC from the EDs of two Level I trauma centers in the United States. We randomly assigned 64 injured adults to either the PTSD Coach (n = 33) or treatment as usual (TAU; n = 31) condition. We assessed PTSS and associated symptoms at 1 month (83% retained) and 3 months (73% retained) postenrollment. Results Enrollment was feasible (74% of eligible subjects participated) but usability and engagement were low (67% used PTSD Coach at least once, primarily in week 1); 76% of those who used it rated the app as moderately to extremely helpful. No differences emerged between groups in PTSS outcomes. Exploratory analyses among black subjects (n = 21) indicated that those in the PTSD Coach condition (vs. TAU) reported marginally lower PTSS (95% CI = -0.30 to 37.77) and higher PTSS coping self-efficacy (95% CI = -58.20 to -3.61) at 3 months. Conclusions We demonstrated feasibility to recruit acutely injured ED patients into an app-based intervention study, yet mixed evidence emerged for the usability and benefit of PTSD Coach. Most patients used the app once and rated it favorably in regard to satisfaction with and helpfulness, but longitudinal engagement was low. This latter finding may explain the lack of overall effects on PTSS. Additional research is warranted regarding whether targeting more symptomatic patients and the addition of engagement and support features can improve efficacy.
Great Salt Lake as an Astrobiology Analogue for Ancient Martian Hypersaline Aqueous Systems

Great Salt Lake (GSL), Utah, is a thalassohaline terminal lake that currently occupies the Bonneville Basin, a depression in the larger Great Basin area of the western United States. Natural processes and climate conditions create a dynamic ecosystem with shifting salinity gradients and lake levels. The hypersaline north arm of GSL provides a model for exploring the limits of life on Earth and for potential life on other space bodies, especially the ancient closed-basin systems on Mars. The north arm water features hundreds of species of halophilic microorganisms with cellular strategies that allow them to live in hypersaline environments and high doses of ultraviolet light. These microbes also survive desiccation and can become entrapped in minerals as they are formed. The modern GSL evaporitic environment, generated by halite and gypsum precipitation events, illuminates the initial steps in preservation of biological material over geologic time. These minerals accumulate on the desiccated shores, in the sediment, and in the surrounding evaporite deposits and have been shown to have biopreservation abilities, protecting halophilic cells and their molecules inside brine fluid inclusions within the crystal structure. Entrapment allows in situ analyses of microbial diversity, which can be studied as a function of salt mineral assemblage. Globally across Mars these same types of evaporite precipitation events took place in closed-basin lake systems where surface waters have evaporated, leaving behind mineral vein structures composed of gypsum and other sulfate salts that have been modified or dissolved from later fluid shallow subsurface activity. We have chosen GSL as our analogue for Martian late Noachian/early Hesperian closed basin systems due to the overlapping evaporite mineralogy and fluid activity. Here we explore the transference of biological material and organics from hypersaline GSL brine to the minerals as they form in the water. We draw parallels to the evaporites extensively mapped on Mars, which likely formed in a similar way. These observations and insights, taken together, suggest GSL is an appropriate analogue for the study of ancient salt lakes and evaporites discovered on Mars, and what is more, the halophilic archaea that live in Earth’s salty lake may be good models for life elsewhere in our solar system.
Comparison of Two Dental Hygiene Student Cohorts Receiving Varying Interprofessional and Intraprofessional Curricula

INTRODUCTION Most interprofessional education (IPE) research has measured student perceptions using pre/post-surveys during a single IPE activity or from a longitudinal assessment. It is important to begin to search for other educational attributes having an impact on student perception outcomes. This study reports IPE perceptions using the Student Perceptions of Interprofessional Clinical Education Revised, version 2 (SPICE-R2) for two dental hygiene cohorts engaged in different IPE and intraprofessional experiences over a period of an academic year/two semesters. METHODS First year dental hygiene students (DH I) and second year dental hygiene students (DH II) were asked to complete a survey including the SPICE-R2 instrument at the beginning and end of the 2017-18 academic year. The pre/post session paired analyses were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The analysis comparing the DH I to DH II SPICE-R2 pre, post and overall factor mean scores was also done using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Cohen’s d was used to calculate effect sizes. RESULTS Fifty-seven paired data sets were analyzed, thirty-one students were in the first year and twenty-six were in the second year of the dental hygiene program. Results indicated a decrease in mean scores for the total SPICE-R2 and for both the Teamwork and Roles/Responsibilities factors for both DH I and DH II students. DH I students had a statistically significant decrease in the Teamwork and Roles/Responsibilities factors of the SPICE-R2. CONCLUSION This study adds to the current literature by noting a statistically significant decrease in SPICE-R2 scores by early learners. Timing of the introduction of curriculum can be a contributing factor; however, it will be important for researchers to focus on components of curricula design to determine factors which impact student IPE learning, perceptions, and outcomes.
Are FDA-Approved Sunscreen Components Effective in Preventing Solar UV-Induced Skin Cancer?

Solar ultraviolet (SUV) exposure is a major risk factor in the etiology of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). People commonly use sunscreens to prevent SUV-induced skin damage and cancer. Nonetheless, the prevalence of cSCC continues to increase every year, suggesting that commercially available sunscreens might not be used appropriately or are not completely effective. In the current study, a solar simulated light (SSL)-induced cSCC mouse model was used to investigate the efficacy of eight commonly used FDA-approved sunscreen components against skin carcinogenesis. First, we tested FDA-approved sunscreen components for their ability to block UVA or UVB irradiation by using VITRO-SKIN (a model that mimics human skin properties), and then the efficacy of FDA-approved sunscreen components was investigated in an SSL-induced cSCC mouse model. Our results identified which FDA-approved sunscreen components or combinations are effective in preventing cSCC development. Not surprisingly, the results indicated that sunscreen combinations that block both UVA and UVB significantly suppressed the formation of cutaneous papillomas and cSCC development and decreased the activation of oncoproteins and the expression of COX-2, keratin 17, and EGFR in SSL-exposed SKH-1 (Crl:SKH1-Hrhr) hairless mouse skin. Notably, several sunscreen components that were individually purported to block both UVA and UVB were ineffective alone. At least one component had toxic effects that led to a high mortality rate in mice exposed to SSL. Our findings provide new insights into the development of the best sunscreen to prevent chronic SUV-induced cSCC development.
Difficulties in the Prognostic Study of Oral Leukoplakia: Standardisation Proposal of Follow-Up Parameters

Oral leukoplakia is the most prevalent potentially malignant disorder of the oral cavity. To evaluate its potential for malignancy, appropriate documentation of the biological parameters is crucial, allowing the patients' progression to be assessed. We hypothesised a lack of standardisation in the parameters employed for the prognostic study of oral leukoplakia; our aims were to determine the different parameters used for follow-up according to definition, importance, and frequency of use, and to provide a standardisation proposal of follow-up research. We made a scoping review to identify papers with the keywords “leukoplakia”, “oral” and “follow-up” published until June 2019 in English, Spanish and Portuguese literature through an online search in PUBMED, SCIELO, and SCOPUS databases. In total, 514 articles were initially identified, and fifty-nine publications were selected, of which 37 were retrospective. The reports included a total of 18,660 patients between 13 and 98 years old, with a mean age of 57.6 years. Tobacco and alcohol habits were positive for 77% and 37% of the patients, respectively. Our results showed that reported leukoplakias were predominantly located on buccal mucosa (40.4%), were homogeneous (60.8%), multiple (59.9%), smaller than 2 cm (74.4%) and histopathologically non-dysplastic (71%). The mean follow-up time was 55 months, with a 13% malignant transformation rate. The categorisation and definition of multiple variables were notably diverse. Age, sex, habits (tobacco and alcohol), site, size, distribution, morphology, degree of dysplasia, and evolution were the chosen parameters for our proposal. The current study reflected the lack of consensus found in the literature regarding parameters for diagnosis or follow-up, impacting negatively on clinical and research results. Standardisation comprises an efficient way to facilitate the prognosis assessment of oral leukoplakia, being beneficial for clinical practice, and enabling better quality information to apply in research.
Simulating manual manipulation of small optical fibers within flexible ureteroscopes for potential application in thulium fiber laser lithotripsy

Thulium fiber laser (TFL) lithotripsy has recently been introduced in the clinic. Previous TFL laboratory studies demonstrated successful high-power delivery through ultra-small (50-150-µm-core) optical fibers. This preliminary study simulates the forces on fibers during insertion into an ureteroscope and determines the mechanical feasibility of ultra-small fibers in a clinical setting. Simulations were conducted for commercially avalaible silica fiber sizes (core/cladding): 50/70, 72/108, 100/140, 150/165, 150/180, and 200/240 μm. Solidworks software intregrating Euler’s buckling equation was used to calculate fiber buckling thresholds as a function of typical manual forces (0.3- 2.0 N) applied near the proximal end of a standard ureteroscope. Forces on fibers being inserted were modeled, assuming support from saline flow and resistance by the working channel wall. Simulation results were categorized based on force values previously reported in the literature, with smaller forces ( 1.6-2.0 N) at risk of damaging the working channel. Fiber sizes were simulated with two different types of holdings on each end to find a range of possible values that most closely simulate clinical behavior. The smallest usable standard flat tip fiber was found to be 150/190-μm (core/cladding), assuming a cladding thickness of ten times the laser wavelength of 1.94 μm (or extra 40 μm OD) to prevent leakage of evanescent waves through the core/cladding interface. The smallest usable ball tip fiber was found to be 110/150 μm. Numerical simulations predicted that optical fibers for TFL lithotripsy should be larger than 110/150 μm to provide effective manual manipulation within flexible ureteroscopes.
Generation of Drosophila attP containing cell lines using CRISPR-Cas9

The generation of Drosophila stable cell lines has become invaluable for complementing in vivo experiments and as tools for genetic screens. Recent advances utilizing attP/PhiC31 integrase system has permitted the creation of Drosophila cells in which recombination mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) can be utilized to generate stably integrated transgenic cell lines that contain a single copy of the transgene at the desired locus. Current techniques, besides being laborious and introducing extraneous elements, are limited to a handful of cell lines of embryonic origin. Nonetheless, with well over 100 Drosophila cell lines available, including an ever-increasing number CRISPR/Cas9 modified cell lines, a more universal methodology is needed to generate a stably integrated transgenic line from any one of the available Drosophila melanogaster cell lines. Here, we describe a toolkit and procedure that combines CRISPR/Cas9 and theaaa PhiC31 integrase system. We have generated and isolated single cell clones containing an Actin5C::dsRed cassette flanked by attP sites into the genome of Kc167 and S2R+ cell lines that mimic the in vivo attP sites located at 25C6 and 99F8 of the Drosophila genome. Furthermore, we tested the functionality of the attP docking sites utilizing two independent GFP expressing constructs flanked by attB sites that permit RMCE and therefore the insertion of any DNA of interest. Lastly, to demonstrate the universality of our methodology and existing constructs, we have successfully integrated the Actin5C::dsRed cassette flanked by attP sites into two different CNS cell lines, ML-DmBG2-c2 and ML-DmBG3-c2. Overall, the reagents and methodology reported here permit the efficient generation of stable transgenic cassettes with minimal change in the cellular genomes in existing D. melanogaster cell lines.
Building a Government Out of Sight, 1932–1949

Great societal crises, such as war, depression, or the entry of a nation into modern development, are pivotal to understanding a society's economic development. Once in place, these “rules” of market-building and market intervention are keys to understanding how new markets develop in a society – Neil Fligstein, 1996. The public–private welfare state in homeownership has its origins in the 1930s, when reformers in Congress, the Hoover and Roosevelt administrations, and the private real estate and lending industries sought policies that would fundamentally restructure the US mortgage market and increase the safety and availability of homeownership. They envisioned that the federal government would provide the infrastructure to promote these aims, but private enterprise would perform the day-to-day tasks of building, lending, and brokering. In other words, the indirect promotion of homeownership was not an accident of design. Supporters of this approach touted a variety of potential benefits. Providers who had devoted decades to understanding their industries had valuable existing knowledge and expertise; indeed, the National Association of Real Estate Boards and the United States Building and Loan League were at times heavily consulted as the programs were being designed. They also staffed the agencies, once established. Just as important as what this structure could accomplish was what it might avoid: the high costs and risks (both political and economic) of either full government involvement (especially in public housing) or inaction. Moreover, for some, having the borrower go through a private lender and not the government directly would help to minimize the moral hazard problems associated with its backing of the new loan contracts: had citizens thought of themselves as having borrowed from the government, they might take a more cavalier attitude toward repayment. The “great societal crisis” of the Depression, then, prompted policymakers to embrace a set of policies they believed would revive the housing market, stem the foreclosure crisis, and bolster employment in the construction sector, but in a way that would work in partnership with the private sector rather than as an alternative to it. This would be challenged in the post–World War II years by a competing vision for the nation's housing policy marked by skepticism of the idea that the profit motive could ever produce adequate housing at prices affordable to workers.