cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Climatology of Velocity and Temperature Turbulence Statistics Determined from Rawinsonde and ACARS/AMDAR Data

Abstract The climatology of the spatial structure functions of velocity and temperature for various altitudes (pressure levels) and latitude bands is constructed from the global rawinsonde network and from Aircraft Communications, Addressing, and Reporting System/Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (ACARS/AMDAR) data for the tropics and Northern Hemisphere. The ACARS/AMDAR data provide very dense coverage of winds and temperature over common commercial aircraft flight tracks and allow computation of structure functions to scales approaching 1 km, while the inclusion of rawinsonde data provides information on larger scales approaching 10 000 km. When taken together these data extend coverage of the spatial statistics of the atmosphere from previous studies to include larger geographic regions, lower altitudes, and a wider range of spatial scales. Simple empirical fits are used to approximate the structure function behavior as a function of altitude and latitude in the Northern Hemisphere. Results produced f...
Phase-resetting curve determines how BK currents affect neuronal firing

BK channels are large conductance potassium channels gated by calcium and voltage. Paradoxically, blocking these channels has been shown experimentally to increase or decrease the firing rate of neurons, depending on the neural subtype and brain region. The mechanism for how this current can alter the firing rates of different neurons remains poorly understood. Using phase-resetting curve (PRC) theory, we determine when BK channels increase or decrease the firing rates in neural models. The addition of BK currents always decreases the firing rate when the PRC has only a positive region. When the PRC has a negative region (type II), BK currents can increase the firing rate. The influence of BK channels on firing rate in the presence of other conductances, such as I m and I h , as well as with different amplitudes of depolarizing input, were also investigated. These results provide a formal explanation for the apparently contradictory effects of BK channel antagonists on firing rates.
Autonomy, Critical Thinking and the Wittgensteinian Legacy: Reflections on Christopher Winch, Education, Autonomy and Critical Thinking

In this review of Christopher Winch's new book, Education, Autonomy and Critical Thinking (2006), I discuss its main theses, supporting some and criticising others. In particular, I take issue with several of Winch's claims and arguments concerning critical thinking and rationality, and deplore his reliance on what I suggest are problematic strains of the later Wittgenstein. But these criticisms are not such as to upend Winch's powerful critique of antiperfectionism and ‘strong autonomy’ or his defence of ‘weak autonomy’. His account of autonomy as an educational aim is important and in several respects compelling.
Protecting Organization Reputations During a Crisis: The Development and Application of Situational Crisis Communication Theory

Crisis managers benefit from understanding how crisis communication can be used to protect reputational assets during a crisis. Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT) offers a framework for understanding this dynamic. SCCT provides a mechanism for anticipating how stakeholders will react to a crisis in terms of the reputational threat posed by the crisis. Moreover, SCCT projects how people will react to the crisis response strategies used to manage the crisis. From its empirical research emerges a set of evidence-based crisis communication guidelines. The development of SCCT is discussed along with the presentation of its guidelines for crisis communication.
Joint vortices, eastward propagating eddies and migratory Taylor columns

Abstract The behavior of an isolated pair of vortices consisting of two eddies situated on top of each other in a three-layer ocean is examined analytically. The amplitudes of both eddies are high and, consequently, the two eddies behave as one unit and migrate together in the ocean. For this reason, it is proposed to call the system joint vortices. The eddies are of equal or opposite sign; each vortex is situated in a different layer so that there are two active layers and one passive layer. Attention is focused on the behavior of joint vortices on a sloping bottom in the deep ocean and on a β plane in the upper ocean. That is, we consider deep joint eddies situated on an inclined floor in the lowest two layers of a three-layer ocean and upper joint eddies in the upper two layers. Special attention is given to the cases where one of the vortices is a lens-like eddy. Approximate solutions for slope (or β) induced drifts in the east-west direction are obtained. It is found that because of the high amplitud...
Inter- and intraspecific feeding selectivity of Folsomia candida (Willem) (Collembola, Isotomidae) on fungi

Selective grazing of fungi by soil microarthropods may affect decomposition rates of litter materials and the structure of microarthropod and fungal communities. We developed laboratory methods to assay feeding selectivity and investigated the preferences of the collembolan Folsomia candida on three fungi: Acremonium sp., Paecilomyces varioti, and Penicillium citrinum. F. candida showed stronger preference for Acremonium sp. than for P. varioti and P. citrinum. Oviposition site selection followed the same pattern. Actively metabolizing hyphae of Acremonium sp. and P. varioti were preferred over senescent hyphae, while spores of P. citrinum were preferred over active hyphae. If microarthropod preference for active hyphae is extensive, microarthropod regulation of decomposition could be more important than their biomass indicates. Furthermore, as the P. citrinum results indicate, mechanisms of microbial dissemination may include selective grazing.
Application of the padé approximant method to an investigation of the susceptibility of an Ising square lattice

Location and nature of singularity of Ising square lattice susceptibility, using Pade approximation based on Clapp spin-spin correlation function
THE INFLUENCE OF SMOKING AND RACE ON ADULT PERIODONTITIS AND SERUM IGG2 LEVELS

Smoking is a known risk factor for developing periodontal diseases, but the risk appears to be greater for white smokers than black smokers. Furthermore, it has been reported that young white subjects have significantly lower levels of serum IgG2 than their non-smoking counterparts while young black adult subjects are generally not affected by smoking. These relationships prompted the hypothesis that adult white subjects, including periodontitis subjects, who smoked would have more attachment loss than adult black subjects and that smoking would be associated with lower serum IgG2 levels in adult white subjects but not in adult black subjects. Smoking status was established from serum cotinine levels determined by radioimmunoassay. Serum IgG subclass levels were determined using radial immunodiffusion. White adult periodontitis (AP) and non-periodontitis (NP) subjects who smoked had greater mean attachment loss per site than their non-smoking counterparts. Furthermore, smoking white AP subjects and their age-matched NP controls had substantially less IgG2 in their serum. In marked contrast, we were unable to detect any increase in periodontal destruction or a significant decrease in serum IgG2 levels in smoking black AP subjects or their age-matched controls. However, IgG1 and IgG4 levels were reduced in smoking black AP subjects. IgG3 was the only subclass in adults that was unaffected by smoking. IgG2 can be a good opsonin and may help control periodontitis-associated bacteria in adults. Even though a cause-and-effect relationship has not been established, the association between a smoking-related decrease in serum IgG2 and an increase in periodontal destruction in white subjects is striking.
Characterization of tungsten sulfide catalysts

Abstract Unsupported tungsten sulfide catalysts of high surface area (60 m2/g) were prepared by in situ decomposition of ammonium tetrathiotungstate (ATT) in flowing helium at 450 °C. This catalyst (stoichiometry approx WS2.2) was subjected to various pretreatments in both hydrogen and a mixture of 15% hydrogen sulfide in hydrogen at elevated temperatures (up to 450 °C). Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) in hydrogen showed two peaks, indicating the presence of two species of sulfur with different binding energies. Surface areas and pore-size distributions of the catalysts were found to be relatively unaffected by treatment in hydrogen at 450 °C for 1 h, but treatment for 12 h caused the surface area to decrease from 60 to 35 m2/g. Examination of catalyst samples under a scanning electron microscope showed that the large number of microcracks developed on decomposition of ATT were considerably reduced by a 12-h treatment in hydrogen at 450 °C. Low-temperature oxygen chemisorption (LTOC) was measured on tungsten sulfide subjected to pretreatment in hydrogen for different times and temperatures. Samples with the greatest sulfur loss showed the highest LTOC, suggesting that oxygen chemisorbs at surface anion vacancies (coordinatively unsaturated tungsten ions). Appreciable LTOC was generated only upon removal of sulfur corresponding to the second peak. The ratio of surface area to LTOC for a sample treated for 12 h in hydrogen led to a value of 170 A 2 O 2 molecule ( 85 A 2 O atom ). Catalyst activity for propylene hydrogenation at 100 and 150 °C was measured using a pulsed-flow microcatalytic reactor. Activity was found to increase with increasing LTOC.
Coordinating Environmental Genomics and Geochemistry Reveals Metabolic Transitions in a Hot Spring Ecosystem

We have constructed a conceptual model of biogeochemical cycles and metabolic and microbial community shifts within a hot spring ecosystem via coordinated analysis of the “Bison Pool” (BP) Environmental Genome and a complementary contextual geochemical dataset of ∼75 geochemical parameters. 2,321 16S rRNA clones and 470 megabases of environmental sequence data were produced from biofilms at five sites along the outflow of BP, an alkaline hot spring in Sentinel Meadow (Lower Geyser Basin) of Yellowstone National Park. This channel acts as a >22 m gradient of decreasing temperature, increasing dissolved oxygen, and changing availability of biologically important chemical species, such as those containing nitrogen and sulfur. Microbial life at BP transitions from a 92°C chemotrophic streamer biofilm community in the BP source pool to a 56°C phototrophic mat community. We improved automated annotation of the BP environmental genomes using BLAST-based Markov clustering. We have also assigned environmental genome sequences to individual microbial community members by complementing traditional homology-based assignment with nucleotide word-usage algorithms, allowing more than 70% of all reads to be assigned to source organisms. This assignment yields high genome coverage in dominant community members, facilitating reconstruction of nearly complete metabolic profiles and in-depth analysis of the relation between geochemical and metabolic changes along the outflow. We show that changes in environmental conditions and energy availability are associated with dramatic shifts in microbial communities and metabolic function. We have also identified an organism constituting a novel phylum in a metabolic “transition” community, located physically between the chemotroph- and phototroph-dominated sites. The complementary analysis of biogeochemical and environmental genomic data from BP has allowed us to build ecosystem-based conceptual models for this hot spring, reconstructing whole metabolic networks in order to illuminate community roles in shaping and responding to geochemical variability.
Angiogenic proteins in the lungs of children after cavopulmonary anastomosis.

Abstract Objective: Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations may cause progressive cyanosis after cavopulmonary anastomosis and may develop as a result of abnormal angiogenesis. We used immunohistochemistry to determine whether angiogenic proteins are increased in the lungs of children after cavopulmonary anastomosis. Methods: Lung specimens were obtained from 13 children after cavopulmonary anastomosis and from 6 control subjects. Specimens were stained with antibodies against vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor (flk-1/KDR), basic fibroblast growth factor, α-smooth muscle actin, CD31, collagen IV, fibronectin, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Staining was graded on a scale of 0 to 3. Vessels positive for proliferating cell nuclear antigen were counted in 10 fields per specimen, and the results were averaged. Results: After cavopulmonary anastomosis, patients demonstrated increased staining for vascular endothelial growth factor ( P = .03) and its receptor ( P = .03) and decreased staining for CD31 ( P = .004). Proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining in patients was equivalent to that for control subjects ( P = .9). Conclusions: Lung biopsy specimens from children after cavopulmonary anastomosis demonstrate increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor. These data confirm earlier findings that blood vessels forming after cavopulmonary anastomosis may have reduced intercellular junctions (decreased CD31 staining). Despite the increased numbers of pulmonary vessels that are present in these patients, these vessels are not highly proliferative (proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining equivalent to that of control subjects). These results suggest that vascular endothelial growth factor may be a mediator of angiogenesis in the lungs of children after cavopulmonary anastomosis; however, other factors, such as vascular dilation and remodeling, may also be important.
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus: A Model for NeuroAIDS

In addition to its profound effects on the immune system, HIV also infects the CNS and can cause abnormalities in infected individuals ranging from mild cognitive and motor disorders to frank dementia. We have been actively investigating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the CNS manifestations of lentivirus infection through the comparative evaluation of brain pathophysiology under a number of parallel interrelated strategies. Here we describe our ongoing studies with the SIV/rhesus macaque system. We have applied an interdisciplinary multistep approach, utilizing viral, immunological, pathological, behavioral, and electrophysiological techniques to assess disease and study CNS dysfunction induced by SIV. The profile of the infection and the host response, and the resulting cognitive, motor, and neurophysiological abnormalities in SIV-infected monkeys, recapitulates many aspects of the functional impairments associated with HIV-induced CNS disease in humans. Consequently, the SIV model is ideal for examining the mechanisms underlying these functional abnormalities and for testing potential therapeutic agents.
Using entertainment television to build a context for prevention news stories.

Abstract Objective. A nationally syndicated television news series called “Following ER” was developed to educate viewers about the health issues dramatized on “ER,” NBC's award-winning medical drama. This study investigated the impact of this prime-time link on viewer attention, satisfaction, information recall, and perceptions about the uses and gratifications delivered by a news story. Methods. A total of 458 municipal jurors participated in a randomized 2 (“ER” tie-in vs no tie-in) × 2 (familiar vs novel story topic) experiment. The four experimental news stories required by this design were developed using footage of previously aired local newscasts. Results. In the case of the familiar topic story, the “ER” tie-in enhanced the attention and satisfaction of viewers. Participants reported that the prime-time link added value by elevating the importance and relevance of the commonplace topic. However, the “ER” tie-in did not generate any beneficial effects when paired with the novel topic story. Conclusions. Framing news stories about familiar health concerns in the context of television drama represents a viable strategy for legitimizing them as important and timely topics for public consumption and debate.
Temporal changes in nutrient concentrations and contents of fine roots in a Quercus forest

Abstract Fine-root nutrient concentrations and contents in a Quercus forest, Wisconsin, were measured for 2 years. The nutrients were N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu. Mean concentration followed the order: N > Ca > K > Fe > Mg > S > P > Mn > Zn > Cu (9.4, 5.9, 4.0, 2.0, 1.8, 1.7, 0.86, 0.82, 0.064, 0.010 g kg−1 dry weight, respectively). Temporal patterns of P and K concentrations were identical to that of biomass: lower in May than in August and November. N showed an opposite pattern. The concentrations of all other nutrients except Mn showed significant fluctuations but no clear relation to biomass. The contents of N, Fe and Mn changed little over time, whereas the patterns of other nutrients more or less followed biomass. The relationship between nutrient variables and biomass appeared to reflect the geochemical characteristics of individual nutrients.
The Meaning of Work: Conceptualizing the Deterrent Effect of Employment on Crime among Young Adults:

Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) are used to examine the influence of employment characteristics and other age-appropriate investments on young adults' participation in both violent and property crime. The findings suggest that quality of employment has a stronger influence on individuals' involvement in both economic and noneconomic criminal behavior than do income, job stability, educational achievement, and a variety of background factors. The implications of these findings for theoretical development and public policy are discussed.
Vegetation characteristics and butterfly use of unlined and PVC-lined reaches of an irrigation delivery canal, Government Highline Canal, Colorado, U.S.A.

Abstract Vegetation growing in irrigation canals has been postulated to furnish an important mesic habitat within arid landscapes. Some canal designs now incorporate plastic (PVC) liners to reduce seepage, and vegetation could be incidentally affected. We tested the hypothesis that PVC lining has no long-term effect on bank vegetation by comparing vegetation on interior banks of a reach of an 88-km long irrigation canal (47 m 3 s −1 capacity) lined 6–8 years earlier, with vegetation along unlined reaches of the same canal. The lined reach generally had lower values for cover, biomass, and richness than unlined reaches to the east. However, an east–west gradient in biomass noted within a 32-km long unlined reach suggested that the lower values of the lined-reach were at least partially due to factors unrelated to lining. Butterfly communities using the sampled reaches were surveyed to assess habitat quality. No significant differences were detected among the reaches, although the butterfly assemblage in the westmost lined reach tended to differ from those in unlined reaches. Pre- and post-lining surveys conducted on the same reach, as well as natural history data, indicated that canal butterflies were derived from surrounding habitats, rather than the canal itself. Vegetation management practices (e.g. periodic burning) limit the study canal's value as a habitat for butterflies and probably other species.
The development of a 1920 x 1080 pixel color CCD camera progressively scanned at 60 frames per second

A progressively scanned video camera using two 1920 x 1080 charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors (made by Eastman Kodak) with square pixels in a 16:9 aspect ratio is under development. One sensor does not have color filters and the other has color stripe filters. Detail luminance is derived from one sensor; color and low-resolution luminance is derived from the other. The camera output is progressively scanned at 60 frames/sec. If digitized, the output bit rate would be 2.4 Gbits/sec. Consequently, subband coding will be used to compress the output to a bit stream that can be recorded on a D-1 or D-5 digital video recorder and still have enough head room for post-production processing. This paper will report on the status of the camera development and describe the options for providing good motion rendition without interlace artifacts by using progressive scan.
Transonic potential flow and coordinate generation for bodies in a wind tunnel

An accurate method has been developed for computation of transonic potential flow about a 2-D lifting airfoil or an axisymmetric body in a wind tunnel. The computational mesh is nearly orthogonal everywhere and is generated by a sequence of Schwarz-Christoffel transformations and shearings to obtain an '0' grid near the body. A conservative finite-volume scheme for the full-potential equation and exact boundary conditions is used together with 'retarded' density to solve efficiently transonic flow with embedded shocks and large regions of supersonic flow. Supersonic free-stream flows are also solved with captured bow shocks and embedded subsonic regions.
Daily Spousal Influence on Physical Activity in Knee Osteoarthritis

Background Physical activity is critical for the management of knee osteoarthritis, and the spouse may play a role in encouraging or discouraging physical activity.
On a new pseudocompressibility method for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

Abstract We propose and analyze a new pseudocompressibility method which is obtained by introducing a pressure stabilizing/regularizing term in the equation of mass conservation. The perturbed system can be viewed as an approximation to the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, and its discretization can lead to efficient and accurate numerical schemes for the Navier-Stokes equations. An error analysis for a related artificial compressibility method for the Navier-Stokes equations is also carried out.
INCLUSIVE CHARGED PARTICLE PRODUCTION NEAR THE KINEMATIC LIMIT IN e +e- ANNIHILATION AT 29 GeV

Inclusive production of charged particles has been studied in e+e− annihilation at ss=29 GeV using the high resolution spectrometer at PEP. Differential cross sections are presented in the range of scaled energy 0.1<z<1.0. The data for z<0.5 show the (1−z)2 behavior predicted by the dimensional counting rules. Comparisons are made with predictions of the Lund string model and the Webber cluster model.
Molecular changes in the membranes of mouse erythroid cells accompanying differentiation

The development of the mouse erythroblast to a mature erythrocyte is accompanied by changes in the composition and properties of the plasma membranes of these cells. Using double fluorescence techniques, we have simultaneously determined the distribution of lectin receptors and spectrin on the membranes of these cells. The lateral mobility of the lectin receptors in the membranes decreases as differentiation proceeds, and this is accompanied by an increasing concentration of spectrin associated with the membranes. The most significant concentration of spectrin occurs, however, during the enucleation of the late erythroblast, where we observe a complete segregation of the spectrin to the incipient reticulocyte, as well as a previously observed enrichment of receptors for concanavalin A into the plasma membrane surrounding the extruding nucleus. On the basis of these and other observations, we explore the possible molecular mechanisms involved in erythroblast enucleation and the role of spectrin in the regulation of protein mobility in erythroid cell membranes.
Intriguing Absorption Band Behavior of IR Reflectance Spectra of Silicon Dioxide on Silicon

Infrared reflectance spectra of a thermally grown 30-nm SiO2 film on a Si wafer were measured as a function of incident angle and polarization. Spectra measured with s-polarized light resemble the published extinction coefficient for SiO2. The p-polarized spectra show significant distortions at all incident angles. Bands change in frequency and intensity and can even invert as the incident angle increases beyond the Brewster angle of the Si substrate. Spectral simulations using the classical electromagnetic equations reproduce these distortions.
Personalization of the Web Interface: The Impact of Web Avatars on Users' Responses to E-commerce Sites

ABSTRACT Much has been written on the role of the message source as a vehicle for persuasion in traditional print and broadcast media, but little from an online perspective. In the virtual world, the opportunity now exists to incorporate a wide variety of message spokespersons in the form of avatars. These figures can range from fanciful, animated characters to literal photographic depictions of the actual web surfer. This study investigates the role of avatars as a form of visual persuasion, and assesses their influence on decision-making for apparel products and how they impact the consumers' evaluation of the website.
Enhanced Conductance via Induced Π-Stacking Interactions in Cobalt(II) Terpyridine Bridged Complexes†

Computational model systems are used to explore improving the transmission through a molecular device based on bridged cobalt(II) complexes. The bridging ligands and the organic conjugated molecular ligands are altered to improve the current flow through both an enhanced π-stacking interaction as well as involving the metal ions directly in the conduction pathway. With terpyridine as the organic ligand, both acetate and NH2− produce conductive devices, while a terpyridine complex bridged by Cl− is not conductive. The addition of a fused ring on either end of the conjugated molecule has a complex effect which is sensitive to the bridged ligand and the particular geometry of the complex.
Detector Development for the Linac Coherent Light Source

Since it began operations in 2009, the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) has opened a new and dynamic frontier in terms of light sources and their associated science [1, 2]. An increase in brightness by a factor of a billion over pre-existing synchrotrons, in combination with ultra-brief pulses of coherent X-rays, is ushering in a new era in the photon sciences. Pulses with durations of 50 fs under standard conditions and below 10 fs with a reduced energy per bunch are possible. Over 1013 or 1012 X-rays per pulse can be generated at the upper and lower ends of the X-ray energy range of 285 eV to 9600 eV. One of the unique machine parameters is its strobe-like time structure, where single ultra-brief pulses are delivered at a repetition rate of 120 Hz. The above characteristics represent a singular environment in which to operate detectors and demand the development of a new class of high-frame-rate camera systems.
The emerging use of the 20-μg oral contraceptive

Abstract Objective: To highlight studies that investigated the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of low-dose oral contraceptives (OCs) containing 20 μg of ethinyl estradiol (EE) and to discuss the use of these low-dose contraceptives in women from adolescence to menopause and the noncontraceptive health benefits likely to be afforded by low-dose contraceptives. Design: Relevant literature was identified by searching MEDLINE and EMBASE. Other sources were located by consulting the bibliographies of the material collected from Medline and EMBASE. Sources for additional information included documents from the United States Food and Drug Administration and the Physicians' Desk Reference (54th ed.). Conclusion(s): The current lowest available dose of EE used for OCs in the United States is 20 μg. Formulations with 20 μg of EE are efficacious and have a low incidence of estrogen-related side effects. Since this lowest effective EE dose inhibits ovarian activity, 20 μg of EE should also provide the noncontraceptive health benefits of OCs. Both contraceptive and noncontraceptive benefits of OCs are available to most women from adolescence to menopause without complications.
High-strength steel: implications of material and geometric characteristics on inelastic flexural behavior

Abstract New developments in steelmaking have enabled high-strength steels to be produced which have exceptional toughness and weldability, making the material appealing for structural design applications. In earthquake resistant design, where members are expected to deform inelastically, it is imperative that these members possess adequate ductility. This paper discusses the mechanical characteristics of the new high-strength steels and reviews existing US compactness criteria for flexural members. The effects of web and flange slenderness, material stress-strain characteristics, and axial load on ductility capacity of flexural members are presented. Based on recent research, the extrapolation of current US compactness criteria to higher strength steel is shown to over-estimate flexural ductility capacity. In addition, the yield-to-tensile strength ratio of the material is shown to have a significant influence on ductility and energy dissipation capacity under cyclic loading, suggesting that a limiting value should be used in order to ensure acceptable behavior under earthquake loading.
Patient-specific modeling of intracranial aneurysmal stenting

Simulating blood flow around stents in intracranial aneurysms is important for designing better stents and to personalize and optimize endovascular stenting procedures in the treatment of these aneurysms. However, the main difficulty lies in the generation of acceptable computational grids inside the blood vessels and around the stents. In this paper, a hybrid method that combines body-fitted grid for the vessel walls and adaptive embedded grids for the stent is presented. Also an algorithm to map a particular stent to the parent vessel is described. These approaches tremendously simplify the simulation of blood flow past these devices. The methodology is evaluated with an idealized stented aneurysm under steady flow conditions and demonstrated in various patient-specific cases under physiologic pulsatile flow conditions. These examples show that the methodology can be used with ease in modeling any patient-specific anatomy and using different stent designs. This paves the way for using these techniques during the planning phase of endovascular stenting interventions, particularly for aneurysms that are difficult to treat with coils or by surgical clipping.
Low-phase-error offset-compensated switched-capacitor integrator

A modification of the offset-compensated switched-capacitor integrator is described. The resulting circuit has a reduced delay and low gain distortion. It also retains the simplicity and low phase errors of earlier schemes.
Stochastic trend, weather and US corn yield variability

Regional corn yield models incorporating stochastic trends, prices and weather variables are estimated. Hypothesis tests suggest yield variability has increased because of an increase in error variance and an increase in weather-related effects. Decomposition of the error variance shows much of its increase is due to an increased correlaion between regional yields.
The Implications of Psychoanalysis for Qualitative Methodology: The Case of Interviews and Narrative Data Analysis

Abstract In this article I ask to what extent geographers can draw on psychoanalytic theory when examining interview data. I consider Freud's theory of the mind and its unconscious processes to ask how bringing the unconscious to bear on identity studies potentially impacts qualitative research on subjectivity and identification. Existing geographic debate on psychoanalytic theory and methods provides an organizing framework for my argument. Although the article advocates an ontology of the psychoanalytic subject, I suggest that researchers must avoid psychoanalyzing research subjects. This distinction limits the ways in which scholars can “read” personal narratives for unconscious processes. ∗I would like to thank Paul Kingsbury, Geoff Mann, and the reviewers for their help with this article.
Differential Responses of Human Papillary and Reticular Fibroblasts to Growth Factors

Differences in the responses to growth factors of normal fibroblasts and scleroderma fibroblasts have been demonstrated previously. Because human dermal fibroblasts are heterogeneous populations, whether known differences between papillary and reticular dermal fibroblasts could account for the noted differences between normal and scleroderma fibroblasts was investigated. Papillary dermal fibroblasts were grown from a dermatome section of normal skin from an adult donor. Reticular dermal fibroblasts were cultured from punch biopsy specimens taken from the same location. In vitro, papillary dermal fibroblasts proliferated more rapidly, had a higher mitotic index and reached greater density at confluence, confirming previous observations. The reticular dermal fibroblasts were more dendritic. Reticular dermal fibroblasts had higher rates of tritiated thymidine uptake and larger increases in mitotic index in response to isoforms of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). The characteristic response of scleroderma fibroblasts, potentiation of the mitogenicity of PDGF AA by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), was not observed in either cell type. Therefore, the phenotypic characteristics of scleroderma fibroblasts cannot be explained by an unusual admixture of papillary and reticular fibroblasts.
Acoustic features and acoustic change are represented by different central pathways

Abstract The central processing of acoustic stimulus changes can be observed neurophysiologically in the mismatch negativity auditory evoked potential (MMN). Stimuli differing in interaural phase were used to investigate the contributions of the primary and non-primary auditory pathways to the encoding of binaural stimuli and to investigate passively elicited measures of binaural processing in experimental animals. In guinea pigs, the MMN was obtained in response to 1000 Hz tones embedded in white noise (S:N = 2 dB). Using a modified oddball paradigm (that is, two stimuli presented in a series, each with a different probability of occurrence), stimuli were presented binaurally with both the tone and noise in-phase to the two ears (S 0 N 0 ) as the standard stimulus and the tone 180° out-of-phase (S Π N 0 ) as the deviant stimulus. The MMN, by definition, should occur only in response to a change, or ‘mismatch,’ between the standard and deviant stimuli. The response to the deviant stimulus in the oddball paradigm was compared to the response to the same stimulus when presented in a series alone. The responsesto S 0 N 0 and S Π N 0 collected in a series alone, termed the intrinsic responses, were also compared. Responses were recorded from two surface epidural electrodes — one at the posterior midline and one over the left temporal lobe. AEPs from these locations have been shown to reflect the activity of primary and non-primary thalamo-cortical pathways respectively. A significant MMN was observed at the midline electrode, but no MMN was observed over the temporal lobe. However, there was a significant difference in the intrinsic responses to the two stimuli over the temporal lobe while no difference in the intrinsic responses was seen over the midline. The results suggest that the primary and non-primary auditory pathways appear to provide distinctly different contributions to the encoding of changes in binaural phase. Additionally, the MMN to stimuli differing in interaural phase can be obtained in anesthetized animals and may provide a useful measure of binaural processing.
Methods of screening combinatorial libraries using immobilized or restrained receptors

Abstract The screening of combinatorial libraries for compounds with high affinity toward drug receptors is currently a major center of attention. We describe methods recently developed for library screening that involve “constrained” receptors (either immobilized onto a surface or restrained to a compartment by some physical means). These include affinity selection chromatography, ultrafiltration assays, the scintillation proximity assay, a variety of interfacial optical techniques (surface plasmon resonance and its relatives, among others), the quartz crystal microbalance, the jet ring cell, and new interferometric assays using porous silicon to immobilize the receptor. We note some trends in assay development involving assays of membrane-bound complexes, and the coupling of two analytical methods to expand the assay resolution.
Thermal and Dielectric Properties of Sweetpotato Puree

Pureeing of sweetpotato (SP) is carried out to enhance the conversion of the roots into value-added products. During processing, production and home utilization, the puree is often heated (conventional cooking or microwaved), hence the need to measure the corresponding properties of SP puree. Thermal (specific heat, thermal conductivity, density, and thermal diffusivity) and dielectric properties (dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor) of SP puree were determined within a temperature range of 5 to 80 � C. Increase in temperature increased the specific heat (3.70‐3.78kJ=kgK), thermal conductivity (0.52‐0.78W=mK), and thermal diffusivity (1.98 � 10 � 7 ‐ 4.25 � 10 � 7 m 2 =s) of SP puree. The density (705‐485kg=m 3 ) of the puree decreased with temperature. Both temperature and frequency (900‐2500MHz) significantly affected the dielectric constant (60.5‐73.0) and dielectric loss factor (16.5‐29.5) of SP puree. At the two frequencies (915 and 2450MHz) used in industrial food processing, calculations showed that the penetration depth was not significantly affected by temperature at 2450MHz, while at 915MHz, the penetration depth decreased with temperature.
Femtosecond Laser Processing of Glass Materials for Assembly-Free Fabrication of Photonic Microsensors

Research and development in photonic micro/nanodevices and structures have experienced a significant growth in recent years, fueled by their broad applications as sensors for in situ measurement of a wide variety of physical, chemical and biological quantities. Recent advancement in ultrafast and ultra-intense pulsed laser technology has opened a new window of opportunity for one-step fabrication of micro-and even nanoscale 3D structures in various solid materials. When used for fabrication, fs lasers have many unique advantages such as negligible cracks, minimal heat-affected-zone, low recast, and high precision. These advantages enable the unique opportunity to fabricate integrated sensors with unprecedented performance, enhanced functionalities and improved robustness. This paper summarizes our recent research progresses in the understanding, design, fabrication, characterization of various photonic sensors for energy, defense, environmental, biomedical and industry applications. Femtosecond laser processing/ablation of various glass materials (fused silica, doped silica, sapphire, etc.) is discussed towards the goal of one-step fabrication of novel photonic sensors and new enabling photonic devices. A number of new photonic devices and sensors are also presented.
Coarse sediment movement in the vicinity of a logjam in a neotropical gravel-bed stream

Wood influences channel morphology by increasing channel roughness, altering flow hydraulics, and decreasing sediment transport in most fluvial systems where it is present. In many locations, the collection of wood into jams leads to even greater interruption of sediment transport by means of sediment impoundment and the creation of low-velocity backwater flow zones. We examined tracer clast movement near a wood jam in a neotropical gravel-bed stream in order to evaluate the effect of wood mobility and piece transience on the ability of the jam to impede sediment transport. We found that the jam had minimal influence on the passage of any individual clast, with tracer clast mobilization and travel distance being best predicted by flow magnitude and grain size rather than location relative to the jam. The rate of clast passage through the jam did not correlate with either the piece retention rate of the jam or with the density of the jam. The jam did, however, temporarily trap a sediment wedge during a period when fluvially imported wood pieces blocked flow under a key wood piece, diverting flow to a secondary flow path. These results suggest that there is an upper bound on the flows in which wood is able to disrupt sediment transport, and unlike for bedrock roughness elements, this bound is frequently crossed at our study site.
Excellent long-term outcomes of ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation in children

Abstract Due to profound shortage of suitable deceased allografts, much effort has been made to investigate whether successful kidney transplantation is possible across the ABO blood group barrier even for pediatric recipients. Methods Twenty-five pediatric patients underwent ABO-incompatible living kidney transplantation. All patients received three sessions of plasmapheresis (PP) or immunoadsorption (IA) to remove the anti-A/B antibodies before transplantation. This was followed by splenectomy and a conventional quadruple drug immunosuppressive protocol. To prevent overwhelming postsplenectomy infections, penicillin prophylaxis as well as pretransplant pneumococcal vaccine was given to all patients. Results Of 25 patients, 12 grafts had rebound increases in their anti-A/B isoagglutinin titers within 10 days posttransplant. Moreover, 10 of 12 (83%) patients developed acute rejection with the increase of isoagglutinins. One patient lost the graft because of uncontrolled delayed hyperacute rejection, while the other nine acute rejection episodes were reversed with a standard anti-rejection therapy in combination with PP/IA. Four patients had severe bacterial infectious complications after transplantation. The actuarial 1-, 5- and 10-year graft survival rates are 96%, 91% and 91%, respectively. Conclusions With the adequate desensitization protocol, ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation is a valid alternative even for children with end stage renal disease.
Our Journal -- A New Era

The Roman deity, Janus, guardian of the gates of heaven, presided over the entrance upon or beginning of all things. In that special duty, he is portrayed with one face on the front and another on the back of his head, representing simultaneous vigils over past and future events. In 1980, in the month dedicated to the memory of Janus, my close friend and colleague Bill Schaffner and I introduced a new scientific journal that would focus on "hospital epidemiology and all aspects of infection control."' In that quest we were ably assisted by Sue Crow, Dennis Maki, John McGowan, and a talented editorial advisory board (Figure). In the past decade those of us explorers have been amply rewarded for our efforts: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology is now the shining jewel in the field and has just completed its best year since the original issue. In January of 1993, we enter a new year and a new era for our Journal as I pass responsibilities on to my successor as editor, Mike Decker. I look forward to assisting him in the transition and to following the progress of Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. As an insatiable explorer, I seek novel adventures ahead with the launching of a sister journal dedicated to its namesake, Clinical Performance and Quality Health Care. My new fellow travelers and I are mindful of the admonitions given to truly great Columbian adventurers seeking a new land in the late 15th century: it is possible that the world is flat and that continued pursuit into the unknown will lead to the edge and a precipitous fall. To help us, however, our new ship's flag will carry the image of Janus, and our compass will be the lessons learned with Infection iLC EDITORIAL BOARD
Noise Due to Flow Over a Rotating Cylinder With Surface Roughness

An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the scaling properties of noise due to flow over rough surfaces under conditions similar to those that would be found on a full scale marine vessel. Noise due to the flow over the surface of a rotating cylinder in a quiescent medium was measured. Vertical profiles of streamwise mean velocity over the cylinder were also measured. Measurements with various roughness element spacings suggest that for L/R > 6, noise from individual roughness elements is independent of other elements. The spectral density of radiated noise was proportional to V7 for large values of the roughness height (450 < R+ < 1700). Measurements made at R+ = 18 seem to scale best at V5 . This suggests that the noise generation mechanism for large values of R+ , is different than that for small values of R+ .
Effects of Subinhibitory Concentrations of Macrolide Antibiotics on Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Biofilm-forming bacteria such as Staphylococcus, Haemophilus, and Pseudomonas species resist phagocytosis by host immune cells and the actions of antimicrobial agents. In susceptible individuals, such as patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) or diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB), strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa produce a number of virulence determinants that permit colonization and infection of the respiratory tract. P aeruginosa strains isolated from CF and DPB patients typically have a mucoid colony morphology. This is due to the overproduction of alginate, an exopolysaccharide capsule that is composed of D-mannuronic and L-guluronic acids. In addition, the P aeruginosa type IV pilus mediates cell surface translocation by a process known as twitching motility. Both alginate production and twitching motility contribute to the virulence of P aeruginosa, as does the formation of biofilms. Biofilms bind cells and organic and inorganic materials to each other, and to a variety of substrata. Their tightly formed structure reduces antimicrobial activity, promotes bacterial adhesion to lung epithelia, and prevents bacterial dehydration. Prior work has suggested that macrolides have therapeutic value in patients with DPB and CF. We hypothesized that the improved clinical status of these patients was due, in part, to macrolides inhibiting the production of P aeruginosa virulence determinants. Traditionally, macrolides have not been considered to exhibit antipseudomonal activity, as their mean inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for clinical and environmental strains of the microbe range from 50 to 550 μg/mL. In this study, we found that sub-MIC levels of clarithromycin substantially inhibited twitching motility. In addition, the incubation of biofilm-grown P aeruginosa with clarithromycin altered the structure and architecture of the biofilm. Investigating the potential nonribosomal effects of macrolides on opportunistic pathogens such as P aeruginosa and elucidating the molecular mechanisms that underlie the inhibition of twitching motility may lead to more effective treatments of pulmonary infections in patients with CF and DPB.
Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans

Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (JOCD) is an acquired condition of the joint that affects the articular surfaceandthe subchondral bonein patients withopen growth plates. JOCD, like adult osteochondritis dis- secans (OCD), remains an orthopedic enigma with respect to its etiology, prognosis, and treatment. Treat- ment can require prolonged abstinence from sports; furthermore, the outcome can include partial joint destruction and premature osteoarthrosis. Almost all studies have shown that JOCD has a much greater potential for healing than adult OCD, especially un- der nonsurgical treatment (1-8). This article focuses on the history, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of JOCD.