cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entropy production, thermodynamic fluxes and transport coefficients of an interface between two electromagnetic fluids with spin

Abstract The purpose of this wok is to obtain a complete description of the entropy production within the framework of non equilibrium thermodynamics for the case of an isotropic material interface between two one-component immiscible fluids when both of them are magnetizable and polarizable and external and internal angular momentum are included. All physical variables are allowed to be singular along the interface with the exception of the magnetic field and electric field. The set of conservation laws for the interface are derived and the explicit form of the entropy production is obtained. Taking into account spacial and time reversal symmetries, we establish the phenomenological relations between the fluxes and thermodynamic forces. We conclude by providing an example where constraints for the values of the transport coefficients are obtained as a consequence of conditions which must be fulfilled to guarantee that the matrix of transport coefficients remains positive definite.
The economic value of local water supplies in Los Angeles

Los Angeles imports water over long distances to supplement local supplies. Reduced reliability of the available imports is driving many local agencies to promote conservation and enhance local water sources. These include stormwater capture, water reuse and groundwater. But financial considerations are often a significant impediment to project development, especially when comparing new and existing sources. Here we demonstrate a comprehensive approach for evaluating the economic implications of shifting to local water reliance in Los Angeles County. We show that local water supplies are economically competitive. Results from integrated hydroeconomic modelling of urban water in Los Angeles identify cost-effective water supply portfolios and conservation targets. Considering costs across the ‘full-cycles’ of urban water supply that span agency boundaries yields better comparisons of planning alternatives. Throughout the region, many water retailers could successfully mitigate effects of imported water cuts while still supporting drought-tolerant landscapes, but some would suffer due to over-reliance on imports. Updating economic assessment methods would support needed innovations to achieve local reliance in Los Angeles, including infrastructure investments, institutional reforms, many more drought-tolerant landscapes and reallocated groundwater rights. A large-scale economic analysis of the economics of water supplies in the greater Los Angeles area, based on the ‘full-cycle’ costs of water sources such as imported water, groundwater, and reused and storm-water capture. The study showcases an updated model and framework for urban water studies that can be applied to other cities.
Molecular Beam Epitaxy Materials for High-Speed Digital Heterostructure Devices

Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) has made many important contributions to research and development of III–V compound semiconductor devices. This is particulary true for devices using the lattice-matched GaAs/AlGaAs alloys. This has occurred despite the relatively high cost of MBE apparatus and the reputation of MBE as an esoteric technology.
Mitigating the Impact of Disruptions in Supply Chains

Supply chain risk management is of growing importance, as globalization extends supply chains and makes them more vulnerable to a wide range of disruptive events. Supply interruptions can be the result of large-scale natural diasters, terrorist attacks, plant fires, electrical blackouts, financial or political crises, and many other scenarios.
HOW DO WE ACCOUNT FOR BOTH UNIVERSAL AND REGIONAL VARIATIONS IN FACIAL EXPRESSIONS OF EMOTION

This chapter reviews the contingencies of data collected from the cross-cultural studies and the ontological and empirical difficulties involved in the study of the cultural display rules concept. There are many ways to account for both universal faces and variations among test populations under observation, in cross-cultural studies. Testing people in diverse geographic regions and then ascribing any facial variations to culture discounts the possibility that the regional variations were genotypic, conceivably as genotypic as the universals. Of the theories that are of relevance in this context, Ekman's Neurocultural Model and the Behavioral Ecology View may be of note. Cultural transmission must be considered before cross-cultural communalities are attributed to genetic control, within which the issue of horizontal cultural transmission, that is, cross-lineage borrowing, should be of special concern. Also, within single species it's been observed that dramatic clusters of morphological variations within even a small geographical region occur. This is attributed to the Founder Effect. Consequently, displays can of course arise conventionally, but genetic drift and founder effects are important to consider when comparing the facial displays of peoples from diverse geographic regions. Thereafter, the display rules concept is problematic because of the fact that one's emotional state in public is not necessarily equivalent to one's state in private. In cross-cultural studies, social roles and the context of interaction are potential confounds in assessing display rules; thus, no acceptable evidence is present currently that may help explain display rules account for normal cultural or developmental differences in facial behavior.
Perioperative Intravesical Therapy

For well over a decade, the results of prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trials performed primarily outside the United States have shown that intravesical instillation of chemotherapeutic agents immediately after transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURB) decreases the likelihood of tumor recurrence, particularly for patients with newly diagnosed bladder cancers. Despite this, guidelines by the American Urological Association do not advocate its use as standard of care for the treatment of superficial bladder cancer while the European Association of urology does. We have reviewed the world literature and feel that there is ample evidence to recommend the routine use of intravesical mitomycin C after transurethral resection of bladder tumors in the United States.
Feature Selection to Predict Compound's Effect on Aging

Biological aging process is the main cause to many age-related diseases. Therefore, exploring cellular level changes due to aging, chemical impacts and anti-aging compounds are of high interest in drug discovery and personalized drugs research. In this paper, we propose a model to predict the effect of chemical compounds on lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans. We analyze the data from DrugAge database, which includes chemical compounds that affect lifespan of model organisms and use chemical descriptors and gene ontology as features. We propose a new feature selection scheme based on particle swarm optimization and correlation-based feature selection to select the most relevant features for classification task. The experimental results indicate our approach achieves higher performance over the existing methods. We discuss the benefits of our proposed feature selection schema over other methodologies and compare our results conducted by random forest with base-line support vector machine and artificial neural network classifiers.
Proceedings of the 4th ACM international workshop on Contents protection and security

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the ACM Workshop on Multimedia Content Protection and Security - MCPS 2006. New technologies offer convenient ways to distribute and consume digital media; yet these new technologies also make it relatively easy to quickly and flawlessly copy digital data, posing tremendous challenges to protecting intellectual property rights. The future brings consolidation of the technology and entertainment industries. New formats for high-definition optical media are being released (HD-DVD and Blu-Ray). New standards bodies have emerged where IT, Content Owners and Consumer Electronics have come together to fight piracy (or at the very least to raise the bar). Consumers will eventually be affected.The mission of this workshop is to provide researchers and practitioners with a venue to explore ways in which a combination of emerging standards, emerging media formats, innovative solutions and technologies can be used to address these new challenges and to identify new directions for future research and development. With the organizers' participation in emerging content protection standards (Advanced Access Content Protection) for high-definition content we are able to offer a unique opportunity to share with workshop participants these upcoming changes.With this being our first opportunity to organize such a workshop, we were quite pleased with the number and quality of the submissions. Overall the acceptance rate was 35% with the accepted papers covering a variety of topics, including digital rights management, content protection, and watermarking for various forms of media. In addition, the program includes two invited talks. The first is by Andrew G. Setos, President of Engineering, The Fox Group, on the relationship between content and technology. The second is by Frank Casanova, Director QuickTime Marketing, Apple Computer Inc., on digital media and Web 2.0.
Individual Differences in Implicit and Explicit Spatial Processing of Fractions.

Recent studies have explored the foundations of mathematical skills by linking basic numerical processes to formal tests of mathematics achievement. Of particular interest is the relationship between spatial-numerical associations—specifically, the Spatial Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC) effect—and various measures of math ability. Thus far, studies investigating this relationship have yielded inconsistent results. Here, we investigate how individual implicit and explicit spatial representations of fractions relate to fraction knowledge and other formal measures of math achievement. Adult participants (n=105) compared the magnitude of single digit, irreducible fractions to ½, a task that has previously produced a reliable SNARC effect. We observed a significant group-level SNARC effect based on overall fraction magnitude, with notable individual variability. While individual SNARC effects were correlated with performance on a fraction number-line estimation (NLE) task, only NLE significantly predicted scores on a fractions test and basic standardized math test, even after controlling for IQ, mean accuracy, and mean reaction time. This suggests that working with an explicit number line is a stronger predictor of math ability than implicit number line processing of fractions. Neither individual SNARC effects nor NLE performance were significant predictors of algebra scores; thus, the mental number line may not be as readily recruited during higher-order mathematical concepts, but rather may be a foundation for thinking about simpler problems involving rational magnitudes. These results not only characterize the variability in adults’ mental representations of fractions, but also detail the relative contributions of implicit (SNARC) and explicit (NLE) spatial representations of fractions to formal math skills.
NSD1 mutations by HPV status in head and neck cancer: differences in survival and response to DNA-damaging agents

Compared to HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), HPV-positive HNSCCs are associated with a favorable prognosis in part due to their improved treatment sensitivity. Inactivating mutations in NSD1 were shown to be a favorable prognostic biomarker in laryngeal cancers. Here, we characterize NSD1 mutations from the expanded The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HNSCC cohort (n = 522) and examine their prognostic implications based on HPV status of the tumor. We also begin to examine if NSD1 regulates response to platinum-based drugs and other DNA-damaging agents. TCGA HNSCC samples were segregated by HPV and NSD1 mutations using cBioPortal and patient survival was determined. Pathogenicity of mutations was predicted using UMD-Predictor. NSD1-depleted cell lines were established by transfection with control or shRNAs against NSD1, followed by puromycin selection, and confirmed by qRT-PCR. Cell sensitivity to DNA damaging agents was assessed using short-term proliferation and long-term clonogenic survival assays. Among 457 HPV(−) tumors, 13% contained alterations in the NSD1 gene. The majority (61.3%) of NSD1 gene alterations in HPV(−) specimens were truncating mutations within or before the enzymatic SET domain. The remaining alterations included homozygous gene deletions (6.7%), missense point mutations (30.7%) and inframe deletions (1.3%). UMD-Predictor categorized 18 of 23 missense point mutations as pathogenic. For HPV(+) HNSCC (n = 65), 6 NSD1 mutations, comprised of two truncating (33%) and 4 missense point (66%) mutations, were identified. Three of the 4 missense point mutations were predicted to be pathogenic or probably pathogenic by UMD-Predictor. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis determined significantly improved survival of HPV(−) HNSCC patients whose tumors harbored NSD1 gene alterations, as compared to patients with wild-type NSD1 tumors. Interestingly, the survival effect of NSD1 mutations observed in HPV-negative HNSCC was reversed in HPV(+) tumors. Proliferation and clonogenic survival of two HPV(−) cell lines stably expressing control or NSD1 shRNAs showed that NSD1-depleted cells were more sensitive to cisplatin and carboplatin, but not to other DNA damaging drugs. Genetic alterations in NSD1 hold potential as novel prognostic biomarkers in HPV(−) head and neck cancers. NSD1 mutations in HPV(+) cancers may also play a prognostic role, although this effect must be examined in a larger cohort. NSD1 downregulation results in improved sensitivity to cisplatin and carboplatin, but not to other DNA-damaging agents, in epithelial cells. Increased sensitivity to platinum-based chemotherapy agents associated with NSD1 depletion may contribute to improved survival in HPV(−) HNSCCs. Further studies are needed to determine mechanisms through which NSD1 protects HPV(−) HNSCC cells from platinum-based therapy, as well as confirmation of NSD1 effect in HPV(+) HNSCC.
Experimental investigation of porous medium structural effects on a coupled porous media-free zone laminar flow

An experimental research program was conducted to investigate the effects of solid volume fraction, arrangement of rods, and rod shape on slow flow through and over two-dimensional model porous media. The porous media were modeled using in-line and staggered arrays of rods of circular and square cross-sections to cover a range of solid volume fraction of 0.06 to 0.49. Each model was installed into a test section so as to fill three-quarters of the total depth of the flow section; and the flow was driven through the test section by pressure. Using a refractive-index matched viscous fluid, the bulk Reynolds numbers for the respective test conditions were kept considerably lower than unity. Particle image velocimetry measurements were made across the streamwise-transverse plane of the test section. Results indicate that the flow through the free zone increases from 75% to nearly 100% as the solid volume fraction increases from 0.06 to 0.49. While the bulk distribution is independent of the shape of the rods, or the mode of arrangement, at the interface, penetration of the free flow is dependent on the solid volume fraction and arrangement of rods. The interfacial flow is predicted by a new formulation from which a boundary condition is derived which unlike others in the literature, is devoid of jumps at the interface. This work provides detailed experimental data and important predictive tools for validations of theoretical and numerical work.
Fracture propagation associated with intermaxillary fixation screws in maxillofacial trauma.

Abstract Intermaxillary fixation (IMF) screws are commonly used for maxillomandibular immobilization in the management of mandible fractures as definitive closed reduction treatment or in adjunct intraoperatively. In this report, we present three cases of isolated unilateral mandible fractures, in which IMF screws were used and resulted in propagation of a second fracture on the contralateral side, at the site where IMF screws were placed during the surgery. The use of IMF screws has many advantages with an overall low risk of morbidity, however, there are potential complications that must be recognized.
Cryptococcal Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: a Paradoxical Response to a Complex Organism

To describe the host-pathogen factors that impact the management of cryptococcal meningitis (CM) in immunosuppressed patients that lead to the development of cryptococcal immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (C-IRIS). The pre-screening of HIV-infected patients in resource-poor countries with the lateral flow cryptococcal antigen assay could prevent C-IRIS. Delaying ART by 4 weeks is associated with improved survival and recommended by guidelines; this approach remains controversial in wealthier areas as there is limited data. A 5-flucytosine-based combination regimen and avoidance of corticosteroids on initial treatment improve cryptococcus clearance from cerebrospinal fluid. New monoclonal antibodies and kinase inhibitors that alter the immune system, such as ibrutinib and ruxolitinib, have been associated with cryptococcosis. It is important to recognize that restoration of the immune system, regardless of the host, can lead to C-IRIS. Prevention of C-IRIS by pre-screening patients, delaying antiretroviral therapy, and using a 5-flucytosine backbone regimen are important in the management of meningitis. C-IRIS management requires the exclusion of therapeutic failure or antifungal resistance. Further research is needed on whether delaying antiretroviral therapy by 4 weeks is necessary in wealthier countries to improve C-IRIS outcomes, and whether C-IRIS can be seen with new immunologic agents.
On projections inL 1 andL

Let (X n ) be an increasing sequence ofn-dimensional subspaces inL∞. LetP n be a sequence of projections fromL1 orLt8 ontoX n , written in the integral form(p n f)(t)=∫K n (s,t)f(s)ds. We prove that if ∥K n −Kn−1∥∞<0(logn), then sup∥p n ∥=∞. This theorem extends some results of Olevskii [3] and Kwapien and Szarek [2].
Efficient Execution of Dynamic Programming Algorithms on Apache Spark

One of the most important properties of distributed computing systems (e.g., Apache Spark, Apache Hadoop, etc) on clusters and computation clouds is the ability to scale out by adding more compute nodes to the cluster. This important feature can lead to performance gain provided the computation (or the algorithm) itself can scale out. In other words, the computation (or the algorithm) should be easily decomposable into smaller units of work to be distributed among the workers based on the hardware/software configuration of the cluster or the cloud. Additionally, on such clusters, there is an important trade-off between communication cost, parallelism, and memory requirement. Due to the scalability need as well as this trade-off, it is crucial to have a well-decomposable, adaptive, tunable, and scalable program. Tunability enables the programmer to find an optimal point in the trade-off spectrum to execute the program efficiently on a specific cluster. We design and implement well-decomposable and tunable dynamic programming algorithms from the Gaussian Elimination Paradigm (GEP), such as Floyd-Warshall's all-pairs shortest path and Gaussian elimination without pivoting, for execution on Apache Spark. Our implementations are based on parametric multi-way recursive divide-&-conquer algorithms. We explain how to map implementations of those grid-based parallel algorithms to the Spark framework. Finally, we provide experimental results illustrating the performance, scalability, and portability of our Spark programs. We show that offloading the computation to an OpenMP environment (by running parallel recursive kernels) within Spark is at least partially responsible for a $2-5\times$ speedup of the DP benchmarks.
Dynamic Stochastic Blockmodel Regression for Network Data: Application to International Militarized Conflicts

A primary goal of social science research is to understand how latent group memberships predict the dynamic process of network evolution. In the modeling of international conflicts, for example, scholars hypothesize that membership in geopolitical coalitions shapes the decision to engage in militarized conflict. Such theories explain the ways in which nodal and dyadic characteristics affect the evolution of relational ties over time via their effects on group memberships. To aid the empirical testing of these arguments, we develop a dynamic model of network data by combining a hidden Markov model with a mixed-membership stochastic blockmodel that identifies latent groups underlying the network structure. Unlike existing models, we incorporate covariates that predict node membership in latent groups as well as the direct formation of edges between dyads. While prior substantive research often assumes the decision to engage in militarized conflict is independent across states and static over time, we demonstrate that conflict patterns are driven by states' evolving membership in geopolitical blocs. Changes in monadic covariates like democracy shift states between coalitions, generating heterogeneous effects on conflict over time and across states. The proposed methodology, which relies on a variational approximation to a collapsed posterior distribution as well as stochastic optimization for scalability, is implemented through an open-source software package.
Modeling and evaluation of cyber-attacks on grid-interactive efficient buildings

Abstract Grid-interactive efficient buildings (GEBs) are not only exposed to passive threats (e.g., physical faults) but also active threats such as cyber-attacks launched on the network-based control systems. The impact of cyber-attacks on GEB operation are not yet fully understood, especially as regards the performance of grid services. To quantify the consequences of cyber-attacks on GEBs, this paper proposes a modeling and simulation framework that includes different cyber-attack models and key performance indexes to quantify the performance of GEB operation under cyber-attacks. The framework is numerically demonstrated to model and evaluate cyber-attacks such as data intrusion attacks and Denial-of-Service attacks on a typical medium-sized office building that uses the BACnet/IP protocol for communication networks. Simulation results show that, while different types of attacks could compromise the building systems to different extents, attacks via the remote control of a chiller yield the most significant consequences on a building system’s operation, including both the building service and the grid service. It is also noted that a cyber-attack impacts the building systems during the attack period as well as the post-attack period, which suggests that both periods should be considered to fully evaluate the consequences of a cyber-attack.
Fully Decentralized Planner-Guided Robot Swarm Demonstration

Robot swarms hold great potential for accomplishing missions in a robust, scalable, and flexible manner. However, determining what low-level agent behavior to implement in order to meet high-level objectives is an unsolved inverse problem. Building on previous work on partially-centralized planner-guided robot swarms, we present an approach that achieves total decentralization of executive and deliberator functions, adds robustness and performance optimization through dynamic task switching, and employs agent-initiated superrational planning to coordinate agent activity while responding to changes in the environment. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique with three swarm robotics scenarios.
Facile and Efficient Preparation of Tri-component Fluorescent Glycopolymers via RAFT-controlled Polymerization

Synthetic glycopolymers are instrumental and versatile tools used in various biochemical and biomedical research fields. An example of a facile and efficient synthesis of well-controlled fluorescent statistical glycopolymers using reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT)-based polymerization is demonstrated. The synthesis starts with the preparation of β-galactose-containing glycomonomer 2-lactobionamidoethyl methacrylamide obtained by reaction of lactobionolactone and N-(2-aminoethyl) methacrylamide (AEMA). 2-Gluconamidoethyl methacrylamide (GAEMA) is used as a structural analog lacking a terminal β-galactoside. The following RAFT-mediated copolymerization reaction involves three different monomers: N-(2-hydroxyethyl) acrylamide as spacer, AEMA as target for further fluorescence labeling, and the glycomonomers. Tolerant of aqueous systems, the RAFT agent used in the reaction is (4-cyanopentanoic acid)-4-dithiobenzoate. Low dispersities (≤1.32), predictable copolymer compositions, and high reproducibility of the polymerizations were observed among the products. Fluorescent polymers are obtained by modifying the glycopolymers with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester targeting the primary amine functional groups on AEMA. Lectin-binding specificities of the resulting glycopolymers are verified by testing with corresponding agarose beads coated with specific glycoepitope recognizing lectins. Because of the ease of the synthesis, the tight control of the product compositions and the good reproducibility of the reaction, this protocol can be translated towards preparation of other RAFT-based glycopolymers with specific structures and compositions, as desired.
Localization and Properties of Hydroxypyruvate and Glyoxylate Reductases in Spinach Leaf Particles

A NADH-hydroxypyruvate reductase was located in peroxisomes isolated from spinach leaves. The enzyme was precipitated by between 15 to 23 g of (NH4)2SO4 per 100 ml and had a pH optimum at 6.4. It was also active with NADPH at a pH optimum of 5.1, and the NADH:NADPH ratio of maximum activity was about 13:1. The reductase with either NADH or NADPH was about 4.3-fold more active with hydroxypyruvate than with glyoxylate. Through separation of proteins by electrofocusing, by Sephadex G200 column chromatography, and by starch gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it was shown that a single peroxisomal protein catalyzed these reactions. The enzymic activity with NADH was not significantly affected by salts, except for nitrate, which was inhibitory. Activity with NADPH was inhibited by salts. A NADPH-glyoxylate reductase was located in the chloroplasts, which were separated from other particles by isopycnic sucrose density gradient centrifugation. It reduced glyoxylate 16-fold faster than hydroxypyruvate and was highly specific for NADPH. The enzyme was precipitated by between 30 to 45 g of (NH4)2SO4 per 100 ml and had a pH optimum of 6.2. Maximum activity per g of tissue of the chloroplast reductase, as measured with NADPH and glyoxylate, was about 1/20 that of the peroxisomal enzyme measured with NADH and hydroxypyruvate. Peroxisomes may function for disposal of excess reducing equivalents from photosynthesis via a glycolate-glyoxylate shuttle. Excess NADPH formed in the chloroplasts is consumed in the reduction of glyoxylate to glycolate, which is then oxidized in the peroxisome. Glyoxylate may return to the chloroplast to complete the cycle or be further metabolized in the peroxisomes. The peroxisomal reductase functions in this latter process for the reduction of hydroxypyruvate to glycerate.
Babesiosis of humans

1 Introduction and Classification 2 Structure and Life Cycle 3 Clinical Aspects 4 Diagnosis 5 Epidemiology and Control 6 Chemotherapy Keywords: sarcocystis; endopolygeny; equine protozoal encephalomyelitis (EPM); isospora hominis; muscular sarcocystosis; polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques; Isospora belli; encephalomyelitis
Plant proteolytic enzymes: possible roles during programmed cell death

Proteolytic enzymes are known to be associated with developmentally programmed cell death during organ senescence and tracheary element differentiation. Recent evidence also links proteinases with some types of pathogen- and stress-induced cell suicide. The precise roles of proteinases in these and other plant programmed cell death processes are not understood, however. To provide a framework for consideration of the importance of proteinases during plant cell suicide, characteristics of the best-known proteinases from plants including subtilisin-type and papain-type enzymes, phytepsins, metalloproteinases and the 26S proteasome are summarized. Examples of serine, cysteine, aspartic, metallo- and threonine proteinases linked to animal programmed cell death are cited and the potential for plant proteinases to act as mediators of signal transduction and as effectors of programmed cell death is discussed.
A delay line loop for frequency synthesis of de-skewed clock

For microprocessors operating at 50 MHz or more, it is important to generate the internal clock (CLK) signal with minimal skew relative to the system clock, XCLK. In addition, speed improvements of silicon technology enable internal microprocessor clocking at a faster rate than the external bus. In this paper a fully-integrated delay line loop (DLL) clock generator circuit is used to perform frequency synthesis multiplication by N(f/sub CLK/=N/spl middot/f/sub XCLK/) of a de-skewed 50% duty-cycle CLK. The DLL offers mostly-digital implementation of an analog function with robustness and simplicity. The first version of the DLL was fully integrated on a RISC microprocessor chip and, later, on a cache-controller chip. >
Device level 3-dimensional ICs: Membrane projection lithography for advanced manufacturing

Membrane projection lithography (MPL) is proposed as a method for creation of 3-dimensional integrated circuits at the device level as opposed to stacking 2-D die. In MPL, standard semiconductor fabrication processes and equipment are used in a novel sequence of processing steps to create 3 dimensional micrometer-scale structures. Generalization of MPL from strictly deposition to ion implantation and dry etching, combined with blanket processes such as CVD deposition and oxidation, provide all the necessary ingredients for fabrication of integrated circuit devices in all three coordinate axes in high topography silicon.
Biological activity of the vitamin D metabolite 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in chickens and rats.

The biological activity of the vitamin DÂ»metabolite 1,25-dihydroxy cholee alcif eroi was assessed in three experiments in the chick and two experiments in the rachide rat. In the official rat line test 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol was found to be equally as active as an equivalent dose of cholecalciferol. Doses of 20 to 250 pmoles (0.01 to 0.10 Mg) of l,25-dihydroxy-[26,27-sH] cholecalciferol or standard amounts of cholecalciferol were fed daily to White Leghorn cockerels for 3 weeks after hatching. The following vitamin D-related responses were measured: a) the rate of growth; b) intestinal transport of test doses of "Cas+ in vivo and c) in vitro; d) percentage bone ash; e) serum calcium elevation. For each of these assays the 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol was judged to be "much more active" a) "more active" (b,d), and "as active" (c,e), as the parent cholecalciferol, where "much more active" is a response 2 to 4 times and "more active" is a response 1 to 2 times that obtained with an equivalent dose of cholecalciferol. In some instances (d,e), the relative increment of response mediated by 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol was greater at the low dose level (20 pmoles/day) than at a higher dose level (100 pmoles/day). The relative activity determination of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, obtained after daily administra tion, in comparison with cholecalciferol was markedly less than that previously obtained when the activity of single doses of these steroids were analyzed. A single dose of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol was 4.4 Â±1.1 (SE) [Science 171: 79 (1971)] times as effective as cholecalciferol in stimulating the intestinal absorp tion of Ca2+, and 5.5 Â±1.4 (SE) [J. Biol. Chem. 247: 5728 (1972)] times as effective as cholecalciferol in stimulating serum Caa+ elevation. These results collectively support the concept that 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is the most highly potent form of Vitamin Ds yet known. J. Nutr. 102: 1709-1718, 1972. INDEXING
Vibrational dynamics of SCCl2 from the zero point to the first dissociation limit

Over one thousand ← vibronic transitions of the SC35Cl2 and SC35Cl37Cl isotopomers, originating from eight state vibrational levels, have been measured by dispersed fluorescence spectroscopy and stimulated emission pumping. The observed ground state vibrational energy levels involve all six vibrational modes, and have up to 28 quanta of combined excitation. The energy window extends from the fundamental vibrations to beyond the molecular dissociation limit near E/h = 600 THz. 375 ground state vibrational levels of SC35Cl2 have been assigned and fitted to an effective Hamiltonian. 35–37 chlorine isotopomer splittings are regular except for a few resonances when v1 ≥ 7 and v4 ≥ 6. Regular progressions up to 600 THz indicate the conservation of at least two good vibrational quantum numbers at the SCCl–Cl and SC–Cl2 dissociation limits. A subset of over 100 transitions up to E/h = 240 THz was used to refine a 6-D ab initio potential surface represented in bond distance coordinates. This surface, together with a previously computed state potential surface and transition dipole surface, also reproduces the spectral intensities of the ν1–ν4 polyads up to E/h = 240 THz. SCCl2 is an excellent model system for intramolecular vibrational redistribution (IVR) among skeletal vibrations ranging from isolated resonances to extensively mixed quantum states. The newly extended spectra show that half of the 6-D quantum state space remains highly structured up to the first dissociation limit near 600 THz, resulting in sub-exponential IVR dynamics except at short times.
Limited Confidentiality and the Pedophile

There are other ethical and legal dilemmas inherent in balancing a pedophile's right to limited confidentiality with society's right to protect its children. For example, we need to further consider the implications of a therapist's duty to disclose patient records if a case does ever reach court (12). We also need to examine our new awareness of young children who have been abused and then proceed to abuse others while they are still children. Should these abusreactive children be assessed as dangerous to other children, and should we then report them and warn all of their peers? As Mr. S's case illustrates, there are no simple solutions. But it is hoped that clinicians will continue to recognize their own rights and responsibilities while they seek to protect their position as effective therapists, a position that must be fortified if we are to protect our patients and our society's children.
University of Maryland/ConQuest: description of the ICTOAN system as used for MUC-4

The ICTOAN system is a natural language processing system developed jointly by ConQuest, Inc. and the University of Maryland Baltimore County. The system was written from scratch during the first five months of 1992 using an estimated eight person-months of labor. The template generation routines were reused from our MUC-3 system [1], providing leverage of perhaps one person-month. Adaptation of software designed for the ConQuest text retrieval system provided leverage of another six person-months.
Bacteriological implications in the pathogenesis of secondary aortoenteric fistulas

The role of bacterial infection in the pathogenesis of aorto-enteric fistula was examined by a collective review of the clinical features and bacteriology in 213 patients. The most common presentation, gastrointestinal bleeding, occurred in 49 per cent of patients, although 32 per cent had systemic or local signs of infection as a presenting symptom. Results of intraoperative cultures were available in 115 patients, 33 of whom had two or more isolates. The predominant organisms were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, group D Streptococcus and Bacteroides spp. The Gram-positive aerobic cocci predominated in fistulas developing within the first postoperative year which is compatible with a primary infection due to intraoperative contamination with skin flora. The Enterobacteriaceae and anaerobes showed no predilection for early or late occurring fistulas, suggesting that infection in these patients may be secondary to mechanical erosion of the graft through the adjacent duodenum. In either event, the likelihood that the aorto-enteric fistula is complicated by prosthetic infection should be seriously considered by the surgeon in planning the operative procedure.
Inhibition of vasoconstrictor responses by 6-keto-PGE1 in the feline mesenteric vascular bed

The effects of 6-keto-PGE1 on vascular resistance and vascular responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation and vasoconstrictor hormones were investigated in the feline mesenteric vascular bed. Infusions of 6-keto-PGE1 into the superior mesenteric artery dilated the mesenteric vascular bed and markedly inhibited vasoconstrictor responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation, norepinephrine and angiotensin II. The effects of 6-keto-PGE1 and PGE1 on vascular resistance and vasoconstrictor responses were quite similar and both substances inhibited responses to nerve stimulation and pressor hormones in a reversible manner. Responses to nerve stimulation, norepinephrine and angiotensin II were inhibited to a similar extent during infusion of 6-keto-PGE1 and PGE1. Results of these studies suggest that 6-keto-PGE1, a newly identified prostaglandin metabolite, and PGE1 possess the ability to inhibit the vasoconstrictor effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation and pressor hormones by a non-specific action on vascular smooth muscle in the feline small intestine.
KARYOTYPE ANALYSIS OF SOME SARCANTHINE ORCHIDS

SHINDO, K., and H. KAMEMOTO. (U. Hawaii, Honolulu.) Karyotype analysis of some sarcanthine orchids. Amer. Jour. Bot. 50(1): 73-79. Illus. 1963.-Karyotypes were analyzed for 11 species in 10 genera of the sub-tribe Sarcanthinae (Orchidaceae). These were Luisia teres, Vanda teres, Renanthera monachica, Arachnis flos-aeris, Aerides odoratum, Vanda lamellata, Neofinetia falcata, Ascocentrum curvifolium, Phalaenopsis sanderiana, Trichoglottis philippinensis and Angraecum eburneum. The chromosome number of all plants investigated was uniformly 2n = 38, but differences were observed for chromosome size and morphology. The chromosomes of Vanda teres and Luisia teres were among the largest and could be easily distinguished from those of Phalaenopsis sanderiana which were the smallest. Also, the karyotypes of Vanda teres and Luisia teres were the most asymmetrical with the greatest number of chromosomes with subterminal centromeres, while Trichoglottis philippinensis exhibited the most symmetrical karyotype. The significance of similarities and differences of karyotypes in relation to taxonomy and evolution in the Sarcanthinae was briefly discussed.
Recent Trends in Microbiological Safety of Fruits and Vegetables

No single strategy will be successful in eliminating contamination of fresh produce and seed by human pathogenic bacteria, but a multi-pronged approach may reduce the risks of outbreaks. An integra...
The effect of vigorous treadmill exercise on plasma lipoproteins and hepatic lipoprotein production in Zucker rats

Chronic exercise has been shown to alter plasma lipids in man and animals, but the mechanism(s) responsible for this phenomenon have not been clarified. In the present study we have examined the role of the liver in the production of lipoproteins following an intensive exercise regimen in lean and obese Zucker rats. Four-week-old lean and obese male Zucker rats were subjected to a vigorous exercise regimen of running on a motor-driven treadmill for 10 weeks. Hepatic lipoprotein cholesterol production was then assessed using liver perfusion techniques. Plasma cholesterol concentration was significantly lower in both lean and obese runners versus appropriate non-exercised controls. This decrease was due to a decline in both chylomicron and HDL cholesterol. Exercise had no affect on plasma VLDL and LDL cholesterol concentrations. Hepatic VLDL cholesterol production was elevated in obese rats versus lean rats and was not affected by exercise in runners of either phenotype. Hepatic HDL cholesterol production was higher in lean runners but was unchanged in obese runners. Plasma triglyceride was reduced by 50% in exercised obese rats. In summary, intense exercise decreased plasma triglyceride, cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol concentrations in lean and obese Zucker rats. Since hepatic HDL cholesterol production was increased and hepatic VLDL cholesterol production was unaffected by exercise, the changes in plasma lipid levels observed following exercise appear to be mediated by extrahepatic mechanisms.
Analytical Evaluation of Multi-Criteria Heuristics

This paper considers the problem of evaluating the solution quality of multi-criteria heuristics. By assuming an additive multi-attribute value structure, efficient and heuristic solutions can be translated into value measures that depend only on the relative importance assigned to the criteria of interest. Approximation errors are then defined as the value penalty incurred by approximating an efficient solution with its heuristic alternative. Results are derived which can be used to eliminate solutions that cannot represent the best available alternative among the set of efficient and heuristic solutions. For the bicriterion case, a polynomial algorithm for determining the mean and maximum relative heuristic error for a given problem instance is presented. For more general multi-criteria problems, the maximum relative approximation error can be determined by solving a series of linear programming problems.
Preferential site-dependent cleavage by restriction endonuclease PstI

The four identical recognition sites for the restriction endonuclease PstI in purified plasmid pSM1 DNA I are cleaved at markedly different rates. The order and relative frequencies of cleavage at these four PstI sites have been determined from the order of appearance of partial cleavage products and from an analysis of production of specific unit length linear molecules. The same pattern of preferential cleavage is also found when linear, nicked circular, or relaxed closed circular forms of the same plasmid DNa are used as substrates for PstI. Inspection of the nucleotide sequences immediately adjoining each of the PstI sites suggests that the presence of adjacent runs of G-C base pairs confers significant resistance to cleavage.
New bridge systems using FRP composites and concrete: a state-of-the-art review

Substantial progress has been made in the past 25 years in the area of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites as viable structural materials in bridge construction. The technologies developed to date have moved rapidly from their initial stage of concept validation, into full-scale prototype construction and field implementations. They have been used either on their own in bridge applications or being combined with other conventional structural materials such as concrete, to provide economical solutions to many critical bridge problems such as deficiency. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of these developments on typical bridge components (i.e. decks and girders) as well as bridge systems that have been available from the early 1980s to the beginning of 2006.
Structural relationships between the T and O phases in Ti-24Al-11Nb

TEM and electron diffraction are presently used to characterize the structural relationships between the ordered tetragonal (T) and ordered orthorhombic (O) phases of a rapidly solidified Ti-24Al-11Nb alloy. It is established that the transition from the T to the O phase is explainable in terms of a shape-deformation mechanism, and that the T/O interface (habit) plane approximates -2 2 3 sub T. Attention is given to the orientation relationships between the two phases.
Differential effects of cytotactin/tenascin fusion proteins on intracellular pH and cell morphology

Cytotactin/tenascin is a multidomain extracellular matrix protein that inhibits both cell spreading and intracellular alkalinization. The protein has multiple different domains which are homologous to regions in epidermal growth factor, fibronectin, and fibrinogen. In previous studies, we produced nonoverlapping fusion proteins corresponding to these domains and examined their effects on cell attachment and spreading. Based on their ability either to promote or to inhibit cell attachment, two of these fusion proteins were shown to be adhesive and two were shown to be counteradhesive. To determine how the adhesive and counteradhesive activities of different cytotactin/tenascin domains alter intracellular pH (designated pHi), we have measured pHi in NIH3T3 and U251MG cells in the presence of the cytotactin/tenascin fusion proteins and intact cytototactin/tenascin, as well as fibronectin. Cells incubated in the presence of intact cytotactin/tenascin or of the counteradhesive fusion proteins had a pHi lower than control cells. In contrast, the presence of the adhesive fusion proteins or of fibronectin caused cells to have higher pHi values than control cells. When two fragments were simultaneously presented, one of which alone increased pHi and the other of which alone decreased pHi, the predominant effect was that of lowered pHi. Incubation with an RGD-containing peptide derived from the cytotactin/tenascin sequence inhibited alkalinization promoted by the adhesive fragment containing the second through sixth fibronectin type III repeats that was known to bind to integrins. Incubation of the cells with heparinase I or III inhibited the intracellular alkalinization of cells plated in the presence of the other adhesive fusion protein containing the fibrinogen domain, suggesting that heparan sulfate proteoglycans were involved in these pHi changes. The activity of protein kinase C appeared to be important for the changes in pHi mediated by all of the proteins. The protein kinase C inhibitor Calphostin C blocked the rise in pHi elicited by the adhesive fusion proteins and by fibronectin. Moreover, activation of protein kinase C by the addition of phorbol esters increased the pHi in cells plated on cytotactin/tenascin or counteradhesive fusion proteins and reversed their effects. The results of this study support the hypothesis that cytotactin/tenascin can bind to multiple cell surface receptors and thereby elicit different physiological responses. Decreases in pHi are correlated with the phenomenon of counteradhesion whereas the ability to increase pHi is associated with cell attachment via at least two different types of cell surface receptors. The data raise the possibility that binding of cytotactin/tenascin may influence primary cellular processes such as migration and proliferation through the differential regulation of pHi. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.