cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF CRUDE OIL TO 400°C AND 2,000 BARS PRESSURE IN THE PRESENCE OF GAS*

This study reports aqueous solubilities of crude oil distillation fractions over the carbon number range C1-C34 as a function of: temperature (100° to 400°C), pressure (100 to 2,000 bars), NaCl concentration, and gas in solution (N2, C02, CH4). Experimental parameters were designed so that conditions within a petroleum basin would be duplicated. Increases in temperature increased crude oil solubility, and the higher molecular weight species were affected more positively than lower molecular weight species. Increases in pressure or salinity decreased solubility. The presence of gas in solution increased the solubility of high molecular weight hydrocarbons (>C24) over all temperatures, and increased the solubility of lower molecular weight hydrocarbons at high temperatures (>180-260°C). Gas decreased the solubility of low molecular weight hydrocarbons at low temperatures.
Sexual dimorphism and bilateral asymmetry of syrinx and vocal tract in the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris)

Sexually dimorphic vocal behavior in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) is associated with a 100% larger syrinx in males and other morphological adapta- tions of the sound source. The songbird syrinx consists of two independent sound sources, whose specialization for different spectral ranges may be reflected in morphological properties, but the morphology of labia and syringeal skel- eton have not been investigated for lateralized specializa- tions. Similarly, little is known whether the morphology of the songbird vocal tract reflects differences in vocal behav- ior. Here, we tested the hypothesis that different vocal behavior and specialization is reflected in the morphology. We investigated syringeal and upper vocal tract morphol- ogy of male and female European starlings (Sturnus vulga- ris). Female starlings exhibit smaller vocal repertoires and sing at lower rates than males. In males, the left syrinx produces mostly low frequencies, while the right one is used for higher notes. Macroscopic and histological techni- ques were used to record nineteen measurements from the syrinx and the vocal tract which were tested for sexual dif- ferences in syrinx and vocal tract and for lateral asymme- try within the syrinx. Sexually dimorphic vocal behavior is reflected in the morphology of the starling syrinx. Males have a larger syrinx with the size difference attributable to increased muscle mass and three enlarged elements of the syringeal skeleton. The upper vocal tract, however, does not differ between males and females. Distinct later- alization was found in two elements of the syringeal skele- ton of females, and the labia in the left syrinx are larger than those on the right in both sexes. The sexual dimor- phism of the syringeal size is smaller in starlings (35%) than in zebra finches (100%), which is consistent with the different vocal behavior of females in both species. The morphological differences between the two sound sources are discussed in relation to their vocal performance. J. Morphol. 272:1527-1536, 2011. 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expression of a bacterial ice nucleation gene in a yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its possible application in food freezing processes.

A 3.6 kb ice nucleation gene (ina) isolated from Erwinia herbicola was placed under control of the galactose-inducible promoter (GAL1) and introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast transformants showed increased ice nucleation activity over untransformed controls. The freezing temperature of a small volume of water droplets containing yeast cells was increased from approximately −13 °C in the untransformed controls to −6 °C in ina-expressing (Ina+) transformants. Lower temperature growth of Ina+ yeast at temperatures below 25 °C was required for the expression of ice nucleation activity. Shift of temperature to 5−20 °C could induce the ice nucleation activity of Ina+ yeast when grown at 25 °C, and maximum ice nucleation activity was achieved after induction at 5 °C for ∼12 h. The effects of Ina+ yeast on freezing and texturization of several food materials was also demonstrated. Keywords: Nucleation; activity; transformants; yeast; cells
Librarian instruction-delivery modality preferences for professional continuing education

Objectives: Attending professional continuing education (CE) is an important component of librarianship. This research study identified librarians' preferences in delivery modalities of instruction for professional CE. The study also identified influential factors associated with attending CE classes. Methods: Five instruction-delivery modalities and six influential factors were identified for inclusion in an online survey. The survey completed by members of the American Library Association (ALA), Special Libraries Association (SLA), and Medical Library Association (MLA) provided the data for analysis of librarian preferences and influential factors. Results: The majority of respondents were MLA members, followed by ALA and SLA members. Librarians from all three library associations preferred the face-to-face instructional modality. The most influential factor associated with the decision to attend a professional CE class was cost. Conclusions: All five instruction-delivery modalities present useful structures for imparting professional CE. As librarians' experience with different modalities increases and as technology improves, preferences in instruction delivery may shift. But at present, face-to-face remains the most preferred modality. Based on the results of this study, cost was the most influential factor associated with attending a CE class. This may change as additional influential factors are identified and analyzed in future studies.
Historical patterns of metal atmospheric deposition to the epilithic lichen Xanthoparmelia in Maricopa County, Arizona, U.S.A.

Temporal patterns (1974 to 1998) of atmospheric deposition of 6 metals to an epilithic lichen were assessed using a spatial grid of 6 (of 28) field sites throughout Maricopa County, Arizona, USA. The lichen material was cleaned, wet digested and analyzed by ICP-MS for a suite of elements: (cadmium [Cd], copper [Cu], lead [Pb], platinum [Pt], tin [Sn], and zinc [Zn]). Copper, lead and tin have all exhibited declines at some sites; whereas zinc and platinum have increased at most sites. Causes of the temporal patterns are inferred to be related to closure of a copper smelter, change in gasoline type (now unleaded), dramatic increases in traffic volume, rapid development of the urban area and expansion of the Phoenix industrial base.
Scintillation in pilot 425 and UVT Lucite

Abstract Scintillation light was observed in Pilot 425 and UVT (ultra- violet transmitting) Lucite using slow protons below Cherenkov threshold. The light outputs relative to Pilot B scintillator were measured. Combined with high energy Cherenkov data, we find that the ratio of Cherenkov light to scintillation light is 11 1 for Pilot 425 and 80 1 for UVT Lucite for minimum ionizing particles.
Adaptive management of coastal ecosystem restoration projects

Abstract There is a clear need to apply better and more effective management schemes to coastal ecosystem restoration projects. It is very common for aquatic ecosystem restoration projects not to meet their goals. Poor performance has led to a high degree of uncertainty about the potential success of any restoration effort. Under adaptive management, the knowledge gained through monitoring of the project and social policies is translated into restoration policy and program redesign. Planners and managers can utilize the information from the monitoring programs in an effective way to assure that project goals are met or that informed and objective decisions are made to address both ecological and societal needs. The three main ingredients of an effective adaptive management plan in a restoration project are: (1) a clear goal statement; (2) a conceptual model; and (3) a decision framework. The goal ‘drives’ the design of the project and helps guide the development of performance criteria. The goal statement and performance criteria provide the means by which the system can be judged. With the conceptual model, the knowledge base from the field of ecological science plays an active and critical role in designing the project to meet the goal. A system-development matrix provides a simple decision framework to view the alternative states for the system during development, incorporate knowledge gained through the monitoring program, and formulate a decision on actions to take if the system is not meeting its goal.
Scalable patients tracking framework for mass casualty incidents

We introduce a system that tracks patients in a Mass Casualty Incident (MCI) using active RFID triage tags and mobile anchor points (DM-tracks) carried by the paramedics. The system does not involve any fixed deployment of the localization devices while maintaining a low cost triage tag. The localization accuracy is comparable to GPS systems without incurring the cost of providing a GPS based device to every patient in the disaster scene.
Herpes simplex virus as an in situ cancer vaccine for the induction of specific anti-tumor immunity.

The success of cancer gene therapy is likely to require the targeting of multiple antitumor mechanisms. One strategy involves the use of attenuated, replication-competent virus vectors, such as herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) mutant G207, which is able to replicate in human tumor cells with resultant cell death and tumor growth inhibition, yet is nonpathogenic in normal tissue. In this study, we demonstrate that infection of established tumors with G207 also induces a highly specific systemic anti-tumor immune response. In a syngeneic, bilateral established subcutaneous tumor model, with mouse CT26 colorectal carcinoma cells in BALB/c mice or M3 melanoma cells in DBA/2 mice, unilateral intratumoral inoculation with G207 caused a significant reduction in the growth of both the inoculated and contralateral noninoculated tumors. This elicited anti-tumor response is dependent on viral infection of the tumor, as intradermal inoculation of G207 in BALB/c mice had no effect on CT26 tumor growth. Treatment of...
Links among segmenting, spelling, and reading words in first and second Grades

Twenty first graders and twenty second graders were examined on skills in segmenting, reading, and spelling 50 words with regular and exceptional spelling patterns. By using the same words for each task, it was possible to assess the interrelationships among these skills on a word by word, child by child basis. A multivariate analysis of variance was conducted on difference scores among segmentation, reading, and spelling. Generally, differences favored segmentation and were maximized when final sounds were deleted and minimized when medial sounds were deleted. In addition, graphical analyses showed a greater probability of correct reading and spelling given correct segmentation than incorrect segmentation. Results were interpreted to support a computational notion of phonology as a prerequisite to reading and spelling, with a more reflective notion explaining the reciprocal relation between reading and segmentation of consonant blends and medial sounds.
Correlations between the superconducting transition temperatures and the in-plane copper-oxygen bond lengths in the copper-oxide superconductors

Abstract Examination of the superconducting temperatures T c and the in-plane Cu-O bond lengths r CuO of the Tl- and Bi-based copper-oxide superconductors reveals the T c vs. r CuO characteristics similar to those found for La 2− x Sr x CuO 4 . The T c vs. r CuO correlations are grouped into three major classes according to the size of the cations occupying the 9-coordination sites. The available data strongly suggest that two major classes comprising multi-CuO 2 layer phases are each made up of subclasses of T c vs. r CuO correlations distinguished by the number of CuO 2 layers in a formula unit. In each class or subclass of T c vs. r CuO correlations, there exists an optimum Cu-O distance (i.e., r opt ) for which T c is maximum so that shortening r CuO increases T c for r CuO > r opt , but decreases T c for r CuO r opt . These observations and their implications are examined in terms of the overlap populations of the in-plane Cu-O bonds calculated as a function of the number of electrons in the x 2 − y 2 bands of the CuO 2 layers. Several experimental results are discussed on the basis of the T c vs. r CuO correlations.
Recent progress in senescence-associated gut mucosal immunity.

The immune response in gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) is altered in the aging process. Senescence-induced quantitative decline and qualitative changes of GALT T and B cells and their subpopula
Diagnosis of venous angiosarcoma by FDG PET/CT.

Abstract: A 56-year-old man with diffuse large cell lymphoma underwent posttherapy F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT). A new focus of intense uptake was detected in contact with the left external iliac vein. This was biopsied and diagnosed as an angiosarcoma of the external iliac vein.
Major pulmonary artery stenosis causing pulmonary hypertension in sarcoidosis.

A chest bruit and evidence of pulmonary hypertension developed in a woman with sarcoidosis. A perfusion lung scan revealed decreased perfusion to the right upper lobe and to the entire left lung, while a ventilation scan was normal. Pulmonary angiography demonstrated multiple bilateral concentric pulmonary artery stenoses most consistent with extrinsic compression by mediastinal granulomatous inflammation and fibrosis. The patient was treated with systemic corticosteroids for one year without improvement Major pulmonary artery stenosis should be considered in patients with sarcoidosis who developed pulmonary hypertension and are found to have lung scans showing segmental perfusion defects in normally ventilated areas or who develop an unexplained chest bruit.
Homogenization theory for a replenishing passive scalar field

Homogenization theory provides a rigorous framework for calculating the effective diffusivity of a decaying passive scalar field in a turbulent or complex flow. The authors extend this framework to the case where the passive scalar fluctuations are continuously replenished by a source (and/or sink). The basic structure of the homogenized equations carries over, but in some cases the homogenized source can involve a non-trivial coupling of the velocity field and the source. The authors derive expressions for the homogenized source term for various multiscale source structures and interpret them physically.
Building an Asset-Based Bridge to Higher Education: The American Savings for Personal Investment, Retirement, and Education Act of 2010

Over the last two decades, social research has identified various socioeconomic and psychological effects of asset holding on educational outcomes. Based on empirical studies, a structured savings program, Child Development Accounts (CDAs), was proposed as a promising financial aid strategy. Subsequently, the American Savings for Personal Investment, Retirement, and Education (ASPIRE) Act was developed as a representative asset-building policy that proposes universal CDAs. This article presents the limitations of current financial aids and discusses how the ASPIRE Act could be a novel policy solution for raising college accessibility for low-income children.
Environmental Impacts of Chemicals for Snow and Ice Control: State of the Knowledge

As chemicals are widely used for snow and ice control of highway and airfield pavements or aircrafts, recent years have seen increased concerns over their potentially detrimental effects on the surrounding environment. The abrasives used for winter operations on pavements are also a cause of environmental concerns. After some background information, this paper presents a review of the environmental impacts of chemicals used for snow and ice control, including those on: surface, ground, and drinking waters; soil; flora; and fauna. The paper provides a state-of-the-art survey of published work (with a focus on those in the last two decades) and examines mainly the impacts of abrasives, chlorides, acetates and formates, urea, glycols, and agro-based deicers. Finally, we conclude with a brief discussion of public perception of such impacts and best management practices (BMPs) to mitigate them.
An approach to the understanding of radiation chemistry in the condensed phase

Abstract This paper describes a purely electronic mechanism by which ≈ 20 eV excitations in condensed phases relax to lower energy states. The mechanism utilizes an “energy fission” process whereby an ionic or excitonic state splits into two lower energy states, at least one being localized. The mechanism explains not only the known rapidity of such processes but also suggests an explanation for the proportionation of the chemistry between ionic and electronically excited states.
A Computational Tool for Estimating Off-Target Application Areas in Agricultural Fields

A computational method for estimating off-target application areas based on the machine-controlled section width and the field shape was developed and implemented in software with a graphical user interface written in the MatLab environment. The program, which is called the Field Coverage Analysis Tool (FieldCAT), includes three modules: data import, data preparation, and coverage analysis. Nine field boundaries were evaluated to test the software using controlled section widths from 0.5 to 27 m and various swath orientations. The estimated off-target application area from the widest section width varied from 9% to 24% depending on the shape and size of the field boundary and was reduced to less than 1% with the smallest section width. The simulated results were also compared to actual field data from 25 different fields. The FieldCAT software tool was able to provide reliable quantitative estimates of the off-target application of inputs that would occur because of limited resolution of the machine-controlled section width and the path orientation in different field shapes.
Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan – By Tsuyoshi Hasegawa

This book is a well‐researched and provocative analysis of a fascinating yet neglected aspect of World War II: the American public's conventional assumption is that Japan surrendered to the Allies ...
Preventing youth violence through the promotion of community engagement and membership

Youth policy in the United States reflects the public assumption that adolescence is a time of storm and stress and that youth are therefore in need of protection and control from their communities. These and other beliefs about youth distance adults from youth in their communities and, equally important, distract attention and debate from the full range of policy responses available to address youth violence. The purpose of this policy analysis is to explore youth engagement in community decision-making as a public response to violence. A broad body of research indicates that youth engagement reduces the likelihood of interpersonal violence and delinquency, while concurrently promoting community membership and the development of positive youth competencies and emotional well being. Given that youth engagement is a viable policy option, the challenge will be to integrate youth into their communities as contributing citizens rather than regard them as objects of concern. Towards that end, the analysis offers six policy directions. Language: en
Electrochemical cell design and experimental procedures for measuring electrode reaction kinetics at low and variable temperatures

An electrochemical cell is described for measuring electrode reaction kinetics at low and variable temperatures in nonaqueous solvents. The cell contains a working electrode of conventional size (at which the standard heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant is determined by cyclic voltammetry) and a microelectrode (at which the diffusion coefficient is measured by steady-state microelectrode voltammetry). Uncompensated solution resistance is minimized by a combination of close placement of the reference electrode salt bridge tip and the working electrode surface and instrumental positive feedback. Cell performance is evaluated by an examination of ferrocene oxidation and manganese(III) (tetraphenylporphyrin) chloride reduction at temperatures between 229 and 298 K. Comparison of the responses from these reversible and quasi-reversible redox couples in the same solution demonstrates that the effects of uncompensated solution resistance are absent from the experimental measurements and that increases in the cyclic voltammetric peak potential separation with sweep rate are due entirely to the kinetics of the Mn(III)/Mn(II) electrode reaction.
Traumatic arteriovenous malformation of the external carotid arterial system

Traumatic arteriovenous (AV) malformations of the face and scalp are rare lesions characterized by multiple endothelial-lined channels between the arterial and venous systems. If improperly managed they have a high propensity to recur, and may result in severe cosmetic deformity. Lesions should be delineated by arteriography unless small and localized. They are managed by complete excision and ligation of arterial feeding vessels. Five cases of traumatic AV malformation of the face and scalp and their management are reported.
Circadian variation of human lymphocytes are not responsible for contradictory or variable results in studies of IL-2 production

Abstract Efforts to correlate various immunological disorders with alterations in IL-2 production in vitro have led to highly variable and often contradictory results. One possible contributing factor to these results could be the existence of circadian variations in the capacity of lymphocytes to produce IL-2 in culture. Although there were reasons to suspect that such variations might exist, the present study revealed no significant variations in 6 of 10 normal subjects in three experiments or in the mean values for all subjects at each of three sample acquisition time. In addition, no subject exhibited circadian variations in all three experiments. Since it was possible that failure to detect variations was due to selection of an inappropriate mitogen or inappropriate culture conditions, 2 mitogens and various culture conditions were used. Circadian variations was noted for only one subject out of eight under only one set of conditions. This suggests that circadian variations are not responsible for variable or contradictory results which have been reported. Therefore, the recently reported circadian variations in T helper to T suppressor ratios do not seem to significantly affect mitogen-induced IL-2 production.
Selection of muscles for initiation of planar, three-joint arm movements with different final orientations of the hand

Muscle activities and joint rotations were examined at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints for pointing movements to targets in the horizontal plane. In such movements, multiple arm configurations are possible for a given target location. Thus, starting from the same initial configuration and for the same target location in space, the joint excursions could be varied. When no constraints were placed on the final orientation of the hand, the choice of muscles initially activated at the wrist joint was consistent with a function to resist inertial effects of proximal segment motion on the wrist joint. When subjects were asked to produce different final orientations of the hand for the same target location, the initial choice of muscles at the three joints was preserved in most trials, whether wrist flexion or extension was required to reach the final hand orientation. The relative onset times of muscle activity at the different joints were also not correlated with wrist excursion. This suggests a predetermined initial selection of muscles that is related to target location, not to joint angular excursion. The fact that the required final hand orientation was nevertheless achieved suggests that the planning of these pointing movements is not a unitary process, but is comprised of two components: a fixed initial muscle selection for a given target location in space, and a selection appropriate for the required joint excursions.
Investigation of the donor and acceptor range for chiral carboligation catalyzed by the E1 component of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex.

Abstract The potential of thiamin diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent enzymes to catalyze C C bond forming (carboligase) reactions with high enantiomeric excess has been recognized for many years. Here we report the application of the E1 component of the Escherichia coli 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex in the synthesis of chiral compounds with multiple functional groups in good yield and high enantiomeric excess, by varying both the donor substrate (different 2-oxo acids) and the acceptor substrate (glyoxylate, ethyl glyoxylate and methyl glyoxal). Major findings include the demonstration that the enzyme can accept 2-oxovalerate and 2-oxoisovalerate in addition to its natural substrate 2-oxoglutarate, and that the tested acceptors are also acceptable in the carboligation reaction, thereby very much expanding the repertory of the enzyme in chiral synthesis.
RADIATION GRAFTING OF VINYL MONOMERS TO WOOL. PART I.

A number of vinyl monomers have been grafted to wool by using the mutual radiation technique. Styrene has been studied in considerable detail in dioxane solution; water or methanol was found to be necessary for successful grafting. It is believed that these function as swelling agents, enabling the monomer to diffuse to the active centers created in the wool by the radiation. The rate of grafting always went through a maximum and then leveled off to a slower rate. This is believed to be due to the slow build-up of the radical population, leading eventually to a diffusion-controlled rate of grafting. Considerable post-polymerization grafting was found to take place. Acrylonitrile and a number of allyl monomers were also successfully grafted to wool by the mutual radiation method in dimethylformamide solution. Again water or methanol was found to be necessary; the grafting rate leveled off close to zero at a degree of grafting depending on the amount of swelling agent present.
Impacts of climate and municipal water demand changes on ecological flows in the Columbia river basin, USA

Water rights in the western United States are granted under the prior appropriation doctrine; essentially first in time, first in right. Because many rights were issued prior to instream or ecological flow requirements, regulatory agencies have little authority to curtail diversions even when critical endangered species habitat is threatened. Compounding the issues is that municipal water rights throughout the Columbia River Basin were issued with significant “inchoate” portions (unused) that threaten sustainable water management as climate change and population growths alter instream flows. In many regions, this is placing challenging restrictions on management for endangered species such as salmon and bull trout species. This is slowly evolving into policies such as the one adopted by the state of Washington where state investment in water projects reserves at least 1/3 for instream uses. We developed a combined VIC/CropSyst model that predicted water supply changes in the Columbia River watershed (7 states and a portion of British Columbia) due to climate change in the 2030’s and, by examining municipal water plans and population growth models, predicted future water demands within existing water rights and evaluated impacts to instream flows. There is an expected 26% increase in municipal demand (700 MCM) in the State of Washington alone with just over 50% being consumptively used. Other upstream communities in Idaho, Montana, and Oregon face similar situations to varying degrees. Results indicated that communities located on several tributaries will
A four-channel time domain multiplexer: A cost-effective alternative to multiple receivers

The concept of simultaneous image acquisition as originally conceived by Hyde has been implemented by Roemer et al. using a multiple receiver system. This article describes an alternative technique that uses time domain multiplexing (TDM) to acquire simultaneous images using a single receiver channel. This method requires few modifications to the existing receiver and has been shown to be equivalent to a true four channel receiver in most applications. The multiplexing technique was implemented and tested on a standard commercial scanner that has also been equipped with a four channel receiver. Signal-to-noise results demonstrate that four independent images can be multiplexed through a single receiver channel with no degradation in image quality. Additionally, spine images that were obtained from a normal volunteer with both a multiplexed single channel receiver and a true four channel receiver system are presented.
Visual Mapping Using Blood Oxygen Level Dependent Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is used clinically to map the visual cortex before brain surgery or other invasive treatments to achieve an optimal balance between therapeutic effect and the avoidance of postoperative vision deficits. Clinically optimized stimuli, behavioral task, analysis, and displays permit identification of cortical subregions supporting high-acuity central vision that is critical for reading and other essential visual functions. Emerging techniques such as resting-state fMRI may facilitate the use of fMRI-based vision mapping in a broader range of patients.
Gender role and attitudes toward rape in male and female college students

This study examined the relationship between college students' gender roles and attitudes toward rape. Subjects were 145 male and 374 female college students with a mean age of 20.1 years. The institution has a 12.5% minority population. Subjects received a questionnaire packet containing the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), an acquaintance or stranger rape scenario, a questionnaire designed to assess attitudes toward the scenario, the short version of the Attitudes Towards Women Scale (AWS), the Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (RMAS), and the Attitudes Toward Rape questionnaire (ATR). It was hypothesized that participants classified as masculine according to the BSRI would believe in more rape myths, hold more pro-rape attitudes, and believe in more traditional gender roles than would those who were classified as feminine, androgynous, or undifferentiated. A gender by gender role interaction on the AWS revealed that feminine and androgynous men were exceptions to the pattern that men had significantly less egalitarian views than women. Responses to the scenario questionnaire suggested that women and men view acquaintance rape differently, and that men may experience more attitude change as a result of a rape awareness workshop than women.
Vibrational and rotational spectra and conformational behavior of (chloromethyl)thiirane

Abstract Infrared and Raman spectra of liquid and solid (chloromethyl)thiirane (3-chloropropylene sulfide), along with the infrared and microwave spectra of the vapor, have been recorded. The vibrational spectra are consistent with the existence of at least two conformations. Unlike the situation found for related molecules, the gauche-2 conformation of (chloromethyl)thiirane appears to be the most stable in all three phases. Variable temperature studies of the Raman spectra of the liquid allowed an enthalpy difference of 0.44 kcal mol−1 between the gauche-1 and gauche-2 conformers to be calculated. The temperature dependence of certain Raman lines and the results of solution studies (infrared and Raman) suggest that a small amount of a third conformer (cis) might exist in the fluid phases. These experimental conclusions are supported by semi-empirical calculations (using the AM1 Hamiltonian) which suggest that all three conformers should be stable in the order: gauche-2 >gauche-1 >cis. In the microwave spectrum, the observed conformer has been experimentally determined to be the gauche-1 form with the rotational constants (in MHz): A = 7596.584, B = 1706.588, and C = 1476.982. The nuclear quadrupole constant η κaa_ has been determined to be −40.01 ± 0.38 MHz. The structure and conformations of (chloromethyl)thiirane are compared with related three-membered ring compounds.
The ethics of insider trading

Despite the fact that a number of economists and philosophers of late defend insider trading both as a viable and useful practice in a free market and as not immoral, I shall question the value of insider trading both from a moral and an economic point of view. I shall argue that insider trading both in its present illegal form and as a legalized market mechanism undermines the efficient and proper functioning of a free market, thereby bringing into question its own raison d'etre. It does so and is economically inefficient for the very reason that it is immoral. Thus this practice cannot be justified either from an economic or a moral point of view.
Chemotherapeutic action of various forms of penicillin on hemolytic streptococcal infections in mice.

SummaryThe comparative efficacy of 4 forms of penicillin and random samples of “commercial” penicillin has been studied in experimentally-produced hemolytic streptococcal infections in mice. On a unitage basis the relative chemotherapeutic efficacy of penicillin X, G, F and K under the experimental conditions used, was on the order of 500, 100, slightly less than 100, and 60 respectively. On a gravimetric basis, the relative order of efficacy was 270 for X, 100 for G, slightly less than 92 for F and 82 for K. The values for penicillin F were obtained with a preparation which contained impurities, the action of which is not known.All of the samples of “commercial” penicillin were 3 to 5 times as effective as crystalline penicillin G in protecting the animals against the infection. Moreover, the protective action exerted by these impure penicillins was of the same order regardless of the unitage per mg or the value of the Bacillus subtilis-Staphylococcus aureus differential ratio. The protective power of pu...
Bone marrow evaluation for pediatric patients

Due to the immaturity of the hematopoietic system at birth and different oxygenation and immune response needs of the growing organism, the bone marrow composition at birth and early infancy differs as compared to older children and adults. These age-related differences, while generally recognized, are not well known to the world of hematopathology. The purpose of this article is to address the current limitation of the literature by reviewing the bone marrow ontology, its composition at birth, and the changes occurring during early infancy, and to compare these findings to adults. The review also provides a useful framework for bone marrow examination in children.
Noninvasive molecular imaging of MYC mRNA expression in human breast cancer xenografts with a [99mTc]peptide-peptide nucleic acid-peptide chimera

Human estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells typically display elevated levels of Myc protein due to overexpression of MYC mRNA, and elevated insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) due to overexpression of IGF1R mRNA. We hypothesized that scintigraphic detection of MYC peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes with an IGF1 peptide loop on the C-terminus, and a [ 9 9 m Tc]chelator peptide on the N-terminus, could measure levels of MYC mRNA noninvasively in human IGF1R-overexpressing MCF7 breast cancer xenografts in nude mice. We prepared the chelator-MYC PNA-IGF1 peptide, as well as a 4-nt mismatch PNA control, by solid-phase synthesis. We imaged MCF7 xenografts scintigraphically and measured the distribution of [ 9 9 m Tc]probes by scintillation counting of dissected tissues. MCF7 xenografts in nude mice were visualized at 4 and 24 h after tail vein administration of the [ 9 9 m Tc]PNA probe specific for MYC mRNA, but not with the mismatch control. The [ 9 9 m Tc]-probes distributed normally to the kidneys, livers, tumors, and other tissues. Molecular imaging of oncogene mRNAs in solid tumors with radiolabel-PNA-peptide chimeras might provide additional genetic characterization of preinvasive and invasive breast cancers.
Standard Care and Telecare Services: Comparing the Effectiveness of Two Service Systems with Consumers with Intellectual Disabilities.

Background Onsite standard care and remote telecare supports were provided to adults with intellectual disabilities living in integrated community settings and evaluated in terms of effectiveness as consumers completed a series of novel household activities. Methods Using an alternating treatment design with baseline and follow-up conditions in this single-case study, investigators compared the prompting effectiveness provided by onsite standard care staff and a remote telecare provider. Results While both types of supports resulted in consumers completing tasks, results indicated consumers achieved slightly more independence when prompted by the telecare support provider. Additionally, telecare supports resulted in greater duration for task completion per consumer. Conclusions Although consumers completed tasks with greater independence using telecare supports, caution should be used when interpreting results due to the small number of participants. The potential for this technology certainly exists in supporting consumers in their own homes thus, suggestions for future investigations are provided.
Axiomatizations of neoclassical concepts for economies

Abstract We characterize the Pareto correspondence, the core and the Walras solution using the axioms of consistency, converse consistency and one-person rationality. Consistency and its converse are defined with respect to suitably constructed reduced economies for each case. Our results hold for the well-known class of coalitional production economies, which covers exchange economies as a particular case. The key reason to use this class is the observation that the reduction of an exchange economy yields a production economy.
Cadence patterns and peak cadence in US children and adolescents: NHANES, 2005-2006.

AB Cadence (steps per minute) is one of the temporal-spatial parameters of walking gait, is related to intensity, and can be used to identify patterns of ambulatory behavior in free living by tracking time spent at incrementally higher cadences. In addition, peak cadence, a simple indicator of best natural ambulatory effort, can be captured. Such indicators have been used to study adult ambulatory behavior in a representative sample, but similar analyses for children and adolescents are limited to a single small and select sample. Purpose: The study's purpose was to describe in children and adolescents 1) free-living cadence patterns (i.e., time spent at incrementally higher cadence bands) and 2) peak cadence indicators (i.e., peak 60 min, peak 30 min, and peak 1 min) by sex, age, and body mass index. Methods: Cadence patterns and peak cadence were derived from 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey accelerometer data representing 2610 children and adolescents (1281 boys and 1329 girls, age 6-19 yr). Data were described by sex, age group (6-11, 12-15, and 16-19 yr), and body mass index-defined weight status (normal, overweight, obese). Results: On average, US children and adolescents spent [approximately equal to]4 h[middle dot]d-1 at zero cadence during wearing time, [approximately equal to]8.9 h[middle dot]d-1 between 1 and 59 steps per minute, [approximately equal to]22 min[middle dot]d-1 at cadences of 60-79 steps per minute, [approximately equal to]13 min at 80-99 steps per minute, [approximately equal to]9 min at 100-119 steps per minute, and [approximately equal to]3 min at cadences >=120 steps per minute. Peak 60-min, 30-min, and 1-min cadences were 72, 85, and 118 steps per minute, respectively. Conclusions: US children and adolescents seem to spend relatively few minutes in daily life engaged in activities that elicit step accumulation patterns indicative of normal walking speeds, let alone those associated with higher intensity activities. (C)2012The American College of Sports Medicine
Electricity demand and the elasticity of intra-marginal price

(1983). Electricity demand and the elasticity of intra-marginal price. Applied Economics: Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 699-701.
Recalled pain ratings: a complex and poorly defined task.

Abstract Self-report ratings of pain intensity are ubiquitous in research and clinical practice. In addition to rating their current pain, patients are often asked to provide ratings to represent pain intensity over several days or weeks. Few data are available that provide insight into how people understand and accomplish this recall task. This study describes the results of structured interviews with 106 rheumatology patients with chronic pain about how they arrived at their ratings of pain intensity on a visual analog scale referenced to the past week. Most patients were unable to coherently articulate how they derived their ratings. Moreover, there was no consistency across patients. A variety of different strategies were identified that guided their responses. These results support the concern about the meaning and validity of retrospective recall ratings. Recall of pain, a seemingly simple task, is a deceptively more complex phenomenon. Efforts to improve the measurement of recalled pain need to be explored. Improving instructional sets, clearer specification of the dimensions of pain being targeted, avoiding use of a single item to measure pain, improved description of intended reference groups, and determining the length of time that patients are able to remember pain and limiting recall periods are reasonable methods that need to be explored. Perspective These results emphasize our lack of a full understanding of the meaning of the information elicited by commonly used pain recall questions. They point to the potential importance of clearly specifying what qualities of pain are sought and how the patient should summarize them over the reporting period.
The Mathematics of Quantum Fields

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the mathematics of quantum fields. Quantum field theory is the only satisfactory framework known that unites the principles of quantum mechanics with special relativity. Its goal is to describe elementary particles. Its primary success is quantum electrodynamics, where it is possible to calculate numbers that are in perfect agreement with extremely accurate experiments. However, for the interactions between protons, neutrons, and the many other particles of high energy physics, definitive calculations have not been possible with the result that one does not know as to which (if any) interaction between quantum fields is a correct description of nature. From a mathematical point of view, quantum fields are highly singular and the elementary operations performed on quantum fields have appeared to lack mathematical meaning.
Cyclicity and controlability in linear time-invariant systems

A number of results, involving the notions of controllability (observability) and cyclicity in a linear time-invariant control system, are derived using a new basic theorem. New tests of cyclicity and controllability (observabllity), together with new algorithms to evaluate the controllable (observable) modes and the minimal polynomial are also presented.
Impact of Cyclosporine on Renal Transplant Practice at the University of Texas Medical School at Houston

CsA has improved the outcome of renal allotransplantation with CAD and LRD kidneys. CsA mitigates risk factors heretofore presenting substantial obstacles to CAD transplantation: HLA matching, pretransplant splenectomy, extensive numbers of conditioning blood transfusions, and old age. In LRD transplantation, CsA obviates the need for donor-specific transfusions in the haploidentical situation, and for prednisone in the HLA-identical setting. The incidence of drug-induced nephrotoxicity beyond six months is 30% with the degree of dysfunction proportionate to the degree of histo-incompatibility, suggesting that subclinical allograft rejection due to overzealous dose reduction may compromise allograft function. At present, total conversion from CsA to Aza appears ill-advised; even patients who never suffered allograft rejection under CsA therapy frequently lose their allograft when the inferior level of Aza suppression is substituted. Drug-induced hypertension, a modestly significant factor, diminishes further by two years posttransplant. The benefit of CsA therapy is a reduced incidence of 19% initial and 10% recurrent rejection episodes. Of great importance is the observation that 17% of rejection episodes followed patient noncompliance. Further, the incidence of bacterial infections was greatly reduced, and viral infections modestly lessened. Only the occurrence of pneumocystis carinii was increased, but 92% of patients survived in spite of serious pulmonary infection. Development of a consistent CsA regimen has reduced the median initial hospitalization to 12.5 days for LRD and 14 days for CAD, a level well within the range stipulated for the Disease-Related Guidelines of the Medicare Program. Furthermore, readmission is less frequent; one-third of patients never reenter the hospital.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Acetaldehyde-dependent oxidation of glutathione catalyzed by rat liver cytosol

Abstract We have identified a novel reaction in which acetaldehyde promotes rat hepatic cytosolic catalysis of O2 consumption coupled with glutathione oxidation without apparent release of activated forms of O2. Acetaldehyde is not consumed in the reaction. The reaction (O2 consumption or oxidized glutathione production) is saturable with respect to varying glutathione (K′m⋍20–45 μM ) but not at high acetaldehyde concentrations. However, activity in the range of acetaldehyde found in liver from alcohol metabolism (10–100 μM ) appeared to be saturable (K′m⋍25–50 μM ). Since neither acetaldehyde-dependent glutathione loss nor O2 consumption is detectable in guinea pig hepatic cytosol or hepatic cytosol from selenium-deficient rats, we propose that acetaldehyde interacts with glutathione peroxidase, converting the enzyme into a glutathione oxidase.
Oxidation of hydrocarbons by aqueous platinum salts: mechanism and selectivity

Abstract : Water-soluble organic compounds are selectively oxidized by aqueous solutions of chloroplatinum(II) and chloroplatinum(IV) salts. p-Toluenesulfonic acid undergoes stepwise hydroxylation to the corresponding alcohol and aldehyde, with no further oxidation to the carboxylic acid: p-ethylbenzenesulfonic acid is functionalized at both benzylic and methyl positions. Ethanol is converted to a spectrum Of C2 (chloro)oxygenates, including ethylene glycol and 2- chloroethanol, products resulting from methyl functionalization. n-Propanol is also significantly attacked at the methyl position. 13C labelling and kinetics studies were used to elucidate mechanistic pathways. The reactivity of a methyl group C-H bond is at least as high as that of a C-H bond alpha to oxygen, in contrast to most alkane conversion systems.
Biological Specificity of the Antheridogen. from Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn.

The relationship of the antheridogen from Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. (Antheridogen C) to three other known antheridogens, gibberellic acid, and two natural antheridogens, one from Pteridium aquilinum (Antheridogen A) and one from Anemia phyllitidis (Antheridogen B), is investigated. It is shown that each is a biologically distinet entity, interspecific activity being absent. The antheridogen responses of two widely separated sources of C. thalictroides were also compared. The results indicate that both susceptibility and antheridogen production vary between the two sources.