cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Free convection on a vertical stretching surface with suction and blowing

The natural convective heat transfer from a vertical stretching sheet with surface mass transfer is analyzed. A three dimensional similarity solution to the governing momentum and energy equations is presented. Numerical data for the friction factor and Nusselt number has been tabulated for a range of surface mass transfer rates and Prandtl numbers. Surface mass transfer has a considerable influence on the heat transfer mechanism.
Determination of solute-polymer interaction constants via chromatography with polymer capillaries

Abstract The interaction between model solutes and various polymeric materials was studied chromatographically by measuring dynamic solute absorption. Specifically, the solutes were injected into tubing “columns” manufactured by making thin pieces of tubing out of the polymers of interest. Polymers investigated in this manner included a di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate-plasticized poly(vinyl chloride), a vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride copolymer and a blend of polypropylene and a styrene-butadiene block copolymer. Linear relationships could be established between the dynamic binding constant of the solute, determined chromatographically, and its equilibrium interaction constant, determined by conventional shake-flask means. Similarly, the dynamic binding constant could be directly related to the solvent-solvent partition coefficients of the solute. The proposed methodology provides a rapid means of assessing the magnitude of polymer-solute interactions.
The power of inequality semijoins

Abstract Semijoin is a relational operator used in many relational query processing algorithms. Semijoins can be used to “reduce” the database by delimitting portions of the database that contain data relevant to a given query. For some queries, there exist sequences of semijoins that delimit the exact portions of the database needed to answer the query. Such sequences are called full reducers. This paper considers a class of queries called natural inequality queries (NI queries), and characterizes a subclass for which full reducers exist. We also present an efficient algorithm that decides whether an NI query lies within this subclass, and constructs a full reducer for the query. The NI queries are a subset of the aggregate-free, conjunctive queries of QUEL, and permit join clauses to include .
Dynamic analysis and response of large reinforced concrete conduits in inhomogeneous soil strata

The paper describes a more rational method for predicting seismic responses of large reinforced concrete conduits. The effects of soil-structure interaction, soil layering, material nonlinearity and ground water table fluctuation are investigated using the proposed approach. Results obtained from the refined method are compared with those from the simplified method currently used in practice.
Nucleic acid sample preparation using spontaneous biphasic plug flow.

Nucleic acid (NA) extraction and purification has become a common technique in both research and clinical laboratories. Current methods require repetitive wash steps with a pipet that are laborious and time-consuming, making the procedure inefficient for clinical settings. We present here a simple technique that relies on spontaneous biphasic plug flow inside a capillary to achieve sample preparation. By filling the sample with oil, aqueous contaminants were displaced from the captured NA without pipetting wash buffers or use of external force and equipment. mRNA from mammalian cell culture was purified, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification showed similar threshold cycle values as those obtained from a commercially available kit. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral-like particles were spiked into serum and a 5-fold increase in viral RNA extraction yield was achieved compared to the conventional wash method. In addition, viral RNA was successfully purified from human whole blood, and a li...
Surface electrical stimulation perturbation context determines the presence of error reduction in swallowing hyolaryngeal kinematics.

Purpose Error-based learning (EBL) involves gradually reducing movement errors caused by a perturbation. When the perturbation has been unexpectedly removed, exaggerated movements occur in the oppo...
Acoustic emission during high-temperature frictional sliding

Acoustic emissions during high temperature frictional sliding in faulted granite were detected with a piezoelectric transducer placed outside the furnace and pressure vessel. Suitable choice of materials allowed the transmission of signals sufficiently large for measurement and analysis. Acoustic emissions were also monitored during the fracture runs at room temperature and could be compared with earlier studies. As observed previously, the emission rate increased dramatically prior to failure and the Ishimoto-Iida relationship between emission amplitude, A, and number of emissions, N(A), of amplitude, A, i. e., log N(A) = K′ − (b + 1) log A, was followed. The constant, b, was typically about 1.4, higher than the value of 1 or less indicated by previous experimental and theoretical studies.
High-uniformity collimator for x-ray proximity lithography

An x-ray optic suitable for use in x-ray proximity lithography is described. It employs multiple flat mirror facets arranged at grazing incidence, each of which creates an optically independent channel that covers the entire target. The facets are arranged so that many channels can simultaneously illuminate the target, thereby achieving high flux at the target with high uniformity. Lithographic constraints on local and global divergence at the mask are met by making the optic small and placing it sufficiently distant from the target.
Error in surgical pathology

A total of 272 surgical pathology claims reported to The Doctors Company from 1998 through 2003 were reviewed. They were analyzed and repetitive patterns involving both specimen type and category of diagnostic error were identified. These patterns were then compared with those uncovered in a prior review of 218 surgical pathology claims reported from 1995 through 1997 to identify trends and see if new patterns of diagnostic error had emerged.
The effectiveness of the Anxiety Wrap in the treatment of canine thunderstorm phobia: An open-label trial

Abstract The effectiveness of the Anxiety Wrap on canine thunderstorm phobia (ThP) was investigated by comparing owner-reported Thunderstorm Anxiety Scores before and after the use of this product (n = 18). The mean Thunderstorm Anxiety Score associated with the fifth use of the Anxiety Wrap was 47% lower than the mean anxiety score that was generated before the use of the Anxiety Wrap ( P = 0.001). After 5 uses of the Anxiety Wrap, 89% of owners reported that it was at least partially effective in treating their dogs' ThP, and this percentage was significantly higher than those who rated it as noneffective (χ 2 = 11.842, n=19, P = 0.001). Eighty percent of the owners reported that they would continue to use the Anxiety Wrap for their dogs' ThP after the trial, and no owners reported any negative side effects from the use of this product. The data suggest that the Anxiety Wrap is a safe and effective treatment for canine ThP.
Orientation responses of American eels, Anguilla rostrata, to varying magnetic fields.

Abstract 1. 1. The locations of freshwater yellow eels in an eight-chambered octagonal behavior tank were videotaped during six-day intervals while the animals were being subjected to normal and experimental magnetic fields. 2. 2. The earth's magnetic field (0.5 g ) was utilized for two control periods at the start and completion of each run for each animal. 3. 3. During each run, the sequence of applied magnetic fields was +1.0,0.0, −0.5 and −1.0 g , each being applied for a period of 24 hr. 4. 4. Under the influence of the earth's magnetic field, the eels showed a preference for a northeast direction (27.01%). During the second control period (i.e. after being subjected to variations in the magnetic field), the animals showed a dual preference for north and northwest directions (23.02% and 25.9%, respectively). 5. 5. In a 0.0 g field, the eels preferred the north chamber (24.43%) and the vestibule of the behavior tank (19.46%); a preference for north waS also obtained with a field of +1.0 g (25.95%). 6. 6. The preferred direction with the −0.5 and −1.0g fields was southeast (20.93 and 26.71%, respectively).
On learning Boolean functions

This paper deals with the learnability of Boolean functions. An intuitively appealing notion of dimensionality is developed and used to identify the most general class of Boolean function families that are learnable from polynomially many positive examples with one-sided error. It is then argued that although bounded DNF expressions lie outside this class, they must have efficient learning algorithms as they are well suited for expressing many human concepts. A framework that permits efficient learning of bounded DNF functions is identified.
The detection of renal carcinoma cells in the peripheral blood with an enhanced reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction assay for MN/CA9

BACKGROUND Using a reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, the authors previously determined the expression of MN/CA9 mRNA in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and its absence in benign renal tissue. In the current study, the utility of an enhanced RT-PCR assay in the detection of renal carcinoma cells in the peripheral blood was assessed. METHODS An enhanced MN/CA9 RT-PCR assay was applied to peripheral blood samples from a total of 96 patients. Forty-two patients had renal tumors, including 5 with benign renal lesions, 28 with localized RCC, and 9 with metastatic RCC. Fifty-four control patients without renal tumors were similarly tested. Pathologic staging for patients with localized cancer was T1N0M0 for 5, T2N0M0 for 9, and T3N0M0 for 14 patients. RESULTS Cells expressing MN/CA9 were detected in 1 of 54 controls (1.8%) and in 18 of 37 cancer patients (49%). Thirteen of twenty eight patients (46%) with localized RCC and 5 of 9 (56%) with metastatic disease tested positive with the assay. No patient with a benign renal tumor exhibited MN/CA9 expression. All blood test results for patients with clear cell RCC were noted to be positive. No correlation was noted between MN/CA9 results and age, gender, or tumor grade. The differences in MN/CA9 results according to T classification were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS The enhanced RT-PCR assay for MN/CA9 is a highly specific technique for detecting circulating renal carcinoma cells in the peripheral blood, and it may prove useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of RCC. Cancer 1999;86:492–7. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Phenotypic instability in Gleditsia triacanthos (Fabaceae)

Absence of thorns in individuals ofGleditsia triacanthos varies through time. Originally thornless trees in the living collection of the Arnold Arboretum have become thorn-bearing after 40 to 55 years, indicating that the thornless phenotype is not genetically fixed or a simple recessive trait. The infraspecific taxoninermis is thus rejected at any rank inG. triacanthos.
Low temperature ISSG oxidation and its application in SSRW for 20nm and below semiconductor devices

This paper investigates low temperature in situ steam generation (ISSG) oxidation, the correlation between the thickness growth rate and temperature, pressure, hydrogen flow and oxidation time. For low temperature ISSG oxidation, the within wafer uniformity is improved by increasing the temperature. An optimum pressure is revealed for all the possible hydrogen concentrations studied in this paper. However, the hydrogen flow itself exhibits a much more complicated relationship with the uniformity than that of temperature and pressure. Good uniformity is achieved through process optimization. It is found that the low temperature ISSG process exhibits a more robust within wafer uniformity than typical high temperature ISSG process due to the fact that the former one has better resistance to pressure and gas flow disturbance. One of the advantages that low temperature ISSG can enable SSRW application in 20nm semiconductor devices is also discussed in this paper.
Correcting reaction rates measured by saturation-transfer magnetic resonance spectroscopy☆

Off-resonance or spillover irradiation and incomplete saturation can introduce significant errors in the estimates of chemical rate constants measured by saturation-transfer magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Existing methods of correction are effective only over a limited parameter range. Here, a general approach of numerically solving the Bloch–McConnell equations to calculate exchange rates, relaxation times and concentrations for the saturation-transfer experiment is investigated, but found to require more measurements and higher signal-to-noise ratios than in vivo studies can practically afford. As an alternative, correction formulae for the reaction rate are provided which account for the expected parameter ranges and limited measurements available in vivo. The correction term is a quadratic function of experimental measurements. In computer simulations, the new formulae showed negligible bias and reduced the maximum error in the rate constants by about 3-fold compared to traditional formulae, and the error scatter by about 4-fold, over a wide range of parameters for conventional saturation transfer employing progressive saturation, and for the four-angle saturation-transfer method applied to the creatine kinase (CK) reaction in the human heart at 1.5 T. In normal in vivo spectra affected by spillover, the correction increases the mean calculated forward CK reaction rate by 6–16% over traditional and prior correction formulae.
Inhibition of tumour growth in vivo and in vitro by prostaglandin E

PROSTAGLANDIN E (PGE), both endogenous and exogenous, has been shown to inhibit significantly the rates of tumour-cell proliferation in vitro1–4 .Suppression of PG biosynthesis with indomethacin5,6 resulted in stimulation of cell replication, an effect which was readily reversed by the addition to the medium of small amounts of exogenous PGE1 (10 ng ml−1) (ref. 5). Corticosteroids have recently been shown to inhibit the biosynthesis of PGE by rheumatoid synovia7 and mouse fibro-sarcoma HSDM1 (ref. 8) in vitro; the mechanism of this action seems to be by interfering with the release of arachidonic acid from phospholipids9. To evaluate further the possible role of PGE in the control of tumour-cell proliferation, we have studied the effects of hydrocortisone and indomethacin on the growth rate of B-16 mouse melanoma in vitro. The studies demonstrate that both compounds cause significant stimulation of tumour-cell replication in vitro, associated with inhibition of PG biosynthesis, albeit by two different mechanisms. In addition, we have extended the observations on the effects of exogenous PGE1, by demonstrating that subcutaneous administration of 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2-methyl ester significantly inhibits tumour growth in vivo.
Horseshoe kidney: Retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy

The ideal approach for nephrectomy in the child with horseshoe kidney is debatable. We present two such children who underwent nephrectomy by a retroperitoneoscopic approach. Recognition of its anatomical variation is essential in the management of horseshoe kidney. Surgery is high risk, even using a traditional open procedure, because loss of the remaining half of the kidney is catastrophic.
Further evidence for dissociating decay and readaptation in prism adaptation

Two readaptation procedures and a decay procedure were compared for their effectiveness in reducing prism aftereffects. Following a proprioceptive readaptation procedure (searching with the previously adapted hand for a peg held by the previously nonadapted hand), both the target- pointing and proprioceptive shift measures showed significant readaptation, yielding final aftereffects that were not significantly different from zero. Following an active readaptation procedure (repeating the exposure task under normal vision), congruence between the target- pointing and proprioceptive measures was also obtained, as neither measure showed significant readaptation. Such congruence, however, was not obtained for the decay condition, in which significant readaptation was obtained for the target-pointing measure but not for the proprio- ceptive measure. These data provide further support for Melamed, Moore, and Beckett’s (1979) conclusion that readaptation and decay lead to distinguishable processes and indicate that changes in the proprioceptive localization of the adapted arm underlie the readaptation that occurred in the proprioceptive readaptation condition.
Microscopic View of Exchange Narrowing

In this paper two methods are presented for calculating the spin-pair correlation functions for an exchange-narrowed system of spins. These methods are applied to an isotropic Heisenberg paramagnet with a relatively small anisotropic interaction. The first method consists of a microscopic derivation of the spin correlation function itself. By neglecting successively higher correlation functions, a usable equation is obtained. In the second method, sum-rule moment expansions are used to determine the frequency-dependent linewidth rather than the spin correlation function itself. Electron-paramagnetic-resonance line shapes are evaluated using these techniques and are compared with experimental data and with other theoretical work.
Fatal reexpansion pulmonary edema following pleural catheter placement.

176 PERCUTANEOUS small-caliber drainage catheters provide convenient and effective alternatives to surgical thoracostomy tubes in patients with pneumothoraces, empyemas, and other pleural collections. Such tubes can be placed with use of ultrasound, computed tomography, or fluoroscopy for guidance. Complications are infrequent. This report describes successful radiologic placement of a pleural catheter that promptly evacuated a pneumothorax but rapidly resulted in reexpansion pulmonary edema (RPE) and death. The presentation, treatment, and prevention of this complication of percutaneous pleural drainage are described.
Propagation characteristics of dielectric-rod-loaded waveguides

A general technique for calculating the propagation characteristics of a waveguide with arbitrary cross-sectional shape loaded with a circular dielectric rod is presented. The waveguide fields, which are represented as a sum of functions satisfying the homogeneous Helmholtz equation and the boundary conditions at the rod surface, are point-matched at the surface of the waveguide. Numerical examples of a rod centered in a square guide and off center in a circular guide are given, and results for a rod centered in a rectangular cavity are compared with measured data. >
Processing the Abdominal Fetal ECG

A system capable of recording fetal electrocardiograms and fetal vectorcardiograms is described. This system has enabled us to record signals of higher quality than any that have been published to date. It is also possible to study some of the diagnostic potentials of the fetal electrocardiogram signal during the course of gestation. Records with this system have been obtained during the period of 20 weeks to 40 weeks gestation using active surface electrodes placed on the mother's abdomen. The system has the following features: 1. low noise recording of the fetal signal; 2. signal averaging to improve signal to noise ratio; 3. removal of the maternal electrocardiogram component; 4. coordinate axis rotation for the display of the fetal vectorcardiogram and/or electrocardiogram in any convenient frame of reference. This system is currently being used to study the characteristics of the human fetal electrocardiogram in vivo.
Monitoring cardiovascular function in infants with chronic lung disease of prematurity

In addition to persistent airways disease, survivors of premature birth with chronic lung disease are at risk of cardiovascular sequelae, including pulmonary hypertension, systemic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and exercise intolerance. The major treatment of pulmonary hypertension is supplemental oxygen, but drugs such as calcium channel blockers may also be required. The use of inhaled nitric oxide for its long term management is being investigated
Origin of continental margin morphology: Submarine-slide or downslope current-controlled bedforms, a rock magnetic approach

Abstract Morphological features observed in both swath bathymetry and seismic reflection data are not unique, which introduces uncertainty as to their origin. The origin of features observed in the Humboldt Slide has generated much controversy because the same features have been interpreted as a submarine failure deposit versus current-controlled sediment waves. It is important to resolve this controversy because similar structures are observed on many continental margins and the origin of these features needs to be understood. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) measurements on sediment samples acquired from the Humboldt Slide reveal that the top ∼ 8 m have not experienced post-depositional deformation. This suggests that these features are formed by primary deposition associated with downslope currents. Using the same AMS technique on a core acquired north of the Humboldt Slide in a region with no geophysical evidence for post-depositional deformation, we were able to identify a ∼ 1 m thick deposit that appears to be a small slump.
Synthesis and optical properties of polyureas with azoaromatic groups in the main chain

We report the synthesis and optical properties of two different polyureas containing azo units in the main chain. The polymers were synthesized from the reaction between a diisocyanate and a diaminoazo compound (4,4'-diaminoazobenzene) with good yield. These polyureas have glass transition temperatures around 197 °C and the films of these polymers show an absorption maximum at 380 nm due to the azo chromophore. Upon polarized laser irradiation at 488 nm, dichroism was optically induced in these mainchain azoaromatic polymers with a fairly high glass transition temperature. In addition we observed a degree of polar order by corona poling and a build up of second harmonic signal. It is conjectured that the induced order results mainly from an alignment of azo units through trans-cis-trans isomerization, as well as from the molecular rearrangement of the polyurea backbone. We further observed regularly-spaced surface relief gratings on the polyurea film upon exposure to an interference pattern of polarized argon laser beams. Large scale molecular migration in this high glass transition temperature (T g ) polymer at room temperature was achieved for the first time.
Cardiac sarcoidosis detected with magnetic resonance imaging

A 47-year-old woman was admitted for multiple episodes of symptomatic sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Six weeks earlier, she had been diagnosed of active sarcoidosis (lymph node biopsy demonstrating non-caseating granulomas). A coronary angiogram revealed normal arteries. A cardiac magnetic …
Primary and metastatic high-grade carcinomas of the salivary glands: A cytologic-histologic correlation study of twenty cases

We reviewed the clinical and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) findings in 20 patients with poorly differentiated carcinomas presenting initially as parotid or as submandibular masses. There were 11 primary tumors and nine metastatic malignancies in 14 males and six females ranging in age from 39 to 89 yr (median = 66). The tumor types included three primary carcinomas with oncocytic features, three additional cases of high-grade parotid carcinoma, one case of primary neuroendocrine carcinoma, two examples of malignant mixed tumor, one high-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and a single example of malignant lymphoepithelial lesion. Six patients with metastatic carcinoma had previous diagnoses of malignancy. In the three remaining individuals, primary carcinomas of the lung (two cases), and an unknown primary site presented initially as parotid masses. Five examples of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma, one metastatic basal cell carcinoma, and two metastatic renal cell carcinomas were identified. One parotid lymphoepithelioma was interpreted cytologically as an atypical lymphoproliferative process suggestive of Hodgkin's disease. Nineteen cases (95%) were correctly classified as carcinoma at the time of FNA. High-grade carcinomas aspirated from the parotid may be primary, but are frequently metastatic to either the gland, or to an intraparotid lymph node. Our experience indicates that some metastatic carcinomas present at this site, without a previous history of malignancy. Distinguishing primary from metastatic lesions has important therapeutic implications.
The preovulatory prolactin surge is prolonged by a progesterone-dependent dopaminergic mechanism

The preovulatory PRL surge consists of a sharp peak, a prolonged plateau, and a termination phase. This study examined the role of progesterone in maintaining elevated PRL release during the plateau phase and its effect on dopaminergic (DA) neuronal activity. Immature rats were injected with PMSG on day 28, and blood was collected during the periovulatory period. Plasma estradiol levels were elevated before and during the PRL peak and declined during the plateau. Plasma progesterone levels were low before and during the peak, rose 4- to 5-fold during the plateau, and decreased to basal levels at the termination phase. In a second experiment rats were subjected to acute ovariectomy (OVEX) or sham surgery (SHAM) just before the onset of the PRL surge. Some OVEX rats were either immediately implanted with an estradiol-containing capsule or given three injections of progesterone during the time of the plateau phase. Blood PRL levels in SHAM rats showed the typical peak, plateau, and termination phases. The PRL peak was evident, but the plateau was missing in OVEX rats with or without estradiol treatment. Replacement with progesterone restored the plateau. In a third experiment, the stalk-median eminence, posterior pituitary, and striatum were removed during the time of the midplateau phase. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity was determined in tissue homogenates by a coupled hydroxylation-decarboxylation assay. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the stalk-median eminence of SHAM and progesterone-treated OVEX rats was similar, but was significantly lower than that in OVEX rats with or without estradiol. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the posterior pituitary and striatum was unchanged. To assess the functional DA input to the anterior pituitary, haloperidol, a DA antagonist, was injected during the midplateau phase. It induced a 12- to 17-fold rise in plasma PRL in both untreated and estradiol-treated OVEX rats, but failed to increase PRL above the plateau levels in SHAM and progesterone-treated OVEX rats. We conclude that the plateau phase of the preovulatory PRL surge is dependent on the concomitant rise in progesterone. Progesterone probably acts by reducing the DA neuronal activity in the SME, resulting in an absence of functional DA input to anterior pituitary lactotrophs.
MHD model results of solar wind interaction with Mars and comparison with MAVEN plasma observations

The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN mission (MAVEN), launched on 18 November 2013, is now in its primary science phase, orbiting Mars with a 4.5 h period. In this study, we use a time-dependent MHD model to interpret plasma observations made by MAVEN particle and field instruments. Detailed comparisons between the model and the relevant plasma observations from MAVEN are presented for an entire Mars rotation under relatively quiet solar wind conditions. Through comparison along MAVEN orbits, we find that the time-dependent multispecies single-fluid MHD model is able to reproduce the main features of the plasma environment around Mars. Using the model results, we find that photoionization beyond the terminator is the dominant ion source as compared with day-night transport in maintaining the nightside ionosphere. Model results also show that both the time-varying solar wind conditions and the continuously rotating crustal field work together to control the ion escape variation with time.
Differential Expression of LacZ in the Liver and Kidney of Transgenic Mice Carrying Chimeric LacZ-Erythropoietin Gene Constructs with or without Its 1.2 kb 3-Flanking Sequence

Erythropoietin (EPO) plays a key role in erythropoiesis and is expressed predominantly in the fetal liver and in the adult kidney. The EPO gene is up-regulated at the transcriptional level under hypoxic/anemic conditions. We studied the role of the 5'- and 3'-flanking sequences of the mouse EPO gene in its tissue-specific and hypoxia-induced expression by developing transgenic mouse lines carrying chimeric EPO-lacZ gene constructs. Transgenic mice carrying a 6.5 kb segment of the 5'-sequence and most of the EPO gene in which lacZ was substituted for exon 1 (5'-lacZ-EPO) demonstrated induction of lacZ expression following hypoxia/ anemia induction in both the liver and kidney of adult mice. However, transgenic mice carrying the above construct along with the 1.2 kb 3'-flanking sequence (5'-lacZ-EPO-3') showed a high level of lacZ expression following hypoxia/anemia induction in adult kidney but not in adult liver. With the aim of further understanding the role of the 3'-flanking sequence in tissue-specific expression of the EPO gene, we studied the interactions of protein factors with this 1.2 kb 3' region and demonstrated that multiple sets of protein factors interact tissue specifically with a 10 bp sequence, TCAAAGATGG, located downstream of the previously characterized 3' hypoxia-responsive enhancer element.
Implications of the Miocene(?) Crooked Ridge River of northern Arizona for the evolution of the Colorado River and Grand Canyon

The southwesterly course of the probably pre–early Miocene and possibly Oligocene Crooked Ridge River can be traced continuously for 48 km and discontinuously for 91 km in northern Arizona (United States). The course is visible today in inverted relief. Pebbles in the river gravel came from at least as far northeast as the San Juan Mountains (Colorado). The river valley was carved out of easily eroded Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks whose debris overloaded the river with abundant detritus, probably steepening the gradient. After the river became inactive, the regional drainage network was rearranged three times, and the nearby Four Corners region was lowered 1–2 km by erosion. The river provides constraints on the early evolution of the Colorado River and Grand Canyon. Continuation of this river into lakes in Arizona or Utah is unlikely, as is integration through Grand Canyon by lake spillover. The downstream course of the river probably was across the Kaibab arch in a valley roughly coincident with the present eastern Grand Canyon. Beyond this point, the course may have continued to the drainage basin of the Sacramento River, or to the proto–Snake River drainage. Crooked Ridge River was beheaded by the developing San Juan River, which pirated its waters and probably was tributary to a proto–Colorado River, flowing roughly along its present course west of the Monument upwarp.
Parametrized Tutte Polynomials of Graphs and Matroids

We generalize and unify results on parametrized and coloured Tutte polynomials of graphs and matroids due to Zaslavsky, and Bollobas and Riordan. We give a generalized Zaslavsky–Bollobas–Riordan theorem that characterizes parametrized contraction–deletion functions on minor-closed classes of matroids, as well as the modifications necessary to apply the discussion to classes of graphs. In general, these parametrized Tutte polynomials do not satisfy analogues of all the familiar properties of the classical Tutte polynomial. We give conditions under which they do satisfy corank-nullity formulas, and also conditions under which they reflect the structure of series-parallel connections.
A note on job type and applicant race as determinants of hiring decisions

Seventy-two male and female graduate students in management evaluated 12 fictitious job applicant resumes with respect to three types of jobs (Black-held, neutral, White-held). Four resumes per job were evaluated, which represented a high qualifications White, a high qualifications Black, a low qualifications White, and a low qualifications Black. The subjects rated the job applicants as to hirability and starting salary assignment. Additionally, the subjects indicated the one job applicant they would hire for each job if only one applicant could be hired. Analyses of variance revealed that Blacks received significantly higher hirability and salary assignment ratings than Whites for the Black-typed job, while Whites were rated more favourably than Blacks for the White-typed job. The ‘one choice’ data indicated a similar pattern.
Attenuation of scalar fluxes measured with spatially-displaced sensors

Observations from the Horizontal Array Turbulence Study (HATS) field program are used to examine the attenuation of measured scalar fluxes caused by spatial separation between the vertical velocity and scalar sensors. The HATS data show that flux attenuation for streamwise, crosswind, and vertical sensor displacements are each a function of a dimensionless, stability-dependent parameter n m multiplied by the ratio of sensor displacement to measurement height. The scalar flux decays more rapidly with crosswind displacements than for streamwise displacements and decays more rapidly for stable stratification than for unstable stratification. The cospectral flux attenuation model of Kristensen et al. agrees well with the HATS data for streamwise sensor displacements, although it is necessary to include a neglected quadrature spectrum term to explain the observation that flux attenuation is often less with the scalar sensor downwind of the anemometer than for the opposite configuration. A simpler exponential decay model provides good estimates for crosswind sensor displacements, as well as for streamwise sensor displacements with stable stratification. A model similar to that of Lee and Black correctly predicts flux attenuation for a combination of streamwise and crosswind displacements, i.e. as a function of wind direction relative to the sensor displacement. The HATS data for vertical sensor displacements extend the near-neutral results of Kristensen et al. to diabatic stratification and confirm their finding that flux attenuation is less with the scalar sensor located below the anemometer than if the scalar sensor is displaced an equal distance either horizontally or above the anemometer.
Expression and biosynthetic variation of the epidermal growth factor receptor in human hepatocellular carcinoma-derived cell lines.

Abstract Expression of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) was analyzed in six human hepatocellular carcinoma-derived and one human hepatoblastoma-derived cell line, each of which retained the differentiated phenotype and functions of the parenchymal hepatocyte. The level of receptor expression of each hepatoma cell line was similar to that of the normal human fibroblast, approximately 10(5) molecules per cell. However, NPLC/PRF/5, a subline of the PLC/PRF/5 cell line obtained following reestablishment of a xenograft tumor in vitro, was found to express 4 x 10(6) high-affinity EGF receptor molecules per cell. Proliferation of the NPLC/PRF/5 cell line was inhibited in the presence of nanomolar quantities of ligand. Receptor overexpression was found to result from EGF receptor gene amplification without apparent rearrangement of the EGF receptor coding sequences. Although cell-specific variability in posttranslational processing of EGF receptor N-linked oligosaccharides in the hepatoma cell lines was found, no difference between the receptors in PLC/PRF/5 and NPLC/PRF/5 was observed and no aberrant receptor-related species were detected. EGF receptor gene amplification in the NPLC/PRF/5 cell line is probably a reflection of genome instability and selection of variants with augmented growth potential in limiting concentrations of EGF in vivo. When viewed in this light, EGF receptor overexpression could represent a manifestation of tumor progression in the EGF-responsive hepatocyte.
Sleep characteristics of persons with chronic fatigue syndrome and non-fatigued controls: results from a population-based study

The etiology and pathophysiology of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) remain inchoate. Attempts to elucidate the pathophysiology must consider sleep physiology, as unrefreshing sleep is the most commonly reported of the 8 case-defining symptoms of CFS. Although published studies have consistently reported inefficient sleep and documented a variable occurrence of previously undiagnosed primary sleep disorders, they have not identified characteristic disturbances in sleep architecture or a distinctive pattern of polysomnographic abnormalities associated with CFS. This study recruited CFS cases and non-fatigued controls from a population based study of CFS in Wichita, Kansas. Participants spent two nights in the research unit of a local hospital and underwent overnight polysomnographic and daytime multiple sleep latency testing in order to characterize sleep architecture. Approximately 18% of persons with CFS and 7% of asymptomatic controls were diagnosed with severe primary sleep disorders and were excluded from further analysis. These rates were not significantly different. Persons with CFS had a significantly higher mean frequency of obstructive apnea per hour (p = .003); however, the difference was not clinically meaningful. Other characteristics of sleep architecture did not differ between persons with CFS and controls. Although disordered breathing during sleep may be associated with CFS, this study generally did not provide evidence that altered sleep architecture is a critical factor in CFS. Future studies should further scrutinize the relationship between subjective sleep quality relative to objective polysomnographic measures.
Positron annihilation studies of vacancy formation in tungsten, chromium, and niobium

Vacancy formation was studied in the refractory bcc metals, tungsten, chromium, and niobium, using the positron annihilation spectroscopy Doppler broadening technique, between room temperature and the respective melting temperatures, under ultra-high vacuum conditions. Temperatures were measured by optical and infrared pyrometry, a W(Rh) thermocouple, and the power delivered to the sample, with calibrations against known melting temperatures. For W, a trapping-model analysis of the data from the temperature range 300–3633 K yielded a vacancy formation enthalpy of 3.76 ± 0.39 eV. For Cr, a similar fit to the data from 296–2049 K yielded a vacancy formation enthalpy of 2.0 ± 0.2 eV. The results are discussed in relation to previous vacancy formation and self-diffusion studies. Measurements on Nb as a function of temperature and oxygen content are also presented.
Estimation Cell Modeling Map, required technology for autonomous multistatic radar systems

Autonomous multi-static radar systems are in development but missing critical technology elements which will keep them from coming to market. One critical technology element is autonomous networking which will not be possible until each individual system can reliably link much like digital multichannel radios.
Parallel processing for block ciphers on a fault tolerant networked processor array

The computational performance of network-on-chip (NoC) and multi-processor system-on-chip (MPSoC) for implementing cryptographic block ciphers can be improved by exploiting parallel and pipelined execution. In this paper, we present a parallel and pipeline processing method for block cipher algorithms using purely software implementation on an NoC. Algorithms are decomposed into task loops, functions and data flow for parallel and pipeline execution. Tasks are allocated by the proposed mapping strategy to each processing element (PE). In order to provide fault tolerance on nanoscale NoC circuits, we add Hamming error correction code (ECC) encoder and decoder at the network interface. The proposed parallel block cipher algorithm implementation on the fault tolerant NoC is simulated by using networked processor array (NePA), the cycle-accurate SystemC and hardware description language (HDL) model platform. Our parallel software implementation method on a multicore NoC architecture has the advantage of flexibility compared with traditional ASIC solutions. In addition, the simulation result presents that the parallel and pipeline processing approach for software block ciphers can be implemented on various NoC platforms which have different complexities and constraints.
Does Alcohol Lead to Sexual Risk Behavior? Findings from Event-Level Research

The belief that alcohol use leads to sexual risk behavior is nearly ubiquitous. To determine if this belief is warranted, we identify theory and research regarding the alcohol, risky-sex link. We focus our review on studies that use the event-level methodology because this approach provides a particularly sensitive but stringent test of the situational alcohol, risky-sex connection. Overall, the data from available event-level studies indicate that people who use condoms when they are sober also tend to use them when drinking; people who fail to use condoms when drinking probably also fail to use them when sober. We recognize several empirical exceptions to this rule and provide suggestions for future research.
Transforming Your Life: An Environmental Modification Approach to Weight Loss

This investigation compared a traditional behavioral weight loss program with a weight loss intervention emphasizing environmental modification and habit formation and disruption. Fifty-four overweight and obese adults (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to either a 14-week LEARN or TYL intervention. Forty-two participants completed the six-month follow-up assessment. Treatment outcomes between LEARN and TYL participants were equivalent. During the six-month no-treatment follow-up period, participants evidenced a 3.3 lb (SD = 9.2) weight gain. The TYL intervention appears to represent an attractive option for individuals seeking an alternative to the traditional behavioral approach to weight loss.
Numerical study of single bubbles with dynamic contact angle during nucleate pool boiling

Nucleate pool boiling is typically characterized by cyclic growth and departure of vapor bubbles from a heated wall. It has been experimentally observed that the contact angle at the bubble base varies during the ebullition cycle. In the present numerical study, a static contact angle model and dynamic contact angle models based on the contact line velocity and the sign of the contact line velocity have been used at the base of a vapor bubble growing on a heated wall. The complete Navier–Stokes equations are solved and the liquid– vapor interface is captured using the level-set technique. The effect of dynamic contact angle on bubble dynamics and vapor volume growth rate is compared with results obtained with the static contact angle model. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A Novel, Modification-Dependent ATP-Binding Aptamer Selected from an RNA Library Incorporating a Cationic Functionality †

An analogue of uridine triphosphate containing a cationic functional group was incorporated into a degenerate RNA library by enzymatic polymerization. In vitro selection experiments using this library yielded a novel receptor that binds ATP under physiological pH and salt conditions in a manner completely dependent on the presence of the cationic functionality. The consensus sequence and a secondary structure model for the ATP binding site were obtained by the analysis of functional sequences selected from a partially randomized pool based on the minimal parental sequence. Mutational studies of this receptor indicated that several of the modified uridines are critical for ATP binding. Analysis of the binding of ATP analogues revealed that the modified RNA receptor makes numerous contacts with ATP, including interactions with the triphosphate group. In contrast, the aptamer repeatedly isolated from natural RNA libraries does not interact with the triphosphate group of ATP. The incorporation of a cationic amine into nucleic acids clearly allows novel interactions to occur during the molecular recognition of ligands, which carries interesting implications for the RNA world hypothesis. In addition, new materials generated from such functionalized nucleic acids could be useful tools in research and diagnostics.
Senator Williams' Three Takeover Bills: The Effect on Listings and Stock Returns

The Williams Act, originally viewed as hindering the market for corporate control and hurting shareholders, may have fostered collectively optimal shareholder behavior and encouraged exchange listings. The major exchanges supported passage of the Williams Act, and the NYSE had itself previously regulated tender offers by member firms. Passage of the 1968 act was followed by a substantial increase in public registrations and in NYSE and AMEX listings, especially in industries with proportionately more tender offers. The introduction and passage of this legislation was also associated with significant stock-price increases of firms in tender offer-intensive industries. The 1970 amendment, which stipulated tighter 5 percent disclosure, was largely opposed by the NYSE and NASD (but not the AMEX), and major announcement dates leading to its passage were accompanied by relative stock price declines of firms in tender offer-intensive industries.
Dispersion phase vector quantization for enhancement of waveform interpolative coder

This paper presents an efficient analysis-by-synthesis vector quantizer for the dispersion phase of the excitation signal which was used to enhance a waveform-interpolative coder. The scheme can be used to enhance other harmonic coders, such as the sinusoidal-transform coder and the multiband-excitation coder. The scheme incorporates perceptual weighting, and does not require any phase unwarping. The proposed quantizer achieves a segmental signal-to-noise ratio of up to 14 dB for as low as 6-bit quantization. Subjective testing shows improvement in synthesized speech quality using the quantized phase over a male speaker extracted phase. The improvement was larger for female speakers.
p40 exhibits better specificity than p63 in distinguishing primary skin adnexal carcinomas from cutaneous metastases

The histopathologic distinction between primary adnexal carcinomas and metastatic adenocarcinoma to the skin from sites such as the breast, lung, and others often presents a diagnostic dilemma. Current markers of diagnostic utility include p63 and cytokeratin 5/6; however, their expression has been demonstrated in 11% to 22% and 27% of cutaneous metastases, respectively. Furthermore, the immunoreactivity of p40 and GATA3 in various cutaneous adnexal carcinomas has not been previously reported. In the present study, we compared the expression of p40, p63, cytokeratin 5/6, and GATA3 in a total of 143 cases, including 67 primary adnexal carcinomas and 76 cutaneous metastases. p40, p63, cytokeratin 5/6, and GATA3 expression was observed in 80%, 84%, 86%, and 47% of primary adnexal carcinoma, respectively, and in 8%, 17%, 26%, and 40% of cutaneous metastases, respectively. χ(2) Analysis revealed statistically significant P values (<.0001) for p40, p63, and cytokeratin 5/6 in distinguishing primary adnexal carcinoma from cutaneous metastases. In summary, while p63 and cytokeratin 5/6 have similar sensitivity (84% and 86%, respectively) in detecting primary adnexal carcinomas, p40 appeared to be the most specific marker (92%) with the best positive predictive value (90%). Since breast and lung are the most common sites of origin for cutaneous metastases, p40 is the best distinguishing marker in these settings. None of the four studied markers (p40, p63, cytokeratin 5/6, and GATA3) are helpful in distinguishing between primary adnexal carcinomas from cutaneous metastases of salivary gland or bladder malignancies.