cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From the Mousterian to the Metal Ages

This chapter is a regional study of long-term change in the human diet. Three major topics are addressed. First, biases about what 1 believe causes change in human subsistence are made explicit, and the components of a model for examining subsistence change are identified. Next, general patterns in north Spanish archaeological faunas are reviewed and then analyzed in terms of the model. A comparison is made between theoretical values generated by the model and those observed for eight culture/stratigraphic units ordered in time. An effort is made to explain an anomaly (the Cantabrian Lower Magdalenian) detected by application of the approach. Finally, the model itself is assessed in terms of its adequacy for dealing with economic faunas from ancient (Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene) archaeological contexts.
Analysis of a cross interferometer for airborne applications

The performance of the horizontal interferometer is compared with that of the cross interferometer. The cross interferometer consists of a horizontal array of elements along the y-axis and a vertical array of elements along the z-axis. The objectives of the analysis are to demonstrate how well this dual linear antenna array overcomes the deficiencies of the horizontal interferometer. From a systems viewpoint, it is clear that adding a vertical interferometer provides valuable elevation direction information to the direction-finding system. The performance measures of interest used in this comparative analysis were angular accuracy, probability of ambiguity and elevation coverage. >
Two Wrongs and Two Rights: Reason and Responsibility

I am honored by the articulate comments of the respondents to the questions raised in the lead paper, “Two Wrongs Do Not Make a Right: Sacrificing the Needs of Gifted Students Does Not Solve Society’s Unsolved Problems.” These five colleagues have proved themselves to be sensitive to the multiple issues and constituencies involved and highly constructive in their suggestions of steps to be taken to right the wrongs to which I referred. While we may not agree on some of the details (more of this later), we seem, for the most part, to be on the same wavelength. Karen Rogers recalls accurately the intense discomfort we felt at that Wallace Symposium. Most of the six of us were there, I think, enduring what we saw as a mean-spirited, yes, racist, discussion of the real-life effects of limitations in intellectual and economic resources. Karen is right, too, in commenting that with retirement comes the chance to say what you have previously been too timid to say, afraid of offending or having it heard as disrespectful.
Melt regimes, stratigraphy, flow dynamics and glaciochemistry of three glaciers in the Alaska Range

We used ground-penetrating radar (GPR), GPS and glaciochemistry to evaluate melt regimes and ice depths, important variables for mass-balance and ice-volume studies, of Upper Yentna Glacier, Upper Kahiltna Glacier and the Mount Hunter ice divide, Alaska. We show the wet, percolation and dry snow zones located below ! 2700ma.s.l., at ! 2700 to 3900ma.s.l. and above 3900ma.s.l., respectively. We successfully imaged glacier ice depths upwards of 480m using 40-100MHz GPR frequencies. This depth is nearly double previous depth measurements reached using mid-frequency GPR systems on temperate glaciers. Few Holocene-length climate records are available in Alaska, hence we also assess stratigraphy and flow dynamics at each study site as a potential ice-core location. Ice layers in shallow firn cores and attenuated glaciochemical signals or lacking strata in GPR profiles collected on Upper Yentna Glacier suggest that regions below 2800ma.s.l. are inappropriate for paleoclimate studies because of chemical diffusion, through melt. Flow complexities on Kahiltna Glacier preclude ice-core climate studies. Minimal signs of melt or deformation, and depth-age model estimates suggesting ! 4815years of ice on the Mount Hunter ice divide (3912ma.s.l.) make it a suitable Holocene-age ice-core location.
Learning Disabilities: An Office Approach

The pediatrician has an important contributing role in the problems associated with learning disabilities, but often does not know how to capitalize on his strengths. He knows the child and family intimately, and parents will listen to him for guidance and direction. He can rule out disease and point to areas of inefficient development which contribute to the frustration of both child and teachers. He can provide a comprehensive assessment under his supervision. He can offer specifics in management, and he can be an advocate by offering to provide guidance and direction. With the physician as the advocate, parents will come away with the feeling that someone cares what happens, and that the pediatrician, knowing the local scholastic, political, and legislative situation, can guide them more directly to obtain the proper help for their learning-disabled child.
Moral cover for capitalism

Purpose – In The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Max Weber chronicled how seventeenth‐century religious tenets expounded by John Calvin inadvertently laid the ideological groundwork for the flourishing of eighteenth‐century capitalism. In this early work on the rise of capitalism, Weber examined the changes in attitudes of business and accepted ethical business behavior and the transition of justification from religious tenets and guidance to more secular, yet rational explanations. The purpose of this paper is to contend this transition from religious to secular moral cover for business ethics was aided by the harmony‐of‐interests doctrine, which provided moral, but secular, cover for the pursuit of self‐interest and personal wealth with an implicit, secular rationalization of promoting the public good.Design/methodology/approach – Although Weber used Benjamin Franklin as an exemplar of the earlier Calvinist Protestantism and spirit of capitalism, advocates a case study of Robert Keayne, a...
Bacteriology of Manganese Nodules: V. Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on Bacterial Oxidation of MnII and Reduction of MnO2

Abstract It was experimentally demonstrated that two strains of Arthrobacter 37, one growing at 25 C and the other at 5 C, could catalyze MnII oxidation at hydrostatic pressures well in excess of the pressure encountered by the parent culture in its original habitat in the ocean (80 atm). The strain grown at 5 C showed an increase in temperature optimum for manganese oxidation with increase in pressure. It was like-wise experimentally shown that induced Bacillus 29 without added ferricyanide and uninduced Bacillus 29 with added ferricyanide could catalyze MnO2 reduction at hydrostatic pressures in excess of the pressure encountered by this organism in its original habitat (187 atm). The uninduced Bacillus 29, in the presence of ferricyanide, was active over a wider range of pressures (1 to 1,000 atm) than the induced Bacillus 29 in the absence of ferricyanide (1 to 467 atm). At corresponding pressures, the uninduced culture was also considerably more active than the induced culture. Special techniques were developed for measuring MnII-oxidizing and MnO2-reducing activity under pressure.
Drone Warfare Book Review: Medea Benjamin, Drone Warfare Killing by Remote Control (London: Verso 2012)

Many books have been written about American policies with respect to the use of drones. Yet, to understand America’s complex relationship with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), more than a mere critique of U.S. policies was needed - a comprehensive history of the development and implementation of drone technology was necessary. In her book, Drone Warfare: Killing by Remote Control, political activist and Code Pink founder Medea Benjamin offers this more extensive treatment. While Benjamin’s analysis can occasionally be sloppy in structure, prone to hyperbolic language, and suffer from poor editing, she backs up her analysis with a plethora of evidence. The volume is a comprehensive and highly informative discussion that draws on data from journalist accounts, congressional papers, field interviews by peace and human rights advocates, and declassified government reports on the use of UAVs or drones. She also explores the consequences and implications transcending the technology of warfare. Benjamin’s account adeptly challenges the various strands of political and military thought that have commended weaponized drones as the next step in precision warfare. By tracking drones from their inception as surveillance tools used by the Israeli military to their assimilation by the United States and, ultimately, to their normalization as an assassination tool, Benjamin plots the secret history of drone development. It is clear from the outset that her goal is to undermine much of the propaganda fed to the American people on this issue. The book is a must read for anyone interested in the ethical, moral and legal issues arising from the use of drones.
Sieve equivalence in generalized partition theory

The sieve method (principle of inclusion-exclusion) is one of the most powerful tools of combinatorics. Given a set a of objects and a list 9 of properties of those objects, we determine the number N(Y; 2s) of objects in Q whose set of properties contains (those in 9 that are indexed by) the set S. We are then able to find the number of objects that have no properties, exactly k properties, etc. Now consider two lists a, 59 of properties of objects. We will say that the lists are sieve-equivalent, written a 9, if for every set S we have N(@; as> = N(9; ZS). (1) Clearly, if GZ 9, then all questions that the sieve method can answer will have the same answer relative to list GZ and to list 9. A form of this idea appears first in [8]. Daniel Cohen [ 1,2] has deduced many identities for the classical partition function in that way. The following argument is perhaps typical: If Q is the set of partitions of IZ, let Q!=(l+1,2+2,3+3,4+4 )... }, 9= { 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 ,... ].
A two-port frequency reconfigurable microstrip element for conformal cloaking

A frequency reconfigurable microstrip element for thin conformal cloaking surfaces is presented here. Initially, a reconfigurable microstrip element with a single-port is designed, simulated and tested. This element is then extended to a two-port reconfigurable design using the same simulation environment validated with measurements of the single-port element. It is shown that the two-port design is suitable for cloaking of conformal surfaces.
An electron microscopic investigation of osteogenesis in the embryonic chick.

Cell-matrix and bone-matrix relationships have been studied by electron microscopy in the diaphysis of chick embryo tibio-tarsus. Osteoblasts within the periosteum possess cytoplasmic machinery characteristic of cells involved in protein synthesis. They contain abundant ergastoplasm, and an extensive Golgi apparatus. Small vesicles are associated with the juxtanuclear Golgi apparatus as well as with the extensive ergastoplasm. This suggests that the mechanism of protein synthesis and its transfer to the external milieu may be similar to that of other protein secreting cells, the fibroblast, the odontoblast and the chondroblast. A rather wide variation in collagen fibril diameter is seen in those fibrils located between the osteoblasts and the initial ossification area. The first nucleation of apatite crystals is seen as random aggregations distinct and separate from the collagen fibrils. This appearance is independent of section orientation since there appeared to be no difference between sections oriented at right angles to or parallel with the diaphysis' long axis. The observations of this study are consistent with proposed mechanisms for the nucleation phenomenon involving the ground substance and collagen fibrils. In addition, the observations suggest a concept of cellular control over the extracellular environment effecting the initial crystal nucleation. The morphologic evidence indicates that the molecular arrangement of collagen as fibrils probably does not provide the mechanism for apatite crystal nucleation.
Evaluation of carryover effects of dietary lysine intake by Cobb 500 broiler breeder hens

ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to examine the progeny performance of broiler breeder (BB) hens fed diets differing in digestible lysine (dLys). A total of 240 Cobb 500 BB pullets and 40 cockerels, 20 wk of age, were used for each of 2 experiments. In experiment 1, treatment diets were fed from 35 to 45 wk of age. Treatment 1 and 2 diets were formulated with common feed ingredients and BB had dLys daily intakes of 1,200 (IDL-1,200) and 1,010 mg/hen per d (ID-1,010), respectively. Treatments 3 and 4 were composed of semipurified diets formulated to dLys intakes of 1,010 (SPL-1,010) and 600 mg/hen per d (SP-600), respectively. In experiment 1, chick weight at hatch was lower (P
The passive elastic force-velocity relationship of cat skeletal muscle: Influence upon the maximal contractile element velocity

Abstract The medial gastrocnemius muscle of four cats was studied and two force-velocity relationships were determined: (1) the classical Hill force-velocity curve was derived under isotonic, afterloaded, activated conditions, and (2) a passive elastic force-velocity curve was derived under isotonic, quick-release, passive conditions. The velocity of contraction due to active cross-bridge turnover (pulling the actomyosin filaments over each other), i.e. ( V CE ) a , is defined mathematically as the difference between the overall muscle velocity ( V M ) and the velocity of contractile element shortening due to passive recoil of the parallel elastic spring (pushing the actomyosin filaments over each other), i.e. ( V CE ) p . ( V CE ) p was seen to be nearly equal to V M at zero afterload ( P P 0 = 0 ). ( V CE ) p fell rapidly to zero at P P 0 between 0.15 and 0.20, while V M only fell to zero at P P 0 = 1 . The result was that ( V CE ) a was very low at P P 0 = 0 , rose to a maximum at P P 0 between 0.10 and 0.15, then fell back to zero at P P 0 = 1 . A physiological explanation for this analytical result is proposed.
Manual and Oral Sensation in Patients with Cushing's Syndrome

Thresholds for light touch detection and two-point discrimination on the hand and in the mouth, and oral and manual stereognosis ability were measured in patients with untreated Cushing's syndrome and normal volunteers. Results indicated that patients with Cushing's syndrome displayed decreased two-point discrimination on the tongue and palate and decreased oral stereognosis.
A conditional analysis for two‐treatment multiple‐period crossover designs with binomial or poisson outcomes and subjects who drop out

We propose a conditional analysis for outcome data on numbers of recurrent symptoms arising in a two-treatment, multiple-period crossover trial. Conditioning on subject-specific totals removes any dependence on mean subject-specific symptom rates and permits the use of standard software to perform regression analysis to examine treatment, period, carryover and interaction effects. The addition of offsets to the regression equations allows the incorporation of data from subjects who do not complete all period in the trial. We apply the proposed method to data from a crossover trial and discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
Advanced stage IIIB cancer of the cervix treatment by hyperthermia and radiation

Treatment records of patients with primary untreated Stage IIIB carcinoma of the cervix treated at Indiana University Department of Radiation Oncology from November 1964 through January 1979 were reviewed. During this period, 79 patients were treated; 46 received external therapy using cobalt-60, 15 received a 25-MV photon beam, and 18 received a 25-MV photon beam followed by 45 min of 434-MHz microwave hyperthermia producing central tumor core temperatures of 39.5 to 41.5 degrees C. All patients received similar doses of radiation using combination intracavitary radioactive isotopes and external therapy. Patients who received heat therapy in combination with radiation therapy did not have increased acute or chronic complications of normal tissues. Local tumor control was superior when regional heat therapy was given; however, long-term absolute survival rates were not affected as the survival rate at 5 years was not statistically different in any of the three treatment groups.
Rob Roy Reservoir Management: Old Field, More Oil, Same Data!

Between 1985 and mid-1993 estimates of STOIIP in the Rob Roy Field varied from 89 mmbbls to 110 mmbbls. In 1993 three well workovers resulted in a significant increase in dry oil production from the field. This increased production could not be history-matched to the existing simulation model of the field. This paper summarizes the subsequent geoscience and engineering work which has led to a new STOIIP estimate of 143 mmbbls, a significant revision of the field reservoir simulation model, and a substantial increase in estimated oil reserves. These were achieved principally by a reinterpretation of the same geophysical data set that was available at the time of the Annex B in 1985.
Evaluation of Two Vitallium Blade-Form Implants Retrieved After 13 to 21 Years of Function: A Clinical Report

This article describes the clinical, radiographic, and histologic evaluation of 2 immediately loaded Vitallium blade-form implants retrieved from the posterior maxilla of 2 patients after 21 and 13 years of function. Neither implant demonstrated mobility or signs of pathosis, and both appeared to have integrated well with surrounding bone. The hydroxyapatite coating of the second implant, which was retrieved after 13 years of function, showed no dissolution. These observations suggest that immediately loaded dental implants have the potential to achieve and maintain osseointegration and that hydroxyapatite coatings can resist degradation over long-term service.
(S,S)-formoterol increases the production of IL-4 in mast cells and the airways of a murine asthma model

Abstract Rationale Several studies have shown (S,S)-formoterol to have proinflammatory effects. We previously reported that (S)-albuterol increased the secretion of histamine and interleukin (IL)-4 in murine mast cells stimulated by FcϵRI (high affinity IgE receptor) cross-linking. We thus hypothesized that (S,S)-formoterol also enhances the production of IL-4 in mast cells and the airways of a murine model of asthma, respectively. Methods Murine and human mast cells were pretreated with either (R,R)- or (S,S)-formoterol and stimulated by FcϵRI cross-linking or with phorbol myristate acetate/calcium ionophore A23187 (PMA/A23187). IL-4 levels were measured by ELISA. Ovalbumin (OVA)sensitized BALB/c mice were pretreated with (R,R)- or (S,S)-formoterol before each intranasal OVA challenge for 10 days. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained from the mice and IL-4 levels were measured by ELISA. Pathologic study and measurement of airway hyperresponsiveness were performed. Results (S,S)-formoterol further enhanced the production of IL-4 in FcϵRI-stimulated murine and PMA/A23187-stimulated human mast cells (70% and 51%, respectively, P P Conclusions (S,S)-formoterol may exert adverse effects in asthma control by activating mast cells to produce proinflammatory mediators such as IL-4.
Behavioural fever in teleost fishes.

THE ectothermic lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis has been shown to exhibit a behavioural fever1 when injected with killed Aeromonas hydrophila, a Gram-negative bacterium pathogenic to mammals, reptiles, amphibians and fishes, causing haemorrhagic septicaemia2,3. The behavioural fever in lizards has been shown to have survival value4.
Ultra-fast ionization modeling in laser-plasma interaction

A new ionization model for weighted particle simulation of large density scale plasmas has been developed. It is capable of treating both field and impact ionization. The high-order interpolation scheme we have adopted reduces numerical noises of electromagnetic waves, which ionize the target unphysically. This model has been tested in simulations of high intensity laser interaction with both underdense and overdense targets. With the addition of the treatment of collisions, this new code allows us to perform large-scale simulations of laser matter interaction with atomic physics. This model is a very valuable tool for the design of high-energy density experiments with short pulse lasers.
In situ electron microscopy of the phases of Cu3Si

The transformations between the η and η′ phases of Cu3Si were studied by in situ transmission electron microscope (TEM) diffraction analysis and by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The space groups of η and η′ are and , respectively. The lattice parameters of η are a = 4.06 A and c = 7.33 A. The η′ phase results from faulted stacking of the η unit cell, and has lattice parameters: a = 35.16 A and c = 21.99 A. A long-period anti-phase domain structure appears in these two phases and is part of a sequence of phase transformations from η′ to η upon heating. The Cu silicide precipitates that form in voids in silicon are the η′ phase, oriented in the silicon matrix according to: (0001)η'∥(110)Si; [001]Si.
Fabrication of a low resistivity tantalum nitride thin film

Novel bilayer TaN film has been developed using reactive ion DC sputtering. The film has a low resistivity of ~80@m@W-cm and is more stable compared with high resistivity films with high nitrogen flow rates. Low angle X-ray diffraction results show that the low resistivity TaN film is highly crystallized than that of each individual film deposited in the bilayer design. The crystalline structure and the film resistivity of the bilayer TaN film remain unchanged even when the thickness of each layer is changed, indicating large process window, that is critical for high volume manufacturing.
Modeling chemisorption kinetics: Carbon monoxide on polycrystalline platinum

Abstract The overall rate of chemisorption of CO on polycrystalline platinum, as determined in temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) experiments, could not be modeled using simple rate laws, but rather was modeled as the sum of the rates of formation of the several distinct species noted in TPD spectra. The rate of formation of each species was determined by deconvoluting TPD spectra corresponding to varying adsorption exposure times, and was modeled using a variant of the Hinshelwood rate law which allowed for site creation. By curve-fitting the experimental rate, an overall model for the chemisorption was proposed. The results are interpreted to indicate that the adsorbed molecules are sufficiently mobile during desorption heating to fill ordered states of minimum energy, and that the chemisorption into these states is noncompetitive and determined solely by the nature of surface. The surface order and species population ratios deduced from the kinetics are in good agreement with surface order and populations deduced in prior low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) studies of the CO-Pt system.
Soil resource heterogeneity in the form of aggregated litter alters maize productivity

Soils are spatially heterogeneous. To better understand the effects of sub-plant scale soil resource heterogeneity on primary productivity we aggregated plant litter (Trifolium pratense L. shoots and Secale cereale L. leaves) into 8, 24, 32, and 72 patches and uniformly distributed in 50-L containers (0.15 m2) of soil and grew Zea mays L. throughout two seasons. On average aggregated T. pratense litter enhanced final aboveground maize biomass by 14% relative to uniformly distributed T. pratense litter. This effect may be related to the reduction in root carbon allocation observed as lower apparent root respiration rates compared to uniform litter distribution. In contrast, the spatial distribution of S. cereale litter did not affect productivity. The common experimental approach of uniformly distributing resources to understand their influence on soil-plant processes likely oversimplifies field conditions because our results indicate that the spatial distribution of plant litter alone can influence productivity and plant carbon allocation.
Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Elderly

The prevalence of myocardial infarction (MI) is high among the elderly population. Many of the physiological and morphological changes attributable to 'normal' aging predispose older adults to cardiovascular instability. The incidence of both MIs and their associated morbidity and mortality increase with aging. Older MI patients may therefore derive substantial benefit from appropriately selected therapeutic intervention. In fact, given the high morbidity and mortality associated with MI in the elderly, aggressive therapeutic strategies may be particularly warranted. There are a number of age-related cardiovascular changes that contribute to the increasing incidence of MI as adults age. However, age itself is not a contraindication to aggressive therapy. Common MI management options include invasive and pharmaceutical strategies. The relative advantages of angioplasty and thrombolytics must be considered. Other drugs used in the treatment of MI include beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, nitrates, aspirin, anticoagulants, magnesium, antiarrhythmics and calcium antagonists. Significant peri-infarction complications, including heart failure, hypotension, arrhythmias, myocardial rupture and cardiogenic shock, often occur in older adults. Age-specific management strategies for these complications are reviewed.
Angiotensin-forming enzyme in human brain

Abstract The subcellular and regional distribution of angiotensin-forming enzyme was examined in human brain. A relatively purified form of this enzyme was obtained by discontinuous sucrose density gradient subfractionation of the crude mitochondrial fraction. Of the six brain regions examined, the cerebellar cortex crude mitochondrial fraction had the highest angiotensin-forming enzyme content. Kinetic characteristics, with respect to hog plasma renin and synthetic tetradecapeptide substrates and optimum pH range (4·5–5·5), were similar for both the particulate and soluble forms of the enzyme. Both forms also had a lower affinity for human plasma renin substrate. Different substrate kinetics and optimum pH range were obtained for the brain angiotensin-forming enzyme and kidney renin. Because of its potential clinical implication, a brain renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which is independent of kidney and adrenals, merits further study.
Sensitivity of global CO simulations to uncertainties in biomass burning sources

[1] One of the largest uncertainties for the modeling of tropospheric carbon monoxide (CO) concentration is the timing, location, and magnitude of biomass burning emissions. We investigate the sensitivity of simulated CO in the Unified Chemistry Transport Model (UCTM) to several biomass burning emissions, including four bottom-up and two top-down inventories. We compare the sensitivity experiments with observations from MOPITT, surface and airborne NOAA Global Monitoring Division network data, and the TRACE-P field campaign. The variation of the global annual emissions of these six biomass burning inventories is within 30%; however, their regional variations are often much higher (factor of 2–5). These uncertainties translate to about 6% variation in the global simulated CO but more than a 100% variation in some regions. The annual mean CO variation is greater in the Southern Hemisphere (>12%) than in the Northern Hemisphere (<5%), largely because biomass burning is a higher percentage of the total source in the Southern Hemisphere. Comparisons with CO observations indicate that each model inventory has its strengths and shortcomings, and these regional variations are examined. Overall the model CO concentrations are within the observed range of variability at most stations including Ascension Island, which is strongly influenced by fire emissions. In addition, we discuss the systematic biases that exist in the inventories developed by the similar methodologies and original satellite data.
Argon, krypton, and xenon in Angra dos Reis, Nuevo Laredo, and Norton County achondrites: The case for two types of fission xenon in achondrites

Abstract This paper reports argon, krypton, and xenon analyses of the uranium rich achondrites Angra dos Reis and Nuevo Laredo. Results for the Norton County aubrite show good agreement with previously reported analyses from other laboratories. We obtain cosmic ray exposure ages of 68 m.y. and 16 m.y. for Angra dos Reis and Nuevo Laredo by comparing 38 Ar/Ca ratios with Stannern whose cosmic ray exposure age has previously been determined by the 81 Kr- 78 Kr method. Contrary to the earlier analysis of Nuevo Laredo by Reynolds and Lipson, both Angra dos Reis and Nuevo Laredo showed pronounced fission xenon anomalies. Failure of the fission xenon composition obtained by an Angra dos Reis-Stannern subtraction to match that of Pasamonte suggests there is more than one type of fission xenon in the calcium rich achondrites and at the some time invalidates the subtraction method. After spallation component and trapped component corrections, we obtain the following xenon composition for Angra dos Reis (Nuevo Laredo); 131 Xe , 132 Xe , 134 Xe, and 136 Xe /0.81 (0.54), ≡ 1.00 (≡ 1.00), 0.96 (1.13), and 1.06 (1.27) . In this case inclusion of errors makes the ratios slightly overlap, but the difference again suggests more than one type of fission xenon. If we treat other previously reported calcium rich achondrites the same way, we find a spread in the composition of the fission xenon components with the 134 Xe 132 Xe ratios varying in an approximately linear way with the 136 Xe 132 Xe ratios. This linear spread suggests that there are two types of fission xenon in the calcium rich achondrites. Either xenon from spontaneous fission of 238 U or the carbonaceous chondrite type fission xenon recently reported by Pepin would provide the end member with high 134 Xe 132 Xe and 136 Xe 132 Xe ratios, but the data indicate an additional type of fission xenon with low 134 Xe 132 Xe and 136 Xe 132 Xe ratios. Spontaneous fission of 238 U, which of all uranium fissions we expect to make the largest contribution to xenon, is insufficient by factors of 34 and 18 in providing for the amount of fission 136 Xe in Angra dos Reis and Nuevo Laredo. Using the previously reported krypton and xenon data for Stannern, we can make an additional argument against uranium fission in Angra dos Reis. The purity of the spallation krypton spectrum in Stannern allows an upper limit to be placed on the 86 Kr from fission in Angra dos Reis which is 6% of the 136 Xe due to fission and a factor of two less than expected for spontaneous fission of 238 U. This argument also more strongly rules out neutron fission of 235 U as a major source of fission xenon in Stannern.
Zinc selectively blocks the action of N-methyl-D-aspartate on cortical neurons

Large amounts of zinc are present in synaptic vesicles of mammalian central excitatory boutons and may be released during synaptic activity, but the functional significance of the metal for excitatory neurotransmission is currently unknown. Zinc (10 to 1000 micromolar) was found to have little intrinsic membrane effect on cortical neurons, but invariably produced a zinc concentration-dependent, rapid-onset, reversible, and selective attenuation of the membrane responses to N-methyl-D-aspartate, homocysteate, or quinolinate. In contrast, zinc generally potentiated the membrane responses to quisqualate or alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate and often did not affect the response to kainate. Zinc also attenuated N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated neurotoxicity but not quisqualate or kainate neurotoxicity. The ability of zinc to specifically modulate postsynaptic neuronal responses to excitatory amino acid transmitters, reducing N-methyl-to-aspartate receptor-mediated excitation while often increasing quisqualate receptor-mediated excitation, is proposed to underlie its normal function at central excitatory synapses and furthermore could be relevant to neuronal cell loss in certain disease states.
Intracellular boron localization and uptake in cell cultures using imaging secondary ion mass spectrometry (ion microscopy) for neutron capture therapy for cancer

Quantitative ion microscopy of freeze-fractured, freeze-dried cultured cells is a technique for single cell and subcellular elemental analysis. This review describes the technique and its usefulness in determining the uptake and subcellular distribution of the boron from boron neutron capture therapy drugs.
Response of Selected Forage Grasses to Herbicides

Early spring applications of herbicides were evaluated for weed control and phytotoxicity to kleingrass (Panicum coloratum L.) during establishment. In 1986, areas treated with MSMA (monosodium salt of methylarsonic acid) at 2.2 and 4.5 kg ha⁻¹ or chlorsulfuron [ 2-chloro-N-[ [(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide] at 0.018 and 0.035 kg ha⁻¹ reduced weed yield to 9300 kg ha⁻¹. Untreated areas produced 5400 and 4300 kg ha⁻¹ of weeds and kleingrass, respectively. In 1988, kleingrass yields were increased only where weeds were removed by hand or MSMA. Bensulide [O,Obis(1-methylethyl) S-[2-[(phenylsulfonyI) amino] ethyl] phosphorodithioate], butylate [S-ethyl bis(2-methylpropyl)bamothioate], siduron [N-(2-methylcyclohexyl)-N'-phenylurea], and sulfometuron [2-[[[[(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl) amino] carbonyl] amino] sulfonyl] benzoic acid) were highly injurious to kleingrass. In 1989, no treatment increased kleingrass yields. In the greenhouse, ‘Selection 75’ kleingrass, common buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.), ‘WW-Spar’ and ‘WW-Ironmaster’ old world bluestem [Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng var. ischaemum (Hack.) Celarier and Harlan], ‘Bell’ rhodesgrass (Chloris gayana Kunth), ‘Cowboy’ laurisiagrass (Penniseturn orientale L.), ‘Haskel’ sideoats grama [Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.], ‘Lameta’ Indiangrass (Sorghustrum nutans L.), 'Alamo' switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), and ‘Palar’ Wilman lovegrass (Eragrosfis superba Peyn.) were treated. Based on seedling weight, most grasses tolerated butylate, MSMA, 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid], chlorsulfuron, and metsulfuron (2-[[[[(4 methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] amino] sulfonyl] benzoic acid]. Buffelgrass, Indiangrass, and old world bluestem tolerated sulfometuron. Atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(-methylethyl)- 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] and propazine [6-chloro-N,N'- bis(l-methylethyl)-l,3,5-triazine-2,4diamine] were sometimes injurious, but bensulide and siduron were highly injurious to most grasses. Cooperative investigation of the USDA-ARS and the Texas Agric. Exp. Stn., Texas A&M Univ.
Thyroid hormone receptors and iodothyronine deiodinases in the developing Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum.

Abstract The Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum , is a neotenous salamander that rarely undergoes anatomical metamorphosis, but can be induced to do so by administration of thyroxine (T 4 ). The neoteny appears to be due primarily to low levels of plasma T 4 secondary to a low rate of secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone. However, other factors may also be involved. In anuran amphibia, metamorphosis is accompanied by alterations in thyroid hormone receptor concentration and marked changes in the activities of the iodothyronine deiodinase systems, all of which contribute to enhancing peripheral sensitivity to circulating T 4 . The present study was designed to assess these functions in the tissues of the axolotl. Putative 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T 3 ) receptors were readily detected in axolotl red blood cells, and the receptor number (sites/nucleus) showed a developmental decline, comparable to that seen in anuran amphibia, as the larval cells with a high receptor number were replaced with adult cells with a low receptor number. Saturable T 3 nuclear binding sites were also detected in liver, but the receptor number was too low to quantitate. Using a sensitive RIA, T 4 and T 3 were below detectable levels in juvenile axolotls and T 4 was just detectable in some of the adults. Following injection of [ 125 I]T 4 , [ 125 I]T 3 was detected in plasma and liver of adult, but not of juvenile, axolotls. Some 5′-deiodinase activity was consistently detected in preparations of larval skin, and in adult skin and gut, but it was too low to permit kinetic analyses. Activity was not increased following treatment with sufficient T 4 to induce anatomical metamorphosis. 5-Deiodinase activity was not detected in any tissue. The studies support the concept that the major cause of anatomical neoteny in the axolotl is an inadequate plasma T 4 concentration. They also suggest that axolotl tissues, unlike those of anuran amphibia, do not undergo some of the specific changes which would be expected to enhance the physiological response to the available T 4 .
Incremental Light Bundle Adjustment.

Presented at the Ninth Conference on 23rd British Machine Vision Conference (BMVC 2012), 3-7 September 2012, Guildford, Surrey, UK.
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs): metabolism and biochemical function.

Abstract Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which are synthesized from arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases, function primarily as autocrine and paracrine effectors in the cardiovascular system and kidney. They modulate ion transport and gene expression, producing vasorelaxation as well as anti-inflammatory and pro-fibrinolytic effects. EETs are incorporated into the sn-2 position of phospholipids and are rapidly mobilized when a cell is treated with a Ca2+ ionophore, suggesting that they may play a role in phospholipid-mediated signal transduction processes. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) converts EETs to dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs), and inhibition of sEH is a potential approach for enhancing the biological activity of EETs. EETs also undergo chain-elongation and β-oxidation, and the accumulation of partial β-oxidation products increases when sEH is inhibited. Some functional effects of EETs occur through activation of either the guanine nucleotide binding protein Gαs or the Src signal transduction pathways, suggesting that EETs act by binding to membrane receptors. However, other evidence indicates that the modulation of gene expression occurs through an intracellular action of EETs. Because of the diversity of biochemical and functional responses produced by EETs, it is doubtful that a single mechanism or signal transduction pathway can account for all of their actions.
Isolation of Pediococcus homari, etiological agent of gaffkemia in lobsters, from a California estuary

Abstract Virulent Pediococcus homari , the etiological agent of gaffkemia, a disease enzootic in Atlantic lobsters (genus Homarus ), was isolated from two sites in Anaheim Bay, Calif. The concentration of P. homari was in the order of 1–10 bacteria per ml of sample. This is the first known report of free-living P. homari in the Pacific; the bacterium was previously reported to exist in infected decapod Crustaceae and sediments from the Atlantic. Introduction of P. homari may have occurred through transport of infected Homarus americanus (Atlantic lobster), or by discharge of water in contact with them.
A closed-form solution for the generalized Euler problem

Euler9s problem, that of buckling of a uniform column under its own weight, is generalized to include columns of variable stiffness. It is posed as an inverse problem: namely, determine the variation of the stiffness along the axis of the column so that the column has the prescribed buckling mode, given as a simple polynomial function.
Medical Nutrition Therapy Computer Modules Add Practice Opportunities for Senior Dietetic Students

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: Describe the pros and cons of using computer administered questions and case studies to give practice with immediate feedback and scoring that eliminated paper grading. Computers provide the ideal environment for drill and practice exercises that students need to perfect some of the skills related to medical nutrition therapy. There are very few sources of such computer software for the training of students and none provide the advantage of recording scores for later retrieval by the instructor. This author identified an IBM DOS based software (CLAS-CBT by Touch Technologies not longer supported by the company) that provided some of these features. Modules for senior dietetic students were written and edited for presentation with CLAS-CBT. Those modules were: Gastrointestinal Disorders, Parenteral Nutrition Support, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, Renal Disease, and Cancer & AIDS. Each module was designed to be completed within a 3 hour laboratory period. Feedback was built into the program to reinforce correct answers and provide solutions to problems that were not answered correctly. The biggest advantage to use of the computer modules is students can work at their own pace and they do not have to wait on the instructor to evaluate their performance. Disadvantages of the computer modules are related to the limitations built into the software. Specifically, summaries of student performance at the end of each subsection of the module were not complete and evaluation of the student's answers when multiple answers were correct are not user friendly for student or author. Future plans include expanding some of the modules to include some additional practice, revision of parts of modules where pencil and paper tests show students have not accomplished the learning objectives, and converting to use of a more user friendly lesson authoring software which provides immediate feedback and recording of scores.
Dynamics of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae during old field succession.

The species composition of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungal communities changed during secondary succession of abandoned fields based on a field to forest chronosequence. Twenty-five VAM fungal species were identified. Seven species were clearly early successional and five species were clearly late successional. The total number of VAM fungal species did not increase with successional time, but diversity as measured by the Shannon-Wiener index tended to increase, primarily because the community became more even as a single species, Glomus aggregatum, became less dominant in the older sites. Diversity of the VAM fungal community was positively correlated with soil C and N. The density of VAM fungi, as measured by infectivity and total spore count, first increased with time since abandonment and then decreased in the late successional forest sites. Within 12 abandoned fields, VAM fungal density increased with increasing soil pH, H2O soluble soil C, and root biomass, but was inversely related to extractable soil P and percent cover of non-host plant species. The lower abundance of VAM fungi in the forest sites compared with the field sites agrees with the findings of other workers and corresponds with a shift in the dominant vegetation from herbaceous VAM hosts to woody ectomycorrhizal hosts.
Regional myocardial function during contiguous ischaemia in an anaesthetized canine model: comparison of six methods of measurement

During acute myocardial ischaemia, the function of the unaffected muscle is the primary determinant of residual cardiac performance. We compared six methods of measuring regional function in the remaining non-ischaemic segment after acute lig-ation of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery in 16 dogs. Preparation included left ventricular micromanometers, regional sonomicrometer transducers to measure segment length and wall thickness, caval occluders and left atrial catheters for injection of radioactive microspheres to measure regional blood flow. Pulmonary artery, central venous and systemic arterial pressures were measured and regional coronary venous blood was collected for direct myocardial oxygen consumption ( V o 2 calculations. Under basal high-dose fentanyl-neuromuscular blocker anaesthesia, the LAD was occluded after addition of halothane or isoflurane at 0.5 or 1.5 MAC concentrations. Regional myocardial function of the non-ischaemic segment was assessed by the following computer-derived indices: percent systolic wall thickening (% WT), velocity of shortening ( v s ), percent systolic shortening (% SS), regional stroke work (RSW), regional preload recruitable stroke work (RPRSW) and regional end-systolic elastance ( E es). No index demonstrated enhanced function in the nonischaemic segment after LAD ligation and all monitors, except E es, were sensitive to depression of function represented by a decrease in values after administration of halothane and isoflurane ( P E es values increased with the addition of isoflurane and remained constant with halothane. Circulating concentrations of catecholamines were unchanged after ischaemia, while inhalation agents caused a decrease in the concentrations of adrenaline and dopamine ( P E es appeared inconsistent, and consequently unreliable, as an index of regional function.
The State-Sponsored Lottery: A Failure of Policy and Ethics

State-sponsored lotteries are viewed by some as modern-day fiscal saviors and vilified by others as government-supported vice. This commentary identifies the key questions and relevant data on the social impact of lotteries. Using decision ethic frameworks, it assesses lotteries and concludes that neither policy nor ethics supports them as an activity appropriate for government sponsorship.
Submillimeter Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Temporal Bone in Meniere's Disease†‡

The pathoetiology of Meniere's disease remains elusive. Histopathologic and imaging studies have implicated congenital or developmental abnormality of the endolymphatic duct as a likely predisposing factor to the development of endolymphatic hydrops and clinical Meniere's disease. Recently, improved high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols have allowed better demonstration of the soft tissues of the endolymphatic duct and sac. This study is a prospective evaluation of the ability of submillimeter MRI to detect the endolymphatic duct in Meniere's disease patients and control subjects. In addition, the development of the temporal bone in the region of the endolymphatic sac and duct is evaluated by measurements of the distance from the posterior semicircular canal to the subarachnoid space and the distance from the vestibule to the subarachnoid space. Visualization of the endolymphatic duct was found to be significantly less frequent in the Meniere's disease patients (29%) than in the control subjects (91%). Temporal bone measurements in the region of the endolymphatic duct showed patients with Meniere's disease to have smaller dimensions than control subjects.