cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FOOTLOOSE LABOR: UNDERSTANDING GLOBALIZATION AND MIGRANCY THROUGH LITERATURE

This article focuses on the complex interplay between the migrancy of laboring bodies in the informal sectors of various economies, the spaces they inhabit, and the gendered experiences of their lives. It does so by comparing two literary works that present various forms of narratives: Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza by Chicana writer Gloria Anzaldua and The White Tiger by Indian novelist Aravind Adiga. Both works present powerful images of gendered rural migrants who travel to cosmopolitan locations where their labor is consumed and erased. La Frontera deals with Chicana characters who cross over from Mexico to the U.S. in search of daily wage-based work. The White Tiger focuses on Balram Halwai, a taxi driver, who travels between rural and urban India. Thus, in using literary narratives, this article seeks to understand how these stage the commoditization and erasure of labor in its production of space even as these texts undergo their own processes of production, consumption, and commoditization in global circuits of exchange.
MUSE: a software oscilloscope for clusters and grids

Oscilloscopes and their cousins, logic analyzers, are the tools of choice for difficult electronic hardware problems. In the hands of a skilled engineer or technician, these tools can be used to solve stubborn problems. The key to the utility of oscilloscopes is the depth of detail they provide and their flexibility, which allows the level of detail to be adjusted to fit the task at hand. Distributed applications, which run on computing clusters and computational grids, are also complex and difficult to tame. We need tools to understand their complexities and the ability to choose the level of detail to fit the task, whether the task be debugging, tuning, monitoring or controlling. The MAGNET User-Space Environment (MUSE) has been designed as a "software oscilloscope" for computing clusters and computational grids. It is a toolkit for applications and developers to obtain detailed information about the environment on the host. The information can be used on-line or saved for off-line analysis. It has low overhead and allows the level of detail to be adjusted. Furthermore, MUSE monitors without requiring the modification or relinking of applications. It has been designed to make it easy to develop "adaptive applications" - applications that are aware of their environment and can adapt to changes.
Molecular Recognition Properties of Chlamydomonas HRPG’s

Animals and plants both possess matrix macromoleeules charactererized by a high content of proline residues postranslationally modified to 4-transhydroxyproline. In animal cells, a large family of well characterized hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGP’s), the collagens, perform a variety of important structural, developmental, and homeostatic functions. That plants also contain HRGP’s was first demonstrated by D.T.A. Lamport (1), who named the HYP-containing cell wall glycoprotein of dicotyledenous plants “extensin”, based on a presumed role in extensibility. The insolubility of extensins, however, hampered the study of these macromolecules and their assembly properties until the discovery of soluble extensins (2-4). Like the collagens, plant extensins appear to be members of a large family of related proteins (see reference 5 for a recent review).
The spin doctor: An alternative model of public relations

Abstract The past 10 or so years have seen the emergence of a new phenomenon in communication—the so-called spin doctor. What is a spin doctor? What does a spin doctor do? This article suggests that the spin doctor is a new communication role, and raises questions about its relationship to the traditional public relations model. It also discusses the implications of this new role for mass communication theory and for the practice of journalism.
A Tile-Based Error Model for Forward Growth of DNA Self-Assembly

This paper deals with the error tolerance of forward growth for DNA self-assembly. A model based on a single tile attachment is proposed. This model captures the features of the so-called corner attachment by considering the binding of the bonds between a tile and the current error-free aggregate. An analysis of this process and its implications on possible errors due to single and double mismatches are pursued. It is shown that an attachment in forward growth may result in mismatches by considering the label set of each tile and ensuring its possible existence with respect to an aggregate. The bounds (lower and upper) on the cardinality of a label set for DNA self-assembly, are proven. The proposed model is used to assess the error tolerance of different tile sets with and without block redundancy (such as proofreading).
Liberating Effects of Losing Executive Control When Regulatory Strategies Turn Maladaptive

Across numerous domains, research has consistently linked decreased capacity for executive control to negative outcomes. Under some conditions, however, this deficit may translate into gains: When individuals' regulatory strategies are maladaptive, depletion of the resource fueling such strategies may facilitate positive outcomes, both intra- and interpersonally. We tested this prediction in the context of contentious intergroup interaction, a domain characterized by regulatory practices of questionable utility. White participants discussed approaches to campus diversity with a White or Black partner immediately after performing a depleting or control computer task. In intergroup encounters, depleted participants enjoyed the interaction more, exhibited less inhibited behavior, and seemed less prejudiced to Black observers than did control participants—converging evidence of beneficial effects. Although executive capacity typically sustains optimal functioning, these results indicate that, in some cases, i...
Effects of Viscosity and Stress Level on Rates of Stress Release in Soda-Lime, Potash-Barium, and Borosilicate Glasses

Previous work has suggested that two concurrent mechanisms act to relieve stresses in soda-lime commercial glasses in the viscosity range log 12 to log 14.5. The data were found to be best represented by a relation which indicated that the release of stress is the result of at least two distinct, but not necessarily independent, rate processes. The present paper shows stress release and viscosity data on two other types of glasses, namely, a potash-barium glass and a borosilicate. The data show that all three types of glass can be represented by similar equations and that the release of stress in glasses is related to both equilibrium temperature viscosities and delayed elasticity within the annealing zone.
Implementation of case management to reduce cardiovascular disease risk in the Stanford and San Mateo Heart to Heart randomized controlled trial: study protocol and baseline characteristics

Case management has emerged as a promising alternative approach to supplement traditional one-on-one sessions between patients and doctors for improving the quality of care in chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease (CHD). However, data are lacking in terms of its efficacy and cost-effectiveness when implemented in ethnic and low-income populations. The Stanford and San Mateo Heart to Heart (HTH) project is a randomized controlled clinical trial designed to rigorously evaluate the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of a multi-risk cardiovascular case management program in low-income, primarily ethnic minority patients served by a local county health care system in California. Randomization occurred at the patient level. The primary outcome measure is the absolute CHD risk over 10 years. Secondary outcome measures include adherence to guidelines on CHD prevention practice. We documented the study design, methodology, and baseline sociodemographic, clinical and lifestyle characteristics of 419 participants. We achieved equal distributions of the sociodemographic, biophysical and lifestyle characteristics between the two randomization groups. HTH participants had a mean age of 56 years, 63% were Latinos/Hispanics, 65% female, 61% less educated, and 62% were not employed. Twenty percent of participants reported having a prior cardiovascular event. 10-year CHD risk averaged 18% in men and 13% in women despite a modest low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level and a high on-treatment percentage at baseline. Sixty-three percent of participants were diagnosed with diabetes and an additional 22% had metabolic syndrome. In addition, many participants had depressed high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and elevated values of total cholesterol-to-HDL ratio, triglycerides, triglyceride-to-HDL ratio, and blood pressure. Furthermore, nearly 70% of participants were obese, 45% had a family history of CHD or stroke, and 16% were current smokers. We have recruited an ethnically diverse, low-income cohort in which to implement a case management approach and test its efficacy and cost-effectiveness. HTH will advance the scientific understanding of better strategies for CHD prevention among these priority subpopulations and aid in guiding future practice that will reduce health disparities.
Direct renin inhibition: focus on aliskiren.

RESulTS : Approximately 70% of essential hypertension is associated with elevated renin levels. Aliskiren is a potent and highly specific inhibitor of renin, with oral bioavailability of 2.6% and an elimination half-life of 40 hours, making it suitable for once-daily oral administration. Aliskiren dose-dependently reduced BP, inhibited plasma renin activity (PRA), attenuated renal damage in animal models, and showed efficient and lon ger-lasting blockade of the RAAS in normotensive human subjects compared with other RAAS inhibitors. The clinical efficacy and safety of aliskiren have been evaluated both as monotherapy and in combina tion with other antihypertensive agents in phase II and phase III trials of patients with mild to severe hypertension. When used as monotherapy, aliskiren led to significant dose-dependent reductions in BP from baseline that were greater than those obtained with placebo and comparable with those achieved with an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB). The combination of aliskiren with a diuretic, a calcium channel blocker ( ccB), an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (A cEI), or an ARB generally had greater and longer-lasting BP-lowering efficacy than did single agents alone. Aliskiren also countered the reactive increase in PRA caused by diuretic, ccB, AcEI, and ARB therapy. once-daily treatment with aliskiren was well tolerated. conclu SIonS: As a DRI, aliskiren blocks the RAAS more completely than do other current downstream RAAS inhibitors. When used once daily, aliskiren is a safe and effective antihypertensive agent that can be used as monotherapy or in combination with other agents to provide additional options to improve BP control.
Chemical-structural information from solid-state 13C NMR studies of a suite of humic materials from a lower montane forest soil, Colorado, USA

Abstract Chemically and physically fractionated samples extracted from the surface horizon of a soil developed under a mix of coniferous and deciduous vegetation in southwestern Colorado were studied. 13 C NMR data on this soil ' s organic matter and its HF(aq)-washed residue, as well as the classic acid/base-separated humic fractions (humic acid, fulvic acid, humin), were examined for chemical–structural detail, e.g., the various structural functionalities present (especially lipids, carbohydrates, aromatics, polypeptides and carbonyl/carboxyls). Among the humic fractions, it was found that the lipid concentrations are in the order humic acid>fulvic acid= humin; for carbohydrates the order is fulvic acid>humin>humic acid; for aromatic carbons the order is humic acid>humin>fulvic acid; for polypeptides it is humic acid>fulvic acid>humin and for carbonyl/carboxyl species it is humin>humic acid>fulvic acid, but the differences are small. 13 C spin–lattice relaxation times indicate that at least two types of “domains” exist in each, corresponding to “higher” and “lower” concentrations of paramagnetic centers, e.g., Fe 3+ .
Assessing the impact of a modeling tool and its support for verification and validation

Domain-specific tools for modeling and simulation (M&S) of computer network systems are aimed at simplifying the tasks of model developers and simulationists. In determining the extent to which a particular domain-specific M&S tool fits their needs, the developers must consider both how the tool can assist in the model development process, and how the tool may prevent or hinder them from achieving their objectives. We have considered two M&S tools in the domain of computer networks, IT Guru and the INET Framework, and some of the ways in which they affect various aspects of simulation model development, with emphasis on the verification and validation (V&V) process as applied to Net-Centric Enterprise Systems. We have developed a metric for evaluating a domain-specific M&S tool based on certain qualitative characteristics. We will demonstrate how this metric can be applied to evaluate IT Guru and INET, and also offer some observations on how the metric can be applied to other domains besides computer networking.
Vorinostat Increases Expression of Functional Norepinephrine Transporter in Neuroblastoma In Vitro and In Vivo Model Systems

Purpose: Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition causes transcriptional activation or repression of several genes that in turn can influence the biodistribution of other chemotherapeutic agents. Here, we hypothesize that the combination of vorinostat, a HDAC inhibitor, with 131 I- meta -iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) would lead to preferential accumulation of the latter in neuroblastoma (NB) tumors via increased expression of the human norepinephrine transporter (NET). Experimental Design: In vitro and in vivo experiments examined the effect of vorinostat on the expression of NET, an uptake transporter for 131 I-MIBG. Human NB cell lines (Kelly and SH-SY-5Y) and NB1691-luc mouse xenografts were employed. The upregulated NET protein was characterized for its effect on 123 I-MIBG biodistribution. Results: Preincubation of NB cell lines, Kelly, and SH-SY-5Y, with vorinostat caused dose-dependent increases in NET mRNA and protein levels. Accompanying this was a corresponding dose-dependent increase in MIBG uptake in NB cell lines. Four- and 2.5-fold increases were observed in Kelly and SH-SY-5Y cells, respectively, pretreated with vorinostat in comparison to untreated cells. Similarly, NB xenografts, created by intravenous tail vein injection of NB1691-luc, and harvested from nude mice livers treated with vorinostat (150 mg/kg i.p.) showed substantial increases in NET protein expression. Maximal effect of vorinostat pretreatment in NB xenografts on 123 I-MIBG biodistribution was observed in tumors that exhibited enhanced uptake in vorinostat-treated [0.062 ± 0.011 μCi/(mg tissue-dose injected)] vs. -untreated mice [0.022 ± 0.003 μCi/(mg tissue-dose injected); P Conclusions: The results of our study provide preclinical evidence that vorinostat treatment can enhance NB therapy with 131 I-MIBG. Clin Cancer Res; 17(8); 2339–49. ©2011 AACR .
The effect of terminal sterilization on structural and biophysical properties of a decellularized collagen‐based scaffold; implications for stem cell adhesion

Terminal sterilization induces physical and chemical changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of ex vivo-derived biomaterials due to their aggressive mechanism of action. Prior studies have focused on how sterilization affects the mechanical integrity of tissue-based biomaterials but have rarely characterized effects on early cellular interaction, which is indicative of the biological response. Using a model fibrocartilage disc scaffold, these investigations compare the effect of three common sterilization methods [peracetic acid (PAA), gamma irradiation (GI), and ethylene oxide (EtO)] on a range of material properties and characterized early cellular interactions. GI and EtO produced unfavorable structural damage that contributed to inferior cell adhesion. Conversely, exposure to PAA resulted in limited structural alterations while inducing chemical modifications that favored cell attachment. Results suggest that the sterilization approach can be selected to modulate biomaterial properties to favor cellular adhesion and has relevance in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Furthermore, the study of cellular interactions with modified biomaterials in vitro provides information of how materials may react in subsequent clinical applications.
Extension of quasi-supercontinuum generation in multiple-bandgap semiconductor quantum-dash laser

We demonstrate a viable approach for ultrabroad-stimulated emission in InAs/InAlGaAs quantum-dash laser. This method involves the integration of multiple diodes with respective bandgaps tuned to different energies along a single laser cavity using postgrowth-intermixing process.
A simulation of evolved autotrophic reproduction

In this experiment we evolve reproductive behaviors for a simulated vehicle. Future work will employ the resulting behaviors to populate a simulated ecosystem.
Implementation and evaluation of a penalized alternating minimization algorithm for computational DIC microscopy

We present the implementation and evaluation of a penalized alternating minimization (AM) method1 for the computation of a specimen's complex transmittance function (magnitude and phase) from images captured with Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) microscopy. The magnitude of the transmittance function is constrained to be less than 1. The penalty is on the roughness of the complex transmittance function. Without the penalty, we show via simulation that the difference between the true and estimated transmittance function takes values in the null space of the DIC point-spread function, thereby characterizing the ill-posed nature of this inverse problem. The penalty effectively attenuates larger spatial frequencies that are in this null space. The algorithm is implemented on yeast cell images after proper normalization of the measured data. Preliminary results are promising.
Lactic Acidosis Associated with Stavudine Administration: A Report of Five Cases

Type “B” lactic acidosis has been described in patients receiving the nucleoside analogs zidovudine, didanosine, and fialuridine. Lactic acidosis has also been described in 4 patients receiving combination therapy with stavudine and lamivudine. We describe the development of chronic type “B” lactic acidosis in 3 patients receiving stavudine as a single agent and in 2 patients receiving combination therapy with stavudine and either lamivudine or delavirdine, a nonnucleoside analog. All patients presented with abdominal pain, vomiting, and hepatic steatosis. Other signs of mitochondrial toxicity included pancreatitis and myopathy (2 cases). The mean duration of stavudine therapy was 9.4 months, and the mean observed peak lactate was mmol/L. After discontinuation of stavudine treatment, lactic acidosis level 5 SD 10.3 5 5 improved in 4 patients after 4‐60 weeks, and 1 patient died. Evaluations for other causes of lactic acidosis, including hypoxemia, malignancy, sepsis, and cardiogenic shock, were negative. Type “B” lactic acidosis is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication of nucleoside analog therapy and is often accompanied by other serious clinical manifestations of mitochondrial toxicity, such as hepatic steatosis, pancreatitis, and myopathy. This syndrome has been reported with single nucleoside analog therapy with zidovudine, didanosine, or fialuridine and with combination therapy with lamivudine and stavudine [1‐5]. We report 5 cases of stavudine-associated lactic acidosis; 2 are described in detail, and 3 additional cases are summarized in table 1.
Intestinal Epithelial Cells Modulate CD4 T Cell Responses via the Thymus Leukemia Antigen

The intestinal epithelium is comprised of a monolayer of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC), which provide, among other functions, a physical barrier between the high Ag content of the intestinal lumen and the sterile environment beyond the epithelium. IEC express a nonclassical MHC class I molecule known as the thymus leukemia (TL) Ag. TL is known to interact with CD8αα-expressing cells, which are abundant in the intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte compartment. In this report, we provide evidence indicating that expression of TL by IEC modulates the cytokine profile of CD4+ T cells favoring IL-17 production. We show in an adoptive transfer model of colitis that donor-derived cells become more pathogenic when TL is expressed on IEC in recipient animals. Moreover, TL+IEC promote development of IL-17–mediated responses capable of protecting mice from Citrobacter rodentium infection. We also show that modulation of IL-17–mediated responses by TL+IEC is controlled by the expression of CD8α on CD4+ T cells. Overall, our results provide evidence for an important interaction between IEC and CD4+ T cells via TL, which modulates mucosal immune responses.
Fields of Vision: Landscape Imagery and National Identity in England and the United States

List of IllustrationsAcknowledgementsIntroduction11The Prince of Wales and the Shadow of St. Paul's112Joseph Wright and the Spectacle of Power433Humphry Repton and the Improvement of the Estate804J. M. W. Turner and the Circulation of the State1125Thomas Cole and the Course of Empire1466Frances Palmer and the Incorporation of the Continent1747John Constable and the making of Constable Country200Conclusion243Index247
Game Theoretical Approach for Reliable Enhanced Indexation

Enhanced indexation is a structured investment approach that combines passive and active financial management techniques. We propose an enhanced indexation model whose goal is to maximize the excess return that can be attained with high reliability, while ensuring that the relative market risk does not exceed a specified limit. We measure the relative risk with the coherent semideviation risk functional and model the asset returns as random variables. We consider that the probability distributions of the index fund and excess returns are imperfectly known and belong to a class of distributions characterized by an ellipsoidal distributional set. We provide a game theoretical formulation for the enhanced indexation problem in which we maximize the minimum excess return over all allowable probability distributions. The variance of the excess return is calculated with a computationally efficient method that avoids model specification issues. Finally, we show that the game theoretical model can be recast as a convex programming problem and discuss the results of numerical experiments.
A new optical instrument for the study of bubbles at high void fractions within breaking waves

An optical imaging system (BubbleCam) has been tested for the quantification of bubble distributions at high void fractions formed beneath breaking waves. The instrument consists of a CCD video camera, stroboscopic light source, and optics allowing adjustable magnification, a fixed imaging volume, and the resolution of bubbles 3 pixels in radius and larger (equivalent to a minimum bubble radius of about 200 /spl mu/m in the test configuration). BubbleCam has been deployed in a shore-based configuration (data and power supplied via shore-connected cables) as well as an autonomous device in the open sea with its own power supply and data storage. The resulting images are processed using a variant of the Hough transform which allows computer-automated counting and measurement of the bubbles within the video frames. In addition, images can be qualitatively examined to provide insights into bubble plume evolution and creation mechanisms.
Prospective analysis of a novel orthopedic residency advocacy education program.

INTRODUCTION: Future physician leaders must be able to critically assess health care policy and patient advocacy issues. Currently, no nationally accepted, standardized curriculum to provide advocacy education during orthopedic residency training exists. We therefore developed an “Advocacy” curriculum for our orthopedic residents designed to direct particular attention to patient advocacy, specialty advocacy, and healthcare policy. METHODS: Residents were given pre- and post-curriculum questionnaires to gauge their perception of the importance, strengths, and weaknesses of this curriculum. A paired t-test was used to compare pre- and post-curriculum responses. RESULTS: Twenty-one of 24 orthopedic residents completed the pre-curriculum and post-curriculum questionnaire regarding the importance of advocacy education (87.5% response rate). Overall, 85.7% (18/21) of responders ranked the curriculum on orthopedic advocacy as good or excellent. Prior to the advocacy curriculum, 33.3% (7/21) of residents felt that learning about orthopedic advocacy was important to their education, while following the curriculum 100% (21/21) felt so (p<0.05). The percentage of residents who considered health policy to be important increased from 71.4% (15/21) to 95.2% (20/21) following the curriculum(p<0.05). Following the advocacy curriculum, 90.5% (19/21) of responders would be interested in getting involved in orthopedic advocacy. DISCUSSION: This curriculum significantly increased residents’ belief in the importance of advocacy issues. Following the curriculum, 100% of responding residents considered orthopedic advocacy education as important. An advocacy curriculum may serve as an integral preparatory educational core component to residency training.
Mechanism(s) of activation of secretory phospholipase A2s in mouse keratinocytes

The differential activation of different members of the phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) superfamily and their regulation are important as one or more of them regulates the production of eicosanoids and others may contribute to the formation of other lipid mediators. We previously reported the existence of two forms of secretory or sPLA(2) in mouse keratinocytes, namely type I and type II sPLA(2). We show here that mouse keratinocyte sPLA(2)s were potently activated by protease treatment and inhibited by protease inhibitors. We also observed that G protein effectors induced substantial release of oleic acid (OA) from prelabeled mouse keratinocytes. A G(i)/G(0) protein activator significantly enhanced the hydrolysis of OA and this increase was not responsive to either pertussis toxin or cholera toxin treatment. Although there was a significant negative correlation between intracellular cAMP levels and OA hydrolysis, experimentally increasing cAMP with forskolin treatment had no effect on sPLA(2) activity. Arachidonic acid but not its metabolites was also shown to marginally activate keratinocyte sPLA(2) by 1.5-fold. These results lead to the conclusion that mouse keratinocyte sPLA(2)s can be regulated primarily by proteolytic activation and a G protein pathway.
Comment on Enhancing Patent Quality

This Comment responds to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office’s Request for Comments on Enhancing Patent Quality, published February 5, 2015. It proceeds in two parts. First, I share two general observations about the PTO’s current slate of New Quality Proposals: specifically, it fails to include any reforms that apply post-issue or any reforms that exercise the PTO’s fee-setting authority. Second, building on these observations and two recent empirical studies of mine, I outline two proposals that I urge the PTO to consider: specifically, an increase in maintenance fees and a decrease in fees for post-issue administrative challenges.
Membranes in Artificial Kidney Devices: Past, Present, and Future

The progress of artificial kidney development is presented in terms of the polymers used in their fabrication. Current trends and results in cellulosic and synthetic polymer membrane research are reviewed.
Mechanisms underlying induced autoresuscitation failure in BALB/c and SWR mice.

Mechanisms underlying failure of autoresuscitation from hypoxic apnea were investigated. Failure was induced by repeated exposure to hypoxia. The influence of maturation was studied in adults, wean...
Latin Calligraphy at Hawara: P. Hawara 24

Text I (Vergil). Found by Petrie at Hawara eighty years ago, P(apyrus) Hawara 24 is now in the collection at University College, London. It has writing on both sides. On one side is a line of Latin verse repeated over and over; on the other side is other Latin, also repeated over and over. The first editor, A. H. Sayce, whose publication was merely two lines in a check-list, recognized, however, that the line on one side is Vergil, Aeneid 2, 601:Text I Non tibi Tyndaridis facies [invisa Lacaenae]The last two words are torn away and are wholly missing, but all of the rest is plain. Certainly both sides were written for practice. Scholars commonly felt that exercises of this sort have little interest, and so the papyrus had received only a few mentions (bibliography with complete references infra).
Turkish Language Teaching in the Us : Challenges, Opportunities, Sense of Belonging and Identities

This article discusses the status of Turkish language programs in the United States. It investigates three main types of programs which provide opportunities for the teaching and learning of Turkish in the US: (1) programs within the institutions of higher education (IHEs), (2) programs within community organizations, and (3) programs for children of school age. Focusing on the last program type, the article introduces a case study of a community-based school founded and operated by Turkish immigrants. The results of the case study reveal the differences between the first generation adults and the second generation children’s language choices and linguistic identities. Overall, the article pinpoints the challenging factors and opportunities for the teaching of Turkish language and culture in the US.
Effects of congenital hypothyroidism on liver function in children

Objective To observe the effect of congenital hypothyroidism(CH) changes in liver function of children,and serum thyroid hormone(TH) and the level of correlation,the effect of TH on hepatic function in children.Methods Liver ultrasound and liver function tests in 40 cases of children with CH and 35 healthy children,three si multaneous determination of serum free triiodothyronine by chemiluminescence(FT3),free thyroxine(TT4),total three triiodothyronine(TT3),total thyroxine(TT4) and thyrotropin(TSH) level,the correlation analysis on the index of liver function and serum TH level.Results Compared with healthy children,the levels of serum FT3,TT3,CH,FT4,TT4 levels decreased significantly,TSH increased significantly(P 0.001);CH group of abnormal liver func tion were significantly higher than those in healthy group(P 0.001),and abnormal liver function and FT3,FT4,TT3,TT4 showed a significant negative correlation,a significant positive correlation with TSH(P 0.05),no significant differences between the two groups of liver ultrasound examination(P 0.05).Conclusion CH has significant effect on children's liver function,clinicians should strengthen the importance of these diseases.
Pharmacotherapy of asthma and allergic rhinitis.

SUMMARY OF THERAPY FOR ALLERGIC RHINITIS Allergic rhinitis can range from a mild intermittent problem to one that is severely debilitating. With a knowledge of appropriate medication therapy, the clinician will allow the patient to have a life-style with minimal impact of either the disease or the need for medications.
Comparison of objective lenses for multiphoton microscopy in turbid samples

Optimization of illumination and detection optics is pivotal for multiphoton imaging in highly scattering tissue and the objective lens is the central component in both of these pathways. To better understand how basic lens parameters (NA, magnification, field number) affect fluorescence collection and image quality, a two-detector setup was used with a specialized sample cell to separate measurement of total excitation from epifluorescence collection. Our data corroborate earlier findings that low-mag lenses can be superior at collecting scattered photons, and we compare a set of commonly used multiphoton objective lenses in terms of their ability to collect scattered fluorescence, providing guidance for the design of multiphoton imaging systems. For example, our measurements of epi-fluorescence beam divergence in the presence of scattering reveal minimal beam broadening, indicating that often-advocated over-sized collection optics are not as advantageous as previously thought. These experiments also provide a framework for choosing objective lenses for multiphoton imaging by relating the results of our measurements to various design parameters of the objectives lenses used.
The effect of July admission on inpatient morbidity and mortality after adult spinal deformity surgery

Background Some studies have suggested patients who undergo surgery in July have worse outcomes compared to patients treated during other months. The purpose of this study is to compare inpatient morbidity and mortality among patients who underwent adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery in July with those who underwent surgery in other months. Methods Admission data for patients who underwent ASD surgery were extracted from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample for the years 2002 to 2011. Only adult patients (over 21 years of age) and elective admissions to teaching hospitals were included. A multivariable regression analysis was performed to examine the independent effect of July admissions on overall complications, major complications, and inpatient mortality. Results A total of 27,794 patients were identified, with 2,023 (7.8%) admitted in July and 25,771 (92.2%) in other months. Overall complication rates in July (43.1%) were not different from rates in other months (44.9%, p=0.468). Similarly, major complication rates were similar; 12.9% in July and 12.4% in other months (p=0.764). Mortality was not different between groups (p=0.807). After multivariable analysis, July admissions were not found to increase the odds of developing any complication (OR 0.94; 95% CI, 0.77 - 1.12; p=0.403), major complications (OR 1.04; 95% CI, 0.76 - 1.41; p=0.788) or inpatient mortality (OR 1.35; 95% CI, 0.31 - 5.84; p=0.684). Conclusion In this study of a nationwide database, patients who underwent ASD surgery in July did not have increased odds of developing a complication or inpatient mortality compared to patients admitted in other months.
Tryptophan codon-dependent transcription in chlamydia pneumoniae during gamma interferon-mediated tryptophan limitation

In evolving to an obligate intracellular niche, Chlamydia has streamlined its genome by eliminating superfluous genes as it relies on the host cell for a variety of nutritional needs like amino acids. However, Chlamydia can experience amino acid starvation when the human host cell in which the bacteria reside is exposed to interferon gamma (IFN-γ), which leads to a tryptophan (Trp)-limiting environment via induction of the enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). The stringent response is used to respond to amino acid starvation in most bacteria but is missing from Chlamydia Thus, how Chlamydia, a Trp auxotroph, responds to Trp starvation in the absence of a stringent response is an intriguing question. We previously observed that C. pneumoniae responds to this stress by globally increasing transcription while globally decreasing translation, an unusual response. Here, we sought to understand this and hypothesized that the Trp codon content of a given gene would determine its transcription level. We quantified transcripts from C. pneumoniae genes that were either rich or poor in Trp codons and found that Trp codon-rich transcripts were increased, whereas those that lacked Trp codons were unchanged or even decreased. There were exceptions, and these involved operons or large genes with multiple Trp codons: downstream transcripts were less abundant after Trp codon-rich sequences. These data suggest that ribosome stalling on Trp codons causes a negative polar effect on downstream sequences. Finally, reassessing previous C. pneumoniae microarray data based on codon content, we found that upregulated transcripts were enriched in Trp codons, thus supporting our hypothesis.
Substance Abuse and Disability: Implications for Rehabilitation Counselling Practices

The prevalence of substance abuse among people with disabilities is a major concern in the field of rehabilitation. Recent research has indicated that substance abuse increases incidents that lead to disability and undermines rehabilitation gain. However, most rehabilitation counsellors lack sophistication concerning the dual problems of substance abuse and disability because of their unfamiliarity with and inadequate training for substance abuse and disability issues. This paper provides an overview of (a) important issues related to substance abuse and disability, (b) procedures and techniques for identifying, assessing, counselling and referring clients with substance abuse problems for treatment, and (c) implications for rehabilitation counselling training and practices.
Low-energy impact of human cartilage: predictors for microcracking the network of collagen

Summary Objective We aimed to determine the minimum mechanical impact to cause microstructural damage in the network of collagen (microcracking) within human cartilage and hypothesized that energies below 0.1 J or 1 mJ/mm 3 would suffice. Design We completed 108 low-energy impact tests (0.05, 0.07, or 0.09 J; 0.75 or 1.0 m/s 2 ) using healthy cartilage specimens from six male donors (30.2 ± 8.8 yrs old). Before and after impact we acquired, imaging the second harmonic generation (SHG), ten images from each specimen (50 μ m depth, 5 μ m step size), resulting in 2160 images. We quantified both the presence and morphology of microcracks. We then correlated test parameters (predictors) impact energy/energy dissipation density, nominal stress/stress rate, and strain/strain rate to microcracking and tested for significance. Where predictors significantly correlated with microstructural outcomes we fitted binary logistic regression plots with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results No specimens presented visible damage following impact. We found that impact energy/energy dissipation density and nominal stress/stress rate were significant ( P 3 , an energy dissipation density of 1.68 mJ/mm 3 , a nominal stress of 4.18 MPa, and a nominal stress rate of 689 MPa/s all corresponded to a 50% probability of microcracking in the network of collagen. Conclusions An impact energy density of 1.0 mJ/mm 3 corresponded to a ∼20% probability of microcracking. Such changes may initiate a degenerative cascade leading to post-traumatic osteoarthritis.
Engineering Niches for Stem and Progenitor Cell Differentiation Into Immune Cells

A niche constitutes a number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as transcription factors, growth factors, extracellular matrix, neighboring cells, substrate stiffness, and environmental signals. Studying a cell within its native local environment is an important way to fully understand how the local milieu of factors affect the fate of cell, in vivo and ex vivo. Due to this complexity, there are many factors to consider when creating a synthetic immune niche, including structure and materials, pathway regulators, nutrient supply systems, and cellular components. With the limited resources for obtaining functional stem and immune cells and culturing them in vitro, one is faced with the challenge of how to accurately study such cells in their natural microenvironments. Engineering in vitro cell microenvironments or “niches” for stem and progenitor cell differentiation into immune cells has recently become a promising area of research. The primary goal of studying stem cell niches is to unravel the mystery of progenitor cell differentiation and develop regenerative medicine therapies based on this knowledge. Biomanufacturing a large number of immune cells ex vivo could address the need for cell-based therapies (e.g., chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells). In this chapter, we will discuss current state-of-the art engineered niches for stem cell and progenitor differentiation into immune cells.
Exposure enriched outcome dependent designs for longitudinal studies of gene-environment interaction.

Joint effects of genetic and environmental factors have been increasingly recognized in the development of many complex human diseases. Despite the popularity of case-control and case-only designs, longitudinal cohort studies that can capture time-varying outcome and exposure information have long been recommended for gene-environment (G × E) interactions. To date, literature on sampling designs for longitudinal studies of G × E interaction is quite limited. We therefore consider designs that can prioritize a subsample of the existing cohort for retrospective genotyping on the basis of currently available outcome, exposure, and covariate data. In this work, we propose stratified sampling based on summaries of individual exposures and outcome trajectories and develop a full conditional likelihood approach for estimation that adjusts for the biased sample. We compare the performance of our proposed design and analysis with combinations of different sampling designs and estimation approaches via simulation. We observe that the full conditional likelihood provides improved estimates for the G × E interaction and joint exposure effects over uncorrected complete-case analysis, and the exposure enriched outcome trajectory dependent design outperforms other designs in terms of estimation efficiency and power for detection of the G × E interaction. We also illustrate our design and analysis using data from the Normative Aging Study, an ongoing longitudinal cohort study initiated by the Veterans Administration in 1963. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design Automation for Paper Microfluidics with Passive Flow Substrates

This paper introduces a novel software framework to support automated development of paper-based microfluidic devices. Compared to existing lab-on-a-chip technologies, paper-based microfluidics differs in terms of substrate technologies and point-of-care usage across a wide variety environmental conditions. This paper addresses the contexts in which the software can address these challenges and presents several initial case studies that demonstrate the capabilities of the framework to produce workable and usable paper microfluidic devices.
Hurricane Flooding and Environmental Inequality: Do Disadvantaged Neighborhoods Have Lower Elevations?:

Most research on environmental inequality studies whether poor and minority neighborhoods are more exposed to environmental hazards in the form of pollution and waste. However, natural disasters, such as hurricanes, and their aftermaths are also important forms of environmental hazards and may disproportionally affect disadvantaged neighborhoods. Using data from Google Maps API and the American Community Survey, this study shows that poor neighborhoods in the Houston area tend to have lower elevations and thus may be more vulnerable to flooding. Further analyses show that this association persists even after controlling for latitude, longitude, and population density. Additionally, other types of neighborhood disadvantage, such as poverty and high concentration of racial-ethnic minorities and noncitizens, are also associated with lower elevations. Moreover, these patterns are common among most of the 20 largest metropolitan areas in the United States. These findings reveal a new dimension of environmental...
Utilizing reliability modeling to analyze United States Air Force officer retention

Considered thousands of officer personnel records form the United States Air Force.Models for retention over several dozen career fields.Retention models focused on a 20-year time frame.Developed methods to combine retention models.Devised new metric for managerial use that provides insights into career fields requiring special attention. The United States Air Force organizes its workforce around rank structure and work specialty codes (Air Force Specialty Codes (AFSCs)). Unlike civilian organizations, all active duty Air Force personnel start at the entry level ranks. The challenge is to develop and manage personnel to fill a variety of skill sets at a variety of ranks over a 2030year planning horizon. The Air Force uses sustainment lines to accomplish many of its manpower management goals. However, the current methodology for developing these sustainment lines is not statistically defensible based on the actual retention data and does not provide management a means to identify specialty codes of concern. Leveraging methods from reliability theory, we utilize survivability functions constructed from historical retention data to develop and demonstrate a statistically defensible methodology for creating the sustainment lines at the core of the Air Force personnel management system and provide a tool for managers to focus attention on potential workforce problem areas.
Advances in Low-Temperature Tungsten Spectroscopy Capability to Quantify DIII-D Divertor Erosion

Recent emphasis of tungsten (W) plasma–material interaction experiments on DIII-D has made it essential to enhance the W I and W II measurement capabilities of its spectroscopy diagnostic suite to acquire W sourcing measurements with high temporal, spatial, and wavelength resolution. To this end, four new viewing chords for the multichordal divertor spectrometer and divertor filterscope systems were installed, leading to a $7\times $ increase in blue-light sensitivity. W I and low-Z impurity line identifications were performed in the 3995–4030 A region, placing wavelengths within 0.1 A of the National Institute of Standards and Technology values. A novel method was also developed for the DIII-D high-temporal resolution filterscopes to distinguish between W I light and background contamination, important due to the relatively weak intensity of this line, using two different bandpass filters with different widths but the same center wavelength. Finally, fast imaging of the W I 4008.75 A spectral line with a PCO Pixelfly VGA 200/205 camera is allowed for discrimination between intra-edge-localized mode (ELM) and inter-ELM W I emission profiles with very high (~1 mm) spatial resolution.
Photochemical Control of Protein Arginine Deiminase (PAD) Activity.

Protein arginine deiminases (PADs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, lupus, ulcerative colitis, and breast cancer. Therefore, the development of PAD inhibitors has drawn significant research interest in recent years. Herein, we describe the development of the first photoswitchable PAD inhibitors. These compounds possess an azobenzene photoswitch to optically control PAD activity. Screening of a series of inhibitors structurally similar to BB-Cl-amidine afforded compounds 1 and 2 as the most promising candidates for the light-controlled inhibition of PAD2; the cis isomer of 1 is 10-fold more potent than its trans isomer, whereas the trans isomer of 2 is 45-fold more potent than the corresponding cis isomer. The altered inhibitory potency upon photoisomerization has been confirmed in a competitive activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) assay. Further investigations indicate that the trans isomer of 2 is an irreversible inhibi...
The Struggle for the Streets of Berlin: Politics, Consumption, and Urban Space, 1914–1945

Acknowledgements List of figures Introduction: streets of desire and discontent 1. Paper revolutions: urban advertising in the aftermath of the First World War 2. Commerce turned inside out: street hawkers, shopkeepers, and the moral geography of consumption during the inflation 3. Crowd control: traffic, spectacle, and demonstrations during the 'golden twenties' 4. Fortress shops and militarized streets: looting in depression-era Berlin 5. When rogues become regulators: 'coordination 'of the streets under the new Nazi regime 6. Visions of a Nazi world capital: urban 'revitalization' from the Christmas market to Kristallnacht Epilogue: eradicating Berlin: urban destruction from Germania to the Second World War Bibliography Index.