cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fundamentals of Microfabrication and Nanotechnology, Three-Volume Set

Now in its third edition, Fundamentals of Microfabrication and Nanotechnology continues to provide the most complete MEMS coverage available. Thoroughly revised and updated the new edition of this perennial bestseller has been expanded to three volumes, reflecting the substantial growth of this field. It includes a wealth of theoretical and practical information on nanotechnology and NEMS and offers background and comprehensive information on materials, processes, and manufacturing options. The first volume offers a rigorous theoretical treatment of micro- and nanosciences, and includes sections on solid-state physics, quantum mechanics, crystallography, and fluidics. The second volume presents a very large set of manufacturing techniques for micro- and nanofabrication and covers different forms of lithography, material removal processes, and additive technologies. The third volume focuses on manufacturing techniques and applications of Bio-MEMS and Bio-NEMS. Illustrated in color throughout, this seminal work is a cogent instructional text, providing classroom and self-learners with worked-out examples and end-of-chapter problems. The author characterizes and defines major research areas and illustrates them with examples pulled from the most recent literature and from his own work.
Heat-induced self-assembly of zein nanoparticles: Fabrication, stabilization and potential application as oral drug delivery

Abstract In this study, zein colloidal particles were self-assembled in aqueous ethanol through thermal treatment at 70 °C. The effect of heating, ethanol ratio and initial protein content on the physiochemical characteristics of zein nanoparticles were investigated. Thermal treatment was a necessary step to prepare nanoparticles with finer size and more homogenous distribution. The particle size decreased from 443.3 to 185.5 nm with initially ethanol concentration from 55% to 90% (v/v), whereas was inversely proportional to increased zein concentration (ranging from 125.6 to 199.1 nm for 20–100 mg/mL zein). The thermal treatment along with ethanol removal during zein nanoparticle generation induced the re-distribution of amino acid residues on the particle surface as indicated by the Raman spectroscopy and internal sulfhydryl groups determination. To further improve the stability and functional properties of these nanoparticles, gum arabic and sodium alginate were deposited as a secondary layer on zein nanoparticles mainly driven by electrostatic attraction. Sodium alginate at a polysaccharide/protein weight ratio of 1:10 showed the best improvement on the pH and ionic stability. The findings of this research provide a promising strategy and basic knowledge on optimizing zein-based delivery systems for food and pharmaceutical applications.
Two Studies of Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR): The Relationship between ASMR and Music-Induced Frisson

In recent years, a widely popular phenomenon has emerged as exemplified in thousands of videos available on the Internet. Referred to using the impressive sounding term "Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response" (abbreviated ASMR), followers claim that ASMR videos evoke a special "tingling" sensation that is regarded as highly pleasurable and relaxing. The popularity of this phenomenon is reflected in individual ASMR videos receiving more than 43 million views and a reddit ASMR forum with over 130,000 subscribers. Two exploratory studies are reported. In the first study, a content analysis was carried out on 30 popular ASMR videos, and compared with 30 videos employing two different control methods. In the second study, a content analysis was carried out on 3,600 comments on discussion forums and accompanying ASMR videos. The results indicate that ASMR videos typically employ a quiet, private scene, with a relaxed, friendly, and intimate actor ("ASMRtist"). Although ASMR is evoked by non-musical stimuli, the physiological responses to ASMR (skin-related tingling and goosebumps) strongly resemble the classic frisson experience—a phenomenon that has received considerable attention among music perception researchers. Careful consideration of ASMR stimuli and responses suggest that ASMR is consistent with Huron's (2006) theory of frisson.
The Impact of the Affordable Care Act on Disparities in Private and Medicaid Insurance Coverage Among Patients Under 65 With Newly Diagnosed Cancer.

Purpose To investigate the impact of the Affordable Care Act on racial and rural–urban disparities in insurance coverage for patients under age 65 with cancer. Methods and Materials Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data from 2011 to 2015, we calculated the proportions of uninsured, Medicaid, and non-Medicaid insured (including private insurance) patients before and after the Medicaid expansion. We calculated the absolute percent change and difference in differences (DiD) to evaluate whether the Medicaid expansion had an impact on the distribution of types of insurance. Adjusted DiD analyses accounted for age, race, sex, county-level median household income, and rural–urban residence. Results There was a greater decrease in uninsured rate in expansion states (−3.0%) versus nonexpansion states (−0.9%, DiD −2.1%), particularly among Black (DiD −3.4%), Hispanic (−3.9%), and rural patients (−4.8%). In expansion states, an increase in the proportion of patients with Medicaid coincided with a decrease in the proportion with non-Medicaid insurance; the opposite was observed in nonexpansion states. The decrease in non-Medicaid insurance varied by patient race: Asian/Pacific Islanders (adjusted DiD −9.7%), Hispanic (−4.2%), non-Hispanic black (−4.0%), and non-Hispanic white (−2.8%). Conclusions Medicaid expansion versus nonexpansion states observed a slightly greater reduction in the uninsured rate, but Medicaid expansion states also observed a corresponding shift from non-Medicaid (including private) to Medicaid insurance, which may paradoxically exacerbate disparities in access to care and cancer outcomes. Long-term outcomes and continued study are required to fully understand the impact of the Affordable Care Act on disparities in cancer care.
Steak Thickness, Cook Surface Temperature and Quality Grade Affected Top Loin Steak Consumer and Descriptive Sensory Attributes

Beef flavor attributes of USDA Top Choice and Select beef top loin steaks were evaluated that differed in thickness (1.3 or 3.8 cm) and grill surface temperature (177 or 232°C) when cooked on a commercial flat top grill. A trained descriptive attribute panel and consumer sensory panels were used to evaluate steak flavor and texture. As thickness and temperature increased, beef identity and brown/roasted flavor aromatics increased (P < 0.05). Steaks cooked at 232°C and cut 3.8-cm thick had the highest (P < 0.05) levels of burnt flavor and bitter basic tastes. Thicker steaks cooked at 177°C had more intense umami basic taste and beef identity (P < 0.05). Steaks cut 1.3 cm had lower levels of beef identity and brown/roasted flavor aromatics and the thin cut steaks cooked at 177°C had more sour basic taste (P < 0.05). Consumers rated 232°C, 3.8 cm steaks lowest (P < 0.05) for overall, beef flavor, overall flavor, and grilled flavor liking; whereas, the 177°C, 3.8 cm steaks were highest (P < 0.05) in beef flavor liking. Beef identity, brown/roasted, bloody/serumy, fat-like, umami, sweet, salty, overall sweet, overall tenderness, and muscle fiber tenderness were positive attributes, and metallic, bitter, and burnt were negative attributes in predicting consumer overall liking. Thick steaks cooked at low temperatures or thin steaks cooked at high temperatures resulted in more positive sensory panel traits and consumer liking scores.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after CAR T therapy.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) remains a life-threatening central nervous system infection in immunocompromised patients. Although outcomes have improved in cases that immune reconstitution is feasible with anti-retroviral therapy (ART) in HIV + patients or natalizumab removal in those with multiple sclerosis, in individuals with hematological malignancies, the prognosis is usually dismal. Anti-viral treatments have been largely ineffective, but immunotherapy-based approaches with checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive virus-specific T cells’ transfer are currently explored in clinical trials. PML has not been described as a cause of encephalopathy after CAR T therapy. We report the first case of PML 7 months after lymphodepleting chemotherapy with fludarabine/cyclophosphamide and anti-CD19-directed CAR T therapy in a patient with relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma who relapsed fast after a previous autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant. She remains alive 12 months after diagnosis with stabilization of her symptoms with a combination of therapies targeting viral replication and immunotherapy.
The experience requirement on well-being

According to the experience requirement on well-being, differences in subjects’ levels of welfare or well-being require differences in the phenomenology of their experiences. I explain why the two existing arguments for this requirement are not successful. Then, I introduce a more promising argument for it: that unless we accept the requirement, we cannot plausibly explain why only sentient beings are welfare subjects. I argue, however, that because the right kind of theory of well-being can plausibly account for that apparent fact about welfare subjects even if the requirement is false, this argument does not succeed. I tentatively conclude that no compelling case can be made for the requirement.
CHAPTER 6 – BACKUP PROCEDURE

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of backup procedure. In addition to system hardware, system software must be compatible in the backup location. Because operating systems are not identical from one location to the other, software bridges would have to be built between the two systems. To insure a current data posture, it is essential that magnetic media is stored off-site on a periodic basis. Storage frequency would depend on the volatility of data and the ability to recover it if lost. The total backup procedure must be documented in a formal set of written instructions. These instructions should include a detailed step-by-step procedure, which, if properly implemented, would affect total recovery in the shortest possible time. The disaster/recovery program is a necessary entity in the DP security game. Because of its importance in the conduct of running a business, it is essential that it is formulated and tested before the disaster occurs.
The use of non-traditional models in the study of cancer resistance-the case of the naked mole rat

Non-traditional model organisms are typically defined as any model the deviates from the typical laboratory animals, such as mouse, rat, and worm. These models are becoming increasingly important in human disease research, such as cancer, as they often display unusual biological features. Naked mole rats (NMRs) are currently one of the most popular non-traditional model, particularly in the longevity and cancer research fields. NMRs display an exceptionally long lifespan (~30 years), yet have been observed to display a low incidence of cancer, making them excellent candidates for understanding endogenous cancer resistance mechanisms. Over the past decade, many potential resistance mechanisms have been characterized. These include unique biological mechanisms involved in genome stability, protein stability, oxidative metabolism, and other cellular mechanisms such as cell cycle regulation and senescence. This review aims to summarize the many identified cancer resistance mechanisms to understand some of the main hypotheses that have thus far been generated. Many of these proposed mechanisms remain to be fully characterized or confirmed in vivo, giving the field a direction to grow and further understand the complex biology displayed by the NMR.
Dorsolateral striatum engagement during reversal learning

Most experimental preparations demonstrate a role for dorsolateral striatum (DLS) in stimulus-response, but not outcome-based, learning. Here, we assessed DLS involvement in a touchscreen-based reversal task requiring mice to update choice following a change in stimulus-reward contingencies. In vivo single-unit recordings in the DLS showed reversal produced a population-level shift from excited to inhibited neuronal activity prior to choices being made. The larger the shift, the faster mice reversed. Furthermore, optogenetic photosilencing DLS neurons during choice increased early reversal errors. These findings suggest dynamic DLS engagement may facilitate reversal, possibly by signaling a change in contingencies to other striatal and cortical regions.
Pesticides in US Rivers: Regional differences in use, occurrence, and environmental toxicity, 2013 to 2017

Pesticides pose a threat to the environment, but because of the substantial number of compounds, a comprehensive assessment of pesticides and an evaluation of the risk that they pose to human and aquatic life is challenging. In this study, improved analytical methods were used to quantify 221 pesticide concentrations in surface waters over the time period from 2013 to 2017. Samples were collected from 74 river sites in the conterminous US (CONUS). Potential toxicity was assessed by comparing surface water pesticide concentrations to standard concentrations that are considered to have adverse effects on human health or aquatic organisms. The majority of pesticide use is related to agriculture, and agricultural production varies across the CONUS. Therefore, our results were summarized by region (Northeast, South, Midwest, West and Pacific), with the expectation that crop production differences would drive variability in pesticide use, detection frequency, and benchmark exceedance patterns. Although agricultural pesticide use was at least 2.5 times higher in the Midwest (49 kg km-2) than in any of the other four regions (Northeast, South, West, and Pacific, 3 to 21 kg km-2) and the average number of pesticides detected in the Midwest was at least 1.5 higher (n = 25) than the other four regions (n = 8 to n = 16), the potential toxicity results were more evenly distributed. At least 50% of the sites within each of the 5 regions had at least 1 chronic benchmark exceedance. Imidacloprid posed the greatest potential threat to aquatic life with a total of 245 benchmark exceedances at 60 of the 74 sites. These results show that pesticides persist in the environment beyond the site of application and expected period of use. Continued monitoring and research are needed to improve our understanding of pesticide effects on aquatic and human life.
Neutrosophic Hypersoft Topological Spaces

Hypersoft sets have gained more importance as a generalization of soft sets and havebeen investigated for possible extensions in many fields of mathematics. The main objective of this paper is to introduce Fuzzy Hypersoft Topology and study some of its properties such as neighbourhood of fuzzy hypersoft set, interior hypersoft set and closure fuzzy hypersoft set. Fuzzy hypersoft topology is then extended to Intuitionistic Hypersoft topology, Neutrosophic Hypersoft topology and its basic properties are discussed.
Clarifying Relations Between ADHD and Functional Impairment in Adulthood: Utilization of Network and Machine Learning Approaches:

Using network analysis and random forest regression, this study identified attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms most important for indicating impairment in various functional do...
Geographic disparities in head and neck cancer survival in Upstate New York 2011-2019.

PURPOSE To examine the association between distance to care-center and urban-rural residence on 5-year overall survival (OS) from head and neck cancer (HNC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Five-year OS was retrospectively measured from date of initial diagnosis for patients with HNC treated at a single tertiary care center. Distances were calculated based on ZIP code of patient's residence and care center. Multilevel Weibull regression was used to adjust for confounders and identify disparities in 5-year all-cause mortality. RESULTS A total of 670 patients included in study. Multivariable analysis revealed older age or late-stage cancer at diagnosis, and HPV negative status were associated with poorer OS. Patients residing in isolated small rural town (HR = 2.20, p = 0.015) or small rural town (HR = 2.07, p = 0.015) had lower OS. Distance to care center was not associated with OS (HR = 0.996, p = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS Greater rurality was associated with poorer OS among HNC patients in Upstate New York.
Positive Deviance for a Sustainable World: Linking Sustainability and Positive Organizational Scholarship

This chapter examines the linkages between the positive organizational scholarship (POS) and the sustainability research domains, examining ways in which each domain can enrich the other, their mutual research agendas, and practical contributions. POS can help sustainability make a shift from addressing “deficit gaps” to instead addressing “abundance gaps.” Sustainability can help expand the scope of the POS research domain from explaining how people and organizations can flourish, to also consider ways in which human and organizational flourishing is embedded within the flourishing of the natural environment. To do this, the chapter first outlines the issues and the domain of sustainability scholarship; then discusses the linkages in more detail, exploring the scholarly implications for each domain; and then concludes by suggesting potentially fruitful research questions posed by these sustainability/POS linkages, and discussing the implications of the linkages for business education.
Boron neutron capture therapy of malignant brain tumors at the Brookhaven Medical Research Reactor

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a bimodal form of radiation therapy for cancer. The first component of this treatment is the preferential localization of the stable isotope {sup 10}B in tumor cells by targeting with boronated compounds. The tumor and surrounding tissue is then irradiated with a neutron beam resulting in thermal neutron/{sup 10}B reactions ({sup 10}B(n,{alpha}){sup 7}Li) resulting in the production of localized high LET radiation from alpha and {sup 7}Li particles. These products of the neutron capture reaction are very damaging to cells, but of short range so that the majority of the ionizing energy released is microscopically confined to the vicinity of the boron-containing compound. In principal it should be possible with BNCT to selectively destroy small nests or even single cancer cells located within normal tissue. It follows that the major improvements in this form of radiation therapy are going to come largely from the development of boron compounds with greater tumor selectivity, although there will certainly be advances made in neutron beam quality as well as the possible development of alternative sources of neutron beams, particularly accelerator-based epithermal neutron beams.
Dimerization of the Gastric H+,K+-ATPase (∗)

When the gastric H+,K+-ATPase was solubilized by n-dodecyl β-D-maltoside and electrophoresed in blue native-polyacrylamide gels (BN-PAGE), one major band at about 360 kDa was observed. Since this band was recognized by both monoclonal antibodies 1218 (anti-α) and wheat germ agglutinin (anti-β), the H+,K+-ATPase in its native state exists in a dimeric (αβ)2 form. The site of interaction between the heterodimers was determined using Cu2+-phenanthroline cross-linking. The Cu2+-phenanthroline reagent reacted with the H+,K+-ATPase to produce an α,α-dimer and inhibited H+,K+-ATPase activity. This cross-linking and enzyme inhibition were prevented by ATP. Cross-linking followed by N-ethylmaleimide blockade of maleimide-reactive SH groups, then reduction and fluorescein 5-maleimide labeling, defined a single fluorescent tryptic peptide of about 6.5 kDa that had been cross-linked. Since its N-terminal amino acid is Val561, the peptide probably ends at Arg616 or Arg621 and Cys565 and/or Cys616 are probably within the region of closest contact between the two α-subunits.
Modulation of chloride secretion in the rat colon by intracellular bicarbonate

Extracellular HCO3- stimulates colonic net Cl- absorption in part by inhibiting basal Cl- secretion. This inhibition was investigated by measuring serosal-to-mucosal Cl- flux across short-circuited colonic segments from Sprague-Dawley rats. Mucosal intracellular pH and bicarbonate were estimated using the pH-sensitive dye BCECF. When extracellular [HCO3-] ([HCO3-]e) was increased from 0 to 39 mmol/L at PCO2 33 mm Hg, mucosal intracellular [HCO3-] ([HCO3-]i) increased to 25.3 mmol/L and serosal-to-mucosal Cl- flux decreased from 13.0 to 7.1 microEq.cm-2.h-1. When PCO2 was increased to 72 mm Hg at [HCO3-]e 39 mmol/L, [HCO3-]i increased to 29.8 mmol/L and serosal-to-mucosal Cl- flux decreased to 5.9 microEq.cm-2.h-1. In Ringer's solution containing 21 mmol/L HCO3- and 20 mmol/L Cl- (but not 100 mmol/L Cl-), increasing PCO2 from 21 to 70 mm Hg increased [HCO3-]i to 22.6 mmol/L and decreased serosal-to-mucosal Cl- flux from 3.0 to 1.7 microEq.cm-2.h-1. Overall, serosal-to-mucosal Cl- flux was inversely related to [HCO3-]i on either side of an [HCO3-]i plateau of 9-18 mmol/L at which flux was stable. These data suggest that [HCO3-]i is an important modulator of basal Cl- secretion in rat distal colon.
Object-oriented software for diagnosis of manufacturing systems

A description is given of the object-oriented analysis and implementation of a knowledge-based system for diagnosis of computer integrated manufacturing cells using a hybrid reasoning approach. The functional hierarchy of the manufacturing cell forms an inheritance hierarchy in multistrata format for the deep reasoning component, which leads to a set of symptom oriented production rules for final fault isolation and identification. Search path selection and computation are performed by a set of methods associated with the inheritance hierarchies. >
Ethnobotany and Intellectual Property Rights

Contemporary intellectual property law permits only the patenting of an identified active principle from a plant, not the plant or folk information relating to medicinal properties of a plant. The most significant rights of indigenous peoples are those deriving from physical control of the plants and the knowledge pertaining to their use. This control can provide the basis for trade secret protection. Such agreements are enforceable in developed nations and should become so in developing nations. There have been recent efforts to strengthen indigenous peoples' rights over genetic resources and relevant folk knowledge but the most far-reaching of these are not yet a part of international law. Pharmaceutical patents combined with trade secrecy can allow firms to develop and market products and ensure that the nation and/or people from which the material or information was derived are properly rewarded. This does not provide protection from competition or with respect to derived knowledge nor does it act retrospectively. At present, rights under the United Nations Convention on Biodiversity are prospective only. These rights belong to the nation and there is little legal pressure for recompense to be shared with indigenous peoples. A uniform agreement that deals in a balanced way with the relative rights of indigenous peoples and of their governments should be developed by non-governmental organizations.
A Very Childish Moral Panic: Ritalin

This paper examines some of the moral panics around hyperactive children, the construction of Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder, and the lure of Ritalin in turning kids identified as “at risk” into successful, productive individuals. Through a historicization of the child as a psychiatric subject, we try to demonstrate Ritalin's part in the uneven development of modern trends towards the pathologization of everyday life, a developing continuum between normality and abnormality, and an emphasis on the malleability of children and the importance of environment in their upbringing. We conclude that Ritalin is a part of modernity's project of turning people into individuals—in this case, a kind of US transcendence fantasy—which, along with discourses and institutions, promises to transform young subjects and biocosmetically alter their futures.
IRAK-M Promotes Alternative Macrophage Activation and Fibroproliferation in Bleomycin-Induced Lung Injury

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a devastating lung disease characterized by inflammation and the development of excessive extracellular matrix deposition. Currently, there are only limited therapeutic intervenes to offer patients diagnosed with pulmonary fibrosis. Although previous studies focused on structural cells in promoting fibrosis, our study assessed the contribution of macrophages. Recently, TLR signaling has been identified as a regulator of pulmonary fibrosis. IL-1R-associated kinase-M (IRAK-M), a MyD88-dependent inhibitor of TLR signaling, suppresses deleterious inflammation, but may paradoxically promote fibrogenesis. Mice deficient in IRAK-M (IRAK-M(-/-)) were protected against bleomycin-induced fibrosis and displayed diminished collagen deposition in association with reduced production of IL-13 compared with wild-type (WT) control mice. Bone marrow chimera experiments indicated that IRAK-M expression by bone marrow-derived cells, rather than structural cells, promoted fibrosis. After bleomycin, WT macrophages displayed an alternatively activated phenotype, whereas IRAK-M(-/-) macrophages displayed higher expression of classically activated macrophage markers. Using an in vitro coculture system, macrophages isolated from in vivo bleomycin-challenged WT, but not IRAK-M(-/-), mice promoted increased collagen and α-smooth muscle actin expression from lung fibroblasts in an IL-13-dependent fashion. Finally, IRAK-M expression is upregulated in peripheral blood cells from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients and correlated with markers of alternative macrophage activation. These data indicate expression of IRAK-M skews lung macrophages toward an alternatively activated profibrotic phenotype, which promotes collagen production, leading to the progression of experimental pulmonary fibrosis.
Entropy of traffic distribution and multihop lightwave network capacity under non-uniform traffic

Multihop lightwave networks enjoy increasing prominence as viable candidates for high-speed local, metropolitan, and wide-area networks. Of interest is the end-user capacity which may be afforded by a multihop lightwave network. For uniform traffic patterns, it is possible to compute both the expected number of hops taken by a representative packet and the total network capacity. When the traffic patterns are non-uniform, simple expressions for network capacity cannot be produced. The authors apply information theoretic concepts to find an upper-bound on the capacity which may be produced for an arbitrary non-uniform user to-user traffic pattern, by any multihop network, along with a lower bound on the expected number of hops. Such bounds are useful as yardsticks against which the performance of specific approaches may be compared or ensure that, the network can meet the intended traffic load. Furthermore, they are equally applicable to any type of networks characterized by packet switching nodes/access stations and directed connectivity graphs.
Bi-isometries and commutant lifting

In a previous paper, the authors obtained a model for a bi-isometry, that is, a pair of commuting isometries on complex Hilbert space. This representation is based on the canonical model of Sz.-Nagy and the third author. One approach to describing the invariant subspaces for such a bi-isometry using this model is to consider isometric intertwining maps from another such model to the given one. Representing such maps requires a careful study of the commutant lifting theorem and its refinements. Various conditions relating to the existence of isometric liftings are obtained in this note, along with some examples demonstrating the limitations of our results.
Distinct associations of HLA class II genes with inflammatory bowel disease

Abstract Background: There are relatively few studies of HLA class II association either with Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC). The few available association studies have been carried out by serological techniques, and the results from these studies are inconclusive. Methods: The association between HLA class II genes was studied using molecular genotyping in combination with allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization by polymerase chain reactions. Results: In UC (n = 74), we observed a positive association with the HLA DR2 allele ( P = 0.008) and negative associations with the DR4 ( P = 0.018) and DRw6 ( P = 0.028) when compared with ethnically matched controls (n = 77). No associations were observed with any DQ alleles. In contrast, in CD (n = 95) we observed a positive association with the combination of DR1 and DQw5 alleles ( P = 0.021). Furthermore, stratifying DR1 and DQw5 alleles indicated that neither allele was independently associated with CD, suggesting that the association was with the haplotype rather than either of the alleles individually. A suballele of DQw5, DQB1 ∗ 0501, contributed this haplotypic association ( P = 0.012). Conclusions: DR and DQ molecules firmly separate UC and CD on genetic grounds, suggesting that the contribution of the HLA class II genes to the disease susceptibility is quite different for the two disorders.
Plaque‐associated disruption of CSF and plasma amyloid‐β (Aβ) equilibrium in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

To better understand amyloid-beta (Abeta) metabolism in vivo, we assessed the concentration of Abeta in the CSF and plasma of APP(V717F) (PDAPP) transgenic mice, a model that develops age-dependent Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like pathology. In 3-month-old mice, prior to the development of Abeta deposition in the brain, there was a highly significant correlation between Abeta levels in CSF and plasma. In 9-month-old-mice, an age at which some but not all mice have developed Abeta deposition, there was also a significant correlation between CSF and plasma Abeta; however, the correlation was not as strong as that present in young mice. In further exploring CSF and plasma Abeta levels in 9-month-old mice, levels of CSF Abeta were found to correlate highly with Abeta burden. Analysis of the CSF: plasma Abeta ratio revealed a selective two-fold increase in plaque versus non-plaque bearing mice, strongly suggesting a plaque-mediated sequestration of soluble Abeta in brain. Interestingly, in 9-month-old mice, a significant correlation between CNS and plasma Abeta was limited to mice lacking Abeta deposition. These findings suggest that there is a dynamic equilibrium between CNS and plasma Abeta, and that plaques create a new equilibrium because soluble CNS Abeta not only enters the plasma but also deposits onto amyloid plaques in the CNS.
The role of the medical departmental library

At most academic medical institutions, the first level of library service is provided by health sciences or medical school libraries. For many medical departments, however, these services are also provided by a second-level library, the departmental library. These libraries are usually supported by a specific department, such as surgery, and provide customized services to this sponsor. Departmental libraries continue to play an important role amid the debate over centralized, versus decentralized, library systems. On the basis of a limited survey, this paper describes a representative medical departmental library.
Nature and location of quantum information

Quantum information is defined by applying the concepts of ordinary (Shannon) information theory to a quantum sample space consisting of a single framework or consistent family. A classical analogy for a spin-half particle and other arguments show that the infinite amount of information needed to specify a precise vector in its Hilbert space is not a measure of the information carried by a quantum entity with a d-dimensional Hilbert space; the latter is, instead, bounded by ${\mathrm{log}}_{2}d$ bits (one bit per qubit). The two bits of information transmitted in dense coding are located not in one but in the correlation between two qubits, consistent with this bound. A quantum channel can be thought of as a structure or collection of frameworks, and the physical location of the information in the individual frameworks can be used to identify the location of the channel. Analysis of a quantum circuit used as a model of teleportation shows that the location of the channel depends upon which structure is employed; for ordinary teleportation it is not (contrary to Deutsch and Hayden) present in the two bits resulting from the Bell-basis measurement, but in correlations of these with a distant qubit. In neither teleportation nor dense coding does information travel backwards in time, nor is it transmitted by nonlocal (superluminal) influences. It is (tentatively) proposed that all aspects of quantum information can in principle be understood in terms of the (basically classical) behavior of information in a particular framework, along with the framework dependence of this information.
Can electric actuators meet missile requirements

ONE OF THE vital components of a missile is the device used to position the thrust directors or control surfaces. In addition to satisfying rather stringent dynamic performance requirements, this device must be highly reliable. Missile designers favor hydraulically operated actuators because of their high dynamic performance capabilities, relatively low weight, and small size.1 However, the hydraulic actuators have still not reached the desired reliability because of sensitivity to dirt particles and other factors.
Probes for narcotic receptor mediated phenomena. 23.1 Synthesis, opioid receptor binding, and bioassay of the highly selective δ agonist (+)-4-[(αR)-α-((2S,5R)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl]-N,N-diethylbenzamide (SNC 80) and related novel nonpeptide δ opioid receptor ligands

The highly selective delta (δ) opioid receptor agonist SNC 80 [(+)-4-[(αR)-α-((2S,5R)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl]-N,N-diethylbenzamide, (+)-21] and novel optically pure derivatives were synthesized from the enantiomers of 1-allyl-trans-2,5-dimethylpiperazine (2). The piperazine (±)-2 was synthesized, and its enantiomers were obtained on a multigram scale in >99% optical purity by optical resolution of the racemate with the camphoric acids. The absolute configuration of (+)-2 was determined to be 2S,5R by X-ray analysis of the salt with (+)-camphoric acid. Since the chirality of the starting material was known, and the relative configuration of compounds (−)-21, (−)-22, and (+)-23 were obtained by single-crystal X-ray analysis, the assignment of the absolute stereochemistry of the entire series could be made. Radioreceptor binding studies in rat brain preparations showed that methyl ethers (+)-21 (SNC 80) and (−)-25 exhibited strong selectivity for rat δ receptors with low nanomola...
Tissue deposition and clearance of aflatoxins from broiler chickens fed a contaminated diet.

Abstract A study was conducted to determine aflatoxin levels in the tissues of broiler chickens that had been fed a diet containing 2057 μg aflatoxin B 1 and 1323 μg aflatoxin B 2 /kg for 35 days. Results showed that aflatoxins were deposited in all tissues. The highest levels of aflatoxins were present in the gizzards, livers and kidneys. There was evidence that the high levels of aflatoxins B 1 and B 2 in the gizzards might have been caused by contamination by the gizzard contents during the slaughtering process. After feeding the aflatoxin-contaminated diet for 35 days, mean values for the combined aflatoxins were less than 3 μg/kg of tissue. Four days after withdrawal of the aflatoxin-contaminated ration, there were no detectable amounts of aflatoxins in any of the tissues. The results indicate that broiler chickens rapidly clear aflatoxins from their tissues once they are transferred to an aflatoxin-free diet.
Ultra-thin ultra-smooth and low-loss silver films on a germanium wetting layer

We demonstrate a method to fabricate ultra-thin, ultra-smooth and low-loss silver (Ag) films using a very thin germanium (Ge) layer as a wetting material and a rapid post-annealing treatment. The addition of a Ge wetting layer greatly reduces the surface roughness of Ag films deposited on a glass substrate by electron-beam evaporation. The percolation threshold of Ag films and the minimal thickness of a uniformly continuous Ag film were significantly reduced using a Ge wetting layer in the fabrication. A rapid post-annealing treatment is demonstrated to reduce the loss of the ultra-thin Ag film to the ideal values allowed by the quantum size effect in smaller grains. Using the same wetting method, we have also extended our studies to ultra-smooth silver-silica lamellar composite films with ultra-thin Ag sublayers.
A New Control Strategy for Doubly-Fed Induction Generator for Wind Power Generation

This paper proposes an active power control method for Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) to convert wind power to electric power of constant frequency current with unity power factor. Instead of using conventional transformation between a-b-c frame and d-q frame, the proposed method independently adjusts the magnitude and phase of the stator output. The achieved response characteristic of the proposed scheme is similar to that obtainable from conventional vector control scheme. However, the control algorithm is simplified. The principle is verified by experimental results.
Dual Residual for Centralized Augmented Lagrangian Coordination Based on Optimality Conditions

Augmented Lagrangian Coordination (ALC) is one of the more popular coordination strategies for decomposition based optimization. It employs the augmented Lagrangian relaxation approach and has shown great improvements in terms of efficiency and solution accuracy when compared to other methods addressing the same type of problem. Additionally, by offering two variants: the centralized ALC in which an artificial master problem in the upper level is created to coordinate all the sub-problems in the lower level, and the distributed ALC in which coordination can be performed directly between sub-problems without a master problem, ALC provides more flexibility than other methods. However, the initial setting and the update strategy of the penalty weights in ALC still significantly affect its performance and thus are worth further research.For centralized ALC, the non-monotone weight update strategy based on the theory of dual residual has shown very good improvements over the traditional monotone update, in which the penalty weights can either increase or decrease. In this paper, we extend the research on the dual residual in centralized ALC to the distributed ALC. Through applying the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) optimality conditions to the All-In-One (AIO) and decomposed problems, the necessary conditions for the decomposed solution to be optimal are derived, which leads to the definition of primal and dual residuals in distributed ALC. A new non-monotone weight based on both residuals is then proposed, by which all AIO KKT conditions are guaranteed after decomposition. Numerical tests are conducted on two mathematical problems and one engineering problem and the performances of the new update are compared to those of the traditional update. The results show that our proposed methods improve the process efficiency, accuracy, and robustness for distributed ALC.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Toward Implementation of a Software Defined Cloud on a Supercomputer

Conventional cloud computing architectures may seriously constrain computational throughput for high performance computing (HPC) and high-performance data (HPD) applications. The traditional approach to circumvent such problems has been to map these applications and problems onto other specialized hardware and coprocessor architectures. This is both time and resource expensive, and poses a challenge for rapidly rising demands for computation and data analytics. In this paper we report on progress to develop an alternative experimental software defined cloud implementation that virtualizes the topology of a standard HPC computational architecture. This software defined system re-arranges access to the nodes and dynamically customizes the features of the HPC hardware architecture so that they map to the specifics of the computation and data analysis application. This allows a cloud computing implementation to utilize the specialized infrastructure capabilities of an HPC system. We have created this type of user reconfigurable architecture on an IBM Blue Gene/P supercomputing environment at the Department of Energy's Argonne Leadership Computing Facility (ALCF). This pilot configuration was implemented using both an open source cloud technology called VCL (Virtual Computing Laboratory) in combination with a provisioning module called Kittyhawk. Cloud security is addressed by configuring and running a root-less version of the VCL cloud system on the ALCF's Blue Gene/P login node.
TRI-TROPHIC INTERACTIONS AMONG GRAPEVINES, A FUNGAL PATHOGEN, AND A MYCOPHAGOUS MITE

Grapevines are grown commercially in many parts of the world. The bio- trophic pathogen of grapevine and causal agent of grapevine powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) is likewise distributed, and a serious constraint on production. We discovered in previous work that a tydeid mite (Orthotydeus lambi) suppressed U. necator on riverbank grapevine (Vitis riparia). In the present study, we quantified the direct and interactive effects among the host plant, pathogen, and mite. We planted 15 grape genotypes selected from three Vitis species, plus interspecific hybrids, in a common garden. The genotypes displayed significant variation in a morphological trait known to influence mite population densities: the size of domatia, the tufts of nonglandular trichomes at vein axils of the abaxial leaf surface. Vines were either experimentally infested with O. lambi (''release'' vines) or kept free of mites. Over a four-year period we quantified the severity of powdery mildew on foliage as well as the density of O. lambi. In the absence of O. lambi, disease severity was highest among genotypes of the European grape species V. vinifera. Susceptibility varied from high to moderate among Vitis interspecific hybrids, while genotypes from the native North American species, V. riparia and V. labrusca, were generally resistant. O. lambi successfully established on release vines quickly, achieving densities similar to those found on wild V. riparia one year after release. O. lambi significantly suppressed foliar disease for genotypes of all grape species, although the magnitude of suppression varied. Moreover, there was a significant effect of grape species and grape genotype on O. lambi abundance that was positively correlated with the size of domatia. In some years, the positive association between domatia size and density of O. lambi translated into less severe foliar disease, after controlling for differences in inherent resistance. Although the importance of host-plant genetics and abiotic environmental factors in plant disease is well recognized, this study shows that natural enemies of pathogenic fungi, and their interactions with the host plant, can play a significant role. A more complete understanding of the complex interactions within this system may enhance the efficacy of mycophagous mites as biological agents for powdery mildew.
Critical velocities of persistent currents of superfluid helium

Abstract Linear critical velocities of superfluid helium are measured directly by determining the maximum persistent superfluid velocities in narrow annular channels.
Endoscopic ultrasonography-identified celiac adenopathy remains a poor prognostic factor despite preoperative chemoradiotherapy in esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Objective We reviewed our experience with preoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus and pretreatment endoscopic ultrasonography-identified celiac adenopathy. Methods One hundred eighty-six patients with adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus were staged with endoscopic ultrasonography before treatment from 1997 through 2004. All patients were treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT group) and surgical intervention or induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy (C→CRT group) and surgical intervention. Survival analysis (excluding operative mortality) evaluated various pretreatment factors. Results Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that pretreatment endoscopic ultrasonography-identified celiac adenopathy was a significant predictor of decreased long-term survival ( P = .03). Median and 3-year survivals were 49 months and 54% in the endoscopic ultrasonography-identified cN0 M0 group (n = 65), 45 months and 56% in the endoscopic ultrasonography-identified cN1 M0 group (n = 96), and 19 months and 12% in the endoscopic ultrasonography-identified celiac adenopathy (cM1a) group (n = 18; P = .03). Increased systemic relapse was noted in the endoscopic ultrasonography-identified cM1a group (44% vs 22%, P = .07). The only factor associated with increased survival in the endoscopic ultrasonography-identified cM1a group (27 vs 15 months, P = .02) was the addition of induction chemotherapy before concurrent chemoradiotherapy and surgical intervention. Conclusions Endoscopic ultrasonography-identified celiac adenopathy in patients with adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus conveys a poor prognosis despite preoperative chemoradiotherapy. These patients should be stratified in future multimodality trials. The investigation of induction chemotherapy before concurrent chemoradiotherapy might be warranted in this high-risk group of patients.
Characterization of PKM dynamics in terms of system identification

AbstractThis paper presents a study on the dynamics of parallel kinematic mechanisms (PKMs), and the determination of which dynamics terms are candidates for identification. Using D'Alembert's method, the dynamics equations of motion are derived with inclusion of the strut masses. These equations are used to solve for the required actuator forces that are grouped according to inertial and gravitational components. Comparative observations are made using Euclidean norms and sample trajectory-based characterizations. Detailed results are presented for the University of Florida Special 6-6 PKM and two geometric variants. Observations of the Hexel PKM machine tool and Ford PKM vehicle simulator's dynamics are also presented to further demonstrate shifts in the dynamics effects. Experimental validation substantiates the simulation-based results and highlights the measurement difficulties as well as delineating a need for an iterative methodology for full dynamic system identification implementation.
A cGMP-gated cation channel and phototransduction in depolarizing photoreceptors of the lizard parietal eye

Abstract Photoreceptors of the lizard parietal eye, unlike rods and cones but like most invertebrate photoreceptors, respond to light under dark-adapted conditions with a depolarization. Using excised-patch recordings, we have nonetheless found a cGMP-gated, non-selective cation channel present at high density at the presumptive light-sensitive part (the outer segment) of these cells. This channel resembles the rod cGMP-gated channel in its activation characteristics, and by showing a relative non-selectivity among alkali monovalent cations, a high permeability to Ca 2+ , a high sensitivity to l - cis -diltiazem, as well as a negative modulation by Ca 2+ –calmodulin. This channel appears to mediate phototransduction by opening in the light to produce the depolarizing response.
On the approximate solution of Δ u=F(u)

Three-dimensional Dirichlet problems for Du = F(u), Fu g 0, are treated numerically by an exceptionally fast, exceptionally accurate numerical method. Programming details, numerous examples and mathematical theory are supplied. Extension of the method in a natural way to n-dimensional problems is indicated by means of a 4-dimensional example.