cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Two-stage Stochastic Programming with an Application to Capacity Expansion Planning

Multi-stage stochastic programming is a well-established framework for sequential decision making under uncertainty by seeking policies that are fully adapted to the uncertainty. Often such flexible policies are not desirable, and the decision maker may need to commit to a set of actions for a number of planning periods. Two-stage stochastic programming might be better suited to such settings, where the decisions for all periods are made here-and-now and do not adapt to the uncertainty realized. In this paper, we propose a novel alternative approach, where the stages are not predetermined but part of the optimization problem. Each component of the decision policy has an associated revision point, a period prior to which the decision is predetermined and after which it is revised to adjust to the uncertainty realized thus far. We motivate this setting using the multi-period newsvendor problem by deriving an optimal adaptive policy. We label the proposed approach as adaptive two-stage stochastic programming and provide a generic mixed-integer programming formulation for finite stochastic processes. We show that adaptive two-stage stochastic programming is NP-hard in general. Next, we derive bounds on the value of adaptive two-stage programming in comparison to the two-stage and multi-stage approaches for a specific problem structure inspired by the capacity expansion planning problem. Since directly solving the mixed-integer linear program associated with the adaptive two-stage approach might be very costly for large instances, we propose several heuristic solution algorithms based on the bound analysis. We provide approximation guarantees for these heuristics. Finally, we present an extensive computational study on an electricity generation capacity expansion planning problem and demonstrate the computational and practical impacts of the proposed approach from various perspectives.
Chapter 20 – Synthesis of Combined Heat and Reactive Mass-Exchange Networks

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the problem of synthesizing combined heat and reactive mass-exchange networks (CHARMEN). Because of the interaction of mass and heat in the CHARMEN, one should synthesize the mass-exchange network (MEN) and the heat-exchange network (HEN) simultaneously. This is a linear-programming formulation whose solution determines the optimal flow rate and temperature of each substream and heating/cooling utilities. In a typical MEN, there is a strong interaction between mass and heat. For instance, the mass-exchange equilibrium relation of a mass-separating agent (MSA) is affected by its temperature. Therefore, heating or cooling may be beneficial to the performance of the MEN. However, heating/cooling may incur an additional cost. The objective is to minimize the cost of MSAs and heating/cooling utilities. However, heating/cooling may incur an additional cost. Indeed, there is a trade-off between the mass and heat objectives. Ideally, it is desired to minimize the total cost of heat and mass exchange. Because the mass-exchange equilibrium relations are dependent upon temperature and the selection of optimal mass-exchange temperatures is an important element of design, the selection of these temperatures should involve a trade-off between the cost of the MSAs and the cost of the heating/cooling utilities.
Using Acoustic Telemetry to Estimate Weakfish Survival Rates along the U.S. East Coast

The Weakfish Cynoscion regalis, an economically important species, has declined over the last 30 years, corresponding with an increase in total mortality according to the most recent stock assessment. We estimated estuarine‐specific and coastwide apparent survival of Weakfish by using a Cormack–Jolly–Seber model to provide insights into the spatiotemporal component of mortality. Telemetered Weakfish (n = 342) were released across five estuaries ranging from North Carolina to New Jersey between 2006 and 2016. In estuaries from Delaware Bay and northward, egress peaked around the third week of September; in North Carolina, egress peaked by the first week of November. For three estuaries with adequate sample sizes, apparent survival estimates were similar and a joint model including all telemetered Weakfish estimated an extremely low annual apparent survival rate of 0.001 (95% credible interval [CrI] = 0.002–0.0003) or annual apparent instantaneous total mortality of 7.25 (95% CrI = 6.28–8.05). At a minimum, 61% of telemetered Weakfish emigrated in the fall, but only 2 of 149 fish with long‐lived transmitters were detected as returning to estuaries the following year. This is a small proportion for a fish that exhibits spawning site fidelity. We conclude that the disappearance of telemetered Weakfish represents mortality that occurs between emigration and the spring spawning period, potentially during overwinter periods on the continental shelf. Our study provides insights into the magnitude, timing, and location of Weakfish loss and facilitates an improved understanding of Weakfish population dynamics for use in stock rebuilding.
Patient-reported survivorship care practices and late effects after treatment of Hodgkin (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).

119Background: Multimodal treatment of HL and NHL yields excellent outcomes, however, survivors are at risk for developing myriad late- and long-term effects (LLTEs). We describe survivorship care ...
Effectiveness of a care transitions intervention for older adults discharged home from the emergency department: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND Improving care transitions following emergency department (ED) visits may reduce post-ED adverse events among older adults (e.g., ED revisits, decreased function). The Care Transitions Intervention (CTI) improves hospital-to-home transitions; however, its effectiveness at improving post-ED outcomes is unknown. We tested the effectiveness of the CTI with community-dwelling older adult ED patients, hypothesizing that it would reduce revisits and increase performance of self-management behaviors during the 30 days following discharge. METHODS We conducted a randomized controlled trial among patients age ≥ 60 discharged home from one of three EDs in two states. Intervention participants received a minimally modified CTI, with a home visit 24 to 72 h postdischarge and one to three phone calls over 28 days. We collected demographic, health status, and psychosocial data at the initial ED visit. Medication adherence and knowledge of red flag symptoms were assessed via phone survey. Care use and comorbidities were abstracted from medical records. We performed multivariate regressions for intention-to-treat and per-protocol (PP) analyses. RESULTS Participant characteristics (N = 1,756) were similar across groups: mean age 72.4 ± 8.6 years and 53% female. Of those randomized to the intervention, 84% completed the home visit. Overall, 12.4% of participants returned to the ED within 30 days. The CTI did not significantly affect odds of 30-day ED revisits (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.97, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.72 to 1.30) or medication adherence (AOR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.60 to 1.32). Participants receiving the CTI (PP) had increased odds of in-person follow-up with outpatient clinicians during the week following discharge (AOR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.51) and recalling at least one red flag from ED discharge instructions (AOR = 1.34 95% CI = 1.05 to 1.71). CONCLUSIONS The CTI did not reduce 30-day ED revisits but did significantly increase key care transition behaviors (outpatient follow-up, red flag knowledge). Additional research is needed to explore if patients with different conditions benefit more from the CTI and whether decreasing ED revisits is the most appropriate outcome for all older adults.
Factors controlling the formation of complex fracture networks in naturally fractured geothermal reservoirs

Abstract Economic and efficient energy production from enhanced geothermal systems in naturally fractured rocks depends on the stimulation of natural fractures by hydraulic fractures to generate complex connected fracture networks. This fracture network provides pathways for maintaining high fluid injection and production rates which lead to high heat extraction rates. However, little work has been conducted to describe the formation of these complex fracture networks formed by the interaction of multiple hydraulic fractures with natural fractures. This paper presents a dynamic (time dependent), fully coupled hydraulic fracturing model that is capable of capturing fracture propagation, fracture deflection, the interaction between propagating hydraulic fractures and pre-existing natural fractures and fluid flow inside the fractures. The proposed model is validated against an analytical model for a penny-shaped hydraulic fracture. This model is then applied to conduct a detailed parametric study to investigate the effect of pre-existing natural fracture networks on the connectivity and propagation of hydraulic fractures. The orientation, length distribution, width distribution and connectivity of the created fracture network is studied. Simulation results indicate that: (1) the hydraulic fracture network is oriented in the direction of the dominant natural fracture network when the length of the natural fractures is large, and this leads to a large connected fracture area; (2) If the hydraulic fracture propagates at a large angle to the natural fractures, it results in a smaller connected fracture area and a complicated hydraulic fracture network that is dominated by shear failure events; (3) Natural fracture density plays a dominant role in the propagation direction of hydraulic fractures and the resulting connected fracture area; (4) Increasing the injection rate increases the connected fracture area and width while creating more complex hydraulic fracture networks and leads to more fracture dilation and less shear opening of cracks. The detailed parametric study helps us better understand the creation of fracture networks and can serve to guide us in hydraulic fracture design and optimization in naturally fractured geothermal reservoirs.
Study of narrow waterways congestion based on automatic identification system (AIS) data: A case study of Houston Ship Channel

Abstract Using automatic identification system (AIS) data, this article first has extended the definition of three widely used roadway congestion indices to maritime transportation systems (MTS), traffic speed index (TSI), traffic rate index (TRI), and dwell time index (DTI). Next, a methodology is developed to measure the indices based on AIS data, considering various factors, including path geometry, time of day, and the type and size of vessels, and finally the method has been applied to the AIS data of the Houston Ship Channel (HSC) to evaluate the applicability in real cases. The results show that although average TSI and TRI cannot represent waterway congestion, the real-time values (rather than the average) at the micro level can help finding location, time, and severity of traffic congestion. Besides, while TSI and TRI have shortcomings, both average and real-time dwell time index (DTI) can quantify traffic congestion and highlight severity in different waterway segments for different types of vessels. When congestion happens at some narrow waterways, vessels need to wait at sea buoy or docks, thus dwell time index (DTI) can quantify traffic congestion better than in-transit indices such as travel speed, TSI. According to HSC DTI, most tankers experience long waiting times at the sea buoy and Galveston Bay, while cargo vessels experience delays at Bayport and Barbour's Cut terminals. This paper helps the decision-makers quantify congestion in different sections of a waterway and provides measures to compare congestion for national competing projects at different waterways.
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF PUEBLO GRANDE DE NEVADA

AbstractPueblo Grande de Nevada, more popularly known as “Lost City,” refers to a loosely defined series of archaeological sites in the Moapa Valley of southern Nevada. Excavated between the years of 1924 and 1941, these sites were to have a major impact on early-twentieth-century Southwestern archaeology. Despite the excitement that surrounded these finds at the time of their discovery, their legacy has largely been forgotten today. We argue one reason for this oversight is that the data obtained by the original researchers are inadequate for addressing the questions being asked of the region today. In particular, because plant and animal remains were not systematically recovered by the original researchers, the early fieldwork has provided only a broad sketch of the subsistence activities practiced in the region. To remedy these shortcomings, in 2006 archaeologists from the University of Nevada Las Vegas conducted additional excavations at House 20, a roomblock located within one of the so-called Lost C...
Nonlinear Beam and Plate Elements

A direct stiffness method for analyzing structural plates which possess nonlinear material properties is developed to predict the ultimate load of certain plates subjected to lateral loading. Because of the mathematical complexity of the problem, a numerical technique is suggested whereby the continuous plate is replaced by interconnected beam elements whose physical properties are determined by forcing the moment-rotation behavior to be identical with that of the plate. This technique yields a model that assumes concentrated plasticity and distributed elasticity. The success of the beam model is made possible by approaching the problem from a differential point of view and using a three-parameter moment-rotation equation. The solutions are then obtained using a fourth-order Runge-Kutta integration technique.
Protease activation mutants of sendai virus. Activation of biological properties by specific proteases.

Abstract A new class of Sendai virus mutants (pa mutants) is described that exhibit altered specificities with respect to protease activation of infectivity and altered host range. Sendai virus requires proteolytic cleavage of a virion glycoprotein (F 0 to F) in order to be infective. Wild-type virus can be activated in vitro by treatment with trypsin, but not chymotrypsin or elastase, or in vivo by addition of trypsin to cells, e.g., MDBK, which lack activating protease. Mutants have been isolated that are activated by chymotrypsin (pa-c mutants) or elastase (pa-e mutants). Some mutants are no longer activated by trypsin, and these mutants have lost the ability to undergo multiple-cycle replication in the embryonated chick egg unless chymotrypsin or elastase is added to the mutants also activate hemolysis. These findings with pa mutants support the previous conclusion based on results with wild type virus, that a host-dependent cleavage of the F 0 protein is required for the infectivity of Sendai virus and for activation of hemolyzing and cell-fusing activities. The results obtained indicate that the host range and tissue tropism of Sendai virus are determined at least in part by the availability of the appropriate protease required for activation of infectivity.
Firing rate and theta-phase coding by hippocampal pyramidal neurons during 'space clamping'.

In the hippocampus, spatial representation of the environment has been suggested to be coded by either the firing rate of pyramidal cell assemblies or the relative timing of the action potentials during the theta EEG cycle. Here, we used a behavioural ‘space clamp’ method, which involved the confinement of the actively running animal in a defined position in space (running wheel) to examine how ‘spatial’ and other inputs affect firing rate and timing of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells and interneurons. Nineteen per cent of the recorded CA1 pyramidal cells were selectively active while the rat was running in the wheel in a given direction (‘wheel’ cells). Spatial rotation of the apparatus showed that selective discharge of pyramidal cells in the wheel was under the combined influence of distal and apparatus cues. During steady running, both discharge rate and theta phase were constant. Rotation of the wheel apparatus resulted in a shift of both firing rate and preferred theta phase. The discharge frequency of ‘wheel’ cells increased threefold (on average) with increasing running velocity. In contrast, change in running speed had relatively little effect on the theta phase-related discharge of ‘wheel’ cells. Our findings indicate that mechanisms that regulate rate and phase of spikes are overlapping but not necessarily identical.
Optimization of the heating load operation of large co-generation units in thermal power plant

The optimization of the heating load operation of large co-generation units in thermal power plant was described, and the evaluation method of maximizing total relative economic benefit for thermal power plant was put forward. It is shown that this method can provide objective economic benefit of district heating operation conditions, and the benefit has no relationship with the concrete energy allocation method used for heating and electricity. It is shown that under the condition of boilers full load operation the optimized heating load scheme is related to the electric power response characteristics with change of the heating steam supply for the individual cogeneration unit. An example of heating load optimization for 2 existing 330MW cogeneration units was put forward in detail. It is shown that, the electric power response characteristics with change of the heating steam supply for the individual cogeneration unit, especially the slope of the characteristic curve determines the heating load optimization results. The cogeneration unit with lower changing slope should be dispatched in higher priority.
Elemental Analysis at Sub-Parts-Per Trillion Concentrations by Sonres

Abstract A new method of detection has been developed for analysis of metallic atoms in the gas phase. The method relies on Saturated Optical NonResonance Emission Spectroscopy (SONRES) to provide efficient fluorescence analysis in an ambient pressure environment. The theoretical detection limit is approximately 10 -4 atoms in the interaction volume during a 1 second integration time, and a detection limit of much less than 160 atoms/cm 3 has been demonstrated for sodium, corresponding to detection of less than 0.2 atoms on time average. The method is almost independent of quenching process, therefore it is promising for high temperature ambient pressure applications. In this paper SONRES is compared with conventional resonance fluorescence spectroscopy, with resonance ionization spectroscopy (RIS), and with atomic absorption spectroscopy. New results are presented for nickel detection.
Fracture Analysis of King’s Bridge, Melbourne

THE FRACTURE OF THE KING'S BRIDGE AT MELBOURNE (1963) IS OF SPECIAL INTEREST BECAUSE THE RESPONSIBLE PRIOR CRACKS WERE CAREFULLY PHOTOGRAPHED AND THE FAILURE LOAD CAN BE ESTIMATED. WITH THE AID OF FRACTURE MECHANICS AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, THE CRITICAL CRACK SIZE AND FAILURE LOAD ARE COMPARED WITH FRACTURE TOUGHNESS DATA FOR A STEEL REGARDED AS COMPARABLE IN TOUGHNESS TO THAT USED IN THE MELBOURNE BRIDGE. THE RESULTS IMPLY THAT RAPID CRACK PROPAGATION DEVELOPED WHEN THE TENSILE FORCE ON THE CRACK WAS INCREASED TO A VALUE INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN THE CRACK PROPAGATION RESISTANCES EXPECTED FOR RAPID (IMPACT) AND FOR SLOW LOADING. STRUCTURAL REDUNDANCY OF THE MELBOURNE BRIDGE ALLOWED THE BRIDGE TO PROVIDE CONTINUED SERVICE FOR 12 MONTHS AFTER ONE OF THE FOUR SUPPORTING GIRDERS SUFFERED A MAJOR FRACTURE. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT ANALYSIS OF EXPECTED CRACK SIZES AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS CAN BE USED TO ESTIMATE THE DEGREE OF FRACTURE FAIL-SAFE BEHAVIOR POTENTIALLY PRESENT IN STEEL BRIDGES. /AUTHOR/
Establishing a Research Base for the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program

The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify and categorize the research representing the first 40 years (1969–2009) of the Expanded Foods and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP). The program that is part of the Cooperative Extension Service was developed to help low-income individuals learn about nutrition and enable them to prepare healthy meals for their families. Five hundred and fifty (550) studies about the EFNEP program clientele, curricula, and staff were found. The topics that occurred most often in the studies were diet, knowledge and practices (92 studies), and program evaluation (100 studies). Filemaker Pro™ software was used to sort, make comparisons, and serve as a foundation for an on-line searchable database.
Decolonizing Knowledge: From Development to Dialogue

Decolonizing Knowledge: From Development to Dialogue. Frederique Apffel-Marglin and Stephen A. Marglin. eds. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1996. 398 pp.
Submodularity in Data Subset Selection and Active Learning

We study the problem of selecting a subset of big data to train a classifier while incurring minimal performance loss. We show the connection of submodularity to the data likelihood functions for Naive Bayes (NB) and Nearest Neighbor (NN) classifiers, and formulate the data subset selection problems for these classifiers as constrained submodular maximization. Furthermore, we apply this framework to active learning and propose a novel scheme called filtered active submodular selection (FASS), where we combine the uncertainty sampling method with a submodular data subset selection framework. We extensively evaluate the proposed framework on text categorization and handwritten digit recognition tasks with four different classifiers, including deep neural network (DNN) based classifiers. Empirical results indicate that the proposed framework yields significant improvement over the state-of-the-art algorithms on all classifiers.
The complexities of adolescent dating and sexual relationships: fluidity, meaning(s), and implications for young adults' well-being.

The complexity of adolescents' dating and sexual lives is not easily operationalized with simple indicators of dating or sexual activity. While building on prior work that emphasizes the "risky" nature of adolescents' intimate relationships, we assess whether a variety of indicators reflecting the complexity of adolescents' relationships influence early adult well-being (i.e., depressive symptoms, self-esteem, gainful activity, intimate partner violence, and relationship quality). Our analysis of longitudinal data from the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study showed that the number of adolescent dating and sexual partners does not uniformly influence indicators of young adult well-being, which is at odds with a risk framework. The number of dating partners with whom the individual was sexually active, and not the number of "casual" sex partners, increased the odds of intimate partner violence during young adulthood. Relationship churning and sexual nonexclusivity during adolescence were associated with lower relationship quality during young adulthood. Sexual nonexclusivity during adolescence influenced self-reports of depressive symptoms and lower self-esteem among young adults. Future research should develop more nuanced conceptualizations of adolescent dating and sexual relationships and integrate adolescent dating and sexual experiences into research on early adult well-being. Language: en
Ridges and tidal stress on Io

Abstract Sets of ridges of uncertain origin are seen in twenty-nine high-resolution Galileo images, which sample seven locales on Io. These ridges are on the order of a few kilometers in length with a spacing of about a kilometer. Within each locale, the ridges have a consistent orientation, but the orientations vary from place to place. We investigate whether these ridges could be a result of tidal flexing of Io by comparing their orientations with the peak tidal stress orientations at the same locations. We find that ridges grouped near the equator are aligned either north–south or east–west, as are the predicted principal stress orientations there. It is not clear why particular groups run north–south and others east–west. The one set of ridges observed far from the equator (52° S) has an oblique azimuth, as do the tidal stresses at those latitudes. Therefore, all observed ridges have similar orientations to the tidal stress in their region. This correlation is consistent with the hypothesis that tidal flexing of Io plays an important role in ridge formation.
Crystal methamphetamine-associated cardiomyopathy: tip of the iceberg?

AbstractBackground. Crystal methamphetamine has become a drug of widespread use. Previous reports describe myocardial infarction, pulmonary edema, and aortic dissection related to methamphetamine use. Cardiomyopathy due to methamphetamine exposure has been rarely described. Methods. We identified 1640 patients admitted in a 4‐yr period with a primary or secondary diagnosis of cardiomyopathy. We excluded patients with known cause of cardiomyopathy other than substance abuse. We found 120 patients had a diagnosis of substance abuse, including 21 patients with methamphetamine use. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of these 21 crystal methamphetamine users. Results. Nineteen (84%) underwent echocardiography with consistent findings of dilated cardiomyopathy and global ventricular dysfunction. Of five who had a nuclear myocardial perfusion study, none had evidence of ischemia or infarct. Of six who underwent cardiac catheterization, only one had evidence of coronary stenosis. Conclusion. Methamph...
Canada as multilateral player: Trade in cultural products

In recent years, Canada has pursued an aggressive policy of ‘cultural diversity’ for its own cultural goods in international trade, and has been among the strongest proponents of the argument that sovereign states should be free to protect and promote their cultural industries. This has position has put it into conflictwith the United States government, which promotes open markets, views cultural products as commodities, and strongly defends its economic dominance in many types of cultural exports. This article chronicles Canada's policy approach to trade and culture in a changing international environment, namely one in which the United States is the sole superpower. The article examines the trajectory of Canada's evolving cultural policy and defense of cultural sovereignty. Canada's cultural policy history and the negotiation of its commitments to both free trade and cultural protectionism are explored, with the conclusion discussing the significance of the UNESCO instrument and endorsing continued Cana...
Leukoregulin, a T-cell derived cytokine, upregulates stromelysin-1 gene expression in human dermal fibroblasts: Evidence for the role of AP-1 in transcriptional activation

Leukoregulin (LR), a product of activated T-cells, has been recently shown to modulate the metabolism of extracellular matrix components in human skin fibroblast cultures (Mauviel et al., J Cell Biol 113:1455-1462, 1991). In this study we focused our attention on the effects of LR on the expression of stromelysin-1 gene. This matrix metalloprotease has a broad spectrum of degradative activity and it is also required for maximal activation of interstitial collagenase. Incubation of skin fibroblast cultures with LR resulted in a dose- and time-dependent elevation of stromelysin-1 mRNA levels, the maximum enhancement being up to approximately sevenfold. This effect was abolished by cycloheximide, suggesting a requirement for ongoing protein synthesis. Transient cell transfections with a promoter/reporter gene construct containing 1.3 kb of 5' flanking DNA of the human stromelysin-1 gene linked to the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene, indicated enhancement of promoter activity by LR. This enhancement was abolished by a single base substitution in the AP-1 binding site of the promoter. Furthermore, gel mobility shift assays demonstrated enhanced AP-1 binding activity in nuclear extracts from cells incubated with LR. However, LR did not alter the activity of a construct containing three AP-1 sequences in front of the thymidine kinase promoter linked to the CAT gene. These results collectively suggest that activation of stromelysin-1 gene expression by LR is mediated by AP-1 regulatory elements which are necessary, but not sufficient, for gene response.
The constitution of the core: seismological evidence

The present best estimates of seismic velocities in the core are compared with the 1939 solution of Jeffreys, with emphasis on the remaining uncertainties and present resolution capability. The relative contributions of measurements of seismic body waves and terrestrial eigenspectra to the inverse problem of the determination of elastic parameters, density and damping in the core are compared. Linear perturbation algorithms and smoothing functions used with the spectral data reduce their capacity for fine structural definition. Between radii of 1400 and 3300 km (shell E), the outer core appears to be substantially homogeneous and non-stratified, with small or zero rigidity and a dimensionless seismic quality factor, Q ,of order 10 4 . It is a sufficient but still not a necessary condition that density p follows precisely the Adams-Williamson equation in E; for an averaging interval of 400 km, estimates of have a standard error there of about 0.2 g cm -3 . There is as yet no unequivocal seismological evidence for or against a boundary shell (thickness less than about 200 km) at the top of the liquid outer core. At the bottom of the outer core, the evidence is becoming stronger that any reduction in the rate of increase with depth of P wave velocity is confined to a minor transition layer little more than 100 km thick. The inner core has a sharp outer boundary at about 1216 km radius, but below it only average physical properties are estimated with any confidence. The average seismic compressions and shear velocities are about — 11.2 and /? — 3.5 km s -1 and 12.5 -3 . Recent travel-time and waveform synthetics suggest a strong increase of P (and perhaps S) velocity in the upper 300 km of the inner core, which could be interpreted as a mixing or melting effect. Damping properties in the inner core may have an unusual dependence on wave frequency with an order of magnitude increase in Q from 1 Hz to 4 mHz vibrations.
Predicting rehospitalization at a community mental health center: A „double-crossed” validation

Used a multiple regression equation that contained a variety of demographic and diagnostic measures as predictor variables to predict 5-year recidivism in a group of 100 psychiatric inpatients hospitalized at a community mental health center. This equation then was cross-validated via the prediction of recidivism in a second group of 100 inpatients. A predictive equation derived from an analysis of this second group of patients then was used in a "double-crossed' validation back to the first group. Diagnoses that involved schizophrenia and drug abuse, major psychotropic drug regimens, and a failure to appear for follow-up therapy as an outpatient emerged consistently as predictor variables.
Blockade of histamine-stimulated alterations in cerebrovascular permeability by the H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine

Histamine has been shown previously to cause dose-dependent systemic hypotension and concurrent alterations in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier of rats. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether histamine-induced changes in cerebrovascular permeability were mediated by the histamine H2-receptor. Wistar-Kyoto (control) and spontaneously hypertensive rats were pretreated with the histamine H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine (10 mg/kg), followed by saline or histamine (1.25,2.5 or 5.0 μg/kg). Premedication with cimetidine did not block histamine-induced systemic hypotension. The permeability of the blood-brain barrier was measured with 131I-labelled serum albumin (RISA) or with 99mTc-sodium pertechnetate (TcO−4,). In both control and spontaneously hypertensive animals, cimetidine prevented histamine-induced changes in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier to either tracer. These findings suggest that the H2-receptor is the prime mediator of histamine-stimulated alterations in cerebrovascular permeability.
TP53 gene mutations and 17p deletions in human astrocytomas.

Astrocytomas, including the most malignant form, glioblastoma multiforme, are the most frequent and deadly primary tumors of the human nervous system. Recent molecular genetic analyses of astrocytomas have demonstrated frequent chromosome 17 deletions involving the telomeric region of the short arm ( 17p 12-pter). This region contains a candidate tumor suppressor gene, TP53, which has recently been implicated in the etiology of a broad array of human cancers. To study the possible role of TP53 in astrocytoma development, 24 randomly chosen human astrocytic tumors were examined for genomic TP53 sequence aberrations using primer-directed DNA amplification in conjunction with direct sequencing. Five of the 11 grade III astrocytomas (glioblastoma multiforme), but only one of seven grade II astrocytomas (anaplastic astrocytoma) and none of either the grade I astrocytomas or oligodendrogliomas demonstrated distinct point mutations involving the TP53 gene. These data suggest that TP53 mutations may play a role in astrocytoma development and are predominantly associated with higher grade tumors.
Analysis of a Microcrack Prototype and Its Implications for Microcrack Toughening

The stress intensity factor, the volume, and the macroscopic dilatational strain associated with microcracking for various crack lengths and elastic mismatches are examined for a microcrack prototype, which consists of a penny-shaped crack in the center of spherical particle under residual hydrostatic tension. The results of these quantities and the implications for microcrack toughening are presented. The effects of elastic mismatch between the particle and matrix phases are emphasized.
EFFECTS OF MATURATION RATE, MARBLING AND COOKING ON THE FAT, CHOLESTEROL AND LIPID PHOSPHORUS COMPOSITION OF BEEF MUSCLE

Steers from four fundamentally different genetic backgrounds in size and maturation rates (ranging from large size-slow maturing to small size-fast maturing) were fed on pasture or in a feedlot. Expressing cholesterol on a fresh (FR), dry matter (DM) or fat-free dry matter (FFDM) basis changed the rank of growth type but expressing extracted fat on a FR or DM basis did not change this trait. Differences in the cholesterol (FR basis) concentration of M. longissimus thoracis muscle grading between US Standard+ and US Choice° were less than 4 mg/100 g of the uncooked and cooked muscle. Cooking decreased moisture and increased FFDM, extracted fat (FR and DM basis) and cholesterol (FR basis) concentration.
Baskets, covered baskets, and basket balls: corannulene based cyclophanes as fullerene mimics

Abstract Three cyclophanes based on corannulene have been synthesized. Aryl and alkyl groups have been strapped across the corannulene nucleus and a dimeric corannulene cyclophane has been prepared. The structure and conformational analysis of these compounds have been elucidated by NMR and ab initio quantum mechanical methods. The specific NMR effect of the corannulene system on the adjacent nuclei is discussed. These cyclophanes exhibit novel structures and are prototypical fullerene mimics.
Autonomous Spectral Discovery and Mapping Onboard the EO-1 Spacecraft

Imaging spectrometers are valuable instruments for space exploration, but their large data volumes limit the number of scenes that can be downlinked. Missions could improve science yield by acquiring surplus images and analyzing them onboard the spacecraft. This onboard analysis could generate surficial maps, summarizing scenes in a bandwidth-efficient manner to indicate data cubes that warrant a complete downlink. Additionally, onboard analysis could detect targets of opportunity and trigger immediate automated follow-up measurements by the spacecraft. Here, we report a first step toward these goals with demonstrations of fully automatic hyperspectral scene analysis, feature discovery, and mapping onboard the Earth Observing One (EO-1) spacecraft. We describe a series of overflights in which the spacecraft analyzes a scene and produces summary maps along with lists of salient features for prioritized downlink. The onboard system uses a superpixel endmember detection approach to identify compositionally distinctive features in each image. This procedure suits the limited computing resources of the EO-1 flight processor. It requires very little advance information about the anticipated spectral features, but the resulting surface composition maps agree well with canonical human interpretations. Identical spacecraft commands detect outlier spectral features in multiple scenarios having different constituents and imaging conditions.
SPEECH PREPARATION PROCESSES AND VERBAL FLUENCY

Preparation of speech in advance of actual production has consistently been shown to result in greater speech fluency. This observation is important given the impact of speech fluency in social perception; however, it raises questions concerning the nature of the processes by which communicative behaviors are prepared and of the representation of those behaviors in the cognitive system. The current research represents an attempt to address these issues. In Experiment I subjects provided with an abstract problem-solution sequence exhibited less silent pausing during speech than a control group which was not given such a sequence. A second experimental group provided with an abstract solution-problem sequence exhibited less pausing than the control group, but not significantly so. In Experiment II, increasing practice with the solution-problem sequence was found to lead a decreasing linear trend in silent pausing. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding the nature of production of communicative behavior.
Piezoelectric nanogenerators—Harvesting ambient mechanical energy at the nanometer scale

Abstract Harvesting ambient mechanical energy at the nanometer scale holds great promises for powering small electronics and achieving self-powered electronic devices. The self-powering capability allows electronic device packages to exclude bulky energy storage components and makes possible forgoing the inclusion of bulky battery components. Recent development of nanogenerators (NGs) has demonstrated a possible solution for the design of self-sufficient power source that directly draws energy from ambient mechanical resources. Piezoelectric nanowires (NWs) are the building blocks of NGs. In this review paper, theoretical calculations and experimental characterization methods for predicting or determining the piezoelectric potential output of NWs are reviewed first. Representative models of NGs are then discussed for harvesting mechanical energy from high-frequency acoustic waves and low-frequency vibrations/frictions. A numerical calculation is also presented to estimate the energy output from NW-based NGs. A potential practical application of NGs for harvesting energy from respiration is shown using piezoelectric polymer thin films. At the end, perspectives of the NG concept are discussed. The nanometer-scale piezoelectric and mechanical properties, the piezotronic effect, and large-scale manufacturing capability are suggested to be the essential aspects that would eventually lead the promising NG concept to a practical power source.
Community leadership development: the effects on community development

Last summer I had the privilege to join about 100 people with an interest in community leadership development at the Leadership Chautauqua in Morris, Minnesota. The day was filled with presentation...
Modelling Non-Deterministic System in HOL

Abstract When developing the specifications of computer system components, it is often necessary or desirable to include non–deterministic behavior into the specification. Unfortunately this non–determinism can cause difficulty when we try to verify properties of the specification. In this paper we present a method for modelling non–determinism in a way that allows the verifier to isolate it from other aspects of the system component.
Serum Potassium and the Electrocardiogram in Hypokalemia

A definite correlation can be established between the electrocardiogram and the serum potassium level at hypokalemic levels. A study was made at the Mayo Clinic of 130 hypokalemic patients with relatively stable clinical states. Variations in Q-T intervals, P-R intervals, atrial rhythm, P waves, T/R values, and T-wave and U-wave contour in hypokalemia were noted as were the relationships between the T-U complex, electrical repolarization phenomena and potassium metabolism. Since modifying factors such as drugs, certain electrolyte disturbances, variations in cardiac rate, conduction defects, and myocardial ischemia were eliminated by careful selection of patients, only the influence of acid-base imbalance, sodium-potassium ratio, and hypertension on the electrocardiogram was studied. Acid-base imbalance and hypertension often simulated or obscured electrocardiographic evidence of hypokalemia. Electrocardiographic criteria of hypokalemia include various combinations of the following signs: (1) T/U value of...
Immunological Characterization and Immunocytochemical Localization of Oviduct-Specific Glycoproteins in the Baboon (Papio anubis)*

Oviducts obtained from estradiol-treated ovariectomized baboons synthesize and release a family of high mol wt (100,000-130,000) glycoproteins during short term explant culture. The objective of this study was to make a polyclonal antibody to these glycoproteins and then use the antibody to determine the presence of the glycoproteins in oviduct flushings, tissue culture media, and tissues obtained from cycling and steroid-treated baboons. Oviduct culture medium proteins from estradiol-treated baboons were separated on one-dimensional polyacrylamide gels and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. The region containing the glycoproteins was cut out, solubilized in dimethylsulfoxide, mixed with Freund's adjuvant, and injected at 2-week intervals into a male rabbit. The antiserum used in this study was obtained 6 weeks after the initial injection and cross-reacted with antigens on Western blots of oviduct flushings and oviduct culture media obtained from follicular stage and estradiol-treated baboons. The a...
Modal-Weight Measurements With Fiber Gratings

We demonstrate a radiation mode coupler based on a tilted fiber Bragg grating that spatially demultiplexes different modes in a few-mode fiber. The observed radiation patterns match well with those theoretically predicted using the volume current method. The correlations in measured relative modal weights obtained from this device and an accurate interferometric measurement used as a reference, suggest that this technique has potential applications in providing real-time, nondestructive modal power measurement for mode division-multiplexed communications systems or monitoring the modal content in fiber lasers.
Regulation of GFAP expression in glial-like cells of the rat pituitary intermediate lobe by lactation, salt-loading, and adrenalectomy.

Glial-like cells in rat pituitary intermediate lobe were localized and characterized by immunohistochemistry with antisera against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S-100. Individual GFAP immunoreactive (IR) cells possessed several processes that often branched into secondary and tertiary processes, terminating with end-feet. The GFAP-immunopositive cell population was distributed in specific rostrocaudal and dorsoventral patterns. The distribution and numbers of cells differed between male and female rats. Examination of altered physiological states, e.g., adrenalectomy, lactation, and salt-loading, revealed state-specific changes in the appearance and distribution of GFAP-IR cells. Adrenalectomy and lactation increased GFAP-IR glial-like cell numbers, whereas salt-loading decreased their numbers and the typical pattern of distribution. By contrast, S-100–expressing cells were evenly distributed in male and female rats, and its expression was not affected by the experimental conditions. Double-label immunocytochemistry indicated that GFAP-IR cells are a subpopulation of S-100-IR cells. These results suggest that cells normally expressing only S-100 may be induced to express GFAP under altered physiologic conditions. Copy 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Heterochromatin formation via recruitment of DNA repair proteins

Heterochromatin formation and nuclear organization are important in gene regulation and genome fidelity. Proteins involved in gene silencing localize to sites of damage and some DNA repair proteins localize to heterochromatin, but the biological importance of these correlations remains unclear. In this study, we examined the role of double-strand-break repair proteins in gene silencing and nuclear organization. We find that the ATM kinase Tel1 and the proteins Mre11 and Esc2 can silence a reporter gene dependent on the Sir, as well as on other repair proteins. Furthermore, these proteins aid in the localization of silenced domains to specific compartments in the nucleus. We identify two distinct mechanisms for repair protein–mediated silencing—via direct and indirect interactions with Sir proteins, as well as by tethering loci to the nuclear periphery. This study reveals previously unknown interactions between repair proteins and silencing proteins and suggests insights into the mechanism underlying genome integrity.
TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA OF THE BLADDER FOLLOWING AUGMENTATION CYSTOPLASTY FOR THE NEUROPATHIC BLADDER

ABSTRACTPurpose: Cancer following augmentation cystoplasty is a recognized risk factor. The procedure has only gained popularity in pediatric urology within the last 25 years, limiting the populati...
A simple method for estimating dihydroxyacetone (or glyceraldehyde).

Abstract A simple method for the measurement of changes in dihydroxyacetone in biological samples has been developed. It is based on the reaction between the triose and diphosphopyridine nucleotide in alkaline solution. Glucose does not interfere but carbonyl compounds do. The effective range of the procedure is from 2 μg of dihydroxyacetone; and linearity between concentration and absorbance has been established up to 50 μg. The precision of the method has been measured.
Mechanism of inhibition of fadu hypopharyngeal carcinoma cell growth by tetraphenylphosphonium chloride

Cationic phosphonium salts are interesting because they inhibit the proliferation of carcinoma cells more than untransformed epithelial cells in vitro. This differential anti-proliferative effect has been used to identify phosphonium salts and other lipophilic cations that later demonstrated effects in animals. Using 6 carcinoma-derived and 2 untransformed epithelial cell lines, tetraphenylphosphonium chloride (TPP) and other cat-ionic aryl phosphonium salts (CAPS) demonstrated a growth inhibition pattern similar to that of cation rhodamine 123, suggesting that CAPS may inhibit mitochondrial function. We tested this hypothesis for the effect of phosphonium salt TPP on FaDu human hypopharyngeal carcinoma cells. TPP inhibited the proliferation of FaDu carcinoma cells at submicromolar concentrations. Uptake of 3H-TPP by FaDu cells was partially inhibited in medium containing high K+ and fully inhibited by valinomycin in this medium, indicating that TPP accumulates preferentially in mitochondria, and to a lesser extent in the cytoplasm. FaDu cells exposed to TPP exhibited damage to mitochondrial inner membranes, reduced ATP/ADP ratios, decreased oxygen uptake rates and decreased mitochondrial membrane potentials. The treated cells secreted lactate more rapidly than untreated controls and exhibited hypersensitivity to 2-deoxyglucose, an inhibitor of glycolysis. TPP's antimitochondrial effects apparently enhance cytoplasmic glycolysis. In conclusion, TPP inhibits FaDu carcinoma cell growth by inhibiting mitochondrial respiration and ATP synthesis. Cationic phosphonium salts that inhibit carcinoma cell growth through anti-mitochondrial effects might be used to treat solid tumors without the risk of secondary tumors associated with agents affecting nuclear DNA. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.