cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Explaining modern man: Evolutionists Versus migrationists

Abstract Modern man appeared at a date before 35,000 B.P., after which populations already exhibiting cranial features of their recent descendants are found in main Old World regions. This is currently explained by two conflicting types of hypothesis. One derives regional populations directly from “Neanderthals”, i.e. more archaic hominids, already present in the same regions. The other, based on blood genetic traits, assumes a single origin, with populations migrating outward and diverging biologically, essentially by genetic drift. The two hypotheses are irreconcilable, but present evidence does not disprove either. Genetic “trees”, using serological traits, face queries, as to neglect of selection as a factor, or as to long-term reliability: divergence among local populations over short terms evidently reflects genealogy but cannot safely be expanded indefinitely for long-separated major groups. Anthropometric or craniometric “trees” appear to join short- and long-term phylogenies more reliably, from empirical indications (based on comparisons with linguistic or geographic distributions in South America, the Solomon Islands, etc.). Multivariate studies also objectively identify Pleistocene crania with modern populations in several areas, as blood evidence cannot. However, crucial skeletal evidence, with firm dates, is not yet available to settle the main questions of time and place or origins.
Subversion of Innate Immune Responses by Brucella through the Targeted Degradation of the TLR Signaling Adapter, MAL

Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the Brucella species cause chronic infections that can result in undulant fever, arthritis, and osteomyelitis in humans. Remarkably, Brucella sp. genomes encode a protein, named TcpB, that bears significant homology with mammalian Toll/IL-1 receptor domains and whose expression causes degradation of the phosphorylated, signal competent form of the adapter MyD88-adapter-like (MAL). This effect of TcpB is mediated through its box 1 region and has no effect on other TLR adapter proteins such as MyD88 or TIR-domain containing adapter protein-inducing IFNbeta. TcpB also does not affect a mutant, signal-incompetent form of MAL that cannot be phosphorylated. Interestingly, the presence of TcpB leads to enhanced polyubiquitination of MAL, which is likely responsible for its accelerated degradation. A Brucella abortus mutant lacking TcpB fails to reduce levels of MAL in infected macrophages. Therefore, TcpB represents a unique pathogen-derived molecule that suppresses host innate-immune responses by specifically targeting an individual adapter molecule in the TLR signaling pathway for degradation.
Requirements of class II-mediated B cell differentiation for class II cross-linking and cyclic AMP.

Cells of the mouse B cell clone, CH12.LX, receive Ag-dependent differentiative signals through their surface membrane class II molecules. The present study was performed to determine the role of class II cross-linking and cAMP in the successful delivery of these signals. Delivery of differentiative signals by anti-Ek mAb was increased by further cross-linking with a secondary anti-isotype antibody. Intact or (Fab')2, but not Fab forms of anti-Ek successfully delivered the Ag-dependent differentiative signal. Inability of monovalent Fab fragments to deliver the signal could not be attributed to an inability to adequately bind Ek molecules. The requirement for cAMP for class II-mediated signaling was also examined, because previous studies have implicated elevated cAMP levels as necessary for class II signaling. Both Ag-dependent, Ek-mediated differentiation and the Ek-mediated inhibition of Ag-independent LPS-induced differentiation were inhibited by the adenyl cyclase inhibitor 2'5'ddA, although elevation of cAMP was not in itself sufficient to deliver the differentiative signal. Inhibition of LPS-induced differentiation could be mediated by mAb binding to either Ek, Abk, or Abb on CH12.LX or an Ab-bearing transfectant, CH12.ABB1. This inhibition was abrogated by 2'5'ddA in the case of Ek or Abb, both of which deliver Ag-dependent differentiative signals to CH12.LX cells. In the case of Abk, which does not deliver such signals to CH12.LX, 2'5'ddA did not abrogate anti-Abk-mediated inhibition of the LPS response. The effects of 2'5'ddA were reversed by the cAMP analog, dibutyryl cAMP, and Ag-dependent-induced differentiation of CH12.LX or CH12.ABB1 was accompanied by an increase in cAMP levels.
Cystic illusion: superior mesenteric vein aneurysm thrombosis mimicking a pancreatic cyst.

Aneurysms of the splanchnic arteries are common. However those of the veins are practically rare. They can be congenital (due to persistent vitelline vein) or acquired (due to pancreatitis or cirrhosis) [1]. Complications can be thrombosis or rupture. Management would include watchful expectancy or aneurysmorrhaphy or aneurysmal resection. In case of thrombosis thrombectomy or thrombolysis or just anticoagulation can be attempted [1,2]. A 65-year-old female presented for evaluation of upper abdominal pain. Her clinical examination was normal. Serum amylase and lipase were normal. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) of the abdomen showed a 35 mm cystic lesion around the mid body of the pancreas (Fig. 1) and she was referred to our center as “pancreatic cyst” requiring resection. A careful evaluation of the CECT showed that the lesion was in fact extra-pancreatic; a hypodense thrombus within an aneurysmal dilatation of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) measuring 35 mm and mimicking a “pancreatic cyst”. She was negative for protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, antithrombin III deficiency, factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin G20210A, hyperhomocysteinemia and antiphospholipid antibodies. Antinuclear antibody and anti cytoplasmic nuclear antibody were negative. Treatment with warfarin for 3 months after a prior low molecular weight heparin bridging showed gradual resolution of thrombus with decrease in the size of the aneurysm (Fig. 2, coronal view). Thus a surgery was averted.
Colonic and esophageal transepithelial potential difference in cystic fibrosis

Abstract To evaluate differences in the expression of cystic fibrosis (CF) transport defects in the gastrointestinal tract of subjects with CF, in vivo measurements of colonic and esophageal transepithelial electrical potential difference (PD) were performed before and during amiloride superfusion in CF and healthy subjects. Esophageal PD before (−16 ± 2 vs. −16 ± 3 mV) and after (−14 ± 2 vs. −15 ± 0.3 mV) superfusion with amiloride were similar for CF and healthy subjects. Basal rectosigmoid colon PD was also similar (CF: mean −23 ± 6 and maximal −37 ± 9 mV; normal: mean −26 ± 5 and maximal −45 ± 11 mV) in both groups. However, with amiloride superfusion (10 −4 M) the colonic PD in CF subjects was almost abolished (95% ± 15% inhibition), whereas the PD in healthy subjects was only partially reduced (42% ± 6%) (p − secretion, the demonstration that this component was absent both in vivo and in vitro in CF colon establishes the presence of a defect in electrolyte transport in CF colon, a defect consistent with recent reports of absent electrogenic Cl − secretion in CF intestine.
Dermatoglyphic asymmetries and fronto-striatal dysfunction in young adults reporting non-clinical psychosis

Objective Growing evidence indicates that non-clinical psychotic-like experiences occur in otherwise healthy individuals, suggesting that psychosis may occur on a continuum. However, little is know about how the diathesis for formal psychosis maps on to individuals at the non-clinical side of this continuum. Our current understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia implicates certain key factors such as early developmental abnormalities and fronto-striatal dysfunction. To date, no studies have examined these core factors in the context of non-clinical psychosis.
Spreading pressures and coefficients, interfacial tensions, and adhesion energies of the lower alkanes, alkenes, and alkyl benzenes on water

Abstract This reports the results of an investigation on the effect of molecular structure and unsaturation upon the initial spreading pressure ( F ba ) and initial spreading coefficient ( S ba ) on water of numerous pure low-boiling members of the n -alkane, 1-alkene, n -alkyl benzene, and acetylene hydrocarbon families. All measurements of F ba were made at 20°C, using the “piston monolayer” method. In general, F ba was always equal (or nearly so) to the initial spreading coefficient ( S ba ). Initial, semi-initial, final, and equilibrium spreading pressures and the corresponding spreading coefficients are discussed. Conditions under which the initial spreading pressure ( F ba ) is equal to the initial spreading coefficient ( S ba ) are discussed experimentally and theoretically. It is shown that S ba and the initial value of γ ab , the interfacial tension against water, and W ba , the initial value of the reversible work of adhesion, can be readily calculated from F ba , the surface tension ( γ b ) of the organic liquid, and that of water ( γ a ). The fact that a plot of F ba against the normal boiling point (or the molecular weight) was a straight line for each homologous series of compounds was used as a valuable guide in obtaining sufficient purity of all compounds investigated. As graphs for the different classes of compounds were practically parallel, their displacement could be used as a measure of the differences in the hydrophilic character and adhesion of the compounds to the water surface. The data obtained were used to calculate the effect of hydrocarbon branching and unsaturation on γ ab and W ba . Finally, the molar work of adhesion ( ω ba ) was calculated and used to discuss quantitatively the hydrophilic nature of olefinic, aromatic, and acetylenic bonds.
Relative sea-level rise and the development of valley-fill and shallow-water sequences in Nantucket Sound, Massachusetts

Valley-fill sequences offshore southern Cape Cod, Massachusetts, record Late Pleistocene and Holocene subaerial and submarine sedimentation in a post-glacial setting. Complications arise because some of the lows that contain valley-fill sediments represent variations in glacial drift thickness, whereas others reflect channel incision into glacial sediments and subsequent infilling. The valley-fill preserved in topographic lows in the presently submerged glacial terrain is composed of Late Pleistocene glaciolacustrine silts and clays covered with Holocene sand units. In contrast, the valley-fill sequence preserved in incised valleys, which are thought to have been caused by groundwater seeps in the Late Pleistocene, comprises a transgressive-systems tract composed of a consistent sequence of coastal embayment and nearshore marine facies that succeeded one another in response to Holocene relative sea-level rise. This transgressive valley-fill sequence started to accumulate approximately 7600 BP and reflects the submergence and consequent onshore migration of coastal embayment and shoreline environments along Late Pleistocene spring-sapping valleys. The Holocene transgressive-systems tract that rests unconformably atop the lake deposits is limited to the upper meter of the sequence. The absence of coastal embayment and other paralic facies in these topographic lows suggests that the infilled lows did not accommodate protected coastal embayments, indicating that they were most likely filled by glacial processes prior to the Holocene transgression. The occurrence of both topographic-low and incised-valley fill sequences in Nantucket Sound reveals the depositional complexity of the deposits associated with glacial recession in the region.
Anion Complexation and Transport by Isophthalamide and Dipicolinamide Derivatives: DNA Plasmid Transformation in E. coli

Tris-arenes based on either isophthalic acid or 2,6-dipicolinic acid have been known for more than a decade to bind anions. Recent studies have also demonstrated their ability to transport various ions through membranes. In this report, we demonstrate two important properties of these simple diamides. First, they transport plasmid DNA into Escherichia coli about 2-fold over controls, where the ampicillin resistance gene is expressed in the bacteria. These studies were done with plasmid DNA (∼2.6 kilobase (kb)) in JM109 E. coli cells. Second, known methods do not typically transport large plasmids (>15 kb). We demonstrate here that transformation of large pVIB plasmids (i.e., >20 kb) were enhanced over water controls by ∼10-fold. These results are in striking contrast to the normal decrease in transformation with increasing plasmid size.
A new human gamma globulin factor determined by an allele at the Inv locus.

Summary Fifty-three Negro families and 165 unrelated Negroes were tested for the γ-globulin factor, Inv, discovered by Ropartz et al. [7] and for a new γ-globulin factor herein named Inv(b). Analysis of these data established that Inv(b) is inherited by an allele (Invb) of the one determining InV. The latter allele is renamed Inva The finding of Ropartz et al. [7] that the Inv locus is genetically independent of Gm-like was confirmed. One sample was found to be Inv(a- b-). Unfortunately, the donor of the sample was not available for a repeat sample to confirm this observation. If the observation is correct, we have evidence for a third dele at this locus. Tests of mother-newborn child pairs and extraction of γ-globulin demonstrated that the Inv factors are in the 7 S γ-globulin fraction of serum. Resume 1Le facteur Inv. des gammaglobulines decouvert par Ropartz et al. [7] et un nouveau facteur des gammaglobulines appele Inv(b) out ete mis en evidence chez les membres de 53 familles de race noire et chez 165 personnes de race noire prises au hasard. L'analyse des resultat etabljt que Inv(b) est herite grâce a un allele (Invb) de celui determinant la propriete Inv qui a ete denomme Ina. La decouverte de Ropartz et al. [7] selon laquelle le locus Inv. est genetiquement independant des Gm-like est confirmee. Un echantillon examine a ete trouve Inv(a-b-). Malheureusement, le donneur de cet echantillon n'a pu etre retrouve et un examen de controle n'a pu etre pratique pour confirmer cette observation. Si, toutefois, cette observation est correcte, cela signifie qu'il se trouve un troisieme allele a ce locus. Des examens pratiques chez des meres et leurs enfants nouveaux-nes, ainsi que des extractions de gammaglobulines ont permis de mettle en evidence que les facteurs Inv. faisaient partie de la fraction 7 S des gammaglobulines de serum. Zusammenfassung Bei 53 Negerfamilien sowie bei 165 unter sich nicht verwandten Negern wurde der von Ropartz et al. [7] entdeckte γ-Globulinfaktor InV sowie der neuentdeckte Faktor Inv(b) bestimmt. Die Analyse der Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigte, das der Faktor Inv(b) durcb ein Gen Invb bedingt ist, welches ein Allel jenes Gens darstellt, welches den Faktor InV bedingt. Letzteres soll deswegen in Zukunft als Inva bezeichnet werden. Die Beobachtung von Ropartz et al. [7], das der Inv-Genlocus vom Gm-like-Locus unabhangig ist, wurde bestatigt. Es wurde eine Inv(a-b-) Serumprobe gefunden. Bedauerlicherweise konnte vom betreffenden Spender keine frische Serumprobe beschafft werden. Wenn diese Beobachtung den Tatsachen entspricht, ist die Annahme eines dritten Allels an diesem Genlocus gerechtfertigt. An Hand des Vergleichs von Neugeborenen mit denjenigen ihrer Mutter, sowie auf Grund der Untersuchung von elektrophoretisch gewonnenen γ-Globulinanrei-cherungen konnte gezeigt werden, das es sich bei den Inv-Faktoren um Eigenschaften der 7 S γ-Globulinfraktion des Serums handelt.
CORRELATION OF BRAIN-SCAN RESULTS WITH NEUROPATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS

Abstract The neuropathological findings of 238 patients who had received a brain scan were reviewed to determine the size as well as the histology and site of their lesions. Since the scan does not detect small lesions, its reliability is most usefully defined relative to some uniform criterion of lesion size, taken here to be the volume of a sphere 2·7 cm. in diameter (i.e., 10 c.cm.). The proportion of cases in which the scan failed to detect a lesion larger than this was 7·4%, but more than half of these were vascular cases scanned either less than four or more than thirty days after a stroke. If these cases are excluded the proportion of false-negative scans becomes 3%. False-positives constituted 1·3%. Thus a total error of less than 5 % is indicated. The histology and locus of a lesion seem to have relatively little effect on scan outcome for lesions larger than critical size.
Design considerations for narrow-band dielectric resonant grating reflection filters of finite length

An interference-waveguide approach is developed to predict the response of a resonant grating reflection filter and to provide a better understanding of the resonant process. An expression for the reflected field that accounts for all internal boundary reflections within the filter is developed. Under the assumption of an antireflective design, expressions characterizing the line shape of a filter of infinite length are first developed; then the effects of finite length on the response are determined. Expressions relating the length of the filter to the peak reflection efficiency and line width are developed. The degradation of the response as a function of filter length is evaluated. An equivalent waveguide representation is used to determine the location of the resonance as well as the spectral and angular linewidths of the filter. The minimum obtainable spectral linewidth for a filter of given length is determined to be on the order of Δλ∼λ2/L. Rigorous analysis is used to verify the interference-waveguide approach.
Maintenance of multilocus variability under strong stabilizing selection

We present exact conditions for stability of monomorphic equilibria in a general multilocus multiallele system and of specific polymorphic equilibria in general one- and two-locus multiallele systems. We show how these exact results on one- and two-locus systems can be used in approximate analysis of polymorphic equilibria in multilocus systems under selection strong relative to recombination. We determine conditions for existence and stability of polymorphic equilibria in specific models of quadratic stabilizing selection on additive polygenic traits.
OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE, UNDERPRICING, AND MARKET LIQUIDITY OF NEW EQUITY ISSUES

We argue that uninformed subscribers to an initial public offering (IPO) of common stocks are exposed to greater ex ante risk of trading against informed traders in the secondary market because the advent of public trading conveys hitherto private information and thereby mitigates adverse selection. The going‐public firm underprices the new issue to compensate uninformed subscribers for this added secondary market adverse selection risk. We test this market liquidity‐based explanation by investigating the ex‐post consequences of ownership structure choice on the initial pricing and the secondary market liquidity of a sample of initial public offerings on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). Consistent with our argument, we find that initial underpricing varies directly with the ex post trading costs in the secondary market. Further, initial underpricing is related positively to the concentration of institutional shareholdings and negatively to the proportional equity ownership retained by the founding shareholders. Finally, the secondary market illiquidity of new issues is positively related to institutional ownership concentration and negatively to ownership retention and underwriter reputation. Thus, the evidence based on our NYSE sample supports the view that the entrepreneurs' choice of ownership structure affects both the initial pricing and the subsequent market liquidity of new issues.
The effects of nerve growth factor and ganglioside GM1 on the anti-proliferative activity of cocaine in PC 12 cells

Abstract The anti-proliferative activity of cocaine was determined in PC 12 pheochromocytoma cells. The effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) and ganglioside GM1 (GM1) on the toxicity of this stimulant of abuse was examined over a period of 72 h. Cocaine (40 μM–320 μM) exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of cellular proliferation as determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) reduction. While NGF (100 ng ml ) and GM1 (100 μM) alone partially reversed the cocaine-induced inhibition of proliferation, the combination of NGF and GM1 afforded additional protection that was greater than that of either agent individually.
On improving the single-vendor single-buyer integrated production inventory model with a generalized policy

Abstract In this note a simple procedure is suggested for modifying shipment size as obtained on applying the procedure given by Hill (European Journal of Operational Research 97 (1997) 493–499).
The Accuracy of Present‐on‐Admission Reporting in Administrative Data

Objective To test the accuracy of reporting present-on-admission (POA) and to assess whether POA reporting accuracy differs by hospital characteristics.
Central pain in cancer patients.

The prevalence of pain caused by injury to the central nervous system (CNS), or central pain (CP), in cancer patients is unknown. In order to define prevalence and characteristics of central pain in hospitalized patients with cancer, we performed a retrospective review of medical records of patients evaluated by 2 different services: the Pain Service and the Neurology Service, at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. The prevalence of CP in these patients was 4% and 2%, respectively. Primary and metastatic tumors and their therapy, including surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, were all potential causes of CP. The occurrence of CP in patients with primary CNS tumors was higher in patients with spinal cord tumors compared to patients with brain tumors (P < .0001). © 2003 by the American Pain Society
Transformation of stishovite to a denser phase at lower-mantle pressures

WHETHER stishovite, the highest-pressure polymorph of SiO2 known from natural samples, transforms to a denser structure at higher pressures has long been of interest. A suggested transition from rutile to the CaCl2 structure driven by a vibrational-mode instability1 was supported by the observation of a frequency decrease (softening) of a Raman mode with increasing pressure2. Subsequent X-ray diffraction measurements provided evidence3 for stability of the CaCl2 phase near 100 GPa. Electronic-structure calculations predict, however, that the transition occurs at much lower pressure, where a shear modulus vanishes and before the Raman mode softens completely4. Here we use in situ Raman spectroscopy and a new theoretical model to investigate the high-pressure behaviour of stishovite. At 50 GPa, the pressure dependence of the soft B1g mode abruptly changes and the Eg mode splits, as predicted for transformation to the CaCl2 structure. Our results demonstrate that any free silica in the, deep mantle (below 1,200-1,500 km) will exist in the CaCl2 structure at considerably lower pressures than previously thought3.
Effect of coprophagy upon S35 uptake by rabbits after ingestion of labeled sodium sulfate

Abstract The fate of S35 after oral administration of labeled sodium sulfate to rabbits has been studied together with the effect of collaring to prevent coprophagy upon S35 uptake and excretion. Approximately 65 % of the S35 was excreted in the urine within 4 days. Cartilaginous tissues and red bone marrow showed the greatest uptake of S35, while brain and muscle showed the lowest activity. Collared rabbits showed much lower S35 uptake in liver, muscle, brain, and blood than uncollared rabbits.
Powdery mildew of tobacco (Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.): Some effects of methods of inoculation and air humidity on germination of conidia and growth of hyphae on leaves*

SUMMARY Germination of conidia of Erysiphe cichoracearum and hyphal growth in 3 days at 23° C. and 6 mb. saturation deficit was similar, whether conidia were applied dry or suspended for up to 1 hr. in glass-distilled water before being sprayed on tobacco leaves. Growth of single conidial colonies whose hyphae were more than 333 μ long, was positively correlated with numbers per cm.2 of leaf (P < 0.01) on three of the eleven times tested, mostly when conidia were sparsely distributed; ten of the regressions were positive. A greater percentage of conidia germinated at 0–1.7 mb. saturation deficit than at 7–9 mb. Subsequent growth of hyphae was greater in the drier air.
Stimulation of Uterine Contraction by Extracts of the Cockroach, Periplaneta.

Blood and extracts of gut of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, powerfully stimulate contractions of the isolated rat uterus. The contractions are characterized by long latency and a prolonged relaxation phase having superimposed rhythmic contractions. Evidence indicates that the stimulating factor is not acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, histamine, or substance P. The active factor is heat labile and nondialyzable
On peer-to-peer (P2P) content delivery

In both academia and industry, peer-to-peer (P2P) applications have attracted great attentions. P2P applications such as Napster, Gnutella, FastTrack, BitTorrent, Skype and PPLive, have witnessed tremendous success among the end users. Unlike a client-server based system, peers bring with them serving capacity. Therefore, as the demand of a P2P system grows, the capacity of the network grows, too. This enables a P2P application to be cheap to build and superb in scalability. In this paper, we survey the state of the art of the research and the development of P2P content delivery application. Using examples of the deployed P2P applications and research prototypes, we survey the best practices in P2P overlay building and P2P scheduling. We hope that the information may help the readers to build a reliable, robust P2P content delivery application.
Two-mode elliptical-core weighted fiber sensors for vibration analysis

Two-mode, elliptical-core optical fibers are demonstrated in weighted, distributed and selective vibration-mode-filtering applications. We show how appropriate placement of optical fibers on a vibrating structure can lead to vibration mode filtering. Selective vibration-mode suppression on the order of 10 dB has been obtained using tapered two-mode, circular-core fibers with tapering functions that match the second derivatives of the modes of vibration to be enhanced. We also demonstrate the use of chirped, two-mode gratings in fibers as spatial modal sensors that are equivalents of shaped piezoelectric sensors.
Fecundity and feeding of Galerucella calmariensis and G. pusilla on Lythrum salicaria

Fecundity and feeding of two introduced sibling biological control species, Galerucella calmariensis and G. pusilla (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae) were compared at constant temperatures of 12.5, 15, 20, 25, and 27.5 °C. Larval feeding was also carried out at 30 °C, but at this temperature, larvae developed only to the L2 stage and none pupated. Thus, data for this temperature were not used in the analysis. There were significant species × temperature interactions in fecundity. Of the two species, Galerucella pusilla laid more eggs. Although egg production of both species was lowest at 12.5 °C and increased to 20 °C, at higher temperatures, the two species reacted differently. From 25 to 27.5 °C, egg production decreased for G. pusilla, but G. calmariensis fecundity peaked at 27.5 °C. Significant temperature × species × life-stage interactions were also observed in feeding. For each species, the amount of feeding varied with temperature and stage of development. Galerucella pusilla adults consumed more foliage at 15, 20, and 27.5 °C. However, at 12.5 °C G. calmariensis adults fed more than G. pusilla. G. pusilla larvae consumed an average of 25% less foliage than G. calmariensis. The lower larval consumption of G. pusilla suggests that when food is limited, G. pusilla larvae may have a higher survival rate because of its ability to complete larval development with less food and produce more progeny due to its greater fecundity. When food is not limited neither species would have a competitive advantage and both species could coexist temporally and spatially. However, since G. calmariensis larvae consumed more leaf material, the larval stage of this species would have a greater impact on purple loosestrife than G. pusilla.
Hurricanes and socio‐economic development on Niue Island

This case study investigates the complex ways that recurrent ecological damage affected the course of socio-economic development on Niue Island, a Pacific micro-state. In tracing the historical record of droughts and hurricanes from 1900 to 1990, it is clear that severely inclement weather repeatedly destroyed agricultural development endeavours on the island leading to stagnation in this economic sector. In the aftermath of such disasters there were additional widespread social, political, and economic responses resulting in insidious but inexorable change. These responses – metaphoric ‘winds of change’– constituted, bolstered and sustained the transition to a MIRAB economy.
Development and application of portable, hand-held X-ray fluorescence spectrometers

Abstract The James L. Waters Symposium 2012 had five invited speakers to describe the development and commercialization of portable, hand-held X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometers. Lee Grodzins described the birth and the maturation of hand-held XRF (HHXRF) spectrometers. Andrew Ellis described how the stainless-steel industry in Finland led to the development of X-MET HHXRF analyzers. Charles Jensen reviewed the performance improvements in miniature X-ray sources made by his company, Moxtek. Alan Huber explained how his company, Amptek, led the development of detectors for HHXRF. Stanislaw Piorek detailed the evolution of analytical capabilities of field-portable, HHXRF analyzers.
Murnaghan-Nakayama rules for characters of Iwahori-Hecke algebras of the complex reflection groups G(r,p,n)

Iwahori-Hecke algebras for the infinite series of complex reflection groups G(r, p, n) were constructed recently in the work of Ariki and Koike (AK), Broue and Malle (BM), and Ariki (Ari). In this paper we give Murnaghan-Nakayama type for- mulas for computing the irreducible characters of these algebras. Our method is a gen- eralization of that in our earlier paper (HR) in which we derived Murnaghan-Nakayama rules for the characters of the Iwahori-Hecke algebras of the classical Weyl groups. In both papers we have been motivated by C. Greene (Gre), who gave a new derivation of the Murnaghan-Nakayama formula for irreducible symmetric group characters by summing diagonal matrix entries in Young's seminormal representations. We use the analogous representations of the Iwahori-Hecke algebra of G(r, p, n) given by Ariki and Koike (AK) and Ariki (Ari). The finite irreducible complex reflection groups come in three infinite families: the symmetric groups Sn on n letters; the wreath product groups r Sn ,w here r denotes the cyclic group of order r; and a series of index-p subgroups G(r, p, n )o f r S n for each positive integer p that divides r. In the classification of finite irreducible reflection groups, besides these infinite families Sn, r ,a nd G ( r , p , n), there exist only 34 excep- tional irreducible reflection groups, see (ST). A formula for the irreducible characters of the Iwahori-Hecke algebras for Sn is known (Ram), (KW), (vdJ). This formula is a q-analogue of the classical Murnaghan- Nakayama formula for computing the irreducible characters of Sn. Similar formulas for the characters of the groups G(r, p, n) are classically known, see (Mac), (Ste), (AK), (Osi) and the references there. Formulas of this type are also known for the Iwahori-Hecke al- gebras of Weyl groups of types B and D (HR), (Pfe1), (Pfe2). Recently, Iwahori-Hecke algebras have been constructed for the groups r Sn and G(r, p, n) (AK), (BM), (Ari). In this paper we derive Murnaghan-Nakayama type formulas for computing the irreducible characters of the Iwahori-Hecke algebras that correspond to r Sn and G(r, p, n). Hoefsmit (Hfs) has given explicit analogues of Young's seminormal representations for the Iwahori-Hecke algebras of types An 1, Bn ,a nd D n. Ariki and Koike, (AK) and (Ari), have constructed "Hoefsmit-analogues" of Young's seminormal representations
Drag due to the motion of a Newtonian fluid through a sparse random array of small fixed rigid objects

The averaged equations of slow flow in random arrays of fixed spheres are developed as a hierarchy of integro-differential equations, and an iteration procedure is described for obtaining the mean drag in the case of small volume concentration c. The leading approximation is that given by Brinkman's model of flow past a single fixed sphere, in which the effects of all other spheres are treated as a Darcy resistance. The higher approximations take account of the modification to the mean flow, particularly in the near field, due to the localized nature of the actual resistance. Thus the second approximation finds the change due to a second sphere, and averages over all its possible positions. The result for the mean drag confirms Childress’ terms in clogc and c (apart from an arithmetical correction to the latter), but indicates that for practical values of c numerical evaluation of integrals is needed, rather than expansion in powers of c and log c. The last section of the paper develops the corresponding results for flow through random arrays of fixed parallel circular cylinders.
Two classes of tRNA synthetases suggested by sterically compatible dockings on tRNA acceptor stem.

This work was supported by grant GM15539 from the National Institutes of Health and by a Fellowship from the National Foundation for Cancer Research. We are grateful to Drs. P. Idesd and K. Ewalt for helpful discussions, and to Dr. H. Bedouelle (Institut Pasteur, Paris) for providing the coordinates of the model for the tRNATyr-TyrRS complex. We thank Dr. S. Cusack (EMBL, Grenoble) for helpful criticisms and for allowing us to contrast the model of the tRNATyr-TyrRS complex with unpublished crystallographic data. We also thank Dr. Yokoyama (University of Tokyo) and coworkers, for allowing us to use the published coordinates of the tRNAVal-ValRS complex before public release.
Prognostic Factors for Metastasis in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin

background. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin exhibits a significant propensity to metastasize. A number of variables have been reported to influence the tendency of SCC to metastasize. Because of the increasing incidence of skin cancer, it is becoming increasingly important to identify those neoplasms which are biologically more aggressive. We report 25 cases of metastatic SCC and compare them to 175 cases of nonmetastasizing SCC treated during the same period. objective. To characterize tumors with the greatest tendency to metastasize. methods. A tumor registry from the Dermatologic Surgery Unit at the Medical University of South Carolina was accessed to obtain records on 200 patients diagnosed with invasive SCC managed by Mohs surgery from 1988 to 1998. A retrospective analysis was conducted. The characteristics of patients with metastatic SCC and those with nonmetastatic SCC were compared using the chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test. results. Of 200 tumors, 25 (12.5%) metastasized. Size, Clark's level, degree of differentiation, the presence of small tumor nests, infiltrative tumor strands, single-cell infiltration, perineural invasion, acantholysis, and recurrence all correlated strongly with metastasis. Location, ulceration, inflammation, and Breslow depth did not correlate with the development of metastasis. conclusion. Patients with tumors that exhibit certain clinical and histologic features are more likely to metastasize and need close follow-up to detect recurrence and metastasis early, allowing for appropriate life-saving intervention. Sentinel lymph node biopsy should be considered in patients with high-risk SCC.
Oxidative stress and platelet activation in diabetes mellitus

The role of oxidative stress and platelet activation in the development and evolution of diabetic vascular complications is unclear. They can both be the consequence of established vascular disease or a contributing factor to the evolution of atherosclerosis. Free radical generation may both lead to or result from platelet activation, suggesting that oxidative stress and platelet activation may be closely interrelated. Controversial results may partly reflect methodological constraints. Novel techniques for the measurement of in vivo indices of oxidant injury have been developed and will be used in conjunction with pharmacological probes to establish whether oxidative stress is enhanced in diabetes and whether this preceeds the onset of micro and macrovascular disease.
Hitler’s Genocide Teaching the Psychology of the Holocaust

The personal and societal devastations wrought by the genocidal actions of individuals remain confounding to psychologists. As instructors aim to increase students’ engagement in global concerns, c...
Phytotoxicity of urea and biuret sprays to apple foliage

Abstract The effect of urea and biuret on leaf burn was investigated. Urea and biuret were applied as foliar sprays in factorial combinations at the rates of 0,1, and 2% (w/v) and 0,0.05,0.1, and 0.15% (w/v), respectively, in late April to 2‐year‐old ‘Braeburn'/'Malling‐Merton 111’ ('MM. 111') apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees in a greenhouse. The experiment was repeated in the field in late May and in August using 11‐year‐old ‘Golden Delicious'/'Malling 7A’ ('M.7A'). In August, additional urea [4% (w/v)] and biuret [0.4% (w/v)] treatments were applied. Biuret alone at all rates did not cause leaf damage. Within the range of concentrations used, urea was largely responsible for leaf burn and chlorosis following foliar sprays. However, presence of both chemicals in the spray solution increased leaf injury in April, but not at the later applications. Growers should use low‐biuret urea within reasonable costs.
Dietary lipid level but not l-carnitine affects growth performance of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops ♀×M. saxatilis ♂)

Abstract The objectives of this experiment were to determine if dietary lipid levels in excess of previously reported minima would increase performance of hybrid striped bass, and to determine if supplementation of l -carnitine would improve growth and/or body composition when feeding elevated dietary lipid. Therefore, a 2×4 factorial design was utilized to test the efficacy of dietary l -carnitine at 0 and 3000 mg/kg diet at each of four lipid levels (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). Semipurified diets were formulated to contain 40% crude protein and dextrin was substituted for menhaden oil at a rate of 2.25 to 1 to maintain digestible energy at approximately 14.2 kJ/g. Juvenile reciprocal cross hybrid striped bass initially averaging 2.5 g/fish were cultured in a 5‰ brackish water recirculating system and fed twice daily at a rate approaching apparent satiation. At the end of the 8-week feeding trial, l -carnitine supplementation did not influence weight gain, but dietary lipid level did, with the lowest value (1084% of initial weight) achieved by fish fed 5% lipid and the highest (1343%) by fish fed 15% lipid; fish fed 20% lipid had intermediate weight gain (1215%). Feed efficiency also was influenced by dietary lipid with fish fed the 10% and 20% lipid diets having higher feed efficiency values than those fed the 5% and 15% lipid diets. Body condition indices were only slightly altered by l -carnitine supplementation, but dietary lipid over 10% influenced body condition. Liver composition was altered by dietary lipid level but not l -carnitine supplementation. As dietary lipid level increased, liver lipid increased and liver glycogen decreased dramatically, especially in fish fed the diet with 20% lipid, which had no soluble carbohydrates. Muscle composition was unaltered by any dietary treatment. In conclusion, hybrid striped bass generally did not utilize dextrin as efficiently as lipid, and lipid levels between 10% and 15% of diet provided maximum growth with intermediate lipid deposition.
A compensatory base change in U1 snRNA suppresses a 5' splice site mutation

Indirect evidence suggests that the 5' end of U1 snRNA recognizes the 5' splice site in mRNA precursors by complementary base pairing. To test this hypothesis, we asked whether point mutations in the alternative 12S and 13S 5' splice sites of the adenovirus E1A gene can be suppressed by compensatory base changes in human U1 snRNA. When the mutant E1A and U1 genes are contransfected into HeLa cells, we observe efficient suppression of one mutation at position +5 in the 12S splice site, but exceedingly weak suppression of another mutation at position +3 in the 13S splice site. These and other results suggest that base pairing between U1 and the 5' splice site is necessary but not sufficient for the splicing of mRNA precursors.
Correlation Between Surface Morphology Evolution and Grain Structure: Whisker/Hillock Formation in Sn-Cu

Sn whisker and hillock formation is a reliability risk that has become increasingly important as the electronics industry has moved toward Pb-free manufacturing. To prevent them, we would like to understand what makes specific sites susceptible to deform into whiskers. We have used in situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) to monitor simultaneously the evolution of surface morphology and grain orientation in Sn surfaces in order to correlate whisker/hillock initiation with the underlying microstructure. Because rough films are difficult to measure with EBSD, we developed a unique procedure to make Sn-Cu samples with ultra-flat surfaces so that a large fraction of Sn grains can be indexed over repeated scans. We find that whiskers/hillocks grow from existing grains (not re-nucleated grains) with orientations close to (001). They often rotate from the as-deposited structure so that the orientation after growth does not indicate the orientation from which the whisker initiated. We measured the interface structure after removal of the Sn layer by chemical etching and found that there is no excessive accumulation of intermetallic compound around the whisker/hillock roots. Cross-sectional measurements revealed that a large fraction of the whiskers/hillocks have oblique boundaries underneath the surface, supporting the idea that these allow whiskers/hillocks to grow with lower stress.
Accurate control of contrast on microcomputer displays.

Abstract Off-the-shelf microcomputers can now display arbitrary 8-bit images, but accurate control of these images requires dealing with several undesirable properties of real digital to analog converters (DACs) and analog video monitors. The limitations of DACs and video monitors are presented in the form of a model for their calibration and use in vision experiments. Low contrasts can be accurately rendered by summing a small accurate a.c. signal and a large less-accurate d.c. signal (Watson et al., 1986; Behavior Research, Method, Instrument and Computers, 18, 587–594). Exploiting that idea, this note presents an easy-to-build passive resistor network, a video attenuator, that combines the outputs of three 8-bit DACs to render low contrasts with 12-bit accuracy at the display. Measurements confirm the 12-bit accuracy.
Isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding cytosolic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase from spinach.

Photosynthetic cells require fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) (EC 3.1.3.11) activity in the chloroplast as well as in the cytoplasm [ 1, 11 ]. In both cases the enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of fructose-l,6-bisphosphate (F1,6P2) to fructose6-phosphate (F6P) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). The chloroplast FBPase is an essential enzyme in the photosynthetic pathway of CO2 fixation into sugars. The cytosolic FBPase is required for the synthesis of sucrose from triosephosphate, the major form of reduced carbon exported from the chloroplast during photosynthesis. Due to the importance of the cytosolic FBPase in sucrose biosynthesis in photosynthetic tissues and in gluconeogenesis in non-photosynthetic tissues, a great effort has been focused on understanding the regulatory mechanism of the enzyme Ireviewed in 20, 21]. Nevertheless, most biochemical information, like reactive sites, came from animal systems [7-10, 14, 24]. In this paper, we report the first DNA sequence of a plant cytosolic FBPase. We have isolated and characterized a cDNA encoding a cytosolic FBPase from spinach, compared the amino acid sequence derived from the nucleotide sequence with other published FBPases, and analyzed the possible functional amino acid residues on the basis of structural studies [7-10]. These data have been presented previously in abstract form [6]. A gene encoding yeast FBPase was obtained from Dr D.G. Fraenkel [19]. A 600 bp Barn HI-Xba I fragment from the center of the 2.5 kb yeast genomic clone was used as a hybridization probe to screen 300 000 clones in a spinach leaf cDNA library constructed in the expression vector 2gtl l [22]. The cDNA inserts were subcloned into the Eco RI site of the plasmid vector pGEM3 (Promega, Madison, WI). To sequence both strands as well as to obtain overlapped fragments, a series of unidirectional deletions were generated [5] from two recombinant plasmids, pFBPY and pFPBI, carrying the cDNA insert in the forward and inverted orientation, respectively. The inserts were sequenced by the dideoxy chain termination method of Sanger etal. [18], using the Sequenase system (USB, Cleveland, OH) as described by the manufacturer. Figure 1 shows the complete nucleotide sequence of 1585 bp of a cDNA clone encoding a cytosolic FBPase and the deduced amino acid
Canonical Analysis of University Presence and Industrial Comparative Advantage

Technology transfer is a key component in the relationship between high-technology economic development and university knowledge production. Modeling the relationship between the output of universities and the economic growth resulting from that output, however, can be problematic. The primary issue stems from defining the scope of technology transfer and from accounting for the technical capacity of regions to absorb academic innovation. This article uses canonical correlation analysis to study this relationship via labor concentrations in high-technology industry and university R&D in areas relevant to those industries. The results indicate that moderately strong relationships do exist, most notably between computer and electronic equipment industries and academic R&D in engineering, life, and physical sciences. Recommendations include a stronger specification of human capital and regional economy interactions as predictive factors in the theory and several policy directives if such relationships exist ...