cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The localization and timing of post-translational modifications of rat rhodopsin.

Abstract Rat retinas were labeled by incubation with, or intravitreal injection of, [ 14 C]leucine along with tritiated palmitic acid, glucosamine or galactose. At selected intervals, subcellular fractions were prepared on linear sucrose gradients and rhodopsin was extracted and purified by affinity chromatography and gel electrophoresis. Time courses revealed that leucine rapidly and transiently labeled the rhodopsin in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), with a maximum at 1·5 hr post-injection. Subsequently, the rod outer segments (ROS) contained the labeled rhodopsin, with the ROS labeling maximally at 6–12 hr. Palmitate labeling followed the same pattern but was subject to a delay, presumably because of a large intracellular pool of the fatty acid. With palmitate the RER rhodopsin was not maximally labeled until 12 hr. The acylation of rhodopsin takes place in the RER sometime after the polypeptide has been translated but before transport to the Golgi. Glucosamine labeling was also delayed because of intracellular pools of the sugar or its metabolic derivatives. But because of secondary glycosylation in the Golgi, the rhodopsin in the ROS also labeled maximally with glucosamine at about 6 hr. Administration of [ 3 H]galactose resulted in the labeling of rhodopsin both in vivo and in vitro, in part possibly because of its conversion to mannose and subsequent insertion into the core oligosaccharide on the RER. However, in the ROS the ratio of tritium, derived from [ 3 H]galactose, to [ 14 C]leucine decreased by a factor of 2 between 6 and 24 hr post-injection. Moreover, between 6 and 12 hr post-injection, labeled rhodopsin molecules in the ROS underwent a shift in mobility on gels indicative of trimming to a lower molecular weight. Thus some sugar residues may be added to the rhodopsin in the inner segment and removed in the ROS.
A Robotic Vision System for Object Identification and Manipulation Using Synergetic Pattern Recognition

Abstract This paper discusses the application of the synergetic pattern recognition method to a robotic vision system for workpiece identification and manipulation in automated flexible manufacturing environments. The original synergetic algorithm is extended to allow its pattern attention parameters to have different values. Stability analysis of the extended recognition model indicates that the prototype patterns are the only stable patterns and undesired spurious patterns cannot exist. A simple scheme for tuning attention parameters is developed. Simulation results show that the number of object misclassification is reduced significantly with this extension. In addition, an image preprocessing procedure enables synergetic recognition to be simultaneously invariant to spatial pattern translation, rotation, and scaling; while an approach for recovering position, orientation, and size information is also proposed. Simple and efficient task-directed and object-specific strategies for robotic workpiece manipulation are now easy to implement based on these results and procedures.
DMS based quantum wells with magnetically tuned heavy hole confinement

Abstract We discuss the results of a magneto-optical study of ZnFeSe/ZnSe/ZnFeSe and ZnMnSe/ZnSe/ZnMnSe quantum well structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaAs. In both systems the zero field heavy hole offset is near zero and the heavy hole confinement is controlled by an externally applied magnetic field which produces large spin splittings in the diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) layers. The changes in the band structure induced by the magnetic field result in a pronounced asymmetry of the heavy hole exciton spin components as the barrier and well hole populations become spin-polarized. Both the iron-and the mangenese-based structures show similar behavior even though ZnFeSe is a Van Vleck paramagnet while ZnMnSe is a Brillouin paramagnet.
Electric conductivity in a narrow strip of semimetal bismuth

Abstract In an ultrathin film of semimetal bismuth, the charge carriers would perform two-dimensional motions due to the quantum size effect. The film turns itself into a narrow strip when the width is reduced while the length is kept fixed. The continuous two-dimensional energy spectrum would be subject to another size quantization and divided into sub-bands. A numerical study has been carried out on the electric conductivity at T = 0 in narrow strips of semimetal bismuth. The conductivity generally increases with increasing width and exhibits oscillatory variations that can be identified as a consequence of the quantum size effect. Both the vanishing-wave-function and the vanishing-gradient boundary conditions have been studied. It has been shown that the conductivity is not sensitive to the boundary conditions. The major difference resulted from the different boundary conditions is that the conductivity drops to zero with widths ⪅ 140 A and the semimetallic strip becomes semiconductive if the vanishing-wave-function boundary condition is applied; or the conductivity tends to be nearly flat for widths ⪅ 100 A if the vanishing-gradient boundary condition is applied.
Comparison of the Effect of Calpain Inhibitors on Two Extralysosomal Proteinases: The Multicatalytic Proteinase Complex and m‐Calpain

The potencies of three peptide aldehyde inhibitors of calpain (calpain inhibitors 1 and 2 and calpeptin) as inhibitors of four catalytic activities of the multicatalytic proteinase complex (MPC) were compared with their potencies as inhibitors of m-calpain. The chymotrypsinlike activity (cleavage after hydrophobic amino acids) and the caseinolytic activity (degradation of beta-casein) of MPC were strongly inhibited by calpain inhibitors 1 and 2 (IC50 values in the low micromolar range). Cleavage by MPC after acidic amino acids (peptidylglutamyl-peptide bond hydrolyzing activity) and basic amino acids (trypsinlike activity) was inhibited less effectively, declining moderately with increasing concentrations of calpain inhibitors 1 and 2. Calpeptin only weakly inhibited the four MPC activities, yet was the most potent inhibitor of m-calpain. These results indicate that caution must be exercised when calpain inhibitors 1 and 2 are used to infer calpain function. Calpeptin may be a better choice for such studies, although its effect on other cysteine or serine proteinases remains to be determined.
Isotopically selective multiphoton decomposition of CF3Br and CF3I: separation of selective and non-selective product sources☆

Abstract The decomposition yield and the isotopic selectivity of carbon-13 production in the infrared multiphoton decomposition of CF 3 Br and CF 3 I have been determined from the observed product C 2 F 6 . These two observables have been studied in focussed beam geometry as a function of accumulated number of pulses from the CO 2 laser, pressure of absorber and energy per pulse. The isotopic selectivity is independent of fluence but decreases with pressure, mostly due to equilibrium thermal processes. The amount of C 2 F 6 formed increases as a function of (pressure) 2 and of (pulse energy) 2 . This is explained in terms of a simple diffusional quenching model where energy pooling is the dominant reaction leading to dissociation.
A note on energy expenditure in walking on level ground and uphill

In walking, energy is wasted in the process of up-and-down movement of the center of gravity of the body during each step, as well as in the kinetic energy involved in the swinging forward of each extremity. In this paper the frictional loss in muscles is not considered. It is shown that for a prescribed available amount of metabolic power expenditure there exists an optimal size of the step and an optimal (maximal) speed of walking for the size of the step. Calculated values are of the correct order of magnitude. In walking uphill there exists a type of step for which there is no “lost” up-and-down motion of the center of gravity of the body. This step is optimal for walking up a hill of a given incline.
Frequency tracking in power networks in the presence of harmonics

Three new techniques for frequency measurement are proposed. The first is a modified zero-crossing method using curve fitting of voltage samples. The second method is based on polynomial fitting of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) quasi-stationary phasor data for calculation of the rate of change of the positive sequence phase angle. The third method operates on a complex signal obtained by the standard technique of quadrature demodulation. All three methods are characterized by immunity to reasonable amounts of noise and harmonics in power systems. The performance of the proposed techniques is illustrated for several scenarios by computer simulation. >
Methods to Measure Physical Activity Behaviors in Health Education Research.

Regular physical activity (PA) is an important concept to measure in health education research. The health education researcher might need to measure physical activity because it is the primary measure of interest, or PA might be a confounding measure that needs to be controlled for in statistical analysis. The purpose of this commentary is to describe the methods and approaches for measuring physical activity that are most appropriate to health education evaluation and research. The researcher can select from objective approaches (e.g., direct observation, accelerometers) that are more precise in measuring physical activity or subjective approaches (e.g., logs, interviews, surveys) that are more practical in terms of administration but are inherently more imprecise due to sources of recall error related to self-report.
Correlation of immunogenicity with suppression of lymphocyte adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase.

Cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase activity was depressed in whole spleen as well as in isolated splenic lymphocytes from 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), R3230 AdCa mammary adenocarcinoma, N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, and 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (DMAAB) tumor-bearing Fischer rats as compared to control animals. The magnitude of depression increased with the immunogenicity of the tumor. The depressed enzyme activity was the result of a reduced Vmax for adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP)-stimulated histone phosphorylation.
The role of surgeon error in withdrawal of postoperative life support.

BACKGROUND Surgeons may be reluctant to withdraw postoperative life support after a poor outcome. METHODS A cross-sectional random sample was taken from a US mail survey of 2100 surgeons who routinely perform high-risk operations. We used a hypothetical vignette of a specialty-specific operation complicated by a hemiplegic stroke and respiratory failure. On postoperative day 7, the patient and family requested withdrawal of life-supporting therapy. We experimentally modified the timing and role of surgeon error to assess their influence on surgeons' willingness to withdraw life-supporting care. RESULTS The adjusted response rate was 56%. Sixty-three percent of respondents would not honor the request to withdraw life-supporting treatment. Willingness to withdraw life-support was significantly lower in the setting of surgeon error (33% vs 41%, P < 0.008) and elective operations rather than in emergency cases (33% vs 41%, P = 0.01). After adjustment for specialty, years of experience, geographic region, and gender, odds of withdrawing life-supporting therapy were significantly greater in cases in which the outcome was not explicitly from error during an emergency operation as compared to iatrogenic injury in elective cases (odds ratio 1.95, 95% confidence intervals 1.26-3.01). Surgeons who did not withdraw life-support were significantly more likely to report the importance of optimism regarding prognosis (79% vs 62%, P < 0.0001) and concern that the patient could not accurately predict future quality of life (80% vs 68%, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Surgeons are more reluctant to withdraw postoperative life-supporting therapy for patients with complications from surgeon error in the elective setting. This may also be influenced by personal optimism and a belief that patients are unable to predict the value of future health states.
What Is the Korean Language

T HERE are two separate elements in Korean language, namely: written and spoken. The difference between these two is very great, for each has a distinct grammatical structure. One can hardly speak of the Korean language without first having a clear knowledge of this distinction. The Korean written language is no other than the Chinese written language, the use of which has existed in the country since the early Chinese Han dynasty (second century B.C.). Ever since then it has been the literary language of the Koreans and used for governmental documents, correspondence, and other purposes. Korean literature is practically all written in the Chinese characters and composed principally of the Chinese classics and books concerning them, Chinese philosophy and history, works on government, ethics and the like. Many of them are particularly valuable in their throwing light on the interpretation of Chinese. There is very little drama in Korean belles-lettres, but there is a large number of stories, which are often recited or told in public by the professionals called kwang-da, or story-tellers. The recitation or telling of a story sometimes lasts from three to four days. Ballads seem to have scarcely any appeal to the Korean writers, who have largely interested themselves in tales. Fiction has a popular appeal for every class of the populace, especially for the women. Korean poetry is largely lyrical, and deals mainly with nature and familiar subjects. There are voluminous collections of Korean works, among which is the famous Pi-go, an encyclopaedia consisting of 112 volumes. The Korean scholars treasure their literature very dearly. They make great efforts to master it. Some of them have indeed brought honor on themselves because of their literary achievement. As early as the ninth century a famous Korean scholar by the name of Choe Chi-won attained great honor at the imperial court of China for literary proficiency and later became the leader of a group of distinguished scholars in the native kingdom of Silla.
Classification of multi-look polarimetric SAR imagery based on complex Wishart distribution

Abstract Multi-look polarimetric SAR (synthetic aperture radar) data can be represented either in Mueller matrix form or in complex covariance matrix form. The latter has a complex Wishart distribution. A maximum likelihood classifier to segment polarimetric SAR data according to terrain types has been developed based on the Wishart distribution. This algorithm can also be applied to multifrequency multi-look polarimetric SAR data, as well as 10 SAR data containing only intensity information. A procedure is then developed for unsupervised classification. The classification error is assessed by using Monte Carlo simulation of multilook polarimetric SAR data, owing to the lack of ground truth for each pixel. Comparisons of classification errors using the training sets and single-look data are also made. Applications of this algorithm are demonstrated with NASA/JPL P-, L- and C-band polarimetric SAR data.
Nonlinear Evolution of Ablation-Driven Rayleigh-Taylor Instability

Simulations of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability of ablatively accelerated thin-shell fusion targets show that the nonlinear evolution exhibits spike amplitude saturation due to ablative mass removal; the shell anterior surface evolves to a laminar (nonturbulent) quasistationary distorted state. The perturbed flow causes a significant departure from spherically symmetric behavior, but the laminar shell interior structure makes it appear possible to retain some of the advantages of larger-aspect-ratio fusion targets.
Effect of Crystallinity on Thermal Transport in Textured Lead Zirconate Titanate Thin Films

We demonstrate the use of the time domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) technique towards understanding thermal transport in textured Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) thin films grown by a sol-gel process on platinized silicon substrates. PZT films were grown with preferred crystallographic orientations of (100), (110), and (111). Grain orientation was controlled by manipulating the heterogeneous nucleation and growth characteristics at the interface between the film and the underlying Pt layer on the substrate. TDTR was used to measure both the PZT film thermal conductivity and the interface thermal conductance between the PZT and Pt as well as that between the PZT and an Al thermoreflectance layer evaporated on the PZT surface. We find a hierarchical dependence of thermal conductivity on the crystallographic orientation of the PZT films and observed differences in the thermal conductances between the Al-PZT and PZT-Pt interfaces for a varying degree of preferred orientations (100), (110), and (111). Thus, the technique based upon nanoscale thermal measurements can be used to delineate PZT samples with different crystallographic orientations. The thermal conductivities of the PZT films with different crystal orientations were in the range of 1.45-1.80 W m(-1) K(-1). The interface thermal conductance between the PZT and Pt layer was in the range of 30-65 MW m(-2) K(-1), while the conductance between the Al layer and PZT was in the range of 90-120 MW m(-2) K(-1). These interfacial conductances exhibit significant correlations to the texture of the PZT film and elemental concentration and densities at those interfaces.
Injectable bioartificial myocardial tissue for large-scale intramural cell transfer and functional recovery of injured heart muscle

Objectives Most tissue-engineering approaches to restore injured heart muscle result in distortion of left ventricular geometry. In the present study we suggest seeding embryonic stem cells in a liquid matrix for myocardial restoration. Methods Undifferentiated green fluorescent protein–labeled mouse embryonic stem cells (2 × 10 6 ) were seeded in Matrigel (BD group II, 6.6% ± 2.1%; group III, 10.3% ± 2.2%; group IV, 14.5% ± 2.5%; and group V, 7.8% ± 1.8%). Conclusions Liquid bioartificial tissue containing embryonic stem cells constitutes a powerful new approach to restoring injured heart muscle without distorting its geometry and structure.
The ultrastructure of human fetal sympathetic ganglion cells in serum-free medium.

Abstract Partially dissociated human fetal sympathetic ganglion cells were cultured in chemically defined medium for 5–40 days. As shown by phase and electron microscopy, this medium allows the expression of typical neuronal cytology, neurite extension and synapse formation. Very few nonneuronal cells were present in defined medium, in marked contrast to the dense outgrowth in serum-supplemented medium.
Dopamine transporter polymorphism modulates oculomotor function and DAT1 mRNA expression in schizophrenia

Smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM) deficit is an established schizophrenia endophenotype with a similar neurocognitive construct to working memory. Frontal eye field (FEF) neurons controlling SPEM maintain firing when visual sensory information is removed, and their firing rates directly correlate with SPEM velocity. We previously demonstrated a paradoxical association between a functional polymorphism of dopamine signaling (COMT gene) and SPEM. Recent evidence implicates the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) in modulating cortical dopamine and associated neurocognitive functions. We hypothesized that DAT1 10/10 genotype, which reduces dopamine transporter expression and increases extracellular dopamine, would affect SPEM. We examined the effects of DAT1 genotype on: Clinical diagnosis in the study sample (n=418; 190 with schizophrenia), SPEM measures in a subgroup with completed oculomotor measures (n=200; 87 schizophrenia), and DAT1 gene expression in FEF tissue obtained from postmortem brain samples (n=32; 16 schizophrenia). DAT1 genotype was not associated with schizophrenia. DAT1 10/10 genotype was associated with better SPEM in healthy controls, intermediate SPEM in unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenia subjects, and worse SPEM in schizophrenia subjects. In the gene expression study, DAT1 10/10 genotype was associated with significantly reduced DAT1 mRNA transcript in FEF tissue from healthy control donors (p<0.05), but higher expression in schizophrenia donors. Findings suggest regulatory effects of another gene(s) or etiological factor in schizophrenia, which modulate DAT1 gene function.
Enhancing physical and psychological functioning in older family caregivers: the role of regular physical activity.

Although informal caregiving among older adults creates a range of physical and psychological burdens for the caregiver, little research has been directed at evaluating strategies for preserving caregivers’ physical functioning in addition to their psychological well-being. The purpose of the current research was to examine, through population-based survey sampling procedures, levels of physical activity and related health practices and preferences among a random sample of older family caregivers; evaluate, using an experimental design, the feasibility of initiating a four-month supervised home-based moderate-intensity physical activity regimen among older family caregivers; and explore the potential effects of physical activity on anger expression, caregiver burden, and related psychological outcomes in this population. The results suggest that: (a) physical inactivity is a prevalent risk factor among family caregivers that requires systematic attention; (b) a significant proportion of family caregivers of both sexes are interested in improving their physical activity levels, especially through programs that do not require ongoing attendance at a class or group; and (c) supervised home-based programs that focus on brisk walking and similar moderate-intensity physical activities appear to be both feasible and potentially beneficial in health (e.g. ambulatory blood pressure) as well as mental health (e.g. anger expression) areas.
Accuracy–efficiency tradeoff of temporal basis functions for time‐marching solvers

An investigation of the impact of the temporal discretization on the marching-on-in-time solution of integral equations is presented. Numerical results that quantify the efficiency–accuracy tradeoff for causal piecewise polynomial and band-limited interpolatory functions are presented. It is observed that the former is more efficient for low to moderate accuracy levels, and the latter achieves higher, but extrapolation-limited, accuracy levels. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:1343–1348, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25960
A note on checking the Clayton model assumption based on left-truncated bivariate data

Abstract We prove the following fact in this paper: assuming that the bivariate data follows some bivariate frailty model [Oakes, D., 1989. Bivariate survival models induced by frailties. J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 84, 487–493], the original bivariate data follows the Clayton model if and only if one of its truncated samples follows the Clayton model. On the basis of this fact, we can establish simple conditions for checking the Clayton model assumption when the bivariate frailty model assumption is assumed for the original data.
Globally scheduled real-time multiprocessor systems with GPUs

Graphics processing units, GPUs, are powerful processors that can offer significant performance advantages over traditional CPUs. The last decade has seen rapid advancement in GPU computational power and generality. Recent technologies make it possible to use GPUs as co-processors to CPUs. The performance advantages of GPUs can be great, often outperforming traditional CPUs by orders of magnitude. While the motivations for developing systems with GPUs are clear, little research in the real-time systems field has been done to integrate GPUs into real-time multiprocessor systems. We present two real-time analysis methods, addressing real-world platform constraints, for such an integration into a soft real-time multiprocessor system and show that a GPU can be exploited to achieve greater levels of total system performance.
A highly sensitive biocompatible spin probe for imaging of oxygen concentration in tissues.

The development of an injectable probe formulation, consisting of perchlorotriphenylmethyl triester radical dissolved in hexafluorobenzene, for in vivo oximetry and imaging of oxygen concentration in tissues using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging is reported. The probe was evaluated for its oxygen sensitivity, biostability, and distribution in a radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumor transplanted into C3H mice. Some of the favorable features of the probe are: a single narrow EPR peak (anoxic linewidth, 41 μT), high solubility in hexafluorobenzene (>12 mM), large linewidth sensitivity to molecular oxygen (∼1.8 μT/mmHg), good stability in tumor tissue (half-life: 3.3 h), absence of spin-spin broadening (up to 12 mM), and lack of power saturation effects (up to 200 mW). Three-dimensional spatial and spectral-spatial (spectroscopic) EPR imaging measurements were used to visualize the distribution of the probe, as well as to obtain spatially resolved pO2 information in the mice tumor subjected to normoxic and hyperoxic treatments. The new probe should enable unique opportunities for measurement of the oxygen concentration in tumors using EPR methods.
Bargaining over agricultural property rights

discretion are malleable, shifting as collective values and policies evolve over time. The costs of resolving conflicts over property rights in water quality, air quality, wildlife habitat, scenic vistas, and other "commons" resources have the potential to be enormous (Innes). Policies to address these disputes determine which costs will be borne by whom, and have broad ramifications for agriculture and environmental quality. In this article I explore the process of bargaining over disputed rights to natural resources, emphasizing the role of costs and delays in signaling information so that expectations may converge and voluntary settlements may be achieved. Economists traditionally focus on the economics of alternative outcomes (resource allocations), not on the processes for achieving those outcomes. Property rights disputes present a challenge for economists, whose efficiency-oriented tools do not indicate which interests ought to be favored or which "starting point" to use in evaluating the impacts of a change in entitlements. Nevertheless, economic expertise is needed to devise effective institutional incentives for resolving disputes and to identify the distributional consequences of alternative dispute resolution processes. The article concludes with observations on a constructive role for economists in this arena. Perceived Fairness and Property Rights Conflicts
Pharmacotherapeutic disparities: Racial, ethnic, and sex variations in medication treatment

Purpose Variations in the medication treatment received by racial and ethnic minorities and women and the negative health outcomes associated with these differences were examined. Methods Studies published between January 1990 and June 2008 were identified via electronic searches of MEDLINE, PsychINFO, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, PubMed, and CINAHL using search terms related to race, ethnicity, sex, drug treatment, and disparity or variation. Articles were excluded if they addressed only medical or surgical care or did not include a statistical analysis of differences in drug treatment based on race, ethnicity, or sex. Data regarding the frequency of reported race, ethnic, and sex differences in medication treatment, the types of treatment differences observed, and associated health outcomes were extracted. Results A total of 311 research articles were identified that investigated whether race, ethnicity, or sex was associated with disparities in medication treatment. Seventy- seven percent ( n = 240) of included articles revealed significant disparities in drug treatment across race, ethnicity, and sex ( p < 0.05). The most frequent disparity, found in 73% of the articles studied, was differences in the receipt of prescription drugs; however, documented disparities occurred related to differences in the drugs prescribed, drug dosing or administration, and wait time to receipt of a drug. Documented outcomes associated with pharmacotherapeutic disparities included increased rates of hospitalization, decreased rates of therapeutic goal attainment (e.g., low- density-lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure goals), and decreased rates of survival. Conclusion A literature review revealed significant disparities in the medication treatment received by racial and ethnic minorities and women.
Carbon fiber reinforced polyether ether ketone composite as a bearing surface for total hip replacement

This paper investigates the tribological performance of a carbon fiber reinforced PEEK composite as a bearing surface for total hip replacement. Extensive hip joint simulator tests were conducted to optimize the microstructure of the composite and the counterface material. A softer and more graphitic carbon fiber is preferred to a harder and more abrasive fiber. A ceramic counterface is preferred to a metal counterface. An excellent wear couple was identified to be a 30 wt% pitch-based carbon fiber reinforced PEEK composite acetabular insert articulating against a zirconia ceramic head. When tested on a hip simulator run for 10 million cycles, a reduction in the wear rate of almost two orders of magnitude was achieved with this wear couple in comparison to a conventional UHMWPE/metal or UHMWPE/ceramic couple.
Cell Proliferation and Neurogenesis in Adult Mouse Brain

Neurogenesis, the formation of new neurons, can be observed in the adult brain of many mammalian species, including humans. Despite significant progress in our understanding of adult neurogenesis, we are still missing data about the extent and location of production of neural precursors in the adult mammalian brain. We used 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) to map the location of proliferating cells throughout the entire adult mouse brain and found that neurogenesis occurs at two locations in the mouse brain. The larger one we define as the main proliferative zone (MPZ), and the smaller one corresponds to the subgranular zone of the hippocampus. The MPZ can be divided into three parts. The caudate migratory stream (CMS) occupies the middle part of the MPZ. The cable of proliferating cells emanating from the most anterior part of the CMS toward the olfactory bulbs forms the rostral migratory stream. The thin layer of proliferating cells extending posteriorly from the CMS forms the midlayer. We have not found any additional aggregations of proliferating cells in the adult mouse brain that could suggest the existence of other major neurogenic zones in the adult mouse brain.
Current strategies for ischemic stroke prevention: role of multimodal combination therapies

Stroke remains a global leading cause of death and long-term disability, highlighting the need for more effective treatment approaches. The majority of strokes are of ischemic origin, often caused by large- or small-artery atherothrombosis, or cardioembolism. Considering the systemic nature of the atherothrombotic disease process, stroke patients are at increased risk for ischemic events in several vascular territories: cerebral, coronary and peripheral. Due to the limited options for acute stroke therapies, stroke prevention is an important therapeutic approach. In addition to the management of modifiable risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia and smoking through pharmacotherapy or lifestyle adjustments, anticoagulants, surgical and perhaps endovascular approaches are indicated in certain patients. Antiplatelet therapies using various agents are a cornerstone of secondary stroke prevention. To ensure the appropriate continuum of care after hospitalization for ischemic stroke, some interventions for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke should be initiated during the acute hospitalization setting and maintained in the out-patient setting.
A RHEED and STM study of Sb-rich AlSb and GaSb (0 0 1) surface reconstructions

Abstract The structure of AlSb and GaSb (0 0 1) surfaces prepared by molecular beam epitaxy has been studied with in-situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction and scanning tunneling microscopy. Under fixed Sb 4 flux, two AlSb reconstructions are observed with increasing temperature (and decreasing surface Sb:Al coverage): c (4 × 4), as observed for InSb, GaAs, AlAs, and InAs, and (1 × 3). In contrast, GaSb reconstructions observed with increasing temperature are: (2 × 5), (1 × 5), c (2 × 6), and (1 × 3). Whereas the (1 × 5), c (2 × 6), and (1 × 3) surfaces are composed primarily of Sb dimer rows on top of an Sb-terminated surface, the (2 × 5) surface is composed of Sb dimer rows on top of two layers of Sb (i.e. the surface is terminated by three Sb layers). We speculate that GaSb is unique in forming the ( n × 5) reconstructions due to its excellent lattice match with trigonally bonded elemental Sb.
Proton pump inhibitors for patients with coronary artery disease associated with reduced chest pain, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations.

Background: Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) presenting to an emergency department (ED) with chest pain are likely to undergo hospitalization as clinicians attempt to elucidate the etiology. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy is associated with reduced chest pain events and evaluations in patients with CAD. Methods: A patient population from a veterans medical center with documented CAD was identified retrospectively, and chest pain episodes, ED visits, and hospitalizations for chest pain were prospectively followed over 2 years. Comparison of patient outcomes between PPI (+PPI) and nonuse of PPI therapy (–PPI) was determined. Results: Of 415 male patients, average age 73.4 years, 23% utilized a PPI and 77% did not. Proton pump inhibitor therapy was associated with reduced chest pain episodes (11.8 vs. 26.2%, p = 0.002), ED visits (12.3 vs. 24.3%, p = 0.044), and hospitalizations (12.8 vs. 23.9%, p = 0.086). Relative reductions were 55, 49, and 46%, respectively, after 2 years. Numbers of adverse events were also decreased in the +PPI group of patients: 70% fewer occurrences of chest pain (p = 0.002, relative risk [RR] = 3.3), 55% fewer ED visits (p = 0.049, RR = 2.2), and 53% fewer hospitalizations (p = 0.064, RR=2.1). By multivariate analysis, PPI therapy independently predicted reduced prevalence of patients experiencing chest pain, ED visits, or hospitalizations (odds ratio [OR] = 0.09 [0.04–0.21]; 0.15 [0.06–0.40]; 0.14 [0.05–0.40]; all p < 0.001). Conclusions: Proton pump inhibitor therapy for male patients with CAD from a veterans medical center was associated with reduced prevalence of chest pain, ED visits, and hospitalizations for chest pain and reduced incidence of these events.
Finding the exact lower estimate of the maximin of a minimum function on a polyhedron of connected variables

The maximin of a function being the minimum function of a sum of two bilinear functions with one and the same first vector argument belonging to a polyhedron is considered on a polyhedron of connected variables forming two second vector arguments of the bilinear functions. It is shown that finding the exact lower estimate of this maximin is reducible to solving a quadratic programming problem.
Production planning with discounting and stochastic demands

Abstract A general continuous review production planning problem with stochastic demand is considered. Conditions under which the stochastic problem may be correctly solved using an equivalent deterministic problem are developed. This deterministic problem is known to have the same solution as the stochastic problem. Moreover, conditions are established under which the deterministic equivalent problem differs from a commonly used deterministic approximation to the problem only in the interest rate used in discounting. Thus, solving the stochastic problem is no more difficult than solving a commonly used approximation of the problem.
Inhibition of sugar uptake in adenosine-treated 3T3 cells

Addition of 5 to 250 micromolar adenosine to the culture medium resulted in a 30-80% inhibition of the rate of uptake of 2-deoxyglucose or 3-0-methylglucose by sparse or confluent 3T3 cells within three hours. The inhibition of deoxyglucose uptake could be reversed partially by changing the cells to medium without adenosine for two hours and could be prevented completely by the addition of persantin, an inhibitor of nucleoside uptake. The adenosine effect is not due to inhibition of pyrimidine synthesis, since it is not prevented by uridine. It is not seen in 3T6 cells lacking adenosine kinase. The inhibition could be observed on confluent cells whose deoxyglucose uptake was stimulated by insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), calf serum or calcium phosphate. Although the percentage stimulation over control by these factors varied, the percentage inhibition by addition of adenosine of the stimulated rates, as well as the unstimulated rate, was relatively constant. EGF, insulin and calcium phosphate caused little or no stimulation of deoxyglucose uptake by sparse cells, whether adenosine treated or untreated. The results suggest that adenosine acts intracellularly after phosphorylation to regulate sugar uptake through a mechanism which is independent of the regulation by hormones and cell density.
The fate of magmas in planetesimals and the retention of primitive chondritic crusts

Abstract High abundances of short-lived radiogenic isotopes in the early solar system led to interior melting and differentiation on many of the first planetesimals. Petrologic, isotopic, and paleomagnetic evidence suggests that some differentiated planetesimals retained primitive chondritic material. The preservation of a cold chondritic lid depends on whether deep melts are able to ascend and breach the chondritic crust. We evaluate the likelihood of melt ascent on a range of chondritic parent bodies. We find that, due to the efficient ascent of free volatiles in the gas and supercritical fluid phases at temperatures still below the solidus for silicates and metals, mobile silicate melts on planetesimals were likely volatile-depleted. By calculating the densities of such melts, we show that silicate melts likely breached crusts of enstatite chondrite compositions but did not ascend in the CV and CM parent bodies. Ordinary chondrite melts represent an intermediate case. These predictions are consistent with paleomagnetic results from CV and CM chondrites as well as spectral observations of large E-type asteroids.
Prefrontal dopamine D1 receptors and working memory in schizotypal personality disorder: a PET study with [¹¹C]NNC112.

Schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) is associated with working memory (WM) impairments that are similar to those observed in schizophrenia. Imaging studies have suggested that schizophrenia is associated with alterations in dopamine D1 receptor availability in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) that may be related to the WM impairments that characterize this disorder. The aim of this study was to characterize prefrontal D1 receptor availability and its relation to WM performance in SPD. We used positron emission tomography (PET) and the radiotracer [11C]NNC112 with 18 unmedicated SPD and 21 healthy control participants; as an index of D1 receptor availability, binding potential (BP) measures (BPF, BPND, and BPP) were calculated for prefrontal and striatal subregions. To assess WM, SPD participants completed the 2-back and Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT). There were no significant group differences in PFC BP. BPF and BPP in the medial PFC were significantly negatively related to PASAT performance (r s = −0.551, p = .022 and r s = −0.488, p = .047, respectively), but BP was not related to 2-back performance. In contrast to what has been found in schizophrenia, SPD was not associated with significant alterations in prefrontal D1 receptor availability. Similar to previous schizophrenia findings, however, higher prefrontal D1 receptor availability was associated with poorer WM performance (as measured by the PASAT) in SPD. These findings suggest that schizophrenia and SPD may share a common pathophysiological feature related to prefrontal dopamine functioning that contributes to WM dysfunction, but that in SPD, alterations in D1 may occur only in a subset of individuals and/or to an extent that is minor relative to what occurs in schizophrenia.
Postal service pricing subject to reliability constraints on service quality

The 1980s and 1990s have seen competition emerge within industries traditionally imbued with monopoly status, for instance, the field of telecommunications. Within these industries, increased competition and the threat of the removal of statutory monopoly has resulted in greater awareness regarding the impact of quality on service and efficient pricing. Discusses, as an example, postal services, an industry of immense importance worldwide, suggests that the emphasis postal services place on the implementation of both timely and reliable service and competitive prices will inherently determine the success they will have withstanding the ever growing threat of international and national competition. While postal services and public utilities share similar peak‐load problems as discussed in the traditional natural monopoly literature, limited deferrability of mail service, together with service differentiated pricing, yields a framework sufficiently different so as to warrant a separate analysis. Presents a model which considers this analysis by developing welfare‐optimal prices, reliabilities and capacities under conditions of stochastic demand subject to reliability constraints on service quality and a minimum profit Ramsey constraint.
Genetic variation among cotton germplasm for water-use efficiency

Abstract Cotton ( Gossypium spp.) genotypes including three species, five modern cultivars, one strain and 18 primitive race stocks were grown in two greenhouse experiments to determine differences in water-use efficiency (WUE). Water-use efficiency was defined as “the weight of total biomass (shoot and root) produced per unit of water transpired”. Plastic containers were filled with air-dried soil, and water was added until the soil reached field capacity. Plants were then grown (with further watering) until reaching the permanent wilting point. Data on plant biomass (shoot and root), water use, and days to permanent wilting were then collected. Differences occurred between the two experiments in water used prior to permanent wilting. No significant differences between genotypes were observed in the amount of water used, but differences did occur in biomass production and days to permanent wilting. Genotypes did not interact with environments for water used, biomass produced, or WUE. Differences did occur among genotypes between experiments for WUE. Genotypic means showed a 28% range in WUE between the highest vs the lowest entries and a 14% improvement above the best cultivar. G. herbaceum L. and G. barbadense L. fell within the distribution range for G. hirsutum L. Primitive race stocks of G. hirsutum were more efficient as a group in water use than were modern cultivars of the species.
Symmetric weak-form integral equation method for three-dimensional fracture analysis

A symmetric Galerkin boundary element method is developed for the analysis of linearly elastic, isotropic three-dimensional solids containing fractures. The formulation is based upon a weak-form displacement integral equation and a weak-form traction integral equation recently developed by Li and Mear (1997). These integral equations are only weakly singular, and their validity requires only that the boundary displacement data be continuous, hence, allowing standard Co elements to be employed. As part of the numerical implementation a special crack-tip element is developed which has a novel feature in that there exist degrees of freedom associated with the nodes at the crack front. As a result, a higher degree of approximation is achieved for the relevant displacement data on the crack and, further, the stress intensity factors are obtained directly in terms of the crack-front nodal data. Various examples are treated for cracks in unbounded domains and for cracks in finite domains (including both embedded and surface breaking cracks), and it is demonstrated that highly accurate results can be achieved using relatively coarse meshes.
Measurements of the Energy-Loss Factor of an Electron in a Cesium Discharge

Electron energy loss per collision in Cs vapor discharge, measuring electric field and electron temperature by Langmuir probes
The Drosophila Microtubule-Associated Protein Mini Spindles Is Required for Cytoplasmic Microtubules in Oogenesis

Abstract The XMAP215/TOG family of proteins is a closely related set of MAPs (microtubule-associated proteins) found in animals, yeast, and plants [1]. In yeast and animal cells, the XMAP215/TOG proteins are required for both mitosis and meiosis. Although effects of XMAP215/TOG proteins on cytoplasmic microtubules have not previously been shown in animal cells, in plants the Arabidopsis family member MOR1 is required for the organization of cortical microtubule arrays [2]. The Drosophila family member, encoded by the mini spindles ( msps ) gene, is maternally expressed and loaded into the egg, where it is an essential component of meiotic and mitotic spindles [3–5]. Here we show that msps is also required during oogenesis for the structure and function of cytoplasmic microtubules. Localization of bicoid ( bcd ) mRNA in the oocyte is a microtubule-mediated event [6, 7]. We show that bcd RNA localization is defective in msps mutants. We also identify defects in cytoplasmic microtubules in both the germ and follicle cells of mutant ovaries and determine the expression pattern of msps mRNA and protein in developing egg chambers. Our findings reveal a new role for msps in cell patterning and raise the possibility that other family members may perform similar functions.
Space or novelty?: Effects of altered cage size on Galago behavior.

The influences of cage size and novelty on the behavior of Galago senegalensis braccatus were examined in two captive groups (five adults and one immature per group) having similarly furnished but unequally sized cages. One group experienced expansion, and the other experienced contraction of space. Each group experienced the novelty of a new cage and return to its old cage. Exploration, nonsocial activity, and social sniffing behaviors were most frequent in both groups during the novelty phase independent of cage size. These behaviors remained elevated after return to the original cage. This pattern indicated that novelty, not space, was responsible for these behavioral changes. The increase in social sniffing indicated that group members may use olfactory cues to recognize each other, expecially when the setting is novel. In both groups, frequencies of displacements and chases were highest in the smaller space. Group differences in behavior prior to cage change also influenced a group's response to change.
Politics by other Means: The Emergence of a New Politics of Food in the United States

A new politics of food has arrived. Interest groups are no longer required to rely on traditional legislative means to achieve their political objectives. Instead, changes in the political economy of the food system and the economic structure of the food system make it possible to practice politics by other means, including the use of the market to achieve political objectives. The increasing transaction costs of legislative decision making, the slow growth in the demand for food in developed country markets, the increasing demand for specific food product attributes, and the highly concentrated state of most food markets can make it advantageous for interest groups to pursue their political objectives through the market rather than through legislative channels. In the new politics of food, the market, the legislature, the bureaucracy, and the judiciary are all arenas within which the art of politics will be practiced.