cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Team dynamics and tactics in strategies for Human-Automaton Resource Entity Deployment

Strategies for Human-Automaton Resource Entity Deployment (SHARED), is a software tool that addresses the challenge of hierarchical decision-making and control for battle planning and management in future combat systems. Its operational and planning hierarchy consists of three levels: Team Composition and Tasking (TCT), Team Dynamics and Tactics (TDT), and Cooperative Path Planning (CPP). In this paper, we discuss a game theoretic approach for the target assignment problem in the TDT. This problem deals with the issue of assigning tasks to units on one side which involves one or more units on the other side. A typical task would be to attack a unit or group of units on the other side. The algorithm used in this paper overcomes issues related to scalability and can handle target assignments with a large number of non-homogeneous units on each side. In the SHARED system, where target assignments need to be performed at successive steps during the battle, the algorithm can be implemented in both open-loop and feedback forms. In this paper, we discuss these two implementations and present simulation results that can be used to assess their performance. Our simulation results show that, the availability of feedback sensor information on target damage, as the battle progresses, will allow the TDT level to optimally allocate the available resources by avoiding the assignment of tasks that have already been satisfactorily accomplished, either fully or partially.
An 8-channel 16 b charge-to-digital converter for imaging applications

An 8-channel 16-b charge-to-digital converter is described. Phothomic signals are inherently quantized and Poisson-noise limited. The diagram presented plots as binary exponents both the output code and the number of input electrons for signals converted by a multichannel, fully parallel floating-point CDAS (charge-input data acquisition system) chip containing 8 ADCs (analog-to-digital converters). These converters use the RipSaw algorithm, named for the circular-saw-blade shape of the characteristic voltage-conversion waveform. The analog signal processor for each pipelined conversion channel is shown. Bandlimited integrators combined with dual, noise-shaping SHAs allow each channel to achieve a 55-kHz NEB (noise effective bandwidth) at 20 kS/s. The analog signal processor is combined with the RipSaw mantissa, exponent, and control logic to complete one CDAS channel. Each of the twelve switches in every CDAS is charge-compensated with slew rate and differential delay adjusted to optimized charge injection and/or partition noise. >
Introduction to Representation Theory

After studying the J-semisimplicity problem for the group ring in the last chapter, a natural topic to discuss next will be the representation theory of groups. We have already explained, in the introduction to §6, how ring theory may be brought to bear on group representation theory by viewing representations as modules over group rings. From this viewpoint, many facts in the representation theory and character theory of finite groups can be deduced from facts concerning modules over finite-dimensional algebras. This ring-theoretic approach to group representation theory was first effectively used by Emmy Noether, and subsequently greatly popularized by her disciples and followers.
Neurotrophins Support the Development of Diverse Sensory Axon Morphologies

The initial outgrowth of peripheral axons in developing embryos is thought to occur independently of neurotrophins. However, the degree to which peripheral neurons can extend axons and elaborate axonal arborizations in the absence of these molecules has not been studied directly because of exquisite survival requirements for neurotrophins at early developmental stages. We show here that embryonic sensory neurons from BAX-deficient mice survived indefinitely in the absence of neurotrophins, even in highly dissociated cultures, allowing assessment of cell autonomous axon outgrowth. At embryonic day 11 (E11)–E13, stages of rapid axon growth toward targets in vivo , Bax −/− sensory neurons cultured without neurotrophins were almost invariably unipolar and extended only a rudimentary axon. Addition of neurotrophins caused outgrowth of a second axon and a marked, dose-dependent elongation of both processes. Surprisingly, morphological responses to individual neurotrophins differed substantially. Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) supported striking terminal arborization of subsets of Bax −/− neurons, whereas NGF produced predominantly axon elongation in a different subset. We conclude that axon growth in vitro is neurotrophin dependent from the earliest stages of sensory neuron development. Furthermore, neurotrophins support the appearance of distinct axonal morphologies that characterize different sensory neuron subpopulations.
Afferent nerve regulation of bladder function in health and disease.

The afferent innervation of the urinary bladder consists primarily of small myelinated (Aδ) and unmyelinated (C-fiber) axons that respond to chemical and mechanical stimuli. Immunochemical studies indicate that bladder afferent neurons synthesize several putative neurotransmitters, including neuropeptides, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and nitric oxide. The afferent neurons also express various types of receptors and ion channels, including transient receptor potential channels, purinergic, muscarinic, endothelin, neurotrophic factor, and estrogen receptors. Patch-clamp recordings in dissociated bladder afferent neurons and recordings of bladder afferent nerve activity have revealed that activation of many of these receptors enhances neuronal excitability. Afferent nerves can respond to chemicals present in urine as well as chemicals released in the bladder wall from nerves, smooth muscle, inflammatory cells, and epithelial cells lining the bladder lumen. Pathological conditions alter the chemical and electrical properties of bladder afferent pathways, leading to urinary urgency, increased voiding frequency, nocturia, urinary incontinence, and pain. Neurotrophic factors have been implicated in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the sensitization of bladder afferent nerves. Neurotoxins such as capsaicin, resiniferatoxin, and botulinum neurotoxin that target sensory nerves are useful in treating disorders of the lower urinary tract.
Bayesian and Computational Learning Theory

First page of article Keywords: supervised learning; Bayesian learning; computational learning theory; ‘no free lunch’ theorems
Concurrency and Time in Role-Based Access Control

Role-based access control (RBAC) has been proposed as an alternative solution for expressing access control policies. The generalized temporal RBAC (GTRBAC) extends RBAC by adding time in order to support timed based access control policies. However, GTRBAC does not address certain issues of concurrency such as, synchronization. We propose an approach to the expressions of time and concurrency in RBAC based on timed Petri nets. A formal verification method for access control policies is also proposed.
Overview: Medicare and prevention.

With the passage of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) has become a more prevention-oriented agency. This law provided coverage for new primary, secondary, and tertiary preventive benefits, including an initial preventive physical examination for Medicare beneficiaries newly enrolled in Part B, diabetes and cardiovascular disease screening tests, prescription drugs, and the Medicare Health Support Program to help chronically ill people manage their conditions. CMS' more intense focus on prevention is timely, given several positive and negative trends. Positive Trends In less than 5 years, the U.S. will experience the beginning of an unprecedented demographic shift as the oldest of the baby boom generation—people born between 1946 and 1964—turns 65. The number of people age 65 or over is expected to double, from 36 million or 12 percent of the population in 2003 to 72 million or nearly 20 percent of the population in 2030 (He et al., 2005). People are also living longer and healthier lives than ever before due to improvements in public health, medicine, and nutrition that occurred in the twentieth century. The average life expectancy at birth in 1900 was 47.3 years; in 2000, it was 76.9 years. A person who lived to age 65 or 75 in 2003 has an average of approximately 18.4 or 11.8 years of life left to live, respectively (National Center for Health Statistics, 2005). In addition, trends over the last two decades suggest that disability and functional limitation are declining among older adults.
Comment on the paper "Diffusive Synchrotron Radiation from Relativistic Shocks of Gamma-Ray Burst Sources" by G. D. Fleishman

We strongly disagree with the criticism by G. Fleishman, which has been published on the astro-ph arXiv (astro-ph/0502245), of our paper on jitter radiation from GRB shocks (Medvedev 2000, ApJ, 540, 704). In this note, we present the rebuttal of all critical points raised, demonstrating that our original paper (i) contains no errors, and (ii) correctly describes prompt GRB emission spectra.
Coordination of hierarchical systems

A recently developed approach (L. Acar, U. Ozguner, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man & Cyb. vol.20, no.4, p.791-803, 1990) to generating functional and structural hierarchies for large dynamic systems is further analyzed. The structural hierarchy decomposes the mathematical description of the system into subsystems. The decomposition is based on the relation of certain parameters and variables to others. Functional hierarchies arrange decision-making and problem-solving processes as a hierarchical tree. In this tree, goals are decomposed into subgoals such that the achievement of the subgoals contributes to the achievement of the original goal. It is assumed that the complete system is given with the knowledge about its functional behavior. The system is decomposed into its physical components. Then, functions are associated with the decomposed components to achieve a structurally and functionally decomposed system. Three examples from very different areas are provided. >
AN EQUILIBRIUM THEORY OF INSULAR ZOOGEOGRAPHY

As the area of sampling A increases in an ecologically uniform area, the number of plant and animal species s increases in an approximately logarithmic manner, or s = bAk, (1) where k < 1, as shown most recently in in the detailed analysis of Preston (1962). The same relationship holds for islands, where, as one of us has noted (Wilson, 1961), the parameters b and k vary among taxa. Thus, in the ponerine ants of Melanesia and the Moluccas, k (which might be called the faunal coefficient) is approximately 0.5 where area is measured in square miles; in the Carabidae and herpetofauna of the Greater Antilles and associated islands, 0.3; in the land and freshwater birds of Indonesia, 0.4; and in the islands of the Sahul Shelf (New Guinea and environs), 0.5.
Mechanisms of signal transduction activated by sublytic assembly of terminal complement complexes on nucleated cells.

The sublytic assembly of C5b-7, C5b-8, and C5b-9, activates membrane phospholipases through heterotrimeric G proteins and stimulates a variety of cellular activities including prostanoids, leukotrienes, and cytokines synthesis. Activation of mitotic signaling through Ras, Raf-1, ERK 1, and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (P13-K) was induced in B lymphocytes, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells. P13-K activation by C5b-9 induced STAT3 phosphorylation and translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus. This complex signaling mechanism is directly involved in many biological functions such as endo-and exoxytosis, cell cycle progression, activation of transcription, and protein synthesis. The key role of this signaling pathway is reflected on cell survival and proliferation in acute and chronic inflammation where complement activation is an ubiquitous event.
Precision Time Measurement and a Novel Two-Photon Clock Scheme

We propose a novel two-photon excitation scheme for the 1S0 → 3P0 optical clock transition that works in the absence of hyperfine structure and applied magnetic fields. Experimental progress in Hg is discussed.
The Diffraction of X-Rays by Liquid Na-K Alloy in a Magnetic Field

Because magnetoresistance is found in the liquid Na-K alloy there is reason to expect that a magnetic field might modify the x-ray diffraction curve of the liquid. Experiment indicates that the diffraction is not changed by as much as two percent in a field of 2700 gauss. A test made to detect magnetostriction in the alloy indicates no volume change per unit volume greater than 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ in a field of 7800 gauss. The cause of magnetoresistance in the liquid does not, therefore, appear to lie in changes of molecular grouping caused by a magnetic field.
Towards an integrated evaluation of flexible automation investments

SUMMARY This paper presents a decision-support-system (DSS) structure for flexible automation investments. It takes into account: (1) a comprehensive investment context for multimachine systems; (2) developments in modelling flexibility in economic evaluation; and (3) an integrated physical/financial design and evaluation, for capitalizing on recent developments in DSS technologies and automated decision/risk-analysis tools.
A Client-Server Serials Control System for Staff and Public Access Functions

This paper describes a networked serials control system developed at the Grainger Engineering Library Information Center at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). The Grainger serials control system encompasses serials processing, public service, and end-user functions. The system employs a client-server computing architecture with a microcomputer client written in Visual Basic accessing a networked SQL relational database. The Grainger serials control system is designed to: expedite check-in, binding, and claiming within a graphical user interface; provide expanded search capabilities and access points; provide a Notes capability for public service staff; provide a user-friendly interface for patrons; and serve as a testbed for interface design and database techniques applied to serials control systems, and by extension to other search and retrieval systems.
Protoplasts in ‘Mature’ Wood Elements

IN a recent communication1, Mia reports the presence of nuclei and cytoplasm in mature vessel elements and fibre tracheids, and states that his findings are contrary to the observations of Esau and of Eames and MacDaniels in their text-books of plant anatomy. Mia's interpretations of the statements are very loose. He quotes Esau2: “in the mature state, tracheids and vessel members… with lignified walls” are “devoid of protoplasts”, and “after the secondary wall is fully formed and lignified, the swollen parts of the primary wall break down and finally the protoplasts break down and disappear”. Esau's statements certainly cover the possible existence of a protoplast in a vessel element after the primary wall of the perforation plate breaks down. She does not state that disappearance of pore wall and protoplast coincide.
The dependence of multiplicity on recoil momentum in high-energy collisions

Mult ipar t ic le p roduc t ion processes a t v e r y h igh energies are p red ic t ed by var ious models to exhib i t the phenomenon of scaling (1-5), t oge the r w i th a logar i thmic ene rgy dependence of t he average mul t ip l i c i ty of secondaries (1,4.s). In order to dis t inguish between these models, i t will be i m p o r t a n t to inves t iga te t h e corre la t ions be tween p roduced part icles , and, in par t icu la r , to de t e rmine the ranges in m o m e n t u m space over which such correlat ions can ex tend . I t migh t appear t h a t these inves t iga t ions would inev i t ab ly requi re t he difficult expe r imen t a l t a sk of measur ing a large n u m b e r of h i g h m o m e n t u m secondary t racks in each even t . However , i t is t he purpose of th is ar t ic le to po in t ou t t h a t some two-par t ic le corre la t ion ranges can be de te rmined by a m e a s u r e m e n t of one l o w m o m e n t u m t rack, n a m e l y t h a t of t he recoil ing t a r g e t par t ic le , in conjunc t ion w i t h a s imple count of t he n u m b e r of charged secondaries produced. W e shall also discuss some re la ted predic t ions concerning the resul ts of this k ind of m e a s u r e m e n t (e). Consider first an inclusive process of t he t ype a -~ b->b'~e ~X , where b is t he t a r g e t and b" is t he recoil ing t a rge t , v is ano the r observed secondary and X represents any combina t ion of o ther part icles . The par t ic le b" will be easi ly dis t inguished f rom the o the r secondaries a t t he low m o m e n t a we wish to consider. L e t ]abb'c(S;pb', Pc) be the two-par t ic le d is t r ibut ion func t ion for th is process at e.m. ene rgy squared s
SAP90 Binds and Clusters Kainate Receptors Causing Incomplete Desensitization

The mechanism of kainate receptor targeting and clustering is still unresolved. Here, we demonstrate that members of the SAP90/PSD-95 family colocalize and associate with kainate receptors. SAP90 and SAP102 coimmunoprecipitate with both KA2 and GluR6, but only SAP97 coimmunoprecipitates with GluR6. Similar to NMDA receptors, GluR6 clustering is mediated by the interaction of its C-terminal amino acid sequence, ETMA, with the PDZ1 domain of SAP90. In contrast, the KA2 C-terminal region binds to, and is clustered by, the SH3 and GK domains of SAP90. Finally, we show that SAP90 coexpressed with GluR6 or GluR6/KA2 receptors alters receptor function by reducing desensitization. These studies suggest that the organization and electrophysiological properties of synaptic kainate receptors are modified by association with members of the SAP90/PSD-95 family.
Pattern classifier for fault diagnosis of helicopter gearboxes

Abstract Application of a diagnostic system to a helicopter gearbox is presented. The diagnostic system is a nonparametric pattern classifier that uses a multi-valued influence matrix (MVIM) as its diagnostic model and benefits from a fast learning algorithm that enables it to estimate its diagnostic model from a small number of measurement-fault data. To test this diagnostic system, vibration measurements were collected from a helicopter gearbox test stand during accelerated fatigue tests and at various fault instances. The diagnostic results indicate that the MVIM system can accurately detect and diagnose various gearbox faults so long as they are included in training.
Engineering Ethics: Improving Pedagogical Methods

Engineers like to solve problems. But they tend to like to solve problems that have discrete solutions. As long as they know which formulae apply, the rest is a matter of calculation. When philosophers teach ethics, they often take an approach that seems antithetical to the engineer's methods of solving problems: ethicists teach in terms of "ill-defined problems." For the purposes of this essay, I will assume that it has been fairly well established that engineering students should take an ethics course as part of their curriculum. Having said that, should engineers suffer through an ethics course taught by a philosopher? Or should engineers teach engineering ethics? Should engineering students get a tailored version of the course offered by the philosophy department?
Orbits in Fixed Field Alternating Gradient Synchrotron

An analytical investigation has been made of the motion of a charged particle in an axially symmetric steady magnetic field. For a given momentum, expressions for the shape of the equilibrium orbit and betatron oscillation frequencies have been derived in terms of the field index k, the spiral parameter K, and the set of field coefficients gnm. These algebraic results have been programmed for the IBM704 computer. For a 500 MeV fixed field alternating gradient (FFAG) synchrotron designed as an injector,1 computations yield radial and vertical tunes averaged with respect to momentum of ?r = 3.23, ?z = 2.37 with variations of |??r| ? 0.0001, |??z| ? 0.0004 depending on the exact momentum. For comparison, Runge-Kutta evaluations which require a factor of six longer computing times yield average tunes of ?r = 3.22 and ?z = 2.49.
Polyamines in brain tumor therapy.

In the search for ways to augment current brain tumor therapies many have sought to exploit the fact that adult brain tissue is virtually lacking in cell division. This endorses a special appeal to therapeutic approaches which target the dependence on cell division for brain tumor growth. Polyamines play an essential role in the proliferation of mammalian cells and depletion results in inhibition of growth. As a result, there are investigations into the feasibility of controlling tumor growth by targeting the enzymes in polyamine metabolism with specific enzyme inhibitors. DFMO, an inhibitor of putrescine synthesis, is a cytostatic agent which in combination with tritiated radioemitters or cytotoxic agents such as, MGBG or BCNU is an effective antitumor agent, but the effectiveness of DFMOin vivo is reduced by tumor cell uptake of polyamines released into the circulation by normal cells and from gut flora or dietary sources. However, DFMO therapy combined with elimination of exogenous polyamines inhibits tumor growth but also results in body weight loss, reduced protein synthesis and evidence of toxicity. Furthermore, tumor growth recurs upon termination of treatment. In contrast, competitive polyamine analogs function in the homeostatic regulation of polyamine synthesis but fail to fulfill the requirements for growth and they continue to inhibit tumor growth for several weeks after cessation of treatment. Analogs are now in clinical trials. However, their action may be highly specific and differ from one cell type to another. We suggest that the effectiveness of polyamine based therapy would be enhanced by two approaches: local delivery by intracerebral microdialysis and tumor cell killing by internal radioemitters such as tritiated putrescine or tritriated thymidine which are taken up in increased amounts by polyamine depleted tumor cells. The growth inhibition by polyamine depletion prevents the dilution of the radioactive putrescine and thymidine. The overload of radioactivity kills the growth inhibited cells so that growth cannot recur when treatment terminates.
Handling reactive metabolite positives in drug discovery: What has retrospective structure–toxicity analyses taught us?

Because of the inability to predict and quantify the risk of idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs) and because reactive metabolites (RMs) as opposed to the parent molecules from which they are derived are thought to be responsible for the pathogenesis of some IADRs, procedures (RM trapping/covalent binding) are being incorporated into the discovery screening funnel early-on to assess the risk of RM formation. Utility of the methodology in structure-toxicity relationships and scope in abrogating RM formation at the lead optimization stage are discussed in this article. Interpretation of the output from RM assessment assays, however, is confounded by the fact that many successfully marketed drugs are false positives. Therefore, caution must be exercised in deprioritizing a compound based on a positive result, so that the development of a useful and potentially profitable compound won't be unnecessarily halted. Risk mitigation strategies (e.g., competing detoxication pathways, low daily dose, etc.) when selecting RM positives for clinical development are also reviewed.
A variant on the arguments for the invariance of estimators in a singular system of equations

Allecation models, such as consumer demand systems, typically imply a degenerate error structure. The usual approach in estimation is to delete one equation, and to appeal to the results of Barten (1969), for example, that parameter estimates are invariant to the equation deleted. However such proofs of invariance are not straightforward. This paper demonstrates that such systems are observationally equivalent to structures common in the simultaneous equations literature, for which invariance is obvious, and hence provides a more transparent demonstration of conditions for invariance.
Safety of radiofrequency catheter ablation without coronary angiography in aortic cusp ventricular arrhythmias

Background Ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) originating from the aortic root are common. Coronary angiography is typically recommended before catheter ablation to document proximity of the ablation catheter to the coronary ostia. Objective To investigate how often catheter ablation in the aortic root could be guided by phased-array intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) and electroanatomic mapping without requiring aortography or coronary angiography. Methods We reviewed consecutive patients referred for aortic root VAs to operators experienced in the use of ICE at a single center. An ICE catheter and a 3.5-mm irrigated ablation catheter were used in all cases, and the need for angiography before ablation was documented. Acute success and acute and 30-day complications were noted. Results Thirty-five patients (age 58 ± 13 years; 74% men) were referred for the ablation of VAs; 32 of 35 (91%) underwent ablation using ICE and 3-dimensional mapping without the need for coronary angiography. Successful acute ablation was achieved in 29 of 35 (83%) patients. In all cases, the catheter tip was directly visualized with ICE >1 cm from the coronary ostia. The site of origin of the earliest VA was the left cusp (17 of 35 [49%]), right cusp (9 of 35 [26%]), right-left cusp junction (8 of 35 [23%]), or right-noncoronary cusp junction (1 of 35 [3%]). There were no cases of coronary injury, embolic stroke, aortic root perforation, worsening of aortic regurgitation, or death acutely or at 30 days. Conclusion Radiofrequency ablation of VAs originating from the aortic root may be safely performed using ICE and electroanatomic mapping in the majority of cases without the need for coronary angiography.
Acute hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of chloroform in male F-344 rats and female B6C3F1 mice

Previous studies demonstrated that chloroform given by oral gavage in corn oil caused an increased incidence of liver tumors in male and female mice and kidney tumors in male rats, while administration in drinking water resulted in an increased tumor incidence only in the kidneys of the male rats. The tumorigenicity of this nongenotoxic agent has been postulated to be linked with cytolethality and cell proliferation. This study examined the organ-specific toxicity of acute doses of chloroform. Male F-344 rats were given chloroform by gavage in corn oil at the bioassay doses of chloroform of 0 and 180 mg/kg body wt as well as 34 and 477 mg/kg and necropsied 24 hr later. Additional rats were given a single dose of 180 mg chloroform/kg and administered bromodeoxyuridine (BRDU) 2 hr prior to necropsy at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 days after chloroform treatment. Female B6C3F1 mice were given chloroform by gavage at the bioassay doses of 0, 238, and 477 mg/kg as well as 34 mg/kg and necropsied at 24 hr after treatment. Additional mice were given a single dose of 350 mg chloroform/kg, labeled with BRDU, and necropsied at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 days after treatment. The kidneys of male rats administered 34, 180, and 477 mg chloroform/kg exhibited mild to severe proximal tubular necrosis in a dose-dependent manner. A 20-fold increase in the labeling index (LI, the percentage of nuclei in S-phase) in the proximal tubule cells was boserved 2 days after treatment with the bioassay dose of 180 mg/kg. The livers of male rats exhibited only slight to moderate multifocal centrilobular necrosis at 180 and 477 mg/kg. A 10-fold increase in the LI was observed in the liver of male rats given 477 mg/kg, but no increase was observed at the bioassay dose of 180 mg/kg. In contrast to male rats, female mice developed a dose-dependent centrilobular hepatic necrosis at 238 and 477 mg/kg. No renal lesions were observed in female mice at any dose. A peak increase in LI of 38-fold was observed in hepatocytes in the livers of female mice 2 days after treatment with 350 mg chloroform/kg, with only a 2-fold increase in LI observed in the kidneys. These data indicate that acute chloro-form-induced cytolethality leads to increased cell proliferation and that the organ-specific pattern of toxicity is the same as the organ-specific pattern of tumor formation. These observations are suggestive of a role for induced cell proliferation in tumor formation and indicate that more extensive cell proliferation studies are warranted.
DNA damage: a trigger of innate immunity but a requirement for adaptive immune homeostasis

Chromosome breakage is frequently associated with viral infection and cellular transformation, but it is also required for two processes that are crucial for the development and function of adaptive immunity: V(D)J recombination and class-switch recombination. The cellular responses that result from this type of DNA damage, which are mostly activated by the protein kinase ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), lead to cell-cycle arrest at several checkpoints and efficient DNA repair. This Review focuses on the important roles of these DNA-damage responses in the activation of innate immunity and the targeting of the innate immune response to infected or transformed cells, as well as in the development and function of adaptive immunity.
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Associated Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis Mimicking Henoch-Schonlein Purpura

Human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is one of the hematopoietic growth factors that is used for the reduction of neutropenia in cancer patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy and in patients with congenital and cyclic neutropenia. Adverse effects associated with the use of G-CSF, such as bone pain, are usually mild and transient. We report a more serious and disturbing association, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, which manifested as a cutaneous purpuric lesion with painful joints and mimicked Henoch-Schonlein purpura.
A SURVEY OF CURRENT PENSION FUND ISSUES

This issue of Managerial Finance brings together five papers that explore the manifold dimensions of pension issues. The papers document and explain the dynamic changes occurring in the management and functioning of private pension plans within an evolving institutional and regulatory framework. Although the papers predominantly focus on the U.S. pension system, the issues addressed and the attendant implications are relevant to economies in the throes of developing or reforming pension security arrangements for market participants.
Skin lesions on common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from three sites in the Northwest Atlantic, USA.

Skin disease occurs frequently in many cetacean species across the globe; methods to categorize lesions have relied on photo-identification (photo-id), stranding, and by-catch data. The current study used photo-id data from four sampling months during 2009 to estimate skin lesion prevalence and type occurring on bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from three sites along the southeast United States coast [Sarasota Bay, FL (SSB); near Brunswick and Sapelo Island, GA (BSG); and near Charleston, SC (CHS)]. The prevalence of lesions was highest among BSG dolphins (P = 0.587) and lowest in SSB (P = 0.380), and the overall prevalence was significantly different among all sites (p<0.0167). Logistic regression modeling revealed a significant reduction in the odds of lesion occurrence for increasing water temperatures (OR = 0.92; 95%CI:0.906–0.938) and a significantly increased odds of lesion occurrence for BSG dolphins (OR = 1.39; 95%CI:1.203–1.614). Approximately one-third of the lesioned dolphins from each site presented with multiple types, and population differences in lesion type occurrence were observed (p<0.05). Lesions on stranded dolphins were sampled to determine the etiology of different lesion types, which included three visually distinct samples positive for herpesvirus. Although generally considered non-fatal, skin disease may be indicative of animal health or exposure to anthropogenic or environmental threats, and photo-id data provide an efficient and cost-effective approach to document the occurrence of skin lesions in free-ranging populations.
Preservation of elemental and isotopic source identification of sedimentary organic matter

The amount and type of organic matter in the sediments of lakes and oceans contribute to their paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatological records. Only a small fraction of the initial aquatic organic matter survives destruction and alteration during sinking and sedimentation. Selective degradation modifies the character of the surviving small fraction of organic matter which becomes incorporated in bottom sediments. Organic matter alterations can continue to sub-bottom depths of hundreds of meters, corresponding to millions of years. Source and paleoenvironmental information nonetheless remains preserved in the molecular, elemental and isotopic compositions of organic matter. C/N- and δ13C-values of total organic matter, in particular, appear to retain paleoenvironmental information for multi-Myr time periods.
A Whiteheadian approach to Bell's correlations

Certain properties of the Bell-type correlations and, in particular, the impossibility of using them to transmit signals faster than light, are investigated from the point of view of the conceptual structure of quantum mechanics and of Whitehead's process philosophy. The collapses of quantum states are shown to correspond to perspectives of different frames of reference on a Whiteheadian process of self-creation of actual entities. The analysis suggests a fundamental limitation on the capacity to describe the propagation of influences among the results of measurements at space-like separation. It is further shown that, if Whitehead's framework is modified in a specific way, it accounts very well for the apparent existence of superluminal influences, and for the impossibility of using them for superluminal communication.
An algorithm to enumerate all sorting reversals

The problem of estimating evolutionary distance from differences in gene order has been distilled to the problem of finding the reversal distance between two signed permutations. During the last decade, much progress was made both in computing reversal distance and in finding a minimum sequence of sorting reversals. For most problem instances, however, many minimum sequences of sorting reversals exist, and obtaining the complete set can be useful in exploring the space of genome rearrangements (e.g., in pursuit of solutions to higher-level problems). The problem of finding all minimum sequences of sorting reversals reduces easily to the problem of finding all sorting reversals of one permutation with respect to another. We derive an efficient algorithm to solve this latter problem, and present experimental results indicating that our algorithm offers a dramatic improvement over the best known alternative. It should be noted that in asymptotic terms the new algorithm does not represent a significant improvement: it requires O(n3) time (where n is the permutation size), while the problem can now be solved trivially in T(n3) time.
The Mini Mental Status Exam as a Surrogate Measure of Health Literacy

BACKGROUND Studies have documented strong associations between cognitive function, health literacy skills, and health outcomes, such that outcome performance may be partially explained by cognitive ability. Common cognitive assessments such as the Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE) therefore may be measuring the same latent construct as existing health literacy tools.
Analytical design of sub-optimum controller for insensitivity to parameter-variation

In the design of single input-single output feedback systems for prescribed insensitivity to parameter-variation, a simple translation of time-domain specifications into the frequency-domain allows an analytical solution to be obtained by Wiener-Hopf spectral factorization.
Differences in phone use between men and women: quantitative evidence from Rwanda

We utilize disaggregated, transaction-level call records to explore differences in the communication patterns of men and women in Rwanda. Consistent with prior research, we find that in aggregate, men are significantly more active on their phones. However, by disaggregating usage by time of day and day of year, we show the male-dominated use of mobile phones is not uniform over time. Namely, while men are more active during the day, women become more active at night. We also observe striking differences in men and women's phone activity on Christmas, Valentine's Day, and on politically important days such as the Rwandan and Kenyan Election Days. This paper chronicles these differences, situating the results within the broader literature on how men and women in developing countries interact with mobile phones, as well as other information and communication technologies.
A property of compact, connected, laminated subsets of manifolds

Let X be a compact, connected subset of a smooth manifold. Suppose that X admits a codimension d lamination, d\ge 2. Let x,y\in X and \epsilon>0. There exists a sequence x=x_0,\dotsc,x_k=y in X such that the sum of the dth powers of the distances between successive points is less than \epsilon. We discuss two proposed applications of this result.
Dyeing and Colorfastness Characteristics of Direct-Dyed Ramie in Comparison to Flax and Cotton:

A comparison of dyeability and colorfastness characteristics of ramie, flax, and cotton yarns dyed with six direct dyes was made. When dyed in a common dyebath, the shade produced on each of the th...
Teaching historical psychiatry a review of a course

Summary A course in the History of Psychiatry for second year residents has been reviewed. Categories relating to content, method, materials, and philosophy of the course, have been briefly discussed.
Internships: Most and Least Favored Aspects among a Business School Sample

This study reports the results of a content analysis involving 143 senior and junior year business school students enrolled in a semester-long internship course for credit (74 males and 69 females). Responses to the question, "What did you like most/least about your internship position?" are reported. Positive aspects of internship are discussed in relation to the Job Characteristics Model.
In Situ Hydraulic Conductivity Tests for Compacted Clay

This paper summarizes the state of the art for in situ conductivity testing of compacted clay soils. Nine methods of testing are reviewed: (1) The Boutwell permeameter; (2) constant‐head borehole permeameters, e.g., the Guelph permeameter; (3) porous probes, e.g., the BAT device; (4) open, single‐ring infiltrometers; (5) open, double‐ring infiltrometers; (6) closed, single‐ring infiltrometers, (7) sealed, double‐ring infiltrometers; (8) the air‐entry permeameter; and (9) lysimeter pans. Installation procedures are given, equations for calculating hydraulic conductivity are presented, simplifying assumptions are listed, and case histories are reviewed. Each type of permeameter has advantages. The Boutwell permeameter is especially convenient for measurement of the vertical and horizontal hydraulic conductivity. Borehole permeameters and porous probes provide data relatively quickly but permeate a relatively small volume of soil. Of the permeameters that can permeate large volume of soil, the sealed double‐...
Implementing AIDS Education

The world has been challenged by the AIDS epidemic for 15 years. In 1985, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control, allocated funds to all state departments of education to assist schools in the development of AIDS education policies and programs. Yet, these policies do not ensure that all students receive effective AIDS education. On September 21, 1991, the Arizona Legislature passed Senate Bill 1396, which requires public schools to annually provide AIDS education in grades K-12. The bill was rescinded in 1995. With prohibitive curriculum guidelines, limited teacher training opportunities and tremendous instructional demands, this educational policy was implemented in disparate forms. By examining the perspectives of the Arizona educators (representing three school districts), this qualitative study reveals how teachers ultimately controlled the delivery and nature of AIDS instruction based upon personal values, views of teacher roles, and their interpretation of the mandate itself.
Precise measurement of the ratio of the axial vector coupling to vector coupling in Λ0 → p + e− + ḡn

Abstract The ratio of the axial vector coupling constant to the vector coupling constant, |g1(0)/f1(0)|, in the process Λ 0 → p + e − + g n has been measured in a high statistics study of the decay. The analysis of a sample of 10 000 events includes effects such as radiative corrections and q2 dependence of the form factors. Our result is that |g1(0)/f1(0)| = 0.734 ± 0.031. This value combined with our previous measurement of the ratio Γ(Λ0 → peḡn)/Γ(Λ0 → pπ−) permits the calculation of |f1(0)| = 1.229 ± 0.035 and |g1(0)| = 0.903 ± 0.046 in remarkable agreement with the traditional models of the weak interaction.
New Raman method for aqueous solutions: ξ-function dispersion evidence for strong F−-water H–bonds in aqueous CsF and KF solutions

The Raman ξ-function dispersion method recently elucidated for the strong H-bond breaker, ClO4−, in water [G. E. Walrafen, J. Chem. Phys. 122, 094510 (2005)] is extended to the strongly H-bond forming ion, F−. Measuring the ξ function is analogous to measuring ΔG from the thermodynamic activity of the water, aH2O, as the stoichiometric mol fraction of the water in the solution decreases due to addition of an electrolyte or nonelectrolyte. ξ is the derivative of the OH-stretching part of the Gibbs free energy with respect to the water mol fraction; ξω≡−RT[∂ln(Iω∕IREF)∕∂X2]T,P. I is the Raman intensity at ω (ω=Raman shift in cm−1); IREF, that at an arbitrary reference ω; and, X2 is the water mol fraction (X1=CsF or KF mol fraction). ln(Iω∕IREF) was found to be linear in X2 for the complete range of OH-stretching ω’s, with correlation coefficients as large as 0.999 96. Linearity of ln(Iω∕IREF) versus X2 is an experimental fact for all ω’s throughout the spontaneous Raman OH-stretching contour; this fact cann...
An experimental examination of the scapegoat theory of prejudice.

Subjects very high and very low in minority group prejudice were exposed to an experimental frustration situation. While it was found that aggressive tendencies denied expression against the object originally serving as instigator will be displaced and directed against non-instigating objects, indiv
Taking a Covariable into Account

Abstract A technique is presented for taking a covariable into account when the treatment and response variables are qualitative (i.e., where the familiar technique for the 2×2 contingency table would be used if no adjustment was made for the covariable). The technique is illustrated and exemplified by a clinical trial of chemotherapies for hyaline membrane disease in babies. The scientific rationale for an “exact” statistical test and a simple approximate test (COVAST) is provided. In terms of the mechanics, COVAST is an easy extension of the familiar Sign Test.
On a solution of the nuclear three body problem in coordinate space

Abstract A new method to find the wave functions and binding energy of the three nucleon system is discussed. Results of the calculations with local, central potentials are given. The wave functions are found to be sensitive to the shape of the nucleon-nucleon potential. The corresponding binding energies differ by less than 0.6 MeV.
A Clinical Investigation on X-Ray Guided Three-Dimensional Diffuse Optical Imaging of Osteoarthritis in the Finger Joints

X-ray guided diffuse optical imaging is used to investigate the typical findings that can detect osteoarthritis in the finger joints. The reconstruction results showed these functional imaging parameters can diagnose OA and monitor its progression.
Illness representations and psychological distress in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery

Preoperative psychological distress has been shown to predict both postoperative distress and subsequent cardiac morbidity in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. This study assessed the associations between illness perceptions and psychological well-being among 56 patients awaiting CABG surgery using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and the Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised (IPQ-R). Patient perceptions of their illness as chronic were associated with reduced beliefs in both personal control over illness and efficacy of treatment, and increased perceived consequences of illness in terms of life functioning. In addition, psychological distress regarding illness was significantly correlated with psychological distress in general. Reduced illness coherence was also associated with increased psychological distress. Preoperative psycho-education aimed at helping patients better understand their illness, treatment, and its effects may reduce psychological distress, and perhaps improve future well-being as a result.
Sex Pheromones of Lepidoptera. Xxxvii. Role of Sex Pheromones and Other Factors in Reproductive Isolation among Ten Species of Noctuidae

With few exceptions, pheromone-releasing females of each of 10 species of Noctuidae mainly attracted males of their own species in the field. The greatest degree of interspecific pheromone communication occurred between species found in the same subfamily (Plusiinae, Heliothinae, or Phalaeniinae). Interspecific pheromone communication between Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), Autographa californica (Speyer), A. biloba (Stephens), Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), and Autoplusia egena (Guenee) (Plusiinae) was studied in detail. There was no cross attraction between A. egena adults and adults of the 3 other plusinne species (T. ni, A. California, P. includens) with which they were compared. A. egena males were strongly attracted to cis -5-dodecenyl acetate in the field. They were not attracted to cis -7-dodecenyl acetate, which is the sex pheromone of T. ni and P. includens, and apparently of A. California. Traps baited with A. California females caught few males of T. ni and no males of P. includens. Also, females of the latter 2 species did not attract males of A. California. This lack of cross attraction may result in part from the fact that A. californica adults typically mate earlier in the night and apparently utilize a smaller quantity of the pheromone in mating communication than do T. ni and P. includens. The greatest degree of interspecific pheromone communication was noted between adults of P. includens and T ni. This phenomenon corresponds with observations that the mating times of these species are similar and that they apparently utilize similar quantities of the pheromone.