cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measures of Concurrent Validity and Alternate-Form Reliability of the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence

The subjects, 60 undergraduate students, were administered the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (TONI) individually. The Shipley Institute of Living Scale was administered in small groups. A Pearson correlation of .56 was obtained for TONI Quotients, Forms A and B. TONI Quotients, Forms A and B, correlated with Shipley estimated WAIS--R IQ .50 and .46, respectively, and correlated to .71 and .64, with Shipley Total T scores, .52 and .44, respectively (corrected to .71 and .61), with Shipley Abstraction T scores, .51 and .42, respectively (corrected, .63 and .52), and with Shipley Vocabulary T scores .26 and .32, respectively (corrected to .63 and .52). TONI scores seem more closely related to Shipley Total and Abstraction scores than to Shipley Vocabulary.
Habitat alteration, hunting and the conservation of folivorous primates in African forests

Abstract The colobus monkeys and gorillas of African forests share a strong tendency to depend on foliage during lean seasons. In many areas, both kinds of primate are threatened by habitat destruction. But while the total removal of natural habitat is clearly a major threat to the survival of many African forest primates, an analysis of survey data suggests that human predation tends to have a greater negative impact on primate populations than does selective logging or low-intensity bush-fallow agriculture. In the absence of hunting, the population density of colobus monkeys correlates with the protein: fibre ratio of mature tree foliage in their habitat, and the density of gorillas appears to be correlated with the abundance of terrestrial herbaceous vegetation. Because moderately disturbed forest can be relatively rich in high-quality lean-season folivore foods, such forest sometimes supports a higher density of folivorous primates than forest that has not been recently disturbed but that has been subject to hunting. Conservation plans for African forests should place more emphasis on the control of hunting and less on rural development, and long-range plans should also allow for the strong possibility of political instability.
K-functionals for Besov spaces

Abstract We characterize the K -functionals for certain pairs of univariate function spaces including ( C , W 1 1 ), ( L p , B q α ( L P )), 0 q , p ⩽ ∞ and ( L p , B λ α ( L λ )), where 0 and λ:= (α + 1 p ) −1 .
A genotypic HIV-1 proviral DNA coreceptor tropism assay: characterization in viremic subjects.

Background HIV-1 coreceptor tropism testing is used to evaluate eligibility for CCR5 antagonist therapy. However, HIV-1 RNA-based tests are not suitable for virologically suppressed patients, therefore the use of proviral DNA tropism testing has been investigated. We describe a novel proviral DNA-based genotypic tropism assay and compare its performance to that of a sensitive HIV-1 RNA-based genotypic test.
Amplitude-squeezed solitons from an asymmetric fiber interferometer

We experimentally demonstrate a new scheme for generating amplitude-squeezed solitons in an asymmetric fiber Sagnac loop. We measure by direct detection what is to our knowledge a record reduction of 5.7±0.1 dB (73%) and, with corrections for linear losses, 6.2±0.1 dB (76%) in the photon-number fluctuations below the shot-noise level. The same scheme is also shown to generate significant classical noise reduction and is limited by Raman effects in fiber.
Quadratic programming and impedance control for transfemoral prosthesis.

This paper presents a novel optimal control strategy combining control Lyapunov function (CLF) based quadratic programs with impedance control, with the goal of improving both tracking performance and the stability of controllers implemented on transfemoral prosthesis. CLF based quadratic programs have the inherent capacity to optimally track a desired trajectory. This property is used in congruence with impedance control—implemented as a feedforward term—to realize significantly small tracking errors, while simultaneously yielding bipedal walking that is both stable and robust to disturbances. Moreover, instead of experimentally validating this on human subjects, a virtual prosthesis is attached to a robotic testbed, AMBER. The authors claim that the walking of AMBER is human like and therefore form a suitable substitute to human subjects on which a prosthetic control can be tested. Based on this idea, the proposed controller was first verified in simulation, then tested on the physical robot AMBER. The results indicate improved tracking performance, stability, and robustness to unknown disturbances.
Review of the latest treatments for retinal vein occlusions: emphasis on pharmacologic therapy

Retinal vein occlusions (central and branch) are the second most common retinal vascular disorders. Affected patients lose vision due to retinal non-perfusion, vitreous hemorrhage, traction retinal detachments and neovascular glaucoma, but the most common cause of vision loss is macular edema. Animal models and human studies show that breakdown of the blood–retinal barrier results from overexpression of various cytokines and chemokines with upregulation of VEGF being critically important. Laser photocoagulation decreases macular edema due to branch retinal vein occlusion and reduces the overall ischemic drive but resultant improvements in visual acuity are modest (1.5 lines vs 0.3 lines with observation). Laser decreases macular edema in central retinal vein occlusion but does not improve visual acuity better than observation. Numerous surgical treatments have been proposed but none are of proven benefit. Monthly intravitreal injections of drugs that bind diffusible VEGF improve visual acuity and decrease...
Perception of dental professionals and lay persons to altered mandibular incisors crowding

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to investigate at what level of misalignment of the mandibular incisors dental professionals and lay people begin to recognize dental crowding, which was distinguished from ideal dental alignment. Methods A mandibular occlusal photograph with an ideal dental alignment formed the basis of this study. By rotation of a central incisor, a lateral incisor, or both lateral incisors, the photograph was morphed to mimic varying degrees of dental misalignment. The altered photographs were then scored by the following groups of people: orthodontists (ORT), general dentists (GD), lay people with prior experience of orthodontic treatment (LWO), or lay people with no history of orthodontic treatment (LNO). Results When the amount of Little's irregularity index (LII) reached 1 mm for a central incisor, it triggered ORT to consider providing orthodontic treatment. In contrast, the concern of GD and LWO was aroused at 1.5 mm. The ORT noted crowding of a lower lateral incisor at 1.5 mm of LII, whereas GD and LWO were sensitive to 2.0 mm. It is noteworthy that the LNO ignored the misalignment of either a central incisor or a lateral incisor even when LII was at 2.0 mm. When both lower lateral incisors were morphed, all groups were aware of 2 mm of misalignment. Conclusions Orthodontists were more critical than other groups when evaluating the misalignment of the lower incisors. These results provide orthodontic professionals with information that may help to determine how much dental crowding the general public is willing to accept without treatment.
Coordinating fence law with range management strategies in the USA

In areas where livestock production predominates, a 'fence-out rule' as opposed to a 'fence-in rule' has been advocated due to perceived economic advantages associated with open-range livestock production; people desiring to have no livestock on their properties need to construct fences. Yet a region's total economy may be enhanced by moving away from established fence-out and cost-sharing rules. With changes in public perceptions of property rights, advances in technology, and the acquisition of new scientific information, fence rules should be expected to evolve. This paper articulates political, economic and scientific considerations in the USA that may be contemplated by citizens and elected officials for altering directives controlling livestock. To promote economic efficiency and social well-being, the paper advocates the scrutiny of existing fence-out and cost-sharing rules in a region to determine whether alternative rules should be preferred. The demise of fence-out rules in some areas in the USA and other countries could help achieve a more sustainable use of range resources.
Measurement of Cerebral Hemispheric Blood Flow by Intracarotid Injection of Hydrogen Gas: VALIDATION OF THE METHOD IN THE MONKEY

To develop a reliable method for measuring hemispheric blood flow and metabolism in man, the clearance of hydrogen was measured in the cerebral lateral sinus blood of macaque monkeys after intracarotid injection. Hydrogen is an inert gas and its clearance from cerebral venous blood depends solely on arterial inflow, and since it is highly diffusible, rapid equilibrium is maintained between brain tissue and its capillary-venous blood. Cerebral venous clearance curves for hydrogen appeared to provide accurate and reproducible measures of cerebral blood flow. A bolus of 0.2 to 0.3 ml of saline saturated with hydrogen was injected rapidly into the internal carotid artery. Electrodes placed on the cortex showed that the bolus was almost exclusively distributed to the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere. Blood flow of each hemisphere was calculated by Meier and Zierler's formula based on the Stewart-Hamilton principle, as well as by compartmental analysis. The values obtained for hemispheric blood flow were in good...
Intraurethral sonography and the test-retest reliability of urethral sphincter measurements in women.

Purpose. The purpose of this prospective study was to determine the test-retest reliability of urethral sphincter morphologic measurements obtained with intraurethral sonography. Methods. The cross-sectional urethral sphincter anatomy of 29 asymptomatic nulliparous women was studied in a blinded fashion. Each patient returned for a repeat examination on a different day. At the point of maximal rhabdosphincter thickness, the urethral diameter and circumference and the longitudinal smooth muscle and rhabdosphincter thickness, diameter, circumference, and area were measured using the ultrasound scanner's integrated software. For each measured variable, the reliability between patients was assessed with a paired t test. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the reliability of each intraurethral sonographic measurement obtained from the same patient. Results. On test-retest analysis, the differences for each measured variable between patients were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Of the measurements obtained from the same patient, however, longitudinal smooth muscle thickness (ρ = 0.44; p = 0.006), diameter (ρ = 0.49, p = 0.003), circumference (ρ = 0.49, p = 0.003), and area (ρ = 0.43; p = 0.009) were significantly correlated. Conclusions. The urethral longitudinal smooth muscle layer is the only structure that can be measured reliably using sonography for diagnostic use. Sonographic measurements of the rhabdosphincter may not be reliable because the outer portion of that structure lies outside the depth of penetration of a 12.5-MHz transducer. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:349–355, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10082
Sterilizing Activity of Thioridazine in Combination with the First-Line Regimen against Acute Murine Tuberculosis

We recently reported that in lung tissue, thioridazine accumulates at high concentrations relative to serum levels, displaying modest synergy with isoniazid and reducing the emergence of isoniazid-resistant mutants in mouse lungs. In this study, we sought to investigate the sterilizing activity of human-equivalent doses of thioridazine when given in combination with the “Denver regimen” against acute murine tuberculosis. We found a trend toward a positive impact of thioridazine on the bacterial clearance and lowering relapse rates of the combined standard TB chemotherapy.
Simulating Pseudomorphic HEMTs: Optimizing Performance to Achieve Multi-terahertz Operating Frequencies

In summary, we show that properly scaled HEMT devices can operate will into the THz regime, and provide a viable device option in this spectral region. These results are also important for logic devices desired for operation in the Tbs regime, as the cutoff frequency fT is intimately related to the logic delay time in a switching transistor.
Increased host neuronal survival and motor function in BMT Parkinsonian mice: Involvement of immunosuppression

We examined the potential of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) to rescue dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD). A BMT from mice transgenic for green fluorescent protein (GFP(+)) given either before or after administration of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) led to the accumulation of transplanted adult GFP(+) bone-marrow-derived cells (BMDC) in the substantia nigra, where dopaminergic neurodegeneration occurs in PD. Post-BMT, mice exposed to MPTP had substantially greater numbers of endogenous tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neuronal cell bodies in the substantia nigra and increased dopamine transporter-positive projections into the striatum compared to controls. Moreover, motor function was restored to normal within 1 month post-MPTP in BMT-treated mice assayed by a rotarod behavioral test. The effect of BMT on PD was indirect, as no evidence of BMDC fusion with or transdifferentiation into dopaminergic neurons was observed. BMDC activated by BMT or associated factors could play a trophic role in rescuing damaged cells. Alternatively, the beneficial effects of BMT are due to immunosuppression reflected by a reduction in the proportion of T-cells and a reduction of T-cell proliferation in BMT mice. These findings highlight that when immunosuppression is required for transplantation studies, the amelioration of symptoms may not be due to the transplant itself. Further, they suggest that the immune system plays a role in the development of characteristics typical of PD.
Vapor‐Phase Carbonylation of Dimethoxymethane over H‐Faujasite

Carbonylation gets a phase lift: The usual liquid-phase, high-pressure processes for carbonylating formaldehydes are avoided in a novel vapor-phase reaction. Using an acid zeolite (Faujasite) at near-atmospheric pressure dimethoxymethane (DMM; the dimethyl acetal of formaldehyde; see scheme) is carbonylated to produce methyl methoxyacetate (MMAc). This approach provides a new route to ethylene glycol under mild conditions.
Does language shape silent gesture

Languages differ in how they organize events, particularly in the types of semantic elements they express and the arrangement of those elements within a sentence. Here we ask whether these cross-linguistic differences have an impact on how events are represented nonverbally; more specifically, on how events are represented in gestures produced without speech (silent gesture), compared to gestures produced with speech (co-speech gesture). We observed speech and gesture in 40 adult native speakers of English and Turkish (N = 20/per language) asked to describe physical motion events (e.g., running down a path)—a domain known to elicit distinct patterns of speech and co-speech gesture in English- and Turkish-speakers. Replicating previous work (Kita & Ozyurek, 2003), we found an effect of language on gesture when it was produced with speech—co-speech gestures produced by English-speakers differed from co-speech gestures produced by Turkish-speakers. However, we found no effect of language on gesture when it was produced on its own—silent gestures produced by English-speakers were identical in how motion elements were packaged and ordered to silent gestures produced by Turkish-speakers. The findings provide evidence for a natural semantic organization that humans impose on motion events when they convey those events without language.
Classical and Instrumental Conditioning of Licking: A Review of Methodology and Data

One night several years ago I was part of an audience that was being entertained by the comedian Shelley Berman. During the delivery of a monologue by which he was regaling the audience with an impression of a beleaguered child psychologist, Berman suddenly interjected a comment about experimental psychologists: “... you know, those people who study rats for reasons of their own!” I confess that the feelings he invoked in me then about the sometimes seemingly abstruse activities of my discipline were later aroused again by Doctors Weijnen and Mendelson when they asked me to write a chapter on the licking behaviors of rodents. Subsequently, after reading more than 300 papers on licking that have appeared in the biopsychological literature during the past 25 years, I came to realize that the seeming abstruseness of the subject matter actually lay in the eye of the beholding psychologist.
Ordinal Efficiency, Fairness, and Incentives in Large Markets

Efficiency and symmetric treatment of agents are the primary goals of resource allocation in environments without transfers. Focusing on ordinal mecha- nisms in which no small group of agents can substantially change the allocations of others, we show that all asymptotically efficient, symmetric, and asymptotically strategy-proof mechanisms lead to the same allocations in large markets. In particular, many mechanisms — both well-known and newly developed — are allocationally equivalent. This equivalence is consistent with prior empirical findings that different mechanisms lead to similar allocations in school choice. We also show that uniform randomizations over deterministic efficient mechanisms are asymptotically efficient.
Firm Size and Use of Information Sources in Location Decisions

Abstract A mail survey of agriculture and forestry businesses examined how firms obtain information for consideration in location decisions and if firm size influenced size influenced the use of different information sources. Factor analysis identified three types of information sources considered in location decisions, “development agencies”, “mass media”, and “personal experience”. Owners and or managers of smallsize businesses (less than nine employees) used these information sources less than decision makers in larger sized firms. In addition to finding that use of these information sources varied according to firm size, results from this study suggest that information searches by businesses may differ from information searches conducted by consumers looking to purchase products or services.
Synthetic RNA Recognition Motifs That Selectively Recognize HIV-1 Trans-Activation Response Element Hairpin RNA

A multitude of RNA hairpins are directly implicated in human disease. Many of these RNAs are potentially valuable targets for drug discovery and basic research. However, very little is known about the molecular requirements for achieving sequence-selective recognition of a particular RNA sequence and structure. Although a relatively modest number of synthetic small to medium-sized RNA-binding molecules have been reported, rapid identification of sequence-selective RNA-binding molecules remains a daunting challenge. RNA recognition motif (RRM) domains may represent unique privileged scaffolds for the generation of synthetic proteins that selectively recognize structured disease-relevant RNAs, including RNA hairpins. As a demonstration of this potential, we mutated putative RNA-binding regions within the U1A RRM and a variant thereof and screened these synthetic proteins for affinity to HIV-1 trans-activation response (TAR) element hairpin RNA. Some of these U1A-derived proteins bind TAR with single-digit m...
Endovascular Therapy in Pediatric Stroke: Utilization, Patient Characteristics, and Outcomes

Abstract Background and Purpose Despite strong evidence for endovascular therapy in adults with acute arterial ischemic stroke, limited data exist in children. We aimed to describe endovascular therapy utilization and explore outcomes in a national sample of pediatric arterial ischemic stroke. Methods We queried the 2012 Kids' Inpatient Database for children aged greater than 28 days to 20 years with the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes for arterial ischemic stroke and evaluated groups based on the procedure code for endovascular therapy. Poor outcome was defined as need for tracheostomy or gastrostomy, discharge to rehabilitation facility, or death. Logistic regression evaluated the association between endovascular therapy and poor outcome, adjusted for age, disease severity (hemiplegia, critical care interventions, neurosurgical interventions), and comorbidities. Results We identified 3184 pediatric discharges with a diagnosis code for arterial ischemic stroke. Thirty-eight (1%) had an endovascular therapy procedure code. Endovascular therapy patients were older (10.2 versus 4.5 years, P Conclusions In a national sample of children with a diagnosis of arterial ischemic stroke, endovascular therapy was infrequently utilized. Patients with a procedure code for endovascular therapy had significant stroke-related deficits, but outcomes were similar to those in children who did not receive endovascular therapy. Our data, in conjunction with evidence of benefit in adults, support consideration of endovascular therapy for select children with acute stroke.
Amoxicilline bij kaakontsteking

Vraagstelling Incisie en drainage door de tandarts of kaakchirurg is de eerst aangewezen behandeling bij een dentoalveolaire infectie of kaakontsteking.
Trade-offs in size and performance for a point source interferometer gyroscope

Point source interferometry (PSI) is a promising technique that could lead to a compact, high-performance gyroscope based on atom interferometry. We consider the trade-offs in size and performance with PSI. In particular, we discuss the sensitivity and dynamic range for a simple PSI gyroscope with an evacuated volume ranging from 1 mm3 to 10 cm3. We also discuss the stability required for the initial atomic distribution in order to achieve part-per-million scale factor stability.
It's Not about Race: Good Wars, Bad Wars, and the Origins of Kant's Anti-Colonialism

This article offers a new interpretation of Kant's cosmopolitanism and his anti-colonialism in Toward Perpetual Peace. Kant's changing position has been the subject of extensive debates that have, however, not recognized the central place of colonialism in the political, economic, and military debates in Europe in Kant's writings. Based on historical evidence not previously considered alongside Perpetual Peace, I suggest that Kant's leading concern at the time of writing is the negative effect of European expansionism and intra-European rivalry over colonial possessions on the possibility of peace in Europe. Because of the lack of affinity between colonial conflict and his philosophy of history, Kant must adjust his concept of antagonism to distinguish between war between particular dyads, in particular spaces, and with particular non-state actors. I examine the implications of this argument for Kant's system of Right and conclude that his anti-colonialism co-exists with hierarchical views of race.
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Disruption Links Apoptotic and Agonist-Initiated Phosphatidylserine Externalization in Platelets

Objective— Phosphatidylserine exposure mediates platelet procoagulant function and regulates platelet life span. Apoptotic, necrotic, and integrin-mediated mechanisms have been implicated as intracellular determinants of platelet phosphatidylserine exposure. Here, we investigate (1) the role of mitochondrial events in platelet phosphatidylserine exposure initiated by these distinct stimuli and (2) the cellular interactions of the procoagulant platelet in vitro and in vivo. Approach and Results— Key mitochondrial events were examined, including cytochrome c release and inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) disruption. In both ABT-737 (apoptotic) and agonist (necrotic)-treated platelets, phosphatidylserine externalization was temporally correlated with IMM disruption. Agonist stimulation resulted in rapid cyclophilin D–dependent IMM disruption that coincided with phosphatidylserine exposure. ABT-737 treatment caused rapid cytochrome c release, eventually followed by caspase-dependent IMM disruption that again closely coincided with phosphatidylserine exposure. A nonmitochondrial and integrin-mediated mechanism has been implicated in the formation of a novel phosphatidylserine-externalizing platelet subpopulation. Using image cytometry, this subpopulation is demonstrated to be the result of the interaction of an aggregatory platelet and a procoagulant platelet rather than indicative of a novel intracellular mechanism regulating platelet phosphatidylserine externalization. Using electron microscopy, similar interactions between aggregatory and procoagulant platelets are demonstrated in vitro and in vivo within a mesenteric vein hemostatic thrombus. Conclusions— Platelet phosphatidylserine externalization is closely associated with the mitochondrial event of IMM disruption identifying a common pathway in phosphatidylserine-externalizing platelets. The limited interaction of procoagulant platelets and integrin-active aggregatory platelets identifies a potential mechanism for procoagulant platelet retention within the hemostatic thrombus.
Immersion, Immigration, Immutability: Regimes of Learning and Politics of Labeling in Study Abroad

This article investigates how the use of the term immersion to describe one's experience abroad performatively interpellates individuals and reproduces power relations. A collaboration between an anthropologist (Doerr) and a study-abroad student (Suarez), it analyzes the student's interpretation of three types of experience he had in Spain: staying with his uncle, an immigrant from Colombia (his first month), studying abroad (his second month), and backpacking (his third month). Suarez described the experience of his second and third months, but not the first, as immersion. Drawing on Louis Althusser and Judith Butler, we argue that his calling a particular experience immersion (or not) defined the meaning of the act and settings, performatively interpellated people involved, and suggested the nature of Suarez's relationship to them. Also, comparing it with his interpretation of his immigrant parents' experience of assimilation in the United States, we analyze how these naming acts reproduce what we call ...
U.S. Intelligence Studies Programs and Educators in the “Post-Truth” Era

Propaganda, spin, and untruths are nothing new in politics and public affairs. But, the scope and pervasive character of misinformation and fake news in what has been labeled the “post-truth” era is a uniquely alarming development, one with critical implications for democracy and public policy. Colleges and universities in the United States are working to adapt to this issue and it could be argued that media literacy education—with a focus on news media—has never been more important. This article considers the gravity and contours of post-truth dynamics and argues that U.S. intelligence studies programs and faculty have a natural and needed role to play in preparing students—and not just their students—to be adept in navigating the contemporary (fake) news and (mis) information environment. In addition to options for instruction, the article presents ideas on how faculty can engage community members and the broader public on these issues.
Exploring Healthcare Experiences for Incarcerated Individuals Who Identify as Transgender in a Southern Jail

Purpose: To document the health-related experiences and needs of jail detainees who self-identified as transgender women. Methods: Semistructured interviews with 10 transgender women of color were conducted in a county jail in a mid-sized southern city between 2015 and 2016. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, and later analyzed using a general inductive approach. Results: Participants experienced high levels of abuse and harassment, solitary confinement, mental health issues, and lack of access to hormone treatment. Participants described discrimination (both by other inmates-particularly while in special housing units-and correctional officers); harsh correctional conditions, which exacerbated mental health issues; and a marked lack of access to healthcare, including hormone treatments. Conclusion: Policy changes are needed to address housing and placement issues, and to increase access to healthcare for transgender women jail detainees. Training is needed for jail staff and medical care professionals in correctional settings to better understand the unique needs and experiences of transgender people.
Cutaneous Carcinogenic Risk of Phototherapy: An Updated Comprehensive Review:

Phototherapy is among the oldest and most highly effective treatment modalities available for moderate-to-severe psoriasis. However, concern regarding the potential carcinogenic risk associated with ultraviolet B (UVB) phototherapy and/or psoralen with ultraviolet A (PUVA) has been expressed by both providers and patients. The purpose of this review is to assess the cutaneous malignancy risks of UVB phototherapy and/or PUVA in all skin types, including Caucasian and non-Caucasian patients. We searched the MEDLINE database for original research articles regarding the skin cancer risk of phototherapy. A total of 61 articles were included. In Caucasians, an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma with PUVA therapy was reported after >250 sessions, whereas studies among non-Caucasians did not show any increased risk. There was no convincing evidence of increased skin cancer risk associated with UVB phototherapy among all skin types. In view of the continued validation of its safety, phototherapy remains a v...
Job Flows and Labor Dynamics in the U.S. Rust Belt.

Differences in growth, wages, and unemployment across metropolitan areas are well documented in the urban and regional economics literature.1 Researchers, however, know little about the underlying labor dynamics and establishment characteristics related to such differences. With establishment microdata, linked across time, one can analyze employment growth in terms of the number of jobs created and the number of jobs destroyed. One can also look at how various establishment characteristics (for instance, age, size, and wages paid) relate to growth and unemployment. Many of these analyses have been done at the national level,2 but research on the regional aspects of these statistics is sparse, and as a result, economists know little of how the microdata-based statistics behave in local labor markets.3 This article documents that behavior so that both researchers and policymakers can better understand how local labor markets function. The Rust Belt region of the United States, comprising mostly States in the Upper Midwest and Mid-Atlantic portions of the country,4 gets its name from the large concentration of manufacturing activity located there. When manufacturing began a steep decline that lasted throughout the 1970s and 1980s, many of the region's local economies followed suit. Consequently, employment growth in the Rust Belt lagged national growth over the period. It was not until the latter part of the 1980s that the rates of employment growth in the Rust Belt came close to those for R. Jason Faberman From 1992 to 2000, high employment and wage growth occurred together with low unemployment in a number of U.S. Rust Belt metropolitan areas; localities with these characteristics had larger and younger establishments, on average, in environments with high rates of both job creation and job destruction Job flows and labor dynamics in the U.S. Rust Belt
Lattice Models in Statistical Mechanics and Soliton Equations

The theory of soliton equations for the correlation functions of the Ising model, XY quantum spin chain, and the impenetrable Bose gas is reviewed. Possible generalizations to more general superintegrable and integrable models are discussed.
Stress and Adaptability

One of the mandates given to Workshop C (see preface) was the exploration of definitions of the concept of stress and how stress may act to impact various human capabilities. Due to time contraints, it was not possible to address this important and broad issue in detail, although an initial consensus was found in support of the position adopted by Lazarus (see Lazarus, 1966; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). The purpose of the present paper is to elaborate upon this little explored theme through examination of a recent position which bears upon this problem (Hancock & Chignell, 1985) and, specifically, to indicate how insights gained during the meeting have acted to enhance this latter perspective.
A Functional Expansion and a New Set of Rapidly Convergent Series Involving Zeta Values

We derive a power series expansion for the function \(\,x\mapsto x \log {(\tan x)} -x \log {x} +x - \mathrm{Ti_2} (\tan x)\,\), and then use it to obtain the expansion of the function \(\,x\mapsto \mathrm{Ti_2} (\tan x)\); as usual, \(\mathrm{Ti_2}\) denotes the inverse tangent integral. Two similar expansions involving Legendre’s chi-function follow from the above. These representations are used to obtain new rapidly convergent numerical series involving zeta values.
Explaining Gender Differences in Changes in Volunteering after Divorce

ABSTRACTAlthough there is evidence that divorce and volunteering are related, little is known about the process by which divorce affects volunteering. Using four-wave panel data spanning 16 years, this study examines the causal mechanisms underlying changes in volunteering following divorce. Results from estimating structural equation models indicated that divorce affects volunteering through different mechanisms for women and men. For women, increased financial strain explained a decline in volunteering after divorce. For men, decreased social integration measured by formal group participation accounted for a decline in volunteering after divorce. Domain-specific analyses further showed that decreased religious attendance following divorce explained a decline in religious volunteering and, at the same time, an increase in secular volunteering among men but not women. Men appear to switch their volunteering domains from religious to secular organizations after divorce.
Checks on Bureaucracy, Organizational Accountability, and Organizational Culture

Bureaucracies are not runaway trains. In and of themselves they are not destined to capture power from an inattentive public; they are not preordained to rule by virtue of their superior knowledge and expertise. There are very specific mechanisms to control potential excesses of the nonelected bureaucrats. This chapter describes checks on the power of the bureaucracy. The “inner check” relies upon a sense of professionalism, moral responsibility, and personal resolve as a control. The “outer check” in contrast adapts a less optimistic view of human motivations. The “outer check” requires obedience to external controlling authorities. For the outer check to be effective, external punitive controls are essential. Wrongdoing is likely to occur in the absence of such controls. Institutions enact controls on bureaucracies. These institutions include the three branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial) as well as the media. Strong institutions prevent illegal capture of governance by bureaucratic actors. The chapter notes that it is difficult to discuss actions that can universally apply to all government organizations because government agencies differ dramatically in terms of their missions and culture. Bureaucracies retain discretion, yet their power can be constrained by either internal or external controls.
Structure of Sesquisabinene Synthase 1, a Terpenoid Cyclase That Generates a Strained [3.1.0] Bridged-Bicyclic Product.

The natural product sesquisabinene is a key component of the fragrant essential oil of the sandalwood tree, currently valued at $5,000/L. Sesquisabinene contains a highly strained [3.1.0] bicyclic ring system and is generated from farnesyl diphosphate in a reaction catalyzed by a class I terpenoid cyclase. To understand how the enzyme directs the formation of a strained hydrocarbon ring system, we now report the X-ray crystal structure of sesquisabinene synthase 1 (SQS1) from the Indian sandalwood tree ( Santalum album). Specifically, we report the structure of unliganded SQS1 at 1.90 A resolution and the structure of its complex with three Mg2+ ions and the inhibitor ibandronate at 2.10 A resolution. The bisphosphonate group of ibandronate coordinates to all three metal ions and makes hydrogen bond interactions with basic residues at the mouth of the active site. These interactions are similarly required for activation of the substrate diphosphate group to initiate catalysis, although partial occupancy binding of the Mg2+B ion suggests that this structure represents the penultimate metal coordination complex just prior to substrate activation. The structure of the liganded enzyme enables a precise definition of the enclosed active site contour that serves as a template for the cyclization reaction. This contour is very product-like in shape and readily fits an extended conformation of sesquisabinene and its precursor, the homobisabolyl cation. Structural comparisons of SQS1 with epi-isozizaene synthase mutants that also generate sesquisabinene suggest that [3.1.0] ring formation is not dependent on the isoprenoid tail conformation of the homobisabolyl cation.
Photon counting camera for the NASA deep space optical communication demonstration on the PSYCHE mission

The Photon Counting Camera (PCC) is a single-photon sensitive laser communication camera that will launch on board the NASA PSYCHE spacecraft, part of the Deep-Space Optical Communication (DSOC) technology demonstration mission. The PCC comprises a single-photon sensitive Geiger-mode Avalanche Photo Diode (GmAPD) array connected to an electronics board designed to power, configure, and read out the array. The logic on the electronics board prevents accidental damage to the array, provides health and status information about the array and provides a simple interface to the downstream data processing modules. The array and electronics board are mounted into the chassis, which provides precise alignment between the optics bench and the detector as well as a path to radiate waste heat. We discuss the current design of the camera, including the electronic, thermal, and structural design. We also discuss some of the design challenges and our roadmap to building the flight unit.
Partisan cues and internet memes: early evidence for motivated skepticism in audience message processing of spreadable political media

Internet memes represent fundamental practices underlying much of digitally mediated conversation in the current participatory media environment, increasingly playing a prominent role in political ...
Towards the molecular origin of glutamate CEST (GluCEST) imaging in rat brain.

Purpose Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) signals at 3 ppm acquired with high irradiation powers, termed GluCEST, have been suggested as an indicator of glutamate in neural systems. However, amines in proteins may also contribute to the GluCEST signal, but they have been ignored in previous studies. This study aims to investigate the molecular origins and specificity of GluCEST signal in rat brain. Methods Dialysis was used to selectively remove small molecules, such as glutamate and other metabolites, from tissue homogenates prepared from rat brain. This approach allowed the specific influence of proteins on GluCEST to be measured. Clean CEST effects were also quantified by a 2-step analysis, which first used a fitting approach to quantify the asymmetric magnetization transfer effect and an inverse subtraction to remove it, and then combined an apparent exchange-dependent relaxation method with asymmetric analysis to remove the direct water saturation and T1 weighting. Results The removal of glutamate and other small metabolites by dialysis decreases the GluCEST signal by approximately 24%, indicating that a major contributor to GluCEST in the brain is amines in proteins under our experimental conditions. Conclusion Data from in vivo GluCEST measurements should be interpreted with caution, especially in disorders in which changes in the content or conformation of proteins are expected.
Lawler’s Personalism

This review considers the concept of the person employed by Peter Lawler, and the difficulties that a purely relational concept of the person faces against a more realist understanding of the perso...
Measuring Force of Droplet Detachment from Hydrophobic Surfaces via Partial Cloaking with Ferrofluids.

This paper presents a new approach to measure the force required to detach a water (a polar liquid) droplet from a hydrophobic surface. This is done by partially cloaking the droplet with a high-su...
Completion at the Expense of Access? The Relationship Between Performance-Funding Policies and Access to Public 4-Year Universities:

Efforts to improve college-completion rates have dominated higher education policy agendas. Performance-based funding (PBF) intends to improve college completion and links state funding for public ...
Socio-Emotional Learning among Low-Income Prekindergarteners: The Roles of Individual Factors and Early Intervention.

Research Findings: Previous research has indicated that low-income children are at increased risk for socio-emotional problems, which may contribute to socioeconomic disparities in wellbeing and ac...
Contraception in Perimenopausal Patients

People of older reproductive age may still require contraception to prevent unintended pregnancy. An individual’s preferences and values should be considered during contraceptive counseling, and anticipatory guidance on the perimenopausal transition should also be discussed. Age alone is not a contraindication to the use of any contraceptive method; however, certain medical conditions and comorbidities may limit the use of certain methods. Outside of these considerations, contraception can be safely used by perimenopausal persons until menopause or age 55. In addition to preventing pregnancy, hormonal contraception has several important noncontraceptive health benefits in this age group. Furthermore, perimenopause may be characterized by irregular menses and vasomotor symptoms, which may be improved by hormonal contraception.
Risks and Benefits of Alcohol Use Over the Life Span

Especially at low and moderate drinking levels, alcohol consumption can be associated with benefits (e.g., protection against coronary heart disease) as well as risks (e.g., increased risk of accidents). These benefits and risks may change across a person's life span. To determine the likely net outcome of alcohol consumption, one must weigh the probable risks and benefits for each drinker. These assessments are based on the individual drinker's consumption levels, his or her personal characteristics (e.g., age or preexisting risk factors for coronary heart disease), and subjective values as well as on social considerations. The validity of such assessments also depends on the accuracy with which alcohol consumption and alcohol-related consequences can be measured.
Real-World Effectiveness of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in Primary Aldosteronism.

Background: Primary aldosteronism (PA) is associated with high cardiovascular and renal morbidity and mortality. Reversal of renin suppression by mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) can prevent cardiovascular events. How often such target renin levels are achieved in clinical practice has not been rigorously studied. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all patients with PA and other low renin hypertension (LRH) treated with MRAs in an academic outpatient practice over 20 years, to assess the rates of target renin achievement. Results: Of 30,777 patients with hypertension treated with MRAs, only 7.3% were evaluated for PA. 163 patients (123 with PA) had renin followed after MRA initiation. After a median follow-up of 124 [interquartile range, 65-335] days, 70 patients (43%) no longer had renin suppression at the last visit. The proportion of those who achieved target renin was higher in LRH than in PA (53% vs. 40%). Lower baseline serum potassium, lower MRA doses, and beta-blocker use were independently associated with lower odds of achieving target renin in PA, while male sex was associated with target renin in LRH. Overall, 50 patients (30.7%) had 55 adverse events, all from spironolactone, and 26 patients (52%) were switched to eplerenone or had a spironolactone dose reduction. Conclusion: Despite evidence that reversal of renin suppression confers cardiorenal protection in patients with PA and LRH, renin targets are followed in very few and are achieved in under half of such patients seen in an academic setting, with possibly even lower rates in community practices.
Recent progress in plasmonic nanoparticle-based biomarker detection and cytometry for the study of central nervous system disorders

Neurological disorders affect hundreds of millions of people around the world, are often life-threatening, untreatable, and can result in debilitating symptoms. The high prevalence of these disorders, which feature biochemical or structural abnormalities in neuronal systems, has spurned innovations in both rapid and early detection to assist in the selection of appropriate treatment strategies to improve the patients' quality of life. Plasmonic nanoparticles (PNPs), a versatile and promising class of nanomaterials, are widely utilized in numerous imaging techniques, drug delivery systems, and biomarker detection methods. Recently, PNP-based nanoprobes have attracted considerable attention for the early diagnosis of neurological disorders. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), with high local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) signals, have been particularly well exploited as probes for dynamic biomarker detection, with quantification sensitivity demonstrated down to the single-molecule level. In this review, we will discuss the possibilities of PNPs in the methodological development for rapid neurological disease identification. In addition, we will also describe a new digital cytometry method that combines dark-field imaging and machine learning for precise biomarker enumeration on single cells. The aim of this review is to attract researchers working on the future development of new plasmonic nanoprobe-based strategies for the diagnosis of neurological disorders.