cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional morphology of the fossula spongiosa in some reduviids (Insecta—Heteroptera—Reduviidae)

Legs of Reduviidae show modifications and specialised structures adapted for their predatory habits and efficient prey capture. The variable forelegs of these insects apparently reflect the correlation between the structure of the legs and the types of prey. The tibial pads or fossula spongiosa are a common feature in the forelegs or fore- and midlegs of most of subfamilies of Reduviidae. The functional morphology of the tibial pads of the forelegs of three insects,Haematorrhophus nigroviolaceus (Reuter),Pirates affinis Serville andTriatoma rubrofasciata (De Geer) has been studied. The oily substance produced by the cushion-like secretory tissue and the minute tenet hairs on them increase the ability to sustain static tension and enhance the gripping efficiency of the legs. Scanning electron micrographs reveal distinct morphological variations among the tibial pads. In addition to the shape and size of the organs, the number, structure and density of the tenet hairs on them markedly vary. The ability of the foretibial pad to sustain static tension on smooth and rough surfaces has been found to differ among the insects studied and this is remarkable in predatory insects.
Hydraulic control of zonal currents on a β-plane

Eastward-flowing zonal currents on a thin rotating shell, such as a planetary atmosphere or ocean, have integral properties analogous to open channel flows, the latitudinal width of the zonal current being the analogue of the depth of an open channel flow. The purpose here is to apply the formalism and some of the concepts of open channel flow hydraulics to zonal flows and demonstrate the results with laboratory experiments. In particular a critical relationship is found between a representative zonal velocity, U, and the half-width of the current, a. A dimensionless parameter (U/βa2), the Froude/Rossby number, is found analogous to the Froude number of open channel flow. Westward-flowing currents do not have an equivalent analogue.
Introduction to the Special Issue on “ICT in Everyday Life: Home and Personal Environments”

Although nobody can pinpoint exactly the date when the first computer entered the home, it is safe to say that the current diffusion cycle can be traced back to the early 1980s. The first 10 to 15 ...
The question of tautomerism of alkylnitrile and isonitrile radical cations

The isomeric pairs [CH3CN]+˙ and [CH2CNH]+˙ and [CH3NC]+˙ and [CH2NCH]+˙ have been established as stable, noninterconverting structures. The conclusion derives from studies of collision induced decomposition spectra. The same conclusion pertains for the ions [CH3CH2CN]+˙ and [CH3CHCNH]+˙, and for [NCCH2CH2CN]+˙, [HNCCHCH2CN]+˙ and [HNCCHCHCNH]+˙. The energy barrier of a [1,3]-hydrogen shift, a possible isomerization mechanism, is determined to be at least 163 kJ mol−1 for the [CH3CN]+˙ and [CH2CNH]+˙ pair, and the barrier may be as high as 318 kJ mol−1. The C3H5N and C4H4N2 radical cations decompose before they can be activated with 318 kJ mol−1 of internal energy.
Fragmentation Effects on Vegetation and Resulting Vertebrate Species Distributions in the Sonoran Desert

ABSTRACT The continued fragmentation of natural environments across the continent has raised concern about the ability of sensitive species and ecological communities to persist into the future. To explore the patterns and processes of fragmentation in an arid setting, the vertebrate species present on habitat fragments of various sizes were analyzed in the Sonoran Desert. Species densities, vegetation parameters, and landscape variables were recorded. Strong vegetation changes were correlated with fragment age. Vegetation changes on the fragments included increased grass cover with decreased shrub cover. These changes in vegetation parameters corresponded closely with decreases in abundance of several species that were commonly found on control sites.
Steady hydromagnetic flows in open magnetic fields. II - Global flows with static zones

A theoretical study of an axisymmetric steady stellar wind with a static zone is presented, with emphasis on the situation where the global magnetic field is symmetrical about the stellar equator and is partially open. In this scenario, the wind escapes in open magnetic fluxes originating from a region at the star pole and a region at an equatorial belt of closed magnetic field in static equilibrium. The two-dimensional balance of the pressure gradient and the inertial, gravitational, and Lorentz forces in different parts of the flow are studied, along with the static interplay between external sources of energy (heating and/or cooling) distributed in the flow and the pressure distribution.
Kinetics of the creatine kinase reaction in neonatal rabbit heart: An empirical analysis of the rate equation

Here the authors define the kinetics of the creatine kinase (CK) reaction in an intact mammalian heart containing the full rnage of CK isoenzymes. Previously derived kinetic constants were refit for the reaction occurring at 37C. Steady-state metabolite concentrations from {sup 31}P NMR and standard biochemical techniques were determined. {sup 31}P magnetization transfer data were obtained to determine unidirectional creatine kinase fluxes in hearts with differing total creatine contents and differing mitochondrial CK activities during KCl arrest and isovolumic work for both the forward reaction (MgATP synthesis) and reverse reaction (phosphocreatine synthesis). The NMR kinetic data and substrate concentrations data were used in conjunction with a kinetic model based on MM-CK in solution to determine the applicability of the solution-based kinetic models to the CK kinetics of the intact heart. The results indicated that no single set of rate equation constants could describe both the KCl-arrested and working hearts. Analysis of the results indicated that the CK reaction is rate limited in the direction of ATP synthesis, the size of the guanidino substrate pool drives the measured CK flux in the intact heart, and during isovolumic work, the CK reaction operates under saturating conditions; that is, the substrate concentrations aremore » at least 2-fold greater than the K{sub m} or K{sub im} for each substrate. However, during KCl arrest the reaction does not operate under saturating conditions and the CK reaction velocity is strongly influenced by the guanidino substrate pool size.« less
The diabetic foot problem : a failed system of health care ?

It is evident that there is excess morbidity and mortality as a consequence of foot problems in patients with diabetes mellitus. Most of the data relative to foot lesions is taken from the study of subsets of diabetic patients undergoing lower extremity amputation. Such data probably do not provide accurate information relative to the incidence and/or prevalence of diabetic foot problems. Available evidence does suggest that diabetic foot care may be inadequate and the efficacy of various diagnostic and therapeutic modalities has not been proven. Advances have been made in obtaining a better understanding of the microbiology of lower extremity infected lesions both in hospitalized patients and in those subjects being followed in the outpatient setting. Attention should be directed at developing a systematic classification of foot lesions which can be universally applied. We need to understand and relate to those risk factors contributing to the development and progression of lower extremity lesions in the diabetic patient. In evaluating the efficacy of diverse diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, well-controlled clinical investigations need to be undertaken. Attention should be focussed upon both measures of process and outcome where appropriate. Finally, there needs to be recognition that the problem of the diabetic foot lesion represents a major public health challenge.
Fungal pseudotumor masquerading as pancreatic cancer-a sequela of new technology?

Fungal infection resulting in chronic pancreatitis is rare. We report a case of chronic pancreatitis due to fungal infection causing common bile duct obstruction and abdominal pain mimicking pancreatic cancer. Treatment included resection to cure the pain and rule out malignancy. Long-term effects of fungal infection may be seen more frequently as total parenteral nutrition, antibiotics, and foreign bodies (e.g., stents, drains, central venous catheters) are more often being used in the treatment of many diseases.
Information flows as a permission mechanism

This paper proposes Flow Permissions, an extension to the Android permission mechanism. Unlike the existing permission mechanism, our permission mechanism contains semantic information based on information flows. Flow Permissions allow users to examine and grant per-app information flows within an application e.g., a permission for reading the phone number and sending it over the network) as well as cross-app information flows across multiple applications e.g., a permission for reading the phone number and sending it to another application already installed on the user's phone). Our goal with Flow Permissions is to provide visibility into the holistic behavior of the applications installed on a user's phone. In order to support Flow Permissions on Android, we have developed a static analysis engine that detects flows within an Android application. We have also modified Android's existing permission mechanism and installation procedure to support Flow Permissions. We evaluate our prototype with 2,992 popular applications and 1,047 malicious applications and show that our design is practical and effective in deriving Flow Permissions. We validate our cross-app flow generation and installation procedure on a Galaxy Nexus smartphone.
Universality Type Limits for Bergman Orthogonal Polynomials

We establish universality type limits for Bergman orthogonal polynomials on simply connected regions in the complex plane with smooth boundary.
Fear of the Unknown: Uncertain Anticipation Reveals Amygdala Alterations in Childhood Anxiety Disorders

Children with anxiety disorders (ADs) experience persistent fear and worries that are highly debilitating, conferring risk for lifelong psychopathology. Anticipatory anxiety is a core clinical feature of childhood ADs, often leading to avoidance of uncertain and novel situations. Extensive studies in non-human animals implicate amygdala dysfunction as a critical substrate for early life anxiety. To test specific amygdala-focused hypotheses in preadolescent children with ADs, we used fMRI to characterize amygdala activation during uncertain anticipation and in response to unexpected stimuli. Forty preadolescent (age 8-12 years) children, 20 unmedicated AD patients and 20 matched controls completed an anticipation task during an fMRI scan. In the task, symbolic cues preceded fear or neutral faces, such that 'certain' cues always predicted the presentation of fear or neutral faces, whereas 'uncertain' cues were equally likely to be followed by fear or neutral faces. Both AD children and controls showed robust amygdala response to faces. In response to the uncertain cues, AD children had increased amygdala activation relative to controls. Moreover, in the AD children, faces preceded by an 'uncertain' cue elicited increased amygdala activation, as compared with the same faces following a 'certain' cue. Children with ADs experience distress both in anticipation of and during novel and surprising events. Our findings suggest that increased amygdala activation may have an important role in the generation of uncertainty-related anxiety. These findings may guide the development of neuroscientifically informed treatments aimed at relieving the suffering and preventing the lifelong disability associated with pediatric ADs.
New concepts in predicting, evaluating, and managing neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with congenital heart disease.

Purpose of reviewOver the last two decades advances in congenital heart surgery, pediatric cardiology, and pediatric intensive care have dramatically increased the survival of infants with critical congenital heart disease (CHD). Survivors often experience neurodevelopmental deficits and behavioral
Parametric sensitivity of a CSTR

Abstract It is shown that the generalized sensitivity criterion recently developed in the context of thermal explosions and tubular reactors can be easily applied in the case of a CSTR as well. An illustrative example concerning sensitivity analysis of a single nth order irreversible exothermic reaction in a nonadiabatic CSTR is presented. A generalized region of parametric sensitivity is identified where the reactor temperature is parametrically sensitive simultaneously to all the input parameters. Asymptotic analysis for large heats of reaction is performed to investigate limiting behaviour, which leads to the classical Semenov limit in the case of large activation energies. It is shown that parametric sensitivity can occur even when unique steady states exist for all Damkohler number (Da) values. Furthermore, if operating conditions are chosen so as to avoid completely the possibility of parametric sensitivity for all Da, then the possibility of steady-state multiplicity is automatically avoided.
Insulin and proinsulin proteolysis in mucosal homogenates of the albino rabbit: implications in peptide delivery from nonoral routes.

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine (a) the rate of hydrolysis of insulin and proinsulin in homogenates of various non-oral absorptive mucosae relative to the ileal mucosa, and (b) the inhibitory effect of various protease inhibitors on the degradation of these peptides. Overall, insulin was somewhat more susceptible to hydrolysis than proinsulin in all mucosal homogenates. Proteolytic activity was highest in the nasal and rectal homogenates, followed by the ileal, vaginal, conjunctival and buccal homogenates in that order. The rate of insulin and proinsulin proteolysis differed by a factor of about 6 to 7 between the least and the most proteolytically active mucosa. A 5-fold maximum reduction in proteolytic rate was seen in the presence of Na glycocholate, aprotinin and p-chloromercuriphenyl-sulfonic acid (PCMPS). The rank order of effectiveness was Na glycocholate (1%) > aprotinin > PCMPS in all but the conjunctival and vaginal homogenates. Extrapolating the above in vitro findings to in vivo , both insulin and proinsulin are expected to be degraded to varying degrees during absorption across the various mucosae. Absorption may therefore be enhanced in the presence of protease inhibitors such as aprotinin, PCMPS, or Na glycocholate.
Reference Group in the Analysis of Nonparallel Regression Lines

Available approaches for determining significant differences between various groups are considered for use when the homogeneity of slopes precludes standard analysis of covariance. The advantages and statistical procedures for relating to a reference group are presented and criteria are suggested for choosing the best groups.
Modeling deoxyribose radicals by neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry. Part 2. Preparation, dissociations, and energetics of 3-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl radical and cation

The title radical (1) is generated in the gas-phase by collisional neutralization of carbonyl-protonated oxolan-3-one. A 1.5% fraction of 1 does not dissociate and is detected following reionization as survivor ions. The major dissociation of 1 (∼56%) occurs as loss of the hydroxyl H atom forming oxolan-3-one (2). The competing ring cleavages by O-C-2 and C-4-C-5 bond dissociations combined account for ∼42% of dissociation and result in the formation of formaldehyde and 2-hydroxyallyl radical. Additional ring-cleavage dissociations of 1 resulting in the formation of C2H3O and C2H4O cannot be explained as occurring competitively on the doublet ground (X) electronic state of 1, but are energetically accessible from the A and higher electronic states accessed by vertical electron transfer. Exothermic protonation of 2 also produces 3-oxo-(1H)-oxolanium cation (3+) which upon collisional neutralization gives hypervalent 3-oxo-(1H)-oxolanium radical (3). The latter dissociates spontaneously by ring opening and expulsion of hydroxy radical. Experiment and calculations suggest that carbohydrate radicals incorporating the 3-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl motif will prefer ring-cleavage dissociations at low internal energies or upon photoexcitation by absorbing light at ∼590 and ∼400 nm.
Lexical Studies of Indigenous Personality Factors: Premises, Products, and Prospects

The rationale for lexical studies rests on the assumption that the most meaningful personality attributes tend to become encoded in language as single-word descriptors. We articulate some key premises of the lexical approach and then review a number of studies that have been conducted examining the factor structure of personality descriptors extracted from dictionaries. We compare lexical studies in English and 12 other languages, with attention to delineating consistencies between the structures found in diverse languages. Our review suggests that the Anglo-Germanic Big Five is reproduced better in some languages than in others. We propose some organizing rules for lexical factor structures that may be more generalizable than the contemporary Big-Five model. And, we propose several candidate structural models that should be compared with the Big Five in future studies, including structures with one, two, and three very broad factors, an alternative five-factor structure identified in Italian and Hungarian studies, and a seven-factor structure represented in Hebrew and Philippine studies. We recommend that in future studies more attention be paid to middle-level personality constructs and to examining the effects of methodological variations on the resulting factor structures.
Developing a Training Program for Secondary Teachers of English Language Learners in Ohio

This article addresses a program model developed to address the professional development needs of content teachers who work with English language learners (ELLs) and offers recommendations for teachers, administrators, school districts, state agencies, and institutions of higher education, to address job-embedded professional development needs. The model is based on the authors' daily work with content and ESL teachers and administrators throughout a Midwestern state that has seen recent growth in ELLs, as well as on findings from the literature and a needs assessment survey they conducted with content teachers. Teachers cite inadequacy of current knowledge and services, a need for specialized professional development, and issues of accessibility. Therefore, those who wish to encourage teacher professional development, create resources to improve teachers' ability to deliver academic content to ELLs, or develop training programs, must take into account teachers' needs vis-a-vis their willingness to engage...
Structure and interactions of the helical and U-box domains of CHIP, the C terminus of HSP70 interacting protein

The heat-shock proteins Hsp70 and Hsp90 play a crucial role in regulating protein quality control both by refolding and by preventing the aggregation of misfolded proteins. It has recently been shown that Hsp70 and Hsp90 act not only in protein refolding but also cooperate with the C terminus of Hsp70 interacting protein (CHIP), a multidomain ubiquitin ligase, to mediate the degradation of unfolded proteins. We present the crystal structure of the helical linker domain and U-box domain of zebrafish CHIP (DrCHIP-HU). The structure of DrCHIP-HU shows a symmetric homodimer. The conformation of the helical linker domains and the relative positions of the helical and U-box domains differ substantially in DrCHIP-HU from those in a recently published structure of an asymmetric dimer of mammalian (mouse) CHIP. We used an in vitro ubiquitination assay to identify residues, located on two long loops and a central α helix of the CHIP U-box domain, that are important for interacting with the ubiquitin-conjugating enz...
Clinical trials in rehabilitation: what are the obstacles?

Whyte J: Clinical trials in rehabilitation: What are the obstacles? Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2003;82(Suppl):S16-S21. Across rehabilitation, there is a shortage of treatments that have demonstrated efficacy and effectiveness through rigorously controlled clinical trials. Although rehabilitation efficacy and effectiveness research present many of the obstacles that are found in research on other biomedical domains, they also present a number of obstacles that are specific to the conceptual framework underlying rehabilitation practice. In this article, I review the specific challenges presented by the need to rigorously define the research participants, the treatment under investigation, and the outcomes by which treatment response will be measured. I also suggest research that will be necessary to surmount some of these obstacles.
Information Sharing on Examinations

Given the right incentives, individuals may share valuable information even when such sharing would not otherwise be in their self-interest. For example, consider examinations administered to multiple sections of the same course. Short of drafting a new exam for each section, instructors often make exam-specific information less valuable (e.g., scrambling responses or changing problems), remind students of the inherent cost of sharing information (e.g., grading on a single curve), or raise the cost of cheating by implementing severe punishment for such actions. Yet, the incentives for sharing exam information seem compelling for many students. These incentives may include the psychic utility of being a good friend, peer pressure, coercion, and the promise of bilateral backscratching. The pervasiveness of information sharing on examinations is difficult to measure without direct observation, so we conducted the following experiment. During the Fall semester, 2006, one of the authors taught three back-to-back classes in Principles of Finance. Enrollment in each class was about 50. On the first of the course’s exams, the same test was administered to each section. The test included 25 multiple choice questions of varying difficulty, testing mastery of concepts as the more quantitative material came later in the course. The tests had not been used before. Notes were not allowed. Means for the three sections were 70.5%, 76.6%, and 76.3%, respectively. Consistent with sharing, the later classes out-performed the first class, although it could be that sections differed in ability and effort. To control for such factors, we Atl Econ J (2007) 35:503–504 DOI 10.1007/s11293-007-9085-7
A straightforward denotational semantics for non-determinate data flow programs

Data flow programming languages are especially amenable to mathematization of their semantics in the denotational style of Scott and Strachey. However, many real world programming problems, such as operating systems and data base inquiry systems, require a programming language capable of non-determinacy because of the non-determinate behavior of their physical environment. To date, there has been no satisfactory denotational semantics of programming languages with non-determinacy. This paper presents a straightforward denotational treatment of non-determinate data flow programs as functions from sets of tagged sequences to sets of tagged sequences. A simple complete partial order on such sets exists, in which the data flow primitives are continuous functions, so that any data flow program computes a well defined function.
Electromagnetic wave scattering by many small perfectly conducting particles of an arbitrary shape

Abstract New physical phenomena are predicted in the medium in which many small perfectly conducting particles are embedded: a change in the refraction coefficient, which may become spatially inhomogeneous, and a matrix differential conductivity operator which appears in the region, where the small conducting bodies are embedded. An analytical formula is derived for the electromagnetic (EM) field scattered by a perfectly conducting body of an arbitrary shape, small in comparison with the wavelength. Many-body EM wave scattering problem for small perfectly conducting particles of an arbitrary shape is solved. Multiple scattering is taken into account rigorously. Integral equation is derived for the limiting effective field in the medium in which many small particles are embedded, when the characteristic size a of a small particle tends to zero and the total number of the embedded particles M ( a ) = O ( a − 3 ) tends to infinity. A linear algebraic system is derived for numerical solution of the many-body EM wave scattering problem when the scatterers are small perfectly conducting particles of an arbitrary shape.
System and lifeworld in Habermas’ theory of democracy

In this article I challenge two arguments central to Hugh Baxter's critical interpretation of Habermas in his recent book, Habermas: The Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy (2011). Both arguments...
Interobserver agreement in hepatitis C grading and staging and in the Banff grading schema for acute cellular rejection: the "hepatitis C 3" multi-institutional trial experience.

Abstract Context.—Establishing adequate interobserver agreement is crucial not only for standardization of patient care but also to ensure validity of findings in multi-institutional trials. Objective.—To evaluate interobserver agreement in assessing chronic hepatitis C (HCV) and acute cellular rejection (ACR) among 17 hepatopathologists involved in the “Hepatitis C 3” trial. Design.—The trial is a randomized multicenter (17 institutions) study involving 312 patients undergoing transplantation for HCV. Patients are randomized to 3 treatment arms. For final data analysis, all biopsy specimens are reviewed by a central pathologist (G.J.N.). Recurrence of HCV is evaluated according to the Batts and Ludwig schema. The 1997 Banff schema is used to evaluate ACR. To assess interobserver agreement, hematoxylin-eosin–stained sections from 11 liver biopsy specimens (6 HCV and 5 ACR) were sent by the central pathologist to 16 local pathologists from 13 institutions. Statistical analysis was performed on raw ACR/HCV ...
Brief announcement: an obstacle to scalability in wireless networks

We generalize the well known random geometric graph based network topology model to a higher level of abstraction, to allow the inclusion of many different models. We explore the asymptotic relationship between node degrees and connectivity in this general model.
Absolute Measurement of the Critical Properties of Second Sound at the Smectic-A-to-Nematic Phase Transition in 8OCB

Light scattered from the driven free surface of the smectic-$A$ phase of octyloxy cyanobiphenyl (8OCB) provides a low-frequency measurement of second sound. This yields an absolute measurement of the smectic elastic constant, $B$. There is no dispersion in either the angular or frequency dependence of $B$ for angles 35\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-83\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} from the normal and for frequencies from 10-100 kHz. Near the smectic-$A$\char22{}to\char22{}nematic phase transition the smectic elastic constant can be described by $B=(6.03\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}$ ${({T}_{\mathrm{NA}}\ensuremath{-}T)}^{0.32\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015}$ dyn/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$.
Sterility of Intravenous Catheterization Tubing: Is it Safe to Remove the Sterile Cap for an Extended Period of Time?

2727 Objectives Some procedures in Nuclear Medicine require an intravenous (IV) catheter. Before insertion, the IV tubing must be primed by injecting a saline solution through the tube. Some technologists remove the sterile cap from the end of the tube in order to make catheterization easier and quicker. If unused because of untimely patients or late appointments, the tubing would be exposed to the air of the nuclear medicine department for minutes or hours before use. In certain environments this leaves the tube susceptible to pathogenic growth which could cause harm to the patient. Our purpose was to determine if removing the sterile cap from IV catheterization tubing (following the injection of a saline solution) affects the sterility of the tubing after being exposed to the environment of a nuclear medicine department for up to four hours before use. Methods A total of 30 intravenous catheterization tubes were primed with a saline solution, sterile cap removed and set on an IV start tray at a local hospital in the nuclear medicine department. The tubes were left exposed to the environment for a total of four hours. The environment included the movement of patients and technologists walking by for various reasons. The end of the tubes where the sterile cap was removed were swabbed using a sterile nasal swab moistened with sterile water at time 0hr, 2hr, and 4hr and wiped on a sheep9s blood agar plate. A different swab was used each time. After 48 hours of incubation at 37 degrees Celsius the samples were evaluated for pathogenic growth, non-pathogenic growth and no growth. Results None of the samples had any pathogenic growth. 17 out of 90 samples (18.9%) had non-pathogenic growth; 73 had no growth. Growth was most frequently observed at 0hrs. Conclusions Leaving the sterile cap off of the intravenous catheterization tubing (after injecting it with saline solution) for an extended period of time (four hours) led to no pathogenic growth. Since there were non-pathogenic growths on 17 of the agar plates, the possibility of pathogenic growth is still there.
The timing of reproduction in the fruit bat Haplonycteris fischeri (Pteropodidae): geographic variation and delayed development

In climatically seasonal habitats, favourable periods for reproduction may be simply determined by large annual changes in temperature or rainfall. In contrast, in climatically less seasonal habitats, reproductive timing may be determined by a wide variety of seasonal factors. Three hypotheses regarding reproductive timing were tested for a fruit bat, Huplonycteris Jischeri Lawrence, by comparing reproductive timing and climate at four moderately seasonal Philippine sites with differing climates. Bats were sampled in five years on Negros Island (9"22'N, 123"l I'E), and in one to four months on four other islands. Flower and fruit abundance was monitored in two years on Negros. In five years on Negros, parturition and lactation coincided with the time of the average dry-wet season transition and early wct season, but did not vary in response to substantial annual variation in the onset of rains. Reproductive timing did not change in response to annual variations in Rower or fruit abundance; lactation coincided with a peak in fruit abundance in one year, but not in a second, and reproductive success appeared to be reduced when lactation coincided with scarce resources. At a second site with a different pattern of rainfall, reproduction was nevertheless synchronous with Negros. Samples from two of the three remaining localities indicate a two- to three-month lag in reproductive events relative to Negros, despite rainfall patterns remarkably similar to that of Negros. All three hypotheses for reproductive timing were rejected. As an alternative, Huplonycteris may evolve timing patterns in response to local seasonal patterns of resource abundance. Huplonycteris has an eight-month post-implantation delay 'in embryonic development. Six hypotheses on the adaptive significance of this delay in Huplonyrferis were evaluated. Three were rejected, but the data were consistent with the remaining hypotheses: (1) The delay sets the time of parturition at a particular time of year; (2) the delay allows all females to produce young relatively synchronously; and (3) the delay allows females to resorb or abort defective embryos without losing an opportunity for reproduction.
An investigation of wavelet-based image coding using an entropy-constrained quantization framework

Wavelet image decompositions generate a tree-structured set of coefficients, providing an hierarchical data-structure for representing images. Several recently proposed image compression algorithms have focused on new ways for exploiting dependencies between this hierarchy of wavelet coefficients. This paper presents a new framework for understanding the efficiency of one such algorithm as a simplified attempt to a global entropy-constrained image quantizer. The principle insight offered by the new framework is that improved performance is achieved by more accurately characterizing the joint probabilities of arbitrary sets of wavelet coefficients. The specific algorithm described is designed around one conveniently structured collection of such sets. The efficiency of hierarchical wavelet coding algorithms derives from their success at identifying and exploiting dependencies between coefficients in the hierarchical structure. The second part of the paper presents an empirical study of the distribution of high-band wavelet coefficients, the band responsible for most of the performance improvements of the new algorithms. >
Frobenius and Quasi-Frobenius Rings

The class of rings that are self-injective (as a left or right module over themselves) has been under close scrutiny by ring theorists. There is a vast literature on the structure of self-injective rings satisfying various other conditions. In a book of limited ambition such as this, it would be difficult to do justice to this extensive literature. As a compromise, we focus our attention in this chapter on a special class of such rings called quasi-Frobenius (QF) rings, and the subclass of Frobenius rings. It will be seen that the finite-dimensional Frobenius algebras discussed in §3B are examples of the latter.
Sensitivity Analysis in Bayesian Classification Models: Multiplicative Deviations

The sensitivity of Bayesian pattern recognition models to multiplicative deviations in the prior and conditional probabilities is investigated for the two-class case. Explicit formulas are obtained for the factor K by which the computed posterior probabilities should be divided in order to eliminate the deviation effect. Numerical results for the case of binary features indicate that the Bayesian model tolerates large deviations in the prior and conditional probabilities. In fact, the a priori ratio and the likelihood ratio may deviate within a range of 65-135 percent and still produce posterior probabilities in accurate proximity of at most ±0.10. The main implication is that Bayesian systems which are based on limited data or subjective probabilities are expected to have a high percentage of correct classification despite the fact that the prior and conditional probabilities they use may deviate rather significantly from the true values.
Assigning ADT modules with random neural networks

The authors apply random neural networks to the problem of assigning abstract data type modules (ADTs) to the processing elements of parallel computers. Although assignment of tasks has been discussed extensively in the literature, the automatic assignment of ADTs is a relatively new problem, and therefore they describe the problem in detail. This is followed by an introduction to the random neural network model and a presentation of the neural network solution to the assignment problem. Experimental results are presented comparing the solution to those obtained with random assignment and with a greedy heuristic. The random neural network is found to give significantly better results than the other two approaches in virtually every case. >
Supra-normal age-linked retrograde amnesia: Lessons from an older amnesic (H.M.)

MacKay and James (2001) demonstrated greater-than-normal retrograde amnesia (RA) for lexical-semantic information in amnesic H.M., a deficit that worsened with aging or represented supranormal age-linked RA (SARA). The present experiments extend these earlier observations to new types of information. Experiment 1 participants (H.M. and carefully matched memory-normal controls) named pictures on the Boston Naming Test and H.M. correctly named reliably fewer pictures with low frequency names, he produced unusual naming errors, and he benefited reliably less than the controls from phonological cues to the target word. Experiment 2 participants recalled irregularly-spelled aspects of familiar words in a two-choice recognition memory task and H.M. chose the correct spelling reliably less often than the controls. Experiment 3 participants read low frequency words aloud at age 73 and H.M. produced reliably more reading errors than the controls. Results of all three experiments indicate supranormal RA (SRA) for information once familiar to H.M. and comparisons with earlier studies using similar or identical stimuli indicated that H.M.'s SRA has worsened with aging from 1980 to 1999. In short, H.M. exhibits SARA for phonological and orthographic information, consistent with the MacKay and James results and with interactions between aging and amnesia predicted under binding theory.
Structures and cytotoxicities of fascaplysin and related alkaloids from two marine phyla—Fascaplysinopsis sponges and Didemnum tunicates

The structural variations and bioactivity properties of the alkaloids in the fascaplysin (1) and the reticulatine (3) families were examined. Four organisms were analyzed consisting of two collections of the sponge Fascaplysinopsis reticulata and two collections of the tunicate Didemnum sp. Reported are the isolation of three new compounds: 3-bromofascaplysin (2), 14-bromoreticulatine (4), and 14-bromoreticulatate (6) along with reticulatate (5) previously known as a semi-synthetic product of 1. Compounds 1 and 5 showed selectivity in a cell based cytotoxicity assay.
Relation of glaze ice formations on swept wings to crossflow instability

Glaze ice formation on the leading edges of wings swept beyond about 25° is characterized by a spanwise scallop or “lobster-tail” pattern. That is to say that ice accretions form with a pronounced periodicity along the leading edge. These scalloped ice accretions along swept leading edges have been observed both in the NASA—Glenn Icing Research Tunnel (Vargas & Reshotko 1998, 1999) as well as on a model mounted atop the NASA—Glenn Twin-Otter Icing Research Aircraft (Reehorst 1992) and so the phenomenon is not an artifact of the wind tunnel environment.
Postingestional effects of a high-protein diet on the regulation of food intake in monkeys.

Using a system in which the composition of an intragastric diet could be manipulated while oral factors were kept constant, we studied the effect ofa high-protein diet on food intake. Four adult rhesus monkeys with chronically implanted intragastric cannulas were trained to use suction- activated food pumps that were monitored by computer so feeding pattern could be assessed over periods averaging 4 wk each. Each suck delivered the oral control diet while simubta- neously activating a second pump, which delivered a second diet directly into the stomach, resulting in net diet composi- tions ofeither 14% or 50% protein. The calorie intake was con- sistently reduced by 24.7 ± 1.6% when the high-protein diet was fed. The effect on intake was not due to increased diet os- molality. A doubling in plasma branched-chain amino acid concentration occurred when the high-protein diet was fed. These data indicate that feeding a high-protein diet results in a physiological appetite suppression, possibly mediated through branched-chain amino acids. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 52:320-5.
Face authentication for multiple subjects using eigenflow

Abstract In this paper, we present a novel scheme for face authentication. To deal with variations, such as facial expressions and registration errors, with which traditional intensity-based methods do not perform well, we propose the eigenflow approach. In this approach, the optical flow and the optical flow residue between a test image and an image in the training set are first computed. The optical flow is then fitted to a model that is pre-trained by applying principal component analysis to optical flows resulting from facial expressions and registration errors for the subject. The eigenflow residue, optimally combined with the optical flow residue using linear discriminant analysis, determines the authenticity of the test image. An individual modeling method and a common modeling method are described. We also present a method to optimally choose the threshold for each subject for a multiple-subject authentication system. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the traditional methods in the presence of facial expression variations and registration errors.
On the under-determined partial differential equation in the nonlinear filtering problems

The Lie algebraic method provides an important research direction for nonlinear filtering theory. By interpreting the Duncan-Mortensen-Zakai equation or its robust form as a partial differential equation with time varying parameters, one derives an approach to filtering that is based on Lie algebra as well as the theory of linear differential operators. The search and construction of the finite dimensional filter are turned into the study of the structure of the estimation algebra. That algebra provides a systematic tool to deal with questions concerning finite dimensional filters. It has led to a number of new results concerning finite dimensional filters . It explains why it is easy to find exact recursive filter for linear dynamical systems but very hard to handle the cubic sensor problem. Some new filters have been discovered. More importantly, the finite dimensionality of the estimation algebra guarantees the explicit construction of the finite dimensional recursive filter, and the filter so constructed is universal. However, as inherited difficulty from the nonlinear filtering, many questions are not satisfiedly answered and still open.
Indonesia's Trade and Price Interventions: Pro-Java and Pro-Urban

In 1987 and 1995 Indonesia's price and trade policies (intervention regime) increased the income of Java's urban centres and reduced that of people living in rural Java and the other islands. This happened because the regime protected manufacturing activities, most of them located in Jakarta, Bandung and Surabaya, and taxed primary sector based activities, located outside urban Java. It protected some primary sector based activities directly, but the entire intervention regime, with manufacturing protection included, taxed them. As a result, regions deriving income from primary sector based activities lost. Indonesia's intervention regime is regressive: it transfers income from poorer to richer regions. This regime and its effects on regional incomes continue. Governments have designed programs to raise the income of Eastern Indonesia, but have omitted the most effective instrument: opening the economy to international competition. A serious attempt to reduce regional income disparities should begin by el...
5-HTTLPR moderates the relation between changes in depressive and bulimic symptoms in adolescent girls: a longitudinal study.

Objective: Depression and bulimia both are associated with low serotonin levels. We examined whether the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) moderates the relation between depressive and bulimic symptoms over time. Method: Fifty adolescent girls with no current or past Axis I disorder were genotyped for the 5-HTTLPR gene. Twice, 6 months apart, participants completed self-report measures of depressive symptoms and bulimic symptoms. The association between change in depressive symptoms and change in bulimic symptoms over time was significantly stronger in girls who are homozygous for the short 5-HTTLPR allele than for girls with at least one long allele. Discussion: This finding is consistent with previous studies documenting a relation between depressive and bulimic symptoms in adolescents. Few studies, however, considered the possible role of serotonin linking both disorders. Gaining a better understanding of developmental effects of low serotonin could help to identify high-risk individuals and provide effective prevention and intervention.
Genetic Homologies Among Streptomyces violaceoruber Strains

Most of the genetic studies on streptomycetes have been done with cultures erroneously designated as Streptomyces coelicolor. To determine whether these cultures are genetically homologous with the S. violaceoruber nominifer, their deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) were analyzed, and selected pairs of mutants were crossed. The four cultures used in genetic studies, and called S. coelicolor in the literature, were found to constitute a genospecies, based upon DNA hybridization and recombination tests. In addition, DNA from Actinopycnidium caeruleum formed extensive duplexes with S. violaceoruber DNA. S. violaceoruber cultures and A. caeruleum were distinctly different from the S. coelicolor nominifer.
Mechanically reinforced silica aerogel nanocomposites via surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerizations

Here we report the preparation of mechanically robust silica aerogel polymer nanocomposites using surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. This approach was used to grow poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with low polydispersities and establish the first structure–property relationship between the grafted PMMA molecular weight and bulk physical properties of the hybrid aerogel.
Error Estimate of the Ares I Vehicle Longitudinal Aerodynamic Characteristics Based on Turbulent Navier-Stokes Analysis

Numerical predictions of the longitudinal aerodynamic characteristics for the Ares I class of vehicles, along with the associated error estimate derived from an iterative convergence grid refinement, are presented. Computational results are based on the unstructured grid, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes flow solver USM3D, with an assumption that the flow is fully turbulent over the entire vehicle. This effort was designed to complement the prior computational activities conducted over the past five years in support of the Ares I Project with the emphasis on the vehicle s last design cycle designated as the A106 configuration. Due to a lack of flight data for this particular design s outer mold line, the initial vehicle s aerodynamic predictions and the associated error estimates were first assessed and validated against the available experimental data at representative wind tunnel flow conditions pertinent to the ascent phase of the trajectory without including any propulsion effects. Subsequently, the established procedures were then applied to obtain the longitudinal aerodynamic predictions at the selected flight flow conditions. Sample computed results and the correlations with the experimental measurements are presented. In addition, the present analysis includes the relevant data to highlight the balance between the prediction accuracy against the grid size and, thus, the corresponding computer resource requirements for the computations at both wind tunnel and flight flow conditions. NOTE: Some details have been removed from selected plots and figures in compliance with the sensitive but unclassified (SBU) restrictions. However, the content still conveys the merits of the technical approach and the relevant results.
PARTIAL PURIFICATION AND SEPARATION OF HUMAN PITUITARY GONADOTROPHINS.

A major separation and a high purification of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH, ICSH) activities of human pituitaries, in good yield, were achieved by column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The principal FSH-containing fraction was 29 times more potent than NIH-FSH-S1, according to the HCG-augmentation assay of Steelman and Pohley. In terms of other reference preparations, the FSH activity of this fraction was 53 times greater than the Armour Standard FSH, and 5820 times greater than HMG-24. According to the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion assay of Parlow, the principal LH-containing fraction was 0.9 times as potent as NIH-LH-S1, and 2768 times more potent than HMG-24. Also, it is equivalent to 500 IU of International Standard HCG per mg. Furthermore, the contamination of this LH preparation with FSH was low, 0.1 times NIH-FSH-S1 per mg. The lyophilized preparation of human FSH is more potent than any previously isolated. The ratio of FSH:LH activity in the principal FS...