cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive, Geometric Networks for Efficient Coarse-Grained Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics with Post-Hartree-Fock Accuracy.

We introduce a new coarse-graining technique for ab initio molecular dynamics that is based on the adaptive generation of connected geometric networks or graphs specific to a given molecular geometry. The coarse-grained nodes depict a local chemical environment and are networked to create edges, triangles, tetrahedrons, and higher order simplexes based on (a) a Delaunay triangulation procedure and (b) a method that is based on molecular, bonded and nonbonded, local interactions. The geometric subentities thus created, that is nodes, edges, triangles, and tetrahedrons, each represent an energetic measure for a specific portion of the molecular system, capturing a specific set of interactions. The energetic measure is constructed in a manner consistent with ONIOM and allows assembling an overall molecular energy that is purely based on the geometric network derived from the molecular conformation. We use this approach to obtain accurate MP2 energies for polypeptide chains containing up to 12 amino-acid mono...
Myeloid-specific TAK1 deletion results in reduced brain monocyte infiltration and improved outcomes after stroke

Activation of transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) occurs after stroke and leads to an exacerbation of brain injury. TAK1 is involved in innate and adaptive immune responses, but it has divergent inflammatory effects that are dependent on the cell type in which it is activated. There is a robust infiltration of myeloid cells after stroke; however, the contribution of myeloid TAK1 to cerebral ischemia is currently unknown. We hypothesized that myeloid-specific deletion of TAK1 would protect against ischemic brain injury. Myeloid TAK1ΔM and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Brain-infiltrating and splenic immune cells were evaluated at 3 days after stroke. Assessment of infarct size and behavioral deficits were performed on days 3 and 7 post-stroke. Infarcts were significantly smaller in TAK1ΔM mice (p < 0.01), and behavioral deficits were less severe despite equivalent reduction in cerebral blood flow. Flow cytometry demonstrated an increase in the frequency of splenic monocytes and neutrophils (p < 0.05) and a decrease in splenic CD3+ T (p < 0.01) and CD19+ B (p = 0.06) cells in TAK1ΔM mice compared to WT at baseline. Three days after stroke, a significant increase in the number of brain-infiltrating immune cell was observed in both TAK1ΔM (p < 0.05) and WT (p < 0.001) mice compared to their respective shams. However, there was a significant decrease in the infiltrating CD45hi immune cell counts (p < 0.05), with a pronounced reduction in infiltrating monocytes (p < 0.001) in TAK1ΔM after stroke compared to WT stroke mice. Additionally, a significant reduction in CD49d+ monocytes was seen in the brains of TAK1ΔM stroke mice compared to wild-type mice. Importantly, TAK1ΔM MCAo mice had smaller infarcts and improved behavioral outcomes at day 7 post-stroke. Our results showed that deletion of myeloid TAK1 resulted in smaller infarcts and improved functional outcomes at the peak of inflammation (day 3) and a reduction in brain-infiltrating immune cells that were primarily monocytes. Myeloid TAK1 deletion was also protective at 7 days post MCAo, reflecting a detrimental role of myeloid TAK1 in the progression of ischemic injury.
Diurnal variations in recovery times after general anaesthesia in children

Background Circadian rhythms coordinate almost all physiological functions and are implicated in major disease development. Even though circadian rhythms have a major impact on human health, little is known about how they affect general anaesthesia. The purpose of this study was to understand if the time of day affects the length of time a child needs to achieve readiness for discharge after general anaesthesia for brain MRI. Methods A retrospective analysis over a 3 yr period (2013–5) on the length of stay in the postanaesthesia care unit (PACU) before discharge was performed for children (age 9 AM 12 PM 3 PM 6 PM). Results Data from 2340 procedures in children, with median age [inter-quartile range (range)] of 4.7 [2.3–7.25 (0.5–17.8)] yr were available for analysis. The length of stay in the PACU significantly increased over the course of the day with an observed maximum increase of 18 or 19 min ( 6 PM) in children older than 3 or 5 yr, respectively. Subgroup analysis suggested time of day dependent PACU time increase was independent of sex, co-medications, or obstructive sleep apnoea. Conclusion The time of day significantly affects PACU recovery times in children of both genders having brain imaging under general anaesthesia. Children younger than 3 yr might not be affected. Further validation of these findings may guide future strategies to reduce discharge times.
Preliminary Study of Obstacle Clearance and Compensatory Movements in Individuals with High Body Mass Index

This study investigated the effect of obstacles of different heights on task performance and compensatory movements of six individuals with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30kg/m2. Obstacle heights were ...
Correction to: Clinical epidemiology of infectious disease among patients with chronic kidney disease.

The article “Clinical epidemiology of infectious disease among patients with chronic kidney disease”, written by Junichi Ishigami and Kunihiro Matsushita, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on 3rd September 2018 without open access.
Understanding the importance of key risk factors in predicting chronic bronchitic symptoms using a machine learning approach

Chronic respiratory symptoms involving bronchitis, cough and phlegm in children are underappreciated but pose a significant public health burden. Efforts for prevention and management could be supported by an understanding of the relative importance of determinants, including environmental exposures. Thus, we aim to develop a prediction model for bronchitic symptoms. Schoolchildren from the population-based southern California Children’s Health Study were visited annually from 2003 to 2012. Bronchitic symptoms over the prior 12 months were assessed by questionnaire. A gradient boosting model was fit using groups of risk factors (including traffic/air pollution exposures) for all children and by asthma status. Training data consisted of one observation per participant in a random study year (for 50% of participants). Validation data consisted of: (1) a random (later) year in the same participants (within-participant); (2) a random year in participants excluded from the training data (across-participant). At baseline, 13.2% of children had asthma and 18.1% reported bronchitic symptoms. Models performed similarly within- and across-participant. Previous year symptoms/medication use provided much of the predictive ability (across-participant area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC): 0.76 vs 0.78 for all risk factors, in all participants). Traffic/air pollution exposures added modestly to prediction as did body mass index percentile, age and parent stress. Regardless of asthma status, previous symptoms were the most important predictors of current symptoms. Traffic/air pollution variables contribute modest predictive information, but impact large populations. Methods proposed here could be generalized to personalized exacerbation predictions in future longitudinal studies to support targeted prevention efforts.
Critical Perspectives on Digital Literacies: Creating a Path Forward

This thematic issue of Media and Communication features a range of critical perspectives on digital literacies with the aim of shedding light on a path forward with respect to theory, research and practice. The issue hosts fourteen articles divided into four themes that address digital literacies in varying ways. The four themes are (a) defining digital literacies, (b) socio-cultural theories of digital literacies, (c) digital literacies in practice, and (d) digital skills and efficacy. The articles make a strong case for the continued exploration of the significance and (re)definition of digital literacies within our global communicative landscape. The authors have inspired new dialogue, research directions, innovative practices, and policy on digital literacies. As digital technologies continue to evolve so too will intellectual frameworks—generating nuance and scope for and by researchers as well as practitioners.
Whole-Exome Sequencing of Syndromic Adrenocortical Carcinoma Reveals Distinct Mutational Profile From Sporadic ACC

Next-generation sequencing has provided genetic profiles of a large number of sporadic adrenocortical carcinomas (ACCs), but the applicability of these results to ACC cases associated with tumor predisposition syndromes is unclear. Although the germline features of these syndromes have been well described, the somatic mutational landscape of the tumors they give rise to is less clear. Our group obtained germline and tumor tissue from a pediatric patient who developed ACC during her first year of life, which was treated successfully. She was subsequently diagnosed with additional tumors later in childhood. Whole exome sequencing analysis was performed followed by in silico protein function prediction, revealing a probably deleterious germline TP53 L265P mutation. The somatic mutational burden was comparable between the index case and a previously published cohort of 40 sporadic cases, but the mutational spectrum was distinct in terms of raw base-change frequency as well as in a trinucleotide context-specific analysis. No canonical somatic genetic drivers of ACC were identified in the reported case, suggesting that syndromic adrenocortical tumors may represent a genetically distinct entity from sporadic tumors.
Articulation of an alumina-zirconia composite ceramic against living cartilage - An in vitro wear test.

Abstract Background There is interest in minimally invasive solutions that reduce osteoarthritic symptoms and restore joint mobility in the early stages of cartilage degeneration. The aim of the present study was to evaluate an alumina-zirconia composite (AZC) as a counterface for articulation against live cartilage explants in comparison to the clinically relevant cobalt-chromium (CoCrMo) alloy. Methods A four-station bioreactor designed to articulate against living tissue in an incubator was used for testing. Twelve 32 mm AZC and twelve 32 mm CoCrMo femoral heads with equal surface roughness made up both test groups. Each head articulated against a cartilage disk harvested from stifle joints of 24-week old steers. Test samples and free-swelling control cartilage samples were cultured in Mini ITS medium. Testing was conducted 3 h daily over 10 days applying a contact load of approximately 2 MPa. PG/GAG and hydroxyproline were analyzed using biochemical assays. Additionally, chondrocyte survival and Mankin score analyses were performed on histological slides. Results Cells stayed alive during the course of the experiment, with cell survival values close to 80% at test completion in the superficial zone. There was no significant difference between AZC and free-swelling control tissue. However, cell count values were inferior for CoCrMo (p = 0.003). Tested tissue suffered mostly structural abnormalities. The PG/GAG content in medium was not different between CoCrMo and AZC (p = 0.315); however, the hydroxyproline release into medium was nearly 30% higher for CoCrMo (p = 0.024). Conclusion Based on average values, AZC induces less cell and tissue damage than CoCrMo. However, only the hydroxyproline measurements reached statistical significance, partially due to substantial scatter within both groups.
Rapid Cycle Deliberate Practice: Educating Providers on Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

Abstract Background Educating nurse practitioner students in caring for infants with opioid withdrawal, or neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), is essential in addressing the expanding opiate crisis. Clinicians often express a lack of knowledge of how to safely manage these infants, difficulty navigating family dynamics, and frustration overcoming perceived biases. High-fidelity simulation, in conjunction with rapid cycle deliberate practice (RCDP), provides an opportunity to enhance knowledge and skills necessary for treating NAS using a systematic approach. The purpose of this learning activity is to demonstrate the effectiveness of simulation using RCDP in educating learners caring for infants in opiate withdrawal, supporting the mother–infant dyad, and enhancing patient safety. Method The scenario included a simulated mother, high-fidelity mannequin infant, and a simulated nurse. Student learners engaged in four phases of learning: pre-brief and learner preparation, RCDP learning and practice, immersive experience, and group debriefing with experience survey. Results Twenty learners participated in the simulation experience. Postsimulation evaluations were positive with learners expressing enhanced organization and confidence in caring for infants with NAS along with heightened empathy for the mother–infant dyad. Learners agreed they were more comfortable in including the family in the treatment of NAS with 95% reporting confidence in communicating with the family. Conclusion RCDP is an effective method for building knowledge and skills necessary for providers caring for infants with NAS. Simulation using RCDP provides the learners a method of isolating the learning experience into small elements to build progressive mastery of concepts. The use of RCDP within the simulation process supports nurse practitioners in changing preconceived concepts of care and reinforces the need to include family in the care process.
Cross-sectional analysis of online patient reviews of infertility care providers.

Objective To observe the effects of practice type, location, and mandated insurance coverage on infertility physician online reviews by patients. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Not applicable. Patient(s) Patient online reviews of fertility specialists from 2016 to 2019. Interventions(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) The analysis consisted of the average rating out of 5 for each physician published on Vitals, RateMD, and Healthgrades. Result(s) Data were collected on 1,097 specialists. Physicians practicing in states with versus without mandated insurance coverage received an average rating of 4.093 versus 4.076, respectively. The average rating was 3.964 for physicians affiliated with a university or hospital versus 4.128 for those working in a private practice. Significant differences were found in physician ratings from the four regions. It was revealed that physicians who practiced in the South (n = 354) received significantly higher mean average ratings than those in the Northeast (n = 327) and Midwest (n = 175). Physicians practicing in the West (n = 241) received significantly higher ratings than those in the Midwest (n = 175). Conclusion(s) The average online patient rating of infertility specialists was found to be significantly higher for physicians working in a private practice compared with those affiliated with a university or hospital system. No significant difference was found between the average rating in states with versus without mandated insurance coverage for infertility treatment. We propose that qualities other than patient financial responsibility are implicated in the factors used to rate physicians.
Crowd Sourcing: Do Peer Crowd Prototypes Match Reality?:

During the transition into high school, adolescents sort large sets of unfamiliar peers into prototypical peer crowds thought to share similar values, behaviors, and interests (e.g., Jocks). Often,...
Azido- and amino-substituted dipicolinates for the sensitization of the luminescent lanthanides EuIII and TbIII

Abstract Dipicolinate-based ligands substituted with azido- or amino- functional groups were synthesized and characterized. Crystal structures of EN3, CN3, CNH2, and ENH2 were obtained, and the ability of these compounds to sensitize LnIII luminescence (LnIII = EuIII and TbIII) was explored. Luminescence efficiencies of EuIII and TbIII were determined and are ϕEu = 0.11%, 0.15%, and 13.8% for [Ln(CN3)3]3+, [Ln(EN3)3]3+, [Ln(CNH2)3]3+, respectively, and ϕTb = 0.30%, 0.27%, and 28.9% for [Ln(CN3)3]3+, [Ln(EN3)3]3+, [Ln(ENH2)3]3+. The highest luminescence efficiencies are ϕEu = 14.4% for [Eu(ENH2)3]3+ and ϕTb = 29.7% for [Tb(CNH2)3]3+. Similar 1S and 3T excited state energies were observed for all ligands and did not explain the observed discrepancies in luminescence efficiency of their TbIII and EuIII complexes. Further analysis revealed that the azido-derivatives were not photostable, which likely contributed to the low luminescence efficiency.
Neonatal distended abdomen

The case of the neonatal distended abdomen is often referred to as “bloat”. Despite the common name, there are many different possible underlying etiologies for a distended abdomen in calves. This session discusses differential diagnoses, clinical reasoning, and diagnostic tools for investigation of common causes of bloat in calves.
Coherent pathways for subduction from the surface mixed layer at ocean fronts

In frontal zones, water masses that are tens of kilometers in extent with origins in the mixed layer can be identified in the pycnocline for days to months. Here, we explore the pathways and mechan...
Cell-surface antigen profiling of pediatric brain tumors: B7-H3 is consistently expressed and can be targeted via local or systemic CAR T-cell delivery.

Background Immunotherapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells is actively being explored for pediatric brain tumors in preclinical models and early phase clinical studies. At present, it is unclear which CAR target antigens are consistently expressed across different pediatric brain tumor types. In addition, the extent of HLA class I expression is unknown, which is critical for tumor recognition by conventional αβTCR T cells. Methods We profiled 49 low- and high-grade pediatric brain tumor patient-derived orthotopic xenografts (PDOX) by flow analysis for the expression of 5 CAR targets (B7-H3, GD2, IL-13Rα2, EphA2, and HER2), and HLA class I. In addition, we generated B7-H3-CAR T cells and evaluated their antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. Results We established an expression hierarchy for the analyzed antigens (B7-H3 = GD2 >> IL-13Rα2 > HER2 = EphA2) and demonstrated that antigen expression is heterogenous. All high-grade gliomas expressed HLA class I, but only 57.1% of other tumor subtypes had detectable expression. We then selected B7-H3 as a target for CAR T-cell therapy. B7-H3-CAR T cells recognized tumor cells in an antigen-dependent fashion. Local or systemic administration of B7-H3-CAR T cells induced tumor regression in PDOX and immunocompetent murine glioma models resulting in a significant survival advantage. Conclusions Our study highlights the importance of studying target antigen and HLA class I expression in PDOX samples for the future design of immunotherapies. In addition, our results support active preclinical and clinical exploration of B7-H3-targeted CAR T-cell therapies for a broad spectrum of pediatric brain tumors.
In the Spotlight: The Impact of Business Press Coverage on Perceived Big 4 Audit Quality

We investigate whether the business press influences equity investors’ perception of the credibility of the Big 4 for providing high-quality audits. We find that the extent of audit-related negative business press coverage of a Big 4 is associated with lower earnings response coefficients (ERC) for clients, negative client abnormal returns on the days of the news release, and a higher percentage of votes against auditor ratification. Importantly, these results are robust to controlling for other information sources such as client news, audit quality indicators (restatements and auditor litigation), and regulator press releases. Also, the extent of Big 4 negative business press coverage is associated with a lower probability of gaining new clients and a greater probability of client misstatements, suggesting that coverage is diagnostic of audit quality. The effects for ERCs and abnormal returns are concentrated in clients with low dedicated institutional ownership and high earnings uncertainty. Overall, this evidence is consistent with the business press influencing investors’ perception of Big 4 audit quality.
Richard B. Lillich Memorial Lecture: New Directions in the Struggle Against Human Trafficking

I am honored to have the opportunity to deliver this year’s Richard B. Lillich Memorial Lecture, on the topic of New Directions in the Struggle against Human Trafficking. I am especially honored to be asked to give this lecture, and to give it here, because of the leadership role that Florida State University (FSU) and its Center for the Advancement of Human Rights (FSU’s Center) have played in the struggle against human trafficking and involuntary servitude in the United States.
John Paul II, the Structures of Sin and the Limits of Law

Nearly three years ago, Pope John Paul II passed away. Regardless of one's religious background, the late pope must be regarded as one of the most significant figures of the twentieth century. John Paul left behind an enormous record of teaching. One of the topics of the late pope's many texts is the relationship between law and culture, which this article discusses. As someone who saw Poland ravaged by Nazism and totalitarian socialism, John Paul was aware of the need for a legal system dedicated to justice and the rule of law. Regardless of the issue, John Paul supported the use of legal mechanisms to address unjust attitudes and behaviors that assume institutional form - what he called "structures of sin." However, John Paul knew that law subordinates culture, as every legal system is the product of culture, and suffers from serious limitations when employed to bring about social change. I use a passage from Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov to introduce the pope's teaching on these matters. Furthermore, in an article entitled Christianity and the (Modest) Rule of Law, law professors David Skeel and William Stuntz argue that law should be modest in its ambitions, as it may not be an appropriate response to many social problems. They argue that law suffers when it attempts to regulate what it cannot change - a vice they call "legal moralism." They make these arguments from an Evangelical Christian perspective. Although Skeel and Stuntz agree with John Paul in many respects, their analysis could have benefited from a broader engagement with the Christian intellectual tradition. They fail to appreciate the way in which law helps to form cultural norms and practices by serving a teaching function. Furthermore, Skeel and Stuntz are mistaken in identifying the legal regulation of abortion as an example of "legal moralism."
Statistical analysis of the Tufts-Kumaresan and principal Hankel components methods for estimating damping factors of single complex exponentials

A statistical analysis of the estimates of the damping factor of a single complex exponential in additive white Gaussian noise is presented. The analysis is done for two of the more popular methods, namely, the system identification method of principal Hankel components (PHC) and the Tufts-Kumaresan (TK) method of linear prediction. Assuming a high signal-to-noise ratio, closed form expressions for the variances of the damping factor are derived. These analytical solutions are confirmed with computer simulations. The analysis indicates that both the TK method and the PHC method perform well in comparison to the Cramer-Rao bound. Theoretically, however, the PHC method slightly outperforms the TK method. >
Ponderosa Development: A Financial Reporting Case

This case, or parts thereof, is appropriate for use in an undergraduate intermediate accounting course or an undergraduate/graduate financial accounting cases course. This case deals with various financial reporting issues such as interest capitalization, asset impairment, contingent items, and troubled-debt restructuring. This is all done with a backdrop of a bursting real estate bubble and a national credit crunch. The write-up of the solution to this case is also a useful vehicle for student preparation of either a professional memo or an executive summary. Both provide reinforcement of technical writing skills.
Refractive index and its impact on pseudophakic dysphotopsia

PURPOSE: It has been shown that the biggest dissatisfier for uncomplicated cataract surgery patients is pseudophakic dysphotopsia (PD). While edge design of an intraocular lens (IOL) impacts this problem, refractive index is still controversial as to its impact. This retrospective cohort study was designed to determine the role of increasing refractive index in PD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study was conducted at the John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, USA. A retrospective chart review identified patients who received one of two hydrophobic acrylic single piece IOLs (AcrySof WF SP [SN60WF] or Tecnis SP [ZCB00]), which differed mainly by refractive index (1.55 versus 1.47). Eighty-seven patients who had received implantation of a one-piece hydrophobic acrylic IOL were enrolled. Patients were included if the surgery had been uncomplicated and took place at least a year before study participation. All eligible patients had 20/20 best corrected vision, without any disease known to impact visual quality. In addition to conducting a record review, the enrolled patients were surveyed for PD, using a modified National Eye Institute Visual Function questionnaire, as well as for overall satisfaction with visual quality. RESULTS: Statistical analysis demonstrated no difference between the two cohorts regarding PD, general visual function, and overall visual satisfaction. CONCLUSION: The study suggests that with the two IOLs assessed, increasing the refractive index does not increase incidence of PD or decrease overall visual satisfaction.
Potential cerebral perfusion agents. Synthesis and evaluation of new radioiodinated barbituric acid analogs

Two new 125I-labeled barbituric acid analogs, 5-ethyl-5-(E-1-iodo-1-penten-5-yl)2-thiobarbituric acid (4) and 5-ethyl-5-(m-iodophenyl)barbituric acid (7), have been prepared and evaluated in rats as potential cerebral perfusion agents. Annulation of 2-ethyl-2-(E-1-iodo-1-penten-5-yl)malonate (3) with thiourea in the presence of sodium ethoxide gave the 5-ethyl-5-(E-1-iodo-1-penten-5-y1)-thiobarbituric acid (4). Diethyl 2-ethyl-2-phenyl-malonate was treated with thallium(III) trifluoroacetate followed by addition of aqueous potassium iodide to provide diethyl 2-ethyl-2-(m-iodophenyl)malonate (10). The malonic ester derivative 10 was condensed with urea in the presence of sodium hydride to give the desired 5-ethyl-5-(m-iodophenyl)barbituric acid (7), and a decarbethoxylation product, 2-(m-iodophenyl)butyric acid (11). Iodine-125-labeled 4 and 7 were synthesized in the same manner and the tissue distribution of these new agents evaluated in rats. Both [125I] 4 and [125I] 7 showed high brain uptake. Significant in vivo deiodination was detected with [125I] 4 whereas [125I] 7 was found to be stable to deiodination.
A 15 b 30 kHz bandpass sigma-delta modulator

The authors introduce a bandpass architecture and implementation that achieves 15-b dynamic range over a 30-kHz bandwidth centered at 1.8 MHz using 7.2-MHz sampling frequency and operating on a single 5-V supply. A z-domain representation of the fourth-order bandpass modulator is shown. It is made up of bandpass filters with infinite Qs as opposed to integrators used in lowpass modulators. A/D (analog-to-digital) converter performance is evaluated by applying a 1.8-MHz sinewave, windowing the one-bit digital output with a Dolph-Chebyshev window, and performing a 65536-point FFT (fast Fourier transform). >
Hyperactivity and Hyperagreement in Bantu

Abstract Many Bantu languages exhibit A-movements and patterns of iterating agreement that are disallowed in Indo-European languages. In Minimalist theory, both agreement and movement are constrained by an Activity requirement stipulating that goals in Agree relations must have an unchecked uninterpretable feature. For Indo-European DPs the sole Activity feature in A-relations is Case; but I argue here that grammatical gender, a component of Bantu noun class, is uninterpretable too. Case and nominal gender differ in that the latter enters the syntax already valued. Assuming goal deactivation is a consequence of syntactic valuation, we derive the result that gender is an infinitely reusable Activity feature. Adjunction of Bantu N to D makes gender visible to all clause-level probes, and Bantu DPs are therefore able to A-move more freely than their Indo-European counterparts and to value iterating agreement. The proposals provide a unitary explanation for the existence in Bantu of Subject Object Reversal, locative inversion controlling subject agreement, hyper-raising, concord, left-edge agreement with operators, and multiple subject agreement. The syntax of gender argues that uninterpretable features need not be deleted from a syntactic object bound for the Conceptual–Intentional interface.
Radiation Diffusion in Antarctic Ice Media

THE thermal diffusion equation for solid, homogeneous conductors can usually be solved conveniently using standard Fourier methods1. These solutions cannot, however, be applied when the medium does not behave as a genuine conductor; that is, when convective and radiative processes create energy sources and sinks within the medium. The effect of absorbed solar radiation on the thermal diffusion in clear ice has been described elsewhere2. In the coastal ablation zone of Antarctica, it causes startling changes in the heat storage in the upper 8 m of the ice, strongly modified overall heat transfer patterns in the ice and increases of the effective thermal conductivity of the medium by factors of up to two. Similar effects on the effective thermal parameters have been obtained in the low density permeable snow medium on the Antarctic Plateau3, although, there, convective transfer of heat in the snow must be taken into account also.
On-chip p-MOSFET dosimetry (CMOS ICs)

On-chip p-FETs were developed to monitor the radiation dose of n-well CMOS ICs by monitoring threshold voltage shifts due to radiation-induced oxide and interface charge. The design employs closed-geometry FETs and a zero-biased n-well to eliminate leakage currents. The FETs are operated using a constant current chosen to greatly reduce the FET's temperature sensitivity. The dose sensitivity of these p-FETs is about -2.6 mV/krad(Si) and the off-chip instrumentation resolves about 440 rad(Si)/b. When operated with a current at the temperature-independent point, it was discovered that the preirradiation output voltage is about -1.5 V, which depends only on design-independent silicon material parameters. The temperature sensitivity is less than 63 mu V/ degrees C over a 70 degrees C temperature range centered about the temperature-insensitive point. >
An Algorithm for the Quadratic Assignment Problem

The paper presents a new approach to solving a class of combinatorial economic allocation problems. One member of this class is known as the quadratic assignment problem. Besides presenting an algorithm to solve this problem, we will discuss in general terms the techniques for treating combinatorial problems. A novel feature of the paper is the development of the statistical properties of the criterion function. These statistical properties are used in conjunction with a general enumerative procedure to form the main parts of the algorithm. Using the idea of confidence level enumeration, an extension of the algorithm is proposed which should allow for the effective treatment of large scale combinatorial problems. Finally we present some computational results in order to illustrate the effectiveness of the general approach.
Determination of the cross sections for the production of fragments from relativistic nucleus-nucleus interactions. I. Measurements.

Relativistic iron, lanthanum, holmium, and gold projectile nuclei with several different energies have been fragmented in targets of polyethylene, carbon, aluminum, copper, and lead. Our detectors cleanly resolve the individual charges of the heaviest of these fragments and provide some limited information on the masses. We have measured 1256 elemental partial cross sections for the production of fragments from interactions in these target materials. Values have been derived for another 417 cross sections in a hydrogen medium. These cross sections depend on the energy and mass of the projectile nuclei as well as on the nature of the target. Total charge-changing cross sections were also found, but only in a composite target, and have been shown to be weakly dependent on energy. The mean mass losses observed for fragments that have lost a few protons show that typically many neutrons are lost with each proton, producing fragment nuclei that must be highly proton rich, and consequently very unstable. The cross sections for charge pickup on heavy targets show a rapid increase with decreasing energy, particularly for the heaviest targets. The systematics of the dependencies of the partial cross sections will be discussed in a companion paper.
Design and Implementation of the Hispanic Community Health Study / Study of Latinos

Purpose The Hispanic Community Health Study (HCHS)/Study of Latinos (SOL) is a comprehensive multicenter community based cohort study of Hispanics/Latinos in the United States. Methods The Study rationale, objectives, design, and implementation are described in this report. Results The HCHS/SOL will recruit 16,000 men and women who self-identify as Hispanic or Latino, 18 to 74 years of age, from a random sample of households in defined communities in the Bronx, Chicago, Miami, and San Diego. The sites were selected so that the overall sample would consist of at least 2000 persons in each of the following origin designations: Mexican, Puerto Rican and Dominican, Cuban, and Central and South American. The study includes research in the prevalence of and risk factors for heart, lung, blood and sleep disorders, kidney and liver function, diabetes, cognitive function, dental conditions, and hearing disorders. Conclusions The HCHS/SOL will (1) characterize the health status and disease burden in the largest minority population in the United States; (2) describe the positive and negative consequences of immigration and acculturation of Hispanics/Latinos to the mainstream United States life-styles, environment and health care opportunities; and (3) identify likely causal factors of many diseases in a population with diverse environmental exposures, genetic backgrounds, and early life experiences.
Usefulness of Sonication of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices to Enhance Microbial Detection

The cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) infection rate is rising disproportionately to the rate of device implantation. Identification of microorganisms that cause CIED infections is not always achieved using present laboratory techniques. We conducted a prospective study to determine whether device vortexing-sonication followed by culture of the resulting sonicate fluid would enhance microbial detection compared with traditional swab or pocket tissue cultures. Forty-two subjects with noninfected and 35 with infected CIEDs were prospectively enrolled over 12 months. One swab each from the device pocket and device surface, pocket tissue, and the CIED were collected from each patient. Swabs and tissues were cultured using routine methods. The CIED was processed in Ringer's solution using vortexing-sonication and the resultant fluid semiquantitatively cultured. Tissue and swab growth was considered significant when colonies grew on ≥2 quadrants of the culture plate and device was considered significant when ≥20 colonies were isolated from 10 ml of sonicate fluid. In noninfected group, 5% of sonicate fluids yielded significant bacterial growth, compared with 5% of tissue cultures (p = 1.00) and 2% of both pocket and device swab cultures (p = 0.317 each). In infected group, significant bacterial growth was observed in 54% of sonicate fluids, significantly greater than the sensitivities of pocket swab (20%, p = 0.001), device swab (9%, p
Rice Convection Model simulation of the substorm-associated injection of an observed bubble into the inner magnetosphere: 1. Magnetic field and other inputs

[1] The objective of this work is a realistic Rice Convection Model (RCM) simulation of a modest substorm that occurred on 22 July 1998 and was observed by the Geotail spacecraft in the inner plasma sheet. It represents the first time the RCM has been used for detailed modeling of an inner magnetospheric event using data from a spacecraft in the inner plasma sheet beyond geosynchronous orbit to drive the model's time-dependent boundary conditions. Since this represents a substantial departure from past practice, we present, in this paper, a detailed account of how model inputs are determined. An accompanying paper presents results and interpretations. Model inputs are adjusted to achieve approximate consistency between RCM-computed values and measurements by Geotail, which was within the RCM modeling region near XGSM = −9 RE, YGSM = 0. To represent the magnetic field in the growth phase, we utilize a Tsyganenko (1989) statistical magnetic field model, adjusted to agree with Geotail-measured pressure and magnetic field in a new way using analytic solutions to the linear Grad-Shafranov equation. The magnetic field during the expansion phase is represented by adding a substorm current wedge using formulas developed by Tsyganenko. Induction electric fields play a central role in these simulations, because they are large in the vicinity of the substorm injection region. We provide a detailed description of how induction electric fields are included in the RCM as well as a prescription of the electromagnetic gauge condition used in the code.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of Dicationic Dihydrogen Complexes of Osmium.

The dicationic Os(II) complex [Os(bpy)(PPh3)2(CO)(H2)]2+ has been prepared as the triflate salt. The presence of a bound dihydrogen ligand is indicated by a short T1 minimum value consistent with an H−H distance of 1.05 A. In the partially deuterated derivative JHD = 25.5 Hz was observed. By comparison to other structurally characterized complexes, the observed H−D coupling is most consistent with a H−H distance greater than 1 A, which requires that the bound H2 ligand be in the slow rotation regime. The dicationic complex is a strong acid, indicating that the bound H2 is substantially activated toward heterolytic cleavage. The H2 ligand is tightly bound to the metal center, and does not undergo exchange with D2 over the course of several weeks at room temperature. A related dicationic Os(II) complex, [Os(bpy)2(CO)(H2)]2+, has also been prepared. A short T1 minimum value and a JHD value of 29.0 Hz in the partially deuterated derivative is most consistent with a H−H distance of 0.99 A. The bound H2 ligand ...
EEG and spectral analysis in acute hyperventilation.

Abstract Acute hypocapnia decreases CBF, increases hemoglobin affinity for oxygen and causes cerebral tissue hypoxia. This tissue hypoxia is reversed with inhalation of 100% O 2 in dogs. EEG slowing produced by hyperventilation is considered a manifestation of cerebral hypoxia due to decreased CBF and is thought to be reversed with hyperoxia. This study evaluated the effects of 3 gas mixtures (16% O 2 , 21% O 2 , 100% O 2 ) on posterior frequencies of the resting and hyperventilatory EEG in normal subjects aged 23–37. Hypocapnia was maintained to an end-tidal pCO 2 of 21 mm Hg for 3 min. Respiratory measures, heart rate, s a O 2 , minute ventilation and side effects were recorded. EEG was analyzed by visual inspection and by spectral analysis. Spectral analysis evaluated total amplitude, percentile frequencies, and peak frequencies. There were significant changes from eucapnia to hypocapnia for the group in all physiologic parameters, total amplitude by spectral analysis, and posterior frequencies by visual analysis. There were no significant differences among the gases. We conclude that the EEG changes of hyperventilation are independent of the concentration of inspired oxygen over the range studied in our subjects. Symptoms of hyperventilation are likewise independent of the inspired oxygen concentration for the range studied.
REGULATION OF MURINE MYELIN PROTEOLIPID PROTEIN GENE EXPRESSION

To identify putative sequences that direct cell type-specific expression and/or enhance proteolipid protein (PLP) gene expression, glial or nonglial cells were transfected with various PLP-luciferase constructs that collectively span the entire mouse PLP-specific DNA present in a transgene known to direct cell type specificity in transgenic mice. These constructs were transfected into murine oligodendrocyte cell lines that transcribe the PLP gene and, hence, should contain the requisite trans-acting factors necessary for PLP gene expression. Mouse NIH/3T3 fibroblasts were used as a nonglial model. We have finely mapped the PLP promoter region for transcriptional regulatory elements and demonstrate both positive and negative elements, none of which appear to extinguish expression in nonglial cells. The 5'-flanking PLP DNA tested did not enhance the basal herpes simplex-1 virus thymidine kinase (TK) promoter, nor did PLP sequences present in the distal half of intron 1. The 5' portion of intron 1 did enhance TK promoter activity, suggesting that this region of the gene may contain enhancer elements that modulate PLP gene expression; however, the enhancement did not appear to be cell type-specific. Intriguingly, a 541 bp region of the intron that significantly enhanced TK promoter activity contains multiple JC virus repeated elements and other elements known to be important in restricting the virus to oligodendrocytes. These results suggest that intron 1 sequences may modulate expression of the PLP gene.
Mechanism and kinetics of radical reactions in polymers

THE DISCUSSION of this paper will be limited to the subject of free radical generation and decay in irradiated polymers with the greatest emphasis on irradiated polyethylene. Polymers constitute an excellent medium for such a study inasmuch as they can be prepared in film form, which simplifies u.v. and i.r. spectroscopic examinations; they can be irradiated with high energy radiations at 77°K so that certain types of free radicals are frozen in and their reaction studied at a convenient later time by heating above 77°K. Furthermore, on heating to room temperature from 77°K, it is possible to observe not only the kinetics of the decay of certain free radicals but also the kinetics of formation of other free radicals which are not created by the irradiation at 77°K. In addition, on heating above room temperature and through the melting point, additional free radical decay occurs and can be studied. The free radical reactions can also be correlated with mechanical relaxation processes, with the transition from the glassy to the liquid amorphous state and with the fluctuations of density that occur in the solid as a solid-solid phase transition temperature is approached. Thus, there is much to learn from the study of radical reactions in irradiated polymers. It is particularly appropriate to discuss radical reactions in polyethylene this year inasmuch as 1968 marks the 20th anniversary'v?' of the discovery of the irradiation crosslinking in polyethylene which is probably largely a free radical reaction. At this point we should comment on the possibility that some of the observed effects might be due to reactions of charged or electronically excited species rather than of free radicals (although the latter may also exist in excited states or as charged species). For reactions that occur during the irradiation it is difficult to distinguish free radical reactions from others, but due to the fact that electronically excited states usually decay in times of the order of nsec and ions also rather rapidly, by studying free radical reactions subsequent to the irradiation we can observe their reactions uncomplicated by the presence of charged species or electronically excited states. In some very recent work as yet unpublished'] Keyser, Tsuji and Williams have shown that the radiation yield of trapped electrons, G(e-) is 0·5 in Marlex-50 polyethylene, but only 0·1 to 0·2 in a low density polyethylene.v" The ESR signal of (e-) was not observed in a y-irradiated polyisobutylene glass at 77°K. The ESR signal due to
Effect of altered thyroid hormone status on rat brain ferritin H and ferritin L mRNA during postnatal development.

Abstract The iron binding protein ferritin is a heterogeneous mix of 24 heavy (H) and light (L) subunits. The H subunit is associated with iron utilization, while the L subunit is responsible for iron storage. Examination of the developmental pattern of mRNA abundance in rat brain revealed that ferritin L mRNA is highest at birth and declines during the first postnatal week. A similar decline was seen in ferritin H mRNA, but was followed by an increase in ferritin H mRNA in the second postnatal week which continued through postnatal day 21. The pattern of H mRNA regulation is similar to that in previous reports of total ferritin protein in the developing rat brain and is consistent with the fact that brain ferritin is predominately ferritin H. The effect of thyroid hormone on the developmental regulation of ferritin mRNAs was examined by the subcutaneous injection of a single dose of exogenous thyroxine (T 4 ; 2 μg/g) on postnatal day 1. Hypothyroidism was induced in pregnant dams with propylthiouracil (PTU; 0.05% in drinking water) from gestational day 7. Northern analysis from postnatal days 2–21 showed that T 4 increased ferritin H mRNA throughout development, while ferritin L mRNA was decreased compared to age-matched controls. PTU treatment decreased ferritin H and increased L mRNA in the later stages (days 14–21) of development. Given the distinct functions of ferritin H and L this suggests a role for thyroid hormone in the ability of the brain to regulate stored vs. utilizable iron during critical periods of development.
The Contrasting Synoptic and Physical Character of Northeast and Southeast Advancing Tornadoes in Iowa

Abstract Results are presented from a systematic study of 386 Iowa tornadoes reported over a 13-year period (1959–71). The tornado occurrences are studied as a function of time of day, date, path length, width, 500-mb flow, and their relationship to associated fronts and low-pressure centers. The data surprisingly reveal that Iowa tornadoes fall naturally into two rather distinct classes: northeast-advancing (NE) and southeast-advancing (SE) tornadoes. There also appear to be subgroups of tornadoes occurring ahead of the front and on or behind the front. Considering all the tornadoes studied, the tornado direction of movement is found to be closely tied to the 500-mb flow (statistically significant at the 99.99% level). Tornado path lengths tend to be longest during the spring. Some contrasts found between the two main classes of Iowa tornadoes are the following: NE and SE tornadoes comprise approximately 70% and 30%, respectively, of the total in Iowa. NE tornadoes exhibit a bimodal annual distribution o...
A protocol-driven approach to early extubation after heart surgery.

Objective We assessed the effectiveness of standardized protocols in decreasing postoperative mechanical ventilation time to Methods In 2061 patients undergoing coronary bypass, the proportion extubated in Results Twelve percent of patients were extubated in Conclusions The standardized protocols outlined in this article dramatically improved early extubation performance.