cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advancing the First World Ocean Assessment

World Ocean Assessment (WOA) regional workshops enlist expertise for the WOA Pool of Experts, update regional knowledge on the marine environment, and build capacity to conduct assessments and benefit from assessments. WOA was described in Eos (93(50), 521, doi:10.1029/2012EO500001). For the Wider Caribbean Region (WCR) Workshop, the United States Mission to the United Nations (UN) invited all UN missions, in accordance with WOA guidelines. The WCR workshop attracted 94 people from 32 countries with a wide range of expertise, including ocean, fishery, and biodiversity sciences; living and nonliving resource management; and capacity building. Attendees represented academia, governments, industry, and nongovernmental organizations.
Five new species of Isospora from Hawaiian birds.

SYNOPSIS. the following species are described from Hawaiian birds: Isospora brayi sp. n., with oocysts 27 × 26 μm and sporocysts 19 × 12 μm, from the Japanese white-eye. Zosterops japonicus Temminck & Schlegel; Isospora cardinalis sp. n., with oocysts 24 × 23 μm, and sporocysts 16 × 10 μm, from the cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis (Linnaeus); Isospora ivensae sp. n., with oocysts 26 × 25 μm, and sporocysts 18 × 12 μm, from the spotted or white-throated munia, Lonchura punctulata (Linnaeus); Isospora loxopis sp. n., with oocysts 26 × 23 μm, and sporocysts 16 × 13 μm, from the amakihi or honeycreeper, Loxops virens (Gmelin); and Isospora phaeornis sp. n., with oocysts 27 × 19 μm, and sporocysts 16 × 11 μm, from the omao or Hawaiian thrush, Phaeornis obscurus (Gmelin). All the host birds belong to the order Passerorida.
Blind MIMO system identification using PARAFAC decomposition of an output HOS-based tensor

We present a novel frequency domain approach for the identification of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system driven by white, mutually independent inputs. The system frequency response is obtained up to constant scaling and permutation ambiguities based on parallel factorization (PARAFAC) of a three-way tensor, which is constructed based on a higher-order statistics (HOS) of the system output. An important future of the proposed approach is that, unlike existing methods, no pre-whitening of the system outputs is needed, which translates to less estimation errors.
Licensing and Managing Electronic Resources, by Becky Albitz: Oxford, England: Chandos, 2008. 182 pp. ISBN: 978-1-84334-432-2. $69.95.

Albitz's stated goal for this book is to provide librarians with the skills and information necessary to negotiate the complicated landscape of electronic resource licensing and management—a place ...
Explaining the Euro Exchange Rate: The Role of Policy Uncertainty, Asymmetric Information and Hedging Opportunities

Many observers were surprised by the depreciation of the euro after its launch in 1999. Handicapped by a short sample, explanations tended to appeal to anecdotes and lessons learned from the experiences of other currencies. Now sample sizes are just becoming large enough to permit reasonable empirical analyses. This paper begins with a theoretical model addressing transaction costs of trading the euro. The model of pre- and post-euro foreign exchange trading explains wider spreads on the euro as a result of three possible causes: a reduction in hedging opportunities due to the elimination of the legacy currencies, policy uncertainty on the part of the ECB, and asymmetric information due to some traders having prior knowledge of ECB policies. However, empirical evidence on percentage spreads tends to reject the hypothesis that percentage spreads were larger on the euro than the mark for all but the first few months. This seems like an unlikely candidate to explain euro depreciation over the prolonged period observed. After addressing spreads, the model is turned toward an explanation of the exchange rate level. By focusing on euro-area inflation as the key fundamental, the model is structured toward the dynamics of learning about ECB policy with regard to inflation. While a stated target inflation rate of 2 percent existed, it may be that market participants had to be convinced that the ECB would, indeed, generate low and stable inflation. The theory motivates an empirical model of Bayesian updating related to market participants learning about the underlying inflation process under the ECB regime. With a prior distribution drawn from the pre-euro EMS experience and updating based upon the realized experience each month following the introduction of the euro, the evidence suggests that it was not until the fall of 2000 that the market assessed a greater than 50 percent probability that the inflation process had changed to a new regime. From this point on, trend depreciation of the euro ends and further increases in the probability of the new inflation process are associated with euro appreciation.
Use of carbohydrate derivatives for studies of phosphorus stereochemistry

Abstract Cyclic phosphonamidothioate and cyclic phosphoramidothioate derivatives of carbohydrates are converted stereospecifically into acyclic S -methyl phosphonothioate and phosphorothioate carbohydrate derivatives. These derivatives are convenient substrates for studies of nucleophilic displacement reactions of phosphorus in acyclic phosphorus thioates. The S -methyl group is displaced by methoxide with inversion of configuration at phosphorus in the phosphonothioates and with retention of configuration in the phosphorothioates.
Environmental controls on the geographic distribution of zooplankton diversity

Proposed explanations for the geographic distribution of zooplankton diversity include control of diversity by geographic variation in: physical and chemical properties of the near-surface ocean1,2,3; the surface area of biotic provinces4; energy availability5; rates of evolution and extinction6; and primary productivity7. None of these explanations has been quantitatively tested on a basin-wide scale. Here we used assemblages of planktic foraminifera from surface sediments to test these hypotheses. Our analysis shows that sea-surface temperature measured by satellite8 explains nearly 90% of the geographic variation in planktic foraminiferal diversity throughout the Atlantic Ocean. Temperatures at depths of 50, 100 and 150 m (ref. 9) are highly correlated to sea-surface temperature and explain the diversity pattern nearly as well. These findings indicate that geographic variation in zooplankton diversity may be directly controlled by the physical structure of the near-surface ocean. Furthermore, our results show that planktic foraminiferal diversity does not strictly adhere to the model of continually decreasing diversity from equator to pole. Instead, planktic foraminiferal diversity peaks in the middle latitudes in all oceans.
Portrayals of branded soft drinks in popular American movies: a content analysis

Background This study examines the portrayals of soft drinks in popular American movies as a potential vehicle for global marketing and an indicator of covert product placement.
A dual polarized aperture coupled microstrip antenna with active switching

This paper introduces a dual polarized aperture coupled microstrip antenna that uses active switching. The microstrip antenna has a good front-to-back ratio, high port-to-port isolation, high copolarisation-crosspolarisation isolation, and nominal gain. The switching circuit uses relatively inexpensive parts that are integrated on the same substrate as the antenna feed network. The antenna's aperture is cross-shaped. The patch size, aperture, and feed lines are tuned for optimal performance for 100 ohms impedance at an operating frequency of 16 GHz. The simulated copolarisation-crosspolarisation isolation is better than 20 dB across /spl plusmn/ 90/spl deg/ in both the E and H planes. The simulated bandwidth is 7.5%; port isolation is better than -30 dB; and the front to back ratio is nominally 12 dB.
Steady-state simulation of the human respiratory system.

Abstract The steady-state human respiratory system was simulated with the aid of a digital computer and a Calcomp model 565 digital plotter. Equations of the model were divided into a controlling system and a controlled system. The classical controller equation of Gray (1950) was compared to the more recent work of Lloyd and Cunningham (1963) . Simulation results for alveolar carbon dioxide and oxygen partial pressures as functions of a wide range of alveolar ventilation are presented (controlled system). Simulation results for alveolar ventilation, tidal volume, and respiratory frequency as functions of a wide range of alveolar carbon dioxide and oxygen partial pressures are also presented (controlling system). Similarly, simulation results for alveolar ventilation, tidal volume, and respiratory frequency are presented for a wide range of inspired carbon dioxide and oxygen partial pressures (complete model).
A national language policy and bilingual education: Promoting homogeneity while maintaining diversity in the classroom

Proponents of the English Language Amendment pose threats to the future of bilingual education in this country. This paper studies the issues of bilingual education confronting teachers and students in light of a proposed national language policy. In so doing, it provides a brief historical overview of bilingual education in the United States; explores the types of instructional bilingual programs and their effects on learning; examines the myths surrounding bilingual education; and exposes the political and ideological similarities and contradictions of the proposed national policy.
Psychological profiles for predicting leader performance

Abstract This study deals with the search for psychological profile(s) that can differentiate levels of leader performance. Although many have rejected the traditional trait theory approach to leadership, others continue to search for meaningful relationships between leader characteristics and leader behavior/effectiveness. Recent promising research focuses on profiles as opposed to individual traits as indicators of leader effectiveness. It is clearly the interaction of certain individual characteristics and situational variables that ultimately predict leader behavior. This requires continued search for person variables that may be relevant to this equation. Work with the 16 Personality Factor scale suggests some promising results. Research in this article focuses on the generation of specification equations that differentiate between high and low performers. The assumption is that there exist unique combinations (profiles) of characteristics that can aid in the prediction of leader performance. This research is an attempt to explore such profiles. Results show that a multitrait profile with weighted scale scores can predict performance. Significant correlations were obtained between 16PF profile scores and overall performance.
First measurement of helium on Mars: Implications for the problem of radiogenic gases on the terrestrial planets

108 +/- 11 photons of the martian He 584-A airglow detected by the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) satellite during a 2-day exposure (January 22-23, 1993) correspond to the effective disk average intensity of 43 +/- 10 Rayleigh (Ra). Radiative transfer calculations, using a model atmosphere appropriate to the conditions of the observation and having an exospheric temperature of 210 +/- 20 K, result in a He mixing ratio of 1.1 +/- 0.4 ppm in the lower atmosphere. Nonthermal escape of helium is due to electron impact ionization and pickup of He(+) by the solar wind, to collisions with hot oxygen atoms, and to charge exchange with molecular species with corresponding column loss rates of 1.4 x 10(exp 5), 3 x 10(exp 4), and 7 x 10(exp 3)/sq cm/s, respectively. The lifetime of helium on Mars is 5 x 10(exp 4) years. the He outgassing rate, coupled with the Ar-40 atmospheric abundance and with the K:U:Th ratio measured in the surface rocks, is used as input to a single two-reservoir degassing model which is applied to Mars and then to Venus. A similar model with known abundances if K, U, and Th is applied to Earth. The models for Earth and Mars presume loss of all argon accumulated in the atmospheres during the first billion years by large-scale meteorite and planetesimal impacts. The models show that the degassing coefficients for all three planets may be approximated by function delta = delta(sub 0) x (t(sub 0)/t)(exp 1/2) with delta(sub 0) = 0.1, 0.04, and 0.0125 Byr for Earth, Venus, and Mars, respectively. After a R(exp 2) correction this means that outgassing processes on Venus and Mars are weaker than on Earth by factors of 3 and 30, respectively. Mass ratios of U and Th are almost the same for all three planets, while potassiumis depleted by a factor of 2 in Venus and Mars. Mass ratio of helium and argon are close to 5 x 10(exp -9) and 2 x 10(exp -8) g/g in the interiors of all three planets. The implications of these results are discussed.
Bromodomain Protein 4 Mediates the Papillomavirus E2 Transcriptional Activation Function

The papillomavirus E2 regulatory protein has essential roles in viral transcription and the initiation of viral DNA replication as well as for viral genome maintenance. Brd4 has recently been identified as a major E2-interacting protein and, in the case of the bovine papillomavirus type 1, serves to tether E2 and the viral genomes to mitotic chromosomes in dividing cells, thus ensuring viral genome maintenance. We have explored the possibility that Brd4 is involved in other E2 functions. By analyzing the binding of Brd4 to a series of alanine-scanning substitution mutants of the human papillomavirus type 16 E2 N-terminal transactivation domain, we found that amino acids required for Brd4 binding were also required for transcriptional activation but not for viral DNA replication. Functional studies of cells expressing either the C-terminal domain of Brd4 that can bind E2 and compete its binding to Brd4 or short interfering RNA to knock down Brd4 protein levels revealed a role for Brd4 in the transcriptional activation function of E2 but not for its viral DNA replication function. Therefore, these studies establish a broader role for Brd4 in the papillomavirus life cycle than as the chromosome tether for E2 during mitosis.
The cardiovascular effects of high-dose butorphanol- nitrous oxide anaesthesia before and during operation

The cardiovascular effects of high doses of butorphanol (0.3-0.45 mg.kg-1) plus 60 per cent N2O anaesthesia were measured at unconsciousness, following tracheal intubation, and immediately before and at one and ten minutes after surgical stimulation in 17 A.S.A. class I and II patients undergoing elective gastric or gall bladder surgery. Butorphanol and N2O produced unconsciousness with only small decreases in heart rate and cardiac output but did not result in sufficient analgesia to block or treat stimulation of the cardiovascular system secondary to tracheal intubation or surgical incision, even when supplemented with additional butorphanol to high cumulative dose levels (1.0 mg.kg-1 ). The data suggest that even high dose butorphanol - N2O anaesthesia requires supplementation with other anaesthetics or anaesthetic adjuvants to prevent cardiovascular stimulation during general abdominal surgery.
Comparative effects of some cardioactive agents on automaticity of cultured heart cells

Abstract Cells from mouse hearts, disaggregated with collagenase were cultured in F 12 medium. These cells were viable for approximately 6 months. Using a sensitive monitoring system that allowed recording of both chronotropic and inotropic responses, we studied the effects of several cardioactive agents on the contractility of the cultured cells. The ventricular cells responded to norepinephrine, but not to guanethidine or tyramine. Since both guanethidine and tyramine release norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve endings, the lack of response to guanethidine and tyramine indicate that the heart cells are not innervated by adrenergic nerves. Atrial cells, but not ventricular cells, are responsible to acetylcholine. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP, but not cyclic AMP, elicited a positive inotropic and chronotropic response. Both positive inotropic and chronotropic responses were observed following glucagon administration and these effects were not antagonized by propanolol. Both epinephrine and T 3 elicited a positive inotropic effect but through different mechanisms. Arrhythmia and fibrillation of the cells could be induced by aconitine. The culture method and significance of responsiveness of the cultured cells are discussed.
Lanthanide(III) hexaaza macrocyclic Schiff-base complexes and their decomposition in aqueous solution

Abstract The kinetics of decomposition of several lanthanide(III) hexaaza Schiff-base macrocyclic complexes is examined in aqueous solution. For a given macrocycle, decomposition of the Schiff-base into component amine and carbonyl compound is dependent on which lanthanide ion is used. For the L1 complexes (L1=C22H26N6) the rate of decomposition increases as: Eu(L1)3+
Hyperthermic enhancement of chromosome damage and lack of effect on sister-chromatid exchanges induced by bleomycin in Chinese hamster cells in vitro.

Abstract Chinese hamster cells M-3, were treated with BLM (1–4 μg/ml) for 30 min to 1 h at 37° or 43°C. After treatment, the cells were reincubated at 37° until recovery. The material treated at 43° showed increased damage expressed as chromosome and chromatid-type breaks and exchanges. Since the amount of BLM entering the cell at 37° is supposedly similar to that which enters the cell at 43°, the enhanced damage is the result of true synergism, and not the facilitation of the drug's entry into the cell.
Photogeneration, optical absorption and transport in hydrogenated sputtered amorphous silicon

Abstract By combining direct optical transmission with steady state photocurrent and photoconductivity gain measurements we evaluated the optical absorption constant of sputtered hydrogenated a-Si between 10 5 to 10 −1 cm −1 . The photogeneration process involves excitation from the valence band or from defect states in the middle of the gap to the conduction band, with the electrons making the major contribution to the photocurrent. The electron drift mobility, determined from the photoconductivity studies, is considerably smaller than that determined from the time of flight technique, due to trapping at deep centers.
Light-induced Rotation of a Transmembrane α-Helix in Bacteriorhodopsin

Spin labeling EPR spectroscopy has been used to characterize light-induced conformational changes of bacteriorhodopsin (bR). Pairs of nitroxide spin labels were attached to engineered cysteine residues at strategic positions near the cytoplasmic ends of transmembrane α-helices B, F, and G in order to monitor distance changes upon light activation. The EPR analysis of six doubly labeled bR mutants indicates that the cytoplasmic end of helix F not only tilts outwards, but also rotates counter-clockwise during the photocycle. The direction of the rotation of helix F is the opposite of the clockwise rotation previously reported for bovine rhodopsin. The opposite chirality of the F helix rotation in the two systems is perhaps related to the differences in the cis-trans photoisomerization of the retinal in the two proteins. Using time-resolved EPR, we monitored the rotation of helix F also in real time, and found that the signal from the rotation arises concurrently with the reprotonation of the retinal Schiff base.
Effects of acetate dialysate on transforming growth factor β1, interleukin, and β2-microglobulin plasma levels

Effects of acetate dialysate on transforming growth factor β 1 , interleukin, and β 2 -microglobulin plasma levels. To evaluate potential adverse effects of acetate use in hemodialysis (HD), we measured plasma interleukin (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6), TNFα, TGFβ 1 , and β 2 -microglobulin levels with ELISA assays in normal (N=9), CRF (N=6), CAPD (N=7) and HD (N= 8) subjects and compared the effects of acetate (Ac) and acetate-free (Ac-free) dialysate. TGFβ 1 , was the only cytokine consistently detected. Compared to normals (median 57, range 53 to 68 pg/ml, one undetected; N=8), TGFβ 1 was higher in the CRF (75, 70 to 97 pg/ml, one undetected) and CAPD (75.5, 66 to 116 pg/ml, N=6) groups (P 1 pre-HD (70, 63 to 88 pg/ml) increased above normals post AcHD [79.5, 65 to 140 pg/ml uncorrected for ultrafiltration (UF)] and was higher after AcHD versus Ac-free HD both uncorrected (79.5, 65 to 140 pg/ml vs. 70, 52 to 86 pg/ml) and corrected for UF (68, 51 to 115 pg/ml vs. 57, 43 to 69 pg/ml; P 2 -microglobulin was not different after AcHD (81.2 ± 8.0 mg/ml) versus Ac-free HD (72.5 ± 6.9 mg/ml). Signifcantly lower serum inorganic phosphorus was also found four hours post-AcHD compared to four hours post-Ac-free HD (0.87 mmol ± 0.10 SEM vs. 1.05 mmol ± 0.07 SEM P 1 , which stimulates extracellular matrix and collagen synthesis and modulates other cytokines, could affect the progression of CRF and combined with acetate's possible effects on phosphate kinetics, could play a role in ectopic calcifications and renal bone disease. Finally, no effect of acetate on β 2 -microglobulin levels was found.
Occupational sex stereotypes among college students.

Abstract Occupational stereotypes among college students were examined. College students rated the 106 occupations contained in the Strong Interest Inventory ( Strong, Hansen, & Campbell, 1985 ) according to the degree persons in these occupations contained masculine or feminine traits or according to the proportion of men and women employed in them. Men and women made equivalent ratings of occupations. Ratings for trait and proportion did not differ. Based on comparisons with Shinar's earlier research 1975 it would appear that stereotyping has moderated even though it remained present in responses. Further comparisons showed consistent differences in stereotyping based on the Holland 1985 occupational types of occupations rated. Implications for the use of interest inventories and the continuation of sex typing are presented.
Getting Ready to Read: Guided Probing for Poor Comprehenders

An advance organizer, TELLS Fact or Fiction, was used to orient students to stories prior to reading them. The steps represented by the acronym were: (T) study story titles, (E) examine and skim pages for clues as to what stories were about, (L) look for important words, (L) look for hard words, (S) think about the story settings, and (Fact or Fiction) decide whether stories were factual or fictional. Teachers used the probing technique to guide 4 LD elementary students and 2 secondary students from general special education classes.Analysis of performance on comprehension questions showed that, in general, students' average performance on factual, sequential, and inferential questions improved when they used the technique. The two older students maintained acceptable performance on inferential questions when the technique was removed; the remainder of the subjects were unable to maintain their improved performance after teacher-guided assistance was removed.
[14C]Phenylalanine incorporation by particles from human leukemic and non-leukemic plasma.

Abstract Fresh plasma obtained from normal children and children with leukemia contained 0.2–0.24 mg of particulate protein/ml. This protein was sedimented by centrifugation of plasma samples at 37000 × g for 30 min.The protein: RNA ratio of this material was 13.6. The particulate material actively incorporated [ 14 C]phenylalanine by a process that was dependent on Mg ++ concentration which did not require added ATP.These studies failed to find significant differences in the plasma particulate material which were associated with leukemia.
The Characterization Of Sources Of Illumination In A Ponderosa Pine (Pinus Ponderosa) Forest Community Using The Portable Instantaneous Display And Analysis Spectrometer

To accurately model the mixed signatures present in remotely sensed datasets, both the reflectance spectra of the components present and the characteristics of the various types of illumination must he known. The Portable Instantaneous Display and Analysis Spectrometer (PIDAS) was used to characterize the different sources contributing to the total illumination in a Ponderosa Pine (Pinks ponderosa) forest con'imunity. While direct illumination from the sun contributes the major portion of the total, the amount of illumination from diffuse skylight and from light reflected off the surrounding forest canopy are shown to be significant. A method was developed that allowed the determination of the visible and near infrared radiometric characteristics of each of these sources of illumination relative to the total illumination radiance. For each of the materials present, this data was used to compute apparent reflectance spectra, (the reflectance of that material with ambient illumination relative to a standard fully illuminated by the sun), for the range of illumination conditions encountered. Measured reflectance spectra of materials illuminated by a mixture of all of the sources can then be modeled as a mixture of the apparent spectra associated with each of the individual illumination sources. This technique, when used to model high spectral resolution. datasets such as Airborne Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS), can be used to extract not only information about the abundances of the materials present in the image, but also information about the architecture or geometric relationships of these materials.© (1988) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Gangliosides and Other Lipids of the Growth Cone Membrane

Growth cone membranes, derived from growth cone particles isolated from 16- to 18-day-old fetal rat brain, were found to be rich in overall lipid content with a lipid-to-protein ratio of 3.5. The phospholipid-to-cholesterol ratio indicated considerably less cholesterol than plasma membranes from mature neurons. All major classes of phospholipid were present in the usual proportions except sphingomyelin, which could not be detected. Gangliosides expressed in relation to protein were present at somewhat higher levels compared to previously reported values for synaptic plasma membranes (73 versus 44 micrograms/mg protein), but when related to phospholipid their level was well below that of the latter (26 versus 62 micrograms/mg phospholipid). The ganglioside pattern was generally similar to that of mature synaptic membranes except for the presence of relatively more GD3 and less GD1a, a phenomenon also observed in whole fetal brain of the same age. Several neutral glycosphingolipids were detected, glucosylceramide being the major one of this group. Their total level in growth cone membranes was roughly comparable to that of gangliosides, but unlike the latter their concentration in whole brain decreased with development. For comparison we analyzed the ganglioside composition of mixed membrane fractions from the same fetal brains and found no significant differences between these and growth cone membranes, suggesting that these glycoconjugates are not localized specifically in the growth cones. Neutral glycosphingolipids, on the other hand, appeared somewhat more concentrated in growth cones than in the mixed membranes.
An active 90nm inductive signal noise testchip with realistic microprocessor signal buses

A 90nm inductance test chip that includes active drivers and on-die noise capture capabilities has been fabricated and measured in silicon. The purpose of the test chip was to quantify the inductive and capacitive noise effects on realistic microprocessor signal lines using typical inter-repeater lengths and signal-to-voltage-rail ratios. Measured results showed that signal inductive noise can potentially contend with capacitive noise and, in double-wide structures, can be of a greater effect than capacitive noise
Combined Prostaglandin and Nitric Oxide Inhibition Produces Anatomic Remodeling and Closure of the Ductus Arteriosus in the Premature Newborn Baboon

After birth, the full-term ductus arteriosus actively constricts and undergoes extensive histologic changes that prevent subsequent reopening. These changes are thought to occur only if a region of intense hypoxia develops within the ductus wall after the initial active constriction. In preterm infants, indomethacin-induced constriction of the ductus is often transient and is followed by reopening. Prostaglandins and nitric oxide both play a role in inhibiting ductus closure in vitro. We hypothesized that combined inhibition of both prostaglandin and nitric oxide production (with indomethacin and N-nitro-l-arginine (L-NA), respectively) may be required to produce the degree of functional closure that is needed to cause intense hypoxia. We used preterm (0.67 gestation) newborn baboons that were mechanically ventilated for 6 d: 6 received indomethacin alone, 7 received indomethacin plus L-NA, and 16 received no treatment (control). Just before necropsy, only 25% of control ductus and 33% of indomethacin-treated ductus were closed on Doppler examination; in contrast, 100% of the indomethacin-plus-L-NA-treated ductus were closed. Control and indomethacin-treated baboons developed negligible-to-mild ductus hypoxia (EF5 technique). Similarly, there was minimal evidence of ductus remodeling. In contrast, indomethacin-plus-L-NA-treated baboons developed intense hypoxia in regions where the ductus was most constricted. The hypoxic muscle strongly expressed vascular endothelial growth factor, and proliferating luminal endothelial cells filled and occluded the lumen. In addition, cells in the most hypoxic regions were undergoing DNA fragmentation. In conclusion, preterm newborns are capable of remodeling their ductus, just like the full-term newborn, if they can reduce their luminal blood flow to a point that produces intense ductus wall hypoxia. Combined prostaglandin and nitric oxide inhibition may be necessary to produce permanent closure of the ductus and prevent reopening in preterm infants.
Jean‐Martin Charcot and Silas Weir Mitchell

Although Charcot and Mitchell only met once or possibly twice in Paris (1873 and 1875), they interacted in multiple ways to influence one another's research and the development of nineteenth century neurology. Charcot strongly relied on, and openly credited, Mitchell's important contributions on the fragility of bones in locomotor ataxia when he postulated his own historic concepts on neuropathic arthropathies (Charcot joints). Mitchell likewise referred to Charcot in his texts and manuscripts, although his comments were not always complementary. Most notably, Mitchell publicly criticized Charcot for wrongfully claiming precedence over Americans (i.e., Mitchell himself) in the development of isolation therapy. The two men shared many specific neurologic interests, especially the effects of trauma and disorders affecting women, including hysteria. In the development of clinical neurology as a new scientific field, Charcot and Mitchell were both strong empiricists who distrusted theory but believed that clinical medicine, and specifically neurology, required continued infusion of new data from the laboratory sciences. Both men were exemplary teachers, Mitchell primarily a preceptor and supervisor of doctors outside the university system and Charcot the first European professor of clinical neurology and head of the celebrated School of the Salpetriere.
Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling of Resting-state fMRI: applicability of group models to individual subjects

Abstract The extension of group-level connectivity methods to individual subjects remains a hurdle for statistical analyses of neuroimaging data. Previous group analyses of positron emission tomography data in clinically depressed patients, for example, have shown that resting-state connectivity prior to therapy predicts how patients eventually respond to pharmacological and cognitive–behavioral therapy. Such applications would be considerably more informative for clinical decision making if these connectivity methods could be extended into the individual subject domain. To test such an extension, 46 treatment-naive depressed patients were enrolled in an fMRI study to model baseline resting-state functional connectivity. Resting-state fMRI scans were acquired and submitted to exploratory structural equation modeling (SEM) to derive the optimal group connectivity model. Jackknife and split sample tests confirm that group model was highly reproducible, and path weights were consistent across the best five group models. When this model was applied to data from individual subjects, 85% of patients fit the group model. Histogram analysis of individual subjects' paths indicate that some paths are better representative of group membership. These results suggest that exploratory SEM is a viable technique for neuroimaging connectivity analyses of individual subjects' resting-state fMRI data.
Evaluation of quinolones in experimental animal models of infections

Many discriminative experimental animal models of infection have been utilized in the evaluation of newer fluoroquinolones. In vivo efficacy of many of the newer agents has been shown in experimental models of meningitis, endocarditis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, pyelonephritis, osteomyelitis, abscesses of various types, septic arthritis, gastroenteritis, salmonellosis, listeriosis, tuberculosis, syphilis, sinusitis, prostatitis and burn wound sepsis, among others. This review focuses on recent developments in a few selected areas. Although the limitations of animal model studies are well described, these results provide a rationale for the appropriate clinical usage of the newer fluoroquinolones in humans.
Availability of phosphorus in calcium silicate slag

Abstract Significant yield increases of sugarcane and rice have been observed in the Everglades Agricultural Area of Florida from application of soluble silicon as calcium silicate slag. Although calcium silicate slag contains trace quantities of P, significant quantities of P can be applied using commercial rates of slag. This may be of concern to both the agronomists responsible for determining P fertilization rates for these crops and to land managers attempting to limit the application of P in this region. The objective of our research was to determine the biological availability of P applied as calcium silicate slag. Two sugarcane studies and two rice studies were conducted on a Terra Ceia muck (Euic, hyperthermic Typic Medisaprist), Pahokee muck (Euic, hyperthermic Lithic Medisaprist), and a Okeelanta muck (sandy or sandy‐skeletal, siliceous, euic hyperthermic Terric Medisaprist) at five locations for one to three years each. Calcium silicate slag was applied at rates ranging from 0 to 20 Mg ha‐1. F...
Measuring high energy neutrino-nucleon cross sections with future neutrino telescopes

Next generation kilometer-scale neutrino telescopes, such as ICECUBE, can test standard model predictions for neutrino-nucleon cross sections at energies well beyond the reach of collider experiments. At energies near a PeV and higher, the Earth becomes opaque to neutrinos. At these energies, the ratio of upgoing and downgoing events can be used to measure the total neutrino-nucleon cross section given the presence of an adequate high energy neutrino flux.
In vivo molecular photoacoustic tomography of melanomas targeted by bioconjugated gold nanocages.

Early diagnosis, accurate staging, and image-guided resection of melanomas remain crucial clinical objectives for improving patient survival and treatment outcomes. Conventional techniques cannot meet this demand because of the low sensitivity, low specificity, poor spatial resolution, shallow penetration, and/or ionizing radiation. Here we overcome such limitations by combining high-resolution photoacoustic tomography (PAT) with extraordinarily optical absorbing gold nanocages (AuNCs). When bioconjugated with [Nle4,d-Phe7]-α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, the AuNCs can serve as a novel contrast agent for in vivo molecular PAT of melanomas with both exquisite sensitivity and high specificity. The bioconjugated AuNCs enhanced contrast ∼300% more than the control, PEGylated AuNCs. The in vivo PAT quantification of the amount of AuNCs accumulated in melanomas was further validated with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
Exergy Analysis of a Solar Heating System

Exergy destruction associated with the operation of a solar heating system is evaluated numerically via an exergy cascade. As expected, exergy destruction is dominated by heat transfer across temperature differences. An energy analysis is also given for comparison of exergy cascade to energy cascade. Efficiencies based on both the first law and second law of thermodynamics are calculated for a number of components and for the system. The results show that high first-law efficiency does not mean high second-law efficiency. Therefore, the second-law analysis has been proven to be a more powerful tool in identifying the site losses. The procedure used to determine total exergy destruction and second law efficiency can be used in a conceptual design and parametric study to evaluate the performance of other solar heating systems and other thermal systems.
Immediate and late outcomes of transarterial coil occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus in dogs

Records from dogs (n = 125) that underwent attempted transarterial coil occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) at the University of California, Davis, between 1998 and 2003, were reviewed, and a subset of these dogs (n = 31) in which the procedure was performed at least 12 months earlier were reexamined to determine long-term outcome. Coil implantation was achieved in 108 dogs (86%). Despite immediate complete ductal closure in only 34% of dogs, the procedure was hemodynamically successful as evidenced by a reduction in indexed left ventricular internal diameter in diastole (LVIDd; P < .0001), fractional shortening (P < .0001), and left atrial to aortic ratio (LA: Ao; P = .022) within 24 hours. Complete ductal closure was documented in 61% of dogs examined 12 to 63 months after coil occlusion. Long-standing residual ductal flow in the other 39% of dogs was not associated with increased indexed LVIDd or LA: Ao and was not hemodynamically relevant. Repeat intervention was deemed advisable in only 4 dogs with persistent (n = 1) or recurrent (n = 3) ductal flow. Complications included aberrant embolization (n = 27), death (n = 3), ductal reopening (n = 3), transient hemoglobinuria (n = 2), hemorrhage (n = 1), aberrant coil placement (n = 1), pulmonary hypertension (n = 1), and skin abscessation (n = 1). Serious infectious complications did not occur despite antibiotic administration to only 40% of these dogs. Transarterial coil occlusion was not possible in 14 dogs (11%) because of coil instability in the PDA and was associated with increased indexed minimum ductal diameter (P = .03), LVIDd (P = .0002), LVIDs (P = 0.001), and congestive left heart failure (P = .03) reflecting a relatively large shunt volume.
Regeneration competence accompanies increased expression of arginine methyltransferase PRMT8 in human adult fibroblasts

Identification of therapeutically relevant molecules is necessary for the advancement of non-viral reprogramming of human cells for regenerative medicine. We have developed a novel non-viral model system that transforms primary human dermal fibroblasts into cells with induced regeneration competence (iRC). Low oxygen-mediated effects of fibroblast growth factor FGF2 lead to an increased cellular lifespan with a two fold increase in population doublings before senescence, remaining non-tumorigenic when injected into SCID mice while maintaining regeneration competence [1, 2]. This system allows us to study molecules that participate in increased cellular lifespan in a non-tumorigenic system. This project aims identify unique molecules that contribute to the iRC phenotype with the goal to design therapeutics that target diseases associated with aging, wound healing, and tumor formation. Analysis of 84 chromatin modification enzymes by qRT-PCR revealed 13-fold upregulation of the arginine methyltransferase PRMT8 in iRC cells. Increased protein expression was confirmed in both iRC and human embryonic stem cells - the first demonstration of endogenous human PRMT8 expression. These results may ultimately lead to novel findings regarding regulation of arginine methyltransferases and define functions of endogenous PRMT8 in human cells.
Longitudinal characterization of white matter maturation during adolescence.

Background. Late adolescence is comprised of considerable developmental transitions, though brain maturational changes during this period are subtle and difficult to quantitatively evaluate from standard brain imaging acquisitions. To date, primarily cross-sectional studies have characterized typical developmental changes during adolescence, but these processes need further description within a longitudinal framework. Method. To assess the developmental trajectory of typical white matter development, we examined 22 healthy adolescents with serial diffusion tensor images (DTI) collected at a mean age of 17.8 years and 16-months later. Diffusion parameters fractional anisotropy, and mean, radial, and axial diffusivity were subjected to whole-brain voxelwise time point comparisons using tract-based spatial statistics. Results. At follow-up, adolescents showed a significant change (≥ 153 contiguous voxels each at p < 0.01) in diffusion properties, including in bilateral superior longitudinal fasciculi, superior corona radiata, anterior thalamic radiations, and posterior limb of the internal capsule. Overall, correlations with cognitive performances suggested behavioral improvement corresponding with white matter changes. Conclusion. These longitudinal DTI findings support continued microstructural change in white matter during late adolescence, and suggest ongoing refinement of projection and association fibers into early adulthood.
The Senior Connection: design and rationale of a randomized trial of peer companionship to reduce suicide risk in later life

There is a pressing public health need to find interventions that reduce suicide risk in later life. Psychiatric and physical illness, functional decline, and social factors place seniors at risk for suicide. Reflecting this body of evidence, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has identified the promotion and strengthening of social connectedness, between and within the individual, family, community, and broader societal levels, as a key strategy for suicide prevention. The Senior Connection, a randomized trial of peer companionship for older adults, is described here, with an emphasis on the most novel features of the study design-grounding in a psychological theory of suicide and intervening at an early stage in the suicide risk trajectory by linking primary care patients with the Aging Services Provider Network.
The preparation of fortified 70–80% perchloric acid employing anhydrous magnesium perchlorate as desiccant

Abstract The preparation of 73.6% perchloric acid, HClO4·2H2O, by a new procedure is described; this is the vacuum distillation of commercially available 70–71% acid to which anhydrous magnesium perchlorate has been added. The process can be extended to the preparation of 75–80% perchloric acid concentrations, for which there exists commercial demand. The processes involved are described in detail.
Are Manual Typewriters Becoming Obsolete

(1976). Are Manual Typewriters Becoming Obsolete? The Journal of Business Education: Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 142-144.
Joe Russell Whitaker (1900–2000)

Joe Russell Whitaker's earliest years were spent on the margins of Oddville, Harrison County, in the Bluegrass of Kentucky. Raised in a Southern Methodist family some sixty miles from Cincinnati, h...
Automation-Related “Complacency”: Theory, Empirical Data, and Design Implications

With the introduction of advanced automation into many human-machine systems, the human is often left to monitor the automation. However, human monitoring of automated systems can be poor, especially when the operator has to accomplish other tasks (Parasuraman, Molloy & Singh, 1993). Several explanations for these automation-related monitoring inefficiencies (“complacency”) have been put forward. One view (Parasuraman et al., 1993) suggests that complacency reflects an attention allocation strategy away from the automated system due to high trust in the automation. Empirical data from two studies using eye movement recording are presented to test this theory. In the first study, students were tested on a PC-based simulation of flight-related tasks. In the second study, professional air traffic controllers performed on a medium-fidelity ATC simulator. The results supported an attentional interpretation of automation-related complacency. Implications for the design of automated systems are discussed.
Study on the significance of bronchial hyperreactivity in the bronchus obstruction after inhalation of cat dander allergen

Abstract The role of bronchial hyperreactivity in the process that leads to bronchial obstruction after inhalation of an allergen was investigated. In 30 asthmatic children selected because of a positive skin test to cat dander allergen, we measured the histamine threshold, the reaction after allergen inhalation, the allergen-specific IgE concentration in serum, the lowest allergen concentration to which the intracutaneous skin test was positive (skin titer), and the histamine relase of leukocytes after challenge with allergen. These variables were correlated with each other. The highest correlation was found between the inhalation reaction and the combination of the histamine threshold and either the allergen-specific IgE or the skin titer. Inhalation was only positive with a decreased histamine threshold (≤8 mg/ml). With a low histamine threshold, a positive reaction to inhalation is likely to occur at an allergen-specific IgE concentration of ≥2 U/ml or at a skin titer of ≤2.5 × 10 −1 μg/ml.
Quantum mechanical tunneling phenomena in metal–semiconductor junctions

The impact of the quantum mechanical tunneling effect on the operation of MESFET device structure has been investigated. Due to the presence of a Schottky barrier in a highly doped semiconductor, the depletion region is so narrow that electrons can tunnel through the barrier and contribute to the gate leakage current. This, in turn, facilitates current gain of the Schottky junction transistor (SJT) in the subthreshold region. In a simulation of a SJT we have used 2D Monte Carlo particle-based simulations. Quantum mechanical tunneling effects have been accounted for by using the Airy function transfer matrix approach, valid for piecewise linear potential barriers.
How well do sediment indicators record past climate? An evaluation using annually laminated sediments

The reliability of paleoclimatic inferences from lake-sediment records rests on the understand- ing of how various sediment indicators respond to environmental changes. Despite the recent prolifera- tion of paleoclimatic records, only a limited number of studies have rigorously evaluated potential indi- cators by comparing lake-sediment records with instrumental weather data. We analyzed annually laminated sediments of the past 100 years from a lake in north-central Minnesota for a suite of variables commonly used for climatic reconstructions. Results were compared with time series of climatic or climate-derived variables, as well as with indices of climate modes thought to influence the regional climate of the midwestern United States. The oxygen- isotopic composition of calcite (d 18 Oc) shows trends
Mini-incision technique for total hip arthroplasty with navigation

Abstract This prospective study compares a mini-incision technique and traditional posterior approach for total hip arthroplasty (THA). Thirty-three patients who had undergone a mini-incision THA were matched by diagnosis, gender, average age, and preoperative Harris Hip Score (HHS) to 33 patients who had undergone THA using the traditional posterior approach. The average length of the incision for group 1 was 11.7 cm (range, 7.3–13.0) and for group 2 was 20.2 cm (range, 14.8–26.0). At the 3-month follow-up, patients in the mini-incision group had significant improvement in limp ( P P P P P