cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Processes of Early Childhood Interventions to Adult Well-Being

This article describes the contributions of cognitive-scholastic advantage, family support behavior, and school quality and support as processes through which early childhood interventions promote well-being. Evidence in support of these processes is from longitudinal cohort studies of the Child-Parent Centers and other preventive interventions beginning by age 4. Relatively large effects of participation have been documented for school readiness skills at age 5, parent involvement, K-12 achievement, remedial education, educational attainment, and crime prevention. The three processes account for up to half of the program impacts on well-being. They also help to explain the positive economic returns of many effective programs. The generalizability of these processes is supported by a sizable knowledge base, including a scale up of the Child-Parent Centers.
American Academy of Pediatrics 2016 Safe Sleep Practices: Implications for Pediatric Behavioral Sleep Medicine.

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recently released an updated policy statement providing recommendations for a safe infant sleep environment (Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 201...
The Chronicles of Immigration Law

In early 2017, Carolina Academic Press published an anthology of excerpts of the scholarship of Michael Olivas, along with accompanying essays from about 20 notable U.S. legal scholars, titled Law Professor and Accidental Historian: The Scholarship of Michael A. Olivas (ed. Ediberto Roman). Given Michael's influence in the field of immigration law and policy, I reflected on his article The Chronicles, My Grandfather’s Stories, and Immigration Law: The Slave Traders Chronicle as Racial History,” St. Louis University L.J. 34 (1990). As one of the first legal writers on the Latina/o experience, Olivas in that article responded to Derrick Bell’s much-discussed chronicle of the space traders. As Olivas posited, Derrick Bell’s seemingly “fantastic” vision of a trade for the once-enslaved U.S. black population was neither fantastic nor unlikely to occur. Rather, it had already occurred throughout our sorry racial history with targets across the color line. In my essay, I examine and suggest a number of current groups the U.S. might readily bargain away, some even without the demand for valuable consideration in return. Sadly, should Bell’s alien spaceships arrive on U.S shores today, no doubt they might have several vulnerable groups to barter for their undisclosed needs for mass deportation. And perhaps a U.S. leader anxious to make that despicable bargain.
The Spatial Dimensions of Conflict: Initiating the Process of Reconciliation in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan

A fundamental problem in the analysis of any conflict is a general predisposition towards reflecting on violence as a cause, as well as violence as a solution. My approach in this chapter suggests a different mode; it focuses on infusing reconciliation as a way forward as a means of bringing about sustainable transformation of conflict with specific reference to the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan. In the post 11 September 2001 period, Pakistan has been facing the grave challenge of increasing levels of violence and militancy, which has threatened the entire fabric of society. This paper specifically examines the on-going conflict in the north-western tribal areas of Pakistan in the post 9/11 ‘war on terror’, which has also become a conflict over space, resources and order since the creation of Pakistan in 1947. The paper addresses reconciliation as a way forward for this conflict.
Is Lower Quality Clinical Care Ethically Justifiable for Patients Residing in Areas with Infrastructure Deficits

Reproductive health services, including infertility care, are important in countries with infrastructure deficits, such as Lebanon, which now hosts more than one million Syrian refugees. Islamic prohibitions on child adoption and third-party reproductive assistance (donor eggs, sperm, embryos, and surrogacy) mean that most Muslim couples must turn to in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) to overcome their childlessness. Attempts to bring low-cost IVF-ICSI to underserved populations might help infertile couples where no other services are available. However, a low-cost IVF-ICSI protocol for male infertility remains technically challenging and thus may result in two standards of clinical care. Nonetheless, low-cost IVF-ICSI represents a form of reproductive justice in settings with infrastructure deficits and is clearly better than no treatment at all.
Dignity, Self-Respect, and Bloodless Invasions

In Chapter 7, “Dignity, Self-Respect, and Bloodless Invasions”, Saba Bazargan-Forward asks How much violence can we impose on those attempting to politically subjugate us? According to Bazargan-Forward, “reductive individualism” answers this question by determining how much violence one can impose on an individual wrongly attempting to prevent one from political participation. Some have argued that the amount of violence one can permissibly impose in such situations is decidedly sub-lethal. Accordingly, this counterintuitive response has cast doubt on the reductive individualist project. Bazargan-Forward argues, however, that political subjugation involves an institutionally embodied form of disrespect that has been altogether missed. A proper appreciation of this sort of disrespect, he contends, morally permits much greater defensive violence against those attempting to politically subjugate us or others.
Heavy-Ion Radiobiology: Normal Tissue Studies

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of heavy-ion radiobiology. Some of the considerations of the rationale for the use of accelerated heavy charged particles include physical advantages provided to heavy particles by virtue of their depth–dose profiles, where an increased physical dose may be deposited at depth in tissue as compared to the plateau region of ionization, biological advantages provided by the increase in the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of the heavy-ion beam at depth where a presumptive tumor may lie, significant decreases in the radiation resistance of hypoxic cells, evidenced by a decrease in the oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) for heavy-ion beams, and reduction in the influence of cell age in responses and production of potentially exploitable perturbations in cellular kinetics. A major emphasis of studies of accelerated heavy ions on normal tissues is to determine the nature of the response when multiple exposures are given. The spinal cord has often been used as a model for radiation-induced damage to the central nervous system, as functional impairment denoted by overt myelopathy and paralysis can be easily assessed as a function of total radiation dose.
Effect of dsRNA-containing and dsRNA-free hypovirulent isolates of Fusarium oxysporum on severity of Fusarium seedling disease of soybean in naturally infested soil

In the sandy soils of eastern Virginia, soybean seedlings are colonized by hypovirulent and virulent isolates of Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani. Our objectives were to determine if prior inoculation of soybean seeds with hypovirulent F. oxysporum isolates reduced severity of seedling disease in naturally infested soil, and to determine if there was an association between the presence of dsRNA mycovirus and hypovirulence in isolates of F. oxysporum and F. solani from soybean plants. The presence of dsRNA was not associated with hypovirulence in F. oxysporum since some hypovirulent isolates contained dsRNA while other hypovirulent isolates did not. Furthermore, of six dsRNA-containing F. oxysporum isolates, three were hypovirulent and three were virulent. Four segments of dsRNA, with sizes of 4.0, 3.1, 2.7 and 2.2 kb were detected in extracts of all six F. oxysporum isolates. No hypovirulent or dsRNA-containing of F. solani isolates were found. Prior inoculation of cv. Essex soybean seeds with conidia of dsRNA-free hypovirulent F. oxysporum isolates significantly (P 0.05) differences were found between dsRNA-containing and dsRNA-free hypovirulent F. oxysporum isolates in their effects on reducing disease severity. Hypovirulent isolates that colonize soybean tissues may play a role in reducing Fusarium seedling disease of soybean in natural soils.
Bacteriophage for Gastrointestinal Health (PHAGE) Study: Evaluating the Safety and Tolerability of Supplemental Bacteriophage Consumption

Objective: The gut microbiota has been recognized as a critical regulator of human health, and novel interventions to selectively modulate the microbiota are actively being sought. Bacteriophages (...
Localizing YouTube: Language, cultural regions, and digital platforms:

This article analyzes the significance of linguistic and cultural regions for the global expansion and localization of digital platforms. Bringing issues of globalization and cultural difference to...
Goog Faith under the CISG and UAE Law

This research is written to shed the light on good faith as one of the most controversial concepts in the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) by way of comparison with the doctrine of good faith in the law of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It seeks to provide the readers with a quick background of the concept of good faith and its role in both the CISG and UAE law.
What Clinicians Need to Know About Early Literacy Development in Children With Hearing Loss

Purpose Children with hearing loss may not reach the same level of reading proficiency as their peers with typical development. Audiologists and speech-language pathologists (SLPs) have important r...
Initial Validation of GRASP: A Differential Diagnoses Algorithm for Children With Medical Complexity and an Unknown Source of Pain.

OBJECTIVES: Identifying the source of pain for children with medical complexity (MC) is challenging. The purpose of this study was the initial validation of a tool to guide the medical evaluation for identifying the source of pain in children with MC by using differential diagnoses. The tool is entitled Guidelines for Ruling Out and Assessing Source of Pain (GRASP). METHODS: A mixed-methods approach that included expert review, focus groups, Web-based surveys, and a trial of the GRASP was used to determine validity as well as perceived clinical utility. RESULTS: Focus groups were held with 26 inpatient and outpatient clinicians. Participants consistently responded in support of the GRASP. Participants advised several suggestions for tool organization such as designing the tool as a flow diagram. Seven clinicians participated in Web-based surveys and made specific suggestions for making the GRASP more comprehensive. Six participants trialed the GRASP for 14 children with MC and pain of unknown origin. Overall, participants found that the GRASP was a clinically effective tool for guiding medical evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide preliminary evidence that the GRASP has content and face validity in evaluating the source of pain in children with MC. This tool can be used to systematically guide clinicians through a balanced approach to evaluation with a goal of determining the pain source, preventing harm, and relieving suffering without unnecessary tests.
Characteristics of complete tibial fractures in California racehorses

BACKGROUND Tibial fractures cause ~3% of racehorse deaths. Pre-existing stress fractures have been associated with multiple racing and training fractures, but not complete tibial fractures. OBJECTIVES To describe racehorse tibial fractures and compare signalment and exercise histories of affected and control racehorses. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective analysis of necropsy reports. METHODS Racehorses that had a complete tibial fracture (1990-2018) were retrospectively reviewed. Signalment and exercise histories of affected horses were compared to 1) racehorses that died because of non-tibial musculoskeletal injuries or 2) non-musculoskeletal cause and 3) age, sex, event-matched control racehorses. Tibial fracture prevalence was described relative to California racehorses that had at least one official work or race. Age, sex and limb distributions were compared between affected and control horses (Chi-square, Fisher's Exact test). Exercise history data were reduced to counts and rates of official high speed works, races and layups (periods without an official high speed work or race >60 days). Variables were compared among groups using matched logistic regression (P ≤ .05). RESULTS Tibial fractures in 115 horses (97% unilateral; 50% left, 47% right) occurred most commonly during training (68%) and in 2- to 3-year-old horses (73%). Fractures were predominantly comminuted (93%), diaphyseal (44%) and oblique (40%). Of 61 cases examined for callus, 64% had periosteal callus associated with fracture, most commonly in proximal (65%) and distal diaphyseal (27%) locations. Of 28 racehorses with known exercise history, 57% never raced and 36% had a layup. Affected horses had fewer official-timed works and events (official high speed works and races), number of active days and accumulated less distance in events and works (P < .05) than control horses. MAIN LIMITATIONS Retrospective review of necropsy reports by multiple pathologists over 28 years. CONCLUSIONS Tibial fractures were associated with pre-existing stress fracture early in career. Most fractures were associated with proximolateral stress fractures.
Crossmodal negativity bias in semantic processing.

Negative events have greater influence on cognitive processing compared with positive events, a phenomenon referred to as the negativity bias. Previous studies have shown that reaction times (RTs) to negatively valenced items are slower in semantic tasks. According to the automatic vigilance hypothesis, these effects are caused by preferential attention to negative stimuli or features diverting cognitive resources away from semantic processing. However, it is still unclear whether the negativity bias can be modulated by affective context in a crossmodal setting and how that occurs. Experiment 1 examined individually presented pictures and words and established that participants were slower to judge negatively valenced picture and word targets in a semantic task. Experiments 2 and 3 probed the crossmodal influences of valence on subsequent semantic processing by using short music clips as primes and valenced pictures or words as targets. Both experiments demonstrated that priming negative versus positive music slowed RTs in a semantic task, irrespective of target valence. Hierarchical Bayesian drift diffusion model analyses suggest that the slow-down effects for negative conditions are mainly attributed to reduced drift rates. Together, these experiments demonstrate that negative auditory valence can impair subsequent semantic processing of visual targets in an additive fashion. These results provide further support for the automatic vigilance hypothesis. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Dissipation Effects of Coastal Vegetation on Nearshore Structures under Wave Runup Loading

AbstractInundation events caused by hurricanes or tsunamis pose a substantial risk to the integrity of coastal infrastructure; however, their impact on the built environment can be greatly altered ...
“Raw Intelligence Does Not Help You”: Exploring Teachers’ Conceptualizations of Success at One “No-Excuses” Charter School:

This paper explores the ways in which success in school is constructed by a majority White teaching staff during day-to-day classroom practices and schoolwide policies, such as the disciplinary sys...
Impact of Treatment Temperature Decline on Stability of Advanced Alkaline Biosolids

Biosolids must be stabilized in order to reduce odors, which have been noted as a major concernwith respect to alkaline stabilization. Stabilization is designed to address potential putrefaction processes,odiferous releases and vector attraction concerns. Also, most alkaline processes are open systems in whichtemperature and mixing are more difficult to control, and factors such as increased pressure or bactericidalaction of un-ionized ammonia are not present to aid in disinfection. The purpose of this project was to beginassessment of the long-term stability of an advanced alkaline product resulting from operating conditionsestablished by testing previously conducted and approved by EPA’s Pathogen Equivalency Committee. Theconditions formerly established as optimum to achieve required pathogen destruction resulted in the ability of advanced alkaline system to operate at a lower temperature of 55oC as opposed to the temperature of 70oC required by the U.S. EPA 40CFR Part 503 Final Rule Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge. All previous data collected regarding the ability of the advanced alkaline product to remain stabilized over long periods of time were related to the material produced at the higher temperatures which indicated no significant decline in pH over a time of 5 years.The goal of this research is to obtain better understanding of the stabilization of biosolids over time, lower costs, reduce odor formation and to reduce vector and pathogen attraction so to comply with the current requirements.
A Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Epinephrine Autoinjector Risk Stratification for Patients with Food Allergy--One Epinephrine Autoinjector or Two?

Background Food-allergic patients are routinely prescribed 2 epinephrine autoinjectors (EAIs). The cost-effectiveness of this strategy is unknown. Objective To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of routinely prescribing all patients 2 EAI devices versus a risk-stratified approach (2 EAIs prescribed only for patients with a risk factor). Methods Markov models compared universal versus risk-stratified approaches on the basis of either a previous medical history of anaphylaxis (PMH-ana) or anaphylaxis requiring multiple epinephrine doses (multi-epi). Cohorts of children with peanut allergy were evaluated over an 80-year time horizon from both US and UK societal and health care perspectives. Models assumed prescribing a second EAI provided a baseline 10-fold risk reduction versus anaphylaxis-related fatality and hospitalization. Cost-effectiveness threshold was $100,000/quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). Results From a US perspective, universal prescription of 2 EAIs to all patients with peanut allergy was not cost-effective in the base case versus risk stratification by PMH-ana. Universal prescription of 2 EAIs was associated with an incremental cost of $10,696,036/QALY versus the PMH-ana strategy, and $17,514,558/QALY versus the multi-epi strategy. However, the universal strategy became cost-effective versus a multi-epi strategy when single EAI costs were less than $80, second epinephrine dose requirements more than 25.5%, anaphylaxis hospitalization costs more than $18,453, annual anaphylaxis risk more than 76.5%, or anaphylaxis hospitalization rate more than 74.9%. From a UK perspective, universally prescribing 2 EAIs was also not cost-effective (incremental cost of $4,132,440/QALY vs PMH-ana and $6,208,227/QALY vs multi-epi) at single device costs more than $18. Conclusions At current EAI prices and low rates of needing 2 devices, limiting the second EAIs to patients with PMH-ana is more cost-effective than routinely prescribing 2 EAIs to all patients (particularly in resource-constrained settings).
Prevalence and distribution of high-risk prescription opioid use in the United States, 2011–2016

PURPOSE Despite the efforts of many stakeholders to reduce the risk of opioid overdose, there is limited information on the prevalence of high-risk prescription opioid use in the US. METHODS Descriptive analysis of a nationally representative 5% random sample of anonymized, longitudinal, individual-level prescription claims from IQVIA LRx between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2016 among individuals ages 18 years or older that used a retail pharmacy. High-risk opioid use was defined as ≥50 morphine milligram equivalents per day and/or having concurrent dispensing of a benzodiazepine based on overlapping days of coverage. RESULTS The prevalence of high-risk opioid use among adults in the US decreased from 12.0% in 2011 to 9.4% in 2016 (p < 0.01). Declines were most pronounced among individuals ages 18-35 years (10.9%-7.0%, 36.2% decline; p < 0.01) compared to individuals age 65 years or greater (10.5%-9.8%, 6.7% decline; p < 0.01). Declines in high-risk use prevalence were observed across 49 states, with only South Dakota experiencing an increase (+13.7% relative increase). Similar to earlier years, in 2016 50.9% of all high-risk use opioid users received all their opioid prescriptions from a single prescriber, and 71.1% used a single pharmacy to fill them. CONCLUSION Despite clinically significant declines in high-risk opioid use, in 2016 nearly 1 in 10 adult retail pharmacy users remained at high-risk for opioid overdose in the US. Future clinical and policy interventions should consider targeting older adults with Medicare Part-D, including those using a single pharmacy to fill their opioid prescriptions.
First-principles calculations of structural, electrical, and optical properties of ultra-wide bandgap (Al $$_x$$ x Ga $$_{1-x}$$ 1 - x ) $$_2$$ 2 O $$_3$$ 3 alloys

Alloys between Ga2O3 and Al2O3 (AGO) present a rich material space exhibiting numerous structural phases with unique optoelectronic properties that make them attractive candidates as ultra-wide bandgap (UWBG) semiconductors for next-generation power devices. Here we review the properties of AGO, focusing on theoretical results on the thermodynamics of Al incorporation and its consequences on the electronic structure. We review predictions and progress in experimentally realizing these alloys, as well as how composition influences important optoelectronic variables such as the band gap, band offsets, transport properties, and n-type dopability. A number of these parameters, such as the breakdown field (related to the band gap) and electron mobility, are discussed in assessing AGO in terms of relevant power device figures of merit. Overall, the rapid progress and predicted properties highlight the promise of AGO as a model UWBG semiconductor platform with the potential to revolutionize power devices.
Abstract P4-06-02: Insulin receptor targeting in breast cancer through yeast surface display

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) such as tamoxifen are used to treat estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancers, the most common intrinsic subtype. The development of secondary resistance to SERMs is an unsolved clinical dilemma, leading to the exploration, and approval, of therapies targeting growth factor signaling pathways. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is well documented to cooperate with ER and is implicated as a contributor to endocrine resistance. Unfortunately, antibodies directed against Type I IGF receptor (IGF1R) failed to demonstrate clinical efficacy in endocrine resistant breast cancer. We developed a tamoxifen resistant (TamR) model to further identify the role for this system in endocrine resistance. In these cells, IGF1R levels are low but the level of insulin receptor (InsR), a closely related receptor of IGF1R still remains functional. Thus, we hypothesize that InsR may serve as a compensatory pathway to the loss of IGF1R in TamR cells and InsR may be a target in the therapy of endocrine resistant breast cancer. Indeed, our results showed that TamR breast cancer cells are more sensitive to insulin stimulation than wild-type cells. As compared to the parental cells, insulin-stimulated TamR cells showed enhanced PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK activation, greater monolayer and anchorage-independent growth. Suppression of InsR expression with either lentiviral shRNA or pharmacological methods in TamR cells was able to attenuate their sensitivity towards insulin-regulated PI3K/MAPK activation and growth, suggesting InsR targeting may be necessary. To target InsR, we are developing InsR-selective small protein scaffolds - the 10th type III domain of human fibronectin (Fn3) and T7 phage gene 2 protein (Gp2) using yeast surface display. This technique has arisen as an alternative candidate to bind cells surface proteins. Compared to antibodies, protein scaffolds are smaller ( Citation Format: Jie Ying Chan, Kelly LaPara, Benjamin Hackel, Douglas Yee. Insulin receptor targeting in breast cancer through yeast surface display. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1881.
Two Big Theorems

The ideas discussed in this chapter involve interactions between three transforms — the Radon transform, the Fourier transform, and the back-projection transform. Each of these transforms is defined in terms of improper integrals on infinite intervals. This raises the somewhat technical matter of determining which functions may appropriately be considered, an issue that is addressed in Appendix A. For the time being, we assume that any function being considered here meets the requirements. For those functions that arise in the practical world of medical imaging this is certainly the case.
The budgetary arithmetics of loan guarantees and deposit insurance : A comment

The main focus of Philippe Weil’s paper is on the new U.S. budgetary treatment of direct loans and loan guarantees that began with the Credit Reform Act (CRA) of 1990. W ‘1’ er s analysis raises fundamental questions about this new treatment. Research work like this is useful-whether or not one agrees with the recommendations-because of the importance of U.S. federal budget policy for economic performance in the United States and other countries. The major change in budgetary treatment that Weil addresses is the charging of the subsidy cost, and only the subsidy cost, of loan guarantees and direct loans to the budget. Before the Credit Reform Act of 1990 the full amount of direct loans and none of the loan guarantees was charged to the budget when the loan program was enacted. Two exceptions to this new treatment need to be stressed. First, old loans and old loan guarantees continue to be subject to the pre-1990 budget law. Effectively, “two regimes” are set up. One regime is for old loans and one for new ones. This “grandfathering” provision leads to an inconsistency of treatment, but the inconsistency will diminish over time as new loans grow relative to old loans. The second exception is that some items are not subject to the new treatment. For example, deposit insurance programs and the activities of government-sponsored agencies (Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, etc.) are excluded. The major point of Weil’s paper is that these exceptions lead to an inconsistency that is misleading and distorting. He argues that in a world of perfectly rational agents, such budget accounting makes no difference. But since the real world seems to ,be myopic, he argues that the new budget treatment does affect decisions, and, in Weil’s view, does so in an inappro-
A new bound for the smallest x with p(x) li (x)

Let π(x) denote the number of primes li(x). This improves earlier bounds of Skewes, Lehman, and te Riele. We also plot more than 10000 values of π(x)-li(x) in four different regions, including the regions discovered by Lehman, te Riele, and the authors of this paper, and a more distant region in the vicinity of 1.617 x 10 9608 , where π(x) appears to exceed li(x) by more than.18x 1/2 /log x. The plots strongly suggest, although upper bounds derived to date for li(x) - π(x) are not sufficient for a proof, that π(x) exceeds li(x) for at least 10 311 integers in the vicinity of 1.398 x 10 316 . If it is possible to improve our bound for π(x)-li(x) by finding a sign change before 10 316 , our first plot clearly delineates the potential candidates. Finally, we compute the logarithmic density of li(x) - π(x) and find that as x departs from the region in the vicinity of 1.62 x 10 9608 , the density is 1 - 2.7 x 10 -7 =.99999973, and that it varies from this by no more than 9 x 10 -8 over the next 10 30000 integers. This should be compared to Rubinstein and Sarnak.
A review of clinical manifestations in adolescent and young adults after use of synthetic cannabinoids.

Purpose The purpose of this review is to heighten the awareness of the increased use and risks of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) and associated clinical manifestations among adolescents and young adults. Conclusions Reviewed case studies suggest that the use of SCs have unpredictable negative psychological and physiological effects. Predominant manifestations reported were anxiety, agitation, paranoia, hallucinations, tachycardia, nausea and vomiting, and diaphoresis. Practice Implications Nurses provide the most direct and supportive care to patients who present for medical treatment after the use of SCs. Knowledge of clinical manifestations can facilitate supportive management of patients suspected of SCs use.
Enriched Basalts at Segment Centers: The Lucky Strike (37°17′N) and Menez Gwen (37°50′N) Segments of the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge

Basalts from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge change progressively in composition with increasing distance from the Azores platform. Study of the Lucky Strike and Menez Gwen segments reveals much complexity in the gradient. Both segments contain only basalts enriched relative to normal mid-oceanic ridge basalt, but in two distinct groups. Moderately enriched basalts occur throughout the segments, with proximal Menez Gwen enriched relative to Lucky Strike. Highly enriched basalts occur at segment centers. Incompatible element ratios of the highly enriched basalts exceed those of the Azores platform, while isotopic compositions are less enriched. These observations can be explained by a low-degree melt of garnet-bearing Azores mantle added to mantle depleted by previous melt extraction. Melting this “metasomatized” mantle produces lavas that match the enriched samples. The Azores gradient cannot be explained by simple two-component mixing; rather, it reflects recent melt extraction and addition processes related to southward flow of the Azores plume. The Azores gradient also permits tests of segmentation models. Central supply models predict step functions in chemical compositions between segments. Within-segment gradients require vertical supply. Central supply is supported by robust central volcanoes, thicker crust at segment centers, and a step function in isotopes between the segments. The lava diversity at segment centers, however, requires batches of distinct magma that are preserved through melting and melt delivery. Within-segment gradients in moderately incompatible element ratios support a component of multiple supply. The data suggest partial homogenization of magma within a segment and preferential melt focusing to segment centers with some vertical transport.
Epistemological Trade‐Offs: Accounting for Context When Evaluating Epistemological Sophistication of Student Engagement in Scientific Practices

Science education has long seen an emphasis on supporting students’ epistemological understandings of how scientific knowledge is constructed and evaluated with the expectation that these understandings will support the students’ own construction and evaluation of scientific knowledge. However, research has shown that this connection does not always bear out because the assumption does not attend to the context in which students’ epistemological understandings are accessed. This study presents a microgenetic analysis of two students’ model-construction endeavor to explore how context-sensitive analyses influence our characterization of a student's epistemological sophistication. In this analysis, we show that both students held a target epistemological resource but that they did not apply this resource to their final model design consistently. In addition, we show that one student articulated why she applied one epistemological resource instead of the other while the other student did not. We use this case study to explore possible definitions of epistemological sophistication. We conclude that evaluations of epistemological sophistication should focus on the ways in which students discuss their epistemological decisions rather than on the epistemological underpinnings of their knowledge construction work. We conclude with implications for instruction.
Connection Between the Kinematic and Dynamical Theories of X-Ray Diffraction

The diffraction of x-rays by very small crystals has been described by Laue's kinematic theory; the case of very large crystals is treated by the dynamical theory of Darwin and Ewald. It is shown here that both theories are deducible from limiting cases of a general integral equation. In a subsequent paper this integral equation will be used to give an approximate solution applying to crystals of intermediate size.
PGF: A postprocessor for generated Fortran

This paper describes a postprocessor for Fortran statements generated by programming environments and software systems. PGF will locate common subexpressions, perform strength reduction on some operations, and apply simple mathematical transformations before producing a new set of Fortran statements.
Biofilm formation, cleaning, re-formation on polyamide composite membranes.

Abstract Bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation were studied in a continuous flow annular biofilm reactor using two commercial polyamide composite membranes — a relatively hydrophilic and smooth nanofiltration (NF) membrane and a relatively hydrophobic and rough reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. Multiple probe-liquid contact angle analyses confirmed that both membrane surfaces had nearly identical chemical properties after exposure to bacteria-free nutrient media — in particular the organic-fouled membranes were measurably more polar and hydrophilic. However, numerous bacterial microcolonies formed at discrete locations on both membranes, although more bacteria adhered to the RO membrane apparently due to its rougher surface. Cleaning agents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium hydroxide did not effectively remove biofilms adhered to either membrane surface. The adhesive bonds formed between the bacterial exopolymers and membrane surfaces were only broken and the membranes effectively cleaned when sodium hypochlorite was applied. Contact angle analyses revealed that exposure to cleaning chemicals altered membrane surface chemistry, but bacteria rapidly re-attached and formed new microcolonies on cleaned membranes.
Europe's neglected infections of poverty

Summary Objectives To review the prevalence, incidence, and geographic distribution of the major neglected infections of poverty in Europe as a basis for future policy recommendations. Methods We reviewed the literature from 1999 to 2010 for neglected tropical diseases listed by PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases ( http://www.plosntds.org/static/scope.action ) and the geographic regions and countries of (continental) Europe. Reference lists of identified articles and reviews were also hand searched, as were World Health Organization databases. Results In Eastern Europe, the soil-transmitted helminth infections (especially ascariasis, trichuriasis, and toxocariasis), giardiasis, and toxoplasmosis remain endemic. High incidence rates of selected food-borne helminthiases including trichinellosis, opisthorchiasis, taeniasis, and echinococcosis also occur, while brucellosis and leptospirosis represent important bacterial zoonoses. Turmoil and economic collapse following the war in the Balkans, the fall of Communism, and Europe's recent recession have helped to promote their high prevalence and incidence rates. In Southern Europe, vector-borne zoonoses have emerged, including leishmaniasis and Chagas disease, and key arboviral infections. Additional vulnerable populations include the Roma, orphans destined for international adoption, and some immigrant groups. Conclusions Among the policy recommendations are increased efforts to determine the prevalence, incidence, and geographic distribution of Europe's neglected infections, epidemiological studies to understand the ecology and mechanisms of disease transmission, and research and development for new control tools.
Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor (uPAR): A Potential Indicator of Invasion for In Situ Breast Cancer.

: Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its cellular receptor (uPAR) are important mediators in the cellular process of cancer invasion and metastasis. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is classified by lack of invasion into the adjacent stroma, yet definitive histologic features have not been identified to indicate the propensity for cellular invasion. Therapy for DCIS remains controversial because of the probability for recurrence. We hypothesized that uPA and uPAR may represent new predictors for recurrence of DCIS. Tissue specimens were obtained from 10 normal, 10 hyperplasia, and 70 patients with DCIS. Representative sections of the regions were mounted and stained by immunohistologic techniques using mouse anti-human uPA and uPAR antibodies. Stain intensities were assessed by densitometry image analysis. Gray scale values for in situ patients were compared to normal averages to determine whether staining intensities were normal or significantly higher (p < 0.05) than normal. DCIS tissues were heterogeneous for stain intensities of uPA and uPAR. Patients with high stain intensities for uPAR (28/70 = 40%) correlated with a higher recurrence rate (15/28 = 54%) than with patients having high stains for uPA (19/70 = 28% with 17/50 = 34% recurrence). In addition, patients with combined high stains for uPA and uPAR (11/19 = 60%) showed a recurrence rate of 55% compared to high uPA/normal uPAR with 0% recurrence. Immunohistologic evaluation of DCIS for uPAR, alone and in combination with uPA, significantly correlates with recurrence of invasive breast carcinoma. Evaluation of uPAR among DCIS lesions may provide a new prognostic indicator for recurrence of breast carcinoma.
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF THE BOYCE-CLARK SHAPE INDEX

The Boyce-Clark shape index is one of the more common shape measures suited to cartographic analysis. It requires care, however, in the selection of the center point, number of radials, and orientation of the radials. This study shows the need to maintain consistency in procedures for selecting the center point and positioning the radials. To achieve stable results at least 16–20 radials are desirable. Probabilistic questions involving the likelihood or significance of a given index value are shown to be more difficult to answer. Le systeme de mesure Boyce-Clark est un des systemes les mieux connus, adapte a l'analyse cartographique. Toutefois, une attention doit etre apportee dans le choix du point central de ce systeme, du nombre de rayons et de leur orientation. Cette etude demontre la necessite de maintenir une uniformite aupres des procedes afin de choisir le point central et de mettre les rayons en place. Afin d'obtenir des resultats constants, il est souhaitable d'utiliser au moins 16 a 20 rayons. ...
Attempts to produce localized Shwartzman reaction in seven species of animals.

The localized Shwartzman reaction was produced in 62% of 265 New Zealand albino rabbits, using 3 different toxins (a meningococcal agar washings toxin, a partially purified polysaccharide toxin prepared from a culture of Serratia marcescens, and a crude Serratia marcescens agar washing toxin). Using these same toxins, localized Shwartzman reactions could not be induced in 15 Macacca mulatta monkeys, 20 mongrel dogs, 16 guinea pigs, 15 Wistar albino rats, 16 small swine, and 4 Toggenburg goats. One post-partum lactating female goat developed a typical generalized Shwartzman reaction, i.e., renal cortical hemorrhagic necrosis. (auth)
On the use of the constant phase element to understand variation in grain boundary properties

Abstract The impedance of polycrystalline electrolytes with heterogeneous grain boundary properties was studied using a two-dimensional numerical simulation. Simulated impedance spectra were generated for samples with random distributions of grain boundary conductivity, permittivity, or both. Equivalent circuit fitting using constant phase elements was then employed to analyze the simulation results with the goal of understanding to what extent such fitting can quantify the average grain boundary parameter values and estimate the spread of these parameters. It was determined that even for quite broad parameter distributions, the mean grain boundary conductivity could be estimated within 30%. The mean grain boundary permittivity could be estimated within 45% using a newly developed empirical expression for effective capacitance. While the degree of heterogeneity of the conductivity and/or permittivity values could be estimated in the case of a single heterogeneous parameter, this was not possible in the case of multiple heterogeneous parameters.
Regularity and other properties of absolutely continuous invariant measures for the quadratic family

In the current paper we study in more detail some properties of the absolutely continuous invariant measures constructed in the course of the proof of Jakobson's Theorem. In particular, we show that the density of the invariant measure is continuous at Misiurewicz points. From this we deduce that the Lyapunov exponent is also continuous at these points (our considerations apply just to the parameters constructed in the proof of Jakobson's Theorem). Other properties, like the positivity of the Lyapunov exponent, uniqueness of the absolutely continuous invariant measure and exactness of the corresponding dynamical system, are also proved.
Types and tokens in visual letter perception.

Five experiments demonstrate that in briefly presented displays, subjects have difficulty distinguishing repeated instances of a letter or digit (multiple tokens of the same type). When subjects were asked to estimate the numerosity of a display, reports were lower for displays containing repeated letters, for example, DDDD, than for displays containing distinct letters, for example, NRVT. This homogeneity effect depends on the common visual form of adjacent letters. A distinct homogeneity effect, one that depends on the repetition of abstract letter identities, was also found: When subjects were asked to report the number of As and Es in a display, performance was poorer on displays containing two instances of a target letter, one appearing in uppercase and the other in lowercase, than on displays containing one of each target letter. This effect must be due to the repetition of identities, because visual form is not repeated in these mixed-case displays. Further experiments showed that this effect was not influenced by the context surrounding the target letters, and that it can be tied to limitations in attentional processing. The results are interpreted in terms of a model in which parallel encoding processes are capable of automatically analyzing information from several regions of the visual field simultaneously, but fail to accurately encode location information. The resulting representation is thus insufficient to distinguish one token from another because two tokens of a given type differ only in location. However, with serial attentional processing multiple tokens can be kept distinct, pointing to yet another limit on the ability to process visual information in parallel. Language: en
First principles estimate of finite size effects in quark-gluon plasma formation

Using lattice simulations of quenched QCD we estimate the finite size effects present when a gluon plasma equilibrates in a slab geometry, i.e., finite width but large transverse dimensions. Significant differences are observed in the free energy density for the slab when compared with bulk behavior. A small shift in the critical temperature is also seen. The free energy required to liberate heavy quarks relative to bulk is measured using Polyakov loops; the additional free energy required is on the order of 30{endash}40 MeV at (2{endash}3)T{sub c}. thinsp {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
The journey of malaria sporozoites in the mosquito salivary gland

The life cycle of malaria parasites in the mosquito vector is completed when the sporozoites infect the salivary gland and are ready to be injected into the vertebrate host. This paper describes the fine structure of the invasive process of mosquito salivary glands by malaria parasites. Plasmodium gallinaceum sporozoites start the invasion process by attaching to and crossing the basal lamina and then penetrating the host plasma membrane of the salivary cells. The penetration process appears to involve the formation of membrane junctions. Once inside the host cells, the sporozoites are seen within vacuoles attached by their anterior end to the vacuolar membrane. Mitochondria surround, and are closely associated with, the invading sporozoites. After the disruption of the membrane vacuole, the parasites traverse the cytoplasm, attach to, and invade the secretory cavity through the apical plasma membrane of the cells. Inside the secretory cavity, sporozoites are seen again inside vacuoles. Upon escaping from these vacuoles, sporozoites are positioned in parallel arrays forming large bundles attached by multilammelar membrane junctions. Several sporozoites are seen around and inside the secretory duct. Except for the penetration of the chitinous salivary duct, our observations have morphologically characterized the entire process of sporozoite passage through the salivary gland.
Virus crystallography and structural virology: a personal perspective

My first experiences with crystallography were as a graduate student at the University of Glasgow determining the structure of aromatic hydrocarbons using only primitive hand calculation techniques. I had my first experience using electronic computers as a post-doc in the lab of William Lipscomb in Minnesota. That gave me a good preparation for the structure determination of haemoglobin with Max Perutz in Cambridge. The discovery of the conserved globin fold had a major impact on my subsequent activities. It also provided the foundation for the development of the molecular replacement method and non-crystallographic symmetry electron density averaging that was essential for the structure determination of simple icosahedral viruses. The structure determination of a common cold virus was also a major stimulus for the study of more complex viruses and the development of the use of cryo-electron microscopy. This provided the basis for the investigation of lipid-enveloped viruses such as Sindbis virus and deng...