cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Individual and school predictors of middle school aggression

Hierarchical linear modeling is used to assess individual student, family, and school predictors of aggression in 111,662 students in sixth, seventh, and eighth grades. Nine measures of problem-solving strategies, quality of family and peer interaction, and perceptions of school climate are analyzed at the individual student level. Eight measures of school climate are included in the analysis at the school level. Aggression is operationalized with student self-report of the previous 6-month frequency of hitting others, being mean to others, and getting into a fight. At the level of the individual student, measures of problem solving were most strongly predictive of aggression. Inclusion of students in policy and rule processes, cultural sensitivity education, and teaching that emphasizes understanding over memorization were significant predictors of aggression at the school level. The potential for abatement of student aggression across individual and school levels offers opportunities for further testing...
Major Marine Legislative Actions in the 95th Congress

The legislative process provides safeguards for the American democratic system. It provides a method whereby the people can govern themselves and direct their destiny and, to an extent, determine their fate. In marine, as in other affairs, the U.S. has been far from perfect, but we have the chance each year to legislatively reconsider our marine problems.
Nucleotide sequences of the rabbit α-smooth-muscle and β-non-muscle actin mRNAs ☆

We report the characterization of cDNAs encoding two actin isoforms (alpha-smooth muscle and beta-non-muscle) from the rabbit uterus. These isoforms have extensive amino acid and nucleotide sequence homology to the corresponding mouse and human isoforms.
From the virial to the cubic equation of state

Abstract Second virial coefficients are used extensively in low-pressure vapor—liquid equilibrium calculations to predict the vapor-phase fugacity coefficient. Tsonopoulos's 1974 B (second virial coefficient) correlation is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the dependence of the polar parameter a on the reduced dipole moment. New results for the B of water are analyzed and the 1974 recommendation is discarded in favor of a = −0.0109. New data also make it possible to correlate the characteristic constant k ij for water/n-alkane binaries with the critical volume of the hydrocarbon. For calculations at reduced densities significantly higher than 0.25, B is combined with the Redlich-Kwong equation to form the “Virial-RK” equation of state. This equation predicts reasonably good estimates for the third virial coefficient of non-polar gases, such as methane, but the predictions for water are very poor. However, the fugacity coefficients predicted by virial-RK for the water/methane binary are reliable up to very high pressures, except in the vicinity of the critical point.
Relaxation-time analysis of second-sound data in NaF

In an earlier paper, starting from the phonon Boltzmann equation, expressions were derived which give velocityc 2 and damping of second sound in a Debye solid in terms of mean relaxation times for various scattering processes. Using those results, heat-pulse data showing second sound in NaF were analyzed. The experimental values ofc 2 (T) can only be reproduced if $$\bar \tau _N^{ - 1}$$ , the mean relaxation rate for normal phonon collisions, varies with temperature asT 3. The mean Umklapp collision time also shows some unexpected behavior.
Selective Antibody Deficiency to Bacterial Polysaccharide Antigens in Patients with Netherton Syndrome

Three patients with Netherton syndrome, recurrent sinopulmonary infections, and humoral immune deficiency are described. Although quantitative serum immunoglobulin levels were generally normal, two patients had selective antibody deficiency to bacterial polysaccharide antigens, one associated with IgA-IgG-2 deficiency. A third patient had an antibody deficiency to protein antigens. This is the first report, to our knowledge, that describes antibody deficiency in patients with Netherton syndrome. This finding demonstrates the importance of evaluating functional antibody responses to both protein and bacterial polysaccharide antigens and not relying on IgG subclass determination.
Solute transport in groundwater

Continued research interest in transport in the subsurface was demonstrated at the “Solute Transport in Groundwater” session held at the 1985 AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore. This session, following on the heels of the very successful special symposium on “Coupling Geochemical and Hydrologic Models for Subsurface Solute Transport,” was organized by Lenny Konikow of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS, Reston, Va.) and copresided by Steve Gorelick (USGS, Menlo Park, Calif.) and David Dougherty (Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.). Participation was strong, with 12 contributed papers and about 150 attendees. The papers addressed a wide variety of topics, ranging from the theoretical to the applied, from physics to numerical methods.
Modern Developments in Teaching Methods

the appointment of a University-wide committee whose responsibilities and authority to assist in effecting improved teaching will be very broad and very substantial. I am sure that each one of you could report from your own campuses a considerable number of activities which offer the promise of improved teaching in your respective universities. I am of the opinion, however, that these activities, high-sounding as they may be, will result only in form rather than in substance unless each of us, by way of personal commitment, undertakes to provide our depm~ment, our college, and our university with an improved teaching program. We who are in administration bear a very heavy responsibilty for getting on with the task of improving instruction. We must allocate the time, resources, and necessary talent and energy toward accomplishing the goals of improved teaching. I t is my firm belief that through one means or another, our universities are going to be forced to give far greater attention to teaching during the years ahead. I would propose, as a first order of business, that we resolve to work together in the utilization of group dynamics as a means of effeeting improved inservice education for teacher development and for course improvement, and as a means for evaluating classroom performance. The goals of good teaching are not strange to any of us. We know what they are. We know that they can be achieved. We simply have not set up the necessary framework or the necessary machinery, nor have we armed ourselves with the necessary personal resolve to achieve them. I for one believe that the goals of good teaching can be achieved. The time is now. Insofar as Dairy Science is concerned, the individuals who can do something about making your discipline the envy of all other departments in the university with respect to quality of the teaching program, are none other than you and I.
Designing nanostructured block copolymer surfaces to control protein adhesion

The profile and conformation of proteins that are adsorbed onto a polymeric biomaterial surface have a profound effect on its in vivo performance. Cells and tissue recognize the protein layer rathe...
The Effect of Cooperative Groups on Regular Class Spelling Achievement of Special Needs Learners

Abstract This study examined the utility of cooperative groups as a technology for mainstreaming academically deficit students in a regular fourth grade classroom. Twenty‐seven students (mean age 8.6 years), including five targeted special needs learners, took a weekly spelling test of 20 words chosen from the fourth grade reader. A return to baseline research design indicated that cooperative groups promoted higher academic mastery among those with special needs and regular education learners when compared with two types of individualistic techniques. Results support the use of cooperative groups as a technique for academic as well as social mainstreaming in the regular classroom.
A low-voltage low-power programmable fractional PLL in 0.18-μm CMOS process

The prolific growth of portable electronic devices (PED) has generated tremendous interests among researchers to develop programmable phase-locked loops (PLLs) because of their abilities to produce multiple spectrally pure output frequencies from a fixed frequency oscillator. The power consumption of the RF block of a PED is mostly dominated by the programmable PLLs which are widely used in the design of these devices. Therefore to reduce the overall power consumption in a portable device and to increase the battery life time, low-voltage and low-power are the two key requirements for the PLL design. In this work an improved programmable fractional frequency divider has been incorporated to enhance the overall performance of the PLL that includes lower operating supply voltage and lower power consumption compared to the state-of-art. The proposed programmable fractional PLL has an operating frequency in the range of 1.7---2.5 GHz, and a frequency resolution of 2.5 MHz. Measurement results reveal that the proposed programmable PLL can operate at 2.4 GHz with a 1.46 V power supply voltage and only 10 mW of power consumption.
Cenozoic normal faulting and the shallow structure of the Rio Grande rift near Socorro, New Mexico

Migrated versions of a deep seismic section across the Albuquerque basin in the southern Rio Grande rift (COCORP Abo Pass line 1 and Socorro line 1 A) are used to develop a detailed interpretation of the shallow structure of the rift. Our interpretation, which is consistent with nearby drill-hole and gravity data, suggests that listric faulting has been the dominant extensional style of faulting in this part of the rift. During the early stages of rifting, blocks of Paleozoic and Mesozoic prerift sedimentary strata overlying Precambrian crystalline basement were offset and rotated along listric normal faults rooted in the basement. Syntectonic deposition of thick sections of mid-Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks filled the developing fault-bounded basins. These units were continuously rotated during ongoing listric faulting and subsequently buried by later Tertiary and Quaternary basin fill. Present surface fault traces may reflect continued movement on the deeper listric faults or a more recent minor episode of shallow normal faulting. In contrast to models of crustal extension proposed for nearby areas in the Rio Grande rift and Basin and Range province, no clear evidence is seen for two time-distinct stages of faulting characterized by early closely spaced faulting with large stratal tilts followed by wide-spaced high-angle faulting. The large listric faults flatten into basement or converge upon an apparent detachment surface at a depth of about 5 km, posing intriguing questions about the connection between shallow structure and deeper extension within the crust.
Distinction of tripartite Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger and W states entangled in time (or energy) and space

In tripartite discrete systems, two classes of genuine tripartite entanglement have been discovered, namely, the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) class and the W class. To date, much research effort has been concentrated on the polarization entangled three-photon GHZ and W states. Most studies of continuous variable multiparticle entanglement have been focused on Gaussian states. In this Brief Report, we examine two classes of three-photon entangled states in space and time. One class is a three-mode three-photon entangled state and the other is a two-mode triphoton state. These states show behavior similar to the GHZ and W states when one of the photons is not detected. The three-mode entangled state resembles a W state, while a two-mode three-photon state resembles a GHZ state when one of the photons is traced away. We characterize the distinction between these two states by comparing the second-order correlation functions $G^{(2)}$ with the third-order correlation function $G^{(3)}$.
Stopping energetic heavy ions in one-bar helium: narrow incident momentum distributions

Abstract Various tests for stopping energetic, 100– 150 MeV /amu, heavy ions with narrow momentum distributions in a 50 cm gas cell filled with helium at 0.5– 2 bar pressure were performed. The fraction of ions stopped in the gas was measured as a function of absorber thickness, gas pressure and length of ion path within the gas cell. Information on the range distribution was obtained and the residual energy distribution of ions was measured under different conditions. The experimental results for various beams are compared with stopping power calculations in the literature. The results are discussed in the context of the proposed RIA facility.
Social interactions of monkeys reared in a nuclear family environment versus monkeys reared with mothers and peers

Four-year-old laboratory-born rhesus monkeys that had been reared in a nuclear family social environment consisting of mothers, fathers, siblings, peers, and other adults of both sexes were permitted to interact in various combinations with equal-aged monkeys that had been reared in an environment consisting of only mothers and peers. It was found that in most interaction sessions nuclear family subjects exhibited significantly higher levels of dominance and activity behaviors and significantly lower levels of submissive and passive behaviors than the mother-peer-reared subjects. These differences were not evident when subjects were tested within their own rearing groups. The significance of the results with respect to previous and future studies of social development in differential social environments is discussed.
An Electronic "Angle Marker" for the Siemens Texture Diffractometer

An electronic circuit is described which produces output pulses in response to preselected increments in specimen rotation on a Siemens Texture Diffractometer. The output pulses give an accurate indication of the specimen position, and may be used to trigger X-ray scaler read-out and reset operations for automatic data logging. The accuracy with which specimen position is determined is unaffected by variations in line frequency of the goniometer motor electrical supply, or by goniometer motor inertia when it is first switched on.
Function of the c-Myc oncogenic transcription factor.

The c-myc gene and the expression of the c-Myc protein are frequently altered in human cancers. The c-myc gene encodes the transcription factor c-Myc, which heterodimerizes with a partner protein, termed Max, to regulate gene expression. Max also heterodimerizes with the Mad family of proteins to repress transcription, antagonize c-Myc, and promote cellular differentiation. The constitutive activation of c-myc expression is key to the genesis of many cancers, and hence the understanding of c-Myc function depends on our understanding of its target genes. In this review, we attempt to place the putative target genes of c-Myc in the context of c-Myc-mediated phenotypes. From this perspective, c-Myc emerges as an oncogenic transcription factor that integrates the cell cycle machinery with cell adhesion, cellular metabolism, and the apoptotic pathways.
Distribution of Tardigrades in Florida

Abstract The distribution of terrestrial tardigrades in the Gulf Coast states of the United States is poorly known. Only one species has been reported in Florida. In this study, bryophyte samples (47 identified species) from trees and shrubs were collected from all 67 Florida counties. Twenty tardigrade species were found: Echiniscus cavagnaroi, E. kofordi, E. virginicus, Pseudechiniscus suillus, Ramazzottius baumanni, Diphascon (Diphascon) pingue, Macrobiotus echinogenitus, two species of Macrobiotus cf. harmsworthi, Macrobiotus cf. hibiscus, Macrobiotus hufelandi, two species of Macrobiotus cf. hufelandi, Macrobiotus islandicus, Macrobiotus occidentalis, Macrobiotus richtersi, Macrobiotus tonollii, Minibiotus fallax, Minibiotus intermedius, and Milnesium tardigradum. The distribution of tardigrade species was not correlated with Florida's ecological regions. Tardigrade species richness declined from north to south in peninsular Florida.
Robotic and Sensor-Assisted Technologies in Knee Arthroplasty

The advancements in knee arthroplasty over the past several decades have focused on implant material and design. Recently, the focus on improved surgical techniques to maximize patient outcomes, and implant longevity, have become integrated into the surgeons’ workflow. Robotics, and advanced sensor technologies enable precise surgical techniques with reproducible surgical outcomes. The ability to provide surgeons with dynamic intraoperative feedback, coupled with a defined algorithmic approach in their operative execution, enables surgeons of all expertise and experience to achieve their surgical plan in an efficient manner. In this current economy-focused health care environment, these technologies must continue to address short and long-term patient satisfaction, implant function, and a reduction in the overall revision burden.
The equivalence of target and nontarget processing in visual search

A comparison of a forced-choice visual search task with an item recognition task did not support Neisser’s (1967) hypothesis of a preattentive stage that processes targets and nontargets differentially. In the forced-choice condition, Ss indicated which of two items in a visual display was a target; in item recognition, Ss determined whether or not the single item in the visual display was a target. The size of the memorized set of possible targets was varied from one to six items for both tasks. Latencies increased linearly with memory set size in both conditions; the slopes for forced choice and item recognition were 41.8 and 27.9 msec per item, respectively. The ratio of 1.38 between the two slopes was well fit by Sternberg’s (1967) item recognition model, which predicts a ratio of 1.50.
Validation and Uncertainty Quantification of a Two-Phase, Multidimensional PEMFC Computer Model Using High-Resolution Segmented Current Collector Data

We present work towards validating a multidimensional computer model capable of simulating two-phase, non-isothermal transport in PEMFCs under a wide variety of conditions. The specific hardware used to gather the experimental data is a state-of-the-art 10×10 segmented bipolar plate attached to a 50 cm2 single cell. The five-way serpentine flow field, bipolar plates and membrane-electrode assembly are all resolved in the model. The data has been collected at Los Alamos National Laboratories under several sets of operating conditions, including different relative humidity of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% RH and temperatures of 80 and 60 C. Current best practices for model validation are applied, including uncertainty quantification (UQ). Variability in measured data is incorporated by included uncertainty bounds on the data (using either interval bounds or statistical confidence intervals). Sensitivity analysis of model input parameters on predictions is performed using an interface to the the DAKOTA toolkit. The model is calibrated using cell polarization data with uncertainty and then used to predict the local current distribution data.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Spectral Decompositions of Multiple Time Series: A Bayesian Non-parametric Approach

We consider spectral decompositions of multiple time series that arise in studies where the interest lies in assessing the influence of two or more factors. We write the spectral density of each time series as a sum of the spectral densities associated to the different levels of the factors. We then use Whittle’s approximation to the likelihood function and follow a Bayesian non-parametric approach to obtain posterior inference on the spectral densities based on Bernstein–Dirichlet prior distributions. The prior is strategically important as it carries identifiability conditions for the models and allows us to quantify our degree of confidence in such conditions. A Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm for posterior inference within this class of frequency-domain models is presented. We illustrate the approach by analyzing simulated and real data via spectral one-way and two-way models. In particular, we present an analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain responses measured in individuals who participated in a designed experiment to study pain perception in humans.
Allocating Ecological Space

Liberals have long been committed to two axiomatic claims about freedom: that the exercise of control within one’s private space epitomizes individual liberty, and that each person must be free to define and pursue the good life for themselves. Together, these claims form a conception of freedom as autonomy (from the Greek Auto-Nomos, giving law to oneself), conceptualized as a personal space in which each can act according to one’s own view of the good, free from external constraint. Liberal theories of justice have embraced such claims about autonomy, defining justice in terms that recognize sovereignty within one’s personal space and protect individuality. John Rawls’s primary goods, 1 Ronald Dworkin’s resources, 2 and Amartya Sen’s capabilities approach 3 all focus on instrumental goods within a metric of egalitarian justice, allowing individuals full control over their personal spaces of autonomy while maintaining the bases for interpersonal comparison that distributive justice requires. This spatial conception of liberty has dominated liberal thought at least since J. S. Mill’s observation that “the only freedom which deserves the name, is that of pursuing our own good in our own way, so long as we do not attempt to deprive others of theirs, or impede their efforts to attain it.” 4 Here, Mill not only defines individual liberty in terms of autonomy, but he also specifies its limits: each of us should be free to pursue our own ideas about the good within our own space, bounded only by the space of others, where our acts infringe upon their autonomy. 5 If this autonomous space is to play the role that Mill and other liberals have long assumed, it must be sufficiently large to allow for a wide range of actions and choices, allowing each to express their individuality without encountering the limits that Mill mentions and the constraints on action that they entail. If almost everything that I do impedes others from pursuing the good in their way—harming them directly, limiting their opportunities, or otherwise infringing upon their space—then my personal space becomes vanishingly small, and my liberty but a trivial abstraction. This spatial conception of freedom is challenged by analyses emerging from the ecological crisis, which offer competing accounts of personal space with quite different implications for the exercise of individual autonomy. 6 Given ecological limits, aggregate ecological space 7 (i.e., life-supporting natural resource-based goods and services, conceived in spatial terms) is finite and threatened by current patterns of over-appropriation, yielding imperatives to fairly allocate that space among various claimants, present and future. Uninhibited autonomy, as construed above, is not sustainable, justifying significant limits on both personal space and
Fast Forward: From Dropout to Graduation and beyond.

Sinclair Community College's Fast Forward Center is a strong collaboration of schools, business, and community partners addressing the needs of high school dropouts in Montgomery, Ohio. In nine years, 2,181 former dropouts have graduated high school, and the county dropout rate has been cut in half.
The use of management science models in human resource planning

Abstract A survey of US and Canadian industrial companies explored the use of management science models in human resource planning. The survey also examined opinions of the usefulness of such models in that application. Results indicated very little such use of the models and that the most common reasons for not using them concerned their perceived complexity and lack of cost-effectiveness. Policy capturing models, which build explicitly on management's own judgements, are proposed as potentially effective in overcoming the cost and complexity barriers to the greater use of management science in this field.
The volume-averaged mass-transport equation for chemical diagenetic models

Abstract Domenico, P. A. and Palciauskas, V. V., 1979. The volume-averaged mass-transport equation for chemical diagenetic models. In: W. Back and D.A. Stephenson (Guest-Editors), Contemporary Hydrogeology — The George Burke Maxey Memorial Volume. J. Hydrol., 43: 427-438. The mass-transfer equation as appropriate for chemical diagenesis problems is developed from the viewpoint of a local volume-averaging theorem. The averaging theorem employed is presented from the physical viewpoint of a divergence theorem. Specific features of the averaged equations include some well known results, such as the structure of a diffusion coefficient in a porous sediment and the emergence of dispersion as a dominant mixing phenomenon. Other results reflect the inclusion for provisions for an upper moving boundary for accumulating sediments and a suggested structure for heterogeneous reactions at phase interfaces. Specific forms for the fluxes at interfaces are determined on the basis of conceptual models of the reaction process.
Application of FT-IR spectroscopy for in situ studies of sphalerite with aqueous solutions of potassium ethylxanthate and with diethyldixanthogen

Abstract Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been used by the Bureau of Mines to study, in situ, the reaction of aqueous solutions of potassium ethylxanthate with copper-activated sphalerite. The use of a transmittance technique was possible for sphalerite because, besides being the reactive mineral surface, sphalerite is also an infrared-transparent material in the region where some of the characteristic vibrational bands of xanthates occur. Bands characteristic of copper(I) ethylxanthate were evident after 5 min of reaction between aqueous KEtX solutions and activated plates. The bands continued to grow as the reaction proceeded and were also present on dried surfaces after the reaction. Diethyldixanthogen dissociated on copper-activated surfaces, and bands characteristic of copper(I) ethylxanthate were detected on the surface of dried plates. No evidence for zinc(II) ethylxanthate formation with either unactivated or activated plates was obtained.
THE EVOLUTION OF HYBRID INCOMPATIBILITIES ALONG A PHYLOGENY

The Dobzhansky-Muller model of speciation posits that defects in hybrids between species are the result of negative epistatic interactions between alleles that arose in independent genetic backgrounds. Tests of one important prediction from this model, that incompatibilities “snowball”, have relied on comparisons of the number of incompatibilities between closely related pairs of species separated by different divergence times. How incompatibilities accumulate along phylogenies, however, remains poorly understood. We extend the Dobzhansky-Muller model to multi-species clades to describe the mathematical relationship between tree topology and the number of shared incompatibilities among related pairs of species. We use these results to develop a statistical test that distinguishes between the snowball and alternative incompatibility accumulation models, including non-epistatic and multi-locus incompatibility models, in a phylogenetic context. We further demonstrate that patterns of incompatibility sharing across species pairs can be used to estimate the relative frequencies of different types of incompatibilities, including derived-derived vs. derived-ancestral incompatibilities. Our results and statistical methods should motivate comparative genetic mapping of hybrid incompatibilities to evaluate competing models of speciation.
Acceleration of template-based ray casting for volume visualization using FPGAs

Volume visualization is used heavily to view simulated or collected data sets in such applications as medical imaging, computational fluid dynamics, and climate modeling. However, software and low-cost hardware implementations of visualization algorithms do not have sufficient performance for interactive viewing. This paper discusses methods for low-cost, hardware acceleration of volume visualization using a PC-hosted FPGA board. Our methods focus on volume rendering approaches, since these techniques are widely used and are computationally expensive; our primary method uses a template-based, ray-casting algorithm. This hardware implementation is substantially faster than a software-only version running on the host PC.
DNA Sequence of a ColV Plasmid and Prevalence of Selected Plasmid-Encoded Virulence Genes among Avian Escherichia coli Strains

ColV plasmids have long been associated with the virulence of Escherichia coli, despite the fact that their namesake trait, ColV production, does not appear to contribute to virulence. Such plasmids or their associated sequences appear to be quite common among avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) and are strongly linked to the virulence of these organisms. In the present study, a 180-kb ColV plasmid was sequenced and analyzed. This plasmid, pAPEC-O2-ColV, possesses a 93-kb region containing several putative virulence traits, including iss, tsh, and four putative iron acquisition and transport systems. The iron acquisition and transport systems include those encoding aerobactin and salmochelin, the sit ABC iron transport system, and a putative iron transport system novel to APEC, eit. In order to determine the prevalence of the virulence-associated genes within this region among avian E. coli strains, 595 APEC and 199 avian commensal E. coli isolates were examined for genes of this region using PCR. Results indicate that genes contained within a portion of this putative virulence region are highly conserved among APEC and that the genes of this region occur significantly more often in APEC than in avian commensal E. coli. The region of pAPEC-O2-ColV containing genes that are highly prevalent among APEC appears to be a distinguishing trait of APEC strains.
Influence of Temperature and Host on Life History Parameters of Catolaccus Hunteri (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

Catolaccus hunteri Crawford is an external parasitoid of cryptic Coleoptera, particularly of Bruchidae and Curculionidae in sowerbuds, small fruits, and seeds. It is the most common parasitoid of the pepper weevil, Anthonomus eugenii Cano, in the United States, Mexico, and elsewhere, and was introduced from Guatemala to Hawaii for control of this pest. Studies were conducted to assess effects of temperature and host on life history parameters of C. hunteri as a step toward eventual mass rearing and inoculative release for pepper weevil control. Oviposition, postovipostion period and adult longevity were shorter at 30C than at 20 or 25C. Mean number of eggs oviposited per female was greater at the lower temperatures than at the highest temperature. Duration of all development stages was shorter at 30C than at 20 and 25C. Developmental period of C. hunteri was longer and adult longevity was shorter on boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, than any other host. Female wasps laid most eggs on the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), larvae. Transferring of C. hunteri reared on C. maculatus to pepper weevil or boll weevil caused a reduction in the mean number of eggs/female. Age-speciÞc life tables and age-speciÞc fecundity for C. hunteri were analyzed using three constant temperature regimes and Þve sources of host. These tables were used to calculate the innate capacity of natural increase (rm), the Þnite rate of increase (), the mean generation time (T), the net reproduction rate (Ro), and the gross rate of reproduction. The results indicate that C. hunteri populations are capable of increasing in all of the environmental conditions tested in the current study. The optimum temperature for population increase for C. hunteri is 25C. With respect to host suitability, greater numbers of C. hunteri female progeny were produced when this parasitoid was reared constantly and invariably on C. maculatus larvae than on any other host.
The effects of saline or blank injections during development on maze learning at maturity.

Rats were given daily isotonic saline or blank injections intraperitoneally during one of three postnatal periods (1–25 days, 25–50 days, 50–75 days) and were then subjected to 18 Hebb-Williams maze problems beginning at 92 days of age. The rats receiving the blank injections from 25–50 days of age were impaired on later maze performance. Weight differences did not correspond to the effects of the control injections.
Marine Shelf Environments of the Upper Devonian Sonyea Group of New York

A sedimentologic and paleontologic study of the Sonyea Group in New York has led to a reconstruction of the environmental history of the marine shelf of the Catskill Delta during part of Upper Devonian time. By comparing the Sonyea sedimentary patterns with those reported from present-day deltas, the following environments have been recognized: open shelf, prodelta, delta platform, delta front sands, distributary mouth bars, channels, estuaries, and marshes. Each of these sedimentary environments is characterized by distinctive patterns of fossil abundance and diversity. Fossils are relatively scarce in environments located in the nearshore and outermost parts of the shelf. Between these zones, principally in the prodelta, delta front sand, and delta platform environments, an abundant shelly benthonic fauna dominated by brachiopods and bivalve mollusks flourished. Four distinctive fossil associations are present in these environments and are believed to represent the preserved remains of four benthonic communities adapted to differing dynamic conditions within the prograding deltaic sediments. The geographic and stratigraphic distribution of the environments indicate that there were two intervals of relatively rapid delta progradation during Sonyea time. Preceding and following each of these were much longer transgressive intervals characterized by low sediment influx and slow accumulation of lutites over the entire spectrum of constructional environments formed during the preceding progradation.
Heteroactivator effects on the coupling and spin state equilibrium of CYP2C9.

Abstract The cytochromes P450 are capable of oxidizing a variety of xenobiotics. Binding of a small molecule heteroactivator to a P450 can alter the coupling of substrate oxidation during P450 catalysis, but the degree to which coupling or shunting via one of the three catalytic cycle branch points is linked to the heteroactivator-modified position of bound substrate is unknown. Using reconstituted CYP2C9, stoichiometric measurements were gathered with three substrates and two classes of heteroactivators to further understand the mechanisms involved in heteroactivation. Heteroactivation of P450 metabolism appeared to involve, but not require, changes in coupling and that increased uncoupling to a specific byproduct like H2O2 does not necessarily correlate to the degree of coupling. In addition, spectroscopy demonstrated that every heteroactivator tested influenced the spin equilibrium of the heme iron even in the presence of saturating substrate suggesting that both substrate proximity and the ability to desolvate the heme can be involved in heteroactivation.
Achieving Peace and Reconciliation in East Asia

This chapter focuses on peace and reconciliation processes in East Asia. First, instances of peace treaties and agreements in the region are reviewed. Diplomatic, political, economic, sociological, and psychological factors relevant to peace and reconciliation are also reviewed. Then, qualitative and quantitative analyses of survey responses from East Asians on achievability of peace and strategies for achieving peace are presented. The results indicate that the majority of East Asians in the sample believed that peace is achievable through various actions. The majority of them also suggested that humanitarian engagement such as assuming responsibility and positive human attributes would promote peace. Many considered that promoting tolerance and cooperation and eliminating violence and hatred are particularly important ways to achieve peace. They also emphasized the important role that governments play in their diplomatic efforts for international peace. Challenges and issues that East Asians face in achieving peace are discussed.
Resistance Among Cultivated Sunflower Germplasm to Stem-Infesting Pests in the Central Great Plains

A 7-yr field study evaluated 61 oilseed sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., accessions and 31 interspecific crosses for resistance to attack by naturally occurring populations of three stem-infesting pests, the sunflower stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae); a longhorned beetle, Dectes texanus LeConte (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae); and a root boring moth, Pelochrista womonana (Kearfott) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), at two locations in the central Great Plains. Germplasm with potential sources of resistance to attack from all three stem-infesting species were revealed. Accessions PI 650558, PI 386230, and PI 431516 were consistent in averaging low densities of stem weevil larvae per stalk among lines tested, and PI 497939 exceeded 25 weevil larvae per stalk in only 1 yr of 5 yr of trials. Several interspecific crosses also had consistently low densities of C. adspersus larvae per stalk. Populations of both D. texanus and P. womonana were variable over years, but differences among the lines tested were evident in many trials, revealing potential for developing resistant germplasm. Four accessions (PI 386230, PI 431542, PI 650497, and PI 650558) had low larval densities of C. adspersus and P. womonana in addition to reduced percentage infestation by D. texanus. Results showed potential for developing resistant genotypes for these pests. The prospect of adding host plant resistance as an integrated pest management (IPM) tactic would provide another tool for reducing economic losses from stem-infesting insect pests of sunflower in the central Great Plains.
Contribution of the cerebellar flocculus to gaze control during active head movements

The flocculus and ventral paraflocculus are adjacent regions of the cerebellar cortex that are essential for controlling smooth pursuit eye movements and for altering the performance of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). The question addressed in this study is whether these regions of the cerebellum are more globally involved in controlling gaze, regardless of whether eye or active head movements are used to pursue moving visual targets. Single-unit recordings were obtained from Purkinje (Pk) cells in the floccular region of squirrel monkeys that were trained to fixate and pursue small visual targets. Cell firing rate was recorded during smooth pursuit eye movements, cancellation of the VOR, combined eye-head pursuit, and spontaneous gaze shifts in the absence of targets. Pk cells were found to be much less sensitive to gaze velocity during combined eye-head pursuit than during ocular pursuit. They were not sensitive to gaze or head velocity during gaze saccades. Temporary inactivation of the floccular region by muscimol injection compromised ocular pursuit but had little effect on the ability of monkeys to pursue visual targets with head movements or to cancel the VOR during active head movements. Thus the signals produced by Pk cells in the floccular region are necessary for controlling smooth pursuit eye movements but not for coordinating gaze during active head movements. The results imply that individual functional modules in the cerebellar cortex are less involved in the global organization and coordination of movements than with parametric control of movements produced by a specific part of the body.
Advances in multiphoton microscopy technology

The ability to dynamically image features deep within living organisms, permitting real-time analysis of cellular structure and function, is important for biological science. This Review article discusses multiphoton microscopy capable of such analysis, along with technologies that are pushing the limits of phenomena that can be quantitatively imaged.
The existence of measures of a given cocycle, II: probability measures

Given a Polish space X , a countable Borel equivalence relation E on X , and a Borel cocycle ρ : E → (0,∞), we characterize the circumstances under which there is a probability measure μ on X such that ρ(φ−1(x), x) = [d(φ∗μ)/dμ](x) μ-almost everywhere, for every Borel injection φ whose graph is contained in E.
Evaluation of Shared-Use Facilities for Bicycles and Motor Vehicles:

This study was conducted for the Florida Department of Transportation with an objective of evaluating the safety and utility of shared-use facilities to provide engineers and planners comprehensive results that can be used in planning, designing, and constructing roadways to be shared by motorists and bicyclists. The results were developed from an analysis of observations of bicyclists and motorists interacting on different types of roadways. The evaluation included roadways with wide curb lanes, bicycle lanes, and paved shoulders. Locations from both rural and urban environments were included and varied in terms of motor-vehicle speed, traffic volume, lane width, and number of lanes. The operational measures of effectiveness used in evaluating the different types of facilities included (a) lateral placement of the bicyclist, (b) lateral placement of the motor vehicle, (c) separation distance between the bicycle and the motor vehicle, and (d) encroachments by the motorist or bicyclist during the passing m...
Principal linear polarization states of an optical system

The constraint on the Jones matrix of an optical system such that there exist two linear polarization states at its input that are mapped onto two corresponding linear states at its output is derived. These principal linear polarization (PLP) states, which characterize a broad range of systems, are also found in terms of the Jones matrix elements. Special cases when the PLP states are orthogonal, collapse onto one state, or become infinite in number are indicated. For a deterministic or nondeterministic optical system described by a Mueller matrix, the existence of two PLP states places a constraint on only 3 of the 16 matrix elements, namely, the first 3 elements of the last row. In general, the output light is partially linearly polarized. Several examples are given for demonstration.
Plasma current resonance in asymmetric toroidal systems

The well-known singularity in the magnetic differential equation for plasma current in an asymmetric toroidal confinement system is resolved by including in the pressure tensor corrections stemming from finite Larmor radius. The result provides an estimate of the amplitude of spikes in the parallel current that occur on rational magnetic surfaces. Resolution of the singularity is shown to depend on both the ambipolarity condition—the requirement of zero surface-averaged radial current—and the form of the magnetic differential equation near the rational surface.
The prediction of workers’ food safety intentions and behavior with job attitudes and the reasoned action approach

The production of safe food is an important objective for many food-processing facilities given the health and organizational costs of food contamination. This investigation examines how reasoned action andjob attitudes approaches can predict factors that contribute to the production of safe food. The reasoned action approach suggests these behaviors are predicted by perceived behavioral control and intentions to engage in food safety behaviors, and that these intentions are anticipated by attitudes regarding the behaviors and perceived social norms to engage in food safety behaviors. The job attitudes approach examined how job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational commitment could predict worker's self-reported efforts to provide safe food. A survey of workers at a poultry producing facility indicates that the job attitudes and the reasoned action variables were all predictive of food safety behaviors, however, further analyses indicate that workers' reports of their food safety intentions and behaviors were best predicted by the reasoned action approach with job attitudes failing to add to the prediction of food safety. Implications for other behaviors involving safety and security are discussed.
Variation in Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Among Hospital Discharges for Obstetric Delivery Across 23 States in the United States

OBJECTIVE To examine variability in diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) prevalence at delivery by race/ethnicity and state. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Databases for 23 states of the United States with available race/ethnicity data for 2008 to examine age-adjusted and race-adjusted rates of GDM by state. We used multilevel analysis to examine factors that explain the variability in GDM between states. RESULTS Age-adjusted and race-adjusted GDM rates (per 100 deliveries) varied widely between states, ranging from 3.47 in Utah to 7.15 in Rhode Island. Eighty-six percent of the variability in GDM between states was explained as follows: 14.7% by age; 11.8% by race/ethnicity; 5.9% by insurance; and 2.9% by interaction between race/ethnicity and insurance at the individual level; 17.6% by hospital level factors; 27.4% by the proportion of obese women in the state; 4.3% by the proportion of Hispanic women aged 15–44 years in the state; and 1.5% by the proportion of white non-Hispanic women aged 15–44 years in the state. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that GDM rates differ by state, with this variation attributable to differences in obesity at the population level (or “at the state level”), age, race/ethnicity, hospital, and insurance.
What the pig ate: A microbotanical study of pig dental calculus from 10th–3rd millennium BC northern Mesopotamia

One of the main questions that zooarcheologists have attempted to answer in their studies of ancient agropastoral economies relates to animal diet. Starch granules and phytoliths, which derive from the plant foods consumed over the course of an animal's life, become imbedded in dental calculus and thus offer direct clues about diet. In this paper, we investigate pig diet with an eye toward understanding husbandry strategies in northern Mesopotamia, the region in which pigs were first domesticated, from the Epipaleolithic though the Early Bronze Age. Our data reveal that pigs consumed an assortment of plant foods, including grasses, wild tubers, acorns, and domestic cereals. Although poor preservation plagued the identification of plant microremains at Epipaleolithic (10th millennium cal. BC) Hallan Cemi, the identification of a diet based on tubers and grasses matches models of wild boar diet. Pigs at 6th millennium Domuztepe, 5th millennium Ziyadeh, and 4th millennium Hacinebi consumed cereals, particularly oats (Avena sp.) and barley (Hordeum sp.), as well as wild plant food resources. Several of the cereal starch granules showed evidence of cooking, indicating that pigs had access to household refuse beginning at least in the late Neolithic. Moreover, calculus from morphologically wild specimens also contained cooked cereal grains. This points to a close relationship between wild boar populations and human settlements in the Neolithic and beyond. Preservation was poor for 3rd millennium sites in the study, including Atij, Raqa'i, Ziyadeh, and Leilan, but the available data suggest that pigs ate oats, barley and other Triticeae (the tribe that includes wheat, barley, and goatgrass), and other grasses. This may represent foddering practices in the Early Bronze Age.