cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inter-state Competition, Land Conflicts and Resistance in India

Literature on fiscal federalism has long debated whether inter-jurisdictional competition between subnational units encourages a “race to the bottom”, with competition to attract mobile capital leading to lower taxation and expenditure, and, consequently, the under-provision of public goods. The principal concerns of this literature have been taxation and expenditure, but the ability of state governments to acquire land for industry is also critical in the context of subnational competition. In this article, the authors ask how Indian state governments resolve the tensions arising from their dual role as both wooer and regulator of capital, as they simultaneously facilitate land acquisition and engage with movements that challenge it. The authors demonstrate that there is no simple “race to the bottom”. Inter-state competition has not produced a simple equation in favour of capital and a side-lining of the concerns of those displaced. Subnational approaches to land acquisition must be understood within lo...
On model selection criteria in multimodel analysis

[1] Hydrologic systems are open and complex, rendering them prone to multiple conceptualizations and mathematical descriptions. There has been a growing tendency to postulate several alternative hydrologic models for a site and use model selection criteria to (1) rank these models, (2) eliminate some of them, and/or (3) weigh and average predictions and statistics generated by multiple models. This has led to some debate among hydrogeologists about the merits and demerits of common model selection (also known as model discrimination or information) criteria such as AIC, AICc, BIC, and KIC and some lack of clarity about the proper interpretation and mathematical representation of each criterion. We examine the model selection literature to find that (1) all published rigorous derivations of AIC and AICc require that the (true) model having generated the observational data be in the set of candidate models; (2) though BIC and KIC were originally derived by assuming that such a model is in the set, BIC has been rederived by Cavanaugh and Neath (1999) without the need for such an assumption; and (3) KIC reduces to BIC as the number of observations becomes large relative to the number of adjustable model parameters, implying that it likewise does not require the existence of a true model in the set of alternatives. We explain why KIC is the only criterion accounting validly for the likelihood of prior parameter estimates, elucidate the unique role that the Fisher information matrix plays in KIC, and demonstrate through an example that it imbues KIC with desirable model selection properties not shared by AIC, AICc, or BIC. Our example appears to provide the first comprehensive test of how AIC, AICc, BIC, and KIC weigh and rank alternative models in light of the models' predictive performance under cross validation with real hydrologic data.
Statistical mechanics of light elements at high pressure. VI - Liquid-state calculations with Thomas-Fermi-Dirac theory

A model free energy is developed for hydrogen-helium mixtures based on solid-state Thomas-Fermi-Dirac calculations at pressures relevant to the interiors of giant planets. Using a model potential similar to that for a two-component plasma, effective charges for the nuclei (which are in general smaller than the actual charges because of screening effects) are parameterized, being constrained by calculations at a number of densities, compositions, and lattice structures. These model potentials are then used to compute the equilibrium properties of H-He fluids using a charged hard-sphere model. The results find critical temperatures of about 0 K, 500 K, and 1500 K, for pressures of 10, 100, and 1000 Mbar, respectively. These phase separation temperatures are considerably lower (approximately 6,000-10,000 K) than those found from calculations using free electron perturbation theory, and suggest that H-He solutions should be stable against phase separation in the metallic zones of Jupiter and Saturn.
Accelerated life test sampling plans for exponential distributions

Simplified formulae are given for computing type I and type II error probabilities in a two stress level accelerated lif test plan developed by Yum and Kim(1990)Using the new formulae, some acceptance sampling plans for the mean value of anexponential distribution, based on type II censored data, are obtained. The criterion for choosing the censoring numbers, r1and rh,corresponding to a pair of higher-than-normal-use stress levels, is to minimize the sum, r1+rh.An approximate procedure is also included
Age differences in summarizing descriptive and procedural texts.

Abstract This study compared young and older adults' summaries of expository texts under the hypothesis that older adults would be more experienced, hence more accurate, at summarizing texts. Two types of expository texts were used: procedural and descriptive texts. The texts were read by a panel of judges who wrote summaries of each text and identified the central ideas of each text; the judges' summaries were used to prepare lists of the central ideas of each text and to write standard summaries of each text. The participants read four texts, two orally and two silently, and then wrote summaries, which were limited to 50 words. Words-per-minute reading times were collected and the summaries were scored on two measures of content, how many ideas were reproduced from the original texts and the proportion of central ideas that were reproduced, and two measures of length, the number of sentences and the number of words. Although the older adults read more slowly than the young adults, the older adults repro...
The Meaning of Money Perceptual Differences Between College Counselors and Low-Income Families About College Costs and Financial Aid

A sociocultural understanding of affordability is essential to understanding the college cost deliberations of low-income African American and Latino students and their families. Habitus shapes and informs college affordability decisions for students and their families. Using interviews with 63 college counselors in urban secondary schools, low-income underrepresented students’ assessments of affordability were framed by a highly individualized assessment of need, an internalized calculation of costs versus benefits, and an acute awareness of the competing demands resulting from financial scarcity. The perceptual differences concerning college affordability are an unintended consequence of differential tastes between middle-income counselors and low-income families.
The use of elastography to measure quality characteristics of pork semimembranosus muscle.

Abstract The objectives of this study were to determine if ultrasonic strain image analysis could estimate pork eating quality parameters (such as fresh color, drip loss, and Warner/Bratzler shear). Intact semimembranosus (SM) muscles (cap off) were analyzed for ultimate pH (pH ult ). Forty-five SM muscles were selected from the larger allotment of fresh hams over a 3-week period. The SM muscles were selected based on high and low pH ult in an attempt to represent a wide range of pork quality. Ultrasonic strain images were obtained perpendicular to the SM muscle fibers of an 8-cm cube. Radio-frequency data from each SM were obtained from a field-of-view (FOV) of 40×30 mm 2 and digitized for each compression step. Tissue displacements were computed for each compression step. Tissue strains were computed from displacement data located in the FOV representing areas of harder and softer muscle tissue and converted to gray scale images at 256 levels. Tissue irregularity of hardness and softness was measured using Fractal dimension and Haralicks parameters. Twenty-one Fractal dimension (FR) parameters, at two neighborhood distances ( N ), from each strain image and nine Haralick's (HAR) textural parameters (inter-pixel distance=1) were analyzed for each image. The variable FR4 N 4 had a −0.279 correlation with SM ultimate pH ( p N 8 correlated to WB shear force at 0.325 ( p N 8 had a correlation coefficient of 0.364 with intramuscular fat ( p N and HAR parameters for intramuscular fat ( R 2 =0.468), Warner/Bratzler shear ( R 2 =0.360), and 30 h drip loss ( R 2 =0.208). Although elastographic measurement was significantly correlated to shear ( p
Rehabilitation of Reaching After Stroke: Comparing 2 Training Protocols Utilizing Trunk Restraint:

Background and Purpose . Task-related training (TRT) but not resistive exercise (RE) was found to improve the path of the hand of a hemiparetic upper extremity when reaching to targets. Forward mov...
Nitric-oxide planar laser-induced fluorescence at 10 kHz in a seeded flow, a plasma discharge, and a flame.

This study demonstrates high-repetition-rate planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging of both cold (∼300 K) and hot (∼2400 K) nitric oxide (NO) at a framing rate of 10 kHz. The laser system is composed of a frequency-doubled dye laser pumped by the third harmonic of a 10 kHz Nd:YAG laser to generate continuously pulsed laser radiation at 226 nm for excitation of NO. The laser-induced fluorescence signal is detected using a high-frame rate, intensified CMOS camera, yielding a continuous cinematographic propagation of the NO plume where data acquisition duration is limited only by camera memory. The pulse energy of the beam is ∼20 μJ with a spectral width ∼0.15 cm−1, though energies as high as 40 μJ were generated. Hot NO is generated by passing air through a DC transient-arc plasma torch that dissociates air. The plasma torch is also used to ignite and sustain a CH4/air premixed flame. Cold NO is imaged from a 1% NO flow (buffered by nitrogen). The estimated signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the cold seeded flow and air plasma exceeds 50 with expected NO concentrations of 6000–8000 parts per million (ppm, volume basis). Images show distinct, high-contrast boundaries. The plasma-assisted flame images have an SNR of less than 10 for concentrations reaching 1000 ppm. For many combustion applications, the pulse energy is insufficient for PLIF measurements. However, the equipment and strategies herein could be applied to high-frequency line imaging of NO at concentrations of 10–100 ppm. Generation of 226 nm radiation was also performed using sum-frequency mixing of the 532 nm pumped dye laser and 355 nm Nd:YAG third harmonic but was limited in energy to 14 μJ. Frequency tripling a 532 nm pumped dye laser produced 226 nm radiation at energies comparable to the 355 nm pumping scheme.
Elementary Spanish Grammars and Their Rules

Many elementary grammars state rules with insufficient clarity and fullness. The uninformed student should find the simpler grammatical questions which are likely to arise in his mind suitably answered in his textbook. Those rules which to many students seem to contradict each other may well be stated together in the later lessons, with explanations of apparent inconsistencies
Sanicula Deserticola, an Endemic of Baja California

One of the more restricted species of northern Baja California is Sanicula deserticola Bell, known from a few disjunct populations at the northern margin of the Sonoran Desert. One population is known from near El Marmol at the headwaters of the Arroyo de San Fernando, while others are in the yellow hills northwest of Rancho Arenoso and near Rancho Aguajito, both in the drainage of the Arroyo del Rosario. At the lastmentioned locality, it was found growing abundantly on the northwestfacing slopes of a yellow conglomerate hill, 3.6 miles west of Rancho Aguajito (Raven, Mathias , and Turner 12,678 ), associated with Rosa minuti f olia, Euphorbia misera , Yucca whipplei eremica, Idria columnaris, Eriogonum jasciculatum, E. scalare, Encelia с ali fornica var. as peri f olia, Calandrinia maritima, H ar j or dia macroptera, Brodiaea pulchella, Layia platyglossa, and Filago calijornica , as well as two species of Agave and one each of Dudley a, Mammillaria, Echino с er eus, Echino cactus, and Opuntia. This curious mixture of characteristic members of the California flora and such species as Idria columnaris, restricted to the Sonoran Desert, clearly demonstrates the unique ecological position of Sanicula deserticola. The subfamily Saniculoideae of the Umbelliferae, with some 260 species, like the other subfamilies Hydrocotyloideae and Apioideae, has apparently had a long and independent evolutionary history. The distribution of the extant genera of Saniculoideae shows clearly that they have developed within the Arcto-Tertiary Geoflora and have been associated with it for a long time, perhaps since late Mesozoic time when this Geoflora is first recognized in the fossil record. Several of the genera in this subfamily are restricted to areas of Arcto-Tertiary-derived deciduous forest in eastern Asia. Others range south along mountain chains to Africa. The genus Eryngium is world-wide in distribution, whereas the genus Sanicula is exceedingly widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, with some of its species occurring also in the Southern Hemisphere. Shan and Constance (1951) considered the section Sanicula ( Sanicla ), with about one-third of the species of the genus Sanicula , the main trunk of the genus. Some species of this section are widespread in Eurasia, and their present distribution suggests development of the section from a northern stock with subsequent southerly migrations. In North America S. mari landica L. and S. tri j oliata Bickn., which Shan and Constance considered probably the least advanced species, occur as common associates of the eastern deciduous forests. The distribution of this section is therefore
Investigation of sub-Kolmogorov inertial particle pair dynamics in turbulence using novel satellite particle simulations

Clustering (or preferential concentration) of weakly inertial particles suspended in a homogeneous isotropic turbulent flow is driven primarily by the smallest eddies at the so-called Kolmogorov scale. In particle-laden large-eddy simulations (LES), these small scales are not resolved by the grid and hence their effect on both the resolved flow scales and the particle motion have to be modelled. In order to predict clustering in a particle-laden LES, it is crucial that the subgrid model for the particles captures the mechanism by which the subgrid scales affect the particle motion (Ray & Collins, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 680, 2011, pp. 488–510). In this paper, we describe novel satellite particle simulations (SPS), in which we study the clustering and relative velocity statistics of inertial particles at separation distances well below the Kolmogorov length scale. SPS is designed to isolate pairwise interactions of particles, and is therefore well suited for developing two-particle models. We show that the power-law dependence of the radial distribution function (RDF), a statistical measure of clustering, is predicted by the SPS in excellent agreement with direct numerical simulations (DNS) for Stokes numbers up to 3, implying that no explicit information from the inertial range is required to accurately describe particle clustering. This result further explains our successful prediction of the RDF power using the drift-diffusion model of Chun et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 536, 2005, pp. 219–251) for . We also consider the second-order longitudinal relative velocity structure function for the particles; we show that the SPS is able to capture its power-law exponent for and attribute the disagreement at larger to the effect of the larger scales of motion not captured by the SPS. Further, the SPS is able to capture the ‘caustic activation’ of the structure function at zero separation and predict the critical and rate of activation in agreement with the DNS (Salazar & Collins, J. Fluid. Mech., vol. 696, 2012, pp. 45–66). We show comparisons between filtered DNS and equivalently filtered SPS, and the findings are similar to the unfiltered case. Overall, SPS is an efficient and accurate computational tool for investigating particle pair dynamics at small separations, as well as an interesting platform for developing LES subgrid models designed to accurately reproduce particle clustering.
Controlled HIV viral replication, not liver disease severity associated with low bone mineral density in HIV/HCV co-infection

Background & Aims To evaluate the prevalence and risk factors for low bone mineral density (BMD) in persons co-infected with HIV and Hepatitis C. Methods HIV/HCV co-infected study participants ( n =179) were recruited into a prospective cohort and underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) within 1year of a liver biopsy. Fibrosis staging was evaluated according to the METAVIR system. Osteoporosis was defined as a T -score ⩽−2.5. Z -scores at the total hip, femoral neck, and lumbar spine were used as the primary outcome variables to assess the association between degree of liver disease, HIV-related variables, and BMD. Results The population was 65% male, 85% Black with mean age 50.3years. The prevalence of osteoporosis either at the total hip, femoral neck, or lumbar spine was 28%, with 5% having osteoporosis of the total hip, 6% at the femoral neck, 25% at the spine. The mean Z -scores (standard deviation) were −0.42 (1.01) at the total hip, −0.16 (1.05) at the femoral neck, and −0.82 (1.55) at the lumbar spine. In multivariable models, controlled HIV replication (HIV RNA vs . ⩾400 copies/ml) was associated with lower Z -scores (mean±standard error) at the total hip (−0.44±0.17, p =0.01), femoral neck (−0.59±0.18, p =0.001), and the spine (−0.98±0.27, p =0.0005). There was no association between degree of liver fibrosis and Z -score. Conclusions Osteoporosis was very common in this population of predominately African-American HIV/HCV co-infected patients, particularly at the spine. Lower BMD was associated with controlled HIV replication, but not liver disease severity.
Editor's introduction: Byron and disability

(2001). Editor's introduction: Byron and disability. European Romantic Review: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 247-248.
Correlation of lysophosphatidylcholine-induced vs spontaneous relaxation to cyclic GMP levels in rabbit thoracic aorta.

Abstract We demonstrated previously that 10 −5 M micellar solution of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) produced relaxation of rabbit thoracic aorta in a dose-dependent manner. It was also noticed that histamine (HA)-precontracted strips relaxed spontaneously in the absence of LPC. We now measured the cyclic GMP changes during these two types of relaxation. Results indicate that while LPC-induced relaxation was mediated through cyclic GMP, spontaneous relaxation was not. The vasodilating effect of LPC was not due to its interference with cellular viability by solubilizing the membrane, because repeated additions of LPC produced identical degrees of relaxation and after three consecutive additions of LPC, the strips continued to relax to the same degree with acetylcholine (Ach) demonstrating the functional integrity of the endothelium. LPC/Cholesterol dispersions (1:0.5 mole percent) relaxed the strips to the same extent as the micellar solution of LPC, while 1:1 mole percent did not. The results stress the role of cyclic GMP in LPC-induced relaxation. They further suggest that LPC/Cholesterol ratio may determine the availability of LPC and regulate LPC-mediated processes.
Studies on Host Selection and Host Specificity of the Aphid Hyperparasite Charips victrix (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). 6. Description of Sensory Structures and a Synopsis of Host Selection and Host Specificity

The sensory structures on the tip of the ovipositor which are used by the cynipid secondary parasite Charips victrix (Westwood) to discriminate among primary parasite host larvae in the haemocoels of aphids are described. In addition, a synopsis of host selection and certain inferences concerning the host specificity of C. victrix are presented.
Dendritic integration in ganglion cells of the mudpuppy retina.

Computer simulations were carried out to evaluate the influence of varying the membrane resistance (R m ) on the dendritic integration capacity of three classes of ganglion cells in the mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) retina. Three broadly different morphological classes of ganglion cells were selected for this study and represent the range of dendritic tree sizes found in the ganglion cell population of this species. Simulations were conducted on anatomical data obtained from cells stained with horseradish peroxidase; each cell was traced, using a computer as an entry device and later converted to a compartmental (electrical) representation of the cell. Computer-simulation analysis used a time-variant conductance change which was similar in waveform to light-activated bipolar cell input. The simulated membrane resistance for each cell varied between 5000 and 100,000 Ω cm 2 , and conductance changes were introduced into different regions of the soma-dendritic tree to evaluate dendritic integration efficiency. When higher values of R m are used, even the largest cells become electrotonically compact and attenuation of voltage responses is minimized from distal to soma regions. Responses were less attenuated from proximal to distal regions of the cell because of the favorable impedance matching, and because less current is required to polarize small «sealed» dendritic terminations. Steady-state responses integrate more effectively than transient responses, particularly when R m is high, since transient responses were more attenuated by the membrane capacitance. The possibility that R m is a dynamic property of retinal ganglion cells is discussed in view of the functional organization of dendritic integration efficiency as R m fluctuates from low to high values
Psychoactive agents and Native American spirituality: Past and present

Five hundred years of physical and cultural genocide, including prohibitions against traditional aboriginal (pre‐Columbian) customs and rituals, many involving the selective use of psychoactive agents, contributed greatly to the current social, health and economic problems among Native Americans both in Indian Country and in urban Indian ghettos. Accordingly, substance abuse – notably alcoholism – has long been part of the negative Native American image. Most movie‐goers are familiar with the drunken Indian stereotype a common staple of ‘Cowboy and Indian’ scripts. These images render Native Americans as lesser humans – notably adults with childlike minds and behaviours – thereby justifying strict federal paternalism, which is ironically often the major source of Indian exploitation and a continuation of this self‐fulfilling prophecy. It is these outside influences coupled with serious cultural disruption that contributed to Indian marginality and, consequently, substance abuse problems in Indian Country ...
Fall-out caesium in surface sea water off the California coast (1959-60) by gamma-ray measurements.

Fall-Out Caesium in Surface Sea Water off the California Coast (1959–60) by Gamma-Ray Measurements
A region-based mathematical model of the urine concentrating mechanism in the rat outer medulla. II. Parameter sensitivity and tubular inhomogeneity

In a companion study (Layton AT and Layton HE. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 289: F1346–F1366, 2005), a region-based mathematical model was formulated for the urine concentrating mechanism (UCM) in th...
BI-20GENETIC PROFILING FOR EARLY EVEROLIMUS SENSITIVITY IN NEWLY DIAGNOSED GLIOBLASTOMA PATIENTS ENROLLED ON NCCTG N057K.

BACKGROUND: Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling plays a critical role in tumor cell function and mTOR inhibitors have demonstrated promising activity in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Nevertheless, robust genetic predictors for sensitivity to mTOR inhibition remain elusive. As part of the biomarker discovery process, the North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG) incorporated functional imaging with 18FLT-PET/CT and focused exon sequencing into N057K, a Phase II clinical trial evaluating the mTORC1 inhibitor everolimus in combination with radiation(RT) and temozolomide(TMZ) in newly diagnosed GBM patients. METHODS: N057K began weekly everolimus one week prior to standard RT/TMZ. Patients who had >1cm3 of residual tumor were imaged with 18FLT-PET/CT before and after the initial two doses of everolimus, before initiating RT/TMZ. Imaged patients with a ΔSUVmax of >25% were classified as metabolic responders adapted from EORTC criteria for FDG-PET. Imaged patients with sufficient tumor samples also underwent immunohistochemical and focused exon sequencing analysis using the Seqwright 201 gene panel. Tertiary analysis focused on genes implicated in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway (PTEN, PIK3CA, AKT, mTOR, Raptor/Rictor, S6, TSC1/2, NF1, CCND1, FGFR1/2). RESULTS: Nine patients had 18FLT-PET/CT imaging of which 4/9 had a metabolic response to everolimus alone. Six patients had sufficient tumor samples for further analysis, of which 3/6 had response. On IHC, 18FLT-PET responders had higher levels of PTEN expression and lower levels of pAKT and Ki-67 expression in comparison to non-responders. Focused exon sequencing found 1,458 coding alterations in 454 genes when compared to the reference genome. Only one 18FLT-PET responder had any genetic alterations within a PI3K/Akt/mTOR-implicated pathway, while all 18FLT-PET non-responders had multiple alterations within PI3K/Akt/mTOR-implicated pathways. CONCLUSIONS: 18FLT-PET successfully identified cohorts of patients who had robust, early metabolic responses to mTOR inhibition alone. These responders had robust PTEN expression on IHC and were less likely to have alterations within PI3K/Akt/mTOR-implicated pathways.
Automatic and Adaptive Classification of Electroencephalographic Signals for Brain Computer Interfaces

Extracting knowledge from electroencephalographic (EEG) signals has become an increasingly important research area in biomedical engineering. In addition to its clinical diagnostic purposes, in recent years there have been many efforts to develop brain computer interface (BCI) systems, which allow users to control external devices only by using their brain activity. Once the EEG signals have been acquired, it is necessary to use appropriate feature extraction and classification methods adapted to the user in order to improve the performance of the BCI system and, also, to make its design stage easier. This work introduces a novel fast adaptive BCI system for automatic feature extraction and classification of EEG signals. The proposed system efficiently combines several well-known feature extraction procedures and automatically chooses the most useful features for performing the classification task. Three different feature extraction techniques are applied: power spectral density, Hjorth parameters and autoregressive modelling. The most relevant features for linear discrimination are selected using a fast and robust wrapper methodology. The proposed method is evaluated using EEG signals from nine subjects during motor imagery tasks. Obtained experimental results show its advantages over the state-of-the-art methods, especially in terms of classification accuracy and computational cost.
Loss of CD34 expression in aging human choriocapillaris endothelial cells.

Structural and gene expression changes in the microvasculature of the human choroid occur during normal aging and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In this study, we sought to determine the impact of aging and AMD on expression of the endothelial cell glycoprotein CD34. Sections from 58 human donor eyes were categorized as either young (under age 40), age-matched controls (> age 60 without AMD), or AMD affected (>age 60 with early AMD, geographic atrophy, or choroidal neovascularization). Dual labeling of sections with Ulex europaeus agglutinin-I lectin (UEA-I) and CD34 antibodies was performed, and the percentage of capillaries labeled with UEA-I but negative for anti-CD34 was determined. In addition, published databases of mouse and human retinal pigment epithelium-choroid were evaluated and CD34 expression compared between young and old eyes. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that while CD34 and UEA-I were colocalized in young eyes, there was variable loss of CD34 immunoreactivity in older donor eyes. While differences between normal aging and AMD were not significant, the percentage of CD34 negative capillaries in old eyes, compared to young eyes, was highly significant (p = 3.8×10−6). Endothelial cells in neovascular membranes were invariably CD34 positive. Published databases show either a significant decrease in Cd34 (mouse) or a trend toward decreased CD34 (human) in aging. These findings suggest that UEA-I and endogenous alkaline phosphatase activity are more consistent markers of aging endothelial cells in the choroid, and suggest a possible mechanism for the increased inflammatory milieu in the aging choroid.
Are You In Good Hands?: Slogan Recall: What Really Matters

ABSTRACT Slogans are very important in brand building, and recall is considered one of the most effective measures of slogan success. For this study, 220 respondents were asked to recall slogans. Factors impacting recall of the 150 short-listed slogans were investigated. The study relied on objective (rather than perceptual) data, and factored in the natural variance associated with the variables of interest in the marketplace without imposing the artificial constraints of lab settings. The results suggest that to improve recall, slogans should be retained for long periods of time and supported by extensive marketing budgets. When designing the slogans, care should also be taken to keep them short. However, contrary to expectations, none of the other design elements—complexity of slogans, use of jingles, and use of rhymes—had an impact on slogan recall.
Spectral analysis of shielded gamma ray sources using precalculated library data

Abstract In this work, an approach has been developed for determining the intensity of a shielded source by first determining the thicknesses of three different shielding materials from a passively collected gamma-ray spectrum by making comparisons with predetermined shielded spectra. These evaluations are dependent on the accuracy and validity of the predetermined library spectra which were created by changing the thicknesses of the three chosen materials lead, aluminum and wood that are used to simulate any actual shielding. Each of the spectra produced was generated using MCNP5 with a sufficiently large number of histories to ensure a low relative error at each channel. The materials were held in the same respective order from source to detector, where each material consisted of three individual thicknesses and a null condition. This then produced two separate data sets of 27 total shielding material situations and subsequent predetermined libraries that were created for each radionuclide source used. The technique used to calculate the thicknesses of the materials implements a Levenberg–Marquardt nonlinear search that employs a tri-linear interpolation with the respective predetermined libraries within each channel for the supplied input unknown spectrum. Given that the nonlinear parameters require an initial guess for the calculations, the approach demonstrates first that when the correct values are input, the correct thicknesses are found. It then demonstrates that when multiple trials of random values are input for each of the nonlinear parameters, the average of the calculated solutions that successfully converges also produced the correct thicknesses. Under situations with sufficient information known about the detection situation at hand, the method was shown to behave in a manner that produces reasonable results and can serve as a good preliminary solution. This technique has the capability to be used in a variety of full spectrum inverse analysis problems including homeland security issues.
Multiplex stress resistance in cells from long‐lived dwarf mice

Mutations that extend nematode longevity by interference with IGF-I/insulin sensing pathways also lead to resistance to multiple forms of stress. Here, we report that skin-derived fibroblasts from Snell dwarf mice, already known to show increased longevity and delayed aspects of aging, are resistant to multiple forms of cellular stress, including UV light, heat, paraquat, H2O2, and the toxic metal cadmium. The findings suggest that increases in cellular resistance to stress may mediate extended longevity in mammals.
Trends In Satellite Communications Amplifier Applications

Requirements for Satellite Communications Amplifiers have evolved over the last few years. These changes have been driven both by changes in satellite characteristics as well as improvements in earth station architecture. Future Amplifiers will operate in limited bandwidth at high power on current frequency bands, and various power levels on new, higher frequency bands. Solid State Power Amplifiers are playing an expanded role in many applications, but Vacuum Electronics play an important continuing role.
Heterogeneity of rat corticospinal neurons

In order to examine the degree of diversity within a population of cortical projection neurons, rat corticospinal cells were retrogradely labeled in vivo by injocting rhodamine-tagged microspheres into the cervical spinal cord, and subsequently studied electrophysiologically and anatomically in neocortical slices maintained in vitro, by use of Standard current clamp techniques and a double-labeling protocol (Tseng et al, J. Neurosci. Meth. 37′. 121–131, 1991). Three different subgcroups were distinguished on the basis of their spiking behavior: (l) Adapting cells had a marked fast (50 ms) and slow phase (200 ms) of spike frequency adaptation; (2) regulr spiking (RS) cells had only a period offast adaptation; (3) some regulr spiking neurons had prominent depolarizing afterpotentials (DAPs) and could generate bursts of Spikes, often in repetitive fashion (RSoAp cells). Subgroups of RSc.Ap cells had different patterns of burst responses to depolarizing current pulses, suggesting differences in the types and/or sites ofunderlying ionic conduetances. Adapting cells had a slightly higher membrane input resistance and more prominent slow hyperpolarizing afterpotentials than RS and RSDAP neurons; however, the activation of presumed anomalous rectifier current by intracellular hyperpolarizations was less prominent in adapting neurons. Orthodrornic Stimulation in layer l evoked presumed excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs) in all three types of cells, but prominent short-latency IPSPs were found in a higher percentage of adapting neurons. The morphology of electrophysiologically characterized corticospinal neurons was studied following intracellular injection of biocytin. All three spiking types were typical layer V pyramids with apical dendrites reaching layer l, basal dendrites in infragranular layers, and deep-directed axons that had a moderate density oflocal collaterals in lower cortical layers. The profuseness of dendrites, examined by Sholl's analysis of two-dimensional, camera lucidareconstructed neurons was comparable in the three neuronal subgroups, although a smaller somatic area and more siender apical dendritic trunk were found in adapting neurons. Our results suggest that corticospinal cells in rats are a heterogeneous population of projection neurons with respect to their spiking behavior, membrane properties, synaptic connections, and, to a lesser extent, their morphology. This diversity revealed in vitro adds new complexity to the classification of corticospinal neurons. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Critical factors affecting the high-temperature corrosion performance of iron aluminides

Abstract Iron aluminides are known to exhibit good-to-excellent corrosion resistance in a number of high-temperature environments. Under most conditions, this resistance derives from the establishment and maintenance of a sound and adherent alumina layer. Consequently the performance of iron aluminides under different aggressive high-temperature can be related to fundamental factors that affect the development, adhesion, and durability (lifetime) of protective alumina. Overall corrosion resistance depends not only on thermodynamic stability of the reaction product in a particular environment and its growth kinetics, but also on scale integrity and morphology, the chemical and physical nature of the oxide–metal interface, alloy strength, and the specific composition of the iron aluminide. Despite the multiplicity of factors, a relatively simple lifetime prediction model based on aluminum consumption can be used to evaluate the influences of changes in material parameters and to determine approaches to improving high-temperature corrosion resistance of iron aluminides.
Internal-External Locus of Control and Verbal Fluency:

84 female Ss were given the I-E Control Scale and a modified form of Thurstone's word fluency (W) test in counterbalanced order. Ss were classified as “Internals” or “Externals” by division at the ...
Methyl Substitution of 2-Aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane 2,6-Dicarboxylate (LY354740) Determines Functional Activity at Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors: Identification of a Subtype Selective mGlu2 Receptor Agonist

LY354740 (1) is a highly potent and selective agonist of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors 2 and 3. In the present study, we have prepared C3- and C4-methyl-substituted variants of rac-1, compounds 5, 9, and 13. Each of these racemic methyl-substituted analogues displaced specific binding of the mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist 3H-2S-2-amino-2-(1S,2S-2-carboxycycloprop-1-yl)-3-(xanth-9-yl)propanoic acid (3H-LY341495) from membranes expressing mGlu2 or mGlu3 receptor subtypes. Evaluation of the functional effects of this series on second messenger responses in cells expressing human mGlu2 or mGlu3 receptors revealed C3β-methyl analogue 5 to possess antagonist properties at both mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptors while C4β-methyl analogue 9 acts as a full agonist at each of these targets. Unexpectedly, we found that incorporation of a methyl substituent at the C4α-position as in analogue 13 results in a mixed mGlu2 agonist/mGlu3 antagonist pharmacological profile. All of the mGlu2 agonist and mGlu3 antagonist activ...
Volatility of fly ash and coal

Abstract The volatilization of fly ash has been examined by a number of techniques including TGA—DTA, Knudsen cell mass spectrometry, volatilization of neutron-activated fly ash, and X-ray fluorescence analysis of sized fly ash, low-temperature ash, and the parent coal. At low temperatures, H2O, CO2, SO2, and a number of organic compounds are the primary volatile species as determined by mass spectrometry. Analysis of the volatiles collected from activated fly ash heated to temperatures up to 1400 °C shows that Hg, Se, As, Br, and I are nearly completely volatilized. The analysis of the bulk and size fractions of fly ash, and parent coal, is consistent with this and provides evidence for volatilization of 15 elements during coal combustion. Comparison of coal and fly ash compositions also shows that significant amounts of Se are still present in the gas phase at the precipitators and more than 50 wt % of the Se is contained in the stack emissions. The results are consistent with present models for fly ash formation and trace element enrichment.
Simmered Greedy Optimization for Co-clustering

We present a fast yet highly effective stochastic algorithm, Simmered Greedy Optimization (SG(N)) for solving the co-clustering problem: to simultaneously cluster two finite sets by maximizing the mutual information between the clusterings. (Clustering one set by this criterion is a special case.) This is a combinatorial optimization problem of great interest for deriving maximally predictive feature sets. Co-clustering has found applications in many areas, particularly statistical natural language processing and bioinformatics. We report results of tests on a suite of statistical natural language problems, comparing SG(N) with simulated annealing and a publicly available implementation of co-clustering. In all cases we obtain superior results with far less computation using SG(N).
Central Catheter-Related Infections: Comparison of Pulmonary Artery Catheters and Triple Lumen Catheters for the Delivery of Hyperalimentation in a Critical Care Setting

We prospectively studied the risk of catheter-related sepsis (CRS) in 75 critically ill patients who received total parenteral nutrition (TPN) through 158 pulmonary artery catheters (PACs) and 214 triple-lumen catheters (TLCs). We relied on semiquantitative cultures of the catheter tips, peripheral blood cultures in febrile patients and clinical response to catheter removal to diagnose catheter-related sepsis. The infection rate was 2.5% (4/158) of PACs and 6.5% (14/214) of TLCs (p=0.124). Colonization rates were 29.1% for PACs and 32% for TLCs. PACs were left in place a significantly shorter length of time than TLCs, 3.1 vs 5.1 days (p<0.005). Guidewire exchanges and subclavian vein insertions were associated with a decreased rate of CRS when compared to new insertions and internal jugular vein insertions, respectively.We conclude that pulmonary artery catheters can be used safely for the delivery of hyperalimentation in critically ill patients with no increased risk for catheter-related sepsis compared ...
On the choice of random wave simulation in the surf zone processes

In this paper, the two common approaches to account for wave randomness, the spectral approach and the wave-by-wave approach, are compared through numerical experiments conducted with the coupling of a surf zone hydrodynamic model and a bedload sediment transport model. Special attention is paid to the wave nonlinearity and net cross-shore bedload transport predictions. The two approaches are found to have negligible difference in their predictions of certain average hydrodynamics, such as wave heights, set-up and undertow. However, the wave-by-wave approach outperforms the spectral approach in the wave nonlinearity prediction, and the two approaches differ significantly in their predictions of wave-induced net cross-shore bedload transport which strongly depends on wave nonlinearity. This suggests the necessity of using the wave-by-wave approach. The computational efficiency of the wave-by-wave approach is also discussed.
Chemistry Education at the 2-Year Colleges-What's New? Part 2

An overview of some new initiatives that have support from the National Science Foundation's Advanced Technological Education (ATE) Program.
Why are epilepsy trials failing? Interview with Russell Katz

Russell Katz is the director of the Division of Neurology Products in the US FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Katz’s division is responsible for regulating research with investigational treatments for neurologic diseases, including epilepsy, as well as making decisions about which treatments should be approved. He has written and lectured extensively about all aspects of the development of treatments for neurologic diseases. Katz speaks to Laura Harvey at the journal, on the difficulties facing antiepilepsy drug trials today.
How a smarter grid could have prevented the 2003 U.S. cascading blackout

The electrical grid is caught in a political and technological energy war over what can most efficiently, safely, reliably and cost effectively provide commercial power for an increasing national load. The answer lies in research of the 2003 Northeast Blackout and introducing an emerging technology; Smart Grid (SG). This paper summarizes the blackout's key events, driving factors and tipping point for its cascade in order to highlight the critical benefits of Smart Grid Technology (SGT). Industry research suggests that SG could have prevented the cascade, had it been complete and implemented in 2003. This paper presents the essential elements of SGT (with industry research ongoing) that can achieve three things; (1) prevent cascading blackouts of this magnitude, (2) recover as quickly as possible from emergencies (terrorist attacks, natural disasters, etc.), and (3) provide a solution to this energy war with a portfolio of energy technologies.
Matrix Completions Over Dedekind Rings

We show that if M is a k × n matrix over a Dedekind domain R, with k < n. and if d is an element of the ideal of R generated by the k × k minors of M, then M forms the top k rows of an n × n matrix of determinant d. This continues a program initiated by Hermite in 1849.
T.I.A. revisited: new wine--old bottle.

TIA has been accepted as a concept of transient cerebral ischemia. There is an ever enlarging body of literature sparking controversies considering its natural history, prognosis, outcomes of clinical trials and usefulness of the concept. Much of the controversy is related to the diverse pathophysiology of TIAs, the selection of patients for clinical trials and the associated risk factor in the studied population. The advantages of the concept are a warning of the possibility of future irreversible pathology an opportunity to treat and/or remove risk factors an opportunity to establish a basis for monitoring the patient and making interim decisions concerning intervention. The risks of the concept are: administering a specific therapy to all patients, failure to fully evaluate the patient once the diagnosis is made, tendency to rely on "experts" for guidance. TIA is a useful concept if one recognizes: the pathophysiology is polymorphous and multiplex, the concept is a signal for diligent search for the underlying cause or causes, it is more important to treat the risk factors than to give a specific therapy.
A genetic algorithm-based heuristic for the dynamic integrated forward/reverse logistics network for 3PLs

Today's competitive business environment has resulted in increasing cooperation among individual companies as members of a supply chain. Accordingly, third party logistics providers (3PLs) must operate supply chains for a number of different clients who want to improve their logistics operations for both forward and reverse flows. As a result of the dynamic environment in which these supply chains must operate, 3PLs must make a sequence of inter-related decisions over time. However, in the past, the design of distribution networks has been independently conducted with respect to forward and reverse flows. Thus, this paper presents a mixed integer nonlinear programming model for the design of a dynamic integrated distribution network to account for the integrated aspect of optimizing the forward and return network simultaneously. Since such network design problems belong to a class of NP hard problems, a genetic algorithm-based heuristic with associated numerical results is presented and tested in a set of problems by an exact algorithm. Finally, a solution of a network plan would help in the determination of various resource plans for capacities of material handling equipments and human resources.
A Detailed Analysis and Performance Comparison of Wavelength Reservation Schemes for Optical Burst Switched Networks

We present a detailed analysis of the JIT, JET, and Horizon wavelength reservation schemes for optical burst switched (OBS) networks. Our analysis accounts for several important parameters, including the burst offset length, and the optical switching and hardware processing overheads associated with bursts as they travel across the network. The contributions of our work include: (i) analytical models of JET and Horizon (on a single OBS node) that are more accurate than previously published ones, and which are valid for general burst length and offset length distributions; (ii) the determination of the regions of parameter values in which a more complex reservation scheme reduces to a simpler one; and (iii) a new reservation scheme, JIT+, which is as simple to implement as JIT, but whose performance tracks that of Horizon and JET. We compare the performance of the four wavelength reservation schemes on a single OBS node, as well as on a path of OBS nodes with cross traffic, under various sets of parameter values. Our major finding is that, under reasonable assumptions regarding the current and future state-of-the-art in optical switch and electronic hardware technologies, the simplicity of JIT and JIT+ seem to outweigh any performance benefits of Horizon and JET.