cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Labile Nitrogen Reserves and Plasma Nitrogen Fractions in Growing Cattle

The existence and magnitude of labile nitrogen (N) reserves were studied in growing cattle using a dietary N depletion-repletion technique. Blood parameters and urinary N excretion patterns were monitored. Blood hematocrit (Ht) did not respond to reduced ingested N until after week 3 of depletion at which time it began to fall. About 3 weeks of repletion regime was required before Ht values increased again. Plasma protein and albumin decreased from 6.05 and 2.70 g during standardization to 5.44 and 2.44 g/100 ml after 5 weeks of depletion and did not ap proach predepletion levels until week 6 of repletion. Plasma urea N decreased from 16 mg in standardization to 0.8 mg/100 ml in depletion and required 3 weeks of repletion treatment to attain a peak of 18 mg/100 ml. Labile N reserves were deter mined by integrating the areas from total urinary N excretion curves obtained during depletion and repletion periods. On a live body weight basis labile N represented 5.6% of total body N. When computed on an empty body weight basis (does not include weight of gastrointestinal tract), labile N totalled 6.0%. The magnitude of labile N stores as a percentage of total body N was 44% greater in steers with a mean body weight of 280 kg compared with animals weighing 144 kg. J. Nutr. 205: 1584-1591, 1975.
Suicide as a derangement of the self-sacrificial aspect of eusociality

Building upon the idea that humans may be a eusocial species (i.e., rely on multigenerational and cooperative care of young, utilize division of labor for successful survival), we conjecture that suicide among humans represents a derangement of the self-sacrificial aspect of eusociality. In this article, we outline the characteristics of eusociality, particularly the self-sacrificial behavior seen among other eusocial species (e.g., insects, shrimp, mole rats). We then discuss parallels between eusocial self-sacrificial behavior in nonhumans and suicide in humans, particularly with regard to overarousal states, withdrawal phenomena, and perceptions of burdensomeness. In so doing, we make the argument that death by suicide among humans is an exemplar of psychopathology and is due to a derangement of the self-sacrificial behavioral suite found among eusocial species. Implications and future directions for research are also presented.
Wallet-Based Redistricting Evidence for the Concentration of Wealth in Majority Party Districts

This article examines the role of wealth in the redistricting process in state legislative contests. I argue that the decision by state redistricting mapmakers to pursue a “seat-swing” or “protecti...
Abstract 2054: The BH3-only protein, Noxa, is upregulated by estrogen and promotes cell cycle progression in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells

According to the American Cancer Society, breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in American women, with more than 200,000 new cases diagnosed annually. In addition, the vast majority of breast cancers are initially hormone-dependent and 70% are estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (Colditz, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 1998; Hankinson et al., Breast Cancer Res., 2004; and Harvey et al., J. Clin. Oncol., 1999), highlighting the importance of estrogen signaling pathways in breast oncogenesis. It has been well-established that estrogen/17β-estradiol/E2 stimulates cell growth and inhibits apoptosis in ER-positive breast cancer cells; however, recent reports have demonstrated that E2 paradoxically induces the expression of Noxa/PMAIP1, a BH3-only pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family. In the present study, we report on the mechanisms by which E2 upregulates Noxa expression and the associated cellular effects on apoptosis and cell cycle progression in ER-positive MCF7 human breast cancer cells. We demonstrate that c-Myc, ERα, and E2F1 are involved in the transcriptional upregulation of Noxa following E2 treatment. Specific knockdown of c-Myc and ERα protein expression using siRNA technology inhibited E2-mediated induction of Noxa expression. Furthermore, E2 also promoted the recruitment of c-Myc and ERα to the NOXA promoter in chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, suggesting that these two proteins are indeed mediators of Noxa upregulation following E2 treatment. Although p53 is an important regulator of Noxa transcription under conditions of cellular stress, our data demonstrate that E2-mediated upregulation of Noxa is a p53-independent process, as knocking down p53 with specific siRNA did not block E2-mediated induction of Noxa. Consistent with this result, E2 treatment failed to induce the recruitment of p53 to the NOXA promoter in ChIP assays. Interestingly, E2-mediated upregulation of Noxa was associated with cell cycle progression but not with apoptosis under normal, unstressed cellular conditions. Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry showed that siRNA-mediated knockdown of Noxa caused cell cycle arrest in G0/G1-phase and significantly delayed the G1-to-S-phase transition following E2 treatment. Collectively, these data indicate that Noxa expression is required for cell cycle progression in ER-positive breast cancer cells, suggesting a novel role for the BH3-only protein Noxa, outside of its traditional role as an apoptosis sensitizer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2054. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2054
Formation of Image Objects in Human Vision

The stage of human vision in which objects are formed apparently precedes the final determination of many object properties: object identity, brightness, size, and location. Analogously in computer vision, this stage must precede isolated display and measurement of the object. This paper brings together several ideas about how this grouping of space into objects may be done by the human visual system, for example when it is viewing medical images. The result of this synthesis is a new model of form perception.
Nonlocal Drag of Magnons in a Ferromagnetic Bilayer

Quantized spin waves known as magnons could experience a drag-like phenomenon in two spatially separated ferromagnetic layers.
Vector-soliton storage and three-pulse-area theorem

In the present work, we present a high-speed method to control, manipulate, and retrieve an intense vector soliton stored in the ground-state coherences of a four-level atomic system. Additionally, we show the importance of the pulse area in determining the evolution of the system and present a constant in the evolution defined as the three-pulse area; a surprising extension to previously defined pulse areas.
Early laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication for recurrent reflux esophagitis: a cost-effective alternative to omeprazole.

BACKGROUND Eighty percent of patients treated medically for gastroesophageal reflux disease relapse after treatment. Many of these patients require indefinite treatment with omeprazole to prevent recurrence. Nissen fundoplication has been shown to be effective, safe and cost effective in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. We suggest a treatment algorithm, which encourages early surgical intervention in cases of recurrent esophagitis after a previously successful two-month course of omeprazole. METHODS We have offered laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication since 1993. Patients who received Nissen fundoplication since 1990 were asked to report return to baseline activity, medications, and lifestyle changes. Concurrent chart review of patients treated with omeprazole was conducted to analyze cost. RESULTS Patients receiving laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication were discharged significantly sooner and spent significantly less time convalescing when compared to those who underwent open Nissen fundoplication. Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication became cost effective at 1.5 to 2 years when compared to omeprazole. CONCLUSION Based on cost analysis, patient satisfaction, acceptable complication rate, and efficient use of time and resources, we recommend laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication as the appropriate treatment in patients who develop recurrent esophagitis after a two-month treatment with omeprazole.
Intraperitoneal delivery of liposomal siRNA for therapy of advanced ovarian cancer.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 5462 Introduction. Use of small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been a powerful tool in analysis of protein function, and is being aggressively studied as a therapeutic tool. We have previously shown that incorporation of siRNA into neutral liposomes allows efficient intravenous delivery to tumor tissue, and has therapeutic efficacy in pre-clinical proof-of-concept studies using EphA2-targeting siRNA. We sought to determine whether intraperitoneal (IP) delivery of these siRNA complexes was equally effective at delivery and therapeutic efficacy as intravenous delivery. Methods. An EphA2-targeting siRNA sequence, or a non-silencing siRNA sequence with a fluorescent Alexa555 tag, was incorporated into the neutral liposome 1,2-dioleoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC). Alexa555-siRNA-DOPC was injected IP into nude mice bearing established IP ovarian tumors (HeyA8), and organs were collected 6 hours later for microscopic fluorescent examination. Subsequently, five groups of mice were injected IP with HeyA8 or SKOV3ip1 cells, and treated with either a) empty liposomes, or paclitaxel plus b) control siRNA IP, c) EphA2 siRNA IP, d) control siRNA IV, or e) EphA2 siRNA IV. Results. Alexa55-siRNA in DOPC liposomes injected IP was incorporated into intraperitoneal ovarian tumors. The siRNA was equally distributed throughout the tumor, and not just present in the periphery, suggesting the means of uptake was through the vasculature, and subsequently to the tumor, rather than by direct perfusion from the intraperitoneal space. siRNA delivered IP was also taken up by the kidney, liver, and heart. In mice with SKOV3ip1 orthotopic ovarian tumors, treatment with paclitaxel and IP siRNA targeting EphA2 reduced tumor growth by 81% compared to paclitaxel/control siRNA IP (0.04g v. 0.21g, p<0.01). This reduction was comparable to concurrently-treated mice with paclitaxel and EphA2 siRNA injected IV, which showed a dose-reduction in growth by 69% compared to paclitaxel/control siRNA injected IV (0.04g v. 0.13g, p<0.01). Similar results were obtained in a second cell line, HeyA8. Paclitaxel and EphA2 siRNA given IP reduced growth by 48% compared to paclitaxel/control siRNA (0.34g v. 0.66g, p<0.05), whereas the combination given IV reduced growth by 45% compared to paclitaxel/control (0.23g v. 0.42g, p<0.05). Conclusions. IP injection of liposomal siRNA is effective in achieving both intra-tumoral delivery and therapeutic efficacy in orthotopic ovarian tumors. Delivery to the kidney, liver, and heart suggests rapid systemic delivery after IP injection.
Infections in Ocular Prosthesis

There has been an exponential expansion of the types and application of ocular prostheses in the last 10 years. Patients with ocular prostheses in all forms are at increased risk for microbial infections. The true incidence and/or prevalence of ocular prosthesis-associated infections are unknown. Millions of people worldwide are candidates in need of ocular prostheses for cosmesis, vision rehabilitation, and restoration. The presence of an ocular prosthesis carries a lifetime risk of infection and leads to ocular surface and microbiome dysbiosis. Ophthalmologists should be aware of the inherent risk and diversity of microbial colonization and infections associated with the placement of the expanding list of ocular prostheses. Additional adverse events include ocular surface and ocular microbiome disruption, vision loss, and ocular surface dysfunction.
HPV Detection and Clinical Implications

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are known as the primary cause of cervical cancer. Most HPV infections resolve spontaneously, but those that persist may lead to the development of precancerous abnormalities and, if left untreated, may progress to cancer. Papillomaviruses are members of large family of viruses known as Papovaviridae and HPV is a relatively small virus containing non-enveloped double-stranded (ds) DNA. A number of tests for HPV detection have evolved and the newer RNA based amplification tests detect not only the presence of viral genome but also the viral activity in infected cells. HPV testing is indicated as a primary screening modality, for triaging of minor cytological abnormalities and for follow up of women treated for cervical dysplasia. The chapter gives a detailed account of all the tests used for detection of HPV as well as the latest guidelines for management of women who turn out to be test positive.
Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Vascular Microcirculation in Eyes With Glaucoma and Single-Hemifield Visual Field Loss.

Importance Understanding the differences in vascular microcirculation of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) between the hemispheres in eyes with glaucoma with single-hemifield visual field (VF) defects may provide insight into the pathophysiology of glaucoma. Objective To investigate the changes in the microcirculation of the peripapillary RNFL of eyes with glaucoma by using optical microangiography. Design, Setting, and Participants Eyes with glaucoma and single-hemifield VF defect and normal eyes underwent scanning using an optical microangiography system covering a 6.7 × 6.7-mm 2 area centered at the optic nerve head. The RNFL microcirculation was measured within an annulus region centered at the optic nerve head divided into superior and inferior hemispheres. Blood flux index (the mean flow signal intensity in the vessels) and vessel area density (the percentage of the detected vessels in the annulus) were measured. Main Outcomes and Measures Differences in microcirculation between the hemispheres in eyes with glaucoma and normal eyes and correlations among blood flow metrics, VF thresholds, and clinical optical coherence tomography structural measurements were assessed. Results Twenty-one eyes from 21 patients with glaucoma (7 men and 14 women; mean [SD] age, 63.7 [9.9] years) and 20 eyes from 20 healthy control individuals (9 men and 11 women; mean [SD] age, 68.3 [10.7] years) were studied. In eyes with glaucoma, the abnormal hemisphere showed a thinner RNFL (mean [SE] difference, 23.5 [4.5] μm; 95% CI, 15.1-32.0 µm; P P P P P = .003) but not in RNFL thickness (3.4 [4.7] μm; 95% CI, −6.2 to 12.9 µm; P = .48). Strong correlations were found between the blood flux index and VF mean deviation (Spearman ρ = 0.44; P = .045) and RNFL thickness (Spearman ρ = 0.65; P = .001) in the normal hemisphere of the eye with glaucoma. Conclusions and Relevance Reduced RNFL microcirculation was detected in the normal hemisphere of eyes with glaucoma, with strong correspondence with VF loss and RNFL thinning. Although the results suggest that vascular dysfunction precedes structural changes seen in glaucoma, longitudinal studies would be needed to confirm this finding.
Ocular dirofilariasis: Ophthalmic implication of climate change on vector-borne parasites.

Abstract Purpose To describe a geographically rare case of ophthalmic dirofilariasis. Observations An 81-year-old male of good socioeconomic status living in the state of Michigan in the United States, presented to the eye clinic with a painful red left eye. He had not traveled outside of the state of Michigan in over three years. He was found to have a 7 cm long subconjunctival roundworm, which was ultimately extracted. Conclusions and importance With increasing global temperatures, ocular dirofilariasis is being introduced in more northern climates and should be included in the differential diagnosis in areas previously isolated from these vector-borne parasites.
Transcriptomic and Genomic Analyses of Human Craniopharyngioma

Recent studies of the genome and transcriptome of human craniopharyngioma have contributed significant insights into our understanding of these tumors. Genomic studies of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP) have revealed mutations in the CTNNB1 gene, resulting in nuclear and cytoplasmic accumulation of β-catenin protein. Papillary craniopharyngioma (PCP), however, is characterised by the BRAF V600E mutation, which suggests novel therapeutic strategies. These mutations appear to be mutually exclusive, implying that ACP and PCP are distinct tumor types. Studies of the craniopharyngioma transcriptome, while few, have raised additional therapeutic possibilities, such as potentially targeting matrix metallopeptidases. While a phase II clinical trial for targeted therapy in PCP is forthcoming, additional studies and confirmation of the current preliminary findings are required for advancing novel therapies for ACP.
The role of local entrepreneurs in promoting disaster recovery: a review of Community Revival in the Wake of Disaster

Community Revival in the Wake of Disaster: Lessons in Local Entrepreneurship represents a major contribution to social science knowledge regarding the roles that local entrepreneurs may play in promoting community recovery after disaster. The authors of this text conceive of entrepreneurs as individuals who are able to recognize and act on opportunities to promote social change. Importantly, they acknowledge that entrepreneurs may have many different orientations and goals – ranging from traditional commercial profit-seeking to social, political, or ideological change. This text draws on rich interview and observational data to highlight the activities of entrepreneurs who were active after Hurricane Katrina and Superstorm Sandy. The case studies in the book reveal that entrepreneurs can serve as goods and service producers; can help re-establish social networks and provide a forum for the exchange of knowledge and resources; and can signal to others that community rebound is under way. This review of the book is organized around questions related to: (1) The role of the government in funding and regulating post-disaster recovery; (2) The possibility for entrepreneurs, knowingly or unknowingly, to introduce changes that have immediate or enduring negative consequences for affected communities; and (3) The requisite characteristics of entrepreneurs themselves and who they actually help after disaster. Anyone who is interested in public-private partnerships, post-disaster recovery, and community resilience would benefit from reading this informative and provocative text.
Simultaneous inference for the mean of repeated functional data

Abstract Motivated by recent works studying the longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies, we develop a novel procedure to construct simultaneous confidence bands for mean functions of repeatedly observed functional data. A fully nonparametric method is proposed to estimate the mean function and variance–covariance function of the repeated trajectories via polynomial spline smoothing. The proposed confidence bands are shown to be asymptotically correct by taking into account the correlation of trajectories within subjects. The procedure is also extended to the two-sample case in which we focus on comparing the mean functions from two populations of functional data. We show the finite-sample properties of the proposed confidence bands by simulation studies, and compare the performance of our approach with the “naive” method that assumes the independence within the repeatedly observed trajectories. The proposed method is applied to the DTI study.
Pain interference and alcohol, nicotine, and cannabis use disorder in a national sample of substance users.

Abstract Background Pain interference is associated with substance use, but has yet to be considered as a potential indicator of SUDs among substance users. We sought to examine whether moderate and high pain interference would confer risk for SUDs in ever and weekly users. Methods Using data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between pain interference and concurrent and prospective alcohol and nicotine dependence, as well as concurrent cannabis use disorder. Those with no/low pain were used as the reference group. Gender was examined as a moderator. Results Controlling for relevant covariates, moderate pain interference was associated with past year alcohol (odds ratio [OR] = 1.33, 95% CI, 1.16–1.52, p Conclusion Pain interference may confer risk for the occurrence of cannabis use disorder among female cannabis users and the occurrence and development of alcohol and nicotine dependence among users of both genders. Pain interference may be an important factor to monitor in these populations.
InGaN-ZnSnN 2 Quantum Wells for High Efficiency Light Emitters Beyond Green

A novel quantum well design based on InGaN-ZnSnN 2 structures is promising to address the existing challenge to realize high performance InGaN based visible light emitters emitting beyond green spectral regime (3-order enhancement in spontaneous emission).
Chronic Right Heart Failure: Expanding Prevalence and Challenges in Outpatient Management

Right heart failure is caused by right heart dysfunction resulting in suboptimal stroke volume to supply the pulmonary circulation. Therapeutic developments mean that patients with acute right heart failure survive to hospital discharge and live with chronic right heart failure. Chronic right heart failure management aims to reduce afterload, optimize preload, and support contractility, with the best evidence available in vascular targeted therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. However, the management of chronic right heart failure relies on adapting therapies for left ventricular heart failure to the right. We review right heart failure management in the ambulatory setting and its challenges.
Steiner Trees and Multicast

Steiner trees have for many years been an important problem in Operations Research. They have been used to model a variety of applications, ranging from transportation to computer aided design. As such, Steiner trees have received a lot of attention in the optimization literature, with several theoretical and practical results appearing each year.
Sulfated Cholecystokinin , , , , , , , Induces Mild Taste Aversion Conditioning in Rats when Administered by Three Different Routes

Abstract We investigated the ability of sulfated cholecystokinin 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 (CCK-8) and cholecystokinin 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 (CCK-4) to induce taste aversion or avoidance conditioning (TAC) in a one-bottle testing paradigm after either intravenous (IV), intracerebroventricular (ICV), or intraperitoneal (IP) administration. Significant TAC was induced by IP administration of CCK-8 at 0.1 but not at 0.025, 0.5, or 1.0 μmol/kg; the TAC was not robust and, in this case, not even dose related. IP administration of CCK-4 at 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 μmol/kg did not induce TAC, replicating other studies from our lab. Mild but significant TAC was also induced by IV administration of CCK-8 (at 0.025 and 1.0 but not 0.1 or 0.5 μmol/kg) but not by IV administration of CCK-4 (at 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 μmol/kg). Finally, mild but significant TAC was induced by ICV (i.e., lateral ventricular) administration of CCK-8 (at 0.0015 but not at 0.015 μmol/brain) but not by ICV administration of CCK-4 (at 0.005 or 0.010 μmol/brain). Because CCK-4 failed to induce TAC, CCK-8 apparently induced TAC via all three routes by an action at a CCK A , not CCK B , receptor mechanism. Because ICV or IV administrations of CCK-8 were not more efficacious than IP administration, the taste avoidance induced by IP administration of CCK-8 was not so mild simply because it failed to reach a critical central locus adequately or because it failed to be delivered at a critical speed (i.e., via IV injections). We demonstrate that CCK-8 can induce mild TAC at either peripheral or central sites and suggest that these effects of CCK-8 may be independent and may be a sign of salience but not necessarily of toxicosis.
Managing Heritage and Cultural Tourism Resources : Critical Essays, Volume One

This three volume reference series provides an authoritative and comprehensive set of volumes collecting together the most influential articles and papers on tourism, heritage and culture. The papers have been selected and introduced by Dallen Timothy, one of the leading international scholars in tourism research. The first volume 'Managing Heritage and Cultural Tourism Resources' deals primarily with issues of conservation, interpretation, impacts of tourism and the management of those impacts. Sold individually and as a set, this series will prove an essential reference work for scholars and students in geography, tourism and heritage studies, cultural studies and beyond.
Blue Ruins: LaToya Ruby Frazier in Two Parts

This review considers LaToya Ruby Frazier's work in The Notion of Family, LaToya Ruby Frazier, The Silver Eye Center for Photography, September 21– November 18, 2017 and On the Making of Steel Genesis: Sandra Gould Ford, LaToya Ruby Frazier, The August Wilson Center, September 22– December 31, 2017.
“Just Do It? An Examination of Race on Attitudes Associated with Nike’s Advertisement Featuring Colin Kaepernick”

The relationship between race and just about any social issue has been and continues to be controversial. Within the context of literature on public opinion regarding sports and social movements, t...
A Comparative Study of Fiducial-Based and Fiducial-Less Registration Utilizing the O-Arm.

BACKGROUND Frameless stereotactic surgery utilizing fiducial-based (FB) registration is an established tool in the armamentarium of deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgeons. Fiducial-less (FL) registration via intraoperative CT, such as the O-arm, has been routinely used in spine surgery, but its accuracy for DBS surgery has not been studied in a clinical setting. OBJECTIVE We undertook a study to analyze the accuracy of the FL technique in DBS surgery and compare it to the FB method. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, 97 patients underwent DBS surgery using the NexFrame and the O-arm registration stereotactic system. Patients underwent FB (n = 50) registration from 2015 to 2016 and FL (n = 47) O-arm registration from 2016 to 2017. RESULTS The radial errors (RE) and vector/euclidean errors of FB and FL registration were not significantly different. There was no difference in additional passes between methods, but there was an increase in the number of RE ≥2.5 mm in the FL method. CONCLUSION Although there was no statistically significant difference in RE or the need for additional passes, the increased number of errors ≥2.5 mm with the FL method (17 vs. 4% in FB) indicates the need for further study. We concluded that O-arm images of the implants should be utilized to assess and correct for this error.
Calcineurin: Roles of the Ca2+/calmodulindependent protein phosphatase in diverse eukaryotes

Calcineurin, also known as PP2B and PPP3, is a phospho-serine/threonine specific protein phosphatase that is active only after binding Ca2+ and Ca2+/calmodulin in response to physiological Ca2+ signals. It is expressed to varying degrees in all tissues and highly conserved among most eukaryotes. Calcineurin has received much attention over the last twelve years since the discovery that the widely used immunosuppressive drugs Cyclosporin A and FK506 specifically bind and inhibit calcineurin after recruiting the cellular chaperones cyclophilin A and FKBP-12. Calcineurin is therefore unique among protein phosphatases both in its dramatic responsiveness to a second messenger and in the clinical utility of its inhibitors in a growing number of therapeutic situations. Calcineurin is widely conserved in nature and recently determined to be a major virulence factor in many pathogenic fungi. This review focuses on the progress towards understanding the broader roles of calcineurin in diverse eukaryotic species, which may offer useful insights into calcineurin function in humans.
Regulatory Coherence in the Trans-Pacific Partnership Talks

Whether the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) talks result in a “high quality, 21st century” trade agreement will depend on its inclusion of new and innovative approaches to persistent trade challenges. Among the new approaches proposed, regulatory coherence appears to have the greatest traction, but it is also among the most controversial. This chapter examines the TPP regulatory coherence negotiations in four parts. First, it describes, in general terms, the increasingly dominant role of domestic regulation in international trade. Second, the chapter outlines the evolution of regulatory coherence as a matter for international trade negotiation. Third, it identifies the provisions that would best achieve the goals of regulatory coherence. Last, this chapter predicts the likely outcome of the TPP talks in this area – an important contribution on an emerging issue in international trade, but one that falls short of the stated ambitions of TPP negotiators.
Comparison of Local Recurrence Risk Estimates After Breast-Conserving Surgery for DCIS: DCIS Nomogram Versus Refined Oncotype DX Breast DCIS Score

Background A ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) Nomogram integrating 10 clinicopathologic/treatment factors and a Refined DCIS Score (RDS) that incorporates a genomic assay and three clinicopathologic factors (Oncotype DX DCIS Score) are available to estimate DCIS 10-year local recurrence risk (LRR). This study compared these estimates. Methods Patients 50 years of age or older with DCIS size 2.5 cm or smaller and a genomic assay available were identified. An RDS within 1-2% of the range of Nomogram LRR estimates obtained by assuming use and non-use of endocrine therapy (Nomogram ± ET) was defined as concordant. Assuming a 10-year risk threshold of 10% for recommending radiation, Nomogram ± ET and RDS estimates were compared, and threshold concordance was determined. Results For 54 (92%) of 59 patients, the RDS and Nomogram ± ET LRR estimates were concordant. For the remaining 5 (8%) of the 59 patients, the RDS LRR estimates were lower than the Nomogram + ET estimates, with an absolute difference of 3-8%, and thus were discordant. For these five patients, the RDS estimates of 10-year LRR were lower than 10% (range 5-8%) and the Nomogram + ET estimates were 10% or higher (range 11-14%). These five patients with both discordant and threshold-discordant estimates all had close margins (≤ 2 mm). Conclusions Among 92% of women 50 years of age or older with DCIS size 2.5 cm or smaller, free-of-charge online Nomogram 10-year LRR estimates were concordant with those obtained using the commercially available RDS (> $4600). Among the 8% with discordant risk estimates, the RDS appeared to underestimate the LRR and may lead to inappropriate omission of radiotherapy. Unless other data show a clinically significant advantage of the RDS (Oncotype DX DCIS Score), the study data suggest that for women 50 years of age or older with DCIS size 2.5 cm or smaller, its use is not warranted.
Multirobot Cooperative Localization Algorithm with Explicit Communication and Its Topology Analysis

This paper proposes a new cooperative localization algorithm that separates communication and observation into independent mechanisms. While existing algorithms acknowledge observations between robots are crucial in cooperative localization schemes, communication is considered only an auxiliary role in observation update but not explicitly stated. However, such algorithms require the communication to be available whenever needed, and it is difficult to consider the effect of communication imperfection, which is unavoidable in real systems. We propose the Global State–Covariance Intersection (GS-CI) multirobot cooperative localization algorithm that can independently update localization estimates through both observation and communication steps. We also provide a theoretical upper bound of the resulting estimation uncertainty based on observation and communication topologies. Simulations using generated data validates the theoretical analysis, and shows the comparable performance to the centralized equivalent approach with less communication together with real-world data.
The Methodologists: a Unique Category of Scientific Actors

This essay introduces a new analytical category of scientific actors: the methodologists. These actors are distinguished by their tendency to continue to probing scientific objects that their peers consider to be settled. The methodologists are a useful category of actors for science and technology studies (STS) scholars to follow because they reveal contingencies and uncertainties in taken-for-granted science. Identifying methodologists is useful for STS analysts seeking a way into science in moments when it is no longer “in the making” or there is little active controversy. Studying methodologists is also useful for scholars seeking to understand the genesis of scientific controversies, particularly controversies about long-established methods, facts, or premises.
The impact of review valence and awareness of deceptive practices on consumers’ responses to online product ratings and reviews

Many online retailers and some manufacturers/service providers have recently been engaging in questionable practices, where product reviews are often fabricated and/or posted without sufficient cla...
Highly sensitive open-ended coaxial cable-based microwave resonator for humidity sensing

Abstract A novel portable open-ended hollow coaxial cable resonator (OE-HCCR) is proposed and demonstrated for direct relative humidity (RH) measurements without the assistance of any humidity-sensitive material. The sensor is fabricated from a homemade hollow coaxial cable platform that provides ease of modification and improved robustness. The microwave cavity resonator is a metal post-coupled open-ended coaxial resonator, which includes two highly-reflective reflectors, i.e., the metal post and the metal plate-backed open end of the coaxial line. The gap distance between the metal plate and the open end is defined by a circular spacer. By simple one-step adjustments of the thickness of the spacer, the RH measurement sensitivity of the OE-HCCR can be greatly enhanced. The device physics is discussed; numerical calculations and experimental investigations are conducted to verify the sensitivity enhancement of the OE-HCCR for RH sensing. Due to the increased sensitivity, this is the first report of an open-ended coaxial line that is able to directly sense gaseous analyte, to the best of our knowledge. The proposed OE-HCCR with the sensitivity enhancement has the potential for highly sensitive chemical sensing combined with functional materials.
Symposium Marijuana, Federal Power, and the States: Introduction

Introduction to Case Western Law Reserve Symposium "Marijuana, Federal Power, and the States" 2015, Cleveland, OH
Localization of tones in a room by moving listeners

It is difficult to localize the source of a tone in a room because standing waves lead to complicated interaural differences that become uninterpretable localization cues. This paper tests the conjecture that localization improves if the listener can move to explore the complicated sound field over space and time. Listener head and torso movements were free and uninstructed. Experiments at low and high frequencies with eight human listeners in a relatively dry room indicated some modest improvement when listeners were allowed to move, especially at high frequencies. The experiments sought to understand listener dynamic localization strategies in detail. Head position and orientation were tracked electronically, and ear-canal signals were recorded throughout the 9 s of each moving localization trial. The availability of complete physical information enabled the testing of two model strategies: (1) relative null strategy, using instantaneous zeros of the listener-related source angle; and (2) inferred source strategy, using a continuum of apparent source locations implied by the listener's instantaneous forward direction and listener-related source angle. The predicted sources were given weights determined by the listener motion. Both models were statistically successful in coping with a great variety of listener motions and temporally evolving cues.
The Reciprocal Effects of Organizational Constraints and Employees’ Strain

Employees’ turnover intention and physical health problems can be costly to organizations because they tend to decrease productivity and increase organizational expense in training and healthcare. ...
Misclassification-Aware Gaussian Smoothing and Mixed Augmentations improves Robustness against Domain Shifts

Deep neural networks achieve high prediction accuracy when the train and test distributions coincide. In practice though, various types of corruptions can deviate from this setup and cause severe performance degradations. Few methods have been proposed to address generalization in the presence of unforeseen domain shifts. In this paper, we propose a misclassification-aware Gaussian smoothing approach, coupled with mixed data augmentations, for improving robustness of image classifiers against a variety of corruptions while still maintaining high clean accuracy. We show that our method improves upon the state-of-the-art in robustness and uncertainty calibration on several image classification benchmarks and network architectures.
Profiling DNA Methylation by Bisulfite Genomic Sequencing

The surge of interest in DNA methylation during the last two decades has triggered an urgent need for an effective method to detect the methylation status of the cytosines in the genome. Bisulfite genomic sequencing is the most attractive choice so far for many laboratories. Various protocols have been established, but difficulties are often encountered, particularly by individuals who have limited experience in this field. This analysis presents a simple protocol that has consistently worked well in our laboratory. Discussions of potential technical problems and corresponding solutions are also included to facilitate the reproducibility of this protocol.
'Just Say No!': The Right to Refuse Psychotropic Medication in Long-Term Care Facilities

This Article examines the provisions of The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 (OBRA '87) surveying the case law as such that deals with the rights of patients in mental institutions to refuse psychotropic medication. The article focuses first on an analysis of the different substantive and procedural rights afforded to patients under state common law, state constitutions and the federal Constitution. It then proceeds to evaluate the impact of OBRA '87 on the rights of long-term care patients who refuse medication and choose to accept minimal administrative hearings instead of pursuing full judicial proceedings designed to protect those rights. Finally, this article evaluates the Long-Term Care Ombudsman Amendments to the Older American Act of 1965 and concludes that - unlike OBRA '87 - the amendments neither articulate a right of treatment refusal nor provide a cause of action to establish such a right. Thus, the effect of the amendments is only discernible with respect to state decisions that have implemented provisions under the Act as a condition for the receipt of federal funding. OBRA '87, on the other hand, enumerates specific rights for nursing home residents but leaves to the states the task of selecting those residents to whom they apply. Consequently, the applicability of OBRA '87 to a specific resident refusing treatment is contingent upon whether the individual has been deemed competent under pertinent state law. The conclusion of the article is that more legislative fine-tuning must be undertaken if the elderly in America are to be guaranteed protection of their dwindling bundle of rights. At best, present federal and state reforms are not only imbalanced but erratic. Even with civil monetary penalties, violations by nursing homes continue. Current OBRA '87 regulations are deficient in that they do not provide any civil remedies to residents for non-compliance. Decisive action must be taken to codify, and thereby validate, the medication refusal rights of nursing home patients.
THE USE OF BUFFERED L-ARGININE IN THE TREATMENT OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS

Buffered L-arginine was administered to 22 patients with cystic fibrosis in an attempt to improve pulmonary function and fat absorption. Arginine was selected because of its low toxicity, ability to break hydrogen bonds, bind metal ions, and act as a detergent. When arginine was administered by inhalation as an ultrasonicated mist to eight patients with chronic lung diseases, improvements occurred in vital capacity, thoracic gas volume, specific conductance, and arterial Po2. Oral administration of arginine to patients with predominantly gastrointestinal symptomatology resulted in rapid relief of abdominal pain, weight gain in all the patients treated in this fashion, and improved fat absorption in 11 out of 14 patients. There were no important side effects attributable to the inhalation or oral administration of buffered arginine.
Characterization of a novel calcium phosphate composite bone cement: Flow, setting, and aging properties

The flow, setting, and aging characteristics of a newly developed calcium phosphate/calcium aluminate composite orthopaedic cement were studied. The effect of vibration on the flow of the cement paste was studied and found to greatly enhance placement. The setting times of this cement were dependent on temperature and decreased with increasing temperatures. At 37∘C, the working and setting times were 6.3 ± 0.3 and 12.8 ± 0.4 minutes, respectively. Hydration and conversion of the cement phases continued while specimens were stored under simulated, physiological conditions. A cumulative increase in mass of 8.23 ± 0.65% was observed over a 14 month test period. During this time, the cement was found to expand slightly, 0.71 ± 0.39%. X-ray diffraction was used to characterize the crystalline phases present during hydration and conversion. The calcium aluminate in the cement hydrated and formed calcium aluminate chloride hydrates, while no changes were observed in the β-tricalcium phosphate during the testing period.
Observation and control of thin-film defects using in-situ total-internal-reflection microscopy

Total internal reflection microscopy (TIRM) is an inspection method that yields an image of the defects in a surface and/or a dielectric thin film. By installing a TIRM system in a vacuum-deposition chamber, the formation of thin-film defects (visible as point-scatter sites) is directly observable. By using such a system, we have examined the effects of deposition conditions on thin-film defect generation. In this preliminary investigation, the rate of defect accumulation in ZrO2 thin films produced by electron-beam (e-beam) evaporation displays a dependence on substrate cleanliness, with cleaner surfaces yielding lesser defect-formation rates. In addition, the presence of film crystallites can be observed by in-situ TIRM, and shows a dependence on the oxygen partial pressure during deposition.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Radioimmunoassay analysis of baculovirus granulins and polyhedrins

Granulin and polyhedrin proteins were purified by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from the baculoviruses Autographa californica, Rachiplusia ou, Heliothis zea, Heliothis armigera, Trichoplusia ni, and Spodoptera frugiperda. Antisera were raised against Autographa californica (Ac) polyhedrin and Trichoplusia ni (Tn) granulin and analyzed for homologous and heterologous immunoreactivity by immunodiffusion and radioimmunoassay (RIA). Ac polyhedrin and Tn granulin antisera recognized antigenic determinants on several baculovirus polyhedrin and granulin proteins even though the heterologous proteins had different immunoreactivities when compared by competition radioimmunoassay. Antigenic differences among granulin and polyhedrin proteins were also detected by altered slopes of the competition reaction curves. Antiserum raised against Ac polyhedrin which was purified in the presence of SDS was tested by competition RIA for its ability to detect and react with native polyhedrin produced in the infected TN-368 cells. Ac polyhedrin antiserum had similar if not identical ability to bind to native polyhedrin and to polyhedrin purified in the presence of SDS.
Reversal of the Na-K pump and apparent affinity for intracellular potassium

CENTRAL to all formulations of the transport mechanism of the membrane Na-K pump should be the description of cation binding and release. The acceptance sites for transport by the pump, external sites for K and internal sites for Na, have been extensively studied, and linked to the activating sites of the associated Na,K-ATPase1. By contrast, little is known about the discharge sites of the pump, although proposed characteristics of these sites have vital roles in various transport and enzyme schemes, such as cyclical conversions of discharge sites for one cation into acceptance sites for the other. We have studied the apparent affinity for K at its intracellular discharge sites by measuring the rate of ATP synthesis as a function of the internal K concentration in resealed red blood cell ghosts, where the Na-K pump is driven in reverse by the downhill efflux of K and influx of Na: the observed K0.5 for internal K was 0.3 M.
Land subsidence in the Nile Delta of Egypt observed by persistent scatterer interferometry

Land subsidence is a common problem in vulnerable deltas. The Nile Delta is no exception. The impacts of land subsidence are heightened by the economic, social and historical importance of the delta to Egypt. A major debate has evolved in the past two decades concerning whether the land surface of the Nile Delta is subsiding. The debate is certainly problematic in light of the fact that current measures of subsidence across the delta are rough estimates at best. To date, knowledge of subsidence rates in the delta is limited to long-term geologic averages that assume spatial uniformity and temporal consistency. In this study, we apply persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) to measure the magnitude and monitor the spatial and temporal variations of land subsidence in the Nile Delta, during 1993–2000, using synthetic aperture radar interferometric data of 5.66 cm wavelength. The average measured rates of local subsidence in two major cities in the delta, namely Mansura and Greater Mahala, are –9 and –5 mm...
Jahn-Teller resonance states in the Vb metal hydrides: A model calculation

A simple tight-binding model representing hydrogen in the Vb metals and including a special electron-phonon interaction is shown to give a molecular Jahn-Teller resonance state for physically reasonable values of the various energy parameters. This unusual resonance state is pinned to the shell of metal atoms adjacent to hydrogen by an effective Coulombic attraction that exists because of the nearly equal but opposite electron displacements on that shell, caused by the direct interaction of hydrogen on the one hand and by the Jahn-Teller interaction on the other. The mutual orthogonality of these two interactions implies that the Jahn-Teller state is an intrinsic feature of the host metal.