cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for rapid retreat and mass loss of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica

Thwaites Glacier, the second largest ice stream in West Antarctica, drains an area of 166 500 ± 2000 km2 which accumulates 55 ± 5 Gt a-1 (or 60 ± 6 km3 ice a-1) into the Amundsen Sea, unrestrained by an ice shelf. Using interferometric synthetic-aperture radar (InSAR) data collected by the European Remote-sensing Satellites (ERS-1 and -2) in 1996, an output flux of 71 ± 7 Gt a-1 (or 77 ± 8 km3 ice a-1) is estimated at the grounding line, where ice thickness is deduced from hydrostatic equilibrium. A similar flux, 70 ± 7 Gt a-1 (or 76 ± 8 km3 ice a-1), is obtained at a gate located 20 km upstream, where ice thickness was measured in 1978 by ice-sounding radar. Total accumulation in between the two gates is 1.6 Gt a-1 or 1.8 km3 ice a-1. Ice discharge therefore exceeds mass accumulation by 30 ± 15%, and Thwaites Glacier must be thinning and retreating at present. The InSAR data show that the glacier floating ice tongue exerts no back pressure on the inland ice, calves into tabular icebergs along a significant fraction of its grounding line, and has a grounding-line thickness which exceeds a prior-calculated limit for stability. Glacier thinning is confirmed at the coast by the detection of a 1.4 ± 0.2 km retreat of its grounding line between 1992 and 1996 with InSAR, which implies 3.2 ± 0.6 m ice a-1 thinning at the glacier center and less near the sides. These results complement the decimeter-scale annual surface lowering observed with satellite radar altimetry several hundred km inland of the grounding line. The magnitude of ice thinning estimated at the coast, however, rules out temporal changes in accumulation as the explanation for surface lowering. Ice thinning must be due to changes in ice flow.
Cartel (In)Stability on Survivor Island

Abstract In this study, the author investigates a recent phenomenon in American culture–reality-based television–as fertile ground for pedagogical examples. Specifically, the author examines cartel behavior among contestants on the 2000 edition of CBS's popular reality show Survivor. Using anecdotes regarding contestant behavior on the show, the author examines incentives to both form cartels and cheat on cartel decisions.
Advancing systems thinking and building microworlds in business and industrial marketing

Purpose – This article sets out to describe the benefits of systems thinking in overcoming short‐sighted decision making in business and industrial marketing.Design/methodology/approach – The article illustrates specific tools and recent applications of systems thinking research.Findings – The basic building‐blocks for creating microworlds are the claims made by stakeholders running and affected by real‐life systems.Research limitations/implications – Suggestions for future research includes transforming research designs from linear one‐way models to models expressly recognizing time delays, feedback loops among variables, and seemingly hidden, unimportant relationships.Practical implications – All business exchanges involve systems and there is more complexity than is readily apparent; systems thinking helps decision makers to deeply understand what is really happening.Originality/value – This article advises replacing the one‐direction thinking and research paradigm that dominates business and industria...
Supercritical fluid impregnation of wood with biocides using temperature reduction to induce deposition

The potential for using temperature reductions to induce biocide deposition at the end of biocide treatment was assessed using Cyproconazole to treat ponderosa pine sapwood boards. Temperature-induced deposition produced higher biocide loadings and steeper preservative gradients from the surface inward than the more commonly used pressure-induced deposition. The results are discussed in relation to treatment results, process time, and the ability to recover treatment components.
Forces between an abrasive belt and pulley

Abstract The friction characteristics between an abrasive belt and a driver and driven pulley are studied. The normal and tangential forces are measured by separate force transducers. The experimental results for forces on the belt show close agreement with those predicted using an equation developed from theoretical considerations.
Structural transformations during decomposition in CuBe alloys

Abstract In this paper we consider the decomposition that occurs in Cu-rich CuBe alloys. The decomposition process is regarded as an isostructural decomposition of the f.c.c. phase into Be-rich and Be-depleted regions followed by the transformation of the Be enriched f.c.c. regions into Be enriched b.c.c. regions via the Bain strain. Concomitant with and after this process, the b.c.c. regions atomically order to form the CsCl (B2) structure. Consideration of the coherency strain results in the conclusion that the habit plane of the emerging B2 phase changes during decomposition to minimize the elastic strain energy. The habit change is accompanied by a change in crystal structure induced by the coherency. The changes are rationalized in terms of material constants. The predicted habit planes and lattice parameters agree with the X-ray and electron microscopy observations. The morphology and structure of the intermediate γ″ and γ′ phases are interpreted as constrained states of the same precipitate B2 phase (γ) with different habit planes.
An Evaluation of an AIDS Training Program for Residence Hall Assistants

Abstract University Residence Hall Assistants (RAs) are students who are hired and trained by Residence Life to supervise and assist fellow students who live in on-campus housing. In their position, RAs are frequently consulted by students about dating, relationships, and health issues. This article reviews the findings of an evaluation of a four hour training program that was conducted for RAs concerning AIDS and AIDS prevention. The treatment group consisted of 41 RAs at a southwestern university. The control group consisted of 35 RAs from a midwestern university of comparable size. To determine the effects of the training, the Analysis of Covariance was used, with pretest mean scores as the covariate and adjusted posttest mean scores as the dependent variables. The results support that AIDS trainings can significantly increase important facts about AIDS and safer sex, as well as increase RAs' beliefs in their abilities to educate, advise, or counsel about AIDS prevention. Training students who are clos...
The two-dimensional boundary integral equation method in elasticity with a consistent boundary formulation

Abstract The two-dimensional boundary element method is re-developed using a consistent formulation for traction and displacement on the boundary - displacements are assumed to vary quadratically with are length and traction are assumed to vary linearly with arc lenght. It is shown that, relative to an inconsistent model of ‘higher’ order, (a) the consistent model provides equivalent accuracy with lower required computational times when the input boundary data is traction data, (b) the consistent model provides equivalent accuracy with dramatically reduced computational times when the input boundary data is displacement data. Hence, it is clear that any HYBRID scheme employing experimentally determined boundary displacement data should use a consistent boundary element model.
Complications and learning curves for video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy.

Launching new techniques into a medical practice involves the educational process to train surgeons about the new technique, a learning curve for surgeons as they introduce the new procedure to their patients, and comparison of the complications for the new and older techniques. This article addresses these issues, as well as the introduction of these new techniques into the practice of thoracic surgery.
Identification of Pharmacogenetic Markers in Smoking Cessation Therapy

Pharmacogenetic clinical trials seek to identify genetic modifiers of treatment effects. When a trial has collected data on many potential genetic markers, a first step in analysis is to screen for evidence of pharmacogenetic effects by testing for treatment-by-marker interactions in a statistical model for the outcome of interest. This approach is potentially problematic because (i) individual significance tests can be overly sensitive, particularly when sample sizes are large; and (ii) standard significance tests fail to distinguish between markers that are likely, on biological grounds, to have an effect, and those that are not. One way to address these concerns is to perform Bayesian hypothesis tests [Berger (1985) Statistical decision theory and Bayesian analysis. New York: Springer; Kass and Raftery (1995) J Am Stat Assoc 90:773-795], which are typically more conservative than standard uncorrected frequentist tests, less conservative than multiplicity-corrected tests, and make explicit use of relevant biological information through specification of the prior distribution. In this article we use a Bayesian testing approach to screen a panel of genetic markers recorded in a randomized clinical trial of bupropion versus placebo for smoking cessation. From a panel of 59 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located on 11 candidate genes, we identify four SNPs (one each on CHRNA5 and CHRNA2 and two on CHAT) that appear to have pharmacogenetic relevance. Of these, the SNP on CHRNA5 is most robust to specification of the prior. An unadjusted frequentist test identifies seven SNPs, including these four, none of which remains significant upon correction for multiplicity. In a panel of 43 randomly selected control SNPs, none is significant by either the Bayesian or the corrected frequentist test.
Clotted hemopericardium with the hemodynamic characteristics of constrictive pericarditis

Cardiac catheterization in a patient 4 weeks after coronary arterial bypass surgery demonstrated the typical hemodynamic findings of constrictive pericarditis, which completely resolved after removal of 500 ml of clotted pericardial blood. The pericardium was not responsible for the findings because it was left in place. This case demonstrates that clotted hemopericardium may mimic constrictive pericarditis.
Stability of Sliding Frictional Surfaces with Varying Normal Force

This paper presents the stability analysis of a single degree-of-freedom elastic system following a rate- and state-dependent friction law. Normal force is assumed to depend on the displacement, velocity, and acceleration of the sliding interface. The history dependence of friction on normal force is included in the analysis. It is shown that to achieve steady sliding, system stiffness must exceed a critical value which depends on the expression for normal force. A system in which normal force depends on spring displacement is analyzed in detail. These results indicate that the functional dependence of normal force on system state can have a significant effect on the stability of low-velocity motion. 15 refs.
Plasma myoinositol in diabetics including patients with renal allografts.

Since decreased tissue myoinositol (inositol) content in experimental diabetes has been reported, plasma inositol in diabetics after 3 g oral loads of inositol was studied. Diabetics with normal renal function had inositol intolerance with plasma inositol values significantly higher than controls at 3, 4 and 5 h (p<0.05). The fasting values were not different from those seen in normals. Strict control of hyperglycemia with insulin resulted in a significant improvement in inositol tolerance at 3 h (p<0.02), 4 and 6 h (p<0.05), although the values were still higher than in normals (p<0.05 at 5 h). Diabetics with renal allografts for 2 to 4 years had normal inositol tolerance, as long as their renal function remained normal. Diabetics with creatinine clearance of 65 ± 6 ml/min, with and without renal allografts, had significantly increased fasting and post-inositol load plasma concentrations. Oral inositol did not change plasma insulin concentration. In conclusion, there seems to be an abnormality of inositol metabolism in diabetes, independent of clinically detectable renal disease, and at least partially correctable by insulin treatment. Since only recent kidney allograft recipients had normal inositol tolerance, the defect may result from abnormal renal inositol catabolism in kidneys exposed to hyperglycemia for several years.
Digging deeper: fine‐root responses to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration in forested ecosystems

Experimental evidence from a diverse set of forested ecosystems indicates that CO2 enrichment may lead to deeper rooting distributions. While the causes of greater root production at deeper soil depths under elevated CO2 concentration ([CO2]) require further investigation, altered rooting distributions are expected to affect important ecosystem processes. The depth at which fine roots are produced may influence root chemistry, physiological function, and mycorrhizal infection, leading to altered nitrogen (N) uptake rates and slower turnover. Also, soil processes such as microbial decomposition are slowed at depth in the soil, potentially affecting the rate at which root detritus becomes incorporated into soil organic matter. Deeper rooting distributions under elevated [CO2] provide exciting opportunities to use novel sensors and chemical analyses throughout the soil profile to track the effects of root proliferation on carbon (C) and N cycling. Models do not currently incorporate information on root turnover and C and N cycling at depth in the soil, and modification is necessary to accurately represent processes associated with altered rooting depth distributions. Progress in understanding and modeling the interface between deeper rooting distributions under elevated [CO2] and soil C and N cycling will be critical in projecting the sustainability of forest responses to rising atmospheric [CO2].
Fatal cardiac arrest during cardiac catheterization for angina pectoris: analysis of 10 necropsy patients.

Abstract Data on 10 patients with angina pectoris and fatal cardiac arrest during cardiac catheterization were analyzed to determine the circumstances of death and the severity and distribution of the coronary arterial narrowing. Nine patients died during attempted coronary angiography, and the remaining patient during right-sided cardiac catheterization. At least three of four major epicardial coronary arteries were narrowed 76 to 100 percent in cross-sectional area by atheroscierotic plaques in all 10 patients. Seven of these patients had this degree of narrowing of the left main coronary artery by plaque, and two additional patients had severe (more than 75 percent) narrowing of the left main coronary artery by thromboembolic material superimposed on small atherosclerotic plaques. Among 354 five mm long segments of the left main, left anterior descending, left circumflex and right coronary arteries in eight patients, the percent narrowing to various degrees in cross-sectional area by atherosclerotic plaques was as follows: 96 to 100 percent, 9; 76 to 95 percent, 49; 51 to 75 percent, 23; 26 to 50 percent, 13; and 0 to 25 percent, 6. With use of a scoring system of 1 to 4 for the amount of narrowing in each 5 mm segment (1 = 0–25 percent, 2 = 26 to 50 percent, 3 = 51 to 75 percent and 4 = 76 to 100 percent), the mean score per 5 mm segment for the group was 3.34. Thus, patients with angina pectoris who die during cardiac catheterization have particularly severe and diffuse coronary atherosclerosis and usually severe narrowing of the left main coronary artery.
The Interdependence of Humans and Free-Ranging Cats in Brooklyn, New York

AbstractBased on the responses of 177 participants in a survey conducted in Brooklyn, New York, it was ascertained that 22.0% of the respondents fed free-ranging cats (2.8% daily and 19.2% occasionally). The food provided by feeders alone was estimated to support 1.71 to 2.10 cats per acre (4.2 to 5.2 cats per hectare), a density that is 1.35 times greater than the actual cat population. Other resources provided (e.g., shelter, medical help, adoption) were also estimated. Daily feeders were devoted to their cats. They continued to feed them despite the disapproval of their neighbors, financial constraints, or social obligations. Free-ranging cats appear to be in a mutually life-enhancing relationship with their feeders.
Islet amyloid polypeptide in human insulinomas. Evidence for intracellular amyloidogenesis

Amyloid deposits that characteristically form in the pancreatic islets of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and in insulinomas are both derived from islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). Evidence from previous studies has suggested that deposition of IAPP-derived amyloid is related to inherent amyloidogenic sequences present within normal human IAPP, together with an increased production and local concentration of IAPP. However, whether the aggregation of IAPP to form amyloid fibrils is primarily an intra- or extracellular event is not clear. To address this question, we studied 20 human insulinomas by light and electron microscopy. By light microscopy, amyloid deposits were demonstrated in 13 of 20 (65%) human insulinomas. Furthermore, evaluation of Congo red-stained tumor sections showed small, globular or irregular, congophilic amyloid deposits within the cytoplasm of many tumor cells in 10 of 13 (77%) amyloid-containing insulinomas. Dense, punctate areas of IAPP immunoreactivity within tumor cells corresponded with the congophilic intracellular deposits. Ubiquitin immunoreactivity also was observed as punctate intracellular labeling and within large extracellular amyloid deposits. Among the 10 insulinomas available for electron microscopic evaluation, pathological IAPP-immunoreactive (immunogold) deposits were found in 3 of 5 insulinomas in which amyloid was demonstrated by light microscopy and in none of 5 tumors found negative for amyloid by light microscopy. Morphology of IAPP-immunoreactive deposits varied from those with the classical distinct 7- to 10-nm diameter nonbranching fibrils to those with distinct but faint fibrillarity to those without discernable fibrils.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Thorium-230 dating of thermal waters in the vicinity of the Nevada Test Site

Radiochemical measurements of the concentrations of thorium and uranium isotopes were carried out for a total of 10 samples of hot springs, mineral springs and lakes collected in the vicinity of the Nevada Test Site. The uranium to thorium ratios in these water samples were found to be generally much greater than those in soils and in rainwater. The apparent230Th ages calculated from the230Th/232Th and234U/238 ratios for most of these water samples were less than 100 years.
Double-layer process for wide gate recess etch

The technique uses a double layer of standard polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) electron resist and a sensitive copolymer of PMMA. With this technique, the width of the recess (and hence the gate edge to n/sup +/ layer distance d/sub c/) can be controlled by using different developers or by altering the ratio of polymers in the bottom layer. A numerical technique is used to model the breakdown voltage of FETs having different gate recess widths, which indicates that the optimum distance d/sub c/ is in the range of 0.2 to 0.7 mu m, depending on the thickness of the channel layer. >
Van der Pol and chaos

Experimental confirmation has been made on a driven relaxation oscillator circuit, first presented by Van der Pol, of the periodadding route to chaos. The nonlinear element in the circuit is a neon bulb, modeled by a three-segment piecewise-linear current-controlled resistor. A simple nonlinear circuit model has been used to reproduce in simulations the experimentally-observed period-adding phenomenon.
Inequality in the Distribution of Slave Wealth: The Cotton South and Other Southern Agricultural Regions

There have recently been a number of studies concerned with the equality of wealth distribution in the nineteenth-century U.S. Collectively, these studies have arrived at the following conclusions: 1) the distribution of wealth was much more unequal in the South than in the North; 2) both the North and South were characterized by a high degree of inequality. Gavin Wright analyzed the degree of concentration in several measures of agricultural wealth (improved acreage, farm value, slaves, and cotton output) in the “cotton South” in 1850 and 1860; he found no evidence to reject the traditional view that antebellum southern agriculture was characterized by a highly unequal wealth distribution. Wright was careful to point out, however, that his conclusions only held for the “cotton South” and might not hold for the rest of the slave region. In this paper, I have calculated the degree of inequality in the distribution of slave wealth in five major agricultural regions (cotton, grain, tobacco, sugar, and rice) in the South in 1860, and I have found no evidence that the wealth distribution in the cotton region was substantially different from that in other southern agricultural regions.
Vocal fold medialization using autologous cartilage in a canine model: A preliminary study

Unilateral vocal fold paralysis can alter phonation. Medialization of the vocal fold using cartilage augmentation dates to the early 1950s. Improved phonation after cartilage chordal augmentation has been reported, but no study has as yet documented cartilage viability or size in this setting over time. The authors of this study evaluated thyroid alar cartilage as a medializing material in three mongrel dogs. Grafts were inserted lateral to the inner thyroid perichondrium at the vocal fold level via a window in the thyroid cartilage. Changes in weight, size, and volume were assessed 6 months after implantation. The average graft weight declined by 15%, and the average square area declined by 3%. Importantly, the average volume maintained was 87%. The grafts remained rigidly fixed to the thyroid cartilage in their placement positions. Histologic examination documented minimal resorption. The data suggest that thyroid alar cartilage is a viable filler in type I thyroplasty procedures.
Carba prostacyclin enhances the capsaicin-induced cobalt-loading of rat sensory neurons grown in culture

Abstract Sensory neurons isolated from the dorsal root ganglia of embryonic rats and grown in culture are distributed into two populations based on cross-sectional areas and sensitivity to capsaicin. Of the total neuronal population, about 48% of the neurons are labelled by cobalt in the presence of 1 μM capsaicin. The distribution of the small-sized neurons coincides with that of the capsaicin-cobaltlabelled neurons. When a lower concentration of capsaicin (100 nM) is used, pretreatment of sensory neurons with carba prostacyclin, a stable analog of prostaglandin I2, produces a three-fold enhancement in the number of neurons that are cobalt-labelled by capsaicin compared with that in the absence of carba prostacyclin.
Effect of crystallization heat treatment on the microstructure of niobium-doped fluorapatite glass-ceramics†

Our goal was to study the effect of heat treatment temperature and heating rate on the microstructure and crystalline phases and assess the domain of existence of submicrometer fluorapatite crystals in niobium-doped fluorapatite glass-ceramics for biomedical applications. Glass-ceramic specimens were prepared by casting and heat treatment between 700 and 1200°C using a fast or a slow heating rate. The microstructure was characterized by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Crystalline phases were analyzed by x-ray diffraction. AFM of the as-cast glass revealed that amorphous phase separation occurred in this system. XRD confirmed the presence of fluorapatite in all specimens, together with forsterite and enstatite at higher temperatures. Both heating rate and heat treatment temperature strongly influenced microstructure and crystallinity. A dual microstructure with submicrometer fluorapatite crystals and polygonal forsterite crystals was obtained when slow heating rates and crystallization temperatures between 950 and 1100°C were used. Needle-shaped fluorapatite crystals appeared after heat treatment above 1100°C. Fast heating rates led to an increase in crystal size. Heat treatment temperatures should remain below 1100°C, together with slow heating rates, to prevent crystal dissolution, and preserve a dual microstructure of finely dispersed submicrometer crystals without growth of needle-shaped crystals.
Automatic Detection of Gust Fronts

Abstract We have developed a procedure that detects and tracks gust fronts automatically. It does not rely on a single method but requires simultaneous operation of two related algorithms. The convergence algorithm measures radial convergence and hence only gusts propagating along radials can be readily detected. The mesocyclone-shear algorithm measures azimuthal shear and is suitable for detecting gusts parallel with radials as well as low-level vortices. Long shear lines that these algorithms detect are classified as gusts whereas symmetric shear features are rejected if their shear and flux or “momentum” are insignificant; otherwise they are classified as low-level vortices. To locate gusts we use second-order polynomials in the range-azimuth plane. It is shown that predicted gust locations from simple linear projections of the least square fitted curves agree very well with actual gust locations.
Small circular- and rectangular-channel boiling with two refrigerants

Abstract Boiling heat transfer experiments were performed in a small circular channel (d = 2.46) and a small rectangular channel (dh = 2.40 mm) with Refrigerant 12. The channel sizes are representative of flow passages in compact evaporators. An experimental technique minimized test section end effects which can be appreciable relative to the heat transfer in these small channels. Local heat transfer results were obtained over a range of qualities up to 0.94, a mass flux range of 44–832 kg/m's, and a heat flux range of 3.6–129 kW/m2. Saturation pressure was nearly constant, averaging 0.82 MPa for most of the testing, with some tests performed at a lower pressure of 0.51 MPa. Local heat transfer coefficients were determined experimentally as a function of quality along the length of the test section. Heat transfer rates were compared with results of previous experiments in which Refrigerant 113 in a 2.92-mm diameter small circular tube was used. The effects of channel geometry and fluid properties on heat transfer, as well as insights relative to heat transfer mechanisms in small channels, are presented. Results are presented for both nucleation- (wall superheat above 2.75°C) and convection-dominant boiling heat transfer regimes and compared with large-channel predictions. The heat transfer data for the two fluids were successfully correlated in the nucleation-dominant region.
Convergence rates of the DPG method with reduced test space degree

This paper presents a duality theorem of the Aubin-Nitsche type for discontinuous Petrov-Galerkin (DPG) methods. This explains the numerically observed higher convergence rates in weaker norms. Considering the specific example of the mild-weak (or primal) DPG method for the Laplace equation, two further results are obtained. First, the DPG method continues to be solvable even when the test space degree is reduced, provided it is odd. Second, a non-conforming method of analysis is developed to explain the numerically observed convergence rates for a test space of reduced degree.
Microdevice end pressure evaluations with Bagley correction

In this study the end pressure of microdevices is derived through Bagley corrections with the use of an off-chip pressure transducer. Such approach has many advantages over the approaches using on-chip pressure transducers. In this study it has been used to measure the non-Newtonian fluid flow at the ends of microdevices. The experimental microdevices had a microchannel with a cross section of 149×158 μm2, end angles of 36° or 180°, a contraction ratio of 24, and a reservoir aspect ratio of 0.04. Two linear aqueous polymer solutions which have very different entry flow patterns were tested. Experimental results disclosed that the end pressures of microdevices are dominated by the excess pressure before the contraction plane. This is different from the conventional fluidics conclusions, which consider the kinetic energy change and/or the excess pressure from the boundary layer formation being the dominant sources of the end pressure. This discrepancy also explains why many earlier microfluidics studies observed higher frictional factors in microdevices. Determined by the unique device characteristics, microdevices have exhibited higher end pressures than macrodevices. The microdevice end angle has negligible effects on the end pressure.
Factors influencing neutrophil retention on glass bead columns.

These studies were undertaken in an attempt to relate changes in neutrophil adhesion as measured in vitro in whole blood to neutrophil kinetic changes occurring in normal subjects in response to various stimuli. A variety of technics for measuring neutrophil adhesion in vitro were studied. The most reproducible technic proved to be a modification of that originally described by Kvarstein (1969) in which whole blood is pumped at a fixed rate through a fixed weight of glass beads in a column. Using this technic, there was significant variation from one to another subject, but the mean of differences between duplicates from the same subject differed only by a mean of 3–4 %. Further indirect evidence that microtubule function may play a significant role in neutrophil adhesion was obtained. Vincristine, a chemical known to interfere with microtubule function, proved to reduce neutrophil adhesion while heavy water, a substance known to stabilize microtubules, increased neutrophil adherence. In confirmation of the work of others, adrenal glucocorticosteroids were found to have no effect when incubated in vitro with whole blood, but when neutrophils were taken from normal subjects who had been treated with steroids 4 h before, there was a distinct decrease in neutrophil adherence. Bacterial endotoxin incubated with whole blood in vitro had no effect at small doses, but at large in vitro doses produced an increase in adhesion. Conversely, when neutrophils were obtained from normal subjects treated with bacterial endotoxin a decrease in neutrophil adherence was observed. This latter effect, decrease in neutrophil adhesion in subjects treated with bacterial endotoxin, seems unlikely to be associated with any in vivo kinetic changes known to be produced by bacterial endotoxin. Consequently, we would wonder if the decreased neutrophil adhesion observed after both steroids and endotoxin does not simply reflect a decreased adherence of cells freshly released from the bone marrow to the blood as compared to those which have been in the blood for some time.
Metagenomic Comparison of Two Thiomicrospira Lineages Inhabiting Contrasting Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Environments

Background The most widespread bacteria in oxic zones of carbonate chimneys at the serpentinite-hosted Lost City hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, belong to the Thiomicrospira group of sulfur-oxidizing chemolithoautotrophs. It is unclear why Thiomicrospira-like organisms thrive in these chimneys considering that Lost City hydrothermal fluids are notably lacking in hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we describe metagenomic sequences obtained from a Lost City carbonate chimney that are highly similar to the genome of Thiomicrospira crunogena XCL-2, an isolate from a basalt-hosted hydrothermal vent in the Pacific Ocean. Even though T. crunogena and Lost City Thiomicrospira inhabit different types of hydrothermal systems in different oceans, their genomic contents are highly similar. For example, sequences encoding the sulfur oxidation and carbon fixation pathways (including a carbon concentration mechanism) of T. crunogena are also present in the Lost City metagenome. Comparative genomic analyses also revealed substantial genomic changes that must have occurred since the divergence of the two lineages, including large genomic rearrangements, gene fusion events, a prophage insertion, and transposase activity. Conclusions/Significance Our results show significant genomic similarity between Thiomicrospira organisms inhabiting different kinds of hydrothermal systems in different oceans, suggesting that these organisms are widespread and highly adaptable. These data also indicate genomic processes potentially associated with the adaptation of these lineages into strikingly different habitats.
Metabolism of progesterone in the chick oviduct: relation to the progesterone receptor and biological activity.

The in vitro metabolism of progesterone was studied using the chick oviduct, a known target tissue for progesterone action. Tissue was pulsed with 3H-progesterone at 0 C and then incubated at 37 C for varying periods of time. Following incubation, the tissue was homogenized and subjected to differential centrifugation. Cytosol and nuclear protein preparations were analyzed by density gradient centrifugation which separated specific and nonspecific progesterone-binding proteins. The pattern of progesterone metabolites associated with specific binding proteins clearly differed from the patterns associated with nonspecific binding proteins, those metabolites that were not bound to protein, and those found in the incubation medium, the latter three patterns being essentially the same. The pattern of progesterone metabolites associated with oviduct cytosol proteins from diethylstilbestrol-stimulated immature chicks was in marked contrast to the pattern found when unstimulated chicks were used. The principal me...
Algebraic structure count

Further studies of an efficient graphical algorithmic method for determining algebraic structure count of polycyclic polyene systems possessing 4n rings are presented.
High-temperature effects on a CoMoAl2O3 catalyst

Abstract The effects of high-temperature firing in air on a hydrotreating catalyst were investigated by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The firing process did not cause any loss of cobalt or molybdenum from the catalyst. However, changes in the distribution of cobalt, molybdenum, silicon, and calcium were observed in the outer and fractured surfaces of the catalyst pellets. Also, the chemical states of cobalt and molybdenum were altered by the firing process. The crystal structure of the alumina support was found to be in the η form for temperatures up to 800 °C. Between 800 ° and 900 °C a transformation to the α form occurred with concurrent segregation of cobalt, molybdenum, calcium, and silicon into isolated inclusions.
Optical and electrical properties of single-crystalline zirconium carbide

Optical and electrical properties are reported for single-crystalline ${\mathrm{ZrC}}_{0.89}$. The specular reflectance was measured between 0.025 and 6.5 eV, and ellipsometry measurements were made between 1.2 and 4.5 eV. The combination of ellipsometry with reflectance allows optical functions to be computed reliably between 0 and 6.5 eV and also provides a check on the consistency of the measurements. The van der Pauw technique was used to measure the electrical resistivity of the samples at temperatures between 4.2 and 300 K and the Hall coefficient at room temperature. Drude parameters obtained from the electrical measurements are in good agreement with those obtained from the optical data. Both the optical and electrical results are compared to other experimental results and to theory.
Latin American Vanguards: The Art of Contentious Encounters

In this first comprehensive study of Latin America's literary vanguards of the 1920s and 1930s, Vicky Unruh explores the movement's provocative and polemic nature. Latin American vanguardism--a precursor to the widely acclaimed work of contemporary Latin American writers--was stimulated by the European avant-garde movements of the World War I era. But as Unruh's wide-ranging study attests, the vanguards of Latin America--emerging from the continent's own historical circumstances--developed a very distinct character and voice. Through manifestos, experimental texts, and ribald public performance, the vanguardists' work intertwined art, culture, and the politics of the day to produce a powerful brand of aesthetic activism, one that sparked an entire rethinking of the meaning of art and culture throughout Latin America.
Dyad: a Computer Program for the Analysis of Interpersonal Communication

DYAD generates descriptions of conversational patterns of dyads based on sound- silence data. Input consists of sequential talk/notalk designations which are summarized according to a number of user supplied parameters. Output consists of descriptive matrices, including histograms and summary measures, stochastic matrices, and individual talk parameters. Related programs for collecting analogue data are also available.
Membrane damage caused by irradiation of fluorescent concanavalin A.

Abstract Visible light irradiation of fluoresceinated concanavalin A (f-Con A) bound to the outside of resealed erythrocyte membranes caused crosslinking of as much as 50% of the membrane proteins. Crosslinking was absent in controls in which equivalent amounts of f-Con A were added to the membranes but prevented from binding by the presence of 10 mM alpha-methylmannoside. The photodamage was not accompanied by a change in the membrane permeability barrier or membrane shape. Although fluorescein bleaching accompanies the formation of protein aggregates, the amount of aggregated protein is not simply a function of the number of fluoresceins bleached. The percentage of aggregated protein decreases when the same dose of light is given in a shorter time. Although certain antioxidants and free-radical scavengers had no detected effect on the crosslinking, reducing agents such as cysteamine and reduced glutathione either blocked or reversed the protein crosslinking. The mechanism of photoinduced oxidation and the implications of these results for fluorescence studies of cell membranes are discussed.
A Diagnostic for Cox Regression with Discrete Failure‐Time Models

Summary. Changes in maximum likelihood parameter estimates due to deletion of individual observations are useful statistics, both for regression diagnostics and for computing robust estimates of covariance. For many likelihoods, including those in the exponential family, these delete-one statistics can be approximated analytically from a one-step Newton-Raphson iteration on the full maximum likelihood solution. But for general conditional likelihoods and the related Cox partial likelihood, the one-step method does not reduce to an analytic solution. For these likelihoods, an alternative analytic approximation that relies on an appropriately augmented design matrix has been proposed. In this paper, we extend the augmentation approach to explicitly deal with discrete failure-time models. In these models, an individual subject may contribute information at several time points, thereby appearing in multiple risk sets before eventually experiencing a failure or being censored. Our extension also allows the covariates to be time dependent. The new augmentation requires no additional computational resources while improving results.
Life history theory predicts fish assemblage response to hydrologic regimes

The hydrologic regime is regarded as the primary driver of freshwater ecosystems, structuring the physical habitat template, providing connectivity, framing biotic interactions, and ultimately selecting for specific life histories of aquatic organisms. In the present study, we tested ecological theory predicting directional relationships between major dimensions of the flow regime and life history composition of fish assemblages in perennial free-flowing rivers throughout the continental United States. Using long-term discharge records and fish trait and survey data for 109 stream locations, we found that 11 out of 18 relationships (61%) tested between the three life history strategies (opportunistic, periodic, and equilibrium) and six hydrologic metrics (two each describing flow variability, predictability, and seasonality) were statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) according to quantile regression. Our results largely support a priori hypotheses of relationships between specific flow indices and relative prevalence of fish life history strategies, with 82% of all significant relationships observed supporting predictions from life history theory. Specifically, we found that (1) opportunistic strategists were positively related to measures of flow variability and negatively related to predictability and seasonality, (2) periodic strategists were positively related to high flow seasonality and negatively related to variability, and (3) the equilibrium strategists were negatively related to flow variability and positively related to predictability. Our study provides important empirical evidence illustrating the value of using life history theory to understand both the patterns and processes by which fish assemblage structure is shaped by adaptation to natural regimes of variability, predictability, and seasonality of critical flow events over broad biogeographic scales.
Radical reactions of C84

Pulse radiolysis and steady-state radiolysis experiments describing the radical and electron transfer reactions of C84 are reported here for the first time. C84 reacts readily with radiolytically generated chloromethyl (•CCl3) and trichloromethylperoxyl (CCl3OO•) radicals in CCl4. The formation of the radical adduct has been confirmed from its characteristic absorption in the UV (320 nm) and visible (480 nm). Radical-induced oxidation in 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) resulted in a short lived transient absorbing at 920 nm. Reduction of C84 in toluene/2-propanol/acetone could be conveniently followed by formation of an absorption band with an absorption maximum at 960 nm.
A Spatial Model of Tax Competition with Multiple Tax Instruments

Abstract This paper presents a model of tax competition with two local jurisdictions in each metropolitan area, located along a line segment, and many metropolitan areas in the world economy. The residents in each local jurisdiction are allowed to commute, at a constant cost per mile, to work in the other jurisdiction. If a lump-sum tax can be used, then other taxes are not used. If source-based wage and business capital taxes can both be used, then only the former is used. In this case, or if only a business capital tax can be used, the local public good is underprovided.
Personalization of warning signs: The role of perceived relevance on behavioral compliance

Research suggests that compliance to a highly visible posted warning sign is significantly lower than the same warning located within a set of task instruction. One possible reason for this finding is that the participants believed that the posted sign was not directed to them and not relevant to the particular task they are doing compared to the within-instructions warning. One purpose of the present research was to compare the influence of a personally relevant sign (displaying participants' name) to a more conventional impersonal sign (displaying the signal word CAUTION) on behavioral compliance. A second purpose was to examine the influence of a dynamic versus a static display. A sign composed of programmable light-emitting diodes (LEDs) exhibited the warning using special effects (apparent motion) or it was exhibited continuously. A third purpose was to examine the effect of sign placement in a cluttered environment. The wearing of protective equipment as directed by the warning during a chemistry laboratory task was measured. The results showed that participants more frequently wore the protective equipment when a warning was present than when it was absent. The personalized sign significantly increased warning compliance compared to the impersonal sign. No effect of dynamic presentation was found, and the only effect of sign placement was on task-accuracy judgments. The effect of personalization is explained in terms of the special alerting feature of one's own name and enhanced perceived relevance when there is no ambiguity as to whom the message is directed to. Implications for flexible control of warnings using available technology are discussed.
Characterization of photoconductive impulse generator utilizing a tapered radial transmission line

ABSTRACT A non-linear, tapered radial transmission line which combinesthe functions of energy storage and voltage gain was investigated. Aphotoconductively switched impulse generator with a tapered radialtransmission line has resulted in a compact design with impedance transformation properties. The radial transmission line device hasachieved narrow output pulsewidth as well as voltage gain, which are important properties for the generation of high peak power impulse S. I. INTRODUCTION Semi-insulating GaAs switch is characterized by high voltage hold-off capability as well as fast risetime, which make GaAs switches a desirable candidate for the generation of fast, high peakpower pulses. However, under high electric field strength, the GaAs switch exhibits a lock-on phenomenon1'2'3'4'5. This switching behavior results in a long switch conduction time, resulting in a longtail on the recovery side of output pulse. One way to control the output pulsewidth is to employ aminiaturized pulse forming line (PFL). Instead of a uniform
Magnetic Anomalies in the Red Sea

Marine magnetic profiles over the Red Sea between 18° N and 25° N latitudes confirm previous hypotheses that strongly magnetic rocks underlie the axial trough. The symmetrical nature of the anomalies and their close correspondence to seafloor spreading magnetic models support a rifting origin for the trough. The dominant magnetic anomaly trends strike about N 35° W in the northern and southern parts of the trough. In the central region between 20° and 22° N the trend direction is about N 60° E. Geometrical considerations of possible spreading mechanisms suggest that the true separation direction of Africa away from Arabia near 21° N latitude is in either a N 10° E or N 60° E direction. The separation rates then are 3.2 cm a -1 and 2.0 cm a -1 , respectively.
Amorphous silicon/polyaniline heterojunction solar cells: Fermi levels and open-circuit voltages

Abstract We fabricated hydrogenated amorphous silicon/polyaniline n–i–p heterojunction solar cells incorporating a doped, hole conducting polyaniline (PANI) layer. The cells were prepared by spin-casting differing polyaniline dispersions corresponding to film conductivities ranging from 10−2 to 102 S/m. The open-circuit voltages VOC of the cells ranged from 0.5–0.7 V. While these open-circuit voltages are lower than for the best a-Si:H cells utilizing nanocrystalline Si or a-SiC:H p-layers, they illustrate well how open-circuit voltages are limited by the work function of the contacting material. They also give insight into the mechanism limiting VOC for crystal silicon/PANI n/p solar cells, for which VOC varies little for PANI conductivities greater than 10−1 S/cm. The comparison excludes electrophoresis effects in the PANI as the limiting mechanism.
Efficient and Secure Wireless Communications for Advanced Metering Infrastructure in Smart Grids

An experiment is carried out to measure the power consumption of households. The analysis on the real measurement data shows that the significant change of power consumption arrives in a Poisson manner. Based on this experiment, a novel wireless communication scheme is proposed for the advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) in smart grid that can significantly improve the spectrum efficiency. The main idea is to transmit only when a significant power consumption change occurs. On the other hand, the policy of transmitting only when change occurs may bring a security issue; i.e., an eavesdropper can monitor the daily life of the house owner, particularly the information of whether the owner is at home. Hence, a defense scheme is proposed to combat this vulnerability by adding artificial spoofing packets. It is shown by numerical results that the defense scheme can effectively prevent the security challenge.