cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High‐order methods for differential equations with large first‐derivative terms

SUMMARY A method is developed to solve elliptic singular perturbation problems. Examples are presented in one and two dimensions for both linear and non-linear problems. In particular, examples are presented for fluid flow problems with boundary layers. In the one-dimensional case an approximating equation is developed using just three points. The method first presented is a fourth-order approximation but is extended to become a higher-order method. Results are included for the fourth-, sixth-, eighth- and tenth-order methods. The results are first compared with results found by Segal in an article about elliptic singular perturbation problems. The elliptic singular perturbation problems are compared with a method by Il’in and also with central and backward difference schemes from Segal’s article. There was only one case where the results in Segal’s paper were as accurate as the results presented in this paper. However, in this case the method used by Segal did not give accurate values for a second problem presented. The results are also compared with results given by Spalding and by Christie. The method of this paper was also tested on the solution of some non-linear diffusion equations with concentration-dependent diffusion coefficients. The results were superior to results presented by Lee and by Schultz. Finally, the method is extended to several two-dimensional problems. The method developed in this paper is accurate, easy to use and can be generalized to other problems. In this paper we have developed and tested a method for the convection-diffusion equation that can be used for small values of the viscosity coefficient. This equation is a simple model of the Navier-Stokes equations at high Reynolds numbers. The method is compared with a number of other methods. An article by Segal’ compared several methods for solving one- and two-dimensional problems governed by particular Navier-Stokes equations. The model in the article is a convection-diffusion equation
Thermal behavior of metal nanoparticles in geologic materials

Although significant progress has been made in understanding the behavior of natural nanoparticles in Earth's critical zone (i.e., surface and near-surface environment), little is known about nanoparticle stability in higher-temperature environments where they are increasingly being found. Here we report the first direct observations of the thermal behavior of natural nanoparticles at near atomic scale, revealing that their thermal stability is dependent on particle size and on the surrounding host mineral. Native Au nanoparticles (mean diameter ∼4 nm) incorporated in arsenian pyrite from refractory Au ores were observed under the transmission electron microscope during in situ heating to 650 °C. While isolated Au nanoparticles melt, with the melting point being a function of size, we show that when incorporated in arsenian pyrite, Au nanoparticles become unstable unless the nanoparticle size distribution coarsens by diffusion-driven, solid-state Ostwald ripening. This change in nanoparticle stability starts above 370 °C, setting an upper temperature and size limit for the occurrence of nanoparticulate Au in refractory sulfides. These findings not only provide new insights into the behavior of nanoparticulate Au and other metals during geological processes and throughout their metallurgical recovery from refractory ores, but also provide a new tool to define the thermal history of nanoparticle-bearing geologic and planetary materials.
Neuropathy, womens' health, and socioeconomic aspects of diabetes.

This is the eighth and final in a series of reports on the American Diabetes Association (ADA) 61st Scientific Sessions in Philadelphia, PA, in June, 2001. At a symposium on neuropathy sponsored by the University of Texas Southwestern at the American Diabetes Association meeting in San Antonio, Texas, Soroku Yagihashi (Hirosaki, Japan) discussed aspects of the pathogenesis of distal symmetric polyneuropathy. In a recent survey in Tohoku, Japan, of 32,955 individuals with diabetes, history or symptoms of neuropathy made it the most common complication, occurring in 27% of patients. There are two major histologic findings in nerve biopsy from patients with distal symmetric polyneuropathy. Myelinated fiber density decreases, falling by approximately one-third with mild neuropathy and by two-thirds with severe neuropathy, reflecting loss of nerve fibers with degeneration of remaining fibers. There is also evidence of microangiopathy in the vasa nervosum. Nerve capillary density again decreases in proportion to the severity of the neuropathy, with capillary basement membrane area nearly doubled with mild neuropathy and tripled with severe neuropathy. The susceptibility of peripheral nerve to ischemia may be partly related to its great axon length with sparse blood supply. As with retinopathy and nephropathy, poor glycemic control is a major cause of neuropathy, with nerves not showing insulin-mediated glucose uptake, but rather allowing direct glucose entry, which increases with hyperglycemia. In the Tohoku survey, the likelihood of neuropathy increased 2.7-, 1.7-, and 1.2-fold in individuals whose HbA1c was ≥10, 7.5–9.9, and 6.5–7.49%, in comparison to those with HbA1c <6.5%. In the nerve, glucose is metabolized through the polyol pathway to sorbitol via the enzyme aldose reductase (AR). Sorbitol can cause osmotic stress and can lower nerve myoinositol and taurine levels, with decreases in Na+/K+-ATPase, which is involved in intracellular energy homeostasis. In addition, conversion …
Cortical processing of a brightness illusion

Several brightness illusions indicate that borders can affect the perception of surfaces dramatically. In the Cornsweet illusion, two equiluminant surfaces appear to be different in brightness because of the contrast border between them. Here, we report the existence of cells in monkey visual cortex that respond to such an “illusory” brightness. We find that luminance responsive cells are located in color-activated regions (cytochrome oxidase blobs and bridges) of primary visual cortex (V1), whereas Cornsweet responsive cells are found preferentially in the color-activated regions (thin stripes) of second visual area (V2). This colocalization of brightness and color processing within V1 and V2 suggests a segregation of contour and surface processing in early visual pathways and a hierarchy of brightness information processing from V1 to V2 in monkeys.
Integrally closed almost complete intersection ideals

Abstract Let ( A , m ) be a local ring. We study the existence and structure of the m -primary integrally closed ideals generated by dim A + 1 elements.
HOW DO PREY PERSIST

Abstract Understanding predator–prey relations is critical for management and conservation of species. Common descriptions of predator–prey dynamics often imply that low population density of prey, prey switching by predators, and high fecundity or productivity of prey are important in allowing prey species to coexist with predators. Studies of the effects of introduced predators on prey species do not support the idea that low prey density, switching by predators, and fecundity of prey are vital to coexistence of predator and prey. More likely, prey have a suite of morphological and behavior adaptations, including uses of specific habitat features, that render some individuals far less vulnerable to predation and allow predators and prey to coexist. Management activities designed to maintain desired prey species should include maintaining or enhancing features of habitat that reduce prey vulnerability.
Diabetic Macular Edema

Diabetic retinopathy remains one of the four major causes of blindness in the western world [1], [2]. Blindness from diabetic retinopathy results from consequences of proliferative diabetic retinopathy and from diabetic macular edema. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is more likely than macular edema to cause rapid and severe loss of vision. Without treatment, eyes that develop proliferative diabetic retinopathy have at least a 50% chance of becoming blind within five years [3], [4]. Appropriate application of treatments that have been developed in the last three decades can reduce this risk of blindness to less than 5% [5]. Although the proportion of persons with diabetic macular edema that become legally blind is less than that for those who develop proliferative diabetic retinopathy, the treatments for diabetic macular edema are not as effective in preventing vision loss in those affected. At best, current treatments reduce the risk of blindness by about 50% [6]. New treatments, both medical and surgical, are needed if we are to reduce blindness from this complication of diabetic retinopathy.
The role of angiogenic markers in adverse perinatal outcomes: fresh vs frozen embryo transfers

Purpose We aimed to investigate the angiogenic balance in fresh compared to frozen embryo transfers, and among neonates with adverse perinatal outcomes.
Maternal Behavior Induced in Virgin Rats by Prolactin

SummaryIn virgin rats aged 67-81 days, with ovaries stimulated by Prolan or F.S.H. administration during 5 days, the injection of purified and previously heated prolactin induced maternal behavior in 6 of 10 rats after 6-10 injections. Previous conditioning by concaveation was limited to a single 12-hour period in 4 of these rats. The maternal instinct, in somewhat varying degrees, was exhibited by all these rats while the daily subcutaneous injections were in progress. Six of 7 rats of the control and F.S.H. injected groups, all showing little or no maternal behavior during a 25-day test, later developed or greatly accentuated their maternal behavior after 1 to 8 days treatment with prolactin. Four rats which showed no maternal behavior under prolactin also later failed to show such behavior after repriming and 13 days of administration of unfractionated pituitary extract. Prolactin is the anterior pituitary hormone specifically concerned in the activation of maternal behavior in virgin rats.
Gender and Exploitation: Resources, Structure, and Rewards in Cross-Sex Social Exchange

Abstract The effects of resources imbalance on reward allocation strategies are studied in 136 mixed-sex dyads to determine the extent to which the allocator rewards his or her partner on an equal basis with self. Three predictions are tested: (1) Subjects with a resource advantage will reward themselves more so than they will reward their partners; (2) Subjects with a resource advantage in a certain (versus uncertain) structural situation will reward self and other more equally than subjects with a resource advantage in an uncertain situation will; and (3) females with a resource advantage will reward self and other more equally than males with a resource advantage will Clear-cut support is observed for the first prediction only. Other results reveal significant interaction effects between structural condition and gender of allocator. Prediction 2 is supported for males only while Prediction 3 holds only for the uncertain structural condition. The discussion focuses on the importance of social structural...
Application of a Buffer Layer for the Dielectric Measurement of Thin Polymer Films

A buffered dielectric measurement method is described. We added a thin buffer polymer layer to a polymer film before depositing aluminum electrodes. This is a modification to conventional parallel plate dielectric constant measurement method. It still has well-defined geometric factor for determining the dielectric constant. We designed the buffer layer using a simple RC model. It was determined that the buffer layer should be a high dielectric constant polymer. Two high dielectric constant polymers were selected to be buffer layers. Layered samples with structures ABA and ABC were discussed, where A is the buffer layer. We show that the method not only provides a way to preserve the structure of special polymer films, but also is able to adjust its electrical characterization to a convenient level.
Calculating Effect Size in Single-Case Research: A Comparison of Nonoverlap Methods

A guide for researchers to calculate effect sizes for single-case research using three nonoverlap methods is provided. These methods are evaluated for their strengths and limitations, applied to a data set, and contrasted with one another. Criteria are presented to determine goodness of fit between nonoverlap procedures and data sets.
Financial Accounting Characteristics and Debt Covenants

We examine the relation between financial accounting characteristics and accounting-based debt covenants. We hypothesize that use of accounting-based covenants is more likely when asymmetric timeliness is higher and accounting discretion is reduced, because the covenants can more efficiently reduce agency costs in these circumstances. Overall, we find little association between the use of accounting-based debt covenants and three financial reporting characteristics (1) the magnitude of past discretionary accruals, (2) Basu's (1997) asymmetric timeliness measure, or (3) Ball and Shivakumar's (2006) asymmetric timeliness measure. We also are unable to find a consistently significant relation between these accounting characteristics and initial-covenant slack. Our results suggest that the relation between the effectiveness of accounting-based covenants and these characteristics is marginal.
Resveratrol counters systemic lupus erythematosus-associated atherogenicity by normalizing cholesterol efflux

Resveratrol is a bioactive molecule used in dietary supplements and herbal medicines and consumed worldwide. Numerous investigations by our group and others have indicated cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of resveratrol. The present study explored potential atheroprotective actions of resveratrol on cholesterol efflux in cultured human macrophages exposed to plasma from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. These results were confirmed in ApoE(-/-)Fas(-/-) double knockout mice, displaying a lupus profile with accelerated atherosclerosis. Resveratrol treatment attenuated atherosclerosis in these mice. THP-1 human macrophages were exposed to 10% pooled or individual plasma from patients who met diagnostic criteria for SLE. Expression of multiple proteins involved in reverse cholesterol transport (ABCA1, ABCG1, SR-B1, and cytochrome P450 27-hydroxylase) was assessed using QRT-PCR and Western blotting techniques. Ten-week-old ApoE(-/-)Fas(-/-) double knockout mice (n = 30) were randomly divided into two equal groups of 15, one of which received 0.01% resveratrol for 10 consecutive weeks. Atherosclerosis progression was evaluated in murine aortas. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) were cultured and expression of cholesterol efflux proteins was analyzed in each group of mice. Our data indicate that inhibition of cholesterol efflux by lupus plasma in THP-1 human macrophages is rescued by resveratrol. Similarly, administration of resveratrol in a lupus-like murine model reduces plaque formation in vivo and augments cholesterol efflux in BMDM. This study presents evidence for a beneficial role of resveratrol in atherosclerosis in the specific setting of SLE. Therefore, resveratrol may merit investigation as an additional resource available to reduce lipid deposition and atherosclerosis in humans, especially in such vulnerable populations as lupus patients.
Ethical Aspects of Interventional Cardiology in Geriatric Patients

Geriatric medicine deals with old, very old, patients who frequently are in need of help and care because of their higher risk for losses of physical, cognitive, emotional and social function. The situation of these vulnerable, frail patients often is not adequately taken care of by our social and healthcare system. Decisions about medical interventions are easier when the patients concerned have an intact decisional capacity. This situation becomes more complex and difficult when dealing with multimorbid, frequently cognitively impaired very old individuals. The big ethical challenge for interventional cardiology is to provide the solid evidence of an overall benefit of the invasive procedure translating into an individually acceptable improved quality of life of the geriatric patient. Only good facts make good ethical decision-making possible.
[Hip Fracture--Epidemiology, Management and Liaison Service. Practice of the secondary fracture prevention of the proximal femoral fracture by the Osteoporosis Liaison Service]

The proximal femoral fracture number of patients increases with age, and it is predicted that patients over 90 years old will increase in future. It causes a decline of ADL and the QOL, mortality aggravation, a remarkable rise of medical care, the nursing-care cost when they present with a fracture. Primary prevention is important to prevent osteoporotic fracture, but the secondary prevention for the prior or new fracture patient is particularly important. For the practice of the secondary prevention, cooperation of a doctor and the medical staff who included not only the hospital but also the cooperation with the medical institution in the area is indispensable. This report introduces osteoporosis liaison service working on in our hospital and is happy if it is with consideration of the practice of the secondary prevention of the proximal femoral fracture.
Status and future of vaccines for adults

The current status and future prospects of vaccines for adults are discussed. For every child in America who dies of a vaccine-preventable disease, about 400 adults die of such a disease. Evidence of the merit of influenza vaccination continues to accumulate, yet < 30% of high-risk people younger than 65 have been vaccinated. Use of pneumococcal vaccine lags behind that of influenza vaccine. Serious discrepancies in immunization levels exist among different segments of U.S. adult society. A vaccination status assessment is now recommended for everyone reaching the age of 50. New vaccines are available to prevent varicella, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever. There are now two formulations of hepatitis A virus vaccine; adult users of these vaccines include travelers, people relocating to areas with poor sanitation, military personnel, laboratory workers, and hemophiliacs. New rabies vaccines may be the next vaccines to be used primarily in adults. Vaccines against pertussis, Lyme disease, cholera, herpes simplex, malaria, other infectious diseases, and cancer are in various stages of development. For health care personnel in areas where there is a strong likelihood of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission and infection, BCG vaccination is recommended. The risk of immunization to a person infected with the human immunodeficiency virus is likely outweighed by the protection offered against other health threats. Health systems should select tetanus-diphtheria toxoids adsorbed for their formularies for immunizing adults, not monovalent tetanus toxoid. Vaccines are available to prevent a growing list of infectious diseases but are underused in adults.
Sustaining Reliability on Accountability Measures at The Johns Hopkins Hospital

Article-at-a-Glance Background In 2012 Johns Hopkins Medicine leaders challenged their health system to reliably deliver best practice care linked to nationally vetted core measures and achieve The Joint Commission Top Performer on Key Quality Measures ® program recognition and the Delmarva Foundation award. Thus, the Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality implemented an initiative to ensure that ≥ 96% of patients received care linked to measures. Nine low-performing process measures were targeted for improvement—eight Joint Commission accountability measures and one Delmarva Foundation core measure. In the initial evaluation at The Johns Hopkins Hospital, all accountability measures for the Top Performer program reached the required ≥ 95% performance, gaining them recognition by The Joint Commission in 2013. Efforts were made to sustain performance of accountability measures at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. Methods Improvements were sustained through 2014 using the following conceptual framework: declare and communicate goals, create an enabling infrastructure, engage clinicians and connect them in peer learning communities, report transparently, and create accountability systems. One part of the accountability system was for teams to create a sustainability plan, which they presented to senior leaders. To support sustained improvements, Armstrong Institute leaders added a project management office for all externally reported quality measures and concurrent reviewers to audit performance on care processes for certain measure sets. Conclusions The Johns Hopkins Hospital sustained performance on all accountability measures, and now more than 96% of patients receive recommended care consistent with nationally vetted quality measures. The initiative methods enabled the transition of quality improvement from an isolated project to a way of leading an organization.
Explaining the Basic-Level Concept Advantage in Infants…or Is It the Superordinate-Level Advantage?

Abstract Much research in the 1970s and 1980s established that both children and adults prefer to classify objects at an intermediate or basic level of categorization such as dog or car. In adults, this leads to a performance advantage that has been found in dozens of experiments. However, research on infant concepts in the 1990s led to a very different consensus, that infants' first concepts—or at least some of their very early concepts—are higher-level or superordinate concepts, such as animal or vehicle. Surprisingly, this contradiction has not received very much attention, and both fields continue to report their conclusions as if this does not create a major problem for the theory of concepts. This chapter reviews the evidence for both claims and concludes that (1) the evidence for the basic-level advantage for children and adults is overwhelming and (2) the best way to resolve this conflict is to reinterpret the results of the infant studies. I argue that limitations of the paradigms available to study infants have systematically reduced the richness of the materials in a way that has made superordinates seem to be more readily learnable than they are in real life. This conclusion provides a more convincing story for how concepts develop over the life span.
Conrad Ferdinand Meyer

Sohn eines Regierungsrats; 1843–1844 Privatunterricht beim Historiker L. Vulliemin in Lausanne; 1844–1845 Jurastudium, erste Gedichte; Geschichtsstudium; 1855 Sekretar der ›Geschichtsforschenden Gesellschaft der Schweiz‹; Reisen nach Paris und Italien; ab 1870 Erzahlprosa; Nervenerkrankung, zog sich 1877 auf Gut Kilchberg am Zurichsee zuruck; popularer Schweizer Erzahler und Lyriker.
Plausibility: A Fair & Balanced View of 30 Years of Progress in Ecologics

Theoretical model identifiability and universality are opposites. Only the strongest and most basic forces and models are universal enough to permit reasonable extrapolation above and beyond their specific historical contexts. Unfortunately, papers that admit to these limits are rarely considered interesting. Instead, researchers search for and find ever-more unlikely explanations and ever-more unlikely evidence in a competitive quest to be surprising, clever and published. The review processes have also incentiviced lack of care, private and social failure to correct errors, and even outright misconduct. The discipline is veering towards a theater of the absurd. To help correct the problem, I suggest dedicating a third of every journal to independent replications and critique of prior papers.
The obstetric recovery room

Summary The patients being cared for in an obstetric recovery room are not always uncomplicated, ASA I patients. Staffing and monitoring capability of the obstetric recovery room should reflect the same standards used in other recovery rooms in the hospital. The unique nature of several obstetric diseases, procedures, and drugs should be well known and understood by those caring for postpartum patients.
Comparaison des allogreffes distales du tibia et des butées de type de Latarjet dans l’instabilité antérieure : étude prospective

Introduction Recently, the use of fresh distal tibia allograft (DTA) for glenoid reconstruction in anterior shoulder instability has been described with encouraging short-term outcomes. However, the outcomes of patients undergoing DTA have not been compared to patients undergoing the Latarjet procedure, which has been considered the standard for shoulder stabilization for clinically significant anterior glenoid bone loss. The purpose of this study was to determine clinical outcomes for patients undergoing DTA compared to a matched cohort of patients undergoing Latarjet. Methods A review of prospectively collected data of patients with minimum 15% anterior glenoid bone loss, minimum follow-up of 2 years, and who underwent shoulder stabilization with either DTA or Latarjet was conducted. Consecutive patients undergoing DTA were matched by age, BMI, and number of previous ipsilateral shoulder surgeries to patients undergoing Latarjet. Patients were evaluated preoperatively and at minimum 2 years postoperatively with American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE), and Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI) outcomes assessments. Complications, reoperations and episodes of recurrent instability were also analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed with Student t-tests, with P > 0.05 considered significant. Results A total of 60 patients (30 Latarjet, 30 DTA) with an average age of 24.3 ± 6.9 years were analyzed at an average 46 ± 17 months (range, 24–87) following surgery. Twenty-two patients (73%) in each group underwent prior ipsilateral shoulder surgery (range, 1–3 surgeries). There were no statistical differences in age, BMI, or number of prior surgeries between the groups, signifying adequate matching ( P > 0.05 for all). Both groups had significant improvements in all preoperative to postoperative outcome scores ( P > 0.05). When comparing final outcomes of Latarjet versus DTA, Latarjet patients had significantly higher ASES scores (93 ± 8 vs. 87 ± 13, P = 0.03); no significant differences were found in postoperative WOSI or SANE scores. In the Latarjet group, 2 patients underwent reoperation (6.7%), including 1 patient who redislocated after a traumatic motocross accident and 1 patient who underwent arthroscopic debridement for anterolateral shoulder pain. In the DTA group, 1 patient (3.3%) underwent reoperation including DTA revision for asymptomatic hardware failure. There were no cases of neurovascular injuries or other complications in either cohort. Discussion and conclusion At an average follow-up of nearly 4 years, fresh DTA reconstruction for recurrent anterior shoulder instability results in a clinically stable joint with equivalent clinical outcomes and recurrence rates compared to Latarjet. Longer-term studies are needed to determine if these results are maintained over time.
Pressurized Origami Structure for Programmable Negative and Quasi-Zero Stiffness

This research investigates the nonlinear pressure-induced stiffness characteristics of an origami structure associated to its large amplitude folding. Such structure consists of origami tubes that are formed by stacking and connecting Miura-Ori sheets along their crease lines, so that one can apply pressure to achieve autonomous folding and generate stiffness. We show that the stacked origami can exhibit two unique stiffness characteristics due to the nonlinear relationships between the internal pressure and folding deformation, as well as the interactions between pressurized tubes. One characteristic is negative stiffness, and the other is quasi-zero stiffness (QZS). Both of these stiffness characteristics are programmable by tailoring the Miura-Ori crease design, and controllable by adjusting the pressurization. This research would uncover the physical principles behind these stiffness characteristics, provide design guidelines, and discuss the potentials of developing the stacked origami into an adaptive structure with multiple and embedded dynamic functionalities.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Cardiovascular Health Awareness and Promotion in Women: AHA’s Life’s Simple 7™ and Go Red for Women™

This review will discuss the incidence of and trends in cardiovascular disease (CVD), including coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and associated risk factors among women by ethnic groups, and the recent AHA efforts to increase awareness among women. CVD mortality among women in the USA accounts for approximately half (49.7%) of total CVD deaths. CHD, as the predominant form of CVD, is the leading cause of death for women in the USA. The general indicators of risk associated with CHD in women include high blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, high blood pressure, diabetes and prediabetes, excessive alcohol use, overweight and obesity, smoking, lack of physical activity, unhealthy diet, and stress. The findings highlight and reconfirm that disparities in CVD risk factors and health outcomes exist among women of color and those of low educational attainment and socioeconomic status. The American Heart Association’s Life’s Simple 7™ promotes seven recently defined cardiovascular health metrics and the Go Red for Women™ campaign has promoted improving awareness of CVD in women globally. Awareness of the significance of and preventive measures for CVD are still lacking among minority or disadvantaged women. Further efforts are needed to address disparities in risk factors and CVD in women with improved adherence to risk factor modifications and other guideline-based interventions to improve CVD outcomes in women.
Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of the molecular cargo of extracellular vesicles derived from porcine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

Background Mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (MSC) transplantation is a promising therapy for tissue regeneration. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by MSCs act as their paracrine effectors by delivering proteins and genetic material to recipient cells. To assess how their cargo mediates biological processes that drive their therapeutic effects, we integrated miRNA, mRNA, and protein expression data of EVs from porcine adipose tissue-derived MSCs. Methods Simultaneous expression profiles of miRNAs, mRNAs, and proteins were obtained by high-throughput sequencing and LC-MS/MS proteomic analysis in porcine MSCs and their daughter EVs (n = 3 each). TargetScan and ComiR were used to predict miRNA target genes. Functional annotation analysis was performed using DAVID 6.7 database to rank primary gene ontology categories for the enriched mRNAs, miRNA target genes, and proteins. STRING was used to predict associations between mRNA and miRNA target genes. Results Differential expression analysis revealed 4 miRNAs, 255 mRNAs, and 277 proteins enriched in EVs versus MSCs (fold change >2, p<0.05). EV-enriched miRNAs target transcription factors (TFs) and EV-enriched mRNAs encode TFs, but TF proteins are not enriched in EVs. Rather, EVs are enriched for proteins that support extracellular matrix remodeling, blood coagulation, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Conclusions Porcine MSC-derived EVs contain a genetic cargo of miRNAs and mRNAs that collectively control TF activity in EVs and recipient cells, as well as proteins capable of modulating cellular pathways linked to tissue repair. These properties provide the fundamental basis for considering therapeutic use of EVs in tissue regeneration.
Vibration Energy Harvesting and Its Application for Nano- and Microrobotics

In this chapter, the concept of vibration energy harvesting and its potential utilization as a power source for micro/nanorobots is introduced and discussed. While batteries are commonly used as power sources for electronic devices, the limited lifetime and relatively large dimensional structure of batteries constrain its applications in micro/nanodevices. On the other hand, while capacitors have an extremely compact structure, the power stored is generally considered too low to power micro/nanorobots for a sufficiently long period of time. Hence, energy harvesting approaches, either alone or in conjunction with more traditional power sources, are being investigated to provide sufficient power for micro/nanorobots over the design lifetime of the system. In general, several varieties of energy harvesting techniques and devices have been developed to transfer different energy sources that may be present in a particular environment into electrical power; for example, solar, thermal, mechanical vibration, and even wind energy can be used as the source for energy harvesting devices in appropriate applications. However, specifically considering micro/nanodevices for biomedical applications greatly restricts the potential energy sources that can be harvested for system power. In this case, mechanical (vibration) energy may serve as a useful environmental source for energy harvesting. The purpose of this chapter is to first introduce the reader to the general field of energy harvesting, after which the discussion will focus on mechanical vibration energy harvesting and other techniques with potentially greater application to biomedical nano/microrobotics. In particular, different vibration energy harvesting mechanisms, such as electromagnetic, electrostatic, and piezoelectric techniques, will then be presented. The chapter concludes with recent work being done in the field of nanotechnology to further extend these energy harvesting approaches to size scales compatible with nano/micro devices and systems.
WHEN POLICY COMES TO TOWN: DISCOURSES AND DILEMMAS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF A STATEWIDE REENTRY POLICY IN KANSAS

In this case study, we document challenges to reform implementation posed by line staff, supervisors, and managers during a large-scale realignment of the Kansas Department of Corrections (KDOC) in which they sought to replace a traditional approach of “risk containment” focused on surveillance and incarceration with a new model of “risk reduction” focused on service delivery and reintegration. We draw on interviews, observations, and archival research to document the staff's discursive challenges to the rollout of the new policy. More specifically, we describe how varying challenges to the reforms—“denial,” “dismissal,” and “defiance”—reflect actors’ positions within the organization, the local contexts in which they operate, and more general frames of interpretation of the long-term orientation of the KDOC. We integrate these perspectives to contribute to the ongoing expansion of conventional models of penal change that highlight the role of actors and local social and institutional context as moderators of the gap between “law on the books” and “law in action.”
Durable responses in refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia with alemtuzumab.

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia occurs due to an interaction of IgG antibodies with protein antigens expressed on red blood corpuscles. Glucocorticoids are the mainstay of treatment for autoimmune hemo...
Forecasting the spatial transmission of influenza in the United States.

Recurrent outbreaks of seasonal and pandemic influenza create a need for forecasts of the geographic spread of this pathogen. Although it is well established that the spatial progression of infection is largely attributable to human mobility, difficulty obtaining real-time information on human movement has limited its incorporation into existing infectious disease forecasting techniques. In this study, we develop and validate an ensemble forecast system for predicting the spatiotemporal spread of influenza that uses readily accessible human mobility data and a metapopulation model. In retrospective state-level forecasts for 35 US states, the system accurately predicts local influenza outbreak onset,—i.e., spatial spread, defined as the week that local incidence increases above a baseline threshold—up to 6 wk in advance of this event. In addition, the metapopulation prediction system forecasts influenza outbreak onset, peak timing, and peak intensity more accurately than isolated location-specific forecasts. The proposed framework could be applied to emergent respiratory viruses and, with appropriate modifications, other infectious diseases.
Discovering correspondence of sentiment words and aspects

Extracting aspects and sentiments is a key problem in sentiment analysis. Existing models rely on joint modeling with supervised aspect and sentiment switching. This paper explores unsupervised models by exploiting a novel angle – correspondence of sentiments with aspects via topic modeling under two views. The idea is to split documents into two views and model the topic correspondence across the two views. We propose two new models that work on a set of document pairs (documents with two views) to discover their corresponding topics. Experimental results show that the proposed approach significantly outperforms strong baselines.
Effects of the Sitka Eddy on juvenile pink salmon in the eastern Gulf of Alaska

Abstract A fisheries oceanographic survey has collected physical and biological data from the eastern Gulf of Alaska during the month of July since 2010. The Sitka Eddy is a mesoscale feature that can impact physical and biological characteristics of the eastern Gulf of Alaska, and it can occur during July. Herein, the historical presence of a Sitka Eddy during July in this region was examined between 1993 and 2015 using satellite-derived altimetry, and interannual distributions of juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) were compared between 2010 and 2015. Biological characteristics of juvenile pink salmon and oceanographic conditions were compared between 2010 (strong eddy) and 2012 (weak eddy), and a further analysis across the Sitka Eddy was conducted for 2010. The Sitka Eddy occurs regularly in the eastern Gulf of Alaska, but strong events that occurred during July and likely to impact migrating salmon were only evident in 13% of the 23 years examined. Juvenile pink salmon catch distribution appeared to be deflected offshore by the Sitka Eddy in July of 2010, compared to nearshore distributions in 2011 through 2015. In 2010, temperatures were warmer, chlorophyll-a had a greater range, and juvenile pink salmon were distributed farther offshore as compared to 2012. Juvenile pink salmon diets were dominated by euphausiids in 2010 and large copepods in 2012. Additionally, Fulton's condition factor (K), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and whole body energy content (WBEC) were all lower in 2010. In 2010, temperatures reached a station maximum of 12.60 °C on the southeastern edge of the Sitka Eddy, and chlorophyll-a concentrations reached a local minimum of 0.077 µg/l in the center of the eddy. Juvenile pink salmon from the eastern edge of the Sitka Eddy had significantly elevated values of K and IGF-I (p
Spatially Aware Cell Cluster(SpACCl) Graphs: Predicting Outcome in Oropharyngeal p16+ Tumors

Quantitative measurements of spatial arrangement of nuclei in histopathology images for different cancers has been shown to have prognostic value. Traditionally, graph algorithms (with cell/nuclei as node) have been used to characterize the spatial arrangement of these cells. However, these graphs inherently extract only global features of cell or nuclear architecture and, therefore, important information at the local level may be left unexploited. Additionally, since the graph construction does not draw a distinction between nuclei in the stroma or epithelium, the graph edges often traverse the stromal and epithelial regions. In this paper, we present a new spatially aware cell cluster (SpACCl) graph that can efficiently and accurately model local nuclear interactions, separately within the stromal and epithelial regions alone. SpACCl is built locally on nodes that are defined on groups/clusters of nuclei rather than individual nuclei. Local nodes are connected with edges which have a certain probability of connectedness. The SpACCl graph allows for exploration of (a) contribution of nuclear arrangement within the stromal and epithelial regions separately and (b) combined contribution of stromal and epithelial nuclear architecture in predicting disease aggressiveness and patient outcome. In a cohort of 160 p16+ oropharyngeal tumors (141 non-progressors and 19 progressors), a support vector machine (SVM) classifier in conjunction with 7 graph features extracted from the SpACCl graph yielded a mean accuracy of over 90% with PPV of 89.4% in distinguishing between progressors and non-progressors. Our results suggest that (a) stromal nuclear architecture has a role to play in predicting disease aggressiveness and that (b) combining nuclear architectural contributions from the stromal and epithelial regions yields superior prognostic accuracy compared to individual contributions from stroma and epithelium alone.
On the Possibility of Correct Apparently Circular Dispositional Analyses

Etude du probleme de circularite dans l'approche philosophique dispositionnelle des concepts/proprietes. Adoptant la forme des propositions biconditionnelles universelles, l'A. examine l'interpretation semantique et la representation syntaxique des proprietes et des relations definies en termes de complexes et de composants.
A Review of ECE Correlation Radiometry Techniques for Detection of Core Electron Temperature Fluctuations

Over the past 15 years, correlation radiometry techniques have been developed to detect the small-amplitude, high-frequency electron temperature fluctuations to which standard electron cyclotron em...
Determination of Mesalamine levels in Human Milk as a Function of Dose

Abstract Background: Oral mesalamine (5-amino salicylic acid [5-ASA]) is an anti-inflammatory agent commonly used to treat inflammatory bowel disease such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease....
A Pilot Study Using a Multistaged Integrated Analysis of Gene Expression and Methylation to Evaluate Mechanisms for Evening Fatigue in Women Who Received Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer.

Context:Fatigue is the most common symptom associated with cancer and its treatment. Investigation of molecular mechanisms associated with fatigue may identify new therapeutic targets.Objective:The...
A pressure based respiratory motion management system with biofeedback for MR-based radiotherapy

Purpose: Motion must be accounted for with focal treatments such as liver directed stereotactic body radiotherapy otherwise there is a risk of marginal miss and/or increased toxicity to surrounding structure. There have been many proposed methods for motion management including respiratory gating, inhibition and tracking. The purpose of this study is to evaluate a pressure-based respiratory motion management system with biofeedback to the patient for MR-guided radiotherapy treatments. Methods: A respiratory motion management belt was modified in house to provide visual biofeedback of subject respiratory trace using pressure readings from an air bladder. Three groups participated in the study: Group I included two investigators who were imaged twice, with imaging sessions separated by one week, while wearing the motion management belt. Group II included four healthy volunteers, imaged using the belt for CINE and anatomical imaging. Group III included two cancer patients with liver lesions imaged while wearing the device, imaged pre-radiotherapy treatment, and post-treatment. During image acquisition, a display showed participants their respiratory traces and guidelines to indicate the desired respiratory amplitude. Results: The average peak-to-peak motion of the liver dome was decreased from 30.55 ± 7.83 mm to 5.58 ± 0.85 mm for free-breathing and utilizing a small window guiding box with visual guidance CINE image sets respectively in the investigator study. Volunteers and cancer patients were able to consistently manage their breath traces, including sequential breath holds, over the course of 30–60 min imaging sessions. Conclusions: The proposed motion management belt with visual biofeedback design is able to provide greatly reduced respiratory motion of the liver, and repeatable breath hold in MR simulation. The components used in the device also allow it to be in place during all steps of the radiotherapy planning process, including MR anatomical imaging, CT simulation, and treatment delivery due to the absence of high z or metallic material.
Development of a shuttle plasmid without host restriction sites for efficient transformation and heterologous gene expression in Clostridium cellulovorans

Clostridium cellulovorans capable of producing large amounts of acetate and butyrate from cellulose is a promising candidate for biofuels and biochemicals production from lignocellulosic biomass. However, the restriction modification (RM) systems of C. cellulovorans hindered the application of existing shuttle plasmids for metabolic engineering of this organism. To overcome the hurdle of plasmid digestion by host, a new shuttle plasmid (pYL001) was developed to remove all restriction sites of two major RM systems of C. cellulovorans, Cce743I and Cce743II. The pYL001 plasmid remained intact after challenge by C. cellulovorans cell extract. Post-electroporation treatments and culturing conditions were also modified to improve cell growth and colony formation on agar plates. With the improvements, the pYL001 plasmid, without in vivo methylation, was readily transformed into C. cellulovorans with colonies of recombinant cells formed on agar plates within 24 h. Three pYL001-derived recombinant plasmids free of Cce743I/Cce743II restriction sites, after synonymous mutation of the heterologous genes, were constructed and transformed into C. cellulovorans. Functional expression of these genes was confirmed with butanol and ethanol production from glucose in batch fermentations by the transformants. The pYL001 plasmid and improved transformation method can facilitate further metabolic engineering of C. cellulovorans for cellulosic butanol production.
LLIF as a Less Invasive Adjunct for Deformity Surgery

Adult spinal deformity is a complex spectrum of disorders that commonly results in symptomatic spinal stenosis and decreased quality of life in patients over 60. Correction of severe deformity remains a challenge for even the most experienced surgeons. This challenge is amplified in patients over 60, where traditional open approaches are associated with significant intraoperative blood loss and postoperative complications. Newer, minimally invasive techniques for interbody fusion and posterior spinal fixation have sought to decrease these complications. Lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) utilizes a lateral, retroperitoneal corridor to access the intervertebral disk spaces of the lumbar spine. This approach allows for placement of large diameter interbody cages and indirect decompression of neural elements without the associated risks of open anterior and posterior approaches. However, LLIF is not without its own unique complications secondary to violation of the psoas muscle during the approach, and anatomical variations in vascular and neural structures make the approach dangerous in some patients. Despite these challenges, LLIF remains a promising adjunct to posterior spinal fixation. This review will focus on the surgical technique, outcomes, and complication rates of LLIF in adult spinal deformity, as well as compare these parameters to alternative techniques including anterior lumbar interbody fusion, posterior lumbar interbody fusion, and stand-alone posterior spinal fixation.