cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance modeling and analysis of correlated parallel computations

A performance analysis methodology for correlated parallel computations based on statistical theory is proposed. Divide-and-conquer strategy is widely used in solving problems in parallel by partitioning and allocating a number of given tasks to available computing resources. When the tasks exhibit run-time-dependent behaviors during execution and share a universal distribution function in their execution times, analysis of parallel execution time can be performed with the assistance of probabilistic and statistical models. Correlation (dependence) in execution times among tasks has posed a significant factor in influencing the analysis accuracy which is unmanageable by any known analysis methodologies. We establish a relation between a task's or a processor's execution time and the parallel execution time, in terms of expected value as well as variance when each task's execution time can be closely modeled by a normal distribution, for either uncorrelated or correlated tasks. This relation is then applied to the modeling and analysis of various parallel computation paradigms in which different communication and synchronization patterns along the processing are present. The method proposed has a wider application scope and gives more accurate prediction results than previously known approaches. We also show that, as an extended application of the analysis method to a large scope of problems, load balance among processors can be vastly improved with some novel static task allocation technique in manipulating the correlation among tasks. Experimental results in analyzing a parallel tree search algorithm and two parallel sorting algorithms show very accurate analysis and prediction with the proposed method.
Optically detected far-infrared resonances in doped GaAs quantum wells.

We have observed a variety of far-infrared resonances, including the transition from the ground state to the first excited state in neutral donors, and singlet and triplet transitions of negative donor ions (${\mathit{D}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$), as well as electron-cyclotron resonance, in well-center-doped GaAs quantum wells, employing a recently developed optical detection technique. The power of this technique for studying impurity states in confined systems is clearly revealed. Results provide evidence for the existence of ${\mathit{D}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ centers under optical excitation in multiple-quantum-well structures doped only in the wells.
Smoking, alcohol use, dietary factors and risk of small intestinal adenocarcinoma

To investigate the role of tobacco and alcohol use and dietary factors in the etiology of small intestinal adenocarcinoma, we analyzed data from a large population-based case-control study of multi-site cancers conducted in Los Angeles County between 1975 and 1984. The present analysis included interview information on 36 small intestinal adenocarcinoma patients and 998 population controls. After adjusting for age and ethnicity, men who smoked more than 100 cigarettes during their lifetimes were at a non-significantly 3-fold increased risk for small intestinal adenocarcinoma; this association was substantially weaker in women. In men and women combined, a significant 3-fold increased risk in heavy drinkers (80+ g ethanol/day) relative to more moderate drinkers and non-drinkers was observed. Although frequent (>6 times vs. less than 2 times of intake a week) intake of foods rich in heterocyclic aromatic amines (based on the combined intake of fried bacon and ham, barbecued and/or smoked meat and smoked fish) was associated with a significant 4.5-fold increased risk of small intestinal adenocarcinoma in men; this association was not present in women. Based on 2 questions that provided a crude assessment of sugar intake, risk of small intestinal adenocarcinoma in men and women appeared to be associated with adding sugar regularly in coffee or tea and daily intake of non-diet carbonated soft drinks. When we computed total sugar intake from tea, coffee and non-diet carbonated soft drinks, there was a consistent and significant trend of increasing sugar intake and risk of small intestinal adenocarcinomas. Compared with the lowest intake level a day ( 25 g) were associated with ORs of 2.5 and 3.8, respectively.
Editorial: Human and Machine Learning

Although science can be characterized in terms of search, some search methods let one explore multiple paths in parallel. We have argued that more machine learning researchers should focus their efforts on modeling human behavior, but we have not argued that the field should limit itself to this approach. For those interested in general principles, the study of nonhuman learning methods is also necessary for useful results. In terms of applications, some of machine learning's greatest achievements have involved nonincremental methods that are clearly poor models of human learning. Planes are terrible imitations of birds (and fly less efficiently), but there are still excellent reasons for using aircraft. However, we do believe that too little research has focused on results from the literature on human learning, and that greater attention in this direction would benefit the field as a whole. Science is a complex and bewildering process, and the scientist should employ all available knowledge to direct his steps in useful directions. This strategy seems especially important in young fields like machine learning, in which conflicting views and methods abound. We encourage the reader to join us in applying machine learning techniques to explain the mysteries of human behavior, and in using knowledge of human behavior to constrain our computational theories of learning.
Inhibition of Transforming Growth Factor β1 Induction by Dietary Vitamin E in Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction in Rats

Abstract Free radical species associated with bilateral ureteral obstruction (BUO) are considered important in the pathogenesis of the glomerular and tubulointerstitial injury in BUO rats. We seek to test the hypothesis that the use of an easily administered antioxidant, vitamin E, at sufficient plasma concentrations, can decrease this release of free oxygen radicals in kidney tissue and ameliorate the increase of the fibrogenic cytokine, transforming growth factor β-1 (TGFβ-1). We used the unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) rat model, because the presence of the uninjured contralateral kidney provides a nonuremic internal milieu, in contrast to the uremic, acidotic, and hypercholesterolemic BUO model. Compared to sham controls, the UUO animals showed a dramatic increase in renal cortical TGFβ-1 mRNA, as quantitated by Northern blot analysis with cyclophilin internal standards. This increase in TGFβ-1 mRNA was reversed in UUO rats treated with vitamin E. The plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, an index of lipid peroxidation and an indirect index of free radical release, was significantly elevated in UUO animals compared to sham animals. The vitamin E-treated UUO animals showed a significant decrease in both plasma and renal cortical tissue MDA content. Taken together, these findings provide evidence of the important biological role of reactive free radical species in the tubulointerstitial injury of UUO and the novel role of vitamin E in modulating the mRNA of the fibrogenic TGFβ-1 in obstructive uropathy.
Application of shallow shear-wave seismic reflection methods in earthquake hazards studies

In engineering geophysics, the use of shear-wave seismic methods for earthquake hazards analysis has primarily been limited to site-specific downhole, crosshole, and refraction studies for velocities to model site response to earthquake shaking and/or liquefaction potential. This paper demonstrates the utility of S-wave reflection methods in earthquake hazards studies, focusing on areas where collection of high-quality compressional-wave reflection data is problematic. Specific examples will show how S-wave reflection data help interpret the age, style, and extent of near-surface deformation in the New Madrid seismic zone of the central United States, and in mapping the Holocene-Pleistocene surface beneath the Fraser River delta in southwestern British Columbia (Canada).
Using Context to Create Semantic 3D Models of Indoor Environments.

Semantic 3D models of buildings encode the geometry as well as the identity of key components of a facility, such as walls, floors, and ceilings. Manually constructing such a model is a time-consuming and error-prone process. Our goal is to automate this process using 3D point data from a laser scanner. Our hypothesis is that contextual information is important to reliable performance in unmodified environments, which are often highly cluttered. We use a Conditional Random Field (CRF) model to discover and exploit contextual information, classifying planar patches extracted from the point cloud data. We compare the results of our context-based CRF algorithm with a context-free method based on L2 norm regularized Logistic Regression (RLR). We find that using certain contextual information along with local features leads to better classification results.
1,2-oxazine linker as a thermal trigger for self-immolative polymers

Abstract We have demonstrated the site-specific thermal activation of self-immolative polymers (SIPs) using a bicyclic oxazine as a temperature-sensitive triggering moiety. The oxazine-based trigger was installed at the junction of a SIP-poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) diblock copolymer via oxidation of hydroxyurea end groups on the SIP and in situ [4 + 2] cycloaddition with cyclopentadiene-functionalized PDMA. The trigger undergoes a thermally-driven cycloreversion which ultimately leads to initiation of the depolymerization process. The temperature dependence of activation and depolymerization were investigated, along with the mechanism of activation. The relative rates of depolymerization at different temperatures suggested to us that the thermal trigger design may be a good candidate for on-demand activation of SIPs with minimal background triggering.
The role of cytoplasmic membranes in the regulation of water concentration within frog oocytes

Abstract Large ovarian oocytes from frog ovaries were treated for 1 sec in water of 80°C. Such “nudoplasts” were shown to lose ultraviolet-absorbing and trichloroacetic acid-precipitable substances into a physiological saline medium. They were also shown to be permeable to labeled gamma globulin protein and to be unable to retain their normal appearance. Despite the fact that they had become highly permeable, nudoplasts could still change volume in hyper- and hypotonic salt solutions for a period of one to several hours. They could swell markedly in hypotonic media but sometimes could not shrink in hypertonic salt solutions. These data were interpreted as evidence that the oocytes consist of two osmotically active “compartments”. One, the protoplasmic mass, owing its osmotic properties to the plasma membrane and the other consisting of interior vesicles owing their osmotic properties to their investing membranes. In nudoplasts the surface damage renders the protoplasmic compartment osmotically non-functional but the vesicular compartment is though to retain its osmotic properties. Cytological evidence of swollen cortical vesicles in normal cells was presented to support the argument. Examination of the magnitude of swelling led to the conclusion that the interior vesicles could not increase in volume to the observed extent simply with semi-permeable membranes and a fixed solute content. It was suggested that ion-pumping takes place into the vesicles of the cytoplasm, especially those of the cell cortex.
The Hubble Space Telescope Scientific Instruments

The paper describes the status of the five Scientific Instruments (SI's) to be flown on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) which is planned to be launched by the Space Transportation System in the last half of 1986. Concentration is on the testing experience for each of the instruments both at the instrument level and in conjunction with the other instruments and subsystems of the HST. Since the Acceptance/Flight Qualification Program of the HST is currently underway a description of the test and verification plans to be accomplished prior to shipment to the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and pre-launch tests plans prior to launch are provided. The paper concludes with a brief description of anticipated orbital performance.
Aluminum mirror degradation in a vuv laser

Abstract Thermal calculations have been made for overcoated aluminum mirror structures of the type used in vacuum uv lasers. The resulting thermal profiles suggest the dominant mechanism for mirror failure to be melting of the aluminum. Design parameters to avoid rapid mirror degradation are discussed.
Frontal sinus stenting techniques

Postoperative reocclusion or obstruction of the frontal sinus outflow tract are key factors in the failure of surgical efforts to treat frontal sinus disease. Stenting of the frontal sinus is a useful adjunctive measure for select patients, including those who have failed previous surgical treatment or who are deemed to be at high risk of failure due to unfavorable anatomy or mucosal disease. Multiple approaches to stenting of the frontal sinus are available, including purely endonasal techniques, a combined approach using both endonasal access to the frontal sinus and external trephination, and an external approach via modified Lynch (Neel-Lake) frontoethmoidectomy. Herein, we describe the surgical techniques for frontal sinus stent placement, review the options for choice of stenting material, and discuss key factors in postoperative management and stent maintenance.
A general synthesis of 2'-deoxy-2'-[18F]fluoro-1-β-D-arabinofuranosyluracil and its 5-substituted nucleosides

Several 2′-deoxy-2′-[18F]fluoro-1-β-D-arabinofuranosyluracil derivatives have been synthesized. Coupling of 1-bromo-2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-3,5-di-O-benzoyl-α-D-arabinofuranose 2 with protected uracil derivatives 3a–e followed by hydrolysis and high-performance liquid chromatography purification produced the radiolabeled nucleosides 4a–e in 15–30% yield (d. c.), >99% radiochemical purity and 55.5–103.6 GBq/µmol specific activities. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of EQUIVALENCE in converting C to Fortran

The conversion of a large C software package to FORTRAN brought about some interesting problems, and solutions. The following problems and subsequent solutions of converting a C software package to FORTRAN owe a great deal to the EQUIVALENCE declaration in FORTRAN. This case involved converting an existing C implementation of a Computer Graphics Interface (CGI) to FORTRAN. This included writing the interface completely down to the board level.
Administrator and Researcher: Conflicting Dual Roles in Directing a School-University Partnership

This article explores the contextual factors within the university that can affect the liaison's functions and determine the level of participation. It posits that Harkavy 's conceptualization of service learning as a founding mission of urban universities directly conflicts with the university's primary legitimating activity of granting tenure, in a majority of instances, for self-referential research. This conflict can dichotomize researcher and liaison roles embodied in one faculty member The dichotomy will diminish the liaison's level of commitment and degree of participation in the partnership activities, impairing the quality of assistance provided to the school and thus potentially lessening the intended impact of the schooling experiences for students in urban school districts. Presented in this article is an examination of this duality and the strategies that the author as a junior faculty member, employed to harmonize them.
Tunable microstrip antenna with circular polarization across 1.4∶1 frequency span

A tunable microstrip antenna with circular polarization across a frequency span of 1.4:1 is presented. A dual mode microstrip antenna element with independent frequency control for each polarization is designed. Circular polarization is then achieved with both modes tuned to resonate slightly offset from the intended operating frequency. Measured return loss and patterns are presented.
The role of nickelole intermediates in the oligomerization of alkynes

Abstract Bis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(II) chloride reacts with E,E, -1,4-dilithio-1,2,3,4-tetraphenylbutadiene to yield a solution of a 2,3,4,5-tetraphenylnickelole complex. This compound reacts promptly with CO to yield tetracyclone, with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate to form dimethyl tetraphenylphthalate and catalytically with diphenylacetylene to form hexaphenylbenzene. A similar treatment of (1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane)nickel(II) chloride with the lithium reagent led to the isolation of (1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane)bis(2,3,4,5-tetraphenylnickelole), which likewise reacts with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate to yield dimethyl tetraphenylphthalate. These results support the interpretation that nickeloles are reactive intermediates in the cyclotrimerization of alkynes by nickel(0) catalysts.
A Defense of Descriptive Moral Content

Terry Horgan and Mark Timmons have recently provided an updated presentation and defense of a metaethical view that they call cognitivist expressivism. Expressivists claim that moral judgments express propositional attitudes that do not represent or describe the external world. Horgan and Timmons agree with this claim, but they also deny the traditional expressivist claim that moral judgments do not express beliefs. On their view, moral judgments are genuine, truth-apt beliefs, thus making their form of expressivism a cognitivist one. In this essay, I argue that Horgan and Timmons have failed to demonstrate that moral judgments express sui generis, nondescriptive content by showing that at least some moral content is descriptive. In addition, I show how the descriptivist can account for those properties that Horgan and Timmons consider distinctive of moral belief. In doing so, I remove one of the expressivist's most important lines of motivation for positing nondescriptive moral content in the first place. At the end of the essay, I briefly sketch a view that I call partial or modest moral realism.
New estimates of global under-5 mortality

Christopher Murray and colleagues publish the results of an analysis of under-5 mortality data. They note several issues they believe limit the quality and usefulness of evidence on child mortality estimates produced by the Inter-agency Child Mortality Estimation Group (IACMEG) which includes WHO UNICEF the World Bank the UN Population Division Harvard University the US Bureau of the Census and others. Developing the best possible method is important and we repeat the invitation previously extended to Murray to join the Inter-agency group. However we wish to note that many of the issues raised have already been recognised by the IACMEG and incorporated into its work plan. Additionally we take issue with several of the technical arguments and conclusions of the article. First UNICEF and members of the IACMEG have recognised the issue of the completeness of databases and significant work has already been completed in the development of a new and updated database which will go live in thecoming months. This public-access database will allow ready access to the IACMEG child mortality estimates in addition to information on how they are calculated and the data sources used. (excerpt)
Pre-exposure and stimulus choice: Effects of locale

Rats pre-exposed to stimuli in one locale failed to show an effect from this pre-exposure when presented with the stimuli in a second locale. Pre-exposure in a locale did affect subsequent choice in that same locale. These results do not replicate a recent report of the effects of pre-exposure.
Synthesis and some characteristics of di-π-cyclopentadienyl-σ-organotitanium(IV) chlorides

Abstract A series of organotitanium compounds of structure (π-C 5 H 5 ) 2 Ti(R)Cl was prepared, where the R ligand was attached by a σ-Ti C bond. In studying the properties of these compounds, the following observations were made. The σ-Ti C bond absorbs in the infrared at about 460 to 465 cm −1 . It is apparently a weak, but otherwise normal, covalent bond. In contrast to many other metal atoms, the titanium atom has little effect on the C H bonds in the σ-bonded ligand. The Ti Cl bond has ionic character and, in compounds where steric crowding may be important, may form chloride ions oven in non-polar solvents.
Does trehalose occur in angiospermae

Abstract Two previous reports on the identification of trehalose in Angiospermae could not be corroborated.
Nutritional Effects on Response of Children in Developing Countries to Respiratory Tract Pathogens: Implications for Vaccine Development

Malnutrition and respiratory disease commonly occur together, and the immunologic defects caused by malnutrition may affect clinical responses and the impact of vaccines. These defects include impaired maturation and function of T lymphocytes, diminished secretory immune responses, poor humoral antibody responses to polysaccharide antigens, deficient complement activity (especially the alternative pathway), and impaired antimicrobial mechanisms by phagocytic cells. In addition, protein-energy malnutrition often leads to very high serum levels of IgE as a result of altered T cell regulation of IgE production and may contribute to IgE-mediated pathologic responses to respiratory syncytial virus or parainfluenza virus infection. Correction of these deficits may improve host response to infection and enhance vaccine-related protection. Both vitamin A and iron deficiency states have been epidemiologically associated with increased morbidity due to respiratory infection. The impact of preventive therapy with either vitamin A or iron is still uncertain, but such therapy has the potential for diminishing the incidence of respiratory infections and their consequences.
Colorimetric Sensor Arrays for the Analysis of Beers: A Feasibility Study

Eighteen commercial beers have been analyzed in both liquid and gas phases using colorimetric sensor arrays made from selected chemically responsive dyes printed on a hydrophobic membrane. Digital imaging of the dye array before and after exposure to the complex analytes in either the liquid phase or the head-gas provides a color change profile as a unique fingerprint for the specific analyte. The digital data libraries generated were analyzed using statistical and chemometric methods, including principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). In either liquid- or gas-phase experiments, facile identification of specific beers was achieved using comparison of the color change profiles; using HCA statistical analysis the error rate of identification was <3%. Differentiation between even very similar beers proved to be straightforward. In addition, differentiation of pristine beer from the effects of watering or decarbonation proved to be possible. These results suggest that colorimetric sensor arrays may prove to be useful for quality assurance/quality control applications of beers and perhaps other beverages.
Alienation, indifference and the choice of ideological position

In this paper we describe a simple model of individual voting behavior and present its implications for the candidate positioning problem under both vote and plurality maximization. Under our assumptions, some voters at the extremes of the ideological spectrum typically will not vote because they are alienated by the equilibrium location of candidates. There will also be some voters in the middle of the ideological spectrum who will not vote because they are indifferent between the equilibrium locations of the candidates. Both the abstention from alienation and from indifference arise explicitly from utility maximization. Once we allow for alienation and indifference, the two alternative candidate objective functions (vote maximization and plurality maximization) yield different outcomes. In particular, we show that under vote maximization the Median Voter (or Minimum Differentiation) outcome will not arise. On the other hand, under plurality maximization, the Median Voter outcome may or may not hold, depending on the distribution of voter preferences.
The elasticity of substitution for land: The effects of measurement errors

Abstract The explanatory variable used in most previous studies of land-nonland substitution, assessed or appraised land value, is subject to considerable measurement error. There is evidence that this biases the substitution elasticity from a true value of unity to a measured value in the 0.5 to 0.8 range. An hedonic method of measuring land value is proposed and applied to the Chicago residential sales data developed by Berry and Bednarz. Substitution elasticities are estimated within a CES framework from the two measures of land value; after correction for a vintage effect, appraised land value indicates that the elasticity is 0.57 whereas the hedonic measure of land values supports a unitary substitution elasticity. Therefore, the errors-in-variables hypothesis is confirmed and the use of a Cobb- Douglas production function is suggested.
Calculation of exchange integrals and electronic structure for manganese ferrite

The electrical and magnetic properties of manganese ferrite $({\mathrm{MnFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4})$ are calculated with the density-functional theory (DFT) method for both normal and inverse spinel structures. The exchange functional is chosen to be a mixture of Becke exchange and Fock exchange with variable weight (w). The exchange integrals ${J}_{\mathrm{AB}}$ (the exchange integral between the nearest-neighbor A and B sites) and ${J}_{\mathrm{BB}}$ (the exchange integral between nearest-neighbor B sites) are calculated by substituting the total energies of different magnetic ground states into the Heisenberg model. The calculated value of ${J}_{\mathrm{AB}}$ is in agreement with the experimental values measured by neutron diffraction and NMR. Also, the parameters U (Coulomb repulsion energy), \ensuremath{\Delta} (charge-transfer energy), and ${E}_{G}$ (band gap) are extracted from the density of states (DOS) and plotted versus w. Our calculated band gap shows that ${\mathrm{MnFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ is a complex insulator, in contrast to previous local spin-density approximation and generalized gradient approximation calculations, which showed it to be half metallic.
Expanding Bowen's legacy to family therapy: a response to Horne and Hicks.

In response to Horne and Hicks's critique of my 1994 revision of Bowen Theory, I present an updated rationale for my work. I argue that the primary difference in my construction of emotional differentiation rests in the way “self” is constructed. I suggest that many women, persons from less individualistic cultures, and very spiritual persons develop a “connected self” that is significantly different than Bowen's image of separate selves engaged with each other. I hold that Bowen Theory privileges individuality and ignores many of the positive aspects of togetherness. I put forth an inclusive model for differentiation that equally prioritizes each.
Basic phononic diagnostic measurements in fluid columns

A pre-selected 21 MHz ultrasonic transducer was used to produce characteristic pulses, arbitrarily similar to the quantum-mechanical concept of a phonon, describable as having a single-frequency modulated Gaussian shape. The propagation of such pulses in water-acoustic channels was studied in conjunction with nonlinear regression analysis and an Erlangian model for size distribution of molecular aggregates. Experimental results obtained distinguish between surface and bulk phenomena and provide quantitative measures of an average molecular cluster size in water. The relevance of the Erlangian model, in studying the near front of the channel, provides a significant distinction between the behavior of pure water and Ringer's solution of water. The inherent consistency between the various results re-enforces the theoretical approach, implying new venues for future research.
Ultrasonic reflection from a stressed interface

In seeking to develop an NDE technique for verifying the serviceability of NiTi couplers for plumbing unions, it was found that the reflection coefficient for a normally incident ultrasonic wave correlated with the stress level at the NiTi-tubing interface. Current theory pertaining to interface reflection is not complete but, even at present status, there is semiquantitative accord between theoretical predictions and normalized data for reflection coefficient versus stress level. These results are at fixed frequency and with comparable surface roughness. Variation of either frequency or surface roughness further affects the reflection coefficient. Current studies are being pursued to define this effect.
Motivational Techniques for Individual and Group Psychotherapy

A number of techniques are mentioned which may be utilized to improve patients' motivation during psychotherapy. Since patients' over-all motivation seems decisive in eventual therapeutic outcome a...
Examining individual and school characteristics associated with child obesity using a multilevel growth model

The childhood obesity epidemic continues to be a serious concern in the U.S., disproportionately affecting low socioeconomic and minority groups. Because many interventions are based in schools, both individual and school factors contributing to obesity were examined in this study. Employing data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998-1999 (ECLS-K), a three level hierarchical linear model was used to estimate children's body mass index (BMI) growth trajectories within their school contexts. Results indicated an inverse relationship between BMI and socioeconomic status (SES), except for black males. Additionally, results showed that low school SES and rural locality of the school were school-level risk factors of obesity. Lastly, a major portion of the between-schools variance was explained by aggregated student characteristics, indicating that students were more likely to attend schools with peers of similar BMI who had similar SES and race/ethnicity, supporting a school-level compositional effect associated with obesity.
Iconic manifestation of interlocutor distance in Russian

Abstract Assuming that every utterance has some sort of syntactic ‘deep structure’, data from Colloquial Russian suggest that a restrained interlocutor relationship results, iconically, in a ‘grammar of restraint’, the ‘grammar of closeness’, on the contrary, operates as a creative superstructure above the well-established and obligatory ‘grammar of restraint’. An alternative solution would be to posit two different sub-grammars: (a) an analytic and explicit ‘grammar of restraint’, generating primarily hypotactic structures, and (b) an undifferentiated ‘grammar of closeness’, generating primarily paratactic structures. Whichever approach one takes, the data show that the speaker's perception of interlocutor distance is systematically encoded in the language. The grammar of closeness, in general, tends to be used more by females than males, who favor the grammar of restraint, on which modern linguistics is based. Insofar as grammars of restraint are closely tied to propositional semantics, they have hitherto provided ample material for research, while the paratactic and synthetic grammars of closeness have largely remained outside the mainstream of research in modern linguistics. Future research on the grammar of closeness may eventually help to clarify certain inequities in the theory and practice of linguistics that may have arisen because of the traditional focus on the grammar of restraint.
The Case of Double Supervision: A Resident’s Perspective on Common Problems in Psychotherapy Supervision

The author, while in psychiatric residency training (PGY-3), presented an individual psychotherapy patient to two clinical supervisors, who acted formally as consultants, over a six-month course of treatment. There were fundamental differences of opinion between the supervisors concerning the psychotherapy. In addition, during a case conference, another senior psychiatrist acting as discussant offered a third and generally divergent view of the patient’s psychopathology and treatment. The results emphasize the extent to which residents may receive inconsistent and contradictory advice from their clinical supervisors and raise important questions concerning the proper role and practice of psychotherapy supervision in residency training.
Arid lands, riparian landscapes, and management conflicts

Not all landscapes are equal; they vary in non-commodity and commodity values. Landscapes that are endowed with the full range of values challenge managers to balance competing demands of special interest groups. Within desert areas, riparian landscapes most frequently encompass this full range of values and have been subjected to competing demands and conflicting uses for centuries. This article reports on a mail survey of the perceptions, attitudes, and opinions of the general public and special interest groups toward a riparian landscape in the Sonoran Desert. A specific point of inquiry is the relative position of professional resource managers compared with other groups on issues such as land use planning, appropriate management prescriptions, and appropriate land uses adjacent to riparian areas. Discriminant analysis of response data reveals significant differences among several special interest groups and the general public, and identifies an important challenge for the managers who are more aware of the fragility of arid lands and riparian ecosystems, and of threats to their continued productivity posed by rapid urban expansion.
Effect of heat shock and quarantine cold treatment with a warm temperature spike on survival of Mediterranean fruit fly eggs and fruit quality in Hawaii-grown 'Sharwil' avocado

The effects of a transient (warming) temperature spike on efficacy of an APHIS approved quarantine cold treatment, T107 (a), against Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, was tested on Hawaii grown ‘Sharwil’ avocados. Avocados infested with late stage eggs were subjected to a warming temperature spike (ca. 4.2°C for 1 h) at 6–9 days into the treatment and subsequently allowed to resume the treatment until conclusion (12 days at <1.1°C, 14 days at <1.67°C or 16 days at <2.2°C). Insertion of a ca. 4.2°C temperature spike into the treatment at 6–9 days had no effect on the efficacy of the quarantine cold treatment when fruit were allowed to resume the treatment to completion. Infested fruit which did not receive a ‘heat shock’ treatment (recommended to improve fruit quality) and subjected to cold treatment for 6–16 days at either <1.1, <1.67 or <2.2°C (fruit center temperature) had no survivors in the fruit by the 9th day of cold treatment. Infested avocados subjected to a ‘heat shock’ treatment for 10–12 h at 38°C prior to cold treatment (as above) had no survivors in the fruit by the 8th day of cold treatment. Results of this study indicate that a transient (warm) temperature spike of ca. 4.2°C of the type experienced during an in-transit cold treatment of Hawaii grown ‘Sharwil’ avocados will not compromise the efficacy of the treatment. This study also reconfirmed that the T107 (a) cold treatment (as stated in the APHIS treatment manual) is efficacious against Mediterranean fruit fly eggs in ‘Sharwil’ avocados, and that use of a ‘heat shock’ to prevent chilling injury during the cold treatment did not extend survivorship of fruit fly eggs. Studies on the effects of prolonged (18–28 day) cold storage on fruit quality indicated that avocados can be stored at quarantine cold temperature (pulp, 1.1–2.2°C) for up to 24 days without significant loss of external and internal quality compared to fruit quality at 12–16 days storage. Also, shelf life, Gray Flesh discoloration (of internal tissue), and disease were not affected by the prolonged storage duration.
Pragmatism and Ethnomethodology

Three features of pragmatist thought remain empirically underdeveloped or insufficiently explored: its call for a return to experience or recovery of concrete practices; its idea that obstacles in experience give rise to efforts at creative problem-solving; and its understanding of language in use, including conversational interaction, as an order of empirical practices in and through which problem-solving efforts are undertaken and social order ongoingly and collaboratively accomplished. Our aim in this article is to show that there exists a long-standing, theoretically informed, and empirically rich research tradition in which these pragmatist themes are further developed, albeit in ways the originators might have foreseen only in dimly programmatic form. This research tradition is ethnomethodology. We present in bold strokes the classical pragmatist ideas of Peirce, James, Mead, Dewey, plus Addams, focusing on the three themes mentioned above. We show how Garfinkel’s work surpasses even that of the pragmatists in developing the larger implications and promise of those themes. We demonstrate how ethnomethodological studies of work and science and conversation analysis, respectively, continue as well to develop the original pragmatist impulse in unsuspected ways. Finally, we step back from this account to ponder the broader significance of the connections we have explored between pragmatism and ethnomethodology.
Effects of an Attorney's Line of Argument on Accountants' Expert Witness Testimony

I test whether hints at an attorney's line of argument influence accountants' expert witness testimony. In experiment 1, litigation services accountants review evidence adopted from a recent auditor‐liability case and decide whether a defendant auditor complied with generally accepted auditing standards. I find that hints posed before the review of evidence result in decisions that are more consistent with the attorney's verdict preference. Motivated by a lack of research on the role of accountants' expert testimony in judges' decisions and by evidence that most auditor‐liability cases settle, I find in experiment 2 that the certainty of decisions in an expert's report affects the settlement decisions of experienced lawyers, a proxy for trial judges. These findings show that hints at an attorney's line of argument can influence accountants' decisions about evidence documenting auditing issues, and that the certainty of decisions in an expert's report can affect the decisions of mock trial judges. The stud...
Observational signatures of nonlinear magnetotail particle dynamics

It has been predicted that the nonlinear particle dynamics in the magnetotail leads to a class of resonance structures in the quiet-time ion distribution functions in the central plasma sheet (CPS). These structures exhibit a scaling law of H to the 1/4 power. The first identification of such a scaling law in quiet-time CPS distribution functions obtained aboard ISEE 1 is reported. A method is proposed which uses the observed resonance structures to determine the quiet-time current sheet thickness based on a measurement of the distribution function and magnetic field obtained by one satellite.
Testing the Adult Development Tower of Babel Hypothesis: Homogeneous by Perry Position Collaborative Learning Groups and Graduate Student Satisfaction

The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to investigate what appears to be a grounding assumption in some adult developmental and educational research: persons of differing epistemologies who are grouped together will understand one another less well than persons who are grouped homogeneously. A robust effect is discussed within the context of adult development theory, research on collaborative learning groups, and Bruffee's social constructionist challenge (K. A. Bruffee, 1993) to Perry and to cognitive development theory. Collateral research questions relating to covariates of developmental position (according to the Perry scheme) are entertained; confirmatory qualitative data are presented.
Delayed and multiple hyperbaric oxygen treatments expand therapeutic window in rat focal cerebral ischemic model.

Although the brain-protective effect of single, early applications of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) has been reported in acute ischemic stroke models, few studies have reported the long-term effect—especially after multiple HBO applications. This study employed delayed, multiple HBO treatments and evaluated cerebral infarction and neurological functional recovery for 4 weeks after transient focal ischemia. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) and were subsequently exposed to HBO (2.5 atmospheres absolute [ATA]) for 2 hours per day. HBO was administered at either 6 or 24 hours after MCAO/R and was repeated daily for 6 days. Rat behavior was scored to evaluate neurological deficits. The brains were removed for histological analysis of the infarct ratio at 1 and 4 weeks. Rats with HBO delayed for 6 or 24 hours following MCAO/R displayed a significant decrease of infarct ratio and amelioration of neurological deficits compared to the untreated group. This study suggests that delayed, but multiple, HBO treatments can improve neurological evaluation and reduce cerebral infarction.
Partisanship and Party System Institutionalization

Party identification, the psychological bond between citizens and a political party, is one of the central variables in understanding political behavior. This article argues that such party ties are also a measure of party system institutionalization from the standpoint of the public. We apply Converse’s model of partisan learning to 36 nations surveyed as part of the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems. We find that electoral experience and parental socialization are strong sources of partisanship, but the third-wave democracies also display evidence of latent socialization carried over from the old regime. The results suggest that party identities can develop in new democracies if the party system creates the conditions to develop these bonds.
Context-Aware, adaptive information retrieval for investigative tasks

We are building an intelligent information system to aid users in their investigative tasks, such as detecting fraud. In such a task, users must progressively search and analyze relevant information before drawing a conclusion. In this paper, we address how to help users find relevant informa-tion during an investigation. Specifically, we present a novel approach that can improve information retrieval by exploiting a user's investigative context. Compared to existing retrieval systems, which are either context insensitive or leverage only limited user context, our work offers two unique contributions. First, our system works with users cooperatively to build an investigative context, which is otherwise very difficult to capture by machine or human alone. Second, we develop a context-aware method that can adaptively retrieve and evaluate information relevant to an ongoing investigation. Experiments show that our approach can improve the relevance of retrieved information significantly. As a result, users can fulfill their investigative tasks more efficiently and effectively.
A Report on the Effects of Microwave Radiation on Imbibed and Nonimbibed Seeds of Pinus echinata MILL.

Summary Imbibed and nonimbibed seeds of shortleaf pine ( Pinus echinata MILL.) were exposed at 122 mW cm -2 to microwave radiation at a frequency of 2450 MHz for 0, 5, 10, or 20 min. Following treatment, seeds were planted immediately in pots containing moistened vermiculite. Germination of imbibed seeds decreased significantly as exposure time increased. Germination of non imbibed seeds was only benefitted at one exposure level, 10 min. If the seeds germinated seedlings were produced in which development was not influenced by irradiation as evaluated after 3 months by measurement of total length and dry weight. However, imbibed seeds produced seedlings that were, without exception, longer and heavier than those produced from non imbibed seeds.
A Theoretical Model of Wayfinding in Virtual Environments: Proposed Strategies for Navigational Aiding

This paper proposes a theoretical model of wayfinding that can be used to guide the design of navigational aiding in virtual environments. Based on an evaluation of wayfinding studies in natural environments, this model divides the wayfinding process into three main subprocesses: cognitive mapping, wayfinding plan development, and physical movement or navigation through an environment. While this general subdivision has been proposed before, the current model further delineates the wayfinding process, including the distinct influences of spatial information, spatial orientation, and spatial knowledge. The influences of experience, abilities, search strategies, motivation, and environmental layout on the wayfinding process are also considered. With this specification of the wayfinding process, a taxonomy of navigational tools is then proposed that can be used to systematically aid the specified wayfinding subprocesses. If effectively applied to the design of a virtual environment, the use of such tools should lead to reduced disorientation and enhanced wayfinding in large-scale virtual spaces. It is also suggested that, in some cases, this enhanced wayfinding performance may be at the expense of the acquisition of an accurate cognitive map of the virtual environment being traversed.
Characterization of Thyroid Hormone 5′-Monodeiodinase Activity in the Turtle (Trachemys scripta)

Thyroid hormone metabolism by 5'-monodeiodinase enzymes (5'MD) was characterized in peripheral tissues of the turtle, Trachemys scripta, and compared with activity measured in the rat. Based on differences in pH dependence, sensitivity to inhibitors, substrate affinity, and cofactor requirements, at least two types of enzyme activities have been identified in the turtle. A 5'MD activity was measured in liver and kidney microsomal fractions that exhibits inhibition by 2n-propyl-6-thiouracil (PTU), a higher affinity for rT3 (Km = 2 microM) than for T4 (Km = 6.5 microM), a low cofactor dependence, and a high pH optimum for T4 metabolism. The characteristics of this turtle low affinity T4 activity correspond to the mammalian type I monodeiodinase. A second type of monodeiodinase (MD) activity that is less sensitive to PTU, has a higher affinity for T4 (Km = 1 nM), a higher cofactor requirement, and a lower pH optimum was colocalized with the first form. Both turtle MD activities remain active over a range of temperatures, allowing for activity at the preferred body temperature of this species (28 to 37 degrees C compared to the 37 degrees C optimum in the rat). Based on limited comparative data of MD systems from several fish and birds, the turtle most closely resembles avian species. Like birds, turtles possess a mammalian-like type I activity and have colocalized MD forms in the liver. However, the second turtle MD form (MDH) is not comparable to the mammalian or avian MDII-like activity. Analysis of the deiodinase products from both turtle MDs by high-performance liquid chromatography confirmed that the putative turtle MDI produces T3 from T4 as expected. The MDH produces rT3 from T4 as does the mammalian type III form, but MDH has a wider tissue distribution (kidney, liver, pancreas, heart, ovary, and brain) and distinct enzyme kinetics. Moreover, MDH activity in the turtle kidney is 100-fold higher than in the liver, indicating that the kidney may play a critical role in the metabolism of thyroid hormones in the turtle; this high renal activity distinguishes the turtle from all other vertebrates studied.
A model of educational leadership: Wisdom, intelligence, and creativity, synthesized

This article presents a model of educational leadership—WICS—that encompasses wisdom, intelligence and creativity, synthesized. The article opens with a general discussion of issues in models of leadership. Then it discusses the role of creativity in leadership, dividing the discussion into academic and practical aspects. Next it deals with the role of intelligence in leadership. Then it discusses the role of wisdom in leadership. The article closes with a synthesis.