cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stellate Ganglion Blockade for the Treatment of Refractory Ventricular Arrhythmias.

Abstract Objectives This study sought to describe our institutional experience with establishing a neurocardiology service in an attempt to provide autonomic modulation as a treatment for ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). Background Treatment-refractory VAs are commonly driven and exacerbated by heightened sympathetic tone. Methods Among patients referred to the neurocardiology service (August 2016 to December 2018), we performed ultrasound-based, bilateral, temporary stellate ganglion blockade (SGB) in 20 consecutive patients. We analyzed outcomes of interest including sustained VA or VA requiring defibrillation in the 24 and 48 h before and 24 and 48 h after SGB. Results The majority of patients were men (n = 19, 95%), with a mean age of 58 ± 14 years. At the time of SGB, 10 (50%) were on inotropic support and 9 (45%) were on mechanical circulatory support. Besides 1 case of hoarseness, there were no apparent procedural complications. SGB was associated with a reduction in the number of VA episodes from the 24 h before (median 5.5 [interquartile range (IQR): 2.0 to 15.8]) to 24 h after SGB (median 0 [IQR: 0 to 3.8]) (p Conclusions Minimally invasive, ultrasound-guided bilateral SGB appears safe and provides substantial reduction in VA burden with approximately 1 in 2 patients exhibiting complete suppression of VT or VF for 48 h.
UTILIZING THE STRUCTURAL HEART TEAM TO IMPROVE OUTCOMES AND EFFICIENCY OF CARE FOR STRUCTURAL HEART PATIENTS

The Structural Heart Team (SHT) developed with the advent of transcatheter approaches for valvular heart disease therapy. 677 patients with aortic or mitral valve (AV or MV) disease were seen in clinic by SHT between 7/2015 - 7/2019. Patients underwent surgery or transcatheter approaches at the
Formation of a lanthanoid complex shell on a nanoparticulate wax core

Abstract Carboxylate-rich lanthanide complexes were employed as anion counterions to the cationic surfactant cethyltrimethylammonium (CTA) and assembled to form a shell around emulsifying wax nanoparticles. The anionic complexes consisted of lanthanide ions coordinated by the ligand DOTA-tetrahomoserine (DhS). In combination with CTA the complexes formed a surfactant system (CTA)[LnDhS] (Ln = Eu, Gd) with the nonpolar tail of CTA embedded in an emulsifying wax (EW) nanoparticle core. The DhS units were then crosslinked with divinylsulfone to form a shell around the EW core. Fluorescence and NMR data on the Eu complex were consistent with the formation of a stable polymeric shell around the wax core template. These results illustrate a general method that exploits electrostatic interactions to assemble capsules around solid lipid nanoparticles. Preliminary relaxivity measurements were carried out on particles with Gd-containing shells.
Monte Carlo Methods for the Propagation of Uncertainties

This chapter introduces Monte Carlo methods for calculating uncertainty in indirect measurements. In the Monte Carlo method, each input variable to the measurement model equation is randomly sampled from an appropriate probability distribution many times, and the output of the model equation calculated many times. Uncertainty can then be estimated by statistical analysis of the resulting output distribution. Unlike the GUM method, Monte Carlo uncertainty propagation makes no assumptions about normality of the input distributions or the linearity of the measurement model. This chapter begins with a discussion of requirements for a suitable random number generator for Monte Carlo analysis and how random variates can be sampled from different probability distributions. Then, techniques for using Monte Carlo in the uncertainty propagation problem are discussed, followed with suggestions for validating the results and a full comparison to the traditional GUM method. Finally, several case studies are presented demonstrating Monte Carlo for uncertainty propagation.
Ipsilateral and Contralateral Torque Responses to Bilateral and Unilateral Maximal, Fatiguing, Isokinetic Leg Extensions

Background: Few studies have compared performance fatigability (PF) for bilateral versus unilateral isokinetic tasks. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine: Mode-specific testing responses to isokinetic fatigue, differences in PF between bilateral and unilateral leg extensions, and the effects of fatiguing, unilateral, dynamic leg extensions on contralateral isokinetic peak torque (PT) and maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). Methods: Eight men (mean ± SD: age= 22.5 ± 2.5 yr.) completed pre- and post-testing for PT and MVIC following 50 bilateral, unilateral right or left leg maximal, isokinetic leg extensions at 180°·s-1, on three separate days. Fatigue-induced decreases in PT and MVIC were used to quantify PF. The data were analyzed with a 4-way repeated measures ANOVA, follow up, and post-hoc analyses. Results: The results indicated that there were no differences (p > 0.05) in PF for the bilateral versus unilateral fatiguing tasks, decreases in PT (p < 0.001 - 0.016; d = 0.54 - 2.58) and MVIC (p < 0.001 - 0.006; η2p = 0.682 - 0.962) for the exercised legs during unilateral fatigue, and a contralateral increase (p = 0.007) in PT following the right leg fatiguing task. Conclusion: The results indicated that PT was more sensitive to fatiguing isokinetic tasks than was MVIC. In addition, there was a facilitation of PT in the contralateral leg following unilateral right leg fatigue. The differences in PT and MVIC testing may be attributable to the timing and/or relative contributions of peripheral and central fatigue.
Making Whistleblowers Whole

If ever there was a time in history in which whistleblowers have taken center stage, it has been the past eighteen months. From COVID-19 to Trump’s first impeachment trial, whistleblowers have played a vital role in bringing to light information otherwise impossible to obtain. While the value that whistleblowers bring to government, organizations, and society has always been immeasurable, it is still the case that whistleblowers ultimately suffer a disastrous fate. They have made the decision to speak out against wrongdoing, often risking their jobs, livelihoods, and ability to thrive in their respective industry due to harassment, demotion, exclusion, or termination. As a result, the emotional harm that they naturally suffer is significant. In some cases, it even leads to depression, suicide, and other devastating consequences. Yet one of the most prominent federal whistleblower programs today—the Securities and Exchange Commission’s whistleblower provisions under the Dodd-Frank Act—is an anomaly in numerous respects. It is one of the only federal whistleblower programs that fails to offer non-economic, emotional damages as a remedial provision. After examining personal accounts of whistleblower experiences, this Article will conduct a comparative analysis of the damages available under the SEC’s whistleblower program of the Dodd-Frank Act as compared to several other notable whistleblowing statutes, some of which are also within the domain of the investment markets. This Article will then propose a theoretical basis in support of emotional damages for whistleblowers by both incorporating deterrence theory under economic principles in tort law and undergoing a “rights vs. remedies” analysis that considers the substantive and procedural considerations of ensuring that whistleblowers, in their pursuit of justice against their retaliators, are truly made whole.
Regulation of layered T cell tolerance mechanisms by the NR4A family is essential to preserve immune homeostasis and suppress autoimmunity

ABSTRACT The NR4A family of orphan nuclear receptors (Nr4a1-3) plays redundant roles upstream of Foxp3 to establish and maintain Treg identity; deletion of multiple family members in the thymus results in Treg deficiency and a severe inflammatory disease. Consequently, it has been challenging to isolate the functions of this family in other immune cells. Here we take advantage of a competitive bone marrow chimera strategy, coupled with conditional genetic tools, to rescue Treg homeostasis and unmask such functions. Unexpectedly, chimeras harboring Nr4a1−/− Nr4a3−/− (DKO) bone marrow develop autoantibodies and a systemic inflammatory disease despite a replete Treg compartment of largely wild-type origin. This disease differs qualitatively from that seen with Treg-deficiency and is B cell-extrinsic. Negative selection of DKO thymocytes is profoundly impaired in a cell-intrinsic manner. Consistent with escape of self-reactive T cells into the periphery, DKO T cells with functional and phenotypic features of anergy accumulate in chimeric mice. Despite this, DKO T cells exhibit enhanced IL-2 production, implying a cell-intrinsic role for the NR4A family in peripheral T cell tolerance. These studies reveal roles for the NR4A family in multiple layered T cell tolerance mechanisms and demonstrate that each is essential to preserve immune homeostasis.
Paired electrolysis of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural in flow cells with a high-performance oxide-derived silver cathode

Electrocatalytic upgrading of biomass-derived feedstocks driven by renewable electricity offers a greener way to reduce the global carbon footprint associated with the production of value-added chemicals. In this respect, a key strategy is the electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) reaction, which is typically paired with the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with sluggish kinetics, producing O2 with little value. Here we prepared an oxide-derived Ag (OD-Ag) electrode with high activity and up to 98.2% selectivity for the ECH of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) to 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF), and such efficient conversion was achieved in a three-electrode flow cell. The excellent BHMF selectivity was maintained over a broad potential range with long-term operational stability. We then considered the oxidation of HMF to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and hydrogen (to water) as more efficient and productive alternatives to the OER. In HMF-to-BHMF paired with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated HMF-to-FDCA conversion, a markedly reduced cell voltage from ∼7.5 V to ∼2.0 V was observed by transferring the electrolysis from the H-type cell to the flow cell, corresponding to more than four-fold increase in energy efficiency in operation at 10 mA. A combined faradaic efficiency of 163% was obtained for BHMF and FDCA. Alternatively, the anodic hydrogen oxidation reaction on platinum further reduced the cell voltage to only ∼0.85 V at 10 mA. These paired processes show the potential for integration of renewable electricity and carbon for green and economically feasible distributed chemical manufacturing.
A Multi-Level Analysis of the Effects of Epoch Length on the Estimates of Children’s Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity

Using an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer, the study examined the effects of different epoch lengths on children’s moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). The study also tested how different MVPA levels influence the relationship between epoch length and MVPA. The participants included third (n = 28) and fourth grade (n = 35) students. The third graders participated in a physical education class while the fourth graders were engaged in an active video game (AVG) class. Data were downloaded using six different epoch lengths. MVPA estimates were determined by five different cut points. Multi-level analyses were used to analyze the data. Results showed that when lower cut points were used, MVPA was positively related to epoch lengths, and this relationship was stronger when the MVPA level was higher. When higher cut points were used, epoch length was negatively related to MVPA, and this relationship was stronger when the MVPA level was lower. This study revealed that different epoch lengths generate various estimates of MVPA, and the relationship between epoch length and MVPA is affected by MVPA levels.
Simulation Testbeds and Frameworks for UAV Performance Evaluation

Real-world performance evaluation of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) requires a considerable amount of time and resources. It is challenging to evaluate and make frequent changes to optimize UAV performance practically. Furthermore, some cyber-attack resistance evaluation tests for UAV networks, like jamming, are illegal to perform in most countries. Simulators are software that enable us to evaluate UAV performance without real-world practical implementation. Simulations make it possible to create, implement, and test scenarios virtually on a computer. There are many simulators available for UAV performance evaluation, but they all differ in functionality and use. It is essential to choose the right simulator based on the requirements and needs of the research. In this paper, we investigated, evaluated, and categorized available UAV simulators to make it easy to choose the right simulation software for UAV performance evaluation.
Utility of the iPad NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery in a clinical trial of older adults.

Background To demonstrate feasibility and utility of the iPad version of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) in a clinical trial of older adults. Methods Fifty-one adults, aged 55 and older without dementia were tested twice on NIHTB-CB and more traditional paper-and-pencil neuropsychological measures after meal ingestion, with approximately a 4-week interval. We also compared performances at Time 1 and Time 2 for significant change. We also extracted the response times and errors for available NIHTB-CB subtests to determine subtle changes in performance. Results Over the interval, improvement in fluid cognitive measures was noted at Time 2 (t = -3.07, p = 0.004), whereas crystallized measures were unchanged. Tests of fluid cognition negatively correlated with age, particularly for the second visit. Analysis of the average speed per item showed that, for two of the tests, speed increased at Time 2. Traditional neuropsychological tests correlated with many of the NIHTB-CB measures. Response times for all five timed tests decreased at Time 2, although only statistically significant for Picture Sequence and Picture Vocabulary. Conclusions The iPad version of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery appears to be an adequate measure to assess cognitive functioning in a clinical trial of older adults. Psychometric analyses suggest stability in measures of crystallized functioning, whereas measures of fluid abilities revealed improvements over the short time frame of the study. Response times and errors for individual tests revealed intriguing relationships that should be further evaluated to determine the utility in clinical sample analysis, as this could aid identification of subtle cognitive change over short periods. Additional studies with larger sample sizes will be helpful to understanding the reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of the NIHTB-CB sub-scores in older adults. In addition, further evaluations with clinical populations, including individuals with cognitive impairment, are warranted.
Regulation of Hepatocyte Growth Factor in Mice with Pneumonia by Peptidases and Trans-Alveolar Flux

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) promotes lung epithelial repair after injury. Because prior studies established that human neutrophil proteases inactivate HGF in vitro, we predicted that HGF levels decrease in lungs infiltrated with neutrophils and that injury is less severe in lungs lacking HGF-inactivating proteases. After establishing that mouse neutrophil elastase cleaves mouse HGF in vitro, we tested our predictions in vivo by examining lung pathology and HGF in mice infected with Mycoplasma pulmonis, which causes neutrophilic tracheobronchitis and pneumonia. Unexpectedly, pneumonia severity was similar in wild type and dipeptidylpeptidase I-deficient (Dppi-/-) mice lacking neutrophil serine protease activity. To assess how this finding related to our prediction that Dppi-activated proteases regulate HGF levels, we measured HGF in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lung tissue from Dppi(+/+) and Dppi(-/-) mice. Contrary to prediction, HGF levels were higher in lavage fluid from infected mice. However, serum and tissue concentrations were not different in infected and uninfected mice, and HGF lung transcript levels did not change. Increased HGF correlated with increased albumin in lavage fluid from infected mice, and immunostaining failed to detect increased lung tissue expression of HGF in infected mice. These findings are consistent with trans-alveolar flux rather than local production as the source of increased HGF in lavage fluid. However, levels of intact HGF from infected mice, normalized for albumin concentration, were two-fold higher in Dppi(-/-) versus Dppi(+/+) lavage fluid, suggesting regulation by Dppi-activated proteases. Consistent with the presence of active HGF, increased expression of activated receptor c-Met was observed in infected tissues. These data suggest that HGF entering alveoli from the bloodstream during pneumonia compensates for destruction by Dppi-activated inflammatory proteases to allow HGF to contribute to epithelial repair.
Bogus feedback distorts recall of an interpersonal judgment task: three empirical tests of the post-decision feedback effect

Three experiments investigated a phenomenon of memory distortion. Social influence, in the form of bogus feedback information about the accuracy of an interpersonal judgment, dramatically distorted people's recollections. Participants in all three experiments watched a short video of a couple interacting. After the video was over, participants either judged which person had an affair or which person committed suicide (Experiment 1 only). After making their decision, participants were randomly assigned to hear bogus confirming ("Yes. that is the person who had the affair [committed suicide]") or discontinuing ("Actually, it was the other person who had the affair [committed suicide]") feedback. Participants in Experiment 1 (N = 98) who heard confirming feedback reported recalling more certainty in their decision, making their decision more easily, having a better basis for their decision, making their decision more quickly, being better at making judgments about others in general, and other distortions in recollection. This pattern of results was labeled the "post-decision feedback effect." Experiment 2 (N = 128) eliminated the possibility that the post-decision feedback effect is caused by participants' self-presentation concerns. Experiment 3 (N = 429) tested competing hypotheses for the post-decision feedback effect: anchoring and adjustment versus biased search of memory. Three variables were manipulated: post-decision feedback (Confirming vs. Disconfirming). completing dependent measures questionnaire under time pressure (Yes vs. No), and completing the dependent measures under cognitive load (Yes vs. No). The magnitude of the feedback effect was not changed by the resource constraint manipulations suggesting that the feedback effect is a highly
What Does This All Mean and Where Do We Go From Here

While Major League Baseball teams seem to be moving generally towards affiliating with minor league teams that are closer in proximity, there is still considerable room for improvement. Any remaining gains to be made in regionalization will likely require the Commissioner’s Office in Major League Baseball to coordinate the necessary moves. A deeper understanding of how proximity impacts player development, regional brand awareness, and minor league game day attendance is needed. A unified goal of maximizing attendance at all levels of affiliated professional baseball requires central planning. This chapter provides some suggestions to direct future research in this field of study.
Profiling and Detection of Bacterial Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are a major class of structural components in bacterial cell envelopes. Sugar profiles can differentiate and identify isolated bacteria. Carbohydrates can also serve as chemical markers for direct detection of bacteria in complex matrices such as mammalian body fluids and tissues. This chapter reviews the composition of some bacterial polysaccharides and their characteristic sugars. Preparation and analysis of derivatives of these sugar monomers by gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) is described. A modified alditol acetate procedure developed in our laboratories is presented along with some examples of its use.
THALIDOMIDE AND PHOCOMELIA

THALIDOMIDE [alpha (N-phthalimido) glutarimide] is a synthetic drug with the structural formula shown in Figure 1. Thalidomide was invented by the firm of Chemie Grunenthal as a sedative, but when tested on animals was found to be ineffective. Chemie Grunenthal was, however, so certain that thalidomide must have some quieting effect on the central nervous system that it was then tested on man for its effect on epilepsy, and promptly reported to be useless as an anti-convulsant but an excellent sedative. By 1957, thalidomide, marketed under the trade-name of Contergan, was widely used as a sedative and for mental patients. It was considered "safe" to keep in the home because an overdose caused a sound sleep but never produced fatal poisoning. Thalidomide was added to other preparations for conditions where sedation would be beneficial, such as headaches (Algosedive, which is aspirin, phenacetin, and thalidomine), migraine, cough, asthma, gastrointestinal disturbances, grippe, arthralgia, and arthritis. A preparation with a small amount of thalidomide was sold as a tranquilizer. The rights to market the drug were sold to a number of foreign pharmaceutical firms, and the drug was exported to many other countries. Thus, to my certain knowledge, more than a dozen preparations have been placed on the market in a minimum of 16 countries, excluding the United States, where it was distributed to over 1,000 physicians for investigation. Table I gives a list of these drugs which the author has been able to check. Evidence is steadily accumulating which indicates that both the number of preparations and the number of countries is far in excess of the above figures.
Diversity Education in Psychology

Psychologists work with clients who represent a wide array of global cultural and subcultural identities. Applied psychologists must learn how to effectively serve such a diverse clientele, and research psychologists will produce more valid outcomes and processes by accounting for multicultural effects in their studies. Efforts to provide services become problematic when psychologists attempt to make sense of clients’ worldviews solely through their own cultural lens. This is particularly the case when it results in a lack of understanding of differing cultural viewpoints. Regardless of psychologists’ roles, multicultural understanding and skills are not intuitive; preparation programs and psychological organizations have professional and ethical responsibilities to educate psychologists about diversities. Keywords: multiculturalism; race; racial identity
Onset of posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression among refugees and voluntary migrants to the United States.

Although refugees are generally thought to be at increased risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive episode (MDE), few studies have compared onset of PTSD and MDE between refugees and voluntary migrants. Given differences in migration histories, onset should differ pre- and postmigration. The National Latino and Asian American Survey (NLAAS) is a national representative, complex dataset measuring psychiatric morbidity, mental health service use, and migration history among Latino and Asian immigrants to the United States. Of the 3,260 foreign-born participants, 660 were refugees (a weighted proportion of 9.52%). Refugees were more likely to report a history of war-related trauma, but reports of other traumatic events were similar. Premigration onset of PTSD was statistically higher for refugees than voluntary migrants, odds ratio (OR) = 4.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) [2.01, 11.76], where postmigration onset for PTSD was not, OR = 0.61, 95% CI [0.29, 1.28]; a similar pattern was found for MDE, OR = 1.98, 95% CI [1.11, 3.51]; and OR = 1.02, 95% CI [0.65, 1.62], respectively. Although refugees arrive in host countries with more pressing psychiatric needs, onset is comparable over time, suggesting that postmigration refugees and voluntary migrants may be best served by similar programs.
Jurassic and Cretaceous tectonic evolution of the southeast Castle Dome Mountains, southwest Arizona

The southeast Castle Dome Mountains of southwest Arizona record the Mesozoic to Cenozoic geologic evolution of the Southwest. The age and tectonic setting of the informally named metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks of Slumgullion have occasioned considerable debate, although some previous researchers have postulated a Jurassic age. Possible correlatives to the rocks of Slumgullion include the McCoy Mountains Formation of southeast California and southwest Arizona and the Winterhaven Formation of southeast California. Within the rocks of Slumgullion detrital zircon ages were obtained from various metasedimentary units, including quartz arenites, arkosic sandstones, and a lithic arenite, in order to place constraints on depositional age and provenance. Primary igneous zircon ages were also determined for a metadacite from the base of the rocks of Slumgullion and from a monzogranite, which previous workers interpreted as having intruded the rocks of Slumgullion. Ages from U-Pb zircon dating reveal the base of the Slumgullion may be Jurassic (youngest zircon ca. 160 Ma), but the top of the sequence is no older than latest Cretaceous (three 78-77 Ma zircons). The metadacite and monzogranite appear to be older than the metasediments and likely represent the depositional basement to the Slumgullion sedimentary basin. After deposition of the latest Cretaceous Slumgullion unit, the monzogranite (158 Ma average crystallization age) was faulted over the former. Age peaks on probability density plots show that quartz arenites from the rocks of Slumgullion have similar source regions as the basal McCoy Mountains Formation and the Winterhaven Formation. This age signature is also similar to that of the Jurassic ergs
Frans Post's Brazil: Fractures in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Colonial Landscape Paintings

The inter-relationship between the foreground of Frans Post’s landscape paintings, containing representations of Brazil’s fora and fauna, previously considered a decorative afterthought, and the middle/background, showing broader mapped terrains with sugar mills and slave labour, is explored. An argument is presented that shows that Post was attempting to negotiate between several different layers of meaning: namely, how to represent Holland as having succeeded in gaining colonial control over a foreign country while still indicating the dangers and instability of such an endeavour in an exotic and unforgiving terrain.
Flunidazole--a new drug for systemic treatment of urogenital trichomoniasis.

Abstract A new drug, flunidazole (MK-915), for treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis, was used in a double-blind study on 100 women inmates at the California Institution for Women who were found to have Trichomonas vaginalis infestation. Fifty were treated with MK-915 with a cure rate of 90 per cent. Side effects to the drug were not observed. Minor changes in white blood cell count were noted.
CFCI3 (CFC-11): UV Absorption Spectrum Temperature Dependence Measurements and the Impact on Atmospheric Lifetime and Uncertainty

CFCl3 (CFC-11) is both an atmospheric ozone-depleting and potent greenhouse gas that is removed primarily via stratospheric UV photolysis. Uncertainty in the temperature dependence of its UV absorption spectrum is a significant contributing factor to the overall uncertainty in its global lifetime and, thus, model calculations of stratospheric ozone recovery and climate change. In this work, the CFC-11 UV absorption spectrum was measured over a range of wavelength (184.95 - 230 nm) and temperature (216 - 296 K). We report a spectrum temperature dependence that is less than currently recommended for use in atmospheric models. The impact on its atmospheric lifetime was quantified using a 2-D model and the spectrum parameterization developed in this work. The obtained global annually averaged lifetime was 58.1 +- 0.7 years (2 sigma uncertainty due solely to the spectrum uncertainty). The lifetime is slightly reduced and the uncertainty significantly reduced from that obtained using current spectrum recommendations
Mathematical Knowledge : Motley and Complexity of Proof

Modern mathematics is, to my mind, a complex edifice based on conceptual constructions. The subject has undergone something like a biological evolution, an opportunistic one, to the point that the current subject matter, methods, and procedures would be patently unrecognizable a century, certainly two centuries, ago. What has been called “classical mathematics” has indeed seen its day. With its richness, variety, and complexity any discussion of the nature of modern mathematics cannot but accede to the primacy of its history and practice. As I see it, the applicability of mathematics may be a driving motivation, but in the end mathematics is autonomous. Mathematics is in a broad sense self-generating and self-authenticating, and alone competent to address issues of its correctness and authority. What brings us mathematical knowledge? The carriers of mathematical knowledge are proofs, more generally arguments and constructions, as embedded in larger contexts. 1 Mathematicians and teachers of higher mathematics know this, but it should be said. Issues about competence and intuition can be raised as well as factors of knowledge involving the general dissemination of analogical or inductive reasoning or the specific conveyance of methods, approaches or ways of thinking. But in the end, what can be directly conveyed as knowledge are proofs. Mathematical knowledge does not consist of theorem statements, 2 and does not consist of more and more “epistemic access”, somehow, to “abstract objects” and their workings. Moreover, mathematical knowledge extends not so much into the statements, but back into the means, methods and definitions of mathematics, sometimes even to axioms. Of course, statements are significant as encapsulations or
Engaging Students with the Nature of Science and the Nature of Technology by Modeling the Work of Scientists.

Abstract Just as science education is too often limited to the acquisition of facts, technology education is too often limited to proficient use of technology. Neither of these goals fully realize a robust definition of science and technology literacy. To achieve greater science and technology literacy, students must understand the natures of both science and technology (NOST). Through understanding NOST, students can make better-informed personal decisions and participate in critical cultural discourse about the role of science and technology in our lives. This article provides ideas about what students should know about NOST and strategies for engaging students with these difficult ideas.
Longevity of ingested mRNA transcripts in the gut of a homopteran ( Bemisia tabaci ): avoiding experimental artifacts

Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the presence of ingested tomato transcripts in whiteflies (B. tabaci) collected immediately after removal from tomato and following a 72-h feeding period on either sucrose solution or cotton plants after removal from tomato. Primers selected for ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) and chlorophyll a/b binding protein transcripts were very specific and did not amplify their cotton counterparts. A 162-bp amplimer of Rubisco was observed only in plants and whiteflies allowed to feed on sucrose for 3 days after removal from tomato. This was observed with both the non-viruliferous and viruliferous whiteflies. The ampliner was not observed in whitefly fed with cotton for 3 days after removal from tomato. The results were similar for tomato chlorophyll binding protein, where the transcript was only successfully amplified in the total RNA from tomato and from whitefly feeding n a sucrose artificial diet. Plant transcripts persisted in viruliferous and non-viruliferous whiteflies after 72 h of feeding on sucrose.
Near‐axis heat flow measurements on the northern Juan De Fuca Ridge: Implications for fluid circulation in oceanic crust

Present models of the cooling of oceanic crust suggest that convection of hydrothermal fluid is a major component of the process. In axial regions, abundant faults and open fissures are associated with the venting of high temperature hydrothermal fluid. In older crust, where the insulating sediment cover is thick, previous studies have shown that basement topography is the dominant forcing factor for within-crust fluid circulation. In the intermediate region, where young crust is lightly sedimented, heat flow data are difficult to obtain with traditional techniques. To determine whether topography or permeability is the dominant process controlling fluid circulation in the near-axis region, we conducted a profile of heat flow measurements using the submersible ALVIN, on the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Our data indicate that topographic forcing is responsible for the long wavelength variations, with high heat flow at the ridge summits, and low values in the inter-ridge valleys. The locations of the extreme values of heat flow taken within the context of subsurface faulting are consistent with a model where a ridge-valley topographic pair comprises a single circulation cell. This model predicts that the source area for the high temperature axial vents may be in the flanking inter-ridge valleys.
A possible role of astrocytes in contextual memory retrieval: An analysis obtained using a quantitative framework.

The hippocampus is central to our understanding of memory formation and retrieval. Its CA1 region is known for encoding contextual memory. Here, using a computational approach, which embeds existing physiological data, we propose a particular role of astrocytes in contextual memory retrieval. We provide a quantitative framework under which the astrocyte modulates firing of the context-associated CA1 pyramidal neurons, resulting in a prominent tuning of neurons to the delta rhythm. Using the very framework, we further studied astrocyte function in modulation of neuronal firing under pathological conditions, i.e. during astrocytic induction of epileptiform discharge in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Thus, we provide a quantitative framework that would aide understanding of the Schaffer collateral-CA1 tripartite synapse in heath and disease.
Single-dose pharmacokinetics and antibacterial activity of daptomycin, a new lipopeptide antibiotic, in healthy volunteers.

Abstract Three separate single-dose studies were performed to define the disposition and pharmacokinetics of daptomycin in healthy volunteers. Daptomycin was administered as a single 14C-labeled dose (1.0 mg/kg of body weight) and as single doses between 0.5 and 6.0 mg/kg. All doses were intravenous. Antibacterial activity was determined from doses of 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 6.0 mg/kg against two strains of Staphylococcus aureus (one methicillin resistant) and one Enterococcus strain. After administration of 14C-labeled daptomycin, recovery of 14C in urine and feces accounted for 83% of the administered dose, with the greatest fraction (78%) appearing in the urine. Specific analysis for daptomycin in both urine and plasma indicated that metabolic products were present in urine, but total 14C in plasma consisted of daptomycin only. Doses between 0.5 and 6 mg/kg were linear, with a limited total body clearance (0.13 to 0.21 ml/min/kg) and a small volume of distribution (0.10 to 0.15 liter/kg). The small volume of distribution may be a factor of the high plasma protein binding (90 to 95%). Renal clearance made up 34 to 54% of total body clearance. Daptomycin demonstrated in vivo antibacterial activity against all three test strains, with the greatest activity observed against methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The predicted MIC for all three strains was approximately 13 micrograms/ml, corresponding to total (bound plus unbound) drug. On the basis of the drug's pharmacokinetics and antibacterial activity, doses of 4 to 6 mg/kg/day, possibly in divided doses, are predicted to be effective.
Cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome: a case with cardiac anomaly.

T H E ASSOCIATION be tween Pierre Robin syndrome (micrognathia , glossoptosis, and cleft palate) and mult i ple bilateral rib defects was first noted by Smith and assoc ia tes 1 in 1966. F o l l o w i n g the i r repor t , add i t iona l cases o f t he s y n d r o m e in a s soc i a t i on wi th tho rac i c dysplasia, consist ing o f rib gaps or pseudoarthroses, have been described?, 3 Our report describes a similar patient and summar izes this apparently specific syndrome. The high mortali ty ra te a s soc i a t ed wi th t h e s y n d r o m e makes its ear ly recogni t ion important if therapeut ic suppor t of the inf a n t is to be in i t i a ted in t ime. I f c o r r e c t i o n o f t he glossoptosis in a newborn infant with Pierre Robin synd rome fails to ameliorate the infant 's respiratory distress, the diagnosis of an associated thoracic dysplasia mus t be considered.
Logarithmic Term in the Density Expansion of Transport Coefficients

A divergence in the first (second) density correction to the transport coefficients of two- (three-) dimensional classical gases has been studied using the resolvent-operator formalism of the correlation-function expressions for the transport coefficients. As an illustration we consider the self-diffusion coefficient of the two-dimensional gas. A divergence in the triple-collision term arises from the behavior of the integrand at small values of the wave vector in the integration over the wave vector. Similar and stronger divergences appear in higher terms of the binary-collision expansion. The most divergent terms have been summed with the help of a diagram analysis and are shown to provide a natural cutoff to the divergence in the triple-collision term. The cutoff wave vector is proportional to the density $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and gives rise to a term involving $\mathrm{ln}\ensuremath{\rho}$ in the density correction to the transport coefficients.
An Information Technology Infrastructure for Internet-Enabled Remote and Portable Laboratories

With the proliferation of distributed and distance learning in higher education, there is a growing need for remote and portable laboratory design and deployment for the engineering, science, and technology education sectors. Amongst the current threads of research in this area, very little work has focused on solutions to the challenges, which are imposed by modern day information technology infrastructure, enterprise networks, and enterprise network security change management processes, that will be faced by large scale deployments of remote and portable labs. In this paper, the authors will discuss some of these challenges and will propose the use of the command and control communications architecture coupled with Web 2.0 as a solution to many of the deployment challenges.
Progress of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Cruises of the Atlantis

At the time of the last meeting of the Union, the laboratory of the Institution was just rising at Woods Hole; the research ship was being built in Denmark; and the scientific staff and program were in process of organization. The laboratory was opened for occupancy June 1931; the Atlantis was delivered to her owners in Copenhagen in that same month; and the Institution has now been in full operation long enough for some account to be given of its plans and progress.
A note on the optimization of constrained design problems

This paper describes a new algorithm for solving constrained optimization problems, based on a method proposed by Chattopadhyay. The proposed algorithm replaces the original problem withm constraints,m>1, by a sequence of optimization problems, with one constraint. Here, we modify the algorithm given by Chattopadhyay in order to make it applicable for a larger class of optimization problems and to improve its convergence characteristics.
The effect of environment on visual cliff performance in the Mongolian gerbil

Depth perception in the Mongolian gerbil was investigated as a function of age and environment. Thirty-two gerbils were raised in either a cliff or flat environment, and half the gerbils in each condition were tested on the visual cliff from 21 to 57 days of age. All gerbils were tested at 60–61 days on a standard visual cliff, a barrier cliff which prevented movement along the centerboard, and a jumping platform. While the gerbils did not display a preference for the shallow side when tested at 21 days, those living in a cliff environment showed rapid acquisition of such a preference, whereas those living in a flat environment did not. By 60–61 days, however, all gerbils demonstrated a strong preference for the shallow side on both versions of the visual cliff, regardless of environment or pretesting experience.
A 4096 element continuous facesheet MEMS deformable mirror for high-contrast imaging

This paper presents the progress in the development of a 4096 element MEMS deformable mirror, fabricated using polysilicon surface micromachining manufacturing processes, with 4μm of stroke, a surface finish of less than 10nm RMS, a fill factor of 99.5%, and bandwidth greater than 5kHz. The packaging and high speed drive electronics for this device, capable of frame rates of 22 kHz, are also presented.
Industry Clockspeed and the Pace of New Product Development

Recent empirical literature describes an industry's clockspeed as a measure of the evolutionary life cycle, which captures the dynamic nature of the industry. Among other factors, the rate of new product development is found to be associated with an industry's clockspeed. Yet the notion of an industry clockspeed and the essential factors driving suitable decision making in this area have remained relatively unexplored. We develop a simple definition and a corresponding analytic model which explains the interdependent relationship between a firm's own new product development activities and an industry clockspeed. Results from the single firm model show the conditions under which particular firms have an incentive to accelerate their new product development activities. Moreover, we link the single firm's NPD clockspeed decisions to the industry level by creating appropriate metrics which characterize different types of industries. Examples from high-tech industries such as the personal computer and aerospace industries are included to illustrate our findings. Our intention is not only to offer analytical insights into factors driving the clockspeed for these industries, but also to establish a fundamental structured decision making approach, thereby stimulating future research on this important topic.
Effect of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate on glutamate uptake and glutamine synthetase activity in hypoxic astrocyte cultures.

Astrocytes are important in regulating the microencironment of neurons both by catabolic and synthetic pathways. The glutamine synthetase (GS) activity observed in astrocytes affects neurons by removing toxic substances, NH3 and glutamate; and by providing an important neuronal substrate, glutamine. This glutamate cycle might play a critical role during periods of hypoxia and ischemia, when an increase in extracellular excitatory amino acids is observed. It was previously shown in our laboratory that fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) protected cortical astrocyte cultures from hypoxic insult and reduced ATP loss following a prolonged (18–30 hrs) hypoxia. In the present study we established the effects of FBP on the level of glutamate uptake and GS activity under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Under normoxic conditions, [U-14C]glutamate uptake and glutamine production were independent of FBP treatment; whereas under hypoxic conditions, the initial increase in glutamate uptake and an overall increase in glutamine production in astrocytes were FBP-dependent. Glutamine synthetase activity was dependent on FBP added during the 22 hours of either normoxic- or hypoxic-treatment, hence significant increases in activity were observed due to FBP regardless of the oxygen/ATP levels in situ. These studies suggest that activation of GS by FBP may provide astrocytic protection against hypoxic injury.
Sex and developmental differences by complexity of functions of occupational aspirations of school children across ten years.

The present longitudinal study examined the complexity of workers' functions for 65 children's occupational aspirations during a 10-yr. span beginning when the children were 7 yr. old and in Grade 2. Every two years through the senior year in high school, the children were interviewed, for a total of six interviews. Sex and developmental differences in occupational aspirations were examined with respect to the focus on Data, People, or Things. Girls (n = 31) selected occupational aspirations requiring greater complexity in People functions throughout the study. From Grades 2 to 8 boys chose occupations with greater complexity of Things and girls chose occupations with greater complexity of Data. Developmentally, all children chose increasingly more complex Data occupations from Grades 2 to 12. Occupational aspirations in high school showed a decrease in the complexity of workers' functions involving People and Things. These observations would be expected from social cognitive theory and the 1981 career development theory of Gottfredson.
Application of SWAT and APEX Models Using SWAP (SWAT/APEX Program) for Upper North Bosque River Watershed in Texas

In response to the Clean Water Act in early 1970s, the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) branch of United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) initiated the development of several processed-based nonpoint source models. These models are used to assess and evaluate various BMPs (best management practices) at field (using Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender, APEX) and watershed (using Soil Water Assessment Tool, SWAT) levels. However, these models are capable of simulating a limited number of scenarios individually. During this study the SWAP (SWAT/APEX Programs) program is developed to facilitate the simultaneous use of these two models. The SWAT (version 2000) and APEX (version 1310) models are applied using the SWAP program to the upper North Bosque River (UNBR) watershed located in central Texas. Flow and loadings (sediment, and nutrient) from various land uses, such as cropland and pasture, are simulated by APEX and then are routed by SWAT within the SWAP program. SWAT alone (SWAT-A) and combined SWAT and APEX models within SWAP program are calibrated and verified against historical monitoring data collected within UNBR watershed. The UNBR watershed is simulated from 1988 through 1999; model output is calibrated for flow, sediment, and nutrients measured at the outlet of UNBR watershed for the period of January 1994 through June 1995 and verified for the period of July 1995 to December 1998. The results of this study show that output from SWAT-A and SWAP are similarly close to measured values, which indicates that the simulated field conditions by APEX can be routed by SWAT at the watershed level using the SWAP program.