cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EEG Based Driver Inattention Identification via Feature Profiling and Dimensionality Reduction

More than 90% of the persistently increasing traffic fatalities is related to human choice/error. Monitoring driver attention has a direct effect on decreasing injury/fatality rates. In recent years, there has been much effort to estimate drivers’ state with the goal of improving their driving behavior and preventing vehicle crashes in the first place. Physiological based detection has shown to be the most direct method of measuring driver state among which, electroencephalogram (EEG) is the most comprehensive method. EEGs are recorded from multiple channels that are processed separately. However, contribution of a fairly large number of the channels might be minimal to the target application. The computational load and the redundancy induced by those channels can hurt the identification performance. In this study, we propose an EEG-based systematic methodology for the assessment of driver state of inattention. Our proposed framework includes three major modules: (1) We first characterize each EEG channel rigorously via extraction of various categories of descriptors as features, (2) we then capture the contribution of each channel toward the identification task via channel specific feature dimensionality reduction, (3) we then conduct channel selection in order to find key brain regions of impact. Eight subjects participated in our naturalistic driving study. Our proposed method resulted in the accuracy of 98.99 ± 1.2% inattention identification accuracy. We also discovered that the first and second best channels are consistently selected from frontal and parietal regions for participating subjects.
University students use fewer protective behavioural strategies on high-intensity drinking days

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS High-intensity drinking (HID), or consuming 8+ (10+) drinks in one sitting for women (men), is associated with significant harm. We compared the likelihood of individuals using protective behavioural strategies (PBS) on days with varying levels of drinking (HID, heavy episodic-only drinking [4-7/5-9 drinks for women/men], moderate drinking [1-3/1-4 drinks]). DESIGN AND METHODS We used an intensive repeated measures longitudinal design with four 14-day measurement bursts across 2 years (N = 258 university students [50.0% female, average age of 19.95 (SD = 0.41) years] who provided 3176 daily drinking reports). Each drinking day, participants reported the amount of alcohol consumed and whether they used PBS. RESULTS Multilevel models indicated that, relative to heavy episodic drinking-only days, students were more likely to use strategies of avoiding drinking too quickly on moderate drinking days (odds ratio = 1.90, confidence interval 1.50-2.40) but less likely on HID days (odds ratio = 0.38, confidence interval 0.29-0.48). Relative to heavy episodic drinking-only days, students were less likely to use strategies to protect themselves from serious harm on moderate days (odds ratio = 0.53, confidence interval 0.41-0.67) and equally likely on HID days (odds ratio = 0.84, confidence interval 0.93-1.41). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Despite elevated risk for alcohol-related harms when drinking most heavily, PBS may be under-utilised on higher-risk drinking occasions. In light of prior work supporting the effectiveness of PBS at reducing harms on HID days, increasing PBS should be emphasised in future prevention and intervention efforts.
Discussion of “Optimal Solution of Scheduling Problems Using Lagrange Multipliers: Part II”

I would like to congratulate Dr. Fisher on the quality of his research paper. This research shows much promise for advancing the resource scheduling problem from one for which only theoretical solution procedures exist to one which can be solved in practice. Branch and bound algorithms appear to present the greatest hope in the near term for obtaining practical solutions to research scheduling problems. Hence the branch and bound algorithms presented in Part II of Dr. Fisher’s paper coupled with and complimenting the bounding procedures presented in Part I appear to represent a significant improvement over existing methods of solving resource scheduling problems.
Abyssal Pathways and the Double Silica Maximum in the Northeast Pacific Basin

Causes of the double silica maximum in the deep Northeast Pacific Basin (NEPB) are explored using a stochastic Lagrangian approach. Steady-state advective fields, and diapycnal diffusion, are taken...
Weight-Control Practices Reported by Students in a Maine Middle School.

Extension professionals who work with youth are often faced with issues of body weight, diet and/or body image. How we handle these topics has the potential to either help or harm. The goal of the study reported here was to explore the prevalence and types of weight-control methods practiced by middle school students. The majority of students reported practices that have been previously associated with increased risk for becoming overweight. Those who work with children should be careful to avoid contributing to the tendency for children to begin weight-control practices that may paradoxically increase their risk for becoming overweight.
Gaining or Losing Perspective for Piecewise-Linear Under-Estimators of Convex Univariate Functions.

We study MINLO (mixed-integer non-linear optimization) formulations of the disjunction x ∈{0}∪ [l, u], where z is a binary indicator of x ∈ [l, u] (0 ≤ l 1.
Same Evidence, Varying Viewpoints: Three Questions Illustrating Important Differences between United States and European Cholesterol Guideline Recommendations

In 2018, the AHA/ACC Multisociety Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol was released. Less than one year later, the 2019 ESC/EAS Dyslipidemia Guideline was published. While both provide important recommendations for managing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk through lipid management, differences exist. Prior to the publication of both guidelines, important randomized clinical trial data emerged on non-statin lipid lowering therapy and ASCVD risk reduction. To illustrate important differences in guideline recommendations, we use this data to help answer three key questions: 1) Are ASCVD event rates similar in high-risk primary and stable secondary prevention? 2) Does imaging evidence of subclinical atherosclerosis justify aggressive use of statin and non-statin therapy (if needed) to reduce LDL-C levels below 55 ​mg/dL as recommended in the European Guideline? 3) Do LDL-C levels below 70 ​mg/dL achieve a large absolute risk reduction in secondary ASCVD prevention? The US guideline prioritizes both the added efficacy and cost implications of non-statin therapy, which limits intensive therapy to individuals with the highest risk of ASCVD. The European approach broadens the eligibility criteria by incorporating goals of therapy in both primary and secondary prevention. The current cost and access constraints of healthcare worldwide, especially amidst a COVID-19 pandemic, makes the European recommendations more challenging to implement. By restricting non-statin therapy to a subgroup of high- and, in particular, very high-risk individuals, the US guideline provides primary and secondary ASCVD prevention recommendations that are more affordable and attainable. Ultimately, finding a common ground for both guidelines rests on our ability to design trials that assess cost-effectiveness in addition to efficacy and safety.
Residential air-change rates: A critical review.

Air-change rate is an important parameter influencing residential air quality. This article critically assesses the state of knowledge regarding residential air-change rates, emphasizing periods of normal occupancy. Cumulatively, about 40 prior studies have measured air-change rates in approximately 10,000 homes using tracer gases, including metabolic CO2 . The central tendency of the air-change rates determined in these studies is reasonably described as lognormal with a geometric mean of 0.5 h-1 and a geometric standard deviation of 2.0. However, the geometric means of individual studies vary, mainly within the range 0.2-1 h-1 . Air-change rates also vary with time in residences. Factors influencing the air-change rate include weather (indoor-outdoor temperature difference and wind speed), the leakiness of the building envelope, and, when present, operation of mechanical ventilation systems. Occupancy-associated factors are also important, including window opening, induced exhaust from flued combustion, and use of heating and cooling systems. Empirical and methodological challenges remain to be effectively addressed. These include clarifying the time variation of air-change rates in residences during occupancy and understanding the influence of time-varying air-change rates on tracer-gas measurement techniques. Important opportunities are available to improve understanding of air-change rates and interzonal flows as factors affecting the source-to-exposure relationships for indoor air pollutants.
Global Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations: Performance Quantification of Magnetopause Distances and Convection Potential Predictions

The performance of three global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) models in estimating the Earth’s magnetopause location and ionospheric cross polar cap potential (CPCP) have been presented. Using the Community Coordinated Modeling Center’s Run-on-Request system and extensive database on results of various magnetospheric scenarios simulated for a variety of solar weather patterns, the aforementioned model predictions have been compared with magnetopause standoff distance estimations obtained from six empirical models, and with cross polar cap potential estimations obtained from the Assimilative Mapping of Ionospheric Electrodynamics (AMIE) Model and the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) observations. We have considered a range of events spanning different space weather activity to analyze the performance of these models. Using a fit performance metric analysis for each event, the models’ reproducibility of magnetopause standoff distances and CPCP against empirically-predicted observations were quantified, and salient features that govern the performance characteristics of the modeled magnetospheric and ionospheric quantities were identified. Results indicate mixed outcomes for different models during different events, with almost all models underperforming during the extreme-most events. The quantification also indicates a tendency to underpredict magnetopause distances in the absence of an inner magnetospheric model, and an inclination toward over predicting CPCP values under general conditions.
Molecular Identification of Trissolcus japonicus, Parasitoid of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, by Species-Specific PCR.

The samurai wasp, Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead), has been proposed as a biocontrol agent against brown marmorated stink bugs (BMSB), due to its ability to parasitize and kill BMSB eggs. However, the wasps’ small size makes it challenging for those untrained in morphological identification to determine the wasps’ species. To circumvent this problem, a molecular method was created to identify T. japonicus. The method uses species-specific primers, designed in this study, which target the variable region of the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase 1 (CO1) locus. After confirming successful DNA extraction from samples, the PCR amplification using our primers produced 227-bp PCR products for all T. japonicus specimens and no amplification in other microhymenoptera candidates. Additionally, DNA from BMSB-parasitized eggs gave positive PCR amplification, while the control BMSB samples showed no amplification. This indicates that PCR with our primers specifically and sensitively differentiates T. japonicus specimens from other similar wasp species and discriminates between T. japonicus-parasitized and non-parasitized BMSB eggs. Finally, an in silico analysis of CO1 sequences demonstrated that our primers match the sequences of four different haplotypes of T. japonicus, indicating that our diagnostic method could potentially be applied to analyze T. japonicus populations throughout North America, Europe, and parts of Asia.
Sixty-Cycle and Impulse Sparkover of Large Gap Spacings [includes discussion]

Available information on spark-over of large gap spacings extends to about 100 inches for rod gap and insulator strings. With the extension of system voltages it appears desirable to extend this range. Results of tests with 60-cycle and impulse voltages are described for rod gaps, insulator strings, and sphere gaps.
Information flows in e-government

Classical MAC and DAC are reexamined in the light of e-government. In this paper, we focus on the information flows, which have been addressed by classical MAC, in my view, somewhat inadequately, and never been addressed by classical DAC.
Magnetic Properties of High Temperature Superconductors: Implications for 1/f Noise in Squids

Relatively weak flux pinning in the new high temperature superconductors, coupled with a distribution in the pinning barriers strengths, is shown to imply large 1/f flux noise in Superconducting QUantum Interferences Devices (SQUIDs). A simple model is developed that is in order-of-magnitude agreement with experiments on thin-film SQUID devices.
Hydrostatic pressure effects on the electrical transport properties of Pr 0.5 Sr 0.5 Mn O 3

We studied single-crystalline ${\mathrm{Pr}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.5}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ by means of measurements of magnetic susceptibility and specific heat at ambient pressure $(P)$ and electrical resistivity $(\ensuremath{\rho})$ in hydrostatic pressures up to $2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$. This material displays ferromagnetic (FM) order, with Curie temperature ${T}_{C}\ensuremath{\approx}255\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. A crystallographic transformation from $I4∕mcm$ to $Fmmm$ is accompanied by the onset of antiferromagnetism (AFM), with N\'eel temperature ${T}_{N}\ensuremath{\approx}161\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The effect of pressure is to lower ${T}_{C}$ and to raise ${T}_{N}$ at the approximate rates of $\ensuremath{-}3.2$, and $14.2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}∕\mathrm{GPa}$, respectively. Although the value of ${T}_{N}$ increases with $P$, due to the enhancement of the superexchange interactions, the AFM-$Fmmm$ state is progressively suppressed, as pressure stabilizes the FM-$I4∕mcm$ phase to lower temperatures. The $\ensuremath{\rho}$ vs $T$ data suggest that the AFM phase should be completely suppressed near $2.4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$.
Spontaneous recovery from hepato-biliary disease with xanthomatosis.

Summary An instance of spontaneous complete recovery from chronic hepato-biliary disease of unknown etiology with integumental xanthomatosis in a young adult negro male is reported.
The Role of Platelet Derived Growth Factor Induced Phosphorylation of Na+-H+ Exchanger Isoform 1 in the Regulation of Cell Growth and Movement

The hallmarks of cancer are a collection of common, phenotypic changes that define cancer development and progression. One of these hallmarks is sustaining proliferative growth which can occur thro...
Human intestinal mucosal mononuclear cells exhibit lymphokine-activated killer cell activity.

Abstract Previous investigations have shown that mononuclear cells present in human intestinal mucosa possess cytotoxic properties that are unique and different from those of cells circulating in the peripheral blood. We have further explored the cytolytic capacity of human intestinal mucosal mononuclear cells using both phenotypic and functional criteria. Using an immunoperoxidase technique on gut frozen sections, we failed to identify cells bearing surface markers displayed by natural killer cells and recognized by the monoclonal antibodies Leu7, Leu11, and Leu15. Freshly isolated human lamina proprial mononuclear cells (LPMC) were unable to lyse K562 target cells, even after using a variety of experimental conditions which included depletion of adherent cells, fractionation by Percoll gradients or panning with monoclonal antibodies, and treatment with a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor or interferon-γ. In contrast, when LPMC were cultured in the presence of the lymphokine interleukin 2 (IL 2), they displayed high levels of cytotoxicity against both K562 and Daudi target cells. Such cytolytic activity appeared after 1 or 2 days of culture, was dependent on the amount of IL 2 added to the cultures, was independent of plastic adherent cells, and could be inhibited by agents that block proliferation. Interferon-γ, when used under experimental conditions identical to those adopted for IL 2, was unable to induce any significant cytotoxicity by LPMC or enhance the level of killing obtained by stimulation with IL 2 alone. This IL 2-induced, nonspecific cytotoxicity of LPMC probably represents a form of lymphokine-activated killer cell function similar to that recently described for human peripheral blood lymphocytes. In view of the absence of morphologic and functional evidence for natural killer cells in human intestinal mucosa, the phenomenon of lymphokine-activated killer cell activity displayed by LPMC may represent an alternate cytotoxic function potentially relevant to intestinal mucosa immunity.
Search for B 0 →π 0 π 0 decay

We have searched for the charmless hadronic decay of B0 mesons into two neutral pions. Using 9.13fb^-1 taken at the Upsilon(4S) with the CLEO detector, we obtain an improved upper limit for the branching fraction BR(B0-->pi0pi0) < 5.7*10^-6 at the 90% confidence level.
A Shot at Hepatitis Prevention

Recent trends suggest that the prevalence of hepatitis infection has declined in populations vaccinated against the hepatitis viruses. Still, with an estimated 20,000 new infections annually in the United States from human hepatitis A virus, as many as 100,000 annual cases of acute infection from hepatitis B virus, and more than 1 million individuals with chronic hepatitis B virus infection, there is room for further improvement. Although hepatitis A virus infection causes debilitating symptoms and illness, it is typically not a protracted illness, and it usually resolves over weeks to months without further sequelae. By contrast, hepatitis B may convert to a chronic infection that leads to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, underscoring the importance of vaccinations in at-risk individuals.
Facile synthesis of drug-conjugated PHPMA core-crosslinked star polymers

Poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) (PHPMA), a biocompatible and non-immunogenic polymer, was used to form core-crosslinked star polymers for potential drug delivery applications. The conditions for the formation of the PHPMA stars were studied by varying the molecular weight of the PHPMA unimers, [crosslinker]:[unimer] ratios, and solvent. The optimized conditions were then used to form drug-loaded PHPMA star polymers by directly copolymerizing an HPMA-modified anticancer drug, methotrexate, during the crosslinking reaction of PHPMA unimers. The incorporation of the drug was confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy, and UV-visible spectroscopy was used to determine a drug loading of 20 wt%. Our initial drug release studies showed that the addition of an esterase induced drug release.
Performance analysis of a new implementation for the frequency-domain LMS adaptive filter

The author analyzes the performance of a novel implementation of the frequency-domain LMS (least mean square) adaptive filter. This implementation is based on using the LMS adaptive algorithm to implement the DFT (discrete Fourier transform) part of the frequency-domain LMS adaptive filter. Numerical issues are also discussed. This is significant in this implementation because the performance of the frequency-domain LMS adaptive filter is dependent on the accuracy of the DFT computation obtained by using the LMS algorithm. The effects of inaccurate transform (DFT) computation of the performance of the transform-domain LMS adaptive filter are analyzed. The author also used a linear filter model to explain some of the observed nonideal effects. This indicated that, for large filter lengths, the accuracy of the DFTs computed diminishes. >
Microturbidimetric determination of erythrocyte osmotic fragility in newborn, weanling and mature rats.

Abstract A rapid, microturbidimetric method for recording red cell osmotic fragility using a Platelet Aggregometer is described. This method requires only 0.2 ml of whole blood and a fragility curve of 20 points can be determined in less than 1 hr. Measurement of the degree of hemolysis is based on the increasing transparency of the erythrocyte suspension when hemolysis takes place. Erythrocytes of immature animals are osmotically more resistant than those of adults and the change in osmotic resistance is not directly related to the percentage of reticulocytes.
Static output feedback and guaranteed cost control of a class of discrete-time nonlinear systems with partial state measurements

Abstract In this paper both the static output feedback issue and the observer-based control of a class of discrete-time nonlinear systems are considered. Thanks to a newly developed linearization lemma, it is shown that the solution of the discrete-time output feedback problem is conditioned by a set of simple convex optimization conditions that are numerically tractable and free from any equality constraint. An illustrative example is provided to show the usefulness of the proposed control designs.
Discrimination Between the Ulcerous and the Nonulcerous Forms of Interstitial Cystitis by Noninvasive Findings

AbstractPurpose: We determined whether the classification of interstitial cystitis cases into ulcer and nonulcer categories from cystoscopic findings could be corroborated with epidemiological data relating to demographics, risk factors, symptoms, pain and psychosocial factors.Materials and Methods: We surveyed 565 interstitial cystitis patients (111 with and 454 without ulcer), and from univariate analyses we found 10 noninvasive variables to be significantly associated with the presence of Hunner's ulcers. The 3 multivariate statistical methodologies of discriminant analysis, logistic regression and recursive partitioning were used to classify ulcer versus nonulcer cases from these variables. The retrospective and prospective performances from each methodology were also analyzed.Results: Retrospectively, resubstitution error rates of all 3 methodologies were small, with overall misclassification rates of 19.1 percent with linear discriminant, 14.7 percent with logistic regression and 8.0 percent with re...
Pseudo-thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: A rare presentation of pernicious anemia.

Context: Schistocytes are fragmented red blood cells due to the flow of blood through damaged capillaries and indicate endothelial injury. They are typical of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia seen in life threatening conditions like disseminated intravascular coagulation or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/hemolytic uremic syndrome .We report a rare sub-acute presentation of pernicious anemia with hemolysis, thrombocytopenia and numerous schistocytes that was initially diagnosed as a more serious thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Case Report : A 31-year-old Caucasian woman presented with fatigue and paresthesia of both feet for 1 week. Past medical history included hypertension and gastro-esophageal reflux disease. Examination revealed scleral icterus and pallor. Examination of the abdomen did not show hepatosplenomegaly. Initial laboratory tests showed severe anemia, and low platelets. Indirect bilirubin and serum Lactate De Hydrogenase were elevated. Prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, serum fibrinogen, and serum fibrin degradation product levels were normal. Peripheral smear revealed numerous schistocytes, anisocytosis and macro-ovalocytes. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) was suspected due to the constellation of sub-acute onset of fatigue and paresthesia along with thrombocytopenia, schistocytes and an elevated LDH. Plasmapheresis was initiated for possible TTP. However, platelet count worsened despite plasmapheresis for 4 days. On re-evaluation, vitamin B 12 was found to be low. Treatment with intra-muscular vitamin B 12 led to symptomatic and hematologic improvement. Pernicious anemia was confirmed by the presence of anti-intrinsic factor antibodies, elevated serum gastrin level and atrophic gastritis. Conclusion : Clinicians must be aware of unusual clinical presentation of vitamin B 12 deficiency with schistocytes as the management is simple and effective.
Proline isomerization-independent accumulation of an early intermediate and heterogeneity of the folding pathways of a mixed alpha/beta protein, Escherichia coli thioredoxin.

Oxidized Escherichia coli thioredoxin (Trx) is a small protein of 108 residues with one disulfide bond (C32−C35 essentially involved in the activity) and no prosthetic moieties, which folds into a structural motif containing a central twisted β-sheet flanked by helices that is found in many larger proteins. The kinetics of refolding of Trx in vitro have been investigated using a newly developed active site titration assay and continuous or stopped-flow (SF) methods in conjunction with circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence (Fl) spectroscopy. These studies revealed the presence of early folding intermediates with “molten globule or pre-molten globule” characteristics. Measurements of the ellipticity at 222 nm indicated that about 68% of the total change associated with refolding occurred during the dead time (4 ms) of the stopped-flow instrument, suggesting the formation of substantial secondary structure. The reconstruction of the far-UV CD spectrum of the burst intermediate using combined continuous an...
Instabilities in self-fluidized beds—II experiments

Abstract Experimental studies of the behavior of self-fluidized beds in both 2-D and 3-D are reported. The experimental system used was the drying of silica gel under vacuum, and wide ranges of particle sizes and drying rates were covered. Both flow visualization and dynamical measurements of flow rates were utilized in the study. The observations indicate that self-fluidization is always unstable above the source strength required for minimum fluidization. The instability takes one of two forms, depending upon the degree of supercriticality. The primary instability consists of a quasi-steady array of spatially periodic spouts. A secondary instability leads to the emergence and dominance of larger spouts, which are observed to appear and disappear in a cyclic fashion. Measurements are made of wavelengths of the primary instability and the frequency of the secondary instability as functions of the operating variables, and the secondary instability is seen to occur at the same normalized flow rate for all the particles studied. Plausible mechanisms for these instabilities are proposed and discussed.
Formability of Al 5xxx Sheet Metals Using Pulsed Current for Various Heat Treatments

Previous studies have shown that the presence of a pulsed electrical current, applied during the deformation process of an aluminum specimen, can significantly improve the formability of the aluminum without heating the metal above its maximum operating temperature range. The research herein extends these findings by examining the effect of electrical pulsing on 5052 and 5083 Aluminum Alloys. Two different parameter sets were used while pulsing three different heat treatments (As Is, 398°C, and 510°C) for each of the two aluminum alloys. For this research, the electrical pulsing is applied to the aluminum while the specimens are deformed, without halting the deformation process (a manufacturing technique known as Electrically-Assisted Manufacturing). The analysis focuses on establishing the effect the electrical pulsing has on the aluminum alloy’s various heat treatments by examining the displacement of the material throughout the testing region of dogbone-shaped specimens. The results from this research show that pulsing significantly increases the maximum achievable elongation of the aluminum (when compared to baseline tests conducted without electrical pulsing). Another beneficial effect produced by electrical pulsing is that the engineering flow stress within the material is considerably reduced. The electrical pulses also cause the aluminum to deform non-uniformly, such that themore » material exhibits a diffuse neck where the minimum deformation occurs near the ends of the specimen (near the clamps) and the maximum deformation occurs near the center of the specimen (where fracture ultimately occurs). This diffuse necking effect is similar to what can be experienced during superplastic deformation. However, when comparing the presence of a diffuse neck in this research, electrical pulsing does not create as significant of a diffuse neck as superplastic deformation. Electrical pulsing has the potential to be more efficient than traditional methods of incremental forming since the deformation process is never interrupted. Overall, with the greater elongation and lower stress, the aluminum can be deformed quicker, easier, and to a greater extent than is currently possible.« less
A unique laboratory method for evaluating agro-ecosystem effects of an industrial waste product

This paper describes the design, extraction, and maintenance of intact soil-core microcosms which accurately predicted biomass reduction, nutrient loss and trace element enrichment in field-grown crops amended with acidic precipitator fly ash. These agricultural microcosms sustain ecosystem-level interactions while offering a cost-effective, manageable, experimental unit which can be subjected to laboratory controls.
From the loading dock to the boardroom: a new job for Akt kinase.

A new report in Immunity shows that, rather than driving the metabolic changes required for proliferation, Akt controls the gene expression programs that determine whether activated CD8 + T cells differentiate into memory or effector cells.
Calculation of enhanced slowing and cooling due to the addition of a traveling wave to an intense optical standing wave.

We investigate the force on a two-level atom interacting with intense monochromatic laser fields which are combinations of standing and traveling waves. We present a continued-fraction solution to the optical Bloch equations. Using this solution to calculate the force on an atom, we have examined the slowing and cooling of a thermal Na atomic beam. We find that the addition of a traveling wave to an intense standing wave can significantly improve the slowing rate and simultaneously decrease the final velocity of the cooled beam.
The crucial role played by social outrage in efforts to reform child protective services

In this paper, we question the widely, if tacitly, held perspective that exceptional and immensely publicized instances of child abuse and neglect offer little guidance or understanding in improving the efficacy of child protective services (CPS). Using insights from Carl Jung, Max Weber and Henry Mintzberg, we argue that not only do such archetypical cases and the attendant moral outrage serve as catalysts for legislative and judicial actions; they also motivate structural and procedural changes in CPS operations. We propose extending to CPS a risk model commonly considered in the fields of environmental science, food safety and chemical engineering, where risk is conceptualized as a function of both technical hazard and moral outrage. We point out, however, that unlike in these non-CPS fields where the typical response is to ‘manage’ outrage via public education or public relations campaigns and to allow outrage to influence only the more immediate and exceptional decisions following an outrageous event, in the CPS field where children are the focal point, exceptional decision processes also seep into routine decision making by necessity. We term our proposed enhanced risk model the Socially Outraged Risk Expression (SORE). We conclude with recommendations for an empirical test of SORE.
Cyclooxygenases in rat Leydig cells: Effects of luteinizing hormone and aging

Previous studies suggested that increased Leydig cell cyclooxygenase (COX)2 expression may be involved in the reduced testosterone production that characterizes aged Leydig cells. Our objective herein was to further elucidate the relationships among LH stimulation, Leydig cell COX2 and COX1 expression, aging, and testosterone production. Incubation of Leydig cells from young or aged rats with LH or dibutyryl cAMP resulted in increases in both intracellular COX2 protein expression and testosterone production. COX1 expression did not respond to LH or dibutyryl cAMP. Incubation of adult cells with a protein kinase A inhibitor suppressed the stimulatory effects of LH on COX2 and testosterone production. Short-term incubation of Leydig cells with TGF-alpha or IL-1beta also increased COX2 protein levels; IGF-I had no effect. In vivo, LH also was found to stimulate both COX2 and testosterone, but not COX1. As reported previously, COX2 expression was greater in old than in young cells, and old Leydig cells responded to inhibition of COX2 in vitro with increased testosterone production. However, the effects of the COX2 inhibitors were not restricted to old cells; young Leydig cells also responded to COX2 inhibition with increased testosterone production. This and the observation that the incubation of young or old cells with LH resulted in increased COX2 and testosterone production in both cases suggests that the relationship between COX2 and testosterone production is not unique to aged Leydig cells. Moreover, the close correlation between increases in COX2 and testosterone in LH-stimulated young and aged Leydig cells is difficult to reconcile with the contention that the increased expression of COX2 in aged cells is responsible for age-related suppression of Leydig cell testosterone production.
Beyond Basic Science: Research University Presidents' Narratives of Science Policy

Between 1980 and 1985 representatives of academic science changed their policy positions, moving from veneration of basic or fundamental research to promotion of entrepreneurial science. This change is examined through research university presidents' testimony before the U.S. Congress. The presidents' move from "fruits of research" narratives that emphasize the benefits of basic science to narratives that celebrate technology based on fundamental research in "orders of magnitude more production from the efforts of orders of magnitude less workers. " This change reflects presidents' endorsement of conservative policy initiatives that depend on privatization, deregulation, and commercialization of science. These policies will probably result in major realignments within research universities, with institutional managers, scientists, and graduate students in the physical sciences involved in entrepreneurial activity receiving privileges and rewards that other faculty and students do not.
D − production by multiple charge-transfer collisions in alkaline-earth-metal vapors

${\mathrm{D}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ negative-ion equilibrium fractions of deuterium in collisions with Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba alkaline-earth-metal vapors have been measured over the energy range 1.25-100 keV. For Ca, Sr, and Ba targets, the yield of ${\mathrm{D}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ions is almost completely independent of the identity of the target over the energy range 4-35 keV. At low energies, an abrupt increase in ${\mathrm{D}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ production is observed for targets of Ca, Sr, and Ba but not Mg, and occurs at approximately the same energy, 4 keV, in all three cases. Possible mechanisms responsible for the structure in ${\mathrm{D}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ production are discussed.
Pulsatile tinnitus: a harbinger of a greater ill?

Background. Pulsatile tinnitus is an uncommon otologic symptom, which may be the presenting complaint of a potentially devastating pathology. Understanding this manifestation as a possible symptom of a significant vascular abnormality is crucial to guide management and treatment. Methods and Results. We describe a 38-year-old woman with sudden-onset right-sided pulsatile tinnitus. A right extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection was diagnosed with MRI/magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and treated with anticoagulation. Follow-up MRI/MRA demonstrated complete resolution. Two months later, left-sided pulsatile tinnitus evolved. An MRI/MRA of the neck demonstrated left-sided extracranial ICA dissection. She was treated in a similar fashion and a repeat MRI/MRA demonstrated its resolution. Conclusion. Spontaneous extracranial ICA dissection may present with pulsatile tinnitus as the only symptom in 4% to 50% of patients. Subsequent evolution of a contralateral dissection is even more uncommon. Generally, treatment of this phenomenon is conservative utilizing anticoagulation or aspirin; however, surgical intervention may be necessary. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 2009
Effect of variations in Streamwise Spacing and Length on convection from Surface-Mounted Rectangular Components

The effect of variations in streamwise spacing and component length on convection from rectangular, surface-mounted components in a channel flow are reported. Component dimensions are the same order of magnitude as the channel wall-to-wall spacing. The channel Reynolds number, with air as the coolant, ranged from 670 to 3000. Flow visualization showed that under the above conditions the channel flow is transitional. The effect of variations in component streamwise spacing on the level of turbulence in the channel and on the interaction between the core of the channel flow and the recirculating flow in cavities between components is discussed. Pressure drop measurements show that the dominant loss mechanism is due to form drag caused by the components. Local heat transfer measurements are made using an interferometer. Analysis of the results shows that the overall heat transfer is properly correlated in terms of a flow Reynolds number based on the component length. At small-component Reynolds number, the o...
Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners from lake champlain sediments by Mysis relicta

Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Lake Champlain often exceed the F.D.A. “tolerance level” of 2 μg/g (wet weight). Of added concern are recent studies that suggest a relationship between the dioxin-like properties of non-ortho-substituted PCB congeners and impaired lake trout egg hatchability. Dietary accumulation of PCBs is thought to be an important exposure route for fish. The epibenthic freshwater shrimp Mysis relicta is an integral part of the benthic and pelagic food web in Lake Champlain and may act as a link between PCBs in sediments and lake trout. Previous investigations have shown that diurnal migrations of mysids enhance the movement and distribution of toxic contaminants, effectively coupling the benthic and pelagic zones. The objective of this research was to examine the role contaminated sediments play in the transfer of PCBs to mysids. Bioaccumulation was assessed by exposing mysids to such sediments in two ways: (a) with organisms screened from sediments; and (b) with organisms in direct contact with sediments. Accumulation of PCBs over the course of the 24-day exposure period was examined on the following days: 0, 3, 6, 12, 21, and 24. Eighty-nine individual PCB congeners were measured in tissue and sediment. Mysids in direct contact with sediments accumulated significantly higher levels of PCBs than did organisms screened from sediments. Mysids accumulated substantial levels of PCBs, suggesting they may play an important part in the transfer of PCBs from sediments into the Lake Champlain food web. It is clear from this research that sediments can play a critical role in the accumulation of PCBs by mysids.
Sport-based entrepreneurship: towards a new theory of entrepreneurship and sport management

The entrepreneurship and sport management disciplines have grown significantly in the past decade. Sport is an entrepreneurial process as innovation and change are key elements of sport. The aim of this paper is to develop a theory of entrepreneurship in sports management by investigating the relationship between entrepreneurship and sport. The rapidly growing and developing sport marketing discipline provides a basis in which to understand how entrepreneurship occurs through innovation, proactiveness and risk taking activities. This paper discusses the connection between the entrepreneurship and sports management fields and argues that there needs to be more integration with the two fields of study and traditional entrepreneurship theory. A theory of sport-based entrepreneurship is developed and different types of entrepreneurship that occur in sports management are examined. Suggestions for future research and implications for practitioners are discussed.
Lung fluid balance in hypoxic lambs.

Summary: In spontaneously breathing newborn lambs, alveolar hypoxia increases lung microvascular pressure, which causes lung lymph flow to increase and the concentration of protein in lymph to decrease. To see if this response derives from hypoxia itself rather than from the change in breathing pattern that occurs during hypoxia, we measured lung vascular pressures, pleural pressure, cardiac output, and lung lymph flow in 12 anesthetized lambs that were ventilated at a fixed rate and tidal volume, first with air, then with 10-14% O2 in nitrogen. Alveolar hypoxia did not affect pleural pressure, but pulmonary arterial pressure increased from 19 to 32 torr, lung lymph flow increased from 2.20 to 3.83 ml/h and lymph protein concentration decreased from 3.4 to 2.8 g/dl. To be certain that the increased lymph flow associated with hypoxia is not simply the result of an acute release of fluid from the lungs and to assess the effects of carbon dioxide on lymph flow during hypoxia, we next studied six unanesthetized lambs kept hypoxic for a total of 12 h. After a 2-4-h period in air the lambs breathed 9-11% O2 in nitrogen for 2-4 h, then 8-11% O2 and 3-5% CO2 in nitrogen for 8-10 h. In these lambs we injected intravenously radioactive albumin and measured its uptake in lymph to see if sustained hypoxia alters microvascular permeability to protein in the lungs. In these experiments pulmonary arterial pressure increased from 17 to 37 torr, lung lymph flow increased from 1.74 to 3.28 ml/h, and lymph protein concentration decreased from 3.8 to 3.1 g/dl during hypoxia. Addition of CO2 to the inspired gas did not affect steady state lung lymph flow. Lymph flow remained elevated throughout the 12 h of alveolar hypoxia, and postmortem lung water determinations were not different from those of controls (4.65 ± 0.28 versus 4.72 ± 0.14 g/g dry bloodless lung). The time required for radioactive albumin to equilibrate in lymph at one-half the specific activity of plasma was no different before and during hypoxia (130 ± 7 versus 125 ± 11 min). We conclude that in the newborn lamb, alveolar hypoxia increases transvascular fluid filtration by increasing microvascular hydraulic pressure without altering microvascular permeability to protein. This response is independent of changes in pleural pressure or inspired carbon dioxide.
Peroxo malato vanadates(V): syntheses, spectra and structure of the (NH4)2[VO(O2)(C4H4O5)]22H2O dimer with a rhomboidal V2O2(hydroxyl) bridging core

Crystalline peroxo malato vanadates(V) of the formula M[VO(O2)(C4H4O5)]H2O, where M = Na, K, NH4, Cs, obtained from aqueous solutions and characterized by IR and UV spectroscopy are described. X-ray structure analysis of (NH4)2[VO(O2)(C4H4O5)]22H2O shows that the complex crystallizes in the triclinic space group, P1, with a = 9.157(4), b = 9.662(5), c = 14.203(5) A, ga = 104.58(3), β = 90.52(3), γ = 115.50(2)°, V=1088 A3, Z=2. The structure contains a dimer with a novel tridentate coordination of the malato ion. Two bridging hydroxyl oxygens enclose a symmetrical rhomboidal V2O2 plane, binding two distorted pentagonal bipyramidal vanadium polyhedra. The peroxo groups, with OO bond lengths of 1.442(2) A, are located in the equatorial plane across from the bridging hydroxyl oxygens, and the fifth side of the pentagonal plane is occupied by the oxygen of the vicinal carboxylic group. The second carboxylic group is coordinated at the apical position, trans to the oxo group. In the UV spectra all the compounds show the typical broad [monoperoxo → vanadium] charge transfer band at a λmax=425 nm. Characteristic very strong IR bands were assigned by comparison with the spectra of malic acid and numerous other heteroligand peroxo vanadates(V). The v(OO) stretch appears in the vicinity of 922 cm−1, and the v(V = O) band near 977 cm−1. The stereochemistry and the relationship of these compounds to the biochemistry of vanadium are discussed.
Raw Material Utilization in Carroll County, Indiana : A Small-scale Analysis of Diachronic Patterns in the Usage of Attica, Kenneth, and Wyandotte Cherts

This paper presents an analysis of a small sample (n = 360) of diag- nostic hafted bifaces from southern Carroll County, Indiana. Placed within a regional framework and rooted in hunter-gatherer theory, the results of this analysis offer some important insights into dia- chronic patterns of chert utilization in this region. Although the usage of Attica, Kenneth, and Wyandotte cherts is the specific subject of this study, other chert types are also discussed. In addition, examination of patterns of chert utilization by projectile point cluster offers sup- port for established models of settlement and exchange through time and presents new problems to be addressed by future archaeological investigations. Insights provided by hunter-gatherer theory and re- cent studies of hunter-gatherer social organization and home ranges in Eastern North America suggest that the patterns identified herein and in other similar studies are the result of several interacting social and economic variables (e.g., exchange, mobility) that operated at various scales and durations throughout prehistory.
Measuring and Assessing Vertical Ties in the Agro‐food System

This paper examines the extent to which the concept of vertical coordination in the agro-food sector lends itself to specification or measurement in a manner that is analytically useful. Based on a combination of theory and empirical evidence, it is suggested that vertical organization can be specified as a parameter, variable in degree of control by principal over agent. Such a specification has potential application in analytical models concerned with what gives rise to vertical ties and/or their economic consequences. Drawing principally on the concepts of transactions costs, factor price distortion, and vertical restraint, analytical attention is directed to the economic incentives for, and performance implications of the use of linkages other than spot market transactions for coordinating vertically interdependent stages in the food chain. Research challenges are identified.