cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions

PART I: CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND 1. Affective neuroscience: history and major concepts 2. Emotional operating systems and subjectivity: methodological problems and a conceptual framework for the neurobiological analysis of affect 3. The varieties of emotional systems in the brain: theories, taxonomies, and semantics 4. Neurostatistics: the anatomy of the brain/mind 5. Neurodynamics: the electrical languages of the brain 6. Neurodynamics: neurochemical maps of the brain PART II: BASIC EMOTIONAL AND MOTIVATIONAL PROCESSES 7. Sleep, arousal, and mythmaking in the brain 8. SEEKING systems and anticipatory states of the nervous system 9. Energy is delight: the pleasures and pains of brain regulatory systems 10. Nature red in tooth and claw: the neurobiological sources of rage and anger 11. The sources of fear and anxiety in the brain PART III: THE SOCIAL EMOTIONS 12. The varieties of love and lust: neural control of sexuality 13. Love and the social bond: sources of nurturance and maternal behaviour 14. Loneliness and the social bond: the brain sources of sorrow and grief 15. Rough-and-tumble play: the brain sources of joy 16. Emotions, the higher cerebral processes and the SELF: some are born to sweet delight, some are born to endless night Appendix A: Bones, brains, and human origins Appendix B: Brain, language, and affective neuroscience Appendix C: Dualism and the neurosciences
Active foundering of a continental arc root beneath the southern Sierra Nevada in California

Seismic data provide images of crust–mantle interactions during ongoing removal of the dense batholithic root beneath the southern Sierra Nevada mountains in California. The removal appears to have initiated between 10 and 3 Myr ago with a Rayleigh–Taylor-type instability, but with a pronounced asymmetric flow into a mantle downwelling (drip) beneath the adjacent Great Valley. A nearly horizontal shear zone accommodated the detachment of the ultramafic root from its granitoid batholith. With continuing flow into the mantle drip, viscous drag at the base of the remaining ~35-km-thick crust has thickened the crust by ~7 km in a narrow welt beneath the western flank of the range. Adjacent to the welt and at the top of the drip, a V-shaped cone of crust is being dragged down tens of kilometres into the core of the mantle drip, causing the disappearance of the Moho in the seismic images. Viscous coupling between the crust and mantle is therefore apparently driving present-day surface subsidence.
Proton polarization in the 40Ca(d, p0)41Ca reaction at 5.58 and 6.50 MeV

Abstract Angular distributions of the polarization of the protons from the 40 Ca(d, p 0 ) 41 Ca reaction have been measured at 5.58 and 6.50 MeV for seven emission angles between 20° and 135° (lab). A conventional double scattering technique was used, where the polarization was analysed by scattering from a helium target at 45°(lab). The polarization is generally negative over the entire angular range reaching an extremum of 0.26±0.08 at 6.50 MeV and 110°. DWBA calculations were not successful in describing the data.
A New Picture for Light Front Dynamics, II

Abstract A new picture for light front dynamics is developed which employs an arbitrary, external, lightlike four-vector ξ. The state vectors and operators in this so-called ξ-picture are related to the state vectors and operators in the standard formulation of light front dynamics by a unitary transformation which depends on the unit vector u = −ξ |ξ| , where ξ is the three-vector part of ξ. This unitary transforation is somewhat analogous to the transformation which relates the Heisenberg picture to the interaction picture, with the two angles that specify the direction of u playing the role of the time. Just as the interaction picture is designed to cope with the interaction in the Hamiltonian, the ξ-picture is designed to cope with the interaction in the angular momentum operator J. In the ξ-picture the action of the angular momentum operator is equivalent to the action of S(u) = J0 + L(u), where J0 is the noninteracting part of J and L(u) is an orbital angular momentum operator. The standard theory of angular momentum can be used to construct eigenstates of S2 and S3; however, some of these states are spurious. The physical states can be obtained by imposing a dynamical constraint equation. A momentum space representation for the ξ-picture state vectors and operators is developed. It is shown that the wavefunctions for states of well-defined total four-momentum factor into an invariant δ-function and a function which depends on relative three-momentum variables qi and a unit vector n, which is u in a cm frame. Under a Lorentz transformation, the transformation of a state vector is equivalent to a three-rotation of the qi's and n. The general formalism is applied to a model which describes a two-particle system for which there exists manifestly covariant wavefunctions of the space-time variables for the two particles. The covariant wavefunctions satisfy the standard constraint of covariant constraint dynamics.
Synthesis of mono- and diglycerides in water-in-oil microemulsions

Enzyme-catalyzed esterification was carried out in single-phase, oil-continuous microemulsions. The lipozyme was solubilized, along with glycerol and water, in the aqueous core of water/diethylhexyl sodium sulfosuccinate/hydrocarbon microemulsion system. Upon addition of fatty acid, mono- and diglycerides were formed, due to the esterification reaction taking place at the interface of the droplets in the microemulsion. The initial rate of conversion of oleic acid increases with oil chainlength of the continuous phase whereas final conversion is maximum for hexane. The conversion of stearic acid is 30% whereas conversion of oleic acid is 70%. The percent conversion of various fatty acids in the same continuous medium increases with fatty acid chainlength. The oleic acid/glycerol ratio is an important parameter for optimum conversion of oleic acid into glycerides. The yield can be increased by subsequent addition of glycerol after equilibrium is reached. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of samples from microemulsions shows the presence of mono- and diglycerides. Possible mechanisms for the abovementioned effects are discussed.
Telomeres: structures in need of unwinding.

Telomeres protect the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes from being recognized and processed as double strand breaks. In most organisms, telomeric DNA is highly repetitive with a high GC-content. Moreover, the G residues are concentrated in the strand running 3′–5′ from the end of the chromosome towards its center. This G-rich strand is extended to form a 3′ single-stranded tail that can form unusual secondary structures such as T-loops and G-quadruplex DNA. Both the duplex repeats and the single-stranded G-tail are assembled into stable protein–DNA complexes. The unique architecture, high GC content, and multi-protein association create particularly stable protein–DNA complexes that are a challenge for replication, recombination, and transcription. Helicases utilize the energy of nucleotide hydrolysis to unwind base paired nucleic acids and, in some cases, to displace proteins from them. The telomeric functions of helicases from the RecQ, Pifl, FANCJ, and DNA2 families are reviewed in this article. We summarize data showing that perturbation of their telomere activities can lead to telomere dysfunction and genome instability and in some cases human disease.
Forskolin activation of adenylate cyclase in mouse parotid membranes

In mouse parotid membranes forskolin activated adenylate cyclase four-fold; maximal activation of the enzyme occurred with 10 microM forskolin. Activation was not dependent on the guanyl nucleotide GTP nor on the inhibitory guanine nucleotide 5'-0-(2-Thiodiphosphate), GDP beta S. In contrast, stimulation of adenylate cyclase by isoproterenol required GTP and was antagonized by GDP beta S in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that the guanyl-binding protein of mouse parotid adenylate cyclase is not a requisite for forskolin activation and lends support for direct interaction of forskolin at the catalytic subunit.
Degeneration patterns in the chicken central nervous system induced by ingestion of the organophosphorus delayed neurotoxin tri-ortho-tolyl phosphate. A silver impregnation study.

Abstract Exposure to certain organophosphorus compounds results in a neurological condition known as organophosphorus-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN). OPIDN is characterized clinically by an initial post-exposure delay period of 8–14 days after which signs of progressively developing ataxia and paralysis of the hindlimbs are observed. Although several studies have reported the presence of degeneration induced by organophosphorus delayed neurotoxins in specific central nervous system (CNS) structures, none have systematically examined CNS changes seen in the most frequently studied animal model for OPIDN—the domestic fowl. In the present study, we assessed the location and extent of anterograde degeneration in the chicken CNS following exposure to tri- o -tollyl phosphate (TOTP). All birds were dosed with 500 mg TOTP/kg body weight and killed after post-exposure periods of 1,22, 3, or 4 weeks. The brains and spinal cords were processed with Fink-Heimer and Nissl stains. In the spinal cord , axon degeneration was noted in the fasciculus gracilis at cervical levels two weeks after exposure to TOTP. At 3 weeks, degeneration was also present in the cervical part of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract, in the lumbar part of the medial pontine-spinal tract, and in lamina VII in the lumbar ventral horn. In the medulla , moderate amounts of terminal and preterminal degeneration appeared at two weeks in the lateral vestibular, gracile, external cuneate, and lateral cervical nuclei. Lesser amounts of degeneration were noted in the solitary, inferior olivary, and raphae nuclei, in the medial, descending and lateral vestibular nuclei, and in the lateral paragigantocellular, gigantocellular, and lateral reticular nuclei. Fiber degeneration was also present in the medullary portions of the dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts and spinal lemniscus. In the cerebellum , moderate amounts of terminal degeneration appeared in the deep cerebellar nuclei at one week while moderate mossy fiber degeneration was first noted in the granular layers of cerebellar folia I-V at 3 weeks. These results indicate (1) that, in the CNS, axonal and terminal degeneration resulting from TOTP intoxication appears to be confined to the spinal cord, medulla and cerebellum, (2) that the time of onset of degeneration in different fiber tracts and nuclei ranges from one to three weeks post-exposure, and (3) that the delay in the appearance of clinical signs of OPIDN is consistent with the delayed onset of degeneration in many of the affected CNS fiber systems.
Comparison of Si and SiC inverters for IPM traction drive

In this paper a comparison of performance of an hybrid electric vehicle with an all-silicon (Si), hybrid (Si and SiC), and an all-Silicon Carbide (SiC) inverters simulated for the standard US06 driving cycle is presented. The system model includes a motor/generator model, a boost converter model, and an inverter loss model developed using actual measured data. The drive train simulation results will provide an insight to the impact of SiC devices on overall system efficiency gains compared to Si devices over the drive cycle at different operating conditions.
Constraint relaxation of the polygon-polyline topological relation for geographic pictorial query languages

This work addresses the problem of relaxing spatial constraints for pictorial queries having null answers in geographical databases. It focuses on the polygon-polyline topological relationship and proposes a computational model which is based on the notions of Operator Conceptual Neighborhood (OCN) graph and the relative 16-intersection matrix. The former is addressed to represent the conceptual topological neighborhood between pairs of Symbolic Graphical Objects and indicates how spatial constraints can be relaxed. The nodes of the OCN graph are labeled with geo-operators that have been formalized and their semantics has been enriched in order to capture user query details. The latter is a 16- intersection matrix which provides additional information about the query with respect to the well-known 9-intersection matrix proposed in the literature. It has been conceived to identify, among the approximate answers, the one closer to the user needs. In particular, it allows us to quantify the difference among the user query and the configurations corresponding to the proposed approximate answers on the basis of the OCN graph. The main characteristics of our approach are highlighted through some query examples.
On assorted consolidations of belief structures

Abstract We investigate the aggregation of Dempster-Shafer belief structures under various different situations. We first look at the standard case where we have multiple belief structures in effect; this is the case covered by Dempster's rule. We next look at the case where a probability distribution determines which belief structure is in effect. Our next case involves the situation where a possibility distribution determines the effective belief structure. Finally, we investigate the case where another belief structure is used to guide the selection of the effective belief structure.
Calibration and evaluation of a magnetically tracked ICE probe for guidance of left atrial ablation therapy

The novel prototype system for advanced visualization for image-guided left atrial ablation therapy developed in our laboratory permits ready integration of multiple imaging modalities, surgical instrument tracking, interventional devices and electro-physiologic data. This technology allows subject-specific procedure planning and guidance using 3D dynamic, patient-specific models of the patient’s heart, augmented with real-time intracardiac echocardiography (ICE). In order for the 2D ICE images to provide intuitive visualization for accurate catheter to surgical target navigation, the transducer must be tracked, so that the acquired images can be appropriately presented with respect to the patient-specific anatomy. Here we present the implementation of a previously developed ultrasound calibration technique for a magnetically tracked ICE transducer, along with a series of evaluation methods to ensure accurate imaging and faithful representation of the imaged structures. Using an engineering-designed phantom, target localization accuracy is assessed by comparing known target locations with their transformed locations inferred from the tracked US images. In addition, the 3D volume reconstruction accuracy is also estimated by comparing a truth volume to that reconstructed from sequential 2D US images. Clinically emulating validation studies are conducted using a patient-specific left atrial phantom. Target localization error of clinically-relevant surgical targets represented by nylon fiducials implanted within the endocardial wall of the phantom was assessed. Our studies have demonstrated 2.4 ± 0.8 mm target localization error in the engineering-designed evaluation phantoms, 94.8 ± 4.6 % volume reconstruction accuracy, and 3.1 ± 1.2 mm target localization error in the left atrial-mimicking phantom. These results are consistent with those disseminated in the literature and also with the accuracy constraints imposed by the employed technology and the clinical application.
The Perceived Relations between Color, Direction, and Speed of Motion

This study investigated the perceived relations between color, direction of motion, and speed of motion. According to formal definitions of integrality and separability (Garner & Fefoldy, 1970), direction and speed of motion are integral while color is separable. Ten individuals classified two levels of each dimension in a speeded classification task. Performance with redundant and orthogonal manipulations of all possible pair and triplet combinations was investigated. Results for classifying speed and direction showed that they are asymmetrically integral. That is, variations in direction affected the classification of speed far more than the converse. In addition, redundant color facilitated classification of speed and direction but orthogonal color did not interfere. Classification of color, however, is far from resistant to variations in direction. Both redundant and orthogonal manipulations of direction interfered with color classification. A second experiment demonstrated that the locus of interfere...
Modified thermal-optical analysis using spectral absorption selectivity to distinguish black carbon from pyrolized organic carbon.

Black carbon (BC), a main component of combustion-generated soot, is a strong absorber of sunlight and contributes to climate change. Measurement methods for BC are uncertain, however. This study presents a method for analyzing the BC mass loading on a quartz fiber filter using a modified thermal-optical analysis method, wherein light transmitted through the sample is measured over a spectral region instead of at a single wavelength as the sample is heated. Evolution of the spectral light transmission signal depends on the relative amounts of light-absorbing BC and char, the latter of which forms when organic carbon in the sample pyrolyzes during heating. Absorption selectivities of BC and char are found to be distinct and are used to apportion the amount of light attenuated by each component in the sample. Light attenuation is converted to mass concentration based on derived mass attenuation efficiencies (MAE) of BC and char. The fraction of attenuation due to each component are scaled by their individual MAE values and added together as the total mass of light absorbing carbon (LAC). An iterative algorithm is used to find the MAE values for both BC and char that provide the best fit to the carbon mass remainingmore » on the filter (derived from direct measurements of thermally evolved CO{sub 2}) at temperatures higher than 480 C. This method was applied to measure the BC concentration in precipitation samples collected from coastal and mountain sites in Northern California. The uncertainty in measured BC concentration of samples that contained a high concentration of organics susceptible to char ranged from 12 to 100 percent, depending on the mass loading of BC on the filter. The lower detection limit for this method was approximately 0.35 {micro}g BC and uncertainty approached 20 percent for BC mass loading greater than 1.0 {micro}g BC.« less
Nurses’ opinions regarding patient safety in connection with the use of restraints in patients in Czech hospitals

Abstract This research survey was aimed at identifying the opinions of nurses regarding the issue of patient safety in the use of restraints on patients in hospitals in the Czech Republic. The research was designed as a sociological study and was accomplished through the technique of a questionnaire survey using an interviewer. The sample group of nurses included nurses working in shifts on the hospital wards and was based on the needs of the project and the methodology of the Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic. The entire sample consisted of 772 nurses. Most nurses considered the likelihood of an injury to the patient in the use of means of restraint (specifically when strapping the patient) to be negligible (48%) and low (36.9%). Nurses working in surgical and medical wards reported a higher likelihood of patient injuries during restriction while bedridden than nurses working in other departments. The existence of a standard or regulation that would regulate the procedure for the use of restraints, if a patient is restless, aggressive or at risk of self-harm was confirmed by 91.3% of nurses. Immobilization and restraint in justifiable cases in surgeries are carried out by 65.5% of nurses. To prevent complications connected with the use of restraints, we consider continual training sessions and education of medical personnel important in connection with the use of restraints and auditing in maintaining standards of nursing care and the prevention of complications associated with the use of restrictive procedures, and then using these measures only in necessary and justified cases.
HALOGEN DELAYED-NEUTRON ACTIVITIES

Fission-product bromine was separated rapidiy from fission-product iodine and the neutron activity of either species was counted. This was done by irradiating with thermal neutrons a solution of U/sup 235/ containing the reagents for transforming the unwanted halogen into nonvolatile form. Air containing some of the desired halogen as carrier is swept rapidiy through the solution and carries the halogen of interest to a tube which holds a number of glass bends wet with carbon tetrachloride. The halogen dissolves in the surface film while the air and rare gases are carried on out. The neutrons emitied from the tube are counted by a neutron counter after moderation in paraffin. The irradiation time is varied from a fraction of a second to several minutes. The sweeping process is generally started aboul 0.2 seconds after the end of irradiation and lasts for ~ 1.2 seconds, during which time about 0.5 liter of gas was transported through 4 ml of solution. All operations are carried out automatically by use of a timer and electrically operated valves. The neutron counts are scaled and recorded on tape with a pen recorder. The initial counting rates are normally in excess of 1000 per second and formore » some irradiations are as high as 15,000 per second. The decay of the neutron activities is followed to background, which is typically about 1.5 per second. The decay curves are analyzed into periods by conventional graphical techniques. For bromine, neutron activities are found having the following half lives: numbers is most likely to bu 54-second Br/sup 87/, 15.5second Br/sup 88/, 4.0-second Br/sup 89/ and 1.5- second Br/sup 90/. For iodine, half-lives of 24.4, 6, and 2.5 seconds were found. The mass assignment appears to be 24.4-second I/sup 137/, 6second I/sup 138/ and 2.5-second I/sup 139/. Decay data from unseparated samples are customarily analyzed into six components of which two are appreciably shorter in half-life than those found. Since seven are already separated, it appears that at least nine periods exist. None of the new activities reported may be considered to have relatively small yield, all being more abundant than the 54-second Br/sup 87/ . It is apparent thut measurements of half-lives, yields, and neutron energies which were done with unseparated samples should be reexamined in the light of the new periods. (auth)« less
Localization of the Homolog of a Mouse Craniofacial Mutant to Human Chromosome 18q11 and Evaluation of Linkage to Human CLP and CPO

The transgene-induced mutation 9257 and the spontaneous mutation twirler cause craniofacial and inner ear malformations and are located on mouse chromosome 18 near the ataxia locus ax. To map the human homolog of 9257, a probe from the transgene insertion site was used to screen a human genomic library. Analysis of a cross-hybridizing human clone identified a 3-kb conserved sequence block that does not appear to contain protein coding sequence. Analysis of somatic cell hybrid panels assigned the human locus to 18q11. The polymorphic microsatellite markers D18S1001 and D18S1002 were isolated from the human locus and mapped by linkage analysis using the CEPH pedigrees. The 9257 locus maps close to the centromeres of human chromosome 18q and mouse chromosome 18 at the proximal end of a conserved linkage group. To evaluate the role of this locus in human craniofacial disorders, linkage to D18S1002 was tested in 11 families with autosomal dominant nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate and 3 families with autosomal dominant cleft palate only. Obligatory recombinants were observed in 8 of the families, and negative lod scores from the other families indicated that these disorders are not linked to the chromosome 18 loci.
Effects of Glutathione Depletion on the Cytotoxic Actions of Cadmium in LLC-PK1 Cells

Recent studies have shown that exposure of LLC-PK1 cells to micromolar concentrations of Cd2+ for 1-4 hr causes the disruption of the junctions between the cells, whereas exposure to higher concentrations of Cd2+ for longer periods of time causes more severe toxic effects and cell death. Studies suggesting that glutathione may serve a protective role against Cd2+ toxicity in other tissues and cells led us to examine the effects of glutathione depletion on the cytotoxic actions of Cd2+ in the LLC-PK1 cell line. Confluent cells on Falcon cell culture inserts were depleted of glutathione by exposing them to 250 μM buthionine sulfoximine for 18 hr and then exposed to various concentrations of Cd2+ for up to 24 hr. The integrity of cell-cell junctions was assessed by morphologic observation of the cells and by monitoring the trans-epithelial electrical resistance. Cell viability was evaluated by monitoring the release of lactate dehydrogenase into the medium. The results showed that depleting the cells of glutathione did not alter the early junction-perturbing effects of Cd2+, but greatly enhanced the lethal effects. In both the glutathione-depleted and the normal cells, junctional changes were evident after as little as 1 hr of Cd2+ exposure. While the normal cells did not begin to die until they had been exposed to Cd2+ for 12-24 hr, the glutathione-depleted cells began to die after only 8 hr of Cd2+ exposure. Additional results showed that Cd2+ exposure had no effect on the total levels of glutathione at the time in which the junctional effects were occurring, but caused a marked decrease in glutathione levels at the time the cells were dying. These results indicate that the early junctional effects of Cd2+ do not result from alterations in intracellular glutathione or sulfhydryl metabolism, whereas the more severe cytotoxic effects and cell death may involve glutathione-sensitive mechanisms.
Ambiguities in IR and X-Ray Characterization of Amphotericin B

Abstract Two distinct IR spectra of amphotericin B have been reported. These differences can be obtained from the same sample by surprisingly small changes in the method of sample preparation. Type I spectra (hand-ground samples) are characterized by a sharp C=0 stretching band at 1692 cm − 1 , and Type II spectra (vibrator-ground samples) are characterized by a broad C=0 stretching band near 1710 cm − 1 . X-ray powder diffraction demonstrates that vibrator grinding promotes a transition from a crystalline to an amorphous phase. The two phases are not bioequivalent. Differential thermal analysis reveals a transition near 157°, and samples heated to 158° give only Type II IR spectra. However, a marked color change accompanies such heating ( i.e., structural changes affecting the chromophore have been thermally induced), while X-ray spectra show an increase of only about 30% in amorphous content. Furthermore, hand-ground samples heated to 120° still display only Type I IR spectra. Thus, the vibrator-induced transition is not solely a static thermal effect. Many observed spectral lines can be assigned to specific functional groups.
Acceptability of time-out: The influence of problem behavior severity, interventionist, and reported effectiveness

Abstract Teachers' ratings of the acceptability of a classroom time-out procedure were assessed as a function of problem severity (mild vs. severe), different interventionists (teacher vs. school psychologist), and reported effectiveness (effective vs. no information). Written scenarios were completed by 103 teachers. The results indicated that acceptability ratings were higher when the described time-out procedure was implemented for severe problems and when information was provided that suggested that the intervention was effective. Higher ratings when the procedure was applied to a severe problem support previous research, and results dealing with effectiveness add to the literature concerning this variable. No differences were found for teachers' versus school psychologists' implementation of time-out, a finding that conflicts with the results of several studies that have suggested that teachers prefer direct involvement in interventions. Conflicting findings regarding the interventionist variable are discussed with respect to the time-consuming nature of the time-out procedure in the present investigation and the available alternative interventionist.
Development of a Robust Gyroscopic Orientation Tool for MWD Operations

The allure of a gyroscopic directional sensor for MWD (Measurement While Drilling) operations has spanned over two decades now. The authors first investigated potential sensors for MWD applications in 1982 and were disappointed to find technological limitations precluded such a device. Why is it so difficult to build a gyroscope into an MWD tool, and why don't we have one available for commercial use in the industry today? Also, what should oil companies expect from a service company who promises an MWD Gyro Tool in the next year or two? Currently there are several service companies working on directional modules that incorporate some type of gyroscopic sensor and promise to provide an indication of True North direction in conjunction with MWD tools. This paper is intended to establish realistic expectations for the performance that might be delivered by these early gyroscopic tools in the harsh MWD environment. The paper also describes the investigation, specification, design decisions, and testing done in the development of a tool to meet the most common application requirements for an MWD Gyro. Initial testing of the tool has proven it surprisingly accurate and at least as robust as existing conventional mag/accel sensors. Extensive qualification testing in both lab and field settings has proven the instrument capable of surviving the harsh MWD environment.
Sequence-specific DNA Recognition by the SmaI Endonuclease

Abstract SmaI endonuclease recognizes and cleaves the sequence CCCGGG. The enzyme requires magnesium for catalysis; however, equilibrium binding assays revealed that the enzyme binds specifically to DNA in the absence of magnesium. A specific association constant of 0.9 × 108M was determined for SmaI binding to a 22-base duplex oligonucleotide. Furthermore, the K was a function of the length of the DNA substrate and the enzyme exhibited an affinity of 1.2 × 109M for a 195-base pair fragment and which represented a 104-fold increase in affinity over binding to nonspecific sequences. A K of 17.5 nM was estimated from kinetic assays based on cleavage of the 22-base oligonucleotide and is not significantly different from the K estimated from the thermodynamic analyses. Footprinting (dimethyl sulfate and missing nucleoside) analyses revealed that SmaI interacts with each of the base pairs within the recognition sequence. Ethylation interference assays suggested that the protein contacts three adjacent phosphates on each strand of the recognition sequence. Significantly, a predicted protein contact with the phosphate 3′ of the scissile bond may have implications in the mechanism of catalysis by SmaI.
Echocardiographic Differentiation of Mediastinal Tumors from Primary Cardiac Disease

Three cases of mediastinal tumors (thymic cyst, fibrosarcoma, fibrolipoma) mimicking primary cardiac disease were studied by echocardiography. The echocardiographic findings of the thymic cyst are presented and the echocardiograms in the other two patients discussed. Intrinsic cardiac pathology was excluded and discovery of abnormal extracardiac echoes prompted further investigation. In each instance, the echocardiographic interpretation of the nature and position of each extracardiac mass was confirmed by surgery or autopsy. We conclude that echocardiography is a useful noninvasive technique in differentiating between cardiac and extracardiac disease, and should be performed whenever an unusual or enlarged cardiac silhouette is encountered.
The Relationship Between Work and Nonwork Domains: A Review of Empirical Research

In this paper we review empirical studies that relate aspects of work life to aspects of life outside of work. Specifically, we examine studies pertaining to two broad issues: (1) the association between social structures of the workplace (i.e., working conditions) and behaviors and attitudes of the worker toward life a way from work; and (2) the association between social structures outside the workplace (i.e., living conditions) and behaviors and attitudes toward work. We conclude that the research reviewed supports the finding that moderate correlations exist between both pairs of variables. However, further research is needed to assess the strength and direction of these relationships, and to answer basic questions about the nature of these relationships.
Probability Forecast Results of the PROFS 1983 Summer Exercise

Abstract An experiment was conducted in Boulder, Colorado in the summer of 1983 to forecast probability of precipitation over a 70 000 square km area for periods up to 8 hours beyond forecast time. The forecasts were issued from an advanced workstation that included high-resolution computer displays of Doppler radar and satellite images and numerous graphics products. The forecasts were compared with probabilities given by climatology, conditional climatology, and persistence. Brier scores and skill scores were used to evaluate the forecasts. Results show that positive forecast skill was achieved for most of the forecast periods. However, the forecasters normally tended to overforecast precipitation from rare events. It is speculated that future forecast experiments will show improved skill as more feedback and experience are gained.
Purification of reactive sulfhydryl enzymes by bioselective adsorption on monomeric avidin: purification of sulfhydryl oxidase

A biotinylation-bioselective adsorption procedure was developed for single-step purification of bovine sulfhydryl oxidase from solubilized skim milk membrane vesicles. Sulfhydryl oxidase was specifically biotinylated by reaction of its chemically reactive sulfhydryl group with a disulfide-containing biotinylation reagent giving a mixed disulfide between the enzyme and the biotinyl moiety. The biotinylated enzyme was then selectively adsorbed on a monomeric avidin matrix. After washing all nonspecifically bound proteins from the matrix, the enzyme was released by reduction of the disulfide with dithiothreitol. Both the biotinylation and the isolation are performed at pH 7.0 under extremely mild conditions. The resulting enzyme preparation appeared to be homogeneous by gel electrophoresis and the specific activity increased over 3000 fold in comparison to whey. The monomeric avidin matrix can be regenerated and used indefinitely. This purification procedure should be generally applicable to proteins with a chemically reactive sulfhydryl group.
The effectiveness of brief, spaced practice on student difficulties with basic and essential engineering skills

Through extensive testing and interviews of sophomore, junior, and senior engineering students in a Materials Science Engineering course at The Ohio State University, we found that these students struggle with many skills necessary for their coursework. Often these “essential skills” were prerequisite to the course and little to no instruction time was spent on them. Online training was developed to attempt to improve these skills. Students participated in the training several times over the term, with each assignment taking 10-20 minutes and consisting of 10 questions. Students were allowed unlimited attempts on each assignment and were required to achieve mastery (80% or better) for full credit. Training covered a wide range of topics: interpreting log plots and log scales, using metric prefixes for various conversions, estimating typical values of common material properties, employing dimensional analysis, and operating equations when given variables in mixed units. Unlike the success achieved by the log plots training, most of the topics saw little and insufficient improvement as a result of training, despite the basic nature of the skills. Future improvements to the training will focus on determining which factors will help to convince students of the importance of mastering these prerequisite skills.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 210

Level schemes, spin and parity assignments, and decay properties are presented for allnuclei with mass number A = 210. Experimental data and adopted values are given along with conclusions as to the spin and parity assignments. The presentation of the nuclear properties is given in the light of the data and current theoretical ideas. Where reasonably well established, shell-model configurations have been noted for some nuclei. Compilers have attempted to bring out inconsistencies in the data and resolve discrepancies when possible.
Translocation of a lysosomal enzyme across the microsomal membrane requires signal recognition particle.

Abstract Signal recognition particle (SRP), an 11S ribonucleoprotein (Walter and Blobel (1982) Nature 299 , 691–698) , is required for translocation of secretory proteins across microsomal membranes (Walter and Blobel (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77 , 7112–7116) and for asymmetric integration into microsomal membranes of a transmembrane protein (Anderson et al. , (1982) J. Cell Biol. 93 , 501–506) . We demonstrate here that SRP is also required for translocation of the lysosomal protease cathepsin D across microsomal membranes.
School Disciplinary Responses to Truancy: Current Practice and Future Directions.

Truancy, or unexcused absence, is a common problem facing nearly all high schools across the United States and other nations. Understanding how schools typically respond to student truancy and the relative effectiveness of these responses is an important, yet relatively unexplored area. Using a national extant dataset, this study examined which school disciplinary responses are most effective in reducing the reoccurrence and growth in truancy among ninth-grade students. Results revealed group differences in the odds of truancy reoccurrence. After controlling for student-level factors, out-of-school suspension (OSS) was found to significantly decrease the probability of future truancy. However, longitudinal growth models revealed that repeated and ongoing exposure to OSS actually accelerated the growth in truancy. Implications for schools and directions for future research are discussed.
Discretizing Technical Documentation for End-to-End Traceability Tests

This paper describes a technique by which English prose protocol standards were transcribed into individually testable assertions and traced from original protocol specifications, to lists of requirements, to models and test cases, and finally into test logs and network captures. Annotating statements to make them stand alone, the handling of optional behavior, and using the requirements to guide discovery of missing information from the standard is also described. The approach allows us to have both a fast feedback loop for debugging the specification of the protocol and a way to estimate the coverage degree of the generated tests with respect to requirements. We discuss tool support developed specifically for the approach and exemplify with excerpts from the application of this technique in the process of testing hundreds of Microsoft’s open protocol specifications.
Who are the fathers in Healthy Families Arizona? An examination of father data in at-risk families

Despite substantial research documenting the importance of father-child relations, little is known about fathers in families considered at risk for child abuse, and this lack of information makes adequate targeting of fathers in interventions challenging. This research aims to provide information that will aid interventions in targeting fathers and addressing father-related family issues through: (a) providing descriptive information regarding fathers in families at risk for child abuse, and (b) examining aspects of family well-being relative to father involvement. Analyses were conducted on mother-report data in families eligible for the Healthy Families Arizona prevention program (N = 197). Results indicated that although only 15% of parents in the sample were married, 47% of families had resident fathers, and 77% of fathers had some contact with their new babies. Families with greater father involvement had better prenatal care, higher incomes, less maternal involvement in Child Protective Services, less physical domestic violence (DV), and greater maternal mental health reflected through less loneliness. These findings have implications for targeting nonresident as well as resident fathers in families at risk for child abuse and for exploring DV issues in families with noninvolved fathers. Language: en
JVD silicon nitride as tunnel dielectric in p-channel flash memory

High-quality jet vapor deposition nitride is investigated as a tunnel dielectric for flash memory device application. Compared to control devices with SiO/sub 2/ tunnel dielectric, faster programming speed as well as better retention time are achieved with low programming voltage. The p-channel devices can be programmed by hot electrons and erased by hot holes, or vice versa. Multilevel programming capability is shown.
The “Phonemic” Content of Backward-Reproduced Speech

Three hundred pain of consonant- (or consonantal cluster-) vowel syllables were spoken as though they were spondaic words. Students of phonetics (n = 21), working individually, listened to these as...
Evidence that SpoIVFB is a novel type of membrane metalloprotease governing intercompartmental communication during Bacillus subtilis sporulation.

Processing of pro-ςK in the mother cell compartment of sporulating Bacillus subtilis involves SpoIVFB and is governed by a signal from the forespore. SpoIVFB has an HEXXH motif characteristic of metalloproteases embedded in one of its transmembrane segments. Several conservative single amino acid changes in the HEXXH motif abolished function. However, changing the glutamic acid residue to aspartic acid, or changing the isoleucine residue that precedes the motif to proline, permitted SpoIVFB function. Only one other putative metalloprotease, site 2 protease has been shown to tolerate aspartic acid rather than glutamic acid in its HEXXH sequence. Site 2 protease and SpoIVFB share a second region of similarity with a family of putative membrane metalloproteases. A conservative change in this region of SpoIVFB abolished function. Interestingly, SpoIVFA increased the accumulation of certain mutant SpoIVFB proteins but was unnecessary for accumulation of wild-type SpoIVFB.
SELECTION OF CLEAVAGE SITE BY MAMMALIAN TRNA 3' PROCESSING ENDORIBONUCLEASE

Abstract Mammalian tRNA 3′ processing endoribonuclease (3′ tRNase) removes 3′ trailers from pre-tRNAs by cleaving the RNA immediately downstream of the discriminator nucleotide. Although 3′ tRNase can recognize and cleave any target RNA that forms a pre-tRNA-like complex with another RNA, in some cases cleavage occurs at multiple sites near the discriminator. We investigated what features of pre-tRNA determine the cleavage site using various pre-tRNA Arg variants and purified pig enzyme. Because the T stem-loop and the acceptor stem plus a 3′ trailer are sufficient for recognition by 3′ tRNase, we constructed variants that had additions and/or deletions of base-pairs in the T stem and/or the acceptor stem. Pre-tRNAs lacking one and two acceptor stem base-pairs were cleaved one and two nucleotides and two and three nucleotides, respectively, downstream of the discriminator. On the other hand, pre-tRNA variants containing extra acceptor stem base-pairs were cleaved only after the discriminator. The cleavage site was shifted to one and two nucleotides downstream of the discriminator by deleting one base-pair from the T stem, but was not changed by additional base-pairs in the T stem. Pre-tRNA variants that contained an eight base-pair acceptor stem plus a six base-pair T stem, an eight base-pair acceptor stem plus a four base-pair T stem, or a six base-pair acceptor stem plus a six base-pair T stem were all cleaved after the original nucleotide. In general, pre-tRNA variants containing a total of more than 11 bp in the acceptor stem and the T stem were cleaved only after the discriminator, and pre-tRNA variants with a total of N bp ( N is less than 12) were cleaved 12— N and 13— N nt downstream of the discriminator. Cleavage efficiency of the variants decreased depending on the degree of structural changes from the authentic pre-tRNA. This suggests that the numbers of base-pairs of both the acceptor stem and the T stem are important for recognition and cleavage by 3′ tRNase.
EXTENSION OF FELDT'S APPROACH TO TESTING HOMOGENEITY OF COEFFICIENTS OF RELIABILITY

Limitations and extensions of Feldt's approach to testing the equality of Cronbach's alpha coefficients in independent and matched samples are discussed. In particular, this approach is used to test equality of intraclass correlation coefficients.
Performance on the CERAD Word List Memory task: a comparison of university-based and community-based groups.

Background Evaluation of patients for Alzheimer's disease often compares an individual's performance on cognitive tests to established norms. The purpose of this study was to compare performance on the CERAD Word List Memory tasks in normal controls from an Alzheimer's disease registry and in community volunteers. Methods Scores on Word List Memory tasks were evaluated in cognitively intact participants enrolled in a university-based Alzheimer's disease registry (n=103) and in a sample of community volunteers (n=51). Scores for the two samples were also compared with previously published data from registry-based normal controls and from a representative community-based sample. Results University-based participants outperformed community volunteers, with most marked differences on Delayed Recall and on a Savings score that contrasted immediate to delayed recall. University-based participants performed similarly to previously published scores for normal controls from another university-based Alzheimer's disease registry, while community volunteers were consistent with published scores available from a representative community sample. Conclusions Accurate neuropsychological assessment of Alzheimer's disease may require consideration of potentially subtle differences between older adults tested at university centers and those tested in the community. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rubisco rules fall; gene transfer triumphs

The most common form of the CO2-fixing enzyme rubisco is a form I enzyme, heretofore found universally in oxygenic phototrophs (cyanobacteria and plastids) and widely in proteobacteria. Two groups, however (1-4), now report that in dinoflagellate plastids the usual form I rubisco has been replaced by the distantly related form II enzyme, known previously only from anaerobic proteobacteria. This raises the important question of how such an oxygen-sensitive rubisco could function in an aerobic organism. Moreover, the dinoflagellate rubisco has unusual molecular properties: it is encoded as a polyprotein, by nuclear (rather than plastid) genes, and these genes contain noncanonical spliceosomal introns. The nuclear location and alpha-proteobacterial affinity of dinoflagellate rubisco genes hint at a possible mitochondrial origin and highlight the extraordinary richness of lateral gene transfers, both between and within organisms, that have occurred during rubisco evolution.