cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gravity compensation in the mantle beneath the neovolcanic zone of Iceland

Abstract An enormous component of isostatic compensation (∼−430±40mgal) is provided by subcrustal material beneath the neovolcanic zone of Iceland. Previously published values for the component of gravity contributed by anomalous mantle material beneath this region range from −250 to −140 mgal. These values are only a partial indication of the magnitude of the compensation mechanism. If one takes into account constraints on crustal thickness from seismic refraction studies and compares Iceland to less active tectonic regions near by, one obtains a mantle gravity effect of approximately −430±40mgal , which for a simple slab model leads to a vertically integrated mass deficit per unit surface area of 10 6 g/cm 2 . The effects of thermal expansion, solid-solid phase transitions and partial fusion can provide significant contributions to the total mass deficiency; however, none of these mechanisms alone seems sufficient to account for the entire anomaly. The relation of this mass anomaly to the evolution of the Iceland-Faeroe ridge is considered by examining two extreme end-members of a suite of possible evolutionary models for this region. The first of these is the case where, in time, the 10 6 g/cm 2 mass deficit will be resorbed into the mantle with the effects of chemical segregation playing a minor role. The second case, which is preferred, involves a significant redistribution of material from the mantle such that basaltic melt segregated from high levels in the mantle accumulates and crystallizes in a zone at the base of the crust. In this latter model, if the Iceland-Faeroe ridge is considered to have evolved under a steady rate of magma production over the last 30–40 × 10 6 years, then underplating of the crust may account for its increasing thickness as it matures from 8–10 km in the neovolcanic zone to a value of approximately 32 km for the Iceland-Faeroe ridge. If we assume a 10% increase in density upon crystallization, thickening of the crust by 22 km through underplating by magma accumulation leads to an increase in mass per unit surface area of 0.6 × 10 6 g/cm 2 , and accounts for approximately 60% of the total mass difference in the mantle between Iceland and the Iceland-Faeroe ridge.
Hippocampal theta in nervous pointer dogs.

Abstract Nervous pointer dogs are catatonic, less friendly and exhibit slower heart rates than do normal dogs. Several investigators have reported that hippocampal theta (4–8 Hz) is depressed in the initial phase of an orienting response but returns to the hippocampogram as habituation is accomplished. On the basis of this information, we hypothesized that the hippocampogram of nervous pointer dogs would have significant deviations of the theta rhythm from normal. Electrodes were implanted in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex to record electroencephalographic data. Additional electrodes were placed in the eye and neck musculature to monitor eye movements and muscle tone. Nervous dogs, as compared with normal dogs, exhibited little or no theta rhythm during the alert state, and they had a tendency to sleep more. Perhaps the absence of a normal theta pattern in the hippocampogram of nervous pointer dogs, especially during wakefulness, is related to their inability to habituate to environmental stimuli.
Psychodynamics, gender, and reactionary entrepreneurship in metropolitan Sao Paulo, Brazil

From the 1980s through the early 1990s, Brazil’s economy encountered severe economic conditions that were not conducive to entrepreneurship. Despite these conditions, entrepreneurial endeavors were undertaken. Given the number of firms created during this period, this reactionary behavior raises questions about entrepreneurial psychodynamics. Using the psychological characteristics school of thought as a framework, this study examines the relationship between entrepreneurial behavior and the psychodynamic dimensions of disposition and business desire among entrepreneurs in Sao Paulo, Brazil during a period of economic turmoil. Results of the ANOVA technique indicate that male and female Brazilian entrepreneurs differ in both psychodynamic dimensions.
Establishing trustworthiness in services of the critical infrastructure through certification and accreditation

Trustworthiness in services provided by the Critical Infrastructure (CI) is essentially dependent on the quality of underlying software, systems, practice and environment, as which the software information infrastructures are becoming increasingly a major component of business, industry, government and defense. The level of trustworthiness required from services that are operational in such critical software information infrastructures is often established based on standardized infrastructure-wide evaluation criteria - Certification and Accreditation (C&A) - through the identification of operational risks and the determination of conformance with established security standards and best practices. In order to effectively establish such levels of trustworthiness for services in the CI, we identify the need for a structured and comprehensive C&A framework with appropriate tool support that combines its theoretical and practical aspects. In this paper, we present our efforts in developing such a framework that leverages novel techniques from software requirements engineering and knowledge engineering to support the automation of the Department of Defense Information Technology Security Certification and Accreditation Process (DITSCAP), which is a standard for certifying and accrediting the information networks that support the Defense Information Infrastructure (DII). Through the examples derived from our case study, we further motivate the applicability and appropriateness of our framework.
Storage and retrieval methods to support fully interactive playout in a disk-array-based video server

One of the most important challenges in a videoon-demand (VOD) system is to support interactive browsing functions such as “fast forward” and “fast backward.” Typically, these functions impose additional resource requirements on the VOD system in terms of storage space, retrieval throughput, network bandwidth, etc. Moreover, prevalent video compression techniques such as MPEG impose additional constraints on the process since they introduce interframe dependencies. In this paper, we devise methods to support variable rate browsing for MPEG-like video streams and minimize the additional resources required. Specifically, we consider the storage and retrieval for video data in a diskarray-based video server and address the issue of distributing the retrieval requests across the disks evenly. The overall approach proposed in this paper for interactive browsing is composed of (1) a storage method, (2) sampling and placement methods, and (3) a playout method, in which the sampling and placement methods are two alternatives for video-segment selection. The segment-sampling scheme supports browsing at any desired speed while balancing the load on the disk array, as well as minimizing the variation on the number of video segments skipped between samplings. In contrast, the segment-placement scheme supports completely uniform segment sampling across the disk array for some specific speed-up rates. Several theoretical properties for the problem studied are derived. Finally, we describe experimental results on the visual effect of the proposed frame-skipping approach.
DSM III and consultation-liaison psychiatry: toward a comprehensive medical model of the patient.

The descriptive and multiaxial approaches in DSM III encourage comprehensive conceptualization of the patient. The use of explicit criteria for diagnosing syndromes facilitates communication between psychiatry and general medicine. The DSM III category Psychological Factors Affecting Physical Condition should be further elaborated into (a) Psychiatric Factors Affecting Physical Condition, and (b) Physical Condition Affecting Psychiatric Disorder. In addition, the phase of the illness these factors affect should be specified, i.e., the precipitation, course, and recovery. Somatoform Disorder should not be a diagnosis of exclusion, and the diagnostic criteria should clearly specify that conversion symptoms may be superimposed on a pre-existing physical disorder. The DSM III axes are not coherent: they include diagnostic categories, statements concerning possible relationships, and factors that might affect outcome. We propose an alternative to the DSM III Axes based on the Patient Evaluation Grid (PEG), a system comprised of four axes, including Biological Dimension, Personal Dimension, Environmental Dimension, and Assessment of Interaction Among Dimensions. Developing a comprehensive diagnostic model for both medical and psychiatric patients that can be shared by all physicians may be an important function of the liaison psychiatrist.
Electronic Interactions of Michler's Ketone with DNA Bases in Synthetic Hairpins†

The mechanism and dynamics of photoinduced electron transfer in two families of DNA hairpins possessing Michler's ketone linkers have been investigated by means of steady state and time-resolved transient absorption and emission spectroscopies. The excited state behavior of the diol linker employed in hairpin synthesis is similar to that of Michler's ketone in methanol solution. Hairpins possessing only a Michler's ketone linker undergo fast singlet state charge separation and charge recombination with an adjacent purine base, attributed to well-stacked ground state conformations, and intersystem crossing to the triplet state, attributed to poorly stacked ground state conformations. The failure of the triplet to undergo electron transfer reactions on the 7 ns time scale of our measurements is attributed to the low triplet energy and reduction potential of the twisted triplet state. Hairpins possessing both a Michler's ketone linker and a perylenediimide base surrogate separated by four base pairs undergo photoinduced hole transport from the diimide to Michler's ketone upon excitation of the diimide. The efficiency of hole transport is dependent upon the sequence of the intervening purine bases.
Real-time dynamic voltage scaling for low-power embedded operating systems

In recent years, there has been a rapid and wide spread of non-traditional computing platforms, especially mobile and portable computing devices. As applications become increasingly sophisticated and processing power increases, the most serious limitation on these devices is the available battery life. Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) has been a key technique in exploiting the hardware characteristics of processors to reduce energy dissipation by lowering the supply voltage and operating frequency. The DVS algorithms are shown to be able to make dramatic energy savings while providing the necessary peak computation power in general-purpose systems. However, for a large class of applications in embedded real-time systems like cellular phones and camcorders, the variable operating frequency interferes with their deadline guarantee mechanisms, and DVS in this context, despite its growing importance, is largely overlooked/under-developed. To provide real-time guarantees, DVS must consider deadlines and periodicity of real-time tasks, requiring integration with the real-time scheduler. In this paper, we present a class of novel algorithms called real-time DVS (RT-DVS) that modify the OS's real-time scheduler and task management service to provide significant energy savings while maintaining real-time deadline guarantees. We show through simulations and a working prototype implementation that these RT-DVS algorithms closely approach the theoretical lower bound on energy consumption, and can easily reduce energy consumption 20% to 40% in an embedded real-time system.
A fiber optic sensor for rapid analysis of bilirubin in serum

Abstract A miniaturized fiber optic biosensor has been fabricated for rapid analysis of bilirubin. Bilirubin is detected indirectly, based on fluorescence quenching of tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) ruthenium chloride, [Ru(dpp)3], by dissolved molecular oxygen. Oxygen is consumed in the oxidation of bilirubin to biliverdin, catalyzed by the enzyme bilirubin oxidase (BOX). Both Ru(dpp)3 and bilirubin oxidase are physically immobilized in an acrylamide polymer matrix that is attached covalently to a silanized optical fiber tip surface via controlled photopolymerization. Leaching of the ruthenium dye is minimized by the optimization of the ratio between the acrylamide monomer and the cross-linker (N,N-methylene bisacrylamide). An 8% isobutyl alcohol in a phosphate buffer at pH 6 is used for storing the fiber optic biosensor. This solution maintains the enzymatic activity and the sensor response while minimizing the leaking of bilirubin oxidase from the polymer matrix. The detection limit of the sensor is 1 × 10−7 M and its linear dynamic range is between 1 × 10−7 and 3 × 10−4 M. The response time of the sensor is about 10 s, which presents a 50-fold improvement over existing bilirubin sensing devices. A standard deviation of about 3% is observed through all measurements. The mean percent error of the prediction of unknown normal and elevated bilirubin concentrations in serum samples based on the obtained calibration curve is about 2%.
Differentiation of Candida albicans from non-albicans yeast directly from blood cultures by Gram stain morphology

Clusters of pseudohyphae are commonly seen on Gram stain of blood cultures from patients with Candida albicans fungemia. Whether this morphologic feature is useful for differentiating C. albicans from other yeasts has not previously been systematically evaluated. Yeast morphology on Gram stain of blood cultures from consecutive patients with fungemia detected by the Bactec automated blood culture system was prospectively assessed and correlated with the final culture-based yeast identification. The distribution of yeast in 60 consecutive patients with fungemia included Candida spp. (C. albicans 43%, Candida glabrata 28%, Candida parapsilosis 8%, Candida krusei 7%, Candida tropicalis 5%, Candida dubliniensis 2%, and Candida lusitaniae 2%), Rhodotorula mucilaginosa 2%, and Cryptococcus neoformans 3%. Upon analysis of the first positive blood culture bottle per patient, the presence of clustered pseudohyphae on Gram stain had a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 85, 97, 96, and 89%, respectively, for C. albicans. The sensitivity and specificity of aerobic vs Myco/F blood culture bottles were 96 and 95% vs 25 and 100%, p < 0.001, respectively. Inter-rater agreement for ten separate observations among five reviewers was 100%. The presence of pseudohyphae clusters by Gram stain of blood cultures is useful in distinguishing C. albicans from non-albicans yeast. Additional studies are necessary to determine the clinical impact of these findings and their validity with other blood culture systems.
Obesity and prostate cancer screening in the USA.

Summary Objective To estimate the association between body mass index (BMI: kg/m 2 ) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) cancer screening in a nationally representative sample of US men aged 50 years and older using data from the 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey. Respondents Men aged 50 years or older classified by BMI as healthy weight range (18.5–24.9), overweight (25–29.9), obese class I (30–34.9), obese class II (35–39.9), and obese class III (≥40). Outcome measures Interval since most recent screening for PSA. Results Adjusting for age, race, smoking, education, employment, income and health insurance status, we found that, compared with men in the healthy weight range, men in the overweight [odds ratio (OR)=1.13; 95% confidence interval (95% CI)=1.04–1.35], obese class I (OR=1.26; 95% CI=1.06–1.36) and obese class II (OR=1.14, 95% CI=1.02–1.26) categories were significantly more likely to have obtained a PSA test within the previous year. A similar pattern was observed when we examined other screening intervals (e.g. within past 2 years, within past 3 years, etc.). Conclusions Among men aged 50 years and older, overweight and obesity is associated with obtaining a PSA test.
Coping: Effects of Death Education

The present investigation utilized coping capacities as desired outcomes and sought to evaluate the effects of one death education seminar. An experimental group (N = 24) experienced the entire sem...
Charitable Donations and the Estate Tax: A Tale of Two Hypotheses

Regression studies have suggested that reducing estate-tax rates would lead to a net reduction in total charitable donations distributed at death. Not only is this notion counterintuitive, our empirical analysis yields the contrary conclusion: overall donations would increase. In rationalizing this donation-decline outcome, investigators have pointed to the tax deductibility of donations in assessing estate-tax liability. These efforts, we show, are dubious. The view that donations will decline is also shown to be inconsistent with axioms of generally accepted economic theory. Two distinct sets of indifference curves that imply these two antithetical views are suggested, their observable predictions derived and compared to the relevant evidence, showing that the increasing-donation hypothesis is confirmed, offering overall a clear challenge to the decline-in-donation position. Our empirical results suggest that most estate-tax payers possess indifference curves consistent with those that embody the increasing-donation hypothesis.
Closing the Brownfield Information Gap: Some Practical Methods for Identifying Brownfields

Communities historically have had a difficult time understanding the scope and breadth of their brownfield situation. This lack of information has resulted in part from property owner reluctance to reveal contamination potential because of liability fears. Failure to inform creates a debilitating stigma effect, where properties and entire neighborhoods are avoided because of suspected but unknown contamination potential. In this article, I present a method with which communities can address the brownfield information gap while bypassing individual property owner objections by means of a creative combination of existing formal and informal government records. Using assumptions based on the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) official definition of a brownfield, environmental, land use, and property tax information can be collected on an individual property basis. The resulting data will allow communities to develop a more comprehensive brownfields profile that will help reduce the stigma effect of suspected brownfields and further community–wide redevelopment efforts.
Intel nanotechnology integrated process control systems: an overview

As patterning dimensions decrease, die yield and performance become increasingly sensitive to smaller amounts of process variations. To minimize variability, Process Control is applied to prevent excursions, improve yield, decrease non-product runs, reduce cycle time due to rework, and reduce equipment calibration and maintenance. Intel inline Process Control aims at rapid detection, classification, prediction, and correction of problems and/or non-optimal performance during wafer processing. For efficient process control, robust analysis is needed in order to monitor the process, detect, and predict the process behavior. The paper will address Intel model based control and will focus on the various model based analysis and control modules that Intel has developed, and deployed for different technology generations. With the rapid increases in the number of analysis and control modules and the emerging need for integrating such modules to allow sharing of data, applications and methods, there is a need to define standard interfaces for such modules. This need motivated Intel to lead the development of SEMI E133; the Process Control Systems (PCS) Standard that was approved on October 2003.
Phase 1 of the California Healthy Building Study: A Summary

Twelve public office buildings were selected for a study of relationships between worker's health symptoms and a number of building, workspace, job, and personal factors. Three buildings were naturally ventilated, three were mechanically ventilated, and six were air conditioned. Information on the prevalences of work-related symptoms, demographics, and job and personal factors were determined via a questionnaire completed by 880 occupants. Several indoor environmental parameters were measured. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations between symptom prevalences and features of the buildings, indoor environments, jobs, and personal factors. A substantial fraction of the occupants in these typical office buildings reported frequent work-related symptoms. The occupants of the mechanically ventilated and air conditioned buildings had sipifcantly more symptoms than occupants of the naturally ventilated buildings after adjustment for confounding factors. Increased prevalences of some symptoms were associated with several job and workspace factors including: presence of carpet, increased use of carbonless copy paper and photocopiers, space sharing, and distance from a window
Effect of Noncoherent FSK Versus PSK on Waveform Error in PCM Telemetry

In a recent paper [1] the authors presented an optimization strategy for the transmission of analog data over a PCM telemetry link. Constraints imposed included real-time operation and both average and peak power limitations on the transmitter. The selected strategy used Karhunen-Loeve (KL) sampling, unequal bit assignments, optimum uniform quantizing, the natural code, and PSK reception. In this paper, the performance of the above system will be compared to the same system using noncoherent FSK reception instead of PSK. The performance criterion used for the comparison is the mean integral squared error criterion.
Effect of Belief Bias on the Development of Undergraduate Students' Reasoning about Inference

Psychologists have discovered a phenomenon called "Belief Bias" in which subjects rate the strength of arguments based on the believability of the conclusions. This paper reports the results of a small qualitative pilot study of undergraduate students who had previously taken an algebra-based introduction to statistics class. The subjects in this study exhibited a form of Belief Bias when reasoning about statistical inference. In particular, the subjects in this study were more likely to question the experimental design of a study when they did not believe the conclusions reached by the study. While these results are based on a small sample, if replicated, the results have implications for the teaching of statistics. Specifically, when teaching hypothesis testing, statistics instructors should be mindful about the context of example problems used in class, make explicit links between inference to experimental design and actively engage students in discussions of both believability of conclusions and the types of arguments they find convincing.
Effects of formulation and dosing strategy on amprenavir concentrations in the seminal plasma of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected men.

We compared seminal plasma pharmacokinetic data for the investigational amprenavir prodrug GW433908 with those for amprenavir and an amprenavir-ritonavir combination regimen. All 3 regimens resulted in detectable blood plasma and seminal plasma concentrations of amprenavir. The majority of these concentrations were greater than the plasma protein--corrected 50% inhibitory concentration for wild-type human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
Sequence-Based Human Leukocyte Antigen—B Typing of Patients Infected with Ebola Virus in Uganda in 2000: Identification of Alleles Associated with Fatal and Nonfatal Disease Outcomes

The Sudan species of Ebola virus (SEBOV) causes severe, often fatal infection in approximately 50% of infected humans. We sought to determine whether the human leukocyte antigen-B (HLA-B) locus has a role in the outcome of SEBOV disease by typing 77 cases from an outbreak in northern Uganda in 2000-2001. Sequence-based HLA-B typing was performed using leukocytes isolated from 77 patients. Statistical analysis and a predictive discriminant analysis (PDA) were applied to typing data. Epitope prediction software was also applied to SEBOV sequences. Statistically significant associations were found between certain sets of alleles and either fatal or nonfatal disease outcomes. Alleles B*67 and B*15 were associated with fatal outcomes, whereas B*07 and B*14 were associated with nonfatal outcomes. The PDA-derived functions that were produced were 81.8% accurate in classifying patients into their correct outcome group. Several epitopes predicted to bind strongly to HLA-B*07 molecules were identified in the viral polymerase, nucleoprotein, and VP35 protein. HLA-B alleles associated with either fatal or nonfatal outcomes of SEBOV disease were identified and can be used in a predictive model. Studies of HLA-B-restricted epitopes could contribute to characterization of protective host responses and to vaccine development.
Cost efficiency and reimbursement of remote monitoring: a US perspective

Demographic and technological changes are driving increased utilization of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) remote monitoring. In the USA, fee-for-service model of healthcare delivery, services rendered are valued based upon time, intensity, and technical or practice expense costs. As a consequence of this perspective, and to contain spending, Medicare has grouped physician services into families. Spending within each family of services must, by law, remain budget neutral. Cardiac implantable electronic devices monitoring services, remote and in-person, are grouped into one family. As the volume of services within this family increases, the individual encounters are destined to be discounted into ever decreasing portions. However, if the value of remote monitoring is demonstrated to extend beyond the previous boundaries of in-person interrogations, a rational request can be made to reconsider the relative value of remote monitoring. Outcome data supporting the value-added benefits of remote monitoring are rapidly accumulating, including (i) patient convenience, with reduced use of office services, (ii) equal safety compared with in-person evaluation, (iii) shorter detection time to actionable events (arrhythmias, cardiovascular disease progression, and device malfunction), (iv) reduced length of stay for hospitalizations, (v) reduced inappropriate shocks, (vi) increased battery longevity, and (vii) a relative reduction in the risk of death. Fully automatic wireless technology, only recently widely implemented, will add considerable clinical efficiencies and further increase the value of remote monitoring. The U.S. challenge will be to appropriately define the relative value of CIEDs remote monitoring now that outcome data have demonstrated its value extends beyond in-person interrogation.
Design of unequally spaced arrays for performance improvement

Classical antenna array synthesis techniques such as Fourier, Dolph-Chebyshev and Taylor synthesis efficiently obtain array current distributions for equally spaced arrays that generate a desired far-field radiation pattern function or keep important parameters like beamwidth and sidelobe level within prescribed performance bounds. However, the concept of optimization of the field pattern (e.g., by decreasing sidelobes or beamwidth) of an given equally spaced array realization by altering its element spacings still represents a challenging problem having considerable practical advantages. These include reduction in size, weight, and number of elements of the array. This paper describes a new approach to synthesis of unequally spaced arrays utilizing a simple inversion algorithm to obtain the element spacings from prescribed far-zone electric field and current distribution, or current distributions from prescribed far-zone electric field and element spacings.
Extent and character of circadian gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster: identification of twenty oscillating mRNAs in the fly head

Abstract Background: Although mRNAs expressed with a circadian rhythm have been isolated from many species, the extent and character of circadianly regulated gene expression is unknown for any animal. In Drosophila melanogaster , only the period (per) gene, an essential component of the circadian pacemaker, is known to show rhythmic mRNA expression. Recent work suggests that the encoded Per protein controls its own transcription by an autoregulatory feedback loop. Per might also control the rhythmic expression of other genes to generate circadian behavior and physiology. The goals of this work were to evaluate the extent and character of circadian control of gene expression in Drosophila , and to identify genes dependent on per for circadian expression. Results A large collection of anonymous, independent cDNA clones was used to screen for transcripts that are rhythmically expressed in the fly head. 20 of the 261 clones tested detected mRNAs with a greater than two-fold daily change in abundance. Three mRNAs were maximally expressed in the morning, whereas 17 mRNAs were most abundant in the evening — when per mRNA is also maximally expressed (but when the flies are inactive). Further analysis of the three ‘morning' cDNAs showed that each has a unique dependence on the presence of a light–dark cycle, on timed feeding, and on the function of the per gene for its oscillation. These dependencies were different from those determined for per and for a novel ‘evening' gene. Sequence analysis indicated that all but one of the 20 cDNAs identified previously uncloned genes. Conclusion Diurnal control of gene expression is a significant but limited phenomenon in the fly head, which involves many uncharacterized genes. Diurnal control is mediated by multiple endogenous and exogenous mechanisms, even at the level of individual genes. A subset of circadianly expressed genes are predominantly or exclusively dependent on per for their rhythmic expression. The per gene can therefore influence the expression of genes other than itself, but for many rhythmically expressed genes, per functions in conjunction with external inputs to control their daily expression patterns.
Creating Classrooms of Preference: An Exercise in Appreciative Inquiry

This article reviews Appreciative Inquiry (AI) as a process used in organizational creation and change and then outlines steps for an in-class exercise titled “The Preferred Classroom,” to be used to design and organize a college classroom for the term. The exercise also prepares business students for future exposure to AI. A brief literature review is followed by a detailed step-by-step approach of how the exercise has been conducted in Organizational Behavior, Management, and Leadership Development courses at the graduate and undergraduate levels. Strategies for success, the value of the exercise in students’ lives, and implications are also discussed. Results of the exercise show increased awareness and optimism in students about their lives as well as relationship development with others in the class through shared experiences. In addition, increased freedom occurs with the opportunity to contribute to the design of the course and course values.
K Permeability of Nitella clavata in the Depolarized State

Membrane current responses to sudden potential changes were recorded in solutions of various [K]o on 52 internodal cells of Nitella clavata. The membrane current after sudden depolarization had a component sensitive to [K]o which increased with time from 0.3 to 2.0 s and remained steady thereafter. This late current became zero at values of E and [K]o which suggests that the current was nearly all carried by K+. The potassium conductivity represented by this current increased with depolarization, with a half-maximum value at about -70 mV, and saturation at about -30 to -20 mV. The potassium conductance also increased with increasing [K]o, but less rapidly than predicted for constant potassium permeability. This failure of the conductance to increase with [K]o was relatively the same at all membrane potentials and may be explained by a model with a finite number of channels. No attempt was made to model the dependence of gK on time after depolarization or on membrane potential. However, the finding that the membrane potential did not affect the way in which the permeability depended on [K]o suggests that the membrane potential change does not affect the affinity of the sites, and that the increase in gK with time after depolarization is brought about by an increase in the number of channels with such sites.
Assibilation of /-r/ and migration among Mexicans

This article examines the assibilation of the vibrant /-r/ in word final position in Mexican Spanish in an urban and a rural community in Moroleon (Guanajuato, Mexico) and Kennett Square (Pennsylvania, United States). The data was collected according to traditional sociolinguistic methodology during 1995 and 1996. The analysis of the data uses linguistic factors combined with socioeconomic factors that include movement seen as social mobility and/or migratory tendencies in the population. Through the intertwining of these factors interesting tendencies can be observed: female preference for the innovative and prestigious variant as a way to acquire power in a society where women do not have a voice to claim or seek social mobility and power; the influence of the linguistic market in the community, and the effects of accommodation.My thanks go to the anonymous reader who reviewed this paper. I am responsible for any shortcomings found here.
Essential Psychoanalysis: Toward a Re-Appraisal of the Relationship between Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychotherapy.

Abstract Freud stated that any line of investigation which recognizes transference and resistance, regardless of its results, was entitled to call itself psychoanalysis (Freud, 1914a, p. 16). Separately he wrote that psychoanalysis was the science of unconscious mental processes (Freud, 1925, p. 70). Combining these two ideas defines Essential Psychoanalysis: Any line of treatment, theory, or science which recognizes the facts of unconscious, transference, or resistance, and takes them as the starting point of its work, regardless of its results, is psychoanalysis. Freud formulated two conflicting definitions of psychoanalysis: Essential Psychoanalysis, applicable to all analysts regardless of their individuality and Extensive Psychoanalysis, modeled on his individuality. They differ in how psychoanalytic technique is viewed. For Essential Psychoanalysis, flexible recommendations constitute psychoanalytic technique, whereas for Extensive Psychoanalysis, rules constitute a key part of psychoanalytic technique.
Grassland bird use of riparian filter strips in Southeast Iowa

Abstract The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) under its Continuous Enrollment Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) has actively promoted establishment of conservation buffers. Although these programs are intended to benefit wildlife in addition to protecting soil and water resources, benefits to grassland birds may be compromised by narrow widths, presence of woody vegetation, and high predation pressure. During 2001 and 2002, we surveyed breeding grassland birds and searched for nests in 33 CRP filter strips that varied in planting mixture (cool-season vs. warm-season grasses) and adjacent edge type (non-wooded vs. wooded). The most abundant species in filter strips were red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), dickcissel (Spiza americana), song sparrow (Melospiza melodia), and common yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas). Relative abundances of birds and nests were similar between cool-season and warm-season planting mixtures. Dickcissels and red-winged blackbirds and their nests were relatively less ...
Jesus in Jerusalem: Armed and Not Dangerous:

In debating the meaning of Jesus’ arrest and death at Jerusalem, scholars have paid too little attention to normal Roman practices of dealing with persons found armed in public in Rome or other cities under their control. Moreover, the idea that only one or two of Jesus’ disciples were armed has been accepted uncritically in spite of the probability that more or all of them were armed. This article highlights the signiﬁcance of Jesus’ disciples being armed when he was arrested just outside the walls of Jerusalem, linking that fact with other details from the sources, such as Jesus’ opposition to the temple, the presence of Samaritans among his early followers, the absence of lamb at the last supper, and the fact that he was executed by the Romans as a ‘social rebel’. Jesus led his followers, armed, to Jerusalem to participate in a heavenly-earthly battle to overthrow the Romans and their high-priestly client rulers of Judea.
Rarefaction Wave Propagation in Origami-Based Mechanical Metamaterials

We design origami-based mechanical metamaterials composed of Tachi-Miura Polyhedron (TMP) cells, and we numerically study the propagation of nonlinear waves in them. In order to investigate the dynamics of origami structures, we model these TMP-based metamaterials into a simple multi-bar linkage model. By using this model, we find that these TMP cells exhibit strain softening behavior under compression, which can be tuned by modifying their geometrical configurations or initial conditions. By leveraging such tunable strain softening mechanisms, we verify that the origami-based metamaterials can support the propagation of rarefaction waves. These waves feature tensile wave-fronts despite the application of compressive impact to the system. Such unusual characteristics can be exploited to disintegrate shock waves in a controllable and efficient manner, thereby leading to potential applications in impact mitigation and absorption.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Drumming Behavior of Four Western Nearctic Isoperla (Plecoptera) Species

Drumming was successfully recorded from 4 of 7 reared Isoperla , representing 3 species complexes and 14 western nearctic collection localities. All 4 engaged in 2-way communication. The ♂ Isoperla phalerata (Banks) signal was diphasic, with a $\bar{\text x}$ of 13 plus 22 beats, at relatively constant $\bar{\text x}$ frequencies of 24.6 and 6.4 ms. The monophasic ♀ answer had a $\bar{\text x}$ of 8 beats at 27.1 ms. Mean beats and frequency of the monophasic male Isoperla quinquepunctata (Banks) signal were 9 and 43.3 ms, respectively. Females responded with 2 beats, at a frequency of 6.1 ms, usually beginning after the male 6th beat. Symphonies of combined and overlapped signals of this species were exhibited by laboratory groups. Isoperla mormona (Banks) ♂ had a $\bar{\text x}$ of 11 beats with a frequency of 45.9 ms. One ♀ was observed drumming twice but would not cooperate in the drumming chamber. Isoperla fulva . Claassen males tapped 5–6 times with a frequency of 25.9 ms. Females answered with a $\bar{\text x}$ of 5 beats at a frequency of 16.3 ms. Signal characteristics were species-specific, although one group of ♀ I. quinquepunctata answered ♂ I. mormona taped signals after the 5th or 6th beat. The 1st 6 ♂ beats in these 2 species exhibited similar frequencies. These females, however, exhibited a mating avoidance response when paired with I. mormona ♂. Drumming behavior serves as additional data input in establishing Plecoptera phylogeny, and corresponded well in this study to morphological species groupings of Isoperla .
Postwar Educational Development in Northern Rhodesia: The Political Influence of Special Interest Groups

D uring World War II the economy of Northern Rhodesia made a dramatic recovery from the effects of the depression years, and substantial surpluses in budget revenues were real ized. Fears of a postwar recession, however, curbed efforts to increase government expenditure on African education. There were steps taken to improve the standard of education offered and to meet requirements already established for receiving limited government grants. An important economic adjustment in African education was the abolition of school fees, with the loss of revenue being paid by government subsidies. This move was precipitated by the provision of free compulsory education for the European community. The already existing discrepancy between government expenditure for African and European edu cation increased, however, with the European community receiv ing significantly better allowances, capital grants, and educa tional supplies. Agitation by Africans, missionaries, and legislative council members was ignored. The overall statistical gains in African education do not reveal the existence of suspicion and antago nism due to this widening gulf. The struggle to equalize condi tions for mission and civil service teachers was only partly suc cessful. Increased pressure was exerted to end the dual system and to incorporate missions and mission teachers as full partners in the educational system. Political activity by all special interest groups was aimed at changing the system of government. The pattern of European domination and African agitation continued
Antineoplastic agents 322. synthesis of combretastatin A-4 prodrugs.

Abstract Combretastatin A-4 (1a), the principal cancer cell growth-inhibitory constituent of the Zulu medicinal plant Combretum caffrum, has been undergoing preclinical development. However, the very limited water solubility of this phenol has complicated drug formation. Hence, derivatives of the combretastatin A-4 (1a) 3'-phenol group were prepared for evaluation as possible water-soluble prodrugs. As observed for combretastatin A-4, the sodium salt (1b), potassium salt (1c) and hemisuccinic acid ester (1e) derivatives of phenol 1a were essentially insoluble in water. Indeed, these substances regenerated combretastatin A-4 upon reaction with water. A series of other simple derivatives (1d, 1f-j) proved unsatisfactory in terms of water solubility or stability, or both. The most soluble derivatives evaluated included the ammonium (1l), potassium (1m) and sodium (1n) phosphate salts, where the latter two proved most stable and suitable. Both the potassium (1m) and sodium (1n) phosphate derivatives of combretastatin A-4 were also found to exhibit the requisite biological properties necessary for a useful prodrug. Sodium salt 1n was selected for drug formulation and further pre-clinical development.
Improvement of Solvent Desorption Method Applied for Isophorone in Workplace Air by Gas Chromatography

[Objective] To improve the desorption efficiency in the determination of isophorone in workplace air by gas chromatography using mixed solvent. [Methods] Air samples collected with charcoal tubes were desorbed with 10% isopropanol and carbon disulfide mixture, separated with capillary column INNOWAX(30.0 m×0.53 mm×1.0 μm), and detected with flame ion detector using retention time for qualification and external standard curve for quantitation of isopropanol. [Results] The 10% isopropanol and carbon disulfide mixture was applied for isophorone desorption, and the average desorption efficiency was 92.6%. The relative standard deviation of three isophorone spiked levels(10, 60, and 150 mg/L) was below 5% for intra assay or below 10% for inter assay. A good linearity was observed in the range of 0.28-400 mg/L with the regression equation y^=1.947x-0.904 and correlation coefficient r=1.000 0. The limit of detection of the method was 0.084 mg/L. The minimum detectable concentration and the limit of quantitation of isophorone in solvent and air were 0.034 mg/m3 and 0.11 mg/m3 respectively based on sampling volume(2.5 L). [Conclusion] The method using 10% isopropanol and carbon disulfide mixture as desorption solvent for determination of isophorone in workplace air is of great precision and accuracy. Its desorption efficiency is higher than the method using carbon disulfide only(70%) and meets the requirements of relative standards.
The Fiber-Optic Measurement System for Pesticides' Concentration in Soil Based on Fluorescent Mechanism

The feasibility of measuring pesticides by fluorescence method is analyzed on the foundational principle that molecules of organic substance can emit fluorescence when excited by rays.A fiber-optic fluorescent measuring system,which can be used for detecting the organic pesticides' concentration in soil,is put forward based on the technique of fiber-optic sensing and fluorescence analysis.In the system,a pulsed xenon lamp is used as an excitation lamp source,a self-made cone-shape fiber-optic probe for detecting the fluorescence,a small-sized flat field grating spectrometer for dispersing fluorescence,a high-speed data-gathering module for gathering and converting the fluorescent signals.The fluorescence's spectrum of the pesticide is obtained with only one exposure of the system.In this way,the fluorescence experiments on carbaryl of different concentration in soil were done and the working curve and the minimum detecting limit of the system were examined.The results show the system can get high-resolution fluorescence spectra,and has a linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity and the concentration in the range of 0.005 mg/kg~0.1 mg/kg.and the minimum detecting density(LOD) is 0.005 mg/kg,the relative standard deviation(RSD) is ≤3 %.Consequently,the system can surely meet the need of detecting pesticides' concentration in soil.
Microhemturia Associated with Gold Therapy: Evaluation and Management

AbstractGold has become one of the mainstays in the therapy of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Its beneficial anti-inflammatory effect is limited by its toxicity, including renal involvement. The renal lesion has been shown to be membranous glomemlonephropathy, leading to proteinuria and hematuria. Hematuria has not been well described. We herein discuss its evaluation and management.
Risk assessment in high grade sarcoma patients during neoadjuvant chemotherapy using multiple tracer PET

20006 Background: Patients with high grade soft tissue sarcomas are treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Sarcomas have biological features that may predict for poor outcome. Some of these feature...
Do Schools Cause Crime in Neighborhoods? Evidence from the Opening of Schools in Philadelphia

To assess the impact of schools on crime in neighborhoods. We utilize data of charter and public schools in Philadelphia to estimate the effect of school openings on neighborhood crime patterns between 1998 and 2010. We estimate the change in crime in areas surrounding schools before and after their opening compared to areas where schools were always open with Poisson regression models. We also estimate changes in crime in census tracts as schools are added compared to census tracts that never had schools. Finally, we compare estimates from Poisson regression models to those derived from permutation tests where schools are randomly assigned different opening dates. We find no evidence that school openings increase crime relative to locations where schools were always open or never had schools. The models generally produce null effects, though there is some evidence for a reduction in property crimes for public school openings and a reduction in violent crimes for charter school openings within certain distances. Estimates at the census tract level show that changes in the number of schools are not associated with any changes in crime relative to tracts with no schools. Contrary to a large theoretical and empirical literature, the results suggest that school locations play a minimal role in neighborhood crime production in Philadelphia. Future research should investigate specific contexts and mechanisms, such as land-use characteristics and travel patterns to schools, which may interact with specific school settings in ways that are related to crime production.