cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Futuristic Autobiographies: Weaving Participant Narratives to Elicit Values around Robots

In this paper, we motivate and introduce Futuristic Autobiographies, a method inspired by design fiction for eliciting values and perspectives on the future of technologies from participants such as users, designers, and researchers. Futuristic autobiographies are the creative work of the researchers and participants. Grounded in empirical and background work, researchers pose several stories involving the participant as a character about a future state with robots. Participants are then asked to weave fictional autobiographies to explain what led to this future state. Via a case study in which futuristic autobiographies were used with 23 roboticists, we detail the process involved in developing and implementing this method. When futuristic autobiographies are employed and carefully crafted from background research, they allow informants to speak for themselves on how their practices and values are intertwined now and in the future. We highlight both the benefits and challenges of futuristic autobiographies as a way to elicit rich stories about values. We argue that futuristic autobiographies are a promising addition to the current qualitative methods toolkit used in HRI.
Misbehavior in Multi-Channel MAC Protocols

Multi-channel MAC (MMAC) protocols are designed to coordinate multi-user access to several non-overlapping frequency bands. They are primarily tasked with the efficient and fair bandwidth utilization under a variety of traffic load conditions, presuming that terminals follow the protocol specifications. However, selfish terminals can manipulate the protocol parameters to gain an unfair share of the common bandwidth. The problem of selfish MAC-layer misbehavior is well-studied for single-channel MAC protocols, but little attention has been paid when channel access is coordinated across multiple channels. In this paper, we address the problem of MAC-layer misbehavior in the multi-channel domain. We identify misbehavior strategies for popular classes of MMAC protocols (split-phase and dedicated control channel MMACs) and evaluate their impact on network throughput and fairness. We show that selfish terminals can easily isolate frequency bands for exclusive use without violating the protocol specifications. We develop corresponding detection and mitigation strategies that greatly reduce the throughput gains due to misbehavior.
Interprettng Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde on the Basis of Tymieniecka’s Socio-Communal Psychiatric Therapeutics

Deep and disclosive insights concerning life’s evolutionary processes, world constructions, or the existential dynamics of the human condition are not the property of one specific form of human activity. Philosophy, science, religion, and the arts are mediums by which products of creative profundity can alter the course of historical cultures.1 Developments in each of the modes of human inquiry depend upon the creative process of burrowing into the depths of the soul in order for an inspiration to emerge, i.e., the fabulating agency of the Imaginatio Creatrix, which activates reorganizing transitional dynamic processes. Through this agency, pre-human properties of life’s ontopoietic expansion are transformed into human sense bestowing functions.2 Contextualized in a particular mode of inquiry or quest, the creative person is susceptible to certain delimited types of creative urges and manifestations. The literary artist employs neither the reasoning processes of the philosopher to articulate her creative conceptual insights into an expository discourse, nor the experimental procedures of the scientist to operationalize creative theoretical insights for the purpose of isolating causal agencies. Specifically, the literary artist “fabulates” her creative intuitions into the symbolism of a story. All particular original insights are immediately modalized (not ex nihilo), which generates objectivations according to qualities of the specific medium.
Synthesis and characterization of intrinsically radiolabeled lanthanide phosphate nanoparticles toward biomedical and environmental applications

Lanthanide phosphate nanomaterials are appealing as multifunctional platforms for biomedical applications because of their low toxicity, radiation resistance, and unique luminescence and magnetic properties. Lanthanide phosphate nanoparticles (NPs) radiolabeled with 156Eu were synthesized by an aqueous route using sodium tripolyphosphate as a phosphate source and complexing agent. GdPO4 was used as a host matrix, while synthetic concentrations of Ce3+/Tb3+ and Eu3+ were varied between 5–40% and 10–30%, respectively, and yielded spherical NPs with hexagonal crystal system and particle size 90% was achieved for GdPO4 and Gd0.6Ce0.3Tb0.1PO4 NPs intrinsically radiolabeled with 156Eu. In vitro retention of 156Eu within LnPO4 NPs was > 97% over 3 weeks. Intrinsically radiolabeled LnPO4 NPs have the potential to combine the luminescence and magnetic properties of Ln3+ ions with lanthanide radioisotopes for biomedical and environmental applications.
Abstract 2636: Tumor associated MUC1 mediates TGF-β in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic Cancer (PC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, with a five-year survival rate at 9%. Over 90% of PC is categorized as Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDA). 85% of PDA overexpress tumor associated Mucin-1 (tMUC1), a membrane bound glycoprotein that is aberrantly glycosylated. Overexpression of tMUC1 in PDA plays a critical role in tumor progression and metastasis by promoting oncogenic signaling through its cytoplasmic tail (tMUC1-CT). Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays pleiotropic roles during cancer development and progression. Within normal cells and early carcinogenesis, TGF-β functions as a tumor suppressor and induces apoptosis. This effect is mediated by activation of the canonical SMAD pathway via engagement of TGF-β Receptor 1 (TGF-βRI). However, during later stages of cancer, TGF-β becomes a tumor promoter and stimulates epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, and invasion thus enhancing metastasis through the non-canonical Erk1/2 pathway. We have shown that high tMUC1 expressing PDA cells respond to TGF-β via activation of the non-canonical pathway and undergoes EMT whereas, low tMUC1 expressing PDA cells respond to TGF-β via activation of the canonical SMAD pathway and undergoes apoptosis. tMUC1 plays a key role in regulating TGF-β’s dual function in PDA. We hypothesize that signaling via tMUC1-CT enables TGF-β function to switch from a tumor suppressor to a tumor promoter. The effects of TGF-β1 to induce apoptosis versus proliferation and invasiveness was determined in a panel of tMUC1 high and low PDA cell lines. Analysis of apoptosis and cell cycle was conducted using flow cytometry, while invasiveness was determined using the Boyden chamber assay. Proteins levels were determined using western blot. TGF-β pathway genes were studied in patient data collected from GTEx (healthy, n=171) and TCGA (PDA, n=178). It was compared using Pearson9s correlation coefficient. Finally, we determined the anti-tumor efficacy of neutralizing TGF-β1 in vivo in high and low tMUC1-expressing PDA tumors. In response to TGF-β, tMUC1 high PDA cells resisted apoptosis, enhanced invasiveness, and activated the Erk pathway, while tMUC1 low cells became apoptotic and activated the SMAD pathway. Cell cycle analysis confirms a significant increase in apoptosis in tMUC1 low PDA cells, however tMUC1 high PDA cells resist TGF-β induced apoptosis. Signal transduction was dependent upon tyrosine phosphorylation of tMUC1-CT domain by Src. RNA-Seq analysis in TCGA PDA tissue reveal eight genes that show significant correlation (low p-value OR p-value Citation Format: Priyanka Grover, Ru Zhou, Mahboubeh Yazdanifar, Mohammad Ahmad, Angat Puri, Kajal Grover, Xinghua Shi, Pinku Mukherjee. Tumor associated MUC1 mediates TGF-β in pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2636.
Posterior Fusion for the Subaxial Cervical Spine: A Review of the Major Techniques:

Posterior fusion is a powerful tool to address pathology of the cervical spine, but the decision to fuse at any level should be made with great care. Various methods and constructs for posterior cervical fusion exist, all of which aim to restore the posterior tension band's ability to resist flexion forces. We identified articles regarding posterior fusion of the subaxial cervical spine in MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and PubMed. This article is a narrative review of earlier and current concepts regarding the posterior fusion of the subaxial cervical spine, including wiring, translaminar screws, lateral mass screws, and pedicle screws, weighing the strengths and weakness of the different modalities that the surgeon should bear in mind in creating operative plans individualized to patient pathology.
Justinian’s Clemency and God’s Clemency

Η Φιλανθρωπία του Ιουστινιανού και η θeία Φιλανθρωπία Σύμφωνα μe τις απόψeις της eπιστημονικής έρeυνας, ο αυτοκράτορας Ιουστινιανός δeν διακρινόταν για την φιλανθρωπία του. Αλλά κατά την διάρκeια της βασιλeίας του τόσο ο ίδιος όσο και οι υπουργοί του κατηύθυναν μια συντονισμένη προσπάθeια να παρουσιασθeί ως eλeήμων. Ο Προκόπιος και ο Μαλάλας έχουν καταγράψeι πολυάριθμα και συγκeκριμένα παραδeίγματα των μeγάλων πράξeων φιλανθρωπίας του αυτοκράτορα. Ο αυτοκράτορας και οι νομικοί του προέβαλαν την φιλανθρωπία στις Νeαρές, και αυλικοί όπως ο Αγαπητός και ο Παύλος ο Σιλeντιάριος eπαίνeσαν eπίσης τον Ιουστινιανό. Η προπαγάνδα πeρί της φιλανθρωπίας του Ιουστινιανού βασίστηκe σe ιστορικές παραδόσeις από την Ρωμαϊκή Αυτοκρατορία, τον eλληνιστικό κόσμο, και την χριστιανική διδασκαλία.
Strategies for the Photoreduction of Tc‐99 Pertechnetate to Low‐Valent Tc by Keggin Polyoxometalates

Author(s): Radivojevic Jovanovic, I; Gallagher, CMB; Salcedo, R; Lukens, WW; Burton-Pye, BP; McGregor, D; Francesconi, LC | Abstract: Technetium-99 (half-life of 2.1 × 105 yrs, βmax = 0.29 MeV) is a hazardous radiological contaminant, which, in its predominant form of pertechnetate (TcO4–), is highly mobile in the environment. Most strategies for the removal of pertechnetate from the environment involve uptake and/or absorption of pertechnetate using resins, clays, cationic metal-organic frameworks and even thorium borate ceramic like materials. Alternative approaches have involved the reduction and subsequent sequestration of lower valent technetium species using iron, sulfides, or iron sulfides. Our lab has explored this strategy using the lacunary alpha-2 Wells–Dawson polyoxometalate (α2-[P2W17O61]10–) to both reduce and sequester lower valent technetium, and we have reported on the ligand features that stabilize the reduced species. In this work we investigate the potential of “plenary” Keggin POMs (XW12O40n–) (X = P, Si, Al, n = 3, 4, 5, respectively) to both reduce TcO4– and stabilize the reduced Tc species. Specifically, we report on the mechanism by which the reduction of technetium occurs and find that PW12, SiW12, and AlW12 promote the reduction of TcO4– to lower valent states. X-ray absorption spectroscopy was used to confirm a combination of TcIV {in the form of TcO2·2H2O and Tc2(µ-O)24+} and TcV, which is subsequently complexed into a POM defect as a TcV=O species.
Anode potential controlled charging prevents lithium plating

We report a novel anode potential controlled charging strategy for lithium-ion cells which eliminates lithium plating under most aggressive conditions, such as at low temperatures. This is applicable for lithium-ion cells with a graphite anode irrespective of the form factor, capacity or cathode chemistry. This new charging strategy leads to a seven-fold increase in cycle life and a concomitant improvement in the electrochemical performance. Conventional charging shows copious lithium plating swiftly followed by cell failure due to accelerated increase in the anode resistance. The anode potential controlled charging strategy, based on a three-electrode cell construction, exhibits minimal increase in the anode resistance and shows no signs of lithium plating in operational extremes. Optical micrographs and high-resolution scanning electron images confirm that the graphite anode in the conventionally charged Li-ion cell undergoes significant loss in porosity resulting in massive underlithiation and dramatic capacity fading. The degradation rate in the anode is decelerated in anode potential controlled charging by ensuring that plating potential is not reached and improving ion transport in the anode even at low temperatures due to the absence of decomposition products that would have formed during plating.
Markov-Switching Model of Family Income Quintile Shares

This paper examines the impact of unemployment and inflation on family income shares. Unemployment and inflation are decomposed into their structural (long-term), cyclical (short-term), anticipated and unanticipated components, respectively. I propose a new framework to analyze family income quintile shares by using a two-state Markov-switching model, also known as Hamilton’s regime-switching model. The benefit of using a Markov-switching model is that it permits capturing complex dynamic behavior of non-linear time series macroeconomic variables. The switching mechanism follows a first-order Markov chain of unobservable state variables and subsequent estimated conditional transition probabilities. This paper applies a two-state regime-switching process to capture the asymmetrical effects of unemployment and inflation on family income shares. The two states of family income quintile shares are state 1 (lower income) and state 2 (upper income). This approach differs from previous studies because it examines income inequality within each quintile rather than between quintiles. It is well documented in the literature that there is income inequality between lower and higher income quintiles. Therefore, the analysis of income inequality within the quintile allows for greater insight into changes in family income share corresponding to changes in the state variables. The general findings are that unemployment has adverse effects on lower income shares while inflation acts like a progressive tax on higher income shares.
Physiologie des Kreislaufsystems

Das Normale Herz liegt in seinem Perikardsack leicht nach links versetzt in der mitte des Thorax
Social network predictors of recent and sustained injection drug use cessation: Findings from a longitudinal cohort study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The US opioid crisis has led to increases in overdose fatalities and the incidence of HIV, hepatitis C and other infections. This analysis examines social network predictors of recent (self-report injection followed by non-injection) and sustained (self-report non-injection at two consecutive visits among those who previously injected) injection cessation in Appalachian Kentucky. DESIGN Data were collected through bi-annual longitudinal assessments for Social Networks among Appalachian People (SNAP; 2008-17). Using logistic regression with generalized estimating equations that clustered on individuals, we regressed non-injection status on the number of social network members who (a) did not inject and (b) recently stopped injecting and tested for interactions between each social network exposure and prior non-injection status. Social network exposures were self-reported. SETTING Rural eastern Kentucky, USA. PARTICIPANTS Participants entered the analysis only after reporting recent injection and had to have had at least two consecutive study visits (n = 326). MEASUREMENTS Interviewer-administered surveys collected individual-level socio-demographics, recent (past 6 months) drug use behaviors and the names of recent social support, sex and drug-use partners. FINDINGS After adjusting for confounders, the number of non-injecting social network members was positively associated with recent/sustained injection cessation (adjusted odds ratio = 1.27; 95% confidence interval = 1.13-1.42) and having more social network members was associated with reduced odds of recent/sustained injection cessation. The number of previously injecting social network members who had recently stopped injecting was not statistically significantly associated with injection cessation. Neither of the interactions we tested for was statistically significant, suggesting that the relationships may be similar for those who recently stopped injecting versus had not injected for at least 1 year. CONCLUSIONS For each additional network member who did not inject drugs, there was an increased odds of recent and sustained injection cessation among people with a history of injection drug use in Appalachian Kentucky.
Material Handling by Humanoid Robot While Pushing Carts Using a Walking Pattern Based on Capture Point

This paper presents a study that evaluates the effects on the walking pattern of a full-sized humanoid robot as it pushes different carts. Furthermore, it discuss a modified Zero Moment Point (ZMP) pattern based on a capture point method, and a friction compensation method for the arms. Humanoid researchers have demonstrated that robots can perform a wide range of tasks including handling tools, climbing ladders, and patrolling rough terrain. However, when it comes to handling objects while walking, humanoids are relatively limited; it becomes more apparent when humanoids have to push a cart. Many challenges become evident under such circumstances; for example, the walking pattern will be severely affected by the external force opposed by the cart. Therefore, an appropriate walking pattern dynamic model and arm compliance are needed to mitigate external forces. This becomes crucial in order to ensure the robot’s self-balance and minimize external disturbances.
Lens Antenna Subarrays in mmWave Hybrid MIMO Systems

Data rate and energy efficiency performance of mmWave wireless communication systems consisting of a new lens antenna subarray (LAS) based hybrid multiple input multiple output (MIMO) architecture is investigated. The LAS architecture degenerates into traditional hybrid MIMO architecture (TA) or single lens antenna array architecture (SLA) when the lens diameter of the subarray is reduced or enlarged, respectively. It is shown that under mmWave channel scattering conditions, LAS architecture operates with a data rate approaching that of TA while significantly exceeding the data rate of the SLA. Due to the reduced hardware complexity and power consumption, LAS architectures operate with a significantly improved energy efficiency. In an example system consisting of 64 and 16 transmitter and receiver antennas with 2 RF chains, it is shown that the LAS architecture operates with $2\times $ energy efficiency and 98% spectrum efficiency. In a larger hybrid MIMO antenna systems, LAS architecture is expected to benefit even more.
Avoiding the Wrath of the Thunder Beings: Restricted Language and Lakhota Metaphorical Structure

Metaphor gives us a way to relate abstract concepts to things in our everyday lives. What we explore in this paper are the restrictions placed on Lakhota speakers when talking about the Wakiyā, the Thunderbeings. The defining characteristic of the Wakiyā is their anger, but the Lakhota people cannot speak of this anger using the same metaphorical language that is used to describe human anger. The nature of this restriction is discussed here from the perspective of a native speaker of the language.
Multiple Sclerosis and Epstein-Barr Virus: Antibodies to Nuclear Antigen 1 also Bind a Human Ribonucleoprotein (P5.244)

OBJECTIVE: Our objective is to determine if antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) cross-react with proteins found in brain. BACKGROUND: EBV infection is associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) but the role that EBV plays in MS is not clear. EBNA1 is a major EBV antigen, and MS patients have significantly increased antibodies to EBNA1 compared to controls. One interesting idea is that EBV infection could drive the ongoing autoimmune process in MS through molecular mimicry. This would require cross-reactivity between virus proteins and brain proteins. DESIGN/METHODS: Immunoglobulin (Ig) specific for EBNA1 was selected from pooled plasma from MS patients with affinity columns. The EBNA1-specific Ig was used to immunoprecipitate brain antigens and the precipitated proteins were identified with mass spectrometry. Recombinant human protein was expressed in E. coli and used in immunoassays (ELISA) with serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). RESULTS: EBNA1-specific Ig consistently immunoprecipitated a heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (HNRNP) in multiple independent experiments. ELISA with recombinant HNRNP demonstrated that HNRNP was a common target of autoantibodies in plasma, both in MS and in healthy controls (HC). ELISA on CSF demonstrated an increased antibody response to HNRNP in MS compared to subjects with non-inflammatory disease. CSF antibodies to HNRNP were also increased in patients with neurosarcoid and CNS lupus. CONCLUSIONS: EBNA1 is cross-reactive with human HNRNP. Autoantibodies to HNRNP are common in the plasma of both MS and controls. Antibodies to HNRNP are increased in the CSF of MS patients, and also increased in CSF in some other inflammatory neurologic diseases. The pathogenic potential of HNRNP autoantibodies and their relevance to MS require further investigation. Study Supported by: Disclosure: Dr. Lindsey has received personal compensation for activities with Pfizer Inc. and Genentech as a speaker and/or an advisory board member.
Friendships in Very Young Children: Definition and Functions

Increasing numbers of infants and toddlers have daily and intimate contact with a stable peer group. These experiences occur in child care centers, family day care homes and in informal play groups. I see these groups as an excellent opportunity to study early affiliative relationships within the peer as opposed to the adult-child social system. The purpose of this conversational hour was first to discuss how to define and identify early friendships and then to explore the functions of early friendships.
Optimal linear prediction for the lossless compression of volume data

Summary form only given. Data in volume form consumes an extraordinary amount of storage space. For efficient storage and transmission of such data, compression algorithms are imperative. However, most volumetric data sets are used in biomedicine and other scientific applications where lossy compression is unacceptable. We present a lossless data compression algorithm which uses optimal linear prediction to exploit correlations in all three dimensions. Our algorithm is a combination of differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) and Huffman coding and results in compression of around 50% for a set of volume data files. The compression algorithm was run with each of the different predictors on a set of volumes consisting of MRI images, CT images, and electron-density map data.
Islamic Law and the Colonial Encounter: On the Discourse of 'Muhammedan' Law in British India

This essay unfolds the secrets of the transformation of the Islamic law into Mohammedan law in the British India. In this essay it is observed that Muhammedan law is nothing but the blended version of the Islamic law by way of interpretation as well as codification. It is argued in this essay that the ‘Muhammedanism’ is a discourse which illuminates the symbol of exercising the sovereign power by the British coloniser in India. In addition, the author makes a point that the ‘discourse of Muhammedan law’ is a new form of westernising the Islamic traditions in India which was developed and nurtured by the Orientalist intellectuals, British judges and their allies in India. Finally, the essay offers a proposition that the resemblance between the colonial and post-colonial judges on the question of human interpretation of the Islamic law is a significant contribution of the ‘Muhamadanism’.
Heider, Fritz (1896–1988)

Fritz Heider is the originator of two dominant theories that have impacted a number of research areas within the social sciences, particularly psychology. These conceptions, labeled balance theory and attribution theory, were most visible during the 1960–1980 decades, following the publication of his groundbreaking book The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations . This article traces Heider's life, discusses his contributions to social science, and reviews some of the fields of research influenced by his ideas.
Development of Very Tough Ferritic Stainless Steels by Optimizing the Recrystallized Microstructure

In this work, the conventional rolling (CR) and warm rolling (WR) have been carried out with an ultra purified ferritic stainless steel. After different rolling processes and subsequent recrystallization annealing, different recrystallized microstructure characteristics had been obtained. It was observed that as compared to the conventional process, the warm rolling and subsequent recrystallization annealing could obviously refine the recrystallized microstructure of the hot band. The ductile-to-brittle transition for the ultra purified ferritic stainless steel can be closely related to the occurrence of deformation twinning. The refined microstructure can decrease the temperature at which twinning occurs and, consequently, the ductile-brittle transition temperature for the ultra purified ferritic stainless steel was lowered to be below -40°C, and its notch toughness was significantly improved when the fine grain route can be applied.
Watching the doctor-watchers. How well do peer review organization methods detect hospital care quality problems?

Objective. —To determine how well one state's peer review organization (PRO) judged the quality of hospital care compared with an independent, credible judgment of quality of care. Design. —Retrospective study comparing a PRO's review, including initial screening, physician review, and final judgments, with an independent "study judgment" based on blinded, structured, implicit reviews of hospital records. Setting. —One state's medical and surgical Medicare hospitalizations during 1985 through 1987 audited randomly by the state's PRO. Sample. —Stratified random sampling of records: 62 records that passed the PRO initial screening process and were not referred for PRO physician review; 50 records that failed PRO screen and then were confirmed by PRO physicians to be "quality problems." Intervention. —None. Main Outcome Measure. —A study judgment of below standard or standard or above based on the mean of overall ratings by five internists for records in medical diagnosis related groups (DRGs) and by five internists and five surgeons for surgical DRGs. Each step in the PRO review was evaluated for how many records passing or failing that step were judged standard or above or below standard in the study (positive and negative predictive value) and how well that step classified records that the study judged below standard or standard or above (sensitivity and specificity). Results. —An estimated 18% of records reviewed by the PRO were below standard according to the study judgment, compared with 6.3% quality problems according to the PRO's final judgment (difference, 12%; 95% confidence interval, 1 to 23). The PRO's initial screening process failed to detect and refer for PRO physician review two of three records that the study judged below standard. In addition, only one of three of the records that PRO physicians judged to be quality problems were judged below standard by the study judgment. Therefore, the PRO's final quality of care judgment and the study judgment agreed little more than expected by chance, especially about poor quality of care. Although the PRO correctly classified 95% of the records that the study judged standard or above, it detected only 11% of records judged below standard by the study. Conclusions. —Most of all, this PRO review process would be improved by additional preliminary screens to identify the 67% of records that the study judged below standard but that passed its initial screening. The screening process also must be more accurate in order to be cost-effective, as it was only slightly better than random sampling at correctly identifying below standard care. More reproducible physician review is also needed and might be accomplished through improved reviewer selection and training, a structured review method, and more physician reviewers per record. ( JAMA . 1992;267:2349-2354)
Experimental models for evaluation of radioactive tumor-localizing agents

Although subject to limitations, there is a need for carefully controlled laboratory studies using animal tumor models in research on tumor-localizing agents. This paper reviews the literature relating to the more important transplantable tumor systems, spontaneous or induced, as to origin, host, site, and radioactive agent used. The historical background of animal tumor models is discussed, including such technical aspects as source of tumor, techniques of transplantation, transplantation sites, and maintenance of transplants. Also considered are the use of animal tumor models as predictive systems, expression of experimental results of quantitative studies of tissue uptake and comparative radionuclide tumor and distributional studies, and suggestions for future studies, such as the need of more intensive study of existing tumor models for a better understanding of the relationship between animal and human tumors, the need for the development of new tumor model systems, and for standardization of experimental protocols and procedures. A total of 48 tumor models (26 in mice, 11 in rats, 7 in hamsters, 2 in rabbits, and 2 in dogs) are presented in seven tables dividing the models into tumors of epithelial tissue, connective tissue, hematopoietic tissues, melanin-forming tissue, neural tissues, undetermined site of origin or undifferentiated histologic pattern, and miscellaneous background. The use of animal tumor models in cancer research, which utilizes radionuclides, permits the investigator to do many things not permissible with human beings, but the extrapolation of animal results to human beings must be approached with caution. Although malignant disease, whether in animals or man, must be individualized, certain trends in animal studies can be observed. It is the goal of the laboratory investigator to be able to indicate to the clinician those trends or phenomena that, when repeatedly observed in animal model systems, may be applicable to an understanding of malignant disease in man.
Small-signal analysis in high-energy physics: A Bayesian approach

The statistics of small signals masked by a background of imprecisely known magnitude is addressed from a Bayesian viewpoint using a simple statistical model which may be derived from the principle of maximum entropy. The issue of the correct assignment of prior probabilities is resolved by invoking an invariance principle proposed by Jaynes. We calculate the posterior probability and use it to calculate point estimates and upper limits for the magnitude of the signal. The results are applicable to high-energy physics experiments searching for new phenomena. We illustrate this by reanalyzing some published data from a few experiments.
Magsat equivalent source anomalies over the southeastern United States: implications for crustal magnetization

The Magsat crustal anomaly field depicts a previously-unidentified long-wavelength negative anomaly centered over southeastern Georgia. Examination of Magsat ascending and descending passes clearly identifies the anomalous region, despite the high-frequency noise present in the data. Using ancillary seismic, electrical conductivity, Bouguer gravity, and aeromagnetic data, a preliminary model of crustal magnetization for the southern Appalachian region is presented. A lower crust characterized by a pervasive negative magnetization contrast extends from the New York-Alabama lineament southeast to the Fall Line. In southern Georgia and eastern Alabama (coincident with the Brunswick Terrane), the model calls for lower crustal magnetization contrast of -2.4 A/m; northern Georgia and the Carolinas are modeled with contrasts of -1.5 A/m. Large-scale blocks in the upper crust which correspond to the Blue Ridge, Charlotte belt, and Carolina Slate belt, are modeled with magnetization contrasts of -1.2 A/m, 1.2 A/m, and 1.2 A/m respectively. The model accurately reproduces the amplitude of the observed low in the equivalent source Magsat anomaly field calculated at 325 km altitude and is spatially consistent with the 400 km lowpass-filtered aeromagnetic map of the region.
Elasto-Hydrodynamic Interaction in the Free Abrasive Wafer Slicing Using a Wiresaw: Modeling and Finite Element Analysis

Free abrasive machining (FAM) process associated with the wiresaw wafer slicing involves a three body abrasion environment. During the process, the cutting action is caused by fine abrasives freely dispersed in the slurry, which get trapped between an axially moving taut wire and the ingot being sliced. In this paper a model is proposed wherein the entry of abrasives into the cutting zone is governed by elasto-hydrodynamic (EHD) interaction between the slurry and the wire. An EHD film is formed by the abrasive carrying viscous slurry, squeezed between the wire and the ingot. This phenomenon is analyzed here using the finite element method. The analysis of such an interaction involves coupling of the basic Reynold’s equation of hydrodynamics with the elasticity equation of wire. Newton‐Raphson algorithm is used to formulate and solve this basic coupling. The finite element discretization of the resulting nonlinear equation is carried out using Galerkin’s method of weighted residuals. Basic hydrodynamic interaction model and the incorporation of the entry level impact pressure into the inlet boundary conditions are the two novel features introduced in this work. The analysis yields film thickness profile and pressure distribution as a function of wire speed, slurry viscosity, and slicing conditions. A perusal of results suggests that the wiresawing occurs under ‘‘floating’’ machining condition. The minimum film thickness is greater than the average abrasive size. This is practically very important since the wiresaw is used to slice fragile semiconductor wafers with severe requirements on the surface finish. The possible mechanism by which a floating abrasive can cause material removal is also touched upon in this work. Material removal rate has been modeled based on energy considerations. @S0742-4787~00!00702-5#
Impact analysis of fiber reinforced polymer honeycomb composite sandwich beams

Abstract Large scale fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite structures have been used in highway bridge and building construction. Recent applications have demonstrated that FRP honeycomb sandwich panels can be effectively and economically applied for both new construction and rehabilitation and replacement of existing structures. This paper is concerned with impact analysis of an as-manufactured FRP honeycomb sandwich system with sinusoidal core geometry in the plane and extending vertically between face laminates. The analyses of the honeycomb structure and components including: (1) constituent materials and ply properties, (2) face laminates and core wall engineering properties, and (3) equivalent core material properties, are first introduced, and these properties for the face laminates and equivalent core are later used in dynamic analysis of sandwich beams. A higher-order impact sandwich beam theory by the authors [Yang MJ, Qiao P. Higher-order impact modeling of sandwich beams with flexible core. Int J Solids Struct 2005;42(20):5460–90] is adopted to carry out the free vibration and impact analyses of the FRP honeycomb sandwich system, from which the full elastic field (e.g., deformation and stress) under impact is predicted. The higher order vibration analysis of the FRP sandwich beams is conducted, and its accuracy is validated with the finite element Eigenvalue analysis using ABAQUS; while the predicted impact responses (e.g., contact force and central deflection) are compared with the finite element simulations by LS-DYNA. A parametric study with respect to projectile mass and velocity is performed, and the similar prediction trends with the linear solution are observed. Furthermore, the predicted stress fields are compared with the available strength data to predict the impact damage in the FRP sandwich system. The present impact analysis demonstrates the accuracy and capability of the higher order impact sandwich beam theory, and it can be used effectively in analysis, design applications and optimization of efficient FRP honeycomb composite sandwich structures for impact protection and mitigation.
Joseph C. Mccarthy, MD, on "Combined hip arthroscopy and limited open osteochondroplasty for anterior femoroacetabular impingement" by John C. Clohisy, MD, et al.

The authors analyze thirty-five patients following arthroscopic and limited open femoral osteoplasty for symptomatic cam femoroacetabular impingement. Although the follow-up was short (less than three years), all patients were followed for at least two years after surgery. The fact that five additional patients were lost to follow-up prior to two years demonstrates the difficulty in locating young, mobile patients following nonprosthetic procedures. Given the importance of a complete data set, this study illustrates the potential benefits of a national registry that makes use of a unique HIPAA-protected patient identifier. The authors enumerated their clinical and radiographic …
Gaining insight from supercomputing

Supercomputers play important roles in various areas of science. But perhaps the greatest value of them lies in their ability to help scientists gain insight or understanding. They do this by enabling scientists to treat complexity in models that is not otherwise tractable, by enabling scientists to study phenomena that are difficult to study experimentally and by helping to test theory. This paper discusses associated examples.
Synthesis of the Sterically Related Nickel Gallanediyl Complexes [Ni(CO)3(GaAr′)] (Ar′ = C6H3-2,6-(C6H3-2,6-iPr2)2) and [Ni(CO)3(GaL)] (L = HC[C(CH3)N(C6H3-2,6-iPr2)]2): Thermal Decomposition of [Ni(CO)3(GaAr′)] to give the Cluster [Ni4(CO)7(GaAr′)3]

Reaction of Ni(CO)4 in toluene at room temperature with one equivalent of GaAr′ (Ar′ = C6H3-2,6-(C6H3-2,6-iPr2)2) and GaL (L = HC[C(Me)N(C6H3-2,6-iPr2)]2) formed the mono-substituted Ni(CO)3(GaAr′) (1) and Ni(CO)3(GaL) (3), respectively. Compound 1 decomposed under reduced pressure or upon heating in toluene to give the new cluster species Ni4(CO)7(GaAr′)3 (2). Reaction of 3 with a second equivalent of GaL in toluene at 95 °C afforded the disubstituted complex Ni(CO)2(GaL)2 (4). All the compounds were characterized by IR, 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallographic studies were undertaken to elucidate the structures of the complexes 2, 3 and 4. The reaction of Ni(CO)4 with GaAr′ affords [Ni(CO)3(GaAr′)] (Ar′ = C6H3-2,6-(C6H3-2,6-iPr2)2) which readily decomposes to the new nickel carbonyl cluster [Ni4(CO)7(GaAr′)3].
Effects of a structured behavior modification treatment program on locus of control in behaviorally disturbed children.

Abstract The effect of a 10-day behavior modification treatment program on locus of control was investigated. The subjects were children (N = 130; 6 to 12 years old) with severe behavioral disorders who were predominately from low socioeconomic backgrounds, from broken homes, and socially deprived. Pre- and posttesting was done with the Nowicki-Strickland Preschool and Primary Internal-External Control Scale (Nowicki & Duke, 1974) and the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children (Nowicki & Strickland, 1973). Children between the ages of 10 and 12 responded to therapy with a significant increase in internality, but younger children did not.
MARKEDNESS AND THE CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS HYPOTHESIS

The purpose of this paper is to propose that the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH) should be revised to incorporate a notion of degree of difficulty. This notion corresponds to typological markedness which can be determined independently of any particular language and independently of the facts concerning second language acquisition. Moreover, it is argued that if typological markedness is incorporated into the CAH, it is possible to predict not only the areas of difficulty for a second language learner, but also the relative degree of difficulty. Finally, it is argued that given certain assumptions about language and human learning, typological markedness is a natural and highly plausible notion of difficulty.
Sedimentary Facies and Distribution of Biota in Coupon Bight, Lower Florida Keys

Coupon Bight is a 9-sq-km bay separated from an offshore Inner Reef Tract by low-lying islands and a bay-mouth bar. Coupon Bight has less wave activity and less complete tidal exchange than Inner Reef Tract waters, and is no more than 250 cm deep. Temperatures and salinities in Coupon Bight are more variable and usually higher than those in waters of the Inner Reef Tract. The harsher environmental conditions of Coupon Bight are reflected in its less diverse biota, compared to that of similar areas in the Inner Reef Tract. Environmental gradients persisting between the various parts of Coupon Bight produce more pronounced faunal variations than are found in the more homogenous Inner Reef Tract. Physical and chemical conditions, sedimentary facies, and biofacies of the bight are closely related. Several major environments can be recognized in Coupon Bight, each characterized by a particular assemblage of organisms. Open bay, nearshore, restricted bay, baymouth bank, and tidal channel environments are present. The unconsolidated sediment of Coupon Bight is mainly autochthonous skeletal debris, with minor contributions washed in from the Inner Reef Tract and from eroded limestone bedrock. The texture of bight sediments ranges from sand to mud, with most of the mud facies found in bank-like deposits associated with thick growths of the marine grass Thalassia. Most of the fine-grained sediment in Coupon Bight is the product of disintegration of coarse shell debris. Fine materials are winnowed out by waves and currents and either trapped on Thalassia covered mud banks or carried out of the bight. The variability of and relations between environments, sedimentary facies, and biofacies that can occur in a small area such as Coupon Bight are clarified by the data collected during this study. As a result, similar variability in shallow-water marine carbonate rocks can be better interpreted.
Reversible Cu4 ↔ Cu6 Core Interconversion and Temperature Induced Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Phase Transition for Copper(I) Carboxylate

The first example of a reversible [Cu4] ↔ [Cu6] interconversion for polynuclear copper(I) complexes under controlled experimental settings is reported. It illustrates the key role of specific crystal growth conditions for accessing the target cluster nuclearity that consequently determines physical properties of the resulting solid state products. Thus, when copper(I) benzoate crystallizes from a 1,2-dichlorobenzene solution at room temperature, it forms [Cu4]-core based crystalline material, [Cu4(O2CC6H5)4] (1). In contrast, crystal growth by deposition from the gas phase at elevated temperatures results in the exclusive formation of [Cu6(O2CC6H5)6] (2). Complexes 1 and 2 have been isolated in pure form, fully characterized, and reversibly interconverted into each other. The effect of a core structure on the spectroscopic properties of 1 and 2, such as IR, Raman, and photoluminescence, has been investigated. Additionally, a combination of X-ray powder and single crystal diffraction methods has been used ...
Valley Floor Sedimentation in the Upper Mississippi Valley: Reply

(1989). Valley Floor Sedimentation in the Upper Mississippi Valley: Reply. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 79, No. 4, pp. 601-608.
Finding maximum JPEG image block code size

We present a study of JPEG baseline coding. It aims to determine the minimum storage needed to buffer the JPEG Huffman code bits of 8-bit image blocks. Since DC is coded separately, and the encoder represents each AC coefficient by a pair of run-length/AC coefficient level, the net problem is to perform an efficient search for the optimal run-level pair sequence. We formulate it as a two-dimensional, nonlinear, integer programming problem and solve it using a branch-and-bound based search method. We derive two types of constraints to prune the search space. The first one is given as an upper-bound for the sum of squares of AC coefficients of a block, and it is used to discard sequences that cannot represent valid DCT blocks. The second type constraints are based on some interesting properties of the Huffman code table, and these are used to prune sequences that cannot be part of optimal solutions. Our main result is that if the default JPEG compression setting is used, space of minimum of 346 bits and maximum of 433 bits is sufficient to buffer the AC code bits of 8-bit image blocks. Our implementation also pruned the search space extremely well; the first constraint reduced the initial search space of 4263 nodes down to less than 232 nodes, and the second set of constraints reduced it further by 97.8%.
Modeling Proton Jumps in HY Zeolite: Effects of Acid Site Heterogeneity

We have computed the total mean rate coefficient for proton transfer in bare H-Y zeolite, for comparison with NMR experiments and previous calculations. We computed proton-transfer energies using two-layer ONIOM calculations on an 8T-53T cluster, where xT indicates x tetrahedral atoms. Rate coefficients were computed using truncated harmonic semiclassical transition state theory. The zero-point energy (ZPE) corrected proton site energies in H-Y (FAU structure) were found to be 03 (0 kJ mol -1 ), Ol 02 (16.1 kJ mol -1 ), and 04 (17.5 kJ mol -1 ), in quantitative agreement with previous calculations and in qualitative agreement with neutron diffraction occupancies. A new local minimum denoted 02* (31.4 kJ mol -1 relative to 03) was located, with a proton bound to 02 but pointing into the sodalite cage. Transition states between each pair of minima were fully characterized, yielding ZPE corrected activation energies ranging from 35.5 to 123.4 kJ mol -1 . No correlation was found between barrier height and local structure; we considered 10 structural parameters including ring size, T-O-T angle, and nonbonded oxygen distance. Total mean rate coefficients were found to exhibit a strong non-Arrhenius temperature dependence, with apparent activation energies in the range of ca. 60-100 kJ mol -1 at high temperature, and ca. 3 kJ mol -1 at low temperature. This low-temperature value reflects thermally assisted tunneling to a site with a slightly higher energy. NMR experiments by Sarv et al. and Ernst et al. report apparent activation energies of 61 and 78 kJ mol -1 , respectively, extracted from temperature ranges 298-658 and 610-640 K. Our theoretically computed apparent activation energies for these temperature ranges are 72 and 79 kJ mol -1 , respectively, in quite good agreement with experiment.
Explorations’ contribution to the ‘Asian Century’

Abstract This paper very briefly surveys current research on Asian economic development, and also discusses several recent papers on the contributions of economic history to understanding development. I then review the contributions of the papers in this special volume of Explorations in light of these two literatures.