cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oncologic outcomes of uterine preservation for pre-menopausal patients with stage II epithelial ovarian carcinoma.

Objective Fertility-sparing surgery is rarely offered for patients with stage II epithelial ovarian carcinoma. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the overall survival of pre-menopausal patients with stage II epithelial ovarian carcinoma who did not undergo hysterectomy. Methods The National Cancer Database was accessed, and patients aged ≤40 years without a history of another tumor diagnosed between 2004 and 2015 with a pathological stage II epithelial ovarian carcinoma, who underwent lymphadenectomy and received multi-agent chemotherapy, were identified. Overall survival was compared with the log-rank test after generation of Kaplan–Meier curves. A Cox model was constructed to control for tumor histology. Results A total of 185 patients met the inclusion criteria. The rate of uterine preservation was 24.3% (45 patients). Patients who did not undergo hysterectomy were younger (median 32 vs 37 years, p 0.05). Median follow-up of the present cohort was 62.3 months (95% CI 53.6 to 71.0) and a total of 22 deaths occurred. There was no difference in overall survival between patients who did and did not undergo hysterectomy (p=0.50; 5-year overall survival rates 87.5% and 91.4%, respectively). After controlling for tumor histology, grade and substage, omission of hysterectomy was not associated with worse survival (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.22 to 2.12). Conclusions Uterine preservation was not associated with worse survival in this cohort of pre-menopausal patients with stage II epithelial ovarian carcinoma.
How Do I Count Thee? Various Angles for Examining the Doubling Times of the Amish

The focus of this article is the measurement of how rapidly various parts of Amish society grow, including the number of settlements, households, church districts, and ordained men. "Amish society" means those Plain Anabaptist communities that both identify themselves as Amish and forbid car ownership. Doubling time was selected as the statistic to examine this growth. It is a measure of how quickly a population doubles; that is, its exponential growth. Most of the doubling times calculated for this article were within a few years of the doubling time estimate of 20 years for the Amish population in general, based on statistics from the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies. The article concludes with a discussion of what these measures of growth mean for the future of Amish society and extrapolations, based on current doubling times, by decade from 2020 to 2050. Recommended is a greater focus among Plain Anabaptist scholars on the population dynamics of the Amish, arguing that demographic dimensions underlie possible changes in the social, cultural, religious, and economic features of the Amish through the remainder of the twenty-first century.
“Honestly I Never Really Thought About Adding a Description”: Why Highly Engaged Tweets Are Inaccessible

Alternative (alt) text is vital for visually impaired users to consume digital images with screen readers. When these image descriptions are not incorporated, these users encounter accessibility challenges. In this study, we explore the prevalence and user understanding of alt text in Twitter. First, we assess the availability of alt text by collecting the Twitter Engagement (TWEN) dataset which contains over 1000 high engagement tweets regarding online articles from the most popular Google Keywords. We focused on keywords that create an engagement in Twitter in order to study the possibility of creating priorities of media content that missing alt text then adding descriptions to them by crowdsourcer to help the visually impaired to be equal like others in the social media communities. Our findings reveal approximately 91% of the tweets contained images and videos, less than 1% of the images had alt text. Thus, even highly engaged tweets remain inaccessible to visually impaired individuals. Thus, we designed two guided concepts to raise awareness of high engagement. We then surveyed 100 sighted participants to understand their perception of alt text and evaluate strategies to increase the frequency of alt text for highly engaged content. Our value-based guided concept was well received by the majority of the study participants.
Computation of Vibration Modes and Frequencies on SEAC

A description is given of several codes developed for use in the Standards Eastern Automatic Computer for computing the free vibration modes and frequencies of aircraft structures. The codes are general in nature and apply without modification to any aircraft structure whose influence coefficients, mass distribution, and geometry are specified. The codes are applicable when no more than 63 mass points are needed to define the displacement of the half-wing. In an example with seven mass points along the fuselage axis and 24 mass points for each half-wing, the computing time for the first six symmetric and the first six antisymmetric modes was 6 hours.
Social development trends in Asia, 1970-1994 : The challenges of a new century

Asia is the world's most rapidly developing region. Even so, the majority of Asian nations continue to experience slow-moderate levels of economic growth, high rates of inflation, rapid population growth, and comparatively high levels of ethnic tension and civil unrest. Comparatively weak levels of intra-regional cooperation on a broad range of social, political, economic, and environmental factors contribute to the asynchronous nature of Asia's contemporary development trends. Poverty remains the most dominant feature of development throughout the region.
Algorithms for nonlinear piecewise polynomial approximation: Theoretical aspects

In this article algorithms are developed for nonlinear n-term Courant element approximation of functions in Lp (0 < p < oo) on bounded polygonal domains in R 2 . Redundant collections of Courant elements, which are generated by multilevel nested triangulations allowing arbitrarily sharp angles, are investigated. Scalable algorithms are derived for nonlinear approximation which both capture the rate of the best approximation and provide the basis for numerical implementation. Simple thresholding criteria enable approximation of a target function f to optimally high asymptotic rates which are determined and automatically achieved by the inherent smoothness of f. The algorithms provide direct approximation estimates and permit utilization of the general Jackson-Bernstein machinery to characterize n-term Courant element approximation in terms of a scale of smoothness spaces (B-spaces) which govern the approximation rates.
Alcohol's effects on brain and behavior.

Over the past 40 years, rigorous examination of brain function, structure, and attending factors through multidisciplinary research has helped identify the substrates of alcohol-related damage in the brain. One main area of this research has focused on the neuropsychological sequelae of alcoholism, which has resulted in the description of a pattern of sparing and impairment that provided an essential understanding of the functional deficits as well as of spared capabilities that could be useful in recovery. These studies have elucidated the component processes of memory, problem solving, and cognitive control, as well as visuospatial, and motor processes and their interactions with cognitive control processes. Another large area of research has focused on observable brain pathology, using increasingly sophisticated imaging technologies—progressing from pneumoencephalography to computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging, and functional MRI—that have enabled ever more detailed insight into brain structure and function. These advancements also have allowed analysis of the course of brain structural changes through periods of drinking, abstinence, and relapse.
Technological fluency through circuit bending

The general education curriculum at the University of Utah requires that undergraduate students take courses in three of four “Intellectual Exploration” areas that are not in the student's major: Humanities, Fine Arts, Social & Behavioral Science, and Applied Science. Conspicuously missing from an engineering perspective are engineering and technology courses. In this paper I describe a new general education course specifically designed to introduce technology and engineering to undergraduates from a wide variety of backgrounds. I do this through a noise-making sound-art project-based curriculum based on hardware hacking and circuit bending.
Endogenously Informed Boards and the Optimality of Board Power

This paper develops a theory of board power when the board of directors collects private information about the CEOs ability to make value-increasing investments. When CEO ability is unknown ex-ante, we show that board power can be helpful in inducing information production by the board and in eliminating over-investment by managers with low ability. However, we find that board power also comes at a cost of rejecting good investments by highly talented managers when the board is uninformed and hence has to rely on noisy public information. The paper thus highlights the importance of the interaction between board power and the public and private information environment faced by the board. Modeling explicitly the power of the board to reject major investment decisions we derive several novel implications on how board power impact managerial turnover, managerial investment, and overall firm value. For example, we find conditions under which more powerful boards will be associated with a lower sensitivity of managerial turnover to negative market signals as well as in boards that discourage efficient investments. The paper thus highlights some of the costs associated with awarding the board of directors with too much power and hence identifies the conditions under which increases in board power enhance shareholder value.
Religion as an Unemployment Insurance and the Basis of Support for Public Safety Nets: The Case of Latin America and the Caribbean

This paper explores the role of religion in mitigating the degree to which unemployment reduces subjective well-being and it examines its support of social programs. The paper goes beyond existing literature in three ways: It extends existing literature to Latin America and Caribbean countries; it explicitly includes analysis of two confounders (social capital and personal traits) ignored in existing literature; and it moves beyond correlation by using the propensity score method to tease out a causal relation between religion and well-being. We find that religion acts as a buffer: Unemployed religious people are relatively happier than are nonreligious unemployed people. However, in contrast with the existing literature, we find that religious people are relatively more supportive of public social policy.
Inhibition of restraint stress-induced neural and behavioural activation by endogenous cannabinoid signalling.

The role of endocannabinoid (eCB) signalling in restraint stress-induced neuronal activation was studied. Male mice exposed to 30 min of restraint exhibit increased Fos protein within prefrontal cortex (PFC), lateral septum (LS), nucleus accumbens (Acb) and medial amygdala. SR141716 (2 mg/kg) itself had no effect on Fos but pretreatment with SR141716 significantly potentiated restraint-induced Fos expression in cingulate, LS and Acb. SR141716 also significantly increased the time spent in active escape behaviours during the restraint. In restraint-habituated mice (mice exposed to four previous restraint episodes), the fifth restraint exposure resulted in decreased expression of active escape behaviours compared to the first exposure and only induced Fos protein in the central and medial amygdala. Administration of SR141716 prior to the fifth restraint episode resulted in greater potentiation of restraint-induced Fos induction than the first; significant increases occurred within all regions of PFC examined, LS and Acb. Brain regional eCB content was measured immediately after restraint. N-arachidonylethanolamine content within the amygdala was significantly decreased after both restraint episodes. 2-Arachidonylglycerol content was significantly increased in both the limbic forebrain and amygdala after the fifth restraint but not the first. Restraint had no effect on cerebellar eCB content. These data suggest that eCB activation of CB 1 receptors opposes the behavioural and neuronal responses to aversive stimuli. Because repeated homotypic stress increased both limbic 2-AG and resulted in a greater effect of SR141716 on limbic Fos expression, we hypothesize that increased CB 1 receptor activity contributes to the expression of habituation to homotypic stress.
Use of an Expedited Review Tool to Screen for Prior Diagnostic Error in Emergency Department Patients

Objective: Missed diagnoses are an important area of care quality resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Determination of rates and causes has been limited by difficulties in screening, including the effort of manual chart review. We developed and tested a semi-automated review tool to expedite screening for diagnostic errors in an electronic health record (EHR). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients seen in the emergency department (ED) of a teaching hospital over 31 days, using an automated screen to identify those with a prior in-system visit during the 14 days preceding their ED visit. We collected prior and subsequent notes from the institution’s EHR for these cases, then populated a specially designed relational database enabling rapid comparison of prior visit records to the sentinel ED visit. Each case was assessed for potential missed or delayed diagnosis, and rated by likelihood as “definite, probable, possible, unlikely or none.” Results: A total of 5 066 patient encounters were screened by a clinician using the tool, of which 1 498 (30%) had a clinical encounter within the preceding 14 days. Of these, 37 encounters (2.6% of those reviewed) were “definite” or “probable” missed diagnoses. The rapid review tool took a mean of 1.9 minutes per case for primary review, compared with 11.2 minutes per case for reviews without the automated tool. Conclusions: Diagnostic errors were present in a significant number of cases presenting to the ED after recent healthcare visits. An innovative review tool enabled a substantially increased efficiency in screening for diagnostic errors.
The Cais do Sodré Shipwreck, Lisbon, Portugal

The timber remains of a shipwreck, probably dating to the late-15th or early-16th century and found in 1995 at Cais do Sodre, Lisbon, Portugal, during the construction of a subway station, are described and analysed. © 2011 The Authors
The Effects of Forced Convection on the Power Dissipation of Constant-Temperature Thermal Conductivity Sensors

The effect of forced convection on the power dissipation of cylindrical and planar, constant temperature, thermal conductivity detectors (TCDs) is investigated theoretically. Such detectors can be used either for on-line continuous sensing of fluid thermal conductivity or for determining the sample concentrations in gas chromatography. A low Peclet number, asymptotic theory is constructed to correlate the TCD'S power dissipation with the Peclet number and to explain experimental observations. Subsequently, the effect of convection on the TCD 's power dissipation is calculated numerically for both time-independent and time-dependent flows.
Data storage management in a distributed database with deterministic limited communications windows between data storage nodes

An orbital service model allows data to be collected, stored and used on different nodes comprising an ad-hoc system where provider craft supply services to consumer craft. Ad-hoc networks and provider-consumer relationships are commonly used in various applications on Earth. The deterministic movement of spacecraft, however, allows the ad-hoc network and service providing model to operate in a different way than would be typical in most terrestrial ad-hoc networks. While long periods of no direct node-to-node connectivity may exist, the periods of connectivity are pre-known based on orbital parameters. Additionally, paths for indirect connectivity can be identified and evaluated for cost effectiveness. This paper presents a data management approach for an orbital computing ad-hoc system. Algorithms for determining where data should be stored (identification of most useful point of storage, whether multiple copies are justified) and how movement should be affected (transfer scheduling, replication, etc.) are presented and evaluated.
Effect of topically applied agents on healing wounds.

Abstract In 1978, we published a new method for evaluating epidermal wound healing. 1 Our model was similar to that used by Winter. 2 Both models employed partial thickness wounds in domestic outbred swine. Winter evaluated wound healing by determining the percentage of the wound which was resurfaced by epidermis. The percentage of the surface re-epithelialized was determined by examining 100 histologic sections from each wound. The sections studied were at 50 μm intervals so that 20% of the wound area was studied.
What we need to know about bioterrorism preparedness: Results from focus groups conducted at APIC 2000

Infection control practitioners (ICPs) are important partners in enhancing the US public health infrastructure, both as essential recipients of continuing education and as instructors responsible for providing this education. Focus groups were conducted at APIC 2000, the annual meeting for the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc, to determine the ICPs' priorities for educational opportunities in bioterrorism preparedness and the preferred methods of education delivery. Focus group participants affirmed the need to provide education in sessions of less than 60 minutes, with use of a variety of technologies and methods of presentation such as video, Internet, and paper-based self-learning texts. The participants' comments suggested a lack of awareness by employees in health care institutions about the potential threat of bioterrorism in the United States and a deficiency in knowledge about the potential consequences of an attack. The focus group participants believed this lack of awareness also leads to unwillingness by their administrators to allocate funds for planning and education. Since it appears that ICPs will be looking for direction and expertise from the local health departments in their communities, the first subset of professionals to target for bioterrorism education and preparedness should probably be the public health professionals.
Patient-reported outcomes after prostate cancer treatment:

Objective:Our aim was to understand patient-reported toxicities resulting from treatment of prostate cancer using various different modalities that have similar oncological endpoints.Methods and materials:An Internet-based survivorship care plan tool was used to collect patient-reported toxicity data for men who had undergone prostate cancer treatment.Results:A total of 127 users of the survivorship care plan tool reported to have been treated for prostate cancer. The median age of the patients at diagnosis in this group was 60 years (range = 25–74 years) and median time since diagnosis was 4 years (range 1–15 years); 61 (48%) received radiation as primary treatment, 44 (35%) received surgery as primary treatment and 22 (17%) received both surgery and radiation (adjuvant or salvage). Hormonal treatment was given to 50 (39%) patients. Some 15% (7/48) in the radiation group versus 50% (21/42) in the surgery group (p < 0.001) developed urinary incontinence; 61% (33/54) in the radiation group and 86% (37/43) ...
The effect of temperature on the delayed yield and failure of “plasticized” epoxy resin

Abstract : Epoxy-versamid specimens were loaded in tension up to failure at different constant strain-rates and temperatures. Results revealed three modes of behavior prevailing at different temperature-strain-rate regions and associated with brittle, ductile and rubbery failure modes. The ductile region was found to be confined within a narrow band on the temperature-strain-rate plane, and is characterized by a yield plateau in the stress-strain curve and by linear dependence of yield stress on log strain rate and temperature. Yield strain seems to be almost unaffected by strain-rate, but decreases slightly with temperature rise. Analysis indicated that experimental data within the ductile region are consistent with Eyring's formulation for non-Newtonian viscoplastic flow. It leads to the evaluation of the 'apparent activation energy' and activation volume for the two epoxy systems tested. Comparison with previous work indicates that the above parameters as well as yield stress and elastic modulus tend to increase with the decrease of versamid content in the resin.
EXTRACTING WEB USER PROFILES USING RELATIONAL COMPETITIVE FUZZY CLUSTERING

The proliferation of information on the World Wide Web has made the personalization of this information space a necessity. An important component of Web personalization is to mine typical user profiles from the vast amount of historical data stored in access logs. In the absence of any a priori knowledge, unsupervised classification or clustering methods seem to be ideally suited to analyze the semi-structured log data of user accesses. In this paper, we define the notion of a "user session" as being a temporally compact sequence of Web accesses by a user. We also define a new distance measure between two Web sessions that captures the organization of a Web site. The Competitive Agglomeration clustering algorithm which can automatically cluster data into the optimal number of components is extended so that it can work on relational data. The resulting Competitive Agglomeration for Relational Data (CARD) algorithm can deal with complex, non-Euclidean, distance/similarity measures. This algorithm was used to analyze Web server access logs successfully and obtain typical session profiles of users.
The action of hyaluronidase enzyme on St. Louis and western equine encephalitis viruses in the chick embryo.

The study of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus in embryonated eggs has been limited by the low susceptibility of embryos to this virus. Development of a technique for increasing their susceptibility to SLE virus would permit more extensive use of embryonated eggs in experimental work and in routine diagnostic procedures. The present study was undertaken to determine whether addition of a spreading factor, hyaluronidase, to SLE virus when inoculated by different routes in chick embryos would demonstrably affect the mortality of embryos or yield of virus. The chorioallantoic membrane has been used as a route of inoculation of
Substitutions of 169Lys and 173Thr in nonstructural protein 1 influence the infectivity and pathogenicity of XJ-160 virus

An infectious clone (pBR-XJ160) was constructed using the full-length cDNA of the Sindbis-like XJ-160 virus. Two nucleotide mutations, causing amino acid changes at residue 169 from Lys to Arg and at residue 173 from Thr to Ile in the nonstructural protein (nsP) 1 coding region, strongly influenced the infectivity of in vitro-synthesized RNA. We used site-directed mutagenesis to obtain clones encoding a change to Arg at residue 169 of nsP1 (pBR-169), a change to Ile at residue 173 (pBR-173), or both changes (pBR-6973). Infectivity of RNA from pBR-169 was abolished, but viral forms BR-173 and BR-6973 were obtained from pBR-173 and pBR-6973, respectively. Further, BR-173 exhibited higher propagation than BR-XJ160 in cell culture and higher neurovirulence in a suckling mouse model. BR-6973 possessed an intermediate phenotype. BR-173 and BR-6973 showed increased sensitivity to 3-deazaadenosine (3-DZA), which inhibits S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Thus, mutagenesis at residue 169 in the nsP1 region of XJ-160 is lethal, but mutation at residue 173 from Thr to Ile enhances viral infectivity and neurovirulence and suppresses the lethal effect of the mutation at residue 169. These mutations might be associated with the RNA methyltransferase (MTase) activity of nsP1.
Blood pressure levels and variance assessed by ambulatory monitoring: optimal parameters.

We obtained multiple ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) records over five years from two trained, normotensive subjects experienced in wearing the apparatus. The resulting time series data on systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) were used to suggest optimal parameters for monitoring by two instruments (Colin Medical Instruments ABPM-630 and Del Mar Avionics Pressurometer) and to compare two indirect methods (auscultatory and oscillometric). A 10-min sampling interval day and night provided sufficient density of data to support spectral analysis for ultradian rhythms in the frequency range of one cycle per hour to one cycle per 9 h on a 24-h record. Rhythms with major periods of approximately 3, 6, and 9 h were variously found in 94 normotensive subjects, aged 20 to 95 years, including the two trained subjects. When the monitoring period was extended to 72 h, the circadian (∼24 h) rhythm could be more sharply defined, as well as a 12-h harmonic. In some studies the two trained subjects wore two monitors, one on each arm, set to read simultaneously. From the simultaneous measurements on both arms, it was shown that averaging across three points (30 min of record) reduced the coefficient of variation between the two simultaneous records to 6% or less. Auscultatory and oscillometric methods were equally reliable. Echocardiographic data were obtained in five normotensive subjects and compared to their ABPM data. The ABPM records provided additional information about cardiovascular function not merely duplicating that obtained by acute stress tests, such as exercise or cold pressor responses, or echocardiography. Standards for ABPM are suggested.
Neurones express high levels of a structurally modified, activated form of pp60c-src.

Neural tissues contain high levels of the cellular homologue of the transforming protein of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)1–4, but neither the specific cell types expressing high levels of c-src, nor the function of the cellular src (c-src) protein has been determined. Using primary culture methods, we have found that pure neurones and astrocytes derived from the rat central nervous system (CNS) contain 15- to 20-times higher levels of the c-src protein than fibroblasts. However, the specific activity of the c-src protein from the neuronal cultures is 6- to 12-times higher than that from the astrocyte cultures. In addition, the c-src protein expressed in neuronal cultures contains a structural alteration within the aminoterminal region of the molecule that causes a shift in the mobility of the c-src protein on the SDS-polyacrylamide gels. These results indicate that a structurally distinct form of the cellular src protein that possesses an activated tyrosylkinase activity is expressed at very high levels in post-mitotic CNS neurones.
Afadin, a Ras/Rap effector that controls cadherin function, promotes spine and excitatory synapse density in the hippocampus

Many molecules regulate synaptogenesis, but intracellular signaling pathways required for their functions are poorly understood. Afadin is a Rap-regulated, actin-binding protein that promotes cadherin complex assembly as well as binding many other cell adhesion molecules and receptors. To examine its role in mediating synaptogenesis, we deleted afadin (mllt1), using a conditional allele, in postmitotic hippocampal neurons. Consistent with its role in promoting cadherin recruitment, afadin deletion resulted in 70% fewer and less intense N-cadherin puncta with similar reductions of β-catenin and αN-catenin puncta densities and 35% reduction in EphB2 puncta density. Its absence also resulted in 40% decreases in spine and excitatory synapse densities in the stratum radiatum of CA1, as determined by morphology, apposition of presynaptic and postsynaptic markers, and synaptic transmission. The remaining synapses appeared to function normally. Thus, afadin is a key intracellular signaling molecule for cadherin recruitment and is necessary for spine and synapse formation in vivo.
A Synthetic Medium for Propagation and Maintenance of Virulent Strains of Salmonella pullorum

Abstract DURING a series of investigations of host-parasite relationships, the need arose for a synthetic medium capable of supporting rapid growth of Salmonella pullorum and of maintaining it in a stabilized state of virulence during storage. Previously, Mooney and Winslow (1935), Beard and Snow (1936), and Johnson and Rettger (1943) investigated the growth of S. pullorum in several different media under a variety of conditions. Also, Shoenhard and Stafseth (1953) described a synthetic medium which provided maximum growth in approximately sixty hours as opposed to maximum growth obtained in twenty-four to thirty hours in two complete media. No attempts were made to compare the virulence of the organisms grown in the different media. The studies to be described were concerned with the growth of S. pullorum in several media, including a comparison of the virulence of cells grown in complete and in synthetic media. MATERIALS AND METHODS A highly virulent strain …
The addition of singlet oxygen to alkoxy and trimethysiloxybutadienes. The synthesis of novel new peroxides.

Abstract The additions of singlet oxygen to four 1,3-diennes are reported. Spectral studies of the reaction products corroborate their suggested structures. Hydrolysis of these products resulted in the formation of several novel new peroxides.
Autologistic models with interpretable parameters

Ecologists are interested in characterizing succession processes, in particular monitoring the spread of invasive species and their effect on resident species. In situations for which binary response variables representing presence or absence of plants are observed over a spatial lattice, it may be desirable to use a model that accounts for the statistical dependence in the data, as well as the effect of potential covariates. One such model is the autologistic regression model. We show that the typical parameterization of the autologistic model presents difficulties in interpreting model parameters across varying levels of statistical dependence, and propose an alternative (centered) parameterization that overcomes this difficulty.We use the centered autologistic model to study the dynamics over time of two species, Rumex acetosella and Lonicera japonica, in an abandoned agricultural field in New Jersey, and compare the results to those obtained from using the traditional autologistic parameterization.
Bimolecular reaction A + B → 0 at steady state on fractals: Anomalous rate law and reactant self-organization

Abstract This paper is a theoretical investigation of the diffusion limited reaction A + B → 0 at steady state and on fractal structures. We propose an extension of a scheme previously applied to Euclidean spaces, using the so-called fractal diffusion operator defined by O'Shaughnessy and Procaccia. We show that for a particular type of source, we obtain distributions of reactants and macroscopic reaction laws that interpolate the results previously found in Euclidean dimensions. More specifically, we show that the relevant dimension of the problem is the spectral dimension d s and for d s
Legal Reform and Social Construction: Violence, Gender, and the Law

As scholars and activists have addressed the problem of violence against women in the past 25 years, their efforts have increasingly attuned us to the multiple dimensions of the issue. Early activists hoped to change the structure of power relations in our society, as well as the political ideology that tolerated violence against women, through legislation, education, direct action, and direct services. This activism resulted in a plethora of changes to the legal codes and protocols relating to rape and battering. Today, social scientists and legal scholars are evaluating the effects of these reforms, questioning anew the ability of law by itself to redress societal inequalities. As they uncover the limitations of legal reforms enacted in the past two decades, scholars are turning—or returning—to ask about the social and cultural contexts within which laws are formulated, enforced, and interpreted.
CONSIDERING THE SOURCE: DOES THE COUNTRY OF ORIGIN OF FDI MATTER TO ECONOMIC GROWTH?*

It has long been surmised that firms controlled by different countries may have unequal effects on the host economies in which they locate. By looking at the seven major source countries of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the United States, we provide empirical evidence that the state growth effects of FDI differ by source country. We attribute these differential growth effects to the relative differences in factor endowments between the source country and the state. The implication of this result is that technology transfer, believed to be the engine of economic growth, becomes more costly the more dissimilar the endowments.
Dentist-patient comfort in sit-down dentistry

The figures illustrate the problems in sit-down dentistry and show that a suggested solution is a thin, easily adjusted, double-articulated, contoured head and backrest.
Spatial Coherence: The Key To Accurate Optical Micrometrology

The accurate measurement of micrometer-size iinewidths on integrated-circuit photo casks and wafers requires more accurate edge detection tecnniques than traditional optical measuring systems can achieve. A scanning pnotometric optical microscope has the capability of determining edge location using an optical threshold with a resulting linewidth error much smaller than the Airy disc radius of the imaging oujective. However, the threshold corresponding to edge location is dependent upon the spatial coherence of the illumination. Analysis using tne theory of partial coherence has led to threshold equations witn corrections for contrast and optical phase difference at the line edge. Both the tneory and instrumentation which have been developed for measurements on both pnotomasks and wafers are described. Linewidths as small as 0.5 Âµm can be measured with a sensitivity of 0.01 µm and an estimated uncertainty of 0.05 µm.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Simple Laboratory Method to Pattern Sub-Millimeter Features of Conductive Films of Gold and Indium Tin Oxide

Abstract A simple laboratory photolithography method for patterning 100 nm thick gold and indium tin oxide (ITO) films on glass slides with 100 µm resolution without the need of special equipment is described. During the procedure, the conductive films are coated with a commercial screen printing emulsion using a modified drill as spin‐coater, then placed in contact with a negative photomask, and exposed to a 20 W light source for 30–60 min. The excess photoresist is washed off with water, and the glass slides are baked at 210°C to produce a mechanically and chemically resistant coating. The substrates are then etched in dilute aqueous HNO3/HCl (gold) or 6 n HCl (ITO) to remove exposed gold and ITO films. After etching, the photoresist is removed by etching with peroxosulfuric acid (gold) or scraped off with a razor blade (ITO) leaving a conductive pattern. The procedure requires between 3 and 5 h of time, depending on experience.
Commentary on “how significant are nonsignificant differences?”

For example, rather than reject or not reject the null hypothesis on the basis of whether the probability level is less than or greater than 0.05, one would report that p = 0.07, say, and then let the reader decide whether this value is sufficiently small to warrant the conclusion that something other than chance is producing the difference, i.e., the treatment.
EFFECT OF SPICES ON CAMPYLOBACTER jejuni AT THREE TEMPERATURES

A study was conducted on the effects of oregano, sage and ground cloves on the growth of Campylobacter jejuni. Each spice was added individually to a liquid growth medium at levels of 0.1–1%. C. jejuni was added to the spice-broth mixture and incubated at 4°C, 25°C or 42°C. Colony forming units were determined at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h. At 42°C and a level of 0.5% spice, cloves inhibited the growth of this organism at 16h. However, in the presence of either oregano or sage, an apparent reduction in colony forming units was noted. The presence of sage caused a greater reduction in colony forming units than did oregano. However, incubation beyond 16 h at 42°C, cell growth was noted in all three spice-broth mixtures. In the presence of either sage or oregano, a > 3-log decrease in colony forming units of C. jeiuni was observed when the spice-broth mixture was incubated at 25°C.A < 1-log reduction in colony forming units of C. jejuni in the presence of any of the three spices was revealed at 4°C.
Measuring global temperatures: Their analysis and interpretation

[1] This book documents how global surface temperature anomalies (GSTAs) and multidecadal trends are obtained. While ocean heat content change is a more robust metric with which to diagnose global warming, GSTAs have become a primary icon in the climate change debate. The book begins with a brief overview chapter of the Earth's radiative energy budget followed by two chapters on measurement approaches to monitoring temperature, including an interesting discussion of temperature scales. Chapters 4–6 concern measuring land and ocean temperatures. Chapters 7 and 8 discuss global networks and how point measurements are converted to obtain global averages. Chapter 9 focuses on changes in time of temperatures, including maximum and minimum values. This is followed by a short chapter on temperature profiles through the atmosphere and a final chapter of recommendations for future observations of this metric.
Detection of SiF radicals with multiphoton ionization spectroscopy

Abstract We report the resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization spectrum of SiF between 430 and 492 nm. SiF radicals absorbed at least three photons to generate the observed m/z 47 SiF ions. Two-photon absorption bands from C″ 2 Σ + ← X 2 Π, and C′ 2 Π ← X 2 Π, transitions were observed. An intense band from sequential one-photon transitions from the X 2 Π 1/2 (υ″ = 0) state through the A 2 Σ + (υ′ = 0) and C″ 2 Σ + (υ′ = 1) states was observed.
Socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity independently predict health decline among older diabetics

There are pervasive racial and socioeconomic differences in health status among older adults with type 2 diabetes. The extent to which racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities unfold to differential health outcomes has yet to be investigated among older adults with diabetes. This study examines whether or not race/ethnicity and SES are independent predictors of steeper rates of decline in self-rated health among older adults in the U.S. with type 2 diabetes. The study population was a subset of diabetic adults aged 65 and older from the Health and Retirement Study. Respondents were followed up to 16 years. Multilevel cumulative logit regression models were used to examine the contributions of socioeconomic indicators, race/ethnicity, and covariates over time. Health decline was measured as a change in self-reported health status over the follow-up period. Relative to whites, blacks had a significantly lower cumulative odds of better health status over time (OR: 0.61, p < .0001). Hispanics reported significantly lower cumulative odds better health over time relative to whites (OR: 0.59, p < .05). Although these disparities narrowed when socioeconomic characteristics were added to the model, significant differences remained. Including socioeconomic status did not remove the health effects of race/ethnicity among blacks and Hispanics. The author found that race/ethnicity and some socioeconomic indicators were independent predictors of health decline among older adults with diabetes.
Intraabdominal cystic lymphangiomas obscured by marked superimposed reactive changes: clinicopathological analysis of a series

Cystic (or cavernous) lymphangiomas are uncommon tumors that most often occur in the head and neck, axilla, or groin of young children but are detected occasionally in adulthood at various other anatomic sites. When arising in the abdomen, cystic lymphangiomas may present with acute abdominal pain. We have encountered examples of mesenteric and retroperitoneal cystic lymphangiomas associated with such marked superimposed reactive and inflammatory changes that their lymphatic nature is obscured, a situation that is not widely recognized. To further characterize these lesions, 7 abdominal lymphangiomas associated with florid reactive changes were retrieved from the authors' consultation files. There were 5 female patients and 2 male patients (median age, 42 years; range, 1 month to 51 years). Five cases presented in adulthood. Tumor size ranged from 8 to 20 cm (median, 15 cm). Three tumors arose in the mesentery of the small intestine and 4 arose in the retroperitoneum (one of which also involved the posterior mediastinum). Three patients presented with a short history of abdominal pain. Radiological studies revealed large cystic or solid masses; clinical differential diagnoses included sarcoma (2 cases), enteric duplication cyst (2 cases), and cystic tumor not otherwise specified. Grossly, the tumors were generally multiloculated cystic masses associated with areas of fat necrosis and hemorrhage. The cysts often contained thick, gelatinous, or milky fluid. Histologically, all cases showed extensive areas of granulation tissue, most also including a floridly cellular reactive myofibroblastic proliferation, obscuring the lymphatic nature of the lesion. Two cases contained extensive areas of xanthogranulomatous inflammation. In foci where the underlying lesion could be discerned, the tumors were composed of cystically dilated lymphatic spaces, some of which were partially invested by a layer of smooth muscle and were associated with occasional lymphoid aggregates. The lymphatic spaces contained either clear fluid or large numbers of foamy macrophages. The lymphatic endothelial cells lining the cystic spaces were generally attenuated with no cytological atypia. One case showed features of a complex vascular malformation with a predominant component of cavernous lymphangioma. By immunohistochemistry, in all cases, the endothelial cells lining the dilated lymphatic spaces were positive for CD31 and D2-40, 4 of 7 were positive for CD34, and all were negative for keratin. Clinical follow-up information was available for 4 patients (median, 26 months; range, 22-36 months): 3 patients had no evidence of recurrence and 1 patient was asymptomatic with radiographic evidence of minimal persistent disease. In summary, some intraabdominal lymphangiomas have a tendency to induce marked reactive and inflammatory changes in the surrounding tissues, often obscuring their nature and occasionally leading to the clinical impression of a malignant tumor. Awareness of this unusual occurrence will lead to the correct diagnosis.
Pion cross section parameterizations for space radiation codes

Abstract The space radiation environment consists of energetic particles that originate from the Sun and from sources outside the solar system. It is necessary to understand how these particles interact with materials to design effective radiation shielding. The transport of radiation through materials can be described by the Boltzmann equation. Efficient space radiation transport codes often require parameterized energy-dependent spectral distributions. A recent study showed that pions may contribute considerably to the total dose in galactic cosmic ray environments. Consequently, accurate parameterized pion spectral distributions are needed. In other studies, the Badhwar parameterization has been used for inclusive pion production in high energy nucleon–nucleon and nucleon–nucleus collisions, whereas a thermal model has been used to describe pion production in low energy nuclear collisions. In this paper, the thermal model is parameterized in terms of projectile energy, projectile nucleon number, and target nucleon number. Thermal and Badhwar model predictions of pion spectra from nucleon–nucleus and nucleus–nucleus collisions are compared for projectile energies ranging from 0.3 to 158 A GeV. It is recommended that the thermal model be used for projectile energies between 0.4 and 5 A GeV and the Badhwar model be used for higher projectile energies.
In vitro-in vivo correlations of scalable PLGA-risperidone implants for the treatment of schizophrenia.

Nonadherence to antipsychotic medications is a major obstacle preventing optimal outcomes for patients with schizophrenia. Extended release systems exist in the form of depot injections, but these formulations exhibit several disadvantages. To address these concerns, we previously demonstrated proof of concept for an antipsychotic implant containing risperidone and the biodegradable polymer poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA). We build upon recently published data by utilizing a scalable single-screw extrusion system for the production of PLGA-risperidone implants. Implants were composed of 40% risperidone and 60% PLGA, with varying ratios of lactide to glycolide (50:50, 65:35, 75:25 or 85:15). Risperidone release was assessed in vitro and in vivo in rats, and Level A, B and C correlations (IVIVCs) attempted for all. Bioavailability was verified with locomotor testing Level B analysis yielded the greatest correlation between in vitro and in vivo data (R 2 = 0.9425), while Level C yielded the lowest (R 2 = 0.8336). Although, based on qualitative results, a Level A correlation was not achieved, it did produce an R 2 of 0.9261. Locomotor testing demonstrated that peak serum concentrations coincide with significant reductions in activity. Data demonstrate the applicability of our modeling system and advance long-term, implantable antipsychotics toward clinical application.
Role of Hydration Water in Protein Unfolding

In this paper, following our work on the two-state outer neighbor mixed bonding model of water, it is proposed that polar groups promote the formation of the low density ice Ih-type bonding in their neighborhood, whereas nonpolar groups tend to promote the higher density ice II-type structure. In a protein, because of the large numbers of exposed polar and nonpolar groups, large changes in the neighboring water structure can occur. These changes, of course, depend on whether the protein is in its native or its unfolded state and will be shown here to have a direct impact on the thermodynamics of protein unfolding at both high and low temperatures. For example, it is known that the polar hydration entropies become rapidly more negative with increasing temperature. This very unusual behavior can be directly related to the promotion in the outer bulk liquid of the more stable Ih-type bonding at the expense of II-type bonding by polar groups of the protein. In contrast, nonpolar groups have an opposite effect on the thermodynamics. It is the delicate balance created by these outer hydration contributions, mixed with ordinary thermodynamic contributions from the inner hydration shell and those from hydrogen-bond and van der Waals forces within the protein molecule itself that is responsible for both heat and cold denaturation of proteins.