cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A data-driven model of a modal gated ion channel: the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor in insect Sf9 cells.

The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor (IP3R) channel is crucial for the generation and modulation of intracellular Ca2+ signals in animal cells. To gain insight into the complicated ligand regulation of this ubiquitous channel, we constructed a simple quantitative continuous-time Markov-chain model from the data. Our model accounts for most experimentally observed gating behaviors of single native IP3R channels from insect Sf9 cells. Ligand (Ca2+ and IP3) dependencies of channel activity established six main ligand-bound channel complexes, where a complex consists of one or more states with the same ligand stoichiometry and open or closed conformation. Channel gating in three distinct modes added one complex and indicated that three complexes gate in multiple modes. This also restricted the connectivity between channel complexes. Finally, latencies of channel responses to abrupt ligand concentration changes defined a model with specific network topology between 9 closed and 3 open states. The model with 28 parameters can closely reproduce the equilibrium gating statistics for all three gating modes over a broad range of ligand concentrations. It also captures the major features of channel response latency distributions. The model can generate falsifiable predictions of IP3R channel gating behaviors and provide insights to both guide future experiment development and improve IP3R channel gating analysis. Maximum likelihood estimates of the model parameters and of the parameters in the De Young–Keizer model yield strong statistical evidence in favor of our model. Our method is simple and easily applicable to the dynamics of other ion channels and molecules.
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus: transmission from infectious to susceptible rainbow trout fry

Abstract Fry of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were exposed to serotype VR-299 of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) by using a standardized immersion challenge. In concurrent experiments, fish were monitored for 11 d for excretion of IPNV or monitored for 9 d for excretion and transmission of IPNV to susceptible rainbow trout fry. Immersion-challenged fish began excreting virus within 2 d after challenge. The rate of IPNV excretion per fish increased steadily from about day 4 to day 8 and then decreased. Virus concentrations in tissues of immersion-challenged fish increased exponentially. Susceptible fish became infected with IPNV within 4 d after being introduced to immersion-challenged fish (e.g., 2 d after the challenged fish began excreting virus). By 9 d, 84% of the susceptible fish were infected with IPNV.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-dependent and -independent Cell-signaling Pathways Originating from the Urokinase Receptor

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and vitronectin activate cell-signaling pathways by binding to the uPA receptor (uPAR). Because uPAR is glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored, the signaling receptor is most likely a uPAR-containing multiprotein complex. This complex may be heterogeneous within a single cell and among different cell types. The goal of this study was to elucidate the role of the EGF receptor (EGFR) as a component of the uPAR-signaling machinery. uPA activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in COS-7 cells and in COS-7 cells that overexpress uPAR, and this response was blocked by the EGFR inhibitor, tyrphostin AG1478, implicating the EGFR in the pathway that links uPAR to ERK. By contrast, Rac1 activation, which occurred as a result of uPAR overexpression, was EGFR-independent. COS-7 cell migration was stimulated, in an additive manner, by uPAR-dependent pathways leading to ERK and Rac1. AG1478 inhibited only the ERK-dependent component of the response. CHO-K1 cells do not express EGFR; however, these cells demonstrated ERK activation in response to uPA, indicating the presence of an EGFR-independent alternative pathway. As anticipated, this response was insensitive to AG1478. When CHO-K1 cells were transfected to express EGFR or a kinase-inactive mutant of EGFR, ERK activation in response to uPA was unchanged; however, the EGFR-expressing cells acquired sensitivity to AG1478. We conclude that the EGFR may function as a transducer of the signal from uPAR to ERK, but not Rac1. In the absence of EGFR, an alternative pathway links uPAR to ERK; however, this pathway is apparently silenced by EGFR expression.
Novel phosphotransferase genes revealed by bacterial genome sequencing: a gene cluster encoding a putative N-acetylgalactosamine metabolic pathway in Escherichia coli

Summary: We have analysed a gene cluster in the 67.4-76.0 min region of the Escherichia coli chromosome, revealed by recent systematic genome sequencing. The genes within this cluster include: (1) five genes encoding homologues of the E. coli mannose permease of the phosphotransferase system (IIB, IIB', IIC, IIC' and IID); (2) genes encoding a putative N-acetylgalactosamine 6-phosphate metabolic pathway including (a) a deacetylase, (b) an isomerizing deaminase, (c) a putative carbohydrate kinase, and (d) an aldolase; and (3) a transcriptional regulatory protein homologous to members of the DeoR family. Evidence is presented suggesting that the aldolase-encoding gene within this cluster is the previously designated kba gene that encodes tagatose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase. These proteins and a novel IIAMan-like protein encoded in the 2.4-4.1 min region are characterized with respect to their sequence similarities and phylogenetic relationships with other homologous proteins. A pathway for the metabolism of N-acetylgalactosamine biochemically similar to that for the metabolism of N-acetylglucosamine is proposed.
Local and Systemic Effects of Commonly Used Cutaneous Agents: Lifetime Studies of 16 Compounds in Mice and Rabbits

A number of commonly used external agents were applied repeatedly on the skin of the mouse and rabbit. These chemicals, components of commercially available products included 4-hydroxyanisole, benzalkonium chloride, bromodeoxyuridine, iododeoxyuridine, 5-nitroacenaphthene, N-N-diethyltoluamide, hexachlorophene, para-aminobenzoic acid, benzophenone, isopropylmyristate, pyrogallol, resorcinol and ethylhexanediol. Also tested were a commercial hairspray, a dandruff shampoo and an anti-dandruff agent. Local and systemic changes were studied and the tumour incidence compared with that of an effective carcinogen, 9,10-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. The mice showed no local toxic changes or tumour formation and the systemic tumour incidence, i. e., tumours of the liver, lungs, lymphatic system and other organs, was similar to that of control animals. In rabbits, a number of proliferative, benign and malignant ear tumours were observed in the positive controls, thereby demonstrating the efficiency of this model. Local toxic changes were seen in benzalkonium- and hexachlorophene-treated animals, but no skin tumours. Four animals had uterine tumours. In addition, one lung and one kidney tumour, unrelated to the method of treatment, were seen.
Wavelength dependence of UV-laser induced emission of neutral and ionic species from single crystal NaNO3

Abstract We report time-resolved, quadrupole mass-selected measurements of neutral and ion emission from single crystal sodium nitrate exposed to ns pulse excimer laser radiation at 157 nm (F2 excimer, 7.9 eV photons), 193 nm (ArF excimer, 6.4 eV photons) and 248 nm (KrF excimer, 5.0 eV photons). Neutral emissions, including NO, O2, N2, and Na are observed at all three wavelengths. At 193 nm, intense atomic N and O emissions are also observed, possibly due to a 1+1 excitation involving the π ∗ ← π transition in the nitrate ion (centered at 6 eV) followed by excitation to a higher excited state. This transition is not efficiently excited at the other two wavelengths. At 248 nm, much of the emission is attributed to thermally assisted, dissociative electron/hole attachment. Although 157 nm photons do not excite the π ∗ ← π transition efficiently, the resulting NO emission is found to be quite intense: on a per unit energy (or per photon) basis, 157 nm photons are much more efficient in decomposing nitrate anions than 193 nm photons. Intense ion emission (principally Na+ and NO+) is observed at 193 and 157 nm, with weaker Na+ emission at 248 nm. The ion intensities show high-order fluence dependence, consistent with photoelectronic emission involving sequential photon absorption as described earlier for 248 nm irradiation [J. Appl. Phys. (80) (1996) 6452].
Normal T-Cell Turnover in Sooty Mangabeys Harboring Active Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Sooty mangabeys naturally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) remain healthy though they harbor viral loads comparable to those in rhesus macaques that progress to AIDS. To assess the immunologic basis of disease resistance in mangabeys, we compared the effect of SIV infection on T-cell regeneration in both monkey species. Measurement of the proliferation marker Ki-67 by flow cytometry showed that mangabeys harbored proliferating T cells at a level of 3 to 4% in peripheral blood irrespective of their infection status. In contrast, rhesus macaques demonstrated a naturally high fraction of proliferating T cells (7%) that increased two- to threefold following SIV infection. Ki-67 + T cells were predominantly CD45RA − , indicating increased proliferation of memory cells in macaques. Quantitation of an episomal DNA product of T-cell receptor α rearrangement (termed α1 circle) showed that the concentration of recent thymic emigrants in blood decreased with age over a 2-log unit range in both monkey species, consistent with age-related thymic involution. SIV infection caused a limited decrease of α1 circle numbers in mangabeys as well as in macaques. Dilution of α1 circles by T-cell proliferation likely contributed to this decrease, since α1 circle numbers and Ki-67 + fractions correlated negatively. These findings are compatible with immune exhaustion mediated by abnormal T-cell proliferation, rather than with early thymic failure, in SIV-infected macaques. Normal T-cell turnover in SIV-infected mangabeys provides an explanation for the long-term maintenance of a functional immune system in these hosts.
Forward- and back-scattering from certain rough surfaces

Heuristic relations are derived between the specular reflection coefficient, R , and the radar echoing power of rough surfaces in which induced current elements are constrained to radiate equal powers in the reflected ray's direction and back toward the radar. To the extent that currents in the surface and fields scattered by it are calculable through a self-consistent formulation, a simple Fresnel-zone computation of R shows that \sigma_{o} , the radar area per unit area of mean plane, is proportional to | R^{2} | \sin^{2} \theta , where \theta is the angle incident rays make with the mean plane. It is plausibly assumed that large scatterers on the surface cast shadows with "beamwidth" proportional to radar wavelength \lambda ; here the argument leads to \sigma_{o} \propto ( |R^{2}| \sin^{2} \theta)/\lambda . In two appendices the law \sigma_{o} = 4 \sin^{2} \theta is derived for a lossless surface obeying Lambert's law, and a known self-consistent "solution" of a rough surface problem is examined by three generally applicable criteria.
A dual functional solid liquid separation process based on filtration and settling

The dual functional filter combines both the mechanisms of filtration and settling or decantation. The combined mechanisms of separation permit very high degrees of sludge dewatering; for example, slurries containing 0.2 wt. % gelatinous particles have been dewatered to produce a sludge of 35 wt. % particles. A mathematical model which includes both the effects of axial (vertical) variation of pressure driving force and cake compressibility effects is used in conjunction with experimental data to evaluate the dual functional filter performance.
Low energy sputter yields for diamond, carbon-carbon composite, and molybdenum subject to xenon ion bombardment

Sputter yields have been measured for polycrystalline diamond, single crystal diamond, a carbon-carbon composite, and molybdenum subject to bombardment with xenon. The tests were performed using a 3 cm Kaufman ion source to produce incident ions with energy in the range of 150 - 750 eV and profilometry based technique to measure the amount of sputtered material.
The functions of marijuana abuse for adolescents.

Research on adolescent marijuana use has given insufficient attention to understanding the functions of marijuana in youngsters' overall adaptation, and particularly in the context of family psychodynamics. This research focused on 17 marijuana-abusing adolescents who were selected according to the “representative case method.” Data obtained through unstructured psychodynamic interviews with the youngsters and their families were analyzed to identify the functions which marijuana played for these adolescents. Five key functions related to family psychodynamics-defiance and provocation, self-destructiveness, control of anger, grandiosity, and escape from competitive conflicts-are described. A case illustration is presented to show how these functions are interrelated in the adolescents' adaptation.
Triplet Oxygen Evolution Catalyzed by a Biomimetic Oxomanganese Complex: Functional Role of the Carboxylate Buffer

Photosynthetic oxygen evolution involves water splitting into triplet oxygen, protons, and electrons, as follows: 2H2O → 3O2 + 4e–+ 4H+. The reaction is catalyzed by the oxomanganese complex of photosystem II, embedded in the thylakoid membrane of green plant chloroplasts and internal membranes of cyanobacteria. Biomimetic synthetic complexes have been developed over the years, although the reactivity of most of these complexes remains to be established. Here, we report a computational study of water splitting catalyzed by the mixed-valent oxomanganese dimer [H2O(terpy)MnIII(μ-oxo)2MnIV(terpy)OH2]3+ (terpy = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine) in acetate buffer, with emphasis on the origin of triplet oxygen and the noninnocent role of carboxylate ligands in the underlying reaction mechanism. Our calculations suggest triplet oxygen evolution from an end-on (η1) Mn(III)-superoxo species, which forms from a hydroperoxo intermediate generated by nucleophilic attack of substrate water onto an oxyl radical Mn(IV)–O•. Carbo...
The perception of language-specific phonetic categories does not guarantee accurate phonological representations in the lexicon of early bilinguals

This study examines the perception and processing of the Catalan /e/–/ɛ/ and /o/–/ɔ/ vowel contrasts by 60 Spanish–Catalan bilinguals in Majorca (Spain). Results from binary forced-choice identification, AX discrimination, and lexical decision tasks show that even though these early and highly proficient bilinguals demonstrate a high accuracy in perceptual identification and discrimination tasks, they have difficulties distinguishing between words and nonwords in a lexical decision task. Spanish dominants also exhibited higher error rates than Catalan dominants in the lexical decision task. These findings provide evidence that making explicit judgments regarding whether a certain sound belongs to a phonemic category (i.e., as accomplished via identification and discrimination tasks) does not entail that listeners have an appropriate representation at the lexical level.
ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEWS AND CASE STUDIES: Public Perception of a High-Quality River: Mixed Messages

Existing studies have demonstrated a lack of consensus on the relationships between what the public sees when viewing a river, the actual ecological quality of that river, and a perceived need for ...
Comparative Study on Photothermal Therapy of Cancer Cells with Different Localizations of Gold Nanorods

Photothermal therapy was performed by targeting gold nanorods to two locations on cancer cells. We demonstrated a fluence rate threshold difference during therapy, suggesting certain damage pathways are more susceptible depending on localization.
The effects of zinc-doping on the composition of InGaAsP layers grown by MOCVD

We report on the effects of Zn-doping using diethylzinc (DEZn) on the growth of In1−xGaxAsyP1−y quaternary layers (x=0.18–0.41 and y=0.34–0.76) by metalorganic chemical vapour deposition. Independent of the quaternary layer compositions, a systematic reduction (increase) in Indium (Gallium) was observed. This was accompanied by a reduction in the overall growth rate, and increased tensile strain, with increasing DEZn flow. In contrast, the dependence of arsenic/phosphorus incorporation on DEZn flow was found to depend on the surface stoichiometry. We show quantitatively that the observed tensile strain can be explained by compositional variations caused by the Zn-doping process. These results suggest that DEZn affects both homogeneous and heterogeneous processes during the growth of InGaAsP layers.
E-030 clinical and angiographic outcomes in endovascular treatment of tandem vessel occlusions in acute ischemic stroke

Introduction Recent randomized clinical trials which demonstrated efficacy of endovascular treatment of large vessel occlusions in acute ischemic stroke did not include patients with tandem extracranial/intracranial arterial occlusions. These occlusions present unique treatment challenges due to complex endovascular approach. We report our experience in treating this cohort of acute stroke patients with the analysis of angiographic and clinical outcomes Methods Retrospective review of clinical and imaging data of all consecutive acute stroke patients admitted between February 2011 and December 2014 at two hospitals. Patients with proximal intracranial arterial occlusion and additional extracranial occlusion/critical stenosis treated acutely with endovascular techniques. Both anterior as well as posterior circulation tandem occlusions were included. Analysis included demographics, clinical presentation, treatment strategies, time to recanalization, imaging and clinical outcomes Results A total of 88 patients with tandem occlusions were treated acutely, 81 (92%) in the anterior circulation, and 7 (8%) – in the posterior. Mean procedure time was 102 min; Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC) was used in 59% of the (52/88) procedures. Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) ≥ 2B reperfusion was achieved in 91% of all the patients (80/88) overall and in 96% (55/57) of those treated with new endovascular techniques. Extracranial lesion was treated with stent placement in 67% of the cases (59/88), usually after intracranial thrombectomy. Good clinical outcome at 90 days (mRS≤2) was achieved in 45% of the patients (38/84, four patients were lost to follow-up). Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage occurred in 11% (10/88) of the patients Conclusion Endovascular treatment of tandem arterial occlusions in acute ischemic stroke is feasible, safe, and yields excellent angiographic and good clinical outcomes Disclosures M. Grigoryan: None. D. Haussen: None. A. Lima: None. J. Grossberg: None. A. Anderson: None. S. Belagaje: None. F. Nahab: None. M. Frankel: None. R. Nogueira: 2; C; Covidien, Steering Committee for the SWIFT and SWIFT Prime Trials and Core Lab for the STAR Trial, Stryker, PI for the TREVO-2 and DAWN Trials, Penumbra, Executive Committee for the 3D Separator Trial.
Hereditary Ovarian Carcinoma

No woman is at greater risk for ovarian carcinoma than one who is a member of a hereditary ovarian carcinoma syndrome kindred and whose mother, sister, or daughter has been affected with this disease and with an integrally related hereditary syndrome cancer. This article surveys the existing understanding about hereditary ovarian carcinoma. Emphasis is given to its diagnosis, heterogeneity, interpretation, and the application of this information to improving cancer control.
THE TASKS IN COMPUTER CAPACITY PLANNING

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the tasks in computer capacity planning. A cost-effective program for the monitoring and projection of computer workload, and the planning for the changes and acquisitions of computer facilities to satisfy the projected future demand, relies on a systematic methodology to handle the tasks involved. The first task in the process is to prepare an inventory of the computer installation. Other tasks include the determination of workload measures and workload characteristics, the evaluation and selection of performance indexes, monitoring and measuring workload and performance, workload forecasting, setting capacity limits, performance objectives and performance predictions. The chapter describes the nature of these tasks and the implementation issues related to these tasks. A prerequisite of an effective computer capacity planning process is a comprehensive inventory of the existing computer installation. This inventory should include the hardware, system software, and applications software components whether they are purchased, leased, rented, or licensed. To monitor the workload growth and to project the future demand, the unit of workload must be defined.
The effect of vortex merging and non-merging on the transfer of modal turbulent kinetic energy content

A defining feature of the turbulent free shear layer is that its growth is hindered by compressibility effects, thus limiting its potential to sufficiently mix the injected fuel and surrounding airstream at the supersonic Mach numbers intrinsic to the combustor of air-breathing hypersonic vehicles. The introduction of streamwise vorticity is often proposed in an attempt to counteract these undesired effects. This fact makes the strategy of introducing multiple streamwise vortices and imposing upon them certain modes of mutual interaction in order to potentially enhance mixing an intriguing concept. However, many underlying fundamental characteristics of the flowfields in the presence such interactions are not yet well understood; therefore, the fundamental physics of these flowfields should be independently investigated before the explicit mixing performance is characterized. In this work, experimental measurements are taken with the stereoscopic particle image velocimetry technique on two specifically targeted modes of vortex interaction—the merging and non-merging of two corotating vortices. The fluctuating velocity fields are analyzed utilizing the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) in order to identify the content, organization, and distribution of the modal turbulent kinetic energy content of the fluctuating velocity eigenmodes. The effects of the two modes of vortex interaction are revealed by the POD analysis which shows distinct differences in the modal features of the two cases. When comparing the low-order eigenmodes of the two cases, the size of the structures contained within the first ten modes is seen to increase as the flow progresses downstream for the merging case, whereas the opposite is true for the non-merging case. Additionally, the relative modal energy contribution of the first ten eigenmodes increases as the vortices evolve downstream for the merging case, whereas in the non-merging case the relative modal energy contribution decreases. The POD results show that the vortex merging process reorients and redistributes the relative turbulent kinetic energy content toward the larger-scale structures within the low-order POD eigenmodes. This result suggests that by specifically designing the vortex generation system to impose preselected modes of vortex interaction upon the flow it is possible to exert some form of control over the downstream evolution and distribution of the global and modal turbulent kinetic energy content.
Direct synthesis of 2-/3-(trifluoromethyl)thiochroman-4-ones: Superacid-induced tandem alkylation-cyclic acylation of benzenethiols using 2-/3-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid ☆

Abstract Incorporation of fluorinated heterocyclic framework into organic molecules results in profound changes in their physical, chemical and biological properties. Realizing that the fluorinated thiochroman-4-ones are important scaffolds in medicinal chemistry and are rare in the chemical literature, one-pot synthesis of 2-/3-(trifluoromethyl)thiochroman-4-ones was attempted. Direct access to 2-/3-(trifluoromethyl)thiochroman-4-ones was achieved by a tandem alkylation-cyclic acylation process promoted by superelectrophilic activation of 2-/3-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid in superacidic trifluoromethanesulfonic acid under microwave-assisted Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzenethiols followed by cyclization (via intramolecular acylation). Synthesis of a series of 2-/3-(trifluoromethyl)thiochroman-4-ones from protosolvated 2-/3-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid intermediates and benzenethiols is described.
O26-1 An analytical approach for the estimation of causal effects of occupational exposures in left censored cohorts

Metalworking fluids (MWFs) – complex mixtures of mineral oils, PAHs, and chemical additives widely used to cool and lubricate metal machining operations – have been linked to a number of cancers. With an estimated 4.4 million U.S. workers exposed to MWFs in 1997, and millions more worldwide, MWF exposure poses a major potential cancer hazard. The United Autoworkers-General Motors (UAW-GM) mortality study of 46,000 workers in the automotive manufacturing industry, followed from 1941 to 2009, provides a unique opportunity to examine the causal relationship between quantitative exposure metrics for MFWs and incident cancers. Cancer incidence follow-up in the UAW-GM cohort starts when the Michigan Cancer Registry was established in 1985, up to decades after all workers were hired. Since only workers still alive in 1985 are eligible for incidence follow-up, the sub-cohort may be a biassed sample of the full cohort. Because we have data on all subjects in the mortality, the UAW-GM study offers an opportunity to address the potential bias in the left-censored cancer incidence sub-cohort. We establish an analytical framework for the estimation of effects of MFW exposure on incident cancers, under specific assumptions. First, we show in a simulation study that analyses based on left censored subgroups tend to be biassed and that the bias may increase when aspects of the healthy worker survivor effect (HWSE), such as heterogeneous susceptibility and time-varying confounding, are present. Next, we apply an estimation approach designed to reduce left-censoring bias and report its performance in the presence of the HWSE. We conclude with a roadmap for the application of the procedure in the UAW-GM cohort to estimate the causal effects of MWF on incident cancers, under dynamic interventions that satisfy the experimental treatment assignment assumption.
A comparison of kinematic-based gait event detection methods in a self-paced treadmill application

Abstract Kinematic-based algorithms for detecting gait events are efficient and useful in the absence of (reliable) kinetic data. However, the validity of these kinematic-based algorithms for self-paced treadmill walking is unknown, particularly given the influence of walking speed on such data. We quantified offsets in event detection of four foot kinematics-based algorithms (horizontal position, horizontal velocity, vertical velocity, and sagittal resultant velocity) relative to events determined by a threshold in vertical ground reaction force among seven uninjured individuals – and nine with unilateral transtibial amputation – walking on a self-paced treadmill. Across walking speeds from 0.48–1.64 m/s (0.5–31.7% CV), offsets ranged from −7 to +3 frames ( ≈ 83.3 ms) in heel strike, and −3 to +5 frames ( ≈ 66.6 ms) in toe off. Regardless of method, offsets in heel strike were not influenced (−0.01 0.61) by variability in walking speed. However, offsets in toe-off were positively correlated with variability in walking speed for the horizontal position (r=0.539; P
Difference in Injury of Cells of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Produced by Heat and Cold Stresses in liquid and Solid Menstrual1

Cells of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were stressed by heat, cold or heat-cold treatments of 45 C for 12 h, 0 C for 24 h or both. The five menstrua in which cells were stressed were 0.1 M phosphate buffer with 3% NaCl (B + 3%), 0.25 - strength Marine Broth (0.25 × MB) Trypticase Soy Broth with 3% NaCl (TSB + 3%) and Trypticase Soy Agar with 3 or 7% NaCl (TSA + 3% or TSA + 7%). The chill stress produced no cell injury, measured as the difference in colony counts in TSA+3% and TSA+7%, in the three liquid menstrua but caused more than 4 logs of cell injury in the solid menstrua compared to controls. The heat stress caused 2.5- and 1.5-log increases in the number of injured cells from B + 3% or 0.25 × MB, respectively. Cells heat-stressed in TSB + 3% showed no decline in colony counts, but those heat-stressed in TSA+ 7% produced about a 6-log lower colony count. For cells heated and then chilled in B+3% or 0.25 × MB as the liquid menstruum, the percentages of heat-injured cells that apparently regained tolerance to 7% NaCl when shifted to the cold were about 99.7 and 95.0%, respectively. Conversely, cells that were heated and then chilled in the solid menstrua did not regain tolerance to 7% NaCl. Thus, cell injury was greater and apparently less easily reversed for cells stressed in solid than liquid menstrua.
Standing shock index: An alternative to orthostatic vital signs

Abstract Objective The lack of a sensitive, practical bedside test for hypovolemia has rekindled interest in the shock index (heart rate divided by systolic blood pressure). Here, we compare the effect of blood donation on standing shock index values with its effect on values for the supine shock index and orthostatic change in shock indicies (OCSI). Methods This is a re-analysis of data collected for an earlier report. Data were available from 292 adults below age 65 and 44 adults ages 65 and over, donating 450 mL of blood. We obtained supine and standing vital signs before and after donation and then calculated 95% confidence intervals for differences based on the t-distribution. Results Blood donation resulted in a mean increase in the standing shock index of 0.09 [95% CI, 0.08–0.11] in younger adults and 0.08 [95% CI, 0.05–0.11] in older adults. These changes were similar to those noted for OCSI (young, 95% CI, 0.08–0.10; old, 95% CI, 0.04–0.10). Supine shock index values did not change with donation in younger donors (mean difference 0.0 [95% CI, 0.0–0.01]) or older donors (mean difference 0.0 [95% CI, − 0.01–0.03]). Conclusion Blood donation does not affect the supine shock index, but it does result in changes in standing shock index that are similar to changes in more complicated orthostatic vital signs.
Mechatronics in Fuel Cell Systems

Abstract Power generation from Fuel Cells (FC) requires the integration of chemical, fluid, mechanical, thermal, electrical, and electronic subsystems. This integration presents many challenges and opportunities in the mechatronics field. In this paper we highlight important design issues and pose problems that require mechatronics solutions. We start by presenting the design process of a toy school bus powered by hydrogen. The FC toy bus was designed during an undergraduate student project. It was an effective and rewarding educational activity that revealed complex systems issues and familiarized us with the FC technology.
Myocardial Bridges on Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography - Correlation With Intravascular Ultrasound and Fractional Flow Reserve.

Background Myocardial bridges (MB) are commonly seen on coronary CT angiography (CCTA) in asymptomatic individuals, but in patients with recurrent typical angina symptoms, yet no obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), evaluation of their potential hemodynamic significance is clinically relevant. The aim of this study was to compare CCTA to invasive coronary angiography (ICA), including intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), to confirm MB morphology and estimate their functional significance in symptomatic patients.Methods and Results:We retrospectively identified 59 patients from our clinical databases between 2009 and 2014 in whom the suspicion for MB was raised by symptoms of recurrent typical angina in the absence of significant obstructive CAD on ICA. All patients underwent CCTA, ICA and IVUS. MB length and depth by CCTA agreed well with length (0.6±23.7 mm) and depth (CT coverage) as seen on IVUS. The product of CT length and depth (CT coverage), (MB muscle index (MMI)), ≥31 predicted an abnormal diastolic fractional flow reserve (dFFR) ≤0.76 with a sensitivity and specificity of 74% and 62% respectively (area under the curve=0.722). Conclusions In patients with recurrent symptoms of typical angina yet no obstructive CAD, clinicians should consider dynamic ischemia from an MB in the differential diagnosis. The product of length and depth (i.e., MMI) by CCTA may provide some non-invasive insight into the hemodynamic significance of a myocardial bridge, as compared with invasive assessment with dFFR.
Remembering the Past, Anticipating the Future: Community Learning and Adaptation Discourse in Media Commemorations of Catastrophic Wildfires in Colorado

ABSTRACTWildfire may be the clearest example to date of a socio-natural hazard that is being exacerbated by climate change, making wildfire an essential lens through which to investigate learning and adaptation in the Anthropocene. Here, we study discourse about simultaneous and recurring catastrophic wildfires in Colorado newspapers. We find that the wildfires’ anniversaries served as opportunities for critical reflection on hazard causality and mitigation in local media, particularly the first anniversary and especially for a community that experienced two catastrophic wildfires in a row. Two mediated prospective memory practices—invoking hindsight as foresight and recognizing a new normal—contributed to this discourse. However, learning and adaptation discourse faded in local media at later anniversaries. These findings contribute to learning and adaptation scholarship by connecting the concept of mediated prospective memory to disaster-related media studies and attending to the intricacies of annivers...
Core Principles of Life Course Health Development Methodology and Analytics

The complexity of life course health development research demands rigorous methodology and analytics. Advanced techniques, improved estimation algorithms, and user-accessible software/hardware developments signal what I see as a paradigm shift in how life science research will be conducted now and in the future. Although techniques such as structural equation modeling (SEM), multilevel modeling (MLM), and mixture distribution modeling have permeated the research agenda in many fields, the capability of these tools has hardly been fully utilized. The craft of life course health development methodology and analytics requires dedication, sophistication, and a knack for molding the analysis tool to the research question at hand. For life course health development research to be at its most effective, utilizing the expertise of collaborative teams is essential. The days of one person being both expert theoretician and methodologist are waning. Partnering with dedicated experts on the various issues that I have outlined here will bring the needed sophistication and knack to execute research at its finest and most impactful levels. In this chapter, I highlight many of the issues that life course health development researchers will need to address and practices to adopt.
Phosphor-free III-nitride nanowire white-light-emitting diodes for visible light communication

Phosphor-free InGaN/AlGaN core-shell nanowire light-emitting diodes (LEDs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy have been developed and their application in visible light communication (VLC) has been investigated. The electroluminescence spectra of these nanowire LEDs show a very broad spectral linewidth and fully covers the entire visible spectrum. High-brightness phosphor-free LEDs with highly stable white-light emission and high color-rendering index (CRI) of >98 were obtained by controlling the Indium composition in the device active region. Moreover, the phosphor-free nanowire white-LEDs exhibit relatively high 3-dB frequency bandwidth of ~ 1.4 MHz which is higher compared to that of phosphor-based white LEDs at the same measurement condition. Such high-performance phosphorfree nanowire LEDs are being further improved and are ideally suited for future smart lighting applications and communications.
Paraganglioma: Cytomorphologic features, radiologic and clinical findings in 12 cases.

BACKGROUND The cytologic diagnosis of paraganglioma can be challenging because of its rarity, wide anatomic distribution, and variable cytomorphological features. DESIGN The Johns Hopkins Hospital pathology archives were searched for fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens confirmed as paraganglioma on histology (2003-2015). RESULTS Twelve specimens from 10 patients (6 males and 4 females) with an age range of 16-81 years (mean = 47) were included. Anatomic location included neck (n = 4), paraspinal (n = 2), retroperitoneum (n = 2), and peripancreatic (n = 2). Cellularity of cytological specimens ranged from scant to hypercellular. The cells were arranged in clusters (n = 7), single cells (n = 6), acini (n = 3), and syncytium (n = 1). Plasmacytoid (n = 5) and spindled cells (n = 6) were often present. Nuclear details included anisonucleosis (n = 8), marked pleomorphism (n = 8), scattered binucleation and/or multinucleation, nuclear knobbing (n = 2), speckled (n = 3), coarse (n = 2), hyperchromatic chromatin (n = 3), nuclear grooves (n = 6), intranuclear pseudoinclusions (n = 2), prominent nucleoli (n = 1), naked nuclei (n = 7), and rare nuclear streaking artifact (n = 2). Cytoplasm was delicate, abundant, and granular (n = 9). Necrosis (n = 1) was rare. Synaptophysin, chromogranin, CD56, and S100 (only in sustentacular cells) were positive in tested cases. Three cases showed loss of Succinate Dehydrogenase Subunit B (SDHB). Two patients developed metachronous lesions at different sites. Three patients developed recurrence at the surgical site. Metastatic paraganglioma to the lymph nodes (n = 2), bone (n = 1), and lung (n = 1) also occurred. CONCLUSION An accurate diagnosis of paraganglioma on FNA specimens is crucial for proper treatment. SDH status should be considered for all patients with paraganglioma as it may be important for patients' lifelong follow-up as well as for familial considerations. Paraganglioma is a rare entity with wide age and anatomic distribution and variable cytomorphological features that often overlap with those of malignant neoplasms. Possible aggressive behavior such as recurrence and metastasis to lymph nodes, bone, and lung as well as Succinate Dehydrogenase complex mutations warrant an accurate diagnosis on aspirated material for appropriate clinical management.
Spectrally tunable, temporally shaped parametric front end to seed high-energy laser systems

We demonstrate the generation of temporally shaped pulses at the 200-mJ level with a tuning range greater than 15 nm via parametric amplification as a high-performance alternative to Nd-doped laser systems.
Otopathologic evaluation of temporalis fascia grafts following successful tympanoplasty in humans

Objective Temporalis fascia is a commonly used graft material in tympanoplasty; however, little is known about how the histological structure of fascia remodels postimplantation. Herein, we aim to quantify the pre- and postoperative microstructure of temporalis fascia and compare histological findings to the native tympanic membrane (TM). Methods Temporal bone specimens having undergone successful subtotal or total drum replacement using temporalis fascia were identified (n = 3). Surgically prepared preimplantation temporalis fascia (PreTF, n = 4) and normal TMs (n = 5) were used as controls. Multiple measurements of thickness of PreTF and of normal and fascia reconstructed TMs at the mesotympanum and hypotympanum were obtained. Collagen fiber patterns of normal and reconstructed TMs were histologically described. Results In cases of fascia tympanoplasty, the mean time of surgery to death was 16 years (range 8-28 years). All cases contained an aerated middle ear without residual perforation. There was no significant difference between the thickness of PreTF and fascia of reconstructed TMs (234.9 ± 144.9 μm vs. 162.9 ± 71.9 μm, P = 0.1). The lamina propria and total thicknesses of controls (59.8 ± 39.3 μm and 83.7 ± 42.4 μm, respectively) were thinner than the PreTF and fascia-reconstructed TMs, respectively, in all cases (P ≤ 0.001, P ≤ 0.001). Reconstructed TMs contained a thick, longitudinal fiber structure that was qualitatively similar to PreTF. Conclusion Based on human temporal bone specimens, temporalis fascia does not significantly remodel, change thickness, or change fibrous structure following successful tympanoplasty. Results have implications for selection and surgical preparation of graft materials in TM reconstruction. Level of evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 128:E351-E358, 2018.
Taste Chemistry Principles

The principles that serve as the foundation for the discipline of chemistry have application to taste chemistry. They include atomic theory, molecular orbital symmetry and stereochemistry. This chapter begins with the notion of chemical equivalents because if taste is a chemical sense, elicited by chemical reactions, the principles of chemical equivalency must apply. The concept of chemical equivalents is simple and straightforward. Nevertheless, the significance of it, even today, seems to have become lost somewhere in the complexity of taste chemistry phenomena.
Transcatheter Mitral Valve Therapy: Repair and Replacement

In this paper, we discuss the salient clinical and anatomic challenges in percutaneous mitral valve repair and replacement. The mitral valve is complex structure and understanding its intricacies and anatomic relationships to surrounding structures (i.e., aortic valve and papillary muscles) is central to delivery of therapies. Part of the complexity is treatment of primary and secondary mitral regurgitation, where in primary regurgitation the valve is the primary issue and treatment should be curative or treatment of secondary mitral regurgitation, where the valve is subject to distortion due to adverse myocardial remodeling (i.e. myocardial infarction or dilated cardiomyopathy). Percutaneous edge-to-edge mitral valve repair remains the current standard of non-surgical therapy and while thousands of patients have been treated, limitations related to leaflet calcification, mitral valve annular area, and large flail gaps remain as challenges in using this device. Alternative annuloplasty-based devices can work either through implanting anchors in the annular tissue or via the coronary sinus. New artificial chordae tendineae are a promising therapy for flail leaflets. Transcatheter mitral valve replacement has even more challenges with respect to potential left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, valve fixation, and the requirement for oral anti-coagulation for thromboprophylaxis. Transcatheter therapy for repair or replacement of the mitral valve remains in early stages, and delineating a strategy for selecting the proper devices and patients for either repair or replacement will be a major focus in the years forthcoming.
Impact of the balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae Ratz.) on an Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. dominated stand near the summit of Mount LeConte, Tennessee.

To assess changes in a spruce-fir stand resulting from overstory mortality caused by the balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae), I resampled 5 permanent plots first established in 1979 near the summit of Mount LeConte, Tennessee. Overstory basal area and density of Abies fraseri decreased, but understory basal area and density increased. Understory density and basal area were highly variable for most species. Prunus pensylvanica and Sorbus americana appeared to increase in understory density as a response to overstory mortality, although these changes were not statistically significant (P > 0.1). Abies fraseri seedling density decreased (P = 0.063), while that of Vaccinium erythrocarpum increased (P = 0.002). Among herbaceous species, the cover of Oxalis montana decreased from 45% to 1.5% (P < 0.001), while that of Dryopteris campyloptera increased from 9% to 15% (P = 0.063). Although not statistically significant, the cover of Rubus canadensis increased from 2% to 30% (P = 0.159) but was highly variable between plots. The severity and extent of mortality caused by the adelgid has greatly altered composition and structure, and even after 22-years the stand is still in a state of structural and compositional reorganization.
The Effects of Eccentric Training on Biceps Femoris Architecture and Strength: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis.

Objective To determine the effects of an eccentric hamstrings strength-training program, performed for at least 4 weeks by healthy adults, on muscle architecture and eccentric strength. Data Source...
Detection and identification of viable Listeria monocytogenes by real-time PCR

Objective To establish a rapid,sensitive and specific assay based on real-time PCR combined with reverse transcription for detecting and identifying viable Listeria monocytogenes.Methods The hlyA gene of Listeria monocytogenes was chosen as target,and then the primers and TaqMan probe were designed.Both ends of probe were modified with two different fluorescence groups.The PCR reaction was optimized systematically.The mRNA of Listeria monocytogenes was extracted,and then reverse transcription was performed through random primer.The cDNA Was detected by real-time PCR.Then the specificity,sensitivity and reproducibility of real-time PCR were estimated.In final,real-time PCR was applied to detect 20 mocked double-blind samplea.Results Viable Listeria monocytogenes were detected by real-time PCR accurately and quickly,and meanwhile,none of other bacteria and non-viable Listeria monocytogenes could be identified.The sensitivity was 10 CFU/ml in pure culture and 103CFU/ml for mocked samples respectively.The coefficient of variation of intra-assay and inter-assay Was less than 5%.When this assay was applied directly to identify 20 mocked double-blind samples,10 of these were positive to viable Listeria monocytogenes,5 were negative to non-viable Listeria monocytogenes,and 5 were negative to other pathogens.Conclusion It is demonstrated that real-time PCR is a reliable,accurate and feasible assay for viable Listeria monocytogenes.The establishment of this assay provided complete data for analysis and diagnosis in the field of food safety and epidemiologic survey. Key words: Real-time PCR; Listeria monocytogenes