cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mycoplasma genitalium: An Emerging Cause of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Mycoplasma genitalium is a sexually transmitted pathogen that is increasingly identified among women with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Although Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae frequently cause PID, up to 70% of cases have an unidentified etiology. This paper summarizes evidence linking M. genitalium to PID and its long-term reproductive sequelae. Several PCR studies have demonstrated that M. genitalium is associated with PID, independent of gonococcal and chlamydial infection. Most have been cross-sectional, although one prospective investigation suggested that M. genitalium was associated with over a thirteenfold risk of endometritis. Further, a nested case-control posttermination study demonstrated a sixfold increased risk of PID among M. genitalium positive patients. Whether or not M. genitalium upper genital tract infection results in long-term reproductive morbidity is unclear, although tubal factor infertility patients have been found to have elevated M. genitalium antibodies. Several lines of evidence suggest that M. genitalium is likely resistant to many frequently used PID treatment regimens. Correspondingly, M. genitalium has been associated with treatment failure following cefoxitin and doxycycline treatment for clinically suspected PID. Collectively, strong evidence suggests that M. genitalium is associated with PID. Further study of M. genitalium upper genital tract infection diagnosis, treatment and long-term sequelae is warranted.
Cadmium sulfate application to sludge‐amended soils: II. Extraction of Cd, Zn and Mn from solid phases

Abstract Cadmium, Zn and Mn in eleven paired soils (one which had a history of sludge application and a control from adjacent land where sludge had not been used) were partitioned into five fractions: exchangeable, adsorbed, organically bound, carbonate bound and sulfide, by the use of KNO3, H20, NaOH, EDTA and HNO3, respect‐ively. The data indicate that the major portion of the total metals was found in the carbonate, sulfide and organic fractions. Addition of CaCO3caused an increase in the exchangeable + soluble fractions of added Cd in the soils, but had little effect on native or sludge derived Cd.
Regimes, Public Spheres and Global Democracy: Towards the Transformation of Political Community

(2003). Regimes, Public Spheres and Global Democracy: Towards the Transformation of Political Community. Global Society: Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 273-295.
An Observational Study of Design Team Process: A Comparison of Student and Professional Engineers

Fifteen groups composed of engineering students and professionals were videotaped while performing a simulated design task. Using interaction analysis, it was found that professional teams were more likely to engage in management activities, outline an overall design philosophy, and not overlook detailed specifications. Professional teams also adhered tentatively to the early design artifacts; early design attempts were viewed as experiments for acquiring more information about the design space. Student teams were much more likely to engage in a generate and test pattern throughout their design process, making incremental improvements to their current artifact. Although the number of groups was small, these patterns were strong and the differences were statistically significant. It is suggested that these differences are useful for guiding how engineers are educated and for understanding whether students should be used as experimental subjects in engineering design research.
Integrability of charged particle dynamics in reconnection regions

Abstract Painleve singularity analysis is applied to a simple model for charged particle motion in magnetic reconnection regions. We identify two field geometries for which test-particle motion is integrable; i.e. there exists a complete set of isolating integrals: the neutral sheet configuration and the circular O-line magnetic field. Both of these systems are solvable in terms of the second Painleve transcendent. An infinite set of weak Painleve candidates is also discussed.
Radiation therapy for the treatment of non-eighth nerve intracranial neurilemmoma

Abstract The records of 19 patients treated for intracranial neurilemmomas, other than of the eighth nerve, at the University of California, San Francisco from 1945 through 1983 were reviewed. One patient who died within 30 days following surgery was excluded from the analysis. The 5th and the 9/10/11th nerve complex were the most common sites of tumor origin. Patients were classified by the extent of surgical resection: total, near total (90–99% resection, NTR), subtotal (
Ethnographic Methods in Nonprofit Management

As undergraduate programs in nonprofit management education proliferate, they increasingly incorporate service learning, experiential learning, and an emphasis on inclusiveness and diversity.To eff...
The Electrical Conductivity of Strontium-Barium Niobate

We propose an explanation for the high electrical conductivity of the ferroelectric strontium-barium niobate. As the temperature T approaches the ferroelectric transition Tc, the static dielectric constant \(\varepsilon(0)\) diverges when a soft mode occurs. This divergence of \(\varepsilon(0)\) reduces the donor binding energy, and increases the effective Bohr radius of the donor. The electrons bound to the donors become unbound, and the material becomes conductive.
Mental health utilization of new-to-care Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans following suicidal ideation assessment

We evaluated the impact of brief structured suicidal ideation (SI) assessments on mental health care among new-to-care Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) veterans. National datasets provided military, demographic, and clinical information. For all new-to-care OEF/OIF veterans administered depression screens (PHQ-2: Patient Health Questionnaire-2) and structured SI assessments in primary care or ambulatory mental health settings of three Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Centers between April 2008 and September 2009 (N=465), generalized estimating equations were used to examine associations between SI and number of subsequent-year specialty mental health visits and antidepressant prescriptions. Approximately one-third of the veterans reported SI. In multivariate models, PTSD and anxiety diagnoses, severe depression symptoms, being married, and SI assessment by a mental health clinician were associated with more mental health visits in the subsequent year. Depression, PTSD, and anxiety diagnoses, and SI assessment by a mental health clinician were associated with receiving antidepressants. Presence of SI did not significantly affect subsequent year mental health utilization when adjusting for diagnostic and clinician variables, but inaugural visits involving mental health clinicians were consistently associated with subsequent mental health care.
Deformational covariance of graphs

Graphs on n vertices are classified into equivalence classes under the linear group L(n). All graphs representing the same operator on a vector space V n belong to the same class. Graphs of different operators may or may not belong to the same class as ascertained by rules that were given by the author. Graphs in the same class are “structurally covariant”. If, in addition, two graphs can be continuously deformed into each other in the sense of varying line strengths while remaining structurally covariant throughout, then the two graphs are termed “deformationally covariant” along such paths. Applications in the quantum theory of chemistry and to the dynamic stability theory of coupled reaction systems which occur in various fields are indicated.
Electron microscopy of the F1F0 ATP synthase: From structure to function

The 1F0 ATP synthase is the large multisubunit complex which uses the proton gradient of energetically active membranes to synthesize ATP. While biochemical and genetic approaches have characterized the composition of the enzyme and elucidated many details of its mechanism and assembly, electron microscopy has been the tool of primary importance in determining the arrangement of the many subunits which comprise the F1F0. The highly cooperative catalytic mechanism is tightly coupled to transmembrane proton translocation in a separate and rather distant sector of the complex. An understanding of this intricate process and its control requires an appreciation of subunit interactions, starting with their locations relative to one another. Electron microscopy has provided most of the available structural information on the F1F0, and recent applications of cryo-electron microscopy have captured different functionally relevant configurations which may finally address longstanding questions about subunit rearrangement during the catalytic cycle. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Role of Statins in the Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease

Objective: To review the role of statins (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A [HMG-CoA] reductase inhibitors) in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Data Sources: Literature was retrieved from EMBASE (1980-2010, week 22) and MEDLINE (1950-May 2010, week 4), using the key words statins, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, and Alzheimer's disease, as well as a bibliographic review of published articles. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All clinical trials that involved humans, were published in the English language, and evaluated statins in the prevention and/or treatment of AD were included in this review. Data Synthesis: Recent studies have evaluated the use of statins in the prevention and treatment of AD; results from these studies are conflicting. One randomized, placebo-controlled trial found that statins may improve the ADAS-Cog (Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale on Cognition) by 0.1-1.8 points in patients with AD during the first 6 months of treatment. Alternatively, another randomized controlled trial found that atorvastatin did not provide benefit on the ADAS-Cog. Although many of the prevention trials did find potential benefit with statin use, these trials were observational. Conclusions: Due to insufficient evidence of benefit in both the prevention and treatment of AD, statins cannot be recommended at this time.
Management of a cervical heterotopic pregnancy presenting with first-trimester bleeding: case report and review of the literature.

Objective To report a rare case of a cervical heterotopic pregnancy resulting from intrauterine insemination (IUI) that presented with first-trimester bleeding. Design Case report and literature review. Setting Large university-affiliated infertility practice. Patient(s) A 40-year-old gravida 2 para 1 Asian woman at 7-3/7 weeks gestational age following clomiphene citrate/IUI for the treatment of secondary infertility presented with heavy vaginal bleeding for several days. Intervention(s) Transvaginal ultrasound on admission revealed a single live intrauterine pregnancy and a cervical gestational sac containing a nonviable embryo. The patient continued to have vaginal bleeding and 2 days later underwent removal of the cervical ectopic pregnancy tissue with ring forceps, as well as an ultrasound-guided intracervical Foley balloon and cerclage placement. The bleeding subsided, and 48 hours later the Foley and cerclage were removed. Main Outcome Measure(s) Pregnancy outcome. Result(s) The remainder of the pregnancy was uncomplicated and the patient had a full-term cesarean delivery for footling breech of a healthy male infant. Conclusion(s) Cervical heterotopic pregnancy is a very rare event that almost universally results from infertility treatment. We present a case where we were able to remove the cervical ectopic and tamponade the bleeding, thus preserving the intrauterine pregnancy for this subfertile couple, and we review the existing literature.
Frequency characteristics of foreign accented speech

In this study, the frequency characteristics of foreign accented speech is investigated. Experiments are conducted to discover the relative significance of different resonant frequencies and frequency bands in terms of their accent discrimination ability. It is shown that second and third formants are more important than other resonant frequencies. A filter bank analysis of accented speech supports this statement, where the 1500-2500 Hz range was shown to be the most significant frequency range in discriminating accented speech. Based on these results, a new frequency scale is proposed in place of the commonly used Mel-scale to extract the cepstrum coefficients from the speech signal. The proposed scale results in better performance for the problems of accent classification and language identification.
Intracoronary Macrothrombus Formation During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Despite Optimal Activated Clotting Time Using Bivalirudin: A Case Report

The occurrence of intracoronary thrombus during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a well-known complication. It has been estimated that it complicates approximately 6% of all coronary procedures. Patients at highest risk for this complication include those with acute ischemic syndromes or with angiographically apparent thrombus. Since the development of PCI, intravenous unfractionated heparin (UFH) has remained the primary antithrombotic therapy for the prevention of periprocedural ischemic complications. The availability of a rapid “point of care” test for dose individualization (the activated clotting time [ACT]) has facilitated this process. Other forms of antithrombotic therapies such as direct thrombin inhibitors or low-molecular-weight heparin have been proposed as more effective anticoagulants during PCI. Bivalirudin is a direct thrombin inhibitor proven to decrease post-PCI ischemic complication rate compared with UFH and have a lower vascular complication rate compared with glycoprotein...
The early portuguese in Southern Africa

(1953). The early portuguese in Southern Africa. African Studies: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 31-37.
Testing Independence in Models of Productive Efficiency

Bootstrap methods for inference in nonparametric models of productive efficiency can be simplified, reducing computational burden, when the independence condition implicitly assumed in Simar and Wilson (1998) holds. This paper surveys nonparametric tests of independence that might be useful in this context.
Joint Discriminative Front End and Back End Training for Improved Speech Recognition Accuracy

This paper presents a general discriminative training method for both the front end feature extractor and back end acoustic model of an automatic speech recognition system. The front end and back end parameters are jointly trained using the Rprop algorithm against a maximum mutual information (MMI) objective function. Results are presented on the Aurora 2 noisy English digit recognition task. It is shown that discriminative training of the front end or back end alone can improve accuracy, but joint training is considerably better.
Benefits of site-specific subsoiling for cotton production in Coastal Plain soils.

The negative impacts of soil compaction on crop yields can often be alleviated by subsoiling. However, this subsoiling operation is often conducted at unnecessarily deep depths wasting energy and excessively disturbing surface residue necessary for erosion control and improved soil quality. A corn (Zea mays L.)-cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) rotation experiment was conducted over 4 years on a Coastal Plain soil with a hardpan in east-central Alabama to evaluate the potential for site-specific subsoiling (tilling just deep enough to eliminate the hardpan layer) to improve crop yields while conserving energy. Seed cotton yield showed benefits of subsoiling (2342 kg/ha) compared to the no-subsoiling treatment (2059 kg/ha). Averaging over all years of the study, site-specific subsoiling produced cotton yields (2274 kg/ha) statistically equivalent to uniform deep subsoiling at a 45 cm depth (2410 kg/ha) while not excessively disturbing surface soil and residues. Significant reductions in draft force were found for site-specific subsoiling (59% and 35%) as compared to uniform deep subsoiling at a 45 cm depth in shallow depth hardpan plots (25 cm) and medium depth hardpan plots (35 cm), respectively. Calculated fuel use for site-specific subsoiling was found to be reduced by 43% and 27% in the shallow and medium depth hardpan plots, respectively, as compared to uniform deep subsoiling in these same plots. Producers in the Coastal Plains who can determine (or who know) the depth of their root-impeding layer and perform site-specific subsoiling can have comparable cotton yields to traditional uniform depth subsoiling with reduced energy requirements.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone-Induced DNA Synthesis in the Granulosa Cells of Hamster Preantral Follicles Involves Activation of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-4 Rather Than Cyclin D2 Synthesis

Although cyclin D2 mRNA synthesis precedes gonadotropin-induced DNA synthesis in quiescent granulosa cells in culture, it is unclear whether a similar mechanism exists for the granulosa cells of growing preantral follicles in cyclic animals. The objective was to evaluate whether the synthesis of cyclin D2 protein was a prerequisite for FSH-induced DNA synthesis in the granulosa cells of intact preantral follicles of cyclic hamsters. Preantral follicles from cyclic hamsters were cultured in the presence or absence of FSH, and cell cycle parameters were examined. FSH stimulated cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-4 activity by 2 h and DNA synthesis by 4 h without altering the levels of cyclin D2 in the granulosa cells. The FSH effect was mimicked by epidermal growth factor administered in vivo. Although FSH increased the levels of cyclin D2 mRNA, it also stimulated the degradation of cyclin D2 as well as p27(Kip1) and p19(INK4) proteins. FSH activation of CDK4 was mediated by cAMP and ERK-1/2. In contrast to granulosa cells in intact follicles, FSH or cAMP significantly increased cyclin D2 protein levels in cultured granulosa cells but failed to induce DNA synthesis. Collectively, these data suggest that granulosa cells of preantral follicles, which are destined to enter the S phase during the estrous cycle, contain necessary amounts of cyclin D2 and other G1 phase components. FSH stimulation results in the formation and activation of the cyclin D2/CDK4 complex leading to DNA synthesis. This mechanism may be necessary for rapid movement of follicles from preantral to antral stages during the short duration of the murine estrous cycle.
The Anatomy of Category-specific Object Naming in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neuropsychological studies suggest that knowledge about living and nonliving objects is processed in separate brain regions. However, lesion and functional neuroimaging studies have implicated different areas. To address this issue, we used voxel-based morphometry to correlate accuracy in naming line drawings of living and nonliving objects with gray matter volumes in 152 patients with various neurodegenerative diseases. The results showed a significant positive correlation between gray matter volumes in bilateral temporal cortices and total naming accuracy regardless of category. Naming scores for living stimuli correlated with gray matter volume in the medial portion of the right anterior temporal pole, whereas naming accuracy for familiarity-matched nonliving items correlated with the volume of the left posterior middle temporal gyrus. A previous behavioral study showed that the living stimuli used here also had in common the characteristic that they were defined by shared sensory semantic features, whereas items in the nonliving group were defined by their action-related semantic features. We propose that the anatomical segregation of living and nonliving categories is the result of their defining semantic features and the distinct neural subsystems used to process them.
Localization of Sequences in a Protein (ORF2) Encoded by the Latency-Related Gene of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 That Inhibits Apoptosis and Interferes with Notch1-Mediated trans-Activation of the bICP0 Promoter

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) infection induces clinical symptoms in the upper respiratory tract, inhibits immune responses, and can result in life-threatening secondary bacterial infections. Following acute infection, BHV-1 establishes latency in sensory neurons within trigeminal ganglia. Periodically, reactivation from latency occurs, resulting in virus transmission. The latency-related (LR) RNA is abundantly expressed in latently infected sensory neurons, suggesting that LR gene products regulate the latency-reactivation cycle. An LR mutant virus with stop codons at the amino terminus of the first open reading frame (ORF) in the LR gene (ORF2) does not reactivate from latency, in part because it induces higher levels of apoptosis in infected neurons. ORF2 inhibits apoptosis in transiently transfected cells, suggesting that it plays an important role in the latency-reactivation cycle. ORF2 also interacts with Notch1 or Notch3 and consequently inhibits their ability to trans-activate the bICP0 early and glycoprotein C promoters. In this study, we identified ORF2 sequences that were necessary for inhibiting cold shock-induced apoptosis or Notch1-mediated trans-activation of the bICP0 early promoter and stimulation of productive infection. Relative to ORF2 sequences necessary for inhibiting apoptosis, distinct domains in ORF2 were important for interfering with Notch1-mediated trans-activation. Five consensus protein kinase A and/or protein kinase C phosphorylation sites within ORF2 regulate the steady-state levels of ORF2 in transfected cells. A nuclear localization signal in ORF2 was necessary for inhibiting Notch1-mediated trans-activation but not apoptosis. In summary, ORF2 has more than one functional domain that regulates its stability and functional properties.
Electronic medical records and physician stress in primary care: results from the MEMO Study

Background Little has been written about physician stress that may be associated with electronic medical records (EMR). Objective We assessed relationships between the number of EMR functions, primary care work conditions, and physician satisfaction, stress and burnout. Design and participants 379 primary care physicians and 92 managers at 92 clinics from New York City and the upper Midwest participating in the 2001–5 Minimizing Error, Maximizing Outcome (MEMO) Study. A latent class analysis identified clusters of physicians within clinics with low, medium and high EMR functions. Main measures We assessed physician-reported stress, burnout, satisfaction, and intent to leave the practice, and predictors including time pressure during visits. We used a two-level regression model to estimate the mean response for each physician cluster to each outcome, adjusting for physician age, sex, specialty, work hours and years using the EMR. Effect sizes (ES) of these relationships were considered small (0.14), moderate (0.39), and large (0.61). Key results Compared to the low EMR cluster, physicians in the moderate EMR cluster reported more stress (ES 0.35, p=0.03) and lower satisfaction (ES −0.45, p=0.006). Physicians in the high EMR cluster indicated lower satisfaction than low EMR cluster physicians (ES −0.39, p=0.01). Time pressure was associated with significantly more burnout, dissatisfaction and intent to leave only within the high EMR cluster. Conclusions Stress may rise for physicians with a moderate number of EMR functions. Time pressure was associated with poor physician outcomes mainly in the high EMR cluster. Work redesign may address these stressors.
Comparison of Sequential and Simultaneous Responding, Matrix, and Strategy Variables in a Prisoner's Dilemma Game

This experiment systematically compared the effects of simultaneous responding and sequential responding by subjects, using a 2 x 4 x 2 factorial design. The four strategy conditions were 10% Cooperation, 90% Cooperation, Tit-for-Tat (response- matching with a one-trial lag), and Free-Play (two subjects actually paired). The two PD matrices had average expected payoffs of $.00 and $.025 per trial. Subjects were 160 college freshman women volunteers who served in groups of two or four and were paid for their participation. Overall cooperation was moderately high (56%). The significant findings were a strategy effect (10% Cooperation lowest, then 90% Cooperation, Free-Play, Tit-for-Tat highest), an increase in cooperation across the fifty trials, an interaction of trials with strategies, and an interaction of matrices with response procedures. The latter finding supports the experimental hypothesis that simultaneous and sequential responding do not have equivalent effects.
Firm-Based Measurements of Market Power in Transmission-Constrained Electricity Markets

In this paper, two different approaches to analyzing firm-based market power considering transmission constraints are proposed. One is an application of the transmission-constrained residual demand Jacobian, while the other is a generalization of the “residual supply index” to the case of transmission constraints. These two approaches provide complementary evaluations of market power. Medium- and large-scale system examples are provided to demonstrate computational efficiency, and both approaches could be applied to real-world electricity markets.
Cytomegalovirus Immunization: Status, Prospects, and Problems

The cytomegaloviruses (CMV), members of the herpesvirus group, are widely disseminated; however, among healthy, nonpregnant adults these viruses are not usually responsible for serious illness or disability. However, CMV infections associated with pregnancy are an important cause of prenatal infection and are significantly associated with sensorineural injury and mental retardation in the offspring of infected mothers. CMV infections also constitute a significant threat to patients with disseminated malignancies, to allograft recipients, and to others who are debilitated and immunosuppressed. The development of a program of immunization against CMV has been proposed as a means to control prenatal infection and injury as well as to reduce the relevant morbidity and mortality of these infections among allograft recipients and others at high risk. In this review the potential benefits, problems, and risks associated with CMV immunoprophylaxis are discussed and results of preliminary trials of prototype CMV vaccines are presented and evaluated.
“Invest In Your Love”: Romantic desires, YouTube videos, and the online marketing of Tahiti:

In this article, I explore the relationship between evolving technologies of image production, different kinds of desire, and how Tahiti is marketed as a tourist destination. I focus the discussion...
Pediatric vascular injuries: patterns of injury, morbidity, and mortality

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify the patterns of injury and associated morbidity/mortality related to pediatric vascular trauma. Methods A retrospective review of children and adolescents treated between 1993 and 2005 was performed. Patients were identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes within an institutional pediatric trauma registry. Results One hundred seventy-six patients with vascular injury were identified. Those with injuries isolated to the digits and unspecified vessels were excluded (n = 73). The remaining 103 patients were evaluable and are the basis for subsequent comparisons. Seventy-four percent of injuries occurred in male patients. The average age of the male patients was 11.3 years and that of the female patients was 9.1 years (range, 1-18 years; overall, 10.7 years). Penetrating wounds caused 68% of the injuries, followed by blunt trauma (31%) and burns (0.97%). Anatomical locations of injury included the head/neck (19.4%), torso (13.5%), and extremities (67%). Amputation was required in 11 (10.7%) patients. The average hospital length of stay of the patients was 12.1 days (range, 1-155 days). The overall mortality was 9.7%. Nonoperative management was given to 9.7% of the patients; one death caused by carotid injury occurred. Overall, 24 patients underwent arteriography, with 1 patient receiving definitive treatment in interventional radiology. Of the 103 patients, 29.1% were managed by pediatric surgeons, 38.8% were managed by extremity specialists, 17% were managed by vascular surgeons, 5.8% were managed by neurosurgeons, and 9.3% were managed by others. Conclusions Despite the available multidisciplinary diagnostic and treatment modalities at tertiary care pediatric trauma centers, traumatic vascular injuries in children and adolescents are associated with significant morbidity and mortality in contemporary surgical practice.
Sensory Integration and Learning Disabilities: Ayres' Factor Analyses Reappraised

Between 1965 and 1987 Ayres published eight papers that contain among them 10 multivariate analyses that bear upon her conception of sensory integration. These analyses purport to have identified factors that emerge from the scores of children with learning disabilities but not from the scores of academically nondisabled children. A reappraisal of these analyses in combination finds no support for this claim. As a consequence, these data provide no validity for either the diagnostic procedures or the remedial programs for children with learning disabilities that have been derived from this work.
Beamspace root-MUSIC for rectangular arrays, circular arrays, and nonredundant linear arrays

Beamspace root-MUSIC is a computationally efficient, beamspace implementation of root-MUSIC developed recently for use in conjunction with a uniformly spaced linear array. Using B real-valued beams having all but B-1 nulls in common, the major computations in beamspace root-MUSIC are a B*B real-valued eigenvalue decomposition and the rooting of a polynomial of order either 2B-2 or B-1. Beamspace root-MUSIC is extended for other common array geometries including the rectangular array, the circular array, and the minimum redundancy linear array. >
Diagnosis of the Katabatic Wind Influence on the Wintertime Antarctic Surface Wind Field from Numerical Simulations

Abstract Katabatic winds have long been recognized as one of the key climatic variables of the low-level Antarctic environment. Antarctic surface winds display a high degree of persistence with mean directions related to the local topographic configuration of the ice sheet, consistent with katabatic forcing. Continental orography also constrains the atmospheric boundary layer motions through blocking and cold air damming. Finally, the coastal rim about the Antarctic continent is among the most active baroclinic zones on Earth. The establishment of the low-level wind field over Antarctica is thus potentially the result of a number of interacting processes. To quantify the forcing of the wintertime surface wind field over the Antarctic continent, two numerical strategies are presented. First, idealized numerical simulations are conducted to illustrate the strong orographic control of the low-level wind field. Second, a series of daily numerical simulations using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State Unive...
Bridging the Trust Gap: Integrating Models of Behavior and Perception

In this paper, we propose a process-oriented trust framework that integrates an integrity-based trust model with the requirements and perceptions of those who manage and administer computing infrastructure. This integration enables a feedback loop between the system administrator and established models of trust that have been proposed to harden and secure systems. The proposed study will engage administrators in the design and use of mechanisms for establishing and evaluating the trust of cyberinfrastructure. The proposed study addresses a gap in current security research, which often views users as managers of a single computer, and not as an administrator of large computing environments. This work seeks to capture system administrators' perceptions of security and trust and incorporate real-world practices into the design of mechanisms for securing systems.
Transepithelial Transport of PAMAM Dendrimers Across Isolated Human Intestinal Tissue.

Poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers have shown transepithelial transport across intestinal epithelial barrier in rats and across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Caco-2 models innately lack mucous barriers, and rat isolated intestinal tissue has been shown to overestimate human permeability. This study is the first report of transport of PAMAM dendrimers across isolated human intestinal epithelium. It was observed that FITC labeled G4-NH2 and G3.5-COOH PAMAM dendrimers at 1 mM concentration do not have a statistically higher permeability compared to free FITC controls in isolated human jejunum and colonic tissues. Mannitol permeability was increased at 10 mM concentrations of G3.5-COOH and G4-NH2 dendrimers. Significant histological changes in human colonic and jejunal tissues were observed at G3.5-COOH and G4-NH2 concentrations of 10 mM implying that dose limiting toxicity may occur at similar concentrations in vivo. The permeability through human isolated intestinal tissue in this study was compared to previous...
Resonant photon scattering from /sup 206,207,208/Pb and /sup 209/Bi

Resonant photon scattering from /sup 206,207,208/Pb and /sup 209/Bi has been measured from 4 MeV to the neutron thresholds using enriched targets, Ge(Li) detectors and bremsstrahlung beams with end-point energies of 7.0, 7.5, 7.6, 8.0, 8.5, and 10.4 MeV. Energies and values of gGAMMA/sub 0/ /sup 2//GAMMA were obtained for many levels not observed in previous photon experiments. Spins of levels in /sup 206/Pb and /sup 208/Pb were determined from the angular distributions, and ground-state branching ratios were obtained from self-absorption measurements for seven transitions in /sup 208/Pb. The results are compared with earlier spectroscopic studies and with lower resolution average cross-section measurements. The spectra of /sup 207/Pb and /sup 209/Bi are discussed in terms of the excitations of the /sup 208/Pb core.
Dietary fructose aggravates the pathobiology of traumatic brain injury by influencing energy homeostasis and plasticity

Fructose consumption has been on the rise for the last two decades and is starting to be recognized as being responsible for metabolic diseases. Metabolic disorders pose a particular threat for brain conditions characterized by energy dysfunction, such as traumatic brain injury. Traumatic brain injury patients experience sudden abnormalities in the control of brain metabolism and cognitive function, which may worsen the prospect of brain plasticity and function. The mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Here we report that fructose consumption disrupts hippocampal energy homeostasis as evidenced by a decline in functional mitochondria bioenergetics (oxygen consumption rate and cytochrome C oxidase activity) and an aggravation of the effects of traumatic brain injury on molecular systems engaged in cell energy homeostasis (sirtuin 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha) and synaptic plasticity (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, tropomyosin receptor kinase B, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding, synaptophysin signaling). Fructose also worsened the effects of traumatic brain injury on spatial memory, which disruption was associated with a decrease in hippocampal insulin receptor signaling. Additionally, fructose consumption and traumatic brain injury promoted plasma membrane lipid peroxidation, measured by elevated protein and phenotypic expression of 4-hydroxynonenal. These data imply that high fructose consumption exacerbates the pathology of brain trauma by further disrupting energy metabolism and brain plasticity, highlighting the impact of diet on the resilience to neurological disorders.
Development of an Analysis Pipeline Characterizing Multiple Hypervariable Regions of 16S rRNA Using Mock Samples.

Objectives There is much speculation on which hypervariable region provides the highest bacterial specificity in 16S rRNA sequencing. The optimum solution to prevent bias and to obtain a comprehensive view of complex bacterial communities would be to sequence the entire 16S rRNA gene; however, this is not possible with second generation standard library design and short-read next-generation sequencing technology. Methods This paper examines a new process using seven hypervariable or V regions of the 16S rRNA (six amplicons: V2, V3, V4, V6-7, V8, and V9) processed simultaneously on the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY). Four mock samples were amplified using the 16S Ion Metagenomics Kit™ (Life Technologies) and their sequencing data is subjected to a novel analytical pipeline. Results Results are presented at family and genus level. The Kullback-Leibler divergence (DKL), a measure of the departure of the computed from the nominal bacterial distribution in the mock samples, was used to infer which region performed best at the family and genus levels. Three different hypervariable regions, V2, V4, and V6-7, produced the lowest divergence compared to the known mock sample. The V9 region gave the highest (worst) average DKL while the V4 gave the lowest (best) average DKL. In addition to having a high DKL, the V9 region in both the forward and reverse directions performed the worst finding only 17% and 53% of the known family level and 12% and 47% of the genus level bacteria, while results from the forward and reverse V4 region identified all 17 family level bacteria. Conclusions The results of our analysis have shown that our sequencing methods using 6 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA and subsequent analysis is valid. This method also allowed for the assessment of how well each of the variable regions might perform simultaneously. Our findings will provide the basis for future work intended to assess microbial abundance at different time points throughout a clinical protocol.
Political Disagreement: DISAGREEMENT, HETEROGENEITY, AND PERSUASION: HOW DOES DISAGREEMENT SURVIVE?

The previous chapter demonstrates that people are less likely to recognize a preference accurately if they do not hold the preference, or if they perceive the preference to be less common within their communication networks. At the same time, the presence of this autoregressive bias in patterns of communication does not protect citizens from the experience of political disagreement, and a number of questions thus arises. If campaign stimulated processes of political communication and influence do not eliminate disagreement, what are the factors that sustain political heterogeneity and disagreement? What are the consequences of political heterogeneity within these communication networks for patterns of political influence between and among citizens? Finally, in what manner is the influence of one citizen on another conditioned by the structure of communication networks and the distribution of preferences in the remainder of the these networks? We address these questions based on the study of electoral dynamics in the 1996 presidential campaign as it took place in the Indianapolis and St. Louis metropolitan areas. Citizens are typically aware of the political disagreements that exist within their personal networks of communication, even though results in the previous chapter indicate the existence of autoregressive biases that sometimes attenuate communication effectiveness. Disagreements over politics and policy arise even in the smallest and most closely held social groups. Although the political preferences of citizens tend to reflect the partisan composition of their micro-environmental surroundings, few citizens are completely insulated from interaction with others who will disagree with them.
Tobacco Use Among People Who Have Been in Prison: Relapse and Factors Associated with Trying to Quit.

Introduction: Tobacco use is common among people who have been in prison. The relationship between social stressors, risky health behaviours, and smoking cessation has not been studied in people recently released from prison. Studying this relationship could yield information that guides strategic and cost-effective tobacco cessation interventions for an under-resourced population. Methods: One hundred and forty-three smokers were interviewed 7 to 21 days after they had been released from USA prisons. Independent variables included employment status, housing security, relationship problems, educational achievement, risky drinking behaviour, recent drug use, history of drug dependence, and depression. The primary outcome was ‘trying to quit smoking.’ Data were analysed using Pearson chi-square tests and single and multivariable logistic regression models. Results: Of those who had to quit smoking due to tobacco-free prison policies, 98% reported relapsing on tobacco after release. Trying to quit smoking was associated with the absence of risky drinking behaviour in the past 30 days (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 6.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.02–20.48). Conclusions: The absence of risky drinking behaviour is associated with trying to quit smoking among people recently released from prison. Further research may determine whether interventions addressing risky alcohol use can reduce smoking relapse.
Experiments and Simulation of an Impinging Synthetic Jet Designed to Eliminate Actuator Artifacts

Synthetic jets are created by periodically ejecting and injecting fluid from an orifice or channel. Despite delivering no net mass flow per cycle, a synthetic jet delivers flow with net positive momentum. Small, compact synthetic jet actuators can be fabricated to operate in the subaudible acoustic range and can be packaged in orientations that allow them to deliver cooling air flow to electronic devices. The most promising orientation is one that delivers the jet flow in a direction normal to the heated surface such that it impinges on the surface as a periodic jet. In previous studies, numerical simulations have been performed by the authors, utilizing a canonical geometry, with the purpose of eliminating actuator artifacts from the fundamental physics that drive the problem. The present paper reports on laboratory experiments that have been performed in order to nearly replicate the idealized synthetic jet geometry and thus allow comparison to the previous numerical investigations. The periodic volume change in an upstream plenum required to produce the synthetic jet is accomplished with an acoustic speaker operated at low frequencies. The amplitude and the frequency at which the jet is actuated determine the Reynolds and Strouhal numbers, which are the dominant non-dimensional groups that control the behavior of the impinging synthetic jet. By maintaining the Re and the St in the laboratory experiments to match those of the small scale actuators, the laboratory experiments have been geometrically scaled up to allow highly resolved measurements of the unsteady velocity field and the local time-dependent Nusselt number on the target heated surface. Experiments were performed at variable jet Re, frequencies, and height from the target surface. The dependence of the surface averaged Nu to jet parameters generally agrees with the computational results. However, discrepancies found between numerical and empirical local data are under revision.© 2012 ASME
Neutralizing the Maternal Breast Accounts of Public Breastfeeding by African American Mothers

U.S. mothers receive messages that they should breastfeed their babies, yet there is little cultural support for public breastfeeding and evidence of heightened opposition in African American communities. We use a social constructionist perspective to analyze 22 African American mothers’ breastfeeding in public narratives. Findings show that participants use varying definitions of “public” in relation to breastfeeding that are based on geographic spaces and social relationships. Participants identify breastfeeding in public as problematic based on their interpretations of others’ reactions, and discuss covering as an important component of breastfeeding in public. We conclude that the breastfeeding cover operates as a “cloak of neutralization” by creating a symbolically “private” space in a discursively constructed “public” one. Although the cover eliminates potential breast exposure, it announces a woman’s use of the maternal breast—which Young identifies as challenging patriarchal claims to women’s bodi...
Questioning and responding in online small groups engaged in collaborative math problem solving

Question asking is central to the interactions that take place in Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) settings. We investigate questioning and responding practices as interactional processes and explore their roles in online collaborative problem solving. We present our analysis of a 12-minute excerpt of three students doing math problem solving collaboratively in an online chat environment as an effort to discover some underlying social practices involved in questioning and responding. The analysis suggests how questions and responses are produced and understood. It also explicates the variety of roles questions can play in the organization of participation and learning in such a collaborative math problem-solving setting.
What You Don't Know Can't Hurt You? Statistical Issues and Standards for Medical Technology Evaluation

That various components of studies of the costs and benefits of new medical technologies might soon be governed by some form of standards has been cause for some concern. Would the development and implementation of such standards result in universally coherent and valuable information being made available to key decision-makers? Or, might the most significant implications of the adoption and enforcement of such principles be higher costs of bringing new products to market, regulatory bottlenecks, or transmission of information that is neither interesting nor useful from the perspectives of private or public decision-makers? The upshot of the arguments around these issues amounts to this: The various statistical aspects of cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) are sufficiently complex that designing standards to govern all such statistical analyses is likely to be futile if the objective of such standard setting is ultimately to provide information that will improve the allocation of resources. There is sufficient uncertainty as to the first-order issues of which cost measures/data to use, which out-
Victimisation and Social Vulnerability of Adults with Intellectual Disability: A Review of Research Extending beyond Wilson and Brewer

In 1992, Wilson and Brewer published a landmark study related to adults with intellectual disabilities' experiences of criminal victimisation and reasons for this social vulnerability. The purpose ...
An average-case asymptotic analysis of the Container Relocation Problem

Abstract The Container Relocation Problem (CRP) involves finding a sequence of moves of containers that minimizes the number of relocations needed to retrieve all containers in a given order. In this paper, we focus on average case analysis of the CRP when the number of columns grows asymptotically. We show that the expected minimum number of relocations converges to a simple and intuitive lower-bound for which we give an analytical formula.