cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Revisiting the ‘present perfect’: Semantic analysis of Andean colonial documents

Abstract The present perfect (PP) exhibits great variation in use, while concurrently following the same general evolutionary path across languages. The Spanish PP is no exception, with some varieties being more conservative ( e.g. Northwestern Spain, Mexico City), than others ( e.g. Alicante, Andes). As little is known of the evolution of the PP in the Andean region – the focus of this paper – a detailed semantic analysis of perfect constructions in the Andean colonial period is presented. Judicial complaints are chosen for the analysis, as they represent controlled event-structured narratives, where the author is the complainant, and the audience is the Spanish administration. As expected, PPs are common in the description of the wrongdoing, since this section narrates events close to the experience of the complainant, that is, events that have affective charge. The analysis suggests that during this period, the PP exhibited semantic functions found in the Spanish of the time, although constrained by discourse strategies attributable to differences in the social status of individuals in colonial society. A unified development of the PP is found to have taken place during this stage of the evolution of the PP in this region, including resultative and current relevance functions.
X as a Service, Cloud Computing, and the Need for Good Judgment

The paper talks about the spreading "X as a service" phenomenon in the IT arena, cloud computing, and SLA. In the article, the author mentioned that "X as a Service" has entered the vocabulary in many forms, mostly in computing aspect. Also, cloud computing can lead to significant savings as well as significant service improvements. Cloud computing vendors would like to reap most of those benefits.It can change this by bringing past experiences and good judgment into play and adapt them to new situation. That is the mark of being a "professional" in IT field. Experience, understanding, and thoughtfulness can help the contract people write an effective service level agreement (SLA) that puts its needs in good legal form. Ideally the SLA will include all needed services and none that aren't needed.
Phase-shift analysis of the 20-30-MeV pp and np scattering data, including new high-precision np P ( θ ) measurements

The available $\mathrm{pp}$ and $\mathrm{np}$ scattering data in the energy range 20-30 MeV are analyzed and reduced in order to obtain a minimum set without loss of statistically significant information. The new Jones-Brooks and Morris-O'Malley-May-Thornton high-precision $\mathrm{np} p(\ensuremath{\theta})$ data are included. The resulting set of 43 $\mathrm{pp}$ and 65 $\mathrm{np}$ independent data are augmented by Coulomb splittings of the $\mathrm{pp}$ and $\mathrm{np}$ isospin-one phase shifts and by high and intermediate angular momentum phase shifts computed from $\ensuremath{\pi}n$, $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$, and $\mathrm{en}$ data via analyticity and unitarity. Each of these three additions has a significant effect on the low angular momentum phase shifts. The resulting $D$-wave phase parameters are in much better agreement with the values produced by potential models than were those produced by the earlier Livermore continuous-energy analysis.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Phase parameter analysis, 20-30-MeV $pp+np$ data, theoretical input; low-$L$ phases, other analyses, model values.
Subtilisin-like proteases in nematodes

Cleavage by subtilisin-like proteases (subtilases) is an essential step in post-translational processing of proteins found in organisms ranging from yeast to mammals. Our knowledge of the diversity of this protease family in nematodes is aided by the rapid increase in sequence information, especially from the Brugia malayi genome project. Genetic studies of the subtilases in Caenorhabitis elegans give valuable insight into the biological function of these proteases in other nematode species. In this review, we focus on the subtilases in filarial nematodes as well as other parasitic and free-living nematodes in comparison to what is known in C. elegans. Topics to be addressed include expansion and diversity of the subtilase gene family during evolution, enhanced complexity created by alternative RNA splicing, molecular and biochemical characterization of the different subtilases and the challenges of designing subtilase-specific inhibitors for parasitic nematodes.
The role of perceived control in overcoming defensive self-evaluation

Abstract Two experiments investigated how perceived control over one’s abilities and one’s perceived standing on these abilities affect feedback seeking. Two aspects of perceived control were studied: Experiment 1 focused on perceived control over the expression of one’s ability in performance, whereas Experiment 2 focused on perceived changeability of the ability itself. The results of the two experiments showed that to the extent that participants’ perceived ability was low, both aspects of perceived control increased interest in negative feedback—feedback that diagnoses weaknesses—and decreased interest in positive feedback—feedback that diagnoses strengths. Mediation analyses showed that the effects of perceived ability and perceived control on feedback seeking were mediated by the subjective informational value of the feedback as well as its esteem-related affective value. These results were interpreted as evidence for pragmatic feedback seeking—a process that flexibly integrates immediate emotional value and long-term usefulness of self-relevant information.
Effects of antidepressants and anticholinergics in a mouse “behavioral despair” test

A new "behavioral despair" test previously asserted to be selectively sensitive to antidepressant treatments was examined for specificity. The results of the present study demonstrate that, in addition to antidepressants, agents with anticholinergic properties such as scopolamine, danitracin, benactyzine, benztropin, clozapine and cyproheptadine also reduce immobility in this test. These results indicate that the swim test in mice cannot be considered selectively sensitive to antidepressants.
Development of adaptive B-splines using CMAC neural networks

Summary form only given. Adaptive splines can be used to construct smooth approximations to unknown functions as data are received online. When the adaptive spline is multidimensional with a large number of knot points, the computational requirements of conventional implementations can limit the utility of an adaptive spline approach. Artificial neural networks have shown that multidimensional nonlinear functions can be learned from training data by adjusting the weights of simple neuron-like processing elements. It is shown that by formulating the problem using B-spline receptive field excitation functions the computational architecture of a CMAC (cerebellar model articulation controller) neural network is naturally suited for implementing adaptive splines and learning the spline coefficients. The use of B-spline receptive field excitation functions also enables higher order CMAC neural networks to be developed that can learn both functions and function derivatives. This ability coupled with the computational efficiency of a CMAC neural network will allow the real-time construction of multidimensional functions and their Jacobian matrices on traditional computing architectures. >
Side-Reading Effects in High-Track-Density Tape Recording

Aggressive track-density scaling in linear magnetic tape recording has been identified as a key means of sustaining capacity scaling. As the reader width decreases, the relative signal contribution of the written track region outside the lateral extent of the reader increases. We model, analyze and quantify side-reading effects of shielded magneto-resistive read heads reading narrow tracks on perpendicular-oriented tape media. We compare results from extended analytical models with experimental data. An understanding of these effects will be important in designing track misregistration budgets and SNR margins for future operating points of parallel-channel tape recording systems.
Correlation of lactose breath hydrogen test, intestinal morphology, and lactase activity in young children

In our first patient, no abnormal gonadotropin being ~ detectable and no secreting teratoma having been found, the sexual precocity seemed related to an hypothalamic abnormality, with plasma FSH and LH levels in the high pubertal range. Tomodensitometry suggested the existence of an hamartoma in the floor of the third ventricle. This, too, is a rare cause of sexual precocity; our previous series 1~ included one hamartoma among 18 boys and one among 75 girls with true sexual precocity. No association of hypothalamic hamartoma to Klinefelter syndrome having been previously reported, to our knowledge, the single case reported here does not allow one to speculate a link between hamartomas and a supernumerary X chromosome, which could be purely coincidental. The striking clinical fact in these three patients was the small size of the testes, much smaller than usually found in true precocious puberty in males. This fact led to study of the karyotype and the discovery of Klinefelter syndrome. This association may be more than fortuitous, and we recommend the study of sex chromatin and/or karyotype in all cases of male sexual precocity when the testicular volume is too small for the pubertal stage, provided that adrenal hyperplasia or tumor is not involved in the process.
Do Breaking Mountain Waves Deceierate the Local Mean Flow

Abstract Numerical simulations are examined in order to determine the local mean flow response to the generation, propagation, and breakdown of two-dimensional mountain waves. Realistic and idealized cases are considered, and in all instances the pressure drag exerted by flow across an O(40 km) wide mountain fails to produced a significant net mean flow deceleration in the O(400 km) region surrounding the mountain. The loss of momentum in the local patches of decelerated flow that appear in regions of wave overturning directly above the mountain is approximately compensated by momentum gained in other nearby patches of accelerated flow. The domain-average mean flow deceleration in the O(400 km) domain is not determined solely by the divergence of the horizontally averaged momentum flux, 〈ρ¯u′w′〉, because differences in the upstream and downstream values of ρu2+p provide nontrivial contributions to the total domain-averaged momentum budget. As confirmed by additional simulations in an O(1000 km) wide perio...
Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Population Development and Effects on Yield of Potatoes With and Without Straw Mulch

Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), population trends were monitored in potatoes, Solanum tuberosum L., grown in plots with and without straw mulch during 1988 and 1989 growing seasons in Virginia. An insecticide treatment was incorporated into a factorial experimental design (mulch × insecticide) in 1989 to evaluate effects of mulch on potato yield without Colorado potato beetle defoliation. Numbers of overwintered adult beetles, egg masses, and larvae were significantly lower in plots with mulch compared with those without. Soil temperature and moisture conditions were more favorable for potato plant growth in Virginia under straw mulch than in bare ground (no mulch) plots. Final tuber yields were significantly greater in mulched plots (with and without insecticides) compared with plots without mulch in both years of the study. Application of insecticides in 1989 also resulted in higher yields within each mulch treatment. In plots treated with insecticides, six spray applications were required to control Colorado potato beetle populations above economic thresholds in plots without mulch, compared with two applications in plots with mulch. The feasibility of the use of straw mulch in commercial potato production is discussed.
Asynchronous DNA Synthesis in a Duplicated Chromosomal Region of Drosophila melanogaster

THERE is a highly ordered temporal sequence in the replication of DNA in the polytene chromosomes of Drosophila1–10. The mechanism underlying this replicative organization remains unknown, but it has been shown that homologous chromosome regions replicate their DNA synchronously whether or not they are paired11 and, in the one case in which it has been studied, this synchrony remains evident even when one of the two homologous regions is translocated to an abnormal position12. These observations suggest that an essential part of the system controlling replication pattern is located in each of the small chromosome regions, replication of which can be resolved autoradiographically. The simplest model consistent with these assumptions involves a chromosome constituted of numerous “replicons” with replication times geared to a common control mechanism but are independent of the anatomical ordering of the “replicons” within the genome.
COLONIZATION OF WESTERN WHEATGRASS (AGROPYRON SMITHII RYDB.) BY VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI DURING THE REVEGETATION OF A SURFACE MINE.

Summary Development of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas and proliferation of roots of western wheat-grass (Agropyron smithii Rydb.) were investigated in a revegetated mine soil in southeastern Wyoming, USA. Total rooting density (root length per volume of soil) and spore frequency increased as a function of age of the reclamation (time elapsed since reseeding). Topsoil replaced during reclamation was apparently the primary source of mycorrhizal inoculum in the most recently reclaimed site. Seedlings growing on spoil material without topsoil were generally non-mycorrhizal, but mycorrhizal rooting density was not significantly correlated with the residual content of soil organic matter (an indicator of the proportion of topsoil in the growth media). Mycorrhizal colonization in sites up to three years old was minimal in spite of rapid increases in overall rooting density. Mean rooting density, mean degree of infection, and mean spore frequencies in older sites (five to seven years) were comparable to those of an adjacent undisturbed rangeland, but were highly variable. Mature, non-mycorrhizal specimens were observed, suggesting that A. smithii is not highly dependent on mycorrhizal infection for survival on this disturbed site.
Meta-information concepts for ecological data management

Abstract Ecological databases continue to grow in volume, breadth and complexity. Higher level descriptions of data (i.e., metadata) and information derived from subsequent data processing and analyses (i.e., “meta-information” in the broadest sense) are essential for understanding and using the increasingly complex and voluminous data and information. The concepts of meta-information, in general, and metadata, in particular, have evolved in concert with the increasing needs for functionality by the community. From a scientific perspective, metadata may be characterized as having developed from initially supporting data discovery; to facilitating acquisition, comprehension and utilization of data by humans; and, most recently, to beginning to enable automated data discovery, ingestion, processing and analysis via metadata-enabled scientific workflow systems. The continued conceptual and operational developments in metadata required to support comprehensive automated scientific workflow systems portend many challenges and opportunities. For example, there are significant opportunities for collaboration among ecologists and computer scientists in developing domain-specific controlled vocabularies and ontologies that provide the basis for semantic mediation—the “glue” technologies that enable automated data discovery, ingestion, processing and analysis. Similarly, there are opportunities for computer scientists and engineers to develop new mechanisms that support automated metadata encoding—such as providing the information that would be necessary to understand the end-to-end flow of sensor data from in situ data collection, streaming through quality assurance filtering, aggregation, transformation and additional processing, analysis, and publication of digital products. As the technologies mature, we still have many sociological barriers to overcome including the needs for increased attention to software usability testing and engineering to enhance user-friendliness of metadata management software, new capital investments in ecological data archives, and increasing the metadata management benefit–cost ratio for the average scientist via incentives and enabling tools.
Effects of Shear Bond Characteristics of Tack Coats on Pavement Performance at the Interface

A finite element (FE) approach was used in a study to investigate the effects of interface shear bond characteristics of tack coats on pavement response at the interface. A two-dimensional FE modeling approach incorporated laboratory-measured bond characteristics of tack coats to describe the constitutive behavior at the interface. Two pavement structures typically used in Louisiana for low and medium traffic levels were simulated. The Louisiana interlayer shear strength tester was used to test three types of emulsified tack coat materials—CRS-1, SS-1h, and trackless—and a PG 64-22 asphalt binder at three residual application rates, 0.14, 0.28, and 0.70 l/m2 (0.031, 0.062, and 0.155 gsy). From the results of the FE simulation analysis, it was determined that the performance of tack coat materials at the interface was primarily dictated by the pavement structure with no pronounced change in the field stresses from one tack coat material to another. In addition, the influence of tack coat material type and ...
New Directions in Mediterranean Tourism: Restructuring and Cooperative Marketing in the Era of Globalization

At a time when tourism is the preeminent global industry, the Mediterranean is one of the most important tourist regions in the world, accounting for approximately a third of total tourism revenues and half of international arrivals. Because the traditional sun, sand, and sea tourist product of the Mediterranean is experiencing a crisis with subsequent market shifts toward other regions and alternative tourist products, the region has begun to lose its share of the international travel market. The time is ripe for the 21 Mediterranean countries to evaluate their tourist industries in the context of sustainable development strategies, begin to consider restructuring their industries to increase efficiency and competitiveness, and form strategic alliances for cooperative marketing efforts in order to maintain a competitive edge in the global tourist market at the threshold of the third millennium.
Detection of Thy-1.2 membrane complexes shed from thymocytes and lymphoma cells by an immunoradiometric assay.

A direct binding immunoradiometric assay (IRA) for Thy-1 antigen was developed to study the properties of membranous complexes shed from murine thymocytes and lymphoma cell lines. Monoclonal anti-Thy-1.2 antiserum was iodinated and used to study the shedding from AKR (Thy-1.1) and C3H(Thy-1.2) thymocytes, and S49.1(Thy-1.2), S49-Thy-1− and BW5147(Thy-1.1) continuous lymphoma cell lines. Culture supernatant fluids or purified shed complexes were allowed to bind to microtiter plates followed by measurement of the binding of iodinated anti-Thy-1.2. The assay was found to be completely specific for the Thy-1.2 allotype, and in conjunction with antibody coated wells could detect Thy-1 solubilized from cells with N-P40 detergent. Shed complexes containing Thy-1 from thymocytes and lymphoma cell lines were analysed by isopycnic centrifugation with continuous potassium tartrate gradients (5–40%). Shed complexes had a buoyant density of 1.06–1.10 g/cm3 as compared to 1.15–1.17 g/cm3 expected for murine leukemia virus or 1.20–1.24 g/cm3 expected for mycoplasma. We concluded that the shed membranous complexes had a buoyant density similar to plasma membrane and the complexes were similar from both thymocytes and lymphoma cell lines. Thy-1 was not associated with virus, mycoplasma or other particles found in the gradients and Thy-1 was not found in the unsedimented fraction. The release of Thy-1 from thymocytes and cultured cell lines results in only one defined density of particles which may participate in cellular communication or in the survival of malignant cells.
The Gene CBO0515 from Clostridium botulinum Strain Hall A Encodes the Rare Enzyme N5-(Carboxyethyl) Ornithine Synthase, EC 1.5.1.24

Sequencing of the genome of Clostridium botulinum strain Hall A revealed a gene (CBO0515), whose putative amino acid sequence was suggestive of the rare enzyme N5-(1-carboxyethyl) ornithine synthase. To test this hypothesis, CBO0515 has been cloned, and the encoded polypeptide was purified and characterized. This unusual gene appears to be confined to proteolytic strains assigned to group 1 of C. botulinum.
The cooling and heating potential of an earth tube system in buildings

A new module was developed for and implemented in the EnergyPlus program for the simulation of earth tubes. The model was validated against and showed good agreement with both theoretical and experimental data. Using the new module, a parametric analysis was carried out to investigate the effect of pipe radius, pipe length, air flow rate and pipe depth on the overall performance of the earth tube under various conditions during cooling season. Pipe length and pipe depth turned out to affect the overall cooling rate of the earth tube, while pipe radius and air flow rate mainly affect earth tube inlet temperature. The cooling and heating potential of earth tubes in four different locations were also investigated. Whether or not an earth tube is beneficial turned out to be heavily dependent on the climate of the location.
INCLUSION BODIES IN EXPERIMENTAL HERPETIC INFECTION OF RABBITS.

We have thus far failed to observe any inclusion bodies in herpetic lesions which in our opinion may properly be interpreted as microorganisms. Concerning the exact nature of the granules so fully reported by others before us, we hesitate to commit ourselves other than to indicate certain points of resemblance to nuclear debris, red blood cells in the process of phagocytosis, mitochondria, pigment, the "methylene blue granules" of neuroglia cells, and the Russell bodies of plasma cells. Obviously, the fact that the individual granules in a section stain in the same way by Giemsa's method, or the technique of Borrel, and look alike is no good reason to suppose that they are of the same composition. We suspect that several of our methods of staining depend more upon physical forces than upon the actual chemical constitution of the substances which become colored. So that granules which stain alike may not only differ in composition but may also have been recruited from different sources. This fact makes inferential chemical analysis extremely difficult since it is next to impossible to superpose all our reactions upon a single granule of microscopic size. Consequently, if we apply one microchemical test to a group of granules, another test to another group, and so on, we cannot be sure that we have been dealing throughout with the same substance or substances. It is our belief that the inclusions which are so abundant in herpetic lesions do not represent a concrete class of granulations sui generis but that they are of variable composition and are derived from several sources.
The problems of animal welfare and the importance of vegan education

Conventional wisdom on the matter of animal ethics in most Western countries is that although animals have some moral value, they have less moral value than humans, and, therefore, it is acceptable to use animals for our purposes as long as we treat them 'humanely' and do not inflict 'unnecessary' suffering on them. This position is known as the animal welfare approach to animal ethics; it is the position that is most often promoted by large animal advocacy organisations in the US and Europe. Some of these organisations claim to promote animal welfare reform not as an end in itself, but as a means to the eventual abolition of animal use or, at least, the significant reduction of animal use. I have referred to this position as 'new welfarism'. In any event, traditional welfarists and new welfarists all share in common the notion that nonhumans have less moral value than humans and that the primary concern is to ensure that animals have a reasonably pleasant life and a relatively painless death.
A Survey of Feedback Modalities for Wheelchair Power Seat Functions

Power seat functions (PSFs) let power wheelchair users adjust their posture independently. The Virtual Seating Coach aims to prompt users to use PSFs appropriately and warn against improper use. The authors surveyed users about their preferences for PSF feedback modalities.
Do you trust your compiler? Applying formal methods to constructing high-assurance compilers

Describes how automatic transformation technology can be used to construct a verified compiler for an imperative language. Our approach is to "transformationally" pass a source program through a series of canonical forms, each of which correspond to some goal or objective in the compilation process (e.g. introduction of registers, simplification of expressions, etc.). We describe a denotational semantics-based framework in which it is possible to verify the correctness of transformations; the correctness of the compiler follows from the correctness of the transformations.
Silicon Integrated 280 GHz Imaging Chipset With 4 $\times$ 4 SiGe Receiver Array and CMOS Source

In this paper, we report an integrated silicon-based active imaging chipset with a detector array in 0.13 $\mu{\hbox{m}}$ SiGe process and a CMOS-based source array operating in the 240–290 GHz range. The chipset operates at room-temperature with no external RF or optical sources, high-resistivity silicon lenses (HRSi) or waveguides or any custom fabrication options, such as high-resistivity substrates or substrate thinning. The receiver chip consists of a 2-D array of 16 pixels, measuring 2.5 mm $\times$ 2.5 mm with integrated antennas. An electromagnetic-active circuit co-design approach is carried out to ensure high-efficiency interface with detectors operating above cut-off frequencies with good impedance matching, near-optimal noise performance, while simultaneously suppressing the dominant surface-wave modes in a lensless lossy bulk silicon substrate. The array performance is characterized in the WR-3 band between 220–320 GHz. At the designed frequency of 260 GHz, the NEP of all pixels stays between 7.9 ${\hbox{pW}}/\sqrt{\hbox{Hz}}$ –8.8 ${\hbox{pW}}/\sqrt{\hbox{Hz}}$ . The imaging chipset consists of this 2D detector array chip and a CMOS-based source array chip measuring 0.8 mm $\times$ 0.8 mm. The entire system dissipates less than 180 mW of DC power, representing a truly integrated solution.
Disseminated primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis: a case report with liquid based and conventional smear cytology

Primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis is a rare neoplasm confined to the meninges without evidence of primary tumor in the brain or spinal cord parenchyma. Cerebrospinal fluid diversion via ventriculoperitoneal shunt may be used as a therapeutic modality. Herein, we describe the first report of cytologic findings of a case of this neoplasm with shunt-related peritoneal metastasis.
Patronage Behavior of Apparel Shopping: Part II. Testing a Patronage Model of Consumer Behavior:

This is the second part of a two-part paper which investigates patronage choice behavior in apparel shopping. Part II illustrates how a conventional patronage model can be tested and extended Part ...
Gender Differences in the Person-Activity Fit for Positive Psychology Interventions

Research on positive psychology interventions (PPIs) has established the value of activities such as acts of kindness, gratitude, and savoring life’s joys, for increasing individuals’ sense of well-being. Critical to the efficacy of PPIs is person-activity fit – the degree activities stem from intrinsic motivation. Although person-activity fit effects are well documented, gaps remain in our understanding of how sociodemographic variables, particularly age and gender, play a role. We investigated how gender may affect self-reported person-activity fit across three PPIs: A gratitude journal; Acts of Kindness; and Savoring life’s joys. Age was explored since the subject sample ranged widely, from 18 to 51 years. Twenty-eight men and 82 women completed person-activity fit questionnaires. A multiple analysis of variance resulted in a main effect for gender, with women showing greater person-activity fit for all three PPIs. Among women only, age correlated significantly with person-activity fit for all three PP...
Thin-film decoupling capacitors for multi-chip modules

Thin-film decoupling capacitors based on ferroelectric lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) films are being developed for use in advanced packages, such as multi-chip modules. These thin-film decoupling capacitors are intended to replace multi-layer ceramic capacitors for certain applications, since they can be more fully integrated into the packaging architecture. The increased integration that can be achieved should lead to decreased package volume and improved high-speed performance, due to a decrease in interconnect inductance. PLZT films are fabricated by spin coating using metal carboxylate/alkoxide solutions. These films exhibit very high dielectric constants (/spl epsi//spl ges/900), low dielectric losses (tan/spl delta//spl ap/0.01), excellent insulation resistances (/spl rho/>10/sup 13/ /spl Omega/-cm at 125/spl deg/C), and good breakdown field strengths (E/sub B//spl ap/900 kV/cm). For integrated circuit applications, the PLZT dielectric is less than 1 /spl mu/m thick, which results in a large capacitance/area (8-9 nF/mm/sup 2/). The thin-film geometry and processing conditions also make these capacitors suitable for direct incorporation onto integrated circuits and for packages that require embedded components. >
Global transcriptional response of the alkali-tolerant cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 to a pH 10 environment.

Many cyanobacterial strains are able to grow at a pH range from neutral to pH 10 or 11. Such alkaline conditions favor cyanobacterial growth (e.g., bloom formation), and cyanobacteria must have developed strategies to adjust to changes in CO2 concentration and ion availability. Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 exhibits similar photoautotrophic growth characteristics at pH 10 and pH 7.5, and we examined global gene expression following transfer from pH 7.5 to pH 10 to determine cellular adaptations at an elevated pH. The strategies used to develop homeostasis at alkaline pH had elements similar to those of many bacteria, as well as components unique to phototrophic microbes. Some of the response mechanisms previously identified in other bacteria included upregulation of Na+/H+ antiporters, deaminases, and ATP synthase. In addition, upregulated genes encoded transporters with the potential to contribute to osmotic, pH, and ion homeostasis (e.g., a water channel protein, a large-conductance mechanosensitive channel, a putative anion efflux transporter, a hexose/proton symporter, and ABC transporters of unidentified substrates). Transcriptional changes specific to photosynthetic microbes involved NADH dehydrogenases and CO2 fixation. The pH transition altered the CO2/HCO3− ratio within the cell, and the upregulation of three inducible bicarbonate transporters (BCT1, SbtA, and NDH-1S) likely reflected a response to this perturbed ratio. Consistent with this was increased transcript abundance of genes encoding carboxysome structural proteins and carbonic anhydrase. Interestingly, the transition to pH 10 resulted in increased abundance of transcripts of photosystem II genes encoding extrinsic and low-molecular-weight polypeptides, although there was little change in photosystem I gene transcripts.
Understanding geocaching practices and motivations

Geocaching is a location-based activity that has been practiced for a number of years. As a sustained and established activity it represents an important opportunity for understanding everyday practices and motivations that can build up around a location-based activity. We present findings from a field study of everyday geocaching behaviour. In contrast to previous work, we take a broad perspective on the activity focussing beyond the in situ consumption of these experiences. We look too at the practices and motivations surrounding participants' creation of these experiences. Further we examine these behaviours within the social context of the on-line community that provides a significant basis for many of these behaviours. We use the findings to discuss broader implications for the design of future location-based experiences
Remote memory in a patient with circumscribed amnesia.

It has been suggested that extensive and severe remote memory loss is not a component of a circumscribed amnesic syndrome but may be attributable to problem solving and retrieval deficiencies associated with the frontal lobe damage which is present in some amnesic patients. In order to assess this notion, retrograde amnesia was studied in a patient, W.H., who had no apparent cortical damage revealed by radiological examination, and who evidenced no major cognitive deficiency other than amnesia. Regardless of whether remote memory was measured by recall or recognition procedures, patient W.H. exhibited impaired memory for information from the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, but was unimpaired in retrieving information from the 1940s and 1950s. These results demonstrate that retrograde amnesia can occur in patients who have a circumscribed memory deficit.
Program Challenges and Future Opportunities

This chapter summarizes the results of the author’s findings and options identified for addressing policy and program changes. It reviews the major forces of change in the marketing system identified as impacting policies and programs affecting food and agricultural marketing. An overview of the major options suggested as areas that deserve further discussion and analysis as a basis for policy and program changes in the future is then presented. Market conditions are generally materially different than those which existed at the time when contemporary policies were established. Some programs have failed to be adequately adjusted to accommodate these changes in market conditions. The evolution of markets to coordinated and managed supply chains; contracts and market structure; technology; and expectations of market performance relative to food safety, consumer information, variety, and nonmarket social values are highlighted as forces leading to policy changes affecting food and agricultural marketing. Finally, the chapter identifies priority areas for attention to address market and legislative failures.
Egg Shell Damage in Retail Channels

Abstract Egg shell damage in retail channels was evaluated at three locations: the processing plant, the wholesale warehouse and the retail grocery store. Shell damage was found to increase as eggs moved from place to place. A greater increase in shell damage was found between the processing plant and the warehouse than between the warehouse and the retail store.
Intervention integrating physical activity with math: Math performance, perceived competence, and need satisfaction

Integrating physical activity (PA) with academics in the classroom is a newly explored approach, promising to improve both PA and academic achievement. The purposes of this study were to examine (a) the effect of lessons integrating PA with math, compared to traditional lessons, on math performance and perceived competence in math over an 8-week period, and (b) whether perceived competence in math and need satisfaction associated with the integrated lessons could predict math performance at the end of the intervention. Fourteen 4th and 5th grade classes were assigned to an integrated PA group (N = 106; using the “Move for Thought” kit), or a control group (N = 118; traditional lessons). A measure of perceived competence in math and a comprehensive, timed math test were completed before and after the intervention by both groups. Perceived need satisfaction associated with the integrated lessons was measured at the end of the intervention. The improvement in math performance in the integrated PA group was s...
CARCINOMA OF THE LARYNX: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT.

Conservation operations which preserve laryngeal function constitute an important advance in therapy for laryngeal carcinoma. Where applicable, they yield results as good as operations that totally sacrifice the larynx. In the past 10 years this group has comprised 40 per cent of all cases of laryngopharyngeal cancer.Irradiation also is important in therapy, being the method of choice for some glottic lesions and a valuable preoperative adjunct in other cases.Radical neck dissection, where indicated, should be performed in continuity with resection of the primary lesion instead of after the appearance of cervical metastases.
Star Formation in the First Galaxies

The formation of the first stars and galaxies mark the end of the cosmic dark ages, thus transforming the universe from its initial, pristine state into one of increasing complexity. We will review the current understanding, based on numerical simulations, of this crucial transition in early cosmic history. Specifically, the epoch of first light is predicted to be a two-stage process, where predominantly massive Population III stars form out of pure hydrogen-helium gas in small dark-matter minihalos, followed by Population II stars out of already metal-enriched material inside more massive host halos. Observations with upcoming next-generation telescopes promise to test our emerging theoretical picture of star formation in the first galaxies in ever inceasing detail.
Celecoxib with chemotherapy in colorectal cancer.

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is the enzyme that normally synthesizes prostaglandins during an inflammatory response. Many primary and metastatic cancers express COX-2, and its presence is correlated with tumor angiogenesis, more invasive tumor phenotype, resistance to apoptosis, and systemic immunosuppression. The expression of COX-2 is associated with a worse prognosis. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis may be beneficial in human malignancy. Regular consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) decreases the incidence of, and mortality rate resulting from, a number of types of gastrointestinal cancers. Premalignant colonic lesions regress following the administration of nonspecific COX inhibitors, such as sulindac (Clinoril). Advanced solid tumor patients treated with indomethacin (Indocin) survive twice as long as do such patients who receive supportive care alone. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved specific COX-2 inhibitors for the treatment of arthritis, pain, and familial adenomatous polyposis. Preclinical studies show that these drugs block angiogenesis, suppress solid tumor metastases, and slow the growth of implanted gastrointestinal cancer cell lines. The COX-2 inhibitors have safely and effectively been combined with chemotherapeutic agents in experimental studies. Ongoing clinical trials are currently assessing the potential therapeutic role of COX-2 inhibitors in both prevention and treatment of a diverse range of human cancers.
Distinguish the specific from non-specific low back pain

The diagnosis of low back pain is common and non-specific. While many theories exist concerning the etiology of low back pain, most attribute the condition to degenerative conditions of the spine with superimposed chemical and inflammatory factors. Acute low back pain is generally self-limited if treated in a supportive fashion. Certain factors such as constitutional symptoms and rest or night pain may implicate a more serious condition and possibly warrant early investigation. Chronic conditions generally relate to "segmental instability" or discogenic causes. Diagnosis and treatment of these conditions are controversial.
Second career teachers and (mis)recognitions of professional identities

ABSTRACTSince the late 1980s there has been an increase of ‘second career teachers’ (SCTs), professionals that switch careers to become teachers. Little is known about SCTs and their sense of professional identity. Building from Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of power and cultural capital, the professional identities of teachers were examined through the following questions: What are the professional identities of SCTs? How can SCTs inform the field of teaching about professional identities? This mixed methods study gathered perspectives on professional identities through an online survey of 236 educators within 1 school district which were analysed and compared to interviews of 16 SCTs and their supervisors from the same district. The study findings invite us to consider alternative definitions of professionalism in teaching, especially for teacher leadership.
Comparative Approach Toward Modified Smith Predictor and Back Calculation design for Conical Tank Level Process Control

The objective of this paper is to show the energy utilization of actuator and its performance in nonlinear process. Objective includes design and comparison of modified Smith predictor, modified back calculation methods, and conventional PI controller for conical tank level process (FOPDT). The design comprises of mathematical modeling of conical tank using two-point method, controller tuning, and architecture of the process. In FOPDT models, integral term influences the actuator to react beyond its limits which results with windup phenomena in the process. This can be controlled by limiting integral term with respect to actuator requirements. Whole experimentation is classified into three operating regions and for all the methods mentioned in the paper. Based on operating region, the methods have their own significance in performance. The design approach has been validated through the real-time results.
Room-Temperature All-solid-state Rechargeable Sodium-ion Batteries with a Cl-doped Na3PS4 Superionic Conductor.

All-solid-state sodium-ion batteries are promising candidates for large-scale energy storage applications. The key enabler for an all-solid-state architecture is a sodium solid electrolyte that exhibits high Na+ conductivity at ambient temperatures, as well as excellent phase and electrochemical stability. In this work, we present a first-principles-guided discovery and synthesis of a novel Cl-doped tetragonal Na3PS4 (t-Na3−xPS4−xClx) solid electrolyte with a room-temperature Na+ conductivity exceeding 1 mS cm−1. We demonstrate that an all-solid-state TiS2/t-Na3−xPS4−xClx/Na cell utilizing this solid electrolyte can be cycled at room-temperature at a rate of C/10 with a capacity of about 80 mAh g−1 over 10 cycles. We provide evidence from density functional theory calculations that this excellent electrochemical performance is not only due to the high Na+ conductivity of the solid electrolyte, but also due to the effect that “salting” Na3PS4 has on the formation of an electronically insulating, ionically conducting solid electrolyte interphase.
Preserving location privacy using an anonymous authentication dynamic mixing crowd

Preserving location-privacy in vehicular networks is a challenge. On one hand, under Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) realm, changing pseudonyms has been the state-of-the-art; however, to avoid being tracked, the vehicle has to change the pseudonym when it is within a fixed or a dynamic mix zone, created using encryption or silent periods. On the other hand, under the group signature realm, super anonymity is afforded for vehicles but at the expense of slow signature verification. To benefit from the super anonymity of an optimized hybrid group signature authentication, we suggest the idea of altering authentication to form the dynamic mix crowd for an originating vehicle that needs to change its pseudonym. Our scheme has neither silent periods nor encryption; it simply utilizes the new authentication as a dynamic hiding cover for the pseudonyms changing; once the pseudonym is altered, the vehicle watches for at least one other change by any cooperative neighbor in the formed zone before it automatically demolishes the group by reverting back to the baseline authentication. Our analysis shows the easiness of forming and demolishing the dynamic groups, it proves the validity of the model by satisfying the needed vehicular security requirements, and shows acceptable performance in comparison with the baseline authentication scheme.
On Unbounded Operators in Hilbert Space

A virtually indispensable device for the study of a non-bounded linear operator A in a Hilbert space H consists in passing from the given operator to an associated family of bounded linear operators.
The speed of life and death: migrant fatalities, territorial boundaries, and energy consumption

This article considers how migrant deaths – particularly in the borderlands of Europe and the United States – relate to the speed at which migrants travel. It argues that the most dangerous boundar...
Stimulation of Phytoplankton Production by Anthropogenic Dissolved Organic Nitrogen in a Coastal Plain Estuary

There is increased focus on nitrogen (N)-containing dissolved organic matter (DOM) as a nutrient source supporting eutrophication in N-sensitive estuarine ecosystems. This is particularly relevant in watersheds undergoing urban and agricultural development, leading to increased dissolved organic N (DON) loading. To understand how this shift in N-loading influences estuarine phytoplankton production, nutrient addition bioassays were conducted in the N-limited Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina from 2014 to 2015. Additions included N-rich DOM sources characteristic of urban and agricultural development, including chicken and turkey litter leachate, wastewater treatment facility effluent, and concentrated river DOM (used as a reference). Each DOM addition was coupled with an inorganic nutrient treatment to account for inorganic nutrient concentrations (NO2/3, NH4, PO4) in each respective DOM addition. Repeated measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) showed that chicken litter leachate stimulated phytoplank...
Bias-dependent carrier dynamics studied by Laser Terahertz Emission Microscopy with nanometer resolution

Laser Terahertz Emission Microscopy (LTEM) is a method which has been developed in order to study intrinsic carrier dynamics in semiconductors with a spatial resolution which is only limited by the wavelength of the incident fs laser [1]. More recently, it has been shown that the spatial resolution in a terahertz (THz) spectroscopy experiment can be improved even further by utilizing plasmonic coupling of the incident THz field to a subwavelength metal tip, which has resulted in resolutions on the order of 10 nm [2]. As previously proposed [3] we here present our first results on LTEM with nanometer resolution by combining the two methods mentioned above as illustrated in Fig. 1 (a) where the incident fs laser pulses (100 fs, 800 nm, 80 MHz) are coupled to a sharp metal tip with a spatial diameter of sub-20 nm. The THz pulses emerging from the sample are detected by eO sampling in a 2 mm thick ZnTe crystal with lockin detection to the tapping frequency of the AFM probe (20 kHz). The tapping amplitude of the AFM probe is approximately 40 nm and the length of the probe is 80 μm ± 20% (Rocky Mountain Nanotechnology). In addition, we demonstrate how the detected LTEM signal can be modulated by applying a bias on the AFM probe while keeping the sample on a ground plane.
An Archaean oxygen oasis

The first of two stepwise increases in atmospheric oxygen occurred at the end of the Archaean eon. Analyses of sulfur and iron isotopes in pyrite reveal a near-shore environment that hosted locally oxygenated conditions in the Mesoarchaean era.