cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tissue differences in vascular permeability changes induced by histamine

A new method is described for assessing changes in vascular permeation by albumin in multiple tissues of the same animal in response to intravascular injection of vasoactive agents. Following intravenous injection of 51Cr-RBC, 125I-BSA, and 57Co-EDTA, a test substance (i.e., histamine) is injected intravascularly or subcutaneously. Eight minutes later approximately 2.0 ml of blood is withdrawn and the heart is severed from the great vessels. Samples of tissue are then taken for determination of water content and for the ratio of counts in 125I and 51Cr in each tissue. That ratio is then divided by the corresponding ratio of the same isotopes in the blood. If the resulting quotient is greater than 1, it indicates that the volume of distribution of 125I in the tissues is greater than the ratio of plasma to red cells in large blood vessels and is indicative of permeation of the vasculature by albumin into the extravascular space. With this technique we have demonstrated that following intravenous injection of histamine, albumin permeation of vessels in the cecum is increased much more than for vessels in any other tissue in the body including skin and muscle. Following intravenous injection of 1.5 mg/kg histamine, albumin permeation in the cecum is increased 4-fold while that in skin is unchanged, except at sites where histamine also has been injected subcutaneously where it is increased 1.7-fold by 3 microgram and 10-fold by 15 micrograms of histamine. The magnitude of increases in albumin permeation of the vasculature after intravenous injection of 7.5 mg/kg of histamine was: cecum--5.1 X greater than pancreas--2.8 X greater than small intestine--2.7 X greater than cremaster and stomach--2.0 X greater than eye and aorta--1.9 X greater than fat--1.7 X greater than skin--1.6 X greater than diaphragm and forelimb--1.5 X. Even at this high dose of histamine, tissue to blood isotope ratio (tbir)-I/Cr values were not increased for heart, brain, kidney, lung, or testis. These findings attest to marked tissue differences in sensitivity to histamine-induced changes in vascular permeation by albumin. The additional that histamine-induced tbir-I/Cr increases in most tissues far exceed tbir-Co/Cr increases indicates that the increase in albumin permeation of vessels is mediated in large part by an increased rate of diffusion (rather than filtration) via an increase in the number and/or size of vascular pores large enough to accommodate albumin.
Let’s Be Flexible: Our Interpretive/Explanatory Toolbox, or In Praise of Using a Range of Tools

This paper explores the role and limits of cognitive simulation in understanding or explaining others. In simulation, one puts one’s own cognitive processes to work on pretend input similar to that one supposes that the other plausibly had. Such a process is highly useful. However, it is also limited in important ways. Several limitations fall out from the various forms of cognitive diversity. Some of this diversity results from cultural differences, or from differences in individuals’ cognitive biographies. Such diversity is clearly important in history. Some sorts of such diversity are discussed, with attention to the results of contemporary cognitive science. It is argued that one must sometimes employ mixed (simulation-based/theory-based) strategies, and that sometimes what is done will be neither purely simulation nor purely theory-based.
Contributions of built environment to childhood obesity

As childhood obesity has reached epidemic proportions, it is critical to devise interventions that target the root causes of obesity and its risk factors. The two main components of childhood obesity are physical inactivity and improper nutrition, and it is becoming increasingly evident that the built environment can determine the level of exposure to these risk factors. Through a multidisciplinary literature review, we investigated the association between various built environment attributes and childhood obesity. We found that neighborhood features such as walkability/bikeability, mixed land use, accessible destinations, and transit increase resident physical activity; also that access to high-caloric foods and convenience stores increases risk of overweight and obesity, whereas the presence of neighborhood supermarkets and farmers' markets is associated with lower childhood body mass index and overweight status. It is evident that a child's built environment impacts his access to nutritious foods and physical activity. In order for children, as well as adults, to prevent onset of overweight or obesity, they need safe places to be active and local markets that offer affordable, healthy food options. Interventions that are designed to provide safe, walkable neighborhoods with access to necessary destinations will be effective in combating the epidemic of obesity. Mt Sinai J Med 78:49-57, 2011. © 2011 Mount Sinai School of Medicine KW: SR2S Language: en
Simulation-Based Manufacturing Interoperability Standards and Testing

Software applications for manufacturing systems developed using software from different vendors typically cannot work together. Develop¬ment of custom integrations of manufacturing software incurs costs and delays that hurt industry productivity and competitiveness. Software applications need to be tested in live operational systems. It is impractical to use real industrial systems to support dynamic interoperability test¬ing and research due to: 1) access issues - manu¬facturing facilities are not open to outsiders, as proprietary data and processes may be compro¬mised; 2) technical issues - operational systems are not instrumented to support testing; and 3) cost issues - productivity suffers when actual production systems are taken offline to allow testing. Publicly available simulations do not exist to demonstrate simulation integration issues, validate potential standards solu¬tions, or dynamically test the interoperability of simulation systems and other software applica¬tions. A new, dynamic, simulation-based interoperability testing facility for manufacturing software applications is being developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
Neutrophilic Panniculitis: Algorithmic Approach to a Heterogeneous Group of Disorders

Context.—Neutrophilic panniculitis encompasses an etiologically and morphologically heterogeneous group of disorders. Correct histopathologic diagnosis is important in identifying certain systemic diseases and guiding appropriate treatment. Objective.—To review the clinical and histopathologic features of different types of neutrophilic panniculitis, and to provide a diagnostic algorithm for these disorders. Data Sources.—A review of the literature with emphasis on the distinguishing features of different entities was performed. Conclusions.—Evaluation for neutrophilic panniculitis entails paying close attention to the pattern of inflammation, the type of fat necrosis present, any evidence of vascular damage, and other relevant histopathologic features. An algorithmic approach integrating all histopathologic, clinical, and laboratory findings is required for correct diagnosis.
The effect of D-amphetamine on visual vigilance performance in the squirrel monkey

Three male squirrel monkeys were tested for their ability to make detections on a visual vigilance task, using a within-subjects repeated measures design. Each animal was tested with four doses of D-amphetamine; 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg, under both noise and quiet conditions, damphetamine decreased the frequency of detections as dose was increased. This effect occurred in the quiet but not the noise condition. Detection rate was lower and less consistent in the noise condition than in the quiet condition. The results are considered in terms of (1) a depressing effect of amphetamine on central nervous system arousal, and (2) the disrupting effect of white noise on a visual vigilance task.
Fourier analysis of spike train data

A formal representation of nerve spike trains in the form of a sum of rectangular functions is proposed. This formal instantaneous frequency function can be Fourier analyzed. The resulting algorithm has the useful properties of spike by spike calculations and an insensitivity to the mean (carrier) spike rate. The technique is also useful for producing a smooth (filtered) reconstruction of a spike train.
Factors affecting host range in a generalist seed pathogen of semi-arid shrublands

Generalist pathogens can exhibit differential success on different hosts, resulting in complex host range patterns. Several factors operate to reduce realized host range relative to potential host range, particularly under field conditions. We explored factors influencing host range of the naturally occurring generalist ascomycete grass seed pathogen Pyrenophora semeniperda .W e measured potential host range in laboratory experiments at high inoculum loads with 26 grass species, including the primary host Bromus tectorum, and developed models to predict susceptibility and tolerance based on host traits, including germination speed, seed hardness, seed size, and phylogenetic relations. We also examined pathogen and host density effects on infection and mortality. All species tested were at least somewhat susceptible to the pathogen at high inoculum loads, but both infection and mortality varied widely. Species more closely related to the original host (B. tectorum) were more susceptible to infection, whereas species with slower germination were less tolerant and therefore more likely to suffer mortality. Infection and mortality were sharply reduced as inoculum load was reduced. Intermediate loads had major negative impacts on dormant B. tectorum seeds but generally minimal effects on native species. In addition, field seed bank studies determined that P. semeniperda rarely exploits native grass species as hosts. This marked reduction in realized host range relative to potential host range indicates that laboratory host range studies are potentially a poor predictor of either the current or possible future realized host range for wildland plant pathogens.
Human nerve growth factor: Lack of immunocrossreactivity with mouse nerve growth factor

Abstract Human β-nerve growth factor (hNGF) was purified from term human placenta. The biological potency of hNGF in the chick dorsal root ganglion assay did not differ significantly from that of mouse NGF (mNGF). Molecular weight determinations of mNGF and hMGF were also similar. No immunological crossreactivity was noted between hNGF, at a concentration of 100 μg/ml, and mNGF in a radioimmunoassay for mNGF using 6 different antisera to mNGF. hNGF shares several properties with mNGF but is immunological distinct. The results of studies in man using antisera to mNGF should be interpreted with caution.
Ultrathin, Molecular-Sieving Graphene Oxide Membranes for Selective Hydrogen Separation

Ultrathin, molecular-sieving membranes have great potential to realize high-flux, high-selectivity mixture separation at low energy cost. Current microporous membranes [pore size < 1 nanometer (nm)], however, are usually relatively thick. With the use of current membrane materials and techniques, it is difficult to prepare microporous membranes thinner than 20 nm without introducing extra defects. Here, we report ultrathin graphene oxide (GO) membranes, with thickness approaching 1.8 nm, prepared by a facile filtration process. These membranes showed mixture separation selectivities as high as 3400 and 900 for H2/CO2 and H2/N2 mixtures, respectively, through selective structural defects on GO.
A note on transmission switching in electric grids with uncertain line failures

We consider the problem of identifying an optimal cost-efficient strategy for transmission line switching in electric grids under risk considerations associated with uncertain failures of multiple lines (arcs) in the network. Conditional value-at-risk constraints are utilized to restrict potential losses associated with unfavorable failure scenarios. Computational results for the standard IEEE 118-bus testbed are presented and discussed.
Tritium labeling of steroids by microwave discharge activation of tritium gas

Steroids with diazo and azido functional groups were labeled with tritium atoms by microwave discharge activation of tritium gas. The specific activity of the products was increased by maximizing the exposure surface using glass fiber paper for dispersion, reducing the amount of sample to be exposed. and increasing tritium pressure. A 500 fold increase in specific activity was achieved in dispersed sample as compared to the solid. Addition of tritium atoms to 4,5 double bond in Δ4-3-keto steroid occurred, giving rise to a mixture of 5α- and 5β-isomers in about equal quantities.
Alternative Genetic Bases for Sire Summaries and Cow Indexes

The need is discussed for understanding the interpretation of Predicted Differences in relation to the 1974 genetic base. Merits of moving, fixed, and stepwise genetic bases are discussed in relation to genetic progress in the United States dairy industry. A moving genetic base has little merit, because too many animals are evaluated and published in each sire summary. Either a fixed or stepwise base could be used effectively if dairymen and industry personnel were educated on the relation of current genetic evaluations to the genetic base and the need to continue genetic improvement in individual breeds.
Robotic versus laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.

Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) is a product of the evolution of standard open to minimally invasive surgery. The next step on this evolutionary path has been the emergence of robotic LRP. Here, Thomas Ahlering presents his view of the comparative benefits and pitfalls of these two techniques.
A STUDY OF MAGNETIC INTERACTIONS IN RARE EARTH DOPED INSULATORS USING SPECTRAL HOLEBURNING AND OPTICAL COHERENT TRANSIENTS

High resolution laser spectroscopy is providing new insights into magnetic interactions in insulating solids by providing a way of measuring small interactions in the presence of much larger inhomogeneous broadening. Here we briefly review some of the techniques and examples of the information obtained with them. Included in this discussion are the use of spectral holeburning to measure linear and nonlinear Zeeman interactions, the magnetic field dependence of optical dephasing times determined from coherent transients and quantum beat free induction decay measurements of small sublevel splittings.
Chi-squares versus green eye shades: Psychology and the press

Psychologists' academic training leads us to be cautious in what we say and to distance ourselves from affectively loaded material. Yet, as journalists have long understood, it is “human interest” material that grabs a reader's attention. Given the magnitude of today's social problems, we must find ways to convey psychology's messages succinctly and powerfully. Examples are given of newspaper stories that illustrate social problems through the eloquent presentation of anecdotal material. Suggestions are provided for working effectively with the press to influence public opinion. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Inc.
Higher-order scene statistics of breast images

Researchers studying human and computer vision have found description and construction of these systems greatly aided by analysis of the statistical properties of naturally occurring scenes. More specifically, it has been found that receptive fields with directional selectivity and bandwidth properties similar to mammalian visual systems are more closely matched to the statistics of natural scenes. It is argued that this allows for sparse representation of the independent components of natural images [Olshausen and Field, Nature, 1996]. These theories have important implications for medical image perception. For example, will a system that is designed to represent the independent components of natural scenes, where objects occlude one another and illumination is typically reflected, be appropriate for X-ray imaging, where features superimpose on one another and illumination is transmissive? In this research we begin to examine these issues by evaluating higher-order statistical properties of breast images from X-ray projection mammography (PM) and dedicated breast computed tomography (bCT). We evaluate kurtosis in responses of octave bandwidth Gabor filters applied to PM and to coronal slices of bCT scans. We find that kurtosis in PM rises and quickly saturates for filter center frequencies with an average value above 0.95. By contrast, kurtosis in bCT peaks near 0.20 cyc/mm with kurtosis of approximately 2. Our findings suggest that the human visual system may be tuned to represent breast tissue more effectively in bCT over a specific range of spatial frequencies.
Illumina identification of RsrA, a conserved C2H2 transcription factor coordinating the NapA mediated oxidative stress signaling pathway in Aspergillus

Chemical mutagenesis screens are useful to identify mutants involved in biological processes of interest. Identifying the mutation from such screens, however, often fails when using methodologies involving transformation of the mutant to wild type phenotype with DNA libraries. Here we analyzed Illumina sequence of a chemically derived mutant of Aspergillus nidulans and identified a gene encoding a C2H2 transcription factor termed RsrA for regulator of stress response. RsrA is conserved in filamentous fungal genomes, and upon deleting the gene in three Aspergillus species (A. nidulans, A. flavus and A. fumigatus), we found two conserved phenotypes: enhanced resistance to oxidative stress and reduction in sporulation processes. For all species, rsrA deletion mutants were more resistant to hydrogen peroxide treatment. In depth examination of this latter characteristic in A. nidulans showed that upon exposure to hydrogen peroxide, RsrA loss resulted in global up-regulation of several components of the oxidative stress metabolome including the expression of napA and atfA, the two bZIP transcription factors mediating resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as NapA targets in thioredoxin and glutathione systems. Coupling transcriptional data with examination of ΔrsrAΔatfA and ΔrsrAΔnapA double mutants indicate that RsrA primarily operates through NapA-mediated stress response pathways. A model of RsrA regulation of ROS response in Aspergillus is presented. RsrA, found in a highly syntenic region in Aspergillus genomes, coordinates a NapA mediated oxidative response in Aspergillus fungi.
Synchronism in the Diels-Alder reaction

Defined as the formation of two new bonds of equal length at the same time, synchronism has been shown to be not possible for the Diels-Alder reaction when the products are not of strict Cs symmetry. This has been done in two steps. First, the SCF-MO transition-state structures for the cyclization reactions of ethylene with cyclopentadiene and furan have been calculated. The activation energies (and heat of reaction) with the STO-3G, 3-21G, and 4-31G basis sets are as follows: with cyclopentadiene 35.0 (−80.7), 30.0 (−32.0), 38.4 (−19.9) kcal/mol; with furan 33.4 (−66.4), 34.6 (−16.5), 42.1 (−8.8) kcal/mol. Then, using a bond-order-bond-length relationship, a value for the tendency toward asynchronism has been calculated for substituted reactants where the two new bonds are arbitrarily held equal. This tendency has been shown in all cases which break strict Cs symmetry. Further, inspection of the atomic-orbital coefficients showed that the substituents cannot be considered as mere perturbations on the pi system in many cases.
A family of developmentally excised DNA elements in Tetrahymena is under selective pressure to maintain an open reading frame encoding an integrase-like protein.

Tlr1 is a member of a family of ∼20–30 DNA elements that undergo developmentally regulated excision during formation of the macronucleus in the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena. Analysis of sequence internal to the right boundary of Tlr1 revealed the presence of a 2 kb open reading frame (ORF) encoding a deduced protein with similarity to retrotransposon integrases. The ORFs of five unique clones were sequenced. The ORFs have 98% sequence conservation and align without frameshifts, although one has an additional trinucleotide at codon 561. Nucleotide changes among the five clones are highly non-random with respect to the position in the codon and 93% of the nucleotide changes among the five clones encode identical or similar amino acids, suggesting that the ORF has evolved under selective pressure to preserve a functional protein. Nineteen T/C transitions in T/CAA and T/CAG codons suggest selection has occurred in the context of the Tetrahymena genome, where TAA and TAG encode Gln. Similarities between the ORF and those encoding retrotransposon integrases suggest that the Tlr family of elements may encode a polynucleotide transferase. Possible roles for the protein in transposition of the elements within the micronuclear genome and/or their developmentally regulated excision from the macronucleus are discussed.
Understanding rare comorbidities in TAVR

There seems to be an early morbidity and mortality advantage to TAVR in patients with chronic liver disease. Patients with Childs A and B CLD can be treated with TAVR but we know little about TAVR for sicker patients. Technical issues associated with TAVR (the use of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) for example) have to be weighed in CLD patients with esophageal varices.
Benchmarking Correctness of Operations in Big Data Applications

With a wide variety of big data applications, the past few years have witnessed an increasing number of data stores with novel design decisions that may sacrifice the correctness of an application's operations to enhance performance. This paper presents our work-in-progress on a framework that generates a validation component. The input to the framework is the characteristics of an application. Its output is a validation module that plugs-in to either an application or a benchmark to measure the amount of unpredictable data produced by a data store.
Measurement of a Diamagnetic Shift in Atomic Hyperfine Structure

We have measures a diamagnetic shift in the ground state dipole hyper-fine structure of 85Rb [1]. This is the first observation of such an effect in any atomic system. The shift appears as a departure, quadratic in the external field, of the level spacing from that predicted by the Breit-Rabi formula.
High Rates of Trichomonas vaginalis among Men Attending a Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinic: Implications for Screening and Urethritis Management

Trichomonas is a cause of nongonococcal urethritis (NGU); however, studies of its prevalence in men have been hampered by the lack of sensitive diagnostics. DNA amplification allows for reappraisal of the extent of infection in men. Men attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic were tested for trichomonas, chlamydia, and gonorrhea. The prevalence of these pathogens was 17%, 19.6%, and 17.7% respectively. In men with NGU, 19.9% were infected with trichomonas. These data have implications for treatment of NGU and control of trichomoniasis.
Salient Features of the Minicourse for Inservice Training.

Use of the minicourse to provide special and regular educators with inservice training for educating handicapped children is the focus of the article. In view of existing concerns and approaches for providing inservice training, a rationale is given for selection of the minicourse strategy. An empirical study was conducted using the minicourse to teach skills for coping with the handicapped. Results indicated a high level of competency attainment and positive changes in attitudes toward the handicapped on the part of the participants. It is evident that the minicourse is both appealing and functional for providing school personnel with inservice training. Planning, implementation, and evaluation procedures for the minicourse are delineated.
General Overview of Neuronal Cell Culture

In this introductory chapter, we provide a general overview of neuronal cell culture. This is a rapidly evolving area of research and we provide an outline and contextual framework for the different chapters of this book. These chapters were all contributed by scientists actively working in the field who are currently using state-of-the-art techniques to advance our understanding of the molecular and cellular biology of the central nervous system. Each chapter provides detailed descriptions and experimental protocols for a variety of techniques ranging in scope from basic neuronal cell line culturing to advanced and specialized methods.
Temporal, Situational and Interactional Features of Women's Violent Conflicts

This article examines contextual and situational influences on the processural development of women's violent conflicts. Through close analysis of 3 women's accounts of their disputes and associated violent behaviours, we provide a rich description of how such events evolved over time and how the interviewees managed this process. Drawing upon both criminological and feminist theories, our analysis highlights existing gaps in the literature, providing an exploratory discussion of the interaction of gender with situational elements and the production of assaultive events.
Scaling Laws From Statistical Data and Dimensional Analysis

Scaling laws provide a simple yet meaningful representation of the dominant factors of complex engineering systems, and thus are well suited to guide engineering design. Current methods to obtain useful models of complex engineering systems are typically ad hoc, tedious, and time consuming. Here, we present an algorithm that obtains a scaling law in the form of a power law from experimental data (including simulated experiments). The proposed algorithm integrates dimensional analysis into the backward elimination procedure of multivariate linear regressions. In addition to the scaling laws, the algorithm returns a set of dimensionless groups ranked by relevance. We apply the algorithm to three examples, in each obtaining the scaling law that describes the system with minimal user input.
INVASIONS BY INSECT VECTORS OF HUMAN DISEASE

Nonindigenous vectors that arrive, establish, and spread in new areas have fomented throughout recorded history epidemics of human diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, typhus, and plague. Although some vagile vectors, such as adults of black flies, biting midges, and tsetse flies, have dispersed into new habitats by flight or wind, human-aided transport is responsible for the arrival and spread of most invasive vectors, such as anthropophilic fleas, lice, kissing bugs, and mosquitoes. From the fifteenth century to the present, successive waves of invasion of the vector mosquitoes Aedes aegypti, the Culex pipiens Complex, and, most recently, Aedes albopictus have been facilitated by worldwide ship transport. Aircraft have been comparatively unimportant for the transport of mosquito invaders. Mosquito species that occupy transportable container habitats, such as water-holding automobile tires, have been especially successful as recent invaders. Propagule pressure, previous success, and adaptations to human habits appear to favor successful invasions by vectors.
Drift-aiding fringing fields in charge-coupled devices

Transverse electric fields at the Si-SiO/SUB 2/ interface (fringing fields) can aid transfer of charge from one potential well to another in charge- coupled devices (CCD). The magnitudes of these drift-aiding fringing fields are evaluated by an approximate analysis and also by computer. The analytical approach assumes zero space charge in the silicon and agrees with the computer solutions in that limit. When the depletion width becomes less than the gate width the fringing field is reduced considerably. Transit times associated with these fringing fields are evaluated. Trapping of charge in interface states rather than transfer of free charge is expected to be the fundamental limitation on speed and transfer efficiency in appropriately designed CCDs.
Brandom on the Normativity of Meaning

Brandom’s “inferentialism”—his theory that an expression’s or state’s contentfulness consists in its use or occurrence being governed by inferential norms—proves dubiously compatible with his own deflationary approach to underwriting the objectivity of intentional content (an approach that is one of the theory’s essential presuppositions). This is because a deflationist argument, adapted from the case of truth to that of correct inference, undermines the key criterion of adequacy Brandom employs in motivating inferentialism. Once that constraint is abandoned, furthermore, Brandom is left vulnerable to the charge that his inferential norms are unavailable to play the meaning-constituting role he claims for them. Yet Brandom’s account of meaning tacitly intertwines inferentialism with a separate explanatory project, one that in explaining the pragmatic significance of meaning-attributions does yield a convincing construal of the claim that the concept of meaning is a normative one.
Duality in multiplier-based robustness analysis

Frequency domain conditions involving multipliers are useful for robustness analysis. The resulting analysis problem is generally convex, but infinite-dimensional and numerical solutions restricted to finite-dimensional subspaces need to be considered. The resulting finite-dimensional problem can be transformed into a linear matrix inequality, which can be solved using efficient algorithms. The paper presents a format for the dual of the infinite-dimensional problem. The dual problem can be used to estimate the conservatism of particular finite-dimensional subspaces.
A Web-Based Evaluation Tool to Predict Long Eye Glances

The authors present a web-based evaluation tool that simulates drivers’ eye glances to interface designs of in-vehicle information systems (IVISs). This tool computes saliency of each location of a candidate interface and simulates eye fixations based on the saliency, until it arrives at the region of interest. Designers can use this tool to estimate the duration of drivers’ eye glance needed to find regions of interest, such as particular icons on a touch screen. The overall goal of developing this application is to bridge the gap between guidelines and empirical evaluations. This evaluation tool acts as an interactive model-based design guideline to help designers craft less distracting IVIS interfaces.
Needs, Wants, Demands, and Interests

The Hastings Center Working Group on Ethics and Health Policy began its work in the late 1970s at a time when it still seemed plausible for adult men and women to sit together and discuss what goals the American health care system might set for itself and how we as a nation might most justly accomplish these goals. Now, in the early 1980s, in the midst of an unprecedented retrenchment in health care programs and other public services, it seems somewhat naive to address these questions with anything but a heavy sense of irony. Nonetheless, it is still useful to consider the relationship between health needs, health care wants, and interests in the formulation and delivery of medical services with the hope and expectation that within the next few years the allocation of resources to meet human needs once again will become an important part of the national agenda.
Court-Agency Dialogue: Article III's Dual Nature and the Boundaries of Reviewability

Courts reviewing agency actions frequently offer more than a positive analysis of the agencies decisions. They might engage in advice-giving, for example, or temper the remedy as a way of modulating the impact of review. These actions can be used in a dialogic way, to provide normative signals to agencies. Yet because courts must judge agency actions only on the grounds provided by the agency at the time of the agency’s decision — and must ordinarily remand actions that fail to meet substantive standards of review — these normative signals require a delicate touch so as to avoid judicially imposed policy preferences and any chipping away at Article III values. In his excellent study of the ordinary remand rule, Professor Christopher J. Walker traces the development of the rule and constructs a taxonomy of dialogic tools that might profitably accompany remands. This Response praises Professor Walker’s contribution to the literature, and suggests several areas for future study. In particular, this Response emphasizes the dual nature of Article III — consisting both of powers and resistance norms — and suggests that a full account of court/agency dialogue ought to be mindful of this duality. Further, this Response suggests that agency actions at the edges of reviewability offer a unique focal point for considering how the competing Article III concerns operate. And finally, this Response cautions that taken too far, dialogic tools can undermine judicial responsibility and agencies’ constitutional legitimacy.
Homoclinic Tubes in Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation under Hamiltonian Perturbations

The concept of a homoclinic tube was introduced by Silnikov 14) in a study on the structure of the neighborhood of a homoclinic tube asymptotic to an invariant torus σ under a diffeomorphism F in a finite dimensional phase space. The asymptotic torus is of the saddle type. The homoclinic tube consists of a doubly infinite sequence of tori {σj , j = 0,±1,±2, · · ·} in the transversal intersection of the stable and unstable manifolds of σ, such that σj+1 = F ◦ σj for any j. This is a generalization of the concept of a transversal homoclinic orbit in which the points are replaced by tori. Silnikov obtained a theorem on the symbolic dynamics structures in the neighborhood of the homoclinic tube that is similar to Smale’s theorem for a transversal homoclinic orbit. 13), 12) We are interested in homoclinic tubes for several reasons: 1. Especially in high dimensions, it is often the case that the dynamics inside each invariant tube in the neighborhood of a homoclinic tube is also chaotic. We refer to such chaotic dynamics as “chaos in the small” and the symbolic dynamics of the invariant tubes as “chaos in the large”. Such cascade structures are more important than the structures in a neighborhood of a homoclinic orbit when high or infinite dimensional dynamical systems are studied. 2. Symbolic dynamics structures in the neighborhoods of homoclinic tubes are more observable than in the neighborhoods of homoclinic orbits in numerical and physical experiments. 3. When studying a high or infinite dimensional Hamiltonian system (for example, the cubic nonlinear Schrodinger equation under Hamiltonian perturbations), each invariant tube contains both KAM tori and stochastic layers (chaos in the small). Thus, not only is it the case that the dynamics inside each stochastic layer is chaotic, all these stochastic layers also move chaotically under Poincare maps. In this paper, we are interested in studying Hamiltonian partial differential equations. Denote by W (c) a normally hyperbolic center manifold, by W (cu) and W (cs)
A look at the strength of micro and macro EEG analysis for distinguishing insomnia within an HIV cohort

HIV patients are often plagued by sleep disorders and suffer from sleep deprivation. However, there remains a wide gap in our understanding of the relationship between HIV status, poor sleep, overall function and future outcomes; particularly in the case of HIV patients otherwise well controlled on cART (combined anti-retroviral therapy). In this study, we compared two groups: 16 non-HIV subjects (seronegative controls) and 12 seropositive HIV patients with undetectable viral loads. We looked at sleep behavioral (macro-sleep) features and sleep spectral (micro-sleep) features obtained from human-scored overnight EEG recordings to study whether the scored EEG data can be used to distinguish between controls and HIV subjects. Specifically, the macro-sleep features were defined by sleep stages and included sleep transitions, percentage of time spent in each sleep stage, and duration of time spent in each sleep stage. The micro-sleep features were obtained from the power spectrum of the EEG signals by computing the total power across all channels and frequencies, as well as the average power in each sleep stage and across different frequency bands. While the macro features do not distinguish between the two groups, there is a significant difference and a high classification accuracy for the scoring-independent micro features. This spectral separation is interesting because evidence suggests a relationship between sleep complaints and cognitive dysfunction in HIV patients stable on cART. Furthermore, there are currently no biomarkers that predict the early development of cognitive decline in HIV patients. Thus, a micro-sleep architectural approach could serve as a biomarker to identify HIV patients vulnerable to cognitive decline, providing an avenue to explore the utility of early intervention.
Case definition in case-control studies of the efficacy of screening.

Evaluation of the efficacy of screening programs involves the comparison of morbidity or mortality rates between screened and unscreened populations. Such comparisons are made most convincingly by means of experiments (1, 2), exemplified by the study of screening for breast cancer carried out by the Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York (HIP) (3). However, there are serious practical difficulties with experimental studies of screening: they are expensive, may require many years to complete, and usually can be done only when new screening procedures are introduced. Once a procedure is established as a part of medical practice, as the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear is, it may be necessary to rely on nonexperimental methods to evaluate it. Nonexperimental studies are more susceptible than are experimental ones to "confounding." For example, social class (as reflected in education or income) is directly related to frequency of screening with the Pap smear, but is inversely related to cervical cancer rates; relatively low rates of cervical cancer among frequently screened women could be secondary to their relatively high social class. Despite this drawback of the nonexperimental approach, there may be times when it will be able to provide information that cannot be obtained otherwise. (A discussion of the roles of experi-
Percent Shell and Plasma Mineral Concentrations in Three Strains of Domestic Fowl Selected for Thick or Thin Egg Shell Production

Abstract Percent shell and plasma concentrations of calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphate, sodium, and potassium were measured in Single Comb White Leghorn, Rhode Island Red, and brown-feathered lines of chickens selected for thick (TK) or thin (TN) egg shell production. Two consecutive generations of TK and TN lines were evaluated for all three strains. Family selection for shell quality characteristics resulted in coselection for plasma calcium concentrations. For the TK lines that had significantly higher percent shell values than the TN lines, mean plasma calcium concentrations in the TK lines exceeded mean plasma calcium concentrations of the TN lines. However, total plasma calcium was found to be an inconsistent index of shell quality for individual hens. Strong positive correlations between total plasma calcium and plasma inorganic phosphate concentrations indicate that these two parameters were coregulated in all experimental groups. Apparently, genetic elements involved in determining shell quality characteristics are, directly or indirectly, determinants of plasma calcium and inorganic phosphate concentrations. Plasma magnesium, sodium, and potassium concentrations were not correlated with percent shell.
Development of a Group-Based Ergonomic Assessment Strategy for Characterizing Physical Workload in Healthcare Workers

Musculoskeletal disorders of the back are a widespread problem in the healthcare sector and have been associated with trunk bending, twisting, and manual handling. The objective of this study was to conduct a group-based exposure assessment of trunk postures, loads, and work activities for use in epidemiology studies of back disorders in healthcare workers. All job titles in 4 healthcare facilities were assigned to a-priori ergonomic exposure groups to guide the sampling protocol. Ergonomic exposures were collected through direct observation of a population subset (n=180), in 94 job titles, at 90-second intervals, using a modification of the PATH method. A total of 23,071 direct observations were collected over 225 observation periods (1–8hrs). Exposures were analyzed by job groups and group exposures were ranked by their location relative to underlying distributions. A final set of 8 similar exposure groups were produced through combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The semi-quantitative g...
Abstract B20: GLI1 overexpression contributes to HCC recurrence partly through the induction of SNAI1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition

Background/Aim: Glioma-associated oncogene 1 (GLI1) is one of the most important transcription factors in the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway and has been shown to be involved in embryonic development and tumor progression. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important cellular program which contributes to invasion and metastasis of cancer. We have previously shown that GLI1 may promote HCC metastasis via EMT. Here, we demonstrate that GLI1 upregulates SNAI1 expression, induces EMT, and promotes HCC recurrence in vivo and in vitro. Methods: Gli1 mRNA was assessed in 139 HCCs by microarray and its correlation with HCC recurrence and SNAI1 mRNA expression was analyzed. In vitro, the mRNA and protein expression of GLI1 was measured in Gli1-negative Huh7 cells transfected with GU1 and GU1-expressing SNU398 cells transfected with antisense oligonucleotides targeting GU1 (GLI1 ASO). GLI1-dependent transcriptional activity was assessed with GU reporter luciferase assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). The interaction between Gli1, SNAI1 and EMT was assessed by real-time PCR, Western immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. Effects of GLI1 on proliferation, viability, migration, and invasion of tumor cells were also assessed. Results: GLI1 mRNA was detected in 74 HCC tumors and found to be upregulated in 43 (58.1 %) HCCs. Increased Gli1 mRNA in HCCs was associated with tumor recurrence after resection. There was a positive correlation between GLI1 and SNAI1 mRNA expression. In HCC cells, GLI1 overexpression increased Gli1-dependent transcriptional activity, proliferation, viability, migration, and invasion of tumor cells. GU1 also increased SNAI1 expression and induced the EMT. Opposite effects were observed in GU1-knockdown models. Conclusion: Together, these findings identify a novel mechanism mediating HCC recurrence that includes GLI1-mediated activation of EMT via upregulation of SNAI1. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2011 Sep 14-18; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(18 Suppl):Abstract nr B20.
Performance Evaluation of Complex Neural Networks in Reservoir Characterization: Applied to Boonsville 3-D Seismic Data

Summary Geophysical reservoir characterization requires building a nonlinear relation between seismic attributes and rock/fluid properties computed from well logs. With such a relation, the rock/fluid properties computed from well logs can be extended to inter-well points. Neural networks are powerful tools to obtain such nonlinear relation. In this study, radial basis function (RBF) neural networks are evaluated in the application of porosity prediction, and multilayer RBF networks are confirmed to outperform traditional single layer RBF networks. Also, centroid based multilayer perceptron (CMLP) network, hybrid of RBF and multilayer perceptron (MLP), turns out to have the best performance among all the tested network types. Porosity of Caddo Member in Boonsville field, Texas is predicted by the CMLP network which has the best prediction performance among tests.
Influence of Electrode Interfaces on the Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells: Reduced Degradation Using MoOx/Al for Hole Collection

We investigated and characterized the stability of the power output from methylammonium lead iodide perovskite photovoltaic devices produced with various hole-collecting anode configurations consisting of Au, Ag, MoOx/Au, MoOx/Ag, and MoOx/Al. The unencapsulated devices were operated under constant illumination and constant load conditions in laboratory ambient with periodic current–voltage testing. Although the initial efficiencies of devices were comparable across these configurations, the stability of these devices varied significantly due to subtle differences in the electrode structure. Specifically, we found that devices with MoOx/Al electrodes are more stable than devices with more conventional, and more costly, Au and Ag electrodes. We demonstrate that a thin MoOx layer inhibits decomposition of the perovskite films under illumination in ambient laboratory conditions and greater improvements in device stability are achieved specifically with MoOx/Al electrodes. We investigated the role of the MoOx...
BDSM and the boundaries of criticism: Feminism and neoliberalism in Fifty Shades of Grey and The Story of O:

In 2011, Fifty Shades of Grey, an erotic novel by British author E.L. James, took the publishing world by storm. This article examines the lack of a feminist backlash to the book by comparing it to The Story of O (1954) and the backlash that that book engendered. In addition to parsing the terms of the existentialism that underlies The Story of O, this article unpacks the neoliberal logic of Fifty Shades of Grey.
Light-Activated Photo Protection in an Artificial Antenna System

Inspired by photosynthetic mechanisms in natural system, we introduced a light-sensitive photo protective quenching element in a DNA-templated artificial antenna model to control the flow of energy as a function of light intensity excitation. The Orange Carotenoid Protein (OCP) is a non-photochemical quencher in cyanobacteria: under high light conditions the protein undergoes a spectral shift, and by binding to the Phycobilisome it absorbs excess light and dissipates it as heat. By using DNA as a scaffold, we constructed an antenna system made of organic dyes (Cy3, Cy5), and we assembled OCP on it as a modulated quenching element. Controlling the light intensity shined on the sample allows us to switch the direction of the energy flow from the green label Cy3 to either Cy5, under low light conditions, or to OCP, under intense illumination. We show the construction, spectroscopic characterization and working principle of this system. The results presented here open exciting possibilities in the engineering of complex, regulated pathways in artificial light harvesting systems.
Fracture sealing by mineral precipitation: The role of small‐scale mineral heterogeneity

Fractures are often leakage pathways for fluid in low-permeability rocks that otherwise act as geologic barriers in the subsurface. Flow of fluids in chemical disequilibrium with fracture surfaces can lead to mineral precipitation and fracture sealing. To directly evaluate the role of small-scale mineral heterogeneity on mineral precipitation, we measured CaCO3 precipitation in a transparent analog fracture that included randomly distributed small-scale regions of CaCO3 on one of the borosilicate surfaces. Steady flow of a well-mixed CaCl2-NaHCO3 solution ( log(ΩCaCO3) = 1.44) resulted in significant mineral precipitation during the 82 day experiment. Localized mineral precipitation reduced flow within regions of the fracture, but small-scale reaction-site heterogeneity allowed preferential flow to persist through pathways that contained 82% less area of CaCO3 regions than the fracture-scale average. This resulted in a significant reduction in measured precipitation rate; excluding these effects results in more than an order-of-magnitude underestimation of fracture sealing timescales.