cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphological Markedness in an OT-Grammar: zeros and syncretism

In this paper, I propose to extend a model of grammar in which lexical spellout and phonological computation occur in the same component (e.g., serial OT with Optimal Interleaving (Wolf, 2008)) with a family of morphological markedness constraints. These constraints punish realization of morpho-syntactically marked combinations of features. They form a markedness hierarchy in which constraints against more marked feature(s) are ranked higher than constraints against less marked feature(s). Inclusion of such constraints provides a natural way to account for certain cases of non-realization of morphological contrasts in marked contexts (zero marking), as well as cases of syncretism in which a marked paradigm cell in certain contexts becomes occupied by an exponent typically used in less marked cells. Analyses of both types of cases are discussed in this paper. Moreover, this model predicts tradeoffs and interactions between morphological markedness and phonological constraints. Russian Genitive Plural allomorphy, discussed in this paper, provides one example of such interactions.
The evolution of dwarf galaxies: a comparison of UBVR photometry

The proposed evolutionary link between dwarf irregular and dwarf elliptical/spheroidal galaxies is investigated using broad-band UBVR photometry obtained for a sample of 29 dwarf galaxies. The galaxies span a range of absolute B-band magnitude from -13.67 to -19.86 mag, and range in distance from about 7 to 108 Mpc. Broad-band colours and Sersic surface brightness profile fits are compared for the two morphological types. All optical parameters are statistically different between the two subsamples, as evidenced by the significance level of the Kolmogorov―Smirnov statistic. Others have noted that dwarf ellipticals might have looked much like the currently observed dwarf irregulars in the past based on optical colours. A difference is noted between the two samples in the value of n (the power-law exponent determined from the Sersic profile fitting), suggesting that the two main types of dwarf galaxy are structurally distinct. The differences in the structure of the stellar components imply that dwarf irregulars do not evolve to become dwarf ellipticals in isolation, meaning that some sort of external interaction is required if the transformation is to occur. The environments of the galaxies are initially classified as either field or group/cluster (though no definitive environmental comparison is presented here).
Inverse correlation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity with the presence of neurofilament inclusions in dorsal root ganglion neurons cultured in the presence of a reversible inhibitor of AChE

We have previously shown that treatment of cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGN) with a highly specific, reversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, BW284c51, retards neuritic outgrowth in a dose dependent manner and is accompanied by the presence of abnormal, perikaryal neurofilament (NF) inclusions in approximately 40% of the cells. Since subpopulations of DRGN have been classified according to their levels of AChE activity, we have combined immunocytochemical and enzyme histochemical techniques to investigate a possible correlation between AChE activity and the presence of NF inclusion formation. Our results show that after inhibitor treatment, cells with low levels of AChE activity have a greater percentage of inclusions, with nearly 75% of cells with undetectable levels of AChE activity containing inclusions. In contrast, inclusions were present in only 3.2% of cells with high levels of AChE activity. This inverse relationship between AChE activity and the presence of NF inclusions supports our previous observations that this enzyme may have extra-synaptic functions which could affect neuronal development and regeneration.
There's more to food store choice than proximity: a questionnaire development study.

Background Proximity of food stores is associated with dietary intake and obesity; however, individuals frequently shop at stores that are not the most proximal. Little is known about other factors that influence food store choice. The current research describes the development of the Food Store Selection Questionnaire (FSSQ) and describes preliminary results of field testing the questionnaire.
ROCs obtained with two signal intensities presented in random order, and a comparison between yes-no and rating ROCs

Two experiments are presented. The first experiment investigated the effect of mixing signals of two different intensities within the same blocks of trials upon receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) obtained with the rating procedure. The ROCs obtained when the signals of differing intensity were mixed in blocks of trials were found to be quite similar to those obtained when only one signal intensity was presented in any given block of trials. In the second experiment ROCs were determined by having subjects adopt different decision criteria on different blocks of trials in a yes-no experiment. The data points obtained in this experiment fell quite close to the ROCs obtained from the same subjects with the rating procedure in the first experiment.
Meat quality evaluation by computer vision

Applying computer vision in meat quality evaluation has been an active area of research in recent years. Various studies have addressed issues from basic technique development to applications. This paper summarizes the main results from a number of recent application studies, which include characterization of quality attributes such as color, marbling, maturity and texture; prediction of sensory scores and grades; and prediction of cooked-meat tenderness. The promise of computer vision for objective meat quality evaluation is demonstrated and the remaining challenges are discussed.
A semiclassical treatment of atom-surface scattering: He + LiF(001)

Abstract The study of the diffraction of atoms by periodic surfaces is considered within a semiclassical framework. The semiclassical theory for atom-surface scattering is briefly reviewed, and the results are applied to HeLiF(001) scattering. Several model potentials for the atom-surface interaction are discussed, and some of the effects of these potentials on the classical trajectories are noted. The model potential which best describes the experimental results is found to approach a corrugated hard wall; the long range attractive part of the potential is found to be of secondary importance for incident angles θ i
Matching and Price Competition: Comment

The theory of two-sided matching markets has interested researchers for its theoretical appeal and relevance to real-life applications. The matching of medical residents and hospitals in the United States has been studied extensively by Alvin E. Roth (1984) and others. The National Resident Matching Program (NRMP), the matching authority in the US hospital-resident matching market, runs a centralized matching mechanism that is a variant of the deferred acceptance algorithm of David Gale and Lloyd S. Shapley (1962), redesigned by Roth and Elliott Peranson (1999). A recent antitrust case against the NRMP charged that the centralized matching mechanism suppressed wages of residents. Although the lawsuit itself was dismissed, it sparked discussion about the effect of centralized matching on wages and efficiency. Jeremy Bulow and Jonathan Levin (2006, BL henceforth) investigate a matching market with price competition where each firm can hire only one worker and show that (a) the average wage is lower, (b) profit of each firm is higher, (c) wages are more compressed, and (d) the resulting matching is slightly less efficient in the presence of the matching mechanism than in any competitive equilibrium. Although BL declare “we have chosen our assumptions for analytical simplicity and transparency, not as the most realistic possible model of the residency match” (654), these results were often interpreted as an argument against the NRMP and led to discussion about potential changes of the matching mechanism. Vincent P. Crawford (forthcoming), for instance, proposes the “Flexible-Salary Match,” in which hospitals are allowed to indicate several levels of possible wages, and medical students are allowed to express preferences over pairs of hospitals and wages. We show that conclusions (a) and (b) above do not necessarily hold when firms may hire more than one worker and the number of workers in different firms are different. More specifically, we present an example with multiple positions in which the average worker wage is higher in the equilibrium with the matching mechanism than in a competitive equilibrium; and profit of each firm is lower in the equilibrium with the matching mechanism than in a competitive equilibrium. Our findings may explain why some of the results of BL disagree with empirical findings of Muriel Niederle and Roth (2003, 2004), who find little or no effect of the centralized matching on wages in some medical matching markets in the United States. Note that different firms hire different numbers of workers in many labor markets like the NRMP. There are other reasons why the conclusions and policy implications of BL may not be applicable to markets like the NRMP. For example, a competitive equilibrium may not be a
Ears on the Line Profile of Decay Transitions in a Gas Laser

In a gas laser a spectrum line, whose upper state is the lower state of the laser transition, may contain a structure due to the laser action. We have observed this structure, which we refer to as ears, on the 6096-A neon line emitted spontaneously in a 1.15 μ He–Ne laser. The width of the ear was measured interferometrically and compared with the width predicted from the phenomenological width γab/π in the laser transition.
Effect of striation thickness distribution on the course of an unpremixed polymerization

Abstract A lamellar model is used to evaluate the effects of striation thickness distribution on the behaviour of an unpremixed three component random block copolymerization. A lumped competitive-parallel kinetic scheme is used to describe the polymerization, and the diffusion-reaction process is solved over a periodic set of striations. The results indicate that using an average striation thickness to describe a reacting system may greatly overestimate the conversion, especially if the striation thickness distribution is wide. Large regions of unreacted monomers may remain isolated at long times, even for a system which is macroscopically stoichiometric.
The VLSI area of high throughput linear filters of moderate order using binary weighted arithmetic

The area of linear filters in a VLSI model using binary weighted arithmetic is analyzed for real-time high throughput conditions and moderate filter order. A block parallel FIR structure is introduced with area linear in rate f by using parallel nibble-serial multipliers, while classical IIR structures are shown to grow quadratically with f. A sizing method is introduced to reduce the multiplier area of direct form IIR filters. Applying parallel multipliers to scattered look-ahead (SLA) is shown to ideally reduce area to f lg f, but changing parallel data format increases growth to f/sup 4/3/lg/sup 2/3/f. Block SVD filters are improved over classical, but remain weakly quadratic in f. Both incremental block direct form and incremental block SVD of parallel second order sections grow with f/sup 4/3/, but if their re-timing registers are discounted they become linear in f. >
Using clinical judgment when pathology and imaging do not correlate: A case for healthy skepticism from the radiation oncologist in the interpretation of surgical pathology

The radiation treatment planning of a postoperative head and neck cancer patient requires proper diligence to all factors of the patient’s case. Pathologic tumor factors include tumor size, pathologic T stage, differentiation, presence of vascular invasion and perineural involvement, and margin status.1,2 Pathologic nodal factors include the number of nodes, the number of positive nodes, locations, sizes, and the presence of extracapsular extension (ECE). These factors will determine if postoperative therapy is indicated, areas of highest risk, proper dose prescriptions, and whether concurrent chemotherapy is indicated.1-4 In addition to pathologic features, it is of utmost importance to review the patient’s history, presurgery exam, and diagnostic imaging. Such information is vital in ensuring consistency, accuracy, and resultant correct adjuvant therapy. While it may be routine to focus primarily on pathologic findings, laxity has the potential to result in improper treatment administration. In this case report, we highlight an exemplary scenario to illustrate this important concept to our
Mitogenic response to epidermal growth factor: Relationship to number, affinity, and down‐regulation of EGF receptors in three murine embyro cell lines

Swiss 3T3 and C3H-M2 cells have a greater mitogenic response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) than do C3H10T 1/2 cells. The latter cell line, however, has a number of EGF receptors per cell intermediate between the two cell lines that have a more vigorous response to EGF. Scatchard analysis of binding data indicate that all three cell lines have one class of EGF receptor, with indistinguishable affinity for the ligand. When exposed to 10-nM EGF all three cell lines "down-regulate" their EGF receptors with the same time course, and to the same percentage of initial receptors.
Continued Development Of An Inexpensive Simulator Based CT Scanner For Radiation Therapy Treatment Planning

An abundant number of different CT scanner models has been developed in the past ten years, meeting increasing standards of performance. From the beginning they remained a comparatively expensive piece of equipment. This is due not only to their technical complexity but is also due to the difficulties involved in assessing "true" specifications (avoiding "overde-sign"). Our aim has been to provide, for Radiation Therapy Treatment Planning, a low cost CT scanner system featuring large freedom in patient positioning. We have taken advantage of the concurrent tremendously increased amount of knowledge and experience in the technical area of CT1 . By way of extensive computer simulations we gained confidence that an inexpensive C-arm simulator gantry and a simple one phase-two pulse generator in connection with a standard x-ray tube could be used, without sacrificing image quality. These components have been complemented by a commercial high precision shaft encoder, a simple and effective fan beam collimator, a high precision, high efficiency, luminescence crystal-silicon photodiode detector with 256 channels, low noise electronic preamplifier and sampling filter stages, a simplified data aquisition system furnished by Toshiba/ Analogic and an LSI 11/23 microcomputer plus data storage disk as well as various smaller interfaces linking the electrical components. The quality of CT scan pictures of phantoms,performed by the end of last year confirmed that this simple approach is working well. As a next step we intend to upgrade this system with an array processor in order to shorten recon-struction time to one minute per slice. We estimate that the system including this processor could be manufactured for a selling price of $210,000.
Role of the intercalated disc in cardiac propagation and arrhythmogenesis

Abstract This review article discusses mechanisms underlying impulse propagation in cardiac muscle with specific emphasis on the role of the cardiac cell-to-cell junction, called the “intercalated disc”. The first part of this review deals with the role of gap junction channels, formed by connexin proteins, as a determinant of impulse propagation. It is shown that, depending on the underlying structure of the cellular network, decreasing the conductance of gap junction channels (so-called “electrical uncoupling”) may either only slow, or additionally stabilize propagation and reverse unidirectional propagation block to bidirectional propagation. This is because the safety factor for propagation increases with decreasing intercellular electrical conductance. The role of heterogeneous connexin expression, which may be present in disease states, is also discussed. The hypothesis that so-called ephaptic impulse transmission plays a role in heart and can substitute for electrical coupling has been revived recently. Whereas ephaptic transmission can be demonstrated in theoretical simulations, direct experimental evidence has not yet been presented. The second part of this review deals with the interaction of three protein complexes at the intercalated disc: (1) desmosomal and adherers junction proteins, (2) ion channel proteins, and (3) gap junction channels consisting of connexins. Recent work has revealed multiple interactions between these three protein complexes which occur, at least in part, at the level of protein trafficking. Such interactions are likely to play an important role in the pathogenesis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, and may reveal new therapeutic concepts and targets.
Temperature dependence of high strain-rate impact fracture behaviour in highly filled polymeric composite and plasticized thermoplastic propellants

The effect of temperature and strain-rate on the fracture behaviour during high strain-rate (∼ 103 sec−1) impact of two highly filled polymeric composite propellants (containing segmented polyurethanes based on hydroxy-term inated polybutadiene (HTPB) or glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) filled with ammonium perchlorate (AP) particles) and a plasticized thermoplastic (cast double base (CDB) nitrocellulose-nitroglycerine) propellant have been examined over a wide temperature range encompassing the ⋊ittle-ductile” transition. In the “elastic” region of the loaddisplacement curve, the yield stress and fracture toughness is highest for GAP/AP and lowest for HTPB/AP. In the “elastic” and post-yield “ductile” regions CDB is more fracture-resistant than GAP/AP and HTPB/AP over the temperature range −20 to 50° C, but below −40° C, where both CDB and GAP/AP are brittle, GAP/AP is more fracture-resistant than CDB (as observed in the “elastic” region). Although all the propellants are known to develop small cracks in the “elastic” and post-yield “ductile” regions of the load-displacement curve, the overall fracture behaviour is largely governed by viscoelastic properties (because the cracks close up in compression). The good mechanical properties of CDB, above the “brittle-ductile” transition temperature, can be attributed to the presence of a largeβ-transition loss peak. In the composites, the fracture behaviour is also influenced to a lesser extent by the degree of filler-binder interactions. Dynamic mechanical analysis indicates that GAP/AP has a slightly higher degree of filler-binder interactions than HTPB/AP. A temperature-strain rate reduction has been obtained for the yield stress and the composite curve can be expressed by the equation σy =K1 +K2 log (ĠeaT) whereK1 andK2 are constants andaT is a shift factor.K2 is a material constant which reflects the temperature and strain-rate sensitivity.
Spin diffusion and relaxation in dilute magnetic alloys: Electron-electron interaction

Abstract Diffusion and relaxation of conduction electrons is studied without making the usual approximation that the spin-orbit scattering be smaller than the impurity potential scattering. Renormalization of impurity vertices by the electron-electron interaction reduces the potential, enhances the s-d, but does not affect the spin-orbit scattering cross-section.
Legitimacy Building in the Evolution of Small-Firm Multilateral Networks: A Comparative Study of Success and Demise:

This article reports a longitudinal examination and comparison of two multilateral networks of small and medium-sized firms in the U.S. wood-products manufacturing industry. The research focused on...
SAND83-1541C Seeing through the Latch-Up Window

The observation of radiation-induced latch-up windows has caused doubt in the validity of accepted latch-up screens. Models giving a plausible explanation of latch-up windows are presented which show that they are only a special case of latch-up as explained by many investigators and can be treated accordingly. Furthermore, they are eliminated when latch-up is prevented by either neutron irradiation of the devices or utilization of epitaxial substrates.
What is the Optimal Dietary Intake of Vitamin D for Reducing Fracture Risk

Vitamin D has long been known to be important for bone health, but there is currently no consensus on the amount of vitamin D needed or how it varies with age, race/ethnicity, body size, absorption efficiency, season, and other factors. This review describes the effects of vitamin D on calcium absorption, parathyroid hormone levels, and changes in bone mineral density briefly and focuses in more detail on the results and interpretation of double-blind randomized controlled trials with fracture outcomes in older adults. Based on these trials, 400 IU/day, bringing 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels to 60-65 nmol/L, is not effective at lowering fracture risk in community-dwelling elders or in elders with prior fractures. Several large trials indicate that doses in the range of 700-1,000 IU/day can lower fracture risk by ~20 %. From these trials, it appears that a 25OHD level of 65 nmol/L is needed to reduce nonvertebral fracture risk and 75 nmol/L may be needed to lower hip fracture risk. Trials testing additional doses of vitamin D in different segments of the population are needed.
Compared to what? A joint evaluation method for assessing quality of life

This study tests whether a joint evaluation method for assessing quality of life can stabilize ratings by providing contextual information, thereby helping participants calibrate responses on a rating scale. We also use the method to test for scale recalibration between patients and non-patients. In an Internet survey, participants (N = 1,865) rated a target health condition, either diabetes or obesity, on a 100-point rating scale. Participants either rated several other items on the same rating scale first (joint evaluation), or rated the target condition first (single evaluation). We compared target condition ratings for joint versus single evaluation, as well as the rank position of that item among the other items. We also compared ratings and rankings for patients versus non-patients. The method effectively picked up distinct patterns of scale usage, with evidence of scale recalibration for obesity ratings, but not for diabetes ratings. The stabilizing effects of the method were mixed. For both diabetes and obesity, the joint evaluation task helped stabilize the rank position of the target condition, but not the rating. Results do not conclusively support joint evaluation as a method for reducing noise in rating scale usage, but do support its use for detecting scale recalibration between patients and non-patients.
A first-principles study of molecular oxygen dissociation at an electrode surface: a comparison of potential variation and coadsorption effects.

Influences of coadsorbed sodium and water, aqueous solvent, and electrode potential on the kinetics of O2 dissociation over Pt(111) are systematically investigated using density functional theory models of vacuum and electrochemical interfaces. Na coadsorption alters the electronic states of Pt to stabilize the reactant (O2*), transition, and product (2O*) states by facilitating electron donation to oxygen, causing a more exothermic reaction energy (−0.84 eV for Na and O2, −0.81 eV for isolated O2) and a decrease in dissociation barrier (0.39 eV for Na and O2, 0.57 eV for isolated O2). Solvation decreases the reaction energy (−0.67 eV) due to enhanced hydrogen bond stabilization of O2* compared to 2O*. The influence of Na is less pronounced at the solvated interface (barrier decreases by only 0.11 eV) because H2O screens Na charge-donation. In the electrochemical model system, the dissociation energy becomes more exothermic and the barrier decreases toward more positive potentials. Potential-dependent behavior results from changes in interfacial dipole moment and polarizability between O2*, the dissociation transition state, and 2O*; each are influenced by changes in adsorption and hydrogen bonding. Coadsorption of Na in the solvated system dampens the dipole moment change between O2* and 2O* and significantly increases the polarizability at the dissociation transition state and for 2O*; the combination causes little change in the reaction energy but reduces the activation barrier by 0.08 eV at 0 V versusNHE. The potential-dependent behavior contrasts that determined at a constant surface charge or from an applied electric field, illustrating the importance of considering the electrochemical potential at the fully-solvated interface in determining reaction energetics, even for non-redox reactions.
On the cyclability of the thermochromism in CuMoO4 and its tungsten derivatives CuMo1–xWxO4 (x < 0.12)

The cyclability of thermochromism in CuMoO4 and its solid solution CuMo1–xWxO4 (x < 0.12) was investigated by optical absorbance, differential scanning calorimetry, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The high temperature form is found to progressively lose its ability to become the low temperature form with increasing the number of cooling/warming cycles.
Session Key Generation for a Group Call and Device for Security Control

The presence of wireless links makes mobile ad hoc networks more vulnerable than wire-line networks to various forms of attack. Multimedia group communication applications over such Ad hoc networks need a group key to encrypt group call traffic. This security requirement for group communications can be fulfilled by applying dynamic group key management architecture. In this paper, we propose the key agreement architecture that can be realized by encrypting RTP (Real-time Protocol) packets with call-based dynamic group key. We also propose the key control device (KCD) that legally listen to any group call. We solve these contradictory sounding goals: encrypting call traffic and monitoring call traffic. The key agreement part forces every group member to calculate the key tree by means of an iterative Diffie-Hellman group key exchange. In the proposed key management, the transaction manager (TM) is designed to report call information so KCD may compute the same group key for security control. In contrast to the called members, the calling user (that is, TM) generates a random number that is temporarily used as its one time session key doing duty for its original private key. This one time session key will stop the group key being re-used and prevent exploitation of group key weaknesses. Finally, we analyze the computational load (C_{load}) and message transmission load (MT_{load}) required for group key computation.
A Whole Body Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Imaging System With Full Three-Dimensional Capabilities

A description of the nuclear magnetic resonance imaging system at Stony Brook with whole body capabilities based on a .1 Tesla air-core magnet with a 62 cm bore will be given. Important considerations for full three-dimensional (3D) imaging from projections include static field homogeneity, linear field gradient strength and uniformity, adequate trans-mitter and receiver capabilities and rapid data collection and processing. Preliminary results of our efforts to achieve a flexible system with potential clinical applications will be shown along with images of the head and breast from living human subjects. Since the 3D image has isotropic resolution, the image may be viewed from any desired direction.
Linda Stein’s “Fluidity of Gender” (2009–2010)

Linda Stein’s recent sculptures are abstracted human figures tightly encased in black leather. Some hang on the wall, some are free standing; all are headless, armless, and have truncated legs. The scavenged leather “skin” is old jackets and bags that reveal their original uses in the embossing, zippers, and buckles that Stein uses for textural accents. This paper will survey the new work’s claim, as stated in the exhibition title, to represent the “Fluidity of Gender.” The tactile nature of the medium itself prompts certain questions about the role sensuality plays in gendered experience, and how sexuality and power are intertwined. The distressed surfaces of the sculptures suggest the paramount significance of experience as contributing materially to body image. In conclusion, this essay will explore the way representations of bodies whose gender is unfixed may influence the viewer’s body image.
Adequacy of Dialysis

Adequacy of dialysis, both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, has been the subject of a number of meetings and papers in the past. Nevertheless, it still remains defined only in general terms. Calculations of clearance of patients on intermittent peritoneal dialysis have shown the importance of residual renal function in patients with peritoneal dialysis.
Space-Vector Versus Nearest-Level Pulse Width Modulation for Multilevel Converters

This paper studies the inherent relationship between two widely used pulse width modulation (PWM) methods for multilevel converters, i.e., the space vector modulation (SVM) method, also called space vector pulse width modulation, and the nearest-level modulation method. The nearest-level modulation method directly controls the voltage of each phase, while the SVM method simultaneously deals with all phases. It is demonstrated in this paper that the two modulation methods are functionally equivalent: with proper common-mode voltage injections, the nearest-level modulation method is equivalent to the SVM method; by selecting the appropriate redundant switching sequences and the corresponding duty cycles, the SVM method is equivalent to the nearest-level modulation method. Nevertheless, the SVM method can conveniently provide more flexibility of optimizing the switching patterns, without the need of designing sophisticated common-mode voltages. An efficient and flexible modulation method for any multiphase multilevel converter is, therefore, proposed, which combines the advantages of the nearest-level modulation and the SVM methods, i.e., both with less computational burden and high flexibility of optimizing the output waveforms. Simulation and experimental results validate the analysis.
The Macamide N-3-Methoxybenzyl-Linoleamide Is a Time-Dependent Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) Inhibitor

The Peruvian plant Lepidium meyenii (Maca) has been shown to possess neuroprotective activity both in vitro and in vivo. Previous studies have also demonstrated the activity of the pentane extract and its macamides, the most representative lipophilic constituents of Maca, in the endocannabinoid system as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors. One of the most active macamides, N-3-methoxybenzyl-linoleamide, was studied to determine its mechanism of interaction with FAAH and whether it has inhibitory activity on mono-acyl glycerol lipase (MAGL), the second enzyme responsible for endocannabinoid degradation. Macamide concentrations from 1 to 100 μM were tested using FAAH and MAGL inhibitor assay methods and showed no effect on MAGL. Tests with other conditions were performed in order to characterize the inhibitory mechanism of FAAH inhibition. N-3-methoxybenzyl-linoleamide displayed significant time-dependent and dose-dependent FAAH inhibitory activity. The mechanism of inhibition was most likely irreversible or slowly reversible. These results suggest the potential application of macamides isolated from Maca as FAAH inhibitors, as they might act on the central nervous system to provide analgesic, anti-inflammatory, or neuroprotective effects, by modulating the release of neurotransmitters.
Optimal Predictor-Corrector Method for Systems of Second-Order Differential Equations

A very general class of predictor-corrector schemes for numerically integrating a system of equations of the type x + f(x, t) = 0 is examined. This class includes the schemes obtained by combining one explicit predictor with p implicit correctors (allowing the use of a different corrector for each evaluation). Both the predictor and the correctors are assumed to be two- or three-step operators. It is shown that all of the schemes within this class are conditionally stable, that is, are stable only if the time increment A/ does not exceed a critical value. Furthermore, it is shown that the central difference scheme is the optimal one in the sense that for all the schemes within the above class, the value of Ar divided by the number of evaluations of f(x, t) is never greater than for the central difference one. The same conclusions are valid for any scheme with a characteristic equation of the type p3+ d^p2 + d 2p + d3 = 0, where dk are polynomials in (coAr)2, where co is the largest natural frequency of the system.
Multilayered Oxide Interphase Concept for Ceramic-Matrix Composites

Hi-Nicalon/SiC minicomposite specimens containing three oxide interphase layers (amorphous SiO2, monoclinic ZrO2, and amorphous SiO2) were prepared by chemical vapor deposition. The minicomposites exhibited graceful composite failure behavior with reasonable load-carrying capability in room-temperature tensile tests. Much of the composite behavior and load-carrying capability was retained even after matrix precracking and subsequent oxidation in air at 960°C for 10 h. In both the as-prepared and oxidized specimens, crack deflection and fiber pull-out occurred preferentially within the multilayered interphase region. The potential merits and uncertainties associated with this multilayered oxide interphase approach were discussed in the context of designing environmentally durable interfaces for ceramic-matrix composites.
Knotted lattice-like space fillers

The aim of this note is to construct a solid torus, knotted in an arbitrarily given knot type, which tiles $$\mathbb{E}^3 $$ by a lattice. More generally, a lattice-like space filler is constructed that is a handlebody of arbitrary genus, whose handles are arbitrarily knotted and arbitrarily linked with each other, and, furthermore, through which mutually disjoint tunnels have been drilled, knotted, and linked with each other arbitrarily.
TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION EXCITES THE LABYRINTHINE SEGMENT OF THE FACIAL NERVE : AN INTRAOPERATIVE ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY IN MAN

Abstract The site where transcranial magnetic stimulation (magStim) depolarizes the facial nerve was investigated in 6 patients who underwent surgery of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA). The facial nerve was stimulated (1) magnetically prior to craniotomy, (2) electrically near the brainstem (elREZ), (3) at the exit from the CPA into the facial canal (elPorus), and (4) in the stylomastoid fossa (elStylo). The range of latency differences (Δ) of compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) recorded from the ipsilateral mentalis muscle were as follows: ΔelREZ-magStim: +0.5 to +1.1 ms ( P ⩽0.03, Wilcoxon test); ΔelPorus-magStim: +0.2 to +0.5 ms ( P ⩽0.03); ΔelStylo-magStim: +0.8 to +1.0 ms ( P ⩽0.03). On the basis of anatomical data and a facial nerve conduction velocity of 33–46 m/s in these patients, it was concluded that transcranial magnetic stimuli depolarized the facial nerve at a location 10–15 mm distal to its entrance into the facial canal. This corresponds to the end of the labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve, i.e. the transit zone where the nerve ceases to be surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with its high electrical conductivity and enters the high-resistance tissue of the petrous bone.
An experimental removal of a territorial pomacentrid: effects on the occurrence and behavior of competitors

Stegastes fasciolatus is the most common territorial damselfish in the shallow waters of Hawaii. Territorial defense was observed against other herbivorous fishes, especially acanthorids, scarids and one omnivorous chaetodontid. One acanthurid,Acanthurus nigrofuscus was found to differ in abundance and social behavior in areas whereS. fasciolatus was present, compared to areas where it was absent. The chaetodontid,Chaetodon quadrimaculatus was sheltered during the day in areas where the pomacentrid was abundant, apparently feeding at night. In other areas it fed during the day and at night, depending on the phase of the moon.S. fasciolatus were then experimentally removed from one study site, to test whether the differences in abundance and behavior of the other species were due to the presence of the damselfish. There was a significant increase in numbers of the surgeonfishAcanthurus nigrofuscus in the removal area, as well as changes in social behavior from schooling to defense of small territories. The butterflyfish,C. quadrimaculatus, was observed to forage during the day in the removal area. There were no significant changes in the control sites. The presence of the interspecifically territorial damselfish,S. fasciolatus, thus appears to be an important determinant of the behavior of these potential food competitors.
Perfect matching covering, the Berge-Fulkerson conjecture, and the Fan-Raspaud conjecture

Let m t ? be the largest rational number such that every bridgeless cubic graph G associated with a positive weight ω has t perfect matchings { M 1 , ? , M t } with ω ( ? i = 1 t M i ) ? m t ? ω ( G ) . It is conjectured in this paper that m 3 ? = 4 5 , m 4 ? = 14 15 , and m 5 ? = 1 , which are called the weighted PM-covering conjectures. The counterparts of this new invariant m t ? and conjectures for unweighted cubic graphs were introduced by Kaiser et?al. (2006). It is observed in this paper that the Berge-Fulkerson conjecture implies the weighted PM-covering conjectures. Each of the weighted PM-covering conjectures is further proved to imply the Fan-Raspaud conjecture. Furthermore, a 3PM-coverage index ? (respectively, ? ? for the weighted case) is introduced for measuring the maximum ratio of the number of (respectively, the total weight of) edges covered by three perfect matchings in bridgeless cubic graphs and assessing how far a snark is from being 3-edge-colorable. It is proved that the determination of ? ? for bridgeless cubic graphs is an N P -complete problem.
Epithelial cell proliferation and migration in the developing rat gastric mucosa.

Abstract To investigate cell proliferation in developing gastric antrum and fundus, proliferating gastric epithelial cells were labeled in fetal rats by intravenously injecting mothers with [ 3 H]thymidine. In addition 14-day postnatal (dPN) rats were given [ 3 H]thymidine intraperitoneally. Tissue was removed 1.5 hr later, and autoradiographs were prepared to identify proliferating cells. Total epithelial labeling indices (L.I.) reached a peak at 20 days gestation (dG), coincident with the appearance of pit/glands, then declined again by 22 dG (gestation end). At 18 dG, labeled cells were distributed throughout all levels of the stratified epithelia. Between 20 and 22 dG, as pit/gland development proceeded, labeled cells became concentrated in the gland bases and were only rarely seen on the surface (L.I. of surface cells
Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBP)-4, -5, and -6 in the benign and malignant human prostate: IGFBP-5 messenger ribonucleic acid localization differs from IGFBP-5 protein localization.

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding proteins (IGFBPs) modulate the actions of IGF. We have previously reported that IGFBP-2 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein are increased, and IGFBP-3 protein decreased in malignant prostate epithelium compared to benign epithelium. In this study, we examined the other IGFBPs secreted by prostate cells in vitro, namely IGFBP-4, -5, and 6. Immunoreactivity and mRNA signals for IGFBP-4 and -6 were localized to epithelial cells, with less signal in stroma. IGFBP-4 immunostaining and hybridization signal were significantly increased in prostate adenocarcinoma compared to those in benign epithelium. Immunostaining for IGFBP-5 was localized to the epithelium and stroma. IGFBP-5 immunoreactivity was significantly increased in malignant compared to benign epithelium. IGFBP-5 mRNA signal was not localized to epithelial cells; rather, the signal was over stromal cells surrounding the acinar structures. These cells are thought to be fibroblasts. We show that IGFBP-4...
Foaming Properties of Lipid‐Reduced and Calcium‐Reduced Whey Protein Concentrates

Gels made from six experimental whey protein concentrate (WPC) processes using chemical pretreatment, ultrafiltration and microfiltration (MF) of Swiss cheese whey, and three commercial WPC, were compared for rheological, microstructural and sensory properties. Based on relations between shear stress (ST) and total sulfhydryl levels, we contirmed that disulfide bonding is important in gelation. Other components, i.e., lipids, lactose, calcium and sodium, interacting simultaneously, affected gel formation. Gel water holding capacity (WHC) was related to microstructure but not to ST. WHC was useful to characterize the 3-dimensional gel structure formations. Light microscopy showed the strongest gel had a fine-stranded, solvent-retaining structure.
Carbon Nanotube−Chitosan System for Electrochemical Sensing Based on Dehydrogenase Enzymes

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNT) were solubilized in aqueous solutions of a biopolymer chitosan (CHIT). The CHIT-induced solubilization of CNT facilitated their manipulations, including the modification of electrode surfaces for sensor and biosensor development. The colloidal solutions of CNT−CHIT were placed on the surface of glassy carbon (GC) electrodes to form robust CNT−CHIT films, which facilitated the electrooxidation of NADH. The GC/CNT−CHIT sensor for NADH required ∼0.3 V less overpotential than the GC electrode. The susceptibility of CHIT to chemical modifications was explored in order to covalently immobilize glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) in the CNT−CHIT films using glutaric dialdehyde (GDI). The stability and sensitivity of the GC/CNT−CHIT−GDI−GDH biosensor allowed for the interference-free determination of glucose in the physiological matrix (urine). In pH 7.40 phosphate buffer solutions, linear least-squares calibration plots over the range 5−300 μM glucose (10 points) had slopes 80 mA M-1 c...
Friendly competition: evidence for a dilution effect among competitors in a planktonic host–parasite system

The "dilution effect" concept in disease ecology offers the intriguing possibility that clever manipulation of less competent hosts could reduce disease prevalence in populations of more competent hosts. The basic concept is straightforward: host species vary in suitability (competence) for parasites, and disease transmission decreases when there are more incompetent hosts interacting with vectors or removing free-living stages of a parasite. However, host species also often interact with each other in other ecological ways, e.g., as competitors for resources. The net result of these simultaneous, multiple interactions (disease dilution and resource competition) is challenging to predict. Nonetheless, we see the signature of both roles operating concurrently in a planktonic host-parasite system. We document pronounced spatiotemporal variation in the size of epidemics of a virulent fungus (Metschnikowia bicuspidata) in Midwestern U.S. lake populations of a dominant crustacean grazer (Daphnia dentifera). We show that some of this variation is captured by changes in structure of Daphnia assemblages. Lake-years with smaller epidemics were characterized by assemblages dominated by less suitable hosts ("diluters," D. pulicaria and D. retrocurva, whose suitabilties were determined in lab experiments and field surveys) at the start of epidemics. Furthermore, within a season, less suitable hosts increased as epidemics declined. These observations are consistent with a dilution effect. However, more detailed time series analysis (using multivariate autoregressive models) of three intensively sampled epidemics show the signature of a likely interaction between dilution and resource competition between these Daphnia species. The net outcome of this interaction likely promoted termination of these fungal outbreaks. Should this outcome always arise in "friendly competition" systems where diluting hosts compete with more competent hosts? The answers to this question lie at a frontier of disease ecology.
Conflicts Over Changes in Scarcity: An Economic Approach

F WE KNEW how to arrive at social unity freely and openly, we would have the key to a Good Society. If reasoning could reconcile the ideologies that divide men, there would be some hope for discussion achieving the desired goal, but talk does not, as a rule, bring about social unity. Frank Knight said it succinctly: "The more intelligent people are, the more certain they are to disagree on matters of social principles and policy, and the more acute will be the disagreement." Not knowing how to reconcile differences in values and beliefs, the art of economics is to conceal these differences. It is done so astutely that we come to see only social unity. Our models are virtually foolproof in immunizing graduate students against the divisiveness of Marx, Veblen, and Commons and other mavericks. But despite our protective apparatus the conflicts that divide people persist. Marx was wrong, however, in his belief that governments would wither away under his economic system. Veblen's property owning leisure class has come to count for less and less, as high wages and salaries have come to dominate personal incomes. The legal foundations of property, the hallmark of Commons' approach, have also diminished in economic importance. The virtual elimination of private property and of class distinctions, as announced in principle by the governments of China and the Soviet Union, has not led to social unity within or between them. Our own foreign policy of imposing political unity within other countries has been anything but successful. Nor are we spared disunity within the United States; consider, only, such recent divisive issues as the environment, pollution, energy, and discrimination. Intellectually there is a woeful lack of comprehension of the universality of the struggles for scarce resources. It is as old as human life, reaching back far beyond known history. Nor are animals spared as is clear from their struggle for territorial rights. Struggle for existence of the members of any natural population is the mainspring of Darwinian evolution. Economic competition in accordance with established rules is one part of this struggle. Although it is true that the sources of conflicts that divide people and the changes in them over time are exceedingly hard to comprehend, especially so for economists who hold fast to a consistent unified system of preferences, we could do much better than this by extending the domain of economic analysis. How useful such extensions would be is not predictable, but there are good reasons for giving them a try. Human conflicts are not occasional events; on the contrary, they are as universal and persistent as resource scarcities. Both are basic attributes
Engineering features of the fusion ignition research experiment (FIRE)

Abstract The fusion ignition research experiment (FIRE) tokamak is an option for the next step in the US magnetic fusion energy program. It has a major radius of 2 m, and a minor radius of 0.525 m. The general requirements for FIRE are BT=10 T; IP=6.5 MA; minimum flat top time=10 s, and maximum number of full-power, full-field pulses=3000 with 30 000 pulses at 2/3 full field. The baseline design is able to meet or exceed these objectives. All magnets are inertially cooled with liquid nitrogen and have the capability for an 18 s flat top at 10 T. The use of BeCu in the inner legs of the toroidal field (TF) coil also allows for a field of 12 T with a pulse length of 12 s. Extended pulse lengths at lower fields (e.g. 214 s at 4 T and 2 MA) will allow FIRE to explore advanced tokamak modes (Physics basis for the Fusion Ignition Research Experiment (FIRE) Plasma Facing Components, in: Twenty-first Symposium on Fusion Technology, Madrid, September, 2000).