cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dietary nutrient levels regulate protein and carbohydrate intake, gluconeogenic/glycolytic flux and blood trehalose level in the insect Manduca sexta L.

This study examined the effects of dietary casein and sucrose levels on nutrient intake, and distinguished the effects of carbohydrate and protein consumption on growth, fat content, pyruvate metabolism and blood trehalose level of 5th instar Manduca sexta larvae. Growth increased with increasing casein consumption but was unaffected by carbohydrate intake. Fat content also increased with carbohydrate consumption, but on carbohydrate-free diets fat content increased with increased protein consumption. Blood trehalose level and pyruvate metabolism were examined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis of blood following administration of (3-13C)pyruvate. On diets containing sucrose, blood trehalose increased with increasing carbohydrate intake, and on most diets trehalose was synthesized entirely from dietary sucrose. Pyruvate cycling, indicated by the alanine C2/C3 13C enrichment ratio, increased with carbohydrate consumption reflecting increased glycolysis, and pyruvate decarboxylation exceeded carboxylation on all sucrose diets. Larvae that consumed <75 mg/day sucrose were gluconeogenic, based on the [2 (trehalose C6)(Glx C3/C2)]/alanine C2] 13C enrichment ratio. On carbohydrate-free diets, blood trehalose levels were low and maintained entirely by gluconeogenesis. Blood trehalose level increased with increasing protein intake. Pyruvate cycling was very low, although many insects displayed higher levels of pyruvate decarboxylation than carboxylation. All gluconeogenic larvae displayed alanine 13C enrichment ratios <0.35 and had blood trehalose levels <50 mM.
Extraction and Tropical Rain Forest Conservation in Eastern Brazil

Management and extraction of non-timber products represents an alternative to destructive exploitation of Latin America’s tropical forests. Well adapted to subsistence level economies, extraction has nevertheless yet to prove itself ecologically sustainable when exposed to outside market forces and economically competitive when confronted with more destructive land uses. By means of a case study, this paper examines two objectives of the extraction option: (1) Can extraction remain economically competitive over the long term? and (2) Can management for extractive products contribute to the conservation of tropical forest biodiversity? Piassava palm (Attalea funifera Mart.) is endemic to the tropical rain forests of Bahia, Brazil. Its fibre has represented a commercially important product since the 16th century, first in the fashioning of anchor ropes and later in the manufacture of brooms and brushes. Destructive harvest methods during Brazil’s Imperial period resulted in near extirpation of the species. Privatization of the royal forests led to more sustainable harvest and management techniques. Fibre extraction now represents an economically sustainable land use. Piassava-rich lands are managed as long-fallow, second growth forests. An inventory 0.3 ha of managed piassava land revealed the presence of 52 tree and 19 shrub species, most of which also inhabit primary forests. By serving as a temporary repository of primary forest species, long-fallow forest managed for extractive products subsidizes the conservation of tropical biodiversity. These results suggest that (1) extraction of native forest products can compete economically with more destructive land uses, particularly if the land is of marginal value; (2) provided that sustainability incentives exist, private ownership is not necessarily inconsistent with the successful management of extractive resources; (3) relatively high species richness can be maintained as part of commercial extractive systems; and (4) secondary forests may represent the best candidates for the development of extractive enterprises.
PAGURUS: Low-Overhead Dynamic Information Flow Tracking on Loosely Coupled Accelerators

Software-based attacks exploit bugs or vulnerabilities to get unauthorized access or leak confidential information. Dynamic information flow tracking (DIFT) is a security technique to track spurious information flows and provide strong security guarantees against such attacks. To secure heterogeneous systems, the spurious information flows must be tracked through all their components, including processors, accelerators (i.e., application-specific hardware components) and memories. We present PAGURUS, a flexible methodology to design a low-overhead shell circuit that adds DIFT support to accelerators. The shell uses a coarse-grain DIFT approach, thus not requiring to make modifications to the accelerator’s implementation. We analyze the performance and area overhead of the DIFT shell on field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and we propose a metric, called information leakage, to measure its security guarantees. We perform a design-space exploration to show that we can synthesize accelerators with different characteristics in terms of performance, cost, and security guarantees. We also present a case study where we use the DIFT shell to secure an accelerator running on an embedded platform with a DIFT-enhanced RISC-V core.
Reconstructive Procedures in the Osteoporotic Patient

In this chapter we discuss options to improve cortical bone instrumentation purchase in reconstructive surgery of the cervical spine and promote arthrodesis in an osteoporotic patient. However, all current evidence begins to point toward avoidance of operating on an osteoporotic patient until bone mineral density is improved enough to better accommodate instrumentation without the risk of failure, non-union, or pseudoarthrosis. A short guideline for preoperative workup and management of an osteoporotic patient is suggested. This is followed by a short discussion of reconstructive techniques available for patients with osteoporosis as well as their postoperative care.
An atomically thin molecular aperture: two-dimensional gallium phosphate

Unlocking true size- and shape-selectivity in membranes requires new materials design paradigms. In this work, a novel two-dimensional GaPO4 material is presented that can act as an adjustable and switchable molecular sieve for small molecule separations. Two-dimensional GaPO4 is constructed of a bilayer of alternating corner-sharing GaO4 and PO4 tetrahedra arranged in six-membered rings. Density functional theory calculations indicate the tetrahedra rotate in the minimum energy structure to create impenetrably small openings. In response to modest tensile stresses, however, the tetrahedra act as molecular hinges, rotating against each other to open apertures sufficient for small molecules to pass through. The result is a membrane structure with a high porosity and a relatively broad range of effective pore sizes for precise and switchable control over gas permeation. Simulations for He, Ne, and H2O reveal the ability to control the permeability over nine orders of magnitude. To achieve this adjustable separation in a scalable, practical manner, a pressure-driven device is outlined which uses small pressure differences between the permeate and retentate sides to apply the tensile stress, highlighting the simplicity of utilizing two-dimensional GaPO4 for tunable and switchable separation of small gas phase molecules.
Optimizing Feedback Delivery with Text-Expanders

This article presents strategies to optimize usage of text-expanders. Online instructors need to deliver high-quality feedback on a high volume of assignments in a short span of time, yet high volume means that feedback delivery can be a repetitive task as students make similar mistakes. When repetitive tasks are combined with time pressure, feedback quality degradation may result. Text-expanders are one possible tool to maintain quality while improving time efficiency.
How to Do a Salary Equity Study: With an Illustrative Example From Higher Education:

Regular salary equity studies can be a best practice among employers committed to salary equity and fairly managed compensation. While a well-constructed salary study can identify inequities for am...
Synthesis of natural gas from thermochemical and power-to-gas pathways for industrial sector decarbonization in California

Abstract In this work, we focus on industrial sector decarbonization in California through the synthesis and injection of Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) into the existing natural gas pipeline using two technology approaches: (1) a net carbon-negative biomass SNG process from wood residue gasification, and (2) a carbon-neutral Power-to-Gas (PtG) SNG process for the chemical storage of surplus electricity from high adoption of intermittent renewable sources in the electricity grid (e.g., more than 20% of electricity supply from wind and solar). SNG is a key potential low-carbon fuel to meet an array of industrial process requirements without replacing application-specific end-use equipment. We outline and model pathways that can make these technologies more competitive and present a case study for the industrial sector in California, accounting for industrial fuel demand, feedstock supply, and recent federal incentives for carbon capture and storage (45Q federal regulation). A performance assessment and economic analysis with single and coupled parameter sensitivity have been carried out. BioSNG with carbon capture is found to be less expensive today ($96.67/MWh SNG) than PtG SNG ($421.21/MWh). PtG SNG has more opportunity for cost reduction with electrolyzer capital costs and electricity prices the most critical cost parameters. The estimated cost for bioSNG in 2050 ($73/MWh SNG) is lower than the projected reference citygate price of conventional natural gas in 2050 ($87.57/MWh), but the projected cost of PtG SNG is still two to three times higher unless a high capacity factor can be achieved with low electricity prices and lower electrolyzer cost. SNG can reduce up to 17% of industrial natural gas demand and almost 19 Mt CO2 from California's industrial GHG emissions in 2050. These pathways represent significant opportunities to decarbonize the industrial sector but represent dramatic production changes and underscore the need for sustained policy commitments to support these technologies.
“How Did this Man Get Elected?” Perspectives on American Politics, Populism and Donald Trump

This article examines and compares three very different interpretations of populism and Donald Trump’s 2016 presidential election: Ian Bremmer’s Us vs. Them: The Failure of Globalism; Jonah Goldberg’s Suicide of the West; and Salena Zito and Brad Todd’s The Great Revolt. Bremmer contends populism resulted in the U.S. and other nations when ruling elites failed to respond effectively to globalization’s rapidly rising inequalities. Goldberg sees deep-rooted divides in classical political philosophy (Rousseau v. Hobbes) as sources for contemporary identity politics on the sex-and-gender obsessed left and on the nativist/nationalist right. Based on direct interviews and supplementary survey data, Zito and Todd construct varying typologies of voter groups who supported Trump. None of the authors recognize that populism’s future may be seen in California where the effects of globalization, immigration and inequality are most pronounced.
Investigation of reflectance-based pigment classification in layered media (Conference Presentation)

Pigment identification and mapping gives us insight into an artists' material use, allows us to measure slow chemical changes in painted surfaces, and allows us to detect anachronistic uses of materials that can be associated with either forgeries or past restorations. Earlier work has demonstrated the potential of a dictionary-based reflectance approach for pigment classification. This technique identifies pigments by searching for the pigment combinations that best reproduce the measured reflectance curve. The prospect of pigment classification through modeling is attractive because it can be extended to a layered medium -- potentially opening a route to a depth-resolved pigment classification method. In this work, we investigate a layered pigment classification technique with a fused deep learning and optimization-based Kubelka-Munk framework. First, we discuss the efficacy of the algorithm in a thick, single-layer system. Specifically, we consider the impacts of layer thickness, total pigment concentration, and spectrally similar pigment combinations. Following a thorough discussion of the single layer problem, the system is generalized to multiple layers. Finally, as a concrete example, we use the two-layered system to demonstrate both the impacts of layer thickness and dictionary content on paint localization within the painting. Results of the algorithm are then shown for mock-up paintings for which the ground truth is known.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Methods

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive technique that quantitatively measures the metabolic composition of tissues in vivo using conventional magnetic resonance (MR) scanners. This technology is of special interest for clinical applications in psychiatry due to its non-invasive nature. In recent years, studies have demonstrated its diagnostic capability in psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, as well as in neurodegenerative disorders and neuro-oncology among others. The most relevant brain chemicals that can be quantified include: N-acetylaspartate (NAA), a neuronal marker; creatine (Cr), involved in energy metabolism; choline (Cho), a key component of myelin; glutamate (Glu), an excitatory neurotransmitter; γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter, and glutathione (GSH), an anti-oxidant involved in neuroinflammation. In this chapter, the biological roles of the primary brain metabolites will be discussed. Moreover, the general principles of MRS and the specialized pulse sequences that enable the detection of each of these metabolites will be described. Furthermore, a comprehensive introduction of the most common techniques and examination protocols used in research and clinical applications will be presented.
19 – Organic spintronics

Recent advances in organic spin response have unraveled long polaron spin coherence time, substantive magnetic field effect (MFE) in organic light emitting diodes (OLED) and films, and spin-polarized carrier injection from ferromagnetic electrodes in organic spin valves (OSV). Here we compare spin response in films, OLED and OSV devices based on π-conjugated polymers made of protonated, and deuterated (D-) hydrogen having weaker HFI strength. We show that the HFI plays a crucial role in determining the spin response in all devices. OLEDs (and films) based on the D-polymers show substantial narrower MFE response, and the larger spin diffusion length leads to higher magnetoresistance. We also show that the dominant MFE (B) response in devices and films is the polaron pair model.
VOC Gas Sensing Via Microelectronics-Based Absorption Spectroscopy at 220-330 GHz

Gas sensing by THz wave absorption spectroscopy is demonstrated for several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using a broadband electronics-based THz wave spectrometer. Spectral absorption is characterized in the frequency range from 220 to 330 GHz for seven VOCs and water vapor in a gas cell at room temperature and pressures of 0.5–10 Torr. Amplitude-modulation is applied to the interrogating radiation, and lock-in detection is used to acquire the transmitted frequency-dependent radiation intensity. For methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, formic acid, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, and water vapor, measured transition frequencies agree with literature databases, where available. The present work demonstrates the potential for an all-electronic THz gas sensor for conditions where pressure broadening and line blending occur, as would be found in typical industrial, environmental, and biological gas sensing applications.
An Ideological Pendulum: South American Literary Interventions in Cold War Politics

This chapter presents an overview of Cold War literature in South America and argues that the ideological binaries of the Cold War were rarely supported by regional authors. Whether focused on local or global politics, writers dramatised the ways in which the ideological extremes of US capitalism and Soviet communism were modified and altered through contact with the political, economic and cultural realities of the region. Through case studies of Jorge Luis Borges, Pablo Neruda, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Mario Benedetti, Diamela Eltit, Griselda Gambaro and others, the chapter reveals the localised responses to dictatorship, US interventionism and the Cuban Revolution and highlights how contemporary authors are still grappling with the effects of Cold War politics.
Coming to Terms with Fluorescence: A Short Glossary of Common Terms in the Context of Mineral Fluorescence

All photographs by the author of specimens from his collectionActivator (Luminescence Center): Fluorescence occurs when an electron that resides in a higher energy orbital (excited state) of an ato...
How the Trump Administration’s Plan to Limit Disparate Impact Liability Would Undermine the Fair Housing Act’s Goal of Promoting Residential Integration

The federal Fair Housing Act (FHA) has two principal goals. One express goal is to prevent housing discrimination against groups or persons due to their race, color, religion, sex, familial status, national origin or handicap. The second implicit goal is to promote the residential integration of the races in the United States. The implicit goal of the FHA to promote residential integration has been recognized by both the United States Supreme Court and by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), the federal agency that administers and enforces the FHA. In 2013, HUD issued a rule and regulation that established that a housing practice that perpetuates segregation is a discriminating effect that might constitute a violation of the FHA. In 2019, HUD proposed an amended rule and regulation that would delete perpetuation of segregation as a discriminatory effect that could be a basis for liability under the FHA. This article explores how the implied goal of the FHA to promote residential integration has been established in law. It identifies how HUD is now seeking to rely on the Supreme Court’s 2015 decision in Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs v. The Inclusion Communities Project to undermine the goal of residential integration even though the Supreme Court decision strongly supports this goal. Finally, the article explains how HUD’s current effort to eliminate the perpetuation of segregation as a basis for FHA liability would weaken the FHA and would reverse the federal government’s longstanding commitment to promoting residential integration in the United States.
Going viral: HBV-specific CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells propagate anti-tumor immunity.

The nature of the epitopes recognized by tumor-infiltrating T cells is not clearly defined. In this issue of Immunity, Cheng et al. demonstrate that tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells specific for hepatitis B virus-derived antigens exhibit potent anti-tumor properties and correlate with relapse-free survival in patients with resected hepatocellular carcinoma.
Healthy Diet and Physical Activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adults with Cardiovascular Risk Factors.

A 36-year-old patient, L.B., with a history of hypertension presents for a wellness visit. The patient's mother had a stroke at 65 years of age and the patient's older brother recently had a heart attack. L.B. has an estimated 10-year cardiovascular risk of 6%, and L.B.'s body mass index is 29 kg per m2.
Hypercapnia-Induced Vasodilation in the Cerebral Circulation is Reduced in Older Adults with Sleep Disordered Breathing

The prevalence of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is higher in older adults compared to young individuals. The increased propensity for ventilatory control instability in older adults may contribute to the increased prevalence of central apneas. Reductions in the cerebral vascular response to CO2 may exacerbate ventilatory overshoots and undershoots during sleep. Thus, we hypothesized that hypercapnia-induced cerebral vasodilation (HCVD) will be reduced in older vs. young adults. In 11 older and 10 young adults with SDB, blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery (MCAV) was measured using Doppler transcranial ultrasonography, during multiple steady state hyperoxic hypercapnic breathing trials while awake, interspersed with room air breathing. Changes in ventilation, MCAV and mean arterial pressure (MAP) via finger plethysmography during the trials were compared with baseline eupneic values. For each hyperoxic hypercapnic trial, the change (Δ) in MCAV for a corresponding change in end-tidal CO2 and the HCVD or the change in cerebral vascular conductance (MCAV divided by MAP) for a corresponding change in end-tidal CO2 were determined. The hypercapnic ventilatory response was similar between the age groups, as was ΔMCAV/ΔPETCO2. However, compared with young, older adults had a significantly smaller HCVD (1.3 ± 0.7 vs. 2.1 ± 0.6 units/mmHg, p=0.004). Multivariable analyses demonstrated that age and nadir oxygen saturation during nocturnal polysomnography were significant predictors of HCVD. Thus, our data indicate that older age and SDB-related hypoxia are associated with diminished HCVD. We hypothesize that this impairment in vascular function may contribute to breathing instability during sleep in these individuals.
Beyond and Below the New Urbanism: Citizen Participation and Responsive Spatial Reconstruction

This article examines a strategy called responsive participatory redesign (RPR): in it, ordinary citizens attempt to proactively correct defects in existing spatial arrangements that contribute to problems such as neighborhood crime. This approach offers important advantages over more top-down strategies of communityfriendly design such as those of the "New Urbanism" such as its capacity to manage unintended consequences, draw direct citizen engagement, and economize on the resources available for public problem solving. Recent developments under the rubric of Chicago's Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS) have unintentionally created some of the building blocks of RPR, and several early experiences illustrate the modest contributions to the quality of neighborhood life that this public policy approach can yield. To solve problems, instead of evading them, takes creativity and the solutions are not necessarily obvious until after the fact. To keep a society's older work from deteriorating also requires constant creativity. Older ways of Organizing the work and carrying it on don't serve any longer when the scale of the work expands or becomes more complex. l I. PARTICIPATION AND URBAN RECONFIGURATION Old and new traditions in planning and urban design recognize the critical effect of spatial contours upon the vitality of local communities. Quite unintentionally, recent developments in the city of Chicago have created institutional feedback loops in which residents can respond to neighborhood problems by reconstructing local geographies in ways that mitigate harms and enhance the possibilities for rich social life. These policies, intended in the first instance to en* Ass't Prof. Public Policy,John F. Kennedy School of Gov't, Harvard u.; Ph.D., 1999, Mass. Inst. Tech.; B.S. Physics, 1990, Mass. Inst. Tech.; B.S. Philosophy, 1990, Mass. Inst. Tech. 1 Leticia Kent, Jane Jacobs: Against Urban Renewa~ for Urban Life, N.Y. TIMES, May 25, 1969 (Magazine), at 35 (quotingJaneJacobs).
The Elastic-Viscous-Plastic Sea Ice Dynamics Model

Typically, the ice dynamics component presents the greatest computational burden for sea ice simulation in climate models. Large viscosities in regions of nearly rigid ice impel the use of implicit, iterative numerical methods for the viscous-plastic model, which are time consuming and adapt poorly to parallel computation. To remedy this, we have modified the model by incorporating an elastic closure, which leads to a fully explicit numerical scheme. In addition to facilitating excellent parallel performance characteristics, ramifications of this change include improved accuracy of transient solutions. Recent developments to the elastic-viscous-plastic model further improve the modeled internal ice stress state.
A Dynamic and Flexible Undergraduate Curriculum: Preparing Agribusiness Students for a Continually Changing Agricultural Sector

Individuals entering the Agribusiness industry need to have the flexibility to adapt to a rapidly changing global environment, and so does an Agribusiness curriculum. This essay provides an overview of a major curriculum overhaul that has transformed the Department of Agribusiness at the California Polytechnic State University. A rigid concentration structure has been reformed to a more flexible and dynamic no-concentration structure to develop successful future leaders in an ever-evolving industry. This essay explains the need for a more flexible undergraduate agribusiness curriculum and identifies its potential benefits and drawbacks.
Pediatric photoscreening for strabismus and refractive errors in a high-risk population.

Abstract Objective To determine the accuracy of the MTI Photoscreener in detecting strabismus and refractive errors in children. Participants One hundred children underwent MTI photoscreening followed by complete ophthalmologic examination. Six observers graded the photographs for strabismus, according to the location of the corneal light reflexes, and for refractive error, according to the size and location of the light crescent. Results The sensitivity of the MTI Photoscreener in detecting any amblyogenic factor was 80% to 91%, with a specificity of 20% to 67%. The sensitivity and specificity for particular amblyogenic factors varied widely among observers. The ranges were as follows: strabismus, sensitivity=23% to 50%, specificity=76% to 96%; myopia, sensitivity=89%, specificity=48% to 76%; hyperopia, sensitivity=20% to 80%, specificity=88% to 96%; and astigmatism, sensitivity=46% to 77%, specificity=79% to 89%. Conclusions These results suggest caution in relying on photoscreening to detect strabismus and refractive errors in children.
Rapid evolution and ecological host-parasite dynamics.

Traditionally, the termination of parasite epidemics has been attributed to ecological causes: namely, the depletion of susceptible hosts as a result of mortality or acquired immunity. Here, we suggest that epidemics can also end because of rapid host evolution. Focusing on a particular host–parasite system, Daphnia dentifera and its parasite Metschnikowia bicuspidata, we show that Daphnia from lakes with recent epidemics were more resistant to infection and had less variance in susceptibility than Daphnia from lakes without recent epidemics. However, our studies revealed little evidence for genetic variation in infectivity or virulence in Metschnikowia. Incorporating the observed genetic variation in host susceptibility into an epidemiological model parameterized for this system reveals that rapid evolution can explain the termination of epidemics on time scales matching what occurs in lake populations. Thus, not only does our study provide rare evidence for parasite-mediated selection in natural populations, it also suggests that rapid evolution has important effects on short-term host–parasite dynamics.
Comparison of the in vivo and in vitro nuclear magnetic resonance detection of trifluoromethyl penicillin V in rats

Abstract Fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging were examined as noninvasive methods for characterizing antibiotic disposition and pharmacokinetics in vivo. For determination of their utility, a 19 F surface coil was constructed and an m-(trifluoromethyl)-containing penicillin V analogue (LY242072; 1) was synthesized. Various concentrations of 1 were injected intravenously into anesthetized rats whose urethras were occluded. The animals were placed on the surface coil, which was tuned to 19 F, and then into a 4.7-T, 33-cm bore instrument, in which in vivo measurements of 1 were made on urine excreted into the bladder. At sacrifice, the urine was collected, and antibiotic leveis were determined in vitro by both HPLC and high-resolution NMR. The limit of detection of 1 by NMR was 0.7 mg/mL of urine. When compared with standard in vitro quantitative methods using current technology, quantitation by in vivo surface coil NMR is not precise. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to image the bladder at a 35-mm 3 voxel resolution with datum collection times of ˜ 1 h. The 19 F surface coil was used successfully to spectroscopically locate xenobiotic fluorine in the rat thorax. 19 F NMR may offer an opportunity for the noninvasive in vivo detection of the distribution of various classes of therapeutic compounds.
Constraints of Pretend Play: Explicit and Implicit Rules

Abstract This observational study of children's pretend play in child care describes the rule structure within which children operate as they develop social pretend skills. Children at three different age levels (3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds) were observed, and their recognition and adaptation of accepted rules of pretend play became increasingly evident over time. Implicit and explicit rules of pretend behavior are identified and supported with excerpts from observation narratives. Explicit rules of pretend play are identified as 1) a director arrives first in the designated pretend play area or is first to suggest engaging plot ideas, 2) all children must ask to play, 3) all children must take a role in the pretend sequence, and 4) all children must play fairly. Implicit rules of pretend play are identified as 1) the fantasy/reality distinction must be maintained, 2) players must engage each other in the game, and 3) the sequence of the game must be maintained by adding to and accepting others' proposals.
Marshall Field's becomes Macy's: understanding retail brand

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the controversy surrounding the 2006 extension of the Macy brand to the Marshall Field's stores. Initial reactions, as well as on‐going resistance, to the re‐branding provide a means of understanding of the strength of retail brand, how it is established and whether “symbols and traditions” may be separated from retail brand per se.Design/methodology/approach – The effort of Federated Department Stores (later Macy's Inc.) to rebrand Marshall Field as Macy's offers a unique opportunity to understand retail brand. This paper relies on news accounts for a chronology of events leading up to and following the Marshall Field's re‐branding as Macy's. In addition, analysis of postings to the customer‐originated fieldsfanschicago blog is used to understand, from the consumer's viewpoint, how retail brand is formed and to consider the strength of retail brand.Findings – The paper concludes that retail brand may be as strong as product brand, that personal experience...
Myelofibrosis in neuroblastoma.

Myelofibrosis, a rare childhood disorder, has been reported as an associated complication of certain hematologic malignancies or as an isolated idiopathic process. In this report, we describe a patient with metastatic neuroblastoma whose initial presentation included the findings of myelofibrosis and leukoery-throblastosis. The myelofibrosis regressed with chemotherapy and did not recur when the patient's tumor reappeared.
Subchronic toxicity evaluation of anthraquinone in Fischer 344 rats.

Female F344 rats were exposed to anthraquinone (AQ) by dietary feed at concentrations of 0, 50, 150, 469, 938, 1875, or 3750 ppm for 2 or 13 weeks. End points evaluated included clinical observatio...
Development Of New Intersection Techniques Using Photographic Instrumentation

Intersection Study Techniques There are three basically different intersection study techniques available, namely: 1. Field observations 2. Analytical methods 3. Simulation techniques.
Quark Confinement by Infrared Singularities

Confinement of spin-1/2 quarks by an infrared-singular effective gluon propagator is shown to work in three space dimensions. The exact infrared behavior of the quark propagator is isolated. In the infrared limit the propagator vanishes as the pole moves to infinite energy. The same singular interaction is used as the kernel of the Bethe-Salpeter equation for bound states. The divergence from the kernel exactly cancels the zeros of the propagator to produce an infrared-finite bound-state equation. The cancellation occurs only when the kernel has the form of a generalized instantaneous Coulomb interaction. The existence of confined solutions is demonstrated.
Susceptibility to induction of long-term depression is associated with impaired memory in aged Fischer 344 rats

The current study employed aged and young male Fischer 344 rats to examine the relationship between long-term depression (LTD), age, and memory. Memory performance was measured on two tasks that are sensitive to hippocampal function; inhibitory avoidance and spatial discrimination on the Morris water maze. The slope of the extracellular excitatory postsynaptic field potential was recorded from CA3–CA1 synapses in hippocampal slices. Low frequency stimulation (LFS) induced a modest LTD only in aged animals under standard recording conditions. The decrease in synaptic transmission examined only in aged animals correlated with memory scores on the spatial task and LTD was not observed in aged animals with the highest memory scores. LTD induction was facilitated by increasing the Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio of the recording medium or employing a paired-pulse stimulation paradigm. Age differences disappeared when LFS was delivered under conditions of elevated Ca2+/Mg2+ in the recording medium. Using multiple induction episodes under conditions which facilitate LTD-induction, no age-related difference was observed in the maximum level of LTD. The results indicate that the increased susceptibility to LTD induction is associated with impaired memory and results from a shift in the induction process. The possible relationship between LTD and memory function is discussed.
Numerical and experimental deposition of fine respiratory aerosols: Development of a two-phase drift flux model with near-wall velocity corrections

Abstract Simulations of fine aerosols (100 nm ⩽ d p ⩽ 1 μ m ) in the respiratory tract are challenging due to low particle deposition rates and the combined effects of diffusional and inertial deposition mechanisms. Furthermore, validations of fine respiratory aerosol deposition are difficult due to a lack of localized experimental data. The objective of this study is to develop and test a continuous two-phase model for simulating the regional and local deposition of dilute fine aerosols in an idealized double bifurcation segment of the respiratory tract. To evaluate the developed transport model, novel in vitro deposition results for 400 nm particles have been determined in a double bifurcation geometry of respiratory generations G3–G5. In addition, previously reported local deposition characteristics for 1 μ m aerosols have also been considered. Computational two-phase models that have been evaluated include a standard chemical species (CS) mass fraction approximation, the drift flux (DF) approach to account for finite particle inertia, and two novel extensions of the DF model to correct for near-wall particle velocity. The first velocity correction model (DF-VC1) applies a continuous field solution for particle slip at the wall surface. As an alternative, a sub-grid near-wall Lagrangian solution has been proposed as the DF-VC2 model. Localized experimental results for the deposition of 400 nm particles indicated elevated deposition contours ranging from 1% to 5% of total deposition at the first bifurcation and 0.1–1% at the second. Of the computational models tested, the DF-VC2 method provided the best match to experimental deposition values on a regional and highly localized basis. Specifically, the DF-VC2 model matched total experimental deposition results to within 10% for both 400 nm and 1 μ m particles. Considering the local deposition of fine aerosols, the DF-VC2 model matched the experimentally determined elevated contours at the first and second bifurcations for both 400 nm and 1 μ m particles. In conclusion, a DF particle transport model with near-wall velocity corrections appears to provide a highly effective solution for the deposition of fine respiratory aerosols.
Virtually unlimited classrooms: Pedagogical practices in massive open online courses

Abstract Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have become a prominent feature of the higher education discourse in recent years. Yet, little is known about the effectiveness of these online courses in engaging participants in the learning process. This study explores the range of pedagogical tools used in 24 MOOCs, including the epistemological and social dimensions of instruction, to consider the extent to which these courses provide students with high-quality, collaborative learning experiences. Findings suggest that the range of pedagogical practices currently used in MOOCs tends toward an objectivist-individual approach, with some efforts to incorporate more constructivist and group-oriented approaches. By examining MOOCs through the lens of engaged teaching and learning, this study raises concerns about the degree to which MOOCs are actually revolutionizing higher education by using technology to improve quality, and challenges educators to strive for more creative and empowering forms of open online learning.
Polymerase chain reaction of whole cell lysates for the detection of Vibrio vulnificus

Abstract A quantitative, efficient, and rapid method of detecting cells of the human pathogen, Vibrio vulnificus, using the polymerase chain reaction is described. The technique employs whole cell lysates as the source of template DNA, and amplifies the cytotoxin/hemolysin gene. Using primers internal to this gene, we were able to detect a single cell of V. vulnificus. This method, which does not require DNA extraction or use of a probe, may facilitate the detection of low levels of this pathogen when present in shellfish.
Unified Conditional Frequentist and Bayesian Testing of Composite Hypotheses

Testing of a composite null hypothesis versus a composite alternative is considered when both have a related invariance structure. The goal is to develop conditional frequentist tests that allow the reporting of data-dependent error probabilities, error probabilities that have a strict frequentist interpretation and that reflect the actual amount of evidence in the data. The resulting tests are also seen to be Bayesian tests, in the strong sense that the reported frequentist error probabilities are also the posterior probabilities of the hypotheses under default choices of the prior distribution. The new procedures are illustrated in a variety of applications to model selection and multivariate hypothesis testing.
Direct measurement of spreading pressures of films adsorbed on crystalline substrates

Abstract A direct reading strain gauge has been developed for the measurement of spreading pressures of films adsorbed on solid substrates. In contrast to previous instruments employing heterogeneous adsorbents, the present device, using Grafoil, has linear response to spreading pressure and displays no hysteresis. Sensitivity is adequate for studies of low coverages, down to small fractions of a monolayer. Surveys of benzene, butanol, and propanol monolayers were made with the device at room temperature. The films were found to behave as two-dimensional imperfect gases, and their second and third order virial coefficients were measured. A general theory of the dilational effect is presented, in which the strains produced by a film adsorbed on a face of a crystalline substrate are related to the elastic constants and dimensions of the crystal. The theory is applied to the case of graphite such as in Grafoil. Quantitative results consistent with the behavior of the actual device are obtained.
Mononuclear anionic formyl complexes; synthesis and properties

Abstract A series of kinetically unstable mononuclear anionic formyl complexes have been prepared by the action of Li(C 2 H 5 ) 3 BH on neutral metal carbonyl precursors. One of these, Li + [(CO) 4 Mn(COC 6 H 5 )(CHO)] − , is shown to decompose by a hydride transfer disproportionation mechanism involving the by-product (C 2 H 5 ) 3 B.
Interaction of ribosomal proteins S6, S8, S15 and S18 with the central domain of 16 S ribosomal RNA from Escherichia coli☆

The co-operative interaction of 30 S ribosomal subunit proteins S6, S8, S15 and S18 with 16 S ribosomal RNA from Escherichia coli was studied by (1) determining how the binding of each protein is influenced by the others and (2) characterizing a series of protein-rRNA fragment complexes. Whereas S8 and S15 are known to associate independently with the 16S rRNA, binding of S18 depended upon S8 and S15, and binding of S6 was found to require S8, S15 and S18. Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) fragments were derived from the S8-, S8/S15- and S6/S8/S15/S18-16 S rRNA complexes by partial RNase hydrolysis and isolated by electrophoresis through Mg2+-containing polyacrylamide gels or by centrifugation through sucrose gradients. Identification of the proteins associated with each RNP by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate demonstrated the presence of S8, S8 + S15 and S6 + S8 + S15 + S18 in the corresponding fragment complexes. Analysis of the rRNA components of the RNP particles confirmed that S8 was bound to nucleotides 583 to 605 and 624 to 653. and that S8 and S15 were associated with nucleotides 583 to 605, 624 to 672 and 733 to 757. Proteins S6, S8, S15 and S18 were shown to protect nucleotides 563 to 605, 624 to 680, 702 to 770, 818 to 839 and 844 to 891, which span the entire central domain of the 16S rRNA molecule (nucleotides 560 to 890). The binding site for each protein contains helical elements as well as single-stranded internal loops ranging in size from a single bulged nucleotide to 20 bases. Three terminal loops and one stem-loop structure within the central domain of the 16S rRNA were not protected in the four-protein complex. Interestingly, bases within or very close to these unprotected regions have been shown to be accessible to chemical and enzymatic probes in 30 S subunits but not in 70 S ribosomes. Furthermore, nucleotides adjacent to one of the unprotected loops have been cross-linked to a region near the 3′ end of 16 S rRNA. Our observations and those of others suggest that the bases in this domain that are not sequestered by interactions with S6, S8, S15 or S18 play a role involved in subunit association or in tertiary interactions between portions of the rRNA chain that are distant from one-another in the primary structure. The present studies also provide the basis for an analysis of the association of S6, S8, S15 and S18 with mutant 16 S rRNAs containing specific structural alterations in the central domain, reported in the accompanying paper by Stark et al.
Protein Oxidation and Nitrotyrosine formation in Tracheal Aspirate fluids of Mechanically Ventilated Neonates exposed to Hyperoxia and/or Inhaled Nitric Oxide † 1182

Elevated O2 tensions are employed in the treatment of pulmonary insufficiency, and inhaled nitric oxide (NO) is used for treatment of pulmonary vascular disease. Although useful, both of these drugs are potentially reactive chemicals that may cause significant adverse effects, most probably through oxidation or nitration of critical tissue molecules. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that oxidized proteins, assessed by western analysis after derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), or nitrotyrosine-containing proteins could function as biomarkers of the respective oxidations. Identification of the specific proteins and modifications would provide important insight into the mechanisms responsible and the biomarkers could be used to guide efforts to minimize the adverse effects of these therapies. Three groups of infants born at greater than 36 wk and mechanically ventilated were studied. Infants were ventilated with: 1) 60% O2; and 3) NO, which is preceded by 100% O2. Tracheal aspirate fluids were obtained by suctioning, at times indicated clinically, and aliquots were frozen at -70oC and analyzed by treatment with DNPH, separation by SDS-PAGE, and probed with anti-DNP antibodies. Anti-nitrotyrosine antibodies were employed in samples not treated with DNPH. The major fractions of both modes of protein oxidation were observed uniformly in proteins migrating at molecular weights >87 kDa. In infants ventilated with hyperoxia, the anti-nitrotyrosine-reactive proteins were higher than in infants ventilated with room air in initial samples, but levels in the former group fell during the first week of life, whereas in the latter group the levels did not change markedly. Surprisingly, infants exposed to inhaled NO studied to date showed no distinctly greater levels or differences in distribution of nitrated proteins. The highest levels were observed in the initial sample from each child, with decreases through the first week of life. In infants that required longer ventilation, increased levels of DNPH-reactive proteins were observed. These studies indicate that NO therapy in neonates does not necessarily increase protein oxidation or nitration markedly, and that prolonged mechanical ventilation may contribute significantly to protein oxidation in these infants.
Cloning the quinic acid (qa) gene cluster from Neurospora crassa: identification of recombinant plasmids containing both qa-2+ and qa-3+

Abstract A 22.2-kb insert of Neurospora crassa DNA containing at least two of the genes from the inducible catabolic quinic acid pathway has been cloned into the cosmid vehicle pHC79 resulting in a recombinant plasmid, pMSK-308. The qa-2 + locus (which encodes catabolic dehydroquinase) is functionally expressed in both Escherichia coli and qa-2 mutants of N. crassa transformed with pMSK308 plasmid DNA. Expression of the qa-3 gene (which encodes quinate dehydrogenase) is only detected upon reintroduction into N. crassa . Results were also obtained which suggested that the qa-4 gene, which maps between qa-2 and qa-3 , may also be present on both pMSK308 and the previously described plasmid pVK88. Certain anomalies in the types of N. crassa transformants obtained with pMSK308 plasmid DNA were noted.
Oscillatory optically induced Kerr kinetics in nitrobenzene

Oscillatory Kerr profile in time was observed in nitrobenzene using intense picosecond optical excitation. This new observation can be used to measure the molecular relaxation time and nonlinear index of refraction.
Design of the las spectrometer

Abstract A QQD magnetic spectrometer has been designed to obtain inclusive pion production cross-sections at the P 3 channel at LAMPF. The system nominally covers the laboratory angular range of 30°–150° with an acceptance of 25 msr. Maximum momentum is 685 MeV/c with a ΔP / P spread of ±10% at a single setting. The five initial production coordinates are determined from nonlinear least-squares fits to wire chamber data. A ΔP / P resolution of 0.18% is predicted at 500 MeV/c. Chi-square cuts should allow the online rejection of decay muons.
Corrections to the Saffman-Delbruck mobility for membrane bound proteins.

Recent experiments (Gambin, Y., R. Lopez-Esparza, M. Reffay, E. Sierecki, N. S. Gov, M. Genest, R. S. Hodes, and W. Urbach. 2006. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 103:2098–2102) have called into question the applicability of the Saffman-Delbruck diffusivity for proteins embedded in the lipid bilayers. We present a simple argument to account for this observation that should be generically valid for a large class of transmembrane and membrane bound proteins. Whenever the protein-lipid interactions locally deform the membrane, that deformation generates new hydrodynamic stresses on the protein-membrane complex leading to a suppression of its mobility. We show that this suppression depends on the protein size in a manner consistent with the work of Gambin et al.