cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Ischemia-Reperfusion on Endothelial Cell Function in Postnatal Intestine

The goal of these experiments was to determine whether the perturbation of ischemia-reperfusion has an age-dependent effect on subsequent endothelial cell production of nitric oxide. Three-and 35-d-old swine in the experimental group were exposed to 1-h partial ischemia (90% flow reduction) and 2-h reperfusion in vivo by creation and then removal of a mesenteric artery coarctation. Control subjects underwent exposure of the mesenteric artery only. After reperfusion, gut vascular resistance had increased 44± 6% in 3-d-old, but had decreased 41 ± 4% in 35-d-old subjects. At the completion of the in vivo portion of the protocol mesenteric artery was removed, and nitric oxide production was estimated in vitro, by measuring cGMP production by vessel segments or by measuring relaxation of phenylephrine-precontracted rings, both after stimulation of nitric oxide production by substance P or the calcium ionophore A23187. Compared with control, mesenteric artery segments from 3-d-old subjects demonstrated reductions in basal, substance P-stimulated (10-8 M) and A23187-stimulated (10-7 M) cGMP accumulation of 50 ± 7%, 66± 6% and 78 ± 7%. Mesenteric artery segments from 35-d-old subjects demonstrated increases in basal, substance P-stimulated, or A23187-stimulated cGMP accumulations of 114 ± 14%, 92 ± 8%, or 78 ± 9%. Compared with control, I/R rings from 3-d-old subjects demonstrated reductions in substance P-induced (10-8 M) or A23187-induced (10-7 M) relaxations of 56 ± 7% or 30 ± 7%. In contrast, 35-d-old ischemia-reperfusion rings demonstrated increases in substance P- or A23187-induced relaxation of 36 ± 8% or 98 ± 11%. It is concluded that ischemia-reperfusion has an age-dependent effect on endothelial production of NO within in vitro postnatal mesenteric artery and that these changes mirror the effects of ischemia-reperfusion on gut vascular resistance in vivo.
EVIDENCE THAT THE ELECTRIC VECTOR GOVERNS LIGHT ABSORPTION IN VISION, PHOTOTROPISM AND PHOTOTAXIS*

Summary It is shown that it is the electric, rather than the magnetic, vector which largely or entirely governs the absorption of light in instances of vision (the vertebrate rod), phototropism (spores and eggs of various lower plants), and phototaxis (chloroplast rotation in a green alga). The argument applies simple considerations of symmetry to data interpretable as a measure of the anisotropy of light absorption by the arrays of photoreceptor molecules in each of these cases.
Preserving a Vital and Valued Self in the Face of AIDS

This paper utilizes interview data to explore the challenges to self confronted by men living with advanced symptoms of AIDS. Guided by a symbolic interactionist perspective, the paper highlights how these men (1) come to terms with debilitating health complications and a diminishing future; (2) offset the threats posed by suffering, dependence, and dying; and (3) fashion and solidify selves that extend beyond death. In examining these themes, the paper reveals how men with AIDS construct and negotiate identities that enable them to sustain a sense of control, continuity, and self-value in the face of mortal illness.
Innovations and Future Directions for Early Numeracy Curriculum-Based Measurement: Commentary on the Special Series

The purpose of this extended commentary article is to frame the set of studies in the first of two issues and recommend areas of inquiry for future research. This special series issue features stud...
Determination of inundation area in the Amazon River floodplain using the SMMR 37 GHz polarization difference

Abstract The 37 GHz polarization difference observed by the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR), which was operated on board the Nimbus-7 satellite, provides a sensitive indicator of surface water. These data can provide information on seasonal inundation patterns in large tropical wetlands such as the Amazon River floodplain. Although the SMMR data are of low resolution, we were able to estimate the area inundated within a group of pixels by using linear mixing models which incorporate the major end-members of the observed microwave signatures. The models were then used to estimate seasonal changes in inundation area over a 7-year period for a 34,550 km2 area along the Amazon River near Manaus. The seasonal changes in inundation area determined using mixing models correlate well with changes in river stage.
EFFECT OF THEOPHYLLINE ON PRETERM (≤ 32 WKS) PULMONARY MECHANICS

Theophylline (theo) has been used in preterm neonates for apnea of prematurity (AB pulmonary resistance, resistive work of breathing: inspiratory, expiratory and whole breath (Ri, Re, R; cmH2O/L/sec; and WOBi, WOBe, WOB; gm.cm/kg) before and on theo are listed: Significant increases in C (* p<0.05) and decreases in Ri (* p<0.05) were demonstrated. Changes in Re were inconclusive because of high variability and may be explained by the propensity towards airway collapse. These data describe the changes in pulmonary mechanics due to the direct effects of theo on airway smooth muscle. (Supp. in part by NIH HL32031).
The Motion of Slender Particles in Shear Flow

A model was developed for calculating the motion of dilute suspensions of rigid, slender particles in a uniformly sheared viscous liquid, taking into ac count interactions between particles. The model was applied to the plane Couette flow problem in which particles are suspended in a liquid moving parallel to a plane with a uniform, shearing motion. The results of the model were compared to existing data, and good agreement was found between the calculated and experimental results. Using the model, results were also ob tained which illustrate the major effects of particle-particle interactions on the angular motion of the particles.
Flight photomulitplier tube performance for the Earth Observing System's SOLSTICE II instruments

The challenging performances requirement placed on the Earth Observing System (EOS) SOLar Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment II, part of the SOlar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE), is to measure the solar irradiance from 115 nm - 320 nm to within 5% of its absolute value, with a 0.5% per year relative accuracy for a mission life of 5 years. The integrated flight Photomultiplier Tube (PMT) detector package developed for these instruments contains a PMT, PMT housing, high voltage divider, pulse amplifier discriminator (PAD) and high voltage power supply. This paper summarizes the results of laboratory measurements that were made on the performance characteristics of the detectors systems selected for flight. These measurements include pulse height distribution, quantum efficiency, photocathode uniformity, photocathode temperature response for both Cesium Iodide and Cesium Telluride, as well as, PAD dead-time and light hysteresis.
Swelling Characteristics of Native and Chemically Modified Wheat Starches as a Function of Heating Temperature and Time

The effects of hydroxypropylation (molar substitution, MS 0.05, 0.12, and 0.18) and cross-linking (0.03%, 0.1%, and 0.2%) on swelling properties of wheat starch granules at several temperatures and heating times were investigated by laser diffraction particle size analysis. Starch samples were dispersed in water at temperatures ranging from 30 to 90°C, for 1 to 360 min. All starch granules exhibited distinct bimodal size distributions: small B-granules with mean diameter of 2.3 μm and large A-granules with mean diameter of 20.4 μm. As temperature increased, the B-granules swelled more than A-granules. Swelling of A-granules sharply increased at 60°C. Swelling was more pronounced with increasing molar substitution of hydroxypropyl groups, while increased swelling was not observed in cross-linked starches. The dependence of swelling capacity on heating time was different at 60 and 80°C as well as amongst modified starches. As heating time was prolonged, mean granule sizes for native, control, and hydroxypropylated starches at 80°C decreased after reaching maximum size due to loss of granule integrity, while those at 60°C showed no significant change.
Methodology for comparing SPIRITS simulation with field test data

Methods of error analysis are described which were used to compare SPIRITS (Spectral Inband Radiance of Targets and Scenes) simulations with actual field test data of jet aircraft. Two distinct methods are discussed for spectral error comparisons. A simple quantitative method of comparing errors between simulated and actual IR images is also described. In addition, the requirements imposed on field test measurements and corresponding simulations to allow accurate comparisons are described.
Retinoids block ornithine decarboxylase induction in cells treated with the tumor promotor TPA or the peptide growth hormones, EGF and SGF.

Abstract A clone of rat kidney cells is described that responds to the tumor-promoting agent tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA) and to the polypeptide growth hormones, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and sarcoma growth factor (SGF) by increasing ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity. The peak with EGF and SGF is at 2–4 hours after exposure; with TPA the response is slower but more sustained. Retinoic acid pretreatment of the cells blocked both the TPA-induced response as well as the EGF- and SGF-induced response.
HPLC and spectrophotometric analysis of biodegradation of azo dyes by Pleurotus ostreatus

Abstract A white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus was employed for degradation of two commercially used disperse azo dyes, Disperse Orange 3 (C.I. No. 11005) and Disperse Yellow 3 (C.I. No. 11855). Decolorization and products from fungal degradation of these azo dyes in liquid medium were determined by UV–visible spectrophotometric method and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Decolorization study showed that both azo dyes were removed by more than 50% in 5 days and HPLC analysis determined several degradation products. These results suggest that P. ostreatus has potential in color removal from textile wastewater containing disperse dyes.
Glomerulonephritis associated with acute pneumococcal pneumonia: a case report

Streptococcus pyogenes is the most common cause of post-infectious glomerulonephritis. There have been isolated case reports of nephritis following infections with Streptococcus pneumoniae. We report here the case of a 6-year-old white female who presented with blood culture-confirmed pneumococcal pneumonia associated with glomerulonephritis. Her acute renal failure improved over several days, and renal function was normal by 8 weeks post-hospitalization. This case serves to reinforce the concept that other organisms besides Streptococcus pyogenes can trigger a similar post-infectious glomerulonephritis and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any child who presents with acute glomerulonephritis and respiratory findings. Additionally, pneumococcus group 7 may be a nephritogenic strain and requires further investigation.
The Diffusion of Telemedicine: Communicating an Innovation

Telemedicine, the use of telecommunication technologies in the delivery of health services, has literally burst upon the health care scene during this decade. However, no study to date has attempted anything further than a cursory examination of the diffusion of this innovation. This article argues that a linear approach is inadequate to understand the diffusion of decentralized and continually reinvented innovations such as telemedicine. Instead, a communicative focus which privileges the role of participatory conversation is used to examine and explain the invention, diffusion, and reinvention of telemedicine.
Brand analysis of a US global brand in comparison with domestic brands in Mexico, Korea, and Japan

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand how consumers in three countries (Mexico, South Korea, and Japan) perceive a US global brand versus domestic brands and their marketing efforts. There has been an increasing number of global brands and corresponding competition among global retailers. At the same time, markets in the world are becoming complex, and consumers in many markets demand localized marketing and branding strategies.Design/methodology/approach – The hypotheses are developed based on the brand analysis framework that consists of brand‐specific associations (emotional value, perceived quality), general brand impressions (brand awareness, brand image), and brand commitment (brand loyalty, purchase intention).Findings – The results revealed significant main effects of country and brand type (global v. domestic) on brand‐specific associations, general brand impressions, and brand commitment. Interactive effects also existed on brand‐specific associations, general brand impressions, a...
Continuous Femoral Versus Posterior Lumbar Plexus Nerve Blocks for Analgesia After Hip Arthroplasty: A Randomized, Controlled Study

Background Hip arthroplasty frequently requires potent postoperative analgesia, often provided with an epidural or posterior lumbar plexus local anesthetic infusion. However, American Society of Regional Anesthesia guidelines now recommend against epidural and continuous posterior lumbar plexus blocks during administration of various perioperative anticoagulants often administered after hip arthroplasty. A continuous femoral nerve block is a possible analgesic alternative, but whether it provides comparable analgesia to a continuous posterior lumbar plexus block after hip arthroplasty remains unclear. We therefore tested the hypothesis that differing the catheter insertion site (femoral versus posterior lumbar plexus) after hip arthroplasty has no impact on postoperative analgesia. Methods Preoperatively, subjects undergoing hip arthroplasty were randomly assigned to receive either a femoral or a posterior lumbar plexus stimulating catheter inserted 5 to 15 cm or 0 to 1 cm past the needle tip, respectively. Postoperatively, patients received perineural ropivacaine, 0.2% (basal 6 mL/hr, bolus 4 mL, 30-minute lockout) for at least 2 days. The primary end point was the average daily pain scores as measured with a numeric rating scale (0-10) recorded in the 24-hour period beginning at 07:30 the morning after surgery, excluding twice-daily physical therapy sessions. Secondary end points included pain during physical therapy, ambulatory distance, and supplemental analgesic requirements during the same 24-hour period, as well as satisfaction with analgesia during hospitalization. Results The mean (SD) pain scores for subjects receiving a femoral infusion (n = 25) were 3.6 (1.8) versus 3.5 (1.8) for patients receiving a posterior lumbar plexus infusion (n = 22), resulting in a group difference of 0.1 (95% confidence interval -0.9 to 1.2; P = 0.78). Because the confidence interval was within a prespecified -1.6 to 1.6 range, we conclude that the effect of the 2 analgesic techniques on postoperative pain was equivalent. Similarly, we detected no differences between the 2 treatments with respect to the secondary end points, with one exception: subjects with a femoral catheter ambulated a median (10th-90th percentiles) 2 (0-17) m the morning after surgery, in comparison with 11 (0-31) m for subjects with a posterior lumbar plexus catheter (data nonparametric; P = 0.02). Conclusions After hip arthroplasty, a continuous femoral nerve block is an acceptable analgesic alternative to a continuous posterior lumbar plexus block when using a stimulating perineural catheter. However, early ambulatory ability suffers with a femoral infusion.
The distribution of grooming and related behaviours among adult female vervet monkeys

Abstract Grooming and related behaviours among adult females in three groups of vervet monkeys were studied for 14 months. In all groups, high rates of grooming were significantly correlated with high rates of alliance formation and/or proximity. Females of all ranks competed more for the opportunity to groom high-ranking, as opposed to low-ranking, individuals. High-ranking females received more grooming than others and, at least partly as a result of competition, 16 of 23 females gave more grooming than expected to those of adjacent rank. Changes in grooming distributions during the eight weeks after birth were accurately predicted in four cases studied by a model based on the attractiveness of females with infants, the attractiveness of high rank, and competition.
Effects of NGF and BDNF on baseline glutamate and dopamine release in the hippocampal formation of the adult rat.

It has been shown using in vitro techniques that BDNF and NGF evoke neurotransmitter release in the hippocampus but this phenomenon has not been demonstrated in vivo to date. We therefore performed in vivo microdialysis in urethane-anesthetized Fischer 344 rats. The microdialysis probe was implanted stereotaxically into the CA1 area of the hippocampus. Three hours after the implantation of the probe, glutamate (Glu) and dopamine (DA) levels had reached a stable baseline. Four baseline samples were collected every 15 min at a flow rate of 1 μL/min. The growth factors were delivered (1 μL/10 min) using a microinjector attached to the microdialysis probe. We found that BDNF and NGF, when administered into the hippocampus, evoked dopamine and glutamate release in a dose-dependent fashion. NGF produced a biphasic response in the release of Glu, and a uniphasic response in the release of DA, both of which were calcium dependent. The neurotransmitter release induced by NGF was blocked by tetrodotoxin, indicating neuronal origin of this response. The BDNF induced release of DA and Glu was decreased in low calcium conditions, indicating that it is at least partially calcium dependent. Furthermore, BDNF-induced neurotransmitter release was partially blocked by pre-treatment with K252a, an antagonist for tyrosine kinase receptors, indicating that BDNF is acting through Trk receptors to induce neurotransmitter release. These results demonstrate a close relationship between the growth factors BDNF and NGF and the neurotransmitters DA and Glu in the hippocampus of intact animals.
Network intrusion visualization with NIVA, an intrusion detection visual and haptic analyzer

The rapid growth of malicious activities on worldwide communication networks, such as the Internet, has highlighted the need for efficient intrusion detection systems. The efficiency of traditional intrusion detection systems is limited, in part, by their inability to relay effectively relevant information due to their lack of interactive/immersive technologies. In this paper, we explore several network visualization techniques geared toward intrusion detection on small- and large-scale networks. We also examine the use of haptics in network intrusion visualization. By incorporating concepts from electromagnetics, fluid dynamics, and gravitational theory, we show that haptic technologies can provide another dimension of information critical to the efficient visualization of network intrusion data. Furthermore, we explore the applicability of these visualization techniques in conjunction with commercial network intrusion detectors. Finally, we present a network intrusion visualization application with haptic integration, NIVA, which allows the analyst to interactively investigate as well as efficiently detect structured attacks across time and space using advanced interactive three-dimensional displays.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes required in the absence of the CIN8- encoded spindle motor act in functionally diverse mitotic pathways

Abstract Kinesin-related Cin8p is the most important spindle-pole-separating motor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae but is not essential for cell viability. We identified 20 genes whose products are specifically required by cell deficient for Cin8p. All are associated with mitotic roles and represent at least four different functional pathways. These include genes whose products act in two spindle motor pathways that overlap in function with Cin8p, the kinesin-related Kip1p pathway and the cytoplasmic dynein pathway. In addition, genes required for mitotic spindle checkpoint function and for normal microtubule stability were recovered. Mutant alleles of eight genes caused phenotypes similar to dyn1 (encodes the dynein heavy chain), including a spindle-positioning defect. We provide evidence that the products of these genes function in concept with dynein. Among the dynein pathway gene products, we found homologues of the cytoplasmic dynein intermediate chain, the p150Glued subunit of the dynactin complex, and human LIS-1, required for normal brain development. These findings illustrate the complex cellular interactions exhibited by Cin8p, a member of a conserved spindle motor family.
Synthetic aperture imaging at 1.5μ: laboratory demonstration and potential application to planet surface studies

Two-dimensional imaging with synthetic aperture ladar (SAL) has been demonstrated in the laboratory. The method is entirely analogous to scan-mode synthetic aperture radar (SAR), which was used on the Magellan mission to Venus, but with 10 4-5 times shorter wavelength has the potential for much better resolution. The laboratory experiment is described and the theoretical limits placed on SNR by the combination of photon statistics and laser speckle are stated. SAL's limitations of small ground footrpint size and SNR < 1 for single-look imagery can be alleviated by multiple images and mosaicking of scenes. Design equations are given that show what hardware capabilities are needed to implement a desired system. They show that a 10 μ SAL in orbit around Mars can give centimeter-class resolution with reasonable laser power (≤ 100 wt). Major engineering development hurdles must be overcome before any such system can be built.
The aqueous chemistry and electrochemistry of polyacetylene, (CH)x

Abstract Polyacetylene, (CH) x , is p-doped (oxidized) to the metallic regime by (i) gaseous oxygen in aqueous 48% (7.4M) HBF 4 , (ii) aqueous HClO 4 and H 2 SO 4 and (iii) electrochemical methods to give highly conducting materials that are remarkably stable in the aqueous solutions in which they are synthesized. The chemical doping reactions are consistent with the reduction potentials of polyacetylene in its various oxidation states and with the reduction potentials of the oxidizing agents. Polyacetylene can act as an electrocatalytic, ‘fuel-cell type’ electrode and also as an electrode-active cathode in rechargable battery cells in certain aqueous acid solutions.
ASIS&T annual meeting pre‐conference activities: Evolving and emerging research methods: 2012 ASIS&T SIG/USE symposium

Editor's Summary SIG/USE celebrated members' work and achievements in research methods at the 2012 ASIS&T Annual Meeting through a keynote speech, brief talks and awards. In her opening talk, professor Lisa Given challenged attendees to expand research methods to engage participants more fully, include qualitative findings and explore information behavior in nontraditional media. The topics of two-minute lightning talks ranged from research techniques for exploring young people's information behavior to imaging brain activity related to relevance decisions. Others addressed incorporating mobile technologies in research, collaborative search, direct interaction with participants in contrast with background server log checks and working with data collections from social Q&A sites. Following the talks, small group discussions further explored topics such as cognitive approaches, content analysis and text analytics and usability. The symposium wound to a close with the 2011 Elfreda A. Chatman Research Award presentation on information strategies of the homeless and a preview of the 2012 proposed study on refugees' information seeking. Additional awards were presented for best paper and poster to support travel and further presentations. Pertti Vakkari was recognized for outstanding contributions to information behavior research and was inducted into the SIG/USE Academy of Fellows.
The averaged Lagrangian and high-frequency gravitational waves

The averaged Lagrangian technique of Whitham is applied to the second variation Lagrangian for the perturbations of a general-relativistic spacetime. This gives a variational principle for (sums of) approximately periodic gravitational waves which in turn leads to the rederivation of some results of Isaacson. Examples of the use of the method are discussed.
Cryosurgical ablation of the prostate.

Abstract Cryosurgery for the treatment of prostatic disease, a technique that originated in the mid-1960s and was almost abandoned in the mid-1970s, has re-emerged in the 1990s for the treatment of cancer of the prostate. This renewed interest is due to several factors, including the development of intraoperative ultrasound, the refinement of percutaneous access techniques, and improvements in cryosurgical apparatus. The modern technique features the transperineal percutaneous placement of several (generally five or six) metal probes, each 3 mm in diameter, in the prostate under ultrasound guidance. After insertion, the probes are cooled in a manner that produces complete freezing of the prostate and, if required, extraprostatic extensions of disease. The freezing process is monitored by ultrasound, which provides an image of the boundary of freezing as it advances through the prostate and thereby provides control of the extent of freezing. This review describes the historical background of prostatic cryosurgery and the current status of this new procedure, including the important issues of case selection, technique, and results. The recent nature of this experience precludes judgment of long-term merit, but the favorable short-term results of cryosurgical ablation of the prostate encourage further selective use of this technique in the treatment of prostate cancer. Definition of appropriate patient selection and optimal technique are needed to improve treatment by cryosurgery.
Autoxidation of Pyrogallol : General Characteristics and Inhibition by Catalase

DURING a study of the oxidative polymerization of phenols1, experiments with phenolic monomers included observations on the air oxidation of pyrogallol. The end-product of pyrogallol oxidation is accepted to be the hydroxylated benztropolone, purpurogallin2, which is characterized by two ultraviolet absorption maxima, 270–275 mµ and 310–320 mµ. and a visible maximum in the region of 425 mµ. We have found that purpurogallin is neither the sole nor the terminal product of pyrogallol oxidation, and it is not formed during slow oxidation in homogeneous systems. The present account describes some features of pyrogallol autoxidation reflecting upon the nature of the reaction, and on its biological significance as well, and constitutes in part, a basis for work now in progress on surface-directed polymerization of pyrogallol.
Silver‐Russell syndrome with absence of digits and syndactylism of the fingers

A patient with Silver-Russell Syndrome with previously undescribed absence of two fingers plus syndactyly of the opposite hand is reported.
Acoustically induced birefringence in optical fibers

The effect of an ultrasonic wave on the phase of light propagating through a single-mode optical fiber is calculated for the case of normal incidence.
Nuclear resonance fluorescence from light and medium weight nuclei

Twenty-one nuclei with mass number 7 < A < 65 have been examined for resonance fluorescence under bremsstrahlung bombardment in the energy region 0.5 MeV to 3.0 MeV. New cases of fluorescence have been found, old cases re-examined, and limits set on cases where no fluorescence was observed.
Localization of sialic acid moieties in the endothelial lining of Schlemm's canal in normal and glaucomatous eyes.

The distribution of sialic acid moieties in the trabecular wall of Schlemm's canal in normal human and monkey eyes, as well as in limited tissue samples from patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), was investigated by using polycationic ferritin (PCF) at varying pH and colloidal iron at pH 1·8. At pH 1·8–1·9, both PCF and colloidal iron labeled the luminal surface of the endothelial cells of Schlemm's canal in normotensive monkey and human eyes, whereas binding was sparse and random on the basal surface. At a pH of 3·3 and higher, PCF showed increased binding that was confined exclusively to the luminal surface of the cells. In trabeculectomy tissue samples from eyes with POAG, PCF at pH 1·9 showed a greater density of labeling on both the basal and luminal cell surfaces, as well as in the subendothelial region, than was observed in normotensive eyes. Given the fact that sialic acid is a moiety which stabilizes cell membranes, we suggest that in normal eyes the absence of sialated molecules on the basal cell surface leaves ‘receptor’ sites for the initiation of the macrovacuolation process which allows the bulk outflow of aqueous humor across the endothelial barrier of Schlemm's canal. Our preliminary observations in glaucomatous eyes indicate a loss of such receptor sites, which may account for the depletion of macrovacuolar configurations in cases of advanced POAG. Our discussion relates these findings to the pathogenesis of POAG and to the possible role for a defective transmembrane interaction of the surface glycoproteins (fibronectin and laminin) with the cytoskeleton of the endothelial cells lining Schlemm's canal and the cells in the pericanalicular tissue.
Electrostatic control of nanoscale phase behavior of polyelectrolyte networks

Abstract Polyelectrolyte gels are intelligent materials that undergo large reversible volume changes for a range of environmental stimuli. Although the strength of electrostatic interactions have a strong influence on the gel response, these interactions are not properly accounted in the classical mean-field theories that assume a homogeneous charge-neutral gel. Using Poisson–Boltzmann theory and theoretically informed coarse-grained simulations, we emphasize the importance of charge inhomogeneities and the associated Coulomb interactions in determining the response of gels. Our analysis reveals that nanometer-sized gels, collapsed gels, and gels in media with low salinity or high dielectric constant, have large regions of excess charge. We also observe that the addition of salt can induce collapse in swollen gels by compensating the polymer charge.
A Pilot Study of Family Support After Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury

The purpose of this pilot project was to increase family knowledge and support after pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI).
African American Teachers' Role in School Desegregation: At the Dawn of a New Millennium.

The purpose of this study was to determine African American teachers’ perceptions and experiences in schools where European American teachers and students are the majority. Five female African American teachers were interviewed for the purpose of understanding their perceptions and relationships with students and colleagues in this type of school setting. Data were compared to Cose’s “dozen demons” themes to support consistency in interpreting the participants’ responses to predominantly European American contexts. The intent was to provide a descriptive analysis of African American teachers’(a) ethnic identity and cultural orientation, (b) perceptions of the social and political contexts in which they are employed, and (c) value perspectives on their roles and responsibilities within the context of their employment. The authors concluded that African American teachers employed in schools where European American students and teachers are the majority need to be prepared with strategies for protecting them...
Impact Sound Transmission Through Floor/Ceiling Systems

The mechanisms responsible for the transmission of sound in building elements such as floor/ceiling systems are complex and not yet fully understood. In an attempt to understand some of these phenomena, an analytical model was developed for finite and non-periodical floor/ceiling systems to predict their low frequency response to impact excitations. The finite dimensions of the structure are taken into consideration by adopting a modal approach whereby the displacements and pressure fields are expanded into infinite series of admissible functions. The solution relies neither on the periodicity of the stiffened ceiling panels or suspension system nor on the infinite extend of the floor. The paper presents briefly the modelling approach leading to the prediction of the quadratic vibration velocity of the ceiling panel. Finally, comparisons are made between measurements and prediction.
Modeling and Experimental Verification of Torque Ripple in Permanent Magnetic DC Motors

In this paper we have developed a simple parametric model based on motor geometries to estimate the torque ripple in permanent-magnet DC (PMDC) motors. Torque ripple is the combined results of many different motor design parameters such as magnetic material properties and geometry as well as rotor slot geometry. As the PMDC motors are being used in more precision applications while being produced at a lower price, the effect of torque ripple is becoming an important issued for precision motion control. The main objective of this study is to identify motor parameters that affect the magnitude of the torque ripples as well as developing a cost effective measuring device for motor vendors. The analytical model focused on the effect of air gap volume on effective magnetic flux and in terms impact the torque generation. The effectiveness of the proposed model was verified by experimental data collected with motors from four large volume motor vendors that meets the same design specification. Sensitivity analysis was also performed to identify the key motor parameters that impacted the magnitude of the torque ripple.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Phonons in solid argon monolayers

Inelastic neutron scattering studies of excitations in {sup 36}Ar solid monolayers show a large thermal broadening of the scattered intensity between {ital T}=4 and 45 K. We find this thermal broadening can be readily explained in terms of anharmonic interactions between the phonons in the monolayers. The phonon energies and lifetimes, calculated using the self-consistent phonon theory, are also very sensitive to the nearest-neighbor spacing {ital a}{sub NN} as well as temperature. For {ital a}{sub NN}{approx gt}3.98 A, the floating monolayer is predicted to be mechanically unstable to vibration.
Management of Blood Transfusion in Aortic Valve Surgery: Impact of a Blood Conservation Strategy

Background There are limited data in the literature concerning the effect of a blood conservation strategy (BCS) on aortic valve replacement (AVR) patients. Methods From 2007 to 2011, 778 patients underwent AVR at a single institution. During this period, a multidisciplinary BCS was initiated with emphasis on limiting intraoperative hemodilution, tolerance of perioperative anemia, and blood management education for the cardiac surgery care providers. Results Mortality was 3.0% (23 of 778) overall and 1.7% (9 of 522) for isolated first-time AVR. There was no difference in rates of mortality ( p = 0.5) or major complications ( p = 0.4) between the pre-BCS and post-BCS groups; however, the BCS was associated with a lower risk of major complications (odds ratio, 1.7; p = 0.046) by multivariable analysis. The incidence of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion decreased from 82.9% (324 of 391) to 68.0% (263 of 387; p p p p p p = 0.01), female sex ( p p p = 0.01), prolonged intubation ( p p = 0.01), and increased incidence of any complication ( p Conclusions Perioperative BCS reduced RBC transfusion in AVR patients without an increase in mortality or morbidity. Guidelines for BCS in routine cardiac operations should be extended to AVR patients.
On stochastic inequalities and dependence orderings

Inequalities, local dependence orderings of reliability or survival functions of random variables are introduced and discussed. The notions of hazard dependence, stochastic orderings and exchangeability are studied and various important inequalities obtained. Examples and applications including inequalities and association for families of distribution functions satisfying the notions of stochastic and hazard dependence are presented.
Aquatic sources and sinks for nitrous oxide

Data are presented which suggest the complexity of the aquatic nitrogen cycle as it affects N2O. The data are from studies made in the central and south-east tropical regions of the Pacific Ocean and in Chesapeake Bay. The data indicate that oxidation of ammonium and amino nitrogen and nitrification form the principle source for marine N2O. It is estimated that the yearly global yield for oceanic N2O is less than about 10 to the 7th power tons. The consumption of atmospheric N2O by the open ocean has not been evidenced, although data from the south-east tropical Pacific and Chesapeake Bay show the consumption of dissolved N2O in low-oxygen conditions. Preliminary observations have also indicated the consumption of atmospheric N2O by aquatic systems such as freshwater pond and a tidal saltmarsh.
Breeding of the black-headed village weaver (Ploceus cucullatus) and the chestnut-and-black weaver (P. nigerrimus) in Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Summary The variations in the breeding seasons of the black-headed village weaver and the chestnut-and-black weaver were analysed in fifteen of the 30 colonies sighted at Ife and one colony on Ilesha Road, about 14 km to the east. Both species commenced large-scale breeding during the first peak in rainfall and established numerous unproductive satellite colonies. The changes in gonad weights indicated bimodal and discontinuous off-season breeding in the black-headed village weaver but breeding in the chestnut-and-black weaver was mainly unimodal, with two peaks observed in only one colony. The mean nest completion time and commencement of a new nest was 11 h (range = 9–15 h) and 6 days (range = 3–13 days), respectively whereas in the chestnut-and-black weaver the corresponding figures were 9 h (range = 6–11 h) and 3 days (range = 2–4 days). Mate attraction displays in both species were restricted during early stages of nest construction but were heightened on completion, when females were responsive. The mean bout lengths of undernest and branch displays in the chestnut-and-black weaver were significantly (P < 0.05) longer than in the black-headed village weaver. The pair bond formation and motivation of males to build a new nest were investigated. Resume On analyse les variations des saisons de reproduction du tisserin gendarme et du tisserin noir de Vieillot dans 15 des 30 colonies connues a Ife et une colonie sur Ilesha Road, a environ 15 kilometres vers l'est. Les deux especes ont commencea se reproduire en grand nombre lors du premier pic de la saison des pluies et ont etabli de nombreuses colonies satellites improductives. Les changements du poids des gonades indiquaient une reproduction hors-saison bimodale et discontinue chez le tisserin gendarme mais la reproduction du tisserin noir de Vieillot etait surtout unimodale, avec deux pics de reproduction dans une colonie seulement. Le temps moyen pour terminer un nid et en commencer un autre etait de 11 h. (de 9 a 15 h.) et 6 jours (de 3 a 13 jours) pour le premier alors que pour le tisserin noir de Vieillot les chiffres correspondants etaient de 9 h. (de 6 a 11 h.) et 3 jours (de 2 a 4 jours). Les manifestations pour l'accouplement etaient limitees au debut de la construction du nid mais devenaient plus vives lorsque celui-ci se terminait et que les femelles devenaient plus receptives. La duree moyenne des manifestations sous le nid et sur les branches etait significativement plus longue chez le tisserin noir de Vieillot (P <0,05) que chez le tisserin gendarme. On a etudie la formation du couple et la motivation des mâles a construire un nouveau nid.
Incorporating Time-Varying Catchability into Population Dynamic Stock Assessment Models

Catchability is an important parameter in many stock assessment models because it relates an index of abundance to stock size. We review the theory and evidence for time-varying catchability, its effects on stock assessment estimates, and methods to include time-varying catchability in stock assessments. Numerous studies provide strong evidence that time-varying catchability is common in most fisheries and many fishery-independent surveys and can be caused by anthropogenic, environmental, biological, and management processes. Trends in catchability over time can cause biased estimates of stock size and fishing mortality rates in stock assessment models that do not compensate for them. Methods that use descriptive and functional relationships have been developed to incorporate time-varying catchability in stock assessment models. We recommend that the default assumption for stock assessments should be that catchability varies over time and that multiple methods of including time-varying catchability should...
Supporting the dissertation process with grad tools

Heavy use of an online collaboration and learning environment (CLE) at a large research university led the graduate school to consider how a CLE might support dissertation committees. The project team conducted focus groups with 38 student, faculty, and administrative staff to determine system requirements. Results showed that users would benefit from a tool designed to facilitate the dissertation process, especially if social norms and work-benefit disparity issues were directly addressed. The development team designed and built a "dissertation navigator" in our CLE. 645 users have adopted Grad Tools, suggesting that some traditional groupware design challenges have been overcome.
Effect of methyl bromide and hydrocyanic acid fumigation on the germination of flax seeds.

Four varieties of barley (Atlas 46, California Mariout, Hannchen, and White Smyrna) with a graded moisture range of 8, 10, 12, and 14% were fumigated with methyl bromide in 100-cubic - foot gastight chambers at an exposure period of 72 hours. Various dosages of fumigant and temperatures of 50, 70, and 90° were used. One variety, California Mariout, was fumigated with methyl bromide and hydrocyanic acid under varying conditions of temperature exposure, and dosages of fumigant. One-half of the fumigated samples of seed received one fumigation; the others were fumigated twice. Two series of germination tests were made, the first within 5 days following fumigation of seeds, and the second after 8-1, days of post fumigation storage at 50. Under the conditions of these studies, the germination of barley was not affected by fumigation with hydrocyanic acid. Injury resulting from methyl bromide fumigations could be identified as dead seed. Little evidence of retarded emergence was observed. Dosage, temperature, period of exposure, and moisture content of seeds were variables found to he most important in contributing to injury from methyl bromide. However, burley was highly tolerant to methyl bromide fumigations under the most extreme conditions.
An Exponential Tilt Mixture Model for Time-to-Event Data to Evaluate Treatment Effect Heterogeneity in Randomized Clinical Trials.

Evaluating the effect of a treatment on a time to event outcome is the focus of many randomized clinical trials. It is often observed that the treatment effect is heterogeneous, where only a sub group of the patients may respond to the treatment due to some unknown mechanism such as genetic polymorphism. In this paper, we propose a semi parametric exponential tilt mixture model to estimate the proportion of patients who respond to the treatment and to assess the treatment effect. Our model is a natural extension of parametric mixture models to a semi parametric setting with a time to event outcome. We propose a nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation approach for inference and establish related asymptotic properties. Our method is illustrated by a randomized clinical trial on biodegradable polymer delivered chemotherapy form malignant gliomas patients.
Carbon dioxide removal device: how long is long enough?

Livigni and coworkers [1] reported on the safety and efficacy of a venovenous carbon dioxide removal (VVCO2R) circuit in a short-term study (to 12 hours) conducted in healthy sheep. During extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal, carbon dioxide is transferred across a gas exchanger whereas oxygen diffuses across the native lungs. In 1969 Kolobow and coworkers [2] described use of VVCO2R in healthy sheep for 1 week, and they later demonstrated improved survival in injured sheep [3]. Clinical trials, however, failed to show improved outcomes [4]. Arteriovenous carbon dioxide removal (AVCO2R), as a simple arteriovenous shunt, eliminates several circuit components. AVCO2R removes near total carbon dioxide production with only 1 l/min (approximately 15% of cardiac output) blood flow and appears to be effective in acute respiratory distress disorder (ARDS), as shown in prospective randomized large animal and preliminary clinical trials. Our sheep model of severe ARDS is based on a third degree burn to 40% of the total body surface area and 48-breath smoke inhalation injury [5]. Because the median duration of AVCO2R treatment for ARDS is 4.8 days, our model allows comparison of ventilatory techniques over 5 days to evaluate pathophysiology and outcomes [6]. Based on the experience with carbon dioxide removal, two major concerns arise. First, the circuit blood flow employed by Livigni and coworkers is only 5% of the cardiac output, which was inadequate to achieve normalization of arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2). Use of larger cannulae (12 to 15 Fr) would allow flows up to 1 l/min. Second, studies of such short duration in healthy animals have limited clinical relevance [7]. We wonder whether the methods employed by Livigni and coworkers would have an impact on survival in 5-day large animal studies of lung injury or in clinical application.
Healthy and safe school environment, Part II, Physical school environment: results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006.

Background: As society continues to focus on the importance of academic achievement, the physical environment of schools should be addressed as 1 of the critical factors that influence academic outcomes. The School Health Policies and Programs Study (SHPPS) 2006 provides, for the first time, a comprehensive look at the extent to which schools have health-promoting physical school environment policies and programs. Methods: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention conducts the SHPPS every 6 years. In 2006, computer-assisted telephone interviews or self-administered mail questionnaires were completed by state education agency personnel in all 50 states and the District of Columbia and among a nationally representative sample of school districts (n = 424). Computer-assisted personal interviews were conducted with personnel in a nationally representative sample of elementary, middle, and high schools (n = 992). Results: One third (35.4%) of districts and 51.4% of schools had an indoor air quality management program; 35.3% of districts had a school bus engine-idling reduction program; most districts and schools had a policy or plan for how to use, label, store, dispose of, and reduce the use of hazardous materials; 24.5% of states required districts or schools to follow an integrated pest management program; and 13.4% of districts had a policy to include green design when building new school buildings or renovating existing buildings. Conclusions: SHPPS 2006 results can guide education and health agency actions in developing and implementing evidence-based tools, policies, programs, and interventions to ensure a safe and healthy physical school environment.