cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
4 – Feedforward Control

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the feedforward control of disturbances which are either deterministic or random. The deterministic disturbances are considered as being decomposed into their constituent frequency components. The effect of feedforward control on each of these discrete frequency components can then be considered independently, because the system under control is assumed linear and so superposition applies. Random disturbances represent a more severe problem, because of the requirement that the feedforward controller has a prescribed response at all frequencies in the range of interest, rather than just at a number of discrete frequencies, and so there is an additional constraint of causality for a realisable controller. The chapter discusses the single-channel feedforward systems for the control of harmonic, and then random disturbances, in which the performance limits of such controllers, are present. The filtered-x LMS algorithm is introduced for the automatic adjustment of an FIR digital filter used as the controller in a single-channel feedforward control system, and some of the properties of this algorithm are discussed. Adaptive controllers are described, in the frequency and time domains, for the feedforward control of systems with multiple sensors and actuators. Finally, an interesting interpretation of adaptive feedforward controllers as equivalent fixed feedback controllers is described.
BINARY CANDIDATES IN THE JOVIAN TROJAN AND HILDA POPULATIONS FROM NEOWISE LIGHT CURVES

Determining the binary fraction for a population of asteroids, particularly as a function of separation between the two components, helps describe the dynamical environment at the time the binaries formed, which in turn offers constraints on the dynamical evolution of the solar system. We searched the NEOWISE archival data set for close and contact binary Trojans and Hildas via their diagnostically large light curve amplitudes. We present 48 out of 554 Hilda and 34 out of 953 Trojan binary candidates in need of follow-up to confirm their large light curve amplitudes and subsequently constrain the binary orbit and component sizes. From these candidates, we calculate a preliminary estimate of the binary fraction without confirmation or debiasing of 14%-23% for Trojans larger than ~12 km and 30%-51% for Hildas larger than ~4 km. Once the binary candidates have been confirmed, it should be possible to infer the underlying, debiased binary fraction through estimation of survey biases.
Imaging and dosimetric characteristics of 67 Cu

In recent years the use of beta-emitting radiopharmaceuticals for cancer therapy has expanded rapidly following development of therapeutics for neuroendocrine tumors, prostate cancer, and other oncologic malignancies. One emerging beta-emitting radioisotope of interest for therapy is 67Cu (t1/2: 2.6 d) due to its chemical equivalency with the widely-established positron-emitting isotope 64Cu (t1/2: 12.7 h). In this work we evaluate both the imaging and dosimetric characteristics of 67Cu, as well as producing the first report of SPECT/CT imaging using 67Cu. To this end, 67Cu was produced by photon-induced reactions on isotopically-enriched 68Zn at the Low-Energy Accelerator Facility (LEAF) of Argonne National Laboratory, followed by bulk separation of metallic 68Zn by sublimation and radiochemical purification by column chromatography. Gamma spectrometry was performed by efficiency-calibrated high-purity germanium (HPGe) analysis to verify absolute activity calibration and establish radionuclidic purity. Absolute activity measurements corroborated manufacturer-recommended dose-calibrator settings and no radionuclidic impurities were observed. Using the Clinical Trials Network anthropomorphic chest phantom, SPECT/CT images were acquired. Medium energy (ME) SPECT collimation was found to provide the best image quality from the primary 185 keV gamma emission of 67Cu. Reconstructed images of 67Cu were similar in quality to images acquired using 177Lu. Recovery coefficients were calculated and compared against quantitative images of 99mTc, 177Lu, and 64Cu within the same anthropomorphic chest phantom. Production and clinical imaging of 67Cu appears feasible, and future studies investigating the therapeutic efficacy of 67Cu-based radiopharmaceuticals are warranted.
The Appellate Rule of Lenity

The Appellate Rule of Lenity, 131 Harv. L. Rev. F. (2018) responds Abbe Gluck & Richard Posner’s recent article, Statutory Interpretation on the Bench: A Survey of Forty-Two Judges on the Federal Courts of Appeals, 131 Harv. L. Rev. 1298 (2018). My piece argues that Professor Gluck and Judge Posner are right to point to appellate courts as the locus of most statutory interpretation, and notes that in their survey of appellate judges, lenity takes on special prominence. But in my review of the actual practice of appellate judges in all the criminal law statutory interpretation cases in the Roberts Court so far and in the appellate courts below, lenity does not fare well. The Supreme Court has elevated the rule of lenity into an interpretive precedent (on par with Chevron deference), I argue, showing that the Justices consider the framework to almost every question of criminal law statutory interpretation and applies the rule to the benefit of the defendant almost a third of the time. By contrast, appellate judges – despite their statements that lenity is special and binding – almost never consider the framework or the rule. If my survey of appellate court practice reflects a broader trend, this Response argues that many courts and commentators have gotten lenity wrong by failing to distinguish between regular consideration of the lenity framework and constitutionally driven application of the rule. Lower courts’ and commentators’ appraisals of lenity have led to the false impression that the Supreme Court’s approach to the framework is inconsistent and weakly grounded. In fact, until the recent misunderstandings that accompanied harsh punishment, mass incarceration, and the breakdown of the criminal justice system the Supreme Court has historically and constitutionally required application of lenity for three distinct rationales: legislative supremacy, due process/fair warning, and defendants’ rights. In the end, I argue for a return to the “constitutional rule of lenity,” as not only a desirable but arguably required approach to criminal law statutes, which is particularly timely as a guide for appellate and other judges to respond appropriately to the increasingly urgent need for more cautionary approaches to criminal law statutory interpretation in view of the collapse of the American criminal justice system.
High-altitude deer mouse hypoxia-inducible factor-2α shows defective interaction with CREB-binding protein.

Numerous mammalian species have adapted to the chronic hypoxia of high altitude. Recent genomic studies have identified evidence for natural selection of genes and associated genetic changes in these species. A major gap in our knowledge is an understanding of the functional significance, if any, of these changes. Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) live at both low and high altitudes in North America, providing an opportunity to identify functionally important genetic changes. High-altitude deer mice show evidence of natural selection on the Epas1 gene, which encodes for hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (Hif-2α), a central transcription factor of the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway. An SNP encoding for a T755M change in the Hif-2α protein is highly enriched in high-altitude deer mice, but its functional significance is unknown. Here, using coimmunoprecipitation and transcriptional activity assays, we show that the T755M mutation produces a defect in the interaction of Hif-2α with the transcriptional coactivator CREB-binding protein. This results in a loss of function because of decreased transcriptional activity. Intriguingly, the effect of this mutation depends on the amino acid context. Interchanges between methionine and threonine at the corresponding position in house mouse (Mus musculus) Hif-2α are without effects on CREB-binding protein binding. Furthermore, transfer of a set of deer mouse–specific Hif-2α amino acids to house mouse Hif-2α is sufficient to confer sensitivity of house mouse Hif-2α to the T755M substitution. These findings provide insight into high-altitude adaptation in deer mice and evolution at the Epas1 locus.
Spinoza's guise of the good: getting to the bottom of 3p9s

In the Ethics, Spinoza famously wrote, “we do not seek or desire anything, because we judge it to be good; on the contrary, we judge a thing to be good because we endeavor it, will it, seek it and ...
Disability and Video Games Journalism: A Discourse Analysis of Accessibility and Gaming Culture:

In this article, we conduct a discourse analysis of 60 articles to reveal themes that describe how games journalism reflects and constitutes understandings of disability and accessibility in gaming...
Direct Measurement of Shear Stress in a Flume

The wall shear stress is an important parameter in many boundary layer type flow situations. The need for a more accurate versatile hydraulic skin friction balance than the Preston tube technique and other similarity techniques. This presentation gives the design of a floating element type balance which is believed to be sturdier and simpler. Some skin friction measurements, made by the balance, are compared with the shear stress values determined by the Preston tube techniques.
Phase Stability of Thermoelectric Alkaline Earth Metal Borides and Silicides

Group (II) metal borides and silicides have been studied as high temperature thermoelectric materials because of their good thermal stabilities and high melting points. In the present study, an investigation was carried out on thermoelectric and thermodynamic properties of group (II) metal borides (CaB6 and SrB6) and silicides (Mg2Si and CaSi) at high temperatures (up to 1050 K). Experimental data on thermoelectric properties (Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and figure of merit) of the borides and silicides was collected and evaluated as a function of temperature. Thermodynamic properties such as Gibbs energy and activities of B and Si in the binary alloys and corresponding binary phase diagrams were evaluated. Phase equilibria and crystal structure of the alloys were determined from the available binary alloy data. Mg2Si exhibited better thermoelectric figure of merit and has greater potential for power generation at high temperatures.
Parental Response to Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Availability: Uptake and Intentions

This study examined parental responses to the quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine approximately 2 years post-licensure. Correlates of vaccine uptake included daughter age, physician recommendation, and parental knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes. Correlates of vaccination intentions were consistent with previous research. Findings can inform future efforts aimed at promoting HPV vaccination.
Formaldehyde: Environmental partitioning and vegetation exposed

The combustion of methanol fuels and methyl-t-butyl-ether (MTBE) may result in the release of significantly more formaldehyde into the environment than from the use of conventional fuels. The concern is that increased levels of atmospheric formaldehyde may be detrimental to vegetation. Models were used to simulate the environmental partitioning of formaldehyde and to compare changes in its atmospheric concentrations for three vehicle/fuel scenarios within the South Coast Air Quality Management District, California, USA. Scenario 1 assumed that all vehicles were powered with conventional fuels. Scenario 2 assumed that light- and medium-duty vehicles were flexible-fueled and powered with 100% methanol fuel (M100). Scenario 3 assumed that light-and medium-duty vehicles were dedicated M100 vehicles. The simulations predict that 96.2, 2.2, and 1.6% of ambient formaldehyde partitioned to the air, soil, and water, respectively. Scenario 2 represents the greatest risk to vegetation because atmospheric formaldehyde concentrations could reach 90 ppb. Formaldehyde concentrations in scenario 3 were the lowest and would not exceed 20 ppb. Atmospheric formaldehyde at concentrations that may occur with methanol flexible-fueled vehicles could affect certain plant species according to limited data from the literature.
The Hydrogen Atom and Its Reactions in Solution

Hydrogen atoms have been generated in solution by photolysis of thiols in solutions of organic compounds, and the relative rate constants, k(H), have been measured for the reaction H* + QH --> H(2) + Q*, where QH is any organic compound which contains hydrogen. This represents the first kinetic study of the hydrogen atom in which it is generated in solution by a technique not involving ionizing radiation. The relative values of k(H) are in agreement with the values from radiolysis for most of the substances studied; however, for some compounds significantly different results have been obtained.
THE PLASMA INSULIN "INHIBITOR" AND IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY.

Abstract Recovery of insulin- 131 I from plasma and plasma proteins, and the effect of dilution of plasma on insulin levels were tested using an immunoprecipitation (“two-antibody”) insulin assay. The reported insulin “inhibitor” in plasma was primarily an artefact related to the non-specific precipitating (second) antibody reaction. Cross reaction between γ-globulins in plasma and anti-γ-globulin sera caused errors in insulin assay because of incomplete precipitation of the soluble insulin-insulin antibody complex. Such errors were abolished by ensuring optimal precipitation of the complex.
Optimizing test-generation to the execution platform

The role of stimuli generators is to reach all the dark corners of the design and expose the bugs hiding there. As such, stimuli generation is one of the cornerstones of dynamic verification. The quality of tools used for stimuli generation affect the outcome of the verification process. This paper discusses how differences between execution platforms, ranging from software simulators, through accelerators and emulators, to silicon affect the requirements of stimuli generators and how stimuli generators targeting different execution platforms address these differences. We demonstrate how the unique added value of the platforms are combined to guarantee the high quality of the silicon using examples of several IBM pre- and post-silicon stimuli generators with results from the verification of the IBM POWER7 processor chip.
Electromagnetic modeling for ground-penetrating imaging radar (GPIR) using 3D finite difference time-domain (FDTD) modeling codes

An analysis of the one-, two-, and three-dimensional electrical characteristics of structural cement and concrete is presented. This work connects experimental efforts in characterizing cement and concrete in the frequency and time domains with the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) modeling efforts of these substances. These efforts include electromagnetic (EM) modeling of simple lossless homogeneous materials with aggregate and targets and the modeling dispersive and lossy materials with aggregate and complex target geometries for Ground Penetrating Imaging Radar (GPIR). Two- and three-dimensional FDTD codes (developed at LLNL) were used for the modeling efforts. The purpose of the experimental and modeling efforts is to gain knowledge about the electrical properties of concrete typically used in the construction industry for bridges and other load bearing structures. The goal is to optimize the performance of a high-sample-rate impulse radar and data acquisition system and to design an antenna system to match the characteristics of this material. Results show agreement to within 2 dB of the amplitudes of the experimental and modeled data while the frequency peaks correlate to within 10% -- the differences being due to the unknown exact nature of the aggregate placement.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Replication Properties of Clade A/C Chimeric Feline Immunodeficiency Viruses and Evaluation of Infection Kinetics in the Domestic Cat

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) causes progressive immunodeficiency in domestic cats, with clinical course dependent on virus strain. For example, clade A FIV-PPR is predominantly neurotropic and causes a mild disease in the periphery, whereas clade C FIV-C36 causes fulminant disease with CD4(+) T-cell depletion and neutropenia but no significant pathology in the central nervous system. In order to map pathogenic determinants, chimeric viruses were prepared between FIV-C36 and FIV-PPR, with reciprocal exchanges involving (i) the 3' halves of the viruses, including the Vif, OrfA, and Env genes; (ii) the 5' end extending from the 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) to the beginning of the capsid (CA)-coding region; and (iii) the 3' LTR and Rev2-coding regions. Ex vivo replication rates and in vivo replication and pathologies were then assessed and compared to those of the parental viruses. The results show that FIV-C36 replicates ex vivo and in vivo to levels approximately 20-fold greater than those of FIV-PPR. None of the chimeric FIVs recapitulated the replication rate of FIV-C36, although most replicated to levels similar to those of FIV-PPR. The rates of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene transcription driven by the FIV-C36 and FIV-PPR LTRs were identical. Furthermore, the ratios of surface glycoprotein (SU) to capsid protein (CA) in the released particles were essentially the same in the wild-type and chimeric FIVs. Tests were performed in vivo on the wild-type FIVs and chimeras carrying the 3' half of FIV-C36 or the 3' LTR and Rev2 regions of FIV-C36 on the PPR background. Both chimeras were infectious in vivo, although replication levels were lower than for the parental viruses. The chimera carrying the 3' half of FIV-C36 demonstrated an intermediate disease course with a delayed peak viral load but ultimately resulted in significant reductions in neutrophil and CD4(+) T cells, suggesting potential adaptation in vivo. Taken together, the findings suggest that the rapid-growth phenotype and pathogenicity of FIV-C36 are the result of evolutionary fine tuning throughout the viral genome, rather than being properties of any one constituent.
Temperature-dependent coupling of GaAs quantum well and interfacial quantum dots studied with optical 2D fourier-transform spectroscopy

Optical 2D Fourier-transform spectra reveal time and temperature dependent relaxation from GaAs quantum well states into the interfacial quantum dot ensemble. We attribute the increased rate of relaxation at higher temperature to stimulated phonon emission.
Scents and sensibility in Plautus′ Casina

When Lysidamus arrives on stage in Plautus′ Casina, he delightedly announces that he is in love with the slave girl Casina. He is returning, he says, from an expedition to buy perfume which he hopes has made him appealing to his beloved. Casina′s name is derived from the fragrant spice casia. Cassia and the related spice cinnamon originate in the Far East and were imported to Rome through Arabia or Africa.Like other ancient spices, cassia was used as perfume, condiment, and in medicinal and religious contexts.
What Makes an Adult? Examining Descriptions from Adolescents of Divorce

The present study examined conceptions of “what makes an adult” within a sample of adolescents (13–19 years) from divorced families. Arnett’s (2003) seven criteria-of-adulthood categories (independence, interdependence, role transitions, norm compliance, biological transitions, chronological transitions, and family capacities) were used as an initial framework for grouping open-ended written responses, while inductive content analysis was employed to analyze all other responses. Although the majority of responses (N=568) fit into Arnett’s categories, 35.2% of responses were coded into eleven newly created categories (e.g., knowledge/wisdom, role model/leader). The present study confirmed that independence qualities are believed to be most important. However, role transitions (e.g., marriage) were considered more significant than in previous research. The qualitative findings and their specific pattern should inform existing quantitative measures of adulthood criteria.
Brain growth, life history, and cognition in primate and human evolution.

This study investigates brain size ontogeny in a sample of seven anthropoid primate species (including humans) in order to evaluate longstanding ideas about the relations between brain size, brain ontogeny, life history, and cognition. First, this analysis tests the hypothesis that primate brain growth patterns vary across species. Second, the relations between the duration of the brain growth period and the duration of the preadult period are evaluated. Brain growth data, derived from a number of sources, are analyzed through parametric and nonparametric regressions. The results indicate that primates are characterized by significant variation in patterns of brain growth. In addition, the degree to which brain growth is allocated to either the pre- or the postnatal period varies substantially. Analyses of phylogenetically adjusted data show no correlation between the lengths of the brain growth period and the juvenile period, but there are correlations with other life-history variables. These results are explained in terms of maternal metabolic adaptations. Specifically, primates appear to present at least two major metabolic adaptations. In the first, brain growth occurs mainly during the prenatal period, reflecting heavy maternal investment. In the second, brain growth occupies large portions of the postnatal period. These differing patterns have important implications for maturation age, necessitating late maternal maturation in the first case and enabling relatively early maternal maturation in the second. Overall, these adaptations represent components of distinctive life-history adaptations, with potentially important implications for the evolution of primate cognition. Am. J. Primatol. 62:139–164, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Echocardiographic and Color Flow Doppler Assessment of Systemic and Pulmonary Venous Connection and Drainage in the Neonate with Congenital Heart Disease

Systemic and pulmonary venous anomalies are frequently encountered either as isolated lesions or as a significant component of a more complex lesion in the newborn infant with congenital heart disease. Two-dimensional echocardiography and Doppler techniques (conventional and color flow) have become the primary diagnostic imaging modality in this setting. Precise pre-operative definition of these variable venous connection and drainage patterns is critical as the required surgical procedure may solely be based on exact understanding of the veins' anatomy and physiology. On the systemic venous site, anomalies of superior and inferior venae cavae, innominate vein, and coronary sinus can be equally well imaged with either echocardiography or angiography. However, on the pulmonary venous site, echocardiography and Doppler techniques including color flow mapping are superior to angiography for precise definition of the connection and drainage sites of the individual pulmonary veins. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 8, July 1991)
Soybean Response to Flooded Soil Conditions and the Association with Soilborne Plant Pathogenic Genera

The role of soilborne pathogens in flood damage on soybeans, Glycine max, was examined using six genotypes representing a reputed range of flood tolerances. Genotypes were planted in single-row plots from 1996 to 1998 with flood treatments of no flood, flood at emergence (3-day duration), or flood at the fourth leaf node growth stage (7-day duration). Three or four days after removing each flood treatment, plant stands were estimated and 15 plants were collected from each plot, weighed, and rated for root discoloration. Roots were assayed for the presence of fungi and other filamentous eukaryotic organisms. Plant stands were reduced by flooding at emergence compared with the nonflooded control. Flooding at both growth stages caused significant increases in root discoloration compared with nonflooded soybeans. Plant weights were reduced in 2 of 3 years for flooding at emergence. Pythium was the only genus of filamentous organisms whose isolation frequency increased with flooding. Of the 60 Pythium isolates evaluated representing the different cultural groups based on appearance and growth rate on potato dextrose agar, cornmeal agar, and V8 agar, 47% were moderately to highly virulent on soybean. Pythium spp. isolated from soybean included the pathogenic species P. ultimum, P. aphanidermatum, P. irregulare, and P. vexans and Group HS. Nonpathogenic P. oligandrum also was isolated from soybean.
Screening Selected Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., Lines for Resistance to Lygus hesperus (Heteroptera: Miridae)

Eighty-six cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., acquisitions were screened for indications of resistance to Lygus hesperus Knight in individual plant cages. Observed gross rate of population increase and reduced proportional development of L. Hesperus to an advanced instar or the adult stage were used as indications of resistance. Significantly fewer total bugs were recovered from 35 of the cowpea test entries than from the susceptible entries. On some entries, a majority of L. hesperus recovered from cages were in the 5th instar or adult stage, whereas significantly greater proportions of lygus bugs recovered from 15 of the entries were in the earlier instars, indicating delayed development. Twenty-two entries appear to be worthy of more intensive evaluation for level and mechanism of resistance to this insect.
Approaches to dynamic transport planning

Dynamic transport planning refers to the analysis of the problem of choice of implementation date of the construction or improvement of transport facilities. This analysis may also include consideration of stage construction or progressive improvements in quality and/or capacity over time, beginning from some relatively low standard. A transport facility is defined as a vehicle (e.g., automobile, airplane) or a supporting facility (e.g., highway, port). There appears at present to be a serious lack of any truly comprehensive evaluation of the essentials of the problem of choice of implementation date. It is the intent of the ensuing presentation to help to rectify that situation by introducing new concepts which structure the timing problem. The concepts are based on a suggested classification of future traffic and definitions of independent and indivisible facilities. In addition, volume of traffic and benefits of a transport facility are recognized to be dependent on calendar time and the facility's age. Presently, no uniform theoretical framework exists for establishing the optimal time for constructing new facilities or improving existing ones. A framework based on the aforementioned concepts is introduced. It distinguishes between the phasing of projects through time in the absence of budget constraints and this phasing in the presence of such restrictions. The specific procedures suggested in this paper for the analysis of the problem of choice of implementation date apply to any individual transport facility and tend to unify the concepts involved in dynamic transport planning. The article concludes with a survey of current approaches to dynamic transport planning and discusses these in the light of the above framework.
PAHS AND ASTROBIOLOGY

In dense molecular clouds, the birthplace of stars and planets, interstellar atoms and molecules freeze onto extremely cold dust and ice particles. These ices are processed by ultraviolet light and cosmic rays forming hundreds of far more complex species, some of astrobiological interest. Eventually, these rain down on primordial planets where they take part in the young chemistry on these new worlds. Although the IR spectroscopy and energetic processing of interstellar ice analogs have been studied for nearly 30 years, similar studies of PAH containing ices have only just begun. This paper presents recent results from laboratory studies on the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photochemistry of PAHs in water ice at low temperatures to assess the roles they play in the photochemical evolution of interstellar ices and their relevance to astrobiology. A number of “surprises” were found in these studies on PAH containing water-rich ices, indicating that PAHs likely play very important, unexpected roles in cosmic ice chemistry, physics and astrobiology.
Acute kidney injury as a causal factor in mortality associated with hepatorenal syndrome

Purpose We examine how acute kidney injury (AKI) contributes to mortality in patients with liver failure.
Leveraging the Open-Loop Stiffness of Pneumatic Actuators to Enable High-Stiffness Surface Simulation in Impedance-Type Haptic Interfaces

The stable simulation of high-stiffness surfaces remains a challenge in impedance-type haptic simulation of mechanical environments. In this paper, the authors propose an approach to achieving a stable, high-stiffness surface in a haptic interface by leveraging the open-loop properties of pneumatic actuators. By utilizing the open-loop component of actuator stiffness as the primary component of stiffness simulation in a haptic interface, the system requires a comparatively small component of simulated stiffness from closed-loop control of the actuator. A stability analysis is presented indicating that this approach enhances significantly the range of passivity of haptically simulated high-stiffness surfaces. Experimental results both with and without a human operator are presented that demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Approximating phosphorus release from soils to surface runoff and subsurface drainage.

Phosphorus application in excess of crop needs has increased the concentration of P in surface soil and runoff and led many states to develop P-based nutrient management strategies. However, insufficient data are available relating P in surface soil, surface runoff, and subsurface drainage to develop sound guidelines. Thus, we investigated P release from the surface (0-5 cm depth) of a Denbigh silt loam from Devon, U.K. (30-160 mg kg-1 Olsen P) and Alvin, Berks, Calvin, and Watson soils from Pennsylvania (10-763 mg kg-1 Mehlich-3 P) in relation to the concentration of P in surface runoff and subsurface drainage. A change point, where the slopes of two linear relationships between water- or CaCl2-extractable soil P and soil test phosphorus (STP) (Olsen or Mehlich-3) meet, was evident for the Denbigh at 33 to 36 mg kg-1 Olsen P, and the Alvin and Berks soils at 185 to 190 mg Mehlich-3 P kg-1. Similar change points were also observed when STP was related to the P concentration of surface runoff (185 mg kg-1) and subsurface drainage (193 mg kg-1). The use of water and CaCl2 extraction of surface soil is suggested to estimate surface runoff P (r2 of 0.92 for UK and 0.86 for PA soils) and subsurface drainage P (r2 of 0.82 for UK and 0.88 for PA soils), and to determine a change point in STP, which may be used in support of agricultural and environmental P management.
Analytical stress intensity solution for the stable Poisson loaded specimen

An analytical calibration of the Stable Poisson Loaded (SPL) specimen is presented. The specimen configuration is similar to the ASTM E-561 compact-tension specimen with displacement controlled wedge loading used for R-curve determination. The crack mouth opening displacements (CMODs) are produced by the diametral expansion of an axially compressed cylindrical pin located in the wake of a machined notch. Due to the unusual loading configuration, a three-dimensional finite element analysis was performed with gap elements simulating the contact between the pin and specimen. In this report, stress intensity factors, CMODs, and crack displacement profiles, are reported for different crack lengths and different contacting conditions. It was concluded that the computed stress intensity factor decreases sharply with increasing crack length thus making the SPL specimen configuration attractive for fracture testing of brittle, high modulus materials.
Stochastic ordering and a class of multivariate new better than used distributions

A new characterization for the univariate class of new better than used ‘NBU’ distributions in terms of stochastic ordering is introduced. A multivariate version of this characterization is then used to define a multivariate class of NBU distributions. Basic properties of this class are derived. Comparisons and relationships of this new class with earlier classes are developed. Two multivariate new worse than used (NWU) classes of life distributions are defined and compared and their basic properties are studied.
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF SURFACE AND INTERFACIAL STEPS

Transmission electron microscopy is uniquely able to extend techniques for imaging free surface steps to the buried interface regime, without significant loss of detail. Two mechanisms for imaging surface and interfacial steps by transmission electron microscopy are described. They are thickness contrast and strain contrast. The former reveals the position and approximate height of steps, whereas the latter detects stress fields which are commonly associated with steps. The basis for each of these methods is elaborated, and preliminary results are shown for step images at Si/SiO2 interfaces, where measurable stress fields have been directly detected for the first time.
An Experimental Investigation of Convective Heat Transfer From Wire-On-Tube Heat Exchangers

An experimental investigation of the air-side convective heat transfer from wire-on-tube heat exchangers is described. The study is motivated by the desire to predict the performance, in a forced flow, of the steel wire-on-tube condensers used in most refrigerators. Previous investigations of wire-on-tube heat exchangers in a forced flow have not been reported in the literature. The many geometrical parameters (wire diameter, tube diameter, wire pitch, tube pitch, etc.), the complex conductive paths in the heat exchanger, and the importance of buoyant forces in a portion of the velocity regime of interest make the study a formidable one. A key to the successful correlation of the experimental results is a definition of the convective heat transfer coefficient, h w , that accounts for the temperature gradients in the wires as well as the vast difference in the two key characteristic lengths-the tube and wire diameters. Although this definition results in the need to solve a transcendental equation in order to obtain h w from the experimental data, the use of the resulting empirical correlation is straightforward. The complex influence of the mixed convection regime on the heat transfer from wire-on-tube heat exchangers is shown, as well as the effects of air velocity and the angle of attack. The study covers a velocity range of 0 to 2 m/s (the Reynolds number based on wire diameter extends to 200) and angles of attack varying from 0 deg (horizontal coils) to ±90 deg. Heat transfer data from seven different wire-on-tube heat exchangers are correlated so that 95 percent of the data below a Richardson number of 0.004, based on the wire diameter, lie within ±16.7 percent of the proposed correlation.
Identification of vaccine-derived polioviruses using dual-stage real-time RT-PCR

Vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) are associated with polio outbreaks and prolonged infections in individuals with primary immunodeficiencies. VDPV-specific PCR assays for each of the three Sabin oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) strains were developed, targeting sequences within the VP1 capsid region that are selected for during replication of OPV in the human intestine. Over 2400 Sabin-related isolates and identified 755 VDPVs were screened. Sensitivity of all assays was 100%, while specificity was 100% for serotypes 1 and 3, and 76% for serotype 2. The assays permit rapid, sensitive identification of OPV-related viruses and flag programmatically important isolates for further characterization by genomic sequencing.
A Fluorometric Method for Cyanogen (C2N2) with No Cyanide Interference

Abstract A fluorometric method for the analysis of cyanogen (C2N2, ethanedinitrile) without cyanide interference is described the procedure is based on the reaction of C2N2 with hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) to produce a fluorophor. the fluorescence yield is linear over a range of 3–4 orders of magnitude. the method is comparable in detection limits to CN− measurements done electrochemically; in this case >10−2−<10−5 M. Many anions and cations were examined for interference; only transition and heavy metal compounds reduced fluorescence. Certain amines may interfere, although all examined reacted much slower than the HMTA.
Evaluating the addition of activated carbon to heat-treated mushroom casing for grain-based and compost-based substrates

Two substrates, a non-composted grain spawn substrate and a traditional composted substrate, each covered with peat-based casing that contained varying amounts of activated carbon (AC) and each receiving different heat-treatment durations, were tested for Agaricus bisporus mushroom production. The amounts of AC were 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% v/v, and the heat treatments were 0, 60, and 180 min at 121 degrees C and 103.4 kPa. Overall, the addition of AC up to 10-15% of casing for a grain spawn substrate increased mushroom yield. However, the addition of AC to the casing for compost substrates had no significant effect on yield, whereas heat-treating the casing increased yield. The onset of fruiting was retarded in grain spawn treatments not receiving AC with heat-treatment durations of 60 and 180 min, whereas this effect was not as apparent for the compost substrates. On average, mushroom yield was greater for the grain spawn substrate (366 g) than for compost substrate (287 g). For grain spawn substrate, the results show that the addition of AC ranging from 5% to 10% was adequate for maximum mushroom production.
EFFECTS OF TEMAZEPAM, FLURAZEPAM ANDQUINALBARBITONE ON SLEEP: PSYCHOMOTOR AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION

1 The effect of temazepam 15 and 30 mg, flurazepam 15 and 30 mg, quinalbarbitone 100 and 200 mg and placebo were studied in 14 healthy male volunteers according to a Latin-square design. At 14-d intervals subjects received capsules 30 min before bedtime on 2 consecutive nights and were evaluated for objective sleep characteristics, for morning estimates of sleep characteristics, and for cognitive and psychomotive performance and subjective state at 3.5, 10.0 and 22.5 h after ingestion. 2 Changes in sleep induction and sleep maintenance were observed with temazepam 30 mg and flurazepam 30 mg. REM sleep was suppressed by quinalbarbitone, and by flurazepam 30 mg. 3 Flurazepam 30 mg had the greater effect on cognitive performance, whereas quinalbarbitone 20 mg had the greater effect on psychomotive performance. Subjective assessments of alertness were most affected by flurazepam, and by quinalbarbitone 200 mg. 4 The results suggest that temazepam produces less residual effects and is shorter acting than quinalbarbitone and flurazepam.
Structural equivalence in a journal network

Concepts and techniques used in contemporary social network analysis are applied to a network of journals based on citation. By means of procedures drawing on the notion of structural equivalence, a set of blocks or positions, containing journals, are delineated. These blocks have a very close correspondence to a categorization of the journals based on their aims and objectives, supporting the idea of treating the journals of a discipline as a status-role relational system. By means of the reduced image of the network, a highly centralized and hierarchical structure appears. Some hypotheses concerning the structure and operation of journal networks are advanced.
A continuous repeated measurements model:the experimental design problem with fixed time constraints

A repeated measurements model where the within-subject response is modeled as a continuous time regression is analyzed using reproducing kernel Hilbert space methods, Parzen (1961). The basic goal is to study the statistical design problem when experimental units and measurements are "free", but the total measurement time is fixed. This kind of situation arises when the experiment uses scarce resources such as space or oceanographic platforms or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) device. In this situation the only constraint is the total time allocated to the experiment.
Developmental Toxicity of 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran in the Fischer 344 Flat

Abstract Fischer 344 rats were exposed acutely to 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (4-PeCDF) during the organogenic period to evaluate its potential as an inducer of teratogenic and embryolethal effects. All dams were treated by gavage with a single dose of 0, 30, 100, or 300 μg 4-PeCDF/kg body wt on gestation Day (gd) 8, 10, or 12. An additional treatment group was included on gd 12 and administered 10 μg 4-PeCDF/kg body wt po. All animals were killed on gd 20 and maternal and fetal toxicities were assessed. Determination of embryotoxicity involved both soft tissue and skeletal examinations. 4-PeCDF induced a dose-related decrease in corrected maternal weight gain following treatment on gd 8 and 10, as well as resulted in a concomitant increase in the liver/body weight ratios, first evident at 30 μg/kg for all 3 days of exposure. The maternal thymus weight decreased relative to body weight compared with those of controls. Embryo-fetal toxicity was evident from the high mortality (>80%) observed at 300 μg/kg for all 3 days of exposure. Mean fetal weight, a sensitive indicator of fetal toxicity, decreased compared to that of controls at 30, 100, and 300 μg/kg following treatment on either gd 8, 10, or 12. 4-PeCDF induced cleft palate in survivors at a dose of 300 μg/kg for all 3 days of exposure. In conclusion, 4-PeCDF is maternally and fetally toxic regardless of the gestation day of exposure, but induced terata only at doses where overt maternal and fetal toxicity were observed, in contrast to previously reported studies in the mice where teratogenic effects were observed at nonfetotoxic dose levels. Thus, the mouse may be a more sensitive model for evaluating specific toxic responses induced prenatally following exposure to the structurally related polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons which include the dioxins, furans, biphenyls, and naphthalenes.
SUFFICIENT STATISTICS FOR STATIONARY DISCRETE-TIME GAUSSIAN RANDOM PROCESSES

. It is known that the distribution of N samples of a stationary Gaussian autoregressive process admits a sufficient statistic whose dimension is independent of N. We show that this property depends not on the absence of spectral zeros in autoregressive models, but rather on the fact that the class of models has a fixed set of spectral zeros.
Congressional hearing reviews NSF major research and facilities projects

An 8 March congressional hearing about the U.S. National Science Foundation's Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction (NSF MREFC) account focused on fiscal management and accountability of projects in that account and reviewed concerns raised by NSF's Office of Inspector General (OIG). NSF established the MREFC account in 1995 to better plan and manage investments in major equipment and facilities projects, which can cost from tens of millions to hundreds of millions of dollars, and the foundation has funded 17 MREFC projects since then. The Obama administration's proposed fiscal year (FY) 2013 budget includes funding for four MREFC projects: Advanced Laser Gravitational-Wave Observatory (AdvLIGO), Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST), National Ecological Observatory (NEON), and Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI). The hearing, held by a subcommittee of the House of Representatives' Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, reviewed management oversight throughout the life cycles of MREFC projects and concerns raised in recent OIG reports about the use of budget contingency funds. NSF's February 2012 manual called “Risk management guide for large facilities” states that cost contingency is “that portion of the project budget required to cover ‘known unknowns,’” such as planning and estimating errors and omissions, minor labor or material price fluctuations, and design developments and changes within the project scope. Committee members acknowledged measures that NSF has made to improve the MREFC oversight process, but they also urged the agency to continue to take steps to ensure better project management.
Commentary on Sober and Wilson, Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior

Anybody interested in evolutionary explanations of social phenomena (and every philosopher should be) will learn a lot from Unto Others. In addition to its cornucopia of fascinating empirical findings from biology and psychology, it is chock full of arresting perspectives, ingenious thought experiments, and clear expositions of difficult-indeed, treacherous-concepts that should be in every philosopher's kit. What philosophers will not learn, however, is the status of group selection in current evolutionary theory, because while Sober and Wilson (hereafter SW hardly a year goes by without somebody declaring that something they have discovered is, actually, a genuine instance of Lamarckianism. There is usually a grain of truth, or more, in these dramatic claims. Prions really do constitute a major exception to Crick's Central Dogma about the direction of information flow between DNA and proteins Have Sober and Wilson salvaged a sophisticated and sound perspective for group selection from the rhetorical overkill of the selfish-gene's-eye gang, or have they merely reinvented (or just relabeled) Hamilton's and Maynard Smith's alternative to group selection models, models that can do justice to all the observed and even imagined phenomena of cooperation in the biosphere? One of the main lessons I have learned in thinking about the
Placing the North American invasion of Asian carp in a spatially explicit context

The bighead (Hypothalmichthys nobilis) and silver carp (H. molitrix) have invaded much of the Mississippi River. It is unclear how reproduction in northern impounded pools of the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS) compares to unimpounded (open) southern reaches. During spring through summer 2005 and 2006 and once in spring 2007, we quantified larval and juvenile production in the pooled and open UMRS. We then simulated population dynamics in pools as a function of apparent reproductive success. Larvae occurred during about 2 weeks each spring. Peak density and apparent spawn duration were greater in the open reach. Larval production peaked when discharge was high plus rising and water temperatures reached 18°C. Most juveniles (>97%) occurred in the open reach. Low flow during drought years in the pools may limit reproductive success. The simulation demonstrated that, by treating dams as barriers to invasion from the lower open river (i.e., a source), climatic conditions may interact with flow in pools to limit populations by creating an isolated sink.
Continuum wave functions and bremsstrahlung in plasmas based on the ion-sphere and jellium models

Abstract We determine the density of states and subject the continuum wave functions to normalization and asymptotic conditions consistent with the ion-sphere and jellium models of the plasma. To illustrate the difference between the two models, we present bremsstrahlung calculations for aluminum and iron plasmas. We also compare the exact quantum-mechanical results with the predictions of the Born-Elwert approximation and with some predictions based on phase-shift calculations. Finally, we discuss briefly the effect of a non-Maxwellian electron distribution.