cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Holistic, Continuous Assurance Integration: e-Business Opportunities and Challenges

This paper explores the impact of web‐based e‐business operations on client firm processes and accounting methods, and addresses related issues for accounting firm assurance services teams to consider. In particular, some of the complications and potential problems associated with the use of traditional assurance methods on e‐businesses with digital operating environments are discussed. The flexibility required to respond to the everchanging business environment of e‐enabled client firms will require accounting firm leaders to rethink and reengineer existing management structures and practices. While clients of accounting firms are realizing tremendous value by streamlining information flows and increasing information sharing internally and externally, accounting firms remain organized primarily into discreet functions that often compete internally for customers. An e‐business model, the Customer‐Oriented Value Chain, is employed to frame the discussion of emerging accounting issues resulting from new dig...
Comparison of techniques for computing shell-model effective operators

Different techniques for calculating effective operators within the framework of the shell model using the same effective interaction and the same excitation spaces are presented. Starting with the large-basis no-core approach, we compare the time-honored perturbation-expansion approach and a model-space truncation approach. Results for the electric quadrupole and magnetic dipole operators are presented for ${}^{6}\mathrm{Li}$. The convergence trends and dependence of the effective operators on differing excitation spaces and Pauli $Q$-operators are studied. In addition, the dependence of the electric-quadrupole effective charge on the harmonic-oscillator frequency and the mass number, for $A=5,6$, is investigated in the model-space truncation approach.
Accelerated dual descent for constrained convex network flow optimization

We present a fast distributed solution to the capacity constrained convex network flow optimization problem. Our solution is based on a distributed approximation of Newtons method called Accelerated Dual Descent (ADD). Our algorithm uses a parameterized approximate inverse Hessian, which is computed using matrix splitting techniques and a Neumann series truncated after N terms. The algorithm is called ADD-N because each update requires information from N-hop neighbors in the network. The parameter N characterizes an explicit trade off between information dependence and convergence rate. Numerical experiments show that even for N=1 and N=2, ADD-N converges orders of magnitude faster than subgradient descent.
Impaired spatial navigation in adult female but not adult male rats exposed to alcohol during the brain growth spurt.

Abstract Two groups of male and female rats were given the same dose of alcohol using an artificial rearing procedure on postnatal days 4–10. One group received the alcohol in a condensed manner each day which caused cyclic blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) with high peaks. A second group received the alcohol in a uniform manner over each day which resulted in moderate, stable BACs. Two control groups consisted of male and female rats artificially reared but not exposed to alcohol and rats reared normally by dams. All rats were raised to 90 days of age and then tested for spatial navigation ability in the Morris water maze, which involved locating a hidden underwater platform using distal extramaze cues. Neither the alcohol treatments nor the artificial rearing had any effects on performance of adult male rats relative to suckle controls in this task. In contrast, the condensed alcohol exposure but not the uniform alcohol exposure resulted in detrimental performance in the Morris water maze by adult female rats. When the ability to locate and escape onto a visible platform was examined, there were no differences between the female groups given condensed alcohol exposure or artificially reared on milk solution alone. Thus, exposure to high BACs during the brain growth spurt has a lasting and selective detrimental effect on spatial navigation learning in adult female but not adult male rats.
The Moderating Effect of Ego Depletion on Viewer Brand Recognition and Brand Attitudes Following Exposure to Subtle Versus Blatant Product Placements in Television Programs

Consumers are often exposed to subtle and blatant product placements as they watch a variety of evening television shows. In addition, as they watch, consumers self-regulatory resources are expected to be "depleted" following a typical day at work and/or home (Baumeister, Heatherton, and Tice 1994). Connecting these two ideas, the current study tests whether ego depletion moderates the impact of subtle versus blatant product placements on viewers' brand recognition and brand attitudes. Using experimenter-generated television pilots as stimuli, the findings of our empirical investigation indicate that viewers are less likely to recognize being exposed to subtly placed than to blatantly placed brands, and this difference is magnified by ego depletion. In addition, when viewers are not depleted, blatant placements lead to more favorable attitudes than subtle placements. When viewers are in a depleted state, however, subtle placements lead to more favorable attitudes than blatant placements. Theoretical and p...
Clinical application of array-based comparative genomic hybridization for the identification of prognostically important genetic alterations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Genomic aberrations have increasingly gained attention as prognostic markers in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has improved the detection rate of genomic alterations in CLL from approximately 50% using conventional cytogenetics to greater than 80%. More recently, array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) has gained popularity as a clinical tool that can be applied to detect genomic gains and losses of prognostic importance in CLL. Array CGH and FISH are particularly useful in CLL because genomic gains and losses are key events with both biologic and prognostic significance, while balanced translocations have limited prognostic value. Although FISH has a higher technical sensitivity, it requires separate, targeted hybridizations for the detection of alterations at genomic loci of interest. Array CGH, on the other hand, has the ability to provide a genome-wide survey of genomic aberrations with a single hybridization reaction. Array CGH is expanding the known genomic regions of importance in CLL and allows these regions to be evaluated in the context of a genome-wide perspective. Ongoing clinical trials are evaluating the use of genomic aberrations as tools for risk-stratifying patients for therapy, thus increasing the need for reliable and high-yield methods to detect these genomic changes. In this review, we consider the use of array CGH as a clinical tool for the identification of genomic alterations with prognostic significance in CLL, and suggest ways to integrate this test into the clinical molecular diagnostic laboratory work flow.
Expedient power line construction

Material shortages during World War II imposed limitations on the construction of new transmission facilities and the Bonneville Power Administration conducted tests to determine minimum construction standards. Conductor diameter and spacing and insulation level involving losses, flashovers, safety to personnel working on energized lines, economic loading, and radio interference had to be considered.
Mobility Potential and Job Satisfaction. Mixing Dispositional and Situational Explanations.

Data from a dual employee-employer survey are used to investigate the extent to which employees' predictions of the mobility potential of their jobs affects their job satisfaction. Based on a match between the employee's and employer's assessments of the job's mobility potential, systematic variation by “match” groupings was found. Males more often than females match their employers' assessments of their jobs as providing mobility potential, and those in matched categories, whether mobile or not, have similar levels of job satisfaction. In addition, a great deal more variance in job satisfaction can be explained for workers who say their jobs do not have mobility potential than for others.
Microstructure of As-Cast Al69Ti23Ni8

Abstract Microstructural characterization of as-cast Al69Ti23Ni8 was performed using optical microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The microstructure consisted of a Ll2-structured matrix with a composition of Al74Ti19Ni7, containing additional phases of approximate compositions Al3Ti, Al3Ni2, and Al3(Ti,Ni). In some areas, the matrix phase exhibited a slight tetragonal distortion, possibly associated with stresses arising from cooling. The compositions and structures of the observed phases correlated well with predictions based upon semiempirical Pettifor maps. Homogenization of the as-cast structure led to extensive void formation.
An analysis of grain boundaries and grain growth in cemented tungsten carbide using orientation imaging microscopy

Tungsten carbide grains are usually prism-shaped triangular platelets in cemented tungsten carbide materials, owing to the highly anisotropic nature of tungsten carbide grains. The misorientation distribution function (MODF) shows a preferred misorientation relationship between WC/WC crystals. The misorientation relationship is characterized as 90 deg misorientation about the [1010] axis. The carbide-carbide boundaries with 90 deg rotation about the [1010] axis are low-energy boundaries and play an important role in grain growth and densification during sintering. In this study, the evolution of carbide-carbide boundaries with 90 deg rotation about the [1010] axis during the sintering process is determined quantitatively using orientation imaging microscopy (OIM). The evolution of boundaries is correlated with grain growth. The rapid grain growth at early stages of sintering is attributed to coalescence of grains along the 90 deg low-energy boundaries. The origin of these boundaries and their role in grain growth during sintering are also discussed.
Activin Regulates Estrogen Receptor Gene Expression in the Mouse Ovary

Activin, a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, is an important modulator of follicle-stimulating hormone synthesis and secretion in the pituitary and plays autocrine/paracrine roles in the regulation of ovarian follicle development. From a microarray study on mouse ovarian granulosa cells, we discovered that the estrogen receptor β (ERβ) is inducible by activin. We previously demonstrated that estrogen suppresses activin gene expression, suggesting a feedback relationship between these two follicle-regulating hormones. The purpose of this study was to investigate fully activin A regulation of ER expression. Real time reverse transcription-PCR assays on cultured granulosa cells showed that both ERα and ERβ mRNAs were induced by activin A at 4, 12, and 24 h in a dose-responsive manner. Western blots confirmed an increase in their protein levels. Consistent with increased ERα and ERβ expression, activin A stimulated estradiol-induced estrogen response element promoter activity. Activin A stimulation of ER expression was a direct effect at the level of gene transcription, as it was not abolished by cycloheximide but was abolished by actinomycin D, and in transfected granulosa cells activin A stimulated ERα promoter activity. To investigate the effect of activin in vivo and, thus, its biological significance, we examined ER expression in inhibin transgenic mice that have decreased activin expression and discovered that these mice had decreased ERα and ERβ expression in the ovary. We also found that ER mRNA levels were decreased in Mullerian inhibiting substance promoter (MIS)-Smad2 dominant negative mice that have impaired activin signaling through Smad2, and small interfering RNAs targeting Smad2 or Smad3 suppressed ERα promoter activation, suggesting that Smad2 and Smad3 are involved in regulating ER levels. Therefore, this study reveals an important role for activin in inducing the expression of ERs in the mouse ovary and suggests important interplay between activin and estrogen signaling.
Detecting Specialization in Interpersonal Violence Versus Suicidal Behavior

Abstract Purpose Research suggests that interpersonal violence and suicidal behavior often co-occur and share a common set of risk factors. This study examined (1) the extent to which individuals specialize in interpersonal violence or suicidal behavior and (2) the shared and unique covariates of individual specialization. Methods The Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods is a longitudinal study of youths embedded within neighborhoods in metropolitan Chicago. Interviews with youths (average age, 15 years at baseline) and their primary caregivers were conducted from 1994 to 1997 (baseline) and from 1997 to 2000 (Wave 2). Analysis used an item response theory–based statistical approach on 19,502 interpersonal violence and suicidal behavior item responses from 1,628 youths within 74 neighborhoods to assess the degree to which individuals specialize in either interpersonal violence (ranging from hitting someone to shooting someone) or suicidal behavior (ideation, planning, and attempted suicide). The extent to which variables distinguished interpersonal violence and suicidal behavior was assessed. Results Individuals who engaged in high levels of interpersonal violence were unlikely to engage in suicidal behavior. Conversely, individuals who engaged in high levels of suicidal behavior were also likely to engage in interpersonal violence. Several shared (e.g., residential stability, substance use) and distinguishing (e.g., exposure to violent peers, depression) correlates of interpersonal violence and suicidal behavior were detected. Conclusions Interventions that address both self- and outward-directed violence must be evidence based. Addressing violence prevention among youths at risk for suicidal behavior appears warranted, but targeting risk factors for suicide among the most violent youths may not be justified.
Determination of the toughness of in-service steam turbine disks using small punch testing

Knowledge of the material toughness is crucial in assessing the integrity of heavy section steel components. Conventional tests to determine the toughness involve extraction of large blocks of materials and therefore are not practical on in-service components. On the other hand, conservative assumptions regarding toughness without regard to actual data can lead to expensive and premature replacement of the components. Previous EPRI studies have demonstrated the use of a relatively nondestructive technique termed the “small punch test” to estimate the fracture appearance transition temperature (FATT) and fracture toughness (KIc) of high-temperature turbine rotor steels and nuclear reactor pressure vessel steels. This paper summarizes the results of research into the feasibility of extending the small punch test to characterize the toughness of the 3 to 3.5% NiCrMoV (3–3.5NiCrMoV) low alloy steel used for fossil and nuclear power plant low-pressure (LP) steam turbine disks. Results of the present study show that the small punch transition temperature, Tsp, is linearly correlated with FATT, so that measurement of Tsp permits estimation of the standard Charpy FATT through empirical use of the correlation. The statistical confidence prediction uncertainty bands for the correlation were found to be narrow enough to make the small punch- based FATT estimation practical for this alloy. Additionally, independent KIc measurements made by PowerGen, UK, on some of the same test materials were in excellent agreement with measurements made here, indicating that the small punch KIc measurement can be reproducible across laboratories. Limited testing for fracture initiation toughness showed, as has been demonstrated for other materials, that the small punch test-based initiation fracture toughness (KIc) determination was within ±25% of the ASTM standard measurement of KIc, suggesting that the test method can be used for direct determination of fracture initiation toughness.
Psychological defenses in females at-risk for anorexia nervosa: An explanation for excessive stress found in anorexic patients

College females varying in anorexic and bulimic characteristics were examined for three evasive defense strategies found to be related in combination to pervasive stress symptoms in college students. Females showing the psychological characteristics of anorexics displayed all three. They tended to use repression as a defense, to be unaware of their repression, and to combine repression with narrow scanning of information. None of these effects was apparent for females sharing the psychological characteristics of bulimics. The use of a nonadaptive defensive style by the female at-risk for anorexia represents a way of explaining excessive stress in anorexics despite their report of fewer stressful life events than bulimics. Qualitative differences in stress-provoking concerns of anorexic and bulimic females also were suggested as contributing to this explanation.
Diffusion Flames of Gas Jets Issued From Circular and Elliptic Nozzles

Abstract An experimental study of the characteristics of the burning and nonburning gas jets issued from elliptic and circular nozzles in a low velocity concentric air stream is presented. Propane mixed with nitrogen was used as the jet fluid. The diameter of the circular nozzle was 9.5 mm and the elliptic nozzle had the same exit area as that of the circular nozzle and an aspect ratio (major axis/minor axis) of 3:1. The liftoff and reattachment behavior, temperature profiles, concentration profiles of fuel, oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and soot, flame radiation, opacity of the flame samples, the profiles of the streamwise component of the mean velocity, and r.m.s. value of the velocity fluctuation in the streamwise direction were measured. The elliptic nozzle flames were found to have lower flame stability, higher temperatures, lower soot concentration, and lower flame radiation than those of the circular nozzle flames. The nitric oxide concentration in the mid-flame region was ...
Doubly robust nonparametric multiple imputation for ignorable missing data

Missing data are common in medical and social science studies and often pose a serious challenge in data analysis. Multiple imputation methods are popular and natural tools for handling missing data, replacing each missing value with a set of plausible values that represent the uncertainty about the underlying values. We consider a case of missing at random (MAR) and investigate the estimation of the marginal mean of an outcome variable in the presence of missing values when a set of fully observed covariates is available. We propose a new nonparametric multiple imputation (MI) approach that uses two working models to achieve dimension reduction and define the imputing sets for the missing observations. Compared with existing nonparametric imputation procedures, our approach can better handle covariates of high dimension, and is doubly robust in the sense that the resulting estimator remains consistent if either of the working models is correctly specified. Compared with existing doubly robust methods, our nonparametric MI approach is more robust to the misspecification of both working models; it also avoids the use of inverse-weighting and hence is less sensitive to missing probabilities that are close to 1. We propose a sensitivity analysis for evaluating the validity of the working models, allowing investigators to choose the optimal weights so that the resulting estimator relies either completely or more heavily on the working model that is likely to be correctly specified and achieves improved efficiency. We investigate the asymptotic properties of the proposed estimator, and perform simulation studies to show that the proposed method compares favorably with some existing methods in finite samples. The proposed method is further illustrated using data from a colorectal adenoma study.
The effects of range-restricted electrons on intracellular yeast catalase☆

Abstract Partial cell irradiation of intracellular yeast catalase with low-energy electrons was carried out. The enzyme activity could be increased when the bombarding electrons did not reach the region of the cell containing the enzyme. This region has its outer bound at least 2000 A. deep in the cell, which is 1500 A. deeper than the locus of invertase. The increase in activity caused by ionizing radiation is due to an effect on a structure near the cell surface, which is very probably within the cell wall.
Can fatty acid and mineral compositions of sturgeon eggs distinguish between farm-raised versus wild white (Acipenser transmontanus) sturgeon origins in California? Preliminary report

The objective was to investigate the potential of using fatty acid and mineral compositions of sturgeon eggs to distinguish their source, either farm-raised or wild fish. Trafficking of illegally obtained wild white sturgeon eggs is a major concern to the California Department of Fish and Game, but there is no forensic method to separate wild and farm-raised white sturgeon eggs. The extension of these findings in future work will be to use the fatty acid and mineral compositions as forensic indicators of caviar produced legally from farm raised sturgeon compared with illegal caviar produced from sturgeon poached from the wild. Samples (10) of sturgeon eggs were collected from a commercial aquaculture facility in the Sacramento Valley. Eggs from wild sturgeon (9) were obtained primarily from confiscations of illegally caught sturgeon by fish and game law enforcement personnel. The total lipid content of sturgeon eggs was analyzed for fatty acid composition. The most notable difference was the higher concentration (P<0.001) of C18:2n6 in farm raised eggs (6.5 mg/100g total lipid) than wild eggs (0.6 mg/100g total lipid) while other differences between fatty acids were smaller. Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n3) was higher (P<0.02) in farm-raised (5.56 mg/100g) than wild (4.49 mg/100g). Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n3), C18:1 cis 9&10, and C20:4n6 were not different for origin of the eggs. Concentration of selenium was markedly higher (P<0.001) in eggs from wild sturgeon (10.0 mg/kg dry weight) than farm-raised sturgeon (2.7 mg/kg dry weight). Concentrations of iron, zinc, copper, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, and potassium did not differ between farm-raised and wild eggs. Arsenic concentration in wild eggs was 3.3mg/kg dry weight whereas arsenic was not detected in the farm-raised eggs. Fatty acid and mineral compositions of eggs differed significantly between farm-raised and wild sturgeon and these should be investigated further as biological markers for forensic identification of caviar origin.
Spinal root origin of the radial nerve and nerves innervating shoulder muscles of the dog.

The ventral spinal root origin of the radial nerve, its muscle branches, and brachial plexus nerves which supply shoulder and thoracic musculature was determined in the dog. Electrophysiological signal averaging techniques measured evoked potential from specific ventral spinal roots to individual muscle nerves. The entire radial nerve received input from the sixth cervical (C6) through the second thoracic (T2) spinal roots. The most significant (p less than .05) input to triceps brachii came from C8 while the deep ramus of the radial nerve received its largest input from C7. The brachiocephalicus, suprascapular, and subscapular nerves all received their most significant (p less than .05) innervation from C6. Approximately 90% of the evoked potential to the axillary nerve originated from C7. The thoracodorsal nerve received most of its innervation from ventral roots C7 and C8. The lateral thoracic nerve which innervates the cutaneous trunci muscle was supplied by ventral roots C8-T2. Examination of innervation patterns suggests that only modest variation of spinal root input to specific nerves occurred between individual dogs.
Perceptions of aggressive conflicts and others’ distress in children with callous‐unemotional traits: ‘I’ll show you who’s boss, even if you suffer and I get in trouble’

Background: Children with callous-unemotional (CU) traits may have a particularly malevolent view of social conflicts and a pervasive insensitivity to others' distress. The current study examined whether children with CU traits have unique expectations and values regarding the consequences of aggressive conflicts and a ubiquitous lack of concern for others' feelings independent of co-occurring aggression. Methods: Participants were 96 (46 males, 50 females) children recruited from elementary schools within an urban city. Associations between CU traits and child reports of outcome expectancies/values following aggressive conflicts and facets of empathy were examined after controlling for aggression, academic abilities, and demographic covariates. Results: Children with higher CU traits were less likely to expect that aggression would result in victim suffering and feelings of remorse. After controlling for co-occurring aggression, children with higher CU traits were more likely to expect that aggression would result in peer dominance, while children with higher levels of aggression were more likely to expect that attacking others would reduce their aversive behavior. Children with higher CU traits were less concerned that aggressive behavior would result in punishment, victim suffering, and feelings of remorse. Moreover, children with higher CU traits reported lower levels of empathetic concern and sadness in response to others' distress outside of aggressive conflicts. Conclusions: Children with CU traits tend to minimize the extent to which aggression causes victim suffering and openly acknowledge caring less about distress and suffering in others. They are less intimidated by the possibility of being punished for aggressive behavior and tend to view aggression as an effective means for dominating others. In sum, children with CU traits have a particularly malicious social schema that may be difficult to change using conventional treatment methods. Language: en
A Missing Step in Glycogen Synthesis.

INTRODUCTION. There is strong evidence for the existence of a discrete intermediate in glycogen (macroglycogen) synthesis. This has been termed proglycogen[1]. It is narrowly disperse and has a mass of about 400kDa. Containing 10% by weight of the glycogen primer, the self-glucosylating glycogenin, proglycogen is separable from macroglycogen by the insolubility of the former in 10% trichloracetic acid (TCA). The synthesis of glycogen from glucose in cultured astrocytes can be arrested at proglycogen, as can the degradation of macroglycogen in cultured quail embryo muscle. This suggests the possibility of distinct enzyme species operating between glucose and proglycogen that are different from the classical glycogen synthase and phosphorylase, which until now have been considered the only enzymes involved in extending and pruning the chains of glycogen. The putative proglycogen synthase differs from the already known glycogen synthase by having a much greater affinity for UDPglucose. Rather than postulating that proglycogen synthase is a different gene product, it has been suggested that changes in the pattern of multisite phosphorylation of glycogen synthase might modulate its affinity for UDPglucose[1].
Delirium: Past, present, and future

Delirium was described by Hippocrates over 2500 years ago and it remains an important clinical problem today. Work continues to improve definition, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, but relatively young science remains. Delirium affects 12,500,000 patients and costs $152,000,000,000 every year. Up to 80% of mechanically ventilated patients experience delirium, which exists as a spectrum of acute brain organ dysfunction. Multiple theories exist, including contribution from baseline pathology, medications, surgical inflammation, and environment. Biochemical models point to pathophysiology. Delirium remains largely preventable through planning and subgroup identification. Validated objective assessment models aid diagnosis, whereas protocolized multimodal intervention remains best practice. Pharmacotherapy, as chemical restraint, is reserved for cases of potential harm to self or others. Observation obviates mechanical restraint. The contribution of delirium to cognitive decline remains controversial and concerning. As dollars shrink and cost does not, delirium becomes increasingly important. In an aging population of increasing frailty, delirium will contribute increasingly to long-term morbidity and even mortality.
Structure from Small Baseline Motion with Central Panoramic Cameras

In applications of egomotion estimation, such as real-time vision-based navigation, one must deal with the double-edged sword of small relative motions between images. On one hand, tracking feature points is easier, while on the other, two-view structure-from-motion algorithms are poorly conditioned due to the low signal-to-noise ratio. In this paper, we derive a multi-frame structure from motion algorithm for calibrated central panoramic cameras. Our algorithm avoids the conditioning problem by explicitly incorporating the small baseline assumption in the algorithm's design. The proposed algorithm is linear, amenable to real-time implementation, and performs well in the small baseline domain for which it is designed.
From Field Science to Classroom Science: A Case Study of Constrained Emergence in a Second-Career Science Teacher.

This study explored how the school classroom context influenced the expression of one prospective science teachers' beliefs about science and science teaching. Using a single case study design, the article presents a case report of Dan, a 31-year-old scientist who decided to become a science teacher after six years as a field scientist with an international science corporation. Personal construct theory and experientialism provided the theoretical frameworks for data collection and analysis. Multiple sources of data were gathered to ensure triangulation. Data sources included field notes made during observations of Dan's student teaching, transcripts from formal and informal interviews with Dan, and document analysis from teaching materials gathered throughout student teaching. Using the constant comparative method of data analysis, four interrelated categories of Dan's student teaching experience were generated: beliefs about teaching science, constrained teaching and instructional conflict, science beliefs and classroom practice, and anticipations of a new beginning. Implications for science education and for teacher development are offered.
Dilated cardiomyopathy complicating a case of epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica.

: A Child with epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica, recessive type (EBDR) developed significant anemia at 9 years of age and was treated with long-term transfuslon therapy. At age 17 he had symptoms of congestive heart failure secondary to dilated cardlomyopathy. Treatment with digoxin and vasodilators for the past year has failed to improve his cardiomyopathy significantly. Chronic iron overload and secondary hemosiderosis may have contributed to his problems, and we propose that chelation therapy be used in any child received long-term transfusion therapy.
Industry Knowledge Sources and the Role of Universities

In recent years, rapid growth has occurred in both the number and diversity of university-industry programs in the United States. While little comprehensive assessment of these programs exists to date, this paper argues that a systematic empirical analysis of a company's perception of universities as knowledge sources is critical to a clear understanding of the new alliances between industry and academia. From a survey of 216 companies, a pattern emerges where the sources of technical knowledge perceived as important by industry are complex and highly interrelated, and they also vary according to the characteristics of companies, especially size. It is seen that university research rather than universities as institutions per se are critical ingredients to the development of new products and production processes.
Overview of the Helicity Injected Torus (HIT) Program

The Helicity Injected Torus with Steady Inductive Helicity Injection (HIT-SI) consists of a “bowtie”-shaped axisymmetric confinement region, with two half-torus helicity injectors mounted on each side of the axisymmetric flux conserver [Sieck et al, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., v.33, p.723 (2005); Jarboe, Fusion Technology, v.36, p.85 (1999)]. Current and flux are driven sinusoidally with time in each injector, with the goal of generating and sustaining an axisymmetric spheromak in the main confinement region. Improvements in machine conditioning have enabled systematic study of HIT-SI discharges with significant toroidal current ITOR, including cases in which this current ITOR switches sign one or more times during the discharge. Statistical studies of all HIT-SI discharges to date demonstrate a minimum injected power to form significant ITOR, and that the maximum ITOR scales approximately linearly with the total injected power.
Functional Effects of Two Troponin I Mutations Linked to Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Mutations in cardiac troponin, a protein complex that regulates muscle contraction, have been shown to be linked to cardiomyopathies, which commonly lead to chest pains, myocardial infarction, or sudden cardiac death. The troponin complex consists of three proteins: Troponin T, Troponin I (TnI), and Troponin C (TnC). In recent clinical studies, two novel mutations in cardiac TnI were discovered co-segregated with cardiomyopathy, but their specific functional effects remain unknown. These mutations are the first frameshift mutations in cTnI known to be linked to restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM). The deletion of two adenines at codon 177 (Delbp529AA) in cardiac TnI, was discovered in a six year old female RCM patient. The second cTnI mutation included in this investigation was the result of a deleted guanine in codon 168 which caused a frame shift and premature stop codon at 176 (DelG502). cTnI DelG502 was associated with sudden cardiac death. It was found during column purification that the 34 residue truncation of cTnI removed or greatly decreased its binding affinity for TnC. However, the Delbp529AA mutant protein, containing 32 alternate C-terminal residues, was successfully purified and formed a functional troponin complex. Actomyosin ATPase assays demonstrated similar maximal ATPase activity for complexes containing TNNI3 Delbp529AA compared to wild type complexes. cTnI Delbp529AA showed increased calcium sensitivity of ATPase and less inhibitory function compared to wild-type cTnI. Calpain digestion studies indicate that cTnI Delbp529AA is degraded at a faster rate than wild-type cTnI. These results suggest that the poor prognosis of patients carrying these RCM-linked mutants is due to protein dysfunction at multiple levels and suggest possible mechanisms of RCM pathology.
Design and fabrication of a 24-channel acousto-optic spatial light modulator.

Acousto-optic (AO) devices are important spatial light modulators. They can be used as light-beam deflectors, rf true-time-delay lines, etc. To increase their spur-free dynamic range, we present what to our knowledge is a novel multichannel AO device structure, in which different channels have different carrier frequencies, so a wideband signal can automatically be decomposed into a set of narrow-band signals. Design, fabrication, and testing of this 24-channel, 10-μs AO spatial light modulator are addressed.
Synthesis, Structure and Solid State Properties of Cyclohexanemethylamine Substituted Phenalenyl Based Molecular Conductor

We report the preparation, crystallization and solid state characterization of a cyclohexanemethylamine substituted spirobiphenalenyl radical; in the solid state the compound is iso-structural with its dehydro-analog (benzylamine-substitued compound), and the molecules packed in a one-dimensional fashion that we refer to as a π-step stack. Neighboring molecules in the stack interact via the overlap of one pair of active (spin bearing) carbon atoms per phenalenyl unit. The magnetic susceptibility measurement indicates that in the solid state the radical remains paramagnetic and the fraction of Curie spins is 0.75 per molecule. We use the analytical form of the Bonner-Fisher model for the S = 1/2 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg chain of isotropically interacting spins with intrachain spin coupling constant J = 6.3 cm−1, to fit the experimentally observed paramagnetism [χp (T)] in the temperature range 4–330 K. The measured room temperature conductivity (σRT = 2.4 × 10–3 S/cm) is comparable with that of the iso-structural benzyl radical, even though the calculated band dispersions are smaller than that of the unsaturated analog.
Photosensitivity skin reactions to calcium channel blockers

of the symptoms was noted in three of four cases at the time of the report?. 6 Personal communications with the authors of two of these reports revealed improvement or resolution of symptoms in two of the four cases reported by Beck et al. 4 and in nine of 10 cases reported by Davis and Strunk 3 (including some additional cases). Attempted treatment in adults has included atropine, antihistamines, irradiation, and surgical resection of the auriculotemporal nerve. However, these treatments have been unsuccessful or carry a high risk of complications? Because auriculotemporal syndrome appears to be a benign condition with a good chance of spontaneous remission in children, no specific therapy is recommended. Familiarity with this condition among pediatricians and allergists should help to reduce the misinterpretation of this relatively rare condition as a food allergy.
Characterization of Endemic Strains of Shigella sonnei by Use of Plasmid DNA Analysis and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis to Detect Patterns of Transmission

Shigellosis is hyperendemic in Utah. Most isolates are Shigella sonnei, making it difficult to identify epidemiologic clustering. To better define transmission, molecular markers and epidemiologic data were examined for 90 cases. Plasmid analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of the S. sonnei isolates identified 11 and 4 patterns, respectively. Plasmid pattern I infections occurred in 8 day care centers over a 6-month period, suggesting spread between centers. Plasmid pattern III was isolated from children at 3 additional centers and pattern IV was associated with another day care center, suggesting different outbreaks. By PFGE, plasmid groups I and XI appeared identical, as were plasmid groups II and V; plasmid group X had a unique pattern. Plasmid groups III, IV, and VII-IX were closely related PFGE subtypes. Both plasmid analysis and PFGE allow better characterization of S. sonnei transmission patterns of "endemic" strains and could lead to improved control measures.
Evolution of a derived protein-protein interaction between HoxA11 and Foxo1a in mammals caused by changes in intramolecular regulation.

Current models of developmental evolution suggest changes in gene regulation underlie the evolution of morphology. Despite the fact that protein complexes regulate gene expression, the evolution of regulatory protein complexes is rarely studied. Here, we investigate the evolution of a protein-protein interaction (PPI) between Homeobox A11 (HoxA11) and Forkhead box 01A (Foxo1a). Using extant and “resurrected” ancestral proteins, we show that the physical interaction between HoxA11 and Foxo1a originated in the mammalian stem lineage. Functional divergence tests and coimmunoprecipitation with heterologous protein pairs indicate that the evolution of interaction was attributable to changes in HoxA11, and deletion studies demonstrate that the interaction interface is located in the homeodomain region of HoxA11. However, there are no changes in amino acid sequence in the homeodomain region during this time period, indicating that the origin of the derived PPI was attributable to changes outside the binding interface. We infer that the amino acid substitutions in HoxA11 altered Foxo1a's access to the conserved binding interface at the HoxA11 homeodomain. We also found an expansion in the number of paired Hox/Fox binding sites in the genomes of mammalian lineage species suggesting the complex has a biological function. Our data indicate that the physical interaction between HoxA11 and Foxo1a evolved through noninterface changes that facilitate the PPI, which prevents inappropriate interactions, rather than through the evolution of a novel binding interface. We speculate that evolutionary changes of intramolecular regulation have limited pleiotropic effects compared with changes to interaction domains themselves.
Signal transduction activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) dysfunction in autoimmune monocytes and macrophages.

Autocrine granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) sequentially activates intracellular components in monocyte/macrophage production of the pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory prostanoid, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). GM-CSF first induces STAT5 signaling protein phosphorylation, then prostaglandin synthase 2 (COX2/PGS2) gene expression, and finally IL-10 production, to downregulate the cascade. Without activation, monocytes of at-risk, type 1 diabetic (T1D), and autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) humans, and macrophages of nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice have aberrantly high GM-CSF, PGS2, and PGE2 expression, but normal levels of IL-10. After GM-CSF stimulation, repressor STAT5A and B isoforms (80–77 kDa) in autoimmune human and NOD monocytes and activator STAT5A (96–94 kDa) and B (94–92 kDa) isoforms in NOD macrophages stay persistently tyrosine phosphorylated. This STAT5 phosphorylation persisted despite treatment in vitro with IL-10, anti-GM-CSF antibody, or the JAK2/3 inhibitor, AG490. Phosphorylated STAT5 repressor isoforms in autoimmune monocytes had diminished DNA binding capacity on GAS sequences found in the PGS2 gene enhancer. In contrast, STAT5 activator isoforms in NOD macrophages retained their DNA binding capacity on these sites much longer than in healthy control strain macrophages. These findings suggest that STAT5 dysfunction may contribute to dysregulation of GM-CSF signaling and gene activation, including PGS2, in autoimmune monocytes and macrophages.
Limb salvage in the treatment of total muscle necrosis of the leg due to compartment syndrome. A report of three cases.

Prolonged high intracompartmental pressures, whether due to external causes or intracompartmental pathology, can lead to severe, if not total, necrosis of the muscle in the affected compartment(s). Aggressive treatment may reduce systemic complications and can help to improve the function as well as the survival of the patient. The treatment for acute compartment syndrome is early fasciotomy1. In the presence of severe crush injury, however, fasciotomy may lead to infection if any necrotic muscle remains after debridement and if wound and antibiotic therapies are not managed appropriately. Uncontrolled infection may lead to sepsis, amputation, and death. Currently, there is no objective method to predict the potential for the viability of compartment muscles prior to surgical release. Once the compartment has been released, the increased intracompartmental pressure usually returns to normal, and muscle viability is assessed by its response to physiologic stimuli (electrical or mechanical) and by its texture (turgor and rebound to normal following a forceps pinch). Any muscle that is found to be necrotic should be debrided immediately. Repeat returns to the operating room are necessary to reassess marginally surviving muscle and to look for further progression of necrosis. In some patients who have renal failure and/or multiple organ failure, radical debridement of marginally viable muscle or an amputation may be necessary to prevent worsening of the systemic inflammatory response, which could lead to death. In this report, we present the removal of all four compartments (anterior, lateral, superficial, and deep posterior, including both heads of the gastrocnemius muscle in all three patients) in a single session, resulting in a leg consisting of skin, the neurovascular bundles, and bone. Our long-term experience with this technique has shown that it is associated with low morbidity, and it reduces the initial complication rate as well as the time in …
Hormonal mechanism of sodium oleate-stimulated pancreatic secretion in rats.

We have investigated the role of two intestinal hormones, secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK), on the pancreatic exocrine secretion stimulated by sodium oleate in anesthetized rats. Each rat was prepared with a polyethylene tube in the proximal duodenum and ligation of the pylorus. To collect pancreatic juice, the common bile-pancreatic duct was cannulated near the duodenal wall while bile was diverted to the exterior. Intraduodenal infusion of sodium oleate at doses of 0.03, 0.06, 0.12, and 0.24 mmol/h resulted in significant increases in pancreatic secretion including fluid, bicarbonate, and protein output. The increases of the three parameters were dose dependent and were correlated well with the increases in plasma secretin and CCK concentrations. To further clarify their hormonal roles, we have repeated identical experiments under intravenous administration of a rabbit anti-secretin serum (0.1 ml) or CR 1409 (4 mg.kg-1.h-1), a CCK-receptor antagonist, or a combination of both the antiserum and CR 1409. The antiserum significantly suppressed volume flow and bicarbonate secretion with a minor inhibitory effect on protein secretion, whereas a normal rabbit serum did not. CR 1409 significantly suppressed all three parameters. The combined treatment with both the antiserum and CR 1409 almost completely abolished the pancreatic secretion. Atropine given intravenously significantly inhibited the protein output but did not influence volume flow or bicarbonate output in response to sodium oleate. We thus conclude that, in rats, fat-stimulated pancreatic secretion of volume flow and bicarbonate depends entirely on the circulating endogenous secretin and CCK but that the protein output appears to be under control of both hormonal and cholinergic controls.
Working volume: validity evidence for a motion-based metric of surgical efficiency

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to evaluate working volume as a potential assessment metric for open surgical tasks. Methods Surgical attendings ( n = 6), residents ( n = 4), and medical students ( n = 5) performed a suturing task on simulated connective tissue (foam), artery (rubber balloon), and friable tissue (tissue paper). Using a motion tracking system, effective working volume was calculated for each hand. Repeated measures analysis of variance assessed differences in working volume by experience level, dominant and/or nondominant hand, and tissue type. Results Analysis revealed a linear relationship between experience and working volume. Attendings had the smallest working volume, and students had the largest ( P = .01). The 3-way interaction of experience level, hand, and material type showed attendings and residents maintained a similar working volume for dominant and nondominant hands for all tasks. In contrast, medical students' nondominant hand covered larger working volumes for the balloon and tissue paper materials ( P Conclusions This study provides validity evidence for the use of working volume as a metric for open surgical skills. Working volume may provide a means for assessing surgical efficiency and the operative learning curve.