cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hybrid and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle systems

• Energy and environment • Architectures of HEV/PHEV: series, parallel, and planetary gear based topologies • Suitability of different architectures for PHEVs • Driving cycle evaluation of PHEV • Application of PHEV • Electric driving range and true MPG of PHEV • Electric-gas equivalence and equivalent electric range calculation
SU‐FF‐J‐98: Offline Analysis of the Frequency and Accuracy of OBI KV/MV Imaging for Head‐And‐Neck and Brain IMRT Using Rigid and Deformable Image Registration Techniques

Purpose: To assess the necessary imaging frequency and the accuracy of head‐and‐neck and brainIMRT patient setup/target‐localization based on OBI kV/MV imaging.Methods and Materials: KV or MV orthogonal images were routinely acquired during setup for 12 selected head‐neck cancer and braintumor patients for IMRTtreatments. Initial setup offsets were determined online through an interactive image registration procedure and corrected by couch‐shifts before commencing each treatment. These images and shifts were retrospectively analyzed using a rigid‐body image registration algorithm based on normalized mutual information (NMI). In addition, residual offsets of the projected regions of target and OAR (organ at risk), including CTV, brainstem and the 5mm‐expanded spinal cord, were analyzed in a deformable image registrationanalysis based on a B‐Spline representation of head‐neck anatomy in the anterior‐posterior and lateral views. Results: 1). Among all imaged fractions analyzed by rigid‐body registration, ∼45% reported larger‐than‐3mm vector offsets, ∼21% showed larger‐than‐5mm vector offsets, all detected position offsets were corrected prior to delivery via couch shifts; 2). Deformable registration showed that residual offsets for regions of projected target and OAR volumes in lateral views are in general larger than those in the AP views; For target volumes, ∼10% of the lateral images showed larger than 5 mm mean offsets and ∼60% showed larger than 3 mm, while less than 10% of the AP images showed larger than 3 mm mean offsets. Conclusions: For head‐neck and brainIMRT cases involving OAR volumes less than ∼5 mm away from PTV, daily kV or MV imaging is essential for avoiding under‐dose to target volumes and increased‐dose to OAR volumes. Deformable registration showed that PTV margins of 3∼5 mm, as often used for head‐neck and brainIMRT, are marginally adequate to account for the residual offsets which can not be fully corrected by couch shifts alone.
Characterization of the activation domains of AP-2 family transcription factors

Despite sequence variation, all AP-2 isotypes are capable of activating transcription, which indicates a functional conservation. We used this property to gain a unique insight into the structure and function of the activation motifs of AP-2 family transcription factors. We have precisely localized the activation motif of human AP-2 alpha to amino acids 52-108. Our experiments indicate that similar sequence of amino acids in all AP-2 isotypes except Drosophila AP-2 alpha harbor their activation motifs. Within this sequence, fewer than 36 residues are critical for transcription activation. Our comparison studies and site-directed mutagenic analyses show that these critical amino acids are strategically placed within this sequence. These residues are interspersed with nonessential and influential residues that vary in composition and length, indicating a structural flexibility. The Drosophila AP-2 alpha has its partly conserved activation motif in an extended region about twice the length of other AP-2 isotypes. Our results reveal essential elements of the amino acid composition of activators in general and shed new light on the mechanism of transcription activation.
Dinitrogen fixation in a montane forest sere determined by 15N2 assimilation and in situ acetylene-reduction methods

Abstract Annual N input rates in a Rocky Mountain forest sere were determined by 15 N 2 assimilation in an aerobic atmosphere using Swaby-type electrolytic O 2 -producing incubation flasks, and by in situ enclosures employing C 2 H 2 reduction methods. It was determined that the input in a subalpine meadow was 0.33, in aspen 0.52 and in spruce sites 0.32 kg N ha −1 yr −1 , respectively, by combined non-symbiotic and associative-symbiotic fixation. The in situ C 2 H 2 reduction values equated with the 15 N 2 fixation values if a ratio of 7.5 C 2 H 2 reduced to 1 N 2 fixed was used. Symbiotic fixation by a lupine in the aspen site added 0.63 kg N ha −1 yr −1 . The associate-symbiotic fixation contributed 14% of the N input in the meadow, 30% in the aspen, and nil in the coniferous stands estimated by the C 2 H 2 reduction method in situ . The results supported the conclusions that the N 2 fixation, similar to other microbiological characteristics of the aspen and conifer sites, agrees with the accepted definition of a successional forest sere.
Bayesian Analysis of Current and Lifetime Comorbidity Rates of Mood and Anxiety Disorders In Individuals with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Although posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is no longer considered an anxiety disorder in DSM-5 ,p revious research has indicated high rates of comorbid anxiety and mood disorders in individuals with PTSD. The goal of the present study was to build upon previous examinations of diagnostic comorbidity by using Bayesian methods of esti- mating current and lifetime comorbidity rates to determine more precise estimates of the proportion of individuals in a clinical sample with PTSD that also meet criteria for various emotional disorders. Two hundred and fifty three individuals with a current or lifetime diagnosis of PTSD underwent a comprehensive assessment of current and lifetime emotional disorders. Bayesian statistical techniques were then used to calculate credibility intervals for the current and lifetime co- morbidity rates ofemotional disorders.The Bayesian analyses used informative priors based on previous comorbidity find- ings. The median number of current emotional disorders was two and the median number of lifetime comorbid emotional disorders was three. Credibility intervals indicated that social phobia and major depressive disorder were the most common current and lifetime comorbid emotional disorders. The pro- portion of individuals with lifetime comorbidity rates were veryhighfor bothanylifetimeanxietydisorder(0.91,95% CI 0.88: 0.94) and any lifetime depressive disorder (0.90, 95 % CI 0.86: 0.93). Together these results indicate that despite the separation from the anxiety disorders in DSM-5, the vast majority of individuals with PTSD will present with one or moreemotional disorders.Implicationsfor theassessmentand treatment of PTSD are discussed.
Web Marketing in Food Tourism: A Content Analysis of Web Sites in West Texas

Food is one of the most important elements in tourists' destination choices and travelers' decision-making. Food tourism is thus increasingly becoming an essential subject to researchers in the field of tourism. Consequently, the need for effective food tourism marketing is evident. However, little research has been conducted to examine food tourism marketing on the World Wide Web. This study was designed to investigate the effective use of Web marketing in food tourism that would affect tourists' destination decisions. The research applied the content analysis evaluating the Web sites of the destination marketing organizations (DMOs) in West Texas. Information regarding promotion of food, food-related activities, food products, and food tourism information was examined. The results are expected to help local DMOs improve their Web site marketing strategies as one of the marketing tools to attract more tourists.
Do MNCs spur financial markets in corrupt host countries

This study investigates how MNCs can sway the growth of financial markets in the developing countries with prevalent political corruption. Using annual data of panel of 22 developing countries and applying dynamic generalized method of moment (GMM) technique, we find foreign firms can spur financial markets in the developing countries through direct investment. Furthermore, our results indicate the stimulus effect of foreign investment on financial development is stronger in the more corrupt countries.
Rheological characterization of mayonnaise. Part II: Flow and viscoelastic properties at different oil and xanthan gum concentrations

Abstract The flow and viscoelastic properties of mayonnaise at different oil and xanthan gum concentrations (75–85% and 0.5–1.5% (w/w), respectively) were investigated in the rotational and oscillatory mode using a plate-plate rheometer. Yield stress, which was determined using a static method, and steady measurements were corrected to account for slippage. The corrected flow curves were fitted with the Herschel-Bulkley model, and it was found that the flow index (n), consistency index (K), and yield stress were greatly affected by the oil and xanthan gum concentrations. Viscoelastic properties of mayonnaise were characterized using small amplitude oscillatory shear, and it was observed that mayonnaise exhibited weak gel-like properties. The gel strength depends on the oil and xanthan gum concentrations. The magnitude of elastic modulus and complex viscosity increased with the increase of oil or xanthan gum concentrations.
Ecophysiology of Amaranthus palmeri, a sonoran desert summer annual

Basic photosynthetic and water relations characteristics in relation to soil water availability were investigated in Amaranthus palmeri, a common C4 summer annual of the Sonoran Desert. Under conditions of high soil water availability, photosynthetic capacity exceeded 70 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 at a leaf temperature optimum of 42°C, and photosynthesis was not light saturated at an irradiance of 2.0 mmol m-2 s-1 (400–700 nm). Leaves of A. palmeri exhibited diaheliotropic movements, allowing them to take advantage of their high photosynthetic capacity. In response to a long term drought cycle, both photosynthetic rate and leaf conductance to water vapor decreased, reaching minima at an approximate leaf water potential of-2.9 MPa. Active leaf osmotic adjustment appeared to play an important role in allowing leaves to maintain gas exchange activities down to these low leaf water potentials. The photosynthetic rate became light saturated at the lower leaf water potentials. Although the two parameters decreased in concert, the decreased photosynthetic rate was not due to increased stomatal diffusion limitations, since intercellular CO2 concentrations remained constant over the range of leaf water potentials. Instead it appeared that during the drought cycle, both intrinsic photosynthetic capacity and leaf protein content decreased as well. These results suggested a coordination of gas exchange parameters during long term drought such that the intercellular CO2 concentration remained constant.
Characterization of a genetically segregating determinant of chicken fetal antigen by a new hapten inhibition of microcytotoxicity (HIM) assay.

The immunodominant structure of a chicken fetal antigen (CFA) determinant was investigated using a new hapten inhibition of microcytotoxicity (HIM) assay. This HIM assay employing avian erythrocytes was shown to be a highly sensitive, economical technique and was verified in a separate experiment using bovine serum albumin (BSA) coupled to Japanese quail peripheral red blood cells (QPRBCs). Inhibition of microcytotoxicity was measured following preincubation of 1 µl of specific antiserum with 1 µl of antigen solution. A concentration of 21.1nm BSA was found to produce effective (50%) inhibition of microcytotoxicity of BSA-coated QPRBCs. The percentage cytotoxicity was determined by estimating the proportion of intact RBCs to free nuclei using an inverted microscope. Staining of the reaction mixtures was not required for scoring. Application of this technique for the characterization of immunodominant structures was demonstrated by the analysis of a CFA determinant known to exhibit both developmental expression and genetic segregation. R-anti-CFA-10 was effectively inhibited only by d-galactose (35.5mm) and the galactose-containing sugars lactose (28.2mm), raffinose (29.9mm), and stachyose (39.8mm). Implications of the carbohydrate nature of CFA are discussed.
The Duality of Media: A Structurational Theory of Public Attention

Digital media offer countless options that compete for a limited supply of public attention. The patterns of use that emerge in this environment have important social implications, yet the factors that shape attendance are not well integrated into a single theoretical model. This article posits such a theory using Giddens’s notion of structuration as an overarching framework. It identifies public measures that distill and report user information as a pivotal mechanism that coordinates and directs the behaviors of both media providers and media users, thus promoting the duality of media. The theory is then used to understand evolving patterns of public attention in the digital media environment.
End-Tidal carbon dioxide changes during cardiopulmonary resuscitation after experimental asphyxial cardiac arrest

A study was undertaken to determine the pattern of end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) changes during asphyxia-induced cardiac arrest in a pediatric canine model. Eleven intubated, anesthetized, paralyzed dogs (mean age, 4.1 mo; mean weight, 5.5 kg) were used. Asphyxia was induced by clamping the endotracheal tube (ETT) and discontinuing ventilation. Cardiac arrest ensued a few minutes later, after which closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and ventilation were initiated. The ETCO2 level was recorded at baseline and every minute during CPR. Mean baseline ETCO2 was 31.9 mm Hg. The initial ETCO2 immediately after unclamping the ETT (mean, 35 mm Hg) was higher than subsequent values (mean, 12.4 mm Hg; P < .001). There was a sudden increase in ETCO2 to a mean of 27.0 mm Hg at or just before return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in all 11 cases (P < .01). During CPR, ETCO2 levels were initially high, decreased to low levels, and increased again at ROSC. This pattern, not previously described, is different from that observed in animal and adult cardiac arrest caused by ventricular fibrillation, during which ETCO2 decreases to almost zero after the onset of arrest, begins to increase after the onset of effective CPR, and increases to normal levels at ROSC. In this model of asphyxial arrest, continued cardiac output prior to arrest allows continued delivery Of CO2 to the lungs, resulting in higher alveolar CO2; this, in turn, is reflected as increased ETCO2 once ventilation is resumed during CPR. Further study is needed to determine whether the pattern Of ETCO2 changes can be used prospectively to define the etiology of cardiac arrest.
Analysis of a hydrocarbon scramjet with augmented preburning

This paper presents the results of a feasibility study of a hydrocarbon scramjet design utilizing an augmented preburner upstream of the main fuel injector locations. The combustor design evaluated here is for a small hypersonic research vehicle. It consists of a preburner into which a small amount of fuel is burned with on-board liquid oxygen and injected into the main airflow, upstream of the main fuel injector locations, thus ensuring that combustion is present and uninterrupted. Two degrees of analysis are presented including a one-dimensional cycle analysis and a complete computational fluid dynamic analysis with finite-rate chemistry and a two-equation turbulence model. Comparison of these analyses show good agreement when the CFD-predicted fuel consumption schedule is used in the cycle analysis.
Letter to the editor: validity of the results of a perioperative protocol to reduce shunt infections.

Dear Editor, I read with interest the article by Hommelstad et al. demonstrating a reduction in shunt infection rates, primarily in children below 1 year of age, after implementation of a perioperative protocol [1]. I would like to highlight a potential limitation in the study methodology that could significantly impact the interpretation of the efficacy of their perioperative protocol. Although not listed as part of the protocol, the authors state that in the post-protocol cohort, antibiotic-impregnated shunt (AIS) catheters were used at the discretion of the treating physician. AIS catheters were used in 200 (21.6 %) of the procedures post-protocol compared to zero in the pre-protocol cohort. In patients less than 1 year in age, 52 % received an AIS catheter post-protocol. AIS catheters were selectively used in patients considered to be at high risk for shunt infection. The authors state that there was no significant difference in infection rate between the 200 AIS catheter operations compared to the 727 non-AIS catheter operations (p=0.935). In patients less than 1 year of age, there was also no statistically significant difference in infection rate between AIS and non-AIS operations, although with a lower p-value (0.179). The authors interpret this finding to indicate that AIS catheters did not contribute significantly to the reduction in shunt infection in the post-protocol cohort. However, the selection bias in this statistical comparisonmust not be overlooked. One would expect a significantly higher infection rate in the highrisk population, so the finding that a high-risk population receiving AIS catheters had a similar infection rate to a lowrisk population receiving non-AIS catheters should be interpreted as possible evidence that AIS catheters resulted in a reduction of shunt infection. In the pediatric population, a recent meta-analysis revealed that shunt infection occurred in 11.2 % of non-AIS versus 5.0 % of AIS catheter procedures [2]. In the trial by Hommelstad et al., the use of AIS catheters in patients deemed to be at high risk should be considered as part of the new protocol introduced by the authors. As a result, the true effect of the perioperative protocol in the absence of AIS catheters remains uncertain.
Postoperative stroke after stopping warfarin for cutaneous surgery.

Background. Two patients undergoing cutaneous surgery had thromboembolic strokes within 1 week after surgery. Both patients had been taking warfarin for prevention of thromboembolism and warfarin was stopped 3–7 days prior to surgery. Objective. To examine the rationale and problems associated with preoperative warfarin discontinuation. Methods. Review of the medical literature. Results. When warfarin is stopped prior to surgery and restarted soon after surgery, the patient is at increased risk for thromboembolism. Although it is commonly believed that continuing warfarin during surgery is associated with an increased bleeding risk, for cutaneous surgery, this risk is extremely low and can be easily managed. Conclusion. Warfarin should not be discontinued prior to cutaneous surgery because of the risk of thromboembolic stroke.
Impact induced propagation of phase transformation in a shape memory alloy rod

Abstract In this work we study the propagation of a phase-transformation front induced by an impact loading. Our main goals in this paper are to demonstrate the wave structure of the solution to the impact loading and to estimate the velocity of phase front propagation using a thermodynamically based constitutive model for SMAs with internal variables. First, we study the impact problem in an isothermal setting; this study provides an important insight into the wave structure of the solution. The non-uniqueness issue inherent to such problems due to nonconvex SMA constitutive models is thoroughly discussed. Then we develop the solution for an adiabatic approximation for a simplified SMA model. Several numerical examples based on a first order Lax-Friedrichs finite difference scheme are presented.
The bit-complexity of arithmetic algorithms

Abstract Time-complexity and space-complexity of arithmetic algorithms without divisions measured by the number of binary bits processed in computations are estimated for algorithms for discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and polynomial multiplication (PM, or convolution of vectors). It is proved that Ω(N 2 ) bit-operations are required in an evaluation-interpolation algorithm for PM over the field of real constants while O(N log2 N) arithmetic operations suffice.
Self-Assembled Monolayer of a Redox-Active Calix[4]arene: Voltammetric Recognition of the Ba2+ Ion in Aqueous Media

The Redox-active monolayer of a novel calix[4]arene recognizing redox-inactive ionic species by voltammetry is reported. Calix[4]arene-disulfide-diquinone, which is not only redox-active but is also a highly selective ionophore for the Ba2+ ion, spontaneously forms a stable and dense monolayer film on gold. The redox-active calixarene monolayer selectively recognizes Ba2+ ion in aqueous media, and the voltammetric signals are proportional to the ionic concentration. A new voltammetric peak can be detected by square-wave voltammetry upon adding a dilute solution containing Ba2+ ion having a concentration as low as 1.0 × 10-6 M. The Langmuir plot (1/ip vs 1/[Ba2+]) shows a linear slope in the range from 1.0 × 10-6 M to 1.0 × 10-4 M. This modified electrode does not show any significant interference from alkali and alkaline earth metal ions except for Sr2+ and Ca2+. Only 100- and 500-fold concentrations of Sr2+ and Ca2+ ions, respectively, can lead to voltammetric responses comparable to that of Ba2+.
Promoting hospital discharge of infants in safety seats

In 1990, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Injury and Poison Prevention issued a policy statement, “Safe Transportation of Newborns Discharged from the Hospital,” recommending that hospitals adopt comprehensive policies, procedures and education programs for the discharge of newborns in child safety seats (CSSs). The purpose of this project was to determine if a statewide educational intervention based on the AAP statement would be effective in bringing about those recommendations in Nebraska hospitals. All hospitals providing newborn services in Nebraska were surveyed prior to and after the intervention to determine the nature and extent of their CSS discharge policies, patient education programs and loan programs. Post-intervention data indicate significant increases in the percentage of hospitals having formal infant CSS discharge policies (from 25.9% to 88%), providing CSS patient education (from 51% to 95%), and having safety seat loan/give-away programs (from 59% to 76%). It is concluded that a comprehensive, statewide educational program can influence hospitals to promote usage of, access to, and education with infant CSSs.
CONCENTRATIONS OF SPECIFIC EPITHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS IN THE URINE OF INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS PATIENTS AND CONTROLS

AbstractPurpose: Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic bladder disease for which the etiology is unknown. Because the bladder epithelium is often abnormal in IC, we determined whether the levels of specific urine growth factors postulated to be important for bladder epithelial proliferation are altered in IC.Materials and Methods: ELISAs were used to determine levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), and heparin binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) in urine specimens from women with IC, asymptomatic women without bladder disease, and women with bacterial cystitis.Results: Urine HB-EGF levels were specifically and significantly decreased in IC patients as compared to asymptomatic controls or patients with bacterial cystitis, whether expressed as concentration (amount per volume of urine) or the amount relative to urine creatinine in each specimen. In contrast, urine EGF, IGF1, and IGFBP3 lev...
Cytoarchitectural relationships between [3H]ouabain binding and mRNA for isoforms of the sodium pump catalytic subunit in rat brain

Abstract We examined the cell type-specific expression of the α1, α2, and α3 subunits of the sodium pump in rat brain using in situ hybridization and [3H]ouabain autoradiography. These techniques allowed us to colocalize mRNA and functional α2 α3 pumps on adjacent sections. The perikarya of many neurons possessed high levels of α1 and/or α3 transcripts, while α2 mRNA appeared to be present in only a few neuronal types. [3H]Ouabain binding in general paralleled the distribution of α3 mRNA-positive neurons. The regional variation of α1 and α3 transcripts was complex and varied. Large neurons of the olfactory bulb and piriform cortex expressed high levels of α3 transcripts, but low levels of α1 mRNA. In frontal cortex, neurons of layers II–III were enriched in α1 mRNA, while those in layer V exhibited high levels of α3 transcripts. In the hippocampus, principal neurons expressed all three α subunit mRNAs. CA subfield pyramidal neurons exhibited a high α3 α1 ratio, while dentate granule cells and hilar pyramidal neurons expressed approximately equal levels of α1 and α3. In the cerebellum, Purkinje and Golgi cells were rich in α3 mRNA, while the granule cells appeared to express only α1 transcripts. The distribution of functional sodium pump protein, as localized by [3H]ouabain binding, was highest in the neuropil of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, and lowest over perikarya and white matter. [3H]ouabain did not bind to α1 pump units, as confirmed by the complete absence of labeling over the choroid plexus, a tissue expressing only α1 mRNA. In the cerebellum, regions of dense [3H]ouabain binding were localized to the granule cell layer, the inner third of the molecular layer in the basket region, and the deep cerebellar nuclei. Surprisingly, the dense neuropil in the outer 2 3 of the molecular layer lacked high [3H]ouabain binding. Thus, functional α3 sodium pump units appear distributed to the axon terminals and not to apical dendrites of Purkinje, Golgi and basket cells. A similar pattern of increased [3H]ouabain binding in axonal but not dendritic fields of α3-enriched neurons was present in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Considering that many α3-enriched neurons are of the Golgi I type with long axons, the α3 isoform may be preferentially directed into axons to function in presynaptic membranes.
Ganglioside alterations in guinea pig brains at end stages of experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

Abstract Gangliosides were isolated from guinea pig brains at the end stages of experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Quantitative analyses revealed marked decreases of ganglioside levels in pathologically devastated tissues such as cerebral cortex (−21%), basal ganglia and thalamus (−18%), and brain stem (−23%). The cerebellum revealed only minor pathological abnormalities and its ganglioside level remained unchanged. Thin-layer chromatography of the Creutzfeldt-Jakob brain gangliosides showed aberrant ganglioside patterns in all regions studied, including the cerebellum. With some exceptions, a trend in ganglioside pattern changes was detected which consisted of proliferation of G M3 , G D3 , G D2 and loss of G M1 , G D1a , G D1b and G T1b ∗∗ .
Centrally large subgroups of finite p-groups

Let S be a finite p-group. We say that an abelian subgroup A of S is a large abelian subgroup of S if |A|⩾|A∗| for every abelian subgroup A∗ of S. We say that a subgroup Q of S is a centrally large subgroup, or CL-subgroup, of S if |Q|⋅|Z(Q)|⩾|Q∗|⋅|Z(Q∗)| for every subgroup Q∗ of S. The study of large abelian subgroups and variations on them began in 1964 with Thompson's second normal p-complement theorem [J.G. Thompson, Normal p-complements for finite groups, J. Algebra 1 (1964) 43–46]. Centrally large subgroups possess some similar properties. In 1989, A. Chermak and A. Delgado [A. Chermak, A. Delgado, A measuring argument for finite groups, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 107 (1989) 907–914] studied several families of subgroups that include centrally large subgroups as a special case. In this paper, we extend their work to prove some further properties of centrally large subgroups. The proof uses an analogue for finite p-groups of an application of Borel's Fixed Point Theorem for algebraic groups.
Extraperitoneal Laparoscopic Para-aortic Lymph Node Dissection☆

Extraperitoneal cervical cancer "staging" is considered superior to a transperitoneal approach. We developed an entirely extraperitoneal laparoscopic technique for para-aortic lymph node dissection in a pig model, followed by human subject application. Using latex balloon dissection technology, the technique is as follows. A retroperitoneal space is created via a 15-mm left flank incision. The collapsed balloon trochar is inserted and the balloon is inflated under direct visualization. Subsequently, a CO2 pneumoretroperitoneum is established with 12-15 mm Hg and dissection is carried out using a total of three to four left flank port sites. For initial technique development and improvement, four pigs were used. Excellent bilateral retroperitoneal exposure was achieved. A complete dissection was performed from the renal to the iliac vessels. Subsequently, a bilateral sampling procedure from the level of the inferior mesenteric artery to the liac vessels was performed in four human subjects. A mean of 5 nodes (range 1-9) was removed with an EBL of <50 cc. Operative times were 120-140 min. There were no intra- or postoperative complications. This initial experience demonstrates that laparoscopic extraperitoneal para-aortic access and node sampling is feasible. Further study is ongoing to determine the extent of dissection possible using this approach. However, since this approach mimics the extraperitoneal laparotomy technique, it may have all the advantages of adhesion avoidance combined with an outpatient procedure.
ZerehCache: armoring cache architectures in high defect density technologies

Aggressive technology scaling to 45nm and below introduces serious reliability challenges to the design of microprocessors. Large SRAM structures used for caches are particularly sensitive to process variation due to their high density and organization. Designers typically over-provision caches with additional resources to overcome the hard-faults. However, static allocation and binding of redundant resources results in low utilization of the extra resources and ultimately limits the number of defects that can be tolerated. This work re-examines the design of process variation tolerant on-chip caches with the focus on flexibility and dynamic reconfigurability to allow a large number defects to be tolerated with modest hardware overhead. Our approach, ZerehCache, combines redundant data array elements with a permutation network for providing a higher degree of freedom on replacement. A graph coloring algorithm is used to configure the network and find the proper mapping of replacement elements. We perform an extensive design space exploration of both L1/L2 caches to identify several Pareto optimal ZerehCaches. For the yield analysis, a population of 1000 chips was studied at the 45nm technology node; L1 designs with 16% and an L2 designs with 8% area overheads achieve yields of 99% and 96%, respectively.
MiniMAO 1 : an imperative core language for studying aspect-oriented reasonings

This paper describes MiniMAO1, a core aspect-oriented language. Unlike previous aspect-oriented calculi and core languages, MiniMAO1 allows around advice to change the target object of an advised operation before proceeding. MiniMAO1 accurately models the ways AspectJ allows changing the target object, e.g., at call join points. Practical uses for changing the target object using advice include proxies and other wrapper objects.MiniMAO1 was designed to serve as a core language for studying modular specification and verification in the aspect-oriented paradigm. To this end MiniMAO1 • has an imperative, reference-based semantics, • models the control-flow effects of changing target object bindings with advice, and • has a safe static type system. The first two features make MiniMAO1 suitable for the study of aspect-oriented mechanisms, such as those found in AspectJ. These features are important for studying the interaction of aspect-oriented language features with modular specification and verification. A statically type-safe language is also important for such research. AspectJ does not have a safe static type system. To achieve static type safety MiniMAO1 uses a slightly different form of proceed and advice binding than in AspectJ. These changes are sufficient for static type safety, but we do not claim that they are necessary; a less restrictive type system might suffice.This paper gives an operational semantics, type system, and proof of soundness for MiniMAO1.
Die Steuerung der Selbstorganisation vollständig substituierter Arene durch Wasserstoffbrücken

Das Design, die Synthese und die Selbstorganisation einer neuen Klasse vollstandig substituierter Arene, die kolumnare Uberstrukturen bilden, werden in diesem Kurzaufsatz detailliert beschrieben. Die Selbstorganisation dieser Molekule fuhrt zur Bildung von helicalen und polaren Saulen, deren Anordnung mit elektrischen Feldern gesteuert werden kann. In konzentrierten Losungen ordnen sich die Saulen in helicalen Uberstrukturen an, die zirkular polarisiertes Licht im sichtbaren Wellenlangenbereich reflektieren. Durch Schleuderbeschichtung erzeugte Filme bilden, abhangig von der Struktur der verwendeten Seitenketten, entweder polare Monoschichten oder isolierte molekulare Strange, die rastersondenmikroskopisch beobachtet werden konnen. Daruber hinaus werden Methoden beschrieben, mit denen diese Mesogene zu monodispersen Oligomeren verknupft werden konnen, die sich zu definierten Sekundarkonformationen falten.
Air Carrier Technique for Row Crop Spraying Applications

ABSTRACT THIS study focuses on the problem of applying spray material to upper-plant, underside-leaf surfaces of corn and soybean plants. Aircraft and ground pressure-atomizer applications of spray solution were quantified. Percent coverage values were generally less than 1 % on the sampling locations. Flat and hollow cone nozzle air carrier units were developed and evaluated for spray application to the upper-plant, bottom leaf surface. The air carrier method tested within a shroud improved spray deposition to the entire plant by 100% for corn and 234% for soybeans. Deposition to the upper-plant, bottom leaf surface was increased by 900% and 400% for corn and soybean plants, respectively. Deposition uniformity was also improved with the air carrier method.
Anomalous Ward identities in spinor field theories

We consider the model of a spinor field with arbitrary internal degrees of freedom having arbitrary nonderivative coupling to external scalar, pseudoscalar, vector, and axial-vector fields. By carefully defining the $S$ matrix in the interaction picture, the vector and axial-vector currents associated with the external vector and axial-vector fields are found to satisfy anomalous Ward identities. If we require that the vector currents satisfy the usual Ward identities, the divergence of the axial-vector current contains well-defined anomalous terms. These terms are explicitly calculated.
Self-resetting latches for asynchronous micro-pipelines

Asynchronous circuits are increasingly attractive as low power or high-performance replacements to synchronous designs. A key part of these circuits are asynchronous micropipelines; unfortunatelly, the existing micropipeline styles either improve performance or decrease power consumption, but not both. Very often, the pipeline register plays a crucial role in these cost metrics. In this paper we introduce a new register design, called self-resetting latches, for asynchronous micropipelines which bridges the gap between fast, but power hungry, latch-based designs and slow, but low power, flip-flop designs. The energy-delay metric for large asynchronous systems implemented with self-resetting latches is, on average, 41% better than latch-based designs and 15% better than flip-flop designs.
Less activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in response to a meal: a feature of obesity

Background: In an exploratory positron emission tomography studyofpostprandialregionalcerebralbloodflow,whichisamarker of neuronal activity, obese men differed from lean men in several brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex. The subjects received a meal proportional to their body size; therefore, the meal volume was different for each person. Objective: We investigated whether differences in the brain responsesofobeseandleanmentoamealrepresentsatietyorfeelings of gastric distension. Design: We studied 9 lean (x SD body fat: 15 5%; age: 33 10 y) and 9 obese (body fat: 31 4%; age: 32 10 y) men given a fixed amount (400 mL) of a liquid meal. We compared their results withthosein11lean(bodyfat:165%;age:358y)and11obese (body fat: 33 5%; age: 28 5 y) previously studied men given a meal proportional to their body size. We performed analyses by using a two-level, random-effects approach in the STATISTICAL PARAMETRIC MAPPING software package and a significance level of P 0.001, uncorrected for multiple comparisons. Results: Compared with lean men, obese men had consistently less postprandial activation in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, irrespective of meal size. Conclusion: Because the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been implicated in the inhibition of inappropriate behavior, satiety, and meal termination, differential responses of neuronal activity to food intakeinthisareamaycontributetoapropensityforobesityortothe difficultyinlosingweightexperiencedbyobesemen. AmJClin Nutr 2006;84:725–31.
Effect of catecholamines on the TRH-stimulated release of prolactin and growth hormone from sheep pituitaries in vitro.

The effect of catecholamines on thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-induced prolactiri and growth hormone (GH) release from sheep pituitary fragments was investigated in vitro. The addition of 8 ng⁄ml of TRH into the incubation medium caused a significant increase in both prolactin and GH release. Forty ng⁄ml or larger doses of TRH induced greater release of prolactin, but not of GH. Addition of 100 ng⁄ml of norepinephrine-HC1 or dopamine-HCl into the incubation medium significantly suppressed the basal prolactin release, but not GH release. TRH failed to stimulate either prolactin or GH release in the presence of 100 ng⁄ml of norepinephrine or dopamine, but the levels of prolactin and GH in the medium, after the combined addition of TRH and one of the catecholamines, appeared to be slightly higher than those observed for norepinephrine or dopamine alone. However, 1 μg⁄ml of dopamine completely prevented the increase in TRH-induced prolactin and GH release, the levels of these two hormones failing to rise...
Extracranial aneurysm arising from the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Case report.

✓ A case is presented of an aneurysm arising from an extracranial loop of the right posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). No similar case has been found in a review of the literature. The anatomy of the PICA is discussed, and the literature on aneurysms arising from this artery is summarized.
The Effects of a Multi-Component Intervention on Preschool Children’s Literacy Skills

This study examined the effects of a multi-component intervention program (i.e., extended instruction and iPad app technology) on preschool children’s vocabulary. Instruction utilizing the intervention program was provided across 6 storybooks, 4 verbs per book, for a total of 24 verbs. Dependent variables included expressive vocabulary, definitions/examples, and generalization. A repeated acquisition (RA) design was used across six participants. There were increases across all participants from pretest to posttest for the expressive vocabulary and definition/examples measures. In addition, participants were able to generalize knowledge to novel images, both expressively and receptively. Implications for research and practice are provided.
Precisiated natural language (PNL) - toward an enlargement of the role of natural languages in scientific theories

This work discusses the precisiated natural language, which is a subset of a natural language. This subset is equipped with constraint-centered semantics (CSNL) and is translatable into what is called the generalized constraint language. The ways does the concept of a precisiated natural language can serve to enlarge the role of the natural languages in scientific theories were also discussed.
Mirror Neurons and Practices: A Response to Lizardo

Lizardo argues that The Social Theory of Practices is refuted by the discovery of mirror neurons. The book argues that the kind of sameness of tacit mental content assumed by practice theorists such as Bourdieu is fictional, because there is no actual process by which the same mental content can be transmitted. Mirror neurons, Lizardo claims, provide such a mechanism, as they imply that bodily automatisms, which can be understood as the basis of habitus and concepts, can be shared and copied from one person to another. This response to Lizardo points out that the Gallese arguments on which Lizardo relies relate to phylogenetic and universal body movements, not to the learned movements characteristic of practices, and that there is no sameness producing mechanism parallel to the genetic one.
Why are there so few? (creative women: Visual artists, mathematicians, musicians)

The author rethinks a position she and Higham took in 1984 in an article in Journal For The Education of the Gifted, where she and Higham called for “differential equality” in the education of gifted girls. Looking again at well‐known psychometric, psychological, and biographical research into creative visual artists, mathematicians, and musicians, she examines these studies in terms of gender differences, and relates those findings to the developmental research now being done on girls.
Design choices in the SHRIMP system: an empirical study

The SHRIMP cluster-computing system has progressed to a point of relative maturity; a variety of applications are running on a 16-node system. We have enough experience to understand what we did right and wrong in designing and building the system. In this paper we discuss some of the lessons we learned about computer architecture, and about the challenges involved in building a significant working system in an academic research environment. We evaluate significant design choices by modifying the network interface firmware and the system software in order to empirically compare our design to other approaches.
Factors Affecting the Use of Human Tissues in Biomedical Research: Implications in the Design and Operation of a Biorepository

The availability of high-quality human tissues is necessary to advance medical research. Although there are inherent and induced limitations on the use of human tissues in research, biorepositories play critical roles in minimizing the effects of such limitations. Specifically, the optimal utilization of tissues in research requires tissues to be diagnosed accurately, and the actual specimens provided to investigators must be carefully described (i.e., there must be quality control of each aliquot of the tissue provided for research, including a description of any damage to tissues). Tissues also should be collected, processed, stored, and distributed (i.e., handled) uniformly under a rigorous quality management system (QMS). Frequently, tissues are distributed to investigators by tissue banks which have collected, processed, and stored them by standard operating procedures (SOPs). Alternatively, tissues for research may be handled via SOPs that are modified to the specific requirements of investigators (i.e., using a prospective biorepository model). The primary goal of any type of biorepository should be to ensure its specimens are of high quality and are utilized appropriately in research; however, approaches may vary based on the tissues available and requested. For example, extraction of specific molecules (e.g., microRNA) to study molecular characteristics of a tissue may require less clinical annotation than tissues that are utilized to identify how the molecular expression might be used to clarify a clinical outcome of a disease or the response to a specific therapy. This review focuses on the limitations of the use of tissues in research and how the design and operations of a tissue biorepository can minimize some of these limitations.
New safety and service guides for sight distance

The basic philosophy from which stopping sight distance criteria are derived is reviewed. A comparison is made of driver actions required for the stopping manuever and the avoidance manuever. The use of requirements based upon the avoidance manuever is proposed as a basis for sight distance guidelines, considering level of service as a factor. The operational steps in the driving guidance and control process are presented. Use of human factors research regarding driver perception is made to derive values for a perception sight distance. Anticipatory sight distance is also defined, and recommended values presented. Finally, special conditions are identified which warrant additional guides to provide for large trucks. Each of these guidelines are summarized in tabular form. Language: en
Efficient Barrier Implementation on the POWER8 Processor

POWER8 is a new generation of POWER processor capable of 8-way simultaneous multi-threading per core. High-performance computing capabilities, such as high amount of instruction-level and thread level parallelism, are integrated with a deep memory hierarchy. Fine-grained parallel applications running on such architectures often rely on an efficient barrier implementation for synchronization. We present a variety of barrier implementations for a 4-chip POWER8 node. These implementations are optimized based on a careful study of the POWER8 memory sub-system. Our best implementation yields one to two orders of magnitude lower time than the current MPI and POSIX threads based barrier implementations on POWER8. Apart from providing efficient barrier implementations, an additional significance of this work lies in demonstrating how certain features of the memory subsystem, such as NUMA access to remote L3 cache and the impact of prefetching, can be used to design efficient primitives on the POWER8.
Student teachers’ management practices in elementary classrooms: a qualitative study

This qualitative study of four student teachers completing certification in elementary and special education investigated the classroom management practices of the student teachers. This is an important area of study because management practices are essential for an effective classroom, and student teachers often lack confidence and skill in the area of management. Data was collected through a survey, observations, audio transcripts of seminar meetings, and written reflections. Findings revealed that three of four student teachers struggled with implementing positive classroom management strategies and had difficulty establishing a strong teacher identity. As a result, those three did not challenge school-based educator (SBE) management practices even when they disagreed with their SBE. One student teacher had a strong teacher identity and navigated trying new strategies. Findings establish that the praxis of student teaching, including managing relationships with SBEs, may inhibit many student teachers’ ...
Mating of the Honey Bee

To selectively breed any animal, man must be able to control the mating. Honey bee mating is especially difficult to control because the queen bee flies alone from her hive and mates with drones which may live miles away. The methods presently used to control honey bee mating are (1) stocking all the bee hives for miles around with desirable drones or (2) artificial insemination. Artificial insemination gives better control, but it is time consuming and requires special skill and equipment. If bees could be naturally mated in cages, controlled mating would be greatly simplified.