cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Empirical Bayes Estimation of Treatment Effects with Many A/B Tests: An Overview

The use of large-scale experimentation to screen product innovations is increasingly common. This is a practical guide on how to use treatment effect estimates from a large number of experiments to improve estimates of the effects of each experiment. When thousands of new features are A/B tested by internet companies, the winners tend to be a combination of good features and features that got lucky experimental draws. Empirical Bayes methods are a commonly used tool in statistics to separate good features from lucky draws. We give a user-friendly overview of both classic and recent approaches to this problem.
Case 3: Sudden Unexpected Collapse in a Full-term Infant.

A 3,040-g appropriate-for–gestational age girl is delivered vaginally at 38 weeks by an 18-year-old primigravida following induction of labor for preeclampsia. Pregnancy complications included obesity and elevated maternal serum α-fetoprotein without open neural tube defect on ultrasonography. The mother had received 2 g/hour of magnesium sulfate during labor. The infant’s Apgar scores are 8 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively, and she requires routine postdelivery care. The resuscitation team notes normal physical examination findings, including appropriate tone and intact spine, and the infant remains with her mother. At 90 minutes after birth, she is lying skin to skin on her mother’s chest after attempting breastfeeding and is found by her nurse to be pale, limp, and apneic. She is placed on a radiant warmer, positive pressure ventilation is initiated, and the NICU team is called. On arrival, the NICU team finds the neonate to have cyanosis, hypotonia, and apnea. Her heart rate is 60 beats/min. Despite improvement with positive pressure ventilation, the infant requires intubation for persistent apnea. On physical examination, she is stuporous with no spontaneous activity, and has absent primitive reflexes, flaccid tone, and sluggish pupils. She is admitted to the NICU for management of respiratory failure and neonatal encephalopathy. Her initial arterial blood gas demonstrates severe metabolic acidosis (pH 7.00/pCO2 35/pO2 124/HCO3 9/base deficit -23, lactate 14.9 mg/dL [1.7 mmol/L]). Comprehensive metabolic panel is normal except for low serum carbon dioxide (14 mEq/L [14 mmol/L]) and elevated magnesium (4.7 mg/dL [2.35 mmol/L]). She receives mechanical ventilation and whole-body therapeutic hypothermia is initiated. Umbilical lines are placed. She …
Otolith microchemistry shows natal philopatry of walleye in western Lake Erie

Abstract Natal philopatry is important to the structure of fish populations because it can lead to local adaptations among component stocks of a mixed population, reducing the risk of recruitment failure. By contrast, straying between component stocks may bolster declining populations or allow for colonization of new habitat. To examine rates of natal philopatry and straying among western Lake Erie walleye (Sander vitreus) stocks, we used the concentration of strontium [Sr] in otolith cores to determine the natal origin of adults captured at three major spawning sites: the Sandusky (n = 62) and Maumee (n = 55) rivers and the Ohio reef complex (n = 50) during the 2012–2013 spawning seasons. Mean otolith core [Sr] was consistently and significantly higher for individuals captured in the Sandusky River than for those captured in the Maumee River or Ohio reef complex. Although logistic regression indicates that no individuals with a Maumee River or Ohio reef complex origin were captured in the Sandusky River, quadratic discriminant analysis suggests low rates of straying of fish between the Maumee and Sandusky rivers. Our results suggest little straying and high rates of natal philopatry in the Sandusky River walleye stock. Similar rates of natal philopatry may also exist across western Lake Erie walleye stocks, demonstrating a need for stock-specific management.
Sustainable Energy Indicators

This chapter introduces key concepts in sustainability science and engineering. The tools in this chapter include life-cycle assessment, industrial ecology/metabolism, risk and alternatives assessment, vulnerability analysis, and land-use science. Building on what readers have read in previous chapters about the fundamentals of energy science and their understanding of energy natural resources, this chapter offers opportunities to propose ways to evaluate impacts of energy technologies, infrastructure, and resources on Earth’s socio-ecological systems.
Modeling maternal depression during pregnancy: Rodent models of major depressive disorder with peripartum onset

Abstract Maternal depression during pregnancy is recognized as a significant public health issue, affecting up to 20% of women, and exceeding the postpartum depression almost twofold. DMS-5 clinically recognized this depression as major depressive disorder with peripartum onset in 2013. The inclusion of pregnancy period reflects both prevalence of the disease and significant problem facing both expectant mothers and health professionals regarding the use of antidepressants and their effect on expecting mother, pregnancy outcome, and fetal development. There is an urgent need for animal models of maternal depression to focus on the period of pregnancy. This chapter examines the present state of the art of rodent model of maternal depression. It introduces the current clinical definition and outlines the requirements of animal model of depression for the face, construct, and predictive validity. It reviews the existing models of maternal depression chronic mild stress (CMS) and the unpredictable mild chronic stress (UCMS). It points out critical issues, such as the chronology of rodents to human pregnancy and offspring or the relationship between the size and duration of a stressor and the magnitude of depressive outcome. The chapter concludes with a discussion of potential future animal models of maternal expression recognizing the role of the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis in mental health and mental diseases.
Impact of COVID-19 in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Analysis of a National Private Claims Insurance Database

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a detrimental impact on individuals with disabilities. Data from FAIR Healths FH(R) NPIC (National Private Insurance Claims) database,1 one of the nations largest databases of private insurance claim records, were analyzed to understand the experiences of individuals with ASD in COVID-19 pandemic. Multivariate logistic regression models revealed that individuals with ASD + ID were nine times more likely to be hospitalized (OR = 9.3; 95% CI: 6.9 - 12.5) and were nearly six times more likely have an elevated length of hospital stay(OR = 5.9; 95% CI: 3.5 - 10.1) compared those without ASD + ID. These findings point to their need for prioritization in access to vaccines for preventing COVID-19 infection and morbidities.
ATXN10 is required for embryonic heart development and maintenance of epithelial cell phenotypes in the adult kidney and pancreas

Atxn10 is a gene known for its role in cytokinesis during the cell cycle and is associated with Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA10), a slowly progressing cerebellar syndrome caused by an intragenic pentanucleotide repeat expansion. Atxn10 is also implicated in the ciliopathy syndromes Nephronophthisis (NPHP) and Joubert Syndrome (JBTS), which are caused by disruption of cilia function leading to nephron loss, impaired renal function, and cerebellar hypoplasia. How Atxn10 disruption contributes to these disorders remains unknown. Here we generated Atxn10 congenital and conditional mutant mouse models. Our data indicate that while ATXN10 protein can be detected around the base of the cilium as well as in the cytosol, its loss does not cause overt changes in cilia formation or morphology. Congenital loss of Atxn10 results in embryonic lethality around E10.5 associated with pericardial effusion and loss of trabeculation. Similarly, tissue specific loss of ATXN10 in the developing endothelium (Tie2-Cre) and myocardium (cTnT-Cre) also results in embryonic lethality with severe cardiac malformations occurring in the latter. Using an inducible Cagg-CreER to disrupt Atxn10 systemically, we show that ATXN10 is also required for survival in adult mice. Loss of ATXN10 results in severe pancreatic and renal abnormalities leading to lethality within a few weeks post ATXN10 deletion in adult mice. Evaluation of these phenotypes further identified rapid epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in these tissues. In the pancreas, the phenotoype includes signs of both acinar to ductal metaplasia and EMT with aberrant cilia formation and severe defects in glucose homeostasis related to pancreatic insufficiency or defects in feeding or nutrient intake. Collectively this study identifies ATXN10 as an essential protein for survival.
Abstract 2447: TLR4 expression as a determinant of EMT and stress response gene expression in UV exposed human keratinocytes

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is gaining attention for its role in several cancer-associated signaling pathways, including the regulation of inflammation, DNA repair and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). There is evidence that TLR4 contributes to ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced stress signaling in skin cells, including keratinocytes. Blockade of TLR4 activity using the pharmacological antagonist resatorvid (TAK-242) inhibits not only acute UV-induced signaling in vitro and in vivo, but blocks UV-induced skin carcinogenesis in mouse models. In order to genetically explore the role of TLR4 in keratinocyte responses to UV-induced stress, we recently utilized CRISPR/Cas9 techniques to delete TLR4 from the genome of human HaCaT keratinocyte cells in culture. First, using differential gene expression analysis (employing the EMTRT2 Profiler PCR array technology) it was observed that TLR4 KO status is associated with pronounced downregulation of EMT-related gene expression (MMP9, VIM, FN1, SNAI1, TWIST1) confirmed by independent RT-qPCR analysis. TLR4 was also a determinant of UV-induced inflammatory enzyme expression including PTGS2. Phenotypically, TLR4 KO cells displayed an attenuation of Matrigel transwell migration. TLR4 KO cells demonstrated increased sensitivity to UV-induced apoptosis as detected by flow cytometry of annexin V/propidium iodide stained cells, and by immunodetection of increased PARP cleavage. Moreover, NanoString nCounter expression analysis of murine skin chronically exposed to tumorigenic UV indicated that topical resatorvid treatment was associated with MMP9 downregulation. Future studies will employ this novel TLR4 KO keratinocyte cell line as a mechanistic tool to dissect the role of TLR4 in inflammatory signaling and EMT response in the context of skin photodamage and carcinogenesis. Supported by NIH grants ES029579, R03CA230830, P01CA229112. Citation Format: Viktoria Kirschnerova, Prajakta Vaishampayan, Maria Khawam, Clara Curiel-Lewandrowski, Georg T. Wondrak, Sally E. Dickinson. TLR4 expression as a determinant of EMT and stress response gene expression in UV exposed human keratinocytes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 2447.
A Multi-Media Digital Intervention to Improve Female Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health of Adolescent Female Emergency Department Patients.

Background Adolescent females presenting to emergency departments (EDs) inconsistently use contraceptives. We aimed to assess implementation outcomes and potential efficacy of a user-informed, theory-based digital health intervention developed to improve sexual and reproductive health for adolescent females in the ED. Methods We conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial of sexually active female ED patients age 14-19 years. Participants were randomized to the intervention Dr. Erica (Emergency Room Interventions to improve the Care of Adolescents) or usual care. Dr. Erica consists of an ED-based digital intervention along with 3 months of personalized and interactive multi-media messaging. We assessed the feasibility, adoption and fidelity of Dr. Erica among adolescent female users. Initiation of highly effective contraception was the primary efficacy outcome. Results We enrolled 146 patients; mean age was 17.7 (SD+/-1.27) years and 87% were Hispanic. Dr. Erica demonstrated feasibility, with high rates of consent (84.4%) and follow up (82.9%). Intervention participants found Dr. Erica acceptable, liking (98.0%; on Likert scale) and recommending (83.7%) the program. 87.5% adopted the program, responding to ≥1 text; a total of 289 weblinks were clicked. Dr. Erica demonstrated fidelity; few participants opted out (6.9%) and failed to receive texts (1.4%). Contraception was initiated by 24.6% (14/57) in the intervention and 21.9% (14/64) in the control arms (absolute risk difference (ARD) =2.7%, 95% CI -12.4%, 17.8%). Participants receiving Dr. Erica were more likely to choose a method to start in the future (65.9% (27/41) than controls ((30.0%;15/50); ARD =35.9%, 95% CI 16.6%, 55.1%). Conclusion(s) A personalized, interactive digital intervention was feasible to implement, acceptable to female ED patients, and demonstrated high fidelity and adoption. This ED-based intervention shows potential to improve contraception decision-making.
Cloning the Mating-Type Genes of Schizophyllum commune: A Historical Perspective

This chapter describes the life cycle of Schizophyllum commune and ascribes function to the principal genetic determinants, the mating-type genes, that govern it, and presents the strategies that were devised for the successful isolation of these genes. In the world wide population of S. commune, a large number of A and B mating specificities are conferred by the extensive series of alleles of the genes residing at these loci. In S. commune and other Basidiomycetes, the genetic variability ensured by mating is further enhanced by the multiallelic mating-type system. Extraordinarily exact and regular in its supervision of mycelial interactions, the mating-type system of S. commune is not influenced by external factors such as nutrition and environmental conditions. Genomic DNA was isolated from a strain carrying the Aα4 allele to make the library used in the chromosomal walk from PAB1. The library was constructed in a cosmid vector in which the S. commune TRP1 gene would be the selectable marker in transformation. The mating genes are similar to other S. commune genes (and many fungal genes in general) in that there are no obvious promoter sequences such as a TATA box or CAAT box. Information from several previous studies was incorporated to create a successful strategy to isolate active fragments from the Bα and Bβ loci of S. commune.
Universal tumor-specific T cells: Redirecting T cells to tagged antigens in vivo

The development of a universal yet adaptable gene therapy platform that confers immune cells specificity to various cancer types has valuable clinical implications. T cells engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), that bind tumor-associated antigens, show promise in treating patients however several limitations preclude the widespread use of this form of therapy. We improve the existing CAR technology by developing a versatile system which grants T cells specificity to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) molecules. We report that human antiFITC-CAR T cells recognize various cancer types when bound with FITC-labeled antibodies resulting in efficient target lysis, T cell proliferation, and cytokine/chemokine production. Treatment with antiFITC-CAR T cells plus FITC-cetuximab (FITC-Ctx) delayed colon cancer tumor establishment but unexpectedly led to the outgrowth of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-negative cells. Using pancreatic cancer cells with uniform EGFR expression, antiFITC-CAR T cells plus FITC-Ctx eradicated an established tumor and prevented tumor growth. These studies are the first to describe the generation of a universal and adaptable CAR system which confers T cells specificity to tagged antibodies which when bound to various cancer types mediate tumor destruction. We consider this platform to be an ‘off-the-shelf’ system that considerably advances the existing CAR technology through its potential to target an assortment of tagged proteins.
Diminishing Quality of Fiscal Institutions: The United States and the European Union

U.S. Government debt relative to the size of the economy has risen to the point where it is likely to be interfering with real economic growth. Short-run fiscal policy has deteriorated from being counter-cyclical to pro-cyclical. The decline in the quality of U.S. fiscal institutions calls for major reform that might include a limit on the ratio of government debt to GDP. The EU also faces fundamental fiscal problems, but for a different reason.
Purification and properties of the Neurospora crassa assimilatory nitrite reductase.

Abstract The Neurospora crassa (5297a) assimilatory nitrite reductase (EC 1.6.6.4) catalyzes the NADPH-dependent formation of ammonia from nitrite, a 6 electron reduction. The enzyme has been purified 90-fold by ammonium sulfate fractionations, polyethylene glycol treatment (to remove nucleic acids), DEAE-cellulose, and molecular sieve chromatography. Associated with this NADPH-nitrite reductase activity are NADH-nitrite reductase activity, dithionite-nitrite reductase activity, NADPH-hydroxylamine reductase activity, and NADH-hydroxylamine reductase activity. All the activities are manifestations of a single protein complex as shown by their co-elution from DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-200 columns, and by their co-sedimentation during sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The molecular weight was calculated to be 290,000 using a relative s0.72520, w value of 9.4 determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and a Stokes radius of 76 A estimated from Sephadex G-200 gel filtration data. The absorption spectrum of a partially purified sample of nitrite reductase exhibited maxima at 405, 555, 585, and g600 nm showing some characteristics of other nitrite and sulfite reducing enzymes which have been studied. The apparent Km for nitrite is 0.01 mm whereas that for hydroxylamine is 2 orders of magnitude higher, 3 mm, suggesting that nitrite is the physiological substrate. The reduced pyridine nucleotide-dependent activities, which require FAD for maximal activity, are more heat-labile and more sensitive to inhibition by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate than the dithionite-dependent activity. All the activities of the nitrite reductase complex are sensitive to inhibition by cyanide, sulfide, sulfite, and o-phenanthroline. The enzyme activities are inhibited on preincubation with either reduced pyridine nucleotide electron donor (NADPH or NADH), provided FAD is present. The electron acceptors, nitrite and hydroxylamine, protect against this inactivation. No evidence of feedback inhibition was found with the variety of nitrogenous compounds tested.
Open source software maturity model based on linear regression and bayesian analysis

Open Source Software (OSS) is widely used and is becoming a significant and irreplaceable part of the software engineering community. Today a huge number of OSS exist. This becomes a problem if one needs to choose from such a large pool of OSS candidates in the same category. An OSS maturity model that facilitates the software assessment and helps users to make a decision is needed. A few maturity models have been proposed in the past. However, the parameters in the model are assigned not based on experimental data but on human experiences, feelings and judgments. These models are subjective and can provide only limited guidance for the users at the best. This dissertation has proposed a quantitative and objective model which is built from the statistical perspective. In this model, seven metrics are chosen as criteria for OSS evaluation. A linear multiple-regression model is created to assign a final score based on these seven metrics. This final score provides a convenient and objective way for the users to make a decision. The coefficients in the linear multiple-regression model are calculated from 43 OSS. From the statistical perspective, these coefficients are considered random variables. The joint distribution of the coefficients is discussed based on Bayesian statistics. More importantly, an updating rule is established through Bayesian analysis to improve the joint distribution, and thus the objectivity of the coefficients in the linear multiple-regression model, according to new incoming data. The updating rule provides the model the ability to learn and improve itself continually.
Single ion channel CMOS electrochemical instrument for high throughput recording arrays

This paper presents instrumentations for high throughput single ion channel recording array used for proteomics. The instrumentations incorporates two-stage amplifier using shared operational transconductance amplifier structure. The proposed sensor frontend reduces power consumption and area of circuit without any performance degradations in terms of bandwidth and noise. Two compact, low noise, low power circuits are introduced to address the proposed amplifier structure. As a results, over 400 ion channels are implemented on a single chip. Design #1 is suitable for recording ion currents as low as 20pA within 9kHz bandwidth using minimal power. Design #2 is able to sense input currents as low as 10pA within a maximum bandwidth of 100kHz.
Conserved genetic networks define ER-alpha status and luminal and basal phenotypes in mouse and human mammary cancer: Added value from the mouse

1551 Defining molecular similarities and differences between genetically engineered mouse models of mammary cancer and human breast cancer is critical to the further understanding of molecular mechanisms of oncogenesis and identifying models most relevant to human disease. One goal of this study was to use expression profiling in an attempt to determine whether several important, oncogenic pathway specific mouse models of mammary cancer could be classified according to the basal - luminal distinctions identified for human breast cancer. We demonstrate that all of the models studied in which p53 is mutated or functionally impaired and a BRCA1 mutant model cluster with human tumors in the basal-type category. All models in which the myc, ras, her2/neu and Polyoma middle T-antigen are driven by the MMTV promoter share molecular characteristics that cluster them with human luminal-type breast tumors. Interestingly, these models have been shown to lack ER-alpha expression (which is strongly associated with lack of GATA-3 expression in human breast cancers), but high expression of transcription factor GATA-3 is observed in our data for these models. A third group of mouse tumors include ER+ tumors arising from the p53fp/fp;Wap- cre model, which cluster with ER+ human tumors representing the luminal type A group. This new classification of GEM models provides a rational approach for further investigating the cellular origins of the different tumor classes and the appropriate use of the models in relation to the human tumor subclasses, especially pre-clinical testing. A second objective of this study was to determine whether mouse and human breast cancers share gene signatures based upon the status of ER expression. We have performed the first supervised comparison of gene expression profiles from mouse ER+ and ER- mammary tumors (generated by the mammary-specific conditional knock-out mutation of the p53 gene) with that of ER+ and ER- human breast tumors. Direct integration of gene expression levels from mouse tumors with that from human tumors (based upon ER expression) resulted in the most accurate classifier for ER status in human breast cancer, demonstrating the important added value of mouse data generated in a well-defined genetic background. The mouse-human ER classifier represents a set of genes co-expressed between mouse and human and can be placed into evolutionarily conserved networks based upon estrogen signaling. This approach reveals functionally conserved genes and networks across species important for cancer biology and identifying potential new therapeutic targets.
Evolution of the Current Population Survey

The Current Population Survey (CPS) is one of the world's foremost and historic household surveys, providing the data to generate the United State's monthly unemployment rate along with a myriad of other key labor-force statistics. This paper discusses the evolution of the CPS from its origin in the 1940s. In addition to documenting current procedures, the paper highlights important changes in concepts, survey questions, sample designs, estimation procedures, and data collection procedures. The paper addresses how official estimates derived from the data are released to the public, and briefly discusses the organizational structure that has supported the CPS throughout its history. Keywords: household survey; labor-force statistics; unemployment rate; sample design; survey questionnaire; estimation procedures
Trends in Electronic Structure and Redox Energetics for Early-Actinide Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl Complexes

Detailed cyclic voltammetric and UV−visible−near-infrared electronic absorption spectral data have been obtained for a series of pentamethylcyclopentadienyl complexes of uranium(IV) and thorium(IV) of the general formula (C5Me5)2An(L1)(L2), where L1, L2 = Cl, SO3CF3, CH3, CH2Ph, imido (N-2,4,6-tBu3C6H2), hydrazonato (η2(N,N‘)-RNNCPh2; R = CH3, CH2Ph, Ph), ketimido (−NC(Ph)(R); R = CH3, CH2Ph, Ph) ligands, and for the hexavalent uranium bis(imido) complex (C5Me5)2U(NPh)2. The electrochemical and spectroscopic behavior of the tetravalent uranium complexes falls cleanly into distinct categories based on the nature of L1 and L2. If both ligands are simple σ-donors (Cl, SO3CF3, CH3, CH2Ph), a reversible U(IV)/U(III) voltammetric wave is the only metal-based process observed, and it occurs between ∼−1.8 and −2.6 V vs [(C5H5)2Fe]+/0. If either L1 or L2 is a nitrogen-donor ligand (imido, hydrazonato, ketimido), then both a U(IV)/U(III) reduction wave and a U(V)/U(IV) oxidation wave are observed. The reduction ste...
Polarization-selective etching in femtosecond laser-assisted microfluidic channel fabrication in fused silica

We fabricate microchannels in fused silica by femtosecond laser irradiation followed by etching in diluted hydrofluoric acid. We show a dramatic dependence of the etch rate on the laser polarization, spanning 2 orders of magnitude. We establish the existence of an energy-per-pulse threshold at which etching of the laser-modified zones becomes highly polarization selective. The enhanced selective etching is due to long-range, periodic, polarization-dependent nanostructures formed in the laser-modified material.
Adjusting SIDS rates by seasonality in births in Minnesota

This paper is concerned with the formation of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) rates over time. Because of differential numbers of births throughout the year, a new SIDS rate is developed that takes into account the changing number of infants at risk and in particular the changing age distribution throughout the year. Differences between this newly adjusted rate and the commonly used unadjusted rates will be presented. Data from Minnesota linked birth--death records from 1990--1998 will be used for analysis.
Investigation of two possible modes of action of gastrone, an endogenous inhibitor of gastric secretion

Although the existence of endogenous inhibitors of gastric secretion have been known for many years, there have been no attempts, as yet, to characterize their mode of action. The present study considered the possibility that such inhibitors (gastrones) might act by damaging the end organ in the gastric secretory process, the parietal mucosa, and also the possibility that gastrone might act to alter fluxes between gastric mucosa and gastric juice and thus simulate hyposecretion by increasing resorption of already secreted acid. The first of these possibilities was examined by stimulating parietal cells with histamine at the same time as gastrone was given. It was shown that the parietal-cell response to the histamine was normal, suggesting that gastrone did not act by interfering with parietal-cell function. The second possibility was studied by observing net fluxes from electrolyte solutions instilled into the stomachs of control rats and of rats given gastrone. There were no differences in the net fluxes of H+, Na+, K+, Cl− or water, and it was concluded that the luminal-mucosal barrier to insorption was not damaged by gastrone.
An L-like model containing very large cardinals

We force and construct a model in which level by level equivalence between strong compactness and supercompactness holds, along with a strong form of diamond and a version of square consistent with supercompactness. This generalises a result due to the first author. There are no restrictions in our model on the structure of the class of supercompact cardinals.
Volume rendering and fusion of MRI/MRA data in the diagnosis and management planning of Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome

Abstract Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome (KT) is a rare triad of an enlarged extremity, cutaneous vascular malformations, and venous and lymphatic malformations. MR imaging is very useful for evaluation of the extent of venous and lymphatic malformations in KT syndrome. MRV has proven useful in evaluation of abnormalities in the deep venous circulation in the lower extremities. We present some unique examples of advanced image fusion and volume rendering techniques which may prove extremely beneficial in diagnostic and surgical planning.
Contact microscopy with synchrotron radiation

Soft X-ray contact microscopy with synchrotron radiation offers the biologist, and especially the microscopist, a way to morphologically study specimens that could not be imaged by conventional TEM, STEM, or SEM methods (i.e., hydrated samples, samples easily damaged by an electron beam, electron-dense samples, thick specimens, unstained, low-contrast specimens) at spatial resolutions approaching those of the TEM, with the additional possibility to obtain compositional (elemental) information about the sample as well. Although flash X-ray sources offer faster exposure times, synchrotron radiation provides a highly collimated, intense radiation that can be tuned to select specific discrete ranges of X-ray wavelengths or specific individual wavelengths that optimize imaging or microanalysis of a specific sample. This paper presents an overview of the applications of X-ray contact microscopy to biological research and some current research results using monochromatic synchrotron radiation to image biological samples.
Cellular compartmentation of aromatic amino acids in Neurospora crassa. II. Synthesis and misplaced accumulation of phenylalanine in phen-2 auxotrophs.

Two mutants which require phenylalanine for normal growth and which show no prephenate dehydratase activity in vitro have been found to accumulate and excrete phenylalanine when incubated on minimal medium or grown on low concentrations of phenylalanine. The high levels of phenylalanine accumulated in these mutants apparently cannot be used for protein synthesis or for the regulation of the biosynthetic enzymes in the aromatic pathway. Mutant mycelia grown in high phenylalanine maintain a much lower level of free phenylalanine in the cells than do those grown on low phenylalanine or those which eventually grow on minimal. If all the phenylalanine required for the protein in a 3-day mycelial pad is supplied, little or no phenylalanine can be found in the medium after 3 days: if only a fraction of the total protein phenylalanine is supplied, the concentration of phenylalanine in the medium after 3 days is actually higher than the initial concentration. It is proposed that the mutation in these organisms has resulted in abnormal compartmentation of the phenylalanine produced so it cannot be utilized by the cells until it has been excreted and transported back into the normal pool channels. In this case, the transport (exogenous) and protein synthesis pools would be involved. The abnormal mislocation of the phenylalanine in the cell might be a result of the diffusion of free prephenate to low pH regions in the cell where it is nonenzymatically converted to phenylpyruvate. If, however, the mutant prephenate dehydratase is active in vivo, the mutation must somehow affect the activity or stability of the enzyme in vitro and also cause the release of the end product in the wrong place in the cell. This might be expected if the normal wild-type prephenate dehydratase is directionally oriented, e.g., as a result of membrane association, to release the product into normal cell channels (protein synthesis pool) while such oriented release might not occur in the mutants.
Recent storm and tsunami coarse-clast deposit characteristics, southeast Hawaiʻi

Abstract Deposits formed by extreme waves can be useful in elucidating the type and characteristics of the depositional event. The study area on the southeast coast of the island of Hawaiʻi is characterized by the presence of geologically young basalts of known age that are mantled by recent wave-derived sedimentary deposits. The area has been impacted by large swells, storms and tsunamis over the last century, and in combination with known substrate ages makes this an ideal location to study recent deposits produced by such events. Three distinct coarse-clast deposit assemblages can be recognized based on clast size, composition, angularity, orientation, packing, elevation and inland distance of the deposit. These deposits are characterized as one of three types. 1) Gravel fields of isolated clasts, primarily boulder-size material, and scattered pockets of concentrated sand and gravel in topographic lows. 2) Shore-parallel and cuspate ridges composed mostly of rounded basalt gravel and sand with small amounts of carbonate detritus. The ridges range in height from about 1 to 3 m and are 10s of m wide. 3) Cliff-top deposits of scattered angular and sub-angular clasts along sea cliffs that are generally greater than 5 m elevation. The gravel fields are primarily of tsunami origin from either the 1975 Kalapana event, or a combination of the 1975 tsunami, and 1868 tsunami or earlier events. The ridge deposits are presently active and sediment continues to be added during high wave events. The cliff-top deposits contain evidence of deposition by both tsunami and storm processes and require further investigation.
Challenges to staffing global virtual teams

Abstract One of the most critical organizational capabilities is learning to adapt to the new hypercompetitive global landscape. The capabilities needed in this evolving competitive context are increasingly employee centric, particularly when related to those employees who are performing knowledge-based teamwork in structures like global virtual teams (GVTs). This paper is an attempt at examining the organizational role of GVTs and the associated challenges for human resource management (HRM). A combination of agency–dynamic capabilities theoretical perspective is used to explore the staffing issues associated with GVTs in an effort to capture members' tacit knowledge that is increasingly viewed as an organization's key value-generating resource. Particular implications for the human resource managers in matching global virtual team member diversity to the specific tasks contexts are outlined in the paper. Finally, challenges to HRM in managing global virtual teamwork/‘taskwork’ are explored.
Regulation of thyroidal inducibility of Na,K-ATPase and binding of epidermal growth factor in wild-type and cold-sensitive E1a mutant type 5 adenovirus-transformed CREF cells.

We have analyzed the relationship between expression of the transformed phenotype and thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine, T3) inducibility of Na,K-ATPase and binding of 125I-epidermal growth factor (EGF) to cell membrane receptors in wild-type (wt) and mutant type 5 adenovirus (Ad5)-transformed CREF cells displaying a cold-sensitive (cs) expression of the transformed phenotype. CREF cells respond to thyroid hormone treatment with increased Na,K-ATPase activity and bind similar levels of 125I-EGF at 32 degrees C, 37 degrees C and 39.5 degrees C. In contrast, CREF cells transformed by wt Ad5 or the E1a plus E1b-transforming genes of wt Ad5 are refractile to T3 treatment and bind lower levels of 125I-EGF than CREF cells at all three temperatures. By employing a series of cloned CREF cell lines transformed by a host-range cold-sensitive mutant virus, H5hr1 or H5dl101, or the E1a or E1a plus E1b genes from these viruses, we have investigated expression of the transformed state and its relationship with hormone inducibility and EGF binding. When cs virus, cs E1a- or cs E1a plus E1b-transformed CREF clones were grown at 32 degrees C, a nonpermissive transforming temperature in which cs-transformed cells exhibit properties similar to untransformed CREF cells, T3 induced Na,K-ATPase activity and these cells bound similar levels of 125I-EGF as CREF cells. However, when cs virus- and cs Ela plus E1b-transformed CREF clones were incubated at 37 degrees C or 39.5 degrees C, temperatures at which cs-transformed cells exhibit properties similar to wt Ad5-transformed CREF cells, they did not respond to T3 and bound lower levels of 125I-EGF than CREF cells. In the case of cs E1a-transformed CREF clones, thyroid hormone responsiveness was observed at both 32 degrees C and 37 degrees C, but not at 39.5 degrees C. By performing temperature shift experiments--i.e. 32 degrees C to 37 degrees C, 32 degrees C to 39.5 degrees C, 37 degrees C to 32 degrees C, and 39.5 degrees C to 32 degrees C, it was demonstrated that after a shift from lower to higher temperature a 24-hr lag period was required for cs-transformed CREF cells to lose T3 inducibility and exhibit reduced EGF binding, whereas 96 hr after a shift from higher to lower temperature a 96-hr lag period was required for cs-transformed cells to regain T3 inducibility and increased 125I-EGF binding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A Methodology to Assess the Economic Returns of Advanced Control Projects

This paper summarizes the experience gained during several studies of instrumentation revamp in refining and petrochemical processes. The major benefits of modern instrumentation come from advanced control and process optimization, not from personnel reduction. General guidelines are given to help identifying areas with the best savings potential, sizing these benefits and assessing the risks of the implementation. The method is illustrated with examples from a recent study of a Crude Unit including furnaces, heat exchanger train and binary distillation. The methodology presented here applies also to similar projects in other industries.
Instantiation as location

Many familiar forms of property realism identify properties with sui generis ontological categories like universals or tropes and posit a fundamental instantiation relation that unifies objects with their properties. In this paper, I develop and defend locationism, which identifies properties with locations and holds that the occupation relation that unifies objects with their locations also unifies objects with their properties. Along with the theoretical parsimony that locationism enjoys, I argue that locationism resolves a puzzle for actualists regarding the ontological status of uninstantiated properties. I also note some promising applications of the locationist framework to the metaphysics of quantities and possible worlds.
High flux freeze‐dried cellulose acetate reverse osmosis membranes as microporous barriers in gas permeation and separation

The permeations of helium, hydrogen, methane, ethylene, nitrogen, and argon, and helium–methane, nitrogen–ethylene, oxygen–nitrogen, and sulfur dioxide–nitrogen mixtures have been studied using freeze-dried porous cellulose acetate reverse osmosis membranes. The results illustrate the existence of mobile and immobile sorbed layers and the governing influence of surface flow in gas-phase reverse osmosis separations. Preshrunk freeze-dried porous cellulose acetate membranes seem to offer a practical means of utilizing the reverse osmosis process for recovering helium from natural gas and separating sulfur dioxide from flue gases.
Mixology of protein solutions and the Vroman effect

Mixing rules stipulating both concentration and distribution of proteins adsorbed to the liquid−vapor (LV) interphase from multicomponent aqueous solutions are derived from a relatively straightforward protein-adsorption model. Accordingly, proteins compete for space within an interphase separating bulk-vapor and bulk-solution phases on a weight, not molar, concentration basis. This results in an equilibrium weight-fraction distribution within the interphase that is identical to bulk solution. However, the absolute interphase concentration of any particular protein adsorbing from an m-component solution is 1/mth that adsorbed from a pure, single-component solution of that protein due to competition with m − 1 constituents. Applied to adsorption from complex biological fluids such as blood plasma and serum, mixing rules suggest that there is no energetic reason to expect selective adsorption of any particular protein from the mixture. Thus, dilute members of the plasma proteome are overwhelmed at the hydro...
Predicting Program Behavior Based On Objective Function Minimization

Computer systems increasingly rely on dynamic management of their operations with the goal of optimizing an individual or joint metric involving performance, power, temperature, reliability and so on. Such an adaptive system requires an accurate, reliable, and practically viable metric predictors to invoke the dynamic management actions in a timely and efficient manner. Unlike ad-hoc predictors proposed in the past, we propose a unified prediction method in which the optimal metric prediction problem is considered as that of minimizing an objective function. Choice of the objective function and the model type determines the form of the solution whether it is a closed form or one that is numerically determined through optimization. We formulate two particular realizations of the unified prediction method by using the total squared error and accumulated squared error as the objective functions in conjunction with autoregressive models. Under this scenario, the unified prediction method becomes linear prediction and the predictive least square (PLS) prediction, respectively. For both of these predictors, there is a analytical closed form solution that determines model parameters. Experimental results with prediction of instruction per cycle (IPC) and L1 cache miss rate metrics demonstrate superior performance for the proposed predictors over the last value predictor on SPECCPU 2000 benchmarks where in some cases the mean absolute prediction error is reduced by as much as 10-fold.
Sociocultural and Psychological Links to Men’s Engagement in Risky Body Change Behaviors

The present theory-driven, empirical evaluation examined cross-sectional influences on men’s engagement in risky body change behaviors. The study tested a slightly revised version of the Tripartite Influence Model (Thompson et al. 1999) with a sample of 156 male undergraduate students from the Midwestern Region of the United States. Participants completed measures pertaining to body image and health-risk behaviors. Consistent with the Tripartite Influence Model (Thompson et al. 1999), individual psychological variables mediated the association between sociocultural influences and muscularity-oriented body dissatisfaction. Body dissatisfaction mediated the relation between psychological variables and engagement in body change behaviors. Theoretical models developed to explain body change behaviors among women may be applicable to men when constructs are assessed in ways that are relevant to men.
Effect of bile acids and ionic strength on trypsinogen activation by human enteropeptidase.

Abstract 1. (1) Increasing ionic strength diminishes the rate of enteropeptidase-catalyzed activation of trypsinogen by increasing dissociation of the Michaelis complex and, thus, Km of the reaction. 2. (2) The effect of ionic strength depends not only on the magnitude of this parameter, but also on the nature of the anion. Enzyme activity is diminished progressively by isoionic concentrations of ClO4−, Cl− and SO 4 2− in this order. The influence of cations of the alkali series is comparatively insignificant. 3. (3) Bile acids increase the rate of trypsinogen activation by human enteropeptidase (EC 3.4.21.9). Derivatives of cholic acid are less active than those of deoxy- and chenodeoxycholic acid. Triton X-100 is inactive. 4. (4) The effect of bile acids on enteropeptidase-catalyzed trypsinogen activation is independent of the ionic strength except at very low I values where anomalous kinetics are observed. Bile acids probably decrease dissociation of the Michaelis complex since 2.5 mM glycodeoxycholic acid has no significant effect on K m , but increases V about 2-fold over a wide range of ionic strengths (0.016–0.073). 5. (5) Bile acids have no effect on enteropeptidase-catalyzed hydrolysis of the synthetic substrate N- benzoylarginine ethyl ester, suggesting that their mode of action may involve an enzyme subsite with specific affinity for the trypsinogen molecule.
The Sulfur Cycle

Even granting our uncertainties about parts of our model of the sulfur cycle, we can draw some conclusions from it: 1) Man is now contributing about one half as much as nature to the total atmospheric burden of sulfur compounds, but by A.D. 2000 he will be contributing about as much, and in the Northern Hemisphere alone he will be more than matching nature. 2) In industrialized regions he is overwhelming natural processes, and the removal processes are slow enough (several days, at least) so that the increased concentration is marked for hundreds to thousands of kilometers downwind. 3) Our main areas of uncertainty, and ones that demand immediate attention because of their importance to the regional air pollution question, are: (i) the rates of conversion of H(2)S and SO(2) to sulfate particles in polluted as well as unpolluted atmospheres; (ii) the efficiency of removal of sulfur compounds by precipitation in polluted air. And for a better understanding of the global model we need to know: (i) the amount of biogenic H(2)S that enters the atmosphere over the continents and coastal areas; (ii) means of distinguishing man-made and biogenic contributions to excess sulfate in air and precipitation; (iii) the volcanic production of sulfur compounds, and their influence on the particle concentration in the stratosphere; (iv) the large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns that exchange air between stratosphere and troposphere (although absolute amounts of sulfate particles involved are small relative to the lower tropospheric burden); (v) the role of the oceans as sources or sinks for SO(2).
Hill girls, consumption practices, power, and city style: raced and classed production of femininities in a higher education setting

This study investigated the ways a diverse group of university women in the USA utilised racialised and classed discourses of femininity in the creation of subjectivities. Interview and focus group data were collected over a two‐year time period and focused on how women navigated the higher education setting. Two forms of femininity, ‘Hill girl’ and ‘City style’, were salient. Hill girl femininity was based on markers such as white skin that had been tanned, and consumption practices. City style femininity was also defined through consumption practices and identification as a woman of colour. Material markers like race and class both limited and expanded the discourses available to women. New subjectivities were created with particular rights, while simultaneously making them subject to policing. The women in this study used contrasting and, at times, contradictory discourses to explore various forms of femininity that were connected to institutional power and privilege.