cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Best-Estimate Plus Uncertainty Framework for Multiscale, Multiphysics Light Water Reactor Core Analysis

Tremendous work has been done in the Light Water Reactor (LWR) Modelling and Simulation (M&S) uncertainty quantification (UQ) within the framework of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)/Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) LWR Uncertainty Analysis in Modelling (UAM) benchmark, which aims to investigate the uncertainty propagation in all M&S stages of the LWRs and to guide uncertainty and sensitivity analysis methodology development. The Best-Estimate Plus Uncertainty (BEPU) methodologies have been developed and implemented within the framework of the LWR UAM benchmark to provide a realistic predictive simulation capability without compromising the safety margins. This paper describes the current status of the methodological development, assessment, and integration of the BEPU methodology to facilitate the multiscale, multiphysics LWR core analysis. The comparative analysis of the results in the stand-alone multiscale neutronics phase (Phase I) is first reported for understanding the general trend of the uncertainty of core parameters due to the nuclear data uncertainty. It was found that the predicted uncertainty of the system eigenvalue is highly dependent on the choice of the covariance libraries used in the UQ process and is less sensitive to the solution method, nuclear data library, and UQ method. High-to-Low (Hi2Lo) model information approaches for multiscale M&S are introduced for the core single physics phase (Phase II). In this phase, the other physics (fuel and moderator), providing feedback to neutronics M&S in a LWR core, and time-dependent phenomena are considered. Phase II is focused on uncertainty propagation in single physics models which are components of the LWR core coupled multiphysics calculations. The paper discusses the link and interactions between Phase II to the multiphysics core and system phase (Phase III), that is, the link between uncertainty propagation in single physics on local scale and multiphysics uncertainty propagation on the core scale. Particularly, the consistency in uncertainty assessment between higher-fidelity models implemented in fuel performance codes and the rather simplified models implemented in thermal-hydraulics codes, to be used for coupling with neutronics in Phase III is presented. Similarly, the uncertainty quantification on thermal-hydraulic models is established on a relatively small scale, while these results will be used in Phase III at the core scale, sometimes with different codes or models. Lastly, the up-to-date UQ method for the coupled multiphysics core calculation in Phase III is presented, focusing on the core equilibrium cycle depletion calculation with associated uncertainties.
Is “Overhead” A Tainted Word? A Survey Experiment Exploring Framing Effects of Nonprofit Overhead on Donor Decision:

Nonprofit overhead ratios (i.e., proportion of funds spent on fundraising and/or management) have long been used as a proxy for nonprofit efficiency. Prior studies find that donors negatively respo...
Image Wishlist: Context and Images in Commons-Based Peer Production Communities

One promise of commons-based peer production systems is that they provide content (e.g., text, images, sounds, lines of code) for anyone to use, edit, and distribute. However, when some kinds of content are stripped of context and made available for reuse, there are several knock-on effects. In this paper, we discuss how these knock-on effects can complicate the illustration of Wikipedia's encyclopedic articles. We focus on the particularly difficult case of illustrating articles about female anatomy and women's health. Through our analysis, we demonstrate several barriers to illustrating these kinds of articles, including a lack of representative images on Wikimedia Commons, complex issues of consent, and editorial disagreements about the intended audiences for such images. We argue that these barriers are, in part, the unanticipated effects of decontextualization and subsequent recontextualization as images are removed from their original contexts and made available in Wikimedia Commons. Drawing on prior work in language acquisition and archival studies, we critique the design of commons-based peer production systems and suggest ways in which they might be re-designed to account better for the nuances of context. Finally, we raise questions about the costs of recontextualization in peer production systems in general.
Scandal Enforcement at the SEC: The Arc of the Option Backdating Investigations

We study the Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC) enforcement decisions in the context of the highly salient back-dating scandal. We find that (1) the SEC shifted its mix of investigations significantly toward backdating and away from other accounting issues; (2) event studies of stock market reactions to the initial disclosure of backdating investigations shows that those reactions declined over our sample period; (3) later backdating investigations are less likely to target individuals and be accompanied by a parallel criminal investigation; (4) later investigations were more likely to be terminated or produce no monetary penalties; and (5) the magnitude of the option backdating accounting errors diminished over time relative to other accounting errors that drew SEC scrutiny. Although we cannot directly test whether the SEC substituted toward lower-stake (but more salient) cases, the evidence presented here strongly suggests that the agency did so. Copyright 2013, Oxford University Press.
Universality class for loopless invasion percolation models and a percolation avalanche burst model for hydraulic fracturing.

Invasion percolation is a model that was originally proposed to describe growing networks of fractures. Here we describe a loopless algorithm on random lattices, coupled with an avalanche-based model for bursts. The model reproduces the characteristic $b$-value seismicity and spatial distribution of bursts consistent with earthquakes resulting from hydraulic fracturing (``fracking''). We test models for both site invasion percolation and bond invasion percolation. These have differences on the scale of site and bond lengths $l$. But since the networks are characterized by their large-scale behavior, $l\ensuremath{\ll}L$, we find small differences between scaling exponents. Though data may not differentiate between models, our results suggest that both models belong to different universality classes.
Primary treatment of small-to-medium (<3cm) sporadic vestibular schwannomas: A systematic review and meta-analysis on hearing preservation and tumor control rates for microsurgery versus radiosurgery.

Background A meta-analysis of sporadic VS patients primarily treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) or microsurgery (MS) was performed, and hearing preservation outcome (HPO), tumor control (TC), and facial nerve dysfunction (FND) were analyzed. Methods A systematic review was conducted (Medline and Scopus database) for the period, January 2010 to June 2020 with appropriate MeSH. English language articles for small-to-medium sporadic VS ( Results Thirty-two studies met inclusion criteria: 10 (microsurgery); 23 (radiosurgery); (one comparative study included in both). HPO, at ∼65 months follow-up, were comparable between MS group (10 studies; 809 patients) and SRS group (23 studies; 1234 patients) (56% versus 59%, p=0.1527). TC, at ∼70 months follow-up, was significantly better in MS group (9 studies; 1635 patients) versus SRS group (19 studies; 2260 patients) (98% versus 92%, p Conclusion MS and SRS are comparable primary treatments for small ( 90%) were seen with both modalities; MS (98%) versus SRS (92%). The post-treatment FND was significantly less with SRS group (2%) versus MS group (10%).
Implantation and Placentation in Ruminants.

In comparison to many other mammalian species, ruminant ungulates have a unique form of placentation. Ruminants initially display an epitheliochorial type of placentation; however, during the period of placental attachment, trophoblast giant binucleate cells (BNC) develop within the chorion to migrate and fuse with the uterine surface epithelium to form syncytial plaques. Binucleate cell migration and fusion continues throughout pregnancy but never appears to breach the basal lamina, beneath the uterine surface or luminal epithelium. Therefore, the semi-invasive type of placentation in ruminants is classified as synepitheliochorial. The endometrium of ruminant species also contains unique specialized aglandular structures termed “caruncles” in which the chorioallantois (cotyledons) interdigitates and forms highly vascularized fetal–maternal “placentomes.” This chapter will discuss the current knowledge of early conceptus development during the peri-attachment period, establishment of pregnancy, conceptus attachment, and placentation in ruminant ungulates. The features of placentomes, BNCs, fetomaternal hybrid cells, and multinucleated syncytial plaques of the cotyledonary placenta of ruminant species will be reviewed to highlight the unique form of placentation compared to the placentae of other artiodactyls.
Dependent frequency–severity modeling of insurance claims

Abstract Standard ratemaking techniques in non-life insurance assume independence between the number and size of claims. Relaxing the independence assumption, this article explores methods that allow for the correlation among frequency and severity components for micro-level insurance data. To introduce granular dependence, we rely on a hurdle modeling framework where the hurdle component concerns the occurrence of claims and the conditional component looks into the number and size of claims given occurrence. We propose two strategies to correlate the number of claims and the average claim size in the conditional component. The first is based on conditional probability decomposition and treats the number of claims as a covariate in the regression model for the average claim size, the second employed a mixed copula approach to formulate the joint distribution of the number and size of claims. We perform a simulation study to evaluate the performance of the two approaches and then demonstrate their application using a U.S. auto insurance dataset. The hold-out sample validation shows that the proposed model is superior to the industry benchmarks including the Tweedie and the two-part generalized linear models.
Research experiences and mentoring practices in selected east asian graduate programs: Predictors of research productivity among doctoral students in molecular biology

Although doctoral mentors recognize the benefits of providing quality advisement and close guidance, those of sharing project management responsibilities with mentees are still not well recognized. We observed that mentees, who have the opportunity to co-manage projects, generate more written output. Here we examine the link between research productivity, doctoral mentoring practices (DMP), and doctoral research experiences (DRE) of mentees in programs in the non-West. Inspired by previous findings that early career productivity is a strong predictor of later productivity, we examine the research productivity of 210 molecular biology doctoral students in selected programs in Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan. Using principal component (PC) analysis, we derive two sets of PCs: one set from 15 DMP and another set from 16 DRE items. We model research productivity using Poisson and negative-binomial regression models with these sets as predictors. Our findings suggest a need to re-think extant practices and to allocate resources toward professional career development in training future scientists. We contend that doctoral science training must not only be an occasion for future scientists to learn scientific and technical skills, but it must also be the opportunity to experience, to acquire, and to hone research management skills.
Rachitogenic activity of dietary strontium. I. Inhibition of intestinal calcium absorption and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol synthesis.

Abstract Inhibition of calcium absorption by dietary strontium is the result of a block in the renal synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2CC) from 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHCC). The administration of 1,25-(OH)2CC but not 25-OHCC restores to normal calcium absorption in strontium-fed chicks. Kidney mitochondria from strontium-fed chicks do not metabolize 25-OHCC to 1,25-(OH)2CC, but rather to a metabolite designated Peak Va. The function of Peak Va is unknown while it is believed that 1,25-(OH)2CC is the metabolically active form of vitamin D in the stimulation of calcium absorption from intestine and mobilization from bone. The changes in the kidney metabolism of 25-OHCC in response to dietary strontium occur over a period of several days and correlate closely with changes in intestinal calcium absorption. Feeding a normal calcium diet can correct the strontium-induced inhibition of intestinal calcium absorption. This restoration of calcium absorption correlates with an increased rate of in vitro 1,25-(OH)2CC synthesis. The exact mechanism whereby strontium alters the renal metabolism of 25-OHCC is unknown. However, indirect evidence suggests that it may operate through humoral agents such as parathyroid hormone, or calcitonin, or both, which are responsible for maintenance of plasma calcium concentration.
Fat metabolism in higher plants: XLIV. Fatty acid synthesis by a soluble fatty acid synthetase from Solanum tuberosum

Abstract A highly stable potato tuber preparation containing the fatty acid synthetase enzymes has been obtained and the conditions for the de novo synthesis of fatty acids have been examined. Under standard conditions the system formed C 8 to C 16 saturated fatty acids. While 50–70% of the newly synthesized products occurred as free fatty acid, the remainder accumulated as ACP thiolesters (C 14 and C 16 ) and as CoA thiolesters (C 8 , C 10 , and C 12 ). The concentrations of malonyl-CoA, TPNH, ACP, and pH greatly altered the pattern of fatty acids synthesized. In addition to acetyl-CoA, propionyl and butyryl-CoA served as effective acceptors to form odd and even long-chain fatty acids, respectively. Palmityl thiolesterase is present in preparations of the synthesizing system although the enzyme can be separated from the synthetase enzymes. Its specificity is limited to the C 16 and C 18 fatty acyl CoA derivatives.
Very Large Array H I Zeeman Observations toward the W49 Complex

We report Very Large Array (VLA) H I Zeeman observations toward the W49A star-forming region and the supernova remnant W49B. Line-of-sight magnetic fields (Blos) of 60-300 μG at 25'' resolution were detected toward W49A at velocities of ~4 and ~7 km s-1. The Blos values measured toward W49A show a significant increase in field strength with higher resolution, especially for the ~4 km s-1 H I component. The H I gas in the velocity range -5-25 km s-1 toward W49A shows good agreement both kinematically and spatially with molecular emission intrinsically associated with W49A. On the basis of comparisons with molecular data toward W49A, we suggest that the ~4 km s-1 H I component is directly associated with the northern part of the H II region ring, while the ~7 km s-1 H I component seems to originate in a lower density halo surrounding W49A. We estimate that the W49A North core is significantly subvirial (2/ ~ 0.2) and that the total kinetic+magnetic energies amount to less than of the total W49A North gravitational energy. These magnetic field results suggest that W49A North is unstable to overall gravitational collapse, in agreement with evidence that the halo is collapsing onto the W49A North ring of H II regions. The majority of the H I column density toward W49B comes from Sagittarius arm clouds along the line of sight at ~40 and ~60 km s-1. No significant magnetic fields were detected toward W49B. Comparison of the spectral distribution of H I gas toward W49A and W49B suggests that evidence placing W49B 3 kpc closer to the Sun (i.e., at 8 kpc) than W49A is quite weak. Although we cannot place W49B at the same distance as W49A, we find the morphology of a ~5 km s-1 H I component toward the southern edge of W49B suggestive of an interaction.
Microbial Communities within Field-Collected Culiseta melanura and Coquillettidia perturbans

Although mosquitoes are well-known vectors of human and animal diseases, pathogens are only minor components of their total endogenous microbial communities. The midguts of many insects, including mosquitoes, contain diverse microbial communities. In this study, we used denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to identify the diversity of bacteria in field-collected adult female Culiseta melanura (Diptera: Culicidae) (Coquillett) and Coquillettidia perturbans (Diptera: Culicidae) (Walker). Few significant differences in bacterial fauna between the two mosquito species were found, but the results suggest that host life history may be a determinant of the endogenous bacterial communities in mosquitoes. In the present study, the dominant bacteria are frequently identified as major components of other mosquito species' microbial flora, suggesting the establishment of a stable association between the mosquitoes and the microbes after initial acquisition from the environment.
The Gram-Positive Coccus: Enterococcus hirae

For the study of streptococcal wall growth and morphology, the species that has become the standard organism was originally called Streptococcus faecalis. Then it was called faecium, then Enterococcus, then hirae; all changes were made for presumably good taxonomic reasons. Of the Gram-positive cocci, we will focus on this species because of the careful morphological studies with high-resolution electron microscopy. The two terms Streptococcus and Enterococcus will be used interchangeably except when naming particular organisms.
Strategic and Political Factors Affecting Suicidality in the Armed Forces

While a number of well established factors shape how individuals respond to combat, there are no studies connecting the political and military dynamics of war with patterns of military suicide. I argue that militaries that evaluate success through performance indicators they want to minimize, such as their own casualties find themselves in a Catch-22-like situation that guarantees failure. Automatic failure can lead to learned helplessness, a condition associated with higher rates of depression and suicide. Additionally, fighting an unpopular war can shatter soldiers’ group identities as warriors, which also increases their risk of depression and suicide. Analysis of Vietnam data shows a strong correlation between military assessment measures, public disapproval of the war, and suicide levels. Given that Vietnam War-like insurgencies are likely to be more common in the post Cold War world – e.g. Afghanistan – it is critical to recognize the link between strategic assessment, public opinion and suicide in the armed forces.
Targeted resistive ventilatory muscle training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

To overcome the problem of altered breathing strategy during resistive ventilatory muscle training (VMT), we used a single-orifice inspiratory resistance together with a target feedback device (TFD) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In a preliminary study (study A), we showed that the resistance plus TFD was effective in controlling breathing strategy. We subsequently used the resistor plus TFD in a 5-wk study (study B) of VMT in 17 COPD patients who were randomized into high-intensity (HI) and low-intensity (LI) training groups. Compared with the LI group, the HI group showed significant increases in static maximal inspiratory pressure (21.3 vs. 5.0 cmH2O), maximal sustained ventilatory capacity (MSVC, 3.2 vs -0.1 l/min, sustained maximal mouth pressure (12.1 vs. 0.6 cmH2O), mean mouth pressure (6.9 vs. 3.9 cmH2O), peak inspiratory flow rate (12.3 vs. 4.0 l/min), and maximal sustained work rate (12.2 vs. 4.2 cmH2O.l-1.min-1). We conclude that targeted VMT with control of breathing strategy improves both ventilatory muscle strength and endurance.
The fountain sign: a novel color Doppler sonographic finding for the diagnosis of acute idiopathic scrotal edema.

Objective Acute idiopathic scrotal edema (AISE) is an important differential diagnosis in children presenting with an acute scrotum. Sonography plays an important role in excluding testicular torsion, epididymitis, and torsion of a testicular appendage and confirming the diagnosis of AISE. The purpose of this series was to evaluate the relevance of color Doppler sonography (CDS) in children presenting with AISE. Methods Ten patients with AISE who underwent CDS during a 25-month period were retrospectively analyzed with regard to typical sonographic findings distinguishing AISE from other causes of scrotal edema. Results Marked bilateral scrotal wall thickening and hyperemia resembling a fountain were detected in the transverse plane on CDS in all patients. Conclusions This report highlights the usefulness of CDS in diagnosing AISE by showing that the "fountain sign" is related to hypervascularity of the scrotal wall. In an acute scrotum, this sign may help differentiate AISE from other etiologies.
Static security assessment of power system using Kohonen neural network

Static security assessment of power systems is a time-intensive task involving repetitive solutions of power flow equations. The issue addressed in this paper is how to substantially reduce the amount of offline security assessment simulations used for neural net training. A Kohonen-based classifier is developed for this purpose. With the proposed scheme, the status of the system security is not needed for all training patterns. Only a selected sample of the training patterns needs to be assessed through simulations. Once the network is adequately trained, neurons that respond to secure or insecure states are self organized in clusters. In the testing stage, the pattern security states is determined by correlating the test pattern with a cluster of a known security status. The proposed scheme also provides information on the degree of system insecurity, and the range of the operation violation. >
Ascorbic acid decreases oxidant stress in endothelial cells caused by the nitroxide tempol.

Stable nitroxide radicals have been considered as therapeutic antioxidants because they can scavenge more toxic radicals in biologic systems. However, as radicals they also have the potential to increase oxidant stress in cells and tissues. We studied the extent to which this occurs in cultured EA.hy926 endothelial cells exposed to the nitroxide Tempol (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl). Tempol was rapidly reduced by the cells, as manifest by an increase in the ability of the cells to reduce extracellular ferricyanide and by disappearance of the Tempol EPR signal. Cells loaded with ascorbic acid, which directly reacts with Tempol, showed increased rates of Tempol-dependent ferricyanide reduction, and a more rapid loss of the Tempol EPR signal than cells not containing ascorbate. In this process, intracellular ascorbate was oxidized, and was depleted at lower Tempol concentrations than was GSH, another important intracellular low molecular weight antioxidant. Further evidence that Tempol conc...
How Not to Argue for Incompatibilism

Ted A. Warfield has recently employed modal logic to argue that compatibilism in the free-will/determinism debate entails the rejection of intuitively valid inferences. I show that Warfield's argument fails. A parallel argument leads to the false conclusion that the mere possibility of determinism, together with the necessary existence of any contingent propositions, entails the rejection of intuitively valid inferences. The error in both arguments involves a crucial equivocation, which can be revealed by replacing modal operators with explicit quantifiers over possible worlds. I conclude that the modal-logical apparatus used by Warfield obscures rather than clarifies, and distracts from the real philosophical issues involved in the metaphysical debate. These issues cannot be settled by logic alone.
G protein mediated signal transduction: membrane immunoglobulin associated phosphoproteins identified in octyl-ß-glucoside lysates of normal B cells

Abstract Several recent studies have shown that the antigen receptors (mIgM and mIgD) on normal B cell surfaces are part of larger multimolecular complexes, as each is noncovalently coupled to at least two other proteins whose phosphorylation is inducible upon G protein activation. However, B cell receptor complexes appear to be extremely labile, so that extraction of membrane immunoglobulin (mIg) from cell lysates in physical association with noncovalently coupled proteins has been shown to be highly dependent on the choice of detergent. Recent progress has to a large extent been dependent upon the introduction of digitonin, a detergent in which B cell receptor complexes are at least partially stable, as an agent to solubilize B cell membranes. Studies presented here demonstrate that if another well known detergent, octyl-β- d -glucopyranoside (octyl glucoside), is utilized in place of digitonin, mIg receptors are immunoprecipitated from B cell lysates in association with several newly identified proteins, whose phosphorylation is also G protein dependent. In particular we find three to four mIg associated phosphoproteins in the molecular weight range of 47 to 57 kDa, and at least two others at 82 and 112 kDa. Some of these proteins may correspond to polypeptides that have been functionally linked to mIg dependent signal transduction, but have not as yet been shown to be physically coupled to the receptor.
Accusations that hospital staff have abused pediatric patients

Abstract Objective: Study objectives were to describe a hospital Child Protection Team’s (CPT) efforts to develop and implement a protocol for systematic evaluation and management of accusations that hospital staff have abused pediatric patients, and to learn how to avoid problematic patient encounters and cope with existing accusations. Method: This study reports on a retrospective series of cases from one pediatric hospital between 1982 and 1996. It includes a survey of national children’s hospitals’ experience from 1990 through 1995. Results: After initial complaints to our hospital’s CPT, it became apparent that procedures were inadequate to protect the safety of patients and rights of the accused. A protocol for reporting, evaluation, and management of accusations was developed and implemented by the CPT. Thirty-four accusations of abuse of children by staff were reviewed. Seventeen of the physical abuse cases included bruising, fractures, rough handling, and verbal abuse. Eighteen sexual abuse complaints included touching and sexual statements. Complaints were substantiated in 23% of the accusations, and a third of the identified staff members were fired or resigned. Child victims had a high frequency of chronic illness. They and their families frequently had histories of prior abuse, mental illness, and social disarray. These factors made children more likely to become victims of real abuse and to misinterpret standard hospital procedures as abusive. All service areas of the hospital and types of hospital staff were accused of patient abuse. Conclusions: Few children’s hospitals have formal protocols for internal management of or training programs to avoid complaints. Institutions and their staff who care for children should anticipate abuse complaints, train them in risk reduction methods, and develop accusation management plans.
Effects of chronic rotation and hypergravity on muscle fibers of soleus and plantaris muscles of the rat.

Abstract Three lines of F 3 Sprague-Dawley rats derived from a single mating were raised either outside the centrifuge at earth gravity (earth control), or under chronic rotation in the center of the centrifuge at 1.03 g (rotation control), or in the rim of the centrifuge at 2 g (rotation experimental). The rats were killed at 3 months of age, and serial sections of plantaris and soleus muscles were stained for succinic dehydrogenase activity, and for actomyosin ATPase activity following preincubation at pH 10.2. Muscle fibers in a cross-sectional unit area of soleus and both the superficial and deep regions of plantaris were identified as to fiber type according to an enzyme profile and counted. The proportion of each fiber type was calculated, and the diameter of 24 fibers of each type was measured. Analysis of variance was used to determine the effect of experimental treatment and sex on populations and diameters. In soleus, the fiber population shifted from 82% slow oxidative fibers in the controls to 100% slow oxidative fibers in the rotation experimentals in response to the stress of hypergravity. In plantaris, chronic rotation resulted in an increase in fast glycolytic fibers and a corresponding decrease in fast oxidative glycolytic fibers, in both the rotation control and experimental rats. The population changes were similar in both sexes. Muscle fiber diameters were similar in both controls, indicating no response to the stress of chronic rotation. A sexual dichotomy was noted in response to hypergravity, with muscle fiber diameters increasing in females, but decreasing in males.
Effect of organic compounds on photosynthetic oxygenation—II. Design modification for waste stabilization ponds

Abstract This paper describes the potential suppression of dissolved oxygen in ponds and streams due to decreases in photosynthetic oxygenation. Studies involving laboratory waste stabilization ponds, operated under controlled conditions, substantiate the predicted decrease in dissolved oxygen and treatment efficiency. Designs for waste stabilization ponds can be improved by incorporating a chlorophyll loss factor into commonly used design equations.
A geometric solution to the simultaneous bounded domain stabilization problem

This paper presents an algorithmic method for solving the two-plant simultaneous bounded domain stabilization problem for SISO LTI systems. This problem has no closed form solution. The solution provides robust performance in the presence of sensor or actuator failure, or other major parameter changes. Vidyasagar (1987) studied a similar problem involving partially bounded stability domains. However, stability with respect to partially bounded domains only partially bound performance characteristics, such as control energy and transient response. The current investigation gives necessary conditions for simultaneous bounded domain stability and demonstrates a geometry-based solution algorithm which can be automated. The possible solutions to the problem and the admissible solutions are represented as sets of points in Euclidean space. The solution to the problem is found by using computational geometric techniques to detect points in the intersection of these two sets, if there is one, and deducing the sim...
Cyclodextrin complexes of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of aliphatic alcohols

Pyrene, as a fluorescence probe, has been used to study the cyclodextrin complexation process in the presence of different alcohols. The complex formation as well as the hydrophobicity of the cyclodextrin interior can be significantly influenced by the introduction of alcohols. The alcoholic alkyl group and the primary and secondary hydroxyl groups of the cyclodextrin proved to be the determining factors in the complex formation.
Electron-impact excitation of Zn II

Collision strengths are calculated for excitation of Zn II from the 4s ground state to excited states 4p, 3d/sup 9/4s/sup 2/, 5s, and 4d in a five-state close-coupling approximation for the electron-impact energy range 15
The action of bromine on tetra-O-acetyl-1-S-acetyl-1-thio-β-D-glucopyranose. Formation and decomposition of tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosylsulfenyl bromide

Abstract Treatment of either tetra- O -acetyl-1- S -acetyl-1-thio-β- D -glucopyranose ( 1 ) or tert -butyl tetra- O -acetyl-1-thio-β- D -glucopyranoside ( 6 ) with a >3-molar excess of bromine in carbon tetrachloride or pure chloroform, at 10° for 1-3 min, gives tetra- O -acetyl-β- D -glucopyranosylsulfenyl bromide ( 2 ) in quantitative yield; prolonged exposure to bromine at room temperature converts the product 2 into tetra- O -acetyl-α- D -glucopyranosyl bromide ( 3 ). Slow addition of bromine to the 1-thioglycoside 6 in carbon tetrachloride, or bromination of the thiolacetate 1 in reagent-grade chloroform, gives bis(tetra- O -acetyl-β- D -glucopyranosyl) disulfide ( 4 ), also obtainable by treating the sulfenyl bromide 2 with dry ethanol or with the 1-thioglycoside 6 . Oxidation of the disulfide 4 with m -chloroperoxybenzoic acid gives a mono-oxide derivative 5 , also obtainable by treating the sulfenyl bromide 2 with water or 95% ethanol. The disulfide 4 and its mono-oxide 5 were both converted into the bromide 3 by prolonged exposure to bromine at room temperature.
Case of the season: aortoesophageal fistula complicating thoracic aortic aneurysm stent graft repair.

79-year-old female with a history of gastroesophageal reflux and peptic ulcer disease presented to the emergency department with chest pain and report of two episodes of hematemesis. The patient has a history of ascending aortic aneurysm post open surgical repair by inclusion graft 10 years prior, eventually complicated by pseudoaneurysm formation at the distal anastomosis as well as development of a new 7.5 cm descending thoracic aortic aneurysm. The patient was deemed a poor surgical candidate, therefore these were treated by endovascular stent grafting of the arch and descending thoracic aorta approximately four months before the current acute presentation. The patient was hypotensive (98/54 mm Hg), tachycardic (110 bpm, regular), and mildly febrile (38°C, 100.4°F). Physical examination was notable for tenderness to palpation in the mid epigastrum. Laboratory studies revealed an elevated white blood count of 20.5 (10 9 /L). Given the low grade fever and leukocytosis, blood cultures were submitted. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were low (9.1 g/dL and 0.28 L/L, respectively). One episode of hematemesis was witnessed in the emergency room. The working clinical diagnosis was an upper gastrointestinal bleed, presumed secondary to peptic ulcer disease. The patient underwent volume resuscitation, gastric lavage and transfusion of packed red blood cells in the emergency department before consultation with Gastroenterology. Upper endoscopy was subsequently performed which demonstrated submucosal hemorrhage with adherent clot along the leftposterolateralwallofthemidesophagus;nogastriculcers
Mass bounds in the standard model.

Nonperturbative triviality and vacuum stability mass bounds are obtained for the Higgs scalar and top quark degrees of freedom in the standard electroweak model using Wilson renormalization group techniques. Particular attention is given to the effect of the generalized top Yukawa coupling on the scalar mass upper bound.
The newest "omics"--metagenomics and metabolomics--enter the battle against the neglected tropical diseases.

The international Human Microbiome Project trumpeted the coming of age of the field of metagenomics, the study of entire communities of microbes and their contributions to health and disease. In parallel, the field of metabolomics emerged as the systematic, nonbiased analysis of all low-molecular-weight small molecules, or metabolites, produced by a system in response to an environmental stimulus. These fields have enabled discoveries pertinent to a number of human conditions — namely, acute gastroenteritis, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, liver disease, undernutrition and obesity — and have begun to shed new light on multiple aspects of the neglected tropical diseases.
Striking the Target in Wnt-y Conditions: Intervening in Wnt Signaling During Cancer Progression

Wnt signaling can be divided into three pathways, namely the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin pathway, and the non-canonical (or heretical) Wnt/Ca(2+) and planar cell polarity (PCP) pathways. Although the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin pathway is the best described in cancer, increasing data points to the importance of the heretical Wnt pathways in several aspects of tumor progression. The recent advances in understanding the players and mechanisms by which these Wnt pathways contribute to cancer progression have led to the identification of numerous molecules that are already, or could be considered, targets for cancer therapy.
Effect of Wettability on Two-Phase Relative Permeabilities and Capillary Pressures

The percolation theory of 2-phase relative permeability at low capillary numbers (SPE-11015) is further developed to account for the physics of intermediate and mixed wettability in reservoir rocks. The elements of the theory are (1) a network representation of pore space connectivity; (2) a distribution function description of pore space geometry; (3) capillary pressure (i.e., quasistatic) and wettability criteria of allowability of the invading phase to pore segments according to their throat or body size; (4) a Bethe network approximation to pore space connectivity, to estimate occupancy-conditioned pore size distributions that follow from the preceding elements and lead to occupancy-conditioned distributions of segment volumes (for saturations) and hydraulic conductances (for permeabilities); and (5) a Bethe network transport path conductivity function for creeping flow of each phase that occupies continuously connected pore segments. Also included is the volume occupied by virtually stationary thin films and pendular structures of the more strongly wetting liquid. 39 references.
Highly monodisperse chemically reactive sub-micrometer particles: polymer colloidal photonic crystals

Chemically reactive particles with controllable sizes from 383 to 756 nm in very narrow size distributions (well below 5%) have been synthesized by the modified surfactant-free emulsion homopolymerization of inhibitor-free glycidyl methacrylate with the dropwise addition of ionic initiators during the initial reaction of 10 min. The effects of monomer concentration and the amount of initiator were systematically studied on the particle diameter. In addition, changes of the particle diameter and its size distribution during the whole synthesis process were also investigated. The mechanism for the formation of coalesced and highly monodisperse chemically reactive colloidal particles was discussed based on the colloidal stability governed by chemical reaction and physical interactions between the precursor or primary particles. Colloidal photonic crystals with different brilliant visible colors in a large scale were prepared by shearing assembly of such chemically reactive monodisperse particles with spin coating technique. The reflection wavelengths in the visible spectrum range are from the high-order including the second-order light diffraction of the as-prepared PGMA photonic crystals. Such monodisperse chemically reactive particles will be very useful in optical and sensing technologies, and in biochemical analysis.
The Quest for “Power”: Contradictory Hypotheses and Inflated Sample Sizes☆

To have the "power" of avoiding undersized clinical trials, the customary statistical strategy used in the past few decades is aimed at rejecting both a null stochastic hypothesis and a contradictory alternative hypothesis. This approach gives a trial the "power" to confirm the "insignificance" of differences much smaller than the large value of delta desired in trials done to show efficacy. In many instances, however, a prime problem is that the current "double-significance" approach produces sample sizes 2-3 times larger than needed for stochastic confirmation of large differences (> or =delta). The inflated sample sizes and consequent problems can be avoided if a realistic value for delta is chosen and maintained thereafter, and if an adequate "capacity" is calculated for "single significance."
Giant cutaneous melanoacanthoma

A 45-year-old male cook was seen for the evaluation and removal of a “mole on my eye” of steady growth during the previous 6 months. The patient stated that he had had a “brown spot” above his left eye for 17 years prior to its recent enlargement; it was now partly blocking the vision in his left eye. He denied a history or family history of cutaneous tumors, including skin cancer. On examination, a 2.5-cm × 0.5-cm × 0.8-cm, horn-like, darkly pigmented, cutaneous nodule was evident extending from the left upper eyelid downwards to below the lower eyelid (Figs 1 and 2). He also had scattered, skin-colored, 2–3-mm cystic papules on his anterior mid-chest. A shave excision specimen was obtained from the eyelid nodule. Figure 1. Horn-like, cutaneous nodule extending from the left upper eyelid downwards to below the lower eyelid Download figure to PowerPoint Figure 2. Close up, demonstrating the morphologic features to better advantage Download figure to PowerPoint Microscopic examination demonstrated acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, and papillomatosis (Fig. 3). Large dendritic cells with abundant melanin granules were spread throughout the epidermis. In addition, small basaloid or spinous keratinocytes were present in the malpighian layer. Figure 3. Histology of the nodule, showing an epidermis with acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, papillomatosis, and large dendritic cells with abundant melanin granules spread throughout the epidermis (hematoxylin and eosin; original magnification, × 100) Download figure to PowerPoint
Cryptic reproductive isolation in the Drosophila simulans species complex.

Forms of reproductive isolation that act after copulation but before fertilization are potentially important components of speciation, but are studied only infrequently. We examined postmating, prezygotic reproductive isolation in three hybridizations within the Drosophila simulans species complex. We allowed females to mate only once, observed and timed all copulations, dissected a subset of the females to track the storage and retention of sperm, examined the number and hatchability of eggs laid after insemination, counted all progeny produced, and measured the longevity of mated females. Each of the three hybridizations is characterized by a different set of cryptic barriers to heterospecific fertilization. When D. simulans females mate with D. sechellia males, few heterospecific sperm are transferred, even during long copulations. In contrast, copulations of D. simulans females with D. mauritiana males are often too short to allow sperm transfer. Those that are long enough to allow insemination, however, involve the transfer of many sperm, but only a fraction of these heterospecific sperm are stored by females, who also lay fewer eggs than do D. simulans females mated with conspecific males. Finally, whenD. mauritiana females mate with D. simulans males, sperm are transferred and stored in abundance, but are lost rapidly from the reproductive tract and are therefore used inefficiently. These results add considerably to the list of reproductive isolating mechanisms in this well-studied clade and possibly to the list of evolutionary processes that could contribute to their reproductive isolation.
The action of cortisone acetate on cell-mediated immunity to infection: Histogenesis of the lymphoid cell response and selective elimination of committed lymphocytes

Abstract Infection with Listeria monocytogenes results over the first 6 days in a massive increase in the replication of pyroninophilic cells in the red pulp of the spleen. The production of these cells is associated with increased cellularity of the red pulp and with the development of delayed hypersensitivity. This acquired lymphoid cell population can be eliminated from the spleen at any time by a 2.5-mg dose of cortisone acetate. The capacity of the spleens of infected donor mice to transfer adoptive antimicrobial immunity to normal recipients depends on the size of the acquired, lymphoid cell population in the red pulp. If this cell population is allowed to decline naturally, or is eliminated artificially by cortisone acetate, the spleen also loses cells capable of transferring immunity to normal mice. It is concluded, therefore, that the increased cellular division in the red pulp during infection represents in part the production of immunologically committed lymphocytes. These cells are short-lived and cortisone-sensitive, and they are distinguished from immunocompetent cells which are long-lived and cortisone-resistant. An infusion of committed lymphoid cells protects cortisone-treated recipients from Listeria infection. This is evidence that cortisone does not have an important effect on the hosts' macrophage system, but that its infection-enhancing effect is due primarily to its action on committed lymphocytes.
The innovations approach to detection and estimation theory

Given a stochastic process, its innovations process will be defined as a white Gaussian noise process obtained from the original process by a causal and causally invertible transformation. The significance of such a representation, when it exists, is that statistical inference problems based on observation of the original process can be replaced by simpler problems based on white noise observations. Seven applications to linear and nonlinear least-squares estimation. Gaussian and non-Gaussian detection problems, solution of Fredholm integral equations, and the calculation of mutual information, will be described. The major new results are summarized in seven theorems. Some powerful mathematical tools will be introduced, but emphasis will be placed on the considerable physical significance of the results.
The Classic: Multiple Fractures in the Long Bones of Infants Suffering From Chronic Subdural Hematoma

This Classic Article is a reprint of the original work by John Caffey, Multiple Fractures in the Long Bones of Infants Suffering from Chronic Subdural Hematoma. An accompanying biographical sketch of John Caffey is available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-010-1665-1. The Classic Article is ©1946, and is reprinted with permission of the American Journal of Roentgenology from Caffey J. Multiple fractures in the long bones of infants suffering from chronic subdural hematoma. Radiology. 1946;194:163–173.
The global impact of eBooks on ePublishing

The advent of eBooks and electronic publishing is changing not only the North American publishing industry but Europe as well. In Europe, many publishers are embracing the ePublishing industry as well as companies which have emerged to develop tools and web sites to develop and sell eBooks, not only in the European Union but in North America.In Asia, the electronic book industry is fueled by two industries: manufacturers who are developing hardware devices to read eBooks and content providers who are publishing specific formats.In developing nations, the potential of eBooks is equivalent to the impact of wireless phone technology on communications.This paper is organized into these sections which support the premise that eBooks will impact publishing, world-wide: 1) Overview; 2) Technology; 3) Publishing Models; 4) Books On Demand; and 5) World Libraries. Throughout this paper, the term eBooks is used to represent eBooks.Portions of this presentation were excerpted from electronic Books and ePublishing, Springer-Verlag London, 2001, ISBN 1-85233-435-5. Information about the book can be obtained at www.chartula.com http://www.chartula.com, which is maintained by this author of this paper.
Search for short-lived particles below charm threshold

We have searched for the production by virtual photons of short-lived particles that exhibit muonic decay. We used Brookhaven's 10.5 GeV/c muon beam and examined the two and three-muon final states. The sample of 158 trimuon events is due almost entirely to QED tridents. The sample of 673 dimuons can be accounted for in part by asymmetric tridents and in part by the decay of π and K mesons. We obtain an upper limit for the production of other short-lived particles of the order of Bδ < 150 pb/nucleon, where B is the branching ratio for muonic decay. From the trident sample we establish that muons obey Fermi-Dirac statistics at the level of 8 standard deviations.