cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Balancing of Electromagnetic and Gravitational Forces and Torques Between Spinning Particles at Rest

The results reported here arise from a line of development that includes the following: (1) Schiff (1960), precession of a spinning object in a gravitational field endowed with "magnetic" components, (2) Oliveira and Tiomno (1962), same precession derived from the Dirac equation plus correspondence principle, (3) present work, determination of the force on a spinning object again by use of Dirac's equation plus the correspondence principle - in agreement with what Wald and what Wilkins and Ruffini find from Papapetrou's classical equations of motion for a spinning object. The same result also follows from Kramer's classical nonrelativistic Hamiltonian formalism applied to electromagnetic and gravitational interactions. We demand that any coupling of a spinning object with a "magnetic" type of gravitational field must satisfy the principle of equivalence of gravitational and inertial forces in the sense that the gravitational "gyromagnetic" factor must be exactly unity. The resulting equations of motion are used to prove that if a system of arbitrarily spinning charged particles, satisfying the conditions ${q}_{i}={m}_{i}$ and with gyromagnetic factors ${g}_{i}=2$, is initially at rest it will remain at rest and without precession of the spins. This gives an insight on how the solutions of the Einstein-Maxwell equations recently obtained by Perj\'es and by Israel and Wilson can be stationary in spite of a nonvanishing magnetic field.
Coupled-mode equations for nonlinear directional couplers

We point out some inconsistencies in the usual coupledmode formulation employed to model the nonlinear behavior of symmetric directional couplers. In particular, we show that special care is required when neglecting some of the nonlinear terms in the equations.
The Tax Protein of Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Mediates the Transactivation of the c-sis/Platelet-derived Growth Factor-B Promoter through Interactions with the Zinc Finger Transcription Factors Sp1 and NGFI-A/Egr-1

Transcriptional up-regulation of the c-sis/platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B) proto-oncogene by the Tax protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 has been implicated as one possible mechanism of cellular transformation by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. In previous work, we identified an essential site in the c-sis/PDGF-B promoter, Tax-responsive element 1 (TRE1), necessary for transactivation by Tax. We also identified Sp1, Sp3, and NGFI-A/Egr-1 as the primary nuclear transcription factors binding to TRE1 which mediate Tax responsiveness. In the present work, we have investigated the mechanism(s) whereby Tax transactivates the c-sis/PDGF-B proto-oncogene. In vitro transcription assays showed that Tax was able to significantly increase the transcriptional activity of a template containing the -257 to +74 region of the c-sis/PDGF-B promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay analysis showed that Tax increased the DNA binding activity of both Sp1 and NGFI-A/Egr-1 using a TRE1 probe. Analysis of Tax mutants showed that two mutants, IEXC29S and IEXL320G, were unable to significantly transactivate the c-sis/PDGF-B promoter. Finally, co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that Tax is able to stably bind to both Sp1 and NGFI-A/Egr-1. Interestingly, co-immunoprecipitation analysis also revealed that Tax mutant IEXC29S is unable to interact with NGFI-A/Egr-1, whereas Tax mutant IEXL320G is able to interact with NGFI-A/Egr-1.
An emerging role for inflammatory cytokines in hypertension.

epidemiological and experimental studies have revealed an association between biochemical markers of systemic inflammation and cardiovascular disease such as atherosclerosis, heart failure, and hypertension ([2][1]–[4][2], [15][3], [16][4]). Although significant progress has been made in our
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: the rabbit cell injection model for screening of antiproliferative drugs.

Abstract Injection into the rabbit vitreous of cultured cells results in a condition that mimics some of the features of proliferative Vitreoretinopathy (PVR) in man. Because of its simplicity and reproducibility, this model is especially useful for screening drugs that may control or inhibit intraocular cell proliferation. The cell injection model of PVR is reviewed, and some modifications are described.
Socioeconomic Disparities in the Prevalence of Work-Related Injuries Among Adolescents in the United States

Abstract Purpose To explore whether socioeconomic disparities exist in the prevalence of work-related injury among adolescents ages 14–18 in the United States. Methods A cross-sectional analysis of previously collected survey data was performed. Data were gathered in a single metropolitan high school and included work-related injury prevalence and two measures of socioeconomic status (SES): mother's education level and working to support one's family. Because of the high prevalence of our outcome, Cox regression was used to calculate prevalence ratios. Results Evidence of an inverse association between adolescents' SES and prevalence of work-related injuries was found. A statistically significant dose–response relationship remained after controlling for hours worked per week, work history duration and race (Wald-test, 3 df , p = .039). A 30% drop in prevalence of work-related injuries was found between the lowest and highest level of mother's education. In addition, adolescents who worked to support their families had an elevated prevalence of work-related injury (adjusted prevalence ratio=1.25, 95% confidence interval [1.07, 1.46]). Race stratified results showed the associations between injury and both measures of SES were strongest among whites in this sample. Conclusions Results support the hypothesized protective effect of parental SES on the prevalence of work-related injuries among adolescents. More research is needed to test this association in a larger population and to understand the pathways that might explain it. Collection of SES measures in surveillance systems that gather data on work-related injuries is recommended to support new research on this topic.
Regolith-atmosphere exchange of water and carbon dioxide on Mars - Effects on atmospheric history and climate change

Abstract Exchange of CO 2 and H 2 O between the Mars regolith and the atmosphere-cap system plays an important role in governing the evolution of the martian atmosphere and the martian climate. Most of the exchangeable CO 2 (perhaps one or two orders of magnitude more than the atmospheric inventory) is currently adsorbed on the deep regolith, and can be “cryopumped” to a large quasipermanent CO 2 cap (not now present) during lowest Mars obliquity (θ). During the obliquity driven regolith-cap CO 2 exchange cycle, the atmospheric pressure varies harmonically between ~0.1 mb (lowest Θ) and ≲ 20 mb (highest Θ). The regolith buffer plays only a small or negligible role in the seasonal CO 2 pressure variations caused by atmosphere-cap exchange because adsorption greatly inhibits diffusion of the seasonal “pressure wave” into the regolith. In contrast, thermally driven H 2 O seasonal exchange between the atmosphere and regolith appears to be in large part responsible for observed seasonal variations in the small atmospheric H 2 O inventory. Long term exchange of H 2 O may be dominated by transfer between the polar caps and ice in the regolith. Available and potential tests of regolith-atmospheric-cap volatile exchange models using ground-based and spacecraft-based techniques are discussed.
THE CONTEXT OF COMMUNICATION Interactive Telecommuncation, Interpersonal Communication, and Their Effect on Ideas

This study explores the effects of an interactive cable television system upon the dynamic of interpersonal communication and the diversity of new ideas within work groups. A group-level property of interpersonal communication termed `intermediation” is developed. The diversity of new ideas is also conceptualized as a group-level property. Intermediation is operationalized using sociometric data. Evidence is found that intermediation can actively enhance or suppress the diversity of new ideas. The increase in the diversity of new ideas brought about by the interactive communication system was regulated by intermediation. It is argued that the introduction of new communication systems into work groups will have complex effects because the systems interact with interpersonal communication. Conditions under which types of new communication systems can suppress or optimize the development of new ideas are discussed.
BLOG-BASED SUPPORT FOR PRESERVICE TEACHERS IN AN AFTERSCHOOL TUTORING PROGRAM

This article reports on findings from a study that explored blogging (a web-based log) as a tool for literacy graduate students to deliver support to preservice teachers who were working in an afterschool intervention program. Its effectiveness is compared to the use of an online literacy instructional module. Analyses of the discussions in nine blogs and lesson plan sets written by preservice teachers indicated that the blogging between the coaches and the preservice teachers aided their learning during the tutoring process. A content analysis of the blogs indicated disparity in both the activities and the types of support in the coach-created blogs that resulted in differences in how the blogs promoted or limited preservice teacher learning. This article concludes with possibilities for using blogs as a mediating tool for learning in field-based courses and teacher training programs.
Vinyl substituent effects on the reactions of higher oxygenates on Pd(111)

Abstract The reactions of vinylic oxygenates (allyl alcohol, acrolein and acrylic acid) were compared with those of their aliphatic analogues using TPD and HREELS. The principal reaction channels of the vinylic and aliphatic oxygenates were the same: allyl alcohol, 1-propanol, acrolein and propanal all underwent decarbonylation, yielding CO, C2H4, H2 and adsorbed carbonaceous species. Acrylic acid and propanoic acid both underwent decarboxylation. HREEL spectra of the respective adlayers demonstrated that all of these reagents interacted with the surface via their oxygen-containing functions: allyl alcohol gave rise to an allyl alkoxide, acrolein to a strongly rehybridized η4(C,C,C,O)-bound species, and acrylic acid to an η5-acrylate. However, the surface—adsorbate interaction was not limited to the oxygen functions alone. In addition to the HREELS evidence for multiple coordination of these intermediates to the surface, TPD experiments also demonstrated that each of the vinylic oxygenates exhibited an additional reaction channel not available to its aliphatic counterpart. Allyl alcohol dehydrated to produce propylene plus water, in parallel with the decarbonylation pathway noted above; some acrolein was hydrogenated to form propanal; and acrylic acid gave rise to surface ethylidynes, water, and atomic carbon and oxygen, not seen for propanoic acid. These observations suggest that vinyl—surface interactions are responsible for multip0le coordination of unsaturated oxygenates and for opening new reaction channels; the chemistry of these molecules is dominated, however, by their oxygen-containing functions and the interactions of these with the Pd(111) surface.
Rotational diffusion in solvents with large characteristic lengths

A theory, based upon mode coupling, is given for the rotational diffusion constant of a tagged particle in a solvent characterized by a large macroscopic length. The theory is used to explain rotational diffusion near a critical point or in the presence of polymer molecules.
Benthic foraminifers from the continental shelf and slope of the Gulf of Mexico: an indicator of shelf hypoxia

Benthic foraminifers from 74 core-top sediment samples collected primarily from the continental shelf of the Gulf of Mexico were analyzed to determine a microfaunal indicator for shelf hypoxia to be used in future paleoenvironmental studies. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) of 93 species recognized factors/clusters that were similar to previous investigations of the benthic foraminifers, except that both analyses also identified PCA6/CA6 in the area where hypoxic conditions have been observed. Three low-oxygen-tolerant species, Pseudononion atlanticum, Epistominella vitrea, and Buliminella morgani have high factor loadings in PCA6. The cumulative percentage of three species is defined as the PEB (PEB, Pseudononion, Epistominella, Buliminella) index. The highest PEB values observed in the 74 surface sediment samples occur in the zone of recognized hypoxia on the Louisiana shelf. Values of the PEB index are also elevated along the southern Texas coastline, suggesting that this area may experience periodic hypoxia as well.
Efficient source of single photons from charge- tunable quantum dots in a micropillar cavity

A single photon source is demonstrated using a novel oxide-apertured micropillar cavity embedded with InGaAs quantum dots. A bright 80 MHz count rate is enabled by the Purcell effect and charge-tuning of the quantum dots.
Genetic correlations between sides and heritability of asymmetry for nonmetric traits in rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago

The use of nonmetric traits for estimation of biological distance is a long-standing practice in biological anthropology. Nonmetric traits can be scored using either the individual or the side of the individual as the unit of measure. If sides of the individual are genetically correlated the use of sides would produce redundant genetic information. For this reason, Korey (Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 53:19–23, 1980) argues for the use of individuals as the unit of measure for nonmetric traits. Ossenberg (Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 54:471–479, 1981), however, argues that bilateral occurrence of nonmetric traits indicates greater genetic liability for the trait and that therefore the sides are the more biologically correct unit of measure. Genetic correlations for 13 cranial nonmetric traits are estimated for a sample of rhesus macaque skeletons from Cayo Santiago. In addition, heritability of asymmetry is estimated for these 13 traits as a test of Ossenberg's contention that asymmetry is genetically influenced. Significant genetic correlations between sides support Korey's contention that nonmetric traits should be scored by individual. Only two asymmetry heritabilities were significantly different from zero, providing no significant support for Ossenberg's contention that asymmetry is genetically determined. Our results support the theory that asymmetry represents a measure of the ability of an organism to buffer stresses. Therefore, a measure of the heritability of asymmetry is a measure of the heritability of the ability to buffer stresses. This ability does not appear to be heritable in this sample.
Egg yolk antigens and their effect on fertility in rabbits.

Egg yolk citrate, a semen extender consisting of fresh egg yolk suspended in citrate buffer, and Minnesota GO, (Minn. GO), a semen extender consisting of the extract of spray-dried egg yolk in a carbohydrate-containing citrate buffer, were studied to determine their antigenicity and to determine any effect antisera to them might have on fertility. Egg yolk citrate was resolved into three major protein zones by agar-gel electrophoresis whi’e Minn. GO was resolved into four major zones; the faster moving zone in Minn. GO was responsible for the single precipitin unique to Minn. GO. Injection of egg yolk citrate and Minn. GO into rabbits induced antibody formation against egg yolk. Analysis by immunoelectrophoresis and agar gel double diffusion revealed that egg yolk citrate contains eight glycoproteins and one glycolipoprotein. Minn. GO induced antibodies against all egg yolk citrate antigens but formed only seven detectable precipitins with antisera to Minn. GO; of these, six were in common with egg yolk citrate precipitins, but one differed. Study of the antisera by complement fixation showed that egg yolk citrate induced higher titers than Minn. GO. In two replications involving 122 rabbits, the fertility of rabbits inseminated with semen suspended in egg yolk citrate or Minn. GO with antibodies to either extender was equal or better than that of controls inseminated with semen containing normal serum. The antibodies caused clumping of the extender but sperm were not agglutinated or immobilized by these clumps.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia secondary to fingerstick glucose monitoring.

Summary Routine fingersticks for blood glucose monitoring are essential for the management of diabetic patients. However, the development of infections following fingersticks is a potential complication of blood glucose monitoring that has been reported in the literature. We describe a case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia introduced during a routine fingerstick for blood glucose monitoring in a febrile neutropenic patient.
Verification of analytic point defect models using SUPREM-IV (dopant diffusion)

Two-dimensional process modeling has been complicated by the increasing complexity of the physical models needed to characterize modern processes. Present physical models for diffusion favor modeling of both the vacancies and interstitials as well as the dopant impurities. these vacancies and interstitials are important in two dimensions since the lateral characteristic lengths are on the order of a few microns, which is comparable to device dimensions. Hence, full two-dimensional solutions of the point defect equations are required to accurately model two-dimensional diffusion. Since the defects diffuse many order of magnitude faster than the impurities, the problem of solving the coupled equations is numerically stiff and the numerical techniques become critical. The numerical methods in SUPREM-IV are described. Since the numerical solutions are time consuming, suitable analytic solutions are considered as an alternative. These analytic solutions are compared to the numerical results to test the limits of the assumptions used in the analytic formulation. The comparison forces the conclusion that analytic solutions are of limited use in prediction of point defect profilesin two dimensions. >
The accelerated failure time model: A useful alternative to the cox regression model in survival analysis

For the past two decades the Cox proportional hazards model has been used extensively to examine the covariate effects on the hazard function for the failure time variable. On the other hand, the accelerated failure time model, which simply regresses the logarithm of the survival time over the covariates, has seldom been utilized in the analysis of censored survival data. In this article, we review some newly developed linear regression methods for analysing failure time observations. These procedures have sound theoretical justification and can be implemented with an efficient numerical method. The accelerated failure time model has an intuitive physical interpretation and would be a useful alternative to the Cox model in survival analysis.
Method Review: Estimation of Colony Densities of the Army Ant Eciton burchellii in Costa Rica

We evaluated the performance of a method developed to estimate colony densities of the army ant Eciton burchellii, a keystone species, based on raid crossings on trails, in Costa Rica. The method was compared with a census obtained by tracking ant-following birds, and the effect of walking distance and rainfall was evaluated. We found that the method performs well when at least 60 km of trail have been walked (replicated walks are permissible), and when rainfall is avoided.
Automated cellular annotation for high-resolution images of adult Caenorhabditis elegans.

Motivation: Advances in high-resolution microscopy have recently made possible the analysis of gene expression at the level of individual cells. The fixed lineage of cells in the adult worm Caenorhabditis elegans makes this organism an ideal model for studying complex biological processes like development and aging. However, annotating individual cells in images of adult C.elegans typically requires expertise and significant manual effort. Automation of this task is therefore critical to enabling high-resolution studies of a large number of genes. Results: In this article, we describe an automated method for annotating a subset of 154 cells (including various muscle, intestinal and hypodermal cells) in high-resolution images of adult C.elegans. We formulate the task of labeling cells within an image as a combinatorial optimization problem, where the goal is to minimize a scoring function that compares cells in a test input image with cells from a training atlas of manually annotated worms according to various spatial and morphological characteristics. We propose an approach for solving this problem based on reduction to minimum-cost maximum-flow and apply a cross-entropy–based learning algorithm to tune the weights of our scoring function. We achieve 84% median accuracy across a set of 154 cell labels in this highly variable system. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the automatic annotation of microscopy-based images in adult C.elegans. Contact: ude.drofnats.sc@inreas
Activity Patterns in a Model for the Subthalamopallidal Network of the Basal Ganglia

Based on recent experimental data, we have developed a conductance-based computational network model of the subthalamic nucleus and the external segment of the globus pallidus in the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia. Computer simulations and analysis of this model illuminate the roles of the coupling architecture of the network, and associated synaptic conductances, in modulating the activity patterns displayed by this network. Depending on the relationships of these coupling parameters, the network can support three general classes of sustained firing patterns: clustering, propagating waves, and repetitive spiking that may show little regularity or correlation. Each activity pattern can occur continuously or in discrete episodes. We characterize the mechanisms underlying these rhythms, as well as the influence of parameters on details such as spiking frequency and wave speed. These results suggest that the subthalamopallidal circuit is capable both of correlated rhythmic activity and of irregular autonomous patterns of activity that block rhythmicity. Increased striatal input to, and weakened intrapallidal inhibition within, the indirect pathway can switch the behavior of the circuit from irregular to rhythmic. This may be sufficient to explain the emergence of correlated oscillatory activity in the subthalamopallidal circuit after destruction of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease and in animal models of parkinsonism.
Consumer Dynamic Usage Allocation and Learning under Multi-Part Tariffs

Multi-part tariffs are widely favored within service industries as an efficient means of mapping prices to differential levels of consumer demand. Whether they benefit consumers, however, is far less clear as they pose individuals with a potentially difficult task of dynamically allocating usage over the course of each billing cycle. In this paper we explore this welfare issue by examining the ability of individuals to optimally allocate consumption over time in a stylized cellular-phone usage task for which there exists a known optimal dynamic utilization policy. Actual call behavior over time is modeled using a dynamic choice model that allows decision makers to both discount the future (be myopic) and be subject to random errors when making call decisions. Our analysis provides a “half empty, half full” view of intuitive optimality. Participants rapidly learn to exhibit far-sightedness, yet learning is incomplete with some level of allocation errors persisting even after repeated experience. We also find evidence for an asymmetric effect in which participants who are exogenously switched from a low (high) to high (low) allowance plan make more (fewer) errors in the new plan. The effect persists even when participants make their own plan choices. Finally, interventions that provide usage information to help participants eradicate errors have limited effectiveness.
An Abstract Machine for the Stochastic Bioambient calculus

This paper presents an abstract machine for the stochastic bioambient calculus. The abstract machine is proved sound and complete with respect to a novel stochastic semantics, and is also shown to preserve the reduction probabilities of the calculus. The machine is implemented as an extension to an existing simulator for stochastic pi-calculus.
Integration of a Traveling-Wave Electro-Absorption Modulator with a Widely Tunable SG-DBR Laser

A widely tunable transmitter integrating a sampled grating DBR laser and traveling wave EAM with on-chip termination is presented. The transmitter exhibits a 23 GHz bandwidth, greater than 1 mW output power, and wavelength tuning over 30 nm.
Between-airport heterogeneity in air toxics emissions associated with individual cancer risk thresholds and population risks

Background: Airports represent a complex source type of increasing importance contributing to air toxics risks. Comprehensive atmospheric dispersion models are beyond the scope of many applications, so it would be valuable to rapidly but accurately characterize the risk-relevant exposure implications of emissions at an airport. Methods: In this study, we apply a high resolution atmospheric dispersion model (AERMOD) to 32 airports across the United States, focusing on benzene, 1,3-butadiene, and benzo [a]pyrene. We estimate the emission rates required at these airports to exceed a 10 -6 lifetime cancer risk for the maximally exposed individual (emission thresholds) and estimate the total population risk at these emission rates. Results: The emission thresholds vary by two orders of magnitude across airports, with variability predicted by proximity of populations to the airport and mixing height (R 2 = 0.74–0.75 across pollutants). At these emission thresholds, the population risk within 50 km of the airport varies by two orders of magnitude across airports, driven by substantial heterogeneity in total population exposure per unit emissions that is related to population density and uncorrelated with emission thresholds. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that site characteristics can be used to accurately predict maximum individual risk and total population risk at a given level of emissions, but that optimizing on one endpoint will be non-optimal for the other.
The Sample Complexity of Exploration in the Multi-Armed Bandit Problem

We consider the multi-armed bandit problem under the PAC ("probably approximately correct") model. It was shown by Even-Dar et al. (2002) that given n arms, a total of O((n/e2)log(1/δ)) trials suffices in order to find an e-optimal arm with probability at least 1-δ. We establish a matching lower bound on the expected number of trials under any sampling policy. We furthermore generalize the lower bound, and show an explicit dependence on the (unknown) statistics of the arms. We also provide a similar bound within a Bayesian setting. The case where the statistics of the arms are known but the identities of the arms are not, is also discussed. For this case, we provide a lower bound of Θ((1/e2)(n+log(1/δ))) on the expected number of trials, as well as a sampling policy with a matching upper bound. If instead of the expected number of trials, we consider the maximum (over all sample paths) number of trials, we establish a matching upper and lower bound of the form Θ((n/e2)log(1/δ)). Finally, we derive lower bounds on the expected regret, in the spirit of Lai and Robbins.
Comparing continuous wave progressive saturation EPR and time domain saturation recovery EPR over the entire motional range of nitroxide spin labels.

The measurement of spin–lattice relaxation rates from spin labels, such as nitroxides, in the presence and absence of spin relaxants provides information that is useful for determining biomolecular properties such as nucleic acid dynamics and the interaction of proteins with membranes. We compare X-band continuous wave (CW) and pulsed or time domain (TD) EPR methods for obtaining spin–lattice relaxation rates of spin labels across the entire range of rotational motion to which relaxation rates are sensitive. Model nitroxides and spin-labeled biological species are used to illustrate the potential complications that arise in extracting relaxation data under conditions typical to biological experiments. The effect of super hyperfine (SHF) structure is investigated for both CW and TD spectra. First and second harmonic absorption and dispersion CW spectra of the nitroxide spin label, TEMPOL, are all fit simultaneously to a model of SHF structure over a range of microwave amplitudes. The CW spectra are novel because all harmonics and microwave phases were acquired simultaneously using our homebuilt CW/TD spectrometer. The effect of the SHF structure on the pulsed free induction decay (FID) and pulsed saturation recovery spectrum is shown for both protonated and deuterated TEMPOL. We present novel pulsed saturation recovery measurements on biological molecules, including spin–lattice relaxation rates of spin-labeled proteins and spin-labeled double-stranded DNA. The impact of structure and dynamics on relaxation rates are discussed in the context of each of these examples. Collisional relaxation rates with oxygen and transition metal paramagnetic relaxants are extracted using both continuous wave and time domain methods. The extent of the errors inherent in the CW method and the advantages of pulsed methods for unambiguously measuring collisional relaxation rates are discussed. Spin–lattice relaxation rates, determined by both CW and pulsed methods, are used to determine the electrostatic potential on the surface of a protein.
Association of Murine Leukemia Virus Pol with Virions, Independent of Gag-Pol Expression

During the replication cycle of murine leukemia virus (MLV), Pol is normally synthesized as part of a Gag-Pol fusion protein. In this study, the ability of free MLV Pol to be incorporated into virions was examined. When MLV Gag and MLV Pol were coexpressed from separate plasmids in cells, reverse transcriptase (RT) activity associated with Gag core particles at a slightly lower level than did RT activity generated from wild-type Gag-Pol expression. Particles produced in this manner were somewhat less infectious than those produced with wild-type Gag-Pol. A smaller amount of MLV Pol also associated with heterologous human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag cores.
A BiCMOS ultra-wideband 3.1-10.6GHz front-end

A direct-conversion receiver for 500MHz-wide FCC-compliant UWB pulses in the 3.1-10.6GHz licensed band is fabricated using 0.18/spl mu/m SiGe BiCMOS. The packaged chip consists of a wideband LNA, filter, phase-splitter, 802.11a switchable notch filter, 3.1-10.6GHz LO amplifiers, mixers, and baseband channel-select filters/buffers. The average conversion gain, NF and input P1dB are 32dB, 4dB, and -41dBm respectively. The chip draws 30mA from 1.8V. Wireless testing of the receiver at 100Mbps reveals a 2.7/spl times/10/sup -3/ bit-error-rate at -81dBm sensitivity.
1.54 μm Electroluminescence from Erbium‐Doped Porous Silicon Composites for Photonic Applications

We have fabricated erbium-doped porous silicon (PSi) devices and demonstrated stable room-temperature electroluminescence (EL) at 1.54 μm under both forward and reverse bias conditions. Erbium was infiltrated into the nanostructured matrix of PSi (≤ 1019 cm—3) by cathodic electrochemical migration of the ions followed by high temperature annealing (950–1100 °C). The devices exhibit an exponential EL dependence in both bias conditions as a function of driving current and voltage. External quantum efficiencies of 0.01% have been obtained. The EL intensity in reverse bias and the transport properties of the devices show large temperature dependences. From the differences in temperature, electrical, and EL characteristics in forward and reverse biases, we believe that different excitation mechanisms are responsible for the EL.
Ontology management for large-scale e-commerce applications

Semantic markup languages such as RDF (Resource Description Framework) and OWL (Web Ontology Language) are increasingly being used to externalize meta-data or ontologies about data, software and services in a declarative form. Such externalized descriptions in ontological format are used for purposes ranging from search and retrieval to information integration and to service composition. The barrier to more wide-spread use of ontologies for such applications is the lack of support in the currently available middleware stacks used in enterprise computing. This paper presents our work on developing an enterprise-scale ontology management system that provide APIs and query languages, and scalability and performance that enterprise applications demand. We present a novel approach to representing ontologies in relational database tables to address the scalability and performance issues.
Elevated right atrial pressure does not reduce collateral blood flow to ischemic myocardium

Right atrial pressure (RAP) may become substantially elevated during heart failure and has been reported to reduce collateral flow to the ischemic myocardium of isolated hearts. The effect of elevated RAP on blood flow to collateral-dependent and normal myocardium of in situ hearts was studied in 20 open-chest anesthetized dogs with acute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Regional myocardial blood flow was measured with radioactive microspheres while RAP was elevated by restricting right ventricular (RV) outflow with constant aortic pressure. Increasing RAP from 3.8 ± 0.5 to 21.5 ± 0.8 and then to 34.3 ± 0.9 mmHg did not reduce blood flow to any transmural region of LV normal or collateral-dependent myocardium. Further elevation of RAP to 49.3 ± 1.1 mmHg reduced subepicardial but not subendocardial collateral flow. Blood flow to normal RV increased. Retrograde flow and peripheral coronary pressure increased as RAP was elevated. Previously injected 11-μm microspheres were present in the retrograde flow when RAP was elevated; thus retrograde capillary flow contributed to the retrograde flow. The results explain discrepancies among previous reports, and they are consistent with a waterfall phenomenon in the coronary collateral circulation.
Debt, deficits, and crowding out: England, 1727–1840

By the 1820s, as a result of the protracted struggle with France, the market value of the British Government debt was twice British GDP. It has been argued that this debt represented a huge institutional failure by the government, significantly slowing growth in the Industrial Revolution period by crowding out private investment. This article constructs measures of private rates of return in the years 1725–1839 and shows these imply that neither the government deficits nor the mounting debt are associated with much higher private rates of return on capital. The reason the government could issue so much debt without raising rates of return is unclear. One possibility is that crowding out was occurring, but population growth in 1770–1839 was reducing rental income as a fraction of GDP, creating a demand for other asset income so that we do not observe tightness in capital markets.
The pain experience of adolescents after acute blunt traumatic injury

Because little is known about adolescent pain, in particular pain after blunt traumatic injury, a descriptive exploratory approach was used to examine the pain experience of adolescents after acute blunt traumatic injury in three contexts: at the scene of the accident, in the emergency department, and in the hospital setting. For the 13 adolescents (11-17 years) who experienced multiple sites of blunt unintentional injury, the majority recalled their worst pain at the scene and in the emergency department, with high, intense pain persisting into the hospital setting. Regardless of the context, adolescents recalled multiple aspects of their pain experience. Study findings have implications for the understanding and management of adolescent pain resulting from blunt traumatic injury.
Sedimentation Effects of Hydroelectric Development

Hydrogeneration development studies must investigate all aspects of surrounding regimens. In the case of the harbor at Charleston, South Carolina, federal expenditure of about $3,000,000 annually for maintenance dredging largely due to a density current regimen, was set up as a result of upstream hydroelectric development. Solution to the problem entails rediversion of a major river and the subsequent readjustment to past regimen patterns. The planner-designer in the hydrodevelopment field must be constantly aware of the disturbance to the ecosystem that such development might entail.
Limited Adaptive Authority Flight Control for the Crew Launch Vehicle

The control system of the NASA Crew Launch Vehicle is designed to meet performance and robustness requirements during its ascent ∞ight phase. However, the controller bandwidth and the attainable level of robust performance is limited by the degree of ∞exibility inherent in the long and slender design that has been adopted for this vehicle. Since there remains a substantial degree of uncertainty regarding the structural dynamics of this vehicle, the degree of risk associated with ∞ight control is reduced by permitting a greater level of robust performance to be attained by augmenting the existing ∞ight control system design with an adaptive element to recover nominal performance in the event of severe performance degradation. Attitude stabilization and ∞exible mode suppression of the model can be achieved by using a model reference adaptive controller designed to maintain the design level of tracking performance in the presence of disturbances, parametric uncertainties and unmodeled dynamics. The control law developed in this paper employs a limited authority adaptive element based on a new Virtual Hedging concept that augments an existing linear control law. The adaptation process is separate from the realization of the adaptive control decision. This guarantees a stable adaption process by employing a state emulator. It allows the system uncertainty to be learned online without applying any additional control. This is critical for implementing an adaptive control law as an emergency backup control law since the adaptive element will be engaged when the system performance is already poor. Initial errors between the system and the reference model, once the adaptive control is engaged, decays as the free response of the reference model (to within the ultimate bound). The adaptive design is carried out in both state feedback and output feedback form. Simulation examples illustrate the viability of the method.
Production and Potential Seston Utilization by Parapsyche cardis and Diplectrona modesta (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in Two Streams Draining Contrasting Southern Appalachian Watersheds

Production of Parapsyche cardis Ross and Diplectrona modesta Banks was estimated in two first-order southern Appalachian streams. One stream drains a natural undisturbed hardwood watershed and the other a watershed subjected to several disturbances, including clearcutting. Since 1968 the latter has been allowed to undergo natural succession. Both hydropsychid species were univoltine in each stream. Production estimates were higher for both species in the stream draining the disturbed watershed. This was attributed to: (1) More suitable habitat in the disturbed watershed consisting primarily of rock face habitat with large amounts of moss; (2) Higher densities of prey species in the disturbed watershed; and, (3) Potentially enhanced food quality resulting from a 200 fold greater NO3-N concentration in the disturbed stream. The estimates of animal food consumption required to support the combined production of P. cardis and D. modesta were 11.59 and 3.33 g/m2/yr on the disturbed and undisturbed watersheds respectively. These two species use <0.019% and <0.0063% of the total organic seston passing over each m2/yr on the disturbed and undisturbed watersheds respectively. However, estimates of animal tissue consumption are several times higher than the invertebrate drift from each watershed. The latter suggests that the major impact of these net spinners is on the animal fraction of the seston.
Bionomics of the Pine Needle Scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae, and Its Natural Enemies at South Lake Tahoe, Calif.

A study of the life histories of the pine needle scale, Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) pinifoliae (Fitch) and its natural enemies was undertaken at South Lake Tahoe, Calif., to provide a basis for a study of its population dynamics. Two distinct scale populations occur sympatrically, one on lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and one on Jeffrey pine (P. jeffreyi). The lodgepole pine population is parthenogenetic and overwinters as eggs. The Jeffrey pine population is bisexual and overwinters as gravid females. The question remains unresolved as to whether distinct species or merely ecotypes are involved. The natural enemies associated with the scale consist of 3 endoparasitic chalcidoids, Prospaltella bella Gahan, Physcus howardi Compere and Achrysocharis phenacapsia Yoshimoto, and two predatory coccinellids, Chilocorus orbus Casey var. monticolus Drea and Cryptoweisia atronitens (Casey). The lodgepole pine scale is parasitized by P. bella and P. howardi. The Jeffrey pine scale is parasitized by A. phenacapsia. These differences persist in mixed stands as well. P. bella and A. phenacapsia show strong synchrony and association with their host; P. howardi is less so. P. bella is arrhenotokus, and P. howardi and A. phenacapsia are thelytokus. C. atronitens ' life cycle requires a scale whose phenology is similar to C. pinifoliae. C. o. monticolus is apparently a more general feeder.
Development of a 3D parallel DSMC code for plume impingement studies

Robust and efficient three dimensional codes are required for the numerical simulation of thruster plume impingement on spacecraft surfaces. A three dimensional implementation of the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is presented which meets this need. A system for handling general, unstructured grids in three dimensions is described. Efficient methods of particle tracing and generation are presented. Two flow problems are simulated with this code — a two dimensional channel and a free jet impinging on a plate. The code is validated through comparison with two dimensional and axisymmetric DSMC simulations. Excellent agreement is found in all cases. The ability of the three dimensional code to calculate impingement flows is assessed through comparison with experimental measurements of the free jet impingement problem. The simulation overpredicts properties at the impingement surface but good qualitative agreement is obtained. The differences are attributed to incorrect inflow boundary conditions.
Review and Revelation of Language Transfer Study

The development and evolution process of the language transfer study are reviewed.The research characteristics of language transfer study in different developing stages and its theoretical products are analyzed and summarized.It is pointed out that language transfer study is beneficial to the foreign language teaching and it can stimulate foreign language teachers to balance the relationship between mother tongue and target language in order to improve foreign language teaching.
Assessment of neighbourhood-level socioeconomic status as a modifier of air pollution-asthma associations among children in Atlanta.

Background A broad literature base provides evidence of association between air pollution and paediatric asthma. Socioeconomic status (SES) may modify these associations; however, previous studies have found inconsistent evidence regarding the role of SES. Methods Effect modification of air pollution–paediatric asthma morbidity by multiple indicators of neighbourhood SES was examined in Atlanta, Georgia. Emergency department (ED) visit data were obtained for 5–18 years old with a diagnosis of asthma in 20-county Atlanta during 2002–2008. Daily ZIP Code Tabulation Area (ZCTA)-level concentrations of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, fine particulate matter and elemental carbon were estimated using ambient monitoring data and emissions-based chemical transport model simulations. Pollutant–asthma associations were estimated using a case-crossover approach, controlling for temporal trends and meteorology. Effect modification by ZCTA-level (neighbourhood) SES was examined via stratification. Results We observed stronger air pollution–paediatric asthma associations in ‘deprivation areas’ (eg, ≥20% of the ZCTA population living in poverty) compared with ‘non-deprivation areas’. When stratifying analyses by quartiles of neighbourhood SES, ORs indicated stronger associations in the highest and lowest SES quartiles and weaker associations among the middle quartiles. Conclusions Our results suggest that neighbourhood-level SES is a factor contributing vulnerability to air pollution-related paediatric asthma morbidity in Atlanta. Children living in low SES environments appear to be especially vulnerable given positive ORs and high underlying asthma ED rates. Inconsistent findings of effect modification among previous studies may be partially explained by choice of SES stratification criteria, and the use of multiplicative models combined with differing baseline risk across SES populations.
Less Common Congenital Disorders of Hemostasis

Abstract Hemophilia A and hemophilia B comprise the majority of inherited coagulation disorders and are prototypic of congenital disorders of hemostasis. The rarer deficiencies of fibrinogen, prothrombin, factor V, factor VII, factor X, factor XI, factor XII, factor XIII, α2-plasmin inhibitor, and the East Texas bleeding disorder and other diagnoses are thoroughly discussed as well as mimics such as superwarfarin poisoning and acquired factor X deficiency from amyloidosis. All of these rare disorders combined are less frequent than hemophilia A and hemophilia B yet typically are over-represented in the practice of a busy consulting hemotologist. Appropriate treatment relies on appropriate diagnosis, the process of which is thoroughly discussed.
Gene Regulation by the AGL15 Transcription Factor Reveals Hormone Interactions in Somatic Embryogenesis

The MADS box transcription factor Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) AGAMOUS-LIKE15 (AGL15) and a putative ortholog from soybean (Glycine max), GmAGL15, are able to promote somatic embryogenesis (SE) in these plants when ectopically expressed. SE is an important means of plant regeneration, but many plants, or even particular cultivars, are recalcitrant for this process. Understanding how (Gm)AGL15 promotes SE by identifying and characterizing direct and indirect downstream regulated genes can provide means to improve regeneration by SE for crop improvement and to perform molecular tests of genes. Conserved transcription factors and the genes they regulate in common between species may provide the most promising avenue to identify targets for SE improvement. We show that (Gm)AGL15 negatively regulates auxin signaling in both Arabidopsis and soybean at many levels of the pathway, including the repression of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR6 (ARF6) and ARF8 and TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE1 as well as the indirect control of components via direct expression of a microRNA-encoding gene. We demonstrate interaction between auxin and gibberellic acid in the promotion of SE and document an inverse correlation between bioactive gibberellic acid and SE in soybean, a difficult crop to transform. Finally, we relate hormone accumulation to transcript accumulation of important soybean embryo regulatory factors such as ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 and FUSCA3 and provide a working model of hormone and transcription factor interaction in the control of SE.