cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lipids, Terpenes, and Related Substances

This chapter deals with heterogeneous groups that have low solubility in water and high solubility in organic solvents such as acetone, benzene, and ether. Groups of compounds such as lipids, isoprenoids or terpenoids, which are derived from isoprene, are also discussed. Lipids are physiologically important as constituents of protoplasm, storage forms of foods in seeds, in maintenance of the integrity and function of biological membranes, and as protective coverings on leaves, fruits, and stems. The simplest and most common lipids are the triglycerides. They are esters of glycerol and fatty acids. Palmitic acid, a saturated fatty acid, is the most widely distributed fatty acid in woody plants, but most fatty acids are unsaturated, oleic and linoleic being most common. Compound lipids, especially phospholipids and glycolipids, are important components of membranes of chloroplasts, mitochondria, nuclear membranes, plasmalemma, and endoplasmic reticulum. The lipid-protein ratio, molecular species of lipids, and perturbation of the lipid bilayer or biochemical properties of membranes influence the functions of membranes. Terpenoids (isoprenoids) include essential oils, resins, carotenoids, and rubber. Essential oils are extracted commercially from the leaves of several conifers and wood of cedar, bark of sweet birch, and roots and buds of sassafras. Turpentine is the most important essential oil obtained from trees. Monoterpenes are important in studies of genetic variation of plants, identification of origins of conifers in plantations, seed certification, and identification of seed sources of plantations of unknown origin.
Solder Joint Reliability (SJR) Study of Integrated Heat Spreader (IHS) Packages

This paper discusses the SJR performance and characteristic study for IHS package technology. Limited industry literature for design reference is the key motivator of this IHS base SJR evaluation on various stresses. Both experimental and simulation studies were performed to identify the critical reliability factors impacting the SJR in static compressive, mechanical shock and transient bend stresses. The critical SJR factors on thermo-mechanical fatigue included solder systems, types of preload and board thickness design were investigated. The impacts of ball pitches, board thicknesses and ball attach process in shock loading will be discussed. Furthermore, the sensitivities contributed by ball pitches, board thicknesses and trace orientation design on transient bend were evaluated as well. Beside, the performance trends and failure modes were analyzed to gather better understanding especially on its driving mechanism. As a summary, this paper presents and documents the key influence factors in SJR for electronic package design in IHS configuration.
Startup weekends: Invention as process for proto-entrepreneurs

This paper reports a mixed methods study of the parameters and activities that instantiate the invention processes of proto-entrepreneurs during Startup Weekends. The study answers how startup weekends generate and refine ideas over a short span of a weekend and which Aristotelian topics of invention are deployed. The project uses case study methods to examine the invention processes as articulated in organizers materials and participants' blogs. This project also applies content analyses to 55 pitches from Startup Weekends. Qualitative and quantitative data provided a more complete picture of a topic and triangulation offindings. The parameters that influence the invention process—e.g., time constraints, an abundance of feedback, competition rules, and fast-forming group dynamics—yielded a proclivity for using past experience; precedent of similar ventures an competition; and personal testimonies as fodder for idea development. The particular brand of activity network that Startup Weekends engender might serve to facilitate cross-disciplinary collaborations and community participatory research for scholars in technical communication as they develop their research agendas.
Comparison of Mycoplasma IES, Mycofast Revolution and Mycoplasma IST2 to detect genital mycoplasmas in clinical samples.

Introduction: Culture is regarded as the gold standard for the detection of genital mycoplasma in clinical samples. Commercially available diagnostic kits, based on liquid broth cultures, provide interesting alternatives to conventional culture. We assessed the laboratory performances of Mycoplasma IES (IES), the Mycofast Revolution (REV) and Mycoplasma IST 2 (IST2) compared to A7 agar plates for the detection of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in clinical samples. Methodology: From April to July 2013, endocervical or vaginal samples were collected from sexually active women with abnormal vaginal discharge. Each specimen was tested in parallel using the three commercial kits and the A7 agar plates. Results: A total of 303 samples were included in this study, 35.6% (108/303) of which were positive on A7 plates. Sensitivities for the detection of U. urealyticum of IES, REV and IST2 were 100%, 96.2% and 95.3%, respectively while those for M. hominis were of 92.8%, 92.8% and 85.7%, respectively. Specificity was 100% for the 3 methods. Concerning antimicrobial susceptibility testing, full agreement between IES and REV was documented. Conclusions: The Mycoplasma IES kit was found to be equivalent or superior compared to other commercial culture-based assays for a rapid and accurate identification of U. urealyticum and M. hominis and detection of resistance. It might be considered a cost-effective tool for detection of these organisms, particularly attractive in developing countries.
Variance Models, Weighting, and Transformations

The previous chapters assumed that every observation carried equal weight in the estimation of the model parameters and that the assumptions of the model, e.g., normality of the residuals, were met. When the observations have nonconstant variance this is referred to as heteroscedasticity. This chapter introduces weighted least-squares (WLS) and variance models in the face of heteroscedasticity and how OLS estimates are biased when heteroscedasticity is not taken into account. An alternative to variance modeling are data transformations that force the resulting distributions to be normal or at least approximately normal. Data transformations, both with the dependent and independent variables, are introduced with particular emphasis on the transform-both-sides approach. Two case studies in WLS are presented: a compartmental model of DFMO and an E max model with XomaZyme-791.
Systematic Review of Community-Engaged Research in Ophthalmology.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Community-engaged research (CEnR) allows researchers and community organizations to partner together to improve health outcomes and to decrease health disparities. While prevalent in other fields of medicine, it is rarely used in ophthalmology.Areas covered: A comprehensive search of Ovid MEDLINE, NLM PubMed, Ovid Embase, Scopus and the Cochrane Library for the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ‘Community-based participatory research’ and text word variations including participatory research, community engagement, community research, partnered research, community–institutional relations, CEnR, CBPR in addition to variations on ophthalmology, eye diseases, vision disorders and eye injuries yielded 451 unique references. Two ophthalmologists (KHN, PANC) reviewed the titles and abstracts and identified 37 relevant studies. Expert consultation yielded an additional reference. After reviewing the full texts and excluding non-English texts, 18 articles met the necessary criteria. The eightee...
Self-relevance effects and label choice: Strong variations in label-matching performance due to non-self-relevant factors.

Merely associating one’s self with a stimulus may be enough to enhance performance in a label-matching paradigm (Sui, He, & Humphreys, 2012), implying prioritized processing of self-relevant stimuli. For instance, labeling a square as SELF and a circle as OTHER yields speeded performance when verifying square-SELF compared with circle-OTHER label matches. The precise causes of such effects are unclear. We propose that prioritized processing of label-matches can occur for reasons other than self-relevance. Here, we employ the label-matching paradigm to show similar benefits for non-self-relevant labels (SNAKE, FROG, and GREG) over a frequently employed, non-self-relevant control label (OTHER). These benefits suggest the possibility that self-relevance effects in the label-matching paradigm may be confounded with other properties of labels that lead to relative performance benefits, such as concreteness. The size of self-relevance effects may be overestimated in prior work employing the label-matching paradigm, which calls for greater care in the choice of control labels to determine the true magnitude of self-relevance effects. Our results additionally indicate the possibility of a powerful effect of concreteness (and related properties) on associative memory performance.
Designer monotransregulators provide a basis for a transcriptional therapy for de novo endocrine-resistant breast cancer.

The main circulating estrogen hormone 17β-estradiol (E2) contributes to the initiation and progression of breast cancer. Estrogen receptors (ERs), as transcription factors, mediate the effects of E2. Ablation of the circulating E2 and/or prevention of ER functions constitute approaches for ER-positive breast cancer treatments. These modalities are, however, ineffective in de novo endocrine-resistant breast neoplasms that do not express ERs. The interaction of E2-ERs with specific DNA sequences, estrogen responsive elements (EREs), of genes constitutes one genomic pathway necessary for cellular alterations. We herein tested the prediction that specific regulation of ERE-driven genes by an engineered monomeric and constitutively active transcription factor, monotransregulator, provides a basis for the treatment of ER-negative breast cancer. Using adenovirus infected ER-negative MDA-MB-231 cells derived from a breast adenocarcinoma, we found that the monotransregulator, but not the ERE-binding defective counterpart, repressed cellular proliferation and motility, and induced apoptosis through expression of genes that required ERE interactions. Similarly, the monotransregulator suppressed the growth of ER-negative BT-549 cells derived from a breast-ductal carcinoma. Moreover, the ERE-binding monotransregulator repressed xenograft tumor growth in a nude mice model. Thus, specific regulation of genes bearing EREs could offer a therapeutic approach for de novo endocrine-resistant breast cancers.
Comparing the use of space in selfies on Chinese Weibo and Twitter

Selfies are a ubiquitous practice worldwide in which social media users create and share cultural artifacts that go beyond mere idealized or narcissistic self-presentations. As a cultural phenomeno...
The effect of visual perturbation upon femoral acceleration during the single and bilateral squat.

Abstract Objectives Record femoral accelerations using a smartphone accelerometer attached to the distal thigh during single-legged (SLS) and bilateral squats, and each squat condition occurred under two visual conditions: 1) normal vision and 2) visual perturbation with stroboscopic glasses. Design Repeated-measures cross-over with counter-balanced order for four total conditions. Setting Laboratory. Participants 22 females and 16 males without lower extremity pathologies. Main outcome measures 2D video assessment of frontal plane projection angle, composite amplitude index of smartphone accelerometer measurements, and bivariate correlations between these two outcomes. Results A significant interaction was found for stance x vision as the difference occurred within the SLS stance condition between the visual conditions (Normal: 9.85 ± 0.06; Stroboscopic: 9.86 ± 0.07; p = 0.008 with an adjusted alpha of 0.25). Femoral accelerations were not associated (r = −0.07) with 2D video assessment of frontal plane projection angle. Conclusions Similar to other studies using smartphone accelerometry to assess movement quality, we found that the device could detect movement variation via femoral accelerations during SLS with visual perturbation in healthy individuals.
Keeping up the Red Queen dynamics? Technology competition for generational technologies

This study explores the relationship between product market competition, technology competition, and a firm’s decision to advance to a higher generation of technology. Our core proposition is that ...
Parathyroid Hormone, Ionized Calcium, and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in the Domestic Ferret (Mustela putorius furo)

Abstract The objective of this study was to measure parathyroid hormone (PTH), ionized calcium, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in healthy intact adult ferrets. Serum was collected from 16 clinically healthy adult ferrets (8 males and 8 females). Concentrations of PTH and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were measured via commercially available radioimmunoassays validated for humans, dogs, and cats (PTH) plus horses (25-hydroxyvitamin D). Concentrations of ionized calcium (at pH 7.4) were measured using an ion-specific electrode. Median (minimum, maximum) concentrations were as follows: PTH 8.7 (2.2, 24.4)pmol/L, ionized calcium 1.15 (1.09, 1.25)mmol/L, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 94 (61, 138) nmol/L). Female ferrets had significantly higher concentrations of PTH than male ferrets (female median: 17.1pmol/L; male median: 6.9pmol/L). Associations among PTH, ionized calcium, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and weight were evaluated. There was a weak negative correlation between PTH concentration and total calcium concentration in female ferrets. As none of these assays have been validated for use in ferrets, results may provide a baseline for clinicians evaluating ferrets for disorders of calcium homeostasis, parathyroid glands, and paraneoplastic syndromes.
Evaluation and Management of the Potential Lung Donor

The number of lung transplants in the United States (US) grew by 250% over the last 20 years, from 932 in 1996 to 2,327 in 2016.1 This dramatic increase, which was mirrored worldwide, was related to advancements in surgical techniques and improvements in immunosuppression and post-transplantation management, making lung transplantation an increasingly attractive treatment option for end-stage lung disease. The proliferation of lung transplantation programs, however, would not have been possible without a corresponding expansion of the donor lung pool. This has involved an evidence-driven redefinition of acceptable donors coupled with improved management of potential lung donors and preservation of lung quality following procurement. This review focuses on the current state of donor and donor lung assessment strategies and contemporary techniques for lung preservation prior to transplantation.
Chapter 3 Regulators of G Protein Signaling Proteins as Central Components of G Protein‐Coupled Receptor Signaling Complexes

The regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins bind directly to G protein alpha (Gα) subunits to regulate the signaling functions of Gα and their linked G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs). Recent studies indicate that RGS proteins also interact with GPCRs, not just G proteins, to form preferred functional pairs. Interactions between GPCRs and RGS proteins may be direct or indirect (via a linker protein) and are dictated by the receptors, rather than the linked G proteins. Emerging models suggest that GPCRs serve as platforms for assembling an overlapping and distinct constellation of signaling proteins that perform receptor‐specific signaling tasks. Compelling evidence now indicates that RGS proteins are central components of these GPCR signaling complexes. This review will outline recent discoveries of GPCR/RGS pairs as well as new data in support of the idea that GPCRs serve as platforms for the formation of multiprotein signaling complexes.
Fuzzy Logic based Variable Damping Admittance Control for Multi-UAV Collaborative Transportation

This paper implements a variable damper admittance control in a multi UAV system. Two Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are considered in this work for simplicity, to collaboratively transport a common payload. A leader-follower architecture is used. The leader UAV uses a traditional Proportional, Integral and Derivative (PID) control whereas the follower UAV makes control decision by a force feedback admittance controller. The admittance controller simulates a virtual spring mass damper system to implement a force feedback controller for the follower UAV. It ensures effective force compliance via proper choice of admittance parameters, which are stiffness, mass and damping of a virtual spring mass damper system. However, the performance of the controller can be improved by following a variable damping admittance strategy that allows adaptation of the damping coefficient based on the interaction contact forces and their rates, acting on the follower, due to leaders motion. Calculation of variable damping coefficient is proposed to be carried out using Fuzzy Logic (FL) that utilizes heuristic and intuitive knowledge for calculations. The proposed scheme provides effective performance in comparison to a constant damping admittance scheme, which is validated through the results provided in this paper.
Brief Report: Analysis of the Relationship Between Turn Taking and Joint Attention for Toddlers with Autism

The relationship between turn taking (i.e., back-and-forth preverbal communicative exchanges) and joint attention has not been studied in interactions between children with autism and caregivers. In joint attention, a form of preverbal social communication, young children socially share attention with a partner about objects, a competency that is difficult for toddlers with autism. Video data of interactions between caregivers and 61 toddlers with autism who received joint attention-focused intervention were analyzed to determine associations between turn taking and joint attention. Results indicate a positive relationship between the two forms of social communication. Further study is needed to determine the extent to which turn taking may play a foundational role in supporting joint attention development for toddlers with autism.
Trading Votes for Votes. A Dynamic Theory

We develop a framework to study the dynamics of vote trading over multiple binary issues. We prove that there always exists a stable allocation of votes that is reachable in a finite number of trades, for any number of voters and issues, any separable preference profile, and any restrictions on the coalitions that may form. If at every step all blocking trades are chosen with positive probability, convergence to a stable allocation occurs in finite time with probability 1. If coalitions are unrestricted, the outcome of vote trading must be Pareto optimal, but unless there are three voters or two issues, it need not correspond to the Condorcet winner.
Initiation of Viral DNA Replication

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the mechanisms involved in initiation of animal virus DNA replication. This step is of fundamental importance because it represents the central point of control of the replication process. Two of the best-characterized viruses, adenovirus and SV40, are discussed as examples of viruses that normally multiply by productive cytocidal infection. In these two cases viral DNA replication begins soon after infection and continues at a high rate until the death of the host cell. Two other viruses—bovine papilloma virus and Epstein-Barr virus—are presented in the chapter as examples of viruses that are capable of multiplying as stable extrachromosomal plasmids. In these two cases viral DNA replication is precisely controlled so that the number of viral genomes doubles only once per cell cycle and under normal circumstances the host is not killed. All virus groups described in this chapter—as well as most of the remaining virus groups (the poxviruses may constitute an exception)—initiate DNA replication in specific regions of the viral chromosome referred to as origins of replication. There appears to be little nucleotide sequence homology among the origins of the various virus groups, although there are some general structural features common to many animal virus origins and to a number of prokaryotic origins as well. These include the presence of large palindromic sequences and extensive A/T-rich blocks.
Load Lifting in the Exoskeleton with Gravity Compensation

Purpose of research. Currently, exoskeletons are getting widespread use. They enhance human capabilities in terms of ease of movement, carrying loads and different types of activities that require considerable effort. Especially effective are those exoskeletons that make it possible to make complex types of movement of both for the lower and upper limbs, which significantly expands the capabilities of a person when performing loading and unloading operations. Relatively recently, they have started the development of exoskeletons which use the elements of gravity compensation. Therfore, the study of energy costs in the process of load lifting and the study of gravitational compensators influence on the magnitude of moments made by the electric drives of the femoral and knee joints, is relevant and is revealed in this paper. Methods. Methods of system analysis, design of biotechnical systems, control theory, theory of mechanisms and machines, methods of mathematical modeling of dynamic systems, methods of optimal planning and design were used to solve the problems. Mathematical packages Matlab/Simulink were used to make software products. Results. The study shows that the use of gravity compensators can significantly reduce the load on electrodrives. The movement of load is due to the operation of engines located in the area of ankle, knee and thigh joints. Since the movement of the exoskeleton occurs in the sagittal plane during load lifting, the position of the exoskeleton links in space is determined by four independent parameters. Conclusion. The mathematical model of load lifting by a man in an exoskeleton has been developed. Mathematical modeling of the process of load lifting with the help of exoskeleton electric drives has been made. A special attention is paid to the study of gravitational compensators influence on the magnitude of moments created by the electric drives of femoral and knee joints. It shows that the use of gravity compensators can significantly reduce the load on electric drives. Also, the study of energy costs in the process of load lifting has been conducted.
Hypoxia-Independent Regulation of Hepatic Erythropoietin Production by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor.

Erythropoietin (Epo) is an essential regulator of red blood cell production. While adult Epo synthesis occurs almost exclusively in kidney, extrarenal Epo synthesis has been described in liver and brain in response to hypoxia or anemia. We have used adenoviruses to express soluble ectodomains of the VEGF receptors (sVEGFRs) Flk1 and Flt1 in the circulation of mice, achieving high-level VEGF sequestration, potent conditional ablation of VEGF function in adult animals, and inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis (Kuo et al. PNAS (2001). 98: 4605). Intriguingly, adenoviral expression of soluble Flk1 or Flt1 ectodomains, or a recently described soluble receptor VEGF Trap, is associated with profound stimulation of erythropoiesis and polycythemia, with hematocrit as high as 75% from basal levels of ~45%, and elevation of plasma Epo levels. sVEGFR expression results in a profound >100-fold induction of hepatic erythropoietin synthesis while renal Epo production is completely repressed. This effect is specific for adenoviruses expressing soluble VEGF receptors and not other receptor ectodomains, does not require liver transduction or hypoxia, and is not affected by Ad Cre-induced deletion of the hepatocyte HIF-1a gene in HIF-1aflox/flox mice. Selective inhibition of hepatocyte-produced VEGF in Ad Cre-treated VEGFflox/flox mice is sufficient to re-activate hepatocyte Epo production, likely via hepatocyte × endothelium crosstalk. These data suggest VEGF may function physiologically to repress hepatic Epo synthesis, while VEGF blockade leads to de-repression of hepatic Epo production via a novel hypoxia- and HIF-1a-independent pathway.
The Effects of Ownership Structure on Time Spend by Physicians with Patients

As the U.S. seeks to increase the quality of health care, both the quality and quantity of time physicians spend with patients will continue to be an important factor as in the last decades. In today’s healthcare environment, time is more valuable than before and the payment system, like fee-for service, encourages physicians to care for more patients but spend less time with them. Inherently, time spent with the physician is an important indicator for patients to see the total care. Based on this assumption, patient satisfaction cannot be fulfilled without a sufficient amount of time spent with the physician during the examination. If the physicians do not spend enough time with patients, they cannot understand the patients’ problems and history of illness. How can we achieve better outcome for patients if we do not understand their problems and concerns? At the same time, we know that involving patients in the decision-making process is important to get better results. Overall, the amount of time spent with patients indeed is an important indicator of good quality of health services and must be continuously monitored by health administrators to improve effectiveness and increase health care quality.
Influence of Facility Characteristics on Access to Breast Reconstruction: A 12-Year National Cancer Database Analysis.

BACKGROUND/AIM This study aimed to analyze facility characteristics contributing to disparities in breast reconstruction access in the United States. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data from January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2015 were extracted from the National Cancer Database on patient, facility and treatment, and tumor characteristics. A total of 858,594 patients met the inclusion criteria of the study, including 553,517 (64.5%) patients who underwent mastectomy only (without breast reconstruction) and 305,077 (35.5%) patients who received breast reconstruction (implants or autologous tissue). RESULTS Multivariate analysis showed that the odds of reconstruction were higher in Integrated Network Cancer Programs and Academic/Research Programs compared to Community Cancer Programs. Patients treated in the South, Midwest, and West regions had lower odds of reconstruction. Interestingly, patients treated in more than one Commission on Cancer facility had a higher likelihood of reconstruction. CONCLUSION Facility characteristics and location impact on access to breast reconstruction.
WHEN PLUGS FLY OUT

Several studies have shown the efficiency of left atrial appendage occlusion in stroke prevention in patients who are not good candidates for long term anticoagulation. Persistent leak has been reported in up to 12% with LAAO devices. In patients with residual leak >5 mm, anticoagulation with serial
How the jazz medium can inform interprofessional health care teams in improving patient care.

Interprofessional Health Care Teams (IPHCTs) are essential to provide cost-effective and efficient care to patients with complex illnesses, requiring the skills and expertise of many health care pr...
Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and lung cancer risk: A case-control study in Los Angeles County

Abstract Background Although there is some evidence of positive associations between both the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) with cancer risk, the relationships with lung cancer risk remain largely unexplored. We evaluated the associations between GI and GL with lung cancer. Methods The analyses were performed using data from a population-based case-control study recruited between 1999 and 2004 in Los Angeles County. Dietary factors were collected from 593 incident lung cancer cases and 1026 controls using a modified food frequency questionnaire. GI and GL were estimated using a food composition table. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression adjusting for potential confounders. Results Dietary GI was positively associated with lung cancer (OR for upper vs. lower tertile = 1.62; 95 % CI: 1.17, 2.25). For histologic subtypes, positive associations were observed between GI and adenocarcinoma (OR for upper vs. lower tertile = 1.82; 95 % CI: 1.22, 2.70) and small cell carcinoma (OR for upper vs. lower tertile = 2.68; 95 % CI: 1.25, 5.74). No clear association between GL and lung cancer was observed. Conclusion These findings suggest that high dietary GI was associated with increased lung cancer risk, and the positive associations were observed for both lung adenocarcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma. Replication in an independent dataset is merited for a broader interpretation of our results.
Beyond PD-1: The Next Frontier for Immunotherapy in Melanoma

The advent of first and second-generation immune checkpoint blockade (ICI) has resulted in improved survival of patients with metastatic melanoma over the past decade. However, the majority of patients ultimately progress despite these treatments, which has served as an impetus to consider a range of subsequent therapies. Many of the next generation of immunotherapeutic agents focus on modifying the immune system to overcome resistance to checkpoint blockade. ICI resistance can be understood as primary, or acquired-where the latter is the most common scenario. While there are several postulated mechanisms by which resistance, particularly acquired resistance, occurs, the predominant escape mechanisms include T cell exhaustion, upregulation of alternative inhibitory checkpoint receptors, and alteration of the tumor microenvironment (TME) into a more suppressive, anti-inflammatory state. Therapeutic agents in development are designed to work by combating one or more of these resistance mechanisms. These strategies face the added challenge of minimizing immune-related toxicities, while improving antitumor efficacy. This review focuses upon the following categories of novel therapeutics: 1) alternative inhibitory receptor pathways; 2) damage- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs/PAMPs); and 3) immune cell signaling mediators. We present the current state of these therapies, including preclinical and clinical data available for these targets under development.
Saying the Quiet Parts Out Loud: Teaching Students How Law School Works (Essay)

Like the law we teach our students, legal education itself isn’t neutral. It is the product of both structural forces and individual decisions. Hierarchy and structural inequality permeate our society, so of course they permeate the institutions within our society, including law schools. But law schools are not only passive recipients of these permeating atoms of injustice. They have some agency in determining which inequities to nurture (or not) in the learning environment. As it stands, though, the environment in which students learn the law can be an incubator of inequality.” Students can feel these inequities affecting their legal education, even when they can’t yet see them. These inequities had gradually become visible to us, during our time in legal academia. And we wanted our first-year students to be able to see them as well—to know what to call them, where they are reinforced, and how they affect the way law students learn to be lawyers. We hoped to foster understanding about the experiences and challenges different students have while attending the same institution and to practice talking explicitly about how different the law school environment can be for different people within it. Our students wanted to understand why individual professors, including us, couldn’t fix the problems to which they called attention. Ultimately, we wanted students to learn at least some invisible rules of “how law school works” in their first year so that they could better navigate the system and more effectively advocate for themselves and for change while they were still in school. This essay describes the asynchronous unit we created in spring 2021 called "How Law School Works" and reflects on the experience.
On the Computational Complexities of Various Geography Variants

Generalized Geography is a combinatorial game played on a directed graph. Players take turns moving a token from vertex to vertex, deleting a vertex after moving the token away from it. A player unable to move loses. It is well known that the computational complexity of determining which player should win from a given position of Generalized Geography is PSPACE-complete. We introduce several rule variants to Generalized Geography, and we explore the computational complexity of determining the winner of positions of many resulting games. Among our results is a proof that determining the winner of a game known in the literature as Undirected Partizan Geography is PSPACE-complete, even when restricted to being played on a bipartite graph.
The rate of decohesion of a gas turbine blade as assessed with the X-ray computed tomography (CT)

The overheating of the material is among major reasons for failures/damages to gas turbine blades throughout the entire process of operating aircraft turbine engines. The essential method of diagnosing condition of the blades is metallographic examination being however a destructive technique. The paper has been intended to discuss one of non-destructive testing (NDT) methods, i.e. the X-ray computed tomography (CT), and capabilities of applying it to diagnose changes in condition of gas turbine blades. ‘Tomography’ is a comprehensive term to define a set of diagnostic techniques to produce three-dimensional images that present cross-sections through detail items under scrutiny. The CT is a transmission diagnostic technique that allows layered models (images) of details to be acquired. Most commonly, it is used in research laboratories and throughout the process of the product quality inspection. The paper delivers findings of the preliminary investigation into the assessment of health/maintenance status of gas turbine blades by means of the X-ray computed tomography. The results gained have been successfully verified using the metallographic examination techniques. It has been found that the radiographic imaging method enables recognition of types, sizes, and locations of internal faults in the blades while generating three-dimensional images thereof. Presented are capabilities of the high-resolution X-ray inspection machine with computed tomography (CT), V/tome/x, furnished with a 300 kV tube, and the CT data processing capabilities of the VG Studio Max software solution, high-performance CT reconstruction included (using an optional module). At the same time work is under way with the X-ray tube for nanotomography with the 0.5 Pm resolution to examine, in particular, modern composite materials.
INSIDE EUCLID'S ALGORITHM

The polynomial version of Euclid’s algorithm is expanded to remove the inherent polynomial division. The expanded algorithm exhibits a two loop structure. The choice of which loop to execute at a given iteration depends on whether the iteration completes, or does not complete, a polynomial division. It is shown that one of the loops can be deleted, producing a clean version of the algorithm suitable for implementation in VLSI. The new version of Euclid’s algorithm is computationally equivalent to the standard long division version, but is more efficient in terms of hardware. Processing cells are presented for a two-dimensional systolic array architecture capable, with pipelining, of computing polynomial gcd’s in constant time. The new version of Euclid’s algorithm bears a strong resemblance to the Berlekamp-Massey algorithm.
Protection as subjection

Border and immigration enforcement has been central to post-9/11 national security efforts, resulting in unprecedented resource allocations at and beyond the physical borders of the USA. This paper brings together feminist and postcolonial examinations of post-9/11 military interventions with examinations of US–Mexico border enforcement to examine a relatively unexplored aspect of US border enforcement policy—state-based ‘humanitarian’ efforts to reduce undocumented migrant deaths associated with unauthorized entry. Based on a discursive analysis of US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) press releases, CBP and Border Patrol videos and public statements, industry publications, state policies and congressional hearing transcripts, this paper examines the way in which ‘humanitarian’ objectives (i.e. reducing migrant deaths) have been integrated into US border enforcement discourse and policy. In particular, I draw on feminist and postcolonial theory to examine the gendered and racialized discursive maneuver...
The aggressive management of ruptured membranes

Abstract Experience with a program of active management of ruptured membranes during the last month of pregnancy has been assayed as it relates to amnionitis, maternal mortality, perinatal mortality, and cesarean section. It is felt that there are distinct benefits from such a program to the patient population of this study.
Temperature Profiles in Ceramic Cylinders Produced by Microwave and Millimeter-wave Heating

To investigate the internal temperature profiles produced in ceramic workpieces during microwave processing we analyze the heating of ceramic cylinders by a plane-wave RF beam for frequencies in the microwave and millimeter-wave regimes. The analysis includes the temperature dependence of the dielectric properties, an effect that can dramatically alter the microwave coupling during the heating process. To approximate the continuous variation of dielectric properties and temperatures, the cylinder was subdivided into thin tubular regions. The nonlinear heat conduction equation is solved by an iterative process.
Computation of Language: An Essay on Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics in Natural Man-Machine Communication

The study of linguistics has been forever changed by the advent of the computer. Not only does the machine permit the processing of enormous quantities of text thereby securing a better empirical foundation for conclusions-but also, since it is a modelling device, the machine allows the implementation of theories of grammar and other kinds of language processing. Models can have very unexpected properties both good and bad-and it is only through extensive tests that the value of a model can be properly assessed. The computer revolution has been going on for many years, and its importance for linguistics was recognized early on, but the more recent spread of personal workstations has made it a reality that can no longer be ignored by anyone in the subject. The present essay, in particular, could never have been written without the aid of the computer. I know personally from conversations and consultations with the author over many months how the book has changed. If he did not have at his command a powerful typesetting program, he would not have been able to see how his writing looked and exactly how it had to be revised and amplified. Even more significant for the evolution of the linguistic theory is the easy testing of examples made possible by the implementation of the parser and the computer-held lexicon. Indeed, the rule set and lexicon grew substantially after the successes of the early implementations created the desire to incorporate more linguistic phenomena."
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute State of the Science Symposium in therapeutic apheresis - Therapeutic apheresis in cardiovascular disease

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in collaboration with the American Society for Apheresis, convened a State of the Science Symposium in November of 2012 due to the expanding application of therapeutic apheresis despite the lack of well-designed research to address its efficacy. This article reviews the opportunities that were presented at this meeting in the area of cardiovascular disease (CVD), specifically the use of columns to adsorb autoantibodies in dilated cardiomyopathy or damaging lipids in peripheral vascular disease. Understanding how absorption of these pathologic substances alters the inflammatory response in these disorders is important for the application of these technologies to the treatment of CVD.
Progeria accelerates adult stem cell aging

Aging is a multimodal process involving accumulation of macromolecular damage, genomic instability, and loss of heterochromatin, leading to stem cell exhaustion and reduced tissue-regenerative capability. Still highly debated are the extent to which loss of adult stem cell regenerative potential drives the organismal aging process and, more broadly, the relationship between cellular and organismal aging. On page 1160 of this issue, Zhang et al. ( 1 ) report the disruption of the WRN gene, mutations of which cause Werner syndrome (WS), in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The dramatic phenotype of the WRN-deficient ESCs resembles aspects of aging but only after differentiation of the ESCs into mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The findings provide insights into the molecular events driving WS pathology, reveal similarities between Werner and Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndromes (HGPS), and hint at the potential reversibility of the aging process, at least at the cellular level.
An airport community noise‐impact assessment model

A computer model was developed to assess the noise impact of an airport on the community which it serves. Assessments are made using the Fractional Impact Method by which a single number describes the community aircraft noise environment in terms of exposed population and multiple event noise level. The model is comprised of three elements: a conventional noise footprint model, a site specific population distribution model, and a dose response transfer function. The footprint model provides the noise distribution for a given aircraft operating scenario. This is combined with the site specific population distribution obtained from a national census data base to yield the number of residents exposed to a given level of noise. The dose response relationship relates noise exposure levels to the percentage of individuals highly annoyed by those levels.
A realist's perspective on modeling, analysis and design of wide area networks: recent work and emerging issues

Building software-based tools for the analysis and design of large-scale, wide area communication networks requires more than a judicial application of graph theory, optimization and queueing; it requires an effective "systems engineered" approach to managing real-world constraints and change throughout the life-cycle of competing networking technologies. This talk will examine the role of theory, realism, and process in roughly ten years work by the author and colleagues in developing tools for modeling, analysis, design of wide area networks. Starting with the philosophical and methodological underpinnings of the work, the talk will: ~ describe a range of real-world network analysis and design scenarios that arise in the life cycles of these networks, ~ characterize various design problems associated with these scenarios, ~ trace the development and continued evolution of a collection of tools for addressing the design problems, and ~ illustrate some new scenarios (e.g., ATM) driving current research. Of particular emphasis throughout this work is a philosophical bent towards realistic problem formulations and solution techniques which rapidly yield implementable results for large backbone networks employing distributed, adaptive routing. A principal product of the this research is a large scale software system known as M11DAS (Mod ular Information Infrastructure Design and Analysis System). M11DAS (and its UVa-developed ancestor, DESI) is used by the Center for Engineering, Defense Information Systems Agency as its principal data backbone design and analysis tool and is one of the key tools used in supporting planning for DISA's Defense Information System Network architecture. Recently, the tool has also been adapted under FAA sponsorship through MITRE's Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (CAASD) to support analysis and design of the FAA's NADIN 11 network.
Identification and antimicrobial activity of urinary metabolites of a rifamycin derivative in dog

1. Three metabolites of the antimicrobial agent 3'-hydroxy-5'-(4-isobutyl-1-piper-azinyl)benzoxazinorifamycin (KRM-1648) were isolated from dog urine obtained after administration of a single oral dose. These metabolites of KRM-1648 were identified by mass spectrometry and 1H and 13C-nmr spectrometry.2. Three metabolites of KRM-1648 were identified as 25-deacetyl KRM-1648, 30-hydroxy KRM-1648 and 25-deacetyl-30-hydroxy KRM-1648.3. The antimicrobial activities of 25-deacetyl KRM-1648 were comparable with those of the parent compound, whereas 30-hydroxy KRM-1648 was equipotent and 2–8-fold less active than the parent compound against bacteria and mycobacteria, respectively.
The Genesis of the Iron Lung: Philip Drinker, Charles F. McKhann, James L. Wilson, and Early Attempts at Administering Artificial Respiration to Patients with Poliomyelitis

One of the most dreaded and reproduced images of a disease now largely forgotten by medical professionals and the lay public alike, poliomyelitis, was that of a child trapped in a cumbersome "iron lung" responsible for her every breath.2,3Despite the cultural icon of 20th-century illness it represents, however, the development of the artificial respirator or iron lung for children and adults stricken with poliomyelitis and respiratory paralysis remains an overlooked yet pivotal chapter in the history of medicine and technology (Figure 1).
Light-emitting p + nn + -heterodiode with additional heterojunction in the n-base

It is shown that a p + nn + -heterodiode with an additional nn-heterojunction in the n-base can be a very eAective light-emitting phototransistor or transistor. A depletion layer of the new intermediate heterojunction splits the nbase into two new bases: wider bandgap phototransistor (transistor) base 1 and narrower bandgap light-emitter base 2. A coeAcient of light-to-light conversion (of an input light absorbed in base 1 into an output light emitted in base 2) can be very high due to very high phototransistor gain. EAects of avalanche multiplication in the depletion layer of the intermediate heterojunction, edge multiplication in an accumulation layer of the same junction and thermionic electron emission across a conduction band discontinuity barrier are taken into account. Various material systems appropriate for implementation of the considered device are discussed. # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
U.S. Demand for Selected Groundfish Products, 1967–80: Comment

In a recent paper in this Journal, Tsoa, Schrank, and Roy (hereafter TSR) present a model of the demand for groundfish in the United States. Their modeling strategy is a departure from other analyses of this market in that they estimate the reduced form of a system of inventory-price expectations equations rather than the more traditional system of market demand and supply relationships. Using data from 1967 to 1980, they estimate a single equation derived from their simultaneous equations model. They find "perverse" elasticities; the demands for cod, haddock, and redfish (ocean perch) fillets are all inelastic in the short run, and all product forms (including frozen fish blocks) are income elastic. They thereby concluded that "since the demand for various groundfish fillets is price inelastic, a recession in the United States will exert strong downward pressure on prices for these products if they are to be absorbed by the U.S. market" (p. 489). They also draw conclusions as to the expected result of extended fisheries jurisdiction (EFJ): "If EFJ results in an increase in the supply of fish products in the United States due to both increased do-