cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
W.S. Gosset and Some Neglected Concepts in Experimental Statistics: Guinnessometrics II*

Student’s exacting theory of errors, both random and real, marked a significant advance over ambiguous reports of plant life and fermentation asserted by chemists from Priestley and Lavoisier down to Pasteur and Johannsen, working at the Carlsberg Laboratory. One reason seems to be that William Sealy Gosset (1876–1937) aka “Student” – he of Student’s t-table and test of statistical significance – rejected artificial rules about sample size, experimental design, and the level of significance, and took instead an economic approach to the logic of decisions made under uncertainty. In his job as Apprentice Brewer, Head Experimental Brewer, and finally Head Brewer of Guinness, Student produced small samples of experimental barley, malt, and hops, seeking guidance for industrial quality control and maximum expected profit at the large scale brewery. In the process Student invented or inspired half of modern statistics. This article draws on original archival evidence, shedding light on several core yet neglected aspects of Student’s methods, that is, Guinnessometrics, not discussed by Ronald A. Fisher (1890–1962). The focus is on Student’s small sample, economic approach to real error minimization, particularly in field and laboratory experiments he conducted on barley and malt, 1904 to 1937. Balanced designs of experiments, he found, are more efficient than random and have higher power to detect large and real treatment differences in a series of repeated and independent experiments. Student’s world-class achievement poses a challenge to every science. Should statistical methods – such as the choice of sample size, experimental design, and level of significance – follow the purpose of the experiment, rather than the other way around? (JEL classification codes: C10, C90, C93, L66)
Burgess Inequality In {\mathbb {F}_{p^2}}

The purpose of the paper is to present new estimates on incomplete character sums in finite fields that are of the strength of Burgess’ celebrated theorem for prime fields. More precisely, an inequality of this type is obtained in $${F_{p^2}}$$ and also for binary quadratic forms, improving on the work of Davenport–Lewis and on several results due to Burgess. The arguments are based on new estimates for the multiplicative energy of certain sets that allow us to improve the amplification step in Burgess’ method.
Communication to the Editor---The Dangers of Research Based on One Telephone Call to Dallas

I welcome the opportunity to respond to Mr. Cooper's comments [Cooper, W. W. 1976. The cluster plan for desegregating public schools or a little less Weltanschauung, please, for some more adequate description. Management Sci.22 11, July.] about the paper that Mr. Thompson and I wrote on operations research and school busing [Stimson, D. H., R. P. Thompson. 1975. The importance of 'Weltanschauung' in Operations Research: The case of the school busing problem. Management Sci.21 June 1123--1132.] and to present some aspects of a legal case to overturn the dual school system in Oklahoma City.
Reproduction and Metabolism: Insights from Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Until the 1980s, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) was considered to be a poorly defined reproductive disorder. During that de cade, it was recognized that PCOS was associated with profound insulin resistance and a substantially increased risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in young women. Accordingly, the mechanisms linking the reproductive and metabolic features of the syndrome became the subject of intense investigation. Insulin is now recognized as a reproductive as well as a metabolic hormone and insulin signaling in the central nervous system participates in normal reproductive function. These insights have been directly translated into a novel therapy for PCOS with insulin sensitizing drugs. Androgens also have reversible metabolic actions to decrease insulin sensitivity and increase visceral fat. Prenatal androgen administration to non-human primates, sheep and rodents produces reproductive and metabolic features of PCOS suggesting that the disorder also has developmental origins. PCOS is highly heritable and male as well as female relatives have reproductive and metabolic phenotypes. A number of confirmed genetic susceptibility loci have now been mapped for PCOS and genes in well-known as well as novel biologic pathways have been implicated in disease pathogenesis. (Endocrinol Metab 27:180-190, 2012)
A virtual machine for a functional mobile agent architecture supporting distributed medical information

A virtual machine supporting mobile software agents using the functional programming paradigm is presented. This virtual machine provides for the application developer a rich and robust platform on which to develop distributed mobile agent applications, specifically when targeting distributed medical information and distributed image processing. The functional paradigm provides the virtual machine and applications developed for it with a conciseness and expressiveness not normally available with other paradigms, and directly supports distribution by exploiting the natural parallelism inherent an functional programs.
Human monoclonal antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 enhance HIV-1 infection in vitro.

Abstract Three of 16 human monoclonal antibodies (hu-mAbs) enhanced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of MT-2 target cells by means of a mechanism that is dependent on complement. Enhanced infections are characterized by an increase in cytopathic effects and antigen synthesis as well as an increase in the production of progeny virus as detected by release of reverse transcriptase activity and infectious virus into the culture medium. Analyses by radioimmunoprecipitation, Western blot, and ELISA using the pENV9 envelope fragment localize the antigenic specificities of these three hu-mAbs to the N-terminal two-thirds of the transmembrane protein gp41. Competitive binding experiments indicate that the hu-mAbs are reactive with immunodominant epitopes of gp41 recognized by sera from essentially all HIV-1-infected subjects. Combination dose-effect experiments demonstrate that these hu-mAbs can act synergistically in vitro to enhance HIV-1 infection. These data demonstrate that hu-mAbs directed against the HIV-1 transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 can enhance HIV-1 infection in vitro. The availability of these reagents allows for the mapping of enhancing epitopes on HIV-1 and provides a means for studying whether deletion of such enhancing epitopes from candidate HIV-1 vaccines might improve the protective immune response to HIV-1 in immunized humans and chimpanzees.
Characteristics of Young Children Exposed to Violence: The Safe Start Demonstration Project

This is a copy of an article published in the Journal of Interpersonal Violence © 2011 SAGE Publications
Parameter extraction of accurate and scaleable substrate resistance components in RF MOSFETs

Parameter extraction of the substrate resistance, which becomes important in radio frequency (RF) and mixed signal integrated circuit (IC) design, is discussed based on a simple substrate network of lumped components. By using the measured HF s-parameter data from a set of devices with different geometries, the scaleable parameters for substrate resistances components can be obtained. The simple substrate model with extracted scaleable parameters is accurate for devices with different widths and fingers in a frequency range up to 10 GHz.
RENAL COLIC DURING PREGNANCY: A CASE FOR CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT

AbstractPurpose: We defined the merits of early evaluation and conservative treatment of pregnant patients admitted with renal colic.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 72 pregnancies in 70 patients who were hospitalized with the diagnosis of renal colic between 1984 and 1995. Urinalysis was performed in every case. Ultrasound was the primary diagnostic test in 65 patients. The patients were followed for 2 weeks to 3 months after delivery (mean 21 days).Results: Mean patient age at presentation was 27.4 years. The majority of patients were multiparous (47 of 70) and presented in the third trimester (44 of 70). Microscopic urinalysis was not helpful in identifying stone disease in pregnant patients. The sensitivity of ultrasound for the diagnosis of renal calculi was 95.2%. Watchful conservative nonsurgical treatment resulted in spontaneous passage of stones in 64.3% of cases. Of the 19 pregnancies in which intervention was necessary cystoscopy and Double-J* *Medical Engineering Corp., New ...
Measured transmit nulling performance in wideband arrays

Modern radar systems often incorporate the ability to form nulls in the antenna transmit pattern. Transmit nulls can be used to suppress the returns from point clutter sources greatly and to reduce interference with neighboring emitters. To implement a transmit nulling capability, one practical technique is to provide independent phase control at each element of a phased array antenna. However, for legacy radar systems or for systems with reflector antennas, an alternative hardware approach is necessary. These architectures can be modified to provide a transmit nulling capability by placing an auxiliary antenna with independent phase and amplitude control in the vicinity of the main antenna. The auxiliary antenna forms a null in the far-field radiation pattern of both antennas by creating a signal equal in amplitude but 180 degrees out of phase with the main signal at the null location. The null depths achieved using the auxiliary antenna architecture are sufficient for narrowband applications but degrade when the transmit signal is wideband. This paper describes the measured improvements in wideband nulling performance made possible by an auxiliary antenna that has a tapped delay line (TDL) placed behind the antenna. The TDL affects the frequency response of the signal radiated by the auxiliary antenna and can be used to maintain a deep spatial null at a precise location over a wide signal bandwidth.
The Role of the Men's Movement at the All-Male College Challenge and Opportunity

This article explores the potential of the men's movement to inform the education of men enrolled in single-sex colleges, and to engage men students in the study of gender and an exploration of mas...
TLR2- and TLR4-mediated signals determine attenuation or augmentation of inflammation by acute alcohol in monocytes

Most pathogens express ligands for multiple TLRs that share common downstream signaling. In this study, we investigated the effects of acute alcohol on inflammatory pathways induced by TLR2 or TLR4 ligands and their combination. In human monocytes, alcohol attenuated TLR4- but not TLR2-induced TNF-alpha protein and mRNA levels and NF-kappaB activation. In contrast, acute alcohol augmented TNF-alpha production when both TLR2 and TLR4 ligands were present. IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK)-1 activity was reduced by alcohol in TLR4, but it was augmented in TLR2- plus TLR4-stimulated cells. IRAK-monocyte, an inhibitor of IRAK-1, was induced in TLR4, but it was reduced in TLR2- plus TLR4-stimulated monocytes by alcohol. This was supported by decreased IRAK-1:TRAF6 association in TLR4 induced but sustained presence of IRAK-1:TRAF6 complexes in TLR2- plus TLR4-stimulated monocytes after alcohol treatment. Phosphorylation of MAPKs such as ERK1/2 was selectively inhibited by acute alcohol in TLR4-stimulated cells. In contrast, JNK phosphorylation as well as AP-1 nuclear binding were augmented by acute alcohol in the presence of combined TLR4 and TLR2 stimulation. Consistent with this result, the JNK inhibitor prevented alcohol-induced augmentation of TNF-alpha production. These results suggest that acute alcohol attenuates TLR4-induced inflammation via inhibition of IRAK-1 and ERK1/2 kinases and increases in IRAK-monocyte levels in monocytes. Conversely, in the presence of TLR2 and TLR4 ligands, acute alcohol augments inflammatory responses via IRAK-1 activation and JNK phosphorylation. Thus, the complexity of TLR-mediated signals may determine attenuation or augmentation of inflammatory responses by acute alcohol.
Investigating the Nexus of Climate, Energy, Water, and Land at Decision-Relevant Scales: The Platform for Regional Integrated Modeling and Analysis (PRIMA)

The Platform for Regional Integrated Modeling and Analysis (PRIMA) is an innovative modeling system developed at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) to simulate interactions among natural and human systems at scales relevant to regional decision making. PRIMA brings together state-of-the-art models of regional climate, hydrology, agriculture and land use, socioeconomics, and energy systems using a flexible coupling approach. Stakeholder decision support needs underpin the application of the platform to regional issues, and an uncertainty characterization process is used to identify robust decisions. The platform can be customized to inform a variety of complex questions, such as how a policy in one sector might affect the ability to meet climate mitigation targets or adaptation goals in another sector. Current numerical experiments focus on the eastern United States, but the framework is designed to be regionally flexible. This paper provides a high-level overview of PRIMA’s functional capabilities and describes some key challenges and opportunities associated with integrated regional modeling.
Toward a sustainable biomedical research enterprise: Finding consensus and implementing recommendations

The US research enterprise is under significant strain due to stagnant funding, an expanding workforce, and complex regulations that increase costs and slow the pace of research. In response, a number of groups have analyzed the problems and offered recommendations for resolving these issues. However, many of these recommendations lacked follow-up implementation, allowing the damage of stagnant funding and outdated policies to persist. Here, we analyze nine reports published since the beginning of 2012 and consolidate over 250 suggestions into eight consensus recommendations made by the majority of the reports. We then propose how to implement these consensus recommendations, and we identify critical issues, such as improving workforce diversity and stakeholder interactions, on which the community has yet to achieve consensus.
Ludwig angina: an uncommon and potentially lethal neck infection.

1and Marla R. Hersh-Schick 1 Summary: The authors review the pathophysiology and assess the role of radiologic studies in the evaluation of four patients with acute cellulitis of the mandibular spaces-Ludwig angina.
Gated ensemble learning method for demand-side electricity load forecasting

Abstract The forecasting of building electricity demand is certain to play a vital role in the future power grid. Given the deployment of intermittent renewable energy sources and the ever increasing consumption of electricity, the generation of accurate building-level electricity demand forecasts will be valuable to both grid operators and building energy management systems. The literature is rich with forecasting models for individual buildings. However, an ongoing challenge is the development of a broadly applicable method for demand forecasting across geographic locations, seasons, and use-types. This paper addresses the need for a generalizable approach to electricity demand forecasting through the formulation of an ensemble learning method that performs model validation and selection in real time using a gating function. By learning from electricity demand data streams, the method requires little knowledge of energy end-use, making it well suited for real deployments. While the ensemble method is capable of incorporating complex forecasters, such as Artificial Neural Networks or Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average models, this work will focus on employing simpler models, such as Ordinary Least Squares and k -Nearest Neighbors. By applying our method to 32 building electricity demand data sets (8 commercial and 24 residential), we generate electricity demand forecasts with a mean absolute percent error of 7.5% and 55.8% for commercial and residential buildings, respectively.
Enhancing the Effectiveness of Health Education Strategies

Numerous articles have chronicled the problems that stem from patients lack of compliance with health care recommendations, yet there has not been a systematic approach to the develonment of a s tra te c v for increasing the effectiveness of health education programs. In this article, making use of anticipatory guidance, group well-child care, and injury prevention strategies, the author outlines several programs he has developed that can improve the effectiveness of health education strategies.
Enhanced bradycardia but not renal sympathoinhibition during hemorrhage in rats with area postrema lesions

Hypotensive hemorrhage inhibits renal sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and heart rate (HR) in rats. The area postrema (AP) is reported to modulate autonomic responses to arginine vasopressin (AVP) and may be a site where circulating AVP influences SNA and HR during hypotensive hemorrhage. We found a similar renal sympathoinhibition in AP-lesioned (APX) and sham-lesioned (Sham) rats during hypotensive hemorrhage and a greater bradycardia in APX compared with Sham rats. Further inhibition of renal SNA with AVP infusion was not observed in APX rats, although the bradycardic action of AVP infusion was comparable to that in Sham rats. Thus the AP attenuates bradycardia but not renal sympathoinhibition during hypotensive hemorrhage in normal rats. Nonetheless, an intact AP permits further reduction in renal SNA during infusion of AVP. If AVP contributes to hypotensive hemorrhage-induced renal sympathoinhibition, its action may occur at sites other than the AP or at the AP where such action is counterbalanced by sympathoexcitatory factor(s) also activated during hypotensive hemorrhage. Finally, enhanced bradycardia during hypotensive hemorrhage in APX rats suggests it may not be the site of action for AVP-induced bradycardia in intact rats.
Role of prostaglandins in the renal response to calcium infusion.

The effects of intrarenal infusions of calcium gluconate (10 and 100 micrograms Ca.kg-1.min-1) on renal hemodynamics and on renal excretory function were studied in anesthetized mongrel dogs. In one group, the two doses of calcium were infused for 30 min each (1 ml/min). In a second group, the same doses were administered 30 min after the start of an infusion of prostaglandin (PG) inhibitors (intrarenal indomethacin, 10 micrograms.kg-1.min-1, or intravenous bolus injection of meclofenamate, 5 mg/kg). No change with physiological significance was observed during the infusion of 10 micrograms Ca.kg-1.min-1. However, the infusion of 100 micrograms Ca.kg-1.min-1 induced increases (P less than 0.05) in glomerular filtration rate (50%), sodium excretion rate (180%), and fractional excretion of sodium (160%), with respect to control precalcium values. All these changes were prevented by the concurrent administration of PG synthesis inhibitors. Urinary PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha increased 220 and 85%, respectively, during the infusion of 100 micrograms Ca.kg-1.min-1, but both decreased (P less than 0.05) below basal levels during the concurrent administration of PG synthesis inhibitors. The infusion of 100 micrograms Ca.kg-1.min-1 decreased (P less than 0.05) renal blood flow by 16% during the administration of PG synthesis inhibitors. These results suggest that PGs are mediating the increase in hemodynamic and excretory factors induced by the intrarenal infusion of 100 micrograms Ca.kg-1.min-1.
Immunogenetics of early onset pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

Certain major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II genes are uniquely associated with early onset pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). As in other autoimmune diseases, these associations are likely to reflect contributions of the MHC to a trimolecular complex formed by HLA, lymphocyte T cell receptor and the putative antigen. The HLA genes associated with JRA are currently the best understood component of this complex. Recent findings demonstrated that combinations of genes, even within class II, play an important role. Data generated by DNA sequencing techniques have clarified the splits of given genes involved in disease, e.g., the HLA-DRw8 allele, HLA-DRB1*0801 rather than HLA-DRB1*0802, which does not carry an increased risk for disease. Recent findings suggest that aberrant sequences in particular genes are unimportant. Substantial challenges remain; including establishing the particular HLA DNA nucleotides critical to antigen presentation. It is probable that new and specific therapeutic approaches will be developed which will utilize the immunogenetic data now being accumulated.
Frequency modulate laser based interferometric optical gyroscope

We report the performance of a high-speed frequency modulated laser based interferometric optical gyroscope. The motivation lies in the advantages of a laser based system enabled on advanced integrated optics. We demonstrate that this approach improves both angular random walk and bias stability.
Combining droop and direct current vector control for control of parallel inverters in microgrid

Traditionally, active and reactive power sharing between parallel inverters based on droop control method is considered as a high priority for operating an islanded microgrid. An issue in droop control of parallel inverters in the islanding mode is the voltage drop associated with reactive power sharing within a microgrid. However, maintaining microgrid voltage stability while sharing active power between parallel inverters should be the primary objective for a microgrid. This study proposes to integrate droop and direct-current vector control (DCVC) techniques for active power sharing and bus voltage control within a microgrid. The proposed approach consists of a droop-only controlled unit whose function is similar to a traditional slack bus generator and the rest inverters controlled by using a combined droop-DCVC technique. The droop-DCVC controlled units provide active power sharing among parallel inverters and at the same time maintain microgrid voltage level by injecting the needed reactive power that is determined automatically from the droop-DCVC controllers. Parallel inverter units with loads for a microgrid in the islanding mode are simulated using Matlab/Simulink and Opal-RT real-time simulation system. The hardware experiment is also conducted for two parallel inverters. Results show the effectiveness and excellent performance of parallel inverters in the microgrid by combining DCVC and droop methods.
The Librarian as an Image of Pastoral Care

Drawing upon Anton Boisen’s image of the living human document and Bonnie Miller-McLemore’s idea of the living human web, this paper explores the librarian as an image of pastoral care. By paying attention to the testimonies of a number of librarians and to my own experience as a pastoral theologian and a library worker, I suggest three areas of intersection between pastoral theology and librarianship: attention to individuality, a sense of impartiality, and kindness. The paper concludes by pointing out that the librarian and the pastoral theologian share the task of defending the uniqueness of individual experience in a culture that tends toward conformism.
Network Control and Data Transport for C 3 I Applications

In this paper, communication networks that serve military C3I applications are considered. Such networks must operate under highly dynamic conditions, both in terms of network topology and in the volume and distribution of their traffic. The nodes in these networks have to adapt, therfore, to frequent changes while using their scarce resources efficiently and delivering reliable data transport at all times. To help with this, algorithms that provide some of the required functionality, namely, adaptive routing and network reconfiguration schemes are presented. Specifically, two distributed routing algorithms are considered: (1) a shortest-path algorithm that converges after a number of cycles in the order of the network's diameter, and that is almost loop free, and (2) a quasi-static algorithm that confines the message exchange following a link failure to a small set of nodes in order to yield a routing that is close to optimal. We next describe a random node interconnection procedure that enables the nodes to control the neighborhood they communicate directly with. This procedure yields a connected network with high probability if the nodal degree is above some threshold. Efficient scheduling of transmissions over radio channels is essential for high network throughput. An algorithm for optimum scheduling is described and its complexity, which is the best known so far, is discussed. Finally, we discuss a side effect of the requirement for efficient, reliable packet delivery, that is, packets that arrive out of order, and present performance models of the resequencing required at the receiver.
Critical Assessment of Photoionization Efficiency Measurements for Characterization of Soot-Precursor Species

We present a critical evaluation of photoionization efficiency (PIE) measurements coupled with aerosol mass spectrometry for the identification of condensed soot-precursor species extracted from a premixed atmospheric-pressure ethylene/oxygen/nitrogen flame. Definitive identification of isomers by any means is complicated by the large number of potential isomers at masses likely to comprise particles at flame temperatures. This problem is compounded using PIE measurements by the similarity in ionization energies and PIE-curve shapes among many of these isomers. Nevertheless, PIE analysis can provide important chemical information. For example, our PIE curves show that neither pyrene nor fluoranthene alone can describe the signal from C16H10 isomers and that coronene alone cannot describe the PIE signal from C24H12 species. A linear combination of the reference PIE curves for pyrene and fluoranthene yields good agreement with flame-PIE curves measured at 202 u, which is consistent with pyrene and fluoranth...
Filter design to address range sidelobe modulation in transmit-encoded radar-embedded communications

In a companion paper a continuous phase modulation (CPM) based approach has been introduced to embed information sequences into physical radar emissions, yielding spectrally-efficient constant-envelope waveforms. In addition, the CPM-based approach enables direct control of the degree of range sidelobe modulation (RSM), which occurs due to the changing waveform structure during the coherent processing interval (CPI), by trading off bit error rate (BER) and/or data throughput. When not properly addressed, RSM translates to residual clutter in the range-Doppler response, and hence degraded target visibility. Here receive filter design to mitigate RSM is addressed. The objective for such filters is to produce pulse compression responses that are similar despite the pulse-to-pulse change in waveforms. Three different filter designs are proposed and compared by simulation, where it is found that coherence can be enhanced (and thus RSM reduced) at the expense of higher range sidelobes.
Opioid prescription levels and postoperative outcomes in orthopedic surgery

Given the basic need for opioids in the perioperative setting, we investigated associations between opioid prescription levels and postoperative outcomes using population-based data of orthopedic surgery patients. We hypothesized that increased opioid amounts would be associated with higher risk for postoperative complications. Data were extracted from the national Premier Perspective database (2006-2013); N = 1,035,578 lower joint arthroplasties and N = 220,953 spine fusions. Multilevel multivariable logistic regression models measured associations between opioid dose prescription and postoperative outcomes, studied by quartile of dispensed opioid dose. Compared to the lowest quartile of opioid dosing, high opioid prescription was associated with significantly increased odds for deep venous thrombosis and postoperative infections by approx. 50%, while odds were increased by 23% for urinary and more than 15% for gastrointestinal and respiratory complications (P < 0.001 respectively). Furthermore, higher opioid prescription was associated with a significant increase in length of stay (LOS) and cost by 12% and 6%, P < 0.001 respectively. Cerebrovascular complications risk was decreased by 25% with higher opioid dose (P = 0.004), while odds for myocardial infarction remained unaltered. In spine cases, opioid prescription was generally higher, with stronger effects observed for increase in LOS and cost as well as gastrointestinal and urinary complications. Other outcomes were less pronounced, possibly because of smaller sample size. Overall, higher opioid prescription was associated with an increase in most postoperative complications with the strongest effect observed in thromboembolic, infectious and gastrointestinal complications, cost, and LOS. Increase in complication risk occurred stepwise, suggesting a dose-response gradient.
Genomic abundance and transcriptional activity of diverse gypsy and copia long terminal repeat retrotransposons in three wild sunflower species.

Long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons are highly abundant in plant genomes and require transcriptional activity for their proliferative mode of replication. These sequences exist in plant genomes as diverse sublineages within the main element superfamilies (i.e., gypsy and copia). While transcriptional activity of these elements is increasingly recognized as a regular attribute of plant transcriptomes, it is currently unknown the extent to which different sublineages of these elements are transcriptionally active both within and across species. In the current report, we utilize next generation sequencing methods to examine genomic copy number abundance of diverse LTR retrotransposon sublineages and their corresponding levels of transcriptional activity in three diploid wild sunflower species, Helianthus agrestis, H. carnosus and H. porteri. The diploid sunflower species under investigation differ in genome size 2.75-fold, with 2C values of 22.93 for H. agrestis, 12.31 for H. carnosus and 8.33 for H. porteri. The same diverse gypsy and copia sublineages of LTR retrotransposons were identified across species, but with gypsy sequences consistently more abundant than copia and with global gypsy sequence abundance positively correlated with nuclear genome size. Transcriptional activity was detected for multiple copia and gypsy sequences, with significantly higher activity levels detected for copia versus gypsy. Interestingly, of 11 elements identified as transcriptionally active, 5 exhibited detectable expression in all three species and 3 exhibited detectable expression in two species. Combined analyses of LTR retrotransposon genomic abundance and transcriptional activity across three sunflower species provides novel insights into genome size evolution and transposable element dynamics in this group. Despite considerable variation in nuclear genome size among species, relatively conserved patterns of LTR retrotransposon transcriptional activity were observed, with a highly overlapping set of copia and gypsy sequences observed to be transcriptionally active across species. A higher proportion of copia versus gypsy elements were found to be transcriptionally active and these sequences also were expressed at higher levels.
Effective regeneration of LiCoO2 from spent lithium-ion batteries: a direct approach towards high-performance active particles

With the growing applications of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in many areas, their recycling becomes a necessary task. Although great effort has been made in LIB recycling, there remains an urgent need for green and energy-efficient approaches. Here we report a non-destructive approach to regenerate cathode materials by hydrothermal treatment of cycled electrode particles followed by short annealing. Unlike the conventional chemical leaching or solid-state synthesis approach, which either requires complicated steps of leaching, precipitation and waste treatment or relies on the chemical analysis of the Li/Co ratio from cell to cell, our non-destructive approach is much simpler and more environmentally friendly, and can easily process batteries with different capacity degradation conditions. In addition, the regenerated LiCoO2 particles can retain their original morphology and structure, and provide high specific capacity and cycling stability. Importantly, they show much better rate capability than particles regenerated through the solid-state synthesis approach. Our work demonstrates a greener, simpler and more energy-efficient strategy to recycle and regenerate faded LiCoO2 cathode materials with high electrochemical performance. This approach can be widely used to recycle and regenerate LiCoO2 cathodes on a large scale, and can be potentially applied to other types of cathode materials in LIBs and mixed cathode chemistry.
Differential expression of Annexin 2, SPINK1, and Hsp60 predict progression of prostate cancer through bifurcated WHO Gleason score categories in African American men.

Background Although studies have observed several markers correlate with progression of prostate cancer (PCa), no specific markers have been identified that accurately predict the progression of this disease, even in African American (AA) men who are generally at higher risk than other ethnic groups. The primary goal of this study was to explore whether three markers could predict the progression of PCa. Method We investigated protein expression of Annexin 2 (ANX2), serine peptidase inhibitor, kazal type 1(SPINK1)/tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI), and heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60) in 79 archival human prostate trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS) biopsy tissues according to a modified World Health Organization (WHO) classification: normal (WHO1a), Gleason Score (GS6 (WHO1b), GS7 subgroups (WHO2 = 3 + 4, WHO3 = 4 + 3), GS8 (WHO4), and GS9-10 (WHO5). AA men aged 41-90 diagnosed from 1990 to 2013 at Howard University were included. Automated staining assessed expression of each biomarker. Spearman correlation assessed the direction and relationship between biomarkers, WHO and modified WHO GS, age, and 5-year survival. A two-tailed t-test and ANOVA evaluated biomarkers expression in relationship to WHO normal and other GS levels, and between WHO GS levels. A logistic and linear regression analysis examined the relationship between biomarker score and WHO GS categories. Kaplan-Meier curves graphed survival. Results ANX2 expression decreased monotonically with the progression of PCa while expression of SPINK1/TATI and Hsp60 increased but had a more WHO GS-specific effect; SPINK1/TATI differed between normal and GS 2-6 and HSP60 differed between GS 7 and GS 2-6. WHO GS was found to be significantly and negatively associated with ANX2, and positively with SPINK1/TATI and Hsp60 expression. High SPINK1/TATI expression together with the low ANX2 expression at higher GS exhibited a bi-directional relationship that is associated with PCa progression and survival. Conclusion Importantly, the data reveal that ANX2, and SPINK1/TAT1 highly associate with WHO GS and with the transition from one stage of PrCa to the next in AA men. Future research is needed in biracial and larger population studies to confirm this dynamic relationship between ANX2 and SPINK1 as independent predictors of PCa progression in all men.
Improving the Performance of High-Dimensional kNN Retrieval through Localized Dataspace Segmentation and Hybrid Indexing

Efficient data indexing and nearest neighbor retrieval are challenging tasks in high-dimensional spaces. This work builds upon our previous analyses of iDistance partitioning strategies to develop the backbone of a new indexing method using a heuristic-guided hybrid index that further segments congested areas of the dataspace to improve overall performance for exact k-nearest neighbor kNN queries. We develop data-driven heuristics to intelligently guide the segmentation of distance-based partitions into spatially disjoint sections that can be quickly and efficiently pruned during retrieval. Extensive tests are performed on k-means derived partitions over datasets of varying dimensionality, size, and cluster compactness. Experiments on both real and synthetic high-dimensional data show that our new index performs significantly better on clustered data than the state-of-the-art iDistance indexing method.
Change of Support and Transformations

The practical and theoretical effects of using non-point support data for estimating variograms or on the kriging equations when estimating spatial averages, i.e., block kriging, are well-known. Under an assumption of lognormality the proportional effect is also wellknown. While other transformations are commonly used in statistics only the log and indicator transforms are widely used in geostatistics, the latter has the advantage of generally not requiring an inverse transform.. Additional theoretical and empirical results are presented on the interrelationship between non-point support data, non-linear transformations and variogram estimation, modeling. The non-point support data may incorporate spatial averages or compositing of point support data.
A Bulimic Operating-Room Nurse

“Ashley Greene” was a 42-year-old married mother of three children who worked as an operating-room nurse. She volunteered to participate in the study after hearing it described in a hospital colloquium. She met the DSM-III-R criteria for Bulimia, being an episodic binge eater and purger; purging was usually triggered by feelings of physical or psychological fullness. Ashley would not vomit for perhaps a few days, and then would vomit daily, sometimes several times per day, for perhaps a week, followed by another few days of no vomiting, etc.
Air-Sea Refractive Index Difference Charts for the Mediterranean–Southeast Asia Areas

Seasonal charts of air-sea difference in refractive index are presented for the Mediterranean and Southeast Asia areas. The charts are discussed briefly in terms of the climatic regimes of the area...
Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Require β1 Integrins to Promote Anchorage-Independent Growth

Summary The β1 integrins, known to promote cancer progression, are abundant in extracellular vesicles (EVs). We investigated whether prostate cancer (PrCa) EVs affect anchorage-independent growth and whether β1 integrins are required for this effect. Specifically using a cell-line-based genetic rescue and an in vivo PrCa model, we show that gradient-purified small EVs (sEVs) from either cancer cells or blood from tumor-bearing TRAMP (transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate) mice promote anchorage-independent growth of PrCa cells. In contrast, sEVs from cultured PrCa cells harboring a short hairpin RNA to β1, from wild-type mice or from TRAMP mice carrying a β1 conditional ablation in the prostatic epithelium (β1 pc−/− ), do not. We find that sEVs, from cancer cells or TRAMP blood, are functional and co-express β1 and sEV markers; in contrast, sEVs from β1 pc−/− /TRAMP or wild-type mice lack β1 and sEV markers. Our results demonstrate that β1 integrins in tumor-cell-derived sEVs are required for stimulation of anchorage-independent growth.
Narrow I/sup. pi. / = 10/sup +/ resonance for /sup 12/C + /sup 16/O in the region of strong absorption. [18. 8 MeV (c. m. ): angular momentum]

A 10/sup +/ resonance with a width of about 700 keV (c.m.) for /sup 12/C + /sup 16/O has been observed in the reaction /sup 12/C(/sup 16/O,/sup 8/Be/sub g.s./)/sup 20/Ne at E/sub c.m./ = 18.8 MeV leading to the ground state and several excited states in /sup 20/Ne. The spin value of I = 10 is four units of angular momentum below the grazing value of l = 14 obtained from elastic scattering, and is still two units below the strong-absorption l value obtained from /sup 12/C + /sup 16/O total fusion cross sections.
Effect of aluminum interfacial layer in a niobium oxide based resistive RAM

Abstract Resistive RAM (Random Access Memory) has good scalability with high switching speed and low operating voltage making it one of the promising emerging nonvolatile memory technologies. Interfacial layer between the electrode and metal-oxide interface in a Resistive RAM (ReRAM) could either enhance or deteriorate the switching performance of the device. In this study, we investigate the role of aluminum (Al) as an interfacial layer under the top electrode (TE) layer in a niobium oxide (Nb2O5) based ReRAM. We compare the Current-Voltage (I-V), Capacitance-Voltage (C-V) characteristics and endurance of the Nb2O5 based ReRAM with an Al interfacial layer below the tungsten (W) TE and a control sample without the Al interfacial layer to contrast the performance of each type. Additionally, we connect the tested device behavior with the enthalpy, entropy, and Gibb's free energy to illustrate that aluminum is an inefficient interfacial layer in the niobium oxide ReRAM.
Study of Rare Earth Additions Effect on the Solidification and Properties of 4130 Steel

This paper covers a set of experiments where two different rare earth additions were made to 4130 steel. A thermal analysis system was employed to measure solidification reactions and determine whether changes from the baseline occurred. Keel block castings were also poured and then machined into tensile bars. Mechanical testing found an increase in strength. Electron microscopy found RE oxysulfides had formed in the steel. Examination of the cooling rate curves noted the formation of additional phases during the solidification of the RE treated steels. The peritectic and solidus temperatures of the treated steels increased, indicating that the RE inclusions acted as heterogeneous nuclei for austenite during freezing.
Biaxial flexural failure of woven composite plates investigated by the ring on ring bending test

Abstract The ring on ring (ROR) bending test is an ASTM standard (C1499) for characterizing the equibiaxial flexural strength of ceramics. This simple test protocol induces biaxial flexure by applying an out of plane uniaxial load via a small loading ring, to a plate or disc shaped specimen, simply supported on a larger ring. The main objective of this paper is to apply this test method to analyze the biaxial flexural failure of woven fabric composite plates. Ring on ring bending tests are conducted on square shaped plate specimens of epoxy/carbon plain woven composites, until failure. Experiments reveal interesting similarities and differences when compared to ceramics. First it is seen that while for ceramics the bottom surface fractures under biaxial tension, for woven composites the top surface fractures under biaxial compression. The failure pattern however, is similar to ceramics, and consists of several radial kink bands which initiate near the center and propagate outwards towards the specimen edges. Subsequent numerical stress analysis of the test reveals that the stress state in the region of the plate encompassed by the loading ring is almost exactly equibiaxial. This is primarily because the test method induces pure bending and because the two in-plane principal moduli are equal to each other, and much larger than all the other moduli. This implies near axisymmetry of the stress state despite material orthotropy. This aspect is seen to enable a simple determination of the biaxial flexural strength using the in-situ measured principal strains. It also implies that this biaxial flexural strength could be a good approximation of the equibiaxial compressive strength for the woven composite, directly measuring which is usually a challenging task. Conditions for the suitability of this test method are explored via further numerical modeling.
Selbstmitgefühl im jugendlichen Alter: Überblick über die aktuelle Forschung

Im folgenden Kapitel verschaffen die Autoren einen Uberblick uber den aktuellen Forschungsstand zu Selbstmitgefuhl in der Jugend. Dazu stellen sie in mehreren Abschnitten Studien zu bestimmten Stichproben (z. B. Risikopopulationen) dar und nehmen Bezug zu assoziierten Konzepten wie psychischer Gesundheit, zwischenmenschlichen Beziehungen oder Selbstwirksamkeitserleben. Sie erlautern im Detail die aktuellen empirischen Befunde und geben zuletzt einen Ausblick auf zukunftige Ansatze und Forschungsfragen.
Feasibility and Associated Physical Performance Outcomes of a High-Intensity Exercise Program for Children With Autism.

Purpose: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) without intellectual disability (ID) exhibit social and motor impairments and circumscribed interests/behaviors that contribute to lower physic...
Parallel Worlds: Repeated Initializations of the Same Team to Improve Team Viability

A team's early interactions are influential: small behaviors cascade, driving the team either toward successful collaboration or toward fracture. Would a team be more viable if it could undo initial interactional missteps and try again? We introduce a technique that supports online and remote teams in creating multiple parallel worlds: the same team meets many times, led to believe that each convening is with a new team due to pseudonym masking while actual membership remains static. Afterward, the team moves forward with the parallel world with the highest viability by using the same pseudonyms and conversation history from that instance. In two experiments, we find that this technique improves team viability: teams that are reconvened from the highest-viability parallel world are significantly more viable than the same group meeting in a new parallel world. Our work suggests parallel worlds can help teams start off on the right foot - and stay there.
The Family Environment in Chronic Pain Patients: Comparison to Controls and Relationship to Patient Functioning

Operant and cognitive-behavioral models of chronic pain have called attention to the importance of examining the marital and family environments of chronic pain patients. In this study, 50 chronic pain patients and their spouses and 33 control participants and their spouses completed measures of the family environment, marital satisfaction, and patient physical and psychological functioning. Patients' overt pain behaviors were coded from videotapes of patient–spouse interactions. Compared to controls, pain patients and their spouses rated their family environments as lower in cohesion and higher in control, and there was a trend for spouses to report more marital dissatisfaction. Chronic pain patient depression was associated negatively with patient-rated family cohesion and expressiveness and spouse-rated family organization and positively with patient-rated family conflict. Overt patient pain behaviors and spouse-rated patient disability were related negatively to spouse-rated family cohesion. Spouse marital satisfaction was associated negatively with patient depression and with spouse ratings of patient disability and pain behaviors.
Treating Colorectal Cancer with Immunotherapy: Implications for Single Versus Combination Therapy

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-associated deaths in the USA, with most metastatic cases subsequently turning refractory to standard chemotherapy. One of the promising current interventions is immunotherapy that relies on harnessing the body’s immune mechanisms to kill the cancer cells. The aim of this review is to highlight the implications of single versus combination immunotherapy and identify the molecular features and mutations that enhance or deter responsiveness. Based on current findings, responsiveness is associated with deficiency of mismatch repair (dMMR) genes or presence of microsatellite instability (MSI-high), with high immunoscore and tumor mutational burden contributing to better efficacy while BRAF mutation conferring no significant effect. Combination immunotherapy demonstrates better efficacy in treating MSI-high CRC compared with single-agent immunotherapy or chemotherapy. Given improved responsiveness and overall survival, there is a potential for immunotherapy to change the standard of care for metastatic CRC. Furthermore, stratifying the patients by their molecular features and mutation status is critical for establishing care.