cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Open access in the real world: Confronting economic and legal reality

Face a l'inflation des prix des periodiques, l'acces libre peut apparaitre comme la solution. Mais il faut garder a l'esprit certaines realites economiques et legales, a savoir d'une part que l'information a un cout et n'a pas lieu d'etre consideree comme gratuite, d'autre part que l'information n'est pas un bien public et qu'elle est souvent protegee par les droits d'auteur. Le modele du libre acces n'en est pas moins envisageable, mais dans certaines limites et en se montrant patient envers les editeurs.
A Question of Mission: Catholic Law School's Domestic Violence Clinic

This article argues that ad hoc litigation alone cannot achieve the teaching and service objectives of the law school clinic and outlines the Families and the Law Clinic's (FALC) attempt to adopt solutions that run as deep as the problems. Part I argues that the litigation provided by law school clinics does not sufficiently address the roots of the crisis in poor, black, urban communities. Part II discusses the failure of the traditional litigation technique to prepare students for the challenges they will face as poverty lawyers. Part III explains the historical roots of today's pedagogical problems, and describes progressive approaches to achieving the clinical mission. Finally, Part IV discusses FALC's efforts to implement new ideas and the attendant rewards, pitfalls, and uncertainties.
Violence, research, and non-identity in the psychiatric clinic

Violence in psychiatric clinics has been a consistent problem since the birth of modern psychiatry. In this paper, I examine current efforts to understand and reduce both violence and coercive responses to violence in psychiatry, arguing that these efforts are destined to fall short. By and large, scholarship on psychiatric violence reduction has focused on identifying discrete factors that are statistically associated with violence, such as patient demographics and clinical qualities, in an effort to quantify risk and predict violent acts before they happen. Using the work of Horkheimer and Adorno, I characterize the theoretical orientation of such efforts as identity thinking. I then argue that these approaches lead to epistemic imperceptiveness and a subtle form of conceptual restraint on patients. I suggest a reorientation in psychiatric research, away from identity thinking and toward a more productive and just approach to the problem of violence in psychiatric clinics.
Sentio: Driver-in-the-Loop Forward Collision Warning Using Multisample Reinforcement Learning

Thanks to the adoption of more sensors in the automotive industry, context-aware Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) become possible. On one side, a common thread in ADAS applications is to focus entirely on the context of the vehicle and its surrounding vehicles leaving the human (driver) context out of consideration. On the other side, and due to the increasing sensing capabilities in mobile phones and wearable technologies, monitoring complex human context becomes feasible which paves the way to develop driver-in-the-loop context-aware ADAS that provide personalized driving experience. In this paper, we propose Sentio1; a Reinforcement Learning based algorithm to enhance the Forward Collision Warning (FCW) system leading to Driver-in-the-Loop FCW system. Since the human driving preference is unknown a priori, varies between different drivers, and moreover, varies across time for the same driver, the proposed Sentio algorithm needs to take into account all these variabilities which are not handled by the standard reinforcement learning algorithms. We verified the proposed algorithm against several human drivers. Our evaluation, across distracted human drivers, shows a significant enhancement in driver experience---compared to standard FCW systems---reflected by an increase in the driver safety by 94.28%, an improvement in the driving experience by 20.97%, a decrease in the false negatives from 55.90% down to 3.26%, while adding less than 130 ms runtime execution overhead.
The Influence of Ultrasound on the Microstructure Formation during the Solidification of A356 Ingots Processed via a 2-Zone Induction Melting Furnace

To study the formation of the microstructure under the influence of ultrasound, a 2-zone furnace and an ultrasound system were used. The 2-zone furnace is an induction furnace with two separate coils (a top coil and a bottom coil). By controlling both the top and bottom coils output power independently, the furnace can create various temperature gradients including a mushy zone and cooling rates in different regions of the graphite crucible. A water-cooled chill block was applied at the bottom of the crucible. The ultrasound probe was inserted at the top of the crucible. The top of the crucible was also thermally insulated. A numerical model was developed to predict the temperature gradients and mushy zone evolution in the crucible. The effects of ultrasound on the microstructure formation in A356 alloy were studied. Cooling curve analysis was performed at various locations in the crucible.
Alcohol intake enhances glutamatergic transmission from D2 receptor-expressing afferents onto D1 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons in the dorsomedial striatum

Dopaminergic modulation of corticostriatal transmission is critically involved in reward-driven behaviors. This modulation is mainly mediated by dopamine D1 receptors (D1Rs) and D2Rs, which are highly expressed in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the dorsomedial striatum (DMS), a brain region essential for goal-directed behaviors and addiction. D1Rs and D2Rs are also present at presynaptic cortical terminals within the DMS. However, it is not known how addictive substances alter the glutamatergic strength of striatal synapses expressing presynaptic dopamine receptors. Using cell type-specific Cre mice in combination with optogenetic techniques, we measured glutamatergic transmission at D1R- or D2R-expressing afferents to DMS MSNs. We found larger excitatory postsynaptic currents at the synapses between the extra-striatal D2R-expressing afferents and D1R-expressing MSNs (D2→D1), as compared with those observed at the other tested synapses (D1→D1, D1→D2, and D2→D2). Additionally, excessive alcohol consumption induced a long-lasting potentiation of glutamatergic transmission at the corticostriatal D2→D1 synapse. Furthermore, we demonstrated that activation of postsynaptic, but not presynaptic, D2Rs inhibited corticostriatal transmission in an endocannabinoid-dependent manner. Taken together, these data provide detailed information on the mechanisms underlying dopamine receptor-mediated modulation of brain reward circuitry.
Alternative Facts and Fake News: Digital mediation and The Affective Spread of Hate in the Era of Trump

The role of negative affects such as fear and hate, their manifestation in atmospheres, manipulability, and mobilization as a response to threat perception play a pivotal role in the current political conjuncture. This essay traces the dissemination of fake news and the role of affective labor in its digital spread through the example of the recent Pizzagate phenomenon. This particular viral story and its real world fallout speak to the turn to a ‘post-truth’ politics, which has been embraced by President Trump and his surrogates, through the appropriation of the term ‘fake news’ and rhetoric of ‘alternative facts’, to describe all forms of dissent and justification for executive actions, respectively. By examining the circulation and coalescence of negative affects such as fear and hate, and their utility in a moment of political uncertainty defined by divisive populist rhetoric, it becomes clear that a reorientation to affective engagements with digital media and facticity is necessary and pressingly urgent.
Bacterial Community 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing Characterizes Riverine Microbial Impact on Lake Michigan

Restoration of degraded aquatic habitats is critical to preserve and maintain ecosystem processes and economic viability. Effective restoration requires contaminant sources identification. Microbial communities are increasingly used to characterize fecal contamination sources. The objective was to determine whether nearshore and adjacent beach bacterial contamination originated from the Grand Calumet River, a highly urbanized aquatic ecosystem, and to determine if there were correlations between pathogens/feces associated bacteria in any of the samples to counts of the pathogen indicator species Escherichia coli. Water samples were collected from the river, river mouth, nearshore, and offshore sites along southern Lake Michigan. Comparisons among communities were made using beta diversity distances (weighted and unweighted Unifrac, and Bray Curtis) and Principal Coordinate Analysis of 16S rRNA gene Illumina sequence data that indicated river bacterial communities differed significantly from the river mouth, nearshore lake, and offshore lake samples. These differences were further supported using Source Tracker software that indicated nearshore lake communities differed significantly from river and offshore samples. Among locations, there was separation by sampling date that was associated with environmental factors (e.g., water and air temperature, water turbidity). Although about half the genera (48.1%) were common to all sampling sites, linear discriminant analysis effect size indicated there were several taxa that differed significantly among sites; there were significant positive correlations of feces-associated genera with E. coli most probable numbers. Results collectively highlight that understanding microbial communities, rather than relying solely on select fecal indicators with uncertain origin, are more useful for developing strategies to restore degraded aquatic habitats.
Impact of Al2O3 deposition temperature on the performance and initial stability of nanocrystalline ZnO thin-film transistors

Abstract The initial performance and “time-zero” instability of ZnO TFTs are evaluated using different Al2O3 deposition temperature. Fully-patterned bottom-gate and top-contact devices were fabricated and used as the test structures. The initial TFT performance shows a decrease of saturation mobility from 9.2 to 5.6 cm2/Vˑs; increase in threshold voltage from 2.2 to 2.5 V; and subthreshold swing increase from 115 to 225 mV/DEC, with increasing deposition temperature. The time-zero instability (t = 0 s) shows an increase in threshold voltage shifting of 4.0, 12.8, and 13.6%; a decrease in the subthreshold swing of 5.3%, 17.7%, and 16.3%; and an increase in saturation mobility of 0.8%, 2.8%, and 4.3% with increasing deposition temperature. Results indicate that the primary mechanism of the threshold voltage shifting is the increase in roughness induced interface states due to possible dangling bonds increasing along with the roughness.
Therapeutic genome editing of triple-negative breast tumors using a noncationic and deformable nanolipogel

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which has the highest mortality rate of all breast cancer, is in urgent need of a therapeutic that hinders the spread and growth of cancer cells. CRISPR genome editing holds the promise of a potential cure for many genetic diseases, including TNBC; however, its clinical translation is being challenged by the lack of safe and effective nonviral delivery systems for in vivo therapeutic genome editing. Here we report the synthesis and application of a noncationic, deformable, and tumor-targeted nanolipogel system (tNLG) for CRISPR genome editing in TNBC tumors. We have demonstrated that tNLGs mediate a potent CRISPR knockout of Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2), a known breast cancer oncogene, in human TNBC cells in vitro and in vivo. The loss of Lcn2 significantly inhibits the migration and the mesenchymal phenotype of human TNBC cells and subsequently attenuates TNBC aggressiveness. In an orthotopic TNBC model, we have shown that systemically administered tNLGs mediated >81% CRISPR knockout of Lcn2 in TNBC tumor tissues, resulting in significant tumor growth suppression (>77%). Our proof-of-principle results provide experimental evidence that tNLGs can be used as a safe, precise, and effective delivery approach for in vivo CRISPR genome editing in TNBC.
Bronchial-arterial-circulation-sparing Lung Preservation: A New Organ Protection Approach for Lung Transplantation

Background Compromised microvasculature resulting from disrupted bronchial arterial circulation appears to trigger chronic lung allograft dysfunction. Maintaining the microvasculature throughout the transplant process could improve the long-term health of transplanted lungs. We recently developed a bronchial-arterial-circulation-sparing (BACS) lung preservation approach and tested whether this approach would decrease microvascular damage and improve allograft function. Methods The lungs of Lewis rats were procured using either the BACS approach, where the bronchial and pulmonary arteries were synchronously perfused; a conventional approach, where only the pulmonary artery was perfused; or a conventional approach with a prostaglandin flush. After 4 hours of cold ischemia, physiologic function and vascular tone of the grafts were evaluated during ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP), and microvasculature damage was assessed using 2-photon microscopy analysis. Lung function was compared after transplant among the groups. Results After 4 hours of cold ischemia, the BACS group exhibited significantly higher adenosine triphosphate levels and lower expression of phosphorylated myosin light chain, which is essential for vascular smooth muscle contraction. On EVLP, the BACS and prostaglandin groups showed lower pulmonary vascular resistance and less arterial stiffness. BACS attenuated microvasculature damage in the lung grafts when compared with conventional preservation. After transplantation, the lungs preserved with the BACS approach exhibited significantly better graft function and lower expression of phosphorylated myosin light chain. Conclusions Our data suggest that BACS lung preservation protects the dual circulation inherent to the lungs, facilitating robust microvasculature in lung grafts after transplantation, leading to better posttransplant outcomes.
Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Measurement and Doxorubicin-Based Chemotherapy in Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Purpose: Doxorubicin-based chemotherapy (DOX) is commonly administered to patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Prior to chemotherapy, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is routinely measured to assess left ventricular dysfunction. While LVEF screening is recommended by many national regulatory bodies, evidence supporting the usefulness of LVEF measurement prior to administering DOX is lacking. Our goal was to perform a retrospective analysis of patients with DLBCL to establish (1) how often LVEF was measured prior to administering DOX, and (2) whether the chemotherapy regimen was modified based on LVEF values. As cumulative doses of doxorubicin greater than 400 mg/m2 have been associated with an increased risk of congestive heart failure (CHF), we also determined the incidence of CHF in patients with DLBCL who did receive DOX. Patients and Methods: We identified 268 patients diagnosed with DLBCL at Virginia Mason Medical Center between 2001 and 2012 and collected the following data: age at diagnosis; stage of lymphoma; type of chemotherapy given; cumulative doxorubicin dose (mg/m2); LVEF status; and incidence of CHF or cardiac disease. We also compared the number of CHF risk factors between patients who did and did not have LVEF measured. Statistical analyses included a Fischer’s exact or Chi-squared test to compare study groups as well as the number of CHF risk factors. The level of significance was set at a P value of Results: LVEF was measured in 238 patients (89%) prior to initiation of chemotherapy. LVEF values were normal in 225 patients (95%) and low ( Conclusion: Our results suggest that the decision to administer DOX was not directly affected by LVEF values. These findings challenge the existing policy of routinely screening patients with DLBCL with echocardiograms or MUGA scans prior to treatment. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Automated Legal Guidance

Through online tools, virtual assistants and other technology, governments increasingly rely on artificial intelligence to help the public understand and apply the law. The Internal Revenue Service, for example, encourages taxpayers to seek answers regarding various tax credits and deductions through its online “Interactive Tax Assistant.” The U.S. Army directs individuals with questions about enlistment to its virtual guide, “Sgt. Star.” And the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services suggests that potential green card holders and citizens speak with its interactive chatbot, “Emma.” Through such automated legal guidance, the government seeks to provide advice to the public at a fraction of the cost of employing human beings to perform these same tasks. This Article offers one of the first critiques of these new systems of artificial intelligence. It shows that automated legal guidance currently relies upon the concept of “simplexity,” whereby complex law is presented as though it is simple, without actually engaging in simplification of the underlying law. While this approach offers potential gains in terms of efficiency and ease of use, it also causes the government to present the law as simpler than it is, leading to less precise advice, and potentially inaccurate legal positions. Using the Interactive Tax Assistant as a case study, the Article shows that the use of simplexity in automated legal guidance is more powerful and pervasive than in static publications because it is personalized, non-qualified and instantaneous. Further, it argues that understanding the costs as well as the benefits of current forms of automated legal guidance is essential to evaluating even more sophisticated, but also more opaque, automated systems that governments are likely to adopt in the future. With these considerations in mind, the Article offers three recommendations to policymakers. First, it argues that governments should prevent automated legal guidance from widening the gap between access to legal advice enjoyed by high-income and by low-income individuals. Second, it argues that governments should introduce more robust oversight and review processes for automated legal guidance. Finally, it argues that the government should allow individuals to avoid certain penalties and sanctions when they have taken actions or claimed legal positions in reliance upon automated legal guidance. Unless these steps are taken, we believe that the costs of these automated legal guidance systems may soon come to outweigh their benefits.
MATLAB ® as a Computational Tool

1.1 Overview Optimization can be viewed as a process that searches methodically for better answers, better solutions, or better designs that a human being may not be able to find through experience, intuition, or courageous trial-and-error. Optimization can be defined as the art of making things better. Interestingly, optimization very often does not simply allow us to do something better, but it may also make it possible to do something that we did not otherwise know how to do. To take full advantage of the power of optimization in practice, there is no choice but to use a computer. The study of optimization typically takes a theoretical and/or computational approach. The theoretical approach is highly useful when the objective is to develop new optimization methods or to assess how the current methods work [1]. Additionally, the study of optimization often focuses on the understanding of various search algorithms for optimization. A book by Reklaitis and co-authors [2] is an example of methods-based optimization presentation. While these books play an important role in the general study of optimization, we pursue a different approach. The objective of this book takes on a practical perspective. The current interest is in the immediate ability to apply optimization in practice. In order to reach this objective, and to have the ability to apply optimization to real world problems, we use the approach that is almost always required in the application of optimization. We use the power of the computer, in conjunction with the study of different important practical aspects of optimization. In order readily apply optimization in practice, the focus will be on the computational application of what we will learn, as we learn it. To do so, we use a computational modeling and coding tool that is powerful, easy to use, and one that is widely applied in engineering and other fields. M atlab is an excellent tool choice and will be used in this book. M atlab has arguably become the most popular tool for computational modeling worldwide.
The Restitution of Jewish Jobs in the Aftermath of the Antonescu Regime

After the collapse of the Antonescu regime (on 23 August 1944), the restitution of jobs—together with the restitution of property—emerged as a major aspect of the process to reestablish justice. This involved righting the wrongs perpetrated against Jews during the antisemitic policy of Romanianization (1940–1944), the replacement of Jewish employees with ethnic Romanians and the transfer of Jewish property to gentiles. This chapter explores the restitution of jobs to former Jewish holders in post-Antonescu Romania. It focuses on the implementation of the restitution law no. 641/1944, on the ways local Jews pursued their labor rights, and on the reactions of gentile citizens to this process of restitution. Antisemitism continued to run strong in Romanian society and, sometimes, gentile managers or fellow workers resented the return of their Jewish colleagues. The restitution of Romanianized jobs proved to be a difficult and complex process—especially until the adoption of the restitution law (in December 1944)—that encountered the opposition of various categories of coworkers and public opinion. Nonetheless, thanks to active and sustained petitioning and lobbying from Jews who were affected, it was often successful during the first postwar years. Eventually, communist nationalization and repressive policies affected the livelihoods of many Jews, especially entrepreneurs, artisans, and liberal professionals. These developments, together with other factors, influenced the emigration of a majority of the Romanian Jews.
Nitrate reduction capacity is limited by belowground plant recovery in a 32‐year‐old created salt marsh

Human activities have decreased global salt marsh surface area with a subsequent loss in the ecosystem functions they provide. The creation of marshes in terrestrial systems has been used to mitigate this loss in marsh cover. Although these constructed marshes may rapidly recover ecosystem structure, biogeochemical processes may be slow to recover. We compared denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) rates between a 32‐year‐old excavation‐created salt marsh (CON‐2) and a nearby natural reference salt marsh (NAT) to assess the recovery of ecosystem function. These process rates were measured at 5 cm increments to a depth of 25 cm to assess how plant rooting depth and organic matter accumulation impact N‐cycling. We found that, for both marshes, denitrification and DNRA declined with depth with the highest rates occurring in the top 10 cm. In both systems, N‐retention by DNRA accounted for upwards of 75% of nitrate reduction, but denitrification and DNRA rates were nearly 2× and 3× higher in NAT than CON‐2, respectively. Organic matter was 6× lower in CON‐2, likely due to limited plant belowground biomass production. However, there was no response to glucose additions, suggesting that the microbial functional community, not substrate limitation, limited nitrate reduction recovery. Response ratios showed that denitrification in CON‐2 recovered in surficial sediments where belowground biomass was highest, even though biomass recovery was minimal. This indicates that although recovery of ecosystem function was constrained, it occurred on a faster trajectory than that of ecosystem structure.
Diabetes and atrial fibrillation in hospitalized patients in the United States.

BACKGROUND Data on the burden of atrial fibrillation (AF) associated with diabetes among hospitalized patients are scarce. We assessed the AF-related hospitalizations trends in patients with diabetes, and compared AF outcomes in patients with diabetes to those without diabetes. HYPOTHESIS AF-related health outcomes differ between patient with diabetes and without diabetes. METHODS Using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) 2004-2014, we studied trends in AF hospitalization rate among diabetic patients, and compared in-hospital case fatality rate, length of stay (LOS), cost and utilization of rhythm control therapies, and 30-day readmission rate between patients with and without diabetes. Logistic or Cox regression models were used to assess the differences in AF outcomes by diabetes status. RESULTS Over the study period, there were 4 325 522 AF-related hospitalizations, of which 1 075 770 (24.9%) had a diagnosis of diabetes. There was a temporal increase in AF hospitalization rate among diabetic patients (10.4 to 14.4 per 1000 hospitalizations among patients with diabetes; +4.4% yearly change, p-trend < .0001). Among AF patients, those with diabetes had a lower in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.65-0.72) and LOS (aOR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.94-0.96), but no difference in costs (aOR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.94-0.96) and a higher 30-day rate of readmissions compared with no diabetes (aHR 1.05; 95% CI: 1.01-1.08), compared to individuals without diabetes. CONCLUSION AF and diabetes coexist among hospitalized patients, with rising trends over the last decade. Diabetes is associated with lower rates in-hospital adverse AF outcomes, but a higher 30-day readmission risk.
Trump Administration: Immigration, Racism & Covid-19

Two of the most important issues defining the Trump Administration were the President’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the Administration’s dealing with immigration issues. These have been regarded, in the popular press and in the scholarly literature, as unrelated. But there is a key common feature in the Trump Administration’s response: racism and xenophobia has shaped both the handling of the public health crisis and immigration issues. Understanding the underlying basis for the Trump Administration’s reaction to both issues helps to clarify the fallacies, indeed the tragedies in its actions, and the legal errors that have been made.
Sulfur and selenium isologs related to acetylcholine and choline. IX. Further comparative studies of the pharmacological effects of acetylcholine and its thio and seleno analogs and their hydrolysis products.

Abstract The pharmacological effects of acetylthiolcholine (ASCh) and acetylselenolcholine have been compared with those of their oxygen analog, acetylcholine, on the guinea pig ileum, innervated rat diaphragm, and rat blood pressure preparations. The close similarity of the affinity constants for the muscarinic antagonist, lachesine, obtained with all three members of the series, is interpreted as evidence that they act primarily on the same receptor system. Further evidence is offered to support the contention that the unusual actions of these thio and seleno analogs of acetylcholine (ACh) on the blood pressure and at the neuromuscular junction, are attributable to the relatively high activity of their hydrolysis products which readily undergo oxidation to bis-onium compounds of lesser activity. This unusual chemical behaviour provides possible explanations for further recently reported anomalies in the pharmacology of ASCh.
Characterization of the imidization process of low K-fluorinated polymide film during thermal curing

The thermal curing (imidization) of the polyimide film was investigated using a differential scanning calorimeter and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The rate and the degree of imidization of the film were found to be dependent on curing temperature, time, and thickness. The degree of imidization of the film rapidly increased between 200 and 350 °C and then remained constant for curing above 350 °C, indicating that the imidization reaction is complete at 350 °C. Also, it was found that imidization proceeds in two stages under an isothermal condition, which was characterized by an initial fast imidization step that changed into a second, slower imidization process. The slower imidization rate at the second stage is discussed and explained. A higher degree of imidization was obtained with thicker films because of the higher retention of the solvent in the thicker film. The depolymerization process during thermal curing was studied with FTIR. The highest degree of the depolymerization was reached with thermal curing between 225 and 275°C.
Detection of targets in presence of strong jammers by adaptive beamforming

A study is made of a matched system for detecting a target in the presence of background noise and strong jammers. The ideal receiver is analytically computed using classical decision theory, and its performances, which gives the upper bounds of the problem, is evaluated for a given scenario. Adaptive beamforming is then shown to be a good approximation of the unrealizable ideal receiver, and its performance is measured in simulation using the same scenario as for the ideal receiver. A comparison is made of the performance of the two systems. >
Dimethylsilyl- and methylene-bridged aromatic groups : II. Phosphorescent triplet states

The zero-field splitting parameters D and E, or D, were measured by electron spin spectroscopy for the triplet states of bis(4-biphenylyl)dimethylsilane, 4,4′-bis-(4-biphenylyldimethylsilyl)biphenyl, 1,2-diphenyltetramethyldisilane, several monosilanes, bis(4-biphenylyl)methane, 4,4′-bis(4-phenylbenzyl)biphenyl, and dimethyldiphenylmethane. The zero-field splitting values of compounds having biphenyl subunits bridged with either SiMe2- or CH2-groups, compared with those of mono- and disubstituted biphenyls, show that the triplet electrons are localized mainly on one biphenyl group in each of the bridged compounds on the time scale of the ESR observations.
Gaps in the Spectrum of Heights of Projective Points

Let Zm be the ring of integers modulo m (not necessarily prime), Z m its multiplicative group, and let x mod m be the least nonnegative residue of x modulo m. The height of a point r = hr1;:::;rdi 2 (Z m) d is hm(r) = min n Pd i=1 (kri mod m): k = 1;:::;p 1 o . For d = 2, we give an explicit formula in terms of the convergents to the continued fraction expansion of r1r2=m. Further, we show that the multiset fm 1 hm((r1;r2)) : m 2 N;ri 2 Z mg, which is trivially a subset of [0; 2], has only the numbers 1=k (k2 Z + ) and 0 as accumulation points.
The Nation of Saints: The National Theological Rhetoric of Archbishop Makarios III (1913–1977)

Recent scholarship on postcolonial leadership includes the autobiographies of the founding fathers of such countries as Ghana, India, Zambia, and South Africa, as well as an island-state such as Singapore, which describe the process of producing citizens and leading their country into modernity. The use of first-person writings as an entry point to the discourse about how individual leaders affect the formation of the nation emphasizes the continued contribution of literature to the field of postcolonial studies. This article explores the origin of Greek Cypriot national identity through the highly personalized rhetoric of Archbishop Makarios from the beginning of his leadership as a bishop and throughout the years of his presidency of the Republic of Cyprus. The article suggests that Makarios should be seen as a postcolonial leader from a Mediterranean island who embodies the political views of previous eras, Byzantine and Ottoman, as well as modern and Western concepts of national sovereignty. In that sense, Cyprus becomes a paradigmatic hybrid Mediterranean nation in its foundations, a mixture of religion and secularism, of citizenship, of martyrdom and modernity.
Sustainable Development: A Case for Education

Over the last quarter of a century, the world economy has quadrupled, benefiting hundreds of millions of people and lifting millions out of poverty in an accelerated process of globalization, inclu...
Bax-an emerging role in ectopic cell death.

Abstract During embryonic and early postnatal development the combination of cell proliferation, migration, survival and cell death is intimately regulated. In the mouse embryo, significant numbers of primordial germ cells, the founder cells of the gametes, fail to migrate correctly to the genital ridges early in histogenesis. Studies in Bcl-2 associated X protein null mice (Bax −/− ) have shown that the pro-apoptotic Bax gene is required for the programmed cell death of germ cells left in ectopic locations during and after germ cell migration. Independent studies carried out in the central nervous system of Bax −/− mice have shown impaired and ectopic neuronal migration in the cerebellum and olfactory bulb during development and in the adult hippocampus. Taken together, these evidences identify Bax as a major mechanism in ectopic cell death and are the subject of this review.
Feasibility and pharmacokinetic study of infusional dexrazoxane and dose-intensive doxorubicin administered concurrently over 96 h for the treatment of advanced malignancies.

Dexrazoxane administration prior to short infusion doxorubicin prevents anthracycline-related heart damage. Since delivery of doxorubicin by 96-h continuous intravenous infusion also reduces cardiac injury, we studied delivering dexrazoxane and doxorubicin concomitantly by prolonged intravenous infusion. Patients with advanced malignancies received tandem cycles of concurrent 96-h infusions of dexrazoxane 500 mg/m2 and doxorubicin 165 mg/m2, and 24 h after completion of chemotherapy, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (5 μg/kg) and oral levofloxacin (500 mg) were administered daily until the white blood cell count reached 10,000 μl−1. Plasma samples were analyzed for dexrazoxane and doxorubicin concentrations. Ten patients were enrolled; eight patients had measurable disease. Two partial responses were observed in patients with soft-tissue sarcoma. The median number of days of granulocytopenia (<500 μl−1) was nine and of platelet count <20,000 μl−1 was seven. Six patients received a single cycle because of progression (one), stable disease (four), or reversible, asymptomatic 10% decrease in cardiac ejection fraction (two). Principal grade 3/4 toxicities included hypotension (two), anorexia (four), stomatitis (four), typhlitis (two), and febrile neutropenia (seven), with documented infection (three). One death from neutropenic sepsis occurred. Dexrazoxane levels ranged from 1270 to 2800 nM, and doxorubicin levels ranged from 59.1 to 106.9 nM. These results suggest that tandem cycles of concurrent 96-h infusions of dexrazoxane and high-dose doxorubicin can be administered with minimal cardiac toxicity, and have activity in patients with recurrent sarcomas. However, significant non-cardiac toxicities indicate that the cardiac sparing potential of this approach would be maximized at lower dose levels of doxorubicin.
D-Optimality for Regression Designs: A Review

After stating the model and the design problem, we briefly present the results for regression design prior to the work of Kiefer and Wolfowitz. We then review the major results of Kiefer and Wolfowitz, particularly those on the theory of design, as well as the way the criterion has been extended to non-linear models. Finally, we discuss algorithms for constructing D-optimum designs.
Of sex and gender.

In a recent online search, I entered the words “biology” and “gender,” expecting to find papers investigating the ways girls might be socialized out of science careers. I did find some sociological papers, but also listed were a great many studies that had nothing to do with humans and their
Reducing costs, improving service, and extending the life of computers with solid-state drives

Due to compliance concerns, during the summer of 2011 the University of Rochester began requiring that all individuals authenticate in order to use the network. Benchmarking with other institutions indicated that Windows 7 took two to three minutes from the time someone logged on to the point the machine was fully responsive and a browser could be used. We had optimized the machines such that the time had been reduced to about a minute and a half, but students complained about how long the logon process took. At the same time, budget constraints forced extending the three-year replacement cycle for computers, and the older machines were both slower and less reliable, usually due to hard drive failures. Student leaders indicated that they needed strategically placed computers, referred to as 'kiosks', to be optimized for logon time so that students could have immediate access to email and the web between classes. They would also accept a reduced suite of applications on kiosks if it meant faster logon times. There are less than twenty kiosks across campus, compared to more than 550 public machines total. Kiosks are ideal for evaluating experimental software or hardware, as changes made on them would not affect classes or other production uses. We installed solid state drives in kiosks with a minimal suite of applications. The time from logon to having a fully functional browser dropped to fifteen seconds, and the performance of our oldest PCs exceeded a new PC with a regular hard drive. The lifespan of the PCs could potentially be extended by years. Feedback has been so positive that we are now evaluating switching all machines to solid state technology. This paper will discuss the results of our performance testing of solid state drives, including the performance gains in all types of applications, and the costs involved; both in implementing solid state drives on already deployed PCs, and avoided due to not having to replace PCs as often.
A simple interprocedural register allocation algorithm and its effectiveness for LISP

Register allocation is an important optimization in many compilers, but with per-procedure register allocation, it is often not possible to make good use of a large register set. Procedure calls limit the improvement from global register allocation, since they force variables allocated to registers to be saved and restored. This limitation is more pronounced in LISP programs due to the higher frequency of procedure calls. An interprocedural register allocation algorithm is developed by simplifying a version of interprocedural graph coloring. The simplification corresponds to a bottom-up coloring of the interference graph. The scheme is evaluated using a number of LISP programs. The evaluation considers the scheme's limitations and compares these “software register windows” against the hardware register windows used in the Berkeley RISC and SPUR processors.
Hodgkin’s lymphoma: molecular targets and novel treatment strategies

The WHO classification of Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) distinguishes between two major subtypes, classical and nodular lymphocyte predominant HL. Approximately 95% of patients with HL will have the classical HL histology, which is characterized by the presence of rare malignant Hodgkin’s and Reed-Sternberg cells among an overwhelming number of benign reactive cells. In recent years, new studies have shed more light on the biological and molecular features of Hodgkin’s and Reed-Sternberg cells, providing hope that new targeted therapy may be developed to enhance the cure rate and to reduce treatment-related toxicity. In this review, the current understanding of the pathology and biology of HL will be discussed, as well as the current treatment approaches for patients with classical HL. Future treatment strategies will also be discussed based on our understanding of HL biology.
Sleep complaints predict increases in resting blood pressure following marital separation.

OBJECTIVE Although marital separation and divorce are associated with many negative health outcomes, few studies examine the psychophysiological mechanisms that may give rise to these outcomes. This study examined changes in resting blood pressure (BP) as a function of sleep complaints in recently divorced adults. METHOD Recently separated adults (n = 138; 38 men) completed a self-report measure of sleep complaints and a resting blood pressure (BP) assessment in the laboratory at three occasions across 7.5 months. RESULTS Multilevel analyses revealed that although sleep complaints were not associated with concurrent BP, sleep complaints predicted significant increases in both systolic and diastolic BP at the subsequent laboratory visit. In addition, time since the separation from an ex-partner moderated the association between sleep complaints at baseline and resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) 3 months later. People who reported high sleep complaints 10 weeks or more after their separation demonstrated greater increases in SBP. CONCLUSIONS In recently separated adults, greater sleep complaints may index increased risk for future increases in BP. This work helps pinpoint one potential mechanistic pathway linking marital separation with an important, health-relevant biological outcome.
A discrete particle model for bubble-slug two-phase flows

Abstract Most two-phase flow models are based on the fully averaged two-fluid concept. This paper describes a new discrete particle model that is intermediate between the numerically intractable local instant description and the fully averaged two-fluid model, thereby providing a more detailed but still tractable description of dynamical two-phase flow phenomena. The new model uses a Lagrangian description for a single dispersed bubble phase and a one-dimensional Eulerian description for a single continuous liquid phase. In contrast to many other particle simulation models, the present model includes compressible phases and large bubbles whose size may be comparable to the computational cell size. The discrete Lagrangian description of the dispersed phase allows the particles to have a distribution of sizes, shapes, etc., thereby capturing the important statistical aspects of dispersed two-phase flow. In contrast to the two-fluid models, the discrete particle model allows the use of more mechanistic models for dispersed phase coalescence and breakup, wakes, etc., thereby allowing the dynamic prediction of flow regime evolution and transitions without the use of flow regime maps inherent in two-fluid models. Numerical simulations for two test problems are presented. Agreement with experimental data is generally satisfactory. Extensions of the model to heat transfer and to two discrete and two continuous phases will be described elsewhere.
Food availability as a selective factor on the chemical compositions of midwater fishes in the eastern North Pacific

In September and October 1980 we examined the relationships between food availability, depth, and chemical composition among 12 midwater fish species, from three adjacent areas of the eastern North Pacific: the eastern gyre, the California Current, and the transitional region between them. By comparing trends in chemical composition across a geographical productivity gradient, the influence of food availability could be examined both with and without depth as a dependent variable. In general, caloric density, lipids, and water content showed consistent trends along both vertical and horizontal gradients of food availability. Lipids and caloric contents were lowest among bathypelagic species and among fishes from the gyre. Water content was highest in the gyre and among deeper-living species. While protein content as a percentage of the total wet weight declined with depth, there was no clear trend among mesopelagic species between stations. Protein as percent of the total organic content showed no decrease with depth, but was significantly higher in the gyre among mesopelagic species. These findings suggest that compositional trends in water, lipids, and caloric content are correlated with food availability, regardless of any depth-related factors. In contrast, protein did not vary consistently with food availability and thus may be linked to other factors.
Transition from perturbative to nonperturbative interaction in low-order-harmonic generation

We present results of ab initio numerical calculations for low-order-harmonic generation as well as calculations of the higher-order terms in the respective perturbative power-series expansions of the susceptibilities for third- and fifth-order-harmonic generation. We find that the transition from perturbative to nonperturbative interaction in these low-order nonlinear processes occurs at about ${10}^{13}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. Our findings confirm previous results that any deviation from the predictions of lowest-order perturbation theory indicates that the perturbative series expansion is not applicable and, if required, needs to be replaced by a nonperturbative treatment of the interaction between the atom and the field. In particular, the results also show that the observation of low-order-harmonic yields cannot be considered as a test of higher-order Kerr effects.
Natural Variation in an ABC Transporter Gene Associated with Seed Size Evolution in Tomato Species

Seed size is a key determinant of evolutionary fitness in plants and is a trait that often undergoes tremendous changes during crop domestication. Seed size is most often quantitatively inherited, and it has been shown that Sw4.1 is one of the most significant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying the evolution of seed size in the genus Solanum—especially in species related to the cultivated tomato. Using a combination of genetic, developmental, molecular, and transgenic techniques, we have pinpointed the cause of the Sw4.1 QTL to a gene encoding an ABC transporter gene. This gene exerts its control on seed size, not through the maternal plant, but rather via gene expression in the developing zygote. Phenotypic effects of allelic variation at Sw4.1 are manifested early in seed development at stages corresponding to the rapid deposition of starch and lipids into the endospermic cells. Through synteny, we have identified the Arabidopsis Sw4.1 ortholog. Mutagenesis has revealed that this ortholog is associated with seed length variation and fatty acid deposition in seeds, raising the possibility that the ABC transporter may modulate seed size variation in other species. Transcription studies show that the ABC transporter gene is expressed not only in seeds, but also in other tissues (leaves and roots) and, thus, may perform functions in parts of the plants other than developing seeds. Cloning and characterization of the Sw4.1 QTL gives new insight into how plants change seed during evolution and may open future opportunities for modulating seed size in crop plants for human purposes.
Complexity in valinomycin effects on amino acid transport.

Abstract 3 H-labeled dibenzyldimethylammonium ion, applied as an indicator for the potential differences across the plasma membrane, enters the Ehrlich ascites-tumor cell during 2 h to an apparent steady-state concentration about twice that of the suspending medium. In the presence of valinomycin, the distribution ratio reached was increased to about four, the cells meanwhile undergoing a substantial loss of K + and a corresponding gain of Na + . Valinomycin decreased the extent to which four model amino acids, selected to represent the uphill operation of the three transport system, were accumulated by the respiring cell. Simultaneously, the cellular level of ATP was sharply decreased. These observations indicate as expected that the ATP is not a direct factor in the accumulation of the dibenzyldimethylammonium ion. They further indicate that the diminution of cellular ATP by valinomycin handicaps uphill transport more than the accompanying increase in the transmembrane potential may possibly stimulate it.