cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Harvesting Energy by Improving the Economy of Human Walking

Mobile power sources such as batteries often add great additional weight to a backpacker9s load. As a result, there is great interest in harvesting electrical power from the energy expended during walking in a variety of situations. In his Perspective, Kuo discusses results reported in the same issue by Rome et al., in which a backpack with a spring-loaded weight was found to permit generation of electrical power with unexpected efficiency. Analysis of the biomechanics of walking indicates that the oscillating payload enables generation of useful amounts of power while costing less metabolic energy than expected.
Fluorescent Labeling of Purified β2 Adrenergic Receptor EVIDENCE FOR LIGAND-SPECIFIC CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES

The purpose of the present study was to develop an approach to directly monitor structural changes in a G protein-coupled receptor in response to drug binding. Purified human β2 adrenergic receptor was covalently labeled with the cysteine-reactive, fluorescent probe N,N′-dimethyl-N-(iodoacetyl)-N′ - (7 - nitrobenz -2 - oxa -1,3diazol-4-yl)ethylenediamine (IANBD). IANBD is characterized by a fluorescence which is highly sensitive to the polarity of its environment. We found that the full agonist, isoproterenol, elicited a stereoselective and dose-dependent decrease in fluorescence from IANBD-labeled β2 receptor. The change in fluorescence could be plotted against the concentration of isoproterenol as a simple hyperbolic binding isotherm demonstrating interaction with a single binding site in the receptor. The ability of several adrenergic antagonists to reverse the response confirmed that this binding site is identical to the well described binding site in the β2 receptor. Comparison of the response to isoproterenol with a series of adrenergic agonists, having different biological efficacies, revealed a linear correlation between biological efficacy and the change in fluorescence. This suggests that the agonist-mediated decrease in fluorescence from IANBD-labeled β2 receptor is due to the same conformational change as involved in receptor activation and G protein coupling. In contrast to agonists, negative antagonists induced a small but significant increase in base-line fluorescence. Despite the small amplitude of this response, it supports the notion that antagonists by themselves may alter receptor structure. In conclusion, our data provide the first direct evidence for ligand-specific conformational changes occurring in a G protein-coupled receptor. Furthermore, the data demonstrate the potential of fluorescence spectroscopy as a tool for further delineating the molecular mechanisms of drug action at G protein-coupled receptors.
Description of a computerized method for predicting thermal fatigue life of metals

A computer program called TFLIFE is described which can be used to predict the thermal fatigue life of metals and structural components from conventional metal properties. This program is used as a subroutine with a main program supplied by the user. The main program calculates input cycles of temperature and total strain for TFLIFE which then calculates a stress cycle, creep and plastic strain damage, and cyclic life. A unique feature of TFLIFE is that it calculates lives according to several different failure criteria for the same input data. These criteria are surface crack initiation, interior crack initiation, and complete fracture of both unnotched and notched fatigue specimens. Results are presented for two typical problems: thermal-mechanical fatigue of bar specimens of the tantalum alloy T-111 and thermal-stress fatigue of wedge specimens of the nickel alloy B-1900. The computer program is now ready for more extensive evaluation on structural components and additional laboratory specimens.
Convergence for Reflecting Boundaries, Singular Control and Ergodic Cost Problems

The development of the convergence proofs of Chapter 10 is continued, but applied to the problem classes of Chapters 7 and 8. The reflecting boundary and discounted cost problem is covered in Section 11.1. The primary mathematical difficulty with which we must contend is the proof of tightness of the “reflecting process.” The problem is avoided by use of a time rescaling method, under which all the processes are tight. After proving the weak convergence of the rescaled processes and characterizing the limits, the rescaling is inverted to obtain the desired results. This “inversion” is possible due to the conditions imposed on the allowable reflection directions. The time rescaling idea appears to be a rather powerful tool.
Why Delaware LLCs

For years, scholars have debated why parties choose to incorporate under Delaware law companies that operate businesses in other states — since different answers to this question lead to different normative assessments of the practice. Traditionally, this debate focused on public corporations and ignored private firms and non-corporate forms of business. The exploding use of limited liability companies (LLCs) instead of corporations, and the formation of LLCs under Delaware law to operate businesses outside Delaware, call for expanding this discourse to ask “Why Delaware LLCs?”. This article adds to the recent literature seeking to answer this question empirically. It critiques recent studies that looked for statistically significant correlations between state of formation choices for LLCs and differences in state LLC statutes and legal infrastructure. Finding this methodology suffers from inherent limitations, this article presents results from a different approach. I interviewed business attorneys whose clients have formed LLCs and asked them a battery of questions designed to ascertain why their clients formed LLCs in Delaware. The results of this survey provide important insights into the aspects of Delaware’s substantive LLC law and its legal infrastructure that motivate formation of Delaware LLCs, and thereby serve as an important complement to the existing statistical studies.
CONCEALED DIVERTICULUM OF THE MALE URETHRA AS A CAUSE OF URINARY OBSTRUCTION

In infancy and childhood there are many causes for obstruction to the flow of urine through the urethra. These include preputial adhesions, meatal narrowing, urethral stricture, posterior urethral valves, and contracted bladder neck. It has been known also that congenital diverticula of the urethra can give rise to urinary obstruction. These have been studied by Watts1 in 1906, by Lowsley and Gutierrez2 in 1928, by Kretschmer3 in 1936, and by Campbell4 in 1937. Such diverticula have been detected heretofore by the presence of a swelling on the ventral surface of the penis, in the peno-scrotal angle, or in the perineum. It is the purpose of this paper to present three cases of concealed diverticula of the urethra in each of which there was urinary obstruction; in none of these was there any swelling on the external surface of the penis. In two of these children the cause of obstruction was not recognized during life; death ensued as a result of urinary tract infection and the urethral abnormalities were found at autopsy. In the third child the cause of obstruction was found by roentgenologic visualization of the urethra, and surgical relief of the obstruction was prompdy instituted. CASE REPORTS Case 1 Children9s Hospital #153,603. This 5-year-old boy was admitted to the Surgical Service on October 3, 1931, with a history of urinary dribbling, intermittent fever, and pyuria. The mother stated that until 1½ years of age, the child had had no urinary stream, the urine coming away only in a slow
Parallel Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 and Chemoprotective Phase 2 Enzymes by Electrophiles and Antioxidants: Regulation by Upstream Antioxidant-Responsive Elements (ARE)

Heme oxygenase (HO; EC 1.14.99.3) catalyzes the conversion of heme to biliverdin, which is reduced enzymatically to bilirubin. Since bilirubin is a potent antioxidant and heme a pro-oxidant, HO may protect cells against oxidative damage. HO-1 is highly inducible by diverse chemical agents, resembling those evoking induction of phase 2 enzymes (i.e., Michael reaction acceptors, heavy metals, trivalent arsenicals, and sulfhydryl reagents). Phase 2 enzymes (glutathione transferases; NAD(P)H:quinone reductase; glucuronosyltransferases) are regulated by antioxidant-responsive elements (ARE), and their induction protects against chemical carcinogenesis. Is HO-1 regulated by chemical agents and enhancer elements similar to those controlling phase 2 enzymes? Induction of HO-1 by phorbol ester and heavy metals is transcriptionally controlled through a 268-bp SX2 fragment, containing two phorbol ester-responsive (TRE) sites (TGAC/GT C/AA) which overlap ARE consensus sequences (TGACNNNGC). Therefore, mutations of the SX2 element designed to distinguish ARE from TRE were inserted into chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter plasmids, and the response of the CAT activity of murine hepatoma cells stably transfected with these constructs was examined with a wide range of inducers of phase 2 enzymes. All compounds raised HO-1 mRNA and CAT expression constructs containing wild-type SX2. When the SX2 region was mutated to alter TRE consensus sequences without destroying the ARE consensus, full inducibility was preserved. Conversely, when the ARE consensus was disturbed, inducibility was abolished. Induction of heme oxygenase-1 is regulated by several chemically distinct classes of inducers (mostly electrophiles), which also induce phase 2 enzymes, and these inductions are mediated by similar AREs. These findings support the importance of HO-1 as a protector against oxidative damage and suggest that HO-1 induction is part of a more generalized protective cellular response that involves phase 2 enzymes.
Sequential chemotherapy and radiotherapy for initial management of Stage IIIA and Stage IIIB non-small cell lung cancer — induction chemotherapy

Abstract Induction chemotherapy in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer produces major disease regression in up to 75% of previously untreated patients. Activity of comparable regimens appears greater in Stage III than in Stage IV patients. Full-dose thoracic radiation is tolerable after induction chemotherapy and late effects are not prohibitive. Four large scale randomized trials of chemotherapy followed by radiation versus radiation therapy alone with broad-entry criteria (all N3 nodes, PS 0–2, no specific weight loss restriction) have not thus far reported an overall survival benefit for the multimodality therapy. However, subgroup analysis restricted to stage III patients is borderline significant for survival ( P =0.05) in the Finnish study and the two year survivals in the NCCTG trial, 23% and 12%, are provocative. The CALGB trial, focusing on a subset of Stage III patients selected to exclude negative prognostic features (positive supraclavicular nodes, >5% weight loss, PS 2–3) is persistently positive with an overall survival benefit and a sustained doubling of the level of the plateau phase of the survival curve beyond two years. An important confirmatory trial with an additional hyperfractionated radiation therapy arm is underway.
Identification of a novel regulatory element in the human interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α) gene promoter

Abstract Human interleukin 1α (IL-1α) is secreted by a variety of cell types including epithelial cells, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, adipocytes and activated monocytes/macrophages. IL-1α is a major player in immune and inflammatory responses, yet very little is known about its regulation. We have identified a novel regulatory sequence at −65 to −41 of the human IL-1α promoter using DNase I footprint studies. A triple GCC repeat is present within the footprint region. In order to study the importance of this GCC motif in the regulation of IL-1α, we mutated the GCC to a CAA at positions −60 to −58 and −52 to −50. In transfection studies using the human epithelial (HEp-2) and human erythroleukemia (HEL/DAMI) cell lines, the mutated promoter fragment showed a 90% decrease in basal activity and was not inducible by external stimuli. To characterize transcription factor binding to the footprint sequence, we used both electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) and DNase I protection techniques. Both of these studies confirmed that the GCC motif is also essential for DNA/protein complex formation. The NCBI and TESS databases were utilized to search for known transcripiton factor binding sites with homolgy to the footprint sequence. The only element identified with any homology was an NFκB binding sequence. However, competition assays using cold NFκB consensus sequence DNA had no effect on the mobility shift signal. This data strongly suggests that a novel regulatory element associated with the GCC motif is located in the footprint sequence. These results will contribute to understanding of the regulatory mechanisms governing induction of the IL-1α gene and may lead to the isolation of a novel transcription factor.
Sulfated surfaces in sensitivity: an 'on-off' switch for anaphylaxis?

Abstract Activation of the plasma contact system with the production of bradykinin appears to play a role in X-ray contrast material reactions and in some forms of anaphylaxis. We have noted that the plasmas of contrast material reactors and some asthmatics show an accelerated rate of contact activity when exposed to exogenous contact activators at low temperatures, and we have identified two plasma priming substances (endogenous contact activators; ECA) that contribute to this potential activity. One primer appears to be a sulfated polysaccharide or proteoglycan that resembles heparin and/or heparan sulfate in its properties. Plasmas containing this primer show a cold-promoted activation of factor VII (CPA) as described by Gjonnaess (Thromb. Diathes. Haemorrh. 1972; 28: 169–181) and found particularly in high estrogen states. These plasmas also show spontaneous amidolytic (contact system) activity on cold incubation, and potentiated amidolytic activity when exposed to exogenous sulfated negative surfaces. A consideration of these findings and data in the literature suggest that these surfaces may originate on endothelial linings, may be increased in concentration by immunization and estrogens, and decreased by corticosteroid pretreatment. These considerations merit further study and may be the basis for the observed increase in asthma/allergy symptoms in some females during high estrogen periods.
Gut-Brain Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Ingestive Behaviors and Obesity

The prevalence of obesity has increased to epidemic proportions and has become an urgent public health problem. Obesity causes significant morbidity and mortality and its impact on health-care costs in the United States is growing dramatically. Apart from bariatric surgery treatment, options are limited. Future advances in treatment will rely on a better understanding of the pathogenesis and physiology of obesity. Alterations in gastrointestinal (GI) sensory-motor function and symptoms have been associated with obesity. GI neuroendocrine communications between the periphery and the brain regulate energy balance and ingestive behaviors. These interactions are largely mediated by the gut-brain peptides through negative and positive feedback loops that maintain energy homeostasis. Bariatric surgery has been shown effective, but the mechanisms of weight loss following these procedures clearly require further studies and a better understanding of the affects of bariatric surgery on the gut-brain neuropeptide homeostasis. Gut-brain peptides may provide attractive therapeutic targets in the fight against this very morbid disease. We review alterations in GI function and some of the more important gut-brain neuropeptides that occur in obesity.
Latencies of Climbing Fiber Inputs to Turtle Cerebellar Cortex

Responses of separate regions of rat cerebellar cortex (Cb) to inferior olive (IO) stimulation occur with the same latency despite large differences in climbing fiber (CF) lengths. Here, the olivoc...
Molecular Weight: Measurements with Gravity Cells

A gravity cell can be used to determine the weights of particles greater than 108 molecular weight units. The solution is maintained at a temperature which is constant to ± 0.001°C until equilibrium between sedimentation produced by gravity is balanced by back diffusion. The weight-average molecular (particle) weight of tipula iridescent virus was (1.05 ± 0.02) x 109.
T-Cell Receptor Vα Usage by Effector CD4+Vβ11+ T Cells Mediating Graft-versus-Host Disease Directed to Minor Histocompatibility Antigens

Abstract T-cell receptor (TCR) Vα (TRAV) and Vβ (TRBV) chains provide the T-cell specificity for recognition of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-bound antigens. However, there is limited information on the diversity of TRAV use within an antigen response. Previous investigation of CD4 + T-cell–mediated graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in the minor histocompatibility antigen–mismatched C57BL/6 (B6)→BALB.B irradiated murine model determined that Vβ11 + T cells were associated with disease severity. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3)-sized spectratype analysis of B6 Vβ11 + T cells from the spleens of recipient BALB.B mice undergoing GVHD indicated biased use within the Vα6, 9, 13, 14, 18, and 22 families. To probe deeper into this limited Vα response, the current study was undertaken to further define TRAV-Jα (TRAJ) nucleotide sequences found in host-presensitized B6 Vβ11 + T cells proliferating in response to in vitro stimulation with BALB.B splenocytes. Using the nonpalindromic adaptor PCR method, we found dominant use of the TRAV13–TRAJ16 transcript combination. Then, using laser capture microdissection, we found use of the identical TRAV–TRAJ nucleotide sequence in areas dominated by infiltrating Vβ11 + CD4 + T cells during the development of GVHD in both the rete-like prominences of the dorsal lingual epithelium and the ileal crypts of the small intestine.
Heats of Formation of Transition-Metal Alloys

This Letter proposes a scheme for obtaining the d-electron energy-band parameters to be used in a simple analytic model of the alloy heat of formation, ..delta..H. The scheme employs, as an intermediate step, the equalization of the local chemical potentials of the two sites. Calculations for 3d, 4d, and 5d metal alloys yield ..delta..H in accord with experimental trends, but, unlike earlier estimates, with d charge transfer in the direction indicated by experiment.
Effects of excess phenylalanine onin vitro andin vivo RNA and protein synthesis and polyribosome levels in brains of mice

The effects of excess phenylalanine onin vivo andin vitro protein and RNA synthesis and on polyribosomes in brain tissue was investigated in inbred and hybrid mice. It was found that (1) the disaggregation of polyribosomes is not necessary for the inhibition of protein synthesis (and, in fact, the polyribosome disaggregation may be a secondary effect of the protein synthesis inhibition), (2) the protein synthesis inhibitionin vitro does not depend on whether the preparation is of membrane-bound or free polyribosomes, or on the age of the animals. Several other amino acids had similar effects on protein synthesis and polyribosomes. Brain damage observed as a result of elevated phenylalanine levels in humans, monkeys, and rodents may therefore be due to a general mechanism common to many disorders which lead to elevated levels of amino acids.
Escalation and De-escalation of Commitment in Response to Sunk Costs: The Role of Budgeting in Mental Accounting

Abstract Research has traditionally assumed that people increase investment (or "escalate commitment") in response to previous investments (sunk costs). This paper presents several demonstrations which show that people will incorrectly de-escalate investment in response to sunk costs. I propose that people set mental budgets to control their resource expenditures: they set a budget for a class of expenses and track their investments against their budget. A lab study with real monetary incentives shows support for de-escalation and supports a specific rule for how people set budgets - based on the breakeven of total costs and total benefits. The budgeting process suggests that people are only likely to escalate commitment when they fail to set a budget or when expenses are difficult to track. The later part of the paper organizes the previous literature on escalation around these processes and provides additional experiments to illustrate each point. For example, I argue that previous demonstrations that have shown errors of escalation exclusively involve "incidental" investments that are difficult to track. A study in the current paper shows that people are more willing to invest time than money to salvage a monetary sunk cost and more willing to invest money than time to salvage a sunk cost of time, even when the time and money investments are of equal value. The paper concludes by discussing the rationality of escalation and de-escalation.
A kinetic scattering approach to the non-linear instabilities of rat brain tyrosine hydroxylase preparations at several levels of tetrahydrobiopterin cofactor demonstrates evolutionary behavior characteristic of global dynamical systems

Abstract Statistical patterns from the time-dependent fluctuations in kinetic scattering of a complex rat brain hydroxylating system reveal near periodic, quasi-periodic, and chaotic regimes that alternate in a non-linear manner across linear changes in tetrahydrobiopterin cofactor concentrations, a phenomenon characteristics of the initial condition- and parameter-sensitive evolutionary behavior of global dynamical systems
Evaluation of the differential capacitance for ferroelectric materials using either charge-based or energy-based expressions

Differential capacitance is derived based upon energy, charge or current considerations, and determined when it may go negative or positive. These alternative views of differential capacitances are analyzed, and the relationships between them are shown. Because of recent interest in obtaining negative capacitance for reducing the subthreshold voltage swing in field effect type of devices, using ferroelectric materials characterized by permittivity, these concepts are now of paramount interest to the research community. For completeness, differential capacitance is related to the static capacitance, and conditions when the differential capacitance may go negative in relation to the static capacitance are shown.
Serum and Plasma Latex Agglutination Tests for Detection of Fibrin(ogen) Degradation Products in Clinically III Dogs

An increased concentration of fibrin(ogen) degradation products (FDPs) commonly is used in conjunction with other hemostatic test abnormalities to identify patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Positive FDP results, however, have been observed in dogs without clinical evidence of DIC. The purpose of this study was to evaluate FDP concentrations in a group of clinically ill dogs with a variety of disorders. Dogs included in the study had the following hemostatic parameters evaluated: prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen concentration, platelet count, and FDP concentration. Two rapid latex agglutination methods were compared for detecting FDP in serum samples (Thrombo-Wellcotest, International Murex Technologies Corp) and plasma samples (FDP Plasma, American Bioproducts Inc). Results of the serum FDP method were positive in 8% (4/50) of the dogs tested: 3 with DIC and 1 with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and liver disease. Results of the plasma FDP test were positive in 60% (30/50) of the animals tested: 6 with DIC, 3 with confirmed thrombosis, and 21 with a variety of conditions, including neoplasia, immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, pancreatitis, gastric dilatation-volvulus, heat stroke, severe trauma, sepsis, protein-losing nephropathy, liver disease, hyperadrenocorticism, and chronic heart failure. Because the plasma FDP test was positive more frequently than the serum FDP test in ill dogs, it may be more sensitive for the detection of canine FDP.
Normal coordinate treatment and thermodynamic properties of the cis-trans isomers of formic acid and its deutero-analog

Fundamental frequencies of the cis isomer of monomeric formic acid and its deutero-analogs were selected and checked by the product rule. On the basis of the selected frequencies and recent values of molecular parameters, a normal coordinate treatment was carried out both for in-plane and out-of-plane vibrations of the cis isomer to obtain a refined set of force constants. By use of this refined set of force constants, normal frequencies of the trans isomer were calculated, and the observed spectra of monomeric formic acid and its deuteroanalogs are discussed on the basis of these results of calculation. The thermodynamic properties C ° p , S °, ( G ° − H ° 0 )/ T , ( H ° − H ° 0 ), Δ H ° f , Δ G ° f , and log K f for HCO 2 H(g) in the temperature range 298.15 to 1500 K were evaluated by the statistical thermodynamic method.
Genomic organization of peanut allergen gene, Ara h 3.

Abstract Type 1 hypersensitivity to peanut proteins is a well-recognized health problem. Several peanut seed storage proteins have been identified as allergens. Ara h 3, a glycinin protein, is one of the important peanut allergens. Although amino acid and cDNA sequences are available for Ara h 3, there is not information at the genomic level. The objectives of this study were to isolate, sequence, and characterize the genomic clone of peanut allergen, Ara h 3. A peanut genomic library was screened, using two [ 32 P] end-labeled oligonucleotide probes designed based on cDNA sequences of Ara h 3 and Ara h 4. Four positives lambda FIX II clones were obtained after four rounds of screenings. Digestion with Sac I resulted in two fragments of 1.5 and 10 kb hybridizing to the probes. Both fragments were subcloned into p-Bluescript vector and sequenced. The Ara h 3 gene spans 3.5 kb and consists of four exons, three introns, 5′ and 3′ flanking regions. The open reading frame is 2008 bp long and can encode a polypeptide of 538 amino acids residues. Sequences analogous to a TATA-box (TATAAAT), CAAT-box (AGGA), G-box (TCCTACGTGTCC) and several cis -elements were found in the promoter region. In the 3′ downstream region, three polyadenylation signals (AATAAA) were identified.
Hawaiian ethnobotanical studies I. native food and beverage plants

Cultivated food plant stocks were brought to Hawaii by the immigrating Polynesians and composed most of their basic diet. Extensive use, however, was made of the highly endemic (95%' for flowering plants and 67% for ferns) flora. The Hawaiian was both a proficient agriculturist and naturalist. Nearly all of the vascular plant genera were given vernacular names, as well as many species and varieties.
Congenitally corrected transposition of the great vessels: Localization of the site of complete atrioventricular block using His bundle electrograms

Abstract Complete atrioventricular block proximal to the bundle of His in a patient with congenitally corrected transposition of the great vessels was documented using His bundle electrograms. The spontaneous rhythm probably originated from the bundle of His and was responsive to carotid sinus massage, atropine and isometric and treadmill exercise. These electrophysiologic observations are consistent with recent anatomic studies of congenitally corrected transposition of the great vessels.
Temperature, velocity, and nox/co emission measurements in turbulent flames: effects of partial premixing with central fuel injection

Abstract Characteristics of methane–air turbulent partially premixed flames have been determined through flame imaging, flow velocity, and temperature. NO x /CO emission indices from these flames were also measured. Varying amounts of fuel were added to a main premixed stream to control the overall stoichiometry. At equivalence ratios from 1.4 to 2.4, the turbulent partially premixed flames exhibit a double-flame structure with a premixed flame near the burner exit and a secondary diffusion flame at a downstream location. This structure persists even with the flame tip opening as the fuel is added coaxially to increase the overall equivalence ratio. The premixed flame near the burner exit tends to keep the temperature at a high level in the region between the two flames. With the flame tip opening, the temperature in this region decreases. The above flame structure has an important effect on the pollutant emission characteristics from these flames. The NO x emission index (EINO x ) continues to increase gradually for overall equivalence ratio starting from 1.5 up to 10. The CO emission index (EICO), on the other hand, remains nearly constant with respect to the variations in the equivalence ratio, and shows a substantial difference depending on the mixing characteristics of the fuel with the main premixed stream.
Autophosphorylation of Type Iβ cGMP-dependent Protein Kinase Increases Basal Catalytic Activity and Enhances Allosteric Activation by cGMP or cAMP

Autophosphorylation of purified bovine Iβ isozyme of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (Iβ cGK) in the presence of cGMP or cAMP increased basal kinase activity (−cGMP) as much as 4-fold and reduced the Ka for both cGMP and cAMP; maximum catalytic activity (+cGMP) was not altered. Autophosphorylation proceeded with at least two rate components. The faster rate correlated with phosphorylation of Ser-63. The slower rate, as well as the increase in basal kinase activity and decrease in Ka for cyclic nucleotides, correlated with phosphorylation of Ser-79. Autophosphorylation of either residue was an intramolecular reaction. Autophosphorylation of a proteolytically generated Iβ cGK monomer lacking amino-terminal residues 1-64 increased basal activity (3-fold) and decreased Ka for cAMP (15-fold). This indicated that autophosphorylation of Ser-79 did not require dimeric cGK and that the phosphorylation of Ser-79 in the monomer was sufficient to alter enzymatic characteristics of Iβ cGK. These studies suggested that increases in intracellular cGMP or cAMP could result in autophosphorylation of Iβ cGK, which would increase basal kinase activity as well as the sensitivity of cGK to activation by cGMP or to cross-activation by cAMP. Autophosphorylation could also prolong the increased kinase activity after decline of the second messenger.
The translation of formal proofs into English

Abstract The argument of a logical proof written up in English can be represented by a formal proof in symbolic logic; this formal proof can also be taken to represent the deep structure of the written proof. This paper describes a program which generates a written proof from such a representation.
Ventricular fibrillation during general anaesthesia in a seven-year-old patient with mitral valve prolapse.

A case report is presented of a seven-year-old boy who developed ventricular fibrillation during general anaesthesia with atracurium, O2, N2O and halothane, following tracheal intubation for hypospadias revision. He spontaneously defibrillated and the surgery was cancelled. Echocardiography done two days later was normal. The patient returned two weeks later for the same procedure. He developed nodal tachycardia, and premature ventricular contractions, which responded to lidocaine. A second echocardiographic examination done postoperatively while the child as crying showed mitral valve prolapse.
On the nature of carbon-hydrogen bond activation at rhodium and related reactions.

Over the past 20 years, substantial progress has been made in the understanding of the activation of C-H and other strong bonds by reactive metal complexes in low oxidation states. This paper will present an overview of the use of pentamethylcyclopentadienyl and trispyrazolylborate rhodium complexes for the activation of arene and alkane C -H bonds. Insights into bond strengths, kinetic and thermodynamic selectivities, and the nature of the intermediates involved will be reviewed. The role of -2 arene complexes will be shown to be critical to the C-H activation reactions. Some information about the fleeting alkane U-complexes will also be presented. In addition, use of these complexes with thiophenes has shown the ability to cleave C -S bonds. Mechanistic information has been obtained indicating coordination through sulfur prior to cleavage. Relevant examples of nickel-based C -S cleavage will also be given.
Student Teacher Challenges: Using the Cognitive Load Theory as an Explanatory Lens.

Cognitive load theory (CLT) can explain the challenges faced by student teachers. This study, guided by the CLT, included 26 pre-service teachers. Participants completed a cognitive load self-report questionnaire and were interviewed at two points during their student teaching. Results revealed that student teachers decreased mental effort related to monitoring their students’ level of attention, meeting needs of diverse learners, and managing internal and external distractions. Qualitative analysis revealed: (1) student teachers became aware of limited cognitive resources; (2) lesson planning imposes cognitive load during student teaching; and (3) cognitive overload limits the ability to make modifications during teaching.
Optimisation of satellite optical transmission with correlated sways

In the reported studies of optical inter-satellite communications, the transmitter sways in the azimuth and elevation axes are always assumed being uncorrelated. In the present work, the analysis is extended to the correlated case. Theoretically, this study shows that the instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio follows the log-square-Hoyt distribution. Based on this model, it is further shown that the outage probability can be minimised, subject to a specified transmitter power, by appropriately adjusting some system parameters such as the transmitter gain.
Summer of '81

At IBM, a group of industrial engineers and university researchers collaborated in the summer to develop the earliest successful method of logic synthesis for ICs.
OVARIECTOMY AND CORPUS LUTEUM EXTRACT STUDIES ON RATS AND GROUND SQUIRRELS

The present work on ovariectomy and the effect of the corpus luteum was begun in 1928. When Corner and Allen (1, 2, 3) reported maintenance of pregnancy in ovariectomized rabbits, our cruder method of extraction was discarded and theirs used. After the work of the junior author on rats was well under way favorable effects on the maintenance of pregnancy were reported by Harris and Pfiffner (4). For this reason the work on albino rats will be given very briefly and that of the senior author, on ground squirrels (Citellus tridecemlineatus pallidus, from Western Kansas), more fully. The ovaries were removed aseptically at known intervals of time following copulation or the finding of the vaginal plug in the rats or at different sizes of the uterine enlargements in the ground squirrels which had copulated in the field before capture. Special care was taken to remove all of each ovary and if the extract appeared to aid in the maintenance of pregnancy a search was made at autopsy for any remaining ovarian tissu...
Comparison of Two Models Evaluating Automobile Safety Features

Two existing models of automobile crashes are extended and compared to improve the evaluation of the performance of new, vehicle-based technologies for crash avoidance. The crashes model is based on knowledge of the frequencies and severities of common crash scenarios. The fault tree model is based on knowledge of the frequencies of and relationships among accident causation events. New technology countermeasures, such as drowsy-driver warning and center-mounted brake lights, can be studied individually and in combination using either model. The effectiveness of the countermeasure technologies is measured as the reduction in the frequency and cumulative harm of crashes. For some technologies, it is more straightforward to estimate the effect of technology to mitigate a well-defined accident scenario, as in the crashes model. For other prospective technologies, it also is possible to measure the influence of technology on a well-defined initiating event, as in the fault tree model.
Reliability in testing: clinical and research applications.

Reliability of an instrument is described as its accuracy and dependability. Reliability is thought of in terms of the consistency, stability, and/or equivalence of measurements (Nieswiadomy, 1998, p. 199; Young, Taylor, & McLaughlin-Renpenning, 2001, p. 30). Reliability should be thought of in terms of the current study—the current sample at the time it is being studied. It is not a characteristic that necessarily transcends the specific circumstance of data collection. Although the reliability of an instrument in a prior study is important to know, ideally it should be assessed in each study (Nieswiadomy, 1998, p. 199). The concept of reliability may be clearer in a clinical context than in a research context. Clinically, for example, we need to know that the various tests to determine one’s HIV status and the progression of HIV disease do not provide results in a random fashion. Rather, they need to provide consistent meaning for everyone who is tested because the test results imply behavioral choices and treatment options. Clients and staff make major decisions based on test results. Nurses understand the concept of false negative and false positive. In the case of HIV testing, a false positive occurs when a person gets an HIVpositive test result but is not HIV infected. Conversely, a false-negative result occurs when a person gets an HIV-negative test result but is HIV-positive. We understand as clinicians that the lowest possible occurrence of fluke test results is essential if test results are to be meaningful or useful. Likewise, in a research context, the data must be stable and consistent so that we can make interpretations that are useful for understanding the phenomenon under investigation or for testing the outcomes of interventions. Equipment used in diagnostic assessment may need frequent calibration for accurate results, and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations and federal standards require that periodically all equipment be inspected and maintained by the biomedical engineering staff. On-paper instruments that are administered and interpreted by people provide reliable results only when all users are trained and certified to collect and interpret the data consistently. For example, the annual performance evaluation may or may not be applied and interpreted equitably throughout an institution by all raters, and for staff, salary increments or promotions may be at stake. Froman (1999) described a process of ensuring that a clinical ladder review system is objective, replicable, and fair—in other words, that it is consistently applied throughout a health care system. As another example, when people are subjected to performance testing, as in the case of CPR certification, it is crucial that all raters apply the criteria in the same way for certification to have meaning, or for it to be true that certified people “know” CPR.
Opportunities for Taiwan's industry

The Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) in Taiwan recently introduced nanotechnology to local traditional industries. Nanotechnologies provide a great opportunity for these companies to meet outside challenges and join the blooming electronic and optoelectronic industries. The Nanotechnology Community (NTC) was established in 2003, with the goal of finding commercial applications. This year, the Taiwan Nanotechnology Industrialization Promotion Association (TANIPA) was established, with the support of the Industrial Development Bureau, Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA), to formulate a strategy for industrial applications in Taiwan and to facilitate cooperation between industries, universities, and research institutes.
Are We Ready for a Natural History of Motor Learning

Here we argue that general principles with regard to the contributions of the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and primary motor cortex to motor learning can begin to be inferred from explicit comparison across model systems and consideration of phylogeny. Both the cerebellum and the basal ganglia have highly conserved circuit architecture in vertebrates. The cerebellum has consistently been shown to be necessary for adaptation of eye and limb movements. The precise contribution of the basal ganglia to motor learning remains unclear but one consistent finding is that they are necessary for early acquisition of novel sequential actions. The primary motor cortex allows independent control of joints and construction of new movement synergies. We suggest that this capacity of the motor cortex implies that it is a necessary locus for motor skill learning, which we argue is the ability to execute selected actions with increasing speed and precision.
ACTIVATION ANALYSES OF VANADIUM, ARSENIC, MOLYBDENUM, TUNGSTEN, RHENIUM, AND GOLD IN MARINE ORGANISMS1

Activation analyses have been carried out for 6 trace elements—vanadium, arsenic, molybdenum, tungsten, rhenium, and gold—in the ashes of several different types of marine organisms. Radiochemical procedures coupled with gamma-ray measurement permitted unambiguous determination of submicrogram amounts of these elements. No reagent blank corrections were needed. Experimental sensitivities for each element are given.
SU-FF-T-79: Dosimetric QA Tests of An Online Replanning Technique for Prostate Adaptive Radiotherapy

Purpose: We have previously developed an online replanning technique to be completed within 8 minutes. In preparation for its clinical implementation, a comprehensive QA test was performed to ensure its dosimetric accuracy and operational efficiency. Method and Materials: The newly developed online replanning technique based on fast aperture morphing and weight optimization has been integrated into a planning system (Prowess). Daily CTs acquired using a CT‐on‐Rails (Siemens) of 3 randomly selected fractions for each of 5 representative prostate cancer cases were used to generate 15 daily plans in total. An independent MU calculation tool (RadCalc) was used to verify the MU numbers. All daily plans were delivered and measured with a 2D diode array (MapCheck). Results: The time required for the entire replanning process starting from loading daily CT to getting the daily plan ready for delivery were less than 8 minutes, comparable to the time of the current IGRT repositioning procedure. The average time required for generating contours of prostate, rectum and bladder, aperture morphing and weight optimization, plan review, and transferring into the delivery system were 3, 2, 1, and 0.5 minutes, respectively. The agreement between MU numbers from RadCalc and from the online replanning tool remained the same as for the original plans and was acceptable (within 5%). The QA passing rates (the agreements between the measured and calculated dose distributions) for daily plans were equivalent to those for the original plans and were acceptable (within 95%). Conclusion: This new online replanning technique is dosiemtrically accurate and practically efficient. Since the daily adaptive plans are not drastically different from the original plan, a QA measurement may not be necessary. A clinical trial to test the feasibility and efficacy of this replanning technique for prostate cancer is being initiated.
Alterations of the Biochemical Pathways of Plants by the Air Pollutant Ozone: Which are the True Gauges of Injury?

Plant strategies to survive ozone stress include exclusion or tolerance of ozone. If these processes fail, past observations of ozone injury have indicated many physiological and metabolic changes then occur; most of these changes are likely to have been initiated at the level of gene expression, suggesting signal transduction. In the last decade considerable understanding of the biochemical process within plants has been developed. Currently there are several hypotheses regarding a response of plants to ozone fumigation: [1] membrane dysfunction and alteration of purpose; [2] stress ethylene interactions; [3] impairment of photosynthesis via changes in Rubisco levels and the guard cells so that the stomata do not track correctly the environment; [4] antioxidant protection through metabolites and enzyme systems to reduce the oxidant load; and [5] general impairment or disruption of metabolic pathways. Many believe that free radicals and other oxidative products, formed in plant leaves under ozone exposure, are responsible for much of the spread of the biochemical alterations. There are obvious chemicals that may account for the changes that are observed, such as hydrogen peroxide. Once the ozone enters the tissue, evidence suggests the first line of defense is a range of antioxidants, such as ascorbate, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. If overwhelmed, subsequent events occur which are highly suggestive of systemic acquired resistance. Furthermore, other defensive indicators, such as salicylic acid and jasmonic acid, tend to increase, but more slowly than ethylene, and spread their signaling effects more widely in the plant. The primary set of metabolic reactions that ozone triggers is thought to be "wounding" responses with a secondary response of senescence. The dramatic strides in understanding the genetic make-up of plants, gene control, and signal transduction/control over the last few years will only accelerate in the future. We need now to have an understanding of those events that can be translated into more detailed schemes of how ozone alters much of the basic metabolism of plants and how plants counteract or cope with ozone. What is now known about how varied biochemicals and their pathways are changed upon ozone exposure will be discussed.
Photochemical image enhancement for 0.5 μm g‐line lithography

Materials and processing are described that provide 0.5 μm resolution with between 1 and 2 μm total depth of focus using a 436 nm stepper with 0.42 N.A., using the previously described PIE process (SPIE 631, 171 (1986)); 0.4 μm lines, spaces, and line/space gratings were reproduced. The chemistry is based on the photobleaching of anthracene derivatives in the presence of oxygen, followed by a deep-UV pattern transfer exposure under nitrogen. Although resolution and process control are quite good, the exposure time of 1.2 s is somewhat long due to the limited oxygen permeability of the chosen polymer; in addition the strong unbleachable absorbance of the deep-UV resist limits the usable thickness to ∼500 nm. Materials have been identified that promise to overcome both limitations, yielding thicknesses of 1 μm or more and exposure times less than 500 ms. Application to 365 and 248 nm imaging is also possible.
Anomalous chlorofluorocarbon uptake by mesoscale eddies in the Drake Passage region

The role of mesoscale eddies in the uptake of anthropogenic chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11) gas is investigated with a 1/20° eddy-resolving numerical ocean model of a region of the Southern Ocean. With a relatively fast air-sea equilibrium time scale (about a month), the air-sea CFC-11 flux quickly responds to the changes in the mixed layer CFC-11 partial pressure (pCFC-11). At the mesoscale, significant correlations are observed between pCFC-11 anomaly, anomalies in sea surface temperature (SST), net heat flux, and mixed layer depth. An eddy-centric analysis of the simulated CFC-11 field suggests that anticyclonic warm-core eddies generate negative pCFC-11 anomalies and cyclonic cold-core eddies generate positive anomalies of pCFC-11. Surface pCFC-11 is modulated by mixed layer dynamics in addition to CFC-11 air-sea fluxes. A negative cross correlation between mixed layer depth and surface pCFC-11 anomalies is linked to higher CFC-11 uptake in anticyclones and lower CFC-11 uptake in cyclones, especially in winter. An almost exact asymmetry in the air-sea CFC-11 flux between cyclones and anticyclones is found.