cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antibody Mediated Suppression of the Primary Hemagglutination Response in Young Chickens

Abstract The passive transfer of sera containing a high concentration of anti-sheep erythrocyte antibodies to juvenile chickens resulted in antibody mediated suppression of the primary hemagglutination response. This immunosuppression was not dependent upon having antibody in the system for several hours prior to the introduction of the antigen or upon multiple injections of the antisera. It appears that antibody mediated suppression in the young chicken is not mechanistically dependent upon the amount of antibody which is transferred or upon antibody being present in circulation for several hours prior to the antigen challenge.
Twenty-First-Century Arctic Climate Change in CCSM4

AbstractThe authors summarize the twenty-first-century Arctic climate simulated by NCAR’s Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4). Under a strong radiative forcing scenario, the model simulates a much warmer, wetter, cloudier, and stormier Arctic climate with considerably less sea ice and a fresher Arctic Ocean. The high correlation among the variables composing these changes—temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, sea level pressure (SLP), and ice concentration—suggests that their close coupling collectively represents a fingerprint of Arctic climate change. Although the projected changes in CCSM4 are generally consistent with those in other GCMs, several noteworthy features are identified. Despite more global warming in CCSM4, Arctic changes are generally less than under comparable greenhouse forcing in CCSM3, as represented by Arctic amplification (16% weaker) and the date of a seasonally ice-free Arctic Ocean (20 years later). Autumn is the season of the most pronounced Arctic climate change...
Isothermal Titration Calorimetry for Measuring Macromolecule-Ligand Affinity

Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is a useful tool for understanding the complete thermodynamic picture of a binding reaction. In biological sciences, macromolecular interactions are essential in understanding the machinery of the cell. Experimental conditions, such as buffer and temperature, can be tailored to the particular binding system being studied. However, careful planning is needed since certain ligand and macromolecule concentration ranges are necessary to obtain useful data. Concentrations of the macromolecule and ligand need to be accurately determined for reliable results. Care also needs to be taken when preparing the samples as impurities can significantly affect the experiment. When ITC experiments, along with controls, are performed properly, useful binding information, such as the stoichiometry, affinity and enthalpy, are obtained. By running additional experiments under different buffer or temperature conditions, more detailed information can be obtained about the system. A protocol for the basic setup of an ITC experiment is given.
Osteogenic Sarcoma of the Humerus after Cobalt Plaque Treatment for Retinoblastoma

Summary A 13-year-old boy developed an osteogenic sarcoma of the right humerus ten years after treatment for bilateral retinoblastoma. The bilateral retinoblastoma had been managed with enucleation of one eye and successful treatment of the solitary tumor in the other eye with a single application of a local 10-mm round cobalt plaque. Patients with bilateral retinoblastoma have a significant (15 to 20%) chance of developing a second, nonocular, neoplasm. These neoplasms have occurred from one to 42 years after the treatment for retinoblastoma. The most common of these tumors is an osteogenic sarcoma; it may occur after external beam irradiation, local cobalt plaque, or no irradiation. The tumors may be in the skull or at distant sites whether or not these patients receive radiation.
Retention of active-avoidance behavior after intermediate retention interval in hypophysectomized and adrenalectomized rats.

Hypophysectomized, adrenalectomized, and sham-operated rats acquire a passive-avoidance aversive-conditioning task significantly more rapidly after an intermediate retention interval than either 10 min or 24 hr after original active-avoidance learning. Therefore, a normal adrenal-pituitary system does not seem to be a necessary prerequisite for performance deficits to occur after intermediate intervals.
Molecular beam epitaxy of InGaN thin films on Si(111): Effect of substrate nitridation

Abstract The effect of silicon nitridation on structural quality, indium incorporation, and electrical properties of the InGaN/Si heterojunctions is investigated. A series of In x Ga 1 − x N ( x = 0–0.32) thin films are grown directly on Si(111) substrates, with and without a Si x N y surface layer, by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The crystalline quality is higher and the indium incorporation is increased when the In x Ga 1 − x N thin films are grown with the intentional Si x N y buffer. These observations are explained by the reduced local elastic stress at the interface and N-polarity of the surface, both of which promote the incorporation of In. The obtained n-In x Ga 1 − x N/p-Si ( x = 0.2–0.3) heterojunctions exhibit a nearly ohmic behavior, and the series resistance is higher for the Si x N y -containing junctions. Our results suggest that unlike the amorphous Si x N y region spontaneously formed during direct deposition of III-nitrides on Si, the Si x N y layer obtained by high-temperature annealing of Si(111) in nitrogen atmosphere is beneficial to the In x Ga 1 − x N deposition.
An “Exciting” Way to Heal

Depression commonly evokes an image of a troubled mind that has succumbed to the pressure of stress. Therefore, the immediate reaction to a patient with depression is to take the stressors away and to calm down the troubled neuronal circuits that got activated by the stress. Paradoxically, new research from Friedman et al. suggests that one way to treat depression may lie not in pacifying the hyperexcitable dopamine neurons but rather in driving them into activity-fueled exhaustion. Mice that are defeated socially over several days by a dominant aggressive cage mate naturally separate into two groups: mice that are susceptible to this stress and develop long-lasting depressive-like behavior such as avoiding social contact and losing motivation, and resilient mice that are unaffected by the stress. Depressive-like behavior in susceptible mice is associated with increased activity of dopamine-producing neurons in a brain region called the ventral tegmental area (VTA). If these neurons remain overactive, the mice are more likely to show signs of depression. In a surprising twist, new data from Friedman et al. suggest that the best treatment for depression is not to attenuate the activity of these VTA neurons but rather to put them into overdrive. The researchers found that resilient mice displayed an even stronger activation of VTA neurons than did the “depressed” mice. The neuronal hyperactivity triggered a strong inhibitory current that counterbalanced the hyperexcitabiliy and normalized neuronal firing. Experimental overactivation of the VTA neurons by using optogenetics or lamotrigine, a drug used to treat bipolar disorder, induced a compensatory adaptation that corrected the out-of-balance electrical activity in susceptible mice and reversed symptoms, such as social withdrawal and anxiety. Importantly, whereas several days of repeated VTA neuronal hyperactivation was needed to induce the resilient state, once the new balance was established it rendered dopamine neurons resistant to perturbations, and the mice became resilient to future stress. This elegant study suggests a new strategy to treat depression that relies on promoting or triggering natural resilience mechanisms in the brain. A. K. Friedman et al ., Enhancing depression mechanisms in midbrain dopamine neurons achieves homeostatic resilience. Science 344 , 313–319 (2014). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/344/6181/313.abstract
Development of an emergency department work score to predict ambulance diversion.

Objectives: The authors sought to develop and validate an emergency department (ED) work score that could be used in real time to quantify crowding and staff workload in an ED. This work score could be used by public health officials to direct ambulance traffic based on an objective measure of ED status and to track ED conditions over time. In addition, the authors sought to determine which portion of ED care was most responsible for crowding. Methods: The setting was a tertiary teaching hospital with an emergency medicine residency. A number of ED parameters were measured throughout 2003 and then matched to times that an ED was on diversion status. Odd months of the year were used to develop the standard and even months to validate the standard. A marginal logistic regression analysis was used to develop the standard. The decision to divert ambulances was used as the criterion for ED crowding. Results: The logistic regression demonstrated excellent correlation between the work score and diversion status. At the point of maximum inflection of the receiver operating characteristic curve, the work score predicted diversion status with 86% sensitivity and 80% specificity. Conclusions: An ED work score was successfully developed and internally validated. External validation should be performed before widespread use.
The visual evoked potential during development of focal epilepsy

Using the intracortical hemoglobin model for focal epilepsy, changes in the visual evoked potential were evaluated during epileptogenesis in guinea pigs. The amplitude of the late components of the evoked potential exhibited a transient increase in all animals during the first few weeks and, 112 months later, a second sustained increase was seen in 41%. In 71% of these this sustained increase preceded, by 1–2 weeks, photic induced focal spike activity. The late components of the visual evoked potential reflect the same excitability state which is responsible for focal epileptogenesis in visual cortex and may be useful in predicting the development of seizures following head trauma.
Cities and Suburbs: New Metropolitan Realities in the US

Bernadette Hanlon, John Rennie Short & Thomas J. Vicino, 2010 New York, Routledge 285 pp., ISBN 978-0-415-49731-2, [euro]33.99 (paperback) The American suburbs are not monolithic, even if the conve...
Initiation of infection of mosquito larvae (Culiseta inornata) by Coelomomyces psorophorae

Abstract This work establishes the sequence of events as the water mold, Coelomomyces psorophorae , develops and enters mosquito larvae through the cuticles of these insects. The fungal cyst shows a number of adaptations for a parasitic function. A bulb-shaped appressorium is produced at germination which is initiated and/or maintained by a microtubular skeleton. The tip of the appressorium secretes a dense amorphous substance, then produces a narrow penetration tube which grows through the larval cuticle. The penetration tube maintains its narrow diameter as it grows inside the host epidermal cell. The parasite protoplasm is injected into a host epidermal cell. The protoplast is squeezed through the narrow tube by the (probably rapid) expansion of a vacuole in the cyst body at the end distal to the penetration point. There is a correlation of cuticular texture with adhesion patterns of cysts. A cuticular collar is always seen in successful penetrations. The sequence of development after attachment of the fungal zygotes is: germination between 1 and 2 hr; penetration between 3 and 4 hr; and injection between 6.5 and 8 hr.
Estimation of a caller retrial rate for a telephone information system

Abstract As part of a continuing study of the usage of its Taxpayer Service Telephone Network, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service wished to determine more accurate methods for demand measurement. It has long been recognized that the total number of calls coming into such a busy telephone system overestimates the actual number of distinct callers. The Service had previously estimated its real demand by adding ( 1 3 ) of both the number of blocked or overflow calls and the number of abandonments to the total actually answered. The thrust of this current study then was to develop an accurate statistical method for providing a more objective formula for this true demand, which turns out to be equivalent to estimating the probability of retrial by blocked and abandoned callers. The major result which has come from this effort is that the average daily retrial percentage taken across location and time of year seems to be moderately stable about a mean value of 69%, somewhat dependent on both location and (particularly) time of year. The value is consistently higher during periods close to important filing milestones and lower otherwise. We show this to mean that, whenever a rate of 69% is used, the actual demand would be estimated by augmenting completed loads by 31% of the number of blocked and abandoned calls for the period of concern.
Computer simulation study of a two-dimensional dipolar lattice

The present work reports Monte Carlo calculations on a classical square lattice, consisting of purely dipolar plane rotators with identical dipole moments. Dipolar interactions are known not be essential for nematic ordering, but they can play a significant role in some specific cases; along the lines of the lattice model approximation already used in simulation work on liquid crystals, our system can be considered as an extreme case of nematogenic potential model. The system possesses an antiferroelectric ground state and, at higher temperature, it undergoes a transition to an orientationally disordered phase; comparison with the mean-field treatment of the transition is also reported. The structural properties were investigated by calculating orientational correlation functions, and found to exhibit some qualitative differences with respect to other potential models previously investigated for nematics. Simulation results indicate a close qualitative similarity with a three-dimensional analogue investigated in our previous work.
Increasing Efficiency and Decreasing Waste by Overhauling Interlibrary Loan Procedures at a Small Community College

While the ideal of a paperless library may be unobtainable, striving for a paperless interlibrary loan department is both possible and desirable. Interlibrary loan departments at smaller academic libraries are often understaffed and overworked. In this environment, streamlining and efficiency become priorities; implementing practical changes that save time, effort, and money are critical. Changes may include going paperless, improving shipping techniques, using custom holdings wisely, and training staff for efficiency.
Pressure-induced phonon instabilities in copper chloride

The phonon spectra of zinc-blende CuCl are studied as a function of pressure using density functional linear-response theory. A pressure-induced soft transverse-acoustic-phonon mode is identified. At 2.6 GPa, the TA phonon mode softens at the X point, initiating the phase transition from the zinc-blende structure CuCl-II to a cubic structure CuCl-IV. The previously proposed off-center displacement model and the Fermi resonance model for Raman anomalies are examined. This study suggests that the anomaly in the Raman spectrum results from Fermi resonance.
Thymine dimer-induced structural changes to the DNA duplex examined with reactive probes (†).

Despite significant progress in the past decade, questions still remain about the complete structural, dynamic, and thermodynamic effect of the cis-syn cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer lesion (hereafter called the thymine dimer) on double-stranded genomic DNA. We examined a 19-mer oligodeoxynucleotide duplex containing a thymine dimer lesion using several small, base-selective reactive chemical probes. These molecules probe whether the presence of the dimer causes the base pairs to be more accessible to the solution, either globally or adjacent to the dimer. Though all of the probes confirm that the overall structure of the dimer-containing duplex is conserved compared to that of the undamaged parent duplex, reactions with both diethyl pyrocarbonate and Rh(bpy)2(chrysi)3+ indicate that the duplex is locally destabilized near the lesion. Reactions with potassium permanganate and DEPC hint that the dimer-containing duplex may also be globally more accessible to the solution through a subtle shift in the double-...
Bed forms and stratification types of modern gravel meander lobes, Nueces River, Texas

All major streams draining the southwestern flank of the Edwards Plateau in south-central Texas transport large volumes of gravel and sandy muddy gravel and are developing meander lobe sequences consisting predominantly of coarse gravel. The largest of these streams, the Nueces River, has a sinuosity index of 1.3 and an average stream surface slope of 1.8 m/km in the study area. Stream discharge is variable and has ranged from no flow to more than 17,000 m3/s. Mean clast b-axis length for the ten largest clasts at thirteen sample sites ranged from 2.5 to 10.8 cm. Velocities of 2.7-4.4 m/s 1 m above the stream bed are required to transport these clasts. Stream velocities of these magnitudes occur about once in 8 years when discharge of the Nueces River exceeds 3300 m3/s. Mean grain size of Nueces River alluvium ranges from 1.2 to 3.4 cm. At a flow depth of 1 m, sediment of this size has a critical erosion velocity of 1.8-3 m/s. Velocities of this magnitude occur about once in two years when discharge exceeds 340 m3/s. Under these conditions flow is subcritical, with critical shear stresses on depositional surfaces ranging from 6.4 to 12.7 kg/m2. Gravel clasts are imbricated and channel bed forms are predominantly transverse gravel bars with slip faces ranging up to 2 m high and wavelengths in excess of 100 m. Stratification includes graded planar crossbeds and horizontal beds. Lower lateral accretion face sediments are also predominantly transverse bars; upper lateral accretion face deposits occur as longitudinal gravel ridges deposited in the lee of vegetation and, less commonly, as chute bars. Near the upper limit of meander lobes where vegetation is heavy, mud and muddy sand occur as overbank deposits; in these deposits sedimentary structures other than desiccation cracks are rare. Sedimentary sequences in gravel meander lobe systems deposited by low sinuosity streams are graded or non-graded horizontal beds and planar cross-beds overlain by mud and muddy sand interbedded with horizontally bedded gravels. Sequences may be several metres thick, but probably do not exceed 8-10 m in thickness. These deposits in turn are overlain by overbank deposits of mud and muddy sand. Similar sedimentary sequences occur in the extensive Quaternary terraces that parallel the Nueces River.
Histone deacetylase co-repressor complex control of Runx2 and bone formation

A decade has passed since the transcription factor, Runx2, was found to be essential for osteoblast development and chondrocyte hypertrophy. During the last 10 years, our understanding of Runx2's physiological roles and the molecular mechanisms whereby it regulates gene expression to control cell-cycle progression and cellular differentiation has increased exponentially. Runx2 is expressed in osteoblasts, prehypertrophic chondrocytes, mesenchymal cells of the perichondrium, T lymphocytes, endothelial cells, and breast and prostate epithelial cells, with increased expression observed in breast and prostate carcinomas. Although Runx2 and other mammalian Runt domain proteins were originally described as transcriptional activators, they are also transcriptional repressors and thus maintain functional similarities with their Drosophila homolog, Runt. Runx2 binds a consensus DNA sequence but does not possess any enzymatic activities that directly affect chromatin structure. It alters gene expression by recruiting cofactors to gene regulatory elements. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are among the co-repressors that interact with Runx2. In this review, we summarize data demonstrating that several HDACs and their associated proteins interact with Runx2, regulate its activity, and affect bone formation. HDACs are components of multiprotein complexes that interact with many transcription factors and are subject to regulation by extracellular signals. The elucidation of HDAC complex components that influence Runx2 activity in specific cell types and in response to various extracellular stimuli will increase our understanding of how this crucial transcription factor functions, and how we might be able to control its activity to influence bone formation or reduce bone disease associated with cancer metastasis.
Well-Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Thin Film with Perpendicular Channels: Application to Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

Ordered mesoporous thin film carbon (TFC) material, of short channels vertical to the film, was synthesized by the replication of mesoporous silica SBA-15(⊥) template and was deposited with PtRu nanocatalyst as an anodic material in direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The anode nanocatalyst PtRu was characterized by XRD, Raman, XPS, nitrogen adsorption, and COad stripping. Electrocatalytic activity, characterized by anodic current, was compared with PtRu supported on various carbon supports, including TFC, CMK-3, and XC-72. The much enhanced methanol electrochemical oxidation activity in PtRu/TFC was ascribed to increased nanocatalysts' utilization efficiency with the short nanochannels of TFC.
Gossip, Ghosts, and Memory: Mother Courage and the Forging of the Berliner Ensemble

Any actor taking on the role of Mother Courage takes on not only the ghost of Helene Weigel, whose performance of the role made theatre history, but also the notable past of the Berliner Ensemble, which began with the casting for the 1949 Berlin production under Soviet patronage and amidst the devastation of World War II and the Holocaust. The model ensemble was forged from a ragtag assembly of survivors whose individual and collective histories—professional and political—are deeply embedded in the play. In these times of endangered privacy and civil liberties, the genealogy of this historic ensemble serves again as a challenging model to examine the role of the theatre in society.
How individual sensitivities to disagreement shape youth political expression on Facebook

Mixed-methods study to examine youth perceptions of political content on Facebook.Complicated social norms govern appropriate youth political expression on Facebook.Qualitative interviews suggest politics on Facebook associated with rants and drama.Survey finds effects of disagreement depend on interest and conflict avoidance.Disagreement on Facebook only uncomfortable and demobilizing for some individuals. Social networking sites like Facebook increasingly shape youth engagement with politics, but less is known about the factors that shape willingness to engage in political interaction on the site. This study combines twenty in-depth interviews with a survey of young adults to examine how individual predispositions, perceptions of the Facebook political climate, and network characteristics shape attitudes and behaviors toward posting political content on Facebook. Our results suggest that predispositions like political interest and conflict avoidance create distinct "sensitivities" to Facebook's political climate and the potential for contentious political disagreement that condition willingness to post about politics.
Crystallization of reconstituted sperm whale myoglobins.

WE wish to report that reconstituted sperm whale myoglobin prepared by the method of Breslow1 (except that pH 2 was found sufficient to remove all the haem) (I) crystallizes2 in a different habit from those prepared by the method of Rossi-Fanelli et al.3 (II) using haemin of Sigma lot 77B-0220 and our own 57Fe photoporphyrin preparation and the native myoglobin (III). Although all three form type A3 monoclinic prisms, the best developed plane is [001] for II and III, it is [100] for I. There seems to be great interest in reconstituted haemoproteins4,5, so it is important that crystallization habit may be a sensitive test for subtle changes in protein structures.
Human Control of Leader-Based Swarms

As swarms are used in increasingly more complex scenarios, further investigation is needed to determine how to give human operators the best tools to properly influence the swarm after deployment. Previous research has focused on relaying influence from the operator to the swarm, either by broadcasting commands to the entire swarm or by influencing the swarm through the teleoperation of a leader. While these methods each have their different applications, there has been a lack of research into how the influence should be propagated through the swarm in leader-based methods. This paper focuses on two simple methods of information propagation-flooding and consensus-and compares the ability of operators to maneuver the swarm to goal points using each, both with and without sensing error. Flooding involves each robot explicitly matching the speed and direction of the leader (or matching the speed and direction of the first neighboring robot that has already done so), and consensus involves each robot matching the average speed and direction of all the neighbors it senses. We discover that the flooding method is significantly more effective, yet the consensus method has some advantages at lower speeds, and in terms of overall connectivity and cohesion of the swarm.
Self‐management of fibromyalgia: The role of formal coping skills training and physical exercise training programs

There has been growing interest in the use of formal self-management training programs for people with fibromyalgia (FM). In these programs, health care professionals serve as trainers and provide education about FM and guided instruction in specific self-management strategies. A review of the literature on formal self-management training programs for FM suggests that they can be divided into groups: 1) those emphasizing training in coping skills (e.g., relaxation, activity pacing, and problem-solving techniques), and 2) those emphasizing training in physical exercise (e.g., cardiovascular fitness, strength, and endurance training). In this article, we review studies that have tested the efficacy of both types of programs. In addition, we identify key individual and contextual variables that are related to outcome and highlight future directions in the research and development of self-management programs.
Initiation and maintenance of CNTF-Jak/STAT signaling in neurons is blocked by protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors.

Abstract Cytokines, including interferon-γ and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), act in common through tyrosine kinase-based Jak/STAT signaling pathways. We found that activation of the Jak/STAT pathway by both interferon-γ and CNTF in nerve cells was rapidly terminated by tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors. Exposure of human neuroblastoma cells, BE(2)-C, first to tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors (either phenylarsine oxide or PTP inhibitor-2) prevented Jak1, STAT1 and STAT3 activation elicited subsequently by either CNTF or interferon-γ. In contrast, exposure of these cells to phosphatase inhibitors after initial stimulation by CNTF or interferon-γ prevented the normal time-dependent decrease of total cellular phosphotyrosine-STAT levels as expected, while excluding already formed phosphotyrosine-STAT from the nucleus. Thus, treatment of nerve cells with a tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor blocked nuclear signal transduction. A similar inhibition of CNTF–Jak/STAT signaling was observed following tyrosine phosphatase inhibition in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, HMN-1 mouse motor neuron–neuroblastoma hybrid cells, HepG2 human hepatoma cells and embryonic chick ciliary ganglion and retinal neurons. Expression of dominant-negative forms of the tyrosine phosphatases, SHP-1 and/or SHP-2, in BE(2)-C cells had no effect on CNTF activation of STAT or on the ability of phosphatase inhibitors to block signaling. Further, results from H-35 cells expressing gp130 receptor subunits lacking functional SHP-2 binding sites revealed normal cytokine activation of Jak and STAT that was inhibited by phosphatase inhibitors. These findings suggest a critical control for regulating the initiation of Jak/STAT signaling requiring tyrosine phosphatase activity.
Impurity penetration and transport during VH-mode on DIII-D

A new modeling effort is made in order to understand the observed relatively low levels of impurity contamination during the VH-mode phase on DIII-D, as compared to those observed during the H-mode phase of selected discharges. The key element is the inclusion of the real 2-D flux surface geometry in the prediction of impurity penetration of sputtered atoms through the scrape-off layer into the core plasma. Of the elements which determine the impurity content in the plasma: sputtering yield, penetration, and core transport, the penetration through the scrape-off layer is found to be the most determinative factor. The low impurity content in VH-mode is attributed to the development of a scrape-off layer with higher density and temperature properties than those normally obtained in H-mode.
Ionization in collisions between (200–2000)-keV protons and He + ( 1 s , 2 s , or 3 s ) ions studied using a Sturmian basis

Cross sections have been determined for ionization as well as stripping in collisions between protons and ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ ions in the $1s,$ $2s,$ or $3s$ state for proton energies from 200 keV to 2 MeV using the coupled-Sturmian-pseudostate approach. Detailed convergence studies are presented. For comparison, and to include neglected higher partial waves, first Born cross sections are also reported. By using a larger basis, this work extends earlier calculations that were limited to the $1s$ initial state [T. G. Winter and S. G. Alston, Phys. Rev. A 45, 1562 (1992)]. Further, a correction has been applied to the uneven distribution of Sturmian-generated energies at the ionization threshold, yielding cross sections much more stable with respect to basis size.
Lunar daily harmonic geomagnetic variation as indicated by spectral analysis.

Abstract Two series of hourly magnetic data, one from 54 observatories, have been analyzed spectrally and also, in some cases, harmonically. The main series is for the sunspot maximum 1957–1959, the other for the preceding minimum, 1953–1955. In all, 210 annual sets of hourly values, chiefly for the horizontal component H, were used. Prominent peaks appear in the spectra for the harmonics Sn (with frequencies n cycles/day) of the solar daily variation S, for n up to 4, and in a few cases even up to 11. Lower peaks are shown for the components Ln of the lunar daily variation L, up to 4, caused by the dynamo action, in the ionosphere, of the main term M2 in the lunar atmospheric tide; the term T1 possibly includes a significant part caused by the next main lunar tidal term, O1 (diurnal). Other peaks appear less prominently, that may be identifiable with the L harmonics corresponding to dynamo action of minor lunar tidal terms; the indications of these peaks should be checked by harmonic analysis of longer series of data. For some of the data sets the amplitudes inferred from the spectral analysis are compared with those derived by harmonic analysis. The latter are systematically smaller, but for the solar harmonics Sn the difference is slight. It is large, however, for the main lunar harmonics derived from high latitude data, which show much irregular disturbance.
Interference near the Coulomb barrier and complex interactions for inelastic scattering

Abstract The interference between nuclear and Coulomb excitation amplitudes for inelastic scattering at energies near the top of the Coulomb barrier is very sensitive to the phase of the nuclear interaction. The 114Cd(h,h′) reaction is used as an example.
Differential Pharmacology of Newer Antidepressants

New antidepressants have become available for clinical use in the 1990s. Before this decade, the drugs available to treat depression consisted essentially of lithium, the monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and tricyclic antidepressants. Trazodone and bupropion, introduced in the mid-1980s, were the first major departures from the pharmacology of the tricyclics. Following the introduction in 1988 of the first serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) in the United States, the options have expanded and now include four SSRIs (fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine), nefazodone, venlafaxine, and mirtazapine. Citalopram and reboxetine are expected to be available by the end of the decade. These newer drugs possess a variety of pharmacological characteristics that are relevant to the choice of an antidepressant for clinical use. This review summarizes some of the major pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic similarities and differences among these drugs.
Physiological responses to temperature acclimation in the lizard Uta mearnsi

Abstract 1. 1. Uta mearnsi was acclimated at two temperatures. 2. 2. The oxygen consumption, herat rate and breathing rate of warm-acclimated lizards was lower at various body temperatures than that of cold-acclimated lizards. 3. 3. The critical thermal maximum of warm-acclimated lizards was higher than that of cold-acclimated lizards. 4. 4. The resistance time to death at high body temperatures was longer in warm-acclimated animals. The incipient lethal temperatures were determined for both acclimation groups.
The Two John Knoxes and the Justification of Non-Revolution: A Response to Dawson's Argument from Covenant

In her influential article, ‘The two John Knoxes: England, Scotland and the 1558 tracts’, Jane Dawson proposes a new understanding of John Knox's (1558) doctrine of resistance. Knox, she contends, argues for political insurrection in England but only clerical reform in Scotland on the basis of a theological distinction: England is a covenanted nation, while Scotland is not. Yet a close reading of Knox's Appellation seems to suggest that he considers both England and Scotland to be covenanted nations at this time. As such the difference in Knox's advice regarding rebellion seems best explained by his distinction between various categories of covenant obligation, as well as among different political spheres and pragmatic conditions in which these obligations obtain.
Odortypes and MHC peptides: complementary chemosignals of MHC haplotype?

The olfactory and immune systems must perform optimally in the task of recognizing thousands of molecules to ensure survival. A particularly intriguing link between these systems is that animals can smell differences in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a cluster of highly polymorphic genes found on human chromosome 6 and mouse chromosome 17. Two different sets of compounds found in urine have been postulated to convey information on MHC haplotype: volatile compounds (odortypes) and MHC peptides. Here we argue for complementary roles for these chemosignals.
Enhancement of Class II-restricted T cell responses by costimulatory NK receptors for Class I MHC proteins

An important feature of the human immune system is the ability of T cells to respond to small quantities of antigen. Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted T cells that expressed a costimulatory natural killer (NK) cell receptor for class I MHC proteins were cloned. In the presence of low doses of superantigen, the proliferative response of these T cell clones was three- to ninefold greater when the T cells were costimulated by way of the NK receptor. Thus, the action of costimulatory NK receptors on T cells may play a significant role in initiating and sustaining immune responses.
The unexpandable lung.

1. There are times when a lung fails to re-expand after being collapsed by artificial pneumothorax. 2. This unexpandable state may be due to bronchial obstruction, massive fibrosis of the lung, protracted empyema or to any combination of these. 3. Early detection of this complication is possible by frequent fluoroscopic examinations and manometric observations. 4. Perhaps this complication would be encountered less frequently if all pleural effusions of any magnitude were removed by frequent aspirations, if a collapsing (relaxing) compressive type of pneumothorax were maintained, and if artificial pneumothorax were not used where bronchial stenosis exists. 5. Treatment of the unexpandable lung calls for obliteration of the pleural space by thoracoplasty or by oleothorax. If neither one is feasible, refills must be indefinitely continued.
Discontinuity and quasi‐continuity: Alternative hypotheses of multifactorial inheritance

Consequences of three models of multifactorial inheritance are deduced for inbreeding effects and recurrence risks, and methods are developed to test goodness of fit. Applying the computer program DISQUAC to several bodies of data, we find that every one which fits a quasi-continuous modcl also fits a discontinuous one. Our results show that it is exceedingly difficult, and may be practically impossible, to infer the genetic basis of traits which do not give regular mendelian ratios. The only consolation is that predicted recurrence risks are esscntially the same for similar models. Thus the two quasi-continuous models of Falconer and Edwards, which assume cumulative gene action, seem in practice indistinguishable, while the genetic load model can be differentiated only if there is significant dominancc. Useful predictions for genetic counseling may be made from a well-fitting model even when the mode of inheritance is unclear. In particular, it is shown how to estimate the probability of affection in the next child after s sibs have been born, of whom r were affected, when there is no birth order effect.
Dielectronic recombination of highly charged ions

Abstract Cross sections for dielectronic recombination of C 5+ , O 7+ and Ne 9+ are calculated. The results should be useful in calibration of experiments using beams of highly charged ions produced from Van der Graaff accelerators.
Thermodynamic predictions of various tetrahydrofuran and hydrogen clathrate hydrates

Abstract Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is one of the most widely used analogues for gas hydrates as well as a commonly used additive for reducing the formation pressure of a given hydrate process. Hydrates are also currently being investigated as storage materials for hydrogen as well as materials for hydrogen separations. Here we present a thermodynamic model, based on the CSMGem framework, that accurately captures the phase behavior of various hydrates containing THF and hydrogen. The model uses previously regressed parameters for components other than THF and H 2 , and can reproduce hydrate formation conditions for a number of hydrates containing THF and/or hydrogen (simple THF, THF + CH 4 , THF + N 2 , THF + CO 2 , THF + H 2 , CH 4 + H 2 , C 2 H 6 + H 2 and C 3 H 8 + H 2 ). The incorporation of THF and H 2 within this model framework will serve as a valuable tool for hydrate scenarios involving either of these components.
Abstract SY19-02: Role of the Tim-3 and PD-1 pathways in T cell exhaustion and antitumor immunity

The immune response plays an important role in fighting cancer; however, mechanisms of immune suppression in tumor-bearing hosts hinder productive antitumor immunity. T cell dysfunction or exhaustion is one such mechanism. PD-1 has been identified as a marker of dysfunctional or exhausted T cells in chronic disease states and blockade of PD-1/PD-1L interactions has been shown to partially restore T cell function. Recently, Tim-3 has also been identified as a marker of exhausted T cells. We have found that Tim-3 is expressed on both CD4 + and CD8 + tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in mice bearing solid tumors (4T1, CT26, and B16). All CD8 + Tim-3 + TILs co-express PD-1 and Tim-3 + PD-1 + TILs represent a predominant fraction of the CD8 + T cells infiltrating tumors. CD8 + Tim-3 + PD-1 + TILs exhibit the most severe exhausted phenotype as defined by failure to proliferate, produce IL-2, TNFα and IFNγ. We have further found that combined immunotherapeutic targeting of the Tim-3 and PD-1 pathways is more effective in controlling tumor growth than targeting either pathway alone. Indeed, 50% of the mice receiving combination immunotherapy exhibited complete tumor regression. We have examined whether combined targeting of Tim-3 and PD-1 restores effector function to TILs and have found that culture of TILs in vitro in the presence of anti-Tim-3 plus anti-PD-L1 antibodies augments IFNγ production. In addition, T cells isolated from the tumor-draining lymph nodes of mice treated in vivo with anti-Tim-3 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies exhibit restored tumor antigen-specific T cell responses compared to those isolated from mice treated with control immunoglobulins. Collectively, our data support that combined targeting of the Tim-3 and PD-1 signaling pathways is highly effective in restoring antitumor immunity. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr SY19-02. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-SY19-02
Introduction: diabetes and kidney failure.

Three stimuli prompt reexamination of the course of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in diabetes mellitus: (1) The remarkable pandemic of type 2 diabetes that is still in its growth phase1,2; (2) the belief that careful study of metabolic events during the course of diabetes will yield insight into the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications that end life in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients with ESRD3,4; and (3) emerging interventions based on molecular biology that promise interdiction of diabetic complications, including kidney failure.s In 1985, Mauer and Chavers wrote that "diabetes is the most important cause of ESRD in the Western world,"6 superceding glomerulonephritis and hypertensive renal disease in incidence and prevalence. At least 16 million people in the United States have diabetes, but more than one third are unaware of the disorder. As recounted by the Centers for Disease Control in the National Diabetes Fact Sheet,? in 1999, in the United States, 798,000 people developed newly diagnosed diabetes, and 187,000 of these died of diabetes. With some variation in age, race, and sex, diabetes in 1996 ranked from the 8th (white men aged 45 to 65 years) to the 4th (black women aged 45 years and over) leading cause of death.8 The financial burden for health care expenditures generated by diabetes in the United States ranges 1999
Measurements of the acoustic impedance on superfluid 3HeB

Abstract The locations of the squashing and real squashing (new) modes in superfluid 3HeB have been found using an acoustic impedance technique for frequencies of 12.1, 36.3 and 60.5 MHz at pressures between 1.74 and 4.88 bar.
Digital signal processing with applications: a new and successful approach to undergraduate DSP education

The new approach to undergraduate digital signal processing education at Purdue is based on a simple idea: emphasize applications. Students are assumed to have a significant exposure to sampling and discrete-time signals, systems, and transforms at the junior level. In the senior course, the traditional digital signal processing topics of digital filter design, the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), radix-2 fast Fourier transforms (FFTs), and quantization are covered in the first five weeks of the semester. Coverage of these topics is augmented by treatment in the laboratory component of the course using diverse software tools and by Matlab-based homework assignments. The remainder of the course is devoted to treating the topics of speech processing and image processing in substantial depth and involves a design project. The course has been very successful in terms of increasing enrolment and outstanding student evaluations.
Reoxygenation associated radiosensitization after chronic hypoxia : effect of temperature and oxygen tension

A431 human squamous carcinoma cells reoxygenated after 12 hr hypoxia were found to be more radiosensitive than aerobic cells not previously exposed to hypoxia. Experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of temperature and oxygen tension during the hypoxia and the reoxygenation periods on the sensitization effect. Incubation at 0°C during 12 hr of hypoxia inhibited the sensitization seen after reoxygenation. During the reoxygenation period, reduced temperature did not modify the levels of enhancement but suppressed the decay of the sensitization. If oxygen tension during 12 hr of hypoxia was < 10 ppm, maximal enhancement by reoxygenation was seen, but there was no enhancement if the oxygen concentration was greater than 1%. In cells subjected to < 10 ppm oxygen for 12 hr, the level of sensitization by reoxygenation in 2 to 20% oxygen concentration was similar. The results indicate that radiosensitization by reoxygenation may require metabolic change(s) of cells during both the hypoxia and reoxygenation periods. The sensitization may also involve oxygen dependent species of reactions.
Comments, with reply, on "Dynamic multi-sensor data fusion system for intelligent robots" by R.C. Luo et al

The commenter notes that, in Section IV of the above-named work (see ibid., vol.4, p.386-96, Aug. 1988), R.C. Luo et al. propose a probabilistic methodology for the fusion of sensor data. He claims that the logic and technical development in this section are terribly flawed. In replying, Luo points out that there were several typographic errors in the original paper, but he rejects the substance of the commenter's remarks. >
Current Status, Design and Performance Trends for the Regenerative Flow Compressors and Pumps

Regenerative flow compressors and pumps, hereafter called RFC/RFP have found many applications in industry; still they are the most neglected turbomachines in the family of dynamic compressors. The number of publications existing in literature is very small compared to the large number of papers about the centrifugal and axial turbocompressors. This paper gives a detail discussion of fundamentals and working principle of regenerative turbomachines. Regenerative compressors are compared with centrifugal compressors and the importance of regenerative turbomachines in low specific speed range is emphasized. The major findings of available literature on regenerative turbomachine are summarized. The current status, limitations and some of the challenges faced by RFC/RFP are assessed in context of performance improvement. The paper concludes with an overview of ongoing research and future directions to be followed for performance improvement of this neglected class of turbomachines.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Effect of electroacupuncture on pressor reflex during gastric distension

The effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on the reflex cardiovascular response induced by mechanical distension of the stomach was studied in ventilated male Sprague-Dawley rats anesthetized by ketami...