cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationships between fertility, peak milk yields and lactational persistency in dairy cows

Peak milk yield, lactational persistency and conception rates were studied using 5928 lactation records of high milk-producing cows at three California dairies. Log-linear analysis was used to study relationships between peak milk yield, lactational persistency, dairy of origin, lactation number and conception rates in 3850 completed lactations. Cows with peak milk yields greater than the median (38.2 kg milk per day) were less likely to have conceived in one or two breedings than cows with peak milk yields lower than or equal to the median. Cows with a higher than median (0.755) lactational persistency were less likely to have conceived in one or two breedings than cows with a lactational persistency lower than or equal to the median. Dairy of origin had a significant effect on the probability of conceiving in one or two breedings. Cows in the first lactation were more likely than those in subsequent lactations to conceive in one or two breedings. This retrospective study demonstrated that subfertility is associated with high peak lactational yields in high milk-producing California cows.
A Study of Relationships Between Flatus Potential and Carbohydrate Distribution in Legume Seeds

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between flatulence potencial and carbohydrate composition of legume seeds. The navy bean, red kidney bean and wrinkled-seeded field pea induced the highest levels of hydrogen to be produced by the laboratory rat. The garbanzo bean and smooth-seeded field pea gave intermediate values whereas the mung bean and green lentil showed values which were not significantly different from the control, non-flatulent diet. Significant, positive correlations were determined between hydrogen production and the following chemical components: stachyose, raffinose plus stachyose, and glucans and pentosans hydrolyzable in dilute acid. Significant, negative correlations were determined between hydrogen production and starch or lignin contents.
Franck-Condon factors and r-centroids for NO+, CP, SiF, BF, BCl and BBr

Abstract Franck-Condon factors, based on the Morse potential, are given for various electronic transitions in the molecules NO + , CP, SiF, BF, BCl and BBr. The corresponding r -centroids are reported or discussed. Some applications, and predictions of absolute intensity constants for CP, are included.
Simulation and experimental study of consensus algorithms for multiple mobile robots with information feedback

Abstract In this paper, we study the problem of consensus building in multi-robot systerns with information feedback. We show how information feedback can be incorporated into the consensus building process so as to improve the robustness and situational awareness of the whole team. We detail the strategies of introducing feedback to the consensus building process through information flow, time-varying weights, external feedback terms, and reference states, and perform simulations and experimental studies of these strategies.
Systematics of back angle 12C scattering — the 12C + 20Ne and 12C + 24Mg systems

Abstract The back angle scattering of 20 Ne and 24 Mg ions from 12 C display structured excitation functions and oscillatory angular distributions. These measurements bridge the gap between the previously studied 12 C + 16 O and 12 C + 28 Si systems.
Therapeutic Effectiveness of a Single vs Multiple Doses of Erythropoietin After Experimental Myocardial Infarction in Rats

Background Systemic application of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) greatly limits cardiac tissue damage and attenuates left ventricular (LV) remodeling after experimentally induced myocardial infarction (MI). However, multiple injections of rhEPO stimulate red blood cell production and elevate the hematocrit (Htc), which might negatively affect the outcome of acute MI. We compared the outcome of experimental MI in rats treated with a single or multiple doses of rhEPO.
The isotopic composition of lead in potassium feldspars from some 1.0-b.y. old North American igneous rocks

Abstract The isotopic composition of lead and the uranium, thorium and lead concentrations in potassium feldspars are determined for more than 30 1.0-b.y. old North American igneous rocks. Samples representing a broad spectrum in petrographic type and mode of occurrence were chosen; an effort was made to include only rocks having well-documented ages from 950 to 1140 m.y. and showing minimal evidence of subsequent metamorphism. Most samples, including those from extensive terranes of contemporaneous age, have limited lead isotope variations ( Pb 206 Pb 204 = 16.74–17.38 ; Pb 207 Pb 204 = 15.39–15.59 ; Pb 208 Pb 204 = 36.38–37.10 ), which yield model ages close to the radiometric ages. Granite, pegmatite, and rhyolite from within the Grenville province of Canada and age-equivalent rocks of New York, Virginia, Texas, and Colorado and granophyric units associated with the Duluth Gabbro Complex of Minnesota are among the materials yielding this main isotopic spectrum. Several samples were encountered which had isotopic compositions very different from the above group. Lead showing a marked deficiency in radiogenic isotopes was found in two granitic bodies associated with older Labrador Trough rocks from Quebec, in a rapakivi granite from southern Nevada, and in a small granite stock from Mellen, Wisconsin. These occurrences all involve small intrusions of granite which lie near considerably older areas of basement rock. Model ages calculated from the Pb 206 Pb 204 ratio are older than the age of the intrusions and approach the age of the host basement rock. Several possible interpretations are offered to explain the isotopic behavior encountered in this study. In particular, a “vertically differentiated crust” model is proposed which will account for both the main spectrum and the anomalous lead. The significance of lead isotopic studies in understanding crustal structure in continental regions is discussed.
New recommendations for the treatment of tuberculosis.

Purpose of review The aim of this article is to give practicing physicians a practical approach to the treatment of latent and active tuberculosis and to review newer recommendations and common problems encountered in the treatment of patients with tuberculosis. Recent findings Recently published literature documents the increased incidence of multidrug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the importance of antituberculosis drug toxicities and drug–drug interactions, persistent problems in the correct interpretation of the tuberculin skin test and ongoing problems with treatment compliance and treatment completion. Summary This article provides a practical approach to the interpretation of the tuberculin skin test, the proper approach to the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection, and a structured approach to the treatment of presumed or documented active tuberculosis infection. Questions about tuberculosis that are often asked of infectious disease and pulmonary specialists are addressed in a very practical manner.
Comparison of ground-reference calibration results for landsat-7 ETM+ for large and small test sites

Recent results of the vicarious calibration of the Landsat-7 ETM+ sensor are presented based on the reflectance-based vicarious method using results from a smaller test site in close proximity to the University of Arizona. The typical, larger test site is brighter and more spatially uniform then the smaller site. However, the location of the small test site allows for more frequent data collections and a more complete understanding of the calibration coefficients of the sensor as a function of time. The Remote Sensing Group previously reported results based on data collected from the smaller test site on seven dates. Here we report calibration values for additional dates as well as a comparison of the calibration values for the large and smaller test sites over recent years. The most recent data shows the calibration values using the smaller sites continue to agree within 3% of the large test sites in all bands.
Recent Observations on Distribution And Abundance of Anomala Orientalis Waterhouse and Aserica Castanea Arrow in New York

The records include not only the range of Anomala orientalis and Aseriw castanea. but notes on their general abundance during the past four years at localities where they have been found to occur in New York State. The drought, which was the longest dry period that has been recorded in this area, decreased the abundance of these beetles. The use of lead arsenate in top-dressing lawns has helped to reduce the abundance of the beetles.
Molecular Modification of N-Cadherin in Response to Synaptic Activity

The relationship between adhesive interactions across the synaptic cleft and synaptic function has remained elusive. At certain CNS synapses, pre- to postsynaptic adhesion is mediated at least in part by neural (N-) cadherin. Here, we demonstrate that upon depolarization of hippocampal neurons in culture by K+ treatment, or application of NMDA or alpha-latrotoxin, synaptic N-cadherin dimerizes and becomes markedly protease resistant. These properties are indices of strong, stable, enhanced cadherin-mediated intercellular adhesion. N-cadherin retained protease resistance for at least 2 hr after recovery, while other surface molecules, including other cadherins, were completely degraded. The acquisition of protease resistance and dimerization of N-cadherin is not dependent on new protein synthesis, nor is it accompanied by internalization of N-cadherin. By immunocytochemistry, we found that high K+ selectively induces surface dispersion of N-cadherin, which, after recovery, returns to synaptic puncta. N-cadherin dispersion under K+ treatment parallels the rapid expansion of the presynaptic membrane consequent to the massive vesicle fusion that occurs with this type of depolarization. In contrast, with NMDA application, N-cadherin does not disperse but does acquire enhanced protease resistance and dimerizes. Our data strongly suggest that synaptic adhesion is dynamically and locally controlled, and modulated by synaptic activity.
TGF-β conditions intestinal T cells to express increased levels of miR-155, associated with down-regulation of IL-2 and itk mRNA

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, is an immunosuppressive cytokine that inhibits T-cell activation. We hypothesized that TGF-β mediates its immunoinhibitory effects by modulation of micro RNA (miRNA)-155 (miR-155). Interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon-γ are down-regulated by TGF-β in activated CD4 peripheral blood T cells and lamina propria T cells (LPT), but miR-155 is upregulated ninefold specifically in LPT. Consequently, this study focuses on the role of TGF-β-enhanced miR-155 on LPT immune responses. TGF-β induces miR-155 in both freshly isolated and LPT lymphoblasts, whereas other inducible miRNAs are not regulated by TGF-β. Using MAMI bioinformatics database, we determined that inducible T-cell kinase (itk) is a functional target of miR-155 that exhibits an inverse mRNA response to that of miR-155. To determine experimentally that miR-155 regulates itk, transfection experiments were performed that demonstrated miR-155 overexpression decreased itk and IL-2 mRNA, whereas antagonism of miR-155 restored both mRNAs in activated cells. These findings describe a TGF-β-dependent function for miR-155 in modulating cytokine and T-cell immune responses in the gut.
Dynamics of people without health insurance. Don't let the numbers fool you.

IS THE "problem" of people without health insurance really a problem? Opponents of major health care reform argue no. The Wall Street Journal says, "[T]he alleged 37 million uninsured also wilts under analysis.... Studies show that 70 percent of them are uninsured for less than nine months." 1 The Council for Affordable Health Insurance says if everyone were offered a medical savings account, "the numbers [sic] of uninsured could be reduced by as much as 25 million" (from 37 million) because "most (70%) of the uninsured remain without coverage for less than one year." 2 Statistics that describe dynamics—people moving in and out of a particular condition—can mislead even with the best of intentions. When intentions are not the best, the statistics can totally confuse. I write as one of the researchers who estimated the distribution of uninsured spell lengths that yields the findings that the median spell length is
A fungitoxic phenolic compound in Hydrilla verticillata

Abstract Leaves and internode sections of the submersed aquatic weed Hydrilla verticillata grown in culture were collected during development over a 17-day period of growth and analyzed for phenolic content by high-pressure liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. Phenols present in trace amounts included ferutic, chlorogenic, and caffeic acids. Phenols were not esterified to the cell wall as in other monocotyledonous species. Flavonoid anthocyanins accumulated in internodes as the tissues matured. During the 17-day period of development, the major compound in both leaves and internodes was a caffeic acid ester. The ester inhibited germination and germ tube elongation of conidia of the fungal pathogen Fusarium culmorum. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of the ester indicated the presence of a carbohydrate component and that the molecule has a composition of 2:1 caffeic:carbohydrate moieties. Substantially more of the ester accumulated in leaves than in internodes, and in leaves it represented up to 0.273% of the leaf fresh weight. The unusually high content of the caffeic acid ester in hydrilla tissues and its fungitoxicity suggest that the compound may be an allelopathic factor that could inhibit fungal pathogens selected as potential mycoherbicides.
WE-C-217BCD-02: Design of an MR Compatible Rotating Anode X-Ray Tube.

Purpose: To design a rotating anode X‐ray tube capable of operating in strong magnetic field environments. This tube design can be used in ‘close proximity” hybrid X‐ray/MR system geometries where the imaging fields of view are separated by only ∼1.2 meters. Methods: Existing rotating anode X‐ray tube designs fail in strong magnetic field environments because the fields alter the electron trajectories in the tube and act as a brake on the induction motor, reducing the rotation speed of the anode. We propose an X‐ ray tube design that utilizes optimized resistive coils to shield a fraction of the MR fringe field. The remainder of the correction is performed using bias voltages on electrodes adjacent to the x‐ray tube filament. Furthermore, we replace the induction motor with a novel motor design that is analogous to a three‐phase brushed DC motor with the MR fringe field serving as the stator field. Results: Space charge simulations of the electron optics show that the combined magnetostatic/electrostatic method can correct for a magnetic field strength of 152 mT with approximately 590 A/cm2 applied to the shielding coils and a 35 kV potential difference applied to the bias electrodes. A prototype of the motor design was machined and assembled. The performance of this prototype motor was evaluated at various magnetic field strengths, and was found to accelerate to the minimum operating speed of 3000 rpm in 10 seconds for an external field of 60 mT. Conclusions: The space charge simulations validate that the electron trajectories can be controlled using our combined approach. Testing of the motor prototype demonstrates that our design outperforms existing induction motors in strong magnetic field environments. Integrating this design with our modified flat panel detector will allow, for the first time, a “close proximity” hybrid system in which imaging performance is not compromised. NIH R01 EB007626 Richard M. Lucas Foundation Stanford Bio‐X Fellowship
Genome instability: Does genetic diversity amplification drive tumorigenesis?

Recent data show that catastrophic events during one cell cycle can cause massive genome damage producing viable clones with unstable genomes. This is in contrast with the traditional view that tumorigenesis requires a long-term process in which mutations gradually accumulate over decades. These sudden events are likely to result in a large increase in genomic diversity within a relatively short time, providing the opportunity for selective advantages to be gained by a subset of cells within a population. This genetic diversity amplification, arising from a single aberrant cell cycle, may drive a population conversion from benign to malignant. However, there is likely a period of relative genome stability during the clonal expansion of tumors - this may provide an opportunity for therapeutic intervention, especially if mechanisms that limit tolerance of aneuploidy are exploited.
Supramolecular Self-Assembling Cyanine as an Alternative to Ethidium Bromide Displacement in DNA–Drug Model Interactions during High Throughput Screening

Supramolecular self-assembling cyanine and spermine binding to genomic DNA was a model for DNA-drug interactions during high throughput screening. Spermine competitively inhibited the self-assembly of cyanine upon DNA scaffolds as signaled by decreased fluorescence from the DNA-cyanine J-aggregate. The sequence of DNA exposure to cyanine or spermine was critical in determining the magnitude of inhibition. Methanol potentiated spermine inhibition by >10-fold. The IC(50) and association constant (K(a)) in 16% methanol were 0.35 +/- 0.03 microM and 2.86 x 10(6) M(-1) respectively, relative to 3.97 +/- 0.47 microM and 0.25 x 10(6) M(-1) respectively, in buffer. Increasing concentrations of cyanine overcame spermine inhibition, demonstrating the reversibility of DNA-drug interactions. LambdaDNA interacted similarly with spermine and cyanine, confirming system flexibility. The model drug, dye and methanol effects are discussed in detail. Cyanine might be a safer alternative to the mutagenic ethidium bromide for investigating DNA-drug interactions.
The affinity of cytochrome P-450 for ethyl isocyanide: An explanation of double Soret spectra

The 2 pH dependent peaks formed in the Soret region by the treatment of reduced hepatic microsomes or purified cytochrome P-448 with ethyl isocyanide do not exhibit identical dependence on ethyl isocyanide concentration. This behavior and other facts regarding double Soret spectra can be explained by a simple expostulation involving lipophilic and corrdinate binding of pi-acceptor ligands.
Reduced stability of copper interconnects due to wrinkles and steps on hexagonal boron nitride substrates

There is great scientific and technological interest in the use of chemical-vapor-deposition grown hexagonal boron nitride dielectric substrates for microelectronics applications. This interest stems from its superior heat spreading capability compared to silicon dioxide as well as the lack of surface dangling bonds or charge traps in hexagonal boron nitride which results in superior performance for graphene based electronics devices. However, surface heterogeneities, such as wrinkles or steps, are ubiquitous in such devices due to the fabrication and processing of chemical vapor deposition grown hexagonal boron nitride. In this study, we characterize the effect of such surface heterogeneities on the stability of copper interconnects used in microelectronics devices. Based on the theoretical thermo-physical properties of the constituent thin film layers, our simulations predict that copper interconnects deposited on hexagonal boron nitride can withstand ∼1.9 times more power than on a silicon dioxide substrate, due to its superior in-plane thermal conductivity. However, our electrical measurements reveal that copper wires melt and fail at consistently lower current densities on hexagonal boron nitride than on silicon dioxide. This was verified by testing in air as well as under vacuum. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy characterization of the hexagonal boron nitride surface indicates that this contradictory result is due to nanoscale surface non-uniformities (i.e., wrinkles and steps) which are omnipresent in chemical-vapor-deposition grown and transferred hexagonal boron nitride films. Our results highlight the critical need for improved processing methods before large-scale microelectronics applications of chemical vapor deposition grown hexagonal boron nitride can be realized.
Lectins modulate multi-walled carbon nanotubes cellular uptake in human epidermal keratinocytes

Abstract The development of nanomaterials for biomedical applications has attracted a great deal of attention. Carbon nanotubes may interact and cross cell membranes and serve as potential carriers for drug delivery studies. The reflection mode in the confocal laser scanning microscope was used to image multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in human neonatal epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) stained with the cytoskeleton protein F-actin. Scanning electron microscopy depicted tight binding of MWCNT on the plasma membrane of HEK, while some MWCNT were located in the cell. Since keratinocytes normally engulf melanosomes, we hypothesized that the melanocyte transfer pathway could be a potential route of entry into keratinocytes. Lectins are inhibitors of the melanosome transfer pathway was used to study the uptake of MWCNT in keratinocytes, to see if they played a role in reducing the cellular uptake of MWCNT in HEK. Three different lectins, Pisum sativum (PS), Lycopersicon esculentum (LE), and Tetragonolobus purpureas (TP) were used as a cocktail. The maximal concentrations of lectins that would be non-toxic to the HEK was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assay. These studies confirmed that lectin cocktails (PS 5 μg/ml, LE 25 μg/ml and TP 25 μg/ml) decreased MWCNT interaction at the cell surface and uptake. F-actin, a cytoskeleton protein, was used to visualize how the MWCNT interacted with the cytoskeleton in the cells. MWCNT traversed through the cells’ cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane into adjacent keratinocytes.
TWO POLITICIANS, A PAC, AND HOW THEY INTERACT: TWO EXTENSIVE FORM GAMES*

Two sequential games of the interactions among a PAC and two politicians contesting the same office are developed, and their subgame perfect equilibria are characterized. The politicians have distinct ideal points in policy space, and this drives the result that the policy platforms they campaign on are not identical. The PAC always contributes only to the politician whose platform is closest to the PAC's ideal point, who is the politician whose ideal point is closest to the PAC's ideal point; as a result, both politicians’policy platforms are closer to the PAC's ideal point. The sequence of play does not qualitatively affect the outcome, but the PAC has a second mover advantage. Exogenous shocks to the probabilities of winning only modify the basic outcome.
Bandwidth enhancement of electro-optic field sensing using photonic down-mixing with harmonic sidebands

We demonstrate that harmonic sidebands of an electro-optic modulator’s driving frequency can be used as the local oscillator in a photonic down-mixing process in order to significantly enhance the bandwidth of near-field, electro-optic, microwave measurements. The creation of second- and third-order-harmonic modulation sidebands on a laser-diode output are described, with heterodyne down-conversion of microwave signals taking place within an electro-optic sensor crystal. The measurement bandwidth of an electro-optic microwave probe can thus be enhanced by as much as a factor of three with respect to the use of conventional, fundamental-harmonic sidebands. Carrier-sideband analysis from the measured optical spectrum indicates that millimeter-wave-frequency local-oscillator sidebands can be created using a Ku-band electro-optic modulator and that the electro-optic-signal-modulation depth can be enhanced by suppressing the light-beam carrier component. Transverse near-field distributions from high frequency patch antennas are extracted using both second- and third-order-harmonic sidebands.
Predictors of Attrition Among Rural Breast Cancer Survivors

Attrition can jeopardize both internal and external validity. The goal of this secondary analysis was to examine predictors of attrition using baseline data of 432 participants in the Rural Breast Cancer Survivors study. Attrition predictors were conceptualized based on demographic, social, cancer treatment, physical health, and mental health characteristics. Baseline measures were selected using this conceptualization. Bivariate tests of association, discrete-time Cox regression models and recursive partitioning techniques were used in analysis. Results showed that 100 participants (23%) dropped out by Month 12. Non-linear tree analyses showed that poor mental health and lack of health insurance were significant predictors of attrition. Findings contribute to future research efforts to reduce research attrition among rural underserved populations.
Chest Pain After Acute Illness

Scenario: A 25-year-old Hispanic male arrived at the emergency room of a small community hospital with chest pain radiating into his jaw. He had been having intermittent episodes of chest pain for 2 days, but the pain became constant and more intense, which led him to seek medical attention. He had no significant medical history, denied smoking, drinking alcohol, or illicit drug use. His father died at the age of 42 from a myocardial infarction (MI). Six days earlier he had eaten some pork that he felt gave him food poisoning leading to diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting for 3 days. A regular feature of the American Journal of Critical Care, the ECG Puzzler addresses electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation for clinical practice. To send an eLetter or to contribute to an online discussion about this article, visit www.ajcconline.org and click “Respond to This Article” on either the full-text or PDF view of the article. We welcome letters regarding this feature.
Psychiatric Rehospitalization of Children and Adolescents: Implications for Social Work Intervention

This study explored factors associated with the psychiatric rehospitalization of children and adolescents. A retrospective archival review was conducted on 403 children and adolescents admitted into an inpatient psychiatric hospital. Results indicated that 16% were readmitted in the same year. Children and adolescents who had a prior history of psychiatric rehospitalization, lived in a residential treatment facility, and had a diagnosis of oppositional/defiant or conduct disorder were more likely to be rehospitalized. Psychosocial factors must be considered in predicting and preventing psychiatric rehospitalization. Clinical social workers should include therapeutic foster care as an option for aftercare placements of youth exhibiting externalizing behaviors and/or with a history of multiple restrictive care placements.
Occurrence of non-O1 Vibrio cholerae in Texas Gulf Coast dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)

Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae, commonly found in water, sediment, shellfish and birds along the northern Gulf of Mexico coastline, was isolated from the anus and/or blowhole of five apparently healthy Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in July 1992, in Matagorda Bay, Texas. Dolphins may provide a continuing source of non-O1 V. cholerae to the environment. The extent of the spread of the organism is probably influenced by the limited home range of the dolphins.
Concurrent asynchronous broadcast on the MetaNet

The problem solved in this work is how multiple nodes in a network with an arbitrary topology can broadcast concurrently, in an asynchronous manner, to all other nodes. Asynchronous means that the nodes do not coordinate their broadcast, and, therefore, it is possible that all nodes will start to broadcast at the same time. Simultaneous broadcast by many nodes can cause traffic congestion, which can result in a traffic loss. The main property of the broadcast algorithms presented in this work is that under any arbitrary broadcast pattern there will be no packet or cell loss due to internal traffic congestion. The routing mechanism used by the broadcast algorithm can be viewed as a variant of deflection routing, which means that a node makes on-line routing decisions based on the local flow of traffic (i.e., internal load conditions). Unlike other deflection techniques, the MetaNet routing is along a global sense of direction, which guarantees that packets will reach their destinations. Thus, we call this method convergence routing (previous deflection algorithms did not guarantee deterministic routing convergence, i.e., a cell/packet can be deflected indefinitely inside the network). As a result of the convergence property, the deflection routing used in this work is the only one with broadcast capability.
On Quadrature Sampling of Bandpass Signals

Deterministic bandpass signals are considered in which the nonzero portions of the signal spectrum are confined to the frequency region 0? ?0 ? ?/2 ? |?| ??0 + ?/2, where ? > 0 is the "bandwidth" of the signal. Quadrature sampling, as introduced by O. D. Grace and S. P. Pitt, requires uniform sampling of both the bandpass signal and its quarter wavelength (based on nominal frequency ?0) translation, each at a common sampling rate depending on the exact relationship between ?0 and ?. When th intersample sample spacing is properly chosen, the bandpass signal can be reconstructed in its entirety from knowledge of the sample values; moreover, with quadrature sampling, the (low-pass) in-phase and quadrature components of the bandpass signal have a simple explicit representation in terms of samples of the original bandpass signal. Time domain techniques, in particular the theory of orthogonal expansions, are here used to derive the quadrature sampling theorem as well as the uniform sampling theorem for bandpass signals, a result usually derived from frequency (spectral) considerations. The resulting minimum sampling rate for the quadrature sampling theorem provides a reduction in the sampling rate previously announced by Grace and Pitt.
LINKIN, a new transmembrane protein necessary for cell adhesion

In epithelial collective migration, leader and follower cells migrate while maintaining cell-cell adhesion and tissue polarity. We have identified a conserved protein and interactors required for maintaining cell adhesion during a simple collective migration in the developing C. elegans male gonad. LINKIN is a previously uncharacterized, transmembrane protein conserved throughout Metazoa. We identified seven atypical FG-GAP domains in the extracellular domain, which potentially folds into a β-propeller structure resembling the α-integrin ligand-binding domain. C. elegans LNKN-1 localizes to the plasma membrane of all gonadal cells, with apical and lateral bias. We identified the LINKIN interactors RUVBL1, RUVBL2, and α-tubulin by using SILAC mass spectrometry on human HEK 293T cells and testing candidates for lnkn-1-like function in C. elegans male gonad. We propose that LINKIN promotes adhesion between neighboring cells through its extracellular domain and regulates microtubule dynamics through RUVBL proteins at its intracellular domain.
Pebbly Phosphorites in Shale: A Key to Recognition of a Widespread Submarine Discontinuity in the Middle Devonian of New York

ABSTRACT A thin bed of calcareous shale in the Middle Devonian Moscow Formation of western New York marks a submarine discontinuity of considerable regional extent. This bed, characterized by reworked phosphatic pebbles and steinkerns, has been traced in outcrops for 150 kilometers and has been found to mark the boundary between two major marine biotopes. Although no erosion surface is found associated with the bed, an erosion event is indicated by the presence of reworked diagenetic structures within it. Prior to erosion, phosphorite (carbonate-apatite) formed as a diagenetic cement in buried, sediment infilled shells and as isolated nodules within near-surface soft muds. These sediments were subjected to erosion resulting in exhumation of the shells and nodules. Many phosphorite infilled shells were broken to produce a variety of phosphatic steinkerns. A new fauna later colonized the erosion surface and epizoans encrusted both reworked shells and phosphatic material. Shallow burial by muds was followed by a period of soft-sediment bioturbation which variably obscured evidence of the erosion surface. This study shows that significant discontinuities in the geologic record need not be characterized by discrete erosion surfaces. Future recognition of similar features within apparently homogeneous sedimentary sequences should prove valuable in stratigraphic mapping and paleoenvironmental reconstructions.
A unique beamforming-based equilibrium in multi-user random access SIMO networks

In this letter, we tackle the problem of competitive single antenna transmitters accessing a multiple antenna access point using a random access protocol. We show that the access point can help the system to reach a unique Stackelberg equilibrium and prevent network collapse due to the selfish nature of the transmitters.
Fluctuations in Marine Productivity Through Time: Inverse Relation with Terrestrial Floras: ABSTRACT

The earth's primary productivity was essentially aquatic before the mid-Devonian expansion of a vascular plant biomass. As organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus were retained on land, the abundant phytoplankton was adversely affected. When nutrients that were utilized, buried, and not recycled exceeded the amount newly added, the early Paleozoic phytoplankton that were adapted to a high nutrient level either disappeared or greatly declined in importance. The late Paleozoic fern-lycopsid-arthrophyte flora produced a second major land biomass increase. Organic carbon and nutrients were locked in the black shales and coals, and marine productivity remained low. After the Permo-Triassic regression, coastal swamps no longer bordered the Pangean supercontinent, so less organic carbon was buried and more was released into the surrounding seas. Coccolithophores and dinoflagellates diversified and marine productivity expanded in the Jurassic and Cretaceous, reinforced by the new siliceous phytoplankton (diatoms, silicoflagellates, chrysomonads). As mid-Cretaceous expansion of the deciduous angiosperms raised the carbon and nutrient content of the soils, their seaward transport decreased and marine productivity dropped catastrophically in lates Cretaceous time. After a renewed Paleogene expansion, the warm-water plankton again declined, and diatoms inhabiting the colder nutrient-rich upwelling waters became the dominant Neogene producers. High productivity, reflected in carbon isotope ratios and petroleum deposits, was attained by those microfloras best utilizing contemporaneous nutrient levels. When successive land floras rapidly sequestered increased amounts of organic carbon and nutrients in biomass, soil, and sediments, the accumulations of land-derived organic detritus coincided with nutrient shortages in the seas and phytoplankton and marine productivity declined. End_of_Article - Last_Page 636------------
Energy-aware adaptation for mobile applications

In this paper, we demonstrate that a collaborative relationship between the operating system and applications can be used to meet user-specified goals for battery duration. We first show how applications can dynamically modify their behavior to conserve energy. We then show how the Linux operating system can guide such adaptation to yield a battery-life of desired duration. By monitoring energy supply and demand, it is able to select the correct tradeoff between energy conservation and application quality. Our evaluation shows that this approach can meet goals that extend battery life by as much as 30%.
Markers for the Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: Some Principles for Statistical Reporting and Interpretation

In the article that accompanies this editorial, Wei et al report the results of a National Cancer Institute Early Detection Research Network (EDRN) validation study of PCA3, a commercially available marker used as a reflex test in the early detection of prostate cancer. The study design followed the EDRN=s rigorous methodology, including fully blinded analysis of samples at an independent laboratory and statistical correction for overfit. The study was also well powered, with more than 800 men recruited at 11 centers. Given that typical marker studies involve novel markers, small samples (median less than 100), and little attempt to control for overfit, there is much to like about this article. The authors are to be congratulated for completing such a large and rigorous study. All of which, of course, begs the question of what the results actually mean. At least part of the problem is that Wei et al, like many investigators, focus on statistical abstractions, such as area-under-thecurve and specificity, that have questionable clinical interpretability. Also in common with other investigators, Wei et al dichotomize their marker and include any grade prostate cancer as an end point, both problematic approaches. I will deal with each of these points in turn.
The Importance of the Impossible

Maria M. Delgado’s Federico Garcia Lorca is a book worthy of serious attention, not only for scholars of Lorca’s plays, but for scholars of Lorca in general, and it even serves as a valuable introduction for those coming to his vast work. Delgado claims “this study concentrates primarily on his dramatic output for which his poetry was, in the words of one critic, a ‘preparation.’” This judgment (Delgado is citing Edwin Honig) is a stance with which I strongly disagree; rather I would argue that it is Lorca’s sensibility as a poet that informs his plays. That is why so often the figure of the author/ poet makes an appearance in his work and Delgado herself often talks about the poetic nature of Lorca’s language.
The PADQOL: Development and validation of a PAD-specific quality of life questionnaire:

Understanding the impact of peripheral artery disease (PAD) requires broad evaluation of how functional limitations of PAD affect patients’ perceptions of health-related quality of life (HRQL). The...
Intercontinental transport of pollution manifested in the variability and seasonal trend of springtime O3 at northern middle and high latitudes

[1] Observations (0–8 km) from the Tropospheric Ozone Production about the Spring Equinox (TOPSE) experiment are analyzed to examine air masses contributing to the observed variability of springtime O3 and its seasonal increase at 40°–85°N over North America. Factor analysis using the positive matrix factorization and principal component analysis methods is applied to the data set with 14 chemical tracers (O3, NOy, PAN, CO, CH4, C2H2, C3H8, CH3Cl, CH3Br, C2Cl4, CFC-11, HCFC-141B, Halon-1211, and 7Be) and one dynamic tracer (potential temperature). Our analysis results are biased by the measurements at 5–8 km (70% of the data) due to the availability of 7Be measurements. The identified tracer characteristics for seven factors are generally consistent with the geographical origins derived from their 10 day back trajectories. Stratospherically influenced air accounts for 14 ppbv (35–40%) of the observed O3 variability for data with O3 concentrations <100 ppbv at middle and high latitudes. It accounts for about 2.5 ppbv/month (40%) of the seasonal O3 trend at midlatitudes but for only 0.8 ppbv/month (<20%) at high latitudes, likely reflecting more vigorous midlatitude dynamical systems in spring. At midlatitudes, reactive nitrogen-rich air masses transported through Asia are much more significant (11 ppbv in variability and 3.5 ppbv/month in trend) than other tropospheric contributors. At high latitudes the O3 variability is significantly influenced by air masses transported from lower latitudes (11 ppbv), which are poor in reactive nitrogen. The O3 trend, in contrast, is largely defined by air masses rich in reactive nitrogen transported through Asia and Europe across the Pacific or the Arctic (3 ppbv/month). The influence from the stratospheric source is more apparent at 6–8 km, while the effect of O3 production and transport within the troposphere is more apparent at lower altitudes. The overall effect of tropospheric photochemical production, through long-range transport, on the observed O3 variability and its seasonal trend is more important at high latitudes relative to more photochemically active midlatitudes.
Association of minimum inhibitory concentration cluster patterns with dairy management practices for environmental bacteria isolated from bulk tank milk.

Abstract Environmental bacteria have emerged over the past few years to become significant causes of mastitis. Bacteria in this group are often reported by practicing veterinarians to be increasingly resistant to intramammary therapy and responsible for elevated bulk tank somatic cell counts. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of association of the minimum inhibitory concentrations for selected antimicrobial agents with environmental bacteria isolated from bulk tank milk on California dairies and their housing facilities, husbandry practices, and antimicrobic-use strategies. Bulk tank milk samples were collected from 2 dairy cooperatives that had their milk cultured at the Milk Quality Laboratory, University of California Davis, Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center in Tulare, CA. Samples were collected from July 2001 through March 2002 on 88 d; and 404 environmental bacteria isolated from 93 dairies were found. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined on 337 of the isolates for 10 antimicrobial agents. Cluster analysis was performed on the minimum inhibitory concentration values for each organism, and 4 antimicrobial clusters with varying degrees of resistance were found. A 69-question survey questionnaire was completed on-farm for 49 of the 73 dairies that had at least 3 environmental bacterial isolates. The questionnaire sought information on housing facilities, milking management, mastitis prevention, antimicrobial usage strategies, and owner/veterinary involvement in disease control and prevention. Multinomial logistic regression analysis found significant associations between the antimicrobial agent-resistance cluster groups and some of the housing and bedding practices, failure to dry udders before milking, and antimicrobial treatment of nonmastitis conditions. No association was noted for antimicrobial agent treatment of mastitis and the resistance cluster patterns.
Fundamental Behaviors and Limits of Impingement Cooling

Direct fluid impingement on a surface has been shown to generate very high performance heat transfer. Several systems have been designed and commercialized incorporating impingement cooling, such as single and multiple jets, sprays and combined jet-drain arrays. This work proposes a theory for the heat transfer behavior of jet impingement with a local drain (i.e., a jet-drain array) that shows good agreement with published data from commercial products. A prototype jet-drain array was fabricated and tested, and the theory predicts its performance extremely well. This theory can be used to design new, high performance heat transfer systems as well as to compare jet array performance with other technologies, such as spray impingement.
Effects of Ethanol and Temperature on a Crab Motor Axon Action Potential: A Possible Mechanism for Peripheral Spike Generation

1.In autotomized walking limbs of Pachygrapsus crassipes , microelectrode recordings of evoked action potentials were made in the meropodite from the E2 excitor axon to the bender muscle. 2.The action potential spike was followed by a depolarizing after-potential. Increases in temperature resulted in a decline in the amplitude and time course of the spike, and an increase in the amplitude of the after-potential. Low levels of ethanol or increased levels of calcium increased the size of the after-potential and decreased the temperature threshold for peripheral spike generation. 3.At high temperatures a single orthodromic E2 axon spike provoked the generation of additional impulses at the periphery, with an inter-spike interval of 2–3.5 ms. 4.The after-potential lasted longer than the refractory period following the spike. The axon membrane, therefore, was depolarized after the refractory period and this resulted in a period of low threshold for spike generation. Increases in temperature shortened the refractory period. 5.We suggest that additional spikes are generated at the periphery where the E2 axon diameter is decreased. The increased membrane resistance at these sites increases the size of the depolarizing after-potential. Therefore, if the depolarization following the refractory period is at or above threshold for firing, additional action potentials will be generated at the periphery.
Relocation of Ureteroileostomy Stomata

The value of ureteroileostomy as an eminently satisfactory method for urinary diversion is attested to by the ever-increasing number of reports of its application to large numbers of patients. The indications, techniques, and complications of the operation have also been well documented(1–3). Included in these various discussions have been references to stomal difficulties and their management(4). In general, however, very little attention has been given to those infrequent situations in which actual replacement or relocation of the stomal site has been deemed necessary. In our own series this has been carried out in a small group of patients depending upon etiological factors, antecedent surgery, and underlying patient constitution.
Aetiology of hantavirus infections

This article summarizes the areas of current understanding of hantaviruses of interest to antiviral chemotherapists
Fungal infections in cancer patients

Invasive fungal infections (IFI) have become a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. Infections with these organisms are often difficult to diagnose and treat. Appropriate and timely diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion and invasive procedures, including biopsy, to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment may be difficult, secondary to variable susceptibility and difficulty with exact and specific characterization of the fungal pathogen. The pathogens that are seen range from yeasts to invasive molds. Fortunately newer, noninvasive diagnostic techniques are available to aid in the diagnosis and treatments have become better tolerated and more efficacious.
DSM-5 Criteria for ASD: Research Review and Commentary

In May 2013, the American Psychiatric Association published the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5 ). Substantive changes were made in the criteria of the DSM-5 defining many of the psychiatric diagnoses it classifies. Included among these changes were major revisions to the structure and diagnostic criteria for autism and related disorders. With current prevalence estimated to be approximately 1 in 88, this class of neurodevelopmental disorders affects numerous children and families; for this reason, the revisions to prior criteria, contained in the DSM: Fourth Edition—Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), have been closely followed not only within the scientific and clinical literature but also by the popular media. In this commentary, we review the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, highlighting changes from the DSM-IV-TR. We next review several of the strengths of revised criteria. The final section outlines key issues related to implementing DSM-5 criteria that have garnered discussion, focusing on both the advantages of this revised approach to diagnosing autism and potential concerns that have been voiced regarding the new system. In closing, we provide our opinions about the future of diagnostic taxonomy for autism and anticipated challenges for both scientists and clinicians moving forward.