cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the effects of foraging habitat restoration on shorebird reproduction: the importance of performance criteria and comparative design

Coastal development and engineering projects preclude ecosystem processes that provide habitat for beach nesting birds. Management for coastal species may depend on actions that attempt to restore important habitat features and mitigate disturbance effects. However, species response to restoration or other management actions may be difficult to predict or measure. At Jones Beach State Park, on Long Island, New York, a 0.49 ha restoration project provided moist substrate foraging habitat for breeding Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus) from 2002 to 2005. We examined whether foraging habitat restoration affected Piping Plover breeding population size, productivity, and fledgling production within 300 m of the restoration site. We found a positive relationship between habitat restoration and the number of fledglings produced per year. However, foraging habitat restoration did not significantly increase the number of Plover pairs breeding at Jones Beach. Our ability to evaluate restoration effects on Plovers depended on: 1) use of multiple performance criteria; 2) a design that allowed comparison of pre- and post-restoration data; and 3) a spatial control that allowed comparison of similar areas that were near and far from the restoration site. Despite the small size of the restoration project, there were measurable benefits to Plovers, indicating that foraging habitat restoration may be an effective tool for species recovery.
Cadaver lung donors: Effect of preharvest ventilation on graft function

Abstract The pulmonary donor pool would increase substantially if lungs could be safely transplanted after cessation of circulation. To determine whether ventilation of cadaver lungs could improve graft function, canine donors were sacrificed and then ventilated with 100% oxygen (n = 6) or 100% nitrogen (n = 6); 6 served as nonventilated controls. Four hours after death, the lungs were flushed with modified Euro-Collins solution and harvested. Controls were ventilated with 100% oxygen only during flush and harvest. Recipients were rendered dependent on the transplanted lung by occlusion of the right pulmonary artery and bronchus 1 hour after transplantation. Ventilation was maintained at a constant inspired oxygen fraction of 0.4. Four controls died of pulmonary edema shortly after occlusion of the native lung. The mean arterial oxygen tensions in the oxygen-ventilated, nitrogen-ventilated, and control groups at the end of 8 hours were 81 mm Hg (n = 4), 88 mm Hg (n = 3), and 55 mm Hg (n = 2), respectively. Postmortem oxygen ventilation improved early recipient survival and gas exchange. Postmortem nitrogen ventilation improved early gas exchange and delayed recipient death compared with nonventilated controls. The mechanics of ventilation appears to confer a functional advantage independent of a continued supply of oxygen. Transplantation of lungs harvested from cadavers after cessation of circulation might be feasible.
Rapid determination of the alloying elements in titanium alloys by inductively-coupled plasma emission spectrometry

Summary The sample (0.1 g) is dissolved in hydrofluoric and nitric acids in a polyethylene beaker. After the hydrofluoric acid has been masked with boric acid, the minor components Al, Sn, Zr, Mo, V, Mn and Si are determined by their atomic emission in the plasma.
Long-Run Exchange Rate Modeling: A Reply to Moosa

N HIS comment on my paper, Imad Moosa makes some interesting points regarding recent tests of the purchasing power parity (PPP) hypothesis. More specifically, he raises some issues that may be interpreted as general points on the PPP literature and some that are specific comments on my paper. In this note I shall address only these points that apparently conflict with remarks made in my paper. It is correct to say, as Moosa argues in the second paragraph of his comment, that if prices in equation (17) of MacDonald (1995) are I(1) then a pure first difference version of PPP (with an error term added) would represent a violation of conventional PPP and support for efficient markets PPP. I agree, and spent some time making this point in the paper. Moosa argues that I should not have used the expression Cassellian PPP because "Cassel's view of PPP ... is simply an extension of the quantity theory of money applied to the case of an open economy." I am in total agreement that in his writings Cassel placed considerable emphasis on the monetary aspects of PPP (and indeed this view is noted on p. 441 of my paper). However, this is not inconsistent with my label of Cassellian PPP. First, it is clear from Cassel's writings (see, for example, Officer (1976)) that it is arbitrage in internationally traded goods that links prices across countries (why else would Cassel spend time discussing the effect impediments to international trade could have on PPP holding?). If there is no arbitrage why would exchange rates necessarily track their PPP value rather than some other value? It is also very clear from Cassel's writings that this arbitrage need not necessarily force PPP at all times (see Officer (1976) for a fulsome discussion of this point). My term "Cassellian PPP" was simply a convenient way of making the point that a proponent of traditional PPP would not necessarily expect exchange rates always to be at their PPP values.
Risk profiles for weight gain among postmenopausal women: A classification and regression tree analysis approach

Purpose Risk factors for obesity and weight gain are typically evaluated individually while “adjusting for” the influence of other confounding factors, and few studies, if any, have created risk profiles by clustering risk factors. We identified subgroups of postmenopausal women homogeneous in their clustered modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for gaining ≥ 3% weight. Methods This study included 612 postmenopausal women 50–79 years old, enrolled in an ancillary study of the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study between February 1995 and July 1998. Classification and regression tree and stepwise regression models were built and compared. Results Of 27 selected variables, the factors significantly related to ≥ 3% weight gain were weight change in the past 2 years, age at menopause, dietary fiber, fat, alcohol intake, and smoking. In women younger than 65 years, less than 4 kg weight change in the past 2 years sufficiently reduced risk of ≥ 3% weight gain. Different combinations of risk factors related to weight gain were reported for subgroups of women: women 65 years or older (essential factor: < 9.8 g/day dietary factor), African Americans (essential factor: currently smoking), and white women (essential factor: ≥ 5 kg weight change for the past 2 years). Conclusions Our findings suggest specific characteristics for particular subgroups of postmenopausal women that may be useful for identifying those at risk for weight gain. The study results may be useful for targeting efforts to promote strategies to reduce the risk of obesity and weight gain in subgroups of postmenopausal women and maximize the effect of weight control by decreasing obesity-relevant adverse health outcomes.
Floquet Multipliers of Periodic Waveguides via Dirichlet-to-Neumann Maps

A new approach to calculating Floquet spectra of multilayered periodic waveguides is presented. The problem is formulated as an eigenvalue problem of the Helmholtz equation on an infinite strip with discontinuous wavenumber. The strip is decomposed into a rectangle and two semi-infinite domains, and the problem is reduced to a nonlinear eigenvalue problem involving Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) operators on the interfaces of the domains. A solution scheme based on the Taylor expansion of the DtN operator with respect to the Floquet exponent, whose order of convergence can be made arbitrarily large, is derived. An application to a typical waveguide geometry demonstrates the efficiency and accuracy of the approach.
Perceiving words during reading: Lack of facilitation from prior peripheral exposure

As their eye movements were being monitored, college students read short texts displayed on a cathode-ray tube. As they read, the contents of certain word locations changed from fixation to fixation, alternating between two words differing in two letters. This manipulation had no effect on reading unless the subjects happened to regress to or reread the word later. The results indicated that these words, which were low in contextual constraint, were read only when directly fixated, and that there was no facilitation from prior peripherally obtained information about the words.
Authorship and clinical trials.

Excerpt To the editor: The objective of clinical research is to develop a better understanding of disease and how to treat it. In clinical trials, the objective is to develop new treatments for dis...
Regulations Governing Transportation of Portable Fuel Cell Devices and Systems in Aircrafts

The revolutionary advancements of electrical fuel cell power within the past decade has drawn public awareness and criticism to the hazardous nature of hydrogen and other fuels used in fuel cell powered devices and systems. Although these fuels are regulated, their fuel storage devices (cartridges) are not, hence, requiring various governmental agencies approval such as the Department of Transportation, which typically applies its regulations for transportation of hazardous materials. As the development of these devices grow, issues regarding transportation of hazardous materials, components in mass transportation systems: e.g. passenger aircrafts, ships, trains, and buses, USPS, will come under intense legal scrutiny. The United States and other nations, including international bodies such as the United Nations have national and international laws regulating transit of hazardous/toxic materials across state/national and international boundaries. These different regulations often conflict and are serious barriers to the transportation of fuel cell powered consumer electronic devices such as laptop computers, cell phones, camcorders, calculators and even portable CD Players in commerce. This report addresses the regulatory framework regarding transportation of fuel cell hazardous-material – containing devices by aircrafts and suggests solutions to obtaining approval from various governmental agencies.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Effect of Dynamic Surface Tension on Foam Flow Through Fibrous Materials

A new experimental technique and method of analysis have been developed to study the flow of liquid foams in fiber networks. Foam is injected into the center hole of a compressed mat and the resulting radial spreading pattern is observed through the top transparent plate. The existence of a minimum critical pressure gradient for foam flow in porous media is demonstrated as the foam front spreads, slows down, and eventually stops. The radial position at which it stops is a function of the inlet pressure. A two-parameter fluid model is proposed that incorporates "critical pressure gradient" and fluid mobility parameters to describe the interaction of the foam with the porous material. From the model, radial pressure profiles are generated that predict a qualitative difference between the pressure distribution and spreading rate of a fluid with yield behavior (that is, a minimum critical pressure gradient) compared to the flow of a Newtonian fluid. From the position at which the foam front stops, the critica...
Cosmic Ray- and Thermal-Pressure Driven Winds: Does the Milky Way Host a Kpc-Scale Outflow?

We show that the X-ray emission observed towards the center of our Milky Way Galaxy is consistent with a strong (2.1 M ⊙ /yr) outflow powered by both cosmic-ray pressure and thermal-gas pressure. In addition, the inferred launch parameters of such an outflow seem consistent with conditions inferred in the central Milky Way and other galaxies (although it is not clear if a significant vertical magnetic field exists in the center of the Galaxy). We also show that in galaxies with cosmic-ray pressure, gas pressure, and a vertical magnetic field component, cosmic-ray pressure can yield outflows over a wider range of conditions.
Commentary on the 2004 ISMS Practice Prize Winner: A Business School Should Combine Academic Research and Its Application to the Real World

I am pleased to comment on the article by Zoltners and Sinha, which summarizes a very fruitful combination of academics and entrepreneurship. This article illustrates the added value that can occur if academic research is taken to the next level and actually applied in real situations, where clients are paying money to solve their problems and get help with their decision making. There are many phenomena that models and decision support systems need that don’t come out until an attempt is made to apply them in real situations. Figures 7 and 8 are very instructive in showing how difficult it is to add value in the real world for the territory design problem. The current solution is not what an academic would call a complete, allencompassing solution that optimizes the profitability of the client company’s salesforce. The current ZS approach is a combination of “optimizers,” alternative predictive models that help evaluate “nonoptimal,” but more acceptable, alignments, ZS alignment experts, and the client salesforce management. The market telling ZS that their “optimized” solutions weren’t good enough (e.g., “the Joe McDonough challenge”) was the impetus for all the subsequent development. ZS had to find a balanced way of combining qualitative assessments of field managers with the analytical modeling and optimization. The MAPS system is by itself not that academically interesting—it is a graphic and quantitative way of estimating the impact of changing alignments from the optimized ones. However, it is very easy to use and gives the field managers control over the system, and it enables them to effortlessly try alternatives they like and see the sensitivity of their new alignments to
Developmental Students: The Challenge of Peer Relationships

Despite increased program offerings at many community colleges, the retention and success of developmental students are often extremely low. Research has indicated that a complex set of challenges complicates developmental student success, but students' experiences with these variables are not well understood. In this paper, I report findings from a qualitative study that was conducted at a community college in New York City to explore the ways in which developmental students describe and understand their experiences with education. Findings indicated that students viewed their decision to attend college as a separation from high school peers whom they associated with academic failure; they continued to differentiate themselves from their peers when they entered college and were wary of developing college friendships because they viewed peers as a hindrance to educational success. However, relationships with like-minded college peers might prove to be a necessary source of support that is essential to the...
Electrophysiological effects of enzymes introduced into the lateral geniculate body of the cat.

Abstract The enzymes phospholipase A, phospholipase C, and pronase, when introduced directly into the lateral geniculate body of the cat brain, bring about decreases in EEG amplitude, evoked potential amplitude, and tissue impedance. For small doses of phospholipase A, the impedance changes are reversible, but the EEG and evoked potential changes are not. The sensitivity of brain tissue to pronase is in contrast to observations on invertebrate nerve preparations. The enzyme hyaluronidase increases the spontaneous EEG amplitude and causes seizures in the lateral geniculate body of the cat, without changing evoked potential amplitude or tissue impedance. This observation points to the importance of an extracellular polysaccharide material in maintaining the electrical stability of mammalian central nervous tissue.
DNA damage and breast cancer

Cancer is intimately related to the accumulation of DNA damage, and repair failures (including mutation prone repair and hyperactive repair systems). This article relates current clinical categories for breast cancer and their common DNA damage repair defects. Information is included on the potential for accumulation of DNA damage in the breast tissue of a woman during her lifetime and the role of DNA damage in breast cancer development. We then cover endogenous and exogenous sources of DNA damage, types of DNA damage repair and basic signal transduction pathways for three gene products involved in the DNA damage response system; namely BRCA1, BRIT1 and PARP-1. These genes are often considered tumor suppressors because of their roles in DNA damage response and some are under clinical investigation as likely sources for effective new drugs to treat breast cancers. Finally we discuss some of the problems of DNA damage repair systems in cancer and the conundrum of hyper-active repair systems which can introduce mutations and confer a survival advantage to certain types of cancer cells.
Quantification of soil production and downslope creep rates from cosmogenic 10Be accumulations on a hillslope profile

Average soil transport rates over a period of ∼3500 yr on a convex soil-mantled hillslope have been quantified using a mass-balance model that incorporates the soil concentration of the cosmogenic isotope 10 Be. The 10 Be model results support the assumption used in most geomorphic models that the soil creep rate is proportional to surface gradient. The predicted diffusion coefficient is 360 ±55 cm 3 ⋅ yr -1 ⋅ cm -1 contour length and the average rate of soil production is 0.026 ±0.007 cm/yr. Within the uncertainty of this technique, the data do not reject G. K. Gilbert9s hypothesis that some hillslopes may exist in a condition of dynamic equilibrium with a uniform soil production rate. However, the model does not require an assumption of dynamic equilibrium and may be an approach that uniquely allows the quantification of a local soil-production rate law.
Long-term Pharmacological Activation of PPARγDoes not Prevent Left Ventricular Remodeling in Dogs with Advanced Heart Failure

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activators affect the myocardium through inhibition of inflammatory cytokines and metabolic modulation but their effect in the progression of heart failure is unclear. In the present study, we examined the effects of the PPARγ activator, GW347845 (GW), on the progression of heart failure. Heart failure was produced in 21 dogs by intracoronary microembolizations to LV ejection fraction (EF) less than 30% and randomized to 3 months of therapy with high-dose GW (10 mg/Kg daily, n = 7), low-dose GW (3 mg/Kg daily, n = 7), or no therapy (control, n = 7). In control dogs, EF significantly decreased (28 ± 1 vs. 22 ± 1%, p < 0.001) and end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV) increased during the 3 months of the follow-up period (64 ± 4 vs. 76 ± 5; p = 0.003, 46 ± 3 vs. 59 ± 4 ml, p = 0.002, respectively). In dogs treated with low-dose GW, EDV increased significantly (69 ± 4 vs.81 ± 5 ml, p = 0.01), whereas ESV remained statistically unchanged (50 ± 3 vs. 54 ± 3 ml, p = 0.10) resulting in modestly increased ejection fraction (27 ± 1 vs. 32 ± 3%, p = 0.05). In dogs treated with high-dose GW, both EDV and ESV increased (72 ± 4 vs. 79 ± 5 ml, p = 0.04; 53 ± 3 vs. 62 ± 5 ml, p = 0.04) and EF decreased (26 ± 1 vs. 23 ± 1%, p = 0.04) as with control dogs. There was significantly increased myocardial hypertrophy as evidenced by increased LV weight to body weight ratio and myocyte cross-section area in the GW treated animals compared to controls. Compared to control, treatment with GW had no effect on mRNA expression of PPARγ, inflammatory cytokines, stretch response proteins, or transcription factors that may induce hypertrophy Long-term PPARγ activation with GW did not prevent progressive LV remodeling in dogs with advanced heart failure.
An Experimental Determination of the Change in Temperature Accompanying Change in Magnetization of Iron

Apparatus.---An apparatus is described which permits the measurement of the change in temperature of a ferromagnetic material consequent upon a change in its magnetization. The test specimen, of peculiar form and construction, is placed in a specially designed calorimeter. Around this is wound a solenoid which furnished the magnetizing field. Changes in temperature are measured by means of 102 thermocouples connected in series to a sensitive galvanometer. Methods are described for minimizing thermal and thermoelectric disturbances. The sensitivity of the system is such that a temperature change of 2.26\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C can be detected. This corresponds to a thermal energy change of 87 ergs per ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ for steel.Results.---Results are reported on for two specimens of carbon steel containing 1.08 percent and 1.35 percent carbon respectively. Detailed data are presented showing the relationship between temperature change and magnetizing field as the material is carried through various symmetric and asymmetric cycles of magnetization.The following is typical of a symmetric cycle which starts with the steel in a saturated condition. As the magnetizing field is diminished from +290 to +20 gauss the temperature of the steel rises gradually; this is followed by a very marked cooling between +20 and -8 gauss; if the magnetizing field is further diminished from -8 gauss through the coercive force (-9.6 gauss) to -90 gauss a sudden rise in temperature indicates the release in this region of the major portion of the hysteretic energy; between -90 and -290 gauss the steel cools gradually.Temperature changes for smaller cycles of magnetization are qualitatively the same as for the large cycle, except that the second cooling may be absent. Similar sharply defined regions of heating and cooling are characteristic of the different asymmetric cycles investigated.It appears that the total amount of hysteretic heat developed depends upon the rate of performance of the cycle, at least for those cycles which nearly saturate the steel. A rapid traversal yields a greater total heat than a slow traversal.
Physical Properties of 20% Milk Fat Reformulated Creams Manufactured from Cholesterol‐reduced Butteroil

A cholesterol-reduced butteroil was emulsified with various milk-derived components into three different cream formulations having 20% milk fat. Viscosity, creaming stability, and feathering stability of the cream formulations and a control homogenized at two pressures (10.2/3.4 MPa ; 13.6/3.4 MPa) were measured over 2 wk. All creams demonstrated non-Newtonian fluid behavior at 7 °C. Apparent viscosity varied with formulation (p ≤ 0.05). Creaming stability was affected by formulation, homogenization pressure, and storage time (p ≤ 0.05). Feathering was unaffected by any treatments. The formulation using buttermilk and butter-derived aqueous phase best simulated viscosity and creaming stability of the control cream.
First Report of Stripe Rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici on Wheat in Florida

The wheat stripe rust pathogen occured on several experimental wheat lines planted at Quincy, FL in early February 2003. Several experimental lines in the 2003 Advanced Wheat A, the Advanced Wheat ...
Stress analysis for symmetrically loaded bonded layers

The problem of a finite line bond between two dissimilar infinite strips is considered in this paper. Integral transforms are used to reduce the problem to a system of singular integral equations of the second kind. The numerical results for various geometries and material combinations are obtained by using an appropriate numerical quadrature scheme. It is found that the normal stress intensity factor for layers of identical materials is positive if the load acts on the thicker layer, and negative if the load acts on the thinner layer. For various combinations of different materials, the normal stress intensity factor can be positive or negative for different thicknesses of the layers. For thin layers, the Poisson's ratios have an important effect on the stress intensity factor.
The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, escitalopram, enhances inhibition of prepotent responding and spatial reversal learning

Previous findings indicate treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) facilitates behavioral flexibility when conditions require inhibition of a learned response pattern. The present experiment investigated whether acute treatment with the SSRI, escitalopram, affects behavioral flexibility when conditions require inhibition of a naturally biased response pattern (elevated conflict test) and/or reversal of a learned response pattern (spatial reversal learning). An additional experiment was carried out to determine whether escitalopram, at doses that affected behavioral flexibility, also reduced anxiety as tested in the elevated plus-maze. In each experiment, Long-Evans rats received an intraperitoneal injection of either saline or escitalopram (0.03, 0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg) 30 min prior to behavioral testing. Escitalopram, at all doses tested, enhanced acquisition in the elevated conflict test, but did not affect performance in the elevated plus-maze. Escitalopram (0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg) did not alter acquisition of the spatial discrimination, but facilitated reversal learning. In the elevated conflict and spatial reversal learning test, escitalopram enhanced the ability to maintain the relevant strategy after being initially selected. The present findings suggest that enhancing serotonin transmission with an SSRI facilitates inhibitory processes when conditions require a shift away from either a naturally biased response pattern or a learned choice pattern.
Struma Ovarii with a focus of papillary thyroid cancer: a case report and review of the literature

Abstract Background. Malignant Struma Ovarii is a rare ovarian neoplasm that is usually asymptomatic and infrequently diagnosed preoperatively. A few case studies have described associated thyrotoxicosis. Case. A 46-year-old female presented for her annual gynecologic exam during which a pelvic mass was appreciated on physical examination. Patient was asymptomatic at presentation. A follow-up ultrasound confirmed the presence of a 16-cm mass in the right adnexa. Patient underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Histopathology revealed a mature cystic teratoma with features of Struma Ovarii, containing a single 5-mm focus of papillary cancer within the thyroid tissue. Patient subsequently had a thyroid scan that was normal with normal thyroid function. There was no evidence of metastasis. Conclusion. Malignant Struma Ovarii is a very rare disease and there are various approaches to treatment based on staging. In our review, we found a higher rate of metastasis than previously reported. Recurrence was seen after an average period of 4 years. We recommend follow-up with surveillance thyroglobulin levels in cases of malignant Struma Ovarii for at least 10 years.
Aflatoxin is degraded by heated and unheated mycelia, filtrates of homogenized mycelia and filtrates of broth cultures of Aspergillus parasiticus

Steaming one-half of a lot of 9-day-old mycelia of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 for 6 min resulted in little or no subsequent degradation of aflatoxin B1 or G1 by these mycelia. The other half of these mycelia was not heat-treated and degraded aflatoxins B1 and G1 Filtrates of the growth substrate which remained after the mycelium was removed from 8- to 15-day old cultures of A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 did not degrade substantial amounts of aflatoxin B1 or G1, whereas mycelia originally produced on these filtrates degraded substantial amounts of both aflatoxins. The supernatant fluid from homogenates of 9-day-old mycelia of A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 degraded aflatoxins B1 and G1 when 0.1 M or 1.0 M phosphate buffer, pH 6.5, was used to suspend the homogenate. These data support the hypothesis that the aflatoxin degrading factor(s) present in the mycelium of A. purasiticus is/are enzyme(s) or at least influenced by enzyme(s).
Stereoselective determination of mepivacaine in human serum using a brush-type chiral stationary phase and solid-phase extraction.

Abstract A stereoselective high-performance liquid chromatography assay method was developed for the quantitation of R -(+)- and S _-(−)-mepivacaine in human serum. The assay uses a Pirkle brush-type. (( S )- tert .-leucine, ( R )-( α -naphthyl)ethylamine stationary phase (Sumichiral OA-4700, 250×4 mm I.D.) at ambient temperature with a mobile phase of hexane-ethylenedichloride-absolutte methanol (85:10:5, v/v) for the separation of R -(+) and ( S )-(−)-mepivacaine. The eluents were monitored using UV detection at 220 nm. Isolation of the analytes from serum was performed using a 1-ml C 18 solid-phase extraction cartridge with high recovery and selectivity. The detection limits were 100 ng/ml for each enantiomer and the limits of quantitation were 150 ng/ml for both enantiomers. Linear calibration curves in the 150–2400 ng/ml range showed good correlation coefficients ( r >0.9994, n =3). Precision and accuracy of the method were within 2.1–5.3 and 2.0–3.6%, respectively, for (R)-(+)-mepivacaine and 2.7–5.7% and 1.7–4.2%, respectively, for S -(−)-mepivacaine.
p53 gene alterations in prostate cancer after radiation failure and their association with clinical outcome: a molecular and immunohistochemical analysis.

Summary This study evaluates the prevalence of p53 gene mutations in prostate cancer in salvage prostatectomies after radiation failure using single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) and direct sequencing of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product. Findings were correlated with immunohistochemically (IHC) detectable p53 expression in residual prostate cancer. The usefulness of p53 as a marker of clinical outcome was evaluated. Thirty-three cases were available for molecular and immunohistochemical analysis. Immunohistochemical stains for p53 were performed with clone DO7. PCR-SSCP for mutations in the coding region of p53 DNA (exons 4–9) was performed on all immunopositive cases and 12 of 23 immunonegative cases. All samples with an SSCP shift were sequenced for the respective exon. Patients were evaluated for biochemical failure for 1–82 months (median 38 months) following surgery. Immunohistochemical p53 reactivity was noted in 10 of 33 (30%) patients. Among p53 immunopositive cases SSCP shifts were seen in 7 of 10 (70%) samples with 5 of the 7 (71%) showing p53 mutations. Univariate analysis revealed abnormal expression of p53 protein by immunohistochemistry to be a significant predictor of poorer outcome (p = 0.025, log rank), however this was not independent of pathologic stage, surgical margin status and Gleason score. The presence of p53 gene mutations by PCR-SSCP and direct sequencing did not predict for outcome. In our study 30% of prostate cancers at the time of salvage prostatectomy after radiation failure expressed immunohistochemically detectable p53. PCR-SSCP and sequencing shows that not all of these cases have detectable mutations in the most frequent mutation sites (exons 4–9). Clinical failure is more common in the group of prostate cancer patients with abnormal p53 immunoreactivity.
Inequalities between Dirichlet and Neumann Eigenvalues

The purpose of this paper is to derive some inequalities of the form $${u _k} + R < {ambda _k} for k = 1, 2, ...$$ (1.1) between the eigenvalues λ 1 < λ 2 ≦ ... of the Dirichlet problem $$egin{gathered}{elta _u} + {ambda _u} = 0 in D ubset {R^N}, fill u = 0 on artial D fill nd{gathered} $$ (1.2) and the eigenvalues 0 = µ 1 < u 2 < ... of the Neumann problem $$ elta psilon + u psilon = 0 in D, fill rac{{artial psilon }}{{artial v}} = 0 on artial D fill nd{gathered} $$ (1.3) for some classes of N-dimensional domains D. Here ∂/∂v denotes the outward normal derivative.
Composition Analysis of Heterojunctions by Means of Electron and Optical Spectroscopies

Auger electron and atomic absorption spectroscopies (AES and AAS) have been used to measure compositions of Cu2S/ZnxCd1-xS heterojunctions. A Zn rich region near the Cu2S-ZnCdS interface is verified by both techniques. For Cu2S films grown by aqueous ion-exchange the amount of Zn enrichment at the interface increased with Cu2S film thickness. Zn, Cd, Cl and 0 were detected by AES on the Cu2S surface, with the Zn and Cd extending into the Cu2S bulk. Amounts of Zn and Cd measured in the Cu2S by means of AAS are less than about 0.1 atomic percent.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Isolation and characterization of a subchloroplast particle enriched in iron-sulfur protein and P700.

Abstract Treatment of isolated spinach thylakoid fragments with Triton X-100 followed by differential centrifugation and Sephadex G-200 and DEAE Bio-Gel A chromatography results in isolation of two distinct particles containing iron-sulfur protein. The first is a P700-containing particle that contains 8–10 g-atoms each of nonheme iron and labile sulfide and 23 chlorophylls per mole of P700 but no detectable levels of chlorophyll b or cytochromes f , b 6 , or b 559 . The second particle exhibits no P700 activity but does contain cytochromes f and b 6 in equimolar amounts in addition to 2–4 g-atoms each of nonheme iron and labile sulfide per mole of cytochrome f . Virtually all the nonheme iron and labile sulfide present in spinach thylakoids is accounted for in these two particles. Further treatment of the P700-enriched particle with urea and potassium ferricyanide causes a time-dependent loss of labile sulfide in concert with the loss of photoactive P700. In contrast, the environmental integrity of P700 is unaffected by this treatment since there is no corresponding absorbance change in the chemical oxidized-minus-reduced difference spectrum. Control levels of labile sulfide are reestablished in the depleted particles by overnight treatment with dithiothreitol. Pretreatment of the depleted particles with cyanide prevented the recovery of labile sulfide by preincubation with dithiothreitol. In accord with these data, a mechanism is invoked for the oxidation of labile sulfide to zero-valence sulfur, S 0 , in the bound iron-sulfur proteins, which results in destruction of the iron-sulfur core.
Unoccupied electronic band structure of Na on Cu(111) as studied by inverse photoemission

We have determined the unoccupied part of the electronic structure of sodium on Cu(111), employing k-resolved inverse photoemission in the isochromat mode. For Na coverages above 0.15 monolayer, an image-potential surface state is observed 2.3 eV above ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{F}}$. For the completed p(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2) Na phase at 0.25-monolayer coverage, a pronounced Na ${3\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{z}}$\char21{}derived feature occurs 0.4 eV above ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{F}}$, which exhibits a nearly-free-electron-like energy dispersion. For wave vectors ${\mathit{k}}_{\mathrm{?}}$\ensuremath{\ge}0.6 A${\mathrm{\r{}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, the unoccupied part of the Na 3s band appears close to the Fermi level. We compare our results with recent band-structure calculations for free and adsorbed Na monolayers.
Chiral gauge theories on the lattice

Abstract We propose a method for constructing lattice gauge theories in which fermions transform as a complex representation of the gauge group.
CYTOGENETIC STUDIES ON THE IN-VITRO GENOTOXICITY OF 4-NITROQUINOLINE-1-OXIDE ON HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES

Using the UV-mimetic mutagen 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) to induce genetic damage in human cells (lymphoblastoid lines and primary cultures of peripheral blood samples), chromosome aberrations were induced by treating the cells with 4NQO at 1 X 10(-5) M for 24 h. The overwhelming majority of chromosome aberrations was of the chromatid (S + G2) type instead of the chromosome (G1) type. The most common chromatid aberrations were simple breaks, isochromatid breaks, and chromatid exchanges. When the number of chromatid breaks per cell value was used as a measurement for 4NQO sensitivity, lymphoblastoid cells from a xeroderma pigmentosum patient showed the highest sensitivity, followed by the cells of two melanoma patients and normal persons. These preliminary results suggest that 4NQO may be employed to develop an assay system as a biomarker for determining UV sensitivity in the human population.
Thomas J. Bassett, The Peasant Cotton Revolution in West Africa: Côte d'Ivoire, 1880–1995. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 262 pp.

The waves of structural adjustment programs and democratic transitions that swept across Africa during the late 1980s and early 1990s have once again renewed interest in the role of ordinary people in the economic and political transformation of their country. Echoing the spirit of the classic revolutions of the West and most recently the great transformations in East and Central Europe, Thomas Bassett challenges contemporary discourses on African development that see the peasants as passive participants in the development process of their country. To the contrary, the peasants of Cote d'Ivoire proved to be independent partners, albeit oppressed, in the development of cotton in the country.
Building safety: The role of construction unions in the enforcement of OSHA

Because unionized workers are more likely to exercise their rights under OSHA, it is hypothesized that OSHA is more stringently enforced at unionized construction workplaces than at comparable nonunion workplaces. A comparison of OSHA enforcement in union and nonunion construction sites demonstrates that union sites face higher probabilities of inspection and receive greater scrutiny during inspections than do comparable nonunion sites. Further, union employers are required to correct violations of safety and health standards more quickly and bear higher overall penalty costs than their nonunion counterparts. As a result, the construction industry operates under a “two-tiered” safety and health regulatory system.
The volume dependence of the Grüneisen parameter and crystal stability

Abstract Utilizing only the general features of the lattice structure and potential, the explicit volume dependence of the entire frequency spectrum is derived in terms of its zero pressure values. It is shown that even though the frequencies and the mode Gruneisen parameters depend on the various details of the interactions and lattice structure, their variation with volume can be relatively simple functions of the volume. A criterion for mode instability with pressure is established involving only the measured value of γ( k λ). The volume dependence of the high temperature Gruneisen parameter is derived utilizing the characteristics of the full frequency spectrum through the first two moments of the mode gammas and the results are applied to the alkali-halides.
Safe use of power injectors with central and peripheral venous access devices for pediatric CT.

Purpose. We report our experience in the safe use of power injectors with central and small-gauge peripheral venous access devices for intravenous administration of contrast agent to children undergoing computed tomography (CT) examinations.Materials and methods. We reviewed the medical records of 500 patients randomly selected from the 3121 children who underwent intravenous contrast-enhanced CT examinations at our institution from November 1993 through July 1995.Results. The group of 500 patients, all younger than 18 years of age, accounts for 16 % of the contrast-enhanced CT examinations performed during the study period. Medrad MCT 311 Mark V or Medrad MCT Plus 311 power injectors were used to intravenously administer Omnipaque 300 (2 ml/kg, maximum dose = 150 ml) through venous access devices. These devices comprised Hickman or Broviac lines (n = 228), subcutaneous Port-A-Caths (n = 55), small-gauge butterfly needles (n = 215), and percutaneous intravenous central lines (n = 2). Two complications, one involving a Hickman line and the other a subcutaneous Port-A-Cath, occurred in the study population. These complications correspond to a frequency of 0.4 %. Six cases of contrast extravasation, all of them with the use of 23- (n = 1) and 25-gauge (n = 5) butterfly catheters (frequency = 0.2 %), occurred among the remaining 2621 cases.Conclusion. In light of the low frequency of complications, power injectors and central venous access devices or small-gauge butterfly catheters are safe systems for delivery of intravenous contrast material to pediatric patients. We feel that our strict adherence to manufacturers' guidelines and previously reported techniques partially accounts for our success with these modes of delivery.
Stereospecificity of the dehydratase domain of the erythromycin polyketide synthase

The dehydratase (DH) domain of module 4 of the 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase (DEBS) has been shown to catalyze an exclusive syn elimination/syn addition of water. Incubation of recombinant DH4 with chemoenzymatically prepared anti-(2R,3R)-2-methyl-3-hydroxypentanoyl-ACP (2a-ACP) gave the dehydration product 3-ACP. Similarly, incubation of DH4 with synthetic 3-ACP resulted in the reverse enzyme-catalyzed hydration reaction, giving an ∼3:1 equilbrium mixture of 2a-ACP and 3-ACP. Incubation of a mixture of propionyl-SNAC (4), methylmalonyl-CoA, and NADPH with the DEBS β-ketoacyl synthase-acyl transferase [KS6][AT6] didomain, DEBS ACP6, and the ketoreductase domain from tylactone synthase module 1 (TYLS KR1) generated in situ anti-2a-ACP that underwent DH4-catalyzed syn dehydration to give 3-ACP. DH4 did not dehydrate syn-(2S,3R)-2b-ACP, syn-(2R,3S)-2c-ACP, or anti-(2S,3S)-2d-ACP generated in situ by DEBS KR1, DEBS KR6, or the rifamycin synthase KR7 (RIFS KR7), respectively. Similarly, incubation of a mixtu...
Rivastigmine Lowers Aβ and Increases sAPPα Levels, Which Parallel Elevated Synaptic Markers and Metabolic Activity in Degenerating Primary Rat Neurons

Overproduction of amyloid-β (Aβ) protein in the brain has been hypothesized as the primary toxic insult that, via numerous mechanisms, produces cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cholinesterase inhibition is a primary strategy for treatment of AD, and specific compounds of this class have previously been demonstrated to influence Aβ precursor protein (APP) processing and Aβ production. However, little information is available on the effects of rivastigmine, a dual acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor, on APP processing. As this drug is currently used to treat AD, characterization of its various activities is important to optimize its clinical utility. We have previously shown that rivastigmine can preserve or enhance neuronal and synaptic terminal markers in degenerating primary embryonic cerebrocortical cultures. Given previous reports on the effects of APP and Aβ on synapses, regulation of APP processing represents a plausible mechanism for the synaptic effects of rivastigmine. To test this hypothesis, we treated degenerating primary cultures with rivastigmine and measured secreted APP (sAPP) and Aβ. Rivastigmine treatment increased metabolic activity in these cultured cells, and elevated APP secretion. Analysis of the two major forms of APP secreted by these cultures, attributed to neurons or glia based on molecular weight showed that rivastigmine treatment significantly increased neuronal relative to glial secreted APP. Furthermore, rivastigmine treatment increased α-secretase cleaved sAPPα and decreased Aβ secretion, suggesting a therapeutic mechanism wherein rivastigmine alters the relative activities of the secretase pathways. Assessment of sAPP levels in rodent CSF following once daily rivastigmine administration for 21 days confirmed that elevated levels of APP in cell culture translated in vivo. Taken together, rivastigmine treatment enhances neuronal sAPP and shifts APP processing toward the α-secretase pathway in degenerating neuronal cultures, which mirrors the trend of synaptic proteins, and metabolic activity.
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF PAPAIN AND VITAMIN A ON CARTILAGE I. THE EFFECTS IN RABBITS

The administration of large amounts of vitamin A to rabbits has been shown to result in depletion of cartilage matrix. The normal basophilic, metachromatic, and Alcian blue staining properties of the matrix are lost, especially in articular and epiphyseal cartilage. The cartilage cells remain intact, but are reduced in size. These changes sometimes appeared as early as 48 hours after the initiation of daily injection of 1 million units of vitamin A, and were usually well established by 5 days. Some rabbits failed to show changes in cartilage, even after 5 daily injections. Increased amounts of material presumed to be chondroitin sulfate were present in the sera of vitamin A-treated rabbits, usually by 72 hours after the first injection. This was demonstrated by a turbidimetric procedure using hexamminecobaltic chloride. In rabbits given sulfur-35 (Na2S35O4) 5 days before the initiation of vitamin A treatment, it was shown that sulfur-35 was lost from articular and epiphyseal cartilage. This was associated with an increase in the non-dialyzable sulfur-35 in both serum and in the cobalt-precipitable material. These rabbits also excreted more sulfur-35 than rabbits not given vitamin A. There was a reduction in sulfur-35 activity in chondromucoprotein extracted from the ear cartilage of vitamin A-treated rabbits. The changes are interpreted as indicating that the administration of large amounts of vitamin A to rabbits results in removal of chondroitin sulfate from cartilage matrix. The administration of small amounts of crude papain causes histologic changes in cartilage that are remarkably similar to those seen in vitamin A-treated rabbits. The possibility is suggested that the changes in cartilage produced by administration of vitamin A to rabbits may be the result of activation of a proteolytic enzyme or enzymes, with properties similar to those of papain.
A continuum thermodynamics formulation for micro-magnetomechanics with applications to ferromagnetic shape memory alloys

A continuum thermodynamics formulation for micromagnetics coupled with mechanics is devised to model the evolution of magnetic domain structures in magnetostrictive materials. The theory falls into the class of phase-field or diffuse-interface modeling approaches. In addition to the standard mechanical and magnetic balance laws, a set of micro-forces their associated balance laws are postulated. Thereafter, the second law of thermodynamics is analyzed to identify the appropriate material constitutive relationships. The general formulation does not constrain the magnitude of the magnetization to be constant, allowing for the possibilities of spontaneous magnetization changes associated with strain and temperature. The approach is shown to yield the commonly accepted Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equations for the evolution of the magnetization when the magnetization magnitude is constant. Within the theory a form for the free energy is postulated that can be applied to fit the general elastic and magnetic properties of a ferromagnetic shape memory material near its spontaneously magnetized state.
On the lawfulness of change in phonetic inventories

Changes in the phonetic inventories of 34 children (ages 3;4 to 6;8) with functional (nonorganic) speech disorders were analyzed in terms of distinctive feature oppositions. All subjects received conventional minimal pair contrast treatment to induce changes in their phonetic inventories. The changes were found to be governed by the same principles that govern cross-sectional variation before treatment. Sounds were added (or lost) consistent with implicational relationships among feature distinctions as set forth in Dinnsen, Chin, Elbert and Powell (1990).