cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling the impact of roadway emissions in light wind, stable and transition conditions

Abstract This paper examines the processes that govern air pollution dispersion under light wind, stable and transition conditions by using a state-of-the-art dispersion model to interpret measurements from a tracer experiment conducted next to US highway 99 in Sacramento in 1981–1982 during the early morning and late evening when winds were light and variable. We examine the roles of stability, wind meander, and boundary layer height on concentrations measured during this study. Our analysis suggests that currently used equations for vertical plume spread need modification when the winds are light. The shallow boundary layer associated with these conditions limits vertical mixing and hence reduces the rate at which concentrations fall off with distance from the road.
Significant chemical burns associated with dermal exposure to laundry pod detergent.

Concentrated laundry pods have been reported to cause significant clinical effects including oropharyngeal burns and respiratory distress requiring intubation. Dermal burns have been reported, but no incidents of serious isolated dermal injury have been published. We report a case of significant, isolated dermal injury as a result of dermal exposure to a concentrated laundry detergent pod. Total body surface area partial thickness burns in this case were estimated at approximately 2 % with an additional 4–5 % of total body surface area (TBSA) displaying superficial burns/chemical dermatitis. Health-care providers should be aware of this complication and should perform thorough dermal decontamination in the event of an exposure. Parents should be educated regarding the dangers associated with dermal exposure to laundry pod compounds and the need to secure these items away from children as well as proper decontamination techniques should an exposure occur.
The effect of temperature and age structure on P/B for bosmina longirostris in a small impoundment

The relationships between temperature, the age structure, and daily P/B ratios for B. longirostris are examined. Temperature is the single most important factor affecting the daily P/ B, while also having an indirect influence on the age structure. The rate of change of the daily P/B with temperature is nearly identical to the rate predicted by the ‘normal’ Krogh curve.
SS2. Congestive Heart Failure with Systolic Dysfunction Is Associated with Decreased Patency after Endovascular Intervention for Symptomatic Peripheral Arterial Disease

gous bone marrow cells may have potential to reduce the instances of amputation and improve quality of life for these patients. Methods: 49 patients with thromboangitis obliterans resulting in CLI were treated with a composition of concentrated bone marrow nucleated cells. A total of 240 mL of aspirate was processed using a point of care centrifuge (Harvest Technologies, Plymouth, MA) to yield 40 mL of treating volume. The patients were divided equally into two treatment groups. Group 1 received forty 1 mL direct intramuscular injections in the ischemic regions below the knee and Group 2 received twenty 1 mL direct intramuscular injections below the knee and an intra-arterial infusion of 20 mL down the SFA into the lower leg. An evaluation of these patients was conducted at 12 and 26 weeks. Results: All patients enrolled were men with the following demographics: mean age 44.9, all smokers. There were six adverse events in each treatment group. None were considered to be related to the biologic treatment. No patients died. Limb salvage was 87.5% and all major endpoints showed statistically significant improvement over baseline: Quality of Life assessment (Rand-36 questionnaire) p 0.0009; perception of pain p 0.0001; TcPO2 and ABI measurement p 0.0001 & p 0.0003 respectively. There was 100% reduction in pain medications. Mean number of nucleated cells delivered 3.63x10. The delivery method showed no statistical difference. Conclusions: Based on these results, this bone marrow composition may be considered safe and has shown potential to reduce amputation rates. This study has also shown that both the methods of delivery are equally effective and safe.
Surface Electronic Excited State on Si(100): Structure, Energetics, Lifetime, and Role in Chemical Reactions†

The lowest electronic excited state on the Si(100) surface and its coupling to the ground electronic state have been investigated using first-principles theory. The energy difference between the optimal geometry in the two states is small enough for a significant equilibrium population of the excited state to exist under common reaction conditions. The kinetics of crossing between spin states have been determined by explicit calculation of the minimum-energy crossing point and the spin-orbit coupling between them. The predicted excited-state lifetime is very short, except at low temperature.
Bäcklund transformations in four-dimensional space-time

A class of Backlund transformations recently introduced for four-dimensional space-time equations is shown to be limited to relating solutions of the sine-Gordon equation.
Ballast gas for heat transfer control in fixed-bed reactors

Controlled oxidation reactions of hydrocarbons are practiced today in fixed-bed, fluid bed or transport bed reactors with oxygen or air as the oxidant. In fixed-bed reactors, due to the exothermicity of the oxidation reactions, heat removal and temperature control are critical in achieving safe and optimum reaction conditions that maximize conversion and selectivity. Industrial reactors often control hot spot formation by using an appropriate diluent (ballast) gas. Steam, nitrogen, methane and carbon dioxide are the most commonly used ballast gases. The scope of this paper is to elucidate the benefits of ballast gas use as a tool to optimize heat transfer and reduce the hot spot effect in controlled oxidations with fixed-bed reactors. Ballast gas does not participate in the reaction, but it is used to control heat removal and flammability. A homogeneous one-dimensional reactor model was used to study and compare two oxidation processes: (1) ethylene oxidation to ethylene oxide and (2) o-xylene oxidation to phthalic anhydride. For both processes hot spot temperature and conversion decreased as methane replaced nitrogen in the process ballast gas. Selectivity increased in the ethylene oxide case but decreased in the phthalic anhydride case, indicating that ballast gas effect on selectivity depends on the reaction mechanism. Thus, there is an optimum ballast gas composition that will optimize hot spot temperature and reactor yield.
A Comprehensive Structure-Function Map of the Intracellular Surface of the Human C5a Receptor I. IDENTIFICATION OF CRITICAL RESIDUES

G protein-coupled receptors are one of the largest protein families in nature; however, the mechanisms by which they activate G proteins are still poorly understood. To identify residues on the intracellular face of the human C5a receptor that are involved in G protein activation, we performed a genetic analysis of each of the three intracellular loops and the carboxyl-terminal tail of the receptor. Amino acid substitutions were randomly incorporated into each loop, and functional receptors were identified in yeast. The third intracellular loop contains the largest number of preserved residues (positions resistant to amino acid substitutions), followed by the second loop, the first loop, and lastly the carboxyl terminus. Surprisingly, complete removal of the carboxyl-terminal tail did not impair C5a receptor signaling. When mapped onto a three-dimensional structural model of the inactive state of the C5a receptor, the preserved residues reside on one half of the intracellular surface of the receptor, creating a potential activation face. Together these data provide one of the most comprehensive functional maps of the intracellular surface of any G protein-coupled receptor to date.
Logarithmic temperature dependence of conductivity at half-integer filling factors: Evidence for interaction between composite fermions

We have studied the temperature dependence of diagonal conductivity in high-mobility two-dimensional samples at filling factors \ensuremath{\nu}=1/2 and 3/2 at low temperatures. We observe a logarithmic dependence on temperature, from our lowest temperature of 13 mK up to 400 mK. We attribute the logarithmic correction to the effects of interaction between composite fermions, analogous to the Altshuler-Aronov--type correction for electrons at zero magnetic field.
Disk I/O, a study in shifting bottlenecks

There is a growing body of research into methods of better matching disk memory system and processor performance. It is demonstrated using a few example techniques from current research that the underlying result of this work is to move the performance bottlenecks of disk systems between the seek, latency, and data transfer phases. It is suggested that, through the use of analysis of the type illustrated, queuing network bottleneck analysis and simple simulations can accurately predict system performance enhancements. >
E-Government and Bureaucracy: Toward a Better Understanding of Intranet Implementation and Its Effect on Red Tape

This article examines the interaction between bureaucratic red tape and intranet usage in state human service agencies. We propose a sociotechnical model for the relationship between intranet usage and bureaucratic red tape that takes into account the complexities of causal linkages including bidirectional causal relationships and a range of internal and external influences. This model is tested with data from the National Administrative Studies Project, Phase II. While we are not able to corroborate the “demand pull” hypothesis advanced by Bretschneider and colleagues, we do find support for its corollary (the “technology push” hypothesis) indicating that intranet usage is associated with reduction in red tape. This finding on the salutary effect of intranet usage holds for both a global measure of red tape and a more specific procurement red tape measure. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our findings.
Empirical and Poisson Processes on Classes of Sets or Functions Too Large for Central Limit Theorems

Let P be the uniform probability law on the unit cube I d in d dimensions, and P n the corresponding empirical measure. For various classes С of sets A ⊂ I d , upper and lower bounds are found for the probable size of sup {|P n − P)(A)|: A ∈ С}. If С is the collection of lower layers in I 2, or of convex sets in I 3, an asymptotic lower bound is $$\left( {{{\left( {\log n} \right)} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\left( {\log n} \right)} n}} \right.} n}^{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}} } \right)\left( {\log \log n} \right)^{ - \delta - {1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}} \right. } 2}} \quad {\rm{for}}\,{\rm{any}}\,\delta > 0.$$ Thus the law of the iterated logarithm fails for these classes. If α > 0, β is the greatest integer 0. When α = d − 1 the same lower bound is obtained as for the lower layers in I 2 or convex sets in I 3. For \(0 < \,\alpha \,\underline \le \,d\, - \,1\) there is also an upper bound equal to a power of log n times the lower bound, so the powers of n are sharp.
Teaching young students strategies for planning and drafting stories: The impact of self-regulated strategy development

In the present study, participants were 127 3rd-grade students, to 64 of whom (33 boys, 31 girls) the authors taught a general strategy and a genre-specific strategy for planning and writing storie...
On the speckle-free nature of photoacoustic tomography.

Purpose: A long-standing conundrum is why photoacoustic tomography (PAT) possesses the unique ability to produce images devoid of speckle artifacts while all other coherent imaging technologies do not. Methods: In this paper, we explain the inherent mechanism that suppresses speckle in PAT, and the analysis was validated by simulations based on an experimental PAT system. Results: We found that the speckle-free feature of PAT results directly from the optical absorption contrast. Conclusions: All optical absorbers expand on laser excitation, and therefore all initial photoacoustic pressure rises are positive, which engenders strong correlations among the photoacoustic waves from the absorbers. As a result, prominent boundaries always build up in photoacousticimages and suppress the interior speckle.
On analysis of logos: A methodological inquiry

(1970). On analysis of logos: A methodological inquiry. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 22-32.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PURPLE VACUOLAR PIGMENT OF ZYGOGONIUM ERICETORUM AND THE STATUS OF “ALGAL ANTHOCYANINS” AND “PHYCOPORPHYRINS”

RECENTLY, THE AUTHOR was informed that some of the Zygnemataceae are colored purple or blue because of the presence of a water-soluble vacuolar pigment which is thought to be of the anthocyanin type. In fact, Moougeotia and Pleurodiscus are among algae reported to contain anthocyanins according to Smith (1950). Geissman (1955), who has reviewed the literature of the flavonoid pigments, reports the absence of anthocyanins below the mosses, and Strain*, who has investigated algal pigments extensively, states that he knows of no case of anthocyanins among algae. No reports of algal anthocyanins based on a thorough study of the pigments have been found, and it must be considered that the occurrence of anthocyanins among algae is not established. In the case of the "anthocyanin-like" pigment reported from Zygnema purpureum by Mainx (1923), it is obvious from the properties of the pigment that no anthocyanin was involved. Blue-purple and red-purple pigments located in the vacuole are described from several genera of the Zygnemataceae. Transeau (1951) reports that blue or purple pigments occur in the cell sap of vegetative cells of Pleurodiscus purpureus, Temnogainetum uleanum, Temnogametum thaxteri, Mougeotia capucina, and Zygogonium ericetorum, and blue spore walls are found in over forty species of the Zygnemataceae. Purple or red cell sap has been reported from other families of the order Zygnematales, specifically in the following genera: Mesotaenium, Ancylonema, and Penium (Lagerheim, 1895). It is noteworthy that the habitats of most of the species containing the vacuolar pigment are either marshes or acid peat bogs. The most detailed study of the vacuolar pigment was made by Lagerheim (1895), who studied an alga which he elevated to generic rank, namely, Pleurodiscus purpureus. The taxonomic status of this form is still unclear (Transeau, 1951). After eliminating the possibility that the pigment might belong to any' of the classes of natural pigments known at that time, Lagerheim coined the term "phycoporphyrin." There was no intent by Lagerheim to denote a tetrapyrrol structure now associated with the generic term, porphyrin, which describes in part the chromagenic group of compounds such as chlorophyll or hemoglobin. All references in the literature to phycoporphyrin appear to be derived from the original paper by Lagerheim.
Milky disease development in field-infected Japanese beetle larvae

Abstract By correlated visual and microscopical examination, milky disease of field-infected, third-instar Japanese beetle larvae is categorized into four phases. The phases are described as sequential disease symptoms I through IV. All four phases persist simultaneously throughout experimental incubation. Larvae die during all phases of the disease; however, the largest percentage of death is at phase II and III of the infectious process. At phase II, 90% of the total population of cell types in the infected hemolymph are vegetative cells; in phase III 65–76% are vegetative cells with 17–28% spores. The massive spore population (95% of population) that characterizes milky disease is designated phase IV; less than 30% of larvae reach this phase of the disease.
The long-term impact of women's studies on students' personal lives and political activism

Stake, Roades, Rose, Ellis, and West (1994) reported that women's studies classes led to more feminist activism and greater personal course-related changes than nonwomen's studies classes. The present study tested the durability of the positive changes observed in women studies students 9 months following the last week of class. Comparisons between students who participated at follow-up (26.3%) and students who did not participate indicated that the follow-up participants were representative of all students who completed the courses. In the follow-up sample, class impact reported in the last week of class was sustained at follow-up. Women's studies students continued to report substantial changes in their interactions with others and willingness to adopt new roles and behaviors. Ratings of positive effects were significantly higher than ratings of negative effects (p < .0001). Students' responses indicated they were using their women's studies learning as a framework for understanding their experiences an...
Ruthenium-based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction—a review

A major impediment to the commercialization of fuel cells is the low activity of electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction that involves multiple electron transfer steps. Platinum is considered the best cathode catalyst toward oxygen reduction to water; however, Pt remains an expensive metal of low abundance, and it is of great importance to find Pt-free metal alternatives. Among various Pt-free catalysts under development, ruthenium-based compounds show significant catalytic activity and selectivity for four-electron reduction of oxygen to water in acidic environments. This article provides a short review on the different classes of Ru-based catalysts focusing on the catalytically active reaction sites and the oxygen reduction mechanism in acidic media. After a brief discussion of the oxygen reduction kinetics on a pure Ru metal, the paper reviews the catalytic properties of the selected Ru compounds, including crystalline Chevrel-phase chalcogenides, nanostructured Ru and Ru–Se clusters, and Ru–N chelate compounds.
What We Learned from Three Evaluations that Involved Stakeholders.

Abstract This study discusses three evaluations completed in a large suburban school district, each of which involved stakeholders purposefully throughout the inquiry process. The reflective case narrative addresses three questions: (1) To what extent or in which parts of the evaluations were stakeholders involved? (2) What actions did the evaluator(s) take to encourage stakeholder involvement? and (3) What difficulties were encountered in each evaluation, and what actions were taken to resolve them? Looking across the evaluations, four lessons emerge. First, these experiences suggest that it may be easier not to involve multiple stakeholders than to involve them. Second, once multiple stakeholders are actively involved, the evaluator and client must be willing to handle the complexities of logistical arrangements and the potential conflicts that may arise. Third, it takes skill to establish meaningful interactive processes and structures that can involve multiple stakeholders over time. Finally, evaluators must recognize that involving multiple stakeholders may require additional resources.
Imagescope to Photodiode Beam-Profile Imaging System

Transverse beam-distribution measurements of high-current cw accelerators must be obtained from noninterceptive sensors. For the 100-mA H2 or D beam of the Fusion Materials Irradiation Test (FMIT) accelerator, these transverse properties may be obtained by detecting the visible radiation resulting from beam interactions with residual gas. A system of mirrors, intensified TV cameras, digitizers, and tomographic reconstruction codes has been reported previously. This report describes a new technique for sensing and digitizing the light projected transversely from the beam of the FMIT accelerator at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Figure 1 is a sketch of the main components of the Imagescope to photodiode beam-imaging system. An input lens focuses the beam-profile image onto a bundle of optical fibers that are spatially coherent from end to end. The output end gathers the fibers from the four input legs into a small double-row format. Thus, four different beam-profile images are transferred from this fiber-optic bundle (Imagescope) through a microchannel-plate (MCP) image intensifier with a format arranged so that two linear photodiode arrays (Reticons) receive the intensified images. The photodiode arrays have 512 elements each; thus, each beam profile has a 256-element resolution. An electronic package accepts the electric signal from the photodiodes, digitizes the contribution of each sensitive element, and transmits the digitized profile information over a fiber-optic data link to a memory unit accessible by the CAMAC data-acquisition and processing system. Details of this new beam-profile imaging and digitizing system are presented in the following sections.
Meal-induced changes in extracellular 5-HT in medial hypothalamus of lean (Fa/Fa) and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats

Abstract Hypothalamic serotonin (5-HT) is involved in appetite regulation and sympathetic stimulation of thermogenesis. This study tested the hypothesis that the enhanced energetic efficiency of obese Zucker rats involves blunted serotonergic release within the medial hypothalamus (MH). We used microdialysis and HPLC–EC to measure dynamic changes in extracellular 5-HT levels in the MH of 10–13-week-old male lean ( Fa/Fa ) and obese ( fa/fa ) Zucker rats before and after a meal. No differences were noted in basal levels of 5-HT between lean and obese rats. Consistent with the suggestion that hypothalamic 5-HT plays a physiological role in feeding, extracellular 5-HT levels increased significantly in both lean and obese rats given a meal. This increase was observed in the 20 min interval in which they ate the 8.1 kcal meal and remained for an additional 60 min. The net release of 5-HT during the meal interval was comparable in the lean (1.46±0.38 fmol/μl) and obese (1.21±0.82 fmol/μl) rats. However, the 5-HT levels of the leans (1.80±0.29 fmol/μl) plateaued in the next 20 min interval, whereas they continued rising (2.74±0.53 fmol/μl) in obese rats and were significantly higher than those in the leans during the 40 and 60 min intervals after the meal was presented. This resulted in a total net release during the meal plus the next three 20 min intervals that was significantly higher in obese (9.83±1.16 fmol/μl) than in lean (5.59±0.85 fmol/μl) rats. Thus, the enhanced energetic efficiency of the obese Zucker rats may not be associated with attenuated serotonin release in response to a meal. Rather their enhanced release of 5-HT in the MH may reflect compensatory mechanisms for the elevated orexigen NPY, the reduction in meal-induced CCK release, and/or a functional resistance to 5-HT.
Cytokinins: Synthesis and Biological Activity of Related Derivatives of 2iP, 3iP, and their Ribosides

Chemical conversions of 6-(3-methyl-2-butenylamino)purine, 2iP, and 6-(3-methyl-3-butenylamino)purine, 3iP, to common products have been effected. A number of compounds related to these isomers and their ribosides have been synthesized, including 6-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutylamino)-9-β-D-ribofuranosylpurine, 6-(3-chloro-3-methylbutylamino)purine, 6-(3, 4-dihydroxy-3-methylbutylamino) purine, and 6-(3,4-dihydroxy-3-methylbutylamino)-9-β-D-ribofuranosylpurine, and the cytokinin activities have been compared in the tobacco bioassay. The effect of 4-hydroxyl substitution on the side chain has been noted. Diagnostic fragmentations of the side chains have been observed in the mass spectra.
Roots Revisited: Three Decades of Perspective

The following article, presented as an introduction to this special anniversary issue marking the beginning of the Anthropology and Education Quarterly's fifteenth year of publication, is a slight revision of the Past President's Address delivered at the annual business meeting of the Council on Anthropology and Education, Chicago, 19 November 1983.
Erythrocyte membrane skeleton phosphoproteins: identification of two unrelated phosphoproteins in band 4.9.

Abstract Human erythrocyte membrane band 4.9 is phosphorylated by several erythrocyte protein kinases. Chromatography of erythrocyte membrane skeleton proteins on DEAE-Sephacel produces two proteins with relative mobilities, on gel electrophoresis, similar to that of band 4.9. The first, with a molecular mass of 49 kDa, is quite basic (pI > 8) while the second, 50.5 kDa, is slightly acidic (pI = 6.2). Comparative two-dimensional peptide mapping reveals that both proteins are present in band 4.9 on one-dimensional gels of total erythrocyte membrane proteins and membrane skeleton proteins. The 49 kDa protein, but not the 50.5 kDa protein, binds to actin filaments in a sedimentation assay. In intact erythrocytes metabolically labelled with [32P]orthophosphate, the 49 kDa protein is phosphorylated by protein kinase C, cAMP-dependent protein kinase, and protein kinases which are active in the absence of exogenous kinase activators. In contrast, the 50.5 kDa protein is phosphorylated by protein kinase C but not by the other protein kinases examined. Finally, two-dimensional peptide mapping was employed to compare the 49 kDa protein and a 57 kDa protein which copurifies with, and has many characteristics of, the 49 kDa protein. Significant similarities were found in both 125I-labeled chymotryptic peptide maps and 32P-labeled tryptic peptide maps, suggesting that the 49 kDa and 57 kDa proteins are closely related.
RALA and RALBP1 regulate mitochondrial fission at mitosis

Mitochondria exist as dynamic interconnected networks that are maintained through a balance of fusion and fission. Equal distribution of mitochondria to daughter cells during mitosis requires fission. Mitotic mitochondrial fission depends on both the relocalization of the large GTPase DRP1 to the outer mitochondrial membrane and phosphorylation of Ser 616 on DRP1 by the mitotic kinase cyclin B-CDK1 (ref. 2). We now report that these processes are mediated by the small Ras-like GTPase RALA and its effector RALBP1 (also known as RLIP76, RLIP1 or RIP1; refs 3, 4). Specifically, the mitotic kinase Aurora A phosphorylates Ser 194 of RALA, relocalizing it to the mitochondria, where it concentrates RALBP1 and DRP1. Furthermore, RALBP1 is associated with cyclin B-CDK1 kinase activity that leads to phosphorylation of DRP1 on Ser 616. Disrupting either RALA or RALBP1 leads to a loss of mitochondrial fission at mitosis, improper segregation of mitochondria during cytokinesis and a decrease in ATP levels and cell number. Thus, the two mitotic kinases Aurora A and cyclin B-CDK1 converge on RALA and RALBP1 to promote mitochondrial fission, the appropriate distribution of mitochondria to daughter cells and ultimately proper mitochondrial function.
PANTOTHENIC ACID STATUS OF FREE LIVING ADOLESCENT AND YOUNG ADULTS

Abstract The objective of the current study was to compare estimated dietary pantothenic acid of adolescent and adult humans on self-selected diets with urinary excretion and blood levels of pantothenic acid in order to gain insights on apparent pantothenic acid nutritional status of these individuals. In Study I, 11 adolescent boys and girls ranging in age from 10–16 years participated. Subjects were interviewed on past dietary practices. During the 4-day test period, subjects kept daily records of food intakes and made complete collections of urine. Fasting blood samples were drawn at the end of the study. Study II was similar to Study I except that 23 adult subjects participated. Pantothenic acid contents of urine and blood serum from both studies were determined microbiologically using Lactobacillus plantarum. Intakes of pantothenic acid were calculated from dietary diaries and from the check forms. For adolescent subjects, a strong, statistically significant correlation between pantothenic acid intake and blood serum pantothenic acid was found. However, no statistically significant positive correlation was found between pantothenic acid intake and either pantothenic acid excretion expressed in terms of mg/day or mg/g creatinine. In the latter case, the correlation was directionally negative. For adults, a strong, statistically significant positive correlation was found between pantothenic acid intake and urinary pantothenic acid excretion. However, the relationship between pantothenic acid intake and blood serum pantothenic acid was not statistically significant.
Direct measurement of matrix metalloproteinase activity in 3D cellular microenvironments using a fluorogenic peptide substrate

Incorporation of degradable moieties into synthetic hydrogels has greatly increased the utility of these three-dimensional matrices for in vitro cell culture as well as tissue engineering applications. A common method for introducing degradability is the inclusion of oligopeptides sensitive to cleavage by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), enabling cell-mediated remodeling and migration within the material. While this strategy has been effective, characterization and measurement of cell-mediated degradation in these materials has remained challenging. There are 20+ MMP family members whose activity is regulated in space and time by a number of biochemical and biophysical cues. Thus, the typical approach of characterizing cleavage of degradable moieties in solution with recombinant enzymes does not easily translate to three-dimensional cell-mediated matrix remodeling. To address this challenge, we report here the synthesis of a cell-laden hydrogel matrix functionalized with a fluorogenic peptide substrate to provide real-time, quantitative monitoring of global MMP activity. Using this system, stimulation of MMP activity was observed with growth factor treatment in mammary epithelial cells and compared to classical zymography results. Further, the effect of biophysical cues on MMP activity of human mesenchymal stem cells was also investigated where more rigid hydrogels were observed to increase MMP activity. The regulation of MMP activity by these biochemical and biophysical cues highlights the need for in situ, real-time measurement of hydrogel degradation, and use of these functionalized hydrogels will aid in future rational design of degradable synthetic hydrogels for in vitro cell studies and tissue engineering applications.
Optimization of Electroluminescent Efficiencies for Vapor‐Grown GaAs1 − x P x Diodes

A series of diodes have been prepared by a vapor‐phase growth technique to investigate the effects of current‐spreading, absorption, impurity concentrations, and alloy composition on room‐temperature electro‐luminescent efficiencies. It is shown that for maximum efficiencies, a diode structure should be prepared with a p+ surface layer to enhance current spreading, and a "window" containing about 10% more than the p‐n junction region to reduce absorption losses. It is also shown that the most efficient radiative recombination originates on the p‐side of the junction; low acceptor concentrations and high donor concentrations which are required for strong electron injection into the p‐side of the junction are thus found to result in highest electroluminescent efficiencies. Slow compositional grading between the substrate and the p‐n junction also resulted in increased efficiencies. A drop‐off in efficiency near the direct‐indirect transition for values of increasing from 0.38 was found to be severe, however, a corresponding increase in the spectral sensitivity of the eye was found to provide a broad maximum in diode brightness at emission wave‐lengths near 6800Aa (). Planar uncoated diodes have provided brightness values in excess of 300 ft‐L at 10 amp/cm2 with external efficiencies of at 6400Aa. Plastic encapsulants ean be readily used as domes to increase external efficiencies by a factor of 3, or as directional lenses to provide beam‐widths as narrow as 7°.
Responding to hepatitis C through the criminal justice system.

From a public health standpoint, the high concentration of patients in correctional institutions with hepatitis C — now a curable contagious disease — presents a critical opportunity to curtail this epidemic.
Comparison of fast-setting calcium phosphate bone cement and fat autograft in a rabbit model of frontal sinus obliteration

BACKGROUND: Traditionally, chronic obstruction of the frontal recess is managed by frontal sinus obliteration (FSO). This often requires the harvest of abdominal fat as a filler with all of its associated morbidity. In this study, we investigate the efficacy of calcium phosphate bone cement (Craniofacial Repair System [CRS]) as a material for FSO. METHODS: Eighteen New Zealand white rabbits were divided into three groups and carried out to two time periods. Six rabbits underwent FSO with fat autograft (control group) and 12 rabbits underwent FSO with CRS (study groups 1 and 2, respectively). At 52 weeks, six control and six study rabbits were killed. The remaining six rabbits were killed at 78 weeks. All specimens underwent radiological evaluation with spiral computed tomography (CT) followed by gross inspection. Histological evaluation was then performed to assess bony growth and to evaluate the interface of the sinus wall with the obliterative material. RESULTS: Sinuses obliterated with CRS showed complete obliteration radiographically. This was apparent at 52 weeks and remained static at 78 weeks. Histological analysis indicated persistent obliteration of the sinus cavity from 52 to 78 weeks and signs of osteoinduction. There were no complications observed as a result of the operative procedure or the materials used. CONCLUSION: CRS is an alternative to fat autograft for FSO in this noninfected animal model. Further studies are needed to evaluate its long-term efficacy as well as its behavior in chronically infected sinuses.
Identifying and addressing barriers to the delivery of optimal therapy for primary central nervous system lymphoma in the broader community

Despite recent advances in the management of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), recent population-based studies suggest that prognosis in the broader community has not improved substantially over the last 20 years. It is possible that this difference in outcome reflects a significant selection bias in the clinical series and trials reported. However, there is also preliminary evidence suggesting that patients in the community may not receive optimal management. There are many possible reasons that might account for disparities in care and outcome, but these have not been specifically addressed with regard to PCNSL. We have sought to elaborate some potential causes of these disparities; however, future studies are needed to identify and address specific barriers to care in the community.
Species of Pleuroxus (Anomopoda, Chydoridae) from the subantarctic islands and southernmost South America: a partial unravelling of the Pleuroxus aduncus problem

Whereas previously all populations of Pleuroxus (now P.) known from the subantarctic islands and southernmost South America were considered to belong to a subspecies of P. aduncus (described from France), now there are five distinct species, only one of which resembles P. aduncus to any significant extent, but even it is a good species. Thus, the taxa are all distinctly different, and none of them could possibly be considered an infraspecies of P. aduncus sens. str.
Issues in predicting user acceptance of computer‐mediated communication (CMC) in inter‐university classroom discussion as an alternative to face‐to‐face interaction

This study sought to identify specific variables which appear to predict acceptance of a long distance, multi‐campus form of computer‐mediated education. Results indicate that initial acceptance of the medium as an alternative to face‐to‐face interaction is best predicted by how well CMC added to the courses in which the students were enrolled. Later CMC acceptance is best predicted by (1) initial CMC acceptance, (2) how well CMC added to the course, and (3) initial level of CMC inhibition.
'Play mas': carnival in the archives and the archives in carnival: records and community identity in the US Virgin Islands

Over the past several decades, scholars concerned with post-colonial and indigenous populations have focused on archives as one method of excavating the cultures and lives of marginalized peoples. The limitations of textual and bureaucratic records, combined with the recognition that an archive can consist of interrelated knowledge constructs composed of many different kinds of documentation, have led these scholars to seek ‘archives’ beyond the walls of official buildings. For archivists likewise engaged in documenting post-colonial and other communities, expanding the definitions of what an archive could be, and suggesting new ways of seeing ‘records’, offers the potential of creatively representing and preserving the cultural expressions of these communities. This paper examines carnival as a cultural archive. Carnival, an annual tradition in many Caribbean islands was initially created by both enslaved and freed Africans as a counter-narrative to the festivals of the colonizers. In the US Virgin Islands, carnival began in the eighteenth century when the islands were Danish colonies. It was briefly revived at the beginning of the twentieth century and again in 1952 as an annual public celebration, which it remains today. While carnival produces traditional records, the week-long event also embodies the continuum of a local culture through a variety of non-traditional records that transmit genealogies, folkways, food customs, and history.
The fragmentation of reason : preface to a pragmatic theory of cognitive evaluation

From Descartes to Popper, philosophers have criticized and tried to improve the strategies of reasoning invoked in science and in everyday life. In recent years leading cognitive psychologists have painted a detailed, controversial, and highly critical portrait of common sense reasoning. Stephen Stich begins with a spirited defense of this work and a critique of those writers who argue that widespread irrationality is a biological or conceptual impossibility.Stich then explores the nature of rationality and irrationality: What is it that distinguishes good reasoning from bad? He rejects the most widely accepted approaches to this question approaches which unpack rationality by appeal to truth, to reflective equilibrium or conceptual analysis. The alternative he defends grows out of the pragmatic tradition in which reasoning is viewed as a cognitive tool. Stich's version of pragmatism leads to a radical epistemic relativism and he argues that the widespread abhorrence of relativism is ill founded.Stephen Stich is Professor of Philosophy at Rutgers University and author of From Folk Psychology to Cognitive Science.
DIFFERENCES IN DROUGHT ADAPTATION BETWEEN SUBSPECIES OF SAGEBRUSH (ARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA)

Three subspecies of Artemisia tridentataoccupy distinct habitats in the Great Basin of North America: ssp. wyomingensis in low, arid elevations; ssp. vaseyana in high, mesic elevations; and ssp. tridentata in intermediate zones. We evaluated differences in the drought experienced and drought tolerance among the subspecies. Drought tolerance was measured by two traits: the xylem pressure (Cx) causing xylem cavitation and Cx causing loss of leaf turgor (Ctlp). As expected from habitat, ssp. wyomingensisexperienced a more severe summer drought than ssp. vaseyana (minimum Cx 52 7.5 MPa and 23.8 MPa, respectively). Despite the large difference in drought exposure, the subspecies ex- hibited similar drought responses, including a reduction in transpiration ( E) below 0.5 mmol·s 21 ·m 22 , a shedding of 60-65% of foliage, and .95% decline in soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance. The similarity in the drought response was consistent with pronounced dif- ferences in Cx, causing 50% loss in xylem conductivity by cavitation (C50). The C50 was 24.9 MPa in ssp. wyomingensis vs. 23.0 MPa in ssp. vaseyana; ssp. tridentata was in- termediate (C50 52 3.9 MPa). Differences in cavitation resistance were preserved in a common garden, suggesting that they arose by genetic differentiation. A water transport model indicated that the greater cavitation resistance in ssp. wyomingensiswas a necessary adaptation for its more arid habitat, and that the similar restrictions of E among subspecies were required to avoid hydraulic failure. The Ctlp was also lower in ssp. wyomingensisthan in ssp. vaseyana. Although Ctlp decreased in both subspecies during drought, the adjustment was not sufficient to maintain turgor. Turgor loss may have been adaptive in minimizing shoot growth and stomatal conductance under hydraulically limiting circumstances.
Conversations with Moctezuma: Ancient Shadows over Modern Life in Mexico

Conversations with Moctezuma: Ancient Shadows over Modern Life in Mexico. Dick J. Reavis. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1990. 304 pp. $19.95 (cloth), $12.00 (paper). ISBN 0-688-07999-7, ISBN 0-688-10738-9.
Use of machine learning to shorten observation-based screening and diagnosis of autism

The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic (ADOS) is one of the most widely used instruments for behavioral evaluation of autism spectrum disorders. It is composed of four modules, each tailored for a specific group of individuals based on their language and developmental level. On average, a module takes between 30 and 60 min to deliver. We used a series of machine-learning algorithms to study the complete set of scores from Module 1 of the ADOS available at the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE) for 612 individuals with a classification of autism and 15 non-spectrum individuals from both AGRE and the Boston Autism Consortium (AC). Our analysis indicated that 8 of the 29 items contained in Module 1 of the ADOS were sufficient to classify autism with 100% accuracy. We further validated the accuracy of this eight-item classifier against complete sets of scores from two independent sources, a collection of 110 individuals with autism from AC and a collection of 336 individuals with autism from the Simons Foundation. In both cases, our classifier performed with nearly 100% sensitivity, correctly classifying all but two of the individuals from these two resources with a diagnosis of autism, and with 94% specificity on a collection of observed and simulated non-spectrum controls. The classifier contained several elements found in the ADOS algorithm, demonstrating high test validity, and also resulted in a quantitative score that measures classification confidence and extremeness of the phenotype. With incidence rates rising, the ability to classify autism effectively and quickly requires careful design of assessment and diagnostic tools. Given the brevity, accuracy and quantitative nature of the classifier, results from this study may prove valuable in the development of mobile tools for preliminary evaluation and clinical prioritization—in particular those focused on assessment of short home videos of children—that speed the pace of initial evaluation and broaden the reach to a significantly larger percentage of the population at risk.
Dichlorination of a pyrrolyl-S-carrier protein by FADH2-dependent halogenase PltA during pyoluteorin biosynthesis

The antifungal natural product pyoluteorin contains a 4,5-dichloropyrrole moiety. The timing of dichlorination in the heteroaromatic ring is now shown to occur after proline is tethered by thioester linkage to the carrier protein PltL and enzymatically desaturated to the pyrrolyl-S-PltL. Surprisingly, the FADH2-dependent halogenase PltA catalyzes chlorination at both positions of the ring, generating the 5-chloropyrrolyl-S-PltL intermediate and then the 4,5-dichloropyrrolyl-S-PltL product. PltA activity strictly depends on a heterologous flavin reductase that uses NAD(P)H to produce FADH2. Electrospray ionization–Fourier transform MS detected five covalent intermediates attached to the 11-kDa carrier protein PltL. Tandem MS localized the site of covalent modification on the carrier protein scaffold. HPLC analysis of the hydrolyzed products was consistent with the regiospecific chlorination at position 5 and then position 4 of the heteroaromatic ring. A mechanism for dichlorination is proposed involving formation of a FAD-4a-OCl intermediate for capture by the electron-rich C4 and C5 of the heteroaromatic pyrrole moiety.
Calcium transport in chicken leukocytes and erythrocytes

Abstract 1. 1. In the present study, Ca2+ uptake and Ca2+-ATPase activity of two different chicken leukocyte populations and erythrocytes isolated from 1- to 6-week-old chickens were determined. 2. 2. The Ca2+-ATPase activity of the two leukocyte populations significantly increased at 3 weeks of age. Erythrocyte Ca2+-ATPase activity significantly increased at 2 weeks of age. 3. 3. Calcium transport activities into the two leukocyte populations did not differ significantly with age.
The Intersession Report: Development of a Short Questionnaire for Couples Therapy

This article describes the Intersession Report, a short, easily administered nine-item questionnaire that clients complete at the beginning of each therapy session. This questionnaire was developed to enable clinicians and researchers to routinely collect standardized data on clients. Results showed that the Intersession Report has three subscales that represent Functioning, Symptoms, and Alliance. The subscales scores demonstrated multiple forms of validity and reliability. The Intersession Report provides clinicians a quick and easy way to assess clients. It also provides researchers information on clients who discontinue therapy and information that can be used in assessing attrition bias.
New immune strategies for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: antibodies and chimeric antigen receptors

The prognosis of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remains poor and novel treatment strategies are needed. Antibody-based therapies represent such an approach. ALL cells express various surface antigens that are targets for monoclonal antibodies. This review focuses on 4 major classes of antibody therapy: (1) naked antibodies, (2) T-cell-engaging bispecific single-chain antibodies, (3) immunoconjugates/immunotoxins, and (4) chimeric antigen receptors. Preclinical and clinical data are reviewed. This area of research represents an exciting new approach to help improve the outcome of this disease. Several clinical trials are currently incorporating this therapy in the treatment of newly diagnosed and relapsed adult ALL patients.