cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visual on- and off-latencies and handedness

Ten Ss served in this experiment, five right-handed and five left-handed. Every S was tested in a perceived-order situation and by the up-and-down method to determine the relative on-latency for a visual test stimulus. i.e, (ON-Lat for lest stimulus involving right hemisphere- ON-Lat for standard stimulus involving left hemisphere) and to determine a similarly defined relative off-latency for the same test stimulus. The algebraic difference between the relative on-latency measure and the relative off-latency measure was then found. Data from a previous study had suggested that this “on-off difference” was characteristically positive for left-handed Ss and negative for right-handed Ss. The present data agree. The left-handed Ss were found to differ significantly from the right-handed Ss in the magnitude of the on-off difference. This outcome appears important as a possible clue to functional interhemispheric differences related to handedness.
Oxygenation and metabolic status of KHT tumors as measured simultaneously by 19F magnetic resonance imaging and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy

To evaluate the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) and the energy-related phosphorous metabolites in individual KHT murine sarcomas more clearly, the spatial distributions of pO2 were obtained simultaneously with 31P magnetic resonance spectra, and repeatedly as a function of growth. The pO2 maps, derived from serial images of the spin-lattice relaxation times of sequestered perfluorocarbon emulsions, were heterogeneous spatially, which is characteristic of solid tumors. Collectively, the median pO2 of the seven KHT tumors of mass varying from 0.2 to 1.8 g decreased from 60 to 0 mmHg, but it increased in one of five tumors which were followed in the growth study. The pHMRS and the high-energy ratio of phosphocreatine + nucleoside triphosphates to total observed phosphorous (TP) dropped on average as a function of tumor growth, while the low energy ratio of Pi to TP increased. Also, for the tumors as a whole, the pH and high-energy ratio increased with increasing median pO2 while the low energy ratio decreased, but the 31P values of some tumors did not follow this general trend. These individual variations suggest the need for simultaneous and repeated measurements of phosphorous metabolites and oxygen tension for complete information regarding the tumor status in experimental studies and therapeutic procedures in humans.
Civic Engagement Patterns of Undocumented Mexican Students.

This study examined the civic engagement of undocumented Mexican students. Civic engagement was defined as providing a social service, activism, tutoring, and functionary work. Survey data results ...
Free-energy calculations and the melting point of Al

The temperature dependence of the Gibbs free energies of crystalline and liquid aluminum have been calculated using the embedded-atom method with molecular dynamics. The resulting thermodynamic melting point ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{m}}$ is 800 K, about 130 K below the experimental value. From the simulation, the free energy of the crystalline phase was obtained by thermodynamic integration methods, while the liquid free energy was calculated by choosing the ideal gas as the reference system. Crystal-liquid interface simulations at zero pressure and several temperatures above and below ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{m}}$ have been carried out. Melting and freezing processes were observed.
The relationship between heparin level and activated clotting time in the adult cardiac surgery population

The purpose of this descriptive study was to examine the relationship between heparin levels (HL) determined by heparin protamine titration (HPT) and activated clotting time (ACT) for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in an adult cardiac surgery population. We examined institutional databases for all patients who underwent CPB at a single US academic institution from February 2005 until July 2007. Baseline ACT, predicted and actual heparin dose response (HDR), target and actual ACT, heparin concentration and heparin bolus dose were recorded. We examined the ACT and HL after the initial heparin bolus dose (Post-Hep) and 10 minutes after the initiation of CPB (CPB+10). The Post-Hep and CPB+10 ACT and HL are reported for 3802 patients. The distribution of ACTs for HL of 0.7, 1.4, 2.0, 2.7 and 3.4 units heparin/mL blood at both time points are reported. Additional analysis of the relationship of HL to ACTs of 300, 350, 400 and 480 seconds is also presented.
The effect of the bain circuit on gas exchange

This is an experimental and theoretical analysis of the Mapleson D (Bain) circuit. A bench model was used to determine the effects of breathing rate, tidal volume, and fresh gas flow on the simulated alveolar gas composition when a commercial Bain breathing circuit is used. In addition, an effort was made to derive mathematical equations that describe the CO2-profile in the expiratory limb of the Bain circuit, the amount of CO2 rebreathed, and the effect of this rebreathing on the alveolar gas composition. Data obtained with the bench model and with the equations were compared to data from the literature. The effect of the Bain circuit on gas exchange was compared to that of an equivalent dead space.
On the validity of microscopic calculations for inelastic proton scattering

Abstract Recent measurements of transition rates for low-lying collective states and giant resonances in 208 Pb using inelastic scattering of 200 and 334 MeV protons are in accord with accepted values. This is in sharp disagreement with earlier medium-energy proton inelastic scattering studies in which the validity of the collective model formalism was questioned. Combining these results with measurements at other energies, we conclude that the extraction of deformation lengths with the collective distorted wave Born approximation formalism is satisfactory to at least 800 MeV. The present results bring into question the microscopic calculations of inelastic scattering using RPA wave functions.
Aging counts on chromosomes.

The acquisition of an abnormal number of chromosomes is a hallmark of many human cancers. A new study indicates that unequal segregation of genetic material to daughter cells during cell division can also lead to premature senescence and accelerated onset of a variety of aging phenotypes.
Depletion of Glutathione by Benzo(a)pyrene Metabolites, Ionomycin, Thapsigargin, and Phorbol Myristate in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

Previous studies in this laboratory have shown that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) alter Ca2+ homeostasis and inhibit activation of both B and T lymphocytes obtained from rodents and humans. In the present studies, we demonstrate that alpha-naphthoflavone (ANF), an inhibitor of cytochrome P4501A activity, reduced the Ca2+ elevation produced by BaP in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (HPBMC) lymphocytes. These results suggested that BaP metabolites may play a role in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis in human lymphocytes. Reactive oxidative intermediates of BaP produced in HPMBC are known to be highly carcinogenic and have also been shown to be immunosuppressive. We examined the effects of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), benzo(e)pyrene (BeP), and anthracene, as well as certain BaP metabolites, on the levels of intracellular Ca2+ and glutathione in HPBMC. While BaP, DMBA, BeP, and anthracene did not cause a statistically significant decrease in GSH in HPBMC at concentrations of 1 or 10 microM following a 6-, 48-, or 72-hr exposure, reactive BaP metabolites including 4,5-epoxide BaP and 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide BaP consistently produced a 20-30% depletion of glutathione in HPBMC following a 6-hr treatment period. These BaP metabolites also elevated intracellular Ca2+ in HPBMC during a 6-hr incubation. Results of these experiments suggest that metabolism of BaP to certain epoxide metabolites may be responsible for sulfhydryl damage leading to transient GSH depletion and Ca2+ elevation. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that sulfhydryl damage by certain PAH metabolites may lead to altered Ca2+ homeostasis, leading to inhibition of cell activation and proliferation in HPBMC.
Intraseptal superficial peroneal nerve.

Knowledge of the anatomy of the superficial peroneal nerve (SPN) is necessary for surgeons caring for patients with lower extremity pain after ankle, leg, or knee injuries, for athletes with exertional compartment syndrome, and those having reconstructive microsurgery with either soft tissue or vascularized fibular flaps. The anatomy of the SPN is known to be that of a peripheral nerve traveling in the lateral compartment of the lower leg. Recently, clearer descriptions of its variability have documented that between 27 and 43% of patients have the SPN in either the anterior compartment or both the anterior and the lateral compartment of the leg. The present observations record the location of the SPN within the septum that separates the anterior from the lateral compartment. Awareness of this unusual variant location will enable the surgeon to find and preserve the SPN during fasciotomy, neurolysis, neuroma resection, or bony and soft tissue reconstruction. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2007.
Certain Finitely Generated Compact Zero Dimensional Semigroups

Consider a compact zero dimensional (profinite) monoid. While the group of units must be open, a regular D-class need not be open in the ideal it generates. This is the case if and only if the semigroup contains infinitely many copies of a certain semilattice composed of an increasing sequence of idempotents converging to an upper bound.Using compactifications of free products, two generator compact monoids with these properties are constructed.
Learning from Chemical Visualizations: Comparing generation and selection

Dynamic visualizations can make unseen phenomena such as chemical reactions visible but students need guidance to benefit from them. This study explores the value of generating drawings versus selecting among alternatives to guide students to learn chemical reactions from a dynamic visualization of hydrogen combustion as part of an online inquiry unit. In prior research, generation has been more successful than selection in helping students distinguish among ideas to learn complex topics. However, selecting among perplexing alternatives may motivate learners to distinguish among ideas they might otherwise neglect. To test the value of selection for helping students distinguish ideas, this study contrasted complex selection (involving normative as well as non-normative ideas identified in prior research) from typical selection (involving images from the visualization). Results showed that all conditions improved student understanding and that typical selection was less effective than generation while compl...
Protein kinase C-δ regulates the subcellular localization of Shc in H2O2-treated cardiomyocytes

Protein kinase C-δ (PKCδ) exerts important cardiac actions as a lipid-regulated kinase. There is limited evidence that PKCδ also might exert an additional kinase-independent action as a regulator of the subcellular compartmentalization of binding partners such as Shc (Src homologous and collagen), a family of adapter proteins that play key roles in growth regulation and oxidative stress responses. This study shows that native PKCδ forms complexes with endogenous Shc proteins in H(2)O(2)-treated cardiomyocytes; H(2)O(2) treatment also leads to the accumulation of PKCδ and Shc in a detergent-insoluble cytoskeletal fraction and in mitochondria. H(2)O(2)-dependent recruitment of Shc isoforms to cytoskeletal and mitochondrial fractions is amplified by wild-type-PKCδ overexpression, consistent with the notion that PKCδ acts as a signal-regulated scaffold to anchor Shc in specific subcellular compartments. However, overexpression studies with kinase-dead (KD)-PKCδ-K376R (an ATP-binding mutant of PKCδ that lacks catalytic activity) are less informative, since KD-PKCδ-K376R aberrantly localizes as a constitutively tyrosine-phosphorylated enzyme to detergent-insoluble and mitochondrial fractions of resting cardiomyocytes; relatively little KD-PKCδ-K376R remains in the cytosolic fraction. The aberrant localization and tyrosine phosphorylation patterns for KD-PKCδ-K376R do not phenocopy the properties of native PKCδ, even in cells chronically treated with GF109203X to inhibit PKCδ activity. Hence, while KD-PKCδ-K376R overexpression increases Shc localization to the detergent-insoluble and mitochondrial fractions, the significance of these results is uncertain. Our studies suggest that experiments using KD-PKCδ-K376R overexpression as a strategy to competitively inhibit the kinase-dependent actions of native PKCδ or to expose the kinase-independent scaffolding functions of PKCδ should be interpreted with caution.
Local singlets, frustration, and unconventional superconductivity in the organic charge-transfer solids☆

We suggest that superconductivity (SC) in the organic charge-transfer solids (CTS) is reached from a bond-charge density wave (BCDW). We discuss an effective model for the BCDW to SC transition, an attractive U extended Hubbard Hamiltonian with repulsive nearest neighbor interaction V. We discuss experimental consequences of the theory for different classes of CTS superconductors as well as related inorganic materials.
The NASA End-to-End Data System program

NASA has embarked on the NASA End-to-End Data System (NEEDS) program, the objective of which is to improve effectiveness and efficiency of NASA's data/information management system. Technology gaps and bottlenecks in the end-to-end system, which encompasses acquiring data, processing it, and converting it to useful information, will be identified. Technology development activities addressing these problem areas will be carried out and new technology will be implemented. Phase I, started in 1977, addresses some very near-term data handling and processing problems with the development of some subsystem components. Phase II, with a late 1978 start, will concentrate on complete subsystems developments to effect near real-time data management. Potential future phases are projected to revolve around the themes of low cost data distribution and a full system demonstration.
Applications of the phase transfer function of digital incoherent imaging systems

The phase of the optical transfer function is advocated as an important tool in the characterization of modern incoherent imaging systems. It is shown that knowledge of the phase transfer function (PTF) can benefit a diverse array of applications involving both traditional and computational imaging systems. Areas of potential benefits are discussed, and three applications are presented, demonstrating the utility of the phase of the complex frequency response in practical scenarios. In traditional imaging systems, the PTF is shown via simulation results to be strongly coupled with odd-order aberrations and hence useful in misalignment detection and correction. In computational imaging systems, experimental results confirm that the PTF can be successfully applied to subpixel shift estimation and wavefront coding characterization tasks.
ULTRASONIC NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION APPLIED TO PROSTATE CANCER DETECTION

In this paper we will present initial results from an ongoing project at the University of Missouri-Columbia which focuses on prostate cancer detection using transrectal ultrasound. The overall project goal is the development of effective procedures for the detection, grading, and staging of prostate cancer. The goal of this initial study was lo ascertain whether acoustic parameters used in classical ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of engineering materials may be useful in identifying prostate cancer. The classical parameters speed of sound and attenuation coefficient were used along with a relatively new parameter in ultrasonic NDE, backscatter coefficient. The study was performed in vitro using human prostates which were obtained from radical prostatectomies. Each prostate was transversely sectioned to extract a 2 mm slice which was then scanned in an ultrasonic NDE research laboratory. Cancerous and benign regions of the prostate were subsequently identified on the tissue slice by a patholog...
Polarities and field configurations of the vertex components of the human auditory evoked response: a reinterpretation.

Abstract The cephalic spatial distributions and phase relationships of the late components, N 1 and P 2 , of the auditory evoked response, elicited by repetitive moderate-intensity tone pips, were assessed in man with a non-cephalic reference. There was no evidence of a polarity reversal at any site on the head, failing to confirm Vaughan and Ritter's (1970) sylvian phase reversal hypothesis.
Spatial and temporal evolution of the photo initiation rate for thick polymer systems illuminated on both sides

Photopolymerizations of thick systems are inherently non-uniform and much more complex than polymerizations of films and coatings. This contribution presents a mathematical description of the evolution of the photoinitiation rate profile for a thick photopolymerization system illuminated on two sides. Simulation results revealed that when two lamps of equal intensity are used, the spatial and temporal evolution of the photoinitiation rate profile follows a characteristic progression from a bimodal distribution to a unimodal shape with a maximum in the center of the sample. The addition of a second light source can lead to an initiation profile that is more uniform throughout the sample. System variables such as the initiator concentration, molar absorptivity and monomer absorptivity determine how the photoinitiation rate profile evolves. For example, increasing initiator concentration results in sharper initiation fronts which move through the sample more slowly. A reflective boundary condition, a special case of two-sided illumination using only one lamp, was found to enhance the initiation rate and uniformity for some reaction systems. This model provides the fundamental understanding needed to ensure proper selection of reaction components for effective photoinitiation in thick systems, including the possibility of a second light source as an additional design variable. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Activated transcription from rat liver chromatin by non-histone proteins.

Abstract 1. 1. The non-histone proteins partially purified from rat liver DNA-protein complex have been shown to stimulate chromatin-templated RNA synthesis in vitro. This stimulation is not the result of contaminating DNA or proteases. 2. 2. The RNA transcribed from chromatin stimulated by the non-histone proteins has a different nucleotide composition, and hybridizes more with homologous DNA in saturation hybridization and competition hybridization experiments than RNA transcribed from control chromatin. 3. 3. In ribosomal amino acid incorporation system in vitro, the RNA transcribed from the activated chromatin codes different polypeptides than RNA transcribed from control chromatin. 14C-labeled polypeptides translated by the activated RNA product are shown to have a longer average chain length. These data suggest an activation of the genome, resulting in increased transcription of additional genome sequences.
Health Information on the Web and Consumers’ Perspectives on Health Professionals’ Responses to Information Exchange

Background: Health information technology, which is sometimes referred to as informaticization of medicine, is changing the extent to which patients become competent producers of their own health by enabling them access to health information anytime and anywhere. Objective: This research provides preliminary information on users' perceptions of the extent to which use of the Internet for health information impacts medical encounters. We specifically explored the following questions: (1) To what extent perceptions of positive or negative changes in medical encounters are associated with sociodemographic background of online health information seekers, and how often the Internet information is discussed with providers? (2) To what extent is there an association between perceived changes in medical encounters and frequency of referring to the Internet during medical encounters? (3) To what extent is there an association between sociodemographic background of online health information users and frequency of discussing of the Internet information with providers? Methods: The data for this study was derived from a national sampling of online health and medical information users who participated in the Study of Health and Medical Information in Cyberspace—Survey of User Perceptions (N=710). This study used a nationally representative online research panel of the US adults maintained by the Knowledge Networks. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), chi-square, and t tests were performed to examine the data. Results: Although Internet sources allow people the opportunity to gather health or medical information, discussion of this information was not a very common activity. It is noteworthy that half of the sample never or rarely discussed health/medical information obtained from Internet sources with health professionals. Chi-square analyses revealed that discussion of online health information with providers were associated with education, income, and marital status. We also found that discussion of the Internet information mostly promotes better physician-patient interactions. Analyses with post-hoc tests identified that perceived changes in medical encounters were associated with age, education, and income. However, 9.1% (64/703) of our respondents strongly agreed that the interactions with their providers have been strained. T test analyses showed that marital status, race, and gender were not significant. Conclusions: Embracing new technologies, and adapting to changing roles and relationships in delivery of medical care are critical to effective delivery of patient-centered care. Health professionals could also guide patients on how to evaluate information and where to access to reliable and accurate information. [Med 2 0 2014;3(2):e4]
Leveling the Playing Field? Urban Disparities in Funding for Local Parks and Recreation in the Los Angeles Region

Access to parks and recreational facilities, as well as their quality, congestion, and affordability, relates to physical activity levels and, in turn, various health outcomes. Yet park and recreational resources are often insufficient and unevenly distributed within metropolitan regions. This paper documents and analyzes the allocation of federal, state, special district, municipal, and nonprofit resources to parks and recreation facilities across municipalities within the Los Angeles region. Results indicate that local funding for parks and recreation resources is highly uneven (from less than $1 to over $500 per capita annually). Because most park and recreation spending originates at the local level, fiscally healthier cities allocate more resources to these uses. State and nonprofits funds tend to favor middle-income communities and fail to equalize spending. Inner-ring suburbs with large minority populations, and low-income exurban communities are most likely to suffer from low expenditure. Federal ...
Surface Coverage and Structure of Mixed DNA/Alkylthiol Monolayers on Gold: Characterization by XPS, NEXAFS, and Fluorescence Intensity Measurements

Self-assembly of thiol-terminated single-stranded DNA (HS-ssDNA) on gold has served as an important model system for DNA immobilization at surfaces. Here, we report a detailed study of the surface composition and structure of mixed self-assembled DNA monolayers containing a short alkylthiol surface diluent [11-mercapto-1-undecanol (MCU)] on gold supports. These mixed DNA monolayers were studied with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS), and fluorescence intensity measurements. XPS results on sequentially adsorbed DNA/MCU monolayers on gold indicated that adsorbed MCU molecules first incorporate into the HS-ssDNA monolayer and, upon longer MCU exposures, displace adsorbed HS-ssDNA molecules from the surface. Thus, HS-ssDNA surface coverage steadily decreased with MCU exposure time. Polarization-dependent NEXAFS and fluorescence results both show changes in signals consistent with changes in DNA orientation after only 30 min of MCU exposure....
Survival of mammalian cells irradiated in different phases of the life-cycle as examined by autoradiography.

The radiosensitivity of cells at various mitotic phases was investigated in cultures of rat L cells exposed to a complete range of radiation doses. The cells were labeled with tritiated thymidine and after x irradiation and incubation for various time intervals were examined by phase contrast microscopy and radioautography. Results were compared with those from similar experiments using hamster cells. Results using mouse L cells differed from those using hamster cells and those from previous studies using HeLa cells. A relation between chromosomal damage and cell survival was observed. (C.H.)
Learning how to be innovative

Stanley Slater asserts that knowledge is the strongest foundation for competitive advantage, mainly because it is the wellspring of innovation. Yet many leaders aren't even aware that they need a knowledge management programme. They have much to learn.
Prehistoric Trade Networks and the Ethnographic Record in Central California

During ethnographic times, the Penutian-speaking Yokuts Indians of California's San Joaquin Valley functioned as middle men in the exchange of finished artifacts, raw materials, and foodstuffs betw...
Immune-cancer interactions in tumors and tumor-draining lymph nodes: Novel prognostic indicators for breast cancer

Meeting abstracts It is becoming clear that immune cells play many important but sometimes conflicting roles in cancer. Immune profile changes at sites of immune-cancer interactions, such as the tumor microenvironment and tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs), may represent a sensitive predictor of
Reaction Dynamics of ATP Hydrolysis Catalyzed by P-Glycoprotein

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a member of the ABC transporter family that confers drug resistance to many tumors by catalyzing their efflux, and it is a major component of drug–drug interactions. P-gp couples drug efflux with ATP hydrolysis by coordinating conformational changes in the drug binding sites with the hydrolysis of ATP and release of ADP. To understand the relative rates of the chemical step for hydrolysis and the conformational changes that follow it, we exploited isotope exchange methods to determine the extent to which the ATP hydrolysis step is reversible. With γ18O4-labeled ATP, no positional isotope exchange is detectable at the bridging β-phosphorus–O−γ-phosphorus bond. Furthermore, the phosphate derived from hydrolysis includes a constant ratio of three 18O/two 18O/one 18O that reflects the isotopic composition of the starting ATP in multiple experiments. Thus, H2O-exchange with HPO42– (Pi) was negligible, suggesting that a [P-gp·ADP·Pi] is not long-lived. This further demonstrates that the...
Response of southern magnolia to supraoptimal root-zone temperatures

Abstract 1. 1.|Rooted cuttings of southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora Hort. ‘St. Mary’) were exposed for 6 h daily to root-zone temperatures (RZT) of 28, 35 or 42°C for 8 weeks during the spring or fall of 1988. 2. 2.|Length of survival for 8-month old rooted cuttings was shortened when roots were exposed during the spring to 42 or 35°C compared to 28°C. Survival of 13-month old trees was unaffected by RZT treatments applied during the fall. 3. 3.|Electrolyte leakage from excised root tissue exposed for 30 min to temperatures ranging from 25 to 70°C, was used to assess cellular injury of 13-month old rooted cuttings after RZT treatments. 4. 4.|The critical killing temperatures (CT50) of root tissue pretreated at 28, 35 or 42°C RZT were 52.5 ± 0.9°C, 54.0 ± 0.4°C, respectively, and indicated differences in root membrane thermostability. 5. 5.|In another experiment, histological and scanning electron microscopy studies showed the proliferation of cells that was probably a callus response to temperature-mediated root injury induced by 38 or 42°C RZT after 20 or 8 days, respectively.
Making simple sentences hard: Verb bias effects in simple direct object sentences

Constraint-based lexical models of language processing assume that readers resolve temporary ambiguities by relying on a variety of cues, including particular knowledge of how verbs combine with nouns. Previous experiments have demonstrated verb bias effects only in structurally complex sentences, and have been criticized on the grounds that such effects could be due to a rapid reanalysis stage in a two-stage modular processing system. In a self-paced reading experiment and an eyetracking experiment, we demonstrate verb bias effects in sentences with simple structures that should require no reanalysis, and thus provide evidence that the combinatorial properties of individual words influence the earliest stages of sentence comprehension.
Reconstructed ancestral Myo-inositol-3-phosphate synthases indicate that ancestors of the Thermococcales and Thermotoga species were more thermophilic than their descendants

The bacterial genomes of Thermotoga species show evidence of significant interdomain horizontal gene transfer from the Archaea. Members of this genus acquired many genes from the Thermococcales, which grow at higher temperatures than Thermotoga species. In order to study the functional history of an interdomain horizontally acquired gene we used ancestral sequence reconstruction to examine the thermal characteristics of reconstructed ancestral proteins of the Thermotoga lineage and its archaeal donors. Several ancestral sequence reconstruction methods were used to determine the possible sequences of the ancestral Thermotoga and Archaea myo-inositol-3-phosphate synthase (MIPS). These sequences were predicted to be more thermostable than the extant proteins using an established sequence composition method. We verified these computational predictions by measuring the activities and thermostabilities of purified proteins from the Thermotoga and the Thermococcales species, and eight ancestral reconstructed proteins. We found that the ancestral proteins from both the archaeal donor and the Thermotoga most recent common ancestor recipient were more thermostable than their descendants. We show that there is a correlation between the thermostability of MIPS protein and the optimal growth temperature (OGT) of its host, which suggests that the OGT of the ancestors of these species of Archaea and the Thermotoga grew at higher OGTs than their descendants.
An Extended Propagation Ephemeris for GNSS

: A Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) ephemeris is defined, providing satellite positions accurate to 7.7 and 48.7 meters, over 24 and 72 hours, respectively. An empirical model is created, based upon the Fourier analysis of one year of precision orbit data, using argument of latitude as the independent variable. This model was then fit to smaller batches of orbit data. Dominant frequencies in the residuals, using time as the independent variable, defined a second empirical model for corrections in an orbit-based reference frame. The ephemeris was tested using one month of data, fitting segments between 24 and 168 hours. Random error was then simulated, using standard deviations between 0.1 and 5 m, to study the sensitivity to orbit propagation accuracy. Propagation errors of 5 meters increased the 24-hour ephemeris error to 12.2 meters, but had an insignificant effect on the longer ephemerides.
Schwinging through relativity

Einstein's Legacy: The Unity of Space and Time. By Julian Schwinger. W.H.Freeman 1986. Pp.250. 15.95.*
The EU, the US, and trade policy: competitive interdependence in the management of globalization

Competitive interdependence characterizes the EU–US relationship vis-a-vis third markets. Each defines success in relation to the other while each also views the other as its key geo-economic competitor in the world economy. CI has developed as the EU has attempted to manage globalization in the field of trade policy by focusing on the multilateral level and then by reversing course and privileging the regional, which in turn has expanded the EU's territorial influence. The reversal occurred largely because the Bush Administration in Washington pursued free trade agreements (FTAs) in a process of ‘competitive liberalization’. The US outflanked the EU by negotiating FTAs that favored US firms in third markets. The EU, to protect its own firms, then began to negotiate FTAs itself. Geo-economic competition between the EU and the US is thus key to shaping EU trade policy.
Replication of biosynthetic reactions enables efficient synthesis of A-factor, a γ-butyrolactone autoinducer from Streptomyces griseus

We report a concise synthesis of A-factor, the prototypical γ-butyrolactone signalling compound of Streptomyces bacteria. In analogy to enzymatic reactions in A-factor biosynthesis, our synthesis features a tandem esterification–Knoevenagel condensation yielding a 2-acyl butenolide and a surprising, chemoselective conjugate reduction of this α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound using sodium cyanoborohydride.
The Bechgaard salts: Spin density wave transitions in a magnetic field

Abstract Magnetotransport data on the field-induced spin density wave (FISDW) state in (TMTSF) 2 PF 6 under pressure are compared with analogous data on (TMTSF) 2 ClO 4 and with certain predictions of current models. The observed differences between the two compounds' behaviors, which were previously thought to limit the generality of conclusions based on the study of only one system, can be ascribed to the anion ordering transition which occurs only in (TMTSF) 2 ClO 4 . The data are generally consistent with proposals that the transport “oscillations” are actually a series of field-induced phase transitions. The significance of certain aspects of the magnetotransport behavior in terms of the current models are discussed.
The cardiovascular response to postural change as a function of race

Little is known about racial differences in cardiovascular responses to postural change. The immediate and delayed change from sitting to standing was studied in 207 healthy young Asian, black, and white men and women by means of a noninvasive blood pressure tracking system. Whereas Asians and whites had decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP) 32-41 s after standing, blacks had an increase. During the delayed response (3 min after standing), compared to Asians and whites, blacks had greater increases in diastolic blood pressure and MAP. Their heart rate increase was also greater than Asians. For systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure there were Race x Family History interactions for the immediate response to orthostasis and Race x Gender interactions for the delayed response. Blacks generally displayed different cardiovascular patterns from the other two racial groups, possibly reflecting increased peripheral resistance and altered baroreceptor function.
Improved Instrumentation for Stack Gas Monitoring

A microprocessor-based stack gas monitoring instrument designed to overcome certain limitations associated with conventional methods of stack monitoring is described. Emphasis during the instrument's development has been placed on simplicity, reliability and low cost, while obtaining more useful information for proper stack gas monitoring.
Effect of excess zinc on iron utilization by chicks fed a diet devoid of phytate and fiber

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of excess dietary zinc (Zn) on iron (Fe) utilization by growing chicks fed a phytate and fiber-free casein-dextrose diet. Previous work in our laboratory had established 40 mg/kg Fe and 15 mg/kg Zn as minimum dietary requirements for young chicks. Three deficient levels of nonheme Fe (i.e., 5, 15, and 25 mg Fe/kg diet) were fed in the presence and absence of excess Zn from 8 to 22 days posthatching. At 10 times the Zn requirement, excess Zn had no effect on chick performance, blood hemoglobin (Hb) or hematocrit (Ht). At 100 times the Zn requirement, excess Zn depressed performance and decreased both Hb and Ht. Blood Hb responded linearly to Fe supplementation at 15, 150 and 1500 mg/kg dietary Zn. Slope of the Hb response curve (Hb regressed on Fe intake) was not affected by excess dietary Zn. It was thus concluded that excess dietary Zn has little or no effect on Fe utilization when a phytate and fiber-free diet is fed to chicks.
Thin-layer chromatography: challenges and opportunities

The purpose of this article is to identify core technologies with the potential to influence the development of thin-layer chromatography over the next decade or so. Core technologies are identified as: (i) methods to provide a constant and optimum mobile phase velocity (forced flow and electroosmotically-driven flow), (ii) video densitometry for recording multidimensional chromatograms, (iii) in situ scanning mass spectrometry, and (iv) bioactivity monitoring for selective detection. In combination with two-dimensional, multiple development and coupled column-layer separation techniques these core technologies could dramatically increase the use of thin-layer chromatography for the characterization of complex mixtures. It is also demonstrated that thin-layer chromatography has strong potential as a surrogate chromatographic model for estimating biopartitioning properties. To convert these opportunities into practice the current state-of-the-art of the core technologies is described and the principle obstacles to progress identified.
Autosomal Recessive Hypophosphatasia Manifesting in Utero with Long Bone Deformity but Showing Spontaneous Postnatal Improvement

Context: Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a heritable metabolic disorder of the skeleton that includes variable expressivity conditioned by gene dosage effect and the variety of mutations in the tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) gene. Patient age when skeletal problems first manifest generally predicts the clinical course, with perinatal HPP causing bone disease in utero with postnatal lethality. Objective: Our objective was to identify TNSALP mutations and characterize the inheritance pattern of a family with clinically variable HPP with one child manifesting in utero with long bone deformity but showing spontaneous prenatal and postnatal improvement. Design: TNSALP enzyme and substrate analysis and TNSALP mutation analysis were performed on all family members. Patients: A boy with HPP showing long bone deformity that spontaneously improved in utero and after birth is described. His older brother has the childhood form of HPP without findings until after infancy. His parents and twin sister are clinically unaffected. Results: Both boys are compound heterozygotes for the same missense mutations in TNSALP, documenting autosomal recessive inheritance for their HPP. The parents each carry one defective allele. Conclusions: The patient is an autosomal recessive case of HPP with prenatal long bone deformity but with spontaneous prenatal and postnatal improvement. Thus, prenatal detection by sonography of bowing of long bones from HPP, even with autosomal recessive inheritance, does not necessarily predict lethality but can represent variable expressivity or the effects of modifiers on the TNSALP defect(s).
Simultaneous measurements of brain tissue pO2 and cerebral blood flow during functional stimulation

Abstract Simultaneous partial pressure of tissue oxygen (pO2) and laser Doppler (LD) flowmetry measurements of cerebral blood flow (CBF) were obtained from the rat somatosensory cortex during periodic electrical forepaw stimulation of either 1-min or 4-s duration. For both stimulus durations, a transient significant decrease or “initial dip” in tissue pO2 preceded blood flow changes, followed by a peak in blood flow and an overshoot in tissue pO2. A sustained poststimulus undershoot in tissue pO2 was observed only for the 1-min stimulus. The magnitude of this poststimulus tissue pO2 decrease was significantly greater than the “initial dip” observed after stimulus onset, suggesting that relative tissue hypoxia alone does not mediate blood flow changes observed with functional stimulation. Our results suggest a complex dynamic relationship between oxygen utilization and blood flow exists during functional stimulation.
Postindustrial Architecture, Dynamic Complexity and the Emerging Principles of Strategic Design

The transition from industrial era society to postindustrial society has shifted architecture away from being a predominantly cultural activity, one that is primarily focused on the physical attributes of a design. The newer architectural orientation leans more toward social ideals and strategic missions. These two perspectives have always coexisted in the discipline and critique of architecture, but the traditional subjugation of strategic concerns is eroding. The two aspects should now be considered in a more explicitly unified and mindful way. In that sense, the transition is not between two factions of practitioners with different philosophies, but between two aspects of thought balanced in some manner by each architect. The ultimate intentions of this paper are first to examine the forces of postindustrial change and then to outline a set of principles which establish strategic design as an architectural activity tantamount to, compatible with, and discursively engaged by physical design.
Translation rate of human tyrosinase determines its N-linked glycosylation level.

Tyrosinase is a type I membrane glycoprotein essential for melanin synthesis. Mutations in tyrosinase lead to albinism due, at least in part, to aberrant retention of the protein in the endoplasmic reticulum and subsequent degradation by the cytosolic ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway. A similar premature degradative fate for wild type tyrosinase also occurs in amelanotic melanoma cells. To understand critical cotranslational events, the glycosylation and rate of translation of tyrosinase was studied in normal melanocytes, melanoma cells, an in vitro cell-free system, and semi-permeabilized cells. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that all seven N-linked consensus sites are utilized in human tyrosinase. However, glycosylation at Asn-290 (Asn-Gly-Thr-Pro) was suppressed, particularly when translation proceeded rapidly, producing a protein doublet with six or sevenN-linked core glycans. The inefficient glycosylation of Asn-290, due to the presence of a proximal Pro, was enhanced in melanoma cells possessing 2–3-fold faster (7.7–10.0 amino acids/s) protein translation rates compared with normal melanocytes (3.5 amino acids/s). Slowing the translation rate with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide increased the glycosylation efficiency in live cells and in the cell-free system. Therefore, the rate of protein translation can regulate the level of tyrosinaseN-linked glycosylation, as well as other potential cotranslational maturation events.
Online, High-Pressure Digestion System for Protein Characterization by Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange and Mass Spectrometry

The rapid and complete digestion of proteins is important when protein characterization by hydrogen−deuterium exchange (HDX) is coupled with mass spectrometry. We developed a single-pump, online, high-pressure digestion system that relies on UPLC technology to aid in the digestion of proteins. Two model proteins, amyloid β-peptide 1-42 (Aβ 1-42) and an HIV-1 capsid mutant protein (NBSA), were used to demonstrate the efficacy of the high-pressure system. Both model proteins readily aggregate and are difficult to digest under normal conditions. Our high-pressure system successfully digests these proteins into small, overlapping peptides. The extra information afforded by overlapping peptides allows us to pinpoint HDX protection to protein segments smaller than the digested peptide. The calculated average segment length (ASL) for both model proteins decreased by 2-fold for high-pressure digestion compared to digestion at ambient pressure.
The 1922 ‘Symphony of Sirens’ in Baku, Azerbaijan

In 1922, a ‘Symphony of Sirens’ was performed by the sounds and movements of human crowds, machine guns, cannons, factory sirens, airplanes, hydroplanes, trains, battleships and a steam-whistle machine across the spaces of Baku, Azerbaijan. Conceived well beyond the conventions of revolutionary festivals, the Symphony manifested 1920s avant-garde aspirations for a radical unity of the arts, technology and urban space. Furthermore, the location of the Symphony was notable: Baku was a city on the edge of the former Russian empire, and Azerbaijan had only two years prior been incorporated as a Soviet Socialist Republic. Connecting with several core tenets of the Soviet socialist and avant-garde movements, the 1922 ‘Symphony of Sirens’ can be interpreted as an avant-garde expansion of Soviet internationalism. The ways in which the Azerbaijani metropolis activated this bricolage of art, space and politics is significant, not least because the spectacle condensed a wide range of practices and ideas from Taylori...
Perturbation analysis of gas absorption with chemical reaction: a nonvolatile liquid reactant

Enhancement factors for gas absorption in a liquid containing a nonvolatile reactant are calculated using a regular perturbation technique. The perturbation solutions are found to be quite accurate in the slow reaction regime but lead to erroneous results for moderate and large reaction rates. To extend these solutions to the intermediate and fast reaction regimes, we have used the method of Pade approximants and Shanks transformations. The results obtained by these acceleration techniques are shown to be in excellent agreement with the direct numerical solutions for the enhancement factors in the intermediate and fast reaction regimes.
A new disease-specific machine learning approach for the prediction of cancer-causing missense variants

High-throughput genotyping and sequencing techniques are rapidly and inexpensively providing large amounts of human genetic variation data. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are an important source of human genome variability and have been implicated in several human diseases, including cancer. Amino acid mutations resulting from non-synonymous SNPs in coding regions may generate protein functional changes that affect cell proliferation. In this study, we developed a machine learning approach to predict cancer-causing missense variants. We present a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier trained on a set of 3163 cancer-causing variants and an equal number of neutral polymorphisms. The method achieve 93% overall accuracy, a correlation coefficient of 0.86, and area under ROC curve of 0.98. When compared with other previously developed algorithms such as SIFT and CHASM our method results in higher prediction accuracy and correlation coefficient in identifying cancer-causing variants.
The Kirton Adaption Innovation Inventory Find Group Problem Solving Success Rates

The findings are the result of a four year study tracking the problem solving success rates of 952 managers comprising 119 different 8-person teams: each team consisting of a 4-member planning team and a 4-member implementing team. Unknown to the participants, each subteam was arranged according to their Kirton Adaption Innovation Inventory (KAI) into homogeneous subteams either similar to or dissimilar from the other subteam. It was found that coordination of subteam role (task) with KAI type significantly increased group success rates, and that placing KAI types outside of role preference resulted in significantly lower success rates. An exception to the subgroup role results occurred when the KAI types were performing tasks outside of their preferred style, and the KAI subgroup means were similar. In this case, significantly elevated success rates were found, probably due to enhanced interteam communication.