cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hepatic lipogenesis in the preobese Zucker rat.

AbstractHepatic lipogenesis was examined during the preweaning and early postweaning period in Zucker fafa and lean rat pups by measuring total in vivo lipogenesis and the activity of two rate-limiting lipogenic enzymes, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthetase (FAS). No significant differences in in vivo lipogenesis, ACC, and FAS activity were present during the preweaning period. After weaning, total lipogenesis and the two lipogenic enzyme activities, ACC and FAS, were significantly elevated in fafa rats compared to lean rats. Thus, early overproduction of lipids by the liver does not appear to be a primary effect of the fa gene.
Principles of voxel refinement in optical direct write lithography

Optical direct write lithography (ODWL) has the capacity for generating three dimensional arbitrary patterns. Here we examine principles for voxel refinement and relate several techniques for achieving nanoscale resolution. The influence of optics, gelation, and polymerization scaling behavior are expounded, demonstrating the necessity for adopting a multidisciplinary mindset to control both voxel dimensions and minimize out-of-focus reactions. Aspects of two-photon ODWL are reviewed and recent multi-beam ODWL approaches that draw inspiration from STED microscopy are examined.
Intermediate phases in the basic solution preparation of alkaline earth phosphates

The first solid to appear in the precipitation of calcium phosphates from basic solutions is structurally non-crystalline. The existence, however, of a solution-prepared, non-crystalline orthophosphate salt is not unique only to the calcium phosphate system. Non-crystalline magnesium phosphates and magnesium ammonium phosphates can also be prepared under comparable conditions, but unlike the calcium salt, which converts into hydroxyapatite, these latter compounds are apparently solution stable. Preparations of strontium and barium orthophosphates from basic solution do not yield non-crystalline intermediates. For strontium, the intermediate phase is Sr3(PO4)2·4H2O, whereas the barium precipitates immediately as a stable barium hydroxyapatite. The tristrontium phosphate, however, converts autocatalytically into strontium hydroxyapatite. The analogous stoichiometry and identical kinetic behavior of the strontium intermediate with that of the amorphous calcium phosphate suggest that the latter could be a tricalcium phosphate rather than a cryptocrystalline Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite. This supports the possibility that the non-crystalline phase in bone mineral may not be an apatite but instead a distinct and separate compound.
Effects of the parity-odd singlet on the N=1 supergravity theory within the left-right symmetric model

Abstract We study the N =1 supergravity theory within the left-right symmetric model, based on the gauge symmetry SU(2) L ×SU(2) R ×U(1) B-L , when the parity-odd singlet field is added, in addition to the minimal set of Higgs fields. This model allows for a vacuum solution with the hierarchy ratio η = ( m W R / m W L ) ≫1 . Also, the gravitino mass is likely to set the scale of m W L rather than the one of m W R . These features of the presented model should be contrasted with the results of the left-right symmetric model with the minimal set of Higgs fields, where η O (10) and the gravitino mass naturally sets the scale of m W R .
Weighted locality-sensitive scheduling for mitigating noise on multi-core clusters

Recent studies have shown that operating system (OS) interference, popularly called OS noise can be a significant problem as we scale to a large number of processors. One solution for mitigating noise is to turn off certain OS services on the machine. However, this is typically infeasible because full-scale OS services may be required for some applications. Furthermore, it is not a choice that an end user can make. Thus, we need an application-level solution. Building upon previous work that demonstrated the utility of within-node light-weight load balancing, we discuss the technique of weighted micro-scheduling and provide insights based on experimentation for two different machines with very different noise signatures. Through careful enumeration of the search space of scheduler parameters, we allow our weighted micro-scheduler to be dynamic, adaptive and tunable for a specific application running on a specific architecture. By doing this, we show how we can enable running scientific applications efficiently on a very large number of processors, even in the presence of noise.
Modeling for proximate analysis and heating value of torrefied biomass with vibration spectroscopy

Abstract The goal of this study was to characterize the changes in biomass with torrefaction for near infrared reflectance (NIR) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy for sweetgum, loblolly pine, and switchgrass. Calibration models were built for the prediction of proximate analysis after torrefaction. Two dimensional (2D) correlation spectroscopy between NIR and FTIR was found to precisely explain the depolymerization at key functional groups located within hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. This novel 2D technique also demonstrated the possibility of assigning key NIR wavenumbers based on mid IR spectra. Hemicellulose based wavenumbers were found to be most sensitive to torrefaction severity with complete degradation at 250–275 °C. Lignin associated wavenumbers exhibited the least degradation to severity but was still detected with 2D correlation spectroscopy. Finally, calibration models for proximate analysis were performed and while both systems could be used for rapid monitoring, NIR performed better than FTIR.
Mono-, di-, and tri-ruthenium complexes with the ligand 2,2′-dipyridylamide (dpa): insights into the formation of extended metal atom chains

Abstract Reactions between Hdpa (2,2′-dipyridylamine) and either RuCl3 · xH2O and Ru2(OAc)4Cl produce mono-, di-, and tri-ruthenium complexes under various conditions. The ligand Hdpa and RuCl3 · xH2O react in boiling DMF to form the ionic species [Ru(Hdpa)2Cl2]Cl (1). Reaction of Ru2(OAc)4Cl with molten Hdpa leads to scission of the Ru–Ru bond and formation of the vertex-sharing bioctahedral complex Ru2(dpa)3(OAc)0.64Cl1.36 (2). A mixture of both of these species results from the reaction of Ru2(OAc)4Cl with Hdpa and LiCl in refluxing o-dichlorobenzene/EtOH mixtures. This mixture of compounds reacts further with KOBut and n-butanol in refluxing naphthalene to give low yields of the extended metal atom chain (EMAC) complex Ru3(dpa)4Cl2 (I).
The Economy Has No Surplus

IN THE prevailing explanation of the origin of social stratification and the emergence of full-time specialists (in both specific and general contexts), technological progress is pictured as leading to the production of economic surpluses. These are thought of as providing the biosocial precondition for the diversion of man-power from "necessary" or "subsistence" to specialized, culture-building activities. Few anthropologists would subscribe to the view that the growth of socially stratified and economically specialized societies is possible without at least the production of "surplus" food. Nonetheless, in a recent publication edited by Polanyi, Arensberg, and Pearson, there appears a chapter which bears the title, "The Economy Has No Surplus: Critique of a Theory of Development" (Pearson 1957). The author of this chapter, an economist, sets himself the task of destroying the surplus theory of social stratification by showing that the concept of surplus upon which it rests has neither logical nor empirical validity. Since certain aspects of Pearson's criticism of the "surplus above subsistence" notion cannot be refuted, his argument contains much of significance for anthropologists concerned with cultural regularities, but his additional conclusions with respect to the operational framework of economic anthropology inspire vigorous dissent.
Comparison of tyrosine hydroxylase and choline acetyltransferase activity in response to sympathetic nervous system activation.

DONALD D. LUND, MARK M. KNUEPFER, MICHAEL J. BRODY, RANBIR K. BHAT- NAGAR, PHILLIP G. SCHMID and ROBERT ROSKOSKI, JR. Departments of Biochemistry, Pharmacology, Internal Medicine and The Cardiovascular Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 ( U.S.A. ) (Accepted June 15th, 1978)
Did J. Marion Sims deliberately addict his first fistula patients to opium

American surgeon J. Marion Sims (1813-83) is regarded by many modern authors as a controversial figure because he carried out a series of experimental surgeries on enslaved African American women between 1846 and 1849 in an attempt to cure them of vesicovaginal fistulas, which they had all developed as a result of prolonged obstructed labor. He operated on one woman, Anarcha Westcott, thirty times before he successfully closed her fistula. Sims performed these fistula repair operations without benefit of anesthesia but gave these women substantial doses of opium afterwards. Several modern writers have alleged that Sims did this in order to addict them to the drug and thereby to enhance his control over them. This article examines the controversy surrounding Sims' use of postoperative opium in these enslaved surgical patients. The evidence suggests that although these women were probably tolerant to the doses of opium that he used, there is no evidence that he deliberately tried to addict them to this drug. Sims' use of postoperative opium appears to have been well supported by the therapeutic practices of his day, and the regimen that he used was enthusiastically supported by many contemporary surgeons.
Comparisons of search designs using search probabilities

Abstract Search designs are considered for searching and estimating one nonzero interaction from the two and three factor interactions under the search linear model. We compare three 12-run search designs D1, D2, and D3, and three 11-run search designs D4, D5, and D6, for a 2 4 factorial experiment. Designs D2 and D3 are orthogonal arrays of strength 2, D1 and D4 are balanced arrays of full strength, D5 is a balanced array of strength 2, and D6 is obtained from D3 by deleting the duplicate run. Designs D4 and D5 are also obtained by deleting a run from D1 and D2, respectively. Balanced arrays and orthogonal arrays are commonly used factorial designs in scientific experiments. “Search probabilities” are calculated for the comparison of search designs. Three criteria based on search probabilities are presented to determine the design which is most likely to identify the nonzero interaction. The calculation of these search probabilities depends on an unknown parameter ρ which has a signal-to-noise ratio form. For a given value of ρ , Criteria I and II are newly proposed in this paper and Criteria III is given in Shirakura et al. (Ann. Statist. 24 (6) (1996) 2560). We generalize Criteria I–III for all values of ρ so that the comparison of search designs can be made without requiring a specific value of ρ . We have developed simplified methods for comparing designs under these three criteria for all values of ρ . We demonstrate, under all three criteria, that the balanced array D1 is more likely to identify the nonzero interaction than the orthogonal arrays D2 and D3, and the design D4 is more likely to identify the nonzero interaction than the designs D5 and D6. The methods of comparing designs developed in this paper are applicable to other factorial experiments for searching one nonzero interaction of any order.
Characterization of snake skin by thermoanalytical techniques

Snake skin is a viable and readily available material as a model for human skin. Pharmaceutical applications use shed snake skin to study the effects of sunscreens on exposure to UV radiation (e.g. benzophenone on Boa integument). In order to understand the effects of radiation or drug transport through this model skin, one must determine its basic physical properties. This preliminary study evaluated two types of snake skin, namely Cuban Boa a 'dark' skin (Epicrates angulifer) and Green tree python a 'light' skin (Morelia viridis). Previous studies by other investigators have used pig, rabbit and snake skin as a human skin substitute. The structure of both snake skins was comparable based on IR spectroscopy and were functionally amino acids and moisture. Photomicrography by light and scanning electron microscopy revealed strong anatomic similarities. Morphologically there were two structures visible, namely a cellular and hinge-fibrous area. The thermal techniques indicated a phase transition at 35-75°C, which is associated with lipid melting. There was an 8 and 12% mass loss for the light skin and dark skin, respectively, which is interpreted, in part, as moisture loss at <100°C. The physical and analytical properties establish a base line that will be used in the future to differentiate various sunscreen types, such as benzophenone and octyl salicylate. Study was also done to determine the effect of an application of a commercially available sunscreen using SEM.
Splashing of Water Drops on Solid and Wetted Surfaces: Hydrodynamics and Charge Separation

The charges separated by splashes on solid and wetted surfaces are shown to be carried on the liquid fragments ejected from the crown. Experimental observations on the nature of these splashes are presented and mechanisms for the formation and break-up of the crown are proposed. The surface on which a splash occurs is generally left with a positive charge, the magnitude of which decreases with increasing concentration of solute in the drop. This is explained by the disruption of the electrical double layer. When drops containing ammonium hydroxide in excess of 2.5 x 10-5 mol 1_1 splash on ice at — 1 °C the ice receives a positive charge. In this case, freezing potentials appear to play a role in the charging. In an applied electric field the charges separated by splashing increase as the field is increased, in agreement with an induction mechanism of charging. Also, in an applied electric field, the charges initially increase as the impact speed is increased but beyond a certain impact speed the charges decrease. This is explained in terms of the relative magnitudes of the time of contact of the ejected liquid fragments with the crown and the relaxation time of charge carriers in the liquid. The role of charge separation due to splashing in thunderstorm electrification and in the build-up of space charges during rainfall is discussed.
Resonant frequency of a polyvinylidene flouride piezoelectric bimorph: the effect of surrounding fluid

This work presents experimental and theoretical results on the dynamic behavior of piezoelectric cantilever bimorph in the presence of surrounding air. The bimorph is composed of a pair of piezoelectric sheets bonded by a uniform elastic layer of adhesive in the center. The transverse motion of the bimorph is generated by a sequential application of two opposing electric fields on the piezoelectric sheets. Theoretically, the tip deflection and the natural frequency of the bimorph are obtained making use of an energy balance technique. The fluid in modeled as inviscid and incompressible whose motion induces locally additional mass in the transverse direction. An expression for the kinetic energy of the system is derived based on this additional mass from which the natural frequency of the combined system is obtained. Tests were performed on the piezoelectric bimorphs with similar geometries and varying adhesive thickness in a vacuum chamber. The air pressure in the chamber was varied from 10 kPa to one atmosphere. Good agreements between the theoretical predictions and the observed values were obtained. This study could have applications in the use of piezoelectric materials for fluid property measurements.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
High-speed interconnect schemes for a pipelined FPGA

The paper presents two high-speed interconnect schemes for a pipelined FPGA utilising a locally synchronised postcharging technique. By avoiding a global synchronised clock, we reduce the power consumption significantly. Through postcharging the interconnect and overlapping the postcharging delay with the logic delay, we successfully hide the postcharge time. The long channel devices significantly reduce the area penalty due to delay elements. The timing simulation is done using Hspice for a TSMC 0.35 μm and area is measured by drawing key elements in MAGIC and using the area model developed by Betz. The postcharge scheme shows a 30% delay reduction over the precharge scheme and up to 310% and 230% delay reductions over the conventional NMOS pass transistor scheme and the tristate buffer scheme respectively.
Vortex lattices in rapidly rotating Bose-Einstein condensates: Modes and correlation functions

After delineating the physical regimes that vortex lattices encounter in rotating Bose-Einstein condensates as the rotation rate $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ increases, we derive the normal modes of the vortex lattice in two dimensions at zero temperature. Taking into account effects of the finite compressibility, we find an inertial mode of frequency $\ensuremath{\geqslant}2\ensuremath{\Omega}$, and a primarily transverse Tkachenko mode, whose frequency goes from being linear in the wave vector in the slowly rotating regime, where $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ is small compared with the lowest compressional mode frequency, to quadratic in the wave vector in the opposite limit. We calculate the correlation functions of vortex displacements and phase, density and superfluid velocities, and find that the zero-point excitations of the soft quadratic Tkachenko modes lead in a large system to a loss of long-range phase correlations, growing logarithmically with distance, and hence lead to a fragmented state at zero temperature. The vortex positional ordering is preserved at zero temperature, but the thermally excited Tkachenko modes cause the relative positional fluctuations to grow logarithmically with separation at finite temperature. The superfluid density, defined in terms of the transverse velocity autocorrelation function, vanishes at all temperatures. Finally we construct the long-wavelength single-particle Green's function in the rotating system and calculate the condensate depletion as a function of temperature.
The effect of prolonged fluoride therapy for osteoporosis: Bone composition and histology

To examine the long-term effects of fluoride therapy in osteoporosis, we obtained iliac crest biopsies from 11 osteoporotic patients 6 to 12 years after they had started fluoride therapy. Although basal biopsies were not obtained, nine subjects had been biopsied 4 years prior to the second biopsy. In addition, 4 subjects had stopped fluoride therapy prior to the second biopsy. Biopsy samples were divided and analyzed: (a) histomorphometrically for bone formation and mineralization; and (b) for mineral content. Parameters of bone formation were increased in the first biopsy of all patients; they remained elevated in the second biopsy of subjects still receiving fluoride, but decreased to normal values in subjects who stopped fluoride therapy. Parameters of mineralization (i.e., osteoid width and osteocytic osteoid) were elevated in the first biopsy, but had decreased in the second biopsy whether fluoride was stopped or not. There was no woven bone in these biopsies. Bone mineral content, whether measured as density or by summation of the individual ions (% mineral), was higher than normal in all subjects, whether or not they were still receiving fluoride. These results suggest that prolonged fluoride therapy of osteoporosis continues to stimulate bone formation, but does not cause a progressive mineralization defect. Mineral content is acutely increased following fluoride therapy, and persists after therapy is discontinued.
Hydration of silicate glass in steam atmosphere

Abstract When the silicate glass is placed in the steam atmosphere, water infiltrates into the glass to form hydrated glass. The factors affecting the infiltration rate of water (R) were investigated using the glasses in the systems Na 2 OSiO 2 , Na 2 OMOSiO 2 , Na 2 OM 2 O 3 SiO 2 and Na 2 OMgOM 2 ′ O 3 SiO 2 . It was found that R is larger in the glass containing more of Na 2 O in the Na 2 OSiO 2 system and that it is decreased by the substitution of MO or M 2 ′ O 3 for Na 2 O, irrespective of the kind of M or M′. The apparent activation energy for water infiltration was estimated to be about 18–20 Kcal/mol. From the dependence of R on water vapor pressure, it was suggested that almost all water infiltrated into the glass as H 2 O molecule. DTA and IR absorption spectrum indicated that at least two types of water, molecular type and silanol one, exist in the hydrated glass and most water is of the former one.
Toxicology, structure-function relationship, and human and environmental health impacts of polychlorinated biphenyls: progress and problems.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are industrial compounds that have been detected as contaminants in almost every component of the global ecosystem including the air, water, sediments, fish, and wildlife and human adipose tissue, milk, and serum. PCBs in commercial products and environmental extracts are complex mixtures of isomers and congeners that can now be analyzed on a congener-specific basis using high-resolution gas chromatographic analysis. PCBs are metabolized primarily via mixed-function oxidases into a broad spectrum of metabolites. The results indicate that metabolic activation is not required for PCB toxicity, and the parent hydrocarbons are responsible for most of the biochemical and toxic responses elicited by these compounds. Some of these responses include developmental and reproductive toxicity, dermal toxicity, endocrine effects, hepatotoxicity, carcinogenesis, and the induction of diverse phase I and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes. Many of the effects observed for the commercial PCBs are similar to those reported for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds. Structure-function relationships for PCB congeners have identified two major structural classes of PCBs that elicit "TCDD-like" responses, namely, the coplanar PCBs (e.g., 3,3',4,4'-tetraCB, 3,3'4,4',5-pentaCB and 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexaCB) and their mono-ortho coplanar derivatives. These compounds competitively bind to the TCDD or aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor and exhibit Ah receptor agonist activity. In addition, other structural classes of PCBs elicit biochemical and toxic responses that are not mediated through the Ah receptor. The shor-term effects of PCBs on occupationally exposed humans appear to be reversible, and no consistent changes in overall mortality and cancer mortality have been reported. Recent studies have demonstrated that some developmental deficits in infants and children correlated with in utero exposure to PCBs; however, the etiologic agent(s) or structural class of PCBs responsible for these effects have not been delineated. In contrast, based on a toxic equivalency factor approach, the reproductive and developmental problems in certain wildlife populations appear to be related to the TCDD-like PCB congeners.
Assistive Device Use as a Dynamic Acquisition Process in Later Life

Purpose: This study identifies risk factors, including incident disability, for the use of assistive devices (ADs) among older people. Design and Methods: Three waves of data from the National Long-Term Care Survey (NLTCS) are used to examine whether upper and lower body disability lead to use of ADs (both number of devices used and number of activities of daily living domains for which ADs are used). Predictors of AD use include demographic variables, body mass index, and disability (both initial and incident). Relationships are estimated with negative binomial regression models. Results: Lower body disability, advanced age, and obesity are consistent predictors of the number of ADs used. An interaction between age and incident disability revealed the highest rate of adoption among the younger respondents who experienced increases in disability. Implications: Many older adults use ADs in response to the disablement process. In addition to need driven by rising disability, obese older adults use more ADs. Results from this study clarify who and why ADs are adopted by older persons and should facilitate effective intervention by health care personnel and caregivers.
ZnSe and ZnO film growth by pulsed-laser deposition

ZnSe and ZnO films have been deposited on (001) GaAs substrates under different pressures by pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) with a 193 nm laser beam. The ambient pressures were changed from 8 X 10 -6 to 5 X 10 -2 Torr with high-purity argon gas for ZnSe and oxygen gas for ZnO. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement was performed on these samples. The FWHM's of X-ray theta-rocking curves for the (004) peaks of ZnSe films were less than 0.5°. X-ray data show that high-quality ZnO films can be also synthesized by PLD.
Towards optimization of device performance in conjugated polymer photovoltaics : Charge generation, transfer and transport in poly(p-phenylene-vinylene) polymer heterojunctions

We fabricate photovoltaics comprised layers and blends of a hole-transporting derivative of poly(p-phenylene-vinylene) with a variety of electron-transporters: titanium dioxide, a cyano-substituted PPV, and a fullerene derivative (PCBM) to enhance device performance. Photovoltaic device characterization is combined with time-resolved and steady-state photoluminescence to understand the nature of the excited state and its effect upon device performance. We find that morphological differences, such as chain conformation or domain size, often overshadow the effect of charge transfer, so that device performance is not necessarily correlated with rapid decay times. Exciton generation is found to be a similarly important factor in most devices. These results provide insight into non-optimized device morphologies.
Organizing for instruction: A comparative study of public, charter, and Catholic schools

Guided by theories of institutions, organizations, and sense-making, this manuscript examines how public, charter, and Catholic school staff in a large urban area organize for instruction and respond to educational change. To build theory about institutional processes of “organizing” from participants’ perspectives, data included a survey regarding staff networks (N = 271) and semi-structured, qualitative interviews (n = 49). Findings demonstrate that all 11 schools in this study reflected the current reform environment with its focus on managing instruction. However, staff from different kinds of schools organized in distinct ways. Most charter and Catholic school staff described obtaining information about instruction through “organic” relationships using the metaphor of family to define their work situations. Alternatively, public schools tended to be “mechanistic,” with staff viewing themselves as professionals who were focused on standards and testing. One charter school, however, combined organic and mechanistic characteristics demonstrating the contagion that occurs among organizations in the same institutional sector and the reach that institutional policy scripts, such as No Child Left Behind, have in changing instructional practice at all kinds of schools.
Performance of the elliptically polarizing undulator on SPEAR

This is a description of the first tests of the Elliptically Polarizing Undulator (EPU) on the SPEAR storage ring at SSRL. The EPU is the first device of its type; it is capable of producing plane polarized light in the vertical and horizontal, and right and left circularly polarized light in the 500-1000 eV range. Tests of the EPU were done to characterize its effect on the electron beam in SPEAR. Even at minimum gap, motion of the EPU magnets to vary the polarization of the output radiation caused negligible changes in the tune or the steering of the electron beam, even with no compensation of the steering trim coils. We also measured the polarization of x-rays generated by the EPU using a newly developed multilayer polarimeter built to be efficient in the EPU`s energy range. The EPU produces nearly 100% plane and circularly polarized x-rays. Using left and right circularly polarized radiation, we also performed tests of magnetic circular dichroism on magnetic multilayers.
A Web-based Tool for Designing Vaccine Formularies for Childhood Immunization in the United States

This article describes the motivation, development, and implementation of a software tool, www.vaccineselection.com, introduced to assist health care professionals and public health administrators in managing pediatric vaccine purchase decisions and making economically sound formulary choices. The tool integrates general operations research methodologies with specific local practice choices to solve for the lowest overall cost set of vaccines required to immunize a child according to the Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule. A description of the tool's capabilities is provided. Results on the use of the software tool are reported and discussed.
Iron loading site on the Fe-S cluster assembly scaffold protein is distinct from the active site

Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster containing proteins are utilized in almost every biochemical pathway. The unique redox and coordination chemistry associated with the cofactor allows these proteins to participate in a diverse set of reactions, including electron transfer, enzyme catalysis, DNA synthesis and signaling within several pathways. Due to the high reactivity of the metal, it is not surprising that biological Fe-S cluster assembly is tightly regulated within cells. In yeast, the major assembly pathway for Fe-S clusters is the mitochondrial ISC pathway. Yeast Fe-S cluster assembly is accomplished using the scaffold protein (Isu1) as the molecular foundation, with assistance from the cysteine desulfurase (Nfs1) to provide sulfur, the accessory protein (Isd11) to regulate Nfs1 activity, the yeast frataxin homologue (Yfh1) to regulate Nfs1 activity and participate in Isu1 Fe loading possibly as a chaperone, and the ferredoxin (Yah1) to provide reducing equivalents for assembly. In this report, we utilize calorimetric and spectroscopic methods to provide molecular insight into how wt-Isu1 from S. cerevisiae becomes loaded with iron. Isothermal titration calorimetry and an iron competition binding assay were developed to characterize the energetics of protein Fe(II) binding. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to identify thermodynamic characteristics of the protein in the apo state or under iron loaded conditions. Finally, X-ray absorption spectroscopy was used to characterize the electronic and structural properties of Fe(II) bound to Isu1. Current data are compared to our previous characterization of the D37A Isu1 mutant, and these suggest that when Isu1 binds Fe(II) in a manner not perturbed by the D37A substitution, and that metal binding occurs at a site distinct from the cysteine rich active site in the protein.
The Realist Tradition in American Public Opinion

For more than half a century, realist scholars of international relations have maintained that their world view is inimical to the American public. For a variety of reasons—inchoate attitudes, national history, American exceptionalism—realists assert that the U.S. government pursues realist policies in spite and not because of public opinion. Indeed, most IR scholars share this “anti-realist assumption.” To determine the empirical validity of the anti-realist assumption, this paper re-examines survey and experimental data on the mass public’s attitudes towards foreign policy priorities and world views, the use of force, and foreign economic policy over the past three decades. The results suggest that, far from disliking realism, Americans are at least as comfortable with the logic of realpolitik as they are with liberal internationalism. The persistence of the anti-realist assumption might be due to an ironic fact: American elites are more predisposed towards liberal internationalism than the rest of the American public.
Effect of Gamma Radiation on the Direct-Current Resistivity of GeO2,

Results of dc resistively measurements on high-purity GeO2 glasses before and after radiation with 60Coure reported. For these glasses, the dc resistivity is increased by irradiation in a stable and reproducible fashion. This effect is attributed to the interaction of radiation-induced defects with the sodium-ion charge carriers.
Effect of gravity on dimensional change during sintering—II. Shape distortion

Abstract Phenomena of shape distortion caused by gravity under solid- and liquid-phase sintering are described numerically using the finite-element method based upon a continuum theory of sintering. Finite-element analysis is performed for the solid-phase sintering of a copper powder cylindrical specimen to replicate earlier experiments reported by Lenel et al ( Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Engrs , 1963, 227 , 640). The results of the finite-element calculations are also compared with experimental data on liquid-phase sintering of a W–Ni–Fe powder system using a quantitative criterion of shape distortion. It is demonstrated that shape distortion accumulated during solid-phase sintering should be taken into account when considering gravity-induced configuration—dimensional changes under liquid-phase sintering. The finite-element analysis of shape distortion under liquid-phase sintering reproduces an “elephant foot” shape—a final shape observed in sintering practice.
A new dual-band antenna for ISM application

This paper presents dual-band antenna structures for portable applications. The antenna can be stamped from sheet metal or manufactured on a single-sided PCB. No additional impedance matching is necessary. The antenna structure is simple, but it has high efficiency and reasonable SWR bandwidth.
The Clustering and Contagion of Suicide

Two general types of suicide cluster have been discussed in the literature; roughly, these can be classified as mass clusters and point clusters. Mass clusters are media related, and the evidence for them is equivocal; point clusters are local phenomena, and these do appear to occur. Contagion has not been conceptually well developed nor empirically well supported as an explanation for suicide clusters. An alternative explanation for why suicides sometimes cluster is articulated: People who are vulnerable to suicide may cluster well before the occurrence of any overt suicidal stimulus, and when they experience severe negative events, including but not limited to the suicidal behavior of one member of the cluster, all members of the cluster are at increased risk for suicidality (a risk that may be offset by good social support).
Design and Model Based Performance Analysis of a District Energy Supply System

A district energy supply system for Almono, Pittsburgh has been studied by the Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, Carnegie Mellon University. Almono is a mixed residential/commercial redevelopment proposed for a 178 acre brown field site on the banks of the Monongahela River in Pittsburgh, PA. The district energy supply system would provide electric power, cooling, and heating for the occupants and the buildings of the site and for possible additional energy based developments. The various energy requirements of Almono’s proposed residential and commercial buildings for power, cooling, heating, and hot water have been estimated first based on Energy Information Administration data (1993), and then again on the advanced building code of the International Energy Conservation Code 2006 (IECC 2006). A comparison of these estimates highlights the importance of building envelopes on the energy requirements of the Almono development. The daily and seasonal load profiles for power, cooling, and heating that challenge efficient and economic operation of district energy supply have been developed. Various prime mover technologies for combined cooling/heating/power, CCHP, systems have been considered: gas turbine, internal combustion engine, and steam turbine. These technologies affect the choice of fuel, and the fractions of power and heat provided. The paper estimates loads of the Almono site based on the operation and performance of both conventional and advanced residential and commercial office buildings, suggests additional energy loads that would provide for improved technical and economic performance of system, and considers the selection of a fuel and the use of solar energy as the energy sources. It presents preliminary overall flow diagrams for various district energy supplies that include various possible fuel and solar energy inputs, and use of the river as a heat source/sink. It also comments on operation of the district energy supply to meet the hourly and seasonal energy loads of the Almono site.
Facile Doping of Anionic Narrow‐Band‐Gap Conjugated Polyelectrolytes During Dialysis

PCPDTBTSO3 K, an anionic, narrow-band-gap conjugated polyelectrolyte, was found to be doped after dialysis. The proposed doping mechanism involves protonation of the polymer backbone, followed by electron transfer from a neutral chain, to generate radical cations, which are stabilized by the pendant sulfonate anions. Formation of polarons is supported by spectroscopy and electrical-conductivity measurements.
The Role of Apolipoprotein E and Apolipoprotein B in Atherosclerosis

Two apolipoproteins (apo-), apo-B100 and apo-E, are extremely important in lipoprotein metabolism and in the development of accelerated atherosclerosis. Their significance stems from their role in binding to the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor and mediating the catabolism of lipoproteins via the LDL receptor pathway. Much has been learned about accelerated atherosclerosis from studies of human genetic diseases involving these apolipoproteins and their receptors. The genetic disorders to be discussed are caused by defects in the LDL receptor or in its ligands, i.e. apo-B100 and apo-E. These genetic abnormalities disrupt the LDL receptor-mediated clearance of apo-B100- and apo-E-containing lipoproteins, causing these lipoproteins to accumulate in the plasma. These same apo-B100- and apo-E-containing lipoproteins are induced to elevated levels in the plasma by diets high in cholesterol and saturated fat.
The Scopes Trope (Book Review of Larry A. Witham, Where Darwin Meets the Bible: Creationists and Evolutionists in America)

In his book, Where Darwin Meets the Bible: Creationists and Evolutionists in America, journalist Larry Witham introduces the reader to the various characters involved in the ongoing controversy over evolution and creationism. His account is subtle and nuanced, and he demonstrates that the controversy is more complicated than many believe. Far from caricatures of godless scientists seeking to discard religion in the dustbin of history and reactionary religious fundamentalists decrying Darwinism as the downfall of mankind, Witham gives us the real stories of real people who dwell in shades far more gray than usually recognized. This book review builds upon Witham's efforts to suggest a different way of understanding the most important historical event identified with the creationism controversy - namely, the trial of John Scopes in 1925. The review argues that to reach any sort of policy compromise regarding the teaching of evolution in the public schools, such a policy solution must also be accompanied by a rich and nuanced understanding of the American historical narrative regarding the clash of religion and science in the public schools, of which the Scopes trial was probably the most prominent moment. Specifically, the review argues that the Scopes trial should not be understood as a symbol for either complete academic freedom for teachers to teach whatever they want in science classrooms or as a symbol for the complete rejection of religion from the public school setting. Instead, we should understand that the trial represents several significant and potentially complementary aspirations, including promoting individual liberty as a bulwark against government control, ensuring that students learn about a wide variety of theories regarding the origin of the human species, respecting the scientific profession and its accompanying norms, and resisting governmental imposition of a specific religious perspective on its citizens. Such a nuanced understanding of the Scopes trial would not only be a pragmatic solution that might support much-needed, compromise-based policy reforms, but would also be faithful to the case itself, which indeed did involve all of these important themes.
Programs for Using Agricultural Surpluses to Reduce Malnutrition and to Benefit Farmers

Recent discussions of prorates,2 differential pricing of foods, and consumer subsidies have been very interesting, but perhaps have tended to become involved in certain side issues; such as the proper field of economics, the use of utility theory, and the reduction of output. In this paper the writer will try to limit the discussion as far as possible to two things: first, a description of certain surplus disposal programs; and, second, a consideration of their possible contributions to better nutrition and greater farm income. Several programs of surplus disposal have been tried in the United States and abroad. They can be put into three general groups according to the way in which surplus foods are made available to undernourished families: (1) free foods, (2) reduced prices, and (3) the Food Stamp Plan which is a form of consumption subsidy. Free Foods
Der wirkliche Verlauf des Dampfkompressionsprozesses

Die bisher durchgefuhrten Rechnungen nehmen keine Rucksicht auf Nebenerscheinungen, die ungunstig auf den Kaltevorgang wirken. Die berechnete Kalteleistung wird durch folgende Einflusse vermindert:
Direct Correlation between Ionic Liquid Transport Properties and Ion Pair Lifetimes: A Molecular Dynamics Study.

Self-diffusivities as a function of temperature were computed for 29 different ionic liquids (ILs) covering a wide variety of cation and anion classes. Ideal ionic conductivities (σNE) were estimated from the self-diffusivities via the Nernst–Einstein relation. The ion pair (IP) lifetimes (τIP) and ion cage (IC) lifetimes (τIC) of each IL were also computed. A linear relationship between the calculated self-diffusivities and the inverse of IP or IC lifetimes was observed. A similar inverse linear relationship was also observed for ideal ionic conductivity. These relationships were found to be independent of temperature and the nature of the IL. These observations connect macroscopic dynamic properties with local atomic-level motions and strongly suggest that the dynamics of ILs are governed by a universal IP or IC forming and breaking mechanism. Thus, in order to design an ionic liquid with enhanced dynamics, one should consider how to minimize IP or IC lifetimes.
Adaptive Control for the Magnetic Suspension of an Energy Storage Flywheel

Fault-tolerant control enables continued operation even with failures of actuators, sensors, and plant components. Normally the operation of fault-tolerant control depends on highly reliable fault detection and identification to detect faults by a signal- or model-based approach. In this paper two adaptive control schemes are utilized to compensate for actuator (power amplifier) failures in a magnetic suspension system. The gain scheduling adaptive control is combined with the signal-based fault detection which identifies the failure combinations of power amplifiers. The adaptive pole placement control is the model-based fault detection (estimator). The adaptive law which estimates the jump parameters caused by the failures of power amplifiers is derived by Lyapunov approach. The reduced-order adaptive law is developed to reduce the number of persistently exciting signals. The simulation results of a magnetic suspension system show that the system can continuously operate when some of the power amplifiers in a magnetic bearing fail. Thus the reliability of a magnetic bearing is improved by these two adaptive control schemes.
William Wells and the Struggle for the Old Northwest. By William Heath.

William Wells and the Struggle for the Old Northwest . By William Heath. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2015. xviii + 500 pp. Illustrations, maps, notes, bibliography, index. $34.95.) In William Wells and the Struggle for the Old Northwest , William Heath provides a contextual biography of a man who left an uneven documentary trail and was rarely the most important person in the room. A child of settlers in Kentucky, Wells was captured by Indians in 1784 and adopted into a prominent Miami family. As a young man he fought against expansionist Americans in the Ohio Valley until “switching sides” in 1792, serving as a scout and spy for the Americans. By the first decade … william.bergmann{at}sru.edu
An analysis for notification of infectious disease in short-term floating population during January to June 2006 in Beijing

Objectives To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of infectious disease in shod-term floating population of Beijing during January to June 2006.Methods Data recorded in routine surveillance system for infectious diseases were collected to describe and analyze the time,spatial and person distributions of infectious diseases in short-term floating population of Beijing from January to June 2006.Incidence of infectious disease was estimated based on the data collected.Results An overall incidence of infectious disease was 189.91 per hundred thousand in short-term floating population during January to June 2006 in Beijing,lower than that in general population,and 45.54% of the cases occurred in urban function development areas and 43.79% in new development districts.Most of cases occurred in children and young adults employed in service industry.The most common infectious diseases in the floating population included infectious diarrhea, dysentery,viral hepatitis,measles,pulmonary tuberculosis,the same as those in general population.Conclusions It is an urgent issue to be solved in prevention and control of infectious diseases in floating population that disease information system should be perfected,surveillance of disease and immunization should be strengthened further,and accessibility to health-care service by them should be improved.
First Churches Los Angeles Project: Studying African American Churches in the First Half of the Twentieth Century

This article is an overview of the First Churches Los Angeles Project (FCLAP), which examines civic engagement in Los Angeles's African American community before 1950 by focusing on the role played by the African American church. This project relies on previously unused archival records and oral histories as research tools to form a more complete view of parish life in the early to mid-1900s.