cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Existence, uniqueness and regularity of a time-periodic probability density distribution arising in a sedimentation-diffusion problem

An analysis is presented of the one-dimensional convective-diffusive equation governing the temporal evolution and spatial distribution of the probability density $P(x,t)$ describing the sedimentation and diffusion of a nonneutrally buoyant Brownian particle in a vertical fluid-filled cylinder that is flipped over instantaneously at regular intervals. A time-periodic solution is sought by requiring that the initial spatial distribution recur after one complete period of the flipping motion. The periodicity condition is formulated both as an infinite matrix equation for the eigenfunction expansion coefficients of a possible recurring initial distribution, and as an integral equation of the second kind for the distribution itself. The kernel (infinite matrix) is shown to be square integrable (square summable), so that Fredholm theory applies. There exists a unique time-periodic solution whenever unity is not an eigenvalue of the integral (infinite matrix) operator. Regions in parameter space are identified ...
Results of coronary surgery after failed elective coronary angioplasty in patients with prior coronary surgery

The results of coronary artery bypass surgery after failed elective coronary angioplasty in patients who have undergone prior coronary surgery are unknown. Coronary angioplasty may be performed to relieve angina after surgery either to the native coronary vessels or to grafts. Failure of attempted coronary angioplasty may mandate repeat coronary surgery, often in the setting of acute ischemia. From 1980 to 1989, 1,263 patients with prior coronary bypass surgery underwent angioplasty; of these patients, 46 (3.6%) underwent reoperation for failed angioplasty during the same hospital stay. Of the 46 patients who underwent reoperation, 33 had and 13 did not have acute ischemia. In the group with ischemia, 3 patients (9.1%) died and 14 (42.4%) died or had a Q wave myocardial infarction in the hospital compared with no deaths (p = NS) and no deaths or Q wave myocardial infarction (p = 0.005) in the group without ischemia. At 3 years, the actuarial survival rate was 88 +/- 6% in the group with ischemia, whereas there were no deaths in the group without ischemia (p = NS), and freedom from death or myocardial infarction was 51 +/- 10% in the group with ischemia, versus no events in the group without ischemia (p = 0.006). In most patients with prior coronary bypass surgery, coronary angioplasty was performed without the need for repeat coronary bypass surgery. Should coronary angioplasty fail, reoperation in patients without acute ischemia can be performed with overall patient survival comparable to that of elective reoperative coronary bypass without coronary angioplasty.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Solution structure of the monoalkylated mitomycin C-DNA complex.

Mitomycin C (MC) is a potent antitumor antibiotic which alkylates DNA through covalent linkage of its C-1" position with the exocyclic N2 amino group of guanine to yield the [MC]dG adduct at the duplex level. We report on the solution structure of the monoalkylated MC-DNA 9-mer complex where the [MC]dG5 adduct is positioned opposite dC14 in the d(A3-C4-[MC]G5-T6).d(A13-C14-G15-T16) sequence context. The solution structure was solved based on a combined NMR-molecular dynamics study including NOE intensity based refinement. The formation of the [MC]dG adduct occurs with retention of the Watson-Crick alignment at the [MC]dG5.dC14 base-pair and flanking pairs in the complex. The MC ring is positioned in the minor groove with its indoloquinone aromatic ring system at a approximately 45 degrees angle relative to the helix axis and directed towards the 3'-direction on the unmodified strand. The MC indoloquinone chromophore is asymmetrically positioned in a slightly widened minor groove so that its plane is parallel to and stacked over the d(C14-G15-T16) segment on the unmodified strand with its other face exposed to solvent. The MC five-membered ring adopts an envelope pucker with its C-2" atom displaced from the mean plane and directed away from the unmodified strand. We observe conformational perturbations in the DNA 9-mer duplex on formation of the monoalkylated MC complex. Specifically, the base-pairs are displaced by approximately -3.0 A towards the major groove on positioning the MC in the minor groove. This perturbation is accompanied by base stacking patterns similar to those observed in A-DNA while the majority of the sugars adopt puckers characteristic of B-DNA. Conformational perturbations as monitored by helix twist, sugar pucker pseudorotation and glycosidic torsion angles are also observed for the d(T6-C7-I8).d(C11-G12-A13) segment that is adjacent to but does not overlap the MC binding on the 9-mer duplex. We note that the O-10" atom on the carbamate side-chain of MC forms an intermolecular hydrogen bond with the exocyclic amino group of dG15 in two of the three refined structures of the complex. The solution structure of the complex containing this intramolecular hydrogen bond readily explains both the previously observed d(C-G).d(C-G) sequence requirement for cross-linking and the observed, somewhat less stringent, requirement of the same sequence for the initial monoalkylation step.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Comparison of experimentally measured differential scattering cross sections of PSL spheres on flat surfaces and patterned surfaces

While angle-resolved scatter has been extensively investigated for particles on smooth and rough semiconductor surfaces by Bawolek and Warner, similar fundamental studies for particles on patterned surfaces are quite limited. In this paper we report results of research on the effects of adjacent surface features (simulating IC patterns) on scattering by particles. Experimental measurements of angle- resolved scattering signatures of individual submicron particles on a test wafer are presented. In particular, the effects of the relative position of the particle with respect to the pattern are shown. The results provide some fundamental insight into the potential particle sizing errors associated with particle detection on patterned surfaces.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Correcting the Wingate test for changes in kinetic energy of the ergometer flywheel.

The rotating flywheel of a cycle ergometer possesses kinetic energy (KE) by virtue of its rotation about the center of mass. The energy released as the flywheel velocity (FV) decreases during the course of a Wingate test is used to accomplish mechanical work. The subject should not be "credited" with this work since the energy storage occurred prior to the start of the 30-s test. The total KE (KE-total) in the flywheel of a Monark ergometer was determined using the formula KEtotal = 1/2 I omega 2. The KE available to do work (KEwork) was measured by loading the ergometer with 1 Kp (9.8 N), spinning it at predetermined rates, and observing the number of revolutions completed as it coasted to a stop. The difference between KEtotal and KE-work was attributable to friction. The mechanical power supplied by the flywheel in any 5-s period of the Wingate test was found to be: Flywheel power (W) = .00185 (FVstart2-FVend2)/5s where FV is expressed in rpm. This indicates that Wingate test scores should be corrected by subtracting the flywheel power output from the total power output. The correction lowers peak power (PP), mean power (MP), and fatigue index (% fatigue) by 6.2%, 3.0%, and 6.6% in active male subjects (P less than 0.05).
Lattice Formation in Complement Fixation: Studies with Univalent Rabbit Antibody

Hybrid univalent 6.5 S antibody molecules, formed by recombination of half-molecules of rabbit antibody to ovalbumin with those of normal rabbit γG-globulin, fail to fix complement in reactions with homologous antigen. Such hybrid molecules, however, block complement fixation by intact antibody to ovalbumin. Molecules of antibody reconstituted in the absence of other protein retain the capacity to fix complement. The data suggest that small complexes containing excess univalent antibody do not fix complement and that lattice formation is required for fixation.
Normal-convexity and equations over groups.

A subgroupS of a groupH is said to be normal-convex inH if for any subsetR⊂S, the natural mapS/《R》S→H/《R》His injective.
Effect of Thread Pitch and Initial Tension on the Self-Loosening of Threaded Fasteners

A mathematical model and an experimental procedure are presented to study the self-loosening phenomenon of threaded fasteners that are subjected to cyclic transverse loads. The study investigates the effect of thread pitch, initial bolt tension, and the amplitude of the external excitation on the loosening of a single-bolt joint. The rate of drop in the joint clamp load (fastener tension) per cycle, as well as the total number of cycles that would cause the complete loss of clamp load, are monitored. In the mathematical model, the differential equations of linear and angular motion of the bolt are formulated in terms of the system properties and the external cyclic transverse excitation. Numerical integration of the equation of angular motion provides the bolt rotation in the loosening direction, which causes the partial or full loss of the clamp load. An iterative MATLAB code is developed and used for the calculation of tension loss in the fastener tension due to the self-loosening. Analytical and experimental results are discussed.
Tunneling near the peaks of potential barriers: Consequences of higher-order Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin corrections.

The quantum-mechanical tunneling transmission coefficient is derived for energies near the peak of a general potential barrier, to fourth order in the WKB approximation, using a method based on an eighth-order Taylor expansion of the potential near the peak. The result agrees with contour-integral formulations of WKB tunneling. For the Poeschl-Teller potential the WKB series converges rapidly to the known exact transmission coefficient. Higher-order WKB corrections may be important in attempts to determine the internuclear potential by inversion using low-energy fusion cross-section data.
Nonlinear Dynamics of Objects in Transition Flow During Atmospheric Entry

Time-accurate dynamic simulation of objects and spacecraft in rarefied and continuum-rarefied transition flows during atmospheric entry is computationally challenging. The traditional ballistic approach based on averaged empirical coefficients cannot account for nonlinear effects from high-frequency attitude variation. The direct simulation Monte Carlo method is shown to provide the capability to model these unsteady effects. Time-accurate simulations of two distinct geometries in low thermospheric orbits and atmospheric entry are performed. Characteristic qualities of motion, such as stability, equilibria, and other limiting behavior, are identified. This approach illustrates the potential for accurate prediction of the unsteady orbital and entry dynamics for improved spacecraft design, atmospheric science, and orbital decay prediction as well as a number of new challenges for future work to stimulate the development of a new subfield of spacecraft dynamics.
Should Affective Arousal be Grounded in Perception-Action Coupling?

Decety (2011) considers the cognitive neuroscience of empathy and, in particular, his three-component model of empathic responding. His position is highly influential with its emotional awareness/u...
Coatings of polyethylene glycol for suppressing adhesion between solid microspheres and flat surfaces.

This article describes the development and the examination of surface coatings that suppress the adhesion between glass surfaces and polymer microspheres. Superparamagnetic doping allowed for exerting magnetic forces on the microbeads. The carboxyl functionalization of the polymer provided the means for coating the beads with polyethylene glycol (PEG) with different molecular weight. Under gravitational force, the microbeads settled on glass surfaces with similar polymer coatings. We examined the efficacy of removing the beads from the glass surfaces by applying a pulling force of ∼1.2 pN. The percent beads remaining on the surface after applying the pulling force for approximately 5 s served as an indication of the adhesion propensity. Coating of PEG with molecular weight ranging between 3 and 10 kDa was essential for suppressing the adhesion. For the particular substrates, surface chemistry and aqueous media we used, coatings of 5 kDa manifested optimal suppression of adhesion: that is, only 3% of the m...
Device Technologies for Photonically-Switched Power-Electronic Systems

This paper outlines the advantages of photonically-switched power electronics from the standpoint of robustness to electromagnetic interference (EMI) effects, design-ease, and system reliability. Subsequently, the principles of operation of two novel superjunction-based heterostructure optically-triggered devices are described. Satisfactory performance results of the two devices address three critical issues: wavelength of operation, electrical gain, and switching speed.
Search for Grand-Unified-Theory Magnetic Monopoles at a Flux Level below the Parker Limit

We report the results of the first direct search for grand-unified-theory magnetic monopoles with adequate sensitivity to detect a flux as small as the Parker flux limit. If stable monopole-nucleus bound states exist then the observed absence of monopole tracks in our 4.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{8}$-yr-old mica detector places an upper limit of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}$ to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ ${\mathrm{sr}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ on the flux of grand-unified-theory monopoles having velocity $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}c$ to $1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}c$.
Goal attainment in urban ecology research: A bibliometric review 1975–2004

We analyze a core literature of urban ecology (all articles published in Urban Ecology and Urban Ecosystems from 1975–2004, n = 261) to support a reflexive analysis of the field. We structure this critical analysis based on criteria derived from programmatic statements made by scientific societies, research funding organizations and academic institutions regarding what urban ecology should be. Specifically, we assess the extent to which the literature reflects, and has evolved to reflect, a commitment to strengthen and expand the discipline of ecology create a transdisciplinary enterprise, and contribute to social and ecological wellbeing through applied research and policy engagement. Findings indicate that the literature strongly reflects these commitments, as these three tenets usefully describe the field and its evolution. We do, however, identify a tendency over time toward a more strictly disciplinary orientation. Ecological science is increasingly dominant and threatens to crowd out other scientific perspectives. This trend suggests that the field is maturing in the institutional sense, but perhaps at the cost of intellectual diversity, which many believe to be the basis of innovative solutions.
Influence of sympathetic stimulation and catecholamines on ectopic impulse formation in the ventricles of the dog

Abstract Ventricular tachycardia provoked by focal application of Hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride on the exposed heart of the dog is little influenced by the intravenous injection of 0.01 to 0.02 cc. per kg. of the commercial solution of epinephrine. Only a moderate acceleration of the rate is seen when epinephrine is injected in the same dosage after a ventricular tachycardia was obtained by focal application of sodium oxalate. In no experiment did epinephrine elicit ventricular fibrillation. These results and the experience that extrasystoles and tachycardias caused by administration of aconitine are abolished by administration of epinephrine or sympathetic stimulation encourage the use of the less stormily acting pressor amines in patients with ectopic arrhythmias and shock. Under the influence of nicotine or epinephrine applied focally, one mechanical impulse causes a long after-discharge in the form of chains of ectopic beats. The clinical implications of this finding are discussed.
Fluorescent in situ hybridization studies of lymphocytes and neutrophils in chronic granulocytic leukemia

Abstract Using immunomagnetic cell separation and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), we studied nine patients who had chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) for the proportion of interphase nuclei with Mbcr/abl fusion in a direct preparation of the bone marrow and also in the mononuclear cell (MNC), neutrophil, and B- and T-cell fractions of the peripheral blood. In five untreated patients, conventional cytogenetics revealed 97% to 100% Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) + metaphases. In three of these five patients, FISH studies on bone marrow direct preparations and peripheral blood MNCs indicated that an Mbcr/abl fusion occurred in 62% to 69% of the cells. We observed 69% to 88% of nuclei with Mbcr/abl fusion within the neutrophil fractions. In contrast, the values were 12% to 39% within the T-cell fractions in the four patients we studied. B-cell fractions were studied in three patients, and only one had an abnormal value (58%). In the four patients receiving α-interferon therapy, the degree of conventional cytogenetic remission correlated best with the degree of FISH remission observed in the peripheral blood neutrophil fraction. Our results are in agreement with earlier studies in that both B and T lymphocytes may be involved with the clonal process in CGL. The FISH-based detection of Mbcr/abl fusion in the peripheral blood neutrophil compartment provided the best estimate for the proportion of Ph metaphases determined by conventional cytogenetics.
Cyclic fatty esters: Hydroperoxides from photosensitized oxidation of methyl 9-(6-propyl-3-cyclohexenyl)-(Z)8-nonenoate

Abstract Diunsaturated C-18 cyclic fatty acid (CFA) methyl esters were previously synthesized as models of compounds formed in heat-abused vegetable oils. The oxidation of methyl 9-(6-propyl-3-cyclohexenyl)-(Z)8-nonenoate ( l ) was investigated to prepare oxygenated derivatives of CFA. Hydroperoxides resulting from photosensitized oxidation of l at 0°C in CH 2 Cl 2 solution with methylene blue were separated chromatographically. The hydroperoxides and their hydroxy derivatives were characterized spectrally (IR, UV, 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR) and by capillary GC-MS. Components of the hydroperoxide mixture were also identified and quantified by capillary GC-MS without fractionation by HPLC. The main primary oxidation products (85%) were identified as allylic hydroperoxides with the hydroperoxy group located mainly on carbons 9, 12 and 13. The 8-hydroperoxide also expected from the ene addition reaction with singlet oxygen was found only in small amounts. The addition of singlet oxygen is, therefore, regiospecific for C-9 of the chain double bond. Photosensitized oxidation of l provides an effective way of preparing oxygenated CFA derivatives for further analytical and biological evaluations.
Pure Wess-Zumino Actions in 1+1 Dimensional Nonlinear σ-MODELS

We examine the Hamiltonian formulation for a 1+1 dimensional nonlinear σ-model where the action is given solely by a Wess-Zumino term. The theory corresponds to the Wess-Zumino-Witten model where the standard nonlinear chiral model action is absent. We find that the Poisson bracket algebra for the currents corresponds to a Kac-Moody algebra. The system, however, contains second class constraints which we eliminate via the construction of Dirac brackets. The Kac-Moody algebra is then not realized by the Dirac brackets. Instead, new (nonlocal) terms appear in the algebra of the conserved currents which appear to obstruct quantization.
Robust Feedback Control for a Class of Uncertain MIMO Nonlinear Systems

In this paper, a continuous feedback tracking controller is developed for a class of high-order multi-input multi-output (MIMO) nonlinear systems with an input gain matrix that has nonzero leading principal minors but can be nonsymmetric. Under the mild assumption that the signs of the leading minors of the control input gain matrix are known, the controller yields locally uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB) tracking while compensating for unstructured uncertainty in both the drift vector and the input matrix. First, a full-state feedback controller is designed based on limited assumptions on the structure of the system nonlinearities, and the singularity-free controller is proven to yield locally UUB tracking through a Lyapunov-based analysis. Then, it is shown that an output feedback control can be designed based on a high-gain observer. Simulation results are provided to illustrate the performance of the proposed control algorithm.
Capturing Key Attributes of Fine-Grained Sedimentary Rocks In Outcrops, Cores, and Thin Sections: Nomenclature and Description Guidelines

Abstract An integrated nomenclature scheme is proposed to capture the inherent heterogeneity of fine-grained sedimentary rocks at the 102 to 10−3 mm scale and to assist the evaluation of these rocks as sinks of organic carbon, barriers to fluid flows, and reservoirs of oil and gas. This scheme incorporates previous knowledge and the latest field, petrographic, and laboratory observations. We propose to name fine-grained sedimentary rocks using a root term based on their texture (grain size), which is modified by description of bedding, composition, and grain origin. Regarding texture, we suggest the use of “mudstone” as a class name for the entire spectrum of fine-grained sedimentary rocks. We define mudstone as a rock in which more than fifty percent of its grains are mud (clay and silt) size (< 62.5 µm). Similar to the approach used for the description of sandstone texture, mudstone texture can be refined by a “coarse,” “medium,” or “fine” size-range term. Regarding bedding, we follow Campbell's (1967) genetic approach to define laminae, laminasets, and beds, and describe lamina geometry, continuity, and shape. Regarding composition, we propose terms such as “siliceous,” “calcareous,” “argillaceous,” and “carbonaceous” to capture differences in rock composition. The name of a mudstone can be further modified by additional attributes that detail the form and origin of the rock components. Application of this approach to the Cretaceous Eagle Ford Shale illustrates the variability typically present in mudstone successions and demonstrates how our detailed characterization can be used to decipher and predict rock properties of economic interest.
AKT signalling in the failing heart

AKT is a serine/threonine protein kinase, also known as protein kinase B, which regulates cardiac growth, myocardial angiogenesis, glucose metabolism, and cell death in cardiac myocytes. AKT is activated by its phosphorylation at Thr 308 and ser 473 by PDK1 and mTORC2, respectively, in response to trophic stimuli such as insulin and insulin growth factor. c-Jun N-Terminal Kinases (JNKs) phosphorylate AKT at Thr 450 and potentiate its interaction with its downstream effectors. The short-term activation of AKT promotes physiological hypertrophy and protection from myocardial injury; whereas, its long-term activation causes pathological hypertrophy and heart failure. In this review we will discuss the role of AKT in regulating signalling pathways in the heart with special emphasis on the role of AKT in modulating stress induced autophagic cell death in cardiomyocytes in vitro.
Maturation depresses mouse cerebrovascular tone through endothelium-dependent mechanisms.

In light of previous observations that the range of arterial pressures over which cerebral blood flow is autoregulated differs dramatically in neonates and adults, the present experiments explored the hypothesis that pressure-induced intrinsic arterial tone is regulated differently in neonatal and adult cerebral arteries. In cannulated and pressurized endothelium-intact mouse cerebral arteries <150 μm in diameter, active intrinsic tone was evident at intraluminal pressures as low as 10 mmHg in neonatal arteries, but only at pressures of 60 mmHg or greater in adult arteries. Administration of 10 μM indomethacin produced no significant effect on tone at any pressure in either neonatal or adult arteries, but subsequent addition of 100 μM nitroarginine methyl ester (NAME) significantly vasoconstricted both neonatal and adult arteries at all pressures. Conversely, administration of 100 μM NAME alone significantly vasoconstricted adult arteries only, and subsequent addition of 10 μM indomethacin produced a significant additional vasoconstriction in adult arteries only, indicating an important interaction between the nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase pathways, at least in adult arteries. In the presence of both indomethacin and NAME, intrinsic tone was significantly greater in neonatal than adult arteries, but when the endothelium was removed, tone was similar in neonatal and adult arteries at all pressures. Together, these results suggest that pressure-induced myogenic tone is regulated similarly in neonatal and adult mouse cerebral arteries but that the contribution of endothelial vasoactive factors to intrinsic tone is highly age dependent.
The utility of temporal abstraction in reinforcement learning

The hierarchical structure of real-world problems has motivated extensive research into temporal abstractions for reinforcement learning, but precisely how these abstractions allow agents to improve their learning performance is not well understood. This paper investigates the connection between temporal abstraction and an agent's exploration policy, which determines how the agent's performance improves over time. Experimental results with standard methods for incorporating temporal abstractions show that these methods benefit learning only in limited contexts. The primary contribution of this paper is a clearer understanding of how hierarchical decompositions interact with reinforcement learning algorithms, with important consequences for the manual design or automatic discovery of action hierarchies.
Gadolinium-Loaded Polychelating Polymer-Containing Cancer Cell-Specific Immunoliposomes

Liposome loading with Gd via the membrane-incorporated polychelating amphiphilic polymers (PAPs) significantly increases the Gd content and relaxivity (T1 parameter) of PEGylated liposomes, which can be used as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Here, we demonstrate that such Gd-containing liposomes can be additionally modified with the monoclonal anticancer antibody 2C5 (mAb 2C5) possessing the nucleosome(NS)-restricted specificity via the PEG spacer. Liposome-bound antibody preserves its specific activity (ELISA) and such Gd-loaded PEGylated 2C5-immunoliposomes specifically recognize various cancer cells in vitro and target an increased amount of Gd to their surface compared to antibody-free Gd-liposomes or Gd-liposomes modified with tumor nonspecific antibody. Gd-loaded cancer cell-targeted immunoliposomes may represent promising agents for enhanced tumor MRI.
Embodied Resource Flows in a Global Economy

Summary This article presents a methodology for identifying critical links in global resource supply chains by tracking resources from their extraction in one region of the world economy through their embodiment in intermediate products in the same and other regions to eventual embodiment in final goods. We build on previous work that applied an absorbing Markov chain (AMC) to results obtained using an input-output (IO) model of a single region to define a resource-specific network within that economy. In the absence of model calculations, the AMC can also be applied to standard IO data for a past year. This article first generalizes the analytic framework from a single region to the important case of the global resource-specific network. This network typically includes cycling of embodied resources between sectors not only within each economy, but also among regions, as subsequent rounds of intermediate products are traded. Next, we refine that analysis to exhibit a crucial subnetwork, the resource end-use network, which only tracks the portion of the resource that ends up embodied in a specific final product in a given region. Finally, we develop techniques to distinguish key branches of these networks and provide detailed insights about the structure of global resource dependence. A numerical example is applied to results of scenario analysis using an IO model of the world economy. Two alternative scenarios are compared. In each scenario, embodied resources are carried over specific branches of a global network in three regions using three resources to produce four goods.
Reduction of edge noise in thin film metal media using discrete tracks

Discrete tracks were used to determine the importance of edge effects in the recording performance of thin-film metal media. A small reduction of signal amplitude is observed when the discrete track width exceeds the head width, and the edges of a conventional track contribute noise but no signal to the readback process. Direct measurements of the error rate as a function of distance off-track show very similar values for discrete and conventional tracks of comparable width. This indicates that edge effects are not a significant source of errors for this particular head/disk combination. >
Dual-mode tunable filter with simple bandwidth control scheme

In this paper, we present the realization of a constant bandwidth two pole tunable filter by means of dual mode resonance. The proposed filter has a simple bandwidth control scheme, making numerical optimization of the bandwidth variation across the tuning range possible. A prototype having tuning range of 0.85∼1.4GHz using lumped inductors as input/output coupling elements has been realized. The bandwidth varies between 51∼59MHz across the tuning range and good matching is achieved within the whole tuning range.
Comparative modeling and protein‐like features of hydrophobic–polar models on a two‐dimensional lattice

Lattice models of proteins have been extensively used to study protein thermodynamics, folding dynamics and evolution. Our study considers two different hydrophobic-polar models on the two-dimensional square lattice: the purely hydrophobic-polar (HP) model and a model where a compactness-favoring term is added. We exhaustively enumerate all the possible structures in our models and perform the study of their corresponding folds, HP arrangements in space and shapes. The two models considered differ greatly in their numbers of structures, folds, arrangements and shapes. Despite their differences both lattice models have distinctive protein-like features: (1) Shapes are compact in both models, especially when a compactness-favoring energy term is added. (2) The residue composition is independent of the chain length and is very close to 50% hydrophobic in both models, as we observe in real proteins. (3) Comparative modeling works well in both models, particularly in the more compact one. The fact that our models show protein-like features suggests that lattice models incorporate the fundamental physical principles of proteins. Our work supports the use of lattice models to study questions about proteins that require exactness and extensive calculations, such as protein design and evolution, which are often too complex and computationally demanding to be addressed with more detailed models.
Dynamic simulation of electric machines on FPGA boards

This paper presents the implementation of an induction machine dynamic simulation on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) board. Using FPGAs as computational engines can lead to significant simulation speed gains when compared to a typical PC computer, especially when operations can be efficiently parallelized on the board. The textbook example of a free acceleration followed by a step load change is used to outline the basic steps of designing an explicit Runge-Kutta numerical ordinary differential equation (ODE) solver on the FPGA platform. The FPGA simulation results and speed improvement are validated versus a Matlab/Simulink simulation.
Correlation Models for Temperature Fields

This paper presents derivations of some analytical forms for spatial correlations of evolving random fields governed by a white-noise-driven damped diffusion equation that is the analog of autoregressive order 1 in time and autoregressive order 2 in space. The study considers the two-dimensional plane and the surface of a sphere, both of which have been studied before, but here time is introduced to the problem. Such models have a finite characteristic length (roughly the separation at which the autocorrelation falls to 1/e) and a relaxation time scale. In particular, the characteristic length of a particular temporal Fourier component of the field increases to a finite value as the frequency of the particular component decreases. Some near-analytical formulas are provided for the results. A potential application is to the correlation structure of surface temperature fields and to the estimation of large area averages, depending on how the original datastream is filtered into a distribution of Fourier frequencies (e.g., moving average, low pass, or narrow band). The form ofthegoverningequationisjustthatofthesimpleenergybalanceclimatemodels,whichhavealonghistoryin climate studies. The physical motivation provided by the derivation from a climate model provides some heuristic appeal to the approach and suggests extensions of the work to nonuniform cases.
Analysis of the yeast SPT3 gene and identification of its product, a positive regulator of Ty transcription.

Abstract Previous work has demonstrated that the yeast SPT3 gene is required for transcription from delta sequences, the long terminal repeats that flank yeast Ty elements. In spt3 null mutants, transcription fails to initiate in delta sequences and instead initiates farther downstream. Null mutations in SPT3 cause other mutant phenotypes, including defects in sporulation and diploid formation. In this paper we report further genetic and physical characterization of the SPT3 gene and protein. By extensive linker insertion mutagenesis, we have delimited the region necessary for SPT3 function. From DNA sequence analysis, SPT3 encodes a protein of 337 amino acids. We have identified this protein with an anti-SPT3 antibody. Finally, we show that overproduction of the SPT3 gene product does not alter the level of Ty transcription.
Dendritic polymer macromolecular carriers for drug delivery

Dendrimers are synthetic, highly branched, mono-disperse macromolecules of nanometer dimensions. Started in the mid-1980s, the research investigations into the synthetic methodology, physical and chemical properties of these macromolecules are increasing exponentially with growing interest in this field. Potential applications for dendrimers are now forthcoming. Properties associated with these dendrimers such as uniform size, water solubility, modifiable surface functionality and available internal cavities make them attractive for biological and drug-delivery applications.
Between Limestone and Concrete: European Reactions to the "Tropaeum Traiani" in the 19th and 20th Centuries

In the 20th century, the Tropaeum Traiani in Romania has been interpreted primarily as an example of Roman imperial dominance in the provinces during the second century CE. This interpretation, which addresses the monument exclusively within its ancient context, neglects the role and impact of the Tropaeum Traiani following its discovery. This study will examine the monument from the perspective of the changing reception the monument experienced over the course of two centuries, beginning with its rediscovery in the 19th century. In this way, the Tropaeum Traiani can be understood as a structure that has had a lasting significance beyond its ancient one, its image reconstructed throughout the course of its modern history, embodying a range of conceptualizations in the modern imagination.
Honey bee propolis: prospects in medicine.

Modern physicians trained in allopathic medicine are usually wary of naturopathic remedies because the mechanisms of efficacy are usually unclear. Indeed, if one examines recipes from Chinese herbal medicine or some ‘home remedies,’ the active ingredients are unknown. Also, demonstration of the effectiveness of the remedies often is not scientific (no use of placebos), and could be a result of psychological effects of the patient. However, modern allopathic doctors and researchers should not ignore potential benefits which natural products may provide in curing some of the most serious medical problems today.
Homologous Serine/Threonine in the CaV 2.2α1 and 2.3α1 Subunits Behave Similarly, as Stimulatory and Inhibitory PKC Sites

High voltage-gated calcium (Cav) channels are regulated by PKC isozymes. These isozymes target selected serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) PKC phosphorylation sites in the intracellular regions of Cavα1 subunits of these channels. It has been found earlier using Cav2.2α1 subunits that stimulatory (Thr-422, Ser-2108 and Ser-2132) and inhibitory (Ser-425) PKC sites exist and their activation with PKC isozymes led to potentiation and depression of calcium currents (ICa) respectively. Based on the above report, it was planned to examine if the homologous sites in the Cav2.3α1 subunits behave similarly. In this regard the WT Cav2.3α1 or Ser/Thr Ala mutants of stimulatory (Thr-365, Ser-1995 and Ser-2011) or inhibitory (Ser-369) sites were expressed along with β1b and 2/δ cDNA subunits in Xenopus oocytes and the barium currents (IBa) were studied. Intracellular injection of PKC isozymes βII or e potentiated WT Cav2.3 currents. While both PKC βII and e potentiated IBa through Thr-365 (T365/S369A/S1995A/S2011A), only PKC e increased IBa through Ser-1995 (T365A/S369A/S1995/S2011A) channels. Ser-2011 failed to act as a stimulatory site contrary to its homologous site, Ser-2132 in the Cav2.2α1 subunits. However, Ser-369 acted as inhibitory site as its homolog Ser-425 in the Cav2.2α1 subunits. Both PKC βII and e inhibited IBa through Ser-369 (T365A/S369/S1995A/S2011A) channels. When both Thr-365 and Ser-369 were present (T365/S369/S1995A/S2011A), IBa was neither stimulated nor inhibited. However, stimulation was dominant when two stimulatory sites (Thr-365 & Ser-1995) were present along with Ser-369. Experiments with other mutants, including Ser/Thr Asp constructs are being studied and will be discussed.
Temperature and photoperiod affects diapause induction in immature stages of face flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

Adult response of face flies, Musca autumnalis De Geer, to diapause-inducing stimuli was tested. Treatment of larvae and pupae with four temperature and photoperiod combinations had statistically significant effects on subsequent diapause in the adults. Larvae reared in a cool, short-day regime (15°C, 10:14 [L:D]), yielded some flies that showed arrested ovarian development and high levels of hypertrophied fat body even when placed in a warm, long-day regime (24°C, 14:10 [L:D]), which normally favors ovarian development. Diapause induction in adult face flies depended largely on environment, but our data showed that the larval and pupal environments also had significant effects on subsequent reproductive or diapause development.
Natural Surfaces in a Gulf Port Warehouse: Influence on the Toxicity of Malathion and Gardona to Confused Flour Beetles

Malathion and Gardona® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate), were applied at 2 dosage levels to sections of concrete floor, fiberboard, and wooden pallets in a port warehouse on the Gulf Coast. The insecticidal effectiveness of the treatments was measured at weekly intervals for 6 weeks with Triboium confusum Jacquelin duVal. High temperatures, high relative humidity, and slightly alkaline concrete surfaces may have made conditions unfavorable for the insecticidal deposits. In spite of these conditions, the low dosage of malathion (1260 mg per m2) was over 90% effective for 2 weeks, and the high dosage (2520 mg/m2) was over 95% effective for 5 weeks. The 2 dosages of Gardona (1140 and 2280 mg/m2) were about equal in biological effectiveness. On concrete surfaces, both Gardona treatments were superior to the low malathion treatment and slightly inferior to the high malathion treatment.
Explaining Demand for Financial Innovation: Evidence from Exchange-Traded Notes

Exchange-traded notes (ETNs) are a new form of security design that may allow for return profiles that are unique relative to close substitutes, such as exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Because ETNs have no underlying holdings or fund manager, we are able to use data on ETNs to analyze investor demand for market completeness in a setting that is free of many of the confounding characteristics that are present with other types of managed portfolios. Our results confirm that ETNs provide innovative return patterns that are not easily replicated with existing securities. We show that the extent of financial innovation offered by ETNs is a major factor determining investor demand for ETNs. While innovation is strongly associated with demand for small ETNs, the largest ETNs are more strongly associated with the linear transformation of returns that arises from the use of levered and inverse strategies.
WE-AB-204-05: D&I in NIH - Funding/Research

Many efforts have been made to increase diversity in the science workforce. In order for us to be competitive in innovation and ingenuity we need to reach out to any source of intellectual talent. Having greater diversity can only increase the creativity in medical physics. In order for students to succeed academically they need role models and mentors with whom they can identify. Literature has shown that racial and ethnic diversity has both direct and indirect positive effects on the educational outcomes, career advancement and motivation of students. Diversity not only focuses on race, ethnicity and gender, but it can also include socioeconomic status, sexual orientation and more. Underrepresented populations have had low numbers over the years not only in medical physics but also in the sciences in general. With the rapidly changing face of our country we need to address how we attract and train the next generation of scientists to stay competitive. It is necessary to examine the role that diversity and inclusion play in the long term goals of institutions, workplaces and classrooms. To increase innovation we must engage people from all walks of life with different perspectives and life experiences to solve the problems that we will face. Diversity should be viewed as a strategy to achieve our goals instead of acts of good citizenship. Many of today's businesses and corporations have discovered that embracing diversity prepares future leaders in today's global market. This lecture will provide insight to how differences within our society can drive innovation. We will provide an overview of the role diversity and inclusion plays in the clinic, education and research to develop the future workforce in medical physics. Learning Objectives: 1.Understanding the role diversity and inclusion plays in medical physics. 2.The importance of developing education and research strategies for a global workforce. 3.How to develop a roadmap to diversity excellence within AAPM.
Exploring Our Theoretical and Practical Understandings of Enthusiasm in Science Teaching: A Self-Study of Elementary Teacher Preparation

Although research has shown that teacher enthusiasm has a powerful impact on learning (Kunter et al., J Educ Psychol 105(3):805–820, 2013), it is not widely understood (Schutz PA, Pekrun R, In: Schutz PA, Pekrun R (eds) Emotion in education [electronic resource]. Academic Press, Amsterdam, 2007). This is particularly evident in science education. There are studies that show the importance of teacher enthusiasm in K-12 science classrooms or of student enthusiasm for science, but very little from the perspective of science teacher preparation. The purpose of this self-study was to address this gap by examining how we demonstrate enthusiasm in our science classrooms and how our preservice teachers (PSTs) respond to this attribute. This self-study included two science teacher educators and 14 PSTs. Data sources included an instructor’s journal, video-taped classroom interactions, and student surveys. The findings revealed that during direct instruction, PSTs viewed us to be very enthusiastic. During inquiry-based instruction, however, our enthusiasm was perceived to be lower. We also found that when we did not view the PSTs as being enthusiastic, we tried to change that situation by stressing our own displays of enthusiasm. This false enthusiasm did not increase their motivation. In addition, during inquiry-based instruction, the PSTs were motivated to learn despite the fact that they found us less enthusiastic. We concluded that our initial understandings were naive in that they (1) were too narrowly focused on outward displays, (2) assumed a cyclical process, and (3) assumed teacher enthusiasm to be equally critical during lecture-based and inquiry-based instruction.
Healing Body-Subjects

The production of healing has been an important theme throughout the preceding chapters. In Chapter 5, experiences of healing were seen to emerge through processes of recognition that reproduce dominant ideas of selfhood, but also confer worth, enable agency and facilitate meaning-making. In this chapter, I return to thinking about healing and analyse experiences of healing, which readily escape biomedical frameworks for efficacy, through an approach that takes as its starting point the interconnectedness of the body, the mind and the social. This chapter examines processes of healing in further detail and depth, beyond the biomedical lens, but also beyond the privileging of the self-responsible mind that continues to ring through the discourse of wellbeing and, accordingly, many complementary and alternative health practices.
THE CHEMISTRY OF ORTHO-MERCAPTOAZO COMPOUNDS

Abstract The reactions and organic sulfur compounds encountered in the preparation (1) of 1-(o-mercaptoarylazo)-2-naphthol derivatives and (2) of the more simple o-mercaptoazobenzene derivatives are reviewed. 1-(o-Mercaptoarylazo)-2-naphthol derivatives are obtained by initial coupling of diazotized 2,2′-diaminodiaryl disulfides, o-thiocyanatoarylamines and o-benzylthioarylamines with 2-naphthol in carefully controlled conditions and subsequent reduction with sodium sulfide or debenzylation with aluminium bromide of the di-2-(2-hydroxy-1-naphthylazo)aryl disulfides and 1-benzylthioarylazo-2-napthols, respectively, so obtained. The preparation of o-benzylthioazobenzene, 1-benzylthio-2-phenylazonaphthalene and a series of derivatives and their debenzylation with hydrobromic acid, with sodium in liquid ammonia and, in particular, with bromine are discussed. The methods of preparation, the structures and the properties of corresponding sulfenyl chlorides, bromides, iodides, cyanides, thiocyanates, Perchlorates and tribomides as well as of the disulfides, thiolsulfonates, sulfinic acids and mercaptans are reviewed.