cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The juvenile justice system in India : from welfare to rights

This book contains an exhaustive overview of the historical, legislative, executive, and judicial processes relating to juvenile justice and identifies the parameters and constraints of the juvenile justice system in India.
Rapid middle Miocene extension and unroofing of the southern Ruby Mountains, Nevada

[1] Paleozoic rocks in the northern Ruby Mountains were metamorphosed during Mesozoic crustal shortening and Cenozoic magmatism, but equivalent strata in the southern Ruby Mountains were never buried deeper than stratigraphic depths prior to exhumation in the footwall of a west dipping brittle normal fault. In the southern Ruby Mountains, Miocene sedimentary rocks in the hanging wall of this fault date from 15.2 to 11.6 Ma and contain abundant detritus from the Paleozoic section. Apatite fission track and (U-Th)/He samples of the Eocene Harrison Pass pluton record rapid cooling that peaked ca. 17–15 Ma, while apatite fission track data from Jurassic plutons east and west of the southern Ruby Mountains indicate near-surface temperatures (<60°C) since the Cretaceous. We interpret these data to record rapid unroofing of the southern Ruby Mountains during slip on the west dipping brittle detachment between 17–16 and 10–12 Ma, followed by minor high-angle faulting. We interpret published Oligocene to early Miocene K-Ar biotite and zircon fission track dates from the Harrison Pass pluton to be partially reset rather than to directly record fault slip. Our new data, together with published data on the distribution and composition of Miocene basin fill, suggest that rapid middle Miocene slip took place on the west dipping brittle detachment that bounds the Ruby Mountains and East Humboldt Range for 150 km along strike. This fault was thus active during a period of rapid extension (ca. 17–15 to 12–10 Ma) documented widely across the northern Basin and Range Province.
Characterization by affinity electrophoresis of an alpha-1,6-glucan-binding protein from Streptococcus sobrinus.

Abstract Glucan-binding protein 1 (GBP1), the most abundant glucan-binding protein isolated from culture supernatants of Streptococcus sobrinus 6715-49, has been purified by affinity chromatography on Sephadex G-50 followed by gel permeation chromatography with Bio-Gel P-10. The specificity and affinity of GBP1 for glucans were assessed by affinity electrophoresis. GBP1 did not detectably bind to glucans lacking linear arrays of alpha-1,6 linkages. The association constant for the linear alpha-1,6-glucan Dextran T2000 was 3 x 10(7) M-1. Providing small isomaltosaccharide ligands to compete with this dextran indicated that the binding site maximally accommodated isomaltosaccharides with a degree of polymerization of 8. When glucans produced by purified S. sobrinus glucosyltransferases were tested, GBP1 displayed the highest affinity for the glucan from the soluble-product, primer-independent glucosyltransferase.
Faculty openings, shortage, and mentoring in associate degree nursing programs

Abstract This study surveyed directors of associate degree in nursing programs ( n =253) to identify faculty openings, examine hiring practices, and learn more about the faculty shortage. Directors reported few open faculty positions. Most reported a faculty shortage in their local area due to their rural location, competition from other programs in hiring faculty, and low salaries.
Energy System Impacts

The exact impacts of climate change in the U.S. are still uncertain, so the effects on the energy sector are also highly uncertain, although the uncertainty is greater regarding effects on energy supply and production than regarding energy demand. Overall, climate change is likely to increase energy demand, increase peak demands, and shift energy needs from heating oil and natural gas to electricity, all of which effects will be driven primarily by increased needs for residential, industrial, commercial, and agricultural space cooling as summers grow hotter and heat waves become more frequent. As for production and supply, the greatest overall effects of climate change in the U.S. are likely to be on operators’ abilities to cool power plants and the consequent loss of efficiency and capacity as a result of increased air and water temperatures and reduced water supplies; on hydroelectric generation as a result of reduced and more variable flows; and on energy-related infrastructure of all types as a result of increasingly severe weather events and sea-level rise. Importantly, however, these national or overall projections mask important regional variations in climate change impacts, and hence adaptation strategies should be cognizant of and responsive to those regional differences. Moreover, climate change impacts on the energy sector strongly indicate that adaptation efforts will need to coordinate energy policy and water policy to reflect the likelihood that climate change will have significant impact on the energy-water nexus.
Measurements of the production and transport of helium ash in the TFTR tokamak.

Helium ash production and transport have been measured in TFTR deuterium-tritium plasmas using charge-exchange recombination spectroscopy. The helium ash confinement time, including recycling effects, is 6-10 times the energy confinement time and is compatible with sustained ignition in a reactor. The ash confinement time is dominated by edge pumping rates rather than core transport. The measured evolution of the local thermal ash density is consistent with modeling based on previously measured helium transport coefficients and classical slowing down of the alpha particles.
Determination of the Oligomer Size of Amyloidogenic Protein β-Amyloid(1–40) by Single-Molecule Spectroscopy

Amyloid diseases are traditionally characterized by the appearance of inter- and intracellular fibrillar protein deposits, termed amyloid. Historically, these deposits have been thought to be the etiology of the disease. However, recent evidence suggests that small oligomers of the amyloidogenic protein/peptide are the origin of neurotoxicity. Although the importance of identifying the toxic oligomeric species is widely recognized, such identification is challenging because these oligomers are metastable, occur at low concentration, and are characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity. In this work, a fluorescently labeled β-amyloid(1–40) is used as a model amyloidogenic peptide to test the effectiveness of what we believe is a novel approach based on single-molecule spectroscopy. We find that by directly counting the photobleaching steps in the fluorescence, we can determine the number of subunits in individual β-amyloid(1–40) oligomers, which allows us to easily distinguish among different species in the mixtures. The results are further analyzed by comparison with Monte Carlo simulations to show that the variability seen in the size of photobleaching steps can be explained by assuming random dipole orientations for the chromophores in a given oligomer. In addition, by accounting for bias in the oligomer size distribution due to the need to subtract background noise, we can make the results more quantitative. Although the oligomer size determined in this work is limited to only small species, our single-molecule results are in good quantitative agreement with high-performance liquid chromatography gel filtration data and demonstrate that single-molecule spectroscopy can provide useful insights into the issues of heterogeneity and ultimately cellular toxicity in the study of amyloid diseases.
Solubilization of the iron molybdenum cofactor of Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase in dimethylformamide and acetonitrile

The iron molybdenum cofactor of Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase has been solubilized for the first time in dimethylformamide and acetonitrile. These solutions have the ability to reconstitute the inactive nitrogenase of the UW 45 mutant of A. vinelandii and exhibit an S = 3/2 EPR signal similar to that for the cofactor in N-methylformamide. Our ability to obtain solutions of FeMoco in these solvents seemingly disproves a previous hypothesis concerning the necessity of solvents with a dissociable proton for iron molybdenum cofactor solubility and should facilitate the spectroscopic characterization of this important species.
Nanoindentation creep of nanocrystalline nickel at elevated temperatures

Nanoindentation creep of nanocrystalline Ni with the as-deposited grain size of 14 nm was characterized at elevated temperatures. The indentation creep rate was observed to scale with temperature and applied load, and could be expressed by an empirical equation used for describing power-law creep in conventional crystalline solids. Creep activation energy was found to be close to that for the grain boundary self-diffusion of Ni. The activation volume was also measured using a stress relaxation technique. The current creep results were directly compared with those from fine-structured Ni in the literature. Possible creep mechanisms, such as diffusional creep, grain boundary sliding, power-law and power-law breakdown, were discussed in light of the creep rate and temperature ranges.
TIPS for treatment of refractory ascites: A single-center review of safety, efficacy, and clinical outcomes

Purpose To assess the safety, efficacy, and clinical outcomes of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation for treatment of medically refractory ascites. Materials and Methods In this single institution retrospective study, 65 patients (M:F=43:22, mean age 55 years, mean Child-Pugh score 9.9, mean Model for End Stage Liver Disease or MELD score 15.2) who underwent elective TIPS creation for refractory ascites between 1999-2012 were selected for analysis. Medical record review was used to identify demographic (age, gender), liver disease (Child-Pugh, MELD score), procedure (indication, urgency, stent type, portosystemic gradient or PSG reduction), and outcome (3-month pre- and post- procedure frequency of paracenteses, complications) data, and the influence of these parameters on 30- and 90-day mortality was assessed using multivariate analysis of variance. Results TIPS were successfully created using Wallstents (n=8) or Viatorr covered stent-grafts (n=57). Hemodynamic success was achieved in all cases. Mean PSG reduction was 13.5 mm Hg, and mean final PSG was 7.1 mm Hg. Complications at 30-days included encephalopathy (22/65, 33.9%) and liver failure (2/65, 3.1%). 30- and 90-day mortality rates were 7.7% (5/65) and 15.4% (10/65). Clinical improvement in ascites occurred in 78.5% (51/65) of patients. At 3-month follow-up, the need for paracentesis was completely eliminated in 32.3% (21/65), while the frequency of paracenteses was reduced by ≥50% in 32.3% (21/65) and by ≤50% in 13.9% (9/65). No change in ascites occurred in 9.2% (6/65), and 13.9% (9/65) required more frequent paracenteses. No PSG threshold was identified as most optimal for ascites reduction. Child-Pugh and MELD scores were significantly associated with 30- (P=0.001, 0.036) and 90-day (P=0.001, 0.004) mortality. No other parameters showed a statistically significant relationship with survival. Conclusion TIPS is a safe and effective procedure to treat medically refractory ascites, eliminating or reducing the need for paracenteses in 80% of cases within 3-months. While the rate of hepatic encephalopathy is non-trivial, these results further validate TIPS creation in this setting.
Are We in a Medical Education Bubble Market

Debt-to-income ratios for new physicians reveal the connection between what physicians can charge patients and what medical schools can charge students. If we aim to reduce the costs of health care, we need to reduce the costs of medical education.
A footnote from the MSSA Archives: The Beginning of MSSA'S Contributions to Published Sociological Research

Controversy over members responsible for initiating Sociological Spectrum led the Mid-South Sociological Association (MSSA) Executive Council to request a review of the early history of its publication program. Beginning with MSSA's first annual meeting, members produced “Proceedings” of its annual conferences to provide a permanent record of sociological studies. Two volumes of Sociological Forum followed in 1978 and 1979. Publication costs proved beyond MSSA's resources at that time. Consolidation of Sociological Forum with Sociological Symposium enabled the initiation of Sociological Spectrum in 1980. Under the leadership of dedicated and erudite editors, the journal has successfully provided the discipline with a publication medium for scholarly sociological works.
A polynomial time algorithm for finding the prime factors of cartesian-product graphs

Abstract We consider the computational complexity of recognizinf concerned cartesian product graphs. Sabidussi gives a non-algorithmic proof that the cartesian factorization is unique. He uses a tower of successively coarser equivalence relations on the edge set in which each prime factor of the graph is identified with an equivalence class in the coarsest of the relations. We first explore the structure and size of the relation at the base of the tower. Then we give a polynomial-time algorithm to compute the relations and to construct the prime factors of any connected graph. The bounds on the size of the relations are crucial to the runtime analysis of our algorithm.
Variable sensitivity of Trichoderma viride to Medicago sativa saponins

Abstract Eight saponins were isolated from alfalfa roots ( Medicago sativa ). The sensitivity of Trichoderma viride to the saponin varied with the individual saponin isolate. Seven isolates appeared to contain the aglycone, medicagenic acid, and while the other did not, it inhibited the growth of the fungus at higher concentrations than the other isolates. One pair and a triplet of saponins with divergent R f s evoked near identical biological responses suggesting structural similarity toxic to T. viride .
Identification of a class of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants defective in fatty acid repression of gene transcription and analysis of the frm2 gene

Exogenous fatty acids transcriptionally control the expression of a wide variety of eukaryotic genes, many of which encode proteins involved in lipid metabolism. To identify gene products involved in the lipid signalling pathway, a reporter plasmid containing the 5'-upstream region of a gene demonstrated to be repressed by unsaturated fatty acids (OLE1) was fused in frame to the Escherichia coli gene lacZ encoding beta-galactosidase. Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants defective in transcriptional control by lipids were identified and this class of mutants has been named frm (fatty acid repression mutant). The mutants were organized into six complementation groups designated frm1-6. Mutants from two of the complementation groups, frm1 and frm3, were also defective in their ability to activate a reporter construct containing the 5'-upstream region of POX1. POX1 has been shown to be transcriptionally activated in the presence of unsaturated fatty acids. frm2 was rescued by a region of DNA localized to chromosome III. This region contained an open reading frame of 579 nucleotides predicted to encode a M(r) 21 116 polypeptide. The upstream region of FRM2 contained a number of potential response elements which have previously been identified as important in regulating gene expression in response to glucose and certain fatty acids. Consistent with this observation, lacZ activity driven by FRM2 or frm2 promoters was induced two- to three-fold dependent upon the carbon and fatty acid source utilized. The properties of FRM2 suggest that it functions in the fatty acid signalling pathway and that it is itself regulated by fatty acids.
In situ extended X-ray absorption fine structure of an iron porphyrin irreversibly adsorbed on an electrode surface

The analysis of iron K-edge XAFS for hemoproteins is a subject of maturity in bioinorganic chemistry. The analysis of the in situ iron K-edge EXAFS reported here for 40% [Fe(TMPP)]{sub 2}O adsorbed on BP as a function of solution pH and applied potential has benefit from this precedence. The results that clearly emerge are that d(Fe-N{sub p}) is longer for the oxidized than for the reduced states. The range of d(Fe-N{sub p}) for the oxidized macrocycles (2.05-2.08 A) is typical of high-spin Fe{sup III}, whereas the corresponding range for the reduced macrocycle (2.01-2.04 A) is smaller and typical of either high- and/or intermediate-spin Fe{sup II}. The {mu}-oxo dimer structure, [Fe(TMPP)]{sub 2}O, is maintained from pH 5-11 for the oxidized material. At lower solution pH values (1.2-3.1), the smaller value of d(Fe-N{sub p}) suggests the presence of a diaquo complex, [FeTMPP(OH{sub 2}){sub 2}]{sup +}, whereas at higher pH values, i.e., 13, the dihydroxy species appears to predominate. 32 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs.
Characterization of fungal RTG2 genes in retrograde signaling of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Changes in the functional status of mitochondria result in the transcriptional activation of a subset of nuclear-encoded genes in a process referred to as retrograde signaling. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this molecular link between mitochondria and the nuclear genome is controlled by three key signaling proteins: Rtg1p, Rtg2p, and Rtg3p. Although the retrograde signaling response has been well characterized in S. cerevisiae, very little is known about this pathway in other fungi. In this study, we selected four species having uncharacterized open reading frames (ORFs) with more than 66% amino acid identity to Rtg2p for further analysis. To determine whether these putative RTG2 ORFs encoded bona fide regulators of retrograde signaling, we tested their ability to complement the defects associated with the S. cerevisiae rtg2Δ mutant. Specifically, we tested for complementation of citrate synthase (CIT2) and aconitase (ACO1) at the transcript and protein levels, glutamate auxotrophy, and changes in the interaction between Rtg2p and the negative regulator Mks1p. Our findings show that all four Rtg2p homologs are functional upon activation of retrograde signaling, although their degree of complementation varied. In addition, all Rtg2p homologs showed a marked reduction in Mks1p binding, which may contribute to their altered responses to retrograde signaling.
Hypnosis and the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease

Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's Disease can be cured if they are treated as autoimmune diseases with a special understanding of the personality conflicts in the patient. The author hypothesizes that all autoimmune diseases are characterized by a high normal amount of the aggressive instinctual drives and ambivalence about their realization. Each patient's personality causes the ambivalence to be somaticized into specific autoimmune bodies that aggressively are overproduced and then attack specific tissues. Hypnosis helps in gaining insight, reinforcing interpretations, handling stress, visualizing normal intestinal areas, and controlling of the autoimmune antibodies to the normal level. This paper deals specifically with these 2 diseases.
Measurement of the Transient Glass Surface Deformation During Laser Heating

The distinct transient geometry and material response of a deforming glass surface during CO 2 laser heating are related to the temperature history and the thermal regimes resulting from different energy deposition and heating rates. The transient deformation is measured using a probing system based on the photo thermal deflection technique. The variation with temperature of the optical constants yields a variable reflection signal which ultimately decreases, corresponding to a permanent volume expansion. The transient deflection signal associated with the variable deformation results from the distinct physical mechanisms in three thermal regimes, i.e., the elastic behavior, the glass transition, and the viscous flow regimes.
A High Resolution Delay Line Readout For Microchannel Plates

Investigations are reported of delay line configurations used to encode photon event locations in microchannel plate (MCP) detectors. Several delay line schemes of planar and multilayer structure are discussed. The importance of the delay line substrate material is examined, and it is shown that the raw signals from delay lines are narrow (about 3-4 ns FWHM). The factors determining the delay line resolution are evaluated, and it is demonstrated that these are in agreement with measurements. Resolutions of about 18-micron FWHM have been achieved. Measurements of the linearity of the delay line readout show that event centroid locations deviate from perfect linearity by less than 50 microns, even with the very simple anode fabrication methods employed. The image stability has also been evaluated and it is shown that image shifts are less than one resolution element over a period of two months.
High-speed video observations of a lightning stepped leader

[1] High-speed video images of eight branches of a lightning stepped leader recorded at a frame rate of 300 kiloframes per second (kfps) (3.33 μs exposure) are analyzed, representing the fastest published frame rate measurements of stepped leader stepping by about 1 order of magnitude and the first observations of space stems/leaders associated with stepped leaders. Sixteen occurrences of space stems/leaders were imaged in 14 different frames at various distances in front of the descending leader tip. A total of 225 frames (about 0.75 ms) involving 82 steps of the downward moving, negatively charged stepped leader were captured, followed by 45 frames of leader channel illumination by the return stroke after the ground attachment of the primary leader channel. The stepped leader exhibited characteristics similar to those observed in both dart-stepped leaders in triggered lightning and in long laboratory sparks. In most cases, the space stem/leader in one frame connects to the leader tip above in the subsequent frame, extending the leader channel. Most connections are associated with significant isolated brightening of the space stem/leader and the connection region, followed by frames of upward propagating reillumination of the existing leader channel. Assuming the leader to be 1 km distant, we measure the 16 space stems/leaders to be on average 3.9 m in length and separated from the previous leader channel tip by an average of 2.1 m. For the 82 steps, interstep intervals are on average 16.4 μs and step lengths are on average 5.2 m.
Dialysis in schizophrenia: a double-blind evaluation

Eight chronic schizophrenia patients completed a research program consisting of ten weekly sessions of active hemodialysis and ten weekly sessions of sham dialysis in a double-blind design. Previous reports of therapeutic efficacy were not substantiated. None of the patients improved during active dialysis; four patients worsened.
Genetic analysis of human type 1 protein phosphatase inhibitor 2 in insulin-resistant Pima Indians.

Abstract The rate-limiting enzyme in insulin-mediated nonoxidative glucose disposal, glycogen synthase, has reduced activity in insulin-resistant subjects at risk for developing non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). The synthase-activating enzyme, type 1 protein phosphatase (PP1), also has an abnormally low level of activity. Inhibitor 2 (I-2) reversibly inhibits and facilitates the proper conformation of free catalytic subunits of PP1. This study investigates whether genetic alteration(s) in the I-2 coding locus ( PPP1R2 ) could contribute to insulin resistance in Pima Indians. We determined that the authentic PPP1R2 gene is located on chromosome 3q29 and consists of six exons. The previously reported homologue of PPP1R2 on chromosome 5 is identified as an intronless pseudogene. Comparative sequencing of PPP1R2 exons and splice junctions revealed no mutations in insulin-resistant Pima Indians. The information on the genomic structure of PPP1R2 is important for exploring this gene as a potential candidate contributing to insulin resistance and NIDDM in other populations.
Expression of HGF and cMet in the developing and adult brain

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was recently recognized as a potential neurotrophic factor in the developing brain. We studied expression of HGF and its receptor using Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization for mRNA and double immunofluorescent laser confocal microscopy. HGF and cMet messages were abundant in the hippocampus of both human and rat brains. In this region, both messages were localized in the neuronal layer. Segregation of HGF predominantly in the hippocampal CA3-4 and cMet in CA1 supports the hypothesis that HGF may mediate important neurotrophic functions in both developing and adult brains.
Spin echo scattering angle measurement at a pulsed neutron source

Two experiments were performed to adapt spin echo scattering angle measurement (SESAME) to pulsed neutron sources. SESAME is an interferometric method that provides enhanced resolution of neutron scattering angles without the loss of neutron intensity that results when collimation is used to improve angular resolution. The method uses the neutron equivalent of optical wave plates to produce a phase difference between the two neutron spin components of a polarized neutron beam. Because the wave plate is inclined to the neutron beam, this phase difference depends sensitively on the trajectory of the neutron. In the absence of a sample, a second wave plate, which is parallel to the first, undoes the phase difference introduced by the first wave plate, producing a polarization identical to that of the incident neutron beam. When a scattering sample is placed between the two neutron wave plates, the cancellation of the phase difference between the neutron spin states is not perfect and the resulting neutron-beam polarization is a measure of the distribution of scattering angles. In the first experiment, thin (30 and 60 µm-thick) magnetized Permalloy films were used as neutron wave plates. In a second experiment, current-carrying solenoids with triangular cross sections were used as birefringent prisms for neutrons. The arrangement of these prisms was such that they mimicked the effect of the neutron wave plates in the first experiment. In both experiments, correlation lengths in the scattering sample of about 1000 A were probed using very simple and inexpensive equipment. These experiments brought to light a number of advantages and disadvantages of implementing SESAME at pulsed neutron sources and provided insights into the relative merits of SESAME and traditional small-angle neutron scattering.
The "Disremembered" of the Antebellum South: A New Look at the Invisible Labor of Poor Women

This study pinpoints fallacies in three conventional explanations of the gender division of labor in rural households of the antebellum South. First, the conceptual focus on independent household producers ignores the large population of poor landless households who owned no means of production. Second, the experiences of poor Southern women contradict the agrarian vision of "separate but equal" labor spheres. Third, adequate explanations are not provided by the view that household labor was divided between males' wage labor and women's subsistence work. Conceptualizations of the "separate household-based sphere" of women's work ignore the extent to which antebellum Southern women's work varied by class and race. Working solely within the household was a luxury enjoyed only by the wives of more economically secure farm owners or proprietors. Nearly half of the wives and female heads of household engaged in income-generating activities outside the home, and the majority of them were employed in occupations...
Bringing ownership domains to mainstream Java

AliasJava is a type annotation system that extends Java to express how data is confined within, passed among, or shared between objects in a software system. We present an implementation of the AliasJava system as Java 1.5 annotations and an analysis using the Eclipse infrastructure.
Economic Effects of Community Versus Hospital‐Based Faculty Pneumonia Care

To compare the length of stay and charges for patients with pneumonia admitted in 1995 to the teaching and nonteaching services of a Northeastern teaching hospital, we reviewed the charts of 237 patients. Patients cared for by hospital-based generalists working with housestaff (teaching service) were discharged more quickly and with lower or equivalent charges than patients cared for by community-based attending physicians working either with housestaff (private teaching service) or alone (nonteaching service). Academic teaching services staffed by general medicine faculty may provide efficient inpatient pneumonia care.
Effect of rice variety on methane emission from Louisiana rice

Abstract A field experiment was conducted to determine the effect local cultivars of Oryza sativa L. (rice) had on methane evolution from flooded plots. Semidwarf and tall varieties were drill-seeded into a Crowley silt loam (Typic Albaqualf) and methane fluxes were measured twice a week over the first and ratoon cropping seasons. Semidwarf varieties evolved significantly less methane over both growing seasons. Over the main cropping season, semidwarfs emitted an average 185 kg CH4 ha−1 to the atmosphere compared with 300 kg CH4 ha−1 for the tall varieties. During the ratoon sampling season, semidwarf and tall varieties evolved 540 and 830 kg CH4 ha−1, respectively. Compared with tall cultivars, semidwarfs evolved 36% less methane over both seasons.
PREVENTION OF TOUGHENING OF CHICKEN BREAST MUSCLE CUT IMMEDIATELY AFTER SLAUGHTER BY CONTROL OF pH DECLINE

The influence of slowing the rate of pH decline on the toughening effect of cutting chicken pectoralis muscle shortly after slaughter was studied by injection of NaHCO3/Na2CO3 buffer into the muscle immediately after evisceration. Buffer injected to a calculated level of 0.48% solids resulted in cut muscles with an ultimate mean pH of 6.5, which were completely tender after 24 hr aging. Buffer injected at a calculated level of 0.72% solids resulted in muscles which were adequately tender after 5 hr aging and extremely tender (ultimate pH 6.7) after 24 hr aging. Untreated cut control muscles were relatively tough after 24 hr aging (ultimate pH 5.75–5.78).
Maxillary appendages used by western corn rootworms, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, to discriminate between a phagostimulant and ‐deterrent

Ablation of maxillary appendages on western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae), were used to determine which mouthparts were involved in discrimination between the phagostimulant, cucurbitacin B, and the phagodeterrent, strychnine. Strychnine deterred feeding in unablated beetles when its concentration on disks was equal to or higher than cucurbitacin B. Unilateral or bilateral lacinea ablation did not affect discrimination between cucurbitacin B and strychnine. Galeal ablations abolished strychnine deterrence at equimolar concentrations of both compounds but not at higher strychnine concentrations, whereas maxillary palp ablation had no effect. However, bilateral ablation of both galea and maxillary palps resulted in a loss of deterrence at all strychnine concentrations. These results indicated strychnine sensitive chemoreceptors were primarily located on the galeae and maxillary palps. However, beetles without galeae and palps still feed on disks suggesting that cucurbitacin B sensitive chemoreceptors were located on other mouthparts and contributed to cucurbitacin B phagostimulation.
Medical student education in psychiatry: opportunities and challenges.

ThisissueofAcademicPsychiatryrelatestovariousaspectsof medical student education. Most impressive to me is that the faculty members who wrote these papers are demonstrating their commitment to educate students, mentor students for careers in psychiatry, and share their ideas with the educational community. As found in the recent survey of Association of Directors of Medical Student Education in Psychiatry (ADMSEP) members [1], psychiatric educators are committed to scholarship, and it is refreshing to see so many papers in this issue of Academic Psychiatry on topics related to medical student education. From these papers, three general themes emerge: (1) innovations in medical student education, (2) recruitment of medical students into the field of psychiatry, and (3) theprevalenceofpsychiatricdisordersinmedical students. The overarching issue of stigma toward psychiatry emerges in some way in many of these papers, reminding us of this enduring challenge.
CAM: a topology aware minimum cost flow based resource manager for MapReduce applications in the cloud

MapReduce has emerged as a prevailing distributed computation paradigm for enterprise and large-scale data-intensive computing. The model is also increasingly used in the massively-parallel cloud environment, where MapReduce jobs are run on a set of virtual machines (VMs) on pay-as-needed basis. However, MapReduce jobs suffer from performance degradation when running in the cloud due to inefficient resource allocation. In particular, the MapReduce model is designed for and leverages information from the native clusters to operate efficiently, whereas the cloud presents a virtual cluster topology overlying or hiding actual network information. This results in two placement anomalies: loss of data locality and loss of job locality, where jobs are placed physically away from their data or other associated jobs, adversely affecting their performance.In this paper we propose, CAM, a cloud platform that provides an innovative resource scheduler particularly designed for hosting MapReduce applications in the cloud. CAM reconciles both data and VM resource allocation with a variety of competing constraints, such as storage utilization, changing CPU load and network link capacities. CAM uses a flow-network-based algorithm that is able to optimize MapReduce performance under the specified constraints -- not only by initial placement, but by readjusting through VM and data migration as well. Additionally, our platform exposes, otherwise hidden, lower-level topology information to the MapReduce job scheduler so that it makes optimal task assignments. Evaluation of CAM using both micro-benchmarks and simulations on a 23 VM cluster shows that compared to a state-of-the-art resource allocator, our system reduces network traffic and average MapReduce job execution time by a factor of 3 and 8.6, respectively.
Cluster simulation of relativistic fermions in two space time dimensions

Abstract For Majorana–Wilson lattice fermions in two dimensions we derive a dimer representation. This is equivalent to Gattringer's loop representation, but is made exact here on the torus. A subsequent dual mapping leads to yet another representation in which a highly efficient Swendsen–Wang type cluster algorithm is constructed. It includes the possibility of fluctuating boundary conditions. It also allows for improved estimators and makes interesting new observables accessible to Monte Carlo. The algorithm is compatible with the Gross–Neveu as well as an additional Z ( 2 ) gauge interaction. In this article numerical demonstrations are reported for critical free fermions.
Report writing: Legislative, ethical, and professional challenges

Abstract Report writing continues to be one of the most serious and underestimated problem areas facing school psychologists. Current guidelines have not been generally responsive to changes in professional practice stemming from recent legal and legislative mandates, changing professional roles, and contemporary theory and practice. This article reviews various approaches to assessment and their potential influence on psychological report writing. A contemporary approach to report writing is then discussed.
The effect of neonatal thyroidectomy on the development of the adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate system in the rat brain.

— The effect of neonatal thyroidectomy on the cyclic AMP system in the developing rat brain was examined. Administration of 131I at birth led to a 16 per cent reduction in brain weight and a 70 per cent reduction in body weight by 40 days of age. The level of cyclic AMP in the brain increased 5-fold between birth and 40 days of age and this increase was partially reduced by early thyroidectomy. A similar increase in the activity of adenyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase was observed during development, but thyroidectomy produced no detectable changes in the activity of either enzyme. The activity of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase was already maximal at birth and also was unaffected by thyroidectomy. Norepinephrine increased levels of cyclic AMP 4- to 5-fold in brain slices prepared from adult rats, but was without effect on slices prepared from newborn or 3-day-old rats. The response to norepinephrine in thyroidectomized rats did not differ from that in control rats at any of the ages examined. Our findings indicate that neonatal hypothyroidism does not deleteriously affect the development of the cyclic AMP system in the rat brain.
Socioeconomic effects of the arms race.

For the 25 years since the founding of Physicians for Social Responsibility (PSR) and the publication of our initial articles on the medical consequences of nuclear war (ll), my colleagues and I have been addressing-in articles, books, lectures, and films-the medical consequences of the use of nuclear weapons and what we believe to be the consequent responsibility of physicians: Since doctors can do almost nothing to deal with the medical problems once the bombs have fallen, they must, by analogy with other nontreatable medical problems, work actively for their prevention. Over the past 5 years, many members of PSR have been writing and speaking on a closely related topic: the consequences of the arms race to the health and well-being of people even if the arms themselves are never used directly to kill and maim-a topic that has been termed “destruction before detonation” (1 I13). In our presentations in the United States, we usually concentrate on arms expenditures by the United States and their impact on the health and wellbeing of our people, because we believe that to be the special responsibility of U.S. health workers (13). While I touch on that here, at this international symposium I concentrate instead on arms expenditures by the entire world and on what I believe to be the responsibility of health workers in every nation-rich and poor, aligned and nonalignedto protest what is being spent in their own nations on arms and their responsibility to bring to those in power in their societies knowledge of the ways in which these resources can be used to strengthen health and health services in their own countries and throughout the world.
Inhibitory action of thymine ribonucleoside and other pyrimidine derivatives on the cleavage of 5-iodo-deoxy-uridine by mouse-liver extract.

Abstract (1) The action of various pyrimidine derivatives on the enzymatic phosphorolysis of [125I]-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine ([125I]IUdR) by a particulate-free fraction (100 000 × g) derived from mouse liver has been examined. (2) The most efficient inhibitor of phosphorolysis investigated was thymine ribofuranoside (TR), the ribose analogue of thymidine (TdR), which is not itself cleaved by the enzyme extract. (3) Although the apparent affinities of IUdR and TdR for the enzyme system were comparable, the maximum velocity of cleavage of the IUdR was approximately 5 times greater. This difference could explain the observed shorter duration of the homologue in the cell pool in vivo compared with TdR. (4) The competitive inhibitory action of thymine ribonucleoside is approximately 20 times less effective for IUdR cleavage than for TdR cleavage by the enzyme extract. This difference offers a probable explanation for the 100-fold molar excess of thymine ribonucleoside necessary to inhibit loss of [125I]IUdR from the cell pool in vivo. (5) An extract from rat liver contained 5 times greater IUdR cleaving capacity than an equivalent extract of mouse liver.
Controlled synthesis of superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles by phase transformation

A synthesis procedure for generating a uniform distribution of iron-oxide nanoparticles from an amorphous precursor is reported. The investigation suggests no evidence of the formation of unwanted surface oxide layers, internal stress, and multiple phases. This is likely because the physical properties of the diffusion fields surrounding the nanoparticles are self-limiting by Fe(II) depletion. Inside the diffusion field surrounding the nucleation site, decreasing Fe(II) concentration results in a decrease in the diffusion rate that continues to decrease until self-limiting kinetic arrest occurs. The initial Fe(II) concentration is established by reducing a system abundant in Fe(III) by means of exposure to CO/CO2 gas at high temperature.
On Safety Properties and Their Monitoring

Various definitions of safety properties as sets of execution traces have been introduced in the literature, some over finite traces, others over infinite traces, yet others over both finite and infinite traces. By employing cardinality arguments, this paper first shows that these notions of safety are ultimately equivalent, by showing each of them to have the cardinal of the continuum. It is then shown that all safety properties can be characterized as "always past" properties, and then that the problem of monitoring a safety property can be arbitrarily hard. Finally, two decidable specification formalisms for safety properties are discussed, namely extended regular expressions and past time LTL. It is shown that monitoring the former requires non-elementary space. An optimal monitor synthesis algorithm is given for the latter; the generated monitors run in space linear with the number of temporal operators and in time linear with the size of the formula.
Non-contact versus contact-based sensing methodologies for in-home upper arm robotic rehabilitation

In recent years, robot-assisted rehabilitation has gained momentum as a viable means for improving outcomes for therapeutic interventions. Such therapy experiences allow controlled and repeatable trials and quantitative evaluation of mobility metrics. Typically though these robotic devices have been focused on rehabilitation within a clinical setting. In these traditional robot-assisted rehabilitation studies, participants are required to perform goal-directed movements with the robot during a therapy session. This requires physical contact between the participant and the robot to enable precise control of the task, as well as a means to collect relevant performance data. On the other hand, non-contact means of robot interaction can provide a safe methodology for extracting the control data needed for in-home rehabilitation. As such, in this paper we discuss a contact and non-contact based method for upper-arm rehabilitation exercises that enables quantification of upper-arm movements. We evaluate our methodology on upper-arm abduction/adduction movements and discuss the advantages and limitations of each approach as applied to an in-home rehabilitation scenario.
Personality Characteristics of Music Educators and Performers

Personality type, as measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), and psychological androgyny, as determined by the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI), were evaluated in a comparison between musicians who had selected careers in either music education or music performance. Comparisons of the educators and performers indicated that there were no significant differences between the groups for each of the four MBTI dimensions. When the psychological classifications on the BSRI (i.e. androgynous, masculine, feminine, or undifferentiated), were compared for both samples, no significant differences were found. Androgyny (i.e. the ability to move freely across stereo- typical sex-role behaviours) was identified as the modal psychological characteristic of both music educators and performers. Physiological gender was found to be a significant factor only among female educators and only for the BSRI classification of androgyny. The results of this study indicate that musicians who are educators and musicians who...
A knowledge-based system for assessment of human physiological abilities in manual lifting tasks

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to develop and test an expert system for assessment of human physiological abilities in manual lifting tasks. The expert system was implemented on an IBM PC-XT personal computer. An example on how to utilize the expert system in designing manual lifting tasks from a physiological standpoint is given.
Automated Characterization of Parallel Application Communication Patterns

A concise description of an application's communication pattern is often useful, for example, as an efficient way to communicate application behavior to a system vendor. Several existing performance analysis tools can capture aspects of an application's communication behavior such as which processes communicated with which others and the communications operations they used. However, a human with a high degree of expertise is still required to recognize and characterize common communication idioms within the performance data collected by those tools. To simplify this characterization for non-experts, we have developed an approach for automatically characterizing a MPI application's communication behavior. We use the mpiP profiling tool to collect information about an application's communication topology and message volume. We then use a post-mortem search-based analysis to compare the application's observed communication pattern against a library of common communication patterns. By comparing the result of the various search paths, our approach identifies the combination of patterns that best matches the observed behavior. To evaluate our approach, we applied it to a synthetic example communication matrix and communication matrices obtained from two scientific applications. We determined that our automated approach was highly effective in characterizing the communication patterns represented in the matrices.
The Emergence of Henrician Drama “in the Kynges absens”

AbstractThis examination of dramatic patronage in the Henrician era explores and accounts for the relative disengagement of Henry VIII from the drama. Far from buttressing the image of an enthusiastic patron of court and household plays, key details in diplomatic reports, revels accounts, and play texts demonstrate the tenuous connection between Henry and the drama. Henry appears to have seen none of the period's surviving plays and none can be attributed to his support. Rather, court plays can first be associated with Wolsey, and when they again became prominent in the late 1530s, they appeared under Cromwell's, Cranmer's, or Catherine Parr's patronage. Others, including his albeit frugal father Henry VII, churchmen, educators, noble women, courtiers, and his heirs, Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth, were quicker to recognize the drama's persuasive power, and can be credited more directly with encouraging an emergent humanist drama in school and secular plays. By contrast, Henry's quixotic entertainments embod...
Thermodynamic properties of the photochemical reaction center of Heliobacterium chlorum

Abstract The thermodynamic and spectral properties of the photochemical reaction center components of Heliobacterium chlorum have been examined. The primary electron donor bacteriochlorophyll has Em,7 = +225 mV, and the ‘primary acceptor’ Em,10 = −510 mV. The former has an EPR signal in its oxidised form near G = 2.0025, ΔH = 0.95 mT, reminiscent of the properties of the primary donor in bacteria containing bacteriochlorophyll a. The ‘primary acceptor’ has properties similar to those of the iron-sulfur cluster acceptors of green sulfur bacteria. H. chlorum contains a c-type cytochrome (Em,7 = +170 mV) that donates electrons to the photooxidised primary donor with t 1 2 t 6 ms . The reaction center of H. chlorum is thus very similar to that found in representative green sulfur bacteria, but the cellular architecture and photopigments of this group are quite distinct from those of H. chlorum.