cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Women in Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Dilemmas and Directions

A critical issue for post conflict reconstruction is moving beyond criminal prosecutions that ensure accountability of perpetrators toward a system that also serves the needs of victims. When reconstruction includes disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) and development services, these programs cannot be separated from perpetrator responsibility. The traditional criminal justice is perpetrator-centric. Alternative forms of justice have broadened this focus, recognizing that the legal system must respond to both victims and perpetrators. Transitional justice, which focuses on responding to past human rights violations, is critical to holding violators accountable for their acts. In addition to criminal and civil accountability (rights-based justice), perhaps the most significant form of justice for women is assistance traditionally associated with development, as it provides critical social services and facilitates all aspects of post conflict reconstruction. This article seeks to expand conceptions of international justice in the post conflict setting to include social, economic, and development-based rights. It examines two aspects of gender that are integral to post conflict reconstruction and involve women's differing roles during conflict: the significance of integrating gender into DDR and the necessity of domestic responses to the crimes of sexual violence.
The Expulsion of Aliens and Other Topics: The Sixty-Fourth Session of the International Law Commission

The International Law Commission held its sixty-fourth session in Geneva from May 7 to June 1, and from July 2 to August 3, 2012, under the chairmanship of Lucius Caflisch. The session marked the first year of a new quinquennium (2012–2016), with the Commission having completed its work during the prior quinquennium (2007–2011) on four major topics: transboundary aquifers, effects of armed conflict on treaties, reservations to treaties, and responsibility of international organizations.
Trends in Real Estate Research, 1988–2001: What's Hot and What's Not

This paper examines publications and citations for topic and technique trends in JREFE and REE during the period 1988–2001. Publication and citation patterns reveal real estate as a largely empirical field. The mix of topics and techniques published by the two journals as well as sources cited and garnering citations are converging over time. Within topic or technique categories, the most frequently cited papers or authors tend to garner citations that vary with the relative popularity of the category in the broader literature. Yet, the impacts of top contributors reflect significant contributions outside their most cited research in one specialized one topic area or technique.
Why the study of international law needs experiments

Scholarship on international law has undergone an empirical revolution. Throughout the revolution, however, studies have been criticized because shortcomings of the observational data that they used posed serious barriers to reliable causal inference. At the same time, both political scientists and legal scholars studying domestic law have increasingly employed experimental methods because they make it easier to make credible causal claims. Yet despite the simultaneous emergence of those trends, there have been relatively few attempts to use experimental methods to study international law. This should change. In this paper we present the first argument that the study of international law could uniquely benefit from the use of experimental research methods. To make this argument, we present data we have collected that illustrates why observational studies will often be unable to provide answers to many of the most important questions to legal scholars. After doing so, we provide guidance on how laboratory, survey, and field experiments can be used by legal scholars to research international law. * Dustin Tingley, Assistant Professor of Government, Harvard University. Ph.D. in Politics, Princeton University. Adam Chilton, Bigelow Fellow & Lecturer in Law, University of Chicago School of Law (designee); Ph.D. candidate in Political Science, Harvard University. Our special thanks to research assistance by Alice Miao, and Michael Findley, Tom Ginsburg, Jill Goldenziel, and Michael Tomz for helpful conversations and advice. 2 EXPERIMENTS & INETERNATIONAL LAW [25-Feb-13 WHY THE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW NEEDS EXPERIMENTS
Workers' Views of the Impact of Trade on Jobs

This article uses new data to examine how workers' perceptions of the impact of trade on jobs like theirs are related to economic variables representing their career paths, job characteristics, and local labor market conditions. We find that only 17 percent of workers think trade creates jobs. And even fewer workers (4–7 percent) in any industry think trade has created better jobs. We find that workers' perceptions do not reflect their job characteristics or the movability of their jobs. Their perceptions of trade primarily reflect local labor market conditions (hiring and separation rates) and education. The determinants of workers' perceptions of trade present a different pattern compared with their perceptions of job security.
Dynamic Preference for Flexibility

We consider a decision maker who faces dynamic decision situations that involve intertemporal trade-offs, as in consumption�savings problems, and who experiences taste shocks that are transient contingent on the state of the world. We axiomatize a recursive representation of choice over state contingent infinite horizon consumption problems, where uncertainty about consumption utilities depends on the observable state and the state follows a subjective Markov process. The parameters of the representation are the subjective process that governs the evolution of beliefs over consumption utilities and the discount factor; they are uniquely identified from behavior. We characterize a natural notion of greater preference for flexibility in terms of a dilation of beliefs. An important special case of our representation is a recursive version of the Anscombe�Aumann model with parameters that include a subjective Markov process over states and state-dependent utilities, all of which are uniquely identified.
Business Method Patents and Patent Floods

Technological breakthroughs occasionally set off floods of inventions and associated patents. The decline of the business method exception to patentability is likely to increase the frequency of patent floods. Future technological breakthroughs might now cause two different patent floods: a flood of patents covering the relevant technology, and a flood of patents covering business methods in the new market opened by the breakthrough. Furthermore, a technological breakthrough is no longer a precondition for a patent flood. Any factor that opens a new market might cause a future flood of business method patents. A flood of related patents in a new market creates special problems for competition in addition to the usual problems that arise from market power associated with individual patents. Patent floods strain the resources of the Patent Office and adversely affect the quality of issued patents. Of particular concern, reduced patent quality increases uncertainty about the scope and validity of patents and increases the frequency of patent litigation. The fragility of the many start-ups in new markets makes them vulnerable to strategic patent litigation. Furthermore, a thicket of patents may stultify development of technology because of the cost of securing patent licenses from the large numbers of patent owners. Cross-license agreements and patent pools mitigate problems caused by floods, but such agreements could be difficult to reach in response to future business method patent floods. The heightened risk of patent floods is a problem unique to business method patents, and justifies exceptional treatment of business method inventions. It is probably socially desirable to use the subject matter and nonobviousness standards for patentability to restrict grants of business method patents.
Fiscal imbalances, capital inflows, and the real exchange rate: The case of Turkey

Abstract This paper examines the links between fiscal policy, capital inflows and the real exchange rate in Turkey since the late 1980s. The first part provides an overview of recent macroeconomic developments in Turkey. The second part estimates a vector autoregression model linking government spending, interest rate differentials, capital inflows, and the temporary component of the real exchange rate — estimated using three alternative techniques. Positive shocks to government spending and capital inflows lead to a real appreciation, whereas positive shocks to the uncovered interest rate differential lead to a capital inflow and an appreciation of the real exchange rate. Our findings highlight the role of fiscal adjustment for restoring macroeconomic stability in Turkey.
Scope Insensitivity and the “Mere Token” Effect

Abstract Decisions often involve trade-offs between a more normative option and a less normative but more tempting one. The authors propose that the intrapersonal conflict that is evoked by choices involving incompatible goals can be resolved through scope-insensitive justifications. The authors describe one such mechanism, the “mere token” effect, a new phenomenon in decision making. They demonstrate that adding a certain and immediate mere token amount to both options increases choices of the later-larger option in intertemporal choice and of the riskier-larger option in risky choice. The authors find this effect to be scope insensitive, such that the size of the token amount does not moderate the effect. They show that intrapersonal choice conflict underlies the mere token effect and that reducing the degree of conflict by increasing the psychological distance to the choice outcomes debiases the effect. Moreover, they show that the mere token effect is enhanced when (1) opposing goals in choice are mad...
The welfare cost of bank capital requirements

Abstract Capital requirements are the cornerstone of modern bank regulation, yet little is known about their welfare cost. This paper measures this cost and finds that it is surprisingly large. I present a simple framework, which embeds the role of liquidity creating banks in an otherwise standard general equilibrium growth model. A capital requirement limits the moral hazard on the part of banks that arises due to deposit insurance. However, this capital requirement is also costly because it reduces the ability of banks to create liquidity. The key insight is that equilibrium asset returns reveal the strength of households’ preferences for liquidity and this allows for the derivation of a simple formula for the welfare cost of capital requirements that is a function of observable variables only. Using US data, the welfare cost of current capital adequacy regulation is found to be equivalent to a permanent loss in consumption of between 0.1% and 1%.
Re-Framing Race in Teaching Writing across the Curriculum.

Although faculty across the curriculum are often faced with issues of racial identity in the teaching of writing, WAC has offered little support for addressing race in assignment design, classroom interactions, and assessment. Through examples from teaching workshops, I offer specific ways that we can engage discussions about teaching writing and race productively.
Precision in U-type and J-type Tournaments

In this paper I contrast the impact of precision, i.e., the level of accuracy with which workers’ performance is assessed, on wage costs in U- and J-type tournaments. In U-type tournaments prizes are fixed. In J-type tournaments only an overall wage sum is specified. The principal can increase precision by including more signals in performance measurement. Doing so leads to stronger incentives in U-type tournaments, but not in J-type tournaments. The principal strictly prefers a U-type tournament if workers receive a rent under limited liability and the costs of increasing precision are low. However, if workers are inequity-averse and have unlimited liability, the J-type tournament leads to lower wage costs.
Simulated likelihood estimators for discretely observed jump–diffusions

Abstract This paper develops an unbiased Monte Carlo approximation to the transition density of a jump–diffusion process with state-dependent drift, volatility, jump intensity, and jump magnitude. The approximation is used to construct a likelihood estimator of the parameters of a jump–diffusion observed at fixed time intervals that need not be short. The estimator is asymptotically unbiased for any sample size. It has the same large-sample asymptotic properties as the true but uncomputable likelihood estimator. Numerical results illustrate its properties.
Aspects of ecosystem persistence and the optimal conservation of species

Abstract Although ecologists have long recognized the salience of persistence in determining the static and the dynamic behavior of ecological systems, it is only very recently that economists have begun to study this concept in relation to the use of services that are provided by jointly determined ecological-economic systems (ecosystems). As such, there are very few studies of ecosystems that explicitly analyze the ecological and the economic aspects of this use issue. Given this state of affairs, this article has two objectives. First, a new method is used to formally describe and bound the notion of ecosystem persistence. This method explicitly incorporates the stochastic aspects of ecosystems. Second, the bound on persistence is used to study the problem of optimal species conservation.
Efficient Material Breach of Contract

In an environment in which sellers can reduce the probability of defective delivery through cooperative investment, and in which enforcement of default remedies for breach of contract is imperfect, an optimal performance standard grants buyers the option to reject goods for some but not all defects, in other words, when the delivery is sufficiently defective and the seller is said to be in “material breach” of contract. This optimal performance standard implements efficient cooperative investment more often under a policy that, in addition, allows buyers to collect compensation for nondelivery of the good (upon rightful rejection) than a policy that limits buyers’ compensation to the recovery of the price. Although contracts with liquidated damages (i.e. a customized compensation function) can solve the investment problem as long as court enforcement is not too imperfect (in which case optimal liquidated damages are excessive and likely not enforced), the doctrine of material breach with an option to reject performs well as a default rule.
A new use of importance sampling to reduce computational burden in simulation estimation

Simulation estimators (Lerman and Manski 1981; McFadden, Econometrica 57(5):995–1026, 1989; Pakes and Pollard, Econometrica 57:1027–1057, 1989) have been of great use to applied economists and marketers. They are simple and relatively easy to use, even for very complicated empirical models. That said, they can be computationally demanding, since these complicated models often need to be solved numerically, and these models need to be solved many times within an estimation procedure. This paper suggests methods that combine importance sampling techniques with changes-of-variables to address this caveat. These methods can dramatically reduce the number of times a particular model needs to be solved in an estimation procedure, significantly decreasing computational burden. The methods have other advantages as well, e.g. they can smooth otherwise non-smooth objective functions and can allow one to compute derivatives analytically. There are also caveats—if one is not careful, they can magnify simulation error. We illustrate with examples and a small Monte-Carlo study.
Reforming governance of ‘too big to fail’ banks: The prudent investor RULE and enhanced governance disclosures by bank boards of directors

Banks, particularly those considered ‘too big to fail’, pose a particular governance challenge, especially for taxpayers who face an undiversifiable risk of being the final backstop of the financial system. The nexus of bank governance is the board of directors, but they have proven inadequate in controlling the riskiness of bank activities, an outcome due both of the complexity of modern banks, and because boards are uncertain about what is expected of them. Using an interdisciplinary approach from law and accounting, we propose a two-step procedure to improve bank governance. First, we give bank directors an explicit standard to assess the outcome of their actions: the Prudent Investor rule which is the requirement for trusts. Adopting the Prudent Investor rule would return to director's responsibility to control the risks of banking activities. To enforce the higher standard, we propose to use disclosure as a disciplining mechanism. We base the new disclosure regime on Section 404 of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act that requires managers to implement controls over the firm's financial reporting processes and to publicly attest to their effectiveness. This section failed to prevent the credit crisis because it was too narrowly focused. We recommend that the provision be broadened to encompass governance controls in general, and that responsibility for disclosure be placed on the bank board rather than on managers.
SATMED: Legal Aspects of the Physical Layer of Satellite Telemedicine

Introduction 209 I. Satellite Telemedicine As a Solution to the Rural-Urban Health Care & Telecommunications Divides 211 II. A Brief Primer on Why and How States Regulate Satellites 216 A. Understanding the Layered Interconnection of Information Technologies and Telemedicine Applications 216 B. An Introduction to Satellites 218 C. Background on Telemedicine Technologies 223 III. The Competing Legal Regimes Governing SATMED 224 A. Health Care Under International Law 225 B. International Telecommunications Law 230 1. The Legal Regime of the International Telecommunication Union 230 2. The Tampere Convention: A Clear Metric of State Sovereignty 235 3. The GMPCS Memorandum of Understanding 237 4. The Global Broadband Satellite Infrastructure Initiative 241 IV. A Proposed International Legal Regime for SATMED ..... 243 A. Harmonized Technical Standards for SATMED Terminals .... 244 B. Global SATMED Frequency Allocation 244 C. Mutual Recognition of Licenses 245 D. Elimination of Barriers to Entry and Exit 246 Conclusion 247
Terminating Parental Rights Through a Backdoor in the Virginia Code: Adoptions Under Section 63.2-1202(H)

Under private adoption law in Virginia, a parent can lose her parental rights in one court hearing based on a single petition, without any proof of parental unfitness offered, and without the opportunity to object to the adoption of her child. Virginia Code section 63.2-1202(H), pertaining to adoptions where the petitioner is a private party and the consent of the parent is not required, is so streamlined that it can violate the constitutional rights of both biological parents and their children. In 2012, the Virginia General Assembly added more specific language to the statute, but on its face, it is still inadequate to protect the rights of a parent and the best interests of the child. 1
Mitigating the Effect of Nanoscale Porosity on Thermoelectric Power Factor of Si

The addition of porosity to thermoelectric (TE) materials can significantly increase the figure of merit, ZT, by reducing the thermal conductivity. Unfortunately, porosity is also detrimental to th...
NAVIGATING FISH FOOD INSECURITY BY SIMULTANEOUS HOUSEHOLD AND MARKETED SURPLUS-LED PRODUCTIONS IN KOGI STATE OF NIGERIA

The study determined the factors influencing simultaneously household and marketed surplus-led fish production in Nigeria’s Kogi State using cross-sectional data collected from 105 fish farmers. The sample size was achieved using a multi-stage sampling technique and the collected data were elicited viz . structured questionnaire complemented with interview schedule. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to achieve the conceptualized objectives. Empirical evidences showed that marketed surplus-led fish production was affected by less risky non-farm incomes with high income turnover and capital paucity. However, marketable surplus-led production was enhanced by enlarged income, readily available demand that matches the supply and entrepreneurship zeal among the youthful population in the studied area. In view of the foregoing, the research recommends the need to strengthen the value chain of fish marketing so as to contain any challenge viz . market imperfection which in the long-run will jeopardize market-orientation of fish farming which is nascent among most of the farmers in the studied area. In addition, there is need to address gender inequality in order to arrest poverty vulnerability among women folk viz . budget gender mainstreaming so as to achieve growth and development which are pre-requisite for globalization.
Minimum wages and housing rents: Theory and evidence

Abstract I analyze the effect of minimum wage hikes on housing rents using exogenous variation in minimum wages across local labor markets in Japan. I estimate that in low-quality rental housing market, a 10% minimum wage increase induces a 2.5%–4.5% increase in rents. Minimum wage hikes benefit workers in light of a spatial equilibrium model showing that changes in housing market rents work as a sufficient statistic for measuring utility changes arising from changes in minimum wages. The increase in housing rents also implies an unintended benefit for homeowners.
Approximate Majority with Catalytic Inputs.

Population protocols are a class of algorithms for modeling distributed computation in networks of finite-state agents communicating through pairwise interactions. Their suitability for analyzing numerous chemical processes has motivated the adaptation of the original population protocol framework to better model these chemical systems. In this paper, we further the study of two such adaptations in the context of solving approximate majority: persistent-state agents (or catalysts) and spontaneous state changes (or leaks). Based on models considered in recent protocols for populations with persistent-state agents, we assume a population with $n$ catalytic input agents and $m$ worker agents, and the goal of the worker agents is to compute some predicate over the states of the catalytic inputs. We call this model the Catalytic Input (CI) model. For $m = \Theta(n)$, we show that computing the parity of the input population with high probability requires at least $\Omega(n^2)$ total interactions, demonstrating a strong separation between the CI model and the standard population protocol model. On the other hand, we show that the simple third-state dynamics of Angluin et al. for approximate majority in the standard model can be naturally adapted to the CI model: we present such a constant-state protocol for the CI model that solves approximate majority in $O(n \log n)$ total steps with high probability when the input margin is $\Omega(\sqrt{n \log n})$. We then show the robustness of third-state dynamics protocols to the transient leaks events introduced by Alistarh et al. In both the original and CI models, these protocols successfully compute approximate majority with high probability in the presence of leaks occurring at each step with probability $\beta \leq O\left(\sqrt{n \log n}/n\right)$, exhibiting a resilience to leaks similar to that of Byzantine agents in previous works.
Achievable Rates of Opportunistic Cognitive Radio Systems Using Reconfigurable Antennas With Imperfect Sensing and Channel Estimation

We consider an opportunistic cognitive radio (CR) system in which secondary transmitter (SUtx) is equipped with a reconfigurable antenna (RA). Utilizing the beam steering capability of the RA, we regard a design framework for integrated sector-based spectrum sensing and data communication. In this framework, SUtx senses the spectrum and detects the beam corresponding to active primary user’s (PU) location. SUtx also sends training symbols (prior to data symbols), to enable channel estimation at secondary receiver (SUrx) and selection of the strongest beam between SUtx– SUrx for data transmission. We establish a lower bound on the achievable rates of SUtx– SUrx link, in the presence of spectrum sensing and channel estimation errors, and errors due to incorrect detection of the beam corresponding to PU’s location and incorrect selection of the strongest beam for data transmission. We formulate a novel constrained optimization problem, aiming at maximizing the derived achievable rate lower bound subject to average transmit and interference power constraints. We optimize the durations of spatial spectrum sensing and channel training as well as data symbol transmission power. Our numerical results demonstrate that between optimizing spectrum sensing and channel training durations, the latter is more important for providing higher achievable rates.
The impact of interprofessional faculty development on scholarly activity

Abstract Purpose Health professions faculty face intense pressure to advance through tenure and promotion while learning and applying educational theory. The transition to competency-based medical education (CBME) and curricular emphasis on interprofessional and collaborative practice (IPECP) has created additional faculty development needs. Identifying a connection between faculty scholarship and the promotion of IPECP could create an efficient synergy. The objective of this work is to determine whether interprofessional faculty development programs result in discovery and/or integration scholarship as defined by Boyer's model of scholarship. Methods A literature (narrative) review identified interprofessional faculty development resources in PubMed, Eric, CINAHL, and APA Psych Info. Articles were screened for relevance and included if the faculty development program described was interprofessional and reported scholarly activity stratified as discovery, integration, teaching and/or application. Results Seventeen articles were included for review. Among them, 6 were related to discovery and integration, 16 to teaching, and 8 to application, with 10 programs describing mixed outcomes. Programs intentionally including writing better aligned with discovery and integration scholarship. Conclusions IP faculty development initiatives result in a variety of scholarly activities. Inclusion of writing plans in IP faculty development programs is more likely to culminate in discovery or integration scholarship.
Smooth orbit equivalence of multidimensional Borel flows

Abstract Free Borel R d -flows are smoothly equivalent if there is a Borel bijection between the phase spaces that maps orbits onto orbits and is a C ∞ -smooth orientation preserving diffeomorphism between orbits. We show that all free non-tame Borel R d -flows are smoothly equivalent in every dimension d ≥ 2 . This answers a question of B. Miller and C. Rosendal.
A weighted randomized Kaczmarz method for solving linear systems

The Kaczmarz method for solving a linear system $Ax = b$ interprets such a system as a collection of equations $\left\langle a_i, x\right\rangle = b_i$, where $a_i$ is the $i-$th row of $A$, then picks such an equation and corrects $x_{k+1} = x_k + \lambda a_i$ where $\lambda$ is chosen so that the $i-$th equation is satisfied. Convergence rates are difficult to establish. Assuming the rows to be normalized, $\|a_i\|_{\ell^2}=1$, Strohmer \& Vershynin established that if the order of equations is chosen at random, $\mathbb{E}~ \|x_k - x\|_{\ell^2}$ converges exponentially. We prove that if the $i-$th row is selected with likelihood proportional to $\left|\left\langle a_i, x_k \right\rangle - b_i\right|^{p}$, where $0<p<\infty$, then $\mathbb{E}~\|x_k - x\|_{\ell^2}$ converges faster than the purely random method. As $p \rightarrow \infty$, the method de-randomizes and explains, among other things, why the maximal correction method works well. We empirically observe that the method computes approximations of small singular vectors of $A$ as a byproduct.
Decentralized Safe Reactive Planning under TWTL Specifications

We investigate a multi-agent planning problem, where each agent aims to achieve an individual task while avoiding collisions with others. We assume that each agent’s task is expressed as a Time-Window Temporal Logic (TWTL) specification defined over a 3D environment. We propose a decentralized receding horizon algorithm for online planning of trajectories. We show that when the environment is sufficiently connected, the resulting agent trajectories are always safe (collision-free) and lead to the satisfaction of the TWTL specifications or their finite temporal relaxations. Accordingly, deadlocks are always avoided and each agent is guaranteed to safely achieve its task with a finite time-delay in the worst case. Performance of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated via numerical simulations and experiments with quadrotors.
Distributionally robust bottleneck combinatorial problems: uncertainty quantification and robust decision making

In a bottleneck combinatorial problem, the objective is to minimize the highest cost of elements of a subset selected from the combinatorial solution space. This paper studies data-driven distributionally robust bottleneck combinatorial problems (DRBCP) with stochastic costs, where the probability distribution of the cost vector is contained in a ball of distributions centered at the empirical distribution specified by the Wasserstein distance. We study two distinct versions of DRBCP from different applications: (i) Motivated by the multi-hop wireless network application, we first study the uncertainty quantification of DRBCP (denoted by DRBCP-U), where decision-makers would like to have an accurate estimation of the worst-case value of DRBCP. The difficulty of DRBCP-U is to handle its max–min–max form. Fortunately, similar to the strong duality of linear programming, the alternative forms of the bottleneck combinatorial problems using clutters and blocking systems allow us to derive equivalent deterministic reformulations, which can be computed via mixed-integer programs. In addition, by drawing the connection between DRBCP-U and its sampling average approximation counterpart under empirical distribution, we show that the Wasserstein radius can be chosen in the order of negative square root of sample size, improving the existing known results; and (ii) Next, motivated by the ride-sharing application, decision-makers choose the best service-and-passenger matching that minimizes the unfairness. That is, we study the decision-making DRBCP, denoted by DRBCP-D. For DRBCP-D, we show that its optimal solution is also optimal to its sampling average approximation counterpart, and the Wasserstein radius can be chosen in a similar order as DRBCP-U. When the sample size is small, we propose to use the optimal value of DRBCP-D to construct an indifferent solution space and propose an alternative decision-robust model, which finds the best indifferent solution to minimize the empirical variance. We further show that the decision robust model can be recast as a mixed-integer conic program. Finally, we extend the proposed models and solution approaches to the distributionally robust $$\varGamma $$ —sum bottleneck combinatorial problem ( $$\hbox {DR}\varGamma \hbox {BCP}$$ ), where decision-makers are interested in minimizing the worst-case sum of $$\varGamma $$ highest costs of elements.
Exact closed-form and asymptotic expressions for the electrostatic force between two conducting spheres

We present exact closed-form expressions and complete asymptotic expansions for the electrostatic force between two charged conducting spheres of arbitrary sizes. Using asymptotic expansions of the...
Rigidity in etale motivic stable homotopy theory

For a scheme X , denote by &#119982; ℋ ( X et ∧ ) the stabilization of the hypercompletion of its etale ∞ –topos, and by &#119982; ℋ et ( X ) the localization of the stable motivic homotopy category &#119982; ℋ ( X ) at the (desuspensions of) etale hypercovers. For a stable ∞ –category &#119966; , write &#119966; p ∧ for the p –completion of &#119966; . We prove that under suitable finiteness hypotheses, and assuming that p is invertible on X , the canonical functor e p ∧ : &#119982; ℋ ( X et ∧ ) p ∧ → &#119982; ℋ et ( X ) p ∧ is an equivalence of ∞ –categories. This generalizes the rigidity theorems of Suslin and Voevodsky (Invent. Math. 123 (1996) 61–94), Ayoub (Ann. Sci. Ecole Norm. Sup. 47 (2014) 1–145) and Cisinski and Deglise (Compos. Math. 152 (2016) 556–666) to the setting of spectra. We deduce that under further regularity hypotheses on X , if S is the set of primes not invertible on X , then the endomorphisms of the S –local sphere in &#119982; ℋ et ( X ) are given by etale hypercohomology with coefficients in the S –local classical sphere spectrum: [ 1 [ 1 ∕ S ] , 1 [ 1 ∕ S ] ] &#119982; ℋ et ( X ) ≃ ℍ et 0 ( X , 1 [ 1 ∕ S ] ) . This confirms a conjecture of Morel. The primary novelty of our argument is that we use the pro-etale topology of Bhatt and Scholze (Asterisque 369 (2015) 99–201) to construct directly an invertible object 1 p ( 1 ) [ 1 ] ∈ &#119982; ℋ ( X et ∧ ) p ∧ with the property that e p ∧ ( 1 p ( 1 ) [ 1 ] ) ≃ Σ ∞ &#120126; m ∈ &#119982; ℋ et ( X ) p ∧ .
Susceptibility of white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) to SARS-CoV-2.

The origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus causing the global coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, remains a mystery. Current evidence suggests a likely spillover into humans from an animal reservoir. Understanding the host range and identifying animal species that are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection may help to elucidate the origin of the virus and the mechanisms underlying cross-species transmission to humans. Here we demonstrated that white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), an animal species in which the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) - the SARS-CoV-2 receptor - shares a high degree of similarity to humans, are highly susceptible to infection. Intranasal inoculation of deer fawns with SARS-CoV-2 resulted in established subclinical viral infection and shedding of infectious virus in nasal secretions. Notably, infected animals transmitted the virus to non-inoculated contact deer. Viral RNA was detected in multiple tissues 21 days post-inoculation (pi). All inoculated and indirect contact animals seroconverted and developed neutralizing antibodies as early as day 7 pi. The work provides important insights into the animal host range of SARS-CoV-2 and identifies white-tailed deer as a susceptible wild animal species to the virus.IMPORTANCEGiven the presumed zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2, the human-animal-environment interface of COVID-19 pandemic is an area of great scientific and public- and animal-health interest. Identification of animal species that are susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2 may help to elucidate the potential origin of the virus, identify potential reservoirs or intermediate hosts, and define the mechanisms underlying cross-species transmission to humans. Additionally, it may also provide information and help to prevent potential reverse zoonosis that could lead to the establishment of a new wildlife hosts. Our data show that upon intranasal inoculation, white-tailed deer became subclinically infected and shed infectious SARS-CoV-2 in nasal secretions and feces. Importantly, indirect contact animals were infected and shed infectious virus, indicating efficient SARS-CoV-2 transmission from inoculated animals. These findings support the inclusion of wild cervid species in investigations conducted to assess potential reservoirs or sources of SARS-CoV-2 of infection.
Unmet Information Needs Among Hispanic Women with Thyroid Cancer.

CONTEXT Thyroid cancer is the second most common cancer in Hispanic women. OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between acculturation level and unmet information needs among Hispanic women with thyroid cancer. DESIGN Population-based survey study. PARTICIPANTS Hispanic women from Los Angeles Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results registry with thyroid cancer diagnosed in 2014-2015 who had previously completed our thyroid cancer survey in 2017-2018 (N = 273; 80% response rate). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Patients were asked about 3 outcome measures of unmet information needs: (1) internet access, (2) thyroid cancer information resources used, and (3) ability to access information. Acculturation was assessed with the Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics (SASH). Health literacy was measured with a validated single-item question. RESULTS Participants' median age at diagnosis was 47 years (range 20-79) and 48.7% were low-acculturated. Hispanic women were more likely to report the ability to access information "all of the time" if they preferred thyroid cancer information in mostly English compared to mostly Spanish (88.5% vs 37.0%, P < 0.001). Low-acculturated (vs high-acculturated) Hispanic women were more likely to have low health literacy (47.2% vs 5.0%, P < 0.001) and report use of in-person support groups (42.0% vs 23.1%, P = 0.006). Depending on their level of acculturation, Hispanic women accessed the internet differently (P < 0.001) such that low-acculturated women were more likely to report use of only a smartphone (34.0% vs 14.3%) or no internet access (26.2% vs 1.4%). CONCLUSIONS Low-acculturated (vs high-acculturated) Hispanic women with thyroid cancer have greater unmet information needs, emphasizing the importance of patient-focused approaches to providing medical information.
Polycythemia vera in a 2-year-old child with a JAK2 exon 12 deletion.

Polycythemia vera (PV) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm primarily characterized by erythrocytosis. PV incidence is exceedingly rare in the pediatric and adolescent population. In adult patients, approximately 96% are found to have a somatic mutation in exon 14 (JAK2 V617F) and 3% display a mutation in exon 12. We present a case of a 2-year-old female with symptomatic PV secondary to a deletion in exon 12 of JAK2, initially treated with phlebotomy and switched to PEG-IFNα-2a therapy. This therapy has been effective over 15 months with resolution of symptoms, reduced phlebotomy requirements, and minimal side effects.
Angle-independent plasmonic substrates for multi-mode vibrational strong coupling with molecular thin films.

Vibrational strong coupling of molecules to optical cavities based on plasmonic resonances has been explored recently because plasmonic near-fields can provide strong coupling in sub-diffraction limited volumes. Such field localization maximizes coupling strength, which is crucial for modifying the vibrational response of molecules and, thereby, manipulating chemical reactions. Here, we demonstrate an angle-independent plasmonic nanodisk substrate that overcomes limitations of traditional Fabry–Perot optical cavities because the design can strongly couple with all molecules on the surface of the substrate regardless of molecular orientation. We demonstrate that the plasmonic substrate provides strong coupling with the C=O vibrational stretch of deposited films of PMMA. We also show that the large linewidths of the plasmon resonance allow for simultaneous strong coupling to two, orthogonal water symmetric and asymmetric vibrational modes in a thin film of copper sulfate monohydrate deposited on the substrate surface. A three-coupled-oscillator model is developed to analyze the coupling strength of the plasmon resonance with these two water modes. With precise control over the nanodisk diameter, the plasmon resonance is tuned systematically through the modes, with the Rabi splitting from both modes varying as a function of the plasmon frequency and with strong coupling to both modes achieved simultaneously for a range of diameters. This work may aid further studies into manipulation of the ground-state chemical landscape of molecules by perturbing multiple vibrational modes simultaneously and increasing the coupling strength in sub-diffraction limited volumes.
Driven and active colloids at fluid interfaces

We derive expressions for the leading-order far-field flows generated by externally driven and active (swimming) colloids at planar fluid–fluid interfaces. We consider colloids adjacent to the interface or adhered to the interface with a pinned contact line. The Reynolds and capillary numbers are assumed much less than unity, in line with typical micron-scale colloids involving air– or alkane–aqueous interfaces. For driven colloids, the leading-order flow is given by the point-force (and/or torque) response of this system. For active colloids, the force-dipole (stresslet) response occurs at leading order. At clean (surfactant-free) interfaces, these hydrodynamic modes are essentially a restricted set of the usual Stokes multipoles in a bulk fluid. To leading order, driven colloids exert Stokeslets parallel to the interface, while active colloids drive differently oriented stresslets depending on the colloid's orientation. We then consider how these modes are altered by the presence of an incompressible interface, a typical circumstance for colloidal systems at small capillary numbers in the presence of surfactant. The leading-order modes for driven and active colloids are restructured dramatically. For driven colloids, interfacial incompressibility substantially weakens the far-field flow normal to the interface; the point-force response drives flow only parallel to the interface. However, Marangoni stresses induce a new dipolar mode, which lacks an analogue on a clean interface. Surface-viscous stresses, if present, potentially generate very long-ranged flow on the interface and the surrounding fluids. Our results have important implications for colloid assembly and advective mass transport enhancement near fluid boundaries.
The structure of the group of rational points of an abelian variety over a finite field

Let A be a simple abelian variety of dimension g defined over a finite field $${\mathbb {F}}_q$$ with Frobenius endomorphism $$\pi $$ . This paper describes the structure of the group of rational points $$A({\mathbb {F}}_{q^n})$$ , for all $$n{\hbox {\,\char 062\,}}1$$ , as a module over the ring R of endomorphisms which are defined over $${\mathbb {F}}_q$$ , under certain technical conditions. If and R is a Gorenstein ring, then . This includes the case when A is ordinary and has maximal real multiplication. Otherwise, if Z is the center of R and is the product of invertible prime ideals in Z, then where . Finally, we deduce the structure of $$A({\overline{{\mathbb {F}}}}_q)$$ as a module over R under similar conditions. These results generalize results of Lenstra for elliptic curves.
A near infrared laser frequency comb for high precision Doppler planet surveys

Perhaps the most exciting area of astronomical research today is the study of exoplanets and exoplanetary systems, engaging the imagination not just of the astronomical community, but of the general population. Astronomical instrumentation has matured to the level where it is possible to detect terrestrial planets orbiting distant stars via radial velocity (RV) measurements, with the most stable visible light spectrographs reporting RV results the order of 1 m/s. This, however, is an order of magnitude away from the precision needed to detect an Earth analog orbiting a star such as our sun, the Holy Grail of these efforts. By performing these observations in near infrared (NIR) there is the potential to simplify the search for distant terrestrial planets by studying cooler, less massive, much more numerous class M stars, with a tighter habitable zone and correspondingly larger RV signal. This NIR advantage is undone by the lack of a suitable high precision, high stability wavelength standard, limiting NIR RV measurements to tens or hundreds of m/s [1, 2].With the improved spectroscopic precision provided by a laser frequency comb based wavelength reference producing a set of bright, densely and uniformly spaced lines, it will be possible to achieve up to two orders of magnitude improvement in RV precision, limited only by the precision and sensitivity of existing spectrographs, enabling the observation of Earth analogs through RV measurements. We discuss the laser frequency comb as an astronomical wavelength reference, and describe progress towards a near infrared laser frequency comb at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and at the University of Colorado where we are operating a laser frequency comb suitable for use with a high resolution H band astronomical spectrograph.
SyReNN: A Tool for Analyzing Deep Neural Networks

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are rapidly gaining popularity in a variety of important domains. Formally, DNNs are complicated vector-valued functions which come in a variety of sizes and applications. Unfortunately, modern DNNs have been shown to be vulnerable to a variety of attacks and buggy behavior. This has motivated recent work in formally analyzing the properties of such DNNs. This paper introduces SyReNN, a tool for understanding and analyzing a DNN by computing its symbolic representation. The key insight is to decompose the DNN into linear functions. Our tool is designed for analyses using low-dimensional subsets of the input space, a unique design point in the space of DNN analysis tools. We describe the tool and the underlying theory, then evaluate its use and performance on three case studies: computing Integrated Gradients, visualizing a DNN’s decision boundaries, and patching a DNN.
Affective polarization in online climate change discourse on Twitter

Online social media has become an important platform to organize around different socio-cultural and political topics. An extensive scholarship has discussed how people are divided into echo-chamber-like groups. However, there is a lack of work related to quantifying hostile communication or affective polarization between two competing groups. This paper proposes a systematic, network-based methodology for examining affective polarization in online conversations. Further, we apply our framework to 100 weeks of Twitter discourse about climate change. We find that deniers of climate change (Disbelievers) are more hostile towards people who believe (Believers) in the anthropogenic cause of climate change than vice versa. Moreover, Disbelievers use more words and hashtags related to natural disasters during more hostile weeks as compared to Believers. These findings bear implications for studying affective polarization in online discourse, especially concerning the subject of climate change. Lastly, we discuss our findings in the context of increasingly important climate change communication research.
Self-Hybridization and Tunable Magnon-Magnon Coupling in van der Waals Synthetic Magnets

Van der Waals magnets are uniquely positioned at the intersection between two-dimensional materials, antiferromagnetic spintronics, and magnonics. The interlayer exchange interaction in these materials enables antiferromagnetic resonances to be accessed at gigahertz frequencies. Consequently, these layered antiferromagnets are intriguing materials out of which quantum hybrid magnonic devices can be fashioned. Here, we use both a modified macrospin model and micromagnetic simulations to demonstrate a comprehensive antiferromagnetic resonance spectra in van der Waals magnets near the ultrathin (monolayer) limit. The number of optical and acoustic magnon modes, as well as the mode frequencies, are found to be exquisitely sensitive to the number of layers. We discover a self-hybridization effect where pairs of either optical or acoustic magnons are found to interact and self-hybridize through the dynamic exchange interaction. This leads to characteristic avoided energy level crossings in the energy spectra. Through simulations, we show that, by electrically controlling the damping of surface layers within heterostructures, both the strength and number of avoided energy level crossings in the magnon spectra can be controlled.