cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frizzled‐9 promoter drives expression of transgenes in the medial wall of the cortex and its chief derivative the hippocampus

The hippocampus develops from the medial wall of the forming cerebral cortex during embryonic life. Morphogenic signals from the Wnt pathway regulate several events during hippocampal development (Galceran et al.: Development 127:469–482, 2000; Lee et al.: Development 127:457–467, 2000; Zhou et al.: J Neurosci 24:121–126, 2004) and we have previously shown that Wnt receptors from the Frizzled (Fzd) family are expressed in discreet cortical domains during development (Kim et al.: Mech Dev 103:167–172, 2001). We generated transgenic mice using the putative control elements of the Fzd9 gene, normally selectively expressed in the developing and adult hippocampus, driving expression of a marker gene. These mice express LacZ in the brain in the same developmental distribution as endogenous Fzd protein. Postnatally, expression remains strong in the dendritic fields of hippocampal principal cells as well as hippocampal efferent axons. These mice provide a genetic and anatomic tool for analyzing development and reorganization in the hippocampus. genesis 40:32–39, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Developmental Time, Adult Reproductive Capability, and Longevity of Campoletis sonorensis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) as a Parasitoid of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Developmental time, longevity, and reproductive capability of Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron), a parasitoid of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), were measured under laboratory conditions. Total developmental time for C. sonorensis from oviposition to adult emergence was 25.9, 18.4, and 15.4 days for the temperatures of 20, 25, and 30°C, respectively. Mean adult longevity of adult C. sonorensis ranged from 26.8 days at 20°C to 6.5 days at 30°C. Female parasitoids produced a mean number of 224.5 progeny and lived 11.2 days when held at 30°C and provided with 40 fall armyworm larvae per day.
Delayed Pulmonary Perforation: A Rare Complication of Tube Thoracostomy

Tube thoracostomy is a standard therapy for a number of pulmonary disorders. The procedure is associated with a certain incidence of morbidity related to the technique of insertion, the patient population selected, and the length of time the tube remains in place. Complications of tube placement previously described include empyema, residual pneumothorax, lung perforation, placement of the tube in the chest wall, diaphragmatic perforation, perforation of intraabdominal organs (such as spleen, liver and stomach), unilateral pulmonary edema, bronchopleural fistula, hemothorax, cardiogenic shock and Horner syndrome. A case of a delayed pulmonary perforation developing several days after placement of a chest tube is described with a discussion of the clinical and radiographic findings associated with this complication. A possible pathophysiologic mechanism by which this complication may have occurred is proposed.
A light-dependent oxygen consumption induced by photosystem II of isolated chloroplasts.

Abstract The photooxidants accumulated on the water-splitting side of photosystem II in chloroplasts are destabilized by certain membrane active chemicals. In the light and in the presence of oxygen, this destabilization results in a consumption of oxygen and in a lowering of the fluorescence emission from the chloroplasts. It is shown that a close correlation exists between the oxygen uptake and the fluorescence lowering, and that with some of the destabilizing agents photosystem I activity is not required for either process. When electron flow through photosystem I is blocked, the oxygen consumption appears to occur without formation of free oxygen-derived radicals. It is concluded that, in the light, a disturbed water-splitting enzyme may initiate oxygen-dependent photooxidations which the superoxide dismutase of chloroplasts cannot protect against. The fluorescence lowering is attributed to either direct quenching actions of oxygenated reaction products or to a cyclic electron flow between reduced electron carriers and such intermediates.
Genetic evidence that hepA gene is involved in the normal deposition of the envelope of both heterocysts and akinetes in Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413

The hepA gene in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 is required for normal formation of the polysaccharide layer of the heterocyst envelope. A plasmid bearing hepA, interrupted by a neomycin-resistance cassette, was transferred by conjugation to wild type Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413, so that the interrupted hepA gene replaced a homologous sequence. In the recombinant exconjugants, the envelopes of akinetes as well as of heterocysts were altered.
Progress in the treatment of lymphangioleiomyomatosis: From bench to bedside

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis is a multisystem disease affecting women, which is characterized by cystic lung destruction, lymphatic abnormalities (e.g., lymphangioleiomyomas), and abdominal tumors which are found primarily in the kidneys, and consist of smooth muscle cells, vascular structures and adipocytes, termed angiomyolipomas.1,2 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis occurs sporadically and in about one-third of women with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), an autosomal dominant disorder with variable penetrance.1,2 In either case, LAM is caused by mutations of TSC1 or TSC2, two genes that encode, respectively, hamartin and tuberin, two proteins that regulate cell growth.3,4 Deficiency of these proteins causes
The isolated perfused lung — A critical evaluation

Abstract Recent refinement and application of the technique of perfusing isolated intact lung preparations from suitable experimental animals has enhanced our knowledge of the non-respiratory functions of the lung. The technique consists of perfusion with whole blood or constituted media via pulmonary artery or artificially ventilated lungs. Such preparations have been known to be especially useful for studies of uptake, metabolism and disposition of exogenous and endogenous substances. Recent advances in unilateral, split-lung perfusion in which left and right lungs are unilaterally perfused simultaneously have enabled investigators to maintain paired controls during perfusion. Such techniques are useful in the study of the interactions of endogenous and exogenous chemicals in the lung tissue. Differences between subcellular or lung slice preparations and intact lung perfusion are to be expected on the basis of distorting natural vascular and extravascular barriers in the case of in vitro preparations. Areas in which perfused lungs have not been extensively used include uptake and disposition of gases, solvents and vapors, effects of toxic chemicals on respiratory and non-respiratory functions of the lung and alteration of pulmonary mechanisms and hemodynamics in the presence of interacting chemical or physical stimuli. With suitable modifications, application of isolated perfused lung preparations for these investigations should be technically feasible in the future.
Difference in earnings structures across local labor markets

Abstract This paper investigates whether workers encountered different earnings structures across local labor markets in the United States. Our analysis of human capital earnings models suggests that the U.S. is comprised of numerous distinct local labor markets — as defined by a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Metric for Measuring the Effectiveness of Clustering of DNA Microarray Expression

The recent advancement of microarray technology with lower noise and better affordability makes it possible to determine expression of several thousand genes simultaneously. The differentially expressed genes are filtered first and then clustered based on the expression profiles of the genes. A large number of clustering algorithms and distance measuring matrices are proposed in the literature. The popular ones among them include hierarchal clustering and k-means clustering. These algorithms have often used the Euclidian distance or Pearson correlation distance. The biologists or the practitioners are often confused as to which algorithm to use since there is no clear winner among algorithms or among distance measuring metrics. Several validation indices have been proposed in the literature and these are based directly or indirectly on distances; hence a method that uses any of these indices does not relate to any biological features such as biological processes or molecular functions. In this paper we have proposed a metric to measure the effectiveness of clustering algorithms of genes by computing inter-cluster cohesiveness and as well as the intra-cluster separation with respect to biological features such as biological processes or molecular functions. We have applied this metric to the clusters on the data set that we have created as part of a larger study to determine the cancer suppressive mechanism of a class of chemicals called retinoids. We have considered hierarchal and k-means clustering with Euclidian and Pearson correlation distances. Our results show that genes of similar expression profiles are more likely to be closely related to biological processes than they are to molecular functions. The findings have been supported by many works in the area of gene clustering. The best clustering algorithm of genes must achieve cohesiveness within a cluster with respect to some biological features, and as well as maximum separation between clusters in terms of the distribution of genes of a behavioral group across clusters. We claim that our proposed metric is novel in this respect and that it provides a measure of both inter and intra cluster cohesiveness. Best of all, computation of the proposed metric is easy and it provides a single quantitative value, which makes comparison of different algorithms easier. The maximum cluster cohesiveness and the maximum intra-cluster separation are indicated by the metric when its value is 0. We have demonstrated the metric by applying it to a data set with gene behavioral groupings such as biological process and molecular functions. The metric can be easily extended to other features of a gene such as DNA binding sites and protein-protein interactions of the gene product, special features of the intron-exon structure, promoter characteristics, etc. The metric can also be used in other domains that use two different parametric spaces; one for clustering and the other one for measuring the effectiveness.
Confronting Invisibility: Early Childhood Pre-service Teachers' Beliefs Toward Homeless Children

Children make up half of the homeless population in the US, and of those, almost 50 percent are under age six. Homeless children face many different challenges in school. These children and their families have been invisible in school due to the indifference and stereotypes about them. This article focuses on early childhood pre-service teachers’ beliefs over the course of one semester at a private university in the United States. The pre-service teachers explored their own perceptions about homeless children through urban community-based field experiences. The pre-service teachers regularly worked with children in homeless shelter learning centers throughout the semester. The data revealed that the pre-service teachers had fears about interacting with the unfamiliar setting, as well as deficit perspectives about homeless children. However, while they were engaged in the community-based experiences, they started to re-examine their deficit views about young homeless children and their families, acquire more accurate information on their complex situations, and positively developed their professional perspectives on these children. This study suggests that raising awareness about homeless children and their families should be a part of both professional development in schools and early childhood teacher education programs
IDENTIFICATION OF PRIMARY PARTICULATE CARBON AND SULFATE SPECIES BY RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

Abstract The Raman spectra of automobile exhaust, diesel exhaust and ambient particulate samples have been obtained. These spectra indicate that “graphitic soot” and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 are major species in these samples. The high selectivity and nondestructive character of the Raman technique is emphasised and the complementary nature of i.r. and Raman spectroscopy is discussed.
Expression of functionally relevant cell surface markers in dibutyltin-exposed human natural killer cells.

Abstract Butyltin (BT) compounds are known for their worldwide contamination. Dibutyltin (DBT) is used as a stabilizer in plastic products, and as a deworming agent in poultry. Poultry products have been shown to contain measurable levels of DBT. Drinking water has also been reported to contain BTs due to leaching from PVC pipes. We, and others, have found measurable levels of DBT in human blood. BTs appear to increase the risk of cancer and other viral infections in exposed individuals. In previous studies we have shown that the tumor killing function of natural killer (NK) lymphocytes was greatly diminished after as little as a 1 h exposure to DBT and the inhibition continued even after removal of the compound. We also showed that there was a significant decrease in NK cell lysis of K562 target cells after an exposure to 1.5 μM DBT for 24 h. This 24 h exposure also decreased the ability of NK cells to bind to tumor cells. Loss of binding function was not seen when NK cells were exposed to 5–10 μM DBT for 1 h. However, NK cells exposed to 5 μM DBT for 1 h and then incubated in DBT-free media for 24, 48, or 96 h, showed a significant loss of tumor-binding function within 24 h. The effects of DBT exposure on seven cell surface molecules that are involved in NK-cell interactions with target cells were investigated. The results indicated that the exposure of NK cells to 1.5 μM DBT for 24 h decreased the expression of CD2, CD11a, CD16, CD11c. There was no decrease in expression of any of the markers studied when NK cells were exposed to 5 μM DBT for 1 h, consistent with the fact that a 1-h exposure had no effect on the ability of NK cells to bind tumor cells. However, when NK cells were exposed to 5 μM DBT for 1 h followed by 24, 48 or 96 h incubations in DBT-free media there was decreased expression of several of the cells surface molecules with the most dramatic decreases being in CD16 and CD56.
Measurement of Tumor Environment Oxygen Levels within a Mammary Window Chamber Mouse Model

Phosphorescent lifetime imaging of a platinum-porphyrin based coating was implemented within a mammary window chamber mouse model, allowing for spatial and temporal measurements of the partial pressure of oxygen in a breast cancer tumor environment.
A role for endogenous TGFα and associated signaling pathways in the differentiation of lens fiber cells

TGFα is hypothesized to be an endogenous regulator of lens fiber terminal differentiation. With immunofluorescence, TGFα was localized to differentiating cells in the lens epithelium and superficial fiber cell mass of the adult chicken. A similar pattern of localization was also noted when differentiating epithelial cells were cultured. Immunoneutralization of endogenous TGFα inhibited the accumulation of filensin, a unique intermediate filament protein subunit restricted to developing vertebrate lens fibers. ELISA assays quantified the effects of TGFα on filensin expression. Surprisingly, inhibition of the TGFα receptors' tyrosine kinase activity with nanomolar concentrations of PD153035 increased the accumulation of differentiated characteristics in the presence or absence of ligand. Morphologically, PD153035-treated cells grew as aggregated masses and spread less well onto the substrate. Accompanying these morphologic changes was a complete inhibition of cell division. Post-receptor signaling events were examined with cAMP assays and Western blotting. TGFα did not affect cAMP levels while isoproterenol, an additional mediator of lens cell differentiation, caused significant increases in cAMP levels. Activation of ERK2 via dual phosphorylation was noted in response to TGFα but not isoproterenol. PD153035 reduced, but did not eliminate, ERK2 phosphorylation in response to TGFα. Phosphorylation of the CREB transcription factor was also observed in response to TGFα or isoproterenol. These data indicate that endogenous ligands can influence the expression of differentiated characteristics in cultured chick lens cells. A focus of multiple signaling pathways affecting filensin expression is the CREB transcription factor. While increased ERK2 activation may be involved in stimulating cell division, lower levels of persistent ERK2 activation promotes differentiation thus indicating some form of signaling pathway compartmentalization. This could also mean that additional receptors for TGFα not inhibited by PD153035 are responsible for promoting differentiation in chick lens cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 186:288–297, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The streamline subgrid integration method: I. Quasi-monotonic second-order transport schemes

A new finite-volume method has been developed for conservative and monotonic transport in multiple dimensions without any sort of dimension splitting to emphasize the space-time integrity of the fluid system. The streamline subgrid integration (SSI) method is a combination of the semi-Lagrangian and the finite-volume methods with generalized multidimensional subgrid distributions. Second-order transport schemes are constructed in two dimensions, and their extensions to three dimensions are also discussed. Spurious divergence is rigorously controlled with Lagrangian control volumes, monotonicity is well preserved for both compressible and incompressible flows, and positive-definiteness is always guaranteed. The accuracy and the numerical properties of these schemes are evaluated with both continuous and discontinuous solutions in flows of rigid motion and incompressible deformation where analytic solutions are available. Icosahedral geodesic grids are selected to demonstrate the general nature of the SSI method in spherical geometry that the numerical solutions are virtually not affected by the irregularity of grid structure. We have found that the numerical solutions converge quickly to the analytic solutions, and the SSI second-order schemes are relatively more beneficial for high-resolution applications.
ASCI: reflections on the first 100 years and a proposal for the next

Congratulations to the ASCI and its membership on the first 100 years. From their first organizational meeting on the Boardwalk in Atlantic City in June 1907, our predecessors recognized the need for an organization for the clinician who had a strong interest in true experimental medicine. These nine Young Turks formed the Society, had their first meeting at the Willard Hotel in Washington, DC, in 1909, and went on to become some of the leaders of American medicine in the first half of the 20th century. The establishment of the JCI in 1924 further enhanced the high standards of the ASCI and its membership. Surely thousands of us have benefited from the foundation of the ASCI and the JCI, as have, I would submit, millions of patients as well.
Bonding, Bridging, and Boundary Breaking: The Civic Lessons of High School Student Activities

This article presents evidence designed to expand scholarly knowledge of how high school co-curricular activities generate the positive effects previous scholarship has found. Studies of empowermen...
Antimicrobial Agent of Aged Surface Ripened Cheese. I. Isolation and Assayb

SUMMARY Two types of soft surface ripened cheese become inhibitory to microbial growth after storage at 2 to 4° C for 8 weeks. The antimicrobial agent has been concentrated 4- to 16- fold by aqueous extraction and lyophilization or drying by a current of air. The total antimicrobial activity of aged surface ripened cheese of the described types was estimated to be at least 18.6 antimicrobial units per gram of product. The active principle inhibited growth and toxin production of type A Clostridium botulinum 62A, the growth of Staphylococcus aureus 223 and Bacillus cereus 800/58. Threshold subinhibitory amounts of the antimicrobial concentrates stimulated growth of these organisms.
Academic conceptions of a United States Peace Corps

Contrary to popular understanding that the United States Peace Corps stemmed from a spontaneous idea generated on the campaign trail to appeal to young voters, John F. Kennedy’s celebrated proposal for a federally sponsored, overseas volunteer training programme was drawn from models and theories circulated by American academics. This article examines the mechanisms by which academics attained access to federal officials to lobby for the creation of a programme that would employ educators to train citizens to aid the developing world in the aftermath of the Second World War and in response to the Cold War. It further explores the ideologies that drove four influential academics to call upon their universities to redefine their internationalist role by training graduates to perform voluntary service overseas. These four were Maurice Albertson, Samuel Hayes, Albert Ray Olpin and Walt Rostow, and they came from Colorado State University, the University of Michigan, the University of Utah and the Massachusett...
On the occurrence of portevin—Le chatelier effect in fusion welded 2091 Al-Li based alloy joints

Al-Li based alloys are characterized by their lower density and higher stiffness, in comparison with conventional aluminum alloys. This makes the former very attractive for replacing the latter in structural and cryogenic applications, particularly in aeronautic and aerospace industries. The potential use of lithium-bearing also has stimulated studies on the weldability of these alloys as well as on the mechanical properties of the resulting welded joints. Al-Li-Cu-Mg alloy systems studied by Gomiero were found to exhibit serrations in their stress-strain curves, indicating the occurrence of Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) effects during plastic flow in these systems. The present study was therefore undertaken to determine the effect of fusion welding on the uniaxial tensile behavior of a 2091 (Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr) alloy. Microstructural aspects pertinent to the PLC effect are to be emphasized and the influence of post-weld heat treatment is to be presented and discussed.
Parametric instability of variable cross-section beams resting on an elastic foundation

This paper is concerned with the onset of parametric instability and the steady-state parametric response of a beam with variable cross-section resting on an elastic foundation. The problem is studied both theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical and experimental results show close agreement both for the boundaries of the principal and second temporal regions of instability and the steady-state response within the principal instability region. The experimental and theoretical results reveal that the slope factor of a beam with a linear variable cross-section has a pronounced effect upon the boundaries of the principal instability region. The effect of the elastic foundation is to decrease the width of the instability regions and the amplitude of the parametric response.
Problem statements in managerial problem solving

Abstract Problem statements are one form of natural language used in planning and problem solving. A problem statement can be described in terms of four attributes—structure, semantics, purpose and scope. This paper discusses the factors which affect these four attributes, how the attributes interact, and the effects of change in the attributes on problem solving efficiency and effectiveness.
Phytochemical and mineral components of foods consumed by black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) at two sites in Belize

We analyzed the chemical composition of the diets of eight groups of free-ranging black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) in Belize, Central America. The study groups were located in two different forests: the Community Baboon Sanctuary (CBS) and the Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary (CBWS). Two of the study groups were translocated from the CBS to CBWS 3 months into the study, and we compared the diets of groups in the two forests. Young and mature leaves, fruits, flowers, and fig samples (n = 144) were analyzed for water content, crude and available protein, fiber, simple sugars, and minerals. Statistically significant differences were found among the plant parts in all measures except acid-detergent fiber. Dietary foliage in CBS was higher in water content and protein but lower in simple sugars than dietary foliage in CBWS. We suggest that changes in the selection of plant parts by primates may be related to differences in the nutritional content of those parts. These data may be useful in developing optimal diets for captive howler monkeys. Zoo Biol 19:95–109, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Enhanced DIRSIG scene simulation by incorporating process models

The Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Image Generation (DIRSIG) tool is a first principles-based synthetic image generation model, developed at the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) over the past 20+ years. By calculating the sensor reaching radiance between the bandpass 0.2 to 20μm, it produces multi or hyperspectral remote sensing images. By integrating independent first principles based sub-models, such as MODTRAN, DIRSIG generates a representation of what a sensor would see with high radiometric fidelity. Currently, DIRSIG only models spatial/spectral synthetic images. In order to detect temporal changes in a process within the scene, a process model, which links the observable signatures of interest temporally, should be developed and incorporated into DIRSIG. These process models could be external time-dependent sub-models or pre-defined process models by the users to predict the state of the objects in the scene at a specific time. In this paper, a notional system of two tanks connected by a pipe is built, with hot water coming into tank A through a second pipe and with cooled water released from tank B through a third pipe. This is a simple hydrodynamic & thermodynamic model, controlled by the state of valves in the scenario. The initial temperature and height of the water in the two tanks are pre-defined by the user. Surface temperatures as a function of time are then predicted and captured as characterization maps, which are then mapped onto DIRSIG geometry using UV mapping technique. Finally, a spatial-spectral-temporal synthetic remote sensing image is produced.
Crooked neck is a component of the human spliceosome and implicated in the splicing process.

The Drosophila crooked neck (crn) gene is essential for embryogenesis and has been implicated in cell cycle progression and in pre-mRNA splicing although a direct role in either process has not been established. Here we report isolation of the human crooked neck homolog, HCRN, and provide evidence for its function in splicing. HCRN encodes an unusual protein composed largely of tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) elements. The crooked neck protein co-localizes with the SR and Sm protein splicing factors in discrete subnuclear domains implicated in snRNP biogenesis. In vitro assembly experiments show that an 83 kDa hcrn isoform is stably recruited to splicing complexes coincident with the addition of the U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP particle. Crooked neck activity appears essential as extracts depleted of hcrn fail to splice pre-mRNA. These and related data support the view that crooked neck is a phylogenetically conserved pre-mRNA splicing factor.
Anterior pontic design: A logical progression

The fixed partial denture with multiple pontics can be enhanced by the elimination of embrasures between pontics while basic adherence to established design concepts is maintained. Continuing clinical observations are indicated.
Prediction of molecular recognition-enhanced phenobarbital extraction based on solvatochromic analysis.

The extraction efficiency for organic molecules using synthetic receptors is highly dependent on solvent properties. Solvent influences the partitioning of both the desired compound and the interfering species. Solvent also influences the solubility of the receptor and its affinity for the substrate. Therefore the free energy involved in extraction can be optimized by using a carefully selected solvent. In this paper we demonstrate the use of a solvatochromic model to predict the influence of solvent dipolarity, H-bond acidity and H-bond basicity on selectivity and yield of phenobarbital extraction. We also used this method to estimate the purity and yield of phenobarbital extraction in 12 poly(vinyl chloride) plasticizers and solvents. This approach can be generalized for assisting the selection of optimal solvent and provide insight into the rational design of solvent and receptor for industrial extractions. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biopsy evaluation of non-neoplastic diseases of the large bowel: an algorithmic approach

Classically, pathologists often divide inflammatory diseases of the large bowel into acute and chronic forms, with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease predominantly comprising the chronic category. However, pathobiology rarely conforms to our attempts at neat categorisation. Numerous other forms of chronic colitis have been described in addition to Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis; furthermore, we now recognise an increasing number of variations of ischaemic colitis and drug or chemical-related colitis. This lecture will address the diagnostic criteria for separating chronic inflammatory bowel disease from self-limited processes, and will also address the biopsy diagnosis of chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease and the so-called atypical colitides. Examples of infectious colitis, drug/chemical-related colitis, and variants of ischaemic colitis will also be discussed.
Fiber optic sensors in concrete structures: a review

The overall deterioration of the national civil infrastructure due to aging and usage beyond the anticipated loads and lifetimes for which it was designed, combined with the increasing cost of maintenance and repair, has resulted in the need for improved techniques for non-destructive evaluation of the structural health of reinforced concrete. A recent review of the available statistics reveals that almost 40% of United States bridges are ‘structurally deficient’ or ‘functionally obsolete’ [1]. New reinforced concrete constructions would also benefit from in situ structural monitors which could detect a decrease in performance or imminent failure, thereby optimizing lifetimes without compromising safety. Finally, although modeling the behavior of some structures made from well-characterized materials is fairly accurate, the use of new materials, unusually complex designs, or variability in strength-related factors such as void fraction or moisture content can lead to unexpected structural weakening, damage or failure. The inadequacy of the nation’s highways, bridges, etc. prompted the initiation in 1993 of a National Science Foundation program, with the goal of developing new technologies aimed at ‘prolonging the life and enhancing the capacity of our existing and future civil infrastructure systems’ [2]. In response to the increased need, various techniques are being developed, and some of the most promising are based on the use of fiber optic sensors (FOS).
From in loco parentis to Student-Citizens: The 1964 Berkeley Protests as Détournement

By employing one kind of a materialist rhetorical analysis, this article demonstrates that the 1964 Berkeley student protests functioned as detournement, resituating college students from a life governed by in loco parentis to becoming “student citizens.” This study has implications for the political activism of American college students today and rhetorical studies of materiality.
Trans-cutaneous Closure of Central Defects (TCCD) in laparoscopic ventral hernia repairs (LVHR).

Background Laparoscopic ventral hernia repair (LVHR) has been reported to have lower recurrence rates, fewer surgical site infections, and shorter hospital stays compared to open repair. Despite improved surgical outcomes with standard LVHR (sLVHR), seroma formation, eventration (or bulging of mesh or tissue), and hernia recurrence remain common complications. Our objective was to evaluate outcomes with trans-cutaneous closure of central defects in LVHR compared to sLVHR.
Characterization and quantification of the quality of gas flow distributions

Abstract Since the evaluation of the homogeneity of a distribution can be subdivided into two parts (magnitude and spatial distribution), a good key value describing the quality of the distribution has to consider both. The value of the coefficient of variation (CoV) covers the effects of the fluctuation's magnitude, but any spatial information is lost. Therefore, a complementary key value (Coefficient of Distribution—CoD) was developed to consider both, magnitude and spatial distribution together. The new method is successfully applied to evaluate the vapour velocity distribution at the entrance to the packed bed above the vapour feed of an industrial distillation column with a large diameter.
Toward automating EA configuration: the parent selection stage

One of the obstacles to Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) fulfilling their promise as easy to use general-purpose problem solvers, is the difficulty of correctly configuring them for specific problems such as to obtain satisfactory performance. Having a mechanism for automatically configuring parameters and operators of every stage of the evolutionary life-cycle would give EAs a more widely spread popularity in the non-expert community. This paper investigates automatic configuration of one of the stages of the evolutionary life-cycle, the parent selection, via a new concept of semi-autonomous parent selection, where mate selection operators are encoded and evolved as in Genetic Programming. We compare the performance of the EA with semi-autonomous parent selection to that of a manually configured EA on three common test problems to determine the "price" we pay for user-friendliness.
Doppler color-flow images from a stenosed arterial model: Interpretation of flow patterns

Abstract The capability of the recently introduced Doppler color-flow mapping devices to accurately detect flow patterns in the region of an arterial stenosis was evaluated by use of an in vitro flow model. Pulsatile flow simulating that in a low-resistance vessel was induced through a straight acrylic tube, which alternatively contained axisymmetric stenoses of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% diameter reduction. Doppler color-flow mapper images were taken in realtime along the tube midplane from 0 to 8 diameters downstream of each stenosis. Comparison of the Doppler color-flow mapping results with similarly recorded flow visualization (hydrogen bubble) images showed a close correspondence of key features of the flow, including detection of a high-velocity, centerline jet and near-wall separated flow zones. Distinctive flow patterns exist with each stenotic case, and these should be of considerable value in diagnosing clinical disease conditions. (J VASC SURG 1990;12:511-22.)
RING Finger and WD Repeat Domain 3 (RFWD3) Associates with Replication Protein A (RPA) and Facilitates RPA-mediated DNA Damage Response

DNA damage response is crucial for maintaining genomic integrity and preventing cancer by coordinating the activation of checkpoints and the repair of damaged DNA. Central to DNA damage response are the two checkpoint kinases ATM and ATR that phosphorylate a wide range of substrates. RING finger and WD repeat domain 3 (RFWD3) was initially identified as a substrate of ATM/ATR from a proteomic screen. Subsequent studies showed that RFWD3 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that ubiquitinates p53 in vitro and positively regulates p53 levels in response to DNA damage. We report here that RFWD3 associates with replication protein A (RPA), a single-stranded DNA-binding protein that plays essential roles in DNA replication, recombination, and repair. Binding of RPA to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), which is generated by DNA damage and repair, is essential for the recruitment of DNA repair factors to damaged sites and the activation of checkpoint signaling. We show that RFWD3 is physically associated with RPA and rapidly localizes to sites of DNA damage in a RPA-dependent manner. In vitro experiments suggest that the C terminus of RFWD3, which encompass the coiled-coil domain and the WD40 domain, is necessary for binding to RPA. Furthermore, DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of RPA and RFWD3 is dependent upon each other. Consequently, loss of RFWD3 results in the persistent foci of DNA damage marker γH2AX and the repair protein Rad51 in damaged cells. These findings suggest that RFWD3 is recruited to sites of DNA damage and facilitates RPA-mediated DNA damage signaling and repair.
Using d-gap patterns for index compression

Sequential patterns of d-gaps exist pervasively in inverted lists of Web document collection indices due to the cluster property. In this paper the information of d-gap sequential patterns is used as a new dimension for improving inverted index compression. We first detect d-gap sequential patterns using a novel data structure, UpDown Tree. Based on the detected patterns, we further substitute each pattern with its pattern Id in the inverted lists that contain it. The resulted inverted lists are then coded with an existing coding scheme. Experiments show that this approach can effectively improve the compression ratio of existing codes.
Divide and control: split design of multi-input DNA logic gates

Logic gates made of DNA have received significant attention as biocompatible building blocks for molecular circuits. The majority of DNA logic gates, however, are controlled by the minimum number of inputs: one, two or three. Here we report a strategy to design a multi-input logic gate by splitting a DNA construct.
The Nesting Biology of Colletes kincaidii Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) and Development of Its Immature Forms

Overwintering larvae of Colletes kincaidii Cockerell were obtained by removing soil blocks from a large nesting site established in a hardened, vertical sandstone cliff at Bonny Doon, Calif. One sandstone block was placed in a greenhouse at Logan, Utah, where two emerging females established nests within glass tubes inserted into observation boxes and one female excavated a nest in soil beneath the sandstone block from which she emerged. Observations of nesting biology in glass tube nests showed for the first time that polyester cell linings are composed of a mixture of salivary and Dufour's gland materials. Salivary secretion is first brushed onto nest walls with the glossa; Dufour's gland liquid is deposited on top of the salivary layer and brushed into a thin cover layer with the bifid glossa. The careful sequence of glandular deposition, combined with physical evidence obtained during observations, suggests that salivary gland material may carry an enzyme that links lactones derived from the Dufour's gland into polyester chains that are incorporated into cell linings. Cell platform construction and how this platform is used to position the female during the act of egg deposition are described. The physical restructuring of the platform into a cell cap immediately after the egg is deposited is also described. Cell provisioning and methods used to deposit the egg are described in detail. Late embryogenesis and immature development were observed in the laboratory using in vivo and in vitro methods. These observations confirm the 180° rotation of the embryo, eclosion from the egg chorion as a second instar, anus-to-mouth feeding habits of the larva, and the migration pattern of the larva from its position within the egg to the cup-shaped central position on the surface of the cell provisions. Supportive studies in the field confirmed that some females in a nesting population excavate their entire burrow system while others use abandoned nests and extend lateral burrows before constructing cell series in these new excavations; some females use abandoned nests to construct cell series only within the residue cell linings produced by previous generations. These studies also confirmed that any one cell of C. kincaidii is provisioned with only one pollen host species, but any number of pollen host species can be used by the same individual, different individuals, or populations that are distributed across North America; and that Epeolus compactus Cresson and Paravilla fumosa Hall were found parasitizing C. kincaidii . Much of the new information is used as a first step in establishing the evolutionary status of Colletidae.
Conductivity exponent for antipercolation on the Bethe lattice

Abstract The critical behaviour of electrical conduction in antipercolation is studied on the Bethe lattice. It is demonstrated that the microscopic conductivity exponent is exactly 2, as in regular percolation on the Bethe lattice. This is in accord with the widely held belief that percolation and antipercolation belong to the same universality class.
General purpose building description systems

Abstract A building description system is a database capable of describing buildings at a detail allowing design and construction. One such system is described, BDS, that is able to represent custom-designed as well as system buildings. Attention is given to the features distinguishing general from special-purpose building description systems, especially data-structures, access schemes, and the method of interaction between the database and analysis programs.
Effect of Diet on the Lipid Composition of Human Milk

Sosa et al (1) have stated, “Feed the mother: thereby the infant”. The quotation embodies the belief, well supported by extensive research with cows (2), that diet affects lactation performance (quantity) and composition (quality) of human milk. The effects could be caused by insufficient levels of dietary nutrients, primarily protein and energy, changes in amounts of dietary nutrients and supplementation. Most of the studies have been done with ad lib diets and were not well controlled, although in the comparisons of regions, diets differed markedly. Further, sampling was often done improperly and volumes of milk and lipid contents were not reported. Finally, the effects of parasitism and mastitis have not been considered.
Estimating the Incidence and Prevalence of Violence Against Women National Data Systems and Sources

This article examines the national data systems and sources used to assess the extent and seriousness of violence against women. The major existing data sources consist of the Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation's Supplementary Homicide Reports, which provide data on intimate partner homicides, the Department of Justice's National Crime Victimization Survey, three national self-report surveys, and various data from hospitals and emergency rooms. Although there are a variety of national data systems that could be used to collect data on cases of violence against women seen and/or treated by health care instituions, such data systems are not yet able to provide local or national data. Self-report surveys, including the National Crime Victimization Survey, and a number of other national surveys have yielded estimates of the rates of violence against women that vary from 7.5 per 1,000 women to 117 per 1,000 women. The strengths and weaknesses of data sources, systems, and estimates are anal...
The not-so-good old days: Working with pituitary growth hormone in North America, 1956 to 1985

Before 1985 the use of growth hormone (GH) was governed by a philosophy of scarcity and conservation of resources. Between 1956 and 1959 human pituitary GH was shown to be effective. The competition for gland collection and extraction that followed benefited only certain patients with motivated parents and only a few investigators. To maximize gland collection, the distribution of GH for clinical investigation, and the number of patients who could be treated, the National Institutes of Health and the College of American Pathologists formed the National Pituitary Agency (NPA). In Canada a similar program was developed by the Canadian Medical Research Council. For more than 20 years the NPA supervised most of the GH treatment in the United States. Commercial pituitary GH entered the U.S. market in 1976, and competition soon appeared. Patients treated through the NPA were subjects in clinical studies for part of the first year of treatment, after which the limited availability of GH dictated treatment for only part of the year and caps on final heights. By 1984 treatment was year round and the height caps largely unenforced. In the last year of its distribution NPA GH was used in 2450 patients in the United States and commercial pituitary GH was used in 600 to 800; slightly more than 300 patients were being treated in Canada. And then, in 1985, came Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease. While the not-so-good old days are gone and need not be lamented, there remains virtue in a conservative therapeutic philosophy. If anything can be learned from the use of pituitary GH in children, it is a healthy respect for the law of unintended consequences.
The Occurrence of Anomalous Seismic Events in Eastern Tibet

Sirmmary Comparison of body-wave and surface-wave magnitudes has become one of the principal methods of seismic discrimination between natural earthquakes and underground nuclear explosions. For some earthquakes, called ' anomalous events ', this criterion of discrimination appears to fail. Most of the reported anomalous events (about 25) are located in Tibet near the intersection of the eastern end of the Himalayas with the northward projection of the Andaman-Burman arc. The majority of the events were originally classified as anomalous because either the reported body-wave magnitude, mbr was inaccurate, or the surface-wave magnitude, M,, did not adequately represent the long-period character of the source. M, is based on the amplitude of 20 s period, fundamental-mode Rayleigh waves, which are not excited efficiently by some earthquake sources of particular depth and mechanism. Some of the earthquakes may occur deep within the thick crust of the Tibetan plateau at depths at which the fundamental mode is poorly excited. The thick crust provides a waw guide for the efficient generation of Love waves and higher-mode Rayleigh waves, and it is found that observations of these waves provide a discriminant for some of the anomalous events. A surface-wave magnitude scale based on the amplitudes of higher modes offers an especially attractive discriminant. These higher-mode observations, combined with more reliable mb determinations, identify all of the reported anomalous events in Tibet-with thc exception of a single sequence of events-as natural earthquakes. The remaining sequence of anomalous events occurred in a very limited zrea where a concentration of tectonic stress may be anticipated. Thus, these remaining anomalous earthquakes may be related to high tectonic stress, perhaps in association with the formation of a new fault. Observations of dilatational first motions allow the events in the anomalous sequence to be discriminated. Thus, all of the reported anomalous events in Tibet are identified as natural earthquakes. To our knowledge, all events from Tibet or elsewhere that have been discussed in the literature as being anomalous, can in fact, be identified as earthquakes using one or more of the above-mentioned techniques.
Solubilities of amino acids

The Mettler/Paar precision density meter DMA-02D has been used to determine the concentration of saturated solutions of amino acids at 20.0, 25.0, and 29.8 °C. The technique has proven itself an elegant and precise method. The solubilities of all of the amino acids with the exceptions of proline, lysine, and cystine have been measured. The Gibbs free energies of transfer from saturated water solution to 1M Na2SO4 and to 1M Gu·HCL along with the van't Hoff heats and entropies have been calculated. The van't Hoff heats have been compared with the calorimetrically determined heats for some of the amino acids. The Lumry-Rajender relation between the entropy and heats has been observed. The process of transfer of the amino acids from water to the solvents is primarily enthalpic rather than entropic.