cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stability and phase equilibria of chloride and carbonate bearing scapolites at 750°C and 4000 bar

Abstract At 750°C and 4000 bar scapolite is stable relative to plagioclase + calcite over the range of plagioclase compositions An53–An83. The assemblage plagioclase + scapolite + calcite is stable relative to plagioclase + calcite over the ranges of plagioclase composition An48-An53 and An83–An91.5. When NaCl is present in the coexisting fluid the range of scapolite compositions stable relative to plagioclase increases. High mole fractions of NaCl in the fluid stabilize scapolite relative to plagioclases from An25 to An87 in the presence of excess calcite. Determination of the Cl (Cl + CO 3 ) ratios of the synthetic scapolites shows that the range of stable scapolite compositions is significantly larger than heretofore proposed, and that even the chloride and carbonate bearing scapolites must be considered a four component solid solution. The KD for the exchange of NaCl and CaCo3 between coexisting scapolite, fluid and carbonate is given by the equation In K D = (−0.0028) [ Al (Al + Si) ] −5.5580 . This equation implies that Cl-poor natural scapolites coexisted with fluids low in NaCl, and that regional occurrences of Cl-rich scapolites are likely to represent metamorphosed evaporite sequences.
Thinking about Nutrition: Assessing and Enhancing the Reasoning Skills of College Non-Major Nutrition Students.

Producing nutritionally literate consumers who can make prudent judgments in today's marketplace is a major goal of nutrition courses for non-majors and interested citizens. It is suggested here that providing information alone is not sufficient and that Piagetian research may provide a useful framework for understanding the reasoning skills that are also needed. Research on adolescent and adult reasoning is at an exploratory stage, and although Piaget's notion of “formal thought” may not account for all adult reasoning, it does seem to involve some skills of importance to consumers. In this study, the reasoning skills of non-major nutrition students were assessed on the basis of their performance on tests derived from the work of Piaget. Only about 25 percent of the subjects used formal reasoning consistently. There was no difference between those who used formal reasoning and those who did not in terms of their ability to comprehend and apply elementary nutrition information. Both types of subjects were also able to carry out, to some degree, tasks in nutrition which were more complex. However, those who used formal reasoning scored significantly better (p < 0.001) than those who did not on tasks which involved analyzing books and ads for their misleading logic, using nutrient labels, and evaluating nutrition issues. Teaching strategies suggested by Piagetian theory resulted in significant gains (p= 0.004) in the use of formal reasoning, whereas the lecture-discussion method did not. Those who teach non-majors are urged not only to provide food and nutrition information but also to encourage the development of the reasoning skills of these student-consumers.
Electrochemical transacylations: A mild synthesis of esters

Abstract Esters can be synthesized by electrochemically oxidizing hydroquinone carboxylates in the presence of alcohols. High yields are obtained in acidic or basic solutions and at low temperatures.
The effect of ethanol on serum cyclosporine A levels in renal transplant recipients.

Following an alcohol binge, cyclosporine A (CyA) levels rose by 100% in a 51-year-old transplant recipient treated with CyA. As CyA and ethanol are both metabolized by the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system, ethanol could theoretically interfere with CyA metabolism. Therefore, eight male renal transplant recipients were assessed in a crossover study to determine the effects of acute ethanol ingestion on CyA serum concentrations. CyA serum concentrations did not rise following 50 ml of 100% alcohol. We conclude that heavy alcohol intake may increase CyA levels but that acute moderate intake does not.
Effect of Magnetic Field on Flow, Temperature and Inclusion Removal in Shallow Tundishes

A mathematical representation has been developed to describe the three-dimensional velocity and temperature fields in shallow tundishes to be used in novel continuous casting systems. Particular attention has been paid to the effect of externally imposed magnetic fields in modifying the flow. It was found that the imposition of vertical or horizontal fields may play an important role in minimizing flow non-uniformities and hence variations in the temperature of the stream entering the mold of the caster. In the absence of (magnetic) flow control arrangements, serious flow and temperature maldistribution may occur, especially in the production of wide strip or thin slabs. The effect of magnetic fields on inclusion removal has also been investigated, but the inclusion removal efficiency of shallow tundishes is thought to be low in any case.
Chronic Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Inhibits Activin Induction of the Ovine Follicle-Stimulating Hormone β-Subunit: Involvement of 3′,5′-Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Response Element Binding Protein and Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I

FSH is induced by activin, and this expression is modulated by GnRH through FSHB expression. This report focuses on the inhibitory effect of GnRH on activin-induced FSHB expression. Activin-treated primary murine pituitary cultures robustly express mutant ovine FSHBLuc-ΔAP1, a luciferase transgene driven by 4.7 kb of ovine FSHB promoter. This promoter lacks two GnRH-inducible activator protein-1 sites, making it easier to observe GnRH-mediated inhibition. Luciferase expression from this transgene was decreased 94% by 100 nm GnRH with a half-time of approximately 4 h in pituitary cultures, and this inhibition was independent of follistatin. Activators of cAMP and protein kinase C like forskolin and phorbol 12-myristate 3-acetate (PMA), respectively, mimicked GnRH action. Kinetic studies of wild-type ovine FSHBLuc in LβT2 cells showed continuous induction by activin (4-fold) over 20 h. Most of this induction (78%) was blocked, beginning at 6 h. cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) was implicated in ...
Two-photon investigation of calcium dynamics in dendritic spines during motility

Dendritic spines receive most excitatory inputs in the CNS and compartmentalize calcium. Spines also undergo rapid morphological changes, although the function of this motility is still unclear. We have investigated the effect of spine movement on spine calcium dynamics with two-photon photobleaching of enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) and calcium imaging of action potential-elicited transients in spines from layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in mouse visual cortex slices. The elongation or retraction of the spine neck during spine motility alters the diffusional coupling between spine and dendrite and significantly changes calcium decay kinetics in spines. Our results demonstrate that the spine's ability to compartmentalize calcium is constantly changing.
X-Inner Automorphisms, Automorphisms, and Isomorphisms of Skew Polynomial Rings

Abstract In this paper, we examine the X-inner automorphisms, automorphisms, and isomorphisms of skew polynomial rings of the form K[x][y;δ], where K is a field of characteristic 0 and δ is a derivation of K [x] such that x δ is a polynomial of degree ≥ 1. We 1. determine the group of X-inner automorphisms of K [x][ y;δ], 2. analyze the structure of the group of automorphisms of K [x][ y;δ], and 3. examine the isomorphism classes of skew polynomial rings of the form K [x][ y;δ]. We also provide several examples which indicate the importance of the base field in computing the X-inner automorphisms, automorphisms, and isomorphism classes of K [x][ y;δ].
Hypovitaminosis D in glycogen storage disease type I

Glycogen storage disease type I (GSD I) is caused by inherited defects of the glucose 6-phosphatase complex, resulting in fasting hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hyperuricemia and hyperlipidemia. Sixteen out of 26 (61.5%) GSD I patients in our study had suboptimal levels (<30 ng/ml) of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D (25(OH)D) despite supplementation of vitamin D and/or vitamin D + calcium based on WHO standards in 24/26 (92.3%) patients. The restrictive nature of the GSD I diet, metabolic derangements and intestinal malabsorption seen in GSD I are possible reasons for the observed hypovitaminosis D. Our results suggest that measurement of 25(OH)D should be considered in the routine evaluation of GSD I patients.
Quarter Milk Variation in Immunoglobulins and Ability to Support Phagocytosis

Milk samples were collected from two quarters in each of 8 cows that had Wisconsin Mastitis Test scores of less than 8.0. After letdown was stimulated, 35 ml of foremilk, the sixth 35 ml (middle milk), and 45 ml of strippings were collected by hand. Measured on each fraction were immunoglobulins, serum albumin, total protein, pH, percentage fat, Wisconsin Mastitis Test, and the ability of skim milk and whole milk to support phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by isolated donor milk neutrophils. Foremilk and middle milk differed in immunoglobulin M (.014 to .018 mg/ml) and in the ability of whole milk to support phagocytosis (32 to 28% S. aureus phagocytosed). The following measures differed from middle milk to strippings: immunoglobulin A (.063 to .083 mg/ml); immunoglobulin G1 (.238 to .302 mg/ml); immunoglobulin M (.018 to .023 mg/ml); fat (3.9 to 7.4%); and Wisconsin Mastitis Test (5.0 to 9.2). Immunoglobulin G2, bovine serum albumin, total protein, pH, and the ability of skim milk and whole milk to support phagocytosis did not change. Although small differences may exist between foremilk and middle milk, foremilk gave reliable estimates.
EFFECTS OF CORTICAL LESIONS ON SOMATOSENSORY TASKS

Lesions were made in the subdivisions of the postcentral gyrus and in related cortical areas of monkeys. After the operation, the monkeys were trained on six tactual discrimination problems, and their performance was compared with those of a normal control group. Severe and apparently permanent damage to the ability to perform all tasks was observed after the postcentral lesions, but little or no effects were seen after the removal of the motor cortex or of the posterior parietal lobule. Destruction of area 3 of the postcentral gyrus had the most serious consequences, the monkeys with this lesion being unable to learn any but the easiest descriminations. Lesions of area 1 or of area 2 resulted in an inferior performance of tasks which required information mainly from cutaneous or deep receptors, respectively. The results of these behavioral studies support and extend the anatomical and physiologic data that demonstrate that the postcentral gyrus consists of a core area, which receives the heaviest thalamic projection and is crucial to a broad range of somatosensory functions, flanked by areas selectively responsive to stimulation of the cutaneous or the deep receptors. The fact that lesions of areas closely connected to the postcentral gyrus by corticocortical fibers do not impair somatosensory discriminations suggests that the necessary abilities are based mainly on the relation with the thalamus rather than on interareal cortical integration.
Imaging topologically protected transport with quantum degenerate gases

Ultracold and quantum degenerate gases held near conductive surfaces can serve as sensitive, high resolution, and wide-area probes of electronic current flow. Previous work has imaged transport around grain boundaries in a gold wire by using ultracold and Bose-Einstein condensed atoms held microns from the surface with an atom chip trap. We show that atom chip microscopy may be applied to useful purpose in the context of materials exhibiting topologically protected surface transport. Current flow through lithographically tailored surface defects in topological insulators (TI)---both idealized and with the band-structure and conductivity typical of Bi$_{2}$Se$_{3}$---is numerically calculated. We propose that imaging current flow patterns enables the differentiation of an ideal TI from one with a finite bulk--to--surface conductivity ratio, and specifically, that the determination of this ratio may be possible by imaging transport around trenches etched into the TI's surface.
Seeing phi mesons through dileptons

Abstract Dilepton spectra from the decay of phi mesons produced in heavy-ion collisions at SIS/GSI energies (∼ 2 GeV/nucleon) are studied in the relativistic transport model. We include phi mesons produced from baryon-baryon, pion-baryon, and kaon-antikaon collisions. The cross sections for the first two processes are obtained from a one-boson-exchange model, while that for the last process is taken to be of the Breit-Wigner form through the phi meson resonance. For dileptons with invariant mass near the phi meson peak we also include contributions from neutron-proton bremsstrahlung, pion-pion annihilation, and the decay of rho and omega mesons produced in baryon-baryon and meson-baryon collisions. Effects due to medium modifications of the kaon and vector (rho, omega and phi) meson properties are investigated. We find that the kaon medium effects lead to a broadening of the dilepton spectrum as a result of the increase of the phi meson decay width. Furthermore, the dropping of the phi meson mass in nuclear medium leads to a shoulder structure in the dilepton spectrum besides the main peak at the bare phi meson mass. The experimental measurement of the dilepton spectra from heavy-ion collisions is expected to provide useful information about the phi meson properties in dense matter.
Does the Fiduciary Relationship Guarantee a Right to Effective Treatment

Although Corcoran concludes that the right to effective treatment does not exist, other legal remedies, particularly those based on fiduciary obligations, may ensure the opportunity for chents to c...
Specific heats of aqueous solutions of NaCl, NaBr, and KCl: comparisons with related thermal properties

Earlier unpublished measurements of the specific heat capacities of aqueous NaCl, KCl, and NaBr solutions from 5 to 85°C and from 0.05m to saturation are presented. A twin calorimeter was used. A precision of nearly 1 part in 104 in the specific heat capacity is claimed. The results are compared with literature values (summaries or original data) for heat capacity, heat of dilution, and activity coefficient of these salts in solution by means of a polynomial in half-integer powers of molality and temperature. It is found that our values agree well with the more recent literature values of the heat capacities. Small systematic inconsistencies between the various types of data were found.
LocalBuy: a system for serving communities with local food

We seek to make local and sustainably produced food available and easy to buy by linking consumers with local producers of meat, vegetables, fruit, and much more. Our dynamic website will enable buyers to purchase fresh and healthy food directly from the manufacturers of these products, contributing to local economy. We are advantageously positioned to help farmers avoid the middlemen, the wholesalers, the big box stores and allow them to meaningfully connect with their consumers.
Using Molecular Orbital Calculations To Describe the Phase Behavior of Hydrogen-Bonding Fluids†

The authors have used Hartree-Fock theory and density functional theory to compute the enthalpy and entropy changes of dimerization for water, methanol, and the family of carboxylic acids. These results are used in a physical equation of state, the statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT), in order to model the phase behavior of these hydrogen-bonding compounds. A procedure has been developed to relate the calculated enthalpy and entropy changes to the association parameters in SAFT using only low-pressure data, as well as to relate molar volumes from molecular orbital calculations to the segment size and chain length parameters in SAFT. By doing so, the SAFT model is reduced to a three-parameter equation of state for associating fluids. The modified equation of state is shown to be as accurate as the original SAFT model for correlating pure-component vapor-liquid equilibrium data with fewer adjustable parameters.
Barbiturate infusion for intractable intracranial hypertension and its effect on brain oxygenation.

OBJECTIVE: Barbiturate-induced coma can be used in patients to treat intractable intracranial hypertension when other therapies, such as osmotic therapy and sedation, have failed. Despite control of intracranial pressure, cerebral infarction may still occur in some patients, and the effect of barbiturates on outcome remains uncertain. In this study, we examined the relationship between barbiturate infusion and brain tissue oxygen (PbtO 2 ). METHODS: Ten volume-resuscitated brain-injured patients who were treated with pentobarbital infusion for intracranial hypertension and underwent PbtO 2 monitoring were studied in a neurosurgical intensive care unit at a university-based Level I trauma center. PbtO 2 , intracranial pressure (ICP), mean arterial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), and brain temperature were continuously monitored and compared in settings in which barbiturates were or were not administered. RESULTS: Data were available from 1595 hours of PbtO 2 monitoring. When pentobarbital administration began, the mean ICP, CPP, and PbtO 2 were 18 ± 10, 72 ± 18, and 28 ± 12 mm Hg, respectively. During the 3 hours before barbiturate infusion, the maximum ICP was 24 ± 13 mm Hg and the minimum CPP was 65 ± 20 mm Hg. In the majority of patients (70%), we observed an increase in PbtO 2 associated with pentobarbital infusion. Within this group, logistic regression analysis demonstrated that a higher likelihood of compromised brain oxygen (PbtO 2 < 20 mm Hg) was associated with a decrease in pentobarbital dose after controlling for ICP and other physiological parameters (P < 0.001). In the remaining 3 patients, pentobarbital was associated with lower PbtO 2 levels. These patients had higher ICP, lower CPP, and later initiation of barbiturates compared with patients whose PbtO 2 increased. CONCLUSION: Our preliminary findings suggest that pentobarbital administered for intractable intracranial hypertension is associated with a significant and independent increase in PbtO 2 in the majority of patients. However, in some patients with more compromised brain physiology, pentobarbital may have a negative effect on PbtO 2 , particularly if administered late. Larger studies are needed to examine the relationship between barbiturates and cerebral oxygenation in brain-injured patients with refractory intracranial hypertension and to determine whether PbtO 2 responses can help guide therapy.
A Comparison of Regional Blood Flow and Oxygen Utilization During Dynamic Forearm Exercise in Normal Subjects and Patients with Congestive Heart Failure

Patients with severe congestive heart failure (CHF) have been found to have a diminished response to the metabolic arteriolar dilator stimulus of ischemia. In order to evaluate a more physiologic stimulus and the possible metabolic consequences of this vascular abnormality, 22 normal subjects (N) and seven patients with severe CHF performed rhythmic forearm exercise by squeezing a rubber bulb to 25, 50, or 100 mm Hg for 5 sec, four times/min, for 5 min. During the last half of the 10 sec relaxation phases, forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured plethysmographically. Not only was FBF reduced at rest in CHF (CHF:2.00 ± 0.31; N: 3.10 ± 0.27 ml/min·100 ml, P < 0.02) but it was reduced at each level of exercise as well (CHF: 4.05 ± 0.71, 5.57 ± 0.71, 6.68 ± 3.09; N: 7.10 ± 0.76, 11.15 ± 1.24, 20.32 ± 1.93 ml/min·100 ml, P < 0.01). Forearm oxygen extraction, calculated from brachial venous and systemic arterial blood, was consistently increased in CHF and was sufficient to maintain a normal forearm oxygen consum...
Flow-induced soliton lattice in superfluid 3He-A

Abstract It is shown that in the presence of superflow, υ s , parallel to a strong magnetic field H (| H | ≫ 20 Oe), the uniform texture becomes unstable againts the formation of a one dimensional soliton lattice forυ s ⩾ υ c2 (≈1 mm/s). The period of the resulting soliton lattice as well as the related NMR frequencies are determined as functions of υ s .
Alcohol Use Disorders Among US College Students and Their Non–College-Attending Peers

Background Heavy/binge drinking among college students has become a major public health problem. There is consistent evidence suggesting that young adults in college are drinking more than their non–college-attending peers, but it is still not clear whether they are more likely to suffer from clinically significant alcohol use disorders. Objective To compare the prevalence of alcohol use disorders and alcohol use disorder symptoms in college-attending young adults with their non–college-attending peers within the same study in a large and representative US national sample. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Civilian, noninstitutionalized US population. Participants Young adults (n = 6352) from the 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (19-21 years of age, 51% female, 66% white, 14% African American, 14% Hispanic). Main Outcome Measures Lifetime, past-year, and past-month drinking, past-year and past-month weekly drinking, past-month weekly binge drinking, past-month daily drinking, typical quantity consumed in the past month, and past-year DSM-IV alcohol dependence and abuse diagnoses. Results Eighteen percent of US college students (24% of men, 13% of women) suffered from clinically significant alcohol-related problems in the past year, compared with 15% of their non–college-attending peers (22% of men, 9% of women; overall odds ratio = 1.32). The association between past-year alcohol use disorder and college attendance was stronger among women (odds ratio = 1.70) than men (odds ratio = 1.14). College students were more likely to receive a diagnosis of DSM-IV alcohol abuse than their peers not attending college; despite the fact that those in college were drinking more, they were not more likely to receive a diagnosis of DSM-IV alcohol dependence. Conclusions College students suffer from some clinically significant consequences of their heavy/binge drinking, but they do not appear to be at greater risk than their non–college-attending peers for the more pervasive syndrome of problems that is characteristic of alcohol dependence.
A Robust High-Capacity Watermarking Algorithm

We present a new robust high-capacity watermarking algorithm using the block-based chaotic map and the intersection-based pixels collection. The block-based chaotic map is created to break the local spatial similarity of an image partially. The intersection-based pixels collection is utilized to generate a container and a reference register which is used to indicate the location of the container for watermark embedding and extracting. Experimental results demonstrate that our algorithm can achieve robust high-capacity performance in comparisons with the current watermarking algorithm. It can embed more than 5,050 bits of information in an image of size 202 times 202. It can achieve a low message error rate of less than 0.22 even under various attacks such as additive noise, low-pass filtering, and lossy compression
Ir Diffusion Barriers in Ni/Au Ohmic Contacts to p-Type CuCrO2

The use of Ir diffusion barriers in Ni/Au-based Ohmic contacts to p-type CuCrO2 layers was investigated. A specific contact resistance of ~5 × 10−4 Ω cm2 was achieved after annealing at 500°C for the Ir-containing contacts, and the contacts were rectifying for lower anneal temperatures. In this case, the contact resistance was basically independent of the measurement temperature, indicating that tunneling is the dominant transport mechanism in the contacts. The morphology for the Ir-containing contacts was still smooth at 500°C although Auger electron spectroscopy depth profiling showed that some of the nickel had diffused to the surface and had oxidized. Contacts annealed at 800°C showed that some copper and most of the nickel had diffused to the surface and oxidized. The presence of the Ir diffusion barrier does increase the thermal stability of the contacts by ∼200°C compared to conventional Ni/Au contacts. By contrast, the use of other materials such as TaN, ZrN, and W2B5 as the diffusion barrier led to poorer thermal stability, with the contact resistance increasing sharply above 400°C.
Collaborative style in agricultural project design

Abstract The manner in which borrower/grantees (BG) and donors work in a joint effort to design agricultural projects is identified as a critical component in the design process. Many of the criticisms and implementation problems of foreign aid can be traced back to the lack of collaboration between the BG and donor. Three administrative steps are discussed which encourage a more constructive interaction between all important parties during the design of agricultural projects. An appeal is made for incorporating an analysis of collaboration into project evaluations.
Role of metabolites for drugs that undergo nonlinear first-pass effect: Impact on bioequivalency assessment using single-dose simulations

We investigated the effects of dose and intrasubject variability (ISV) on bioequivalence (BE) of a parent drug with a single metabolite formed by nonlinear first-pass. A BE simulation was done using a four-compartment model at doses of 17.5, 35.0, and 70.0 mg. ISV was set at either 10% or 20% for clearance and either 20% or 50% for the absorption rate constant, K(a). The ratio of Katest/Kreference was fixed at 1.00 while fraction available ratios, F(test)/F(reference), were varied from 1.00 to 1.25. Results showed the probability of passing the 90% confidence interval (CI) BE requirement for AUC(I), area-under-the-concentration curve to time infinity, and C(max), concentration maximum, were greater for the metabolite than the parent at all F(test)/F(reference) ratios. For the parent, the probability of meeting BE criteria for AUC(I) and C(max) declined from 100% to 60% at the 70 mg dose as the ISV for K(a) increased from 20% to 50% with an increased F(test)/F(reference) ratio. For the metabolite, the probability of meeting BE criteria was above 80% for all doses and ISV values and F(test)/F(reference) ratios less than 1.15. Results show that the parent, reflected absorption, is more informative for determining BE than the metabolite. Clinical data gave a similar result.
Heterogeneous array imaging with the CARMA Telescope

The CARMA telescope is a heterogeneous array of 10.4, 6.1 and 3.5 m antennas, with antenna configurations providing spacings from ~3.5 m to 2 km. This heterogeneous array is well suited to imaging a wide range of spatial scales. In compact configurations the heterogeneous array provides high quality short spacing data for aperture synthesis. In extended configurations, the antennas can be paired, with 6.1 and 10.4m antennas making science observations in the 3 mm and 1 mm bands, while 3.5 m antennas are simultaneously observing calibration sources within a few degrees in the 1 cm band. This unique Paired Antenna Calibration System allows us to to correct for atmospheric phase fluctuations and make images at 0.15 arcec resolution in a wide range of atmospheric seeing conditions. In this paper we discuss some results and lessons learned using these heterogeneous observing techniques. These results are relevant to all aperture synthesis arrays, including millimeter/submillimeter wavelength arrays like ALMA, and cm/m wavelength arrays like ATA and SKA.
Seasonal defrosting of the Phoenix landing site

[1] The retreat of the seasonal polar cap at the Phoenix landing site is analyzed through observations of high resolution images and thermal modeling of the CO2 frost mass. Numerical simulations indicate that the onset of CO2 frost formation occurs around Ls = 220° at 68°N; however, the polar hood prevented imaging of the surface during this time. In the late winter/early spring a continuous layer of frost coated the surface obscuring the underlying polygonal patterns; however, rocks are clearly evident indicating that the frost depth was relatively shallow. Rare dark fans originating from rocks are also observed in an image from early spring. Frost dissipated from the polygon centers first and lingered longer in polygon troughs. Polygon centers were first exposed on Ls = 13.9°, and the polygon troughs were frost free by Ls ∼57°. Frost distributions varied slightly between geologic units; however, in general, global observations at similar latitudes are consistent with what is seen in the Phoenix region. A series of hypotheses is also explored to explain the preference for the CO2 frost to linger in the troughs: lower thermal inertia material in the troughs, aeolian redistribution of frost, burial of the ice table via aeolian redistribution of dust, and shadowing. Each of these hypotheses has drawbacks to explaining this phenomenon as stand-alone components. Shadows do play a role in keeping the CO2 frost on the surface; however, this effect is small and cannot alone account for the observations.
Phosphorylcholine and phosphorylethanolamine concentrations in the lens

Abstract Phosphorylcholine and phosphorylethanolamine are precursors of phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylethanolamine, the principal phospholipids of lens membranes. The present study compares the concentrations of phosphorylcholine and phosphorylethanolamine in rat, rabbit, chicken and human lenses. In lenses of adult animals phosphorylcholine concentrations ranged from a high of 11·1 m m in rats to a low of 0·12 m m in chickens; phosphorylethanolamine ranged from 1·7 m m in rats to 0·10 m m in chickens. The effects of age were studied in rabbit and chicken lenses. Both species showed an age-dependent decrease in the concentrations of both substances, although the absolute amounts per lens remained almost constant. In vitro incubation of rat lenses for 4 hr did not significantly change the intralenticular concentrations of either substance even when 1 m m choline was added to the medium. This demonstrates the suitability of the culture conditions for studies of choline transport and phospholipid metabolism. Finally, six cataractous human lenses were examined. Of these, five showed lower than normal concentrations of phosphorylcholine and phosphorylethanolamine. The only exception was classified as a posterior subcapsular cataract with slight cortical involvement.
Moral state of reasoning and the misperceived "duty" to report past crimes (misprision).

Even without practicing a forensic specialty, general psychiatrists are frequently called upon to make decisions about important ethical and legal obligations regarding such issues as confidentiality and the duty to protect third parties from patients' violent acts. Two dimensions of the interaction between the legal and the clinical are captured in the questions: (a) Should the doctorpatient confidentiality ever be breached? If so, under what circumstances, and what justifies those circumstances? If not, what are the reasons? (b) In dealing with patients' potential danger to others, how can we employ both sensitivity to the rights of patients as well as to the rights of perceived potential victims of patients? Therapists have their own perspectives as to when the confidentiality of the doctor-patient relationship can be violated. These perspectives translate into professional judgment through a process of reassessing. Exploring the perceptions of various therapists regarding these issues and the reasoning employed in making these decisions is a first step towards understanding both the decisions about confidentiality of patients and rights of patients and consideration for potential victims of perceived dangerous patients. Several questions arise concerning confidentiality and rights in therapy: 1. How and to what extent do health professionals use clinical and legal reasoning in dealing with breaches of confidentiality? 2. What benefits do health professionals perceive from preservation or breach of confidentiality?
Epstein–barr virus cause of multiple sclerosis

Purpose of review The cause of multiple sclerosis (MS) has eluded medical science for over a century. Pierre Marie speculated that MS is an infectious disease and this paradigm has had a prominent place in the discussion. A number of candidate pathogens have been proposed, but most have not survived scrutiny. In this review, we summarize the evidence that MS is caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which has been a prominent candidate for several decades. Although there is much suggestive evidence that EBV is involved in the pathogenesis of MS, the precise effect of EBV is still unclear. Recent findings EBV is more common in MS patients than in controls. A history of infectious mononucleosis, and high baseline EBV antibody titers are risk factors for MS. More controversial are findings of changes in the reactivity of the T-cell repertoire, presence of EBV antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid, and presence of EBV in meningeal lymphoid follicles and perivenular infiltrates in the white matter. Summary The contribution of EBV to the cause of MS is not yet established, but a relationship is clearly present.
Zipf's word frequency law in natural language: a critical review and future directions.

The frequency distribution of words has been a key object of study in statistical linguistics for the past 70 years. This distribution approximately follows a simple mathematical form known as Zipf’s law. This article first shows that human language has a highly complex, reliable structure in the frequency distribution over and above this classic law, although prior data visualization methods have obscured this fact. A number of empirical phenomena related to word frequencies are then reviewed. These facts are chosen to be informative about the mechanisms giving rise to Zipf’s law and are then used to evaluate many of the theoretical explanations of Zipf’s law in language. No prior account straightforwardly explains all the basic facts or is supported with independent evaluation of its underlying assumptions. To make progress at understanding why language obeys Zipf’s law, studies must seek evidence beyond the law itself, testing assumptions and evaluating novel predictions with new, independent data.
The anomalous flow behavior in single-phase Ti44Al56 single crystals: The effect of deformation history

Abstract In this paper we present our studies of effect of deformation temperature on the anomalous flow behavior of [001] and [011] oriented Ti 44 Al 56 single crystals grown in an ASGAL optical imaging floating zone crystal growth furnace. The specimens were compression tested at room temperature (RT), 973 and 1173 K and they displayed anomalous flow behavior. However, if the sample is deformed at high temperature, at about 973 K (below the peak temperature), and then retested at room temperature, the high temperature strength is retained, i.e. the flow stress is irreversible. But if the initial deformation at high temperature is performed at about 1173 K (above the peak temperature), and then deformed at room temperature the room temperature flow strength is observed, i.e. the flow stress is reversible. These results suggest that the reversibility of flow stress anomaly is determined by the deformation mechanism occurring at the elevated temperature. If the deformation mechanism at the two temperatures is the same, then the flow stress is irreversible, but if they are different, then it is reversible.
Power maps and epicyclic spaces

Abstract In this paper, we present the basic facts of the theory of epicyclic spaces for the first time considered by T. Goodwillie in an unpublished letter to F. Waldhausen. An epicyclic space is a space-valued, contravariant functor on a category ʌ which contains the cyclic category. Our results parallel basic facts of the theory of cyclic spaces established in [1] and [7]. We show that the geometric realization of an epicyclic space has an action of a monoid which is a semidirect product of S1 and the multiplicative monoid of natural numbers. We also show that the homotopy colimit of an epicyclic space is homotopy equivalent to the bar construction for the monoid action. Finally, we give an explicit description of the homotopy type of the classifying space of the category ʌ.
Behavioral problems of deaf children: Clustering of variables using measures of association and similarity

Abstract A statistical measure of similarity distinct from a measure of association is introduced. By this measure two things are highly similar, if and only if their respective associations with all other things are the same. In this paper, measures of association and similarity are combined to perform a cluster analysis of variables concerned with behavioral problems of deaf children. The four major clusters which emerge are identified as characteristics of anxiety, hot temperedness, inattentiveness, and social withdrawal. The clusters obtained by the combined measures are compared with the clusters obtained by each measure alone.
Spanish variable direct object marking: Dealing with dependence among linguistic and social factors

In studying the social conditioning of Differential Object Marking (DOM) in Spanish we show a social dimension underlying the variable use of DOM: age of speakers has a moderate but significant effect, with middle-aged speakers showing an increase in overt marking. Previously, the implicit consensus was that there is no sociolectal variation in DOM. To ensure the statistical validity of our results, we developed an original, rigorous, quantitative approach to correct for the unbalanced distribution of the data across factor groups. A problem that has been frequently mentioned in the specialized literature, but never satisfactorily resolved for the linguistic analysis of corpus data.
Detection of LH Release from Individual Pituitary Cells by the Reverse Hemolytic Plaque Assay: Estrogen Increases the Fraction of Gonadotropes Responding to CnRH

Gonadotropes that secrete LH were demonstrated microscopically among mixed anterior pituitary (AP) cells in culture with a reverse hemolytic plaque assay. LH released from a cell binds to adjacent RBCs bearing an LH Ab-protein A complex which results in a zone of complement-mediated hemolysis (a plaque) surrounding each gonadotrope. In untreated cultures a few, small plaques formed, but in the presence of hypothalamic CnRH (10−7 M, a maximally stimulating dose) a 10-fold increase occurred in their number and size. Non-secretory gonadotropes were found in the pituitary of diestrous animals: 5-6% of all AP cells contained immunocytochemically detectable LH whereas only 2.5–3.0% formed plaques in the presence of CnRH (10−7 M). Nearly all of the gonadotropes were secretory at proestrus. Estradiol treatment of diestrous cultures for 24 h increased the fraction of secretory gonadotropes to near the level observed in proestrous cultures. These results a) demonstrate the utility of the reverse hemolytic plaque as...
Identification of the internal forces of structural systems using feedforward multilayer networks

Abstract This paper explores the potential of using parallel distributed processing (neural network) approaches to identify the internal forces of typical systems encountered in the field of structural dynamics. Such problems arise in the context of structural control and the “health monitoring” of dynamic systems. After formulating the identification task as a neural network learning procedure, the method is applied to a representative example problem under a variety of excitations. The range of validity of the approach is demonstrated, and some application issues are discussed.
Effect of plastic deformation on hole-defect formation in MgO

Abstract Plastic deformation induces an enhancement in the concentration of paramagnetic trapped-hole defects in MgO crystals which contain hydroxyl ions, but not in crystals which are hydrogen-free. EPR, ENDOR and Infrared absorption measurements of hydrogen-containing crystals indicate that deformation stimulates the conversion of existing vacancies to their trapped-hole counterparts, the VA1, VOH and VF centers. There is no evidence that new impurity-compensated or intrinsic cation vacancies are produced in any crystal by deformation.
Spatially extended forward suppression in primate auditory cortex

When auditory neurons are stimulated with a pair of sounds, the preceding sound can inhibit the neural responses to the succeeding sound. This phenomenon, referred to as 'forward suppression', has been linked to perceptual forward masking. Previous studies investigating forward suppression typically measured the interaction between masker and probe sounds using a fixed sound location. However, in natural environments, interacting sounds often come from different spatial locations. The present study investigated two questions regarding forward suppression in the primary auditory cortex and adjacent caudal field of awake marmoset monkeys. First, what is the relationship between the location of a masker and its effectiveness in inhibiting neural response to a probe? Second, does varying the location of a masker change the spectral profile of forward suppression? We found that a masker can inhibit a neuron's response to a probe located at a preferred location even when the masker is located at a non-preferred location of a neuron. This is especially so for neurons in the caudal field. Furthermore, we found that the strongest forward suppression is observed when a masker's frequency is close to the best frequency of a neuron, regardless of the location of the masker. These results reveal, for the first time, the stability of forward masking in cortical processing of multiple sounds presented from different locations. They suggest that forward suppression in the auditory cortex is spectrally specific and spatially broad with respect to the frequency and location of the masker, respectively.
On some infinitely presented associative algebras

We prove here that if F is a finitely generated free associative algebra over the field and R is an ideal of F, then F/R2 is finitely presented if and only if F/R has finite dimension. Amitsur, [1, p. 136] asked whether a finitely generated algebra which is embeddable in matrices over a commutative f algebra is necessarily finitely presented. Let R = F′, the commutator ideal of F, then [4, theorem 6], F/F′2 is embeddable and thus provides a negative answer to his question. Another such example can be found in Small [6]. We also show that there are uncountably many two generator I algebras which satisfy a polynomial identity yet are not embeddable in any algebra of n xn matrices over a commutative algebra.
Species number with confidence

Benthic sampling by J. Frederick Grassle and Nancy J. Maciolek during the 1980s contributed to a recognition of the enormous diversity of biota in the deep sea. The problem of predicting on the basis of such sampling, the number of species in a community is a classical one in statistical ecology. Here, we show how to construct a lower prediction bound on species number using the sequential broken-stick model of relative abundances. We illustrate the method using some data from Grassle and Maciolek's original sampling effort.
Analysis of Carbon Functional Groups in Mobile Humic Acid and Recalcitrant Calcium Humate Extracted from Eight US Soils

Abstract Solid state 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a common tool to study the structure of soil humic fractions; however, knowledge regarding carbon structural relationships in humic fractions is limited. In this study, mobile humic acid (MHA) and recalcitrant calcium humate (CaHA) fractions were extracted from eight soils collected from six US states and representing a variety of soils and ecoregions, characterized by this spectroscopic technique and analyzed for statistical significance at P = 0.05. We found that the abundances of COO and N-C=O functional groups in the MHA fractions were negatively correlated to soil sand content, but were positively correlated to silt, total N and soil organic carbon contents. In contrast, the abundances of the COO and N-C=O functional groups were only positively correlated to the content of clay in the CaHA fractions, indicating that the two humic fractions were associated with different soil components. The two 13 C NMR peaks representing alkyls and OCH 3 /NCH were negatively correlated to the peaks representing aromatics, aromatic C-O and N-C=O/COO. Comparison of the sets of data from 13 C NMR spectroscopy and ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry revealed that the aromatic components identified by the two methods were highly consistent. The comparison further revealed that protein in MHA was associated with, or bound to, the nonpolar alkyl groups, but a component competitively against (or complementary to) aromatic groups in the MHA composition. These observations provided insight on the internal correlations of the functional groups of soil humic fractions.
Electron-stimulated chemical reactions in carbon tetrachloride/water (ice) films

The electron-stimulated chemical reactions in carbon tetrachloride/water (ice) and ice films have been studied using reflection−absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and mass spectrometry. CO2, CO, and HCl were identified as the final neutral reaction products in the electron-stimulated degradation of CCl4, while COCl2 and C2Cl4 were produced as intermediates. Molecular H2 and O2 were detected as neutral gas-phase products in the electron beam irradiation of pure ice films. Production of molecular oxygen was, however, efficiently quenched during irradiation of CCl4/H2O(ice) mixtures. A reaction mechanism is postulated based on the reactivity of the trichloromethyl (•CCl3) radical and dichlorocarbene (:CCl2) intermediates. Reactions between the trichloromethyl (•CCl3) radical and oxygen or hydroxyl radicals lead to the production of phosgene, the subsequent electron-stimulated decomposition of which produces CO or CO2. In contrast, reactions involving dichlorocarbene produce CO via hydrolysis or C2Cl4 a...
Treatment of atrial fibrillation in East Asia: what is perception and what is reality?

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a global problem, affecting more than 33 million people throughout the world. Despite the ubiquity of AF, there are differences across populations, race, and ethnicity. Asians are known to have a lower risk of developing AF compared with whites. There is also some evidence that East Asians have a lower risk of stroke attributable to AF. In addition to the lower risk of AF and AF-related stroke in East Asia, the risks of oral anticoagulation are greater in East Asians, principally owing to a higher risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) compared with other ethnic groups. Because of these concerns, oral anticoagulation for the prevention of stroke in nonvalvular AF is often avoided in East Asia or underdosed with lower international normalized ratio targets (1.6–2.5). The goals of care in AF are always the same: to prevent stroke, to control heart rate, and to eliminate symptoms. Are the perceptions of lower stroke risk and diminished benefit of oral anticoagulation in East Asia justified or are they overstated? While we know that there are differences between AF populations, should our approaches to treatment be different in one neighborhood, country, or culture to the next? In this issue of HeartRhythm, Siu et al describe the risk of stroke and ICH in a large contemporary Chinese population with nonvalvular AF. After analyzing the baseline characteristics and outcomes in nearly 10,000 patients treated between 1997 and 2011 at Queen Mary Hospital in Hong Kong, they found that only 26% of the patients with a CHADS2 score of 2 or greater received oral anticoagulation. The annual risk of stroke in untreated patients was 9.3% per year. Surprisingly, the annual risk of stroke in the lowest-risk patients (CHA2DS2-VASc score 1⁄4 0) was 2.4%. In this East Asian cohort, the performance of the CHA2DS2-VASc score for predicting stroke was poor, with a C-statistic of 0.53, which