cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conservation as disturbance: Upheaval and livelihood diversification near Tarangire National Park, northern Tanzania

Abstract Recent studies have identified poverty reduction near parks and protected areas, findings that challenge an extensive literature on the social burdens associated with protected areas. These studies move the discussion on the social dynamics of conservation forward, however, they do not offer insight into the underlying mechanisms that shape household-level outcomes such as income and wealth. By focusing on protected areas as centers of uncertainty, upheaval, and disturbance, this study examines the character and incidence of livelihood diversification within communities near Tarangire National Park in northern Tanzania compared to communities far from the park. Livelihood diversification is well understood as a coping and/or risk mitigation strategy pursued in response to various types of shocks, and uncertainty more generally. This study draws on mixed methodologies to construct multivariate statistical models to estimate the effect of proximity to the park on measures of livelihood diversification. The results indicate that proximity to park is strongly correlated with livelihood diversification, suggesting that households near the park are adapting to opportunities and constraints and may be seeking to reduce variance in income and wealth in response to disturbances and uncertainty associated with the park.
A graph model and an exact algorithm for finding transcription factor modules

Systematically perturbing a cellular system and monitoring the effects of the perturbations on gene expression provide a powerful approach to study signal transduction in gene expression systems. A critical step of revealing a signal transduction pathway regulating gene expression is to identify transcription factors transmitting signals in the system. In this paper, we address the task of identifying modules of cooperative transcription factors based on results derived from systems-biology experiments at two levels: First, a graph algorithm is developed to identify a minimum set of co-operative TFs that covers the differentially expressed genes under each systematic perturbation. Second, using a clique-finding approach, modules of TFs that tend to consistently cooperate together under various perturbations are further identified. Our results indicate that this approach is capable of identifying many known TF modules at both the individual experiment level and at the systems level; thus we provide a novel graph-based method of identifying context-specific and highly reused TF-modules.
Gallbladder Carcinoma with the Unusual Occurrence of Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Case Study

Squamous cell carcinoma is a highly unusual form of gallbladder carcinoma. A detailed case study of this rare disease discovered in a patient sent for a diagnostic sonographic examination is presented. Possibilities for an etiology that is not well defined are explored. Common precursors for gallbladder cancer are discussed along with treatment options for a disease with a grim prognosis. A sonographer’s guide to scanning a mass found in the gallbladder includes a differential diagnosis for various types of masses.
The structure of psilostachyin, a new sesquiterpene dilactone from ambroisia psilostachya☆

Abstract The structure of psilostachyin, a new sesquiterpene dilactone from Ambrosia psilostachya DC., is shown to be XIII. The synthesis of psilosctachyin from coronopilin provided the stereochemical features shown in XIII.
Raise Your Voice at a Proper Pace to Synchronize in Multiple Ad Hoc Piconets

Timing synchronization of symbol boundaries is known to affect critically the performance of all coherent communication systems. Its effects are particularly pronounced in contemporary wireless technologies including ultrawideband (UWB) radios and wireless sensor networks (WSNs), where cooperative or ad hoc access is challenged by arbitrary asynchronism, intersymbol interference (ISI), receiver noise, as well as inter and intrapiconet interference arising from concurrently communicating nodes. To cope with these challenges, this paper introduces piconet-specific synchronization patterns and simple averaging operations at the receiving ends, which enable low-complexity timing acquisition through energy detection and demodulation by matching to a synchronized aggregate template (SAT). Pattern sequences are designed for both training-based and blind operation. Either way, the idea behind these designs is to periodically increase the transmit-power ("voice") of each piconet's synchronizing node with a period ("pace") characteristic of each piconet. Performance of the novel synchronization protocols is tested with simulations conforming to an UWB wireless personal area network (WPAN) setup
Influence of groundwater flow on thermochronometer-derived exhumation rates in the central Nepalese Himalaya

Mountain topography creates variations in water-table elevation that drive groundwater fl ow. Consequently, advective heat transport by topography-driven fl uid fl ow can modify the crustal thermal fi eld and bias exhumation rates calculated from thermochronometer data. Although previous studies have considered the thermal effects of flfl ow, none has quantifi ed the infl uence on thermochronometer ages. We use a steady-state three-dimensional coupled hydraulic thermokinematic fi nite-element model to simulate the infl uence of fl fl ow on exhumation rates derived from thermochronometer data in the Nepalese Himalaya. Local hot springs suggest substantial heat transport by flfl ow and are adjacent to apatite fi ssion-track samples. Model hydraulic conductivity controls the rate of flfl ow, and values characteristic of fractured rock (>>10 9 m/s) yield a fl uid advection‐dominated thermal fi eld. Hydraulic conductivity is estimated by minimizing the misfi t between predicted and observed hot spring thermal power. The best-fi t hydraulic conductivity value of ~5 ◊ 10 7 m/s produces a fl uid advection‐dominated thermal fi eld and older predicted apatite fi ssion-track ages. To fi the observed age-elevation relationship, model-predicted ages require denudation rates that are ~5 mm/yr, ~200% higher than predictions from thermal models that do not simulate fl uid fl ow. Thus, true exhumation rates can be substantially underestimated in orogenic systems where fl uid advection is signifi cant.
Dissipative magnetogasdynamic flow

An analysis of the structure of the wakes and waves in steady compressible magnetohydrodynamics is presented. No restriction is made on the equation of state of the gas or on the ratios of the various dissipative parameters. An asymptotic solution is obtained which furnishes directly the flow far from a body and which may be used in the construction of the entire flow field. The non-dissipative solutions are obtained as a non-uniform limit for vanishing dissipation; no matter how small the dissipation, one can go far enough from the origin that the flow is essentially dissipative. For non-aligned fields the wave pattern consists of a downstream wake and either two or four standing waves, depending on the flow regime. For aligned fields, two of these waves become wakes, so that the wake is a superposition of three structured layers, with either all downstream or two downstream and one up-stream. It is found that the nondissipative limit of the wake is non-unique for the aligned fields case. Different limits are obtained depending on how the various dissipative parameters vanish. In this paper we consider steady magnetohydrodynamic flow in the Oseen approximation. No restriction is placed on the equation of state of the gas or on the various dissipative parameters (viscosity, thermal and electrical conductivity). The method of approach is to obtain the fundamental solution. It was shown in an earlier paper (Salathe & Sirovich 1967) how this could be used to obtain the solution for arbitrary boundary-value problems. In 5 2 of the present paper we demonstrate that the fundamental solutions themselves provide the far field flow past a finite body. This is obtained simply in terms of such quantities as the total force on the body, heat added, etc. In 53 we obtain the fundamental solutions for the non-aligned fields case. An asymptotic solution is obtained applicable for distance from the origin large compared to the mean free path. It is well known that there exist two distinct flow regimes in magnetohydrodynamics, the doubly hyperbolic and the hyperliptic. In each of these we obtain a downstream wake which is a pure entropy wake. That is, it carries only density and temperature disturbances and is structured by thermal conductivity. In the doubly hyperbolic regime, the flow exhibits, in addition, four structured waves, while in the hyperliptic case, t Present address: Center for the Application of Mathematics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
Trunk-rotation differences at maximal reach of the star excursion balance test in participants with chronic ankle instability.

Context: Functional reach on the Star Excursion Balance Test is decreased in participants with chronic ankle instability (CAI). However, comprehensive 3-dimensional kinematics associated with these deficits have not been reported. Objective: To determine if lower extremity kinematics differed in CAI participants during anteromedial, medial, and posteromedial reach on the Star Excursion Balance Test. Design: Case-control study. Setting: Sports medicine research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty CAI participants (age = 24.15 ± 3.84 years, height = 168.95 ± 11.57 cm, mass = 68.95 ± 16.29 kg) and 20 uninjured participants (age = 25.65 ± 5.58 years, height = 170.14 ± 8.75 cm, mass = 69.89 ± 10.51 kg) with no history of ankle sprain. We operationally defined CAI as repeated episodes of ankle “giving way” or “rolling over” or both, regardless of neuromuscular deficits or pathologic laxity. All CAI participants scored ≤26 on the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool. Intervention(s): Star Excursion B...
Perspectives on deficit irrigation

An analysis of deficit irrigation in three quite different situations was conducted to better understand the potential benefits and risks associated with this irrigation strategy. Existing crop yield functions and cost functions, developed independently of the present research, were used to estimate the levels of applied water that would produce maximum net income in each situation. These same functions were also used to estimate the degree to which the three crops could be under-irrigated without reducing income below that which would be earned under full irrigation. The analysis encompassed wheat production in the northwestern USA, cotton production in California and maize production in Zimbabwe. Results suggest that (1) deficits of between 15% and 59% would be economically optimal, depending on the circumstances, and (2) the estimated margin for error in these estimates is quite wide.
Time course of physiologic variables in response to ventilator-induced lung injury.

BACKGROUND: The time course of the physiological derangements that result from ventilatorinduced lung injury has not been adequately described. Similarly, the regional topographies of pleural pressure and tissue edema have not been carefully mapped for this injury process. METHODS: Lung injury was induced in 9 normal pigs by ventilating for 6 hours at a transpulmonary pressure of 35 cm H2O, with the animals in the supine position. Eight additional normal pigs received right thoracotomy to place pleural-surface-pressure sensors prior to an identical period and intensity of injurious ventilation. Gas exchange and lung mechanics were tracked in all the animals. Cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, and interleukin 8) in peripheral blood were assayed at 2 hour intervals, beginning at the onset of mechanical ventilation, from all the animals. RESULTS: After a brief “induction” period, PaO2 and tidal volume declined steadily in the animals that were ventilated to induce lung injury. The rate of decline was greater in the animals that received thoracotomy. The pleural pressure gradient steadily increased from ventral to dorsal. The serum cytokine levels did not evolve with developing injury, but cytokines were elevated at the onset of ventilation. Tissue edema, as assessed by the ratio of wet weight to dry weight, was greater in the thoracotomized animals than in the nonthoracotomized animals, and tissue edema tended to be greater in the caudal lung regions than in the cephalad lung regions. CONCLUSIONS: Following the induction period, the development of ventilator-induced lung injury progressed steadily and then plateaued, as assessed by quantitative physiology variables during 6 hours of ventilation at a transpulmonary pressure of 35 cm H2O. Greater injury developed in animals that had a coexisting potential insult (thoracotomy). Injury development was not paralleled by bloodborne inflammatory cytokines.
Selection of Athletes

The two studies on athletic performance were conducted in Belarus (“White Russia”) under the auspices of the Belarussian Academy of Sciences in the post Soviet era. The following discussion is intended to give the reader a perspective on the transitory political/economic environment in which these studies were conducted.
Assessing the use of reflectance spectroscopy in determining CsCl stress in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana

Reflectance spectroscopy is a rapid and non-destructive analytical technique that may be used for assessing plant stress, and has potential applications for use in remediation. Changes in reflectance such as that due to metal stress may occur before damage is visible, and existing studies have shown that metal stress does cause changes in plant reflectance. To further investigate the potential use of reflectance spectroscopy as a method for assessing metal stress in plants, an exploratory study was conducted in which Arabidopsis thaliana plants were treated twice weekly in a laboratory setting with varying levels 0, 0.5, or 5 mM millimolar of caesium chloride CsCl solution, and reflectance spectra were collected every week for three weeks using an Analytical Spectral Devices FieldSpec Pro spectroradiometer with both a contact probe CP and a field of view FOV probe at 36.8 and 66.7 cm, respectively, above the plant. Plants were harvested each week after spectra collection for determination of relative water content and chlorophyll content. A visual assessment of the plants was also conducted using point observations on a uniform grid of 81 points. A mixed-effects model analysis was conducted for each vegetation index VI considered to determine the effects of length of treatment, treatment level, view with which spectra were acquired, and the interactions of these terms. Two-way analyses of variance ANOVAs were performed on the aforementioned endpoints e.g. chlorophyll content to determine the significance of the effects of treatment level and length of treatment. Multiple linear regression MLR was used to develop a predictive model for each endpoint, considering VI acquired at each view CP, high FOV, and low FOV. Of the 14 VI considered, 8 were included in the MLR models. Contact probe readings and FOV readings differed significantly, but FOV measurements were generally consistent at each height.
Google Glass FOR THE Educator: A Postmortem Separating the Reality From the Hype and Some Thoughts for Google

On Jan 15, 2015, The Wall Street Journal reported Google was winding down the explorers program" and will stop selling Glass, except to companies and developers. Google is moving the project to another Google unit to continue exploration and development of the product, but its precise future is currently unclear. This article was being developed before Google pulled the plug. It was clear to them after extensive use that Glass was a potentially wonderful device, but, at the moment, it won't solve any specific need that can't be fixed using other more affordable and less intrusive mobile devices. Although these projects could have been accomplished with other mobile devices, we believed using a hands-free, wearable device could make the experience richer and more immersive. However, after several months of use, we have identified the device's serious hardware and software flaws that make it less than ideal in an educational environment in its current state of development.
Diagonal fontanel measurements.

To the Editor.— Duc and Largo1 assert that assessment of the size of the anterior fontanel is a part of the routine examination of the infant. The reality is that the measurement is not used routinely and indeed is rarely noted in neonatal reports or records because it has not proved to be clinically reproducible.2 This hypothesis was tested and reported using landmarks and standards described by Popich and Smith3 and Davis and Anari.4 Two physicians independently examined 50 healthy term infants with normal head circumferences by the Nellhaus graph.
Patient outcomes and provider perceptions following implementation of a standardized perioperative care pathway for open liver resection

Background Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) pathways have been associated with improved perioperative outcomes following several surgical procedures. Less is known, however, regarding their use following hepatic surgery. Methods An evidence-based, standardized perioperative care pathway was developed and implemented prospectively among patients undergoing open liver surgery between 1 January 2014 and 31 July 2015. Perioperative outcomes, including length of hospital stay, postoperative complications and healthcare costs, were compared between groups of patients who had surgery before and after introduction of the ERAS pathway. Provider perceptions regarding the perioperative pathway were assessed using an online questionnaire. Results There were no differences in patient or disease characteristics between pre-ERAS (42 patients) and post-ERAS (75) groups. Although mean pain scores were comparable between the two groups, patients treated within the ERAS pathway had a marked reduction in opioid use on the first 3 days after surgery compared with those treated before introduction of the pathway (all P < 0·001). Duration of hospital stay was shorter in the post-ERAS group (median 5 (i.q.r. 4–7) days versus 6 (5–7) days in the pre-ERAS group; P = 0·037) and there was a lower incidence of postoperative complications (1 versus 10 per cent; P = 0·036). Implementation of the ERAS pathway was associated with a 40·7 per cent decrease in laboratory costs (−US $333; −€306, exchange rate 4 January 2016) and a 21·5 per cent reduction in medical supply costs (−US $394; −€362) per patient. Although 91·0 per cent of providers endorsed the ERAS pathway, 33·8 per cent identified provider aversion to a standardized protocol as the greatest hurdle to implementation. Conclusion The introduction of a multimodal ERAS programme following open liver surgery was associated with a reduction in opioid use, shorter hospital stay and decreased hospital costs. ERAS was endorsed by an overwhelming majority of providers.
Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in the massive weight loss patient: relative risk of bleeding.

Background Measures that can reduce the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) are of great clinical importance. In addition to the use of sequential compression devices (SCDs), chemoprophylaxis with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) has been recommended by the American College of Chest Physicians for major general surgery procedures. There remains inconclusive evidence to support guidelines for the plastic surgery population, and some surgeons hesitate to use anticoagulation due to concerns about bleeding in broad planes of dissection. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of postoperative complications secondary to chemical thromboprophylaxis in massive weight loss patients. Methods Five hundred forty-six surgical cases were enrolled in an institutional review board-approved prospective clinical database in the 2 years before and after routine LMWH use was initiated. Inclusion required weight loss of greater than 50 lb. Group 1 had SCDs only (n = 334), whereas group 2 had SCDs and LMWH 6 hours postoperatively (n = 212). Risk of VTE was calculated and complications of LMWH administration were analyzed. Results The overall risk of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism was 0.18%. There was no statistical difference between the groups (P > 0.05). Overall risk of hematoma was 5.4%, in concordance with the literature. There was no difference in hematoma risk between the groups (4.6% before and 6.6% after LMWH; P = 0.3). The transfusion rate was 8.5% before use of LMWH (group 1) and 7.6% after (group 2; P = 0.7). Conclusions Strategies to reduce VTE rates remain important in all areas of plastic surgery. We have demonstrated no increased risk of transfusion or hematoma and a low overall incidence of VTE after implementing a chemoprophylaxis regimen. Postoperative LMWH can provide an excellent balance between VTE prophylaxis and the risk of bleeding complications.
Differences in Soil Mobility and Degradability between Water-Dispersible CdSe and CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots

The relative leaching potential and degradation of water-dispersible CdSe and CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) were evaluated using small-scale soil columns. The potential of QDs to release toxic Cd2+ and/or Se2-/SeO32- ions upon degradation is of environmental concern and warrants investigation. Both classes of QDs exhibited limited soil mobility in CaCl2, with more than 70% of the total Cd and Se species from QDs retained in the top soil after passing 10 column volumes of solution through the soil column. However, mobilization of Cd- and Se-species was observed when EDTA was used as the leaching solution. Approximately 98% of the total Cd2+ loaded leached out from the Cd2+-spiked soil, while only 30% and 60% leached out from the CdSe and CdSe/ZnS QD-spiked soils, respectively. Soil column profiles and analysis of leachates suggest that intact QDs leached through the soil. Longer incubation (15 days) in soil prior to leaching indicated some degradation and/or surface modification of both QDs. These results su...
Characterization and Purification of Cholera Toxin

Studies on both the characterization and purification of the toxic component in crude culture filtrates of Vibrio cholerae were pursued simultaneously since it was felt that knowledge of properties of the toxin would aid in the procedure for purification. Attention was directed primarily towards the factor responsible for the accumulation of fluid in ligated segments of rabbit intestine. This report describes the electrophoretic properties as well as the effect of various enzymes and organic solvents on the toxin. The objective was to develop procedures that could be scaled up easily to handle large quantities of toxin as well as to explore the more elegant chromatographic procedures that are commonly used for laboratoryscale operations to effect a high degree of purification.
Chemical analysis of the defensive scent fluid produced by the ground beetle Calosoma peregrinator.

Several specimens of Calosoma peregrinator (Guerin-Meneville) were collected in Flagstaff, Ariz., and in Van Horn, Tex., during August 1968. These ground beetles were found under lights at night and also in broad daylight on a golf course, in the rough. The scent fluid excreted by these insects had the odor of salicylaldehyde, as do several other members of this genus.
Explorations into the Potential of Chiral Sulfonium Reagents to Effect Asymmetric Halonium Additions to Isolated Alkenes

While methods for the racemic dihalogenation and halohydroxylation of alkenes have been known for decades, enantioselective variants of these processes remain elusive. Initial attempts were made to overcome this long-standing challenge by exploring the potential of chiral, crystalline, sulfur-derived halonium reagents to accomplish the asymmetric dichlorination and iodohydroxylation of 1,2-dihydronaphthalene. Asymmetric dichlorination of this substrate was achieved in 57% yield and 14% enantiomeric excess (ee), but asymmetric iodohydroxylation was much more successful, giving 67% yield and 63% ee. Thorough studies were made of these processes, including investigation of various chiral sulfide derivatives, their substrate scopes, and the reaction conditions.
Abstract SY26-03: Innate immune sensing of tumors via the host STING pathway as a bridge to a spontaneous adaptive T cell response.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Recent evidence has suggested that clinical responses to immunotherapeutic interventions occur predominantly in patients having a pre-existing anti-tumor immune response and a T cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment. It has therefore become critical to understand the mechanism by which a subset of patients generates this phenotype, which should instruct on how to deliberately facilitate generation of appropriate tumor-based inflammation and thereby expand the fraction of patients deriving clinical benefit from immunotherapy. However, the mechanisms by which innate immune responses become activated in response to cancer, and how they can bridge to spontaneous T cell priming against tumor antigens, have remained poorly defined. We recently reported that host type I IFN signals are required for a spontaneous T cell response against tumors. In the current work, we have mapped the sensing mechanism to one involving STING/TBK1/IRF3 which drives IFN-β transcription by host APCs. Spontaneous T cell responses against tumors were eliminated in mice deficient in STING or IRF3, and rejection of immunogenic tumors was abrogated. The tumor-derived ligand that triggers this pathway appears to be DNA. Using the DNA-specific dye DRAQ5 or EDU labeling and single cell ImageStream analysis, we demonstrated that in vivo transfer of tumor DNA to host APCs occurs in vivo; this was confirmed using PCR specific for tumor DNA. APC uptake of tumor DNA was associated with IFN-β mRNA induction and nuclear translocation of IRF-3, which were dependent upon host STING. We hypothesized that autophagosome provide a mechanism for delivery of protected tumor DNA into APCs. Inhibition of tumor cell autophagy using the chemical 3-MA, or shRNA silencing of Becn or ATG5, led to a marked reduction in the induction of host IFN-β production and spontaneous T cell responses in vivo. Our data suggest that tumor cell autophagy is required for optimal T cell priming against tumor antigens in vivo, that occurs through DNA-mediated activation of host IFN-β production through a STING-dependent pathway. Analysis of these biologic steps in human melanoma metastases is ongoing. Strategies to mimic activation of the STING pathway should be considered as a mechanism to create an inflamed tumor microenvironment with the hope of expanding the clinical efficacy of T cell-based immunotherapies. Citation Format: Thomas Frank Gajewski. Innate immune sensing of tumors via the host STING pathway as a bridge to a spontaneous adaptive T cell response. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr SY26-03. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-SY26-03
Sorghum grain flake density and source of roughage in feedlot cattle diets.

Feedlot performance was studied in a 262-d trial using 126 crossbred beef steers (182 kg initial BW) to determine whether source of dietary roughage influences performance and carcass characteristics by steers fed growing (112 d) and finishing (150 d) diets with various flake densities (FD) of steam-processed sorghum grain. A 3 x 3 arrangement of treatments (two pens of seven steers each) was used, with dietary roughages being chopped alfalfa hay or 50:50 mixtures (equal NDF basis) of cottonseed hulls or chopped wheat straw with alfalfa hay; sorghum grain was steam-flaked to densities of 386, 322, and 257 g/L (SF30, SF25, and SF20, reflecting bushel weight in pounds). The effects of these same FD on nutrient digestibilities were determined in three experiments with 24 crossbred steers fed finishing diets containing each of the roughage sources. No interactions between FD and roughage type were detected in any performance or carcass measurements (P >.10). Intake of DM decreased linearly (P .10) by FD. Decreasing FD decreased linearly (P .10) daily gains or carcass measurements, but DM intake was lower and feed efficiencies were superior (P <.05) when alfalfa hay was the sole source of roughage. Cottonseed hulls and wheat straw were relatively less valuable in the low roughage finishing diets than in higher roughage growing diets. Digestibilities of starch increased linearly as FD was decreased (P = .02) when steers were fed diets containing wheat straw, but not for alfalfa hay or cottonseed hull diets. Digestibilities of DM did not vary with changes in FD; however, changes in CP, NDF, and ADF digestibilities due to FD seemed to differ among experiments. In conclusion, performance and carcass measurement responses by growing-finishing steers to differences in sorghum grain FD were not related to source of dietary roughage, but diets with alfalfa hay as the only source of roughage were most efficient. Decreasing FD of sorghum grain below 386 g/L (30 lb/bu) was not advantageous in improving performance or carcass merit by growing-finishing steers.
Major Ambulatory Surgery of the Pediatric Patient

Ambulatory surgery is an important part of the surgical care of children. Experience with 6972 pediatric surgical procedures performed in the Surgicenter is reviewed. Surgical techniques for the most common procedures—inguinal herniorrhaphy, orchiopexy, and umbilical herniorrhaphy—are described.
Sensitivity of Six Strains of Listeria monocytogenes to Nisin.

The sensitivity of six strains of Listeria monocytogenes (serotype 1, 1a, 2, 4a, 4b, and a nonhemolytic strain) to nisin was compared at pH 5.0, 6.0, and 7.0. The effects of 240 and 600 IU/ml of nisin in broth on 103, 104, 106, and 108 CFU/ml of each of the strains were tested, and cell numbers were determined after incubation for 30 min, 60 min, and 24 h at 35°C. Although populations decreased after a contact time of 30 min, survivors of 240 IU of nisin per ml reached high numbers after 24 h. Similar results were obtained for 600 IU of nisin per ml but there were no survivors after 24 h of incubation when inocula of less than 104 CFU/ml were tested irrespective of the strain. The sensitivity of L. monocytogenes to nisin at each pH was strain dependent, and it was enhanced at the low pH.
Control of Aflatoxin Production During Fermentation of Wild Rice

The effect of water content of wild rice on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus growing in the rice during fermentation, and influences of processing steps as means to reduce aflatoxin contamination were investigated. Aflatoxin was either not detected or rarely observed during 31 days of storage when rice saturated with water or adjusted to contain 33% water was inoculated with spores of A. flavus and stored at 25 C. Detectable amounts of aflatoxin developed in rice maintained at 20% moisture. Aflatoxin B1 content of contaminated fermented wet wild rice was reduced by parching. Aflatoxin analyses of hulls and kernels from parched rice indicated that most of the aflatoxin B1 remained in the hulls; however, detectable amounts of aflatoxin B1 were present in hulled rice kernels. When wild rice was sterilized with ethylene oxide, saturated with water, stored at 25 C, and inoculated with A. flavus, the mold grew if the rice was mixed daily, but only 10 ppb aflatoxin appeared after 19 days of storage. A....
Gender Communal Terrorism or War Rape: Ten Symbolic Reasons

This paper examines gender communal terrorism in past conflicts across the globe. Gender communal terrorism is a symbolic form of war rape. It was used systematically during the Bosnian War (1992–1995) and the Second Congo War (1998–2003), as part of a large-scale campaign to wipe out ethnic groups. In fact, war rape in the Second Congo War has been considered the worst in the history of humankind. To increase our understanding of war rape as a form of terrorism, ten symbolic themes (i.e., symbolic reasons) emerged from this analysis: (1) identicide (or ethnic cleansing), (2) punishment, (3) conquering territory, (4) proof of manhood, (5) wounded femininity, (6) wounded community, (7) rejection from family, (8) abjection, (9) ritual, and (10) fantasy. An important conclusion of this analysis is that all ten symbolic reasons of war rape have one purpose in common: the cultural elimination of the enemy. As such, gender communal terrorism is a weapon of war and an instrument of terror that cause profoundly negative effects on entire communities. Hence, a recurrent key word among those themes is the word “wounded”.
Clustering algorithm for improved network lifetime of mobile wireless sensor networks

In this paper, we propose LEACH-CCH as a clustering algorithm aimed at improving wireless sensor network lifetime in the case of mobile sensor nodes. LEACH-CCH is a modification of the LEACH algorithm, which was developed for stationary networks. An analysis of energy consumption for the LEACH algorithm is presented to identify which data transmissions are most energy expensive for a node throughout its lifetime. LEACH-CCH reduces the energy expended during the costliest data transmission. By predicting the future positions of sensor nodes and restructuring clusters accordingly, an improvement is seen in overall network lifetime when compared with LEACH.
Analysis of material selection in dielectric metagratings

We investigate several materials commonly used in nano-optics in the context of metagrating designs. The optimized devices for the materials are compared with respect to their optimal performance. Our work provides a useful guideline for metagrating design.
Relationships of Impulsivity and Subjective Response to Alcohol Use and Related Problems.

Objective:Impulsivity and subjective response to alcohol are predictors of alcohol use disorder. The purpose of this study was to replicate and extend prior research examining relationships between impulsivity and subjective response patterns. In addition, impulsivity and initial subjective response patterns were examined in relation to current heavy episodic drinking and alcohol-related problems.Method:Data were cross-sectional, retrospective self-reports, obtained from baseline assessments from five studies affiliated with the Yale Center for the Translational Neuroscience of Alcoholism. Analyses were conducted in a sample restricted to nondependent, young adults (n = 186) and in a larger, more heterogeneous sample (n = 363). Data were analyzed using hierarchical regression in three separate types of models.Results:In the young adult, nondependent sample, impulsivity was a statistically significant predictor of lower recent sedative subjective response. Impulsivity and initial sedative subjective respon...
Envisioning Mothers: Visualizations and the Invisibility of Motherhood

Women in the U.S. and Canada pay a substantial social and economic penalty for becoming mothers. And though the existence of a “motherhood penalty” has been extensively demonstrated, motherhood itself has not been widely recognized as a marginalized identity. In this article, I review several popular visualizations (graphical representations, imagery, infographics, etc.) used to depict inequality and oppression to propose that—despite mothers paying a motherhood penalty—motherhood remains an invisible category in current representations of social inequity. I suggest that by subsuming mothers under the category of “women,” current visualizations obscure how gender discrimination (particularly economic discrimination) results from women’s status as “mothers” rather than their status as “women.” As a result, we miss the central role that motherhood plays in women’s social and economic oppression. Motherhood is rarely recognized as an identity that contributes to women’s inequality, and I argue here that this is partially due to its invisibility in popular visualizations of oppression. As a result, I argue that motherhood should appear as an analytic category in our popular visualization of oppression to increase its visibility as a marginalized identity. Such visibility would increase social justice activism around issues of motherhood and would raise public awareness of motherhood as a significant social identity within the context of oppression and inequality.
Secondary IgA nephropathy

IgA nephropathy is the most common primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. Its frequent coexistence with inflammatory, infectious, or malignant processes raises the possibility of a pathologic rather than coincidental association. Major strides have been made to elucidate the underlying pathophysiologic events that culminate in the development of primary IgA nephropathy. Whether secondary forms of the disease share common pathways triggered by underlying disorders or different mechanisms leading to similar pathologic findings remains to be determined. In this article we describe the most frequent etiologies for secondary IgA nephropathy and review the available literature for the pathophysiology.
Internal Working Models of Attachment Relationships as Related to Resilient Coping

Adaptive coping in stressful situations turns, in part, on an individual's inner resources. There are at least two ways in which these inner resources are linked to secure attachment relationships. First, the confident knowledge that an attachment figure is available for emotional support when needed tends to increase an individual's ability to consider alternative solutions when faced with difficult and stressful situations (Bowlby, 1969/1982, 1973). Second, a secure relationship with one or more attachment figures affects successful coping more indirectly through the impact of such relationships on the organization and quality of an individual's representational system. Secure relationships, under this view, facilitate the development of well-organized, adequate, flexible internal working models (representations) of self in relation to important others, and thereby also of the world as a reasonably trustworthy place. Insecure attachment relations, under this view, lead to ill-organized working models that are distorted and disrupted by defensive processes that frequently stand in the way of successful coping.
The Knowledge Guild: The Legal Profession in an Age of Technological Change. Review of Richard Susskind, "The End of Lawyers? Rethinking the Nature of Legal Services"

In "The End of Lawyers? Rethinking the Nature of Legal Services," Richard Susskind predicts that lawyers will suffer the fate of other guild-members — the artisans and craftsman of an earlier age — who saw their livelihoods wiped out by the potent mix of technological advancement and market forces that is modernity. He argues that the commoditization of legal services will make much traditional legal work unnecessary, dramatically reducing the demand for the one-on-one client service that has sustained the growth of the legal profession. This review challenges Susskind’s assumption that the work of lawyers is analogous to the work of the mechanical craftsmen of previous eras and questions his failure to consider the political and legal factors that support the traditional legal profession. Susskind offers no evidence to support his claim that greater automation of legal work will result in less demand for human legal services. In fact, the evidence suggests that productivity increases in knowledge industries increase demand for those knowledge goods. And Susskind never discusses professional considerations such as malpractice, conflicts of interest and confidentiality that serve to reify the traditional order and limit the transformative power of technological change.
The identity and function of microglia in neurodegeneration

The predominant type of immune cell in the brain is the microglia, a type of tissue-resident macrophage. In a variety of neurodegenerative settings, microglia alter their transcriptional profile, morphology and function in similar ways; thus, these activated cells have been called 'degeneration- or disease-associated microglia' (DAM). These activated microglia can perform different functions and exert both positive effects and negative effects in different mouse disease models. In humans, mutations in genes expressed in microglia are linked to various neurodegenerative diseases. Here we provide an overview of the common microglial response to neurodegeneration and key contributing pathways; delineate the multifaceted functions of activated microglia spanning various diseases; and discuss insights from the study of human disease-associated genes. We argue that strong evidence from both mouse models and human genetics causally links the function of activated microglia to neurodegeneration.
Jérôme Boateng, candy storms and outrage over a woman soccer announcer: German discourses on race and gender during the 2016 UEFA European Championship

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes three German political discourses that accompanied the 2016 UEFA European Championship: The debate about the right-wing politician Alexander Gauland’s comments that peop...
Options for Radiation Tolerant High-Performance Memory

Memory technologies were reviewed for radiation effects performance in order to determine the most cost-efficient target for a possible memory investment targeted at creating a memory component of general applicability for space use. TID and SEL trends that had indicated improvement in intrinsic performance based on scaling cannot be trusted. SEE hardening of memory arrays is prohibitive in terms of cell-level power and area requirements. Radiation-hardened cells and custom controllers are recommended for future memory developments.
Contemporary Climate Change of the African Monsoon Systems

Our current understanding of current climate change in the West African, East African, and Congo Basin monsoon systems is reviewed. The detection of observed trends, the analysis of the physical processes of change, and model projections are discussed. An increase in Sahel precipitation has been associated with a summer intensification and northward shift of the West African monsoon system as a response to amplified warming over the Sahara. Declines in the boreal spring rains over East Africa, and in spring and summer rains in the Congo Basin, are also reported in the literature but with less corroboration through physical analysis and model projections. Confident analysis and accurate simulation are hampered by a relative scarcity of observations in these regions. The West African monsoon system is trending to bring more precipitation to the Sahel in summer, and some is delivered through increasingly intense rainfall events. It is not yet clear whether recent trends observed in the East African and Congo Basin monsoon systems can be expected to persist as the global climate continues to warm. We cannot expect these monsoon systems to change linearly through the twenty-first century because, as the ocean basins warm at different rates and with different distributions, different forcing factors may become dominant.
Incorporating Temporal Information in Microblog Retrieval

Abstract : Microblog retrieval is the task of retrieving relevant tweets in response a query. This paper presents our methods and results for the Real-time Ad-hoc Task in the TREC Microblog Track 2012. Our experiments focused on different ways of using temporal information to improve retrieval. Our four runs include three methods that use temporal information and a baseline method that does not. One of our temporal methods favors recent tweets and the other two favor tweets from time periods associated with a high concentration of tweets predicted relevant (potentially, but not necessarily the recent past).
Synchronization of ATPase Activity in the Honeybee Thorax with Development, in Pharate and Early Adult Stages

SummaryThe progressive increase of oligomycin-sensitive (O-S) Mg2+ ATPase (mitochondrial in origin) is related to developmental changes during the pharate adult and early adult stages of worker honeybees in a colony at 32°C. The enzyme activity in the young adult is 20 times as great as 7 days earlier in the pharate adult. Oligomycin-insensitive Mg2+ ATPase also increases, but bya smaller amount (about 5 times).
Superior Hypogastric Plexus Block for Pain Relief After Laparoscopic Hysterectomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Study Objective To assess the efficacy of a superior hypogastric plexus block (SHPB) for pain relief following laparoscopic hysterectomy. Design Multi-center, single-blind, randomized controlled trial. Setting Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, NC, and George Washington University Hospital, Washington, D.C. Patients or Participants 100 patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign indications were recruited between January 2018 and February 2019. Interventions Patients were randomized to receive a SHPB (n = 50) or no block (n = 50) at the start of laparoscopic hysterectomy. The block contained 10 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine injected in the presacral space. Measurements and Main Results The proportion of patients with a mean VAS (visual analogue scale) pain score less than 4 within 2 hours postoperatively was defined a priori as the primary outcome and compared between the groups. An intention to treat analysis was performed. Patients in the SHPB group were 1.6-times more likely to have a mean VAS Conclusion SHPB reduces immediate postoperative pain after laparoscopic hysterectomy however this effect does not extend to two hours postoperatively. SHPB does not impact opioid consumption, long-term pain, or recovery unit time.
Probabilistic bound on extreme fluctuations in isolated quantum systems

We ask to what extent an isolated quantum system can eventually ``contract'' to be contained within a given Hilbert subspace. We do this by starting with an initial random state, considering the probability that all the particles will be measured in a fixed subspace, and maximizing this probability over all time. This is relevant, for example, in a cosmological context, which may have access to indefinite timescales. We find that when the subspace is much smaller than the entire space, this maximal probability goes to $\frac{1}{2}$ for real initial wave functions, and to ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}/16$ when the initial wave function has been drawn from a complex ensemble. For example, when starting in a real generic state, the chances of collapsing all particles into a small box will be less than but come arbitrarily close to $50%$. This contraction corresponds to an entropy reduction by a factor of approximately 2, thus bounding large downward fluctuations in entropy from generic initial states.
Abstract TP121: Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide (Oatp)-Mediated Transport is Required for Statin-Induced Neuroprotection: A Role for Blood-Brain Barrier Transporters in Stroke Treatment

Objectives: Treatment approaches for stroke include reperfusion therapies (i.e., recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, endovascular thrombectomy); however, many stroke patients still experience...