cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Building Blocks of Supply Chain Management

Supply chain management is one of the most complex business disciplines, comprising activities and interactions within and between many of the traditional functional areas of a firm and their channel partners. No longer can a company place its entire focus on its own operations because long-term success is becoming increasingly dependent on actions and decisions of upstream and downstream firms in the supply chain. Organizations that effectively collaborate with their supply chain partners position themselves for success in 21st-century markets. In order to prepare our students to make decisions in this complex environment, educators in operations research and management science must introduce students to the important interactions which are essential to effective supply chain management. We have developed a classroom supply chain simulation incorporating Lego™ bricks to highlight the flow of materials, products, and information through the channel. Students assume the responsibilities of various supply chain functions and must work together to provide finished products according to a production schedule and a rush customer order. The exercise was designed for an undergraduate introductory course in supply chain management, transportation and logistics, or management science in a business or industrial engineering school. It reinforces lectures and discussions about the different functional areas of the supply chain and serves to energize students about the remainder of their curriculum in the field. The follow-up assignments included with the simulation allow students to execute the major steps of the production planning process within the familiar context of the company used in the simulation exercise.
Dietary Sodium Bicarbonate and Magnesium Oxide for Early Postpartum Lactating Dairy Cows: Effects of Production, Acid-Based Metabolism, and Digestion

In two experiments with cows in early lactation fed 40% corn silage and 60% concentrate diets (dry basis), we examined effects of 1.0% dietary sodium bicarbonate and .8% magnesium oxide in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement on performance, acid-base metabolism, and digestion. In Experiment 1 with 20 Holstein and 4 Jersey cows, intake and milk production were not affected by treatment through 12 wk postpartum. In digestion trials at 3, 6, 9, and 12 wk postpartum, addition of magnesium oxide increased digestibility of dry matter 1.8% units by sodium bicarbonate whereas acid detergent fiber digestion increased 9 to 12% units with addition of either buffer. In Experiment 2, with four fistulated Holstein cows in a Latin square design, intake per unit body weight was increased .18% units by dietary sodium bicarbonate while milk production was unaffected. Dry matter and acid detergent fiber digestion were increased slightly by sodium bicarbonate plus magnesium oxide addition whereas nitrogen balance increased 23 g/day in cows fed magnesium oxide alone. Because of the low fiber content of the ration, milk fat percent increased .5 to .9% by addition of either buffer in both experiments and resulted in corresponding increased in fat-corrected milk. Sodium bicarbonate and magnesium oxide prevented rapid declines in rumen pH associated with feeding in Experiment 2, which related to changes in acid detergent fiber digestion. Blood acid-base metabolites were relatively unchanged by treatment in either experiment. Urinary bicarbonate and net acid excretion rates were changed on the average by +41 and +43 meq/h by sodium bicarbonate or magnesium oxide but could not be related to changes in intake and production.
Semi-supervised learning of brain functional networks

Identification of subject-specific brain functional networks of interest is of great importance in fMRI based brain network analysis. In this study, a novel method is proposed to identify subject-specific brain functional networks using a graph theory based semi-supervised learning technique by incorporating not only prior information of the network to be identified as similarly used in seed region based correlation analysis (SCA) but also background information, which leads to robust performance for fMRI data with low signal noise ratio (SNR). Comparison experiments on both simulated and real fMRI data demonstrate that our method is more robust and accurate for identification of known brain functional networks than SCA, blind independent component analysis (ICA), and clustering based methods including Ncut and Kmeans.
A note on union-non-union benefit differentials and size of establishment

Abstract This research note has expanded Podgursky's (1986) results concerning union-non-union differentials to benefits. Explicitly, union impacts on pension and health insurance coverage are obtained by plant size. Our empirical results are based on May 1983 CPS data of random sample of white males. They indicate that the pattern of differentials for health insurance are very similar to those obtained by Podgursky (i.e., the union-non-union differentials are largest in small plants). However, the results for pension coverage indicate a U-shaped union-non-union differential (i.e., the smallest and largest plants are found to have the largest differential).
Advances in low-cost long-wave infrared polymer windows

Recent improvements in engineered polymeric material compositions and advances in processing methodologies developed and patented at Raytheon Systems Company have produced long wave IR windows at exceptionally low costs. These UV stabilized, high strength windows incorporating subwavelength structured antireflection surfaces are enabling IR imaging systems to penetrate commercial markets and will reduce the cost of systems delivered to the military. The optical and mechanical properties of these windows will be discussed in detail with reference to the short and long-term impact on military IR imaging systems.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A data mining approach for generation of control signatures

Data mining offers methodologies and tools for data analysis, discovery of new knowledge, and autonomous process control. This paper introduces basic data mining algorithms. An approach based on rough set theory is used to derive associations among control parameters and the product quality in the form of decision rules. The model presented in the paper produces control signatures leading to good quality products of a metal forming process. The computational results reported in the paper indicate that data mining opens a new avenue for decision-making in material forming industry.
Comparison of HIV‐Associated Risk Behaviors of Primary Intravenous Stimulant Users and Opioid‐Addicted Subjects on Methadone Maintenance

Intravenous drug users (IVNDUs) in treatment participated in structured interviews on high-risk drug use and sex practices. Follow-up interviews at 18 months assessed behavior change. Primary stimulant users were compared with subjects on methadone who used stimulants and subjects on methadone who did not. At initial interview, stimulant users had more needle sharing and sex partners than did non-stimulant users. On follow-up, primary stimulant usen had needle-sharing rates equivalent to non-stimulant users but were more likely to have multiple sex partners. Stimulant-preferring NDUS exhibit considerable risk behavior. Enhanced outpatient programs that address high-risk behavior are needed for this group.
Integrating Information Technology into the Evidence-Based Practice of Psychology.

Information technology (IT) is increasingly being used to facilitate, complement, and support the implementation of evidence-based practices (EBP) in psychology. This article reviews recent randomised trials that evaluate the integration of IT applications into the process of delivering EBP. More specifically, we review 11 studies that illustrate how IT has been successfully integrated into traditional clinician-delivered psychotherapy to promote the adoption of EBP. Advantages and disadvantages of this approach are discussed. The paper concludes with practical recommendations for clinicians who are interested in integrating IT into their practice.
Testing of a high current DC ESQ accelerator

A high current DC electrostatic quadrupole (ESQ) accelerator is being developed for negative-ion-based neutral beam heating and current drive on the next generation tokamak. Beam energy and current will eventually be in the megaelectronvolt and multiampere range. This constant-current variable-voltage (CCVV) accelerator uses a series of identical ESQ modules. The authors have successfully tested a prototype CCVV accelerator up to 200 keV with a 100-mA He/sup +/ beam (with space charge equivalence of 140 mA of D/sup -/) for a pulse length of 1 s. Testing was also done with a 42-mA H/sup -/ beam (H/sup -/ beam current was limited by source performance). There was almost no beam loss in the ESQ accelerator. >
The promise of NLP and speech processing technologies in language assessment

Advances in natural language processing (NLP) and automatic speech recognition and processing technologies offer new opportunities for language testing. Despite their potential uses on a range of language test item types, relatively little work has been done in this area, and it is therefore not well understood by test developers, researchers or users in language assessment. This paper introduces NLP for language assessment as an area of inquiry and practice by describing the historical roots coming from computational linguistics, statistical NLP, speech recognition and processing technologies, language assessment, and computer-assisted language learning. It outlines uses of NLP and speech recognition and processing technologies in language assessment through illustrations of current testing projects, and identifies areas in need of further development.
Observations on the eosinophilia of certain patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

In a retrospective study of 45 cases of rheumatoid arthritis selected for their severity or for elevated titers of rheumatoid factor, unexplained eosinophile counts of 5% or greater were encountered in 40%. Certain extra-articular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis were found in higher incidence in the group of patients with eosinophilia. The most notable of these were vasculitis, pleuropericarditis, pulmonary fibrosis and subcutaneous nodules. The eosinophilia was present for variable periods of time, sometimes persisting at elevated levels for several years or alternatively appearing in brief episodes. In a number of patients, the appearance in time of some extra-articular manifestations was coincident with eosinophilia. Two patients had extreme elevations in the number of eosinophiles. The eosinophiles of one patient, studied in detail, showed inclusions, which by immunofluorescent microscopy, contained γG-globulin, γM-globulin and rheumatoid factor. The serum of this patient when incubated with another eosinophile preparation induced the formation of inclusions. Various mechanisms were discussed in which the eosinophilia is related to possible immune events occurring in the course of rheumatoid arthritis.
Can HIV Be Cured and Should We Try

An estimated 35.0 million persons live with HIV; 2.1 million new infections occurred and 1.5 million persons died of HIV in 2013 (World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/hiv/data/epi_core_dec2014.png?ua=1). Despite effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), less than one-quarter of patients can access these life-prolonging medications; and despite its effectiveness, cART does not normalize life expectancy, as premature aging, metabolic complications and chronic inflammation complicate HIV therapy. HIV is incurable due to the presence of a latent viral reservoir. During the life cycle of the virus, HIV integrates into the host DNA. A subset of integrated HIV provirus remains transcriptionally silent, producing neither viral proteins nor viral progeny, until reactivation by various physiologic stimuli. This latency of HIV allows some infected cells to escape immune detection and elimination, and these latently infected cells constitute the viral reservoir. The latent viral reservoir allows viral rebound within weeks of interruption of cART, 1,2 where the magnitude of viral replication approaches that present pre-therapy. Although it was once thought that viral rebound occurred universally following therapy interruption, several recent reports challenge that paradigm. The “Berlin patient” successfully cleared HIV after two allogeneic transplants from a donor with homozygous CCR5Δ32 mutation,3 and he has not rebounded HIV after nearly seven years. This case likely represents a cure from HIV; yet other cases have been described where HIV rebound has been attenuated, or delayed. The “Mississippi” baby was a perinatally HIV-infected infant who initiated cART within hours of birth, and when interrupted eighteen months later, viremia remained undetectable for nearly two years.4 The Harvard BMT cases underwent allogeneic BMT, developed undetectable HIV DNA, yet rebounded viremia within only eight months after cART discontinuation.5 Together these cases demonstrate that control of viremia in the absence of cART is possible, if not durable.4 The VISCONTI cohort of 14 HIV-infected adults who initiated antiretroviral therapy during acute infection, and in whom high level rebound viremia had not occurred several years after cessation of therapy,6 similarly demonstrated that viral rebound following cART interruption can be attenuated. These cases have reinvigorated research toward finding a cure for HIV, which certainly will require an exceptional investment of time, talent and resources. Thus it is prudent to question whether such resources would be better devoted to more proximate needs with proven results (such as supplying cART to those without access to it, or supplying pre/post exposure prophylaxis to reduce the rate of new infections).
EMERGENT SOCIAL LEARNING NETWORKS IN ORGANIZATIONS WITH HETEROGENEOUS AGENTS

Two distinct learning mechanisms are considered for a population of agents who engage in decentralized search for the common optimum. An agent may choose to learn via innovation (individual learning) or via imitation (social learning). The agents are endowed with heterogeneous skills in engaging in the two modes of learning. When the agents choose imitation, they also choose whom to learn from. This leads to the emergence of a social learning network among agents in the population. This paper focuses on the impact the endowed learning skills have on the individual's choice of learning mechanism as well as the micro and macro structure of the evolving network. Finally, it explores the impact the degree of environmental volatility has on the structure of such networks.
Software agents and the route to the information economy

Humans are on the verge of losing their status as the sole economic species on the planet. In private laboratories and in the Internet laboratory, researchers and developers are creating a variety of autonomous economically motivated software agents endowed with algorithms for maximizing profit or utility. Many economic software agents will function as miniature businesses, purchasing information inputs from other agents, combining and refining them into information goods and services, and selling them to humans or other agents. Their mutual interactions will form the information economy: a complex economic web of information goods and services that will adapt to the ever-changing needs of people and agents. The information economy will be the largest multiagent system ever conceived and an integral part of the world's economy. I discuss a possible route toward this vision, beginning with present-day Internet trends suggesting that agents will charge one another for information goods and services. Then, to establish that agents can be competent price setters, I describe some laboratory experiments pitting software bidding agents against human bidders. The agents' superior performance suggests they will be used on a broad scale, which in turn suggests that interactions among agents will become frequent and significant. How will this affect macroscopic economic behavior? I describe some interesting phenomena that my colleagues and I have observed in simulations of large populations of automated buyers and sellers, such as price war cycles. I conclude by discussing fundamental scientific challenges that remain to be addressed as we journey toward the information economy.
Gender and the construction of models of Christian activity: A case study

In my review of previous presidential addresses, I found it interesting to discover that only one had built upon one of the most significant cultural and scholarly developments of the past generation and perhaps the past century, that is, women's and, later, gender studies and their relevance for our respective fields. That was Jane Dempsey Douglass's address twenty years ago as the first woman president of this Society on “what Calvin learned at the school of women,” an event that will surely be recognized in the program session tomorrow on “Women in the American Society of Church History.”
Trends and challenges in LDPC hardware decoders

Over the last decade low density parity check (LDPC) codes have received significant attention due to their superior error correction performance, and have been adopted by recent communication standards such as 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GBASE-T), digital video broadcasting (DVB-S2), WiMAX (802.16e), Wi-Fi (802.11n) and 60 GHz WPAN (802.15.3c). While there has been much research on LDPC decoders and their VLSI implementations, many diffculties to achieve requirements remain such as lower error floors, reduced interconnect complexities, smaller die areas, lower power dissipation, and design reconfigurability (run-time) to support multiple code lengths and code rates. This paper provides an overview of current research in LDPC decoder algorithms and architectures that are well suited for hardware implementations. Near and long-term trends of next generation LDPC requirements are made and an analysis of how current architectures will fare with the increasing demands on throughput, BER performance, power dissipation, and chip area (among others) that will be necessary for the widespread adoption of LDPC codecs in near-future applications.
Error in estimates of tissue material properties from shear wave dispersion ultrasound vibrometry

Shear wave velocity measurements are used in elasticity imaging to find the shear elasticity and viscosity of tissue. A technique called shear wave dispersion ultrasound vibrometry (SDUV) has been introduced to use the dispersive nature of shear wave velocity to locally estimate the material properties of tissue. Shear waves are created using a multifrequency ultrasound radiation force, and the propagating shear waves are measured a few millimeters away from the excitation point. The shear wave velocity is measured using a repetitive pulse-echo method and Kalman filtering to find the phase of the harmonic shear wave at 2 different locations. A viscoelastic Voigt model and the shear wave velocity measurements at different frequencies are used to find the shear elasticity (mu1) and viscosity (mu2) of the tissue. The purpose of this paper is to report the accuracy of the SDUV method over a range of different values of mu1 and mu2. A motion detection model of a vibrating scattering medium was used to analyze measurement errors of vibration phase in a scattering medium. To assess the accuracy of the SDUV method, we modeled the effects of phase errors on estimates of shear wave velocity and material properties while varying parameters such as shear stiffness and viscosity, shear wave amplitude, the distance between shear wave measurements (Deltatau), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the ultrasound pulse-echo method, and the frequency range of the measurements. We performed an experiment in a section of porcine muscle to evaluate variation of the aforementioned parameters on the estimated shear wave velocity and material property measurements and to validate the error prediction model. The model showed that errors in the shear wave velocity and material property estimates were minimized by maximizing shear wave amplitude, pulse-echo SNR, Deltatau, and the bandwidth used for shear wave measurements. The experimental model showed optimum performance could be obtained for Deltatau = 3-6 mm, SNR ges35 dB, with a frequency range of 100 to 600 Hz, and with a shear wave amplitude on the order of a few microns down to 0.5 mum. The model provides a basis to explore different parameters related to implementation of the SDUV method. The experiment confirmed conclusions made by the model, and the results can be used for optimization of SDUV.
Profiling the Potential “Green” Hotel Guest: Who Are They and What Do They Want?

Environmental factors are increasingly important in the hospitality industry, with “green” operations receiving more attention from the hotel industry. As a result, major hotel brands, such as Starwood, have started environmental initiatives with far-reaching effects on the development and operation of their properties. But are consumers ready for these changes, who are they, and what benefits do they perceive as important? To answer these questions, hoteliers must understand how to position their hotel and attract the right customer. Following prior research, and adapting a psychographic segmentation approach, this study segmented respondents into shades of green, then determined their preferences for hotel offerings of products and services and the perceived benefits they seek. The results highlight the importance of environmental attitudes in the prediction of green consumer behavior. The results show that the shades of green consumers are reasonably distinct and different in terms of identifiable char...
Genetically modified plants : the debate continues

The debate about the potential risks and benefits of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has hit the headlines over the past few months. The polarization of much of the debate obscures what really constitutes ecological risk, and what methods we can apply to identify and quantify those risks. Ecological science has much to offer in this respect, including ecological theory, manipulative experiments, the application of molecular tools and the interpretation of observational data from conventional agriculture. In the current heated debate, it is perhaps belief in the scientific method, above all else, that needs to be promoted and discussed.
Creating teachable moments: a clinic-based intervention to improve young men's sexual health.

A multicomponent health education intervention for men was integrated into initial visits at the Young Men’s Clinic in New York City. In all, 157 predominantly low-income, Latino and African Americ...
Pinch forces and instrument tip forces during periodontal scaling

Background: The prevalence of upper-extremity musculoskeletal disorders, such as tendinitis, is elevated among dental practitioners. An important risk factor for these disorders is forceful pinching; however, the pinch forces and instrument forces during scaling are unknown.Methods: Six dentists and six senior-year dental students were recruited to use an instrumented periodontal scaler to perform their usual dental scaling work on patients. Thumb pinch force was measured by a pressure sensor, whereas the forces developed at the instrument tip were measured by a six-axis load cell.Results: Dental students applied greater mean peak pinch force (35.7 ± 3.8 N) compared to dentists (24.5 ± 4.1 N) (P = 0.001). On the other hand, the peak forces generated at the instrument tip, which were directly related to the productivity of the dental scaling task, were higher among the dentists. The application of pinch force by dentists was related to the required scaling forces, whereas students applied excessive pinch f...
Estimation of bare surface soil moisture and surface roughness parameter using L-band SAR image data

An algorithm based on a fit of the single-scattering integral equation method (IEM) was developed to provide estimation of soil moisture and surface roughness parameter (a combination of rms roughness height and surface power spectrum) from quad-polarized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) measurements. This algorithm was applied to a series of measurements acquired at L-band (1.25 GHz) from both AIRSAR (Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory) and SIR-C (Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C) over a well-managed watershed in southwest Oklahoma. Prior to its application for soil moisture inversion, a good agreement was found between the single-scattering IEM simulations and the L-band measurements of SIR-C and AIRSAR over a wide range of soil moisture and surface roughness conditions. The sensitivity of soil moisture variation to the co-polarized signals were then examined under the consideration of the calibration accuracy of various components of SAR measurements. It was found that the two co-polarized backscattering coefficients and their combinations would provide the best input to the algorithm for estimation of soil moisture and roughness parameter. Application of the inversion algorithm to the co-polarized measurements of both AIRSAR and SIR-C resulted in estimated values of soil moisture and roughness parameter for bare and short-vegetated fields that compared favorably with those sampled on the ground. The root-mean-square (rms) errors of the comparison were found to be 3.4% and 1.9 dB for soil moisture and surface roughness parameter, respectively.
The meta-analysis: supportive or illuminating?

Many of us use statistical methods like an unsteady person might use a lamppost—more for support (of our pre-conceived notions) than for illumination. After all, Yogi Bera once said, ‘If I didn't believe it, I wouldn't have seen it.’ So it is easy to scoff at some of the flimsy constructs our colleagues have brought forward to ‘illuminate’ important issues that have not been answered by definitive trial data. In no case has the derision reached as high a level as with the meta-analysis, an attempt to compile data from small trials to answer important clinical questions. Though there may be good scientific rationale for such an idea all of us enjoy pointing to numerous examples in which poorly executed meta-analyses led to conclusions that were swept away later by rigorous clinical trial results. The truth is that the meta-analysis, like any statistical method, is susceptible to error when performed incorrectly.1,2 And one of the most common mistakes is study selection. Inclusion of poor studies and exclusion of valuable ones can dramatically affect the quality of the analysis to the point of reaching conclusions that are exactly contrary to the truth. A second potential weakness of this methodology is that, even with the compilation of well-executed trials, numbers may still be insufficient to reach … *Corresponding author: Suite 558, Medical Office Building East, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA. Tel: +1 610 645 2682; fax: +1 610 896 0643. E-mail address : koweypr{at}mlhheart.org
Toward universal telephone access: Market progress and progress beyond the market

The last 10 years have seen an explosion in access to telephone services worldwide based on rapid technology advance in increasingly competitive markets. The mobile phone has driven expansion in subscribers and access, especially in the developing world. This paper estimates global mobile footprint coverage based on 2002 data and calculates that as much as 77 percent of the world's population may live in an area covered by a mobile signal. Nonetheless, many people remain without access to telephony. The paper estimates the maximum likely cost in terms of cross subsidy within the industry and outside financing for achieving universal access using competitively awarded subsidies to private providers in a reformed market. This upper-end cost is estimated at $5.7 billion, with costs that could not be supplied by a reasonable tax on existing providers (and so required from outside the sector) estimated at $1.8 billion.
A process and device model for GaAs MESFET technology: GATES

A combined process and device modeling program for GaAs MESFET digital and microwave integrated-circuit technology is described. GATES (for GaAs transistor engineering models) is designed to meet the needs of process, test, and manufacturing engineers who require answers to questions about how process parameters and tolerances affect device performance and uniformity, but who have limited access to large-computer modeling tools. The program makes extensive use of analytical models. The physical models used for ion implantation, dopant diffusion and other process factors and the methods used to calculate carrier profiles, threshold voltages, layer resistivities. MESFET parasitic resistances, and I-V characteristics are discussed. The I-V curves can be fitted to expressions suitable for use in circuit optimization codes such as SPICE. It is shown how to calibrate some of the physical quantities. >
Turnover Rate of the γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter GAT1

We combined electrophysiological and freeze-fracture methods to estimate the unitary turnover rate of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter GAT1. Human GAT1 was expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, and individual cells were used to measure and correlate the macroscopic rate of GABA transport and the total number of transporters in the plasma membrane. The two-electrode voltage-clamp method was used to measure the transporter-mediated macroscopic current evoked by GABA ( $$ {I^{{{\rm{GABA}}}}_{{{\rm{NaCl}}}} } $$ ), macroscopic charge movements (Q NaCl) evoked by voltage pulses and whole-cell capacitance. The same cells were then examined by freeze-fracture and electron microscopy in order to estimate the total number of GAT1 copies in the plasma membrane. GAT1 expression in the plasma membrane led to the appearance of a distinct population of 9-nm freeze-fracture particles which represented GAT1 dimers. There was a direct correlation between Q NaCl and the total number of transporters in the plasma membrane. This relationship yielded an apparent valence of 8 ± 1 elementary charges per GAT1 particle. Assuming that the monomer is the functional unit, we obtained 4 ± 1 elementary charges per GAT1 monomer. This information and the relationship between $$ {I^{{{\rm{GABA}}}}_{{{\rm{NaCl}}}} } $$ and Q NaCl were used to estimate a GAT1 unitary turnover rate of 15 ± 2 s−1 (21°C, −50 mV). The temperature and voltage dependence of GAT1 were used to estimate the physiological turnover rate to be 79–93 s−1 (37°C, −50 to −90 mV).
Voltage‐ and calcium‐activated potassium currents in mouse neuroblastoma x rat glioma hybrid cells.

1. Membrane currents were recorded from voltage-clamped, microelectrode-impaled cells of the NG108-15 mouse neuroblastoma x rat glioma clonal cell line, differentiated with prostaglandin E1. 2. A slow outward tail current reversing at post-pulse potentials between -80 and -90 mV was evoked by depolarizing pre-pulses to near 0 mV. The tail current was inhibited by Cd2+ ions (0.2-1 mM) and hence attributed to activation of a Ca2+-dependent K+ current by a priming voltage-activated Ca2+ current. 3. Two components to this tail current could be distinguished pharmacologically: an early (less than or equal to 50 ms) component inhibited by 1-5 mM-tetraethylammonium (TEA), and a late component lasting several hundred milliseconds inhibited by apamin (0.1-0.4 microM) or d-tubocurarine (0.1-0.5 mM). 4. Ionophoretic injection of Ca2+ ions evoked a transient outward current with an apparent reversal potential (from ramped current-voltage curves) of -70 mV. This current was succeeded or sometimes replaced by an inward current with an apparent reversal potential between -20 and -10 mV. 5. The outward current induced by Ca2+ injections was unaffected or partly inhibited by TEA (1-5 mM), but was strongly inhibited by apamin or d-tubocurarine. 6. Hyperpolarizing voltage steps from between -30 and -40 mV induced inward current relaxations reversing at between -80 and -90 mV. These were considered to result from deactivation of the voltage-dependent sustained K+ current, IM. 7. Application of methacholine, muscarine or Ba2+ ions produced an inward current, reduced input conductance and reduced IM deactivation relaxations. 8. It is concluded that differentiated NG108-15 cells possess several of the K+ currents present in sympathetic neurones, including a delayed rectifier current, two species of Ca2+-activated K+ current and the M-current.
The Injector Complex for the LAMPF Accelerator

The present planning and design goals for the LAMPF injector complex include a high-intensity H+ beam, an H- beam, and polarized H+ and H- beams. Since simultaneous acceleration of H+ and H- beams will be attempted by the LAMPF accelerator, a dual beam-transport system for blending these beams into a common channel will be necessary in the injector area. Provision also is made for injecting either H+ or H- polarized beams into the system. A high-quality beam of protons (? cm-mrad emittance and 26 mA) has been produced by a von Ardenne duoplasmatron and a Pierce extraction accelerating column. Problems of simultaneous bunching and matching of H+ and H- beams of different intensities have been studied. The entire injector complex is under computer control and should provide reasonably sophisticated pulse programming flexibility.
Homo- and heterodimetallic geminal dianions derived from the bis(phosphinimine) {Ph2P(NSiMe3)}2CH2 and the alkali metals Li, Na, and K.

The geminal organodimetallic complexes [{((Ph 2 P-(NSiMe 3 )} 2 C) 2 M 4 ], where M 4 =Na 4 , 3; Li 2 Na 2 , 4; LiNa 3 , 5; Li 2 K 2 , 6; Na 2 K 2 , 7, and Na 3 K, 8, have been prepared through a variety of methods including direct or sequential deprotonation of the neutral ligand with strong bases (tBuLi, nBuNa, (Me 3 Si) 2 NNa, PhCH 2 K or (Me 3 Si) 2 NK), transmetalation of the homometallic derivatives (M 4 =Li 4 , 2 or Na 4 , 3) with tBuONa or tBuOK, and by cation exchange upon mixing the homometallic complexes in an arene solution. Complexes 3-8 have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and are found to form a homologous series of dimeric structures in the solid-state, in accord with the previously reported structure of 2. Each complex is composed of a plane of four metals, M 4 , in which the ligands adopt capping positions to form distorted M 4 C2 octahedral cores. The metals in homometallic complexes 2 and 3 define an approximate square, whereas the heterometallic derivatives 4-8 have distinctly rhombic arrangements. The lighter metals in 4-8 interact strongly with the carbanions and the heavier metals are pushed towards the periphery of the structures. 1 H, 13 C, 7 Li, 31 P, and 29 Si multinuclear NMR spectroscopic studies, cryoscopic measurements, and electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopic studies are consistent with the dimers being retained in solution. Dynamic solution behavior was discovered for Li 2 Na 2 complex 4, in which all five possible tetrametallic derivatives Li 4 , Li 3 Na, Li 2 Na 2 , LiNa 3 and Na 4 coexist. Density functional theory (DFT) and natural bond order (NBO) calculations in association with natural population analyses (NPA) reveal significant differences in the electronic structures of the variously metalated dianions. The smaller cations are more effective in localizing the double negative charge on the carban-ion (in the form of two lone pairs), leading to differences in the distribution of the electron density within the ligand backbones. In turn, a complex interplay of hyperconjugation, electrostatics and metal-ligand interactions is found to control the resulting electronic structures of the geminal organodimetallic complexes.
The mere perception of elaboration creates attitude certainty: exploring the thoughtfulness heuristic

Attitude theory has long proposed a mechanism through which antecedents of message elaboration produce attitude strength consequences. However, little direct evidence exists for the intervening process. The proposed thoughtfulness heuristic holds that perceiving that more thought has taken place leads to greater attitude certainty. Two roles were established for this heuristic: first as a mediator of the impact of antecedents of elaboration on attitude certainty and second as a way to influence attitude certainty independent of actual elaboration. In Studies 1 and 2, antecedents of elaboration (need for cognition, distraction) impacted attitude certainty because they impacted the actual amount of processing, which in turn affected perceptions of the amount of processing. In Studies 3 and 4, a manipulation of perceived thought impacted certainty independent of actual thought (i.e., after thinking had already occurred). Furthermore, the thoughtfulness heuristic was shown to influence behavioral intentions, establishing perceived amount of processing as both a mediator and an independent cause of attitude strength consequences.
Maximizing profit in broiler production as prices change: A simple approximation with practical value

Time-varying energy and protein levels in broiler feed raise profit considerably above feeding at constant levels. To accurately set profit-maximizing levels of feed ingredients, nonlinear biological response functions are employed. Nonlinear programming allows solution for optimal energy, protein, and ingredient levels for given prices, but may be too complex for industry-wide use. However, separable linear programming can approximate the optimal solution without significant loss of profit. Linear programming is common in broiler feed formulation, so producers can adopt this technique with existing technology. The potential increase in profits might well ensure the economic survival of marginal firms. ©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sucrose and quinine intake by maternally-deprived and control rhesus monkeys

Clinical depression is often characterized by a loss of interest or pleasure in formerly enjoyable activities. Analogs of anhedonia are established in rats, but the generality of this phenomenon to other species is unknown. Maternally-deprived rhesus macaques show a wide range of behavioral abnormalities that are reversed by chronic antidepressant treatment. We tested consumption by maternally deprived versus control macaques of sweetened (seven sucrose concentrations) or bitter water (four quinine concentrations) versus plain water to evaluate a non-human primate model of depression for signs of anhedonia. All monkeys consumed more sweetened than tap water, but maternally-deprived monkeys had a diminished preference for sweetened water than did controls. However, maternally deprived animals consumed more bitter water than did controls. Baseline fluid consumption did not differ. The data suggest that 'anhedonia' in animal models may be secondary to a generally attenuated responsiveness to stimuli, rather than a unitary reduction in responsiveness to the appetitive properties of stimuli. We conclude that maternally-deprived rhesus monkeys do not display gustatory signs of anhedonia, but rather of insensitivity to gustatory stimuli.
Life-cycle assessment of an intelligent lighting system using a distributed wireless mote network

This paper describes the life-cycle assessment (LCA) of an efficient lighting system for commercial buildings using a distributed sensor network. This lighting system is controlled by intelligent software that uses miniaturized wireless networked sensors - motes - for sensing and actuation. The mote network is an experimental wireless sensor network that aims to be smaller, more efficient, less expensive and more versatile than other network alternatives. The LCA described in this paper shows the new lighting system has the potential to achieve environmental benefits in comparison to existing systems. The environmental impacts of the proposed intelligent lighting system are 18 to 344 times smaller than those of a conventional lighting system for the different environmental impact categories considered: acidification, global warming potential, carcinogenicity, non-cancer potential, ecotoxicity, photochemical smog eutrophication, ozone depletion potential, and fossil fuel depletion. This case study also provides insight for design choices in the sensor network, such as what type of battery should be used or which materials should be minimized.
Hemodynamic changes after pneumonectomy in the exercising foxhound

Pulmonary arterial pressure is higher during exercise after pneumonectomy than before. Several factors may contribute to the elevation, e.g., loss of vascular bed, overinflation of the remaining lung, and active pulmonary vasoconstriction. We measured hemodynamic changes during graded exercise in conditioned foxhounds and compared pulmonary pressure-flow relationships before and after left pneumonectomy. Pulmonary arterial pressure-flow relationship in the remaining lung is not altered by pneumonectomy, suggesting that the increase in pulmonary vascular resistance post-pneumonectomy is largely the passive consequence of increased pulmonary blood flow to the remaining lung. The potential for chronic hyperinflation of the remaining lung to increase pulmonary resistance after pneumonectomy may have been counterbalanced by a concomitant reduction in lung elastic recoil. Unexpectedly, both mean systemic blood pressure and hematocrit were higher with respect to cardiac output after pneumonectomy. Cardiac output and stroke volume at any given work load were lower after pneumonectomy than before, and heart rate response was unaltered. This pattern of responses suggests that increases in left and right ventricular afterload may have contributed to the reduction in cardiac output.
Censorship Through Forensics: Video Evidence in Post-War Crises

Amateur video shot on mobile devices worldwide is helping to hold authorities to account for war crimes, human rights violations, and other abuses of power. What happens when the authenticity of that video is in doubt? The possibility of justice depends on forensic investigators who sometimes shroud their tools and methods in secrecy, inhibiting reproducibility of their results and disabling scrutiny of their authenticity claims.This chapter examines a forensics dispute over the authenticity of a leaked video depicting alleged war crimes in Sri Lanka, and argues that obstacles to reproducibility in forensic investigations of video evidence constitute pre-emptive censorship by suppressing potential critique. In this instance, secret, closed or proprietary tools restrict opportunities to contest video authenticity claims. In other words, they preclude counter-speech. Only with open tools and methods can publics contest the meaning of the video-speech.More broadly, this case study suggests that the technological mediation of knowledge in the production of authoritative objective truth is a fertile arena for “new school” speech regulation. As digital information products become increasingly uncontainable, effective censorship may nonetheless be possible by disrupting the tools and methods of analysis that produce meaning from widely available information. The culturally-sanctioned halo of objectivity that surrounds science and technology makes that sphere a likely site for the willful manipulation of consensus-based public truths, and hence encourages obstruction of access to knowledge in the most profound manner. Citizen engagement in, and response to, this form of censorship will depend on publics’ ability to scrutinize expert claims. Widespread open access to tools for producing information, like video editing equipment, and decentralized participation in the creation of information products, like videos, may enable resistance.
Effects of left circumflex ameroid constrictor placement on adrenergic innervation of myocardium

We evaluated the adrenergic innervation of the swine and canine myocardium after placement of an Ameroid constrictor around the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX). Fluorescent histochemistry was used to identify adrenergic nerve terminals in the myocardium and coronary vasculature. Ameroid occlusion of the proximal LCX in 10 pigs for 3 wk resulted in 6 +/- 1% infarction as well as myocardial ischemia in the left circumflex region of pigs studied during exercise. However, placement of the Ameroid constrictor did not significantly alter the surface density of the nerve terminals in the LCX region of myocardium when compared with innervation of control hearts. Histological examination of the coronary arterial adrenergic innervation in Ameroid-occluded pigs revealed that coronary vessels in the circumflex region of the heart were innervated. Similarly, in seven LCX Ameroid-occluded dogs, no significant decrease in adrenergic innervation of the LCX region of myocardium was observed when compared with control dogs. In contrast LCX Ameroid-occluded pigs demonstrated significant (P less than 0.01) denervation of the left anterior descending (LAD) region of myocardium when compared with control animals. The close proximity of adrenergic nerve bundles in the proximal LAD region indicates that denervation of the myocardium supplied by the LAD may result from the dissection and/or fibrosis associated with placement of the Ameroid constrictor on the proximal LCX. Our results suggest that placement of an Ameroid constrictor on the proximal LCX does not significantly alter the adrenergic innervation of the LCX-perfused myocardium or its associated coronary vasculature. However, denervation of LAD-perfused myocardium and its vasculature may result.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in adolescents and young adults (AYA): The M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) experience

7051 Background: AML is a heterogeneous group of hematopoietic neoplasms demonstrating clonal proliferation of myeloid precursors and is typically a disease of older adults. Little is known about o...
A Combined In Vitro Imaging and Multi-Scale Modeling System for Studying the Role of Cell Matrix Interactions in Cutaneous Wound Healing

Many cell types remodel the extracellular matrix of the tissues they inhabit in response to a wide range of environmental stimuli, including mechanical cues. Such is the case in dermal wound healing, where fibroblast migrate into and remodel the provisional fibrin matrix in a complex manner that depends in part on the local mechanical environment and the evolving multi-scale mechanical interactions of the system. In this study, we report on the development of an image-based multi-scale mechanical model that predicts the short-term (24 hours), structural reorganization of a fibrin gel by fibroblasts. These predictive models are based on an in vitro experimental system where clusters of fibroblasts (i.e., explants) were spatially arranged into a triangular geometry onto the surface of fibrin gels that were subjected to either Fixed or Free in-plane mechanical constraints. Experimentally, regional differences in short-term structural remodeling and cell migration were observed for the two gel boundary conditions. A pilot experiment indicated that these small differences in the short-term remodeling of the fibrin gel translate into substantial differences in long-term (4 weeks) remodeling, particularly in terms of collagen production. The multi-scale models were able to predict some regional differences in remodeling and qualitatively similar reorganization patterns for the two boundary conditions. However, other aspects of the model, such as the magnitudes and rates of deformation of gel, did not match the experiments. These discrepancies between model and experiment provide fertile ground for challenging model assumptions and devising new experiments to enhance our understanding of how this multi-scale system functions. These efforts will ultimately improve the predictions of the remodeling process, particularly as it relates to dermal wound healing and the reduction of patient scarring. Such models could be used to recommend patient-specific mechanical-based treatment dependent on parameters such as wound geometry, location, age, and health.