cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Real-time MRI feedback of cavitation ablation therapy (histotripsy)

Histotripsy ablation of liver tumors is a non-invasive surgery that uses high-intensity acoustic pulses to control an inertial cavitation cloud. Repeated exposure to the cavitation cloud renders a target tissue into a homogenous slurry which is then gradually absorbed by the body. Like other non-invasive surgeries, histotripsy requires a feedback system that can estimate therapy location and dose in real-time. Because the time-average power output of histotripsy is very small, the treatment region does not express a significant rise in temperature, making MRI thermometry an ineffective method to actively monitor therapy. Previous work has shown that MRI pulse sequences can be made sensitive to the chaotic water flow present during inertial cavitation. This is done by synchronizing the timing of the histotripsy pulses with the timing of the sequence’s gradient waveforms. Incoherent water flow caused by cavitation attenuates the MR signal through a process similar to that used in diffusion-weighted MRI. It was shown that these sequences can give localized contrast specific to histotripsy bubble clouds. However, the MR images could only be acquired in a piecemeal fashion over several minutes such that a single image represented the influence of many cavitation events. Here, we introduce a single-shot MR acquisition sequence that is able to rapidly acquire a complete MR image and remain sensitive to histotripsy cavitation. This is done by synchronizing each histotripsy pulse with incoherent motion-weighting gradients placed just before the readout portion of the sequence. When repeated at the same rate as the histotripsy pulses, the resulting MR images can give feedback on the location of every cavitation cloud applied to the target tissue.
Understanding and Using Heterogeneity for High Performance, Energy Efficient Computing: Special Session Extended Abstract

This paper identifies workload and platform heterogeneity as an important feature that needs to be modeled and exploited for optimizing for performance and energy efficiency. We start by understanding how frequently are computer jobs submitted to an industrial-scale data center and discover/explain two patterns with respect to the inter-arrival time (IAT) of job requests. Based on these, a novel generative process for modeling heterogeneous data is proposed for simulating job requests with the same statistical properties as the real data. On the computing platform side, we consider the problem of dynamic workload mapping in heterogeneous many-core systems via an efficient algorithm that maximizes performance under power constraints. While the generic mapping problem is NP-hard, we propose a close-to-optimal polynomial approach that can be used in an online scenario for heterogeneous workloads running on heterogeneous platforms.
Gene Dysregulations Driven by Somatic Copy Number Aberrations-Biological and Clinical Implications in Colon Tumors: A Paper from the 2009 William Beaumont Hospital Symposium on Molecular Pathology

The majority of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases have chromosomal instability, in which the tumor genome is characterized by gross chromosomal aberrations such as gains in 20q, 13q, 8q, and 7, and losses in 4, 8p, 18q, and 17p. These somatic copy number changes (gains, losses, and somatic uniparental disomies) are crucial to CRC progression as they drive genes toward cancer-promoting (oncogenic or tumor suppressive) states. Numerous studies have shown that the loss of 18q or 8p is associated with poorer clinical outcome in CRCs. Either chromosomal arm may contain a tumor suppressor gene (or genes), whose deactivation by copy loss (loss of wild-type allele, decreased expression) can be crucial to the later stages of cancer progression. Our own integrated genomic analysis (single nucleotide polymorphism array, expression array) of more than 200 CRC tumor and normal samples indicates that the overall down-regulation of genes within the 8p or 18q arm is associated with lower survival rate. Among the often down-regulated, poor prognosis-associated 8p genes is MTUS1, whose gene product (a mitotic spindle-associated protein) was recently demonstrated to have a tumor suppressive property. Within 18q is ATP5A1, which codes for the catalytic a component of mitochondrial H+-ATP synthase. Like SMAD4 (also in 18q), the decreased expression of ATP5A1 appears to be a marker of unfavorable clinical outcome in CRCs.
The infrared universe revealed by IRAS

Some of the astrophysical phenomena revealed by IRAS are reviewed. The relation of IRAS data to understanding the origin of the interplanetary dust cloud, to the discovery of protoplanetary disks around other stars, to understanding the birth and death of stars, and to comprehending the energetics of the interstellar medium are addressed. Extragalactic results suggesting that IRAS may have found the birthplace of quasars are examined, and the surprising cosmological implications of the IRAS catalog are considered.
Emission spectrometric methods of analysis. Determination of common impurities in niobium metal and oxide by the powder—d.c. arc technique

Vv'eighed additions of oxides of the elements to be determined, with a particle size less than 325 mesh, are blended with a mixture of equal weights of graphite powder (or AgC1 for tungsten determinations) and high puri ty niobium pentoxide, with a particle size less than 200 mesh. The residual amount of each impurity element in the high puri ty niobium pentoxide base material is determined by a graphical method [1] employing at least two spectral lines in order to detect possible spectral interferences.
Bio-optical footprints created by mesoscale eddies in the Sargasso Sea

[1] We investigate the bio-optical footprints made by mesoscale eddies in the Sargasso Sea and the processes that create them through an eddy-centric approach. Many (>10,000) eddies are identified and followed in time using satellite altimetry observations and the spatial ocean color patterns surrounding each eddy are assessed. We find through a sequence of statistical hypothesis tests that not one but several mechanisms (i.e., eddy pumping, eddy advection and eddy-Ekman pumping) are responsible for the spatial-temporal ocean color patterns following individual eddies. Both eddy pumping and the eddy-Ekman pumping mechanisms alter subsurface nutrient distributions thereby driving biogeochemical cycles, while the eddy advection mechanism to first order stirs existing horizontal gradients in bio-optical properties. This work illustrates both the promise and some of the limitations of satellite observations for assessing the biogeochemical impacts of mesoscale eddies.
Willingness-to-Pay for a Nutraceutical-Rich Juice Blend

As human life expectancy increases, the potential for nutraceutical products expands. Economic theory and sensory science were integrated to determine (1) consumer acceptance of potential health statements about a juice blend and (2) the relative satisfaction consumers derived from sensory and nutraceutical characteristics of a juice blend. Four nonhypothetical experimental auction sessions with 11–12 consumers/session were held (n = 47) to elicit willingness-to-pay (WTP) for an optimized juice blend (87% Concord grape and 13% blackberry). Participants in two sessions tasted the product first and then received a potential health statement about the juice blend regarding positive benefits of anthocyanins before the third round (vice versa for the other two sessions). The WTP for the juice blend was higher when subjects tasted the product first and then received the potential health statement, which indicated a contrast effect caused by treatment order. Agreement with the potential health statement was not correlated to WTP. Nutraceutical product launch should be accompanied with in-store taste sessions to introduce consumers to product sensory properties. Practical Applications Consumers' willingness-to-pay for nutraceuticals can be assessed through nonhypothetical experimental auctions. Nonhypothetical value elicitation methods use real money and products to advantageously eliminate hypothetical bias. Experimental auctions allow product attributes such as nutraceutical status to be assessed along with sensory characteristics; hence, auctions can more easily capture all product aspects that contribute to consumer liking. Understanding how consumers value all attributes can provide crucial information about a product's marketplace sustainability.
Clinical Pathology Panels

A clinical pathology panel (also known as a battery or profile) is a collection of tests routinely performed to confirm good health, or to diagnose a disease or toxic effect. If, for example, one wishes to determine whether an animal has liver disease, some or all of the parameters in a hepatic panel might be performed. Because each parameter in a panel has its own advantages and specificities for diagnosing disease, the measurement of multiple parameters increases the likelihood of a correct diagnosis through a weight-of-the-evidence approach. A panel may be modified as prudence and costs allow. There are panels for a wide variety of health conditions ranging from acute cholecystitis to acute pancreatitis to a pancreas panel.
Lower Valence Fluorides of Vanadium, Chromium, and Iron AX MF3 (A = K, Rb, or Cs: M = V. Cr, or Fe; and x=0 To 1).

Abstract Some of the more interesting aspects of the AxMF3 compounds are their tendencies to display small lattice distortions, superlattice structures, and composition-dependent properties. All of these phenomena are a result of ionic ordering, of which there are three kinds (1) ordering of partially filled A+ sites, (2) M2+-M3+ electronic ordering, and (3) cooperative Jahn-Teller ordering. Hexagonal tungsten bronze-like phases (A = K, Rb, or Cs and × ~ 0.2–0.3). and modified pyroohlore phases (A = Rb or Cs, and × ~ 0.4–0.6) crystallize for M = V, Cr, and Fe. Tetragonal tungsten bronze-like phases form in KxVF3 (x = 0.45–0.56) and KxFeF3 (x = 0.40–0.60). but a new hexagonal phase orms in Kx CrF3. In an octahedral crystal field V3+ and Cr2 are Jahn-Teller ions, and their presence has a profound effect on the lattice that is formed. Comparisons are made between the AxVF3, AxCrF3, and AxFeF3 systems.
Efficient algorithms for selection of recovery points in tree task models

Efficient solutions to the problem of optimally selecting recovery points are developed. The solutions are intended for models of computation in which task precedence has a tree structure and a task may fail due to the presence of faults. An algorithm to minimize the expected computation time of the task system under a uniprocessor environment has been developed for the binary tree model. The algorithm has time complexity of O(N/sub 2/), where N is the number of tasks, while previously reported procedures have exponential time requirements. The results are generalized for an arbitrary tree model. >
X-RAY STUDIES OF LIME-BENTONITE REACTION PRODUCTS

CALCIUM ALUMINATE AND CALCIUM SILICATE HYDRATES WERE FORMED IN MIXTURES OF BENTONITE WITH WATER AND VARIOUS TYPES OF LIME, WHICH HAD BEEN SEALED AND CURED FOR UP TO THREE YEARS AT 23 DEG PLUS OR MINUS 2 DEG AND 100% RELATIVE HUMIDITY. METHODS OF ANALYSIS WERE X-RAY DIFFRACTION AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY. HYDROTHERMAL TREATMENT OF THE CURED MIXTURES AT 170 DEG C FOR 12 HR PRODUCED WELL-CRYSTALLIZED TOBERMORITE WITH APPARENT LATTICE SUBSTITUTION OF ALUMINUM. THE SAME RESULT WAS OBTAINED BY HYDROTHERMAL TREATMENT OF IDENTICAL UNCURED MIXTURES. /AUTHOR/
Stability of the undistorted states of an isotropic elastic body

Abstract Incremental stability criteria appropriate for compressible and incompressible, general isotropic elastic solids are used to study the stability of all undistorted states of an arbitrary body subject to dead loads corresponding to a uniform hydrostatic stress. General conditions sufficient for stability of all such hydrostatic stress states are derived. The results indicate a geometrical dependence for the apparent shear and bulk moduli. The relation of the main results (4.10) and (4.21) to uniqueness theorems in the theory of small deformations superimposed on large, to broad plausibility restrictions imposed on the elasticities so as to assure physically reasonable material behavior, and to the propagation of elastic waves is also outlined; these relations constitute only specific application of certain general theorems already in the literature. Finally, it is shown that the principal results coincide with estimates that may be gotten by aid of Holden's inequality.
Knowledge engineering as cross-examination

A simple yet powerful technique is presented for interviewing domain specialists in an expert systems' context on the basis of the legal process of cross-examination. The technique involves seven heuristics, which collectively assure the integrity of the knowledge base. In addition, combinatorially explosive interviewing problems are rendered tractable.
Genethics and eugenics

The Ethics of Human Gene Therapy by Leroy Walter and Julie Gage Palmer. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996, pp.195,(hbk).
Heme oxygenase-2 mRNA: developmental expression in the rat liver and response to cobalt chloride.

Abstract We have previously identified two isozymes of heme oxygenase, HO-1 and HO-2, in the rat liver exhibiting vastly different molecular biochemical properties, including their responses to various chemical inducers. In the present study of the livers of fetal and newborn rats (−1 day to 21 days) we observed marked differences in the developmental pattern of expression of the transcripts for the two forms of heme oxygenase. In addition, the transcripts for HO-1 and HO-2 vary in their number and response to treatment with cobalt chloride. Specifically, using a full length cDNA probe for HO-2, we observed the 1.3-kb mRNA previously shown to encode HO-2 in the testis, as well as a second less abundant transcript of 1.9 kb. An HO-1 cDNA probe detected only the anticipated single transcript of 1.8 kb. The abundance of each HO-2 homologous transcript was unaffected by cobalt chloride treatment (4 or 24 h) in newborn (7 days old) and adult rats. The 1.8-kb HO-1 mRNA, however, was markedly increased in abundance in both age groups by this treatment. The 1.3-kb HO-2 mRNA level nearly doubled after parturition, but remained essentially unchanged during the first 2 weeks of life, and only modestly increased by age 21 days. At all stages of development, the relative abundance of the 1.3- and 1.9-kb transcripts remained unchanged. In the case of 1.8-kb HO-1 mRNA, the level of mRNA was relatively constant during the first week of life, but was substantially reduced by age 14 days, and was further decreased by age 21 days and in the adult animals. In adult rats, the abundance of the 1.3-kb HO-2 mRNA did not markedly increase over that detected in the course of the early postparturition developmental period. The data suggest that the abundance of the two HO-2 homologous transcripts is not readily subject to regulation by chemicals at any stage of development. The expression of HO-1, on the other hand, is subject to such regulation throughout life, and its high transcript abundance in newborn rats may well reflect availability of an endogenous inducer.
Synthesis, size reduction, and delithiation of carbonate-free nanocrystalline lithium nickel oxide

Lithium-based oxide nanoparticles have recently shown significant advantages as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries, showing higher ion exchanging rates related to the high surface area. Among them, LiNiO2 has been considered an attractive candidate due to its relatively low cost, high discharge capacity, reversibility, and low toxicity. However, the synthesis of nanosized LiNiO2 typically favors the formation of Li2CO3 and NiO phases, which critically affect the performance of the cathode nanoparticles. In this work, we describe the synthesis of lithium nickel oxide nanoparticles using a modified polymeric precursor method. As the formation of NiO and Li2CO3 was unavoidable, high temperatures would be required to obtain a carbonate-free LiNiO2. In order to avoid large coarsening of the particles associated with those treatments, samples were treated at lower temperatures and cleaned from surface Li2CO3 contaminants using acidic washing. The procedure successfully removed the carbonate, and also resulted in crystallite size reduction (28.1–15.2 nm) and controlled delithiation, simulating the lithium deficient conditions during electrochemical lithium displacement.
Component technology - what, where, and how?

Software components, if used properly, offer many software engineering benefits. Yet, they also pose many original challenges starting from quality assurance and ranging to architectural embedding and composability. In addition, the recent movement towards services, as well as the established world of objects, causes many to wonder what purpose components might have. This extended abstract summarizes the main points of my Frontiers of Software Practice (FOSP) talk at ICSE 2003. The topics covered aim to offer an end-to-end overview of what role components should play, where they should be used, and how this can be achieved Some key open problems are also pointed out.
Decelerating Flows in TeV Blazars: A Resolution to the BL Lacertae-FR I Unification Problem

TeV emission from BL Lacertae (BL) objects i s commonly modeled as Synchrotron-Self Compton (SSC) radiation from relativistically moving homogeneous plasma blobs. In the context of these models, the blob Lorentz factors needed to reproduce the corrected for absorption by the diffuse IR background (DIRB) TeV emission are large ($\delta \gtrsim 50$). The main reason for this is that stronger beaming eases the problem of the lack of $\sim$ IR-UV synchrotron seed photons needed to produce the de-absorbed $\sim $ few TeV peak of the spectral energy distribution (SED). However, such high Doppler factors are in strong disagreement with the unified scheme, according to which BLs are FR I radio galaxies with their jets closely aligned to the line of sight. Here, motivated by the detection of sub-luminal velocities in the sub-pc scale jets of the best studied TeV blazars, MKN 421 and MKN 501, we examine the possibility that the relativistic flows in the TeV BLs decelerate. In this case, the problem of the missing seed photons is solved because of Upstream Compton (UC) scattering, a process in which the upstream energetic electrons from the fast base of the flow 'see' the synchrotron seed photons produced in the slow part of the flow relativistically beamed. Modest Lorentz factors ($\Gamma \sim 15$), decelerating down to values compatible with the recent radio interferometric observations, reproduce the $\sim $ few TeV peak energy of these sources. Furthermore, such decelerating flows are shown to be in agreement with the BL - FR I unification, naturally reproducing the observed BL/FR I broadband luminosity ratios.
Critical values in cytology.

The concept of critical values (CVs) is well established in clinical pathology, and has only recently been suggested in surgical pathology. To evaluate CVs in cytology, we reviewed 2,000 cytology reports at two large academic medical centers. Cases considered CV included unexpected malignancy, disagreement between immediate interpretation and final diagnosis in fine-needle aspirations (FNAs), and evidence of microorganisms in non-gynecology (non-GYN) and FNA specimens. We identified 52 CV cases (2.6%), including 0.25% (1/400) GYN, 1.88% (15/800) non-GYN, and 4.5% (36/800) FNA. Most of these (42 cases) were unexpected malignancies. Documentation of physician notification was present in 30 out of 52 cases. We also did a survey with 22 cytopathologists and 13 clinicians at large academic medical centers. The participants were asked to rate 18 different possible CVs from 1 to 3 as follows: (1) no phone call necessary, (2) phone call within 24 hr, (3) phone call as soon as possible (ASAP). Participants could also list additional diagnoses they believed constituted a CV. Most respondents agreed on the need for a phone call ASAP in many situations, and important additional CV cases were suggested. We suggest that a consensus conference of leaders in anatomic pathology and clinicians might prove useful to propose guidelines for CVs in cytology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2006;34:447–451. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fifth CH overtone spectra of ethylene and deuterated ethylenes

Abstract Fifth CH overtone spectra of ethylene, cis-, trans-, and 1,1-ethylene- d 2 , and 1, 1, 2-ethylene- d 3 are reported. Frequency shifts of the CH overtone band positions and the presence of combination bands involving the excitation of five quanta of CH stretch plus one quantum of CD stretch are observed and discussed in terms of coupling between local mode oscillators attached to the same carbon atom of the ethylene skeleton.
Osteoporosis in Teenagers

The patient is a 12-yr-old girl with spinal muscular atrophy. She is wheelchair bound and uses assistance for her transfers. She has significant scoliosis and has undergone multiple surgical procedures. She had a stress fracture of her foot which developed during her regular physical therapy and therefore was sent for a bone density scan. Her bone scan revealed a T-score in the femoral neck of -3.7. She could not have her spine done due to the pins in her back. (excerpt)
A response to the critiques of DEA by Dmitruk and Koshevoy, and Bol

We here critique the articles by Dmitruk & Koshevoy (1991, J Econ Theory 55:121–144) and by Bol (1986, J Econ Theory 38:380–385) by showing how to solve the examples they erected to show the non-existence of functions for evaluating performance efficiencies in DEA. We also show that functions satisfying these criteria—and other important criteria as well—were already available prior to the publications of D&K and by Bol and have since been greatly extended to increase the power and scope of DEA.
Anomalous transport and memory in quantun dot arrays (Invited Paper)

We address anomalous transport phenomena in arrays of semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots): Transient power-law decay of current as a response to a step in large bias voltage applied across the array, as well as memory effects observed after successive applications of the bias voltage. A novel phenomenological model of transport in such systems is proposed, capable of rationalizing both anomalous transport and memory. The model describes electron transport by a stationary Levy process of transmission events and therefore requires no time dependence of system properties. The long tail in the waiting time distribution gives rise to a nonstationary response in the presence of a voltage pulse. Noise measurements agree well with the predicted non-Poissonian fluctuations in current. We briefly discuss possible microscopic mechanisms that could cause the anomalous statistics in transmission.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Modified Imidazoles: Degradation Inhibitors and Adhesion Promoters for Polyimide Films on Copper Substrates

Abstract Polyimide films on copper substrates that are exposed to elevated temperatures and an oxidizing environment will be subject to degradation. In order to halt this degradation without changing the properties of the system, a polymeric agent could be placed between the polyimide and the copper. This paper will investigate three such materials that will not only slow down the degradation of the polyimide and the oxidation of the copper, but will also improve adhesion within the system. Fourier transform infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (FTIR-RAS) will be used to investigate the polyimide/polymeric agent/copper system.
Modeling and performance of MEMS-based storage devices

MEMS-based storage devices are seen by many as promising alternatives to disk drives. Fabricated using conventional CMOS processes, MEMS-based storage consists of thousands of small, mechanical probe tips that access gigabytes of high-density, nonvolatile magnetic storage. This paper takes a first step towards understanding the performance characteristics of these devices by mapping them onto a disk-like metaphor. Using simulation models based on the mechanics equations governing the devices' operation, this work explores how different physical characteristics (e.g., actuator forces and per-tip data rates) impact the design trade-offs and performance of MEMS-based storage. Overall results indicate that average access times for MEMS-based storage are 6.5 times faster than for a modern disk (1.5 ms vs. 9.7 ms). Results from filesystem and database bench-marks show that this improvement reduces application I/O stall times up to 70%, resulting in overall performance improvements of 3X.
The bridgewater 100: An analysis of admissions to a hospital for the criminally insane

One hundred admissions to a hospital for the criminally insane are reviewed. Within this sample 20% were referrals from psychiatric hospitals and 30% were transferred from prison. The remainder were referred from the courts for evaluations. In 44 cases this was for an evaluation of competency to stand trial and in 6 cases the referrals were for evaluation prior to sentencing. An analysis of the subgroups and individual cases indicates that mentally ill patients are often referred to facilities for the criminally insane because the appropriate wards do not exist within the mental health system. This exposes them to a criminal population and results in negative social labelling. A large proportion of those referred from prisons have consciously manipulated their transfer in order to do “soft time.” This also confers on them future advantage by virtue of being labelled more mental than criminal. The majority of those referred for competency evaluations could easily have been assessed in a non-inpatient setting. In these cases the referral appeared to be a covert request for treatment or a legal maneuver. Methods for solving these problems are briefly discussed.
The role of maribuana in patterns of drugabuse by adolescents

Eleven patients, 10 adolescents and one young adult of the middle and upper classes, were studied with respect to patterns of drug usage and clinical effects. Ten were chronic users, one a one-time user. Multiple drug usage was the rule for all but the one-time user. Marihuana was used by all and was most frequently the first drug employed. LSD was the second most frequently used drug, followed by amphetamines. The 7 who were studied psychiatrically prior to drug usage were all diagnosed as having personality disorders. Following drug usage, all 11 were diagnosed as having acute or chronic schizophrenia. Three patients required repeated hospitalization. Chronic social disability, including failure to complete school, delinquency, and participation in a drug subculture, ensued in all of those (10 of the 11) who continued to use drugs.
Emergent anxiety after antidepressant initiation: a retrospective cohort study of Veterans Affairs Health System patients with depression.

Background Initiation of antidepressant treatment for depression may be associated with new onset (emergent) anxiety.
Dilepton suppression as a signature for the baryon-rich quark-gluon plasma

The dilepton yield at invariant masses between 2${m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ and 1 GeV is shown to be reduced substantially if a baryon-rich quark-gluon plasma is formed in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. We suggest therefore to measure the total dilepton yield in this region of invariant masses as a function of the incident energy. The onset of a baryon-rich quark-gluon plasma is then signaled by a decrease in this excitation function.
All in the Family: Present and Past in Euripides' Andromache

Having been criticized at least since Aristotle's time for his failure to build "unified" plots1), Euripides has been particularly attacked for plays like the Hecuba and the Andromache which combine different, traditionally unrelated stories: wielding them into one piece, Euripides necessarily had to put up with some logical inconsistencies and to leave some loose ends that might not damage the overall effect of the play but are easily detectable by even a casual observer2). The Andromache gives a very hard time to anyone who looks for Aristotelian unity in the conventional sense3). Not only does the heroine leave the stage fairly early on (765), she does not play any visible role afterwards and is only briefly referred to by Thetis, the dea ex machina, at the end (1243-45)4). Thus the figure
Misspoken in Arizona: Latina/o Students Document the Articulations of Racism.

This article reports on racism expressed by school personnel (administrators and teachers) and experienced by Latina/o students at a high school located in Tucson, Arizona. Students in a specialized social science research program, called the Social Justice Education Project (SJEP), documented personal encounters with racist articulations at their school. After students conducted observations of their own interactions on campus, they would write (weekly) field notes as part of a research assignment to document racism in education. Most verbal exchanges influenced by racism can be categorized into direct racist statements or racial microaggressions. Both of these racist articulations are tantamount to derogatory comments or slurs that attempt to make an individual from a marginalized group feel inferior to or different (in a negative sense) from the dominant group. This article focuses on the SJEP, implemented at one particular Tucson high school, during the 2010–2011 school year. Excerpts from the student...
No evidence for tissue factor on platelets

To the editor: Blood coagulation is initiated in vivo by formation of a tissue factor (TF)/factor VIIa (FVIIa) complex.[1][1] Under physiologic conditions, TF is sequestered from blood and coagulation is initiated only after vascular injury. This paradigm has been challenged by studies suggesting
StoneSoup: a contextualized portfolio system

Teaching and learning are social interactions that are impacted by contextual, situated factors within the learning environment. These factors include the past and present circumstances of the participants, their psychological and social characteristics, and the physical characteristics of the environment. Contextualized technological systems that take these factors into account. This paper contrasts contextualized and traditional computing. A description of the StoneSoup digital portfolio system is provided as an example of a contextualized CSCL application.
Reverse data engineering technology for visual database design

Abstract The data engineer's inverse mapping problem of constructing, from a relational database schema (RDBS), a corresponding entity-relationship diagram (ERD), is studied. For going from extended ERDs to RDBS, there is a well known translation algorithm. The inverse direction is more difficult because many ERDs may correspond to one RDBS, and so it is not clear how to choose a most representative ERD. None the less, it would be desirable to be able to do so whenever possible, so that the benefits of entity-relationship (E-R)-based visual design can be applied to any RDBS. The paper presents a first demonstration prototype for the inverse mapping problem, for the case of an RDBS that was originally designed by an E-R-based tool and was then altered. A reverse translator (ReTro-ERDDS) tracks each atomic change in the RDBS and determines, via its Prolog E-R knowledge base, the corresponding changes in the original ERD, while preserving well formedness, a guarantor of normalization and robustness.
Equations of state from generalized perturbation theory. Part 1. The hard-core Lennard-Jones fluid

Abstract A framework for deriving equations of state from perturbation theory is presented and used to investigate reference fluids more realistic than the hard sphere fluid in an equation of state for the hard-core Lennard-Jones (HCLJ) fluid. We present new simulation results for the compressibility and internal energy of this fluid. We use generalized perturbation theory to derive two new equations of state for the HCLJ fluid that provide accurate fits of the simulation compressibilities. One of these equations is novel in that it is based on a square well reference system, while the other is an extension of commonly used perturbed hard sphere equations of state. We also discuss the similarity between perturbation theory and generalized van der Waals theory.
Learning Communities: Beliefs Embedded in Content-Based Rituals

This article addresses the underlying beliefs needed by teachers of young children if their learning communities are to be successful and self-sustaining. The relationships of language arts and social studies content to specific academic, social and literary rituals are discussed in the context of classroom examples in the United States. Trust and respect are treated as critical components supported by the work of Parker Palmer, Alfie Kohn and others. Relevant resources are also provided.
Luminescence anisotropy of functionalized carbon nanotubes in solution

Luminescence anisotropy of functionalized single-wall (SWNT) and multiple-wall (MWNT) carbon nanotubes in solution and in polymeric thin-film matrix was investigated. The results show that the absorption and emission dipole moments are intrinsically collinear, corresponding to the limiting positive anisotropy. The observation of strong luminescence polarization for the functionalized carbon nanotubes in room-temperature chloroform is consistent with the polymeric nature of these luminescent species; and the partial depolarization in solution is rationalized in terms of the flexibility of the nanotubes.
The Hotel Industry’s Summer of 2006: A Watershed Moment for America’s Labor Unions?

Neutrality agreements allow labor unions to organize workers in hotels and other industries without the trouble of a secret-ballot election. UNITE HERE, which represents hotel employees in several major markets, attempted in summer 2006 to extend its reach into the industry via neutrality agreements. The union contracts expired in several markets, which meant that the hotel chains were faced with the possibility of labor strife in their major cities. In exchange for labor peace, the chains agreed to a moderate extension of organizing by neutrality agreement, but not to the extent that the union might have wished.
Effect of salinity reduction on oxygen consumption by larval estuarine invertebrates

Unpredictable events can cause rapid sizable changes in environmental conditions. Storm events are an example of an unpredictable event; in estuarine habitats, storms can bring about drastic changes in salinity levels within several hours. This study focused on the effect of salinity reduction on larval oxygen consumption. Two species of larval invertebrates were exposed to salinity reduction, the marine polychaete Arenicola cristata Stimpson and the mud snail Ilyanassa obsoleta (Say). In experimental treatments, salinity was reduced to 10 or 15‰; control individuals were maintained at 30‰. Salinity was reduced for 3 d when larvae were between the ages of 1 and 4 d, post-hatch. Oxygen consumption was the same among treatments during salinity reduction for I. obsoleta larvae. The oxygen consumption of A. cristata larvae was significantly lower at 10‰S compared with controls and with salinity reduction to 15‰; larvae eventually died at 10‰. After salinity reduction ceased, larvae exposed to a salinity reduction to 15‰ consumed more (A. cristata) or the same (I. obsoleta) amount of oxygen as individuals maintained at 30‰. We have shown in previous experiments that salinity reduction results in significant reductions in larval growth in A. cristata and I. obsoleta larvae as well as in changes in developmental rates of A. cristata (but not I. obsoleta) larvae. Taken in conjunction with the results of our present study on larval oxygen consumption, the results suggest that salinity reduction has a large impact on estuarine invertebrates.
Patterns of scent-mounding in a population of beaver (Castor canadensis)

The frequency and pattern of distribution of scent-mound construction were studied in a population of beaver in southeast Ohio from 1975 through 1977. The study addressed the questions of whether or not the frequency of scent-mound construction varied with season, site, year, and degree of contact with other family groups, and whether the pattern of scent-mounding activity was parsimonious with the idea of “territorial marking.” The number of scent-mounds constructed was determined weekly for each site throughout the ice-free season. Scent-mounding activity was highest in spring and declined and remained low during summer and fall. Significant differences were found amoung sites and over years. Contact with other resident family groups altered both frequency and pattern of scent-mound construction. Scent-mounds did not conform to a “scent-fence” model. The most parsimonious interpretation of function of odor cues deposited on scent-mounds is the effect on the motivational state of residents and nonresidents, increasing the confidence and reducing anxiety in residents smelling their own scent-mound and decreasing the confidence and increasing the readiness to flee in trespassers encountering a strange scent-mound.
On the unboundedness of facility layout problems

Facility layout problems involve the location of facilities in a planar arrangement such that facilities that are strongly connected to one another are close to each other and facilities that are not connected may be far from one another. Pairs of facilities that have a negative connection should be far from one another. Most solution procedures assume that the optimal arrangement is bounded and thus do not incorporate constraints on the location of facilities. However, especially when some of the coefficients are negative, it is possible that the optimal configuration is unbounded. In this paper we investigate whether the solution to the facility layout problem is bounded or not. The main Theorem is a necessary and sufficient condition for boundedness. Sufficient conditions that prove boundedness or unboundedness are also given.
Deployment test of the NIST EOS Thermal-infrared Transfer Radiometer

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Thermal-infrared Transfer Radiometer (TXR), developed for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Observing System (EOS), was deployed at the remote sensing radiometric calibration facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The purpose of the deployment was to test the ability of the TXR to operate off-site of NIST in a host cryogenic vacuum chamber, and to provide an end-to-end verification of the radiance scale in the LANL facility. The TXR was calibrated pre-trip and post-trip at NIST against a water bath black body in ambient conditions. At LANL, the TXR was operated in a liquid nitrogen cooled vacuum chamber, mounted in the same position that remote sensing instruments occupy during their pre-flight calibrations. The results from the TXR 5 µm channel show that the LANL radiance scale agrees with that of the NIST water bath black body to within a radiance uncertainty of - 0.16% ( k = 2). This corresponds to a brig...
The bull's-eye: a framework for web application user interface design guidelines

A multi-leveled framework for user interface design guidelines of Web applications is presented. User interface design guidelines tend to provide information that is either too general, so that it is difficult to apply to a specific case, or too specific, so that a wide range of products is not supported. The framework presented is unique in that it provides a bridge between the two extremes. It has been dubbed the 'Bull's-Eye' due to its five layers, represented as concentric circles. The center of the Bull's-Eye is the Component layer, followed by Page Templates, Page Flows, Interface Models and Patterns, and Overarching Features and Principles. To support this approach, requirements were gathered from user interface designers, product managers, UI developers, and product developers. Also, usability testing of the guidelines occurred on several levels, from broad guideline tests to more specific product tests. The guidelines and lessons learned are intended to serve as examples for others seeking to design families of Web applications or Web sites.
SU-FF-I-84: Pateient Exposure Vs. Scattered Radiation to the Operator of Fluoroscopy

Purpose: To evaluate and identify which of the two following conditions is better for the patient and the fluoroscopist. Circumstance: During radiation safety in‐services, various questions are raised by the fluoroscopists pertaining to the radiation received by both the patient and the physician. One such questions; “is it better to employ a large field of view (FOV) with collimated radiation field? Or, is it better to use the magnified mode FOV”. The underlining question here is “what is the patient entrance exposure” as opposed to “how much scattered radiation dose the fluoroscopist receives” under these two different operating conditions while the irradiation geometry is the same. The answer to this question is actually a lot more complex than it appears. There are few factors involved, as will be shown, namely; (1) “better” to whom, (2) dependent on whether it is equipped with an image intensifier or a flat panel image receptor and (3) the automatic dose rate control logic of the equipment. Method and Materials: In this study, three different types of fluoroscopy systems were selected for investigation of patient entrance exposure and scattered radiation to the fluoroscopist. They are; a cardiovascular angiography system, a conventional fluoroscopy system and a mobile C‐arm fluoroscopy system. The patient entrance exposure and the scattered radiation at the location where the fluoroscopist stands are measured as functions of varying phantom thickness under the same irradiation geometry. While the irradiation geometry may be the same, the fluoroscopic automatic dose rate control logic may not respond in the same manner under the conditions of (a) the large FOV with collimated radiation filed, and (b) the magnified mode FOV. Conclusions: The preliminary data showed both expected and unexpected results. The findings should of great interests to the fluoroscopists and medical physicists alike. Detailed analysis will be presented.
Pedigree analysis package (PAP) vs. MORGAN: model selection and hypothesis testing on a large pedigree

The MORGAN package of programs is compared to a commonly used package, PAP, with respect to model selection in segregation analysis of a quantitative trait. MORGAN uses Monte Carlo Markov chain (MCMC) methods to estimate the likelihood, whereas both versions of PAP used employ an approximation to the likelihood for the mixed model. Comparisons are done by using results obtained from simulated data. All simulations were done on the same 232-member pedigree using data generated under each of several variations of models, which included different combinations of environmental, polygenic, and major gene components. PAP, version 4.0, and MORGAN gave similar results with respect to model selection for the majority of situations, suggesting that MCMC methods provide a computationally tractable approach for analysis of more complex models that cannot be analyzed by more direct computational methods. PAP, version 3.0, gave somewhat more disparate results compared with either PAP version 4.0 or MORGAN. Both MORGAN and the two versions of PAP confirmed that the major gene component is much easier to detect in the presence of some dominance. All three packages frequently falsely accepted the polygenic model when there was high residual heritability.
Occult carbon monoxide poisoning.

Excerpt To the editor: The article by Heckering and colleagues (1) contains a potentially useful message. Patients with either headache or dizziness, who lack a history of gas stove usage and affec...
Concerns About Teacher Competency Testing in Indiana.

(1984). Concerns about teacher competency testing in Indiana. The Teacher Educator: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 14-19.
Recent Dieulafoy's Lesion Bleeding and Massive Pulmonary Emboli : Successful Use of Thrombolytic Therapy

A massive GI bleed secondary to a Dieulafoy's lesion developed in a 77-year-old woman. Fifteen days later, massive pulmonary emboli developed. We describe successful thrombolytic treatment of her pulmonary emboli without complicating GI hemorrhage.
ENERGY TRANSFER AND CYTOCHROME FUNCTION IN A NEW TYPE OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIUM

— The excitation spectrum for bacteriochlorophyll b fluorescence at 1027 mp in Rhodopseudomas sp. NHTC 133 indicates that the efficiency of energy transfer from carotenoid to bacteriochlorophyll b is between 27 and 28 per cent. Light-induced absorbancy changes in anaerobic whole cells indicated the oxidation of three c-type cytochromes (C-550.5, C-553, C-558) and one b-type cytochrome or cytochromoid C (C-560). At low light intensities C-553 is the main cytochrome oxidized, while at high light intensities mainly C-558 is oxidized in addition to C-553. The light responses of the heme proteins appear to be similar to those observed previously in purple and green photosyn-thetic bacteria. No light-induced shifts in carotenoid absorption bands were detected. In bacterial extracts C-553 and C-558 are bound to the chromatophores, while C-550.5 is soluble.
The ACRONYM (Alternatives for Circumvention of Restrictions on Naming BY Trialists of Their Manuscripts) Report

It is hoped that this commentary may draw attention to the issues raised by the enthusiastic naming of large clinical trials. Although the article is tongue in cheek, the underlying concern is that the names of studies may not, in fact, correspond to the actual results they yield.
Relation of plasma leptin concentrations to sex, body fat, dietary intake, and peak oxygen uptake in young adult women and men

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the relation of leptin to metabolic and dietary factors in college-age adults. Young adult women and men ( n = 32) were recruited and underwent testing for measurement of body mass index, body composition, peak oxygen consumption (VO 2 peak), dietary intake, and plasma levels of leptin and insulin. Ln leptin was significantly greater for women than for men (2.1 versus 1.2 ng/mL, respectively). This difference remained significant even after adjusting ln leptin for fat mass and fat-free mass as covariates in separate analyses. VO 2 peak was higher for men than for women and this remained significant after adjustment for differences in fat-free mass and total body mass. Significant correlations were found between ln leptin and indicators of fat mass in women and men, with higher correlations for similar variables observed in men ( r = 0.548, 0.674, and 0.732 for body mass index, percentage of body fat, and fat mass [kg] for women, respectively, and r = 0.740, 0.888, 0.858 for body mass index, percentage of body fat, and fat mass [kg] for men, respectively). Ln leptin showed a significant inverse relationship with VO 2 peak ( r = −0.751) in men only. After adjusting ln leptin for body fat mass using partial correlations, ln leptin was not significantly associated with any of the measured variables. Alternatively, after normalization of ln leptin using fat mass as the divisor, a less adequate statistical analysis method, men showed statistical significant correlations between ln leptin and dietary intake and VO 2 peak. Although plasma leptin values were higher in women, stronger associations were evident for men than for women between leptin and metabolic and dietary factors.