cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testing and validation of a new state-of-the-art erosion control technology in multiphase flow

Abstract Raw petroleum products are produced at on and offshore production wells. Piping systems are used to transport these products to refineries. During this process, erosion of transportation infrastructures because of sand particles entrained in produced fluids presents a challenge that results in equipment failure, production downtime, unplanned maintenance, and safety concerns. Erosion-resistant coatings, reduction of flowrates, and replacement of piping components are traditional controls to manage erosion. In this work, an innovative erosion control technology (ECT) is proposed which conditions the flow in such a way that most sand particles are captured and re-directed to avoid direct impact of particles with geometries. Hence this solution is based on fluid dynamics rather than focusing on the typical material improvement approach. ECT is a pipe insert used for flow conditioning. The effect of ECT on erosion for a 90-degree standard elbow in the annular flow has been investigated because erosion is more severe in gas dominated multiphase flows such as annular and mist flows than liquid dominated bubbly and slug flows. Flow visualizations, paint-removal studies, and multiphase erosion experiments are performed to verify the effectiveness of ECT. Flow visualization studies show that ECT has been successful in conditioning the flow. Sand particles within the gas core have been captured and re-directed towards the liquid film. Paint removal studies show no removal of paint at high flow velocities of 20–30 m/s. Finally, thickness loss results show a significant reduction in erosion magnitude by a factor of more than 10. Hence, ECT was successful in a significant reduction of erosion in real-time.
Journalism’s backstage players: the development of journalism professional associations and their roles in a troubled field

Professional associations’ roles in shaping the journalism field have been understudied in news industry research. Adopting a social population ecology perspective, this study provides an across-ti...
Soft Power Journalism: A Visual Framing Analysis of COVID-19 on Xinhua and VOA’s Instagram Pages

The coronavirus pandemic has been a battleground for China and the U.S. to score political points on international media. With outlets from both countries exemplifying distinct media systems, the c...
Extracellular domains of transmembrane proteins defy the expression level-evolutionary rate anticorrelation.

Highly expressed proteins tend to evolve slowly, a trend known as the expression level-rate of evolution (E-R) anticorrelation. Whereas the reasons for this anticorrelation remain unclear, the most influential hypotheses attribute it to highly expressed proteins being subjected to strong selective pressures to avoid misfolding and/or misinteraction. In accordance with these hypotheses, work in our laboratory has recently shown that extracellular (secreted) proteins lack an E-R anticorrelation (or exhibit a weaker than usual E-R anticorrelation). Extracellular proteins are folded inside the endoplasmic reticulum, where enhanced quality control of folding mechanisms exist, and function in the extracellular space, where misinteraction is unlikely to occur or to produce deleterious effects. Transmembrane proteins contain both intracellular domains (which are folded and function in the cytosol) and extracellular domains (which complete their folding in the endoplasmic reticulum and function in the extracellular space). We thus hypothesized that the extracellular domains of transmembrane proteins should exhibit a weaker E-R anticorrelation than their intracellular domains. Our analyses of human, Saccharomyces and Arabidopsis transmembrane proteins allowed us to confirm our hypothesis. Our results are in agreement with models attributing the E-R anticorrelation to the deleterious effects of misfolding and/or misinteraction.
The Representation of Texture in Cold-Rolled Copper Sheet by an Advanced X-Ray Diffraction Technique

The influence of texture on forming properties of metals has widely been recognized [l–4]. Preferred orientation of the crystallites (grains) in polycrystalline aggregates results in anisotropy of the mechanical properties. The desired degree of, or absence of, anisotropy depends on the particular process of forming, and any subsequent manufacturing process requires certain material properties for satisfactory performance. For example, the type of texture desired in deep drawing is quite different from the one necessary for simple stamping or multiaxial bending. Thus, in-process texture monitoring is receiving increased interest, both from manufacturers and researchers [4,5].
Lessons in Fire

Bufldings that burn at night fiU up the entire sky. The clouds turn pink and red and orange above them, and you'd think the sunset had happened twice, or that the Northern Lights, aU the shimmering and flickering low on their beUy, had coUected into one intense point?where? over Grey Road? over Auburn Ave.? over Squirrel Rd.??the Ught kept shifting block after block as Mom and Dad drove toward Auburn Heights. And when they crossed over the last hiU, they saw this was not the sunset, not the Northern Lights, but Dad's office in the center of town, their apartment behind it and the garage below, aU twisting in flames. Mom never told us what the fire looked like, only that she and Dad were returning from a visit to their famiUes in Detroit. The faU evening was beautiful, they had a Brahms symphony playing on the car radio, Dad had made the last payment on his dental equipment, more and more patients were coming in, his career was totaUy his, and it had begun. And now, this. The strange Ught across the sky. Surely, a faU sunset that refused to end or a visit from the Northern Lights, so mysterious that Dad always thought they were a sign of some kind?a good year for our orchard if they shimmered yeUow or green, a murder nearby in Pontiac or maybe even war with the Russians if they were orange or red. But this Ught did not dart here and there across the sky, but glowed constant and firm, and they smeUed smoke even as they crossed Opdyke and came towards the oaks that lined Auburn Ave. And then, Mom saw it?her wedding pictures, the new sUver, aU her clothes and blankets and towels, and Dad's dental equipment?the X ray machine, the office chairs, the scalpels, mirrors, the wax, the rows of false teeth, the cotton packs, the driUs and driU bits and burrs?melting together, turning in Ught and air and heat and shining so briUiantly that the sky picked up the color and scattered it wide so all of Auburn Heights could see, and some of Pontiac too.
An Evolutionary Approach to Hardware/ Software Partitioning

In this paper, we present an approach to hardware/software codesign of real-time embedded systems. Two of the difficulties associated with codesign are handling tradeoffs among multiple attributes and exploring a large design space. We use a combination of techniques from the evolutionary computation and utility theory fields to address these problem areas. A real-time microcontroller-based design example is presented to illustrate our approach.
Longitudinal Shear Deformation of Composites— Effective Shear Modulus

An exact analytical solution is given for a case of longitudinal shear loading of an unidirectional fiber reinforced composite. The analysis takes into account random spacing between fibers, random variation of fiber radii, and the variation in shear modulus from fiber to fiber. An "exact" expression is derived for the effective shear modulus of the composite. For the case of a regular array of equal fibers, the expression simplifies considerably. Excellent agreement is found with numerical solutions. Extension of the results to viscoelastic composites is indicated.
Cognitive Value and Numerical Accuracy in Geocomputation: Choosing a Method to Compute the Log-Jacobian Term

This article addresses the importance of cognitive value, numerical accuracy, and technical feasibility for geospatial models and methods. Researchers pursue large spatial data in an analysis to improve the statistical efficiency of parameter estimates and the cognitive value of the results. The critical requirement for this strategy is the availability of numerically accurate computational methods, without which parameter estimates lose their cognitive value. This article illustrates the relationship between cognitive value and numerical accuracy by establishing properties of popular polynomial schemes for approximating the log-Jacobian term in spatial autoregressive models. It shows that numerical inaccuracies might be more misleading than is commonly assumed. En este articulo se aborda la importancia del valor cognitivo, la precision numerica, y la viabilidad tecnica de los modelos y metodos geoespaciales. Los investigadores interesados en analisis espacial tienden a preferir el uso de bases de datos de gran tamano con el fin de mejorar la eficiencia estadistica de sus estimaciones de parametros y el valor cognitivo de los resultados. El requisito critico para esta estrategia es la disponibilidad de metodos computacionales numericamente precisos, sin los cuales las estimaciones de parametros pierden su valor cognitivo. En este articulo se ilustra la relacion entre el valor cognitivo y precision numerica mediante la determinante jacobiano tipo log en modelos espaciales autorregresivos (spatial autorregresive models-SAR). El estudio demuestra que las imprecisiones numericas pueden ser mas enganosas de lo que se asume comunmente. 本文描述了地理空间模型和方法中认知价值、数值精度、技术可行性的重要性。研究者一般倾向于通过追求大规模空间数据，来提升参数估计的统计有效性和结果的认知价值。这一策略的关键是有实用的精确数值计算方法，否则参数估计将失去其认知价值。本文通过建立普遍使用的多项式方案来逼近空间自回归（SAR）模型中的Log-Jacobian，从而说明认知价值和数值精度间的关系。结果表明数值不确定性可能比通常假设的误导性更大。
Confidentiality of health information postmortem.

Abstract Context.—Recent discussions of health care privacy have prompted new concerns over the control of private health information after a patient's death. The importance of confidentiality protections postmortem is compounded as genetic technologies and research capabilities advance and public interest in this information increases. Objective.—The Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs of the American Medical Association developed this report to guide physicians in the management of patients' health information postmortem. Participants.—This report was developed by the 9 physician members of the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs with the assistance of staff from the Ethics Standards Group at the American Medical Association. Evidence.—Literature searches in the MEDLINE and BIOETHICSLINE databases using the search terms postmortem and health information qualified with confidentiality or privacy yielded a combined total of 129 references. Additional references were culled from policies of a numbe...
Income Maintenance and Social Work: A Broken Tie

fl^HE SEPARATION of social services J. from income maintenance was mandated by the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in 1972, capping intense activity that had taken place during previous years. The mandate was rescinded three years later, effective December 2, 1976.1 During the three-year period when it was in effect, the majority of the states formally separated the de livery of social services from the pro vision of financial aid, but many are now considering a return to their former policies. The effects of separa tion are not known, however. Thus, if the states reestablish a connection
Characterization of a Cardiac Complementary Deoxyribonucleic Acid Library from the Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)

Although the domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is a valuable agricultural commodity, genetic studies on this species lag behind those of other agricultural species. In this study, we examined expressed sequence tags (EST) from a turkey cardiac cDNA library constructed from 4 birds representing 2 developmental stages. A collection of 3,937 EST sequences were sequenced and analyzed for gene annotation and sequence variation. Clustering of sequences resulted in 353 contigs and 874 singletons (1,227 putative transcripts). All EST sequences were compared by BLASTN to the chicken whole genome sequence and to Ensembl and National Center for Biotechnology Information databases. The majority of significant matches correspond to genes found in the chicken. Sequence polymorphisms were identified in 310 contigs, 64 where the minor allele was observed to be present in more than 1 sequence. This study gives species-specific insight into the cardiac transcriptome of turkeys and provides resources for future studies of cardiac function.
Testing for abnormal security-price performance under conditions of event-period uncertainty

This paper examines an event study test procedure based on cumulative average residuals (CARs) and a boundary-crossing probability for Brownian motion. The boundary-crossing test procedure is designed to detect abnormal security-price performance under conditions of event-period uncertainty. Simulations with daily security-return data show that the boundary-crossing test is well specified under the null hypothesis and has good power properties under the alternative hypothesis of abnormal security-price performance distributed over an event period of uncertain length.
Ecological genetics of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis in Soda Lake, Nevada, USA

In an earlier study we found that the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis in Soda Lake, Nevada (USA) maintains extensive genetic variation for three isozymes. This variation was present both within and between different collections. No evidence was found that there was a seasonal succession of distinct electromorphs. In this paper we ask: is the genetic variation maintained by selective neutrality among electromorphs? Parthenogenetic females from ten clones representing seven different composite electromorphs were selected for life table analysis. Substantial main effects of genotype or interactions of genotype with experimental food quantities and temperatures, were found for the intrinsic rates of increase, net reproductive rates, and mean life spans of these clones. We conclude that these fitness differences permit us to reject the hypothesis that genetic variation is maintained because of selective neutrality among clones. Instead, it seems likely that directional selectional may be either too weak or of too brief a duration in Soda Lake for clonal exclusion to occur.
Why leaders lose their way

Purpose – The authors sought the answer to the question, “Why do so many developing leaders either fail to reach their full potential or cross the line into destructive or even unethical actions?”Design/methodology/approach – To find out, they interviewed many successful leaders of major organizations and studied the case histories of failed top leaders. The study of unsuccessful leaders revealed a pattern: the failed leaders couldn't lead themselves. On their leadership journey these high potential managers adopted a set of personal behaviors that worked temporarily but were unsustainable in the long run.Findings – The heroic model of leadership turns out to be merely an early stage – one with risks, temptations, misbehaviors – and one that needs to be outgrown. In contrast, successful leaders who move beyond the hero stage learn to focus on others, gain a sense of a larger purpose, foster multiple support networks, and develop mechanisms to keep perspective and stay grounded.Research limitations/implica...
The prevalence of acne on the basis of physical examination.

Background: It has been suggested that cystic acne is rare in women 15 to 44 years of age and infrequent in men. Objective: To determine the prevalence of acne, we analyzed the primary data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) that included a cutaneous examination of a stratified random sample of 20,749 noninstitutionalized U.S. residents. Methods: We calculated the prevalence of various disease states based on NHANES primary data and the NHANES population weights. Prevalence estimates and male/female ratios of these estimates were calculated. Results: From 1971 to 1974, the projected prevalence of acne conglobata (grade IV acne) for women and men 15 to 44 years of age in the United States was 250,000 and 570,000, respectively. At the time of examination, an additional 582,000 women and 749,000 men were projected to have moderate acne with cysts and scars. Therefore the prevalence of acne conglobata and acne of at least a moderate degree with cysts and scars was 832,000 for women and 1,319,000 for men 15 to 44 years of age. The male/female ratio for acne with cysts and scars is approximately 1.6:1. Conclusion: The NHANES examination data demonstrate that acne with cysts and scars is common in both men and women.
Wormholes in 2 + 1 dimensions

Abstract We calculate the partition function in (2 + 1)-dimensional gravity for an arbitrary number of S 2 × S 1 wormholes. We find that the sum over wormholes is not Borel summable, and that the cosmological constant does not appear to be driven to zero.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE BASELINE TRANSCEPHALIC D.C. POTENTIAL IN PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS

INTRODUCTION IN A Sg~lEg of papers,1~z~3 many of the functional correlates of the TCDC potential have been described. Most of these functions are concerned with the differential orientation of the individual to internal or external stimuli. Thus, the potential appears to monitor some aspects of the reality testing processes, and defects in these processes might be expected to correlate with abnormalities of the TCDC potential. Schizophrenia has long been held to be due to a basic defect in reality testing4 or inability to distinguish external from internal events.5 Although these considerations alone would warrant testing the TCDC potentials of schizophrenics, there is also another group of findings which prompt such a study. As will be noted below in the Discussion Section, certain factors which alter the TCDC potential677 have been reported to be abnormal in schizophrenics. If so, study of the TCDC potential might show not only an abnormality in schizophrenics, but certain patterns of abnormalities might roughly indicate where the TCDC circuit error might lie. Finally, senile patients also show disordered reality testing and it may be of interest to compare the TCDC baseline potentials of two dissimilar psychotic groups.
Possible Degeneracy of Heavy Quarks

Abstract In an attempt to understand the behavior of the total cross-section in electron-positron annihilation, it is suggested that two types of heavy quarks might exist with masses split only by the weak interactions. Implications and tests of this suggestion are discussed.
Scattering simulations in radiography

Abstract Computer simulation of radiography in nondestructive evaluation is extended to include the effects of incoherent scattering. The developed tool utilizes many tools developed for the software XRSIM (X-Ray Simulation Tool). Some simulation results are presented.
Empirical parameterization of setup, swash, and runup

Abstract Using shoreline water-level time series collected during 10 dynamically diverse field experiments, an empirical parameterization for extreme runup, defined by the 2% exceedence value, has been developed for use on natural beaches over a wide range of conditions. Runup, the height of discrete water-level maxima, depends on two dynamically different processes; time-averaged wave setup and total swash excursion, each of which is parameterized separately. Setup at the shoreline was best parameterized using a dimensional form of the more common Iribarren-based setup expression that includes foreshore beach slope, offshore wave height, and deep-water wavelength. Significant swash can be decomposed into the incident and infragravity frequency bands. Incident swash is also best parameterized using a dimensional form of the Iribarren-based expression. Infragravity swash is best modeled dimensionally using offshore wave height and wavelength and shows no statistically significant linear dependence on either foreshore or surf-zone slope. On infragravity-dominated dissipative beaches, the magnitudes of both setup and swash, modeling both incident and infragravity frequency components together, are dependent only on offshore wave height and wavelength. Statistics of predicted runup averaged over all sites indicate a − 17 cm bias and an rms error of 38 cm: the mean observed runup elevation for all experiments was 144 cm. On intermediate and reflective beaches with complex foreshore topography, the use of an alongshore-averaged beach slope in practical applications of the runup parameterization may result in a relative runup error equal to 51% of the fractional variability between the measured and the averaged slope.
Causes of obesity

The prevalence of obesity has been rising steadily over the last several decades and is currently at unprecedented levels: more than 68% of US adults are considered overweight, and 35% are obese (Flegal et al., JAMA 303:235–241, 2010). This increase has occurred across every age, sex, race, and smoking status, and data indicate that segments of individuals in the highest weight categories (i.e., BMI > 40 kg/m2) have increased proportionately more than those in lower BMI categories (BMI < 35 kg/m2). The dramatic rise in obesity has also occurred in many other countries, and the causes of this increase are not fully understood (Hill and Melanson, Med Sci Sports Exerc 31:S515–S521, 1999).
Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes: The Ribosomopathies.

In recent years a number of human diseases associated with dysregulated ribosome biogenesis have been identified and categorized as “ribosomopathies” [1]. Acquired or congenital genetic lesions leading to impaired ribosome biogenesis and function appear to be germane to this class of disorders that include Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA), a disorder characterized by pure red cell aplasia, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS), dyskeratosis congenita (DC), cartilage hair hypoplasia (CHH), Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS), and del (5q), a type of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). While each of these disorders is associated with distinct mutations in the ribosome biogenesis pathway (Figure 1), bone marrow failure appears to be a uniformly observed clinical symptom. However, the affected lineages appear to be uniquely syndrome-specific. For example, the erythroid and megakaryocytic lineages are affected in DBA and del (5q) MDS, while neutropenia predominates in SDS.
Noncontact Near-Infrared 3-D Blood Flow Contrast Imaging on Small Animal Mammary Tumors: A Case Study

A novel noncontact diffuse correlation tomography (NC-DCT) technique was developed to acquire 3-D blood flow index contrast images from a mouse with dorsal mammary tumors, resulting in evident tumor-healthy contrasts.
Choroidopathy and kidney disease: a case report and review of the literature

The patient was a 41 year-old Mexican American women who presented with a decrease in visual acuity along with periorbital and peripheral edema. She was diagnosed with bilateral serous retinal detachment and diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis. She improved considerably in hospital after treatment with corticosteroids.
The rotational spectrum of the cyclopentadienylallylnickel complex

Abstract The rotational spectrum of cyclopentadienylallylnickel, C 3 H 5 NiC 5 H 5 , has been studied using a pulsed molecular beam Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. Twelve a-type transitions were analyzed to obtain rotational and centrifugal distortion constants for the parent C 3 H 5 58 NiC 5 H 5 complex. The measured rotational constant A = 3107.603(93) MHz is about 160.0 MHz larger than the predicted DFT value, providing evidence for possible fluxional motion in the complex. The large distortion constants, on the order of 100 kHz, provide further evidence for fluxional motion. The experimental constants B = 1302.38(22) and C = 1276.40(15) MHz are in good agreement with the DFT calculated values and confirm the η 3 -bonding of the allyl ligand to the Ni–C 5 H 5 moiety. DFT calculations provide a V 5 barrier for internal rotation about the Ni–C 5 H 5 axis of 53 cm −1 , with the lowest energy conformation having the central allyl c-atom eclipsed with respect to two C 5 H 5 carbon atoms. Several additional rotational lines, possibly those of an exited torsional state, were observed but not assigned.
Are We Becoming Socially Impaired? Computer-Mediated Communication, Human Evolution, and Social Capital

We review the literatures on human evolution, organizational communication, and CMC, focusing on research addressing CMC support for the transmission of socio-emotional signals, Theory of Mind (ToM), and social capital. We develop a social capital theory of communication in organizations, linking the use of CMC for the transmission of socio-emotional signals with one's ability to develop social capital, where ToM is proposed as a major mediator.
THE EARLY STAGE OF THYROID HORMONE FORMATION: STUDIES ON RAT THYROIDS IN VIVO1

Labeled components of thyroids from normal and iodine-deficient rats have been studied 2 minutes to 24 hours after subcutaneous injection of I131. Normal glands collected 1% of dose at 120 minutes, whereas the iodinedeficient group collected 12%. Both groups accumulated I131 in excess of binding during the earl) minutes of observation. Transfer of PBI131 from particulatc to supernatant fraction was not proved. However, in studies on the distribution of total gland homogenate PBI131 between supernatant fraction (soluble cell proteins and colloid) and particulate fractions (nuclear, mitochondria], and microsomal), it was observed in some groups of animals that the proportion of PBI131 present in the supernatant fraction increased rapidly during the first 20 minutes, and then plateaued. MIT and DIT were present within 2 minutes of labeling, and in hyperplastic glands thyroxine was present after 14 minutes. The ratio of DIT/MIT was reduced by iodine deficiency, but in all groups the ratio remained relatively ...
Effect of protein malnutrition on the composition of submandibular glands of aged rats

Fifty 22-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for 8 weeks ad libitum with either a 20% protein diet (control) or a 5% protein diet (protein malnourished group). Submandibular glands were removed, weighed and homogenate prepared. After the low protein diet, there was a slight but significant decrease in body weight, glandular content of total protein (mg/g tissue), kallikrein activity/mg protein and glutamine-rich peptide. In contrast, the gland weight, DNA and mucin content were not changed by feeding a low protein diet. Thus in aged rats submandibular glands are only modestly affected by protein malnutrition and the effects on gland-specific proteins vary.
Fluorescence lifetime properties of near-infrared cyanine dyes in relation to their structures

Structurally diverse near-infrared (NIR) absorbing polymethine dyes were prepared and their fluorescence lifetimes (FLT) were evaluated in relation to their structural features. Comparative FLT analysis based on the modification of methine chain length and heterocyclic system showed that indolium or benzo[e]indolium heptamethine dyes exhibited longer FLT than the benzo[c,d]indolium trimethine dye. Modification of heterocyclic system alone with an intact chain length showed that indolium-based heptamethine dyes showed approximately 30% longer FLT than the benzo[e]indolium-based dyes. In general, the FLT of polymethine dyes increased from polar to non-polar solvents. In addition, correlation study between the theoretical and the experimental FLT for indocyanine green (ICG) suggests that the lack of structural rigidity for these cyanine dyes is primarily responsible for the loss of the excited state energy via non-radiative pathway.
Modification of the NH4 HCO3‐DTPA soil test to omit carbon black

Abstract Recently Soltanpour and Schwab3developed an NH4HCO3 ‐DTPA (AB‐DTPA) soil test to simultaneously extract NO3, P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu. In this test carbon black was used to clear the extract for the chromotropic acid method of nitrate determination. However, use of carbon black was inconvenient due to its staining and sometimes contaminative properties. The purpose of the study reported here was to determine the effect of the elimination of carbon black from the AB‐DTPA test on the extractable levels of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu. The results indicated that carbon black adsorbed Fe‐, Mn‐, and Cu‐DTPA, but did not affect the levels of P, K, and Zn in the AB‐DTPA extracts. Regressions of the modified AB‐DTPA test (no carbon black) on the DTPA test for Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu were run. These regressions showed that the levels of AB‐DTPA‐extractable Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu are highly correlated to the levels of these nutrients determined by the DTPA test. It was concluded that carbon black should be eliminated fr...
Innate and adaptive host response during the initial phase of herpes simplex virus encephalitis in the neonatal mouse

To study early events of neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis and its sequelae, the authors induced a controlled infection in the brains of mice using HSVgH, a genetically modified Disabled Infective Single Cycle virus. Neonatal Balb/C mice were infected with various amounts of HSVgH− virus by intracerebral injection. Results showed that the survival of infected mice was dependent on the amount of virus injected. Infection with 200,000 plaque forming units (pfu) of HSVgH−, virus resulted in 0% survival, whereas 25,000 pfu resulted in 75% survival. If the mice died, 98% of the deaths occurred between 3 and 7 days after infection. Replication competent virus was recovered from 20% of mice brains infected with 25,000 pfu of HSVgH−. Neutralizing antibodies were not detected 6 weeks post infection in sera of mice, which survived infection with 25,000 pfu of HSVgH−. LacZ histochemistry and immunoperoxidase staining using anti-HSV and anti-β-galactosidase antibodies revealed that the infection was limited to the site of injection. Tissue destruction was observed at the site of inoculation 3 days post infection using cresyl violet staining. At 3 days post infection adjacent sections showed positive cells for viral antigens and apoptotic cells in the infected area. Immunoperoxidase staining using antibodies to surface markers showed microglial activation beginning on day 1 and astrocyte proliferation beginning on day 3 post infection. B and T lymphocytes were not detected on day 1 through 7 post infection. This controlled experimental HSV infection suggests a limited non-specific early host response in the neonate to HSV encephalitis.
Ultrafast SET-LRP of methyl acrylate at 25 °C in alcohols

Alcohols are known to promote the disproportionation of Cu(I)X species into nascent Cu(0) and Cu(II)X. Therefore, alcohols are expected to be excellent solvents that facilitate the single-electron transfer mediated living radical polymerization (SET-LRP) mediated by nascent Cu(0) species. This publication demonstrates the ultrafast SET-LRP of methyl acrylate initiated with bis(2-bromopropionyloxy)ethane and catalyzed by Cu(0)/Me6-TREN in methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and tert-butanol and in their mixture with water at 25 °C. The structural analysis of the resulting polymers by a combination of 1H NMR and MALDI-TOF MS demonstrates the synthesis of perfectly bifunctional α,ω-dibromo poly(methyl acrylate)s by SET-LRP in alcohols. Moreover, this work provides an expansion of the list of solvents available for SET-LRP. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 2745–2754, 2008
Pharmacokinetics in Rats of a Long-Acting Human Parathyroid Hormone–Collagen Binding Domain Peptide Construct

The pharmacokinetics of a hybrid peptide consisting of the N-terminal biologically active region of human parathyroid hormone (PTH) linked to a collagen-binding domain (CBD) were evaluated in female Sprague-Dawley rats. The peptide, PTH-CBD, consists of the first 33 amino acids of PTH linked as an extension of the amino acid chain to the CBD peptide derived from ColH collagenase of Clostridium histolyticum. Serum concentrations arising from single dose administration by the subcutaneous and intravenous routes were compared with those measured following route-specific mole equivalent doses of PTH(1-34). Population-based modeling demonstrated similar systemic absorption kinetics and bioavailability for both peptides. Exposure to PTH-CBD was sixfold higher because of a systemic clearance of approximately 20% relative to PTH(1-34); however, these kinetics were consistent with more than 95% of a dose being eliminated from serum within 24 h. Results obtained support continued investigation of PTH-CBD as a bone-targeted anabolic agent for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
The chemical forms of sulfur in coal: a review

Abstract The sulfur in coal exists in inorganic and organic forms. The inorganic forms are usually sulfides and sulfates, with pyrite the major inorganic sulfur contaminant in most coals. Analytical methods are available for determining these inorganic sulfur components, and various commercial processes exist for the removal of much of the inorganic sulfur from coal. The organic sulfur structures in coals are mainly components of the macromolecular structures of the coal and are not readily separated and analysed without destruction of the macromolecular network. A number of analytical methods have been developed for approximating the sulfur functional group compositions of coals. Some of these are destructive tests depending on pyrolysis or catalytic reduction to H 2 S or oxidation to SO 2 . However various non-destructive X-ray methods are now available which measure sulfur types (aliphatic, aromatic or thiophenic) directly. The organic sulfur components can be broadly divided into aliphatic and aromatic or heterocyclic sulfur structures. The aliphatic types are thermally less stable, form H 2 S on heating or pyrolysis, and are converted at least in part to the more stable heterocyclic structures. The heterocyclic (usually thiophenic forms) vary from single-ring to at least six-ring structures, and often also contain nitrogen and/or oxygen heteroatoms. Many of the heterocyclic sulfur structures contain alkyl substituents of various sizes and complexity. Aromatic sulfides and disulfides are present in high-sulfur coals, but usually in small amounts compared with the heterocyclic sulfur compounds. Low sulfur coals derive their sulfur mainly from the sulfur components in the coal-forming plants. High-sulfur coals, however, are now known to derive most of their sulfur from reduction of sulfate ions to H 2 S in sea or brackish water in the coal beds by microbial processes. The H 2 S is chemically incorporated into the peat during diagenesis. The H 2 S also reacts with ferric ions in the water to produce pyrite in the coal. The mineral sulfur components can be removed or reduced by commercial methods of coal washing, flotation and oil agglomeration. Despite a great deal of research and development, no economically practical processes exist for the chemical removal of all the major organic sulfur components of coal. The aliphatic sulfur structures can be reacted with very strong bases, and the heterocyclic sulfur structures react selectively with single-electron-transfer reagents such as potassium naphthalenide. Certain microorganisms have been shown to consume or convert selectively some of the sulfur components of coal.
ESTIMATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FURTHER SAMPLING INSPECIES INVENTORIES

Estimators of the number of additional species expected in the next An samples offer a potentially important tool for improving cost-effectiveness of species in- ventories but are largely untested. We used Monte Carlo methods to compare 11 such estimators, across a range of community structures and sampling regimes, and validated our results, where possible, using empirical data from vascular plant and beetle inventories from Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. We found that B. Efron and R. Thisted's 1976 negative binomial estimator was most robust to differences in community structure and that it was among the most accurate estimators when sampling was from model communities with structures resembling the large, heterogeneous communities that are the likely targets of major inventory efforts. Other estimators may be preferred under specific conditions, however. For example, when sampling was from model communities with highly even species-abundance distributions, estimates based on the Michaelis-Menten model were most accurate; when sampling was from moderately even model communities with S = 10 species or communities with highly uneven species-abundance distributions, estimates based on Gleason's (1922) species-area model were most accurate. We suggest that use of such methods in species inventories can help improve cost-effectiveness by providing an ob- jective basis for redirecting sampling to more-productive sites, methods, or time periods as the expectation of detecting additional species becomes unacceptably low.
Fictions of life and death: Tomb automata in medieval romance

While automata appear in medieval European textual sources in many different settings, they frequently cluster around tombs, memorials and other places associated with the dead. In several different literary examples, automata expose the unstable definitions of ‘life’ and ‘death’ and reveal contemporary ideas about the complexity and permeability of these categories.
The effect of increased venous return on the venous pressure in patients with congestive heart failure.

Abstract Venous return to the right auricle and the level of venous pressure have been believed to play an important role in the physiology of the circulation since Starling carried out his classic experiments. 1 Not only has this factor been considered of great importance in regulating cardiac output, but elevation of peripheral venous pressure is an integral part of the picture of congestive failure of the right side of the heart, according to the “backward failure” hypothesis. Both of these concepts have been challenged, and it has been held by some that when the peripheral venous pressure is elevated it is mainly due either to increase in circulating blood volume or to increase in venous tone. The majority of studies of the venous pressure in human beings have dealt with observations carried out in the resting state. These have a limited value, and it is of importance to study the response of the circulation, including the venous pressure, under conditions of stress, for it is under such conditions that signs of congestive failure first develop. The recognition of the importance of such stress has led to the suggestion of the measurement of venous pressure during various maneuvers as tests of cardiac competence. 2–8 Such maneuvers are exercise, administration of intravenous fluids, abdominal compression, and passive elevation of the legs. It has been reported that in individuals with competent circulations no elevation of venous pressure will result from such procedures, whereas patients with failure of the right side of the heart will respond with an increase. These tests have also been employed as a means of studying the pathogenesis of cardiac failure. An illustration of this is the report of Landis and co-workers, 9 who found that after coronary ligation in dogs venous pressure became elevated only during exercise or when intravenous infusions were given. The present report is concerned with a study of the venous pressure in patients with different types of congestive heart failure, and with the effects of the maneuvers described above.
A unified treatment of track reconstruction and particle identification

Abstract In this note, the deformable template or elastic arm approach to track reconstruction described previously will be extended to include particle identification. The discussion will first develop the mathematical and algorithmic structure of the pattern recognition problem using the methodology and language of statistical mechanics and then sketch its implementation in an object-oriented programming language. This unified treatment will allow the user the freedom to organize the analysis in a variety of ways, with intermediate results available and documented.
Numerical studies of flows over liquid droplets on cylindrical fibers

Abstract Numerical calculations are carried out to study flows around liquid droplets held in place by cylindrical fibers. Two configurations were considered: (1) a droplet supported at the middle of a fiber that extends into the gas phase on both sides of the droplet and (2) a droplet suspended at the end of a fiber. Calculations are done for droplet Reynolds numbers based on droplet diameters of 0–100. The flow around a supported droplet loses its axisymmetry even for very thin support fibers. Significant changes are seen in flow patterns, separation lengths, and in pressure and friction drag coefficients. Maximum separation lengths increase almost linearly with support rod diameters. Where flow separation occurs, pressure drag coefficients increase while friction drag coefficients drop almost linearly with support rod diameters. For a suspended droplet, the flows at the droplet front resemble that seen for the supported droplet on one side and a free droplet on the other side. However, in the rear of the droplet, the flow interaction between the two sides creates a highly asymmetrical wake structure.
Intrinsic and artificial bias in the KONUS cumulative number distribution

The known biases affecting the KONUS gamma burst cumulative number distribution are discussed and categorized as intrinsic (unavoidable) and artificial (avoidable). Artificial biases are removed to obtain a revised, more faithful representation of the true KONUS log N-log Pc, where Pc is in counts (1/0.25 s). A low Pc turnover is still apparent in the revised log N-log Pc. Conflicting claims that the KONUS log N-log Pc is compatible with a nearby disk or an isotropic, homogeneous distribution are tested using the revised log N-log Pc and a rigorous treatment of the KONUS intrinsic gamma background bias. The claims are shown to be improbable. Other possibilities and problms concerning log N-log Pc are discussed, but the need for a complete explanation of the low Pc turnover remains.
Staging acceleration and cooling in a Neutrino Factory

Abstract All schemes to produce intense sources of high-energy muons—Neutrino factories, beta beams, Colliders—require collection, RF capture, and transport of particle beams with unprecedented emittances, both longitudinally and transversely. These large initial emittances must be reduced or “cooled” both in size and in energy spread before the muons can be efficiently accelerated to multi-GeV energies. The acceleration stage becomes critical in formulating and optimizing muon beams; individual stages are strongly interlinked and not independent as is the case in most conventional acceleration systems. Most importantly, the degree of cooling, or cooling channel, depends on the choice of acceleration. In the current US baseline scenario, the cooling required for acceleration is about a factor of 10 in transverse emittance per plane. Longitudinal cooling is also required. In the proposed Japanese scenario, using an alternative acceleration scheme, no cooling is presumed. This work discusses two basic, but different approaches to a Neutrino Factory and how the optimal strategy depends on beam parameters and method of acceleration.
Optimal CMOS interconnect width design in electromigration-free material

An optimal width design for an electromigration-free interconnect in CMOS technology has been developed. The interconnect width is minimized to account for interconnect capacitance and electromigration effects. The analytical solution provides insights into interconnect and circuit sensitivities. Optimization of the interconnect width for a given maximum current density is presented. This technique offers a fast turn-around design time compared with iterative circuit simulations.
Metabolic abnormalities of human adenosine deaminase deficiency reproduced in the mouse by 2′-deoxycoformycin, an adenosine deaminase inhibitor

Abstract Genetic absence of the enzyme adenosine deaminase in man results in severe combined immunodeficiency disease. Administration of 2′-deoxycoformycin, a tight-binding specific inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, to the mouse in vivo reproduces the metabolic abnormalities reported thus far in patients genetically lacking adenosine deaminase activity. These include markedly elevated excretion of 2′-deoxyadenosine, and inhibition of adenosine deaminase as well as of S-adenosyl homocysteine hydrolase tissue activities. Additionally there is a thymus-specific 10-fold increase in 2′-deoxyadenosine triphosphate content. This murine biochemical model of human adenosine deaminase deficiency should prove of value in studying the relationship of nucleoside metabolism to immunologic functional activity.
Evaluation of Electro-Spun Tubular Scaffolds to Create an Anastomosis Using the CAM Assay

Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is a vascular disease characterized by thrombosis of the retinal veins that can eventually lead to ischemia. Ischemic CRVO can then cause macular degeneration and neovascular glaucoma causing partial to full blindness. In this study, we determined the feasibility of electrospinning tubular scaffolds for treating CRVO and vascular disease. Electrospinning was utilized to produce customizable scaffolds from nano-bers using collagen type I. Scaffolds were treated with glutaraldehyde, glycine, ethanol, UV light, and combinations of the treatments for the purpose cross-linking and to study their angiogenic effects. Structural properties of the scaffolds were analyzed with scanning electron micrsoscopy (SEM). Scaffolds were immobilized with human recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor (rhVEGF165) to investigate the drug-delivering abilities of the electrospun materials and as a method to produce vascularization. The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay was used to examine the effects of VEGF immobilizations and to evaluate the feasibility of creating an anastomosis to treat CRVO. Collagen onplants (non-electrospun) and electrospun implants were made on day 10 of embryonic development. Findings show collagen loaded with rhVEGF165 had improved vasculature and pro-angiogenic properties. The present study suggests that collagen can immobilize and release growth factor, be electrospun to mimic the ultrastructure of native blood vessels, and holds promise for vascular tissue engineering.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
OBSERVATIONS OF BINARY STARS WITH THE DIFFERENTIAL SPECKLE SURVEY INSTRUMENT. IV. OBSERVATIONS OF KEPLER, CoRoT, AND HIPPARCOS STARS FROM THE GEMINI NORTH TELESCOPE

We present the results of 71 speckle observations of binary and unresolved stars, most of which were observed with the DSSI speckle camera at the Gemini North Telescope in 2012 July. The main purpose of the run was to obtain diffraction-limited images of high-priority targets for the Kepler and CoRoT missions, but in addition, we observed a number of close binary stars where the resolution limit of Gemini was used to better determine orbital parameters and/or confirm results obtained at or below the diffraction limit of smaller telescopes. Five new binaries and one triple system were discovered, and first orbits are calculated for other two systems. Several systems are discussed in detail.