cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acid Protease Synthesis by Mucor pusillus in Chemically Defined Media

The acid protease synthetized by Mucor pusillus in chemically defined medium displayed a gel filtration pattern and optimal pH similar to that shown by protease isolated from complex medium. Protease synthesis was influenced by the concentration of sulfur in the medium. At sulfur concentrations greater than 10−4m, protease synthesis was suppressed, indicating a controlling role of sulfur compounds in the synthesis of extracellular protein. Inorganic phosphate was found to be without negative effect on enzyme synthesis. Growth studies showed that M. pusillus had the capacity to utilize ammonium N, nitrate N, amino N, and urea.
Maximum of partial sums and an invariance principle for a class of weak dependent random variables

The aim of this paper is to investigate the properties of the maximum of partial sums for a class of weakly dependent random variables which includes the instantaneous filters of a Gaussian sequence having a positive continuous spectral density. The results are used to obtain an invariance principle and the convergence of the moments in the central limit theorem.
Some problems of planetary atmosphere entry.

Space vehicles aerodynamic heating at hyperbolic entry speed, particulary ablation materials
Persistence of soil organic matter in eroding versus depositional landform positions

Soil organic matter (SOM) processes in dynamic landscapes are strongly influenced by soil erosion and sedimentation. We determined the contribution of physical isolation of organic matter (OM) inside aggregates, chemical interaction of OM with soil minerals, and molecular structure of SOM in controlling storage and persistence of SOM in different types of eroding and depositional landform positions. By combining density fractionation with elemental and spectroscopic analyses, we showed that SOM in depositional settings is less transformed and better preserved than SOM in eroding landform positions. However, which environmental factors exert primary control on storage and persistence of SOM depended on the nature of the landform position considered. In an annual grassland watershed, protection of SOM by physical isolation inside aggregates and chemical association of organic matter (complexation) with soil minerals, as assessed by correlation with radiocarbon concentration, were more effective in the poorly drained, lowest-lying depositional landform positions, compared to well-drained landform positions in the upper parts of the watershed. Results of this study demonstrated that processes of soil erosion and deposition are important mechanisms of long-term OM stabilization.
Cultural Values and Domestic Violence

ABSTRACT The value system for defining family violence is frequently based on the cultural beliefs imbedded in mainstream Euro-American values. This paper examines domestic violence from a cross-cultural perspective and evaluates how cultural beliefs and societal rules impact the incidence of family violence as well as the relative acceptability of this form of oppression. In this analysis, Asian, Latino, and African American cultures are examined in light of varying cultural perspectives on family violence.
Desert Island Column

The author has been marooned on a desert island and his only access to the outside world is via a coupon for seven free books from Amazon (don't ask how he will order the books). That doesn't sound too bad, except there is a catch: all seven books must be related to software engineering. What will the author do?
Combined transoral robotic surgery and endoscopic endonasal approach for the resection of extensive malignancies of the skull base

Background Oncologic resection of the clivus, nasopharynx, craniovertebral junction, and infratemporal fossa is a challenging endeavor because of their complex and protected anatomy. Our goals were to design a cadaveric model and identify advantages and limitations of combining the transoral robotic surgery (TORS) and endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) techniques. Methods Cadaveric specimens were dissected using a da Vinci surgical robot and endoscopic endonasal instruments in a fashion that mimicked our operating room environment. We then applied these techniques clinically. Results EEA was performed to provide a detailed dissection of the infratemporal fossa, nasopharynx, posterior skull base (clivus), and craniovertebral junction. Using TORS, we dissected the parapharyngeal space, infratemporal fossa, and nasopharynx below the eustachian tube, which represented a transition zone that delineated the most effective resection field of each approach. Conclusions TORS and EEA seem to be complementary techniques; thus, their combined use seems advantageous for selected advanced tumors in these complex areas. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 35: E351–E358, 2013
Guiding Civil Case Settlement Conferences and Their Aftermath: The Need to Amend Illinois Supreme Court Rule 218

Written civil procedure laws on pretrial conferences in civil actions in Illinois trial courts historically have spoken chiefly to trial preparation. More recently, such laws have recognized explicitly case management and settlement objectives. Trial preparation and case management conference procedures are described better in Illinois Supreme Court Rules and understood better in the legal community. Comparable guidelines and understanding of settlement conference procedures are lacking. Confusion has arisen in several areas of significant practical import, including judicially compelled and invited participation in settlement conference talks, procedural requisites for enforceable agreements arising during such talks, and same and later case enforcement jurisdiction. Amendments to Illinois Supreme Court rule 218 addressing settlement conferencing and its aftermath would promote the more "convenient administration of justice" in the Illinois circuit courts. In particular, lawmakers should consider possible changes that speak to compelled and invited attendance, the procedural requisites necessary for valid contracts, and same and later case enforcement of settlement contracts. Fortunately, there are good models available from other American states. Amendments to Rule 218 should not alter dramatically current Illinois court practices, but rather would clarify and unify settlement conference procedures.
Pathology of Schwinger boson mean-field theory for Heisenberg spin models

We reanalyze the Schwinger boson mean-field theory (SBMFT) for Heisenberg spin models on the cubic lattice. We find that the second-order phase-transition point for magnetic ordering previously reported corresponds to a local maximum of the free-energy functional. For both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic Heisenberg models with spin S≤S C , where S C <½, the mean-field transitions are first-order from the magnetically long-ranged ordered phase to the completely uncorrelated phase. In addition to erroneously giving a first-order transition for magnetic ordering, the mean-field theory does not include a phase with finite short-range correlation, thus negating one of the prime advantages of SBMFT. The relevance of these pathologies to other situations beyond the cubic lattice is discussed.
Effect of crosslinking density on the diffusion of antioxidant in XLPE matrices

A Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer equipped with a microbeam accessary and a linear translation stage with a pinhole mask was used to monitor the diffusion of antioxidant in crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) matrices crosslinked with controlled amounts of crosslinking agent. Integration of the peak area for a characteristic peak of the antioxidant at different positions along the sample indicated the changing concentration due to diffusion within 30 days. This technique allowed us to study an antioxidant with a molecular weight in the thousand range. The diffusion coefficients calculated were in the order of 10−11 – 10−10 cm2·s−1. It was observed that the diffusion constants dramatically changed with the crosslinking density.
Identification of potential hosts and vectors of scrub typhus and tick-borne spotted fever group rickettsiae in eastern Taiwan

Scrub typhus and tick-borne spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsioses are transmitted by chiggers (larval trombiculid mites) and hard ticks, respectively. We assessed exposure to these disease vectors by extensively sampling both chiggers and ticks and their small mammal hosts in eastern Taiwan during 2007 and 2008. The striped field mouse Apodemus agrarius Pallas (Rodentia: Muridae) was the most common of the small mammals (36.1% of 1393 captures) and presented the highest rate of infestation with both chiggers (47.8% of 110 760) and ticks (78.1% of 1431). Leptotrombidium imphalum Vercammen-Grandjean & Langston (Trombidiformes: Trombiculidae) and immature Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides Supino (Ixodida: Ixodidae) were the most abundant chiggers (84.5%) and ticks (>99%) identified, respectively. Immunofluorescent antibody assay revealed high seropositive rates of rodents against Orientia tsutsugamushi Hyashi (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae), the aetiological agent of scrub typhus (70.0% of 437 rodents), and tick-borne SFG rickettsiae (91.9% of 418 rodents). The current study represents a first step towards elucidating the potential hosts and vectors in the enzootic transmission of O. tsutsugamushi and tick-borne SFG rickettsiae in Taiwan. Further studies should focus on characterizing pathogens in L. imphalum and R. haemaphysaloides, as well as the proclivity of both vectors to humans. Uncovering the main hosts of adult ticks is also critical for the prevention of SFG rickettsial infections.
A numerical approach to boundary layer fractionation: application to differentiation in natural magma systems

With few exceptions, geochemical models of igneous differentiation have assumed that crystals form homogeneously throughout the cooling magma chamber. This is in spite of field evidence and physical models suggesting for natural systems, that heat loss, and thus most crystallization, occurs primarily along the walls and roof of magma chambers. Such systems would produce aphyric, evolved composition lavas. Existing models of boundary layer crystal fractionation suggest that the products of such a process are significantly different from the products of homogeneous crystallization. To investigate this process further, we have developed a model using a numerical approach to boundary layer crystal fractionation based on new phase equilibria and trace element constraints. In addition to olivine, augite and plagioclase, this new model includes the ability to calculate the effects of oxide (magnetite and ilmenite), apatite and low-Ca pyroxene fractionation. This is critical if we are to effectively evaluate the geochemical signature of boundary layer fractionation. This is because the products of boundary layer fractionation are most different from homogeneous fractionation for high degrees of crystallization in the solidification zone. These are the same conditions where oxides, low-Ca pyroxene and apatite are saturated in most natural, differentiated mafic systems. The results of this model suggest that boundary layer fractionation can help to explain such phenomena as “phantom crystallization”, variation in incompatible element ratios, and the decoupling of major and trace element systematics. In addition, many of the geochemical patterns that we use to distinguish between the products of low pressure and high pressure differentiation are obscured by the fact that the liquid line of descent can be controlled by the removal of phases not in equilibrium with the entire magma chamber.
Hot-carrier-induced MOSFET degradation under AC stress

The effects of gate and drain voltage waveforms on the hot-carrier-induced MOSFET degradation are studied. Drain votage transients have little effect on the degradation rate. Only the falling edge of the gate pulse in the presence of a high drain voltage enhances the degradation rate. For devices in typical inverter circuits, dc stress results together with the substrate current waveform can predict the degradation rate under ac stress for a wide range of rise and delay times.
A note on the perturbation of positive matrices by normal and unitary matrices

Abstract In a recent paper, Neumann and Sze considered for an n × n nonnegative matrix A , the minimization and maximization of ρ ( A + S ), the spectral radius of ( A + S ), as S ranges over all the doubly stochastic matrices. They showed that both extremal values are always attained at an n × n permutation matrix. As a permutation matrix is a particular case of a normal matrix whose spectral radius is 1, we consider here, for positive matrices A such that ( A + N ) is a nonnegative matrix, for all normal matrices N whose spectral radius is 1, the minimization and maximization problems of ρ ( A + N ) as N ranges over all such matrices. We show that the extremal values always occur at an n × n real unitary matrix. We compare our results with a less recent work of Han, Neumann, and Tastsomeros in which the maximum value of ρ ( A + X ) over all n × n real matrices X of Frobenius norm n was sought.
Effect of cefovecin on the fecal flora of healthy dogs

Abstract Cefovecin is an extended-spectrum long-acting third generation cephalosporin used to treat canine infections. The study objective was to determine the effect of cefovecin on the absolute number and antimicrobial susceptibility of fecal enteric bacteria in healthy dogs. Fourteen Beagles were randomly assigned to a treated (n = 7, 8 mg/kg cefovecin subcutaneously on day 1) or untreated (n = 7) group. LC/MS was used to determine plasma cefovecin concentration on day 14. E. coli, enterococci, and Salmonella were isolated and enumerated from fecal samples collected on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28. Antimicrobial resistance was determined using disc diffusion, MIC, and detected using PCR for the blaCMY-2 gene on select isolates. Mean plasma concentration of cefovecin on day 14 was 9.59 μg/mL in treated dogs; untreated dogs had no measurable plasma cefovecin. The absolute number of E. coli was lower in treated dogs on day 3 (P ⩽ 0.0001), and the absolute number of cefovecin-resistant E. coli was higher in treated dogs on days 7 (P = 0.002), 14 (P = 0.004) and 28 (P ⩽ 0.0001), compared to untreated dogs. Enterococci increased and were higher in the treatment group on day 7 (P = 0.0226). Isolation of Salmonella was rare. After cefovecin treatment, beta-lactam resistance was more common in fecal E. coli from treated dogs than untreated dogs, while resistance of enterococci was not altered. On day 28, treated dogs were 3.25 times more likely to carry the blaCMY-2 gene than untreated dogs (95% CI 1.27 – 8.35). The implications of these findings in clinically ill patients require further research.
Design and analysis of a fuzzy proportional-integral-derivative controller

Abstract This paper describes the design principle, tracking performance and stability analysis of a fuzzy proportional-integral (PI) plus a derivative (D) controller. First, the fuzzy PI+D controller is derived from the conventional continuous-time linear PI+D controller. Then, the fuzzification, control-rule base, and defuzzification in the design of the fuzzy controller are discussed in detail. The resulting controller is a discrete-time fuzzy version of the conventional PI+D controller, which has the same linear structure in the proportional, integral and derivative parts but has nonconstant gains: the proportional, integral and derivative gains are nonlinear functions of the input signals. The new fuzzy PI+D controller thus preserves the simple linear structure of its conventional counterpart yet enhances the self-tuning control capability. Computer simulation results have demonstrated the advantages of the fuzzy controller, particularly when the process to be controlled is nonlinear. After a brief stability analysis, where a simple and realistic sufficient condition for the bounded-input/bounded-output stability of the overall feedback control system was derived, several computer simulation results are shown to compare with the conventional PI+D controller. Computer simulation results have shown the new fuzzy controller indeed has satisfactory tracking performance.
A Classroom Demonstration of Single-Subject Research Designs

This article provides a brief overview of single-subject designs and describes a classroom demonstration useful in teaching these designs to undergraduate psychology majors. Using a reversal design...
Identification of a sorting signal for the regulated secretory pathway at the N-terminus of pro-opiomelanocortin

The N-terminal 26 amino acids of the prohormone pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) were investigated to determine whether this region has the capacity to act as a sorting signal for the regulated secretory pathway. Constructs were made using the N-terminal 101, 50, 26 or 10 amino acids of POMC fused to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter protein and expressed in AtT20 cells to show that at least the first 26 amino acids were required to sort CAT to the regulated secretory pathway. Full length POMC was mutated by deleting amino acids 2-26 from the N-terminal region. Analysis of Neuro-2a cells expressing this mutation compared to wild type POMC indicated that these 26 amino acids contain information essential for sorting POMC to the regulated secretory pathway. The results presented here suggest the presence of a conformation-dependent signal in the N-terminal 26 amino acids of POMC responsible for sorting POMC to the regulated secretory pathway.
Impulse blockade in frog cardiac ganglion does not resemble partial denervation in changing synaptic organization

Partial denervation of parasympathetic neurons in the frog heart by surgical section of one vagus nerve results in a marked reorganization of functional synaptic connections made by the remaining vagus nerve. These changes are not simply due to a lack of impulse activity per se in the sectioned nerve because blockage of impulses in one vagus with tetrodotoxin-impregnated cuffs did not cause similar changes in the innervation pattern of the ganglion. Furthermore, tetrodotoxin-blocked vagal fibers retain their ability to sprout and can form new synapses on denervated neurons.
Comment on the concentration dependence of isotropic-nematic transition temperatures in micellar systems.

Recent magnetic birefringence experiments have measured the temperature difference ${T}_{0}$-${T}^{\mathrm{*}}$=\ensuremath{\Delta}T as a function of concentration (amphiphile volume fraction \ensuremath{\varphi}) for the micellar system cesium perfluoro-octanoate--water. Here ${T}_{0}$ is the isotropic-nematic transition temperature and ${T}^{\mathrm{*}}$ is the ``Landau'' temperature at which the birefringence (and light scattering intensity, etc.) would diverge if the first-order phase transformation did not intervene. By treating explicitly the competing roles of attractive and repulsive forces, we account for \ensuremath{\Delta}T being much smaller than that in thermotropic liquids and for its strong increase with \ensuremath{\varphi}.
Increased shock-induced fighting with supersensitive β-adrenergic receptors

Abstract Adult male rats were treated chronically with haloperidol (1 mg/kg) daily or propranolol (10 mg/kg bid) and evaluated for changes in shock-induced fighting. Haloperidol suppressed fighting. Chronic propranolol facilitated fighting when rats were tested eight hours after injection. Acutely, either 5 or 10 mg/kg of d,1-propranolol suppressed shock-induced fighting. Chronic pindolol (10 mg/kg bid) and chronic 1-propranolol (5 mg/kg bid) administration increased fighting. Chronic d,1-propranolol, 1-propranolol or pindolol administration was associated with an increase in B max for β-adrenergic receptors. No change in fighting or B max was observed with the chronic administration of d-propranolol (5 mg/kg bid) or metoprolol (10 mg/kg bid). This increase in shock-induced fighting appears to be a behavioral response developing as a consequence of increased β-adrenergic receptors responding to endogenously released norepinephrine.
Assessment of the effectiveness of transition metal solutes in hardening of Ni solid solutions

The degree of solid solution strengthening associated with various transition metal elements alloyed with nickel was systematically investigated using a variety of instrumented indentation techniques on binary Ni alloy systems. The measured hardness of the alloys was shown to vary as a function of the solute species. For a nominally constant level of alloying, additions of Nb, Ta, Rh and Ir were revealed to be most potent with respect to enhancing the hardness of the solid solution, binary Ni alloys. A modified Labusch relationship was applied to correlate the various transition metal solutes to the hardness of the alloys and quantify the effectiveness of the elements as solid solution strengtheners in Ni. The results of this investigation suggest that the dominant mechanism by which solid solution strengthening occurs is not due to the localized lattice strains in the proximity of the solute, but rather by the nature of the electronic structure interaction and the resultant change in stacking fault energy.
Microstructural and Mechanical Property Changes with Aging of Mo-41Re and Mo-47.5Re Alloys

Abstract The changes in microstructure and mechanical properties of Mo–41Re and Mo–47.5Re alloys were investigated following 1100 h thermal aging at 1098, 1248 and 1398 K. The electrical resistivity, hardness and tensile properties of the alloys were measured both before and after aging, along with the alloy microstructures though investigation by optical and electron microscopy techniques. The Mo–41Re alloy retained a single-phase solid solution microstructure following 1100 h aging at all temperatures, exhibiting no signs of precipitation, despite measurable changes in resistivity and hardness in the 1098 K aged material. Annealing Mo–47.5Re for 1 h at 1773 K resulted in a two-phase αMo + σ structure, with subsequent aging at 1398 K producing a further precipitation of the σ phase along the grain boundaries. This resulted in increases in resistivity, hardness and tensile strength with a corresponding reduction in ductility. Aging Mo–47.5Re at 1098 and 1248 K led to the development of the χ phase along grain boundaries, resulting in decreased resistivity and increased hardness and tensile strength while showing no loss in ductility relative to the as-annealed material.
Lipid Oxidation and Color Stability in Restructured Meat Systems during Frozen Storage

Salt and combinations of salt with phosphates and antioxidants were investigated for their role in lipid oxidation and discoloration in restructured beef, pork, and turkey steaks during storage at - 10°C for 16 wk, 8 wk and 8 wk, respectively. Lipid oxidation and discoloration occurred simultaneously in pork and turkey, but beef color loss occurred much earlier than did lipid oxidation. Phosphates were effective in inhibiting lipid oxidation in beef (4 wk), pork (8 wk) and turkey (6 wk). Tertiary butylhydroquinone inhibited lipid oxidation in pork and turkey steaks, but, overall, neither prevented discoloration. Results indicate discoloration and lipid oxidation are interrelated, and pigment oxidation may catalyze lipid oxidation.
Effective evaluation of catalytic deoxygenation for in situ catalytic fast pyrolysis using gas chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry

Abstract Effective deoxygenation in catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) is crucial for bio-oil stabilization and its successful commercialization. Herein, we utilize a new analytical platform that couples gas chromatography (GC) to dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (dAPCI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS) to evaluate catalytic deoxygenation of cellulose pyrolysis. Soft ionization and accurate mass measurement through dAPCI-TOF MS allows direct chemical composition analysis of GC-separated molecules, regardless of their presence in the database. The analytical approach was successfully demonstrated for its ability to evaluate catalytic efficiency of different catalysts and to monitor the change in CFP reaction products with catalyst-to-biomass load ratio. A total of 142 compounds could be analyzed with this approach compared to 38 compounds in traditional Py-GC-EI-MS analysis.
Determinants of strategic options in multinational market competition

Abstract This article conceptually explores the determinants of strategic options in multinational market competition. It draws on and integrates three research streams in strategy and international management: action and response in competitive rivalry; multipoint competition, and global competition and strategy. Specifically, it examines the various factors that determine whether and when a multinational corporation (MNC), while under attack from a rival MNC, will adopt the following responses: doing nothing, defending, counterattack, and total war. Those factors are organized into four categories: (1) types of attack, including price cut, introduction of new product, entry into new market, and advertising campaign; (2) awareness of interdependence of multinational markets, determined by market overlap, MNC strategy, and MNC organization; (3) motivation for globally coordinated moves, determined by the centrality of national markets, strategic importance of national markets, perceived importance of national markets, and perceived importance of rivals; and (4) feasibility of response, determined by entry barriers and diversity of national markets as well as resource heterogeneity and differential between rival MNCs. The effects of these four categories of factors on the choice of response are explored respectively. Research implications are offered in concluding remarks.
Mercury pollution of Lake Erie ecosphere.

Abstract The distribution of mercury in the ecosphere of Lake Erie was monitored using a highly sensitive and reliable neutron activation analysis procedure. A variety of samples from the fauna and flora of the lake as well as those from its immediate environment were analyzed for their mercury content. The results of this survey indicate a widespread distribution of mercury in air particulates; coal samples of the region; sediments, plankton/algae and fish samples from the lake; and in the brain tissues of long-time residents of the Lake Erie Basin.
Erratum to “Spatial data mining and geographic knowledge discovery – An introduction” [Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 33 (2009) 403–408]

Erratum to ‘‘Spatial data mining and geographic knowledge discovery – An introduction” [Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 33 (2009) 403–408] Diansheng Guo *, Jeremy Mennis b Department of Geography, University of South Carolina, 709 Bull Street, Room 127, Columbia, SC 29208, United States Department of Geography and Urban Studies, Temple University, 1115 W. Berks Street, 309 Gladfelter Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
Characterization of Lipid Components in Two Microalgae for Biofuel Application

A full characterization of lipid components is critical for selecting the most suitable microalgae and for downstream processing for biofuel production. This study demonstrates extraction, quantification, and diversity of lipid components from two microalgae of different types. For total lipid quantification, three extraction methods were compared and the method of pre-drying, dry ice-assisted grinding, and sequential solvent extraction gave the highest total lipid recovery. For lipid class composition determination, the photosynthetic Nannochloropsis contained 37.0% polar lipids, 41.1% triacylglycerols, and 12.5% unsaponifiable matter, whereas, the heterotrophic Schizochytrium had much less polar lipids and unsaponifiable matter. Further separation and quantification showed that Nannochloropsis contained more glycolipids (37.1% of total polar lipids) than that in Schizochytrium (14.3%), while Schizochytrium contained much more phospholipids (85.7%) than that in Nannochloropsis (44.7%). The major components in unsaponifiable matter of Nannochloropsis were hydrocarbon and cholesterol (55.8 and 37.7% of the total GC quantifiable matter), which only accounted for 29.3% of total unsaponifiable matter. For Schizochytrium, 15.4% squalene, 28.9% cholesterol, and 43.2% stigmasta-4,7,22-trien-3-ol were found in its GC quantifiable matter, and the total quantified hydrocarbon and sterols accounted for 50.5% of unsaponifiable matter. The lipid compositions of the two types of microalgae are very different, therefore, processing performance, such as lipid extraction and conversion to biodiesel may be different. Similar lipid characterization for other biofuel types of microalgae needs to be made to ensure optimal biofuel processing and fuel quality.
Coordination geometries of bis(4-amino-3-alkyl-1,2,4-triazole-5-thione) complexes of first row transition metals: crystal structures of the cobalt and nickel complexes of 4-amino-3-trifluoromethyl-1,2,4-triazole-5-thione

Bis bidentate complexes of 4-amino-3-trifluoromethyl-1,2,4-triazole-5-thione, SN 4 C 3 H 3 F 3 (afmt, 1 ) of the divalent ions Co and Ni, have been crystallized by direct combination of the ligand and metal nitrate hydrate salt in ethanol. The structures of the free ligand 1 as well as the complexes were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The triazole bonds to the metal ion through the amine and thione substituents on the five-membered ring. Two water molecules complete the octahedral coordination sphere. [Co(afmt) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ](NO 3 ) 2 ( 2 ) and [Ni(afmt) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ](NO 3 ) 2 ( 3 ) are essentially isostructural with a trans arrangement of all ligands. These structures are compared with those of four recently reported series of 4-amino-3-alkyl-1,2,4-triazole-5-thione complexes (alkyl=H, CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , and C 3 H 7 ) and it is found that the behavior of the CF 3 -substituted ligand is most like that of the ethyl analog. Attempts to make complexes with other metals yielded crystals of the acid salt of the thiocarbohydrazide starting material. The crystal structure of thiocarbohydrazidium nitrate, [SN 4 CH 7 ]NO 3 ( 4 ) has also been determined. The structure consists of layers of cations and anions in which the ammonium protons are hydrogen-bonded to the nitrate ions.
Effect of alterations in drug metabolism on epinephrine-induced cardiac arrhythmias in rabbits exposed to methylchloroform.

Abstract Control rabbits or those treated with the drug-metabolism inducer, phenobarbital, or the inhibitors, 2-diethylaminoethyl-2, 2-diphenylvalerate-HCl (SKF-525A) or 2,4-dichloro-6-phenylphenoxyethyldiethyl-amine-HBr (Lilly 18947) were exposed to 5600 ppm methylchloroform in an inhalation chamber under dynamic airflow conditions. Phenobarbital treatment slightly decreased blood levels of methylchloro-form and the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias. The two inhibitors decreased the metabolism of methyl-chloroform and increased the incidence of arrhythmias. Methylchloroform rather than its metabolites appeared responsible for the arrhythmias. This arrhythmogenicity was altered by agents which affect the disposition and hence the blood levels of the compound.
Effects of Oxyanions, Natural Organic Matter, and Bacterial Cell Numbers on the Bioreduction of Lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) and the Formation of Secondary Mineralization Products

Microbial reduction of Fe(III) oxides results in the production of Fe(II) and may lead to the subsequent formation of Fe(II)-bearing secondary mineralization products including magnetite, siderite, vivianite, chukanovite (ferrous hydroxy carbonate (FHC)), and green rust; however, the factors controlling the formation of specific Fe(II) phases are often not well-defined. This study examined effects of (i) a range of inorganic oxyanions (arsenate, borate, molybdate, phosphate, silicate, and tungstate), (ii) natural organic matter (citrate, oxalate, microbial extracellular polymeric substances [EPS], and humic substances), and (iii) the type and number of dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria on the bioreduction of lepidocrocite and formation of Fe(II)-bearing secondary mineralization products. The bioreduction kinetics clustered into two distinct Fe(II) production profiles. “Fast” Fe(II) production kinetics [19−24 mM Fe(II) d−1] were accompanied by formation of magnetite and FHC in the unamended control and ...
Tale of Two Ecosuburbs in Freiburg, Germany: Encouraging Transit and Bicycle Use by Restricting Parking Provision

This paper compares two ecosuburbs of Freiburg, Germany, created over the past 10 years and similar in many respects except for provision of parking. Both are transit-oriented developments designed as familyfriendly live-work-play places, composed of mixed-use commercial and residential buildings meeting ecological best practices. Both suburbs have similar high density, are located about 3 km from the city center, and have excellent transit and bicycling connections. Rieselfeld followed the German convention of one parking spot per residence, while Vauban was designed by environmentalist citizen-activists to support car-free living. Parking cost and location were unbundled from housing, with parking spots provided at construction cost in garages on the periphery of the Vauban district. Demand was strong for this pedestrian- and bicycle-oriented housing, and residents used these modes at a higher rate. Fewer households in Vauban owned cars, and car-owning households were observed to drive less often. Trave...
A comparison of ligands proposed for the asymmetric dihydroxylation

Abstract Comparative data for several ligands proposed recently for use in the osmium-catalyzed asymmetric dihydroxylation (AD) are presented.
Do physical activity facilities near schools affect physical activity in high school girls

Objective: To investigate associations between the number of physical activity facilities within walking distance of school and physical activity behavior in 12th grade girls during after-school hours. Methods: Girls (N=1394) from 22 schools completed a self-report to determine physical activity after 3:00 p.m. The number of physical activity facilities within a 0.75-mile buffer of the school was counted with a Geographic Information System. Associations between the number of facilities and girls' physical activity were examined using linear mixed-model analysis of variance. Results: Overall, girls who attended schools with ≥5 facilities within the buffer reported more physical activity per day than girls in schools with <5 facilities. In addition, girls who attended rural schools with ≥5 facilities reported ∼12% more physical activity per day than girls who attended rural schools with <5 facilities. No difference existed for girls in urban/suburban schools with ≥5 vs. <5 facilities. Conclusion: When school siting decisions are made, the number of physical activity facilities surrounding the school should be considered to encourage physical activity in 12th grade girls.
Evaluation of barrier walls for mitigation of unintended releases of hydrogen

Abstract Hydrogen jet flames resulting from ignition of unintended releases can be extensive in length and pose significant radiation and impingement hazards. Depending on the leak diameter and source pressure, the resulting consequence distances can be unacceptably large. One possible mitigation strategy to reduce exposure to jet flames is to incorporate barriers around hydrogen storage and delivery equipment. While reducing the extent of unacceptable consequences, the walls may introduce other hazards if not properly configured. An experimental and modeling program has been performed at Sandia National Laboratories to better characterize the effectiveness of barrier walls to reduce hazards. This paper describes the experimental and modeling program and presents results obtained for various barrier configurations. The experimental measurements include flame deflection using standard and infrared video and high-speed movies (500 fps) to study initial flame propagation from the ignition source. Measurements of the ignition overpressure, wall deflection, radiative heat flux, and wall and gas temperature were also made at strategic locations. The modeling effort includes three-dimensional calculations of jet flame deflection by the barriers, computations of the thermal radiation field around barriers, predicted overpressure from ignition, and the computation of the concentration field from deflected unignited hydrogen releases. The various barrier designs are evaluated in terms of their mitigation effectiveness for the associated hazards present. The results show that barrier walls are effective at deflecting jet flames in a desired direction and can help attenuate the effects of ignition overpressure and flame radiative heat flux.
Primary care provider preferences for working with a collaborative support team

Clinical interventions based on collaborative models require effective communication between primary care providers (PCPs) and collaborative support teams. Despite growing interest in collaborative care, we have identified no published studies describing how PCPs prefer to communicate and interact with collaborative support teams. This manuscript examines the communication and interaction preferences of PCPs participating in an ongoing randomized clinical trial of a collaborative intervention for chronic pain and depression. The trial is being conducted in five primary care clinics of a Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Twenty-one PCPs randomized to the study intervention completed a survey regarding preferences for interacting with the collaborative support team. A majority of PCPs identified email (95%) and telephone calls (68%) as preferred modes for communicating with members of the support team. In contrast, only 29% identified in-person communications as preferred. Most PCPs preferred that the care manager and physician pain specialist assess patients (76%) and make initial treatment changes (71%) without first conferring with the PCP. One-half wanted to be designated cosigners of all support team notes in the electronic medical record, one-half wanted to receive brief and focused information rather than in-depth information about their patients, and one-half wanted their practice nurses automatically included in communications. Panel size was strongly associated (p < 0.001) with preference for brief, to-the-point discussions about patients. The substantial variation in PCP communication preferences suggests the need for knowledge of these preferences when designing and implementing collaborative interventions. Additional research is needed to understand relationships between clinician and practice characteristics and interaction preferences.
Reliability of Point-of-Care Capillary Blood Glucose Measurements in the Critical Value Range

Context.—Point-of-care glucose (POCG) testing on capillary blood specimens is central to maintaining glycemic control in patients with diabetes. Although there are known performance issues with POCG methods, especially for maintaining tight glucose control, there is little information about the accuracy of results in the critical ranges that may involve life-threatening conditions. Objectives.—To evaluate the reliability of POCG measurements in critical, high (>600 mg/dL) and low (<40 mg/dL) ranges. Design.—One-year retrospective analysis of POCG (ACCU-CHEK glucose meter, Roche Diagnostics Corporation, Indianapolis, Indiana) results for routine patient care were obtained. The frequency and accuracy of repeat testing after critical POCG results was analyzed. A convenience sample of noncritical capillary POCG measurements retested on venous blood specimens by another point-of-care device (RAPIDPoint 405 analyzer, Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Malvern, Pennsylvania) was also evaluated. Results.—Critical val...
Approximate controllability of delayed semilinear control systems

We deal with the approximate controllability of control systems governed by delayed semilinear differential equations y&#729;(t)=Ay(t)
Hydrogen component fugacity in binary mixtures with carbon monoxide: temperature dependence

The fugacity coefficients of hydrogen in binary mixtures with carbon monoxide were measured using a physical equilibrium technique. This technique involves the use of an experimental chamber which is divided into two regions by a semipermeable membrane through which hydrogen, but not carbon monoxide, can penetrate. Measurement of the gas pressures inside and outside of the membrane allows a direct measurement of the hydrogen component fugacity at a given temperature and binary mixture mole fraction. In this paper, results are reported at 130, 160, and 190°C. In each case, the total pressure of the mixture was maintained at a nominal value of 3.39 MPa. The general qualitative features of the data are discussed, and comparisons are made with predictions obtained from the Redlich-Kwong, Peng-Robinson-Soave, and extended corresponding-state models.
Perceptual-based hyperspectral image fusion using multiresolution analysis

A perceptual-based multiresolution image fusion technique is demonstrated using the Airborne Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) hyperspectral sensor data. The AVIRIS sensor, which simultaneously collects information in 224 spectral bands that range from 0.4 to 2.5 μm in approximately 10-nm increments, produces 224 images, each representing a single spectral band. The fusion algorithm consists of three stages. First, a Daubechies orthogonal wavelet basis set is used to perform a multiresolution decomposition of each spectral image. Next, the coefficients from each image are combined using a perceptual-based weighting. The weighting of each coefficient, from a given spectral band image, is determined by the spatial-frequency response (contrast sensitivity) of the human visual system. The spectral image with the higher saliency value, where saliency is based on a perceptual energy, will receive the larger weight. Finally, the fused coefficients are used for reconstruction to obtain the fused image. The image fusion algorithm is analyzed using test images with known image characteristics and image data from the AVIRIS hyperspectral sensor. By analyzing the signal-to-noise ratios and visual aesthetics of the fused images, contrast-sensitivity-based fusion is shown to provide excellent fusion results and to outperform previous fusion methods.
Hepatitis B and C in African Americans: Current Status and Continued Challenges

Viral hepatitis remains a public health concern in the United States, resulting in excess morbidity and mortality for the individual and representing a burden to societies as evidenced by billions of dollars in health care expenditures. As with many chronic diseases, race and ethnicity influence various aspects of disease pathogenesis, including mechanisms of persistence, disease progression, disease sequelae, and response to therapy. For hepatitis B and C infections, African Americans disproportionately bear a large burden of disease in the United States. The role and importance of African American race, however, have been less well-characterized in the literature among the population of viral hepatitis–infected individuals. The differences in epidemiology, manifestations of liver disease, response to therapy, and differential trends in liver transplantation in African Americans compared with other racial and ethnic groups deserve special attention. This review will address the current status of hepatitis B and C infection in African Americans in the United States and identify some of the remaining challenges in diagnosis, characterization of natural history, and treatment. For the purposes of this review, the terms African American and black will be used interchangeably throughout the text.
Recent advances concerning the transport properties of dilute gases

Intermolecular potential energy functions, heat conduction in chemically reacting gases, and heat conductivity of polyatomic gases
Entrainment and mixing in thrust augmenting ejectors

An experimental investigation of two-dimensional thrust augmenting ejector flows has been conducted. Measurements of the shroud surface pressure distribution, mean velocity, turbulent intensities and Reynolds stresses were made in two shroud geometries at various primary nozzle pressure ratios. The effects of shroud geometry and primary nozzle pressure ratio on the shroud surface pressure distribution, mean flow field and turbulent field were determined. From these measurements the evolution of mixing within the shroud of the primary flow and entrained fluid was obtained. The relationship between the mean flow field, the turbulent field and the shroud surface pressure distribution is discussed.
Altered LARK Expression Perturbs Development and Physiology of the Drosophila PDF Clock Neurons

The LARK RNA-binding protein (RBP) has well documented roles in the circadian systems of Drosophila and mammals. Recent studies have demonstrated that the Drosophila LARK RBP is associated with many mRNA targets, in vivo, including those that regulate either neurophysiology or development of the nervous system. In the present study, we have employed conditional expression techniques to distinguish developmental and physiological functions of LARK for a defined class of neurons: the Pigment-Dispersing Factor (PDF)-containing LNv clock neurons. We found that increased LARK expression during development dramatically alters the small LNv class of neurons with no obvious effects on the large LNv cells. Conversely, conditional expression of LARK at the adult stage results in altered clock protein rhythms and circadian locomotor activity, even though neural morphology is normal in such animals. Electrophysiological analyses at the larval neuromuscular junction indicate a role for LARK in regulating neuronal excitability. Altogether, our results demonstrate that LARK activity is critical for neuronal development and physiology.
Topological diversity in copper aromatic meta-dicarboxylate coordination polymers with bis(pyridylformyl)piperazine coligands

Abstract Hydrothermal synthesis has afforded divalent copper coordination polymers containing bis(4-pyridylformyl)piperazine (4-bpfp) tethers and aromatic meta-dicarboxylate ligands. {[Cu(ip)(4-bpfp)]·2H2O}n (1, ip = isophthalate) possesses a (4, 4) rectangular grid structure with an unusual ABCD stacking pattern along a 41 screw axis. Sterically bulky substituents in the 5-position of the isophthalate ligands reduced the coordination polymer dimensionality, with [Cu2(tBuip)2(4-bpfp)(H2O)2]n (2, tBuip = 5-tert-butylisophthalate) and {[Cu(MeOip)(HMeOip)2(4-bpfp)]·3H2O}n (3, MeOip = 5-methoxyisophthalate) displaying 1D polymeric ladder and chain motifs, respectively. Compound 3 possesses a rare twofold interpenetrated binodal supramolecular hms net with (63)(698) topology. Longer meta-disposed acetate pendant arms induced a doubly interpenetrated 3D primitive cubic topology in {[Cu2(1,3-phda)2(H2O)2(4-bpfp)]}n (4, 1,3-phda = 1,3-phenylenediacetate), which possesses antiferromagnetically coupled {Cu2O2} kernels (J = −6.14(8) cm−1).
The effect of plastic-crystalline succinonitrile on the electrolyte system PEO:LiBF4: Insights from solid state NMR

Abstract The role of plastic-crystalline succinonitrile (SN) within the electrolyte system comprising polyethylene oxide (PEO), SN and LiBF4 is investigated. By employing solid state NMR spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction it is found that the SN molecules take on a double function. On the one hand, the addition of SN influences the distribution of the different phases being present in the system in such a way that the formation of amorphous salt-containing phases is favored. This results in an enhanced charge carrier concentration participating in the ion conduction. On the other hand, the SN molecules cause a drastic increase in the mobility of the PEO matrix. Thus, the SN reduces not only the PEO's tendency towards crystallization, but additionally acts as a solid lubricant for the polymer chains.