cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does a Judicial Warning Improve Defendant‐Culprit Matching?

Summary During a trial, jurors may be asked to compare the defendant with video of the culprit. Yet matching unfamiliar people in this manner can be difficult and error-prone. Judges may warn jurors about the dangers of identification from video images, but the effect of warnings is unknown. Here we report two studies that assessed the effect of warning instructions on defendant-culprit matching. In Experiment 1, college students read either control, warning, or illustrated warning instructions before deciding if a defendant seen in one video matched the culprit in another video. Experiment 2 compared control and warning instructions in a sample of Amazon Mechanical Turk workers. Matching accuracy in both experiments was poor, and warnings did not consistently improve performance or make participants more cautious. These results do not support the supposition that warning instructions help jurors compare the defendant to images of the culprit.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Taking advantage of public reporting: An infection composite score to assist evaluating hospital performance for infection prevention efforts.

Background The standardized infection ratio (SIR) evaluates individual publicly reported health care–associated infections, but it may not assess overall performance. Methods We piloted an infection composite score (ICS) in 82 hospitals of a single health system. The ICS is a combined score for central line–associated bloodstream infections, catheter-associated urinary tract infections, colon and abdominal hysterectomy surgical site infections, and hospital-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and Clostridium difficile infections. Individual facility ICSs were calculated by normalizing each of the 6 SIR events to the system SIR for baseline and performance periods (ICS ib and ICS ip , respectively). A hospital ICS ib reflected its baseline performance compared with system baseline, whereas a ICS ip provided information of its outcome changes compared with system baseline. Results Both the ICS ib (baseline 2013) and ICS ip (performance 2014) were calculated for 63 hospitals (reporting at least 4 of the 6 event types). The ICS ip improved in 36 of 63 (57.1%) hospitals in 2014 when compared with the ICS ib in 2013. The ICS ib 2013 median was 0.96 (range, 0.13-2.94) versus the 2014 ICS ip median of 0.92 (range, 0-6.55). Variation was more evident in hospitals with ≤100 beds. The system performance score (ICS sp ) in 2014 was 0.95, a 5% improvement compared with 2013. Conclusions The proposed ICS may help large health systems and state hospital associations better evaluate key infectious outcomes, comparing them with historic and concurrent performance of peers.
Re-Examining Teacher Translanguaging: An Ecological Perspective

ABSTRACTA growing body of recent scholarship has demonstrated that translanguaging is a natural and characteristic practice of bilinguals that also has great promise as a pedagogical tool. This ethnographic study examines the use of translanguaging by two teachers in a suburban high school ESL program. There, teacher translanguaging played an important role in increasing students’ participation and access to class content and yet did not achieve the interpersonal and emancipatory ends that have been reported elsewhere. Using an ecological approach, the author investigates this contradiction, mapping how teacher translanguaging fit in with other pedagogies, language policies, ideologies, and interpersonal relationships. The analysis suggests that the pedagogical and interpersonal potential of translanguaging may only be fully realized when connected to other practices in and beyond the classroom that affirm and support bilingualism and bilingual learners.
The Lutheran Intergovernmentalism of Norway

This chapter supplies a deficiency of Norwegian studies in the social sciences. Royce begins by surveying the Danish Reformation in Norway through the two major English-language accounts: Lord Robert Molesworth’s An Account of Denmark (1694) and Mary Wollstonecraft’s Letters from Sweden, Norway, and Denmark (1796); and on this basis he argues that the Norwegian Reformation was “absolutist, centralist, and obscurantist.” He identifies each of these three tendencies in the Constitution of 1814, and then explains how the Norwegian Constitution has consistently interposed against supranational European integration.
Detecting social boundaries in entrepreneurial ecosystems

Research on social networks has introduced various approaches to characterize the social fabric of the entrepreneurial process. Yet, these approaches are often using the individual entrepreneur as ...
Numerical experiments with RAMS model in highly complex terrain

RAMS mesoscale model has been applied to simulate the atmospheric circulation in highly complex terrain, in the Hindu-Kush Karakorum and Himalaya regions. The goal of the work is to assess the sensitivity of the model to the grid spacing and related resolution, the smoothing of the orography, the microphysics parameterizations, in such heterogeneous and challenging conditions. As a follow up, the capability of the model in correctly capturing the atmospheric processes is tested. Two main cases, where some measured data were available, have been considered: a period during which a flood occurred and a period characterised by high-pollution episodes. RAMS model provided sensible results, the predictions reasonably reproduce the observed data at a regional scale, but the most local characteristics cannot be definitely described even at the typical resolution of 1 km order.
Combining degradations: The effect of background noise on intelligibility of disordered speech

The effect of background noise on intelligibility of disordered speech was assessed. Speech-shaped noise was mixed with neurologically healthy (control) and disordered (dysarthric) speech at a series of signal-to-noise ratios. In addition, bandpass filtered control and dysarthric speech conditions were assessed to determine the effect of noise on both naturally and artificially degraded speech. While significant effects of both the amount of noise and the type of speech were revealed, no interaction between the two factors was observed, in either the broadband or filtered testing conditions. Thus, it appears that there is no multiplicative effect of the presence of background noise on intelligibility of disordered speech relative to control speech. That is, the decrease in intelligibility due to increasing levels of noise is similar for both types of speech, and both types of testing conditions, and the function for dysarthric speech is simply shifted downward due to the inherent source degradations of the speech itself. Last, large-scale online crowdsourcing via Amazon Mechanical Turk was utilized to collect data for the current study. Findings and implications for this data and data collection approach are discussed.
On the Foundations of Rationality: Toulmin, Habermas, and the a Priori of Reason

This essay critically analyzes the theories of rationality presented by two contemporary philosophers, Stephen Toulmin and Jurgen Habermas. While Toulmin's theory inadequately grounds its rational principles, Habermas' theory—an outgrowth of his analysis of communication—furnishes such grounding. Additional points of integration and complementary strengths of the two theories are discussed.
A B cell-derived gene expression signature associates with an immunologically active tumor microenvironment and response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown great potential in treating solid tumors, inducing durable remission and prolonged survival time in responders. Despite their promise, a large fraction of pa...
Fabrication of dense B4C-preceramic polymer derived SiC composite

Abstract B4C-SiC composites were fabricated via the preceramic polymer (PCP) route combined with pressure-assisted sintering. Fully dense bodies were achieved by controlling surface oxide on B4C powder and pyrolysis conditions for PCP coated powder. We elucidate i) the microstructure and phase developments observed in the process of fabricating dense B4C-PCP derived SiC composites and ii) the mechanical properties and crack deflection behavior of dense bodies. The incorporation of PCP derived SiC to B4C decreases hardness due to the lower hardness value of SiC compared to B4C and the residual carbon accompanied by SiC formation. Instead, the PCP derived SiC improved indentation fracture toughness. The main toughening mechanism supposed is a combination of crack impeding by SiC grains and crack deflection within SiC grains, likely due to the presence of subgrains or layered microstructure in the PCP derived SiC grains.
Co-producing, curating, and defining design knowledge in an online practitioner community

ABSTRACTAs co-design and other participatory design practices increasingly make design outcomes more accessible to everyday citizens, it is also important to understand how designers negotiate the ...
It’s all relative: Explanationism and probabilistic evidence theory:

I provide a brief comment on Allen & Pardo’s “Relative plausibility and its critics”. I agree that their relative plausibility explanationism (RPE) provides an attractive positive description of fa...
Suicide: A Legal, Constitutional and Human Right

This article discusses suicide in a comparative context, and argues that suicide is a constitutional right grounded in notions of autonomy and individual liberty. In this country, every woman can terminate a pregnancy prior to the stage of viability. Terminally-ill patients may hasten their own death by refusing medical treatment. States intentionally murder those convicted of the most serious crimes, albeit inconsistently. In each of these cases lays a common theme - the government decides when, and under what circumstances, a life, or a potential life, may be ended. There is one realm, however, the government may not regulate - the relationship between the human being and itself. That relationship bestows upon the individual the right to determine when, and under what circumstances, his life may be ended.
Biologic Response Modification

Biologic response modifiers (BRM) are compounds that modify an immune response, usually enhancing it. They include immune-potentiating bacterial products, chemicals such as polynucleotides, physiologically active molecules such as thymic hormones and interferon, and the true adjuvants, which are administered with the antigen. A number of these substances have been used in an attempt to potentiate immune reactions in cancer patients and those who suffer from immunodeficiency.
R-Accelerator: An RRAM-Based CGRA Accelerator With Logic Contraction

In this paper, a novel RRAM-based reconfigurable accelerator (R-accelerator) design is proposed, which makes special use of existing RRAM device for high-efficient reconfigurable application-specific computing. The proposed R-accelerator design consists of RRAM-based arithmetic unit (AU) array, fully integrated into commercial EDA design tools. A significant area saving is achieved compared with conventional digital counterpart due to the proposed logic contraction technique, as well as saving of storage space and routing congestions. For enabling the optimization of the AU array, this paper also proposes a systematical method on the synthesis of the AU array under routing channel constraint for application-specific designs. Two automatic mapping algorithms, including simultaneous mapping and incremental mapping algorithms, are proposed and compared. The experiments using 45-nm CMOS technology on a case study of dynamic time warping example and general benchmark programs show up to 49% area reduction and 28% performance enhancement using the proposed R-accelerator technique compared with conventional application-specified integrated circuit (ASIC) design.
Traditional Challenges, Challenging Tradition: Helping Students Find Agency in Bharata-Natyam at the Junction of Ancient Indian Thought, Somatic Practices & Feminist Pedagogy

This article explores the expanded possibilities of Bharata-Natyam education in the United States (US) based on a reflective practice in my dance over the past thirty years. This has given rise to ...
Why Do Parents Hit Their Children? From Cultural to Unconscious Determinants

Parental use of corporal punishment (CP) as a way of disciplining children is a widespread global problem. A number of child and family problems are linked to the behavior. Despite being commonly u...
Leadership Theories and Styles

Leadership theories and styles have evolved over time. In order to become an effective leader, one must understand the core leadership theories and the styles that emerged from them, how they evolved, and how to implement different styles of leadership depending on the environment, situation, or need of the leader and the team members. This chapter will provide a description of core leadership theories and the leadership styles that have emerged from these theories. The leadership styles commonly adopted for surgical leadership will also be discussed.
Environmental conditions dictate differential evolution of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus

While microbiological resistance to vancomycin in Staphylococcus aureus is rare, clinical vancomycin treatment failures are common, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from patients after prolonged vancomycin treatment failure remain susceptible. Adaptive laboratory evolution was utilized to uncover mutational mechanisms associated with MRSA vancomycin resistance in a bacteriological medium used in clinical susceptibility testing and a physiological medium. Sequencing of resistant clones revealed shared and media-specific mutational outcomes, with an overlap in cell wall regulons (walKRyycHI, vraSRT). Evolved strains displayed similar genetic and phenotypic traits to resistant clinical isolates. Importantly, resistant phenotypes that developed in physiological media did not translate into resistance in bacteriological media. Further, a bacteriological media-specific mechanism for vancomycin resistance enabled by a mutated mprF was confirmed. This study bridges the gap of understanding between clinical and microbiological vancomycin resistance in S. aureus and expands the number of allelic variants that result in vancomycin resistance phenotypes.
In reply: one prescription for the opioid crisis

To the Editor We read with interest the letter to the editor[1][1] written in response to the article ‘One Prescription for the Opioid Crisis: Require Buprenorphine Waivers for Pain Medicine Fellows’.[2][2] First, it is important to emphasize the pillars of addressing stigma and fostering
A shock wave diagram based deep learning model for early alerting an upcoming public event

Abstract Even though extensive efforts worked on traffic anomaly detection, this study noticed that little attention is given to predict public events before they start, like celebrations, sports games, and so on. Given a public event produces complicated spatiotemporal traffic impacts, existing data-driven approaches without involving traffic flow analysis show limited effectiveness to predict a public event. Motivated by this view, this study seeks to develop a domain-knowledge-based learning approach, which integrates shock wave analysis into deep learning models to predict the occurring of an upcoming public event (i.e., the SW-DLM approach). This integration raises new research challenging and calls for new approaches. Specifically, we develop an efficient algorithm to generate the shock wave diagrams to present the evolvement of the traffic anomaly, which expands whenever new traffic data is collected. Next, the shock wave diagram itself is not a well-coded input for feature extraction and learning. This study thus developed an innovative encoding approach, which transforms a shock wave diagram into an optimal pixel grid. Considering the features extracted from the encoded shock wave diagrams are fed into the long-short term memory (LSTM) model for the event prediction. The numerical experiments based on the field data indicate that the SW-DLM is able to predict a public event with 87% accuracy around 84 min before it starts in a day. It outperforms all data-driven machine learning models using point traffic data as inputs. Thus, we claim that using the shock wave diagrams can significantly improve the accuracy and efficiency of the learning approaches for predicting a public event. The SW-DLM will help develop preventive traffic control or route plans to avoid traffic congestion induced by public events.
Linguistic Indicators of Coercive Control: Evidenced in Sex Trafficking Narratives

Prior research on coercive control has focused on coercive behavioral tactics to better understand how coercion is exacted in abusive relationships. Furthering this body of research, this study ext...
Functional selectivity of central Gα-subunit proteins in mediating the cardiovascular and renal excretory responses evoked by central α2-adrenoceptor activation in vivo

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Activation of brain α2-adrenoceptors in conscious rodents decreases heart rate (HR) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and increases urine output and urinary sodium excretion. In vitro, α2-adrenoceptor stimulation activates Gαi(1–3), Gαo and Gαs-subunit protein-gated signal transduction pathways. Here we have investigated whether these same Gα-subunit protein-gated pathways mediate the cardiovascular and renal excretory responses to central α2-adrenoceptor activation in conscious Sprague-Dawley rats. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats were pre-treated by intracerebroventricular injection (i.c.v.) with an oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) targeted to a Gαi1, Gαi2, Gαi3, Gαo, Gαs or a scrambled (SCR) ODN sequence (25 µg, 24 h). On the day of study, the α2-adrenoceptor agonist guanabenz (50 µg) or saline vehicle, was injected i.c.v. into ODN-pre-treated conscious rats. MAP and HR were recorded, and urine was collected for 150 min. KEY RESULTS In vehicle- and SCR ODN-pre-treated rats, i.c.v. guanabenz decreased MAP and HR, and produced marked diuretic and natriuretic responses. Selective ODN-mediated down-regulation of brain Gαi2-subunit proteins abolished the central guanabenz-induced hypotension and natriuresis. In contrast, following selective Gαs down-regulation, the characteristic hypotensive response to i.c.v. guanabenz was converted to an immediate increase in MAP. The bradycardic and diuretic responses to i.c.v. guanabenz were not blocked by pre-treatment with any ODN. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS There was functional selectivity of Gαi2 and Gαs subunit protein-gated signal transduction pathways in mediating the hypotensive and natriuretic, but not bradycardic or diuretic, responses evoked by central α2-adrenoceptor activation in vivo.
The Synthesis of Nuclear Histones in Early Embryogenesis

These results confirm and extend those of earlier investigations showing that actinomycin D affects the synthesis of histones in the early stages of development of the sea urchin embryo. Actinomycin D has a differential effect on the rates of synthesis of four classes of histones under a variety of conditions. It consistently and markedly inhibits the synthesis of the acid-soluble, lysine-rich Fraction f1, while greatly stimulating that of f2a, the ethanol-soluble and relatively arginine-rich one. These results strongly imply that the messenger RNAs for the synthesis of these histones are transcribed at different times.
Properties of Stellar Magnetospheres Deduced from Radio Observations of Close Binaries

Recent observations of circular polarization and angular size of nonthermal radio emission from close binary systems (mainly of the RS CVn class) provide strong constraints on possible models for the emission region. The ‘non-flare’ observations are consistent with gyrosynchrotron emission from an extended coronal region associated with a single active star. The radio data are consistent with helmet structure magnetic field geometries containing trapped plasma in large torus shaped regions. Detailed numerical models must include the effects of stellar winds, refraction in the stellar atmosphere, rapid rotation of the active star, and accurate numerical approximations for the emissivity and absorption coefficient for gyro-synchrotron emission at low harmonic numbers.
Environmental influences on bovine kappa-casein: reduction and conversion to fibrillar (amyloid) structures.

The caseins of milk form a unique calcium–phosphate transport complex that provides these necessary nutrients to the neonate. The colloidal stability of these particles is primarily the result of κ-casein. As purified from milk, this protein occurs as spherical particles with a weight average molecular weight of 1.18 million. The protein exhibits a unique disulfide bonding pattern, which (in the absence of reducing agents) ranges from monomer to octamers and above on SDS-PAGE. Severe heat treatment of the κ-casein (90°C) in the absence of SDS, before electrophoresis, caused an increase in the polymeric distribution: up to 40% randomly aggregated high–molecular weight polymers, presumably promoted by free sulfhydryl groups (J. Protein Chem.17: 73–84, 1998). To ascertain the role of the sulfhydryl groups, the protein was reduced and carboxymethylated (RCM-κ). Surprisingly, at only 37°C, the RCM-κ-casein exhibited an increase in weight average molecular weight and tendency to self-association when studied at 3000 rpm by analytical ultracentrifugation. Electron microscopy (EM) of the 37°C RCM sample showed that, in addition to the spherical particles found in the native protein, there was a high proportion of fibrillar structures. The fibrillar structures were up to 600 nm in length. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy was used to investigate the temperature-induced changes in the secondary structure of the native and RCM-κ-caseins. These studies indicate that there was little change in the distribution of secondary structural elements during this transition, with extended strand and κ turns predominating. On the basis of three-dimensional molecular modeling predictions, there may exist a tyrosine-rich repeated sheet-turnsheet motif in κ-casein (residues 15–65), which may allow for the stacking of the molecules into fibrillar structures. Previous studies on amyloid proteins have suggested that such motifs promote fibril formation, and near-ultraviolet CD and thioflavin-T binding studies on RCM-κ-casein support this concept. The results are discussed with respect to the role that such fibrils may play in the synthesis and secretion of casein micelles in lactating mammary gland.
Hypersensitive sites in the 5' promoter region of nit-3, a highly regulated structural gene of Neurospora crassa.

Thenit-3 geneofthefilamentous fungus Neurospora crassa encodes nitrate reductase, theenzymewhich catalyzes thefirst stepinnitrate assimilation. Thenit-3 geneissubject toahighdegree ofregulation by metabolic inducers andrepressors, anditsexpression requires twodistinct trans-acting regulatory proteins. Hypersensitive sites inthe5'DNA sequence upstream ofthenit-3 geneweremappedwiththeuseofthree different nucleases asmolecular probes. Sixhypersensitive sites, three ofwhichareverystrong, weredetected atessentially identical positions byallthreenucleases. Thehypersensitive sites appeartodevelop ina constitutive fashion andarepresent underconditions inwhichthenit-3 structural geneisexpressed butalso whenthis geneisinactive, although these sites areconsiderably lessprominent incells subjected tonitrogen catabolite repression. Thepresence ofthehypersensitive sites appears todependuponboththepositively acting NIT2andthepositively acting NIT4regulatory proteins, whichmightplaya roleinpositioning of chromatin protein. Inchromatin, nucleosome-free regions knownasnucleasehypersensitive sites arebelieved torepresent the"openwindows"thatallow enhanced access oftrans-acting factors to crucial cis-acting DNA sequences (10,16). Theseaccessible regions areoperationally defined bytheir pronounced sensitivity tonuclease cleavage orchemical modification andare often, butnotalways, correlated withexpression ofthegenes withwhichtheyareassociated. Thenit-3 gene, whichencodes nitrate reductase, isawellcharacterized structural geneofthenitrogen regulatory circuit ofNelurospora crassa (12). Theexpression ofnit-3 ishighly regulated atthelevel ofmRNA content bymetabolic signals, nitrogen derepression, andnitrate induction andbythepositively acting nit-2 andnzit-4 genes(6,14). Theslit-2 gene specifies atrans-acting regulatory protein thatturnsonthe expression ofmanydifferent structural geneswhichencode various nitrogen-catabolic enzymes. Although themechanism
Introductory Essay:The Relevance of Gender Bias Studies

I. Introduction In October 2000, the Commonwealth of Virginia joined over thirty-nine other states in the completion of a sweeping gender bias study of its court system.2 A diverse task force composed of twenty-three citizens3 appointed by Chief Justice Henry Carrico of the Supreme Court of Virginia sought to discover the extent to which gender inequity affected various aspects of the judiciary. Completed near the end of the twentieth century, Virginia's study functions as a referendum on the reality of gender neutrality in the profession of law.4 This ambitious study's timing and exposure of the subtleties and perception of bias in the judicial system expand its significance beyond the jurisdiction of the Commonwealth. This issue of the Washington and Lee Law Review contains a notable collection of Comments authored by four distinguished jurists who played major roles in this historic study of gender bias in the courts of the Commonwealth. These Comments memorialize remarks delivered in a live colloquium at the Washington and Lee University School of Law on March 7, 2001, and highlight significant observations and findings contained in the study. The topics covered by the jurists include the study's genesis and methodology; the effect of gender in matters of family law and domestic violence; possible disparate treatment of women and men in criminal sentencing and civil judgments; treatment of female lawyers, judges, and witnesses in various judicial procedures and interactive contexts; and the practical implications of gender in personnel hiring and promotion decisions. As the sole legal academic on the Task Force, my scrutiny ofthis study has been both empirical and theoretical. Empiricism relates to gender bias's manifestation revealed objectively in data gleaned through surveys, court observations, focus groups, reviews of records and databases, and public hearings.5 Data alone, however, fails to demonstrate the totality of bias's influence on conduct and perceptions of fairness. Human behavior intersects with attitudes and beliefs, the precursors of bias. This basic theoretical tenet of human behavior, explained through social psychological principles, confirms bias's subtle and sometimes unavoidable effect on reasoning and perception.6 II. The Need to Study Possible Gender Bias in the Judiciary - The Subtlety and Perception of Bias as Problematic Norms A fundamental question overshadows Virginia's gender bias study and the Comments from this Colloquium: why study the influence of gender in judicial administration and decision making? Perhaps preliminary answers to this query lie in ethical rules. Provisions of the American Bar Association's (ABA) Model Code implore judges to administer justice objectively and fairly, without regard to race or gender.7 Many federal and state jurisdictions endorse the ABA's prescriptions, having adopted rules that proscribe and hopefully discourage biased conduct by court officers.8 Thus, studies like that conducted in the Commonwealth gauge the effectiveness of these rules, raise awareness of their import, and foster a more objective judiciary. …
Daily Low-dose Carboplatin as a Radiation Sensitizer for Newly Diagnosed Malignant Glioma

Surgical resection followed by local field radiotherapy is currently our most effective approach to treatment for most patients with malignant glioma. Carboplatin chemotherapy has direct cytotoxic effects on glioma cells and acts as a radiation sensitizer to enhance cell killing. Its demonstrated efficacy as a sensitizer in other solid tumors led to this clinical trial of carboplatin as a radiation sensitizer in the treatment of newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and anaplastic astrocytoma (AA). Fourteen patients (nine GBM and five AA) were treated with daily low-dose carboplatin 25 mg/m2 intravenously within 2 h of their fractionated radiotherapy to a total dose of 600 mg/m2. No significant toxicities attributable to this combined therapy were observed. All patients have progressed, with median time to progression of 16 weeks. Eleven patients have died, with median survival of 38 weeks for the entire cohort. Although this regimen appeared safe, there was no benefit in survival time compared to historical patients treated with radiotherapy. The limitations and future potential for the strategy of radiation sensitization are discussed.
Using Silicon to Understand Silicon

Silicon is the material of our time. We live in the age of silicon; it is all around us in terms of electronic gadgets and computers. However, it has not always been that way. There was a time before silicon. In the 1940s, transistors did not exist at all and in the early 1950s, transistors were made of germanium, not silicon. These germanium transistors were not very reliable; in particular they were difficult to package and process, and worked over a very limited temperature range. This changed by the mid-1950s. On May 10, 1954, Texas Instruments announced the invention of the silicon transistor: A revolutionary new electronic product — long predicted and awaited — became a reality today with the announcement by Texas Instruments Incorporated of the start of commercial production on silicon transistors. By using silicon instead of germanium, the initial commercial silicon transistorsimmediately raises power outputs and doubles operating temperatures! The potential application of this entirely new transistor is so great that major electronics firms have been conducting silicon experiments for some time. — Texas Instruments Press Release.1
AR Pavonis: The Rosetta Stone of the Symbiotics

With Mayall’s discovery of the eclipsing nature of AR Pavonis = CD-66°3307, a nearby unique opportunity to directly probe the structure of the symbiotic binary became available. Few eclipsing systems have been detected among the symbiotics and AR Pav is fortunately bright enough to be observed spectroscopically at Coude dispersions.
Predictive Models of Clinical Improvement in Rituximab-Treated Myositis Patients Using Clinical Features, Autoantibodies, and Biomarkers

Background: Response to rituximab so far is unpredictable in patients with refractory myositis. Predictive models of clinical improvement are developed using clinical, laboratory, and gene expression/cytokine/chemokine variables in rituximab-treated refractory myositis patients. Methods: We analyzed data for 200 myositis patients (76 with adult polymyositis (PM), 76 with adult dermatomyositis (DM), and 48 with juvenile (DM)) in the rituximab in myositis trial. Clinical improvement is defined as the change from baseline to 24 weeks in Physician Global Visual Analog Scale (VAS). We analyze the association of baseline variables with improvements: demographics, myositis subtype, clinical and laboratory parameters, autoantibody status, and interferon (IFN)- regulated chemokines. Multivariable linear regression models are developed by using stepwise variable selection methods. Results: A “base” multivariable model to predict improvement with clinical and laboratory variablesonly is built with modest predictive ability (adjusted R2 = 0.21). This model includes two significant factors at baseline: Physician Global VAS and Muscle Disease Activity VAS. A “final” multivariable model to predict improvement including non-standard laboratory measures is developed and demonstrated better predictive ability (adjusted R2 = 0.32). This model includes Physician Global VAS, IFN chemokine score and IL-2 levels. The “final” model explained 11% more variability than the “base” model. Conclusions: Changes in disease activity over time following treatment with rituximab in refractory myositis can be predicted. These models can be clinically useful to optimize treatment selection in myositis.
The search for global competence: From international HR to talent management

This article describes the evolution of the search for global competence through a 50-year content analysis and review of published research in the field of International HR Management (IHRM), and more recently, Talent Management (TM), with special emphasis on the Journal of World Business. We present a detailed examination of the IHRM/TM content of the Journal of World Business from its inception in 1965 through 2014. To put the results of that review into perspective, we review key themes in global business and strategy from 1965 to the present, noting where IHRM/TM research and business trends correspond, diverge, and lag. Next, we present a brief history of IHRM and TM, showing how the emerging theme of TM offers challenges and promise for connecting future IHRM/TM research with emerging business, strategy, and social trends. We conclude with the implications of our findings for future research, and the importance of the search for global competence.
The Serine/Threonine Kinase PAK4 Prevents Caspase Activation and Protects Cells from Apoptosis

The serine/threonine kinase PAK4 was identified first as an effector molecule for the Rho GTPase Cdc42. PAK4 differs from other members of the PAK family both in sequence and function. Previously we have shown that an important function of this kinase is to mediate the induction of filopodia in response to activated Cdc42. Studies with a constitutively active PAK4 mutant have shown that it also has a role in promoting anchorage-independent growth, an important hallmark of oncogenic transformation. Here we show that another function of PAK4 is to protect cells against apoptotic cell death. Expression of wild-type or constitutively active PAK4 delays the onset of apoptosis in response to tumor necrosis factor α stimulation, UV irradiation, and serum starvation. Consistent with an antiapoptotic function, expression of PAK4 leads to an increase in phosphorylation of the proapoptotic protein Bad and an inhibition of caspase activation.
Biopsy Techniques and Interpretation

The performance of a skin biopsy is an intrinsic part of the initial management of a patient suspected of having a skin cancer.1,2 This first chapter will therefore begin with a discussion of the various skin biopsy techniques most commonly used in the diagnosis of skin cancer and their clinical indications. This will be followed by a frank discussion of the interpretation of biopsy results. Discussion of other biopsy techniques such as curettage and sentinel lymph node biopsy will be dealt with elsewhere (Chapters 6 and 15, respectively).
Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonist-induced preconditioning in isolated working rat hearts.

The aim of this study was to determine whether pharmacologic preconditioning, without a short episode of myocardial hypoxia or ischemia, could improve myocardial function after a prolonged period of ischemia. Isolated rat hearts were perfused with .01, .1 or 1 mg/L of phenylephrine for 5 min followed by a 10-min washout period (preconditioning) before the induction of 30 min of normothermic global ischemia and 30 min of reperfusion. Hearts preconditioned with increasing concentrations of phenylephrine (an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonist) produced a reduction in the incidence of reperfusion-induced ventricular fibrillation (VF) and ventricular tachycardia (VT). Preconditioning of the hearts with the highest dose of phenylephrine (1.0 mg/L), after 30 min of ischemia, reduced the incidence of reperfusion-induced VF and VT from their nonpreconditioned control values of 87% and 100% to 33% (P < .05) and 50% (P < .05), respectively. After 30 min of ischemia, the recovery of myocardial function was significantly improved in phenylephrine-preconditioned groups. Thus, .1 and 1.0 mg/L of phenylephrine increased aortic flow from its nonpreconditioned control value of 10.8 +/- .9 ml/min to 22.4 +/- 2.4 ml/min (P < .05) and 26.5 +/- 1.5 ml/min (P < .05), respectively. Phenylephrine (1.0 mg/L) preconditioning significantly reduced ischemia/reperfusion-induced tissue Na+ and Ca2+ gains and prevented K+ and Mg2+ loss measured by an atomic absorption spectro-photometer. Our results show that alpha-1 adrenergic stimulation (preconditioning) can prevent postischemic abnormalities in intracellular ions, reperfusion arrhythmias, and contractile function without the inhibition of O2 delivery.
On professional therapists and Alcoholics Anonymous.

(1987). On Professional Therapists and Alcoholics Anonymous. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Vol. 19, Professional Treatment and the 12-Step Process, pp. 233-242.
Effects of an Additional Mathematics Content Course on Elementary Teachers' Mathematical Beliefs and Knowledge for Teaching

This longitudinal study examines the effects of changes in an elementary teacher preparation program on mathematics beliefs and content knowledge for teaching of two groups of prospective teachers (N = 276): (1) those who completed a program with three mathematics content courses and two mathematics methods courses and (2) those who completed a program with four mathematics content courses and a single mathematics methods course. The results reveal salient benefits of a second methods course that were not evident in the new program with only one methods course. Further, the addition of a fourth content course did not result in notable differences in mathematical knowledge for teaching. In addition, mathematical knowledge for teaching was positively linked to change in pedagogical beliefs about learners, further illuminating the interwoven nature of knowledge and beliefs.
Ultrafast Laser Micromachining and Patterning of Thermal Spray Multilayers for Novel Sensor Fabrication

Fabrication of structural and functional parts and components, especially at the micro and nano scales, is crucial to a wide range of applications in the electronics, communications, medical, aerospace, and military industries. This work presents an innovative conformal direct-write technique for rapid prototyping and manufacturing novel sensors. The technique combines thermal spray, which, as an additive process, produces blanket depositions of films and coatings, with ultrafast laser micromachining, a subtractive process to produce functional patterns. Several kinds of sensing components, such as microheaters and strain gauges, have been successfully fabricated in this work with thermal spray technology and a femtosecond laser, which demonstrates the feasibility and advantages of the proposed technique. The electrical and thermal property characterization of the sensors was also performed, and shows promise for sensors in micro-sensing systems. With minor modification to pattern design and processing procedures, various sensing structures and electronic components, for example, precision resistors and interdigitated capacitors, can be readily fabricated using the presented technique.© 2003 ASME
The amobarbital interview in a general hospital setting, friend or foe: A case report

The amobarbital interview has been in use for over 50 years. Its clinical indications have been primarily as an aid in determining a diagnosis and in conducting psychotherapy. This article presents an overview of the procedure along with a brief historic perspective. A case is presented which highlights its potential clinical utility and shortcomings.
Detection of Contact Binaries Using Sparse High Phase Angle Light Curves

We show that candidate contact binary asteroids can be efficiently identified from sparsely sampled photometry taken at phase angles α > 60°. At high phase angle, close/contact binary systems produce distinctive light curves that spend most of the time at maximum or minimum (typically >1 mag apart) brightness with relatively fast transitions between the two. This means that a few (approximately five) sparse observations will suffice to measure the large range of variation and to identify candidate contact binary systems. This finding can be used in the context of all-sky surveys to constrain the fraction of contact binary near-Earth objects. High phase angle light-curve data can also reveal the absolute sense of the spin.
The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy: Science and Policy

Sol Carfield agrees that we have psychological interventions with proven efficacy for a number of problems and disorders, but points out that among other problems, we know relatively little about the generality of effectiveness of these interventions across clients and therapists, and that we have a poor understanding of the mechanisms of action of many of these procedures. Thus, he concludes that dissemination of these procedures is premature. These knowledge gaps clearly exist, but from the point of view of policy, similar gaps in knowledge have not precluded the widespread dissemination of pharmacological treatments. It is suggested that if we do not communicate what we know about efficacy at this time (with appropriate caveats), psychotherapy may well be at a substantial disadvantage as clinical practice guidelines are prepared by government and private agencies. In addition, possible limitations regarding the generality and clinical utility of our interventions are currently hypotheses that need systematic evaluation, particularly since some existing evidence suggests that these limitations may be minor.
Theoretical investigation of diffraction features of a planar wave using a Reflecting Volume-Bragg-Grating (RVBG)

A theoretical procedure has been developed for evaluation of the diffraction efficiency of a Reflecting Volume-Bragg-Grating (RVBG) in accordance with Kogelnik’s theory. The diffraction features have been investigated for the different grating thicknesses, refractive index modulation, and grating spatial frequencies, respectively. The linewidths of a diffracted light and the effective diffraction efficiency have been studied while a certain linewidth in spectrum of an incident LD beam is taken into account in the calculation. The results are thought to be useful in the applications of single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) lasers and linewidth narrowing by means of RVBGs.
On the number of complementary trees in a graph

Consider a graph with no loops or multiple arcs with n+1 nodes and 2n arcs labeled a"l,...,a"n,a'"l,...,a'"n, where n >= 5. A spanning tree of such a graph is called complementary if it contains exactly one arc of each pair {a"i,a'"i}. The purpose of this paper is to develop a procedure for finding complementary trees in a graph, given one such tree. Using the procedure repeatedly we give a constructive proof that every graph of the above form which has one complementary tree has at least six such trees.
The study and significance of colony dissociation in Candida albicans.

Commercial trypticase soy agar and a modified trypticase soy broth proved to be superior mediums for the study of dissociation in Candida albicans. Fixed, rough variants in a variety of forms, were isolated at 37° C. They could not be isolated from Sabouraud's cultures unless aged for 3 months. The rough variants grew as smooth colonies at 23°C. and fermented sucrose with the production of acid and gas whereas the smooth variant was essentially negative in this sugar. The smooth form showed greater virulence for the swiss mouse.
A Plant-like Biosynthesis of Benzoyl-CoA in the Marine Bacterium ‘Streptomyces maritimus’

Abstract The first plant-like biosynthesis of benzoic acid in a prokaryote, the marine actinomycete ‘ Streptomyces maritimus ’, has been characterized. Feeding experiments with 2 H- and 13 C-labeled intermediates revealed that phenylalanine is metabolized to benzoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) by means of a phenylalanine ammonia lyase and subsequent β-oxidation of cinnamoyl-CoA. Benzoyl-CoA serves as the rare starter unit of a type II polyketide synthase producing the structurally novel bacteriostatic polyketides enterocin and the wailupemycins. The results from the feeding study are consistent with the proposed biosynthetic model deduced from the cloned enterocin biosynthesis gene cluster.
Differential regulation of 5-HT2A receptor mRNA expression following withdrawal from a chronic escalating dose regimen of D-amphetamine.

Abstract Several lines of evidence indicate that psychostimulant withdrawal can induce negative emotional symptoms, such as anhedonia and dysphoria, which may be due in part, to dysfunction of the serotonin (5-HT) system, including alterations in 5-HT receptors. For example, changes in 5-HT 2A receptor function in prefrontal cortex (PFC) have been reported in association with psychostimulant withdrawal. However, it is not known if alterations in 5-HT 2A receptor mRNA expression occur in the PFC or other limbic-associated areas following withdrawal from chronic psychostimulant treatment. The goal of the current study was to determine the effects of chronic, escalating doses of d -amphetamine ( d -AMPH) and withdrawal on the expression of 5-HT 2A receptors in the cortex, caudate putamen, NAc and hippocampus of rat brain. Animals were treated three times a day for 4 days with escalating doses of d -AMPH (1–10 mg/kg). Twenty-four hours after the final dose of d -AMPH, animals were sacrificed and the tissue processed for in situ hybridization histochemistry. Chronic, escalating doses of d -AMPH, followed by a 24 h withdrawal period, significantly decreased 5-HT 2A receptor mRNA expression in the prefrontal, motor and cingulate cortices, while 5-HT 2A receptor mRNA expression in the NAc, caudal CPu and hippocampus were significantly increased. These data indicate that region-specific changes in 5-HT 2A receptor mRNA expression occur in limbic system and associated areas following chronic d -AMPH treatment, supporting the notion that alterations in the 5-HT system may contribute to the negative emotional aspects of psychostimulant withdrawal.
Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (nitric oxide) has a tonic vasodilating action on coronary collateral vessels

Abstract Objectives. We sought to determine whether endothelium-derived relaxing factor (nitrix oxide) exerts a tonic vasodilating effect on coronary collateral channels developed in response to myocardial ischemia. Background. Although the coronary collateral circulation is known to react to several vasoactive agents, the role of endogenously produced nitric oxide is unclear. Methods. Coronary collateral channels were induced in the left circumflex artery bed of 12 chronically instrumented dogs by either ameroid implantation or repeated occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery. With the native circumflex artery occluded, aortic and circumflex pressures and microsphere flows were measured before and after systemic administration of NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, an arginine analogue known to block the synthesis of nitric oxide. Results. NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester increased mean aortic pressure from a mean ± SEM of 92 ± 4 to 114 ± 4 mm Hg, whereas pressure in the occluded circumflex artery decreased from 61 ± 4 to 55 ± 4 mm Hg. The increase in aortic-circumflex pressure gradient (from 31 ± 4 to 59 ± 5 mm Hg) was accompanied by a decrease in flow in the circumflex bed (from 1.31 ± 0.14 to 1.09 ± 0.15 ml/min per g), resulting in an increase in coronary collateral resistance averaging 173 ± 37% (from 26 ± 4 to 64 ± 9 mm Hg/ml per min per g, p Conclusions. We conclude that nitric oxide normally exerts a substantial tonic dilating effect in coronary collateral vessels. Disease-induced alterations in endothelial function may limit collateral perfusion importantly.