cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generalized quantitative criteria for predicting the rate-controlling mechanism for vapor bubble growth in superheated liquids

Abstract Criteria are presented for predicting the relative importance of the inertia of the liquid and heat transfer in the liquid as controlling effects for spherically symmetric vapor bubble growth in liquids. The coupled governing equations including both of the above effects are first cast in appropriate dimensionless forms. Then numerical solutions of the coupled equations are compared to the limiting solutions for solely liquid inertia and solely heat transfer controlled growth processes, in order to determine the respective regions of importance of these two mechanisms. The cases of growth initiated by a step decrease and a linear decrease in system pressure are both considered. The criteria are developed for the case of an idealized fluid having a constant vapor density and a linear vapor pressure curve, and then shown to be approximately independent of the vapor density and pressure relations of the particular fluid. The applicability and usefulness of the criteria are supported and illustrated by comparison of predictions based on them with previous theoretical and experimental results taken from the literature.
The dynamics of in-situ combustion fronts in porous media

The sustained propagation of combustion fronts in porous media is a necessary condition for the success of in situ combustion for oil recovery. Compared to other recovery methods, in situ combustion involves the complexity of exothermic reactions and temperature-dependent chemical kinetics. In the presence of heat losses, the possibility of ignition and extinction also exists. In this paper, we address some of these issues by studying the properties of forward combustion fronts propagating at a constant velocity in the presence of heat losses. We extend the analytical method used in smoldering combustion [7], to derive expressions for temperature and concentration profiles and the velocity of the combustion front, under both adiabatic and non-adiabatic conditions. Heat losses are assumed to be relatively weak and they are expressed using two modes: 1) a convective type, using an overall heat transfer coefficient; and, 2) a conductive type, for heat transfer by transverse conduction to infinitely large surrounding formations. In their presence we derive multiple steady-state solutions with stable low and high temperature branches, and an unstable intermediate branch. Conditions for self-sustaining front propagation are investigated as a function of injection and reservoir properties. The extinction threshold is expressed in terms of the system properties. An explicit expression is also obtained for the effective heat transfer coefficient in terms of the reservoir thickness and the front propagation speed. This coefficient is not only dependent on the thermal properties of the porous medium but also on the front dynamics.
Method for Evaluating k-Means Clustering for Increased Reliability in Cognitive Radio Networks

The radio frequency (RF) spectrum is a limited resource. Spectrum allotment disputes stem from this scarcity as many radio devices are confined to a fixed frequency or frequency sequence. One alternative is to incorporate cognition within a reconfigurable radio platform, therefore enabling the radio to adapt to dynamic RF spectrum environments. In this way, the radio is able to actively sense the RF spectrum, decide, and act accordingly, thereby sharing the spectrum and operating in more flexible manner. This paper presents a novel method for determining clustering configurations for various network topologies and RF spectrum environments. Using the k-means clustering software testbed provided by the University of Maryland, we demonstrate through MATLAB simulation that it is possible and feasible to implement k-means clustering in a cognitive radio network. This resulting network configuration is resistant to interference via commonality between observed RF spectra. We also propose a new metric, Intra-Cluster Spectrum Similarity (ICSS), as the means for evaluating clustering effectiveness. We show that our method, when validated using ICSS, has great potential for improving cognitive radio network reliability in a dynamic spectrum environment.
Creating Usable Wordless Instructions for Performing Complex One-Time Tasks: Effects of Violating the Rules

We have developed design rules for diagrammatic instructions for initial setup, basic maintenance and troubleshooting (i.e., clearing paper jams) tasks. The study reported here evaluated these rules. Four groups of novice users cleared paper jams in a laser printer using one of four different diagrammatic instructions. Diagrams presented to the first two groups all followed the rules but differed in the number of actions per diagram (one verses 3-4). The remaining groups' instructions contained diagrams that violated one or more rules. Instructions that followed the diagram design rules resulted in no errors. Diagrams that prevented users from correctly identifying the location of a subtask resulted in the most severe errors. Other rule violations resulted in fewer errors of lesser severity so if users were shown the general location of the problem they could perform a subtask. Times to complete each subtask were similar unless the location rule was violated.
Leaner Choices? The Potential Influence of the Inclusion of Nutrition Facts Panels on Consumer Evaluations and Choices of Ground Beef Products

Abstract In March 2012, retailers were required to disclose nutrition information on packaging for all ground and chopped products (e.g., ground beef, turkey) and hamburger. Drawing from this legislation, the authors develop and test hypotheses based on internal reference points and assimilation of external values. The results of three studies (a cross-sectional survey and two between-subjects experiments) indicate that the inclusion of a Nutrition Facts panel (NFP) on ground beef packaging moderates the effects of the lean-to-fat ratio on consumers' product evaluations. Because consumers' internal reference points are higher than the relatively low level of calories, fat, and saturated fat found in lean ground beef, nutrition information disclosure improves attribute evaluations. In addition, for the fattier options, provision of the NFP increases diet-related disease risk perceptions and decreases both perceived healthfulness and purchase intentions. The results also show that inclusion of the NFP has a...
The Measurement of Water Content by an Evaporator

Abstract An instrument for measuring the condensed water content in supercooled clouds is described. The instrument operates by evaporating the water and then measuring the specific humidity by ultraviolet absorption. The inclusion of a temperature control in the evaporator permits operation at water contents as high as 40 g m−3. The intake aperture is 0.8 cm in diameter, and the response time approximately 1 s. It is shown that the variance of the total water content can be used to derive the radar reflectivity with no knowledge of the drop size spectrum. Examples of data obtained inside mature convective storms are shown.
Donor-acceptor proton transfer across the interface of two immiscible electrolyte solutions

In this paper, the proton transfer across the ITIES from the fatty acid donor in the organic phase to phosphate anion acceptor in aqueous phase, is described.
Glycosylation of Threonine of the Repeating Unit of RNA Polymerase II with β-Linked N-Acetylglucosame Leads to a Turnlike Structure

Two models of the repeating C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II (Ac−SYSPTSPSYS−NH2; Ac−SYSPT(β-O-GlcNAc)SPSYS−NH2) were prepared and their conformations in water studied using 1-D and 2-D 1H NMR spectroscopies, CD spectrophotometry, fluorescence anisotropy, and molecular mechanics and dynamics calculations. The data suggest that glycosylation of the native, randomly coiled peptide with a single, biologically relevant sugar leads to the formation of a turn. This report represents the first structural study of a new class of glycoproteins monoglycosylated with N-acetylglucosamine on threonine.
A Track Physics Model of Radiation Action

Abstract A model of radiation action by energetic heavy ions, inspired by a study of particle tracks in electron sensitive emulsion, has been successfully applied to many radiation effects in condensed matter, yielding quantitative descriptions and occasional predictions. Radiation effects are attributed primarily to secondary electrons. Each detector is imagined to be a collection of targets whose radiosensitivity is represented parametrically. We avoid a mechanistic description of detector response so as to retain the global character of the model. Attention is focussed on the structure of particle tracks, on the radial deposition of dose about an ion's path by “δ-rays”, and on action cross sections.
Driving disability and dizziness

Problem: People with dizziness caused by vestibular (i.e., inner ear) disorders complain of difficulty driving. Physicians occasionally warn their patients with vestibular disorders not to drive. Few studies have asked patients about their driving performance, so little data are available. Method: Using the Driving Habits Questionnaire, the authors did structured interviews with people with several different vestibular disorders and with normal subjects. The self-reported crash rate and rate of citations for moving violations did not differ between the subject groups. Results: Patients report reduced driving skills, particularly in situations when visual information is reduced, rapid head movements are used, and specific path integration or spatial navigation skills are needed. D 2003 National Safety Council and Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
New plenary and lacunary polyoxotungstate structures assembled from nonatungstoarsenate(III) anions and uranyl cations

A new structural family of heteropolytungstate complexes containing trans-dioxo uranium(VI) (uranyl) groups has been isolated in good yield by reaction of UO22+ with [NaAs4W40O140]27− (W40) in aqueous solution. The “lacunary” anion, [(UO2)3(H2O)5As3W29O104]19−1 is formed by the reaction of W40 with UO2(MeCO2)2 at pH 7, and the crystal structure of (NH4)19[(UO2)3(H2O)5As3W29O104]·28H2O [orthorhombic, P212121, a = 17.5626(2), b = 24.4929(2), c = 33.3019(3) A] is reported. The “plenary” anion, [(UO2)3(H2O)6As3W30O105]15−2 is formed by reaction of W40 with UO2(NO3)2 at pH 4, and the crystal structure of (NH4)15[(UO2)3(H2O)6As3W30O105]·20H2O [monoclinic, P21/c, a = 23.63520(10), b = 18.0646(2), c = 35.32640(10) A, β = 107.46°] is reported. Both heteropolyanions contain three B-AsW9O339− groups linked by uranyl cations (pentagonal bipyramids) and three (or two) additional corner-sharing WO6 octahedra cap the structure of 2 (1). A six-line 183W NMR spectrum of 2 is consistent with an effective C3v symmetry for the anion in solution. Addition of VO2+ to a solution of 1 yields the V-substituted anion (3) confirmed by a structure determination of (NH4)17[(UO2)3(H2O)6As3W29VIVO105]·44H2O [orthorhombic, Pnma, a = 31.1821(4), b = 24.9672(3) A, c = 20.3460(3) A]. The cyclic voltammogram of 3 in 0.5 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.7) shows the VIV/V couple at +0.26 V (Epc) and +0.40 V (Epa).
Sickle cell disease as a neurodevelopmental disorder

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a blood disorder; however, the central nervous system (CNS) is one of the organs frequently affected by the disease. Brain disease can begin early in life and often leads to neurocognitive dysfunction. Approximately one-fourth to one-third of children with SCD have some form of CNS effects from the disease, which typically manifest as deficits in specific cognitive domains and academic difficulties. We discuss SCD as a neurodevelopmental disorder by reviewing the mechanisms of neurological morbidity in SCD, the timing of these mechanisms, the types of cognitive and behavioral morbidity that is typical, and the interaction of social-environmental context with disease processes. The impact of the disease on families shares many features similar to other neurodevelopmental disorders; however, social-environmental factors related to low socioeconomic status, worry and concerns about social stigma, and recurrent, unpredictable medical complications can be sources of relatively higher stress in SCD. Greater public awareness of the neurocognitive effects of SCD and their impact on child outcomes is a critical step toward improved treatment, adaptation to illness, and quality of life.
Hutchinson-Lai's conjecture for bivariate extreme value copulas

The class of bivariate extreme value copulas, which satisfies the monotone regression positive dependence property or equivalently the stochastic increasing property, is considered. A variational calculus proof of the Hutchinson-Lai conjecture about Kendall's tau and Spearman's rho for this class is provided.
Server-based data push architecture for multi-processor environments

Data access delay is a major bottleneck in utilizing current high-end computing (HEC) machines. Prefetching, where data is fetched before CPU demands for it, has been considered as an effective solution to masking data access delay. However, current client-initiated prefetching strategies, where a computing processor initiates prefetching instructions, have many limitations. They do not work well for applications with complex, non-contiguous data access patterns. While technology advances continue to increase the gap between computing and data access performance, trading computing power for reducing data access delay has become a natural choice. In this paper, we present a server-based data-push approach and discuss its associated implementation mechanisms. In the server-push architecture, a dedicated server called Data Push Server (DPS) initiates and proactively pushes data closer to the client in time. Issues, such as what data to fetch, when to fetch, and how to push are studied. The SimpleScalar simulator is modified with a dedicated prefetching engine that pushes data for another processor to test DPS based prefetching. Simulation results show that L1 Cache miss rate can be reduced by up to 97% (71% on average) over a superscalar processor for SPEC CPU2000 benchmarks that have high cache miss rates.
Optimizing the Use of Televised Instruction

Experiments with various techniques of teaching have generally not permitted students to elect the combination of techniques they most prefer. Gordon discusses preliminary results that contrast with some of the findings reported to date.
Mechanisms of Normal and Abnormal Endometrial Bleeding

Expression of tissue factor (TF), the primary initiator of coagulation, is enhanced in decidualized human endometrial stromal cells (HESC) during the progesterone-dominated luteal phase. Progesterone also augments a second HESC hemostatic factor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). In contrast, progestins inhibit HESC matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, 3 and 9 expression to stabilize endometrial stromal and vascular extracellular matrix. Through these mechanisms decidualized endometrium is rendered both hemostatic and resistant to excess trophoblast invasion in the mid-luteal phase and throughout gestation to prevent hemorrhage and accreta. In non-fertile cycles, progesterone withdrawal results in decreased HESC TF and PAI-expression and increased MMP activity and inflammatory cytokine production promoting the controlled hemorrhage of menstruation and related tissue sloughing. In contrast to these well ordered biochemical processes, unpredictable endometrial bleeding associated with anovulation reflects absence of progestational effects on TF, PAI-1 and MMP activity as well as unrestrained angiogenesis rendering the endometrium non-hemostatic, proteolytic and highly vascular. Abnormal bleeding associated with long-term progestin-only contraceptives results not from impaired hemostasis but from unrestrained angiogenesis leading to large fragile endometrial vessels. This abnormal angiogenesis reflects progestational inhibition of endometrial blood flow promoting local hypoxia and generation of reactive oxygen species that increase production of angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in HESCs and Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) in endometrial endothelial cells while decreasing HESC expression of angiostatic, Ang-1. The resulting vessel fragility promotes bleeding. Aberrant angiogenesis also underlies abnormal bleeding associated with myomas and endometrial polyps however there are gaps in our understanding of this pathology.
Latent vulnerability in cognitive performance following chronic cocaine self-administration in rhesus monkeys

Rationale Cocaine use is associated with cognitive impairment which impacts treatment outcome. A clearer understanding of those deficits, and whether particular environments exacerbate them, is needed.
Prediction of resting energy needs in older men with heart failure

Objectives: Patients with congestive heart failure are often undernourished. The measurement of resting energy expenditure has served as the basis upon which estimates of daily caloric needs have been developed. Resting energy needs, however, in heart failure patients are unknown. We have developed a new equation to predict resting energy needs in heart failure patients that takes into account easily measured clinical variables and symptom severity. Design: Observational. Setting: Baltimore VA Medical Center. Subjects: Forty male patients with heart failure aged, 57–85 y; (27 Class II; 13 Class IV). Measurements: Resting metabolic rate was measured by indirect calorimetry, fat-free mass and fat mass by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, peak VO2 by a treadmill test. Symptom severity was measured by the New York Heart Association classification. Ejection fraction, plasma albumin and plasma glucose were also assessed. Results: Stepwise regression analysis showed that body weight, fasting glucose, plasma albumin and New York Heart Association classification accounted for 83% of the variation in resting energy needs. The regression equation had a root mean square error of 130 kcal (544 kJ) per day. The equation is: RMR (kcal/d)=12.2 (wt, kg)+1.6 (glucose, gm/dl)+103 (NYHA; III, IV)−144 (albumin, mg/dl)+755. Moreover, prediction equations based on observations in healthy individuals significantly underestimated resting energy needs in heart failure patients. Conclusion: We offer a new equation to predict resting energy needs in heart failure patients based upon readily available clinical measurements. Further studies are needed to cross-validate our equation. Sponsorship: This work was supported in part by grants from the National Institute of Aging (AG-07857; KO4-AG00564) to (ETP), a predoctoral training grant from the National Institute of Aging (T32-AG00219) to (MJT), a minority supplement award to the Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independent Center (P60-AG12583-02S1) at the University of Maryland to (TOO), and GCRC RR-109 at the University of Vermont. We would like to thank all volunteers who participated in this study. In addition, we thank Ms Gretchen Kairis, for her technical assistance and Dr SS Gottlieb, for referral of patients.
A pulsed cloud of sex pheromone elicits upwind flight in male moths

Male oriental fruit moths do not fly upwind in a continuous uniform cloud of pheromone, but readily do so when the cloud is pulsed at 1 or 0 51s or when a plume from a point source of pheromone is placed within the continuous cloud It is suggested that males of moth species that require such fluctuating pheromone stimula- tion for upwind flight will normally receive it from a filamentous, point-source-produced plume However, we hypothesize that upwind progress may cease close to the source due to excessively high emission rates or inappropriate blend ratios, when fluctuating sensory output becomes attenuated, despite higher actual molecular concentration fluctuations
Determining the Suitability of Lactobacilli Antifungal Metabolites for Inhibiting Mould Growth

Summary In recent years, public concern about indoor mould growth has increased dramatically in the United States. In this study, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which are known to produce antimicrobial compounds important in the biopreservation of food, were evaluated to determine if the same antimicrobial properties can be used to inhibit mould fungi that typically colonize wood. Based on biomass measurement, cell-free supernatants from Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus and Lactobacillus acidophilus grown in deMan Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) broth inhibited 95100% growth of three mould fungi and one stain fungus associated with wood-based building materials. Lactic acid and four unknown compounds < 1 kDa molecular weight were fractionated from the culture supernatant by thin layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. Antifungal activity, which was attributed to one or more unknown metabolites, was retained during heating and neutralization. A 1:2 dilution of L. casei supernatant inhibited 100% growth of all test fungi.
Effects of pregnancy and exercise on concentrations of the metabolic markers tumor necrosis factor α and leptin

Abstract Objective: Pregnancy and exercise have opposite effects on fat mass and insulin resistance. We therefore designed this study to test the hypotheses that exercise during pregnancy alters the pregnancy- associated increases in the levels of tumor necrosis factor α and leptin and that the changes in tumor necrosis factor α and leptin concentrations during pregnancy continue to reflect changes in fat mass. Study Design: The levels of tumor necrosis factor α and leptin were measured longitudinally in a control group of physically active women, a group of women who performed endurance exercises ≥4 times a week throughout pregnancy, and a group of women who initially performed endurance exercises but then stopped exercising during midpregnancy. Exercise was monitored, and longitudinal estimates of maternal total mass and fat mass were obtained. Results: Tumor necrosis factor α levels were lower during pregnancy in the women who exercised, and the same was true for leptin levels. When women stopped exercising, however, both tumor necrosis factor α and leptin concentrations rose at rates comparable to those seen in the physically active control group. Changes in leptin concentration but not those in tumor necrosis factor α concentration correlated with the pregnancy-associated increases in total body and fat mass. Conclusions: Regular weight-bearing exercise during pregnancy suppresses the pregnancy-associated changes normally seen in both tumor necrosis factor α and leptin. The decrease in leptin reflects decreased fat accretion, and we speculate that the changes in tumor necrosis factor α may reflect a change in insulin resistance. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:300-6.)
Hypoglycemia-induced silent myocardial ischemia.

Abstract Out-of-hospital ambulatory Holter monitoring of the ST segment in patients with coronary artery disease has shown that most silent ischemic events occur during activities of daily living.1 Particular activities that may trigger silent ischemia include smoking, cold exposure and mental stress.2 Recent studies have also shown that silent ischemia may be more common in diabetics with coronary disease than their nondiabetic counterparts.3,4 We recently studied a diabetic patient with coronary artery disease in whom episodes of symptomatic and asymptomatic ischemic ST segment depression were documented on Holter monitoring. This report describes an episode of silent ischemia triggered by insulin-induced hypoglycemia and offers an explanation for its occurrence. This diabetic patient with coronary artery disease had multiple episodes of myocardial ischemia during ambulatory Holter monitoring. One of the episodes of silent ischemia occurred at rest, was induced by an insulin reaction and occurred at a heart rate well below that associated with ischemia on exercise testing. The circumstances surrounding this episode are similar to most silent ischemic events that are probably triggered by a modest increase in myocardial oxygen demand and a concomitant decrease in coronary blood supply. Hypoglycemia causes the release of 4 counterregulatory hormones: epinephrine (and to a lesser extent, norepinephrine), glucagon, cortisol and growth hormone.5 The catecholamines have the greatest immediate cardiovascular effect because they increase myocardial oxygen demand but may also decrease coronary blood supply by promoting vasoconstriction at the sites of coronary stenoses.6 Other activities at rest that may trigger silent ischemia, such as public speaking and mental stress, are associated with elevated catecholamine levels and may have a similar underlying pathophysiologic basis. As asymptomatic ischemia may be more common in diabetics than nondiabetics with coronary artery disease, such episodes of hypoglycemia-induced silent ischemia may go undetected. For the diabetic patient with coronary artery disease, excessive insulin administration resulting in hypoglycemia should be considered a trigger stimulus for silent ischemia.
Semantic software metrics computed from natural language design specifications

An approach using semantic metrics to provide insight into software quality early in the design phase of software development by automatically analysing natural language (NL) design specifications for object-oriented systems is presented. Semantic metrics are based on the meaning of software within the problem domain. In this paper, we extend semantic metrics to analyse design specifications. Since semantic metrics can now be calculated from early in design through software maintenance, they provide a consistent and seamless type of metric that can be collected through the entire lifecycle. We discuss our semMet system, an NL-based program comprehension tool we have expanded to calculate semantic metrics from design specifications. To validate semantic metrics from design specifications and to illustrate their seamless nature across the software lifecycle, we compare semantic metrics from different phases of the lifecycle, and we also compare them to syntactically oriented metrics calculated from the source code. Results indicate semantic metrics calculated from design specifications can give insight into the quality of the source code based on that design. Also, these results illustrate that semantic metrics provide a consistent and seamless type of metric that can be collected through the entire lifecycle.
Discrete cleavage patterns of pseudorabies virus immediate early protein (IE 180) seen in some cell lines upon extraction after cycloheximide reversal

Abstract Pseudorabies virus (PrV) encodes for a single and essential immediate early phosphoprotein designated IE180. In this study, IE180 was examined in lysates from various cell lines infected at high multiplicities under cycloheximide inhibition of protein synthesis and subsequent reversal. Three distinct protein patterns of IE180 which were cell-specific and dependant on the extraction procedure were revealed. Detergent lysates of PrV infected MDBK cells yielded almost exclusively wild type IE molecule (180 kDa). In contrast, SSG/94 cells, VERO or CV-1 cells did not yield 180 kDa molecules but predominantly a shorter variant of approximately 60 kDa in molecular mass. Additional bands of about 50/55 kDa were also detected in lysates of SSG/94 and VERO cells by immunoprecipitation. Lysates of CV-1 and MDBK cells also yielded a 120 kDa molecule. The smaller molecular mass bands occurred in the presence of PMSF and aprotinin however, cleavage was blocked completely by addition of Nλ- p -Tosyl- l -lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) into the lysis buffer. Moreover, an ability of the shorter IE180 variants to bind heparin was also revealed in the study. These data provide useful insights on protease profiles encountered among different PrV susceptible cells and indicates the use of appropriate protease inhibitors such as TLCK to protect IE180 under these experimental conditions.
Oxygen embrittlement of vanadium alloys with and without surface oxide formation

Abstract Specimens of V–4Cr–4Ti have been exposed to low pressure oxygen and high purity He environments from 10 5 Pa down to 10 −1 Pa in order to determine oxidation kinetics at 600–700 °C and effects on mechanical properties at 25 and 600 °C. At lower pressures ( p (O 2 )⩽10 −5 Pa), linear reaction kinetics were measured for exposures up to 2000 h and the data was used to develop a mathematical expression for the oxidation rate as a function of temperature and oxygen pressure. At higher pressures, linear-parabolic reaction kinetics were measured associated with high oxygen uptake and the formation of an external oxide layer. Room-temperature and 600 °C tensile ductility was reduced by these exposures, but specimens which formed an external oxide retained some tensile ductility after exposure. However, similar specimens with an external oxide that were subsequently annealed for 2000 h at 700 °C were severely embrittled. These results suggest that a surface oxide on V–4Cr–4Ti can be a source of oxygen for further embrittlement and does not prevent embrittlement in extended exposures at 700 °C.
Shear viscosity behavior of highly concentrated suspensions at low and high shear-rates

A method is proposed for determining the shear viscosity behavior of highly concentrated suspensions at low and high shear-rates through the use of a formulation that is a function of three parameters signifying the effects of particle size distribution. These parameters are the intrinsic viscosity [η], a parametern that reflects the level of particle association at the initiation of motion and the maximum packing concentrationΦ m. The formulation reduces to the modified Eilers equation withn = 2 for high shear rates. An analytical method was used for the calculation of maximum packing concentration which was subsequently correlated with the experimental values to account for the surface induced interaction of particles with the fluid. The calculated values of viscosities at low and high shear-rates were found to be in good agreement with various experimental data reported in literature. A brief discussion is also offered on the reliability of the methods of measuring the maximum packing concentration.
STATE REGULATION OF COMMUNITY, JUNIOR, AND TECHNICAL COLLEGES

This study uses factor analysis and descriptive statistics to analyze the regulatory environments of 2‐year colleges. A nationally mailed survey achieved a 100% response from all 2‐year state agency directors, documenting the intensity and use of 29 measures of regulation in 62 identified state systems. The regulation measures most consistently used at the highest level of state control were capital construction controls, local taxing authority limitations, and the state funding allocation approach. Limited controls were exercised over auxiliary revenue, travel, and pre‐audit procedures. Personnel autonomy was demonstrated by limited state controls over presidential hiring and faculty classification systems. Through factor analysis, the individual regulatory techniques were grouped into six factor constructs: Budgeting Flexibility, Budget Form, Expenditure Oversight, Tuition and Revenue Control, Local Authority, and Personnel Administration. The highest degree of state control occurred with the Budget For...
Medullary plasma flow and intravascular leukocyte accumulation in acute renal failure

Medullary plasma flow and intravascular leukocyte accumulation in acute renal failure. The accumulation of nucleated cells in the vasa recta in acute renal failure has been attributed to intravascular hematopoiesis caused by reduced medullary blood flow. Medullary plasma flow was determined in rats with HgCl 2 -induced acute renal failure by infusing 125 I-albumin i.v. for 15 or 30sec and measuring radioactivity in plasma and the renal papillae. Measurements made 40 to 48hr after i.v. injection of HgCl 2 revealed a significantly raised medullary plasma flow at a time when there were prominent collections of nucleated cells in the vasa recta. Vascular tracer studies using India ink demonstrated that blood flow was maintained in vasa recta which contained nucleated cells. Electron microscopic and histochemical studies showed that these cells were lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes, present in approximately the same proportions as in the peripheral blood. It is suggested that the nucleated cells in the vasa recta are not produced within the kidney, but are brought there via the circulating blood. Their accumulation within the vasa recta is unexplained but is unrelated to a reduction in medullary blood flow. Debit medullaire et accumulation intravasculaire de leucocytes dans l'insuffisance renale aigue. L'accumulation de cellules nucleees dans les vasa recta au cours de l'insuffisance renal aigue a ete attribuee a l'hematopoiese intravasculaire determinee par le diminution du debit sanguin medullaire. Le debit medullaire a ete determine chez des rats atteints d'insuffisance renale aigue induite par HgCl 2 au moyen d'une perfusion intraveineuse d'albumine 125 I durant 15 ou 30 seconds et de la mesure de la radioactivite du plasma et de la papille renale. Les determinations faites 40 a 48 heures apres l'injection intraveineuse de HgCl 2 montrent une augmentation significative du debit medullaire contemporaine de l'existence de quantites importantes de cellules nucleees dans les vasa recta. Les etudes vasculaires a l'aide de l'encre de chine comme traceur demontrent que le debit sanguin est maintenu dans les vasa recta qui contiennent des cellules nucleees. La microscopie electronique et les etudes histochimiques montrent que ces cellules sont des lymphocytes, des neutrophiles et des monocytes, approximativement dans les memes proportions que dans le sang peripherique. II est suggere que les cellules nucleees des vasa recta ne sont pas produites dans le rein mais y sont apportees par la circulation sanguine. Leur accumulation a l'interieur des vasa recta n'est pas expliquee mais elle n'est pas la consequence d'une diminution du debit sanguin medullaire.
Human Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Induces MefE/Mel-Mediated Macrolide Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae

Macrolide resistance is a major concern in the treatment of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Inducible macrolide resistance in this pneumococcus is mediated by the efflux pump MefE/Mel. We show here that the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 induces the mefE promoter and confers resistance to erythromycin and LL-37. Such induction may impact the efficacy of host defenses and of macrolide-based treatment of pneumococcal disease.
Compliant footpad design analysis for a bio-inspired quadruped amphibious robot

A quadrupedal water runner robot inspired by the basilisk lizard has previously demonstrated the capability of water surface locomotion. Since the robot is aimed for the amphibious locomotion, a compatible design on both ground and water surface is discussed in this paper. A compliant footpad which can transfer elastic energy to propulsive momentum is introduced and modeled using a pseudo-rigid-body model. Dynamic modeling of the footpad and the robot provides a criterion of efficient ground locomotion. For the water surface locomotion, drag force can be reduced by compliance of the footpad. The optimized design taking into account two locomotions is studied and analyzed for stability using the Poincare map.
Methods for detecting local intestinal ischemic anaerobic metabolic acidosis by PCO2.

Rozenfeld, Ranna A., Michael K. Dishart, Tor Inge Tonnessen, and Robert Schlichtig. Methods for detecting local intestinal ischemic anaerobic metabolic acidosis by P CO 2 . J. Appl. Physiol. 81(4):...
MCAT Verbal Reasoning score: less predictive of medical school performance for English language learners.

Medical Education 2012: 46: 878–886 Context Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) scores are widely used as part of the decision-making process for selecting candidates for admission to medical school. Applicants who learned English as a second language may be at a disadvantage when taking tests in their non-native language. Preliminary research found significant differences between English language learners (ELLs), applicants who learned English after the age of 11 years, and non-ELL examinees on the Verbal Reasoning (VR) sub-test of the MCAT. The purpose of this study was to determine if relationships between VR sub-test scores and measures of medical school performance differed between ELL and non-ELL students. Methods Scores on the MCAT VR sub-test and student performance outcomes (grades, examination scores, and markers of distinction and difficulty) were extracted from University of California San Diego School of Medicine admissions files and the Association of American Medical Colleges database for 924 students who matriculated in 1998–2005 (graduation years 2002–2009). Regression models were fitted to determine whether MCAT VR sub-test scores predicted medical school performance similarly for ELLs and non-ELLs. Results For several outcomes, including pre-clerkship grades, academic distinction, US Medical Licensing Examination Step 2 Clinical Knowledge scores and two clerkship shelf examinations, ELL status significantly affects the ability of the VR score to predict performance. Higher correlations between VR score and medical school performance emerged for non-ELL students than for ELL students for each of these outcomes. Conclusions The MCAT VR score should be used with discretion when assessing ELL applicants for admission to medical school.
The evolution of cooperation under cheap pseudonyms

A wide variety of interactions on the Internet are characterized by the availability of cheap pseudonyms, where users can obtain new identities freely or at a low cost. Due to the availability of cheap pseudonyms, incentive schemes that are based on reward and punishment are vulnerable to the whitewashing attack, where users continuously discard their old identity and acquire a new one to escape the consequences of their bad behavior. In this paper, we study the implications of the whitewashing attack from an evolutionary perspective. Not surprisingly, the whitewashing attack degrades the evolutionary stability of strategies that are otherwise stable. In particular, the tit-for-tat strategy and its variant, probabilistic TFT, are not stable against white-washers, unless identity costs are sufficiently large. In addition, we extend the indirect reciprocity model and find that discriminators can defeat whitewashers only if the probability to cooperate with strangers is small enough, which in turn degrades social welfare.
Effects of cocaine on dopamine receptor gene expression: A study in the postmortem human brain

The effects of chronic cocaine exposure on dopamine DI and D2 receptor gene expression in the human brain were studied in postmortem samples from chronic cocaine abusing and matched control subjects. U~ing in situ hybridization and receptor autoradiography to examine messe ger ribonucleic acid (RNA ) and binding sites, respectively, neither D I nor Dz receptor expresshTn was found to be changed in the nucleus accumbens, caudate, putamen, or substantia nigra of the cocaine-exposed subjects. Although chronic cocaine exposure can produce alterations in dopaminergic neurotransmission, sustained compensatory changes in dopamine receptor expression do not appear to occur in the human.
Life stage descriptions, taxonomic notes, and new records for the mayfly family Leptohyphidae (Ephemeroptera)

The larval stages of Tricorythodes fictus Traver, T. cobbi Alba-Tercedor and Flannagan, and T. mosegus Alba-Tercedor and Flannagan are described for the first time based upon reared specimens. The rarely reported Asioplax dolani (Allen) is newly documented from the Austroriparian ecological region of Texas. Leptohyphes zalope Traver, known from the southwestern United States and much of Central America, is newly documented from the Caribbean Islands of Grenada and Tobago. This represents only the second leptohyphid mayfly known from both Continental America and the Caribbean region. Additional Caribbean records of Allenhyphes flinti (Allen) are also given.
Mucormycosis Peritonitis: More Than 2 Years of Disease-Free Follow-up After Posaconazole Salvage Therapy After Failure of Liposomal Amphotericin B

A 57-year-old woman with end-stage kidney disease secondary to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease developed peritoneal dialysis–related Mucor peritonitis after her pet cockatoo bit through her transfer set. The infection persisted despite more than 8 weeks of treatment with liposomal amphotericin B. On a compassionate basis, she then received oral posaconazole, 800 mg/d, in divided doses for 6 months. She experienced complete remission and has remained disease free since then, for more than 2 years. We review the medical literature about mucormycosis peritonitis which, albeit rare, carries very high mortality. The treatment of choice is liposomal amphotericin B, which failed in our patient. Our case report suggests that posaconazole is an attractive treatment option in patients with peritoneal dialysis–related Mucor peritonitis.
Cosmogenic exposure dating in arctic glacial landscapes: implications for the glacial history of northeastern Baffin Island, Arctic Canada

Cosmogenic exposure dating and detailed glacial-terrain mapping from the Clyde Foreland, Baffin Island, Arctic Canada, reveal new information about the extent and dynamics of the northeastern sector of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) during the last glacial maximum (LGM). The Clyde Foreland is composed of two distinct landscape zones: (1) glacially scoured terrain proximal to the major sources of Laurentide ice that flowed onto the foreland, and (2) ice distal unscoured sectors of the foreland. Both zones are draped with erratics and dissected by meltwater channels, indicating past ice cover. We interpret the two landscape classes in terms of ice sheet erosive ability linked with basal thermal regime: glacially scoured terrain was occupied by erosive warm-based ice, and unscoured terrain was last occupied by non-erosive cold-based ice. Cosmogenic exposure ages from >100 erratics from the two landscape types have different age distributions. Cosmogenic exposure ages from the glacially scoured areas suggest ice cover during the LGM, followed by deglaciation between -15 and -12 ka. In the unscoured lowlands, the cosmogenic exposure ages have multiple modes ranging between -12 and -50 ka, suggesting multiple periods of cold-based ice cover during the last glacial cycle. In landscapes covered by cold-based ice, large numbers of cosmogenic exposure ages are required for elucidating glacial histories.
Hierarchical hyperlingual-words for multi-modality face classification

The usage of specifically designed cameras for robust image classification, biometric and surveillance has emerged recently and it inevitably involves multi-modality classification problems. Cross-modality as well as within- and between-class variations jointly produce a significantly complex problem. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical hyperlingual-words based approach towards the aforementioned problems. First, a novel structure, hyperlingual-words, is created to capture the high-level semantic features across different modalities and within each modality. Second, considering the impact of different resolutions of histograms, we utilize pyramid histogram match for hierarchical hyperlingual-words to weight the ChiSquare metric, and obtain a more discriminative one. Finally, extensive experiments are conducted on two data sets, namely, BUAA-VisNir Face Database and Oulu-CASIA NIR&VIS Database, and results show that our method is superior to the state-of-the-art on cross-modality face recognition with pose&expression variations.
Moshe Pelli. Kinds of Genre in Haskalah Literature: Types and Topics . Israel: Hakkibutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 1999. xxv (English), 357 pp. (Hebrew).

Moshe Pelli, one of the major scholars of Hebrew Haskalah (Enlightenment) literature in our time and one of the major contributors to Hebrew culture in America, presents in this book the fruits of his twenty-five years of study of the major genres in this literature. Previously published articles have been rewritten by Pelli for this book.
Impact of scheduled mesh access on the capacity of wireless mesh links

In this paper we evaluate the performance of a dual-radio 802.11-based mesh network in which each mesh node adheres to a transmission schedule negotiated with peers to avoid interfering with one another when transmitting delay sensitive traffic (e.g. conversational voice). A comparison is made between the performance of scheduled access for delay sensitive traffic and the contention-based Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) function defined in the IEEE 802.11e amendment. The performance evaluation considers the impact of scheduler design on the performance of the network. The results indicate that scheduled access is more robust to interference than EDCA, and that the choice of scheduling approach can have a significant impact on the data throughput achieved through the mesh at a given voice traffic load.
Estimating change in direct groundwater recharge using a spatially distributed soil water balance model

There is a requirement to estimate the impact of changes in land cover and climatic parameters on groundwater recharge. A simple, causal, spatially distributed soil water balance model for estimating direct groundwater recharge is described. The potential use of this model is illustrated by the results of a study carried out in a Chalk surface water catchment in southern England. The study estimates the response of mean annual groundwater recharge to land cover changes which took place between 1990 and 1997. It is concluded that, in this case, the change in land cover significantly alters the pattern of recharge but, by coincidence, that the total for the catchment is unchanged.
Propofol for maintenance of general anesthesia: a technique to limit blood loss during endoscopic sinus surgery

Abstract Purpose: Most cases of endoscopic sinus surgery are amenable to techniques using local anesthesia with monitored sedation. However, it is frequently the preference of the patient to have surgery under general anesthesia. One major drawback of general anesthesia is the increased bleeding encountered which can interfere with optimal visualization of the intranasal anatomy. In this study, an analysis was made to see if technique of general anesthesia has an impact on estimated blood loss in patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery. Methods: Twenty-five patients undergoing outpatient endoscopic sinus surgery under general anesthesia over a 1-year period were reviewed retrospectively to determine if anesthetic technique had an impact on estimated blood loss. Twelve patients were identified who received a continuous intravenous infusion of the nonbarbituate hypnotic agent propofol as the primary anesthetic agent, and 13 patients were identified who received anesthesia based on inhalational isoflurane. Results: There was no difference between the duration of surgery or the intraoperative mean arterial blood pressure when comparing the two groups. The average estimated blood loss in the propofol group was 101 mL compared with an average estimated blood loss of 251 mL in the isoflurane group ( P Conclusions: General anesthesia based on propofol infusion may have the advantage of decreased bleeding compared with conventional inhalation agents, making endoscopic sinus surgery technically easier and safer by improving endoscopic visualization of the surgical field. This anesthetic technique may have other applications in otolaryngology, where bleeding within a confined space frequently can interfere with visibility.