cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of constitutive equations for polymeric melts and solutions

The importance and characteristics of viscoelastic fluid behavior are briefly reviewed, as are theoretical predictions of the relationships between the stresses developed in such a fluid and its deformation rate and history. It is seen that most of the equations available for the prediction of these stresses(variously termed “constitutive equations” or “rheological equations of state”) either do not predict the properties of real materials correctly or, alternately, are of such overriding complexity that they cannot be applied to the solution of any but the simplest real problems. A new constitutive equation in which all the significant parameters may be evaluated from only two sets of experiments is developed. Comparison with available experimental results, while not entirely conclusive, indicates that the equation may predict correctly the behavior of nonpolar solutions and polymeric melts and that it may work well on polar systems in the range of high deformation rates, i.e., the region of primary industrial interest. Several problems of interest to the plastics industry are worked to illustrate the use of this constitutive equation.
Interactions of phosphate ligands with Escherichia coli aspartate carbamoyltransferase in the crystalline state.

Abstract We report here results of crystallographic studies at 3.0 A resolution of complexes of phosphate ligands with aspartate carbamoyltransferase from Escherichia coli. Specifically, we interpret the binding of CTP, ATP, 5-bromo-CTP, 8-bromo-GTP. formycin A 5′-triphosphate. 3,N6-etheno-ATP. phosphate/carbamoyl- d.l -aspartate and pyrophosphate to the catalytic and regulatory chains of the enzyme. We observed two modes of binding of ligands to the phosphate crevice of the catalytic chain. Pyrophosphate and phosphate penetrate deeply into the cleft between the two domains of a catalytic monomer. In contrast. ATP, CTP. formycin A 5′-triphosphate and 3,N6-etheno-ATP bind to an exposed region of this cleft through their β and γ phosphates. Although the β and γ phosphates of 8-bromo-GTP bind to the same region as do the non-brominated nucleotides. 8-bromo-GTP interacts with the protein through all three of its phosphates and its ribose. Ser52, Arg54. Thr55, Arg105, His134. Gln137 and Arg167 are residues of the catalytic chain near density corresponding to phosphate ligands. The interactions of phosphate ligands are consistent with results of nuclear magnetic resonance, kinetics and equilibrium binding studies. Nucleoside triphosphates also bind to the regulatory chain in two modes. ATP and CTP bind in similar conformations to nearly the same site of the allosteric domain. The effector 8-bromo-GTP interacts at a location that does not overlap with the ATP-CTP site. The phosphates are in an extended conformation for all effectors. Furthermore, ATP. 5-bromo-CTP and 8-bromo-GTP bind to the protein in the anti conformation. Interactions of ATP and CTP with the protein are essentially consistent with the proposals put forward by London & Schmidt (1972). We suggest, however, a modification of the London & Schmidt model on the basis of our results with 8-bromo-GTP. In addition, we propose that the allosteric binding sites of nucleoside triphosphates are coupled to each other through the N-terminal segments of monomers of a regulatory dimer.
Atmospheric‐electric observations at the Needham Laboratory for cosmic terrestrial research

In addition to the continuous measurement of field-intensities in the broadcast and high-frequency bands three instruments are regularly in use at the Laboratory for Cosmic Terrestrial Research at Needham, Massachusetts, for measuring atmospheric-electric phenomena (Fig. 1): (1) A potential-gradient apparatus; (2) an ion-counter for determining the number of small negative ions of a given mobility; (3) a point-discharge apparatus for determining atmospheric-electric discharges between the Earth and the sky in either direction. The first of these at present is manually read, whereas the other two are automatically recording.
Applying color discrimination to polarization discrimination in images

The use of polarization information for discrimination in imaging, especially of shiny surfaces or cracks in such surfaces, is well established. This paper seeks to explore the potential of just two of the four polarization parameters per pixel (horizontal and vertical components) for discrimination in a monochromatic image using a new method: conversion of the two monochrome images into a single pseudocolored image followed by the use of Artificial Color to segment the scene in terms of color.
A Comparison of the Optimal Ordering Levels of Bayesian and Non-Bayesian Inventory Models

Although it is often the case that the parameters of the distribution of demand are not known with certainty and that a Bayesian formulation would be appropriate, such an approach is generally not used in inventory calculations for computational reasons. Since one often resorts to a non-Bayesian formulation, it is of interest to compare Bayesian policies with a comparable non-Bayesian policy. Using the concept of flexibility it was anticipated that the quantity ordered under the non-Bayesian policy would be greater than or equal to that under a Bayesian policy. This result is established for the n-period nondepletive inventory model. However, a two-period counterexample is given for the standard depletive inventory model.
Further experiments on probability-matching in the pigeon

In a discrete-trials, two-key choice situation, probability-learning by pigeons was studied under a variety of training conditions. Matching was found in simultaneous and in successive problems, but a spatial problem produced only maximizing. In the simultaneous problem, noncorrection produced maximizing, while correction produced matching. Guidance produced maximizing when the animals were required to earn each opportunity for choice by pecking a center key on FR-5, but matching when the center key was not used. In a discrete-trials one-key situation, with latency as the measure, frequency and probability of reinforcement were varied independently. Differences in probability produced differences in latency of response, but differences in frequency did not.
PASSIVE AND ACTIVE ROLE OF FLUORESCERS IN THE CHEMILUMINESCENCE OF TETRAMETHOXYDIOXETANE

— Tests for the possible catalytic role of fluorescers in the chemiluminescent decomposition of dioxetanes are discussed and applied to the case of tetramethoxydioxetane. This dioxetane, which can undergo direct thermal decomposition yielding excited methyl carbonate with subsequent excitation of fluorescers (for example 9, 10-dibromoanthracene. DBA), is shown to be sensitive also to catalysis by fluorescers such as rubrene. 9, 10-diphenyl-anthracene (DPA) and 9, IOdicyanoanthracene (DCNA). The possibility of a charge-transfer mechanism of chemiluminescent catalysis is suggested.
Radio frequency detection and analysis of synthetic particles

Radio-frequency (RF) measurements provide a potentially label-free approach for quantitative analysis of cells and particles in microfluidic channels. We demonstrate an interference based RF sensor which operates from 5 MHz to 2 GHz at high sensitivity. Millimeter-sized gold and amazonite particles show particle position, size, and material strongly affect quantitative RF measurements. Lossy materials do not significantly reduce the effective quality factor, which is as high as 30,000 at 1.2 GHz, of the sensor. Thus, the sensor is particularly suitable for biomedical applications such as skin cancer detection and the development of novel label-free and all electronic rheological instrumentation.
Effects of lovastatin and pravastatin on amyloid processing and inflammatory response in TgCRND8 brain.

Previous studies suggest that treatment with statins reduce beta amyloid (Aβ) deposition in brains of mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and may reduce the prevalence of AD in humans. Since lipophilicity influences the biological efficacy of statins, we compared the effects of lovastatin, a lipophilic statin, to effects of the hydrophilic pravastatin on amyloid processing and inflammatory responses in brain. Three-month old TgCRND8 mice expressing mutant human amyloid precursor protein (mHuAPP) were treated daily with various doses of either statin. After 1month, levels of cerebral soluble and fibrillar Aβ peptides, soluble sAPPα, and inflammatory cytokines were measured. Both statins caused dose-dependent reductions in total Aβ peptides with parallel increases in total sAPPα. At all doses, slightly greater effects were observed with lovastatin than with pravastatin. In contrast, only lovastatin significantly increased levels of IL-1β and of TNFα in a dose-dependent manner. Lovastatin, but not pravastatin, decreased succinic dehydrogenase and increased lactate dehydrogenase activities in skeletal muscle and increased TUNEL staining in liver. Our data demonstrate that both statins shift the balance of APP processing from excessive β-toward the normal α-cleavage while reducing the total amyloid burden in TgCRND8 brain and that lovastatin, but not pravastatin, potentiates cerebral inflammation and is associated with liver and muscle histotoxicity in these animals. These data show that pravastatin can reduce amyloid burden without potentiating inflammatory responses in brain and, therefore, may have a wider dose-range of safety than have lipophilic statins in the treatment or prevention of AD.
Heuristic model for understanding x-ray film characteristics

A simple, heuristic model of a photographic emulsion is described for the purpose of illustrating the fundamental physical processes and emulsion properties which determine the characteristics of an x‐ray film (viz., the shape of the H−D curve, film gamma, and film speed). By means of this model, it is shown that the contrast multiplication afforded by an x‐ray film (i.e., a film gamma greater than unity) is a direct result of the exponential attenuation of the viewing light by the developed film, and that film gamma is proportional to grain size, grain density, and emulsion thickness. The difference in the H−D curve that is observed when the same film is exposed to light from an intensifying screen or directly to x rays is also predicted by the model.
DISAPPEARANCE OF NEWLY SYNTHESIZED AND TOTAL DOPAMINE FROM THE STRIATUM OF THE RAT AFTER INHIBITION OF SYNTHESIS: EVIDENCE FOR A HOMOGENEOUS KINETIC COMPARTMENT

— The hypothesis that the biphasic disappearance of dopamine (DA) from the rat striatum following inhibition of synthesis with α-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT) represents catabolism from separate‘functional’and 'storage’compartments (Javoy & Glowinski, 1971) was tested by administering 3H-tyrosine i.v. 10 min before 400 mg per kg AMPT. The levels of newly synthesized 3H-DA and total DA were then determined at 5-min intervals. While both declined biphasically, the rate of decay of 3H-DA was significantly less than that predicted by the two-pool hypothesis. In fact, the patterns of change of 3H-DA and total DA were identical and the specific activity of DA did not vary following AMPT. To determine if an increase in DA synthesis and release would result in the preferential catabolism of newly synthesized 3H-DA, the experiment was repeated fol!owing treatment with 0.1 mg per kg haloperidol i.v. 3H-DA and total DA still exhibited identical biphasic declines and there was no change in the specific activity of DA after AMPT even though 3H-DA levels were increased three-fold by haloperidol. Thus (a) no evidence for the preferential catabolism of newly synthesized 3H-DA was obtained and (b) newly synthesized and total striatal DA behaved as if localized in a homogeneous kinetic compartment under all conditions employed. Rates of striatal DA metabolism were estimated in both experiments from changes in total DA after AMPT and by the formation of 3H-DA in the initial 10 min after 3H-tyrosine injection. Results of both approaches were consistent and indicated that the rates of striatal DA synthesis and catabolism may vary rapidly between approx. 20 and 90 nmol per g per h without violating single compartment kinetics. It is proposed that any labile pool contains no more than a few per cent of the DA in the striatum and the implications of this hypothesis are discussed.
Adenosine triphosphatase from rat liver mitochondria: separate sites involved in ATP hydrolysis and in the reversible, high affinity binding of ADP.

Abstract Homogeneous ATPase from rat liver mitochondria binds one mole of ADP per mole of enzyme reversibly, and with high affinity (K D = 1–2 μM). The high affinity binding site is highly specific for ADP and dADP. AMP does not bind. Agents which inhibit ATP hydrolysis have little inhibitory effect on the high affinity binding of ADP. These agents include adenylyl imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP), azide, sucrose, and the divalent cation Mg ++ . AMP-PNP inhibits ATPase activity in phosphorylating membrane preparations of rat liver mitochondria by about 90 percent, but is without effect on ATP synthesis. These results are consistent with the view that the purified soluble, and the membrane-bound ATPase of rat liver mitochondria contain separate sites involved in ATP hydrolysis and in the reversible, high affinity binding of ADP.
Rational design of SAM analogues targeting SAM-II riboswitch aptamer

Riboswitches are noncoding RNA elements embedded in 5'-untranslated region of many bacterial mRNAs regulating gene expression in response to essential metabolites. They are unique from other RNA targets because they have evolved to form specific structural receptors for the purpose of binding small molecular metabolites suggesting that structure-based rational drug design approach may be used in designing metabolite mimics targeting riboswitches. We have developed a fluorescence binding assay for SAM-II riboswitch aptamer and identified an S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) analogue that selectively binds to SAM-II riboswitch aptamer with comparable binding affinity to its native metabolite using structure-based design approach.
Preparative separation of enantiomers using hollow-fiber membrane technology

Abstract Several chromatographically developed chiral selectors show promise for large scale separation of enantiomers using hollow-fiber membrane technology. Chiral selectors derived from N -(1-naphthyl) leucine have been used in a hollow-fiber membrane system (Sepracor) to separate the enantiomers of amino acid derivatives. Enantiomeric purities exceeding 95% have been obtained in a single pass through the system. For data collection, sample sizes were limited to giam quantities of racemate.
Phase measurement of cognitive impairment specific to radiotherapy.

Summary Purpose: Memory impairment is an early-delayed effect of radiotherapy (RT). The prospective longitudinal measurement of the cognitive phase effects from RT was conducted on treated and untreated brain tumor patients. The study design investigated semantic vs. perceptual and visual vs. verbal memory to determine the most disease-specific measure of RT-related changes and understanding of the neurotoxicity from RT to the brain. Methods and Materials: Tests of memory that had previously shown RT-related phasic changes were compared with experimental tests of memory to test hypotheses about cognition targeted to the neural toxicity of RT. The results from 41 irradiated and 29 nonirradiated patients with low- grade, supratentorial tumors were analyzed. The methods controlled for comorbid white matter risk, recurrence, interval after treatment, and age (18e69 years). The effects were examined before RTand at three points after RT to 1 year using a mixed effects model that included interval, group, surgical status, medication use, practice, and individual random effects. Four new tests of memoryandothercandidatecognitivetestswereinvestigated,andaposthocanalysisofacompre- hensive battery of tests was performed to identify the cognitive processes most specific to RT. Results: The RTeffects on memory were identified in the treated group only; among the new tests of memory and the complete neurocognitive battery, the RT effects were significant only for de- layed recall (p < 0.009) and interval to recognize (p < 0.002). Tumor location was not related to the treatment effect. Memory decline was specific to retrieval of semantic memories; a double dissociation of semantic from perceptual visual memory was demonstrated in the RT group. Conclusions: These results implicate memory dependent on the semantic cortex and the hippo- campal memory system. A cognitive measurement that is brief but specific to neural mechanisms is effective and feasible for studies of RT damage. 2012 Elsevier Inc.
Some limit theorems for partial sums of quadratic forms in stationary Gaussian variables

Limit theorems with a non-Gaussian limiting distribution have been obtained, under appropriate conditions for partial sums of instantaneous nonlinear functions of stationary Gaussian sequences with long range dependence by a number of people. The normalization has typically been nα, with 1/2<α<1 where n is the sample size. Here examples of limit theorems are given for quadratic functions with long range memory (not instantaneous) with a normalization nα, 0<α<1/2.
Differential interaction of chiral β-particles with enantiomers

VESTER1 and Ulbricht2 invoked the parity-violating weak interaction as the cause of biological homochirality. They postulated that a stereoselective synthesis or decay of chiral molecules could be induced by the left circularly polarized bremsstrahlung; this small effect would then be amplified to full homochirality3–5. Despite much effort during the past thirty years, experimental results have been inconclusive and contradictory6–12. The aim of the study described here was more modest; we did not want to demonstrate differential synthesis or the decay of enantiomers bombarded by β-particles. Rather, using pulse-height spectroscopy, we examined the Cerenkov radiation emitted as β-particles pass through liquid chiral enantiomers. Our results show that helical electrons do distinguish between molecules of opposite chirality, and complement results reported in earlier publications in which differential decay6,13, positron annihilation14,15, scattering16,17 or other interactions18–20 were observed.
Optical adder that uses spatial light rebroadcasters

We show novel experimental results for an all-optical cascadable module that consists of a spatial light rebroadcaster, an image intensifier, and a liquid-crystal light valve. The module may be used for all-optical logic, memory, or arithmetic. Previous experimental systems involving spatial light rebroadcasters use a video camera and computer to overcome their lack of cascadability. The results of laboratory experiments show correct operation for a half-adder constructed from the cascadable module. Optical setups are proposed for constructing all-optical parallel ripple-carry and bit-slice full adders by using a single optical half-adder.
Sex with knockout models: behavioral studies of estrogen receptor α

Abstract Estrogens are an important class of steroid hormones, having multiple targets, in the body and brain, and exerting ubiquitous effects on behavior. At present, two estrogen receptors (ERα and β) have been cloned and sequenced in mammals. In the brain these receptors are regionally specific, but both have widespread distributions, which are largely non-overlapping. Given the newly emerging complexities of estrogen's mechanisms of action it is important to distinguish which pathways are involved in modifying which behaviors. We use a knockout mouse, lacking functional copies of the estrogen receptor α (ERα) gene, to study the mechanisms by which estrogens mediate behaviors. There are pronounced ramifications of ERα gene disruption on behavior. First, female ERα knockout (ERαKO) mice do not display normal feminine sexual behavior. Second, treatment of adult mice with androgens promotes masculine sexual behavior in both sexes. However, male-typical sexual behavior is severely compromised in male and female ERαKOs. Third, male ERαKOs do not exhibit the same social preferences for female mice as do wildtype (WT) littermates. Thus, the ERα is essential for normal expression of sexual behaviors. In addition, gonadectomized ERαKO and WT mice rapidly learn to escape from the Morris water maze. Exogenous estrogen treatment prevents WT females from learning this task, yet, has no effect in ERαKO mice, suggesting that estrogens effects on learning in adult females involves the ERα. Based on these data we hypothesize that ERα mediates many of the effects of estrogen on sexual behavior, learning, and memory.
GMAT AND GRE APTITUDE TEST PERFORMANCE IN RELATION TO PRIMARY LANGUAGE AND SCORES ON TOEFL

ABSTRACT This study was designed to describe and analyze (1) the, performance of foreign candidates taking the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) or the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE), Aptitude Test in relation to self-reported 'primary language (English vs.,.other), and (2) relationships between performance on the .respective.admissions teats and performance on the Test of English as eforeign Languages (TOEFL) for subgroups of foreign admissions-test Candidates identified by Cross-file matching es having. also taken .TOEFL. Data were obtained from files maintained by the three testing programs and analyses were based on data for examinees tested during the period from September 1977N:through August .1979. (Authdr/PN)
Learning in Two Languages: Interactional Spaces for Becoming Bilingual Speakers

Abstract Through a sociolinguistic analysis of interactional spaces created by the teachers and students at one 50/50 dual immersion school, this study examines how teachers present and implement this school's language policy and how these practices are reproduced and transformed through the language choices of the students in their daily interactions. The analysis shows that strict enforcement of the instructional separation of the two languages may emphasise a division of interactional spaces and language groups where only Spanish or English is used. The findings illustrate how the teachers and certain children are becoming marked as speakers of either Spanish or English and how their thickening identities may consequently limit the opportunities to socially interact in and practice the second language at this school site. Unless focused efforts are assigned to the creation of interactional spaces where both English and Spanish are used interchangeably by the same speaker for various purposes, we argue ...
Session 8: Packet and Parcel Sorting: Packet Sorting Machine

The function of the machine described is to distribute and convey the primary sorted packets selectively to the secondary sorting positions. Packets are manually loaded into frames of individual boxes provided with electromechanically or electropneumatically controlled flaps which sequentially discharge their load in a controlled and predetermined cycle on to bands beneath the machine. A system of underframe conveyors carries the packets to a series of tilted bands whose gates are operated by a controller on the packet sorting machine, thereby allowing discharge into the direct selection chutes or overhead storage units.
QUANTITATION OF RIGHT VENTRICULAR (RV) HYPERTROPHY WITH THALLIUM-201 IN CHRONICALLY HYPOXIC RATS

Twenty rats (Charles River CD) mean weight 223gm, were divided into two groups: 10 control rats (CntR) kept in room air, and 10 hypoxic rats (HypR) kept in a hypobaric chamber (air at 380 mmHg absolute). At two weeks all the animals were weighed and injected intravenously with 50uCi thallium-201. After 10 min. the animals were exsanguinated. The RV and left ventricles (LV) were separated and weighed. Thallium-201 radioactivity of RV and LV was measured in a gamma well counter. The arterial tree of the lungs was injected with micropaque gelatin and the alveolar tree inflated and fixed for histology. The HypR did not grow well and were polycythemic. The HypR showed significant RV hypertrophy; LV/RV mass ratio (MR) = 2.4 mean; CntR-MR = 3.8 mean (p<.0005). LV/RV thallium-activity ratio (TAR) correlated well with the MR in both HypR and CntR (r=.962 where MR =.863 TAR + .27). HypR vs CntR showed histologic changes of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension: i.e. increased muscularity of small intracinar pulmonary arteries (p<.013), abnormal extension of muscle into small arteries (p<.004) and decreased number of peripheral arteries (p<.0005). We conclude that myocardial thallium-201 uptake reflects and quantitates LV/RV mass ratio which, in our model, included normal and abnormal (RV hypertrophy associated with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension). This may have clinical application in the external detection of right ventricular hypertrophy with the gamma camera.
New Routes to Organodecaborane Polymers via Ruthenium-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization

The compounds 6-(norbornenyl)decaborane and 6-(cyclooctenyl)decaborane were synthesized in >95% yields by the titanium-catalyzed reaction of norbornadiene and cyclooctadiene with decaborane. Ring-opening metathesis polymerization of these monomers employing either first- or second-generation Grubbs catalysts produced the corresponding poly(6-(norbornenyl)decaborane) and poly(6-(cyclooctenyl)decaborane) polymers with Mn >30 kDa and polydispersities between 1.1 and 1.8.
A Geometric Theory of Conservation Laws which Change Type: Plenary Lecture held at the Annual GAMM Conference at Braunschweig, Germany, April 4-9, 1994

Bei der Untersuchung von Systemen von Erhaltungssatzen treten sowohl geometrische als auch analytische Aspekte in Erscheinung. Die Struktur von Stosen und deren Beziehungen zu den Charakteristiken der partiellen Differentialgleichung sind geometrischer Natur; diese geometrischen Bilder fuhren auf Zulassigkeitskriterien fur Stose und auf die Beschreibung der Fortpflanzung einer Unstetigkeit als einer Riemannschen Losung. Andererseits bedingen die Rechtfertigung geometrischer Zulassigkeitskriterien, das Auffinden geeigneter Raume fur Existenz und Eindeutigkeit von Losungen, asymptotisches Verhalten von Systemen und die Konvergenz von Approximationen eine substantielle Analyse und, in letzter Konsequenz, eine Betrachtung der Beziehung zwischen den Differentialgleichungen und den physikalischen Prinzipien oder den Modellannahmen, die zu einem speziellen System fuhren. In dieser Ubersicht illustrieren wir das Zusammenspiel zwischen Geometrie und Analysis in alten und neuen Versionen von Erhaltungssatzen, die in jungerer Zeit in Modellen aufgetreten sind. Wir geben einige Modelle an, die ihren Typus in dem Sinne andern, das die Charakteristiken des linearisierten Systems nicht uberall reell sind; derartige Modelle treten bei komplizierten Flussen auf und konnten Instabilitaten im System entweder explizit oder implizit anzeigen. Wir formulieren geometrische Zulassigkeitskriterien fur Stose und zeigen, wie sie analytisch ausgewertet werden konnen. The study of systems of conservation laws has both geometric and analytic aspects. The stucture of shocks and their relation to characteristics of the partial differential equation are geometric in nature; these geometric pictures lead to admissibility criteria for shocks and the description of the propagation of a discontinuity as a Riemann solution. On the other hand, justification of geometric admissibility criteria, the finding of appropriate spaces for existence and uniqueness of solutions, asymptotic behavior of systems and the convergence of approximations all involve substantial analysis and, ultimately, a consideration of the relation between the differential equations and the physical principles or the modelling assumptions which lead to a particular system. In this survey, we illustrate the interplay between geometry and analysis in old and new kinds of conservation laws which have appeared in models recently. We present some models which change type in the sense that the characteristics of the linearized system are not everywhere real; such models occur in complicated flows, and may indicate instabilitiy in the system, either explicit or implicit. We formulate geometric admissibility criteria for shocks, and show how they can be validated analytically.
Literary Adaptations of James in Roth's, Ozick's, and Franzen's Work

In his article "Literary Adaptations of James in Roth's, Ozick's, and Franzen's Work" John Carlos Rowe posits that Henry James continues to exert a powerful influence on contemporary writers. Given the dramatic social, economic, and political changes from modern to postmodern eras, his continuing influence requires explanation. Rowe considers three US-American novelists—Philip Roth, Cynthia Ozick, and Jonathan Franzen—who are influenced by James and presents an interpretation of James's continuing impact. Despite James's reputation as a cosmopolitan modern who influenced global literature in significant ways, US-American writers attempt to "Americanize" him. Their effort expresses the problem of contemporary US-American literary practice and its professional interpretation: as national literatures lose their boundaries, authors, critics, and scholars alike face the problem of understanding their work in relationship to communities which exceed conventional geopolitical and cultural national forms. James's transnational experience and work anticipate a crisis of representation and interpretation we are just now beginning to address. John Carlos Rowe, "Literary Adaptations of James in Roth's, Ozick's, and Franzen's Work" page 2 of 8 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 16.2 (2014): Thematic Issue History, Memory, and the Making of Character in Roth's Fiction. Ed. Gustavo Sanchez-Canales and Victoria Aarons
Comparison of upper and lower rim-functionalized, di-ionizable calix[4]arene-crown-6 structural isomers in divalent metal ion extraction

Abstract Upper rim-functionalized, di-ionizable calix[4]arene-crown-6 ligands are synthesized and compared with structural isomers having the two acidic side arms attached to the lower rim. Solvent extractions of selected divalent metal cations (alkaline earth metal cations, Pb 2+ , and Hg 2+ ) from aqueous solutions into chloroform by the upper and lower rim-functionalized, di-ionizable calix[4]arene-crown-6 isomers are utilized to assess the effects of this structural modification on metal ion complexation abilities of the ligands. The observed effects are compared with those reported for analogous di-ionizable calix[4]arene-crown-5 structural isomers.
The biological magic behind the bullets.

Testing the relative fitness of thousands of yeast strains helps determine pathways and proteins targeted by small-molecule drugs
Calcium and Strontium Uptake by Rat Liver and Kidney Mitochondria.

The uptake of Sr/sup 85/ by mitochondria from rat kidney and liver was reduced to a greater degree by added calcium than was the uptake of Ca/sup 45/. Uptake of Sr/sup 85/ was increased to a greater degree by addition of strontium than was the uptake of Ca/sup 45. ATP was required for the uptake of Sr/sup 85/ and Ca/sup 45/ by kidney mitochondria, while cytochrome c was not. Results with liver mitochondria were more variable and the requirement for ATP appeared to be influenced by calcium in the medium. (auth)
A Typical Preparation of Francisella tularensisO-Antigen Yields a Mixture of Three Types of Saccharides

Tularemia is a severe infectious disease in humans caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis (Ft). Because of its low infectious dose, high mortality rate, and the threat of its ...
Platelet-activating factor: a paracrine factor in preimplantation stages of reproduction?

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) exerts its actions through activation of specific membrane binding sites found in a variety of tissues, including hypothalamus and endometrium. PAF has been identified in several reproductive tissues (i.e. embryo, ovary, uterus, and spermatozoon). In the uterus, PAF levels are hormonally controlled, being elevated by progesterone and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Antagonists of PAF interfere with sperm function, ovulation, and implantation. The available evidence suggests that PAF may be an important physiological regulator in reproduction.
Properties of multiphase microspheres of poly(d1-lactic acid) or poly(d1-lactic-co-glycolic acid) produced by mechanical agitation, sonication, or potentiometric dispersion

AbstractThe effect of processing techniques on the molecular weight of the polymer in biodegradable microspheres of poly(d1-lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(d1-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) was investigated. Multiphase microspheres were produced by conventional agitation, potentiometric dispersion, or sonication. Gel permeation chromatography was used to determine the molecular weight of the polymer before and after processing. Polymer in microspheres of PLA produced by sonication experienced a 21% decrease in molecular weight of the polymer after 90 s of sonication, while microspheres made by potentiometric dispersion or mechanical agitation exhibited insignificant changes in molecular weight. Microspheres produced by potentiometric dispersion were found to have a more narrow particle size distribution compared to the other methods. A decrease in the internal diameter of the infusion tube used to produce multiphase microspheres by the potentiometric dispersion method was found to decrease the mean particle ...
The neuropsychological antecedents of transformational leadership

Decision-making has received scant attention in the context of transformational leadership, which has emerged as a dominant force in leadership theory with an emphasis on socio-affective domains. B...
Density of Kinks after a Quench: When Symmetry Breaks, How Big are the Pieces?

Numerical study of order parameter evolution in the course of symmetry breaking transitions with Landau-Ginzburg{endash}like dynamics shows that the density of topological defects, kinks which form during the quench, is proportional to the fourth root of its rate. This is a limited (1D) test of the more general theory of domain-size evolution in the course of symmetry breaking transformations proposed by one of us. Using these ideas, it is possible to compute the density of topological defects from the quench time scale and from the equilibrium scaling of the correlation length and relaxation time near the critical point. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Agent identification and differentiation via abstract second messenger modeling

Biosensors could consist of hybrids such as a biological nerve cell grown on a suitable silicon substrate. We will assume a hybrid system consisting of a dendritic tree for input, a cell soma and an axon for output transmission. Such a system is almost achievable with current technology. We will discuss how to model the action potential of the nerve cell in such a hybrid system so that we can efficiently recognize toxins introduced on the input side (the dendritic subsystem) from changes we observe on the output side. We first discuss an abstract model of how a given toxin would influence the structure of the action potential of a biological nerve cell. It is known that the action potential of such a cell is influenced at several times scales: (1) milliseconds: changes in ion flux due to alterations in standard Hodgkin - Huxley voltage activated gates and (2) tens to hundreds of milliseconds: changes in the structure of ligand operated gates due to the creation of new proteins via requests to the nerve cell's nuclear material (genome). The classical Hodgkin - Huxley model consists of a number of nonlinear gating coefficients that give rise in even a simple model to 38 independently modifiable parameters. We discuss how the influences of type one and two can be modeled using a alterations to these parameters and show that a given toxin can be associated with a toxin signature corresponding to perturbations from the standard values of these coefficients. Finally, we show how these ideas can be used to determine low dimensional feature vectors for recognition purposes. We also discuss how a low dimensional biological feature vector could be used to obtain similar results.
Perspectives on continuing advances in automation: Past limitations and emerging potentials

Abstract This article summarizes the results of extended field studies concerning the effects on productivity, product quality, flexibility and costs of advances in mechanical automation and programmable automation as the basis for suggesting modifications in traditional approaches to evaluating such innovations. The basic objectives of advances in automation have been to increase the capabilities and economies of production operations through the progressive displacement of labor inputs and of immediate operating supervision. But such developments have long outgrown their origins in piecemeal mechanization, necessitating revised concepts of their potentials and of the criteria for evaluating them.
Finding a seat on the stagecoach: Access and the news

Access to the media is a source of continuing debate among the public who seek it and the media managers who grant it. Special interests hope to display their ideological goods in the media marketplace while media managers argue there is no space left. This current view of direct access to the media loses sight of the access ideal—a diversity of viewpoints presented for the continued operation of the democratic process. This essay examines the current access debate, its origins and its futility, while reexamining the access ideal and charting a path for its successful revival.
Current archaeological research in the Middle Atlantic region of the eastern united states

A major theme of current archaeological research in the Middle Atlantic region of Eastern North America is the recognition of cultural variability across space and through time. The most significant culture change experienced during the entire time frame of regional prehistory occurred ca. 5000 B.P., when there were major changes in regional environments. Before 5000 B.P., adaptations were characterized by small groups of mobile hunters and gatherers. After 5000 B.P., there were continued growth in regional populations and increases in sedentism, intensive use of a limited range of food resources, social group size, and social complexity.
Desert dust and monsoon rain

For centuries, inhabitants of the Indian subcontinent have know that heavy dust events brought on by strong winds occur frequently in the pre-monsoon season, before the onset of heavy rain. Yet scientists have never seriously considered the possibility that natural dust can affect monsoon rainfall. Up to now, most studies of the impacts of aerosols on Indian monsoon rainfall have focused on anthropogenic aerosols in the context of climate change. However, a few recent studies have show that aerosols from antropogenic and natural sources over the Indian subcontinent may affect the transition from break to active monsoon phases on short timescales of days to weeks. Writing in Nature Geoscience, Vinoj and colleagues describe how they have shown that desert dust aerosols over the Arabian Sea and West Asia can strenghten the summer monsoon over the Indial subcontinent in a matter of days.
Genetic amniocentesis: Impact of placental position upon the risk or pregnancy loss

Abstract Although it is generally believed that a transplacental tap increases the risk of pregnancy loss associated with genetic amniocentesis, objective data are lacking. To quantitate the risk of transplacental amniocentesis, pregnancy outcomes were compared in 998 consecutive patients in whom amniocentesis was performed under direct real-time sonographic guidance. This technique allows visualization of the path of the needle during insertion and documents with certainty whether the placenta has been traversed. A transplacental approach was necessary in 347 patients (35%). The incidence of spontaneous abortion, antepartum stillbirth, prematurity (
First-passage time probability of non-linear stochastic systems by generalized cell mapping method

In this paper, the first-passage time probability of linear and non-linear dynamical systems subjected to white noise excitation is studied by the generalized cell mapping method. A wide range of the damping and non-linear parameters is examined in the study. The results of the first-passage time probability for the systems with large damping and non-linear parameters are difficult to obtain by other methods and they do not seem to have been previously available. The results obtained by the generalized cell mapping method are found to be in good agreement with those obtained by direct simulation.
Risk factors for mortality in patients with mucormycosis

Optimal clinical care and clinical investigation of patients with mucormycosis are limited by absence of controlled trials, and absence of well-defined predictors of mortality or clinical response. The Deferasirox-AmBisome Therapy for mucormycosis (DEFEAT Mucor) study was the first randomized clinical trial conducted on patients with mucormycosis, and demonstrated that adjunctive deferasirox therapy did not improve outcomes of the disease. The current study describes clinical factors from the 20 patients enrolled to identify those associated with 90-day mortality of the 11 (55%) patients who died by day 90. Age, diabetes mellitus, transplant status, or antifungal therapy were not associated with mortality. However, active malignancy or neutropenia at enrollment were associated with increased mortality. Pulmonary infection was linked with lower Kaplan-Meier survival compared to non-pulmonary infection. Higher baseline serum concentrations of iron and ferritin were also associated with mortality. No patient who progressed clinically during the first 14 days of study therapy survived; however, many patients who clinically improved during that time did not survive to 90 days. In contrast, day 30 clinical response was predictive of 90-day survival. These factors may be useful in defining enrollment randomization stratification critieria for future clinical trials, and in supporting clinical care of patients with mucormycosis.
Effect of chlorinated hydrocarbons on expression of cytochrome P450 1A1, 1A2 and 1B1 and 2- and 4-hydroxylation of 17β-estradiol in female Sprague–Dawley rats

Chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs) are environmental contaminants that bioaccumulate and hence are detected in human tissues. Epidemiological evidence suggests that the increased incidence of a variety of human cancers, such as lymphoma, leukemia and liver and breast cancers, might be attributed to exposure to these agents. The ability of CHCs to disrupt estrogen homeostasis is hypothesized to be responsible for their biological effects. The present study examined the effect of CHCs on the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 mRNAs and the consequent 2- and 4-hydroxylation of 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were administered a single dose of the LD(50) of 2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) (25 microg/kg), 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (375 mg/kg) and dieldrin (DED) (38 mg/kg) by gavage. Seventy-two hours after treatment, increased expression of CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 was observed in the liver, kidney and mammary tissue. Since CYP1A and CYP1B1 are the major enzymes catalyzing 2- and 4-hydroxylation of E(2), respectively, the effect of these CHCs on the metabolism of E(2) was investigated in rat tissues. Formation of 2- and 4-catechol estrogens was increased in a tissue-specific manner in response to treatment. TCDD was the most potent inducer for CYP1 enzyme mRNA and for the 2- and 4-hydroxylation of E(2). 2,4-D and DED induced similar responses, but less than that of TCDD. These results suggest that induction of CYP1 family enzymes and consequent increases in estrogen metabolism by CHCs in target tissues may be factors contributing to the biological effects associated with exposure to these agents.
IS DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION/SOCIAL LEARNING CULTURAL DEVIANCE THEORY?*

Sutherland's differential association theory has long been criticized as a “cultural deviance” theory, and the critics have continued to apply this same designation to the theory's social-learning reformulation by Akers. According to this critique, differential association/social learning theory rests on the assumption that socialization is completely successful and that cultural variability is unlimited, cannot explain individual differences in deviance within the same group and applies only to group differences, has no way of explaining violation of norms to which the individual subscribes, and proposes culture as the single cause of crime. This article examines the basis and validity of this cultural deviance label. I conclude that the usual attribution of cultural deviance assumptions and explanations to differential association/ social learning theory is based on misinterpretations. Then, I offer a clarification of how cultural elements are incorporated into the theory.
Dimensionality reduction via sparse support vector machines

We describe a methodology for performing variable ranking and selection using support vector machines (SVMs). The method constructs a series of sparse linear SVMs to generate linear models that can generalize well, and uses a subset of nonzero weighted variables found by the linear models to produce a final nonlinear model. The method exploits the fact that a linear SVM (no kernels) with l1-norm regularization inherently performs variable selection as a side-effect of minimizing capacity of the SVM model. The distribution of the linear model weights provides a mechanism for ranking and interpreting the effects of variables. Starplots are used to visualize the magnitude and variance of the weights for each variable. We illustrate the effectiveness of the methodology on synthetic data, benchmark problems, and challenging regression problems in drug design. This method can dramatically reduce the number of variables and outperforms SVMs trained using all attributes and using the attributes selected according to correlation coefficients. The visualization of the resulting models is useful for understanding the role of underlying variables.
Effect of viscoplastic relations on the instability strain, shear band initiation strain, the strain corresponding to the minimum shear band spacing, and the band width in a thermoviscoplastic material

We study thermomechanical deformations of a steel block deformed in simple shear and model the thermoviscoplastic response of the material by four different relations. We use the perturbation method to analyze the stability of a homogeneous solution of the governing equations. The smallest value of the average strain for which the perturbed homogeneous solution becomes unstable is called the critical strain or the instability strain. For each one of the four viscoplastic relations, we investigate the dependence upon the nominal strain-rate of the critical strain, the shear band initiation strain, the shear band spacing and the band width. It is found that the qualitative responses predicted by the Wright–Batra, Johnson–Cook and the power law relations are similar but these differ from that predicted by the Bodner–Partom relation. The computed band width is found to depend upon the specimen height. # 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.