cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thim’s experiment and exact rotational space-time transformations

Thim measured the transverse Doppler shift using a system consisting of a stationary antenna and pickup, in addition to a number of intermediate antennas mounted on the rim of a rotating disk. No such shift was detected, although the experiment should have had enough sensitivity to measure it, as predicted by the Lorentz transformations. However, using the Lorentz transformations to analyze the results of experiments involving circular motion, while commonly done, is inappropriate because such an analysis involves non-inertial frames, which are outside the range of validity of special relativity. In this paper, we re-analyze Thim's experiment using exact rotational space-time transformations, finding that his null result is consistent with theoretical predictions.
EFFECTS OF AERATION AND LIGHT ON APOTHECIA, SCLEROTIA, AND MYCELIAL GROWTH IN THE DISCOMYCETE PYRONEMA DOMESTICUM

Although Pyronema domesticum normally requires light to produce apothecia, apothecial formation occurred in darkness with supplementary aeration. On Claussen's agar, gametangial and sterile system development were normal, but the dark-grown apothecia typically failed to produce an extensive ascogenous system or asci with ascospores. On a medium supplemented with 1.0 g/l hydrolyzed amino acids, the dark-grown apothecia developed well but with some suppression of the ascogenous hyphae and ascus formation, but produced some apothecia with numerous immature ascospores. The apothecia on the amino acid agar were morphologically equivalent to those produced in white light at an intensity of 3.0 Wm-2 without supplementary aeration. Well-developed fertile apothecia with numerous ascospores were formed on Claussen's or soil extract agars in white light at an intensity of 3.0 Wm-2 without supplementary aeration. Aeration interacted with light to increase apothecial numbers if cultures were grown on the amino acid agar in far-red light with wavelengths greater than 694 nm and an intensity of 0.55 Wm-2, but the far-red light apparently had no effect on developmental morphology. There was no response by apothecial production to monochromatic blue or far-red light in nonaerated monochromator cabinets. Initiation of sclerotia occurred in the dark, red, or far-red light, but was inhibited in white light greater than 12 Wm-2 or in blue light greater than 0.1 Wm-2. In a dose-response relationship the 50% level for inhibition was reached at about 1.0 mWm-2. Mycelial growth rate in the dark was minimum at 5.5 C, optimum at 28 C, and maximum at 34 C. Cultures in conventional wide-diam growth tubes had reduced mycelial growth in the blue (10.5 Wm-2) or white light (12.0 Wm-2) but produced apothecia near the plugged opening. Cultures grown in narrow-diam pipettes in white light did not produce apothecia, and there was little, if any, inhibition of vegetative
Deregulated Cdk5 promotes oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction

Oxidative stress is one of the earliest events in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A chemical genetic screen revealed that deregulated cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) may cause oxidative stress by compromising the cellular anti-oxidant defense system. Using novel Cdk5 modulators, we show the mechanism by which Cdk5 can induce oxidative stress in the disease’s early stage and cell death in the late stage. Cdk5 dysregulation upon neurotoxic insults results in reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in neuronal cells because of the inactivation of peroxiredoxin I and II. Sole temporal activation of Cdk5 also increases ROS, suggesting its major role in this process. Cdk5 inhibition rescues mitochondrial damage upon neurotoxic insults, thereby revealing Cdk5 as an upstream regulator of mitochondrial dysfunction. As mitochondrial damage results in elevated ROS and Ca2+ levels, both of which activate Cdk5, we propose that a feedback loop occurs in late stage of AD and leads to cell death (active Cdk5 ROS excess ROS mitochondrial damage ROS hyperactive Cdk5 severe oxidative stress and cell injury cell death). Cdk5 inhibition upon neurotoxic insult prevents cell death significantly, supporting this hypothesis. As oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction play pivotal roles in promoting neurodegeneration, Cdk5 could be a viable therapeutic target for AD.
Leadership in Social Work Education and the Social Change Model of Leadership

Leadership is a topic of international debate in both social work education and practice. Questions remain, however, regarding what specific models of leadership should be emphasized and how leadership content should be infused within the social work curriculum. This paper seeks to contribute to the ongoing discussion about the infusion of leadership within social work education. Specifically, this paper shares the design and development of a graduate-level social work course in program evaluation that infused education around the social change model of leadership (SCM) and then explores qualitatively how 39 graduate students interpreted and applied this model of leadership through an experiential community-based evaluation project. Findings of this study suggest that students utilized the values identified in the SCM in a range of ways to understand and interpret their leadership experience both in their collaborative groups and in their partnerships with community-based organizations. Community organiza...
Utilizing elementary mode analysis, pathway thermodynamics, and a genetic algorithm for metabolic flux determination and optimal metabolic network design

Microbial hosts offer a number of unique advantages when used as production systems for both native and heterologous small-molecules. These advantages include high selectivity and benign environmental impact; however, a principal drawback is low yield and/or productivity, which limits economic viability. Therefore a major challenge in developing a microbial production system is to maximize formation of a specific product while sustaining cell growth. Tools to rationally reconfigure microbial metabolism for these potentially conflicting objectives remain limited. Exhaustively exploring combinations of genetic modifications is both experimentally and computationally inefficient, and can become intractable when multiple gene deletions or insertions need to be considered. Alternatively, the search for desirable gene modifications may be solved heuristically as an evolutionary optimization problem. In this study, we combine a genetic algorithm and elementary mode analysis to develop an optimization framework for evolving metabolic networks with energetically favorable pathways for production of both biomass and a compound of interest. Utilization of thermodynamically-weighted elementary modes for flux reconstruction of E. coli central metabolism revealed two clusters of EMs with respect to their ΔG p °. For proof of principle testing, the algorithm was applied to ethanol and lycopene production in E. coli. The algorithm was used to optimize product formation, biomass formation, and product and biomass formation simultaneously. Predicted knockouts often matched those that have previously been implemented experimentally for improved product formation. The performance of a multi-objective genetic algorithm showed that it is better to couple the two objectives in a single objective genetic algorithm. A computationally tractable framework is presented for the redesign of metabolic networks for maximal product formation combining elementary mode analysis (a form of convex analysis), pathway thermodynamics, and a genetic algorithm to optimize the production of two industrially-relevant products, ethanol and lycopene, from E. coli. The designed algorithm can be applied to any small-scale model of cellular metabolism theoretically utilizing any substrate and applied towards the production of any product.
A preliminary test of the press-pulse extinction hypothesis: Palynological indicators of vegetation change preceding the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, McCone County, Montana, USA

Many workers consider the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction the archetypal catastrophic pulse event caused solely by the Chicxulub bolide impact. However, based on a global scale analysis of marine animals, the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary is a candidate for an extinction enhanced by the coincidence of press and pulse disturbances. We make a preliminary test of key predictions of the press-pulse hypothesis using palynological data. We document a local palynological extinction of 21% at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, which is consistent with extinction rates of 15% to 30% at other localities in the Hell Creek type area and throughout North America. We also fi nd a decline in the number of dicot angiosperm pollen taxa between !3.5 m and !2.5 m below the boundary. We document a low-palynospecies-richness interval between !1.4 m and !1.0 m that includes extirpation, but not extinction, of some palynospecies. These changes in species richness are not correlated with changes in depositional style or pollen preservation, indicating that they may represent a biological rather than entirely taphonomic signal. Review and reanalysis of previously published data from other localities in the western interior of North America suggest similar declines in species richness within approximately the same stratigraphic interval. However, many of the species absent during the low-species-richness interval reappeared before the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, suggesting changes in community structure and composition before the terminal Cretaceous event—a key prediction of the press-pulse hypothesis—rather than gradual extinction in the latest Cretaceous.
Minifactory: A Precision Assembly System Adaptable to the Product Life Cycle

Automated product assembly systems are traditionally designed with the intent that they will be operated with few significant changes for as long as the product is being manufactured. This approach to factory design and programming has many undesirable qualities which h ave motivated the development of more “ flexible” systems. In an effort t o improve agility, different types of flexibility have been integrated into factory designs. Specifically, automated assembly systems have been endowed with the ability to assemble differing products by means of computer-controlled robots, and to accommodate variations in parts locations and dimensions by means of sensing. The product life cycle (PLC) is a standard four-stage model of the performance of a product from the time that it is first i ntroduced in the marketplace until the time that it is discontinued. Manufacturers can improve their r eturn on investment by adapting the production process to the PLC. We are developing two concepts to enable manufacturers to more readily achieve this goal: t he Agile Assembly Architecture (AAA), an abstract framework for distributed modular automation; and minifactory, our physical instantiation of this architecture for the assembly of precision electro-mechanical devices. By examining the requirements which each PLC stage places upon the production system, we identify characteristics of factory design and programming which are appropriate for that stage. As the product transitions from one stage to the next, the factory design and programming should also transition from one embodiment to the next in order to achieve the best return on investment. Modularity of the factory components, highly flexible product transport mechanisms, and a high level of distributed intelligence are key characteristics of minifactory that enable this adaptation.
Noise Calibration, Delay Coherence and SNR Walls for Signal Detection

In this paper we consider the problem of robustly detecting the presence/absence of signals in uncertain low SNR environments. Our previous results have shown the existence of fundamental SNR thresholds called SNR walls below which robust detection is impossible. For signals with narrowband pilots, we had shown earlier that a simple modification to the matched filter provides significant robustness gains. This technique is called runtime noise calibration. In this paper we show that runtime noise calibration can also be applied to improve the robustness of other feature detectors. We use a 50% duty-cycle pulse-amplitude-modulated signal as an example to illustrate the gains from noise calibration. Robustness results for this example give us important insights which also apply in the general case of cyclostationary signals. Our results suggests that for cyclostationary signals, frequency-selective fading and uncertain noise color are the main reasons for detector non-robustness. Furthermore, we introduce the notion of delay coherence for frequency-selective channels. We also characterize the location of the SNR wall as a function of the delay-coherence time of the channel.
Do bans on illuminated on-premise signs matter? Balancing environmental impact with the impact on businesses

Recent years have seen some US municipalities implementing restrictions on lighted on-premise signs, often based on environmental arguments. At the same time, sign companies and sign users argue that restrictions are harmful to businesses. To date there has not been any research on the degree to which restrictions on illuminated signs are harmful to businesses. To this end, this study reports the results of a nationally representative sample of on-premise sign users which explores the degree to which sign users: (1) rely on the signs to help them perform key marketing functions; and (2) report that these signs impact their bottom line. Findings indicate that respondents strongly agree that lighted on-premise signs perform key marketing functions for them and a majority of respondents believe that restrictions on lighting harm their profitability.
Fetch directed instruction prefetching

Instruction supply is a crucial component of processor performance. Instruction prefetching has been proposed as a mechanism to help reduce instruction cache misses, which in turn can help increase instruction supply to the processor. In this paper we examine a new instruction prefetch architecture called Fetch Directed Prefetching, and compare it to the performance of next-line prefetching and streaming buffers. This architecture uses a decoupled branch predictor and instruction cache, so the branch predictor can run ahead of the instruction cache fetch. In addition, we examine marking fetch blocks in the branch predictor that are kicked out of the instruction cache, so branch predicted fetch blocks can be accurately prefetched. Finally, we model the use of idle instruction cache ports to filter prefetch requests, thereby saving bus bandwidth to the L2 cache.
Rethinking the American Constitutional Tradition: National Dimensions in the Formation of State Constitutions

In this review essay of David A. Johnson's Founding the Far West: California, Oregon, and Nevada, 1840-1890 (1992), the author locates the book within an overwhelming tradition of studying the American constitutional tradition through the lens of the Federal Constitution in contrast to the comparative neglect of state constitutions. Johnson's work provides a notable departure from the traditional federal focus by examining the political and ideological context of the framing of state constitutions in three far western states. Johnson's achievement lies in his richly textured and nuanced reading of how the three states differed significantly from each other in terms of their political culture and societies, while placing the process of statehood and post-statehood developments within a broader context of western and national events.Despite its strengths, Founding the Far West overlooks the existence of a shared American tradition and culture in constitution-making that influenced how delegates created state constitutions and articulated. Convention debates for the period reveal that virtually no nineteenth-century constitution-making occurred in isolation but that delegates had access to many constitutional models. Moreover, such constitutional borrowing hardly occurred haphazardly or without serious reflection. One recurring them in that borrowing process recognized that the present generation of constitution-makers should profit from the constitutional experience of other states and incorporate the best ideas from the existing constitutions. In the final analysis, the wide awareness of constitutional models and the discussion of their merits often provided a thoughtful process of comparison and borrowing that helped create a shared culture of American constitutionalism.
Revenue Growth and New Products

Grow or die is an immutable law of business. A company that is not focused on growth is going to have its customers stolen, technology bypassed, best employees lured away and opportunities missed. Ultimately it is going to die. There is no way to stand still in business. Even a business in trouble must find a way to grow. The problem is that companies in trouble or that are under-performing their peers, have limited resources to devote to growth. But the most serious impediment to growth may be what a company is willing to do. In this chapter we will discuss a number of strategies for growth including (i) driving customers, (ii) defining new market spaces, and (iii) new product development.
Early Gas Engines on the Farm: Did women use them?

Decades ago, automobile history scholars recognized that farmers’ knowledge of portable and stationary internal combustion engines used for farm work contributed to the enormous success of Henry Ford’s Model T in 1908. Yet scholars have given scant attention to the farm gas engine. Reynold Wik and Ronald Kline have done much to illuminate the use of the Model T in rural areas and Kline has given more attention than most to the farm gas engine, but even Kline has been dismissive of it, calling the gas engine “powerful, but rather expensive and difficult to start.” This paper builds on recently published research on the farm gas engine to examine the early use of “small” farm engines and how they affected women’s work.
Restricting Personal Behaviour: Case Studies on Legal Measures to Prevent the Spread of HIV

People infected with HIV who persist in exposing others to infection through negligent, reckless, or criminal activity create a legal and ethical dilemma for public officials. Protection of the public health requires balancing the rights of infected people with the expectations of society. When reasonable efforts fail to obtain the voluntary cooperation of infected individuals, Colorado law permits health officers to restrict their behaviour. Since 1986, at least 20 people who were aware of their infection are known to have exposed others to HIV in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Restrictive measures have been initiated in 14 cases to date. Presented here is an overview of Colorado law, selected case studies, and a summary of its strengths and shortcomings.
Lessons on Ultrahigh Peak Power Laser Performance from the Texas Petawatt Laser

With a low repetition rate petawatt-class laser system, effective data collection requires repeatable laser performance, and even more importantly experimenters need to accurately know the parameters of each laser pulse. The presentation describes challenges of measuring ultrahigh peak power laser pulse parameters, how we address them, and the performance variance achieved on the Texas Petawatt Laser. Pulse duration, profile, spectrum, and energy, plus system prepulse contrast are discussed. Article not available.
Photoluminescence from Coherently Strained Si1−xGex Alloys

An intense, broad photoluminescence PL peak, with an internal quantum efficiency as high as 31%, has been observed from a variety of structures containing Si1−xGex strained layers on Si(100) substrates; i.e. Si1−xGex thick random alloy layers, single quantum wells (SQW) and multiple quantum wells (MQW) with layers thick enough so that zone folding effects were not relevant. This peak, which shifted consistently and predictably with Ge concentration( 0.06 < x < 0.53), had its high energy edge near the established band gap for strained SiGe. PL excitation spectroscopy indicated that no phonons were involved in the process causing the SiGe PL peak. Samples deposited at ~ 400 0C exhibited low PL intensity, whereas annealing at ~ 600 °C enhanced the intensity by as much as two orders of magnitude. This anneal treatment was found to remove grown-in defect complexes without creating a significant density of misfit dislocations. The PL peak energy at 4.2 K varied from 620 to 990 meV for Ge fractions x from 0.53 to 0.06. When the samples were forced to relax, e.g. by higher temperature annealing, the luminescence of this peak either shifted to near the relaxed bandgap or was quenched by deep, dislocation related states. Prior to such relaxation, the efficient PL was due to exciton accumulation in the strained Si1−xGex layers of single and multiple quantum wells, where the bandgap was locally reduced. It is suggested that the recombination of electrons and holes occuring within a high-density electron hole condensate (EHC) can cause the observed spectrum.
Analysis of heavy metals of chemical contaminants investigation in food in Guangzhou 2010

Objective:To investigate the heavy metals contaminated condition of vegetables,meat and seafood in major shopping centers and farm product markets of downtown district in Guangzhou.Methods: After microwave digestion,5 heavy metals in the samples were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.Results: 121 samples were detected,and unqualified rate was 19.0%.Conclusion: The unqualified rate of food in some farm product market is high,and some food exists safety problems.It is necessary to increase health supervision.
ORGANIC SYNTHESIS INVOLVING FLUORINE-18

Abstract The synthesis of organic compounds with the short-lived radioisotope fluorine-18 (T ½ = 110 m) is a new and exotic branch of organic chemistry. Fluorine itself is one of the most intractable elements of the periodic table, and special requirements added by the short half-life of the isotope and the tiny quantities of material involved provide additional constraints. The method of producing the radionuclide limits the range of reagents available, and the requirements of the chemical reaction be efficient in the utilization of fluorine requires the re-evaluation of many conventional procedures. In spite of these difficulties, a surprising variety of different compounds have been prepared, ranging from simple one carbon chloromethanes to sugars, fatty acids and multifunctionalize neurologically active drugs. A few of these compounds are now prepared routinely on a daily basis, and the number and variety can be expected to rise in the near future. This chapter reviews the state-of-the-art of synthetic organic chemistry with 18F.
The Objectification of Social Relations

The equality and indifference of the parties to exchange as juridical persons is determined by the formal structure of the exchange relation which brings them into contact. But what makes this contact into the mode of realization of a more comprehensive interdependence of individuals is rather the content of exchange. It is the fact that the given individual acquires through exchange the means of satisfying some part of his or her wants and needs, and does so only insofar as s/he in turn alienates goods required for the satisfaction of the wants and needs of others, that provides commodity exchange, along with the entire set of its formal conditions, its social content.
Sci-Thur AM: YIS – 02: Imaging dose distributions through the detection of radiation-induced acoustic waves

Purpose: X-ray acoustic computed tomography (XACT) is an emerging technique that images the dose deposited within an object following linac irradiation by detecting acoustic waves induced via the photoacoustic effect. This work shows that XACT images can be formed in soft-tissue equivalent material and that dosimetric information can be extracted from such images. Methods: Acoustic waves induced in a water tank following irradiation by a 10 MV flattening filter free photon beam were detected with an immersion ultrasound transducer at 60 angles surrounding the radiation field. A back-projection algorithm was used to reconstruct an XACT image from the detected transducer signals. Profiles extracted from XACT images were compared to profiles measured with ion chambers as per the current clinical protocol. Results: XACT images were successfully formed of simple 4 cm × 4 cm and 6 cm × 3 cm fields, as well as of more complicated multi-leaf collimator defined fields. For the 6 cm × 3 cm field, 74% and 87% of the XACT profile points in the 6 cm and 3 cm dimensions, respectively, passed a 7% / 4 mm gamma test when compared to ion chamber measurements. In a complicated puzzle piece shaped field, 86% of the pixels in an extracted profile passed a 7% / 4 mm gamma test. Conclusions: XACT is capable of imaging the dose distribution delivered by a variety of field sizes and shapes in water, and is a viable technique for both water tank and in vivo dosimetry.
Librarians as Privacy Advocates

Librarians have a rich history as privacy advocates who have mobilized lobbying, litigation, and education campaigns to combat state surveillance of their patrons’ reading habits. While contemporary threats to intellectual privacy take a different form — often coming from private actors — I argue that librarians are well positioned to extend their role as privacy advocates to combat unwanted surveillance by digital intermediaries.
Acquired Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy

Three infants presenting at 3, 15, and 21 days of age with brachial-plexus neuropathy were found to have a group-B streptococcal osteomyelitis, as reported from the British Columbia’s Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.
Simulation comparison of reset operation for mushroom phase change memory cells with different access device

Phase change memory (PCM) is considered to be a promising candidate for high density, fast and non-volatile memory technologies. PCM devices are resistive memory elements where the crystalline (set) and amorphous (reset) states typically have ∼102–104 times difference in resistance values. The transitions between these states are achieved through localized self-heating with large current densities. Scaling device dimensions improves packing density and speed and results in reduced peak current, power and total energy required for switching [1].
Of Materiality and Meaning: The Illegality Condition in Street Art

Street art is an art form that entails creating public works incorporating the street physically and in their meaning. That physical property is employed as an artistic resource in street art raises two questions. Are street artworks necessarily illegal? Does being illegal change the nature of production and aesthetic appreciation? First, I argue street artworks must be in the street. On my view, both the physical and sociocultural senses of the street can be constitutive of meaning. Second, I argue that illegality is a prototypical and paradigmatic feature of street art. While illegality alone does not make works better than sanctioned street art, it affects the production process and changes what is available to appreciate.
Handheld computing in pediatric practice: Is it for you?

Handhelds, or personal digital assistants (PDAs), have evolved a great deal since their beginnings as a monochromatic screen with miniscule memory. Here is a look at how you, your practice, and your patients can benefit when you use a PDA.
Gender differences in the association between conduct disorder and risky sexual behavior

Despite suggestions that there are gender differences in the association between conduct disorder (CD) and risky sexual behavior, limited empirical research has examined this question. Youth (N = 616) were recruited from four primary care clinics and completed questions related to risky sexual behavior, alcohol and marijuana use, and CD. Results of stratified multivariate models indicated that the association between CD and having four or more lifetime partners, having two or more partners in the last 3 months, and engaging in condomless sex was stronger among female youth. However, the association between CD and alcohol and other drug use before sex was stronger in male youth. This is an important contribution to our understanding of gender-specific manifestations of conduct disorder, and has the potential to inform screening and brief intervention efforts for this population.
Modern Natural Products Drug Discovery and Its Relevance to Biodiversity Conservation

Abstract The small molecules with adaptive functions made by plants, animals, and microbial life forms are known as natural products, and have formed the basis for much of our current pharmacopeia. Up to 70% of all drugs in the market today have an origin or inspiration from nature. As a consequence of the incredible importance of these natural products, both in terms of their life saving impacts as well as monetary value, the life forms that produce these materials also have direct societal worth. Realizing the value of biodiversity has provided new arguments in favor of preservation and conservation efforts, and allows for tangible evidence that the general public both appreciates and approves. This chapter provides a description of these arguments as well as two case examples; one from the island of Coiba in Pacific Panama, and another from the Caribbean island of Curacao.
Neuropathic Corneal Pain

Corneal neuralgia, or keratoneuralgia, is a relatively new entity in ophthalmology [1]. Corneal neuropathic pain results from dysfunctional nerves causing perceptions of discomfort. While the exact epidemiology of this disease is still unclear, patients often present with vague perceptions of burning, stinging, eye ache, photophobia [2, 3], or severe eye pain, without significant findings on slit-lamp examination. Many of these patients display migraine features, and thus, in addition to local therapies, systemic medications against migraines (e.g., low-dose tricyclic antidepressants) can be very therapeutic. Comorbid psychiatric conditions (particularly depression and anxiety) should likewise be recognized and addressed for the best outcomes (discussed in Chap. 10). Hereby, we illustrate three patients from our clinics and the diagnostic and therapeutic approach followed to better understand this entity.
Pre-treatment neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and platelet/lymphocyte ratio are prognostic of progression in early stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma.

To determine whether pre-treatment neutrophil/lymphocyte (NLR) or platelet/lymphocyte ratios (PLR) are predictive for progression in early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), we derived NLR and PLR values for 338 stage I/II cHL patients and appropriate cut-off point values to define progression. Two-year freedom from progression (FFP) for patients with NLR ≥6·4 was 82·2% vs. 95·7% with NLR <6·4 (P < 0·001). Similarly, 2-year FFP was 84·3% for patients with PLR ≥266·2 vs. 96·1% with PLR <266·2 (P = 0·003). On univariate analysis, both NLR and PLR were significantly associated with worse FFP (P = 0·001). On multivariate analysis, PLR remained a significant, independent prognostic factor (P < 0·001).
Electrospun Biomaterials for Cancer Research

Electrospun biomaterials have been extensively utilized in tissue engineering and drug delivery; however, more recently, these biomaterials have been employed to address various challenges in cancer research. Tunable topography, morphology and surface chemistry coupled with bio-compatibility/degradability, render electrospun biomaterials suitable for the development of anti-cancer drug delivery systems. The ability of electrospun biomaterials to preserve the properties of genetic materials has led to their applications in targeted gene therapies for cancer. In addition, electrospun biomaterials can be engineered to recapitulate the tumor microenvironment and have been found to regulate cellular processes; making them suitable for the development of disease models and cell based therapies in cancer. Electrospun biomaterials are also being investigated as biosensors for early detection and diagnosis of cancer. This chapter explores the utility of electrospun biomaterials in the field of cancer research and highlights its future prospects.
A review and reassessment of diffraction, scattering, and shadows in electrodynamics

A bstract The concepts of diffraction and scattering are well known and considered fundamental in optics and other wave phenomena. For any type of wave, one way to define diffraction is the spreading of waves, i.e., no change in the average propagation direction, while scattering is the deflection of waves with a clear change of propagation direction. However, the terms “diffraction” and “scattering” are often used interchangeably, and hence, a clear distinction between the two is difficult to find. This review considers electromagnetic waves and retains the simple definition that diffraction is the spreading of waves but demonstrates that all diffraction patterns are the result of scattering. It is shown that for electromagnetic waves, the “diffracted” wave from an object is the Ewald–Oseen extinction wave in the far-field zone. The intensity distribution of this wave yields what is commonly called the diffraction pattern. Moreover, this is the same Ewald–Oseen wave that cancels the incident wave inside the object and thereafter continues to do so immediately behind the object to create a shadow. If the object is much wider than the beam but has a hole, e.g., a screen with an aperture, the Ewald–Oseen extinction wave creates the shadow behind the screen and the incident light that passes through the aperture creates the diffraction pattern. This point of view also illustrates Babinet's principle. Thus, it is the Ewald–Oseen extinction theorem that binds together diffraction, scattering, and shadows.
Biosynthesis of the Iron-Molybdenum and Iron-Vanadium Cofactors

The iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMo-co) (Shah, Brill, 1977) is the prototype of a small family of cofactors that constitute the active sites of the known nitrogenases. No other Mo, V or Fe-containing enzyme is known to employ FeMo-co or its analogs and all known nitrogenases contain one of these cofactors. FeMo-co (MoFe7S9homocitrate) is found at the active site of the nif-encoded, molybdenum nitrogenase, and its structure (Fig 1) was determined as a component of the dinitrogenase protein (NifDK) of Azotobacter vinelandii (Kim, Rees, 1992; Chan et al, 1993). The vnf-encoded nitrogenase-2 contains FeV-co (Smith et al, 1988) and the anf-encoded nitrogenase-3 contains FeFe-co (Davis et al, 1996) as dissociable cofactors that are thought to have structures that differ from FeMo-co only at the position of the heteroatom (Mo, V or Fe) as shown in Fig 1. The structures of FeV-co and FeFe-co have not been determined and the argument that their structures are similar to that of FeMo-co is based on the ability of isolated FeV-co and FeFe-co to replace FeMo-co in the nif-encoded dinitrogenase proteins When apodinitrogenase protein (NifDK, lacking FeMo-co but containing the P clusters) is reconstituted with FeV-co or FeFe-co in vitro, it functions to reduce acetylene and protons effectively, but not N2. Furthermore, FeMo-co is found associated with the anf-encoded dinitrogenase protein (AnfDGK) when cells are supplied with Mo (Gollan et al, 1993; Pau et al, 1993).
The Political Economy of a Free People

Hayek spent much of his intellectual life trying to identify the institutional foundations of a society of free individuals. In doing so, he ended up investigating topics beyond the scope of economics proper and entered into the realm of legal and political theory. During this time, he came to realize that a society that optimizes both on the degree of social order and that of recourse to violence must rely on the rule of law as its fundamental principle: equality before the law; stable and universal rules of conduct; and freedom to pursue one’s ends within the boundaries of the law. In devising public policy, the government of a free society must take these principles as its guiding principles.
Corporate Block Acquisitions around the World

Between 1990 and 2005, 14 percent of the world's public firms were targets in minority block acquisitions, of which one third were cross-border. These target firms are mostly financially constrained, experience significant increases in their stock prices at the announcement and increase their investment expenditures subsequent to the acquisition. In the immediate two years following the acquisition, 27 percent of target firms issue new equity and 10 percent issue new debt. The size of these new issues is between 23 and 27 percent of the target firms' market capitalization. These findings are consistent with the theory that equity stakes by other corporations certify the investment opportunities of target firms and allow them to raise additional capital. There is little evidence in support of competing theories that corporate blockowners lower contracting costs in the product market, effectively monitor insiders or capitalize on their overvalued stocks.
Food Access, Program Participation, and Health: Research Using FoodAPS

This piece is an introduction to the symposium on Food Access, Program Participation, and Health: Research using FoodAPS. The symposium includes articles presented at the National Bureau of Economic Research Conference on Food Security on December 7 and 8, 2017. The research herein was supported by the Economic Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, grant number 59‐5000‐5‐0115. The grant included funding to study the effects of various food assistance programs on outcomes, using data from the National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey (FoodAPS). We describe the programs and the FoodAPS data, and point out highlights from the articles.
Latinx Students’ Mathematics Anxiety and Their Study Habits: Exploring Their Relationship at the Postsecondary Level:

Increasing Latinx students’ success in college-level mathematics calls for exploration on their mathematics anxiety as it relates to study habits. Using a sample of Latinx students in a Hispanic Se...
Food Justice in the Public Library: Information, Resources, and Meals

Access to healthy, nutritious, and affordable food—food justice—is foundational to a healthy community. Yet, hundreds of millions of people, including one in eight in the U.S., lack this access. This article examines how public libraries participate in the food justice movement. This emerging role is contextualized within the history of public food programs in the U.S. A literature review then finds four ways that public libraries increase access to food: distributing food; teaching and enabling community-based agriculture; teaching how to cook, prepare, and eat healthy foods; and supporting existing food justice programs. These tactics are reviewed within the context of the information and communication channels typically used by practicing public librarians. The article concludes with a discussion of future research and education initiatives needed to understand and support public libraries as contributors to food and health justice. In particular, the authors suggest that LIS scholars would do well to establish research collaborations across disciplinary boundaries to build on work currently being done in fields like public health and environmental studies on how public libraries and librarians contribute to food justice. Just as public libraries in certain places have found ways to form powerful community partnerships focused on contributing to food justice, we suggest that in higher education we could also start and join similar multi-disciplinary networks in our scholarship and teaching.
Primary cerebral lymphoma

Primary central nervous system (cerebral) lymphoma is an intracranial neoplasm with an increasing incidence in the last 15 years, perhaps tripling in the last 10 years [1,2]. These tumors are infiltrative, multifocal tumors with a predilection for the paraventricular brain areas. Treatment of intracerebral lymphoma has followed the standard parameters of intracranial neoplasia, including steroids and radiation therapy. Treatment with steroids transiently reduces cerebral edema and may even be lympholytic in this tumor [3, 4, 5]. Therapy is problematic because the duration of the response to steroids and/or radiation therapy has been short, resulting in a median survival of approximately 14 months.
Evidence for lambda doublet propensity in the UV photodissociation of ozone

The photodissociation of O3 at 266 nm has been studied using velocity mapped ion imaging. We report temperature-dependent vector correlations for the O2(a1Δg, v = 0, j = 18-20) fragments at molecular beam temperatures of 70 K, 115 K, and 170 K. Both the fragment spatial anisotropy and the v-j correlations are found to be increasingly depolarized with increasing beam temperature. At all temperatures, the v-j correlations for the j = 19 state were shown to be reduced compared to those of j = 18 and 20, while no such odd/even rotational state difference was observed for the spatial anisotropy, consistent with previous measurements. We find that temperature-dependent differences in the populations and v-j correlations between the odd and even rotational states can be explained by a Λ-doublet propensity model. Although symmetry conservation should lead to formation of only the A' Λ-doublet component, and only even rotational states, out-of-plane rotation of the parent molecule breaks the planar symmetry and permits the formation of the A″ Λ-doublet component and odd rotational states. A simple classical model to treat the effect of parent rotation on the v-j correlation and the odd/even rotational population alternation reproduces both the current measurements and previously reported rotational distributions, suggesting that the "odd" behavior originates from a Λ-doublet propensity, and not from a mass independent curve crossing effect, as previously proposed.
Monitoring the evolution of intersite and interexciton coherence in electronic excitation transfer via wave-packet interferometry

We detail an experimental strategy for tracking the generation and time-development of electronic coherence within the singly excited manifold of an energy-transfer dimer. The technique requires that the two monomers have nonparallel electronic transition-dipole moments and that these possess fixed orientations in space. It makes use of two-dimensional wave-packet interferometry (WPI or whoopee) measurements in which the A, B, C, and D pulses have respective polarizations e, e, e, and e′. In the case of energy-transfer coupling that is weak or strong compared to electronic–nuclear interactions, it is convenient to follow the evolution of intersite or interexciton coherence, respectively. Under weak coupling, e could be perpendicular to the acceptor chromophore’s transition dipole moment and the unit vector e′ would be perpendicular to the donor’s transition dipole. Under strong coupling, e could be perpendicular to the ground-to-excited transition dipole to the lower exciton level and e′ would be perpendicular to the ground-to-excited transition dipole to the upper exciton level. If the required spatial orientation can be realized for an entire ensemble, experiments of the kind proposed could be performed by either conventional four-wave-mixing or fluorescence-detected WPI methods. Alternatively, fluorescence-detected whoopee experiments of this kind could be carried out on a single energy-transfer dimer of fixed orientation. We exhibit detailed theoretical expressions for the desired WPI signal, explain the physical origin of electronic coherence detection, and show calculated observed-coherence signals for model dimers with one, two, or three internal vibrational modes per monomer and both weak and strong energy-transfer coupling.
Sensitivity-based data fusion for optical localization of a mobile robot

Abstract Acoustic-based techniques are the standard for localization and communication in underwater environments, but due to the challenges associated with this medium, it is becoming increasingly popular to find alternatives such as using optics. In our prior work we developed an LED-based Simultaneous Localization and Communication (SLAC) approach that used the bearing angles, needed for establishing optical line-of-sight for LED-based communication between two beacon nodes and a mobile robot, to triangulate and thereby localize the position of the robot. Our focus in this paper is on how to optimally fuse measurement data for optical localization in a network with multiple pairs of beacon nodes to obtain the target location. We propose the use of a sensitivity metric, designed to characterize the level of uncertainty in the position estimate with respect to the bearing angle error, to dynamically select a desired pair of beacon nodes. The proposed solution is evaluated with extensive simulation and experimentation, in a setting of three beacons nodes and one mobile node. Comparison with multiple alternative approaches demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed approach.
ZoomQA: Residue-Level Single-Model QA Support Vector Machine Utilizing Sequential and 3D Structural Features

ABSTRACT Motivation The Estimation of Model Accuracy problem is a cornerstone problem in the field of Bioinformatics. When predictions are made for proteins of which we do not know the native structure, we run into an issue to tell how good a tertiary structure prediction is, especially the protein binding regions, which are useful for drug discovery. Currently, most methods only evaluate the overall quality of a protein decoy, and few can work on residue level and protein complex. Here we introduce ZoomQA, a novel, single-model method for assessing the accuracy of a tertiary protein structure / complex prediction at residue level. ZoomQA differs from others by considering the change in chemical and physical features of a fragment structure (a portion of a protein within a radius r of the target amino acid) as the radius of contact increases. Fourteen physical and chemical properties of amino acids are used to build a comprehensive representation of every residue within a protein and grades their placement within the protein as a whole. Moreover, ZoomQA can evaluate the quality of protein complex, which is unique. Results We benchmark ZoomQA on CASP14, it outperforms other state of the art local QA methods and rivals state of the art QA methods in global prediction metrics. Our experiment shows the efficacy of these new features, and shows our method is able to match the performance of other state-of-the-art methods without the use of homology searching against database or PSSM matrix. Availability http://zoomQA.renzhitech.com Contact caora@plu.edu