cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In the Name of the Son (and the Daughter): Intergenerational Mobility in the United States, 1850-1940

This paper estimates historical intergenerational elasticities between fathers and children of both sexes in the United States using a novel empirical strategy. The key insight of our approach is that the information about socioeconomic status conveyed by first names can be used to create pseudo-links across generations. We find that both father-son and father-daughter elasticities were flat during the nineteenth century, increased sharply between 1900 and 1920, and declined slightly thereafter. We discuss the role of regional disparities in economic development, trends in inequality and returns to human capital, and the marriage market in explaining these patterns. (JEL D63, J12, J16, J24, J62, N31, N32) The degree to which economic status is passed along generations is key to under standing differences across societies and over time in the extent of inequality. A low degree of intergenerational mobility can undermine the notion of equality of opportunity and may lead to persistent inequality. Recent research reveals that today intergenerational mobility in the United States is lower than in most other developed countries (Corak 2013). This finding stands in contrast with the national ethos of the United States as the land of unlimited opportunity. Was this view ever justified? In this paper we provide a new perspective on the evolution of intergenerational mobility in the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. We extend the existing literature by looking at the intergenerational elasticity in economic status between fathers and children of both sexes. Focusing only on father-son cor relations may miss part of the picture. Daughters should be included if we want to know how the average well-being of a generation correlates with that of their parents.
A Kesten-type bound for sums of randomly weighted subexponential random variables

Abstract Sums of randomly weighted subexponential random variables have become an important research topic, but most works on the topic consider randomly weighted sums of finitely many terms. To extend the study to the case of infinitely many terms, we establish a Kesten-type upper bound for the tail probabilities of sums of randomly weighted subexponential random variables. As an application, we derive a precise asymptotic formula for the tail probability of the aggregate present value of subexponential claims, where the present value factor is determined according to the zero-coupon bond price.
LPV Control Design for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles Using Robustness Analysis Tools

Abstract This paper deals with the design and analysis of a linear parameter-varying (LPV) path-following controller for an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). The LPV controller is designed to provide guaranteed performance for any planar path whose inverse radius of curvature is bounded. Such a flexibility provided by the LPV controller offers significant advantages in AUV missions such as seabed mapping and mine countermeasures. The control design approach uses a lumped system model that is based on a virtual vehicle formulation and combines the six degrees-of-freedom AUV dynamics with the path-following dynamics. An LPV path-following controller is designed using the l2-induced norm as the performance measure and the inverse radius of curvature of the path as the scheduling parameter. The penalty weights of the controller are tuned using a tool that utilizes integral quadratic constraint (IQC) theory to perform robustness analysis. The robustness and performance of the LPV controller are studied using IQC analysis and non-deterministic MATLAB simulations where hydrodynamic model uncertainties, unmodeled servo dynamics, AUV nonlinear dynamics, and sensor noise are considered.
The National High Blood Pressure Strategy of the German Hypertension League

Weltweit haben mehr als eine Milliarde Menschen eine arterielle Hypertonie. Allein in Deutschland ist ein Drittel der Bevolkerung betroffen, Tendenz steigend. Die moglichen Folgen sind gravierend: Neben irreparablen Organschaden und erhohtem Mortalitatsrisiko verursacht Bluthochdruck auch enorme Krankheits- und volkswirtschaftliche Kosten. Deshalb gilt fur alle Akteure im Gesundheitssystem: Es ist Zeit zu handeln.
Risk of second primary cancers among survivors of gynecological cancers.

Abstract Objective Survivors of gynecologic cancers have an increased risk of developing second primary cancers (SPC); however it is unclear which sites have higher risks. We aimed to ascertain risk of SPC among survivors of gynecological cancer, and identify anatomic sites at risk of SPC. Methods We queried the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database (2000–2016) for confirmed cases of index gynecological (cervix uteri [cervical], corpus and uterus [endometrial], ovarian, vaginal, and vulvar) cancers. Risk of SPC was estimated using standardized incidence ratios (SIRs: observed/expected cases) and excess absolute risks (EARs: observed - expected cases) per 10,000 person-years at risk (PYR). SIRs and EARs were stratified by index anatomic site and latency interval. Results Among the cohort of 301,210 gynecological cancer survivors, 19,005 (6.31%) developed an SPC (SIR = 1.16; 95% CI, 1.15–1.18 and EAR = 17.2 cases per 10,000 PYR) compared with the general population. All gynecological cancer survivors (except survivors of ovarian) had a significant risk of developing SPC (SIR range 1.06–2.16), with survivors of vulvar cancer having the highest risk (SIR = 2.16; 95% CI, 2.06–2.27; EAR = 139.5 per 10,000 PYR). Risk of SPC was highest within the first 5 years post-diagnosis for survivors of cervical, vulvar and vaginal cancers. Conclusions While most index gynecological cancer sites are associated with increased risk of SPC, risk is highest among survivors of vulvar cancer. These findings have the potential to inform lifelong surveillance recommendations for gynecological cancer survivors.
Burn injuries related to E-cigarettes reported to poison control centers in the United States, 2010–2019

United States (U.S.) national data indicate that 2035 individuals with burn injuries from e-cigarette explosions presented to U.S. hospital emergency departments (EDs) in 2015–2017. This national estimate is valuable for understanding the burden of burn injuries from e-cigarette explosions among individuals who presented to EDs. However, little is known about individuals who experienced e-cigarette-related burns but may not present to EDs or health care facilities. We analyzed data from the National Poison Data System (NPDS) to describe frequency and characteristics of e-cigarette-related burn cases in the U.S. in 2010–2019. NPDS contains information collected during telephone calls to poison control centers (PCCs) across the U.S., including e-cigarette-related burns and other unintended events. During 2010–2019, 19,306 exposure cases involving e-cigarettes were documented in NPDS. Of those, 69 were burn cases. The number of burn cases increased from one in 2011 to a peak of 26 in 2016, then decreased to three in 2019. The majority of the burn cases occurred among young adults aged 18–24 years (29.0%; n = 20) and adults aged 25 years or older (43.5%; n = 30); 14.4% (n = 10) occurred among individuals ≤17 years old. Of the 69 burn cases, 5.8% (n = 4) were admitted to a hospital; 65.2% (n = 45) were treated and released; 15.9% (n = 11) were not referred to a health care facility (HCF); 4.4% (n = 3) refused referral or did not arrive at an HCF; and 8.7% (n = 6) were lost to follow-up or left the HCF against medical advice. Nearly one-third (30.4%; n = 21) of the cases had a minor effect (symptoms resolved quickly), 47.8% (n = 33) had a moderate effect (symptoms were more pronounced and prolonged than in minor cases, but not life-threatening), and 2.9% (n = 2) had a major effect (life-threatening symptoms). Approximately one-fifth of e-cigarette-related burn cases reported to PCCs were not referred to or did not arrive at an HCF. Some burn cases had serious medical outcomes. The burn cases mostly affected young adults and adults aged 25 years or older. The number of burn cases in NPDS represents a small portion of e-cigarette-related burn cases but it can serve as a complementary data source to traditional injury surveillance systems.
Acceptability of Using a Robotic Nursing Assistant in Health Care Environments: Experimental Pilot Study.

Background: According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, nurses will be the largest labor pool in the United States by 2022, and more than 1.1 million nursing positions have to be filled by then in order to avoid a nursing shortage. In addition, the incidence rate of musculoskeletal disorders in nurses is above average in comparison with other occupations. Robot-assisted health care has the potential to alleviate the nursing shortage by automating mundane and routine nursing tasks. Furthermore, robots in health care environments may assist with safe patient mobility and handling and may thereby reduce the likelihood of musculoskeletal disorders. Objective: This pilot study investigates the perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness (acceptability) of a customized service robot as determined by nursing students (as proxies for nursing staff in health care environments). This service robot, referred to as the Adaptive Robotic Nurse Assistant (ARNA), was developed to enhance the productivity of nurses through cooperation during physical tasks (eg, patient walking, item fetching, object delivery) as well as nonphysical tasks (eg, patient observation and feedback). This pilot study evaluated the acceptability of ARNA to provide ambulatory assistance to patients. Methods: We conducted a trial with 24 participants to collect data and address the following research question: Is the use of ARNA as an ambulatory assistive device for patients acceptable to nurses? The experiments were conducted in a simulated hospital environment. Nursing students (as proxies for nursing staff) were grouped in dyads, with one participant serving as a nurse and the other acting as a patient. Two questionnaires were developed and administrated to the participants based on the Technology Acceptance Model with respect to the two subscales of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use metrics. In order to evaluate the internal consistency/reliability of the questionnaires, we calculated Cronbach alpha coefficients. Furthermore, statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate the relation of each variable in the questionnaires with the overall perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use metrics. Results: Both Cronbach alpha values were acceptably high (.93 and .82 for perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use questionnaires, respectively), indicating high internal consistency of the questionnaires. The correlation between the variables and the overall perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use metrics was moderate. The average perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use metrics among the participants were 4.13 and 5.42, respectively, out of possible score of 7, indicating a higher-than-average acceptability of this service robot. Conclusions: The results served to identify factors that could affect nurses’ acceptance of ARNA and aspects needing improvement (eg, flexibility, ease of operation, and autonomy level).
Verification of 3D Numerical Modeling Approach for Longwall Mines with a Case Study Mine from the Northern Appalachian Coal Fields

Accurately estimating load distributions and ground responses around underground openings plays a significant role in the safety of the operations in underground mines. Adequately designing pillars and other support measures relies highly on the accurate assessment of the mining-induced loads, as well as the load-bearing capacities of the supports. There are various methods that can be used to approximate mining-induced loads in stratified rock masses, both empirical and numerical. In this study, the numerical modeling approach recently developed at West Virginia University, which is based on the modeling approach developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), is investigated using the finite difference software FLAC3D. The model includes the longwall panels, the adjacent chain pillar systems, and the different stratigraphic layers of the overburden. Using the 3D model, changes in loading conditions and deformations on the areas of interest, induced by an approaching longwall face, can be examined. This paper details the 3D modeling of a longwall panel utilizing this approach, and the verification of the results against field observations. The studied panel was 360 m wide with a 3-entry chain pillar system and about a 160-m average overburden depth around the studied area. The overburden strata consist of alternating layers of shale, sandstone, and limestone. The FLAC3D results were compared against field measurements from the mine site. The stress change values measured in the chain pillars were comparable with the modeling results. The model also replicated the surface subsidence profile obtained from field measurements fairly well. Overall, the 3D modeling approach was found to be successful for the case study longwall panel.
An Initial Survey of Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Student Use of a Composite Screen Solution Utilizing Web Conferencing Software

Classroom learning must be addressed in order to provide an inclusive course experience for all students. This study examined the effectiveness of support structures for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing (DHH) students in the form of a web conferencing system that allowed for a composite screen solution. Quantitative and qualitative data analysis indicated that DHH students rely on access services and accommodations such as sign language interpreting and priority seating in order to have access to content in a mainstream classroom. However, the usage by hearing students was higher than anticipated.
Co-encapsulation by Flash NanoPrecipitation of Insulin, Trypsin Inhibitor and Caprate Permeabilization Enhancer for Oral Administration

We describe inverse-Flash NanoPrecipitation as a new scalable platform for co-encapsulation of insulin (a model therapeutic peptide) with soybean trypsin inhibitor (a peptidase inhibitor) and so-dium caprate (a permeation enhancer) forming 300 nm particles for oral delivery. The co-encapsulation of the protein therapeutic with a protease inhibitor and a permeation enhancer into nanoparticles addresses enzymatic attack on the protein drug and the transport across the gastroin-testinal tract barrier. Inverse-Flash NanoPrecipitation (iFNP) encompasses two sequential precipita-tion processes. First, insulin, soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI), and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate-succinate polymer (HPMCAS, a stabilizing block copolymer)(at mass ratios of 1:4:5) are rapidly precipitated into an organic antisolvent forming the inverted nano-core (iNC) with 50 wt% insulin and SBTI. Encapsulation efficiencies are greater than 98%. The second step involves the precipitation of sodium caprate and a stabilizing polymer coating onto the iNCs surface. HPMCAS, chitosan, and PEG polymers are used to coat the iNCs to generate nanoparticles with anionic, cation-ic, and neutral surfaces, respectively. This demonstrates that the iFNP platform can encapsulate complex biologics mixtures at high loadings into particles with customizable surface properties.
Adaptive Traffic Light Control With Quality-of-Service Provisioning for Connected and Automated Vehicles at Isolated Intersections

Today’s traffic intersections primarily use fixed-cycle signaling, which is highly suboptimal and aggravates congestion and waste of fuel in urban areas. In addition, it offers minimal quality-of-service guarantee and makes travel time prediction hard. In this paper, we study how traffic signal scheduling can be done in order to not only reduce average wait time but also provide certain worst-case wait time guarantee to Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs). First, we derive the time a CAV spends at an intersection in the best-case and the worst-case, respectively. Using the worst-case wait time result, we propose two novel controllers which assign deadlines to CAVs based on the system state and then perform traffic signal control to meet these deadlines. We use the Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO) simulator to implement and verify the performance of the proposed controllers. The simulation results show that they not only can guarantee the deadlines, but also outperform other methods such as the default and the delay-based controllers in terms of average delay in all scenarios.
Partial Responsibility and Excuse

Anglo-American criminal law is broadly retributive in character, predicating blame and punishment on culpable or responsible wrongdoing. However, responsibility is scalar, and there is an important question how criminal trials should handle cases of partial responsibility, especially in light of Blackstone’s belief that it is worse to over-punish than to under-punish. I examine four approaches: (1) a bivalent system with a comparatively low threshold for responsibility/excuse operative in American criminal law; (2) a trivalent system operative in some European criminal justice systems; (3) a tetravalent system, which rounds punishment downward in response to Blackstone’s asymmetry; and (4) a fully scalar analog system that aims at proportionate justice. A bivalent criminal justice system fails to deliver just deserts in significant ways. Proportionate justice is comparatively easy to understand in principle but potentially fragile in practice. Aiming at proportionate justice may minimize unjust deserts. However, if the difficulties of implementing proportionate justice are severe enough, we might prefer a discontinuous system that is more fine-grained than bivalence. Trivalent and tetravalent systems are alternatives worth exploring.
Applicability of HPLC Chiral Stationary Phases to Pharmacokinetic and Disposition Studies on Enantiomeric Drugs

The scope of this article is evident from the section headings. Resolution of enantiomeric drugs on HPLC chiral stationary phases (CSP’s). # Resolution of enantiomers as diastereoisomers. # Resolution of enantiomers on CSP’s. Commercially available CSP’s. # Type I CSP’s. # Type II CSP’s. # Type III CSP’s. # Type IV CSP’s. Type I CSP’s in pharmacological studies. # An overview. # Studies of the stereoselectivity of propranolol disposition and clearance. # Stereochemical aspects of the metabolism of ibuprofen. # Glutethv-mide metabolism in glutethimide-intoxicated patients. # Pharmacological studies of the stereoselective metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Pharmacokinetic applications using other CSP’s. # An overview. # Determination of (R)- and (S)-disopyramide in human plasma. A look toward the future.
Research on Bolted Connections

The introduction of the high-strength bolt as a structural connector has made it possible to produce structural joints that are superior to and often more economical than comparable riveted joints....
Ambient ozone patterns and effects over the Sierra Nevada: Synthesis and implications for future research

Abstract Spatially explicit estimates of ambient ozone (O3) exposure to the Sierra Nevada were developed using data from an extensive survey of passive O3 monitors. The unique data set generated from the passive monitor network elicited widespread interest. As a result, three analysts were given the data set to develop relationships and estimate spatial and temporal patterns of ambient O3 for the Sierra Nevada. Spatial models of biweekly and seasonal O3 distribution were constructed by each group using topographical, weather, and other information. The results of these studies suggest that most of the Sierra Nevada study area was reliably estimated, although the distribution of the measurement sites could still be improved (there was clearly an insufficient number of sites on the eastern side of the mountain range). Along with monitoring ambient O3, evaluations of crown injury were performed at selected sites. The number of sites sampled for this study was low, and the distribution of the sample sites did not represent the distribution of the pines. In spite of these deficiencies, patterns of O3 injury generally followed patterns of O3 exposure risk.
Cross Pathway Regulation: Effect of Histidine on the Synthesis and Activity of Enzymes of Aromatic Acid Biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis

l-Histidine and, to a lesser degree, l-phenylalanine at concentrations of 10(-4)m inhibit the growth of leaky mutants (bradytrophs) of Bacillus subtilis that are deficient in the synthesis of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, the first intermediate specific to tyrosine synthesis. The inhibition can be overcome by growth factor amounts of l-tyrosine and p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. Histidine and phenylalanine are capable of inhibiting the synthesis of tyrosine in several ways, and the major physiological effect which results in growth inhibition has not been established. Both l-histidine and l-phenylalanine inhibit the activity of prephenate dehydrogenase at concentrations about 100-fold higher than the inhibitory concentration of l-tyrosine. Histidine also appears to repress the synthesis of prephenate dehydrogenase because a histidine bradytroph growing in histidine-supplemented medium has a twofold lower level of this enzyme than the same cells growing in unsupplemented medium. These same two amino acids also inhibit the growth of a bradytroph deficient in dehydroquinate synthetase, an early enzyme in the pathway of tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan synthesis. The inhibition is overcome by a combination of tyrosine and phenylalanine. Histidine-resistant derivatives of both the prephenate dehydrogenase and dehydroquinate synthetase-deficient strains, which simultaneously have gained resistance to phenylalanine, have been isolated. Most of these resistant mutants synthesize additional tyrosine compared with the parent strain. One class of resistant mutants excretes tyrosine and has a number of enzymes of aromatic acid synthesis which are no longer repressible by any combination of the aromatic amino acids. Tyrosine inhibits the growth of histidine bradytrophs. Histidine, at growth factor levels, overcomes the inhibition.
High-Performance Fabry-Perot and Distributed-Feedback Interband Cascade Lasers

We review recent NRL progress in the development of interband cascade lasers for the 3–4 μm spectral range. The maximum cw operating temperature has reached 269 K, and the pulsed threshold current density at room temperature is as low as 790 A/cm2. The internal loss in a broad-area laser (λ = 3.5–3.9 μm) varies from 11 cm−1 at 78 K to 28 cm−1 at 275 K, and most of the increase in threshold with temperature (T 0 ≈ 40 K) is due to a shorter non-radiative lifetime. We also discuss a distributed-feedback laser that demonstrated stable single-mode operation at all temperatures between 78 and 160 K, with a side-mode suppression ratio ≥25 dB.
Expert Consensus Contouring Guidelines for Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy in Esophageal and Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer.

Purpose/Objective(s) Current guidelines for esophageal cancer contouring are derived from traditional 2-dimensional fields based on bony landmarks, and they do not provide sufficient anatomic detail to ensure consistent contouring for more conformal radiation therapy techniques such as intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Therefore, we convened an expert panel with the specific aim to derive contouring guidelines and generate an atlas for the clinical target volume (CTV) in esophageal or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer. Methods and Materials Eight expert academically based gastrointestinal radiation oncologists participated. Three sample cases were chosen: a GEJ cancer, a distal esophageal cancer, and a mid-upper esophageal cancer. Uniform computed tomographic (CT) simulation datasets and accompanying diagnostic positron emission tomographic/CT images were distributed to each expert, and the expert was instructed to generate gross tumor volume (GTV) and CTV contours for each case. All contours were aggregated and subjected to quantitative analysis to assess the degree of concordance between experts and to generate draft consensus contours. The panel then refined these contours to generate the contouring atlas. Results The κ statistics indicated substantial agreement between panelists for each of the 3 test cases. A consensus CTV atlas was generated for the 3 test cases, each representing common anatomic presentations of esophageal cancer. The panel agreed on guidelines and principles to facilitate the generalizability of the atlas to individual cases. Conclusions This expert panel successfully reached agreement on contouring guidelines for esophageal and GEJ IMRT and generated a reference CTV atlas. This atlas will serve as a reference for IMRT contours for clinical practice and prospective trial design. Subsequent patterns of failure analyses of clinical datasets using these guidelines may require modification in the future.
Regional β-amyloid burden does not correlate with cognitive or language deficits in Alzheimer's disease presenting as aphasia

Background and purpose A subset of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) present with early and prominent language impairment (aphasic AD). Our previous study demonstrated an association between global β-amyloid burden measured on [11C] Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) positron emission tomography and general cognitive impairment, but not with aphasia, in such subjects. As a follow-up, whether there is any association between regional β-amyloid burden, atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and global cognitive impairment, aphasia or other cognitive and functional impairment in aphasic AD is assessed. Methods Forty-four aphasic AD subjects who underwent PiB scanning and volumetric MRI and were determined to be positive for β-amyloid deposition were analyzed. All had completed detailed neurological, neuropsychological and language batteries. Spearman's rank-order correlation was utilized to assess for associations. Results Greater visuospatial impairment was associated with increased β-amyloid burden in the primary visual cortex (P = 0.001). Although there were many trends for associations between neurocognitive and language deficits and regional β-amyloid burden, there were no strong associations that survived correction for multiple comparisons. However, neurocognitive and language impairment in these subjects strongly correlated with the degree of left lateral temporal and inferior parietal atrophy (P < 0.004). Conclusions The findings from this study suggest a close relation between the severity of regional atrophy and cognitive and language impairment, but argue against a strong association between regional β-amyloid burden and such deficits in aphasic AD subjects. Hence, other pathological factors may be driving the previously identified association between global β-amyloid deposition and general cognitive impairment in aphasic AD.
Corporate Governance in Latin America: A Comparative Study

The World Bank studies used a template to evaluate various corporate governance categories. It classified various aspects of corporate governance into five categories. The present study assigned weights to those categories, which makes it possible to quantify the various rankings that the World Bank studies assigned to each country. The categories and points assigned to each category are as follows:
Dependence of KCl:Li + and KBr:Li + Off-Center Behavior on Lattice Parameter

Minimum-energy configurations for impurity displacements along the $〈111〉$ crystal axis in KBr:${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ and KCl:${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ systems were calculated over a range of lattice-parameter (LP) values: 3.200 to 3.315 \AA{} for KBr:${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$, and 3.070 to 3.180 \AA{} for KCl:${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$. The nearest-neighbor Born-Mayer model previously applied by the authors was utilized. The minimum-energy curves and configurations were found to be rather sensitive to the lattice parameter. Thus, in contrast to the room-temperature LP (3.293 \AA{}) results for KBr:${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$, where the $〈111〉$ off-center well was 0.015-eV deep, the depth for the liquid-helium LP (3.26 \AA{}) was only 0.002 eV. The latter depth is comparable to the zero-point energy for ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ vibration, indicating that the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ ion should not be localized at an off-center site at liquid-helium temperatures. This agrees with current experimental evidence at this temperature, which indicates that ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ is on center in KBr; it also supports the low-barrier interpretation due to Bowen, Gomez, and Krumhansl for this system. Estimates are made of the dependence of the $〈111〉$ motional frequencies on lattice parameter and show that the frequencies are quite sensitive, in agreement with results due to Clayman, Nolt, and Sievers. For KCl:${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$, the off-center configuration is found to persist for the liquid-helium-temperature KCl lattice parameter (3.117 \AA{}). An applied hydrostatic pressure of 7 kbar is found to be sufficient to restore an on-center configuration. The electric field gradient at the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ nucleus was calculated over the entire range of KCl lattice parameter considered.
The electronic structure of InAs/GaSb(001) superlattices-two dimensional effects☆

Abstract Detailed calculations of the two dimensional effects in the electronic structure of InAs/GaSb(001)superlattices are presented for the first time. Comparison of the calculated thickness dependence of the superlattice band gap with optical absorption measurements shows that, at the Γ-point, the conduction band edge of InAs lies about 60 meV below the valence band edge of GaSb. Eigenfunctions of the highest light and heavy hole bands, and the lowest two conduction bands exhibit spatially confined nature in the GaSb and InAs regions respectively, thus establishing the two-dimensional nature of these bands. The calculated conduction band effective mass in the plane of the superlattice near the Γ-point is found to be enhanced by a factor of 2.5 over the bulk InAs value and compares very well with the appropriate mass extracted from recent magnetoresistance measurements.
Activation of Leukocyte β2 Integrins by Conversion from Bent to Extended Conformations

Summary We used negative stain electron microscopy (EM) to examine the conformational changes in the ectodomains required for activation of the leukocyte integrins α X β 2 and α L β 2 . They transitioned between a bent conformation and two extended conformations in which the headpiece was in either a closed or an open state. Extended integrins exhibited marked flexibility at the α subunit genu and between integrin epidermal growth factor-like (I-EGF) domains 1 and 2. A clasp to mimic juxtamembrane association between the integrin α and β subunits stabilized the bent conformation strongly for α X β 2 and less so for α L β 2 . A small molecule allosteric antagonist induced the extended, open headpiece conformation. A Fab known to activate β 2 integrins on leukocytes induced extension, and a Fab reporter of activation bound only after extension had been induced. The results establish an intimate relationship between extension of β 2 integrins and their activation in immune responses and leukocyte trafficking.
Management of Bladder Cancer following Solid Organ Transplantation

Objective. Present our experience managing bladder cancer following liver and renal transplantation. Methods. Single institution retrospective review of patients diagnosed with bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) following solid organ transplantation between January 1992 and December 2007. Results. Of the 2,925 renal and 2,761 liver transplant recipients reviewed, we identified eleven patients (0.2%) following transplant diagnosed with BUC. Two patients with low grade T1 TCC were managed by TURBT. Three patients with CIS and one patient with T1 low grade BUC were treated by TURBT and adjuvant BCG. All four are alive and free of recurrence at a mean follow-up of 51 ± 22 months. One patient with T1 high grade BUC underwent radical cystectomy and remains disease free with a follow-up of 98 months. Muscle invasive TCC was diagnosed in four patients at a median of 3.6 years following transplantation. Two patients are recurrence free at 24 and 36 months following radical cystectomy. Urinary diversion and palliative XRT were performed in one patient with un-resectable disease. Conclusions. Bladder cancer is uncommon following renal and liver transplantation, but it can be managed successfully with local and/or extirpative therapy. The use of intravesical BCG is possible in select immunosuppressed patients.
Catalytic Nitrate and Nitrite Reduction with Pd−Cu/PVP Colloids in Water: Composition, Structure, and Reactivity Correlations

A set of bimetallic Pd−Cu/PVP (PVP = poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)) colloids, with copper proportions ranging from 0 to 50 atom %, has been examined as catalysts in a batch reactor with flowing hydrogen for the reduction of aqueous nitrate and/or nitrite. The encapsulated Pd−Cu nanoparticles were characterized by powder XRD, TEM, EDX, and IR of adsorbed CO. A significant decrease in average particle diameter and changes in the Pd−Cu crystallinity occurred above ca. 30% copper content, and this transition corresponded with a significant increase in observed nitrate reduction rates. The strong dependence on composition suggests that specific Cun ensembles on the surface of the Pd−Cu nanoparticles are needed for effective nitrate-to-nitrite conversion. In contrast, nitrite reduction rates were only minimally enhanced by the presence of copper. Increasing pH had little effect on the nitrate reduction rates, but it strongly inhibited the rate of nitrite reduction. The requisite protonation of a palladium−nitrite su...
EFFECT OF DELAY OF FEEDBACK AND TYPE OF MOVEMENT ON LATERALLY DISPLACED VISION

Summary.-144 Ss were run in an experiment investigating the effects of type of movement (active vs passive), type of feedback (none, delayed, immediate) and the interaction effect on laterally displaced vision. The main hypothesis was that delayed feedback would be particularly effective under the condition of passive movement. While the main hypothesis was not supported, several secondary ones were supported. The hindering effect of the lack of significance of the main effect of type of movement on other hypotheses was pointed out Since the early work of Stratton (1896, 1897, 1899), there have been many studies of displaced vision. A variety of lens systems have been used, including those that totally invert the visual field, those that invert right and left, and those that simply displace the optic array a set number of degrees to the right or left, to name only a few. Most of the earlier work had, as its central problem, the question of why the world looked upright when the retinal image was inverted. Thus, lenses which inverted the retinal image seemed like a logical way to mimic this peculiarity of nature and plot the course of adaptation if, indeed, any occurred. The more recent studies have not focused on the problem of the inverted image but rather considered the use of displaced vision as a way of getting at the general question of perceptual development. Over the years several theoretical positions have emerged concerning the nature of perceptual adaptation to transformations of the optic array. No theory, however, is dominant, each seemingly capable of handling a good part of the data. Theories have been proposed in terms of perceptual variables (Kohler, 1964), motor learning (Smith & Smith, 1962), reafference (Held & Freedman, 1963), "felt position" (Harris, 1965), and in discrepancy information (Rock,
STRUCTURAL DETERMINANTS OF ACTIVITY AT THE GABAB RECEPTOR : A COMPARISON OF PHOSPHOETHANOLAMINE AND RELATED GABA ANALOGS

Phosphoethanolamine is a phosphomonoester that is reduced in Alzheimer disease brain. Despite its close structural similarity to GABA and the GABAB partial agonist 3-aminopropylphosphonic acid, phosphoethanolamine binds very poorly to GABAB receptors (IC50 = 7.5 +/- 0.8 mM). In this study, we examined whether the marked decrease in binding affinity associated with the presence of an ester oxygen in place of the alpha-CH2 group of GABAergic compounds also occurred in sulfonates and used high resolution solution NMR and molecular mechanics calculations to determine the structural basis of this decrease in activity. The sulfonate analog of GABA, 3-amino-propylsulfonic acid, became > 2500-fold less potent when the alpha-CH2 was replaced by an ester oxygen. Structural studies showed that the active alpha-CH2 compounds (GABA, 3-aminopropylphosphonic acid, and 3-aminopropylsulfonic acid) prefer a fully extended conformation. The inactive compounds, phosphoethanolamine and ethanolamine-O-sulfate, exist in a gauche conformation around the C beta-C gamma bond. This study, which suggests conformational differences, may explain how PE can be so efficiently excluded from GABAB receptors, despite being present in millimolar concentrations in brain. Exclusion of phosphoethanolamine from GABAB receptors may be an important physiologic control mechanism in the regulation of inhibitory neurotransmission.
Individual differences in reactions to goal-performance discrepancies over time

Abstract Substantial research has examined self-regulatory processes across individuals (e.g., Locke & Latham, 1990 ) and several recent studies have explored these processes within individuals across time (e.g., Donovan and Williams, 2003 , Ilies and Judge, 2005 ). The current study combined these perspectives, investigating individual differences in reactions to goal-performance discrepancies over time. Specifically, this research examined the moderating effects of individual differences in achievement-related beliefs (locus of control and general self-efficacy) and motivation (conscientiousness) on goal- and effort-related responses to goal-performance discrepancies. University students (N = 90) first completed online measures of these personality characteristics, and then responded to questionnaires assessing goals, effort, and performance for an undergraduate class over the course of a semester. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses indicated that the reactions to goal-performance discrepancies observed in prior studies were influenced by these personality characteristics, leading to different patterns of self-regulation over time.
A half-zone study of Marangoni convection in floating-zone crystal growth under microgravity

Floating-zone crystal growth under microgravity, though free from natural convection, can still be susceptible to Marangoni convection. The use of a ring heater in contact with most of the surface of the melt zone, has recently been considered as one way of reducing Marangoni convection in the melt zone. In order to study Marangoni convection in the melt zone in this modified floating-zone crystal growth process, a half-zone system was adopted. Computer simulation and direct observation of Marangoni convection in the half-zone system were carried out for two different cases. In the first case, the surface of the melt zone was completely free, while in the second it was mostly in contact with a quartz ring. The results of computer simulation and direct observation both indicated that in the second case Marangoni convection was significantly reduced near the melt/solid interface as well as in the bulk melt.
Disclosure/disruption: considering why not to disclose genetic information after death.

Until recently, medical researchers recognized the hereditary nature of many diseases but, in most cases, little was known about which family members might be affected or might serve as a carrier. ...
Work stress, nonwork stress, and health

This paper examines the interface between work stress and nonwork stress and how it relates to health. Results indicate that the way people feel at work is largely a function of conditions at work. Similarly, the way people feel outside of work is largely a function of things that occur outside the job. Both work and nonwork stress are independently associated with physical and mental health, although the relationship between nonwork stress and health is slightly stronger. Excessive demands or stresses in one domain can interfere with life in the other. Such conflict operates equally in both directions. When present it can be an added source of stress and adversely affect health. Taken together these findings suggest that the stress people experience at work is not simply a reflection of their "personal problems." This has implications for the design of health promotion and stress prevention programs in the workplace.
Systemic air embolism during off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery.

A 79-YEAR-OLD man underwent an off-pump coronary artery bypass graft procedure for recent-onset exertional angina and significant multivessel disease. After a positive stress test, cardiac catheterization revealed an ejection fraction of 60%, 50% to 75% stenosis of the left anterior descending, 50% stenosis of the proximal left circumflex, and 100% occlusion of the right coronary artery. He was scheduled for elective off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. On the day of surgery, after induction of anesthesia, a routine preprocedure transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) study confirmed normal ventricular and valvular function. Specifically, no intracardiac shunt was detected with color-flow Doppler. After left internal mammary artery (LIMA) and endoscopic saphenous vein harvesting, the LIMA was grafted to the left anterior descending and veins were grafted to the posterior diagonal, the first diagonal and the obtuse marginal arteries. The patient tolerated the procedure well without complication. A postprocedure TEE study was again unremarkable and chest closure commenced. As the sternal wires were pulled together, a steady trickle of air bubbles was noted in the left atrium passing through the left ventricle into the aorta (Fig 1). This did not coincide with any intravascular injections, and no air was detected in the right heart. From where was the air coming?
Effects of 30 years of cropping and tillage systems on surface soil test changes

Abstract A common belief is that no‐till systems with adequate fertility will improve soil quality over other tillage systems. The objectives of this study were to determine if crop phase, tillage systems, and n rate in a long‐term rotation affected soil chemical analyses in the surface 15 cm of soil and to evaluate the trend in chemical analyses. To test this hypothesis, surface soil samples were taken from a long‐term (30‐year) cropping and tillage study. This study was initiated in 1965 on a Harney silt loam soil in Central Kansas with every phase of the wheat‐sorghum‐fallow (WDF) rotation included each year. Tillage systems included clear‐till (CT), reduced‐till (RT), and no‐till (NT). In 1975, four nitrogen (N) rates (0, 22, 45, 67 kg N ha1) were incorporated by subdividing the tillage plots. Topdressed N, as ammonium nitrate, was the only fertilizer added throughout the duration of the study. Soil samples were taken at depths of 0 to 7.5 and 7.5 to 15 cm in all plots in 1965 and in 1995. In 1998, so...
WebQuilt: a framework for capturing and visualizing the web experience

is a web logging and visualization system that helps web design teams run usability tests (both local and remote) and analyze the collected data. Logging is done through a proxy, overcoming many of the problems with server-side and client-side logging. Captured usage traces can be aggregated and visualized in a zooming interface that shows the web pages people viewed. The visualization also shows the most common paths taken through the website for a given task, as well as the optimal path for that task as designated by the designer. This paper discusses the architecture of WebQuilt and also describes how it can be extended for new kinds of analyses and visualizations.
TEACHING OBSERVATIONAL SKILLS IN CHILD PSYCHIATRY TO MEDICAL STUDENTS.

Described are the content and techniques used in an introductory course in clinical child psychiatry, based on the principle that observation is the essence of medicine. Through the close analysis of taped family interviews, role playing, treatment observation and intake interviews, students learn to identify pathological attitudes and behavior and the intimate relationship between a child's symptoms and ongoing family psychopathology.
Modelling privatization: The case of streetlights

Abstract This paper examines the system of streetlights in the U.S. The difficulties of public managers and engineers to control the cost of municipal government are considered. The study shows the obstacles to reflect an ideological conflict over what may need an economic decision criterion approach. The economic pressures that initiated a response phase by municipal governments are investigated within the context of social organizing. Seven in-depth studies of large and geographically dispersed U.S. cities support the initial empirical evidence on public choice and give rise to four policy dimensions. Finally, a new conceptualization is developed on the evolving notion of privatization. The model relates to the process by which a monopoly is transformed into a competitive environment.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Dynamics and Budgets in Annual Grasslands

N and P dynamics were studied in a grassland ecosystem dominated by exotic annual plants in central California. Biomass and N and P concentrations were observed over a 3-yr period for the dominant grasses, forbs, and legumes and plant residues (litter). The N and P contents were determined or estimated for various components of the ecosystem (e.g., live tops, live roots, soil organic matter, dead roots, litter, microflora, soil fauna, mineral N, solution P, and labile inorganic P). We estimated that >57, 125, and 89 kg/ha of N and 13.1, 14.7, and 14.1 kg/ha of P were mineralized during the 1972-1973, 1973-1974, and 1974-1975 growing seasons, respectively. However, N uptake by plants was 119, 87, and 68 kg/ha and P uptake was 13.1, 14.5, and 10.4 kg/ha, respectively. While the data showed that P was stable, indicating its cycle was relatively closed, the data of N showed that its cycle was open, with large inputs of N from symbiotic fixation the 1st yr of the study. Large losses of N from the system were estimated.
Pancreatic proteolytic enzymes and growth in rats fed soybean or milk proteins.

SummaryGrowth, pancreatic function, and intestinal protein digestion were studied in weanling rats fed milk protein or soybean protein with or without soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI). Diets containing SBTI caused pancreatic enlargement with corresponding increases in total trypsin and chymotrypsin activities. Enzyme activities per milligram of pancreatic tissue remained constant during all dietary treatments. These same SBTI-containing diets caused increased chymotryp sin activity and stability, decreased trypsin stability, but did not change free trypsin activity in the intestinal contents. Intestinal protein digestion, measured in an in vitro system, was not impaired in the intestinal contents of SBTI-fed rats. Growth rates were depressed from normal values of 5.0-5.3 g/day to subnormal values of 3.1-4.6 by two of the four SBTI diets indicating that the growth depression exerted by raw or minimally processed soybean products is not caused by SBTI alone and apparently occurs by some mechanism other than...