cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is There a Role for Intradialytic Parenteral Nutrition? A Review of the Evidence

Protein-energy wasting (PEW) is highly prevalent in people with stages 4 and 5 chronic kidney disease, particularly in maintenance dialysis patients, and many indicators of PEW correlate strongly with mortality. Consequently, the causes, prevention, and treatment of PEW are active areas of investigation. A major cause of PEW is insufficient intake of nutrients, especially protein and energy (calories). Standard methods for increasing nutritional intake in patients with chronic kidney disease with PEW include dietary counseling and use of food supplements. If nutrient intake does not increase sufficiently, tube feeding and total parenteral nutrition may be considered. For maintenance hemodialysis patients, intradialytic parenteral nutrition (IDPN), an intravenous infusion of essential nutrients during hemodialysis treatments, may be used. Many studies have evaluated the effectiveness and safety of IDPN and show that IDPN has a good safety profile and also may improve protein-energy status. However, most studies have limitations in experimental design, such as small numbers of patients, lack of adequate controls, inclusion of patients without PEW, uncontrolled or unmonitored oral intake, nonrandomized design, or short duration. Additionally, most studies used nutritional or inflammatory indicators, rather than the more important outcomes of morbidity, mortality, or quality of life. Thus, although IDPN may partially satisfy the nutritional needs of maintenance hemodialysis patients who have or are at risk of PEW and who have substantial, but not adequate, protein and/or energy intake, longer term randomized prospective clinical trials with appropriate control groups are necessary to more definitively evaluate the clinical effectiveness and indications for IDPN.
Lack of Tyrosylprotein Sulfotransferase Activity in Hematopoietic Cells Drastically Attenuates Atherosclerosis in Ldlr−/− Mice

Objective— Leukocyte recruitment is a major contributor in the development of atherosclerosis and requires a variety of proteins such as adhesion molecules, chemokines, and chemokine receptors. Several key molecular players implicated in this process are expressed on monocytes and require protein-tyrosine sulfation for optimal function in vitro, including human CCR2, CCR5, CX3CR1, and PSGL-1. We therefore hypothesized that protein-tyrosine sulfation in hematopoietic cells plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Methods and Results— Lethally-irradiated Ldlr −/− mice were rescued with hematopoietic progenitors lacking tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST) activity attributable to deletion of the Tpst1 and Tpst2 genes. TPST deficient progenitors efficiently reconstituted hematopoiesis in Ldlr −/− recipients and transplantation had no effect on plasma lipids on a standard or atherogenic diet. However, we observed a substantial reduction in the size of atherosclerotic lesions and the number of macrophages in lesions from hyperlipidemic Ldlr −/− recipients transplanted with TPST deficient progenitors compared to wild-type progenitors. We also document for the first time that murine Psgl-1 and Cx3cr1 are tyrosine-sulfated. Conclusions— These data demonstrate that protein-tyrosine sulfation is an important contributor to monocytes/macrophage recruitment and/or retention in a mouse model of atherosclerosis.
Perturbative QCD and Electromagnetic Form Factors

We calculate nucleon magnetic form factors using perturbative QCD for several distribution amplitudes including a general one given in terms of Appell polynomials. We find that the magnitude and sign of both nucleon magnetic form factors can be explained within perturbative QCD. The observed normalization of GMp requires that the disturbution amplitude be broader than its superhigh momentum transfer limit, and the GMn/GMp data may require the distrubution amplitude to be asymmetric, in accord with distribution amplitudes derived from QCD sum rules. Some speculation as to how an asymmetric distribution amplitude can come about is offered. Finally, we show that the soft contribution corresponding to the particular distribution amplitudes we use need not be bigger than the data.
Using Guided Imagery as a Primary Intervention in the Development of a Smoking Cessation Program

A formal smoking cessation program was developed using guided imagery as a primary intervention. Seventy-five participants attended seven program sessions that focused on imagery training, practice...
Rapid Functional Reorganization in Human Cortex Following Neural Perturbation

Despite the human brain's ability to rapidly reorganize neuronal activity patterns in response to interactions with the environment (e.g., learning), it remains unclear whether compensatory mechanisms occur, on a similar time scale, in response to exogenous cortical perturbations. To investigate this, we disrupted normal neural function via repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and assessed, using fMRI, activity changes associated with performance on a working memory task. Although transcranial magnetic stimulation disrupted neural activity in task-related brain regions, performance was not affected. Critically, another brain region not previously engaged by the task was recruited to uphold memory performance. Thus, functional reorganization of cortical activity can occur within minutes of neural disruption to maintain cognitive abilities.
On the dynamics of unsteady gravity waves of finite amplitude Part 2. Local properties of a random wave field

Expressions in closed form are derived for a number of local properties of a random, irrotational wave field. They are: (i) the mean potential and kinetic energies per unit projected area; (ii) the energy balance among the processes of energy input from the surface pressure fluctuations, rate of growth of potential and kinetic energy and horizontal energy flux; and (iii) the partition between potential and kinetic energy. These expressions are mainly in terms of quantities measured at the free surface, which are therefore functions of only two spatial variables (x, y) and of time t.Approximations for these expressions can be found simply by subsequent expansion methods; the fourth order being the highest for which the assumption of irrotational motion is appropriate in a real fluid. It is shown that the mean product of any three first-order quantities is of fourth or higher order in the root-mean-square wave slope, and this result is applied in estimating the magnitude of some higher order effects. In particular, the skewness of the surface displacement is of the order of the root-mean-square surface slope, which has been confirmed observationally by Kinsman (1960).
Changes in shell and soft tissue growth, tissue composition, and survival of quahogs, Mercenaria mercenaria, and softshell clams, Mya arenaria, in response to eutrophic-driven changes in food supply and habitat

Eutrophic-driven changes in the composition of near-bottom seston and surface sediment potentially affect food resources and habitat of commercially important bivalves like quahogs, Mercenaria mercenaria, and softshell clams, Mya arenaria. To define how land-derived nitrogen loads and resulting eutrophication affect bivalves, we compared estuarine features to growth and survival of clams across estuaries receiving different N loads. The major effects of nitrogen enrichment on near-bottom seston and surface sediment were to (1) increase microalgal concentrations and reduce carbon to nitrogen ratios, increasing quantity and quality of available foods, and (2) reduce oxygen content in sediments, potentially reducing habitat quality. Shell growth of juvenile and native clams increased with increasing food supply, driven by N enrichment. Growth of soft tissue followed growth of shell, and %N content of soft tissue increased across N loads, providing direct evidence of a link between N loads and growth responses in clams. In some locations, low salinity limited growth and low oxygen concentrations may have reduced survival. Despite these factors, our data indicate the major effect of N enrichment on clams was increased secondary production in terms of shell and soft tissue growth.
The design of a steady-state gradient for the study of populations in a continuously renewed environment

The design for a steady-state gradient environment to be used in conjunction with a plankton capable of directed movement is given. A dilution of partially digested human waste produced the gradient. The steady-state apparatus is composed of three distinct units: the agent flow system, the dilutant flow system, and the gradient chamber.
De Novo Design of Saccharide−Peptide Hydrogels as Synthetic Scaffolds for Tailored Cell Responses

A new class of functional saccharide−peptide copolymer-based hydrogels was synthesized and investigated as synthetic extracellular matrices for regenerative medicine applications. The polymer was composed entirely of natural building blocks, namely, galactaric acid and lysine on the backbone, with tyrosine grafted onto the side chain as a handle for enzyme-catalyzed hydrogelation. The resulting hydrogels are degradable under simulated physiological conditions and exhibit minimal cytotoxicity on dermal fibroblast and PC-12 cells. As a demonstration of the versatility of the system, the mechanical properties of the gels can be independently controlled without changing the polymer chemical composition. Using an identical copolymer solution, by simply allowing different lengths of cross-linking time, a series of hydrogels was obtained with different mechanical moduli at constant chemical structure. The moduli of the resulting hydrogels varied stepwise from 1.7, 4.1, 6.9, and 12.5 kPa to allow for systematic s...
Radiative emission analysis of an expanding hydrogen arc plasma—II. Plume region diagnostics through radial emission

Abstract A numerical and experimental investigation of the axial emission of 1 and 5 kW radiatively-cooled hydrogen arcjet thrusters is presented. The numerical study consists of an integration of the 1-D radiative transfer equation along the arcjet centerline to predict the axial emission spectral intensity. The complete visible spectrum is modeled, taking into account graybody thermal emission from the cathode and plasma radiation from hydrogen atoms and free electrons. A collisional-radiative model is used to determine the atomic hydrogen line emission. The modeling results suggest the feasibility of determining the cathode temperature and the arc region electron number density from the measured axial emission spectrum. Experimental measurements of the axial emission spectra were performed at several operating conditions. The cathode temperature is found to be in the neighborhood of the tungsten cathode melting point and increases with arcjet power at a constant mass flow rate, suggesting an increase in the current density at the arc attachment point. The measured arc region electron number density is also found to increase with power, confirming an increasing arc current density with arcjet power. Relatively flat radial profiles of electron number density measured in the arc indicate the importance of diffusional transport processes.
Euphoriant effects of nicotine in smokers

Two studies were conducted to replicate and extend previous demonstrations of smoking-induced, dose-related reports of euphoria, and to confirm this relationship using measures of plasma nicotine. In experiment 1, overnight-deprived subjects, in three different sessions, smoked ultralow-, high-nicotine, and usualbrand cigarettes. In experiment 2, ultralow-, medium-, and high-nicotine cigarettes were used, and plasma nicotine was measured. In both studies, subjects were asked to depress a button during euphoric sensations. Number of sensations for the ultralow-nicotine cigarette was significantly lower than for the high-nicotine cigarette in the first study, and than for both the medium- and high-nicotine conditions in the second; a significant linear trend was observed for number of sensations as a function of plasma nicotine level in the second study. For the high-nicotine cigarette, 19 of 22 subjects experienced at least one sensation (mean around three), starting around 2.5 min after lighting up. Together, these studies support the existence of a dose-response relationship for nicotine-induced euphoric sensations; suggest that they are more pronounced following overnight abstinence than following minimal deprivation, and in more dependent smokers; and characterize in detail the temporal features of these sensations.
The Labor Market and Illegal Immigration: The Outlook for the 1980S

This paper first develops a labor supply forecast for the U.S. labor market in the 1980s focusing on the effects of the low fertility rates of recent years and then compares that forecast with the BLS projection of employment demand in the next decade. The author attempts to isolate those occupations and age-sex groups that are likely to have a shortfall of workers and to match the characteristics of those shortage categories with the demographic characteristics of the illegal alien work force. He predicts a relative shortage of unskilled workers in the 1980s a major departure from past trends and suggests that an increased flow of immigrants to meet that shortage would benefit skilled older workers and to a lesser extent the owners of capital. He also argues however that increased immigration would harm domestic unskilled workers-who are increasingly minority group members-by lowering their relative income and raising their equilibrium unemployment rates. (authors)
A LYMPHOHEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL MODEL FOR ADENOSINEDEAMINASE (ADA) DEFICIENCY: 105

In two reported instances treatment with the ADA inhibitor deoxycoformycin (dCF) has resulted in abrupt conversion from a T lymphoblastold to a promyelocytic phenotype in patients presumed to have acute stem cell leukemia. We have established the DU.528 cell line from leukemic cells of one such patient, in whom we had documented biochemical consequences of ADA inhibition (dATP and S-adenosylhomocysteine accumulation) during dCF treatment (Hershfield et al, PNAS 81:253, 1984). In culture and as a xenograft in nude mice, DU.528 displays the ability to undergo differentiation into lymphoid, myeloid, erythroid and megakaryocytic lineages, properties of a pluripotent stem cell. In various experiments dCF + 2-20 uM Ado and dAdo induce 20-80% of T lymphoblastoid DU.528 cells to acquire myeloid surface antigens and functional characteristics, and 20-60% to synthesize hemoglobin. Treatment of nude mice bearing DU.528 xenografts with dCF induces T-lymphoblastoid to promyelocytic conversion, similar to the transformation observed in vivo. We hypothesize that the pluripotent lymphohematopoletic stem cell may be a target for effects of ADA substrates in genetic ADA deficiency, and that interference with lymphoid differentiation rather than lymphocyte viability may be responsible for the selective absence of lymphoid lineages in ADA deficiency. The DU.528 cell line provides a unique model for examing the biochemical basis for effects of purines on lymphohematopoletic differentiation.
Supporting Digital Literacy across the Curriculum through Blended Support: A Pilot Project Report

This article describes the Collaborative Media Center pilot at SUNY Old Westbury, a digital literacy project with the aim of narrowing the digital divide at the College by embedding digital project...
Additive polynomial preconditioners for parallel computers

Abstract We present a polynomial preconditioner that can be used with the conjugate gradient method to solve symmetric and positive definite systems of linear equations. Each step of the preconditioning is achieved by simultaneously taking an iteration of the SOR method and an iteration of the reverse SOR method (equations taken in reverse order) and averaging the results. This yields a symmetric preconditioner that can be implemented on parallel computers by performing the forward and reverse SOR iterations simultaneously. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for additive preconditioners to be positive definite. We find an optimal parameter, ω, for the SOR-Additive linear stationary iterative method applied to 2-cyclic matrices. We show this method is asymptotically twice as fast as SSOR when the optimal ω is used. We compare our preconditioner to the SSOR polynomial preconditioner for a model problem. With the optimal ω, our preconditioner was found to be as effective as the SSOR polynomial preconditioner in reducing the number of conjugate gradient iterations. Parallel implementations of both methods are discussed for vector and multiple processors. Results show that if the same number of processors are used for both preconditioners, the SSOR preconditioner is more effective. If twice as many processors are used for the SOR-Additive preconditioner, it becomes more efficient than the SSOR preconditioner when the number of equations assigned to a processor is small. These results are confirmed by the Blue Chip emulator at the University of Washington.
Carry-save adders for computing the product AB modulo N

The letter describes a new algorithm for modulator multiplication using carry-save adders. The proposed algorithm is based on the sign-estimation technique. A carry-save adder structure consisting of three rows of n + 3 simple 1-bit adder cells, and two copies of 3-bit carry look-ahead logic can be used to implement a single step of the algorithm. A completely pipelined array for modular multiplication designed by cascading n carry-save adders performs modulator multiplication at the clock rate.
Pollution and Cloud Reflectance

Conventional power plants are prolific sources of cloud-nucleating particles. Consequently clouds forming in air influenced by such emissions contain higher concentrations of cloud droplets than would prevail in clean conditions; optical properties of clouds are thereby modified, causing them to reflect more sunlight and transmit less. That has obvious consequences for climate physics, but it may also be relevant for mesoscale processes since quite substantial energy changes are involved. Ships constitute isolated sources in an environment that is often quite clean, and when low thin cloud layers are present, ships delineate their courses in satellite images by bright lines. These lines are caused by the above-mentioned increase in reflectance, providing, on a scale of tens to hundreds of kilometers, a realization of an effect which on a climatic scale cannot be directly observed (but which is likely to be comparable in magnitude to the CO2 effect, but oppositely directed).
Supramolecular assemblies of ethidium and acridinium ions at the interlayer regions of α-zirconium phosphate

Abstract Ethidium bromide (EB), a known DNA intercalating agent and mutagen, binds in the interlayer regions of n-butyl ammonium salt of α-zirconium phosphate (BAZrP). The electronic absorption spectrum of EB changes drastically upon binding to BAZrP. For example, the 478 nm absorption band of the free chromophore is replaced by red shifted (600 nm) and blue shifted (450 nm) bands. The absorption spectrum of the bound chromophore was found to be independent of loading. Binding in the interlayer regions results in the strong quenching of the EB fluorescence accompanied by a large red shift of the spectral maximum. The results observed with acridinium hydrochloride (ACR) are in contrast to those of EB. At low concentrations of ACR, only a small amount of the ligand was bound and the binding is promoted at higher concentrations. The absorption spectra of ACR bound to BAZrP show a new band at 365 nm. The intensity of this band increases with loading and reaches a plateau at ca. 55 μM of ACR. The fluorescence spectra of ACR are blue shifted upon binding to BAZrP, with a strong quenching of the intensity. In both cases (EB and ACR) the average area occupied per molecule in the BAZrP galleries matched well with their footprints. Thus, they bind with their long axes parallel and π planes perpendicular to the ZrP planes. Binding of these cations to BAZrP results in aggregation of the chromophores with strong interchromophore interactions. Such spontaneous organized assembly of chromophores may be of interest in the design of supramolecular assemblies that are capable of promoting bimolecular photoreactions.
Predicting Grades in College from the California Psychological Inventory.

To forecast four-year, two-year, and single-course grades in college, a California Psychological Inventory (CPI) equation (30.60 - .26Wb + .35Re -. l9Gi + .39Ai + .22Ie + .36Py) was developed. Cross-validational coefficients for scores on the equation were .38 for 326 males and .36 for 570 females.
Neuroticism, acculturation and the cortisol awakening response in Mexican American adults

Abstract Neuroticism is associated with greater susceptibility to the adverse effects of stress and greater exposure to the stressors associated with acculturation in U.S. born Mexican Americans. Neuroticism and acculturation have been associated with injury to crucial stress response systems and are known risk factors for certain mood and anxiety disorders. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of neuroticism, and acculturation on the cortisol awakening response (CAR) in healthy Mexican-American adults. Salivary cortisol samples were collected at awakening and 30, 45, and 60 min thereafter, on two consecutive weekdays from 59 healthy Mexican American adult males (26) and females (33), ages 18 to 38 years. Participants were assessed for level of neuroticism and acculturation. Data were analyzed using a mixed effects regression model with repeated measures at four time points. Results showed a significant Neuroticism × Acculturation × Time interaction. The CAR was virtually eliminated in highly acculturated Mexican Americans with greater Anglo orientation and high neuroticism compared with less acculturated Mexican Americans with greater Mexican orientation and lower neuroticism. Findings suggest that some Mexican Americans with high levels of neuroticism may be particularly susceptible to certain challenges and stressors associated with acculturation leading over time to the development of allostatic load, desensitization of the Hypothalamic CRF system and attenuation of the CAR.
Development of a short-term inhalation bioassay to assess pulmonary toxicity of inhaled particles: comparisons of pulmonary responses to carbonyl iron and silica.

This paper describes a short-term inhalation bioassay for evaluating the lung toxicity of inhaled particulate materials. To validate the method, rats were exposed for 6 hr or 3 days to various concentrations of either aerosolized α-quartz silica or carbonyl iron particles. Cells and fluids from groups of sham- and dust-exposed animals were recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and protein values were measured in BAL fluids at several time points postexposure. Cells were identified, counted, and evaluated for viability. Pulmonary macrophages (PM) were cultured and studied for morphology, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis by scanning electron microscopy. The lungs of additional exposed animals were processed for histopathology and transmission electron microscopy. Brief exposures to silica elicited a sustained granulocytic inflammatory response (primarily neutrophils) with concomitant increases in alkaline phosphatase, LDH, and protein in the lavage fluids (p < 0.05). In addition, PM functional capacity was depressed (p < 0.05) and histopathologic lesions were observed within 1 month after exposure. In contrast, 6-hr or 3-day exposures to CI produced no cellular, cytotoxic, or alveolar/capillary membrane permeability changes at any time postexposure. PM function was either enhanced or unchanged from controls. These data demonstrate that short-term, high-dose inhalation exposures of silica produce effects similar to those previously observed using intratracheal instillation or chronic inhalation models, and lend support to this method as a reliable short-term bioassay for evaluating the pulmonary toxicity and mechanisms associated with exposures to new and untested materials.
Interactions of DNA with divalent metal ions. I. 31P‐nmr studies

31P-nmr has been used to investigate the specific interaction of three divalent metal ions, Mg2+, Mn2+, and Co+2, with the phosphate groups of DNA. Mg2+ is found to have no significant effect on any of the 31P-nmr parameters (chemical shift, line-width, T1, T2, and NOE) over a concentration range extending from 20 to 160 mM. The two paramagnetic ions, Mn2+ and Co2+, on the other hand, significantly change the 31P relaxation rates even at very low levels. From an analysis of the paramagnetic contributions to the spin–lattice and spin–spin relaxation rates, the effective internuclear metal–phosphorus distances are found to be 4.5 ± 0.5 and 4.1 ± 0.5 A for Mn2+ and Co2+, respectively, corresponding to only 15 ± 5% of the total bound Mn2+ and Co2+ being directly coordinated to the phosphate groups (inner-sphere complexes). This result is independent of any assumptions regarding the location of the remaining metal ions which may be bound either as outer-sphere complexes relative to the phosphate groups or elsewhere on the DNA, possibly to the bases. Studies of the temperature effects on the 31P relaxation rates of DNA in the absence and presence of Mn2+ and Co2+ yielded kinetic and thermodynamic parameters which characterize the association and dissociation of the metal ions from the phosphate groups. A two-step model was used in the analysis of the kinetic data. The lifetimes of the inner-sphere complexes are 3 × 10−7 and 1.4 × 10−5 s for Mn2+ and Co2+, respectively. The rates of formation of the inner-sphere complexes with the phosphate are found to be about two orders of magnitude slower than the rate of the exchange of the water of hydration of the metal ions, suggesting that expulsion of water is not the rate-determining step in the formation of the inner-sphere complexes. Competition experiments demonstrate that the binding of Mg2+ ions is 3–4 times weaker than the binding of either Mn2+ or Co2+. Since the contribution from direct phosphate coordination to the total binding strength of these metal ion complexes is small (∼15%), the higher binding strength of Mn2+ and Co2+ may be attributed either to base binding or to formation of stronger outer-sphere metal–phosphate complexes. At high levels of divalent metal ions, and when the metal ion concentration exceeds the DNA–phosphate concentration, the fraction of inner-sphere phosphate binding increases. In the presence of very high levels of Mg2+ (e.g., 3.1M), the inner-sphere ⇄ outer-sphere equilibrium is shifted toward ∼100% inner-sphere binding. A comparison of our DNA results and previous results obtained with tRNA indicates that tRNA and DNA have very similar divalent metal ion binding properties. A comparison of the present results with the predictions of polyelectrolyte theories is presented.
Why I don't understand substitutional quantification

Les AA. qui interpretent la quantification au sens substitutionnel donnent les conditions suivantes de verite d'une phrase quantifiee: " 'sigma(quantificateur substitutionnel) X X est un chien' (par ex.) est vrai si et seulement si X est un terme et 'X est un chien' est vrai". Mais l'A. se demande si la condition que la phrase contenant 'sigma' exprime une proposition vraie est suffisante: on pourrait aussi bien dans le schema precedent ecrire " 'L'herbe est verte' est vrai." Le probleme est qu'on ne sait pas quelle proposition expriment les phrases quantifiees substitutionnellement, a la difference des existentielles ordinaires.
Strong-potential Born-approximation calculations of 1s-2p electron capture.

Cross sections for electron capture into the 2p level evaluated with use of the strong potential Born approximation are presented. While these 2p cross sections are smaller than cross sections for capture into the 1s and 2s levels at high velocities, nevertheless the Thomas peak is clearly evident at energies above 1 MeV in both the m = 0 and chemically bondmchemically bond = 1 magnetic substates in atomic hydrogen. At energies above 10 MeV where the Thomas peak is important, cross sections for capture into m = 0 and chemically bondmchemically bond = 1 are comparable. Consequently, the polarization fraction becomes negative at high energies in sharp contrast to Brinkman-Kramers results where the polarization fraction stays near its maximum value.
Preliminary experience with the percutaneous embolization of paragangliomas at the carotid bifurcation using only ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) Onyx

Background/purpose Carotid body paragangliomas are rare hypervascular lesions which may benefit from preoperative devascularization to reduce intraoperative blood loss. The optimal method for devascularization of these tumors is not known. Our purpose was to evaluate the extent of angiographic devascularization and intraoperative blood loss using only ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) for percutaneous glomus tumor embolization. Methods A consecutive series of seven paragangliomas located at the carotid bifurcation were treated with percutaneous embolization with EVOH as the sole embolic agent. Results Complete devascularization of seven paragangliomas was achieved in all cases percutaneously with only EVOH. There were no complications. The average intraoperative blood loss was 55 ml (range 15–80 ml). Conclusions Our preliminary experience suggests that EVOH may offer a higher degree of devascularization when compared with other embolic agents. This may facilitate easier surgical resection with lower blood loss. EVOH seems to be safe when percutaneously injected as the sole embolic agent.
The Role of Political Economy in Hume's Moral Philosophy

Hume insisted that property serve as the foundation of society because it best promotes the greatest amount of industry and therefore contributes to public utility. Industry thus plays a central role in Hume’s theory of justice. Given that Hume extensively discussed the social, political, cultural, and moral implications of industry in the Political Discourses , I suggest that Hume’s economic writings should be understood as an integral part of his overall philosophical project. In offering a parallel reading of the Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals and the Political Discourses , I argue that Hume’s theory of justice does not resolve into a mere theory of property, as many philosophers complain, but rather, emerges as a rich account of how justice both generates the greatest material affluence and promotes the formation of the most virtuous society.
Review of the innate immune response in acne vulgaris: activation of Toll-like receptor 2 in acne triggers inflammatory cytokine responses.

Acne vulgaris is a common disorder that affects 40–50 million people in the USA alone. The pathogenesis of acne is multifactorial, including hormonal, microbiological and immunological mechanisms. One
Tactile sensitivity of the mouse fetus

We used von Frey hairs to assess the tactile sensitivity of various bodily loci in 13-17-day-old mouse fetuses. Regardless of age, more fetuses displayed evoked activity in response to stimulation applied to the nose than to any other locus. The proportion of fetuses responding to stimuli applied elsewhere increased significantly with age. Stimulation of the nose also yielded the lowest threshold for fetuses of all ages. The next lowest threshold was obtained from stimulation of the paws, followed by stimulation of the head and neck. No pattern of change in thresholds of the various regions was observed from Day 15 to Day 17. In a second experiment, we compared the tactile sensitivity of control fetuses to that of fetuses having resided singly in the uterus. Although singleton status enhances several aspects of development, it had no effect upon the development of tactile sensitivity.
Fractional charges in a superstring-derived standardlike model.

We investigate the presence of fractionally charged states in the massless sector of our superstring-derived standardlike model. We show that these states are divided into three classes. The states in two of these classes will receive a Planck mass, at the trilinear level of the superpotential, by giving a vacuum expectation value to a set of neutral singlets in the string model, while the states of the third class are exotic color triplets and are therefore confined and may become superheavy at the nonrenormalizable level of the superpotential.
Jackknife-corrected parametric bootstrap estimates of growth rates in bivalve mollusks using nearest living relatives.

Abstract Quantitative estimates of growth rates can augment ecological and paleontological applications of body-size data. However, in contrast to body-size estimates, assessing growth rates is often time-consuming, expensive, or unattainable. Here we use an indirect approach, a jackknife-corrected parametric bootstrap, for efficient approximation of growth rates using nearest living relatives with known age–size relationships. The estimate is developed by (1) collecting a sample of published growth rates of closely related species, (2) calculating the average growth curve using those published age–size relationships, (3) resampling iteratively these empirically known growth curves to estimate the standard errors and confidence bands around the average growth curve, and (4) applying the resulting estimate of uncertainty to bracket age–size relationships of the species of interest. This approach was applied to three monophyletic families (Donacidae, Mactridae, and Semelidae) of mollusk bivalves, a group characterized by indeterministic shell growth, but widely used in ecological, paleontological, and geochemical research. The resulting indirect estimates were tested against two previously published geochemical studies and, in both cases, yielded highly congruent age estimates. In addition, a case study in applied fisheries was used to illustrate the potential of the proposed approach for augmenting aquaculture management practices. The resulting estimates of growth rates place body size data in a constrained temporal context and confidence intervals associated with resampling estimates allow for assessing the statistical uncertainty around derived temporal ranges. The indirect approach should allow for improved evaluation of diverse research questions, from sustainability of industrial shellfish harvesting to climatic interpretations of stable isotope proxies extracted from fossil skeletons.
The gramicidin a channel: A review of its permeability characteristics with special reference to the single-file aspect of transport

Gramicidin A forms univalent cation-selective channels of ≈4 A diameter in phospholipid bilayer membranes. The transport of ions and water throughout most of the channel length is by a singlefile process; that is, cations and water molecules cannot pass each other within the channel. The implications of this single-file mode of transport for ion movement are considered. In particular, we show that there is no significant electrostatic barrier to ion movement between the energy wells at the two ends of the channel. The rate of ion translocation (e.g., Na+ or Cs+) through the channel between these wells is limited by the necessity for an ion to move six water molecules in single file along with it; this also limits the maximum possible value for channel conductance. At all attainable concentrations of NaCl, the gramicidin A channel never contains more than one sodium ion, whereas even at 0.1M CsCl, some channels contain two cesium ions. There is no necessity to postulate more than two ion-binding sites in the channel or occupancy of the channel by more than two ions at any time.
Structural study by DSC, SAXS, and Raman spectroscopy of silica aerogel.

The structure of silica acrogel, a porous low density material having small particle size prepared from TMOS has been investigated by DSC, SAXS, and Raman spectroscopy. The predominant particle size of the aerogel were determined to be near 3 nm by SAXS analysis. The Raman spectra are qualitatively similar to those from fused silica, although the sample before heat treatment had typical Raman peaks assigned to organic groups contained in TMOS. The observed relatively intense peaks at near 490 and 606 cm−1 suggest the existence of small rings, e.g., six(3-SiO) or eight(4-SiO) membered, in the aerogel. The structure change of the aerogel with temperature was also studied by Raman spectroscopy.
PHYLOGENY OF THE DASYCLADALES (CHLOROPHYTA, ULVOPHYCEAE) BASED ON ANALYSES OF RUBISCO LARGE SUBUNIT (rbcL) GENE SEQUENCES1

The phylogeny of the green algal Order Dasycladales was inferred by maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses of chloroplast-encoded rbcL sequence data. Bayesian analysis suggested that the tribe Acetabularieae is monophyletic but that some genera within the tribe, such as Acetabularia Lamouroux and Polyphysa Lamouroux, are not. Bayesian analysis placed Halicoyne Harvey as the sister group of the Acetabularieae, a result consistent with limited fossil evidence and monophyly of the family Acetabulariaceae but was not supported by significant posterior probability. Bayesian analysis further suggested that the family Dasycladaceae is a paraphyletic assemblage at the base of the Dasycladales radiation, casting doubt on the current family-level classification. The genus Cymopolia Lamouroux was inferred to be the basal-most dasycladalean genus, which is also consistent with limited fossil evidence. Unweighted parsimony analyses provided similar results but primarily differed by the sister relationship between Halicoryne Lamouroux and Bornetella Munier-Chalmas, thus supporting the monophyly of neither the families Acetabulariaceae nor Dasycladaceae. This result, however, was supported by low bootstrap values. Low transition-to-transversion ratios, potential loss of phylogenetic signal in third codon positions, and the 550 million year old Dasycladalean lineage suggest that dasyclad rbcL sequences may be saturated due to deep time divergences. Such factors may have contributed to inaccurate reconstruction of phylogeny, particularly with respect to potential inconsistency of parsimony analyses. Regardless, strongly negative g 1 values were obtained in analyses including all codon positions, indicating the presence of considerable phylogenetic signal in dasyclad rbcL sequence data. Morphological features relevant to the separation of taxa within the Dasycladales and the possible effects of extinction on phylogeny reconstruction are discussed relative to the inferred phylogenies.
Behavior changes in brain-injured children through social reinforcement.

Abstract Systematic adult social reinforcement brought about behavior changes in brain-injured children with developmental deficits not amenable to previous efforts at modification. Following baseline observations, systematic reinforcement procedures were successfully carried out by parents and teachers initially unskilled in operant conditioning techniques. The necessity of contingent reinforcement was demonstrated during a brief reversal of contingencies which resulted in a correspondingly brief decrease in the rates of the desired behaviors. A postcheck three months after termination of the experiment indicated the behavior changes were being maintained at rates higher than those observed prior to employment of experimental procedures.
A comparison of traveling-wave ultrasonic amplification in solids by resistive and resonant processes

Abstract The amplification of sound in piezoelectric semiconductors and semimetals has been studied by several authors(1,2). These studies have indicated that a type of traveling-wave amplification occurs when the drift velocity of the electrons is made to exceed the velocity of sound in the material. For a given drift velocity, the magnitude of the effect is inversely proportional to the scattering time, and hence, amplification appears to be collision-induced. Upon further examination of the properties of such systems, we have found that a second type of amplification can occur for certain electron densities. The second form of amplification is related to the existence of a plasma instability that is most pronounced when the ratio of drift velocity to sound speed exceeds unity by the ratio of plasma frequency to sound frequency. An analysis of both amplification processes is carried out and their relative significance is discussed.
Behavioral signatures at the ballpark: Intraindividual consistency of adults’ situation–behavior patterns and their interpersonal consequences

Behavioral signatures of adults in naturally occurring social situations have yet to be established using reliable behavior observations, nor have they been related to the reactions of other people. In the present study, youth baseball coaches’ behaviors were unobtrusively assessed in vivo across a variety of game situations, and situation–behavior variations were related to athletes’ attitudes toward the coaches. Most coaches exhibited stable and idiographically distinctive situation–behavior patterns in both their supportive and instructional behaviors across winning, losing, and tied/close half-innings. Although overall rates of supportive, punitive, and instructional behaviors accounted for little variance in athletes’ liking for the coach, specific situation–behavior contingencies (e.g., if winning, then supportive; if losing, then punitive) were significantly related to children’s attitudes towards these coaches, whereas others (e.g., punitive while winning, supportive while losing) were not. Consistent with theoretical expectations based on Mischel’s cognitive social learning reconceptualization of personality, contextualized behaviors were stable and more highly related to the interpersonal liking variable than were decontextualized behavior aggregates.
Conditioned saccharin aversion induced by self-administered cocaine negatively correlates with the rate of cocaine self-administration in rats.

Previous studies showed that the degree of saccharin aversion induced by a self-administered drug correlated with the amount of drug taken. The present paradigm evaluated the relationship between conditioned saccharin (0.15% w/w) aversion and cocaine self-administration (0.15 mg/kg per injection) when drug intake was limited to 1 mg/kg per session over five taste–drug pairings. The low dose of self-administered cocaine induced a significant decrease in saccharin intake as a result of the conditioning pairings. In addition, conditioned saccharin intake was significantly correlated with the rate of cocaine self-administration (r=−0.54; P<0.05). A second experiment was designed to control for the effect of cocaine concentration in blood per unit of time. Saccharin was paired with one of three doses of non-contingent IV cocaine (0, 1, 3, 5 mg/kg) over five taste–drug pairings. Although, 3 or 5 mg/kg of non-contingent IV cocaine induced a dose-dependent decrease in saccharin intake after five taste–drug pairings, the low dose of 1 mg/kg was not effective in inducing the effect. Taken together, these results suggest that 1 mg/kg per session of cocaine was effective in inducing saccharin aversion only in rats that self-administered the drug at a high rate. It is suggested that a Pavlovian effect such as conditioned saccharin aversion induced by a self-administered drug may be an alternative tool to investigate the anticipation of addictive drugs.
Split β-lactamase sensor for the sequence-specific detection of DNA methylation

The methylation pattern of genes at CpG dinucleotide sites is an emerging area in epigenetics. Furthermore, the hypermethylation profiles of tumor suppressor genes are linked to specific tumor types. Thus, new molecular approaches for the rapid determination of the methylation status of these genes could provide a powerful method for early cancer diagnosis as well as insight into mechanisms of epigenetic regulation of genetic information. Toward this end, we have recently reported the first design of a split-protein sensor for the site-specific detection of DNA methylation. In this approach a split green fluorescent protein reporter provided a sequence-specific readout of CpG methylation. In the present work, we describe a sensitive second-generation methylation detection system that utilizes the split enzymatic reporter, TEM-1 beta-lactamase, attached to specific DNA binding elements. This system, termed mCpG-SEER-beta-Lac, shows a greater than 40-fold specificity for methylated versus nonmethylated CpG target sites. Importantly, the resulting signal enhancement afforded by the catalytic activity of split-beta-lactamase allowed for the sensitive detection of 2.5 fmol of methylated target dsDNA in 5 min. Thus, this new sensor geometry represents a 250-fold enhancement in assay time and a 2000-fold enhancement in sensitivity over our first-generation system for the detection of specific sites of DNA methylation.
Optical Constants of Disordered Binary Alloys: Intraband Transitions in the Coherent-Potential Approximation

The optical constants of disordered binary alloys ${A}_{x}{B}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ have been computed in the coherent-potential approximation for all frequencies, all $x$, and all reasonable scattering strengths, using a simple one-band model. Our results are compared with the classical Drude formula, and deviations are found stemming from critical points and the effects of alloying. In addition, the high-frequency behavior is shown to be dependent on the concentration $x$ and scattering strength in the alloy.
Trigonelline, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide in seedlings of Pisum sativum

Abstract Levels of trigonelline, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide have been examined in pea plants from the ungerminated seed to 10 days of age. The total quantity of trigonelline ranged between 70 and 81 μg in seeds to 7-day-old plants. At 10 days, the quantity of trigonelline increased to 101 μg. During the first 10 days, the concentration of trigonelline decreased in all regions of the seedling. Quantities of nicotinic acid within the seedling fell immediately after germination from 11.4 to 4.4 μg at 3 days but increased to 18.3 μg at 10 days. Unlike the decreasing trigonelline concentrations, nicotinic acid concentration throughout the seedling appeared relatively stable. Quantities of nicotinamide were less than 1% that of trigonelline, and never reached 1 μg total. The only noticeable increase in the concentration of nicotinamide occurred in leaves of 10-day-old plants. When [14C]trigonelline was injected at the cotyledonary node, it was transported to all regions of the plant and the majority (65%) went to epicotyl tissues.
More evidence on low vitamin D levels fuels push to revise recommended intake.

A RECENT SPATE OF PUBLISHED studies adds to the drumbeat of those researchers who argue that vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are tied to poor health outcomes for a variety of conditions in a large proportion of the US population. But the nature of these studies, mainly retrospective analyses, makes it difficult for regulatory bodies or specialty societies to develop specific recommendations for raising the established levels for minimum vitamin D intake. These circumstances have left some physicians reluctant to aggressively diagnose and treat their patients for vitamin D insufficiency. More rigorous studies could clarify recent findings associating vitamin D insufficiency with such health problems as osteoporosis and bone fracture, muscle weakness, cancer, autoimmune disease, diabetes, schizophrenia, depression, lung dysfunction, kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease. “We know vitamin D can prevent rickets in children, but there are all these other health outcomes thought to be affected by vitamin D,” said Michal L. Melamed, MD, MHS, an assistant professor of medicine and epidemiology at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY. “We need randomized clinical trials to see if supplementing vitamin D has an effect on the nontraditional outcomes.”