cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Etiology and Management of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis.

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is an ulcerative condition that affects the oral mucosa without evidence of an underlying medical disorder. RAS is characterized by the appearance of round, shallow ulcerations surrounded by inflammation that chiefly involves the nonkeratinized mucosa. The etiology of RAS is unknown, but has a strong hereditary component and appears to be related to an immune reaction against the oral mucosa. RAS must be distinguished from other diseases that cause recurring oral ulcers such as Behcet's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Crohn's disease. This paper reviews the current theories regarding the etiology of RAS, the clinical evaluation of patients with recurring aphthous ulcers, and describes current treatment options for this condition.
Exposure-focus critical dimension feedback control in 300-mm manufacturing technologies

Control of DCCDs (Develop Check Critical Dimension) is a key aspect of successfully manufacturing semiconductors at Intel. DCCD control was formerly achieved through manual adjustments of the exposure dose on the tool to account for the known effects of non-stationary tool/process drift. An automated application EFCC (Exposure-Focus CD Control) was developed at Intel, to create a robust algorithm and automated implementation, replacing the manual adjustment process. The EFCC algorithm uses DCCD summary measurements as the feedback to the stepper. At the stepper, the exposure setting is adjusted to correct for non-stationary tool/process drift. A weighted average of data from previous lots is used to determine the recommended exposure dose settings. The feedback scheme weights prior lots using a combination of traditional EWMA based weighting and within lot (across sites on wafer) variance based weighting. The EFCC implementation has benefits in increased Cpk, reduced rework, continuous adjustment. Futhermore, as this is an automated control solution, it can easily be extended to support more sophisticated adjustment algorithms.
SAF exhibits better resistance to roughness edge than single-free layer

Abstract Switching behavior and spin configuration of single-free layer and SAF-free layer with rough edge and under stray field are studied with micromagnetic simulation using Landau–Lifshize–Gilbert equation. From the simulation results, the R–H loops of single free layer in MTJs have some kinks. However, junctions with SAF-free layers exhibit kink-free R–H loops. Because of the enclosed magnetic flux of the SAF-free layer, unbalanced SAF-free layer shows kink-free switching, even with pronounced fabrication defects at the memory element boundaries.
Redefining the boundaries of the hippocampal CA2 subfield in the mouse using gene expression and 3-dimensional reconstruction

The morphology of neurons in the main divisions of the hippocampal complex allow the easy identification of granule cells in the dentate gyrus and pyramidal cells in the CA1 and CA3 regions of Ammon's horn. However, neurons in the CA2 subfield have been much more difficult to reliably identify. We have recently identified a set of genes whose expression is restricted to either the dentate gyrus, CA1, CA2, or CA3. Here we show that these genes have an essentially nonoverlapping distribution throughout the entire septotemporal extent of the hippocampus. 3-Dimensional reconstruction of serial sections processed for in situ hybridization of mannosidase 1, alpha (CA1), bcl-2-related ovarian killer protein (CA3), and Purkinje cell protein 4 (dentate gyrus+CA2) was used to define the boundaries of each subregion throughout the entire hippocampus. The boundaries observed for these three genes are recapitulated across a much larger set of genes similarly enriched in specific hippocampal subregions. The extent of CA2 defined on the basis of gene expression is somewhat larger than that previously described on the basis of structural anatomical criteria, particularly at the rostral pole of the hippocampus. These results indicate that, at least at the molecular level, there are robust, consistent genetic boundaries between hippocampal subregions CA1, CA2, CA3, and the dentate gyrus, allowing a redefinition of their boundaries in order to facilitate functional studies of different neuronal subtypes in the hippocampus.
Efficacy and safety of insulin lispro in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective metaanalysis of 7 randomized controlled trials.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of insulin lispro in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) who had a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 (obese) compared with patients with BMIs <30 kg/m2 (nonobese).Methods: A retrospective analysis of predefined end-points from 7 randomized clinical trials of T2DM patients treated with insulin lispro was performed. The primary efficacy measure was to assess the noninferiority of insulin lispro in obese patients versus nonobese patients as measured by the change in hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) from baseline to Month 3 (n = 1,518), using a noninferiority margin of 0.4%. The secondary measures included overall hypoglycemia incidence and event rates and relative change in body weight.Results: Mean changes in HbA1c from baseline (9.06% for obese and 8.92% for nonobese) to Month 3 were similar for obese patients (-1.03%) and nonobese (-1.02%), with a least squares (LS) mean difference (95% confidence interval [CI]) of -0.05% (-0.17%, 0.07%; P = .384). The ...
Lymphatics and blood vessels

The traditional nomenclature of vascular lesions has been enlarged and modified with the usage of newer diagnostic techniques. Digital technology has enhanced the precision of older analog tools such as Doppler flow studies. Angiograms have also more precisely delineated flow patterns to allow planned surgical intervention as an important therapeutic option. With the newer classification, it now is possible to plan and anticipate the course of lesions and medically intervene in tumors that potentially will enlarge and impinge on essential structures. Now, the routine workup will clarify if there is internal involvement (eg, liver, etc) and detect proliferative potential mandating medical or surgical intervention. Watchful waiting, the traditional approach is now changing with the newer delineation of syndromes such as PHACE (posterior fossa, hemangioma, arterial lesions, cardiac abnormalities/aortic coarctation, eye abnormalities), which mandate the fullest evaluation and, in many instances, the collaboration of multispecialty groups to treat those lesions as the data and group consensus determines.
Models of Functional Organization of the Lateral Prefrontal Cortex in Verbal Working Memory: Evidence in Favor of the Process Model

Research on the functional organization of the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) in working memory continues to be fairly equivocal between two major frameworks: organization-by-process or organization-by-material. Although there is fairly strong evidence for organization-by-process models from event-related fMRI studies, some investigators argue that the nature of the stimulus material better defines the functional organization of the lateral PFC, particularly in more ventral regions (BA 47/45/44). Specifically, the anterior region of the ventrolateral PFC (BA 47/45) is hypothesized to subserve semantic processing while the posterior region (BA 44) may subserve phonological processing. In the current event-related fMRI study, we directly compared process-related versus material-related organizational principles in a verbal working memory task. Subjects performed a modified delayed response task in which they (1) retained a list of five words or five nonwords during the delay period ("maintenance"), or (2) performed a semantic (size reordering) or phonological (alphabetical reordering) task on the word or nonword lists, respectively ("manipulation"). We did not find evidence during the delay period of our task to support claims of anterior–posterior specializations in the ventrolateral PFC for semantic versus phonological processing. Subjects did, however, display greater neuronal activity during the delay period of manipulation trials than maintenance trials in both the dorsolateral PFC and posterior ventrolateral regions. These data are more consistent with the process model of the organization of lateral PFC in verbal working memory.
Nutation Time Constant Determination of On-Axis Diaphragm Tanks on Spinner Spacecraft

The modeling, analysis, and testing done to determine the Deep Space One nutation time constant are described. The significance of this analysis and testing program is that Deep Space One was the first spacecraft flown bythe Jet Propulsion Laboratory with a diaphragm tank located on the spin axis. First, modeling considerations are made, and to simulate the behavior of the spacecraft containing the liquid (hydrazine) the dynamics of a rigid body coupled through a universal joint to a pendulum mass representing the liquid slosh has been analyzed. This simulation is done in order to estimate the nutation time constant with a pendulum slosh model. Second, the actual spin drop tests are described. These tests also confirm a nutation time constant in excess of 1000 s, both in the case of tests done for the xenon tank only and in the case of tests done for the hydrazine tank only. The large value of the nutation time constant computed and verified by testing for this system ensured that it remained well above the required values of 150 s at ignition and 50 s at burnout.
Small bowel infarction and death from primary mesenteric venous thrombosis

A case is reported of a young man who presented with complaints of epigastric abdominal discomfort secondary to unrecognized mesenteric venous thrombosis, an infrequent but critical condition causing abdominal distress. The patient subsequently died of small bowel infarction. This entity may occur as a primary phenomenon or secondary to a predisposing condition such as trauma, infection, or hypercoagulability.
Blindness associated with preeclampsia and eclampsia.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Over a 14-year period at Parkland Hospital, the clinical courses of 15 women with severe preeclampsia or eclampsia were further complicated by blindness. Our purpose is to describe their management and outcome, as well as to offer insight to the pathophysiologic characteristics of blindness complicating pregnancy-induced hypertension. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective ascertainment of women with blindness and pregnancy-induced hypertension was done. These cases were managed according to the standardized preeclampsia-eclampsia regimen used at our hospital since 1955. Briefly, this regimen includes magnesium sulfate given intramuscularity to prevent or control seizures, hydralazine to lower dangeorusly elevated blood pressure, intravenous fluid restriction, and delivery. RESULTS: There were 15 women with blindness that persisted from 4 hours to 8 days; it subsequently resolved completely in all. Of the 13 women who underwent computed tomography, 8 had low-density areas localized predominantly in the occipital lobes. Five of these 13 subsequently underwent magnetic resonance imaging and 2 showed corresponding hyperintense lesions in the occipital areas. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of previously published experiences with computed tomography in women with eclampsia, as well as the experiences described here, we conclude that cortical blindness associated with preeclampsia-eclampsia results from petechial hemorrhages and focal edema in the occipital cortex. These lesions are likely stimulated by disparity in cerebral regional blood flow that is characterized by vasospasm and diminished flow primarily affecting the posterior circulation.
Complete description of multiple line segments using the Hough transform

Abstract The Hough transform (HT) is commonly used in machine vision applications for detecting discontinuous patterns in noisy images. The process of using the HT to detect lines in an image involves the computation of the HT for the entire image, accumulating votes in an accumulator array and searching the array for peaks which hold information of potential lines present in the input image. The peaks provide only the length of the normal to the line and the angle that the normal makes with the x-axis. They do not provide any information regarding the length, position or end points of the line segments. However, the butterfly shaped [1] spread of votes in the accumulator array, generated by the process of peak formation, holds vital information like the length and position of the input line segment. Some authors [2] have used this property to develop an algorithm to determine the coordinates of the end points, the length, and the normal parameters of straight lines. A limitation of this method, making it unsuitable for application to a real machine vision problem, is that it would yield erroneous results if applied to an image consisting of anything more than a single line segment. Moreover, the precision of this algorithm is dependent on the sharpness of the peak. In this paper, new techniques which address the above mentioned shortcomings have been described. This paper details the method developed to provide complete line segment description for an image consisting of multiple line segments. In addition, the developed techniques are more robust and accurate than the previously proposed methods as they do not depend upon the sharpness of the peak.
Dynamical analysis of random, quantum interference of light

The well-known photon correlations of thermal light are now understood to result from the random superposition of independently emitted photons from spontaneous emission. Through random interference the number of photons evolves as a Bose-Einstein distribution rather than the Poisson distribution as one might expect for independent emissions of classical particles. By identifying terms in the density-matrix (\ensuremath{\rho}) equation for a linear amplifier, those terms giving rise to spontaneous emission were earlier distinguished from those causing amplification and absorption. We investigate the role of interference in the evolution of the photon statistics by further identifying terms in the equation for \ensuremath{\rho}${\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}_{n}$ solely responsible for quantum interference phenomena. The effects of this random interference on the photon factorial moments are quantified, even for those cases where the final field statistics are not Bose-Einstein. From our analysis we conclude that stimulated emission should be viewed as analogous to time-reversed absorption, rather than either a cascade process or pure constructive interference.
Numerical method for unitary systems

Abstract A method of constructing probability amplitudes is presented for cases in which the corresponding unitary propagator can be expressed in terms of the Cayley representation. The method is most appropriate when the Hermitian matrix in the Cayley representation is sparse. The algorithm is organized for minimum storage.
Empathy Faking in Psychopathic Offenders: The Vulnerability of Empathy Measures

The incapacity of individuals to experience empathy has long been linked to heightened risks of antisocial acts being perpetrated without remorse. Psychologists frequently consider deficits in empathy in the context of risk assessments and other clinical appraisals, such as the amenability to treatment. When evaluated, offenders—especially those with substantial psychopathic traits—may be motivated to mask their empathic deficits to avoid being characterized as callous and cold-blooded toward the victims of their crimes. The current study is the first known investigation with an offender population to simulate empathy via positive impression management (PIM). Using a mixed between- and within-subjects design, 81 male detainees were categorized into a Low, Moderate, or High Psychopathy group, based on the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R). For the within-subjects component, all offenders answered empathy questionnaires under genuine and PIM conditions. In the genuine condition, results indicate that offenders—irrespective of psychopathy—possessed cognitive empathy, but not affective empathy. In the PIM condition, offenders easily simulated high levels of empathy. Potential approaches to the assessment of simulated empathy in offender populations are explored, including a possible indicator for simulated affective empathy.
In vivo migration of 111In radiolabeled mouse-spleen lymphocytes and tumor cells.

Abstract Mouse-spleen lymphocytes, mouse mammary adenocarcinoma cells (MMA-67) and mouse lymphoma cells (S49.1) were radiolabeled with 111In and their in vivo migration patterns studied over a 24–72h period after i.v. injection into syngeneic mice. All three cell lines showed different in vivo migration patterns. Initially, some trapping of the cells occurred in the lungs at 15 min. More MMA-67 cells were initially trapped in the lungs than S49.1 cells or lymphocytes. At 24 h, most of the 111In labeled cells had left the lungs and accumulated in various tissues and organs. At 48 and 72 h, only slight changes in the localization patterns of the 111In radiolabeled cells in vivo were noted when compared to the 24h patterns. About 35% of the injected 111In was excreted from the animals over the 72 h period of these experiments. In vitro studies compared the growth and/or viability of 111In radiolabeled lymphocytes or tumor cells to nonradiolabeled lymphocytes or tumor cells. The percentage of 111In released from the cells in culture was also determined. Similar values for growth and/or viability were obtained between non-radiolabeled cells and MMA-67 cells radiolabeled with 1.35 dpm 111In per cell; S49.1 cells, 0.51 dpm 111In per cell; and lymphocytes, 0.04 dpm 111In per cell.
Low-temperature CVD TiN as a diffusion barrier between gold and silicon

Low-temperature (200°C), atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposited (APCVD) titanium nitride films are shown to be effective diffusion barriers for the Au/TiN/Si contact scheme. The samples were analyzed by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), and by optical microscopy. It was found that a pure TiN layer constitutes an effective barrier for 40 min at 550°C, at which point the TiN cracks and peels. Even thin layers of TiN (200A thick) can significantly reduce the amount of interdiffusion between the gold and silicon.
Control and estimation with threshold sensing for Inertial Measurement Unit calibration using a piezoelectric microstage

A threshold sensing strategy for improving measurement accuracy of a piezoelectric microactuator in calibration of miniature Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) is presented. An asynchronous threshold sensor is hypothesized as a way to improve state estimates obtained from analog sensor measurements of microactuator motion. To produce accurate periodic signals using the proposed piezoelectric actuator and sensing arrangement, an Iterative Learning Control (ILC) is employed. Three sensing strategies: (i) an analog sensor alone with a Kalman filter; (ii) an analog sensor and threshold sensor with a Kalman filter; and (iii) an analog sensor and threshold sensor with a Kalman smoother are compared in simulation and single-axis experiments. Results show that incorporating threshold sensors in a projected low-noise environment based on capacitive sensing will produce high-accuracy velocity measurements at certain fixed angles, while experimental testing with less reliable piezoelectric sensing shows improved estimation accuracy at all velocities and positions.
Supercritical fluid extraction of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin from sediment samples

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a promising technique for the extraction of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) from environmental matrices such as contaminated sediments. The ability of SFE to solubilize many organic contaminants is well documented in industrial processes but its analytical applications were exploited just recently. In this study supercritical carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide and their mixtures with 2% methanol were used to extract 2,3,7,8-TCDD from aquatic sediments. An attractive feature of this process is that the carbon dioxide, being a virtually inert fluid, leaves no solvent residue on the processed sediment. Almost 100% of the 2,3,7,8-TCDD can be extracted from a sediment spiked with 200 μg/kg 2,3,7,8-TCDD in 30 minutes by using supercritical carbon dioxide + 2% methanol. Cleanup procedure is compared with the Soxhlet extraction procedure currently used as a standard method for extracting dioxins from sediment samples.
Race and the Chilean Miracle: Neoliberalism, Democracy, and Indigenous Rights

Race and the Chilean Miracle addresses the ways in which neo-liberalism and the social construction of race have shaped Mapuche and ‘Chilean’ (non-Mapuche) society in southern Chile. Richards's pri...
Mechanisms in macroecology: AWOL or purloined letter? Towards a pragmatic view of mechanism

Ecologists often believe the discovery of mechanism to be the central goal of scientific research. While many macroecologists have inherited this view, to date they have been much more efficient at producing patterns than identifying their underlying processes. We discuss several possible attitudes for macroecologists to adopt in this context while also arguing that in fact macroecology already has many mechanisms that are ignored. We briefly describe six of these: central limit theorem, fractals, random sampling and placement, neutral theory (and descendents), concordance of forces, and maximum entropy. We explore why these mechanisms are overlooked and discuss whether they should be. We conclude that macroecology needs to take a more pragmatic, less ideological approach to mechanism. We apply this viewpoint to the recent controversy over maximum entropy and suggest that maximum entropy needs to be viewed more pragmatically and less ideologically.
The Professionalization of Gerontology: A Canadian Perspective

Globally, the need for development of a competent workforce to serve the burgeoning older population is well documented. Persons with degrees in gerontology are prepared to fill positions in this labor market, yet they are not in demand. This research explores the path of professionalization of gerontologists in Canada as a means of increasing their contribution to the aging services workforce. A cross-sectional online survey of aging-service administrators (n = 66) was conducted in Ontario, Canada, to ascertain their perceptions of gerontologists as professionals in the service delivery to older persons. Aging-service administrators show low rates of hiring gerontologists and low knowledge of gerontological competencies. There was a significant (p < .05) relationship between the knowledge of gerontologist's competence and their rate of employment. The administrators expressed high interest in regulation and credentialing of gerontologists (63.6%). Credentialing of gerontologists is a means of professiona...
Chief Executive Support and Innovation adoption

This article tests a model of the influence of chief executive support on innovation outcomes in local government organizations. Propositions taken from the literature are causally ordered and tested using path analysis. The model is weakly supported by the analysis. Several explanations are offered for the results.
RADIOLOGY OF PNEUMONIA

Infection of the lower respiratory tract, acquired by way of the airways and confined to the lung parenchyma and airways, typically presents radiologically as one of three patterns: (1) focal nonsegmental or lobar pneumonia, (2) multifocal bronchopneumonia or lobular pneumonia, and (3) focal or diffuse "interstitial" pneumonia. These patterns can be useful in identifying the etiological organism in the appropriate clinical setting. To serve the purpose of this article, these patterns are used as the primary method of classification of pulmonary infections caused by different organisms. Mycobacterial and fungal pulmonary infections are reviewed separately because of their wide range of radiographic appearance that depend on the stage of the disease at presentation. This article discusses the clinical and radiographic features of the most common causes of pneumonia, primarily in the adult population of the United States.
Data parallel execution challenges and runtime performance of agent simulations on GPUs

Programmable graphics processing units (GPUs) have emerged as excellent computational platforms for certain general-purpose applications. The data parallel execution capabilities of GPUs specifically point to the potential for effective use in simulations of agent-based models (ABM). In this paper, the computational efficiency of ABM simulation on GPUs is evaluated on representative ABM benchmarks. The runtime speed of GPU-based models is compared to that of traditional CPU-based implementation, and also to that of equivalent models in traditional ABM toolkits (Repast and NetLogo). As expected, it is observed that, GPU-based ABM execution affords excellent speedup on simple models, with better speedup on models exhibiting good locality and fair amount of computation per memory element. Execution is two to three orders of magnitude faster with a GPU than with leading ABM toolkits, but at the cost of decrease in modularity, ease of programmability and reusability. At a more fundamental level, however, the data parallel paradigm is found to be somewhat at odds with traditional model-specification approaches for ABM. Effective use of data parallel execution, in general, seems to require resolution of modeling and execution challenges. Some of the challenges are identified and related solution approaches are described.
Review of Past Work on Liquid Breakdown

The electrical breakdown of liquid dielectrics is a complicated process and there is no single theory that explains all the experimental results. Specific experimental conditions will be the determining factor as to which of the several mechanisms will be operative. Because of poor control of liquid purity prior to 1950 the large scatter of breakdown measurements had precluded a determination of factors controlling the intrinsic dielectric strength. During the fifties it became possible to measure a breakdown strength which depends upon a particular variable, other variables being held constant. This is done by giving special attention to chemical and physical purification (filtering) of the sample, close control of the electrode surface polish and geometry, and the use of pulsed voltages. Under these antiseptic laboratory conditions, the extrinsic mechanisms (which usually result in low values of breakdown) can be more or less avoided and one can measure a relatively high strength. These values can be reproduced by different investigators and serve as a basis for evaluation of theories of breakdown. More recently new techniques have been developed to investigate transient phenomena prior to, and in the early stages, of breakdown. These have supplied additional evidence concerning the mechanisms by which ionization leads to a conducting path between the electrodes. On the one hand, there are the mechanisms in which ionization occurs in the liquid phase while on the other, those in which it occurs in a gas (low density) phase produced prior to breakdown (bubble or cavitation theory).
The oxygen content of ocean bottom waters, the burial efficiency of organic carbon, and the regulation of atmospheric oxygen

Data for the burial efficiency of organic carbon with marine sediments have been compiled for 69 locations. The burial efficiency as here defined is the ratio of the quantity of organic carbon which is ultimately buried to that which reaches the sediment-water interface. As noted previously, the sedimentation rate exerts a dominant influence on the burial efficiency. The logarithm of the burial efficiency is linearly related to the logarithm of the sedimentation rate at low sedimentation rates. At high sedimentation rates the burial efficiency can exceed 50% and becomes nearly independent of the sedimentation rate. The residual of the burial efficiency after the effect of the sedimentation rate has been subtracted is a weak function of the O2 concentration in bottom waters. The scatter is sufficiently large, so that the effect of the O2 concentration in bottom waters on the burial efficiency of organic matter could be either negligible or a minor but significant part of the mechanism that controls the level of O2 in the atmosphere.
Oxygen: Kill or Cure? Prehospital Hyperoxia in the COPD Patient

High concentration oxygen therapy has long been a mainstay of prehospital treatment. Guidelines for its administration have for many years also cautioned its use with patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).1 Successive guidelines and prehospital textbooks have advocated the use of 28% oxygen masks and re‐emphasised the importance of the dangers of hyperoxia, often drawing upon the classic theory of hypoxic drive. Despite this, the reality remains that ambulance crews have tended to overoxygenate such patients. One study demonstrated that 80% of patients sampled with acute exacerbation of their COPD received oxygen in excess of 28% from the ambulance crew.2 Is this a worrying development or a reassuring sign that prehospital providers are rightly more concerned about the dangers of hypoxia than hyperoxia? And if the guidelines are right, then how are the hearts and minds of ambulance paramedics and technicians won?
Reference Response to a Consumer Health Query

This article reviews the reference responses of consumer health reference librarians to a specific query. The query represented the information needed by a health consumer to make an evidence-based hospital referral for the treatment of dystonia with deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery. The study area included northern New England and Massachusetts.
Thermodynamics of solution of 1-, 2-, and 3-hexyne, and 1,5- and 2,4-hexadiyne in n-tetracosane, n-nonadecylcyclohexane, di-n-dodecyl ether, and di-n-dodecyl thioether at 349.15 K using gas-liquid chromatography

Abstract Thermodynamic properties of solution of five six-carbon acetylenic solutes in two alkane and two ether solvents were measured at 349.15 K using g.l.c. There is a specific attraction between the triple bond and ether oxygen or sulfur atoms, which is enhanced by the presence of an acetylenic hydrogen atom. Both triple bonds in the diynes are able to interact with solvent hetero-atoms simultaneously. The rod-like nature of 2,4-hexadiyne results in extremely strong solute-solvent attraction which is, to a large degree, independent of the solvent.
Information Literacy and Digital Access

Copyright: © 2014 Hadley AJ. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. I am a digital immigrant. Having begun undergraduate study in speech-language pathology in 1979 and completing my master’s degree in 1984, my native territory involved index cards, depositing many dimes into a photo copier, and waiting weeks or months for articles to arrive in the mail. These practices seem ancient and foreign to the digital natives I now teach as an Associate Professor of Communication Disorders. I completed a doctoral degree after the turn of the millennium. That journey marked my immigration to the world of digital information. I am now honored to be invited to write an editorial for the inaugural edition of the Journal of Communication Disorders, Deaf Studies, and Hearing Aids, an Open Access journal.
Spectroscopy Applied to On-Road Mobile Source Emissions

Not to be confused with emission spectroscopy, the detection of mobile source emissions by means of a remote sensing device (RSD) is almost entirely an application of absorption spectroscopy. In this article we discuss the application to measurement of individual vehicle emissions remotely as the vehicle drives by in its normal driving mode. Most studies and commercial implementation have involved automobiles and light duty trucks. However, the same technology has been applied to heavy duty trucks, locomotives, snowmobiles and airplanes in taxi and takeoff modes. The challenge in all these applications is to make precisely collocated absorption measurements at 100 Hz in both the UV and IR regions of the spectrum with low noise. The ability to measure 1/1000 absorbance units is necessary. The only compensating advantage is that an individual vehicle measurement cycle is over in one second or less, such that slow instrument drift becomes unimportant. The results are all measured as a ratio to the measured emission of CO2 and calibrated by means of a certified cylinder with known ratios. Using these ratios, the end result for each vehicle can be expressed as mass emissions per kg or per L of fuel as well as the emissions % which would be measured were the vehicle equipped with a tailpipe probe and emissions measurement system (corrected for any excess air which might be in the exhaust manifold).
Dihedral angle restriction within a peptide-based tertiary alcohol kinetic resolution catalyst

Abstract Kinetic resolution of several tertiary alcohols has been evaluated with a peptide-based catalyst that was designed to probe the role of dihedral angle restrictions for certain bonds within the catalyst. In particular, the nucleophilic residue (π-Me)–His has been replaced with the (β-Me)–(π-Me)–His. A synthesis of the key residue is presented, along with characterization data that suggests the substituent exerts a substantial ground state conformational effect. In addition, kinetic resolution data indicate that the H- to Me-substitution confers enhanced stereoselectivity in several tertiary alcohol resolutions.
Development of an automated plant culture system

An apparatus was constructed that could be used to grow plant tissues, organs, and whole plantlets under sterile conditions. This system accommodated independent or multiple concurrent growth of cultures. Growth of plants either equalled or exceeded that observed using the manual transfer procedure. The automated plant culture system (APCS) consists of silicone tubing, 2 impeller pumps, 2 glass medium reservoir bottles, a 3-way stainless steel valve, a plant culture chamber, and an interface module containing relay boards. Control of the APCS is through interfacing with a microcomputer (e.g. Apple IIe or Atari 400). The computer controlled medium introduction, evacuation, and replenishment in a sterile environment. The APCS was inexpensively constructed and provides a labor-saving, long-term method to culture plants in vitro.
Cognitive interviewing in risk minimization survey development: patient and healthcare professional surveys

Risk minimization programs are often required for selected drugs and other products to ensure that the benefits of these prescription products outweigh their risks. Regulators in the USA and Europe have recently called for more rigorous standards in developing measures for risk minimization program assessment. Cognitive pretesting interviews are a critical step in the development of survey instruments used to evaluate patients' and healthcare professionals' knowledge and behaviors associated with the safe use of products requiring a risk minimization program. This article is intended as a guide for the researcher who is charged with the development of survey instruments used in these programs and focuses on the role of cognitive pretesting interviews in successful survey instrument design, data analysis and interpretation.
Causes of motivational problems among AI managers

A survey of members of the American Association of Artificial Intelligence revealed that AI managers perceived their jobs less motivational than do their subordinates. A second survey was undertaken to ascertain the causes. Seven principal causes were postulated and a structured interview was conducted with 22 AI managers, the majority of whom were first-line managers. The results showed that almost three-quarters would rather be doing AI work than managing it. Two-thirds were dissatisfied with the current technology in AI. In addition, in most cases the applications chosen for initial demonstration of the validity of AI were not challenging. In some companies there are jurisdictional problems concerning which organizations should have principal responsibility for developing AI applications. Also revealed in the survey was a threshold of new problems which will make motivation even more difficult. Although the survey sample is small, it provided enough information to be able to suggest approaches for improving motivation.
Skin-specific alloantigens in miniature swine

Background. The acceptance of skin allografts has historically been among the most challenging problems in the field of transplantation, attributed, at least in part, to the existence of antigens expressed by skin but not by other tissues. Many studies have suggested the existence of skin-specific antigens in rodents, but data in large-animal models are more limited. Methods. We have recently developed protocols for attaining stable mixed hematopoietic chimerism in miniature swine, using MHC-matched donors and recipients. We have now assessed tolerance to donor-derived skin and cardiac allografts in these chimeric animals. Results. Skin-graft rejection was seen in four of six animals receiving skin grafts taken from the respective hematopoietic donors. In the other two animals, donor-derived skin grafts survived indefinitely. No cardiac-allograft rejection was observed in mixed-chimeric animals that received heart transplants from their hematopoietic donors, even in animals that had already rejected skin allografts from the same donors. In all animals assessed, in vitro hyporesponsiveness to donor hematopoietic cells persisted. Conclusion. These findings support the concept that skin expresses immunogenic alloantigens that either are not expressed or are not immunogenic in cardiac or hematopoietic tissue.
High-performance liquid chromatographic purification of the hydrophobic ω subunit of the chloroplast energy coupling complex

Abstract The ω subunit of the coupling complex contains ca. 80% hydrophobic residues. It is therefore insoluble in aqueous buffers and can be most easily isolated in organic solvents. High-performance liquid chromatographic procedures were developed for rapid purification of the subunit by developing a Whatman M9 column of Partisil 10 ODS with step gradients of acetonitrile, methanol and trifluoroacetic acid. This procedure was limited by a smaller peptide, bound to and eluted with the ω subunit when the protein concentration on the column decreased. A preliminary purification by Sephadex LH-20 chromatography was necessary to remove lipids and/or other proteins, which, if not removed caused the column to become clogged. An alternative procedure employed ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography on a Synchropak AX 300 column. The protein was applied in chloroform—methanol and eluted with a gradient of 3 mM to 20 mM ammonium acetate in chloroform—methanol—water. The latter procedure had the advantage of permitting chromatography of greater loads of impure protein solution without loss of resolution or clogging of the column.
Input impedance of a small loop of uniform electric current in an anisotropic cold plasma

The impedance of a small loop of uniform electric current immersed in a magnetoionic medium is studied for the case of a steady magnetic field normal to the plane of the loop. The quasistatic input impedance is calculated, and a first-order correction term is obtained. The impedance in a uniaxial medium is also given.
Cell lineage relationships in the imaginal wing disc of Drosophila melanogaster

An account is given of the patterns of cell lineage in the wing and mesonotum, the derivatives of the imaginal wing disc of Drosophila melanogaster. The system was analyzed using somatic crossing over, induced by X-rays at specific stages of development. Clonally related cells occupy longitudinal stripes in the wing, and this is interpreted to mean that cell divisions are oriented in the developing disc. Clonally related cells occupy irregularly shaped areas in the mesonotum, but some nonrandomness is detectable. The data indicate that, in the embryo, presumptive wing disc cells are not determined as between upper wing, lower wing, and mesonotum. In the larva, however, the anlagen of these three structures are represented by separate populations of proliferating cells within the disc. These groups of cells have distinct rates and patterns of cell division. The data were used to estimate cell numbers in the three parts of the disc at various stages of development. It appears that the growth rates of the parts of the wing disc are constant throughout larval development. The results are discussed in relation to problems of morphogenesis in imaginal discs.
Tracking unstable orbits in chaos using dissipative feedback control

Using a form of linear feedback we call dissipative feedback control, we show how to use external forcing to control a chaotic dynamical system to a fixed point or an unstable periodic orbit when the location of the fixed point or unstable periodic orbit may change slowly with time. The ability to follow a desired state of the system by an external control even when that state is slowly varying in time we call tracking. This slow ``drift'' of states is the usual situation in actual experimental realizations of chaotic systems in nonlinear circuits and other physical manifestations, and this drift can be accounted for by providing a slow dynamics for the location of the fixed point or periodic orbit. We discuss the theoretical aspects of this idea and show its feasibility in some experiments with nonlinear circuits with chaotic behavior.
Early drug use and quits and discharges among adolescent males

Abstract This paper examines the effects of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine use on labor market stability. Unlike previous work, this study uses more reliable measures of labor supply-quits and discharges-as dependent variables. This study has two objectives: (a) determine whether early drug usage causes or is related to labor market instability and (b) whether it is time-intensive or goods-intensive. Significant drug coefficients reveal: adolescent males who had early usage of all three substances experience more quits and discharges in the job market implying that drug activity causes labor market instability. On the other hand, usage of alcohol only, implies lower number of quits and discharges from work. Use of alcohol and marijuana only is shown to be time-intensive. The data set from the NLSY male cohort are used.
Lymphopoiesis. Transcription factors controlling B-cell development.

Abstract Two structurally dissimilar transcriptional regulators, E2A and Pax-5, have been shown to play essential roles in B-cell development; the p50 subunit of NF κ B, by contrast, is required for normal immune responses.
Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) and ISG15-linked proteins can associate with members of the selective autophagic process, histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) and SQSTM1/p62.

Abstract The ubiquitin-like interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) and its specific E1, E2, and E3 enzymes are transcriptionally induced by type I IFNs. ISG15 conjugates newly synthesized proteins. ISG15 linkage to proteins appears to be an important downstream IFN signaling event that discriminates cellular and pathogenic proteins synthesized during IFN stimulation from existing proteins. This eliminates potentially pathogenic proteins as the cell attempts to return to normal homeostasis after IFN “stressed” conditions. However, the molecular events that occur in this process are not well known. Here, we show that the C-terminal LRLRGG of ISG15 interacts with the binder of ubiquitin zinc finger (BUZ) domain of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). Because HDAC6 is involved in the autophagic clearance of ubiquitinated aggregates during which SQSTM1/p62 plays a major role as a cargo adapter, we also were able to confirm that p62 binds to ISG15 protein and its conjugated proteins upon forced expression. Both HDAC6 and p62 co-localized with ISG15 in an insoluble fraction of the cytosol, and this co-localization was magnified by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. In addition, ISG15 was degraded via the lysosome. Overexpression of ISG15, which leads to an increased conjugation level of the cellular proteome, enhanced autophagic degradation independently of IFN signaling transduction. These results thus indicate that ISG15 conjugation marks proteins for interaction with HDAC6 and p62 upon forced stressful conditions likely as a step toward autophagic clearance.
Inhibition of the effects of thyroxine by 5,5-diphenyl-2-thiohydantoin

Abstract 5,5-Diphenyl-2-thiohydantoin (DPTH), the sulfur analog of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin (dilantin), inhibited the induction of rat tissue mitochondrial α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) and the stimulation of whole-body metabolic rate by exogenous thyroxine (T 4 ). It did not affect the tissue uptake, the biliary excretion, or the enterohepatic recirculation of T 4 . Like propylthiouracil, it increased the serum protein-bound iodine (and free T 4 ) when exogenous T 4 was given, and decreased the deiodination in vivo of the hormone. In thyroidectomized rats, DPTH did not inhibit the stimulation of general protein synthesis produced by exogenous T 4 , and it had only a little or no effect on the induction of glucose 6-phosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, and malic enzyme by T 4 , or on the induction of tyrosine transaminase by hydrocortisone. The inhibition of GPD induction by DPTH could not be explained by its effects on the general distribution or metabolism of T 4 .
Delivery and movement of horseshoe crab eggs (Limulus polyphemus) in the breaking waves and swash uprush of an estuarine foreshore

Abstract Knowledge of conditions for entrainment of eggs and larvae from beach spawning sites is critical in determining the likelihood that these food sources will be delivered to shorebirds. The exhumation of horseshoe crab eggs buried within the beach foreshore is a function of changes in wave and current velocities over a tidal cycle. This field study was conducted to evaluate the temporal constraints to egg release at two different locations across the foreshore of a sandy estuarine beach in Delaware Bay, New Jersey. Wind, wave, current characteristics, beach change and eggs in transport were sampled over two tidal cycles. Egg counts were determined using four colors of dyed-egg tracers placed as point sources 5 and 10 m bayward of the expected upper limit of swash. Tracer recovery varied from 1% to 18% of the tracer eggs buried. Wave heights were relatively low (instrumented Hs = 0.09–0.17 m) but with long periods (5.6–8.8 s). Results reveal that egg release is discontinuous and occurs in pulses when the swash and breakers migrate across the injection points on the rising tide and when the breakers migrate past the injection points during the falling tide. A lack of tracer at the upper (5 m) injection point after early stages of high tide is likely due to the maximum disturbance depth being achieved early, leaving no eggs within the swash boundary layer. Peaks in recovery of tracer initially buried at the lower (10 m) location after the breakers migrated up the foreshore well past the injection location are likely from eggs deposited in the wrack on the upper beach or reburied in the sediment near the upper limit of swash and remobilized by high swash uprushes. These results using point sources of tracer eggs suggest that the contribution of eggs from within the beach matrix is temporally variable across the foreshore. Most eggs are released during rising tide, but additional eggs can be released during falling tide if the depth of activation of the bed is greater than on the rise due to net erosion or change to higher wave-energy conditions. Successful shorebird foraging at other times in the falling tide appears due to transport of eggs released earlier in the tidal cycle and delivered alongshore and not due to eggs exhumed in-situ at that time.