cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new scheme for measuring itinerant spin polarizations

Abstract An optical method for the measurement of itinerant electron spin polarization is proposed. It is based on the idea that when an itinerant electron is injected into a p -type semiconductor with a valence band spin orbit splitting ⪢ kT , the polarization of the resulting recombination radiation is characteristic of the spin polarization. The feasibility and advantages of this technique are discussed.
Importance of Clothing and Self-Esteem Among Adolescents

Society recognizes the role of clothing as a communicator of information during social interaction and as an aid in the establishment of self-identity. As an adolescent builds self-identity, self-e...
Independent Ground Monitor Coverage of GPS Satellites

The Federal Aviation Administration plans to independently monitor signals in space from the Global Positioning System (GPS) for the purpose of providing immediate awareness to civil aviation users of the operational status of GPS when it is used in the National Airspace System. The operational status will be disseminated to Air Traffic Control and will possibly be broadcast from ground monitoring stations to GPS aviation users via a dedicated integrity channel. An algorithm is described that measures the coverage of a configuration of ground monitoring station locations, and is applied to several different configurations of ground monitoring stations to compare the coverage provided. Also included are the resulting ground monitoring station configurations that give the best coverage of GPS signals for several specific geographical areas, the conterminous United States (CONUS), Canada, and Alaska.
Novel handwashes are superior to soap and water in removal of Clostridium difficile spores from the hands

We examined the efficacy of 5 experimental handwash formulations in removing nontoxigenic Clostridium difficile spores from the hands of health care workers. Handwashing with sand resulted in an additional 0.5-log reduction in spore recovery compared with the current standard of soap and water.
Simple and Inexpensive Design for an Isolated Droplet Generator Useful in Studies of Atomization in Flames

A new design is presented for a droplet generator useful in studies of atomization processes in analytical flames. Based in part on medium-scale integrated circuitry, the design is superior in performance to earlier models and is far simpler to construct. Fabrication details are provided and the performance of the new device is assessed.
TGFα is Dispensable for Skin Tumorigenesis in Tg.AC Mice

Alterations in growth factor signaling pathways frequently accompany the development and maintenance of epithelial neoplasia. Transforming growth factor a (TGFa) and its epidermal growth factor receptor have been thought to play an especially important role in epithelial neoplasia. In this study, mice were derived genetically deficient (null) in functional TGFa expression and carrying the Tg.AC/v-Ha-rus transgene. The goals were to determine if (a) papillomagenesis was dependent on TGFa and (b) progression to malignancy was dependent on TGFa expression. Groups of male and female mice heterozygous or homozygous for the TGFa null allele and hemizygous for the Tg.AC transgene were treated twice weekly for 10 or 15 wk with doses of 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA) known to produce papillomas in Tg.AC mice. Papillomas were readily induced in both male and female TGFa null mice. Malignant progression of papillomas was observed in all TGFa null treatment groups. Additionally. we examined the response of TGFa null mice to full thickness dorsal wounds, a stimulus known to promote papillomagenesis in Tg.AC mice. As in the TPA study, papillomas were induced in both male and female TGFa null mice. These studies indicate that TGFa is not required for the induction and maintenance of papillomas nor is it essential for the malignant conversion of papillomas in TgAC mice.
Atomic Wave Function Forms

Using variational Monte Carlo, we compare the features of 118 trial wave function forms for selected ground and excited states of helium, lithium, and beryllium in order to determine which characteristics give the most rapid convergence toward the exact nonrelativistic energy. We find that fully antisymmetric functions are more accurate than are those which use determinants, that exponential functions are more accurate than are linear function, and that the Pade function is anomalously ´ accurate for the two-electron atom. We also find that the asymptotic and nodal behavior of the atomic wave function is best described by a minimal set of functions. Q 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 63: 1001)1022, 1997
Combining dissimilar senses: central processing of hydrodynamic and chemosensory inputs in aquatic crustaceans.

Aquatic environments are by their nature dy- namic and dominated by fluid movements driven by lunar tides, temperature and salinity density gradients, wind- driven currents, and currents generated by the earth's rota- tion. Accordingly, animals within the aquatic realm must be able to sense and respond to both large-scale (advection) and small-scale (eddy turbulence) fluid dynamics, for chem- ical signals critically important for their survival are em- bedded within such movements. Aquatic crustaceans possess many types of near-field fluid-flow detectors and two general classes of chemorecep- tors on their body appendages: high-threshold, near-field receptors that may be somewhat equated with the sense of taste, and low-threshold far-field receptors that can be con- sidered as olfactory. This review briefly summarizes the distribution of hydrodynamic and high-threshold chemore- ceptors in aquatic crustaceans and the physiological char- acteristics of olfactory receptors in lobsters; it also examines recent physiological evidence for the central nervous inte- gration of inputs from olfactory receptors and hydrody- namic detectors, two dissimilar senses that must be com- bined within the brain for survival. Marine crustaceans have provided valuable insights about mechanisms of primary olfactory sensory physiology; their additional sensitivity to hydrodynamic stimulation makes them a potentially useful model for examining how these two critical sensory inputs are combined within the brain to enhance foraging behavior. Multimodal sensory processing is critically important to all animals, and the principles and concepts derived from these crustacean studies may provide generalities about neuronal processing across taxa.
Reasons for Altruism

This essay considers whether acts of altruism can be rational. Rational choice, according to the standard instrumentalist model, consists of maximizing one's utility, or more precisely, maximizing one's utility subject to a budget constraint. We seek the point of highest utility lying within our limited means. The term ‘utility’ could mean a number of different things, but in recent times utility has usually been interpreted as preference satisfaction (and thus utility functions are sometimes called preference functions). To have a preference is to care, to want one alternative more than another.
Understanding organ transplantation in the USA using geographical social networks

As of December 2011, 110,629 Americans are waiting for an organ transplant and yet only 28,664 people received organ transplants in 2010. This fact alone demonstrates the USA is facing an organ shortage crisis. Added to this, there is strong evidence that the organs made available are not being used efficiently, with 20 % of them going unused (for kidneys). It is tempting to investigate how new allocation policies could be implemented, but it would be more prudent to first understand the structure of the organ donation system in the USA. In spite of availability of data on transplants, to our knowledge no proper analysis has been done using the available data. This paper looks at organ transplantation data and what its structure may reveal about the allocation process currently in place. In order to structure the data, we used techniques from network sciences to build a network of locations (henceforth called a geographical social network, GSN) representing all transplants in the USA since 1987—locations represent states or zipcodes in the USA. This social structure is then analyzed using techniques from network sciences to bring clarity to the organ donation process. One of the main items in organ donation policies is the issue of locality which argues that allocation mechanisms should try to prioritize patients who are near the location where the organ became available. This is an important issue because the longer the organ takes to be transplanted the worse its quality. We show that network science techniques may shed some light on this process and demonstrate inconsistencies across different organs.
Botulinum Toxin: Novel Treatment for Dramatic Urethral Dilatation Associated With Dysfunctional Voiding

A 7-year-old girl with previously diagnosed fetal alcohol syndrome presented with a 3-year history of lower urinary tract infections and daytime wetting. There was no history of febrile urinary tract infections, constipation or soiling. Renal ultrasound showed normal kidneys with mild bladder wall thickening. Voiding cystourethrography revealed no reflux but dramatic circumferential urethral dilatation and decompensation (part A of figure). Urodynamics demonstrated uninhibited contractions with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia, which is typical of the pediatric uninhibited bladder. Therapy with behavioral modification, prophylactic antibiotics and anticholinergics was unsuccessful in controlling wetting andor urinary tract infections. Therefore, cystoscopy and periurethral injection of botulinum-A toxin were performed. Endoscopy revealed the urethra to be dilated circumferentially. The bladder neck was normal and there was tight coaptation of the external sphincter. This area was injected
Planar integration of a long range surface plasmon waveguide with an inverted metal-semiconductor-metal photodetector on silicon

A long range surface plasmon polariton (LR-SPP) insulator-metal-insulator waveguide was integrated with a thin film In x Ga 1-x As-based photodetector (PD) on silicon for planar detection of LR-SPPs, and demonstrated coupling from the LR-SPP to the PD.
Space vector PWM control of dual three phase induction machine using vector space decomposition

The technique of vector space decomposition control of voltage source inverter fed dual three-phase induction machines is presented in this paper. By vector space decomposition, the analytical modeling and control of the machine are accomplished in three two-dimensional orthogonal subspaces and the dynamics of the electromechanical energy conversion related and the nonelectromechanical energy conversion related machine variables are thereby totally decoupled. A space vector PWM technique is also developed based on the vector space decomposition to limit the 5th, 7th, 17th, 19th,... harmonic currents which in such a system would be otherwise difficult to control. The techniques developed in this paper can be generalized for the control of an induction machine with an arbitrary number of phases. >
Altered male physiologic function after surgery for prostate cancer: couple perspective

Purpose: Both the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) and the physiologic outcomes of surgical treatment impact the male’s psychological sphere. However, current research advocates a refocusing of outcomes directed to the PCa “couple”. Herein we acquire insight into perspective and concordance regarding male physiological function from the standpoint of a couple recovering from PCa surgery. Materials and methods: Couples whereby the male partner had undergone primary surgical treatment for PCa were mailed a Retrospective Sexual Survey (RSS) packet consisting of male and female partner questionnaires. RSS questions surveyed physiological changes in libido, foreplay, erection and arousal, orgasm and ejaculation in addition to perceived psychological impact. Patients’ and partners’ scores were evaluated to determine the concordance of both individual items as well as domain sums. Results: Twenty-eight couples completed the questionnaires. Only about 40% of men and women were happy with their levels of sexual interest with 82% concordance. Urine loss during orgasm was reported by 43% of men; the majority of participants were bothered by it. Ejaculation changes were observed by 96% of men (concordance 96%) with most reporting anejaculation. A change in orgasm experience was noted by 86% of men (and 36% of their female partners, p < 0.0001). Despite the change, the majority of men and women reported being satisfied with their ability to climax. Conclusion: Our results indicate that patients and their female partners may interpret differently the same physiological outcomes of PCa surgery. This information could be useful to better counsel the PCa couple and help patients and partners adjust after surgery.
Comparison of TID Effects in Space-Like Variable Dose Rates and Constant Dose Rates

The degradation of the LM193 dual voltage comparator has been studied at different TID dose rate profiles, including several different constant dose rates and a variable dose rate that simulates the behavior of a solar flare. A comparison of results following constant dose rate vs. variable dose rates is made to explore how well the constant dose rates used for typical part testing predict the performance during a simulated space-like mission. Testing at a constant dose rate equal to the lowest dose rate seen during the simulated flare provides an extremely conservative estimate of the overall amount of degradation. A constant dose rate equal to the average dose rate is also more conservative than the variable rate. It appears that, for this part, weighting the dose rates by the amount of total dose received at each rate (rather than the amount of time at each dose rate) results in an average rate that produces an amount of degradation that is a reasonable approximation to that received by the variable rate.
Automated extraction of blood vessel networks from 3D microscopy image stacks via multi-scale principal curve tracing

Blood vessel segmentation, that is, extraction of the center lines and corresponding local cylinder radii are important for the study of vascular diseases, and in the brain also important for the modeling and understanding of relationships between hemodynamics and electrical neural activity. Several image processing methods have been proposed for vessel extraction in many domains including those that explore the use of pattern recognition techniques, model-based approaches, tracking based approaches, artificial based approaches, neural network based approaches, and miscellaneous tube-like object detection approaches. In this paper, we propose a ridge tracing approach based on recently developed principal curve (PC) projection and tracing algorithms for the extraction of vasculature networks in the brain from 3D microscopy image stacks. Results on mice brain imagery obtained for the purpose of studying hemodynamic effects on neural activity are promising.
Effect of Preventing Coprophagy in the Rat on Neutral Detergent Fiber Digestibility and Apparent Calcium Absorption

The effect of coprophagy on apparent neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility, and calcium absorption was evaluated by housing rats in four types of cages: regular, metabolic, and two anticoprophagy cages: a short linear tube cage which allowed the rat forward and backward movement of about one-half a body length and a long tube cage assembled to form a square which allowed the rat to move in one direction through the tube but not turn around. Three-day weight gains of animals in the regular or metabolism cages were greater than those of rats housed in either anticoprophagy cage. In contrast, average food intake did not differ among the four housing conditions. Wet, but not dry, fecal weights were greater in the two groups of rats in the anticoprophagy cages. Neither fecal NDF (% dry wt) nor apparent NDF digestibility was affected by housing conditions. Apparent calcium absorption was decreased by the anticoprophagy housing. The differences in body weight and apparent calcium absorption suggest that prevention of coprophagy in the rats produces significant changes in the efficiency of food and nutrient utilization. The failure to detect differences in NDF digestibility indicates that coprophagy has little impact on the study of fiber digestibility. J. Nutr. 116: 1204-1208, 1986. INDEXING KEYWORDS coprophagy â€¢ rat â€¢ fiber digestibility â€¢ cal cium â€¢ neutral detergent fiber (NDF)
Effect of dilute acid pretreatment conditions and washing on the production of inhibitors and on recovery of sugars during wheat straw enzymatic hydrolysis

Pretreatment is an essential process to break down recalcitrant biomass and dilute acid hydrolysis is one of the most efficient and cost effective pretreatment technologies available today. However there are potential disadvantages in using dilute acid as a pretreatment, such as the production of degradation products, which inhibits the ensuing processing chain and limits its adoption. In this work, wheat straw was pretreated under varying dilute acid conditions; the resulting degradation products were determined and the quality of sugar stream generated via enzymatic saccharification was monitored. The dilute acid pretreatment conditions were: temperatures of 140 and 160 °C, sulfuric acid concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 dm3 m−3 and reaction times of 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 min. Pretreated wheat straw was washed with six dilutions of water and hydrolyzed with commercial cellulase enzymes for 24–48 h. Optimal conditions for pretreating wheat straw were determined as: 140 °C, 10 dm3 m−3 sulfuric acid concentration and a 30 min reaction time. At these conditions, the glucose yield from wheat straw was maximized at 89% of the theoretical maximum, while the concentrations of formic acid, furfural, acetic acid and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural were 32.37 ± 4.91, 12.08 ± 1.69, 7.98 ± 1.02 and 1.14 ± 0.22 g kg−1, respectively. Increases in pretreatment severity led to increases in inhibitor generation, as well as a 27% reduction in monosaccharide yield. Rinsing with deionized water was effective in removing inhibitors, such as 86% of furfural. The formation of inhibitors was thus observed to depend on dilute acid pretreatment conditions.
An error energy shaping interpretation of tracking controllers for mechanical systems

This paper interprets tracking control as shaping the energy of the error between the system trajectory and the reference trajectory. First, a notion of degenerate mechanical systems is introduced extending the ideas of kinetic energy, potential energy, and dissipation. These systems are based on Riemannian vector bundles to allow for degenerate kinetic energies. The familiar asymptotic stability results of mechanical systems are then extended to these degenerate mechanical systems. Asymptotic tracking is accomplished by choosing the control inputs to force the error to be a degenerate mechanical system.
The Use of a Twelve ‐ Band Digital Video System As a Remote Sensing Research Tool

Abstract The objective of this paper is to present multispectral imagery acquired with a twelve‐band airborne digital video imagery system (ADVIS) to demonstrate its potential use as a research tool for ascertaining spectral bands and/or band combinations to better characterize and assess natural resources. The ADVIS is capable of sequentially generating four real‐time TlF‐formatted digital false color composite images that can be readily displayed immediately after the flight mission in order to evaluate which composite image(s) provides better differences among land‐use cover types in scenes of interest. The imagery, however, needs to be registered for image processing and analysis. Emphasis is addressed to image comparisons of a visible false green color composite to a conventional color composite. The false green color imagery showed better differences among land use cover types than the conventional color imagery. The image comparison results showed that there are other visible spectral bands or band...
Statistical atlases and machine learning tools applied to optimized prostate biopsy for cancer detection and estimation of volume and Gleason score

We discuss the use of statistical atlases and machine learning tools for determining optimized biopsy procedures. Prostate cancer diagnosis most often involves the sampling of prostate tissue via placement of a number of biopsy needles in locations that are somewhat random but try to cover the gland. The purpose of this work is to establish optimal strategies for sampling the prostate tissue, using population statistics. In particular, a statistical atlas reflecting the spatial distribution of prostate cancer has been constructed via elastic registration of expert-labeled histological 3D volumes of radical prostatectomy patients[1]. This atlas reflects the probability of encountering prostate carcinoma at a given location in the gland.
Delivering Therapy for Hepatitis C Virus Infection to Incarcerated HIV-Seropositive Patients

The increase in morbidity and mortality due to end-stage liver disease has fueled recent guidelines that recommend consideration of treatment for hepatitis C in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Unfortunately, studies indicate that few patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are treated for their underlying hepatitis because of ongoing substance abuse, depression, chaotic lifestyles, homelessness, and perceived nonadherence. The structured environment of the prison system enables clinicians to provide complicated therapies for HCV to HIV-infected patients in combination with substance abuse programs. Furthermore, adherence to and adverse effects of therapy can be closely monitored. Offering treatment for HCV infection during incarceration to HIV-seropositive persons is highly efficient and targets underserved minority patients who have limited access to care in the community.
CP-93,129: A Potent and Selective Agonist for the Serotonin (5-HT1B) Receptor and Rotationally Restricted Analog of RU-24,969

The in vitro and in vivo characteristics of CP-93,129 [Structure 1 in Figure 1, 3-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrid-4-yl)-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrid-5-one] are described. This rotationally restricted phenolic analog of RU-24,969 is a potent (15 nm) and selective (200 × vs. the 5-HT1A receptor, 150 × vs. the 5-HT1D receptor) functional agonist for the 5-HT1B receptor. Direct infusion of CP-93, I29 into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus of rats significantly inhibits food intake, implicating the role of 5-HT1B receptors in regularing feeding behavior in rodents. CP-93,129 has also been shown to be biochemically discriminatory in its ability to selectively inhibit forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity only at the 5-HT1B receptor. The source of the selectivity of CP-93,129 appears to lie in the ability of a pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrid5-one to act as a rotationally restricted bioisosteric replacement for 5-hydroxyindole.
Using network analysis to assess the evolution of organizational collaboration in response to a major environmental health threat

Effective inter-organizational collaboration is essential to a community's ability to leverage social and material resources for community problem solving, particularly in the face of complex public health problems. This study used network analysis to document the evolution of collaboration among 21 organizations in the Tar Creek Superfund site in northeastern Oklahoma from 1997 to 2005. The Tar Creek Superfund site was part of a major lead and zinc mining operation and suffers from widespread heavy metal contamination. An organizational network of 21 organizations and a subset of eight tribes were assessed through interviews at three points in time for density and centrality. In addition to collaboration on any topic, we examined information exchange and joint planning related to lead. Density scores were consistently higher in 2005 than in 1997 for both the full and tribal networks. Centralization indices for information exchange showed a marked reduction in the hierarchical structure of information exchange over time. Of particular note is that tribal linkages with local, state and federal agencies increased over time, as did inter-tribal linkages to address the lead issue.
Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Revision reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) introduces several diagnostic and technical challenges in comparison with primary ACL reconstruction. With the increasing numbers of original reconstructions combined with the continued expectation of high-level athletic participation, revision ACL reconstruction is likely to become more frequent. The purpose of this article was to summarize the causes of failure and the evaluation of the patient with recurrent instability. A review of the literature regarding results after revision ACL reconstruction was performed to assist in the decision-making process and patient counseling. Good results can be obtained in terms of functional stability after revision reconstruction, but chondral and meniscal injury as well as unrecognized associated pathologic instability may play a role in diminished outcomes. In addition, a wide variety of surgical techniques are reviewed to address problems associated with tunnel malposition, widening, and pre-existing hardware.
New directions in DC-DC power conversion based on idealized concepts leading ultimately to the asymmetrical duty-cycle power converter

Following the precepts of an ideal DC-DC power converter, the asymmetrical duty-cycle power converter, a zero-switching loss converter, is, in a demonstrable way, a new direction in DC power conversion. Its benefits include low conduction loss, low EMI generation, and lossless switching. This paper includes conceptual discourse on the nature of the asymmetrical converter, as well as experimental results.
Eastern White Pine Flowering in Response to Spray Application of Gibbrellin A4/7 or ProconeTM

Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) is an important forestry species in the northeastern and midwestern United States and in eastern Canada. Induction of early and reliable flowering and cone production will shorten the breeding cycle and aid in the development of genetically improved white pine. The objective of this study was to determine if a foliar spray application of gibberellin A4/7(GA4/7) or ProConeTM would induce both male and female strobili on young grafted eastern white pine selected for white pine blister rust resistance. Trees were sprayed (500 mg L-1) weekly in 1998 during the period of rapid shoot elongation (mid-May through July), for a total of 11 applications. Flowering data were collected June 15, 1999. Twenty-five out of 53 genotypes produced male strobili. For all genotypes studied, the total number of male strobili clusters per tree (and the mean number +/-SE of pollen-cones per c1uster) produced with GA4/7, ProConeTM, or untreated controls were: 643 (7.1 +/- 0.3); 574 (7.9 +/- 0.3); and 79 (8.3 +/- 0.8), respectively. Twenty out of 53 genotypes produced female strobili. For all genotypes studied, the total number of female strobili per tree (and the mean number +/-SE of female strobili per shoot) produced with GA4/7 ProConeTM, or untreated controls were: 87 (1.1 +/- 0.1); 130 (1.3 +/- 0.1); and 33 (0.6 +/- 0.1), respectively. Eleven genotypes produced both male and female strobili. Control trees that flowered may have been the result of spray drift. The results indicate that a foliar spray application of GA4/7 or ProConeTM at 500 mg L-1 will induce both male and female strobili, but not on all selected genotypes of eastern white pine.
Lessons learned from exploring the backtracking paradigm on the GPU

We explore the backtracking paradigm with properties seen as sub-optimal for GPU architectures, using as a case study the maximal clique enumeration problem, and find that the presence of these properties limit GPU performance to approximately 1.4-2.25 times a single CPU core. The GPU performance "lessons" we find critical to providing this performance include a coarse-and-fine-grain parallelization of the search space, a low-overhead load-balanced distribution of work, global memory latency hiding through coalescence, saturation, and shared memory utilization, and the use of GPU output buffering as a solution to irregular workloads and a large solution domain. We also find a strong reliance on an efficient global problem structure representation that bounds any efficiencies gained from these lessons, and discuss the meanings of these results to backtracking problems in general.
Fiber Bragg Gratings for 50 GHz Add/Drop Multiplexing Applications

The fundamental properties critical for the application of fiber Bragg gratings to adding or dropping channels in 50 GHz dense WDM systems are discussed. A figure of merit based on the grating transmission and reflection bandwidths and spectral shifts over time and temperature is proposed. The flatness of the grating in transmission is shown to increase by appropriate design of the host fiber. Additionally, the chromatic dispersion of the grating in the reflected band is briefly reviewed.
Susceptibility of Male and Female Mice to the Nephrotoxic and Hepatotoxic Properties of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons.

SummaryMale and female mice were tested for their susceptibility to the nephro-toxic properties of chloroform and 1,1,2-trichloroe thane. Renal dysfunction, as determined by phenolsulfonephthalein excretion was demonstrated in male mice with chloroform at 0.078 ml/kg and 0.17 ml/kg for 1,112-trichloroethane. Renal dysfunction could not be produced in female mice with chloroform and 1,1,2-trichloroethane, even at lethal doses. Male and female mice were also tested for their susceptibility to the hepatotoxic properties of carbon tetrachloride. Liver dysfunction, as determined by elevated serum glu-tamic-pyruvic transaminase activity, could be demonstrated in both male and female mice at 0.009 ml/kg. No sex difference was observed in the 24-hour LD50 values for the three agents tested. This indicates that with these agents nephrotoxicity is not an important contributing factor in the deaths occurring during the first 24 hours.
Numerical Simulations of hypersonic boundary-layer instability with localized roughness

The effect of localized roughness on a Ma=4.8 boundary-layer and its instability is investigated by means of unsteady direct numerical simulations. The occurrence of special flow features, such as shocks, boundary-layer separation zones, streamwise vortices and streamwise streaks behind a three-dimensional square-shaped roughness element are discussed. In order to investigate the convective instability of the boundary layer downstream of the roughness, the steady-state flow field with roughness element has been perturbed with a small-amplitude perturbation of fixed frequency upstream of the element. The transformation of a first-mode instability wave upstream of the roughness into a strongly growing localized perturbation downstream of the square-shaped roughness is observed. Preliminary results for an oblique roughness are compared to results obtained for the square-shaped roughness.
Determination of melamine in milk and milk products by high performance liquid chromatography

Objective:To establish a method for the determination of melamine in milk and milk products by HPLC.Methods:Melamine in the sample was extracted with trichloroacetic acid-formic acid-methanol.After being purified with cation exchange solid phase extraction column,the sample solution was determined by HPLC.Results:Chromatographic conditions:5μC8(2)100A 4.6 mm×250 mm column.Mobile phase:acetonitrile: ion-pair buffer=15:85(v/v),flow rate 1.0 ml/min;wavelength:240 nm;column temperature 40℃.The relative standard deviation of the method was 1.5%～3.2%,and detection limit was 0.035 mg/kg with recovery of 98.1%～105.5%.Conclusion:The method is accurate and reliable and can be used for the determination of melamine in the milk and dairy products.
Temperature and stress field analysis of conical trapped joint C/C nozzle divergent section

The variation law of temperature and stress in divergent section at motor working was described by calculating temperature field and stress field.In order to determine temperature and pressure in nozzle,the gas was regarded as one-dimension isentropic flow.Based on axial symmetric finite element model,transient temperature field in nozzle was calculated.The temperature field was introduced into structure thermal stress analysis,then the nozzle divergent section bonding interface contact force,axial tensile stress and compress stress,inter-laminar shear stress were calculated.Compared with screw thread joint nozzle,the trapped joint C/C nozzle is an optimum structure design.
The Lenin—Stalin Telegrams and Budenny’s Failure to Aid Tukhachevsky

If any Soviet citizens had been eager for news about the Red Army’s Warsaw operation in mid-August, they would have been hard-pressed to find out much about it from reading their government’s official daily. On 15 August, for instance, although kvestiia published Trotsky’s order of the previous day under the usual banner: ‘Defence of Worker-Peasant Russia’, there were no corresponding items describing developments on the battle-field around Warsaw.3 No more attention was devoted to events on the Polish front than to events on other fronts. The featured articles dealt with an armistice recently signed with Finland, a report by President Kalinin on economic problems facing the re-public, and a long biographical sketch of the deposed Hungarian communist, Bela Kun. If Soviet leaders were preparing to risk total confrontation with the West by occupying Poland’s capital, they were certainly not preparing public opinion in Russia for such an all-out struggle.
Autocratic diffusion and cooperation: the impact of interests vs. ideology

ABSTRACTThis introductory essay argues that patterns of diffusion and cooperation among non-democratic regimes differ significantly in goal, mode, impulse, and scope. Autocracies that are guided by a dynamic, missionary ideology, such as interwar fascism and, less fervently, the Bolivarianism of Hugo Chavez, actively promote their new credo in a wide range of countries. Moreover, these messianic belief systems stimulate diffusion processes across the globe. A wide range of political leaders take inspiration from these missionary ideologies and emulate their values and ideas to a greater or lesser extent. By contrast, most authoritarian regimes in the contemporary era lack an expansive ideology and are driven mostly by political interests. International diffusion and cooperation among these regimes reflects mainly the defensive goal of immunization against Western efforts at democracy promotion. To guarantee regime survival, authoritarian great powers in the post-Cold War world, such as Russia and China, c...
AUGMENTATION OF MOUSE NATURAL KILLER CELL ACTIVITY BY ALLOANTIBODY: A REVERSE ADCC REACTION

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a reverse antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) reaction. The human leukemia cell line K562 is only moderately susceptible to lysis by mouse spleen cells but the effector cells treated with specific anti H-2 antiserum have considerably enhanced levels of anti-K562 natural killer (NK) activity. Alloantiserum NK augmentation can be demonstrated either by including the effector-cell reactive alloantiserum in the cytotoxicity incubation medium or by using effector-cell preparations pretreated with the alloantiserum. Anti-K562 NK activity of spleen-cell preparations depleted of T-cells, B-cells, or macrophages can still be augmented by alloantisera, indicating that T-cells, B-cells, and macrophages are not required in the NK activation process and that the alloantibody may exert its effect directly by binding to NK effector cells. Certain other NK-activating agents such as interferon, interferon inducers, and mitogens require a lag period of several hours before optimal NK augmentation takes place and their effects can invariably be blocked by actinomycin-D. A facilitated effector target interaction may be conceived in which the Fc region of effector-cell-bound antibody interacts with Fc receptors on target cells.
Historical Heterogeneity Predicts Smiling: Evidence from Large-Scale Observational Analyses

Facial behavior is a valuable source of informationabout an individual’s feelings and intentions. However, manyfactors combine to influence and moderate facial behaviorincluding personality, gender, context, and culture. Due to thehigh cost of traditional observational methods, the relationshipbetween culture and facial behavior is not well-understood. Inthe current study, we explored the sociocultural factors that influencefacial behavior using large-scale observational analyses.We developed and implemented an algorithm to automaticallyanalyze the smiling of 866,726 participants across 31 differentcountries. We found that participants smiled more when from acountry that is higher in individualism, has a lower populationdensity, and has a long history of immigration diversity (i.e.,historical heterogeneity). Our findings provide the first evidencethat historical heterogeneity predicts actual smiling behavior.Furthermore, they converge with previous findings using selfreportmethods. Taken together, these findings support thetheory that historical heterogeneity explains, and may evencontribute to the development of, permissive cultural displayrules that encourage the open expression of emotion.
Integral Operators in Random Matrix Theory

In this section we present some of the basic operator theory required before the applications to random matrix theory can be made.
SIVsmmPBj14: An Atypical Lentivirus

Among the various retrovirus-animal systems currently in use or in development as models for infection and disease induced by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the most relevant model is infection of macaque monkeys with simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs). In various macaque species the majority of SIV isolates exhibit a pathogenicity which varies from development of AIDS-like disease and death within 6–12 months, such as SIVDeltaB67o (Zhang et al. 1988) and SIVmac239 (Kestler et al. 1990), to long-term asymptomatic infection with slowly progressive disease and survival for as long as 4–5 years, such as SIVsmm9 infection of rhesus monkeys (McClure et al. 1989). These model systems have multiple parallels to HIV infection of humans and have therefore been useful not only for gaining insight into the natural history and pathogenesis of the primate Antiviruses but also for testing antiviral therapies and vaccines. In addition, infection of macaques with pathogenic molecularly cloned SIVs has been particularly valuable in identifying possible roles of accessory genes in disease development (Kestler et al. 1991; Lang et al. 1993) and regions of the genome associated with distinct tropisms and disease states (Desrosiers et al. 1991; Mori et al. 1992).
Kriging for Cut-Offs and Other Difficult Problems

Selective environmental remediation and environmental-justice regulations require prediction of processes above a cut-off. This is an example of a nonlinear question that includes other difficult problems such as predicting transformations of the process or predicting the spatial cumulative distribution function. In this paper, we explore the notion of matching variances and covariances of a multivariate predictor with its multivariate predictand (Aldworth and Cressie, 2001). The resulting predictor has useful unbiasedness properties for prediction of nonlinear spatial functional. Surfaces are rougher than kriging surfaces and, in a sense, represent a compromise between kriging and conditional simulation.
Type IV Hypersensitivity

The diseases presented in this section are idiopathic or have a presumed type IV hypersensitivity mechanism. In certain diseases the evidence for a cell-mediated process is well supported. Histopathology, immunohistopathology, lymphocyte proliferation assays, animal models of diseases, and response to certain drugs that target T cells suggest such a pathogenesis.
Chemogenetic restoration of autonomous subthalamic nucleus activity ameliorates Parkinsonian motor dysfunction

Excessive, synaptically-driven synchronization of subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons is widely thought to contribute to akinesia, bradykinesia, and rigidity in Parkinson9s disease (PD). Electrophysiological, optogenetic, chemogenetic, genetic, 2-photon imaging, and pharmacological approaches revealed that the autonomous activity of STN neurons, which opposes synaptic synchronization, was downregulated in both toxin and genetic mouse models of PD. Loss of autonomous spiking was due to increased transmission of D2-striatal projection neurons, leading in the STN to elevated activation of NMDA receptors and generation of reactive oxygen species that promoted KATP channel opening. Chemogenetic restoration of autonomous firing in STN neurons reduced synaptic patterning and ameliorated Parkinsonian motor dysfunction, arguing that increasing autonomous STN activity is an effective therapeutic intervention in PD.
Use of Virtual Surgical Planning and Virtual Dataset With Intraoperative Navigation to Guide Revision of Complex Facial Fractures: A Case Report

The use of intraoperative navigation has become prevalent in multiple surgical fields, including neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, spine surgery, and head and neck surgery. In the past decade, its use also has become popular in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Previous studies have suggested the use of intraoperative navigation improves surgical precision and accuracy and decreases intraoperative risks and postsurgical morbidity. This report presents a case in which intraoperative navigation was used for revision and secondary reconstruction of multiple facial fractures. Preoperative virtual surgical planning allowed customization of osteotomies of multiple bony segments and virtual reduction of these segments to their anatomically correct position. Then, the newly reconstructed 3-dimensional virtual computed tomographic dataset was used as a template in the navigation system to guide the osteotomies and precisely reposition bony fragments during surgery. This report describes the workflow necessary to use this technology.
Changes in care coordination and health insurance in the population of US children with muscular dystrophy, 2005-2006 and 2009-2010.

IntroductionWe aimed to assess changes in care coordination and health insurance coverage among US children with muscular dystrophy.MethodsWe used 2005–2006 and 2009–2010 data from the National Sur...
A YoeB toxin from A. tumefaciens has metal-dependent DNA cleaving activity

ABSTRACT Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems, including YoeB-YefM, are important mediators of bacterial physiological changes. Agrobacterium tumefaciens YoeB and YefM are similar to that from E. coli, and interact as a tight heterotetramer with a KD of 653 pM. We have verified that AtYoeB can perform both ribosome-dependent and –independent RNA cleavage. We have also characterized a newly described metal-dependent and pH-sensitive DNA cleaving ability. We note that this DNA cleaving ability is observed at toxin concentrations as low as 150 nM. The dose-dependence of in vitro ribosome-independent RNA and metal-dependent DNA cleavage is equivalent, and requires a ten-fold increase in toxin concentration as opposed to in the presence of the ribosome. The toxin concentration inside bacterial cells is unknown and according to current models, should increase upon activation of YoeB through degradation of the YefM antitoxin. The discovery of general nuclease activity by AtYoeB, and perhaps other YoeB toxins, offers an opportunity to explore the plasticity of this protein fold and its potential role in the evolution of nucleases.
Existence of solutions for a second order discrete boundary value problem with mixed periodic boundary conditions

Abstract In this paper, a second order discrete boundary value problem with a pair of mixed periodic boundary conditions is considered. Sufficient conditions on the existence and multiplicity of solutions are obtained by using variational methods. A particular Banach space and an associated functional are presented to overcome the asymmetry of the mixed periodic boundary conditions. Examples are also given to illustrate the applications of the main result.
An Asymmetric Selective Harmonic Current and Voltage Modulation-PWM Technique for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations with Cascaded H-Bridge Converters to Meet Power Quality Standards

The requirements of the power quality harmonic standards (such as voltage and current harmonic requirements) should be met by electric vehicle charging stations. Reaching these goals is more difficult when the grid has a week impedance. Also, it is important to use a low-switching frequency modulation technique for high-power applications to reduce the switching losses of the grid-tied converters. In this paper, a low-frequency asymmetric selective harmonic current and voltage modulation-PWM (ASHCVM-PWM) is introduced to meet both voltage and current harmonic requirements of the grid-tied converters at the point of common coupling (PCC), when the grid has a weak impedance with or without nonlinear loads. To validate the advantages of the proposed ASHCVM-PWM technique than the conventional asymmetric selective harmonic current mitigation-PWM (ASHCM-PWM) technique, simulation, and experimental results are conducted on a 3-cell 7-level CHB converter.
Comparing the Efficacy of Two Triple-Wash Procedures With Sodium Hypochlorite, a Lactic–Citric Acid Blend, and a Mix of Peroxyacetic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide to Inactivate Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Surrogate Enterococcus faecium on Cucumbers and Tomatoes

This study was designed to evaluate two triple-wash procedures with commercial antimicrobials to inactivate foodborne pathogens and surrogate bacteria on cucumbers and tomatoes. Fresh, West Virginia, locally-grown cucumbers and tomatoes were dip-inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium and Tennessee, Listeria monocytogenes (3-strain), and Enterococcus faecium. Produce were washed through two triple-wash steps (10 s each) including water dip, antimicrobial dip, and water dip (WAW), or water dip, water dip, and antimicrobial dip (WWA), followed by draining (2 min) on aluminum foil. A triple water (WWW) process was also included as a water only control. Tested treatments were 1) water; 2) sodium hypochlorite (SH, 100 ppm, pH-8.2); 3) acidified sodium hypochlorite (ASH, 100 ppm, pH-6.8 adjusted by citric acid); 4) lactic and citric acid blend (LCA, 2.5%); and 5) a H2O2-peroxyacetic-acid mix (SaniDate-5.0, SD-0.0064, 0.25 and 0.50%). Surviving bacteria were recovered on XLT-4 (Salmonella), MOX (L. monocytogenes), and bile esculin agar (E. faecium). Data (2 replicates/4 samples/replicate) were analyzed using the Mixed Model Procedure of SAS (P=0.05). Counts of Salmonella, L. monocytogenes, and E. faecium on unwashed cucumbers and tomatoes were 5.42 to 6.23, 6.31 to 6.92, and 6.05 log CFU/produce, respectively. Triple-wash with water only reduced all three tested bacteria by 0.45 to 1.36 log CFU/fruit. Triple-wash by WWA with antimicrobials achieved additional reductions (LsMeans) of 0.38 log CFU/cucumber (Salmonella), 0.56 log CFU/cucumber (E. faecium), 1.48 log CFU/tomato (Salmonella), 1.09 log CFU/tomato (L. monocytogenes), and 0.71 log CFU/tomato more than the WAW procedure. Applying SD-0.25% and SD-0.50% solutions in triple-washing cucumbers and tomatoes resulted in reductions (P > 0.05) similar to ASH and greater (P 0.05) in comparison with Salmonella in most cases, except for tomatoes treated with WWA. Results of this study indicate that SD could be used as an alternative antimicrobial agent for chlorine water in triple-wash processing at local small produce plants. Future pilot plant validation studies and cost-effectiveness analyses are needed for applying SD solutions in triple-wash by WV local small produce growers.