cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diet learning by domestic ruminants: Theory, evidence and practical implications

Abstract Learning early in life may play an important role in the development of dietary habits and foraging skills of domestic ruminants. In this review we (1) explore the theoretical and empirical bases of early dietary learning, (2) examine constraints on such learning, and (3) discuss the implications of diet learning for livestock production and range management. Ruminant livestock select a diet from a wide variety of potential foods; some are appropriate while others are nutritionally poor or even harmful. Because of these complexities, evolutionary processes should favor animals whose diet selection is based on generality and flexibility. Learning which foods to eat and which to avoid is such a system. One way for individual animals to discover the value of food is through trial and error learning. Their preferences for, or aversions to, foods may result from trial and error learning based on cautious sampling and resultant nutritional and physiological consequences. Additionally, evolutionary processes could provide selective pressure for herbivores that feed in large, mixed-generation groups to rely on social learning, where foraging information is passed from experienced to inexperienced foragers. Recent research suggests that the mother may greatly influence her offsprings' dietary habits. As a result, dietary learning may be more pronounced in early, as opposed to later, life and there may be a sensitive period that coincides with the transition from monogastric to ruminant; i.e. weaning. There are genetic, metabolic and morphological constraints on dietary learning. Plant olfactory and gustatory characteristics that ruminants have consistently associated with negative consequences may be genetically fixed, and it is often possible to explain avoidance of plant species and parts by herbivores in terms of deterrent phytochemicals and physical plant characteristics. It is considerably more difficult to identify feeding attractants in plants. In addition, small ruminants are constrained nutritionally to select diets of higher quality than large ruminants, and the efficiency with which small versus large ruminants ingest different plant parts and life forms may be different. Teh likelihood that domestic ruminants learn to forage presents both problems and opportunities for livestock and rangeland managers. On the one hand, learning may result in inefficient foragers when animals are moved to new environments. On the other, through the manipulation of past dietary experience, a manager may create a foraging group that better fits specific management goals.
Optimal selection of IC fabrication parameters

A procedure is described in which the output characteristics of an integrated circuit are optimized with respect to a set of variable fabrication parameters. A simple RC coupled audio amplifier is used as an example. The gain–bandwidth product is obtained as a function of oxidation and diffusion times and temperatures, and the optimization is performed by way of a line search using these variables as the parameters of the optimization. The values established for the process parameters are consistent with those employed for conventional fabrication, and desired changes in performance can be obtained, in general, by a straightforward readjustment of the values of the process variables. Although limited by certain assumptions and a relatively primitive circuit, the results demonstrate the validity of the procedure.
HIPPOCAMPAL BETA -AMYLOID REDUCES LOCUS COERULEUS GLUTAMATE AND TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE

The effects of intrahippocampally injected beta-amyloid protein (beta-AP) on glutamate- (Glu) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-like immunoreactivities in the neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC) were studied in rats. A synthetic peptide or the vehicle alone was injected into the hippocampus as controls. All injections were made once a week (two or three injections; 3 nmol in 2 microliters of distilled water). Fluorescent microspheres (either alone or with one of the peptides) were also injected into the hippocampus to identify coeruleo-hippocampal neurons. The results revealed cell loss in the hippocampus at the site near beta-AP or control peptide deposition. Furthermore, in beta-AP/microsphere injected animals, only 22.4% and 49.6% of hippocampal projection neurons contained Glu and TH, respectively, compared to 88.4% and 85.3% in the animals that received control peptide with microspheres. Our results suggest that beta-AP has an effect on noradrenergic cells whose axons project to the hippocampus. These effects may contribute to the TH cell loss in the LC of Alzheimer's brains.
Paradigms and paradoxes: properties of ideal gases for large and small species

We ask the question, “In the absence of intermolecular interactions, when are ideal gases not ideal?” We find two cherished equations become problematic when the size of the molecule becomes too big or its mass is too small.
Automorphic Plancherel density theorem

Let F be a totally real field, G a connected reductive group over F, and S a finite set of finite places of F. Assume that G(F ⊗ℚ ℝ) has a discrete series representation. Building upon work of Sauvageot, Serre, Conrey-Duke-Farmer and others, we prove that the S-components of cuspidal automorphic representations of \(G\left( {\mathbb{A}_F } \right)\) are equidistributed with respect to the Plancherel measure on the unitary dual of G(FS) in an appropriate sense. A few applications are given, such as the limit multiplicity formula for local representations in the global cuspidal spectrum and a quite flexible existence theorem for cuspidal automorphic representations with prescribed local properties. When F is not a totally real field or G(F ⊗ℚ ℝ) has no discrete series, we present a weaker version of the above results.
Hodge theory used to produce finite self-energy models of the electron

The relationship between electromagnetic fields and topology is discussed. Hodge theory is generalized to classify static fields in static wormhole models. This generalization is used to show models of the electron exist which have finite self-energy. These models always have 1/R 2 electric fields and self-energies of 4πq 2/R 0, whereR 0 is the inner radius of the wormhole.
Role of the mitochondrial genome during early development in mice. Effects of ethidium bromide and chloramphenicol.

The role of the mitochondrial genome in early development and differentiation was studied in mouse embryos cultured in vitro from the two to four cell stage to the blastocyst (about 100 cells). During this period the mitochondria undergo morphological differentiation: progressive enlargement followed by an increase in matrix density, in number of cristae, and in number of mitochondrial ribosomes. Mitochondrial ribosomal and transfer RNA synthesis occurs from the 8 to 16 cell stage on and contributes to the establishment of a mitochondrial protein-synthesizing system. Inhibition of mitochondrial RNA- and protein-synthesis by 0.1 µg/ml of ethidium bromide or 31.2 µg/ml of chloramphenicol permits essentially normal embryo development and cellular differentiation. Mitochondrial morphogenesis is also nearly normal except for the appearance of dilated and vesicular cristae in blastocyst mitochondria. Such blastocysts are capable of normal postimplantation development when transplanted into the uteri of foster mothers. Higher concentrations of these inhibitors have general toxic effects and arrest embryo development. It is concluded that mitochondrial differentiation in the early mouse embryo occurs through the progressive transformation of the preexisting mitochondria and is largely controlled by the nucleocytoplasmic system. Mitochondrial protein synthesis is required for the normal structural organization of the cristae in blastocyst mitochondria. Embryo development and cellular differentiation up to the blastocyst stage are not dependent on mitochondrial genetic activity.
The use of 1JC alpha H alpha coupling constants as a probe for protein backbone conformation.

Simple pseudo-3D modifications to the constant-time HSQC and HCACO experiments are described that allow accurate (±0.5 Hz) measurement of one bond JCαHα coupling constants in proteins that are uniformly enriched with 13C. An empirical φ,ψ-surface is calculated which describes the deviation of 1JCαHα from its random coil value, using 203 1JCαHα values measured for residues in the proteins calmodulin, staphylococcal nuclease, and basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, for which φ and ψ are know with good precision from previous X-ray crystallographic studies. Residues in α-helical conformation exhibit positive deviations of 4–5 Hz, whereas deviations in β-sheet are small and, on average, slightly negative. Data indicate that 1JCαHα depends primarily on ψ, and that 1JCαHα may be useful as a qualitative probe for secondary structure. Comparison of 1JCαHα coupling constants measured in free calmodulin and in its complex with a 26-aminoacid peptide fragment of myosin light-chain kinase confirm that the calmodulin secondary structure is retained upon complexation but that disruption of the middle part of the ‘central helix’ is even more extensive than in free calmodulin.
Comparative studies on the interaction of proteins with a polydimethylsiloxane elastomer. II. The comparative antigenicity of primary and secondarily adsorbed IgG1 and IgG2a and their non-adsorbed counterparts

The antigenicity of bovine IgG1 and IgG2a adsorbed on a polydimethysiloxane (PEP) elastomer, on a widely used polystyrene (Imm 2, Dynatech) or immobilized as biotinylated proteins to streptavidin covalently bound to polystyrene (SA-PS) was compared using various monoclonal (mAbs) and polyclonal antibodies (pAb) to bovine IgG. The IgGs were either adsorbed as native proteins or pre-denatured with 6M Guanidine-HCl (Gu-HCl) or 6 M Gu-HCl/0.1% 2-mercaptoethanol. In special situations, bovine and human IgG was immobilized by secondary adsorption to an albumin monolayer adsorbed on either PEP or Imm 2. Results indicate that pre-denaturation of IgGs with 6 M Gu-HCl/2-mercaptoethanol destroys all antigenicity whereas those IgGs pretreated with 6 M-GuHCl are indistinguishable in their antigenicity from the IgGs adsorbed to either PEP or Imm 2 without such treatment. When immobilized on SA-PS, Gu-HCl-treated IgGs were significantly less detectable, especially when tested using mAbs. In general, IgGs adsorbed on PEP or Imm 2 were less antigenic than when immobilized on SA-PS. However, two monoclonals specific for the IgG2a(A2) allotypic variant, favored the adsorbed protein and one polyclonal best recognized the IgG2a(A1) variant adsorbed on Imm 2 rather than when adsorbed on PEP or immobilized on SA-PS. Both IgG1 and IgG2a, bound by apparent protein-protein interactions to an albumin monolayer, were significantly more detectable than when directly adsorbed on either Imm 2 or PEP. Using 125l-antibody or its Fab fragment to reduce steric hindrance in detection, we observed the same differences in detectability as when measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Failure to identify a steric hindrance effect and the preference of some antibodies for adsorbed allotypic variants, support the concept of adsorption-induced conformational change (AICC). We conclude that proteins adsorbed as a monolayer on the PEP elastomer used to form the envelope of silicone breast implants are conformationally altered, but not necessarily to the same extent or the same manner as when adsorbed on polystyrene. The significantly great antigenicity of secondarily adsorbed IgG suggests that it may be present in near native conformation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Calq system for signal processing applications

This paper introduces the Calq system for web-based signal processing experiments. The theory is that this system can perform several simple to moderate operations in a reasonably small amount of time on a modern computer running a web-browser. A set of test programs include programming constructs like loops and conditional statements, but also use convolution and plotting. Each test program is tested several times, the results are checked, and the elapsed time is recorded. This paper shows that the tests complete in a small, often negligible, amount of time.
Improved estimates on majorizing sequences for the Newton–Kantorovich method

We approximate a locally unique solution of an equation in Banach space using the Newton–Kantorovich method. Motivated by our earlier works (see references [2–7] in the references list), optimization consideration, and the elegant studies by Cianciaruso with DePascale in (Numer. Funct. Anal. Optim. 27(5–6):529–538, 2006), and Cianciaruso in (Nonlinear Funct. Anal. Appl., 2009, to appear), we provide (by using more precise error estimates on the distances involved): finer error bounds; an at least as precise information on the location of the solution, and a larger convergence domain than in (Numer. Funct. Anal. Optim. 27(5–6):529–538, 2006). Finally, we provide numerical examples where our results can apply to solve equations, but earlier ones can not (see references [8–19]).
Dislocation Engineering in Multicrystalline Silicon

Dislocations are known to be among the most deleterious performance-limiting defects in multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) based solar cells. In this work, we propose a method to remove dislocations based on a high temperature treatment. Dislocation density reductions of >95% are achieved in commercial ribbon silicon with a double-sided silicon nitride coating via high temperature annealing under ambient conditions. The dislocation density reduction follows temperature-dependent and time-dependent models developed by Kuhlmann et al. for the annealing of dislocations in face-centered cubic metals. It is believed that higher annealing temperatures (>1170°C) allow dislocation movement unconstrained by crystallographic glide planes, leading to pairwise dislocation annihilation within minutes.
Visible light-induced destabilization of endocytosed liposomes

The potential biomedical utility of the photoinduced destabilization of liposomes depends in part on the use of green to near infrared light with its inherent therapeutic advantages. The polymerization of bilayers can be sensitized to green light by associating selected amphiphilic cyanine dyes, i.e. the cationic 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine (DiI), or the corresponding anionic disulfonated DiI (DiI-DS), with the lipid bilayer. The DiI sensitization of the polymerization of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine/1,2-bis[10-(2′,4′-hexadienoyloxy)-decanoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine liposomes caused liposome destabilization with release of encapsulated aqueous markers. In separate experiments, similar photosensitive liposomes were endocytosed by cultured HeLa cells. Exposure of the cells and liposomes to 550 nm light caused a net movement of the liposome-encapsulated 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (HPTS) from low pH compartment(s) to higher pH compartment(s). This suggests that photolysis of DiI-labelled liposomes results in delivery of the contents of the endocytosed liposomes to the cytoplasm. The release of HPTS into the cytoplasm appears to require the photoactivated fusion of the labelled liposomes with the endosomal membrane. These studies aid in the design of visible light sensitive liposomes for the delivery of liposome-encapsulated reagents to the cytoplasm.
An expert system for a rangeland simulation model

Abstract Much progress has been made in the development of computer models that integrate ecological and biological theories and principles to provide simulations of natural resource system responses. However, these models remain virtually unused outside the research environment because resource agencies/managers do not have the expertise required to use these models effectively. New concepts and techniques developed in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) offer the opportunity to develop expert system computer programs to assist resource managers in using complex models that simulate natural resource systems. Development is in progress on an expert system (EXSPUR) to aid in the use of an existing rangeland simulation model (SPUR). EXSPUR will assist resource managers with the input of data including estimating model parameters necessary to execute the model. The SPUR model is then used to develop information for a knowledge base which is, in turn, used by the rules of the expert system to assist in the interpretations of the model output. Expert systems offer the opportunity to make existing simulation models easier to use and to integrate model simulation, observational data, and the knowledge of experts to help natural resource agencies and managers make better decisions.
Electron microscopy of the mouse retina prepared by freeze‐substitution

The isolated retina of albino mice was fixed by freeze substitution. This method allows the electron microscopic examination of the surface layer of the tissue only. On the scleral side of the retina a considerable space was found between the outer and inner rod segments. In the spaces between the latter, microvilli of the Mueller cells seemed to float freely in the inter-rod material. On the vitreal side extracellular space was observed in bundles of nonmyelinated fibers which are destined to form the optic nerve, and often in the inner plexiform layer. Treating the retina with 5 mM glutamate caused ballooning of elements in the plexiform layer (probably dendrites) and sometimes of the inner and outer rod segments. No obvious swelling was observed of the Mueller cells, the ganglion cells and of the nonmyelinated nerve fibers.
Isoprene emission rates from northern red oak using a whole-tree chamber

Abstract A chamber system was developed to measure whole-tree isoprene emissions from a 6.4 m tall northern red oak, using an RGA3 Reduction Gas Analyzer automated to collect and analyze hourly samples. Tree emissions showed a strong diurnal response, corresponding to light and temperature changes. Hourly averages of emission rates under full sun for each month were highest between 1200 and 1500. Hourly average rates in August were higher than in September, whereas temperatures and light intensities were similar, indicating a probable leaf age effect on emissions. On occasion, individual rates reached 70–90 μg C g−1 h−1 with full sunlight and high temperatures. Emissions decreased greatly in October, and had stopped by mid-October. Light intensity had a large effect on emissions in August and September, accounting for approximately 70% of the variation in emissions, whereas temperature accounted for only 6–11%. Relative humidity and light intensity in the canopy were not correlated with emissions. The tree emission data were fit to the algorithm used by Guenther et al. (1993, J. geophys. Res. 98, 12,609–12,617) to predict the response of isoprene emissions to light intensity. The coefficients obtained from the fitted algorithm indicated that whole-tree emissions behaved similarly to sun leaves in response to light intensity. Whole-tree rates were lower than measurements of single-leaf rates, as expected due to shading within the tree canopy. Whole-tree rates were similar to rates obtained by branch chamber measurements and by gradient flux measurements of a forest canopy, in which shading of lower leaves occurs. The results of the whole-tree chamber measurements support a recent study that indicates that the model currently used to develop biogenic hydrocarbon emission inventories underestimates isoprene emissions.
Quantitative Evaluation of the Enhancement of NAPL-Pool Dissolution by Flushing and Biodegradation.

Nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs) commonly are trapped in the subsurface as pools. Often, subsurface remediation of NAPL pools is dependent upon the physicochemical process of dissolution, which can be enhanced by flushing and in situ biodegradation, both of with decrease the solute concentration, which increases the dissolution driving force. The solution to the advection-dispersion-reaction equation for a two-dimensional domain with one-dimensional flow past a NAPL pool is used to develop quantitative tools and criteria for assessing the effects of flushing and biodegradation on NAPL-pool dissolution for quasi-steady-state conditions. The effectiveness of flushing alone for enhancing the dissolution flux depends on the relative magnitude of mechanical dispersion and molecular diffusion, with the greatest effect for average pore water velocities sufficiently large so that transverse mechanical dispersion is much greater than molecular diffusion. The analysis of flushing and biodegradation together identifies that biodegradation increases the dissolution flux from the pool only when Da[sub 2] (the ratio of the biodegradation rate to the advection rate) is greater than 0.1. 28 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
Structural Dependence Of The Pi-Electron Contributions To The Optical Second Hyperpolarizability Of Linear Conjugated Organic Molecules

Tight-binding (molecular orbital) models of conjugated organic molecules were used to predict structure-activity correlations for molecules with large electronic hyperpolarizabilities [U. The dependence of the nonresonant second hyperpolarizability on chain length and molecular substituents was investigated. The calculations point out the influence of bond alternation and the presence of substitutional (and conjugation) "defects" on the size, sign, and chain length dependence of the molecular (and the bulk) hyperpolarizability. It is hoped that the calculations will provide guidance for future chemical synthesis by presenting strategies for systematically tuning the size and sign of the hyperpolarizability.
Cd and proton adsorption onto bacterial consortia grown from industrial wastes and contaminated geologic settings.

To model the effects of bacterial metal adsorption in contaminated environments, results from metal adsorption experiments involving individual pure stains of bacteria must be extrapolated to systems in which potentially dozens of bacterial species are present. This extrapolation may be made easier because bacterial consortia from natural environments appear to exhibit similar metal binding properties. However, bacteria that thrive in highly perturbed contaminated environments may exhibit significantly different adsorptive behavior. Here we measure proton and Cd adsorption onto a range of bacterial consortia grown from heavily contaminated industrial wastes, groundwater, and soils. We model the results using a discrete site surface complexation approach to determine binding constants and site densities for each consortium. The results demonstrate that bacterial consortia from different contaminated environments exhibit a range of total site densities (approximately a 3-fold difference) and Cd-binding cons...
Transgenic overexpression of protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B in muscle causes insulin resistance, but overexpression with leukocyte antigen-related phosphatase does not additively impair insulin action.

Previous studies implicate protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and leukocyte antigen-related phosphatase (LAR) as negative regulators of insulin signaling. The expression and/or activity of PTP1B and LAR are increased in muscle of insulin-resistant rodents and humans. Overexpression of LAR selectively in muscle of transgenic mice causes whole body insulin resistance. To determine whether overexpression of PTP1B also causes insulin resistance, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing human PTP1B selectively in muscle at levels similar to those observed in insulin-resistant humans. Insulin-stimulated insulin receptor (IR) tyrosyl phosphorylation and phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase activity were impaired by 35% and 40-60% in muscle of PTP1B-overexpressing mice compared with controls. Insulin stimulation of protein kinase C (PKC)λ/ζ activity, which is required for glucose transport, was impaired in muscle of PTP1B-overexpressing mice compared with controls, showing that PTP1B overexpression impairs activation of these PKC isoforms. Furthermore, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies revealed that whole body glucose disposal and muscle glucose uptake were decreased by 40-50% in PTP1B-overexpressing mice. Overexpression of PTP1B or LAR alone in muscle caused similar impairments in insulin action; however, compound overexpression achieved by crossing PTP1B- and LAR-overexpressing mice was not additive. Antibodies against specific IR phosphotyrosines indicated overlapping sites of action of PTP1B and LAR. Thus, overexpression of PTP1B in vivo impairs insulin sensitivity, suggesting that overexpression of PTP1B in muscle of obese humans and rodents may contribute to their insulin resistance. Lack of additive impairment of insulin signaling by PTP1B and LAR suggests that these PTPs have overlapping actions in causing insulin resistance in vivo.
Marketing child care in an urban setting

The purpose of this article is to present the types of marketing tools used in child care and the extent to which they are used. A study of related literature in service marketing reveals that many of the principles of marketing apply in child care. The results of a survey sent to child care centers in Atlanta, Buffalo, Kansas City, San Antonio, and Seattle are presented. The sample included 167 responses. The results are analyzed by geographic location and type of center. Methods of packaging and promoting child care centers are presented.
Activators of protein kinase C selectively mediate cellular cytotoxicity to hypoxic cells and not aerobic cells.

Abstract Purpose: By understanding the signal transduction pathways through which a cell responds to changes in environmental oxygen levels, we may be able to therapeutically exploit this response by manipulating these pathways. Materials and Methods: The human adenocarcinoma cell line A549 was exposed to varying durations of hypoxia alone and then plated for survival, or treated with PKC activating agents for 1 h before plating for survival. Western blots were used to determine the kinetics of PKC epsilon and phospholipase C induction. Results: The level of hypoxic killing was directly related to the time of exposure and inversely related to the level of oxygen in the environment. Exposure of the cells to protein kinase C (PKC) activators for 1 h after chronic hypoxic exposure increased cell killing by at least an additional three logs beyond that found for hypoxia alone. Treatment of cells with an inactive phorbol ester 4α-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate (PDA) resulted in no increase in hypoxic cell killing, even at the highest concentrations of PDA which produced no detectable toxicity under normal aerobic conditions. Using inhibitors of phospholipases A 2 and C, we were able to completely inhibit the additional hypoxic cell killing induced by TPA, but not the uninduced hypoxic cell killing. Conclusion: These studies suggest that accumulation of phospholipid breakdown products may be responsible for TPA induced cell killing, and that hypoxic cells differ from aerobic cells in their ability to tolerate these products.
Cancer, metabolism, fructose, artificial sweeteners, and going cold turkey on sugar

Lewis Cantley graduated from West Virginia Wesleyan College in chemistry and took his PhD in biophysical chemistry at Cornell University where he worked on enzyme kinetics. He did his postdoctoral studies at Harvard University where he stayed as an assistant professor until he moved to Tufts University where he discovered phosphoinositide-3-kinase, the enzyme critical to the control of growth that has dominated his research ever since. He returned to Harvard as a Professor of Cell Biology and later as a member of the new Department of Systems Biology and is now Director of the new Cancer Center at Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital. Lewis Cantley
Mass transfer from cylinders rotating in Newtonian fluids and dilute polymer solutions

A new theoretical expression for tubulent mass transfer from a rotating cylinder has been proposed using Levich's three-zone model. The predictions of this model, which has no adjustable parameters, were compared with available experimental data and with other correlations for Newtonian fluids and the agreement was found very satisfactory. Equally good agreement was found between the predictions of our model and the available data for mass transfer from a rotating cylinder under the conditions of maximum drag reduction.
Gender: macho language and other deterrents

Some facts and figures to illuminate the debate on women in science: only 1 of 44 recipients of the Colworth medal, given annually to a promising British biochemist under 35, is a woman. And just 1 of 27 plenary lectures at recent Biochemical Society annual meetings was given by a woman. Across the Atlantic, however, there have been some advances. The National Institutes of Health has made significant changes to its pioneer awards to give women a better chance to compete. This issue is still a major topic on the Nature news blog; go to http://tinyurl.com/kacrg to join in.
Extraction of morphine from poppy capsules and its recovery by ion exchange.

An efficient method for obtaining morphine from domestically grown poppies has been developed. Morphine was completely extracted from dried poppy capsules with water-aturated isobutanol containing 0.23% ammonia. By passage of the extract through a cation exchange resin bed, practically all of the alkaloid was adsorbed. Quantitative elution of morphine from the bed was achieved with dilute aqueous alkali. Crude morphine obtained by precipitation from the neutralized and concentrated eluate could be converted to pharmaceutical grade hydrochloride without difficulty. The overall recovery of morphine was 90%.
Spectra and structure of organophosphorus compounds XLVII. Infrared spectrum and normal coordinate calculations of ethylphosphine

Abstract The infrared spectrum (3200 to 400 cm −1 ) has been recorded for ethylphosphine, CH 3 CH 2 PH 2 , and the corresponding P- d 2 molecule at a resolution of 0.5 cm −1 . Only a few of the fundamentals clearly indicate transitions for both the more stable trans (methyl group trans to the lone pair on the phosphorus atom) and the high-energy gauche conformers. Sum and difference bands are observed on the PH 2 stretches which are due to the asymmetric torsional transitions. The proposed vibrational assignment is supported by a normal coordinate calculation utilizing a modified valence force field to obtain the frequencies and potential energy distribution. These results are compared with those for some similar molecules.
Performance Limits to Waveguide Isolators in InP

The limits of isolation and bandwidth for existing waveguide isolators in InP are analyzed. A new integrated waveguide isolator design is proposed which achieves an isolation greater than 38 dB and a loss of 1.4 dB.
Locating an Obnoxious Facility on a Network

We deal with the problem of locating a point on a network so as to maximize the sum of its weighted distances to the nodes. It is shown that there is at least one optimal point in a finite set of points which can easily be generated. An algorithm is given for locating an optimal point in this set. When the network is a tree, this set consists of the “dangling” nodes.
Thin film electrodes and passivation coatings for harsh environment microwave acoustic sensors

°Stable nanostructured ultra-thin electrodes and protective passivation coatings have been developed for langasite (La3Ga5SiO14) based surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors that can successfully operate in harsh high temperature environments up to 1000°C. Ultrathin (<100nm) nanocomposite Pt-Rh/ZrO2 electrode structures were fabricated by electron beam co-evaporation and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), 4-point resistivity, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies. It was found that the incorporation of ZrO2 into the Pt-Rh electrode films retards recrystallization and de-wetting, thereby maintaining film continuity and low resistivity up to at least 1000°C. XPS results show that with heating at 800°C, the stoichiometry of the bare langasite SAW sensor surface becomes depleted of Ga in a reducing (vacuum) environment, but remains close to the bulk composition when heated in an oxidizing (air) environment. The incorporation of a thin oxynitride (SiAlON or SiZrON) coating over the entire sensor diminishes high temperature roughening and degradation of both the electrode and bare langasite surfaces. The viability and performance of these sensors was validated by experiments in which the SAW devices were tested in a controlled atmosphere laboratory furnace and also attached to rotating turbine blades within a small turbine engine operating with centripetal acceleration loads and temperatures in excess of 52,000g and 650°C, and under cyclical temperature shock conditions.
Distribution and Persistence of 1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane in Soil After Application By Injection and in Irrigation Water

Applications of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) were made to mini-field plots of Yolo sandy loam by means of injection, flooding and sprinkler irrigation. Soil samples were removed at various depths and time intervals, processed to extract the chemical and the amount present determined by gas chromatography and correlated to the degree of kill of Meloidogyne incognita. Deepest penetration in soil occurred by injection. Application of water to injected plots moved the chemical deeper into the soil than no irrigation. In flood applications most of the chemical was retrained near the soil surface with only small quantities reaching a depths of 15 cm. Application by sprinkler resulted in shallow penetration. Excellent correlation between depths of chemical penetration and nematode kills were obtained.
Atiprimod blocks STAT3 phosphorylation and induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells

Multiple myeloma (MM) accounts for 1 % of all cancer deaths. Although treated aggressively, almost all myelomas eventually recur and become resistant to treatment. Atiprimod (2-(3-Diethylaminopropyl)-8,8-dipropyl-2-azaspiro[4,5] decane dimaleate) has exerted anti-inflammatory activities and inhibited oeteoclast-induced bone resorption in animal models and been well tolerated in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in phase I clinical trials. Therefore, we investigated its activity in MM cells and its mechanism of action. We found that Atiprimod inhibited proliferation of the myeloma cell lines U266-B1, OCI-MY5, MM-1, and MM-1R in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Atiprimod blocked U266-B1 myeloma cells in the G0/G1 phase, preventing cell cycle progression. Furthermore, Atiprimod inhibited signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 activation, blocking the signalling pathway of interleukin-6, which contributes to myeloma cell proliferation and survival, and downregulated the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and Mcl-1. Incubation of U266-B1 myeloma cells with Atiprimod induced apoptosis through the activation of caspase 3 and subsequent cleavage of the DNA repair enzyme poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase. Finally, Atiprimod suppressed myeloma colony-forming cell proliferation in fresh marrow cells from five patients with newly diagnosed MM in a dose-dependent fashion. These data suggest that Atiprimod has a role in future therapies for MM.
Climate change and disease risk in the Himalayas

A new challenge is unfolding in the Himalayas: a significant increase in the burden of infectious disease, driven by climate change. Vectors are moving beyond their historic ranges to higher elevations; water quality is deteriorating, and the available supply is diminishing. Preventive and ameliorative measures to address these problems require robust quantitative estimates of the size and spatial distribution of disease risk. Once enough data are available, disease risk can be mapped with predictive models so that appropriate policies can be formulated and implemented. Unfortunately, there has been virtually no quantitative epidemiological attention to this region. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hjs.v6i8.4921 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.6 Issue 8 2010 pp.7-8
Photochromically-controlled, reversibly-activated MRI and optical contrast agent

The contrast agent which tethers a spiropyran group to a Gd-DO3A moiety has higher relaxivity and fluorescence intensity in the dark; the relaxivity and fluorescence intensity decrease after irradiation with visible light.
Infrared nonlinear neurons using the field shielding effect in CdTe

We report on a novel IR neuron device that utilizes the field shielding effect in CdTe:In, wherein optical activation beams create an intensity dependent space-charge field. The induced electrooptic birefringence or index change is used in a neuron-type configuration to demonstrate a high sensitivity nonlinear saturated response with an absorption loss of </=1.0 dB. We have also demonstrated operation with synchronous microsecond pulses as well as the availability of both excitatory and inhibitory inputs. Additional interesting features include the possibility of a broadband (0.9-1.4-microm) response to incoherent inputs and a configuration for a bidirectional neuron which can be used in backpropagating error learning networks.
Developmental and organ-specific changes in DNA-protein interactions in the tomato rbcS3B and rbcS3C promoter regions

DNase I footprinting assays were used to map sites of DNA-protein interaction in the promoter regions of three of the five genes encoding the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcS) in tomato. Organ-specific differences in DNase I protection patterns were observed using nuclear extracts derived from cotyledons, leaves, young fruit, mature fruit, and roots of tomato, implying that organ-specific transcription of these genes is controlled at the level of DNA-protein interaction. The three genes, designated rbcS1, −2 and −3A are similarly expressed in cotyledons of dark-grown seedlings, in immature tomato fruit, and in leaves under conditions of water stress. These three genes share at least three DNA sequence motifs, including the G-box sequence, which are apparently not present in the other two tomato rbcS genes. We find protection of one or more of these sequences in the aforementioned organs, indicating that the corresponding DNA-binding proteins could function in directing differential expression of the genes, although functional studies would be required to establish this point. While most of the DNase I protections encompass previously identified conserved sequence motifs and their flanking sequences, we also observe protection of additional sequences, many of which occur in the region of the transcription start site.
Comparison of risperidone and olanzapine as used under “real-world” conditions in a state psychiatric hospital

As a follow-up to our previous study of clozapine, medical records of a state psychiatric hospital were reviewed for patients who were prescribed an atypical antipsychotic. From that sample, demographic and clinical data were obtained for individuals with an initial score of 35 or greater on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), and at least two additional successive monthly BPRS ratings. A total of 100 patients met the criteria. Most received either olanzapine (46%) or risperidone (36%), with few administered quetiapine (11%) or clozapine (7%). Most also received adjunctive medications, including conventional antipsychotics, anticonvulsants/mood stabilizers, antidepressants, and antiparkinsonian agents. The number of patients whose BPRS total scores decreased by 20% or more from baseline was significantly greater for those who received olanzapine than those who received risperidone. However, there was no difference between the two antipsychotics in the number of patients who maintained that degree of improvement, in the average latency to achieve that decrease (1.67 and 1.47 months, respectively), or the average length of stay (LOS; 332 and 376 days, respectively). These results indicate a modest therapeutic advantage of olanzapine compared to risperidone, and a substantial degree of polypharmacy in the use of atypical antipsychotics. This uncontrolled "real-world" evaluation supports data from controlled clinical trials, showing that either risperidone or olanzapine would be a reasonable first choice in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia, with the decision based on the least adverse side effect profile and economic constraints. When compared to our previous clozapine study, we confirm a slight advantage for the effectiveness of clozapine in the treatment of this refractory population.
Characterization of subtype-specific antibodies to the human D5 dopamine receptor: studies in primate brain and transfected mammalian cells.

Abstract To achieve a better understanding of how D5 dopamine receptors mediate the actions of dopamine in brain, we have developed antibodies specific for the D5 receptor. D5 antibodies reacted with recombinant baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells expressing the D5 receptor but not with the D1 receptor or a variety of other catecholaminergic and muscarinic receptors. Epitope-tagged D5 receptors expressed in mammalian cells were reactive with both D5 antibodies and an epitope-specific probe. A mixture of N-linked glycosylated polypeptides and higher molecular-mass species was detected on immunoblots of membrane fractions of D5-transfected cells and also of primate brain. D5 receptor antibodies intensely labeled pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex, whereas spiny medium-sized neurons and aspiny large interneurons of the caudate nucleus were relatively lightly labeled. Antibodies to the D5 dopamine receptor should prove important in experimentally determining specific roles for the D5 and D1 receptors in cortical processes and diseases.
Canonical piecewise-linear representation

Every continuous piecewise-linear function of one variable f:R/sup 1/ to R/sup 1/ has a unique canonical piecewise-linear representation. However, only a subclass of higher-dimensional piecewise-linear functions f:R/sup n/ to R/sup n/, n>1, has a canonical piecewise-linear representation. It is proved that the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a canonical piecewise-linear representation is that fpossess a consistent variation property. The geometrical constraints imposed by this property are analyzed and discussed in detail along with many examples. >
Apparent biological effect of strong magnetic field on mosquito egg hatching

Apparent biological effects of strong magnetic fields were observed in the hatching behavior of fresh mosquito eggs in the center of 9.4 and 14.1 T magnets. In the first experiment performed at 20 +/- 1 degrees C, the hatching was delayed 32 h by a 9.4 T magnetic field and 71 h by a 14.1 T magnetic field. In the second experiment performed at 22 +/- 1 degrees C, the hatching was delayed 14 h by a 9.4 T magnetic field and 27 h by a 14.1 T magnetic field. In the magnetic field range of this study, the hatching delay increases nonlinearly with the intensity of the magnetic field. The experimental results also suggest that the biological effects of magnetic fields could be reversible or partially reversible to some extent.
A Mixed Culture Recovery Method Indicates that Enteric Bacteria Do Not Enter the Viable but Nonculturable State

A new method, called the mixed culture recovery (MCR) method, has been developed to determine whether recovery of culturable bacterial cells from a population of largely nonculturable cells is due to resuscitation of the nonculturable cells from a viable but nonculturable state or simply to growth of residual culturable cells. The MCR method addresses this issue in that it involves the mixing of two easily distinguishable strains (e.g., lactose positive and negative) in such a way that large numbers of nonculturable cells of both strains are present together with a small number of culturable cells of only one strain, performing a nutrient addition resuscitation procedure, and then plating the cells to determine whether both cell types are recoverable. In repeated experiments with strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Salmonella choleraesuis, only cells of the culturable strain were recovered after application of various resuscitation techniques. These results suggest that the nonculturable cells were dead and that the apparent resuscitation was merely due to the growth of the remaining culturable cells.
The Early Life of a Peptide Cation-Radical. Ground and Excited-State Trajectories of Electron-Based Peptide Dissociations During the First 330 Femtoseconds

We report a new approach to investigating the mechanisms of fast peptide cation-radical dissociations based on an analysis of time-resolved reaction progress by Ehrenfest dynamics, as applied to an Ala-Arg cation-radical model system. Calculations of stationary points on the ground electronic state that were carried out with effective CCSD(T)/6-311++G(3df,2p) could not explain the experimental branching ratios for loss of a hydrogen atom, ammonia, and N–Cα bond dissociation in (AR + 2H)+●. The Ehrenfest dynamics results indicate that the ground and low-lying excited electronic states of (AR + 2H)+● follow different reaction courses in the first 330 femtoseconds after electron attachment. The ground (X) state undergoes competing loss of N-terminal ammonia and isomerization to an aminoketyl radical intermediate that depend on the vibrational energy of the charge-reduced ion. The A and B excited states involve electron capture in the Arg guanidine and carboxyl groups and are non-reactive on the short time scale. The C state is dissociative and progresses to a fast loss of an H atom from the Arg guanidine group. Analogous results were obtained by using the B3LYP and CAM-B3LYP density functionals for the excited state dynamics and including the universal M06-2X functional for ground electronic state calculations. The results of this Ehrenfest dynamics study indicate that reaction pathway branching into the various dissociation channels occurs in the early stages of electron attachment and is primarily determined by the electronic states being accessed. This represents a new paradigm for the discussion of peptide dissociations in electron based methods of mass spectrometry.
Causes of sudden, short-term changes in ice-stream surface elevation

[1] Recent satellite-borne observations of Antarctica's ice streams show sudden, spatially confined surface-elevation changes that are interpreted as caused by subglacial water movement. Using a numerical model of idealized ice-stream flow coupled to various simple treatments of subglacial bed conditions, we demonstrate that ice-stream flow dynamics significantly modulates the surface-elevation expression of processes taking place at the ice-stream bed. This modulation means that observed surface-elevation changes do not directly translate to basal-elevation changes, e.g. inflation or deflation of subglacial water pockets, of equal magnitude and shape. Thus, subglacial water volume change is not directly proportional to the area integral of surface-elevation changes. Model results show that ambiguities in interpretation of surface elevation changes can be overcome with additional measurements, such as of surface velocity change, and through development of methodology designed to understand transfer of basal change to surface change.