cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictive control of particle size distribution in particulate processes

In this work, we focus on the development and application of predictive-based strategies for control of particle size distribution (PSD) in continuous and batch particulate processes described by population balance models (PBMs). The control algorithms are designed on the basis of reduced-order models, utilize measurements of principle moments of the PSD, and are tailored to address different control objectives for the continuous and batch processes. For continuous particulate processes, we develop a hybrid predictive control strategy to stabilize a continuous crystallizer at an open-loop unstable steady-state. The hybrid predictive control strategy employs logic-based switching between model predictive control (MPC) and a fall-back bounded controller with a well-defined stability region. The strategy is shown to provide a safety net for the implementation of MPC algorithms with guaranteed stability closed-loop region. For batch particulate processes, the control objective is to achieve a final PSD with desired characteristics subject to both manipulated input and product quality constraints. An optimization-based predictive control strategy that incorporates these constraints explicitly in the controlle r design is formulated and applied to a seeded batch crystallizer. The strategy is shown to be able to reduce the total volume of the fines by 13.4% compared to a linear cooling strategy, and is shown to be robust with respect to modeling errors. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Dissecting basilar artery aneurysm in Marfan syndrome: case report.

We describe a 35-year-old man with Marfan syndrome who died as a result of rupture of a basilar artery dissecting aneurysm. To the best of our knowledge, this association has not been presented before
Immunological methods for the study of zoogloea strains in natural environments

Abstract Since Zoogloea ramigera has been considered to be important in aerobic wastewater treatment, we have evaluated several methods for detecting and enumerating Z. ramigera in water and wastewater samples. Indirect immunoassay methods for the detection of Zoogloea strains were developed using polyclonal antibodies against the cells or the isolated exocellular polymer (EP) of the neotype Zoogloea ramigera strain 106 (ATCC 19544). The primary antibodies reacted with the cells and the exopolymer associated with finger-like zoogloeal projections, but not with other bacteria from natural samples. These antibodies allowed detection of Z. ramigera in environmental samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to show that the cells and the exocellular polymer of naturally occurring zoogloeal projections are antigenically and structurally related to those of Z. ramigera 106. Both immunological procedures and probes complementary to regions on the 16S rRNA could detect Z. ramigera in natural samples but the immunological procedures were easier to use. RT-PCR was also used to detect Z. ramigera in natural samples. These methods were also used to identify Z. ramigera in biofilms that developed over wastewater samples as part of an MPN procedure that was used to quantitate Z. ramigera at different stages of the wastewater treatment process and in different lakes. Z. ramigera could be found in all stages of wastewater treatment processes, from raw wastewater to chlorinated effluent. The highest concentration of Z. ramigera was found in the mixed liquor stage of the a wastewater treatment plant. Additionally, Z. ramigera was found in all eutrophic and mesotrophic lakes and in some oligotrophic lakes.
T-Helper Cell Tolerance to Ubiquitous Nuclear Antigens

Systemic autoimmune diseases are characterized by the development of antinuclear autoantibodies. In order to understand the immunologic events leading to the development of such antibodies, knowledge of mechanisms of immune tolerance to nuclear antigens is required. By utilizing adoptive T-cell transfer strategies with transgenic mouse models expressing nuclear neo-self antigens, T-cell tolerance to the lupus-related nuclear antigens human La and nRNP A has been demonstrated. These findings also indicate the existence in normal animals of autoreactive B cells continuously presenting nuclear antigen, suggesting that nuclear antigens are not sequestered from the immune system. Investigations of CD4+ T-cell tolerance to non-nuclear antigens have revealed a number of mechanisms that protect the host from autoreactivity, including autoreactive T-cell deletion, regulatory T-cell development and anergy induction. Recent studies using T-cell receptor and neo-self nuclear antigen transgenic mice are revealing the importance of such mechanisms in maintaining tolerance to nuclear antigens. Mechanisms of tolerogenic antigen presentation, identification of tolerogenic antigen source(s) and the pathways leading to loss of tolerance to nuclear antigens in systemic autoimmune disease states are currently being sought.
Characterization of Primary and Restenotic Atherosclerotic Plaque From the Superficial Femoral Artery: potential role of Smad3 in regulation of SMC proliferation

Objective To characterize and compare primary and restenotic lesions of the superficial femoral artery and analyze the contribution of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling to the pathophysiology of peripheral artery occlusive disease. Methods and Results Immunohistochemical studies were performed on specimens retrieved from the superficial femoral artery of patients undergoing either atherectomy for primary atherosclerotic or recurrent disease after stenting and/or prior angioplasty. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a significantly higher smooth muscle cell (SMC) content (α-actin+) and expression of Smad3 in restenotic lesions while primary lesions contained significantly more leukocytes (CD45+) and macrophages (CD68+). Further studies demonstrated colocalization of Smad3 with α-actin and PCNA, suggesting a role for Smad3 in the proliferation observed in restenotic lesions. To confirm a role for Smad3 in SMC proliferation, we both upregulated Smad3 via adenoviral mediated gene transfer (AdSmad3) and inhibited Smad3 through transfection with siRNA in human aortic SMCs, then assessed cell proliferation with tritiated thymidine. Overexpression of Smad3 enhanced whereas inhibition of Smad3 decreased cell proliferation. Conclusion Differences in cellular composition and cell proliferation in conjunction with the finding that Smad3 is expressed exclusively in restenotic disease suggest that TGF-β, through Smad3 signaling, may play an essential role in SMC proliferation and the pathophysiology of restenosis in humans.
Blood sporozoans from East African amphibia.

SYNOPSIS. Haemogregarines are described from the peripheral blood and in some instances from internal organs of 4 species of frogs from East Africa. The parasites from Hyperolius puncticulatus and from Rana wittei have not been reported previously. The haemogregarine from R. mascareniensis is possibly a young stage of a form previously inadequately described. R. angolensis was parasitized by Haemogregarina theileri and also by an organism of uncertain affinity found mainly in the lung capillaries.
The Use of Multi-Source Satellite and Geospatial Data to Study the Effect of Urbanization of Primary Productivity in the United States

Data from two different satellites, a digital land cover map, and digital census data were analyzed and combined in a geographic information system to study the effect of urbanization on photosynthetic productivity in the United States. Results show that urbanization can have a measurable but variable impact on the primary productivity of the land surface. Annual productivity can be reduced by as much as 20 days in some areas, but in resource limited regions, photosynthetic production can be enhanced by human activity. Overall, urban development reduces the productivity of the land surface, and those areas with the highest productivity are directly in the path of urban sprawl.
Optimal path planning of mobile robots for sample collection

In this paper, the problem of path planning for sample collection using single or multiple mobile robots such as Mars rovers is formulated as a mathematical optimization problem involving a performance metric based on the scientific values of the collected rock and soil samples. The posed optimization problem is NP-hard and more complex than the well-known Traveling Salesman Problem. Algorithms are proposed for obtaining near-optimal solutions for both single and multiple robots. Their application is illustrated using real Mars surface data. The dependence of the optimal performance on the number of mobile robots is studied numerically. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Activated eosinophils elicit substance P release from cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons

This study was performed to test the hypothesis that activated eosinophils or their secretory products can directly stimulate sensory neurons to release their neuropeptides. Neurons derived from ne...
Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) and Tropical Lung Disease

Abstract The advent of fiberoptic bronchoscopy permitted bronchoalveolar (BAL) to become an easily performed well-tolerated diagnostic and investigative tool. The technique has opened up a helpful new window to the lungs. Changes in the quantity and pattern of BAL fluid and analysis of cells, cytokines have enabled us to broaden our understanding of respiratory and multisystem disorders. For obvious reasons of cost and availability he technique, to a large extent, has remained limited to the developed world and the vast tropical and subtropical land masses have not had benefit of BAL analysis. Although many investigators have reported the range and cellular content of Bal fluid in normal individuals, the usefulness of such an evaluation in tropical lung diseases is over due.
XV—Epistemic Charge

It is often assumed that while beliefs redound on the rational standing of a subject, perceptions do not. An irrational belief detracts from the rationality of believers, according to this assumption, but perceptions cannot do the same. I argue that perceptual experiences can have a rational standing, and that their epistemic status can be modulated by other psychological states (such as fears, wishes, prior knowledge and belief) that help produce them. Drawing on a metaphor from electricity, I call the epistemic status that perceptual experiences can have ‘epistemic charge'.
Comparison of Anticholinergic Potency to Psychotomimetic Action of Glycolate Esters

SummaryThe anticholinergic action of a group of glycolic acid esters was compared with their psychotomimetic potency in humans and their efficacy in producing centrally mediated behavioral disturbances in rats and mice. Although all of the effective psychotomimetic agents were potent anticholinergic agents, the agreement between the two frequently did not hold. The findings are in support of the idea that the glycolate esters may, at least in part, be acting directly at synaptic receptor sites and not necessarily by cholinergic blockade.
Analysis of Safety Management in Anhui Province Children's hospital Intranet

This paper discusses about the importance of intranet security management of construction in digital hospital, combined with the existing situation analysis of Hospital of hospital intranet security management has to face the problem of Describes the intranet security management scheme in the author's Hospital, and the hospital intranet security management analysis.
Research Progress in Blast Resistance Genes in Rice

The paper reviews recent research advances of blast resistance genes identified by classical genetic and molecular markers,their cloning and the molecular interaction between blast resistance genes and corresponding avirulence genes.
A generalized formulation for downscaling data based on Fourier Transform and inversion: Mathematical rationale and application to the Max-Planck-Institute aerosol climatology data

Abstract Occasionally, a need arises to downscale a time series of data from a coarse temporal resolution to a finer one, a typical example being from monthly means to daily means. For this case, daily means derived as such are used as inputs of climatic or atmospheric models so that the model results may exhibit variance on the daily time scale and retain the monthly mean of the original data set without an abrupt change from the end of one month to the beginning of the next. Different methods have been developed which often need assumptions, free parameters and the solution of simultaneous equations. Here we derive a generalized formulation by means of Fourier transform and inversion so that it can be used to directly compute daily means from a series of an arbitrary number of monthly means. The formulation can be used to transform any coarse temporal resolution to a finer one. From the derived results, the original data can be recovered almost identically. As a real application, we use this method to derive the daily counterpart of the MAC-v1 aerosol climatology that provides monthly mean aerosol properties for 18 shortwave bands and 12 longwave bands for the years from 1860 to 2100. The derived daily means are to be used as inputs of the shortwave and longwave algorithms of the NASA GEWEX SRB project.
How does a concurrent diagnosis of cancer influence outcomes in emergency general surgery patients

Abstract Background A significant proportion of hospital admissions in the US are secondary to emergency general surgery (EGS). The aim of this study is to quantify outcomes for EGS patients with cancer. Methods The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2007 to 2011) was queried for patients with a diagnosis of an EGS condition as determined by the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Of these, patients with a diagnosis of malignant cancers (ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes; 140-208.9, 238.4, 289.8) were identified. Patients with and without cancer were matched across baseline characteristics using propensity-scores. Outcome measures included all-cause mortality, complications, failure-to-rescue, length of stay, and cost. Multivariable logistic regression analyses further adjusted for hospital characteristics and volume. Results Analysis of 3,625,906 EGS patients revealed an 8.9% prevalence of concurrent malignancies. The most common EGS conditions in cancer patients included gastro-intestinal bleeding (24.8%), intestinal obstruction (13.5%), and peritonitis (10.7%). EGS patients with cancer universally had higher odds of complications (odds ratio [OR] 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20 [1.19 to 1.21]), mortality (OR [95% CI]: 2.00 [1.96 to 2.04]), failure-to-rescue (OR [95% CI]: 1.52 [1.48 to 1.56]), and prolonged hospital stay (OR [95% CI]: 1.69 [1.67 to 1.70]). Conclusions EGS patients with concurrent cancer have worse outcomes compared with patients without cancer after risk-adjustment.
Why Should Hester Lynch Piozzi Be “Dr Johnson’s Mrs Thrale?”

Our subject lived for 20 years as Hester Lynch Salusbury, and more than 40 years as the wife, then widow, of Gabriel Piozzi. Her bestselling literary works appeared under the name Hester Lynch Piozzi and yet she is recognized for her 20 years as Mrs Thrale: friend, confidante, amanuensis, and muse of Samuel Johnson. Upon her second marriage, “Piozzi” became a hostile signifier for a woman who defied her family and social opinion to choose a new husband and a new name; later biographers would recast her as “Dr Johnson’s Mrs Thrale,” the wife of one man, the possession of another. Meanwhile, modern critics have employed more than 20 different names, variously signaling emotional loyalty, theoretical affiliation, political correctness, or sensitivity to the academic marketplace. The naming of Hester Lynch Piozzi continues to complicate our understanding of one of the eighteenth century’s most distinguished and inscrutable figures.
Combined BRAF V600E and MEK blockade for BRAF V600E -mutant gliomas

BRAFV600E is a common finding in glioma (about 10-60% depending on histopathologic subclassification). BRAFV600E monotherapy shows modest preclinical efficacy against BRAFV600E gliomas and also induces adverse secondary skin malignancies. Here, we examine the molecular mechanism of intrinsic resistance to BRAFV600E inhibition in glioma. Furthermore, we investigate BRAFV600E/MEK combination therapy that overcomes intrinsic resistance to BRAFV600E inhibitor and also prevents BRAFV600E inhibitor induced secondary malignancies. Immunoblotting and Human Phospho-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Array assays were used to interrogate MAPK pathway activation. The cellular effect of BRAFV600E and MEK inhibition was determined by WST-1 viability assay and cell cycle analysis. Flanked and orthotopic GBM mouse models were used to investigate the in vivo efficacy of BRAFV600E/MEK combination therapy and the effect on secondary malignancies. BRAFV600E inhibition leads to recovery of ERK phosphorylation. Combined BRAFV600E and MEK inhibition prevents reactivation of the MAPK signaling, which correlates with decreased cell viability and augmented cell cycle arrest. Similarly, mice bearing BRAFV600E glioma showed reduced tumor growth when treated with a combination of BRAFV600E and MEK inhibitor compared to BRAFV600E inhibition alone. Additional benefit of BRAFV600E/MEK inhibition was reflected by reduced cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma (cSCC) growth (a surrogate for RAS-driven secondary maligancies). In glioma, recovery of MAPK signaling upon BRAF inhibition accounts for intrinsic resistance to BRAFV600E inhibitor. Combined BRAFV600E and MEK inhibition prevents rebound of MAPK activation, resulting in enhanced antitumor efficacy and also reduces the risk of secondary malignancy development.
A retrospective study on the safety and efficacy of leflunomide in dogs.

Background Little clinical information is available concerning the use of leflunomide in dogs with immune-mediated diseases. Objectives To report the safety and efficacy of leflunomide for the treatment of naturally occurring immune-mediated diseases in dogs. Animals Ninety-two dogs treated with leflunomide for management of suspected immune-mediated diseases. Methods Retrospective medical record review from Jan 1995 to Dec 2014. Data that were extracted from the medical records included signalment, body weight, underlying indication for leflunomide, dosage of leflunomide, treatment duration, concurrent medications, treatment response, and adverse events. Results Adverse events that could be related to leflunomide administration included diarrhea (3 of 92, 3.3%), lethargy (2 of 92, 2.2%), unexplained hemorrhage (3 of 92, 3.3%), thrombocytopenia (2 of 31, 6.5%), and increased liver enzyme activities (1 of 16, 6.3%). Significant dose differences between dogs with adverse events (n = 11; median, 2.9 mg/kg/d; range, 1.8–3.6 mg/kg/d) and dogs without adverse events (n = 81; median, 1.6 mg/kg/d; range, 0.8–4.3 mg/kg/d) were found (P < 0.001). Treatment response could be evaluated in 17 dogs. Of these 17 dogs, 12 dogs (70.5%) had an apparent positive response to the use of leflunomide. There was no significant difference (P = 0.22) in dosages between dogs that responded to leflunomide (n = 12; median, 1.9 mg/kg/d; range, 1.0–3.5 mg/kg/d) and those that did not respond (n = 5; median, 1.7 mg/kg/d; range, 1.0–2.0 mg/kg/d). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Results suggest that the starting dosage of leflunomide should be 2 mg/kg/d rather than the currently suggested dosage of 3–4 mg/kg/d.
A Distalless-responsive enhancer of the Hox gene Sex combs reduced is required for segment- and sex-specific sensory organ development in Drosophila

Hox genes are involved in the patterning of animal body parts at multiple levels of regulatory hierarchies. Early expression of Hox genes in different domains along the embryonic anterior-posterior (A/P) axis in insects, vertebrates, and other animals establishes segmental or regional identity. However, Hox gene function is also required later in development for the patterning and morphogenesis of limbs and other organs. In Drosophila, spatiotemporal modulation of Sex combs reduced (Scr) expression within the first thoracic (T1) leg underlies the generation of segment- and sex-specific sense organ patterns. High Scr expression in defined domains of the T1 leg is required for the development of T1-specific transverse bristle rows in both sexes and sex combs in males, implying that the patterning of segment-specific sense organs involves incorporation of Scr into the leg development and sex determination gene networks. We sought to gain insight into this process by identifying the cis-and trans-regulatory factors that direct Scr expression during leg development. We have identified two cis-regulatory elements that control spatially modulated Scr expression within T1 legs. One of these enhancers directs sexually dimorphic expression and is required for the formation of T1-specific bristle patterns. We show that the Distalless and Engrailed homeodomain transcription factors act through sequences in this enhancer to establish elevated Scr expression in spatially defined domains. This enhancer functions to integrate Scr into the intrasegmental gene regulatory network, such that Scr serves as a link between leg patterning, sex determination, and sensory organ development.
The Autobiographical Pose: Life Narrative and Religious Transformation in the Mirabai Tradition

The literary corpus of the sixteenth-century North Indian bhakti poet-saint Mirabai has grown over time as devotees have used (and continue to use) her name, life story and first-person voice in po...
Analysis of clinical features and early warning indicators of death from severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome.

Abstract Objective To determine the clinical features of confirmed cases of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and to explore the early warning indicators of death from SFTS. Methods A retrospective case–control study was performed at a single medical institution in Yantai. A total of 20 SFTS patients who died (death group) during January 2014 to December 2015 and another 40 age- and sex-matched SFTS patients who survived (survivor group) were identified from the case records. The differences in demographic characteristics, clinical signs and symptoms, and laboratory parameters in the early stage of disease were compared between the two groups. Conditional logistic regression was used to identify the independent risk factors for mortality in SFTS patients. Results Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that a disturbance of consciousness, pulse–temperature deficit, neurological signs, hemorrhagic manifestations, pulmonary infection, decreased lymphocyte percentage, high lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase levels, increased serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and C-reactive protein (CRP), hyponatremia, and prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APPT) and prothrombin time were associated with mortality. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, the independent predictors of death were neurological signs (odds ratio (OR) 31.247, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.813–202.853), hemorrhagic manifestations (OR 20.251, 95% CI 2.056–199.443), disturbance of consciousness (OR 15.359, 95% CI 2.139–110.268), hyponatremia (OR 5.280, 95% CI 1.235–22.575), increased CRP (OR 2.641, 95% CI 1.090–6.396), increased serum creatinine (OR 6.776, 95% CI 1.047–43.840), and prolonged APTT (OR 6.018, 95% CI 1.450–24.975). Conclusions Neurological signs, hemorrhagic manifestations, disturbance of consciousness, hyponatremia, prolonged APTT, and increased CRP and serum creatinine are risk factors for death in SFTS.
Preparation and characterization of alumina‐supported metal‐carbonyl‐derived model catalytic systems in UHV conditions

Active catalysts for metathesis of alkenes, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrogenation can be prepared by exposing a high‐surface‐area alumina support to molybdenum hexacarbonyl at room temperature. This strategy is mimicked in ultrahigh vacuum by adsorbing molybdenum hexacarbonyl onto an ultrathin hydroxylated alumina film grown onto a Mo(100) substrate. In contrast to results found on high surface area, no Mo(CO)6 is found to adsorb on alumina at 300 K, and significant molybdenum deposition is only found by heating the sample to above 670 K. Alternatively, molybdenum hexacarbonyl adsorbs on alumina when cooled to 80 K. In this case the majority of the carbonyl desorbs intact and temperature‐programmed desorption and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicate that ∼2% of a monolayer of the carbonyls undergoes decarbonylation. Auger and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements reveal that molybdenum carbide (MoC) is deposited onto the alumina surface heated to 700 K forming a monolayer after an exposure of ∼50 L. This layer is reduced to the metal by heating to ∼1500 K by reaction with the alumina substrate to evolve CO and form metallic molybdenum. The carbide can be reformed by heating the metal‐covered alumina sample in ethylene at 900 K, and the carbide can once again be reduced to the metal by heating to 1500 K. This process can be repeated so that the carbide can be regrown by reaction with ethylene and reduced by annealing in vacuo to 1500 K. Subcarbonyl species are detected after adsorbing Mo(CO)6 on hydroxylated alumina at 80 K as the sample is heated to ∼200 K. At higher temperatures, the molybdenum is oxidized to an approximately 4+ oxidation state and deposits primarily oxalate species on the surface. The adsorbed oxalates thermally decompose at ∼300 K to evolve CO to form surface formates. These are stable to ∼560 K and react to evolve CO at this temperature. It is also found that the extent of decarbonylation depends on the degree of alumina hydroxylation so that heating hydroxylated alumina to 900 K, which removes ∼50% of the surface hydroxyls, decreases the both CO desorption yield and the oxalate coverage by 50%.
Recent Advances in the Understanding of Zeolite Synthesis

The objective of this chapter is to review the open literature on molecular sieve zeolite synthesis, highlighting information regarding the fundamental mechanisms of zeolite crystallization in hydrothermal systems. The text, therefore, focuses on the three primary mechanistic steps in the crystalliza- tion process: nucleation of new populations of zeolite crystals, growth of existing populations of crystals, and the role played by existing zeolite crystal mass in the subsequent nucleation of new crystals or the growth of zeolite crystals in the system.
The cause of acute brain swelling after the closed head injury in rats.

The major component of acute brain swelling was determined using a new closed head injury (CHI) model in rats. Twenty seven Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into four groups (Sham, CHI, CHI combined with hypotension and CHI combined with hypoxia and hypotension). Hypoxia (pO2 of 40 mmHg) and hypotension (mean arterial blood pressure of 30 to 40 mmHg) were induced immediately after head injury and were maintained for 30 minutes. These experiments were terminated at two hours after CHI by transcalvarial freezing with liquid nitrogen. Blood pressure, intracranial pressure (ICP) and physiological parameters were monitored. Regional cerebral blood volume and water content were measured quantitatively. Rats with CHI, and with CHI and hypotension, had mild increase in ICP. Otherwise, rats with CHI, hypoxia and hypotension showed a significant increase in ICP (36.2 ±5.6 mmHg). Water content showed an increase of 1.6% in the estimated total brain and 2.4% in the cerebral cortex in those rats. Cerebral blood volume decreased by 61.4% in the total brain and 57.3% in the cortex. There was a reduction in the cerebral hematocrit of 2.4% in the total brain and 4.7% in the cortex. The main component of brain swelling in this head injury model was brain edema. Cerebral blood volume and hematocrit were reduced in the remarkable edematous brain.
PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OF BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), a preoccupation with an imagined or slight defect in appearance, has been described for more than a century and reported around the world. However, investigation into the treatment of this distressing and impairing disorder is just beginning. Available data on the pharmacologic treatment of BDD suggest that it often responds to serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), which may be preferentially effective for this disorder. Augmentation of SRIs with buspirone and neuroleptics, as well as combinations of SRIs, also appear promising. Available data also suggest that serotonin reuptake inhibitors may be effective for delusional BDD (a type of delusional disorder, somatic type). Because controlled treatment studies are lacking, however, these findings are preliminary. Controlled pharmacotherapy studies, which are under way, are greatly needed.
Cholesterol biosynthesis and regulation: role of peroxisomes.

The purpose of this chapter is to review cholesterol biosynthesis and regulation, to emphasize some of the recent findings related to the localization of cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes in peroxisomes and to discuss the impairment of cholesterol biosynthesis in peroxisomal deficiency diseases.
Positive psychological outcomes of spaceflight: an empirical study.

Introduction: Anecdotes from astronauts and cosmonauts suggest that spaceflight can be an enriching experience with enduring positive effects. These positive mental health effects may help protect flight crews from the psychological stress inherent in such high-risk missions. The goal of this study was to identify areas of personal growth likely to result from traveling in space and explore how they were patterned. Methods: We developed a Positive Effects of Being in Space (PEBS) Questionnaire, which included a section adapted from the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) as well as original items addressing experiences unique to spaceflight. We sent the anonymous questionnaire to 175 astronauts and cosmonauts who had flown on at least 1 mission; completed surveys were returned by 39 individuals. Results: Every respondent had a positive reaction to being in space, the strongest of which related to the Earth's beauty and fragility. Respondents reported changes in both attitudes and behaviors. Respondents appeared to cluster into two groups based on the intensity of their reported changes. Response patterns did not vary by demographic group, number of missions flown, or total elapsed time in space. Conclusions: Overall, our findings support the idea that being in space is a meaningful experience that makes an enduring positive impression on astronauts and cosmonauts. An enhanced understanding of the salutogenic effects of space travel will contribute to the education, training, and support of future space crew-members.
Perioperative complications of adrenal surgery

Complications of adrenal surgery may be medical or surgical. The latter are related to the operative approach as well as to the type and extent of the adrenal lesion and are in general similar to those seen in other open procedures. The medical complications include adrenal insufficiency as a result of bilateral adrenalectomy or continuing contralateral suppression, as well as more specific problems resulting from the physiological derangements of Cushing's syndrome, pheochromocytoma, and primary aldosteronism. Nevertheless, with meticulous preoperative management and postoperative care, adrenal surgery can be performed with low morbidity and mortality rates.
The small heat shock protein HSPB1 protects mice from sepsis.

In vitro studies have implicated the small heat shock protein HSPB1 in a range of physiological functions. However, its in vivo relevance is unclear as the phenotype of unstressed HSPB1−/− mice is unremarkable. To determine the impact of HSPB1 in injury, HSPB1−/− and wild type (WT) mice were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture, a model of polymicrobial sepsis. Ten-day mortality was significantly higher in HSPB1−/− mice following the onset of sepsis (65% vs. 35%). Ex vivo mechanical testing revealed that common carotid arteries from HSPB1−/− mice were more compliant than those in WT mice over pressures of 50–120 mm Hg. Septic HSPB1−/− mice also had increased peritoneal levels of IFN-γ and decreased systemic levels of IL-6 and KC. There were no differences in frequency of either splenic CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, nor were there differences in apoptosis in either cell type. However, splenic CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells from HSPB1−/− mice produced significantly less TNF and IL-2 following ex vivo stimulation. Systemic and local bacterial burden was similar in HSPB1−/− and WT mice. Thus while HSPB1−/− mice are uncompromised under basal conditions, HSPB1 has a critical function in vivo in sepsis, potentially mediated through alterations in arterial compliance and the immune response.
Terahertz quantum metamaterials (Conference Presentation)

Electromagnetic metamaterials are typically comprised of subwavelength metal or dielectric resonators that, when fashioned as two or three-dimensional composites, result in novel optical and photonic functionalities. Importantly, the enhanced local electric and magnetic fields of these resonators are accessible leading to strong interactions upon integration with quantum materials. Ultimately, we seek to create emergent photonic composites where the whole is more than the sum of the parts. The possibilities are nearly endless with a host of quantum materials ranging from semiconductors to transition metal oxides to superconductors offering unique possibilities. This is especially true at terahertz frequencies where the electrodynamic response of quantum materials often manifest in dramatic fashion. In this talk, we will focus on terahertz quantum metamaterials (TQMs) highlighting recent examples and emphasizing that TQMs offer a two-way street to both create technologically relevant composites and to investigate fundamental condensed matter physics under extreme conditions.
Women's preferences for and experiences with prenatal genetic testing decision making: Sociodemographic disparities in preference-concordant decision making.

Abstract Objective To investigate women’s preferred approach to prenatal genetic testing decision making and assess concordance between preference and experience. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of data from two randomized trials conducted between 2007–2012. Survey items assessed participants’ preferred approach to decision making and whether they experienced a preference-concordant decision process. Logistic regression estimated relationships between patient characteristics and these outcomes. Results 56% of women preferred autonomous decision making, 39% preferred shared decision making, and 5% preferred a provider-driven approach. Only 57% experienced preference-concordant decision making. On bivariate analysis, black women, Spanish-speaking Latinas and women with less education were less likely to experience this outcome than white, more educated women. Numeracy and preferring a provider-driven approach fully mediated observed disparities in preference-concordant decision making for most participants, except for Spanish-speaking Latinas, who were still less likely to have experienced this outcome after accounting for these factors. Conclusion Numeracy, preference for provider-driven decision processes, and language barriers were key drivers of disparities in preference-concordant decision making. Practice implications Given the values-sensitive and quantitative nature of prenatal testing decisions, nuanced counseling and interventions to address language barriers, numeracy gaps, and decision-making preferences are needed to tailor counseling to patient’s backgrounds and desires.
A Whole-genome CRISPR Screen Identifies a Role of MSH2 in Cisplatin-mediated Cell Death in Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer.

Abstract Background The response to first-line, platinum-based treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer has not improved in 3 decades. Objective To identify genes that influence cisplatin resistance in bladder cancer. Design, setting, and participants We performed a whole-genome CRISPR screen in a bladder cancer cell line to identify genes that mediate resistance to cisplatin. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Targeted validation was performed in two bladder cancer cell lines. The top gene candidate was validated in a publicly available bladder cancer dataset. Results and limitations From the CRISPR screen, we identified MSH2 as the most significantly enriched gene and mismatch repair as the most significantly enriched pathway that promoted resistance to cisplatin. Bladder cancer cells with knockdown of MSH2 showed a reduction in cisplatin-mediated apoptosis. MSH2 loss did not impact the sensitivity to other chemotherapies, including the cisplatin analog oxaliplatin. Bladder tumors with low MSH2 protein levels, quantified using reverse-phase protein array, showed poorer survival when treated with cisplatin- or carboplatin-based therapy; these results require future validation using immunohistochemistry. Additionally, results are retrospective from patients with primarily high-grade tumors; thus, validation in a controlled clinical trial is needed. Conclusions We generated in vitro evidence that bladder cancer cell lines depleted of MSH2 are more resistant to cisplatin. We additionally found an association between low MSH2 in bladder tumors and poorer patient survival when treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. If successfully validated prospectively, MSH2 protein level could assist in the selection of patients for chemotherapy. Patient summary We report the first evidence that MSH2 protein level may contribute to chemotherapy resistance observed in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. MSH2 has potential as a biomarker predictive of response to platinum-based therapy.
The Role of Cognitive and Psychosocial Maturity in Type 1 Diabetes Management.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the article was to explore the longitudinal relationship between treatment responsibility and type 1 diabetes management (i.e., adherence and glycemic control) in adolescence and to examine whether indicators of cognitive and psychosocial maturity moderate the link between youth responsibility and diabetes outcomes. Methods Participants included 117 youth with type 1 diabetes and their parents. Youth (aged 8–16 years) and parents were assessed five times over 2 years. Using a cohort sequential design, we estimated the growth trajectory of adherence and glycemic control (i.e., hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c]) from age 8 to 18 years. Treatment responsibility, verbal ability, and impulse control were used as predictors of within-person variability and between-person differences in the growth parameters (i.e., intercept and slope). Results Adherence and HbA1c declined linearly from ages 8 to 18 years. Significant within-person interactions between impulse control and responsibility revealed that on occasions when youth experienced increases in both responsibility and impulse control, adherence and HbA1c were higher than would be predicted by the age-related trajectory. For adherence only, when youth acquired more responsibility, without experiencing contemporaneous gains in impulse control, adherence worsened. For glycemic control only, a significant within-person interaction indicated that time-specific increases in both youth responsibility and verbal capacity were associated with a concurrent decline in HbA1c. Conclusions The present findings underscore that the associations between treatment responsibility and diabetes management depend on youths' maturational context. Intervention efforts to enhance impulse control skills in youth with diabetes may prevent the decline in diabetes management that tends to occur as youth acquire more responsibility for diabetes-related tasks.
Open Systems: Why Study Nonconservative and Otherwise Peculiar Reaction Networks?

Anyone who passed through high school chemistry will remember that, in addition to more urgent adolescent preoccupations, there was the problem of “balancing chemical equations.” Not only was the total mass on the two sides of a chemical reaction supposed to be identical, so too were the total number of atoms of each kind and the total charge. In this chapter we will indicate not only why it makes sense to consider nonconservative networks but also why, if reaction network theory is to be wide-ranging in its utility, it is essential that we do so.
Author Correction: LOTUS domain protein MARF1 binds CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex to post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression in oocytes

The originally published version of this Article contained an error in Figure 1a, in which the length of the protein fragment produced by the MARF1 null allele was incorrectly labelled as ‘34aa’ rather than the corrected ‘103aa’.Also, the second sentence of the third paragraph of the Results originally read ‘The MARF1null allele has a 241-nt-long deletion introduced at proximal to the N-terminal end of the protein, which produced a premature stop codon, resulting in production of the N-terminal 34 aa fragment of MARF1 (Fig. 1a).’ In the corrected version, ‘34aa’ is replaced by ‘103aa’.These errors have now been corrected in both the PDF and the HTML versions of the Article.
NC Algorithms for Computing a Perfect Matching, the Number of Perfect Matchings, and a Maximum Flow in One-Crossing-Minor-Free Graphs

In 1988, Vazirani gave an NC algorithm for computing the number of perfect matchings in K3,3-minor-free graphs by building on Kasteleyn's scheme for planar graphs, and stated that this "opens up the possibility of obtaining an NC algorithm for finding a perfect matching in K3,3-free graphs." In this paper, we finally settle this 30-year-old open problem. Building on recent NC algorithms for planar and bounded-genus perfect matching by Anari and Vazirani and by Sankowski, we obtain NC algorithms for perfect matching in any minor-closed graph family that forbids a one-crossing graph. This result applies to several well-studied graph families including the K3,3-minor-free graphs and K5-minor-free graphs. Graphs in these families not only have unbounded genus, but can have genus as high as O(n). Our method applies as well to several other problems related to perfect matching. In particular, we obtain NC algorithms for the following problems in any family of graphs (or networks) with a one-crossing forbidden minor: - Determining whether a given graph has a perfect matching and if so, finding one. - Finding a minimum weight perfect matching in the graph, assuming that the edge weights are polynomially bounded. - Computing the number of perfect matchings in the graph. - Finding a maximum st-flow in the network, with arbitrary capacities. The main new idea enabling our results is the definition and use of matching-mimicking networks, small replacement networks that behave the same, with respect to matching problems involving a fixed set of terminals, as the larger network they replace.
The Olfactory Proboscis Extension Response in the Honey Bee: A Laboratory Exercise in Classical Conditioning

The beginning neuroscience or psychology student does not often have the opportunity to experiment with classical conditioning. Here I present an inexpensive, easy-to-implement classical conditioning experiment taking advantage of the proboscis extension response to train honey bees to learn an appetitive olfactory association. If an apiary is available, this exercise can be implemented in large scale (training many animals simultaneously) with no specialized equipment so that students can train insects to recognize and respond to a specific odor within the time constraints of a single laboratory classroom session. The proportion of bees that successfully learn the association (40-50%) is considerably lower than in systems utilizing specialized equipment, but the learning is quick and robust enough to clearly demonstrate that learning has occurred. The exercise also lends itself to easy modification to allow alternative learning tasks to be attempted (e.g., multiple odorants, alternative modalities, etc.). Furthermore, this exercise proved to be highly engaging to students.
Digital Human-in-the-Loop Framework

Although there are numerous ergonomics assessment methods available for assessing safety, comfort, and performance of human-product interactions, there is a lack of comprehensive and widely available computational human-centered design framework that brings human factors principles into engineering design. In existing human-centered design approaches, computational assessment of human-product interaction is not explicitly considered as part of the early design phase, but rather it is addressed downstream in the design process through traditional human factors engineering strategies, often, includes physical prototyping and usability studies with extensive human-subject data collection. We hypothesize that digital human modeling can be utilized not only as an ergonomics evaluation tool but also as an engineering design methodology to embrace form and function during the early phases of the development. The digital human modeling approach has the potential to be a merger between the form and functionality aspects of product design by focusing on human needs, abilities, and limitations. This paper introduces a novel human-in-the-loop methodology which injects human factors engineering principles via digital human modeling into a computational design environment to assess the safety and performance of human-product interactions early in design.
How We Fail Children with Developmental Language Disorder.

Purpose For over two decades, we have known that children with developmental language disorder (DLD) are underserved. We have also known that DLD does not attract the research attention that it merits given its prevalence and impact. The purposes of this clinical focus article are to present evidence that these failures continue, explore the reasons behind these failures, and propose solutions. Method I reviewed the literature and applied bibliometric analysis procedures from Bishop (2010) to quantify research efforts aimed at DLD compared to other neurodevelopmental disorders. Results The percentage of children who are deemed eligible for clinical services because of DLD continues to fall well short of estimates based on the prevalence of DLD in community samples. The amount of research conducted on DLD relative to other neurodevelopmental disorders remains low. Contributing factors include a lack of awareness of DLD, the hidden nature of DLD, entrenched policies, and the dissonance created when speech-language pathologists must diagnose DLD in school settings. Conclusions Expanded approaches to supporting children with DLD are required. These might include engagement in advocacy and awareness campaigns; clearer communication with the families we serve and enhanced collaborations with classroom teachers; the implementation of school-based language screenings; participation in policymaking; and the development of service delivery models that operate alongside those that exist in our schools and complement their function. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12743273.
The Temple vie weight management and lifestyle programme: initial data and reflections on Covid-19

Abstract During the first three months of the Temple Vie programme, average weight loss in 36 subjects exceeded 13 kg. There were associated improvements in Patient Reported Outcome Measures, blood pressure and serum lipids. The Covid-19 pandemic may focus attention on programmes that give rise to rapid weight loss and improvements in cardiovascular health parameters.