cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mobility Labeling for Parallel CID of Ion Mixtures

An ion mobility/mass spectrometry technique has been developed to record collision-induced dissociation patterns for multiple ions in a parallel fashion. In this approach, a mixture of ions is separated in a drift tube on the basis of differences in mobilities through a buffer gas. As the ions exit the drift tube, they are accelerated into a collision cell and the ensuing fragment ions are dispersed by differences in mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Fragment ions that are formed in the collision cell have drift times that are coincident with their antecedent parent ions, allowing the origin of all fragments formed from the mixture of ions to be determined. The approach is demonstrated by examining fragmentation patterns of the [M + H]+ parent and a series of a-, b-, and y-type fragments of [d-Ala2,3]methionine enkephalin.
Fluid migration in the vadose zone from 3-D inversion of resistivity monitoring data

The movement of a small plume of fresh water through the vadose zone was monitored using surface resistivity tomography and pole‐pole potential measurements. Sets of potential measurements on a square grid at several times throughout the experiment show gradual, progressive, and systematic development of low‐resistivity zones that are inferred to be loci of fluid concentration. A procedure for inverting percentage changes in potentials is developed here and used to map maximum potential changes of 13% into resistivity decreases of up to 40% through 3-D resistivity inversion. The resulting patterns are complex, with both resistivity increases and decreases needed to match the observed data. The resistivity reductions show a spatial connection to the plume’s source and are suggestive of the fluid migration. Resistivity increases generally appear to form rims surrounding the decreases and may be artifacts of the inversion process. However, some isolated increases in the surface layer may be caused by evapora...
IN VITRO STUDY OF BETA CELL FUNCTION IN IDIOPATHIC HYPOGLYCEMIA WITH NESIDIOBLASTOSIS

A 75% pancreatectomy was performed on a 13 month old infant with hypoglycemic seizures from 7 months of age. Prior studies showed fasting (4-8 hrs) and postprandial blood glucose (G) of 38 ± 3 (n=21) and 42 ± 4 (n=6) mg%±SEM respectively, with serum insulin (IRI) of 35 ± 9 and 43 ± 10 uU/ml ±SEM. Hypoglycemia with inappropriate IRI levels followed standard tests with oral glucose, 1-leucine, triglyceride, and IV tolbutamide (T) and IM glucagon. G and IRI after IV-GTT were normal. The pancreas showed nesidioblastosis. Acid ethanol extractable IRI content was 10.8 + 1.7 u/gm pancreas +SEM (n=6). Ten mg pieces of pancreas were incubated at G90, G300, and G300 + cytochalasin B (CB-10 ugm/ml), washed and reincubated in G90 + T (40 mg%) with the following results (uU IRI/mg/hr +SEM, n=6): The absence of IRI response to G300, lack of enhancement by CB and marked effect of T suggests that the readily available pool of secretory vesicles is not G or CB dependent. These observations are consistent with the behavior of fetal pancreas and suggest lack of development of glucose control over insulin release.
The skin as a model to study the pathogenesis of IgE-mediated acute and late-phase responses

101. Laroche D, Chrysanthou S, Lefran~ois C, et al. Evidence of a progressive degranulation of basophil in subjects operated on without adverse reaction. Agents Actions 1992;36(suppl C):C199-C200. 102. De Paulis A, Valentini G, Spadaro G, Lupoli S, Tirri G, Marone G. Human basophil releasability. VIII. Increased basophil releasability in patients with scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum 1991;34:1289-96. 103. Yunginger JW, Nelson DR, Squillace DL, et al. Laboratory investigation of deaths due to anaphylaxis. J Forensic Sci 1991;36:857-65. 104. Takeishi T, Martin TR, Katona IM, Finkelman FD, Galli SJ. Differences in the expression of the cardiopulmonary alterations associated with anti-immunoglobulin E-induced or active anaphylaxis in mast cell-deficient and normal mice: mast cells are not required for the cardiopulmonary changes associated with certain fatal anaphylactic responses. J Clin Invest 1991;88:598-608. 105. Sampson HA, Mendelson L, Rosen JP. Fatal and nearfatal anaphylactic reactions to food in children and adolescents [Comments]. N Engl J Med 1992;327:380-4. 106. Shalit M, Schwartz LB, yon Allmen C, Atkins PC, Lavker RM, Zweiman B. Release of histamine and tryptase during continuous and interrupted cutaneous challenge with allergen in humans. J ALLERCY CLIN IMVnJNOL 1990; 86:117-25. 107. Lavker RM, Schechter NM, Guzzo C, Lazarus GS. Aggressive topical corticosteroid therapy: a novel approach to mast-cell-dependent cutaneous disorders. Dermatologica 1987;175:213-6. 108. Lavker RM, Schechter NM, Lazarus GS. Effects of topical corticosteroids on human dermis. Br J Dermatol 1986;115:101-7. 109. Jarjour NN, Calhoun WJ, Schwartz LB, Busse WW. Elevated bronchoalveolar lavage fluid histamine levels in allergic asthmatics are associated with increased airway obstruction. Am Rev Resp Dis 1991;144:83-7. 110. Broide DH, Gleich GJ, Cuomo AJ, et al. Evidence of ongoing mast cell and eosinophil degranulation in symptomatic asthma airway. J A~LEROY CLlr~ IMMUNOL, 1991; 88:637-48. 111. Liu MC, Bleecker ER, Lichtenstein LM, et al. Evidence for elevated levels of histamine, prostaglandin D2, and other bronchoconstricting prostaglandins in the airways of subjects with mild asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142:126-32. 112. Sedgwick JB, Calhoun WJ, Gleich GJ, et al. Immediate and late airway response of allergic rhinitis patients to segmental antigen challenge: characterization of eosinophil and mast cell mediators. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144:1274-81. 113. Liu MC, Hubbard WC, Proud D, et al. Immediate and late inflammatory responses to ragweed antigen challenge of the peripheral airways in allergic asthmatics: cellular, mediator, and permeability changes. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;144:51-8. 114. Koshino T, Teshima S, Fukushima N, et al. Identification of basophils by immunohistochemistry in the airways of post-mortem cases of fatal asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 1993;23:919-25.
Partisan Shifts in Presidential and Gubernatorial Elections in Alabama, 1932–1994∗

Although the Republican Party has been competitive in presidential elections in the South for nearly three decades, it has only recently become a force in southern state and local elections. In Alabama, the GOP has dominated presidential voting since 1964, but has only become competitive during the past decade in gubernatorial elections. Why did the GOP first experience success in Alabama in presidential elections 30 years ago, but only recently become competitive in gubernatorial elections? This paper addresses this question using a county-level analysis of both presidential and gubernatorial election returns. It concludes that George Wallace's long political career is the dominant reason for the lag in GOP success in gubernatorial elections.
Educative experiences and early childhood science education: A Deweyan perspective on learning to observe

Abstract This paper is a report of work conducted at an urban elementary professional development school in the eastern US. John Dewey's explication of ‘educative experiences’ is applied to describe curriculum involving small animals as a basis for teaching science inquiry processes, particularly the process of observation. The analysis is qualitative and interpretive; the data consist of observations, transcripts of science study group meetings, and interviews with five participating teachers in grades kindergarten through third. A principal objective of this analysis is to provide recommendations concerning how we might help preservice elementary teachers create effective approaches to science curricula that utilize real-world science experiences to inspire and develop children's learning in science.
Prenatal Virilization Associated with Paternal Testosterone Gel Therapy

Transdermal testosterone gels are used in the treatment of hypoandrogenism of males. Virilization due to exposure to testosterone gels has been reported in children resulting in a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warning about secondary exposure to these products. At present, we are unaware of prenatal virilization associated with unintentional testosterone gel exposure. We report prenatal virilization in a female infant due to secondary maternal exposure to the father's testosterone gel. We also describe postnatal virilization of the child's twin sister.
Vorticity generation by shock propagation through bubbles in a gas

We present a new theoretical model of ‘late-time’ phenomena related to the interaction of a planar shock with a local, discrete inhomogeneity in an ambient gas. The term ‘late-time’ applies to the evolution of the inhomogeneity and the flow field after interaction with the incident shock has ceased. Observations of a shock propagating through a bubble or a spherical flame have exhibited or implied the formation of vortex structures and have showed continual distortion of the bubble or flame. Our theory shows that this is due to the generation of long-lived vorticity at the edge of the discrete inhomogeneity. The vorticity interacts with itself through the medium of the fluid, and, depending on the geometry of the discrete inhomogeneity, can roll up into vortex filaments or vortex rings. To verify and amplify this theoretical description, we use numerical solutions of the fluid equations for conservation of mass, momentum, and energy to study the interaction of a weak shock with a cylindrical or spherical bubble. The simulated bubble has either a higher or lower density than the ambient gas. In this way, the calculations provide insights into the effects of both geometry and distortion of the local sound speed. The Mach number of the shock is 1.2, the ambient gas is air, and the pressure is 1 atmosphere. Because of the simple geometry of each bubble, the vorticity generated at the boundary rolls up into a vortex filament pair (cylindrical bubble) or a vortex ring (spherical bubble). The structural features and timescales of the phenomena observed in the calculations agree closely with recent experiments of Haas & Sturtevant, in which helium and Freon bubbles were used to provide the local departures from ambient density. The discussion of results includes a survey of alternative numerical methods, sources of uncertainty in velocities of interfaces or structures, as derived from the laboratory and numerical experiments, and the relationship of our analysis to other theories.
Single Miller compensation using inverting current buffer for multi-stage amplifiers

A novel single Miller frequency compensation topology utilizing a current mirror as an inverting current buffer (SMCICB) for multi-stage amplifiers is proposed. An effective method for accurate placement of the Left-Half-Plane (LHP) zero, introduced by the current buffer is detailed. The SMCICB network effectively cancels the pole at output node, resulting in a single-pole system. This topology does not introduce additional transistors and static power dissipation. As a design example, we simulated a four-stage amplifier driving a 25kΩ//125-pF load, achieving 8.2MHz gain-bandwidth product, with 80μA of quiescent current and ±1.5Vpower supplies in a 0.5μm ON Semi 2P3M process CMOS. Simulation results, in good agreement with theoretical analysis, validate the proposed SMCICB scheme.
Metabolism of gibberellin A1 in germinating bean seeds

Abstract Tritium labeled gibberellin A 1 ([ 3 H]GA 1 ) was synthesized by selective hydrogenation of GA 3 and a method was developed for its isolation from two other radioactive side-products. Seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris , cv. Kentucky Wonder, were imbibed for 30 hr in an aqueous solution containing [ 3 H]GA 1 . Extraction with methanol and solvent fractionation was followed by a thorough search for radioactive metabolic products. The primary conversion product of [ 3 H]GA 1 , detected by GLC, was [ 3 H]GA 8 -glucoside along with traces of [ 3 H]GA 8 . The absence of radioactive GA 3 and GA 3 -glucoside was indicated by GLC.
Analysis of High-Speed CT Scanners for Non-Medical Applications

There are non-medical applications for CT (computerized tomographic) scanner technology which are feasible and potentially important. We have identified several applications related to the general problem of measuring cross-sectional density distributions in two-phase flowing mixtures and have analyzed a general class of CT scanner designs which suit these applications. Specifically, this paper reports the results of an analysis of CT scanners which (1) are appropriate for two-phase fluid density measurements, (2) are based upon stationary detector array scanner designs, (3) incorporate a rotating isotopic fan-beam source, (4) permit continuous scanning of the object, and (5) can achieve 10 millisecond scan times.
Locking Compression Plates for Pancarpal Arthrodesis in a Thoroughbred Filly

Objective— To report treatment of a comminuted ulnar carpal (UC) bone fracture associated with carpal instability by pancarpal arthrodesis using 2 locking compression plates (LCP). Study Design— Case report. Animals— A 2-year-old Thoroughbred filly. Methods— An UC fracture and luxation of the proximal row of carpal bones was diagnosed radiographically. Pancarpal arthrodesis was performed with 2 LCP positioned dorsolaterally and dorsomedially and centered over the carpus through a single skin incision. The filly was maintained in a full limb cast for 15 days, followed by a tube cast for 14 days, and subsequently a full limb bandage with caudal splint for 21 days. Results— Two LCP provided appropriate carpal stability resulting in a pasture sound horse 6 months after surgery. The filly was discharged from the hospital 63 days after surgery, walking well with only a slight mechanical lameness. Conclusion— Use of 2 LCP applied on the dorsomedial and dorsolateral aspect of the carpus can provide carpal stability for pancarpal arthrodesis. Clinical Relevance— Excellent stability of the carpal joints can be achieved with 2 LCP.
Effect of spoil disposal on benthic invertebrates

Abstract Hydraulic dredging and spoil disposal behind the inner breakwater in Delaware Bay has an impact over several kilometres from the site of operations. While dissolved oxygen and the density of animals fell in the areas immediately affected, the total impact of this operation appears to have been small. There may even have been some recruitment of animals to the spoil areas after the operations.
Defining Helicobacter pylori as a pathogen: Strain heterogeneity and virulence

Helicobacter pylori, the etiologic agent of gastritis and peptic ulceration, may infect the gastric mucosa of over half of the world's population. Despite the high infection rate, symptomatic disease beyond gastritis (characterized by gastric or duodenal ulcer) is noted in a small, but nevertheless significant, fraction of this population. What defines an H. pylori strain as a pathogen that can cause the more serious clinical manifestations? In addition to the more well recognized virulence determinants, such as urease, flagella, and vacuolating cytotoxin, evidence is emerging that the more virulent strains possess well defined segments of DNA. These "pathogenicity islands" include cytotoxin-associated gene A and encode proteins involved in signal transduction events that may facilitate intimate attachment to host cells, cytoskeletal rearrangement via actin polymerization, and host cell protein phosphorylation.
Mathematical modeling of liquid waste evaporation from the Melton Valley storage tanks using heat and mass transfer in a bubble chain

Abstract A mathematical model is presented for evaporating waste from the Melton Valley Storage Tanks (MVSTs) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This paper shows that the evaporation of liquid waste from the MVSTs is a viable option for increasing the available waste storage volume over a significant time period. The evaporation process has been modeled using mass and heat transfer through the formation of a bubble chain. This bubble chain is formed by sparging air through five 1-in. diam pipes. The sparged air is then dispersed inside a tank with a 50000 gal waste capacity. This paper discusses in detail the bubble formation, velocity of rise and the correlation obtained, and how it is used for heat- and mass-transfer analysis. The mathematical model is then used to compute the vapor concentration in milligrams per liter inside the tanks and in the associated piping system. These findings, along with the experimental measurements from the pilot plant, are illustrated in tabular and graphical form. The accuracy of the mathematical model was verified using data from a laboratory-scale experimental system. Comparison of these results indicates an excellent agreement for liquid water and synthetic waste. In addition, the evaporation rate and the number of tanks required are plotted against the sparging air temperature for dehumidified air, as well as for different mass flow rates and the significance of these curves is also discussed.
Incretin-Based Therapies

Incretin-based therapies are steadily gaining clinical popularity, with many more products in the developmental pipeline. Current treatment recommendations incorporate GLP-1 RAs and DPP-4 inhibitors as important agents for consideration in the treatment of T2DM owing to their low hypoglycemia risk, ability to address postprandial hyperglycemia (DPP-4 inhibitors and short-acting GLP-1 RAs), and potential for weight reduction (GLP-1 RAs). These properties may likewise prove advantageous in older adults in whom hypoglycemia is particularly undesirable, although older adults may be more prone to the nausea and vomiting associated with GLP-1 RA therapy. Other safety issues for incretin-based therapies, such as pancreatitis, C-cell hyperplasia, and renal failure, should be considered when choosing an appropriate patient to receive such therapies. Ongoing CV outcome studies will further inform the health care community regarding the CV safety of incretin-based therapies. The availability of both short-acting and long-acting GLP-1 RAs currently allows practitioners to consider individualized blood glucose trends and therapeutic needs when choosing an optimal agent.
Evidence of Extended Marine Planktonic Larval Development in Far-Upstream Populations of the River Shrimp Macrobrachium Ohione (Smith, 1874) from the Mississippi River

Coastal populations of Macrobrachium ohione (Smith, 1874) have been shown previously to be amphidromous, i.e., with adults living in fresh water but with marine larval development. Larval delivery to coastal estuaries in far-upstream populations seemed unlikely because of the distances involved. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis of freshwater larval development in far-upstream populations from the Mississippi River, near Vicksburg and Greenville, Mississippi. We compared the molting success of newly hatched stage-1 (non-feeding) to stage-2 (first feeding) zoeae when exposed to fresh water and salt water (15 ppt) treatments. In addition we also tested the duration of time larvae spent in fresh water or salt water prior to major larval mortality or larval molting. In all freshwater treatments, stage-1 larvae failed to molt to stage 2; in contrast, molting success in saltwater treatments was ∼99% and after 5-6 d of exposure to salt water all surviving larvae molted to stage 2. In freshwater treatments, there was a significant decline in larval survivorship after 3-5 of exposure to fresh water. Larval survivorship declined below 50% after 5 d of “freshwater drifting.” These results suggest that far-upstream populations of M. ohione require saline environments to complete larval development. Alternate hypotheses (long-distance hatching migrations of females to and from the sea, inland brine springs producing low salinity larval nurseries, upstream population sinks) are proposed to explain the former existence of far-upstream populations.
On the temperature dependence of the conformation of human serum high density lipoprotein.

Abstract 1. 1. Human serum lipoprotein of d 1.063–1.125, HDL2 and its delipidated product, apo HDL2, were studied by the techniques of circular dichroism and ultraviolet spectroscopy as a function of temperature. 2. 2. The observed thermal transitions were greater in apo HDL2 than in HDL2. In both instances the changes were reversible, although the course of renaturation was slower in the products deprived of lipids. 3. 3. The results were taken to support the view that lipids play a structural role in HDL2 in that they pose constraints on the temperature dependent conformational instability of the protein. 4. 4. Sodium dodecyl sulphate at high concentrations (20–200 mM) had an effect on apo HDL2 similar to that of lipids.
Gene Therapy for Liver Transplantation Using Adenoviral Vectors: CD40–CD154 Blockade by Gene Transfer of CD40Ig Protects Rat Livers from Cold Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury

Abstract Liver injury induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is the prime factor in delayed or loss graft function following transplantation. CD4 + T lymphocytes are key cellular mediators of antigen-independent inflammatory response triggered by I/R. We attempted to modulate rat liver I/R injury by targeted gene therapy with CD40Ig, which blocks the CD40–CD154 costimulation pathway. One hundred percent of Ad-CD40Ig-pretreated orthotopic liver transplants (OLTs) subjected to 24 h of cold (4°C) ischemia survived >14 days (vs 50% in untreated/Ad-β-gal groups). Ad-CD40Ig treatment decreased sGOT levels and depressed neutrophil infiltration, compared with controls. These functional data correlated with histological Suzuki's grading of hepatic injury, which in untreated/Ad-β-gal groups showed severe necrosis (>60%) and moderate to severe sinusoidal congestion; the Ad-CD40Ig-pretreated group revealed minimal sinusoidal congestion/necrosis. Unlike in controls, OLT expression of mRNA coding for IL-2/IFN-γ remained depressed, whereas that of IL-4/IL-13 reciprocally increased in the Ad-CD40Ig group. Ad-CD40Ig reduced frequency of TUNEL + cells and proapoptotic Caspase-3, but enhanced antioxidant HO-1 and antiapoptotic Bcl-2/Bcl-xl expression. Thus, prolonged blockade of CD40–CD154 by CD40Ig exerts potent cytoprotection against hepatic I/R injury. These results provide the rationale for a novel gene therapy approach to maximize the organ donor pool through the safer use of liver transplants exposed to prolonged cold ischemia.
Working memory and the guidance of visual attention: consonance-driven orienting.

Two experiments investigated the potential role of the content of working memory in guiding visual attention. Experiment 1 showed that maintaining a shape in working memory resulted in a decisive preference for moving attention to the same shape in the background when those shapes were task irrelevant. Experiment 2 showed a similar preference for words that were semantically related to an item held in working memory. We suggest that keeping an item active in working memory automatically results in a tendency for attention to be “attracted” to stimuli that are related to that item either visually or semantically.
Role of Parasympathetic Inhibition in the Hyperkinetic Type of Borderline Hypertension

Eleven patients with borderline hypertension and high cardiac output were compared to 16 paid healthy volunteers. Cardiac output, heart rate, and intraarterial blood pressure were determined at rest, after administration of 0.2 mg/kg of propranolol i.v., and after administration of an additional 0.04 mg/kg of atropine. In four additional patients, response to infusion of isoproterenol before and after administration of 0.2 mg/kg of propranolol i.v. was evaluated. Resting heart rate and cardiac output in patients with borderline hypertension were elevated. After propranolol infusion, the values decreased more in the patients with borderline hypertension, but remained significantly elevated. After atropine administration, the difference in cardiac output and heart rate between the two groups disappeared. Consequently, patients with borderline hypertension and hyperkinetic circulation simultaneously exhibit an increase of sympathetic and a decrease of parasympathetic tone.
Comparison of Semiempirical ZILSH and DFT Calculations of Exchange Constants in the Single Molecule Magnet [Fe8O2(OH)12(tacn)6]8+

The exchange constants describing magnetic interactions between high spin Fe3+ ions in the complex [Fe8O2(OH)12(tacn)6]8+ have been estimated with the semiempirical ZILSH method, and the results compared to those of DFT calculations and experimental magnetic studies. The ZILSH method provides more accurate estimates of the exchange constants than the DFT calculations, particularly for the “body−body” interaction within the central Fe4 “butterfly” unit of the complex. This interaction is found to be antiferromagnetic, which contrasts with the DFT description but is in agreement with experimental studies on smaller Fe4 butterfly complexes and known empirical correlations between exchange constants and structural parameters. The ground-state wavefunction obtained by diagonalizing the Heisenberg spin Hamiltonian matrix has a spin of ten, in agreement with previous experimental and theoretical studies. Spin alignments in the ground state demonstrate how spin frustration can lead to nonzero spin in complexes wi...
Conformation and Lipid Binding of the N-Terminal (1−44) Domain of Human Apolipoprotein A-I†

Because of its role in reverse cholesterol transport, human apolipoprotein A-I is the most widely studied exchangeable apolipoprotein. Residues 1-43 of human apoA-I, encoded by exon 3 of the gene, are highly conserved and less well understood than residues 44-243, encoded by exon 4. In contrast to residues 44-243, residues 1-43 do not contain the 22 amino acid tandem repeats thought to form lipid binding amphipathic helices. To understand the structural and functional roles of the N-terminal region, we studied a synthetic peptide representing the first 44 residues of human apoA-I ([1-44]apoA-I). Far-ultraviolet circular dichroism spectra showed that [1-44]apoA-I is unfolded in aqueous solution. However, in the presence of n-octyl beta-d-glucopyranoside, a nonionic lipid mimicking detergent, above its critical micelle concentration ( approximately 0.7% at 25 degrees C), sodium dodecyl sulfate, an ionic detergent, above its CMC ( approximately 0.2%), trimethylamine N-oxide, a folding inducing organic osmolyte, or trifluoroethanol, an alpha-helix inducer, alpha-helical structure was formed in [1-44]apoA-I up to approximately 45%. Characterization by density gradient ultracentrifugation and visualization by negative staining electron microscopy demonstrated that [1-44]apoA-I interacts with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) over a wide range of lipid:peptide ratios from 1:1 to 12:1 (w/w). At 1:1 DMPC:[1-44]apoA-I (w/w) ratio, discoidal complexes with composition approximately 4:1 (w/w) and approximately 100 A diameter were formed in equilibrium with free peptide. At higher ratios, discoidal complexes were shown to exist together with a heterogeneous population of lipid vesicles with peptide bound also in equilibrium with free peptide. When bound to DMPC, [1-44]apoA-I has approximately 60% helical structure, independent of whether it forms discoidal or vesicular complexes. This helical content is consistent with that of the predicted G helix (residues 8-33). Our data provide the first strong and direct evidence that the N-terminal region of apoA-I binds lipid and can form discoidal structures and a heterogeneous population of vesicles. In doing so, approximately 60% of this region folds into alpha-helix from random coil. The composition of the 100 A discoidal complex is approximately 5 [1-44]apoA-I and approximately 150 DMPC molecules per disk. The helix length of 5 [1-44]apoA-I molecules in lipid-bound form is just long enough to wrap around the DMPC bilayer disk once.
Grief counseling training in counselor preparation programs in the United States: A preliminary report

A survey of counselor preparation programs was conducted to document the status of grief counseling training in the United States. Respondents gave their opinion about the importance of teaching grief counseling and their reasons for including/not including grief counseling in their curricula. Specific information about the manner in which grief counseling is currently being addressed in counselor preparation programs was also gathered. Results from 135 programs indicated that training in grief counseling is considered important by most respondents, most programs do address grief counseling, and grief counseling is taught primarily by infusing the topic into various courses. Class lecture/discussion was the most frequently reported method for teaching grief counseling. Suggestions for further research on grief counseling training are included.
Thoughts on Africa and the new world order

(1992). Thoughts on Africa and the new world order. The Round Table: Vol. 81, No. 324, pp. 431-450.
Knowledge Transfer Across Hierarchical Lines:The Importance of Structure and Type of Knowledge

Knowledge transfer across hierarchical lines is essential for organizations to function. Yet, how managers transfer different types of knowledge to their subordinates, in different organizational s...
Stark ladders in a one-band-model

We solve a one band hopping model in the presence of a homogeneous static electric fieldF. In this case the exact eigenvalues do form a ladder:Em=m e Fa, the corresponding eigenfunctions are localized within the “tilted” band.
Class IA PI3Kinase Regulatory Subunit, p85α, Mediates Mast Cell Development through Regulation of Growth and Survival Related Genes

Stem cell factor (SCF) mediated KIT receptor activation plays a pivotal role in mast cell growth, maturation and survival. However, the signaling events downstream from KIT are poorly understood. Mast cells express multiple regulatory subunits of class 1A PI3Kinase (PI3K) including p85α, p85β, p50α, and p55α. While it is known that PI3K plays an essential role in mast cells; the precise mechanism by which these regulatory subunits impact specific mast cell functions including growth, survival and cycling are not known. We show that loss of p85α impairs the growth, survival and cycling of mast cell progenitors (MCp). To delineate the molecular mechanism (s) by which p85α regulates mast cell growth, survival and cycling, we performed microarray analyses to compare the gene expression profile of MCps derived from WT and p85α-deficient mice in response to SCF stimulation. We identified 151 unique genes exhibiting altered expression in p85α-deficient cells in response to SCF stimulation compared to WT cells. Functional categorization based on DAVID bioinformatics tool and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software relates the altered genes due to lack of p85α to transcription, cell cycle, cell survival, cell adhesion, cell differentiation, and signal transduction. Our results suggest that p85α is involved in mast cell development through regulation of expression of growth, survival and cell cycle related genes.
THE POLITICS OF MEASURING POVERTY AMONG THE ELDERLY

We discuss the special problems associated with efforts to measure poverty among the elderly. Income measures must be adjusted for a variety of non-income sources of well-being such as net worth, human capital, and in-kind, transfers. While such adjustments are needed, efforts to date are problematic to the extent that new sources of error are introduced. A close analysis of official government measures of poverty reveals that they reflect a variety of political assumptions and compromises. Examination of the eligibility criteria associated with various government social programs for the elderly reveal implicit poverty lines that differ from the official poverty lines. The importance of these operational poverty lines cannot be overestimated.
Time-Resolved and Bolus-Chase MR Angiography of the Leg: Branching Pattern Analysis and Identification of Septocutaneous Perforators

OBJECTIVE. The goal of this study was to compare time-resolved MR angiography (MRA) and bolus-chase MRA in the identification of peroneal artery septocutaneous perforators and for classification of the branching pattern of the arterial tree in the leg in a cohort of candidates for fibular free flap transfer operations.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Retrospective analysis was performed on imaging data from 53 legs of 27 patients (age range, 27–88 years) who underwent time-resolved MRA (FLASH; TR/TE, 2.5/1.0; flip angle, 22°; voxel dimensions, 1.54 × 1.25 × 1.5 mm; acquisition time, 2.27 s/frame) and bolus-chase MRA (FLASH; 3.2/1.2; flip angle, 25°; voxel dimensions, 0.94 × 0.89 × 1 mm) at 3 T with gadobenate dimeglumine administered at 0.05 and 0.10 mmol/kg, respectively. The branching pattern was analyzed; the total number of septocutaneous perforators for each leg was calculated from the time-resolved and bolus-chase MRA data; and the results were combined. The total and average number of septocutaneous perforat...
The exact smile of certain local volatility models

We introduce a new class of local volatility models. Within this framework, we obtain expressions for both (i) the price of any European option and (ii) the induced implied volatility smile. As an illustration of our framework, we perform specific pricing and implied volatility computations for a CEV-like example. Numerical examples are provided.
Lattice Theory of Melting of a Crystalline Polymer

A lattice theory of melting transitions of polymers has been developed. A polymer in the crystalline state is considered to exist in a zig-zag structure, in a lattice without holes. At the melting temperature holes are formed in the lattice and the rigid molecules become flexible, exhibiting both gauche and trans conformations. The results of the theory are applied in some detail to polyethylene.
Using Tort Settlement to Cartelize

The cigarette manufacturer settlements with four individual states (Florida, Minnesota, Mississippi and Texas) and the subsequent multi-state agreement of November 1998 represent a legal innovation in cartelization technology. These new settlements allow state and local government to act as cartel ringmasters?writing enforceable contracts which will predictably (i) raise the market price toward the monopoly level, (ii) split the supra-competitive profits with the government, and (iii) deter new entry. It has been understood that anticompetitive settlements can be produced when competitors sue each other in intellectual property or merger contexts. And it has been understood that captured state agencies may cartelize in-state producers of a particular product. But the individual state settlements suggest that a state may profitably cartelize out-of-state producers. If such settlements are enforceable, states that have virtually no nexus with a set of industry producers - and in fact have not been injured by the industry - may nonetheless "race to the bottom" by suing and settling with an industry in order enjoy a share of the cartel profits. Unfortunately, it is far from clear that such settlements currently run afoul of the law. The imprimatur of the state shields the settlements from antitrust liability. And while one might object that the settlements usurp the legislative taxing function, the fact that the companies consented to the state settlements may be considered by the courts as a substitute for the legislative-political check. The strongest legal argument against the settlements is that they constitute extraterritorial taxation, but this argument faces grave procedural barriers. Accordingly, I recommend that federal legislation prohibit the types of settlement structures that are most likely to produce cartel-like results.
A comprehensive characterization of 3D surface topography induced by hard turning versus grinding

Abstract Surface topography induced by precision machining is critical for component performance. Four representative surface topographies of turned and ground surfaces were prepared at “extreme” machining conditions (gentle and abusive) and compared in terms of 3-dimensional (3D) surface features of amplitude, area and volume, spatial, and hybrid parameters. The 3D surface topography maps revealed the anisotropic and repeatable nature of a turned surface which was in sharp contrast with the random and isotropic nature of a ground surface. In general, a gentle turned surface has higher values of amplitude parameters (arithmetic mean, root mean square, maximum height of summits, maximum depth of valleys, and 10-point height) than an abusively turned surface, whereas the opposite was true for the ground counterparts. Only the gentle ground surface has a negative skewness which means that the topography distribution is more biased towards the valley side. The larger kurtosis value of the abusively ground surface implies a more peaked surface topography. The gentle ground and abusively turned surfaces have a much larger bearing area ratio and therefore better bearing capacity than the gentle turned and abusively ground ones. The abusively ground surface has higher fluid retainability than other surfaces in terms of mean void volume. However, surface performance, such as wear and fatigue is dependent both on surface topography as well as mechanical property and relies on the dominance of the individual aspect.
Assessment of dietary fish consumption in pregnancy: comparing one-, four- and thirty-six-item questionnaires

Objective Fish consumption influences a number of health outcomes. Few studies have directly compared dietary assessment methods to determine the best approach to estimating intakes of fish and its component nutrients, including DHA, and toxicants, including methylmercury. Our objective was to compare three methods of assessing fish intake. Design We assessed 30 d fish intake using three approaches: (i) a single question on total fish consumption; (ii) a brief comprehensive FFQ that included four questions about fish; and (iii) a focused FFQ with thirty-six questions about different finfish and shellfish. Setting Obstetrics practices in Boston, MA, USA. Subjects Fifty-nine pregnant women who consumed ≤2 monthly fish servings. Results Estimated intakes of fish, DHA and Hg were lowest with the one-question screener and highest with the thirty-six-item fish questionnaire. Estimated intake of DHA with the thirty-six-item questionnaire was 4·4-fold higher (97 v. 22 mg/d), and intake of Hg was 3·8-fold higher (1·6 v. 0·42 μg/d), compared with the one-question screener. Plasma DHA concentration was correlated with fish intake assessed with the one-question screener (Spearman r = 0·27, P = 0·04), but not with the four-item FFQ (r = 0·08, P = 0·54) or the thirty-six-item fish questionnaire (r = 0·01, P = 0·93). In contrast, blood and hair Hg concentrations were similarly correlated with fish and Hg intakes regardless of the assessment method (r = 0·35 to 0·52). Conclusions A longer questionnaire provides no advantage over shorter questionnaires in ranking intakes of fish, DHA and Hg compared with biomarkers, but estimates of absolute intakes can vary by as much as fourfold across methods.
Leisure time activity of Mexican Americans with diabetes

Background. Diabetes is a worldwide health problem with increasing prevalence, particularly among ethnic minorities. Activity is a major component of diabetes management that can help to prevent the deadly complications of the disease. Assessment of the activities in which individuals with diabetes from specific ethnic groups such as Mexican Americans engage may facilitate identification of strategies to encourage activity among those who do not participate in activity or have only minimal, sporadic participation. Aims. The aims of this research were to determine: (1) What proportion of Mexican Americans with diabetes do and do not exercise? (2) What are the preferred types of leisure time activity by gender and age? (3) What the relationship is between leisure time activity and treatment of diabetes? Methods and instrument. A secondary analysis of data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (1988–1994) was conducted to explore leisure time activities of self-identified Mexican Americans with diabetes. Results. Mexican American adults in this study indicated gardening (33·7%) and walking (31·5%) as the leisure time activities in which they engaged most frequently in the month preceding data collection. Gardening and walking were frequent leisure activities of study participants for all categories of pharmacological management of the diabetes. Many did not participate in any leisure time activity in the month preceding data collection. Only six of every 10 Mexican Americans (61%) with diabetes exercised. Males (n = 136; 71%) were more likely to engage in physical activity than females (n = 171; 54%). Limitations. Only leisure time activity was assessed; occupational activity and household activity were not included. Data were based on self-report rather than an objective measure of subject activity. Subject knowledge of the need for activity as a component of diabetes management was not assessed and may not be recognized as an integral part of care. Conclusions. Diabetes is a significant health problem for many ethnic groups, including the Mexican American population, and regular physical activity is a critical component of disease management. Facilitating activity in this ethnic group is integral to controlling complications of this chronic disease.
A simplified and efficient numerical model for charge injection in acoustic charge transport devices

A numerically efficient model for simulating electrical charge injection in acoustic charge transport (ACT) devices is developed. This model simplifies an existing charge injection model and is derived using the coupled set of semiconductor device equations. The present model increases the computational efficiency of decoupling and reducing the number of mathematical equations forming the charge injection model. A brief overview of the original model is presented. The assumptions leading to the decoupling and reduction of the device equations are described, as are differences between the two models. Results computed by the simplified model are shown and compared to the results from the original charge injection model and experimental measurement. The present model is able to examine 45 SAW wave positions and 163 contact voltages in 8 h on a 25 MHz PC in comparison to the previous model which simulated 59 wave positions and 164 contact voltages on an Hewlett-Packard 9000 series 500 minicomputer in 37 h. A substantial reduction in computation time is achieved. >
Corporate Influence and the Regulatory Mandate

Industries face collective action and commitment problems when attempting to influence Congress. At the same time, an individual firm's political investments can yield reduced bureaucratic scrutiny by indicating that firm's willingness to contest agency decisions. We develop a model in which the desirability of maintaining a political footprint for this reason enables individual firms to commit to rewarding elected officials who maintain laws benefiting an entire industry. Our “dual forbearance” model anticipates that corporate political investments will be larger on average when statutes are stringent and that even pro-industry legislative coalitions will benefit politically from the existence of a minimal regulatory state.
Mining Highly Authoritative Web Resources for One-Stop Learning

The convenience of the Web equipped with automatic search engines attracts "focused learners" for learning about a new subject of interest. The resources recommended by a search engine are, however, often a collection of links to other resources, or commercial-driven, irrelevant, misleading pages. Subsequently, the learner needs to manually click through numerous pages to find quality resources. This paper proposes an approach to a new problem of mining the most suitable resources for one-stop learning, called "highly authoritative resources." The experimental results using top search results from Google and Yahoo for various subjects show that the proposed algorithm is highly effective both in quality and time.
Creativity and Allocentric Perception

Seven tests were used to measure allocentric-autocentric perception. The Remote Associates Test was used for selection of high, moderate and low creative female Ss. Intelligence was controlled and differences on WAIS subtest scores were examined. A consistent rank order was obtained among groups and Ss for the hypothesized construct. WAIS subtest differences could not be meaningfully related to creativity. Childhood experience data tended to conform to MacKinnon's suggestions.
The FMR1 premutation and reproduction.

Objective To update clinicians on the reproductive implications of premutations in FMR1 (fragile X mental retardation 1). Fragile X syndrome, a cause of mental retardation and autism, is due to a full mutation (>200 CGG repeats). Initially, individuals who carried the premutation (defined as more than 55 but less than 200 CGG repeats) were not considered at risk for any clinical disorders. It is now recognized that this was incorrect, specifically with respect to female reproduction. Design and Setting Literature review and consensus building at two multidisciplinary scientific workshops. Conclusion(s) Convincing evidence now relates the FMR1 premutation to altered ovarian function and loss of fertility. An FMR1 mRNA gain-of-function toxicity may underlie this altered ovarian function. There are major gaps in knowledge regarding the natural history of the altered ovarian function in women who carry the FMR1 premutation, making counseling about reproductive plans a challenge. Women with premature ovarian failure are at increased risk of having an FMR1 premutation and should be informed of the availability of fragile X testing. Specialists in reproductive medicine can provide a supportive environment in which to explain the implications of FMR1 premutation testing, facilitate access to testing, and make appropriate referral to genetic counselors.
Mis/representations of Asian/Americans in the Curricula: Perspectives from Second-Generation Japanese American Youth

This case study explores how six second-generation Japanese American youth recalled learning about cultural diversity at their high schools, particularly information that was intended to represent their identities as ethnic and racial minorities. Semi-structured interviews were used to investigate how the participants made sense of curricular content that did not represent their experiences accurately or completely. Site documents including course documents and syllabi were also analyzed. The findings suggest that (a) Asian/Americans have largely been excluded from definitions of diversity and multiculturalism and (b) when White teachers included lessons intended to teach about Asian/Americans, the content generally reinforced Orientalist stereotypes, particularly colonizing images of the cultural exoticism-pathology binary and/or racial sameness. The implications section details practical strategies for K-12 teachers to include more balanced information about Asian/American experiences in the curricula.