cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopy from the Point of View of the Communication Theory. II. Line Widths

A spectrum can be considered as a signal composed of a superposition of randomly spaced Cauchy lines of the form δ2/(δ2+x2). This signal is passed through a spectroscope which acts as a noisy channel causing distortion due to finite aperture, slits, prism absorption, and electrical band width. The loss of information in the Hartley sense can be described by the increase in width of lines in the output signal. Several definitions of line widths are compared for ease in experimental measurement and calculation as functions of δ and the instrument characteristics. The different widths do not vary in the same manner over the range of experimental conditions. In particular the resolution width departs markedly from the others. Because the intensity distribution is very complicated, the width at half-height and the median width are difficult to calculate. The latter is approximately the same as the root-mean-square width which can be more readily calculated. The most satisfactory width for both experimental and theoretical determination seems to be that of the equivalent Cauchy line shape. This is easy to measure from the observed area, which is merely a product of elementary functions and the filter characteristic.
Insulin and islet cell autoantibodies as time-dependent covariates in the development of insulin-dependent diabetes: a prospective study in relatives.

Using time-dependent methods, the temporal relationships between the detection of insulin and islet cell autoantibodies and the onset of insulin dependent diabetes (IDDM) were analyzed in a prospective study of 4694 nondiabetic relatives of 1929 patients with IDDM who had been followed for a median of 4 yr. Insulin autoantibodies were detected in 1.5% of relatives at their initial test whereas an additional 1.0% subsequently became positive for these antibodies during follow-up. Islet cell autoantibodies were detected in 2.6% of the relatives at the time of their first test and an additional 0.9% were observed to develop them during the follow-up period. The risk of developing IDDM was significantly higher (P = 0.0001) among those who were found to have one of these antibodies, but was highest among those under the age of 20 yr at inception of this study who tested positive for both. Among older relatives, the detection of insulin autoantibodies among those who were islet cell antibody positive did not co...
Detection-based speech recognition with sparse point process models

We present a bottom-up approach to connected digit recognition in which (i) the speech signal is transformed into a sparse set of acoustic events in time, (ii) point process models (PPM) of these events are used to detect candidate digit occurrences, and (iii) the candidate digit detections are reduced to a single digit sequence prediction by using a previously proposed graph-based optimization. We find the performance of this detection-based system on the AURORA2 evaluation matches that of an HTK baseline in clean speech and provides improved robustness to non-stationary noise. A similar robustness to stationary noise sources is achieved with unsupervised PPM adaptation using small amounts of the noisy data.
How to make rapid eye movements "rapid": the role of growth factors for muscle contractile properties.

Different muscle functions require different muscle contraction properties. Saccade-generating extraocular muscles (EOMs) are the fastest muscles in the human body, significantly faster than limb skeletal muscles. Muscle contraction speed is subjected to plasticity, i.e., contraction speed can be adjusted to serve different demands, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms that control contraction speed. Therefore, we examined whether myogenic growth factors modulate contractile properties, including twitch contraction time (onset of force to peak force) and half relaxation time (peak force to half relaxation). We examined effects of three muscle-derived growth factors: insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), cardiotrophin-1 (CT1), and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). In gain-of-function experiments, CT1 or GDNF injected into the orbit shortened contraction time, and IGF1 or CT1 shortened half relaxation time. In loss-of-function experiments with binding proteins or neutralizing antibodies, elimination of endogenous IGFs prolonged both contraction time and half relaxation time, while eliminating endogenous GDNF prolonged contraction time, with no effect on half relaxation time. Elimination of endogenous IGFs or CT1, but not GDNF, significantly reduced contractile force. Thus, IGF1, CT1, and GDNF have partially overlapping but not identical effects on muscle contractile properties. Expression of these three growth factors was measured in chicken and/or rat EOMs by real-time PCR. The “fast” EOMs express significantly more message encoding these growth factors and their receptors than skeletal muscles with slower contractile properties. Taken together, these findings indicate that EOM contractile kinetics is regulated by the amount of myogenic growth factors available to the muscle.
CONFOUNDING INFLUENCES, UNINTENDED IMPACTS, AND GROWTH MANAGEMENT POLICIES

This study demonstrates the relationship among inputs, indirect effects, and intended and unanticipated consequences in determining the content and scope of growth management policies in three California cities. It shows that while a short time frame obfuscates a number of policy impacts, local policymakers can achieve policy objectives if they are aware of and utilize options that are available to them during the implementation process. The study suggests that despite the very real constraints imposed by state legislation and weak regional governments, local governments can more effectively deal with externalities by adopting complementary city-county policies and negotiating priorities.
Secretion of Active Recombinant Phytase from Soybean Cell-Suspension Cultures

Phytase, an enzyme that degrades the phosphorus storage compound phytate, has the potential to enhance phosphorus availability in animal diets when engineered into soybean (Glycine max) seeds. The phytase gene from Aspergillus niger was inserted into soybean transformation plasmids under control of constitutive and seed-specific promoters, with and without a plant signal sequence. Suspension cultures were used to confirm phytase expression in soybean cells. Phytase mRNA was observed in cultures containing constitutively expressed constructs. Phytase activity was detected in the culture medium from transformants that received constructs containing the plant signal sequence, confirming expectations that the protein would follow the default secretory pathway. Secretion also facilitated characterization of the biochemical properties of recombinant phytase. Soybean-synthesized phytase had a lower molecular mass than did the fungal enzyme. However, deglycosylation of the recombinant and fungal phytase yielded polypeptides of identical molecular mass (49 kD). Temperature and pH optima of the recombinant phytase were indistinguishable from the commercially available fungal phytase. Thermal inactivation studies of the recombinant phytase suggested that the additional protein stability would be required to withstand the elevated temperatures involved in soybean processing.
Inhomogeneous precipitation patterns in a chemical wave

Abstract Inhomogeneous BaSO 4 -precipitation patterns are observed in the travelling wave generated in the bistable chlorite-thioureabarium chloride reaction system. At the wave-front SO 2− 4 is formed and detected as BaSO 4 which precipitates inhomogeneously in the region behind the front. These inhomogeneous patterns can be attributed to the formation of dense crystals in the upper solution layer which induce complex three-dimensional convective, and reaction-diffusive motions. The wave propagates with rapid variations in velocity. The inhomogeneous precipitation patterns are annihilated upon a sharp deceleration of the wave.
Heterogeneous/homogeneous reactions and transport coupling for catalytic combustion systems: a review of model alternatives

Abstract In applying catalysis to real combustor applications the modeling of transport and chemistry interactions can be key to understanding combustion characteristics. For example the effect of boundary-layer flow and heterogeneous /homogeneous chemistry can determine product selectivity for catalytically promoted oxidation of chlorinated hydrocarbons. In this paper we discuss parameter regions where different flow models including lumped-parameter-transport laminar boundary-layer and full twodimensional models can be used for obtaining design insights. The degree of detail required in the gas phase chemistry models and surface chemistry models depends both on the system and the properties to be predicted. Definition of different regimes of operation and limits of applicability for parameric scaling relationships are key to the design of catalytic combustors for incineration or power generation. In addition, a theoretically-based rational strategy for applying catalytic boundary conditions in turbulent flow models would provide a valuable design tool. Examples of alternative modeling strategies are given below along with possible applications for the design of practical catalytic combustion systems.
THE EFFECT OF GLYCOLYSIS INHIBITORS AND OF CERTAIN SUBSTRATES ON THE METABOLISM AND MOTILITY OF HUMAN SPERMATOZOA

SEVERAL STUDIES ON THE RELATION BETWEEN the metabolism and motility of mammalian spermatozoa (1–6) show that motility is maintained for extended periods under anaerobic conditions and that substances such as cyanide and carbon monoxide which specifically inhibit respiration do not have any effect on motility. In 1935, Iwanow (7) further showed that concentrations of mono halo acetic acids which inhibited the glycolysis of dog spermatozoa did not destroy motility, and he concluded that neither glycolysis nor respiration was an essential source of energy for motility. Lardy and Phillips (4) in a study of bull spermatozoa used monoiodoacetic acid, and confirmed Iwanow's observations. Recently, the same authors have pre-sented evidence which indicates that, in the presence of oxygen, phospholipids may act as a source of energy for bull spermatozoa. The role of substrates in the motility of mammalian spermatozoa has not received much attention though Iwanow (8) has found that the motility of sheep spermatozoa ...
Sex, Sexuality, and Fertility for Women with Spinal Cord Injury

Women who have sustained spinal cord injury (SCI) often experience changes in regard to sex, sexuality, and fertility. Information is now available regarding the neurophysiology of female sexual function as well as the neuropathology affecting sexually active women with SCI. This article reviews the contemporary literature in terms of sexual function, sexual interest, fertility, and pregnancy for women with SCI.
Liquid diffusion in microporous alumina pellets

The effect of the ratio of the molecular solute diameter to the pore diameter and adsorption equilibrium on the liquid phase effective diffsivity for different hydrocarbon solutes was studied in two alumina pellets. A semiemprical correlation based on the relative dimension of the solute molecule with respect to the average pore dimension, the equilibrium partition coefficient, and the porosity is proposed for a variety of binary hydrocarbon systems. The correlation shows that the effective diffusivity is strongly influenced by both the adsorption coefficient as well as the ratio of the solute molecular size to the average pore size.
PRACTICING ANTHROPOLOGY FROM WITHIN THE ACADEMY: COMBINING CAREERS

In this article, I use my own career as a lens through which to view the challenges of combining an academic career with that of a (part-time) practitioner of applied anthropology. My main focus is on the particular variety of practice known as international development. Based mostly on my own experiences both in and outside of academia, but with occasional references to what I know of the experiences of academic colleagues who have also done applied work, I offer advice to students who want an academic job and would also like to do applied anthropology of one sort or another. Lessons and advice are derived from three long-term projects in which I participated as a practitioner: Plan Guaymi (Panama), the Southern Manpower Development Project (SMDP—Sudan), and Development Strategies for Fragile Lands in Latin America and the Caribbean (DESFIL). I examine the challenges and rewards of combining an academic career in anthropology with work in the nonacademic world of the practitioner. I highlight contrasts between what is valued in academe and in the world of practice. Finally, I suggest a series of strategies for promotion and tenure.
Smith, A. T., and Y. Xie (eds.). 2008. A Guide to theMammals of China. Contributing authors R. S. Hoffmann, D. Lunde, J. R. MacKinnon, D. E. Wilson, and W. C. Wozencraft; illustrator F. Gemma; honorary editor S. Wang. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 544 pp. ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2, price (hardbound), $60.00.

A. T. Smith, Y. Xie (eds.). 2008. A Guide to The mammals of China. Contributing authors R. S. Hoffmann, D. Lunde, J. R. MacKinnon, D. E. Wilson, W.C. Wozencraft, illustrator F. Gemma honorary editor S. Wang. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 544 pp. ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2, price (hardbound), $60.00. Quick, off the top of your head: what country ranks 3rd in mammal richness, after only tropical hot spots Brazil and Indonesia (or possibly even higher, depending on taxonomic and geographic definitions)? In what country can one find wild elephants and wolverines, moose and mouse deer, zokors and jerboas, beavers and fruit bats? If you answered any country other than China, your consciousness of the faunal richness and diversity of this country—so much better known for its human population and economic growth—can stand some improvement. And if you were correct in your answer, now is an appropriate time to celebrate, because the long-awaited and much-needed A Guide to the Mammals of China has finally appeared. Years in the making, this handsome volume represents the combined work of a team of authors, led by Andrew Smith of Arizona State University, and Yan Xie of the Wildlife Conservation Society. Much of the original material was collected by Wang Sung, one of China's most knowledgeable and influential mammalogists, and supplemented by databases managed by the Chinese Academy of Science's Institute of Zoology in Beijing. But the contribution of Western-based mammalogists shows in the introductory material describing the diversity of China's wildlife habitats, on its emphasis on detail, and in the generally high quality of production. Although compilations of China's mammals, which include some English texts, have been published in China (Sheng et al. 1998; Wang 2003), the Smith and Xie volume far exceeds them in accuracy, detail, …
Increasing Innovation in Multi-Function Systems: Evaluation and Experimentation of Two Ideation Methods for Design

Many methods for design have been explored as the engineering community seeks to increase the efficiency, quality, and novelty of innovation. Some design methodologies are well equipped for use with any problem; others are best suited for specific domains or applications. Recent studies have developed two new independent methods for design. The first, WordTree Design-by-Analogy, uses a graphical structure of related words to help identify far-field analogies that have relevance to a given problem. The second method, Transformation Design, describes the mechanics and characteristics that drive the transformation of a reconfigurable mechanical system from one state to another. This paper presents a study of the effectiveness of these two methods in generating concepts for a specific problem statement requiring multiple sets of capabilities, i.e., tagging and tracking vehicles for military or civilian law enforcement purposes. Forty-one mechanical engineering students were assembled into groups and given specific guidelines to follow in generating concepts. A typical full-factorial experiment and ANOVA analysis was used to compare the effect of using the two design methods, as well as the interaction between them. Results from the design teams were evaluated quantitatively by the number concepts generated. Analysis of these results revealed that using the Transformation Design method increased the number of concepts developed by 25–30%. Use of the WordTree method was not judged to increase the number of concepts generated; however, the novelty and diversity of solutions were distinct for this method compared to Transformation Design or the control group.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Use of ENSO information in medium- and long-range forecasting of the Nile floods

The natural variability in the annual flow of the Nile is significantly regulated by the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In this paper, several sources of information are combined, including ENSO, rainfall over Ethiopia, and the recent history of river flow in the Nile, in order to obtain accurate forecasts of the Nile flood at Aswan. The Bayesian theorem is used in developing the discriminant forecasting algorithm. Conditional categoric probabilities are used to describe the flood forecasts, and a synoptic index is defined to measure the forecasts' skill. The results presented show that ENSO information is the only valuable predictor for the long- range forecasts (lead time longer than the hydrological response timescale, which is 2-3 months in this study). However, the incorporation of the rainfall and river flow information in addition to the ENSO information significantly improves the quality of the medium-range forecasts (lead time shorter than the hydrological response timescale).
Study of the Biologic Effects of Lapatinib, a Reversible Inhibitor of ErbB1 and ErbB2 Tyrosine Kinases, on Tumor Growth and Survival Pathways in Patients With Advanced Malignancies

Purpose This was a pilot study to assess the biologic effects of lapatinib on various tumor growth/survival pathways in patients with advanced ErbB1 and/or ErbB2-overexpressing solid malignancies. Patients and Methods Heavily pretreated patients with metastatic cancers overexpressing ErbB2 and/or expressing ErbB1 were randomly assigned to one of five dose cohorts of lapatinib (GW572016) administered orally once daily continuously. The biologic effects of lapatinib on tumor growth and survival pathways were assessed in tumor biopsies obtained before and after 21 days of therapy. Clinical response was determined at 8 weeks. Results Sequential tumor biopsies from 33 patients were examined. Partial responses occurred in four patients with breast cancer, and disease stabilization occurred in 11 others with various malignancies.Respondersexhibitedvariablelevelsof inhibitionof p-ErbB1, p-ErbB2, p-Erk1/2, p-Akt, cyclin D1, and transforming growth factor alpha. Even some nonresponders demonstrated varying degrees of biomarker inhibition. Increased tumor cell apoptosis (TUNEL) occurred in patients with evidence of tumor regression but not in nonresponders (progressive disease). Clinical response was associated with a pretreatment TUNEL score 0 and increased pretreatment expression of ErbB2, p-ErbB2, Erk1/2, p-Erk1/2, insulin-like growth factorreceptor-1,p70S6kinase,andtransforminggrowthfactoralphacomparedwithnonresponders. Conclusion Lapatinib exhibited preliminary evidence of biologic and clinical activity in ErbB1 and/or ErbB2overexpressing tumors. However, the limited sample size of this study and the variability of the biologic endpoints suggest that further work is needed to prioritize biomarkers for disease-directed studies, and underscores the need for improved trial design strategies in early clinical studies of targeted agents.
Transcriptional Memory: Mothers SET the Table for Daughters

Eukaryotic gene transcription within individual cells of a population is often associated with heterogeneous pulses of gene activity. A recent study, however, shows that mothers and their daughters share similar transcriptional frequencies, and inheritance of mother's transcriptional tendencies requires methylation of histone H3 by a Set1 methyltransferase.
Nonlinear Influence of T-Channels in an in silico Relay Neuron

Thalamic relay cells express distinctive response modes based on the state of a low-threshold calcium channel (T-channel). When the channel is fully active (burst mode), the cell responds to inputs with a high-frequency burst of spikes; with the channel inactive (tonic mode), the cell responds at a rate proportional to the input. Due to the T-channel's dynamics, we expect the cell's response to become more nonlinear as the channel becomes more active. To test this hypothesis, we study the response of an in silico relay cell to Poisson spike trains. We first validate our model cell by comparing its responses with in vitro responses. To characterize the model cell's nonlinearity, we calculate Poisson kernels, an approach akin to white noise analysis but using the randomness of Poisson input spikes instead of Gaussian white noise. We find that a relay cell with active T-channels requires at least a third-order system to achieve a characterization as good as a second-order system for a relay cell without T-channels.
Bistability of the Needle Function in the Presence of Truncation Selection

It is possible for a GA to have two stable fixed points on a single-peak fitness landscape. These can correspond to meta-stable finite populations. This phenomenon is called bistability, and is only known to happen in the presence of recombination, selection, and mutation. This paper models the bistability phenomenon using an infinite population model of a GA based on gene pool recombination. Fixed points and their stability are explicitly calculated. This is possible since the infinite population model of the gene pool GA is much more tractable than the infinite population model for the standard simple GA. For the needle-in-the-haystack fitness function, the fixed point equations reduce to a single variable polynomial equation, and stability of fixed points can be determined from the derivative of the single variable equation.
Hajdu-Cheney syndrome: Report of a family and a short literature review

SUMMARY We report three members of an Armenian family with Hajdu-Cheney syndrome. The history suggested that five other members of the family were also probably affected. This disorder is important for the radiologist because distinctive radiographic findings make the diagnosis possible before clinical signs and symptoms are fully developed. Additionally, radiographic examination is essential in all patients suspected of Hajdu-Cheney syndrome for confirmation of the clinical diagnosis. Radiographic examination also detects complications of the syndrome not evident on clinical examination.
Family Background and Peer Group Development in a Puerto Rican District

Many studies of juvenile delinquency suggest that the poor boy's propensity to join and differentially participate in a gang are influenced by his family background and/or his peer group structure. These findings, moreover, might be extended. Researchers should be able to chart in detail the process by which not only juvenile delinquents but also all children in a ghetto area are differentially prepared for adult life. In the course of nine months of participant-observation study in East Harlem, New York, I examined in detail the life styles of ten Puerto Rican boys ranging in age from ten to eighteen. Less extensively I observed forty-eight others in the same age range. I lived in the area in which the investigation was conducted, took part in a wide range of activities with my subjects, and thus obtained a detailed knowledge of their behavior. Several hypotheses have emerged from this pilot study, which could be tested subsequently within a survey design. KEYWORDS: Juvenile justice; juvenile delinquency
When Students Complain: An Antecedent Model of Students' Intention to Complain

This article explores the factors that influence students’ intention to complain following a bad classroom experience using a customer service framework from the marketing literature. An online sur...
Regulation of type I and type II transglutaminase in normal human bronchial epithelial and lung carcinoma cells.

In cultured undifferentiated normal human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells, transglutaminase activity was localized predominantly in the cytosolic fraction of cell lysates. Upon squamous differentiation, this cytosolic activity declined and was replaced by a 40-fold increase in the activity of particulate (membrane-associated) transglutaminase. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that the cytosolic transglutaminase was Type II (tissue) transglutaminase and that squamous differentiation shifted gene expression to the Type I (epidermal) transglutaminase. Retinoic acid, an inhibitor of squamous cell differentiation, suppressed the increase in Type I transglutaminase. The decrease in Type II transglutaminase activity was unaffected by retinoic acid. Transforming growth factor-β1, (TGF-β1) enhanced Type II transglutaminase activity about 10-fold in the undifferentiated cells but did not increase Type I transglutaminase or cholesterol sulfate, two early markers of squamous differentiation. TGF-β2 was equivalent to...
Modifiable family factors among treatment-seeking families of children with high body mass index: report of a pilot study.

The purpose of this pilot study was to explore parenting style and other potential family and social indicators of an obesogenic or weight-promoting family environment. Modifiable factors were sought on which to base a nursing behavioral intervention that could be combined with diet and exercise to reduce youth weight.
Electronic Medical Records for Genetic Research: Results of the eMERGE Consortium

Clinical data in electronic medical records (EMRs) are a potential source of longitudinal clinical data for research. The Electronic Medical Records and Genomics Network (eMERGE) investigates whether data captured through routine clinical care using EMRs can identify disease phenotypes with sufficient positive and negative predictive values for use in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Using data from five different sets of EMRs, we have identified five disease phenotypes with positive predictive values of 73 to 98% and negative predictive values of 98 to 100%. Most EMRs captured key information (diagnoses, medications, laboratory tests) used to define phenotypes in a structured format. We identified natural language processing as an important tool to improve case identification rates. Efforts and incentives to increase the implementation of interoperable EMRs will markedly improve the availability of clinical data for genomics research.
Effect of high temperature annealing on the thermoelectric properties of GaP doped SiGe

Silicon-germanium alloys doped with GaP are used for thermoelectric energy conversion in the temperature range 300-1000 C. The conversion efficiency depends on Z = S-squared/rho lambda, a material's parameter (the figure of merit), where S is the Seebeck coefficient, rho is the electrical resistivity and lambda is the thermal conductivity. The annealing of several samples in the temperature range of 1100-1300 C resulted in the power factor P (= S-squared/rho) increasing with increased annealing temperature. This increase in P was due to a decrease in rho which was not completely offset by a drop in S-squared suggesting that other changes besides that in the carrier concentration took place. SEM and EDX analysis of the samples indicated the formation of a Ga-P-Ge rich phase as a result of the annealing. It is speculated that this phase is associated with the improved properties. Several reasons which could account for the improvement in the power factor of annealed GaP doped SiGe are given.
Men and women at work: Similarities and differences in work values within occupational groupings

Abstract This paper presents national survey data regarding the work-related values of male and female labor force participants. Evidence is also presented concerning the relationship of family responsibilities to the work values of women. The empirical analysis derives in part from the recent work of Kaufman and Fetters ( Journal of Vocational Behavior , 1980 , 17 , 251–262), the quality of work literature, and the literature on women and work. The hypotheses include expected work-value differences between men and women within occupational categories and the expected relationships between the presence of children in the home and the value attached to various aspects of work. Five job dimensions are considered: intrinsic, extrinsic, resource adequacy, convenience, and relations with co-workers. The only male-female value difference that appears to be enduring concerns the convenience aspects of work. Data indicate that the presence of children in the home, whether of preschool age, school age, or a combination of the two, tends to be negatively related to most work values of women. It is concluded that working women with children experience reduced work involvement.
Toward localizing genes underlying cerebral asymmetry and mental health.

Genome investigations of autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and dyslexia suggest possible genetic overlap. Atypical cerebral asymmetry (ACA), the absence of the left hemisphere dominance for language, may be a shared phenotype due to genes located in regions of overlap. A binomal test is used to evaluate whether linked regions overlap more than expected by chance for 15 genome-wide scans in autism, ADHD, and dyslexia. Significant evidence of linkage overlap (P = 10−7) is seen for autism, ADHD, and dyslexia for seven chromosomal regions (2p11–12, 5p13, 7q22–33, 9q33–34, 13q22, 16p13, and 17p11–q11). Linkage analysis of ACA and molecular markers for 270 sibling pairs with ADHD is conducted using the Haseman–Elston statistic. Linkage analysis supports ACA as a shared phenotype with risk genes located on 9q33–34 or 16p13 (P < 0.004). Further support stems from the overlap of these regions in schizophrenia, bipolar illness, specific language impairment (SLI), and handedness, all traits associated with ACA. Autism, ADHD, and dyslexia share regions of linkage overlap and ACA may be a shared phenotype for such genes similar to HLA in autoimmune disease. Because ACA is associated with certain aspects of creativity, such risk genes may also be enhancer genes for creativity. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Associations among Maternal Behavior, Delay of Gratification, and School Readiness across the Early Childhood Years

This study examined the developmental pathways from maternal behavior to school readiness within a sample of 1007 children, with a specific focus on the mediating role of delay of gratification (DoG). Maternal behavior across the first 36 months of age was explored as a predictor of children’s DoG at 54 months as well as their behavioral and academic competence in kindergarten. Results support sensitivity as a predictor of children’s DoG and indicate significant associations between DoG and teacherreported externalizing behavior, social skills, and academic skills. Moreover, DoG partially mediated the associations between maternal sensitivity and school readiness skills, with the highest percentage of mediation reported for social skills. Findings indicate maternal sensitivity and DoG as potential targets for efforts aimed at enhancing school readiness among young children.
Patterns of stability and change in mood states of alcoholics in inpatient treatment.

This study examines patterns of individual stability and group change in mood states as measured by scores on the six Profile of Mood States (POMS) scales in a sample of inpatient alcoholics. Stability coefficients based on POMS scores from administrations at hospital admission and after 6 weeks of inpatient treatment ranged from a low of .36 for the Vigor-Activity scale to a high of .63 for the Confusion-Bewilderment scale. These stability estimates are comparable to those found in a previous study involving nonalcoholic psychiatric outpatients. The significant mean group changes found between admission and 6 weeks on each of the POMS scales consistently reflect improvement in mood and are generally similar in magnitude to those found previously using the POMS with both inpatient alcoholics and nonselected psychiatric outpatients.
Incorporating standard CMOS design Process methodologies into the QCA logic design process

As the size and complexity of quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) digital circuits increase, the amount of time needed to create a QCA layout and then simulate the quasi-adiabatic switching of that layout significantly increases. To help reduce this development time, the same design process methodology that has been applied in developing complementary metal-oxide semiconductor circuits over the past twenty years can be used in the development of QCA circuits. This methodology involves creating and verifying the circuits at higher levels of abstraction before they are implemented and verified at the device level. By following this methodology, QCA circuits can be developed and verified at a behavioral and structural level before they are implemented at a cellular level. Functional errors at these higher levels can quickly be detected and corrected so that when the quasi-adiabatic simulations are performed the circuits will perform properly. By finding these errors early in the process, the overall time to create and verify complex devices should be decreased. In this paper, we will summarize how this methodology was used in the design, layout, and simulation of a medium-scale QCA device that accepts a serial stream of data and monitors the data for a particular serial pattern of bits. Very-high-speed integrated circuit (VHSIC) hardware description language (VHDL) models were developed to represent and verify the QCA circuits before the cellular-level simulation was performed. First, behavioral VHDL models were used to verify the input/output operation of the different blocks in the circuit. Then, a VHDL library was created containing design entities that implement the different QCA interactions. This library was used to develop and verify a structural VHDL model that represented the initial QCA layout. Finally, after all the VHDL models were verified, the QCA circuit was then simulated using a more thorough simulation based on quantum mechanics. Using this methodology resulted in a more efficient design process, as design errors were detected much earlier in the development cycle.
Transmit antenna diversity for wireless communications

Increased demand for wireless communications in the workplace and for cellular communications has revitalized the concept of spaced antenna diversity. Both transmit and receive diversity are being explored to increase the capacity and improve the performance of wireless communication systems. Transmit diversity is the focus of the present paper. Multiple antennas transmit amplitude and phase weighted signals to a single antenna for each user. Fading coefficients were assumed to vary at a slow enough rate so that reliable estimates can be obtained at the transmitter. Transmitter weights are derived to maximize the signal to interference noise ratio (SINR) at the output of the matched filter based receiver for each user.
Validation of an advanced fan model with multiple reference frame approach

Electronic enclosures commonly use fans, including axial fans, impellers and centrifugal blowers, when cooling by forced convection is required. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models of electronic enclosures have traditionally employed abstract fan models. These abstract fan models possess highly simplified fan geometries and numerical flow characteristics. The fan geometry is usually a rectangular or circular planar face with or without an inner concentric no-flow region representing the hub. The flow characteristics are typically summarized by a vendor supplied “pressure head-flow rate” (P-Q) curve, which, along with the continuity equation, is applied between the inlet and exhaust faces of the fan. It is generally expected that these fan curves are obtained through careful experimentation on laboratory apparatus conforming to test codes published by societies such as ASME and AMCA.
Implications of EU Accession for Disability Rights Legislation and Housing in Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

The effects of European Union (EU) candidacy and accession on disability rights in areas of legislation and housing—especially deinstitutionalization—are examined in Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, and...
Effect of parental factors on social skills of preschool children with craniofacial anomalies.

Abstract This study investigated the parenting stress and style and the social net works of parents with preschool children with and without craniofacial anomalies (CFA), and the effect of these factors on the child's level of social skill. Fifty-two families participated in the study. No differences were found between the CFA and control groups on level of parenting stress, parenting style, or social network characteristics. However, parents with children with visible defects found their social support networks more helpful, and advocated a more nurturing parenting style. For the CFA group, parenting stress predicted child level of social skill. These results underscore the importance of investigating the interaction between parent and child factors.
How Do Quantitative And Qualitative Factors Influence The Selection Of Comparable, Competitive, And Aspirant Groups Under The Proposed AACSB Accreditation Maintenance Process?

The AACSB Blue Ribbon Committee on Accreditation Quality was “formed to do a thorough review of AACSB International's accreditation standards and procedures and to propose changes appropriate for global quality leadership in the next decade...” Within the proposal from the Blue Ribbon Committee is a change from a reaffirmation process with a site visit every ten years to a maintenance program resulting in a team visit in the sixth year of the cycle. Under the old standards applicants were required to submit “to the appropriate accreditation committee chair, in care of the AACSB International office, five nominations for each team role; i.e., five names for chair, five names for advisor, five for member, and if accounting accreditation were applicable, five names for vice-chair and five names for accounting advisor.” The proposed standards include a team selection process whereby the “applicant submits three comparison groups selected from members of the Accreditation Council... AACSB International will develop an on-line system to assist the applicant to identify potential comparison schools, officially select schools for each comparison group, and continuously maintain comparison group listings in an AACSB International database. Some information is currently available. The on-line service, www.aacsb.edu/knowledgeservices, offers advanced search functions that produce institution lists based on optionally selected criteria.” This AACSB provided information as well as information from other sources constitutes the basis for the recommended comparison group selection process.
Structural phase transition study of Ba 2 YCu 3 O 6+ x in air

A structural phase transition study of Ba2YCu3O6+x (x = 0 to 1) has been conducted on a series of 13 quenched samples. These samples were prepared from an orthorhombic material by annealing at temperatures from 400 to 1000 °C in air, followed by rapid quenching. All quenchings were performed by using a liquid-nitrogen-cooled copper cold well with a continuous flow of cooled helium gas. Various measurements including x-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, Meissner effect, and scanning electron microscopy were carried out in order to correlate the nature of the phase transition with erystallographic data, superconductivity, and annealing temperature. The phase transition from Ba2YCu3,O7 to Ba2YCu3O6 appears to involve two orthorhombic regions: region A with a <b ≈ c/3 below approximately 600 °C and region B with cell parameters of a < b < c/3 from & 600 to 708–720 °C. The transformation from orthorhombic to tetragonal takes place in the temperature range of 708–720 °C. This transition appears to be a second-order, order-disorder type.
Higher order ADI method with completed Richardson extrapolation for solving unsteady convection-diffusion equations

A higher order alternating direction implicit (ADI) method with completed Richardson extrapolation is proposed for solving unsteady two dimensional convection-diffusion equations. The method has sixth-order accuracy in space and fourth-order accuracy in time. Completed Richardson extrapolation is used to improve the accuracy of the solution obtained from the high-order ADI method in spatial and temporal domains simultaneously. Stability analysis is given to show the influence of Richardson extrapolation on the unconditionally stable ADI method. Numerical experiments are conducted to test its high accuracy and to compare it with Karaa-Zhang's high-order ADI method.
The Genetic Basis of Dosage Compensation of Alcohol Dehydrogenase-1 in Maize

The levels of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) do not exhibit a structural gene-dosage effect in a one to four dosage series of the long arm of chromosome one (1L) (Birchler 1979). This phenomenon, termed dosage compensation, has been studied in more detail. Experiments are described in which individuals aneuploid for shorter segments were examined for the level of ADH in order to characterize the genetic nature of the compensation. The relative ADH expression in segmental trisomics and tetrasomics of region 1L 0.72-0.90, which includes the Adh locus, approaches the level expected from a strict gene dosage effect. Region 1L 0.20-0.72 produces a negative effect upon ADH in a similar manner to that observed with other enzyme levels when 1L as a whole is varied (Birchler 1979). These and other comparisons have led to the concept that the compensation of ADH results from the cancellation of the structural gene effect by the negative aneuploid effect. The example of ADH is discussed as a model for certain other cases of dosage compensation in higher eukaryotes.
Empathy: An Unspoken Ethical Issue for Neutrals

The author examines the reluctance of ethics code drafters to legislate empathy as a mandated mediator skill, arguing that the omission can be traced to a number of flawed assumptions about conflict resolution.
The role of Toujeo®, insulin glargine U‐300, in the treatment of diabetes mellitus

Purpose The purpose of this article is to educate nurse practitioners about the role of Toujeo®, insulin glargine U-300 (Gla-300), which is a new option for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Data sources A comprehensive literature search was conducted using MEDLINE with the key terms: insulin glargine 300, Toujeo, Gla-300, and EDITION for clinical trial data. Other resources included package inserts, drug information websites, and the World Health Organization (WHO). Conclusions Gla-300 appears to be a safe and effective option for basal insulin therapy. In clinical trials, it was shown to be equally efficacious as Gla-100 with fewer episodes of hypoglycemia and slightly less weight gain, and subjects receiving Gla-300 required approximately 10 units more basal insulin to obtain the same hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) as subjects receiving Gla-100. Implications for practice This new basal therapy option represents a potential advantage for patients who require higher doses of insulin because of the higher concentration of Gla-300. The lower incidence of hypoglycemia and more predictable pharmacokinetics could offer a significant therapeutic benefit in difficult-to-control patients with diabetes mellitus. The biggest disadvantage of this product is the slightly higher insulin dosage that is required to improve and/or maintain patients’ HbA1c.
A chemical study of tuberculin.

Some time ago in the course of a study of the tuberculin and allied reactions, Zinsser1 showed that extracts of powdered tubercle bacilli, rendered as free as possible from protein, by acid precipitation and boiling, contained substances precipitable by alcohol, which substance produced skin reactions of the delayed type, in tuberculous guinea pigs. The acetic acid precipitate gave a similar reaction, which was not lost on repeated solution in alkali and reprecipitation with acid. Several possibilities of the relationship between the protein precipitate and the so-called “residue antigen,” from which the protein had been removed, were discussed and the question was left open for further work.The investigation of the residue was continued by Zinsser and Parker,2 who extended the observations to other bacteria, and found that in the case of each one tried, including staphylococci, pneumocci and meningococci, a similar preparation could be obtained. In the case of these organisms, however, the products were ...
Bringing Environmental Benefits into Caspian Sea Negotiations for Resources Allocation: Cooperative Game Theory Insights

The five littoral Caspian Sea states, namely Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan, have been in negotiations on establishing a legal regime for governing the sea for almost two decades. What makes the Caspian Sea conflict more complicated is the immense amount of valuable oil and gas resources in the sea. The previous studies of the conflict have intimately focused on finding an appropriate division rule for sharing the water as well as gas and oil resources in the seabed, ignoring the environmental utilities associated with the possible division rules. This is despite the fact that Caspian Sea is the home to the most precious sturgeons, supplying 90% of the world’s caviar. Therefore, this study bridges the gap of previous ones of the Caspian Sea conflict by adding the environmental dimension to the conflict analysis. Four different cooperative game theoretic solution concepts, including Nash-Harsanyi, Shapely, Nucleolus, and τvalue are used to find the fair and efficient allocation of the Caspian Sea resources to the five states. The results are finally compared with previous ones that ignored the environmental aspect of the problem to highlight the importance of environmental benefits in the Caspian Sea negotiations.
Diagnostic Assessment of Status Epilepticus

Diagnostic methods of assessment of the child with status epilepticus (SE) are outlined following an evidence-based review of literature by the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the AAN and Practice Committee of the CNS.