cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Climate change and food security in Caribbean small island developing states: challenges and strategies

Caribbean small island developing states (SIDS) are highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Food security is a key issue in the region, and is related to vulnerability in the natural an...
Novel compound heterozygous FBXO7 mutations in a family with early onset Parkinson's disease.

Abstract Background Mutations in the F-box protein 7 (FBXO7) gene result in autosomal recessive parkinsonism. This usually manifests as early-onset parkinsonian-pyramidal syndrome but patients exhibit high phenotypic variability. Here we describe the findings of a Yemeni family with two novel FBXO7 mutations. Methods Clinical data and DNA were available for three siblings with early-onset parkinsonism together with their parents and three unaffected siblings. A targeted next generation sequencing panel was used to screen the proband for mutations in 14 genes known to cause a parkinsonian disorder. In addition, SNCA, PARK2, PINK1, and PARK7 were screened for copy number variants. Results The proband carried two novel compound heterozygous FBXO7 mutations: a missense mutation in exon 1 (p.G39R; c.115G > A) and a frameshift mutation in exon 5 (p.L280fs; c.838del). The mutations segregated with disease in the family with the exception of a potentially pre-symptomatic individual whose age was below the age of onset in two of their three affected siblings. P.G39R occurred at a highly conserved amino acid residue and both mutations were predicted to be deleterious in silico. In contrast to most reported families, the phenotype in this pedigree was consistent with clinically typical Parkinson's disease (PD) with a lack of pyramidal signs and good response to dopaminergic therapy. Conclusions Our study expands the phenotype associated with FBXO7 to include early-onset PD and broadens the list of causative mutations. These data suggest that FBXO7 should be included in clinical genetic testing panels for PD, particularly in patients with early onset or a recessive inheritance pattern.
Quantitative measurements of IR780 in formulations and tissues

Abstract Purpose IR780 iodide, a promising near-infrared dye, is widely used to prepare nanoparticles as a theranostic agent for tumor imaging and therapy. However, there are no validated (bio)analytical methods to measure IR780 in nanoparticles and tissues in literature. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a new HPLC method to measure IR780 concentration in IR780 formulations as well as a new LC–MS/MS method to measure IR780 concentration in tissue samples, particularly in liver and lung. Materials and methods IR780 granules that produced IR780 in situ self-assembled nanoparticles upon contact with water were prepared at two drug loadings (0.2 % and 0.37 %). An HPLC method was developed and validated to measure IR780 concentrations in IR780 granules and nanoparticles. Furthermore, a validated LC–MS/MS method was developed to measure IR780 in mouse liver and lung. Both HPLC method and LC–MS/MS method were validated in terms of specificity, stability, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy and precision. Results Both HPLC method and LC–MS/MS method achieved the criteria for method validation. The HPLC method was accurate in the concentration range of 0.5−25 μg/mL. The measured drug loadings were 95 % of the theoretical drug loadings. The validated LC–MS/MS method can quantitatively measure the concentrations of IR780 in liver and lung. The linear range of the LC–MS/MS method was 1−1000 ng/mL for both liver and lung samples. IR780 granules showed the lung selectivity compared to IR780 solution at 2 h after oral administration. Conclusion A validated HPLC method was developed to measure IR780 concentration in pharmaceutical formulations and a validated LC–MS/MS method was developed to measure IR780 concentration in tissues. These quantitative methods provide reliable measurements of IR780 in pharmaceutic formulations and biological samples, which will significantly facilitate the research of IR780 as a theranostic agent for cancer therapy and imaging.
Predicting Solar Flares Using SDO/HMI Vector Magnetic Data Products and the Random Forest Algorithm

Adverse space-weather effects can often be traced to solar flares, the prediction of which has drawn significant research interests. The Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) produces full-disk vector magnetograms with continuous high cadence, while flare prediction efforts utilizing this unprecedented data source are still limited. Here we report results of flare prediction using physical parameters provided by the Space-weather HMI Active Region Patches (SHARP) and related data products. We survey X-ray flares that occurred from 2010 May to 2016 December and categorize their source regions into four classes (B, C, M, and X) according to the maximum GOES magnitude of flares they generated. We then retrieve SHARP-related parameters for each selected region at the beginning of its flare date to build a database. Finally, we train a machine-learning algorithm, called random forest (RF), to predict the occurrence of a certain class of flares in a given active region within 24 hr, evaluate the classifier performance using the 10-fold cross-validation scheme, and characterize the results using standard performance metrics. Compared to previous works, our experiments indicate that using the HMI parameters and RF is a valid method for flare forecasting with fairly reasonable prediction performance. To our knowledge, this is the first time that RF has been used to make multiclass predictions of solar flares. We also find that the total unsigned quantities of vertical current, current helicity, and flux near the polarity inversion line are among the most important parameters for classifying flaring regions into different classes.
DNA methylation as a regulator of intestinal gene expression

The intestinal tract is the entry gate for nutrients and symbiotic organisms, being in constant contact with external environment. DNA methylation is one of the keys to how environmental conditions, diet and nutritional status included, shape functionality in the gut and systemically. This review aims to summarise findings on the importance of methylation to gut development, differentiation and function. Evidence to date on how external factors such as diet, dietary supplements, nutritional status and microbiota modifications modulate intestinal function through DNA methylation is also presented.
Adaptive Design Practice in Clinical Trial

In clinical research, clinical trials are important approaches to evaluate biomedical or behavioral interventions such as new treatments and drugs. Randomization is a widely- adopted technique in modern clinical trial, as it helps to minimize study bias and guarantee safety and efficacy. During the last century, a handful of adaptive randomization techniques has been applied in clinical trial. In general, they all aim to increase power and reduce type 1 error of a clinical trial. However, they use different approaches to achieve the same goal in different scenario. This paper summarized the most commonly used adaptive randomization techniques, compared their roles and real-world application.
The Convict’s Gibbet and the Victor’s Car: The Triumphal Death of Marcus Atilius Regulus and the Background of Col 2:15

This article will suggest that scholars have overlooked a model plausibly lurking in the background of Col 2:15 which parallels the triumphal death of Christ: namely, the crucifixion of Regulus. Regulus was a general who achieved a near-mythic status during the First Punic War by his sacrificial death, in which his perseverance on the gibbet was seen as even greater than riding in the victor’s car. Tertullian credited Regulus as having set the precedent for enduring the torments of the cross, while others declared him as having overcome through death not only his human foes but also Lady Fortune. Regulus’ story enjoyed so much widespread popularity it was admitted in the curriculum of Roman schools by the middle of the first century CE. Because Regulus’ epic contains low-hanging fruit, ripe for comparison with Christ’s crucifixion, Christians drew upon the story of Regulus from at least as early as Tertullian, Minucius Felix, Arnobius, and Augustine. Nevertheless, scholars have overlooked the possible parallels with Regulus’ story and Christ’s triumphal death in Col 2:15. I will first provide a composite depiction of Regulus’ military life and sacrificial death along with its reported ramifications in order to tease out similarities and differences with Col 2:15 and finally conclude with comments concerning the significance of including the legend as additional background for the verse. In short, I will propose that reading Regulus’ story in comparison with Col 2:15 supports an anti-imperial and/or a supra-imperial reading of the letter.
Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of neuroinflammation in children with hydrocephalus and shunt malfunction

Approximately 30% of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt systems for hydrocephalus fail within the first year and 98% of all patients will have shunt failure in their lifetime. Obstruction remains the most common reason for shunt failure. Previous evidence suggests elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines in CSF are associated with worsening clinical outcomes in neuroinflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to determine whether cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) contribute towards shunt failure in hydrocephalus. Using multiplex ELISA, this study examined shunt failure through the CSF protein concentration profiles of select pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as select MMPs. Interdependencies such as the past number of previous revisions, length of time implanted, patient age, and obstruction or non-obstruction revision were examined. The pro-inflammatory cytokines were IL-1β, IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-17, TNF-α, GM-CSF, IFN-γ. The anti-inflammatory cytokines were IL-4 and IL-10, and the MMPs were MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-9. Protein concentration is reported as pg/mL for each analyte. Patient CSF was obtained at the time of shunt revision operation; all pediatric (< 18), totaling n = 38. IL-10, IL-6, IL-8 and MMP-7 demonstrated significantly increased concentrations in patient CSF for the non-obstructed subgroup. Etiological examination revealed IL-6 was increased in both obstructed and non-obstructed cases for PHH and congenital hydrocephalic patients, while IL-8 was higher only in PHH patients. In terms of number of past revisions, IL-10, IL-6, IL-8, MMP-7 and MMP-9 progressively increased from zero to two past revisions and then remained low for subsequent revisions. This presentation was notably absent in the obstruction subgroup. Shunts implanted for three months or less showed significantly increased concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, and MMP-7 in the obstruction subgroup. Lastly, only patients aged six months or less presented with significantly increased concentration of IL-8 and MMP-7. Non-obstructive cases are reported here to accompany significantly higher CSF cytokine and MMP protein levels compared to obstructive cases for IL-10, IL-6, IL-8, MMP-7 and MMP-9. A closer examination of the definition of obstruction and the role neuroinflammation plays in creating shunt obstruction in hydrocephalic patients is suggested.
A Multiresolution Approach for Characterizing MFL Signatures from Gas Pipeline Inspections

Gas transmission pipelines are routinely inspected using a magnetizer-sensor assemblage, called a pig, which employs magnetic flux leakage (MFL) principles to generate defect signals that can be used for characterizing defects in the pipeline[1]. Previously reported work[2] demonstrated that radial basis function(RBF) networks[3–5] can be employed to characterize MFL signals in terms of defect geometry. Further development of this research work, related to three dimensional defect characterization are reported elsewhere in these proceedings. This paper presents an alternate neural network approach based on wavelet functions to predict three dimensional defect profiles from MFL indications. Wavelet basis function neural networks are comprised of a hierarchical architecture and are capable of multiresolution functional approximation. They offer a powerful alternative to RBF based signal-defect mapping techniques, in that the level of output prediction accuracy can be controlled by the number of resolutions in the network architecture. Consequently, the network itself can be employed to generate measures of confidence for its prediction. Such confidence factors may prove to be extremely useful in pipeline inspection procedures since they can form a basis for subsequent remedial measures. The feasibility of employing a wavelet basis function network for characterizing defects in pipelines is demonstrated by predicting defect profiles from experimental magnetic flux leakage signals.
Too much or too little step width variability is associated with a fall history in older persons who walk at or near normal gait speed.

Background Decreased gait speed and increased stride time, stride length, double support time, and stance time variability have consistently been associated with falling whereas step width variability has not been strongly related to falls. The purpose was to examine the linear and nonlinear associations between gait variability and fall history in older persons and to examine the influence of gait speed.
Combining RC-interconnect effects with nonlinear MOS macromodels

This paper presents new techniques for accurately accounting for RC-interconnect effects in conjunction with nonlinear MOS macromodeling. RC-interconnects contribute to the delay of signals, but more importantly, they alter the shape of signals. Thus, circuit performance is affected by nonlinear transistors, secondary MOS effects, input waveform shape, and RC-interconnect loading. All these issues are addressed by the techniques presented here. An equivalent /spl pi/-model for RC-interconnects is used in combination with advanced nonlinear MOS macromodeling to provide simulation results with accurate timing and, more critically, waveform shape of the gate output. Thus, the macromodel provides accurate simulation results whether the behavior is dominated by the nonlinear transistors or RC-interconnects. These techniques yield accurate circuit behavior at speeds two orders of magnitude faster than SPICE for even small circuits.
Mastering the Ultimate High Ground: Next Steps in the Military Uses of Space

Assesses the military space challenges facing the Air Force and the nation in light of the findings and recommendations of the Space Commission. The author reviews the Air Force's involvement in space since its creation as an independent service in 1947; examines the circumstances that occasioned the commission's creation and the conceptual and organizational roadblocks that have impeded a more rapid growth of U.S. military space capability; and enumerates the challenges facing the Air Force with respect to space.
Explicit Reciprocity Laws

Iwasawa [Iw 8] proved general explicit reciprocity laws extending the classical results of Artin-Hasse, for applications to the study of units in cyclotomic fields. These were extended by Coates-Wiles [CW 1] and Wiles [Wi] to arbitrary Lubin-Tate groups. Although Wiles follows Iwasawa to a large extent, it turns out his proofs are simpler because of the formalism of the Lubin-Tate formal groups. We essentially reproduce his paper in the present chapter.
Coronal Mass Ejections: An Overview

This paper provides a brief overview of present understanding of coronal mass ejections, or CMEs, as observed both in the corona and in the solar wind far from the Sun. The overview provides historical background material on ideas about mass ejections prior to their direct detection by orbiting coronagraphs and outlines significant results and insights obtained from the early OSO 7 and Skylab coronagraph experiments. This is followed by summaries of current understanding about the CME phenomenon. The important role of CMEs in producing transient shock wave disturbances in the solar wind, large solar energetic particle events, and large nonrecurrent geomagnetic storms is noted. The overview concludes with a series of questions concerning the origin of CMEs and their evolution in interplanetary space.
Radium 223: how can we optimize this new tool for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer?

Radium 223 is an alpha-emitting intravenous radiotherapy approved for the treatment of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). The approved indication covers men with pain...
Global approximation of CR functions on bloom-graham model graphs in ℂ n

We define a class of generic CR submanifolds of C" of real codimension d, 1 < d ≤ n, called the Bloom-Graham model graphs, whose graphing functions are partially decoupled in their dependence on the variables in the real directions. We prove a global version of the Baouendi-Treves CR approximation theorem for Bloom-Graham model graphs with a polynomial growth assumption on their graphing functions.
Growth and plating efficiency of methanococci on agar media

Plating techniques for cultivation of methanogenic bacteria have been optimized for two members of the genus Methanococcus. Methanococcus maripaludis and Methanococcus voltae were cultivated on aerobically and anaerobically prepared agar media. Maintenance of O(2) levels below 5 mul/liter within an anaerobic glove box was necessary during plating and incubation for 90% recovery of plated cells. Under an atmosphere of H(2), CO(2), and H(2)S (79:20:1), 2 to 3 days of incubation at 37 degrees C were sufficient for the formation of visible colonies. The viability of plated cells was significantly affected by the growth phase of the culture, H(2)S concentration, and the volume of medium per plate. In addition, colony size of methanococci was affected by agar type, as well as by the concentrations of agar, H(2)S, and bicarbonate.
K Meson Photo- and Electro- Production with CLAS at Jefferson Lab

In this talk we give an overview of experiments involving strange particles using the CLAS spectrometer at Jefferson Lab. Also, a first “pre-production” look at strange particle detection in CLAS is presented based on recently-completed photoproduction and electroproduction runs. Experimental issues of particle identification and missing mass resolution are discussed. The results show that the outlined program of experiments is well underway to producing first physics results.
The Case for Governmental Action to Retard Condominium Conversion Activity

The conversion of rental apartment buildings into individually,-, owned condominiums has emerged as a common real estate practice in recent years.1 Since 1970, over one-half million apartments have been converted to condominiums.2 The pace of conversion activity accelerated throughout the 1970's3 and remains strong despite high interest rates.4 Conversion, moreover, is spreading from the nation's largest met-
The influence of speed and grade on wheelchair propulsion hand pattern.

Abstract Background The hand pattern used during manual wheelchair propulsion (i.e., full-cycle hand path) can provide insight into an individual's propulsion technique. However, previous analyses of hand patterns have been limited by their focus on a single propulsion condition and reliance on subjective qualitative characterization methods. The purpose of this study was to develop a set of objective quantitative parameters to characterize hand patterns and determine the influence of propulsion speed and grade of incline on the patterns preferred by manual wheelchair users. Methods Kinematic and kinetic data were collected from 170 experienced manual wheelchair users on an ergometer during three conditions: level propulsion at their self-selected speed, level propulsion at their fastest comfortable speed and graded propulsion (8%) at their level self-selected speed. Hand patterns were quantified using a set of objective parameters, and differences across conditions were identified. Findings Increased propulsion speed resulted in a shift away from under-rim hand patterns. Increased grade of incline resulted in the hand remaining near the handrim throughout the cycle. Interpretation Manual wheelchair users change their hand pattern based on task-specific constraints and goals. Further work is needed to investigate how differences between hand patterns influence upper extremity demand and potentially lead to the development of overuse injuries and pain.
Metacognitive Beliefs in Late-Life Generalized Anxiety Disorder

The aim of this study was to determine the association between metacognitive beliefs, trait worry, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) among older adults. Sixty-six home health care clients aged 65 and older completed the Metacognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30) along with measures of worry and GAD severity Effect size estimates of differences on the MCQ-30 subscales between those diagnosed with and without GAD ranged from medium to large. The Positive Beliefs subscale was the strongest predictor of trait worry. However, negative beliefs about worry (specifically beliefs in the uncontrollability and dangers of worrying) predicted GAD symptom severity when also controlling for trait worry, and partially mediated the relationship between trait worry and GAD symptom severity. These findings suggest that theories positing a role for metacognitive beliefs in the etiology and maintenance of GAD may extend to older adults.
Modeling residential demand for natural gas as a function of the coldness of the month

Abstract A simple two-parameter model of the monthly demand for natural gas for space heating is developed. First, a simple indicator of the coldness of the month labeled “modified degree days” is presented. Both aggregate monthly demand and monthly demand for a single unit are modeled as a function of this indicator. The model has two parameters, a reference temperature which reflects the internal temperature and free heat contribution and a slope parameter which reflects the thermal behavior of the dwelling. Variation in these two parameters is related to characteristics of the dwelling. Finally, the effect of the onset of the energy crisis on the two parameters is assessed.
Perioperative experience of pelvic organ prolapse repair with the Prolift and Elevate vaginal mesh procedures.

We compared the operative and immediate postoperative experience of the trocar-based Prolift® and non-trocar-based Elevate® techniques used to repair vaginal prolapse. A retrospective review of Prolift and Elevate repairs was performed. Baseline characteristics and operative and postoperative variables evaluated included compartment(s) repaired, adjacent organ injury, operative time (OT), change in hemoglobin (ΔH), pain score, narcotic use, length of stay (LOS), and short-term complications. Categorical variables were assessed as counts and percent frequency. Data were compared using chi-squared analysis and paired t test. Prolift (n = 143) and Elevate (n = 77) patients were similar in age (p = 0.19). Concurrent hysterectomy was done in 22 (15.4 %) and 24 (31.2 %), respectively, and concurrent midurethral sling placed in 100 (70 %) and 50 (65 %), respectively. LOS (median, 25th,75th) after anterior/apical compartment repairs was shorter with Elevate, whether with (1.0; 1.0,1.5 vs. 2.0 days;1.0, 2.0; p = 0.003) or without (2.0; 1.0, 2.0 vs. 2.0 days; 2.0, 3.0; p = 0.024) hysterectomy, but no differences in OT, ΔH, pain score, or narcotic use occurred. Posterior compartment mean pain scores were lower with Prolift (3.6 ± 2.2 vs. 1.7 ± 1.5, p = 0.035), and three-compartment-repair pain scores were lower with Elevate (0.6 ± 1.3 vs 2.5 ± 1.9; p = 0.013). Three bladder injuries occurred with Prolift but none with Elevate. Operative and postoperative experiences were similar between groups; however, Elevate anterior/apical repairs had shorter LOS, which might reflect more aggressive discharge planning. There were no bowel or major vascular injuries, and the Prolift trocar bladder injuries did not alter the surgical procedure.
Nuclear relaxation studies of liquid 3He

Abstract The nuclear relaxation of 3 He in contact with fluorocarbon surfaces is being studied under varying conditions of substrate preparation. The 2000 A diameter flurocarbon microspheres in use provide what is thought to be a surface dominated relaxation environment for both the surrounding 3 He and the internal F spins. Fluorine relaxation rates show marked sensitivity to the presence of O 2 impurities while those of 3 He display no such effect. The F relaxation is, in addition, greatly enhanced by the adsorption of 3 He films.
Molecular dynamics simulation of deuterium trapping and bubble formation in tungsten

The interaction between plasma particles and tungsten as plasma facing material is one of the critical issues in successfully using tungsten in Tokamak reactors environment. The deuterium bombardment of monocrystalline tungsten was modeled by molecular dynamics simulation using LAMMPS code and Tersoff type interatomic potential. The deuterium trapping rate, implantation depth, and the stopping time in tungsten at several temperatures ranging from 600 to 2000 K bombarded by 5–100 eV deuterium atoms were simulated. Deuterium bubble formation at near tungsten surface was also studied. Irradiated monocrystalline tungsten became amorphous state prior to deuterium cluster formation, and gas bubbles were observed in the 600, 900, and 1200 K tungsten samples. The formation of gas bubbles were caused by the near surface deuterium super-saturation region and the subsequent plastic deformation induced by the local high gas pressure. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Effect of magnetic field on the coupling of 2D plasmons to nonlocal bulk plasmons

We report here on the effect of a magnetic field on the coupling of 2D plasmons to nonlocal bulk plasmons. The present analysis extends our recent field-free study of the spectrum of coupled collective modes arising from electronic excitations within the quantum well-bound state jointly with those within the continuum of states (but excluding any role of transitions from the bound state to the continuum). We employ a magnetic field generalization of the hydrodynamic model, which correctly represents the magnetic field dependence of the nonlocal principal bulk and 2D plasmons. Our results clearly show how, with increasing magnetic field, some of the modes belonging to the continuum of states split off and have negative dispersion in the long wavelength limit. These are new magnetoplasmons, not to be confused with Bernstein modes (which has been excluded from this analysis).
Toward a synthesis of criminal justice planning and evaluation

Abstract The traditional social engineering approach to planning is essentially an allocative planning based on the distribution of limited means among a number of established users. We need instead a transactive planning strategy based on substantive rationality. Such a strategy involves innovative planning which avoids narrow objectivism through a perspec‐tivistic approach. Evaluation is regarded as strategy for system learning. Both planning and evaluation are to be seen within a general systems framework. In this framework, evaluation is applied not only at the outcome stage but also at the stage of problem definition, in the various phases of policy development, and during policy implementation.
Low Cost, Battery Powered Optical Detection of Pathogens

To satisfy an emergent demand in developing countries, we integrated optical and bio-medical engineering to implement a device which detects pathogens. The device employs DNA amplification and off the shelf components to obtain the diagnosis.
Reviews of Science for Science Librarians: The Great Lakes Fishery—Current Status, Human Impacts, and Literature

The Laurentide Great Lakes are the single largest fresh water system in the world and home to a significant fishery. This article reviews the research and literature on the Great Lakes fishery and describes how a history of overfishing, habitat change, aquatic nonindigenous species (ANS), and compromised water quality caused population declines for several native fish species and reduced commercial fishery productivity. While recreational fishing remains both a popular activity and a significant industry in the Great Lakes region, understanding the ecosystem interactions within the Great Lakes is a key to understanding the decline in fishery production and provides insight into how best to maintain other freshwater fisheries facing similar challenges.
Preliminary trials using a macrocyclic lactone against psoroptic scabies of cattle

Abstract A macrocyclic lactone, LL-F28249α, C 36 H 52 O 8 , was evaluated as a one- or two-injection treatment in different formulations and concentrations against cattle infested with Psoroptes ovis (Hering). One injection of 2 mg kg −1 or two injections of 1 mg kg −1 of 3% active material in either an aqueous or oil formulation failed to eliminate all of the mites. A single injection of 3 mg kg −1 as a 5% aqueous formulation (3%), the male mites appeared to be less susceptible to the acaricide than either the female or immature mites.
Free Jazz A Reflection of Black Power Ideology

Black music, like other forms of African-American expression, is a reflection of African-American life during any given period of time. The work songs and field hollers reflected the conditions of slavery. The Jubilee spirituals reflected the optimism of Reconstruction, whereas the blues reflected the uncertainty of postReconstruction and the depression. During the mid1960s, a different form of music had developed that would reflect the times-it was the beginning of the Black Power movement-and the style of music was called "free jazz." The term free jazz was primarily used by jazz enthusiasts, whereas the critics called it "avant-garde jazz." The musicians, who developed the music, preferred that it be called "the New Thing" or "the New Black Music." Whatever it was called, it was different than anything that had preceded it, which caused much controversy in the jazz world. In this article, I will discuss the connection between the New Thing and the Black Power movement of the 1960s. During the Meredith March across rural Mississippi in June 1966, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Chair Stokely Carmichael revealed the new battle cry of the Civil Rights movement-replacing the strains of "We Shall Overcome" with the new slogan "Black Power." If the Harlem Renaissance was the era of "the New Negro," the Black Power movement was the era of "Black People for Black People." Carmichael and the other young activists had become disenchanted with nonviolence and with the organizations led by conservative, older leaders. The students felt that these organizations were more concerned with middle-class
Experimental Animal Models of Coccidioidomycosis

: Experimental models of coccidioidomycosis performed using various laboratory animals have been, and remain, a critical component of elucidation and understanding of the pathogenesis and host resistance to infection with Coccidioides spp., as well as to development of more efficacious antifungal therapies. The general availability of genetically defined strains, immunological reagents, ease of handling, and costs all contribute to the use of mice as the primary laboratory animal species for models of this disease. Five types of murine models are studied and include primary pulmonary disease, intraperitoneal with dissemination, intravenous infection emulating systemic disease, and intracranial or intrathecal infection emulating meningeal disease. Each of these models has been used to examine various aspects of host resistance, pathogenesis, or antifungal therapy. Other rodent species, such as rat, have been used much less frequently. A rabbit model of meningeal disease, established by intracisternal infection, has proven to model human meningitis well. This model is useful in studies of host response, as well as in therapy studies. A variety of other animal species including dogs, primates, and guinea pigs have been used to study host response and vaccine efficacy. However, cost and increased needs of animal care and husbandry are limitations that influence the use of the larger animal species.
Acceleration and time to fail

A physical model of the growth of chemically related failures in electronic components is developed. This model is used to demonstrate that time to failure is as much a function of the component geometry as it is of the activation energy of the reaction. Further interpretation suggests that for any specified failure mechanism the acceleration achieved in a high temperature stress environment will appear to be a variable. Finally, using a simulation technique, a statistical distribution of the times to fail can be generated which resembles very closely the classical exponential failure curve.
The Chromatographic Behavior of some Hydrophilic Dyes and Dye Intermediates on Thin Layers of Strong and Weak Ion Exchangers

Abstract The chromatographic behavior of some polar organic dyes and dye intermediates on thin layers of various forms of cationic and anionic exchange resins has been investigated. The results of this study indicate that the stationary ion and the mobile ion of both types of exchangers greatly affect both the level of tailing and the Rf values of the adsorbed compounds. It is also clear from this study that these resins are more suitable for evaluating the relatively simple dyes containing an SO3Na group than the higher molecular weight polyazo direct dyes used on cellulosic substrates, and that the Li+ and H+ forms of the cation exchangers work better than their counterparts. On the other hand, cationic dye molecules require the use of anion exchangers, with the −OAc form giving better chromatograms than the C104− form.
Ethical Dilemmas in School-Based Behavioral Screening:

In this editorial, four ethical dilemmas associated with adoption and implementation of school-based behavioral screening practices are reviewed. A variety of forums related to public health, education, and research ethics were used in selection and illustration of the dilemmas, which include (a) community acceptance, (b) family rights, (c) identification, and (d) service delivery provision. Reference to regulations that may guide ethical decision making around the parameters of school-based behavioral assessment are provided along with specific implications for both research and practice.
Enantioselective allylic substitution using a novel (phosphino-1,3-oxazine)palladium catalyst

Abstract Treatment of 1,3-diphenyl-2-propenyl acetate 1 with the sodium salt of dimethyl malonate and the palladium complex of the phosphino-1,3-oxazine ligand cis-3a gave the allylic substitution product 2 in 99% yield and 95% enantiomeric excess.
Neutron Radiation Characteristics of Plutonium Dioxide Fuel

The major sources of neutrons from plutonium dioxide nuclear fuel are considered in detail. These sources include spontaneous fission of several of the Pu isotopes, (alpha, n) reactions with low Z impurities in the fuel, and (alpha, n) reactions with O-18. For spontaneous fission neutrons a value of (1.95 + or - 0.07) X 1,000 n/s/g PuO2 is obtained. The neutron yield from (alpha, n) reactions with oxygen is calculated by integrating the reaction rate equation over all alpha-particle energies and all center-of-mass angles. The results indicate a neutron emission rate of (1.14 + or - 0.26) X 10,000 n/s/g PuO2. The neutron yield from (alpha, n) reactions with low Z impurities in the fuel is presented in tabular form for one part part per million of each impurity. The total neutron yield due to the combined effects of all the impurities depends upon the fractional weight concentration of each impurity. The total neutron flux emitted from a particular fuel geometry is estimated by adding the neutron yield due to the induced fission to the other neutron sources.
Propofol and fentanyl compared with midazolam and fentanyl during third molar surgery.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to measure the safety and efficacy of propofol combined with fentanyl as sedative agents during third molar outpatient surgery. Patients and Methods: A double-blind, prospective, randomized clinical trial involving 57 patients undergoing removal of third molars under intravenous sedation between November 1994 and December 1995 was performed. Patients randomly received either propofol and fentanyl (P + F, th = 24) or midazolam and fentanyl (M + F, M = 33). Patient demographics, Corah anxiety scores, and physiologic parameters were determined preoperatively. All medications were titrated to the same clinical end point for sedation. Intraoperative physiologic parameters, cooperation, alertness, and pain scores were assessed. Postoperative recovery and degree of amnesia also were determined. Results: There were no significant differences in either patient demographics or surgical characteristics between groups. The P + F group was significantly less cooperative than the M + F group. Pain during injection of propofol was a significant adverse side effect. Both groups experienced a small percentage of apneic episodes, but mechanical ventilation was never required. There were no differences in recovery between groups as measured by the Treiger dot test and psychomotor recovery scores. The degree of anterograde amnesia was greater for the M + F group, although the difference was not statistically significant. Sedation was rated good to excellent by the patient, surgeon, and observer, and there were no statistically significant differences between groups. Conclusion: Propofol appears to be a safe and efficacious drug for use during outpatient oral surgical procedures.
Development of spiny and aspiny neurons in the caudate nucleus of the dog during the first postnatal month

The adult and developmental morphology of spiny and aspiny neurons in the dog caudate nucleus was examined using the Golgi-Kopsch technique. In the adult, three types each of spiny and aspiny neurons were identified based upon dendritic morphology and cell soma size. They corresponded in large part to those neurons described previously in the caudate nuclei of the rat, cat, and monkey. At birth, dendrites of spiny neurons possessed varicosities, filopodia, and thick proximal dendritic stumps--all characteristic of immaturity. Maturation of these processes involved the thinning of proximal dendrites, lengthening of dendritic shafts, and growth of dendritic spines. Although most of the dendritic maturation occurred during the first postnatal month, spine densities and dendritic lengths of spiny I neurons at 30 days were still less than those seen in the adult. Aspiny I neurons were also immature at birth but lacked the filopodia and thicker proximal dendrites that characterized immature spiny neurons. Aspiny dendritic development involved primarily the lengthening of dendritic processes; by 30 days the aspiny I neurons were indistinguishable from those seen in the adult. These results suggest that dendritic development of spiny I neurons may extend well past the end of the first postnatal month and that studies investigating functional development in the caudate nucleus should consider the relatively extended time period required for maturation of these primary synaptic sites.
The Association Reaction as a Measurement of Attitude

(1941). The Association Reaction as a Measurement of Attitude. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 363-368.
Why are adolescents violent

This article discusses how adolescents become violent from the perspective of human development, in which the process of formation of the child and the youth depends on diverse biological, psychological e social variables that constitute the context of life of these individuals. The ecological perspective of human development opposes simple cause-effect relations between antisocial adversities and behaviors and believes that factors such as gender, temperament, cognitive ability, age, family, social environment and culture combine in a complex way influencing the behavior of the child and the adolescent. Some conclusions point to the fact that violence in adolescence usually starts from a combination of early difficulties in relationships associated with a combination of temperamental difficulties. It is concluded that the young seem to be as bad as the social environment surrounding them.
Is There a Cosmopolitan Information Seeker

This paper reports on some evidence from an international consumer survey in Germany and the United States which suggests the existence of an information-sensitive consumer-elite which transcends national boundaries. These Cosmopolitan Information Seekers, far higher in education, income, and social prestige than “average” consumers, represent a growing nucleus of “professional” consumers in the industrially advanced countries. The article also explores some of the implications which this segment has for the multinational corporation and the design of its marketing mix.
Interdependence between the information evaluator and the decision maker

. A game theoretic model of the relationship between an information evaluator and a decision maker is formulated, and interdependence analysis is employed to decompose the game into several components. Each of these components represents one aspect of the interdependence relationship experienced by the information evaluator and decision maker. The analysis is then employed to distinguish among game forms. Resume. Un modele de la theorie des jeux etablissant une relation entre un evaluateur d'informations et un decideur est propose, et l'analyse d'interdependance est utilisee afin de decomposer le jeu en plusieurs parties. Chacune de ces composantes represente une facette de la relation d'interdependance vecue par l‘evaluateur d'informations et le decideur. Par la suite, l'analyse sert a etablir une distinction parmi les “formes de jeu”.
Production mechanism of H* in the He (2 3S)+CH2Cl2 reaction

Abstract The line shapes of the Balmer lines ( n = 3, 4) produced from the reaction between methylene chloride and metastable helium atom He (2 3 S) in a high vacuum chamber were analyzed, and the nascent translational energies were estimated from the Doppler broadening profiles. The fractions of available energy partitioned into translational energy can be explained by a simple impulsive model incorporating vibrational excitation due to geometry change during transition from the parent to product fragments. The precursor state was assigned to a Rydberg component converging to the upper state of CH 2 Cl + 2 . Subsequent predissociation of the Rydberg state leads to the production of H*.
Jewish Mothering in Japan

Jewish and Japanese child rearing are compared as examples of patterns that produce highly successful, achievement-oriented children. Mothers are notably devoted and nurturant, and also fairly sophisticated and antonomous individuals, with considerable authority at home. Fathers have high prestige, but are somewhat distant. Achievement is also motivated by the child's feelings of guilt over the mother's pain and suffering caused by his failure to live up to her high expectations.
Novel gene discovery in pediatric cardiomyopathy

Abstract Pediatric cardiomyopathies are extremely heterogeneous in etiology; however, a genetic etiology is increasingly appreciated, particularly for children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. As clinical molecular genetic testing has become more accessible and more comprehensive, it is recognized that a significant percentage of children with cardiomyopathies have no identifiable genetic cause, even in some familial cases. New methodologies for genetic and genomic analysis are available that allow for less expensive and more comprehensive genomic characterization that will facilitate identification of novel genes for pediatric cardiomyopathies and will allow rapid translation to improve clinically available genetic tests.
Restoration of mechanically lengthened jejunum into intestinal continuity in rats

Abstract Purpose Prior studies demonstrated the feasibility of lengthening intestinal segments with mechanical force, but no previous studies have restored the lengthened segment back into intestinal continuity. Methods A 1-cm segment of isolated rat jejunum was lengthened using a Nitinol spring. After lengthening, this segment was restored into intestinal continuity via a transection of the intact small intestine. Rats were euthanized 2 weeks later to retrieve the restored intestinal segment for histologic and enzymatic analyses. Results The isolated jejunal segments were initially lengthened to 3.3 ± 0.9 cm. After the lengthened segments were restored into intestinal continuity for 2 weeks, the final length of the restored segment was 1.9 ± 0.7 cm. All rats continued to gain weight, and the intestine proximal to the restored jejunal segment remained normal 2 weeks later. The restored jejunal segment had an increase in crypt depth and no difference in villus height compared with normal jejunum. Sucrase activity in the restored segment was not different from that in normal jejunum. Conclusion Mechanically lengthened jejunum can be restored into intestinal continuity and appears to have normal function. This further demonstrates the feasibility of mechanical enterogenesis as a potential therapy for short bowel syndrome.
Caught in the Crossfire: the effects of a peer-based intervention program for violently injured youth

Abstract Purpose To assess the effect of a hospital-based peer intervention program serving youth who have been hospitalized for violent injuries on participant involvement in the criminal justice system and violent reinjury and death after hospital discharge. Methods A total of 112 violently injured youth (ages 12–20 years; 80% male; predominantly African-American [60%] and Latino [26%]) hospitalized in Oakland, California participated in a retrospective case–control study. Clients were matched by age and injury severity. Treatment and control youth were followed for 6 months after their individual dates of injury. The outcome variables of rate of entry/reentry into the criminal justice system, rate of rehospitalization for violent injuries and rate of violence-related deaths were compared for treatment and control groups using an odds ratio analysis. Results Intervention youth were 70% less likely to be arrested for any offense (odds ratio [OR] = 0.257) and 60% less likely to have any criminal involvement (OR = 0.356) when compared with controls. No statistically significant differences were found for rates of reinjury or death. Conclusion A peer-based program that intervenes immediately after, or very soon after, youth are violently injured can directly reduce at-risk youth involvement in the criminal justice system.
A two-stage method for lesion segmentation on digital mammograms

In this paper, we present a two-stage method for the segmentation of breast mass lesions on digitized mammograms. A radial gradient index (RGI) based segmentation method is first used to estimate a initial contour close to the lesion boundary location in a computationally efficient manner. Then a region-based active contour algorithm, which minimizes an energy fucntion based on the homogeneities inside and outside of the envolving coutour, is applied to refine the contour closer to the lesion boundary. The minimization algorithm solves, by the level set method, the Euler-Lagrange equation that describes the contour evolution. By using a digitized screening film dababase with 96 biopy-proven, malignant lesions, we quantitatively compare this two-stage segmentation algorithm with a RGI-based method and a conventional region-growing algorithm by measuring the area similarity. At an overlap threshold of 0.30, the new method correctly segments 95% of the lesions while the prior methods delineate only 83% of the lesions. Our assessment demonstrates that the two-stage segmentation algorithm yields closer agreement with manually contoured lesion boundaries.