cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What is a Truth Commission and Why Does it Matter

There is a growing body of comparative research that seeks to produce empirical evidence and, thereby, contribute to policy debates on the relative merits of truth commissions. However, these efforts have been plagued by a lack of attention to case selection. The lack of consensus on what constitutes the universe of truth commission cases has contributed to a pattern of inconclusive, inconsistent findings. This article reviews the empirical literature and finds over 70 potential truth commission cases. After examining some of the reasons behind such disagreement, I offer Freeman’s (2006) typology of investigative commissions as the best suited to advance research in the field.
Towards simplification of hydrologic modeling: identification of dominant processes

Abstract. parameter hydrologic model, has been applied to the conterminous US (CONUS). Parameter sensitivity analysis was used to identify: (1) the sensitive input parameters and (2) particular model output variables that could be associated with the dominant hydrologic process(es). Sensitivity values of 35 PRMS calibration parameters were computed using the Fourier amplitude sensitivity test procedure on 110 000 independent hydrologically based spatial modeling units covering the CONUS and then summarized to process (snowmelt, surface runoff, infiltration, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, interflow, baseflow, and runoff) and model performance statistic (mean, coefficient of variation, and autoregressive lag 1). Identified parameters and processes provide insight into model performance at the location of each unit and allow the modeler to identify the most dominant process on the basis of which processes are associated with the most sensitive parameters. The results of this study indicate that: (1) the choice of performance statistic and output variables has a strong influence on parameter sensitivity, (2) the apparent model complexity to the modeler can be reduced by focusing on those processes that are associated with sensitive parameters and disregarding those that are not, (3) different processes require different numbers of parameters for simulation, and (4) some sensitive parameters influence only one hydrologic process, while others may influence many.
Resistance to a Needle Miner in Lodgepole Pine Varies with Foliage Source

Resistance to defoliation of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Douglas, by Coleotechnites sp. was investigated during an outbreak in central Oregon in the late 1960's. Severity of defoliation was closely associated with forest-site characteristics, tree age, and location of foliage in the tree crown. Through field-caging studies and laboratory-preference tests it was established that larvae invade some types of foliage more readily than others. Variation in susceptibility of foliage to attack was related to patterns of defoliation in the outbreak. It was concluded that degree of resistance to attack was probably determined by a feeding deterrent in the foliage which varied according to site, tree, and location in the crown.
Distinctive feature extraction for fast and reliable classification in complex systems

In this work, an approach for establishment of class membership in complex systems is reported. The classification is based on adaptive recognition facilitating the discovery of pattern features that make them distinct from objects belonging to different classes. By viewing a pattern as a representation of extracts of information regarding various features of an object, most traditional recognition methods tend to achieve categorization by identifying the resemblances amongst the class members. In this work, a different view of classification is presented. The classification is based on identification of distinctive features of patterns. It argues that the basic functioning of the established methods also implies that the members of different classes have different values for some or all of such features expressing the objects under consideration. That is, the categorization can also be based on recognition of dissimilarities and distinctions between the objects fitting in different classes. Our proposed approach in based on identifying such charactering dissimilarities, which will then form the distinctive features of patterns and objects. In other words, objects are classified as members of a particular class if they possess some features, which make them distinguished from other objects present in the universe of objects. The proposed approach and its language work in a general manner. Consequently, the corresponding codes can be developed and utilized as a general adaptive pattern recognition scheme. The generality of the approach proposed in this work, makes it applicable to many classification and pattern recognition problems encountered in complex systems.
Effect of Necrosis on Hemoglobin, Serum Protein Profile and Erythroagglutination Reaction in Golden Hamsters.

SummaryThe production of tissue necrosis by various aseptic techniques induced a positive erythroagglutination reaction in non-tumor-bearing golden hamsters within 6 days. The rapidity of onset and...
Quantification of Global Cerebral Atrophy in Multiple Sclerosis from 3T MRI Using SPM: The Role of Misclassification Errors

PURPOSE We tested the validity of a freely available segmentation pipeline to measure compartmental brain volumes from 3T MRI in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Our primary focus was methodological to explore the effect of segmentation corrections on the clinical relevance of the output metrics. METHODS Three-dimensional T1-weighted images were acquired to compare 61 MS patients to 30 age- and gender-matched normal controls (NC). We also tested the within patient MRI relationship to disability (eg, expanded disability status scale [EDSS] score) and cognition. Statistical parametric mapping v. 8 (SPM8)-derived gray matter (GMF), white matter (WMF), and total brain parenchyma fractions (BPF) were derived before and after correcting errors from T1 hypointense MS lesions and/or ineffective deep GM contouring. RESULTS MS patients had lower GMF and BPF as compared to NC (P<.05). Cognitively impaired patients had lower BPF than cognitively preserved patients (P<.05). BPF was related to EDSS; BPF and GMF were related to disease duration (all P<.05). Errors caused bias in GMFs and WMFs but had no discernable influence on BPFs or any MRI-clinical associations. CONCLUSIONS We report the validity of a segmentation pipeline for the detection of MS-related brain atrophy with 3T MRI. Longitudinal studies are warranted to extend these results.
Between Earth and Sky: Transcendence, Reality, and the Fairy Tale in Pan’s Labyrinth

Though it is now a decade since its release, Guillermo del Toro’s Pan’s Labyrinth (2006) remains a work of filmic art which plays upon our deep-rooted and mercurial relationship with fairy tales and folklore. By turns beautiful and grotesque, Pan’s Labyrinth is a complex portrait of the clash between Ofelia’s fairy tale world and that of the brutal adults around her. This article will provide an analysis of the juxtaposition of the film’s imagery of closed/open circles, their respective realms, and how Ofelia moves between the two. I will argue that these aspects create an unusual relationship between the fairy tale universe and the physical one, characterized by simultaneous displacement and interdependency. Ofelia acts as a mediatrix of these spheres, conforming to neither the imposed rules of her historical reality nor the expected structural rules of fairy tales, and this refusal ultimately allows her transcendence from the circumscribed realm of the liminal into Victor Turner’s “liminoid” space, escaping the trap of binarism.
Race and Racism in Russia

Western scholars and, in fact, all residents of Western societies, are often quite limited in their choice of subjects of research and how they are approached. Of course, no formal censorship exist...
Quantitative Analysis of the Sirt5-Regulated Lysine Succinylation Proteome in Mammalian Cells

Lysine (Lys) succinylation is a recently discovered protein posttranslational modification pathway that is evolutionarily conserved from bacteria to mammals. It is regulated by Sirt5, a member of the class III histone deacetylases (HDACs) or the Sirtuins. Recent studies demonstrated that Lys succinylation and Sirt5 are involved in diverse cellular metabolic processes including urea cycle, ammonia transfer, and glucose metabolism. In this chapter, we describe the general protocol to identify Sirt5-regulated Lys succinylation substrates and a computational method to calculate the absolute modification stoichiometries of Lys succinylation sites. The strategy employs Stable Isotope Labeling of Amino acid in Cell culture (SILAC) and the immunoaffinity enrichment of Lys succinylated peptides to identify the Lys succinylation sites that are significantly upregulated in Sirt5 knockout mouse embryonic fibroblast cells.
Coalitional Realignments and Institutional Change

The previous chapters have explored the ways in which the decline of employment in manufacturing and the transition to services have unsettled previously stable arrangements across all three of the institutional arenas under analysis here. The broad trajectory of change – in industrial relations, in vocational education and training, and in labor market policy – across all three countries is toward liberalization. This should be seen as a validation of liberalization arguments (notably Streeck 2009; also Baccaro and Howell 2011). Yet we have also seen that there are distinct varieties of liberalization, driven forward by different political dynamics and also associated with different distributional outcomes. Writing in 1985, Gosta Esping-Andersen argued that the political viability of the more egalitarian varieties of capitalism involves forming and maintaining alliances that shift in response to changes in class structures as capitalism itself evolves. Social democracy's traditional core constituencies – above all, blue-collar workers in industry – remain central actors in this process, not least because manufacturing itself remains a vital part of the political economies in these countries. However, as Esping-Andersen anticipated, declining employment in manufacturing also means that the survival of social democracy hinges crucially on the new coalitions these groups are able to forge with emerging new class actors – particularly lower-skill workers in the growing service sectors, but also salaried employees and white-collar workers generally. Building on the core insights that Esping-Andersen developed in his analysis of social and welfare policies, I submit that in order to explain observed distinctive trajectories of liberalization in the three arenas examined in this book, we can do no better than to ask how and to what extent such alliances are taking shape.
Species-area relationships and additive partitioning of diversity of native and nonnative herpetofauna of the West Indies.

To evaluate the regional biogeographical patterns of West Indian native and nonnative herpetofauna, we derived and updated data on the presence/absence of all herpetofauna in this region from the recently published reviews. We divided the records into 24 taxonomic groups and classified each species as native or nonnative at each locality. For each taxonomic group and in aggregate, we then assessed the following: (1) multiple species-area relationship (SAR) models; (2) C- and Z-values, typically interpreted to represent insularity or dispersal ability; and (3) the average diversity of islands, among-island heterogeneity, γ-diversity, and the contribution of area effect toward explaining among-island heterogeneity using additive diversity partitioning approach. We found the following: (1) SARs were best modeled using the Cumulative Weibull and Lomolino relationships; (2) the Cumulative Weibull and Lomolino regressions displayed both convex and sigmoid curves; and (3) the Cumulative Weibull regressions were more conservative than Lomolino at displaying sigmoid curves within the range of island size studied. The Z-value of all herpetofauna was overestimated by Darlington (Zoogeography: The geographic distribution of animals, John Wiley, New York, 1957), and Z-values were ranked: (1) native > nonnative; (2) reptiles > amphibians; (3) snake > lizard > frog > turtle > crocodilian; and (4) increased from lower- to higher-level taxonomic groups. Additive diversity partitioning showed that area had a weaker effect on explaining the among-island heterogeneity for nonnative species than for native species. Our findings imply that the flexibility of Cumulative Weibull and Lomolino has been underappreciated in the literature. Z-value is an average of different slopes from different scales and could be artificially overestimated due to oversampling islands of intermediate to large size. Lower extinction rate, higher colonization, and more in situ speciation could contribute to high richness of native species on large islands, enlarging area effect on explaining the between-island heterogeneity for native species, whereas economic isolation on large islands could decrease the predicted richness, lowering the area effect for nonnative species. For most of the small islands less affected by human activities, extinction and dispersal limitation are the primary processes producing low species richness pattern, which decreases the overall average diversity with a large among-island heterogeneity corresponding to the high value of this region as a biodiversity hotspot.
Ethical and social issues in the design of weapon control computer interfaces

With the ubiquitous presence of computing, the impact of computer-control on a user's sense of autonomy and moral responsibility and the responsibilities of designers when building such systems, especially those that directly impact human life, have become topics of considerable ethical interest. This work examines the ethical and social issues surrounding the design of human-computer interfaces that are designed for weapon control systems using the development of a computer interface for the U.S. Navy's Tactical Tomahawk missile as a case study. Faced with the task of designing an interface for a weapon like the Tactical Tomahawk that can be retargeted in flight with the click of a mouse, the designing engineer must understand the social and ethical implications of both critical design elements as well as decision biases that are introduced through both cognitive and social sources. It is possible that designing "user-friendly" interfaces for the sole purpose of destruction and death can afford a moral buffer that diminishes controllers' sense of responsibility and autonomy, which could allow people to make decisions more quickly and without proper consideration of all the consequences. When designing a human-computer interface for a weapon control system, it is imperative that engineers understand not only what physical and cognitive human limitations exist, but also how human behavior can compromise both the system's mission and a sense of moral responsibility.
Production of Islamic Knowledge in the European Diaspora: A Case Study of Digital Texts from a British Muslim Halal Certifier

Conceptions of Muslim identity among Muslim communities in the United Kingdom reflect marked variation, as they must negotiate social, cultural, and religious differences daily. British Muslims’ own regulation of the production, sale, and distribution of religiously permissible (halāl) foodstuffs thus provides a salient ground for the study of British Muslim identities. Building on the methodologies of a genealogy of scholars who have used written discourses as indices of identity — notably Anderson, Bhabha, Chatterjee, and Messick — this paper examines the digital textual archive of the Halal Monitoring Committee (HMC), one of the two most influential halāl-authenticating bodies in the U.K. The documents reveal British Muslims’ concern for adaptation to the broader British society on the one hand, and a concern for the preservation of their religiosity on the other — a seemingly paradoxical combination that the HMC integrates successfully through literal, rhetorical, and performative means. The HMC’s adaptation of Islamic law ultimately serves as an illuminating case study of the resilience of religious knowledge in diasporic settings.
Students' Emotional Reactions to Programming Projects in Introduction to Programming: Measurement Approach and Influence on Learning Outcomes

Previous research has found that programming assignments can produce strong emotional reactions in introductory programming students. These emotional reactions often have to do with the frustration of dealing with difficulties and how hard it can be to overcome problems. Not only are these emotional reactions powerful in and of themselves, they have also been shown to induce students to make self-efficacy judgments, which can in turn cause adaptive or maladaptive behaviors, depending on the valence of the judgment. These results have been found in previous qualitative research in programming, however, to date no one has done a larger scale quantitative examination of emotional reactions in introductory programming students. Furthermore, no one has tried to connect these emotional reactions systematically to student learning outcomes. Therefore, this study reports on the pilot use of a basic emotional reactions survey with a large class of undergraduate introductory programming students. Preliminary results are presented on how these emotional reactions affect students' course outcomes over the short and longer term.
Unravelling the biology of chromatin in health and cancer using proteomic approaches

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Chromatin remodeling complexes play important roles in the control of genome regulation in both normal and diseased states, and are therefore critical components for the regulation of epigenetic states in cells. Given the role epigenetics plays in cancer, for example, chromatin remodeling complexes are routinely targeted for therapeutic intervention.Areas covered: Protein mass spectrometry and proteomics are powerful technologies used to study and understand chromatin remodeling. While impressive progress has been made in this area, there remain significant challenges in the application of proteomic technologies to the study of chromatin remodeling. As parts of large multi-subunit complexes that can be heavily modified with dynamic post-translational modifications, challenges in the study of chromatin remodeling complexes include defining the content, determining the regulation, and studying the dynamics of the complexes under different cellular states.Expert commentary: Impwortant c...
A power-delay efficient carry select adder

Adders are basic building blocks of any processor or data path application. Adders are not only used for addition, but for many other functions such as subtraction, multiplication and division. For fast arithmetic operations the use of high speed adders is a requirement. Therefore, design of high speed adders with minimum power consumption are essential for the design of high speed arithmetic units. Carry Select Adder (CSA) is one of the fastest adders used in many data processing applications. In this paper we proposes power-delay efficient design of CSA using Manchester carry chain(MCC) in multioutput domino CMOS. This proposed work evaluates the performance of the proposed CSA designs in terms of speed, power consumption, hardware overhead and power delay products in a standard 45nm CMOS technology. The simulation results confirms that the proposed CSA structure has significantly less PDP (Power Delay Product) and hardware overhead than existing standard adder circuits.
Diagnosis and therapy of anaerobic infections in childhood

There are two main periods of manifestation of anaerobic infections in childhood. In the neonatal period anaerobic septicaemia is usually mild with a lower mortality rate, but has essentially the same causes as aerobic septicaemia (premature rupture of the membranes, amniotic infection syndrome after ascending infection). The latter cases comprise about 10% of aerobic septicaemias. Later in childhood, the pathogenesis of anaerobic infections is similar to that in adulthood. Anaerobic infections occur after surgery, particularly of the abdominal region, in malignancies, immunodeficiency and aspiration. With the exception of Bacteroides fragilis, most anaerobes are sensitive to penicillin. A high percentage of clinically important anaerobes are sensitive to clindamycin, chloramphenicol and metronidazole.
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: an extreme technical makeover for an old technique.

INTRODUCTION Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) remains the treatment of choice for several forms of stone disease including: large stones, many cystine and struvite calculi, lower pole calyceal calculi, stones associated with anomalous renal anatomy, and stones in morbidly obese patients. Recent advances in the PNL technique appear to improve post-operative outcomes and reduce patient morbidity. MATERIALS AND METHODS A thorough review of the recent urologic literature was performed to identify these alterations in technique and whether or not these changes have improved stone-free outcomes and/or reduced patient morbidity. RESULTS Published series from several different centers have recently demonstrated that supine PNL is safe with specific benefits for the patient and several technical advantages for the surgeon. A number of currently available intracorporeal lithotripsy devices, specifically combination pneumatic and ultrasonic lithotrites, have been show to offer improved stone fragmentation and more efficient fragment clearance. Tubeless, stentless PNL appears to offer reduced flank pain and no stent-related symptoms following stone removal. CONCLUSIONS Further advances in the PNL technique will not only increase stone-free outcomes and reduce post-operative complications, but also significantly reduce peri-operative patient morbidity. Further large scale clinical trails are necessary to better define the benefits of supine PNL, improved intracorporeal lithotripsy devices and tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy.
Clinical Features and Diagnosis of Peripheral Arterial Disease

Peripheral arterial disease is a fundamental consideration in the patient presenting with a diabetic foot. Although broad in context, it is only part of the overall alteration in vascular structure and function characterized by two distinct pathologic processes: a nonocclusive microcirculatory impairment involving the capillaries and arterioles of the kidneys, retina, and peripheral nerves and a macroangiopathy manifesting as atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary and peripheral arterial circulation. The former is relatively unique to diabetes and is best described as an accelerated microangiopathy rather than an occlusive process. In addition to its well-recognized contribution to the development of diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy, this microvascular dysfunction is also of paramount importance in the diabetic foot.
Intersectional nativity and racial/ethnic disparities in human papillomavirus vaccination initiation among U.S. women: a national population-based study

Overall, foreign-born women are less likely than U.S.-born women to have initiated human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. However, foreign-born women are a racially/ethnically diverse population, and race/ethnicity is an independent predictor of HPV vaccination. Using 2011–2015 National Health Interview Survey data, we used multivariable logistic regression to estimate odds ratios for foreign-born black, Latina, and Asian women compared to foreign-born white women and U.S.-born white women, adjusting for sociodemographic factors. We added socioeconomic factors followed by health care access indicators, which we conceptualized as potential mediators, to each model to assess whether they helped explain observed disparities. Foreign-born Asian ([odds ratio=] 0.43; [95% confidence interval:] 0.29–0.65) and Latina (0.46; 0.32–0.68) women had significantly lower adjusted odds of initiating HPV vaccination compared to foreign-born white women. Foreign-born white (0.64; 0.45–0.90), black (0.44; 0.29, 0.67), Latina (0.29; 0.24–0.35), and Asian (0.28; 0.21–0.38) women had significantly lower adjusted odds of HPV vaccination initiation compared to U.S.-born white women. Socioeconomic factors only explained HPV vaccination initiation disparities between foreign-born Latina women and foreign-born and U.S.-born white women. Health care access indicators modestly explained disparities between foreign-born white, black, and Latina women and U.S.-born white women only. We observed pronounced HPV vaccination initiation disparities among foreign-born women in relation to race/ethnicity and between foreign-born women from minoritized racial/ethnic backgrounds and U.S.-born white women. Research on nativity disparities in HPV vaccination should take into account race/ethnicity, and vice versa. Interventions that seek to facilitate HPV vaccination among foreign-born women are needed and should address the unique needs of those from minoritized racial/ethnic backgrounds to promote cancer equity.
Hippocampal theta bursting and waveform shape reflect CA1 spiking patterns

Brain rhythms are nearly always analyzed in the spectral domain in terms of their power, phase, and frequency. While this conventional approach has uncovered spike-field coupling, as well as correlations to normal behaviors and pathological states, emerging work has highlighted the physiological and behavioral importance of multiple novel oscillation features. Oscillatory bursts, for example, uniquely index a variety of cognitive states, and the nonsinusoidal shape of oscillations relate to physiological changes, including Parkinson's disease. Open questions remain regarding how bursts and nonsinusoidal features relate to circuit-level processes, and how they interrelate. By analyzing unit and local field recordings in the rodent hippocampus, we uncover a number of significant relationships between oscillatory bursts, nonsinusoidal waveforms, and local inhibitory and excitatory spiking patterns. Bursts of theta oscillations are surprisingly related to a decrease in pyramidal neuron synchrony, and have no detectable effect on firing sequences, despite significant increases in neuronal firing rates during periods of theta bursting. Theta burst duration is predicted by the asymmetries of its first cycle, and cycle asymmetries relate to firing rate, synchrony, and sequences of pyramidal neurons and interneurons. These results provide compelling physiological evidence that time-domain features, of both nonsinusoidal hippocampal theta waveform and the theta bursting state, reflects local circuit properties. These results point to the possibility of inferring circuit states from local field potential features in the hippocampus and perhaps other brain regions with other rhythms.
Motion Control Automation in the Quadcopter Convertiplane in a Transient Mode

The article deals with the issues of mathematical simulation of the convertiplane motion with controlled electric drives and tilt rotors (propellers) executed on a quadropter pattern. The computational scheme has been introduced and differential equations describing the controlled motion of the vehicle in space have been derived. Simulations of the convertiplane motion in transient modes has been carried out. The prototype of the convertiplane on which experimental studies were conducted was developed and produced.
Hairy cell leukemia: cellular characteristics including surface immunoglobulin dynamics and biosynthesis.

Abstract Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is caused by the proliferation and accumulation of morphologically characteristic cells whose cell line of origin (lymphocyte versus monocyte) has not been determined. In an attempt to determine the cell line from which these cells are derived, we studied the cells from the peripheral blood and spleens of 6 patients with HCL for their cytochemical, immunologic, surface, and functional properties. Clinically the patients were similar to others reported with HCL, with some beneficial responses to splenectomy. Both the peripheral blood cells and spleen cells from these patients had tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and lacked nonspecific esterase. They failed to rosette with sheep red blood cells (SRBC), C3-coated RBC, or anti-D-coated SRBC. Intense surface fluorescence was produced by fluoresceinlabeled anti-immunoglobulin reagents, and capping rapidly occurred. Reincubation following capping or trypsinization and restaining with anti-immunoglobulin reagents showed the reappearance of monoclonal immunoglobulin. The pattern of immunoglobulin synthesis and release was demonstrated directly by 3H-leucine incorporation into specific immune coprecipitable immunoglobulin and was similar to that of normal B lymphocytes. The cells had a low labeling index but had modest phagocytic ability. The unequivocal demonstration of endogenous immunoglobulin synthesis establishes these cells as B-lymphoid in nature. However, they may represent a particular B-lymphocyte subset originating in the spleen and having phagocytic ability.
E-072 Impact of obesity on short-term in-hospital outcomes in patients undergoing spinal fusion procedures

Background Spinal fusion is a surgical procedure utilized to treat or alleviate several spinal diagnoses including: tumor, spinal stenosis, degenerative disc disease, scoliosis, and spondylolisthesis. Previous studies have explored clinical outcomes for this intervention. This study aims to further investigate short-term outcomes of patients after spinal fusion by looking at the impact of obesity. Methods This retrospective cohort study utilized data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) to identify adult patients (18+) from 2012–2015 who underwent spinal fusion. ICD-9 codes identified these patients; specifically patients diagnosed with obesity. Any patients missing important clinical identifiers (age, gender, cause of death) and patients without spinal fusion intervention were excluded. Data analyses assessed hospital length of stay (LOS), inpatient charges, average age of admission and mortality rate. Results Of the 290,752 patients that underwent spinal fusion procedures, 374 had the diagnosis of obesity (OB): Mean mortality rate of patients was significantly increased (1.9%, OB vs. 0.6%, no OB p = 0.01) LOS in patients with obesity who underwent spinal fusion was significantly increased (7.02 days, OB vs. 4.02 days, no OB, p = 0.0001) Total hospital charges were significantly increased ($142,853.68, OB vs. $98,294.43, no OB, p = 0.0001) Age at admission was not significant in patients with obesity (58.43 years, OB vs. 57.69 years, no OB, p =.307) Conclusion Patients who are obese and undergo a spinal fusion procedure suffer from increased mortality rate, LOS, and total hospital charges. This study aims to provide physicians with information in the management of patients with obesity that undergoes spinal fusion procedures. Peri-procedural patient optimization could provide a potential avenue to lower LOS, total in-hospital charges, and mortality in patients. Disclosures T. Colburn: None. D. Schirmer: None. Z. Rose-Reneau: None. B. Wright: None.
Between Scylla and Charybdis: Environmental governance and illegibility in the American West

Abstract In The Odyssey, Odysseus and his crew must navigate the Strait of Messina between two great hazards: the six-headed monster Scylla on one side, and the whirlpool Charybdis on the other. This conceit here guides a critical engagement with scientific knowledge and state power, grounded in the positionality and practices of government agents charged with the management of controversial species and processes in the American West. Based in ethnographic and archival research on wolf-livestock conflict and public lands grazing in Central Idaho, I relate how agents with the U.S. Forest Service and Idaho Department of Fish and Game navigate conditions not of their own choosing. Sailing the “choppy seas” of complex systems and multiple-use mandates, with the “whirlpool” of cuts to capacity on one side and the “monster” of political controversy and litigation on the other, agents appear to collect less or more ambiguous information on their charges, resulting in a partial “blindness” or illegibility. Although a rational adaptation to unrealistic expectations, this ignorance is not bliss but rather symptom and source of dysfunction, limiting agents’ ability to carry out monitoring, collaboration, and effectively conduct on-the-ground management. Understanding patterns of illegibility requires that we attend both to broader contextual pressures and situated motivations. In so doing, we might account for the seeming disconnect between agencies’ stated aims and practices, complicate traditional assumptions of evidence-based scientific management and analyses of bureaucratic rationality and state power, and make sense of the apparent dysfunction around environmental governance in the American West today.
Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy in the Setting of Prior Bilateral Renal Transplant, a Case Report and Review of the Literature

In recent years, more women are undergoing renal transplantation as a treatment for end-stage renal disease. Women with kidney transplants are prone to certain gynecologic issues which might necessitate hysterectomy. Laparoscopic hysterectomy can safely be performed in patients with prior unilateral or bilateral renal transplantation. Laparoscopy offers magnification of anatomy, decreased wound-related problems, and continuation of immunosuppression therapy. We present a case report and review of the literature for total laparoscopic hysterectomy and bilateral salpingectomy for a patient with prior bilateral renal transplant.
Mycophenolate Mofetil for Eosinophilic Fasciitis: A Retrospective Analysis From 3 Tertiary Care Centers.

This cohort study examines the clinical response outcomes of 14 patients with eosinophilic fasciitis treated with mycophenolate mofetil.
When Governments Cannot Do It Anymore and When Capitalism, Neoliberal Policies and Globalization Get Imposed Without Democracy: Self-Organization in the HKH Region Beyond E. Ostrom and Facebook

Since the time of ‘Enlightenment’ the term modernity carried something positive, new and exciting that most people could easily relate to, being motivated to help building the new brave world for future generations. These concepts have currently reached an end, judged by all metrics, certainly when looking at environmental ones and for the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region. There are many problems that do not allow to reach the lofty goals of the west such as every human being is equal and everybody has the same rights. Instead, devastation, decay and generic poverty rule, natural resources are widely used up, and space and wealth is limited. Here some examples are shown how this western governance model failed, and that a new, better system is needed to reach global sustainability goals.
Emerging clinical scientist paradigm: a call for spectrum recognition in team science.

Team science1—what a concept! To many, the idea that a group of scientists can work together on a common problem and seek collective answers leading to success seems almost intuitive. Yet the practicality and value of the concept is only now beginning to be fully recognized. Part of this may stem from classical training moors where basic scientists talk among themselves but seldom to clinical trialists who talk among themselves but not much to population scientists. And the nascent field of implementation science is in its relative infancy as a formal discipline. This creates a conundrum because relatively few translational scientists have cross-training between disciplines and, in many cases, have little idea of the methodologies or interpretation of data generated by these different research groups. For all of these reasons and more, a broader approach to training and interaction between physician scientists with diverse clinical and research backgrounds to give due consideration for the spectrum of translational science is desperately needed. The translational research continuum has expanded well past the traditional “bench-to-bedside” paradigm that has been used for decades.2 Currently, the paradigm is designed to engage research and development of a therapeutic entity from basic (“bench”) research (T0) that aims to define normal or pathologic physiological mechanisms that may become therapeutic targets. Preclinical animal models (T1) are designed to demonstrate in vivo therapeutic activity and various stages of clinical (“bedside”) trials (T2) seeking to verify adequate safety and efficacy properties of the therapeutic agent that may lead to FDA approval.3 The relatively new component of translational research called implementation science (T3) studies methods and potential obstacles to the successful utility of the targeted therapy in the population of interest.4 The final stage (T4) is population (“curbside”) research where the impact of the therapy on health …
Is Myopia Contagious? The Effect of Investor Culture on Corporate Disclosure Time Orientation

We examine the effect of cultural heterogeneity on corporate disclosure time orientation and its capital market consequences. To measure firms’ and investors’ cultural time orientation, we use their home country’s long-term orientation (LTO) and the dominant language future time reference (FTR). Using textual properties of annual reports, we first document that firms use more long-term oriented words and fewer forward-looking statements when their home country and investor base are culturally more long-term oriented and have a weak FTR language. Next, we use firms’ inclusion in the MSCI World Index as an instrument to address causality and find that the investor base’s cultural time orientation affects disclosure time orientation. Lastly, we find through path analysis that the effect of cultural misalignment in long-term orientation on disclosure decreases liquidity and increases cost of equity capital. This result suggests that cultural heterogeneity can induce disclosure-based informational frictions.
Red and White antisemitism: Brendan McGeever, Antisemitism and the Russian Revolution. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 2019. xi+247pp. Figs. Notes. Bibl. Ind. £22.95 pbk, £75 hbk. ISBN 978-1-316-64716-5 pbk, 978-1-107-19599-8 hbk.

In his revealing and nuanced exploration of antisemitism in the Russian Revolution, Brendan McGeever begins by noting: ‘The revolution of 1917 was Russian Jewry’s moment of emancipation’ (10). At t...
The costs of anticipating and perseverating about racism: Mechanisms of the associations between racial discrimination, anxious arousal, and low positive affect.

Although numerous studies have documented an association between racial discrimination and internalizing psychopathology symptoms, there is a lack of empirical work that establishes cognitive and emotional mechanisms through which racial discrimination is associated with specific transdiagnostic mental health outcomes (i.e., anxious arousal and low positive affect) among Black Americans. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to test a new etiological model of how racial discrimination is associated with anxious arousal and low positive affect. The overarching model posits that racial discrimination will be associated with anxious arousal and low positive affect through prolonged activation of race-related stress processes (i.e., anticipatory race-related fear and race-related rumination), the effects of which are conditioned on attention bias to threat. METHOD A total of 326 Black participants (72.4% women) completed the study. RESULTS For anxious arousal, the indirect effect of racial discrimination through anticipatory race-related fear depended on degree of attention bias, with the effect only reaching statistical significance at mean and relatively higher levels of attention bias to threat. For low positive affect, the indirect effect of racial discrimination through race-related rumination only reached a statistical significance at mean and relatively lower levels of attention bias to threat. CONCLUSIONS Racial discrimination is indirectly associated with anxious arousal and low positive affect through the effects of anticipatory race-related fear and race-related rumination, respectively. Implications for etiology and treatment of anxious arousal and low positive affect are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Ameliorating soil chemical properties of a hard setting subsoil layer in Coastal Plain USA with different designer biochars.

Abstract Biochar application is an emerging management option to increase soil fertility. Biochars could improve chemical properties of soils with hard setting subsoil layer. However, biochar effect can be inconsistent because different biochars react differently in soils. We hypothesized that addition of designer biochars will have variable effects on improving the chemical properties of hard setting layers. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of biochars on soil properties in Norfolk’s soil with a hard setting subsoil layer grown with winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). All designer biochars were added at the rate of 40 Mg ha −1 . Feedstocks used for biochars production were: plant-based (pine chips, 100% PC); animal-based (poultry litter, 100% PL); 50:50 blend (50% PC:50% PL); 80:20 blend (80% PC:20% PL); and hardwood (100% HW). Higher nutrient availability was found after additions of biochars especially additions of 100% PL and 50:50 blend of PC and PL. On the average, applications of 100% PL and 50:50 blend of PC:PL had the greatest amount of soil total nitrogen with means of 1.94 ± 0.3% and 1.44 ± 0.3%, respectively. When compared with the control and other biochars, 50:50 blend of PC:PL additions resulted in increase of 669% for P, 830% for K, 307% for Ca, 687% for Mg and 2315% for Na while application of 100% PL increased the concentration of extractable P, K, Ca, Mg, and Na by 363%, 1349%, 152%, 363%, and 3152%, respectively. Overall, our results showed promising significance since biochars did improve chemical properties of a Norfolk’s soil.
Sleep, Dreams, and States of Consciousness

An understanding of the brain basis of consciousness is one of the oldest dreams of neuroscientists and physicians. Although a knowledge of its subtleties is at a very early stage, we are now beginning to understand some of the basic mechanisms that control the changes of consciousness associated with sleep and wakefulness.
Science and Law

This article reviews scholarship on the nature and implications of the law–science relationship. Four major themes are identified: first, how the two institutions are thought to shape the authority structures and practices of modernity; second, how law affects the emergence and professionalization of scientific and technical disciplines; third, the role of expert witnesses and rules governing the admissibility of expert testimony; and fourth, how law functions as a site for generating new scientific knowledge and technical expertise.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Home‐Based Telehealth Versus In‐Person Prolonged Exposure for Combat‐Related PTSD in Veterans: Preliminary Results

Objectives Telehealth technology may reduce the effect of treatment barriers and improve participation in treatment for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The present study is an ongoing randomized controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of prolonged exposure (PE) delivered via in person or home-based video telehealth modalities. Method A total of 52 veterans with combat-related PTSD were randomized to receive 8–12 weeks of PE through either home-based telehealth or standard in-person office-based care. Results Participants evinced significant reductions in symptoms of PTSD, depression, and anxiety from pre- to posttreatment across both conditions. Analyses conducted within a noninferiority framework suggested nonsignificant treatment outcome differences in clinician-reported PTSD and self-reported anxiety between the conditions. Results were inconclusive for self-reported PTSD and depression symptoms. Patient satisfaction ratings did not significantly differ between the two groups. Conclusions Results suggest that PE can be delivered via home-based telehealth with outcomes and satisfaction ratings comparable to in-person practices for certain symptoms, however additional research is needed. This modality has the potential to address stigma- and geographic-related barriers to treatment, such as travel time and cost.
Concurrency in Feature Analysis

Classifier-independent feature analysis is a classic problem whose solution exhibits exponential growth. In previous research, we developed a new approach to classifier-independent feature analysis based on relative feature importance (rfi), a metric for the relative usefulness of the feature in the optimal subset. Because finding the optimal subset requires exhaustive search, we have also developed an estimator for rfi. The estimator uses adaptive techniques to reduce the computational load. The implementation of both algorithms, direct calculation of rfi and the estimator, on a Connection Machine (CM-5) in CM Fortran is described in this paper. Direct calculation of rfi lends itself naturally to implementation in CM Fortran because the computationally intensive components of the algorithm involve manipulation of large arrays. The adaptive nature of the estimator, however, makes implementing it on the CM-5 more challenging and less efficient.
Internal Corporate Ventures

Internal corporate ventures (ICVs), entrepreneurial initiatives that originate within a corporate structure and are intended from inception as new businesses for the corporation, are frequently used by established companies as a means to achieve competitive advantages or to overcome poor prospects in their core businesses. While independent units, ICVs nonetheless operate within a larger organization context, and so they face an environment much different from independent start-ups. It is difficult to measure ICV performance using objective indicators because many financial indicators are inappropriate for measuring new ventures, and because the parent corporation may adopt accounting methods that make it difficult to understand the true costs and revenues of ICVs. Top management support coming from the corporate parent has been found to be a strong indicator of ICV performance, and venture autonomy and parent-venture relatedness may also play important roles. Avenues for future exploration on the topic of internal corporate venturing are suggested. Keywords: corporate venturing; corporate entrepreneurship; new business development
New syntheses of 5-acylhydantoins and of 5-acyl-4-hydroxyoxazoles

Abstract The 2,2,2-trimethoxy-4,5-dimethyl-2,2-dihydro-1,3,2-dioxaphospholene made from biacetyl and trimethyl phosphite reacted with one mole equiv. of para-substituted phenylisocyanates to give 2,2,2-trimethoxy-4-(p-substituted)phenylimino-5-acetyl-5-methyl-2,2-dihydro-1,3,2-dioxaphospholanes. The latter reacted with another mole of isocyanate and gave 1,3-diaryl-5-acetyl-5-methyl-hydantoins, precursors of β-keto-α-amino acids. The phenylglyoxal-trimethyl phosphite adduct gave a tautomeric form of the 5-benzoyl-hydantoin. The phenylglyoxal-trimethyl phosphite adduct reacted with one mole equiv of aroyl- and acyl-isocyanates and yielded 2-aryl- or 2-alkyl-5-benzoyl-4-hydroxyoxazoles, the tautomers of 4-oxazolones and the precursors of β-keto-α-hydroxyacid amides. The 4-methoxyoxazoles were made from the 4-hydroxyoxazoles and diazomethane.