cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relationship between African easterly waves and daily rainfall over West Africa: observations and regional climate simulations

The relationship between summer African easterly waves (AEWs) and daily rainfall is assessed in West Africa for 1998–2008 using various reanalyses, satellite-derived rainfall products, and a regional climate model (RCM) run at 90- and 30-km resolutions. 3–5 and 6–9 day AEWs are extracted by filtering daily 700 hPa meridional wind time series at 1°W and 11.5°N, and 1°W and 17.5°N, respectively. Both observed and simulated rainfall anomalies are of larger magnitude over West Africa during 3–5-d than 6–9-d AEWs. The RCM simulates larger rainfall rates in phase with the 3–5-d wave trough instead of ahead, unlike the observations, and overestimates the intensity and spatial coverage of rainfall associated with 6–9-d AEWs. The observed and simulated co-variability between 3–5-d (6–9-d) AEW activity and daily rainfall is strong (weak) and mostly located south (north) of 15°N. However, the RCM overestimates the spatial coverage of the AEW–rainfall relationship in the longitudinal (latitudinal) direction in the case of 3–5-d (6–9-d) AEWs. Observed and simulated daily intense rainfall events, extracted using a percentile threshold approach, are mostly located south of 15°N during summer. The observed relationship between their frequency of occurrence and active 3–5-d AEWs is maximal west of 8°E, while extends up to southern Chad in both RCM simulations. Their magnitude is also largely overestimated by the RCM, indicating an exaggerated coupling between the wave activity and the convection. Finally, observed and simulated 3–5-d AEWs establish the most favorable synoptic conditions for the development of intense rainfall events over West Africa.
On the correlation between F-ratios

The coefficient of correlation between noncentral F-ratios sharing a common denominator is given. The correlation between doubly dependent F-ratios is shown to be the correlation between singly dependent F-ratios times a function of the correlation between the F-ratios' numerators. The correlation is positive if at least one of the noncentrality parameters is zero, but may be zero or negative if both noncentrality parameters are positive. These relationships are viewed geometrically. Examples are taken from the NOVA in the unequal-cell-sizes case.
Structure at 4.5 A resolution of a phosphorylcholine-binding fab.

The electron density at 4.5 A resolution of the Fab' fragment of McPC603 mouse myeloma immunoglobulin with phosphorylcholine-binding activity can be divided into four distinct globular regions which are interpreted to correspond to the four domains in the molecule. The hapten-binding site was located by difference Fourier techniques and lies between two domains near one end of the molecule.
Evidence for rapid loss of spare hCG receptors in the corpora lutea of the hypophysectomized rat

Abstract In pregnant mare serum gonadotropin treated immature rats hypophysectomized on the day of ovulation (day 1) the corpora lutea (CL) persist as normal morphological structures and produce steroids, especially 20α-dihydroprogesterone (20α-DHP), for at least 40 days (Taya and Greenwald, 1982), although there is a rapid decline in human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) binding sites (Kim and Greenwald, 1984). In this study the number of occupied and non-occupied hCG receptors in CL from hypophysectomized rats decreased to 14% and 36%, respectively, compared to intact day 5 pseudopregnant animals, but the binding affinity was unchanged. Decreased concentration of occupied hCG receptors paralleled hormonal levels of serum luteinizing hormone (LH) which were measurable in only 9 out of 20 animals and were near the lower limits of the assay (40 pg/ml). Luteal progesterone (P4) production in response to LH was markedly decreased after hypophysectomy, but the maximal P4 response to LH and 20α-DHP production in response to LH and 8-Br-cAMP were the same in hypophysectomized and intact animals. Although hCG receptor concentration in CL decreased significantly after hypophysectomy, LH-stimulated luteal production of cAMP was almost the same in both groups. These results indicate that LH spare receptors which are uncoupled from cAMP exist in the CL of the intact pseudopregnant rat and that after hypophysectomy they quickly disappear within 4 days.
Marfan's syndrome with mitral insufficiency☆

Abstract In a 2 year and 10 month old girl with external features of Marfan's syndrome, mitral insufficiency represented the major cardiovascular manifestation. This appears to have resulted from elongation of the chordae tendineae of the mitral valve which, histologically, were composed of delicate connective tissue without mucoid cysts. Additional cardiovascular findings included mucoid cysts in the leaflets of the mitral valve and in the media of the aorta and pulmonary trunk. Dilatation of the aortic sinuses, without aortic valvular insufficiency, was yet another finding.
Failure to detect displacement of the visual world during saccadic eye movements.

Abstract Perception of the rapid displacement of a target is suppressed during saccadic eye movements. Suppression is complete if eye movement is more than about three times larger than target displacement, and some suppression occurs even for target displacements of 4°. These results can be interpreted with the addition of a threshold element to the algebraic sum of the corollary discharge and the visual signal.
Imaging of a traumatic cyclodialysis cleft in a child using slit-lamp-adapted optical coherence tomography.

Imaging of a traumatic cyclodialysis cleft in a child using slit-lamp-adapted optical coherence tomography
Structural and magnetic investigation of In2Fe2−xGaxCuO7

Abstract The solid solution of In2Fe2−xGaxCuO7 (space group P63/mmc) was synthesized and investigated through X-ray diffraction and magnetic susceptibility studies. Limited changes to the lattice parameters were observed as a result of the similar ionic radii for Fe3+ and Ga3+ in the trigonal bipyramidal (TBP) crystallographic site. An increase in the Weiss temperature, along with spin glass behavior are observed from x=0 to x=2, but irregularities in the trend are apparent for x=0.75 and 1. With the highest concentration in magnetic ions, In2Fe2CuO7 appears to have competing nearest neighbor interactions that produce a suppression of the Curie tail and the experimental magnetic moment. In comparison to InFe1−xGaxCuO4, both solid solutions show an invariable progression of the lattice parameters, but the magnetic properties are greatly affected by the distinct TBP layering schemes.
A comparison of the organization of the projections of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, the inferior pulvinar and adjacent lateral pulvinar to primary visual cortex (area 17) in the macaque monkey.

Abstract Both anterograde and retrograde transport tracing methods were used to study the organization of the projections of the dorsal lateral geniculate (DLG), the inferior pulvinar and subdivisions of the lateral pulvinar to primary visual cortex (striate cortex or area 17). The DLG projects only to striate cortex. These projections are retinotopically organized, and do not extend to any cortical layers above layer IVA. In contrast the inferior pulvinar (PI) and the immediately adjacent portion of the lateral pulvinar (PLα 48 ) project to both striate and prestriate cortex. The projections from these two thalamic areas to the striate cortex are also retinotopically organized and exist in parallel with those from the DLG. In contrast to the DLG, the projections from PI and PLα terminate above layer IVA in striate cortex, i.e. layers I, II and III. In prestriate cortex the layers of termination include layers IV, III and I. The pulvinar terminations in layers II and III of area 17 occur in segregated patches as do the geniculate terminations in layers IVC and IVA. On the other hand the pulvinar terminations in layer I which overlie those in layers II and III of area 17 appeared to be continuous. Control studies show that the remainder of the lateral pulvinar overlying PLα does not project to striate cortex. It is concluded that there are 3 visuotopically organized inputs from the lateral thalamus to primary visual cortex and that each of these inputs have different layers of termination. The inputs from PI and DLG can convey direct retinal inputs while those from PI and PLα can also be involved in intrinsic cortico-thalamocortical connections with prestriate cortex. It remains, then, that it cannot be tacitly assumed that the ascending inputs which influence the response properties of the primary cortical neurons arise solely from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. It is also argued that these inputs to the supragranular layers may be excitatory as those from the DLG to the IVth layer.
Traditional and Atypical Presentations of Anxiety in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder

We assessed anxiety consistent (i.e., “traditional”) and inconsistent (i.e., “atypical”) with diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM) definitions in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Differential relationships between traditional anxiety, atypical anxiety, child characteristics, anxiety predictors and ASD-symptomology were explored. Fifty-nine participants (7–17 years, Mage = 10.48 years; IQ > 60) with ASD and parents completed semi-structured interviews, self- and parent-reports. Seventeen percent of youth presented with traditional anxiety, 15 % with atypical anxiety, and 31 % with both. Language ability, anxious cognitions and hypersensitivity predicted traditional anxiety, whereas traditional anxiety and ASD symptoms predicted atypical anxiety. Findings suggest youth with ASD express anxiety in ways similar and dissimilar to DSM definitions. Similarities support the presence of comorbid anxiety disorders in ASD. Whether dissimilarities are unique to ASD requires further examination.
Forgotten battles of the German‐Soviet War (1941–45), Part I

For over 50 years, major gaps have existed in the historical record of operations on the German‐Soviet front during World War II. This has been so largely because archival evidence has been lacking on the Soviet side regarding the Soviet High Command's (Stavka) strategic intent and the Red Army's performance in operations that generally failed. It is indeed sad but true that failed operations often vanish from history without a trace. Unless archival data exists about them, historians can scarcely detect or reconstruct their futile course. This is especially the case in the summer‐fall campaign of 1941, when the brilliance of German Operation ‘Barbarossa’ eclipsed the frequent but feeble Soviet attempts to thwart the German juggernaut. Today, however, it is finally possible to reconstruct the bitter experiences the Red Army suffered while it attempted to counter Operation ‘Barbarossa’. We can do so, first, and with limited certitude, by more thorough analysis of German archival materials and the existing ...
Life Cycle Complexity Influences Intraguild Predation and Cannibalism in Pond Communities

Predation risk is an important contributor to community structure that varies in response to abiotic and biotic factors. In aquatic habitats, predation risk is often linked to hydroperiod as the latter directly influences predator identity within these ecosystems. For pond-breeding salamanders, intraguild predation (IGP) and cannibalism are prevalent interactions in larval communities, but the frequency of each type of agonistic interaction, as well as changes in their pervasiveness along hydroperiod gradients are not well understood. Size-structured populations of aquatic life stages (paedomorphic adults and overwintered larvae) of mole salamanders (Ambystoma talpoideum) have the potential to be dominant IG predators and cannibals in permanent ponds because of large size advantages over successive cohorts, but the species exists as only a single larval cohort in temporary ponds with reduced predatory abilities on guild members. Thus, both the potential for and intensity of predation by this species is li...
Clinical applications of a psychoanalytic systems model of assertion and aggression

(1987). Clinical applications of a psychoanalytic systems model of assertion and aggression. Psychoanalytic Inquiry: Vol. 7, Applications of Infant Research to Adult Psychoanalytic Treatment, pp. 348-363.
A giant pericardial cyst.

![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] [Video 1][2] Parasternal Long-Axis View on Two-Dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiography Demonstrating the Pericardial Cyst. ![Figure][1] [Video 2][3] Parasternal Short-Axis View on Two-Dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiography Demonstrating the
Spectrophotometric determination of ruthenium with 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine

Abstract Ruthenium(II) reacts with 3-(2-pyridyl)-5.6-diphenyl-1,2.4-triazine (PDT) in water-alcohol solution at pH 5 to give a magenta-colored cationic complex having an absorption peak at 485 nm. The color is fully developed by heating at 85° C for 30 min. The system conforms to Beer's law; the optimal concentration range for measurement at 1.00-cm optical path is about 0.5–3.4 p.p.m. of ruthenium. The molar absorptivity is 2.1 · 10 4 1 mole -1 cm -1 . The effects of reagent concentration, heating temperature and time, pH, and alcohol concentration have been studied. Common anions do not interfere. Separation from interfering cations is effected by distillation and recovery of ruthenium tetroxide. Spectrophotometric methods of continuous variations and of mole ratios, and elemental analysis of solid salts isolated from solution, indicate a ruthenium-to-PDT stoichiometry of 1:2, the PDT acting as a tridentate ligand.
Proton-neutron interaction in 98Nb with the (τ,p) reaction

Abstract States of 98 Nb observed in the 96 Zr(τ,p) 98 Nb reaction can be interpreted in terms of 1 g 9 2 and 2 p 1 2 protons coupled with 1 g 7 2 ,3 s 1 2 , and 2 d 5 2 neutrons. The groud-state ang distribution is consistent with J π = 1 + probably arising from π( g 9 2 )ν( g 7 2 ) . The 1 + g.s. and π( g 9 2 )ν( s 1 2 )5 + , 84 keV excited state are interpreted as uncertainty in the 98 Nb mass.
Magnus and Iordanskii Forces in Superfluids

The transverse force acting on a quantized vortex in a superfluid is a problem that has eluded a complete understanding for more than three decades. In this Letter I calculate the {ital superfluid } velocity part of the transverse force in a way closely related to Laughlin{close_quote}s argument for the quantization of conductance in the quantum Hall effect. A combination of this result, the {ital vortex} velocity part of the transverse force found by Thouless, Ao, and Niu [Phys.Rev.Lett.{bold 76}, 3758 (1996)], and Galilean invariance shows that there cannot be a transverse force proportional to the normal fluid velocity. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Clinical studies with fetal hemoglobin-enhancing agents in sickle cell disease

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF, α 2 γ 2 ) decreases polymerization of sickle hemoglobin, and high levels correlate with decreased morbidity and mortality in sickle cell disease (SCD). Therefore, a therapeutic goal for patients with SCD is pharmacologic reactivation of HbF. Decreased HbF production is associated with DNA methylation (by DNA methyltransferase [DNMT]) at the γ-globin (HbF) gene promoter. The cytosine analogs 5-azacytidine and 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (decitabine) hypomethylate DNA by inhibiting DNMT. In early studies, 5-azacytidine produced significant HbF elevations in patients with thalassemia and SCD, but clinical development of this class of agent was halted after a poorly controlled animal study suggested that 5-azacytidine might be carcinogenic. However, the majority of preclinical studies with decitabine have suggested a chemopreventive rather than carcinogenic effect. Furthermore, decitabine, unlike 5-azacytidine, does not incorporate into RNA and is a more directed DNA-hypomethylating agent. Therefore, we have pursued studies of decitabine to pharmacologically reactivate HbF in patients with SCD. In phase I/II studies, decitabine at DNA-hypomethylating, but noncytotoxic, doses was well tolerated and effective at increasing HbF and total hemoglobin levels both in patients who had and had not responded to prior hydroxyurea therapy. In treated patients, there were marked improvements in a range of surrogate clinical endpoints measuring red blood cell adhesion, endothelial damage, and coagulation pathway activity. Pharmacologic reactivation of HbF through DNA hypomethylation holds promise as an effective disease-modifying intervention for patients with SCD. Larger studies are required to confirm the safety and effectiveness of decitabine with chronic use, and to more clearly establish its role in patients with SCD.
Empirical Evidence: Market Structure and Firm Organization

In this chapter, studies that address the effects of both market structure and organization of the firm on X-efficiency. Aspects of market structure and firm organization reviewed include public vs. private ownership (vs. cooperatives), the ownership form of privately-owned enterprise firms, firm size, four-firm concentration ratio, market share, and cartel and price-fixing arrangements.
Performance of lactating dairy cows fed red clover or alfalfa silage

The objective of this study was to compare utilization of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) by lactating dairy cows. Red clover and alfalfa were harvested and conserved as silage at two maturities in 2 consecutive yr. Each year, diets containing experimental forages and supplemental grain were fed to 16 multiparous Holstein cows in early lactation in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square lactation trial. Lactation performance and nutrient intake responses caused by forage type (red clover vs. alfalfa), maturity (early vs. late), and equivalent acid detergent fiber (ADF) content (yr 1, late alfalfa vs. late red clover; yr 2, early alfalfa vs. late red clover) were compared. Milk yield was not different between cows fed red clover or alfalfa in yr 1, but milk yield was higher for cows fed red clover in yr 2. When cows were fed alfalfa and red clover with similar ADF content, the milk yield of cows fed red clover was lower than that of cows fed alfalfa in yr 1, and milk yields were similar between cows fed alfalfa and red clover in yr 2. Milk protein yield and percentage were lower for cows fed red clover in yr 1 and 2, respectively. Intake of ADF and neutral detergent fiber was lower for cows fed red clover in both years. When red clover contained the same ADF content as did alfalfa, cows fed red clover ate less ADF, neutral detergent fiber, and dry matter, resulting in lower milk yield potential.
Robotic endolaryngeal flexible (Robo-ELF) scope: a preclinical feasibility study.

Objectives/Hypothesis: This article presents a novel robotic endolaryngeal flexible (Robo-ELF) scope driver for minimally invasive laryngeal surgery. The Robo-ELF consists of a simple, robust robotic scope driver with three active and two passive degrees of freedom, allowing it to manipulate any standard flexible endoscope. The system is controlled by a joystick-like three dimensional mouse that interfaces with the scope driver via a laptop. Because the scope is supported and controlled by the robot, motor control and therefore visualization are enhanced. Additionally, because the robot remains stationary when the mouse is not being manipulated, the surgeon can position it and operate bimanually. Methods: The system was validated by performing visualization and biopsy procedures on two human cadavers with the Robo-ELF and comparing this with standard rigid endoscopes with three different angles. Results: The Robo-ELF outperformed the rigid scopes in both image quality and range of motion, overcoming line of site constraints, and allowing visualization of otherwise hidden anatomy. The system also demonstrated a rapid learning curve and enhanced motor control over a manually operated flexible endoscope. Conclusions: The Robo-ELF is a novel robot to assist in driving a flexible endoscope for surgery of the upper aerodigestive tract. Laryngoscope, 121:2371–2374, 2011
Endocytic pathways mediating oligomeric Aβ42 neurotoxicity

One pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is amyloid plaques, composed primarily of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). Over-production or diminished clearance of the 42 amino acid form of Aβ (Aβ42) in the brain leads to accumulation of soluble Aβ and plaque formation. Soluble oligomeric Aβ (oAβ) has recently emerged to be as a likely proximal cause of AD. Here we demonstrate that endocytosis is critical in mediating oAβ42-induced neurotoxicity and intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ. Inhibition of clathrin function either with a pharmacological inhibitor, knock-down of clathrin heavy chain expression, or expression of the dominant-negative mutant of clathrin-assembly protein AP180 did not block oAβ42-induced neurotoxicity or intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ. However, inhibition of dynamin and RhoA by expression of dominant negative mutants reduced neurotoxicity and intraneuronal Aβ accumulation. Pharmacologic inhibition of the dynamin-mediated endocytic pathway by genistein also reduced neurotoxicity. These data suggest that dynamin-mediated and RhoA-regulated endocytosis are integral steps for oligomeric Aβ42-induced neurotoxicity and intraneuronal Aβ accumulation.
Incentive Pricing and Utility Regulation

X-Efficiency, 236. — Incentive pricing, 243. — Incentive pricing applied to regulated utilities, 244. — Calibration, 247. — The regulatory lag, 251. — Conclusion,
MX [3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2[5H]-furanone], a drinking-water carcinogen, does not induce mutations in the liver of cII transgenic medaka (Oryzias latipes).

Mutagenicity assays with Salmonella have shown that 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2[5 H]-furanone (MX), a drinking-water disinfection by-product, is a potent mutagen, accounting for about one-third of the mutagenic potency/potential of chlorinated drinking water. The ability of MX to induce mutations was investigated in the liver of medaka (Oryziaslatipes), a small fish model, utilizing the cII transgenic medaka strain that allows detection of in vivo mutations. Methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAMAc), a carcinogen in medaka, served as a positive control. Fish were exposed to MX at 0, 1, 10, or 30 mg/L for 96 h, whereas the MAMAc exposures were for 2 h at 0, 0.1, 1, or 10 mg/L. Both exposures were conducted under static water conditions and with fasted medaka. Following exposure, fish were returned to regular culture conditions to allow mutation expression for 15 or 40 d for MX or for 15 or 32 d for MAMAc. Mutations were not induced in medaka exposed to MX for 96 h. However, a concentration- and time-...
Genetic Variation and Phylogeography of Central Asian and Other House Mice, Including a Major New Mitochondrial Lineage in Yemen

The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and flanking tRNAs were sequenced from 76 mice collected at 60 localities extending from Egypt through Turkey, Yemen, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nepal to eastern Asia. Segments of the Y chromosome and of a processed p53 pseudogene (Psip53) were amplified from many of these mice and from others collected elsewhere in Eurasia and North Africa. The 251 mtDNA types, including 54 new ones reported here, now identified from commensal house mice (Mus musculus group) by sequencing this segment can be organized into four major lineages-domesticus, musculus, castaneus, and a new lineage found in Yemen. Evolutionary tree analysis suggested the domesticus mtDNAs as the sister group to the other three commensal mtDNA lineages and the Yemeni mtDNAs as the next oldest lineage. Using this tree and the phylogeographic approach, we derived a new model for the origin and radiation of commensal house mice whose main features are an origin in west-central Asia (within the present-day range of M. domesticus) and the sequential spreading of mice first to the southern Arabian Peninsula, thence eastward and northward into south-central Asia, and later from south-central Asia to north-central Asia (and thence into most of northern Eurasia) and to southeastern Asia. Y chromosomes with and without an 18-bp deletion in the Zfy-2 gene were detected among mice from Iran and Afghanistan, while only undeleted Ys were found in Turkey, Yemen, Pakistan, and Nepal. Polymorphism for the presence of a Psip53 was observed in Georgia, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. Sequencing of a 128-bp Psip53 segment from 79 commensal mice revealed 12 variable sites and implicated >/=14 alleles. The allele that appeared to be phylogenetically ancestral was widespread, and the greatest diversity was observed in Turkey, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nepal. Two mice provided evidence for a second Psip53 locus in some commensal populations.
A New Species of Bolitoglossa (Amphibia: Caudata: Plethodontidae) from Montane Forests in Guatemala and El Salvador

Abstract Previous molecular work on salamanders of the genus Bolitoglossa recognized the “Magnadigita” clade, which includes members of the Bolitoglossa dunni, Bolitoglossa franklini, and Bolitoglossa rostrata species groups. One well-supported clade within the B. dunni group includes Bolitoglossa celaque, Bolitoglossa synoria, and an undescribed taxon from El Salvador and Guatemala. I describe the last taxon as a new species based on published molecular evidence and morphological differences among closely related congeners. The new species is readily distinguished from B. celaque by dorsal coloration and from B. synoria by foot morphology.
Quantum simulation of antiferromagnetic spin chains in an optical lattice

Understanding exotic forms of magnetism in quantum mechanical systems is a central goal of modern condensed matter physics, with implications for systems ranging from high-temperature superconductors to spintronic devices. Simulating magnetic materials in the vicinity of a quantum phase transition is computationally intractable on classical computers, owing to the extreme complexity arising from quantum entanglement between the constituent magnetic spins. Here we use a degenerate Bose gas of rubidium atoms confined in an optical lattice to simulate a chain of interacting quantum Ising spins as they undergo a phase transition. Strong spin interactions are achieved through a site-occupation to pseudo-spin mapping. As we vary a magnetic field, quantum fluctuations drive a phase transition from a paramagnetic phase into an antiferromagnetic phase. In the paramagnetic phase, the interaction between the spins is overwhelmed by the applied field, which aligns the spins. In the antiferromagnetic phase, the interaction dominates and produces staggered magnetic ordering. Magnetic domain formation is observed through both in situ site-resolved imaging and noise correlation measurements. By demonstrating a route to quantum magnetism in an optical lattice, this work should facilitate further investigations of magnetic models using ultracold atoms, thereby improving our understanding of real magnetic materials. Quantum simulation of condensed-matter systems using ultracold atoms provides a way to study problems that are computationally intractable on classical computers. Using an ultracold gas of rubidium atoms confined in an optical lattice, Simon et al. simulate quantum magnetism in a chain of spins and observe a quantum phase transition from a paramagnetic phase into an antiferromagnetic phase. This work provides a tunable platform for studies of magnetic quantum phase transitions, which have been realized in few real materials.
French by Sound Pictures

Author's Summary— An inquiry made after the showing of a French talking-film casts doubt upon the common assumption that such films teach comprehension of spoken French. Only-advanced students are likely to understand the dialogue and profit by it. Such films may, however, have intangible value in stimulating interest in France.)
Plastic Dissipation Mechanisms in Periodic Microframe‐Structured Polymers

Novel lightweight micro- and nanostructured materials are being used as constituents in hierarchically structured composites for providing high stiffness, high strength, and energy absorbing capability at low weight. Three dimensional SU-8 periodic microframe materials with submicrometer elements exhibit unusual large plastic deformations. Here, the plastic dissipation and mechanical response of polymeric microframe structures is investigated using micromechanical modeling of large deformations. Finite element analysis shows that multiple deformation domains initiate, stabilize, and then spread plasticity through the structure; simulated deformation mechanisms and deformation progression are found to be in excellent agreement with experimental observation. Furthermore, the geometry can be used to tailor aspects of 3D behavior such as effective lateral contraction ratios (elastic and plastic) during tensile loading as well as negative normal stress during simple shear deformation. The effects of structural geometry on mechanical response are also studied to tailor and optimize mechanical performance at a given density. These quantitative investigations enable simulation-based design of optimal lightweight material microstructures for dissipating energy.
Wide-field fast-scanning photoacoustic microscopy based on a water-immersible MEMS scanning mirror

By offering images with high spatial resolution and unique optical absorption contrast, optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) has gained increasing attention in biomedical research. Recent developments in OR-PAM have improved its imaging speed, but have to sacrifice either the detection sensitivity or field of view or both. We have developed a wide-field fast-scanning OR-PAM by using a water-immersible microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) scanning mirror (MEMS-OR-PAM). In MEMS-OR-PAM, the optical and acoustic beams are confocally configured and simultaneously steered, which ensures the uniform detection sensitivity. A B-scan imaging speed as high as 400 Hz can be achieved over a 3 mm scanning range. Using the system, we imaged the flow dynamics of both red blood cells and carbon particles in a mouse ear in vivo. Presented results show that MEMS-OR-PAM could be a powerful tool for studying highly dynamic and time-sensitive biological phenomena.
The online ouija board : A testbed for multi-party control of dynamical systems

We introduce the online ouija board, a multiplayer server-based game in which a team of agents must coordinate their control actions in real-time, so as to drive a token across a board and spell as many words as possible in a given time. This ouija game presents several of the typical features of multi-party control systems, namely: (i) it is a networked control system, since messages between the players' individual computers and the server are affected by asynchronism, delays, and possible packet drops; (ii) it is a team theoretic/ distributed decision problem, since different players have authority over different inputs, and individual choices influence the information available to other players, and (iii) it is a distributed design problem, since, when no communication is allowed, each player control law must be chosen independently, with access to a partial description of the token's dynamics. In this paper, we propose a simple model of the ouija board which, while assuming away the complications due to (i) and (ii), allows us to focus on the distributed design aspect of the problem mentioned in (iii). We show that simple control strategies exist, which require players to know the token's position and their own actuation direction, but nothing about their teammates' directions or input values. We then compare this simple strategy to the choices made by actual human players in the ouija game, and discuss the role that team communication may play in these choices.
A Bayesian treatment of the stereo correspondence problem using half-occluded regions

A half-occluded region in a stereo pair is a set of pixels in one image representing points in space visible to that camera or eye only, and not to the other. These occur typically as parts of the background immediately to the left and right sides of nearby occluding objects, and are present in most natural scenes. Previous approaches to stereo either ignored these unmatchable points or attempted to weed them out in a second pass. An algorithm that incorporates them from the start as a strong clue to depth discontinuities is presented. The authors first derive a measure for goodness of fit and a prior based on a simplified model of objects in space, which leads to an energy functional depending both on the depth as measured from a central cyclopean eye and on the regions of points occluded from the left and right eye perspectives. They minimize this using dynamic programming along epipolar lines followed by annealing in both dimensions. Experiments indicate that this method is very effective even in difficult scenes. >
Hemangioblast development and regulation

Hematopoietic and endothelial cell lineages are the first to mature from mesoderm in the developing embryo. However, little is known about the molecular and (or) cellular events leading to hematopo...
Inpatient intervention for chronic functional encopresis in psychiatrically disturbed children

Twelve children referred for short-term inpatient psychiatric treatment also received intervention for Functional Encopresis. Treatment consisted of an initial regimen of cathartic medication (CATH MED) followed by prompted toileting trips after meals for bowel retraining (TRIPS). Maintenance medications were given throughout both conditions. Staff records were used to document the integrity and impact of treatment. Compared to baseline, CATH MED was associated with an increase in independent toileting but no reduction in accidents. Significant improvements were obtained on both of these measures during the subsequent TRIPS condition. Some association among demographic, integrity, and outcome measures was detected. There was modest evidence for maintenance of improvements at one-year follow-up. Implications for the delivery and evaluation of inpatient treatment for encopretic children are discussed.
Collateral Intimate Partner Homicide

Collateral intimate partner homicide (CIPH) is an underinvestigated genre of intimate partner violence (IPV) where an individual(s) connected to the IPV victim is murdered. We conducted a content analysis of a statewide database of CIPH newspaper articles (1990-2007). Out of 111 collateral murder victims, there were 84 IPV female focal victims and 84 male perpetrators. The most frequently reported CIPH decedent was the focal victim’s new partner (30%); 45% of focal victims were themselves killed. News reports framed CIPH as the unexpected result of interpersonal conflict, despite evidence of a systematic pattern of coercion and violence that capitulated in murder.
MDS — A New, Highly Extensible Device Simulator

Device simulation needs are growing more diverse and it is difficult for traditional simulators to satisfy them while maintaining usability, maintainability, speed, and robustness. The Modular Device Simulator (MDS) is a completely new simulator framework that addresses this problem by providing simulation building blocks within a dynamic, runtime-configurable framework driven by a scriptable input parser. This flexible framework allows MDS to be applied to a wide range of problems that traditionally would have been handled by many independent codes. MDS has been applied to the 45 nm node and beyond, including advanced applications such as Schrodinger/drift-diffusion and non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF).
Identification of a major prolactin-regulated protein as 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: coordinate regulation of its activity, protein content, and messenger ribonucleic acid expression.

We have previously reported that an abundant 37,000 mol wt protein with a pI of 6.15 (37K) is expressed specifically in the corpus luteum and is markedly inhibited by PRL. To identify the 37K, amino acid sequence analysis of the protein was performed. The 37K protein showed sequence similarity with rabbit 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20 alpha HSD), chlordecone reductase, prostaglandin synthase, and 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which are members of the aldo-keto reductase group of enzymes that catalyze the NADPH-dependent reduction of carbonyl compounds. Comparison of 20 alpha HSD activity with the level of 37K in the corpus luteum throughout pregnancy demonstrated a close correlation between enzyme activity and luteal levels of the protein. Both protein and enzyme activity were low early in pregnancy, reached a nadir between days 5-19, and reappeared abruptly between days 19-21 of pregnancy. To establish that the enzyme activity is intrinsic to the 37K, the protein was purified from sod...
IntFlow: improving the accuracy of arithmetic error detection using information flow tracking

Integer overflow and underflow, signedness conversion, and other types of arithmetic errors in C/C++ programs are among the most common software flaws that result in exploitable vulnerabilities. Despite significant advances in automating the detection of arithmetic errors, existing tools have not seen widespread adoption mainly due to their increased number of false positives. Developers rely on wrap-around counters, bit shifts, and other language constructs for performance optimizations and code compactness, but those same constructs, along with incorrect assumptions and conditions of undefined behavior, are often the main cause of severe vulnerabilities. Accurate differentiation between legitimate and erroneous uses of arithmetic language intricacies thus remains an open problem.As a step towards addressing this issue, we present IntFlow, an accurate arithmetic error detection tool that combines static information flow tracking and dynamic program analysis. By associating sources of untrusted input with the identified arithmetic errors, IntFlow differentiates between non-critical, possibly developer-intended undefined arithmetic operations, and potentially exploitable arithmetic bugs. IntFlow examines a broad set of integer errors, covering almost all cases of C/C++ undefined behaviors, and achieves high error detection coverage. We evaluated IntFlow using the SPEC benchmarks and a series of real-world applications, and measured its effectiveness in detecting arithmetic error vulnerabilities and reducing false positives. IntFlow successfully detected all real-world vulnerabilities for the tested applications and achieved a reduction of 89% in false positives over standalone static code instrumentation.
Income differences in services trade partners

This article examines how differences in the income levels of trading partners influence the bilateral trade of services from 2000 to 2010. Overall, the results show that dissimilar per capita income levels across trade partners positively and significantly influence services trade. These findings hold not only when utilizing bilateral data on aggregate services trade, but also when considering bilateral services trade at the industry level. Our findings suggest that policy-makers looking to expand trade in services should foster trading relationships with partners that have dissimilar income profiles.
Forecasting waterfowl population dynamics under climate change — Does the spatial variation of density dependence and environmental effects matter?

Abstract Reliable ecological forecasts are essential for conservation decision-making to respond to climate change. It is challenging to forecast the spatial structure of wildlife population dynamics because density dependence and environmental effects vary spatially. We developed models that incorporated density dependence and climatic (precipitation and temperature) effects to explain pond (wetland) dynamics and models that incorporated density dependence and pond effect to explain Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) population dynamics. We trained the models using data from 1974 to 1998 and tested their hindcast performance with data from 1999 to 2010 to examine the scale at which the spatial variation of density dependence and climatic/pond effects should be incorporated to forecast pond and Mallard population dynamics. The pond model that did not allow density dependence and climatic effects to vary spatially (ΔMSE = 0.007–0.018) and the Mallard model that incorporated the spatial variation of density dependence and pond effect at the scale of Bird Conservation Regions (ΔMSE = 0.011–0.012) had the best hindcast performance. Using these models we forecasted the largest decrease (34.7%–43.0%) of Mallard density in the northern Prairie Pothole Region under two climate change scenarios, suggesting that the local Mallard population in this area might be particularly vulnerable to potential future warming. Our results provide insight into the factors that drive the spatial structure of waterfowl population dynamics. Because the spatial variation of density dependence and environmental effects is commonly found in wildlife populations, our framework of modeling and evaluation has wide application for conservation planning in response to climate change.
Grenzfragen: Vom „künstlichen Leben“ zum „künstlichen Bewußtsein“?

Grenzfragen von Gehirn und Computer hangen vom jeweiligen Forschungsstand der Neurobiologie und Computertechnologie ab. Seit Jahrhunderten bewegt uns Menschen die Frage, ob Maschinen „lebendig“ werden und schlieslich Bewustsein haben konnen. Dabei war der Begriff „Maschine“ auf die historisch jeweils am hochsten entwickelten technischen Standards bezogen — von der Zahnraduhr uber die Dampfmaschine und den Elektromotor bis zu elektronischen Computern. Leibniz hatte bereits Pflanzen und Tiere als „Automaten“ mit wachsender Komplexitat bezeichnet und meinte damit keineswegs seelenlose Kuckucksuhren. Tatsachlich kennen wir heute technisch komplexe Systeme wie z.B. neuronale Netze, deren Dynamik nicht determiniert sein mus, sondern nichtlinear und stochastisch sein kann, also sowohl Ordnung als auch Chaos zu realisieren vermag. Sind solche Systeme „lebendig“?
Personalized drug tablets with 3D printing

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a relatively new technology that is set to revolutionize manufacturing. There is also strong interest in applying 3D printing to medicine. Although much of the research has been focused on tissue engineering applications, 3D printing holds potential for the development of new and customized medical devices and should enable more personalized medical care. One area of opportunity lies in the formulation of therapeutic tablets. For a given drug, different patients may need the active compound to be released from tablets at different rates to achieve the optimal effect. Current medications take a one-size-fits-all approach and do not account for the needs of the individual patient. To address this, Sun et al. described a new 3D printing technique that can engineer drug tablets with customizable release profiles. The authors used 3D printing to engineer drug tablets that consist of 3 components: an impermeable outer membrane that protects all but one side of the tablet, a degradable polymer that contains the drug, and a degradable polymer that does not contain drugs. By controlling the shape of drug-containing polymer and its spatial orientation within the tablet, the authors demonstrated that drug release can be customized and controlled. The authors were able to generate drug tablets with pulsatile drug release kinetics as well as sustained release kinetics. They also showed that is possible to engineer tablets containing two drugs with different release kinetics. Although these results are promising, several important challenges face the clinical translation of this technology. First, personalization of drug tablets requires the physician to know what the optimal drug release kinetics is for each patient. At this time, such information is largely unknown. Second, most 3D printing techniques do not have the necessary print speed to accommodate personalized drug tablet manufacturing. In addition, different therapeutics have different chemical properties and will require different types of polymers for encapsulation. Nevertheless, this article highlights the potential of 3D printing and other emerging technologies to impact medicine. Y. Sun, S. Soh, Printing tablets with fully customizable release profiles for personalized medicine. Adv. Mater . 10.1002/adma.201504122 (2015). [[Full Text]][1] [1]: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.201504122/full#references
Designing cascade-resilient interdependent networks by optimum allocation of interdependencies

Many critical infrastructures are interdependent networks due to the services they receive from one another. Smart grids are examples of such systems consisting of interdependent power and cyber networks. In spite the fact that such interdependencies are essential for the operation of the whole system, they can also fuel cascade of failures within and across the networks as the failure of a service provider in one network can pose failure risk to the dependent components in the other network. Identifying optimal interdependencies to support the required services while reducing the risk of cascading failures is important in designing cascade-resilient interdependent networks. The goal of this paper is to answer: how much and from which nodes should a node request inter-network services to enhance the cascade-resiliency of the whole system? To answer this question, we adopt the influence model, a networked Markov chain framework, and present an interdependent network model to investigate the effects of interdependencies on cascading failures and characterize the optimum allocation of interdependencies. The presented interdependent network model enables modeling general interdependency scenarios by allowing multiple, directed and weighted interdependency links and capturing the inter-dependencies in a probabilistic fashion. Using this model, we show that the topology of interdependent networks and the allocation of the interdependencies largely affect their reliability and cascading failures.
Cell surface recycling in yeast: mechanisms and machineries.

Sorting internalized proteins and lipids back to the cell surface controls the supply of molecules throughout the cell and regulates integral membrane protein activity at the surface. One central process in mammalian cells is the transit of cargo from endosomes back to the plasma membrane (PM) directly, along a route that bypasses retrograde movement to the Golgi. Despite recognition of this pathway for decades we are only beginning to understand the machinery controlling this overall process. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , a stalwart genetic system, has been routinely used to identify fundamental proteins and their modes of action in conserved trafficking pathways. However, the study of cell surface recycling from endosomes in yeast is hampered by difficulties that obscure visualization of the pathway. Here we briefly discuss how recycling is likely a more prevalent process in yeast than is widely appreciated and how tools might be built to better study the pathway.