cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic studies of ruthenium-catalyzed anti-markovnikov hydroamination of vinylarenes : Intermediates and evidence for catalysis through π-arene complexes

Studies are described that reveal the steps of the anti-Markovnikov hydroamination of vinylarenes with alkylamines catalyzed by Ru(COD)(2-methylallyl)2, bis(diphenylphosphino)pentane, and TfOH. Treatment of the catalyst components with an excess of styrene under the catalytic reaction conditions afforded a new ruthenium η6-styrene complex with an ancillary tridentate PCP ligand. This ruthenium complex was active as catalyst for the hydroamination of styrene with morpholine to give the anti-Markovnikov adduct as a single regioisomer in high yield. Studies of the reactivity of the η6-styrene complex revealed two reactions that comprise a catalytic cycle for anti-Markovnikov hydroamination: nucleophilic addition of morpholine to the ruthenium η6-styrene complex to afford a ruthenium η6-(2-aminoethyl)benzene complex and arene exchange of the ruthenium η6-(2-aminoethyl)benzene complex with styrene to regenerate the ruthenium η6-styrene complex. The addition of morpholine and the exchange of arene occurred wit...
The safety and efficacy of extensive abdominal panniculectomy at the time of pelvic surgery

Abstract Nine massively obese patients underwent excision of a large abdominal panniculus in conjunction with pelvic surgery. The most frequent indication for surgery was endometrial cancer. The charts of the patients were reviewed with careful attention to the outcome of the operation and the postoperative course. Comparison was made to previously reported data. The patients ranged in age from 48 to 72 years (mean 56). Weight, range was 216 to 325 pounds (mean 261) and averaged more than twice ideal body weight. The weight of the resected abdominal wall was 3900 to 11,000 grams (mean 6247). Hospital stay ranged from 6 to 18 days (mean 8.2). Postoperative complications were chiefly those associated with the dead space created by the large resection without flap undermining (seromas in 2 and wound infections in 3). Four patients required prolonged wound drainage as outpatients. The average length of time to complete wound healing was 40.3 days (range 10 to 65). There were no dehiscences, pulmonary emboli, or operative mortalities. No patients required reoperation. Our study demonstrates that it is possible to safely combine plastic and gynecologic surgery without significantly increasing operative time, blood loss, postoperative complications, or hospital stay.
Bikeability and the 20-min Neighborhood: How Infrastructure and Destinations Influence Bicycle Accessibility

This study explored a methodology for assessing a neighborhood's bicycle accessibility or "bikeability" on the basis of its mix of infrastructure and destinations, essentially the 20-min neighborhood for bicycles. Prior approaches to assessing bikeability were examined. A new method to measure bikeability that incorporates extensive bicycle infrastructure and land use destination location data is described. The assessment method compared neighborhoods in Portland, Oregon, that had significant differences in bicycle usage. On the basis of the new method, the findings confirmed that, taking into account route infrastructure and destination accessibility, East Portland locations were considerably less bikeable than Inner Portland locations. The assessment method was then rerun to incorporate potential investment and development scenarios to understand how they might affect neighborhood bikeability. The methodology provided steps toward making an objective bikeability assessment—asking if a place could be con...
Diversity and Notes on the Reproductive Biology of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) on Hydrangea arborescens L. and Daucus carota L. at LaRue-Pine Hills Research Natural Area in Southern Illinois, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT A field sampling survey of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on Hydrangea arborescens L. and Daucus carota L. was undertaken at LaRue-Pine Hills Research Natural Area, Union Co., Illinois in 1987–1988. Sixteen species (10 genera) were collected, with the lepturine genera Typocerus LeConte and Strangalia Serville being the most common. Three species, Typocerus velutinus (Olivier), Strangalia luteicornis (F.), and Euderces pini Olivier, were considered dominant; they comprised 79.8% of the total adults collected. Six species were observed in copula, with most (94.9%) on H. arborescens and in shade near an oak-hickory forest. New adult host plant records were E. pini on H. arborescens, and Elaphidion mucronatum (Say) and Neoclytus mucronatus (F.) on D. carota. Collections of cerambycids on white flowers of H. arborescens in shade close to larval host sites (an oak-hickory forest) probably accounted for its greater diversity of cerambycid species.
Stalking the Roving IQ Score Cutoff: A Commentary on Kanaya and Ceci (2007)

¯T. Kanaya and S. J. Ceci (2007) reviewed research on perturbations in rates of mental retardation diagnoses associated with the Flynn effect. They argued that their results call into question the use of IQ cutoff scores in high-stakes decisions but acknowledged that no viable alternatives to cutoff scores could be strongly endorsed. Further, Kanaya and Ceci argued that Flynn-effect adjustments to IQ scores were problematic, a position that should be open to debate. Further research and clear recommendations for practice are certainly needed on this important problem.
Culture Clash: Foreign Oil and Indigenous People in Northern Veracruz, Mexico, 1900-1921

62 The Journal of American History June 2012 Oil revolutionized the world. In just over one century, the resource created an energy regime that changed transportation systems, war technologies, agricultural production, state politics, and, ultimately, the global climate. Petroleum is an American fable too. Highrisk investment, technological and scientific innovation, fierce competition, boom-andbust cycles, outsized personalities, environmental degradation, and the expansionist impulse all feature in the drama of American oil since the mid-nineteenth century. But oil is also a local story. In Mexico, the Huasteca, a region of northern Veracruz, underwent the first oil boom in the country’s history between 1910 and 1921. The experience meant encounters and clashes—not all of them well documented—with social actors. The lion’s share of historiographical coverage goes to the oil companies and state officials, with oil workers gaining attention more recently. Missing from the academic gaze are the responses of indigenous people as they lived the oil experience. They are not altogether absent from the historical record, to be sure, but they do not speak for themselves. Information about them comes from observers who, for the most part, were sympathetic to them but also saw them as victims. A careful reading of the evidence, however, reveals a more complex picture. Encounters between oilmen and indigenous families ran the gamut from seemingly benign interactions to deceitful transactions and outright violence. Moreover, there is no question that by 1921 the indigenous world had been impoverished and transformed beyond recognition, while the oil companies reaped profits and power locally and abroad. Yet wealth did not protect the oilmen from unpredictable politics, and the role of the indigenous lived experience played in that plot. Therein lies the twist in the Mexican oil tale.1 The Mexican Revolution began in 1910, one decade into oil production in the Huasteca, rupturing lines of authority and opening up for debate the logic of oil development. In 1920 the military phase of the revolution ended and reconstruction began. During the following year the oil industry went bust, leading to a new official discourse Culture Clash: Foreign Oil and Indigenous People in Northern Veracruz, Mexico, 1900–1921
Evidence-Based Psychiatric Nursing Practice: Rhetoric or Reality

Abstract The most desirable basis to substantiate clinical practice is the evidence of well-established research findings. Developing evidence-based care involves defining the clinical question, finding the evidence, analyzing the evidence, using the evidence, and evaluating the outcome. Practice guidelines and clinical algorithms are useful tools for applying research findings in a practical way. Other mental health professionals are actively incorporating an evidence-based approach into their practice, training, and research activities. This article raises questions about whether psychiatric nursing has evidence-based models of care, is contributing to advancing knowledge related to the nature, process, and outcomes of psychiatric care, and is incorporating evidence-based psychiatric nursing care in its educational programs. (J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc [2001]. 7, 103-111.)
Capitalization in the St. Petersburg game Why statistical distributions matter

In spite of its infinite expectation value, the St. Petersburg game is not only a gamble without supply in the real world, but also one without demand at apparently very reasonable asking prices. We offer a rationalizing explanation of why the St. Petersburg bargain is unattractive on both sides (to both house and player) in the mid-range of prices (finite but upwards of about $4). Our analysis – featuring (1) the already-established fact that the average of finite ensembles of the St. Petersburg game grows with ensemble size but is unbounded, and (2) our own simulation data showing that the debt-to-entry fee ratio rises exponentially – explains why both house and player are quite rational in abstaining from the St. Petersburg game. The house will be unavoidably (and intentionally) exposed to very large ensembles (with very high averages, and so very costly to them), while contrariwise even the well-heeled player is not sufficiently capitalized (as our simulation data reveals) to be able to capture the po...
Reexamining the priorities of the National Standards for Foreign Language Education

The National Standards for Foreign Language Education offer goals for student learning. During the past decade, they have been used increasingly as objectives for foreign language teaching. In the Standards document, the five Standards are presented in a hierarchical order: 1. Communication, 2. Cultures, 3. Connections, 4. Comparisons, and 5. Communities. Looking to Dell Hymes's portrayal of communicative competence and building on notions from sociocultural theory and the concept communities of practice, this paper questions this hierarchical ordering especially in terms of the primacy of Communication over Cultures and Communities. It is suggested that, of the five Cs, Communities should be considered the most fundamental.
A randomized trial of a 6-week course of celecoxib on proteinuria in diabetic kidney disease.

Background Preclinical data suggest that cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors decrease proteinuria and preserve glomerular structure in animal models of diabetic nephropathy. The objective of this study is to compare the efficacy and safety of celecoxib with placebo for decreasing proteinuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Study Design Placebo-controlled double-blinded crossover design. Setting & Participants 24 patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus, proteinuria with protein of 500 mg/d or greater, and serum creatinine level of 3.0 mg/dL or less. Intervention Patients were randomly assigned to: (1) 6 weeks of celecoxib followed by a 3-week washout period, followed by 6 weeks of placebo followed by another 3-week washout; or (2) 6 weeks of placebo followed by a 3-week washout, followed by 6 weeks of celecoxib followed by another 3-week washout period. All patients were administered quinapril, 20 to 40 mg/d, or irbesartan, 150 to 300 mg/d. All patients were administered aspirin, 81 mg/d. Outcomes & Measurements Proteinuria was assessed by means of protein-creatinine ratio. Data were analyzed using the mixed-effect statistical model. Results There was no significant difference in urinary proteinuria after 6 weeks of treatment with placebo or celecoxib (proteinuria ratio, celecoxib versus placebo, 1.041; 95% confidence interval, 0.846 to 1.282). Celecoxib had no significant effect on potassium or estimated glomerular filtration rate. Frequencies of adverse events were similar between the placebo and celecoxib treatments. Limitations This pilot study was not designed to evaluate the safety or long-term clinical effects of celecoxib. Conclusions Celecoxib, 200 mg/d, for 6 weeks did not alter proteinuria. Few adverse events were noted in this high-risk population.
Lipopolysaccharide-associated resistance to killing of yersiniae by complement

Yersinia pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and Y. enterocolitica share ~70 kb low calcium response (Lcr) plasmids encoding virulence factors expressed at 37°C that, except for the adhesin YadA, are repressed by Ca2+ (Lcr+). Virulence factors encoded on both the Lcr plasmid and chromosome have been reported to protect yersiniae against complement-dependent killing. In this study, LPS was isolated from yersiniae of serum-sensitive phenotypes (Lcr+ and Lcr- Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis grown at 26°C and Lcr -Y. enterocolitica grown at 37°C) and incorporated into liposomes containing radioactive chromium. These vesicles lysed with release of free 51Cr in normal but not decomplemented serum. Liposomes prepared from serum-resistant phenotypes (Lcr+ and Lcr-Y. pestis grown at 26°C or 37°C, Lcr+ and Lcr-Y. pseudotubercu losis grown at 37°C, and Lcr+Y. enterocolitica grown at 37°C) did not undergo complement-dependent lysis. LPS from serum-resistant Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis was rough as judg...
Relationships Among Stress Measures, Risk Factors, and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Law Enforcement Officers

Law enforcement officers suffer higher morbidity and mortality rates from all causes than the general population. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for a significant portion of the excess illness, with a reported prevalence as high as 1.7 times that of the general population. To determine which occupational hazards cause this increased risk and morbidity, it is imperative to study law enforcement officers before they retire. The long-range goal of our research is to reduce the incidence of CVD-related illness and death among aging law enforcement officers. The purpose of the present study was to measure pro- and anti-atherogenic inflammatory markers in blood samples from law enforcement officers (n = 71) and determine what types of occupationrelated stress correlate with differences in these markers. For each outcome variable of interest, we developed separate regression models. Two groups of potential predictors were examined for inclusion in the models. Selected measures of stress were examined for inclusion in the models, in addition to general covariates, such as gender, ethnicity, years in law enforcement, and body mass index. Our results revealed statistically significant relationships between several physiologic variables and measures of stress.
The Sect to Denomination Process in America: The Freewill Baptist Experience

Shortly after the turn of the century Ernst Troeltsch joined Max Weber in examining the history of religious organizations from the point of view of the newly evolving discipline of sociology. Of the contributions Troeltsch made in his monumental study, The Social Teaching of the Christian Churches , the one which has proved most stimulating when applied to American church history was his differentiation of sect-type from church-type religious organization. In 1929, H. Richard Niebuhr in his Social Sources of Denoniinationalisrn elaborated Troeltsch's ideas, especially as they related to American developments, suggesting that in the American environment the denomination occupied a midway position between church and sect. While Troeltsch hints at the tendency of the sect to acquire churchly characteristics in time, Niebuhr spells out the steps in the process of transformation from sect to denomination which he sees as following inevitably, arguing that each generation's sects must become denominations in the next generation. These in turn leave behind a new group of disinherited whose needs are unmet and from which spring the next sect movement.
Simulation of Fire II Reentry Flow Using the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Method

assumption is used to enforce charge neutrality in the flow. The sensitivity of the results for the noncontinuum flow condition are examined with respect to the molecular interaction model for all colliding pairs, and the vibrational relaxation model for collisions of electrons and nitrogen molecules. The results indicate that the degree of ionization of the flow field and the surface heat flux are insensitive to variations in both models. Experimentally and computationally determined total collision cross section data for the interaction of electrons and neutral particles are incorporated into the molecular interaction model. This modification again results in little change to the results for the noncontinuum flow condition. When possible, the simulation results are compared to previous results and to experimental data. The heat flux to the vehicle surface computed using the eleven species chemistry model agrees reasonably well with the data obtained during the FIRE II reentry at the noncontinuum flow condition. In the near continuum regime, the predicted heat flux shows reasonable agreement with the measured data provided the radiative component is included.
Evaluating Prospective e‐Providers: An Empirical Study

SUMMARY It has been problematic to evaluate prospective providers prior to actual adoption and use of their technologies and services. This research uses the resource-based view of the firm to identify, prioritize and relate e-provider evaluation criteria and evaluation process factors to user satisfaction levels, using cluster analysis and ANOVA on data gathered from 103 companies. The results suggest that firms prioritize intangible evaluation criteria over tangible criteria. Project performance is associated with e-provider performance on intangible evaluation criteria, as well as cross-functional participation in the evaluation process.
A comparison of phenotypic plasticity in the native dandelion Taraxacum ceratophorum and its invasive congener T. officinale.

Summary • We compared plastic responses to variation in the light environment for sympatric populations of native and exotic dandelion species, Taraxacum ceratophorum and Taraxacum officinale. • Plasticity in leaf size, inflorescence height, reproductive phenology and dispersal-related traits were measured under experimentally altered light quality (red : far-red light ratio, R : FR) and light intensity (photosynthetically active radiation, PAR). To test whether differences in means and reaction norms of dispersal-related traits between species affected colonization potential, we created seed-dispersal models based on seed-fall rate and release height. • Differences in plasticity between species were not systematic, but varied in direction and magnitude among traits. Taraxacum officinale produced larger leaves that exhibited greater plasticity in size under variable light intensity than T. ceratophorum. Plasticity in scape length at flowering occurred in relation to R : FR ratio in both species, but tended to be greater in T. ceratophorum. Seed-bearing scapes of T. officinale were taller and more canalized in height across light regimes than scapes of T. ceratophorum. Seeds of T. officinale were smaller than seeds of T. ceratophorum. • Models predict greater dispersal in T. officinale within open and vegetated habitats. In contrast to the idea that plasticity promotes invasiveness, results suggest that the lack of plasticity in dispersal-related traits enhances the colonization potential of T. officinale.
Toward optical sensing of metal nanoparticles using chiral sculptured thin films

A nominal model wherein the nanowires of a chiral sculptured thin film (STF) are consideredas strings of slender ellipsoidsindicates that the circular Bragg phenomenonevinced by chiral STFs can be exploited to optically sense small concentrations of metal nanoparticles.
Joint Channel and Power Allocation in Wireless Mesh Networks: A Game Theoretical Perspective

This paper addresses the throughput maximization problem in wireless mesh networks. For the case of cooperative access points, we present a negotiation-based throughput maximization algorithm which adjusts the operating channel and power level among access points automatically, from a game-theoretical perspective. We show that this algorithm converges to the optimal channel and power assignment which yields the maximum overall throughput with arbitrarily high probability. Moreover, we analyze the scenario where access points belong to different regulation entities and hence non-cooperative. The long- term behavior and corresponding performance are investigated and the analytical results are verified by simulations.
Relation of interfacial shear stress to the wave height for concurrent air-water flow

Waves at an interface between a concurrent air-water flow cause an increase in the interfacial stress. This increase in stress is correlated with the root-mean-square displacement of the liquid from its average height. The data are compared with Nikuradse's measurements with sand roughness.
Surgical Outcomes After Gastric Electric Stimulator Placement for Refractory Gastroparesis

Gastric electric stimulation (GES) is used for refractory gastroparesis symptoms. Although symptomatic improvement has been reported with GES, few studies describe the need for additional surgery after placement. Our goal was to evaluate the outcomes of a large series of GES at a single institution. A retrospective review was performed for patients undergoing Enterra GES (Medtronic, Inc.) placement for refractory gastroparesis from October 2000 to October 2011. The main outcome measures were the need/indications for additional procedures and symptom improvement. A total of 266 patients had a GES implanted; 233 had complete records and were included in the analysis. Fifty-eight percent (n = 135) required an additional procedure after GES placement. Nutrition access (45 patients requiring 77 procedures) and subcutaneous pocket issues (n = 21) were the most common indications for subsequent procedures. Twelve percent (n = 29) had the GES explanted, mainly for continued gastroparetic symptoms (n = 11), mechanical issues (n = 9), or infection (n = 4). Ninety patients had subsequent hospitalizations, mainly for gastroparetic flares. Mortality during the follow-up period was 2.1 %. BMI was predictive of additional surgical procedure: when overweight, the risk of pocket revision increased 4.45 times (OR = 4.452). Of 74 most recent patients with prospective long-term outcome data, 70 % reported improved symptoms of pain, bloating, and nausea. Although most patients reported symptomatic improvement after GES implantation, there is often a need for additional surgical procedures as well as associated complications after GES placement. Additional procedures were most frequent for surgical nutrition and subcutaneous pocket issues; pocket revisions were more frequent in obese patients. From our results, we amended our practice to add a jejunostomy tube in malnourished patients and suture the stimulator to the subcutaneous pocket fascia. Further studies will determine if these changes reduce the rate of complications and additional procedures after GES placement.
A Theoretical Perspective on Running Away

THIS article draws from the concepts and general propositions of exchange theory to fashion an explanation of the varied motivations and behaviors in children who run away from their families. Among these are analyses of the runaways whose family and school experiences are as favorable as those of nonrunaways, and of the youths who are rejected and abused by parents, yet do not run. The institutionalized costs imposed by parents and schools are described, as well as the rewards they provide to some youth. Known facts concerning running are examined for consistency with this theoretical perspective, and some hypotheses are offered.
Stem Cells and Atherosclerosis

Many factors contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, including endothelial dysfunction. Research shows that certain types of circulating stem cells and progenitor cells may counteract the development of atherosclerosis following vessel injury and promote vascular health. Yet other studies indicate that these same cells may be involved in the disease’s progression. In this chapter, we sort through these findings and examine the limitations of research to date in order to better understand the role of endothelial progenitor cells and smooth muscle progenitor cells in atherosclerosis and plaque rupture.
Community Grazing In Heterotrophic Marine Protista — Session Summary

Various estimates suggest that the earth is populated by perhaps 107 species, with in the order of 1040 simple (i.e. first order) interactions between them (Wilson 1988, May 1988). Faced with such complexity, ecologists (numbering perhaps in the 104 range, worldwide) can have little hope of identifying and describing more than a small percentage of those interactions. Such research is fuelled by at least two forces including: 1. artistic fascination and the intrinsic excitement associated with discovery and 2. the desire and necessity, to understand how ecosystems function. The latter seeks to understand ecosystems to the point where we can predict, through mathematical models, how a system will behave in the future. Models, of necessity, are based on simplifications of reality, with emphasis on unifying themes rather than individual differences.
Connecting with Socially Isolated Seniors: A Service Provider's Guide, by Patricia Osage and Mary McCall

After conducting a site-based study of lower-income housing residents, Osage and McCall have developed a practical guide to help alleviate social isolation among seniors. Written primarily for prac...
Dynamics of acoustic reflex growth

Acoustic reflex growth was measured as a function of activator bandwidth in 10 subjects with normal hearing and in 5 subjects with different configurations of sensorineural hearing loss. The activators consisted of tones with frequencies of 500, 1 000 and 4 000 Hz, fractions and multiples of octave bands centered at these frequencies, and broadband noise. Growth functions for the normal-hearing subjects measured with a 660-Hz probe tone had smaller peak magnitudes and shallower slopes than the growth functions measured with a 220-Hz probe tone. The slope of the growth function and the peak magnitude of acoustic impedance were not affected in any consistent manner by activator bandwidth or activator center frequency. The dynamic range of the growth function increased with an increase in activator bandwidth beyond 1 octave. The resistive component of acoustic impedance did not exhibit a consistent pattern of change with increasing activator intensity level. The reflex growth functions for normal-hearing subjects separated into two groups, those with steep slopes and large peak magnitudes and those with shallow slopes and small peak magnitudes. 3 out of the 5 cases with sensorineural hearing loss presented growth functions with shallower slopes, smaller dynamic ranges and smaller peak magnitudes than normal. The other 2 cases had steeper slopes and larger peak magnitudes than normal. The dynamic range did not increase with an increase in activator bandwidth beyond 1 octave. The differences in reflex growth functions with probe-tone frequency observed for the normal group were diminished or absent in 4 of the 5 cases of sensorineural hearing loss. The frequency of 4 000 Hz appeared to be the most sensitive to reflex manifestations of hearing loss.
Origins of choice-related activity in mouse somatosensory cortex

During perceptual decisions about faint or ambiguous sensory stimuli, even identical stimuli can produce different choices. Spike trains from sensory cortex neurons can predict trial-to-trial variability in choice. Choice-related spiking is widely studied as a way to link cortical activity to perception, but its origins remain unclear. Using imaging and electrophysiology, we found that mouse primary somatosensory cortex neurons showed robust choice-related activity during a tactile detection task. Spike trains from primary mechanoreceptive neurons did not predict choices about identical stimuli. Spike trains from thalamic relay neurons showed highly transient, weak choice-related activity. Intracellular recordings in cortex revealed a prolonged choice-related depolarization in most neurons that was not accounted for by feed-forward thalamic input. Top-down axons projecting from secondary to primary somatosensory cortex signaled choice. An intracellular measure of stimulus sensitivity determined which neurons converted choice-related depolarization into spiking. Our results reveal how choice-related spiking emerges across neural circuits and within single neurons.
Expiratory bulbospinal neurons of dogs. II. Laterality of responses to spatial and temporal pulmonary vagal inputs

Pulmonary mechanoreceptors with vagal fibers produce a combination of excitation and inhibition in the majority of the expiratory bulbospinal (EBS) neurons of dogs. Both aspects of this transpulmonary pressure-dependent neuronal response appear to be slowly adapting and activated at low pressure levels, suggesting the involvement of the slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors (PSRs). The purpose of the present study was to determine the contribution of different afferent pathways to each of the response components and to characterize the spatial and temporal processing of ipsi-, contra-, and bilateral vagal afferent inputs by two types of EBS neurons. For this purpose low-intensity electrical stimulation of the intact, desheathed, vagus nerves was used in thiopental sodium-anesthetized paralyzed dogs. The phrenic neurogram was used to synchronize both ventilation and stimulation. During test respiratory cycles, pulse trains (4-5 s duration) were applied during the neural expiratory phase to each and both vagus nerves. The mean discharge frequency (Fn) during the stimulus period was obtained from cycle-triggered histogram data. Plots of Fn vs. stimulus strength and Fn vs. stimulus frequency suggest that inhibition of both type D and type A EBS neurons is mediated mainly by the ipsilateral vagus nerve, and that the excitation of type D neurons is mediated bilaterally. These conclusions are also supported by inflation responses obtained before and after unilateral vagotomies. Differences in latencies and spatial and temporal summation characteristics suggest the possible involvement of different 1) types of PSRs, 2) central pathways, and/or 3) synaptic mechanisms in the biphasic response of the caudal ventral EBS neurons to lung inflation.
Endocrine disruptors: Manmade and natural oestrogens: opposite effects on assisted reproduction.

In a new study, a dramatic decrease in the frequency of implantation, pregnancy and live birth is associated with increased urine levels of bisphenol A (BPA) in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). However, in women who consume soy-containing foods, the interfering effect of BPA on IVF success is negated.
Component allocation and supporting frame topology optimization using global search algorithm and morphing mesh

This paper proposes a stepwise structural design methodology where the component layout and the supporting frame structure is sequentially found using global search algorithm and topology optimization. In the component layout design step, the genetic algorithm is used to handle system level multiobjective problem where the optimal locations of multiple components are searched. Based on the layout design searched, a new Topology Optimization method based on Morphing Mesh technique (TOMM) is applied to obtain the frame structure topology while adjusting the component locations simultaneously. TOMM is based on the SIMP method with morphable FE mesh, and component relocation and frame design is simultaneously done using two kinds of design variables: topology design variables and morphing design variables. Two examples are studied in this paper. First, TOMM method is applied to a simple cantilever beam problem to validate the proposed design methodology and justify inclusion of morphing design variables. Then the stepwise design methodology is applied to the commercial Boeing 757 aircraft wing design problem for the optimal placement of multiple components (subsystems) and the optimal supporting frame structure around them. Additional constraint on the weight balance is included and the corresponding design sensitivity is formulated. The benefit of using the global search algorithm (genetic algorithm) is discussed in terms of finding the global optimum and independency of initial design guess. It has been proved that the proposed stepwise method can provide innovative design insight for complex modern engineering systems with multi-component structures.
Individualized therapeutic scheme of transcatheter closure for aneurysm-like perimembranous ventricular septal defects

Objective To explore the individualized therapeutic scheme of transcatheter closure for different types of aneurysm-like perimembranous ventricular septal defect(VSD).Methods Forty-seven patients with aneurysm-like perimembranous VSD were diagnosed by using transthoracic echocardiography and left ventricular and aortic angiography.The clinical data of transcatheter closure for different types of aneurysm-like perimembranous VSD were retrospectively analyzed.Results The transcatheter closure succeeded in 46cases(97.9%).And one case failed(2.1%).Two cases had mild residual shunt.One case had mild to moderate tricuspid valve regurgitation,and transthorancic echocardiography showed the valve function returned normal without any treatment 3months after operation.No complications occurred as ruptured aneurysm of the membranous,occluder detachment,persistent hemolysis,postoperative atrioventricular block,or aortic regurgitation.Conclusion The transcatheter closure is safe and effective for aneurysm-like perimembranous VSD.The individualized therapeutic scheme of transcatheter closure can improve the successful rate.
TRANSFERENCE OF MAXIMAL MULTIPLIER OPERATORS ON LOCAL HARDY-LORENTZ SPACES

The author establishes a deLeeuw-type theorem on maximal multiplier operators on local Hardy-Lorentz space.
Studies of the Epidemiology and Control Strategy of Measles in the Last 50 Years in Maoming City

Objective To study the epidemiological characteristics of measles before and after the implementation of vaccination against measles. Methods Epidemiological characteristics of measles before, during and after the implementation of vaccination against measles were analyzed. Results The average rates of the outbreak of measles in the three stages:before (1950-1965), during (1966-1983) and after (1984-2001) implementation of vaccination against measles were 669.63/100 thousand, 494/100 thousand,and 6.72/100 thousand, respectively. After the implementation of the vaccination program, the spread of measles was under control, the cycle of outbreak was disappeared,the seasonal outbreak was not obvious,the age of infected people was older, and atypical cases were increased. Conclusions The epidemiological characteristics of measles were fundamentally changed after implementation of the vaccination program. The current strategy of the control measurement is to increase the rate of vaccination of the population, enhance the epidemiological and serological surveillance, and to start the booster program.
Gait problems in children: A matter of rotation

The gait disturbances commonly seen in children are usually physiologic and correct spontaneously. Conditions that fall in this category include internal femoral torsion, internal tibial torsion, metatarsus adductus, bowlegs, and knock-knees. However, metatarsus adductus may require casting, and bowlegs, if persistent, may be Blount's disease. Rickets may cause either bowlegs or knock-knees. Clubfeet are resistant to correction and warrant early orthopedic consultation.
Scleroderma Renal Crisis in a Normotensive Patient.

INTRODUCTION S ystemic sclerosis (scleroderma) is an autoimmune disorder of unclear etiology that leads to fibrosis and vascular injury of the skin and multiple organs, including the lungs, heart, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, and the musculoskeletal system. It is classified as either diffuse or limited cutaneous based on the extent of skin thickening. In the diffuse form of systemic sclerosis, skin thickening is extensive and usually occurs within 1 year, compared with the limited cutaneous form, in which skin thickening is often confined to the face, fingers, and hands. Diffuse systemic sclerosis is also characterized by Raynaud’s phenomenon and significant visceral involvement. Renal complications are common in patients with systemic sclerosis. The most serious renal manifestation is scleroderma renal crisis, which occurs in up to 10% of patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis, and only rarely (1%–2%) in limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis. It is a relatively early complication of systemic sclerosis, typically occurring within 5 years of diagnosis, and may be the initial presentation of systemic sclerosis. Scleroderma renal crisis is usually characterized by abrupt onset of marked hypertension, rapidly progressive renal failure due to thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), vasospasm, and tissue ischemia. However, up to 10% of patients with scleroderma renal crisis are normotensive, although their blood pressure may be increased from baseline values.
Accurate performance analysis of a fixed point FFT

Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm is widely used in today's digital signal processing applications. In practice, fixed point arithmetic is used for hardware implementations. The finite bits representation of signals introduces quantization error and thereby limits its accuracy. In this paper, we present a technique to estimate accurately the impact of fixed point arithmetic on FFT performance. We evaluate the fixed point accuracy by measuring Signal-to-Quantization Noise Ratio (SQNR) of 2n (=N) Radix-2 FFT implementation. This SQNR analysis is used to determine fixed point precisions of the FFT implementation that provides a good trade-off between the required hardware resources and final FFT output signal integrity. In the end, we will present the simulation results to illustrate the accuracy of the theoretical analysis.
Management of Clostridium difficile Infection in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Expert Review from the Clinical Practice Updates Committee of the AGA Institute

The purpose of this expert review is to synthesize the existing evidence on the management of Clostridium difficile infection in patients with underlying inflammatory bowel disease. The evidence reviewed in this article is a summation of relevant scientific publications, expert opinion statements, and current practice guidelines. This review is a summary of expert opinion in the field without a formal systematic review of evidence. Best Practice Advice 1: Clinicians should test patients who present with a flare of underlying inflammatory bowel disease for Clostridium difficile infection. Best Practice Advice 2: Clinicians should screen for recurrent C difficile infection if diarrhea or other symptoms of colitis persist or return after antibiotic treatment for C difficile infection. Best Practice Advice 3: Clinicians should consider treating C difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease patients with vancomycin instead of metronidazole. Best Practice Advice 4: Clinicians strongly should consider hospitalization for close monitoring and aggressive management for inflammatory bowel disease patients with C difficile infection who have profuse diarrhea, severe abdominal pain, a markedly increased peripheral blood leukocyte count, or other evidence of sepsis. Best Practice Advice 5: Clinicians may postpone escalation of steroids and other immunosuppression agents during acute C difficile infection until therapy for C difficile infection has been initiated. However, the decision to withhold or continue immunosuppression in inflammatory bowel disease patients with C difficile infection should be individualized because there is insufficient existing robust literature on which to develop firm recommendations. Best Practice Advice 6: Clinicians should offer a referral for fecal microbiota transplantation to inflammatory bowel disease patients with recurrent C difficile infection.
History of Cardiac Transplantation: Research, Discoveries, and Pioneers

The first successful heart transplant could not have been possible without the vision, clinical skills, leadership, and persistence of dedicated physicians and researchers. Since then, these same qualities held by a broader group of clinicians have led to significant improvements over time. Examples of breakthroughs responsible for transplant success include vascular anastomosis, cardiopulmonary bypass, and the discovery of cyclosporine A. This chapter describes the many challenges, contributions, and innovations of cardiovascular experts such as Norman Shumway, MD, widely considered “the father of heart transplantation,” and C. Walton Lillehei, MD, considered “the father of open heart surgery.” Even Charles Lindbergh collaborated with Nobel Prize winner Alexis Carrel, MD, to develop the first working pump oxygenator used in organ perfusion.
T Cell Adhesion Cascades: General Considerations and Illustration with CD31

Widespread appreciation of the importance of T cell adhesion has emerged only in the last 5-10 years. But now the topic is being widely discussed and many aspects carefully reviewed.1-8 This review briefly outlines one important emerging concept, namely that adhesion is not a simple unitary event but rather a co-ordinated sequence of events. This concept is emerging concurrently from studies in a variety of model systems.3,9-12 We illustrate how this concept has emerged from ours and others studies of T cells. Many aspects of T cell adhesion and biology are touched on which are beyond the scope of this brief presentation; the citations therefore emphasize reviews as a starting point for further reading.
Mass Transfer in Hemodialyzer

Mass transfer studies in a hemodialyzer where the blood and dia­lyzing fluid are in co-current flow are presented. The resistance to mass transfer is assumed to be present in the blood stream side, the dialyzing fluid as well as across the membrane. Three solutions were presented which include (a) integral solution with developing velocity profile for both blood and dialyzing fluid (b) integral solution with fully developed velocity profile and (c) an asymptotic solution based on Lighthill’s formula. The quantitative information obtained in this work is believed to be useful in locating critical areas where further improvements are necessary in order to develop a more efficient unit.
Social spammer detection in microblogging

The availability of microblogging, like Twitter and Sina Weibo, makes it a popular platform for spammers to unfairly overpower normal users with unwanted content via social networks, known as social spamming. The rise of social spamming can significantly hinder the use of microblogging systems for effective information dissemination and sharing. Distinct features of microblogging systems present new challenges for social spammer detection. First, unlike traditional social networks, microblogging allows to establish some connections between two parties without mutual consent, which makes it easier for spammers to imitate normal users by quickly accumulating a large number of "human" friends. Second, microblogging messages are short, noisy, and unstructured. Traditional social spammer detection methods are not directly applicable to microblogging. In this paper, we investigate how to collectively use network and content information to perform effective social spammer detection in microblogging. In particular, we present an optimization formulation that models the social network and content information in a unified framework. Experiments on a real-world Twitter dataset demonstrate that our proposed method can effectively utilize both kinds of information for social spammer detection.
Clinical Correlations of Malignant Ependymomas

The points of the following presentation are two-fold. The first illustrates the need to separate the embryonal central neuroepithelial tumors from those which are essentially composed of more differentiated, or adult-type cells in which anaplastic change has occurred. This is because those two distinct categories of neoplasm may display different biological, and therefore clinical, behavior. The second point is that, whereas clear clinicohistological correlations have been established in the astrocytomas, no such concordance seems to be apparent in the case of ependymomas that show histologic features of malignancy, provided the ependymoblastomas are excluded from the analysis.
A Pattern Recognition Approach to Remote Acoustic Bottom Characterization

The possibility of extracting useful bottom information from reflected pulse waveforms at customary echo-sounding frequencies has been demonstrated experimentally. The one-dimensional nature of the sediment property continuum should also enable the use of remotely measured acoustical sedimentary properties to predict navigationally important mechanical characteristics.
Smog in the Air: Passive Positions, Deracialization, and Erasure in Arts Education

Historically, white supremacy has supported capitalist Europeans’ exclusive ownership of both tangible and intangible property, such as Black and Brown bodies, land, economic resources, social and cultural practices, behaviors, and even knowledge and intellect. In many ways, arts education has also been claimed in this declaration of property ownership. “Smog in the air” refers to the contemporary implicit messages and actions that reaffirm that arts education is the property of Whites. Employing Critical Race Theory, I use narrative to illustrate what smog looks like and how it functions in seemingly mundane situations with regard to arts education and arts learning experiences. The narratives are analyzed and conclusions are made regarding the destabilization of arts education as white property.
Sustainable Health Equity

Sustainable Health Equity (SHE) is a progressive national initiative that promotes the health of individual citizens and communities by modifying socio economic and environmental factors that correspond to social determinants of health. The sustainable health equity focuses on modalities to engage policy actors, stakeholders and decision makers to conceptualize an actionable public health policy. The collaborative national initiative is multifaceted which is principally to provide consistent health care that does not vary according to demographics like gender, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic and geographical location. Cultural congruent and universal health care are the pillars to health equity in the United States. The Stakeholders include government, researchers, civil societies, health care professionals, providers and the public. An actionable SHE policy will advance public confidence in the executive, judiciary, legislators and public officials. Multidisciplinary and multilevel engagement is essential in addressing health disparity in the United States. Strategies to foster political power, create awareness, advocate for high-quality health care progress evidence- based practices, research and equal allocation of material and resources. SHE prospective is inherent with the secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services unequivocal resonance in public service, and exemplary leadership.