cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
157. Quantitation of Long-Term Gene Expression from the HSV-1 Latency-Associated Promoter in the Mouse Brain Following Intracranial Injection

Top of pageAbstract Introduction: Inability of HSV-1 vectors to sustain long-term expression in the CNS has previously been reported using a variety of different promoters and vector strains (reviewed in Lilley et al, 2001). Vectors using the LAT promoter generally have superior levels of latent-phase gene expression, although even these vectors fail to maintain stable CNS transduction. To date, long-term transduction studies of HSV-1 vectors have suffered from either inadequate quantitation of gene expression (using only histological techniques) or a lack of truly long-term time points. We have performed intracranial injections into the adult mouse striatum with an HSV-1 vector (1716-LAT-hGUSB) that expresses the human beta-glucuronidase (hGUSB) reporter gene under the control of the endogenous viral LAT promoter. We have quantified long-term transduction at both acute and latent time points (up to 52 weeks) at the level of reporter enzyme activity as well as the presence of RNA transcripts. Vector genome maintenance was also measured. Results: Here we show a neuro-attenuated HSV-1 vector (based on 1716, an ICP34.5 mutant) achieves widespread transduction after a single, site-specific intracranial injection. An analysis of long-term expression revealed the following: A histochemical stain reveals a decrease in hGUSB-positive cells over time as measured by digital analysis of the GUSB-positive area. Significant levels of hGUSB are detected in midbrain homogenates by enzyme activity assays at 2 and 13 weeks but not at 26 and 52 weeks. The vector genome is stably maintained in the midbrain throughout latency as measured by quantitative PCR. Further, genome levels are equivalent for both 1716-LAT-hGUSB and 1716 at all time points. In situ hybridization towards LAT-specific transcripts is able to detect transcripts at 2 and 8 weeks post-injection, but not at 26 and 52 weeks. LAT promoter activity during both acute and latent infection was quantified using Q-RT-PCR (primers specific to the LAT intron). We found that LAT transcript levels peaked around 2 weeks post-injection, but were found at significantly lower, albeit stable levels at 13, 26, and 52 weeks post-injection. No significant differences in LAT transcripts were found at 13, 26, and 52 weeks when comparing 1716-LAT-hGUSB to 1716. Conclusions: An HSV-1 ICP34.5 mutant is unable to produce stable long-term reporter enzyme activity in the mouse brain when driven by the LAT promoter. Vector genome is stably maintained throughout latency (2 through 52 weeks). LAT transcript levels in the brain are stable from 13 through 52 weeks by Q-RT-PCR but are at levels undetectable by in situ hybridization. A gene insertion into exon 1 of the LAT gene is not responsible for the lack of long-term LAT promoter activity as the parental virus produces similar LAT transcript levels at latent time points.
Enzyme-like kinetics of ferryloxy myoglobin formation in films on electrodes in microemulsions.

Covalently linked films of the ferric heme protein myoglobin and poly-l-lysine on pyrolytic graphite electrodes reacted with tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBuOOH) to form ferryloxy protein species according to Michaelis−Menten enzyme kinetics. Rotating disk voltammetry data obtained in microemulsions, micellar solution, and buffers revealed a strong influence of water phase acidity on kinetic parameters. Microemulsion and surfactant type had a much smaller influence on reaction kinetics, possibly because the reaction takes place entirely in a water environment surrounding Mb in the films in all fluids. A large apparent Michaelis kcat in microemulsions with neutral water phases was offset by much weaker binding as shown by larger protein−substrate dissociation constants (Km). Acidic SDS microemulsions and pH 2 buffer provided the most efficient reaction conditions as judged by the ratio kcat/Km. Apparent kinetic constants are most likely governed by acidity-controlled protein conformations and their binding wit...
A novel framework for virtual prototyping of rehabilitation exoskeletons

Human-worn rehabilitation exoskeletons have the potential to make therapeutic exercises increasingly accessible to disabled individuals while reducing the cost and labor involved in rehabilitation therapy. In this work, we propose a novel human-model-in-the-loop framework for virtual prototyping (design, control and experimentation) of rehabilitation exoskeletons by merging computational musculoskeletal analysis with simulation-based design techniques. The framework allows to iteratively optimize design and control algorithm of an exoskeleton using simulation. We introduce biomechanical, morphological, and controller measures to quantify the performance of the device for optimization study. Furthermore, the framework allows one to carry out virtual experiments for testing specific “what-if” scenarios to quantify device performance and recovery progress. To illustrate the application of the framework, we present a case study wherein the design and analysis of an index-finger exoskeleton is carried out using the proposed framework.
Impacts of object-oriented technologies: seven years of software engineering

Abstract This article examines the premise that object-oriented technology (OOT) is the most significant technology ever examined by the Software Engineering Laboratory (SEL). The evolution of the use of OOT in the SEL “Experience Factory” is described in terms of the SEL's original expectations, focusing on how successive generations of projects have used OOT. General conclusions are drawn on how the usage of the technology has evolved in this environment.
The size-tuning of the face-distortion after-effect.

Recently, Webster and MacLin demonstrated a face-distortion after-effect (FDAE) for both upright and inverted faces: adaptation to a distorted face makes a normal face appear distorted in the direction opposite to the adapting direction. Neurophysiological studies (e.g. Experimental Brain Research 65 (1986) 38) show that face-selective neurons in the superior temporal sulcus (STS) are remarkably size-invariant in their responses. If the site of adaptation underlying the FDAE is the homologous neuron population in human vision, then the FDAE should also be highly tolerant to changes in size between adapting and test faces. Here, we test this prediction. Observers were adapted to distorted upright/inverted faces of three different sizes (3.3 degrees x 3.7 degrees, 6.6 degrees x 7.5 degrees, and 13.1 degrees x 14.8 degrees ). For adapting faces of all three sizes, observers adjusted test faces of all three sizes until they appeared normal. Significant FDAEs were observed in all conditions. For both upright and inverted faces, FDAEs were approximately twice as strong when adapting and test faces were the same size than when they differed by even a single octave in size. The magnitudes of FDAEs were comparable for upright and inverted faces. The larger FDAEs for same-size adapting and test faces suggest that part of the FDAE derives from a neuron population with narrow size-tuning. However, the significant FDAEs obtained for adapting and test images differing by two octaves implicate a different neuron population with broad size-tuning, possibly the human homolog of the face-selective neuron population in monkey STS.
Natural-convection-dominated melting heat transfer in an inclined rectangular enclosure

Abstract Melting heat transfer in an inclined rectangular enclosure is investigated experimentally. The effect of enclosure inclination is to establish three-dimensional natural convective motion which intensifies as the inclination angle from the vertical is increased. The three-dimensionality of the flow field results in nonuniform melting of the solid. The interface morphology is used to infer flow structure and the extent of three-dimensional energy transport. These flow patterns are found to be dependent on the angle of inclination and the initial solid subcooling. A correlation is presented describing the effect of inclination angle on the timewise variation of the melt fraction. A one-dimensional theoretical model is outlined and predictions are compared to experimental data.
CONTROLLED-POTENTIAL COULOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF THE RARE EARTHS IN ACETONITRILE

Abstract Controlled-potential coulometry was examined as a means of determining the lanthanide series of rare-earth elements. It was found possible to reduce quantitatively, europium, ytterbium, and samarium, from the tri- to the di-positive state in acetonitrile solutions of the perchlorates, using tetraethylammonium perchlorate as the supporting electrolyte salt. The method suffers from the lack of a convenient method of sample preparation. The attempted determination of neodymium failed.
Thermodynamics of Hydrogen Bonding in Solutions of Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) in Ethanol/CCl4 Mixtures

The Gibbs free energy, the enthalpy, and the entropy of mixing of ethanol with the polymer poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and with its low molecular weight analog, N-ethylpyrrolidone (NEP) were calculated. The calculation of the free energy of mixing was achieved with the thermodynamic model for hydrogen-bonded polymer systems developed by Painter, Coleman, and Graf. This model, based on the use of an association model, gives the free energy of mixing as a function of the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter, the composition of the mixture, and the association equilibrium constants. The self-association of the ethanol molecules was described by two equilibrium constants, one for the formation of dimers and one for the formation of multimers. The equilibrium constants of interassociation of PVP or NEP with ethanol were determined from the quantitative analysis of NEP/ethanol and PVP/ethanol FTIR spectra at various temperatures and compositions. The values of the equilibrium constants were then used to calculate the theoretical Gibbs free energy of mixing as a function of the composition. The enthalpic and entropic contributions to mixing were compared for the NEP/ethanol and PVP/ethanol mixtures.
Diffusion of germanium in silica glass

Abstract The first measurements of the diffusion coefficient of substitutional germanium in silica glass are reported. Samples were prepared by implanting germanium ions into high purity silica. The concentration of germanium at the surface remained essentially zero, indicating that germanium evaporated readily from the surface of the sample. It was found that, during an initial anneal, the peak concentration of germanium shifted toward the surface. We attribute this to a drift motion of ions in the field created by the implant. The motion of the ions during an anneal could be changed by applying a DC electric field. A preliminary annealing procedure was established which eliminated the drift motion, so that the subsequent motion of germanium could be described as simple diffusion. EXAS measurements indicated that germanium was clustered together in the as-implanted samples, but that after this pre-anneal, germanium was incorporated into the matrix. The diffusion coefficient of the substitutional germanium in silica was found to be 7250 exp(−6.6 × 10 4 / T ) cm 2 /s, which corresponds to an activation energy, Q = 131 kcal/mol.
Glucosylation of the deoxyribonucleic acid in hybrids of coliphages T2 and T4.

Abstract 1. 1. The 5-hydroxymethylcytosine nucleotides in the DNA of hybrid phages derived from crosses of T2 and T4 have been examined. One strain ( T2 (1.0)) which is like T2 but with the glucose content of T4 has been found to have the same glucosylation pattern as T4. A second strain ( T2 (0.85)) which has a glucose content intermediate between T2 and T4 is qualitatively similar to T2 DNA in its distribution of glucosylated 5-hydroxymethylcytosine nucleotides; however, significant quantitative differences were observed. 2. 2. The glucosyl transferases induced by these hybrid phages on infection of susceptible bacteria can reasonably account for the glucosylation pattern observed in their DNA.
Efficient joins with compressed bitmap indexes

We present a new class of adaptive algorithms that use compressed bitmap indexes to speed up evaluation of the range join query in relational databases. We determine the best strategy to process a join query based on a fast sub-linear time computation of the join selectivity (the ratio of the number of tuples in the result to the total number of possible tuples). In addition, we use compressed bitmaps to represent the join output compactly: the space requirement for storing the tuples representing the join of two relations is asymptotically bounded by min(h; n.cb), where h is the number of tuple pairs in the result relation, n is the number of tuples in the smaller of the two relations, and cb is the cardinality of the larger column being joined. We present a theoretical analysis of our algorithms, as well as experimental results on large-scale synthetic and real data sets. Our implementations are efficient, and consistently outperform well-known approaches for a range of join selectivity factors. For instance, our count-only algorithm is up to three orders of magnitude faster than the sort-merge approach, and our best bitmap index-based algorithm is 1.2x-80x faster than the sort-merge algorithm, for various query instances. We achieve these speedups by exploiting several inherent performance advantages of compressed bitmap indexes for join processing: an implicit partitioning of the attributes, space-efficiency, and tolerance of high-cardinality relations.
Metal-droplet deposition model including liquid deformation and substrate remelting

Abstract A heat transfer model for metal-droplet deposition and solidification is developed. When a molten droplet arrives at the substrate, it undergoes deformation and solidification. The rates of deformation and solidification are, in general, of the same order of magnitude, so it is important to be able to predict the coupled behavior involving fluid deformation, heat transfer and solidification. Typical existing models have either neglected the deformation by assuming that it takes place fast or have used prescribed solutions cf the solidification problem decoupled from the fluid dynamics. The present work describes a model which includes a solution of the mechanical energy equation containing kinetic and potential energy as well as viscous dissipation. In addition, the transient, convective-diffusive energy equation including viscous dissipation is solved in the deforming liquid phase by means of finite differences after appropriate coordinate transformations. The solid-phase transient energy equation is also solved in a transformed domain and the liquid and solid solutions are coupled to predict the actual growth of the solidification front. Because the solid energy equation is solved in the complete domain, which includes the substrate, it is possible to predict the behavior when remelting of the substrate occurs. Parametric studies are presented for a variety of relevant processing parameters.
Evaluation of low rate speech coders for HF

In 1988, the NATO Tri-Service Group for Communications and Electronics Equipment (TSGCEE) Sub Group 11 (SG/11) established Working Group 2 (WG/2, Narrowband Speech) to develop a voice processor standard for a secure voice system for operation in the high frequency (HF) range. The voice processors evaluated had bit rates of 600, 800, 900, and 1200 bit/s. Forward error correction was added to bring the total bit rate up to 2400 bit/s. The authors compare the performance of the three candidate US low-rate speech coders to that of the standard 2400-bit/s linear predictive coder (LPC) under a number of different test conditions. Under the majority of the test conditions, the 800-bit/s speech coder is performing close to the present standard LPC-10 at 2400 bit/s. The one area where there is a loss of performance in the 800-bit/s speech coder relative to the LPC-10 is in the severe CVC (constant vowel consonant) intelligibility test conditions. All the tests were to be completed and a coder at 800 bit/s was to be selected at the WG/2 meeting in March 1993. >
Predicted features of the beta decay of neutron-rich sd-shell nuclei

The Gamow-Teller beta-decay transitions of $\mathrm{sd}$-shell nuclei with five or more excess neutrons are calculated from complete ($0{d}_{\frac{5}{2}}, 1{s}_{\frac{1}{2}}, 0{d}_{\frac{3}{2}}$) space shell-model wave functions. These wave functions are obtained from diagonalizations of a model Hamiltonian formulation which reproduces observed energy-level structures throughout the $\mathrm{sd}$ shell. The calculations are carried out with both the "free-nucleon" normalization for the Gamow-Teller single-nucleon matrix elements and one based on the empirical values obtained for these quantities from a comparison of corresponding theoretical and experimental Gamow-Teller magnitudes near the line of stability. The phase-space factors $f$ which connect the reduced Gamow-Teller strengths to the total half-lives and the individual decay probabilities are calculated both from the energies obtained in the shell-model calculations and, alternatively, from hybrid energy spectra in which available experimental energies are substituted for the corresponding calculated values wherever possible. Comparisons of the beta-decay predictions to existing experimental results are presented and discussed.RADIOACTIVITY Predictions of total half-lives and decay probabilities to individual daughter states of the isotopes of O, F, Ne, Na, Mg, Al, Si, and P which have neutron excesses of five and greater; shell-model calculations, complete $0{d}_{\frac{5}{2}}\ensuremath{-}1{s}_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{-}0{d}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ basis space, empirical $\mathrm{sd}$-shell Hamiltonian.
Cephalosporin and Aminoglycoside Concentrations in Peritoneal Capsular Fluid in Rabbits

To study the penetration of antibiotics into peritoneal tissue fluid, a subcutaneous tissue capsule model was modified by implanting multiple, perforated spherical capsules in the peritoneal cavity of rabbits. Capsules became vascularized, encased in connective tissue, and filled with fluid having a mean protein concentration of 3.6 g/100 ml. Capsular fluid was obtained by percutaneous needle aspiration and assayed for antibiotic by the disk plate bioassay technique. Cephalosporins were administered intramuscularly at a dose of 30 mg/kg. Mean peak concentrations of cephaloridine and cefazolin were significantly higher than cephalothin and cephapirin in capsular fluids, but the percent penetration (ratio of capsular mean peak to serum mean peak) ranged from 8.7 to 16.9% and was not significantly different among the cephalosporins. At 24 h the capsular concentration of cefazolin was significantly greater than for the other cephalosporins (P < 0.001). Lower rabbit serum protein binding observed at high in vivo concentrations may have enabled cefazolin to penetrate capsular fluid, but in vitro protein binding studies did not confirm a decrease in serum protein binding at high concentrations within the clinical range. Kanamycin and amikacin showed comparable capsular fluid peak concentrations as did gentamicin and tobramycin. The percent penetration ranged from 15.2 to 34.5% for the aminoglycosides. The only statistical difference was that amikacin penetration was significantly higher than that for tobramycin. Mean capsular concentrations of amikacin, cefazolin, and cephaloridine compared most favorably with the minimum inhibitory concentration of gram-negative bacilli at the dosages used in this study.
Routine Surveillance Endomyocardial Biopsy: Late Rejection After Heart Transplantation

Background Transplant programs use routine surveillance endomyocardial biopsies (RSEMB), which are performed at preset intervals to diagnose cardiac rejection. This retrospective study determined the incidence of graft rejection detected by RSEMB. Methods The records of 95 patients who underwent heart transplantation between 1987 and 1995 were reviewed. Rejection incidence was recorded for 80 patients who survived at least 30 days, with a mean follow-up of 35 months. Results One thousand five hundred sixteen total biopsies were performed; 1,170 were RSEMB. Four hundred seventy-five total rejection episodes occurred and 269 (56%) were diagnosed by RSEMB. Two distinct patient groups were identified. The majority (70 patients), had a decline in the incidence of rejection and no rejection episodes were identified by RSEMB after 36 months. In contrast, the high rejection group (10 patients) had a significantly higher ongoing rejection rate ( p ≤ 0.04 to p ≥ 0.001) throughout their postoperative course up to 72 months. Conclusions The majority of our transplant patients demonstrate a decrease in rejection with time and do not require RSEMB beyond 30 months. We identified a group of patients who exhibited a higher rate of rejection and need continued RSEMB.
Electrophysiologic basis for arrhythmias in ischemic heart disease

Substantial gains have been made toward clarifying the mechanisms of arrhythmia in ischemia in animal models. After coronary occlusion in the dog, ischemic myocardial cells have reduced resting potential and slowed and diminished upstrokes of action potentials due to depression of fast channels. As a result, conduction is slow and irregular, especially at shorter cycle lengths, because refractoriness is altered by a delay in recovery of the fast channels beyond the completion of repolarization. These abnormalities occur during the acute phase of arrhythmia in the first half hour after occlusion and persist in surviving the subepicardial layers of myocardial cells for days to weeks. Reentry has been mapped in these surviving layers. Reentrant circuits form around regions of functional block formed by interfaces between responding and refractory myocardium. Standard antiarrhythmic agents generally are fast-channel blockers that further depress conduction and prolong refractoriness in ischemic tissue, causing block in slow conducting segments of the reentry circuits. However, antiarrhythmic agents may cause or accentuate reentrant arrhythmias by virtue of the same depressant actions. The greater likelihood of antiarrhythmic agents suppressing rather than producing reentrant arrhythmias may be due to enhanced depressant effects of antiarrhythmic agents on very slowly conducting tissues that are involved in reentry circuits. After the acute phase, arrhythmias occurring 1 to 4 days after coronary occlusion are probably largely automatic, although the potential for reentry remains if the cycle length is shortened. Abnormally enhanced automaticity and triggered activity are demonstrable in the surviving Purkinje network in regions of infarction, but the role of these phenomena in vivo has not been clarified.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Comparison of methods for integrating biological and physical data for marine habitat mapping and classification

Abstract An important first step in marine spatial planning and ecosystem-based management efforts is the creation of benthic habitat maps that allow scientists and managers to understand the distribution of living and non-living resources on the seafloor. However, the location of boundaries between and composition of habitats is highly dependent on the approach taken to integrate abiotic and biotic information. The purpose of this study was to test “top-down” and “bottom-up” approaches for integrating physical and biological data derived from commonly used sub-tidal benthic mapping tools to create a habitat map compatible with the US Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). We found that a top-down framework, where we tested for differences in macrofauna assemblages among side scan sonar facies, defined two broad-scale and general habitats. Using the bottom-up approach, where patterns in abiotic and biotic variables were examined with multivariate statistics (BEST, LINKTREE, ANOSIM, SIMPER), we generated seven biotopes based on the macrofauna abundance, percent sand, water depth, and backscatter standard deviation that corresponded well to, but provided more fine-scale detail than the top-down habitats. We were able to use the statistical relationship between abiotic variables and macrofauna assemblages in the LINKTREE to predict the spatial distribution of assemblages over ∼50% of the study area. We created a local catalogue of biotopes specific to our study area that contributes to the CMECS library. In addition, we were able to fully map CMECS Geoform, Surface Geology, and Biotic Cover Components. This mapping effort represented real progress toward reconciling the “data density mismatch” between physical and biological mapping methods, and it provided further evidence that using a bottom-up methodology preserves species–environment relationships.
Regulation of vasoactive intestinal peptide expression in sympathetic neurons in culture and after axotomy: the role of cholinergic differentiation factor/leukemia inhibitory factor.

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) expression increases in sympathetic neurons when they are grown in dissociated cell or explant cultures and when they are axotomized in vivo. In dissociated cell culture, the magnitude of the VIP increase was reduced when nonneuronal cells were removed and medium conditioned by ganglionic nonneuronal cells increased VIP in neuron-enriched cultures. Antiserum Against cholinergic differentiation factor (also leukemia inhibitory factor; CDF/LIF), but not against ciliary neurotrophic factor, immunoprecipitated this activity. Medium conditioned by sympathetic ganglion explants also contained a VIP-stimulatory molecule that was immunoprecipitated by CDF/LIF antiserum, and CDF/LIF antiserum partially blocked VIP induction in explants. CDF/LIF mRNA was increased in dissociated cell cultures, in ganglion explants and in vivo after axotomy. Our results suggest that CDF/LIF released from ganglionic nonneuronal cells plays an important role in regulating VIP after axotomy. 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Simplified Model of CW Diffusion-Type Chemical Laser

Abstract : A simplified analytical model of a diffusion-type HF chemical laser is presented. In this device, H2 is diffused into a supersonic stream to react with F atoms and form vibrationally excited HF that is made to lase. The reaction between H2 and F is assumed to commence at a flame sheet. A two-vibrational level model for the HF molecule is adopted. The dependence of laser amplifier and oscillator performance on diffusion rate, forward reaction rate, collisional deactivation rate, and radiative deactivation rate is determined. (Author)
Increase In Federal Match Associated With Significant Gains In Coverage For Children Through Medicaid And CHIP

As the number of children living in poverty has increased steadily over the past decade, Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) have enrolled millions of additional youths. Fed...
Reliability analysis of laminated CMC components through shell subelement techniques

An updated version of the integrated design program Composite Ceramics Analysis and Reliability Evaluation of Structures (C/CARES) was developed for the reliability evaluation of ceramic matrix composites (CMC) laminated shell components. The algorithm is now split into two modules: a finite-element data interface program and a reliability evaluation algorithm. More flexibility is achieved, allowing for easy implementation with various finite-element programs. The interface program creates a neutral data base which is then read by the reliability module. This neutral data base concept allows easy data transfer between different computer systems. The new interface program from the finite-element code Matrix Automated Reduction and Coupling (MARC) also includes the option of using hybrid laminates (a combination of plies of different materials or different layups) and allows for variations in temperature fields throughout the component. In the current version of C/CARES, a subelement technique was implemented, enabling stress gradients within an element to be taken into account. The noninteractive reliability function is now evaluated at each Gaussian integration point instead of using averaging techniques. As a result of the increased number of stress evaluation points, considerable improvements in the accuracy of reliability analyses were realized.
Yahweh Instructs Job on the Character of the Creation (Job 38:1–39:30)

The article is focusing on the first speech of Yahweh – out of the whirlwind – seeking to consider a reorientation presented in the speech (38:1–39:30). Yahweh’s description of the world gives insights that provide a guide for humans to relate to the earth, not as dominators, but as custodians. This fact bears consequences not only for Job and his audience, but is also relevant for the contemporary man.
A NOx trap for low-temperature lean-burn-engine applications

A NO x trap that uses only high-surface-area alumina as the NOx-storage material appears to provide significant advantages over the conventional baria-based trap for exhaust-gas after-treatment in low-temperature exhaust (∼250 °C) characteristic of light-duty diesel-powered vehicles operating at low speed/load conditions. In particular, an alumina trap provides better low-temperature NO x conversion and also allows more efficient de-sulfurization than a baria-based trap in laboratory evaluations. Both of these features are ascribed to the difference in basicity of the NO x -storage materials, which leads to thermally less stable nitrate (nitrite) and sulfate compounds in the case of alumina compared to conventional traps with high levels of alkali or alkaline-earth metal oxides. Further studies, extending the laboratory experiments to engine and vehicle evaluations, are still needed, however, in order to fully assess the true potential of the alumina trap.
From State Controlled to Public Service Broadcasting: Signs of Change in Serbia's RTS Television Newscasts 1989–2009

This study examined the newscasts produced by Serbia's main television broadcaster, Radio-Television of Serbia (RTS), from 1989 to 2009. Its goal was to reveal possible changes that had been made in the newscasts as a shift took place in Serbia's political system, from one of authoritarian control to that of democratic governance. The findings showed the newscasts had changed, making them appear Western in style. Elements of Serbia's older news practices, however, were also apparent.
Food Habits of American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in East Texas

Abstract American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) food habit data are important when establishing management strategies, as diet can directly influence growth rates, body condition, behavior, and reproduction. Diets of American Alligators are hypothesized to vary among habitats as well as geographically; however, few diet studies have been conducted outside of Florida and Louisiana. To address this information gap, 62 diet samples were obtained from alligators ranging in size from 94.7 cm to 386.0 cm (total length) from June 2006–September 2008 in inland freshwater wetlands in East Texas. A total of 33 different prey items (comprising 670 individual prey items) and 1 parasite were identified. Irrespective of size class, sex, and study site, >85% of individual prey items were invertebrates. Nearly all diet samples contained some sort of organic by-catch and/or non-food items (i.e., woody debris, aquatic plants, seeds, rocks, fishing tackle, etc.). Although alligator diets were similar between sexes,...
Recovery of Lactose from Aqueous Solution Using Group IIA Metal Chlorides and Sodium Hydroxide

Recovery of lactose from 5% (w/v) aqueous solutions using strontium, magnesium, and calcium chlorides and sodium hydroxide as precipitating agents was investigated. The effects of sodium hydroxide to metal ion and metal ion to lactose molar ratios, temperature, time and order of addition of reagents were examined. Maximum recoveries were: 26% for strontium, 55% for magnesium and 97% for calcium. Recovery data were analyzed by multiple, nonlinear regression and response surface methodology to obtain plots of the relationship between the variables. Lactose recovery with metal hydroxides appears to involve a complexation process, and is not strictly an adsorptive process.
Effects of Surface Treatments of Montmorillonite Nanoclay on Cure Behavior of Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin

Diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A (DGEBA) based SC-15 epoxy resin was modified with three different commercially available montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay: Nanomer I.28E and Cloisite 10A and 30B. Cure behavior of nanocomposites was studied using a variety of techniques. Primary focus of this study was to investigate influence of different surface modifications of MMT nanoclay on rheological properties and cure behavior of SC-15 epoxy resin. By adding MMT to SC-15 epoxy resin, chemistry of the epoxy is altered leading to changes in rheological properties and ultimately enthalpy and activation energy of reactions. Addition of Nanomer I.28E delayed gelation, while Cloisite 10A and 30B accelerated gelation, regardless of the curing temperature. Activation energy of reaction was lower with the addition of Nanomer I.28E and Cloisite 10A and higher for Cloisite 30B compared to neat SC-15 epoxy composite.
A synthesis of methyl 4,6-di-O-Methyl-α-d-mannopyranoside

Abstract A new route is described for preparing methyl 4,6-di- O -methyl-α- d -mannopyranoside ( 5 ) via methyl 2,3-di- O - p -tolylsulfonyl-α- d -mannopyranoside ( 3 ) as an intermediate. The retention of the mannopyranoside configuration and ring form was confirmed by proton n.m.r. spectroscopy and by m.s. of peracetylated aldononitrile derivatives. Mass-spectral fragmentation-pathways previously proposed were confirmed for 5- O -acetyl-2,3,4,6-tetra- O -methyl-, 2,5-di- O -acetyl-3,4,6-tri- O -methyl-, and 3,5-di- O -acetyl-2,4,6-tri- O -methyl- d -mannononitrile.
The effect of particle surface facets on the kinetic properties of LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 cathode materials

Large LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 single crystals in plate shape with (112) surface facets and octahedral shape with (111) surface facets were obtained by molten-salt synthesis. The presence of transition-metal ordering in both samples was independently confirmed by SAED, FTIR, NMR, and electrochemical studies, demonstrating the excellent capability of each technique in distinguishing the ordered and disordered phases. The apparent chemical diffusion minima during Li extraction and insertion were correlated with the occurrence of the first-order phase transition, implying that phase boundary movement limits Li transport in the spinel cathodes. Despite a more ordered structure, nearly ten times less Mn3+ content, and increased two-phase boundary movement during delithiation and relithiation, the octahedral crystals exhibited superior rate capability and a larger chemical diffusion coefficient, suggesting the kinetic preeminence of (111) surface facets over (112). The dominating effect of particle morphology and the importance of morphology design in achieving optimal performance of the LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 spinel are clearly demonstrated for the first time.
Absolute Line Intensities of the ν6 Band of CH335Cl at 10 μm

Abstract Strengths of individual lines in the ν 6 degenerate fundamental at 10 μm of methyl chloride have been measured at room temperature using a diode laser spectrometer. From these measurements we have determined by a linearized fit two significant intensity parameters, namely, the band strength, S v 0 = 15.06 ± 0.19 cm −2 atm −1 at 297 K and the parameter α = 0.0081 ± 0.0017 of the Herman-Wallis factor F = (1 + α K Δ K + ···) 2 .
The gas-phase acidity of nitrocyclopropane

Abstract Nitrocyclopropane is 10.5 kcal mol −1 weaker as an acid in the gas phase than its open-chain analog, 2-nitropropane. This is attributed to the conflicting hybridization requirements for carbanion stabilization by the cyclopropyl ring and by the nitro group. Based on reactivities, the deprotonated form does not ring-open to either the 2-nitroallyl anion or the 1-nitroallyl anion.
Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of SH2 Domain Recruitment During Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) Receptor Activation

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) regulate multiple downstream signaling pathways by recruiting a variety of Src homolog 2 (SH2) domain containing proteins to the plasma membrane. The spatio-temporal dynamics of this recruitment step are crucial for the signal transduction. For example, recent studies have shown the local density of the receptor is important for lateral propagation of EGFR signaling. Over the last several decades, significant efforts have been made to map the specificity of SH2 binding for different phosphotyrosine (pY) sites. However, there is a lack of systematic in vivo studies on the interaction topology and kinetic parameters governing SH2/pY interactions. Here we have characterized the recruitment dynamics of 35 fluorescently-tagged SH2 domains to the plasma membrane of A431 cells after EGF stimulation using total internal refection microscopy. We found that SH2 domains can be grouped into four categories based on their localization and recruitment patterns: 1. diffuse peripheral; 2. homogeneously clustered; 3. focal adhesion-localized and 4. cytoskeleton-localized. This result implies that EGFR activation initiates multiple spatially different molecular events. In addition, significant variations were observed in the membrane recruitment kinetics of different SH2 modules. The concentration of most SH2 modules (31/35) at the cell surface increased exponentially and reached a plateau as function of EGF stimulation time, with characteristic time constant ranging from 1 to 6 minutes. The remaining SH2 domains showed a decrease or no change in the number of molecules on the membrane. These differences in kinetics likely reflect variable phosphorylation kinetics of different tyrosine residues, which then recruit a specific subset of SH2 domains. Our results provide a system-wide view of molecular interactions in the early stage of the EGFR signaling.
Lake Quality Discriminant Analysis

: Despite the fact that lake phosphorus loading criteria have proven to be valuable tools in lake management, they are generally subjective in nature or incomplete in form. In order to address these shortcomings, the oxic-anoxic transition point was selected as an objective quality criterion and discriminant analysis was used to construct a lake classification function. This function is dependent upon lake phosphorus loading, mean depth, and overflow rate. The value of the function may be expressed as a probability of classification (as either oxic or anoxic). When used in prediction, inclusion of the input error permits the estimation of the change in classification probability as input uncertainty is reduced. Further, the form of the discriminant function suggests that the annual volumetric loading is a more informative term for the expression of phosphorus loading than is the annual areal loading.
A co-accretional model of satellite formation

A model of the accumulation process of a satellite about an accreting planet is proposed in order to explain the difference in relative size between the moon and the outer planets' satellites. The parameter that most strongly affects the final mass ratio of the pair in this model is the time at which the secondary embryo is introduced. Thus the difference between terrestrial and outer planet satellite systems is easily understood in terms of the differences in Q (the specific dissipation function of the particles in the circumplanetary cloud) between these planets. The high Q of the outer planets does not allow a satellite embryo to survive a significant portion of the accretion process; therefore only small bodies formed very late in the accumulation of the planet remain as satellites.
SPECIFIC RECRUITMENT OF SH-PTP1 TO THE ERYTHROPOIETIN RECEPTOR CAUSES INACTIVATION OF JAK2 AND TERMINATION OF PROLIFERATIVE SIGNALS

Abstract The binding of erythropoietin (EPO) to its receptor (EPO-R) activates the protein tyrosine kinase JAK2. The mechanism of JAK2 inactivation has been unclear. We show that the hematopoietic protein tyrosine phosphatase SH-PTP1 (also called HCP and PTPIC) associates via its SH2 domains with the tyrosine-phosphorylated EPO-R. In vitro binding studies suggest that Y429 in the cytoplasmic domain of the EPO-R is the binding site for SH-PTP1. Mutant EPO-Rs lacking Y429 are unable to bind SH-PTP1; cells expressing such mutants are hypersensitive to EPO and display prolonged EPO-induced autophosphorylation of JAK2. Our results suggest that activation of SH-PTP1 by binding to the EPO-R plays a major role in terminating proliferative signals.
Attention Problems, Phonological Short-Term Memory, and Visuospatial Short-Term Memory: Differential Effects on Near- and Long-Term Scholastic Achievement.

article i nfo The current study examined individual differences in children's phonological and visuospatial short-term memory as potential mediators of the relationship among attention problems and near- and long-term scholastic achieve- ment. Nested structural equation models revealed that teacher-reported attention problems were associated nega- tively with composite scholastic achievement (reading, math, language), both initially and at 4-year follow-up in an ethnically diverse sample of children (N=317). Much of this influence, however, was attenuated by phonological short-term memory's contribution to near-term achievement and visuospatial short-term memory's contribution to long-term achievement. Domain-specific reading and math models showed similar results with some exceptions. In all models, measured intelligence made no contribution to later achievement beyond its initial influence on early achievement. The results contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms associated with individual differences in children's scholastic achievement, and have potential implications for identifying early predictors of children at risk for academic failure, and developing remedial programs targeting phonological and visuospatial short-term memory deficits in children with attention problems.
Proportional odds model for dose-finding clinical trial designs with ordinal toxicity grading

Currently many dose-finding clinical trial designs, including the continual reassessment method (CRM) and the standard ' 3 + 3' design, dichotomize toxicity outcomes based on the pre-specified dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) criteria. This loss of information is particularly inefficient due to the small sample sizes in phase I trials. Common Toxicity Criteria (CTCAEv3.0) classify adverse events into grades 1-5, which range from 1 as a mild adverse event to 5 as death related to an adverse event. In this paper, we extend the CRM to include ordinal toxicity outcomes as specified by CTCAEv3.0 using the proportional odds model (POM) and compare results with the dichotomous CRM. A sensitivity analysis of the new design compares various target DLT rates, sample sizes, and cohort sizes. This design is also assessed under various dose-toxicity relationship models including POMs as well as those that violate the proportional odds assumption. A simulation study shows that the proportional odds CRM performs as well as the dichotomous CRM on all criteria compared (including safety criteria such as percentage of patients treated at highly toxic or suboptimal dose levels) and with improved estimation of the maximum tolerated dose when the PO assumption is not violated. These findings suggest that it is beneficial to incorporate ordinal toxicity endpoints into phase I trial designs.
It takes two to tango: reproductive skew and social correlates of male mating success in a lek-breeding bird

Variance in reproductive success among individuals is a defining characteristic of many social vertebrates. Yet, our understanding of which male attributes contribute to reproductive success is still fragmentary in most cases. Male–male reproductive coalitions, where males jointly display to attract females, are of particular interest to evolutionary biologists because one male appears to forego reproduction to assist the social partner. By examining the relationship between social behaviour and reproductive success, we can elucidate the proximate function of coalitions in the context of mate choice. Here, we use data from a 4-year study of wire-tailed manakins ( Pipra filicauda ) to provide molecular estimates of reproductive skew and to test the hypothesis that male–male social interactions, in the context of coordinated displays, positively influence a male's reproductive success. More specifically, we quantify male–male social interactions using network metrics and predict that greater connectivity will result in higher relative reproductive success. Our data show that four out of six leks studied had significant reproductive skew, with success apportioned to very few individuals in each lek. Metrics of male social affiliations derived from our network analysis, especially male connectivity, measured as the number of males with whom the focal male has extended interactions, were strong predictors of the number of offspring sired. Thus, network connectivity is associated with male fitness in wire-tailed manakins. This pattern may be the result of shared cues used by both sexes to assess male quality, or the result of strict female choice for coordinated display behaviour.
Graft copolymer modification of polyethylene–polystyrene blends. I. Graft preparation and characterization

The preparation and characterization of styrene–low-density polyethylene graft copolymers for addition to blends of polyethylene and polystyrene to improve blend mechanical properties is described. The direct method of grafting with 60Co radiation was employed using the polyethylene in pellet form. This approach gave good grafting efficiency with maximum yields limited to about 1 g of styrene reacted per gram of polyethylene. Excessive crosslinking at radiation doses beyond about 1 mrad was detrimental to the melt processibility of the graft. Crystallinity, dynamic mechanical properties, morphology, and stress–strain behavior of the grafts were examined and compared with melt blends of similar composition in order to better characterize the material produced.
The Lung Image Database Consortium (LIDC): An Evaluation of Radiologist Variability in the Identification of Lung Nodules on CT Scans

Rationale and Objectives The purpose of this study was to analyze the variability of experienced thoracic radiologists in the identification of lung nodules on computed tomography (CT) scans and thereby to investigate variability in the establishment of the “truth” against which nodule-based studies are measured. Materials and Methods Thirty CT scans were reviewed twice by four thoracic radiologists through a two-phase image annotation process. During the initial “blinded read” phase, radiologists independently marked lesions they identified as “nodule ≥3 mm (diameter),” “nodule Results After the initial blinded read phase, 71 lesions received “nodule ≥3 mm” marks from at least one radiologist; however, all four radiologists assigned such marks to only 24 (33.8%) of these lesions. After the unblinded reads, a total of 59 lesions were marked as “nodule ≥3 mm” by at least one radiologist. Twenty-seven (45.8%) of these lesions received such marks from all four radiologists, three (5.1%) were identified as such by three radiologists, 12 (20.3%) were identified by two radiologists, and 17 (28.8%) were identified by only a single radiologist. Conclusion The two-phase image annotation process yields improved agreement among radiologists in the interpretation of nodules ≥3 mm. Nevertheless, substantial variabilty remains across radiologists in the task of lung nodule identification.