cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Phenomenological Visit to a Japanese Rock Garden

A Japanese rock garden is open to visitors, speaking to each in a language he or she can understand. As such, it is a site of languages—that is, a site that is open to the languages of each and every visitor. Thus, it is also a site that may be said to speak the language of each and every visitor. To speak to each visitor in his or her own language, it also may be said to carry the potential to speak any of these languages. As such, it is a place of memory. It is also a place pregnant with unborn languages. It, in itself, serves as its own midwife, giving birth to any of these languages. To visit a Japanese rock garden is to bring this possibility to fruition. To be visited is to visit the visitor. It cannot be visited without it visiting the visitor. The visitor already harbors the possibility of being visited by it, a possibility that is born during the visit. What I discuss in this paper is the possibilities associated with a phenomenological visit to a Japanese rock garden. Here, at this garden, phenomenology is conceived, midwifed, and birthed. It is also preserved here. A phenomenological visitor to such a place finds himself or herself already ahead of himself or herself, yet, at the same time, not ahead of himself or herself. Therefore, this chapter constitutes a discussion of the paradoxical nature of such a visit and the paradoxical nature of the garden, itself. One discovers that, in visiting, one is visited. Moreover, the garden turns out to be one of self-discovery. What is gardened in this garden is the gardening of self, a self that is at home in not being at home, a paradoxical mode of being.
Sociopsychological Factors in Psychopathology

Throughout history, the nature and basis of abnormal behavior has been conceptualized in many different ways encompassing demonology and biology (Zilboorg & Henry, 1941). In contemporary psychiatry, emphasis has been placed on biological causes of disordered behavior. The biological basis of psychiatric disorders has been advanced through many discoveries. Prominent among these was the finding that general paresis was in fact a neurological disorder caused by the syphilitic spirochete. The many psychological symptoms that often accompany general paresis include intellectual impairment, grandiose ideation, and distorted perception. Demonstration of organic etiology of these symptoms advanced the general notion that many other psychological disorders might be associated with underlying organic pathology.
My Knowledge of Knowledge

Intelligent tutoring systems contain a lot of knowledge; they have to know what to teach, as well as when and how to teach it, tailored for each learner. The general goal of my talk is to discuss two programs that I’ve been working on recently in terms of how they work in concert to acquire and manage all this knowledge required by any ITS.
Gender Differences in Job Autonomy: The Consequences of Occupational Segregation and Authority Position

This research investigates the impact of gender, occupational segregation, and authority position on various forms of job autonomy. The empirical analysis was guided by theoretical concerns over th...
Teaching Social Software with Social Software.

This article explores how the current wave of information and communication technologies (ICTs) known as social software can enable new forms of study and research, preparing students to participate in networks where knowledge is collectively constructed and shared. This approach to learning, which I call distributed research, might be attractive to educators because it exhibits three comparable advantages to those associated with problem-based learning (cf. Watson 2002; De Vry and Watson 2003). First, it engages students in learning to learn by having them assume some of the responsibility for integrating and maintaining the social software systems that allow learning to happen. Second, it promotes the benefits of working cooperatively with tools that facilitate the aggregation and organization of knowledge while at the same time demonstrating that the diversity of individual research interests enhances learning for all. And last, it helps students develop practical research skills that they need in a world where knowledge construction and dissemination make increasing use of online information networks. In short, social software allows students to participate in distributed research communities that extend spatially beyond their classroom and school, temporally beyond a particular class session or term, and technologically beyond the tools and resources that the school makes available to the students.
Sexual Selection: Its Possible Contribution to Recent Human Evolution

Darwin's appeal to sexual selection in his Descent of Man was motivated by the need to explain traits not obviously of survival value – sexually dimorphic and ornamental traits. After Darwin, there was little interest in sexual selection until the 1970s. Since then there has been much progress due to first, what we now know about sexual reproduction and human evolution in general; second, theoretical developments related to runaway processes, parental investment, mating systems and sexual conflicts and cooperation; third, new empirical data about actual mating preferences in humans and closely related species. Three issues have motivated the debates about sexual selection: the explanatory scope of sexual selection; the nature and existence of sexual selection; the relation between natural survival selection and sexual selection. One recent approach combines survival and sexual selection in the idea that many distinctively human capacities and behaviour are the products of sexual selection on fitness indicators. Key Concepts: The explanatory scope of a theory or hypothesis is the range of phenomena it can potentially explain. Human fitness indicators are those traits that are possible only in highly fit individuals, and are therefore indicative of high fitness. Parental investment is the amount of resources a parent devotes to the production and care of offspring, in development from the generation of gametes to birth, and to the feeding, education and support of offspring. Sexual selection is a result of the struggle to reproduce, and is to be distinguished from natural selection and the struggle to survive. Surplus abilities in humans are those abilities not obviously explainable in terms of natural survival selection and advantages for survival, such as we see in advanced mathematics, poetry, dancing, music and more. Keywords: selection; sexual selection; sexual reproduction; natural selection; sexual dimorphism; human evolution
Hack, Mash & Peer: Crowdsourcing Government Transparency

In order to hold government accountable for its actions, citizens must know what those actions are. To that end, they must insist that government act openly and transparently to the greatest extent possible. In the Twenty-First Century, this entails making its data available online and easy to access. If government data is made available online in useful and flexible formats, citizens will be able to utilize modern Internet tools to shed light on government activities. Such tools include mashups, which highlight hidden connections between different data sets, and crowdsourcing, which makes light work of sifting through mountains of data by focusing thousands of eyes on a particular set of data. Today, however, the state of government's online offerings is very sad indeed. Some nominally publicly available information is not online at all, and the data that is online is often not in useful formats. Government should be encouraged to release public information online in a structured, open, and searchable manner. To the extent that government does not modernize, however, we should hope that private third parties build unofficial databases and make these available in a useful form to the public.
Patterns of Multi‐Level Fisheries Governance and Their Impact on Fishermen's Adaptation Strategies in Tamil Nadu, India

Fishermen, like other resource users, follow a range of adaptation strategies in response to environmental or economic stressors. This paper examines how multi-level governance arrangements influence fishermen's adaptation strategies, with evidence from three villages in Tamil Nadu, India. In the absence of local or regional constraints, fishermen adapt to changing conditions by either increasing or decreasing their fishing effort. In situations where regional and local management rules conflict, fishermen defer to community-level institutions – even if limited – at the expense of state or district government regulations. However, robust behavioural constraints may in some conditions emerge from extra-local governance, as we show for one village that invited district-level governance. Furthermore, our results show that while village-level heterogeneity may inhibit local resource governance, resulting local conflict may actually create opportunities for legitimate external rules. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Arqueología Biográfica: Las raíces Nazis de Erasmus Reichel, la vida en Austria (1912-1933)

Este articulo presenta una sintesis biografica de la vida de Erasmus Reichel, mas conocido como Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff, durante su periodo de vida en Austria (1912-1933. Una prospeccion de este periodo, permita entender los cambios en su vida y efectos que pudo tener ese pasado en la agenda de su monumental produccion academica. Para lograr eso, es necesario excavar ese pasado, mucho antes de convertirse en una figura reconocida a nivel mundial por su contribucion a la antropologia en el campo de la etnografia y arqueologia. Metodologicamente, se emplea una aproximacion desde la arqueologia filosofica, usando documentos y testimonios de la epoca que permiten entender el contexto familiar y personal de Erasmus. El objetivo es dilucidad el proceso de su insercion y participacion en el Nazismo Austriaco.
Exploring the development of perfectionism: The influence of parenting style and gender

In this study we explored the associations between different combinations of the parenting characteristics of demands and warmth, and distinct dimensions of perfectionism. A secondary purpose was to examine whether or not these associations vary by gender. Results indicated that an authoritarian parenting style was associated with more maladaptive aspects of perfectionism (e.g., concerns about mistakes, doubting one’s abilities), whereas authoritative parenting seemed to buffer individuals from these maladaptive aspects. In general, indulgent parenting was associated with fewer feelings of criticism from parents, whereas neglectful parenting was related to more feelings of criticism. None of the parenting styles, however, was related to adaptive perfectionism (e.g., personal standards, organization). Apart from a few noteworthy exceptions, patterns of association were similar for males and females.
The Impact of R.D.'s Screening Ambulatory Patient Prescriptions for a Nutritional Supplement

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To describe a successful model for controlling use of nutritional supplements in a hospital ambulatory care program. In an urban public teaching hospital's Ambulatory Care Center (that treats over 2000 clients daily)the use of a liquid caloric / protein nutritional supplement by MD prescription was a source of concern to the dietitians on staff, as well as hospital medical & executive staff. The reason for the concern was the misuse and frequent illegal resale of this product by clients as well as illegal exportation to Central & South America. The product, while obtainable in the retail market without a prescription, was distributed via prescription in the hospital in an effort to control quantities and efficacy. In 1996 78,000 cases were distributed. An interdisciplinary project team consisting of an MD, RN, RD and hospital Executive staff was organized to address the issue and develop a protocol. The protocol was comprised of the following steps: 1)Conversion from liquid to powdered supplement. 2)R.D.'s reviewed prescriptions (prior to filling) for client's eligibility for current state Medicaid guidelines for nutritional supplementation. 3)Prescriptions must be renewed every 30 days. 4)RD / MD signature required on letter of medical necessity needed to fill prescription. In the first 30 days of protocol, usage declined 30 for a cost saving of $14,500.00 in the first 60 days of protocol, total $ savings amounted to $64,350.00 with an annualized projected savings of over $500,000
A newton based distributed optimization method with local interactions for large-scale networked optimization problems

One of the important challenges in the large-scale networked systems is the evaluation of its optimal point of operation. The problem becomes essentially challenging in large-scale networks due to high-dimensionality of the problem, lack of global information, and uncertain and dynamic nature of the operation. The inadequacies of the traditional centralized optimization techniques in addressing these issues have prompted the researchers to investigate distributed optimization techniques. In this paper, an effort has been made to develop a Newton based distributed interior point optimization method to address some of the different issues in the field of distributed optimization. Distributed optimization methods are typically iterative methods, and the approach used in this paper focuses on the generation of both primal and dual feasible solutions at each iteration and the development of mechanisms so that the system can perform only with local information. The paper carries out an analysis of the convergence of both the primal and dual variables in the system. Numerical simulation results for Network Utility Maximization (NUM) problem are provided in this paper as well as a comparison between the proposed distributed and centralized method of optimization is carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed method.
Health status and relative exposure of mule deer and white-tailed deer to soil contaminants at the rocky mountain arsenal

We evaluated the health of 18 radio-collared deer [13 mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and 5 white-tailed deer (O. virginianus)] from the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, near Denver, Colorado, USA, a Superfund site contaminated with a variety of materials, including organochlorine pesticides, metals, and nerve gas production by-products. Radio-collared deer were tracked for 1 to 3 years (1989–1992) to identify relative exposure to contaminants based on telemetry locations plotted on grid maps depicting known soil contaminant concentrations. At the end of the study, all animals were in fair or good body condition at the time of necropsy. Mean ages of mule deer and white-tailed deer were 7.4 (range 4–12) and 10.6 years (range 5–17), respectively. At necropsy, tissues were collected from the deer for serology, histopathology, and analysis for eight chlorinated hydrocarbons and two metals. Detectable residues of mercury were found in the kidneys of 10 deer (range 0.055–0.096 μg/g), dieldrin was found in fat (n = 9) (range 0.02–0.72 μg/g), liver (n = 4) (range 0.017–0.12 μg/g), and brain (n = 1, 0.018 μg/g), and DDE was found in the muscle of one animal (0.02 μg/g). Relative exposure estimates derived from telemetry and soil contamination data were correlated with tissue levels of dieldrin (p < 0.001) and mercury (p = 0.05). Two mule deer had severe testicular atrophy, and one of these animals also had antler deformities. The prevalence of antibodies against epizootic hemorrhagic disease serotype 2 was 85%.
Biomass Techniques for Monitoring and Assessing Control of Aquatic Vegetation

ABSTRACT Biomass quantification techniques are widely used in research on aquatic vegetation, but less often applied to monitor aquatic vegetation or assess specific control techniques. The application of these techniques to both assessing nuisance problems, and evaluating control tactics is discussed using case histories. The proper methods for developing a sampling regime, locating sample points, collecting samples, and analyzing data are reviewed. Critical factors such as quadrat size and sample frequency and number are discussed in depth. The purpose of biomass sampling programs within the context of management plans is to tailor the level of effort to the scale of the management effort, and to appropriately assess or predict effects of the management tactics utilized.
Firm Characteristics of Swiss Companies that Utilize International Accounting Standards

Abstract This study examines firm specific characteristics of Swiss companies that have voluntarily elected to prepare financial reports using International Accounting Standards (IASs). An identification of differences between companies that select to adopt IASs and those that do not should aid in determining what the perceived benefits might be. The variables tested were foreign sales activity, foreign stock exchange listings, debt/equity ratio, market value, size and audit firm. The study used MANOVA and stepwise discriminant analysis to determine if differences existed between the group of 22 Swiss companies that adopted IASs and a group of 22 Swiss companies that use local standards, based on six independent variables. The foreign activity variables, percent of foreign exchange listings and percent of foreign sales were found to be statistically significant. Thus, the perceived benefits might be that international standards facilitate reporting to multinational stakeholders, and are not necessary for companies that are only required to report to domestic users. This study is an initial examination of Swiss companies that use IASs. Numerous questions, such as how does the market value companies ' that utilize IASs, remain to be asked and investigated.
Concurrency control in multilevel-secure databases based on replicated architecture

In a multilevel secure database management system based on the replicated architecture, there is a separate database management system to manage data at or below each security level, and lower level data are replicated in all databases containing higher level data. In this paper, we address the open issue of concurrency control in such a system. We give a secure protocol that guarantees one-copy serializability of concurrent transaction executions and can be implemented in such a way that the size of the trusted code (including the code required for concurrency and recovery) is small.
Flow analysis and its role and importance in the analytical sciences

Flow Analysis was started in 1979, first held in Amsterdam. A brief history of the conference is presented, along with the important roles flow analysis plays in analytical measurements. Flow analysis comprises numerous techniques that encompass much of what we do as analytical chemists. It includes operations and techniques such as segmented, continuous or stopped flow, chromatography, and electrophoresis. Flow methods are used for handling and treating solutions, and for separations, and are applicable for all sorts of wet chemical operations and measurements. They provide rapid, precise, and automated measurements, using small samples, with low reagent consumption. They form the basis of total microanalysis systems.
Assertiveness Training Using Rehearsal and Modeling with Male Alcoholics

Two different forms of an assertiveness training program were designed for use in an inpatient ward at a VA hospital. Alcoholic subjects were pretested on self-report, behavioral and unobtrusive measures of assertiveness, and randomly assigned to one of three conditions: rehearsal group, modeling group, or discussion control group. Six 1-h group assertiveness training sessions were held over a 2-week period. On completion of the assertiveness training, trained subjects scored significantly higher on the measures of assertiveness than did controls; they also received more regular (vs irregular) discharges from the hospital. These alcoholic patients responded best to a treatment based on rehearsal. At a 2-month follow-up interview from date of discharge from the hospital, assertiveness trained subjects reported less drinking and more abstinent days than controls, though the differences were not statistically significant. Collateral report of subject behaviors generally agreed highly with subject report thou...
A method for conditioning reinforcer preferences in students with moderate mental retardation

Critical to the effectiveness of any positive behavioral intervention is the use of preferred stimuli that are likely to function as reinforcers. When preferred items cannot be used on a continuous basis, are prone to satiation, or are inappropriate for use in a given setting, alternate steps must be taken to ensure reinforcer potency. In this 2-experiment study we assessed accuracy of pictorial choice preference assessment (PCPA) and examined 2 methods for conditioning reinforcing properties to low preference items. Participants included three 12-year-old students with mild or moderate mental retardation. Only partial support for the predictive validity of PCPA was provided in Experiment 1, and conditioning effects were minimal and short lived. Results of Experiment 2 suggested that pairing low preferred items with a choice of multiple, highly preferred items may be an effective means of establishing the former as conditioned reinforcers.
The xenograft antigen in complex with GS-1-B4 lectin: crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis.

The implantation of animal organs is one approach to overcoming the shortage of human donor organs for medical transplantation. Although readily available, non-primate tissues are subject to hyperacute rejection wherein human anti-Galα(1–3)Gal antibodies react with haptens present on the transplanted cells' surfaces. The understanding of this interaction on a molecular level will further the development of a strategy for the prevention of hyperacute rejection in xenotransplantation. The Galα(1–3)Gal hapten (`xenograft antigen') has been cocrystallized with the Gal-specific B4 isolectin of Griffonia simplicifolia lectin-1. Crystals were analyzed by cryocrystallography and were found to diffract to moderately high resolution on a rotating-anode X-ray source. They belong to the P21212 space group, with unit-cell parameters a = 111.0, b = 51.3, c = 76.9 A, and contain two molecules per asymmetric unit.
A leader election algorithm for dynamic networks with causal clocks

An algorithm for electing a leader in an asynchronous network with dynamically changing communication topology is presented. The algorithm ensures that, no matter what pattern of topology changes occurs, if topology changes cease, then eventually every connected component contains a unique leader. The algorithm combines ideas from the Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks (Park and Corson in Proceedings of the 16th IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM), pp. 1405–1413 (1997) with a wave algorithm (Tel in Introduction to distributed algorithms, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2000), all within the framework of a height-based mechanism for reversing the logical direction of communication topology links (Gafni and Bertsekas in IEEE Trans Commun C–29(1), 11–18 1981). Moreover, a generic representation of time is used, which can be implemented using totally-ordered values that preserve the causality of events, such as logical clocks and perfect clocks. A correctness proof for the algorithm is provided, and it is ensured that in certain well-behaved situations, a new leader is not elected unnecessarily, that is, the algorithm satisfies a stability condition.
Identity Construction as Nexus of Multimembership: Attempts at Reconciliation Through an Online Intercultural Communication Course

Using situated learning (Lave & Wenger, 1991) and communities of practice (Wenger, 1998) as our theoretical framework, we focused on two female graduate students in applied linguistics as each attempted to negotiate memberships in multiple communities during an international exchange program. Eleven students at six universities took part in an internet-based intercultural communication course in addition to courses at their host universities, generating data in the form of online postings, final course papers, e-mails to the instructor, and retrospective evaluations. Ines, a Mexican student in Canada, appeared to reconcile her identity successfully as a nexus of multimembership. Adrienne, a U.S. student living in Mexico, attempted to participate in practices at her host university but felt marginalized. Our analysis demonstrates the difficulty, complexity, and sometimes the impossibility of reconciliation as a process for weaving a nexus of multimembership into one identity when encountering new practices...
A Masked Prospective Evaluation of Outcome Parameters for Cytomegalovirus-related Retinal Detachment Surgery in Patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Purpose: The management of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-related rhegmatogenous retinal detachments in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been the subject of recent attention and controversy because of the high degree of variability in visual outcome, as well as significant differences in the reported incidence of profound postoperative optic atrophy. This study was designed to evaluate the various parameters affecting postoperative visual outcome, and to quantitate the degree of postoperative optic disc pallor. Methods: The results of 65 consecutive surgeries for CMV-related retinal detachments in 51 patients with AIDS were prospectively studied. Postoperative vision, survival, optic disc pallor, and retinitis extent were analyzed. Serial photographs of optic discs underwent masked evaluation. Results: Mean postoperative survival was 30 weeks (range, 2–146 weeks). Mean best postoperative visual acuity was 20/66 (range, 20/20-2/200) and mean final post-operative visual acuity was 20/100 (range, 20/25-no light perception). Analysis of visual outcome for eyes with no macular or papillo-macular retinitis showed a best postoperative visual acuity of 20/60 (range, 20/25-2/200) and mean final postoperative visual acuity of 20/80 (range, 20/25-no light perception). Postoperative vision was not affected by the presence of a preoperative macular detachment, with both groups (macula on or off detachments), achieving a best postoperative visual acuity of 20/60 in the absence of macular retinitis. Mild postoperative optic disc pallor was observed in 30% of surgical eyes at the final postoperative visit, and moderate pallor was noted in 13%. The mean degree of optic disc pallor was not different from the degree of optic disc pallor seen in fellow, nonsurgical eyes with CMV retinitis (surgical versus fellow nonsurgical eyes, 29% ± 23% versus 26% ± 30%; P = 0.64). Conclusion: In this largest reported series of reattachment surgery for CMV-related retinal detachments, patients are experiencing increased postoperative survival, good vision, and relative optic nerve health.
Emergency procedures on the descending thoracic aorta in the endovascular era.

Background Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR), initially developed for the treatment of degenerative aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta, has been applied to the entire spectrum of descending thoracic aortic pathology in both the elective and emergent settings. This single center study evaluates the effectiveness of TEVAR for the treatment of acute surgical emergencies involving the descending thoracic aorta, including traumatic aortic disruption (TAD), ruptured descending thoracic aneurysm (RDTA), and acute complicated Type B dissection (cTBD). Methods A retrospective review of the medical records of all patients undergoing emergent TEVAR at the University of Mississippi Medical Center between August 2007 and November 2010 was undertaken. Patients were studied for 30-day survival, complications, type of device used for the repair, and technical aspects of the procedure. Results A total of 44 patients (59% male) with an average age of 49 years (range, 16-87 years) underwent emergent TEVAR during the study period. The technical success rate was 100%, with no patient requiring emergent open surgery for conditions involving the descending thoracic aorta at our institution during the study period. The majority (73%) of the repairs were accomplished using commercially available thoracic stent grafts. Abdominal endograft proximal extension cuffs were used in 12 (38%) of the 32 patients undergoing repair of TAD. Twenty-one patients (48%) required coverage of the left subclavian artery, two (10%) of whom subsequently required subclavian artery revascularization. Procedure-related complications included two strokes, one spinal cord ischemia, one unintentional coverage of the left carotid artery, one episode of acute renal failure, and three access site injuries. One patient undergoing repair of TAD had collapse of the stent graft in the early postoperative period. He was successfully treated by placement of an additional stent graft. Seven patients (16%) died within 30 days of surgery. Three of the deaths occurred in patients who had successfully undergone repair of a TAD and died of associated injuries. Conclusions Emergent TEVAR has become the treatment of choice for acute surgical emergencies involving the descending thoracic aorta. Short-term morbidity and mortality compare favorably with historic results for emergent open surgical procedures on the descending thoracic aorta. Survival is highest in patients undergoing repair of TAD. Using current endograft technology, nearly all emergent conditions of the descending thoracic aorta can be successfully treated with TEVAR.
Julian's reintroduction of Milton's operation

Four years after the first successful open heart operation in 1953, most cardiac surgeons were using bilateral anterior thoracotomy. This tedious, time-consuming, complication-prone, painful procedure was abandoned only after Julian and associates demonstrated the marked superiority of median sternotomy. Although median sternotomy was described by Milton in 1897, it was a seldom-used procedure at the time of Julian and associates' publication in 1957. The present-day routine use of median sternotomy for virtually all cardiac operations is a testimonial to the foresight and practicality of Julian's experience.
SHINKEI—a novel 3D isotropic MR neurography technique: technical advantages over 3DIRTSE-based imaging

Technical assessment of SHINKEI pulse sequence and conventional 3DIRTSE for LS plexus MR neurography. Twenty-one MR neurography examinations of the LS plexus were performed at 3 T, using 1.5-mm isotropic 3DIRTSE and SHINKEI sequences. Images were evaluated for motion and pulsation artefacts, nerve signal-to-noise ratio, contrast-to-noise ratio, nerve-to-fat ratio, muscle-to-fat ratio, fat suppression homogeneity and depiction of LS plexus branches. Paired Student t test was used to assess differences in nerve conspicuity (p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant). ICC correlation was obtained for intraobserver performance. Four examinations were excluded due to prior spine surgery. Bowel motion artefacts, pulsation artefacts, heterogeneous fat saturation and patient motion were seen in 16/17, 0/17, 17/17, 2/17 on 3DIRTSE and 0/17, 0/17, 0/17, 1/17 on SHINKEI. SHINKEI performed better (p < 0.01) for nerve signal-to-noise, contrast-to-noise, nerve-to-fat and muscle-to-fat ratios. 3DIRTSE and SHINKEI showed all LS plexus nerve roots, sciatic and femoral nerves. Smaller branches including obturator, lateral femoral cutaneous and iliohypogastric nerves were seen in 10/17, 5/17, 1/17 on 3DIRTSE and 17/17, 16/17, 7/17 on SHINKEI. Intraobserver reliability was excellent. SHINKEI MRN demonstrates homogeneous and superior fat suppression with increased nerve signal- and contrast-to-noise ratios resulting in better conspicuity of smaller LS plexus branches. • SHINKEI provides homogeneous and superior fat suppression, shown by higher nerve and muscle-to-fat ratios. • SHINKEI shows better nerve signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios than 3DIRTSE. • SHINKEI enables nerve-selective images with increased conspicuity of smaller LS plexus branches. • SHINKEI should be considered in routine MR neurography of the LS plexus.
Dose response of amifostine in protection of growth plate function from irradiation effects.

SUMMARY The dose-response radioprotectant effects of amifostine on rat growth plate have not been studied. The purpose is to examine the relative effects of varying doses of amifostine on functional damage to the Sprague-Dawley rat growth plate from a single fraction radiation exposure. Thirty-six weanling Sprague-Dawley rats underwent single dose 17.5 Gy radiation exposure to the right knee. The contralateral left limb served as the nonirradiated control. Six groups of six animals each received, 20 minutes before radiation exposure, intraperitoneally administered amifostine at the following doses: 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg/kg. Six weeks after treatment, the rats were euthanized and the lower limbs disarticulated, skeletonized, radiographed, and measured. Statistically significant dose-related differences were observed between amifostine dosage groups for mean rightside growth, growth-loss, and limb-length discrepancy. The mean right-side growth recovered by amifostine administration increased from 14% at 50 mg/kg to 57% at 250 mg/kg. Growth-loss and limb discrepency were significantly reduced in proportion to increasing amifostine doses. Despite these positive effects of amifostine, amifostine associated mortality was identifiable beginning at 200 mg/kg and increased rapidly thereafter. This report suggests a directly proportional relationship between amifostine dose and its protective effects on the growth plate. Int. J. Cancer (Radiat. Oncol. Invest.) 90, 73‐79 (2000). © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Impact of Ralph M. Stogdill and the Ohio State Leadership Studies on a Transactional Approach to Leadership

A personal recollection of Ralph M. Stogdill is presented, and the contribution of the OS U Leadership Studies to the understanding of leader behavior is reviewed with respect to the intermediate phase between the leader-trait and situational approaches to leadership. Together with the use of critical incidents and peer nominations, these studies formed the context for developing a transactional approach to leader-follower relations. This newer approach stresses the two-way influence and social exchange processes involved in leadership, with an emphasis on the two factors of system progress and equity. The results of research applying the transactional approach are summarized, with especial attention to leadership effectiveness.
Porosity effects on catalytic char oxidation. Part I: A catalyst deposition model

Six char samples generated from two coals were impregnated by solutions with different concentrations of Na/sub 2/CO/sub 3/ and/or K/sub 2/CO/sub 3/. The catalyst solution penetration was studied, the catalyst uptake was measured, and the effects of impregnation on the char pore structure were determined experimentally. The results indicate that the impregnated catalysts reside only on particle exteriors without significant penetration. The overall rate of reaction is therefore the combination of catalytic reaction on particle exteriors and noncatalytic reaction on the pore surfaces inside the particle. A kinetic model is presented that takes these findings into account.
Enhancing the Safety of Elderly Victims After the Close of an APS Investigation

Purpose.The purpose of this study was to test whether particular actions on the part of adult protective services (APS), the elderly victim, and/or society’s response to abusive individuals, are associated with the continuation of abuse after the close of an APS investigation and thereby compromise victim safety.Method.Interviews were conducted with 71 APS caseworkers, 55 of the elderly victims of substantiated abuse, and 35 third-party persons.Results.A small proportion of elderly victims continue to experience abuse after the close of an APS investigation. Elderly victims were more likely to experience continued abuse when they chose to have ongoing contact with their abusers, vis-a-vis cohabitation or otherwise, and when their abusers experienced no consequences. Although continuation of abuse did not differ by the type of maltreatment involved, reasons for the cessation of abuse, and other safety indicators, did.Implications.To enhance victim safety, greater monitoring may be warranted in cases wherei...
Monolithic multiplier/divider

A monolithic analog multiplier/divider circuit which achieves less than 0.03% FS nonlinearity error with a large signal bandwidth of 3MHz will be reported. Design also incorporates nonlinearity compensation.
Toward Precise Constraints on the Growth of Massive Black Holes

Growth of massive black holes (MBHs) in galactic centers comes mainly from gas accretion during their QSO/AGN phases. In this paper we apply an extended Soltan argument, connecting the local MBH mass function with the time integral of the QSO luminosity function to the demography of MBHs and QSOs from recent optical and X-ray surveys, and obtain robust constraints on the luminosity evolution (or mass growth history) of individual QSOs (or MBHs). We find that the luminosity evolution probably involves two phases, an initial exponentially increasing phase set by the Eddington limit and a following phase in which the luminosity declines with time as a power law (with a slope of ~–1.2 to –1.3) set by a self-similar long-term evolution of disk accretion. Neither an evolution involving only the increasing phase with a single Eddington ratio nor an exponentially declining pattern in the second phase is likely. The period of a QSO radiating at a luminosity higher than 10% of its peak value is about (2–3) × 108 yr, during which the MBH obtains ~80% of its mass. The mass-to-energy conversion efficiency is 0.16 ± 0.04+ 0.05−0, with the latter error accounting for the maximum uncertainty due to Compton-thick AGNs. The expected Eddington ratios in QSOs from the constrained luminosity evolution cluster around a single value close to 0.5-1 for high-luminosity QSOs and extend to a wide range of lower values for low-luminosity ones. The Eddington ratios for high-luminosity QSOs appear to conflict with those estimated from observations (~0.25) by using some virial mass estimators for MBHs in QSOs, unless the estimators systematically overestimate MBH masses by a factor of 2-4. We also infer the fraction of optically obscured QSOs, ~60%-80%. The constraints obtained above are not affected significantly by MBH mergers and multiple times of nuclear activity (e.g., triggered by multiple times of galaxy wet major mergers) in the MBH growth history. We discuss further applications of the luminosity evolution of individual QSOs to obtaining the MBH mass function at high redshifts and the cosmic evolution of triggering rates of nuclear activity.
Anterior cruciate ligament injury and patella dislocation: a report of nine cases

Abstract Nine patients had combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) disruption and patella dislocation and underwent surgical reconstruction of one or both of these injuries. Six patients had both the ACL reconstructed and the patella realigned, and three had only the ACL reconstructed. Associated injuries were present in eight cases; these included meniscal tears in eight patients and medial collateral ligament injuries in two of these same patients. At final follow-up, at an average 19.7 months, examination revealed an average grade 1A Lachman and no pivot on all patients who underwent ACL reconstruction. No patients had hypermobile patellae or apprehension. One patient had a 4 degrees loss of extension and none had a loss of flexion. Two patients had continued anterior knee pain at final follow-up; one of these patients was the same person who had a loss of extension. None had recurrent instability of the ACL and none had recurrent instability of the patella. Arthroscopy 1998 Jan-Feb;14(1):80-4
SNP array profiling of mouse cell lines identifies their strains of origin and reveals cross-contamination and widespread aneuploidy

The crisis of Misidentified and contaminated cell lines have plagued the biological research community for decades. Some repositories and journals have heeded calls for mandatory authentication of human cell lines, yet misidentification of mouse cell lines has received little publicity despite their importance in sponsored research. Short tandem repeat (STR) profiling is the standard authentication method, but it may fail to distinguish cell lines derived from the same inbred strain of mice. Additionally, STR profiling does not reveal karyotypic changes that occur in some high-passage lines and may have functional consequences. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) profiling has been suggested as a more accurate and versatile alternative to STR profiling; however, a high-throughput method for SNP-based authentication of mouse cell lines has not been described. We have developed computational methods (Cell Line Authentication by SNP Profiling, CLASP) for cell line authentication and copy number analysis based on a cost-efficient SNP array, and we provide a reference database of commonly used mouse strains and cell lines. We show that CLASP readily discriminates among cell lines of diverse taxonomic origins, including multiple cell lines derived from a single inbred strain, intercross or wild caught mouse. CLASP is also capable of detecting contaminants present at concentrations as low as 5%. Of the 99 cell lines we tested, 15 exhibited substantial divergence from the reported genetic background. In all cases, we were able to distinguish whether the authentication failure was due to misidentification (one cell line, Ba/F3), the presence of multiple strain backgrounds (five cell lines), contamination by other cells and/or the presence of aneuploid chromosomes (nine cell lines). Misidentification and contamination of mouse cell lines is potentially as widespread as it is in human cell culture. This may have substantial implications for studies that are dependent on the expected background of their cell cultures. Laboratories can mitigate these risks by regular authentication of their cell cultures. Our results demonstrate that SNP array profiling is an effective method to combat cell line misidentification.
Gangliosides do not raise cyclic AMP levels during inhibition of lymphocyte mitogenesis.

Abstract The effect of bovine brain gangliosides on the intrathymocyte levels of cyclic AMP as a potential mediator of ganglioside action has been studied. Commercial tri-, and disialogangliosides, at 2.5 to 5 μM were found to produce a rapid and profound increase (eg., 10 fold within 2 min by trisialoganglioside). When the preparations were purified on Florisil, this effect on cyclic AMP content was lost, but not the immunoinhibitory potency of the ganglioside (as tested on Concanavalin A induced DNA synthesis). The water soluble “ganglioside associated protein” fractions separated from commercial di- and trisialo gangliosides by Florisil chromatography did not alter the cyclic AMP levels of thymocytes. Previous reports of an effect of commercial gnagliosides on the enzymes of cyclic AMP metabolism in nervous tissue should be re-evaluated.
TIME PERCEPTION: EFFECTS OF INTROVERSION/EXTRAVERSION AND TASK INTEREST

32 extraverted and 32 introverted college students rated the interest value and estimated the duration of 3-min. intervals filled with leading. There were 3 dull and 3 interesting readings. It was hypothesized that time perceptions of extraverts and introverts would differ when their interest in the task was dissimilar. But no personality differences in time perception and few in interest were found; both extraverts and introverts judged the intervals to be shorter when the reading was interesting.
Transverse waves in anisotropic elastic materials

Abstract With few exceptions, a transverse wave can propagate in an anisotropic elastic material along certain directions only. Equations that allow us to compute the direction n, the polarization vector a and the wave speed c are presented for a general anisotropic elastic material. In contrast to longitudinal waves, the directions along which a transverse wave can propagate are not finite isolated directions. There is a one-parameter family of n along which a transverse wave can propagate. On the surface of the unit sphere n 1 2 + n 2 2 + n 3 3 = 1 , the n along which a transverse wave can propagate traces out at least three curves. The intersection of two or more curves is the direction along which a longitudinal wave can propagate. We present solutions for n, a and c for orthotropic, tetragonal and trigonal materials. The corresponding solutions for hexagonal and cubic materials have been obtained earlier.
Combining mortality and longitudinal measures in clinical trials

Clinical trials often assess therapeutic benefit on the basis of an event such as death or the diagnosis of disease. Usually, there are several additional longitudinal measures of clinical status which are collected to be used in the treatment comparison. This paper proposes a simple non-parametric test which combines a time to event measure and a longitudinal measure so that a substantial treatment difference on either of the measures will reject the null hypothesis. The test is applied on AIDS prophylaxis and paediatric trials.
Technique for Determining Oviposition Preference of the Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm for Varieties and Experimental Stocks of Cotton

A method was developed for screening large numbers of cotton varieties in a small area and in a short time for oviposition preference by the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and the tobacco budworm, H. virescens (F.). Differences in egg deposition among varieties were significant for both the bollworm and tobacco budworm. Hirsute varieties were preferred.
Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles by Nanometallic Ag Decoration for Optical Sensing of Organic Molecule

Sensing technologies based on metallic nanoparticles, known as Ag, Au, and so on, have raised enormous interest for their extraordinary sensing resolution and sensitivity to analytes of chemical or biological importance under optical detection have received wide attention in recent decades. Currently, a discrete nanoparticle in a free-standing form, either being organically or biologically modified on the nanoparticle surface, on a given substrate surface region has been employed for photosensing purpose. However, metallic nanoparticles suffering from physical and chemical instability such as oxidation, interparticle coupling, agglomeration, and so on during the processing stages may render undesirable outcomes, which further results in poorer performance than the theoretical expectation. Here we propose a facile and elegant concept to prepare an Ag-decorated silica nanoparticle (hereinafter termed core−shell SiO2@Ag nanosphere) based on the modified Stober method. The Ag nanoparticles with an average siz...
On the comparison of energy sources: Feasibility of radio frequency and ambient light harvesting

Abstract With growing interest in multi source energy harvesting including integrated microchips we propose a comparison of radio frequency (RF) and solar energy sources in a typical city. Harvesting devices for RF and solar energy will be competing for space of a compact micro or nano device as well as for orientation with respect to the energy source. This is why it is essential to investigate importance of every source of energy and make a decision whether it will be worthwhile to include such harvesters. We considered theoretically possible irradiance by RF signal in different situations, typical for the modern urban environment and compared it with ambient solar energy sources available through the night, including moonlight. Our estimations show that solar light energy dominates by far margin practically all the time, even during the night, if there is a full moon in the absence of clouds. At the same time, in the closed compartments or at the new moon RF harvesting can be beneficial as a source of “free” energy.