cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serial position functions for letter identification at brief and extended exposure durations

The properties of serial position functions for tachistoscopic report were investigated over a wide range of viewing times. Four-letter strings of random consonants were presented in varying display locations relative to the fixation point with the observers’ eye movements monitored to limit them to a single fixation for each display. Salient properties of the serial position curves include an overall central-peripheral gradient, higher performance at the ends than the interior of letter strings regardless of absolute location, and left-right asymmetry in the visual field, all of these being largely independent of viewing time. Errors reflecting loss of positional information are prominent even at extended viewing times, are more nearly symmetrical in the left and right visual fields than other types of errors, and, in contrast to item errors, occur less frequently in letter sequences that have high frequencies in English. Further, transposition errors exhibit a pronounced peripheral-to-central drift, possibly reflecting gradients of positional uncertainty. Such gradients may be implicated in the peripheral-central asymmetry of the lateral interference effects exerted by other letters on a target letter in a nonfoveal location.
Finding habitat patches and directional connectivity

For animal species inhabiting patchy environments, the search behavior of individuals and the distance from which they can detect suitable habitat (perceptual range) are key determinants of the functional connectivity of landscapes. We examined the movement behavior and perceptual range of adult cactus bugs (Chelinidea vittiger), which are habitat specialists that feed and reproduce on Opuntia cactus. Movement pathways of walking individuals released into unsuitable matrix habitat (30-3000 m from Opuntia) were highly directional. These results supported predictions of optimal search behavior from published simulation models. A release experiment within natural patch networks indicated that the perceptual range of C. vittiger depended on size of the target patch, matrix structure, and direction of the target patch relative to prevailing winds. A strong effect of wind direction on orientation behavior (and presumed perceptual range) was evident in a release experiment using 'artificial' patches of potted Opuntia. In these two experiments, individuals released 50--100 cm from Opuntia patches were more likely to orientate toward patches located upwind than to those located crosswind or downwind. A reexamination of the pathways of individuals walking in the matrix also revealed a strong bias for movement upwind. Such upwind movement by individuals, both within and outside of patch networks, suggests that C. vittiger uses olfaction to navigate and it complicates our ability to interpret search behavior and to estimate perceptual range. Current techniques for assessing perceptual range have limitations for olfactory-based species. Furthermore, we need to broaden our view of perceptual range and of patch and landscape connectivity. Perceptual range may be anisotropic and connectivity may be directional. An organism-based approach to spatial ecology requires that we consider the dominant senses used by species when navigating around patchy landscapes.
Hemocompatibility of polymeric nanostructured surfaces

Tissue integration is an important property when inducing transplant tolerance, however, the hemocompatibility of the biomaterial surface also plays an important role in the ultimate success of the implant. Therefore, in order to induce transplant tolerance, it is critical to understand the interaction of blood components with the material surfaces. In this study, we have investigated the adsorption of key blood serum proteins, in vitro adhesion and activation of platelets and clotting kinetics of whole blood on flat polycaprolactone (PCL) surfaces, nanowire (NW) surfaces and nanofiber (NF) surfaces. Previous studies have shown that polymeric nanostructured surfaces improve cell adhesion, proliferation and viability; however it is unclear how these polymeric nanostructured surfaces interact with the blood and its components. Protein adsorption results indicate that while there were no significant differences in total albumin (ALB) adsorption on PCL, NW and NF surfaces, NW surfaces had higher total fibrinogen (FIB) and immunoglobulin-G (IgG) adsorption compared to NF and PCL surfaces. In contrast, NF surfaces had higher surface FIB and IgG adsorption compared to PCL and NW surfaces. Platelet adhesion and viability studies show more adhesion and clustering of platelets on the NF surfaces as compared to PCL and NW surfaces. Platelet activation studies reveal that NW surfaces have the highest percentage of unactivated platelets, whereas NF surfaces have the highest percentage of fully activated platelets. Whole blood clotting results indicate that NW surfaces maintain an increased amount of free hemoglobin during the clotting process compared to PCL and NF surface, indicating less clotting and slower rate of clotting on their surfaces.
Chiral corrections to the hyperon vector form factors

We present a complete calculation of the SU(3)-breaking corrections to the hyperon vector form factors up to $\mathcal{O}({p}^{4})$ in heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory. Because of the Ademollo-Gatto theorem, at this order the results do not depend on unknown low energy constants and allow to test the convergence of the chiral expansion. We complete and correct previous calculations and find that $\mathcal{O}({p}^{3})$ and $\mathcal{O}(1/{M}_{0})$ corrections are important. We also study the inclusion of the decuplet degrees of freedom, showing that in this case the perturbative expansion is jeopardized. These results raise doubts on the reliability of the chiral expansion for hyperons.
Effects of Several Fixatives an Staining Reactions in Zea mays, Especially with Reference to the Fehlgen Reaction

1. The Feulgen reaction maintains its specificity after each of the nine different fixatives used; of the cell components it stains the chromatin only.2. The intensity of the staining reaction of the root tip cuticle by the Feulgen technique usually varies with the fixation as does that of the chromatin.3. For each of the other stains employed (Heidenhain's iron alum-hematoxylin, crystal violet-iodine, and safranin-iodine) the stainabilities of the different ceil structures are conditioned directly by the fixative.4. Crystal violet-iodine and safranin-iodine exhibit no consistent differences in their selectivity for the various cell organs after any of the fixatives.5. After certain fixatives the hydrochloric acid treatment used for the partial hydrolysis of the thymonucleic acid for the Feulgen reaction (N HCl at 60°C. for 20 minutes) affects the relative staining capacities of plastin and chromatin, when the iron alum-hematoxylin, crystal violet-iodine, and safranin-iodine stains are used.6. Only the Bouin and Navashin-fixed material is affected by hydrochloric acid treatment in the reaction to iron alum-hematoxylin: in both the chromatin loses some of its staining capacity; in the latter the stainability of the nucleoli is increased as well.7. The effects of treatment with hydrochloric acid an the staining reactions of crystal violet-iodine and safranin-iodine is quite pronounced for several fixatives: chromatin stainability is increased after modified Erlicki, decreased after Navashin and copper bichromate, and lost after Bouin fixation; nucleolar stainability is acquired after copper-chrome-propionate, increased after Navashin, copper bichromate, and chromic sulfate-formaldehyde, decreased after modified Erlicki, and decreased or lost after nickel-chrome-propionate fixation.8. Copper-containing fixatives that render the nucleoli stainable with crystal violet-iodine and safranin-iodine cause the nucleolar peripheries to stain darker than the Centers, while after hydrochloric acid treatment this reaction is reversed, the centers staining darker than the peripheries.9. In some preparations mitotic nucleoli differ from intermitotic nucleoli in their reactions to stains, which would seem to indicate that the nucleolus undergoes some chemical or physical change at the initiation of mitosis.10. Evidence is presented in support of the view that plastin, as well as chromatin, occurs in the form of granules in the reticulum of the intermitotic cell.11. Nucleoli, which are mordanted by copper-containing fixatives only if the pH is above 4.0, are but little affected in regard to their stainability by subsequent treatment with hydrochloric acid of a much lower pH.12. Mitochondria, which are usually dissoived out by the more acid fixatives, are not affected by treatment with normal hydrochloric acid after fixation.I want to express my appreciation to Dr. Conway Zirkle for suggesting this problem, as well as for his help and advice throughout the course of the investigation.
Direct Interaction of Water Ice with Hydrophobic Methyl-Terminated Si(111)

The effect of ice adsorption on the electronic structure of hydrophobic methyl-terminated Si(111) surface was studied by C 1s X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The transition to the LUMO orbital of the methyl group is symmetry-forbidden according to the dipole selection rule, which governs the X-ray absorption process. Upon ice adsorption, the LUMO peak intensity is enhanced dramatically, indicating that the ice layers directly perturb the excited state orbitals of the methyl groups, increasing the asymmetric character. This is unexpected since the hydrophobic nature of the surface is confirmed by the three-dimensional growth of ice layers. We propose that the interaction between the hydrophobic methyl surface and adsorbed ice results in the formation of weak hydrogen bonds.
Non-enzymatic cyclization of creatine ethyl ester to creatinine.

Abstract Creatine ethyl ester was incubated at 37 °C in both water and phosphate-buffered saline and the diagnostic methylene resonances in the 1H NMR spectrum were used to identify the resultant products. It was found that mild aqueous conditions result in the cyclization of creatine ethyl ester to provide inactive creatinine as the exclusive product, and this transformation becomes nearly instantaneous as the pH approaches 7.4. This study demonstrates that mild non-enzymatic conditions are sufficient for the cyclization of creatine ethyl ester into creatinine, and together with previous results obtained under enzymatic conditions suggests that there are no physiological conditions that would result in the production of creatine. It is concluded that creatine ethyl ester is a pronutrient for creatinine rather than creatine under all physiological conditions encountered during transit through the various tissues, thus no ergogenic effect is to be expected from supplementation.
Remarks on the Thermodynamics of Sintering of Ceramics

In the microwave sintering of some materials a rapid increase of their density is observed in a relatively small temperature range of about 100 K. This may be viewed as a transition from a metastable low density state to a more stable state with a density close to the maximum theoretical density. A thermodynamic description of this transition similar to the Landau theory of phase transitions is suggested and applied to the sintering of boron carbide and alumina. Beim Mikrowellensintern wird in einigen Materialien ein schneller Anstieg ihrer Dichte innerhalb eines relativ schmalen Temperaturbereichs von 100 K festgestellt. Dies kann als ein Ubergang von einem metastabilen Zustand mit geringer Dichte in einen stabileren Zustand mit einer Dichte nahe der theoretischen Maximaldichte aufgefast werden. Es wird eine thermodynamische Beschreibung dieses Ubergangs, ahnlich der Landau-Theorie fur Phasenubergange, vorgeschlagen und auf das Sintern von Borkarbid und Tonerde angewandt.
Degradation and Disappearance of ortho, para Isomer of Technical DDT in Living and Dead Avian Tissues

The O, p 9-DDT in technical DDT is broken down to p, p 9-DDT and then to 1,1-dichloro- 2,2-bis( p -chlorophenyl)ethylene in living avian tissue. In the anaerobic conditions existing after death, O, p 9-DDT is metabolized to 1,1-dichloro-2-(O-chlorophenyl)-2-( p -chlorophenyl)ethane. The absence of O, p 9-DDT and metabolites in field specimens is ascribed to the rapid rate of breakdown and a masking of the 1,1-dichloro-2-(O-chlorophenyl)-2-( p -chlorophenyl)ethane residue during analysis by the relatively large amounts of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis( p -chlorophenyl)ethylene.
Cointegration Approach to Estimating Bilateral Trade Elasticities Between U.S. and Her Trading Partners

Almost all previous authors who estimated the trade elasticities relied upon aggregate trade data. To avoid the aggregation bias, this paper provides estimates of trade elasticities using bilateral data between the United States and her six largest trading partners. Application of cointegration analysis reveals that in many cases, bilateral trade elasticities are large enough to justify real depreciation of the dollar as a mean of improving U.S. trade balance.[F14]
Lipid Emulsion Use Precluding Renal Replacement Therapy

Abstract Background Intralipid emulsion (ILE) is a nutritional fatty acid supplementation that is emerging as a potential therapy for local anesthetic systemic toxicity and is also being considered as a therapy for other lipophilic medication intoxications. Isolated reports of pulmonary edema or severe lipemia exist as a complication of therapy. Case Report A 26-year-old hypertensive, male, kidney transplant recipient presented to an outside emergency department (ED) after an intentional overdose of his medications (ie, amlodipine, metoprolol, lisinopril). At presentation, he had hypotension and bradycardia that was unresponsive to treatment with intravenous saline, calcium, glucagon, and vasopressors. After failure of conventional therapy, an initial bolus of ILE (20%) was given with some improvement in his heart rate, and the dose was repeated. A continuous intravenous infusion of ILE therapy was started. The patient deteriorated, with development of both acute respiratory and renal failure. Continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVHF) was attempted to remove volume and correct metabolic abnormalities. Lipemic blood was immediately observed in the CVVHF filter. After 15 min, the transmembrane pressures of the filter began to rise in the absence of observed clotting of the blood and the filter then became completely obstructed. An attempt was made to remove the lipid by plasmapheresis to restart CVVHF, but the patient continued to deteriorate despite maximal vasopressor support. The patient's family decided to withdraw care and the patient expired. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Emergency physicians treat patients with toxic ingestions on a regular basis. Being aware of possible complications of experimental antidote therapy, like ILE, can improve the treatment approach and outcomes for these patients.
Regularity lemma for k-uniform hypergraphs

Szemeredi's Regularity Lemma proved to be a very powerful tool in extremal graph theory with a large number of applications. Chung [Regularity lemmas for hypergraphs and quasi-randomness, Random Structures Algorithms 2 (1991), 241-252], Frankl and Rodl [The uniformity lemma for hypergraphs, Graphs Combin 8 (1992), 309-312; Extremal problems on set systems, Random Structures Algorithms 20 (2002), 131-164] considered several extensions of Szemeredi's Regularity Lemma to hypergraphs. In particular, [Extremal problems on set systems, Random Structures Algorithms 20 (2002), 131-164] contains a regularity lemma for 3-uniform hypergraphs that was applied to a number of problems. In this paper, we present a generalization of this regularity lemma to k-uniform hypergraphs. Similar results were recently independently and alternatively obtained by W. T. Gowers.
Weather-Based Forecasting of Rhizoctonia Web Blight Development on Container-Grown Azalea

Abstract The most reliable approach for timing fungicides to control Rhizoctonia web blight on container-grown azalea has been a fixed calendar date. The purpose of this study was to model periods when a preventive control could be applied in advance of significant increases in leaf blight intensity (LBI) in response to a daily accumulated risk value indicating conducive conditions of temperature (18 or more hours between 20 and 30°C when maximum temperature is less than 35°C), leaf wetness (16 or more hours), and/or rainfall (greater than 6.7 mm above the maximum daily irrigation). Analysis used weather measurements taken every 30 minutes from 11 site-year datasets from 2006 to 2011, and weekly or biweekly LBI assessments. Six developmental site-year datasets were analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve procedures to evaluate models. Only a single model predicted true positives and negatives significantly greater than a 50:50 probability. Subsequently, five site-year validation datas...
Relationship of family support and ethnic minority students' achievement in science and mathematics

The academic interest and competencies in science and mathematics of children are often begun in families. This research seeks to identify those aspects of family support that have the most influence on students' learning in mathematics and science. It examines the relationship of the mother's support and participation to the eighth grade ethnic minority child's score on standardized tests, particularly mathematics and science. Mothers of 80 students responded via telephone to 63 questions on their behavior, on the physical environment of the home, on their attitudes toward science and mathematics, and four demographic questions. Alpha reliabilities of groups of questions, frequencies, factor analysis using varimax rotation and principle components, and ANOVAs were computed. Finally, multivariate analyses ended with three stepwise multiple regressions using the test scores as dependent variables. This preliminary research on involvement of parents of ethnic minority students shows that students have higher test scores if parents help them see the importance of taking advanced science and mathematics courses, emphasize the importance of mathematics in today's careers, set limits, and visit science/mathematics exhibits and fairs with their child. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed82:111–125, 1998.
Functionplane—A new approach to simple structure rotation

A new criterion for rotation to an oblique simple structure is proposed. The results obtained are similar to that obtained by Cattell and Muerle's maxplane criterion. Since the proposed criterion is smooth it is possible to locate the local maxima using simple gradient techniques. The results of the application of the Functionplane criterion to three sets of data are given. In each case a better fit to the subjective solution was obtained using the functionplane criterion than was reported for by Hakstian for the oblimax, promax, maxplane, or the Harris-Kaiser methods.
Civic Norms, Social Sanctions, and Voter Turnout

Voter participation is viewed as a collective action problem overcome chiefly by means of “solidary” and “purposive” selective incentives in the contemporary United States rather than by material i...
Evidence for contractile flexing of the gliding bacterium Flexibacter FS-1.

Flexing movements have been described in a variety of gliding bacteria and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)1–7. Flexing of trichomes (chains of cells) of the genera Oscillatoria and Beggiatoa was attributed8 to a “certain degree of elasticity”; it was concluded that there is no spontaneous flexibility. In contrast, observations of active flexing of free ends of otherwise immobilized Oscillatoria trichomes suggested9 that active contractions are involved. It has been proposed that flexing and gliding motility are powered by the same mechanism10. No organelles have been demonstrated irrefutably to be responsible for these movements, although several mechanistic hypotheses have been proposed11. I demonstrate here that flexing movements by the bacterium Flexibacter FS-1 require no more than one point of attachment by the cell to its substratum, which suggests that flexing may result from a unilateral, longitudinal contraction. As the same motility mechanism is thought to operate for both flexing and gliding, the latter may be powered by a contractile apparatus, at least in this species.
A model of proliferating cell populations with correlation of mother-daughter mitotic times

A kinetic model of proliferating cell populations is studied. The model features the correlation of mother-daughter mitotic times. The model is analysed by means of the theory of strongly continuous semigroups of linear operators. A connection is made between the asymptotic behavior of solutions and the spectral properties of the infinitesimal generator. It is proved that the solutions of the model have the property of asynchronous exponential growth.
A novel sub-optimum maximum-likelihood modulation classification algorithm for adaptive OFDM systems

Adaptive modulation is an effective method to increase the spectral efficiency of OFDM based high-speed wireless data transmission systems in time-dispersive (frequency-selective) channels. Blind modulation classification schemes play an important role in adaptive modulation systems to eliminate the need for transmitting the modulation information, thereby increasing spectral efficiency. In this paper, a maximum-likelihood (ML) modulation classifier which has the optimum performance in the presence of white noise is presented. A sub-optimum classifier, which greatly reduces the complexity, is derived from the optimum ML classifier. The performances of proposed classifiers are tested using Monte-Carlo simulations for ideal and non-ideal cases.
MECHANISMS OF SOIL STABILIZATION WITH LIQUID IONIC STABILIZER

Numerous commercial suppliers are marketing liquid chemical products for stabilizing pavement subgrade and base soils. These nontraditional chemical stabilizers may offer viable alternatives for stabilizing sulfate-rich soils where conventional lime or cement treatment can lead to excessive soil expansion. Typically sold as concentrated liquids that are diluted in water before application, these products may be less expensive to use than lime or cement. However, many transportation agencies are hesitant to specify nontraditional liquid stabilizers without better information on the stabilizing mechanisms and documented field experiences. To identify the mechanisms associated with one class of these products, a representative ionic soil stabilizer and a sodium montmorillonite clay were selected for a detailed physical-chemical study. Laboratory testing included chromatography, spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and standard titration analyses. These tests have shown that the principal act...
The Measurement of Self-Esteem: Refining Our Methods

A review of the literature indicates that (a) very little attention has been devoted to measurement problems plaguing the study of self-esteem and (b) few studies employ more than one type of self-esteem instrument. This study addresses these issues by using eight measures of self-esteem involving self-reports, ratings by others, and a projective instrument. Their intercorrelations are examined to provide preliminary validational evidence; then, confirmatory factor analysis is used to construct measurement models and further assess the validity of the measures. The results suggest that two traditional questionnaires and a personal interview are valid in measuring experienced self-esteem, and three measures involving ratings by others are valid in measuring presented self-esteem These findings are consistent with previous multidimensional conceptualizations of self-esteem, indicating that a variety of methods is necessary to adequately measure self-concept.
Hyperproduction mutation in the dihydrofolate reductase gene of Diplococcus pneumoniae: some effects on synthesis correlate with the presence of a modified enzyme form.

Abstract Hyperproduction of dihydrofolate reductase (5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate: NADP + oxidoreductase, EC 1.5.1.3) in Diplococcus pneumoniae by one class of mutation in the related structural gene appears to be related to the presence of an associated enzyme form. Twelve mutations ( ame r ) were identified in strains isolated on the basis of resistance to amethopterin. These mutations were shown by recombination analysis to map at 4 widely separate sites in the gene. Differences in the apparent molecular weight of dihydrofolate reductase from strains bearing these ame r mutations was determined by molecular-sieve chromatography on Sephadex G-100. Mutant enzyme forms are either excluded on Sephadex G-100 or elute as mol. wt 60 000. Wild-type enzyme elutes as mol. wt 20 000. In extract from various hyperproducing strains bearing each of the ame r mutations, the relative amount of associated enzyme varies from 7 to 87 %. Moreover, the extent of hyperproduction is directly related to the concentration of associated enzyme form at steady state.
College Students' Attitudes toward Relationships with Their Parents as a Function of Gender:

The relation with one's parents is perhaps the most important variable in predicting future interpersonal relationships. To measure current attitudes toward relationships with parents 34 college me...
Influence of bending mode shape and trailing edge deflection on propulsive performance of flexible heaving fins using digital imagecorrelation

The propulsive performance of flexible flapping fins greatly depends on the stiffness of the fins along with the oscillating parameters. The bending mode shape and trailing edge deflection of the oscillating fins play a major role in the generation of thrust and efficiency. This paper examines the deformation pattern of heaving flexible foils and its dependency on propulsive performance. Experimental investigation has been carried out on fins of various lengths oscillating at their leading edge. A LaVision 2D/3D StrainMaster Digital Image Correlation (DIC) system was used to measure the deformation of the fins. It is observed that the propulsive performance can be maximized by operating at frequencies close to resonance. Trailing edge amplitude and deformation pattern together play an important role in achieving high propulsive performance even when the oscillation frequency is not close to resonant frequency.
Growth Failure in Crohn's Disease: An Approach to Treatment

Seven children with Crohn's disease and linear growth retardation were studied in order to determine the best method of treating this psychologically debilitating complication. No single therapeutic approach was successful in all patients. Three patients responded to enteral caloric supplementation, one to central venous alimentation, and one low dose corticosteroid therapy, and two responded to surgical extirpation of the involved segments of bowel.
Isotopomer analysis of myocardial substrate metabolism: a systems biology approach.

The increasing accessibility of mass isotopomer data via GC-MS and NMR technology has necessitated the use of a systematic and reliable method to take advantage of such data for flux analysis. Here we applied a nonlinear, optimization-based method to study substrate metabolism in cardiomyocytes using 13C data from perfused mouse hearts. The myocardial metabolic network used in this study accounts for 257 reactions and 240 metabolites, which are further compartmentalized into extracellular space, cytosol, and mitochondrial matrix. Analysis of the perfused mouse heart showed that the steady-state ATP production rate was 16.6 ± 2.3 µmol/min · gww, with 30% of the ATP coming from glycolysis. Of the four substrates available in the perfusate (glucose, pyruvate, lactate, and oleate), exogenous glucose forms the majority of cytosolic pyruvate. Pyruvate decaboxylation is significantly higher than carboxylation, suggesting that anaplerosis is low in the perfused heart. Exchange fluxes were predicted to be high for reversible enzymes in the citric acid cycle (CAC), but low in the glycolytic pathway. Pseudoketogenesis amounted to approximately 50% of the net ketone body uptake. Sensitivity analysis showed that the estimated flux distributions were relatively insensitive to experimental errors. The application of isotopomer data drastically improved the estimation of reaction fluxes compared to results computed with respect to reaction stoichiometry alone. Further study of 12 commonly used 13C glucose mixtures showed that the mixtures of 20% [U-13C6] glucose, 80% [3 13C] glucose and 20% [U-13C6] glucose, 80% [4 13C] were best for resolving fluxes in the current network. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Advances in Ultrasound Methods for High-Resolution Imaging of the Cardiovascular System

Abstract Acoustic microscopy entails the use of high-frequency high-resolution ultrasound methods to produce images of sound waves reflected from or propagated through some tissue of interest. The image contrast depends on microscopic differences in the intrinsic material properties of the substance imaged, such as mass density or compressibility. Pathologic changes in cardiovascular tissues at the subcellular level can be observed with high-frequency acoustic imaging techniques, based on alterations in the structure, properties, and organization of cells and their surrounding matrix. Potential applications extend from delineation of cardiovascular development in experimental animals to clinical characterization of the composition of atherosclerotic lesions with intravascular ultrasound and estimation of the potential for plaque rupture and infarction. (Trends Cardiovasc Med 1997;7:168–174). © 1997, Elsevier Science Inc.
The influence of testosterone on the growth of the urinary bladder.

THE observation that androgens influenced the growth of the kidney (1, 2, cf 3) suggested that the growth of other portions of the urinarytract also might be influenced by androgens (4). Therefore, studies were conducted on the influence of androgens on the urinary bladder. Since the mouse is the most sensitive animal to the renotrophic effect of the androgens, this animal was chosen for this study.
Impacts of Climate Change on Energy Consumption and Peak Demand in Buildings: A Detailed Regional Approach

Abstract This paper presents the results of numerous commercial and residential building simulations, with the purpose of examining the impact of climate change on peak and annual building energy consumption over the portion of the EIC (Eastern Interconnection) located in the United States. The climate change scenario considered includes changes in mean climate characteristics as well as changes in the frequency and duration of intense weather events. Simulations were performed using the BEND (Building ENergy Demand) model which is a detailed building analysis platform utilizing EnergyPlus™ as the simulation engine. Over 26,000 building configurations of different types, sizes, vintages, and characteristics representing the population of buildings within the EIC, are modeled across the three EIC time zones using the future climate from 100 target region locations, resulting in nearly 180,000 spatially relevant simulated demand profiles for three years selected to be representative of the general climate trend over the century. This approach provides a heretofore unprecedented level of specificity across multiple spectrums including spatial, temporal, and building characteristics. This capability enables the ability to perform detailed hourly impact studies of building adaptation and mitigation strategies on energy use and electricity peak demand within the context of the entire grid and economy.
A new spontaneous mutation at the tufted locus within a mouse t haplotype

We report here the occurrence of a new spontaneous mutation at the tufted locus present within the crossover-suppressed region of the complete t haplotype fwLub1 This new tufted allele shows complete expressivity of the tufted phenotype without any apparent effect on viability or reproduction. The presence of a tufted mutation within a t haplotype that is cytologically marked by a Robertsonian translocation is particularly useful in genetic experiments aimed at understanding the structure and function of t haplotypes.
Metal affinity extraction of human hemoglobin in an aqueous polyethylene glycol-sodium sulfate two-phase system

We have developed a protein extraction technique which uses metal affinity ligands in PEG/salt aqueous two-phase systems. Cu(II)IDA-PEG will partition proteins according to their surface histidine contents in two-phase systems formed from sodium sulfate and polyethylene glycol. The nearly complete separation of human hemoglobin and human serum albumin in a single stage is presented as a demonstration of the effectiveness of metal affinity extraction in PEG/salt systems.
Normalized pump power and noise characteristics of an ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier

An approach for modeling the saturated single-pass gain in an Ytterbium doped fiber amplifier has been proposed. This approach accounts for both two- and three-level schemes, as well as coupled spectral and power effects. A simple approximation considering an average value of depleted pump power over the fiber length allows to obtain analytic expressions for input and output pump, amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) and signal power in the fiber.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Reentry: a key mechanism for integration of brain function

Reentry in nervous systems is the ongoing bidirectional exchange of signals along reciprocal axonal fibers linking two or more brain areas. The hypothesis that reentrant signaling serves as a general mechanism to couple the functioning of multiple areas of the cerebral cortex and thalamus was first proposed in 1977 and 1978 (1). A review of the amount and diversity of supporting experimental evidence accumulated since then suggests that reentry is among the most important integrative mechanisms in vertebrate brains (2). Moreover, these data prompt testable hypotheses regarding mechanisms that favor the development and evolution of reentrant neural architectures.
Enhanced delivery to target cells by heat-sensitive immunoliposomes

Heat-sensitive immunoliposomes are capable of releasing the entrapped content at the target cell surface upon a brief heating to the phase transition temperature of the liposome membrane. In this study we have examined the delivery efficiency of drugs entrapped in heat-sensitive immunoliposomes. Immunoliposomes composed of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine with entrapped [3H]uridine were incubated with target cells at 4 degrees C. The cell-liposome mixture was then heated to 41 degrees C and the uptake of [3H]uridine into the intracellular pool of phosphorylated uridine-containing molecules was measured. The immunoliposomes showed maximal release of the uridine at 41 degrees C, the phase transition temperature of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine liposomes. The largest accumulation of [3H]uridine in the target cells also took place at 41 degrees C. The initial level of uptake of [3H]uridine released from immunoliposomes by heating was greatly enhanced over that observed for free [3H]uridine and [3H]uridine released from liposomes without attached antibody. The nucleoside uptake inhibitors nitrothiobenzylinosine, dipyridamole, and unlabeled uridine were able to inhibit uptake of [3H]uridine released from immunoliposomes. This supports the hypothesis that the enhanced uptake is due to a heat-induced release of [3H]uridine at the cell surface followed by transport and phosphorylation of [3H]uridine by the target cells. These results indicate the feasibility of using the heat-sensitive immunoliposomes as a target-specific drug delivery system.
The effect of environmental harshness on neurogenesis: A large-scale comparison

Harsh environmental conditions may produce strong selection pressure on traits, such as memory, that may enhance fitness. Enhanced memory may be crucial for survival in animals that use memory to find food and, thus, particularly important in environments where food sources may be unpredictable. For example, animals that cache and later retrieve their food may exhibit enhanced spatial memory in harsh environments compared with those in mild environments. One way that selection may enhance memory is via the hippocampus, a brain region involved in spatial memory. In a previous study, we established a positive relationship between environmental severity and hippocampal morphology in food-caching black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus). Here, we expanded upon this previous work to investigate the relationship between environmental harshness and neurogenesis, a process that may support hippocampal cytoarchitecture. We report a significant and positive relationship between the degree of environmental harshness across several populations over a large geographic area and (1) the total number of immature hippocampal neurons, (2) the number of immature neurons relative to the hippocampal volume, and (3) the number of immature neurons relative to the total number of hippocampal neurons. Our results suggest that hippocampal neurogenesis may play an important role in environments where increased reliance on memory for cache recovery is critical. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 246–252, 2011.
An optimal (m+3)[m+4] Runge Kutta algorithm

Recurrent power series methods are particularly applicable to problems in celestial mechanics since the Taylor coefficients may be expressed by recurrence relations. However, as the number of Taylor coefficients increases as is often necessary because of accuracy requirements, the computing time grows prohibitively large. In order to avoid this unfavorable situation, Dr E. Fehlberg introduced in 1960 Runge-Kutta methods that use the firstm Taylor coefficients obtained by recursive relations, or some other technique. Optimalm-fold Runge-Kutta methods are introduced. Embedded methods of order (m+3)[m+4] and (m+4)[m+5] are presented which have coefficients that produce minimum local truncation errors for the higher order pair of solutions of the method, as well as providing a near maximum absolute stability region. It is emphasized that the methods are formulated such that the higher order pair of solutions is to be utilized. These optimal methods are compared to the existingm-fold methods for several test problems. The numerical comparisons show that the optimal methods are more efficient. It is stressed that these optimal methods are particularly efficient whenm is small.
Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction: A Childhood Problem in Adults?

Lower urinary tract (LUT) dysfunction in children is a common clinical entity encountered and treated by pediatric urologists. Although the treatments available for this have continued to evolve, not all children are treated or have successful results. Many of these children are lost by the pediatric urologist during their teenage years, and what becomes of them as adults largely remains unknown. However, it is clear that a large population of adult women have LUT symptoms that parallel those seen in children. Although the data are scant, some evidence suggests that adult women with LUT symptoms suffered from similar symptoms as children, suggesting a continuation or recurrence of abnormal voiding patterns. As more children are diagnosed and treated for LUT dysfunction, prospective and multicenter studies will need to be initiated to follow them into adulthood and investigate the outcomes of earlier interventions.
A kinematic model of infiltration and runoff generation in layered and sloped soils

A model of infiltration, subsurface lateral flow and surface runoff generation that considers the effects of anisotropy and vertical heterogeneity is developed. The flow relations are based on the kinematic approximation and account for the influence of terrain slope. The model consists of equations for the evolution of the wetting front, the growth of the perched saturation zone, and the rate of unsaturated and saturated lateral subsurface flow.
Effects of methomyl and ethanol on behavior in the Sprague-Dawley rat☆

Emotional behavior and activity levels were studied following administration of ethanol and/or a carbamate pesticide, methomyl, to rats via a ground chow diet. Acetylcholinesterase levels were lowered following the experimental diets. The group having the greatest reduction in AChE, the methomyl group, showed less evidence for habituation in an open-field test. No differences relative to control subjects were noted on handling and muricide tests.
Dimerization of leucine zippers analyzed by random selection

Abstract The leucine zipper is a coiled coil that mediates specific dimerization of bZIP DNA-binding domains. A hydrophobic spine involving the conserved leucines runs down the coiled-coil and is thought to stabilize the dimer. We used the method of random selection to further define the primary sequence requirements for homodimer formation and heterodimer formation with Fos. When positions on either side of the hydrophobic spine of GCN4 are diversified to include the corresponding residues of Jun, a large percentage of the resulting sequences form homodimers, and a large percentage form heterodimers with Fos. Basic residues were preferred, but not essential, at position e of zippers which heterodimerize with Fos. When random sequences containing 5 heptad repeat of leucines are subject to a selection for homodimer formation, a diverse set of sequences is isolated. Certain residues are preferred at each position in the heptad repeat, although no essential primary sequence determinants could be identified. No pair of residues not involving the conserved leucines could be identified which strongly promotes homodimerization. These results suggest that factors determining leucine zipper dimerization are complex, with numerous interactions contributing to the association.
Giant Hairpins Formed by CUG Repeats in Myotonic Dystrophy Messenger RNAs Might Sterically Block RNA Export Through Nuclear Pores

Abstract Energy minimization calculations were used to generate secondary structures of partial and full-length myotonic dystrophy messenger RNAs ( DMPK mRNAs) carrying variable numbers of CUG triplet repeats ( n =0 to 500). The results suggest that (1) unitary hairpins are the most stable structures formed; (2) long-axis distances of unfolded hairpins are directly proportional to CUG repeat numbers; and (3) hairpins composed of CUG repeats might form interstem clusters that are stabilized by hydrogen or ionic bonds. A model is proposed whereby DMPK mRNAs are sterically impeded from transport through nuclear pores, by giant hairpins or hairpin clusters formed by CUG repeats above a limit size ( n ≥44).
Ranking, selection, and multiple comparisons in simulation: adaptively choosing the best procedure for selecting the best system

This paper presents a method that uses initial sample data to choose between statistical procedures for identifying the simulated system with the best (maximum or minimum) expected performance. The method chooses the procedure that minimizes the additional number of simulation replications required to return a pre-specified probability guarantee. This problem may be encountered after a heuristic search procedure has been applied in a simulation-optimization context. In this setting, initial samples from each system may already have been taken, but because of stochastic variation, the system with the best sample mean at the end of the search procedure may not be the true best system encountered during the search. Empirical work in previous papers suggests that the relative number of additional replications required by existing procedures depends on factors --- such as the configuration of the systems' means and their variances --- that may be unknown prior to initial data collection. These results motivated the approach taken in this paper, where we postpone the choice between statistical procedures until after observing the initial data.
An essential role for Stat3 in regulating IgG immune complex-induced pulmonary inflammation

Growing evidence suggests that transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) 3 may play an important regulatory role during inflammation. However, the function of Stat3 in acute lung injury (ALI) is largely unknown. In the current study, by using an adenoviral vector expressing a dominant-negative Stat3 isoform (Ad-Stat3-EVA), we determined the role of Stat3 in IgG immune complex (IC)-induced inflammatory responses and injury in the lung from C57BL/6J mice. We show that IgG IC-induced DNA binding activity of Stat3 in the lung was significantly inhibited by Stat3-EVA. We demonstrate that both lung vascular permeability (albumin leak) and lung myeloperoxidase accumulation in the Ad-Stat-EVA treated mice were substantially reduced when compared with values in mice receiving control virus (Ad-GFP) during the injury. Furthermore, intratracheal administration of Ad-Stat3-EVA caused significant decreases in the contents of neutrophils, inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), chemokines [keratinocyte cell-derived chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, and MIP-1β], and complement component C5a in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. Using Stat3-specific small interfering RNA, we show that knocking down Stat3 expression in alveolar macrophages (MH-S cells) significantly reduced the production of proinflammatory mediators on IgG IC stimulation. These data suggest that Stat3 plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of IgG IC-induced ALI by mediating the acute inflammatory responses in the lung and alveolar macrophages.—Tang, H., Yan, C., Cao, J., Sarma, J. V., Haura, E. B., Wu, M., Gao, H. An essential role for Stat3 in regulating IgG immune complex-induced pulmonary inflammation.
Erotic Modesty: (Ad)dressing Female Sexuality and Propriety in Open and Closed Drawers, USA, 1800–1930

When middle–class women began to wear drawers in the early 1800s, they were feminised by fabric, ornamentation and an open crotch. Incorporating open drawers into respectable women’s dress within a framework of ‘passionlessness’ constructed female sexuality as both erotic and modest. Crotch construction figured in the twentieth–century struggle to establish modern boundaries of women’s sexual propriety. The accepted sexual and moral meanings generated by open– and closed–crotch undergarments reversed as women increasingly chose to wear closed drawers during a period of women’s greater public presence and feminist activism. The transition from open to closed drawers reveals not only the power of clothing as a medium of significance, but how women’s struggles for autonomy interact with resistant social forces to reconfigure gender distinctions.
Radiative decays of massive neutrinos

General formulas are given for the decay rate ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}+\ensuremath{\gamma}$ in the SU(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1) model for neutrinos with a small mass. The emphasis is on distinguishing between the cases of Dirac and Majorana neutrinos. Possible enhancements of the rate due to methods of eluding the Glashow-Iliopoulos-Maiani suppression and due to charged Higgs bosons are considered.