cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A compatibilist version of the theory of agent causation

The Theory of Agent Causation has always been formulated as an incompatibilist view, but I think that this has been a mistake. The aim of this paper is to argue that, contrary to what agent causation theorists and their opponents have always believed, the most plausible version of the Theory of Agent Causation is actually a compatibilist version of that theory. I formulate the traditional version of the Theory of Agent Causation, and consider a series of objections to it and related views. With each objection comes a corresponding revision of the theory that is motivated by that objection, and with each revision the theory becomes increasingly compatibilistic until, finally, we arrive at a completely compatibilistic version of the Theory of Agent Causation, which I take to be the most plausible version of that theory.
Substrate profile in rat soleus muscle fibers after hindlimb unloading and fatigue

Limb muscles from rats flown in space and after hindlimb unloading (HU) show an increased fatigability, and spaceflight has been shown to result in a reduced ability to oxidize fatty acids. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of HU on the substrate content in fast- and slow-twitch fibers and to assess the substrate utilization patterns in single slow type I fibers isolated from control and HU animals. A second objective was to assess whether HU altered the ability of the heart or limb muscle to oxidize pyruvate or palmitate. After 2 wk of HU, single fibers were isolated from the freeze-dried soleus and gastrocnemius muscles. HU increased the glycogen content in all fiber types, and it increased lactate, ATP, and phosphocreatine in the slow type I fiber. After HU, the type I fiber substrate profile was shifted toward that observed in fast fibers. For example, fiber glycogen increased from 179 +/- 16 to 285 +/- 25 mmol/kg dry wt, which approached the 308 +/- 23 mmol/kg dry wt content observed in the post-HU type IIa fiber. With contractile activity, the type I fiber from the HU animal showed a greater utilization of glycogen and accumulation of lactate compared with the control type I fiber. HU had no effect on the ability of crude homogenate or mitochondria fractions from the soleus or gastrocnemius to oxidize pyruvate or palmitate. The increased fatigability after HU may have resulted from an elevated glycolysis producing an increased cell lactate and a decreased pH.
Information-seeking behavior of the horse competition industry: a demographic study.

Abstract Studies have shown a high number of American adults use the Internet to seek health information. Research on information-seeking behaviors of the equine industry has suggested that the population is heterogeneous and can be categorized into groups. The purpose of this study was to (1) demographically identify how the American horse competition industry prefers to seek information about the care and health of horses, (2) determine if the subgroups of the American horse competition industry use informational technologies similarly or differently, and (3) determine learning preferences regarding use of online educational materials. A survey was disseminated using Facebook-convenience sampling. A total of 1,007 surveys were completed and descriptively analyzed. Results revealed that 86% of respondents used the Internet as a horse health information source. Regardless of discipline, between 80% and 90% used Internet for health information, N = 978, but not as a preferred source. Preferred sources of horse health information were veterinarians (91%), farriers (77%), and trainers (68%), N = 954. Forty-nine percent of respondents would be willing to spend up to 1 hour on an equine Internet learning session and 36% would spend up to 30 minutes, N = 973. When asked how about separate Internet learning sessions, 53% would be willing to participate in up to three sessions, N = 969. Although these results cannot be generalized, this analysis presents themes of the equine show industry as learners. This study provides information to be used in design of education programs that cater to the information-seeking preferences of equine industry learners.
Student Strategies for Protecting Merit-Based Scholarships: Grades, Courseload, and Major Choice

The effects of merit-based scholarships on engineering students are studied by relating the GPA, credit load, and retention rates of engineering student merit-based scholarship recipients and students who met the same SAT and high school GPA criteria but did not receive the scholarship because it was not offered at the time of their enrollment. Student record data for 10,167 engineering students at three institutions in the state of Florida from 1987 to 2002 are extracted from a nine-institution database with student records data from 1987 to 2002 compiled by the Southeastern University and College Coalition for Engineering Education (SUCCEED) and used to examine the differences between the two groups of students in terms of GPA, semester credit hours, and percent leaving engineering over time. The comparisons reveal evidence that merit-based scholarships led students to adopt three strategies for retaining their scholarships: scholarship students tended to have higher average GPAs, tended to take fewer credit hours, and were more likely to leave engineering than similar students matriculating prior to the implementation of the scholarship program.
Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression is Up-Regulated in Obstructed Human Ureter

ABSTRACTPurpose: Prostanoids produce significant effects on ureteral function and are synthesized by cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. COX is found in the 2 isoforms COX-1 (a constitutive form) and COX-2 (an inducible form). Due to the side effects associated with COX-1 inhibition there is great interest in selective COX-2 inhibition. We determined if COX-2 messenger (m)RNA and protein expression are regulated during ureteral obstruction.Materials and Methods: mRNA analysis was performed using excess ureteral segments from 6 patients undergoing reconstructive procedures for chronic ureteral obstruction and 8 (normal ureter) undergoing donor nephrectomy after providing informed consent. All ureteral segments were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −70C. RNA was isolated from the segments using phenol extraction and complementary DNA was synthesized by reverse transcription with murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (Promega Corp., Madison, Wisconsin). Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-poly...
Importance of line and interfacial energies during VLS growth of finely stranded silica nanowires

A rich research history exists for crystalline growth by vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) methods, but not for amorphous growth. Yet VLS growth in the absence of crystallographic influences provides an ideal laboratory for exploring surface energy effects, including the role of line tension. We discuss the growth of amorphous silica nanowires from indium droplets by a modified VLS method. Multiple strands issue from each droplet, each strand having <1% (i.e.,?<?5 nm) of the radius of the droplet. We analyze the surface forces for this system, including line tension, and combine data in a novel way to estimate the surface energy of silica, the interfacial energy of liquid indium on silica, and the line tension at the three-phase boundary. The results suggest that the growth of these silica strands would be impossible without the presence of a negative line tension that also serves to stabilize the strand radii against perturbation.
Epigenetic mechanisms in cancer

After the completion of the human genome, a need was identified by scientists to look for a functional map of the human genome. Epigenomics provided functional characteristics of genes identified in the genome. Epigenetics is the alteration in gene expression (function) without changing the nucleotide sequence. Both activation and inactivation of cancer-associated genes can occur by epigenetic mechanisms. The major players in epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation are DNA methylation, histone deacetylation, chromatin remodeling, small noncoding RNA expression and gene imprinting. In the last few years, epigenetic mechanisms have been studied in a number of tumor types and epigenetic markers have been identified that are suitable for cancer detection, diagnosis, follow-up of treatment and screening high-risk populations. One interesting aspect of epigenetics is the reactivation of genes by successful reversion of some epigenetic changes using chemicals. The reversibility of epigenetic aberrations has made them attractive targets for cancer treatment with modulators that demethylate DNA and inhibit histone deacetylases, leading to the reactivation of silenced genes. In this article, we have described the current status of this powerful science and discussed the challenges in the clinical fields where epigenetic approaches in cancer are applied.
Incorporating concept-based pedagogy into K-8 online mathematics tutorials

One of the primary goals of contemporary K-8 mathematics education is to have children gain a conceptual understanding of mathematics. Teachers and learners of mathematics need to develop content knowledge that includes meaning and clarifies the why as well as how behind mathematical objects and processes into their knowledge processing. However, a preliminary review suggests that drill-based and calculational activities comprise most of online mathematical tutoring software, and only a small proportion a meaning-based (conceptual) approach. In this project, an online mathematics tutoring application is developed with an emphasis on concept-based tutorials. Furthermore, the online mathematics tutorials also incorporate various strategies for performing mathematical operations, which may help children better learn, understand, and retain arithmetic knowledge and skills.
Driving forces on phase boundaries: “The Eshelby principle for an interface”

In the quasistatic case, the “Eshelby principle for an interface”, namely, that the total, including the external loading, “driving force” (energy-momentum tensor) must vanish on the boundary, so that it can move incrementally with associated generation of eigenstrain, is demonstrated explicitly for a half-space plane boundary under dilatational eigenstrain.
Self-Regulation and Mathematics Instruction

Abstract The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of research-based interventions that incorporate self-regulation strategies to improve mathematics performance of students with learning disabilities (LD). Self-regulation is a metacognitive function essential to academic success. Students with LD are notoriously poor at self-regulation and must be taught explicitly to monitor and control their cognitive activities as they engage in academic tasks such as mathematical problem solving. This article describes intervention studies that use self-regulation strategies to improve mathematics performance of students with LD at the elementary, middle, and secondary school levels. Several techniques to facilitate effective implementation of self-regulation instruction in the classroom are presented.
Guest Editorial: the Future of European Foreign Policy

European foreign policy is more important now than at any time since the end of the Second World War. How will Europe respond to the rise of Asia and the spread of globalization? What role can Euro...
Dialectics and Cender: Anthropological Approaches

Dialectics and Cender: Anthropological Approaches. Richard R. Randolph. David M. Schneider. and May N. Diaz. eds., Boulder, CO: Westview, 1988, xiv. 351 pp.
Valvular Heart Disease: Diagnosis and Management

Valvular heart disease (VHD) encompasses a number of common cardiovascular conditions that account for 10% to 20% of all cardiac surgical procedures in the United States. A better understanding of the natural history coupled with the major advances in diagnostic imaging, interventional cardiology, and surgical approaches have resulted in accurate diagnosis and appropriate selection of patients for therapeutic interventions. A thorough understanding of the various valvular disorders is important to aid in the management of patients with VHD. Appropriate work-up for patients with VHD includes a thorough history for evaluation of causes and symptoms, accurate assessment of the severity of the valvular abnormality by examination, appropriate diagnostic testing, and accurate quantification of the severity of valve dysfunction and therapeutic interventions, if necessary. It is also important to understand the role of the therapeutic interventions vs the natural history of the disease in the assessment of outcomes. Prophylaxis for infective endocarditis is no longer recommended unless the patient has a history of endocarditis or a prosthetic valve.
Microbiology of Broiler Carcasses and Chemistry of Chiller Water as Affected by Water Reuse

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effects of treating and reusing poultry chiller water in a commercial poultry processing facility. Broiler carcasses and chiller water were obtained from a commercial processing facility which had recently installed a TOMCO Pathogen Management System to recycle water in sections 2 and 3 of two 3-compartment chillers. In this system, reused water is blended with fresh water to maintain the chiller volume. Carcasses were sampled prechill and postchill (final exit), and chiller water was sampled from the beginning and end of each of the 3 sections. Carcasses were subjected to a whole carcass rinse (WCR) in 0.1% peptone. Numbers of Escherichia coli (EC), coliforms (CF), and Campylobacter (CPY) were determined from the WCR and chiller water samples. Prevalence of Salmonella (SAL) was also determined on the WCR and chiller water samples. On average, prechill levels of bacteria recovered from rinses were 2.6, 2.9, and 2.6 log10 cfu/mL for EC, CF, and CPY, respectively. Ten out of 40 (25%) prechill carcasses were positive for SAL. After chilling, numbers of EC, CF, and CPY recovered from carcass rinses decreased by 1.5, 1.5, and 2.0 log10 cfu/mL, respectively. However, 9 out of 40 (22%) postchill carcasses were positive for SAL. When the chiller water samples were tested, counts of EC, CF, and CPY were found only in water collected from the first section of the chiller (inlet and outlet). Two of 4 water samples collected from the inlet of the first section tested positive for SAL. This study shows that fresh and reused water can be used to cool poultry in chiller systems to achieve a reduction in numbers of bacteria (EC, CF, and CPY) or equivalent prevalence (SAL) of bacteria recovered from broiler carcasses.
A HAMILTONIAN FORM OF MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS.

Abstract : Maxwell equations in vacuum are recast in a Hamiltonian form which is analogous to the Sakata-Taketani equation describing particles with spin one and non-zero rest mass. Various properties of the new equation are then briefly discussed. (Author)
Anomalous Thermal Expansion of Cuprites: A Combined High Resolution Pair Distribution Function and Geometric Analysis

The temperature-dependent local structures of cuprites (M2O for M = CuI, AgI) have been probed using variable-temperature (80−500 K) high-resolution pair distribution function (PDF) analysis of X-ray scattering data measured to very high values of momentum transfer (Qmax = 35 A−1). These noble metal oxides exhibit negative thermal expansion (NTE) behavior; however, several unusual structural features and behaviors distinguish the cuprites from other NTE frameworks—the structure is inverted relative to conventional NTE frameworks and Cu2O (but not Ag2O) shows an unusual transition from negative to positive thermal expansion behavior at higher temperature—thus motivating the present in-depth analysis of the particular thermal expansion mechanisms operating here. By coupling the local structural information from the PDFs with known geometric identities of the tetrahedra that form the framework, distortions contributing to NTE have been identified and the contrasting high temperature behaviors of the two isos...
Corticosterone Responses in Maternal and Neonatal Plasma Induced by Tryptophan Diets Fed During the Third Trimester

Our previous research shows no significant difference in corticosterone levels of the weaning offspring when the mother rats are fed either a tryptophan 0.19% diet or a 0.3% tryptophan diet in the third trimester. But a longer duration of feeding which includes the second trimester does show a significant difference. The 0.19% tryptophan diet is Pregnant Rat Diet made by Bio Serve. The 0.3% tryptophan comes from Purina Lab Chow [5].
Comparative Toxicity of Acephate, Diflubenzuron, and Malathion to Larvae of the Larch Casebearer, Coleophora laricella (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae) and Adults of Its Parasites, Chrysocharis laricinellae and Dicladocerus nearcticus

Fourth-instar larch casebearer, Coleophora laricella (Hubner), was significantly less susceptible to acephate and malathion than were adults of its parasites, Chrysocharis laricinellae (Ratz.) and Dicladocerus nearcticus Yoshimoto ( P < 0.01). The parasites were more tolerant ( P < 0.01) than the hosts to diflubenzuron. Malathion was equally toxic to both parasite species. D. nearcticus appeared to be the more tolerant of the parasites to both acephate and diflubenzuron.
Application of X-Ray Micro-CT Method to Assess Damage/Flaw Presence and Progression in Tire Rubber Materials

We have demonstrated that the X-ray Micro-CT (Computed Tomography – 3D) method can be used to progressively assess damage/flaw presence and progression in SBR-based (styrene butadiene rubber) tire rubber materials. Our experimental results reveal that progression of flaws due to cyclic (fatigue) loading may not occur at a fast rate until a catastrophic failure occurs in the tire material.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Cationic methacrylate polymers as topical antimicrobial agents against Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization.

The in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity of primary ammonium ethyl methacrylate homopolymers (AEMPs) was investigated. AEMPs with different degrees of polymerization (DP = 7.7–12) were prepared by reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The AEMPs showed higher inhibitory effects against Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), than Gram-negative bacteria. The AEMPs also showed potent anti-S. aureus activity in the presence of fetal bovine serum, whereas the activity of the antibiotic mupirocin was reduced under the same conditions. The AEMPs showed very little or no hemolytic activity. The cytotoxicity of AEMPs against mammalian cells HEp-2 and COS-7 was concentration-dependent, and the cell viability significantly decreased at higher polymer concentrations. The AEMPs significantly reduced the number of viable S. aureus cells in the nasal environment of cotton rats when compared to that of the control. This study demonstra...
Militarized Police and Unpermitted Protest: Implementing Policy That Civilizes the Police

There exists a nexus between militarized police response and unpermitted protest. More specifically, there are three major causes of the militaristic/militarized police response to unpermitted protest conducted by citizens: (a) unpermitted protests present a threat to the police’s ultimate goal of order and control, (b) the militarized response is encouraged by the police leadership, and (c) the individual officers take personal pride and pleasure in equipping the specialized weapons. As a tool of critical analysis of this historical phenomenon, this work will utilize the ROCCIPI (Rule, Opportunity, Capacity, Communication, Interest, Process, Ideology) problem-solving methodology developed by Robert Seidman. The methodology addresses the problems of traditional doctrinal analysis by inquiring beyond the behaviors of the targets of a given rule. The Seidman analysis directs the researcher to identify how changes in the implementing agency’s behavior will affect the choices of the rule’s target. Currently, ...
Sticky Norms, Endogenous Preferences, and Shareable Goods

AbstractThe Internet has reduced the cost of borrowing and lending “shareable goods,” including tools, gear, toys, lodging, and vehicles. Online platforms can better match people with underutilized goods, but it may take time for people to develop sticky norms and endogenous preferences that are conducive to greater peer-to-peer sharing. This study estimates the current and potential value of sharing items across households. Data from the General Social Survey, the website NeighborGoods, and a new survey show that peer-to-peer borrowing is already worth at least $179 a year for 30% of Americans. Spending on shareable goods provides an upper bound on the potential gains from sharing. The consumer expenditure survey reveals that the average household spends $9,090 each year on shareable goods. Private vehicles account for 80% of these expenses, which suggests that the largest opportunities may be in greater car-sharing and ride-sharing.
Teacher-Directed Violence in Relation to Social Support and Work Stress

Teacher-directed violence, or violence found in a school setting that involves teacher victimization (Espelage et al. in The American Psychologist, 68(2), 75–87, 2011), is a relatively new area of study in education. Teacher-directed violence or teacher victimization includes obscene gestures/remarks, harassment, verbal threats, and theft of personal property. Research on the topic began in the past decade, but still there is limited information about teacher-directed violence, particularly in the USA. Researchers need to understand how much and what types of violence teachers are subjected to in order to develop policy reform (Espelage et al. in The American Psychologist, 68(2), 75–87, 2011). Additionally, research has not examined how teachers cope after experiencing violence, such as to whom teachers turn for social support after experiencing violence, and if social support is effective in helping them cope. The current study examined type and frequency of teacher-directed violence, to whom teachers go to for social support, and the frequency of support from different sources, as well as perceived social support of teachers who experience teacher-directed violence compared to teachers who do not experience violence. This study also examined stress related to teacher-directed violence. Results revealed that teachers experience verbal violence most often, teachers go to another teacher or spouse/significant other for support, and there were no significant differences in stress for teachers who did and did not experience teacher-directed violence.
Numerical Simulation Study on Water Polymer Flooding Together of Sub-layer in North-two-West western area

The heterogeneity of Sub-layers is grave.The phenomemon of Water and polymer co-exist together inevitable be in the same cell in the process of polymer of Sub-layers is decided by this future so that the polymer flooding potential to difficult to be played.The two major kinds of the mainly connected relations are finded through count the major connected relations of North-two-West sublayers polymer block in Daqing.The characteristics of the mining combined with different injection parameters under water polymer flooding contact of both types of mainly connected relative regions has been studied by using numerical simulation methods.The injection intensity ratio between water injection wells in water flooding regions and polymer injection wells in polymer flooding regions has been confirmed on both sides of the different connected relations in water polymer flooding contact of Sub-layers;When water polymer flooding together exists it is better for contact to use "three infilled water well-three infilled oilwell-polymer flooding oil well-polymer injection well" connected relation,At this time the interference between polymer flooding area and water flooding area is least.Master development law of water polymer flooding together in sub-layer and determine a reasonable way to develop has a far-reaching mean for enhancing and further promoting the development effect in Sub-layers.
Application of Energy Consumption Estimation Method of Fossil-Fired Power Plants

Energy-saving dispatching of power generation is to carry out dispatching in the order of energy consumption levels of generating units,if is reguired to estimate and identify the energy consnmption level of generating units.The paper,based upon the coal consumption estimation practices of conerete power plants drew out the coal consumption estimation procedure and yearly coal consumption evaluation method,providing technical basis for power grid to carry out energy-saving dispatching of power generation and for power plant to save energy and reduce consumption.
Hierarchical Coordinated Method for Intraday and Real-time Generation Scheduling

In order to improve the practical level of intraday and real-time generation Scheduling,a hierarchical coordinated method is designed for intraday generation scheduling,real-time generation scheduling and automatic generation control(AGC).And a two-stage multi-combination optimization strategy for intraday and real-time generation scheduling is proposed.By using pre-trouble shooting techniques to design data source quality analysis and alarm logic,the overall flexibility,security and stability of the automation of generation scheduling real-time balance is improved.Actual application shows that the system is capable of achieving automatic optimal allocation of load deviation,effectively reducing manual intervention by operator,improving work efficiency and enhancing power grid security and economy.
The premarital examination.

Letting a test for syphilis pass as a “premarital examination” may be living up to the letter of the law, but this is a weak defense. Neither is it right to assume that today's “sexually liberated” young people do not want or need medical information about sexual matters. They do need it and want it. Shyness keeps them from asking.
Correlations between the Quick Test and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised:

Forms 1, 2, and 3 of the Quick Test and the WISC-R were administered to 62 subjects, ages ranged between 72 mo. and 195 mo., M 138 mo., 52 black and 10 white children. Correlations between all form...
Nucleotide reversal of mitochondrial repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Protoplasts prepared from anaerobically grown cultures of yeast are capable of respiratory adaptation in a low glucose medium. In a medium containing 5% or 10% glucose, derepression is inhibited but can be overcome by the addition of 3t, 5t cyclic AMP. Other nucleotides are effective to varying degrees. This effect is sensitive to cycloheximide and chloramphenicol.
Diet, microorganisms and their metabolites, and colon cancer

Colorectal cancer is one of the so-called westernized diseases and the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. On the basis of global epidemiological and scientific studies, evidence suggests that the risk of colorectal cancer is increased by processed and unprocessed meat consumption but suppressed by fibre, and that food composition affects colonic health and cancer risk via its effects on colonic microbial metabolism. The gut microbiota can ferment complex dietary residues that are resistant to digestion by enteric enzymes. This process provides energy for the microbiota but culminates in the release of short-chain fatty acids including butyrate, which are utilized for the metabolic needs of the colon and the body. Butyrate has a remarkable array of colonic health-promoting and antineoplastic properties: it is the preferred energy source for colonocytes, it maintains mucosal integrity and it suppresses inflammation and carcinogenesis through effects on immunity, gene expression and epigenetic modulation. Protein residues and fat-stimulated bile acids are also metabolized by the microbiota to inflammatory and/or carcinogenic metabolites, which increase the risk of neoplastic progression. This Review will discuss the mechanisms behind these microbial metabolite effects, which could be modified by diet to achieve the objective of preventing colorectal cancer in Western societies.
From 5-SS Platform Linkage to Four-Revolute Jointed Planar, Spherical and Bennett Mechanisms

Recently, we developed a novel approach to the problem of geometric design of 5-SS platform linkages such that its moving points are constrained on a sphere or a plane. Dual quaternions are used to obtain the bilinear design equations with seven design variables, which can be further recast into a linear equation with 16 design variables with a set of simple proportional relationships. This leads to a novel algorithm that reduces the kinematic design problem to that of null space analysis followed by a generalized eigenvalue problem. In this paper, we show that the same approach leads to a unified algorithm for synthesizing planar, spherical and spatial Bennet mechanisms with four revolute joints as over-constrained four-revolute jointed mechanisms in three dimensional space. Numerical examples are given in the end.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Interactive effects of sleep duration and morning/evening preference on cardiovascular risk factors.

Background Sleep duration and morningness/eveningness (circadian preference) have separately been associated with cardiovascular risk factors (i.e. tobacco use, physical inactivity). Interactive effects are plausible, resulting from combinations of sleep homeostatic and circadian influences. These have not been examined in a population sample. Methods Multivariable regression models were used to test the associations between combinations of sleep duration (short [≤6 h], adequate [7-8 h], long [≥9 h]) and morning/evening preference (morning, somewhat morning, somewhat evening, evening) with the cardiovascular risk factors of tobacco use, physical inactivity, high sedentary behaviour, obesity/overweight and eating fewer than 5 daily servings of fruit and vegetables, in a cross-sectional sample of 439 933 adults enrolled in the United Kingdom Biobank project. Results Participants were 56% female, 95% white and mean age was 56.5 (SD = 8.1) years. Compared with adequate sleep with morning preference (referent group), long sleep with evening preference had a relative odds of 3.23 for tobacco use, a 2.02-fold relative odds of not meeting physical activity recommendations, a 2.19-fold relative odds of high screen-based sedentary behaviour, a 1.47-fold relative odds of being obese/overweight and a 1.62-fold relative odds of <5 fruit and vegetable daily servings. Adequate sleep with either morning or somewhat morning preference was associated with a lower prevalence and odds for all cardiovascular risk behaviours except fruit and vegetable intake. Conclusions Long sleepers with evening preference may be a sleep phenotype at high cardiovascular risk. Further work is needed to examine these relationships longitudinally and to assess the effects of chronotherapeutic interventions on cardiovascular risk behaviours.
Recruitment, Training, Accountability and Transparency

There should be little if any doubt that perhaps the single most significant function of a police department is the recruitment, selection, and hiring of individuals to become members of its organization; the starting point of which is the organizational decision on the qualities required for the job. More than six decades ago Chicago veteran police officer Thomas M. Frost (1955) in his master thesis argued that the best police officers come from families with little formal education and, during adolescence, were exposed to the ways of the community gangs and the so-called “respectable” hoodlums. As a result of this “education” such officers are in a much better position to anticipate gang moves, understand hoodlum mores, and establish confidences among the hoodlum element than are their more educated brothers.” Furthermore “except for certain specialized positions in the police departments, a college degree is not necessary” because the person so qualified may be frustrated with routine police work but just as important accepting applicants with “only a fifth or sixth grade education may be inviting disaster.
New Frontiers in reference service: Electronic serials transforming public service

Summary The “New Frontiers in Reference” workshop discussed emerging changes in online serials resources and reference services and how their relationship has dramatically changed in the past few years. The focus of the talk was on currently available electronic serials, the impact on librarians, patron usage, and education, and on the experience of the San Diego State University Task Force and its attempts to improve online serials accessibility.
Abstract IA32: Metabolic syndrome and breast cancer risk among black women: An exercise intervention

Breast cancer rates, which are increasing worldwide, parallel the increases in lifestyle diseases including Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS represents a cluster of risk factors associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, and includes several components individually related to breast cancer etiology, i.e., central obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Among Black women who have high rates of MetS and breast cancer mortality, it is hypothesized that lifestyle interventions on MetS may improve the MetS profile and reduce breast cancer risk. In the present randomized controlled trial (RCT) we compared two exercise interventions: a supervised facility-based and a home-based exercise intervention to a control group in Black women with MetS who are at increased risk for breast cancer (based on the CARE model). This 6-month three-arm RCT assesses the impact of the exercise interventions on biomarkers related to obesity, insulin-related pathways, inflammation, and hormones. The specific aim of the proposed study is to compare the impact of a supervised facility-based and a home-based exercise intervention on obesity, metabolic syndrome and known breast cancer biomarkers in postmenopausal Black women with MetS who are at increased risk of breast cancer. There was a total of N=213 women randomized to the 3 arms of the RCT comprising 73, 69, and 71 women in the supervised, home-based, and control groups. The data reveal that the home-based intervention arm results have more favorable changes in metabolic components compared to the supervised and control groups. These findings appear to have broad public health utility in addressing lifestyle interventions among Black women, with a successful home-based intervention. Citation Format: Lucile L. Adams-Campbell. Metabolic syndrome and breast cancer risk among black women: An exercise intervention [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR International Conference: New Frontiers in Cancer Research; 2017 Jan 18-22; Cape Town, South Africa. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(22 Suppl):Abstract nr IA32.
Exploring Relationships Between Teacher Training and Support Strategies for Students Utilizing Augmentative and Alternate Communication

Abstract Schools in the United States support a large group of students requiring the assistance of augmentative and alternate communication (AAC). It is currently unknown what types of training an...
Hotline Bling: Late-Night Ethics Calls as an Alternative to Research Ethics Consultations.

Porter and colleagues (2018) describe the expansion of research ethics consultations (REC) services within the biomedical research field. This is an ongoing and worthwhile effort, especially given ...
Adaptive frequency-hopping schemes for CR-based multi-link satellite networks

Summary In this paper, we study two dynamic frequency hopping (DFH)–based interference mitigation approaches for satellite communications. These techniques exploit the sensing capabilities of a cog...
GraphZIP: a clique-based sparse graph compression method

Massive graphs are ubiquitous and at the heart of many real-world problems and applications ranging from the World Wide Web to social networks. As a result, techniques for compressing graphs have become increasingly important and remains a challenging and unsolved problem. In this work, we propose a graph compression and encoding framework called GraphZIP based on the observation that real-world graphs often form many cliques of a large size. Using this as a foundation, the proposed technique decomposes a graph into a set of large cliques, which is then used to compress and represent the graph succinctly. In particular, disk-resident and in-memory graph encodings are proposed and shown to be effective with three important benefits. First, it reduces the space needed to store the graph on disk (or other permanent storage device) and in-memory. Second, GraphZIP reduces IO traffic involved in using the graph. Third, it reduces the amount of work involved in running an algorithm on the graph. The experiments demonstrate the scalability, flexibility, and effectiveness of the clique-based compression techniques using a collection of networks from various domains.
Psychopharmacology of ADHD: Children and Adolescents

Medications can provide significant salutary effects for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Due to their well-established safety and efficacy, psychostimulants are generally considered first-line pharmacotherapy for most young patients with ADHD. Since psychostimulant treatment often requires frequent dosing and may be associated with unacceptable side effects and risks, other classes of medication have been studied as possible treatment alternatives. The most extensively researched nonstimulant medications are the tricyclic antidepressants. In addition, alpha2 agonists have also been shown to reduce symptoms of ADHD. However, concerns regarding potential cardiotoxicity have tempered the enthusiasm for both of these classes of medication. Newer antidepressants such as bupropion and venlafaxine may hold promise as treatments for ADHD.
Survival prediction based on morphology of lymphoblasts.

Following publication of the paper entitled “Subdivision of Classical Varieties of Acute Leukemia. Correlation with Prognosis and Cure Expectancy” by G. Mathe et al. [1], considerable interest has been rekindled regarding the ability to 1. subclassify acute lymphocytic leukemia and 2. correlate the cell type with prognosis. The following study was an attempt to utilize the Mathe nomenclature of prolymphoblastic, macrolymphoblastic, microlymphoblastic, and prolymphocytic cell types in a series of acute lymphocytic leukemias of childhood (under 14 years of age) treated by the Pediatric-Hematology Unit of the University of Rochester School of Medicine.
Corruption in an Era of Climate Change: Rebuilding Sint Maarten after Hurricane Irma

In Orlando-Figueroa v. United States, a case involving the solicitation of bribes in exchange for cleanup contracts following Hurricane Georges, the court opinion opens succinctly: “Disasters are said to bring out the best and the worst in people.” As climate change begets more extreme weather events, governments must rise to meet the challenge of combatting “the worst” types of behavior such events bring out. Where climate change has a large effect and where corruption is already widespread – as is the case in Sint Maarten and other similarly situated small island developing states (SIDS) – governments are particularly susceptible. With a focus on four legal frameworks (criminal, ethical, environmental, and building, zoning, and public procurement) and their role in combatting corruption following an extreme weather event, this paper guides Sint Maarten in implementing a robust anti-corruption law and policy framework in the wake of Hurricane Irma, specifically tailored to its unique environment, culture, and history.
Sleep duration and risk of incident stroke by age, sex, and race: The REGARDS study.

Objective To investigate the association between reported sleep duration and incident stroke in a US cohort of black and white adults, and evaluate race, age, and sex as potential effect modifiers. Methods From 2008 to 2010, 16,733 black and white adults, aged ≥45 years, without a history of stroke or sleep-disordered breathing from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study, reported their habitual sleep duration ( Results The sample comprised 10.4% (n = 1,747) short sleepers ( p = 0.018) and sleep duration and race–sex groups ( p = 0.0023) in association with incident stroke. Short sleep duration was significantly associated with decreased risk for stroke among black participants (hazard ratio [HR] 0.49 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.28–0.85]), particularly black men (HR 0.21 [95% CI 0.07–0.69]), whereas long sleep duration was significantly associated with increased risk for stroke among white men (HR 1.71 [95% CI 1.06–2.76]). Conclusions The association of sleep duration with incident stroke differs by race and sex, with short sleep duration among black men associated with decreased risk, whereas long sleep duration among white men associated with increased risk for stroke.
Clinical Factor 2013

try, General Hospital Psychiatry, JAMA, Journal of Affective Disorders, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, Psychological Medicine, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics . I view myself first and foremost as a clinician (though academically oriented), and I am, as most clinicians are, looking for a way to help patients and for guidance in the treatment of my patients, and thus seeking new, innovative, or newly validated treatments. Thus, this is part of my clinician’s bias and it impacts my selection: the majority of the selected articles are on treatment-related issues or long-term outcome. I had originally selected more articles, and it has been difficult to narrow them down to the final 20. I am sure I missed some interesting ones, but as noted, this is a subjective selection.
Goal Setting and MOOC Completion: A Study on the Role of Self-Regulated Learning in Student Performance in Massive Open Online Courses.

Despite providing advanced coursework online to learners around the world, massive open online courses (MOOCs) have had notoriously low completion rates. Self-regulated learning (SRL) frames strategies that students can use to enhance motivation and promote their engagement, persistence, and performance self-monitoring. Understanding which SRL subprocesses are most relevant to the MOOC learning context can guide course designers and instructors on how to incorporate key SRL aspects into the design and delivery of MOOCs. Through surveying 643 MOOC students using the Online Self-Regulated Learning Questionnaire (OSLQ), the present study sought to understand the differences in the use of SRL between those who completed their course and those who did not. MOOC completers were found to have significantly higher applications of one SRL specific subprocess, namely goal setting. Additional SRL subprocesses of task interest/values, causal attribution, time management, self-efficacy, and goal-orientation also emerged from an analysis of open-ended responses as key contributors to course completion. The findings from this study provide further support regarding the role of SRL in MOOC student performance and offer insight into learners’ perceptions on the importance of SRL subprocesses in reaching course completion.
Emulsiogenesis and the Emergence of Nanoemulsions

We discuss emulsiogenesis, the origin of the first natural emulsions, and the evolution in production, classification, and nomenclature of extremely fine colloidal emulsions. Strikingly, research activity and publications on nanoemulsions have rapidly overtaken those related to miniemulsions and microemulsions.
Turbulence Coherence Within Canonical and Realistic Aeolian Dune-Field Roughness Sublayers

Large-eddy simulation has been used to study the formation and spatial nature of inertia-dominated turbulent flows responding to aeolian sand dunes. The former is recovered from simulations initialized with a Reynolds-averaged flow, without any small-scale features, which highlights the emergence of salient structures within the dune-field roughness sublayer (RSL). The latter is based upon computation of integral lengths. In the interest of generality, these exercises are based upon flow over canonical dune geometries—which serve as a comparative benchmark—and flow over a section of the White Sands National Monument aeolian dune field in southern New Mexico. These cases, thus, capture a vast range of complexity. In both applications, we report the emergence of mixing-layer-like processes—as per results for other canopy flows—although the distinct geometric nature of the dunes shows the prevalence of a persistent interdune roller, which is aligned most closely with the streamwise direction. In order to demonstrate underlying similarities in the processes occuring above idealized and natural dune fields, we normalize the integral lengths by characteristic length scales: vorticity thickness, attached-eddy-hypothesis mixing length, and dissipation length. This exercise reveals a distinct growth and collapse pattern that is robust across all considered dune arrangements. Herein, ‘growth’ refers to the stage of downflow thickening of vortices produced via vortex shedding off the upflow dune; growth is regulated by the lesser of the distance to the wall or distance to the upflow dune, where the latter marks the beginning of the ‘collapse’ stage. Both are compliant with the notion of wall-attached eddies. In the RSL, we demonstrate that the integral lengths exhibit an optimal collapse when normalized by vorticity thickness, while inertial layer scaling is attained as close as one dune height above the top of the dune canopy. These results help to establish dune-field RSL dynamics within the broader context of canopy turbulence, which is important given the relatively greater efforts devoted to flows over vegetative canopies and urban environments.
Multi-Locus Molecular Phylogeny of Solenopsis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

The myrmicine ant genus Solenopsis is species-rich, globally distributed, and is often a common and ecologically important faunal element of the leaf litter. The genus is also well-known for containing several widely distributed tramp species and some of the worst invasive species in the World (the Red Imported Fire Ant, S. invicta, and the Tropical Fire Ant, S. geminata). Although not hyper-diverse and despite its ecological and economic importance, Solenopsis has long frustrated systematists due its lack of reliable diagnostic characters and no phylogenetic hypothesis exists to date. We present a preliminary multi-locus molecular phylogenetic analysis of Solenopsis to address this knowledge gap. Our analyses recover mostly well-supported phylogenetic hypothesis, which suggests Solenopsis arose in the Neotropics and spread to all other continents (except Antarctica). Importantly, it demonstrates problems with current systematic understanding of the genus, but provides an evolutionary framework upon which to build future research.
Optical coherence tomography imaging of the pediatric retina

Optical coherence tomography is an increasingly important part of the retinal specialist's and general ophthalmologist's toolkit for diagnosing and managing retinal disease. This review summarizes the unique considerations and available imaging systems with which pediatric ophthalmologists should be familiar when attempting optical coherence tomography in children. Normal developmental changes in foveal and extrafoveal structure and the need for an established pediatric normative database of retinal thicknesses are reviewed. Finally, applications of optical coherence tomography imaging to selected representative pediatric retinal diseases are introduced as examples of how optical coherence tomography in children is furthering the diagnosis and management of vision-threatening retinal diseases.