cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Material And Value-Adding Inputs In Manufacturing Enterprises

Because of the nature of assembly-line operations, one would expect technologies in manufacturing firms to differ in systematic ways from those in many other types of firms. Identifying such differences can therefore be useful in the formulation and testing of restrictions to flexible functional forms. In the present paper, I characterize a multiproduct manufacturing firm and use the characterization to formulate testable hypotheses about the firm's technology, cost function, and profit function. I argue that manufacturing enterprises exhibit a form of almost nonjointness in input quantities and prices in which the individual sub-technologies have quasi-fixed proportions. Substitution across product lines is responsible for the substitutability between material and value-adding inputs that we often observe in aggregate data. Neglecting the special structure of manufacturing technology can seriously bias estimates of aggregate productivity growth rates.
Purification and properties of electron-transferring flavoprotein from Peptostreptococcus elsdenii.

An electron-transferring flavoprotein (ETF) which couples the oxidation of NADH to the reduction of butyryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase has been purified in large quantities from the anaerobic bacterium Peptostreptococcus elsdenii. The purified protein appears to be homogeneous on the basis of polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, thin layer isoelectric focusing, sedimentation velocity, and the Sephadex G-100 elution profile. Preliminary evidence suggests that ETF is also found in a complex with another flavoprotein. ETF has a molecular weight of 72,000 to 75,000 by Sephadex G-100 chromatography and is a dimer of two nonidentical subunits of approximate molecular weights of 33,000 and 41,000 determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis. Based on amino acid analyses, there are 2 moles of FAD per mole of protein of molecular weight 75,600. Possibly each subunit is associated with 1 FAD. The protein-bound FAD is 2.4 times more fluorescent than free FAD. Both tyrosine and tryptophan contribute to the protein fluorescence of ETF. Although the major prosthetic group of ETF is FAD, the isolated protein contains variable amounts of 6-hydroxy-7,8-dimethyl-10-(ribityl-5′-ADP)-isoalloxazine and 7-methyl-8-hydroxy-10-(ribityl-5′-ADP)-isoalloxazine. The isolated protein binds 30% more FAD to give enhanced activity and marked changes in the absorption spectrum. The spectrum of the oxidized isolated ETF is also drastically changed when the protein is maintained for long periods in its reduced form before subsequent reoxidation. In both cases, the major change is a large increase in the absorption around 400 nm. Apo-ETF has been prepared by treatment of the native protein with guanidine HCl. Catalytic activity is restored to the apoprotein by addition of FAD but not FMN. The reconstituted ETF also has increased absorption around 400 nm and decreased absorption at 450 nm compared to the isolated ETF. Unlike many other flavoprotein dehydrogenases which stabilize the neutral, blue flavin semiquinone and do not react with sulfite, ETF stabilizes the red, anionic semiquinone and also reacts with sulfite. Anaerobic titration of ETF with NADH or sodium dithionite resulted in a 2-electron reduction per protein-bound FAD, indicating that there are no colorless oxidation-reduction active groups present.
The Jet Energy Profile: A BSM Analysis Tool

Author(s): Chivukula, RS; Simmons, EH; Vignaroli, N | Abstract: A new heavy di-jet resonance could be discovered at the 14nTeV LHC. In this talk we present a strategy to reveal the nature of such a particle; in particular to discern whether it is a quark–antiquark [Formula: see text], quark–gluon [Formula: see text], or gluon–gluon [Formula: see text] resonance. The strategy is based on the study of the energy profiles of the two leading jets in the di-jet channel. Including statistical uncertainties in the signal and the QCD backgrounds, we show that one can distinguish between [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] resonances; an evaluation of systematic uncertainties in the measurement of the jet energy profile will require a detailed detector study once sufficient 14nTeV di-jet data is in hand.
p75 Is Important for Axon Growth and Schwann Cell Migration during Development

Mice lacking the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75 have multiple peripheral neural deficits. Here we examined the developmental nature of these deficiencies. Peripheral axons in p75 −/− embryos were severely stunted and poorly arborized from embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) to E14.5. In vitro, neurite outgrowth from the dorsal root ganglia was significantly decreased in the p75 −/− embryos at E12.5, suggesting that stunted axonal growth in the embryo may result in part from defects in neurite elongation. Additionally, Schwann cell marker S100β immunoreactivity was decreased or absent along the growing axons of the ophthalmic branch from the trigeminal ganglia in p75 −/− embryos. Electron microscopy studies of the axons of the trigeminal ganglion at E13.5 revealed that in the p75 mutant embryo, nerve bundles were highly impaired and that coverage of the growing axons by Schwann cell cytoplasm was substantially reduced.In vitro, Schwann cell migration from the dorsal root ganglia was significantly decreased in the p75 −/− embryos at E12.5, suggesting that the lack of S100β staining and Schwann cell coverage in the p75 mutant results from a deficit in Schwann cell migration. These results provide evidence that p75 is important in the developing embryo for regulating axon growth and arborization and for Schwann cell migration.
Effect of Copper on Microorganisms in the Manufacture of Swiss Cheese

Abstract Commercial strains of Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus , lactic streptococci, and propionibacteria were grown in the presence of 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16ppm copper to simulate conditions that might exist in Swiss cheese manufacture. In general, loss of viability and inhibition of acid production was hastened by an increase in copper concentration although genus, species, and strains differed. During the first 3h of incubation in milk, mixed-strain lactic cultures were not affected by the addition of copper up to 16ppm. Later, inhibition and increased death rates occurred depending upon copper concentration. S. thermophilus strains exhibited a wide variety of sensitivities to copper. However, they seemed to overcome partly their sensitivity to copper after about 16h incubation. Two of three strains of L. bulgaricus showed slight reduction in cell numbers and acid production with increasing copper concentration. The third strain more closely resembled the lactic streptococci in its greater sensitivity to copper. Two of four strains of propionibacteria were more sensitive to copper than were the other two. Carbon dioxide production in broth at pH 7.0 differed among the strains. Incubation periods up to 20 days, however, tended to overcome copper inhibition. At an initial broth pH of 5.4, carbon dioxide production was delayed markedly by 16ppm copper, but, with prolonged incubation, two of the four strains attained carbon dioxide production equal to copper-free controls.
Surface dynamics in LES of full-depth Langmuir circulation in shallow water

Large-eddy simulations (LES) of wind-driven shallow water flows with and without full-depth Langmuir circulation (LC) are described and near-surface dynamics analyzed. LC consists of parallel counter-rotating vortices or cells that are aligned roughly in the direction of the wind and are generated by the interaction of the wind-driven shear with the Stokes drift velocity induced by surface gravity waves. Simulations do not resolve surface waves; thus the top of the domain is taken as a non-deforming, free-slip, wind shear-driven surface. In the absence of resolved surface waves, the LC-generating mechanism is parameterized via the well-known Craik?Leibovich vortex force?(Craik and Leibovich 1976 J Fluid Mech. 73 401?26) appearing in the momentum equation. LES guided by the full-depth LC field measurements of?Gargett and Wells (2007 J Fluid Mech. 576 27?61) shows that this large-scale, downwind-elongated structure changes surface log-layer dynamics in terms of mean downwind velocity and budgets of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). For example, in terms of mean velocity, the mixing due to LC leads to a deviation from the classical surface log-law profile that is exhibited by wind-driven flow without LC. Furthermore, LC leads to a deviation from the classical balance between production and dissipation rates of TKE in the log-layer. Two key parameters controlling the extent of surface log-layer disruption caused by LC are the dominant wavelength (?) of the surface waves generating LC and the turbulent Langmuir number, Lat, which is inversely proportional to wave forcing relative to wind forcing.
Intravenous theophylline therapy in asthma: A clinical update

Summary Theophylline preparations have long been the mainstay in the management of asthma. Recently clinical and laboratory investigations have provided us with some useful information regarding the appropriate dosage and elimination of the drug. If morbidity is to be avoided, knowledge of the basic pharmacokinetics of theophylline, as well as recognition of the parameters which have clinically significant influences on those kinetics, is essential to the emergency physician who has occasion to treat asthmatics. Theophylline levels should be utilized whenever available, but clinical acumen must suffice in their absence. Subtle signs of toxicity must be recognized before more serious complications ensue. Armed with more recent knowledge, the emergency physician should be able to provide optimal therapy for the asthmatic.
Component and System Life Distribution Prediction with Reliability Demonstration Implications for a Diesel Fuel Injector

A vehicle case study is used to illustrate a methodology of analysis and testing to predict component and system reliability and durability. The methodology integrates customer usage data, component failure distribution, system failure criteria, manufacturing variation, and customer severity variation. Extending this methodology to the vehicle system level enables correlation between component and system requirements. Further, this analysis provides the basis to establish a knowledge-based test option for a successful test validation program to demonstrate reliability.
Murine isograft studies of gut immunity : Recirculation and homing of mononuclear cells

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Recirculation of lymphocytes requires appropriate signals on the lymphocytes as well as the vascular endothelium. The aim of this report was to study the expression of the mucosal addressin required for Peyer's patch-selective lymphocyte homing during ontogeny of the murine intestine and investigate the role of this addressin in recirculation of mononuclear cells. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry and murine intestinal isografts were used in which the small intestine from neonatal mice is implanted subcutaneously in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency disease. RESULTS: Expression of the mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 during murine intestinal ontogeny was detected from embryonic day 15 in developing gut and in adult Peyer's patches and lamina propria. Isografted intestine developed normally; it was not exposed to luminal contents but expressed the mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1. Mononuclear cells recirculated to native and isografted intestine and recirculation was inhibited by monoclonal antibody to mucosal addressin in a regionally specific manner with greatest inhibition in the distal intestine. CONCLUSIONS: The mucosal vascular addressin is expressed early in ontogeny and can be detected in lamina propria in addition to Peyer's patches of the gut. The isograft not only developed into a morphologically normal intestine but also expressed differentiation antigens required for normal lymphoid homing to gut without exposure to luminal contents or lymphocytes. (Gastroenterology 1997 Apr;112(4):1241-9)
Is the pay responsiveness of enlisted personnel decreasing

An examination of past analyses suggests that today's sailors may be less responsive to compensation changes than previous generations. Such a change could make recruiting and retaining high‐quality sailors more difficult. However, variation in researchers' decisions over time may simply have created the appearance of such a change. Our results suggest there is little variation in the pay elasticity over time. In contrast, the different reduced‐form models we use to measure this relationship can explain most of the variation in the literature. Therefore, the evidence suggests that while sailors may have changed over time, their response to compensation has not.
Sequential degradation of chlorophenols by photolytic and microbial treatment

Using the radiolabeled model pollutants 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP) the authors demonstrated that the brief UV (300-nm) photolysis greatly facilitates the removal of the two chlorophenols from sewage through accelerated mineralization and binding of polar products. The addition of 0.1 M H/sub 2/O/sub 2/ strongly accelerated the photolysis process resulting in the half-lives of 1.68 and 0.87 min for DCP and TCP, respectively. In natural sunlight, half-lives of the chlorophenols were less than 1 day when H/sub 2/O/sub 2/ was present. During 4 days of incubation in activated sewage sludge, only 3% of unphotolyzed DCP and 1% of unphotolyzed TCP were mineralized. Mineralization rose to 79 and 59%, respectively, after photolysis in the presence of H/sub 2/O/sub 2/. Photolysis without H/sub 2/O/sub 2/ resulted in removal of chlorophenols from solution chiefly by binding. Increased mineralization and binding were observed also upon incubation of photolyzed chlorophenols in soil. Disruption of carbon-halogen bonds by brief photolysis followed by traditional biological effluent treatment offers an alternative to activated charcoal treatment for removal of xenobiotics from industrial effluents.
The suitability of kinesthetic learning activities for teaching distributed algorithms

Kinesthetic learning is a process in which students learn by actively carrying out physical activities rather than by passively listening to lectures. Pedagogical research indicates that kinesthetic learning is a fundamental, powerful, and ubiquitous learning style. To date, efforts to incorporate this learning style within the computer science curriculum have focussed on introductory courses. Material in upper-level courses, however, can also benefit from a similar approach. In particular, courses on distributed computing, by the very nature of the material they cover, are uniquely suited to exploiting this learning technique. We have developed and piloted a collection of kinesthetic activities for a senior undergraduate or graduate-level course on distributed systems. We give detailed descriptions of these exercises and discuss factors that contribute to their success.
Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction provoked during dobutamine stress echocardiography predicts future chest pain, syncope, and near syncope.

Background Although dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) is associated with dynamic left ventricular (LV) obstruction, it is unknown whether such obstructive event, in general, and the specific site of obstruction, in particular, have unique clinical prognostic significance. We sought to determine whether dynamic LV outflow tract (LVOT) versus LV midcavitary obstruction provoked during DSE would predict future chest pain, syncope, and/or near syncope. Methods Two hundred thirty-seven patients (145 men and 92 women, mean age 58 ± 13 [±SD] years) without DSE-provoked ischemia underwent continuous wave Doppler interrogation to detect any inducible dynamic flow obstruction. Patients were prospectively followed for a mean duration of 31 ± 13 months. Results One hundred fifty-four of 237 patients had no provoked LV obstruction (group 1). Fifty-four (22.8%) had provoked LV midcavitary (group 2) obstruction, and 29 (12.2%) had outflow tract (group 3) obstruction. During follow-up, chest pain occurred more frequently in groups 2 (46%, P P = .05) as compared with group 1 (31%). A higher incidence of syncope and/or near syncope was noted in group 3 (21% vs 9% in group 1). LVOT obstruction but not midcavitary obstruction was a significant predictor of future chest pain (relative risk 2.63, P = .0021) and syncope and/or near syncope (relative risk 3.11, P = .036). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significantly less event-free survival ( P = .025) for the combined end point of chest pain, syncope, and/or near syncope in patients with LVOT obstruction. Conclusions This is the first prospective study to identify the differential prognostic implications of the site of dynamic obstruction noted during DSE. Our results demonstrate that DSE-provoked LVOT obstruction is an independent positive predictor of future episodes of chest pain and syncope and/or near syncope. These findings warrant larger studies addressing treatment options to ameliorate symptoms in this subgroup of patients.
A distance learning approach to teaching eXtreme programming

As university-level distance learning programs become more and more popular, and software engineering courses incorporate eXtreme Programming (XP) into their curricula, certain challenges arise when teaching XP to students who are not physically co-located. In this paper, we present the results of a three-year study of such an online software engineering course targeted to graduate students, and describe some of the specific challenges faced, such as students' aversion to aspects of XP and difficulties in scheduling. We discuss our findings in terms of the course's educational objectives, and present suggestions to other educators who may face similar situations.
Traction force microscopy in physics and biology

Adherent cells, crawling slugs, peeling paint, sessile liquid drops, bearings and many other living and non-living systems apply forces to solid substrates. Traction force microscopy (TFM) provides spatially-resolved measurements of interfacial forces through the quantification and analysis of the deformation of an elastic substrate. Although originally developed for adherent cells, TFM has no inherent size or force scale, and can be applied to a much broader range of mechanical systems across physics and biology. In this paper, we showcase the wide range of applicability of TFM, describe the theory, and provide experimental details and code so that experimentalists can rapidly adopt this powerful technique.
Reduction in Inflammatory Gene Expression in Skeletal Muscle from Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Patients Randomized to Omentectomy

Objectives To examine the effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery with and without laparoscopic removal of omental fat (omentectomy) on the temporal gene expression profiles of skeletal muscle. Design Previously reported were the whole-body metabolic effects of a randomized, single-blinded study in patients receiving RYGB surgery stratified to receive or not receive omentectomy. In this follow up study we report on changes in skeletal muscle gene expression in a subset of 21 patients, for whom biopsies were collected preoperatively and at either 6 months or 12 months postoperatively. Methodology/Principal Findings RNA isolated from skeletal muscle biopsies of 21 subjects (8 without omentectomy and 13 with omentectomy) taken before RYGB or at 6 and 12 months postoperatively were subjected to gene expression profiling via Exon 1.0 S/T Array and Taqman Low Density Array. Robust Multichip Analysis and gene enrichment data analysis revealed 84 genes with at least a 4-fold expression difference after surgery. At 6 and 12 months the RYGB with omentectomy group displayed a greater reduction in the expression of genes associated with skeletal muscle inflammation (ANKRD1, CDR1, CH25H, CXCL2, CX3CR1, IL8, LBP, NFIL3, SELE, SOCS3, TNFAIP3, and ZFP36) relative to the RYGB non-omentectomy group. Expressions of IL6 and CCL2 were decreased at all postoperative time points. There was differential expression of genes driving protein turnover (IGFN1, FBXW10) in both groups over time and increased expression of PAAF1 in the non-omentectomy group at 12 months. Evidence for the activation of skeletal muscle satellite cells was inferred from the up-regulation of HOXC10. The elevated post-operative expression of 22 small nucleolar RNAs and the decreased expression of the transcription factors JUNB, FOS, FOSB, ATF3 MYC, EGR1 as well as the orphan nuclear receptors NR4A1, NR4A2, NR4A3 suggest dramatic reorganizations at both the cellular and genetic levels. Conclusions/Significance These data indicate that RYGB reduces skeletal muscle inflammation, and removal of omental fat further amplifies this response. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00212160
Thermal Analysis of High-Power Integrated Circuits and Packages Using Nonconformal Domain Decomposition Method

A nonconformal domain decomposition method (DDM) is proposed to solve moderately stiff parabolic partial differential equations in inhomogeneous domains. The proposed nonconformal DDM decomposes the entire problem domain into many nonoverlapping subdomains. Consequently, it is effective in addressing complex thermal problems of electronic systems with multiscaled features. Moreover, the time discretization employed is based on an unconditionally stable and implicit Euler scheme. The unconditionally stable time-marching algorithm is beneficial since the time-step size is no longer governed by the spatial discretization of the mesh, but rather by the desired accuracy. Additionally, this paper includes numerical investigations of the convergence properties of the proposed nonconformal DDM. Finally, numerical results are shown for a chip-package-printed circuit board example with thermal cooling by both natural convection and forced convection of heat sinks.
Cytochalasin B and the structure of actin gels

Abstract We analyzed the structure of gels formed when macrophage actin-binding protein crosslinks skeletal muscle actin polymers and the effect of the fungal metabolite cytochalasin B on this structure. Measurement of the actin filament length distribution permitted calculation of the critical concentration of crosslinker theoretically required for gelation of actin polymer networks. The experimentally determined critical concentration of actin-binding protein agreed sufficiently with the theoretical to conclude that F-actin-actin-binding protein gels are networks composed of isotropically oriented filaments crosslinked at intervals. The effects of cytochalasin B on these actin networks fits this model. Cytochalasin B (1) bound to F-actin (but not to actin-binding protein), (2) decreased the length of actin filaments without increasing the quantity of monomeric actin, (3) decreased the rigidity of actin networks both in the presence and absence of crosslinking proteins and (4) increased the critical concentration of actin-binding protein required for incipient gelation by a magnitude predicted from network theory if filaments were divided and shortened by the extents observed. The effects of cytochalasin B on gelation were highly dependent on actin concentration and were inhibited by the actin-stabilizing agent phalloidin. Therefore, cytochalasin B diminishes actin gel structure by severing actin filaments at limited sites. The demonstration of gel-sol transformations in actin networks caused by limited actin filament cleavage suggests a new mechanism for the control of cytoplasmic structure.
Second-trimester placental volumes predict birth weight at term.

OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that second-trimester placental growth is a major determinant of size at birth in healthy, active women. METHODS Three serial measurements of fetal morphometry and placental volume were obtained between the 14th and 26th weeks of an accurately dated singleton pregnancy in 40 subjects. RESULTS Second-trimester placental volumes were variable, increasing from (mean +/- standard deviation) 130 +/- 35 to 248 +/- 67 and to 375 +/- 92 cm3 at 16, 20, and 24 weeks, with an average growth rate of 31 +/- 8 cm3/weeks. At delivery, fresh placental volumes and birth weights were also variable, ranging between 304-823 cm3 and 2.6-4.4 kg, respectively. Significant correlations (r > 0.79) were present between second-trimester placental volume or growth rate and placental volume at delivery and birth weight, corrected for gestational age and infant sex. However, correlations between second-trimester fetal biometry and both corrected birth weight and birth weight percentile were poor (r < 0.45). CONCLUSION Second-trimester placental volumes and growth rates are good predictors of size at birth in healthy, active women. We speculate that this technique may have real value as an early screening tool to identify cases at risk of anomalous third-trimester growth.
Segregation phenomena in thin NiCr layers

Abstract In the case of NiCr resistor layers sputtered or evaporated a certain change occurs in their structure in the course of heat treatment and reactive deposition. The degree of this change depends on the parameters of deposition and heat treatment and it has a great effect on the TCR of the resistor layers. The depth profiles and electron-optical studies show a segregation of alloy components. Comparing the results of AES and electron-optical examinations to electrical parameters we can explain the positive shift of the TCR values by the segregation of the poorly conducting phases from the inside of the layers.
Chromatographic purification of southern bean mosaic virus

Abstract 1. 1. Southern bean mosaic virus nucleoprotein was purified by ionexchange chromatography using Amberlite XE-67. 2. 2. The nucleoprotein was separated from pigmented impurities. 3. 3. Recovery of nucleoprotein and biological activity was quantitative.
Plant-mediated Effects of Postemergence Herbicides on Epilachna varivestis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Plant-mediated effects of growth-regulator herbicides (fluazifop-butyl, sethoxydim, and mefluidide) were observed in laboratory experiments using Mexican bean beetle (MBB), Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, on soybean and lima bean plants. MBB larvae reared on sethoxydim-treated soybean plants took longer to pupate than did those on untreated plants, and pupal weights of MBB larvae reared on fluazifop-butyl-treated soybeans were reduced. Lima bean treated with fluazifop-butyl produced heavier MBB pupae than did untreated controls. MBB adults preferred untreated soybean plants in feeding tests over those treated with fluazifop-butyl or sethoxydim one day earlier, but 8–22 days later there was a preference for both hosts treated with these herbicides. Newly emerged MBB adult mating pairs caged on treated soybean plants produced greater numbers of eggs and egg masses per reproducing female than did beetles on untreated plants. These herbicides could have influenced the acceptability of the plants for feeding and their suitability for egg production and larval development by altering plant physiology.
Stream incision and terrace development in Frijoles Canyon, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico, and the influence of lithology and climate

Abstract The record of stream incision and terrace development in Frijoles Canyon, NM, was investigated to examine the controls on channel evolution in this region. Frijoles Canyon developed after deposition of the voluminous ignimbrites of the Tshirege Member of the Bandelier Tuff at ca. 1.22 Ma, which provides excellent temporal constraints on canyon evolution. Base level fall along the Rio Grande, the master drainage in the region, contributed to initial incision of the stream. Development of a major knickpoint in basalt near the Rio Grande, however, has effectively isolated most of the stream channel from direct effects of this base level change since the Early or Middle Pleistocene. Late Quaternary evolution of the channel has included development of strath and fill terraces that record the effects of climatic variations and local lithologic variations within the tuff on channel processes. A fill terrace, underlain by up to 13 m of coarse gravelly alluvium, records significant aggradation in the Early to Middle Holocene following a major regional climate change. Aggradation probably resulted from large increases in sediment supply in the Holocene relative to the Late Pleistocene, which was perhaps related to variations in intense summer rains. Rapid incision in the Middle to Late Holocene has stranded the underlying strath up to 21 m above the modern channel, and local rates of incision of up to 4 m/ka are more than 10 times the average rates since 1.22 Ma. Holocene incision displays great spatial variability associated with local lithologic variations, and results in a stream profile that has evolved rapidly in the last 10,000 years. The high rates of incision occur where easily eroded nonwelded tuff is exposed in the canyon bottom, whereas a more resistant vapor-phase altered tuff unit upstream has impeded incision. Incision may also have been affected by migration of knickpoints within the tuff. Paired strath terraces record periods of local base level stability and lateral erosion that were terminated by episodes of downcutting. The downcutting was probably controlled by rare high magnitude floods capable of stripping the pervasive gravel armor and exposing nonwelded tuff beneath the stream-bed. No tectonic influence on Late Quaternary terrace development or stream incision has been recognized despite Frijoles Canyon being crossed by the Pajarito fault zone, a major bounding structure of the Rio Grande Rift. Instead, climatic influences on sediment supply and flood characteristics, mediated by lithologic variations in the canyon bottom, have controlled Late Quaternary stream profile evolution.
Teaching Students to Manage the Oral Defense

Graduate students rarely receive f m l preparation for oral defenses as part of their educational experience. This article describes the content of a class on oral examinations. In the class, students learn to cope with anxiety about the oral defense and to understand and manage the defense meeting. Topics include self-management, the format and process of the meeting, and ways to handle questions.
Atropine and cerebral ischemic injury in the Mongolian gerbil

Abstract 1. Cerebral ischemia of 5 min duration was induced in unanesthetized gerbils by bilateral occlusion of the carotid arteries. 2. The extent of cerebral damage was assessed by the elevation of motor activity in comparison with control animals and by a histological assessment of the extent of neuronal degeneration in the CAl area of the hippocampus. 3. Atropine, an antagonist of ACh, at either a low (1 mg/kg) or a high (10 mg/kg) dose administered 15 min prior to the ischemic episode, did not confer protection against cerebral ischemic damage. 4. This finding suggests that ACh does not play a critical role in the generation of ischemia reperfusion injury.
An analysis of errors in the calculation of energy flux densities above vegetation by a Bowen-ratio profile method

The Bowen-ratio profile method for calculating total carbon dioxide, latent heat, and sensible heat flux density above a corn crop was used by measuring temperature, water vapor, and CO2 concentrations at several heights in the aerodynamic boundary layer of the crop. The ratio (α) of sensible heat flux density to carbon dioxide flux density as well as the Bowen ratio (β) were used in the computations. The two ratios, α and β were determined graphically from the slopes of linear plots of temperature vs CO2 concentration and vs water vapor. Each of the energy flux densities was computed from the two ratios and net radiation minus soil heat flux density. An analysis of probable error was performed on the Bowen-ratio profile method to evaluate the accuracy of the flux density estimates. Less than 10% error was found for latent heat flux density and less than 15% for carbon dioxide flux density under normal midday conditions for the instrumentation used. However, the carbon dioxide flux density error increased to over 40% when the sensible heat flux was small.
Adsorption of gas mixtures in micropores: effect of difference in size of adsorbate molecules

Abstract Adsorbed solutions of molecules of unequal size (CCl2F2) and CO2 on activated carbon) show negative deviations from ideal mixing. The size effect was studied by molecular simulation of a Lennard—Jones fluid mixture adsorbed in zeolite 13X. The molecules forming the binary mixture are non-polar and have a 2.4 ratio of saturation capacities (the same as CCl2F2 and CO2). In the molecular simulation, adsorption occurs on the energetically homogeneous surface of a spherical shell. Binary adsorption is centered on separate shells with the larger molecule in the inner shell. At high coverage, the simulations yield moderate negative deviations from ideal mixing similar to experimental data. Both molecules can enter the cavity, but adsorbed-phase nonidealities are caused by the exclusion of the larger molecule from part of the micropore space accessible to the smaller molecule. The partial exclusion effect is calculated from the cavity radius and molecular diameters of the adsorbate molecules.
Business and the State, and the State of Business in Africa

Business and the State in Africa: Economic Policy-Making in the Neo-Liberal Era. By Antoinette Handley. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 292 pp., $90.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 9780521886055); $34.99 paper (ISBN-13: 9780521713719). Over the years considerable effort has been expended explaining development (or the lack thereof) and economic policy making in Africa (see Callaghy and Ravenhill 1993; Bates 2005). While Handley's book certainly adds to this literature, its comparative analysis sheds greater light on why some states have succeeded where others have failed. Coming squarely out of the historical institutionalist literature, one might expect the author to stick to analyzing the state and its failed interventions in the market (cf. Bates 2005). Handley does have much to say about the state in Africa. But she is far more interested in both the nature of the state and the nature, capability, and autonomy of the business community and the relations between the two. Her historical approach, in keeping with the literature, allows her to more deeply delve into the development of state-business relations, how they have worked, and how they have failed. The result is a highly readable work that both expands the historical institutionalist literature and our understanding of development and economic policymaking in Africa and generally. Handley's four case studies, Ghana, Mauritius, Zambia, and South Africa, are broken down into two categories of business-state relations that shape economic policymaking: neo-patrimonial and …
Acute effects of alcohol on evoked potentials in visual cortex and superior colliculus of the rat.

Abstract This study examined the effects of alcohol on visually evoked potentials recorded from the primary visual cortex (VC) and superior colliculus (SC) of chronically implanted rats. Animals were given intraperitoneal injections of saline, and of 0.15, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g ethanol/kg body weight on separate days. Evoked potentials were recorded at 5, 20, 40 and 60 min following injection. There were differential effects of both alcohol and habituation on the early versus late VC components. The amplitudes of the late components decreased over time and were also depressed by both the 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg doses of alcohol. Amplitudes of the early components increased over time and were unaffected by the 1.0 g/kg alcohol dose. The 1.5 g/kg dose depressed the early negative component but augmented the early positive component. In contrast to the amplitudes, the latencies of both early components were increased at both the 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg doses. However, the latency of the late positive component was increased at only the 1.5 g/kg dose, while the latency of the late negative component was unaffected by any alcohol dose. In the SC, the peak amplitude of the early positive complex was unaffected by either habituation or alcohol. However, both the amplitude and latency of a later negative component (latency of 52 msec) were affected by alcohol. The 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg doses decreased peak amplitude, while the latency was increased at the highest dose. These effects of alcohol on the SC component were in directions opposite to those resulting from habituation.
Phage Display Evolution of a Peptide Substrate for Yeast Biotin Ligase and Application to Two-Color Quantum Dot Labeling of Cell Surface Proteins

Site-specific protein labeling with Escherichia coli biotin ligase (BirA) has been used to introduce fluorophores, quantum dots (QDs), and photocross-linkers onto recombinant proteins fused to a 15-amino acid acceptor peptide (AP) substrate for BirA and expressed on the surface of living mammalian cells. Here, we used phage display to engineer a new and orthogonal biotin ligase-AP pair for site-specific protein labeling. Yeast biotin ligase (yBL) does not recognize the AP, but we discovered a new 15-amino acid substrate for yBL called the yeast acceptor peptide (yAP), using two generations of phage display selection from 15-mer peptide libraries. The yAP is not recognized by BirA, and thus, we were able to specifically label AP and yAP fusion proteins coexpressed in the same cell with differently colored QDs. We fused the yAP to a variety of recombinant proteins and demonstrated biotinylation by yBL at the N-terminus, C-terminus, and within a flexible internal region. yBL is extremely sequence-specific, as endogenous proteins on the surface of yeast and HeLa cells are not biotinylated. This new methodology expands the scope of biotin ligase labeling to two-color imaging and yeast-based applications.
EFFECTS OF ALTERED THYROID FUNCTION UPON THE METABOLISM OF ENDOGENOUSLY LABELED THYROID HORMONE

The existence of a massive enterohepatic circulation of I131 following administration of radioactive 1-thyroxine in the rat was demonstrated in a previous paper (Albert and Keating, 1952). In the present report, the proportion of endogenously I131 labeled thyroid hormone in the thyroid, carcass, gastrointestinal tract and liver, and the rates of movement of labeled hormone in these compartments and in the excreta were determined under conditions of experimentally altered thyroid function. material and methods A total of 270 male weanling rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain was used. The animals were placed on a low iodine diet (Randall and Albert, 1951) for two to three weeks. After this pretreatment period, each rat was injected subcutaneously with carrier-free I131 (from 1 to 10 microcuries) and the animals were maintained on the low iodine diet from four to six days. At the end of this time, virtually all of the inorganic radioiodide administered to the animal had been either collected by the thyroid or ...
Organic constituents of meteorites - A review.

Meteoritic organic chemical analyses since 1900, considering volatile materials distribution and carbonaceous chondrites
An intrasubject approach to causal attribution

The present investigation draws on the judgment research tradition in order to examine the causal attributions made by individual subjects in an often used attribution task. Formal empirical tests of Kelley's (1967) attribution theory have demonstrated that attributions are influenced by the interaction of consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency information. None of these studies, however, have separately examined attributions made by individual judges. Implicit assumptions about individual differences, for example, have been made by the template-matching model of causal attribution (Orvis, Cunningham, & Kelley, 1975) but have not been scrutinized at the intrasubject level. Log linear modeling of attributions in the present research showed that while subjects were influenced by the causal information in the task, the relation between this information and attributions was more importantly characterized by individual differences than by uniform patterning. The nature of these individual differences and the significance of an idiographic approach to causal analysis are discussed.
The visceral yolk sac endoderm provides for absorption of nutrients to the embryo during neurulation

Neural tube defects (NTDs) represent some of the most common congenital malformations in humans. The causes of NTDs are complex with both genetic and environmental contributing factors. Periconception nutrition is an important environmental factor influencing the penetrance of NTDs. NTDs arise from failure to close the neural tube completely during development, an event that occurs before establishment of the chorioallantoic placenta. During neurulation, nutrients are absorbed by histotrophic mechanisms and absorbed by endocytosis in the endoderm-derived cell layer of the visceral yolk sac (VYS). Here we review the histotrophic mechanisms by which nutrients are delivered to the human embryo during this critical time period. Because more detailed studies on the molecular mechanisms regulating uptake of nutrients have been performed using rodent models, most importantly mouse and rat models, we will also review nutrient uptake in these model organisms to set the stage for presentation of experimental data that have provided valuable information about how nutrients are delivered to the neurulating embryo.
Potentiation of action by undetected affordant objects

The physical attributes of objects that are relevant to motor behaviour, or action, are referred to as affordances (Gibson, 1979). Recent evidence has shown that an object's affordance can potentiate an unrelated motor response even when there is no intention to respond to it (e.g., Tucker & Ellis, 1998). In the five experiments, we examined whether conscious perception of an affordance is necessary to produce motor priming by presenting images of affordant objects (e.g., hammer) under conditions which cause them to be undetectable: Brief masked exposure (BME) and attentional blink (AB). We successfully demonstrated that conscious perception is not necessary for an object's affordance to produce motor priming. Since these findings are consistent with the abilities/disabilities of patients with blindsight and visual form agnosia, it is possible that processing accomplished by the dorsal stream produced this effect, though more research is needed to confirm this assertion.
65-year-old woman with painful leg ulcers.

65-year-old woman presented to Mayo Clinic, Roch- ester, Minn, for a second opinion concerning chronic,nonhealing lower extremity ulcers. Eighteen months beforepresentation, she spontaneously developed a moderatelypainful ulcer on her right lateral calf. This ulcer was treatedwith multiple topical therapies including collagenase, regu-lar dressing changes (DuoDERM), bacitracin, and com-pression garments (Jobst) with no improvement. The rightlower extremity ulcer was then debrided surgically, whichseemed to make it worse. Twelve months before presenta-tion at Mayo Clinic, the patient developed a similar butmore painful ulcer on her left lateral calf. This ulcer, too,was resistant to topical treatment. Although laboratory re-sults for vasculitis had been normal, she was given anempirical course of oral prednisone for possible vasculiticetiology without improvement. Surgical debridement wasagain recommended, but the patient refused and presentedto Mayo Clinic for a second opinion.The patient had no history of lower extremity ulcers,prior deep venous thrombosis, or claudication. She used notobacco products, and there was no evidence of diabetesfrom previous or current laboratory evaluation. Her medi-cal history was remarkable for poorly controlled hyperten-sion. The patient’s medications included alpha methyl-dopa, 250 mg 3 times daily; potassium, 10 mEq twicedaily; furosemide, 20 mg twice daily; indomethacin, 25 mg3 times daily; and glucosamine chondroitin, twice daily.Examination of the patient revealed that her blood pres-sure level was 180/90 mm Hg. Findings on the rest of herexamination were unremarkable except for her lower ex-tremities. Dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses wereeasily palpable bilaterally. Edema was minimal. The pa-tient had bilateral ulcers (0.5 × 1.5 cm on the right and 2.5 ×3.0 cm on the left). Both ulcers had a surrounding zone oferythema with sharply demarcated borders and minimalgranulation tissue. No evidence of purulent discharge orinfectious odor was associated with the ulcers. The ulcers
Prophylactic thyroidectomy, based on direct genetic testing, in patients at risk for the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndromes

Since the discovery that germ-line mutations in the RET protooncogene are responsible for the multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes types 2A and 2B, prophylactic thyroidectomy has been recommended for MEN patients to prevent medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). In this report, we present the medium-term follow up results on the earliest group of 18 patients having prophylactic thyroidectomy for MEN 2A. There were no operative complications. Microscopic or grossly evident MTC was present in 14 (78%) of the resected patients. None of the patients had metastasis of their MTC to regional lymph nodes. At three years' follow up, there is no evidence of residual or recurrent MTC, based on biochemical testing. We conclude that prophylactic thyroidectomy, based on direct DNA testing for RET gene mutations, is an effective and safe way to manage MTC in patients with MEN 2A.
An Annotated Bibliography of Italian One-Act Plays Selected for Presentation by High School and College Students

Author's summary.— A detailed description of 72 Italian one-act plays, giving the number of characters, author, title, place and date of publication, time required for presentation, properties required, and location of accessible copies of each play.
Flattened butterfly: a cost-efficient topology for high-radix networks

Increasing integrated-circuit pin bandwidth has motivateda corresponding increase in the degree or radix of interconnection networksand their routers. This paper introduces the flattened butterfly, a cost-efficient topology for high-radix networks. On benign (load-balanced) traffic, the flattened butterfly approaches the cost/performance of a butterfly network and has roughly half the cost of a comparable performance Clos network.The advantage over the Clos is achieved by eliminating redundant hopswhen they are not needed for load balance. On adversarial traffic, the flattened butterfly matches the cost/performance of a folded-Clos network and provides an order of magnitude better performance than a conventional butterfly.In this case, global adaptive routing is used to switchthe flattened butterfly from minimal to non-minimal routing - usingredundant hops only when they are needed. Minimal and non-minimal, oblivious and adaptive routing algorithms are evaluated on the flattened butterfly.We show that load-balancing adversarial traffic requires non-minimalglobally-adaptive routing and show that sequential allocators are required to avoid transient load imbalance when using adaptive routing algorithms.We also compare the cost of the flattened butterfly to folded-Clos, hypercube,and butterfly networks with identical capacityand show that the flattened butterfly is more cost-efficient thanfolded-Clos and hypercube topologies.