cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Precision control of soil nitrogen cycling via soil functional zone management

Abstract Managing the soil nitrogen (N) cycle is a major component of agricultural sustainability. Soil functional zone management (zonal management) is a novel agroecological strategy for managing row-crop agroecosystems. It may improve the efficiency of soil N cycling compared with conventional and no-tillage approaches, by managing the timing and location (crop row vs inter-row) of key soil N cycling processes. We compared N mineralization and availability during the period of maize peak N demand in crop rows and inter-rows in zonal management and conventional chisel plow tillage systems at four sites across the US Corn Belt over three growing seasons. Under zonal management, potential N mineralization and N availability during crop peak N demand were significantly greater in crop rows, where the majority of crop roots are found, compared with inter-rows. Averaged across all site-years, plant-available N in zonal management crop rows was 46 mg kg −1 compared with 21 mg kg −1 in inter-rows. In contrast, in conventional tillage, potential N mineralization and N availability were greater in inter-rows compared with crop rows; averaged across all site-years, plant-available N in conventional tillage crop rows was 24 mg kg −1 compared with 51 mg kg −1 in inter-rows. The results demonstrate that the active management of crop residues under zonal management can enhance the spatiotemporal efficiency of soil N cycling processes, by concentrating N mineralization and availability close to crop roots in synchrony with crop developmental needs. Zonal management therefore has potential to increase crop N-use efficiency compared with conventional tillage, and thereby reduce the impacts of row-crop agricultural production on water resources and greenhouse gas emissions that result from N leaching and denitrification.
Political Culture Against Democracy

In this treatise, I have emphasized class balance and its link to democratic stability, focusing especially on Aristotle’s theory of the middle-class majority and its supportive effect on democracy. I have not emphasized political culture. Yet, obviously, the political culture of a nation is a causal factor in creating democratic stability or inhibiting it. In fact, the culture of a nation may be so non-consonant with democracy as to prevent the adopting of democracy, even when the structural conditions of that nation are ripe for the institutionalization of democracy.
Eating, feeding, and feeling: emotional responsiveness mediates longitudinal associations between maternal binge eating, feeding practices, and child weight

Although it is known that maternal disordered eating is related to restrictive feeding practices, there is little research exploring mechanisms for this association or its effects on other feeding practices. The purpose of this study was to assess whether maternal emotion responses mediate the association between maternal binge eating (BE) and child feeding practices, in order to identify potential risk factors for feeding practices that influence child weight. This longitudinal observational study included (n = 260) mothers and children from the STRONG Kids Panel Survey. At Wave 1, children were an average of 37 months old (SD = 6.9), and at Wave 2 children were an average of 57 months old (SD = 8.3). Mothers self-reported their frequency of binge eating behavior (Wave 1), responses to children’s negative emotions (Wave 1), feeding practices (Wave 1 and Wave 2), and child height and weight were measured at both time points. Using bias-corrected bootstrapping procedures, we tested the hypothesis that longitudinal associations between maternal BE and nonresponsive parent feeding practices would be mediated by parents’ unsupportive responses to children’s negative emotion. We also tested a serial mediation model positing that maternal BE predicts child body mass index (BMI) percentile change 18-24 months later, indirectly through unsupportive responses to negative emotion and nonresponsive feeding practices. Maternal BE predicted use of more nonresponsive feeding practices (e.g. Emotion Regulation, Restriction for Health, Pressure to Eat, and Food as Reward), indirectly through more Distress responses to children’s negative emotions. In the serial mediation model, maternal BE was associated with greater use of Distress responses, which indirectly predicted higher child BMI percentile through Food as Reward feeding practices. These results suggest that maternal eating and emotion responsiveness are important for understanding the interpersonal context of feeding behaviors, and child weight outcomes. Distress responses may serve as a risk factor for use of unhealthful feeding practices among mothers with BE and these responses may increase children’s risk for weight gain. This study used an observational prospective design. Therefore, it has not been registered as a clinical intervention trial.
Robotic welding parameter optimization based on weld quality evaluation

Arc welding is widely used in industrial applications. In arc welding process, welding parameters significantly affect weld quality such as mechanical properties. However it is very challenging to tune these parameters to achieve best weld quality. Some researchers developed some methods to optimize welding parameters, but these methods have many limitations. In this paper, we propose an innovative method to optimize welding parameters for robotic welding process using Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) and Bayesian Optimization Algorithm (BOA). The relationship between the weld quality and welding parameters is modeled based on GPR. To expedite the optimization process, BOA is applied to balance the modeling process and optimization process. The Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process is utilized to test the proposed method. The tensile strength of the welded joints was measured to evaluate the weld quality. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can find a set of optimal welding parameters using about ten experiments. Thus it greatly improves the welding parameter optimization process by reducing the number of trial experiments compared to the existing methods such as Design-of-Experiments. The proposed method can also achieve better solution by evaluating more parameter values and exploring the whole parameter space. Therefore it provides an efficient and effective tool to optimize welding process.
Evaluation of the Prototyping Approach

This chapter reconsiders scenarios from Chap. 3 and presents an approach to their evaluation based on scenarios’ algorithms and interaction behaviors.
Passive wi-fi and interscatter

The ubiquity of Wi-Fi has been a boon to pervasive connectivity of devices; We have Wi-Fi in our homes, schools, offices, and even factories. However, Wi-Fi has long been underutilized in the IoT space in favor of other wireless protocols such as Zigbee or BLE. This results in less than optimal deployment solutions that do not fully take advantage of the enormous existing installation base of Wi-Fi. One of the main reasons for the lack of use of Wi-Fi in IoT is the incredible power consumtion of Wi-Fi radios. While transmitting, a Wi-Fi radio can consume 100s of mW of power, much too much for a simple batter limited IoT device.With Passive Wi-Fi we show how Wi-Fi connectivity can be achieved for 10,000x lower power than traditional Wi-Fi and 1,000x lower power than BLE or Zigbee by synthesizing Wi-Fi packets using only reflections. This opens up the possibility of using Wi-Fi everywhere, even on the most power constrained of IoT devices.Additionally, with Interscatter we demonstrate how to use reflections to transform BLE transmissions into Wi-Fi packets. This can allow phones, smartwatches, or other BLE devices to interrogate low power backscatter devices with no hardware modifications, and brings backscatter into the personal area network space.These technologies have the potential to make backscatter a first class citizen in IoT wireless communication by allowing them to communicate with existing ecosystems and current consumer devices.
Design, modeling, and evaluation of a doublet heat extraction model in enhanced geothermal systems

Abstract A conceptual Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) model, where water is circulated through a pair of parallel injection and production wells connected by a set of single large wing fractures, is designed, modeled, and evaluated in this work. The water circulation and heat extraction in the fractured reservoirs is modeled as a fully coupled process of fluid flow and heat transport. Using a newly developed, open-source, finite element based geothermal simulation code, FALCON, simulation results were obtained for a 30-year operation at a depth of 3 km and geothermal gradient of 65 ° C per km of depth. With a sensitivity study of the heat production to the design parameters, preferable fracture horizontal spacing, downward deviation angle of the parallel wells, and injection flow rate are recommended. Upscaling calculations of the developed EGS model have shown that, an industrial production-level system may be achievable if it consists of 40 equidistant fractures that connect two 1.2 km long parallel well sections with a well separation of 500 m; and if a system of these dimensions operates for 30 years at a flow rate of 0.1 m3/s, with an electric power output at least 5 MW and pumping power of less than 1 MW. In particular, the performance metrics demonstrated in this work match well with those suggested by others, thus indicating the general applicability of our conceptual models.
MPARD: A high-frequency wave-based acoustic solver for very large compute clusters

Abstract We present a parallel time-domain wave solver designed for large and high frequency acoustic domains. Our approach is based on a novel scalable method for dividing acoustic field computations specifically for large-scale distributed memory clusters using parallel Adaptive Rectangular Decomposition (ARD). In order to efficiently compute the acoustic field for large or high frequency domains, we need to take full advantage of the compute resources of large clusters. This is done with new algorithmic contributions, including a hypergraph partitioning scheme to reduce the communication cost between the cores on the cluster, a novel domain decomposition scheme that reduces the amount of numerical dispersion error introduced by the load balancing algorithm, and a revamped pipeline for parallel ARD computation that increases memory efficiency and reduces redundant computations. Our resulting parallel algorithm makes it possible to compute the sound pressure field for high frequencies in large environments that are thousands of cubic meters in volume. We highlight the performance of our system on large clusters with 16,000 cores on homogeneous indoor and outdoor benchmarks up to 10 kHz. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time-domain parallel acoustic wave solver that can handle such large domains and frequencies.
Othering in the nursing context: A concept analysis

Aim ‘Othering’ is described as a social process whereby a dominant group or person uses negative attributes to define and subordinate others. Literature suggests othering creates exclusive relationships and puts patients at risk for suboptimal care. A concept analysis delineating the properties of othering was conducted to develop knowledge to support inclusionary practices in nursing. Design Rodgers’ Evolutionary Method for concept analysis guided this study. Methods The following databases were searched spanning the years 1999–2015: CINAHL, PUBMED, PsychINFO and Google. Search terms included “othering”, “nurse”, “other”, “exclusion” and “patient”. Results Twenty-eight papers were analyzed whereby definitions, related concepts and othering attributes were identified. Findings support that othering in nursing is a sequential process with a trajectory aimed at marginalization and exclusion, which in turn has a negative impact on patient care and professional relationships. Implications are discussed in terms of deriving practical solutions to disrupt othering. We conclude with a conceptual foundation designed to support inclusionary strategies in nursing.
Electrical characteristics of nanocrystalline silicon resistive memory devices

Resistive memory devices have been studied and fabricated using a wide variety of materials including chalcogenides, metal oxides, and hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). The most promising materials seem to be amorphous in nature, with the properties of the atomic lattices being conducive to the physical mechanisms that underlie the subsequent resistive switching. The devices are also finding applications beyond high-density digital memory, such as for electronic synapses in neuromorphic systems. However, a different set of properties is required in the latter case compared to devices that must only store binary values. In addition, it is well known that biological synapses are extremely unreliable and noisy, and yet the brain is still able to perform high-level cognitive functions. This work uses pulse-based electrical characterization techniques to demonstrate the stochastic nature of resistive switching in nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si) Conductive Bridge Resistive Memory (CBRAM) Devices. We chose nc-Si active layers so these devices could potentially be co-fabricated in the same process as nc-Si TFTs. Our subsequent findings indicate the device properties may be particularly useful for some non-von Neumann computing paradigms. Though much research has been done using a-Si:H, results from nc-Si CBRAM devices have not been published. In this study, we showed that the switching of the device depends on the history of current passing though it, and not only the voltage applied. Further, the resistance switching in the devices is stochastic, making them ideal candidates for a biologically realistic synapse.
Exercise Among Women With Ovarian Cancer: A Feasibility and Pre-/Post-Test Exploratory Pilot Study.

Purpose/objectives To establish the feasibility and acceptability of completing a higher dose of the planned physical activity volume among women with ovarian cancer, including those undergoing active treatment. . Design A pre-/post-test exercise intervention. All participants were asked to complete 225 minutes per week of physical activity for 26 weeks. Multiple supports were provided, including exercise DVDs, self-reported logs, and an objective physical activity tracker (Fitbit®). . Setting Home-based exercise intervention with in-person training and telephone follow-ups. . Sample 10 women with ovarian cancer who were treated within Penn Medicine in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. . Methods Home-based, in-person exercise counseling was provided by an exercise trainer weekly for the first six weeks and then monthly for a total of 26 weeks. Weekly follow-up telephone calls were used to assess exercise adherence and barriers to completing exercise, review symptom changes, and provide behavioral support. . Main research variables Feasibility and acceptability. . Findings Eight participants completed the study and achieved at least 80% of the prescribed exercise dose. Five participants were undergoing chemotherapy simultaneously. Participants experienced no adverse events during the 26-week intervention. Compared to baseline, average steps increased by 1,593 per day and moderate-intensity physical activity increased by 15 minutes per day. . Conclusions A 225-minutes-per-week exercise program is feasible and acceptable in a population of patients with ovarian cancer. Participants significantly improved their physical activity during the 26-week intervention. . Implications for nursing The findings suggest that nursing professionals could recommend that women with ovarian cancer exercise 225 minutes per week regardless of cancer and/or treatment trajectory. For those experiencing aches and pains, behavioral supports and suggestions of a lower exercise dose are needed to maintain physical activity.
Recognizing Child Maltreatment: An Emerging Focus of Awareness in Saudi Arabia.

Edited byJacquelyn H. Flaskerud, RN, PHD, FAANSchool of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, California, USAJanna Lesser, RN, PhDSchool of Nursing, University of Texas Health Science Cent...
Abstract 68: Bedside Dysphagia Screening Tool Validation Study

Background: Dysphagia or difficulty swallowing occurs in up to 50% of patients with acute stroke symptoms. Dysphagia screening is considered standard stroke care. Few dysphagia screening tools have...
A Resistant Strain: Revealing the Online Grassroots Rise of the Antivaccination Movement

An analysis of more than eight years of data from vaccination forums on mothering.com shows that the antivaccination movement is well-organized and widely dispersed, and that it emerged long before concerns about immunity were expressed. The findings are evidence of a formidable challenge to the social norms surrounding vaccination.
Bayesian statistical approaches to evaluating cognitive models

Cognitive models aim to explain complex human behavior in terms of hypothesized mechanisms of the mind. These mechanisms can be formalized in terms of mathematical structures containing parameters that are theoretically meaningful. For example, in the case of perceptual decision making, model parameters might correspond to theoretical constructs like response bias, evidence quality, response caution, and the like. Formal cognitive models go beyond verbal models in that cognitive mechanisms are instantiated in terms of mathematics and they go beyond statistical models in that cognitive model parameters are psychologically interpretable. We explore three key elements used to formally evaluate cognitive models: parameter estimation, model prediction, and model selection. We compare and contrast traditional approaches with Bayesian statistical approaches to performing each of these three elements. Traditional approaches rely on an array of seemingly ad hoc techniques, whereas Bayesian statistical approaches rely on a single, principled, internally consistent system. We illustrate the Bayesian statistical approach to evaluating cognitive models using a running example of the Linear Ballistic Accumulator model of decision making (Brown SD, Heathcote A. The simplest complete model of choice response time: linear ballistic accumulation. Cogn Psychol 2008, 57:153-178). WIREs Cogn Sci 2018, 9:e1458. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1458 This article is categorized under: Neuroscience > Computation Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making Psychology > Theory and Methods.
Effects of success v failure cases on learner-learner interaction

Abstract Studies have found that students struggle to challenge their peers and engage in co-construction of knowledge when in asynchronous problem-based learning (PBL) contexts. In other settings, case libraries have been shown to support problem solving competencies, such as argumentation and problem representation. However, research has yet to study how the design and types of cases impact learner-learner interaction. To accommodate that gap, this study used content analysis and sequential analysis to ascertain how learner interaction differed when participants had access to success- and failure-based case libraries. Results found the failure-based condition had higher overall number of postings and differed in terms of the number of elicitations and planning (meta) interactions. Finally, results of the sequential analysis indicated participants in the success-based condition were more likely to begin planning their final assignment earlier, while the failure condition was more likely to continue engaged in collaborative problem-solving with their peers. Given these differences, the findings suggest failure-based cases may serve as a catalyst for learner-learner interaction when compared with success-based cases. Implications for practice, case-based reasoning, and failure-driven memory theory are discussed.
Das multidimensionale geriatrische Assessment

In der vorliegenden Ubersicht wird das multidimensionale geriatrische Assessments als mehrstufiger diagnostischer Prozess dargestellt: 1. Schritt – Screening zur Fallidentifikation, 2. Schritt – Basisassessment, 3. Schritt – vertieftes problemorientiertes Assessment. Aufgefuhrt werden Indikationen fur ein geriatrisches Assessment und auch jene Situationen, in denen ein Assessment nicht indiziert ist. Ebenso werden die zu erfassenden Risikobereiche und die gangigsten Assessmentinstrumente dazu beschrieben. Ziel des diagnostischen Prozesses ist ein klarer Uberblick uber die individuellen Ressourcen und Defizite alterer Patienten. Das Ergebnis bietet eine rationale Grundlage fur individuelle Entscheidungen in vielerlei Situationen ihrer medizinische Versorgung und Betreuung.
Low Linolenic Soybean Plots

Introduction This project is designed to compare the yields of the new Iowa State low linolenic soybean varieties with soybean varieties commonly grown as food grade soybeans for specialty markets near the Allee Research Farm, Newell, Iowa. The Allee Research Farm is the zone for group 2 maturity range soybeans. The new IA2064 low linolenic soybean variety is adapted to this zone. Producers need performance data to help evaluate the premium offered for growing the new soybeans. Premiums are designed to cover yield drag and identity preservation costs.
External Territorial Threats and Tolerance of Corruption: A Private/Government Distinction

What makes individuals tolerate government corruption? Can citizens tolerate government corruption but be intolerant of corrupt behavior in society? I argue not all attitudes toward corruption are the same. External territorial threats elicit a tolerance of government corruption since citizens allow for government corruption when they are concerned for their security. However, citizens become intolerant of corruption in society because they view this as maximizing individual welfare at the expense of the common good (i.e. security). Using data from three unique cross-national surveys, I find that citizens under territorial threat are less likely to think corruption is an important problem, are more likely to tolerate government corruption, but are less likely to tolerate corruption by private citizens.
Numerical modeling and analysis of induced thermal stress for a non-isothermal wellbore strengthening process

Abstract Wellbore strengthening (WBS) methods are broadly applied in the field to combat lost circulation by plugging drilling induced fractures using wellbore strengthening materials (WSM). While changes in formation temperature during drilling have been identified as an important factor in wellbore stability considerations, the performance of WBS in a non-isothermal setting is unclear and remains as a barrier to successful designs of the types and sizes of WSMs. To understand the problem, a 3D finite element analysis was conducted to investigate the state of stresses in near-wellbore region from the interaction between induced thermal stresses and fractures based on different WBS plugging mechanisms. The model developed in this study coupled fluid and heat flow in fractured thermal-poroelastic rock formations and enabled flow restrictions in the fracture for simulating wellbore strengthening processes. By implementing different WBS mechanisms in the simulations, the induced thermal stresses from fluid leakage into the formations were analyzed, and the effectiveness of different WBS strategies in preventing fracture propagation under thermal effects was evaluated. The results disclosed how stresses redistribute around a fractured wellbore as non-isothermal mud invasion and WSM plugging take places. They show that temperature decreases of formation rock due to mud invasion can significantly facilitate fracture propagation and diminish the effectiveness of WBS. Such information is important to the successful management of lost circulation by taking thermal effects into consideration for better WSM design and WBS implementations.
Comparison of Double Unit Cord Blood Transplants (dCBT) with 8/8 HLA-Allele Matched Related (MRD) or Unrelated Donor (MUD) T-Cell Depleted (TCD) Transplants in Adults with Myeloid Malignancies: Comparable Progression-Free Survival (PFS)

Background TCD is being investigated as a CNI-free strategy for GVHD prophylaxis (BMT CTN 1301) & dCBT has previously been associated with PFS comparable to 8/8 MUD TCD transplants with low rates of relapse. However, how outcomes of MRD TCD, MUD TCD, & dCB transplants compare when adjusted for aaHCT-CI & rDRI is not established. Methods We compared dCBT (Cy/ Flu/ Thio/ TBI 400 & CSA/ MMF) with MRD or MUD (Bu/Mel/Flu, Cy/Thio/TBI1375 or Flu/Thio/TBI1375) CD34+ selected transplants. Eligible patients (pts) were 1st allograft recipients 21 - 60 years transplanted 1/2012 - 8/2017 for myeloid malignancies [AML/ MDS/ MPD ( Results Of 206 pts (Table 1), 76 received dCB, 52 MRD, 78 MUD transplants. Pts had similar age, gender, weight, recipient CMV+ status, & aaHCT-CI/ diagnosis distribution. Each group differed according to donor age. rDRI also differed by graft source with fewer dCBT pts having low risk disease. Significantly more MRD/ MUD transplants received high dose TBI & there were marked differences in graft dose & donor-recipient HLA-match. While the incidence of engraftment at day 45 was lower in dCBT (96%) than MRD & MUD pts (both 100%, p 3 was associated with higher TRM whereas graft source was not significant. High/ V. High rDRI was associated with higher relapse. Also, MRD pts had a higher relapse risk than dCBT pts. Both > 3 aaHCT-CI & High/ V. High rDRI had worse PFS whereas donor type was not significant. In a subset analysis of the 132 (64%) pts with an aaHCT-CI of 0-3, the 3-yr PFS was 76% (65-90) in dCBT, 61% (46-80) in MRD, & 79% (68-91) in MUD pts (Figure 1B). Conclusions This data supports dCBT in pts without promptly available MRD or MUD donors. dCBT pts had a low incidence of relapse supporting a potent GVL effect. Relapse after dCBT was significantly lower than after MRD transplants, & this finding was despite more than half of MRD pts receiving high dose conditioning. New strategies to further lower TRM in dCBT recipients may translate to dCBT being a preferred therapy over TCD MRD in the future especially in pts with low aaHCT-CI.
Estimation of parameters on Texas reservoirs using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator

This paper is to analyze and estimate Texas reservoirs of monitored water supply reservoirs about 89.8% full until December 26, 2018 using LASSO methods and predict its water reservoirs. Data collects January 2017, April 2017, July 2017, October 2017, January 2018, April 2018, July 2018, October 2018 and December 26, 2018 for 118 lakes or dams from Texas, USA. Variables include percent full, water level, height above conservation pool, reservoir storage, conservation storage, conservation capacity, and surface area. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) methods are stepwise selections, net and external cross validation, group LASSO, and adaptive LASSO. Elastic net selection find the minimum validation average square error, conservation storage; stepwise selection picks the minimum values of adjust R2 (adjust R2 statistic), Akaike’s information criterion, corrected Akaike’s information criterion, Bayesian information criterion, Cp statistic, Schwarz Bayesian information criterion in the model. The results reveal that height above conservation pool along with conservation capacity has very strong significant level for percent full among all of variables to be chosen in the model. The percent full at Texas reservoirs of monitored water supply reservoirs is affected directly by the height above conservation pool. It has a trend for the height above conservation pool with quadratic pattern in the future.
Mathematical Modeling of Immune-Mediated Processes in Coagulation and Anticoagulation Therapy

Thousands of people each year succumb to complications from deep vein thrombosis (DVT). DVT occurs when blood flow in the veins is blocked by a clot. Individuals with DVT are at increased risk of experiencing pulmonary embolism (PE), in which small pieces of the clot break off and travel to the lungs. PE can lead to lung damage and even death. Mechanisms implicated in DVT may comprise an imbalance in the body, poor circulation, inflammation, or an immune response. Given the complex interplay of mediating factors in DVT, it is important to understand the role that each plays in thrombus and embolus formation. In this work, we develop and implement a mathematical model of venous clot formation and dissolution by describing interactions between inflammation, blood cells, and various chemical factors. We then use the model to identify factors essential to embolus formation and discuss implications for clinical treatment.
Conversations about death with those who experience it the most

Using Communication Privacy Management (CPM), this study analyzed Emergency Healthcare Providers (EHP; i.e., Emergency Room Nurses, Paramedics, Emergency Medical Technicians, etc.) frequent experie...
Immunological Role of the Maternal Uterine Microbiome in Pregnancy: Pregnancies pathologies and alterated microbiota

Understanding what happens at the time of embryo implantation has been the subject of significant research. Investigators from many differing fields including maternal fetal medicine, microbiology, genetics, reproductive endocrinology and immunology have all been studying the moment the embryo interacts with the maternal endometrium. A perfect relationship between the uterus and the embryo, mediated by a tightly controlled interaction between the embryo and the endometrium, is required for successful implantation. Any factors affecting this communication, such as altered microbiome may lead to poor reproductive outcomes. Current theories suggest that altered microbiota may trigger an inflammatory response in the endometrium that affects the success of embryo implantation, as inflammatory mediators are tightly regulated during the adhesion of the blastocyst to the epithelial endometrial wall. In this review, we will highlight the various microbiome found during the periconceptual period, the microbiomes interaction with immunological responses surrounding the time of implantation, its effect on implantation, placentation and ultimately maternal and neonatal outcomes.
L$^2$-GCN: Layer-Wise and Learned Efficient Training of Graph Convolutional Networks

Graph convolution networks (GCN) are increasingly popular in many applications, yet remain notoriously hard to train over large graph datasets. They need to compute node representations recursively from their neighbors. Current GCN training algorithms suffer from either high computational costs that grow exponentially with the number of layers, or high memory usage for loading the entire graph and node embeddings. In this paper, we propose a novel efficient layer-wise training framework for GCN (L-GCN), that disentangles feature aggregation and feature transformation during training, hence greatly reducing time and memory complexities. We present theoretical analysis for L-GCN under the graph isomorphism framework, that L-GCN leads to as powerful GCNs as the more costly conventional training algorithm does, under mild conditions. We further propose L$^2$-GCN, which learns a controller for each layer that can automatically adjust the training epochs per layer in L-GCN. Experiments show that L-GCN is faster than state-of-the-arts by at least an order of magnitude, with a consistent of memory usage not dependent on dataset size, while maintaining comparable prediction performance. With the learned controller, L$^2$-GCN can further cut the training time in half. Our codes are available at this https URL.
Anosmia and Ageusia as the Only Indicators of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

The patient is a 60-year-old woman with a history of vertigo and seasonal allergies who presented to the hospital with the chief complaint of headache. Radiological findings were negative for intracranial abnormalities. The headache was due to trigeminal neuralgia. She had concurrent complaints of anosmia and ageusia without fever, respiratory symptoms, or obvious risk factors. However, it was determined to test the patient for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection despite extremely low clinical suspicion. Unfortunately, she was found to be COVID-19 positive after she was discharged from the hospital while she remained asymptomatic. There is currently a lack of published case reports describing COVID-19 patients with the sole symptoms of anosmia and ageusia in the United States of America.
Effects of sub-mm and radio point sources on the recovery of Sunyaev-Zeldovich galaxy cluster parameters

Observations of clusters in the 30 to 350 GHz range can in principle be used to determine a galaxy cluster's Comptonization parameter, y, peculiar velocity, v and gas temperature, T_e via the dependence of the kinetic and thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) effects on these parameters. Despite the significant contamination expected from thermal emission by dust in high-redshift galaxies, we find that the simultaneous determination of optical depth (tau), v and T_e is possible from observations with sensitivity of a few uK in three or more bands with arc minute resolution. After allowing for realistic levels of contamination by dusty galaxies and primary CMB anisotropy, we find that simultaneous determinations of velocities to an accuracy of better than 200 km/s and temperatures to roughly keV accuracy should be possible in the near future. We study how errors change as a function of cluster properties (angular core radius and gas temperature) and experimental parameters (observing time, angular resolution and observing frequencies). Contaminating synchrotron emission from cluster galaxies will probably not be a major contaminant of peculiar velocity measurements.
ADAR1 A-to-I RNA alters codon usage

Background: Fully grown mammalian oocytes and eggs are transcriptionally quiescent, and therefore have a unique RNA environment in which cellular processes depend on post-transcriptional regulation. RNA editing of adenosines into inosines (A-to-I) by adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) is a common post-transcriptional gene regulatory mechanism, yet it has not been systematically studied in oocytes. Results: A genome-wide RNA editing analysis of transcriptionally active growing oocytes from postnatal day 12 (PND12) mice, fully grown germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes, and transcriptionally quiescent metaphase II (MII) eggs indicates an abundant amount of A-to-I editing of mRNA transcripts. Editing of mRNA was greatest in GV oocyte and MII eggs compared to the PND12 immature oocytes, this was consistent with ADAR1 levels within these cells. Compared to somatic tissues, oocytes exhibited a different pattern of RNA editing, with a high proportion of RNA edits occurring in the coding regions. These edits resulted in nucleotide substitutions that were enriched at the third nucleotide of the codon (wobble position). Codon usage can affect mRNA stability and translation efficiency. Conclusions: RNA editing in mouse oocytes is distinct from RNA editing in somatic cells due to increased frequencies of coding sequence RNA edits. We provide evidence in support of a previously unreported phenomenon of selective ADAR1 editing of the codon wobble position. Editing of the wobble position has the potential to fine tune post-transcriptional gene regulation through altering codon usage. This important observation advances our current understanding of RNA editing in mammalian cells.
Hospitalization Trajectories in Home- and Community-Based Services Recipients: The Influence of Physician and Social Care Density

OBJECTIVES Repeated hospitalizations among older adults receiving Home- and Community-Based Services (HCBS) may indicate unmet medical and social needs. This study examined all-cause hospitalization trajectories and the association between area-level resource density for medical and social care and the trajectory group membership. METHODS The study participants included 11,223 adults aged 60 years or older who were enrolled in public HCBS programs in Michigan between 2008 and 2012. Data sources included the Michigan interRAI-Home Care, Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care Data, the American Community Survey, and the County Business Patterns from the Census Bureau. The group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify trajectories of hospitalization over 15 months. Correlates of the trajectories were examined using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS Four distinct hospitalization trajectory groups emerged: "never" (43.1%)-individuals who were rarely hospitalized during the study period, "increasing" (19.9%)-individuals who experienced an increased risk of hospitalization, "decreasing" (21.6%)-individuals with a decreased risk, and "frequent" (15.8%)-individuals with frequent hospitalizations. Older adults living in areas with a higher number of social service organizations for older adults and persons with disability were less likely to be on the "frequent" trajectory relative to the "decreasing" trajectory. The density of primary care physicians was not associated with the trajectory group membership. DISCUSSION Area-level social care resource density contributes to changes in 15-month hospitalization risks among older adult recipients of HCBS.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors or Angiotensin Receptor Blockers Use and COVID-19 Infection Among 824 650 Patients With Hypertension From a US Integrated Healthcare System.

Background Previous reports suggest that the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may upregulate angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors and increase severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infectivity. We evaluated the association between ACEI or ARB use and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection among patients with hypertension. Methods and Results We identified patients with hypertension as of March 1, 2020 (index date) from Kaiser Permanente Southern California. Patients who received ACEIs, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, thiazide diuretics (TD), or no therapy were identified using outpatient pharmacy data covering the index date. Outcome of interest was a positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test for COVID-19 between March 1 and May 6, 2020. Patient sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were identified within 1 year preindex date. Among 824 650 patients with hypertension, 16 898 (2.0%) were tested for COVID-19. Of those tested, 1794 (10.6%) had a positive result. Overall, exposure to ACEIs or ARBs was not statistically significantly associated with COVID-19 infection after propensity score adjustment (odds ratio [OR], 1.06; 95% CI, 0.90-1.25) for ACEIs versus calcium channel blockers/beta blockers/TD; OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.91-1.31 for ARBs versus calcium channel blockers/beta blockers/TD). The associations between ACEI use and COVID-19 infection varied in different age groups (P-interaction=0.03). ACEI use was associated with lower odds of COVID-19 among those aged ≥85 years (OR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.12-0.77). Use of no antihypertensive medication was significantly associated with increased odds of COVID-19 infection compared with calcium channel blockers/beta blockers/TD (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.11-1.56). Conclusions Neither ACEI nor ARB use was associated with increased likelihood of COVID-19 infection. Decreased odds of COVID-19 infection among adults ≥85 years using ACEIs warrants further investigation.
Enthesitis Related Arthritis in a Longitudinal Southeast Asian Registry: High Prevalence of HLA-B27, Different Sacroiliitis Risk Factors and Less Common Drug-Free Remission.

Objective. To describe the clinical characteristics, predictors and treatment of children with Enthesitis Related Arthritis (ERA) in a Singapore longitudinal cohort over 11 years. Methods. ERA patients were recruited from our registry (2009–2019). Nonparametric descriptive statistics including median (interquartile range, IQR) were used to describe data. Kaplan–Meier survival and logistic/Cox regression analyses were used to estimate the probabilities and determine predictors of clinical variables, respectively. The significance level was set at <0.05. Results. One hundred and forty-six ERA patients (87% male, 82% Chinese) were included. Median onset age was 11.9 years (IQR 9.4–14.0) and median disease duration was 4.9 years (IQR 2.6–8.3). Family history of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-B27 associated diseases was positive in 7.5%. Acute uveitis occurred in 3.4%. Oligoarthritis was present in 89.7%. Hip, knee and ankle joints were among the most common joints involved. One-fourth had enthesitis at diagnosis (Achilles tendon entheses, 82.9%). Sacroiliitis occurred in 61%. Probabilities of sacroiliitis development were 0.364, 0.448 and 0.578 at 1, 2 and 5 years after onset, respectively. Negative HLA-B27, female, older age at onset and hip arthritis at diagnosis were associated with shorter time for sacroiliitis development (p = 0.001–0.049). Methotrexate (MTX) remained the most common disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) used (77.4%). However, 77.9% required anti-TNF (aTNF) therapy secondary to MTX failure. Among MTX-treated sacroiliitis patients, 85.3% failed, requiring aTNF, as compared to 63.2%patients without axial disease. Longer duration to diagnosis (p = 0.038) and MTX use (p = 0.007) predicted aTNF therapy. None had joint deformity. Conclusions. This study underscores differences in ERA clinical characteristics, predictors and treatment responses. Our ERA population had many unique findings but good functional outcomes.
Meteorology and climatology of historical weekly wind and solar power resource droughts over western North America in ERA5

Wind and solar electricity generation is projected to expand substantially over the next several decades due both to rapid cost declines as well as regulation designed to achieve climate targets. With increasing reliance on wind and solar generation, future energy systems may be vulnerable to previously underappreciated synoptic-scale variations characterized by low wind and/or surface solar radiation. Here we use western North America as a case study region to investigate the historical meteorology of weekly-scale “droughts” in potential wind power, potential solar power and their compound occurrence. We also investigate the covariability between wind and solar droughts with potential stresses on energy demand due to temperature deviations away human comfort levels. We find that wind power drought weeks tend to occur in late summer and are characterized by a mid-level atmospheric ridge centered over British Columbia and high sea level pressure on the lee side of the Rockies. Solar power drought weeks tend to occur near winter solstice when the seasonal minimum in incoming solar radiation co-occurs with the tendency for mid-level troughs and low pressure systems over the U.S. southwest. Compound wind and solar power drought weeks consist of the aforementioned synoptic pattern associated with wind droughts occurring near winter solstice when the solar resource is at its seasonal minimum. We find that wind drought weeks are associated with high solar power (and vice versa) both seasonally and in terms of synoptic meteorology, which supports the notion that wind and solar power generation can play complementary roles in a diversified energy portfolio at synoptic spatiotemporal scales over western North America.
A coculture-coproduction system designed for enhanced carbon conservation through inter-strain CO2 recycling.

Abstract Carbon loss in the form of CO2 is an intrinsic and persistent challenge faced during conventional and advanced biofuel production from biomass feedstocks. Current mechanisms for increasing carbon conservation typically require the provision of reduced co-substrates as additional reducing equivalents. This need can be circumvented, however, by exploiting the natural heterogeneity of lignocellulosic sugars mixtures and strategically using specific fractions to drive complementary CO2 emitting vs. CO2 fixing pathways. As a demonstration of concept, a coculture-coproduction system was developed by pairing two catabolically orthogonal Escherichia coli strains; one converting glucose to ethanol (G2E) and the other xylose to succinate (X2S). 13C-labeling studies reveled that G2E + X2S cocultures were capable of recycling 24% of all evolved CO2 and achieved a carbon conservation efficiency of 77%; significantly higher than the 64% achieved when all sugars are instead converted to just ethanol. In addition to CO2 exchange, the latent exchange of pyruvate between strains was discovered, along with significant carbon rearrangement within X2S.
Reverse Engineering Using Computed Tomography

We developed a straightforward way to transform x-ray computed tomography (CT) data into an engineering model in a Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) software package. Engineers use such reverse engineering techniques to compare the component “as-is” to the component “as-designed.” Reverse Engineering is also useful when the documentation for components is lost or the component has been shaped by hand for design (as in automotive bodies) or to fit into a location.
Binary obfuscation using signals

Reverse engineering of software is the process of recovering higher-level structure and meaning from a lower-level program representation. It can be used for legitimate purposes--e.g., to recover source code that has been lost--but it is often used for nefarious purposes, e.g., to search for security vulnerabilities in binaries or to steal intellectual property. This paper addresses the problem of making it hard to reverse engineering binary programs by making it difficult to disassemble machine code statically. Binaries are obfuscated by changing many control transfers into signals (traps) and inserting dummy control transfers and "junk" instructions after the signals. The resulting code is still a correct program, but even the best current disassemblers are unable to disassemble 40%-60% of the instructions in the program. Furthermore, the disassemblers have a mistaken understanding of over half of the control flow edges. However, the obfuscated program necessarily executes more slowly than the original. Experimental results quantify the degree of obfuscation, stealth of the code, and effects on execution time and code size.
The value of coin networks: the case of Automotive Network Exchange

As a response to strong competitive pressures, the U.S. automotive industry has actively employed Electronic Data Interchange in communications between suppliers and carmakers for many years. This case reviews the recent development of ANXÂ®, a COIN (Community of Interest Network) intended to provide industry-wide connectivity between carmakers, dealers and Tier suppliers. The authors identify technical and business challenges to the success of ANXÂ®.
Leptotrichia (Leptothrix) vaginalis

Abstract In 76, or 15.2 per cent, of vaginal discharges from 500 pregnant Negro women examined, a filamentous strain of the bacillus of Doderlein was found. In forty patients, or 8 per cent, it occurred in maximum numbers and produced in twelve patients (30 per cent) the following vaginal picture. A diffuse mild erythema was observed of the introital and vaginal mucosa upon the surface of which were scattered numerous discrete, pin-head sized white areas. These lightly adherent flecks were, microscopically, colonies of tangled bacterial filaments and epithelial cells. Superficial ulcers of the mucosa were beneath some of these masses, usually in association with a Candida infection. However, of 200 pregnant white patients examined, this filamentous strain was found in only one individual. The strain survived in the same patients for periods of one to three years. The morphology of the bacillus was similar to the descriptions of that of Leptotrichia (Leptothrix) reported in the literature and was identified with the Lactobacillus group of organisms, especially L. acidophilus , in its microaerophilic characteristic and biochemic properties.