cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Addressing Intimate Partner Violence in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Patients

The medical community’s efforts to address intimate partner violence (IPV) have often neglected members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) population. Heterosexual women are primarily targeted for IPV screening and intervention despite the similar prevalence of IPV in LGBT individuals and its detrimental health effects. Here, we highlight the burden of IPV in LGBT relationships, discuss how LGBT and heterosexual IPV differ, and outline steps clinicians can take to address IPV in their LGBT patients.
Color formation in irradiated polymers

Abstract Discoloration is a problem in the radiation processing of polymers (such as radiation sterilization), and also in emerging applications in which optical-property materials are used in radiation environments (such as scintillation detectors). We have completed a survey of 17 different types of optical polymers, in which it is found that these materials form both permanent and annealable color centers, but in very different magnitudes and ratios. Optical absorption spectra of irradiated polymers both immediately after irradiation and following different time periods of annealing are provided. Also provided are tables showing rank ordering of the relative resistance of different polymer types to induced discoloration. It is found that the extent of radiation-induced discoloration of polymers has little or no dependence on whether the macromolecule is aromatic or aliphatic, and shows no correlation with the relative extent of radiation-induced mechanical property change. Examples of the influence of stabilizer additives on the extent of discoloration are discussed.
Eightfold 40-320 Gbit/s phase-coherent multiplexing and 320-40 Gbit/s demultiplexing using highly nonlinear fibers.

We experimentally demonstrate 40–320Gbit/s phase-coherent multiplexing based on cross-phase modulation and subsequent 320–40Gbit/s demultiplexing using cross-phase-modulation-induced frequency shift in highly nonlinear fibers. An average penalty of approximately 7dB at a 10−9 bit-error rate is observed after the nonlinear processes. We also show the generation of a phase-coherent 320GHz optical pulse train. A delay-line interferometer based on differential group delay is used to verify the phase coherence characteristic of the multiplexed 320Gbit/s signal and the generated 320GHz pulses.
Proportional reasoning, framing effects, and affirmative action : Is six of one really half a dozen of another in university admissions?

Abstract People often reason proportionally, perceiving fixed outcomes as larger or smaller depending upon the reference condition. Thus, for policies affecting individuals, presenting data as percentages rather than frequencies can alter perceived effects on high versus low base rate group members, even though identical numbers of individuals in each group are affected. Such numerical framing effects were explored through a case analysis of public debates over race-conscious selection policies and through experimental manipulations employing a race-conscious university admissions scenario. Undergraduates (N = 193) received data reporting the expected impact on black and white student enrollment resulting from a university shift to race-neutral admissions. Compared to those encountering percentages or proportions, participants receiving identical information expressed as frequencies revealed a predicted greater preference for race-neutral or “race blind” admissions. Structural equation analysis supported a model in which perceived impact and fairness mediated the relationship between format and endorsement of race-neutral admissions.
American Pediatric Society Presidential Address 1999: The Joy of Academic Pediatrics

Before beginning my formal remarks, I want to take this opportunity on behalf of the entire membership of the American Pediatric Society (APS) to express our gratitude to Vice President Buckley, to the Council, to committee chairs and their members, to our spectacular program committee and to our superb staff in Texas, for all of their efforts on our behalf, throughout the year. In particular, I want to express my deepest appreciation to Debbie Anagnostelis and Kathy Cannon, our Executive and Associate Executive directors respectively, whose superb contributions both at the staff and program levels have been, and continue to be, extraordinary.
An update on the mechanisms of the psychostimulant effects of caffeine

There has been a long debate about the predominant involvement of the different adenosine receptor subtypes and the preferential role of pre- versus post-synaptic mechanisms in the psychostimulant effects of the adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine. Both striatal A(1) and A(2A) receptors are involved in the motor-activating and probably reinforcing effects of caffeine, although they play a different role under conditions of acute or chronic caffeine administration. The present review emphasizes the key integrative role of adenosine and adenosine receptor heteromers in the computation of information at the level of the striatal spine module (SSM). This local module is mostly represented by the dendritic spine of the medium spiny neuron with its glutamatergic and dopaminergic synapses and astroglial processes that wrap the glutamatergic synapse. In the SSM, adenosine acts both pre- and post-synaptically through multiple mechanisms, which depend on heteromerization of A(1) and A(2A) receptors among themselves and with D(1) and D(2) receptors, respectively. A critical aspect of the mechanisms of the psychostimulant effects of caffeine is its ability to release the pre- and post-synaptic brakes that adenosine imposes on dopaminergic neurotransmission by acting on different adenosine receptor heteromers localized in different elements of the SSM.
New equation of state for astrophysical simulations

We generate a new complete equation of state (EOS) of nuclear matter for a wide range of temperatures, densities, and proton fractions ready for use in astrophysical simulations of supernovae and neutron star mergers. Our previous two papers tabulated the EOS at over $180 000$ grid points in the temperature range $T=\text{0-80}$ MeV, the density range ${n}_{B}={10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}\ensuremath{-}1.6$ fm${}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, and the proton fraction range ${Y}_{P}=\text{0-0.56}$. In this paper we combine these data points using a suitable interpolation scheme to generate a single EOS table on a finer grid. This table is thermodynamically consistent and conserves entropy during adiabatic compression tests. We present various thermodynamic quantities and the composition of matter in the new EOS, along with several comparisons with existing EOS tables. Our EOS table is available for download.
HgCdTe charge-coupled device technology∗

Abstract Charge-coupled device action has been demonstrated for the first time in the variable bandgap alloy Hg 1−xCd x Te. 16-bit shift registers have been fabricated on 0.25 eV n -type material with a charge transfer efficiency of 0.9995. The mode of operation of these devices is described and their performance compared to simple CCD theory as applied to this narrow-gap infrared sensitive material. Supporting data on singlelevel MIS devices is presented to indicate the validity of our device analysis and the potential of this technology for future focal-plane applications.
Diversity Comparisons Between Diked and Undiked Coastal Freshwater Marshes on Lake Erie During a High-water Year

Abstract The effect of high water on floristic composition and diversity was compared at a diked, managed marsh, and an undiked, unmanaged marsh. Species richness and alpha diversity were determined for Cells A through D at Pipe Creek Wetland (PCW), a restored, managed marsh, and MHD Wetland, an undiked, unmanaged marsh. Both wetlands are located on Sandusky Bay in the western basin in Lake Erie, Ohio. Water levels were unusually high during 1997 when this study was conducted. Thus, the flora of Cells C and D at PCW in 1997 were compared to results from a vegetation survey of these cells conducted in 1994, a low-water year. Values for species richness in 1997 ranged from 25 (Cell A) to 42 (Cell D). Pipe Creek Wetland, and Cell D in particular, had higher species richness than MHD Wetland. Average alpha diversity values in 1997 ranged from 0.95 to 1.34; Cell D had significantly higher alpha diversity than Cell C at PCW and MHD Wetland. Species richness of Cells C and D at PCW declined substantially between 1994 and 1997 and species composition changed considerably. These findings reflect the combined effects of the very different marsh surfaces, hydrologic regimes, and human influences at Pipe Creek and MHD Wetlands. It is suggested that species richness and alpha diversity at Pipe Creek Wetland would be even higher in a low-water year. However, MHD Wetland would not become more diverse if water levels dropped due to the extreme dominance of stress-tolerant, aggressive plant species at MHD.
The Lanczos method applied to quasi-static stark broadening of spectral lines

Abstract The quasi-static ion approximation of Stark broadened spectral lines involves an average of the field-dependent line shape over the microfield probability distribution. In the conventional approach, this can become computationally expensive since the calculation at each field point requires inverting a possibly large matrix. It is shown that these calculations are well suited to the “Pade Via Lanczos” approach, which allows for an efficient and accurate numerical integration over the quasi-static field. In turn, the integration forms the basis for determining convergence with Lanczos iterations. Simple examples are used to demonstrate improved performance over conventional methods.
Determination of the sedimentary microbial biomass by extractible lipid phosphate.

The measurement of lipid phosphate is proposed as an indicator of microbial biomass in marine and estuarine sediments. This relatively simple assay can be performed on fresh, frozen or frozen-lyophilized sediment samples with chloroform methanol extraction and subsequent phosphate determination. The sedimentary lipid phosphate recovery correlates with the extractible ATP and the rate of DNA synthesis. Pulse-chase experiments show active metabolism of the sedimentary phospholipids. The recovery of added 14C-labeled bacterial lipids from sediments is quantitative. Replicate analyses from a single sediment sample gave a standard deviation of 11%. The lipid extract can be fractionated by relatively simple procedures and the plasmalogen, diacyl phospholipid, phosphonolipid and non-hydrolyzable phospholipid content determined. The relative fatty acid composition can be readily determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The lipid composition can be used to define the microbial community structure. For example, the absence of polyenoic fatty acids indicates minimal contamination with benthic micro-eukaryotes. Therefore the high content of plasmalogen phospholipids in these sediments suggests that the anaerobic prokaryotic Clostridia are found in the aerobic sedimentary horizon. This would require anaerobic microhabitats in the aerated zones.
Adapting thermodynamics for materials science problems

Some recent developments in the applications of thermodynamics to problems in materials science have required adaptations that are in the inventive spirit of classical thermodynamics. Diffuse interfaces and the problems that crystal lattices pose are taken as examples.
Transfection and expression of syngeneic H-2 genes does not reduce malignancy of H-2 negative teratocarcinoma cells in the autologous host.

Abstract Rejection of the MHC class I negative 402AX teratocarcinoma is accompanied by induction of tumor cell-encoded H-2K and H-2D antigens by the genetically resistant host. To determine whether MHC antigen expression is required for 402AX rejection, we have prepared H-2D b -transfected 402AX cells (402AX/D b ). Transfectants express high levels of H-2D b , most of which is not associated with β2-microglobulin. MHC syngeneic and allogeneic mice susceptible to 402AX are resistant to 402AX/D b , suggesting that MHC class I antigen expression is required for tumor rejection. Autologous 129 hosts, however, are susceptible to 402AX/D b . 402AX cells transfected with the H-2K b gene (402AX/K b ) are also lethal in the autologous 129/J host, but rejected by MHC syngeneic and allogeneic mice. Non-129 strain 402AX-susceptible mice preimmunized with 402AX/D b or simultaneously challenged with 402AX/D b plus 402AX are immune to 402AX. Mice immunized with 402AX/D b produce MHC class I induction factor. 402AX/D b and 402AX cells are lysed equally by natural killer cells, indicating that in 402AX cells the expression of class I antigens is unrelated to NK susceptibility. These studies confirm the requirement for class I expression in 402AX immunity, but demonstrate that in the autologous host immunity requires additional factors beyond class I antigen expression.
Thermodynamic analysis of hydrogen production via sorption-enhanced steam methane reforming in a new class of variable volume batch-membrane reactor

Abstract Combined reaction–separation processes are a widely explored method to produce hydrogen from endothermic steam reforming of hydrocarbon feedstock at a reduced reaction temperature and with fewer unit operation steps, both of which are key requirements for energy efficient, distributed hydrogen production. This work introduces a new class of variable volume batch reactors for production of hydrogen from catalytic steam reforming of methane that operates in a cycle similar to that of an internal combustion engine. It incorporates a CO2 adsorbent and a selectively permeable hydrogen membrane for in situ removal of the two major products of the reversible steam methane reforming reaction. Thermodynamic analysis is employed to define an envelope of ideal reactor performance and to explore the tradeoff between thermal efficiency and hydrogen yield density with respect to critical operating parameters, including sorbent mass, steam to methane ratio and fraction of product gas recycled. Particular attention is paid to contrasting the variable volume batch-membrane reactor approach to a conventional fixed bed reaction–separation approach. The results indicates that the proposed reactor is a viable option for low temperature distributed production of hydrogen from methane, the primary component of natural gas feedstock, motivating a detailed study of reaction/adsorption kinetics and heat/mass transfer effects.
Relation between the solutions of Newton's and Heisenberg's equations of motion

For a class of problems it is shown that a solution to Newton's equation of motion may be interpreted as the generating function for the matrix elements of the coordinate operators in the Heisenberg representation. For three one-dimensional problems, the harmonic oscillator, the particle in a box, and the x/sup 4/ anharmonic oscillator, solutions to the quantum-mechanical problem are given in terms of the classical solution. A brief examination is made of a two-dimensional problem in which the angular momentum is conserved.
Percentage of occurrence of response members, associative strength, and competition in paired-associate learning in children

Abstract The present experiment investigated the effects of percentage occurrence of response members (% ORM) on paired-associate learning in children. Fifty-six children in the sixth-grade learned paired-associate lists consisting of six adjective pairs. The Ss were assigned to either a 100% ORM condition (i.e., the typical paired-associate task) or to a 33 1 3 % ORM condition in which the response member of each word-pair appeared only one-third of the time. Possible interactive effects of % ORM with associative strength and degree of competition in the to-be-learned lists were also studied. The results indicated that 100% ORM yielded more correct responses than 33 1 3 % ORM, and that 100% ORM was even more superior to 33 1 3 % ORM on items of low than on items of high associative strength. A two-stage analysis of the learning period suggested that retarded response learning is a relevant variable in accounting for the inferior performance obtained under 33 1 3 % ORM.
Range estimation for passive RFID systems that use power-optimized waveforms

This work investigates three major phenomena of range estimation performance for a passive RFID system that transmits power-optimized waveforms (POWs). The shape of the POW, nonlinear charge pump reflections, and frequency-flat multipath environments are investigated. A maximum-likelihood (ML) range estimator analyzes the backscattered signal from a passive RFID tag that includes the POW as a carrier of tag data. The interferers in a linear-reflection system are multipath components and noise. However, the charge pump of the tag may also induce nonlinear distortion on the reflected POW. It is shown in this paper that each of these sources of interference may be accounted for in theoretical models of the uncertainty and bias of the ML estimator.
Automated generation of optimised building envelope: simulation based multi-objective process using evolutionary algorithm

This paper seeks to investigate methodology on the seamless integration for constructing a climate-conscious building envelope. The focus is targeted to provide architectural designers with an intelligent way to develop their design alternatives in the early phase of a project. Improved environmental performance can be achieved by using an optimised building envelope based on local data analysis. For tight integration, coupling of MATLAB and Rhino was employed through coding for real-time information exchanges. EnergyPlus and ECOTECT were implemented in the modelling process to simulate environmental performance. This process considers two cost functions: solar radiation and energy. Respective performance check-up runs into Multi-Objective Programming (MOP). Decision-making in MOP is optimised by using an Evolutionary Algorithm (EA), and culminated with Pareto efficiency. A sample experiment was conducted to test the methodology and results. The city, Moscow, having a conflicting claim of energy use reduc...
Comparison of suicide rates among industrial groups.

Suicide rates among industrial groups were examined systematically using death certificate data from 1984 through 1989 in Alabama. Poisson log-linear modelling was used to estimate the rate ratios (RR) of industries compared to a referent and to adjust for confounding. Marked differences in suicide rates were found among industrial groups. The rates ranged from 5.31 to 62.36 per 100,000 population per year. People employed in public administration had the lowest rate. In comparison with public administration, the construction industry had the highest risk (adjusted RR = 11.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 9.6-14.6). Employees of the mining industry experienced a similarly high risk (adjusted RR = 11.5, 95% CI: 8.2-16.3). Persons employed in farming, agriculture services, forestry, and fisheries, manufacturing, and transportation, communications, and other public utilities industries had intermediate risks. Smaller elevations of suicide rates compared to public administration were observed in the wholesale trade, retail trade, finance, insurance, and real estate, and services industries. The differences of suicide rates may be related to sociodemographic differences, self-selection for occupation, ease of access to lethal agents, or job stress. Language: en
Divergent Effects of the Malignant Hyperthermia-Susceptible Arg615→Cys Mutation on the Ca2+ and Mg2+ Dependence of the RyR1

The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) release channel (RyR1) from malignant hyperthermia-susceptible (MHS) porcine skeletal muscle has a decreased sensitivity to inhibition by Mg(2+). This diminished Mg(2+) inhibition has been attributed to a lower Mg(2+) affinity of the inhibition (I) site. To determine whether alterations in the Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) affinity of the activation (A) site contribute to the altered Mg(2+) inhibition, we estimated the Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) affinities of the A- and I-sites of normal and MHS RyR1. Compared with normal SR, MHS SR required less Ca(2+) to half-maximally activate [(3)H]ryanodine binding (K(A,Ca): MHS = 0.17 +/- 0.01 microM; normal = 0.29 +/- 0.02 microM) and more Ca(2+) to half-maximally inhibit ryanodine binding (K(I,Ca): MHS = 519.3 +/- 48.7 microM; normal = 293.3 +/- 24.2 microM). The apparent Mg(2+) affinity constants of the MHS RyR1 A- and I-sites were approximately twice those of the A- and I-sites of the normal RyR1 (K(A,Mg): MHS = 44.36 +/- 4.54 microM; normal = 21.59 +/- 1.66 microM; K(I,Mg): MHS = 660.8 +/- 53.0 microM; normal = 299.2 +/- 24.5 microM). Thus, the reduced Mg(2+) inhibition of the MHS RyR1 compared with the normal RyR1 is due to both an enhanced selectivity of the MHS RyR1 A-site for Ca(2+) over Mg(2+) and a reduced Mg(2+) affinity of the I-site.
Phorbol ester uncouples adenosine inhibition of presynaptic Ca2+ transients at hippocampal synapses.

Synaptic transmission involves Ca2+ influx at presynaptic terminals. Adenosine receptors inhibit transmission, and this effect can be abolished by activation of PKC with phorbol esters. Whether protein kinase C (PKC) acts via alterations in Ca2+ entry at the presynaptic terminal is unknown. In the present study, we recorded the presynaptic Ca2+ transients (preCaΔ) in hippocampal stratum radiatum, using fluorescence photometry. The calcium dye Fura-2 AM was used to load the Schaffer collateral/commissural tract and its terminals. Tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive Na+ channels and Cd2+-sensitive, high-voltage activated Ca2+ channels (HVACCs) were required to elicit the preCaΔ. Application of the phorbol ester phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) abolished the adenosine inhibition of both preCaΔ and the field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs). PDBu consistently potentiated fEPSPs, and also increased preCaΔ in a large majority of the slices examined. Regardless of whether potentiation was observed, PDBu always prevented adenosine inhibition of preCaΔ. In contrast, the inactive phorbol ester, 4α-phorbol, did not alter adenosine inhibition of preCaΔ, indicating that PKC activation is necessary for the occurrence of the observed effects. Our findings suggest that PKC activation abolishes adenosine's inhibitory effect on synaptic activity involving presynaptic Ca2+ entry. Hippocampus 2003;13:355–360. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Parallel computation-the key to solving large and multiscale problems

The objective of this paper is to describe two parallel algorithms, one in the frequency and the other in the time domain, both of which have been designed for solving large problems on parallel computing platforms.
Nodal correlations in the incompressible composite fermion liquid

To search for possible correlations in the system of interpenetrating liquids of zeroes and electrons in the fractional quantum Hall effect, this paper studies several ground state correlation functions involving particles and zeroes in the incompressible states of composite fermions at filling factors $\ensuremath{\nu}=2/5,$ 3/7, and 4/9. It is found that the zeroes form a liquid of their own in which they repel one another at short distances, and also repel particles (with the obvious exception of the Pauli zeroes that are tied to the particles). For certain states, it is found that three body configurations containing two nearby electrons and a zero in the middle are highly probable, indicating that the zeroes tend to insert themselves between nearby particles in an effort to keep them apart.
Impact of age-related macular degeneration on vision-specific quality of life: Follow-up from the 10-year and 15-year visits of the study of osteoporotic fractures

Purpose To assess vision-specific quality of life (QOL), based on abbreviated surveys derived from the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ), in a cohort of United States women who participated in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Design Prospective, observational cohort study. Methods Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) status, based on a 3-level classification (no AMD, early AMD, late AMD), and vision-specific QOL, based on abbreviated NEI-VFQ surveys, were calculated for 1674 women enrolled in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures at 4 centers within the United States who had gradable fundus photographs at both the 10-year and 15-year follow-up visits. The associations among 5-year changes in NEI-VFQ composite scores, change in AMD status, and distance visual acuity were examined. Results Compared with study participants without AMD at both visits, study participants with late AMD at both visits and those who progressed from early AMD to late AMD demonstrated the greatest declines in adjusted NEI-VFQ composite scores, up to a mean decrease of 16.2 from a scale of 100. Visual acuity declines also were most prominent for patients with late AMD at both visits and for those who progressed from early AMD to late AMD. Change in visual acuity was found to correlate significantly with change in vision-specific QOL. Conclusions The abbreviated NEI-VFQ surveys provide reliable assessments of vision-specific QOL in AMD patients. The decline in vision-specific QOL associated with the progression of AMD is clinically meaningful.
The Effects of Mnemonic Interventions on Academic Outcomes for Youth with Disabilities: A Systematic Review

The relationship between mnemonic instruction and academic performance for secondary-school-age youth with disabilities was explored in this systematic review. A total of 20 studies intervening with 669 youth with learning disabilities, emotional and behavioral disorders, and mild developmental disabilities were reviewed. The findings of this review strongly support the efficacy of mnemonic interventions across study methods, educational settings, student ages, and disabilities in the improvement of academic performance, typically measured by recall of word meanings or factual information. A series of detailed implications for practice is discussed and reference is made to specific literature providing detailed descriptions of mnemonic interventions.
Use of serum concentration techniques to enhance early detection of recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy

Abstract Objectives We evaluated the clinical applicability of serum concentration techniques to enhance the detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in men with recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. Methods We concentrated blood serum by lyophilization and ultrafiltration from female patients who had undergone cystoprostatectomy, “cured” patients who had undergone radical prostatectomy, patients without prostate cancer, and patients with prostate cancer treated with radiation or hormonal therapy. The primary study group consisted of 31 patients with recurrent disease after radical prostatectomy whose initial postoperative PSA fell to undetectable levels (less than 0.07 ng/mL) that later turned positive (0.07 ng/mL or more) by the Tosoh AIA 600 immunoassay run in the ultrasensitive mode. All serum samples of less than 0.07 ng/mL were concentrated by lyophilization or ultrafiltration. Results Serum concentrated by lyophilization and filtration detected PSA recurrence significantly earlier than did unconcentrated serum in 29 of 31 patients (94%) and in 28 of 31 patients (90%), respectively. The mean advantage for the 29 patients was 362 days; for the 28 patients it was 383 days. The mean native PSA was 0.04 ng/mL (range 0.00 to 0.06) at the time of earliest detection by concentration techniques. Serum from female patients who had undergone cystoprostatectomy and “cured” patients who had undergone radical prostatectomy failed to concentrate, giving a test specificity of 100%. Conclusions Serum concentration is a specific and sensitive technique that provides a significant lead time of an additional 12 months in detecting cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy when compared with nonconcentrated serum. Because the Tosoh assay, when run in the ultrasensitive mode, gave an additional lead time of 9 months at a residual cancer detection limit of 0.07 ng/mL, the combination of the Tosoh assay and serum concentration allows detection of a failed radical prostatectomy about 2 years earlier than does the Hybritech Tandem-R assay, which has a residual cancer detection limit of 0.2 ng/mL.
Functional equivalence in cross-cultural consumer behavior: Gift giving in Japan and the United States

The functional equivalence of products and consumer activities across cultures is a largely unexplored area. Yet, the lack of functional equivalence that exists may suggest the need for modification of some concepts and theories of consumer behavior. The study reported in this paper explores the functional equivalence that exists between U.S. and Japanese consumers in an important consumer activity—gift giving. The results suggest a lack of functional equivalence of this activity and illustrate how researchers should give explicit consideration to this issue in the development and testing of consumer concepts and models.
1342 VITAMIN E (VIT.E) IN HUMAN EYE-RETINAL, CHOROIDAL AND VITREOUS LEVELS WITH & WITHOUT TREATMENT

Despite widespread prophylactic use of vit. E for the prevention of retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) in preterm infants, there is no information on vit. E levels within the eye. We previously reported retinal levels of vit. E in kittens (Pediatr Res 18:323A, 1984). We measured vit. E levels in retina, choroidal and vitreous tissue in 20 human eyes. Eyes were obtained at death after informed consent. Infants who survived >24 hrs. had received oral vit. E 50 mg/kg/day. Birth weight and gestational age (GA) ranged from 0.62 to 2.9 kg and 26 to 40 wks. Two infants had RLF (Stage I-II) before death. Data on vit. E in serum, retina, choroidal, vitreous obtained at the time of death are shown below. Vit. E was assayed by HPLC. From this data we conclude: a) No correlation between serum and retinal levels could be found; b) Choroidal and vitreous levels increased minimally in the treated group; c) Retinal levels in the treated group were significantly higher than the untreated; and d) Retinal levels increased with gestational age. These data show lack of relationship between serum and retinal levels and RLF.
Autobiography for the archives

*The remaining five volumes in the Contemporary Classics in Science series, recently or shortly to be published, are: Clinical Medicine; Plant, Animal, and Environmental Sciences; Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences; Engineering and Applied Science; and Social and Behavioral Sciences. All contain about 300 pages and cost 39.95, 34. Contemporary Classics in the Life Sciences.* Vol. 1 Cell Biology. Vol. 2 The Molecules of Life. Edited by James T. Barrett. ISI Press: 1986. Vol. 1 pp 368; Vol. 2 pp 282. 39.95, 34 each volume.
Lymphocyte activation: The dualistic effect of cAMP

Abstract The effects of exogenously added cyclic nucleotides on DNA synthesis have been investigated in human peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). At low doses of PHA the addition of exogenous cAMP resulted in an inhibition of DNA synthesis. At optimal or supraoptimal doses of PHA the addition of cAMP, db-cAMP, or 8-Br-cGMP resulted in enhancement of DNA synthesis. Measurement of cell associated cAMP and cGMP levels in lymphocytes exposed to PHA with or without exogenously added cAMP revealed a gradual increase in cAMP levels and a fluctuating decline in cGMP levels.
Relative role of methylator and tumor suppressor pathways in ulcerative colitis-associated colon cancer

Background: Chronic ulcerative colitis (UC) is associated with an increased colorectal cancer risk which may be secondary to repetitive mucosal injury. Both epigenetic methylation and the classic adenoma-to-carcinoma sequence have been implicated in this malignant transformation, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly defined. This study compares the molecular characteristics of colitis-associated and common colorectal cancers. Methods: Nineteen patients with colorectal adenocarcinomas arising within UC were matched for age and cancer site with 54 patients with sporadic adenocarcinomas. Tumor tissue was examined for BRAF mutations, CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), and MLH1 promoter methylation. Mutations of KRAS and p53 were assessed by sequencing. Results: Patient demographics were similar for the two groups. CIMP was observed in 22% of sporadic colorectal cancers and in 5% of UC cancers (P = 0.162). Rates of BRAF mutation (4% vs 5%, P = 1.0), MLH1 methylation (9% versus 5%, P = 0.682), and KRAS mutations (24% versus 32%, P = 0.552) were similar between the groups. However, colitis-associated colorectal cancers were more likely to have a p53 mutation compared to sporadic adenocarcinomas (95% versus 53%, P = 0.001). The dominant mutation for colitis-associated cancers was a mutation in codon 4, representing half of the mutations. Furthermore, colitis-associated cancers had a higher rate of mutation in codon 8 (48% versus 6%, P < 0.001) than sporadic counterparts. Conclusions: Unlike other inflammatory gastrointestinal cancers, colitis-associated colorectal cancers do not preferentially arise via a methylator pathway when compared to sporadic colorectal cancers. Chromosomal instability remains an important etiology, but with a unique p53 frequency and mutation pattern. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010;)
Viscosity and light scattering studies of poly(4-vinylpyridine N-oxide) in solution

Abstract Poly(4-vinylpyridine N -oxide) was synthesized and its chemical structure characterized by ultra-violet and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. The polymer was soluble in water and trifluoroethanol. The viscosity and light scattering behaviours of the polymer are similar to those often observed for polyelectrolytes, although the polymer contains no ionizable groups. The strong N O dipole and the attendant interparticle electrostatic repulsion are believed to be the cause for the unusual solution behaviour.
Noise propagation in linear and nonlinear inverse scattering

The propagation of noise from the data to the reconstructed speed of sound image by inverse scattering within the framework of the Lippmann-Schwinger integral equation of scattering is discussed. The inversion algorithm that was used consisted in minimizing a Tikhonov functional in the unknown speed of sound. The gradient of the objective functional was computed by the method of the adjoint fields. An analytical expression for the inverse scattering covariance matrix of the image noise was derived. It was shown that the covariance matrix in the linear x-ray computed tomography is a special case of the inverse scattering matrix derived in this paper. The matrix was also analyzed in the limit of the linearized Born approximation, and the results were found to be in qualitative agreement with those recently reported in the literature for Born inversion using filtered backpropagation algorithm. Finally, the applicability of the analysis reported here to the obstacle problem and the physical optics approximation was discussed.
Exergoeconomic analysis and evaluation of energy-conversion plants—II. Analysis of a coal-fired steam power plant

Abstract A coal-fired steam power plant, which will be located in Southern Nevada, has been analysed with the aid of the method presented in Part I. The exergoeconomic analysis suggests that decreasing the exergy losses for the components steam boiler/reheater, feedwater preheaters, and low-pressure turbine may lead to a reduction in electricity cost although the capital costs will increase.
Autostereoscopic three-dimensional display based on a micromirror array

A novel approach for three-dimensional (3-D) display systems implemented with a micromirror array was proposed, designed, realized, and tested. The major advantages of this approach include the following: (1) micromirrors are reflective and hence achromatic (panchromatic), (2) a wide variety of displays can be used as image sources, and (3) time multiplexing can be introduced on top of space multiplexing to optimize the viewing zone arrangements. A two-view (left and right) 3-D autostereoscopic display system was first constructed. Left- and right-eye views in the forms of both still and motion 3-D scenes were displayed, and viewers were able to fuse the stereo information. A multiview (two left and two right) 3-D autostereoscopic display system was then simulated.
Reconstitution of biochemically altered nuclear pores: Transport can be eliminated and restored

Biochemically altered nuclear pores specifically lacking the N-acetylglucosamine-bearing pore proteins were constructed in a nuclear assembly extract in order to assign function to these proteins. The depleted pores do not bind nuclear signal sequences or actively import nuclear proteins, but they are functional for diffusion. These defects can be fully repaired by assembly with readded Xenopus pore glycoproteins. Strikingly, isolated rat pore glycoproteins also restore transport. Electron microscopy reveals that depleted pores have largely normal morphology. Thus, the pore glycoproteins are not required for assembly of the nuclear envelope, the major structures of the pore, or a pore diffusional channel. Instead, they are essential for active protein import and, unexpectedly, for construction of the part of the pore necessary for signal sequence recognition.
Transferrin recycling in reticulocytes: pH and iron are important determinants of ligand binding and processing

Abstract Iron uptake by rat reticulocytes is blocked by 20 mM NH4Cl, while 125I-diferric transferrin (Tf) uptake is relatively unaffected. At pH 5.0 both apo- and diferric Tf bind with high affinity; at pH 7.4 diferric Tf binds avidly, but apoTf binds very poorly. The dissociation rate (4°C) of diferric Tf is extraordinarily slow at pH 5.0 (extrapolated t 1 2 = 32 hrs ) and faster at pH 7.4 ( t 1 2 = 101 min ). At pH 5.0 apoTf also dissociates slowly ( t 1 2 = 205 min ), but at pH 7.4 apoTf exhibits a much faster dissociation rate ( t 1 2 = 62 min ). 20 mM NH4Cl slows the release of Tf from cells at 37°C, but the rate of externalization of ligand is unaffected. Ligand dissociation at 37° involves both externalization of receptor-ligand complexes and receptor-ligand separation; the NH4Cl effect may result from an increased fraction of externalized Tf in the differric form which may dissociate more slowly. Receptor-mediated movement of Tf through acid intracellular compartments provides a mechanism to remove iron from Tf and for apoTf to remain receptor-bound for externalization to the cell surface and subsequent dissociation.
The failure of federal enforcement of civil rights regulations in public housing, 1963–1971: The co-optation of a federal agency by its local constituency

This paper reports on research regarding the federal role with respect to racially discriminatory practices in public housing. It is a case study of federal efforts to deal with inadequate housing for low-income Americans, based on Public Housing in Chicago from 1963 through June 1971.
Kinetic diffusion in polymer gels

Abstract Heuristics for determining whether of not Fick's first law can govern the diffusion of small molecules in polymers are discussed. Two types of integrals of Fickian diffusion equations are known to exhibit the characteristics of non-Fickian diffusion; integrals of each type are given for a nonlinear asymptotic description of Fickian swelling in free volume limited materials. Kinetic criteria, based on the Kramers theory of activated processes, are used to characterize types of molecular relaxations that can be represented by such “non-Fickian” solutions to Fick's second law. It is concluded that these solutions cannot represent the swelling dynamics of typical polymeric materials.
Rate of in vivo verapamil exchange within the hypothalamus of the cat as examined by push-pull perfusion

To investigate the characteristics of the uptake within hypothalamic tissue of the Ca2+-channel blocker, verapamil, push-pull canulae were implanted bilaterally above the anterior hypothalamic-preoptic area (AH/POA) and posterior hypothalamus (PH) of the cat. The functional reactivity of these two anatomical regions was verified in the unrestrained cat, prior to a push-pull perfusion, by a microinjection of either 5–7 μg norepinephrine (NE) into AH/POA, or by perfusion of 50 mM Ca2+ within the PH, both of which induce a transient decline in the cat's core temperature. Verapamil was perfused in a concentration of 0.4, 2.0 or 4.0 μg/μl for successive 10 and 20 min intervals within these NE and Ca2+-sensitive sites. A quantitative analysis of verapamil in each sample of perfusate was performed double-blind by HPLC-spectrophotometric detection. The results showed that the percent recovery of verapamil after the 10 min interval was always less than that after the next 20 min period of perfusion. These recovery values were independent of the site of perfusion and the concentration of verapamil. However, the mean uptake of verapamil into tissue after 10 min was significantly greater than that after the 20 min period for all concentrations tested. These results demonstrate that the hypothalamus has a time-dependent characteristic to incorporate a Ca2+-channel blocker into the parenchyma. Once the point of tissue saturation is reached, a steady-state level of verapamil uptake is established.
Farmer Conservatism and the Incidence of Taxes

State sales and income taxes and local property taxes generally absorb a higher percentage of the income of farmers than of nonfarmers, according to ah Iowa incidence study. Simple models of voting behavior show higher tax burdens may cause farmers to be more conservative toward public spending than other taxpayers, even though their demand for public services is identical.
Plant and soil nitrogen dynamics in California annual grassland

Seasonal changes in soil water and nitrogen availability were related to the phenology and growth of plants in California annual grassland. Plant accumulation of nitrogen was mainly confined to two short periods of the year: fall and early spring. At these times, plants were in the vegetative growth phase, roots were growing rapidly and soil moisture was high. During these periods, soil nitrate was low or depleted. High flux of nitrogen in this ecosystem, however, is indicated by the rapid disappearance of the previous year's detrital material, high microbial biomass, and high mineralizable nitrogen and nitrification potential. At the end of the summer drought, significant amounts of the previous year's detrital material had disappeared, chloroform-labile N (expressed as microbial biomass N) was at its seasonal maximum, and soil inorganic nitrogen pools were high. This suggests inorganic nitrogen flux during the drought period. The ‘drought escaper’ life history characteristics of annual grasses in California annual grassland, however, may prevent plants from utilizing available nitrogen during a large part of the year.
Cognitive biases in social phobia

Abstract Social phobia involves a persistent fear of negative evaluation by others and is associated with significant functional impairment. This contribution presents an introduction to the various cognitive processes (i.e., ways of thinking) that contribute to the maintenance of social phobia. The following areas of cognitive processing are discussed: attention; interpretation; memory; and imagery. Individuals with social phobia exhibit increased attention to potentially threatening social information. They also tend to interpret ambiguous social information as negative and fail to generate positive interpretations of social information. Initial research regarding memory processes suggests that people with social phobia exhibit increased memory for information that is related to negative evaluation from others and to negative self-related information. Negative self-imagery is often evoked in social situations. Such imagery has been associated with increased anxiety and poorer performance in social situations. The spontaneous imagery of people with social phobia is not simply negative in nature but is also viewed from the observer perspective; in other words, it comprises constructed images of the person as he or she may appear to others. Finally, support is emerging for the combined cognitive bias hypothesis, which proposes that these various cognitive biases do not work in isolation but rather combine and amplify the effects of each on social anxiety.
Individual change and the timing and onset of important life events Methods, models, and assumptions

Researchers are often interested in studying how the timing of a specific event affects concurrent and future development. When faced with such research questions there are multiple statistical models to consider and those models are the focus of this paper as well as their theoretical underpinnings and assumptions regarding the nature of the effect of the event on the developmental process. We discuss three models, all variants of growth models specified within the multilevel modeling framework, which conceptualize the developmental process and the effect of the event in different ways. These models include the growth model with a time-invariant covariate, the growth model with a time-varying covariate, and the spline growth model. After discussing the models in detail, we applied these models to longitudinal data from the Berkeley Growth Study to examine cognitive changes during infancy and the effect of independent sitting on those changes. Results suggest that research conclusions depend on the model ...
Mitochondrial Dysfunction Accompanied by ERK-Dependent Phosphorylation of TFAM in a Chronic MPP+ Model

Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) plays pivotal roles in packaging mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and regulating its transcription in mammalian mitochondria. We have previously shown that chronic stress induced by repeated low-dose applications of the complex I inhibitor 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) results in impaired biosynthesis of mtDNA-encoded proteins, accompanied by a reduction in TFAM expression. MPP+ - induced mitochondrial dysfunction and TFAM down-regulation was markedly inhibited by U0126, ERK1/2 RNAi or transfection of dominant-negative MEK1. Here, we report that TFAM is post translationally modified by phosphorylation during chronic MPP+ treatment through a mechanism reversed by U0126. In addition, we demonstrate that TFAM is a direct target of ERK2 as assessed in an in vitro kinase reaction, and are characterizing potential phosphorylation sites. Intriguingly, we also observed reduced levels of TFAM in midbrain tissue from a transgenic mouse model of autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease; 2-D immunoblot analysis suggests increased phosphorylation of both TFAM and ERK1/2, suggesting the possibility of common mechanisms in the toxin and genetic models. Further investigations of the biological significance of TFAM phosphorylation may shed light on mechanisms regulating mitochondrial homeostasis and cell fate in response to disease-related cellular stresses.
Improving Governance for the Post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals: Scenario Forecasting the Next 50 years

Covering three fundamental governance transitions historically characteristic of modern states—the provision of security, the building of capacity, and the deepening of inclusion—we offer a pioneering forecast of the future of domestic governance through the year 2060 for 183 countries utilizing a long-term, dynamic, integrated global futures modeling system. While our Base Case forecast anticipates global gains in security, capacity, and inclusion, extended scenario analysis suggests that timely and effective interventions to strengthen governance and implement pro-poor development policies will result in much greater advances on the Post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals.