cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A synthesis of Jurassic and Early Cretaceous crustal evolution along the southern margin of the Arctic Alaska–Chukotka microplate and implications for defining tectonic boundaries active during opening of Arctic Ocean basins

A synthesis of Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous collision-related metamorphic events in the Arctic Alaska–Chukotka microplate clarifies its likely movement history during opening of the Amerasian and Canada basins. Comprehensive tectonic reconstructions of basin opening have been problematic, in part, because of the large size of the microplate, uncertainties in the location and kinematics of structures bounding the microplate, and lack of information on its internal deformation history. Many reconstructions have treated Arctic Alaska and Chukotka as a single crustal entity largely on the basis of similarities in their Mesozoic structural trends and similar late Proterozoic and early Paleozoic histories. Others have located Chukotka near Siberia during the Triassic and Jurassic, on the basis of detrital zircon age populations, and suggested that it was Arctic Alaska alone that rotated. The Mesozoic metamorphic histories of Arctic Alaska and Chukotka can be used to test the validity of these two approaches. A synthesis of the distribution, character, and timing of metamorphic events reveals substantial differences in the histories of the southern margin of the microplate in Chukotka in comparison to Arctic Alaska and places specific limitations on tectonic reconstructions. During the Late Jurassic and earliest Cretaceous, the Arctic Alaska margin was subducted to the south, while the Chukotka margin was the upper plate of a north-dipping subduction zone or a zone of transpression. An early Aptian blueschist- and greenschist-facies belt records the most profound crustal thickening event in the evolution of the orogen. It may have resulted in thicknesses of 50–60 km and was likely the cause of flexural subsidence in the foredeep of the Brooks Range. This event involved northern Alaska and northeasternmost Chukotka; it did not involve central and western Chukotka. Arctic Alaska and Chukotka evolved separately until the Aptian thickening event, which was likely a result of the rotation of Arctic Alaska into central and western Chukotka. In northeastern Chukotka, the thickened rocks are separated from the relatively little thickened continental crust of the remainder of Chukotka by the oceanic rocks of the Kolyuchin-Mechigmen zone. The zone is a candidate for an Early Cretaceous suture that separated most of Chukotka from northeast Chukotka and Alaska. Albian patterns of magmatism, metamorphism, and deformation in Chukotka and the Seward Peninsula may represent an example of escape tectonics that developed in response to final amalgamation of Chukotka with Eurasia.
The Foundation of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de los Morenos de Amapa

The relatively small degree of racial discrimination against the Negro in Latin America generally has been traced by North American historians to Spanish acceptance of the African Negro as a human being, not perpetually destined for slavery nor inferior to other races. In contrast to the status of the Negro slave in colonial North America, Spanish laws and attitudes are thought to have provided in colonial Spanish America a climate of opinion which promoted miscegenation and afforded the slave a variety of legal avenues to freedom. In support of this explanation of reduced racial discimination, notarial records of manumission from the colonial period and the thirteenth-century legal code, Las siete partidas , are prominently displayed as evidence of the Spaniards' belief in “equality among men” and the transformation of the principle of equality into practice.
Reduction of carbon monoxide by [(TMTAA)Rh]2 to form a dimetal ketone complex.

Benzene solutions of [(TMTAA)Rh]2 (1) react with CO (PCO = 0.8–20 atm; T = 298 K) by cleaving the RhII–RhII bond to form dirhodium(III) ketone (TMTAA)Rh–C(O)–Rh(TMTAA) [2; νCO = 1726 cm–1; 1J103Rh13C(O)103Rh = 45 Hz]. Thermodynamic values for the reaction of 1 with CO to form 2 were evaluated from equilibrium constant measurements [K1(298 K) = 5.0(0.6) × 103, ΔG1°(298 K) = −5.0(0.1) kcal mol–1, ΔH1° = −14(1) kcal mol–1, and ΔS1° = −30(3) cal K–1 mol–1].
Low-resistance endometrial arterial flow in the exclusion of ectopic pregnancy revisited

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of endometrial arterial flow in the exclusion of ectopic pregnancy. From October 1997 to June 1999, 66 women with elevated beta-human chorionic gonadotropin titers and clinical indications of ectopic pregnancy were evaluated by endovaginal sonography. Women with a gestational sac containing an embryo, a yolk sac, or both were excluded from the study. Doppler ultrasonography was performed in the remaining cases when a definite intrauterine pregnancy could not be visualized. In all cases the thermal index was kept to less than 1.0, consistent with as-low-as-reasonably-achievable principles. Trophoblastic flow was defined as a resistive index of less than 0.6 within the endometrium. Statistical analysis was performed using a 2-tailed t test. Twenty women had ectopic pregnancies; 33 had spontaneous pregnancy losses; and 13 had normal intrauterine pregnancies. A total of 29 women had endometrial trophoblastic flow: 11 of 13 with intrauterine pregnancies, 1 of 20 with ectopic pregnancies, and 17 of 33 with spontaneous pregnancy losses. The negative predictive value for the presence of endometrial low-resistance flow for excluding ectopic pregnancy was 97%. The presence of low-resistance arterial endometrial flow can be a useful sign in diagnosing an early intrauterine pregnancy and decreasing the probability that an ectopic pregnancy is present, particularly in patients with otherwise normal ultrasonographic findings.
Information, Communication, and Preference (Mis)Alignment in Organizations

As a decision maker, an organization's principal relies on workers to acquire costly information and on division managers to summarize it. This arrangement creates two agency problems: workers and managers have incentives to underprovide and to manipulate information, respectively. A degree of preference misalignment among the actors mitigates both problems simultaneously, to the principal's benefit. In particular, when reporting to a manager that holds a moderately opposing view, a worker will be motivated to acquire precise information to persuade the manager. Given sufficiently precise information, the manager's preferences coincide with the principal's, so truthful reporting becomes optimal for the manager.
Use of the total artificial heart and ventricular assist device as a bridge to transplantation

To reduce the mortality of our patients waiting for transplantation, we began using the total artificial heart and a ventricular assist device as a bridge to transplantation in 1988. Of 29 patients who underwent transplant procedures in 1988, 18 required either a total artificial heart or a ventricular assist device as a bridge to transplantation. The underlying heart conditions were ischemic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, giant cell myocarditis, and allograft failure. The average duration of mechanical support was 10 days (range, 1 to 35 days). Seventeen of the supported patients had successful transplants. Of the 17 patients who survived surgery, two died within 30 days; one at 17 days because of acute rejection, the other at 14 days because of a cerebral vascular event. Fifteen paptients (83%) were long-term survivors. We conclude that the total artificial heart and ventricular assist device are excellent mechanical bridges to transplantation
The signal method

This paper presents a new Lagrangian approach to the numeric solution of the equation of gas dynamics in two dimensions. This, the signal method, is implemented here as a free Lagrange method in the code FLAME. The signal method is conservative, stable, unsplit, positive definite, accurately tracks strong shock fronts with ease, and adapts to and follows complex gas flows for long times. No artificial viscosities are introduced. No special knowledge of the solution is required in advance and only local information is used.
Genomic Clustering of differential DNA methylated regions (epimutations) associated with the epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of disease and phenotypic variation

A variety of environmental factors have been shown to promote the epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of disease and phenotypic variation in numerous species. Exposure to environmental factors such as toxicants can promote epigenetic changes (epimutations) involving alterations in DNA methylation to produce specific differential DNA methylation regions (DMRs). The germline (e.g. sperm) transmission of epimutations is associated with epigenetic transgenerational inheritance phenomena. The current study was designed to determine the genomic locations of environmentally induced transgenerational DMRs and assess their potential clustering. The exposure specific DMRs (epimutations) from a number of different studies were used. The clustering approach identified areas of the genome that have statistically significant over represented numbers of epimutations. The location of DMR clusters was compared to the gene clusters of differentially expressed genes found in tissues and cells associated with the transgenerational inheritance of disease. Such gene clusters, termed epigenetic control regions (ECRs), have been previously suggested to regulate gene expression in regions spanning up to 2-5 million bases. DMR clusters were often found to associate with inherent gene clusters within the genome. The current study used a number of epigenetic datasets from previous studies to identify novel DMR clusters across the genome. Observations suggest these clustered DMR within an ECR may be susceptible to epigenetic reprogramming and dramatically influence genome activity.
SU-F-T-73: Experimental Determination of the Effective Point of Measurement in Electron Beams Using a Commercial Scintillation Detector

Purpose: The aim of this work was to determine experimentally the effective point of measurement (EPOM) in clinical electron beams for three cylindrical ionization chambers using a commercial scintillation detector as a reference detector. Methods: Percent depth dose (PDD) curves were measured using an Exradin W1 scintillation detector and were used as a representative PDD to water. Depth dose curves were measured with the Exradin A18, A1SL, and A28 ionization chambers. The raw ionization chamber curve data were corrected by the chamber fluence perturbation correction factor and restricted mass collisional stopping power ratio at each depth to obtain a percent depth dose curve to the gas volume (PDDGV) of the detector. Ratios of the W1 PDD to the ion chamber PDDGV were calculated for each measurement depth. The W1 PDD curve was shifted by small depth increments, Δz, until the ratio of the W1 PDD to the ion chamber PDDGV was depth-independent (optimal Δz). A MATLAB routine was developed to determine the optimal Δz value. Results: The optimal Δz shift was used as an estimate of the EPOM for each chamber. The average calculated EPOM shifts (expressed as a fraction of the chamber cavity radius) for the A18, A1SL, and A28 ionization chambers were 0.21 ± 0.04, 0.10 ± 0.05, and 0.22 ± 0.03, respectively. Conclusion: The experimentally determined EPOM values for the A18 and A1SL in this work agreed with the simulated values of Muir and Rogers (MedPhys 2014). The results also indicate that the Exradin W1 scintillator is water equivalent for electron energies of 6 MeV, 9 MeV, 12 MeV, and 16 MeV. In addition, we confirmed that the AAPM TG51 recommended EPOM shift of 0.5 times the cavity radius is not accurate for the A18 and A1SL chambers.
Translations in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries

The critical spirit of inquiry that developed and even flourished in Western Europe during the twelfth century was, as we saw, confined to interpreting and elaborating a by-then traditional body of Latin learning that was largely Platonic and Neoplatonic. But even as they exercised their intellects on the old learning, they had become aware that there was a body of learning of which they were ignorant. As Christians slowly wrested control of much of Spain and Sicily from Islamic rule, they came into contact with Islamic culture and the Arabic language. They not only learned of a large body of learning in the Arabic language but also that there were treatises in Greek. We may assume that the literature in the Greek and Arabic languages ranged over the whole spectrum of learning, extending from the humanities and literature to science and natural philosophy. Western interest in this body of literature focused almost exclusively on logic, science, and natural philosophy, largely ignoring the rest of it. The translations from Arabic and Greek to Latin occurred during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The lengthy process represents what is probably the greatest intellectual expropriation of knowledge by one culture and civilization from other cultures and civilizations. THE WORLD OF THE TRANSLATORS The translators came from all parts of Europe and worked alone or collaboratively.
Perceptual Organization and Lawful Specification

When a listener can also see a talker, audible and visible properties are ineluctably combined, perceptually. This perceptual disposition to audiovisual integration has received widely ranging explanations. At one extreme, accounts have likened perception to a blind listener and a deaf viewer combined within a single skin, resolving discrepancies in identification by each modality. At the other extreme, perception has been described as necessarily and automatically synesthetic. Useful descriptive and explanatory evidence was provided in a study of auditory-haptic presentation by Fowler and Dekle (1991), showing that neither familiarity nor congruence is required for perceptual integration to occur across modalities. Instead, the notion of conjoint lawful specification was proposed as a governing constraint. This principle treats sensory activity as proximal sampling of the properties of distal objects and events, and this essay notes that its corollaries offer a broadly applicable guide in contemporary investigations of perception.
The rise of genomic profiling in ovarian cancer.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Next-generation sequencing and advances in ‘omics technology have rapidly increased our understanding of the molecular landscape of epithelial ovarian cancers.Areas covered: Once characterized only by histologic appearance and clinical behavior, we now understand many of the molecular phenotypes that underlie the different ovarian cancer subtypes. While the current approach to treatment involves standard cytotoxic therapies after cytoreductive surgery for all ovarian cancers regardless of histologic or molecular characteristics, focus has shifted beyond a ‘one size fits all’ approach to ovarian cancer.Expert commentary: Genomic profiling offers potentially ‘actionable’ opportunities for development of targeted therapies and a more individualized approach to treatment with concomitant improved outcomes and decreased toxicity.
The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World. By Adrienne Mayor. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014. Pp. xiv, 483. $29.95.)

The author of this volume outlines the phenomenon in antiquity of the Amazons and the related issue of female warriors in general. Her “Encyclopedia Amazonica” (if we may) will engage the interests...
Nutrient composition of premixed and packaged complementary foods for sale in low- and middle-income countries: Lack of standards threatens infant growth.

Premixed flours for infant porridge are increasingly produced and sold in developing countries to complement continued breastfeeding. Such complementary food (CF) products have known efficacy against malnutrition in children from 6 to 24 months of age, but ingredient ratios and production processes may vary. This study provides the first systematic measurement of their actual nutrient composition. We purchased samples of 108 premixed CF products in 22 low- and middle-income countries, and commissioned blind laboratory measurement of each product's macronutrients and micronutrients. We compared measured contents to nutrient claims on their packaging and to CF standards from the Codex Alimentarius, the Super Cereal Plus product used in nutrition assistance programs, and the Lutter and Dewey (2003) recommendations, as well as our own modeled nutrient requirements for a healthy breastfed child. Actual densities are significantly different from nutrient claims for protein (p = .013) and fat (p = .000). Only 15% of samples met two of the three benchmarks for fat, 32% met the most stringent protein standard, while only 22% met them for iron, and 21% for zinc. The median healthy child consuming breast milk plus enough of these solid foods to meet energy needs would experience deficits of zinc at 6 months, iron at 6 and 9 months, and dietary fat from 12 months of age. In summary, premixed CF products can provide adequate nutrient density but usually do not, revealing the need and opportunity for independent monitoring and quality assurance to help grain millers making premixed foods maintain uniform ingredient ratios and production practices.
Macro effects on the household formation of China's young adults – demographics, institutional factors, and regional differences

Household formation, or the extent to which population is transferred into households, determines housing demand and reflects housing well-being. Young adults, who are new entrants to the housing market and sensitive to changing market conditions, have faced many challenges in China's fledging housing market. This paper examines trends in household formation from 1982 to 2005 using census data. Then, the 2005 One-Percent Population Survey data are used to study macro effects on the household formation patterns of the post-1970 generation (those aged 25–34 in 2005) throughout China. Household formation is measured using both headship and non-family headship rates. In contrast to those in industrialised countries, young adults in China become less likely to form independent households in time of rapid economic growth. When they do, they are more likely to form non-family households than before. Regional variations in household formation can be explained by several macro factors. Marriage rates are positivel...
Pressure-Enabled Synthesis of Hetero-Dimers and Hetero-Rods through Intraparticle Coalescence and Interparticle Fusion of Quantum-Dot-Au Satellite Nanocrystals

This report presents the fabrication and pressure-driven processing of heterostructural nanocrystal superlattices (HNC-SLs) self-assembled from quantum-dot-Au (QD-Au) satellite-type HNCs. In situ small/wide-angle X-ray scattering and electron microscopic measurements showed that the HNC-SLs underwent structural transformation at both atomic- and mesoscales during the pressure processing. Upon deviatoric stress-driven orientational migration, the intraparticle coalescence of Au satellites at QD surfaces transforms individual HNCs into heterodimers, whereas the interparticle fusion drives assembled HNCs into ordered heterorod arrays. These results demonstrate high-pressure-processing as a clean and fast means for conversion of HNCs into novel heteromaterials that are difficult to achieve through conventional synthetic routes.
Do children think that inheritance determines height and weight

Three studies were conducted to investigate if children think that physical growth is determined by inheritance. All three studies employed the “switched-at-birth” task. Study 1 investigated if children and adults thought that height and weight were determined by parentage. Study 2 examined preschoolers and elementary school children's and adults' understanding of the role of parentage and nutrition in determining weight. Study 2a examined children's and adults' understanding of the role of parentage and nutrition in determining height. Results indicate that overall, preschoolers and third graders have more of an inheritance bias for height than for weight. However, when nutrition was introduced, apart from third graders, all other grades reasoned that nutrition played a greater role in determining weight. Overall, these results indicate that even young children have a rudimentary but differentiated theory of the role of inheritance in determining height and weight. Highlights Participants were presented with switched-at-birth tasks to determine if they thought that parentage and/or nutrition influences height and weight. Young children viewed height as determined more by parentage than weight, suggesting that they have a differentiated and autonomous theory for the determination of height.
INFORMATION DIFFUSION AND BEST PRACTICE ADOPTION

Abstract Incomplete information issues pervade health care markets, with market participants often having relatively little information, and their behavior exhibiting corresponding aberrations from classic market behavior. Consumers often have relatively little information about prices and quality offered in health care markets, leading to substantial dispersion in prices of apparently identical services. Equilibrium price dispersion increases as the demand elasticity for the product falls. Since health insurance lowers the elasticity of demand, price dispersions should occur more often (and with greater magnitude) in markets such as physician services with relatively complete insurance. Further, many insurance plans blunt incentives for search, compounding the problem. On the supply side, evidence shows that physicians behave as if they did not share the same information about the productivity of medical care. At the level of geographic regions, numerous studies show the rates at which various medical interventions are used on standardized populations differ hugely – often by an order of magnitude or more from high to low – and these differences in treatment rates do not converge through time as would occur in standard market learning models. Similarly, individual physicians within a given region also display differences in the propensity to use medical resources. Information from a major study of doctors’ “styles” shows large and statistically significant differences in doctors’ use of medical resources to treat their patients, even with strong measures of illness severity of the patients included in the models. Although requiring strong assumptions, one can estimate the welfare losses arising from incomplete information on the provider side of the market. Estimates of the upper bound of these welfare losses place the magnitude of loss in the same range on a per capita basis as the traditionally emphasized welfare losses associated with perverse incentives in health insurance. The importance of incomplete information leads to discussions of the economic and legal incentives for the production and dissemination of information. Legal incentives to produce such information for medical strategies (treatment protocols) are weak, particularly compared with the incentives in markets for specific products such as prescription drugs. The public good nature of such information and the government role in supporting its production and dissemination form the concluding parts of this chapter.
Comparison of the efficacy of commercial antimicrobial interventions for reducing antibiotic resistant and susceptible beef-associated Salmonella and Escherichia coli strains

Recent foodborne illnesses associated with antibiotic resistant bacteria infection have increased public health concerns throughout the world, particularly through the consumption of animal-derived foods, such as beef products. Even though commercial antimicrobial interventions in meat industries are overall efficient to eliminate bacterial contamination, the capability of antibiotic resistant bacteria of resisting to antimicrobial interventions, compared to the susceptible bacterial population, was not fully understood. The aim of this study was to compare the impacts of various antimicrobial interventions used for beef processing on antibiotic resistant and susceptible strains of Salmonella and Escherichia coli. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify, evaluate and summarize primary research that provide quantitative information about the efficacy of various antimicrobial interventions in reducing antibiotic resistant and susceptible bacterial contamination of raw beef products. Eleven citations (of 409) were determined to be relevant to address the question (nine citations for Salmonella and two for Escherichia coli) and eligible for data extraction and subsequent meta-analysis. Through the comprehensive search, data for five categories of antimicrobial interventions, including acid, oxidizer, physical, thermal treatments, and others, were summarized. Ratio of the efficacy of eliminating antibiotic resistant to susceptible contamination by a specific intervention was calculated, showing most of efficacy ratios were around 1.0. The results indicate that the efficacy of antimicrobial interventions commonly used during beef processing in reducing bacteria is not affected by their antibiotic resistant profiles.
The Effect Of Medicaid On Medication Use Among Poor Adults: Evidence From Oregon.

Oregon’s 2008 Medicaid expansion significantly increased the use of prescription medications in 2009–10.
Deconstructing a disparity: explaining excess preterm birth among U.S.-born black women

Abstract Purpose To determine components of excess preterm birth (PTB) rates for U.S.-born black women relative to both foreign-born black women and U.S.-born white women attributable to differences in observed sociodemographic, behavioral, and medical risk factors. Methods Using the 2013 U.S. natality files, we used Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition on the absolute scale to estimate the contribution of the group differences in the prevalence of PTB predictors between U.S.- and foreign-born black women and U.S.-born black and U.S.-born white women. Results U.S.-born blacks had a 3.2 (95% confidence interval: 3.0–3.5) and 4.4 (95% confidence interval: 4.3–4.5) percentage point higher risk of PTB than foreign-born blacks and U.S.-born whites, respectively. The variables in the models explained between 18% and 27% of the PTB disparities. Differences in paternal acknowledgment (about 12%), maternal hypertension (about 7%–11%), and maternal education (about 6%–10%) explained the largest proportion of these disparities. Conclusions Programs and policies that address both distal and proximate factors, including the social determinants of health and the prevention and management of hypertension, may reduce the higher rates of PTB among U.S.-born black women compared to foreign-born black women and U.S.-born white women.
Neural and Dopaminergic Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), may provide an unlimited source of cells for cell therapy and drug screening. To advance translational research in human PSCs, it is important to acquire knowledge of developmental processes that lead to the differentiation of PSCs into lineage-specific cell types. In this chapter, we focus on neural and, in particular, dopaminergic neuronal differentiation of PSCs. The first step in neural development is neural induction, which is followed by patterning of early neural tube along anterior-posterior and dorso-ventral axes. The neural patterning that occurs in vivo can be recapitulated during in vitro differentiation of PSC-derived neural stem cells (NSCs). Likewise, dopaminergic neuronal differentiation from NSCs in vitro is regulated by signaling molecules and specific transcription factors, mimicking in vivo development. The ability of human PSCs to recapitulate stages of in vivo neural development during their differentiation in vitro provides a unique opportunity to understand early development of human nervous system.
Pedagogical Practices in CACREP Accredited Group Counseling Courses: A Content Analysis

ABSTRACTThe authors use qualitative content analysis to examine common pedagogical practices in master’s level group counseling classes. The results suggest a focus on knowledge rather than skill o...
Psychological morbidity and chronic disease among adults with nontraumatic spinal cord injuries: a cohort study of privately insured beneficiaries

Abstract BACKGROUND Individuals living with a spinal cord injury (SCI) are at heightened risk for a number of chronic health conditions such as secondary comorbidities that may develop or be influenced by the injury, the presence of impairment, and/or the process of aging. However, very little is known about the development of secondary comorbidities among individuals living with nontraumatic SCIs (NTSCIs). PURPOSE The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of psychological morbidities and chronic diseases among adults with and without NTSCIs. DESIGN Cross-sectional cohort from a nationwide insurance claims database. METHODS Privately insured beneficiaries were included if they had an ICD-9-CM diagnostic code for a NTSCI and accompanying diagnosis of paraplegia, tetraplegia, quadriplegia, or unspecified paralysis (n=10,006). Adults without SCIs were also included (n=779,545). Prevalence estimates of common psychological morbidities, chronic diseases, and multimorbidity (≥2 conditions) were compared. RESULTS Adults with NTSCIs had a higher prevalence of adjustment reaction (11.4% vs 5.1%), anxiety disorders (23.7% vs 14.5%), depressive disorders (31.6% vs 9.6%), drug dependence (3.4% vs 0.8%), episodic mood disorders (15.9% vs 5.4%), central pain syndrome (1% vs 0%), psychogenic pain (1.9% vs 0.2%), dementia (5.2% vs 1.5%), and psychological multimorbidity (29.3% vs 11.6%), as compared to adults without SCIs. The adjusted odds of psychological multimorbidity were 1.86 (95% confidence interval: 1.76–2.00). Adults with NTSCIs also had a significantly higher prevalence of all chronic diseases and chronic disease multimorbidity (73.5% vs 18%), except HIV/AIDS. After propensity matching for age, education, race, sex, and the chronic diseases (n=7,419 matched pairs), there was still a higher prevalence of adjustment reaction (9.2% vs 5.4%), depressive symptoms (23.5% vs 16.0%), central pain syndrome (1% vs 0%), psychogenic pain (1.5% vs 0.3%), and psychological multimorbidity (20.2% vs 17.4%) among adults with NTSCIs. CONCLUSIONS Adults with NTSCIs have a significantly increased prevalence of psychological morbidities, chronic disease, and multimorbidity, as compared to adults without SCIs. Efforts are needed to facilitate the development of improved clinical screening algorithms and early interventions to reduce risk of disease onset/progression in this higher risk population.
Microporous Carbon Membrane Reactors

Abstract Carbon membranes have emerged in recent years as very promising for applications in gas separation and membrane reactors (MRs) due to their molecular sieving effects. Carbon membranes are produced via pyrolysis of a polymer precursor, and they may be subdivided into supported and unsupported ones. This chapter explores several aspects of carbon membranes, particularly focusing on the role of the polymer precursors used for their fabrication, the main advantages and drawbacks between supported and unsupported typology, the transport mechanisms, and finally the various applications of MRs for carrying out several reaction processes.
Technique to compensate for unknown laminate transmission loss in phantom attenuation measurements

It is important to accurately calibrate the acoustic parameters of reference phantoms used in quantitative ultrasound (QUS) applications. However, laminate membranes used on the exterior of the phantoms complicate the attenuation coefficient (AC) measurements by introducing transmission loss. The existing through-transmission method addresses this issue by characterizing additional and separate membrane and phantom material specimens to estimate the membrane transmission loss. An alternative and simpler method is proposed, that uses a single phantom to simultaneously measure the membrane transmission loss and phantom AC. This is achieved using a single-element transducer in a broadband pulse-echo setup in three steps. Firstly, signal loss due to phantom insertion (insertion loss), composed of phantom attenuation and membrane transmission loss, is measured. Secondly, the membrane reflection coefficient is measured by comparing the echo from membrane surface to the echo from of a well-studied surface such as Plexiglas. Furthermore, the measured membrane reflection coefficient is compared with the theoretical membrane reflection coefficient to estimate the unknown acoustic parameters of the membrane and phantom material. Finally, these parameters are used in estimating the membrane transmission loss, which, in turn, is used to estimate the phantom AC from the insertion loss obtained in the first step. Two phantoms were used to validate the proposed method. AC of both phantoms were measured using the existing method, yielding a range of 0.5-1.2 dB/cm-MHz over 1.6-6.4 MHz. The AC estimates acquired using the proposed method showed good agreement with the existing method. Between the two methods, a root mean square AC difference of 0.006 dB/cm-MHz for the first phantom and 0.014 dB/cm-MHz for the second phantom was observed
Inversion of dynamical Bragg intensities to complex structure factors by iterated projections. For Ultramic. 2020. ("Pico" Festschrift, May 2021).

Abstract A method for recovering complex structure factors from many simultaneously excited Bragg beam in- tensities is described. The method is applied to simulated transmission electron diffraction data over a wide range of crystal thickness and beam energies. The method is based on iterated projections between structure and scattering matrices, which are related by a matrix unit ary transformation, exponential, which we invert. The algorithm removes multiple-scattering perturbations from diffraction data and might be extended to other fields, including X-ray and neutron diffraction and cryo-electron microscopy. Because coherent multiple scattering involves interference between Bragg beams, the method also solves the phase problem. Unlike dynamical inversion from electron microscope images or ptychography data, the method, which starts with Bragg beam intensities, provides complex structure factors unaffected by focusing errors or resolution limitations imposed by lenses. We provide inversions from simulated data with 441 simultaneously excited Bragg beams over a range of thickness and beam energy. We discuss the retrieval of chirality information from enantiomorphs, the efficient incorporation of symmetry information using the irreducible representation of the group of structure matrices, and the effect of HOLZ lines to provide three-dimensional information.
Transitioning from Health Aid: A Scoping Review of Transition Readiness Assessment Tools

Many countries are now transitioning away from donor aid for health as they move from low- to middle-income status and see improved health outcomes. To promote better planning and preparedness for transition, many transition readiness assessment tools (TRAs) have been developed in recent years. The goal of this study was to identify and review existing TRAs to better understand the current landscape of how such tools are being used and the potential gaps among the currently available tools. There are several key limitations among existing tools. There are also many areas of overlap between tools, as well as clear gaps among the current tools available. For example, limited consideration has been given to emerging challenges for transitioning countries, such as demographic and disease transitions (e.g., aging populations and a shift in the burden of disease from infections to non-communicable diseases). Many critical health interventions, including vaccines and maternal and child health services, are ignored by current TRAs. Donors are the financial and technical “drivers” of all the TRAs, and so these tools are not being shaped by transitioning countries themselves. Therefore, it is difficult to determine whether or not the TRAs as designed will address the most critical needs of transitioning countries. Additionally, the role that in-country stakeholders are expected to play in the assessment process is not clearly defined and the methodologies of TRAs are not publicly available, thereby potentially limiting their usefulness to users.
Gender, Power, and Harassment: Sociology in the #MeToo Era

This article examines what sociological research teaches us about gender, power, and harassment in the #MeToo era, showing how the sociological literature on harassment has both shaped and been sha...
Rehabilitation length of stay and functional improvement among patients with traumatic spinal cord injury.

Study design Retrospective cohort study. Objective Investigate the association between rehabilitation length of stay (LOS) and motor FIM® (mFIM) between rehabilitation admission and discharge among patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Setting Seventeen SCI Model Systems (SCIMS) centers in the United States. Methods A total of 3386 patients with traumatic SCI enrolled in the SCIMS Database from 2011 to 2018. The main outcome measure was the mean change in mFIM (12 items) between rehabilitation admission and discharge by twelve neurological categories (C1-C4 American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale (AIS) A-B, AIS C, AIS D, and C5-C8 AIS A-B, AIS C, AIS D, and T1-T10 AIS A-B, AIS C, AIS D, and T11-S3 AIS A-B, C, D). Linear regression models were applied to estimate changes across rehabilitation LOS groups (shortest LOS, quarter2, quarter3, and longest LOS) after adjusting for covariables for each neurological category. Results The mean age of study patients was 44.5 years. Patients were predominantly men (78.5%), non-Hispanic white (64.8%), and had private insurance (57.1%). The median LOS was 42 days across the entire sample. Longer LOS was associated with a higher mFIM score compared to the shortest LOS among patients with C1-C4 AIS D; C5-C8 AIS D; T1-T10 AIS A-B; and T11-S3 AIS A-B, C, and D after adjusting for demographics and clinical characteristics. Conclusion Among patients with C1-C4 AIS D; C5-C8 AIS D; T1-T10 AIS A-B; and T11-S3 AIS A-B, C, and D injuries, those with longer rehabilitation stays tended to have more motor function improvement.
Diabetes and Breast Cancer

Diabetes and breast cancer are common diseases, and both are significant burdens for women around the world. Existing evidence supports the strong association between diabetes and the development of breast cancer. The impact of diabetes on breast cancer goes beyond the associations between the two. Current evidence suggests co-diagnosis of diabetes and breast cancer is associated with differences in diagnosis, treatments received, treatment response, patient’s quality of life, cancer recurrence, and mortality. Although there is existing evidence supporting the impact of diabetes on breast cancer outcomes and approaches to manage the two, there is little guidance on specific differences in approaching diabetes management in a patient with breast cancer. With the increasing body of evidence highlighting the impact of diabetes in the management of patients with breast cancer, a shift in the approach to managing patients with diabetes and breast cancer has gained significant attention, and new approaches to address this challenge continue to emerge. In this chapter, we summarize the existing evidence supporting the impact of diabetes on breast cancer outcomes and describe approaches to manage diabetes in a patient with breast cancer.
Superacid coal chemistry

Abstract HF:BF 3 :H 2 catalysed depolymerization and hydroliquefaction of coal was studied. This superacidic system was found to be extremely effective for low temperature liquefaction of coal. Illinois No. 6 coal could be solubilized in pyridine to the extent of > 90% by treating it at ≈ 105 °C for 4 h. Under somewhat more elevated temperature (150–170 °C) cyclohexane extractabilities of up to 22% and distillability of up to 28% is achieved. A hydrogen donor solvent such as isopentane is shown to improve the efficiency of the superacidic catalyst for the conversion of coal to cyclohexane soluble products.
A LABORATORY TECHNIQUE FOR ASSESSING THE SKIN ABRASION POTENTIAL OF AIRBAGS

In recent investigations of airbag deployments, drivers have reported abrasions to the face, neck and forearms due to deploying airbags. A study of the airbag design and deployment parameters affecting the incidence and severity of abrasions caused by driver-side airbags has produced the development of a laboratory test procedure to evaluate the potential of an airbag design to cause skin injury. This report describes the procedure, which is based on static deployments of airbags into a cylindrical test fixture. The target area is covered with a material that responds to abrasion-producing events in a manner related to human skin tolerance. Test results show excellent correlation with abrasion injuries produced by airbag deployments into the skin of human volunteers. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 886366.
Modelling pulsed-power transmission lines

Transmission lines in modem pulsed-power machines such as PBFA-II operate at ten or more megavolts with multimegampere currents. They often have series (voltage) or parallel (current) power addition. In these transmission lines the cathodes emit electrons freely. In addition, perturbations such as plasma opening switches cause additional electrons to be launched into the flow. The large magnetic field due to the transmission line current prevents these electrons from crossing the transmission line to the anode directly, but in most situations electron current flows to the anode after travelling a long distance down the transmission line. Usually these losses occur just before the load or at adder points. Reliable modelling of these lines is important both for design purposes and for use in analyzing data. This paper presents models that can be used for these purposes. The models are primarily based upon known symmetries plus measurable parameters. Comparisons to data, particularly data taken on PBFA-II, are made.
Probing the RNA structure within the yeast 5 S RNA.L1a protein complex by fluorescence and enzymatic digestion.

Conformational states of the ribosomal 5 S RNA molecule and its associated protein L1a in the yeast RNA-protein (RNP) complex were determined using controlled RNase T1 digestion in conjunction with fluorescence probes, ethidium bromide and bisanilinonaphthalenesulfonic acid. Fluorescence measurements indicated that the RNA molecule in the RNP complex appeared to exhibit a slightly lower degree of secondary structure than that in the free form. Controlled digestion of the intact RNP complex with RNase T1 resulted in an initial increase in ethidium fluorescence followed by a gradual decrease. In free RNA, a similar profile, except that a larger increase in ethidium fluorescence at the initial stage of digestion, was observed. During digestion of the RNP complex, increases in bisanilinonaphthalenesulfonic acid fluorescence and in light scattering were observed. These findings implied that as regions of the 5 S RNA molecule were perturbed, hydrophobic regions in the protein became exposed. Polyacrylamide gel analysis of the digestion products revealed a temporal appearance of discrete RNA fragments. Sequence analysis of these fragments generated information about the structural arrangement of the RNA molecule within the RNP complex. Results from the present investigation indicate that interactions between the 5 S RNA and protein L1a can stabilize functionally relevant conformations of the components that are individually labile. Properties of the separated components also suggest that special conditions, such as those suggested by Steitz et al. (Steitz, J. A., Berg, C., Hendrick, J. P., LaBranche-Chabot, H., Metspalu, A., Rinke, J., and Yario, T. (1988) J. Cell Biol. 106, 545-556) may be involved for these components to associate during ribosomal assembly.
A potential role for human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4 promoter SNPs in the pharmacogenomics of Tamoxifen and its derivatives (1141.13)

Tamoxifen (Tam) is a selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator used to inhibit breast tumor growth. Tam can be directly N-glucuronidated via the tertiary amine group or O-glucuronidated after cytochrome P450 mediated hydroxylation. In this study, the glucuronidation of Tam and its hydroxylated and/or chlorinated derivatives [4OHTamoxifen (4OHTam), Toremifene (Tor), and 4OHTor] was examined using recombinant human UGTs from the 1A subfamily and human hepatic microsomes. Recombinant UGT1A4 catalyzed the formation of N-glucuronides of Tam and its derivatives and was the most active UGT enzyme toward these compounds. Therefore, it was hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region of UGT1A4 have the ability to significantly decrease the glucuronidation rates of Tam metabolites in the human liver. In vitro activity of 64 genotyped human liver microsomes were used to determine the association between the UGT1A4 promoter and coding region SNPs and the glucuronidation rates of Tam, 4OHTam, Tor, and 4OHTor. Significant decreases in enzymatic activity were observed in microsomes for individuals heterozygous for -163G/A and -217T/G. These alterations in glucuronidation may lead to prolonged circulating half-lives and potentially modify the effectiveness of these drugs in the treatment of breast cancer.
Binocular Full-Body Pose Recognition and Orientation Inference Using Multilinear Analysis

In this chapter, we propose an approach to full-body pose recognition and body orientation estimation using multilinear analysis. We extract low-dimensional pose and body orientation coefficient vectors by performing tensor decomposition and projection on silhouette images obtained from wide baseline binocular cameras. The coefficient vectors are then used as feature vectors in pose recognition and body orientation estimation. To do pose recognition, pose coefficient vectors obtained from synthesized pose silhouettes are used to train a family of support vector machines as pose classifiers. Using orientation coefficient vectors, a 1-D orientation manifold is learned and further used for the estimation of body orientation. Experiment results obtained using both synthetic and real image data showed that the performance of our approach is comparable to existing pose recognition approaches, and that our approach outperformed the traditional tensor-based recognition approach in the comparative test.
Guide for Depth of Foundation Exploration

A procedure for rapidly determining the depth of exploration beneath a foundation system is presented. The determined depth is based on a widely used settlement criterion and the Boussinesq stress distribution. A single chart is used for surface foundations, whereas embedded foundations require the same chart plus a few simple calculations. The paper was prepared primarily for the benefit of young, inexperienced engineers to provide a sound basis for determining critical depth of exploration.
The Lattice of Convex l-Subgroups of a Lattice-Ordered Group

In this chapter we shall examine in some detail the lattice C(G) of convex l-subgroups of a lattice-ordered group G. Our emphasis is on determining how much information is available from a strictly lattice-theoretic consideration of C(G). Many important classes of l-groups are described in these terms, but it is impossible to so describe varieties of l-groups; in section 5.4 we shall consider examples which reveal this limitation to our approach.
Angiotensin-(1-7) as an Antinociceptive Agent in Cancer-Induced Bone Pain

Many cancerous solid tumors, including breast, metastasize to the bone and induce pain (CIBP). CIBP is often severe due to an enhanced inflammation in the bone, rapid bone degradation, and nocicept...