cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ecocities, Crime, and Justice: Ecocity Theory, Social Disorganization, and Green Criminology

This article examines the integration of ecocities research with a major criminological approach to the examination of crime and social control, social disorganization theory. Social disorganization theory draws attention to the relationship between community organization, formal and informal community social control and crime. That research has drawn inspiration from other disciplines. In the current analysis, we review ecocity theory and illustrate how ecocity's theoretical structure contributes to promoting the forms of community social organization that social disorganization theory has examined in relation to the distribution of crime in urban areas. This integration is useful to the extent that ecocity models have been implemented in real world conditions, and thus possess the potential to reduce crime through community reorganization.
DNA Metabolism and Cell Proliferation

In considering the problem of DNA metabolism and cell proliferation in the central nervous system we shall review in this chapter results obtained with three major techniques: (1) histological and cytological studies of cell division, which in some investigations were coupled with the auxiliary procedure of blocking mitosis with a mitotic poison, such as colchicine; (2) gross and microchemical studies of differences in DNA concentration in the brain in different species, at different phases of development or in different regions of the brain; and (3) studies in which a radioactively labeled specific precursor of DNA was administered to animals to tag newly forming cells and these were rendered visible and their fate traced in situ with auto-radiography. Because in the history of this topic the histological approach antedated the other two, we shall introduce the subject by describing briefly the results of early histological studies. These early studies generated concepts that had a lasting influence on investigations in this area, but these have been supplemented, modified and, to some extent, superseded by results obtained with more modern techniques.
Query Evaluation as Constraint Search; An Overview of Early Results

We present early results on the development of database query evaluation algorithms that have been inspired by search methods from the domain of constraint satisfaction. We define a mapping between these two specialties and discuss how the differences in problem domains have instigated new results.
Normally-OFF AlGaN/GaN MOS-HEMT with a two-step gate recess

This paper presents results of normally-off AlGaN/GaN MOS-HEMTs fabricated with a two-step gate recess technique which includes a chloride based Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) etch followed by HCI and NH 4 OH surface treatment. The latter can effectively smoothen evenly the ICP etched surface. The two-step gate recessed device with atomic layer deposited (ALD) Al 2 O 3 as gate dielectric delivers a threshold voltage (V th ) of +1V and a maximum current density per gate width (I max ) of up to 0.583 A/mm which is 90% that of an un-recessed gate depletion-mode AlGaN/GaN HEMT device (V th of −3.5V) fabricated from the same epitaxial wafer.
Causes and effects of autothrottle integrator saturation on the performance of the approach power compensator of the S-3B digital flight data computer

The US Navy's S-3B Viking, manufactured by the Lockheed Martin Corporation and powered by two General Electric TF34 high-bypass turbofan engines, is a carrier-based, subsonic, high wing jet aircraft, designed for anti-submarine warfare (ASW). The digital flight data computer (DFDC) was designed as a form, fit, and function replacement for the flight data computer (FDC) (CP-1074) portion of the ASW-33 Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS). Control laws and mode logic implemented in the DFDC were designed to provide the stability augmentation, autopilot, and autothrottle functions provided by the FDC, and to correct existing deficiencies with the FDC. Following an extensive simulation and shore-based test program at the Naval Air Systems Command, Patuxent River, MD, shipboard tests of the S-3B DFDC were conducted aboard USS Harry S. Truman (CVN-75) to determine the suitability of the DFDC for shipboard operations. This paper discusses the causes and effects of integrator saturation on the performance of the approach power compensator (APC), or autothrottle, of the DFDC in the S-3B observed during the shipboard tests. APC test methodology and procedures are also briefly discussed.
Infinite Statistics and Black Holes in Matrix Theory

The concept of infinite statistics is applied to the analysis of black hole thermodynamics in Matrix Theory. It is argued that Matrix Theory partons, D0-branes, satisfy quantum infinite statistics, and that this observation justifies the recently proposed Boltzmann gas model of Schwarzschild black holes in Matrix Theory.
Workplace hostility: Defining and measuring the occurrence of hostility in the workforce

Objectives The purpose of this study was to define a comprehensive construct, workplace hostility, encompassing sub-areas of harmful workplace behaviors. Key characteristics include: perception of the target, persistence, intentionality, nonphysical nature, and organizational affiliation. Participants Pilot study participants (N=42, students and N=35, workers) were small convenience samples. Main study participants (N=393, 70% female) were working individuals and almost 50% reported 1 to 5 years in their current jobs. Methods The two pilot studies collected were surveys face-to-face. The main study used on-line surveys. Results Based on the pilot studies, items from the Workplace Hostility Inventory (WHI) were judged as a reasonable set. Results from the main study suggested three subscales related to perceptions of being subjected to hostility: interference with work, denigration, and exclusion. Supervisors produced greater distress on all factors, but only exclusion predicted a desire to leave the organization. Distress was greater when the perpetrator was a woman or a group. After controlling for feelings toward coworkers and supervisors, WHI was not related to job satisfaction. Conclusions The WHI was found to be an inclusive construct, representing numerous concepts. The WHI is comprehensive and global, encompassing the previous overlap in existing research.
Protease activity associated with loss of adhesiveness in mouse teratocarcinoma.

Abstract We have observed the spontaneous conversion of an embryoid body (multicellular) form of 129/J mouse ascites teratocarcinoma to a single cell form. Concomitant with the conversion, a rapid increase in growth rate and ascites fluid accumulation have been observed. This report presents data on protease activity in the ascites fluid after the conversion and evidence that the protease causes decreased tumor cell adhesiveness. Ascites protease has a pH optimum of 2.0–3.0 and is inhibited by both DAN (diazoacetyl- dl -norleucine methyl ester) and Pepstatin A. Using denatured bovine hemoglobin as a substrate, the low pH optimum and inhibition by DAN and Pepstatin A allow tentative identification of the enzyme as the carboxypeptidase Cathepsin D. Approx. 0.036 × 10−2 μg of Cathepsin D per mg of protein was found in the ascites fluid of the single cell form of the mouse teratocarcinoma. We show that Pepstatin A-derivatized agarose beads bind the single ascites cells, causing them to display increased cell-cell adhesion, a phenomenon not observed with control beads. The results suggest that ascites protease may play a role in transformation of a slow growing, clustered tumor into a rapidly growing, non-adhesive, single cell form. We found that an embryoid-like tissue culture line of mouse teratocarcinoma, that we established, disaggregated into single cells, upon addition of ascites fluid from the single cell tumor, to the culture medium. Pepstatin A prevented disaggregation of the cell clusters. These results further support the contention that specific ascites protease plays a role in the transformation of a clustered tumor into a single cell form.
Influence of workload imbalances on the need for worker flexibility

The benefits of worker flexibility have been well recognized both in practice and in academic journals. Prior literature suggests that most of the benefits of worker flexibility accrue with a moderate level of cross training. Because of factors such as MRP planning systems, seasonality and budgeting cycles, many companies experience workload imbalances that are more structured than the workload variability modeled in prior studies. Using factors based on industry examples we model structured workload imbalances. Our premise is that workload imbalances create the ''need'' for worker flexibility, while the available work center capacity in the shop influences the extent to which worker flexibility can be utilized to counter the workload imbalances. Our results confirm that under low workload imbalance conditions, most benefits associated with worker cross training are obtained with a moderate level of training. However, in the presence of high workload imbalances we find that more extensive worker cross training significantly enhances shop performance. A sufficient level of work center capacity is required to realize the benefits of extensive cross training in countering high workload imbalances.
An automated system for simultaneous thermal analysis and mass spectrometry. Part II. Combination with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Abstract Our system for simultaneous thermal analysis and mass spectrometry (TA/MS) which consists of a Mettler thermoanalyzer model TA-1 coupled with a Hewlett-Packard 5992 quadrupole mass spectrometer has been extended to include gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) capability. The separation power of GC offers tremendous advantage for analyzing complex gaseous mixtures resulting from thermal analysis. The combination of real-time MS and subsequent GC/MS eliminates artifacts commonly associated with trapping and hence, permits accurate and efficient interpretation of the nature of the volatiles.
Surface photovoltage in undoped n-type GaN

Steady-state and transient surface photovoltage (SPV) in undoped GaN is studied in vacuum and air ambient at room temperature and 400 K with a Kelvin probe. The results are explained within a phenomenological model accounting for the accumulation of photogenerated holes at the surface, capture of free electrons from the bulk over the near-surface potential barrier, and emission of electrons from surface states into the bulk. Simple analytical expressions are obtained and compared with experimental results. In particular, the proposed model explains the logarithmic decay of the SPV after stopping illumination. Internal and external mechanisms of the SPV are discussed in detail. It is shown that an internal mechanism dominates at low illumination intensity and/or small photon energies, while external mechanisms such as charging of a surface oxide layer and photoinduced processes play a significant role for above-bandgap illumination with sufficient intensity.
Transportation Safety Standards for Wheelchair Users: A Review of Voluntary Standards for Improved Safety, Usability, and Independence of Wheelchair-Seated Travelers

Safe transportation for wheelchair users who do not transfer to the vehicle seat when traveling in motor vehicles requires after-market wheelchair tiedown and occupant restraint systems (WTORS) to secure the wheelchair and provide crashworthy restraint for the wheelchair-seated occupant. In the absence of adequate government safety standards, voluntary standards for the design and performance of WTORS, and for wheelchairs used as seats in motor vehicles, have been developed. The initial versions of these standards qualify equipment for use in all types and sizes of motor vehicles using a 30-mph (48-kph), 20-g frontal sled-impact test. The wheelchair standard requires four accessible, crash-tested securement points on wheelchairs so they can be more easily and effectively secured using a four-point strap-type tie-down system. Future voluntary standards are aimed at reducing injury risk for wheelchair-seated occupants in rear impacts and at providing a method for evaluating the crashworthiness of wheelchair...
Modeling and simulation for unmanned and autonomous system test and evaluation

Test and evaluation may be viewed as a technology enabler for the successful deployment of unmanned vehicles and robots in all their envisioned applications. It is however a challenging endeavor, considering that roboticists and developers are not used to thinking of test and evaluation as an integral component of robot development. Moreover, the community who has conducted test and evaluation up to this date does not possess the tools to cope with the growing complexity of unmanned and autonomous systems. This paper proposes a solution to one of the hardest problems in testing and evaluation of robots: test planning. The approach put forward relies on constructive simulation tools and on new techniques for searching in high dimensional spaces. The goal of the test planner is to generate a set of tests that make highly efficient use of resources to unveil weaknesses of the system under test. A secondary objective of the paper is to create reciprocal awareness between test and evaluation and robotics communities, who could benefit significantly from each other.
The labeling of polysomes and rough microsomal membranes by 5-fluoroorotic acid.

Using [2-14C]fluoroorotic acid for the selective labeling of rat liver messenger RNA, strikingly different levels of radioactivity appeared in the bound and free classes of polysomes (free > bound, ∼ 3:1) well-washed rough microsomal membrane preparations, contained 5X more radioactivity than their own bound polysomes.
Sundance: High-level software for PDE-constrained optimization

Sundance is a package in the Trilinos suite designed to provide high-level components for the development of high-performance PDE simulators with built-in capabilities for PDE-constrained optimization. We review the implications of PDE-constrained optimization on simulator design requirements, then survey the architecture of the Sundance problem specification components. These components allow immediate extension of a forward simulator for use in an optimization context. We show examples of the use of these components to develop full-space and reduced-space codes for linear and nonlinear PDE-constrained inverse problems.
Carbon fiber microelectrodes modified with carbon nanotubes as a new support for immobilization of glucose oxidase

Carboxylated carbon nanotubes were coated onto carbon microfiber electrodes to create a micron-scale bioelectrode. This material has a high surface area and can serve as a support for immobilization of enzymes such as glucose oxidase. A typical carbon nanotube loading of 13 μg cm−1 yields a coating thickness of 17 μm and a 2000-fold increase in surface capacitance. The modified electrode was further coated with a biocatalytic hydrogel composed of a conductive redox polymer, glucose oxidase, and a crosslinker to create a glucose bioelectrode. The current density on oxidation of glucose is 16.6 mA cm−2 at 0.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in oxygen-free glucose solution. We consider this approach to be useful for designing and characterizing surface treatments for carbon mats and papers by mimicking their local microenvironment.
Critical Reflective Organizations: An Empirical Observation of Global Active Citizenship and Green Politics

Relationships between the environmental and economic dimensions of sustainability have been solidly specified, but relatively little attention has been given to the social sphere. The current study attempts to fill this gap by integrating corporate environmentalism more fully with concepts of corporate sustainability. This investigation draws specifically from neo-Habermasian critical environmental theory research and brings three concepts together for closer empirical examination: the public sphere, the communicative rationality, and discursive design with the goal of capturing whether critical and reflective organizational systems (CROS) among the selected sample of business participants are in fact developing. Using content analysis on corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports, the study reveals that some business organizations appear to be on the brink of developing a type of learning environment consistent with CROS thinking. The empirical findings also suggest that there is a transformative effect on citizenship that can result from the teaching and learning that is facilitated by voluntary CSR initiatives.
A comparison of two cloudwater/fogwater collectors: The rotating arm collector and the caltech active strand cloudwater collector

A side-by-side comparison of the Rotating Arm Collector (RAC) and the Caltech Active Strand Cloudwater Collector (CASCC) was conducted at an elevated coastal site near the eastern end of the Santa Barbara Channel in southern California. The CASCC was observed to collect cloudwater at rates of up to 8.5 ml min^(−1). The ratio of cloudwater collection rates was found to be close to the theoretical prediction of 4.2:1 (CASCC:RAC) over a wide range of liquid water contents (LWC). At low LWC, however, this ratio climbed rapidly, possibly reflecting a predominance of small droplets under these conditions, coupled with a greater collection efficiency of small droplets by the CASCC. Cloudwater samples collected by the RAC had significantly higher concentrations of Na^+, Ca^(2+), Mg^(2+) and Cl^− than those collected by the CASCC. These higher concentrations may be due to differences in the chemical composition of large vs small droplets. No significant differences were observed in concentrations of NO_3^−, SO_4^(2−) or NH_4^+ in samples collected by the two instruments.
Risk factors for lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study

Background Subgroups of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may have an increased risk of developing lymphoma. We sought to identify factors that were associated with lymphoma in patients with IBD. Methods Cases and controls were identified through a centralized diagnostic index. We identified 80 adult patients with IBD who developed lymphoma between 1980 and 2009. For each case, 2 controls were matched for subtype of IBD, geographic location, and length of follow-up. Conditional logistical regression was used to assess associations between risk factors and the development of lymphoma. Results Sixty patients were males (75%) versus 77 controls (48%). Median age at index date was 59 years for cases and 42 years for controls. Twenty patients (25%) and 23 controls (14%) were receiving immunosuppressive medications at the index date. Four patients (5%) and 6 controls (4%) were receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor α agents at the index date. In multiple variable analysis, age per decade (odds ratio, 1.83; 95% confidence interval, 1.37-2.43), male gender (odds ratio, 4.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.82-9.02) and immunosuppressive exposure at the index date (odds ratio, 4.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.35-13.11) were significantly associated with increased odds of developing lymphoma. Disease severity and use of anti-tumor necrosis factor α agents were not independently associated with developing lymphoma. When testing was performed on patients exposed to immunosuppressive or anti-tumor necrosis factor α medications, Epstein-Barr virus was identified 75% of the time. Conclusions In this case-control study, increasing age, male gender, and use of immunosuppressive medications were associated with an increased risk of lymphoma in patients with IBD.
Nutritional outcomes following pediatric intestinal transplantation.

Abstract Background This study sought to describe the long-term nutritional outcomes of children after intestinal transplant (SBT). Methods Between 1991 and March 2005, 30 children received 33 SBT at a single center. Eligibility criteria included patient and graft survival >6 months. Weight, height, albumin, prealbumin, zinc (Zn), and essential fatty acid (EFA) levels were reviewed retrospectively. Results The 19 patients who met inclusion criteria had a median age at SBT of 2.9 years. The majority of patients were male, Latino, transplanted for necrotizing enterocolitis and received combined liver-SBT. All patients were weaned off total parenteral nutrition to elemental formula at a mean of 39 days post-SBT. Seventeen of 19 patients were Zn deficient and four patients were EFA deficient post-SBT. Conclusions Pre-SBT most subjects were significantly deficient in anthropometric and biochemical parameters. Post-SBT the mean Z score for weight and height improved significantly at year 1, then leveled off in year 2. Serum protein levels improved from pre-SBT, yet remained low–normal. Zn deficiency was seen frequently after SBT and is under investigation. Children who developed EFA deficiency were on the same formula, receiving inadequate EFA supplementation. Successful SBT was associated with growth and maintenance of serum nutritional parameters but not with significant catch-up growth.
Anatomy of a new cetotheriid genus and species from the Miocene of Herentals, Belgium, and the phylogenetic and palaeobiogeographical relationships of Cetotheriidae s.s. (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti)

Herentalia nigra gen. et sp. nov. is described and compared to other mysticetes. It belongs to Cetotheriidae s.s. and represents one of the best-preserved cetotheriid skulls from the southern border of the North Sea. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis revealed that it is closely related to Nannocetus and to a Japanese Herpetocetus, suggesting that it belongs to the subfamily Herpetocetinae. The phylogenetic analysis performed tests the recent hypothesis that Caperea marginata belongs to Cetotheriidae. However the present results confirm that the pygmy right whale cannot be considered a member of Cetotheriidae. The phylogenetic analysis was used as the basis for a cladistic palaeobiogeographical analysis of Cetotheriidae that revealed that the family originated in the Pacific basin during the Burdigalian and subsequently underwent a sequence of dispersal and vicariance events that allowed its members to enter other ocean basins. The evolution of Cetotheriidae diversity was punctuated by two distinct pha...
Simple digital based triangle wave generator for Mössbauer spectroscopy

Abstract A simple and inexpensive digital triangle wave generator for use in a Mossbauer effect spectrometer is described. No internal connections to the multichannel analyzer are required.
Dynamic-Tensile-Extrusion for investigating large strain and high strain rate behavior of polymers

Abstract Dynamic-Tensile-Extrusion (Dyn-Ten-Ext) is a novel test method for the investigation of material response under extreme tensile conditions, comprising the combined conditions of large tensile strains (ɛ > 1) and high strain rates (dɛ/dt > 10,000 s−1), effectively serving as a tensile analog to the Taylor cylinder impact test. The ability to apply this mechanical state is particularly useful for elucidating the deformation and damage responses of polymers under extreme mechanical conditions since they are more ductile, rate-dependent and sensitive to hydrostatic tension than other engineering materials. The technique, in general, generates stable extruded polymer jets that are observed via high-speed photography undergoing large tensile strains at high rates. These jets may accumulate subcritical damage during deformation, revealing damage processes that may only activate in a principally tensile deformation. Ultimately, the jet ruptures, either progressively due to damage or catastrophically. Dyn-Ten-Ext produces spatially and temporally heterogeneous deformation fields, making it an integrated test, analogous to Taylor Impact. The range of strains and strain rates that evolve throughout the test, combined with the simple well defined boundary conditions, produce outstanding datasets for the validation of material models under conditions not accessible by classic testing techniques. This work presents an overview of Dyn-Ten-Ext as a technique for investigating extreme tensile deformation and damage in polymers with representative results for the elastomer polyurea and semicrystalline polymers high density polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, and polychlorotrifluoroethylene.
Landscape ecology of arboviruses in southeastern California: temporal and spatial patterns of enzootic activity in Imperial Valley, 1991-1994

Western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) and St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) viruses were detected in the Imperial Valley during the summers of 1991-1994 by isolation from the primary vector, Culex tarsalis Coquillett, and by the seroconversion of sentinel chickens. Enzootic transmission consistently was not detected first each year at sampling sites near specific landscape features such as a heron rookery and other riparian habitats along the New River, sites along the Mexican border, or saline and freshwater marshes along the southern shore of the Salton Sea. Despite mild winter temperatures and the elevated vernal abundance of Cx. tarsalis, WEE and SLE activity was not detected until June or July, indicating considerable amplification may be necessary before detection by testing mosquito pools for virus infection or sentinel chicken sera for antibodies. Results did not permit the spatial focusing of early season control efforts or research on mechanisms of virus interseasonal persistence.
Potentials measured from glycerinated cardiac muscle.

SZENT-GYORGYI1 has shown that muscle extracted in glycerol serves as a model for the actinomyocin contractile system. He found that molecular orientation is well preserved and that the contractile process can be investigated in the presumed absence of a functioning cell membrane. The contractions of glycerinated fibres from skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle induced by ATP have since been studied by several workers. Chichibu2 showed that the resting membrane potential of the extensor muscle of the American freshwater crayfish is decreased by glycerol. 2 molar glycerol reduced the membrane potential from −80 mV to less than −20 mV within 3 h, but fibres kept in glycerol for more than a few hours were not studied.
Emotional Scaffolding An Exploration of the Teacher Knowledge at the Intersection of Student Emotion and the Subject Matter

The practical knowledge that enables good teaching has emerged over the past decade as an area of critical interest to educational researchers. This article reports on insights gathered during a series of teacher practical knowledge research projects that took place over a 10-year period with more than 40 teacher interns and experienced teachers. The groups were convened for the purpose of critiquing and refining the concept of pedagogical content knowledge. One practice that became a focus of inquiry in these groups was the tailoring of pedagogical representations to influence students’ emotional response to some specific aspect of the subject matter being taught. This practice was named emotional scaffolding. Several examples of emotional scaffolding are provided and a typology of approaches to emotional scaffolding is offered. Possible implications for teacher knowledge theory and teacher education curriculum are explored.
Bicriterion traffic equilibrium: T2 model, algorithm, and software overview

T2 is a rational and rigorous bicriterion traffic assignment model developed around a stochastic linear generalized cost model, which forecasts path choices and consequent equilibrium link volumes of trip makers with diverse values of time. Its path choice criterion minimizes a disutility equaling a stochastic sum of two link attributes—usually time and cost— both of which may be flow dependent. In contrast with the classical traffic assignment model, T2 permits different travelers to respond differently (as a result of factors such as travel time, tolls, congestion, taste, etc.) to the same path choices. This research provides an overview of T2's mathematical model, solution algorithm, and implementing software.
Satisfying the C-suite: What C-level officers expect and need

On 14–15 October 2010, the sixth annual Revenue Management (RM) and Price Optimization conference was held at the Georgia Institute of Technology. This article summarizes key discussions that emerged from the conference and highlights the experiences of two companies portrayed in keynote addresses given by Tom Seddon, Executive Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer of the InterContinental Hotels Group and Brian Rice, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Royal Caribbean Cruises, Ltd.
Substrate Recognition by the Lyn Protein-tyrosine Kinase NMR STRUCTURE OF THE IMMUNORECEPTOR TYROSINE-BASED ACTIVATION MOTIF SIGNALING REGION OF THE B CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTOR

The immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) plays a central role in transmembrane signal transduction in hematopoietic cells by mediating responses leading to proliferation and differentiation. An initial signaling event following activation of the B cell antigen receptor is phosphorylation of the CD79a (Ig-α) ITAM by Lyn, a Src family protein-tyrosine kinase. To elucidate the structural basis for recognition between the ITAM substrate and activated Lyn kinase, the structure of an ITAM-derived peptide bound to Lyn was determined using exchange-transferred nuclear Overhauser NMR spectroscopy. The bound substrate structure has an irregular helix-like character. Docking based on the NMR data into the active site of the closely related Lck kinase strongly favors ITAM binding in an orientation similar to binding of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase rather than that of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase. The model of the complex provides a rationale for conserved ITAM residues, substrate specificity, and suggests that substrate binds only the active conformation of the Src family tyrosine kinase, unlike the ATP cofactor, which can bind the inactive form.
Coronary vasomotor dysfunction following hemorrhagic shock.

Abstract Myocardial dysfunction and subendocardial ischemia have been described during hemorrhagic shock, but technical limitations have precluded the in vitro examination of coronary reactivity following hemorrhage. We tested the hypothesis that in vitro coronary artery contraction and relaxation are impaired by hemorrhagic shock (HS). HS was produced in awake rats ( n = 6) 24 hr after surgery for arterial cannulation, by bleeding to a mean arterial pressure of 50 mm Hg for 2 hr followed by reinfusion of shed blood. Using a small vessel myograph, reactivity of coronary arterial ring segments from three groups of rats not undergoing HS were compared to coronaries harvested from rats after HS (Group 4). The three nonshock treatments included normal rats without pretreatment (Group 1), rats undergoing prior surgical cannulation alone (Group 2), and rats undergoing prior surgical cannulation followed by nonhypotensive hemorrhage (Group 3). Responses to 125 m M potassium (KCl) and to 10 −6 M serotonin (STN) determined smooth muscle contraction. Acetylcholine administration determined endothelium-mediated smooth muscle relaxation, whereas acetylcholine plus nitroprusside combined determined maximum smooth muscle relaxation. Rats following HS demonstrated impaired coronary arterial smooth muscle contraction to KCl when compared to normal rats, but the response to STN did not differ among groups. Maximum smooth muscle relaxation was significantly lower in rats following HS as compared to rats in Groups 1 and 2. Endothelium-dependent relaxation was significantly impaired when compared to each of the three nonshock groups. Thus, in coronary arteries isolated from neurohumoral influences, HS was associated with diminished smooth muscle contraction and relaxation as well as impaired endothelium-mediated relaxation. These vasomotor abnormalities may contribute to subendocardial ischemic injury described in hemorrhagic shock.
Multidimensional bin packing algorithms

A comparative study is made of algorithms for a general multidimensional problem involving the packing of k-part objects in k compartments in a large supply of bins. The goal is to pack the objects using a minimum number of bins. The properties and limitations of the algorithms are discussed, including k-dimensional analogs of some popular one-dimensional algorithms. An application of the algorithms is the design of computer networks.
Thermal modelling of micropulsed diode laser retinal photocoagulation.

Background and Objective Recent studies have sought to utilize diode laser “micropulsing” in order to preserve therapeutic efficacy of retinal photocoagulation while minimizing pain and subjacent tissue injury. A model for the transient thermal tissue response to continuous and micropulsed diode laser output is presented in order to understand the laser-tissue interactions and to generate optimum parameters for exploiting potential advantages of micropulsed application. Study Design/Materials and Methods: The tissue thermal response was calculated by convolving the analytical solution to the three-dimensional, isotropic heat conduction equation with a source term corresponding to the spot size of the laser incident on the absorbing retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid layers of the ocular fundus. Thermal localization is quantitated by comparing the temperature rise in the RPE (T(RPE)) and deep choroid (T(Ch)). A 1-watt (average power), 200-μm diameter, 100 ms pulse (continuous or micropulsed) of 810 nm radiation was modelled to be incident on a geometric idealization of the human retina and choroid. Results A temperature gradient is rapidly established with only modest temperature augmentation between 10 and 100 ms. At 100 ms, T(RPE) and T(Ch) are 32 and 23 C, respectively, for continuous application, and 41 and 27 C for 2 ms on/off micropulsed application. For a duty factor (total laser “on” time divided by pulse length) of 50%, T(RPE)/T(Ch) is maximal for a micropulse on/off duration of 2 ms; however, the variation over micropulse (durations from 200 μs to 50 ms is small. In addition, whereas end-pulse T(RPE)/T(Ch) is greater for 2 ms on/off application when compared with continuous delivery (1.53 vs. 1.39), thermal relaxation during pulse quiescence in the micropulsed mode allows for an early increase in deep choroidal temperature with respect to T(RPE). For ten 200 μs pulses equally separated over 100 ms (duty factor=2%), T(RPE)/T(Ch) = 3.2. With more numerous, lower power micropulses, T(RPE)/T(Ch) decreases monotonically to 1.39 as the duty factor is increased to 100%. Conclusion These modelling studies provide the first quantitative predictions of thermal localization achieved with diode laser micropulsing and demonstrate that short pulse lengths and low duty factors allow for maximum thermal localization. These studies will potentiate pulse-shape optimization strategies for diode laser retinal photocoagulation applications. Lasers Surg. Med. 20:409–415, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ontogeny of serum insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in the rat.

Abstract Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and -II) are peptide growth factors that may be important for neonatal development. Specific high affinity IGF binding proteins (BPs) have been characterized in serum and extracellular fluids. The major serum binding complex in the adult has an apparent Mr of 150 K, while the predominant BP in the neonate is approximately 30 K. In the rat, the transition from the neonatal BP to the adult form occurs during the third postnatal week, concomitant with an increase in serum IGF-I and a decrease in serum IGF-II concentrations. Using specific RIAs and Western ligand blot analyses we have characterized the changes in serum IGF and IGF BPs, respectively, during the early postnatal period. Seven BPs were identified in serum with apparent Mr values of 42, 41, 40, 38, 28, 26, and 22 K. After deglycosylation, the 42, 41, 40, and 38 K BPs were reduced to two bands with apparent Mr values of 35 and 32 K, while the 28, 26, and 22 K BP were unchanged. In the neonate, the 28, 26,...
Addition of metabolomics to the omics spectrum for cancer biomarker development– demonstration with the KrasG12D mouse model for pancreatic carcinoma

Advancements in 'omics' technologies offer opportunities to complement current approaches in cancer diagnosis and assessment of response to therapy. While the relatively mature fields of transcriptomics and proteomics have demonstrated their utility in cancer diagnosis and prognosis, they typically rely on complicated and demanding methodologies requiring isolation of intact ribonucleic acid or protein and then analyses. Metabolomics is an emerging field with great potential for cancer screening and early diagnosis. Here metabolites, defined as small molecules typically less than 1 kDa, are assessed with modern analytical approaches that can detect thousands of different molecules, and identify informative subsets of manageable size for use in simpler cost-effective instrumentation in the field. Cancer cells show substantial perturbations in metabolism such as glycolysis, Warburg effect, and many laboratories are now assessing its utility in oncology. In the case of pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC), this tumor type is the fourth leading cancer worldwide with less than 6% 5-year survival rate. PDAC is associated with poor prognosis based on the late stage diagnosis of the disease, hence being referred to as the “silent killer”. Current diagnostic tests lack the sensitivity and specificity to identify markers of early staging, and efforts have been carried out at Georgetown University to identify metabolomic biomarkers in patient PDAC tissue which then can be assessed in biofluids such as urine and serum. To assess the feasibility of biomarker development in PDAC, we have also taken a mouse models approach using the p48-Cre/LSL-KrasG12D mouse model. This model shows malignant progression to PDAC analogous to the human disease stages via early and late pancreatic intra-epithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesions. Serum was collected from mice with early PanIN lesions (at 3-5 months) and with late PanIN or invasive PDAC lesions (13-16 months), as determined by histopathology. Metabolomics analysis of the serum samples was conducted through Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry (QTOF). Multivariate data analysis revealed distinct metabolic profiles between the pancreatic cancer progression stages. One of the metabolites was validated through tandem mass spectrometry and showed increased circulating levels in mice with late PanIN and PDAC. Immunohistochemical analysis of pancreatic tissue showed increased levels of the enzyme, which produces this metabolite, at the late stages of pancreatic cancer, correlating with circulating metabolite levels. The use of this approach in developing diagnostic strategies with metabolomics in the detection of at-risk subjects will be discussed as a complement to genomics approaches.
Comparative study on glutathione S-transferase activity, cDNA, and gene expression between malathion susceptible and resistant strains of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris

Control of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), in cotton in the mid-South relies heavily on pesticides, mainly organophosphates. Continuous and dominant use of chemical sprays has facilitated resistance development in the tarnished plant bug. A natural population in Mississippi with resistance to malathion was studied to examine whether and how glutathione S-transferases (GST) played an important role in the resistance. Bioassays were first conducted to examine synergism of two GST inhibitors. Both ethacrynic acid (EA) and diethyl maleate (DM) effectively abolished resistance and increased malathion toxicity against two resistant strains by more than 2- and 3-fold, whereas incorporation of GST inhibitors did not significantly increase malathion toxicity against a susceptible strain. GST activities were compared in vitro between malathion susceptible and resistant strains by using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as a GST substrate. The resistant strain had significantly higher (1.5-fold) GST activity than the susceptible strain. Up to 99%, 75%, and 85% of the GST activities were inhibited by EA, sulfobromophthalein (SBT), and DM, respectively. The GST activities tended to increase from May to October by 1.76-fold. All three inhibitors significantly suppressed the GST activity to a constant low level over the season. Further examination of GST cDNA indicated that in the coding region only one nucleotide variation was revealed between the susceptible and resistant strain. This variation did not cause a protein sequence change, and an identical amino acid sequence was predicted for both strains. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that the 216-residue GST from the tarnished plant bug was highly similar (up to 68% of amino acid sequence identity) to the GSTs from other insects, which conferred organophosphate resistance. GST gene expression levels were examined using real-time PCR, and the results indicated that GST gene transcripts were elevated in the resistant strain by 1.3-fold.
Direct Correlation of Structural Domain Formation with the Metal Insulator Transition in a VO2 Nanobeam

The electrical resistance of single VO(2) nanobeams was measured while simultaneously mapping the domain structure with Raman spectroscopy to investigate the relationship between structural domain formation and the metal-insulator transition. With increasing temperature, the nanobeams transformed from the insulating monoclinic M(1) phase to a mixture of the Mott-insulating M(2) and metallic rutile phases. Domain fractions were used to extract the temperature dependent resistivity of the M(2) phase, which showed an activated behavior consistent with the expected Mott-Hubbard gap. Metallic monoclinic phases were also produced by direct injection of charge into devices, decoupling the Mott metal-insulator transition from the monoclinic to rutile structural phase transition.
The promotion of eosinophil degranulation and adhesion to conjunctival epithelial cells by IgE-activated conjunctival mast cells.

Background Allergen-mediated mast cell activation is a key feature of ocular allergic diseases. Evidence of eosinophil-derived mediators in tears and conjunctival biopsy specimens has been associated with chronic ocular allergic inflammation. Objective To examine the role of conjunctival mast cell mediators in eosinophil adhesion to conjunctival epithelial cells and eosinophil degranulation. Methods Conjunctival cells were obtained by enzymatic digestion of cadaveric conjunctival tissues. Eosinophils were obtained from peripheral blood samples using negative magnetic bead selection. The effect of IgE-activated mast cell supernates on eosinophil degranulation and adherence to epithelial cells was compared with supernates obtained from mast cells pretreated with a degranulation inhibitor (olopatadine). Eosinophil adhesion was measured by eosinophil peroxidase assay, and eosinophil degranulation was measured by eosinophil-derived neurotoxin radioimmunoassay. Results IgE-activated conjunctival mast cell supernates stimulated adhesion of eosinophils to epithelial cells (20.4% ± 6.3% vs 3.1% ± 1.0%; P = .048). Degranulation was not required for this process (no effect of olopatadine). IgE-activated mast cell supernates stimulated eosinophil-derived neurotoxin release (108.89 ± 8.27 ng/10 6 cells vs 79.45 ± 5.21 ng/10 6 cells for controls, P = .02), which was significantly inhibited by pretreatment of mast cells with a degranulation inhibitor (79.22 ± 4.33 ng/10 6 cells vs 61.09 ± 5.39 ng/10 6 cells for olopatadine pretreated and untreated, respectively, P = .02). Conclusions Mediators released from conjunctival mast cells promote eosinophil adhesion to conjunctival epithelial cells and eosinophil degranulation. Degranulation inhibition studies suggest that different mast cell mediators are involved in regulation of these events.
Electrochemical Infrared Studies of Monocrystalline Iridium Surfaces. 3. Adsorbed Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide as Probes of Ir(100) Interfacial Structure

The adsorption of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide on Ir(100) in acidic aqueous solutions has been probed by voltammetry together with in-situ infrared reflection−absorption spectroscopy, with the objective of assessing the substrate as well as adlayer structure and bonding. The ordered Ir(100) surface was prepared by flame annealing followed by cooling in a H2/Ar stream. Similar to, and consistent with, the reported behavior in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV), at potentials E ≥ 0 V vs SCE (i.e., in the presence of coadsorbed water) the C−O stretch (νCO) for adsorbed CO occurs at frequencies, 1970−2040 cm-1, that are indicative of atop (or near-atop) surface coordination. At lower potentials where coadsorbed hydrogen is present, however, the νCO spectra at intermediate CO coverages (0.2 < θCO < 0.5) include a lower-frequency band suggestive of bridge-bonded CO. The voltammetric features for hydrogen adsorption−desorption, dominated by a sharp current−potential peak at −0.04 V, are consistent with the formation of ...
Coupling schemes and effective interactions in the nuclear shell model

Abstract A simple form of effective nuclear interaction, which has many of the features of the interaction derived from nucleon-nucleon scattering experiments, is considered. This model force operates only in l = 0 states of relative motion of two nucleons. The consequences of such an s state interaction model (SIM) are explored, and it is shown that important coupling schemes (such as a pairing scheme and the Elliott scheme) follow as special versions of this model. The role of the repulsive core in nuclear forces and its relationship to the Elliott scheme are demonstrated. Two-nucleon and four-nucleon spectra in the 0d1s shell are calculated with such forces and the results are compared with observed level schemes of O18, F18, O20 and Ne20. The fairly good agreement with the observed levels provides some indication of the nature of the effective interaction operative in the 0d1s shell.
On carotenoid synthesis in Phycomyces blakesleeanus.

Abstract Results with mixtures of β-ionone and methylheptenone indicate that they act independently in their effects on carotenoid production in Phycomyces. A tentative scheme to explain results to date suggests that as between β-carotene, on the one hand and phytofluene, ζ-carotene, and neurosporene, on the other, in the final stages, the reactions are not sequential but follow divergent pathways.