cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GARUDA: Designing Energy-Efficient Hardware Monitors From High-Level Policies for Secure Information Flow

Runtime monitors detect vulnerabilities in embedded systems by running alongside untrusted software in order to detect violations of security policies as they occur, ideally with minimal overhead. Prior work has demonstrated language support for largely static security policies implemented using lattices and tag-based monitors. However, compiling high-level policies to modular hardware monitors that can implement a wide variety of security policies with minimal power has not been previously proposed. In this paper, we present a high-level security policy language, GARUDA, together with a compiler from GARUDA to Verilog, that enables the modular construction and composition of security hardware runtime monitors for a variety of security policies, including software fault isolation, secure control flow, and dynamic information flow via taint tracking. Unlike prior approaches in which the hardware monitors check all instructions, our hardware monitors are activated on-demand by the security policies which reduces the energy consumption. We perform experiments on Sniper, a full system multicore simulator, to evaluate the energy and performance tradeoffs of the security policies we have implemented so far. The policies are tested across a range of Splash-2 benchmarks.
Distress Tolerance and Craving for Cigarettes Among Heavy Drinking Smokers.

Objective:Heavy drinking smokers experience significant difficulties with smoking cessation. Craving is closely tied to relapses during cessation attempts, and alcohol consumption increases cigaret...
India and its Diaspora. Changing Research and Policy Paradigms

In order to understand paradigms in migration research, one has to discern ›policy paradigms‹ on the one hand, and ›research paradigms‹ on the other. Often, research paradigms are manifestations of general policy paradigms, and the mutual linkage between both deserves attention.Since the 1980s, India’s diaspora relations have witnessed a major policy paradigm shift which we have dubbed as ›from the invisible diaspora to the diaspora empire‹ and ›from the traitor tune to a pride paradigm‹. This shift can be explained by two main factors. First, at a policy-related level, seminal changes in four policy sectors occurred, namely in the economic, foreign, cultural and home policies. Second, the modes of, and reasons for interaction between India and her diaspora changed with India’s economic growth and the success of the overseas Indian community. Mutual mistrust changed into mutual pride and an increase in the personal intertwinement of the Indian thought-leaders with the diaspora as well as institutionalised ways of interaction contributed to a tectonic shift in the relationship. The policy paradigm shift had implications for the Indian migration research agenda, affecting the institutional research set-up as well as the questions framed and the positions taken. Certain paradigms can be identified in all major research traditions in India, including research on the brain drain, migration and development, diaspora policies, ethnographic studies and temporary labour migration. The analysis is supplemented by a brief account of internal migration and related research.
Subcortical Substrates of Explore-Exploit Decisions in Primates.

Summary The explore-exploit dilemma refers to the challenge of deciding when to forego immediate rewards and explore new opportunities that could lead to greater rewards in the future. While motivational neural circuits facilitate learning based on past choices and outcomes, it is unclear whether they also support computations relevant for deciding when to explore. We recorded neural activity in the amygdala and ventral striatum of rhesus macaques as they solved a task that required them to balance novelty-driven exploration with exploitation of what they had already learned. Using a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) model to quantify explore-exploit trade-offs, we identified that the ventral striatum and amygdala differ in how they represent the immediate value of exploitative choices and the future value of exploratory choices. These findings show that subcortical motivational circuits are important in guiding explore-exploit decisions.
Measuring Social Engagement among Low-Income, Depressed Homebound Older Adults: Validation of the Social Engagement and Activities Questionnaire.

Objectives: To investigate the psychometric properties of the 10-item Social Engagement and Activities Questionnaire (SEAQ) to assess social-group, interpersonal interaction, and solitary activitie...
“What for Godsake Shall I Do with the Hundreds of Table Napkins?” The Preservation of Czech-Jewish Life Under Nazi Occupation

Velke Meziřici is a small town in southern Moravia with over four centuries of Jewish history that the Nazis aimed to eradicate. In this case study, based on a rich collection of documents, artifacts, and private correspondence, we learn the tragic fate of one Jewish family from Velke Meziřici, the Muellers, and examine the courageous actions of their non-Jewish neighbors, the Floumas. As the Nazi persecution escalated in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, most non-Jews turned away from their Jewish neighbors out of fear. The Nazis deported the Jewish population to Terezin in spring 1942 and from there to death camps such as Treblinka and Auschwitz. Non-Jews did not know where the Nazis had sent their Jewish neighbors and if they would return. Josef Flouma, owner of a large gardening business, dared to save his friends’ possessions. One family member, Dr. Eric Nash, survived the Holocaust and when he returned, the Floumas received him with great kindness. The story that unfolded between the two families demonstrates a new and unique outlook on Czech-Jewish relations during the period of Nazi terror. Despite great odds, the memory of the Jewish history of Velke Meziřici remains preserved to this day.
A Virtual Impedance Scheme for Voltage Harmonics Suppression in Virtual Oscillator Controlled Islanded Microgrids

Virtual oscillator control (VOC) is a promising nonlinear grid-forming control for AC microgrids that has gained increasing interest. This paper unveiled the strong harmonics rejection capability of VOC. However, due to the inverter filter and feeder impedance, the voltage at the point of common coupling will still be distorted when feeding nonlinear loads. To resolve this issue, this paper proposes a frequency adaptive virtual impedance scheme that is compatible with VOC. The proposed control scheme can effectively attenuate the voltage harmonics across the microgrid distribution network and ensure proper harmonic power sharing. The theoretical analysis is validated by Opal-RT based hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experimental results.
Shelter-In-Place Orders Reduced COVID-19 Mortality And Reduced The Rate Of Growth In Hospitalizations.

Most states enacted shelter-in-place orders when mitigating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Emerging evidence indicates that these orders have reduced COVID-19 cases. Using data starting at different dates in March and going through May 15, 2020, we examined the effects of shelter-in-place orders on daily growth rates of both COVID-19 deaths and hospitalizations, using event study models. We found that shelter-in-place orders reduced both the daily mortality growth rate nearly three weeks after their enactment and the daily growth rate of hospitalizations two weeks after their enactment. After forty-two days from enactment, the daily mortality growth rate declined by up to 6.1 percentage points. Projections suggest that as many as 250,000-370,000 deaths were possibly averted by May 15 in the forty-two states plus Washington, D.C., that had statewide shelter-in-place orders. The daily hospitalization growth rate examined in nineteen states with shelter-in-place orders and three states without them that had data on hospitalizations declined by up to 8.4 percentage points after forty-two days. This evidence suggests that shelter-in-place orders have been effective in reducing the daily growth rates of COVID-19 deaths and hospitalizations.
What can the Ridge Regression Estimated Linear Probability Model tell us about ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine Efficacy in Rhesus Macaques?

The COVID-19 pandemic is driven by the very efficient human-to-human transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) A recent stud
Computing zeta functions of nondegenerate hypersurfaces with few monomials

Using the cohomology theory of Dwork, as developed by Adolphson and Sperber, we exhibit a deterministic algorithm to compute the zeta function of a nondegenerate hypersurface defined over a finite field. This algorithm is particularly well suited to work with polynomials in small characteristic that have few monomials (relative to their dimension). Our method covers toric, affine, and projective hypersurfaces, and also can be used to compute the L-function of an exponential sum.
The $\Lambda(1405)$ as a Hybrid

Using the QCD Sum Rule Method, we estimate the mass of the lowest strange hybrid baryon with $IJ^P=0(1/2)^-$. We find the mass is approximately that of the $\Lambda(1405)$, whose nature has been a puzzle for many decades. Possible tests of this result are discussed.
Picosecond optical response of low growth temperature InGaAs/InAIAs multiple quantum wells

Low temperature growth of III-V compound semiconductors by molecular beam epitaxy (LT- MBE) provides a unique method of tailoring carrier lifetimes for photonic and electronic device applications. For the GaAs system the LT-MBE growth results in a high density of deep level arsenic anti-site defects which pin the Fermi level near midgap. Subsequent annealing of LT-GaAs results in As precipitates which through Schottky barrier action depletes carriers around the precipitates rendering the material semi-insulating.
A model of two-zoned network for platform competition

Abstract Platform-mediated network has received increasing attention from researchers and practitioners in recent years. The literature on this topic has been mainly derived from the model of two-sided network (2SN) where producers and consumers comprise the two sides and are considered the main user groups. Inadequacy, however, has been noticed where the two-sided network model cannot fully explicate the dynamics of platform competition. A more comprehensive model can help firms better understand the nature of platform competition so as to make informed decisions in this evolving landscape. By adding a higher dimension of “zone” to the existing “side” dimension, we propose a new two-zoned network (2ZN) model. A 2ZN consists of two 2SNs and the platform at the core functionally serves as a nexus connecting the two networks. In addition, we propose three properties of 2ZN (namely, zone parallelism, service diversity in the pay zone, and latent payment in the free zone) to help further explore two-zoned networks. For illustration purposes, four real business cases are identified, analyzed, and discussed to exhibit the applicability of the proposed 2ZN model. With additional insights into the structure and inner working of platform-mediated networks through the new 2ZN model, managers can make better-informed decisions to cope with platform competition. The case analysis and related discussion suggest promising opportunities for future research.
Adam Smith and Rousseau on the Origin of Languages

Adam Smith’s major works are widely, though not universally, thought to constitute a powerful rebuttal to the critique of civilized life and commercial society in Rousseau’s Discourse on Inequality. This article examines Smith’s few explicit references to Rousseau, all of which denigrated Rousseau without coming to grips with his arguments. The analysis focuses on the only topic that elicited a specific substantive criticism of Rousseau: the origin of languages. This topic, which was seriously pursued by both authors, has the advantage of being unburdened with the normative controversies generated today by their different assessments of commercial society. On this topic at least, Rousseau was more daring and ambitious, which suggests that Smith’s avoidance of a direct confrontation with the radical analysis of human nature and civilized life in the Discourse on Inequality may have been motivated in part by an aversion to Rousseau’s philosophic relentlessness.
Effects of Water Supply on Labor Demand and Agricultural Production in California's San Joaquin Valley

We estimate the effect of changes in water deliveries from large projects on agricultural production. We estimate a region-scale, multi-output production model of the San Joaquin Valley of California using observed historical data. The model incorporates seven crop outputs and the labor input as functions of project water supply, groundwater pumping price, other surface water sources, wages, and crop prices. We find that: (1) reduced irrigation water supply reduces the demand for farm labor and the production of some crops, (2) regional production mix tends to shift towards cotton when water supply is high and (3) some structural change has occurred over the course of our 22 year study period, with production of annual crops becoming more sensitive to changes in project water supply and labor becoming less sensitive to local surface water conditions.
Synchronization of unbalanced three phase voltages with nonlinear estimation

Smart grid synchronization is an important concern due to the increasing deployment of Distributed Power Generation Systems. Nonlinear estimation techniques based on synchronization algorithm are proposed to track both of the voltage magnitude and phase angle of utility network. Instead of directly analyzing in natural abc coordinate frame, by resorting to symmetrical component transformation, the proposed algorithm separate the positive, negative and zero sequences into the transformed αβ stationary reference frame. Based on the results on the αβ coordinate frame, nonlinear estimation techniques are developed to track both of the in-phase and quadrature sinusoidal voltages. Matlab simulations have shown the efficacy of our proposed nonlinear estimation methods involving the Extended Kalman Filter and the Unscented Kalman Filter. It also shows that the UKF is a more accurate and reliable method for power synchronization.
Formation of hemoglobin adducts upon treatment of F344 rats with the tobacco-specific nitrosamines 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and N'-nitrosonornicotine.

[5-3H]4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone ([5-3H]NNK), [C3H3]NNK, and [5-3H]N'-nitrosonornicotine ([5-3H]NNN) were administered to F344 rats by i.p. injection. Levels of tritium present per milligram globin, 24 h after treatment were 720 fmol (0.1% of dose) for [5-3H]NNK, 640 fmol for [C3H3]NNK, and 370 fmol for [5-3H]NNN. Tritium was detectable in globin 7-8 weeks after treatment with [5-3H]NNK or [5-3H]NNN. Approximately 10-15% of the bound tritium in the globin of rats treated with [5-3H]NNK was released upon incubation of the globin with dilute NaOH or HCl. The released material was identified as 4-hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; it was detectable in globin for 6 weeks (t1/2 = 9.1 days) after administration of [5-3H]NNK. 4-Hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone was also formed upon NaOH treatment of globin isolated from rats injected with [5-3H]NNN or [5-3H]4-(carbethoxynitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. The formation of 4-hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone under these conditions is consistent with a mechanism by which 4-(3-pyridyl)-4-oxobutyldiazohydroxide is produced upon metabolic alpha-hydroxylation of NNK or NNN and binds to globin of hemoglobin, yielding an adduct which is readily hydrolyzed by acid or base. Support for this mechanism was obtained by in vitro experiments. Levels of 4-hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone released upon base treatment of globin were 50 times greater after incubation of rat hemoglobin with [5-3H]4-(carbethoxynitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone than with either [5-3H]NNK or [5-3H]4-hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. The results of this study suggest methods that might be applicable for assessing the molecular dosimetry of NNK and NNN in individuals exposed to tobacco and tobacco smoke.
Consistent strongly implicit iterative procedures

A new time consistent strongly implicit algorithm has been investigated. A single step first or second-order accurate method has been shown to be quite general and applies to both transient and steady flows with moderately large values of the time step Δt. With a sample change of a single parameter this CSIP1 technique reduces to the old CSIP method, which has been found to be quite robust for steady state calculations. The CSIP1 procedure has been applied to a variety of model and flow problems. The algorithm performs exceedingly well for all of the problems considered. For unsteady flow, moderately large time steps can be used to compute transient behavior. For three-dimensional steady spatial marching see reference 13.
Enhanced detection of groundwater contamination from a leaking waste disposal site by microbial community profiles

[1] Groundwater biogeochemistry is adversely impacted when municipal solid waste leachate, rich in nutrients and anthropogenic compounds, percolates into the subsurface from leaking landfills. Detecting leachate contamination using statistical techniques is challenging because well strategies or analytical techniques may be insufficient for detecting low levels of groundwater contamination. We sampled profiles of the microbial community from monitoring wells surrounding a leaking landfill using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) targeting the 16S rRNA gene. Results show in situ monitoring of bacteria, archaea, and the family Geobacteraceae improves characterization of groundwater quality. Bacterial T-RFLP profiles showed shifts correlated to known gradients of leachate and effectively detected changes along plume fringes that were not detected using hydrochemical data. Experimental sediment microcosms exposed to leachate-contaminated groundwater revealed a shift from a β-Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria dominated community to one dominated by Firmicutes and δ-Proteobacteria. This shift is consistent with the transition from oxic conditions to an anoxic, iron-reducing environment as a result of landfill leachate-derived contaminants and associated redox conditions. We suggest microbial communities are more sensitive than hydrochemistry data for characterizing low levels of groundwater contamination and thus provide a novel source of information for optimizing detection and long-term monitoring strategies at landfill sites.
Isolation of oxalotrophic bacteria associated with Varroa destructor mites.

UNLABELLED Bacteria associated with varroa mites were cultivated and genotyped by 16S RNA. Under our experimental conditions, the cultivable bacteria were few in number, and most of them proved to be fastidious to grow. Cultivation with seven different media under O2 /CO2 conditions and selection for colony morphology yielded a panel of species belonging to 13 different genera grouped in two different phyla, proteobacteria and actinobacteria. This study identified one species of actinobacteria that is a known commensal of the honey bee. Some isolates are oxalotrophic, a finding that may carry ramifications into the use of oxalic acid to control the number of phoretic mites in the managed colonies of honey bees. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Oxalic acid, legally or brevi manu, is widely used to control phoretic Varroa destructor mites, a major drive of current honey bees' colony losses. Unsubstantiated by sanctioned research are rumours that in certain instances oxalic acid is losing efficacy, forcing beekeepers to increase the frequency of treatments. This investigation fathoms the hypothesis that V. destructor associates with bacteria capable of degrading oxalic acid. The data show that indeed oxalotrophy, a rare trait among bacteria, is common in bacteria that we isolated from V. destructor mites. This finding may have ramifications in the use of oxalic acid as a control agent.
One- and two-dimensional travelling wave solutions in gas-fluidized beds

Making use of numerical continuation techniques as well as bifurcation theory, both one- and two-dimensional travelling wave solutions of the ensemble-averaged equations of motion for gas and particles in fluidized beds have been computed. One-dimensional travelling wave solutions having only vertical structure emerge through a Hopf bifurcation of the uniform state and two-dimensional travelling wave solutions are born out of these one-dimensional waves. Fully developed two-dimensional solutions of high amplitude are reminiscent of bubbles. It is found that the qualitative features of the bifurcation diagram are not affected by changes in model parameters or the closures. An examination of the stability of one-dimensional travelling wave solutions to two-dimensional perturbations suggests that two-dimensional solutions emerge through a mechanism which is similar to the overturning instability analysed by Batchelor & Nitsche (1991).
Performance on Objective and Essay Tests by Individualized Study, Lecture, and Group Discussions in Educational Psychology

Six groups (182 students) approached the study of a course unit by individualized study, lecture, or group discussions (two groups by each approach) and responded to an objective or essay test. A 2 × 3 analysis of variance showed no significant differences between the two types of tests or among the three approaches of study but the interaction was significant. Fisher's t tests showed that the group exposed to lectures and taking an objective test scored significantly higher than the group studying by individualized approach talcing an objective test and groups exposed to lectures and discussions taking an essay test.
Psychotherapy with African American Women with Depression: Is it okay to Talk about Their Religious/Spiritual Beliefs?

A growing body of research focusing on African Americans’ mental health is showing that this group relies heavily on their religious/spiritual beliefs and practices to cope with mental health issues including depression. Unfortunately, the psychotherapy literature provides little guidance on how to incorporate religion/spirituality into psychotherapy with African American women. With the growing cultural diversity of the U.S. population, there has been more emphasis on providing patient-centered culturally sensitive care, which involves providing care that is respectful of, and responsive to, individual patient preferences, needs, and values. This paper provides a synthesis of literature that psychotherapists could use to become more culturally sensitive and patient-centered in their clinical practices; that is, to recognize and integrate religion/spirituality into their work with African American women experiencing depression, and possibly other groups with similar needs.
LONG-LIVED CHARGE-SEPARATED SPECIES OBSERVED ON FLASH PHOTOLYSIS OF PEPTIDE CONJUGATES. INTERPLAY OF LOCAL AND RADICAL ION PAIR TRIPLET STATES

Peptides composed of alanine (Ala) and tryptophan (Trp), modified with the (nitro)pyrenesulfonyl chromophore (Pyr and NPyr) at the N-terminus have been examined by nanosecond laser flash photolysis. A common phototransient for Pyr-AlaOEt and Pyr-Ala-TrpOEt was observed that exhibited broad absorption at 410--550 nm and decay time constants in the range {tau}{sub 1/2} = 20--40 {micro}s. This species was assigned to the triplet excited state that is local to the pyrene chromophore ({sup 3}Pyr). For the conjugates having a stronger electron acceptor group at the N-terminus, NPyr-Ala-TrpOEt and NPyr-Ala-Ala-TrpOEt, the local triplet was replaced with a phototransient whose principal feature is a sharp band at 440 nm. The radical ion transients for the NPyr peptide derivatives were assigned to intermediates that result from the intramolecular electron transfer quenching of NP excited species by pendant groups. The lifetimes observed for the radical ion transients associated with the NPyr series were relatively long and depended in an interesting way on the structure of the peptide linkage. A mechanism of electron transfer in the singlet manifold and recombination yielding a local Pyr triplet state is important for the Pyr series.
Variable expression of the fragile X syndrome in heterozygous females of normal intelligence

The cognitive, linguistic and memory functions of non-retarded fragile X heterozygotes and matched controls were examined by a detailed protocol of neuropsychological measures in order to determine the incidence of specific learning disabilities in this subgroup, and to compare their performance profiles with those of control subjects (mothers of Down syndrome sons). There were no group differences in psychometric intelligence, but the heterozygotes scored significantly lower than controls on most academic achievement tests, as well as on language-based neuropsychological measures. By neuropsychological criteria, 8 of the 15 heterozygotes, but only one of the controls, exhibited performance profiles consistent with a diagnosis of specific learning disability, and similar to cognitive profiles commonly seen in individuals from the general population with developmental dyslexia.
Ordinary field-theoretic methods for self-consistent wave functions which describe bond formation and dissociation. II. Commutative coupling case

Hartree–Bogoliubov–Valatin (HBV) theory may be implemented with Lipkin Hamiltonians to obtain self-consistent BCS wave functions which describe bond formation and dissociation. These wave functions are in turn vacuua for Nambu's representation of Feynman–Dyson–Goldstone diagrammatic perturbation theory, and hence provide suitable references for the many-body treatment of correlation. Exact SCF solutions of the HBV equations are equivalent to special even-replacement MC–SCF solutions. The latter are similar to generalized valence bond theory, and require one Fock operator for each one-particle shell. The commutative coupling case of HBV theory is realized when the number-conserving renormalized one-body and number-nonconserving pairing operators commute. In this case, a set of orbital equations which involves a single Fock operator may be solved. Since this could prove to be a significant simplification for large systems, the commutative coupling and exact solutions are compared here for the fragmentation of H2 and F2. Results suggest that commutative coupling orbitals will be useful for the aforementioned many-body theory.
Navajo Categories of Objects at Rest

Navajo culture partitions the domain of objects at rest into fifteen general categories based on the variables of size, shape, firmness, density, position, cohesiveness, animate or inanimate, and contained or non-contained. Each of the fifteen general categories are partitioned into fifteen additional categories based on the variables of plurality, grouping, and patterning, making a total of 225 basic categories in the cultural domain of objects at rest. Of these 225 cultural categories, 102 are a sub-set which have distinct mono-lexical markers and the remainder are unmarked. This analysis deals with the problem of the relationship between language and culture, and it concludes that sets of mono-lexical markers and cultural categories are often not congruent, and that componential analyses of sets of lexical items often fail to uncover the total set of cultural categories in a given domain.
Structure and oxygen equilibrium of hemoglobin and myoglobin from the Pacific lugworm Abarenicola Pacifica

The Pacific lugworm Abarenicola pacifica contains a high molecular weight extracellular vascular hemoglobin and a monomeric body wall myoglobin. 1. 2. The hemoglobin has an apparent molecular weight of 2.6 × 106 on Sepharose 4B chromatography and contains a submultiple of apparent mol. wt 235,000 from gel chromatography on Biogel A-1.5 M. The smallest subunit has a mol. wt 16,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, or 14,500 by Sephadex G-200 gel chromatography in the presence of 8 M urea and 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol. 2. 3. The myoglobin has a mol. wt 15–16,000 from gel chromatography and SDS gel electrophoresis and can be separated into seven components by disc gel electrophoresis. 3. 4. The amino acid composition of purified hemoglobin is reported. 4. 5. Iron analyses indicate one mole iron per 24,700 g hemoglobin, and one mole iron per 17,000 g myoglobin. 5. 6. The hemoglobin shows a pH-independent sigmoid oxygen equilibrium curve. The myoglobin displays a pH-independent hyperbolic oxygen equilibrium curve. The oxygen affinity of the myoglobin is higher than that of the hemoglobin. 6. 7. The hemoglobin and myoglobin of this polychaete are compared with those of other annelids.
Extending the 3 Omega Method to Measure Thermal Conductivity Anisotropy in Three Dimensions

A simplified method of measuring three-dimensional thermal conductivity anisotropy has been developed around the popular 3ω method. This approach utilizes a pair of surface mounted test elements as both heating and sensing probes. 3ω has historically been used to measure thermal conductivity in homogeneous, low conductivity substrates and thin surface films. The present technique employs a combination of broad band frequency measurements and directionally oriented test elements to extract property information that was previously inaccessible. Data reduction is dramatically improved through the use of a full accuracy analytical solution that replaces the heavily approximated original 3ω solution. Anisotropic degrees of freedom are optimized using an efficient gradient based algorithm that can be coded using any number of commercially available software packages. Test element design guidelines are presented to help insure that optimal experimental conditions exist during material testing. Comparative experimental results are presented for an aligned graphite fiber / epoxy composite.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Parasitic pencil beams caused by lens reflections in laser amplifier chains

Reflections from lens surfaces create parasitic beams that can damage optics in high-powered laser systems. These parasitic beams are low in energy initially, because of the low reflectivity of antireflection (AR) coated lens surfaces and because they are clipped by spatial filter pinholes, but subsequent amplification can raise them to damage fluence levels. Also, some of the pencil beams in multipass laser systems become pre-pulses at the output by by-pass one of more of the passes, arriving at the output ahead of the main pulse in time. They are insidious because pencil beams that are not initially a problem can become so due to a slow degradation of the AR coatings. Both the Nova and Beamlet laser systems at LLNL have had optics damaged by pencil beams. The best solution for pencil beams is to tip the lenses far enough to eliminate them altogether. This will be the approach taken for the National Ignition Facility (NIF).
Immunocytochemical localization and developmental profile of neuron specific enolase (NSE) and non-neuronal enolase (NNE) in aggregating cell cultures of fetal rat brain

Summary In aggregating cultures, neuron specific enolase (NSE) was first detected biochemically at 3 days. NSE levels increased with time in aggregate cultures and at 48 days reached a level which was 33% of that found in adult rat brain in vivo. The level of non-neuronal enolase (NNE) was essentially identical in aggregate cultures and normal rat brain. Immunocytochemically, NSE(+) cells first appeared at 10 days in vitro. Their number increased until 20 days in culture and then remained constant. When the immunocytochemical localization of NSE and NNE was compared in vibratome sections of 25 day aggregates, all identifiable neurons were NSE(+), NNE(−) and glial cells were NSE(−), NNE(+). In 1 μm thick epon sections of 30 day aggregates NSE antiserum stained neuronal cytoplasm intensely. Comparison of NSE staining in 1 μm thick epon sections with the same cell in an adjacently cut thin section provided conclusive evidence that NSE(+) cells were neurons and NSE(−) cells were glia. These results demonstrate that the three-dimensional organization of aggregate cells provides an excellent environment for neuronal differentiation and also emphasize the advantages of this culture system for multidisciplinary studies of brain development.
Ceramide Glucosylation in Bean Hypocotyl Microsomes: Evidence That Steryl Glucoside Serves as Glucose Donor

The formation of glucosylceramide, the predominant sphingolipid in plant tissues, was examined in microsomes from wax bean hypocotyls. Membranes were incubated with UDP-[14C]glucose in an assay mixture. The lipid extracts obtained from the assays were separated by thin-layer chromatography, and the radioactivity incorporated into glucosylceramide, steryl glucoside, and acylated steryl glucoside was determined. Although the formation of glucosylceramide was detected and characterized, several lines of evidence contradicted the assumption that UDP-glucose is the immediate glucose donor for glucosylceramide formation in plants: PDMP (DL-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol), an inhibitor of ceramide glucosyltransferase in animal tissues, did not inhibit glucosylceramide formation in bean microsomes. Addition of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase during the assay to degrade UDP-[14C]glucose blocked the further production of labeled steryl glucoside, but did not prevent the continued formation of labeled glucosylceramide. Omitting UDP-[14C]glucose and including steryl [14C]glucoside in the assay resulted in the formation of labeled glucosylceramide. Collectively, these results suggest that glucosylceramide formation in plants does not utilize UDP-glucose as the immediate glucose donor, as has been demonstrated for the reaction in animal tissues, and that steryl glucoside serves as glucose donor for ceramide formation. This study, the first to examine glucosylceramide formation in plants, provides evidence for a novel enzymatic reaction in sphingolipid synthesis as well as a new, metabolic role for steryl glucoside in plant tissues.
VIIRS ocean color research and applications

In this paper, we provide evaluations and assessments of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) ocean color products, including normalized water-leaving radiance spectra nL w (λ) at VIIRS five spectral bands, chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a), water diffuse attenuation coefficients at the wavelength of 490 nm, K d (490), and at the domain of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), K d (PAR). Specifically, VIIRS ocean color products derived from the NOAA Multi-Sensor Level-1 to Level-2 (MSL12) ocean color data processing system are evaluated and compared with in situ data from the Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY) and measurements from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). In general, VIIRS ocean color products are matched well with MOBY in situ measurements, and are also consistent with those from MODIS-Aqua. Ocean color products were found to be highly sensitive to some operational sensor calibration issues. We have improved sensor calibration by combining the lunar calibration into the current calibration method. Here, the ocean color products based on the new sensor calibration are evaluated. Our results show that VIIRS is capable of providing high-quality global ocean color products in support of the scientific research and operational applications.
Aplasia cutis congenita: A clinical review and proposal for classification

Aplasia cutis congenita is a condition in which localized or widespread areas of skin are absent at birth. Several distinct clinical subtypes occur, characterized by the location and pattern of skin absence, the presence of associated malformations, and the mode of inheritance. The disorder is seen most frequently on the scalp, often as a solitary lesion without other anomalies. Scalp lesions can be seen in association with limb reduction defects and in association with epidermal and organoid nevi. Lesions may overlie overt or occult embryologic malformations. A form of aplasia cutis congenita occurs in association with placental infarcts or the in utero death of a twin fetus. The condition may be associated with epidermolysis bullosa, specific teratogens or intrauterine infections, or it may occur in the presence of chromosomal abnormalities, ectodermal dysplasias, or other syndromes of malformation. A classification for aplasia cutis congenita is proposed.
Towards cloud sensing enabled target localization

In this paper, we introduce “cloud sensing” as a paradigm for enabling sensing-as-a-service in the context of target localization in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). We present a bilateral trading mechanism consisting of a sensing service provider (fusion center) that “sells” information regarding the target through sensor management, and a user who seeks to “buy” information regarding the target. Our mechanism, aware of resource costs involved in service provisioning, maximizes the expected total gain from the trade while assuring individual rationality and incentive compatibility. The impossibility of achieving ex post efficiency is also shown in the paper. Design of the mechanism enables the study of the tradeoff between information gain and the costs of the WSN for sensor management. Simulation results provide insights into the dynamics of the proposed model.
Simulation analysis of relation between tool variability and cycle time

• Influence of tool variability to cycle time is investigated quantitatively by self-made excel simulation. • By introducing and calculating L/V ratio, total loading can be estimated in actual semiconductor factories. • This analysis contributes to optimization between cycle time / waiting time and investment / OEE.
Rapid protein kinase D translocation in response to G protein-coupled receptor activation. Dependence on protein kinase C.

Abstract Protein kinase D (PKD)/protein kinase C (PKC) μ is a serine/threonine protein kinase that can be activated by physiological stimuli like growth factors, antigen-receptor engagement and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists via a phosphorylation-dependent mechanism that requires PKC activity. In order to investigate the dynamic mechanisms associated with GPCR signaling, the intracellular translocation of a green fluorescent protein-tagged PKD was analyzed by real-time visualization in fibroblasts and epithelial cells stimulated with bombesin, a GPCR agonist. We found that bombesin induced a rapidly reversible plasma membrane translocation of green fluorescent protein-tagged PKD, an event that can be divided into two distinct mechanistic steps. The first step, which is exclusively mediated by the cysteine-rich domain in the N terminus of PKD, involved its translocation from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. The second step, i.e. the rapid reverse translocation of PKD from the plasma membrane to the cytosol, required its catalytic domain and surprisingly PKC activity. These findings provide evidence for a novel mechanism by which PKC coordinates the translocation and activation of PKD in response to bombesin-induced GPCR activation.
Acute pancreatitis in an infant with lactic acidosis and a mutation at nucleotide 3243 in the mitochondrial DNA tRNALeu[UUR] gene

The A to G point mutation at position 3243 of the mitochondrial DNA tRNALeu(UUR)gene is commonly found in patients with the syndrome of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). A male patient was referred at 7 months with failure to thrive, developmental delay, microcephaly and hypotonia since age 2 months. He had developed lactic acidosis and increasingly frequent seizures since age 5 months. The patient was admitted at 15 months with pleural and pericardial effusions, which resolved. Three weeks later he developed evidence of pancreatitis with hyperglycemia, sudden profound increase in lactic acidosis and increased serum lipase. He died unexpectedly the next day of cardiorespiratory collapse following an acute gastro-intestinal hemorrhage. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in muscle showed heteroplasmy for the mutation MTTL1*MELAS3243G (> 95%). Infants with this mutation commonly present with failure to thrive, significant developmental delay, and hypotonia, while stroke-like episodes occur later in survivors. They usually have lactic acidosis and a high percentage of mutant mtDNA in muscle.
Psychology curriculum and psychiatric rehabilitation

Abstract With a few notable exceptions, psychology training programs have not addressed severe mental illness (SMI), with training relevant to psychiatric rehabilitation difficult to find at the bachelor's, master's, or doctoral level. As leaders in mental health services pursue evidence-based practice in psychiatric rehabilitation, we also see an opportunity for psychologists to carve a role in implementing evidencebased practice. Our paper proposes an expanded role for psychology in training psychiatric rehabilitation professionals and discusses the necessary changes for improving training at all academic levels.
An empirically tuned 2D and 3D FFT library on CUDA GPU

In this paper, a Cooley-Tukey algorithm based multidimensional FFT computation framework on GPU is proposed. This framework generalizes the decomposition of multi-dimensional FFT on GPUs using an I/O tensor representation, and therefore provides a systematic description of possible FFT implementations on GPUs. The framework is geared to the efficiency of multi-dimensional FFT on GPU architectures. In particular, no global transposition among dimensions is performed and some previously unnoticed grouping and commutability of multiple dimensions are highlighted in order to reduce the number of computational kernels and minimize the number of global memory accesses. Important architectural factors and constraints of CUDA, such as coalesced access, bank conflicts and register pressure are also considered in this framework. Moreover, we adapt codelets, a straight-line style FFT implementation originally developed in FFTW, into our framework and prove that they are highly efficient on GPUs.A 2D and 3D FFT library, currently supporting power-of-two sizes, is implemented on this framework and empirically-tuned results are compared with CUFFT and other recent publications on three NVIDIA GPUs. On a high-end NVIDIA GPU, GeForce GTX280, our 2D implementation is 2.8x faster than CUFFT and 1.6x faster than the best previously published results on average. Our 3D FFT implementation achieves 22.7x speed up over CUFFT on average. Furthermore both implementations show better precision than CUFFT. This library and its framework are potentially extensible to more general FFT problem sizes and other parallel architectures as well.
A phase IB study of the pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine and pemetrexed, when administered in rapid sequence to patients with advanced solid tumors

Background We have previously demonstrated that pemetrexed is clinically active when administered 90 min after gemcitabine in a phase I study. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine and pemetrexed when pemetrexed is administered immediately after gemcitabine.
Comparative analysis of energy resources

This paper examines the problems encountered by a growing demand for energy consumption and a dwindling reserve of conventional energy sources Development of alternative clean energy sources should be vigorously pursued in order to improve or maintain the quality of life. The search for new energy sources has indicated the need for developing approaches to evaluate feasibility and competitiveness of the alternative sources. Frequently mentioned as alternative energy sources are wind power, water power, tidal power, coal, fission energy with or without breeders, geothermal energy, ocean thermal energy conversion, low temperature solar energy, solar power through photosynthesis and solar electric: generation. Factors considered in comparing these energy sources are given. An illustration based on United States energy consumption rates and available energy resources provide revealing information about future directions in energy production. Requirements for economic comparative models are discussed and an ex...
ALUMINIUM FLUORIDE IN CAST-IRON ENAMELS1

Aluminium fluoride was used in cast-iron enamels, replacing cryolite. The fluxes were increased, when substituting aluminium fluoride for cryolite, to care for the extra alumina introduced by the fluoride. The costs of an enamel containing cryolite and one containing aluminium fluoride are compared.
Discovery and Optimization of a Series of Benzothiazole Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K)/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Dual Inhibitors

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase α (PI3Kα) is a lipid kinase that plays a key regulatory role in several cellular processes. The mutation or amplification of this kinase in humans has been implicated in the growth of multiple tumor types. Consequently, PI3Kα has become a target of intense research for drug discovery. Our studies began with the identification of benzothiazole compound 1 from a high throughput screen. Extensive SAR studies led to the discovery of sulfonamide 45 as an early lead, based on its in vitro cellular potency. Subsequent modifications of the central pyrimidine ring dramatically improved enzyme and cellular potency and led to the identification of chloropyridine 70. Further arylsulfonamide SAR studies optimized in vitro clearance and led to the identification of 82 as a potent dual inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR. This molecule exhibited potent enzyme and cell activity, low clearance, and high oral bioavailability. In addition, compound 82 demonstrated tumor growth inhibition in U-87 MG, A549, a...
Optimal Vendor Selection in a Multiproduct Supply Chain with Truckload discounts

Abstract When products are sold by multiple vendors in various locations, the purchaser must decide what to order from each vendor and where to send it. To solve this decision problem, a novel optimization model is developed and applied to a situation involving the nationwide wholesale distribution of grocery products. Comparing the model’s solution with the actual record of shipments reveals instances in which the model selected higher-priced vendors in order to capitalize on truckload cost savings, which are seen to be an important factor in vendor selection. Additional models are developed to reduce computation time and assign shipments to vehicles.
Neighborhood Context and the Gender Gap in Adolescent Violent Crime

Although researchers consistently demonstrate that females engage in less criminal behavior than males across the life course, research on the variability of the gender gap across contexts is sparse. To address this issue, we examine the gender gap in self-reported violent crime among adolescents across neighborhoods. Multilevel models using data from the Project of Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) indicate that the gender gap in violent crime decreases as levels of neighborhood disadvantage increase. Further, the narrowing of the gender gap is explained by gender differences in peer influence on violent offending. Neighborhood disadvantage increases exposure to peer violence for both sexes, but peer violence has a stronger impact on violent offending for females than for males, producing the reduction in the gender gap at higher levels of disadvantage. We also find that the gender difference in the relationship between peer violence and offending is explained, in part, by (1) the tendency for females to have more intimate friendships than males, and (2) the moderating effect of peer intimacy on the relationship between peer violence and self-reported violent behavior.
Co-metabolism of paint byAureobasidium pullulans BH-1-ATCC 34621

Although the ability ofAureobasidium pullulans BH-I-ATCC 34621 to cause paint deterioration during its growth on wood has been reported, the mechanism by which paint degradation occurred was unclear. Evidence now indicates that co-metabolism of acrylic, resins in the paint is the cause of paint deterioration byA. pullulans.