cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bringing 3D Models Together: Mining Video Liaisons in Crowdsourced Reconstructions

The recent advances in large-scale scene modeling have enabled the automatic 3D reconstruction of landmark sites from crowdsourced photo collections. Here, we address the challenge of leveraging crowdsourced video collections to identify connecting visual observations that enable the alignment and subsequent aggregation, of disjoint 3D models. We denote these connecting image sequences as video liaisons and develop a data-driven framework for fully unsupervised extraction and exploitation. Towards this end, we represent video contents in terms of a histogram representation of iconic imagery contained within existing 3D models attained from a photo collection. We then use this representation to efficiently identify and prioritize the analysis of individual videos within a large-scale video collection, in an effort to determine camera motion trajectories connecting different landmarks. Results on crowdsourced data illustrate the efficiency and effectiveness of our proposed approach.
Copy-Number Alterations in the Colorectal Cancer Genome

Colorectal cancer (CRC) has classically been divided into two main genetic/molecular subtypes; tumors characterized by chromosomal instability (CIN) and those with microsatellite instability (MSI). Although cases with MSI often have relatively bland copy-number profiles, cases characterized by CIN typically possess many somatic copy-number alterations (SCNAs). Thanks to the remarkable progress in copy-number profiling techniques with both increased resolution and sample throughput, the landscape of the SCNAs in CRC has increasingly begun to be revealed. Many of the arm-level SCNAs of CRC are shared by many epithelial cancers but some of them are unique to gut epithelial cancers or to CRC. Gain of 8q, 20p/q and loss of 17p are commonly observed across the gut adenocarcinomas. More unique to CRC are highly recurrent chromosomal gains of 13q. Important focal SCNAs include the amplifications of 8q at MYC, 20q around BCL2L1, 11p at IGF2, and miR-483, and 17q at ERBB2. The amplification of ERBB2 is particularly important because it is clinically targetable. Focal loss of tumor suppressor genes such as TP53 and SMAD4 reflects the selective advantage of loss of these factors. Although we began to reveal the landscape of SCNA in CRC, we have yet to fully appreciate the biologic rationale and significance for this spectrum of recurrent structural alterations in the genomes of these cancers.
Agriculture and Health Sectors Collaborate in Addressing Population Health.

PURPOSE Population health is of growing importance in the changing health care environment. The Cooperative Extension Service, housed in each state’s land grant university, has a major impact on population health through its many community-based efforts, including the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program – Education (SNAP-Ed) nutrition programs, 4-H youth engagement, health and wellness education, and community development. Can the agricultural and health sectors, which usually operate in parallel, mostly unknown to each other, collaborate to address population health? We set out to provide an overview of the collaboration between the Cooperative Extension Service and the health sector in various states and describe a case study of 1 model as it developed in New Mexico. METHODS We conducted a literature review and personally contacted states in which the Cooperative Extension Service is collaborating on a “Health Extension” model with academic health centers or their health systems. We surveyed 6 states in which Health Extension models are being piloted as to their different approaches. For a case study of collaboration in New Mexico, we drew on interviews with the leadership of New Mexico State University’s Cooperative Extension Service in the College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences; the University of New Mexico (UNM) Health Science Center’s Office for Community Health; and the personal experiences of frontline Cooperative Extension agents and UNM Health Extension officers who collaborated on community projects. RESULTS A growing number of states are linking the agricultural Cooperative Extension Service with academic health centers and with the health care system. In New Mexico, the UNM academic health center has created “Health Extension Rural Offices” based on principles of the Cooperative Extension model. Today, these 2 systems are working collaboratively to address unmet population health needs in their communities. Nationally, the Cooperative Extension Service has formed a steering committee to guide its movement into the health arena. CONCLUSION Resources of the agricultural and health sectors offer communities complementary expertise and resources to address adverse population health outcomes. The collaboration between Cooperative Extension and the health sector is 1 manifestation of this emerging collaboration model termed Health Extension. Initial skepticism and protection of funding sources and leadership roles can be overcome with shared funding from new sources, shared priority setting and decision making, and the initiation of practical, collaborative projects that build personal relationships and trust.
Multimodality Imaging of the Right Ventricle

Right ventricular (RV) structure and function is clinically important in a wide range of conditions. While conventional echocardiography (echo) methods are widely used, its limitations in RV assessment due its complex geometry are well recognized. New applications of traditional echo methods as well as emerging echo techniques including 3-dimensional (3D) echo and speckle tracking strain have the potential to overcome limitations of conventional echo, though widespread clinical use remains to be seen. Volumetric methods using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and computed tomography (CT) provide accurate assessment of RV function without geometric assumptions. In addition, tissue characterization imaging for myocardial scar and fat using CMR and CT provides important information regarding the RV beyond structure and function alone and has clinical applications for diagnosis and prognosis in a broad range of pathologies. Limitations also exist for these two advanced modalities including availability and patient suitability for CMR and need for contrast and radiation exposure for CT. The complementary role of each modality for the RV as well as emerging evidence for the use of each imaging method in diagnosis and management of RV pathologies is outlined in this study.
Khomeini's Theory of Islamic State and the Making of the Iranian Revolution

The Iranian Revolution is one of the most influential events of the late twentieth century, with far-reaching consequences that still echo through the rise of Islamic state. Drawing from both primary (interviews, autobiographies, documents, and data) and secondary sources, the paper shows that Khomeini's doctrine of the Guardianship of the Jurist played a decisive role in the making of the Iranian Revolution by changing the goals and strategies of the religious opposition from reforming government policies to establishing an Islamic state. Khomeini's doctrine was first published in 1970 in his treatise, Islamic State. The paper argues that Khomeini's ideological innovation can account for the sharp contrast between the outcomes of widespread protests in the early 1960s and the late 1970s: they both shook the Pahlavi regime, but the former protests dissipated, while the latter culminated in the Iranian Revolution. Expanding the scope beyond Iran and Islam, the paper explores the role of ideological innovations in the Russian and American Revolutions, and discusses the potentially critical role of ideological innovations in democracy movements in Islamic countries.
What makes it difficult to refine protein models further via molecular dynamics simulations

Protein structure refinement remains a challenging yet important problem as it has the potential to bring already accurate template-based models to near-native resolution. Refinement based on molecular dynamics simulations has been a highly promising approach and the performance of MD-based refinement in the Feig group during CASP12 is described here. During CASP12, sampling was extended well into the microsecond scale, an improved force field was applied, and new protocol variations were tested. Progress over previous rounds of CASP was found to be limited which is analyzed in terms of the quality of the initial models and dependency on the amount of sampling and refinement protocol variations. As current MD-based refinement protocols appear to be reaching a plateau, detailed analysis is presented to provide new insight into the major challenges towards more extensive structure refinement, focusing in particular on sampling with and without restraints.
Mobile Affinity Sorbent Chromatography.

The objective in routine analyses is generally to determine a small number of analytes. With samples containing ∼103 or more components there will be insufficient peak capacity to resolve analytes from nonanalytes. This issue was addressed herein through a new type of separation mechanism in which small groups of targeted analytes are bound with high affinity to a soluble analyte-sequestering transport phase (ASTP) composed of a ∼25 nm Stokes radius hydrophilic polymer core (HPC). When introduced into a 30 nm pore diameter size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) column, ASTP/analyte complexes elute within minutes, together, unretained, and relatively pure in the first chromatographic peak. Nonanalytes, in contrast, enter pore matrices of the packing material, are retarded in elution velocity, and are eluted later, separated from analytes. Fabrication of ASTPs was achieved by covalently coupling an antibody or some other affinity selector to a high molecular weight HPC. Beyond sequestering analytes, the functi...
Duocarmycin SA, a potent antitumor antibiotic, sensitizes glioblastoma cells to proton radiation.

Abstract New treatment modalities for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are urgently needed. Proton therapy is considered one of the most effective forms of radiation therapy for GBM. DNA alkylating agents such as temozolomide (TMZ) are known to increase the radiosensitivity of GBM to photon radiation. TMZ is a fairly impotent agent, while duocarmycin SA (DSA) is an extremely potent cytotoxic agent capable of inducing a sequence-selective alkylation of duplex DNA. Here, the effects of sub-nM concentrations of DSA on the radiosensitivity of a human GBM cell line (U-138) to proton irradiation were examined. Radiation sensitivity was determined by viability, apoptosis, necrosis and clonogenic assays. DSA concentrations as low as 0.001 nM significantly sensitized U-138 cells to proton irradiation. DSA demonstrates synergistic cytotoxicity against GBM cells treated with proton radiation in vitro, which may represent a novel therapeutic alternative for the treatment of GBM.
Predictors of inadequate bowel preparation for colonoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The aim of this study was to investigate factors contributing to poor bowel preparation in patients undergoing colonoscopy procedures. We used a reproducible search strategy to identify studies, searching 10 medical databases, including PubMed, Ovid, Medline, and Cochrane Library Database for report
Autonomous Ground Vehicle Error Prediction Modeling to Facilitate Human-Machine Cooperation

Autonomous ground vehicles (AGVs) play a significant role in performing the versatile task of replacing human-operated vehicles and improving vehicular traffic. This facilitates the advancement of an independent and interdependent decision-making process that increases the accessibility of transportation by reducing accidents and congestion. Presently, human-machine cooperation has focused on developing advanced algorithms for intelligent path planning and execution that is functional in providing reliable transportation. From industry simulations to field tests, AGVs exhibited various mishaps or errors that have a probability to cause fatalities and undermine the potential benefits. Therefore, it is very important to focus on reducing fatalities due to either human error or AGV system error. To solve this problem, the paper proposes an error prediction model to reduce AGV errors through appropriate human intervention. In this paper, we use the data from AGV exteroceptive sensors such as stereo-vision cameras, long and short range RADARS, and LiDAR to predict the AGVs error through Dempster–Shafer theory (DST) based on sensor data fusion technique. The results obtained in this work suggest that there is a lot of scope for improvement in the performance of AGV when conflicts are predicted in advance and alerting human for intervention. This would, in turn, improve human-machine cooperation.
The Effective Assessment and Management of Sleep Disturbances in Community-Dwelling and Institutionalized Older Adults

Older adults represent a rapidly growing proportion of the population of industrialized nations, with a corresponding increase in the number of patients with significant sleep disturbances that adversely impact both health and quality of life. There is increasing focus on the importance of sleep’s interactions with health in the context of aging and over the last decade there have been significant and rapid advances in our ability to diagnose and treat sleep disorders in older adults. Thorough assessment of sleep problems is often iterative, time consuming, and may require serial evaluations and information from multiple sources. Accurate assessment and effective management of disturbed sleep in older adults, while often complex, is ultimately rewarding. This chapter provides an overview of the effective assessment and management of sleep disorders in older adults, both in community and long-term care settings.
Landscape challenges to ecosystem thinking: Creative flood and drought in the American Southwest

Stream ecology is undergoing a transition from ecosystem to landscape science. This change is reflected in many studies; work at Sycamore Creek in Arizona will be used to illustrate the challenges of this transition and several applications. Conceptual challenges involve clear determination of the organization of research objectives. Ecosystem science is largely concerned with how things work while landscape ecology focuses on the influence of spatial pattern and heterogeneity on system functioning. Questions of system scale, hierarchical structure, dimensionality, and currency must be resolved in order to productively execute research objectives. The new stream ecology is more integrative, more realistic spatially, deals with streams at a larger scale, and treats them as branched system more than former approaches. At Sycamore Creek, studies of sand bar patches and their influence on organisms and nutrient cycling illustrate how variations in patch shape and configuration can alter system outputs. Beyond sandbars, inclusion of riparian zones as integral parts of streams produces a more coherent view of nutrient dynamics than previous studies that began at the water´s edge. Integration of streams with the landscape they drain requires that streams be viewed as branched structures, not linear systems. This view in ecology is in its infancy but it provides an opportunity to identify processing hot spots along flow paths and to reveal presumptive effects of climate change in terms of spatial shifts in biogeochemical activity rather than black-box rate changes.
Addressing Arsenic Mass Poisoning in South Asia with Electrochemical Arsenic Remediation

Abstract Millions of people in rural South Asia are exposed to high levels of naturally occurring arsenic through groundwater used for drinking. Many arsenic remediation technologies and other safe water strategies have been deployed, but quickly failed because they were not maintained, repaired, accepted, or affordable. In this chapter, we review the development to date of electrochemical arsenic remediation (ECAR) and demonstrate its promise to cornerstone a comprehensive sustainable and scalable safe water solution for rural communities in South Asia, directly addressing the causes of previous arsenic remediation failures. Specifically, we present results from experiments in synthetic groundwater, field trials in West Bengal, waste sludge stabilization in concrete, development of a predictive chemical dynamic model of ECAR performance, and preliminary studies of Escherichia coli and MS2 virus removal using ECAR. These results suggest that ECAR is a promising technology with the potential to provide a sustainable, scalable, and comprehensive clean water solution in arsenic-affected areas of South Asia.
Silicone-Induced Lymphadenopathy

Silicone-induced lymphadenopathy is lymphadenopathy caused by the presence of silicone transported from implants at neighboring sites, mostly breast implants. Silicone consists of polymers of dimethylsiloxane that can be in liquid, gel, or rubber/elastomer forms depending on the extent of polymerization. The selection of the form of silicone is determined by the desired effect for reconstructive, cosmetic, or orthopedic surgery. Silicone is not biodegradable and therefore is considered to not elicit a substantial reaction in human tissues. Regional lymph nodes draining areas of surgery in which silicone prostheses have been implanted may be affected.
Fabrics and Geophysical Properties

Observations of the fabrics of clastic sediments were made as early as the middle of the 19th century. In 1860 Jamieson (p. 349) commented on imbrication of stones in creek beds in Scotland. Systematic study of sedimentary fabrics did not begin, however, until after the appearance of “ Gefugekunde der Gesteine ” by Bruno Sander in 4930. His book, primarily concerned with the fabric of tectonites, provided a systematic methodology and developed principles of interpretation which are readily applied to sedimentary rocks.
Community-Based Service-Learning: Does It Have a Role in Management Education?

Community based service-learning is a form of experiential education in which students engage in activities that address human and community needs, together with structured opportunities designed to promote student learning and development. Can it be effectively applied to address the current struggles of management education? Management education is facing a gap between traditional curricular content and society's needs for new competencies. The Academy is also faced with the challenge of more effectively relating to society's social, economic and civic problems. The results of this analysis indicate that service-learning offers a means of closing the gap by helping to prepare students who are lifelong learners and active, caring participants in their communities. Service-learning appears to be a promising means of developing such managerial skills as leadership, critical thinking, teamwork, and cooperation. The limitations of service-learning for management education are addressed as well.
Rhabdomyolysis attributed to terbinafine: A rare occurrence that can be mistaken for terbinafine-induced hepatotoxicity.

Terbinafine is a common antifungal medication taken orally to treat onychomycosis. This drug is considered a first-line agent for this disease and has a better cure rate than other antifungal drugs.1 Terbinafine functions as an allylamine agent, which inhibits squalene epoxidase, a key enzyme of ergosterol biosynthesis. The increase in concentration of extracellular squalene is thought to result in toxic levels that kill fungal cells.2 Side effects of terbinafine include gastrointestinal disturbances, dysgeusia, headache, and rash.1 Hepatotoxicity is a less frequent adverse effect of terbinafine that has an incidence of 2.5 cases/100,000.3 Because of the potential for this feared adverse event, some physicians have chosen to monitor liver enzymes during the course of terbinafine treatment. Rhabdomyolysis is another rare side effect that has been associated with terbinafine use. Many occurrences have been reported by physicians in adverse drug reaction reporting databases; however, there have been few published cases of this association.4, 5 Because rhabdomyolysis is not a well-known side effect of terbinafine, patients might not readily discuss symptoms of weakness, myalgia, or darkened urine. Elevated liver enzymes found on routine monitoring might also mistakenly be attributed to terbinafine-induced hepatotoxicity. As a result, it is important to have rhabdomyolysis as a differential diagnosis when monitoring patients on terbinafine.
Nonlocal Metasurfaces Performing Analog Mathematical Operations

Metasurfaces enable unusual manipulation of the impinging electromagnetic wavefront over a subwavelength thickness. One interesting opportunity that has been recently explored consists in the possibility of performing mathematical operations in the analog domain, with clear advantages in terms of speed and power consumption compared to digital approaches, and a footprint much smaller than classical analog computing approaches based on Fourier optics. In this context, multilayer structures and photonic crystals have been proposed in recent years, however, they are limited to narrow angular spectra or require exceptional material parameters, hence they are difficult to achieve in practice. Here, we propose a novel class of metasurfaces with a strong nonlocal response that can be engineered to realize various types of mathematical operations, including 1st and 2nd order derivatives, for electromagnetic signals with arbitrary angular spectrum, and also with largely relaxed fabrication requirements. We develop a rigorous theory for these nonlocal metasurfaces and propose practical designs at microwave frequencies. Our results open a path towards performing fast, efficient and low-energy analog signal processing at the subwavelength scale, with applications for edge detection and low-power computing.
Controlling Reaction Selectivity via Surface Termination of Perovskite Catalysts

Although perovskites have been widely used in catalysis, tuning their surface terminations to control reaction selectivities has not been well established. In this work, we employ multiple surface sensitive techniques to characterize the surface termination (one aspect of surface reconstruction) of SrTiO3 (STO) after thermal pretreatment (Sr-enrichment) and chemical etching (Ti-enrichment). We show, using the conversion of 2-propanol as a probe reaction, that the surface termination of STO can be controlled to greatly tune catalytic acid/base properties and consequently the reaction selectivities in a wide range, which are inaccessible using single metal oxides, either SrO or TiO2. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations well explain the selectivity tuning and reaction mechanism on different surface terminations of STO. Similar catalytic tunability is also observed on BaZrO3, highlighting the generality of the finding from this work.
Radar resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization for measurement of atomic oxygen in non-equilibrium pulsed plasmas

In this work, coherent microwave Rayleigh scattering for the detection of resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (Radar REMPI) was used for the measurement of atomic oxygen in a nonequilibrium pulsed plasma discharge. Specifically, the detection of atomic oxygen is demonstrated in a pulsed discharge at 100 Torr in a molecular oxygen and helium gas mixture. REMPI was conducted using Nd:YAG pumped dye radiation at 618.9 nm mixed with the Nd:YAG 355 nm radiation, generating 225.6 nm laser light, of which two photons match the energy of the 2P33p(3P) electronically excited intermediate state of atomic oxygen. A third photon from the laser source then readily ionizes the atom in the 2 + 1 photon REMPI scheme. The Radar REMPI results are compared to two-photon absorption laser-induced fluorescence measurements from the literature, which shows reasonable agreement.In this work, coherent microwave Rayleigh scattering for the detection of resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (Radar REMPI) was used for the measurement of atomic oxygen in a nonequilibrium pulsed plasma discharge. Specifically, the detection of atomic oxygen is demonstrated in a pulsed discharge at 100 Torr in a molecular oxygen and helium gas mixture. REMPI was conducted using Nd:YAG pumped dye radiation at 618.9 nm mixed with the Nd:YAG 355 nm radiation, generating 225.6 nm laser light, of which two photons match the energy of the 2P33p(3P) electronically excited intermediate state of atomic oxygen. A third photon from the laser source then readily ionizes the atom in the 2 + 1 photon REMPI scheme. The Radar REMPI results are compared to two-photon absorption laser-induced fluorescence measurements from the literature, which shows reasonable agreement.
The Role of Lymphangiogenesis in Regional Lymph Node Metastasis: Animal Models

A combination of clinicopathological, molecular, and sophisticated animal experiments have demonstrated the critical importance of lymphangiogenesis in the pathogenesis of sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis. This chapter highlights the animal models and experiments that confirmed the association of tumoral and peritumoral lymphangiogenesis and metastasis. The initiating events may have been the observation of lymphatic development in embryos. Using classic embryological models and modern molecular techniques allowed a dissection of the developing lymphatic system that previously was unattainable. Lymphangiogenesis has also been identified in wounds, inflammation, infections, and tumors. The biochemical and molecular events in embryologic development of the lymphatic system were used in animal models of tumors to identify lymphangiogenesis and to dissect the sequence of events during tumor dissemination. The tools available for these experiments have continued to advance and are summarized in the chapter.
Microcontroller application for pH and temperature control system in liquid sugar liquefaction process made from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.)

Sugar is a major source of sweetening but the increase of sugar demand is not in line with sugar cane production capacity in Indonesia. Therefore it is necessary to look for alternative other sweeteners as sugar cane substitution. The process of making glucose syrup made from cassava, sweet potato corn, sago is relatively simple and can be done on a small or medium scale industry. But in fact in Indonesia, glucose syrup producers are almost all big industries. This is due to the lack of development of appropriate technology for the manufacture of liquid sugar. Based on preliminary experiments, there is a significant influence of the combination of α-amylase enzyme factor and liquefaction time factor on reducing sugar content. This is by controlling the processing time, temperature (70 to 80) oC by stirring constantly and pH level 5.5. These three parameters are controlled and are being implemented with the design of an industrial liquid sugar processing apparatus. This system is designed with stainless steel material, and arduino microcontroller. Consumption of system power when the standby condition is 4.5 W. When the system is working at 311 W by activating the stirrer motor, gas valve and lighter.
Bowenoid Papules of the Penis

The histologic finding of intraepithelial carcinoma of the penis presenting clinically as benign-appearing papules has been emphasized recently in the dermatology literature as bowenoid papulosis. We describe a patient who had multiple papules of the penile shaft, a biopsy specimen of which showed the typical histologic pattern of squamous cell carcinoma in situ. A review of the clinical morphologic range of intraepithelial carcinoma of the penis and the clinical resemblance to such conditions as lichen planus and condyloma acuminatum underscores the need to consider the possibility of squamous cell carcinoma in situ being expressed as bowenoid papules.
Descemet Membrane Injury Caused by Forceps Delivery

Corneal edema occurred in the process of childbirth is caused by the eyeball being squeezed toward the sacral direction during production, causing the cornea to expand horizontally, resulting in tearing of the posterior elastic membrane in the vertical or oblique direction
Prevalence and Determinants of Hypertension in India Based on the 2017 ACC/AHA Guideline: Evidence from the India National Family Health Survey.

OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence and determinants of hypertension in India based on a new definition by the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (2017 ACC/AHA) Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults, and compare prevalence estimates with those of the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC7). METHODS We used the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) conducted in India (n = 212,007). We accounted for the sampling strategy by applying survey weights. RESULTS Prevalence of hypertension among Indians aged 15-49 years was 40.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 40.3-41.0) and 13.0% (95% CI: 12.8-13.2) based on 2017 ACC/AHA and JNC7 guidelines respectively. The overall absolute increase in prevalence was 27.6% (95% CI:27.3-27.9). The absolute changes in crude prevalence of hypertension between the JNC7 and 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines for men and women were 31.4% (95% CI: 30.9-31.9) and 23.7% (95% CI: 23.5-23.9), respectively. As per both guidelines, the overall prevalence was significantly higher among older people, age, male sex, overweight/obesity, higher wealth status, and urban residence. CONCLUSION Applying the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline to the Indian population led to a significant increase in the proportion of Indians with hypertension. There is also socioeconomic differences in the prevalence of hypertension as per both guidelines. Implementation and expansion of public health efforts for prevention and control strategies for hypertension is warranted.
Emerging treatments for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: Immunotherapy, PARP inhibitors, and PSMA-targeted approaches

Recently there has been an explosion of new agents being investigated for the treatment of prostate cancer. These modalities represent new therapies aimed at old targets, and new therapies addressing new targets. This review will highlight three novel and emerging areas of treatment that have the potential to significantly impact the management of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) in the near future: immunotherapy, poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted modalities. Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint blockers, PARP inhibitors, and PSMA-targeted therapies are all increasingly being studied for the treatment of mCRPC although none are currently FDA-approved specifically for prostate cancer. Together these three classes of treatments may drastically change the future landscape of mCRPC. This review will cover what is currently known about the utility of these agents for the treatment of mCRPC, the areas of active research, and how these agents may be useful for patients in the future. It will also emphasize the notion of biomarker selection to help inform which patients are more likely to respond to these therapies.
Incidence, timing and risk factors of type 1 retinopathy of prematurity in a North American cohort

Background/Aims Early detection and timely treatment of type 1 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) can reduce the risk of blindness. To evaluate the incidence, timing and risk factors of type 1 ROP in a large, broad-risk cohort of premature infants. Methods Secondary analysis of data from the two Postnatal Growth and Retinopathy of Prematurity studies. Main outcomes are the incidence and timing of type 1 ROP. Results Among 11 463 infants (mean birth weight (BW), 1095 g; mean gestational age (GA), 28 weeks), 677 (5.9%, 95% CI 5.5% to 6.3%) developed type 1 ROP. Rate of type 1 ROP decreased with larger GA (28.8% for GA ≤23 weeks, 0.2% for GA of 31–32 weeks) and no infants with GA >32 weeks developed type 1 ROP. Type 1 ROP was first diagnosed at a median postmenstrual age (PMA) of 36 weeks (range 30–46 weeks) or postnatal age (PNA) of 11 weeks (range 5–21 weeks). The mean PMA at diagnosis of type 1 ROP increased with GA (35 weeks for GA of 22–24 weeks, 41 weeks for GA of 29–30 weeks), but the mean PNA at diagnosis of type 1 ROP was similar (11–13 weeks) across GA of 22–29 weeks. GA and BW dominate the association (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve=0.87, 95% CI 0.86 to 0.88). Conclusions Type 1 ROP developed in about 6% of premature infants over wide time windows in terms of both PMA and PNA. BW and GA are the dominant risk factors for type 1 ROP, while other prenatal factors add minimal predictive power for type 1 ROP.
COVID-19 and LGBTQ Emerging Adults: Risk in the Face of Social Distancing

The coronavirus pandemic that began in December 2019 (COVID-19) quickly spread globally with an increased transmission in the United States beginning in March 2020. Social distancing guidelines wer...
Foreign Safe Asset Demand for U.S. Treasurys and the Dollar

The convenience yield that foreign investors derive from holding U.S. Treasurys causes a failure of Covered Interest Rate Parity by driving a wedge between the yield on the foreign bonds and the currency-hedged yield on the U.S. Treasury bonds. Even before the 2007-2009 financial crisis, the Treasury-based dollar basis is negative and occasionally large. We use the Treasury basis as a measure of the foreign convenience yield. Consistent with the theory, an increase in the convenience yield that foreign investors impute to U.S. Treasurys coincides with an immediate appreciation of the dollar, but predicts future depreciation of the dollar. The Treasury basis variation accounts for up to 25% of the quarterly variation in the dollar between 1988 and 2017.
Tradeoffs in making the behaviour-based robotic systems goal-directed

A number of behaviour-based autonomous robots with varying degree of reactive functionality have been built. The principle of avoiding an explicit representation of goals inside these robots has limited their achievements to navigation. As a result reactive functionality and goal fulfilling capability have remained orthogonal. The current autonomous robot architectures focus extensively on modifying the internal computational mechanisms of robots, ignoring the important issue of the tradeoffs in robot-environment-goal fit. We provide results on the latter issue. We develop a model of behaviours, environmental modification and goals. Defining the notion of coupling that captures dependency within the internal structure of a behaviour space, we show that more complex goals demand higher coupling of more behaviours or a modification to the environment. We show that making behaviour-based robots goal-directed without introducing a planner and explicitly represented goals can also mean making the environment goal-directed or decreasing the modularity of the behaviour space by increasing the coupling. We argue that these tradeoffs show a spectrum of architectures for integrating goals and behaviour-based functionality.
Fear of Writing

This Review Essay is a tale of two books--the new sixth edition of the Texas Law Review Manual on Style2 and Merriam-Webster's new Dictionary of English Usage.3 For those who read book reviews only to find out whether the reviewer liked the book, let me be clear. One is a good book (the Dictionary of English Usage); the other is a bad book (the Texas Manual on Style). Now you may think that I shouldn't use words like good and bad to describe books because these words carry moral connotations that I surely don't intend. Ah, but I do. The Texas Law Review Manual on Style is a bad book in the same sense that The Total Woman 4 and Das Kapital 5 are bad books. Although the motives of their authors may have been good, these books have worked evil. In each an
Cell therapy in kidney failure

Current therapy for acute renal failure continues to have an exceedingly high mortality rate, exceeding 50% even with dialytic or hemofiltrative support. Current renal replacement therapy in ARF only substitutes for filtration function of the kidney but not its cellular metabolic functions. Replacing these metabolic functions may optimize current therapy for this devastating disease process. In this regard, a renal tubule assist device (RAD) has been developed to be placed in an extracorporeal continuous hemoperfusion circuit in series with a hemofilter. The RAD consists of porcine renal proximal tubule cells grown as confluent monolayers in a multifiber bioreactor with a membrane surface area from 0.4 to 1.6 m2. The cells along the inner surface of the hollow fibers are immunoprotected from the patient's blood by the hollow fiber membrane. In vitro experiments demonstrate that this device possesses differentiated renal transport, metabolic and endocrinologic properties. These properties, in fact, are responsive to normal physiological regulatory parameters. In preliminary experiments in uremic dogs, this device has also been shown to tolerate a uremic environment while providing reabsorptive, metabolic, and endocrinologic activity. Pilot human trials of the RAD are anticipated within the next year to improve current renal replacement therapy in this devastating disease process.
Hodgkin's disease.

The outlook for patients with Hodgkin's disease has improved dramatically over the past 20 years. The question is no longer whether cure is possible, but rather, how can cure be best achieved. With better understanding of the biology of Hodgkin's disease and with continued evolution of treatment approaches, the goal of curing all patients with Hodgkin's disease is clearly within reach. This article provides a summary of current concepts in the biology and management of Hodgkin's disease. Staging, treatment options, and complications of therapy are discussed.
Comparison of commercial kits for detection of cryptococcal antigen

Although kits to detect cryptococcal antigen are used widely to diagnose cryptococcal infection, the comparative performance of commercially available assays has not been evaluated in the past decade. Therefore, we compared the sensitives and specificities of five commercially available kits for detecting cryptococcal antigen (four latex agglutination test kits--Calas [Meridian Diagnostics])--Crypto-LA [International Biological Labs], Myco-Immune [MicroScan], and Immy [Immunomycologics]--and an enzyme immunoassay kit, Premier [Meridian Diagnostics]) with culture for the diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis and fungemia. Of 182 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and 90 serum samples submitted for cryptococcal antigen and fungal culture, 49 (19 and 30 samples, respectively) from 20 patients had a culture positive for Cryptococcus neoformans. For CSF specimens, the sensitivities and specificities of all kits were comparable (sensitivity, 93 to 100%; specificity, 93 to 98%). There was a significant difference in sensitivities of the kits when serum samples were tested with the International Biological Labs and MicroScan kits, which do not pretreat serum with pronase. These kits were less sensitive (sensitivity, 83%) than the Immy and Meridian latex kits (sensitivity, 97%), which do pretreat with pronase. The sensitivity of the Meridian enzyme immunoassay kit was comparable to that of the pronase-containing latex kits. These kits were of equivalent specificities (93 to 100%) when testing serum. Some of the currently available kits have limitations that need to be recognized for proper interpretation of results. Specifically, the use of pronase on serum samples reduces the number of false-positive results, and a titer of < or = 1:4 can be a false-positive result when CSF samples are being tested.
Lipid or aqueous medium for hematin crystallization

Hematin crystallization is the primary heme detoxification mechanism of malaria parasites infecting human erythrocytes and the target of currently applied antimalarial medications. The composition of the crystallization medium within the parasite's digestive vacuole (DV), the aqueous or lipid sub-phases, has been the subject of intense debate. Here we show that a blend of lipids, designed to mimic the lipid sub-phase in the parasite DV, contains significant amounts of soluble water that facilitates hematin crystal formation. We show that the hematin solubility in citric buffer-saturated n-octanol (CBSO), a model for the DV lipid sub-phase, is 100000-fold greater than in a biomimetic aqueous solution, indicating that organic-based crystallization provides an environment for faster hematin crystallization and more efficient heme detoxification. We demonstrate that hematin crystals grow with physiologically-relevant rates from CBSO and do not grow from our biomimetic aqueous solvents. Our findings suggest that hematin crystallization most likely requires the participation of lipid structures. We propose a mechanism of hematin crystallization in the parasite DV that reconciles this conclusion with data on hemoglobin transport and hematin generation and crystallization in vivo. The proposed mechanism suggests that hematin becomes incorporated into crystals via a layer of neutral lipids or possibly after penetrating the phospholipid bilayer of the DV. We specify guidelines for tests of the proposed mechanism and highlight its clinical and pharmacological implications.
The novel function of JADE1S in cytokinesis of epithelial cells

JADE1 belongs to a small family of PHD zinc finger proteins that interacts with histone acetyl transferase (HAT) HBO1 and is associated with chromatin. We recently reported JADE1 chromatin shuttling and phosphorylation during G2/M to G1 transition, which was sensitive to Aurora A inhibition. In the current study we examined mechanisms of the cell cycle regulation by the small isoform of JADE1 protein, JADE1S, and report data showing that JADE1S has a novel function in the regulation of cytokinesis. Using FACS assays, we show that, JADE1S depletion facilitated rates of G1-cells accumulation in synchronously dividing HeLa cell cultures. Depletion of JADE1S protein in asynchronously dividing cells decreased the proportion of cytokinetic cells, and increased the proportion of multi-nuclear cells, indicative of premature and failed cytokinesis. In contrast, moderate overexpression of JADE1S increased the number of cytokinetic cells in time- and dose- dependent manner, indicating cytokinetic delay. Pharmacologi...
Flows of 22Na in layer-type composite membranes

Abstract The permeability of 22Na across simple and layer-type composite membranes of parlodion containing different amounts of polystyrenesulfonic acid has been measured as a function of external NaC1 concentration and corrected for the effects of aqueous stationary layers present at the membrane-solution interfaces. It was found that the permeability of 22Na in the two opposite directions across the composite membrane was different whereas it was the same across simple membranes. In both cases, the permeability of 22Na increased with increase in the concentration of the external solution. In the presence of a concentration gradient, the composite membranes generated ±58 mV for a tenfold difference in the concentration and gave values for the permeability of 22Na which were different in the two directions across the membrane. Corrections applied to the two permeability values in the two opposite directions due to the presence of the electric potential difference across the membrane gave values which agreed qualitatively with those measured in the absence of the concentration gradient. The asymmetry or rectification in the permeability of 22Na was attributed to the presence of a permanent Na-solubility gradient in the composite membrane which assisted the flow of Na in one direction (high charge density side to low charge density side of the membrane) and opposed it in the opposite direction. Measurement of distribution of 22Na in the various layers of the composite membrane showed that there was accumulation and depletion of 22Na in the membrane phase, i.e., 22Na concentration profile asymmetric, when 22Na was flowing from the high charge density side to the low charge density side and vice versa, respectively. The need to recognize the existence of such a directional quantity (solubility gradient) and its contribution to fluxes measured across the biological membranes which have a layered structure is pointed out.
Space perception and cues to distance in virtual reality

Distance perception in virtual reality is reviewed, and investigated in a series of experiments. In experiment 1, the systematic underestimation of distance found in virtual reality displays was investigated. This investigation used a video camera mounted on a head-mounted display to compare a photorealistic ”virtual” world to monocular viewing of the real world with restricted field of view and unrestricted viewing. In experiment 2, the use of angular declination from the horizon as a cue to distance was investigated in virtual reality using a virtual world with a variable horizon line height. Subjects performed both a verbal estimation task and a visually directed action task. Subject data were fit to power function models to avoid issues of linear underestimation. In experiment 3, distance perception in indoor and outdoor virtual environments was investigated, using the same tasks as experiment 2. Experiment 1 found significant distance underestimation in the head-mounted display condition, but not in either of the real-world viewing conditions. This suggests that neither restricted field of view, nor level of graphical detail are responsible for the distance underestimation found in virtual reality. Experiment 2 found similar performance between the two tasks, and significantly higher power function exponents when the horizon line was lowered. This supports declination from the horizon as a cue to distance, and is consistent with a theory of distance perception suggesting the two tasks use the same underlying representation of distance. Experiment 3 found similar performance between both tasks in the outdoor environment, but a significantly larger mean verbal exponent than motor exponent in the indoor condition. This dissociation between verbal and motor performance suggests that there might be some fundamental difference between the two tasks, or between the two environments used.
A cross-validation approach to trajectory and shape reconstruction for rigid bodies

In this paper, a method is proposed for reconstructing the trajectory and shape of a rigid body in a damped environment from distributively collected, asynchronous data. In this problem setting, both the shape parameters of the rigid body and its trajectory are unknown. The shape/trajectory recovery problem is modeled as a minimization of energy dissipation under geometric and acceleration constraints. In order to solve this problem, a convex relaxation for the geometric constraint is introduced, and the geometric constraint is reinforced in a cross-validation stage to verify the parameters. In this manner the shape and the trajectory of the rigid body are reconstructed simultaneously. For simplicity, a two-dimensional ball is taken as the rigid body prototype and simulations demonstrate the efficacy of the algorithm.