cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond Five Percent: Optimal Municipal Slack Resources and Credit Ratings

Local governments tend to keep large amounts of slack nancial resources to hedge against risk and uncertainty. To date, there has been little empirical research on whether those slack holdings are inadequate, adequate, or perhaps excessive relative to those risks and uncertainties. I address this gap in current research by using credit quality as a criterion to consider "optimal" slack resource levels. I find that for a national sample of local governments, slack resources' e ect on credit quality is statistically but not substantively significant. Having some rather than no slack increases the likelihood of receiving a more desirable rating by five to nine percent, but large slack holdings have little if any additional effect. These findings have implications for future work on slack resources, and for debt management broadly.
P,p-DDT and p,p'-DDE effects on egg production, eggshell thickness, and reproduction of Japanese quail.

p,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDE were investigated for effects on egg production and eggshell thickness in Japanese quail. p,p′-DDT was examined for effects on hatchability and fertility. DDE was tested at 0, 2, 10, 40, and 200 ppm in the diet. No evidence suggested that DDE affected number of eggs laid, egg weight, or eggshell thickness at any level of DDE tested. DDT was tested at 1, 2.5, 10, and 40 ppm in the diet. In one experiment, quail fed DDT at 40 ppm and caged in male-female pairs broke more eggs than quail caged similarly but fed lower amounts of DDT or than quail fed an equal amount of DDT but caged alone. DDT did not detectably reduce eggshell thickness, number of eggs laid, fertility, or hatchability. However, paired quail laid fewer eggs than did single quail in two experiments and laid eggs with thinner shells in one experiment.
Buccal mucosal graft for secondary hypospadias repair and urethral replacement

Objective To assess the effectiveness of buccal mucosa in the treatment of complex hypospadias Patients and methods Seventeen patients had an onlay patch of buccal mucosa to reconstruct the urethra after failed previous surgery; five had a tubed buccal mucosal graft as an urethral replacement in the ‘primary’ repair of severe hypospadias. Results There were no complications in 19 patients; two developed fistulae and one a stricture due to graft narrowing. There were no meatal complications. Conclusion Buccal mucosa taken from the inner aspect of the lip is very suitable for reconstructing a failed hypospadias repair, especially when used as an onlay graft.
Alchian on tenure: Some long awaited empirical evidence

Abstract Armen Alchian made many important contributions to our understanding of organizations. One of the most important insights was related to organizations of higher education and the existence of tenure. However, the primary empirical predictions of his explanation for tenure have remained unexplored. This paper provides some empirical evidence on these predictions. Alchian’s predictions receive strong support. The results indicate that tenure is significantly more likely to occur in nonprofit institutions than in for-profit institutions, tenure is more common in public institutions than in private nonprofit institutions, and among private nonprofit institutions the incidence of tenure is positively related to the level of endowment support and negatively related to the institution’s reliance on tuition and fees.
Intensification of Hurricane Sandy (2012) through Extratropical Warm Core Seclusion

AbstractHurricane Sandy's landfall along the New Jersey shoreline at 2330 UTC 29 October 2012 produced a catastrophic storm surge stretching from New Jersey to Rhode Island that contributed to damage in excess of $50 billion—the sixth costliest U.S. tropical cyclone on record since 1900—and directly caused 72 fatalities. Hurricane Sandy's life cycle was marked by two upper-level trough interactions while it moved northward over the western North Atlantic on 26–29 October. During the second trough interaction on 29 October, Sandy turned northwestward and intensified as cold continental air encircled the warm core vortex and Sandy acquired characteristics of a warm seclusion. The aim of this study is to determine the dynamical processes that contributed to Sandy's secondary peak in intensity during its warm seclusion phase using high-resolution numerical simulations. The modeling results show that intensification occurred in response to shallow low-level convergence below 850 hPa that was consistent with th...
Validation of aircraft-measured land surface emissivity

ABSTRACT This paper evaluates the performance of two techniques currently under development for use in the future validation of AIRS surface emissivity measurements over the Southern Great Plains Atmospheric Radiation Measurement site 111 Oklahoma, USA. The first technique involves a simultaneous retrieval of atmospheric tem- perature and water vapor, surface skin temperature, and surface emissivity using a statistical approach; the second, a relative retrieval of the relative surface einissivity from spectral radiance observations between gaseousabsorption lines.High spectral resolution upwelli ng radiance measurements from the aircraft-based NP OESS AtmosphericSounder Testbed-Interferometer (NAS'T-I) obtained during the ARM/FIRE Water Vapor Experiment (AFWEX)2000 and Chesapeake Lighthouse and Aircraft Measurements for Satellites (CLAMS) 2001 were used to compareeach method. Surface truth was provided by ground-based Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI)measurements.Keywords: surface emission, remote sensing, FTS, interferometer
Synthesis and characterization of a functionalized chiral biaryl capable of exhibiting unidirectional bond rotation

Abstract A class of chiral biaryl molecules that have been designed to undergo unidirectional rotation about the aryl–aryl bond may show promise for future application in the area of synthetic molecular motors. These asymmetric molecules should be capable of channeling chemical energy into repeated 360° rotation in one direction. Herein we report the synthesis and characterization of one such biaryl molecule ( 1 ).
Initial crack paths in glass: influence of temperature and composition

Fracture initiation sites in soda-lime glass are similar for fracture at room temperature and at −196° C, where slow crack propagation should be absent. For most samples the measured depths of these sites were greater than the actual depths of the fracture initiating flaws. Micrographs of fracture initiation sites in Pyrex borosilicate glass and a lithium aluminosilicate glass-ceramic are also shown.
Direct interference suppression in EEG/MEG dipole source localization

An interference suppression algorithm is proposed for canceling the spatially correlated background noise and interference in EEG/MEG source localization applications. Rather than using the standard prewhitening approach, the proposed algorithm attempts to directly null interference using a projection operator obtained from a set of secondary, control-state data. The use of direct interference cancellation is shown to be significantly more robust than prewhitening, due to the elimination of the need for computing covariance matrices, and the relaxation of the assumption of temporal stationarity. Simulation examples are presented to demonstrate the robust performance of the algorithm.
Influence of sex chromosomes on laying‐house performance of chickens 1

Synopsis A special population segregating for the sex chromosome was developed to estimate the Z and W sex chromosome effects sampled from a Fayoumi (Egyptian) breed and a heavy‐breed synthetic population. Analysis of 2 years’ data from more than 3000 pullets indicate that both sex chromosomes influence age at first egg with the Z being the more important. Pullets with the heavy‐breed Z chromosome matured 17 d earlier and laid 5% more eggs than those with the Fayoumi Z. The heavy‐breed W chromosome showed a 7‐d advance in maturity but otherwise with no significant effect on egg production. Although this experiment was designed to estimate parameter differences between two breeds, the design can be generalised to estimate the distribution of genetic differences due to autosomes, sex chromosomes, heterosis and maternal influences both between and within avian populations.
Wheat straw or alfalfa hay in diets with 30% neutral detergent fiber for lactating Holstein cows

Twenty-four Holstein cows near peak lactation were fed diets formulated to contain 30% NDF with forage NDF from chopped wheat straw or chopped alfalfa hay in proportions of 0:3, 1:2, 2:1, and 3:0 in an 8-wk trial to evaluate effects of fiber source on lactational performance. Concentrate was based on highly degradable carbohydrate in steam-flaked sorghum grain. Forage to concentrate ratio decreased from 49:51 to 28:72 when straw was substituted for alfalfa hay. Milk yield (38.4 kg/d) and DMI (23.1 kg/d) were not influenced by forage source. Milk fat percentage decreased and milk protein percentage increased linearly with increasing straw. Yields of 3.5% FCM and fat showed linear and quadratic responses, because they appeared to be reduced only on the 0:3 diet, and protein yield showed a quadratic response and was highest for the 1:2 diet. Digestibility of NDF averaged 43.5, 45.4, 40.7, and 31.2%, and acetate to propionate ratio was 3.0, 2.4, 2.2, and 1.9 with increasing dietary straw. Passage rates were not influenced by diet and averaged 9.3, 7.6, 6.1, and 4.7%/h for fluid, grain, alfalfa hay, and wheat straw, respectively. It is suggested that the ratio of forage NDF to ruminally degradable starch be maintained greater than or equal to 1:1 when diets based on low quality forage are fed to cows in early lactation.
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF SCATTERING RATE IN TRANSITION METALS FROM MAGNETOACOUSTIC EXPERIMENTS

The temperature dependence of the scattering rate for the hole ellipsoids in tungsten, molybdenum and niobium has been determined from magnetoacoustic data. In molybdenum and niobium a T2 dependence is observed up to 12 K. The coefficient of the T2 term correlates with size of the relevant ellipsoids and suggests that electron-electron scattering is dominant at low temperatures.
And Action! Teaching and Learning Through Film

Although previous literature has demonstrated the value of cinemography in enhancing student understating of many concepts, little practical and pedagogical information exists on the actual instructional delivery of cinemeducation. In consideration of this gap, the present piece focused on the instructional delivery of cinema viewing and reviewing to ten marriage/couple and family therapy students with the aim of enhancing their awareness and understanding of family systems theory and diversity. Information was gleaned through student and instructor feedback with regard to the process and outcome of the project and movie reviews, which were collaboratively co-authored by the students for dissemination through publication in a scholarly journal.
MO-F-16A-05: Spot-Scanning Proton Therapy Patient-Specific Quality Assurance: Our Methodology and Results From 295 Treatment Plans

Purpose: To report on the patient-specific quality assurance (PSQA) results for 295 spot-scanning proton therapy treatment plans from the MD Anderson PTC-Houston. We show how the results differed by treatment site and how they were affected by the treatment plan optimization method and by a range shifter in the treatment field. We also discuss some causes of PSQA problems. Methods: The PSQA procedure, which is designed to verify both the accuracy of the treatment planning system's (Eclipse™ v8.9) dose calculations and the dose delivery of the Hitachi PROBEAT synchrotron, consists of (1) an end-to-end test in which the beam is delivered and measured at the prescribed gantry angle, and (2) additional dose plane measurements made from gantry angle 270°. HPlusQA™ software automatically performs the gamma analysis with criteria 3% (dose tolerance), 3 mm (distance-to-agreement, DTA) and 2%, 2 mm. Passing is defined as at least 90% of the pixels having a gamma score less than 1. Results: The PSQA gamma passing rate was 96.2% for 3%, 3 mm, and 85.3% for 2%, 2 mm. The rate depended on the treatment site. For example, the 3%, 3 mm passing rate was 95% for head and neck plans, vs 100% for prostatemore » plans. The passing rates of multi- vs. single-field optimization plans did not significantly differ. However, the rate for fields with range shifters was 94.8±0.6%, vs 99.0±0.6% for those without (p = 0.002). Longitudinal dose gradients caused most of the low scores. Overestimation of the calculated dose proximal to the spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) caused many of the others. Conclusion: The planned and delivered doses consistently agreed within tolerance levels. Minor dose modeling deficiencies remain proximal to the SOBP. The 3% dose tolerance, 3 mm DTA, with 90% pixel passing rate is a reasonable action level for 2D gamma comparisons.« less
Experiences with a random test driver

We describe our experience with a methodology for testing implementations of communications protocols that uses autonomous test drivers to exercise the protocol service interface. The test drivers only generate random event sequences that the service interface specifies should be accepted by a correct implementation. Event rejection therefore indicates a discrepancy between the service specification and the implementation under test. The methodology has proved to be a powerful and cost-effective complement to other testing techniques.
Sensitivity and specificity of TRH stimulation test in depressed and nondepressed adolescents.

Abstract The thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test was carried out in 100 acutely hospitalized adolescents (ages 13–17 years) with a variety of diagnoses. The test was positive (δmax thyrotropin ⪕ 7 μIU/ml) in 36.6% of adolescents with major depression, 20.8% with conduct disorders, 17% with adjustment disorders, and 43% with substance abuse disorders. A χ 2 analysis of the data showed no significant difference among these four diagnostic groups. The test was negative in adolescents with attention deficit disorder and dysthymic disorder. Comparison of the six diagnostic groups with regard to the amount of thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH) response to TRH stimulation indicated that the groups with major depression and substance abuse disorders had significantly lower values of δmax TSH than the other groups. TSH values did not differ significantly between males and females. Similarly, there were no significant age differences (younger adolescents vs. older adolescents).
Energetic electromagnetic cascade produced in a high energy nueleon-nucleon interaction

In a stack of Ilford G-5 emulsion consisting of 200 pellicles exposed to cosmic radiatioid at 116,000 ft altitude. events of the typc 4 + 27 p were observed. Angular and energy distributions were measured. Primary particles producing the events are likely to be mesons( pi /sup +/) rather than protons. No eharged mesons above 120 Bev were found in the primary interactions. (L.N.N.)
Diabetes mellitus increases risk for colorectal adenomas in younger patients.

AIM: To determine if diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with increased risk of colorectal adenomas in younger subjects. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of 375 patients undergoing index colonoscopy at a single tertiary care center in the United States. Three cohorts of patients matched for exam date and gender were compared: (1) ages 40-49 years with DM; (2) ages 40-49 years without DM; and (3) ages 50-59 years without DM. Data collected included demographics, co-morbidities, colonoscopy and pathology results. Adenoma detection rates (ADR) were calculated and compared. Conditional logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association between each cohort and ADR. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-five patients ages 40-49 with DM met study eligibility criteria. Patients in the other two cohorts were randomly selected, matching for date of exam and gender. ADR was 14.4% in those ages 40-49 years without DM, 30.4% in those ages 40-49 years with DM, and 32.0% in those ages 50-59 years without DM. Compared to those ages 40-49 years without DM, ADR was higher in those ages 40-49 years with DM (OR = 3.1; 95%CI: 1.5-6.4; P = 0.002) and those ages 50-59 years without DM (OR = 2.9; 95%CI: 1.5-5.6; P = 0.002). There was no difference between the ADR in those ages 40-49 years with DM and those ages 50-59 years without DM (P = 0.83). CONCLUSION: DM was associated with higher risk of colorectal adenomas in patients ages 40-49 years. These subjects harbored as many adenomas as those at the standard screening age of 50-59 years without DM.
Standard enthalpies of formation of NbB2, MoB, and ReB2 by high-temperature direct synthesis calorimetry

The standard enthalpies of formation of NbB2, MoB, and ReB2 have been determined by high-temperature direct synthesis calorimetry at 1473 ± 2 K. The results are compared with data reported in the literature for NbB2 and MoB and with predicted values for the three compounds derived from Miedema’s semiempirical model.[8,9] A systematic plot is presented which summarizes enthalpy of formation data for a wide range of 3d, 4d, and 5d transition metal borides studied experimentally in this laboratory. This plot shows that the trends among the 3d, 4d, and 5d borides exhibit important similarities. Thus, all three families show a well-defined maximum in --ΔH°f at the Ti, Zr, Hf group, and the trends to lower values after the maximum are very similar for the 3d, 4d, and 5d sets. Usually, the 3d compounds show the most exothermic enthalpies of formation. With few exceptions, the values tend to decrease systematically from 3d to 4d to 5d metals.
Malformation of embryonic neural retina elicited by BrdU.

Exposure of neural retina tissue from early chick embryos (5 and 6-days) to 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuri-dine (BrdU) for 24 h irreversibly prevented normal histogenesis and resulted in the formation of chaotically disorganized tissue. The sensitivity of the retina to this effect decreased with embryonic age and declined sharply after the commencement of cell stratification. Examination by electron microscopy revealed the following progressive morphologic changes resulting from BrdU treatment: complete breakdown of the outer limiting membrane due to disappearance of its constituent tight junctions which normally anchor cells at the outer retinal surface; collapse and endocytosis of cilia, resulting in the absence of photoreceptor processes; increasing disorganization of the cells which commenced at the outer surface of the retina and progressed inward, resulting in chaotic distortion of the histologic architecture of the retina. Ultrastructural differences were noted between cells in the malformed retina, indicating the presence of several cell types. Possible mechanisms of this BrdU-elicited malformation are considered in the Discussion.
Continuum theory of wave propagation in laminated composites

Abstract Starting with the equations of three-dimensional elastodynamics and using suitable asymptotic developments a continuum model is developed for a laminated medium. It is shown that the behavior of such composites is governed by a hierarchy of continuum equations in which the dispersion induced by the layering is gradually accounted for. Using the equations, the dispersion relations are deduced for transverse waves.
Human nature and economic policy: lessons for the transition economies

Abstract Both economic regulation in market economies and state ownership and control of the means of production in socialist economies have been interpreted as means of protecting people from economic exploitation by the owners of capital. In this paper, I argue against this interpretation, suggesting that both sets of institutions are more plausibly viewed as protecting people from destructive competition amongst themselves.
Mössbauer study of permanent-magnet materials : Sm2Fe17−xGaxCy compounds

Abstract Fe 57 Mossbauer spectra of Sm 2 Fe 17− x Ga x C y , where 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 2.5, have been measured at room temperature and analyzed. These compounds have the rhombohedral Th 2 Zn 17 structure. Mossbauer studies indicate that all the samples studied are ferromagnetically ordered. The average hyperfine field for compounds with y = 0 was found to increase for x = 1 and then decrease with increasing x . For fixed x , the average hyperfine field was found to decrease by a very small amount with increasing carbon concentration. Analyses of the spectra show that Ga atoms occupy the 6c, 18h, and 18f but not 9d Fe sites and the fraction of occupancy of Ga is found to depend on x , in agreement with our previous observations on Sm 2 Fe 17- x Al x . Some of the compounds studied have an easy c -axis anisotropy and relatively high Curie temperature. The excellent intrinsic magnetic properties make some of these compounds promising candidates for permanent magnet development.
Enhanced wear resistance in AlMgB14–TiB2 composites

Abstract Studies of bulk AlMgB 14 and TiB 2 composites have shown that these materials exhibit exceptional resistance to erosive and abrasive wear. Multi-hour ASTM erosion tests with Al 2 O 3 abrasive against composite samples comprised of AlMgB 14 (40 vol.%) and TiB 2 (60 vol.%) resulted in erosion rates of 0.5 mm 3 /kg of erodent, compared with 10.5 mm 3 /kg for wear-resistant grades of WC–6% Co. Increasing the TiB 2 fraction to 80 vol.% further reduced erosion rates to as low as 0.26 mm 3 /kg. Fracture nucleation in the TiB 2 grains was identified by SEM analysis as a primary damage mechanism. Additionally, diamond abrasion testing revealed a slightly different trend between composition and wear than that observed in erosion testing. Results of wear tests are discussed in terms of microstructure, hardness and indentation toughness of each phase, and grain boundary cohesion. Analysis suggests several energy dissipative mechanisms including fracture termination at grain boundaries and conversion of mechanical energy to thermal energy act to improve wear resistance in the fine-grained boride composites.
Multi-year satellite and surface observations of AOD in support of two-column aerosol project (TCAP) field campaign

We use combined multi-year measurements from the surface and space for assessing the spatial and temporal distribution of aerosol properties within a large (~400x400 km) region centered on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, along the East Coast of the United States. The ground-based Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) measurements at Martha’s Vineyard Coastal Observatory (MVCO) site and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) sensors on board the Terra and Aqua satellites provide horizontal and temporal variations of aerosol optical depth, while the Cloud- Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) offers the altitudes of aerosol-layers. The combined ground-based and satellite measurements indicated several interesting features among which were the large differences in the aerosol properties observed in July and February. We applied the climatology of aerosol properties for designing the Two-Column Aerosol Project (TCAP), which is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program. The TCAP field campaign involves 12-month deployment (started July 1, 2012) of the ground-based ARM Mobile Facility (AMF) and Mobile Aerosol Observing System (MAOS) on Cape Cod and complimentary aerosol observations from two research aircraft: the DOE Gulfstream-1 (G-1) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) B200 King Air. Using results from the coordinated G-1 and B200 flights during the recent (July, 2012) Intensive Observation Period, we demonstrated that the G-1 in situ measurements and B200 active remote sensing can provide complementary information on the temporal and spatial changes of the aerosol properties off the coast of North America.
Restorative justice: not “rights”, but the right way to heal relationships at work

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of restorative justice as a tool for rebuilding trust and repairing damaged relationships in the workplace.Design/methodology/approach – The literature on restorative justice, found predominantly in the criminology field, is reviewed, and the origins and tenets of restorative justice are explained.Findings – Research suggests that the goals of restorative justice are to repair the harm after a damaging incident, to repair the damaged relationship between the two parties in conflict, and restore the offender back to the community.Originality/value – Restorative justice promises to address the issue of repairing damaged relationships at work, a critical problem in organizations that has yet to be thoroughly addressed in the management literature.
Discovery of Extreme-Ultraviolet Radiation from the Seyfert Galaxy Ton S180 (=EUVE J0057–223)*

We report the detection of intense EUV radiation from the Seyfert 1 galaxy Ton S180. The source EUVE J0057-223, discovered in the Extreme-Ultraviolet Explorer all-sky survey, is only 25'' away from its optical counterpart, well within the position error circle. We present a complete broadband energy distribution of Ton S180 using infrared (IRAS), optical, ultraviolet (IUE) and X-ray (ROSAT) flux measurements, and we find that the measured EUV flux, corrected for neutral hydrogen and helium absorption in the Galaxy, suggests the presence of a strong EUV to soft X-ray flux excess. We briefly discuss the implications for models of active galaxies.
Greenhouse gas fluxes from Atacama Desert soils: a test of biogeochemical potential at the Earth’s arid extreme

Most terrestrial ecosystems support a similar suite of biogeochemical processes largely dependent on the availability of water and labile carbon (C). Here, we explored the biogeochemical potential of soils from Earth’s driest ecosystem, the Atacama Desert, characterized by extremely low moisture and organic C. We sampled surface soil horizons from sites ranging from the Atacama’s hyper-arid core to less-arid locations at higher elevation that supported sparse vegetation. We performed laboratory incubations and measured fluxes of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) as indices of potential biogeochemical activity across this gradient. We were able to stimulate trace gas production at all sites, and treatment responses often suggested the influence of microbial processes. Sites with extant vegetation had higher C concentrations (0.13–0.68%) and produced more CO2 under oxic than sub-oxic conditions, suggesting the presence of aerobic microbial decomposers. In contrast, abiotic CO2 production appeared to predominate in the most arid and C-poor (<0.08% C) sites without plants, with one notable exception. Soils were either a weak source or sink of CH4 under oxic conditions, whereas anoxia stimulated CH4 production across all sites. Several sites were rich in nitrate, and we stimulated N2O fluxes in all soils by headspace manipulation or dissolved organic matter addition. Peak N2O fluxes in the most C-poor soil (0.02% C) were very high, exceeding 3 ng nitrogen g−1 h−1 under anoxic conditions. These results provide evidence of resilience of at least some soil biogeochemical capacity to long-term water and C deprivation in the world’s driest ecosystem. Atacama soils appear capable of responding biogeochemically to moisture inputs, and could conceivably constitute a regionally-important source of N2O under altered rainfall regimes, analogous to other temperate deserts.
JAWAA: easy web-based animation from CS 0 to advanced CS courses

We present JAWAA 2.0, a scripting language for creating animations easily over the web. JAWAA includes primitives, easy creation of data structures and operations on these structures, and an editor for easy creation of complex objects. We show how to use JAWAA in a range of computer science courses including CS 0, CS 1, CS 2 and advanced courses. Instructors can quickly build animations for demos in lecture, and students can enhance their programming projects with an animation.
Inequalities for trigonometric polynomials

Abstract Let tn(x) be any real trigonometric polynomial of degree n such that ∥tn∥L∞ ⩽ 1. Here we are concerned with obtaining the best possible upper estimate of ∝ 0 2π (t n (k) (x)) 2r + 2 dx ∝ 0 2π (t n (k) (x)) 2r dx where r ⩾ 0 (integer). As a special case we obtain (1.2). Let ∥tn∥L2 and ∥tn(r)∥L2 be given where tn is any real trigonometric polynomial. In Theorem 2 we shall obtain the estimate of ∥tn(j)∥L2 in terms of ∥tn∥L2 and ∥tn(r)∥L2. The results are again the best possible.
Modeling of Dough Mixing Profile Under Thermal and Nonthermal Constraint for Evaluation of Breadmaking Quality of Hard Spring Wheat Flour

ABSTRACT This research was initiated to investigate associations between flour breadmaking traits and mixing and empirical dough rheological properties under thermal stress. Thirty hard spring wheat flour samples were analyzed by a Mixolab standard procedure. Mixolab profiles were divided into six different stages, and torque measurements of individual stages were modeled by nonlinear curve fitting using a compound of two solution searching procedures, multidimensional unconstrained nonlinear minimization and genetic algorithm. Mixing patterns followed exponential equations. Dough torque patterns under heat constraint, specifically dough thermal weakening and pasting profiles, were described by a sigmoid logistic equation as a function of time. Dough stability during heating appeared important for bread loaf volume increase from significant correlations between bread loaf volume and parameters generated from models of a dough thermal weakening stage. Multivariate continuum regression was employed to calib...
Morphological effects of mercury exposure on windowpane flounder gills as observed by scanning electron microscopy

Windowpane flounder, Scophthalmus aquosus Mitchill, were exposed for 60 days to 5 or 10 μg 1−1 mercury and gill samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The response of the gill epithelium was different at the two levels of mercury exposure. The number of chloride cell apical pits and gill filaments bearing ‘cratered’ epithelial cells increased at the 5-μg 1−1 level and decreased at the higher exposure level. Focal swellings demonstrated a dose-dependent relationship, their numbers being greatest at the higher exposure level. Marked fragmentation of pavement cell microridge patterns and swelling of the respiratory epithelial cells was evident at the 10-μg 1−1 exposure level.
Submicrometer Inversion-Type Enhancement-Mode InGaAs MOSFET With Atomic-Layer-Deposited $\hbox{Al}_{2}\hbox{O}_{3}$ as Gate Dielectric

High-performance inversion-type enhancement-mode n-channel In0.53Ga0.47As MOSFETs with atomic-layer-deposited (ALD) Al2O3 as gate dielectric are demonstrated. The ALD process on III-V compound semiconductors enables the formation of high-quality gate oxides and unpinning of Fermi level on compound semiconductors in general. A 0.5-mum gate-length MOSFET with an Al2O3 gate oxide thickness of 8 nm shows a gate leakage current less than 10-4 A/cm2 at 3-V gate bias, a threshold voltage of 0.25 V, a maximum drain current of 367 mA/mm, and a transconductance of 130 mS/mm at drain voltage of 2 V. The midgap interface trap density of regrown Al2O3 on In0.53Ga0.47As is ~1.4 x 1012/cm2 ldr eV which is determined by low-and high-frequency capacitance-voltage method. The peak effective mobility is ~1100 cm2 / V ldr s from dc measurement, ~2200 cm2/ V ldr s after interface trap correction, and with about a factor of two to three higher than Si universal mobility in the range of 0.5-1.0-MV/cm effective electric field.
Effect of chronic tracheal bypass implant on the nasal breathing in sheep.

Abstract Three sexually matured Rambouillet ewes were surgically implanted with a reversible, tracheal bypass canula. A total of seven trials were made on three resting, unanesthetized sheep in standing position. The ambient temperature was kept constant at 18°C in order that any change in nostril temperature could not be attributed to any fluctuation of this environmental temperature. In all trials, the nostril temperature increased (6°c) when the animal was placed on tracheal (bypassed) breathing and it decreased when the sheep was changed to normal nasal breathing. This paper describes a procedure to study the effects of prolonged interruption of normal nasal breathing.
CT SCANNING AND NEURO-DEGENERATIVE DISEASES IN CHILDREN

CT scanning has for the first time given an objective means of assessing the changes in gray, and particularly white matter degenerative diseases in infants and children. Patients with adrenoleukodystrophy, metachromatic leukodystrophy, juvenile ceroid-lipofuscinosis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and disseminated necrotizing leukoencephalopathy all have been studied. Some of these patients have had serial scanning to follow the evolution of the cerebral lesion. Correlation with enzymes, brain biopsy, skin biopsy, as well as clinical and electroencephalographic examinations have been made. CT scanning has given objective quantitative confirmation of white and gray matter degenerative changes, and in the appropriate clinical context, has allowed distinction of specific progressive neuro-degenerative diseases in childhood. In several instances initial evaluation with CT scanning has determined the proper subsequent biopsy and enzyme studies.
Mach 6 Experiments of Transition on a Cone at Angle of Attack

Transition movement and patterns on the frustum of a cone at small angles of attack have been investigated at a Mach number of 5.9, using an 8-deg half-angle cone with both sharp and blunt nosetips. Small angles of attack produced large asymmetries in the frustum transition pattern for both sharp and blunt tipped configurations. For the configurations with nosetip bluntness most of the frustum transition asymmetry occurred between meridian angles of 60 and 120 deg. Data obtained with simulated laminar ablated nosetips were generally representative of what would be expected with a larger spherically blunt nosetip.
A longitudinal look at rural consumer adoption of online shopping

Innovation diffusion theory guided research on the process of online apparel shopping adoption (i.e., changes in online shopping adoption) among rural consumers. Rural consumers in 11 states completed surveys in 2000 ( n = 2,198) and in 2003 (n = 879). Variables measured in 2000 were used to predict online apparel purchasing in 2003; structural equation modeling was used for data analysis and yielded satisfactory fit. Results revealed strong support for innovation diffusion theory: Previous practice and characteristics of the decision-making unit ( education, income, innovativeness) affected belief structures. Although beliefs about online shopping measured in 2000 did not affect online apparel shopping adoption in 2000, they did affect online apparel shopping adoption in 2003, demonstrating the dynamic nature of innovation diffusion. Characteristics of the decision-making unit (education, income) indirectly affected online apparel shopping via their influence on previous practice, which was the strongest predictor of online apparel purchasing in 2000 and 2003. General beliefs about the Internet and beliefs about the compatibility of online shopping with respondents' lifestyles predicted online apparel shopping in 2003, whereas beliefs about the benefits and advantages of online shopping did not. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diversity Leadership: Influence of Ethnicity, Gender, and Minority Status

Leadership research is often silent about how race and ethnicity influence the exercise of leadership and does not include the experiences of racial/ethnic minority leaders. Leaders from five racial/ethnic groups within the US were surveyed on their endorsement of leadership dimensions as defined by the GLOBE studies and the influence of their race, ethnicity and gender on the exercise of leadership in this exploratory study. While all leaders endorsed common leadership dimensions, cultural variation emerged on a factor consistent with a humane orientation and collaborative leadership style. Leaders of color and women leaders strongly embraced their ethnic and gender identities compared with White male leaders. These social identities together with lived experiences associated with minority status were perceived as influencing their exercise of leadership, presenting both challenges and strengths. Differences in the leadership profile of this diverse leadership sample with the Anglo group in the GLOBE studies suggest the importance of examining diversity in leadership. Conceptualizations of leadership need to be inclusive of the social identities and lived experiences that leaders and followers both bring to the contexts of leadership.
From ripples to tidal waves: Low lying vibrational motion in nuclei

Abstract Low lying K π = 0 + bands are one of the most fundamental excitation modes in the spectra of deformed nuclei, however, very little is known about the nature of these excitations. We report on new lifetime measurements using the GRID technique at ILL, and high-precision (p,t) reactions to elucidate the character of low-lying K π = 0 + bands in deformed nuclei.
A new imaging strategy utilizing wideband transient response of ultrasound contrast agents

High resolution clinical systems operating near 15 MHz are becoming more available, however, they lack sensitive harmonic imaging modes for ultrasound contrast agent (UCA) detection, primarily due to limited bandwidth. When an UCA is driven to non-linear oscillation, a very wideband acoustic transient response is produced that extends beyond 15 MHz. We propose a novel strategy utilizing 2 separate transducers at widely separated frequencies and arranged confocally to simultaneously excite and receive acoustic transients from UCAs. Experiments were performed to demonstrate that this new mode shows similar resolution, higher echo amplitudes and greatly reduced attenuation compared to transmission at a higher frequency, and superior resolution compared to transmission and reception at a lower frequency. The proposed method is shown to resolve two 200 /spl mu/m tubes with centers separated by 400 /spl mu/m. Strong acoustic transients were detected for rarefaction-first 1-cycle pulses starting at peak-negative pressures ranging from -300 to -400 kPa. The results of this work may lead to uses in flow and/or targeted imaging in applications requiring very high sensitivity to contrast agents.
Uranus's auroras observed from Hubble Space Telescope

New observations from the Hubble Space Telescope provide the first ever images of Uranus's auroras. The new observations, described by Lamy et al., are also the first unambiguous detections of Uranus's auroras since they were first discovered using the Voyager 2 spacecraft, which few by the planet in 1986. Auroras arise from the solar wind's interaction with a planet's magnetosphere. Uranus's magnetosphere, which is not well studied, is unusual because the planet's magnetic axis is both offset and sharply tilted with respect to the planet's spin axis. The newly detected auroras, seen on the dayside of the planet in November 2011, are quite different from Earth's—Uranus's auroras were faint dots of light that lasted online a few minutes, unlike the dancing colored curtains organized along rings of emissions around Earth's magnetic poles, intensified on the nightside and lasting for hours. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/ 2012GL051312, 2012)
Co-crystal of Escherichia coli RNase HI with Mn2+ Ions Reveals Two Divalent Metals Bound in the Active Site

Abstract Ribonuclease H (RNase H) selectively degrades the RNA strand of RNA·DNA hybrids in a divalent cation-dependent manner. Previous structural studies revealed a single Mg2+ ion-binding site inEscherichia coli RNase HI. In the crystal structure of the related RNase H domain of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase, however, two Mn2+ ions were observed suggesting a different mode of metal binding. E. coli RNase HI shows catalytic activity in the presence of Mg2+ or Mn2+ ions, but these two metals show strikingly different optimal concentrations. Mg2+ ions are required in millimolar concentrations, but Mn2+ ions are only required in micromolar quantities. Based upon the metal dependence of E. coli RNase HI activity, we proposed an activation/attenuation model in which one metal is required for catalysis, and binding of a second metal is inhibitory. We have now solved the co-crystal structure of E. coli RNase HI with Mn2+ ions at 1.9-A resolution. Two octahedrally coordinated Mn2+ ions are seen to bind to the enzyme-active site. Residues Asp-10, Glu-48, and Asp-70 make direct (inner sphere) coordination contacts to the first (activating) metal, whereas residues Asp-10 and Asp-134 make direct contacts to the second (attenuating) metal. This structure is consistent with biochemical evidence suggesting that two metal ions may bind RNase H but liganding a second ion inhibits RNase H activity.
The midbrain periaqueductal gray in the rat. II. A Golgi analysis

This study consists of a detailed analysis of neurons in the midbrain periaqueductal gray of the rat utilizing four variants of the Golgi technique. Neurons were classified into three major categories based on soma shape, number of primary dendrites, number of dendritic bifurcations, interspinous distance, axonal origin, and axon trajectory. Neurons in each category were further subdivided into large and small varieties based predominantly on soma size and cendritic patterns. Both quantitative and qualitative data concerning each neuronal type is provided as well as data relating to its relative distribution among the four periaqueductal gray subdivisions. The small bipolar neuron, characterized by its small size and spindle-shaped soma, was the most prominent cell type observed, composing 37% of the impregnated neurons in our material. This cell type was most numerous in the medial subdivision and least prominent in the dorsolateral subdivision. The small triangular neuron composed 23% of the neuronal population and was relatively evenly distributed through the periaqueductal gray. The remaining four cell types include the large and small multipolar neurons, the large fusiform neurons, and the large triangular neurons. Axons originated from either the perikaryon or a proximal dendrite, with a dendritic origin being most common for large and small triangular neurons and large fusiform neurons. The trajectory of axons in single thick coronal sections originating from periaqueductal gray neurons is typically away from the mesencephalic aqueduct. The exact trajectory is dependent on the location of the neuron. Axons arising from cells in the dorsal subdivision usually project in a dorsal or dorsolateral direction while axons of ventrolateral neurons may project dorsally, laterally, or ventrally. In sum, these data indicate a complex level of internal organization of the periaqueductal gray. The results are discussed in terms of previous immunohistochemical studies of neurons in this region.
Place of Fiberoptic Endoscopy in Bronchoesophagology

Flexible and rigid instruments are both useful in the endoscopic examination of the tracheobronchial tree and esophagus. Although either instrument may be employed in many cases, there are specific indications for the use of flexible fiberoptic endoscopes in both bronchology and esophagology; and likewise, the rigid instruments are mandatory in the management of some endoscopic problems. Ideally, the bronchologist and the esophagologist should be proficient in the use of both the rigid and the fiberoptic endoscope. If this is not possible, those who are competent only with flexible fiberoptic endoscopes must work closely with the fully trained bronchoesophagologists. Peroral endoscopy is already shared by otolaryngologists, thoracic surgeons, gastroenterologists, and specialists in thoracic medicine. Although multiple disciplines probably will continue to be involved in bronchoscopy and esophagoscopy, these specialties must not be so broad that no one will be completely competent in bronchoesophagology.
Some factors affecting survival of sclerotia of Macrophomina phaseolina in soil

Abstract At least 75% of the sclerotia of Macrophomina phaseolina survived for 1 yr in most natural soils kept at 26°C and at 50–55% of the soil moisture holding capacity (m.h.c.). Although survivability was reduced in a very acid soil (pH 4.5) collected under a pine stand, 33% of the sclerotia survived for 1 yr. Soil pH had very little or no effect on sclerotial survivability. Of three organic amendments tested (alfalfa hay, chitin, pine needles) only ground alfalfa hay at 0.8% (w/w) reduced survivability of sclerotia in soil by about 75% in a year. Alfalfa hay at 0.4% reduced survivability by 36%. Various N sources added at 200 μg Ng −1 soil had no effect on survival. Of 13 fungicides tested, only benomyl and captan at 20 μg a.i. g −1 soil appreciably reduced populations of sclerotia in soil. Soil temperature and moisture content were the two most important factors affecting survivability of sclerotia. At −5 or 5°C the biggest drop in sclerotial survivability occurred when the soil was incubated moist (at 50% m.h.c. or more). At 26°C the biggest drop occurred in air-dried soil (2–3% m.h.c.) and survivability was decreased to some extent at 15 and 30% m.h.c. Survivability also dropped rapidly in moist soil (50–55% m.h.c.) exposed to four cycles each having 3-week freezing (−5°C) and 1 week thawing (26°C). Sclerotia in air-dried soil (2–3% m.h.c.) continuously kept at −5°C maintained nearly complete survivability after 16 weeks. Sclerotia survived almost 80–90% in moist soil (50–55% m.h.c.) kept for 16 weeks at 26°C or in moist soil exposed to four cycles each having 3-week thawing (26°C) and 1-week freezing (−5°C).
Design principles for the information architecture of a SMET education digital library

This implementation paper introduces principles for the informationarchitecture of an educational digital library, principles that address the distinction between designing digital libraries for education and designing digital libraries for information retrieval in general. Design is a key element of any successful product. Good designers and their designs, put technology into the hands of the user, making the products focus comprehensible and tangible through design. As straightforward as this may appear, the design of learning technologies is often masked by the enabling technology. In fact, they often lack an explicitly stated instructional design methodology. While the technologies are important hurdles to overcome, we advocate learning systems that empower education-driven \ experiences rather than technology-driven experiences. This work describes a concept for a digital library for science, mathematics, engineering and technology education (SMETE), a library with an information architecture designed to meet learners and educators needs. Utilizing a constructivist model of learning, the authors present practical approaches to implementing the information architecture and its technology underpinnings. The authors propose the specifications for the information architecture and a visual design of a digital library for communicating learning to the audience. The design methodology indicates that a scenario-driven design technique sensitive to the contextual nature of learning offers a useful framework for tailoring technologies that help empower, not hinder, the educational sector.