cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling, Simulation, And Analysis At Sandia National Laboratories For Health Care Systems

Modeling, Simulation, and Analysis are special competencies of the Department of Energy (DOE) National Laboratories which have been developed and refined through years of national defense work. Today, many of these skills are being applied to the problem of understanding the performance of medical devices and treatments. At Sandia National Laboratories we are developing models at all three levels of health care delivery 1) phenomenology models for Observation and Test, 2) model-based outcomes simulations for Diagnosis and Prescription, and 3) model-based design and control simulations for the Administration of Treatment. A sampling of specific applications include non-invasive sensors for blood glucose, ultrasonic scanning for development of prosthetics, automated breast cancer diagnosis, laser burn debridement, surgical staple deformation, minimally invasive control for administration of a photodynamic drug, and hunian-friendly decision support aids for computer-aided diagnosis. These and other projects are being performed at Sandia witlisupport from the DOE and in cooperation with medical research centers and private companies. Our objective is to leverage government engineering, modeling, and simulationskills with the biotechnical expertise of the health care community to create a more knowledge-rich environment for decision making and treatment.
Equity as a Decision Rule in Determining the Distribution of Urban Public Services

The article describes and evaluates the Responsive Public Services system of Savannah, Georgia. This system apparently is unique in its comprehensive measurement of output equality of conditions in all city neighborhoods, in its ongoing targeting of city resources into neighborhoods judged to be the "worst off" in each fundamental area measured (such as crime incidence, fire incidence, inadequate sewer service, flood control, and street conditions), in its lack of controversy, and in its longevity. The system is analyzed in terms of the theoretical literature on equality and the determinants of urban public service delivery, and the success of the system is evaluated in seven functional areas, using a pre-post comparison of output measures.
Media Entrepreneurship Curriculum Development and Faculty Perceptions of What Students Should Know

To prepare students for the changing media industry, educators must determine whether part of their mission is to prepare students to think and act entrepreneurially. This international study queri...
Multivalent di‐nucleosome recognition enables the Rpd3S histone deacetylase complex to tolerate decreased H3K36 methylation levels

The Rpd3S histone deacetylase complex represses cryptic transcription initiation within coding regions by maintaining the hypo-acetylated state of transcribed chromatin. Rpd3S recognizes methylation of histone H3 at lysine 36 (H3K36me), which is required for its deacetylation activity. Rpd3S is able to function over a wide range of H3K36me levels, making this a unique system to examine how chromatin regulators tolerate the reduction of their recognition signal. Here, we demonstrated that Rpd3S makes histone modification-independent contacts with nucleosomes, and that Rpd3S prefers di-nucleosome templates since two binding surfaces can be readily accessed simultaneously. Importantly, this multivalent mode of interaction across two linked nucleosomes allows Rpd3S to tolerate a two-fold intramolecular reduction of H3K36me. Our data suggest that chromatin regulators utilize an intrinsic di-nucleosome-recognition mechanism to prevent compromised function when their primary recognition modifications are diluted.
Contributions of maltreatment and serotonin transporter genotype to depression in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood.

Background: Past findings on gene-by-environment (GE) effects on depression have been mixed, leading to a debate of the plausibility of such mechanisms and methodological considerations that warrant attention. A developmental systems perspective postulates that complex, multi-level GE effects are likely contributors to depression. Methods: Participants from families experiencing low-income status at birth were followed over 28 years. Maltreatment was recorded prospectively using multiple means and sources. Depression was measured repeatedly using well-validated interviews in middle childhood, through adolescence, and into adulthood. Results: Findings support a GE effect where the less efficient form of the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) contributes to a vulnerability to depressogenic aspects of maltreatment in childhood and adolescence. The presence of less efficient forms of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and maltreatment together raised risk for depression. This GE effect was present generally and also among those who reported clinical levels of depression at only one point in time. Limitations: This study used a low-income sample which limits generalizability to other populations. Sample size and rates of different forms of depression and depression at individual developmental stages supported general analyses, but limited the sorts of specific sub-analyses that were possible. Conclusions: These findings support the plausibility of GE effects on depression during childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood, key periods for the development of depression. Ongoing debates about the presence of GE effects would be well served by additional work that was theoretically informed and employed prospective, longitudinal methodologies with well-validated measures of key constructs.
A method for computing the discrete spectrum basic to multi-group transport theory

Abstract Elementary considerations are used to develop a computational method for establishing the discrete spectrum for a general multi-group model basic to radiation transport.
My Experience as a Paid Informer of the Polish Security Service

An agent of the Polish Security Service posing as a journalist contacted me in January 1970 while I was doing research in Poznan, Poland, for a Ph.D. dissertation as a graduate student of Columbia University. He commissioned an autobiographical account of my life "on the road to a doctorate" for which I was paid. But the actual goal was to recruit me as an informer concerning professors at Columbia, particularly Zbigniew Brzezinski, and my fellow students and their connections with the FBI and the CIA. When my suspicions were finally aroused, on the advice of the American consulate in Poznan, I returned the money and broke off contact. This ended my career as an informer, while the agent pocketed the money. As a result of this contact, the Intelligence Unit of the Polish Ministry of Internal Affairs created a file on me currently in the Institute of National Remembrance.
Residential Substance Abuse Treatment for Pregnant and Postpartum Women and Their Children: Treatment and Policy Implications.

In FY 1993 and FY 1995, the federal government awarded 27 five-year grants that supported 35 residential treatment projects for substance-abusing pregnant and postpartum women and their children. These projects provided comprehensive culturally and gender-specific treatment. Preliminary aggregated data collected in a national cross-site evaluation of 24 of these projects are encouraging with respect to infant mortality and morbidity, treatment retention and completion rates, and behavioral changes in the participating mothers at six months postdischarge. Local evaluations reflect other benefits of treatment. Cost data are expected to demonstrate the efficiencies and benefits of these projects compared to no treatment.
The interaction of hot electrons with a free electron gas

Abstract The interaction probability of an electron excited only slightly above the Fermi surface of an electron gas is determined using standard methods of many-body perturbation theory. The effect of exchange processes on the mean free path is found to be negligible in the high density limit. However, the energy distribution of an electron after scattering on the electron gas is quite different even in the high density limit when exchange is included.
A Case for Mesh-Tree-Interaction in End System Multicasting

End System Multicasting (ESM) is fast becoming a feasible alternative to IP multicasting. ESM approaches can be broadly classified into two main categories: (i) Tree first approaches, where an overlay tree is constructed on the physical network, (ii) Mesh first approaches, where a mesh is constructed on the physical network and then a tree is created on the constructed mesh. In this paper, we propose a generic Mesh Tree Interaction (MTI) mechanism, which combines the management efficiency of the mesh first approaches and the performance benefits of the tree first approaches. To achieve this, MTI uses the concept of mesh and enables interactions between the mesh and the underlying multicast tree. Our simulation studies show that MTI results in significant improvement in the quality (average delay metric) of the multicast tree.
Adolescent Girls’ Perspectives of Family Interactions Related to Menarche and Sexual Health:

In this study, the author explores what girls learn at menarche from family about acknowledging and accepting positive feelings in relation to their bodies and about making active decisions regarding their bodies and potential sexual practices. The author conducted in-depth individual interviews with 22 African American, European American, and multiethnic girls, aged 14 to 18 years, from both high- and low-income families. She employed an interpretive methodological approach using narrative analysis. The results of this study revealed that girls who were prepared for the physical changes at menarche were better able to acknowledge and accept this bodily change. Also, when girls'wider potentials, such as intellectual or creative capacities, were recognized, they were more likely to describe pleasurable aspects associated with this transition. In contrast, when sex and reproduction were referenced, girls were more likely to associate fear, shame, dysfunction, and victimization with their bodies.
Research on economic evaluation model for distribution network operation based on grey relation method

Distribution network power loss exceeds half of the total loss of the power system. It is significant to improve on economic benefit of the operation of the distribution network. According to the problem of the economic operation of distribution network, this paper proposes an economic evaluation model based on the grey relation method. Considering the scope and the content of the economic operation, this paper defines fifteen kinds of characteristic factor set and uses the grey correlation theory to calculate the relational coefficients among all kinds of factors, and calculates the factor weight using the primary component analysis method. Then the correlations are calculated by multiplying the grey relational coefficients matrix and factor weight matrix. Finally, the correlations are comprehensively used to analyze and evaluate the economic of distribution network. Experimental results prove that the evaluation model is reasonable and effective to evaluate the economic operation of the distribution network. According to the sequence of the correlations, the evaluation model can determine the key impact factors of the economic operation of distribution network, and it is important that the evaluation result will provide reference to the economic operation of the distribution network.
Effect of sintering and porosity changes on rates of gas—solid reactions

Abstract During the course of most gas—solid non-catalytic reactions the solid undergoes structural changes caused primarily by swelling or shrinkage, due to the chemical reaction, or by sintering. In this paper a theory is developed to account for the effects of such structural changes on the conversion—time relationship and on temperature profiles in the pellet. The theory is based on the particle pellet concept and accounts for differences in density between reactant and product solids and for changes of porosity and pore interconnections due to sintering. The rate of sintering is assumed to obey an Arrhenius-type equation. Predicted conversion—time and temperature—time—position curves based upon the theory are compared with experimental results for the hydrofluorination of pellets of uranium dioxide.
Understanding Handwriting Recognition from the User's Perspective

As an input technique, handwriting recognition offers benefits in ease of use, but poses special problems for the user when a recognition error occurs. When a recognition error occurs, the user is often surprised since the misrecognized character often looks acceptable to him/her. In contrast, when a typing error occurs with a keyboard interface, the user immediately understands what has happened. The purpose of this study was: 1. to gain insight into what people think when a recognition error occurs, and 2. to discover whether a simple monochrome display of a user's handwriting prototypes would provide information which could be used to improve recognition accuracy. Such a display might serve as a point of reference for understanding and avoiding recognition errors. The results of the study suggested that a display of handwriting prototypes can be used by people to improve recognition accuracy. The study also found that in a large percentage of instances, people do not have any insight into the cause of ...
Predatory Odor Disrupts Social Novelty Preference in Long-Evans Rats.

The present study examined the effects of predatory odor (cat urine) on social novelty preference in Long-Evans rats. Adult male subjects encountered a juvenile conspecific at training, were exposed to either clean cat litter (control) or litter soiled with cat urine (predatory odor), and were tested for social novelty preference. While the predatory odor and control groups did not differ in exploration of the initial conspecific at training or in the investigation of both the novel and familiar conspecifics at test, animals exposed to predatory odor prior to test spent a smaller percentage of their exploration time investigating the novel conspecifics than did controls, suggesting that predator odor is capable of disrupting social novelty preference.
Terrestrial Intermittent Exercise: Common Issues for Human Athletics and Comparative Animal Locomotion1

SYNOPSIS. The earliest studies of intermittent exercise physiology noted that moving intermittently (i.e., alternating brief movements with brief pauses) could transform a heavy workload into a submaximal one that can be tolerated and sustained. The brief pauses that characterize intermittent locomotion permit at least partial recovery from prior activity. This research provided the foundation for the development of interval training and more recently for the re-evaluation of steady-state paradigms for comparative animal locomotion. In this paper I review key concepts underlying the performance of repeated activity. I provide examples from human athletics and training and comparative animal locomotion. To explore the limits of intermittent exercise performance, I examine the performance limits for continuous exercise and the rate and extent of the recovery of performance capacity following activity. While it is evident that altering locomotor behavior ( i.e., moving intermittently) can alter the capacity of an animal to perform work, mathematical models of intermittent exercise could predict strategies (i.e., exercise intensity, exercise duration, and pause duration) that will increase performance limits for intermittent activity.
Mechanism of inhibition of renin response to hypotension by atrial natriuretic factor.

We have reported that infusion of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) inhibited the rise in plasma renin activity (PRA) in response to constriction of the abdominal aorta to cause a reduction in renal perfusion pressure (RPP). To evaluate the effect of ANF on neural control of renin release, acute thoracic inferior vena caval constriction (TIVCC) was performed in conscious dogs to reduce arterial pressure by 25% of control and stimulate PRA by a reflex increase in renal nerve activity and a reduction in RPP. Propranolol was used to block neural stimulation of renin release. TIVCC caused significant increases in PRA, plasma aldosterone, arginine vasopressin (AVP), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentrations. The increase in PRA was significantly reduced by the infusion of either ANF at 20 ng.kg-1.min-1 or propranolol. The combined infusion of ANF and propranolol produced an additive and complete inhibition of the renin response to TIVCC; therefore the effect of ANF is independent of neural stimulation of renin release. ANF at 20 ng.kg-1.min-1 also inhibited increases in aldosterone, AVP, and ACTH, but ANF at 5 ng.kg-1.min-1 only affected the aldosterone response to TIVCC. Therefore ANF inhibits angiotensin II-stimulated aldosterone synthesis and/or secretion at very low doses and at higher doses attenuates reflex increases in AVP and ACTH caused by hypotension.
Severe, multimodal stress exposure induces PTSD-like characteristics in a mouse model of single prolonged stress

Appropriate animal models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are needed because human studies remain limited in their ability to probe the underlying neurobiology of PTSD. Although the single prolonged stress (SPS) model is an established rat model of PTSD, the development of a similarly-validated mouse model emphasizes the benefits and cross-species utility of rodent PTSD models and offers unique methodological advantages to that of the rat. Therefore, the aims of this study were to develop and describe a SPS model for mice and to provide data that support current mechanisms relevant to PTSD. The mouse single prolonged stress (mSPS) paradigm, involves exposing C57Bl/6 mice to a series of severe, multimodal stressors, including 2h restraint, 10 min group forced swim, exposure to soiled rat bedding scent, and exposure to ether until unconsciousness. Following a 7-day undisturbed period, mice were tested for cue-induced fear behavior, effects of paroxetine on cue-induced fear behavior, extinction retention of a previously extinguished fear memory, dexamethasone suppression of corticosterone (CORT) response, dorsal hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor protein and mRNA expression, and prefrontal cortex glutamate levels. Exposure to mSPS enhanced cue-induced fear, which was attenuated by oral paroxetine treatment. mSPS also disrupted extinction retention, enhanced suppression of stress-induced CORT response, increased mRNA expression of dorsal hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors and decreased prefrontal cortex glutamate levels. These data suggest that the mSPS model is a translationally-relevant model for future PTSD research with strong face, construct, and predictive validity. In summary, mSPS models characteristics relevant to PTSD and this severe, multimodal stress modifies fear learning in mice that coincides with changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, brain glucocorticoid systems, and glutamatergic signaling in the prefrontal cortex.
Market Monitoring of Banks: Do Short Sellers Monitor Banks?

We investigate whether short sellers of bank stocks provide credible signals about the future performance of banks through their trading behavior. We find that short sales volume, number of short trades, short trade size, the ratio of short volume to number of shares outstanding and the synthetic short positions indicated by the put options outstanding can provide signals about banks even though some of these measures are lower for banks compared to the matched sample. The differences in short trade characteristics of banks and the matched firms decrease or vanish over time, implying that short sellers learn from the increased information on short sales publicly available since 2005. We conclude that for non-option listed bank stocks short sellers can monitor banks as well as they monitor unregulated firms. For option-listed stocks, short volume and put option outstanding together provide credible signals.
New RuII Complex for Dual Activity: Photoinduced Ligand Release and 1O2 Production

The new complex [Ru(pydppn)(biq)(py)](2+) (1) undergoes both py photodissociation in CH3CN with Φ500 =0.0070(4) and (1)O2 production with ΦΔ =0.75(7) in CH3 OH from a long-lived (3) ππ* state centered on the pydppn ligand (pydppn=3-(pyrid-2-yl)benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine; biq = 2,2'-biquinoline; py=pyridine). This represents an order of magnitude decrease in the Φ500 compared to the previously reported model compound [Ru(tpy)(biq)(py)](2+) (3) (tpy=2,2':6',2''-terpyridine) that undergoes only ligand exchange. The effect on the quantum yields by the addition of a second deactivation pathway through the low-lying (3) ππ* state necessary for dual reactivity was investigated using ultrafast and nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, revealing a significantly shorter (3) MLCT lifetime in 1 relative to that of the model complex 3. Due to the structural similarities between the two compounds, the lower values of Φ500 and ΦΔ compared to that of [Ru(pydppn)(bpy)(py)](2+) (2) (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine) are attributed to a competitive excited state population between the (3) LF states involved in ligand dissociation and the long-lived (3) ππ* state in 1. Complex 1 represents a model compound for dual activity that may be applied to photochemotherapy.
On the threshold, always homeward bound: Claudio Magris’s European journey:

This essay explores Magris’s extensive reflection on the nature of homeland, dwellings and borders in the construction of individual and European identity. Through an analysis of Magris’s major works, the essay claims that it is in the tension between dissolution and the comfort of temporary housing that Magris locates the new possibilities of a European project and of the self’s home.
Plant Effects on Host-Finding by Leiophron pseudopallipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a Parasitoid of the Tarnished Plant Bug

The host-finding activity of Leiophron pseudopallipes Loan centers on flowering Erigeron plants. Several plant-related variables that could affect host-finding success were studied. These included plant height, plant density, host density per plant, the presence of unattractive plants in the habitat, and the background color of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) feeding sites on the plants. Although the highest percentage of Lygus nymphs parasitized was associated with the same plant-height class in all fields sampled, plant height is probably unimportant in the host-finding behavior of L. pselldopallipes . Plant height is influenced by plant density, and evidence suggests that L. pselldopallipes is differentially attracted to areas of the habitat with the greatest density of Erigeron plants. Lygus densities are also higher where the Erigeron densities are greatest, which sometimes gives rise to a correlation between parasitization and Lyglis density. The presence of other herbs in Erigeron patches appears to lower the attractiveness of these stands to L. pseudopallipes . It is suggested that these plants may disrupt the olfactory cues used in host finding. The contrasting background color of the Erigeron plants also influenced parasitization. Reddish L. lineolaris nymphs, which tend to contrast with green plant background, were 3 times as apt to be parasitized as the green nymphs.
Prostasin interacts with the epithelial Na+ channel and facilitates cleavage of the γ-subunit by a second protease

During maturation, the α- and γ-subunits of the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) undergo proteolytic processing by furin. Cleavage of the γ-subunit by furin at the consensus site γRKRR143 and subseque...
Technique for Staining Eggs of Liriomyza trifolii within Chrysanthemum, Celery, and Tomato Leaves

Four different methods of staining arthropod eggs within plant tissue were evaluated for their ability to stain the eggs of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) within chrysanthemum, celery, and tomato leaves. The only successful technique involved a modification of existing methodology which utilizes a lactophenol-acid fuchsin solution. A drawback to this technique is the high cost of materials, particularly if large numbers of samples need to be processed.
Zhong Kui at Work: A Complete Translation of The Immortal Officials Of Happiness, Wealth, and Longevity Gather in Celebration, by Zhu Youdun (1379–1439)

The development of the legend of Zhong Kui 鍾馗 can be traced in considerable detail from the Tang dynasty onward. As a demon-chaser Zhong Kui came to play a major role in the Nuo 儺 ceremonies of New Year's Eve. This article presents a complete translation of a script for such a Nuo ceremony at the palace of the Prince of Zhou 周王 in the early decades of the fifteenth century composed as a zaju 雜劇 play by Zhu Youdun 朱有燉 (1379–1439). The play, here translated in full, not only provides a lively picture of the Nuo ceremony itself, but also provides a discussion of the nature of Zhong Kui's divinity, a god without any temple or festival in his honor.
Epidemiology of infections in cancer patients

Although major advances in the care of cancer patients over the past several decades have resulted in improved survival, infectious complications remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. To successfully identify, treat, and prevent infections, a comprehensive understanding of risk factors that predispose to infection and of commonly encountered pathogens is necessary. In addition, clinicians must keep abreast of the changing epidemiology of infections in this population. As therapeutic modalities continue to evolve, as established pathogens become increasingly drug resistant, and as new pathogens are discovered, successful management of infections will continue to present challenges in the years to come.
How Virginia Tech placed me on the map from May 2002 to June 2003! A bridge to my future

Abstract This is a preface of the influence of Professor Karen Brewer on my life as she taught me how to carry out good and sensible chemistry with osmium(II), ruthenium(II), and rhodium(III) complexes. Photodynamic therapeutic studies with pUC18 and pBluescript DNA plasmids and Vero cells were the order of the day! This research catalyzed my career and research in the U.S.A.
A randomized pilot study comparing zero-calorie alternate-day fasting to daily caloric restriction in adults with obesity

Objective To evaluate the safety and tolerability of alternate-day fasting (ADF) and to compare changes in weight, body composition, lipids, and insulin sensitivity index (Si) with those produced by a standard weight loss diet, moderate daily caloric restriction (CR). Methods Adults with obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2, age 18-55) were randomized to either zero-calorie ADF (n = 14) or CR (−400 kcal/day, n = 12) for 8 weeks. Outcomes were measured at the end of the 8-week intervention and after 24 weeks of unsupervised follow-up. Results No adverse effects were attributed to ADF, and 93% completed the 8-week ADF protocol. At 8 weeks, ADF achieved a 376 kcal/day greater energy deficit; however, there were no significant between-group differences in change in weight (mean ± SE; ADF −8.2 ± 0.9 kg, CR −7.1 ± 1.0 kg), body composition, lipids, or Si. After 24 weeks of unsupervised follow-up, there were no significant differences in weight regain; however, changes from baseline in % fat mass and lean mass were more favorable in ADF. Conclusions ADF is a safe and tolerable approach to weight loss. ADF produced similar changes in weight, body composition, lipids, and Si at 8 weeks and did not appear to increase risk for weight regain 24 weeks after completing the intervention.
Designed Enzymes and the Driving Forces Behind Interdomain Electron Transfer

Synthetic biology and biodesign approaches to redox active enzymes will require the construction of artificial electron transport chains, particularly chains which can interconvert between one- and two-electron chemistry. To both demonstrate this capability and explore the engineering parameters necessary for rapid and efficient electron transport through artificial electron transport chains, we have constructed a natural protein-designed protein chimera in which the diflavin domain of P-450 BM3 is connected to a de novo designed, heme binding four helix bundle. This single chain protein contains one FMN, one FAD, and two heme cofactors. This chimera reacts with NADPH, taking in its two electrons at the FAD cofactor, breaking them into single electrons at the FMN cofactor, and then transferring them into the artificial heme domain. We have tested three different heme analogues with varying mid-point potentials to examine the effect of driving forces on interdomain electron transfer rates. Finally, as our heme-binding domain is capable of binding oxygen in the reduced state, I will present some results using this construct as an artificial nitric oxide dioxygenase, which can perform NADPH-driven catalysis.
Microsegregation in High Pressure Die Cast Mg Alloys

Expanding Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) capabilities for High Pressure Die Cast (HPDC) and Super Vacuum Die Cast (SVDC) magnesium alloys will result in significant reductions in the time and cost required to develop components and optimize the casting and heat treatment processes. In this work, a description of segregation in SVDC Mg–Al binary and Mg–Al–Mn ternary alloys is obtained by combining quantitative Electron Probe MicroAnalysis (EPMA) mapping in conjunction with an EPMA forward simulation model. This approach was used to demonstrate that solute trapping near the casting surface can be described though use of a solidification front velocity dependent partition coefficient within the Scheil solidification model framework.
Mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan in Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis

Mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM), present in all members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and in other pathogenic Mycobacterium spp, is a high molecular mass amphipathic lipoglycan with a defined critical role in mycobacterial survival during infection. In particular, ManLAM is well-characterized for its importance in providing M. tuberculosis a safe portal of entry to phagocytes, regulating the intracellular trafficking network, as well as immune responses of infected host cells. These ManLAM immunological characteristics are thought to be linked to the subtle but unique and well-defined structural characteristics of this molecule, including but not limited to the degree of acylation, the length of the D-mannan and D-arabinan cores, the length of the mannose caps, as well as the presence of other acidic constituents such as succinates, lactates and/or malates, and also the presence of 5-methylthioxylosyl. The impact of all these structural features on ManLAM spatial conformation and biological functions during M. tuberculosis infection is still uncertain. In this review, we dissect the relationship between ManLAM structure and biological function addressing how this relationship determines M. tuberculosis interactions with host cells, and how it aids this exceptional pathogen during the course of infection.
On Nagata’s Result about Height One Maximal Ideals and Depth One Minimal Prime Ideals (II)

We expand the theory of height one maximal ideals and depth one minimal prime ideals initiated by M. Nagata and continued by the authors in part I. A local ring is doho in case its completion has at least one depth one minimal prime ideal. We establish several families of doho local rings, prove that certain local rings associated with Rees valuation rings are doho, and complement a famous construction of Nagata by proving that each doho local domain ( R,M ) of altitude α ≥ 2 has a quadratic integral extension over-domain with precisely two maximal ideals, one of height α and the other of height one.
Living in the Community

Abstract In this chapter, we extend our lens to consider how community level factors affect the needs of individuals living with dementia and their families. We explore what is meant by dementia-ready, dementia-capable, and dementia-friendly communities, and provide specific strategies for enabling neighborhoods to be safe environments for people living with dementia and their caregivers, and providing connectivity to civic life. We provide exemplars of dementia-friendly communities from across the globe.
Properties of Ca Currents Activated by T Cell Receptor Signaling

Influx of extracellular Ca is one of the early biochemical events associated with signaling through the T cell receptor (TCR) complex1–4. The influx of Ca is a critical component of the signaling pathway because it helps to drive the cytoplasmic Ca from resting levels of around 100 nM up to several μM, the concentration required for activation of many intracellular Ca binding proteins and enzymes5. Recently there has been a great deal of progress in understanding the molecular basis of the very earliest events in TCR signaling which precede Ca mobilization as well as those later Ca-dependent processes leading to transcription of the IL-2 gene6–9. Unfortunately, the molecules involved in initiation, maintenance, and termination of Ca influx remain elusive despite the combined efforts of researchers using molecular, biochemical and electrophysiological approaches. However, during the last year a number of important discoveries have generated an unprecedented interest in the nature of the Ca influx pathway10,11.
Sex Roles in Medicine

The extent to which the seeking and receiving of medical care are influenced by social factors is probably underestimated by the general public. Although current medical practice has many of the trappings of science, it, like the law and education, is still practiced in a social milieu in which cultural beliefs abound.
A Decision Support System for Material and Manufacturing Process Selection

The material and manufacturing process selection problem is a multi-attribute decision-making problem. These decisions are made during the preliminary design stages in an environment characterized by imprecise and uncertain requirements, parameters, and relationships. Material and process selection decisions must occur before design for manufacturing can begin. This paper describes a prototype material and manufacturing process selection system called MAMPS that integrates a formal multi-attribute decision model with a relational database. The decision model enables the representation of the designer's preferences over the decision factors. A compatibility rating between the product profile requirements and the alternatives stored in the database for each decision criteria is generated using possibility theory. The vector of compatibility ratings are aggregated into a single rating of that alternative's compatibility. A ranked set of compatible material and manufacturing process alternatives is output by the system. This approach has advantages over existing systems that either do not have a decision module or are not integrated with a database.
Light-dependent proton and rubidium translocation in membrane vesicles from Halobacterium halobium.

Abstract A procedure for the isolation of membrane vesicles after sonication of Halobacterium halobium is described. Upon illumination these vesicles took up rubidium. This process was stimulated 3 to 7 fold by valinomycin, and inhibited by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation or by nigericin. In the light, these vesicles extruded protons. However, on addition of low concentrations of uncoupler the direction of proton movement was reversed. All proton movements were abolished by high concentrations of uncoupler or by nigericin. These observations suggest that part of the vesicle population was inverted and less sensitive to uncouplers.
The discursive field of ‘after’ postmodernism in educational theory

‘After’ postmodernism implies a time when an episteme, discourse, social movement, or era was over. It also implies that there was a space where postmodernism happened in relative isolation rather ...
The New Protrepticus: A Concluding Exhortation to the Theoretic Life

Having surveyed the long trajectory of the Western intellectual tradition from its origins in classical Greek philosophy through the Baconian turn and forward to modern pragmatism, we are now in a position to make some assessments. We have seen that Western modernity as a distinctive world view begins with the peculiar genius of Sir. Francis Bacon, his critique of Aristotelianism and his re-conceptualization of the aim of knowledge and science as technological power. By now the fruits of this approach are clear and abundant.
Lowering stand density enhances resiliency of ponderosa pine forests to disturbances and climate change

Stand density affects not only structure and growth, but also the health of forests and, subsequently, the functions of forest ecosystems. Here, we integrated dendrochronology and repeated inventories for ponderosa pine research plots to determine whether long-term growth and mortality responded to climate trends and how varying stand density influenced the responses. The plots were established prior to 1975 on existing stands throughout northern California. Although annual temperature increased consistently for the last 65 years, ring-width indices produced by eliminating age and thinning effects failed to detect radial trend regardless of site quality. However, interannual variation for the indices was substantial, reflecting a strong influence of climate on tree growth. Plot-level basal area increments were significantly affected by tree mortality. Stand density index explained most variation of mortality. Lowering stand density enhanced remaining tree growth, reduced mortality, and increased stand resiliency to disturbances and climate change. Besides higher climate moisture indices or lower vapor pressure deficits, any treatments that improve tree vigor and reduce stress will have a similar effect to reducing stand density. Although neither biotic disturbances nor abiotic conditions can be controlled, forest managers can manage stand density appropriately to enhance resilience to climate change and disturbances.
Understanding Roles and Entities: Datasets and Models for Natural Language Inference.

We present two new datasets and a novel attention mechanism for Natural Language Inference (NLI). Existing neural NLI models, even though when trained on existing large datasets, do not capture the notion of entity and role well and often end up making mistakes such as "Peter signed a deal" can be inferred from "John signed a deal". The two datasets have been developed to mitigate such issues and make the systems better at understanding the notion of "entities" and "roles". After training the existing architectures on the new dataset we observe that the existing architectures does not perform well on one of the new benchmark. We then propose a modification to the "word-to-word" attention function which has been uniformly reused across several popular NLI architectures. The resulting architectures perform as well as their unmodified counterparts on the existing benchmarks and perform significantly well on the new benchmark for "roles" and "entities".
Functional esophageal chest pain, functional heartburn and reflux hypersensitivity

Abstract Functional chest pain, functional heartburn and reflux hypersensitivity are three distinct functional esophageal disorders as defined by Rome IV criteria. While the pathophysiology of each of these disorders is likely multifactorial, the evidence suggests they are linked by esophageal hypersensitivity and abnormal processing of esophageal stimuli. In order to diagnose these functional conditions, exclusion of active pathological gastroesophageal reflux or a major esophageal motor disorder is necessary, and the patient must have ambulatory reflux testing with an evaluation of symptom correlation. After diagnosis, there are a variety of treatment options to consider, including neuromodulators as well as complementary and alternative treatments. For reflux hypersensitivity, further attempts at acid suppression can be considered, as well as anti-reflux procedural treatment, though with limited evidence any invasive treatments should be cautiously approached. This chapter highlights the distinct disorders of functional chest pain, functional heartburn and reflux hypersensitivity with their current relevant recommended diagnostic and treatment approaches.
Factors impacting injury severity of crashes involving traffic barrier end treatments

This paper seeks to identify variables affecting the severity of crashes involving traffic barrier end treatments. A field inventory was conducted to collect type, system height (from the ground to...
Clinical Implications of Concomitant Surgical Intervention for Aortic Insufficiency with Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation

Purpose Aortic insufficiency (AI) is a common problem in advanced heart failure and progression after left ventricular assist device implantation is well described. Patterns of care for AVP at the time of LVAD implantation and the associated outcomes remain poorly described. Methods We included all patients in the INTERMACS (Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support) who received a continuous-flow LVADs and at least mild AI from 2008 to 2017. AI was stratified by mild, moderate, or severe disease. Patients undergoing any AVP were compared to those of identical severity without intervention. Descriptive, Cox regression, and Kaplan-Meier analysis were performed to identify associations between intervention and clinical outcomes. Results Of 6,492 patients identified with any degree of AI, 5,457 (84.1%) had mild, 814 (12.5%) had moderate, and 221 (3.4%) had severe insufficiency. AVP rate increased with AI severity, from 3.7% of mild to 55.2% of severe insufficiency. AVP was not associated with a survival difference for moderate or severe AI. In mild AI, AVP was associated with decreased survival compared to mild without AVP (median 57.8 vs 58.9 months, log-rank test: P=0.0089, Hazard Ratio 1.5 [95% confidence, 1.1-2.2]). AVP was not associated with decreased adverse event rates, nor was AVP associated with improved quality of life metrics at 24 months follow-up for any degree of AI severity. Conclusion AVP at time of LVAD implantation was not associated with improved survival for end-stage heart failure patients with mild, moderate, or severe AI and was not associated with improved quality of life. Additional evidence to define a role for AVP among patients receiving LVAD is needed.
Tool path planning for five-axis flank milling of free-form surfaces

Flank milling is an efficient process to remove materials from free-form billet. In conventional, its path generation addressed the approximation error between the ruled surface and free-form to-be-cut surface. Different from reducing the approximation error as much as possible, the error between the machined surface and the design surface is addressed in this paper. The machine tool kinematics is introduced into the establishment of the instantaneous engagement. The complex spatial engagements are represented on a group of planes. In order to ensure that the machined surface is valid, the instantaneous engagements are limited in the tolerance band. To improve the efficiency, the machining region of each path is increased as much as possible by adjusting the contact points and tool orientations. Therefore, an optimization model to generate a milling path is established and solved by the particle swarm optimization algorithm. At last, the proposed method is verified on a compressor blade.
Building a Framework for Indigenous Astronomy Collaboration: Native Skywatchers, Indigenous Scientific Knowledge Systems, and The Bell Museum.

Hundreds of years ago, colonization happened. Today we are still living out the ripple effects of this history. How does this relate to science, informal science education, and institutions that promote science communication? What obligations or considerations should a science museum have before integrating Indigenous knowledge into their existing programming? Presented in this document is the process of building a framework intended to provide a roadmap for developing Indigenous astronomy programming which can be a model for other institutions that may be interested in collaborating with Indigenous communities.
The Law School in Fiction and Fact: Alternatives in Legal Education (Essay Review of Michael Levin, ‘The Socratic Method’ Ballantine Books, 1987)

This article questions the traditional concept of drafters as “scribes” who faithfully convert the legislative policy decisions of public officials into bills. It maintains that the relationship between drafter and text is quite different from the technical, value-neutral enterprise so often portrayed. The article contends that legislative drafting is inherently political, that it inescapably demands policy choices by drafters, and that no legislative drafter can fully escape the ethical and political implications of the enterprise. Numerous examples drawn from legislative practice demonstrate how the subjectivity of drafters influences the shape and substance of legislation. Part II of the article reviews ethical and professional guidelines governing the drafting process. Part III urges drafters to recognize that they play a more active role in drafting than that of stereotypical scribe. By acknowledging the numerous advocacy opportunities inherent in the drafting process, drafters can apply their more informed understanding to minimize inappropriate personal or political influences on the process.
Some Important Blood Parameters of Dairy-Beef Crossbred Calves

In this report, we describe the differences in hematology and bloodchemistry between Holsten × Angus (HA) and Holsten × Angus × Simmental (AHS)calves. This report also includes the correlations (R, R = Pearson correlationcoefficients) of those blood parameters with average daily gain (ADG). Blood (jugular) was drawn from 18 AH and 12 AHScalves at 6, 45, and 90 d of age. Body weight was recorded on the same days andADG during 6 to 45 d (P1) and 45 to 90 d (P2) were calculated. The correlationswere analyzed aligning ADG of P1 with blood parameters of d 45, and ADG of P2with blood parameters of d 90. The results highlighted that several parametersin blood chemistry and hematology analysis were significantly different betweenAH and AHS. Regardless of them being different or similar between breeds,several blood parameters had strong relationships with ADG. For example, serum albumin was significantly affectedby breed (P = 0.008) and had a strongrelationship with ADG (R = 0.73), even though there was not significant differencein ADG between HA and HAS. Among, hematological parameters, hemoglobinconcentration was different between HA and HAS (P = 0.050) but again had a significant relationship with ADG (R =0.52). On the other hand, blood creatinine concentrations were similar betweenbreeds but had strong relationship with ADG (R = -0.78). Overall, this reportprovides valuable information that would be useful in developing tools to describeand evaluate within or between breed heterogeneity in the performance of dairy-beefcrossbred cattle.