cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacological Management of Neuropathic Pain in Older Adults: An Update on Peripherally and Centrally Acting Agents

The burden of neuropathic pain in older adults is great and the practitioner is challenged to reduce symptoms and improve quality of life. Many common neuropathic pain syndromes are more prevalent in the older population, and older adults also carry greater sensitivity to certain side effects. The health care professional should have a thorough familiarity with all medications available to treat this difficult group of disorders.
Advantages of nonlinear mixed models for fitting avian growth curves

Our understanding of avian growth rates can benefit from the use of two statistical approaches that explicitly model the sources of intraspecific variation. First, random effects can evaluate whether there are consistent differences between individuals and groups of siblings within a population, and also account for any lack of statistical independence among data points. Second, nonlinear fixed-effect functions can be extended to test specific biological hypotheses of interest, such as for differences between groups or populations. We illustrate the advantages of these methods by using nonlinear mixed models to study variation in the growth trajectories of nestling orange-crowned warblers Oreothylpis celata. Specifically, we quantify the sources of variation within populations, analyze the effects of asynchronous hatching, and test for a difference in the growth rates of populations in Alaska and California, which are at the northern and southern limits of the species’ breeding distribution. We found that growth rates did not consistently vary between nests and individuals within populations and were not affected by asynchronous hatching, but were higher in Alaska than in California. Our extensions of traditional methods allowed us to accurately quantify this difference between populations, which is consistent with life history theory but has rarely been demonstrated in previous comparisons of intraspecific passerine populations. The methods we present can be applied to any taxonomic group and adjusted to fit any nonlinear function, and we provide code and implementation advice to facilitate the use of this analytical framework in future studies.
Overcoming Faculty Avoidance of Online Education From Resistance to Support to Active Participation

The online delivery of higher education courses and programs continues to expand across academic disciplines at colleges and universities. This expansion of online education has been precipitated by, among other things, (a) the rise in personal computer ownership, (b) the ease of access to the Internet, (c) the availability and continuous improvement in technology for the delivery of online courses, and (d) the increase in demand for online courses by both traditional and nontraditional students. However, the proliferation of online education has not been enthusiastically supported by all constituents of higher education. Specifically, some faculty members remain resistant to the shift to online course delivery. This article applies the Transtheoretical Model of Change to the process of gaining faculty support for, and involvement in, online learning. After briefly reviewing current issues in online education and making a case for its adoption, we describe sources of faculty resistance and offer recommend...
Use of plasma spraying in the manufacture of continuously graded and layered/graded molybdenum disilicide/alumina composites

Plasma spraying was used to produce continuously graded and graded/layered structures of molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) and alumina (Al2O3). These functionally graded materials (FGMs) were achieved by manipulating the powder hoppers and plasma torch translation via in-house created computer software. The resultant microstructures sprayed uniformly and were crack free. The interface between MoSi2 and Al2O3 was continuous and no evidence of debonding or cracking at the interface was found. The mechanical strength of these sprayed materials was evaluated using C-ring samples (in diametrical compression). Weibull analysis conducted on the C-ring data indicated that the continuously graded samples were slightly stronger and had a significantly narrower strength distribution than the graded/layered samples. Although the average strength values of both types of functionally graded samples were closer to those of monolithic MoSi2, the fracture energy of the graded samples was significantly larger (∼2–3 times) compared with the monolithic materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) conducted on the fracture surfaces of the FGMs illustrated a wavy and tortuous crack path through the composite cross section of the sample, with extensive crack kinking. This study has two important results. First, we demonstrated the ability to produce such functionally graded composite ceramic microstructures using a conventional plasma spraying process. Second, we quantified the improvements in mechanical performance provided by these FGMs over conventional monolithic materials.
Creating Reflective Spaces: Interactions Between Philosophers and Biomedical Scientists

New science policy initiatives are encouraging multidisciplinary collaborations between social scientists, humanists, biomedical scientists, and engineers. Although these policy initiatives are not always clear about how such interactions should take place, the idea is that social scientists and humanists can bring a broader perspective to the table, as well as highlight a variety of matters that are often not addressed by natural scientists and engineers. This article focuses on collaborations between philosophers and biomedical scientists in order to discuss how interdisciplinary collaborations may address ethical, social, and environmental concerns in ways that lead to improvements in people's health and quality of life. The article concludes with a consideration of some of the challenges that such collaborations face.
The role of folic acid binding proteins (FABP) in the cellular uptake of folates.

SummaryHeLa cells and human lymphocytes were grown in complete media or conditioned in folate deficient media and were used to study the physiology of folic acid binding proteins (FABP). The uptake of tritiated folic acid (3HPGA) and N-5-methyl tetrahydrofolic acid (3H methyl-THFA) by folate replete HeLa cells increased for 3 hr, was temperature dependent, was greater for 3H methyl-THFA than 3HPGA and was not influenced by preincubation with Dilantin or ethanol. HeLa cells conditioned in folate deficient media after 1 week exhibited deranged DNA synthesis (abnormal deoxyuridine suppression of 3H thymidine into DNA and a decreased growth curve) which was progressive with degree of folate deficiency. The uptake of 3HPGA and 3H methyl-THFA was greater (five and three times, respectively) in the folate deficient HeLa cells than in the folate replete HeLa cells. 3HPGA or 3H methyl-THFA bound to the FABP of folate deficient sera, some uremic sera, human or cow's milk was less available for the uptake by the HeL...
Authentic Fakes: Religion and American Popular Culture – David Chidester

This study is a work of cultural criticism rather than history, in which the author examines how closely elements of popular culture and religion have been interconnected in recent American history...
On the best evolutionary rate for phylogenetic analysis.

The effect of the evolutionary rate of a gene on the accuracy of phylogeny reconstruction was examined by computer simulation. The evolutionary rate is measured by the tree length, that is, the expected total number of nucleotide substitutions per site on the phylogeny. DNA sequence data were simulated using both ® xed trees with speci® ed branch lengths and random trees with branch lengths generated from a model of cladogenesis. The parsimony and likelihood methods were used for phylogeny reconstruction, and the proportion of correctly recovered branch parti- tions by each method was estimated. Phylogenetic methods including parsimony appear quite tolerant of multiple substitutions at the same site. The optimum levels of sequence divergence were even higher than upper limits previously suggested for saturation of substitutions, indicating that the problem of saturation may have been exaggerated. Instead, the lack of information at low levels of divergence should be seriously considered in evaluation of a gene's phylogenetic utility, especially when the gene sequence is short. The performance of parsimony, relative to that of likelihood, does not necessarily decrease with the increase of the evolutionary rate. (Branch lengths; homoplasy; likelihood; parsimony; phylogeny; optimum evolutionary rate; saturation; simulation.)
Utilizing a functional approach for modeling biological systems

We describe a Functional Modeling approach for understanding biological systems and using that understanding for consequence finding. In our Functional Approach, abstractly stated system goals (functions) are used to organize (index) causal understanding about the system. A functional representationm of a system then provides the framework for performing a type of qualitative reasoning aimed at determining consequences on the system given particular boundary conditions. As an example of a complex biological system, we exhibit our initial results in applying our approach to an ecological problem, modeling the West-African nitrogen cycle. We show that our approach provides leverage for handling the complexity, uncertainty and incomplete knowledge inherent in the domain.
A Developmental-Genetic Analysis of Continuity and Change in the Bayley Mental Development Index from 14 to 24 Months: The MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study

A developmental-genetic model was fitted to Bayley Mental Development Index (MDI) data to address questions concerning the origins of individual differences in MDI performance and the origins of change and continuity during infancy More than 350 pairs of identical and same-sex fraternal twins were studied longitudinally at 14, 20, and 24 months of age There was substantial genetic continuity of general cognitive ability from 14 to 24 months, but significant new genetic variation also appeared at 24 months Shared family environmental influences were global across all three ages and not time-specific Finally, nonshared environmental influences did not contribute to the observed continuity of general cognitive ability, only to change
Is There an Association between Kawasaki Disease and Chlamydia pneumoniae

The clinical and epidemiological features of Kawasaki disease (KD) are consistent with an infectious cause. Because chronic infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, it has been suggested that it may also be involved in the pathogenesis of KD. Paired sera (baseline pretreatment and 1 year after treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin [IVIG]) from 26 children with KD and 29 age-matched controls were examined by microimmunofluorescence (MIF) serology and immunoblotting. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of anti-C. pneumoniae IgG, IgA, or IgM between cases and controls; however, 73%-85% of sera from cases and controls reacted with C. pneumoniae proteins by immunoblotting. There was significantly more reactivity in the pre-IVIG, but not post-IVIG, KD sera compared with sera from controls to proteins at 72-74 kDa and 74-76 kDa. They may be heat shock proteins. The results of this study do not support an association between KD and C. pneumoniae on the basis of MIF and immunoblot analysis.
A methodology for computing nonlinear fracture parameters for a bulging crack in a pressurised aircraft fuselage

A computational methodology for obtaining nonlinear fracture parameters which account for the effects of plasticity at the tips of a bulging crack in a pressurised aircraft fuselage is developed. The methodology involves a hierarchical three stage analysis (global, intermediate, and local) of the cracked fuselage, with the crack incorporated into the model at each stage. The global analysis is performed using a linear elastic shell finite element model in which the stiffeners are treated as beam elements. The geometrically nonlinear nature of the bulging phenomenon is emulated in the intermediate analysis using a geometrically nonlinear shell finite element model. The local analysis is a three-dimensional solid finite element model of the cracked skin using a hypoelastic-plastic rate formulation. Kinematic boundary conditions for each stage are obtained from the preceding stage in the hierarchy using a general mesh independent mechanism. The T*integral, which accounts for both large deformations and plasticity, is taken to be the fracture parameter characterising the severity of the conditions at the crack tip, and is evaluated from the local analysis using the Equivalent Domain Integral (EDI) method. The implementation of the EDI technique for finite deformations in shell space is also outlined. The methodology is applied to a number of example problems for which correction factors relating the nonlinear T* values to those obtained from a linear elastic stiffened shell analysis are computed. The issue of flapping is addressed by investigating the behaviour of the longitudinal stress parallel to the crack for various cases.
Evaluation of drying technologies for retention of physical quality and antioxidants in asparagus (Asparagus officinalis, L.)

The objective of this research is to evaluate drying methods that have the potential of adding value to green asparagus especially for use as ingredient in instant foods or as a nutraceutical product. Five drying methods were used: namely, tray drying (TD), spouted bed (SB) drying, combined microwave and spouted bed drying (MWSB), Refractance Window (RW) drying and freezedrying. Asparagus spears with diameters between 9 and 12 mm were blanched in 85 � C water-bath for 3 min, slicedinto 2–4 mm thickness (or pureed for RW drying), then dried to moisture content less than 0.1 db. MWSB drying produced asparagus particles with good rehydration and color characteristics, and was the fastest among the methods where heated air was used. When using MWSB drying, the power level of 2 W/g and 60 � C heatedair resultedin highest retention of total antioxidant activity (TAA). TAA of asparagus was enhanced after RW and freeze-drying, with the TAA values being significantly higher than for heated air-drying methods. In all cases, the tip portion of asparagus retained more TAA after drying than either middle or basal parts. The highest amount of ascorbic acid was retained in the product after RW drying, followed by freeze-drying, MWSB and SB drying. TD resulted in the least retention of ascorbic acid.
LONG-TERM BURNING INTERACTS WITH HERBIVORY TO SLOW DECOMPOSITION

Fires can generate spatial variation in trophic interactions such as insect herbivory. If trophic interactions mediated by fire influence nutrient cycling, they could feed back on the more immediate consequences of fire on nutrient dynamics. Here we consider herbivore-induced effects on oak litter quality and decomposition within a long-term manipulation of fire frequency in central Minnesota, USA. We focused on bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) trees, which are common across the fire frequency gradient and are often heavily infested with either lace bugs (Corythuca arcuata) or aphids (Hoplochaithropsus quercicola). We used targeted exclusion to test for herbivore-specific effects on litter chemistry and subsequent decomposition rates. Lace bug exclusion led to lower lignin concentrations in litterfall and subsequently accelerated decomposition. In contrast, aphid exclusion had no effect on litterfall chemistry or on decomposition rate, despite heavy infestation levels. Effects of lace bug herbivory on litterfall chemistry and decomposition were similar in burned and unburned areas. However, lace bug herbivory was much more common in burned than in unburned areas, whereas aphid herbivory was more common in unburned areas. These results suggest that frequent fires promote oak-herbivore interactions that decelerate decomposition. This effect should amplify other influences of fire that slow nitrogen cycling.
Potent Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi Activities of Oxidosqualene Cyclase Inhibitors

Trypanosoma cruzi is the protozoan agent that causes Chagas' disease, a major health problem in Latin America. Better drugs are needed to treat infected individuals. The sterol biosynthesis pathway is a potentially excellent target for drug therapy against T. cruzi. In this study, we investigated the antitrypanosomal activities of a series of compounds designed to inhibit a key enzyme in sterol biosynthesis, oxidosqualene cyclase. This enzyme converts 2,3-oxidosqualene to the tetracyclic product, lanosterol. The lead compound, N-(4E,8E)-5,9, 13-trimethyl-4,8, 12-tetradecatrien-1-ylpyridinium, is an electron-poor aromatic mimic of a monocyclized transition state or high-energy intermediate formed from oxidosqualene. This compound and 27 related compounds were tested against mammalian-stage T. cruzi, and 12 inhibited growth by 50% at concentrations below 25 nM. The lead compound was shown to cause an accumulation of oxidosqualene and decreased production of lanosterol and ergosterol, consistent with specific inhibition of the oxidosqualene cyclase. The data demonstrate potent anti-T. cruzi activity associated with inhibition of oxidosqualene cyclase.
Classification of cardiac arrhythmias using fuzzy ARTMAP

The authors have investigated the QRS complex, extracted from electrocardiogram (EGG) data, using fuzzy adaptive resonance theory mapping (ARTMAP) to classify cardiac arrhythmias. Two different conditions have been analyzed: normal and abnormal premature ventricular contraction (PVC). Based on MIT/BIH database annotations, cardiac beats for normal and abnormal QRS complexes were extracted from this database, scaled, and Hamming windowed, after bandpass filtering, to yield a sequence of 100 samples for each QRS segment. From each of these sequences, two linear predictive coding (LPC) coefficients were generated using Burg's maximum entropy method. The two LPC coefficients, along with the mean-square value of the QRS complex segment, were utilized as features for each condition to train and test a fuzzy ARTMAP neural network for classification of normal and abnormal PVC conditions. The test results show that the fuzzy ARTMAP neural network can classify cardiac arrhythmias with greater than 99% specificity and 97% sensitivity.
Visual Hallucinations and Racing Thoughts on Eye Closure After Minor Surgery

• Two hours after minor surgery under local anesthesia, a 67-year-old man developed vivid visual hallucinations that were present only when he closed his eyes. After lasting 4 hours, the hallucinations were succeeded by racing thoughts, lasting 2 hours, and then by illusionary movements of his body. The reaction was attributed to the effect of lidocaine. The case resembles one previously reported.
What Ever Happened to the Poor Old Doctrine of Negotiability

This article argues that the doctrine of negotiability is a commercially useful principle that finds strong support in commercial law history and remains a valuable doctrine today and should continue to be in the future, strong scholarly commentary to the contrary notwithstanding.
Same or next day discharge: A new chapter in transcatheter aortic valve implantation

As more patients become eligible for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), resource allocation and early discharge planning require careful consideration. TAVI centers must develop locally appropriate and systematic strategies to facilitate early discharge and seamless post-discharge care. While ongoing studies examine pacing requirements post-TAVI, trials comparing general anesthesia and monitored analgesia care are desired. Future technologies for co-registration of computed tomography with fluoroscopy may reduce the need for intra-operative transesophageal echo and general anesthesia. A tailored patient-centered approach is essential to optimize in-hospital stay and overall patient experience.
Remarkable Radiation Efficiency through Leakage Modes in Two-Dimensional Silver Nanoparticle Arrays

Using the coupled dipole method, we investigated radiation efficiency through leakage modes in two-dimensional silver nanoparticle arrays. The leakage modes are defined as radiations along directio...
When ideology meets bottom line: analysis on market competition and ideological bias in newspapers

ABSTRACTThis study investigated how newspapers adopted partisan branding as a product differentiation strategy under pressure of intense market competition, through cases of conservative dailies in South Korea. Despite academic interest in news media's partisanship, only a few studies attempted to conduct analysis at the organizational level. Drawing on the hierarchy of influences model as a main theoretical framework, the present study examined how partisanship of newspapers was related to the social and economic forces. Evidence demonstrated that conservative bias increased as market competition intensified. Conservative bias was positively associated with the ideological mood of the conservative group, and the revenue decreased as conservative newspapers carried stronger conservative bias. These results will add insight into the prevalence of partisanship in today's media environment.
Effects of Choline, Gelatin and Creatine on Perosis in Chicks

SummaryIn contrast to turkeys, chicks on a simplified diet, deficient in choline, did not develop perosis unless gelatin or creatine was added. Choline prevented the perosis at a level of 0.1%, but lower levels were only partially effective. A possible explanation for the perosis-producing effect of gelatin or creatine is advanced.
Contributions of Charged Residues in Structurally Dynamic Capsid Surface Loops to Rous Sarcoma Virus Assembly.

UNLABELLED Extensive studies of orthoretroviral capsids have shown that many regions of the CA protein play unique roles at different points in the virus life cycle. The N-terminal domain (NTD) flexible-loop (FL) region is one such example: exposed on the outer capsid surface, it has been implicated in Gag-mediated particle assembly, capsid maturation, and early replication events. We have now defined the contributions of charged residues in the FL region of the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) CA to particle assembly. Effects of mutations on assembly were assessed in vivo and in vitro and analyzed in light of new RSV Gag lattice models. Virus replication was strongly dependent on the preservation of charge at a few critical positions in Gag-Gag interfaces. In particular, a cluster of charges at the beginning of FL contributes to an extensive electrostatic network that is important for robust Gag assembly and subsequent capsid maturation. Second-site suppressor analysis suggests that one of these charged residues, D87, has distal influence on interhexamer interactions involving helix α7. Overall, the tolerance of FL to most mutations is consistent with current models of Gag lattice structures. However, the results support the interpretation that virus evolution has achieved a charge distribution across the capsid surface that (i) permits the packing of NTD domains in the outer layer of the Gag shell, (ii) directs the maturational rearrangements of the NTDs that yield a functional core structure, and (iii) supports capsid function during the early stages of virus infection. IMPORTANCE The production of infectious retrovirus particles is a complex process, a choreography of protein and nucleic acid that occurs in two distinct stages: formation and release from the cell of an immature particle followed by an extracellular maturation phase during which the virion proteins and nucleic acids undergo major rearrangements that activate the infectious potential of the virion. This study examines the contributions of charged amino acids on the surface of the Rous sarcoma virus capsid protein in the assembly of appropriately formed immature particles and the maturational transitions that create a functional virion. The results provide important biological evidence in support of recent structural models of the RSV immature virions and further suggest that immature particle assembly and virion maturation are controlled by an extensive network of electrostatic interactions and long-range communication across the capsid surface.
Detection and analysis the contamination of Vibrio vulnificus from environment in Shenzhen

Objective To detect the contamination and the distribution status of Vibrio vulnificus from different environment samples in Shenzhen.Methods The Vibrio vulnificus from environment(marine products、Freshwater products、different water)was detected by Plate separation method. The suspected strains were identified by biochemical test and polymeras chain reaction(PCR).Results 120 strains Vibrio vulnificus were detected in 725 samples,the detected rate was 16.6 %.In different samples,the freshwater fish was the highest detected rate 38.6 %,the coastal waters was the secondary detected rate 22.5 %,the Crustacean product was the last detected rate 19.8 %.The difference was statistically significant in detected rate of Vibrio vulnificus from different season samples(P0.005).Conclusions The contamination of Vibrio vulnificus from environment samples was not optimistic.The Vibrio vulnificus contamination should be intensively monitored from freshwater fish and seafoods during warmer months to prevent occurrence of food poisoning.
Yearling adjustments for pelvic area of test station bulls.

Yearling bulls (n = 3,071) located at 18 stations in Missouri, Nebraska, Virginia, and Wisconsin were measured for pelvic area, in addition to standard performance traits. Linear adjustments for age and weight were determined using covariate regression analyses. Only bulls that were 300 to 452 d of age, 325 to 640 kg, and were in consignments offering more than nine bulls per breed were included in the analyses. Because the subsets of Angus, Polled Hereford, and Simmental bulls had large numbers of observations (817, 271, and 449, respectively), individual adjustment coefficients were determined for each breed. Angus, Polled Hereford, and Simmental bulls had pelvic area adjustment regressions on age of .20, .32, and .20 cm2/d, respectively, and regressions on body weight of .15, .22, and .18 cm2/kg, respectively. Homogeneous linear responses of all breeds (11 breeds including Angus, Polled Hereford, and Simmental) were combined to form all-breed coefficients for age and weight adjustments, which were .21 cm2/d and .15 cm2/kg, respectively. Weight or age adjustments can be used to compare contemporaries for relative pelvic area differences, but both should not be used on the same bull. Although many factors contribute to dystocia, high priority should be given to identifying sires of replacement heifers of low to moderate birth weight genotype and above average pelvic area genotype.
Disability, Insurance Coverage, Area Deprivation and Health Care: Using Spatial Analysis to Inform Policy Decisions☆

Abstract In the United States, people with disabilities with public insurance are often unable to find suitable health care providers nearby, resulting in needing to travel long distances to large health centres to access necessary health care. This barrier is even more pronounced to those with disabilities living in deprived areas. Using Census data and Area Deprivation Index (ADI) developed by University of Wisconsin-Madison's ADI project, OLS and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) regression analyses showed that high area deprivation index (ADI) and high percentage of public-only health insurance coverage predict disability prevalence. While ADI, public-only insurance coverage percentage and disability prevalence do not significantly predict the number of hospitals, they slightly improved the fit of the GWR model, which was significantly predictive. Future research should continue exploring related factors, and address the challenges of having limited access to hospitals in poorer suburban and rural areas faced by people with disabilities, who are also more likely to have public-only health insurance.
Analysis of a Double Pendulum System with Joint Actuation by a Non-Linear Control

This article presents the study of a double pendulum system with distributed mass carrying an actuator at the joint between the two rods. This actuator can move the outer rod in order to inject or remove energy from the system, which is modeled as a body with variable position of the center of mass. The objective of this work is to develop a control technique that can make the pendulum swing up and rotate itself, similar to many other double pendulum investigations, but in the present case without any actuation on the fixed joint. The system is modeled with Simulink® software, using the parameters of a real model.
Erionite and Asbestos in the Pathogenesis of Human Malignant Mesotheliomas

Unlike chemical carcinogens that can interact with DNA, and be metabolized or detoxified by cells, erionite and asbestos fibers are poorly soluble, naturally occurring fibers that may persist in the lung or pleura for decades after inhalation. Thus, they are commonly referred to as physical carcinogens. Historically, their mechanisms of action have been compared to foreign body carcinogenesis in which plastics or other materials are injected under the skin of rodents and produce sarcomas. In reality, the complex mechanisms of fiber carcinogenesis are still unclear despite decades of research.
Effects on Photosynthesis, Carbon Allocation, and Plant Growth Associated With Air Pollutant Stress

Over the past 30 to 50 years, extensive literature has accumulated concerning air pollutant effects on plants. The relative degree of phytotoxicity of the common pollutant gases is known, and the potential for effects on many botanical classes of plants is understood somewhat. Knowledge is at a point where attempts are being made to assess and predict the effects of current or projected air pollutant levels on the growth or productivity of vegetation. The most successful attempts have been made with crops because the most extensive data are available in this area. The National Crop Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN) has made noteworthy contributions in the areas of generating empirical, field-based, dose—response data and of economic assessments (Heck et al., 1982; 1984; Adams et al., 1985). But, even in the case of assessment of crop losses due to air pollutants, it has become apparent that insufficient data or understanding exist to make predictions with a high degree of confidence. The NCLAN effort has clearly identified the need for additional information in the form of dose—response data concerning the interaction of air pollutants with other environmental variables and the need to establish the functional relationships between air pollution stress and plant growth and yield.
What Traits Make for an Effective Athletic Training Educator and Mentor

Column Editor's Note: A student's athletic training education often begins in the academic classroom, thus we must ask the question, “What traits make for an effective athletic training educator?” There is information available in the literature related to the quality of higher education faculty; however, this literature is limited in that the students' voices are heard, but typically through the eyes of the researcher who may or may not have his/her own agenda or bias. To address this limitation, I recruited two co-authors, each of whom have recently completed his/her undergraduate education in athletic training. To answer the aforementioned question, Burningham and Deru not only reflected on the experiences of themselves and their peers, but also examined pertinent literature related to effective didactic education.
Sterile Insect Supply, Emergence, and Release

Insect mass-rearing for a sterile insect technique (SIT) programme is designed to move beyond the largescale rearing of insects in a laboratory to the industrial production of consistently high-quality insects for sterilization and release. Each facility reflects the unique biology of the insect reared within it, but there are some generalities for all rearing facilities. Rearing insects in self-contained modules offers flexibility, and increased safety from catastrophic occurrences, compared with using a single building which houses all facets of the rearing process. Although mechanizing certain aspects of the rearing steps helps provide a consistently high-quality insect, successful mass-rearing and delivery depends largely upon the human component. Besides production in centralized facilities, insects can be produced from purchased eggs, or nowadays, adult insects are often obtained from specialized satellite emergence/collection facilities. Interest in commercializing insect production and release is increasing. Shipping sterile insects, sometimes over long distances, is now common practice. Procedures for handling and chilling adult insects, and providing food and water prior to release, are continually being improved. Sterile insects are released via static-release receptacles, ground-release systems, or most commonly from the air. The aerial release of chilled sterile insects is the most efficient method of release, especially when aircraft flight paths are guided by a Global Positioning System (GPS) linked to a computer-controlled release mechanism.
A potential solution for eliminating hypoxia as a cause for radioresistance

Despite the clear evidence that hypoxia is deleterious for achieving local tumor control and better survival after radiotherapy, there is no established method for reducing or eliminating it. In PNAS, Benej et al. (1) describe a class of hypoxic radiosensitizers that decreases hypoxia by blocking mitochondrial complex 1 to inhibit oxygen consumption rate. The lead compound is papavarine, a drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat erectile dysfunction and vasospasm. Importantly, the activity of the drug in inhibiting complex 1 is distinct from the phosphodiesterase activity associated with vasodilation. This feature permitted the development of derivatives that maintain the mitochondrial activity but lack the phosphodiesterase activity. It is well established that hypoxic cells are two to three times more resistant to radiation than aerobic cells (2). Theoretically, therefore, hypoxia could be a cause for treatment failure after radiotherapy, because the radiation dose required to sterilize all tumor cells would exceed the normal tissue tolerance dose. In 1955, Thomlinson and Gray (3) published the first paper to suggest that hypoxia could be a cause for radioresistance in human tumors. This landmark paper clearly demonstrated that tumor cords in lung rarely became larger than 180 μm, regardless of the size of any tumor lesion. Beyond 180 μm from the vasculature, the tissue was necrotic. Thomlinson and Gray modeled oxygen transport using available laboratory data and, from that, speculated that cells at the border between the feeding vasculature and the necrosis would be radiobiologically hypoxic [partial oxygen pressure (pO2) < 10 mmHg]. Following this prediction, many clinical studies have reported that human tumors are hypoxic and that hypoxia reduces the likelihood for local tumor control after radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy (4). The first tests of associations between hypoxia and radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy outcome used invasive polarographic electrodes. As an example, … [↵][1]1Email: mark.dewhirst{at}duke.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Somatostatin Receptor Positron Emission Tomography: Beyond Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors

Similar to various gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) are overexpressed in a wide array of malignant and benign conditions. Using somatostatin positron emission tomography (PET) analogs ([68Ga]DOTA-peptides) this overexpression of SSTRs can be exploited for clinical management in terms of diagnosis, therapy, and for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). Recent reports suggest that [68Ga]DOTA-peptide PET tracers have an emerging role in the management of wide array of non-GEP-NETs due to overexpression of SSTRs. The potential role of SSTR-PET imaging in the management of medullary thyroid cancer, paraganglioma, Merkel cell carcinoma, phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors, and inflammation will be discussed. The emerging role of theranostic and personalized medicine with PRRT using peptides labeled with yttrium-90 (90Y) or lutetium-177 (177Lu) beta emitters will also be discussed. SSTR-PET imaging with [68Ga]DOTA-peptides has utility in malignant and benign conditions other than GEP-NETs. Combining SSTR-PET with other anatomic and functional imaging modalities has demonstrated superior diagnostic accuracy. The presence of SSTRs in these conditions opens up new possibilities in the management of these conditions in terms of imaging and therapeutics.
SUN-514 Severe Hypophosphatemia and Worsening Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Following Treatment with Denosumab

Introduction We present a case of a patient with osteoporosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD)-induced secondary hyperparathyroidism who developed severe hypophosphatemia and increasing parathyroid hormone (PTH) level after receiving Denosumab. Clinical Case 90-year-old male with CKD stage 3 presented for hyperparathyroidism evaluation in 2015. Baseline GFR was 39 - 47 ml/min/1.73 m2. PTH was 320 pg/ml (8 - 97 pg/ml) with normal calcium and low vitamin D (25-D) 14 ng/ml (30 - 100 ng/ml). Repeat PTH was 299 pg/ml; 25-D 23 ng/ml and 24-hr urine calcium was 8 mg (100 - 300 mg). Hyperparathyroidism was concluded to be due to CKD and Vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D was replaced and PTH decreased to 262 pg/ml. With fragility fracture history, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan was obtained and resulted with a T-score of -2.8 SD at the femoral neck. Denosumab (60 mg) was started after 25-D normalized in 3/2016. Follow-up laboratory analysis in 8/2016 revealed PTH 512 pg/ml, calcium 8.9 mg/dl (8.5 - 10.1 mg/dl), 25-D 44.7 ng/ml and phosphate 1.3 mg/dl (2.5 - 4.5 mg/dl), previously 2.1 mg/dl. Alkaline phosphate 104 U/l (45 - 117 U/l), calcitriol 63.9 pg/ml (19.9 - 79.3 pg/ml) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) 188 RU/ml (44 - 215 RU/ml). 24-hr urine calcium was 27 mg and phosphate >90 mg/dl. Serum phosphate improved with supplementation and Cinacalcet started for high PTH. After the second Denosumab injection, low phosphate (1.2 mg/dl) recurred and PTH remained high (510 pg/ml). With recurrent effects, Denosumab was switched to bisphosphonate as GFR was stable >40 ml/min/1.73 m2. PTH normalized to 78 pg/ml and phosphate stable (2-2.4 mg/dl) on Cinacalcet and off Denosumab. Discussion Hypophosphatemia is a rare side effect of Denosumab, a monoclonal antibody to RANK-L. PTH mildly increase with Denosumab secondary to hypocalcemia. In our patient, there was a significant rise in PTH level and a decline in phosphate following Denosumab administration with no effect on calcium level. There are very few reports of these combined adverse events in the literature. The proposed mechanism is that the irreversible blockade by Denosumab results in low bone turnover which then causes increase in PTH and then increase urinary phosphate excretion. This mechanism can apply to CKD patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism when given a blocking agent like Denosumab, there is a further increase in PTH in the setting of low bone turnover. If not closely monitored, it can be detrimental. Elevated FGF-23 can downregulate 1-alpha-hydroxylase and increase urinary phosphate but unlikely in our patient given its normal level. Conclusion Severe hypophosphatemia may be a rare side effect of Denosumab, particularly in CKD patient with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Therefore, phosphate and PTH should be monitored closely after Denosumab administration to prevent adverse events.
Sensitivity to Status-Based Rejection: Implications for Female and Minority Criminal Justice Majors:

Now more than ever, criminal justice agencies are looking to fill their ranks with a diverse workforce that reflects the populations they serve. Criminal justice is a field where diversity matters,...
Effectiveness of adjuvant FOLFOX vs 5FU/LV in adults over age 65 with stage II and III colon cancer using a novel hybrid approach.

Purpose Estimates of cancer therapy effects can differ in clinical trials and clinical practice, partly due to underrepresentation of certain patient subgroups in trials. We utilize a hybrid approach, combining clinical trial and real-world data, to estimate the comparative effectiveness of two adjuvant chemotherapy regimens for colon cancer. Methods We identified patients aged 66 and older enrolled in the Multicenter International Study of Oxaliplatin/5FU-LV in the Adjuvant Treatment of Colon Cancer. Similar patients were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database, initiating adjuvant chemotherapy with either 5-fluorouracil (5FU) alone or in combination with oxaliplatin (FOLFOX). We used logistic regression to estimate the likelihood of trial enrollment as a function of age, sex, and substage. Using inverse odds of sampling weights (IOSW), we compared 5-year mortality in patients randomized to FOLFOX vs 5FU using weighted Cox proportional hazards regression, the Nelson-Aalen estimator for cumulative hazards, and bootstrapping for 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results There were 690 trial participants and 3834 SEER-Medicare patients. The SEER-Medicare population was older and had a higher proportion of stage IIIB and IIIC patients than the trial. After controlling for differences between populations, the IOSW 5-year HR was 1.21 (0.89, 1.65), slightly farther from the null than the trial estimate (HR = 1.14, 95%CI: 0.87, 1.49). Conclusions This study supports mounting evidence of little to no incremental reduction in 5-year mortality for FOLFOX vs 5FU in older adults with stage II-III colon cancer, emphasizing the importance of combining clinical trial and real-world data to support such conclusions.
Machine Learning Basics

This chapter provides a brief introduction to machine learning, including different learning paradigms (e.g., supervised learning, unsupervised learning, semi-supervised learning, reinforcement learning, etc.), major components of a learning algorithm, the concepts of generalization and regularization, and the typical workflow to build a machine learning model.
Androgen Receptor Signaling and Metabolic and Cellular Plasticity During Progression to Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer.

Metabolic reprogramming is associated with re/activation and antagonism of androgen receptor (AR) signaling that drives prostate cancer (PCa) progression to castration resistance, respectively. In particular, AR signaling influences the fates of citrate that uniquely characterizes normal and malignant prostatic metabolism (i.e., mitochondrial export and extracellular secretion in normal prostate, mitochondrial retention and oxidation to support oxidative phenotype of primary PCa, and extra-mitochondrial interconversion into acetyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis and epigenetics in the advanced PCa). The emergence of castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) involves reactivation of AR signaling, which is then further targeted by androgen synthesis inhibitors (abiraterone) and AR-ligand inhibitors (enzalutamide, apalutamide, and daroglutamide). However, based on AR dependency, two distinct metabolic and cellular adaptations contribute to development of resistance to these agents and progression to aggressive and lethal disease, with the tumor ultimately becoming highly glycolytic and with imaging by a tracer of tumor energetics, 18F-fluorodoxyglucose (18F-FDG). Another major resistance mechanism involves a lineage alteration into AR-indifferent carcinoma such a neuroendocrine which is diagnostically characterized by robust 18F-FDG uptake and loss of AR signaling. PCa is also characterized by metabolic alterations such as fatty acid and polyamine metabolism depending on AR signaling. In some cases, AR targeting induces rather than suppresses these alterations in cellular metabolism and energetics, which can be explored as therapeutic targets in lethal CRPC.
Online Trainings for Non-formal Educators: A Case Study of Boy Scouts of America Leaders

Non-formal education (NFE) programs – those existing separately from hierarchically and chronologically organized schools – have a long history with distance and online learning, both of which have...
How does the brain navigate knowledge of social relations? Testing for shared neural mechanisms for shifting attention in space and social knowledge

How does the human brain support reasoning about social relations (e.g., social status, friendships)? Converging theories suggest that navigating knowledge of social relations may co-opt neural circuitry with evolutionarily older functions (e.g., shifting attention in space). Here, we analyzed multivoxel response patterns of fMRI data to examine the neural mechanisms for shifting attention in knowledge of a social hierarchy. The "directions" in which participants mentally navigated social knowledge were encoded in multivoxel patterns in superior parietal cortex, which also encoded directions of attentional shifts in space. Exploratory analyses implicated additional regions of posterior parietal and occipital cortex in encoding analogous mental operations in space and social knowledge. However, cross-domain analyses suggested that attentional shifts in space and social knowledge are likely encoded in functionally independent response patterns. Additionally, cross-participant multivoxel pattern similarity analyses indicated that "directions'' of mental navigation in social knowledge are signaled consistently across participants and across different social hierarchies in a set of brain regions, including the right superior parietal lobule. Taken together, these results elucidate the neural basis of navigating abstract knowledge of social relations, and its connection to more basic mental operations.
Structural insights into the interaction of papain-like protease 2 from the alphacoronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and ubiquitin.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea is a devastating porcine disease that is caused by the alphacoronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Like other members of the Coronaviridae family, PEDV encodes a multifunctional papain-like protease 2 (PLP2) that has the ability to process the coronavirus viral polyprotein to aid in RNA replication and antagonize the host innate immune response through cleavage of the regulatory proteins ubiquitin (Ub) and/or interferon-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15) (deubiquitination and deISGylation, respectively). Because Betacoronavirus PLPs have been well characterized, it was sought to determine how PLP2 from the alphacoronavirus PEDV differentiates itself from its related counterparts. PEDV PLP2 was first biochemically characterized, and a 3.1 A resolution crystal structure of PEDV PLP2 bound to Ub was then solved, providing insight into how Alphacoronavirus PLPs bind to their preferred substrate, Ub. It was found that PEDV PLP2 is a deubiquitinase and readily processes a variety of di-Ub linkages, in comparison with its Betacoronavirus counterparts, which have a narrower range of di-Ub activity but process both Ub and ISG15.
Eurojihad: Patterns of Islamist Radicalization and Terrorism in Europe

Machine generated contents note: 1. Introduction; 2. Europe's Muslim populations; 3. Salafism and radical Islamism in Europe; 4. Origins of radical Islamist networks in Europe; 5. Radicalization patterns; 6. Radicalization and recruitment nodes; 7. Evolution of radical networks in Europe; 8. Terrorist operations and tactics; 9. New European approaches; 10. Key judgments.