cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurophysiological Evaluation of Haptic Feedback for Myoelectric Prostheses

Evaluations of haptic feedback in myoelectric prostheses are generally limited to task performance outcomes, which while necessary, fail to capture the mental effort of the user operating the prosthesis. Cognitive load is usually investigated with reaction time metrics and secondary task accuracy, which are indirect, and may not capture the time-varying nature of mental effort. Here, we propose wearable, wireless functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) neuroimaging to provide a continuous direct assessment of operator mental effort during use of a prosthesis. Utilizing fNIRS in a two-alternative forced-choice stiffness discrimination task, we asked participants to differentiate objects using their natural hand, a (traditional) myoelectric prosthesis without sensory feedback, and a myoelectric prosthesis with haptic (vibrotactile) feedback of grip force. Results showed that discrimination accuracy and mental effort are optimal with the natural hand, followed by the prosthesis featuring haptic feedback, and then the traditional prosthesis, particularly for objects whose stiffness were difficult to differentiate. This experiment highlights the utility of haptic feedback in improving task performance and lowering cognitive load for prosthesis use, and demonstrates the potential for fNIRS to provide a robust measure of cognitive effort for other human-in-the-loop systems.
Introduction to Rap and Politics

The introduction posits rap music as a form of political communication and traces its musical, political, and religious roots. As a “weapon of the weak,” certain forms of rap music can transform individual accounts of “everyday” politics from local youth into collective messages. This book focuses on Oakland, California, and the San Francisco Bay Area; however, a careful examination of settings, representatives, movements, discourse banks, and impacts could be used to study other scenes in US rap music development, such as: Kingston, Jamaica; South Bronx, NY; Harlem, NY; Queens, NY; Brooklyn, NY; Staten Island, NY; Philadelphia, PA; Newark; Boston, MA; Los Angeles, CA and Compton, CA; Seattle, WA and Portland, OR; Chicago, IL and Gary, IN; St. Louis, MO; Minneapolis, MN; Detroit, MI; Toronto, Canada; Houston, TX; Atlanta, GA; New Orleans, LA; Memphis, TN; Washington, DC and Baltimore, MD; Hawai’i; Miami, FL; Puerto Rico and United States Virgin Islands.
Polygenic score accuracy in ancient samples: quantifying the effects of allelic turnover

Abstract Polygenic scores link the genotypes of ancient individuals to their phenotypes, which are often unobservable, offering a tantalizing opportunity to reconstruct complex trait evolution. In practice, however, interpretation of ancient polygenic scores is subject to numerous assumptions. For one, the genome-wide association (GWA) studies from which polygenic scores are derived, can only estimate effect sizes for loci segregating in contemporary populations. Therefore, a GWA study may not correctly identify all loci relevant to trait variation in the ancient population. In addition, the frequencies of trait-associated loci may have changed in the intervening years. Here, we devise a theoretical framework to quantify the effect of this allelic turnover on the statistical properties of polygenic scores as functions of population genetic dynamics, trait architecture, power to detect significant loci, and the age of the ancient sample. We model the allele frequencies of loci underlying trait variation using the Wright-Fisher diffusion, and employ the spectral representation of its transition density to find analytical expressions for several error metrics, including the correlation between an ancient individual’s polygenic score and true phenotype, referred to as polygenic score accuracy. Our theory also applies to a two-population scenario and demonstrates that allelic turnover alone may explain a substantial percentage of the reduced accuracy observed in cross-population predictions, akin to those performed in human genetics. Finally, we use simulations to explore the effects of recent directional selection, a bias-inducing process, on the statistics of interest. We find that even in the presence of bias, weak selection induces minimal deviations from our neutral expectations for the decay of polygenic score accuracy. By quantifying the limitations of polygenic scores in an explicit evolutionary context, our work lays the foundation for the development of more sophisticated statistical procedures to analyze both temporally and geographically resolved polygenic scores.
Multiple Stimulus Without Replacement Preference Assessment for Students With Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

Students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) generally have behavior support plans that are based on a functional behavioral assessment. This article provides educators practical guidelin...
Valve-in-Valve for Failing Mitral Bioprosthesis With Tip-to-Base LAMPOON to Prevent Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction:

Transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) is a new approach for treating failed bioprosthetic valves, annuloplasty repairs, and mitral annular calcification. Computed tomography is the key in p...
Data Description and Preliminary Processing

This chapter describes the data and the initial data cleaning process that precedes actual analysis. First, we describe how we eliminated variables with insufficient data and then explain the process of imputing missing values in the remaining data set. Finally, we describe the process of Recursive Feature Elimination that results in the optimal number of variables that predict civil conflict.
Editorial – The Role of Spine Societies in Clinical Spine Practice

It is a great honor to participate as a guest editor for the inaugural issue of the Journal of Spine Practice, which is affiliated with the Saudi Spine Society. I have closely watched the early years of the relatively young Saudi Spine Society, and have been truly amazed by the growth and the multiple focused initiatives that the society has created. As I watch the tremendous growth of the Saudi Spine Society, I am pondering the purpose of any given spine society in the clinical practice of spine surgeons in any specific region, country, city, spine group, or individual practice. What follows are some personal thoughts on the relationship of spine societies with clinical practice. To read the full text, please download the PDF or view the article HTML.
A Study of the Response of the Human Cadaver Head to Impact

High-speed biplane x-ray and neutral density targets were used to examine brain displacement and deformation during impact. Relative motion, maximum principal strain, maximum shear strain, and intracranial pressure were measured in thirty-five impacts using eight human cadaver head and neck specimens. The effect of a helmet was evaluated. During impact, local brain tissue tends to keep its position and shape with respect to the inertial frame, resulting in relative motion between the brain and skull and deformation of the brain. The local brain motions tend to follow looping patterns. Similar patterns are observed for impact in different planes, with some degree of posterior-anterior and right-left symmetry. Peak coup pressure and pressure rate increase with increasing linear acceleration, but coup pressure pulse duration decreases. Peak average maximum principal strain and maximum shear are on the order of 0.09 for CFC 60 Hz data for these tests. Peak average maximum principal strain and maximum shear increase with increasing linear acceleration, coup pressure, and coup pressure rate. Linear and angular acceleration of the head are reduced with use of a helmet, but strain increases. These results can be used for the validation of finite element models of the human head.
Residual Polarity and Transcription/Translation Coupling During Recovery from Chloramphenicol or Fusidic Acid

Fusidic acid or chloramphenicol was used to inhibit peptide synthesis to 1% of normal in Escherichia coli B, strain AS19. After 10 min of inhibition, peptide synthesis could be quickly restored to 80% of the normal rate after washing the bacteria on a filter. However, even in the presence of adenosine 3′-5′-cyclic-monophosphoric acid to block catabolite repression, β-galactosidase, the first enzyme of the lactose operon (lac), could only be induced to 10% of normal, and the last enzyme of the operon, galactoside acetyltransferase, even less. The first and last enzymes of the operon for tryptophan synthesis could be derepressed to about 30% of normal. The lac ribonucleic acid (RNA) induced during recovery showed a smaller than normal size distribution on sucrose gradients. The operator-proximal or -distal parts of this RNA were specifically labeled. Hybridization to φ80dlac deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) suggested that although the distal parts of the lac RNA were barely detectable, initiation was occurring at normal rates in recovery. Either normal levels of distal messenger RNA (mRNA) are made but then rapidly degraded or the mRNA is not completed. The small amount that is made decayed abnormally slowly, probably as a result of slower transcription. Total mRNA decay was multiphasic with all components decaying slower than normal. We propose that there is a residual level of inhibition of peptide synthesis during recovery. The probability that a ribosome is blocked at any codon can be estimated from the data. The longer the message, the less likely its complete translation. We propose that the RNA polymerase can transcribe translatable mRNA for only a finite distance beyond the lead ribosome. Because ribosomes can load at the start of each message in a polycistronic mRNA, the probability that a distal message will be synthesized and translated is a function of the number of more proximal messages and the distances between their ribosome-loading sites.
Securely propagating authentication in an ensemble of personal devices using single sign-on

More and more, people will continuously be using ubiquitously available networked computational devices as they go about their lives: small personal devices that they carry, appliances that they find in their surroundings, and servers in remote data centers. Some of the data exchanged by these devices will be private and should be protected. Normally to protect data, users would need to authenticate themselves with a device by signing on to it. However it will be physically impossible to sign onto devices that have limited or no user interface and even if they all had a sufficient user interface it will be an intolerable burden to have to sign on to each of many devices, particularly as the membership of the ensemble of devices continuously changes with the user’s movements. Making authentication in this environment more difficult is the fact that these devices are usually connected in a personal area network that is neither secure nor reliable and uses a broadcast medium for communication. In this paper, we present a simple easy-to-use scheme that allows users to sign on to a single device and enable the rest of the devices connected in the personal area network automatically without requiring a central server or synchronized clocks. As well as being simple for the user, our solution is designed not only to prevent commonly used attacks like replay and man-in-the-middle but also to protect the user’s data even if the devices are lost or stolen.
Análisis microbiológico en yogurt con probióticos

Se estudio la calidad microbiologica de 11 muestras de un producto lacteo comercial (yogurt con probioticos), desde supermercados y otros locales afines. Se investigo la presencia de Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli y hongos levaduriformes y filamentosos, mediante la metodologia estandarizada recomendada en la literatura y servicios de salud publica. El recuento de lactobacilos presentes se efecto mediante tecnicas de dilucion en placa con agar MRS de doble capa y la identificacion de lactobacilos presente en el producto aplicando el API-50CHL. Los resultados permitieron establecer que el producto se encuentra libre de contaminacion de Salmonella spp., E.coli y hongos, sin embargo, el numero de Lactobacillus casei var. rhamnosus viables, fue menor (105) que el indicado en la literatura para obtener efectos beneficos en la salud.
Searching for the orthogonal states of a neural network

Two approaches to finding orthogonal states of a neural network are discussed. The first is a recursive approach; it builds N orthogonal vectors form N/2 orthogonal vectors. The second is a formula approach, in which orthogonal vectors can be obtained using a formula. It is observed that the formula approach is more efficient than the recursive approach. Properties of the neural network constructed from the orthogonal vectors are presented. An example is discussed. >
Chapter 1 Operations research in the public sector: An introduction and a brief history

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the operations research in the public sector. Operations research is a scientific approach to decision making. It is concerned with scientifically deciding how to design and operate systems, usually under conditions requiring the allocation of scarce resources. The proper use of the operational research approach reduces the area of hunch to an absolute minimum, showing where judgment is needed and where it is unnecessary. The chapter describes the application of mathematical and statistical models to a variety of public sector issues, problems, and systems. The revolution that has been effecting all sciences—the existence of high powered desktop mini- and micro-computers, and the consequent availability of data, computational power and communications—has had an immense impact on the practice of operations research, particularly in the public sector. The availability of user-friendly software at every public official's desk makes it possible to use mathematical models, in all varieties of problem areas, without a need for consultants, analysts or experts.
The association of research libraries ARL Scholars Portal Working Group final report, May 2002

Abstract The ARL Scholars Portal Working Group was established in 2000 to advance the concept of a collective research library presence on the Web. On 1 May 2002, there was a public news release that a Scholars Portal Project was being launched by several ARL member libraries (a subset of the working group) in collaboration with ARL and Fretwell-Downing, Inc. (FD). This report summarizes the work of the Scholars Portal Working Group from its inception, including the group's sense of key portal features and functionality. The report concludes with a recommendation to the ARL Board to discharge the Scholars Portal Working Group and replace it with a new ARL Working Group on Portal Applications.
Discrete-time positive-real lemma revisited: the discrete-time counterpart of the Kalman-Yakubovitch lemma

In this paper, we present what can be considered the discrete-time counterpart of the concept of positive realness and the corresponding algebraic necessary and sufficient criteria that a discrete-time transfer function matrix must satisfy. This latter result may be thought of as the discrete-time counterpart of the Kalnan-Yakubovitch lemma and it is expected to find application in various areas of study. In particular, its use in proving the Jury-Lee criterion applicable in absolute stability studies of a certain class of discrete-time nonlinear systems is shown. >
‘Objective Validity’ and ‘Objective Reality’ in Kant's B-deduction of the Categories

Like Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, we now have both an A- and a substantially revised B-edition of Henry Allison's commentary to and defence of that work: Kant's Transcendental Idealism: An Interpretation and Defense (Allison 1983, 2004). Unlike Kant's Critique, however, Allison's first edition is unlikely to persist as an occasional rival to the second, since reviewers rightly consider the second to have superseded the landmark scholarship of the first. Nevertheless, before Allison's first edition is entirely supplanted, I would like to save a neglected insight from its treatment of the B-deduction that is not retained in the second edition.
Evidence that protein kinase C may not be involved in the insulin action on cAMP phosphodiesterase: studies with electroporated rat adipocytes that were highly responsive to insulin.

Abstract Partially permeabilized rat adipocytes with a high responsiveness to insulin were prepared by electroporation and used to study the effect of 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7) on insulin actions in adipocytes. H-7 is a well-documented inhibitor of several protein kinases, including protein kinase C; however, it does not rapidly enter adipocytes protected with the intact plasma membrane. The cells were suspended in Buffer X [4.74 m m NaCl, 118.0 m m KCl, 0.38 m m CaCl 2 , 1.00 m m EGTA, 1.19 m m Mg 2 SO 4 , 1.19 m m KH 2 PO 4 , 25.0 m m Hepes/K, 20 mg/ml bovine serum albumin, and 3 m m pyruvate/Na, pH 7.4] and electroporated six times with a Gene-Pulser (from Bio-Rad) set at 25 μF and 2 kV/cm. In cells electroporated as above, insulin stimulated (a) membrane-bound, cAMP phosphodiesterase approximately 2.6-fold when the hormone concentration was 10 n m and (b) glucose transport activity approximately 4.5-fold when the hormone concentration was raised to 100 n m . H-7 strongly inhibited the actions of insulin on both glucose transport (apparent K i = 0.3 mM) and cAMP phosphodiesterase (apparent K i = 1.2 mM) in electroporated adipocytes. H-7 also inhibited lipolysis in adipocytes; the apparent K i value for the reaction in intact cells was 0.45 m m , and that in electroporated cells was 0.075 m m . It is suggested that a certain protein kinase or kinases that are significantly sensitive to H-7 may be involved in the insulin-dependent stimulation of glucose transport and that of phosphodiesterase. However, protein kinase C (or Ca 2+ /phospholipid-dependent protein kinase) may not be involved, at least, in the hormonal action on phosphodiesterase since the apparent K i value of H-7 for the reaction is too high.
Father-to-Daughter Transmission of Focal Dermal Hypoplasia Associated With Nonrandom X-Inactivation: Support for X-Linked Inheritance and Paternal X Chromosome Mosaicism

Focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH) is a rare syndrome of severe developmental anomalies of the tissues and organs derived from ectoderm and mesoderm. Though data have suggested that FDH is an X-linked dominant trait associated with male hemizygote lethality, a hypothesis supported by the observation of three unrelated infants with FDH manifestations and de novo chromosome rearrangements involving Xp22, observations of father-to-daughter transmission have suggested possible genetic heterogeneity and autosomal dominant inheritance with sex limitation. We hypothesize that, if FDH is an X-linked disorder, cells expressing an active disease locus might experience a selective disadvantage resulting in a nonrandom pattern of X-inactivation in patient tissue. To test this hypothesis, we studied one of the two previously described families demonstrating father-to-daughter inheritance of FDH. To determine if the affected daughter had a skewed pattern of X-inactivation consistent with X-linked inheritance of FDH, somatic cell hybrids were constructed by fusing hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT)-deficient rodent fibro-blasts with either patient dermal fibroblasts or peripheral white blood cells (WBCs); hybrid clones retaining an active X chromosome were analyzed to determine the parental origin of the active X chromosome. Analyses of resulting hybrid clones showed that while hybrids constructed from skin fibroblasts contained an active X chromosome inherited from either of the patient's parents, hybrids constructed from WBCs showed a skewed pattern of X-inactivation; 11 of 11 hybrids contained an active maternal X chromosome (X2 = 12.2, P = .001). These findings indicated that, in this family, FDH was associated with a nonrandom pattern of X-inactivation consistent with X-linked inheritance, suggesting that the patient's father was mosaic for a mutant FDH allele.
Design of High Efficiency Monolithic Power Amplifier With Envelope-Tracking and Transistor Resizing for Broadband Wireless Applications

This paper presents the design insights for the implementation of a fully monolithic radio frequency (RF) power amplifier (PA) using both envelope-tracking (ET) and transistor resizing techniques for long-term evolution (LTE) applications. At the low output power region, some of the power cells in the PA can be disabled to further save power consumption, thus enhancing the efficiency from a traditional ET-PA. Our ET-PA system is first realized with a two-chip solution, consisting of a high voltage envelope modulator fabricated in a 0.35 μm Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (BCD) technology, and a differential cascode PA in a 0.35 μm SiGe BiCMOS technology. This two-chip solution of the ET-PA is to showcase the effective efficiency enhancement of using the transistor resizing method. In the second design, a CMOS envelope modulator is integrated with the cascode PA on the same die in the 0.35 μm SiGe BiCMOS technology. Some insights are demonstrated regarding the optimization of the envelope modulator specific to our cascode PA for LTE broadband signals, where the finite bandwidth and the switching frequency of the envelope modulator are considered for achieving the minimal error-vector magnitude (EVM) and spurious noise. The fully monolithic BiCMOS ET-PA reaches the maximum linear output power (Pout) of 24 dBm and 23.4 dBm with overall power-added-efficiency (PAE) of 41% and 38% for the LTE 16QAM 5 MHz and 10 MHz signals at 1.9 GHz, respectively, without needing predistortion. At the low power mode of our ET-PA, an additional PAE enhancement of 4% is obtained at Pout of 16-20 dBm by disabling some of the PA power cells. Our fully monolithic ET-PA satisfies the LTE 16QAM linearity specs with high efficiency.
Pediatric trauma systems: critical distinctions.

Background: Injured children represent 25% of all injured patients in the United States and have unique needs that may require treatment at a pediatric trauma center or a trauma center with pediatric commitment. This work attempts to determine if there is existing evidence that pediatric trauma centers, trauma centers with pediatric commitment, or trauma systems have improved the care of injured children. Methods: Published literature evaluating the impact on injured children of pediatric trauma centers, trauma centers with pediatric commitment, or trauma systems was reviewed. The studies were divided by the methodology used for evaluation: panel studies, trauma registry studies, and population-based studies. Results: Of the 18 studies reviewed, only 2 population-based studies evaluated the impact of trauma centers or systems on children. One found that a trauma center did not improve the injured child's risk of death. The other found that a statewide trauma system improved the risk of death in seriously injured children. A third population-based study found improved risk of death if the child was treated at an urban trauma center. Conclusion: Further analysis is necessary to demonstrate whether trauma systems make a difference in pediatric outcome. Injury prevention will have the greatest impact on future pediatric injury outcomes.
Hidden-figures-test performance: lasting effects of unilateral penetrating head injury and transient effects of bilateral cingulotomy.

Abstract Thurstone's Hidden Figures Test was given to two different groups of patients in a search for clues to the variables that influence early and late changes in behavior after cerebral lesion. Experiment I studied the effects of penetrating head injury in 20-yr veterans of the Korean Campaign and indicated that lasting impairment on Thurstone's test is not a necessary consequence of all unilateral cerebral pathology. Instead, performance reflected the size of the left- or right-hemisphere lesion. Experiment II explored both the short-term and long-term effects of cingulotomy performed to relieve pain or psychiatric disorder. Here, there was a transient drop in the Hidden-Figures-Test scores of patients over 30 yr old but not under 30.
Nonequilibrium phase transitions in cuprates observed by ultrafast electron crystallography.

Nonequilibrium phase transitions, which are defined by the formation of macroscopic transient domains, are optically dark and cannot be observed through conventional temperature- or pressure-change studies. We have directly determined the structural dynamics of such a nonequilibrium phase transition in a cuprate superconductor. Ultrafast electron crystallography with the use of a tilted optical geometry technique afforded the necessary atomic-scale spatial and temporal resolutions. The observed transient behavior displays a notable “structural isosbestic” point and a threshold effect for the dependence of c-axis expansion (Δc) on fluence (F), with Δc/F = 0.02 angstrom/(millijoule per square centimeter). This threshold for photon doping occurs at ∼0.12 photons per copper site, which is unexpectedly close to the density (per site) of chemically doped carriers needed to induce superconductivity.
Diffusion MRI of the developing cerebral cortical gray matter can be used to detect abnormalities in tissue microstructure associated with fetal ethanol exposure

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) comprise a wide range of neurological deficits that result from fetal exposure to ethanol (EtOH), and are the leading cause of environmentally related birth defects and mental retardation in the western world. One aspect of diagnostic and therapeutic intervention strategies that could substantially improve our ability to combat this significant problem would be to facilitate earlier detection of the disorders within individuals. Light microscopy-based investigations performed by several laboratories have previously shown that morphological development of neurons within the early-developing cerebral cortex is abnormal within the brains of animals exposed to EtOH during fetal development. We and others have recently demonstrated that diffusion MRI can be of utility for detecting abnormal cellular morphological development in the developing cerebral cortex. We therefore assessed whether diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) could be used to distinguish the developing cerebral cortices of ex vivo rat pup brains born from dams treated with EtOH (EtOH; 4.5 g/kg, 25%) or calorie-matched quantities of maltose/dextrin (M/D) throughout gestation. Water diffusion and tissue microstructure were investigated using DTI (fractional anisotropy, FA) and histology (anisotropy index, AI), respectively. Both FA and AI decreased with age, and were higher in the EtOH than the M/D group at postnatal ages (P)0, P3, and P6. Additionally, there was a significant correlation between FA and AI measurements. These findings provide evidence that disruptions in cerebral cortical development induced by EtOH exposure can be revealed by water diffusion anisotropy patterns, and that these disruptions are directly related to cerebral cortical differentiation.
Bed‐form‐dependent pulsating flow in medano creek, southern colorado

Some sand-bed streams exhibit unsteady supercritical flow in the form of periodic bores that propagate downstream. The bores are formed by unstable antidunes, which store water while growing in amplitude and then release the stored water, when the antidunes wash out to form a plane bed. A cyclic process of antidune growth, oversteepening, antidune breaking, then bed-form washout produced bores on regular periodic intervals of roughly 15 s in Medano Creek, Great Sand Dunes National Monument, Colorado. This periodic bore-generating pulsating flow, is bed-form dependent, and it requires sufficiently high flow velocities and sediment transport rates to form unstable breaking antidunes. The Froude number maximum is 1.8, below that required for slug flow. Pulsating flow has been observed in flumes, arroyos, and rivers, and it may be more common than initially anticipated. Its high erosive capacity can influence both channel morphology and the character of associated sedimentary deposits.
Meconium testing for cocaine metabolite: Prevalence, perceptions, and pitfalls

OBJECTIVES: We determined the prevalence of prenatal cocaine use in a racially mixed sample of urban and suburban mothers and correlated its use with maternal demographics and newborn measurements. STUDY DESIGN: Meconium from 621 consecutive newborns delivered at two university-affiliated urban hospitals were assayed for benzoylecgonine. Maternal and infant characteristics were linked anonymously with the results. Statistical analysis included t tests, Fisher's exact test, Duncan's multiple range analysis, and analysis of covariance, with a value of p RESULTS: We found that 3.4% of meconium samples had benzoylecgonine levels exceeding 0.1 µg/ml. Its presence was statistically correlated with maternal and neonatal characteristics. A nurse's opinion of cocaine use was correct 22% of the time. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal cocaine use was statistically associated with multiparity, multigravidity, late-onset and clinic-based prenatal care, public assistance, nonwhite race, and low academic achievement. A nurse's opinion was a poor predictor of maternal cocaine use. Cocaine-exposed infants were significantly smaller, and this correlated best with nonwhite background.
0002 Integrative geospatial technologies for child injury prevention: spatial analysis of hospital injury data and spatial video surveys of pedestrian and bicycle behaviours in the city of akron and summit county, Ohio

Statement of purpose Though it is widely acknowledged that place affects health, the pathways through which this relationship is realised are not fully understood. Geospatial technologies, such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) – enabled devices, offer insights into the health-place nexus through data collection and analysis at fine spatial scales. The purpose of this project is to leverage these geospatial technologies to identify places of risk for child injury. With improved understanding of where children are at elevated risk, prevention measures can then be spatially targeted and evaluated for improved outcomes. Methods/Approach GIS was used to map hospital injury data at the zip code level for 43 injury code classes. Zip codes were scored based on incidence rank to create risk maps for specific types of injuries and for all injuries. Within sample zip codes, spatial video surveys were conducted on child pedestrian and bicycle-related activities. Spatial video is an emergent geospatial technology that enables the encoding of geographic coordinates from the GPS onto high resolution video data. Results of these surveys were mapped in GIS. Results Injury data reveal a core-periphery pattern of incidence centring on Akron, displaying distance decay away from the city. Several areas within this core persistently ranked as having the highest incidence across most injury code classes. For the spatial video surveys, the most compelling result is that wearing a helmet while riding a bicycle is an anomaly across all observed children throughout the study area. Conclusions While results from analysis of hospital injury data indicate a need for spatial targeting of injury prevention efforts in the persistent high risk areas of the city and county, results of the spatial video surveys point to a need for more widespread intervention to address the near universal lack of wearing a bicycle helmet. Significance and contribution to the field Methodologically, novel approaches to spatial data collection and analysis are presented that are replicable and offer integrated insight into child injury risk. Substantively, this project identifies specific locations where intervention strategies should be prioritised. Finally, this project reports on the academic/non-profit partnership that designed and implemented this research, with guidelines on replication for geospatial support.
Stromal fibroblasts in cancer initiation and progression

It is widely accepted that the development of carcinoma--the most common form of human cancer--is due to the accumulation of somatic mutations in epithelial cells. The behaviour of carcinomas is also influenced by the tumour microenvironment, which includes extracellular matrix, blood vasculature, inflammatory cells and fibroblasts. Recent studies reveal that fibroblasts have a more profound influence on the development and progression of carcinomas than was previously appreciated. These new findings have important therapeutic implications.
Extended deterrence and alliance formation

Inductive approaches have little conclusive to say about whether alliances make war more or less likely. Moreover, the empirical associations are ambiguous. Modeling alliance formation in an incomplete information setting reveals that alliances have predictable effects on the behavior of nations. The primary effect of alliances is to increase the probability that a nation will intervene in an ongoing war. Since an alliance provides a signal that a nation is likely to intervene, alliances affect the behavior of other states. Specifically, the formation of a defensive alliance deters potential aggressors from attacking, and encourages those nations that are attacked to resist. Although an alliance helps deter enemies and helps reassure friends, success is not guaranteed; deterrence failures occur. Although alliances have a predictable effect on the behavior of nations, the aggregate relationship between alliance formation and the occurrence of war is ambiguous. As well as providing an explanation of much of...
Systolic Galois field exponentiation in a multiple-valued logic technique

In this paper, we present two new parallel-in parallel-out systolic array architectures to compute the exponentiation operation for the field GF(2k) in a multiple-valued logic (MVL) approach, using the composite field GF((22)m). We compare both circuits with the circuit that use GF(2k) as its basis. The proposed circuits require much less amount of chip area, less clock cycles to generate the final output, and are highly regular, thus they are well suited for VLSI.
Addressing place in climate change mitigation: Reducing emissions in a suburban landscape

Federal political deadlock has long forced progressive climate change mitigation efforts in the United States to target greenhouse gas emissions and reduction options at regional, state, urban, and local levels. Even as a national mitigation agenda solidifies, researchers and political actors might strategically maintain local places and types of landscape – center cities, older and newer suburbs, and rural areas in different United States regions – as distinct spheres for analysis and action. This local articulation permits ongoing analysis of how place/landscape type-specific conditions structure everyday greenhouse gas emissions and the prospects for reducing them. As such, it promotes mitigation programs that encompass broad, long-term infrastructure and lifestyle transformations for energy efficiency and conservation; not only top-down changes to energy generation technologies. Participatory climate change mitigation research in the Philadelphia suburbs demonstrates how geographically particular metropolitan development patterns shape the prospects for two such policies, residential energy efficiency improvement and the promotion of local food systems. The sprawling suburb investigated here, with the center city its development has helped impoverish, challenges these mitigation options in particular and emissions reduction in general. Deeply problematic elements include both the landscape's ever-extending physical morphology and the socioeconomic inequalities that this built environment – and the stakeholders who build it – help to create and maintain. Reshaping this and other suburban landscapes can not only promote long-term climate change mitigation but also reduce vulnerability to climate change's unavoidable impacts.
Principles of evolutionary learning design for a stochastic neural network.

Abstract The authors develop principles for evolutionary learning typical of biological systems and demonstrate how these principles can be realized with a formal stochastic network.
Matriptase-2 and proprotein convertase cleaved forms of hemojuvelin have different roles in the down-regulation of hepcidin expression

Hemojuvelin (HJV) is an important regulator of iron metabolism. Membrane-anchored HJV up-regulates expression of the iron regulatory hormone, hepcidin, through the bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling pathway by acting as a BMP co-receptor. HJV can be cleaved by the furin family of proprotein convertases, which releases a soluble form of HJV that suppresses BMP signaling and hepcidin expression by acting as a decoy that competes with membrane HJV for BMP ligands. Recent studies indicate that matriptase-2 binds and degrades HJV, leading to a decrease in cell surface HJV. In the present work, we show that matriptase-2 cleaves HJV at Arg288, which produces one major soluble form of HJV. This shed form of HJV has decreased ability to bind BMP6 and does not suppress BMP6-induced hepcidin expression. These results suggest that the matriptase-2 and proprotein convertase-cleavage products have different roles in the regulation of hepcidin expression.
UniFI: leveraging non-volatile memories for a unified fault tolerance and idle power management technique

Continued technology scaling presents new challenges for system-level fault tolerance and power management. Decreasing device sizes increases the likelihood of both transient and permanent faults. Increasing device count, together with the end of Dennard scaling, makes power a critical design constraint. Techniques that seek to improve system reliability frequently use more power. Similarly, many techniques that reduce power hurt system reliability. Ideally system designers should seek out techniques that mutually benefit both fault tolerance and power management.In this paper, we develop a unified technique, called UniFI, for fault tolerance and idle power management in shared memory multi-core systems. UniFI leverages emerging non-volatile memory technologies to provide an energy-efficient lightweight checkpointing technique. In addition to tolerating a large class of faults, UniFI's frequent checkpoints permit near-instant transition to a deep sleep mode to reduce idle power. UniFI incurs very low performance and energy overheads during fault-free execution--less than 2%--while taking checkpoints every 0.1ms. For typical server workloads (such as DNS), UniFI reduces average power by 82% by shutting off during idle periods.
Configuration of the two kinesin motor domains during ATP hydrolysis

To understand the mechanism of kinesin movement we have investigated the relative configuration of the two kinesin motor domains during ATP hydrolysis using fluorescence polarization microscopy of ensemble and single molecules. We found that: (i) in nucleotide states that induce strong microtubule binding, both motor domains are bound to the microtubule with similar orientations; (ii) this orientation is maintained during processive motion in the presence of ATP; (iii) the neck-linker region of the motor domain has distinct configurations for each nucleotide condition tested. Our results fit well with a hand-over-hand type movement mechanism and suggest how the ATPase cycle in the two motor domains is coordinated. We propose that the motor neck-linker domain configuration controls ADP release.
Fibbin with Poems across the Curriculum.

This article uses fibbin (Fibonacci poems) as an instructional strategy to teaching reading and writing across the curriculum. It describes fibbin from a historical and mathematical perspective and discusses it as an adaptation of the famous Fibonacci sequence to teaching content area material (e.g. science, math, and social studies). This instructional strategy is described and samples of student work that resulted from these strategies are presented and discussed. Variations to this strategy and lessons learned from the whole experience are included. تستخدم هذه المقالة فيبن (الأشعار الفيبنية) كإستراتيجية تعليمية لتعليم القراءة والكتابة عبر المنهاج الدراسي. لذا تصف فبين من منظر تاريخي ورياضياتي وتناقشه من حيث أنه متكيف من السلسلة الفيبينية المشهورة المتعلقة بتعليم مواد مجال المحتوى (على سبيل المثال العلوم والرياضيات والدراسات الاجتماعية). وقد تمت وصفة هذه الإستراتيجية التعليمية وباتالي تم تقديم نماذج أعمال الطلاب التي نتجت عن هذه الإستراتيجيات ونقاشها. وانضمت في هذه المقالة تنوعات هذه الإستراتيجية والدروس المأخوذة من التجربة بأكملها. 本文使用fibbin (斐波那契数列式诗歌)作为教学策略，教授跨学科课程的阅读与写作。文章从历史及数学的角度介绍这种斐波那契数列式诗歌，并详述fibbin如何改编自著名的斐波那契数列，用以教授学科内容知识(例如科学科、数学科、社会科）。本文加以说明这教学策略，并介绍及讨论以这教学策略施教所得出的学生习作样本。文中亦讨论这策略的一些变异及作者从整个教学经验所得的启示。 Cet article utilise les fibbin (poemes de Fibonacci) comme strategie pedagogique pour enseigner la lecture et l'ecriture selon le programme. Il presente les fibbin dans une perspective historique et mathematique et en debat en tant qu'adaptation de la celebre suite de Fibonacci pour enseigner un contenu pedagogique (sciences, maths, histoire et geographie par exemple). On decrit cette strategie pedagogique puis on presente et discute des exemples de travaux d'etudiants resultant de cette strategie. On inclut des variantes de cette strategie et on tire des lecons de l'experience dans son ensemble. В статье описано, как применять “фибин” – стихотворение, построенное на числах Фибоначчи или, иными словами, на золотом сечении, – при обучении чтению и письму в контексте различных предметов (естественнонаучного и общественно-социального циклов). Фибин рассматривается с исторической и математической точек зрения; подробно – с примерами из работ школьников – разбирается его обучающий потенциал. В статье также представлены разновидности предложенного метода и выводы, к которым авторы пришли после его применения на практике. Este articulo usa poemas de Fibonacci como una estrategia para ensenar a escribir en todas las materias. Describe el proceso desde perspectivas historicas y matematicas, y lo presenta como una adaptacion de la famosa secuencia Fibonacci para ensenar materias de contenido (por ejemplo, las ciencias, la matematica y las ciencias sociales). Se describe esta estrategia y se dan y discuten muestras de lo que hicieron los estudiantes. Se incluyen variaciones de esta estrategia y las lecciones aprendidas.
Pancreatic glucagon and postprandial satiety in the rat

Abstract The hypothesis that administration of pancreatic glucagon inhibits feeding by eliciting satiety for food was tested against several behavioral and physiological criteria of specificity. The effects of intraperitoneal glucagon injections on intake of a palatable milk diet were tested in rats maintained with ad lib access to pelleted diet. Injections of 25–800 μg/kg glucagon administered at meal onset inhibited meal size by 17–36%, but did not affect the normal postprandial behavioral satiety sequence or elicit any behavioral signs of toxicity. Latency to rest and intermeal interval were not affected. Glucagon decreased meal size by specifically inhibiting feeding during the terminal phase of the meal without affecting feeding earlier in the meal. This was also the case when glucagon was injected 4 min prior to meal onset. This range of glucagon doses did not affect water intake in water deprived rats consuming fluid volumes comparable to the milk intakes. They also did not affect body temperature. Finally, injection of 400 μg/kg glucagon after the initial exposure to a novel drinking fluid was not sufficient to form a conditioned taste aversion in a two bottle preference test. These data, together with reports that circulating pancreatic glucagon levels increase during meals, strongly suggest that pancreatic glucagon is involved in the production of postprandial satiety.
Acceptable Noise Level and Psychophysical Masking

Purpose Individuals with low acceptable noise levels (ANLs) accept more noise than individuals with high ANLs. To determine whether ANL is influenced more by afferent or efferent cortical responsiv...
Efficiency conditions and duality models for multiobjective fractional subset programming problems with generalized (ϝ, α, ϱ, θ)-V-convex functions

Abstract In this paper, we first introduce a new class of generalized convex n-set functions, called (ϝ, α, ϱ, θ)-V-convex functions, and then present numerous sets of parametric and semiparametric sufficient efficiency conditions under generalized (ϝ, α, ϱ, θ)-V-convexity assumptions for a multiobjective fractional subset programming problem. Moreover, we construct three parametric and three semiparametric duality models and prove appropriate duality theorems.
POLAR COORDINATE MEAN INFORMATION FIELDS

Polar Coordinate Mean Information Fields have several advantages over the traditional square grid method of Hagerstrand. These include consistency with theory, more explicit and accurate incorporation of directions, ease of rotation, and easy conversion to 3-dimensional diffusion.
The Complexion of Collaboration: An Overview of the Psychologist-Physician Relationship

The core of the collaborative enterprise between psychologists and primary care physicians is the patient encounter. Individual cases provide opportunities for physicians and psychologists to collaborate effectively; the focus of such collaborations must always remain on the health and well-being of the patient. Any number of collaborative models may be used, depending on the specific situation and specific conditions of the collaboration, coupled with the needs of the patient. Collaboration may range from informal consultation, to formal consultation, to coprovision of care, to cotherapy between physician and psychologist. As an introduction to this special issue, this article outlines these models of collaboration, as well as the importance of agreed-upon goals, ongoing communication, and problem solving to address barriers between collaborative partners.
Some effects of electrolyte motion during corrosion

Abstract The effect of the rate of flow of water upon the electrochemical behaviour of tubular couples of iron and copper, carbon and copper, and copper tubes of different diameters is examined. The importance of water velocity in the depolarization of cathodic processes is shown, together with the probable results of changes of cross section. An explanation of the results in terms of the liquid boundary layer at the metal surface is suggested.
Sequential equi-marginal optimization method for ranking strategies for thermal building renovation

Abstract Planners of building renovation projects prefer to evaluate recommended renovation strategies in terms of the benefits of the money invested. This study proposes a sequential building optimization method that requires only one optimization run to rank the recommended renovation strategies and parameters within a range of initial budget limits for building renovation projects. The proposed optimization method builds on the equi-marginal optimization method derived from consumer behavior research in microeconomics. By using this method, decision makers can evaluate financial long-term benefits of an investment and can see the diminishing marginal return, resulting in defining the most feasible budget limits. It provides the marginal benefit for each recommended renovation strategy in a cost benefit diagram. The proposed method differs from the already existing sequential optimization methods in the way the algorithm finds the optimal solution in each iteration and does not need expert knowledge for its application. The evaluation criterion is the life cycle cost (LCC). The sequential optimization algorithm uses thermal simulation software. For case studies with different budget limits and climate conditions, an existing building in the cool climate of Ann Arbor, Michigan is taken for reference. Results show that the optimization method provides reliable results leading to recommendations for renovation strategies that are ranked according to their marginal utility by investment. The ability of the user to see marginal utility by investment will improve economic decision making.