cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparative study of listening rate preferences for oral reading and impromptu speaking tasks.

A paired comparison paradigm was employed to compare the listening rate preferences of 26 adult subjects for oral reading and impromptu speaking tasks. Recordings of a reading and speech were time-altered by means of a speech compressor to yield nine rates: 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, and 300 wpm. Two master tapes were constructed, one for each of the two tasks investigated. The tapes were presented to each subject for listening rate preference judgments. Results of subjects'evaluations indicate that preferred listening rates are very similar for both oral reading and impromptu speaking tasks. The most preferred rate for both tasks was 175 wpm, and the least preferred rate for both tasks was 100 wpm. Comparison of the present findings with previous research and suggestions for future investigations are provided.
Preservice Teachers’ TPACK: Using Technology to Support Inquiry Instruction

This investigation provides detailed descriptions of preservice secondary science teachers’ technology-enhanced inquiry instruction and their developing TPACK. Prior to student teaching, 27 preservice teachers were introduced to general guidelines for integrating technology to support reform-based science instruction. This instruction was in the context of a 2-year Master of Teaching program. Of the 27 preservice teachers, 26 used technology for inquiry instruction during student teaching. Our goals were to describe how these 26 preservice science teachers: (1) used educational technologies to support students’ investigations and (2) demonstrated their developing TPACK through technology-enhanced inquiry instruction. Multiple data sources (observations, lesson plans, interviews, and reflections) allowed for characterization of participants’ technology integration to support inquiry instruction and their decision-making related to the use of technology to support inquiry. Results indicated that participants incorporated technologies appropriate to the content and context to facilitate non-experimental and experimental inquiry experiences. Participants developing TPACK was evidenced by their selective and appropriate use of technology. Appropriate technology use for inquiry included the following: (1) to present an engaging introduction, (2) to facilitate data collection, (3) to facilitate data analysis, and (4) to facilitate communication and discussion of results. These results suggest that using digital images to facilitate whole-class inquiry holds considerable promise as a starting point for teachers new to inquiry instruction. Results of the present study may inform science teacher educators’ development of content-specific, technology-enhanced learning opportunities that: prepare preservice teachers for the responsibility of supporting inquiry instruction with technology, facilitate the transition to student-centered instruction, and support TPACK development.
Rehabilitation of hand burn injuries: Current updates

The improved short and long term survival rate of individuals with large burn injuries has made rehabilitation for optimal recovery of the patient increasingly important. Burn injury to the hands worsens the prospect of functional recovery and good quality of life in single events, especially when included in larger burns. The purpose of this paper is to present a narrative review of examination strategies used for children with burn injuries to the hands in the acute, intermediate and long term stages of rehabilitation, and apply these concepts to selected treatments, using a case that is representative of this complex patient population. The model of health described by the World Health Organisation provided the framework for the review, to structure the review in the domains of body structures and body functions, functional activities and participation in life roles. The lack of consensus in the burn literature regarding the most appropriate outcome measures and interventions necessitates futures research and long term outcome studies to identify, predict and prevent the difficulties patients may face over their lifespan.
The dynamic mechanical behaviour of liquid-filled foams

Liquid-filled, flexible, open cell foams exhibit large mechanical damping when subjected to oscillatory compressions because of the flow of liquid through the foam matrix. The theory which has been proposed by Gent and Rusch in 1966 to explain this phenomenon is extended to take into account the effects of inertia. An apparatus is described which has been used to study the dynamic behaviour of liquid-filled foams. It operates in the compression tension deformation mode over a frequency range of nearly five decades (3 × 10−3-2 × 102 Hz) at temperatures between −50 and +70°C. Experimental data are presented showing how the mechanical properties of the matrix and the liquid and the sample geometry affect the dynamic behaviour of the liquid-filled foam system. In general the observed behaviour is in agreement with that predicted theoretically. Deviations from the theory are attributed to the sample configuration used.
Learning curve and robot set-up/operative times in singly docked totally robotic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

The robotic platform might offer superior ergonomics over other minimally invasive approaches. However, the increased time required for instrument set-up, operations, and surgical training are perceived as major drawbacks. There is limited literature on this topic, therefore we report our experience at an academic tertiary medical center in the USA. The primary aim of this study was to analyze the learning curve and the times for necessary steps for singly docked totally robotic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RREYGB). From November 2010 to April 2013, all consecutive patients who underwent RREYGB were retrospectively analyzed from a prospectively maintained database. Variables of interest for this study were patient demographics, preoperative body mass index, previous surgical history, clinically relevant perioperative events, and operative times for various steps in the procedure. During the study period, a total of 32 patients were enrolled. The mean age was 39.9 ± 9.7 years (range 25–60), preoperative weight was 120.9 ± 21.5 kg (range 76.7–184.6), and body mass index (BMI) was 44.7 ± 5.3 kg/m2 (range 36.1–61). The mean total operative time was 187.3 ± 36.4 min (range 130–261). The time necessary for trocar placement was 11.9 ± 4.5 min (range 4–23), robot set-up was 8.5 ± 3.6 min (range 3–20), pouch creation was 32 ± 10.11 min (range 16–56), gastrojejunal anastomosis was 59.5 ± 12.3 min (range 39–90), jejunojejunal anastomosis was 33.5 ± 9.6 min (range 18–65), and endoscopy/hemostasis was 12.9 ± 7.2 min (range 2–34). Operative time significantly improved after eight cases. In a high-volume established robotic bariatric center, robot set-up, operative times, and learning curve are shorter than previously reported.
Advanced lubricants for diesel engine particulate control

Diesel exhaust particulates contain an organic fraction than can be attributed to the engine lubricant. This lubricant fraction varies from a mass fraction of 15% to over 50%, depending on the engine and the operating conditions. This paper addresses the issue of developing novel lubricants that have a lower contribution to diesel particulate. In this work, an analytical technique (TGA/DTA) was developed to measure rapidly the lubricant contribution to diesel particulate. Two apparatus were constructed to simulate the interactions between carbonaceous soot and lubricant products under a variety of test conditions. The combination of simulation apparatus and analytical technique guided the development of lubricants with reduced contribution to particulate. Several formulated lubricants were developed, based on concepts of lower volatility and better oxidative and thermal stability. Initial testing of these lubricants in the simulation apparatus indicated several candidates with reduced interaction with diesel particulate soot.
Difference between medullary and cortical thymic lymphocytes of the pig in their response to phytohemagglutinin.

Pig thymus tissue was cultured with organ culture techniques in the presence and absence of phytohemagglutinin in the culture medium. Morphologic and autoradiographic observations indicate that in the pig, lymphocytes capable of responding to phytohemagglutinin are located predominantly in the medulla of the thymus.
The Impact of Flight Hardware Scavenging on Space Logistics

For a given fixed launch vehicle capacity the logistics payload delivered to the moon may be only roughly 20 percent of the payload delivered to the International Space Station (ISS). This is compounded by the much lower flight frequency to the moon and thus low availability of spares for maintenance. This implies that lunar hardware is much more scarce and more costly per kilogram than ISS and thus there is much more incentive to preserve hardware. The Constellation Lunar Surface System (LSS) program is considering ways of utilizing hardware scavenged from vehicles including the Altair lunar lander. In general, the hardware will have only had a matter of hours of operation yet there may be years of operational life remaining. By scavenging this hardware the program, in effect, is treating vehicle hardware as part of the payload. Flight hardware may provide logistics spares for system maintenance and reduce the overall logistics footprint. This hardware has a wide array of potential applications including expanding the power infrastructure, and exploiting in-situ resources. Scavenging can also be seen as a way of recovering the value of, literally, billions of dollars worth of hardware that would normally be discarded. Scavenging flight hardware adds operational complexity and steps must be taken to augment the crew s capability with robotics, capabilities embedded in flight hardware itself, and external processes. New embedded technologies are needed to make hardware more serviceable and scavengable. Process technologies are needed to extract hardware, evaluate hardware, reconfigure or repair hardware, and reintegrate it into new applications. This paper also illustrates how scavenging can be used to drive down the cost of the overall program by exploiting the intrinsic value of otherwise discarded flight hardware.
Transcription in nuclei isolated from the fat body of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta

The employment of standard separation procedures utilizing sucrose (low or high concentrations) to isolate nuclei from the fat body of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, leads to the recovery of 30–40% of the total cellular DNA in the nuclear pellet. The remainder of the DNA is present in the floating lipid layer and most of this can be recovered as nuclei by employing the hexylene glycol procedure of Wrayet al. (1977). Although this indicates that nuclei of fat body originate from two different pools, the chemical composition, density and transcriptional characteristics all suggest that they are similar to one another. Detailed transcriptional studies indicate that: (a) RNA polymerase I activity is measured at 35 mM salt in the presence of α-amanitin; (b) RNA polymerase II activity is measured at 300 mM salt; (c) the preferred cation is Mn2+ and the salt of choice is ammonium sulphate; (d) there exists only a low level of free enzymes I and II which can be measured by employing exogenous templates poly d(A-T) and poly d(I-C), respectively; (e) this free pool can be eliminated by washing nuclei with 0.15 M ammonium sulphate; and (f) insect RNA polymerases appear to be resistant to the rifamycin derivative AF/013.
A radiation model for geocentric trajectory calculations

A solar cell degradation model developed for the SECKSPOT trajectory optimization code is presented. The model is based on two analytic expressions, one describing solar cell power degradation as a function of 1 MeV equivalent fluence and cell base resistivity and thickness, and one describing a spatial field of 1 MeV equivalent electron flux. The model extends the latitude range, provides a continuous and smooth representation of the flux field, and provides for changing the cell characteristics. Construction of a 1 MeV electron flux model and of a power loss model are described. It is shown that modeling the 1 MeV flux field as a separate entity allows simple consideration of both front and back shielding, and that the coefficients relating to specific cell damage data can be simply updated using the latest cell damage data once the general analytical characteristics of the model have been established.
Synchronization of hippocampal and cortical electroencephalogram by thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Abstract The septal region has recently been shown to be extremely sensitive to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-induced antagonism of pentobarbital narcosis in the rat. As the septohippocampal system is thought to provide a neuroanatomical substrate mediating synchronization of the hippocampal EEG, we hypothesized that TRH would induce hippocampal synchrony. Animals were pretreated with pentobarbital and both hippocampal and cortical EEG monitored. By using spectral analysis of the EEG, it was shown that intracerebroventricular administration of TRH caused a significant increase in both hippocampal (3 to 7 Hz) and cortical (7 to 11 Hz) synchrony. It is postulated that TRH-induced hippocampal synchrony may play a role in TRH antagonism of pentobarbital narcosis.
Pathophysiology of superoxide radical as potential mediator of reperfusion injury in pig heart.

The role of oxygen0derived free radicals in myocardial reperfusion injury was studied using the isolated in situ pig heart model. The free radical scavengers, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, protected the ischemic pig heart subjected to one hour of normothermic regional ischemia followed by one hour of global hypothermic arrest and one hour normothermic reperfusion. A significant increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive material and oxidized glutathione appeared in the perfusate demonstrating free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation during reperfusion, and this was prevented by the addition of SOD plus catalase. The values of three important antioxidative enzymes, SOD, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, showed reduced activities after 2 hours of ischemia. These values did not change significantly after 60 minutes of reperfusion following the 2 hours ischemic insult. The concentrations of high-energy phosphate compounds including creatine phosphate (CP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and total adenine nucleotide were reduced significantly during ischemia and reperfusion in hearts which were not protected by SOD and catalase. The plasma creatine phosphokinase levels were lowered appreciably as a result of SOD and catalase treatment. It may be concluded from these experiments that oxygen-derived free radicals are present during reperfusion and SOD and catalase play a significant role in the protection of ischemic myocardium from reperfusion injury.
Trace-free differential invariants of triples of vector 1-forms

Abstract It is shown that the “trace-free” differential invariants of triples of vector 1-forms form a space of dimension 13. Twelve of these are accounted for by constructions based on the known bilinear “bracket” of vector 1-forms. We find one that is new, and exhibit it in various forms, including one that shows an unusual symmetry: it alternates in the three vector 1-forms and is a tensor of type (1,2), symmetric in its covariant part. Two-dimensional manifolds admit yet another new invariant.
Time-domain investigation of OH ground-state energy transfer using picosecond two-color polarization spectroscopy

Abstract Two-color polarization spectroscopy was used to investigate rotational energy transfer (RET) and relaxation of orientation and alignment in the ground electronic state of OH in an atmospheric-pressure methane–air flame. Two independently tunable lasers produced nearly transform-limited infrared and ultraviolet pulses of 50 ps duration. The infrared laser excited rovibrational transitions, and delayed ultraviolet pulses probed electronic transitions from either the directly pumped or collisionally populated states. Alignment and orientation relaxation times were measured for individual rotational levels in OH X 2 Π 3/2 (v=1) , and the feasibility of time-domain investigation of state-to-state energy transfer processes was demonstrated.
An Arabic morphological system

Nowadays, computers are used in every field in the Arab countries of the middle east. Software systems developed for the European languages are not convenient for the use of Arabic because of the nature of the language and its writing system. Problems arise when trying to use existing software systems, such as spell-checkers and business and office systems, with the Arabic language. These problems are attributable to the fact that the difference between Arabic and the European languages exists not only in character shapes and direction of writing, but also in language structure. In order to successfully use Arabic in software systems, we must, then, analyze the Arabic language word structure—that is, carry out a morphological analysis. Most of the written Arabic texts are nonvowelized, which may lead to ambiguity in meaning or mispronunciation. Moreover, vowelization cannot be avoided in many applications, such as speech synthesis by machines and educational books for children. A two-way Arabic morphological system (analysis/generation) capable of dealing with vowelized, semivowelized, and nonvowelized Arabic words was developed at the IBM Cairo Scientific Center. The system also has the ability to vowelize nonvowelized words. This system consists of three separate modules: computational lexicon, Arabic grammar model module, and analyzer/generator module. The grammar module contains, among others, morphophonemic and morphographemic rules formulated using the conventional generative grammar. Moreover, the developed system covers all of the Arabic language.
Photoacoustic detection of metastatic melanoma cells in the human circulatory system

Detection of disseminating tumor cells among patients suffering from various types and stages of cancer can function as an early warning system, alerting the physician of the metastatic spread or recurrence of the disease. Early detection of such cells can result in preventative treatment of the disease, while late stage detection can serve as an indicator of the effectiveness of chemotherapeutics. The prognostic value of exposing disseminating tumor cells poses an urgent need for an efficient, accurate screening method for metastatic cells. We propose a system for the detection of metastatic circulating tumor cells based on the thermoelastic properties of melanoma. The method employs photoacoustic excitation coupled with a detection system capable of determining the presence of disseminating cells within the circulatory system in vitro. Detection trials consisting of tissue phantoms and a human melanoma cell line resulted in a detection threshold of the order of ten individual cells, thus validating the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism. Results imply the potential to assay simple blood draws, from healthy and metastatic patients, for the presence of cancerous melanoma providing an unprecedented method for routine cancer screening.
Case Marking and French Psych-Verbs

This article confirms that two classes of psych-verbs in French, amuser-type ("accusative") and manquer-type ("unaccusative"), involve movement into the subject position. However, the two classes are distinguished by their ability to assign accusative Case: the former assign accusative Case and thereby mimic the syntactic behavior of transitive verbs; the latter assign only partitive Case, thus precluding accusative clitics, passive and WH extraction. The existence of different syntactic configurations of thematic roles with different psych-verb classes indicates a lack of direct correlation between syntactic position and thematic role.
Regulation of Human C-Reactive Protein Gene Expression by Two Synergistic IL-6 Responsive Elements

To study the mechanism of interleukin-6 (IL-6) induction of human C-reactive protein (CRP) gene expression, we have utilized a human hepatoma (PLC/PRF/5) cell culture system to analyze the trans-acting factors which bind to the 300 bp 5‘-flanking region of human CRP gene. In vitro gel mobility shift analyses and methylation interference assays demonstrated that NFIL-6α interacted with two IL-6 responsive elements, and HNF-1α and HNF-3/Octamer-like factors interacted with the downstream IL-6 responsive element in the human CRP promoter. In vivo functional analysis by transient transfection of plasmid constructs containing site-specific mutations in one or two IL-6 responsive elements in the CRP promoter fused to a reporter gene, chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT), demonstrated that the binding of NFIL-6α to two IL-6 responsive elements resulted in synergistic induction of the gene. When HNF-1α or HNF-3/Octamer-like factors were independently bound to their corresponding sites, they had either a posit...
Staging of Neurofibrillary Degeneration Caused by Human Tau Overexpression in a Unique Cellular Model of Human Tauopathy

The hyperphosphorylation of human tau and its aggregation into neurofibrillary tangles are central pathogenic events in familial tauopathies and Alzheimer’s disease. However, the cellular consequences of neurofibrillary tangle formation in vivo have not been directly studied because cellular models of human neurofibrillary degeneration have been unavailable until recently. Incorporation of human tau into filaments in vivo and the association of filamentous tau with cytodegeneration were first demonstrated experimentally with the overexpression of human tau in identified neurons (anterior bulbar cells) in the lamprey central nervous system. In this system, filamentous tau deposits are associated with the loss of dendritic microtubules and synapses, plasma membrane degeneration, and eventually the formation of extracellular tau deposits and cell death. Here we show that human tau hyperphosphorylation in anterior bulbar cells is spatiotemporally correlated with a highly stereotyped sequence of degenerative stages closely resembling those seen in human neurofibrillary degeneration. Hyperphosphorylated tau deposits first appear in the distal dendrites and somata, together with degenerative changes that begin in distal dendrites and progress proximally over time. This sequence is independent of the tau isoform used, the presence of epitope tags and the method used to overexpress tau, and thus has important implications for the cytopathogenesis of human neurofibrillary disease.
Minimal disconnecting sets in directed multi‐commodity networks

The problem of finding minimal disconnecting sets for multi-commodity directed networks may be solved using an arc-path formulation and Gomory's all-integer integer programming algorithm. However, the number of network constraints may be astronomical for even moderately sized networks. This paper develops a finite algorithm similar to Gomory's, but requiring no more than m rows in the tableau, where m is the number of arcs in the network.
Capacity and fairness of the multiple access channel in energy harvesting wireless networks

In this paper, we obtain the capacity region for the AWGN Multiple Access Channel (MAC) with transmitters equipped with energy harvesters. We then develop low delay, adaptive transmission strategies that surprisingly achieve near optimal performance under finite battery resource constrained settings for the flat fading MAC. We describe the rate-fairness tradeoff inherent to the MAC and adapt the well known proportionally fair (PF) rate allocation to energy harvesting nodes. We develop new adaptive transmission strategies based on the PF rate allocation that achieves points above the rate-fairness boundary of the convex hull of the PF rate allocation.
Interaction as a component of meaning-making

Using a multi-media work of art, SenSpace, we investigate the relationship of meaning making and meaning-understanding to interaction. SenSpace is a multimedia installation that uses visual, audio and tactile cues to convey the Greek myth of Narcissus to the user. As opposed to books, audio-books, oral literature and other traditional means of conveying a story, Sen-Space embeds the myth within a physical space, engaging the user in an exercise in meaning-making that can involve multiple senses at the scale of the human body. The SenSpace installation uses projections, water reflections, sound, and distorted visual imagery to present a scripted experience of fixed duration. Following a visit to SenSpace, visitors were surveyed on their expectations and interpretations to help us answer the following research questions: (1) how and to what extent does interaction with the work of art encourage engagement with ideas and interpretation? (2) how and to what extent does content ambiguity encourage engagement and interpretation? (3) does social interaction encourage interpretation?
Anaerobic treatment of a furfural-production wastewater

Abstract The laboratory-scale treatment of a furfural-byproduct wastewater containing approximately 1.2% acetic acid was investigated using one fully-packed anaerobic filter and one partially-packed anaerobic upflow blanket filter operated at 35°C. Hydraulic retention times of 24 and 12 h were investigated, with organic loading rates ranging from 3 to 26 g COD/L/day. COD removal efficiencies in excess of 90% were observed for both reactors at organic loadings up to 23 g/L/day. Experiments at both HRTs were conducted to determine the effect on performance of a two-week shut-down of the reactors. Results from the shut-down studies indicated that the fully-packed filter handled the shut-down periods more efficiently than did the blanket filter.
The Impossibility of Incestuous Love: Woman's Captivity and National Liberation in Rituparno Ghosh's Utsab

Released fifty-three years after the gaining of Indian independence, Rituparno Ghosh's Utsab (Festival, 2000) traces possibilities of incest through two successive generations of a single family, n...
Endothelial Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans That Bind to L-Selectin Have Glucosamine Residues with Unsubstituted Amino Groups

We earlier reported calcium-dependent, heparin-like L-selectin ligands in cultured bovine endothelial cells (Norgard-Sumnicht, K. E., Varki, N. M., and Varki, A. (1993) Science 261,480-483). Here we show that these are heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) associated either with the cultured cells or secreted into the medium and extracellular matrix. Activation of the endothelial cells with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) does not markedly alter the amount or distribution of this material. A major portion of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains released from these HSPGs by alkaline beta-elimination rebinds to L-selectin in the presence of calcium, indicating that these saccharides alone can mediate the high affinity recognition. Heparin lyase digestions indicate that these GAG chains are enriched in heparan sulfate, not heparin sequences. Current understanding of the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate chains indicates that all glucosamine amino groups must be either N-acetylated or N-sulfated. However, nitrous acid deamination at pH 4.0 suggests the presence of some unsubstituted amino groups in these L-selectin-binding GAG chains from endothelial cell HSPGs. This is confirmed by chemical N-reacetylation and by reactivity with sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimide-biotin. These unsubstituted amino groups are also found on HSPGs from human umbilical vein endothelial cells, but are not detected in those from Chinese hamster ovary cells. In both bovine and human endothelial cells, these novel groups are enriched for in the HS-GAG chains which bind to L-selectin. Despite this, studies with N-reacetylation and nitrous acid deamination do not show conclusive evidence for the direct involvement of the unsubstituted amino groups in L-selectin binding. This may be because the chemical reactions used to modify the amino groups do not go to completion. Alternatively, the unsubstituted amino groups may only be indirectly involved in generating binding, by dictating the biosynthesis of another critical group. Regardless, these studies shown that HSPGs from cultured endothelial cells which can bind to L-selectin are enriched with unsubstituted amino groups on their GAG chains. The possible biochemical mechanisms for generation of these novel groups are discussed.
Sparce matrix solution of the Lyapunov equation

It is well known [2, 3] that the nth order Lyapunov equation, AP+PA'=-Q, can be expanded to a n(n+1)/2 order linear vector equation and then solved using conventional linear equation methods. The purpose of this short paper is to present recent work on the sparceness of the resulting equation and the computational advantage of that sparceness, for large n.
Results From the 2009 Pediatric Rehabilitation Practice Survey of the AAPM&R Pediatric Rehabilitation/Developmental Disabilities Council

Objective To quantitatively describe the practices of pediatric physiatrists who are members of the Pediatric Rehabilitation/Developmental Disabilities Council of the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (AAPM&R). Design Cross-sectional survey using the SurveyMonkey instrument. Setting The Pediatric Rehabilitation/Developmental Disabilities Council. Participants Eighty-six members of the Pediatric Rehabilitation/Developmental Disabilities Council ListServ of the Pediatric Rehabilitation/Developmental Disabilities Council of the AAPM&R and pediatric physiatrists known to the author. Methods The link to the survey was embedded in an e-mail message that was distributed by the author to the members of the ListServ on August 14, 2009. Four reminder e-mail messages were sent. The survey was closed on October 2, 2009. All data were extracted into STATA for analysis. Basic practice data were tabulated by raw numbers and percentages. Summary statistics were calculated for salary data, and simple t -tests and Mann-Whitney tests were used to determine if differences were statistically significant (α Main Outcome Measurements Location and style of practice, training, experience, and clinical productivity. Comparison of salary data was by experience, training, position, and gender. Results Women made up 71% of surveyed pediatric physiatrists. Forty percent of respondents practiced in the midwestern United States, and more than 50% practiced in academic settings. Twenty-eight percent of female respondents reported the title of medical director compared with 40% of the male respondents. Whereas 20% of responding practitioners had been in practice for more than 20 years, only 8% were full professors. Nearly 40% of respondents reported doing research, but only 8% had received federal funding for research. The average salary was $191,400. Salary differences were noted by title, experience, and academic rank. Female respondents earned, on average, 82% of what male respondents earned. Conclusions This survey highlights important issues, including regional variations, a potential lack of academic competitiveness, limited engagement in externally funded research, and salary inequities.
Endometrial adenocarcinoma estrogen receptor content: Association of clinicopathologic features with immunohistochemical analysis compared with standard biochemical methods

Endometrial adenocarcinomas from 96 patients were studied for their biochemical estrogen receptor content as well as immunohistochemical localization of estrogen receptor. A well-characterized specific monoclonal antihuman estrogen receptor antibody (H222 sp γ) as amplified by peroxidase/antiperoxidase techniques was used for immunohistologic localization. Immunohistochemical evaluation incorporated both the intensity and distribution of staining into a semiquantitative analysis (HSCORE). The total HSCORE was the sum of the relative contributions of the four histologic components: benign epithelium, malignant epithelium, stroma, and myometrium. These results were compared with clinicopathologic features of the tumors. Excellent sensitivity (91.5%) and specificity (93.1 %) were observed for immunohistochemical analyses as compared with the biochemical analysis of estrogen receptor for these tissues. The cancer component HSCORE correlated better with grade than did the biochemical estrogen receptor determination. Correlation was also observed between surgical stage and estrogen receptor content. Decreasing biochemical estrogen receptor content predicted advanced surgical stage (p = 0.0003), as did the total HSCORE (p = 0.003); however, the HSCORE of the cancer component only did not correlate with advanced surgical stage (p = 0.11). Although immunohistochemical analyses predicted biologic differentiation better than did the biochemical technique, stage correlated better with biochemical estrogen receptor analysis and total HSCORE than did the cancer component HSCORE. The HSCORE of the cancer component may better predict biologic behavior and therefore identify cancers more likely to respond to hormonal therapy.
Effects of acute atrial fibrillation on the vasodilator reserve of the canine atrium

Acute atrial fibrillation appreciably alters atrial physiology by increasing atrial blood flow and atrial oxygen consumption. To determine the effects of atrial fibrillation on atrial vasodilator reserve atrial fibrillation was produced in dogs by electrical atrial stimulation. Reactive hyperaemic responses were measured using Doppler crystals fixed to the sinus node artery and to an adjacent right ventricular branch artery during sinus rhythm, after 20 minutes of atrial fibrillation, and after systemic administration of chromonar (a potent coronary dilator) during atrial fibrillation. During sinus rhythm the peak to resting blood flow velocity ratio after a 20 s occlusion of the sinus node artery was 3.2(1) (mean(SEM)). A 20 s occlusion of a right ventricular branch artery during sinus rhythm resulted in a significantly larger response (5.9(0.7). The repayment to debt area ratio in response to a 20 s occlusion was 1.1(0.2) for the sinus node artery but 3.9(1.0) for a right ventricular branch. During atrial fibrillation the peak to resting velocity ratio was substantially decreased in the sinus node artery (2.3(0.6)) but was not significantly changed in the right ventricular branch (4.4(0.6)). Atrial fibrillation plus chromonar abolished reactive hyperaemia in both the sinus node artery and the right ventricular branch vessel. Right atrial blood flow (microspheres) increased from 45(4) in sinus rhythm to 106(19) ml X min-1 X 100 g-1 in atrial fibrillation and to 208(22) ml X min-1 X 100 g-1 after chromonar administration during atrial fibrillation. Thus the quantitative characteristics of coronary reactive hyperaemia in the right atrium were substantially different from those in the right ventricle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Assessment of Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook Approaches for Near Continuum Regime Nozzle Flows

Accurate and numerically efficient modeling of low-to-moderate Reynolds number nozzle flow expansions to vacuum can be difficult due to the presence of multiple flow length scales. Such simulations are important for the prediction of propulsive thrust as well as spacecraft contamination, both of which can be difficult to measure in ground-based facilities. To that end, conical nozzle flows were studied for Reynolds numbers of 1230 and 12,300 using the direct simulation Monte Carlo method, Navier―Stokes with velocity slip and temperature jump boundary conditions, and statistical and deterministic approaches to the solution of the Bhatnagar―Gross―Krook and ellipsoidal-statistical Bhatnagar―Gross―Krook equations. The deterministic and statistical solutions of the Bhatnagar―Gross―Krook equation were found to be in good agreement with the benchmark direct simulation Monte Carlo results. Statistical Bhatnagar―Gross―Krook and ellipsoidal-statistical Bhatnagar―Gross―Krook methods were also found to be more efficient methods than direct simulation Monte Carlo in the continuum and near-continuum regime, and more accurate than the Navier―Stokes equations in the portions of the flow with rarefaction, such as the boundary layer and the flow around the nozzle lip.
The influence of interface shear strength on the glide dislocation–interface interactions

Abstract Interfaces with relatively low shear strengths can be strong barriers to glide dislocations due to dislocation core spreading within the interface plane. Using atomistic modeling we have studied the influence of interface shear strength on the interaction of lattice glide dislocations with fcc/bcc interfaces. “Tunable” interatomic potentials are employed to vary the interface shear strength for the same interface crystallography. The results show that: (1) the interface shear strength increases as the dilute heat of mixing decreases; (2) the interface shear mechanism involves the nucleation and glide of interfacial dislocations, which is dominated by the atomic structures of interfaces, regardless of the interface shear strength; (3) weak interfaces entrap lattice glide dislocations due to the interface shear and core spreading of dislocations within interfaces. Reverse shear displacement is needed to enable collapse of the spread core for slip transmission. This study provides an insight into the correlation between interface shear strength and glide dislocation trapping at the interface, which is a crucial unit mechanism in understanding the ultra-high strengths observed in nanoscale fcc/bcc multilayers.
Estimation of random coefficient regression models

Linear regression models with coefficients across individual units regarded as random samples from some population are studied in this article from a Bayesian viewpoint. A prior distribution of the secondary parameters is derived following the Jeffreys rule. Posterior distribution of the primary and secondary parameters, and the predictive distribution of the future value are then examined. Computations of the parameter estimates are found to be rather straightforward. Data from a performance test on pigs is analysed and discussed. We also discuss the difficulties involved in using a Lindley and Smith (1972) prior in this problem.
Relaxation training for tension headache: Comparative efficacy and cost-effectiveness of a minimal therapist contact versus a therapist-delivered procedure**

This study compared the clinical utility and cost-effectiveness of a standard, therapist-delivered relaxation treatment of tension headache to a comparable procedure administered with minimal therapist contact and based chiefly at home. Both procedures were highly effective and nearly equivalent for reducing headache complaints, as assessed by measures of headache index, intensity, frequency, and of medication consumption. The minimal contact, home-based treatment was shown to be more cost-effective when relating total amount of therapist contact to headache improvement. These findings suggest that the home-based relaxation treatment may constitute a viable, low-cost alternative to the more typical, but expensive, clinic-based procedures in the treatment of tension headache.
The Effect of Sampling on Feedback Linearization: A Case Study

This paper presents a case study on the sampled-data implementation of a feedback linearizing controller for a particular continuous-time plant, namely a field-controlled DC motor. Through simulation, several different approaches are compared and discussed.
Understanding omega-3's.

Omega-3 fatty acids are a subset of polyunsaturated fatty acids found in marine sources as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and in some leafy vegetables, nuts, and oils as α-linolenic acid (ALA). The metabolism of omega-3's may explain the cardioprotective effects observed in epidemiologic and experimental studies. Although most data for cardioprotective effects come from studies of marine sources, vegetable sources of omega-3 fatty acids (α-linolenic acid) may have similar effects through in vivo conversion to eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. This document will provide an overview of omega-3 fatty acids with a focus on specific sources, metabolism, safety issues, and their potential indication for cardiovascular prevention.
Fatigue Performance of CFRP Strengthened RC Beams under Environmental Conditioning and Sustained Load

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers CFRPs have become increasingly important in recent years in bridge rehabilitation. Significant research has been done on the static behavior of CFRP-strengthened reinforced concrete RC structures; however, the fatigue behavior of such structures with interface defects subjected to harsh environmental conditions still needs to be investigated. Hence, an experimental program has been carried out to investigate the fatigue behavior, under a load range, which generates service load stress levels, of RC beams strengthened with CFRP fabrics. The effect of aggressive environments was studied by subjecting the test members to freeze-thaw, extreme temperature, ultraviolet light exposure, and relative humidity cycles. All beams survived 2 million fatigue cycles without showing significant bond degradation between composite and substrate. However, significant flexural stiffness degradation was observed in the conditioned specimens. The presence of defects also affected specimen stiffness; however, limited growth in defect size was observed due to fatigue cycling.
Role of Mesenchymal-Epithelial Interactions in Normal Bladder Development

AbstractPurpose: To assess the role of cell-cell interactions in the development of bladder smooth muscle.Material and Methods: Bladders from 14-day rat fetuses (prior to smooth muscle differentiation) were isolated and digested with trypsin to separate the mesenchyme and epithelium. Three types of specimens were prepared for grafting under the renal capsule of syngeneic adult hosts: a) intact bladder (BL) which had been isolated from fetuses of timed pregnant rats by surgical methods alone; b) bladder mesenchyme (BLM) alone (urothelium removed following trypsinization); and c) isolated BLM recombined with bladder urothelium (BLM+BLE). After 2 weeks of in vivo growth the grafts were assessed by immunocytochemical techniques for the expression of smooth muscle cells markers (actin, myosin, vinculin, laminin and desmin). The same experiments were repeated in vitro. In the final experiment, the induction of bladder smooth muscle was elicited in situ across species lines. Fourteen-day rat BLM was grafted onto...
Results of recent COCORP profiling in the southeastern United States

Summary. Recently acquired COCORP profiles in the southeastern United States show that: 1) Reflections associated with the Appalachian detachment are prominent beneath the Inner Piedmont of western Georgia, but do not extend further southeast beneath the Pine Mountain belt. 2) The Brunswick magnetic low is associated with a broad zone of crustal-penetrating dipping reflections that probably marks the Alleghanian suture in the southeastern U.S. 3) The South Georgia basin is a composite feature consisting of several half-graben, locally containing >5 km of Triassic - E. Jurassic basin fill. These basins occur within the interior of the Alleghanian orogen, but are not specifically associated with Alleghanian suture. 4) Across-strike crustal thickness variation, and distribution and character of lower-crust and Moho reflections in the Southern Appalachians is grossly similar to that observed in other parts of the AppalachiadHercynian orogenic belt. Global comparisons suggest that these regional variations are a consequence of post-collisional extensional tectonics, rather than a primary (Palaeozoic or older) feature of the orogenic belt.
Uncertainty and spatial variability: incentives for variable rate technology adoption in agriculture

This paper develops a behavioral model of farmer decision making to analyze the incentives for adoption of a technology that provides information about spatial variability in nutrient availability and enables variable rate application of fertilizers. It examines the implications of uncertainty about the accuracy of the technology on input application and adoption decisions. Risk aversion and uncertainty can lead to the imposition of a risk premium on input use, which create incentives to over or under apply fertilizers. This influences not only the incentives to adopt the technology but also the impact of adoption on pollution. High spatial variability mitigates the disincentives for adoption even if fixed costs are high and farm size is small but the extent to which this occurs depends on the degree of risk aversion and uncertainty. These results have implications for the design and effectiveness of costâ€“share subsidies to induce adoption and reduce over application of fertilizers.
Living in health, harmony, and beauty: the diné (navajo) hózhó wellness philosophy.

Hozho is the complex wellness philosophy and belief system of the Dine (Navajo) people, comprised of principles that guide one's thoughts, actions, behaviors, and speech. The alignment of integrative nursing principles and the Hozho Wellness Philosophy illustrates the power that integrative nursing offers as a meta-theoretical perspective that can transform our healthcare system so that it is inclusive and responsive to the needs of our varied populations. Integrative nursing offers the opportunity to re-introduce cultural wellness wisdom, such as Hozho, as a means to improve whole-person/whole-systems wellbeing and resilience. Integrative nursing, through the acceptance and validation of indigenous health-sustaining wisdom, contributes to the delivery of effective, authentic, culturally tailored, whole-person/whole-system, patient-centered, relationship-based healthcare. Highlighting the Dine Hozho philosophy re-introduces this philosophy to the Dine, other American Indian/Alaska Native nations, global i...
Mating Flight Activity as Dealation Factors for Red Imported Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Female Alates

Queens of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), release a primer pheromone that inhibits dealation (wing removal) of nestmate female alates by presumably suppressing endogenous concentrations of juvenile hormone (JH). Alates cast their wings once separated from the queen; however, the point of initiating dealation varies upon conditions. Alates are stimulated to shed their wings after several days of the death or removal of the queen, whereas newly mated alates dealate within 1 h after the mating flight. We found no single premating behavior or combination of behaviors associated with the nuptial flight that induces dealation rates comparable with that of newly mated queens. Copulation by itself or in conjunction with other behavioral signals and environmental prompts seems to be critical in causing rapid dealation in newly inseminated alates. In addition, colonies containing alates treated with precosene would not initiate mating flights nor could they be induced to fly. We suggest that precosene treatment affects the corpora allata (CA), but CA products other than juvenile hormone (JH) or in combination with JH are responsible for rapid dealation after mating. Dealation in the two contexts, within the colony and after mating flights, seems to occur via separate mechanisms.