cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer Analysis of Lymphocyte Images

Research on computer analysis of microscopic images of cells concentrates at this time on three major applications. These are the automated recognition of cells from the hematopoietic system, the analysis of epithelial cells and the study of lymphocyte populations. Of these, the first two are clearly related to the immediate needs of the clinical laboratory. White blood cell differential counts are carried out at a rate of more than 100 million per annum in the United States alone. Research and development here has progressed from the first feasibility studies accomplished in the 1960s by Preston (1961) and Preston (1962), Prewitt and Mendelsohn (1966), Ingram et al. (1968), Young (1969), and Bacus (1970) to the commercially available automated white blood cell differential counting devices. For the analysis of epithelial cells, the major effort has concentrated on the clinical cytology of the female reproductive tract (Wied et al., 1976). Here, research toward the improvement of the diagnostic characterization of the material and extensive efforts to automate the prescreening for cervical cancer are underway. Also directed toward early detection and diagnosis of malignant disease, and particularly toward the extraction of prognostic clues, are research projects on image analysis of urothelial cells (Koss et al., 1975, 1977a,b, 1978a; Bartels et al., 1977c) and cells from the respiratory tract (Reale et al., 1978; Wied et al., 1979). The analysis of digitized images of lymphocytes at this time does not have such immediate clinical applications.
Phenylethanoid Glycosides from Digitalis purpurea and Penstemon linarioides with PKCα-Inhibitory Activity

In a continuation of our search for potential tumor inhibitors from plants, it was found that the CH2Cl2-MeOH (1:1) extracts from Digitalis purpurea and Penstemon linarioides both showed PKCalpha-inhibitory bioactivity. Bioassay-directed fractionation of the extract from D. purpurea yielded the new, weakly active phenylethanoid glycoside 2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl-O-(alpha-L-rhamnosyl)-(1-->3) -O- (alpha-L-rhamnosyl)-(1-->6)-4-O-E-feruloyl-beta-D-glucopy ran oside (1) together with the four known compounds calceolarioside A (2), calceolarioside B (3), forsythiaside (4), and plantainoside D (5). The extract from P. linarioides yielded the three known glycosides leucosceptoside A (6), acteoside (7), and poliumoside (8), together with the iridoid plantarenaloside (9). All of the isolated compounds, except compound 9, showed inhibitory activity against PKCalpha with IC50 values (in microM) of 125 (1), 0.6 (2), 4.6 (3), 1.9 (4), 14.8 (5), 19.0 (6), 9.3 (7), and 24.4 (8).
Rotational Rescaling and Disposable Dimensions

The scalings done thus far have treated the variates individually and have been of a relatively simple nature, i.e., either additive, multiplicative, or ranking. We now proceed to considering the data jointly among variates as a constellation of points in multidimensional space having as many perpendicular axes as there are variates (Manly 1998; Krzanowski 2000; Anderson 2003). A point along an axis one unit from the origin provides a basis case or basis vector for that axis. This is effectively an “artificial” point having a coordinate of 1.0 on that axis and 0.0 on all other axes. An additive rescaling shifts the constellation of points upward or downward relative to the respective axis. A multiplicative rescaling changes the magnitudes of values on an axis, thus effectively stretching or compressing the axis and expanding or shrinking the constellation of points relative to that axis. It is also possible (and useful) to consider rigidly rotating the axial framework itself, which does not change the overall multidimensional shape of the constellation and does not change the (Euclidian) distances between points but does give a different perspective view as seen along an axis. The rotational rescaling consists of determining the value along a repositioned axis at which a perpendicular projection of each data point will impinge on the new axis.
Preconditioning and Formation of Maud Rise Polynyas in a High-Resolution Earth System Model

AbstractOpen-ocean polynyas (OOPs) in the Southern Ocean are ice-free areas within the winter ice pack that are associated with deep convection, potentially contributing to the formation of Antarct...
Japan's Carnival War: Mass Culture on the Home Front, 1937–1945

Japan in the Asia-Pacific War years is usually remembered for economic deprivation, political repression, and cultural barrenness. Benjamin Uchiyama argues that although the war created the opportunity for the state to expand its control over society and mass culture, it also fractured Japanese people's sense of identity, spilling out through a cultural framework which is best understood as 'carnival war'. In this cultural history, we are introduced to five symbolic figures: the thrill-seeking reporter, the defiant munitions worker, the tragic soldier, the elusive movie star, and the glamorous youth aviator. Together they represent both the suppression and proliferation of cultural life in wartime Japan and demonstrate that 'carnival war' coexisted with total war to promote consumerist desire versus sacrifice, fantasy versus nightmare, and beauty versus horror. Ultimately, Uchiyama argues, this duality helped mobilize home front support for the war effort.
What Is the Best Operation for Proximal Gastric Cancer and Distal Esophageal Cancer

Cancer of the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) is increasing in incidence, likely as a result of rising obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease rates. The tumors that arise here share features of esophageal and gastric cancer, and are classified based on their location in relationship to the GEJ. The definition of the GEJ itself, as well as optimal resection strategy, extent of lymph node dissection, resection margin length, and reconstruction methods are still very much a subject of debate. This article summarizes the available evidence on this topic, and highlights specific areas for further research.
3D Bioprinting in Clinical Cardiovascular Medicine

3D bioprinting is a form of additive manufacturing tailored toward creating biological constructs with precise spatial control. As an extension of conventional 3D printing with a variety of materials such as polymers, ceramics, and metals, 3D bioprinting focuses on building viable, biomimetic products that can be used to replicate, improve, or substitute functional tissues. Driven by the field of tissue engineering, advancements in 3D bioprinting have enabled greater print resolutions, more customizable bioinks, and faster biomanufacturing speeds, which are critical when handling delicate biological substances. To date, researchers and engineers have creatively employed 3D bioprinting to combat cardiovascular disease, the most prevalent cause of death in the Western world. In the realm of cardiovascular medicine, 3D bioprinting has seen manifold applications including surgical models, cardiac patches, computational and theoretical models, heart valves, and stents. These technologies vary in terms of their extent of development, ranging from in vitro modeling to clinical therapies. While surgical models are most widely used in a clinical setting, other bioprinted models are rapidly developing with promising results. Overall, this chapter focuses on the clinical applications of 3D bioprinting aimed toward understanding, augmenting, or replacing cardiovascular tissues and organs.
One more try: The International Solar Alliance and India's search for geopolitical influence

Abstract The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is a new initiative launched at the 2015 Paris climate conference by India, jointly with France. The ISA is the first international organization headquartered in India and aims to promote solar electricity in the sunshine belt of states mostly between the tropic of Cancer and tropic of Capricorn. One of India's key aims in co-founding the ISA is as an instrument for geopolitical influence. However, India has limited capacity to provide financial support for this effort and is not a solar technology innovator or source of low-cost solar products such as panels or inverters (in contrast to far greater Chinese strength in these areas). This raises the question about whether and how India can reap geopolitical rewards from the ISA. This article explores the potential and limits for India to use the ISA as an instrument of geopolitics. We find that India's large domestic market and some of its recent success in scaling-up solar may provide some avenues for exercising leadership in the solar space and that those in turn may yield some opportunities for exercising wider geopolitical influence if those achievements are recognized. We theorize the stages of India's attempted journey from achieving solar leadership to exerting global influence and identify several barriers that must be overcome for success. These include overcoming challenges to its domestic solar program, ensuring institutional strength, and standing out in a crowded global renewables ecosystem of organizations.
Memristor Based Autoencoder for Unsupervised Real-Time Network Intrusion and Anomaly Detection

Custom low power hardware for real-time network security and anomaly detection are in great demand, as these would allow for efficient security in battery-powered network devices. This paper presents a memristor based system for real-time intrusion detection, as well as an anomaly detection based on autoencoders. Intrusion detection is based on a single autoencoder, and the overall detection accuracy of this system is 92.91% with a malicious packet detection accuracy of 98.89%. The system described in this paper is also capable of using two autoencoders to perform anomaly detection using real-time online learning. Using this system, we show that anomalous data is flagged by the system, but over time the system stops flagging a particular datatype if its presence is abundant. Utilizing memristors in these designs allows us to present extreme low power systems for intrusion and anomaly detection, while sacrificing little accuracy.
Safety considerations with combination therapies for psoriasis

Introduction: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that waxes and wanes, and long-term remission can be difficult to achieve regardless of disease severity. Currently, numerous treatment options are available for psoriasis including steroid and non-steroid topical agents, phototherapy, oral systemic agents, and biologics, with many more therapeutic agents under development.Areas covered: This article will review various combination therapy strategies such as rotational therapy and sequential therapy and describe a variety of safe and effective combination therapies for the treatment of psoriasis. Two or more agents with different mechanisms of action and safety profiles can be used to achieve and/or maintain adequate disease control while minimizing the toxicity of treatments. Combination therapy can also be used when a single agent is not enough for treating recalcitrant disease. Choosing a combination regimen that maximizes safety and efficacy while considering patient usability and compliance can be a challenge.Expert opinion: Given the various treatment options currently available for psoriasis and more agents under development, combination therapy will continue to be a valuable treatment strategy for any patient with psoriasis. It is crucial for clinicians to carefully consider the fine balance between safety and efficacy when combining various therapeutic agents.
Excluded-volume descriptors for dipole-bound anions: Amine N-oxides as a test case.

Dipole-bound anions can be theoretically characterized at three fundamentally different levels. The highest are ab initio calculations, which themselves range from fairly approximate, say, Koopmans's Theorem (KT) or second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory, to highly sophisticated, say, the electron affinity equation-of-motion couple-cluster with single, double, and perturbative triple substitutions, which rivals experiments in reliability. The next level down is represented by one-electron model Hamiltonians. Again, one-electron model Hamiltonians can be fairly approximate, especially if the molecular system is modeled by a simple point-dipole and point-polarizable site; however, very reliable models have been developed for specific systems, for example, water clusters. At the lowest level, one can qualitatively explain trends in classes of dipole-bound anions in terms of the dipole moment, μ, the polarizability, α, and the so-called excluded volume, Vx. This project aims at the qualitative level. While the dipole moment and the polarizability possess clear-cut definitions, the excluded volume must-similar to all molecular volumes-remain a rather vaguely defined term, and so far, we are unaware of any quantitative definition in the literature. Here, we introduce and investigate three descriptors for Vx. To this end, we first establish a dataset with consistent ab initio results for 25 amine N-oxides structures. Then, we demonstrate that the descriptors are indeed able to explain trends for sets of isomers and conformers and investigate to what extent the descriptors are able to predict electron binding energy of dipole-bound states using simple quantitative structure-property relationship-like models. It turns out that μ and Vx provide a reasonably accurate prediction of the electrostatic part of the electron bind energy (the KT value) and that the polarizability α provides an acceptable prediction of the electron correlation contribution.
Biomedical Integration of Metal–Organic Frameworks

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently been demonstrated to be excellent platforms for biomedical applications. On account of their porous nature and modular structure, MOFs have served as bioactive-compound carriers, cell-imaging materials, and therapeutic agents. MOF cavities allow the encapsulation of a variety of guest molecules, facilitating controllable drug release and optical imaging. The metal components of MOFs make them suitable for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT). Additionally, MOF-embedded therapeutic agents have demonstrated promise in photodynamic and photothermal therapies. In this review, we describe several advanced examples that utilize MOFs in these cutting-edge applications. Investigation of the relationship between their structure and designated application will enable future, informed exploration of MOFs for biomedical applications.
The Amino Acid Sensor Eif2ak4/GCN2 Is Required for Proliferation of Osteoblast Progenitors in Mice

Skeletal stem/progenitor cells (SSPC) are critical regulators of bone homeostasis by providing a continuous supply of osteoblasts throughout life. In response to inductive signals, SSPC proliferate before osteoblast differentiation. Proliferation requires the duplication of all cellular components before cell division. This imposes a unique biosynthetic requirement for amino acids that can be used for biomass production. Thus, the ability to sense and respond to amino acid availability is likely a major determinant for proliferation. Using a cellular and genetic approach, we demonstrate the amino acid sensor GCN2 is required to support the robust proliferative capacity of SSPC during bone homeostasis. GCN2 ablation results in decreased postnatal bone mass due primarily to reduced osteoblast numbers. Decreased osteoblast numbers is likely attributed to reduced SSPC proliferation as loss of GCN2 specifically affected proliferation in cultured bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) without impacting osteoblast differentiation in vitro. Mechanistically, GCN2 regulates proliferation by increasing amino acid uptake downstream of the transcriptional effector ATF4. Collectively, these data suggest amino acid sensing through the GCN2/ATF4 pathway is indispensable for robust SSPC proliferation necessary for bone homeostasis. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Legal Exclusion, Civic Exclusion: How Legal Status Stratifies Latino Immigrants’ Civic Engagement:

Unlike many other sociopolitical activities in the United States, civic engagement is not restricted by legal status and is often the initial and primary form of political action available to immig...
I'm thinking what I'm thinking

The interactive immersive installation, I'm thinking what I am thinking, resembles a diagrammatic huge brain processing everyday data. The space includes a projection screen, a vintage CRT TV, 8 speakers hanging throughout the room, and under a spotlight there's a rug with stepping sensors. The environment combines sound and generative graphics, creating a subconscious experience for the visitor that calls on their intuition and cognition. It asks the question, 'Are we completely conscious of our thinking patterns when making a decision?'
The "evil tribe" spreads across the land: A dated molecular phylogeny provides insight into dispersal, expansion, and biogeographic relationships within one of the largest tribes of the sunflower family (Vernonieae: Compositae).

PREMISE With over 1500 species, the globally distributed Vernonieae is one of the most successful members of the largest family of flowering plants, the Compositae. However, due to its morphological complexity and limited geographic representation in previous studies, subtribal and biogeographic relationships are unclear. Here, new DNA sequence data spanning the geographic range of the tribe provides a taxonomically robust time-calibrated phylogeny, estimates migration pathways and timing of important biogeographic events, and allows inference of environmental factors that have contributed to the success of the Vernonieae worldwide. METHODS Phylogenetic relationships were estimated for 368 taxa representing all Vernonieae subtribes. Molecular clock and ancestral range estimation analyses provide a framework for inference of the biogeographic history of the tribe. RESULTS Relationships among the subtribes were established and correct placement determined for problematic taxa, along with the first model-based assessment of the biogeographic history of the tribe. The Vernonieae were estimated to have evolved ~50 mya. Africa was the first center of diversity, from which a single dispersal event established the monophyletic New World lineage. Long-distance dispersal from Africa and Brazil established the tribe on five continents and Oceania. CONCLUSIONS The New World lineage is monophyletic, but Old World taxa are not. New subtribal taxonomies are needed. Moquinieae are nested in Vernonieae. Long-distance dispersal from Africa beginning 45 mya was key to establishing the tribe's near-global distribution. Migration corridors created by volcanic mountain chains and iron-rich soils in Africa and the Americas promoted radiation and range expansion.
A METHOD FOR INTEGRATIVE ANALYSIS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL BRAIN DYNAMICS

The most common pipelines for studying time-varying network connectivity in resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) operate at the whole brain level, capturing a small discrete set of 9states9 that best represent time-resolved joint measures of connectivity over all network pairs in the brain. This whole-brain hidden Markov model (HMM) approach 9uniformizes9 the dynamics over what is typically more than 1000 pairs of networks, forcing each time-resolved high-dimensional observation into its best-matched high-dimensional state. While straightforward and convenient, this HMM simplification obscures functional and temporal nonstationarities that could reveal systematic, informative features of resting state brain dynamics at a more granular scale. We introduce a framework for studying functionally localized dynamics that intrinsically embeds them within a whole-brain HMM frame of reference. The approach is validated in a large rs-fMRI schizophrenia study where it identifies group differences in localized patterns of entropy and dynamics that help explain consistently observed differences between schizophrenia patients and controls in occupancy of whole-brain dFNC states more mechanistically.
Novel experimental therapies for treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive and devastating disease characterized by pulmonary artery vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling leading to vascular rarefaction with elevation of pulmonary arterial pressures and pulmonary vascular resistance. Often PAH will cause death from right heart failure. Current PAH-targeted therapies improve functional capacity, pulmonary hemodynamics and reduce hospitalization. Nevertheless, today PAH still remains incurable and is often refractory to medical therapy, underscoring the need for further research. Over the last three decades, PAH has evolved from a disease of unknown pathogenesis devoid of effective therapy to a condition whose cellular, genetic and molecular underpinnings are unfolding. This article provides an update on current knowledge and summarizes the progression in recent advances in pharmacological therapy in PAH.
Perceived Personal Discrimination, Panethnic and National Identification, and Collective Action to Support Immigrants’ Rights among U.S. Latinas/os

Abstract Many Latinas/os in the United States participated in the protests and rallies (i.e., collective action) to support immigrants’ rights that followed Donald Trump’s inauguration as U.S. President in 2017. Following the rejection-identification and rejection-disidentification models, we examined whether perceived personal discrimination, panethnic (i.e., Hispanic or Latina/o) identification, and national (i.e., American) identification were associated with greater likelihood of having engaged in collective action to support immigrants’ rights among a national sample of Latinas/os in the United States (N = 1,501). We found support for the rejection-disidentification model. Perceived personal discrimination was associated with lower national identification. Latinas/os who reported lower national identification, in turn, were more likely to have reported participating in collective action to support immigrants’ rights. We found less support for the rejection-identification model. Perceived personal discrimination was not associated with higher (pan)ethnic identification, although (pan)ethnic identification was positively associated with collective action. We consider the implications of these results for the rejection-identification and rejection-disidentification models and emphasize the importance of attending to U.S. Latinas/os’ multiple identities.
Competing energetic states in γ − Fe 2 W O 6 with strong spin-charge-lattice coupling

We report magnetic and electronic properties of $\ensuremath{\gamma}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}\mathrm{W}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ via neutron powder-diffraction measurements and first-principles density-function theory calculations. We reveal a magnetic ground state with two phases coexisting in which the minor phase is the same as an earlier report [Pinto et al., Acta Crystallogr., Sect. A 33, 663 (1977).], despite the fact that both materials studied have the same space group but with slightly different atomic positions. Interestingly, both magnetic phases are well captured by first-principles calculations. Furthermore, we show that these two magnetic phases are correlated with electronic properties, with one being insulating and the other being metallic. These features suggest that $\ensuremath{\gamma}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}\mathrm{W}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ exhibits competing energetic states in which spin, charge, and lattice degrees of freedom are strongly coupled to each other.
The Athletes’ Voice and a Feminist Ethics of Care: The Russian Doping Scandal at the 2016 Olympic Games

During the Russian doping scandal at the 2016 Olympic Games, athletes’ voices were fighting to be heard. The response, specifically from athletes’, has been widely covered by sports critics and the...
Health Care Service Quality: The Importance of Consumer Perceptions

Faced with declining occupancy rates, increasing competition, and rising costs, the need for cost containment measures has forced health care administrators to become keenly aware of the need to monitor the quality of their services. Yet, most of the quality assurance programs instituted in health care organizations ignore the importance of patient perceptions of the quality of the health care they receive. This paper argues that despite the patient’s ignorance of the technical complexities of health care services, their perceptions are, nevertheless, very important. As a first step towards understanding patient-perceptions of health care quality, a definition of perceived quality in health care consumption is offered. In addition, directions for future research are also suggested
Chapter 23 – Cromer blood group system

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the Cromer blood group system. It consists of 11 antigens. A case study of the disease association of the Cromer blood group system is reviewed. Five of the six known individuals with the Inab phenotype have intestinal disorders. PNH III red blood cells (RBCs) are deficient in DAF. A patient with splenic infarcts had an acquired and transient form of the Inab phenotype, in whom the CD55 deficiency was limited to RBCs. Antibodies in the Cromer blood group system do not cause HDN. DAF is strongly expressed on the apical surface of placental trophoplasts and absorbs antibodies in the Cromer system. The only phenotype that lacks IFC is the Inab phenotype because the RBCs do not express DAF. The chapter also discusses the clinical significance of alloanti-WESb. Only one example of anti-WESb, produced as a result of pregnancy, is described.
Measurements of the Kinetics of the Reaction of OH Radicals with 3-Methylfuran at Low Pressure

The rate constant for the reaction of OH with 3-methylfuran was measured at 2, 4, and 6 Torr using discharge-flow techniques coupled with laser-induced fluorescence detection of OH. The measured rate constant (k) at 298 ± 2 K was (9.1 ± 0.3) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, where the quoted uncertainty reflects twice the standard error of the measurements. This result is in good agreement with previously reported relative rate constant measurements at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. An Arrhenius expression of k = (3.2 ± 0.4) × 10−11 e(310 ± 40)/T cm3 molecule−1 s−1 was determined from measurements of the rate constant between 273 and 368 K. The negative temperature dependence agrees with previously reported theoretical calculations for the reaction of OH with 3-methylfuran and previously reported measurements of the temperature dependences of the rate constants for the reaction of OH with similar heterocyclic organics such as furan and thiophene.
Integral Curves and Flows

The primary geometric objects associated with smooth vector fields are their integral curves, which are smooth curves whose velocity at each point is equal to the value of the vector field there. The collection of all integral curves of a given vector field on a manifold determines a family of diffeomorphisms of (open subsets of) the manifold, called a flow. The main theorem of this chapter, the fundamental theorem on flows, asserts that every smooth vector field determines a unique maximal integral curve starting at each point, and the collection of all such integral curves determines a unique maximal flow. After proving the fundamental theorem, we show how “flowing out” from initial submanifolds along vector fields can be used to create useful parametrizations of larger submanifolds. We then introduce the Lie derivative, which is a coordinate-independent way of computing the rate of change of one vector field along the flow of another. In the last section, we apply flows to the study of first-order partial differential equations.
Synthesis of N α -(Fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl)- N ε -[(7- methoxycoumarin-4-yl)-acetyl]-L-lysine for Use in Solid-Phase Synthesis of Fluorogenic Substrates

Quenched fluorescent peptides contain a fluorescent group separated by a short peptide sequence from another moiety which quenches fluorescence by resonance energy transfer. Fluorogenic substrates provide a particularly convenient enzyme assay method, as they can be monitored continuously and utilized at reasonably low concentration ranges. Peptides labeled at the N α-terminus with 7-methoxycoumarin-4-acetic acid and quenched by the 2, 4-dinitrophenyl group at the N e-position of lysine or L-2, 3-diaminopropionic acid have been used in the design of fluorogenic substrates for matrix metalloproteinases [1, 2]. However, we presently wish to incorporate 7-methoxycoumarin-4-acetic acid within the sequence Gly-Pro-Lys[(7-methoxy-coumarin-4-yl)acetyl]-Gly-Pro-Gln-Gly-Leu-Arg-Gly-Gln-Lys(Dnp). In order to acheive this goal, we explored the direct synthesis of Fmoc-Lys(Mca). If Fmoc-Lys(Mca) could be prepared easily, it could then be incorporated efficiently into a desired sequence by Fmoc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis.
A Pocock approach to sequential meta‐analysis of clinical trials

Three recent papers have provided sequential methods for meta-analysis of two-treatment randomized clinical trials. This paper provides an alternate approach that has three desirable features. First, when carried out prospectively (i.e., we only have the results up to the time of our current analysis), we do not require knowledge of the information fraction (the fraction of the total information that is available at each analysis). Second, the methods work even if the expected values of the effect sizes vary from study to study. Finally, our methods have easily interpretable metrics that make sense under changing effect sizes. Although the other published methods can be adapted to be “group sequential” (recommended), meaning that a set number and timing of looks are specified, rather than looking after every trial, ours can be used in both a continuous or group sequential manner. We provide an example on the role of probiotics in preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants.
The Won Cause: Black and White Comradeship in the Grand Army of the Republic

Review of: "The Won Cause: Black and White Comradeship in the Grand Army of the Republic," by Barbara A. Gannon, part of "Civil War America."
Correlation of MIMO antenna and its evaluation

Even though antenna separation is not enough (the sample antennas are a pair of dual band PCB antennas within 80/spl times/12mm dimensions), the correlation coefficient is not close to unity and performance of the MIMO system is maintained. The experiments indicate that a MIMO system can achieve a good performance even for antennas with correlation coefficient |/spl gamma/| /spl les/ 0.5 and 0.05/spl lambda/ of the closest distance between the antenna elements.
Occupational Safety and Health Law

In 1970, Congress passed the Occupational Safety and Health Act (“OSH Act”) which established a national system for workplace safety and health standards development, standards enforcement and consultative assistance under the administrative implementation of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The OSH Act imposes duties on employers to comply with OSHA's safety and health standards under a system of civil and criminal sanctions, and provides for a number of employee inspection participation and anti-discrimination rights. The OSH Act also established the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to conduct research that would inform OSHA about emerging workplace safety and health risks. The chapter provides an overview of the major provisions of the OSH Act as they have been administratively implemented by OSHA and judicially interpreted by the courts in the years since its enactment with an emphasis on OSHA's health standards that are used in the practice of industrial hygiene. Keywords: standard; permissible exposure limit (PEL); judicial review; inspection; warrant; violation; citation; civil penalty; criminal penalty; Review Commission; NIOSH; state plan
The changing art of computer research

Computer researchers should be ecstatic, but they are not. The daily news are filled with stories about computers, communication, and the media. The economy as a whole is not only affected but it is spearheaded by new technology. It is not a revolt, it is a revolution. On the other hand, the visions are promoted not by scientists but by modern entrepreneurs. The new ideas are coming from the small companies and not from the research groups. Something is changing profoundly. The paper discusses trends in computer research and considers research careers and organizations.
Surgical and healing changes to ocular aberrations following refractive surgery

Purpose: To measure ocular aberrations before and at several time periods after LASIK surgery to determine the change to the aberration structure of the eye. Methods: A Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor was used to measure 88 LASIK patients pre-operatively and at 1 week and 12 months following surgery. Reconstructed wavefront errors are compared to look at induced differences. Manifest refraction was measured at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months following surgery. Sphere, cylinder, spherical aberration, and pupil diameter are analyzed. Results: A dramatic elevation in spherical aberration is seen following surgery. This elevation appears almost immediately and remains for the duration of the study. A temporary increase in pupil size is seen following surgery. Conclusions: LASIK surgery dramatically reduces defocus and astigmatism in the eye, but simultaneously increases spherical aberration levels. This increase occurs at the time of surgery and is not an effect of the healing response.
Simulated weightlessness-induced attenuation of testosterone production may be responsible for bone loss.

This study examined the effects of simulated weight-lessness on serum hormone levels and their relationship to bone mineral density (BMD). The tail-suspended (i.e., hindlimb suspended, HLS) rat model was used to simulate weightless conditions through hindlimb unloading to assess changes in hormonal profile and the associated bone loss. In the first study, 24 adult male rats were assigned to two groups with 12 rats being HLS for 12 d, and the remaining 12 rats serving as ground controls. On d 0,6 and 12, blood samples were taken to estimate circulating hormone levels. HLS rats had significant reductions in testosterone, 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D, and thyroxine levels by d 6 (p<0.01); their testosterone levels were almost undetectable by d 12 (p< 0.001). Serum cortisol levels in these rats were elevated on d 6 (p<0.02), but returned to normal levels by d 12. No changes were observed with serum ionized calcium and other hormones examined, as well as the body weights, and weights of thymus, heart, and brain. In the second study, eight rats were ground controls, while an additional eight rats were HLS for 12 d before being removed from tail-suspension and maintained for a further 30 d. Blood samples were collected every 6th d for 42 d. This study showed that both serum thyroxine and 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D levels returned to normal levels soon after hind limb unweighting, while serum testosterone levels matched normal levels only after a further 3–4 wk. These studies showed a significant decrease of femur weights, but not weights of humeri in HLS rats suggesting that this is a specific effect on unloaded bones. On d 12 in both studies, a significant reduction in the lumbar spine (p< 0.05) and the femoral neck (p < 0.01) BMD appeared in HLS rats. This was confirmed in the second study, where HLS led to a significant decrease in BMD even extending to d 42. Previous studies have shown that space flight and tail-suspension lead to marked reductions in bone formation with little effect on bone resorption. Recently, we reported that androgen replacement can indeed prevent bone losses in this animal model. Therefore, it seems logical to propose that the significant decreases of serum testosterone observed in these tail-suspended animals are, at least in part, responsible for the losses of BMD seen in their affected weight-bearing bones (i.e., lumbar spine and the femur). Considering that 1. testosterone is anabolic to osteoblasts and also decreases the rate of bone turnover 2. serum testosterone levels are markedly suppressed in simulated weightlessness, and 3. testosterone replacement therapy prevented the bone loss in HLS rats, we propose that the testosterone deficiency in this animal model is related to their bone loss.
Interactions between CusF and CusB identified by NMR spectroscopy and chemical cross-linking coupled to mass spectrometry.

The Escherichia coli periplasmic proteins CusF and CusB, as part of the CusCFBA efflux system, aid in the resistance of elevated levels of copper and silver by direct metal transfer between the metallochaperone CusF and the membrane fusion protein CusB before metal extrusion from the periplasm to the extracellular space. Although previous in vitro experiments have demonstrated highly specific interactions between CusF and CusB that are crucial for metal transfer to occur, the structural details of the interaction have not been determined. Here, the interactions between CusF and CusB are mapped through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and chemical cross-linking coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry to better understand how recognition and metal transfer occur between these proteins. The NMR 1H−15N correlation spectra reveal that CusB interacts with the metal-binding face of CusF. In vitro chemical cross-linking with a 7.7 A homobifunctional amine-reactive cross-linker, BS2G, was used ...
Physical-biological coupling in the California Current during the 1997–99 El Niño-La Niña Cycle

The rapid transition from strong El Nino to strong La Nina conditions in the equatorial Pacific in 1998 was accompanied by considerable environmental variability in the southern California Current System (CCS). The evolution of this transition in the CCS is investigated based on hydrographic and biological data collected on 25 cruises over a 45-month period (February 1996 to October 1999). The El Nino period was characterized by high steric heights and a deep nutricline in the coastal regions, which effectively limited biological production. This was followed by a period of increased cross-shore dynamic height gradients, a significant shoaling of the nutricline, and a dramatic rebound in primary and secondary production. The observed physical and biological response in the CCS is remarkably similar to that observed in the tropical Pacific, but with a lag of several months.
Generalization of the Stefan model to allow for both velocity and temperature jumps

We obtain an expression for the energy dissipation due to an evolving nonmaterial interface across which the mass density, velocity, stress, energy density, heat flux, entropy density, and temperature may be discontinuous. This expression is a sum of three terms: the product of the interfacial mass flux with the interfacial energy release; the scalar product of the interfacial velocity slip with the interfacial friction; and, the product of the interfacial temperature jump, scaled by the interfacial temperature average, with the interfacial heating. When the surface in question is a phase interface, we propose, on the basis of the interfacial dissipation inequality, supplemental relations that determine the interfacial energy release, the interfacial friction, and the interfacial heating constitutively as functions of the interfacial mass flux, the interfacial velocity slip, and the scaled interfacial temperature jump. As a step toward an understanding of the role that such interfacial relations may serve in theories for phase transitions, we investigate a problem involving the solidification of a pure substance in the absence of flow.
Antilymphocyte antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: Increased reactivity against activated lymphocytes

Abstract Sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were tested for cold reactive lymphocytotoxic antilymphocyte antibodies (ALA). Of 25 sera, 3 had reactivity with resting lymphocytes, 7 of 25 sera reacted with cultured and PWM-activated lymphocytes, and 9 of 25 sera had reactivity with Con A-activated lymphocytes. Positive sera had minimal increases in ALA titer with cultured cells and marked increases with mitogen-activated target cells. ALA against activated lymphocytes were found to be predominantly IgM cold reactive, complement-dependent antibodies. Increased ALA reactivity was directed against lymphoblasts which were purified on PVP-coated colloidal silica (Percoll) gradients. RA sera reactivity against lymphoblasts was also increased using an indirect immunofluorescent technique. ALA activity against activated lymphocytes was absorbed with fresh mononuclear cells.
Specifying residential retrofit packages for 30 % reductions in energy consumption in hot–humid climate zones

The purpose of this research was to demonstrate the application of energy simulation as an effective tool for specifying cost-effective residential retrofit packages that will reduce energy consumption by 30 %. Single-family homes in the hot–humid climate type of the Southeastern USA were used to demonstrate the application. US census data from both state and federal studies were used to create 12 computer simulation homes representing the most common characteristics of single-family houses specific to this area. Well-recognized energy efficiency measures (EEMs) were simulated to determine their cumulative energy reduction potential. Detailed cost estimates were created for cost-to-benefit analysis. For each of the 12 simulated homes, 4 packages of EEMs were created. The four packages provided home owners options for reducing their energy by 30 % along with the estimated up-front cost and simple payback periods. The simple payback period was used to determine how cost-effective a measure was. The packages are specific to a geographic area to provide a higher degree of confidence in the projected cost and energy savings. The study provides a generic methodology to create a similar 30 % energy reduction packages for other locations and a detailed description of a case study to serve as an example. The study also highlights the value that computer simulation models can have to develop energy efficiency packages cost-effectively and specific to home owner’s location and housing type.
Vitamin K: a practical guide to the dietary management of patients on warfarin

Warfarin has been successfully used in the medical management of thromboembolic disease for nearly six decades. It is widely assumed that a dietary vitamin K-warfarin interaction exists. To avoid this potential interference with the efficacy of warfarin in stable anticoagulation, patients typically receive instructions to consume a constant dietary intake of vitamin K. While dark, green vegetables are primary sources of dietary vitamin K, these foods are not commonly consumed on a daily basis in the United States. However, there still exists dietary resistance to warfarin that is attributable to vitamin K. Based on food analysis studies on vitamin K, it is now known that dietary vitamin K is found in certain plant oils and prepared foods containing these plant oils, such as baked goods, margarines, and salad dressings. The preparation of foods with vitamin K-rich oils may also contribute to a diet-warfarin interaction, although this has yet to be confirmed in a clinical trial. A dose-response of vitamin K on the effect of warfarin anticoagulation has not yet been established. However, there are sufficient data to suggest that a constant dietary intake of vitamin K that meets current dietary recommendations of 65-80 micrograms/day is the most acceptable practice for patients on warfarin therapy. Vitamin K composition data for commonly consumed foods are now available and may facilitate successful anticoagulation for patients being treated with warfarin.
Defective uptake and utilization of long chain fatty acids in muscle and adipose tissues of CD36 knockout mice.

The transmembrane protein CD36 has been identified in isolated cell studies as a putative transporter of long chain fatty acids. In humans, an association between CD36 deficiency and defective myocardial uptake of the fatty acid analog 15-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(R,S)-methyl pentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) has been reported. To determine whether this association represents a causal link and to assess the physiological role of CD36, we compared tissue uptake and metabolism of two iodinated fatty acid analogs BMIPP and 15-(p-iodophenyl) pentadecanoic acid (IPPA) in CD36 null and wild type mice. We also investigated the uptake and lipid incorporation of palmitate by adipocytes isolated from both groups. Compared with wild type, uptake of BMIPP and IPPA was reduced in heart (50–80%), skeletal muscle (40–75%), and adipose tissues (60–70%) of null mice. The reduction was associated with a 50–68% decrease in label incorporation into triglycerides and in 2–3-fold accumulation of label in diglycerides. Identical results were obtained from studies of [3H]palmitate uptake in isolated adipocytes. The block in diglyceride to triglyceride conversion could not be explained by changes in specific activities of the key enzymes long chain acyl-CoA synthetase and diacylglycerol acyltransferase, which were similar in tissues from wild type and null mice. It is concluded that CD36 facilitates a large fraction of fatty acid uptake by heart, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissues and that CD36 deficiency in humans is the cause of the reported defect in myocardial BMIPP uptake. In CD36-expressing tissues, uptake regulates fatty acid esterification at the level of diacylglycerol acyltransferase by determining fatty acyl-CoA supply. The membrane transport step may represent an important control site for fatty acid metabolism in vivo.
Clinical nurse specialists and nurse practitioners: Complementary roles for infectious disease and infection control

Abstract Background The escalation of infectious diseases worldwide heralds an unprecedented need for nurses with advanced practice graduate preparation. Objective To describe how a graduate program prepares clinical nurse specialists and nurse practitioners in infectious diseases or infection control to provide distinct yet complementary care for patients with contagious disease and potentially antimicrobial-resistant infections. Results The University of Washington School of Nursing launched a new master of nursing program for infectious disease and infection control to reduce the threat of infectious diseases and multiple-resistant organisms.
Analysis of Solar-Thermal Power Cycles for Distributed Power Generation

In this study, the thermoeconometric feasibility of a 12.5 kW solar thermal power system is discussed. A previous study by these authors examined five potential 12.5kW solar thermal cycles and preliminary thermoeconometric analyses based on the collector area. The current study expands to six potential power cycles, including the five from the previous study, the Rankine, R123 Organic Rankine, toluene Organic Rankine, ethylbenzene organic Rankine, and the Kalina cycle, with the addition of the Maloney-Robertson cycle as well as detailed cost analysis for the components associated with each cycle. A detailed first law thermodynamic analysis for the Maloney-Robertson and Kalina cycles is presented. Likewise, the pinch point analysis is used for the inclusion of the sink and source stream as well as a developed heat exchanger model. The thermoeconometric study includes cost-per-component estimates for all of the components in the cycles; thus, increased component cost is taken into account for the ammonia-water cycles. The findings from this study show that R123 is the only cycle that operates with a source temperature below 225°C within the cycle applied operating constraints for meso-scale distributed power generation.. When higher temperatures are achieved, the Kalina cycle has the highest thermal efficiency but also the highest cost-to-efficiency ratio. Therefore, the thermoeconometrics study shows that the toluene and ethylbenzene ORCs have the lowest cost-to-efficiency ratio when source temperatures reach 225°C to 350°C even though they do not have the highest cycle efficiencies.© 2009 ASME