cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical analysis and interpretation of the small-signal minority-carrier transport in bipolar devices

A simple and efficient one-dimensional numerical technique is presented that determines the small-signal minority-carrier transport in the quasineutral regions of bipolar devices, such as diodes and transistors, under sinusoidal excitation. The technique is applied to study small-signal properties of p-n junction diodes and bipolar transistors. Examples treated include the frequency dependence of transistor current gain, the diffusion capacitance of a quasineutral base or emitter, and base-layer carrier propagation delay. >
Controllable Optical Properties of Polystyrene/PNIPAM-Gold Composite Nanoparticles

The optical properties of polystyrene-gold nanoparticles are simulated to understand the role of surface coverage, particle spacing, and plasmonic coupling on the optical properties. The particles are based on recent work in synthesizing composite particles via one-step Pickering emulsion techniques. These techniques can be used to develop particles with variable gold particle surface coverage on the surface of the thermoresponsive polymer core. With careful control of the surface coverage, it can be shown through simulation that a thermoresponsive particle can dynamically control the absorption peak from that of a single gold sphere (∼520 nm) to the red-shifted absorption peak of a uniform core-shell nanoparticle of similar geometry. The optical properties are shown to reside with the bounding limits of simple gold nanoparticles and core-shell nanoparticles of similar geometry but are highly dependent on the surface coverage. Furthermore, it is demonstrated how the overall extinction of asymmetric particles can be dominated by either the core particle or the attached surface particles, depending upon the temperature state of the particle.
A class of minimax decision problems with nonclassical information

In this paper we study the solution a class of minimax decision problems with nonclassical information patterns, which arise in the context of of communication over vector channels in the presence of jamming. A general procedure for obtaining the saddle-point solution is outlined, and closed-form solutions for some related constrained optimization problems are obtained.
Practical application of zone-folding concepts in tight-binding calculations

Modern supercell algorithms, such as those used in treating arrays of quantum dots or alloy calculations, are often founded upon local basis representations. Such local basis representations are numerically efficient, allow considerations of systems consisting of millions of atoms, and naturally map into carrier transport simulation algorithms. Even when treating a bulk material, algorithms formulated on a local basis generally cannot produce an $E(\mathbf{k})$ dispersion resembling that of a simple unit cell, due to zone folding. This paper provides an exact method for perfect supercells to unfold the zone folded $E(\mathbf{k})$ diagrams into a meaningful bulk dispersion relation. In addition, a modification to the algorithm for use with imperfect supercells is presented. With this method, questions such as algorithm verification, dispersions in nanowires, and dispersions in finite supercell heterostructures can be addressed.
Transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide pressure monitoring to determine severity of limb ischemia and to predict surgical outcome

Transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide pressure (PO2 and PCO2) foot monitoring was compared with ankle Doppler-derived systolic pressure regarding their respective abilities to discriminate the severity of limb ischemia before vascular reconstruction and to predict surgical outcome early in the postoperative period. Transcutaneous PO2 (tcPCO2), foot-chest tcPO2 index, transcutaneous PCO2 (tcPCO2), foot tcPO2/tcPCO2 index (tcPO2/tcPCO2), ankle Doppler systolic pressure (AP), and ankle-brachial pressure index (ABI) were determined in 89 revascularized limbs. The measurement of tcPO2 and foot-chest tcPO2 was found to be more sensitive to degrees of severity of limb ischemia and more closely associated with the outcome of revascularization than AP and ABI. TcPCO2 and tcPO2/tcPCO2 were not useful in assessment of the vascular patient undergoing reconstructive surgery. Before operation, tcPO2 less than or equal to 22 torr and foot-chest tcPO2 less than or equal to 0.46 indicate severe limb ischemia requiring urgent revascularization. After operation, tcPO2 less than or equal to 22 torr and foot-chest tcPO2 index less than or equal to 0.53 indicate that revascularization is likely to fail. We conclude that tcPO2 monitoring, as a metabolic test of actual tissue perfusion, is a more reliable indicator of preoperative limb ischemia and postoperative outcome of revascularization than hemodynamic, Doppler-derived pressure tests.
Three dimensional temperature estimation of a fire plume using multiple longwave infrared camera views

In order to determine true radiometric quantities in intense fires a three dimensional (3D) understanding of the fire radiometric properties is desirable, e.g., for estimating peak fire temperatures. Imaging pyrometry with a single infrared camera view can provide only two dimensional path-averaged radiometric information. Multiple camera views, however, can form the basis for determining 3D radiometric information such as radiance, emissivity, and temperature. Analytically the fire can be divided into sub-volumes in which radiometric properties are assumed roughly constant. Using geometric and thermal equilibrium relationships between the fire sub-volumes, together with LWIR camera imagery acquired at multiple carefully defined camera views, radiometric properties of each sub-volume can be estimated. In this work, initial proof-of-principle results were obtained by applying this analysis to sets of LWIR camera imagery acquired during intense (2500 – 3000 K) fires. We present 3D radiance and temperature maps of the fires obtained using this novel approach.
EFFECTS OF STELLAR FLUX ON TIDALLY LOCKED TERRESTRIAL PLANETS: DEGREE-1 MANTLE CONVECTION AND LOCAL MAGMA PONDS

We model the geodynamical evolution of super-Earth exoplanets in synchronous rotation about their star. While neglecting the effects of a potential atmosphere, we explore the parameter spaces of both the Rayleigh number and intensity of incoming stellar flux, and identify two main stages of mantle convection evolution. The first is a transient stage in which a lithospheric temperature and thickness dichotomy emerges between the substellar and the antistellar hemispheres, while the style of mantle convection is dictated by the Rayleigh number. The second stage is the development of degree-1 mantle convection. Depending on mantle properties, the timescale of onset of this second stage of mantle evolution varies from order 1 to 100 billion years of simulated planetary evolution. Planets with higher Rayleigh numbers (due to, for instance, larger planetary radii than the Earth) and planets whose incoming stellar flux is high (likely for most detectable exoplanets) will develop degree-1 mantle convection most quickly, on the order of 1 billion years, which is within the age of many planetary systems. Surface temperatures range from 220 K to 830 K, implying the possibility of liquid water in some regions near the surface. These results are discussed in the context of stable molten magma ponds on hotter planets, and the habitability of super-Earths which may lie outside the Habitable Zone.
Creep of titanium-silicon alloys

Operative creep mechanisms in laboratory melts of Ti-5Zr-0.5Si and Ti-5Al-5Zr-0.5Si have been investigated as a function of microstructure, creep stress, and temperature. From creep rate data and transmission electron microscopy results, it has been shown that an important creep strengthening mechanism at 811 K in Si bearing Ti alloys is clustering of solute atoms on dislocations. All of the alloys investigated showed anomalously high apparent activation energies and areas for creep, and a high exponent (n) in the Dorn equation. In addition, the effect of heat treatment was investigated and it is shown that the highest creep strength was obtained by using a heat treatment which retained the maximum amount of silicon in solution. This is consistent with the proposed creep strengthening mechanism. An investigation of the creep behavior of several other Si containing alloys including two commercial alloys, Ti-11 and IMI-685 indicated similar results.
Analytical Mass Leaching Model for Contaminated Soil and Soil Stabilized Waste

An analytical model for evaluating mass leaching from contaminated soil or soil stabilized waste is presented. The model is based on mass transport due to advection, dispersion, and retardation and can be used to evaluate the suitability and/or efficiency of soil washing solutions based on the results of column leaching studies. The model differs from more traditional models for column leaching studies in that the analysis is based on the cumulative mass of leachate instead of leachate concentration. A cumulative mass basis for leaching eliminates the requirement for determination of instantaneous effluent concentrations in the more traditional column leaching approach thereby allowing for the collection of relatively large effluent volumes. The cumulative masses of three heavy metals -- Cd, Pb, and Zn -- leached from two specimens of soil mixed with fly ash are analyzed with the mass leaching model to illustrate application and limitation of the model.
Disciform Keratitis: A Case of Herpes Zoster Sine Herpete

Purpose To describe a case of disciform keratitis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in which varicella-zoster virus was the causative agent. Method Case report. Polymerase chain reaction-based assays for varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus were used to analyze an aqueous aspirate. Results We examined a 41-year-old man with AIDS but without a history of varicella-zoster virus dermatitis who had disciform corneal edema in his left eye. Varicella-zoster virus was detected by a polymerase chain reaction-based assay in the aqueous of the left eye; however, neither cytomegalovirus nor herpes simplex virus DNA were detected by polymerase chain reaction-based assays. The corneal edema slowly resolved while the patient was treated with famciclovir. Conclusion Varicella-zoster virus may cause disciform keratitis without a preceding skin eruption.
Photoluminescence properties of dense InAs/AlInAs quantum wire arrays

Abstract High-density, nanometer-scale InAs quantum wires are observed on InP (1 0 0) grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The detailed temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) properties are studied. The fast redshift of PL peak energy and the monotonic decrease of PL linewidth are observed and explained in terms of carrier relaxation effect, resulting from the efficient carrier transfer from smaller wires into nearby larger ones in coupled system. For the superlattice samples, the effect of spacer thickness on the PL properties was also investigated. Device applications of these quantum structures are very promising.
The MBA Capstone Course: Building Theoretical, Practical, Applied, and Reflective Skills

The capstone strategy course is used in many management education programs to provide practical business relevance as a means for students to transition to the business world. We conducted an empir...
The influence of sulfur-containing compounds on the donor solvent dissolution of Illinois coals

Abstract The influence of benzenethiol, benzyl phenyl thioether, diphenyl disulfide and other sulfur-containing compounds on the conversion of coals from the Illinois Basin into soluble products in short duration, donor solvent dissolution reactions has been investigated from 300 to 400°C using tetralin. Benzenethiol is an especially effective reagent. The reactions carried out in the presence of this compound provide 60 to 100% more soluble products at 350°C. Hydrogen sulfide is also a reasonably effective reagent, but pyrite has a lesser influence on the conversion. The information now available is most compatible with the view that thiols, which are extremely effective hydrogen atom transfer agents, exert their primary effect through the reduction of the reactive radicals formed during the fast thermal decomposition reactions of the coals. The principal products of these reactions are relatively stable, soluble preasphaltenes.
Nuclear transport as a target for cell growth.

The function of many key proteins and transcription factors involved in cell growth can be regulated by their cellular localization. Such proteins include the tumor suppressor p53 and the nuclear factor κB. Although the idea of trapping such proteins in either the nucleus or cytoplasm has been introduced as a potential therapeutic target, only two nuclear transport inhibitors have been reported. Here, we explore the roles of small-molecule inhibitors that cause target proteins to sequester in either the nucleus or cytoplasm. Methods of artificially targeting proteins to the nucleus or cytoplasm using peptide aptamer technology are also discussed.
Arbitrary nonlinearity is sufficient to represent all functions by neural networks: a theorem

It is proved that if we have neurons implementing arbitrary linear functions and a neuron implementing one (arbitrary but smooth) nonlinear function g(x), then for every continuous function f(x sub 1,..., x sub m) of arbitrarily many variables, and for arbitrary e above 0, we can construct a network that consists of g-neurons and linear neurons, and computes f with precision e.
Social reform and violence: the case of the American prohibitionists

L'A. porte son attention sur le mouvement en faveur de la prohibition de l'alcool aux Etats-Unis. Il montre que les partisans de la prohibition etaient principalement des reformateurs et des agitateurs moraux qui cherchaient a changer les moeurs americaines. Il affirme que ceux-ci eurent parfois recours a la violence pour detruire les stocks d'alcool entreproses. Il s'interroge sur le recours a la violence dans le cadre de ce type de mouvement. Il souligne que cet usage de la force paraissait aux yeux des militants justifie par l'objectif poursuivi. Il estime que les methodes violentes n'ont ete utilisees que lorsque le combat semblait, aux yeux des militants, perdre du terrain
Exact solutions for Ising model odd-number correlations on the honeycomb and triangular lattices

Abstract Investigating honeycomb and triangular simple spin- 1 2 Ising model ferromagnets, exact algebraic systems of linear identities are developed containing the spontaneous magnetization and other odd-number correlations where the coefficients depend upon the interaction parameters. Aided by star-triangle-type relationships and making supplemental use of only the spontaneous magnetization from the literature, it is found that these identity systems are exactly solvable for the odd-number multisite correlations. The method therefore satisfies closure (non-hierarchal) and linear independence requirements, is relatively transparent, and approximately eighty odd- number localized correlations are obtained containing up to and including nine (seven) sites for the honeycomb (triangular) lattice, and a simple prescription is given and demonstrated for extracting their critical amplitudes. The results also offer examples of correlation degeneracies (both essential and accidental types) and reveal the existence of linear correlation identities which do not depend explicitly upon the interaction parameters.
Detection of cyber intrusions using network-based multicast messages for substation automation

This paper proposes a new network-based cyber intrusion detection system (NIDS) using multicast messages in substation automation systems (SASs). The proposed network-based intrusion detection system monitors anomalies and malicious activities of multicast messages based on IEC 61850, e.g., Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) and Sampled Value (SV). NIDS detects anomalies and intrusions that violate predefined security rules using a specification-based algorithm. The performance test has been conducted for different cyber intrusion scenarios (e.g., packet modification, replay and denial-of-service attacks) using a cyber security testbed. The IEEE 39-bus system model has been used for testing of the proposed intrusion detection method for simultaneous cyber attacks. The false negative ratio (FNR) is the number of misclassified abnormal packets divided by the total number of abnormal packets. The results demonstrate that the proposed NIDS achieves a low fault negative rate.
THE EFFECTS OF GASTRIC FREEZING ON VITAMIN B12 ABSORPTION, ACID SECRETION, TISSUE MORPHOLOGY, AND SERUM ENZYMES.

In controlled studies to determine the effect of gastric freezing in patients, the following was found: 1. Microscopically the gastric mucosa showed mild degenerative changes with minimal reactive inflammation and foveolar hyperplasia. No necrosis was seen. 2. Serum amylase, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, and leucine aminopeptidase did not rise. This suggested that no appreciable injury to the liver or pancreas occurred. 3. Vitamin B12 absorption did not decrease. The apparent increase in absorption that occurred was probably experimental artifact. 4. Studies of gastric acid secretion using the maximum histamine and maximum insulin responses (maximum 30-min. output) suggested that injury to the mucosal nerve supply played a role in the reduction of acid secretion that follows gastric freezing.
Why the US healthcare system is failing, and what might rescue it

The US healthcare system is by far the most expensive in the world, but it now leaves about 50 million of its citizens totally without coverage and fails to provide adequate protection for millions more. And the quality of care is on average inferior to that of countries that spend much less. Can the rise of multispecialty groups make US medical care much more affordable and efficient?
A search space toolkit: SST

Abstract The Search Space Toolkit (SST) is a suite of tools for investigating the properties of the continuous search spaces which arise in designing complex engineering artifacts whose evaluation requires significant computation by a numerical simulator. SST has been developed as part of NDA, a computational environment for (semi-)automated design of jet engine exhaust nozzles for supersonic aircraft which resulted from a collaboration between computer scientists at Rutgers University and design engineers at General Electric and Lockheed. Though the design spaces for this sort of engineering artifact are mainly continuous, they typically include features such as unevaluable points, multiple local optima, and large derivatives which cause difficulties for standard numerical optimization methods. The search spaces which SST explores also differ significantly from the discrete search spaces that typically arise in artificial intelligence research, and properly searching such spaces requires a synergistic combination of numerical methods and AI techniques and is a fundamental Al research area. By promoting the design space to be a first class entity, rather than a “black box” buried in the interface between an (unconstrained) optimizer and a simulator, SST allows a more principled approach to automated design.
Programmable Discrimination of Quantum States and Operators via Optimized Measurements and Their Optical Implementation

The problem of operator/gate testing in quantum information is closely related to that of discriminating between unknown quantum states. We present generalized measurements and their linear optical implementations that accomplish this task optimally.
Medication use during end-of-life care in a palliative care centre

Background In end-of-life care, symptoms of discomfort are mainly managed by drug therapy, the guidelines for which are mainly based on expert opinions. A few papers have inventoried drug prescriptions in palliative care settings, but none has reported the frequency of use in combination with doses and route of administration. Objective To describe doses and routes of administration of the most frequently used drugs at admission and at day of death. Setting Palliative care centre in the Netherlands. Method In this retrospective cohort study, prescription data of deceased patients were extracted from the electronic medical records. Main outcome measure Doses, frequency and route of administration of prescribed drugs Results All regular medication prescriptions of 208 patients, 89 % of whom had advanced cancer, were reviewed. The three most prescribed drugs were morphine, midazolam and haloperidol, to 21, 11 and 23 % of patients at admission, respectively. At the day of death these percentages had increased to 87, 58 and 50 %, respectively. Doses of these three drugs at the day of death were statistically significantly higher than at admission. The oral route of administration was used in 89 % of patients at admission versus subcutaneous in 94 % at the day of death. Conclusions Nearing the end of life, patients in this palliative care centre receive discomfort-relieving drugs mainly via the subcutaneous route. However, most of these drugs are unlicensed for this specific application and guidelines are based on low level of evidence. Thus, there is every reason for more clinical research on drug use in palliative care.
Anesthesia issues in the perioperative management of myasthenia gravis

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction. Current anesthetic practice may require the use of neuromuscular blocking (NMB) drugs that act at this junction to facilitate control of the airway and allow procedures to be performed on a motionless MG patient. This competes with the goals of rapid emergence and recapture of preoperative muscle strength following anesthesia. In particular, avoiding prolonged periods of postoperative mechanical ventilation is a paramount concern of patients, families, and physicians. Standard anesthetic agents and, if needed, judiciously titrated NMB drugs generally allow safe emergence and immediate extubation for most low-risk MG patients. If necessary, postoperative mechanical ventilation is accomplished with the use of specialized monitoring devices that help monitor awareness and depth of sedation. Currently used intravenous sedatives allow titrated depth of sedation and rapid emergence when extubation is appropriate. Communication to the patient, family, and other caregivers of the goals of the anesthetic plan and of the patient's evolving status are also very important duties of the anesthesiologist.
The olfactory marker protein in the olfactory system of the mouse during development.

Abstract The olfactory marker protein, a protein specific to the olfactory sensory neurons, has been studied in mouse during embryogenesis and in the postnatal period up to 30 days, with the unlabeled antibody enzyme method of immunohistochemistry. Olfactory neurons, which are morphologically detectable in 10-day-old embryos, do not contain olfactory marker protein. The protein is present in the olfactory neuroepithelium at embryonic day 14 and its appearance coincides with the establishment of sensory synapses in the olfactory bulb. Neurons containing the protein increase in number up to 30 days after birth. At 15 days of embryonic life, immunostaining was observed in sensory axons at the rostral tip of the olfactory bulb, and by embryonic day 17 a plexus of stained fibres has covered the bulbar surface. Between embryonic day 15 and postnatal day 1, olfactory axons have been observed to reach the mitral cell layer. In the vomeronasal system the olfactory marker protein is present at later stages and both the receptors' perikarya and their axons and axon terminals in the accessory olfactory bulb show a lower level of staining than the olfactory system proper. This study of the olfactory marker protein has allowed us to correlate its appearance with significant developmental phenomena.
Response to Letter by Prabhakaran and Lee

Response: Drs Prabhakaran and Lee raise the important issue of mechanistic risk stratification in TIA. It is obviously desirable to enhance the accuracy of risk predictions after TIA using multiple clinical and imaging predictors. The CIP score intends to do this by incorporating simple clinical (the ABCD2 score) and imaging information (DWI findings) often available to the physician after initial evaluation.1 The clinical syndrome of TIA is a constellation of several etiologically heterogeneous conditions. The predictive value of prognostic TIA scores, including the CIP score, primarily depends on their ability to identify ischemia …
Algin/Calcium Gel as a Raw and Cooked Binder in Structured Beef Steaks

Structured meat products which could bind raw as well as cooked would be superior to existing structured products. Therefore, the algin/calcium gel system was, studied. Structured beef steaks were made using three levels of sodium alginate and three levels of CaCO3. Three additional treatments were included as controls. Treatments were subjectively evaluated for six raw parameters: discoloration, color intensity, alginate pocket area, alginate pocket size, percentage fat and raw bind. Treatments were also subjectively evaluated for four cooked parameters: aroma, flavor, mouthfeel and cooked bind. The algin/calcium gel mechanism can be used to produce structured beef steaks which bind in both the raw and cooked state. Optimum ingredient levels were 0.8–1.2% sodium alginate, 0.144–0.216% CaCO3 with 500 ppm sodium erythorbate.
The preparation and properties of InOF

Abstract Indium oxyfluoride was prepared by the reaction of In 2 O 3 and InF 3 at high temperature in a sealed system. The white crystalline product was found to have orthorhombic symmetry. The electrical properties of InOF indicate a degenerate semiconductor with negative thermoelectric power.
Application of computed tomography to oil recovery from porous media.

Local oil saturation (fluid composition within the void spaces of sandstone) is computed from pixel image data. Limitations of CT observation of fluid displacement are discussed. Images of viscous fingering, time derivatives of local composition, and residual oil distribution are given for the case of water displacing oil from porous media.
The role of the helical jet mode in aerodynamic noise generation

The helical jet mode is modeled by an infinite helical vortex filament, and an exact analytical solution for the induced velocity field interior to the filament is derived. These expressions are then used to model the jet flow field and to analyze the high subsonic and supersonic jet noise generation. It is shown that noise will be generated directly if the helical mode convects or rotates. Reducing this noise by stabilizing the mode is difficult, since the self-induced velocities of the mode itself cause it to convect and rotate; the use of noncircular nozzles is suggested to eliminate the symmetry of the boundary condition. The helical mode can also generate noise indirectly by inducing time-dependent Coriolis accelerations on small-scale turbulence propagating in its induced velocity field. This suggests that any upstream turbulence generation has an enhanced potential for noise propagation when propagating in the presence of the helical mode.
Stem Cells Decreased Neuronal Cell Death after Hypoxic Stress in Primary Fetal Rat Neurons in vitro

To explore stem cell-mediated neuronal protection through extracellular signaling pathways by transplanted stem cells, we sought to identify potential candidate molecules responsible for neuronal protection using an in vitro co-culture system. Primary fetal rat hippocampal neurons underwent hypoxia (≤1% oxygen) for 96 hours, then were returned to a normoxic condition. The study group then received rat umbilical cord matrix derived stem cells, while the control group received fresh media only. The experimental group showed decreased neuronal apoptosis compared to the control group [44.5 ± 1.6 % vs. 71.0 ± 4.2 % (mean ± SD, p = 0.0005) on Day 5] and higher neuronal survival (4.9 ± 1.2 cells/100x field vs. 2.2 ± 0.3, p = 0.02 on Day 5). Among 90 proteins evaluated using a protein array, stem cell co-culture media showed increased protein secretion of TIMP-1 (5.61 fold), TIMP-2 (4.88), CNTF-Rα (3.42), Activin A (2.20), Fractalkine (2.04), CCR4 (2.02), and decreased secretion in MIP-2 (0.30 fold), AMPK α1 (0.43), TROY (0.48), and TIMP-3 (0.50). This study demonstrated that co-culturing stem cells with primary neurons in vitro decreased neuronal cell death after hypoxia with significantly altered protein secretion. The results suggest that stem cells may offer neuronal protection through extracellular signaling.
Passive pupil correction as applied to annular field systems

We present a technique to improve the performance of an annular field system that has a uniform aberration residual and an element at the stop or one of the pupils. The technique entails to departing from axial symmetry by introducing a nonaxially symmetric asphericity. Depending on the angular field extent an improvement in root mean square (rms) of 30% or more can be achieved.
Effect of type and amount of carboxymethylcellulose on in vitro salicylate adsorption by activated charcoal.

AbstractThe effect of the type of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and amount of CMC used in preparing antidotal activated charcoal formulations on the in vitro kinetics of sodium salicylate adsorption from simulated gastric fluid was assessed in agitated vessels of two designs. Mixtures made with low, medium, and high viscosity CMC were tested. Additionally, the effects of the charcoal and water contents of these mixtures on adsorption kinetics were considered. The results suggest that charcoal mixtures which are fluid enough to be pourable (hence, drinkable) are strongly to be preferred from the standpoint of rate of adsorption. More particularly, gel-like formulations should be avoided because they disperse poorly and result in rather slow rates of drug uptake.
Finishing START and Achieving Unilateral Reductions: Leadership and Arms Control at the End of the Cold War

In 1991, the USA and USSR reached an accord to make significant cutbacks in their strategic arenals. A few months after the agreement was signed, the superpowers also unilaterally decided to undertake steps to decrease their readiness for war, eliminate tactical nuclear weapons, and accelerate the START reductions. While the outcomes may appear to follow from the collapse of Soviet power or domestic political developments, a closer examination suggests that a singular focus on neither power considerations nor internal politics can explain adequately these instances of arms control. Instead, leaders appear to have played a principal role, simultaneously balancing domestic political considerations against international challenges and opportunities.
EFetch: Optimizing instruction fetch for event-driven web applications

Web 2.0 applications written in JavaScript are increasingly popular as they are easy to use, easy to update and maintain, and portable across a wide variety of computing platforms. Web applications receive frequent input from a rich array of sensors, network, and user input modalities. To handle the resulting asynchrony due to these inputs, web applications are developed using an event-driven programming model. These event-driven web applications have dramatically different characteristics, which provides an opportunity to create a customized processor core to improve the responsiveness of web applications. In this paper, we take one step towards creating a core customized to event-driven applications. We observe that instruction cache misses of web applications are substantially higher than conventional server and desktop workloads due to large working sets caused by distant re-use. To mitigate this bottleneck, we propose an instruction prefetcher (EFetch) that is tuned to exploit the characteristics of web applications. We find that an event signature, which captures the current event and function calling context, is a good predictor of the control flow inside a function of an event-driven program. It allows us to accurately predict a function's callees and their function bodies and prefetch them in a timely manner. For a set of real-world web applications, we show that the proposed prefetcher outperforms commonly implemented next-2-line prefetcher by 17%. Also, it consumes 5.2 times less area than a recently proposed prefetcher, while outperforming it.
Patient Education for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Analysis of Readability

Background The National Institutes of Health and American Medical Association recommend a sixth grade reading level for patient-directed content. This study aims to quantitatively evaluate the readability of the most commonly used resources for surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome.
REDUCING ORGANIZATIONAL CONFLICT: THE ROLE OF SOCIALLY‐INDUCED POSITIVE AFFECT

Two studies were conducted to investigate the impact of socially‐induced positive affect on organizational conflict. In Study I, male and female subjects were provoked or not provoked, and then exposed to one of several treatments designed to induce positive affect among them. Results indicated that several of these procedures (e.g., mild flattery, a small gift, self‐deprecating remarks by an opponent) increased subjects' preference for resolving conflict through collaboration, but reduced their preference for resolving conflict through competition. In addition, self‐deprecating remarks by an opponent (actually an accomplice) increased subjects' willingness to make concessions to this person during negotiations. In Study 2, male and female subjects were exposed to two treatments designed to induce positive affect (humorous remarks, mild flattery). These were presented before, during, or after negotiations with another person (an accomplice). Both treatments reduced subjects' preferences for resolving conflict through avoidance and increased their preferences for resolving conflict through collaboration, but only when delivered during or immediately after negotiations. Together, the results of both studies suggest that simple interventions designed to induce positive affect among the parties to conflicts can yield several beneficial effects.
Material Culture, Geographic Propinquity, and Linguistic Affiliation on the North Coast of New Guinea: A Reanalysis of Welsch, Terrell, and Nadolski (1992)

Welsch et al. (1992) study the frequency of occurrence of 47 artifact types across 31 villages on the North Coast of New Guinea. They find variation in assemblages of material culture to be associated with geographic propinquity only, with linguistic relations having virtually no effect. Our reanalysis, which suggests that language and propinquity have equally strong effects, has important theoretical implications for the study of culture, past and present. In addition, we present a new analysis of the differential distribution of material artifacts among village sites.
Iris processes and glaucoma.

Gonioscopy of 340 normal eyes revealed only eight eyes with many iris processes in­ serting anterior to the scierai spur. Four of the eight eyes had a positive corticosteroid provocative test. Two of four positive eyes had signs suggestive of pigmentary glau­ coma. We believe that there may be a rela­ tionship between these abnormal iris pro­ cesses, pigmentary glaucoma, and primary open-angle glaucoma. We examined a family of six siblings, some of whom exhibited pigmentary glau­ coma and some primary open-angle glau­ coma, each patient having abnormal iris processes. Further, gonioscopy has been per­ formed on 104 consecutive eyes referred for glaucoma consultation in order to obtain in­ formation regarding the incidence of iris processes in glaucoma eyes. The findings lead us to believe that some cases of pigmen­ tary glaucoma and open-angle glaucoma may be closely related by their similar gonioscopic findings. The visible gonioscopic ab­ normality implies that an underlying trabecular defect is the primary cause of the glau­ coma, and where pigment deposition coex­ ists, it is only a secondary feature. Pigmentary glaucoma was first described as a disease of young myopic males with Krukenberg spindles and dense trabecular pigment bands. Sugar and Scheie and Fleishhauer have suggested that the pigment is the main factor in the glaucoma. Bick had indicated that the degeneration of the iris
Epigraphs of convex set functions

In this paper, we characterize a convex set function by its epigraph. The w∗-semicontinuities for set functions are defined. We identify a convex set function with a functional in L∞ and show that the w∗-closure of such a functional is a convex functional. A Fenchel duality theorem for set functions is then derived.
Glucagonlike peptide-2 enhances small intestinal absorptive function and mucosal mass in vivo.

Abstract Purpose: Glucagonlike peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a 33-amino acid peptide that appears to be highly tissue specific for the intestine. This study was designed to examine the effect of systemically administered GLP-2 on intestinal absorptive function and mucosal mass, and determine the in vivo dose-response curves for this new peptide. Methods: Twenty-five young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats had placement of jugular venous catheters connected to subcutaneously placed osmotic minipumps. The rats were divided into five groups based on the contents in the osmotic pump: group 1 (control, n=5) normal saline and groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 (n = 5 each) were given GLP-2 at 5, 50, 250, and 500 μg/kg/d, respectively. After a 14-day infusion, [C 14 ] galactose and [C 14 ] glycine absorption were measured in a 10-cm segment of midsmall intestine using an in vivo closedrecirculation technique. Mucosal DNA content and protein content of the same small bowel segment were also determined for each group. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: GLP-2 significantly increased galactose absorption at a dose of 50 ( P P P P P P P Conclusions: These data demonstrate that GLP-2 can enhance normal rat small intestine mucosal mass and absorption in vivo with the maximum effect seen at 50 μg/kg/d.
Vibration transmission characteristics of the human hand-arm and gloves

Abstract A test methodology using a laser-based vibration sensor is proposed to evaluate the vibration isolation performance of the commercially available anti-vibration and general purpose industrial hand gloves. The vibration transmission characteristics of the human hand-arm system are investigated through measurement of vibration transmitted to the fingers, knuckle and the wrist in the 10–500 Hz frequency range, under different magnitudes of grip forces and vibration excitations. The vibration attenuation performance of nine different gloves is investigated through measurement and analysis of the vibration response of the coupled hand-glove system. The vibration response characteristics are utilized to propose two- and three-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) lumped parameter linear models of the hand and hand-glove systems, respectively. A comparison of the vibration transmissibility response of the proposed models with the measured data revealed reasonable correlation in the frequency range of interest. The results of the study further revealed that the gloves do not yield effective attenuation of vibration caused by the hand-held power tools.
Longevity Advances in High‐Income Countries, 1955–96

The advance of life expectancy within high-income countries from 1955 to 1996 is well represented by a straight-line trend. This explains more of the variance on average, and in 19 of 21 high-income countries, than logged or unlogged age-standardized death rates. Change in life expectancy in individual countries over this period was partially predicted by a country's level relative to the rest of this group of high-income countries and partially by a country's own prior rate of advance, with substantial convergence toward the group mean for both measures.
Individual development and latent groups: Analytical tools for interpreting heterogeneity

Abstract Individual differences in development or growth are typically handled under conventional analytical approaches by blocking on the variables thought to contribute to variation, such as sex or age. But such approaches fail when the differences are attributable to latent characteristics (i.e., variables not directly observable beforehand) within the population. Strategies are proposed herein for identifying and describing individual differences in such cases, using a combination of empirical Bayes methods and finite mixture modeling. Illustrations are provided using data from a longitudinal study of perceptual development, but such strategies are applicable within any domain for which one has repeated measures. The examples illustrate the importance of considering the possibilities of subgroups within the larger population and the perils of ignoring population heterogeneity when it exists.
Suture anchors in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair

The use of suture anchors in shoulder surgery has facilitated the rapid advancement of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair techniques. Innumerable anchor types have been developed which allow stronger, rapid, more effective arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs. Abundant research has been performed to maximize the efficacy of suture anchors in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. This article reviews the literature regarding implant designs, technical considerations, clinical results, and complications of suture anchors in the arthroscopic treatment of rotator cuff tears.
Phosphorylation-dependent regulation of axon fasciculation

Abstract Axons often grow along other axons to produce bundles called fascicles, and a number of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) found on axon surfaces contribute to this process. The surprising observation that Fab fragments against individual CAMs can completely block fascicle formation suggests that the different axon-associated CAMs are functionally linked. The present studies investigate whether such a linkage might reflect intracellular regulatory mechanisms. Results obtained with chicken retinal explants in culture indicate that fasciculation is highly sensitive to cytoplasmic protein phosphorylation by means of a mechanism that does not alter levels of CAM expression. Moreover, the potent effect of individual Fabs on fasciculation disappears with enhanced phosphorylation. These observations suggest that growing axons possess a general regulatory process for the multiple CAMs that participate in fasciculation.
Instanton scale cutoff due to the introduction of link constraints in the functional integral

We compute the contribution of instantons of fixed scale rho to the Wilson loop of a square (plaquette) of size a, and compare the result to its asymptotic forms in the large- and small-a/rho limits. We deduce that the scale cutoff of instantons renormalizing the coupling of an effective lattice theory lies between 2a/3 and a.
Stability of infinite clusters in supercritical percolation

. A recent theorem by Haggstrom and Peres concerning independent percolation is extended to all the quasi-transitive graphs. This theorem states that if 0<p1<p2≤1 and percolation occurs at level p1, then every infinite cluster at level p2 contains some infinite cluster at level p1. Consequences are the continuity of the percolation probability above the percolation threshold and the monotonicity of the uniqueness of the infinite cluster, i.e., if at level p1 there is a unique infinite cluster then the same holds at level p2. These results are further generalized to graphs with a “uniform percolation” property. The threshold for uniqueness of the infinite cluster is characterized in terms of connectivities between large balls.
GPU-based real-time trinocular stereo vision

Most stereovision applications are binocular which uses information from a 2-camera array to perform stereo matching and compute the depth image. Trinocular stereovision with a 3-camera array has been proved to provide higher accuracy in stereo matching which could benefit applications like distance finding, object recognition, and detection. This paper presents a real-time stereovision algorithm implemented on a GPGPU (General-purpose graphics processing unit) using a trinocular stereovision camera array. Algorithm employs a winner-take-all method applied to perform fusion of disparities in different directions following various image processing techniques to obtain the depth information. The goal of the algorithm is to achieve real-time processing speed with the help of a GPGPU involving the use of Open Source Computer Vision Library (OpenCV) in C++ and NVidia CUDA GPGPU Solution. The results are compared in accuracy and speed to verify the improvement.
Emerging Treatments for Multiple Myeloma: Beyond Immunomodulatory Drugs and Bortezomib

The successful clinical development of thalidomide, bortezomib, and lenalidomide not only transformed the therapeutic management of multiple myeloma (MM) but also catalyzed a renewed interest in the development of additional classes of novel agents for this disease. This review focuses on a series of new therapeutics that have shown promising preclinical results, as well as encouraging safety profiles and early evidence of anti-MM activity in clinical studies, either alone or in combination with other, conventional or novel, anti-MM treatments. These agents include second-generation proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory agents, as well as members of other therapeutic classes, such as histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDAC), heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitors, and the alkylphospholipid Akt inhibitor perifosine.
The importance of selected housing features at various stages of the life cycle

The spatial environment of the home is an important factor in the consideration of satisfactory housing for families. With the increasing demand for housing, it has become common to simply provide the basic structure without addressing the various wants and needs of individuals and families. It is the purpose of the study reported here to evaluate the importance of specific housing features based on stage in the family lifecycle. Results show that those features with the highest importance involve low maintenance, aesthetics, and environmental quality. Implications for home designers, educators, and consumers are discussed.
LAMP2A overexpression in breast tumors promotes cancer cell survival via chaperone-mediated autophagy

Lysosome-associated membrane protein type 2A (LAMP2A) is a key protein in the chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) pathway. LAMP2A helps in lysosomal uptake of modified and oxidatively damaged proteins directly into the lumen of lysosomes for degradation and protein turnover. Elevated expression of LAMP2A was observed in breast tumor tissues of all patients under investigation, suggesting a survival mechanism via CMA and LAMP2A. Reduced expression of the CMA substrates, GAPDH and PKM, was observed in most of the breast tumor tissues when compared with the normal adjacent tissues. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated oxidative stress damages regulatory cellular components such as DNA, proteins and/or lipids. Protein carbonyl content (PCC) is widely used as a measure of total protein oxidation in cells. Ectopic expression of LAMP2A reduces PCC and thereby promotes cell survival during oxidative stress. Furthermore, inhibition of LAMP2A stimulates accumulation of GAPDH, AKT1 phosphorylation, generation of ROS, and induction of cellular apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Doxorubicin, which is a chemotherapeutic drug, often becomes ineffective against tumor cells with time due to chemotherapeutic resistance. Breast cancer cells deficient of LAMP2A demonstrate increased sensitivity to the drug. Thus, inhibiting CMA activity in breast tumor cells can be exploited as a potential therapeutic application in the treatment of breast cancer.