cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
First Impressions Formed of Boys with Learning Disabilities and Attention Deficit Disorder

The present study examined the first impressions that are formed of boys with either learning disabilities (LD), attention deficit disorder (ADD), or both disorders, in an effort to understand better why they are so often unpopular with and rejected by their peers. The intent of the study was to remedy methodological problems of previous first-impression studies to determine whether devaluation of boys with either LD or ADD after a brief exposure is a reliable and valid finding. To this end, physical attractiveness data were gathered, children were employed as judges, subgroups of stimulus children were formed, and situational demands were varied. Results indicated that the boys with either LD or ADD were devalued relative to controls on a variety of dependent variables, including popularity. Both situational demands, as well as judgments of physical attractiveness, appeared to play a role in accounting for these differences.
Increasing δ 1 2 and Namba-style forcing

We isolate a forcing which increases the value of δ12 while preserving ω₁ under the assumption that there is a precipitous ideal on ω₁ and a measurable cardinal.
Introduction of the Exotic Monopartite Tomato yellow leaf curl virus into West Coast Mexico

Leaf curl symptoms that are reminiscent of begomovirus (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) infection were observed widespread in the tomato crop during the early fall 2005 through the spring 2006 growing seasons in Sinaloa State, Mexico. Symptoms were widespread in three major valleys (Culiacan, Guasave, and Los Mochis) that are largely dedicated to fresh-market tomato production for the U.S. market from October to June. Symptoms included stunting of leaves, shortened internodes, distortion of leaf margins, and green vein banding. Fruit set was reduced significantly (as much as 90%) on the portion of the plant that developed above the point of symptom expression. Tomato fields were heavily infested with the B biotype of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) vector and no other insect vectors were noted in the fields. Total DNA was extracted from six symptomatic tomato plants (two from each valley) and used as template to amplify, clone, and sequence the core region of the begomovirus CP. BLAST analysis of begomovirus sequences available in the NCBI GenBank database indicated the closest match was the Old World monopartite begomovirus Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) from Israel (Accession No. X15656) at 97.8% shared nucleotide (nt) identity. The full-length genome was amplified for each of six isolates using TempliPhi (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ) and cloned into the pGEM7 vector (Promega, Madison, WI). The complete DNA genome sequence was determined for eight clones by primer walking. Cloned TempliPhi products sequenced represented two to three isolates from each valley. Results indicated that the isolates (n = 8) were 98.9 to 100% identical (Accession No. DQ631892) to each other, and they shared 98% identity with TYLCV isolates reported from the Caribbean Region and Florida. This highly virulent begomovirus of tomato, originating in Israel, was first reported in Mexico from 1996 to 1997 when it was identified in tomato plants in the Yucatan Peninsula (1) (>1,500 miles from Sinaloa). The latter report followed the introduction of TYLCV in tomato seedlings from Florida into several eastern U.S. states (3,4) and then into Puerto Rico (2). The introduction of TYLCV into Sinaloa where tomato production is highly concentrated is significant because the region supplies the majority (as much as 93%) of fresh-market tomatoes to the western United States from October to June (>$750 million dollars). Of equal importance is the immediate proximity of the pandemic to California where more than 90% of the processing tomatoes in the United States are grown. References: (1) J. T. Ascencio-Ibanez et al. Plant Dis. 83:1178, 1999. (2) J. Bird et al. Plant Dis. 85:1028, 2001. (3) M. T. Momol et al. Plant Dis 83:487, 1999. (4) J. E. Polston and P. K. Anderson, Plant Dis. 81:1358, 1997.
On the sensitivity of network simulation to topology

While network simulations for congestion control studies have often varied traffic loads and protocol parameters, they have typically investigated only a few topologies. The most common is by far the so-called "barbell" topology. We argue, first, that the "barbell" topology is not representative of the Internet. In particular we report that a measurable fraction of packets pass through multiple congestion points. Second, we argue that the distinction between the "barbell" topology and more complex topologies is relevant by presenting a scenario with multiple congestion points that exhibits behavior that seems unexpected based on intuition derived from the barbell topology (in particular, a TCP-only system that exhibits behavior technically considered "congestion collapse"). We make the larger argument that the typical methodology currently accepted for evaluating network protocols is flawed. Finally, we comment on some issues that arise in designing a simulation methodology that will be better suited to comparison of network protocol performance.
Placement Design of Ramp Control Signals

Some current design guidelines specify that standard-mounted ramp control signals be placed almost aligned with the limit line. As a result, signal indications are typically placed outside of a driver's comfortable cone of vision, as required by the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). In this paper, the placement design of ramp control signals was analytically examined in relation to the satisfaction of a driver's comfortable cone of vision for stopped vehicles at the limit line and the satisfaction of stopping sight distance for approaching vehicles in accordance with MUTCD. Relationships between location of limit line, location of signal standard, ramp geometry, and approaching speeds were derived. Sample lookup design charts were also developed to facilitate the development and evaluation of signal placement design. A brief analysis using these relationships concluded that signal standards placed in alignment with the limit line would violate not only the comfortable cone of vision of st...
Mayan People Within and Beyond Boundaries: Social Categories and Lived Identity in Yucatán

Mayan People Within and Beyond Boundaries: Social Categories and Lived Identity in Yucatan Peter Hervik. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1999. xi + 214 pp., figures, maps, illustrations, tables, bibliography, index.
Scan statistics for detecting a local change in variance for normal data with unknown population variance

Abstract In this article we investigate the performance of fixed, multiple and variable window scan statistics in detecting a local change in variance for a sequence of normal observations, when the population variance of the underlying normal distribution is unknown. For fixed window scan statistics, we study: the training sample approach, the conditioning on sufficient statistic approach and the parametric bootstrap testing approach. It is evident from the numerical results that the scan statistic constructed via the conditioning approach outperforms the other two fixed window scan statistics investigated in this article. Based on power calculation presented in this article, one can conclude that when the size of the window where a local change of variance has occurred is unknown, multiple and variable window scan statistics outperform fixed window scan statistics. The multiple and variable window scan statistics perform equally well. When the sequence of observations is large, the implementation of the multiple window scan statistic is computationally more practical.
Payroll Tax Incidence on Small Businesses: An Empirical Investigation of Shifting the Payroll Tax Burden

The payroll tax earmarked for the financing of social security benefits has been the leading growth tax on small businesses over the past few decades. Small businesses pay more in payroll tax than in any other form of tax. Indeed, these taxes are levied on small businesses irrespective of their profits. The statutory incidence of one-half of the payroll tax being paid by the employer and one-half by the employee may be very different from the actual incidence of the tax due to employer shifting mechanisms.While there has been considerable conjecture about the shifting of the payroll tax burden, there has been very little research that has explicitly studied the shifting mechanisms undertaken by small businesses. In this study, responses were elicited from a sample of 182 small business owners in the Hampton Roads area of Virginia to ascertain whether the payroll tax is shifted by passing ii on to the consumer by way of increased prices, passing it on to the employee by way of reduced wages, or absorbed by the business reducing profits. This inquiry found that, in general, small businesses are not likely to shift the employer 's share of the tax burden to employees. Specifically, the most popular alternative in dealing with payroll tax increases was lo increase prices for their product/service.
Appreciation as an Art: Enjoying Poetry in School

(1931). Appreciation as an Art: Enjoying Poetry in School. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 222-223.
Synthesis and Characterization of 3,3′-Diamino-4,4′-azofuroxan

3,3′-Diamino-4,4′-azofuroxan(DAAFO) was synthesized by a two-step process,with 4-amino-3-azidocarbonylfuroxan as precursor which was synthesized by a three-step process with ethyl acetoacetate as starting material.The DAAFO and mediate products were characterized by DSC-TG,elemental analysis,IR and MS.And the sensitivity and DSC analysis of DAAFO were carried out and compared.The results show that 4-amino-3-azidocarbonylfuroxan is more sensitive than diaminofurazan and HMX.The peak decomposition temperature of DAAFO is 208.17 ℃,lower than that of 3,3′-diamino-4,4′-azofurazan(DAAF) and 3,3′-diamino-4,4′-azoxyfurazan(DAOAF).
Analysis of the Effect of BCG Vaccination in the Neonates in Huairou District of Beijing

Objective To evaluate the completion and the effectiveness of BCG vaccination in Huairou District during the year of 2003 to 2006,and to analyze and resolve the problem in BCG vaccination,in order to provide scientific evidence for TB control.Method To conduct a significant analysis of the PPD positive rate after 12 weeks'BCG vaccination which have been done in the neonates born in the year of 2003 to 2006.Result In the surveillance of the PPD positive rate after 12 weeks' BCG vaccination of 420 neonates,373(88.80%) were PPD positive,409(97.40%) have BCG scars.Conclusion Every kinds of surveillance indicators in the field of BCG vaccination in Huairou District are satisfactory.
Control of Low Voltage Ride-Through in Doubly Fed Induction Generators

System faults may result in voltage dip due to large proportion wind power in the system.And the system stability is influenced severely when wind farms exit.So the low voltage ride-through(LVRT)characteristic of wind turbines is necessary to keep wind turbine units connected to the grid after system failure.This paper analyzes the principle of LVRT in doubly fed Induction generators(DFIG)and control strategy of LVRT based on rotor crow-bar protection,and builds the DFIG and LVRT model in the software DIgSILENT/PowerFactory.This paper emulates an actual wind power system,and analyzes the influence of rotor crow-bar control strategies on LVRT.
Critical Theory After the Rise of the Global South

The end of Euro-American domination opens up a new assessment of epistemological issues since an exclusive focus on one’s own traditions is no longer possible in a globalized and multicentric world. The alternative, relativism, is still no option when it is no longer possible to close the borders and retreat into oneself. Under these conditions, it becomes possible to revise an epistemology that is constructed around the alternative of universalism and relativism to a hermeneutic whose goal is not the understanding of one’s own tradition but that of radically different traditions, using the concept of a relational configuration that has to be developed in a dialectical way at its core.
Intrauterine Extra-Amniotic 15(S)-15-Methyl Prostaglandin F2α for Induction of Early Midtrimester Abortion * †

Twenty-six patients 13 to 15weeks pregnant received extraovular 15(S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F 2 α in a dosage of 1mg every 18 to 24hours for three doses. Twenty-five (96%) of the patients aborted; fifteen patients aborted incompletely. The mean induction-to-abortion time was 15.8hours. A decrease in plasma progesterone levels could not be consistently correlated with abortifacient activity, and there was no statistically significant relationship between abortion time and parity or gestational age. One patient failed to abort after 36hours of therapy and was aborted by curettage. She was the only patient who developed a postabortion uterine infection. Results with the extraovular technique appear to be similar to those with the intra-amniotic and the intramuscular prostaglandin techniques. Therefore, extraovular administration may be useful for inducing abortion in patients who are in the early midtrimester of pregnancy .
Effects of season and weather patterns on flood frequency: Hakataramea River, New Zealand

There is an unresolved debate about the comparative merits of parametric and non-parametric approaches to single-site flood frequency analysis. The series of annual maximum floods usually analysed in parametric approaches often comprise few events, by comparison with data series used in other statistical modelling and inference. Previous analyses, including some for the Hakataramea River, have had unexplained systematic departures of the flood data from the distributions used to fit them. The Hakataramea catchment has a distinctive topography and climate. Annual flood maxima occurring in Spring and Autumn differ from those occurring in either Summer or Winter. The Spring and Autumn data are better fitted by an EV2 distribution, while each of Summer and Winter series are better fitted by different EVI distributions. Although distinct categories of weather patterns are identified, the annual maximum flood events associated with them are not clearly different, and do not conform well to EV1 or EV2 distributions.
Epidemiology of Injury in the Elderly

Injury in the elderly population represents an important and increasing public health concern. While the epidemiology of many traumatic events in this population is similar to that in younger age groups, the elderly present their own unique set of host, agent, and environmental combinations that often put them at excessive risk. Careful understanding of the epidemiology of geriatric trauma can hopefully lead to improved prevention efforts and effective clinical care paradigms to minimize death and disability from injury in this population.
Poetry as Memoir: Shi Zhecun's Miscellaneous Poems of a Floating Life

At the age of eighty-five, writer Shi Zhecun 施蟄存 (1905–2003) recollected his long and difficult life journey in a poetic memoir, Fusheng zayong 浮生雜詠 (Miscellaneous Poems of a Floating Life). Comprising of eighty poems, this memoir focuses on the 1930s, when Shi experienced the first big storm of his life, a literary battle with the legendary writer Lu Xun 魯迅 (1881–1936). As a result, Shi lost his “space for survival” in the Shanghai literary world, but fortunately his background in both modern and traditional education provided him with resilience. Indeed, one of the appeals of Shi’s poetic memoir lies in the author’s deliberate fusing of subtle/classical sentiments with public/modern concerns. As this article demonstrates, while Shi’s poems embody an implicit metaphorical quality, his self-commentaries are often down-to-earth and self-referential, creating a tension between the two that allows the reader to have as much space for imagination as desired.
Jackknife estimation for Markov processes with no mixing constraints

The jackknife resampling procedure is a technique to reduce the bias of a statistic. As with other resampling techniques, the jackknife procedure is motivated by and is well understood in the i.i.d. regime. However, analysis of the procedure when samples have memory is limited, and is predominantly restricted to cases with strong mixing or memory constraints. In this paper, we analyze a natural jackknife resampling procedure for Markov sources with no mixing assumptions. For the problem to be well posed without mixing assumptions, we instead adopt a physically motivated continuity condition that ensures that the information a bit in the past provides about the current bit, conditioned on all bits in between, diminishes with the amount of history we have. We analyze the jackknife estimate of the variance of conditional probability estimates given arbitrary contexts, and show that the bias of this jackknife procedure can be bounded by a small constant.
Automated cytochemical staining and inflammation. Further assessment of the "left shift".

Automated differential leukocyte counting devices identify neutrophils on the basis of size and peroxidase staining. Since no analysis of neutrophil subpopulatibns is provided, detection of the “left shift” as reflected by increased numbers of band neutrophils is not possible. It has been suggested that samples with increased numbers of high peroxidase neutrophils (HPX) correspond to conventional.samples with increased band neutrophils. Using blood samples enriched by 700% in their band neutrophil concentration, no significant change in the number of HPX cells or mean peroxidase content was detected. Examination of Wright-stained smears with increased concentrations of HPX cells invariably revealed toxic neutrophils not seen in controls. The authors concluded that increases in HPX cells do reflect inflammation but that such increases correlate with the presence of toxic neutrophils and not band neutrophils.
Trailblazing Women Chief Justices

Nearly 60 women have achieved the position of Chief Justice of a state Supreme Court in the past 50+ years. Here are brief profiles of a few who were of particular significance as trailblazers.
Bodywide fluctuations support manual exploration: Fractal fluctuations in posture predict perception of heaviness and length via effortful touch by the hand

The human haptic perceptual system respects a bodywide organization that responds to local stimulation through full-bodied coordination of nested tensions and compressions across multiple nonoverlapping scales. Under such an organization, the suprapostural task of manually hefting objects to perceive their heaviness and length should depend on roots extending into the postural control for maintaining upright balance on the ground surface. Postural sway of the whole body should thus carry signatures predicting what the hand can extract by hefting an object. We found that fractal fluctuations in Euclidean displacement in the participants' center of pressure (CoP) contributed to perceptual judgments by moderating how the participants' hand picked up the informational variable of the moment of inertia. The role of fractality in CoP displacement in supporting heaviness and length judgments increased across trials, indicating that the participants progressively implicate their fractal scaling in their perception of heaviness and length. Traditionally, we had to measure fractality in hand movements to predict perceptual judgments by manual hefting. However, our findings suggest that we can observe what is happening at hand in the relatively distant-from-hand measure of CoP. Our findings reveal the complex relationship through which posture supports manual exploration, entailing perception of the intended properties of hefted objects (heaviness or length) putatively through the redistribution of forces throughout the body.
Simulation of Controlled Motion of a Person When Walking in an Exoskeleton

Purpose of reseach . Robot exoskeletons open up new possibilities in the rehabilitation of patients with lower limb injuries. Despite the growing number of publications on this topic, many issues related to the development of design tools based on the simulation of human movement in an exoskeleton using the theoretical basis of stable movement in the upright position have not been studied well enough. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to develop methods for improving the efficiency of the lower extremity exoskeleton control system for biped gait. Methods . The key feature of the paper is the application of modeling techniques determining the laws of the exoskeleton motion. Methods of mathematical modeling of the motion of sections are used, taking into account their subsequent possible use in modeling the motion of exoskeleton sections; trajectory equations are composed using the vector-matrix method. The trajectories of the exoskeleton's foot, lower leg, and hip movement during steady walking are studied. Results. To simulate the operation of a robotic complex - a prototype of an exoskeleton of the lower extremities with ten active degrees of freedom, kinematic definition the trajectory of the sections is used. To find the vector of generalized coordinates, the inverse kinematics problem is solved applying the vector-matrix method using the Jacobian matrix. The results of numerical simulation show high convergence and eficacy of the proposed method. The proposed method allows defining the trajectory of the operator in the exoskeleton in real devices. Conclusion . In the paper, the study of walking is performed from the standpoint of modeling a quasi-static gait using kinematic approaches. The developed method for determining the defining angles of rotation of the exoskeleton sections for different foot positions taking into account the position of the mass center projections, is used in the development of algorithms for controlling human motion in the exoskeleton.
Who Will Stay When Crisis Strikes? VC Projected Event Schemas on Ventures in Crisis

We explore how organizational cognition based on knowledge structures or schemas determines how organizations respond to adverse events that they encounter in their partners. Specifically, we devel...
Proteome analysis of virulent Aeromonas hydrophila reveals the upregulation of iron acquisition systems in the presence of a xenosiderophore.

The Gram-negative bacterium, Aeromonas hydrophila, has been responsible for extensive losses in the catfish industry for over a decade. Due to this impact, there are ongoing efforts to understand the basic mechanisms that contribute to virulent A. hydrophila (vAh) outbreaks. Recent challenge models demonstrated that vAh cultured in the presence of the iron chelating agent deferoxamine mesylate (DFO) were more virulent to channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Interestingly, differential gene expression of select iron acquisition genes was unremarkable between DFO and non-DFO cultures, posing the question: why the increased virulence? The current work sought to evaluate growth characteristics and protein expression of vAh after the addition of DFO. A comparative proteome analysis revealed differentially expressed proteins among tryptic soy broth (TSB) and TSB + DFO treatments. Upregulated proteins identified among the TSB + DFO treatment were enriched for gene ontology groups including iron ion transport, siderophore transport and siderophore uptake transport, all iron acquisition pathways. Protein-protein interactions were also evaluated among the differentially expressed proteins and predicted that many of the upregulated iron acquisition proteins likely form functional physiological networks. The proteome analysis of the vAh reveals valuable information about the basic biological processes likely leading to increased virulence during iron restriction in this organism.
Hybrid simulation of a parallel collisionless shock in the Large Plasma Device

We present two-dimensional hybrid kinetic/magnetohydrodynamic simulations of planned laser-ablation experiments in the Large Plasma Device (LAPD). Our results, based on parameters which have been validated in previous experiments, show that a parallel collisionless shock can begin forming within the available space. Carbon-debris ions that stream along the magnetic-field direction with a blow-off speed of four times the Alfven velocity excite strong magnetic fluctuations, eventually transfering part of their kinetic energy to the surrounding hydrogen ions. This acceleration and compression of the background plasma creates a shock front, which satisfies the Rankine-Hugoniot conditions and can therefore propagate on its own. Furthermore, we analyze the upstream turbulence and show that it is dominated by the right-hand resonant instability.
CHAPTER 11 – INTEGRAL EQUATION PERTURBATION METHODS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the three-dimensional problems and presents approximate techniques for solving the Fredholm integral equations of the first kind. Two kinds of linearized equations govern the flow of an incompressible viscous fluid: Stokes and Oseen equations. The chapter discusses the steady stokes flow, the boundary effects on stokes flow the longitudinal oscillations of solids in stokes flow, steady rotary stokes flow, the theory of diffraction, and the displacement field in elasto-statics. The rotation of axially symmetric inclusions and cavities in an elastic medium are governed by precisely the same partial differential equations as are the rotation problems of Stokes flow. The symbol μ stands for the modulus of rigidity and Ω is the constant angle of rotation.
fcc lattice, checkerboards, fractons, and quantum field theory

We consider XY-spin degrees of freedom on an fcc lattice, such that the system respects some subsystem global symmetry. We then gauge this global symmetry and study the corresponding $U(1)$ gauge theory on the fcc lattice. Surprisingly, this $U(1)$ gauge theory is dual to the original spin system. We also analyze a similar ${\mathbb{Z}}_{N}$ gauge theory on that lattice. All these systems are fractonic. The $U(1)$ theories are gapless and the ${\mathbb{Z}}_{N}$ theories are gapped. We analyze the continuum limits of all these systems and present free continuum Lagrangians for their low-energy physics. Our ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ fcc gauge theory is the continuum limit of the well-known checkerboard model of fractons. Our continuum analysis leads to a straightforward proof of the known fact that this theory is dual to two copies of the ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ X-cube model. We find new models and new relations between known models. The ${\mathbb{Z}}_{N}$ fcc gauge theory can be realized by coupling three copies of an anisotropic model of lineons and planons to a certain exotic ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ gauge theory. Also, although for $N=2$ this model is dual to two copies of the ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ X-cube model, a similar statement is not true for higher $N$.
COVID-19: Future Preference of University Students to Promote Online Education in Pakistan

COVID-19 is a deadly virus that has been transmitted globally in no time. Due to the continuous spread of COVID-19, the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan has decided to shift towards online classes. In this study, a survey has been conducted to assess the online learning experience of the students. This paper aims to find the preferences of students regarding e-learning in the upcoming semester(s) for the promotion of digital learning in Pakistan. A well-structured questionnaire is circulated and a total of 519 responses are collected from the prestigious universities of Pakistan after the conclusion of the online semester. It has been observed that only 26% of the students are willing to take online classes in the future. To dig down the reasons behind this low percentage, comparative as well as sentiment analyses of the results have been conducted. The comparative analysis has indicated that the students are not satisfied with their learning outcomes, online examination, and grading in this regard. Similarly, the sentiment analysis of the comments has revealed that 60% of the students have provided negative feedback regarding online classes. Whereas, it has also been observed that many students are in the favor of attending short courses, seminars, and conferences online. Based on the analyses, suitable recommendations have also been provided to promote e-learning in Pakistan.
An evaluation of package integrated probe coupled stacked patch antennas for 5G applications

Integrating the antenna elements to the microelectronic package reduces the interconnect length and therefore the signal loss between the RF/mm-wave circuitry and the radiating elements. In addition, the design complexity and the cost of the system board are reduced as the antenna elements and the routing signals are contained within the package. In prior work, package integrated, dual polarized, aperture coupled, stacked patch antennas with an air cavity have been presented. A typical implementation requires 6 metal layers, and inter-layer alignment between the feed line(s), aperture and the radiating element layers. In comparison, probe coupling, where the radiating element is directly connected to the source, requires a minimum of 3 metal layers and is considered a more robust implementation. In this work we consider integrating probe coupled, stacked patch antennas to the microelectronic package for 5G applications. Antenna elements operating at 28GHz and 38.5GHz were designed, fabricated and characterized. The 28GHz antenna demonstrated impedance bandwidth of 3GHz (fractional bandwidth of 10.7%) and the 38.5GHz antenna demonstrated impedance bandwidth of 4.5GHz (fractional bandwidth of 11.68%).
WHEN PHILOSOPHY AND BUSINESS PROFESSORS TALK: ASSESSMENT OF ETHICAL REASONING IN A CROSS DISCIPLINARY BUSINESS ETHICS COURSE

Can instructors with apparently divergent approaches to the goals and methods of teaching business ethics agree upon a core set of course objectives? Can they agree upon a common method of assessment for measuring student performance against shared standards? This paper reports the results of a project intended to address these questions. The goals of the project were threefold: (1) to identify a shared set of core competencies for all students in business ethics; (2) to adopt a common assessment of ethical reasoning (neutral to disciplinary bias) for measuring student performance in core competencies; (3) to determine whether students show improvement in core competencies over the course of a semester. Our findings suggest that it is possible to find common ground in measurable objectives and to expect instructors to interpret, apply, and teach to these objectives effectively without infringing upon their disciplinary differences.
Spatiotemporal Patterns of Drought/Tropical Cyclone Co‐occurrence in the Southeastern USA: Linkages to North Atlantic Climate Variability

Droughts and landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs; tropical depressions, tropical storms, and hurricanes) are important features of the hydroclimate of the southeastern USA at seasonal, interannual, and interdecadal scales. The societal impacts and climatological aspects of both droughts and Atlantic TCs have been widely addressed in the scientific literature. However, in general, previous research has assessed the two phenomena separately. Recently, the spatiotemporal patterns and hydroclimatic impacts of drought amelioration by landfalling TCs have been analyzed for the southeastern USA, as well as the large-scale dynamic forcing mechanisms that enhance or suppress drought-TC co-occurrence. At multidecadal time scales, both droughts and TCs in this region vary in association with several leading modes of basin-wide and regional climate variability. These climate modes appear to be coherently linked to a background oceanic–atmospheric pattern that either promotes or suppresses the likelihood of both droughts and TC landfalls. The relative frequency of TC landfalls in drought-stricken areas, the importance of these events in the regional moisture budget, and the potential for future changes in the large-scale forcing environment raise fundamental questions about possible changes in the hydroclimate of the southeastern USA, where population growth and rising water demand already place strain on freshwater resources. In this article, we provide a review and synthesis of the recent research on variability in drought, landfalling TCs, the characteristics of the space–time association between these two phenomena in the southeastern USA, and the coherent large-scale oceanic–atmospheric environment that either promotes or suppresses their co-occurrence. Further, we review Global Climate Model projections related to these factors, and we identify avenues for future research on this important topic.
Ceramide is necessary for cigarette smoke-induced reduced heart mitochondrial function (LB649)

Cigarette smoke exposure increases risk of multiple cardiovascular complications, including heart failure, heart attack, and atherosclerosis. Given that ceramides are both produced in the lung with...
Modeling the characteristics of a magnetically switched pulse-forming line

Recent developments in magnetic switching technology have enabled linear induction accelerators to operate at high repetition rates. These accelerators provide high-average-power electron beams for many applications. However, some applications, such as free-electron lasers, also require a beam with a very narrow energy spread. As a result, the characteristics of the waveform driving the induction cell are very critical. Several accelerator systems at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory use three-stage magnetic pulse compressors in which the final stage consists of a pulse-forming line (PFL) followed by a saturable output reactor. Ideally, the PFL forms a pulse with the required rise time and flatness. Unfortunately, traveling waves introduced on the PFL during the charging process as well as output switch performance may degrade the pulse shape. To understand the effect of these factors upon the output pulse shape, we have used the computer code SPICE to model the final stage. The model simulates PFL dynamics under various conditions and includes a first-order model of the saturable output reactor. Discussed in this paper are the saturable inductor model and results obtained with the final stage compression model.
Abundance Determinations Through Astrophysical X-Ray Spectroscopy

The conventional X-ray band (0.1 – 10 keV) is especially rich in emission and absorption features from nearly all charge states of all cosmically abundant metals (carbon through iron) . X-ray spectroscopic observations therefore provide a promising new frontier for abundance determinations in a wide variety of astrophysical systems, ranging from clusters of galaxies to the coronae of nearby normal stars. As yet, progress in this field has been rather slow because of instrumental limitations. However, this will change dramatically in the next few years with the impending launches of three major X-ray observatories, AXAF, XMM, and Astro E, all of which include high resolution, high sensitivity spectroscopic experiments. I review existing X-ray abundance determinations in three different fields (stellar coronae, young supernova remnants, and the gaseous haloes of elliptical galaxies), which collectively illustrate both the power and some of the problems with this technique. I also describe and compare the capabilities of the three new missions, and comment on both the near-term and the far-term future of this field.
hsp26 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is related to the superfamily of small heat shock proteins but is without a demonstrable function.

Abstract Analysis of the cloned gene confirms that hsp26 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a member of the small heat shock protein superfamily. Previous mutational analysis failed to demonstrate any function for the protein. Further experiments presented here demonstrate that hsp26 has no obvious regulatory role and no major effect on thermotolerance. It is possible that the small heat shock protein genes originated as primitive viral or selfish DNA elements.
Conditioned food preferences

Publisher Summary This chapter explores that humans have receptors for four basic tastes: salt, sour, bitter, and sweet. Initial affective reactions to these four tastes appear to be genetically mediated. Initial reaction to the four basic tastes appears to be genetically mediated, in omnivores such as rats and humans most food preferences are produced by experience. This may seem anti-intuitive because individuals seem to have strong preferences upon initial contact with food. In theory at least, many of these preferences can be accounted for in terms of differences in individual experiences with foods. Individuals differ widely in their experiences with foods, and laboratory research has shown that different experiences with foods can produce long-lasting conditioned food preferences. By the age of 6 months, large individual differences in preference for sweet develop shows differences that can be traced to experience. Some infants are given sugar water as a pacifier, while others are not. When tested at 6 months of age, infants who have been given sugar water show a greater preference for sweet than those who have not had this experience. Differences in sweet preference between those given sweetened water and those not given sweetened water are still present when the children are 2 years old, even if sweetened water was discontinued. The chapter also discusses that food preferences are affected by learning the consequences associated with ingestion of foods and by associations formed between foods that are experienced together. It aims to review the data from laboratory showing increases in preference for flavors paired with beneficial consequences.
Identification of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I 21-base-pair repeat-specific and glial cell-specific DNA-protein complexes.

Abstract The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-encoded protein, Tax, is capable of trans-activating HTLV-I transcription by interacting with specific sequences in the HTLV-I long terminal repeat (LTR) which comprise an inducible enhancer containing three imperfect tandem repeats of a 21-bp sequence. There is no evidence that purified Tax can bind to DNA in the absence of cellular factors, suggesting that Tax most likely regulates transcription via interaction with cellular factors. Since HTLV-I is a documented agent of adult T-cell leukemia and tropical spastic paraparesis, disorders of the immune and nervous systems, respectively, characterization of cellular factors of lymphoid and neuroglial origin which interact with the 21-bp repeat elements is essential to understanding of the mechanisms involved in basal and Tax-mediated transcription in cells of immune and nervous system origin. Utilizing electrophoretic mobility shift (EMS) analyses, we have detected both 21-bp repeat-specific and glial cell-specific DNA-protein complexes. Several 21-bp repeat-specific DNA-protein complexes were detected when nuclear extracts derived from cells of lymphoid (Jurkat, SupT1, and H9), neuronal (IMR-32 and SK-N-MC), and glial (U-373 MG, Hs683, and U-118) origin were used in reactions with each of the three 21-bp repeat elements. In addition, a glial cell-specific DNA-protein complex was detected when nuclear extracts derived from U-373 MG, Hs683, and U-118 glial cell lines reacted with the promoter-distal and central 21-bp repeat elements. Furthermore, EMS analyses performed with nuclear extracts derived from lymphocytic and glial cell origin and a 223-bp fragment of the HTLV-I long terminal repeat encompassing the three 21-bp repeat elements (designated Tax-responsive elements 1 and 2, TRE-1/-2) have also resulted in the detection of glial cell type-specific DNA-protein complexes. Competition EMS analyses with oligonucleotides containing transcription factor binding site sequences indicate the involvement of a cyclic AMP response element binding protein in the formation of DNA-protein complexes which form with all three 21-bp repeat elements and the glial cell-specific DNA-protein complex as well as the involvement of Sp1 or an Sp1-related factor in the formation of the 21-bp repeat III-specific DNA-protein complexes.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Threshold Voltage Shift Dependence on the Oxide Field Induced during Optically Assisted Electron Injection

The effects of injecting carriers at different gate insulator fields on observed threshold voltage shifts (ΔV t ), during optically assisted electron injection, to quantify charged and neutral defect densities in unirradiated and, for the first time, x-ray irradiated [2.4 Mrads (SiO 2 )] devices were examined. In unirradiated devices, where intrinisic fixed positive charge (FPC) densities are below measurement limits, ΔV t accompanying an injection fluence of 1.25×10 16 e/cm 2 [the fluence normally used to fill large cross section neutral electron traps (NETs)] in the range of gate insulator fields (E ox ) between 1.5 and 7 MV/cm was found to decrease from positive to negative values. This was interpreted as indicating a decrease in large NET cross sections with increasing gate insulator field above 1.5 MV/cm, accompanied by the net generation of FPCs, at E ox ≥5 MV/cm, as evidenced by V t dropping below its initial value. Based on two stage injections, the first injection for E ox =0.5 to 7 MV/cm, followed by reinjection at E ox =0.7 MV/cm, it was concluded also that for E ox ≥5 MV/cm, large cross section NETs and fixed negative charges, in addition to the FPCs mentioned above, were generated, and that field alone does not result in defect generation. In irradiated devices, [2.4 Mrads (SiO 2 )] examined in a similar manner, the high-field behavior was somewhat different. At an injection fluence of 2.5×10 13 e/cm 2 , (the fluence normally used to fill FPCs) the accompanying ΔV t first decreased to around zero which was attributed to an FPC cross section decrease, and then increased slightly with increasing oxide fields, attributed to additional large angle scattering. At an additional injection fluence of 1.25×10 16 e/cm 2 (again, the fluence normally used to fill NETs), the accompanying ΔV t first increased, as expected due to the filling of both NETs and any unfilled FPCs, and then decreased at E ox ≥2.5 MV/cm. The decrease in ΔT t at the higher fields similar to that seen in the unirradiated devices, indicating again that the NET cross section decreased. However, in this case V t never dropped below its initial value and ΔT t , measured during the subsequent low field reinjection for FPCs, showed no increase in the number of FPCs above that initially present, so there is no direct evidence of net FPC generation. It these devices using two stage injection sequences, it was determined also that large cross section NETs were not generated. The effects of the device being on or off during injection, depending on the applied substrate bias, were also examined using continuous injections. Evidence is presented which suggest strongly that to obtain the proper cross sections and/or densities of defects, the devices must be on
Effects of Estradiol on Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Agouti-Related Protein in Ovariectomized Rhesus Monkeys

Hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived MSH peptides and the melanocortin receptor antagonist, agouti-related protein (AgRP), interact to regulate energy balance. Both POMC and AgRP neurons express estrogen receptors, but little is known about estrogen regulation of the melanocortin system in the primate. We have therefore examined the effects of physiological doses of estradiol (E2) on POMC and AgRP in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of ovariectomized monkeys. POMC prohormone was measured by ELISA. AgRP was measured by RIA (sensitive for the more biologically active C-terminal AgRP83-132 but also detects full-length AgRP) and by ELISA (measures primarily full length AgRP). In the first experiment, 14 animals were studied before and after 3 wk of E2. CSF POMC did not change, but AgRP(RIA) decreased from 7.9 ± 1.2 to 4.7 ± 1.2 fmol/ml after E2 (P = 0.03) and the POMC/AgRP(RIA) ratio increased from 4.2 ± 0.89 to 6.8 ± 1.04 (P = 0.04). AgRP(ELISA) did not change, but the ratio of AgRP(RIA) compared ...
Nature, Culture, and Persons

One cannot, pursuing in a disciplined way any aspect of the comparison of cultures, fail to sense a certain uneasiness about the prospects and appeal of the unity of science. In the Anglo-American philosophical tradition, the program of unity has been almost hopelessly linked with the fortunes of a defeated positivism and the striking lack of success of all forms of reductive materialism.1 In the Continental tradition, notably in the efforts of philosophical hermeneutics, the contrast between Naturwissenschaften and Geisteswissenschaften has, almost since Dilthey’s original speculations, conveyed a strongly dualistic conviction.2 Still, the need for a unity of science is conceptually irresistible. It serves as the methodological counterpart of the abiding intuition of the integrity and conceptual coherence of human existence . For contingent reaons, its actual pursuit is taken as flat evidence of a reductive intent. One sees this, for example, symptomatically, in the appearance of a new, explicit dualism within analytic philosophy of science — as in the most recent speculations of Karl Popper regarding what he calls World 3.3 Roughly speaking, the conceptual requirements entailed in reconciling our picture of physical nature and human culture, at the present stage of philosophical work, cannot but reflect the continued repudiation of ontic dualism and the recognition of the inadequacy, even within the physical sciences, of the explanatory models that inevitably favored reductionism.4
Gene therapy for pediatric brain tumors

There have been impressive surgical, radiotherapeutic, and chemotherapeutic advances in treating cancer. However, the outlook for patients with malignant brain tumors is still dismal. Gene therapy offers hope of replacing defective genes, amplifying the immune response to cancer, and sensitizing tumor cells to systemic therapies (suicide gene therapy). The insertion of the thymidine kinase gene from herpes virus (HSV-TK) into glioma cells can sensitize them to intravenous ganciclovir. Plvotal to the HSV-TK strategy is the “bystander effect”, which results in a larger number of tumor cells being killed than those that have been genetically altered. The presence of gap junctions between tumor cells and immunocompetence are required experimentally to observe the “bystander effect”. At present, clinical trials using suicide gene therapy in newly diagnosed and recurrent gliomas are underway. Suicide gene therapy faces many challenges in neuro-oncology until p53 gene replacement and immunomodulatory strategies become feasible.