cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Business-University Alliances and Innovation in New and Adolescent Technology Ventures

The dynamic resource based view introduces the concept of capability lifecycles. Applying this theory to new and adolescent technology ventures, we propose and test a model of the sources of heterogeneous knowledge capabilities that impact innovation. We suggest that the characteristics of the top management of these ventures impacts business-university alliance formation – a critical knowledge capability that affects innovation. Building on prior research, we also examine the source of firm specific knowledge through geographical munificence. Our results suggest that there are paths to knowledge capability development and innovation and that people are critical to the building of collaborative relationships, not merely being in the right location.
Steamrolled: Sports-Related Concussions

Stephen played inside linebacker for his high school junior varsity football team. His teammates called him the Steamroller because he knocked other players flat. During the final scrimmage prior to the regular season, Stephen sustained a concussion during play. He was not rendered unconscious but was immediately dizzy and later had nausea. He was removed from play and allowed only limited practice for the week. His symptoms resolved, and he returned to play in early September, 2 weeks following his injury. He did not have a clear concussion in this return game but did strike his head on the ground on several occasions while diving for the ball. His symptoms returned and he felt markedly fatigued; consequently, he was again removed from play. His parents were concerned because this was not Stephen 's first concussion, nor even his second. In fact, according to their count, Stephen had sustained four concussions since childhood (Table 5.1).
A Multiprocessor Adaptive Histogram Equalization Machine

Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (clahe) provides excellent contrast enhancement of medical images, but may be too slow for regular use in a clinical setting. The essential properties of real clahe and artifacts that may be present in an interpolated clahe algorithm are discussed. An alternate form of the clahe algorithm that can be computed quickly on special purpose parallel hardware is described, as well as the architecture for such a machine.
IL-2 producing and non-producing effector CD8 T cells phenotypically and transcriptionally coalesce to form memory subsets with similar protective properties.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) acts as a differentiation factor that drives effector CD8 T cell formation and also programs robust memory recall responses. However, the roles of intrinsic IL-2 production in shaping effector and memory CD8 T cell differentiation remain uncertain. To address this, we utilized novel IL-2 and IFN-γ double cytokine reporter systems to trace the cytokine production profiles and fate decisions of effector and memory virus-specific CD8 T cells. Notably, effector and memory CD8 T cells segregate into populations that co-produce IL-2 and IFN-γ or populations that produce only IFN-γ. IL-2-producing effector CD8 T cells preferentially survive and develop memory traits, including the ability to mount protective recall responses. These cells also display transcriptional profiles more closely associated with memory formation. Additionally, cells that produce IL-2 appear refractory to signaling by IL-2 through their STAT5 pathways, which potentially directs their developmental choices. These data illustrate that the intrinsic ability of effector CD8 T cells to produce IL-2 can dictate their sensitivity to the cytokine milieu, predict their developmental fates, and forecast their ability to mount vigorous secondary responses, resist exhaustion, and protect the host. Despite having distinct properties during the effector phase of the response, IL-2-producing and non-producing CD8 T cells transcriptionally and phenotypically coalesce as memory matures to form subsets which respond similarly to secondary lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus challenge. Thus once memory is established, robust secondary responses are not limited to polyfunctional IL-2-producing virus-specific CD8 T cells.
Older, Younger, or More Similar? The Use of Age as a Voting Heuristic*

Objective The descriptive representation literature has found that individuals prefer to vote for candidates who share similar characteristics as themselves. However, the relationship between the age of a voter and the age of a candidate is a gap in the literature that remains to be filled. The objective of this study is to examine such relationships. Methods Utilizing the 2010 and 2012 Cooperative Congressional Election Study, along with independently collected information on candidates’ ages, we use a series of logistic regressions to model the relationship between the age of a voter and the age of a co‐partisan candidate. Results Our analyses suggest that a candidate's age can and does act as a voting heuristic for members of the electorate. However, the strength of these findings is dependent upon the electoral context, individuals’ education levels, and the political party with which an individual affiliates. Conclusion The effect of age has been an overlooked heuristic within the voting behavior literature. Members of the electorate prefer to vote for co‐partisan candidates who are closest to themselves in age.
Game Semantics of Martin-Löf Type Theory.

We present new game semantics of Martin-Lof type theory (MLTT) equipped with One-, Zero-, N-, Pi-, Sigma- and Id-types. Our game semantics interprets MLTT more accurately than existing ones. Another advantage of our game semantics over existing ones is its interpretation of Sigma-types that is direct and compatible with the game semantics of product types . Besides, its mathematical structure is novel and useful; e.g., the category of our games has all finite limits, which is a key step to an extension of the present work to homotopy type theory, and our games interpret subtyping on dependent types for the first time as game semantics. Finally, we provide a new, game-semantic proof of the independence of Markov's principle from MLTT, which demonstrates an advantage of our game semantics over extensional models of MLTT such as the effective topos.
Tank-mixed postemergence herbicides for postemergence goosegrass control in bermudagrass turf.

Abstract Goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.] continues to be a major weed problem in bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.)throughout the southern United States. A field experiment was conducted during ...
Situational Crime Prevention: Theory, Practice and Evidence

Situational crime prevention focuses on the settings for criminal acts rather than on the characteristics of offenders. It provides a practical approach to improving safety and challenges criminological theories based on offenders’ propensities for mischief. According to situational crime prevention, crime is the result of an interaction between disposition and situation. Offenders choose to commit crime based on their perceptions of available opportunities. Consequently, situational factors can stimulate crime and addressing these factors can reduce crime. Situational crime prevention focuses on very specific categories of crime or disorder, and takes particular note of crime concentrations. Understanding how crimes are committed is critically important to situational crime prevention. It uses an action-research model and demands considering numerous possible alternative solutions. Situational crime prevention has been widely used across the globe and has been applied to minor deviance (e.g., littering), standard crimes (e.g., burglary and robbery), and to extremely serious crime (e.g., international terrorism and maritime piracy). The evidence for situational crime prevention effectiveness is substantial. Research clearly demonstrates that it does not inevitably displace crime. In fact, it often reduces crime near prevention sites.
Video Review: History of Afterschool in America

After-school and out-of-school time programs are common across the United States and are seen as providing safe and nurturing environments for children, youth, and teens. The History of Afterschool in America documentary succinctly lays out the evolution of after-school and out-of-school time programming. The 60-minute documentary is framed in 12 chapters with narrative from historians, key advocates and leaders, practitioners, and teens. An accompanying learning guide provides discussion questions, key words and phrases, and additional resources. It is a must watch for after-school professionals, youth-serving organizations, and collaborators.
Behavior Planning For Connected Autonomous Vehicles Using Feedback Deep Reinforcement Learning.

With the development of communication technologies, connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) can share information with each other. We propose a novel behavior planning method for CAVs to decide actions such as whether to change lane or keep lane based on the observation and shared information from neighbors, and to make sure that there exist corresponding control maneuvers such as acceleration and steering angle to guarantee the safety of each individual autonomous vehicle. We formulate this problem as a hybrid partially observable Markov decision process (HPOMDP) to consider objectives such as improving traffic flow efficiency and driving comfort and safety requirements. The discrete state transition is determined by the proposed feedback deep Q-learning algorithm using the feedback action from an underlying controller based on control barrier functions. The feedback deep Q-learning algorithm we design aims to solve the critical challenge of reinforcement learning (RL) in a physical system: guaranteeing the safety of the system while the RL is exploring the action space to increase the reward. We prove that our method renders a forward invariant safe set for the continuous state physical dynamic model of the system while the RL agent is learning. In experiments, our behavior planning method can increase traffic flow and driving comfort compared with the intelligent driving model (IDM). We also validate that our method maintains safety during the learning process.
Newborn Screening Protocols and Positive Predictive Value for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Vary across the United States.

Newborn screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency is mandated throughout the US. Filter paper blood specimens are assayed for 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP). Prematurity, low birth weight, or critical illness cause falsely elevated results. The purpose of this report is to highlight differences in protocols among US state laboratories. We circulated a survey to state laboratory directors requesting qualitative and quantitative information about individual screening programs. Qualitative and quantitative information provided by 17 state programs were available for analysis. Disease prevalence ranged from 1:9941 to 1:28,661 live births. Four state laboratories mandated a second screen regardless of the initial screening results; most others did so for infants in intensive care units. All but one program utilized birthweight cut-points, but cutoffs varied widely: 17OHP values of 25 to 75 ng/mL for birthweights >2250–2500 g. The positive predictive values for normal birthweight infants varied from 0.7% to 50%, with the highest predictive values based in two of the states with a mandatory second screen. Data were unavailable for negative predictive values. These data imply differences in sensitivity and specificity in CAH screening in the US. Standardization of newborn screening protocols could improve the positive predictive value.
A novel system to collect dual pulse oximetry data for critical congenital heart disease screening research

Introduction: Access to patient medical data is critical to building a real-time data analytic pipeline for improving care providers’ ability to detect, diagnose, and prognosticate diseases. Critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) is a common group of neonatal life-threatening defects that must be promptly diagnosed to minimize morbidity and mortality. CCHD can be diagnosed both prenatally and postnatally. However, despite current screening practices involving oxygen saturation analysis, timely diagnosis is missed in approximately 900 infants with CCHD annually in the USA and can benefit from increased data processing capabilities. Adding non-invasive perfusion measurements to oxygen saturation data can improve the timeliness and fidelity of CCHD diagnostics. However, real-time monitoring and interpretation of non-invasive perfusion data are currently limited. Methods: To address this challenge, we created a hardware and software architecture utilizing a Pi-top™ for collecting, visualizing, and storing dual oxygen saturation, perfusion indices, and photoplethysmography data. Data aggregation in our system is automated and all data files are coded with unique study identifiers to facilitate research purposes. Results: Using this system, we have collected data from 190 neonates, 130 presumably without and 60 with congenital heart disease, in total comprising 1665 min of information. From these data, we are able to extract non-invasive perfusion features such as perfusion index, radiofemoral delay, and slope of systolic rise or diastolic fall. Conclusion: This data collection and waveform analysis is relatively inexpensive and can be used to enhance future CCHD screening algorithms.
Teaching strategies in software engineering towards industry interview preparedness

The Software Engineering (SE) curriculum in undergraduate computer science (CS) education is designed to train students in the process of software and systems development. Traditionally, topics such as software development methodologies, industry nomenclatures, and solution analysis are delivered through lectures and group projects. We propose a novel approach in teaching SE that we call MACROVR: MAchine learning to select project team members; Cloud technologies required for project control, code versioning, and team communications; ROtational schedules in Agile/Scrum roles; an individual Video of the team project story board; and Rubrics for all presentations. Our teaching strategy with this approach utilizes the latest technologies currently employed in industry and corresponds to soft skills commonly assessed in interviews. The goal of our study is to measure if using the MACROVR approach contributes to preparedness for a computing job interview. Most often, this course is taken towards the end of a four-year CS degree program while students are job hunting or seeking an internship in the computing industry. We use an anonymous, fifteen question survey instrument sent to volunteers that indicated they are seeking a computing job and have successfully completed the SE course. The sample is comprised of three sections of the SE course using the MACROVR approach (135 students) and four sections that did not use all of the required strategies and technologies, which we call MACROVR-lite (184 students). Our two cohorts, MACROVR and MACROVR-lite, are each given the same survey questions. We analyze their Likert scale data responses using non-parametric methods. Our findings indicate the MACROVR approach better prepares students with the skills and highly valued qualities for success in computing industry interviews.
Are We Living Longer? And Age-Related Preventive Cancer Screening.

A recent conversation I had with a long-time friend and neighbor got me interested in the topic of longevity currently in the United States. We were discussing whether women over age 75 with no per...
Prevalence of Invasive Bacterial Infections in Well-Appearing, Febrile Infants.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Data on invasive bacterial infection (IBI), defined as bacteremia and/or bacterial meningitis, in febrile infants aged PATIENTS AND METHODS Retrospective review of well-appearing, febrile infants aged 7 to 60 days was performed across 31 community-based and 44 university-affiliated centers from September 2015 to December 2017. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid bacterial culture results were reviewed and categorized by using a priori criteria for pathogenic organisms. Prevalence estimates and subgroup comparisons were made by using descriptive statistics. RESULTS A total of 10 618 febrile infants met inclusion criteria; cerebrospinal fluid and blood cultures were tested from 6747 and 10 581 infants, respectively. Overall, meningitis prevalence was 0.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.2–0.5); bacteremia prevalence was 2.4% (95% CI: 2.1–2.7). Neonates aged 7 to 30 days had significantly higher prevalence of bacteremia, as compared with infants in the second month of life. IBI prevalence did not differ between community-based and university-affiliated hospitals (2.7% [95% CI: 2.3–3.1] vs 2.1% [95% CI: 1.7–2.6]). Escherichia coli and Streptococcus agalactiae were the most commonly identified organisms. CONCLUSIONS This contemporary study of well-appearing, febrile infants supports previous epidemiological estimates of IBI prevalence and suggests that the prevalence of IBI may be similar among community-based and university-affiliated hospitals. These results can be used to aid future clinical guidelines and prediction tool development.
More Sloppy Reasoning about Survival

In my writings on the evidence for postmortem survival. I’ve made no secret of the fact that I consider much of the literature on the subject to be very shabby, usually because the authors are empirically myopic or inferentially-challenged. That is, writers on survival notoriously ignore or treat very superficially relevant areas of research having their own extensive literatures (e.g., on dissociation, savantism, prodigies, gifted under-achievers, and language mastery), and too often they seem unable to formulate valid arguments. In Braude, 2003 I explored these deficiencies in great detail. Here, I’d like simply to comment on a particular class of confusions and a recent eruption of nonsequiturs.
Peace Education—A Response to Violence in Detroit

It has almost become a peace educator’s cliche that conflict is a natural and normal part of life. But the escalating use of violence to resolve conflict throughout the world, particularly in urban centers has become such a dangerous phenomenon, that many people have come to use the terms “conflict” and “violence” interchangeably. Free-floating anger and anxiety, caused by despair and powerlessness, together with constant exposure to undesirable models cultivated by the media, reinforce the choice of overt violence as an expedient means of dealing with conflict. I am speaking largely from my experience in the United States where today’s media hero is definitely not Gandhi; more likely he is “Rambo” or “The Equalizer” seen and accepted as “macho,” even as he uses the most cruel and violent means— often unnecessary—to achieve some measure of justice.
Bodies in Doubt: An American History of Intersex

What does it mean to be human? To be human is, in part, to be physically sexed and culturally gendered. Yet not all bodies are clearly male or female. Bodies in Doubt traces the changing definitions, perceptions, and medical management of intersex (atypical sex development) in America from the colonial period to the present day. From the beginning, intersex bodies have been marked as "other," as monstrous, sinister, threatening, inferior, and unfortunate. Some nineteenth-century doctors viewed their intersex patients with disrespect and suspicion. Later, doctors showed more empathy for their patients' plights and tried to make correct decisions regarding their care. Yet definitions of "correct" in matters of intersex were entangled with shifting ideas and tensions about what was natural and normal, indeed about what constituted personhood or humanity. Reis has examined hundreds of cases of "hermaphroditism" and intersex found in medical and popular literature and argues that medical practice cannot be understood outside of the broader cultural context in which it is embedded. As the history of responses to intersex bodies has shown, doctors are influenced by social concerns about marriage and heterosexuality. Bodies in Doubt considers how Americans have interpreted and handled ambiguous bodies, how the criteria and the authority for judging bodies changed, how both the binary gender ideal and the anxiety over uncertainty persisted, and how the process for defining the very norms of sex and gender evolved. Bodies in Doubt breaks new ground in examining the historical roots of modern attitudes about intersex in the United States and will interest scholars and researchers in disability studies, social history, gender studies, and the history of medicine.
A Simple Proposal to Halve Litigation Costs

This article discusses a simple proposal that could reduce litigation costs in the country by about half, yet without compromising the functioning of the liability system in a significant way. Under the proposal (1) only half the cases brought before a court would be randomly chosen for litigation, and (2) damages would be doubled in cases accepted for litigation. The first element of the proposal saves litigation costs and the second preserves deterrence of undesirable behavior. The effect of the proposal on settlement is emphasized, one important implication of which is that settlement is likely to occur before cases are filed (and possibly randomly eliminated), in which event plaintiffs will definitely be compensated.
Adaptively Learning an Importance Function Using Transport Constrained Monte Carlo

It is well known that a Monte Carlo estimate can be obtained with zero-variance if an exact importance function for the estimate is known. There are many ways that one might iteratively seek to obtain an ever more exact importance function. This paper describes a method that has obtained ever more exact importance functions that empirically produce an error that is dropping exponentially with computer time. The method described herein constrains the importance function to satisfy the (adjoint) Boltzmann transport equation. This constraint is provided by using the known form of the solution, usually referred to as the Case eigenfunction solution.
Understanding Today's Online GIS User Through the Lens of a WorldMap Survey

WorldMap is an open source online mapping application which aims to lower barriers for scholars who wish to visualize, analyze, organize, present, and publish mapped information. In late 2013, 290 respondents among the 8,000 registered users participated in an online survey in which they described their activities, purposes, experiences, and preferences regarding the system. Participants also described their professional background, GIS skill level, age, gender, and country of work. This study analyzes the results of the survey, by summarizing the responses to each question independently and by examining the relationships and dependencies of these answers across the different questions to try to better understand why users responded the way they did. The study is based on the user-centered design (UCD) approach. We aim to use the survey results to improve our understanding of user demographics and needs. Findings from this study will be used to guide WorldMap improvements, and we hope the findings will also shed light on the broader requirements of online GIS users.
Contributions of Biogenic and Anthropogenic Hydrocarbons to Secondary Organic Aerosol during 2006 in Research Triangle Park, NC

A recently developed, organic tracer-based method was used to estimate the secondary contributions of biogenic and anthropogenic precursor hydrocarbons to ambient organic carbon concentrations in PM2.5 during 2006 in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA. Forty-six ambient PM2.5 samples were collected on a one in six schedule and analyzed for (1) secondary organic aerosol tracer compounds, and (2) levoglucosan, a compound used as a tracer for biomass burning. For isoprene, α-pinene, β-caryophyllene, and toluene, the secondary contributions to ambient organic carbon concentrations (OC) were estimated using measured tracer concentrations and previously established, laboratory-determined mass fractions. The estimates show secondary formation from these four hydrocarbons contributes up to 55% of the ambient organic carbon concentrations (Julian day 197) when OC was 5.98 μg C/m^3. The relative contributions are highly temperature dependent; estimates of particulate carbon from isoprene and α-pinene precursors peaked during the warmest days, and represented up to 40% and 10% of the measured OC, respectively (Julian days 197 and 191). Conversely, biomass burning represented up to 21% of the organic carbon concentrations on the coldest day sampled, Julian day 329, while contributions of secondary organic carbon from these four precursor hydrocarbons remained low at 4% of the measured 2.55 μg C/m^3 OC.
Multisensor methods to estimate thermal diffusivity

Several methods for the estimation of thermal diffusivity are studied in this work. In many application scenarios, the thermal diffusivity is unknown and must be estimated in order to perform other estimation functions (e.g., tracking of the physical phenomenon, or solving other inverse problems like localization or sensor variance, etc.). In particular, we describe: 1) The use of minimization methods (the Golden Mean and Lagarias' simplex) to determine the thermal diffusivity coefficient which when used in a forward heat flow simulation results in the least (vector) distance between the sampled data and the simulated data. 2) The Maximum Likelihood Estimate for thermal diffusivity. 3) The Extended Kalman Filter to recover the thermal diffusivity. We apply these methods to the determination of thermal diffusivity in snow.
Empathy and the Ethics of Entitlement

With the increasing familiarity of reception theory, deconstruction, collective creation and performance art, it seems as if performers have assumed they should pursue their craft unencumbered by textual dictates. Actors appear to be privileging their own interests over the interests of characters or literary personae. Even when actors turn from fictive characters to real life personalities in their presentations of one-person shows, oral histories and performance ethnographies, it seems less fashionable to discuss the people that serve as a basis for such performances than to focus upon the actors' personal preferences and individual visions. The question is no longer how performers might put flesh on the textual and human ‘skeletons’ they encounter but how they might pull a bone from here and another one from there in order to create their own figures. In short, ‘the other’ serves performers.
Modulation of the human ρ1 GABAA receptor by inhibitory steroids

Modulators of the ρ1 GABAA receptor may be useful in the treatment of visual, sleep, and cognitive disorders. Neuroactive steroids and analogues have been shown to modulate ρ1 receptor function, but the molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. We employed electrophysiology and voltage-clamp fluorometry to compare the actions of several neuroactive steroids and analogues on the human ρ1 GABAA receptor. Results confirmed that P294S and T298F mutations affect modulation by steroids. The P294S mutation abolished inhibition by (3α,5β)-3-hydroxypregnan-20-one (3α5βP) while the T298F mutation eliminated inhibition by 17β-estradiol. Voltage-clamp fluorometry demonstrated that steroids differing in the presence of a charged group on C3 or nature of substituent on C17 uniquely modified fluorescence changes elicited by GABA in the extracellular domain. The I307Q mutation reversed the inhibitory effect of 3α5βP but was without effect on modulation by (3α,5β)-3-hydroxypregnan-20-one sulfate or 17β-estradiol. The effect of 3α5βP on the fluorescence change generated at Y241C was dependent on whether the steroid acted as an inhibitor or a potentiator. Further, the effect was limited to uncharged 5β-reduced steroids containing an acetyl group on C17. The data demonstrate that steroids and analogues differ with respect to conformational changes elicited by these drugs as well as sensitivity to the effects of mutations. Steroids and analogues could be provisionally divided into three major groups based on their actions on the ρ1 GABAA receptor: 5β-reduced uncharged steroids, sulfated and carboxylated steroids, and 17β-estradiol. Further division among 5β-reduced uncharged steroids was based on substituent at position C17.
Cholinergic innervation of the amygdaloid complex in the human brain and its alterations in old age and Alzheimer's disease

The cholinergic innervation of the human amygdaloid complex was studied immunohistochemically with a choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) antibody in eight brains: five control and three with Alzheimer's disease (AD). All amygdaloid nuclei displayed ChAT-immunopositive axons and varicosities. The density of these axons reached levels that were higher than in any other part of the forebrain except for the striatum. The highest level of ChAT-immunopositive profiles was seen in the basolateral nucleus and the second highest in the lateral part of the central nucleus. The basomedial, accessory basal, and cortical nuclei, the amygdalohippocampal and cortico-amygdaloid transition areas, as well as the anterior amygdaloid area, showed a moderate density of ChAT-positive varicosities and fibers. The lateral nucleus displayed a relatively low density of cholinergic innervation, and there were only rare ChAT-positive fibers in the medial nucleus. Although the level of cholinergic innervation in the lateral nucleus was relatively lower than in many of the other amygdaloid nuclei, it was approximately equivalent to that of entorhinal cortex, a region that receives one of the heaviest cholinergic inputs in the cerebral cortex. The distribution of the cholinergic fibers as studied by ChAT immunohistochemistry was nearly identical to that observed with AChE histochemistry. Quantitative densitometry in control specimens showed that there was no decline of amygdaloid cholinergic input when middle-aged subjects were compared with senescent subjects. In AD there was a severe and regionally selective depletion of this innervation in the amygdaloid complex. The cortical, accessory basal, and lateral nuclei displayed the most severe loss of ChAT-positive profiles, whereas the basolateral, and especially the central, nuclei displayed relatively little change. There was no consistent relationship between the loss of cholinergic fibers and the density of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in amygdaloid nuclei.
Posterior Rhinometry as a Rapid Screening Test for Nasal Dysfunction

During two 3-day health fairs, 100 people agreed to perform posterior rhinometry and complete a brief screening questionnaire. Rhinometry curves were technically uninterpretable in 18 subjects (18%...
Individual differences in maximal speed of muscular contraction and reaction time.

Summary.-50 college men participated in an investigation of the relationship between standing RT and the maximal vertical velocity which the body can generate while in contact with the ground. The results support recent studies which reflect the high degree of specificity of individual differences in motor abilities. The nonsigniiicant correlation of -0.31 indicates that vertical body speed cannot be predicted from a knowledge of standing RT. Are young men who possess fast standing reaction times also capable of speedily contracting those muscles moving their bodies? Westerlund and Tuttle found a high correlation of 0.863 between the speed of running the 75-yd. dash and reaction time (RT), whereas in contrast, Henry and Trafton showed that there was virtually no relationship between a 50-yd. speed event and RT (r = 0.24). Harrison Clarke reported independence of relationship of speed performance of 13-yr.-old boys for the 60-yd. shuttle run and total body RT (r = 0.24). Pierson, in a study of body size and speed, found a correlation of 0.00 between over-all body speed and "operational" RT and 0.57 between over-all body speed and "laboratory" RT. Although recent investigators (Lotter, 1760; Smith, 1961a, 1761b) report the absence of a relationship between the speed of a limb or the whole body (running events) and RT, there is a paucity of research on the relationship between the maximal speed with which a person can explosively project himself vertically from the ground and his standing RT. Hence the problem was to describe the relationship between individual differences in reaction time and the final muscular contraction speed which can be generaced immediately preceding the point in time at which the feet leave the ground.
Guineafowl hind limb function. II: Electromyographic analysis and motor pattern evolution

The neuromuscular control of the hind limb of helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris) locomoting on a treadmill at 1.0 m/sec was analyzed using simultaneous electromyography (EMG) and cineradiography. Activity from 16 heads representing 14 hip and knee muscles was recorded and correlated with limb movement and myological data to help discern muscle function. The first half of the stance phase is characterized by activity in many hip extensors, which counteract a flexor moment of the ground reaction force to yield hip stability. Simultaneously, medial rotators of the femur mediate pelvic roll and coactive antagonists about the knee control knee flexion of ca. 60°. Later in stance, hip extensors pull the hip through an arc of ca. 25°; knee extension occurs in some strides. N. meleagris hind limb motor patterns were compared to those of their homologs in representative lizards and crocodilians. Using a cladogram of living saurians, motor patterns were reconstructed in hypothetical ancestors. Although data are limited, lizards appear to have very conservative muscle activity similar to that of the ancestral saurian. The extant crocodilian Alligator mississippiensis resembles the reconstructed ancestor of Archosauria in at least 9 of 11 hind limb motor patterns. In contrast, N. meleagris differs from this same ancestor in at least four muscles. Most novelties in extant saurian motor patterns arose on the line to living birds. J. Morphol. 240:127-142, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The role of discretion in recreation decision-making by resource professionals in the USDA Forest Service

This paper explores opportunities for administrative discretion in decision-making for natural resource management. We carried out an exploratory study in the USDA Forest Service to understand factors affecting administrative actions related to recreation use in riparian areas. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 27 resource professionals from a national forest in the northwest region of the United States. Questions focused on professional judgments about recreation in riparian areas, administrative actions related to management of these activities, and the potential for personal values to influence decisions. We analyzed the transcribed interviews using Atlas.ti, coding the data for salient themes. In this paper, we discuss perceptions of resource professionals about the potential for personal values to influence administrative actions and decisions. We highlight four distinct realms in the planning process where expanded discretionary capacity exists and values may emerge. Finally, we suggest ways to reduce the potential influence of value-based judgments in decision-making.
Extrahepatic expression and regulation of protein C in the mouse

Activated protein C (APC) acts as an anticoagulant by inhibiting coagulation factors Va and VIIIa. Although the liver appears to be the primary site of protein C (PC) synthesis, the demonstration that other components of this system are produced extrahepatically raises the possibility that PC itself is synthesized in other tissues. We therefore used quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry to screen various murine tissues for PC expression. Relatively high levels of PC mRNA were detected in the kidney (35% of liver) and testis (22% of liver). PC mRNA and antigen were demonstrated in tubular epithelial cells in the renal cortex, in spermatogenic cells in the testis, and in epithelial cells in the epididymis. Low but significant levels of PC mRNA were detected in the epididymis (1.7% of the level in liver), brain (1.1% of liver), and lung (0.8% of liver). PC antigen was demonstrated in bronchial epithelial cells in the lung, in pyramidal neurons in the cerebrum, and in Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. The extrahepatic expression of PC mRNA (ie, in the kidney) was significantly decreased in mice with renal disease (eg, in MRL lpr/lpr mice with autoimmune lupus nephritis, in db/db mice with diabetic nephropathy, and in endotoxin-treated mice with acute renal injury). The decreased renal expression of PC may contribute to the increased procoagulant potential of the kidney during septic and inflammatory processes and to the progression of kidney disease associated with these conditions.
Micro-fuel cell power sources

This paper presents a review and discussion of micro-fuel cell technologies, providing insight into the innovations that have been made to date. Discussion of concepts and results leading towards increased levels of integration and performance for micro-fuel cell systems will elucidate the potential of thin film and microfabrication methods in meeting the challenges and requirements necessary for consumer applications. While the amount of literature in this area is substantial, a representative sampling of key developments will be presented in this paper, in order to gain a sense of the design methodologies being implemented for micro-fuel cell power sources. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does a vigorous feeding style influence early development of adiposity

A prospective study of a cohort of healthy infants observed from birth to 2 years of age was carrled out to investigate factors influencing the development of early adiposity. Infant suckling was measured in the laboratory twice during the first month of life. Multiple regression analyses revealed that parental educational level and a measure of feeding behavior, the interval between bursts of suckling, accounted for 18% of the variance in triceps skinfold measures at 1 year of age. A lower level of education and shorter interburst interval were associated with increased adiposity. Two feeding variables, pressure of suckling and the number of reported feeds per day, accounted for 21% of the variance in skinfold thickness at 2 years of age. Fewer, but larger, feeds and a higher sucking pressure were associated with a greater degree of adiposity. It seems that a vigorous infant feeding style, consisting of sucking more rapidly, at higher pressure, with a longer suck and burst duration, and a shorter interval between bursts of sucking, is associated with higher caloric intake and greater adiposity. The early development of this feeding style suggests that it may be a genetically endowed behavior. Breast-feeding protected against early adiposity only to the age of 6 months in this cohort of infants.
Is there any place for macrolides in mood disorders

Macrolides are protein synthesis inhibitors exerting an action on the bacterial ribosome. The ribosomes coded for by the human mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are similar to those from bacteria in size and structure. In addition, mitochondria are thought to have originated from a symbiotic relationship between an anaerobic proto-eukaryotic cell that engulfed an aerobic bacterium. Morphological changes of mitochondria have been observed in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Manic episodes associated with the use of antimicrobial agents have been described since the discovery of isoniazid. The oxidative stress induced in the neuronal mitochondria is thought to underlie this effect. The inhibition of GSK-3β in the intra-mitochondrial Akt signaling pathway is thought to convey mood stabilizing properties. Rapamycin is a macrolide that, besides its antiepileptic effect, restores the Akt function and inhibits the mTOR pathway which may have an antidepressant effect. Accordingly, it is hypothesized that rapamycin may have mood stabilizing properties.
A Matter of Wardrobe? Mary Edwards Walker, a Nineteenth-Century American Cross-Dresser

(1998). A Matter of Wardrobe? Mary Edwards Walker, a Nineteenth-Century American Cross-Dresser. Fashion Theory: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 245-268.
Structural aspects of the cytochrome b6f complex; structure of the lumen-side domain of cytochrome f

The following findings concerning the structure of the cytochromeb6f complex and its component polypeptides, cytb6, subunit IV and cytochromef subunit are discussed: (1) Comparison of the amino acid sequences of 13 and 16 cytochromeb6 and subunit IV polypeptides, respectively, led to (a) reconsideration of the helix lengths and probable interface regions, (b) identification of two likely surface-seeking helices in cytb6 and one in SU IV, and (c) documentation of a high degree of sequence invariance compared to the mitochondrial cytochrome. The extent of identity is particularly high (88% for conserved and pseudoconserved residues) in the segments of cytb6 predicted to be extrinsic on then-side of the membrane. (2) The intramembrane attractive forces betweentrans-membrane helices that normally stabilize the packing of integral membrane proteins are relatively weak. (3) The complex isolated in dimeric form has been visualized, along with isolated monomer, by electron microscopy. The isolated dimer is much more active than the monomer, is the major form of the complex isolated and purified from chloroplasts, and is inferred to be a functional form in the membrane. (4) The isolated cytb6f complex contains one molecule of chlorophylla. (5) The structure of the 252 residue lumen-side domain of cytochromef isolated from turnip chloroplasts has been solved by X-ray diffraction analysis to a resolution of 2.3 A.
Evidence for a constancy of the DNA synthetic period between diploid-polyploid groups in plants.

Abstract The duration of the DNA synthetic (S) period is shown to be relatively constant, thus independent of DNA content, in diploid-autotetraploid comparisons in several higher plants and among several species of the genus, Chrysanthemum. An 3H-, 14C-thymidine double-labeling technique was used for the measurements. The following mean S periods were obtained for diploid and autotetraploid plants respectively: 7.2 and 7.6 h for Lycopersicum esculentum, 10.7 and 10.4 h for Tradescantia paludosa, 7.9 and 7.9 h for Ornithogalum virens, 7.1 and 7.7 h for a Cymitbium in culture and 6.1 and 6.2 h from preliminary data for Ehrharta erecta. In the Chrysanthemum species, the mean S periods were 5.9 h in C. corymbosum 2N = 18, 4.8 in C. yezoense 2N = 56, 5.1 in C. arcticum 2N = 64 and 6.3 h in C. lacustre 2N = 198. These results point to a linear increase in the average nuclear rate of DNA synthesis with increasing ploidy level and this is further supported by findings of progressively increased grain counts over 2N, 3N and 4N Tulbaghia violacea nuclei. Replication pattern studies by others have noted a specific, temporal pattern of DNA synthesis throughout the chromosomal complement; thus, one would not expect an increased S period duration to result from an increase in ploidy. The results presented here are not in agreement with those of Van't Hof which indicated a direct relationship between DNA content and S period duration in a number of unrelated higher plants; however, differences in experimental conditions may account in part for the discrepancies.
Synthesis and Mass Spectral Properties of a Triglyceride Precursor of δ-Dodecalactone

Abstract The triglyceride 1-(5-hydroxy)-dodecanoyl-2,3-dihexadecanoyl glycerol was synthesized and shown, along with the corresponding 5-hydroxy-dodecanoic acid, to be one of the precursors of δ-dodecalactone. Gas-chromatographic analyses were carried out on the hydroxy-substituted triglyceride, the hydroxy-acid, the corresponding oxotriglyceride and oxo-acid, and the δ-dodecalactone, before and after heat treatment. The hydroxy-triglyceride and the hydroxy-acid hydrolyzed and lactonized readily to form δ-dodecalactone. The related oxo-triglyceride and oxo-acid did not form the lactone. The mass spectrum of the mixed triglyceride containing a hydroxy substituent is presented.
Influence of Task Type on the Relation Between Communication and Performance: The Case of Software Development

The relationships between communication patterns and performance of software development projects mostly resemble those of technical services, and not development projects, in hardware RD b) on the practical level it suggests that ‘software development’ consists of ‘software engineering’ and ‘software production’. Consequently, it should be recognized that as such, these activities should be managed differently—the former as R&D, the latter as manufacturing.
Carbohydrate-actuated nanofluidic diode: switchable current rectification in a nanopipette

Nanofluidic structures share many properties with ligand-gated ion channels. However, actuating ion conductance in artificial systems is a challenge. We have designed a system that uses a carbohydrate-responsive polymer to modulate ion conductance in a quartz nanopipette. The cationic polymer, a poly(vinylpyridine) quaternized with benzylboronic acid groups, undergoes a transition from swollen to collapsed upon binding to monosaccharides. As a result, the current rectification in nanopipettes can be reversibly switched depending on the concentration of monosaccharides. Such molecular actuation of nanofluidic conductance may be used in novel sensors and drug delivery systems.
Macroeconomic determinants of growth: new measurement and evidence on the effect of political freedom

Empirical results based on the re-examination of the data and models offered by Kormendi and Meguire (1985) and Gupta (1988) suggest that the impact of political freedom on economic growth is positive and significant. In particular, the replacement of their civil liberties variable by a new varible representing social capabilities improves the magnitude and significance of the estimated parameters and explanatory power of the regressions. The marginal contribution of social capabilities to explaining the percentage variations in the mean rate of income growth is the third highest among all determinants of growth, suggesting that the effect of freedom on growth is more pronounced than previously measured. It is argued that freedom will enable individuals to expand the range of socio-economic opportunities and to establish greater control over the human environment in order to improve material well-being.