cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DFT + DMFT: Static Properties of Materials

In this chapter, we derive the equations and summarize main details of the combined density functional theory and dynamical mean-field theory (DFT + DMFT) approach to study properties of strongly correlated materials. We begin with a summary of basic properties of density functional theory, a powerful ab initio tool that, however, basically misses the effects of strong electron–electron correlations. We continue with a description of the combined DFT + DMFT approach that includes these effects and show in detail how to solve the DFT + DMFT equations. In the last section, we present examples of application of DFT + DMFT to describe different physical properties of various types of strongly correlated materials.
Toledo Naloxone Outreach Program: Patient and Health Care Professional Student Education

Background: In 2016, Ohio was home to 2 of the top 10 cities with opioid overdoses in the United States. Dayton ranked first, and Toledo held the tenth slot. In response to the opioid epidemic, the Toledo Naloxone Outreach Program (TNOP) was developed to provide naloxone to underserved patients at a student-run free clinic. Methods: The TNOP takes place weekly at 2 locations in the greater Toledo area. Patients are asked to fill out an anonymous survey and given a brief training session by a health care professional student. Patients are then sent home with a free naloxone kit. Additionally, health care professional students were surveyed on their confidence of acquiring a substance use history and knowledge of local services for patients and family members of those experiencing addiction during the "train the trainer" event. The health care professional student survey utilized a 1-5 Likert scale and was analyzed using paired student t tests. Results: Survey results from patients indicate that a majority had not received nalox one prior to the training, indicating the service was expanding access to an otherwise underserved population. Results from the survey administered before and after health care professional student training sessions reflect a significant increase in confidence eliciting a substance abuse history and providing patients and/or family members with addiction resources in the community. Conclusion: The TNOP has provided the community of Toledo with 2 additional outreach locations for receiving free naloxone kits with proper education. Currently, TNOP is in the process of expanding the outreach program to additional student-run free clinics in Ohio.
Rise of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: An Imminent Public Health Threat Mandating Counter-Terrorism Medicine Preparedness for Potential Mass-Casualty Attacks

The mass proliferation and increasing affordability of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in recent years has given rise to weaponized UAV use by terrorists, leading to mounting and credible concerns this attack methodology will be the next terrorism modus operandi. Counter-Terrorism Medicine (CTM) specialists need to consider how UAVs alter or create new mass-casualty scenarios that can further exploit existing medical preparedness vulnerabilities. With an opportunity to be proactive in disaster prevention, mitigation, and preparedness, it is imperative this gathering storm be acknowledged and stakeholders explore how best to prepare for, respond to, and mitigate the consequences of UAV incidents.
A blockchain course for accounting and other business students

Abstract We describe how accounting and other business professors can add blockchain as a separate course or an addition to an existing course. Based upon a popular, online course at Wayne State University (WSU), we provide examples of a course syllabus, suggested readings, group and individual assignments materials, and student comments. This course addresses two key features that Iansiti & Lakhan (2017) identified about blockchain: novelty and complexity. Given blockchain’s complexity and growing prominence in business, this course develops students’ knowledge, starting with understanding blockchain’s basic concepts and advancing to focus on business applications.
Securitization as a Model for an Equitable Transition

While action on climate change appears to be increasingly affordable in the long run, the costs and risks of the transition to a low-carbon economy—most of which are likely to fall on those least able to bear them—are emerging as a critical barrier to rapid action. This chapter will introduce and analyze emerging green financing mechanisms that can help mitigate these inequitable burdens using a portion of future benefits from a low-carbon economy. We focus on the example of the transition challenges associated with near term risks and costs borne by energy customers, workers, and communities in the context of a rapid phaseout from coal by regulated US utilities. We introduce and discuss a specific financial tool—ratepayer-backed bond securitization—that has emerged over the last seven years as a key financial mechanism for facilitating a just and equitable transition of regulated US utilities. We discuss experience with the tool across several US states, with a view towards identifying some of the practical challenges to wider implementation. Finally, we turn to a discussion of the lessons learned and explore ways in which the experience with securitization could be generalized and scaled across geographies and sectors as a template for how financial innovation can help enable a more equitable transition to a low-carbon economy.
Structured and Object-Oriented Techniques: An Introduction Using C++

*Problem Solving, Abstraction, and Stepwise Refinement *Data Abstraction, Classes, and Objects *Input and Output Objects *Standard Operations in C++ *Making Decisions *Looping Operations: Iteration *Functions In-Depth *Arrays *Classes and Objects In-Depth *Class Inheritance *Pointers *ADTs *File Stream I/O *Multidimensional Arrays Appendix of Quick-Check Solutions Glossary
Evaluation of osteogenic cell differentiation in response to bone morphogenetic protein or demineralized bone matrix in a critical sized defect model using GFP reporter mice.

We evaluated the osteoprogenitor response to rhBMP-2 and DBM in a transgenic mouse critical sized defect. The mice expressed Col3.6GFPtopaz (a pre-osteoblastic marker), Col2.3GFPemerald (an osteoblastic marker) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA-Cherry, a pericyte/myofibroblast marker). We assessed defect healing at various time points using radiographs, frozen, and conventional histologic analyses. GFP signal in regions of interest corresponding to the areas of new bone formation was quantified using a novel computer assisted algorithm. All defects treated with rhBMP-2 healed. In contrast, the majority of the defects in the DBM (27/30) and control (28/30) groups did not heal. Quantitation of pre-osteoblasts demonstrated a maximal response (% GFP+ cells/TV) in the Col3.6GFPtopaz mice at day 7 (7.2% ± 6.0, p < 0.05 compared to days 14, 21, 28, and 56). The maximal response of the Col2.3GFP cells was seen at days 14 (8.04% ± 5.0) and 21 (8.31% ± 4.32), p < 0.05. In contrast, DBM and control groups showed a limited osteogenic response at all time points. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the BMP and DBM induce vastly different osteogenic responses which should influence their clinical application as bone graft substitutes. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:1120–1128, 2014.
Memory placement techniques for parallel association mining

Many data mining tasks (e.g., Association Rules, Sequential Patterns) use complex pointer-based data structures (e.g., hash trees) that typically suffer from sub-optimal data locality. In the multiprocessor case shared access to these data structures may also result in false sharing. For these tasks it is commonly observed that the recursive data structure is built once and accessed multiple times during each iteration. Furthermore, the access patterns after the build phase are highly ordered. In such cases locality and false sharing sensitive memory placement of these structures can enhance performance significantly. We evaluate a set of placement policies for parallel association discovery, and show that simple placement schemes can improve execution time by more than a factor of two. More complex schemes yield additional gains.
Do High-Stakes Placement Exams Predict College Success?

Community colleges are typically assumed to be nonselective, open-access institutions. Yet access to college-level courses at such institutions is far from guaranteed: the vast majority of two-year institutions administer high-stakes exams to entering students that determine their placement into either college-level or remedial education. Despite the stakes involved, there has been relatively little research investigating whether such exams are valid for their intended purpose, or whether other measures of preparedness might be equally or even more effective. This paper contributes to the literature by analyzing the predictive validity of one of the most commonly used assessments, using data on over 42,000 first-time entrants to a large, urban community college system. Using both traditional correlation coefficients as well as more useful decision-theoretic measures of placement accuracy and error rates, I find that placement exams are more predictive of success in math than in English, and more predictive of who is likely to do well in college-level coursework than of who is likely to fail. Utilizing multiple measures to make placement decisions could reduce severe misplacements by about 15 percent without changing the remediation rate, or could reduce the remediation rate by 8 to 12 percentage points while maintaining or increasing success rates in collegelevel courses. Implications and limitations are discussed.
The influence of time on student perceptions of service quality: The need for longitudinal measures

The paper argues that existing measures of service quality within the higher education sector are fundamentally flawed due to the ignorance of the effects of time on student perceptions. The paper takes the view that it is the perception of service quality over time that may better explain longer‐term relationship building and recommendation intention. A longitudinal study employing a modified SERVQUAL scale observed that perceptions of service quality related to a student orientation process declined with the passage of time.
Examining Interactivity in Synchronous Virtual Classrooms.

Interaction is crucial to student satisfaction in online courses. Adding synchronous components (virtual classroom technologies) to online courses can facilitate interaction. In this study, interaction within a synchronous virtual classroom was investigated by surveying 21 graduate students in an instructional technology program in the southeastern United States. The students were asked about learner-learner, learner-instructor, learner-content, and learner-interface interactions. During an interview, the instructor was asked about strategies to promote these different forms of interaction. In addition, the academic, social, and technical aspects of interactions were examined in three course archives using Schullo’s (2005) schema. Participants reported that the Wimba interface was easy to use and that various features, such as text chat and the webcam, facilitated interaction among the students and with the instructor in the virtual classroom. The importance of students’ ability to receive immediate feedback and their experience as presenters was highlighted across the various kinds of interaction. The instructor’s teaching style and visual presence were instrumental in engaging students with the content. The results suggest that student interaction, and hence learning, was aided by the live communication that occurred through the virtual classroom. This study has implications for those who are considering adopting virtual classroom technologies for their online or blended teaching.
Sociology of Religion in America: A History of a Secular Fascination with Religion, by Anthony J. Blasi, Leiden: Brill, 2014, ix + 265 pp. ISBN 978-90-04-27100-5, US$141.00 (hardback)

Sociology of Religion in America: A History of a Secular Fascination with Religion by Anthony J. Blasi attempts in a concise way to chart the development of the subfield from the late 19th century ...
Critical dynamics of the simple-cubic Heisenberg antiferromagnet RbMnF 3 : Extrapolation to q=0

Monte Carlo and spin dynamics simulations have been used to study the dynamic critical behavior of ${\mathrm{RbMnF}}_{3},$ treated as a classical Heisenberg antiferromagnet on a simple cubic lattice. In an attempt to understand the difference in the value of the dynamic critical exponent z between experiment and theory, we have used larger lattice sizes than in our previous simulations to better probe the asymptotic critical region in momentum. We estimate $z=1.49\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03,$ in good agreement with the renormalization-group theory and dynamic scaling predictions. In addition, the central peak in the dynamic structure factor at ${T}_{c},$ seen in experiments and previous simulations, but absent in the renormalization-group and mode-coupling theories, is shown to be solely in the longitudinal component.
Role of nuclear medicine in evaluating patients with suspected gastrointestinal motility disorders

Functional symptoms caused by gastrointestinal motility disorders are relatively common in the general population. Knowledge of the relationship between symptoms and the underlying gastroinstinal dysmotility provides physicians with a framework for successful evaluation and treatemtn of patients with possible motor disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Scintigraphy provides for noninvasive and quantitative assessment of physiological transit throughout the gastroin-testinal tract, and it is extremely useful for diagnosing gastrointestinal motor dysfunction. The wide range of scintigraphic studies now available supplement other diagnostic tests for evaluation of all segments of the gastrointestinal tract.
Interactive Groundwater (IGW): An Innovative Digital Laboratory for Groundwater Education and Research

In this study, we present an award-wining software environment for groundwater education and research. The software functions as a “digital laboratory” in which students can freely explore: visually creating an aquifer of desired configurations and then immediately investigating and visualizing the groundwater system. Students learn by active exploration and interaction. The software allows introducing routinely research and complex problem-solving into the classroom. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 11: 179–202, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.10052
On the Theory of Rearrangement Collisions

The formal theory of rearrangement collisions is developed from the standpoint of tbe S-matrix and is formulated in such a way that the asymptotic Hamiltonian is the same for the final and initial states. The orthogonality of these states makes it possible to formulate the theory of rearrangement collisions in a way similar to that of single potential scattering. The "prior- post" discrepancy is discussed and the generalized optical theorem is derived. (auth)
Salvage of free-flaps in vessel-depleted mandibular osteoradionecrosis cases using catheter-directed thrombolysis and angioplasty.

Objectives To evaluate the efficacy of highly selective catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) and angioplasty for salvage of compromised free flaps that were performed for treatment of mandibular osteoradionecrosis (ORN). Design Case series Setting University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center Patients Two patients with ORN who underwent highly selective CDT to salvage threatened free flaps are reported. One patient experienced arterial thrombosis on postoperative day 8 and underwent arterial CDT and angioplasty. A second patient underwent central venous CDT for a subclavian vein thrombosis that was diagnosed during the immediate postoperative period. Interventions Highly selective CDT and angioplasty for salvage of compromised free flaps Main Outcomes Measured Flap survival, patient survival, hemorrhagic complications. Results Both patients underwent successful thrombolysis. One patient required two CDT procedures over a 48-hour period; the other patient received continuous CDT infusion of tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) for 24 hours. There were no procedure-related complications. Long-term follow-up demonstrated complete flap survival with no flap necrosis. Conclusion Free flaps performed for mandibular ORN have increased complication rates, and the surgical options for salvage of flap ischemia are often limited in patients with a heavily radiated, vessel-depleted neck. Aggressive CDT and angioplasty appears to be a useful modality in managing difficult cases of free-flap salvage in patients with mandibular ORN.
Mechanism of injury does not predict acuity or level of service need: field triage criteria revisited.

Abstract Background Trauma systems use specific criteria based on physiologic, anatomic, and mechanistic factors for field triage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the emergency department disposition of patients not meeting mandatory criteria (ie, physiologic or anatomic factors) for triage to a trauma center and the potential for over- or undertriage. Methods This was a retrospective review of trauma admissions from July 1999 to June 2001, to a level I trauma center. Triage criteria were classified as physiologic factors (n = 300), anatomic factors (n = 115), or mechanistic factors (n = 414), according to the criteria of the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. Physiologic and anatomic factors were combined and compared with mechanistic factors. Results There were 1253 admissions during the study period. Sixty-six percent (n = 830) met study inclusion criteria. Fifty percent (n = 413) were admitted to the intensive care unit or operating room. Approximately 50% of each group (physiologic/anatomic, 52%; mechanistic, 47%; P = .08) were admitted directly to the operating room or to the intensive care unit. Conclusions Patients not meeting mandatory criteria for transfer to a trauma center often have serious injuries that require a higher level of care. The inclusion of all or select mechanistic criteria for evaluation at a trauma center is appropriate to achieve an acceptable rate of clinical undertriage, as well as resource undertriage and its subsequent complications.
Risk factors for mortality in landslide- and flood-affected populations in Uganda

OBJECTIVE: Assess mortality risk factors including age, sex, and disaster type, in the March 2010 floods and landslides in Eastern Uganda and to compare time period, cause, location, and receipt of medical care among landslide and flood fatalities. Design: A stratified cluster survey was conducted of 802 affected households in community and camp locations. Setting: Flood and landslide affected populations in the East Uganda the districts of Baduda and Butaleja. Respondents: Adult household members in 802 households were surveyed regarding household member deaths in the floods and landslides areas. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome measure was the odds of death associated with age, sex, and disaster type (flood or landslide). The secondary outcome measure was the odds of event (landslide or flood) among fatalities associated with sex, age, time period of death, and cause of death. RESULTS: The odds of death were significantly higher in landslide affected populations than in flood affected populations (OR 3.06, 95% CI 2.20-4.25, p CONCLUSIONS: More deaths occurred due to landslides than floods, and landslide deaths were more immediate, with a majority occurring on the day of the event. Females and younger age groups faced a greater risk of death from the landslide than the flood. Language: en
Homogeneous deformation of bulk metallic glasses

Abstract Homogeneous deformation of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) is reviewed. Homogeneous deformation usually takes place at temperatures near and above the glass transition temperature. The deformation behavior depends upon strain rate. At low strain rates, BMGs behave like a Newtonian fluid (m = 1) but plastic flow becomes non-Newtonian at high strain rates. The non-Newtonian behavior is a result of microstructural instability, namely, the concurrent formation of nanocrystals in the amorphous matrix during deformation. Despite the difference in deformation behavior, BMGs usually show large ductility (over 300%) at temperatures in the supercooled liquid region.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasias

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia syndromes result from deficiencies of enzymes involved in corticosteroid biosynthesis. Most commonly, they are due to mutations in 21-hydroxylase. This chapter describes the clinical diagnosis and management of congenital adrenal hyperplasias throughout life, including in the fetus, child and adult. These clinical recommendations are explained in the context of the molecular and biochemical characteristics of the diseases.
Nicotine impairs distraction osteogenesis in the rat mandible.

Distraction osteogenesis (DO) has gained clinical acceptance as a surgical technique for treatment of congenital craniomaxillofacial deficiencies requiring skeletal expansion. The use of this technique elsewhere requires more information on overcoming difficult clinical settings, for which new animal models will be needed. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a model of impaired DO of the rat mandible with nicotine. Twenty rats underwent a right vertical mandibular body osteotomy, after which distraction began with custom-made percutaneous devices and a 3-day latency period, 6-day distraction (0.25 mm twice daily) and 30 days of neutral fixation. Rats received either nicotine or placebo slow-release pellets. Specimens were analysed after removal of the devices for quantitative radiographic bone fill, amount of bone advancement and histological features. The mean radiographic bone-fill score with nicotine treatment was 75% of that with placebo (P = 0.0036). The nicotine-treated rats had less (49%) elongation than the placebo-treated controls (P = 0.0008). Histological analysis demonstrated less bone, vascularity and cellular activity in nicotine-treated rats. This study shows that nicotine reproducibly inhibits osteogenesis, vascularity and bone lengthening in mandibular DO.
Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy and time-dependent density functional theory of arsenic dithiocarbamates.

S K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations were performed on a series of As[S2CNR2]3 complexes, where R2 = Et2, (CH2)5 and Ph2, to determine how dithiocarbamate substituents attached to N affect As[S2CNR2]3 electronic structure. Complimentary [PPh4][S2CNR2] salts were also studied to compare dithiocarbamate bonding in the absence of As. The XAS results indicate that changing the orientation of the alkyl substituents from trans to cis (R2 = Et2vs. (CH2)5) yields subtle variations whereas differences associated with a change from alkyl to aryl are much more pronounced. For example, despite the differences in As 4p mixing, the first features in the S K-edge XAS spectra of [PPh4][S2CNPh2] and As[S2CNPh2]3 were both shifted by 0.3 eV compared to their alkyl-substituted derivatives. DFT calculations revealed that the unique shift observed for [PPh4][S2CNPh2] is due to phenyl-induced splitting of the π* orbitals delocalized over N, C and S. A similar phenomenon accounts for the shift observed for As[S2CNPh2]3, but the presence of two unique S environments (As–S and As⋯S) prevented reliable analysis of As–S covalency from the XAS data. In the absence of experimental values, DFT calculations revealed a decrease in As–S orbital mixing in As[S2CNPh2]3 that stems from a redistribution of electron density to S atoms participating in weaker As⋯S interactions. Simulated spectra obtained from TDDFT calculations reproduce the experimental differences in the S K-edge XAS data, which suggests that the theory is accurately modeling the experimental differences in As–S orbital mixing. The results highlight how S K-edge XAS and DFT can be used cooperatively to understand the electronic structure of low symmetry coordination complexes containing S atoms in different chemical environments.
Conductance Ratios and Cellular Identity

Recent experimental evidence suggests that coordinated expression of ion channels plays a role in constraining neuronal electrical activity. In particular, each neuronal cell type of the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion exhibits a unique set of positive linear correlations between ionic membrane conductances. These data suggest a causal relationship between expressed conductance correlations and features of cellular identity, namely electrical activity type. To test this idea, we used an existing database of conductance-based model neurons. We partitioned this database based on various measures of intrinsic activity, to approximate distinctions between biological cell types. We then tested individual conductance pairs for linear dependence to identify correlations. Contrary to experimental evidence, in which all conductance correlations are positive, 32% of correlations seen in this database were negative relationships. In addition, 80% of correlations seen here involved at least one calcium conductance, which have been difficult to measure experimentally. Similar to experimental results, each activity type investigated had a unique combination of correlated conductances. Finally, we found that populations of models that conform to a specific conductance correlation have a higher likelihood of exhibiting a particular feature of electrical activity. We conclude that regulating conductance ratios can support proper electrical activity of a wide range of cell types, particularly when the identity of the cell is well-defined by one or two features of its activity. Furthermore, we predict that previously unseen negative correlations and correlations involving calcium conductances are biologically plausible.
Effect of Recall Condition, Presentation Rate and Retention Interval on Short-Term Memory

A total of 300 university students were presented a brief list of non-alphanumeric items and instructed to recall immediately either the items (free recall, FR), the order in which the items were presented (order recall, OR), or both (serial recall, SR). Presentation rate and retention interval were additional experimental variables in Exp. I and II, respectively. In both experiments significant differences in recall were found between FR conditions and the remaining two, which did not differ from each other. More items were recalled at the slow than fas: rate. Retention interval was not a significant variable. Results suggest that retention will improve when order information is eliminated from recall (Brown, 1958), that the recall of item and order information involve at least partially independent memory processes, and that, while the recall of items may proceed independently of the recall of their order, the converse is not true.
Nuclear-Resonance Fluorescence in Xe 130

The 536-keV (${2}^{+}$) first excited state of ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{130}$ has been investigated by means of nuclear-resonance-fluorescence scattering experiments. The use of a Ge(Li) detector allowed a good determination of the Rayleigh scattering contribution which amounted to about 30% of the resonant peak. The level width was found to be (5.2 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.9) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ eV, corresponding to a mean life of (1.3 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.3) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$ sec and a ${B(E2)}_{\ensuremath{\uparrow}}$ of $(0.69\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15){e}^{2}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}48}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{4}$. From this result and the relative transition probabilities determined previously in a Coulomb-excitation experiment by Pieper, Anderson, and Heydenburg, the absolute $B(E2)$ values for the first excited states of ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{128}$ and ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{132}$ were obtained.
On perceptual presence

In his book Action in Perception, Alva Noe poses what he refers to as the “problem of perceptual presence” and develops his enactive view as solution to the problem. Noe describes the problem of perceptual presence as the problem of how to conceive of the presence of that which, “strictly speaking,” we do not perceive. I argue that the “problem of perceptual presence” is ambiguous between two problems that need to be addressed by invoking very different resources. On the one hand, there is the problem of how to conceive of the presence of objects as wholes, front side and back, and their constant properties. On the other hand, there is the problem of how to account for the presence of unattended detail. I focus on the first problem, which Noe approaches by invoking Husserlian ideas. I argue that Noe’s enactive view encounters difficulties, which can be dealt with by complementing it with Edmund Husserl’s idea of fulfillment and generally restoring the view to its original Husserlian context. Contrary to Noe’s purport, this involves regarding the view not as a theory of perception and perceptual content but as part of a descriptive–clarificatory project of conceptual analysis. The Husserlian phenomenologist analyzes, e.g., the concept of shape or color by investigating the fulfillment conditions pertinent to shape or color. In general, my critique of Noe’s enactive view serves to caution philosophers against unprincipled uses of Husserlian ideas.
An Adaptive Conjugate Gradient Neural Network–Wavelet Model for Traffic Incident Detection

Artificial neural networks are known to be effective in solving problems involving pattern recognition and classification. The traffic incident-detection problem can be viewed as the recognition of incident patterns from incident-free patterns. A neural network classifier must be trained first using incident and incident-free traffic data. The dimensionality of the training input is high, and the embedded incident characteristics are not readily detectable. This paper presents a computational model for automatic traffic incident detection using discrete wavelet transform (DWT), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and neural networks. DWT and LDA are used for feature extraction, denoising, and effective preprocessing of data before an adaptive neural network model is used for traffic incident detection. Simulated and actual traffic data are used to test the model. For incidents with a duration of more than 5 minutes, the model yields a detection rate of nearly 100% and a false-alarm rate of about 1% for 2- or 3-lane freeways.
Operator product expansions in the massless Schwinger model

Abstract The known operator solution of the massless Schwinger model is used to calculate exactly, in three operator product expansions, the coefficient functions of the first few operators of low dimension which contribute when vacuum matrix elements are to be taken. A comparison of the results provides a test of the procedure used by M. A. Shifman, A. I. Vainshtein, and V. I. Zakharov [ Nucl. Phys. B 147 (1979), 385–447] in their study of QCD. It is found that the shift in vacua does not affect the calculation of coefficient functions. The vacuum insertion approximation yields somewhat misleading estimates of vacuum expectation values of some composite operators; however, the standard method used to estimate the errors of vacuum insertion indicates that the approximation is unreliable in this model.
Iodine-induced proton chemical shifts in butyl amines

Abstract Proton chemical shifts are reported for the amino hydrogens of the four isomeric primary butyl amines as a function of iodine concentration. The nature of the data indicates that true equilibria rather than irreversible reactions are involved. The data can be reasonably interpreted in terms of equilibria involving ionic species, m( RNH 2 )+ 3 2 I 2 = I 3 − +( RNH 2 ) m + , which is similar to a model proposed by Bist and Person. The stoichiometric coefficients m, however, can not be uniquely determined from these data.
A humanized IKBKAP transgenic mouse models a tissue-specific human splicing defect.

Abstract Familial dysautonomia (FD) is a severe hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, and all patients with FD have a splice mutation in the IKBKAP gene. The FD splice mutation results in variable, tissue-specific skipping of exon 20 in IKBKAP mRNA, which leads to reduced IKAP protein levels. The development of therapies for FD will require suitable mouse models for preclinical studies. In this study, we report the generation and characterization of a mouse model carrying the complete human IKBKAP locus with the FD IVS20+6T → C splice mutation. We show that the mutant IKBKAP transgene is misspliced in this model in a tissue-specific manner that replicates the pattern seen in FD patient tissues. Creation of this humanized mouse is the first step toward development of a complex phenotypic model of FD. These transgenic mice are an ideal model system for testing the effectiveness of therapeutic agents that target the missplicing defect. Last, these mice will permit direct studies of tissue-specific splicing and the identification of regulatory factors that play a role in complex gene expression.
Dielectric Constant of Water Vapor

The frequently discussed deviations from linearity in the curves of $\frac{(K\ensuremath{-}1)}{(K+2)}$ versus pressure for water vapor have been investigated. It has been shown: (1) That with proper location of the insulators of the vapor condenser in weak fields, the dielectric constant curves for the vapor are linear until saturation is approached closely; they are linear over the entire range of pressures at which breaks have previously been reported; (2) that neither pronounced breaks similar to those reported by several workers, nor the small residual deviations always present near saturation are due to the conductivity effect as commonly supposed; (3) that these breaks are due wholly to the added polarization contributed by the film of water molecules adsorbed on the insulator surfaces. Accurate dielectric data have been obtained for water vapor at 14 temperatures ranging from 21.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to 197.9\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C; they can be represented by the equation $\frac{[\frac{(K\ensuremath{-}1)}{(K+2)}]RT}{{p}^{\ensuremath{'}}}=(4.03\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.39)+\frac{(20,710\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}140)}{T}$. These data fall accurately along a Debye line, yielding an electric moment of (1.831 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.006) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$ e.s.u. for the water molecule.
Polarized Light In Chemistry

Some uses of polarized light in optical spectroscopy are summarized. The application of modulation techniques to the study of linear and circular dichroism is discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of currently available electro-optic and photoelastic modulators for phase modulation of light are surveyed. An example of a new phenomenon - vibrational circular dichroism - rendered observable by the development of the photoelastic modulator is presented.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The theory of tariffs in a monetary economy

Abstract A two country two commodity model of international trade in a monetary context is utilized for the re-evaluation of the classical propositions in international trade theory which are usually derived under barter. A comparison of results under alternative exchange rate regimes is given. The effects of tariffs on the balance of payments and on domestic price levels is also studied.
Reduced Utilization of Selenium by Naked Mole Rats Due to a Specific Defect in GPx1 Expression

Naked mole rat (MR) Heterocephalus glaber is a rodent model of delayed aging because of its unusually long life span (>28 years). It is also not known to develop cancer. In the current work, tissue imaging by x-ray fluorescence microscopy and direct analyses of trace elements revealed low levels of selenium in the MR liver and kidney, whereas MR and mouse brains had similar selenium levels. This effect was not explained by uniform selenium deficiency because methionine sulfoxide reductase activities were similar in mice and MR. However, glutathione peroxidase activity was an order of magnitude lower in MR liver and kidney than in mouse tissues. In addition, metabolic labeling of MR cells with 75Se revealed a loss of the abundant glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) band, whereas other selenoproteins were preserved. To characterize the MR selenoproteome, we sequenced its liver transcriptome. Gene reconstruction revealed standard selenoprotein sequences except for GPx1, which had an early stop codon, and SelP, which had low selenocysteine content. When expressed in HEK 293 cells, MR GPx1 was present in low levels, and its expression could be rescued neither by removing the early stop codon nor by replacing its SECIS element. In addition, GPx1 mRNA was present in lower levels in MR liver than in mouse liver. To determine if GPx1 deficiency could account for the reduced selenium content, we analyzed GPx1 knock-out mice and found reduced selenium levels in their livers and kidneys. Thus, MR is characterized by the reduced utilization of selenium due to a specific defect in GPx1 expression.
Sonication-assisted dealumination of zeolite a with thionyl chloride

Dealumination of as-synthesized zeolites is an important step in adjusting the Si/Al ratio and hence their acidities and catalytic properties. The dealumination of zeolite 4A by thionyl chloride tr...
Angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman's disease) associated with vertebral destruction

A 45-year-old man presented with lower thoracic pain, proteinuria, and destruction of thoracic vertebra from an adjacent unresectable paraspinal mass which, on biopsy, demonstrated angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia (AFLNH). The patient received 3939 rad in 22 fractions to the mass and associated area of vertebral destruction. The patient is currently asymptomatic without recurrence of pain or progression of neurologic symptoms 5 years after radiotherapy. There has been resolution of the previous proteinuria. Serial computerized tomography scans and x-rays show no change in the paraspinal mass nor resolution of the vertebral destruction adjacent to the mass. A search of the English literature has failed to identify any previous association of AFLNH and bone destruction.
Excision of a lyase-resistant oxidized abasic lesion from DNA.

The C2′-oxidized abasic lesion (C2-AP) is produced in DNA that is subjected to oxidative stress. The lesion disrupts replication and gives rise to mutations that are dependent upon the identity of the upstream nucleotide. Ape1 incises C2-AP, but the 5′-phosphorylated fragment is not a substrate for the lyase activity of DNA polymerase β. Excision of the lesion is achieved by strand displacement synthesis in the presence of flap endonuclease during which C2-AP and the 3′-adjacent nucleotide are replaced. The oxidized abasic lesion is also a substrate for the bacterial UvrABC nucleotide excision repair system. These data suggest that the redundant nature of DNA repair systems provides a means for removing a lesion that resists excision by short patch base excision repair.
A chassis test procedure to mimic the heavy-duty engine transient emissions certification test.

ABSTRACT In-use emissions from vehicles using heavy-duty diesel engines can be significantly higher than the levels obtained during engine certification. These higher levels may be caused by a combination of degradation of engine components, poor engine maintenance, degradation or failure of emissions after-treatment devices, and engine and emissions system tampering. A direct comparison of in-use vehicle emissions with engine certification levels, however, is not possible without removing an engine from the vehicle in order to perform engine dynamometer emissions testing. The goal of this research was to develop a chassis test procedure that mimics the engine performance, and as such the expected emissions levels, from the engine certification emissions test prescribed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. Emissions measurements were taken from two engines during testing on an engine dynamometer using the transient heavy-duty Federal Test Procedure (FTP). Additionally, each engine was installed in an ...
Simple holding scalar

Abstract A simple and inexpensive holding circuit is described in which a separate register is not used to store the counts. Instead, neon lamps are used both as indicators and memory units.
Carotid Sinus Massage and the Diagnosis of Syncope

Excerpt To the editor: The recent editorial on evaluation of syncope (1 ) did not mention the importance of looking for carotid sinus hypersensitivity. Symptomatic carotid sinus hypersensitivity is...
The molecular composition of Comet C/2007 W1 (Boattini): Evidence of a peculiar outgassing and a rich chemistry

We measured the chemical composition of Comet C/2007 W1 (Boattini) using the long-slit echelle grating spectrograph at Keck-2 (NIRSPEC) on 2008 July 9 and 10. We sampled 11 volatile species (H2O, OH*, C2H6, CH3OH, H2CO, CH4, HCN, C2H2, NH3, NH2, and CO), and retrieved three important cosmogonic indicators: the ortho-para ratios of H2O and CH4, and an upper-limit for the D/H ratio in water. The abundance ratios of almost all trace volatiles (relative to water) are among the highest ever observed in a comet. The comet also revealed a complex outgassing pattern, with some volatiles (the polar species H2O and CH3OH) presenting very asymmetric spatial profiles (extended in the anti-sunward hemisphere), while others (e.g., C2H6 and HCN) showed particularly symmetric profiles. We present emission profiles measured along the Sun-comet line for all observed volatiles, and discuss different production scenarios needed to explain them. We interpret the emission profiles in terms of release from two distinct moieties of ice, the first being clumps of mixed ice and dust released from the nucleus into the sunward hemisphere. The second moiety considered is very small grains of nearly pure polar ice (water and methanol, without dark material or apolar volatiles). Such grains would sublimate only very slowly, and could be swept into the anti-sunward hemisphere by radiation pressure and solar-actuated non-gravitational jet forces, thus providing an extended source in the anti-sunward hemisphere.
The effect of ligand on the rate of propagation of Cu(0)‐wire catalyzed SET‐LRP of MA in DMSO at 25 °C

The effect of initial ligand concentration on the apparent rate constant of propagation of single-electron transfer living radical polymerization (SET-LRP) of MA in DMSO at 25 °C was examined using various lengths of Cu(0) wire as catalyst. It was determined that unlike other parameters such as initiator concentration, solvent concentration, and deactivator concentration, no simple external rate-order for the ligand concentration could be determined. Rather, the response of the rate of SET-LRP to initial ligand concentration is complex and is likely determined by a competition of ligand-dependent extent of disproportionation as well as the role of ligand concentration in the surface mediated activation process. Results suggest that a minimum concentration of ligand is needed to achieve both acceptable reaction rate and reaction control, and therefore, ligand concentration must be considered in designing experimental conditions for SET-LRP.
Stability Characteristics of Turbine Generators

THIS paper∗ reviews and analyzes the steady-state stability characteristics of turbine generators taking the effects of saturation into account. The need for such an analysis has become particularly important with the recent trend toward 3,600-rpm units of large capacity. With the development of such units, the designer is forced in the direction of reducing the weight of the rotor per kilovolt-ampere in order to keep the length and diameter within reasonable limits. However, the reduction in weight of the rotor tends to reduce the short-circuit ratio, which has long been used as a measure of the stability characteristics. The determination of the stability characteristics which may reasonably be expected from a machine, and the validity of short-circuit ratio as a criterion for steady-state stability were considered important enough to justify an analysis. Although the paper deals primarily with the cylindrical-rotor type of generator, the results also apply in general to the salient-pole type.
Establishing Measurement Criteria for an Energy Literacy Questionnaire

Energy literacy is a broad term encompassing content knowledge as well as a citizenship understanding of energy that includes affective and behavioral aspects. This article presents explicit criteria that will serve as a foundation for developing measurable objectives for energy literacy in three dimensions: cognitive (knowledge, cognitive skills), affective (attitude, values, personal responsibility); and behavioral. The outcome of this research is a framework from which a quantitative survey of energy literacy for secondary students in New York State, United States, can be created. Efforts supported by this research may help assess the broader impacts of educational programs in terms of their effectiveness for improving students’ energy literacy.
Polarization- and space-encoded parallel optical fuzzy logic processor.

A novel polarization- and space-encoded parallel optical fuzzy logic processor is proposed and demonstrated by use of optical fan-out elements and polarization multiplexing. Sixteen fuzzy logic operations between two inputs are achieved with a simple data-encoding scheme. Our system exhibits a high operation speed, a high signal-to-noise ratio, a large information throughput, and the capacity to operate on two channels of polarization states independently.
Life span is related to the free energy of mitochondrial DNA

Broadly speaking, the mitochondrial theory of aging relates aging to the rate of damage to mitochondria. In this work, I concentrate on a DNA sequence property, the free energy, which can be interpreted as a factor in the susceptibility of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to mutation. I show that life spans across a broad range of species are a function of the mtDNA free energy and are proportional to the probability of opening of bubbles of single-stranded mtDNA of approximately 20 base pairs in length, in agreement with the measured nucleation size of these bubbles. These transient separations of the mtDNA strands are a possible aging mechanism, through increased mtDNA mutations. In comparisons of species with similar life spans, avian mtDNA has more negative free energy than does mammalian mtDNA, suppressing the predicted probability of mtDNA bubble formation in birds by over 80% and thus protecting them against mutation. Based on these results I propose three hypotheses about the conflicting evolutionary forces that have acted on the free energy of mtDNA.
Metal Accumulation without Enhanced Oxalate Secretion in Wood Degraded by Brown Rot Fungi

Brown rot fungi were incubated in agar and agar-wood microcosms containing metallic or hydroxide forms of Al, Cu, and Fe. Metal dissolution was associated with elevated oxalate concentrations in agar, but metals translocated into wood did not affect oxalate accumulation, crystal production, or decay rate, demonstrating a substrate-dependent oxalate dynamic.