cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The interaction of a screw dislocation with point defects in bcc iron

In this study, we calculate the interaction energy of intrinsic point defects vacancies and interstitials) with screw dislocations in body-centered cubic iron. First (we calculate the dipole tensor of a defect in the bulk crystal using molecular statics. Using a formulation based on linear elasticity theory, we calculate the interaction energy of the defect and the dislocation using both isotropic and anisotropic strain fields. Second, we perform atomistic calculations using molecular statics methods to directly calculate the interaction energy. Results from these two methods are compared. We verify that continuum methods alone are unable to correctly predict the interactions of defects and dislocations near the core. Although anisotropic theory agrees qualitatively with atomistics far from the core, it cannot predict which dumbbell orientations are stable and any continuum calculations must be used with caution. Spontaneous absorption by the core of both vacancies and dumbbells is seen. This paper demons...
The retinoblastoma protein: More than meets the eyes

Abstract Over the past 10 years, tumor suppressor genes involved in many human malignancies have been isolated. The retinoblastoma gene was the first such tumor suppressor gene to be cloned. Analysis of the retinoblastoma gene and the retinoblastoma gene product (pRb) has increased our understanding of its diverse functions which include the regulation of cell cycle progression, transcription factor activity, cellular differentiation, and embryonic development. Analysis of proteins which interact with pRb has provided insight into the molecular basis for how pRb regulates these diverse processes. Functional deletion of pRb by homologous recombination proved that pRb indeed has an essential role for normal mouse development. Further study of cells and cell lines derived from these pRb-deficient mouse embryos has provided clues to the molecular basis for how pRb functions to suppress tumor formation in specific tissues. Our present hypothesis is that, although pRb has universal effects on the regulation of the cell cycle, it has tissue-restricted effects on the regulation of differentiation, development and tumor-predisposition. This review will address recent developments in the understanding of these functions of pRb.
“Shimming” on spatially localized signals

The advent of surface coils (I, 2) and the use of selective pulses in conjunction with transiently applied field gradients (3-6) have spurred investigators to obtain spectra from localized regions of large samples. For example, spatial localization may be used to examine the spectrum of a tumor in a person or animal, while excluding signal from surrounding tissue. However, the main magnetic field over the region of interest may well be inhomogeneous, perhaps due to localized susceptibility effects which are present when the sample is heterogeneous or is oddly shaped, or even due to incorrect shim coil settings. Whatever the reason may be, it appears not to be generally recognized that if the volume of interest is remote from the origin of the shim coil set, as is often the case, it is exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, to shim the magnet in the conventional manner by observation of the free induction decay, or spectral peak amplitude as the shim settings are varied. Mathematically, the above statement is a manifestation of the fact that spherically harmonic fields (the various fields created by the shim coils) are only orthogonal over a spherical volume centered on the origin. Movement of the origin by an amount greater than or comparable to the radius of the spherical volume of interest renders the shim set hopelessly nonorthogonal, and all the current adjustments interact. To appreciate the gravity of this statement, consider the gross simplification of Fig. la, where we show only a one-dimensional perturbation of the field by, say, a tumor, at position z = 10 cm, and we restrict our shim set to only two variables, z and z2. The tumor has a frequency spread of 100 Hz, and it is quite clear by inspection of the region centered on 10 cm and bounded by 10 f 1.5 cm (the selected volume) that the field is of the form 12. AvO=a!+pz’-yz , Iz’/ < 1.5, 111
Attitude control system conceptual design for the X-ray timing explorer

The X-ray Timing Explorer (XTE) satellite is the next in a long series of Explorer-class missions developed by NASA. It will study the structure and dynamics of compact X-ray sources, neutron stars, white dwarfs, and other stellar objects with X-ray energy emissions. The demanding pointing requirement of XTE are driving the attitude control system design. This design is further complicated by large moving instruments which impart significant momentum on the spacecraft. The attitude control system concept to meet the XTE science objectives is discussed.
Stereoelectronic effects on cyclobutyl participation. The 10-tetracyclo[5.2.1.02,6.O3,9]decyl cation

Abstract While the solvolysis of tosylate 5c proceeds very rapidly to generate 4 or its rapidly equilibrating classical alternative, the epimeric compound 6c proved to be unreactive; bond orientation effects are implicated.
Effects of heat and mass transfer on the kinetics of CO oxidation over RuO2(110) catalyst

Abstract Combining first-principles kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulation with a finite difference continuum model, a hybrid computational model was developed to study the effects of heat and mass transfer on the heterogeneous reaction kinetics. The integrated computational framework consists of a surface phase where catalytic surface reactions occur and a gas-phase boundary layer imposed on the catalyst surface where the fluctuating temperature and pressure gradients exist. The surface phase domain is modeled by the site-explicit first-principles KMC simulation. The gas-phase boundary layer domain is described using the second-order grid-based Crank–Nicolson method. To simplify the model, the flow and gas-phase reactions are excluded. The temperature and pressure gradients in the gas-phase boundary layer are the consequence of thermal and molecular diffusions of reactants and products under nominal reaction conditions. Different from previous hybrid multiscale models, the heat and mass fluxes between two domains are directly coupled by the varying boundary conditions at each simulation timestep from the unsteady state reaction regime to the steady state reaction regime in the present model. At the steady-state reaction regime, the activity, the surface coverages of reaction intermediates, along with the temperature and pressure gradient profiles in the gas-phase boundary layer are statistically constant with very small fluctuations. As an illustration example, we studied the effects of heat and mass transfer on the reaction kinetics of CO oxidation over the RuO 2 (1 1 0) catalysts. We assume the heat from CO oxidation is exclusively dissipated into the gas-phase via thermal diffusion. By varying the thickness of RuO 2 (1 1 0) catalysts, the surface temperature changes correspondingly with the heat produced by occurring surface reactions, resulting in the pronounced temperature and pressure gradients in the gas-phase boundary layer. Our simulation results indicate that the limitation of heat and mass transfer in the surrounding environment over the catalyst could dramatically affect the observed macroscopic reaction kinetics under presumed operating reaction conditions. To fully elucidate the complex heterogeneous catalytic system, proper physical description of fluid phase that imposed on the catalyst and its effect on the surface kinetics should be integrated with current surface computational models.
Comparison of antagonism by phaclofen of baclofen induced hyperpolarizations and synaptically mediated late hyperpolarizing potentials recorded intracellularly from rat dorsolateral septal neurons

Phaclofen has recently been described as an antagonist to baclofen at both peripheral and central receptors. We have applied phaclofen in known concentrations to an isolated rat brain slice preparation containing the septal nuclei. Our data demonstrate that phaclofen antagonizes responses to exogenously applied baclofen in a competitive manner. On the other hand, phaclofen is not as effective in antagonizing competitively the synaptically mediated late hyperpolarizing response (LHP) recorded from the same or similar dorsolateral septal nucleus (DLSN) neurons from which baclofen responses were recorded. Our data support the usefulness of phaclofen as a competitive antagonist of baclofen, and suggest that when larger stimulus intensities are applied, the LHP in the dorsolateral septum of the rat may be mediated by a transmitter in addition to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
Assessment of Swelling-Activated Cl− Channels Using the Halide-Sensitive Fluorescent Indicator 6-Methoxy-N-(3-Sulfopropyl)quinolinium

Abstract This study describes a quantitative analysis of the enhancement in anion permeability through swelling-activated Cl − channels, using the halide-sensitive fluorescent dye 6-methoxy- N -(3-sulfopropyl)quinolinium (SPQ). Cultured bovine corneal endothelial monolayers perfused with NO 3 − Ringer's were exposed to I − pulses under isosmotic and, subsequently, hyposmotic conditions. Changes in SPQ fluorescence due to I − influx were significantly faster under hyposmotic than under isosmotic conditions. Plasma membrane potential ( E m ) was −58 and −32mV under isosmotic and hyposmotic conditions, respectively. An expression for the ratio of I − permeability under hyposmotic condition to that under isosmotic condition (termed enhancement ratio or ER) was derived by combining the Stern-Volmer equation (for modeling SPQ fluorescence quenching by I − ) and the Goldman flux equation (for modeling the electrodiffusive unidirectional I − influx). The fluorescence values and slopes at the inflection points of the SPQ fluorescence profile during I − influx, together with E m under isosmotic and hyposmotic conditions, were used to calculate ER. Based on this approach, endothelial cells were shown to express swelling-activated Cl − channels with ER=4.9 when the hyposmotic shock was 110±10 mosM. These results illustrate the application of the SPQ-based method for quantitative characterization of swelling-activated Cl − channels in monolayers.
Group II intron mobility in yeast mitochondria: target DNA-primed reverse transcription activity of ai1 and reverse splicing into DNA transposition sites in vitro

The retrohoming of the yeast mtDNA intron aI1 occurs by a target DNA-primed reverse transcription (TPRT) mechanism in which the intron RNA reverse splices directly into the recipient DNA and is then copied by the intron-encoded reverse transcriptase. Here, we carried out biochemical characterization of the intron-encoded reverse transcriptase and site-specific DNA endonuclease activities required for this process. We show that the aI1 reverse transcriptase has high TPRT activity in the presence of appropriate DNA target sites, but differs from the closely related reverse transcriptase encoded by the yeast aI2 intron in being unable to use artificial substrates efficiently. Characterization of TPRT products shows that the fully reverse spliced intron RNA is an efficient template for cDNA synthesis, while reverse transcription of partially reverse spliced intron RNA is impeded by the branch point. Novel features of the aI1 reaction include a prominent open-circular product in which cDNAs are incorporated at a nick at the antisense-strand cleavage site. The aI1 endonuclease activity, which catalyzes the DNA cleavage and reverse splicing reactions, is associated with ribonucleoprotein particles containing the intron-encoded protein and the excised intron RNA. As shown for the aI2 endonuclease, both the RNA and protein components are used for DNA target site recognition, but the aI1 protein has less stringent nucleotide sequence requirements for the reverse splicing reaction. Finally, perhaps reflecting this relaxed target specificity, in vitro experiments show that aI1 can reverse splice directly into ectopic mtDNA transposition sites, consistent with the previously suggested possibility that this mechanism is used for ectopic transposition of group II introns in vivo.
Oxidation of molten Al-Mg alloy in air, air-SO2, and air-H2S atmospheres

Rates of oxidation of 8 g samples of molten Al-Mg alloys in air, air-SO2, and air-H2S atmospheres were determined at 750°C by gravimetry. Weight gains in air containing 10 or more volume percent SO2 averaged 0.2 % in up to 100 hr, whereas samples heated in air alone gained over 5% weight in 20 hr and 10% in 70 hr. Heating for only 1 hr in SO2 concentrations of 10% or greater prevented extensive oxidation during additional heating in air alone. H2S was more effective than SO2 heating for as little as 1/2hr in 0.25 vol. % H2S prevented extensive oxidation during subsequent heating for at least 90 hr in air alone. The inhibiting effect of either SO2 or H2S probably involves oxidation to SO3. This reacts with portions of the initial protective amorphous MgO film to form MgSO4, which has a high volume quotient and maintains protection as nonprotective crystalline MgO forms at the end of an induction period.
Fourier Series for Accurate, Stable, Reduced-Order Models for Linear CFD Applications.

A new method, Fourier model reduction (FMR), for obtaining stable, accurate, low-order models of very large linear systems is presented. The technique draws on traditional control and dynamical system concepts and utilizes them in a way which is computationally very efficient. Discrete-time Fourier coefficients of the large system transfer function are calculated and used to construct the Hankel matrix of an intermediate system with guaranteed stability. Explicit balanced truncation formulae are then applied to obtain the final reduced-order model, whose size is determined by the Hankel singular values of the intermediate system. In this paper, the method is applied to two computational fluid dynamic systems, which model unsteady motion of a twodimensional subsonic airfoil and unsteady flow in a supersonic diffuser. In both cases, the new method is found to work extremely well. Results are compared to models developed using the proper orthogonal decomposition and Arnoldi method. In comparison with these widely used techniques, the new method is computationally more efficient, guarantees the stability of the reduced-order model, uses both input and output information, and is valid over a wide range of frequencies.
Compactons and solitary wave solutions for the Boussinesq wave equation and its generalized form

In this paper we examine the Boussinesq wave equation and its generalized form. Compactons, solitons, solitary patterns, and periodic solutions are obtained. The tanh method is effectively employed in this work.
Sparse approximation of 3D shapes via spectral graph wavelets

This paper investigates the compressive representation of 3D meshes and articulates a novel sparse approximation method for 3D shapes based on spectral graph wavelets. The originality of this paper is centering on the first attempt of exploiting spectral graph wavelets in the sparse representation for 3D shape geometry. Conventional spectral mesh compression employs the eigenfunctions of mesh Laplacian as shape bases. The Laplacian eigenbases, generalizing the Fourier bases from Euclidean domain to manifold, exhibit global support and are neither efficient nor precise in representing local geometry. To ameliorate, we advocate an innovative approach to 3D mesh compression using spectral graph wavelets as dictionary to encode mesh geometry. In contrast to Laplacian eigenbases, the spectral graph wavelets are locally defined at individual vertices and can better capture local shape information in a more accurate way. Nonetheless, the multiscale spectral graph wavelets form a redundant dictionary as shape bases, therefore we formulate the compression of 3D shape as a sparse approximation problem that can be readily handled by powerful algorithms such as orthogonal matching pursuit. Various experiments demonstrate that our method is superior to the existing spectral mesh compression methods.
Ultrasound-guided photoacoustic imaging: current state and future development

Photoacoustic imaging, frequently coregistered with ultrasonic imaging, can provide functional and cellular/ molecular information about tissue within the anatomical landmarks of an imaged region. This review details the fundamentals of photoacoustic imaging and its most promising imaging applications. Particular attention is paid to photoacoustic imaging's relationship with ultrasound, focusing on distinct differences and similarities between the two modalities and highlighting the mutual benefit of using both concurrently in certain preclinical and clinical applications. Much like its origins as an imaging modality were intertwined with ultrasonic imaging (namely, its acoustic transducers and hardware), the future of photoacoustic imaging-particularly in the clinical arena-similarly depends on ultrasound and its time-tested ability to provide real-time visualization of soft tissue.
Two pretreatment regimens for high-risk patients receiving radiographic contrast media

The risk of anaphylactoid reaction (AR) developing from radiographic contrast media in patients who previously have had an AR to radiographic contrast media ranges from 17% to 60%. Pretreatment with prednisone plus diphenhydramine or prednisone and diphenhydramine plus ephedrine decreased the reaction rate to 9.0% and 3.1%, respectively, during 657 procedures in 563 patients. No deaths occurred, and only three episodes of transient hypotension developed, one of which was treated with epinephrine. Pretreatment consisted of prednisone, 50 mg, 13 hr, 7 hr, and 1 hr before the procedure and diphenhydramine, 50 mg, 1 hr and or ephedrine, 25 mg, 1 hr before the procedure. The addition of ephedrine provided a statistically significant reduction in reaction in 192 procedures (chi 2 = 5.4996, p = 0.019). In 138 procedures in patients whose initial AR was considered serious, pretreatment was as effective as for patients with histories of mild to moderate reactions. Emergency equipment should be available for all procedures.
Reversal learning: The effects of conceptual and perceptual training in the absence of differential observing responses

Nursery school children received either verbal labeling (V), perceptual cue (Q), or control (C) pretraining prior to a reversal shift problem involving sets of cues that differed in terms of brightness (B) or saturation (S). When S was relevant, differences in pretraining had no effect, but, when B was relevant, the V group reversed more rapidly than did the Q and C groups.
Smoothing error dynamics and their use in the solution of smoothing and mapping problems

Martingale decomposition techniques are used to derive Markovian models for the error in smoothed estimates of processes described by linear models driven by white noise. These models, together with some simple Hilbert space decomposition ideas, provide a simple unified framework for examining a variety of problems involving the efficient assimilation of spatial data, which we refer to as mapping problems. Algorithms for several different mapping problems are derived. A specific example of map updating for a two-dimensional random field is included.
Mechanical properties of individual MgAl2O4 agglomerates and their effects on densification

Abstract The presence of agglomerates during nanopowder sintering can be problematic and can limit achievable final densities. Typically, the practical solution is to use high pressures to overcome agglomerate breakdown strengths to reach higher packing fractions. The strength of agglomerates is often difficult to determine and makes processing parameters challenging to optimize. In this work, we used in situ transmission electron microscopy nanoindentation experiments to assess the mechanical properties of individual MgAl 2 O 4 agglomerates under constant indenter head displacement rates. Electron microscopy revealed highly porous agglomerates with pores on both the micron and nanometric length scales. Individual agglomerate strength, at fracture, was calculated from compression tests with deformation behavior correlating well with previously reported modeling results. Macroscopic powder properties were also investigated using green-pressed pellets consolidated at pressures up to 910 MPa. The unexpectedly high strength is indicative of the role agglomerates play in MgAl 2 O 4 nanopowder densification.
Synapsin II phosphorylation and catecholamine release in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells: additive effects of histamine and nicotine.

: Primary cultures of bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin cells can be stimulated with nicotine, which mimics the cholinergic stimulus from the splanchnic nerve. Histamine also stimulates catecholamine release in a time-and dose-dependent manner. We have previously shown that nicotine stimulates incorporation of 32Pi into the vesicle-associated phosphoprotein synapsin II. We report here that histamine, too, stimulates an increase in 32Pi incorporation into synapsin II, which is blocked by the H1-histamine receptor-specific antagonist pyrilamine. The time course of histamine-stimulated synapsin II phosphorylation closely paralleled that of histamine-stimulated catecholamine release. Interestingly, histamine and nicotine produced an additive increase in both catecholamine release and synapsin II phosphorylation, suggesting that these two secretogogues stimulate the phenomena via independent mechanisms. When we investigated the dependence of these two agonists on extracellular calcium, we found that nicotine-stimulated release and synapsin II phosphorylation were reduced to basal levels at low calcium concentrations. However, the histamine-stimulated effects remained significantly elevated. This suggests that calcium arising from two separate pools can stimulate catecholamine release and synapsin II phosphorylation in bovine chromaffin cells. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that synapsin II phosphorylation is a component of the secretory response from these cells.
Leap frog multiplier

Array multipliers are popular due to their regular compact structure. Timing analysis of a full adder has resulted in a different array connection pattern that provides improved throughput for the multiplier while reducing its power dissipation from spurious transitions. The paper details the new array design and some results obtained.
In situ X-ray studies of metal organic chemical vapor deposition of PbZrxTi1 − xO3

In situ synchrotron X-ray scattering and fluorescence techniques were used to simultaneously observe the evolution of the strain and composition of a growing crystal surface in real time. Control of the X-ray incidence angle allows us to obtain high surface sensitivity. We studied metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of epitaxial PbZr x Ti 1-x O 3 (PZT) onto SrTiO 3 (001) substrates under various growth conditions. We observe a strong increase in Zr incorporation as strain relaxation occurs, consistent with the effect of compositional strain on the thermodynamic driving force for growth.
Building Community Capacity to Prevent Violence Through Coalitions and Partnerships

This paper will explore the most effective strategic roles that coalitions can play in the prevention of complex, entrenched social and health problems such as violence, alcoholism, and other substance abuse problems. There is a growing body of "wisdom" and research literature that suggests that the most effective role for community coalitions and partnerships in terms of prevention is to build the capacity of community leaders and their institutions to better serve their constituencies. This can be accomplished through the use of the coalition to strengthen the enabling or support system for community initiatives. An enabling system provides a variety of services, including training and consultation, information and referral, networking and local coalition development, communication, incentive grants and recognition, information and social marketing, resource development, and research and evaluation services. This paper also outlines the key internal capacities a coalition will need in order to establish this system.
Neutron total cross sections in the energy range 80 to 150 MeV

Abstract The total neutron cross sections for helium, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and aluminium have been measured to an accuracy of 2% in the energy range of 80 to 150 MeV. Mono-kinetic neutron beams were used and the results are therefore free from the systematic errors associated with many earlier measurements. For carbon and aluminium the results are in excellent agreement with values obtained by time-of-flight techniques with good energy resolution. The oxygen cross sections are reasonably consistent with some earlier determinations at both ends of the energy range studied but are 10% smaller than some previous data in this energy range. The results presented for helium and nitrogen are in an energy region where few previous measurements have been made.
Decision dependent stochastic processes

Abstract Managers, typically, are unaware of the significant impact their decisions could have on the random mechanism driving a data generating process. Here, a new parametric Bayesian technique is introduced that would allow managers to obtain an estimate of the impact of their decisions on the stochastic process driving the data; this, in turn, should enhance a company’s overall decision-making capabilities. This general approach to modeling decision-dependency is carried out via an efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo method. A simulated example, and a real-life example, using historical maintenance and failure time data from a system at the South Texas Project Nuclear Operating Company, exemplifies the paper’s theoretical contributions. Conclusive evidence of decision dependence in the failure time distribution is reported, which in turn points to an optimal maintenance policy that results in potentially large financial savings to the Texas-based company.
Changes In The Development Process Of Mobile Phone Applications Bring Opportunities For Developers And More Options To Consumers

Consumers are becoming increasingly comfortable with technology. As their knowledge and use of technology has increased, so too have their expectations and roles in the technology environment. New technology brings about new products, and the process of developing new products is ongoing. Research and development, turnaround times, product introduction timing, and development efforts of the competition all influence the process. The race to move new technology to the market as quickly as possible has significantly changed the development process. Individuals now have development opportunities that generally belonged to corporations years ago. As Smartphones become more mainstream, the race to create applications (apps) for the devices has presented entrepreneurial opportunities for companies and individuals alike. Not only is the demand for apps increasing, but the power of apps is also increasing. Apps have the ability to affect consumer demands and, ultimately, impact what is available in the marketplace.
Systems Biology of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors

Several cytokine families have roles in the development, maintenance, and remodeling of the microcirculation. Of these, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family is one of the best studied and one of the most complex. Five VEGF ligand genes and five cell-surface receptor genes are known in the human, and each of these may be transcribed as multiple splice isoforms to generate an extensive family of proteins, many of which are subject to further proteolytic processing. Using the VEGF family as an example, we describe the current knowledge of growth-factor expression, processing, and transport in vivo. Experimental studies and computational simulations are being used to measure and predict the activity of these molecules, and we describe avenues of research that seek to fill the remaining gaps in our understanding of VEGF family behavior.
Resolution of Intermediate Adsorbate Structures in the Potential-Dependent Self-Assembly of n-Hexanethiolate on Silver by in situ Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Resolution of the reaction steps and the associated component Raman spectra during the formation or desorption of self-assembled monolayers is challenging because intermediate adsorbate populations are present at low concentrations and their spectral bands overlap. By collecting Raman spectra versus applied potential into a two-dimensional data set, one can utilize multivariate statistical techniques to resolve the component concentration profiles along with their corresponding Raman spectra. In situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) spectra were collected during the potential-dependent formation and desorption (-1.50 to -0.70V versus Ag/AgCl) of n-hexanethiolate monolayer at a polycrystalline Ag electrode. Resolution of the pure component spectra from these components was accomplished by using self-modeling curve resolution (SMCR), which does not require a physical model. For monolayer adsorption, the potential-dependent Raman spectra could be described by three significant eigenvectors; the eigenvectors could be rotated into a set of pure component spectra and concentration profiles using a linear least-squares step to find a common plane in the space of the eigenvectors representing the linear combination of the real-component responses. The convex hull surrounding the data in the plane and positive amplitude criteria were utilized to identify the coordinates of the pure component responses. The C–S stretching vibrations of the resolved spectra show that the initial adsorbate is a gauche conformer, which allows the hydrocarbon chain to lie on the metal surface; a second phase arises at higher coverage with trans C–S conformation, where the hydrocarbon chains are oriented off the surface plane, and a final complete monolayer is formed with a well-ordered, all-trans C–S configuration. In contrast, desorption studies showed only two surface phases, the initial well-ordered monolayer and the low-density phase dominated by gauche conformations. The results illustrate the utility of self-modeling curve resolution to unravel interfacial reaction mechanisms and intermediate structures from two-dimensional SERS data, without requiring prior knowledge of a physical model for the process.
Themes and Strategies for Studying the Biology of Stroke Recovery in the Poststroke Epoch

Background and Purpose— This review will focus on the emerging principles of neural repair after stroke, and on the overlap between cellular mechanisms of neural repair in stroke and clinical principles of recovery and rehabilitation. Summary of Review—Stroke induces axonal sprouting and neurogenesis. Axonal sprouting occurs in tissue adjacent to the stroke and its connected cortical areas, and from sites that are contralateral to the infarct. Neurogenesis produces newly born immature neurons in peri-infarct striatum and cortex. Stimulation of both axonal sprouting and neurogenesis is associated with improved recovery in animal models of stroke. A unique cellular environment in the poststroke brain supports neural repair: an association of angiogenic and remodeling blood vessels with newly born immature neurons in a neurovasclar niche. Controversies in the field of neural repair after stroke persist, and relate to the locations of axonal sprouting in animal models of stroke and how these correlate to patt...
The etiologic spectrum of constrictive pericarditis.

Abstract Ninety-five consecutive patients with constrictive pericarditis that was documented at the time of surgery during 1970 to 1985 were reviewed. The etiologies included idiopathic (42%), postradiotherapy (31%), post-cardiac surgery (11%), postinfective (6%), connective tissue disease-related (4%), neoplastic (3%) uremic (2%), and sarcoidosis (1%). Post-cardiac surgery etiology was seen only after 1980, but constituted 29% of cases during 1980–1985. Postradiotherapy etiology occurred with equal incidence in 1980–1985 and in 1970–1980, but the interval from radiotherapy to presentation with constrictive pericarditis was longer in the more recent period (11 vs 4.75 years). Effusive constrictive pericarditis occurred in 24% overall with similar prevalence in all of the etiologic groups except the postsurgical cases, which were caused by noneffusive fibrous constrictive pericarditis in all instances. Operative mortality was 12% overall: It was lower in the idiopathic group (8%) and higher in the postradiotherapy group (21%). Thus (1) postradiotherapy constrictive pericarditis continues to occur despite technical changes aimed at reducing its likelihood, but recent cases have a longer latent period: and (2) postsurgical constrictive pericarditis has emerged as an important etiology.
Implementing and Exploiting Inevitability in Software Transactional Memory

Transactional Memory (TM) takes responsibility for concurrent, atomic execution of labeled regions of code, freeing the programmer from the need to manage locks. Typical implementations rely on speculation and rollback, but this creates problems for irreversible operations like interactive I/O. A widely assumed solution allows a transaction to operate in an inevitable mode that excludes all other transactions and is guaranteed to complete, but this approach does not scale. This paper explores a richer set of alternatives for software TM, and demonstrates that it is possible for an inevitable transaction to run in parallel with (non-conflicting) non-inevitable transactions, without introducing significant overhead in the non-inevitable case. We report experience with these alternatives in a graphical game application. We also consider the use of inevitability to accelerate certain common-case transactions.
35% drive current improvement from recessed-SiGe drain extensions on 37 nm gate length PMOS

Results from the best reported PMOS transistor at a 37 nm gate length (Lg) built on a process with a recessed SiGe epitaxial layer are discussed. The process details include successful integration of SiGe at the drain extension (DE) location. A highly compressive SiGe layer, in close proximity to the channel, results in large hole mobility improvements. HRTEM based lattice parameter extractions confirm the compressive strain in the channel. In situ doped B in SiGe can be activated to a higher degree than implanted B in bulk Si resulting in further improvements from the lower DE resistance. Both changes combine to give an unprecedented 35% PMOS performance improvement. Process and device simulations that predict the observed parametric behavior quantitatively isolate the improvements to be /spl sim/ 28% from stress and 7% from DE resistance improvement.
A Spontaneous Model for Autoimmune Myocarditis Using the Human MHC Molecule HLA-DQ8

Genome-wide analyses have shown that the MHC class II region is the principal locus that confers susceptibility to a number of human autoimmune diseases. Due to the high degree of linkage disequilibrium across the MHC, it has been difficult to dissect the contribution of individual genes to disease susceptibility. As a result, intensive efforts have been made to generate mice transgenic for human class II molecules as models of autoimmune disease. However, in every case, additional manipulations—such as immunization with Ag in adjuvant, expression of immunostimulants on target tissues, or coexpression of TCR transgenes—have been required to induce disease. In this study, we show that expression of the human HLA-DQ8 (DQA1*0301/DQB1*0302) molecule alone in three lines of transgenic nonobese diabetic murine class II-deficient (mII −/− ) mice results in the spontaneous development of autoimmune myocarditis. The disease shares key features of human myocarditis and was characterized by lymphocytic infiltrates in the myocardium and cardiac myocyte destruction, circulating IgG autoantibodies against cardiac myosin heavy chain, and premature death due to heart failure. We demonstrate that myocarditis could be transferred into healthy HLA-DQ8 + RAG-1 −/− mII −/− nonobese diabetic recipients with lymphocytes, but not sera. It has been widely thought that autoimmune myocarditis is of infectious etiology, with the immune responses arising secondary to cardiac damage from pathogens. These studies provide direct experimental evidence that spontaneous autoimmune myocarditis can occur in the absence of infection and that expression of HLA-DQ8 confers susceptibility to this organ-specific autoimmune disease.
Hydrogenolysis of phenols in middle oils from coal hydro-genation

When the middle oils obtained from the hydrogenation of coal were hydrogenated at 450° and 475° c. in a stainless-steel autoclave in the absence of any added catalyst, very little of the phenolic material was convened to neutral products. Whereas the original material contained only 2·9%, phenols boiling below 230° c., the hydrogenated product (at 475° c.) contained 9·1% (based on the charge) phenols boiling below this temperature. When the phenolic fraction of the middle oil was isolated before hydrogenolysis and then treated, more conversion of high-boiling to low-boiling phenols occurred, but this was accompanied by elimination of oxygen and the production of about 20% neutral material.
Cooperation came first: Evolution and human cognition

Contextual behavioral perspectives on learning and behavior reside under the umbrella of evolution science. In this paper we briefly review current developments in evolution science that bear on learning and behavior, concluding that behavior is now moving to the center of evolution studies. Learning is one of the main ladders of evolution by establishing functional benchmarks within which genetic adaptations can be advantaged. We apply that approach to the beginning feature of human cognition according to Relational Frame Theory: derived symmetry in coordination framing. When combined with the idea that cooperation came before major advances in human cognition or culture, existing abilities in social referencing, joint attention, perspective-taking skills, and relational learning ensure that the behavioral subcomponents of symmetrical equivalence relations would be reinforced. When coordination framing emerged and came under arbitrary contextual control as an operant class, a template was established for the development of multiple relational frames and the emergence and evolutionary impact of human cognition as we know it. Implications of these ideas for translational research are briefly discussed.
Assessment of Parental Expressed Emotion: Associations with Adolescent Depressive Symptoms Among Youth with Spina Bifida

Objectives A longitudinal multi-method, multi-informant design was utilized to investigate parental expressed emotion (EE) as a predictor of depressive symptoms among adolescents with spina bifida (n ¼ 60) and a matched comparison sample (n ¼ 65). Methods A newly modified self-administered audiotaped interview methodology was used to assess parental warmth and criticism across the middle adolescent developmental period (ages 14–17). Parent- and youth-reports of adolescent depressive symptoms were obtained at each time point. Results Significant cross-sectional associations between parental EE variables and youth depressive symptoms were found for both groups. Significant longitudinal relations between maternal criticism and parent proxy-report of youth depressive symptoms were also found across 2 years for the spina bifida group and across 4 years for both groups. Conclusions This modified measure of parental EE can be used in future pediatric research that focuses on precursors or outcomes of this important parenting construct.
Temperature cues phenological synchrony in ant-mediated seed dispersal

Species-specific climate responses within ecological communities may disrupt the synchrony of co-evolved mutualisms that are based on the shared timing of seasonal events, such as seed dispersal by ants (myrmecochory). The spring phenology of plants and ants coincides with marked changes in temperature, light and moisture. We investigate how these environmental drivers influence both seed release by early and late spring woodland herb species, and initiation of spring foraging by seed-dispersing ants. We pair experimental herbaceous transplants with artificial ant bait stations across north- and south-facing slopes at two contrasting geographic locations. This use of space enables robust identification of plant fruiting and ant foraging cues, and the use of transplants permits us to assess plasticity in plant phenology. We find that warming temperatures act as the primary phenological cue for plant fruiting and ant foraging. Moreover, the plasticity in plant response across locations, despite transplants being from the same source, suggests a high degree of portability in the seed-dispersing mutualism. However, we also find evidence for potential climate-driven facilitative failure that may lead to phenological asynchrony. Specifically, at the location where the early flowering species (Hepatica nobilis) is decreasing in abundance and distribution, we find far fewer seed-dispersing ants foraging during its fruit set than during that of the later flowering Hexastylis arifolia. Notably, the key seed disperser, Aphaenogaster rudis, fails to emerge during early fruit set at this location. At the second location, A. picea forages equally during early and late seed release. These results indicate that climate-driven changes might shift species-specific interactions in a plant‐ant mutualism resulting in winners and losers within the myrmecochorous plant guild.
Anatomy and assessment of the pediatric airway

Airway and respiratory complications are the most common causes of morbidity during general anesthesia in children. The airway changes in size, shape and position throughout its development from the neonate to the adult (1). Knowledge of the functional anatomy of the airway in children forms the basis of understanding the pathological conditions that may occur. This in turn allows a comprehensive assessment of the pediatric airway to take place, including a detailed medical history, clinical examination and specific investigative procedures.
Planar laser-induced-fluorescence monitoring of OH in a spray flame

A technique is described for the instantaneous measurement of the two-dimensional distribution of the OH radical in spray flames based on planar laser-induced fluorescence. Sheet illumination is used with the resulting fluorescence imaged at 90° onto an intensified photo-diode array camera. Details of the excitation/detection strategy, experimental apparatus, and detection limits are described, and representative results are presented.
Heavy Ion Single Event Effects Measurements of 512Mb ISSI SDRAM

Heavy ion single-event measurements on 512Mb ISSI synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) are reported. Heavy ion susceptibility to single event latchup (SEL), single bit upsets (SBUs), double bit upsets (DBUs), multiple bit upset (MBUs) and single effect functional interrupts (SEFIs) were investigated.
CONSUMER-DIRECTED HEALTH PLANS: A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE

The number of people enrolled in consumer-directed health plans (CDHPs) has increased dramatically over the last decade. We review the empirical literature on the effects of CDHPs, which is based on the experience of these plans in the employer-sponsored market. Studies indicate that CDHPs reduce health care spending by approximately 5–15 percent relative to similar plans with lower deductibles and without spending accounts. Spending reductions are concentrated among healthier enrollees and are driven by reductions in the use of outpatient services and pharmaceuticals. There is little evidence on whether they reduce the use of low-value services.
Some of the Math in the November 8, 2014 Draft of 'Challenging the Randomness of Panel Assignment in the Federal Courts of Appeals,' Including the Bottom-Line Statistical Analysis, is Incorrect

A recent working-paper draft examines the randomness of assignments of U.S. federal judges to three-judge appellate panels. The working paper raises important concerns about the judicial system and has attracted considerable popular interest. However, the draft makes some incorrect statements and relies on an unsound analysis. We briefly note these issues.
Distribution of Cocoons of the Yellowheaded Spruce Sawfly

Cocoon distribution of Pikonema alaskensis (Rohwer) was studied in 10- to 12-yr-old white spruce plantations in Minnesota. Adjacent soil cores were taken radially from the trunk, extending 88 cm beyond the crown. Adult emergence traps were placed under, at the edge, and outside of the crowns. There were twice as many sawflies outside of the crown area with males predominating. The north and west sides had more sawflies. Fully developed larvae released in flats with one half of the area shaded did not show a cocooning preference for either the sunny or shaded side. Observations relate cocooning preferences to grass and moisture. Therefore, we feel that the preference for cocooning outside of the crown-covered ground is a grass and moisture related, rather than a sun-related, preference.
Section 10. Modern Aspects of the Problem of Ocean Acidification

In this section we investigate aspects of modern OA concentrating on the biogeochemistry of the problem. Departing somewhat from previous sections of this monograph, we employ a story narrative, mainly reflecting on the work and the questions the two of us, with the help of several colleagues, have
Effects of uniconazole on seedling quality and yield of different sowing density mechanical transplanting rice

In order to develop the suitable technology for seedling nursery and increase the yield of mechanical transplanting middleseason indica hybrid rice,the experiment of two factors of uniconazole and sowing density was conducted in plastic tray seedling nursery using the variety‘Huiliangyou 6',and then the effects of uniconazole and sowing density on seedling quality,transplant quality and yield of rice were researched.The results showed that the seedling quality decreased rapidly with the increasing of sowing density in the same chemical regulation treatment.There existed a decreasing trend in the number of roots,dry weight per 100 plants,basal stem width and root vigor.Meanwhile,the MDA content of seedling leaf was significantly increased.There was no significant difference in seed setting rate and 1 000-grain weight among the different sowing density treatments.The number of effective panicles showed an increasing trend within the sowing density range from 8 000 to 18 000 grains·m-2,but decreasing from18 000 to 30 000 grains·m-2.Finally,the yield of rice displayed the same trend as the number of effective panicles.The yield of 18 000 grains·m-2treatment was significantly higher than that of other treatments.There existed significant effects of uniconazole on seedling quality and yield of different sowing density.The method of soaking seeds with 100 mg·L-1uniconazole and spraying seedling leaf with 150 mg·L-1uniconazole in 2.5 leaf age was better than the other chemical regulation method and control.It not only significantly increased the seedling quality and transplant quality,but also promoted seedling turn green and increased the number of effective panicles,grains per pancile and seed setting rate significantly,so that the yield was significantly increased.Accroding to the characters of mechanical transplanting middleseason indica hybrid rice,soaking seeds with 100 mg·L-1uniconazole and spraying seedling leaf with 150 mg·L-1uniconazole in 2.5leaf age combined the sowing density of 18 000 grains·m-2was the better seedling nursery method.It can help to keep great seedling quality,transplant quality,and stabliz 1 000-grain weight and increase the number of effective panicles,grains per pancile and seed setting rate.The sink and its effective filling rate were significantly enhanced.Finally,the yield was significantly increased.