cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Explicit cue weighting in a prediction task

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to examine the strategies people use to determine the cue weights in a two-cue prediction task. In order to examine the subjects' strategies, half of the subjects in Experiment 1 were asked to state the weights explicitly for the two cues on each trial rather than directly estimating the criterion value. The subjects' estimates of the criterion were then calculated on the basis of the estimated weights. The results of Experiment 1 suggested that most subjects use a hypothesis-testing approach to determine cue weights. In addition, it appeared that most of the subjects randomly tested hypotheses about the relative importance of the cues, which did not prove to be an effective strategy. The results of Experiment 2 indicated that failure to learn the relative importance of the cues was not due to failure to test the appropriate cue weights at some point during the task, but to failure to test the hypothesized cue weights on enough trials to evaluate their adequacy sufficiently.
Quiet eye gaze behavior of expert, and near-expert, baseball plate umpires

The quiet eye gaze behavior of 4 near-expert and 4 expert baseball umpires who called balls and strikes in simulated pitch-hit situations was assessed with a mobile eye cornea tracker system. Statistical analyses of the umpires' gaze behavior (fixation/pursuit tracking, saccades, and blinks)--onset, duration, offset, and frequency--were performed between and within 4 stages (pitcher's preparation, pitcher's delivery, ball in flight, and umpire call) by umpire's skill level. The results indicated that the quiet eye of expert umpires at onset of the pitcher's release point occurred earlier and was longer in duration than near-expert umpires. Expert expert umpires. The area outside the pitcher's ball release point may be the key environment cue for the behind-the-plate umpire.
The sexual dimorphism of obesity

The NIH has recently highlighted the importance of sexual dimorphisms and has mandated inclusion of both sexes in clinical trials and basic research. In this review we highlight new and novel ways sex hormones influence body adiposity and the metabolic syndrome. Understanding how and why metabolic processes differ by sex will enable clinicians to target and personalize therapies based on gender. Adipose tissue function and deposition differ by sex. Females differ with respect to distribution of adipose tissues, males tend to accrue more visceral fat, leading to the classic android body shape which has been highly correlated to increased cardiovascular risk; whereas females accrue more fat in the subcutaneous depot prior to menopause, a feature which affords protection from the negative consequences associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome. After menopause, fat deposition and accrual shift to favor the visceral depot. This shift is accompanied by a parallel increase in metabolic risk reminiscent to that seen in men. A full understanding of the physiology behind why, and by what mechanisms, adipose tissues accumulate in specific depots and how these depots differ metabolically by sex is important in efforts of prevention of obesity and chronic disease. Estrogens, directly or through activation of their receptors on adipocytes and in adipose tissues, facilitate adipose tissue deposition and function. Evidence suggests that estrogens augment the sympathetic tone differentially to the adipose tissue depots favoring lipid accumulation in the subcutaneous depot in women and visceral fat deposition in men. At the level of adipocyte function, estrogens and their receptors influence the expandability of fat cells enhancing the expandability in the subcutaneous depot and inhibiting it in the visceral depot. Sex hormones clearly influence adipose tissue function and deposition, determining how to capture and utilize their function in a time of caloric surfeit, requires more information. The key will be harnessing the beneficial effects of sex hormones in such a way as to provide ‘healthy’ adiposity.
Comparison of pulmonary and hepatic glucuronidation and sulphation of ethanol in rat and rabbit in vitro.

1. Pulmonary and hepatic UDP-glucuronyltransferase and sulphotransferase activities in subcellular fractions from rats and rabbits were determined, comparing ethanol with known substrates for these enzymes.2. No ethyl glucuronide formation was detected with either hepatic or pulmonary microsomal incubations.3. Chromatographic, autoradiographic and scintillation counting analysis indicated that ethanol is sulphated by rat and rabbit pulmonary cytosol, although this activity was approx. 2–6% of that in liver.4. Rat hepatic and pulmonary sulphotransferase activities with β-naphthol were approx. 13 and 60 times higher than with ethanol, respectively.5. Rabbit hepatic and pulmonary sulphotransferase activities with both substrates were higher than those in rat.
An evaluation of errors in the 14C method of primary production measurement

Membrane filtration is an integral part of the /sup 14/C method of measuring primary productivity in natural waters. Polycarbonate, cellulose ester, and glass-fiber filters retan about 0.0003, 0.09, and 0.24 mg water per mm/sup 2/ surface area. The (/sup 14/C)bicarbonate in this retained water must be eliminated before the filter is assayed for radioactivity. Airdrying, desiccator-drying in the presence or absence of a CO/sub 2/ absorbant, and oven-drying are only partially effective decontamination procedures; washing with pH 2 filtered lake water removes most of the contaminating activity. A plot (dpm.filter/sup -1/ vs. volume filtered) is used to diagnose the efficiency of decontamination. A simple and safe decontamination procedure is shown to eliminate effectively all residual (/sup 14/C)bicarbonate activity. Membrane filters are placed in scintillation vials, 0.1 to 1.0 ml of 0.5 N HCl is added, and, after a 2 to 3-h interval, the scintillation fluor is added.
Phage coated magnetoelastic micro-biosensors for real-time detection of Bacillus anthracis spores

Abstract A micro-scale, freestanding, magnetoelastic biosensor coated with phage has been developed for the real-time in vitro detection of Bacillus anthracis spores. The sensor exhibits a characteristic resonance frequency upon the application of an alternating external magnetic field. It has a high sensitivity to the change in mass when spores are attached. The frequency versus mass sensitivity increases significantly with a decrease in sensor length. Spore detection is realized by measuring the resonance frequency change due to the change in mass as spores are captured onto the sensor surface. B. anthracis spore suspensions in a range of concentration levels (5 × 10 1 to 5 × 10 8 spores/ml) was tested using a 1000 μm × 200 μm × 15 μm sensor in a flowing fluid at a flow rate of 40 μl/min. The binding kinetics was analyzed based on the attachment rate. The specificity of the sensor to B. anthracis spores was examined compared with other Bacillus species.
Dominick Blake's Criminal Law Treatise: A Sad Tale

Dominic T. Blake's manuscript treatise Criminal Jurisprudence of the City and State of New York, 1,400 pages long, never printed, and now lost forever, shows the inability of the antebellum legal publishing industry to support large-scale legal scholarship and the refusal of state government to subsidize such efforts.
Pixel area variation in CCDs and implications for precision photometry

Images with smooth and moderately flat illumination are commonly used to calibrate pixel to pixel sensitivity variation without consideration that some structure on short spatial scales may be due to reallocation of area between pixels. Errors in the position of pixel boundaries have the effect of repartitioning charge between pixels but do not affect the total charge collected. Since the resulting errors tend to cancel when combining signal from adjacent pixels, this effect has gone largely unnoticed. However proposed wide field astronomical surveys, which strive to achieve high photometric precision with coarse spatial sampling, must take this into account. We present simple analysis techniques to identify how much flat field structure is due to systematic and random variations in pixel area, rather than sensitivity, as a function of row/column direction and spatial frequency. Analysis of data from CCDs made with radically different technologies and pixel sizes by different manufacturers suggests that pixel size variation in the column direction probably dominates QE variations on short spatial scales for all CCDs. Refinements to flat field calibration methods and tests to confirm their efficacy are proposed.
Equivalent Disk Allocations

Declustering techniques reduce query response times through parallel I/O by distributing data among multiple devices. Except for a few cases, it is not possible to find declustering schemes that are optimal for all spatial range queries. As a result of this, most of the research on declustering have focused on finding schemes with low worst case additive error. Number-theoretic declustering techniques provide low additive error and high threshold. In this paper, we investigate equivalent disk allocations and focus on number-theoretic declustering. Most of the number-theoretic disk allocations are equivalent and provide the same additive error and threshold. Investigation of equivalent allocations simplifies schemes to find allocations with desirable properties. By keeping one of the equivalent disk allocations, we can reduce the complexity of searching for good disk allocations under various criteria such as additive error and threshold. Using proposed scheme, we were able to collect the most extensive experimental results on additive error and threshold in 2, 3, and 4 dimensions.
A miniature infrared sight for both weapon-mounted and handheld security applications

Thermal weapon sights have been used by the U.S. military for decades. More recently, there has been a growing interest in infrared imagers for paramilitary and civilian applications such as law-enforcement and homeland defense. However, traditional weapon sights are not always ideal products for these applications because they do not typically have form-factor or features allowing them to be readily employed as general-purpose imagers off the weapon. Simply stated, most law-enforcement agencies cannot afford a dedicated sniper scope. Instead, this market demands a thermal imager that can be employed in a variety of situations, both weapon-mounted and handheld. Described herein is a new infrared sight that provides this multi-use capability. Based around the Omega imaging core developed by Indigo Systems, this lightweight system employs a unique housing design that mounts to a weapon rail or tripod or is held comfortably in one hand for use as a short-range “pocket scope”. Key aspects of the design are discussed, with particular focus on ergonomics, human factors, and advanced features that enhance its utility in a multi-use role.
Water metabolism after cardiac operations involving a Gibbon-type pump-oxygenator. I. Daily water metabolism, obligatory water losses, and requirements.

Daily water metabolism of 21 patients was studied for 3 days after intracardiac surgery and whole-body perfusion. The average obligatory water losses of these patients were approximately 500, 750, and 750 ml. per M. 2 of body surface per day on the first, second, and third postoperative day, respectively. A simple system, which combines knowledge of the estimated postoperative water requirement with the known daily change in body weight, was devised to manage accurately water metabolism after intracardiac surgery.
Historical Archaeology in the East Midlands and East Africa: Personal Reflections

After obtaining his doctorate in archaeology at Nottingham University in 1956, Merrick Posnansky conducted research and taught in Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda for twenty years. He served in a succession of positions, including Curator of the Uganda Museum, Director of the African Studies Program at Makerere University College, Uganda, and Professor of Archaeology at the University of Ghana. Posnansky joined the faculty of the University of California at Los Angeles in 1977. He has conducted research in fourteen African countries and trained generations of Africanist researchers. Author of numerous publications, Posnansky prepared this article for a symposium at the 2013 annual conference of the Society for Historical Archaeology to provide a brief overview of the development of the fields of historical archaeology of British, African, and African diaspora sites over the last half century.
An IPv6-Based Identification Scheme

We present an IPv6-based identification scheme that is designed to uniquely identify physical objects, including network interfaces. An IPv6 identifier, in addition to providing a permanent object identifier, serves as a "pointer" to the addresses of networked proxies and services related to that object. Our IPv6 identification scheme proposes the use of a currently unassigned portion of the IPv6 namespace, enabling IPv6 identifiers to be distinguishable from IPv6 addresses. IPv6 identifiers enable the separation of functionality, or intelligence, from the physical device; thereby allowing low functionality wireless communication devices, such as radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, to have a networked intelligence that far exceeds their computational and communication capabilities. We examine two methods of obtaining the location of an object's networked proxies and services, as well as obtaining the mobile object's current IP address. The first method is a proposed IPv6 Name Service that is analogous to the Domain Name Service (DNS), extending the basic concept to include variations in scope. The second method is analogous to Mobile IPv6, again extending the basic concept to include variations in scope. We discuss the benefits of an IPv6 identification scheme and present directions for future work.
Broadband VHF antenna

Investigations are reported of an electrically short, asymmetrically fed broadband antenna employing a base isolation choke, The base isolation choke minimizes excitation of the mounting platform and improves radiation patterns. The asymmetrical feed optimizes the antenna current distribution over the 30 to 90 MHz frequency range resulting in improved field strength on the horizon and extended impedance bandwidth. The antenna characteristics have been determined by numerical methods and confirmed experimentally.
A proof of De Concini-Kac-Procesi conjecture I. Representations of quantum groups at roots of unity and q-W algebras

Let U_q(g) be the standard simply connected version of the Drinfeld-Jumbo quantum group at an odd m-th root of unity q. De Concini, Kac and Proicesi observed that isomorphism classes of irreducible representations of U_q(g) are parameterized by the conjugacy classes in the connected simply connected algebraic group G corresponding to the simple complex Lie algebra g. They also conjectured that the dimension of a representation corresponding to a conjugacy class O is divisible by m^{1/2 dim O}. We show that if O intersects one of special transversal slices S to the set of conjugacy classes in G defined in arXiv:0809.0205 then the dimension of every finite-dimensional irreducible representation of U_q(g) corresponding to O is divisible by m^{1/2 codim S}. In the second part of this paper arXiv:1403.4108 is shown that for every conjugacy class O in G one can find a transversal slice S such that O intersects S and dim O = codim S. This proves the De Concini-Kac-Procesi conjecture. Our result also implies an equivalence between a category of finite-dimensional U_q(g)-modules and a category of finite-dimensional representations of a q-W algebra which can be regarded as a truncation of the quantized algebra of regular functions on S.
Hemangioma Associated with Urethral Stricture

We report a case of hemangioma associated with symptomatic urethral stricture. To our knowledge this is the first such case reported in the literature. CASE REPORT A 47-year-old male with a 20-year history of recurrent urethral stricture treated elsewhere with occasional dilation presented with recent progressive worsening of symptoms requiring dilation every 1 to 2 months during the last year. Symptoms included diminished urinary stream, straining to void and post-void dribbling. The etiology of the stricture was unknown, and history was negative for any recalled trauma, infections or other potentially responsible pathological condition. The patient elected surgical repair after years of conservative treatment, as the symptoms had worsened markedly during the preceding year. Preoperative examination revealed a dense urethral stricture in the most proximal bulb. Intraoperatively, an approximately 1 cm bulbar urethral stricture exhibiting a significant degree of induration was identified and carefully excised with surrounding margins through a perineal incision. The urethra was then repaired with a primary anastamosis over a 16Fr catheter in a watertight fashion. Recovery was uneventful. Pathological examination showed a hemangioma. Microscopy demonstrated a somewhat infiltrative appearance involving the submucosal tissues beneath unremarkable urethral squamous mucosa. The hemangioma was characterized by an admixture of small and large vascular spaces containing red blood cells. These spaces were lined by elongate flat endothelial cells without cytological atypia (see figure). Because of the rare occurrence of this benign neoplasm in the urethra, the pathology slides were sent to an expert consultant, who confirmed the diagnosis.
MONITORING PACIFIC COAST SALT MARSHES USING REMOTE SENSING

The rapid decline in the extent and health of coastal salt marshes has created a need for nondestructive methods for evaluating the condition of salt marsh ecosystems. This paper describes simultaneous uses of field sampling and remote sensing approaches to understand salt marsh ecosystem functions and species distributions and discusses the implications for salt marsh monitoring using remote sensing. Three sites along the Petaluma River near the entrance into San Pablo Bay, California, which represented a range of soil salinity, water content, and nutrients, were studied. Standing biomass was directly assessed by field sampling and indirectly estimated through canopy reflectance. The sites were dominated by almost monotypic stands of Salicornia virginica, Spartina foliosa, and Scirpus robustus. For Salicornia, we found a positive relationship between salinity and biomass up to a threshold of 42 g/kg, after which biomass declined monotonically with increasing salinity. No Scirpus or Spartina were found at soil salinities >20 g/kg. Although significantly different levels of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen were found in the interstitial water and soils at these sites, no strong relationships were found between biomass and nitrate nitrogen. Soil ammonium nitrogen, in contrast, was positively related to biomass. Soil redox and salinity increased with elevation and distance from the shoreline, while soil moisture and H2S decreased. Canopy biomass was estimable using remotely sensed spectral vegetation indices at 58–80% accuracy depending on species. Simple Vegetation Index (VI) and Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (ARVI) measured by handheld field spectrometers were the best estimators of green biomass for high cover of Salicornia. Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) and Soil Adjusted and Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (SARVI) gave the best estimates for Spartina while the Global Environment Monitoring Index (GEMI) was the best estimate for Scirpus. The relationships between vegetation indices and biomass were developed from field spectra. The VI was used to estimate spatial patterns of biomass across the salt marsh from Landsat satellite Thematic Mapper (TM) data. The TM image showed spatial patterns corresponding with species zones and biomass abundance. Narrow band reflectance features measured with a handheld spectrometer can be used to predict canopy plant water content (R2 = 63%). Interpolated estimates of water content from field-measured canopy reflectance were shown to relate to variation in salinity and soil moisture. Canopy water content was estimated from Airborne Advanced Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer data, which showed similar spatial patterns at the site. Results indicate that both biomass production and canopy water content can be accurately determined from remotely sensed spectral measures. Species-specific differences in these characteristics may be used for monitoring species distribution and abundance from airborne or satellite images.
Economic transition and returns to education in China

Abstract This study uses the most recent household survey data from 1995 to estimate returns to education in urban China. Most existing studies in the literature are based on data from the 1980s and find that the rates of return to education in China are remarkably low. This study investigates whether the returns have been underestimated and whether such returns have increased as economic reforms deepen in China. The estimates of returns in this study are considerably higher than previous estimates. Two factors explain the findings: first, previous works using annual earnings instead of hourly wages bias the estimates downward; second, returns to education have increased as the transition process has deepened in China. In addition, average annual returns above the elementary school level are considerably higher than the overall returns. Finally, the private sector rewards highly educated individuals the most, while the state-owned sector rewards low education levels the most, and the returns to education are higher in less-developed, low-income provinces.
Modeling Information Needs in Engineering Databases Using Tacit Knowledge

Online resources of engineering design information are a critical resource for practicing engineers. These online resources often contain references and content associated with technical memos, journal articles and “white papers” of prior engineering projects. However, filtering this stream of information to find the right information appropriate to an engineering issue and the engineer is a time-consuming task. The focus of this research lies in ascertaining tacit knowledge to model the information needs of the users of an engineering information system. It is proposed that the combination of reading time and the semantics of documents accessed by users reflect their tacit knowledge. By combining the computational text analysis tool of Latent Semantic Analysis with analyses of on-line user transaction logs, we introduce the technique of Latent Interest Analysis (LIA) to model information needs based on tacit knowledge. Information needs are modeled by a vector equation consisting of a linear combination of the user’s queries and prior documents downloaded, scaled by the reading time of each document to measure the degree of relevance. A validation study of the LIA model revealed a higher correlation between predicted and actual information needs for our model in comparison to models lacking scaling by reading time and a representation of the semantics of prior accessed documents. The technique was incorporated into a digital library to recommend engineering education materials to users.
Brief Strategic Family Therapy: An Intervention to Reduce Adolescent Risk Behavior.

In this article, we describe the development of, and research findings testing brief strategic family therapy (BSFT; Szapocznik, Scopetta, & King, 1978a, 1978b) over the last four decades, along with the continuing evolution of our program of research based on lessons learned. We present a brief overview of the BSFT model; research on BSFT’s clinical interior, treatment outcomes, and the effects of therapist behaviors on adolescent and family outcomes. We conclude with a review of lessons learned in moving research findings into practice and for future research on implementation of the BSFT approach in community settings.
Association of Rho-associated protein kinase 1 with E-cadherin complexes is mediated by p120-catenin

The dynamic functional linkage of cadherins with the underlying actin cytoskeleton is tightly regulated to achieve proper cell-cell adhesion. p120-catenin (p120) regulates both cadherin stability and actin dynamics, but the relationship between these two functions remains unclear. Using a novel proteomic approach called reversible cross-link immunoprecipitation, or ReCLIP, we previously identified a physical interaction between p120 and Rho-associated protein kinase 1 (ROCK1), a major effector of RhoA. In this paper, we show that a discrete fraction of cellular ROCK1 coimmunoprecipitates with p120 and precisely colocalizes to adherens junctions (AJs). Manipulation of AJs using a calcium-switch assay and cadherin-blocking antibodies indicates direct recruitment of ROCK1 to newly forming junctions. Importantly, we find that p120 links ROCK1 to the cadherin complex, as ROCK1 coimmunoprecipitates with wild-type but not p120-uncoupled E-cadherin. Moreover, depletion of ROCK1 using short-hairpin RNA results in dramatic mislocalization of the cadherin complex and junctional actin. These data are consistent with a model in which p120 dynamically regulates Rho-GTPase activity at the cadherin complex through transient interaction with several of its up- and downstream effectors, including ROCK1.
Viviparous-5 encodes phytoene desaturase, an enzyme essential for abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation and seed development in maize

The role of synthesis in the regulation of abscisic acid accumulation was investigated in the developing maize seed. To do this, expression and regulation of the abscisic acid biosynthetic enzyme phytoene desaturase were examined. Comparison of the gene sequence encoding phytoene desaturase and its transcript in the wild-type and viviparous-5 mutant showed that the mutant gene contains multiple insertions and deletions, resulting in the synthesis of a larger transcript. In addition, the 55-kDa phytoene desaturase protein was not detectable in the viviparous-5 mutant, indicating that this phenotype results from a mutation at the phytoene desaturase locus. Levels of phytoene desaturase transcript and protein were compared to abscisic acid levels during development to determine whether phytoene desaturase might regulate abscisic acid accumulation. In the endosperm, transcript levels were initially high and declined during late maturation and dormancy, while protein levels remained high throughout development. In the embryo, transcript levels were low and constant, while protein levels declined. Both temporal and tissue-specific expression of phytoene desaturase were unrelated to abscisic acid levels. An abscisic acid mutant (viviparous-2) deficient in phytoene desaturation was used to determine whether the wild-type protein encoded by Viviparous-2 regulates phytoene desaturase. Phytoene desaturase transcript and protein levels were compared in wild-type and viviparous-2 mutant embryos and endosperm. Normalized levels of phytoene desaturase were similar in wild-type and mutant tissues, suggesting that the wild-type Viviparous-2 protein does not regulate phytoene desaturase transcript or protein levels.
Emergence of Protein Fold Families through Rational Design

Diverse proteins with similar structures are grouped into families of homologs and analogs, if their sequence similarity is higher or lower, respectively, than 20%–30%. It was suggested that protein homologs and analogs originate from a common ancestor and diverge in their distinct evolutionary time scales, emerging as a consequence of the physical properties of the protein sequence space. Although a number of studies have determined key signatures of protein family organization, the sequence-structure factors that differentiate the two evolution-related protein families remain unknown. Here, we stipulate that subtle structural changes, which appear due to accumulating mutations in the homologous families, lead to distinct packing of the protein core and, thus, novel compositions of core residues. The latter process leads to the formation of distinct families of homologs. We propose that such differentiation results in the formation of analogous families. To test our postulate, we developed a molecular modeling and design toolkit, Medusa, to computationally design protein sequences that correspond to the same fold family. We find that analogous proteins emerge when a backbone structure deviates only 1–2 A u root-mean-square deviation from the original structure. For close homologs, core residues are highly conserved. However, when the overall sequence similarity drops to ;25%–30%, the composition of core residues starts to diverge, thereby forming novel families of protein homologs. This direct observation of the formation of protein homologs within a specific fold family supports our hypothesis. The conservation of amino acids in designed sequences recapitulates that of the naturally occurring sequences, thereby validating our computational design methodology.
Differential Cross Sections for Neutral-Pion Electroproduction Near the First Pion-Nucleon Resonance

Electron-proton coincidences from the reaction ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}+p+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ have been measured for pion-nucleon center-of-mass energies in the region of the ${N}^{*}(1236)$ resonance at four-momentum transfers near 1, 3, 6, and 10 ${\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ [0.05 to 0.4 ${(\mathrm{B}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$]. Data have been obtained for pion polar angles between 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} c.m. over a wide range of azimuthal angles. The results are compared with the dispersion theories of Adler and Zagury.
A gamma-ray imager for arms control

Ascertaining the number of warheads on a missile-delivery systems by a remote, nonvisual inspection may be desirable in some arms-control verification scenarios. A gamma-ray imaging system (GRIS) has been developed to inspect for nuclear warheads by imaging the highly penetrating gamma-radiation emitted by radioactive materials integral to warheads. Such an image may be used to obtain the missile loadout. The authors describe the GRIS's operating principles and capabilities, present data, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of such a system for arms control. They also present field results where GRIS was used on an emplaced Peacekeeper missile. Improvements to GRIS in light of the field trial results are presented. >
Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Parents of Children with Acute Burns

OBJECTIVE To develop a model of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in parents of children with burns. METHODS Immediately following the burn and 3 months later, parents reported on their children's and their own psychological functioning and traumatic stress responses. RESULTS Approximately 47% of the parents reported experiencing significant posttraumatic stress symptoms 3 months after the burn. Our model indicates three independent pathways to PTSD symptoms (i.e., parent-child conflict, parents' dissociation, and children's PTSD symptoms). Additionally, parents' anxiety predicted increased parent-child conflict, conflict with extended family and size of the burn predicted parents' dissociation, and size of the burn and children's dissociation predicted children's PTSD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that many parents of children with burns suffer from posttraumatic stress symptoms. Interventions that target factors such as family conflict, children's symptoms, and parents' acute anxiety and dissociation may diminish the risk for PTSD.
Hannah Arendt’s Jewish Identity: Neither Parvenu Nor Pariah

Drawing extensively on her letters and published writings, this study synthesizes Hannah Arendt’s own perspectives on her Jewish identity and the views of others, and then offers a reconsideration. What emerges is that Arendt’s Jewishness is problematic and interesting to her only in relation to Germany and Israel, and not in the American context where she engages in a universalistic discourse transcending identity conflicts and perplexities.
Breaking wave induced cross-shore tracer dispersion in the surf zone : Model results and scalings

[1] The dispersion of surf zone tracers including pollutants and bacteria is determined by many processes acting over a range of timescales and space scales. Breaking waves (bores) are clearly important to cross-shore tracer dispersion in the surf zone, but little is known about the dispersal effects of bores. Here, a simple model for bore induced cross-shore dispersion are developed based upon the diffusion equation with an eddy diffusivity that propagates with the bores. Depth-uniform tracer and bore-induced mixing along with alongshore uniformity are assumed. The bores are assumed well developed and the dispersion results are for a self-similar (constant wave height to water depth ratio) surf zone. Four nondimensional parameters are identified and solution space is explored. The tracer center of mass is approximately constant, and tracer width grows with the square root of time. Tracer distribution becomes initially skewed after the passage of the first bore but becomes symmetric after multiple bores have passed. The nondimensional tracer patch growth and dilution rates depend strongly upon the nondimensional phase speed and wave period. The simple model results are consistent with the a Boussinesq wave model where the breaking-wave eddy viscosity is used for the bore eddy diffusivity. The scaling of the dimensional parameters regarding the bore eddy diffusivity and the ranges of the nondimensional parameters are examined. Covariation of the nondimensional phase speed and wave period suggest that nondimensional tracer dispersion is largely cross-shore independent.
Hypotension due to Kir6.1 gain-of-function in vascular smooth muscle.

Background KATP channels, assembled from pore-forming (Kir6.1 or Kir6.2) and regulatory (SUR1 or SUR2) subunits, link metabolism to excitability. Loss of Kir6.2 results in hypoglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, whereas loss of Kir6.1 causes Prinzmetal angina–like symptoms in mice. Conversely, overactivity of Kir6.2 induces neonatal diabetes in mice and humans, but consequences of Kir6.1 overactivity are unknown. Methods and Results We generated transgenic mice expressing wild-type (WT), ATP-insensitive Kir6.1 \[Gly343Asp\] (GD), and ATP-insensitive Kir6.1 \[Gly343Asp,Gln53Arg\] (GD-QR) subunits, under Cre-recombinase control. Expression was induced in smooth muscle cells by crossing with smooth muscle myosin heavy chain promoter–driven tamoxifen-inducible Cre-recombinase (SMMHC-Cre-ER) mice. Three weeks after tamoxifen induction, we assessed blood pressure in anesthetized and conscious animals, as well as contractility of mesenteric artery smooth muscle and KATP currents in isolated mesenteric artery myocytes. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly reduced in GD and GD-QR mice but normal in mice expressing the WT transgene and elevated in Kir6.1 knockout mice as well as in mice expressing dominant-negative Kir6.1 [AAA] in smooth muscle. Contractile response of isolated GD-QR mesenteric arteries was blunted relative to WT controls, but nitroprusside relaxation was unaffected. Basal KATP conductance and pinacidil-activated conductance were elevated in GD but not in WT myocytes. Conclusions KATP overactivity in vascular muscle can lead directly to reduced vascular contractility and lower blood pressure. We predict that gain of vascular KATP function in humans would lead to a chronic vasodilatory phenotype, as indeed has recently been demonstrated in Cantu syndrome.
A Maraviroc-Resistant HIV-1 with Narrow Cross-Resistance to Other CCR5 Antagonists Depends on both N-Terminal and Extracellular Loop Domains of Drug-Bound CCR5

CCR5 antagonists inhibit HIV entry by binding to a coreceptor and inducing changes in the extracellular loops (ECLs) of CCR5. In this study, we analyzed viruses from 11 treatment-experienced patients who experienced virologic failure on treatment regimens containing the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc (MVC). Viruses from one patient developed high-level resistance to MVC during the course of treatment. Although resistance to one CCR5 antagonist is often associated with broad cross-resistance to other agents, these viruses remained sensitive to most other CCR5 antagonists, including vicriviroc and aplaviroc. MVC resistance was dependent upon mutations within the V3 loop of the viral envelope (Env) protein and was modulated by additional mutations in the V4 loop. Deep sequencing of pretreatment plasma viral RNA indicated that resistance appears to have occurred by evolution of drug-bound CCR5 use, despite the presence of viral sequences predictive of CXCR4 use. Envs obtained from this patient before and during MVC treatment were able to infect cells expressing very low CCR5 levels, indicating highly efficient use of a coreceptor. In contrast to previous reports in which CCR5 antagonist-resistant viruses interact predominantly with the N terminus of CCR5, these MVC-resistant Envs were also dependent upon the drug-modified ECLs of CCR5 for entry. Our results suggest a model of CCR5 cross-resistance whereby viruses that predominantly utilize the N terminus are broadly cross-resistant to multiple CCR5 antagonists, whereas viruses that require both the N terminus and antagonist-specific ECL changes demonstrate a narrow cross-resistance profile.
Microbial particles and oceanic optics: Where do we go next?

Achieving a detailed understanding of the roles played by various types of microbial particles in oceanic optics is a prerequisite to advancing remote sensing of water component concentrations and improving bio-optical models beyond their present one-parameter, chlorophyll-based description of very complicated and variable situations. There is now information available on the single-particle optical properties of various microbial species and a numerical radiative transfer model that is computationally efficient and accurate enough to permit extensive studies of light fields within and leaving the water as particle types, concentrations, and optical properties are systematically varied. A new approach combining a database of single-particle optical properties and radiative transfer modeling is very promising because it identifies bio-optical relationships and details which are not resolved by common correlational models parameterized in terms of chlorophyll concentration alone.
Working After Retirement: Features of Bridge Employment and Research Directions

Abstr A c t The majority of (U.S.) retirees now work for pay after they retire from their major/longer-term job, a phenomenon referred to as bridge employment. Retirement can take many forms, as can bridge employment, which is sometimes considered a form of partial retirement spanning the period from full-time work to full retirement. Although bridge employment has occurred for a long time, its study in the social sciences is relatively new and sparse. The definitions of bridge employment and related constructs (e.g., retirement, career job) are somewhat ambiguous, particularly regarding operational definitions for research purposes. We examine the definition of bridge employment, propose a taxonomy of 16 forms of bridge jobs, and propose several theories that can explain bridge employment or at least some versions or stages of it. Determining predictors of bridge employment is a common issue in bridge employment research. Predictors typically include individual characteristics of older employees and their work situations; we propose a model suggesting that broader societal factors also play a role. Work fulfills both manifest (financial) and latent (psychological) functions for employees, and bridge employ ment helps fulfill some of the same functions, although research on reactions to bridge employment is rare. Finally, we present a comprehensive model of the bridge employment decision-making process, differentiating between planning, intention, behavior (i.e., taking a bridge job), and adjustment to the bridge job. Multiple research issues and avenues for future research are presented.
Monounsaturated Fatty Acid Mediated Liver-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk and Metabolic Regulation

The maintenance of metabolic health requires complex regulation of metabolic processes in several tissues. The coordination of this metabolic regulation involves extensive crosstalk among tissues. Signaling factors that are secreted into the circulation and impart systemic metabolic effects include molecules such as hepatokines, adipokines and lipokines. Many of these factors regulate lipid metabolism, including de novo lipogenesis. Monounsaturated fatty acids, palmitoleate and oleate, are major products of de novo lipogenesis and exert significant control over metabolic regulation. These fatty acids may circulate as free or esterified forms and subsequently influence metabolic processes in tissues distinct from the ones in which they are synthesized. Examples include the effects of hepatic palmitoleate and oleate in adipose tissue and of adipose tissue-derived palmitoleate in liver. This chapter reviews secreted factors that regulate metabolic processes with a focus on lipids and fatty acids and communication between liver and adipose tissues mediated by these species.
Determination of osmolalities of insect hemolymph from several species

Osmolalities of insect hemolymph were determined using an osmometer. A 0.2-ml sample gave a reliable reading. The technique was used to determine hemolymph osmolalities for the following species of Lepidoptera: Bombyx mori (L.) 311.2 milliosmols (mOsm), Malacosoma americanum (F.) 282.9 mOsm, Galleria mellonella (L.) 416.4 mOsm, Manduca sexta (L.) 318.2 mOsm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), 318.3 mOsm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) 305.6 mOsm, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) 358.6 mOsm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) 318.2 mOsm, and Estigmene acrea (Drury) 322.2 mOsm. The hemolymph osmolality for the coleopteran Tenebrio molitor (L.) was 563.0 mOsm. No significant difference was found between hemolymph osmolalities of healthy and diseased larvae.
Effect of Supplementary Immunization of Live Attenuated Measles Vaccine in Baoding City in 2010

[Objective]To analyze the effect of supplementary immunization of live attenuated measles in Baoding City.[Methods]The data of measles supplementary immunization,routine immunization,measles antibody levels and measles surveillance system were comprehensively analyzed.[Results]Totally 1 895 988 targeted children received supplementary immunization,the reported coverage rate,the reported coverage rate by age and assessment coverage rate were all over 98%.The baseline children number of this campaign was 11% higher than both annals children number of enlarged program of immunization and statistical children number of bureau of statistics.And the coverage rate of this campaign was 10% higher than that calculated by using annals children number of enlarged program of immunization and statistical children number of Bureau of Statistics.[Conclusion]With successful implementation of measles supplementary immunization in Baoding City,the coverage rate of MV in children aged 8 month~14 years had increased.While,in order to maintain the achievements of measles measles supplementary immunization,to ultimate achieve the goal of eliminating measles in 2012,the routine immunization coverage rate must be raised.
Chronic rejection- Definition and correlates

With current immunosuppressive protocols, the incidence of graft loss to acute rejection has been markedly reduced; however, there has been no change in graft loss to chronic rejection. Recently, attention has been focused on the prevention and management of chronic rejection. Because neither the clinical course nor the biopsy is definitive for the diagnosis of chronic rejection, we believe both should be included in the definition. For kidney transplant recipients, the major risk factor for development of chronic rejection appears to be a previous acute rejection episode. Other risk factors include low-dose maintenance immunosuppression and previous infection. For extrarenal transplant recipients, CMV and HLA mismatch have been implicated. Noncompliance probably plays a role for all patients. Laboratory studies have suggested that the development of chronic rejection (or lack thereof) may be due to an interplay of immunoregulatory factors. Patients with anti-HLA antibodies have an increased incidence of late graft loss whereas those with antiidiotypic antibodies or with donor-specific hyporesponsiveness (in MLC) have improved outcome and less chronic rejection. These findings have led to five testable hypotheses as to the pathogenesis of chronic rejection: 1) chronic rejection is inadequately treated acute rejection; 2) chronic rejection can be prevented by maintaining adequate long-term immunosuppression; 3) preventing or adequately treating infection will prevent chronic rejection; 4) the balance of immunoregulatory factors determines chronic rejection; 5) chronic rejection is the result of noncompliance. Each may play a role in some patients. Clinical and laboratory studies of risk factors and of the influence of intervention are necessary.
Finding the answers in primary care: Information seeking by rural and nonrural clinicians

BACKGROUND Information systems for rural practice may assume that rural clinicians have different information seeking, but studies have not directly compared rural and nonrural information needs using common methodology. OBJECTIVE Compare rural and non-rural: 1) information needs; 2) information seeking; 3) effectiveness of information seeking; and 4) use of information resources. DESIGN Observation and interviews during one half-day of office practice; telephone follow-up 2-10 days later. PARTICIPANTS & SETTING Primary care physicians (39), nurse practitioners (42), and physician assistants (22) in ambulatory practices in rural and nonrural Oregon. MEASURES 1) number of questions asked, 2) number of questions pursued, 3) number of questions answered), and 4) use of knowledge resources. RESULTS Rural clinicians practiced in smaller groups, but were otherwise similar to nonrural clinicians. During half-day interviews, clinicians cared for an average of 8.2 patients (95% CI 7.5 - 8.8) and asked an average of 0.83 questions per patient seen (95% CI 0.73 - 0.92). At follow up, they had pursued an average of 47% of their questions (95% CI 40 - 53%), and reported being successful in finding an answer to 77% of those they pursued (95% CI 70 - 84%). There were no statistically significant differences between rural and nonrural clinicians for any of these variables. CONCLUSIONS Rural and nonrural clinicians had similar information needs, information seeking, knowledge resource use, and effectiveness at finding answers to their questions. Human consultants, digital resources, and library-based resources were less available, but these differences in availability had little impact on their use.
Fast colorimetric titration protocol for quantification of boron tribromide

Abstract N,N-Dimethylaniline (DMA) was identified as a colorimetric titrant for accurate quantification of boron tribromide (BBr3) solutions. The initial 1:1 DMA/BBr3 Lewis acid–base adduct formed upon addition of the first equivalent of BBr3 is bright blue in color. Addition of catalytic quantities of BBr3 beyond the first equivalent initiates an instantaneous change in the solution from blue to yellow. This methodology will allow for accurate quantification of BBr3 so that proper stoichiometric amounts of BBr3 may be used to facilitate a broad range of organic transformations. Download : Download high-res image (61KB) Download : Download full-size image