cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Temperature and Length of Acquisition Feeding Time on Transmission of Nonpersistent Viruses by Aphids

Comparative transmission studies were made with 2 strains of potato virus Y (MPVY and RPVY) and of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) using 7 clones of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), II clones of the cotton (melon) aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, 4 clones of the green form of the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), and 4 clones of the pink form of the potato aphid. Differences in transmission efficiency among clones of a given aphid species were almost as great as those found between aphid species. The effect on transmission efficiency of rearing the aphids on different host plant species was apparent only with the green peach aphid and PVY strains where aphids reared on kenaf, Hibiscus cannibinus L., were poorer vectors than those reared on pepper, Capsicum annum L., var. California wonder. Single clones of green peach, cotton, and pink and green forms of the potato aphid were selected from the above and used in transmission trials with the 3 viruses under temperature regimes of 50, 70, and 90°F. Using single acquisition feeding probes (9-60 seconds, depending on temperature) it was found that 4 vector-virus combinations transmitted optimally at 50°F, 6 transmitted optimally at 70°F, and 1 at 90°F. One combination failed to transmit. When the trials were repeated using the 3 temperatures and also 3 lengths of acquisition feeding (1 probe, 5 minutes, and 15 minutes) the effect on transmission of varying length of acquisition feeding was found to be independent of the temperature effect. The results with 1-probe acquisition feedings are interpreted as indicating that aphid behavior (probing?) was principally affected by changing temperature. It is believed that the general depression in transmission efficiency caused by increasing the length of acquisition feeding time at 70° and 90°F probably reflects the relative toxicities of the aphids' mouthparts (saliva?) to the viruses.
Retroperitoneal Fat Necrosis Producing Ureteral Obstruction

We present 3 cases of a rare syndrome of extrinsic ureteral obstruction produced by retroperitoneal fat necrosis and compare the medical records and histopathology to 19 cases of classic idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. Clinical similarities include average age of onset in the fourth and fifth decades, male preponderance, abdominal or back pain as the presenting symptom, elevation of the blood urea concentration prior to diagnosis and tendency toward bilateral involvement. Histologically, the 2 conditions were different. Retroperitoneal fat necrosis is characterized by coalescence of fat cells into fat cysts bordered by foreign body giant cell granulomas, foam cells, light chronic inflammatory infiltrate and unimpressive fibrosis. The microscopic pathology of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis is dominated by densely collagenized fibrous tissue of varying cellularity without evidence of fat necrosis. Of the 3 cases of retroperitoneal fat necrosis 2 featured prior ischiorectal abscesses and this is considered in a discussion of the etiology of this unusual cause of ureteral compression.
Use of the Woodcock–Johnson IV Tests of Cognitive Abilities and Achievement in the Assessment for Giftedness

Abstract This chapter provides an overview of the new Woodcock–Johnson IV’s (WJ IV) utility in the assessment of gifted youth. The chapter includes a brief discussion of who the gifted are, their often unmet academic needs, the tripartite model of giftedness, and the view that the gifted label is as a social construction. Key principles in gifted assessment are outlined, followed by research, technical characteristics, and a practitioner’s perspective on how the WJ IV can serve as an important tool in gifted assessment.
A second sensory--motor--interneuron with neurosecretory granules in Hydra.

Using serial-sectioning techniques for conventional transmission and high-voltage electron microscopy, we characterized the ultrastructural features and synaptic contacts of the sensory cell in tentacles ofHydra. The sensory cell has an apical specialization characterized by a recessed cilium surrounded by three rodlike stereocilia. This ciliary—stereociliary complex constitutes the receptive or dendritic pole of the sensory cell. The dense filamentous cores of the stereocilia project proximally into a narrow circumciliary cytoplasmic region connected by septate junctions to marginal processes of an enveloping epitheliomuscular cell. The central cilium has a characteristic marginal flare midway along its length and a dense filamentous substructure at its base. Pairs of branched, striated rootlets extend from the axial centriole into a mitochondria-rich region of the cell. Pigment-like granules are present in the cytoplasm around the circumciliary space. The perikaryon is characterized by an elongate nucleus surrounded by a narrow rim of cytoplasm containing prominent Golgi complexes, assorted vacuoles and dense-cored vesicles, free ribosomes, short segments of rough endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, glycogen particles, and lipid droplets. Generally, one or two thin, naked axons extend laterally from the perikaryon into the nerve net region above the myonemes of the large epitheliomuscular cells. Within the axons are found occasional aggregates of dense-cored vesicles anden passant synapses characterized by the presence of clear or dense-cored vesicles in contact with paramembranous densities and associated intracleft cross filaments. Using these ultrastructural criteria, we demonstrated for the first time that the granule-containing sensory cells have synaptic contacts with other neurons, nematocytes, and epitheliomuscular cells; hence, we considered these cells to be sensory–motor–interneurons with neurosecretory granules. We hypothesize that this unique, apparently multifunctional neuron may be a modern representative of a primitive stem cell that gave rise evolutionarily to the sensory cells, motor neurons, interneurons, and neurosecretory cells of higher animals.
Study on System Trial Test Plan for UHV DC Transmission Projects

Design features of Xiangjiaba-Shanghai UHV DC transmission project,including large system capacity,high voltage class,and more equipments than that of ±500 kV projects,etc.,are introduced;the characteristics of primary and secondary equipments of ±800 kV UHV DC project are analyzed with an emphasis on features of control protection equipments.Using experiences from ±500 kV system test,and combining characters of UHV DC projects,the trial test plans are analyzed,and recommendations for plan development are given;the optimum combination of system test items is analyzed,and principles for optimization are also proposed.
Analysis on the changes of proportion and epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis C from 2004 to 2012 in Anhui province

Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the changes of proportion and epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis C in Anhui province from 2004 to 2012, as well as to explore the seasonal variation, area variation and key population, in order to put forward effective advices for hepatitis C prevention and control. Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on the data of hepatitis C in Anhui province from 2004 to 2012. Results The incidence of hepatitis C increased year by year with an annual incidence of 3.4/10 0000. The proportion of hepatitis C was rising year by year. More and more cases were found by laboratory diagnosis. The disease mainly occurred without obvious seasonality. There was a significant difference for incidence among the three districts. The gender ratio of male to female was 1.3:1. The cases were mainly reported among farmers(37.1%),retirees(17.2%) and house-keepers/job-seekers(6.3%). Higher incidence was found in the age group of 0~1 and 60 years old.Conclusion The rural area was mostly affected by hepatitis C, and the baby and the elder were at increased risk of infection.Effective measures should be adopted on health education, pre-pregnancy physical examination, and medical procedures for inhibiting the transmission of hepatitis C.
Study on Modeling and Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic Cell

Considering that present simulation models of photovoltaic cell are mostly only for specific type cells and have not generality, output characteristics of micro-grid photovoltaic cell wera studied, and a general simulation model of photovoltaic cell was developed based on the analysis of mathematical model of photovoltaic cell and the matlab/simulink platform, which needs only four parameters, which are the open circuit voltage, the short-circuit current, the voltage and the current of maximum power point, to simulate different types of photovoltaic cell. By simulation tests of the proposed model, I-V and P-V curves at different temperature and light intensity are obtained., and by analyzing simulation results, the trend of the maximum output power, the open circuit voltage and the short circuit current along with environment temperature and light intensity are consistent with results of theoretical analysis, which verify the correctness of the model.
Mechanisms of twinning. VI. Genetics and the etiology of monozygotic twinning in in vitro fertilization

Objective To examine the possible role of inheritance in monozygotic twinning. Study design Via public announcement in national media, volunteers were requested who had given birth to monozygotic (MZ) twins or triplets and who also had relatives with twins. From the data received, common factors in such sets were sought. Zygosity was confirmed with various combinations of placental pathology, sex, blood type, DNA analysis, fingerprints and physical appearance. Results Among the 109 responses, 78 mothers of MZ multifetal pregnancies with twin relatives were identified. Of special interest were 13 cases of triplets that resulted from transfer of 2 viable embryos during in vitro fertilization (IVF). Each of these cohorts had twin relatives. They were compared to 33 cases of spontaneous MZ triplets, also with twin relatives. The familial clustering phenomenon appeared to be a function of maternal age, whereas the effect of zygosity or lineage (paternal versus maternal) of the related twins was nonspecific. Conclusion The findings are consistent with the suggested influence of genetics and familial clustering on the MZ twinning rate, especially in IVF procedures. The risk of unintended dizygotic triplet pregnancies could be reduced by limiting transfer to 1 embryo in cases of older women with a family history of multiple gestation. Roles of calcium and insulinlike growth factor in this phenomenon appear plausible.
P08.07 Chlamydia trachomatis cervical infection/rectal detection in the macaque model

Introduction Experimentally induced cervical chlamydial infection in the macaque may naturally cross-infect rectal epithelial cells which are also prone to Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection. This would be a significant finding in the field of STI preventive strategies, particularly when products intended for vaginal use are assessed for efficacy. If cross-infection does occur, it will be important to specifically assess rectal secretions for evidence of infection in vaginal product efficacy studies. Methods Twelve pigtailed macaques underwent direct cervical inoculation (1 mL C. trachomatis serovar E; 5E6IFU), followed by five weekly exams to detect infection in cervical and rectal secretions. Inoculant was delivered to the face of the cervix/vaginal fornix via 1 mL tuberculin syringe. Secretions were collected on dacron swabs. Chlamydial infection was detected at each site by culture and by nucleic acid amplification (NAAT: Aptima2) assays. Results Ten of twelve macaques tested positive for cervical chlamydial infection by culture and NAAT assays. The other two were transiently positive (2 weeks, 1 week) by NAAT only. All but three animals had chlamydial rRNA amplified from rectal swabs on at least one occasion. Five animals remained NAAT positive in rectal secretions for three weeks or more. One of these macaques had replicating chlamydia cultured from a rectal swab (week 3 only), followed by a spike in culture positivity from her next cervical sample (week4). Conclusion Experimental CT infection of the cervix indeed gave rise to chlamydia detection in rectal secretions in the majority of animals in this study. Culture positivity in cervical samples did not predict chlamydia detection in rectal samples. The paucity of culture positive results from rectal samples may be related to faecal contamination. Clearly it is advisable that rectal secretions be assessed for evidence of chlamydia in studies designed to assess prevention/treatment of cervical CT infections. Disclosure of interest statement This research was supported by NIH Contract Number HHSN272201000006I, Task Number HHSN27200008 and by the Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (ORIP) of the National Institutes of Health through Grant Number P51 OD010425 Washington National Primate Research Centre. No pharmaceutical grants were received in the development of this study.
Reader variability in breast density estimation from full-field digital mammograms: the effect of image postprocessing on relative and absolute measures.

Rationale and Objectives Mammographic breast density, a strong risk factor for breast cancer, may be measured as either a relative percentage of dense (ie, radiopaque) breast tissue or as an absolute area from either raw (ie, “for processing”) or vendor postprocessed (ie, “for presentation”) digital mammograms. Given the increasing interest in the incorporation of mammographic density in breast cancer risk assessment, the purpose of this study is to determine the inherent reader variability in breast density assessment from raw and vendor-processed digital mammograms, because inconsistent estimates could to lead to misclassification of an individual woman's risk for breast cancer. Materials and Methods Bilateral, mediolateral-oblique view, raw, and processed digital mammograms of 81 women were retrospectively collected for this study (N = 324 images). Mammographic percent density and absolute dense tissue area estimates for each image were obtained from two radiologists using a validated, interactive software tool. Results The variability of interreader agreement was not found to be affected by the image presentation style (ie, raw or processed, F-test: P > .5). Interreader estimates of relative and absolute breast density are strongly correlated (Pearson r > 0.84, P t -test, P Conclusion Our results show that mammographic density may be assessed with equal reliability from either raw or vendor postprocessed images. Furthermore, our results suggest that the primary source of density variability comes from the subjectivity of the individual reader in assessing the absolute amount of dense tissue present in the breast, indicating the need to use standardized tools to mitigate this effect.
Shifts and stability in schoolscapes: Diachronic considerations of southeastern Estonian schools

Abstract How do we research the dynamic aspects of the material language environment of schools? In this article, I develop further diachronic analysis as a method to advance qualitative approaches to understand and compare schoolscapes across eras. I incorporate findings from a diachronic study of photos and teacher interviews in southeastern Estonian schools in 2001–2003 and 2013–2014 to appreciate and analyze dynamic forces changing schoolscapes. I found several forces leading to a marked increased in the use of the regional language in schools: the introduction of mass-produced materials in the language, the need to distinguish schools within choice systems, and the expansion of language instruction to, and related pedagogical opportunities in, the pre-primary level. Enduring norms about the primary role of the official language in schools, on the other hand, worked to maintain schoolscapes in Estonian. These collective forces point to the value in investigating schoolscapes across time to capture and further understand economic and cultural systems at work.
Naturalistic driving cycle synthesis by Markov chain of different orders

This paper evaluates the performance of using Markov chain of different orders to synthesise real-world representative drive cycles from numerous naturalistic drive cycles. The representative drive cycles can be a valuable input into the design of powertrains, especially for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) and electric vehicle (EV). Their onboard cost-sensitive electric components, such as battery, require an appropriate sizing by understanding how people drive in naturalistic settings. Applying representative drive cycles instead of federal certification drive cycles provides flexibility of drive cycle length and ensures realistic cycle aggressiveness. Even though Markov chain has been widely used to synthesise representative drive cycles, the effects of different orders have not been systematically compared. Based on a publicly accessible portion of GPS-enhanced regional household travel survey, after statistical hypothesis tests, the results show that higher degree of representativeness can be achieved with a 3-order Markov chain compared to a 2-order Markov chain. These findings help to improve the accuracy of cycle synthesis for PHEV and EV analysis.
Disrupting Educational Inequalities Through Youth Digital Activism

This article reviews scholarship on youth and young adult activism in digital spaces, as young users of participatory media sites are engaging in political, civic, social, or cultural action and ad...
Are our Cities Making our Roads Unsafe? The Impact of Land Use Configurations on Child Pedestrian Injuries (poster)

Background Walking for transportation during childhood has many important health and social benefits as it encourages physical activity and independence. Yet, children are often not able or allowed to safely and comfortably walk to their destinations, with traffic safety being one of the primary barriers to such active transportation in children. Every hour, an average of 40 children die on roadways around the world, most of whom are vulnerable road users such as pedestrians. Despite the unfortunate road safety statistics of child pedestrians and the known health benefits of childhood walking, our transportation networks remain alarmingly dangerous for the few children that still walk independently. Aim The purpose of this work is to understand how development patterns lead to variable safety outcomes in transportation systems. More specifically, this work explores the role that land use plays in undesirable child pedestrian safety outcomes in order to better define urban design best practices. Are roadways in low-density residential areas more or less safe than similar roadways in high-density residential communities or in mixed-use neighborhoods? Method The roadway and pedestrian networks, land use configuration, and child pedestrian injuries in the City of Los Angeles, USA are studied through GIS spatial and statistical analysis. All data is in spatial shapefile format, provided by the City of Los Angeles' Data Catalog. A Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance is used through IBM SPSS. Results Findings from the statistical analysis suggest that, all else being controlled for, roadways in mixed-use neighborhoods see fewer child pedestrian injuries, while low-density single use neighborhoods see significantly more child pedestrian injuries. These findings indicate that proper planning and the employment of appropriate urban strategies can help to stem pedestrian safety issues before they occur. Conclusions Our modern practice of isolating disparate uses is detrimental to public health and safety and should be amended. By making our urban transportation systems more amenable to child pedestrians, we will make our transportation systems safer for everyone, thereby reaping considerable environmental, economic, and social benefits.
The Coupled System

This chapter discusses the architecture for coupling knowledge systems to traditional management information systems that produced the Marketmetrics Knowledge System. This chapter is intended for the technical reader interested in the implementation of the coupled system. Whereas chapter 6 discussed what the system does, this chapter focuses on how it does it.
Blood, Blood Components, Plasma, and Plasma Products

Abstract This review of 2017 publications identifies side effects of blood, blood components, and covers plasma products. Additionally, albumin, blood transfusion (erythrocytes, granulocytes, and platelets), blood substitutes (hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers), plasma products (alpha1-antitrypsin, C1 esterase inhibitor concentrate, cryoprecipitate, and fresh frozen plasma), plasma substitutes (dextrans, etherified starches, and gelatin), globulins (intravenous immunoglobulin, subcutaneous immunoglobulin, and anti-D immunoglobulin), coagulation proteins (factor I, factor II, factor VIIa, factor VIII, factor IX, prothrombin complex concentrate, antithrombin III, and von Willebrand factor/factor VIII concentrates), erythropoietin and derivatives, thrombopoietin and receptor agonists, transmission of infectious agents through blood donation, and stem cells are reviewed. This chapter allows the reader to review newly recognized and published data in the blood product arena. Since blood donation makes the availability of such products possible, prevention of transmitted infections is of extreme importance and any associated side effects identified in 2017 literature are discussed here.
How Blacks Use Consumption to Shape their Collective Identity Evidence from marketing specialists

This article develops a ‘social identity’ perspective to the study of consumption. It builds on Richard Jenkins’ distinction between internal and external definitions of collective identity and explores the interplay of these definitions in the realm of consumption. Evidence is collected from interviews with marketing professionals who specialize in the African-American market segment to show that this theoretical approach complements and improves on existing approaches. Marketing professionals’ interpretations of the black consumer’s distinctiveness are used to map the twin processes of internal and external definitions of collective identity for African-Americans. The interviews suggest that marketing professionals (1) actively shape the meanings of the category of ‘the black consumer’ for the public at large; (2) promote powerful normative models of collective identity that equate social membership with conspicuous consumption; (3) believe that African-Americans use consumption to defy racism and share...
Face-off Between the CAESAR Lightweight Finalists: ACORN vs. Ascon

Authenticated ciphers potentially provide resource savings and security improvements over the joint use of secret-key ciphers and message authentication codes. The CAESAR competition aims to choose the most suitable authenticated ciphers for several categories of applications, including a lightweight use case, for which the primary criteria are performance in resource-constrained devices, and ease of protection against side channel attacks (SCA). In March 2018, two of the candidates from this category, ACORN and Ascon, were selected as CAESAR contest finalists. In this research, we compare two SCA-resistant FPGA implementations of ACORN and Ascon, where one set of implementations has area consumption nearly equivalent to the defacto standard AES-GCM, and the other set has throughput (TP) close to that of AES-GCM. The results show that protected implementations of ACORN and Ascon, with area consumption less than but close to AES-GCM, have 23.3 and 2.5 times, respectively, the TP of AES-GCM. Likewise, implementations of ACORN and Ascon with TP greater than but close to AES-GCM, consume 18% and 74% of the area, respectively, of AES-GCM.
Vibrational adaptive sampling configuration interaction.

Selected configuration interaction plus perturbation theory approaches have long been used to solve both the electronic and vibrational Schrodinger equations. In the last few years, many new selection algorithms have been developed for these approaches and applied to solve the electronic Schrodinger equation, but these algorithms have seen little to no use for solving the vibrational Schrodinger equation. Herein, we adapt one of the recently developed approaches, the adaptive sampling configuration interaction (ASCI) method, to calculate the vibrational excitations of molecules. The vibrational ASCI method has accuracy comparable to other high-accuracy approaches for solving the vibrational Schrodinger equation while requiring only modest computer resources. We study two different approaches for calculating excited states with vibrational ASCI and benchmark the method on acetonitrile and ethylene oxide. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of the vibrational ASCI method to large systems by calculating the 128 lowest energy vibrational states of naphthalene, which has 48 vibrational degrees of freedom.
Updated Assessment of Colorectal Cancer Incidence in the U.S. by Age, Sex, and Race/Ethnicity

Whether recent updates to colon cancer screening guidelines benefit men and women or all race/ethnic groups equally is not clear. The aim of this study is to evaluate age-, sex-, and race/ethnicity-specific trends in CRC incidence and disease burden among adults. Using 2000–2014 surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database, annual CRC incidence (per 100,000 persons/year) among U.S. adults was categorized by age (using 10-year age intervals) and stratified by sex and race/ethnicity. Comparison of incidence between groups utilized the z-statistic with p < 0.05 indicating statistical significance. Overall, CRC incidence was the highest among patients aged ≥ 80 years (330.8 per 100,000 persons/year), which was significantly higher in men versus women (377.2 vs. 304.3 per 100,000 persons/year, p < 0.001). CRC incidence in younger individuals was 22.8 per 100,000 persons/year (age 40–49) and 6.8 per 100,000 persons/year (age 30–39). CRC incidence was significantly higher in African Americans compared to non-Hispanic whites. From 2000 to 2014, CRC incidence declined in all age groups over age 60, remained stable in age 50–59, and demonstrated proportional increases in among age 20–49 years. While CRC incidence in all race/ethnic groups aged ≥ 60 years declined, Hispanics aged 50–59 increased 21.9%, but remained stable in other race/ethnic groups. Race/ethnicity-specific disparities in CRC incidence in patients aged 20–49 were also observed. While CRC incidence has declined among U.S. adults aged ≥ 60, increasing incidence among patients aged < 50 is concerning. Identifying risk factors among “average-risk” patients is needed to better implement targeted screening of individuals not currently meeting CRC screening criteria.
A General Model of Author “Style” with Application to the UK House of Commons, 1935–2018

We consider evidence for the assertion that backbench members of parliament (MPs) in the UK have become less distinctive from one another in terms of their speech. Noting that this claim has considerable normative and substantive implications, we review theory and findings in the area, which are ultimately ambiguous on this question. We then provide a new statistical model of distinctiveness that extends traditional efforts to statistically characterize the “style” of authors and apply it to a corpus of Hansard speeches from 1935 to 2018. In the aggregate, we find no evidence for the claim of more homogeneity. But this hides intriguing covariate effects: at the MP-level, panel regression results demonstrate that on average, more senior backbenchers tend to be less “different” in speech terms. We also show, however, that this pattern is changing: in recent times, it is more experienced MPs who speak most distinctively.
Autoantibodies to type VII collagen have heterogeneous subclass and light chain compositions and their complement-activating capacities do not correlate with the inflammatory clinical phenotype.

Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita and bullous systemic lupus erythematosus are blistering skin diseases characterized by IgG autoantibodies that predominantly target the noncollagenous domain 1 of type VII collagen, a skin basement membrane component. The basic immunologic events leading to the blistering processes in these diseases remains unclear. We defined the subclass and light chain compositions of the IgG autoantibodies in 15 patients, in order to gain insight into the blistering mechanism. Immunofluorescence correlated the patients'in vivo-bound and circulating antibasement membrane autoantibodies. Four eukaryotic recombinant proteins, including one full-length and three truncated noncollagenous domain 1 proteins generated by sequential deletion of C-terminal amino acids, were used to perform enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect the patients' anti-type VII collagen autoantibodies. The majority of patients' autoantibodies contained both complement-activating and non-complement-activating IgG subclasses. The presence or absence of complement-activating IgG autoantibody subclasses did not correlate with the inflammatory or noninflammatory clinical phenotype. The majority of tested sera contained both κ and λ light chain autoantibodies. All sera that reacted to the full-length noncollagenous domain 1 also reacted to the smallest truncated protein containing the cartilage matrix protein and the first three fibronectinlike repeats. The patients' anti-type VII collagen autoantibodies, likely to be polyclonal in nature, may contribute to the pathogenesis of the blistering process by both complement-dependent inflammatory injury and complement-independent mechanical disruption of the anchoring function of type VII collagen. The N-terminal region of the noncollagenous domain 1 may contain an important antigenic epitope targeted by the IgG autoantibodies.
Modulation of auxin formation by the cytosolic phenylalanine biosynthetic pathway.

In plants, phenylalanine biosynthesis occurs via two compartmentally separated pathways. Overexpression of petunia chorismate mutase 2 (PhCM2), which catalyzes the committed step of the cytosolic pathway, increased flux in cytosolic phenylalanine biosynthesis, but paradoxically decreased the overall levels of phenylalanine and phenylalanine-derived volatiles. Concomitantly, the levels of auxins, including indole-3-acetic acid and its precursor indole-3-pyruvic acid, were elevated. Biochemical and genetic analyses revealed the existence of metabolic crosstalk between the cytosolic phenylalanine biosynthesis and tryptophan-dependent auxin biosynthesis mediated by an aminotransferase that uses a cytosolic phenylalanine biosynthetic pathway intermediate, phenylpyruvate, as an amino acceptor for auxin formation. In plants, the cytosolic phenylalanine biosynthetic intermediate phenylpyruvate can serve as an amino acceptor in tryptophan-dependent auxin biosynthesis, thus facilitating crosstalk between these two distinct primary metabolic pathways.
Decompression alone for the treatment of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis

Abstract The purpose of this chapter is to present decompression surgery alone as a reasonable consideration in the treatment of degenerative spondylolisthesis with spinal stenosis. This procedure may be better than laminectomy and fusion in select patients. We review and highlight several clinical scenarios in which this might be the case. Recently published studies have advocated this treatment approach for particular patient profiles. Several surgical techniques and patient characteristics favorable for decompression alone are discussed.
Alfred Young’s Construction of the Irreducible Representations of S n

Sections 1.2–1.6 of these lecture notes are dedicated to the work of Alfred Young on the irreducible representation of the symmetric group Sn.
Binary Discrete Fourier Transform and Its Inversion

A binary vector has elements that are either 0 or 1. We investigate whether and how a binary vector of known length $N$ can be reconstructed from a limited set of its discrete Fourier transform (DFT) coefficients. A priori information that the vector is binary provides a powerful constraint. We prove that a binary vector is uniquely defined by its first two DFT coefficients (zeroth, which gives the popcount, and first) if $N$ is prime. If $N$ has two prime factors, additional DFT coefficients must be included in the data set to guarantee uniqueness, and we find the number of required coefficients in this case theoretically. In the presence of noise, one may need to know even more DFT coefficients to guarantee stable and unique inverse solution. Our results indicate that stable inversion can be obtained when the number of known coefficients is about $1/3$ of the total. This entails the effect of super-resolution (the resolution limit is improved by the factor of $\sim 3$ ). Two algorithms for solving the inverse problem numerically are proposed and tested. The first algorithm is combinatorial and suitable for problems with $N \lesssim 60$ . Although the problem in general is NP-hard, the required computational complexity in a typical application of the algorithm is much smaller than that of exhaustive search. The second algorithm is based on optimization of a non-convex continuous functional with algebraic computational complexity. This latter method is applicable to much larger values of $N$ , as we demonstrate numerically for $N=199$ .
The Indirect Impact of Price Deals on Households’ Purchase Decisions Through the Formation of Expected Future Prices

Abstract We examine the indirect impact of price deals, which occurs through the formation of expected future prices, on households’ purchase decisions. Two competing learning processes of households’ formation of expected future deals that lead to opposite predictions are proposed. Under a deal-probability learning process, a current deal on a brand raises households’ expectations of a deal on the same brand in the immediate future, while under a deal-timing learning process, a current deal on a brand lowers households’ expectations of a deal on the same brand. We embed each learning specification within a comprehensive econometric framework that simultaneously examines three purchase decisions – incidence, brand choice and quantity – at the household level, while explicitly correcting for two sources of selectivity bias in discrete quantity outcomes. We estimate the proposed model using scanner panel data on paper towels, and find that (1) the deal-probability learning process better describes how households incorporate the deal information into the formation of future price expectations compared to the deal-timing learning process; (2) the indirect impact of price deals is greater for brand-loyals than for brand-switchers; (3) the indirect impact of price deals is greater for larger families, heavy users, less educated and less employed households, and infrequent shoppers. We also show that ignoring the indirect impact of price deals severely overstates the sales effects.
Turn the Other Cheek or an Eye for an Eye: Exploring Brand-to-Brand Dialogue on Social Media

The phenomenon of brands making sarcastic and sometimes rude comments regarding their competitors via social media is a relatively novel and unexplored behavior, and research in this area is scarce...
The Modified Proportional Integral Controller for the BLDC Motor and Electric Vehicle

The recent dramatic growth in electric vehicles has brought renewed attention to their motors and power electronics. Of the motors used for electric vehicles, the DC motor and the three phase induction motor are well-studied. Developing countries have created their own solutions for electric vehicles, especially with the Brushless DC Motor (BLDC). The less investigated three phase BLDC motor presents challenges for control of the transient and steady-state response, overshoot, rise time, settling time, etc. A lapse in the control can cause the system to become unstable and reduce the life of components. In this paper, a BLDC motor for electric vehicles is studied with the Modified Proportional-Integral (MPI) controller and logic gates for the drives. The design allows reduction of overshoot to an estimated 5 % and the settling time to 2 seconds This study is expected to contribute to the applications of the BLDC, especially for electric vehicles.
Pulmonary tumor embolism: A retrospective study over a 30-year period.

Background Pulmonary tumor embolism (PTE) is difficult to detect before death, and it is unclear whether the discrepancy between antemortem clinical and postmortem diagnosis improves with the advance of the diagnostic technologies. In this study we determined the incidence of PTE and analyzed the discrepancy between antemortem clinical and postmortem diagnosis. Methods We performed a retrospective autopsy study on patients with the history of malignant solid tumors from 1990 to 2020 and reviewed all the slides of the patients with PTE. We also analyzed the discrepancies between antemortem clinical and postmortem diagnosis in 1999, 2009 and 2019 by using the Goldman criteria. Goldman category major 1 refers to cases in which an autopsy diagnosis was the direct cause of death and was not recognized clinically, but if it had been recognized, it may have changed treatment or prolonged survival. Results We found 20 (3%) cases with PTE out of the 658 autopsy cases with solid malignancies. Out of these 20 cases, urothelial carcinoma (30%, 6/20) and invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast (4/20, 20%) were the most common primary malignancies. Seven patients with shortness of breath died within 3-17 days (average 8.4±2.2 days) after onset of the symptoms. Pulmonary embolism was clinically suspected in seven out of twenty (35%, 7/20) patients before death, but only two patients (10, 2/20) were diagnosed by imaging studies before death. The rate of Goldman category major 1 was 13.2% (10/76) in 1999, 7.3% (4/55) in 2009 and 6.9% (8/116) in 2019. Although the rate of Goldman category major 1 appeared decreasing, the difference was not statistically significant. The autopsy rate was significantly higher in 2019 (8.4%, 116/1386) than in 2009 (4.4%, 55/1240). Conclusions The incidence of PTE is uncommon. Despite the advances of the radiological techniques, radiological imaging studies did not detect the majority of PTEs. The discrepancy between the antemortem clinical and the postmortem diagnosis has not improved significantly over the past 30 years, emphasizing the value of autopsy.
Philosophical success

Peter van Inwagen proposes a criterion of philosophical success. He takes it to support an extremely pessimistic view about philosophy. He thinks that all philosophical arguments for substantive conclusions fail, including the argument from evil. I’m more optimistic on both counts. I’ll identify problems with van Inwagen’s criterion and propose an alternative. I’ll then explore the differing implications of our criteria. On my view, philosophical arguments can succeed and the argument from evil isn’t obviously a failure.
Modeling magnetostrictive generation of elastic waves in steel pipes, I. Theory

This paper investigates the problem of magnetostrictive generation of elastic waves in steel pipes. The elastic waves are generated by alternating current in a coil about the pipe in a static axial magnetic field. Electromagnetic theory is used to develop solutions for changing electromagnetic fields induced in the pipe, which are needed for coupling magnetostrictively to elastic waves. Elastic wave equations with magnetostrictive driving terms are then solved for the elastic wave solutions. The elastic wave solutions so generated correspond to the L(0,1) and L(0,2) modes for a cylinder, for the frequency range and cylinder geometry considered. Other cylindrical modes do not appear because of the axisymmetric way in which the waves are generated. Comparison with experimental data shows good agreement with the elastic wave dispersion found numerically from the theory. Predictions are made for the wave amplitudes at various frequencies, incorporating both radial and longitudinal displacements into the total amplitude.
Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcoma

Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma is a neoplastic proliferation of follicular dendritic cells (FDC), which are antigen-presenting cells that reside primarily within lymphoid follicles in normal lymphoid tissue and play a role in B-cell immunity and germinal center formation. The origin of FDC remains poorly understood, but they are believed to be derived from mesenchymal precursors. Characteristically, FDC retain antigen for long periods of time and present intact antigen–antibody complexes on their surface independent of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. In germinal centers, FDC interconnect via desmosomes to form a meshwork in which B-cell and follicular T-helper cells colocalize. The functional and antigenic characteristics of FDC appear to differ between the light and dark zones of the germinal center, with the impetus of their function likely concentrated in the light zone. Morphologically, the normal FDC has a lightly eosinophilic cytoplasm containing one or two oval nuclei with smooth nuclear membranes and moderately conspicuous nucleoli.
Fimbriae and Pili

Publisher Summary Pili or fimbriae are proteinaceous, filamentous, polymeric organdies expressed on the surface of bacteria. Pilus has become a generic term used to describe all types of nonflagellar filamentous appendages, and it is used interchangeably with the term “fimbriae.” Pili can act as receptors for bacteriophages, facilitate DNA uptake and transfer (conjugation), and at least one type of pilus, type 4, call function in cellular motility. The primary function of most pili, however, is to act as scaffolding for the presentation of specific adhesive moieties. Adhesive pilus subunits (adhesins) are often incorporated as minor components into the tips of pili, but major structural subunits can also function as adhesins. Adhesins can mediate the interaction of bacteria with each other, with inanimate surfaces, and with tissues and cells in susceptible host organisms. For many bacterial pathogens, adhesive pili play a key role in the colonization of host tissues. Type 1 pill-mediated attachment to bladder epithelial cells is critical in the establishment of urinal tract infections by uropathogenic E. coli. Similarly, binding of P pili to Galα(1–4)Gal sugar moieties in the kidney are necessary for development of pyelonephritis.
IP 2 DM for V2G networks in Smart Grid

A Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) network raises challenges on privacy preserving, such as location privacy and secure payment. In this paper, we propose an Integrated Privacy-Preserving Data Management (IP2DM) architecture for Smart Grid V2G networks to guarantee the benefits of both sides of the users and the utility companies, and to protect data aggregation and data publication. Several techniques are designed and adopted to support this architecture. We analyze the security of this architecture facing various attacks. Experimental results show that this architecture is effective and efficient.
A Pole-Placement Control Design for Nonminimum Phase Systems with Input and Output Constraints

This paper presents a pole-placement control design method for linear nonminimum-phase plants with input and output constraints. The basic idea is to express the closed loop characteristics as a function of the constraints.
9XM Talking: WHA Radio and the Wisconsin Idea

As an undergraduate at the University of Wisconsin in the 1970s, I walked to class every morning past a historical marker recognizing “9XM-WHA: The Oldest Station in the Nation.” Although the UW st...
FETAL IMMUNIZATION OF BABOONS INDUCES A FETAL-SPECIFIC ANTIBODY RESPONSE

Neonates face a high risk of infection because of the immaturity of their immune systems. Although the transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies to the fetus may convey improved postnatal immunity, this transfer occurs late in gestation and may fail to prevent in utero infection. Both fetal immunization and in utero exposure to antigen can result in a state of immunologic tolerance in the neonate. Tolerance induction of fetal and premature infant lymphocytes has become a paradigm for neonatal responsiveness. However, fetal IgM responses have been demonstrated to maternal immunization with tetanus toxoid and to congenital infections such as rubella, toxoplasma, cytomegalovirus and human immunodeficiency virus. Moreover, 1-week-old infants can respond to standard pediatric vaccination, and neonates immunized with polysaccharide antigens do not develop immunologic tolerance. Here, direct immunization of the baboon fetus with recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen produced a specific fetal IgG antibody response. No specific maternal antibody response was detected, eliminating the possibility of vertical antibody transmission to the fetus. Some infants also responded to later vaccinations with hepatitis B surface antigen, indicating that no immunological tolerance was induced by prior fetal immunization. These results characterize the ability of the fetal immune system to respond to in utero vaccination. We demonstrate that active fetal immunization can serve as a safe and efficient vaccination strategy for the fetus and neonate.
Oxidation of halogenated compounds by cytochrome P-450, peroxidases, and model metalloporphyrins.

Abstract Incubation of iodosylbenzene and [125I]iodobenzene with cytochrome P-450 (P-450) leads to the formation of [125I]iodosylbenzene (Burka, L.T., Thorsen, A., and Guengerich, F.P. (1980) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102, 7615-7616), but to date it has not been possible to observe directly the oxidation of organic halides in NADPH-supported P-450 reactions because of the intrinsic instability of haloso compounds. 4-tert-Butyl-2,5-bis[1-hydroxy-1-(trifluoromethyl)- 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]iodobenzene (RI) and the corresponding bromine analog (RBr) were utilized as model compounds because their oxidized derivatives (iodinane and brominane) are relatively stable. Several model metalloporphyrins efficiently oxidized RI to the iodinane in the presence of iodosylbenzene. Rates of reduction of Mn(V) = O tetraphenylporphin chloride by RI were considerably faster than for several other organic halides. NADPH-fortified rat liver microsomes oxidized RI to the iodinane, identified by its chromatographic retention time and characteristic UV spectrum. Purified P-450 enzymes also catalyzed the oxidation of RI to the iodinane; more selectivity among individual proteins was seen when the reaction was supported by NADPH and NADPH-P-450 reductase than by iodosylbenzene. Free thiol groups in P-450 and NADPH-P-450 reductase could be oxidized by iodosylbenzene, the iodinane or brominane, or by incubation with NADPH and RI or other organic halides. These results provide evidence that P-450 can oxidize organic halogen atoms. Iodo compounds are definitely oxidized, even though the apparent oxidation-reduction potential differences seem unfavorable. The halogen order seen for the reaction is a function of the oxidation potential. Organic bromine compounds are probably also oxidized by P-450, although the rates are much slower. Chloroperoxidase did not oxidize RI to the iodinane but horseradish peroxidase did so at a lower rate; in this case the iodinane is postulated to form via electron abstraction without oxygen transfer.