cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison study of intensity modulated arc therapy using single or multiple arcs to intensity modulated radiation therapy for high-risk prostate cancer.

Purpose Intensity modulated arc therapy (IMAT) is a form of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) that delivers dose in single or multiple arcs. We compared IMRT plans versus single-arc field (1ARC) and multi-arc fields (3ARC) IMAT plans in high-risk prostate cancer.
MO-D-T-6E-08: Derivation of the Relative Biological Effectiveness of High Dose Rate 252Cf Brachytherapy

Purpose: While there is significant clinical experience using both low‐ and high‐dose rate (HDR) 252 Cf brachytherapy, there is minimal data regarding values for the neutron relative biological effectiveness (RBE) with both modalities. The aim of this research was to derive a radiobiological model for 252 Cf neutron RBE and to compare these results with neutron RBE values used clinically in Russia. Method and Materials: The linear‐quadratic (L‐Q) model was used as the basis to characterize cell survival following irradiation, with identical cell killing rates (SN = Sγ) between 252 Cf neutrons and photons used for derivation of RBE. Using this equality, a relationship among neutrondose and L‐Q radiobiological parameter (i.e., αN, βN, αγ, βγ) was obtained without need to specify the photondose. These results were used to derive the 252 Cf neutron RBE which was then compared with Russian neutron RBE values. The 252 Cf neutron RBE was determined after incorporating the L‐Q radiobiological parameters obtained from cell survival studies with fast neutrons and teletherapy photons.Results: For single‐fraction HDR neutrondoses of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 Gy, the total (neutron plus photon)doses were 3.5, 6.0, and 8.1 Gy, with 252 Cf neutron RBE values of 6.4, 5.5, and 4.9, respectively. Russian clinicians obtained HDR 252 Cf neutron RBE values ranging from 7 to 3 for similar doses and fractionation schemes, and observed that 252 Cf neutron RBE increases with the number of fractions and is dose rate dependent. A value of 5 was obtained for HDR 252 Cf neutron RBE. Conclusion: The methodology presented herein presents a reasonable technique to utilize well‐characterized radiobiology parameters from radiation sources having similar radiobiological properties towards obtaining calculated values for RBE. Using these relationships, results were in general concordance with 252 Cf RBE values obtained from Russian clinical experience.
An Overview of Recent Strategies in Pathogen Sensing

Pathogenic bacteria are one of the major concerns in food industries and water treatment facilities because of their rapid growth and deleterious effects on human health. The development of fast and accurate detection and identification systems for bacterial strains has long been an important issue to researchers. Although confirmative for the identification of bacteria, conventional methods require time-consuming process involving either the test of characteristic metabolites or cellular reproductive cycles. In this paper, we review recent sensing strategies based on micro- and nano-fabrication technology. These technologies allow for a great improvement of detection limit, therefore, reduce the time required for sample preparation. The paper will be focused on newly developed nano- and micro-scaled biosensors, novel sensing modalities utilizing microfluidic lab-on-a-chip, and array technology for the detection of pathogenic bacteria.
A reexamination of mental arithmetic models and data: A reply to Ashcraft

Abstract In a review of the chronometric literature, M. Ashcraft (1982, Developmental Review, 2, 213–236) concludes that adults store each basic arithmetic fact in a table-like retrieval network. In my commentary (1983, Developmental Review, 3, 225–230), I argued that procedural knowledge (stored rules, principles, or heuristics) might be a cognitively more economical basis for generating many number combinations. In this paper, I draw an analogy between this alternative model of number fact representation and how computers efficiently reconstruct arithmetic combinations, note that the research findings do not clearly support any one model of mental arithmetic, and attempt to address Ashcraft's (1983, Developmental Review, 3, 231–235) criticisms of my model.
The effects of spatial context and social experience on the territorial aggression of male threespine stickleback

1. Territorial male threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, attacked their neighbors more and escaped from their neighbors less when at their own nests than when at their neighbors' nests. In this study, attacks decreased gradually and escape attempts increased gradually as males moved from the center to the edge of their territories. 2. As predicted by the conflict hypothesis, males performed head-down threat displays most at their territory boundaries. The conflict hypothesis holds that aggression and fear are two opposing tendencies that regulate the expression of attack and escape behavior. 3. This experiment did not find evidence for a threshold effect of aggression or fear in which new behaviors would abruptly replace attack or escape once a certain level of motivation had been activated. 4. Males in our study that had social experience outside of their territories, either fighting with a rival or spending time with a sympatric heterospecific, made fewer attacks overall in later encounters with their neighbors in their and their neighbors' territories than did males without social experience. This finding demonstrates that the influence of encounter site on territorial aggression is modified by a male's past experience. 5. Males with winning and losing experiences outside of their territories did not respond differently to their neighbors in later encounters.
The molecular structure of silylamine

As is known for the parent molecule ammonia, the structure of silylamine is found to depend critically on the incorporation of d orbitals on nitrogen in the basis set. When such functions are included, the molecule is found to be pyramidal, with an inversion barrier of 0.43 kcalmol at the SCF level and 0.75 kcalmol at the MP4 level.
Vibration of a string with attached concentrated masses

Abstract The free and forced vibration of a string with a concentrated mass attached at the middle is formulated and solved with the aid of the Dirac δ-function. The method developed is extended to the case where many masses are attached to the string. Compactness in presentation and manipulation is achieved by this new method.
A finite deformation membrane based on inter-atomic potentials for the transverse mechanics of nanotubes

A finite deformation hyper-elastic membrane theory based on inter-atomic potentials for crystalline films composed of a single atomic layer is developed. For this purpose, an extension of the standard Born rule that exploits the differential geometry concept of the exponential map is proposed to deal with the curvature of surfaces. The exponential map is approximated locally and strain measures based on the stretch and the curvature of the membrane arise. The methodology is first particularized to atomic chains in two dimensions, and then to graphene sheets. A reduced model for the transverse mechanics of carbon nanotubes is developed in detail. This model is a hyper-elastic constrained membrane which fully exploits the symmetry of the transverse deformation. Additionally, a continuum version of the non-bonded interactions is provided. The continuum model is discretized using finite elements and very good agreement with molecular mechanics simulations is obtained. Finally, several simulations illustrate the strong effect of the van der Waals interactions in the transverse deformation of carbon nanotubes.
Beliefs modulate the effects of drugs on the human brain

Convergent neurobiological studies of value-based learning, and the computational models that flow from them, have long pointed to the existence of a reciprocal relationship between dopamine and beliefs. The complex interactions between the pharmacological (reinforcing) effects of addictive drugs and the conditioned responses (expectations) engendered by their continued use (1, 2) provide some of the most compelling examples of this dialogue between molecules and cognition. They help explain, among others, why drug abusers perceive the drug as more pleasurable when they expect it relative to when they do not (3, 4). The report by Gu et al. in PNAS (5) represents an important step forward in this context because it offers new insights into how the power of belief modulates nicotine-driven learning signals related to nondrug rewards (money), as well as non–drug-related decisions (choice behavior). More specifically, this work illuminates the mechanisms whereby belief can influence nonconscious learned association by modulating how the brain performs risk decisions while under the effects of nicotine.
Cardiac steatosis and left ventricular dysfunction in HIV-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Heart disease is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and both HIV and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) may be associated with abnormalities in cardiac function and metabolism [(1)][1]. Ectopic fat deposition in
Androgen Receptor Assay with [3H]Methyltrienolone (R1881) in the Presence of Progesterone Receptors

The synthetic radiolabeled androgen methyltrienolone-17βhiydroxy-17α-methyl-estra-4,9,ll-trien-3-one (R1881) is superior to the native ligand 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the measurement of androgen receptor (AR), especially in tissues where radiolabeled DHT binds with high affinity to plasma proteins in addition to receptor or is rapidly metabolized to inactive derivatives. However, R1881 also binds progesterone receptor (PgR), as shown by its ability to complete for [3]-promestone-17α,21-dimethyl-19-nor-pregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione (R5020) binding to 8S PgR on sucrose density gradients, resulting in an overestimation of AR if PgR is present. Therefore, we have devised a method by which PgR binding of R1881 can be blocked without interfering with AR binding. The glucocorticoid triamcinolone acetonide (TA) was found to bind PgR (competition for 8S [3]R5020 binding) but not AR (no competition for 8S [3H]DHT binding). In cytosols containing both receptors, a 500-fold excess of unlabeled TA was sufficient ...
Amino acid uptake by fetal kidney slices.

Kidney slices of 7–17-week-old human fetuses were incubated for 90 min or less in Krebs-Ringer solution containing aminoisobutyric acid (AIB). Cell to medium ratios of AIB decrease with increasing fetal age. Uptake rate is slower than for mature human tissue. Both water content and extracellular space is high in embryonic tissue as compared to adult.
Nociceptive behavioral responses to chemical, thermal and mechanical stimulation after unilateral, intrastriatal administration of 6-hydroxydopamine

The basal ganglia are involved not only with motor processes such as posture, pre-movement planning and movement initiation, but also with the processing and modulation of nociceptive somatosensory information. In the current studies, unilateral, intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was used to investigate how dopamine depletion alters nociceptive behavioral responses to chemical, thermal and mechanical stimulation in rats. Compared to control rats injected with intrastriatal saline, rats depleted of dopamine displayed increased nociceptive responses to chemical stimulation of the face and hyperalgesic responses to thermal stimulation of the hind paw without alterations in rearing behavior or body weight gain. Minor changes were observed in the response to mechanical stimulation of the hind paws and face. These data provide further evidence that the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway plays a role in the modulation of nociceptive information.
Ligand exchange and solvolytic reactions of99mTcBr 6 2− in non-aqueous media

Prior work had documented that99mTcCl 6 2− could undergo ready ligand exchange reaction under non-aqueous condition. We now wish to report the ligand exchange reaction of bromine in99mTcBr 6 2− in non-aqueous solvents using 8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine) as the displacing ligand. Analysis of the products obtained by paper chromatography, HPLC and electrophoresis suggest that a 1∶2 Tc∶oxine complex appears to be the most stable of the complexes formed, probably99mTc(oxine)2 Br2. However, displacement of bromine by polar solvents (both protic and aprotic) can also occur, both on99mTcBr 6 2− and in the above complex as a consequence of solvolytic reactions. Other Tc-oxine complexes can also be formed upon ligand exchange, but they appear to be stable only under aprotic, non solvolytic conditions. These studies again document that hexahalotechnetate complexes exhibit ligand exchange reactions under non-aqueous conditions, that they allow the ready synthesis of novel technetium complexes, but that because of their high reactivity the effect of competing reactions must be considered.
The place of total and extended total pancreatectomy in pancreatic cancer

The results of surgical treatment of pancreatic exocrine cancer are poor. There exists a definite small group of patients with early cancers in the head of the pancreas that are potentially curable. It is generally agreed that prolonged survival is obtained only with resection as opposed to a palliative bypass procedure. The only real controversy that remains concerns the extent of the resection. The 3 options available to the surgeon are Whipple pancreatoduodenectomy, total pancreatectomy, and the more radical regional pancreatectomy. Our opinion, based on previous experience, is that total pancreatectomy is the operation of choice for cancer in the head of the pancreas. This operation excludes many of the risk factors associated with the Whipple operation, with no evidence of increased morbidity or mortality. We feel that the case for extended total pancreatectomy is tenuous and yet to be proven, and that there is little or no place for this operation.
Competition for DNA Binding Sites between the Short and Long Forms of E2 Dimers Underlies Repression in Bovine Papillomavirus Type 1 DNA Replication Control

Papillomaviruses establish a long-term latency in vivo by maintaining their genomes as nuclear plasmids in proliferating cells. Bovine papillomavirus type 1 encodes two proteins required for viral DNA replication: the helicase E1 and the positive regulator E2. The homodimeric E2 is known to cooperatively bind to DNA with E1 to form a preinitiation complex at the origin of DNA replication. The virus also codes for two short forms of E2 that can repress viral functions when overexpressed, and at least one copy of the repressor is required for stable plasmid maintenance in transformed cells. Employing a tetracycline-regulated system to control E1 and E2 production from integrated loci, we show that the short form of E2 negatively regulates DNA replication. We also found that the short form could repress replication in a cell-free replication system and that the repression requires the DNA binding domain of the protein. In contrast, heterodimers of the short and long forms were activators and, by footprint analysis, were shown to be as potent as homodimeric E2 in loading E1 to its cognate site. DNA binding studies show that when E1 levels are low and are dependent upon E2 for occupancy of the origin site, the repressor can block E1-DNA interactions. We conclude that DNA replication modulation results from competition between the different forms of E2 for DNA binding. Given that heterodimers are active and that the repressor form of E2 shows little cooperativity with E1 for DNA binding, this protein is a weak repressor.
Lung Dose Calculation With SPECT/CT for 90Yittrium Radioembolization of Liver Cancer

Purpose To propose a new method to estimate lung mean dose (LMD) using technetium-99m labeled macroaggregated albumin (99mTc-MAA) single photon emission CT (SPECT)/CT for 90Yttrium radioembolization of liver tumors and to compare the LMD estimated using SPECT/CT with clinical estimates of LMD using planar gamma scintigraphy (PS). Methods and Materials Images of 71 patients who had SPECT/CT and PS images of 99mTc-MAA acquired before TheraSphere radioembolization of liver cancer were analyzed retrospectively. LMD was calculated from the PS-based lung shunt assuming a lung mass of 1 kg and 50 Gy per GBq of injected activity shunted to the lung. For the SPECT/CT-based estimate, the LMD was calculated with the activity concentration and lung volume derived from SPECT/CT. The effect of attenuation correction and the patient's breathing on the calculated LMD was studied with the SPECT/CT. With these effects correctly taken into account in a more rigorous fashion, we compared the LMD calculated with SPECT/CT with the LMD calculated with PS. Results The mean dose to the central region of the lung leads to a more accurate estimate of LMD. Inclusion of the lung region around the diaphragm in the calculation leads to an overestimate of LMD due to the misregistration of the liver activity to the lung from the patient's breathing. LMD calculated based on PS is a poor predictor of the actual LMD. For the subpopulation with large lung shunt, the mean overestimation from the PS method for the lung shunt was 170%. Conclusions A new method of calculating the LMD for TheraSphere and SIR-Spheres radioembolization of liver cancer based on 99mTc-MAA SPECT/CT is presented. The new method provides a more accurate estimate of radiation risk to the lungs. For patients with a large lung shunt calculated from PS, a recalculation of LMD based on SPECT/CT is recommended.
Constraints on clade ages from fossil outgroups

This paper presents a method for constraining the age of a clade with the ages of the earliest fossil specimens in that clade's outgroups. Given a sufficiently deep, robust, well-resolved, and stratigraphically consistent cladogram, this method can yield useful age constraints even in the absence of specific information about the fossil preservation and recovery rates of individual taxa. The algorithm is applied to simulated data sets to demonstrate that this method can yield robust constraints of clade ages if there are sufficient fossil outgroups available and if there is a finite chance that additional outgroups may be discovered in the future. Finally, the technique is applied to actual fossil data to explore the origin of modern placental mammals. Using data from recently published cladograms, this method indicates that if all Mesozoic eutherians are regarded as outgroups of Placentalia, then the last common ancestor of modern placental mammals and their Cenozoic allies lived between 65 and 88-98 million years ago, depending on the assumed cladogram and the number of outgroups included in the analysis.
Uncertainty relations in interaural parameters of acoustical stimulation: an evoked potential study of the auditory cortex in the anesthetized cat.

The registration of acoustical stimuli of differing interaural parameters (intensity, phase and time of signal arrival), on areas AI and AII of the cortex of anesthetized cats was studied using a Laplacian electrode and tone pulses modeled on a modification of Gabor's elementary signal. An analysis of amplitude and latency ratio measures of the evoked potential, rather than absolute measures, suggests the registration of an uncertainty relation involving changes in the interaural signal amplitude spectrum and interaural time of signal arrival. Both amplitude and latency ratio measures are orthogonal representations of the same interaural information and together constitute a traveling wave of wider information representation which may be described by the following uncertainty condition: ( Δ f · Δ t ) · Δ i i · Δ τ i = c , where c is a constant; Δ f is signal bandwidth; Δ t is signal duration; Δ i i is interaural intensity difference and Δ τ i is interaural time of signal arrival difference. Differences in interaural stimulus parameters are registered uniquely at some point on the auditory cortex, i.e., for a given combination of stimulus parameters a restricted region of the auditory cortex will display a large difference in latency or ratio measures. The total effect of “unique” points of registration constitutes a traveling wave which reflects the particular stimulus parameters used. This study also demonstrates that the phase of a binaural singal of mid-frequency, 5 kHz, is registered only at a requisite interaural difference in signal intensity. Furthermore, at about 600 μ sec of interaural signal delay, the traveling wave registration of a binaural signal is constituted by a new center of initial activity.
Crystallizing short-read assemblies around seeds

New short-read sequencing technologies produce enormous volumes of 25–30 base paired-end reads. The resulting reads have vastly different characteristics than produced by Sanger sequencing, and require different approaches than the previous generation of sequence assemblers. In this paper, we present a short-read de novo assembler particularly targeted at the new ABI SOLiD sequencing technology. This paper presents what we believe to be the first de novo sequence assembly results on real data from the emerging SOLiD platform, introduced by Applied Biosystems. Our assembler SHORTY augments short-paired reads using a trivially small number (5 – 10) of seeds of length 300 – 500 bp. These seeds enable us to produce significant assemblies using short-read coverage no more than 100×, which can be obtained in a single run of these high-capacity sequencers. SHORTY exploits two ideas which we believe to be of interest to the short-read assembly community: (1) using single seed reads to crystallize assemblies, and (2) estimating intercontig distances accurately from multiple spanning paired-end reads. We demonstrate effective assemblies (N50 contig sizes ~40 kb) of three different bacterial species using simulated SOLiD data. Sequencing artifacts limit our performance on real data, however our results on this data are substantially better than those achieved by competing assemblers.
Zooplankton Avoidance of a Profiled Open-Path Fluorometer

Abstract : Significant avoidance of acoustically detected zooplankton was observed in response to a profiling instrument package. Avoidance decreased acoustic scattering from zooplankton averaged over the entire profile by more than a factor of 2, while the maximum avoidance decreased zooplankton acoustic scattering by a factor of 15 over the depth of some discrete scattering layers. Experimental manipulation of the profiler and its instruments revealed that an open-path fluorometer was triggering the avoidance. Avoidance occurred at an average of 8 m below the profiler with a range between 2 and 13 m. Effect range was positively correlated with the average attenuation coefficient of light over the effect range and consistently resulted in avoidance when light levels of approximately 0.013 micro umol photons m(-2) s(-1) were received by the zooplankton. These results have important implications for the analysis of zooplankton data collected from platforms carrying open-path fluorometers and may also warrant careful interpretation of optical measurements from these packages.
Effect of Chemical Structure on the Biodegradability of Aliphatic Acids and Alcohols

Sewage microorganisms readily degraded unsubstituted aliphatic acids, but the rate of decomposition was much slower with substituted acids as substrates. The type, number, and position of the substituents governed the rate of the oxidation. A single halogen, particularly if on the α-carbon, decreased the rate of biodegradation, but the dihalogenated compounds tested were especially resistant. Dimethyl-substituted aliphatic acids and alcohols were also poorly utilized. Bacteria unable to grow on certain brominated fatty acids were capable of oxidizing and dehalogenating ω- but not α-bromoaliphatic acids.
Ultrastructural studies on fetal and early postnatal mouse ovaries. I. Histogenesis and organogenesis.

Ovaries of fetal mice obtained during the twelfth to eighteenth day of gestation and from the first to third postnatal day have been studied by electron microscopy. The interrelationships of follicle cells to oogonia and to connective tissue cells have received special attention. On day 12, when the female gonad can first be distinguished, relatively few large oogonia are visible. These are loosely aggregated and are accompanied by only a few follicle cells. On days 13 and 14 loose groups of oogonia become better demonstrated, and now are always surrounded peripherally by follicle cells. Beginning on day 14 very thin cytoplasmic processes of the follicle cells are interposed between adjacent oogonia. Subsequently, by following this process the follicle cells are drawn into the groups of oogonia or oocytes. Increasing numbers of connective tissue cells and capillaries are growing into the cortex from the medulla and hilar regions. By day 18 and postnatal day 1 this ingrowth has separated the groups of oocytes and follicle cells further. By postnatal days 2 and 3 most oocytes have become enclosed by a follicular epithelium of either flattened, cuboidal or columnar cells. Many stages of zona pellucida formation can be recognized. It is postulated that the manner of fetal and early postnatal differentiation of the ovary explains a number of follicular configurations which deviate from the normal. At no time have cords of cells been observed to originate from germinal epithelium. By contrast the underlying tunica albuginea is derived by ingrowth of cells from the medulla.
The Anatomic Museum.

O n e of the most fascinating of all studies is the study of man. In the Anatomic Museum, we are reviewing man, not as a creature of today but as one passing through a vast series of ages. It is through the study of the skull that we can see the process of evolution of the human race, not only in the past and present but also in the future. Just as an astronomer, by his observations of the sky can calculate a whole orbit as a unit and predict when a phenomenon will recur, perhaps hundreds of thousands of years hence, we can, by observing man's evolutionary past, predict the anatomic changes of future man. The fifties were known as the atomic age, the sixties as the missile age, the seventies as the electronic age, the eighties as the computer age, and I believe the nineties will be known as the biologic age. In the past 45 years of research, and from my publications on various aspects of the skull, I have assembled my materials and opened an anatomic museum of the skull (see photographs). I have housed the collection in the second story of my office building, which I renovated especially for this project, and I am sharing my work with members of related professions and with the public (Figs. 1 through 4). Of all the parts of man's frame, the most interesting is the skull itself. It represents and identifies the individual. Man's shape, especially his skull, has changed with his environment. The shape of his skull is such that no other shape could function more effectively in man's surroundings. For at least 10,000 years there has been no notable progress in the evolution of man, but 10,000 years is entirely too brief a term in which to look for marked evolutionary advances. Actually, the size of the human brain has not increased since the time of the CroMagnon race. In fact, cranial capacity of the Neanderthal race of Homo sapiens was, on the average, equal to or even greater than that of modem man. However, cranial capacity and brain size are not reliable indicators of intelligence or intellectual abilities. In human evolution so far, there has been a tendency toward a simpler and more generalized organism, as can be seen in the
Application-Integrated Data Collection for Security Monitoring

This paper describes a new approach to collecting real-time transaction information from a server application and forwarding the data to an intrusion detection system. While the few existing application-based intrusion detection systems tend to read log files, the proposed application-integrated approach uses a module coupled with the application to extract the desired information. The paper describes the advantages of this approach in general, and how it complements traditional network-based and host-based data collection methods. The most compelling benefit is the ability to monitor transactions that are encrypted when transported to the application and therefore not visible to network traffic monitors. Further benefits include full insight into how the application interprets the transaction, and data collection that is independent of network line speed. To evaluate the proposed approach, we designed and implemented a data-collection module for the Apache Web server. Our experiments showed that the required implementation effort was moderate, that existing communication and analysis components could be used without incurring adaptation costs, and that the performance impact on the Web server is tolerable.
Psychosocial, Motivational, and Contextual Profiles of Youth Reporting Different Patterns of Substance Use during Adolescence.

This research examined patterns of substance use and academic factors among a sample of 733 African-American and European-American adolescents from a metropolitan area. First, youth were classified into 11th grade high, moderate, or no substance use groups and classified as users, initiators, desistors, and nonusers based on eighth and 11th grade use. Nonusers did not differ in eighth grade from 11th grade moderate users and initiators over time. Eighth graders who reported misbehavior and having low-achieving friends were more likely to be high 11th grade users and users at both grades. Direct achievement effects were not found; however, interactions indicated achievement was protective when paired with having fun at school, high task value, and low levels of socioeconomic status (SES); and was a risk factor when paired with positive self regard, low fun at school and high SES. Cluster analyses indicated the most prevalent group of substance users reported high grades, social reasons for going to school, and having friends who do well in school.
Beyond Feelings: Psychotherapy and Emotion

Emotion and emotion-related processes lie at the heart of counseling, yet there is scant evidence that counseling psychology has a substantial curricular, scientific, or psychotherapeutic commitment to the psychological science of emotion. Likewise, social psychology and other fields involved with emotion science often avoid researching counseling-relevant topics and disseminate their findings in outlets and formats not likely to be accessed by or useful to counseling psychologists. This article identifies a series of impediments that may be responsible for these and related problems and proposes potential solutions.
RWD domain: a recurring module in kinetochore architecture shown by a Ctf19-Mcm21 complex structure

The proteins Ctf19, Okp1, Mcm21 and Ame1 are the components of COMA, a subassembly of budding‐yeast kinetochores. We have determined the crystal structure of a conserved COMA subcomplex—the Ctf19–Mcm21 heterodimer—from Kluyveromyces lactis . Both proteins contain ‘double‐RWD’ domains, which together form a Y‐shaped framework with flexible N‐terminal extensions. The kinetochore proteins Csm1, Spc24 and Spc25 have related single RWD domains, and Ctf19 and Mcm21 associate with pseudo‐twofold symmetry analogous to that in the Csm1 homodimer and the Spc24–Spc25 heterodimer. The double‐RWD domain core of the Ctf19–Mcm21 heterodimer is sufficient for association with Okp1–Ame1; the less conserved N‐terminal regions may interact with components of a more extensive ‘CTF19 complex’. Our structure shows the RWD domain to be a recurring module of kinetochore architecture that may be present in other kinetochore substructures. Like many eukaryotic molecular machines, kinetochores may have evolved from simpler assemblies by multiplication of a few ancestral modules.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, membrane organization, T cells, and antigen presentation

Dietary supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especiallythoseofthen3class,hasimmunosuppressiveeffectson both innate and adaptive immunity through various mechanisms. In this review, we focus on the PUFA modulation of membrane architecture and its consequent effects on both T cell responses and antigen presentation. We first use data from in vitro and in vivo experimentstomakethecasethattheimmunosuppressiveeffectsof PUFAsbeginwithmembraneincorporationandmodulationoflipidprotein lateral organization. This in turn inhibits downstream signaling mediated by T cell receptors and suppresses T cell activation and proliferation. Next, we review evidence for PUFA-mediated alteration of major histocompatibility complex class I and II surface expression and antigen presentation. We propose that PUFAs influencetheexpressionofmajorhistocompatibilitycomplexbyaltering its conformation, orientation, lateral organization, and trafficking, with consequences for recognition by effector T cells. Finally, we present data from model membrane studies to explain the physical principles that make PUFA acyl chains unique in modifying membrane lateral organization and protein function. An important concept to emerge from these studies is that PUFA acyl chains and cholesterol molecules are sterically incompatible. By applying this concept to the T cell activation and signaling model, mechanisms emerge by which PUFAs can modulate membrane lipid-protein lat
Regulatory T Cells Limit Induction of Protective Immunity and Promote Immune Pathology Following Intestinal Helminth Infection

Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) have a well-characterized role in limiting autoimmunity and dampening deleterious immune responses. However, a potential consequence of the immunosuppressive function of Tregs can be the limitation of protective immunity to infectious pathogens. Parasitic infections are a potent stimulus for the generation of Treg responses, which may be beneficial to both the parasite and the host by promoting persistence of infection and limiting immune-mediated pathology, respectively. In this study, we explore the functional role of Tregs post–low-dose infection with the intestinal helminth parasite Trichuris muris, which yields a chronic infection because of inefficient induction of Th2 responses. Early Treg depletion postinfection resulted in expedited worm clearance, and was associated with reduced Th1-mediated inflammation of the intestinal environment. Interestingly, this protective immunity was lost, and worm burden enhanced if Tregs were depleted later once the infection was established. Early and late Treg depletion resulted in enhanced Th2 and reduced Th1 cytokine and humoral responses. Blockade of the Th2 cytokine IL-4 resulted in a moderate increase in Th1 but had no effect on worm burden. Our findings suggest that Tregs preferentially limit Th2 cell expansion, which can impact infections where clear immune polarity has not been established. Thus, the impact of Treg depletion is context and time dependent, and can be beneficial to the host in situations where Th1 responses should be limited in favor of Th2 responses.
SUPERVISION REGIMES, RISK, AND OFFICIAL REACTIONS TO PAROLEE DEVIANCE*

Parolee deviance has emerged as a central issue in policy debates about crime and punishment in American society as well as in scholarship on “mass incarceration.” Although the prevailing approach to studying parolees conceives of parole violations as outcomes of individual propensities toward criminal behavior (i.e., criminogenic risk), we consider how indicators of individual risk and characteristics of formal social control systems combine to account for reported parole violations. Using data on California parolees, we examine the effects of parolees’ personal characteristics, their criminal histories, and the social organization of supervision on parole violations. We advance the notion of a “supervision regime”—a legal and organizational structure that shapes the detection and reporting of parolee deviance. Three components of a supervision regime are explored: 1) the intensity of supervision, 2) the capacity of the regime to detect parolee deviance, and 3) the tolerance of parole officials for parolee deviance. We find that personal characteristics and offense histories are predictive of parole violations. However, we also find that introducing supervision factors reduces the effects of offense history variables on violation risk, suggesting that the violation risks of serious, violent, and sexual offenders are partially explainable through the heightened supervision to which they are subject. In addition, we find that supervision intensity and tolerance are generally predictive of violation risk. Capacity effects are present but weak. We conclude with a discussion of how the supervision regimes concept illuminates the gap between macro- and micro-analyses of social control.
Evaluation of phase-shifting approaches for a point-diffraction interferometer with the mutual coherence function

The estimation accuracy of a point-diffraction interferometer is examined with two phase-shifting schemes: spatial and temporal. Under the assumption of plane- or spherical-wave propagation through isotropic turbulence that can be accurately represented as a series of thin phase screens, results that are valid for any scintillation regime are obtained by use of the invariance with a propagation of the mutual coherence function. It is established that the estimation accuracy of the spatial phase-shifting point-diffraction interferometer is invariant with scintillation. Upper and lower bounds on the performance of the temporal phase-shifting point-diffraction interferometer are developed. Wave optical simulation results are presented that validate the analytic predictions for the two phase-shifting schemes. The results and techniques presented can be used to assess the appropriate phase-shifting scheme given finite resources, such as a limited number of pixels in a detector array or a restricted detector frame rate.
An Investigation of Anxious Thought in Patients With Dsm-Iv Agoraphobia / Panic Disorder: Rationale and Design

Psychoanalysis as a profession is in difficulty because changes in the mental health field have exposed vulnerabilities inherent in psychoanalytic traditions. In this setting, scientific outcome studies of psychoanalytic treatment are a necessity. To enable such studies, certain preliminary research is required. In particular, a set of reliable diagnoses that recognize psychodynamic factors, in addition to "descriptive" criteria, must be developed. This paper outlines the rationale, significance, and design of a pilot study in the area of anxiety disorders, agoraphobia in particular, intended to provide a basis for recategorization of the currently predominant DSM system.
NCHRP REPORT 350 COMPLIANCE TESTS OF THE ET-2000

The ET-2000 is one of the end treatments currently approved for use with W-beam guardrail systems. The ET-2000 has successfully met all evaluation criteria set forth in NCHRP Report 230. However, with the adoption of NCHRP Report 350 by FHWA as the official guidelines for crash testing of roadside safety features, it became necessary to reevaluate the ET-2000 to the new guidelines. It is noted that one of the design test vehicles specified in NCHRP Report 230, the 2044-kg passenger car, was replaced by a 2000-kg pickup truck (2000P) under NCHRP Report 350 guidelines. The purpose of the crash tests was to evaluate the ET-2000 according to NCHRP Report 350 guidelines. The ET-2000 met NCHRP Report 350 criteria for Performance Level 3 without any design modifications. All findings in this study demonstrate that the impact performance of the ET-2000 was satisfactory.
Developmental requirements for the ecdysoneless (ecd) locus in Drosophila melanogaster.

The ecdysoneless locus in Drosophila melanogaster has been defined previously by a single conditional mutation, I(3)ecd1, that causes an ecdysteroid deficit and larval death at the restrictive temperature, 29°C, although the primary role of the mutation in developmental processes has been unclear. Gene dosage and complementation studies reported here for ecd1 and five nonconditional lethal alleles indicate that the ecd locus plays prezygotic and postzygotic roles essential for normal embryonic development, the successful completion of each larval molt, adult eclosion, and female fertility. The ecd locus is also required for normal macrochaete differentiation. For each observed phenotype, the severity of mutational effects was correlated with ecd mutant genotypes. In all cases, ecd1 homozygotes were least affected. Mutants heteroallelic for ecd1 and any one of four nonconditional recessive mutations were more severely affected than ecd1 homozy-gotes, revealing these as hypomorphic alleles. For all phenotypic effects, mutants heteroallelic for ecd1 and a dominant mutation (ecd3D) were most severely affected. These individuals died during embryogenesis at 29°C and developed no macrochaetes on the dorsal thorax when transferred to 29°C during the white prepupal stage. The ecd3D mutation also caused female semisterility in heterozygotes. Ecdysteroid regulation has been implicated previously in all the developmental processes disrupted by these ecd mutations except for macrochaete differentiation. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
ARH cooperates with AP-1B in the exocytosis of LDLR in polarized epithelial cells

The autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia protein (ARH) is well known for its role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis of low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs). During uptake, ARH directly binds to the FxNPxY signal in the cytoplasmic tail of LDLR. Interestingly, the same FxNPxY motif is used in basolateral exocytosis of LDLR from recycling endosomes (REs), which is facilitated by the epithelial-specific clathrin adaptor AP-1B. However, AP-1B directly interacts with neither the FxNPxY motif nor the second more distally located YxxO sorting motif of LDLR. Here, we show that ARH colocalizes and cooperates with AP-1B in REs. Knockdown of ARH in polarized epithelial cells leads to specific apical missorting of truncated LDLR, which encodes only the FxNPxY motif (LDLR-CT27). Moreover, a mutation in ARH designed to disrupt the interaction of ARH with AP-1B specifically abrogates exocytosis of LDLR-CT27. We conclude that in addition to its role in endocytosis, ARH cooperates with AP-1B in basolateral exocytosis of LDLR from REs.
Optical Properties of Wintertime Aerosols from Residential Wood Burning in Fresno, CA: Results from DISCOVER-AQ 2013

The optical properties, composition and sources of the wintertime aerosols in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) were characterized through measurements made in Fresno, CA during the 2013 DISCOVER-AQ campaign. PM2.5 extinction and absorption coefficients were measured at 405, 532, and 870 nm along with refractory black carbon (rBC) size distributions and concentrations. BC absorption enhancements (Eabs) were measured using two methods, a thermodenuder and mass absorption coefficient method, which agreed well. Relatively large diurnal variations in the Eabs at 405 nm were observed, likely reflecting substantial nighttime emissions of wood burning organic aerosols (OA) from local residential heating. Comparably small diurnal variations and absolute nighttime values of Eabs were observed at the other wavelengths, suggesting limited mixing-driven enhancement. Positive matrix factorization analysis of OA mass spectra from an aerosol mass spectrometer resolved two types of biomass burning OA, which appeared to have d...
Utilization of Outpatient Subspecialty Care By Infants with Tracheostomies

Infants undergoing tracheostomy placement at tertiary and quaternary children's hospitals require complex multidisciplinary follow up. Few studies have analyzed the burden of outpatient care that these patients face after discharge. Additionally, little attention has been paid to the type and frequency of subspecialty outpatient services utilized most frequently in this unique patient population. To determine the burden of outpatient subspecialty services among patients who underwent tracheostomy before the age of one year. Additionally, to identify the most common pediatric subspecialty fields caring …
Comparative metabolomics and structural characterizations illuminate colibactin pathway-dependent small molecules.

The gene cluster responsible for synthesis of the unknown molecule “colibactin” has been identified in mutualistic and pathogenic Escherichia coli. The pathway endows its producer with a long-term ...
Signal and Noise Problems

(1954). Signal and Noise Problems. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 61, No. 7P2, pp. 23-26.
Youth-Generated Media A Case of Blogging and Arab Youth Cultural Politics

This article examines the contemporary configuration of youth cultural politics through self-expressive artifacts, probing in the process the changing mediascape in the Arab world. The article disc...
Cafeteria diet-induced obesity causes oxidative damage in white adipose

Obesity continues to be one of the most prominent public health dilemmas in the world. The complex interaction among the varied causes of obesity makes it a particularly challenging problem to address. While typical high-fat purified diets successfully induce weight gain in rodents, we have described a more robust model of diet-induced obesity based on feeding rats a diet consisting of highly palatable, energy-dense human junk foods - the "cafeteria" diet (CAF, 45-53% kcal from fat). We previously reported that CAF-fed rats became hyperphagic, gained more weight, and developed more severe hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and glucose intolerance compared to the lard-based 45% kcal from fat high fat diet-fed group. In addition, the CAF diet-fed group displayed a higher degree of inflammation in adipose and liver, mitochondrial dysfunction, and an increased concentration of lipid-derived, pro-inflammatory mediators. Building upon our previous findings, we aimed to determine mechanisms that underlie physiologic findings in the CAF diet. We investigated the effect of CAF diet-induced obesity on adipose tissue specifically using expression arrays and immunohistochemistry. Genomic evidence indicated the CAF diet induced alterations in the white adipose gene transcriptome, with notable suppression of glutathione-related genes and pathways involved in mitigating oxidative stress. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated a doubling in adipose lipid peroxidation marker 4-HNE levels compared to rats that remained lean on control standard chow diet. Our data indicates that the CAF diet drives an increase in oxidative damage in white adipose tissue that may affect tissue homeostasis. Oxidative stress drives activation of inflammatory kinases that can perturb insulin signaling leading to glucose intolerance and diabetes.
Indwelling Blood Compatible Chemical Sensors

Catheter-tip chemical probes that provide continuous measurement of blood gas electrolyte concentrations are being developed. This article describes the principles underlying these measurements and the remaining problems requiring solution prior to clinical introduction.
Two-Flavor Simulations of ρ ( 770 ) and the Role of the K K ¯ Channel

The ρ(770) meson is the most extensively studied resonance in lattice QCD simulations in two (N_{f}=2) and three (N_{f}=2+1) flavor formulations. We analyze N_{f}=2 lattice scattering data using unitarized chiral perturbation theory, allowing not only for the extrapolation in mass but also in flavor, N_{f}=2→N_{f}=2+1. The flavor extrapolation requires information from a global fit to ππ and πK phase shifts from experiment. While the chiral extrapolation of N_{f}=2 lattice data leads to masses of the ρ(770) meson far below the experimental one, we find that the missing KK[over ¯] channel is able to explain this discrepancy.