cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 117: Contribution of Endocannabinoids via CB1 Receptors to the Impaired Baroreflex Sensitivity in (mRen2)27 Transgenic Hypertensive Rats

There is growing evidence for a role of the endocannabinoid system in the pathogenesis of hypertension and associated metabolic syndrome. Presynaptic CB1 cannabinoid receptors, the neuronal target of endocannabinoids, are densely expressed in the solitary tract nucleus (NTS), the primary site for termination of baroreceptor afferent nerve fibers, and in vagal afferent neurons of the nodose ganglion. Our studies in anesthetized, normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats suggest that activation of cannabinoid receptors within the NTS via bilateral microinjection of the CB1 agonist CP55,940 modulates baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) for control of heart rate (HR) in a dose-related biphasic manner. Administration of the CB1-selective antagonist SR141716A (36 pmol) fully prevented or reversed these changes in BRS, and there was no significant effect of the antagonist alone in these normotensive animals (1.04 ± 0.05 ms/mmHg baseline vs. 1.12 ± 0.11 ms/mmHg after antagonist treatment, n = 5). We have now determined the effects of blockade of CB1 receptors in a model of angiotensin (Ang) II-dependent hypertension and insulin resistance with impaired BRS. In contrast to observations in normotensive rats, SR141716A dose-dependently improved BRS for control of HR when microinjected into the NTS of hypertensive, transgenic (mRen2)27 rats with impaired baseline BRS, without changing resting MAP or HR. Microinjection of 0.36 pmol SR141716A (n = 5) increased BRS from a baseline of 0.43 ± 0.03 ms/mmHg to 0.68 ± 0.02 (p
Higher order Sobolev homeomorphisms and mappings and the Lusin $${\varvec{}}$$ condition

We give conditions on k, p and the dimension of the space characterizing when the Lusin (N) condition holds in $$W^{k,p}$$ . We generalize well-known counterexamples in $$W^{1,p}$$ both for general mappings and for homeomorphisms.
A simultaneous voltage and frequency control scheme for photovoltaic distributed generation units in small-scale power systems

Photovoltaic units that are connected to the grid through dc/dc converters and inverters in distributed generation, are controlled via a synchronous-generator-like voltage control mechanism. While other control schemes such Synchronverters are used to control the inverter frequency and power at a fixed dc link voltage, the proposed approach considers both the dc-link voltage dynamics and the inverter ac voltage regulation. The dc-link capacitor stores kinetic energy similar to the rotor of a synchronous generator, providing inertia and contributes to the system stability as well as it maintains the inverter input voltage. The inverter is controlled to mimic the behaviour of the synchronous generator flux-decay model. Then, a droop-like mechanism is applied to the dc-dc converter, which interfaces the photovoltaic source to the inverter, along with angle and automatic voltage regulator mechanisms applied to the inverter to control the ac voltage via reactive power control.
Digital content recommendation system using implicit feedback data

Most of existing digital content recommendation systems use explicit feedback data like user's ratings. While such systems rely on user input, those do not sense the context. In this paper, we propose a framework for digital content recommendation using only implicit feedback data (i.e., information collected from session usage without any direct feedback from user), which not only considers interactions among users and contents but also various other implicit information available during a video session. To capture interactions among such attributes, we choose Higher-Order Factorization Machines (HoFM) as our predictor and test our approach on real-world video usage data. In the experiments we explore different possible factors that may affect the performance of HoFM predictor. We observe that increasing the number of sessions of users considered to build the predictor significantly improves prediction accuracy, whereas increasing the order or depth of interactions may not. We also present an application of our work to a video recommendation system.
Power from the ground up: Using data analytics in capital budgeting

Abstract In this case, you will perform quantitative and qualitative analyses to determine if a university should repair its existing coal powered boilers or replace the aging system with a geothermal plant. Politicians and local coal workers are pressuring the university to repair the existing coal furnace because this strategy requires a lower initial investment and supports the local coal industry. Faculty and students are pressuring the university to make an investment in green energy by constructing a geothermal plant, despite the higher initial cost. In conducting your analysis, you must balance the desires of these stakeholders against financial realities. You will: (1) apply statistical skills to evaluate cost behavior and consumption trends using historical data, (2) develop skills in predictive data analysis to forecast future possible outcomes, (3) analyze the impact qualitative factors may have in making appropriate recommendations from data from the perspective of various stakeholders, and (4) strengthen applied spreadsheet skills and proficiency.
The Role of Connectivity in Thermal Imaging

This paper demonstrates the role of connectivity, a concept originally developed by Newnham two decades ago, in improving image quality of infrared (IR) imaging systems by enhancing the thermal modulation transfer function (MTF). IR imaging in the medium wavelength range (7.5 to 14 μm), corresponding to the thermal black body maximum near room temperature and to the atmospheric window, is desirable for a wide range of applications. Night vision, target recognition, reconnaissance, driving aids, and navigation in foggy and poor visibility weather are among the applications of this technology. 1:3 arrays fabricated from ceramic barium strontium titanate (BST) have made it possible to produce compact, low-cost, uncooled infrared cameras that are capable of delivering television quality images.
Children's trauma-related symptoms following complex trauma exposure: Evidence of gender differences.

Abstract Complex trauma exposure has been operationalized as multiple or chronic interpersonal traumas that begin early in life and is thought to result in widespread self-regulation difficulties across several domains of functioning. Prior research has demonstrated that there are gender differences in trauma exposure as well as trauma-related symptoms; however, gender discrepancies have not previously been examined in the context of child survivors of complex trauma. The aim of the present study was to determine whether there are gender differences in both caregiver and child-reported trauma exposure and symptoms among 167 children who have experienced complex trauma (3–18 years, M = 9.90, SD = 3.92; 61.67% female). Male children were somewhat more likely to have been exposed to domestic violence, while female children were more likely to have experienced sexual abuse as well as more likely to have been abused by a caregiver. Gender differences were observed for several of the caregiver-reported symptom domains, with female children exhibiting higher levels of depression, dissociation, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) hyperarousal symptoms, and total PTSD symptoms. Female children also self-reported higher levels of sexual concerns, and marginally more re-experiencing and total PTSD symptoms. Secondary analyses utilizing only children who experienced sexual abuse revealed that gender differences largely remained, again with females manifesting higher levels of symptoms. Thus, following complex trauma, female children may be at higher risk for trauma-related difficulties, which has implications for research and clinical interventions.
Cataloging the Bloomberg era: New York City legislation relevant to cardiovascular risk factors

AbstractHealth-relevant legislation in New York City (NYC) was catalogued during 1998–2017. Legislation identified through the NYC Council legislative record portal, 1998–2017 was systematically classified for relevance to four modifiable cardiovascular risk factors. We classified 7.4% of the legislation introduced during the Bloomberg Administration as relevant to selected cardiovascular risk factors.
Tumorigenicity of cyclic nitrosamines in Syrian golden hamsters.

Nitrosoazetidine and nitrosoheptamethyleneimine have been tested by feeding in drinking water to Syrian golden hamsters. Nitrosoazetidine appeared noncarcinogenic in this species. Nitrosoheptamethyleneimine was strongly carcinogenic, producing tumors in a large proportion of the animals mainly in the forestomach, esophagus, larynx, pharynx, nasal cavity and trachea. Most of the tumors in the esophagus, larynx, pharynx and nasal cavity were malignant. Although this compound produces bronchogenic carcinomas in the lungs of rats, this tumor was not induced by nitrosoheptamethyleneimine in hamsters.
Constraints on Crustal and Upper Mantle Structure from Intermediate Period Surface Waves

Because of their sensitivity to the elastic structure of the crust and the top of the mantle, measurements of intermediate-period (25–150 s) surface wave dispersion are ideal for imaging the shallowest portions of the Earth. Due to the technical difficulties associated with the measurement of dispersion at short periods, however, it is not until quite recently that large, global data sets have been compiled (e.g. [1], [2]) and incorporated into tomographic studies of the mantle ([3], [4], [5], [6]).
Invertebrates and Their Roles in Coral Reef Ecosystems

There are some fundamental generalizations that can be made about the biology and ecology of invertebrates associated with coral reefs. For example, it is widely accepted that coral reefs support the highest biodiversity of all marine ecosystems, and that invertebrates contribute dominantly to this condition. It is also acknowledged that numerous invertebrate taxa are involved in highly complex and coevolved relationships with metazoans, unicellular protists, and multicellular algae. Further, during the past few decades it has been demonstrated that certain invertebrate consumers can have strong and widespread effects on coral abundances, community structure, and the integrity of reef formations.
Decision-Making Within a Constrained Population: Residential Choice by Black Urban Households

The creation and perpetuation of the social spatial mosaic of a metropolitan area in the United States is a result of thousands of individual migrations. Each of these moves involved a decision-making process that included elements unique to each household. Embodied in each decision were personally unique goals, needs, and aspirations, as well as particular constraints that may have qualified or limited the realization of these desires. Virtually every household is subject to constraints. Income and distance to work, for example, are limitations that are experienced by most households. Households of a few subgroups, however, experience a unique set of constraints. Blacks, for example, have been limited to a particular segment of the city, primarily as a function of race. This limitation still exists, regardless of strong civil rights laws and activities that have occurred during the last decade. Blacks may be termed a constrained population, therefore, because of this unique and influential limitation. Intra-urban migration is a popular topic among the many geographers, sociologists, and other urbanists concerned with the social composition of the American City. The traditional
Using the Precursors Model of Change to Facilitate Engagement Practices in Family Counseling

Many evidence-based family counseling approaches include an engagement phase of treatment. Such motivation-focused treatment practices may benefit from a conceptual model that highlights common cli...
Mechanochemical Regulation of a Photochemical Reaction

We introduce the concept of mechanochemically gated photoswitching. Mechanical regulation of a photochemical reaction is exemplified using a newly designed mechanophore based on a cyclopentadiene–maleimide Diels–Alder adduct. Ultrasound-induced mechanical activation of the photochemically inert mechanophore in polymers generates a diarylethene photoswitch via a retro-[4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction that photoisomerizes between colorless and colored states upon exposure to UV and visible light. Control experiments demonstrate the thermal stability of the cyclopentadiene–maleimide adduct and confirm the mechanical origin of the “unlocked” photochromic reactivity. This technology holds promise for applications such as lithography and stress-sensing, enabling the mechanical history of polymeric materials to be recorded and read on-demand.
BUILDING COMMUNITY CAPACITY FOR PERSON CENTERED PLANNING FOR PEOPLE AGING WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY.

Evidence-based supports and interventions are needed to address the unique needs of individuals with intellectual disability (ID) as they age. This research evaluates the impact of an updated version of an evidence-based person-centered planning curriculum for older adults with ID (Heller et al., 1999, 2000). Revisions to the curriculum reflect new knowledge on ways to support health and wellness in this population. The researchers work closely with a community partner to build capacity for future implementation of the curriculum and person centered planning services. The researchers deliver the updated curriculum on a weekly basis at program sites of community partner, training a staff as a co-trainer in the process. The impact of the curriculum is evaluated using a randomized pre-post design with a control group. Both groups are compared at baseline, after the intervention, and at a six-month follow-up using both qualitative and quantitative methods.
A Differential Low-Power Voltage-Clamped ISFET Topology for Biomedical Applications

Over the past few years, ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs) have played a major role in chemical detection systems. This paper presents an architecture for an ultra-low power CMOS pH sensor suitable for biomedical applications. The design uses a differential ISFET readout circuit operating at 0.9V power supply. The minimum supply voltage and minimum power consumption are achieved by operating the MOSFETs in subthreshold regions. The novelty of this design lies in using different size sensing gate areas in a differential voltage clamping ISFET topology. The ISFET model is derived from experimental measurements. Simulation results of the circuit in a 0.5µm standard CMOS process show that the designed differential ISFET provides an average sensitivity −49mV/pH with ISFET sensing areas of 80µm×80µm and 10µm×10µm over a 1-14pH range with 2.3nW of power.
Temperature measurement in the ultrasonic-assisted drilling process

The ultrasonic-assisted drilling (UAD) process is being developed due to its apparent advantages over the conventional drilling (CD) process in terms of thrust force and torque reduction and improvements in surface finish and hole accuracy. However, as with CD, heat generated during UAD might affect tool life, including damage to the cutting edges of the drill. The research reported here has two main objectives: (1) finding the best technique to measure temperatures in UAD, and (2) measure the effect of ultrasonic vibrations in heat generated in UAD. In this paper, two scenarios are used to examine five temperature measurement techniques, these being embedded thermocouples in the material, infrared (IR) sensor, IR camera, and embedding thermocouples in the drill cooling channels and surface thermocouples. It is found that embedding thermocouples in the drill cooling channels is the best and most reliable technique for measuring temperature in UAD. This method is then used to investigate the effects of ultrasonic vibrations on heat generated in UAD of aluminum 6061, alloy steel 4340, and stainless steel 316. The effect of ultrasonic vibrations on thrust force is also studied in this investigation.
The Molecular Origin of Voltage Dependence in Ionic Channels

Excitable membranes play a fundamental role in the generation, transmission and transduction of information in the nervous system, muscle and other tissues. The generation of an action potential, a fast transient change in the membrane potential of the cell, is produced by the increase in permeability of ion-selective channels. Hodgkin and Huxley (1952) described the changes in permeability of sodium and potassium specific pathways that occur in response to changes in membrane potential. The classical sodium channel is an intrinsic membrane protein that conducts preferentially Na ions but it does so only at depolarized membrane potentials and for short periods of time. In the generation of the action potential, a small decrease in the membrane potential opens a few Na channels allowing Na to rush into the cell. This produces a larger depolarization which in turn opens more Na channels, developing the rising phase of the impulse. This rising phase of the action potential is slowed down and reversed by the late opening of the potassium channels that produce outward current, repolarizing the membrane to its initial state. Thus, changes in membrane conductances are driven by changes in membrane potential and this is the fundamental property of voltage dependent channels.
Linguistic Structures and Innovation: A Behavioral Approach

National systems of innovation exhibit a high level of variance stemming from numerous factors that include economic and legal structures, cultural attributes, and the consequent policies. We draw ...
Intimomedial mucoid degeneration of the peripheral arteries

Abstract Intimomedial mucoid degeneration, a rare vascular disorder characterized by mucinous deposition in the intima and media layers, causes aneurysmal degeneration of the vessel wall in young patients. Because of the potential for involvement of multiple vessels, these patients may require full body imaging and long-term follow-up. We describe three patients with intimomedial mucoid degeneration and variable clinical presentations. One patient presented emergently with a spontaneously ruptured nonaneurysmal subclavian artery; one patient presented with a known posterior tibial artery aneurysm and new onset of focal pain and paresthesias over the aneurysm; and one patient presented with a self-discovered dorsalis pedis artery aneurysm.
Measuring anesthetic resistance in Drosophila by VAAPR

Abstract Volatile anesthetics are compounds which are commonly used to induce a reversable loss of consciousness (LOC) in animals. The molecular mechanism of how anesthetics induce LOC is largely unknown. However, observations have been made which show that there are genetically-encoded traits which influence the effective concentration of anesthetics in the inducement of LOC. Despite this long-term observation, little progress has been made in identifying genes involved in anesthetic sensitivity. One reason for this is that many techniques to test anesthetic sensitivity are technically challenging and are inhibitory for high-throughput studies. Here we introduce a technique for testing volatiles and aerosols with positional recording (VAAPR), a method which allows for high-throughput testing of the effect of anesthetics and other aerosolized drugs using Drosophila. Using VAAPR we show that the enzyme phospholipase D (PLD) significantly shifts the concentration of diethyl ether, chloroform, and isoflurane needed to induce LOC in Drosophila. We also show that PLD is required for a paradoxical hyperactivity phenotype. We expect that this technique will allow for additional genes to be found which control anesthetic sensitivity as well as other behavioral phenotypes.
Sedation practices in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Background The 5-year survival for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is greater than 90%. One late effect of pediatric ALL associated with numerous long-term difficulties is neurocognitive deficits. The experience at our institution, as well as conversations with oncologists at other institutions, suggests an increase in the use of sedation during lumbar punctures (LPs) for treatment of pediatric ALL. Among the most common Children's Oncology Group (COG) ALL protocols, approximately 30 LPs are performed over 2-3 years. Studies in animals reveal that sedation drugs may harm the developing brain. Gaps in knowledge exist regarding their use in children, particularly repeated exposures. The purpose of this study is to summarize sedation practices for LPs related to the treatment of ALL at COG institutions. Methods Responsible Individuals (RIs) of the Cancer Control Committee of COG were invited to complete an internet-based survey about sedation practices at their institutions. Results Surveys were sent to 103 RIs with a 62% response rate (N = 64). A combined 2018 new patients with ALL were seen each year (mean = 31.5, range = 3-110) at the participating institutions. The majority (96%) of children with ALL received sedation for LPs. While there was considerable variability across institutions in the type of sedation given, the most common was propofol alone (n = 36, 56%). Conclusions A substantial number of children with ALL receive sedation for LPs; however, there is variation in the medication used. Better understanding of sedation practices in children with ALL may inform future research to investigate which methods are the safest, with an emphasis on long-term neurocognitive late effects.
Brain immunology and immunotherapy in brain tumours

Gliomas, the most common malignant primary brain tumours, remain universally lethal. Yet, seminal discoveries in the past 5 years have clarified the anatomy, genetics and function of the immune system within the central nervous system (CNS) and altered the paradigm for successful immunotherapy. The impact of standard therapies on the response to immunotherapy is now better understood, as well. This new knowledge has implications for a broad range of tumours that develop within the CNS. Nevertheless, the requirements for successful therapy remain effective delivery and target specificity, while the dramatic heterogeneity of malignant gliomas at the genetic and immunological levels remains a profound challenge.
Bariatric Surgery as a Treatment for Food Addiction? A Review of the Literature

The purpose of this literature review is to explore a potentially controversial hypothesis– that bariatric surgery could be used as a “treatment” for food addiction. Two small studies have examined food addiction pre- and post-bariatric surgery and suggest that the prevalence of symptoms is reduced within the first-year post-operatively. Many physiological, metabolic, and neurobiological changes occur following bariatric surgery. Theoretically, these changes that modify the factors associated with obesity and eating behaviors related to obesity could also impact food addiction symptoms. Future research includes need for examination of whether bariatric surgery improves or worsens food addiction symptoms, especially over the long term. Although the title of this review is bold, in practice, it would behoove providers to carefully evaluate patients pre- and post-operatively to determine best treatment approaches for those with food addiction and severe obesity.
Building Strong Children Together: Ending Child Maltreatment in Our Lifetime Through Disruption of Educational Systems and Approaches

Our current educational system places the onus on individual professions to create large-scale change within the field of child maltreatment. Historically, each profession has expended significant time and resources to personally create and traverse their own pathway in addressing the prevention and treatment of child abuse and neglect. The siloed structure of our current educational system inherently limits our collective vision and impact toward a safer future for children. Our greatest collective failing has been the failure to effectively shift the focus across professional disciplines from post-maltreatment intervention to that of primary prevention. Our vision for breaking down educational silos begins at the undergraduate level, continues throughout the graduate and post-graduate progression, and culminates in professional leadership training and mentorship. We are convinced that this multi-tiered educational approach will create the necessary foundation to support a collaborative approach to the design, dissemination, and implementation of a new era of within- and cross-systems best practices in child abuse prevention. Our paper will focus on the creation of the EndCAN Academy to serve as the unifying leader in this vision.
Alternating Dynamics of oriC, SMC, and MksBEF in Segregation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Chromosome

Condensins are essential for global chromosome organization in diverse bacteria. Atypically, the Pseudomonas aeruginosa chromosome encodes condensins from two superfamilies, SMC-ScpAB and MksBEF. Here, we report that the two proteins play specialized roles in chromosome packing and segregation and are synthetically lethal with ParB. Inactivation of SMC or MksB affected, in a protein-dependent manner, global chromosome layout and its timing of segregation and sometimes triggered a chromosomal inversion. The localization pattern was also unique to each protein. SMC clusters colocalized with oriC throughout the cell cycle except shortly after origin duplication, whereas MksB clusters emerged at cell quarters shortly prior to oriC duplication and stayed there even after cell division. The relocation of the proteins was abrupt and coordinated with oriC dynamic. These data reveal that the two condensins play distinct dual roles in chromosome maintenance by organizing it and mediating its segregation. Furthermore, the choreography of condensins and oriC relocations suggest an elegant mechanism for the birth and maturation of chromosomes.IMPORTANCE Mechanisms that define the chromosome as a structural entity remain unknown. Key elements in this process are condensins, which globally organize chromosomes and contribute to their segregation. This study characterized condensin and chromosome dynamics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which harbors condensins from two major protein superfamilies, SMC and MksBEF. The study revealed that both proteins play a dual role in chromosome maintenance by spatially organizing the chromosomes and guiding their segregation but can substitute for each other in some activities. The timing of chromosome, SMC, and MksBEF relocation was highly ordered and interdependent, revealing causative relationships in the process. Moreover, MksBEF produced clusters at the site of chromosome replication that survived cell division and remained in place until replication was complete. Overall, these data delineate the functions of condensins from the SMC and MksBEF superfamilies, reveal the existence of a chromosome organizing center, and suggest a mechanism that might explain the biogenesis of chromosomes.
A Numerical Model for Tsunami-Induced Morphology Change

We describe the development of a time-resolved model for tsunami-induced morphology change, based on an existing Boussinesq model for weakly-dispersive free-surface waves coupled to a depth-integrated model for sediment concentration and an equation for bed level change. The model allows for spatial variability in bottom friction coefficients and accounts for the presence of non-erodible beds or finite depths of available sediment. The model is verified using one laboratory data set and against field observations of morphology change in the Crescent City, CA harbor during the 2011 Tohoku tsunami event. The model is then applied to a hypothetical example illustrating the impact of tsunami inundation on an undeveloped barrier island.
Historically Remaining Issues: The Shanghai–Xinjiang Zhiqing Migration Program and the Tangled Legacies of the Mao Era in China, 1980–2017:

This article addresses social legacies or “historically remaining issues”—the impacts of Mao-era policies and practices on life courses, socioeconomic statuses, living conditions, and other aspects...
Lung cancer in HIV versus non-HIV population: Nationwide analysis of mortality, morbidity, demographics, and healthcare utilization.

9125Background: Lung cancer (LC) is the most common non-AIDS defining cancer with a high cancer-related mortality in patients with HIV. With improving survival in HIV patients, the incidence of LC ...
A Magnetically-Coupled Micromachined Electrostatic Energy Harvester Driven by Eye Blinking Motion

We present the fabrication and experimental results of a magnetically coupled body motion electrostatic energy harvester chip suitable for a smart contact lens application. The device is designed to be driven by the lateral motion of the eye blinking without any physical contact with the eyelid. The $4\times 3\ \text{mm}^{2}$ harvester generates 486.54 nJ and $6.09\ \mu \mathrm{J}$ of energy per blink and average power of 194.6 nW and $2.44\ \mu \mathrm{W}$ when pre-charged at 3.18 V and 6.27 V, respectively when driven at typical blinking velocity conditions.
Upper extremity 3-dimensional reachable workspace analysis in dystrophinopathy using Kinect

Introduction: An innovative upper extremity 3-dimensional (3D) reachable workspace outcome measure acquired using the Kinect sensor is applied toward Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD/BMD). The validity, sensitivity, and clinical meaningfulness of this novel outcome measure are examined. Methods: Upper extremity function assessment (Brooke scale and NeuroQOL questionnaire) and Kinect-based reachable workspace analyses were conducted in 43 individuals with dystrophinopathy (30 DMD and 13 BMD, aged 7–60 years) and 46 controls (aged 6–68 years). Results: The reachable workspace measure reliably captured a wide range of upper extremity impairments encountered in both pediatric and adult, as well as ambulatory and non-ambulatory individuals with dystrophinopathy. Reduced reachable workspaces were noted for the dystrophinopathy cohort compared with controls, and they correlated with Brooke grades. In addition, progressive reduction in reachable workspace correlated directly with worsening ability to perform activities of daily living, as self-reported on the NeuroQOL. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the utility and potential of the novel sensor-acquired reachable workspace outcome measure in dystrophinopathy. Muscle Nerve 52:344–355, 2015
A Probabilistic Graphical Model for Ab Initio Folding

Despite significant progress in recent years, ab initio folding is still one of the most challenging problems in structural biology. This paper presents a probabilistic graphical model for ab initio folding, which employs Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) and directional statistics to model the relationship between the primary sequence of a protein and its three-dimensional structure. Different from the widely-used fragment assembly method and the lattice model for protein folding, our graphical model can explore protein conformations in a continuous space according to their probability. The probability of a protein conformation reflects its stability and is estimated from PSI-BLAST sequence profile and predicted secondary structure. Experimental results indicate that this new method compares favorably with the fragment assembly method and the lattice model.
Genetic Algorithms Applied to the Physical Design of VLSI Circuits: A Survey

Electronic design automation is concerned with the design and production of VLSI systems. One of the important steps in creating a VLSI circuit is its physical design. The input to the physical design step is a logical representation of the system under design. The output of this step is the layout of a physical package that optimally or near-optimally realizes the logical representation. Physical design problems are generally combinatorial in nature and have very large problem sizes. In this paper we review genetic algorithms for physical design and observe and analyze the common traits of the superior contributions. For example, many of these investigations use genetic operators that incorporate expert knowledge. We believe this review can stimulate and steer further applications.
Network flow problems

Many linear programming problems can be viewed as a problem of minimizing the “transportation” cost of moving materials through a network to meet demands for material at various locations given sources of material at other locations. Such problems are called network flow problems. They form the most important special class of linear programming problems. Transportation, electric, and communication networks provide obvious examples of application areas. Less obvious, but just as important, are applications in facilities location, resource management, financial planning, and others.
Localization of right whales using matched correlation processing

The use of Matched Correlation Processing (MCP) for the localization of right whales was demonstrated. Model-based MCP techniques have been researched with the goal of improving the capability of passive sonar systems for localizing quiet underwater sources. The cross-correlations for a broadband source as measured with a pair of hydrophones in a horizontal array are matched with those generated with a correlation model for many candidate ranges and depth along a candidate bearing. These matches are carried out with a number of hydrophone pairs to form many range-depth ambiguity surfaces. A three-sensor horizontal array with an aperture of 125 m was deployed on the sea bottom in 68 m of water and the hydrophones were localized using an Array Element Localization (AEL) procedure. A light bulb was imploded at a depth of 41.5 m from hydrophone. Using light bulbs as simulated right whale gunshots, the technique was shown to work extremely well out to a range of about six water depths in an environment that has sufficient bottom reflections.
Transitional Injustice: Subverting Justice in Transition and Postconflict Societies

Diverse in many respects, one unifying element of research on transitional justice (TJ) concerns the fact that predicted outcomes of these processes are normatively appealing; specifically, advocates argue TJ promotes truth and reconciliation, prevents armed conflict and increases democratization. This perspective further assumes that justice efforts are implemented with these goals in mind. We argue that it is possible for governments to implement TJ without maintaining an interest in truth, peace, or democracy but rather with the intention of promoting denial and forgetting, perpetuating violence, and legitimating authoritarianism—a process we call transitional injustice. In this article, we provide indicators by which scholars and policy makers can determine if transitional injustice is taking place. To further our argument, we conduct a detailed examination of Rwandan politics following the violence of 1994 and demonstrate the ways in which the Rwandan state has been able to use justice processes towa...
A comparative study of radial basis function neural networks and wavelet neural networks in classification of remotely sensed data

Artificial neural networks (ANN) constitute a powerful class of nonlinear function approximate for model-free estimation. ANN has been widely used in pattern recognition, prediction and classification. In the artificial neural network approach, we compare radial basis function neural networks (RBFNN) and wavelet neural networks for multispectral image classification. The aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness of the neural network model for multispectral image classification. Radial basis function neural network is used for its advantages of rapid training, generality and simplicity over feedforward backpropagation neural network. The k-means clustering is used to choose the initial radial basis centers and widths for the RBFNN. The wavelet is a localized function that is capable of detecting some features in signals. A wavelet basis function is assigned for each neuron and each synaptic weight is determined by learning. An attempt is also made to study the performance of the RBFNN with the centers and widths chosen using the classical k-means clustering.
Expression of memory immunity in the lung following re-exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Abstract Objective: To examine the memory immunity expressed in the lung in response to a low-dose aerosol challenge. Design: Memory-immune C57BL/6 mice were generated by infection followed by drug treatment with isoniazid and rifabutin. Both memory-immune and naive mice were then rechallenged via both the aerosol and intravenous routes. The growth of bacteria in target organs, the expression of cytokines within these organs and the ability of T cells to recognize selected mycobacterial protein antigens were determined over time. Results: There was a finite delay before immunity was expressed in the lungs of the memory-immune mice. This was in contrast to the immediate control of bacterial growth seen in the liver of intravenously challenged mice. In both cases, the expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) mRNA in the target organ correlated with the control of bacterial growth. Memory immunity in the spleen and lung differed: whereas splenic T cells strongly recognized the major Ag85 protein, the 45 kDa protein, and a synthetic peptide representing the ESAT molecule, only the Ag85 molecule was recognized by T cells harvested from thoracic lymph nodes after pulmonary rechallenge. Conclusions: Immunity, as mediated by IFN-γ, is expressed more slowly following an aerosol rechallenge and appears to be restricted in terms of antigen specificity. Moreover, very strong levels of memory immunity can prevent progressive disease in the lungs, but cannot prevent the establishment of secondary infection.
Quantum fluorescence efficiencies of fulvic and humic acids: effects on ocean color and fluorometric detection

The spectral fluorescence efficiency function ((eta) ((lambda) x,(lambda) m) equals quanta fluoresced per nm interval of (lambda) m per quanta absorbed at (lambda) x, (lambda) x equals excitation wavelength, (lambda) m equals emission wavelength) has been determined for several different fulvic and humic acid samples, and the 3-dimensional surfaces have been described mathematically. These data are used along with a published two-flow irradiance model to calculate the effect of solar-stimulated fluorescence due to colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM; also gelbstoff) on irradiance reflectance just below the sea surface along a transect taken on the West Florida Shelf. In addition, a strategy is suggested for using (eta) ((lambda) x,(lambda) m) and mass-specific absorption coefficient measurements of CDOM to determine CDOM concentrations from remotely sensed fluorescence measurements.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Electrochromic organic and polymeric materials for display applications

An electrochromic material is one where a reversible color change takes place upon reduction (gain of electrons) or oxidation (loss of electrons), on passage of electrical current after the application of an appropriate electrode potential. In this review, the general field of electrochromism is introduced, with coverage of the types, applications, and chemical classes of electrochromic materials and the experimental methods that are used in their study. The main classes of electrochromic organic and polymeric materials are then surveyed, with descriptions of representative examples based on the transition metal coordination complexes, viologen systems, and conducting polymers. Examples of the application of such organic and polymeric electrochromic materials in electrochromic displays are given.
Brown adipose tissue from fetal rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): morphological and biochemical aspects.

Abstract 1. 1. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) from fetal rhesus monkeys microscopically resembled adult rodent BAT containing multiocular fat cells with numerous mitochondria. 2. 2. Mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyl transferase activity was lower than that in adult rodents and adenine nucleotide translocase activity was similar to that reported for rats. 3. 3. Rhesus monkey BAT mitochondria (BATM) possess an uncoupling protein that is characteristic of BAT as evidenced by the binding of [ 3 H]GDP, the inhibition by GDP of the high Cl − permeability or rapid α-glycerol-3-phosphate oxidation. Electrophoretic analysis of BATM showed the presence of a 32,000 mol.wt protein which was enriched by procedures established for the isolation of BATM uncoupling protein.
Attentional control mediates the effect of social anxiety on positive affect

The goal of the present studies was to examine whether attentional control, a self-regulatory attentional mechanism, mediates the effect of social anxiety on positive affect. We tested this mediation in two studies using undergraduate students selected to represent a broad range of severity of social anxiety. Self-report assessments of social anxiety, attentional control, and positive affect were collected in a cross-sectional design (Study 1) and in a longitudinal design with three assessment points (Study 2). Results of both studies supported the hypothesized mediational model. Specifically, social anxiety was inversely related to attentional control, which itself positively predicted positive affect. This mediation remained significant even when statistically controlling for the effects of depression. Additionally, the hypothesized model provided superior model fit to theoretically-grounded equivalent models in both studies. Implications of these findings for understanding diminished positive affect in social anxiety are discussed.
Comparative Swimming Stamina, Biochemical Composition, Backbone Mechanical Properties, and Histopathology of Juvenile Striped Bass from Rivers and Hatcheries of the Eastern United States

Abstract Swimming stamina and indices of bodily condition were compared among young-of-the-year striped bass Morone saxatilis from the Hudson River, the Potomac and Nanticoke rivers (tributaries of Chesapeake Bay), and three hatchery stocks. Hudson River fish showed one of the poorest swimming performances, Potomac River fish the best. Wild fish as a group differed from hatchery fish as a group in the biochemical compositions of their livers and muscles, but this probably was related to their respective diets. The bones of wild fish generally had lower density, strength, and structural integrity than those of hatchery fish. Among wild fish, those from the Hudson River were exceptional for their high liver-weight: Body-weight ratio, low liver DNA and muscle protein concentrations, high liver (but average muscle) RNA:DNA ratio, poor bone quality, and heavy infestation with cestode larvae, the last being associated with extensive loss of muscle bundles. From previous work, Hudson River striped bass are known...
Hormones and borderline personality features

Borderline personality is diagnosed in clinical settings three times more often in women than in men, and symptom severity in women appears sensitive to circulating sex steroid levels. In non-human mammals, prenatal hormones contribute to the development of sex-linked behavior and their responsiveness to postnatal hormones. Therefore, this study examined the hypothesis that prenatal hormones may influence the development of borderline personality traits by measuring a marker of perinatal androgen action, the 2D:4D ratio, and salivary hormone levels in 58 men and 52 women. Participants completed the Borderline Features Subscales (BOR) of the Personality Assessment Inventory, gender role questionnaires, and four sex-linked cognitive tasks. Digit ratios were a significant predictor of the affective component of borderline personality, such that in both sexes 2D:4D ratios suggestive of weaker perinatal androgen action contributed to greater borderline personality features overall and greater affective instability. In addition, women reporting greater affective instability showed larger changes in estradiol across the session, consistent with the influence of stress and emotional reactivity on hormonal function. These findings are consistent with an increasing body of research suggesting that hormonal factors associated with the expression of typical gender-linked behavior may also contribute to the expression of gender-linked maladaptive behavior.
Relationships between reserpine induced phasic EEG activity and single unit discharge in the pontine reticular formation and lateral geniculate body neurons.

Des ondes rapides sont enregistrees dans la formation reticulee pontique (FRP) et le corps genicule lateral (CGL) chez des chats sous Reserpine. Au moment des ondes rapides, l'activite des neurones de la FRP est generalement inhibee, parfois augmentee. Elle est toujours augmentee dans le CGL. Un rapprochement est tente avec des phenomenes semblables observes pendant le sommeil paradoxal.
Possible observation of vacuum polarization effects in the 1S0 p-p state

Abstract The effects of vacuum polarization on the “line shape” of the 1 S 0 p-p state are calculated and shown to be measurable with present experimental techniques.
The case for a world currency

Abstract The flexible exchange rate experiment has been a failure. The best test of any monetary system is the degree to which it avoids unnecessary changes in real exchange rates. These changes drastically reduce the gains from trade and disqualify the arguments ordinarily made for free trade areas and the customs unions. By this criterion, the worst period in history has been the period since generalized floating that began in 1973. All of the arguments made for flexible exchange rates have proved to be incorrect. Destabilizing capital movements have rocked the exchange rates between areas that have a high and consistent degree of price stability. Exchange rates consistently overshoot equilibrium, causing harmful shifts between traded and non-traded goods industries and in the levels of indebtedness of rich and poor countries. The dollar–euro exchange rate, first dropping by a large percentage and then rising by an even larger percentage over the past 20 years, between areas that have price stability, is sufficient proof that the markets are not working in a direction and degree that is conducive to economic welfare. The solution lies in creating an international currency that can be used by all countries for international trade purposes. A two-step process is envisaged: First, a convergence of the three or four major currency areas on a common unit of account, called the “DEY” for dollar–euro–yen or dollar–euro–yuan, with a joint Monetary Policy Council to determine monetary policy of the area. Countries could start with large margins and gradually reduce them to complete convergence. Second, the Board of Governors of the IMF (or its replacement) designate the DEY as the platform on which, in conjunction possibly with gold, it will build the new world currency, to be called the INTOR. Both the Keynes and White Plans called for a world currency. Political conditions were not ripe for its inclusion in the Articles of Agreement and that is one of the reasons why the great post-war monetary experiment of the fixed-exchange-rate international system broke down.” Since the creation of the euro, the political configuration of the international monetary system has changed and the United States is no longer the unquestioned “dictator”. It is now very much in America's interest, as well as the interests of the EU, Japan and China, to restore a new international monetary system that would be to the economic benefit of all countries.