cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finite element modeling simulation of in-plane forming limit diagrams of sheets containing finite defects

Finite element modeling (FEM) has been used to predict forming limit diagrams (FLDs) of thin sheets based on two-dimensional (2-D) finite thickness defects. The local growth of these defects is simulated until an arbitrary failure criterion is reached. Many aspects of this simulation re-produce the standard Marciniak-Kuczynski (M-K) results. For example, the plane strain intercept, FLD0, is sensitive to the material work hardening,n, and the strain rate sensitivity,m, but is not affected by the normal anisotropy,r. The positive side of the FLD was characterized by a line of logarithmic slopeP. The value ofP decreases sharply asn andm increase. The effect ofr depends on the choice of yield function. The absolute location of the FLD, as given by the FLD0, depends not only on the material properties, but also on the choice of failure criterion, defect geometry, and details of the simulative model (mesh size, number of defect dimensions,etc.). This is true of any measurement or simulation of the FLDs. Therefore, we propose that the FLD0 be used as the single “fitting parameter” between modeling and experimental results: a more realistic approach based on what is actually measured in the FLD experiments. This method allows clarification of the role of material plasticity properties(e.g.,n, m, andr) vs fracture properties (contained in the FLD0) in determining the shape of the FLDs.
Fine structure of IMR-90 cells in culture as examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.

Abstract Cells from the new strain IMR-90 were examined by scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy at early, middle, and late population doubling levels. The cells are characteristically flattened and elongated and arranged in clusters from 1 to several cells thick. Long thin processes extend from the poles and sides of the cells. The number of blebs and microvilli on the cell surface varies. In later population doubling level (PDL) cultures, a larger number of cells have greater quantities of microvilli on their surface. It is suggested that the increased number of microvilli might represent an increased level of differentiation. By TEM the cells typically have elongated to oval shaped nuclei which are sometimes deeply invaginated. The cytoplasm contains a well developed Golgi region, elongated mitochondria, microtubules, filaments, a variety of vesicles, vacuoles and dense bodies and large amounts of RNA in the form of granular endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes. Cytoplasmic appearance, particularly the number of dense bodies, varies widely at all PDL. With increasing PDL, cells tend to have nuclei with more condensed chromatin, and a cytoplasm containing less mitochondria and granular endoplasmic reticulum and more dense bodies. Also at later PDL there is a higher frequency of cells containing long, thin dense mitochondria as well as bizarre shaped mitochondria. In older populations there are many cells in a state of filamentous degeneration. Cells with large numbers of surface projections (microvilli) tend to be correlated with an osmiophilic cytoplasm containing many filaments and numerous dense bodies.
Standard care and management of clean intermittent catheherisation for patients in japanese children's hospital

Introduction Clean intermittent catheterisation (CIC) is mainly performed for patients with vesico-ureteral reflux, spina bifida, urinary disturbance in our hospital. The patients and their families are hospitalised for 3 or 4 days to acquire the methods of CIC. Due to their circumstances they will need to continue CIC at home. Thus nurses at the urology unit and outpatient unit intervene at an early stage. Material and methods A training session about CIC was held by a urology doctor. Then we drew up a nursing manual for CIC, and the procedures of CIC gathered from children's hospitals in Japan. Results A data sheet (such as demographic data, everyday life, an acceptances of their disease etc) was created and put to practical use for all staff in relation to the patients. The data was utilised for nursing plans individually and shared the information between outpatient unit and inpatient unit. As a result of standardising the procedure, patients and their families were able to reduce the confusion that they felt about the different ways of CIC (for example preparing goods and how to sterilise) at the different units in the hospital. Conclusions After the training session, we gained new knowledge and how to intervene for patients doing CIC using the same opinions. Thus it is necessary to continue learning and it is essential to exchange the information within staff in the hospital and in the country.
A MEANS OF INCREASING THE TUBERCULOSTATIC EFFECT OF KNOWN CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS

By incorporating a known tuberculostatic agent on one end of a surface-active molecule, an increased in vitro effect on the tubercle bacillus has been obtained. This activity is presumably due to the concentration of the drug molecules at or beneath the mycobacterial cell boundary. Whether the surface-active drug actually penetrates the lipid, or lipoprotein complex that is so characteristic of the mycobacteria is only problematic. According to comparable purely physical-chemical experiments, such a penetration is quite likely. Increase in tuberculostatic effect of over 1000-fold has been attained by rendering surface-active the drugs included in this study. The quantitative evaluation of this increase in activity has been obtained by measuring drug action both when its surface-active properties are functional, and when these properties have been selectively abolished by a specific surface-active antagonist. It is believed that the molecular orientation of a surface-active drug about a bacterial cell accounts for one component of its antibacterial action. Certain previously described surface-active antituberculous drugs and antibiotics have been examined in light of this interpretation. It may be anticipated that the more potent tuberculostatic drugs such as streptomycin could be made more effective by incorporating the molecule into a surface-active compound, according to the principles herein described.
Systematics of Euplotes (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida); Toward Union of the Old and the New

SYNOPSIS. Prior to the general use of methods revealing the silverline system, members of the genus Euplotes were separated on the basis of body shape, sculpturing and arrangement of cirri. Since 1954, species have been separated on the basis of number of dorsolateral cilium rows, dorsal silverline system, number of fronto-ventral cirri, and form of the macronucleus. This paper describes E. charon Muller, 1773, E. quinquecarinatus Gelei, 1950, E. alatus Kahl, 1932, and E. bisulcatus Kahl, 1932, 4 species that are difficult to separate solely on the basis of the latter set of characters. By discussion of characters elucidated by a nigrosin-HgCl2-formalin method, it is suggested that the following can form a basis for identification of members of this genus: 1) cortical sculpturing, 2) arrangement of all ciliary organelles, including dorsal and endoral cilia, and 3) details of the silverline system. Existing methods are indicated, some far more simple than silver methods, with which these characters can be elucidated.
Fracture and in-situ stress patterns and impact on performance in the Khuff structural prospects, eastern offshore Saudi Arabia

Abstract We characterized natural fractures and in-situ stresses for exploration and prospect evaluation in nine periclinal structural traps, in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, where several major gas discoveries were made in the deeply buried, Permian–Triassic Khuff Formation. Borehole image logs, oriented cores, seismic, gravity-magnetic data, and dynamic observations were used in the study. Two fracture systems were identified: a younger, major system, which enhances reservoir permeability and an older, minor, fully mineralized system. The older system consists of subordinate northerly striking extensional mesofractures, including joints and faults, which are fully mineralized by anhydrite and calcite. This mineralization occurred during an early diagenetic-phase. This system acted as paleo-fluid conduits, facilitating the occlusion of matrix porosity and deteriorating the reservoir quality in the immediate vicinity of the fractures. The younger system is regionally dominant, and includes mesofractures with persistent strike ranging from NE–SW to ESE–WNW irrespective of local structure. These younger fractures are nearly parallel to the present day maximum horizontal in-situ stress and perpendicular to the minimum horizontal in-situ stress, which are dominated by the Zagros plate tectonics. The development of this system commenced during the convergence of the Arabian and Eurasian plates (Late Cretaceous to Cenozoic) and culminated during the continental collision. The fractures are predominantly extension joints and hybrid (extensional-shear) fractures, and were facilitated by increases in pore pressure due to the oil placement and the subsequent cracking of this oil into gas. Hydrocarbon migration into the Khuff reservoirs was crucial in slowing down diagenesis and preserving both fracture apertures and matrix porosity. Therefore, most of the fractures in this system tend to be partly mineralized, mainly by carbonates, and/or coated with hydrocarbons. These fractures show channel-type apertures that enhance permeability and productivity of the Khuff by up to two fold. The channel apertures can endure operational changes in reservoir pressure with little or no reduction of their permeability. Critically stressed open fractures have no major role. Geomechanical analyses show that they are estimated to occur under the upper limits of differential stresses, within the margin of error of stress estimates. The static and dynamic observations show the permeability and productivity enhancement follows mechanical layering patterns. Production and pressure profiles in individual wells indicate lack of vertical communication (seal breach) across the different reservoir units. Similar pre-production pressure and hydrocarbons across the Khuff reservoir units is the result of normalization over geological time. Hydrocarbon migration across the anhydrite seals happened via episodic paleoseismic pumping along faults with no sufficient vertical offset to permanently breach the reservoir seals.
An echocardiographic study of healthy Border Collies with normal reference ranges for the breed.

Abstract Objectives The objectives of this study were to obtain standard echocardiographic measurements from healthy Border Collies and to compare these measurements to those previously reported for a general population of dogs. Animals Standard echocardiographic data were obtained from twenty apparently healthy Border Collie dogs. These data ( n = 20) were compared to data obtained from a general population of healthy dogs ( n = 69). Methods Border Collies were deemed healthy based on normal history, physical examination, complete blood count, serum biochemical profile, electrocardiogram, and blood pressure, with no evidence of congenital or acquired heart disease on echocardiographic examination. Standard two dimensional, M-mode, and Doppler echocardiographic measurements were obtained and normal ranges determined. The data were compared to data previously obtained at our hospital from a general population of normal dogs. Results Two dimensional, M-mode, and Doppler reference ranges for healthy Border Collies are presented in tabular form. Comparison of the weight adjusted M-mode echocardiographic means from Border Collies to those from the general population of dogs showed Border Collies to have larger left ventricular systolic and diastolic dimensions, smaller interventricular septal thickness, and lower fractional shortening. Conclusions There are differences in some echocardiographic parameters between healthy Border Collies and the general dog population, and the echocardiographic reference ranges provided in this study should be used as breed specific reference values for Border Collies.
Understanding models and their use in science: Conceptions of middle and high school students and experts.

Thirty-three 7th-grade mixed-ability students and 22 11th-grade honors students were interviewed about their conceptions of models and their use in science. Three analyses are presented in order to: (1) portray the character of students' spontaneous answers; (2) examine the criteria students use to decide whether specific items are models or not; and (3) describe how different general levels of understanding models reflect different epistemological viewpoints. Four experts were also interviewed for purposes of comparison. We found that students in both groups have conceptions of models that are basically consistent with a naive realist epistemology. Thus, they are more likely to think of models as physical copies of reality that embody different spatiotemporal perspectives than as constructed representations that may embody different theoretical perspectives. As student ideas become more sophisticated, however, they increasingly include the fact that models are designed for particular purposes, especially to help communication. All of our experts expressed ideas consistent with a constructivist framework, drawing a distinction between abstract and physical models and articulating ways that models are used for the construction and testing of ideas. Our findings suggest that students need more experience using models as intellectual tools, more experience with models that provide contrasting conceptual views of phenomena, and more discussions of the roles of models in the service of scientific inquiry.
Evaluation of Epidemiology and Animal Data for Risk Assessment: Chlorpyrifos Developmental Neurobehavioral Outcomes

Developmental neurobehavioral outcomes attributed to exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPF) obtained from epidemiologic and animal studies published before June 2010 were reviewed for risk assessment purposes. For epidemiological studies, this review considered (1) overall strength of study design, (2) specificity of CPF exposure biomarkers, (3) potential for bias, and (4) Hill guidelines for causal inference. In the case of animal studies, this review focused on evaluating the consistency of outcomes for developmental neurobehavioral endpoints from in vivo mammalian studies that exposed dams and/or offspring to CPF prior to weaning. Developmental neuropharmacologic and neuropathologic outcomes were also evaluated. Experimental design and methods were examined as part of the weight of evidence. There was insufficient evidence that human developmental exposures to CPF produce adverse neurobehavioral effects in infants and children across different cohort studies that may be relevant to CPF exposure. In animals, few behavioral parameters were affected following gestational exposures to 1 mg/kg-d but were not consistently reported by different laboratories. For postnatal exposures, behavioral effects found in more than one study at 1 mg/kg-d were decreased errors on a radial arm maze in female rats and increased errors in males dosed subcutaneously from postnatal day (PND) 1 to 4. A similar finding was seen in rats exposed orally from PND 1 to 21 with incremental dose levels of 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg-d, but not in rats dosed with constant dose level of 1 mg/kg-d. Neurodevelopmental behavioral, pharmacological, and morphologic effects occurred at doses that produced significant brain or red blood cell acetylcholinesterase inhibition in dams or offspring.
Sarcoidosis: can a murine model help define a role for silica?

Abstract Both genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role in the etiology of sarcoidosis. An association of the condition with exposure to environmental microbes has been recognized for many years, and has become stronger in the last 10–15 years with the advent of newer investigative techniques. A body of literature now is accumulating suggesting that silica may be yet another trigger in genetically predisposed persons. Impressive support for an etiologic role of mycobacteria derives from earlier studies by several investigators in Japan and in Europe and more recently from the US in Baltimore and Nashville. Other investigators have produced evidence that propionibacteria and fungi can also act as environmental triggers in sarcoidosis patients. We propose that, in an animal model that has been previously sensitized to microbial antigens, the introduction of silica through the gastrointestinal route, or intravenously, may have a granuloma-worsening effect, if the strain of animals is already predisposed to develop granulomatous disease. Here the silica may add a “second hit” to the “first hit” given by the exposure to microbial antigens.
Size-Dependent Activity of Gold Nanoparticles for Oxygen Electroreduction in Alkaline Electrolyte

The dependence of the kinetics of electrocatalytic oxygen reduction in basic electrolyte on the size of Au nanoparticles was determined for 3 and 7 nm clusters supported on carbon. The size-selected nanoparticles were prepared by reverse micelle encapsulation using PS−P2VP diblock copolymer, and the kinetic current for oxygen reduction was measured with a rotating disk electrode (RDE). The kinetic current was found to be 2.5 times higher for the 3 nm gold nanoparticles compared to the 7 nm gold nanoparticles at 23 °C. The 3 nm particles were found to facilitate four-electron electroreduction, whereas a two-electron electroreduction was inferred from the RDE data on the 7 nm particles. From experiments of the temperature-dependent current the apparent activation energy for the 3 nm clusters was found to be half that of the 7 nm clusters (0.1 and 0.2 eV, respectively).
The effect of gas flow rate on the oxidation kinetics of zirconium

Flow rate effect of oxygen-argon mixture on Zr oxidation studied to determine exclusion as factor in Zr weight increase
Long-term chemical and biological stability of surfactant-modified zeolite

We determined the chemical and biological stability of surfactant-modified zeolite (SMZ) in laboratory batch and column experiments. SMZ prepared using hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA)-Br or -Cl was stable in high ionic strength and high- and low-pH environments, with more than 90% of HDTMA remaining bound to the zeolite surface after washing with 100 pore volumes. However, up to 20% of the HDTMA washed off in low ionic strength solutions (I < 5 mM) and up to 50% washed off in a 1.0 mM Cs+ solution. HDTMA bound to the zeolite surface was resistant to microbial degradation, with more than 98% of the original HDTMA remaining after 12−17 weeks of incubation under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. While aqueous HDTMA was biocidal, HDTMA bound on SMZ did not inhibit microbial growth. On the basis of the results of this study, SMZ appears suitable as a sorbent for long-term in situ applications and as a substrate for enhanced bioremediation.
Establishing a Central Order Entry System for Delivering Telepharmacy Services to Remote Rural Hospitals

Background:Smaller, critical access hospitals continue to be challenged in finding sufficient pharmacist staffing to deliver quality pharmacy services. Innovative solutions are being explored, including use of technology, to address the problem of access to pharmacy services in remote rural areas.Objective:To describe a new telepharmacy model that is being developed in North Dakota; the model establishes a central order entry site (COE site) that provides 24-hour pharmacist staffing and telepharmacy services to rural critical access hospitals within the state.Methods:Nine rural hospitals in North Dakota established a contractual agreement with a pharmacist-staffed COE site in Fargo to obtain pharmacist staffing and pharmacy services via telepharmacy delivery.Results:All 9 rural hospitals receiving telepharmacy services from the Catholic Health Initiatives (CHI) COE site are critical access hospitals with 25 beds or less and an average of 6625 community population (range 470–16,010); 9986 doses filled per ...
Heritability of poor language achievement among twins

In order to examine the basis of familial associations with poor language achievement, 62 twinship pairs and 3 sets of triplets were studied in which at least one member presented poor oral languag...
Insoluble Condensation Nuclei: The Effect of Contact Angle, Surface Roughness and Adsorption

Abstract Condensation of water vapor an various surfaces was studied experimentally. For surfaces with an airwater contact angle θ less than 20° the experimentally determined values of critical supersaturation Sc. agreed with those given by the Volmer theory. At higher θ the experimental values of Sc. were below the Volmer theory values. When the applied supersaturation was less than Sc, condensation was avoided for periods as long as 20 h. Thus, if adsorption of water tends to negate the Volmer theory, the process is a slow one. It was determined both by experiment and theoretical analysis that the effect of surface roughness is to decrease Sc only Slightiy. These results suggest that most insoluble airborne particles are not likely to serve as cloud condensation nuclei.
A State-Level Examination of Bureaucratic Policymaking: The Internal Organization of Attention

Bureaucrats have considerable formal policymaking authority. Yet policymaking discussions often overlook the role that bureaucrats play in the policy process. Current theories suggest that bureaucratic policymaking outputs are shaped largely by political signals sent by elected officials. While these external influences are crucial, current theories understate the role of internal organizational dynamics. This study builds on the bureaucratic response and organizational attention literatures to differentiate internally organized attention from externally organized attention in public agencies. It then conceptualizes two ways that public managers can internally organize agency attention to influence formal bureaucratic policymaking in the context of contracting and procurement. This study adds to the public management literature by showing how internal managerial strategies and activities can influence bureaucratic outputs.
Intrasphincteric Nitric Oxide Reduces Sphincter of Oddi Motility in an Endoscopic Porcine Model

Nitric oxide (NO), a potent nonadrenergic, noncholinergic mediator of gastrointestinal smooth muscle, causes relaxation of the category I pump like sphincter of Oddi (SO) (eg, opossum, rabbit) and category II resistor like SO (eg, pig, human). Topical administration of a NO donor induces SO relaxation in humans, and parenteral administration of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) decreases sphincter contractility in pig SO. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of intrasphincteric SNP injection on pig SO. Under general anesthesia, two pigs received intrasphincteric saline injection (1 ml) and six pigs received intrasphincteric SNP (0.5 μg/ml) injection into the SO. All injections were administered into the major papilla using a 5-mm sclerotherapy needle through the duodenoscope. Endoscopic biliary manometry was performed using the standard station pull-through technique and SO pressures were recorded before and after injection. Intrasphincteric saline injection did not significantly change the mean SO motility index (MI) (197 vs 198). However, intrasphincteric SNP reduced both the mean SO basal pressure (P = 0.002) and the mean SO MI (226 vs 109; P = 0.002). The effect of intrasphincteric SNP lasted up to 45 min and did not cause significant lowering of systemic blood pressure. This is the first study to demonstrate that intrasphincteric SNP results in significant reduction in both SO basal pressure and SO MI in the porcine model. The endoscopic intrasphincteric administration of NO donor drugs is technically feasible and without observed systemic side effects.
Reprogramming phonologically similar utterances: the role of phonetic features in pre-motor encoding.

The effects of phonologic similarity on speech production latencies were investigated to explore the role of articulatory phonetic features and reprogramming operations during pre-motor stages of p...
On the structure of a three-dimensional compressible vortex

Abstract We present here self-similar solutions of the equations of motion of a viscous, heat conducting gas, for a family of slender vortices. Slenderness makes possible use of the boundary-layer-like “quasi-cylindrical approximation”. For our solutions, velocity components at the vortex edge behave like a power of the axial coordinate, and the vortex core width varies like a power of the same variable — 1/2 in many of the results presented here. Effects due to the temperature dependence of the viscosity, and varying the Prandtl number and specific-heat ratio are included. It appears that the location of the vortex ‘edge’ is actually an independently specifiable parameter of the solution.
Author Response to Letter to the Editor

We thank Pope, Poliakoff, Parker, Boynes, and Hudson for the information that they sent a letter to Psychological Medicine that included an indication that someone had won their contest. We trust t...
Effect of Dissolved Gases on Some Superconducting Properties of Niobium

The addition of interstitial solute atoms to niobium, in concentrations below the solubility limit, lowers the transition temperature. Interstitial oxygen has the largest effect, decreasing ${T}_{c}$ by 0.93\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K per at.%; while increasing the resistivity in the normal state by 5.2 \ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\Omega} cm per at.%. Magnetization curves obtained on niobium ($\frac{{R}_{298\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K}}}{{R}_{10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K}}}\ensuremath{\approx}500$) and on similar specimens containing interstitial oxygen or nitrogen are substantially reversible and are similar to the shape predicted by Abrikosov for superconductors of the second kind. The field first penetrating the sample, ${H}_{\mathrm{FP}}$, less than the thermodynamic critical field, ${H}_{c}$, decreases with increasing concentration of the interstitial atom, while ${H}_{\mathrm{N}}$, the field at which the normal state is restored (as determined from magnetization measurements), increases. The ratio, $\frac{{H}_{\mathrm{N}}}{{H}_{c}}$, is a linear function of ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{n}$. When the solubility limit is exceeded, hysteresis effects become more pronounced similar to those predicted by Bean's model. Resistive measurements at low current density in longitudinal magnetic fields indicate that both niobium and its interstitial solid solutions exhibit some superconducting properties above ${H}_{\mathrm{N}}$.
Relay assembly testroom participants remember: Hawthorne a half century later

The Hawthorne Experiments are among the most well-known experiments ever conducted in the field of management and social research. The data from the experiments have been reinterpreted and misinterpreted and the conclusions have been both praised and criticized. In this study five of the original participants in the experiments were interviewed in order to clarify some of the events and to answer many of the questions researchers have expressed concerning the methodology and conclusions of the experiments. Although half a century has passed since the research was performed, Theresa Layman, Wanda Blazejak, Geraldine Sirchio, Mary Volango, and Don Chipman had vivid memories and provided the author with valuable insights about the Hawthorne Experiments.
Experiences of Traumatic Events and Associations with PTSD and Depression Development in Urban Health Care-seeking Women

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that occurs after a traumatic event and has been linked to psychiatric and physical health declines. Rates of PTSD are far higher in individuals with low incomes and who reside in urban areas compared to the general population. In this study, 250 urban health care-seeking women were interviewed for a diagnosis of PTSD, major depressive disorder, and also the experience of traumatic events. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to determine the associations between traumatic events and PTSD development. Survival analysis was used to determine if PTSD developed from assaultive and nonassaultive events differed in symptom duration. Eighty-six percent of women reported at least one traumatic event, 14.8% of women were diagnosed with current PTSD, and 19.6% with past PTSD. More than half of women with PTSD had comorbid depression. Assaultive traumatic events were most predictive of PTSD development. More than two thirds of the women who developed PTSD developed chronic PTSD. Women who developed PTSD from assaultive events experienced PTSD for at least twice the duration of women who developed PTSD from nonassaultive events. In conclusion, PTSD was very prevalent in urban health care-seeking women. Assaultive violence was most predictive of PTSD development and also nonremittance.
Oscillatory Dynamics of Cdc42 GTPase in the Control of Polarized Growth

Cells promote polarized growth by activation of Rho-family protein Cdc42 at the cell membrane. We combined experiments and modeling to study bipolar growth initiation in fission yeast. Concentrations of a fluorescent marker for active Cdc42, Cdc42 protein, Cdc42-activator Scd1, and scaffold protein Scd2 exhibited anticorrelated fluctuations and oscillations with a 5-minute average period at polarized cell tips. These dynamics indicate competition for active Cdc42 or its regulators and the presence of positive and delayed negative feedbacks. Cdc42 oscillations and spatial distribution were sensitive to the amounts of Cdc42-activator Gef1 and to the activity of Cdc42-dependent kinase Pak1, a negative regulator. Feedbacks regulating Cdc42 oscillations and spatial self-organization appear to provide a flexible mechanism for fission yeast cells to explore polarization states and to control their morphology.
Anisotropy of Triplet Exciton Diffusion in Anthracene

Consistent with theoretical predictions, the triplet-exciton-diffusion tensor is found to be strongly anisotropic in anthracene crystals at room temperature. Triplet migration in anthracene is essentially two-dimensional, restricted to the $\mathrm{ab}$ plane.
Pollen tube entry into the synergid cell of Arabidopsis is observed at a site distinct from the filiform apparatus

In higher plants, the double-fertilization process begins with the successful delivery of two sperm cells to the female gametophyte. The sperms cells are carried by a pollen tube that upon arrival at the micropylar end of the female gametophyte, bursts, and discharges its content into one of two specialized cells called the synergid cells. At their micropylar ends, both synergid cells form a thickened cell wall with a unique structure called the filiform apparatus. The filiform apparatus is believed to play a major role in pollen tube guidance and reception. It has also been assumed that the pollen tube enters the receptive synergid cell through the filiform apparatus. Here, we show that in Arabidopsis ovules, the arriving pollen tube appears to grow beyond the filiform apparatus to enter the synergid cell at a more distant site, where the tube bursts to release its contents. Thus, fertilization in Arabidopsis might involve two spatially and temporally separable stages, recognition and entry, with the latter apparently not requiring the filiform apparatus.
Vibronic structure of nonadiabatic and fluxional states: Two‐photon absorption spectroscopy of jet isolated 3s 1E′ sym‐triazine

The nature of nonadiabatic effects in the Rydberg and ground ionic states of jet‐cooled sym‐triazine is investigated by means of ultraviolet two‐photon absorption spectroscopy. A highly resolved band system is observed in the region from 55 000 to 60 000 cm−1, which can be associated with excitation from an e′ lone pair to the 3s Rydberg orbital. A complete assignment of the low‐energy bands of this system, as determined by isotope effects and comparison to model calculations, reveals a clear example of the dynamical Jahn–Teller effect for the case where only one mode, the ν6 ring distortion, is significantly active. On the basis of simple limiting models we derive approximate vibronic coupling parameters and present a quantitative description of vibronic motion in terms of adiabatic molecular coordinates. We conclude that sym‐triazine, in its ground state one of the most rigid of medium‐sized polyatomics, becomes strikingly fluxional in its Rydberg and ground ionic states, as the dynamic Jahn–Teller effe...
Direct-, fibroblast- and myoblast-mediated gene transfer to the anterior cruciate ligament.

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) has poor capabilities of healing. Maturation or "ligamentization" of the ACL following autograft or allograft reconstruction has been found slow and remains under investigation. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) have the potential to improve ligament healing. Gene therapy approaches may represent a new alternative in delivering these specific growth factors to the ACL. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of three different gene therapy approaches (direct-, fibroblast-, and myoblast-mediated gene transfer) to the ACL. Rabbit myoblasts and ACL-fibroblasts were transduced with 5 x 10(7) recombinant adenoviral particles carrying the LacZ reporter gene (MOI = 50). Myoblasts and fibroblasts (1 x 10(6)) were each injected into the right ACL of 10 adult rabbits; direct injection of 5 x 10(7) adenoviral particles was performed in 10 other rabbits. The left side was used as sham. The beta-galactosidase production was revealed using the LacZ histochemical technique. The transduced fibroblasts and myoblasts were found in the ligament tissue and in the synovial tissue surrounding the ACL at 4, 7, 14, and 21 days postinjection. The myoblasts fused and formed myotubes in the ligament. The direct approach also allowed the transfer of the marker gene in the ligament at 4, 7, 21, and 42 days postinjection. X-gal staining revealed no expression of beta-galactosidase in the sham ligament. The presence of cells expressing the marker gene in the ACL opens up the possibility of delivering proteins (i.e., PDGF, TGF-beta, and EGF) capable of improving ACL healing and graft maturation. Furthermore, engineered myoblasts may mediate and accelerate the intraligament neovascularization. This new technology based on gene therapy and tissue engineering may allow a persistent expression of selected growth factors to enhance ACL healing following injury.
Some remarks concerning finitely Subadditive outer measures with applications

The present paper is intended as a first step toward the establishment of a general theory of finitely subadditive outer measures. First, a general method for constructing a finitely subadditive outer measure and an associated finitely additive measure on any space is presented. This is followed by a discussion of the theory of inner measures, their construction, and the relationship of their properties to those of an associated finitely subadditive outer measure. In particular, the interconnections between the measurable sets determined by both the outer measure and its associated inner measure are examined. Finally, several applications of the general theory are given, with special attention being paid to various lattice related set functions.
What is the right level of DHA in the infant diet? Commentary on article by Hsieh et al. on page 537.

What is the Right Level of DHA in the Infant Diet?: Commentary on article by Hsieh et al. on page 537
Solving nonlinear engineering problems with the aid of neural networks

In this paper, a technique is presented for using neural networks as an aid for solving nonlinear engineering problems, which are encountered in optimization, simulations and modeling, or complex engineering calculations. Iterative algorithms are often used to find the solutions of such problems. For many large-scale engineering problems, finding good starting points for the iterative algorithms is the key to good performance. We describe using neural networks to select starting points for the iterative algorithms for nonlinear systems. Since input/output training data are often easily obtained from the problem description or from the system equations, a neural network can be trained to serve as a rough model of the underlying problem. After the neural network is trained, it is used to select starting points for the iterative algorithms. We illustrate the method with four small nonlinear equation groups, two real applications in petroleum engineering are also given to demonstrate the method's potential application in engineering.
Additive and interactive effects of comorbid physical and mental conditions on functional health.

Objective: To understand the role of cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms on functional outcomes of stroke and diabetes. Evaluation approaches to functional outcomes have rarely focused on ...
Solemn installation of Professor Wanda de Aguiar Horta to the post of Titulary Professor. Appreciation address

Young-adult rats and old rats perform equally well in simple mazes. In our study, young-adult female Wistar rats learned a complex 14-unit multiple “T” maze to an average of 1 error per trial (on the last trial) when given 1 trial per day for 20 consecutive days. Female rats, over 25 months of age, on the same learning schedule, scored an average of 6 errors on the last trial. However, on close inspection of the data, it was noted that approximately half of the senile rats learned the maze as well as did the young-adult rats. On the basis of this complex maze learning, senile rats differentiated themselves into a maze-bright old catagory (error and time scores like the young-adult group) and a maze-dull old catagory.
Interacting effects of canopy gap, understory vegetation and leaf litter on tree seedling recruitment and composition in tropical secondary forests

Abstract We experimentally investigated interacting effects of canopy gaps, understory vegetation and leaf litter on recruitment and mortality of tree seedlings at the community level in a 20-year-old lowland forest in Costa Rica, and tested several predictions based on results of previous studies. We predicted that experimental canopy gaps would greatly enhance tree seedling recruitment, and that leaf litter removal would further enhance recruitment of small-seeded, shade-intolerant seedlings in gaps. We created a large (320–540 m2) gap in the center of 5 out of 10 40 m × 40 m experimental plots, and applied the following treatments bimonthly over a 14-month-period in a factorial, split–split plot design: clipping of understory vegetation (cut, uncut), and leaf litter manipulations (removal, addition, control). As expected, experimental gaps dramatically increased tree seedling recruitment, but gap effects varied among litter treatments. Litter addition reduced recruitment in gaps, but enhanced recruitment under intact canopy. Species composition of recruits also differed markedly between gap treatments: several small-seeded pioneer and long-lived pioneer species recruited almost exclusively in gaps. In contrast, a few medium-to-large-seeded shade-tolerant species recruited predominantly under intact canopy. Leaf litter represents a major barrier for seedling emergence and establishment of small-seeded, shade-intolerant species, but enhances emergence and establishment of large-seeded, shade-tolerant species, possibly through increased humidity and reduced detection by predators. Periodic clipping of the understory vegetation marginally reduced tree seedling mortality, but only in experimental gaps, where understory vegetation cover was greatly enhanced compared to intact canopy conditions. Successful regeneration of commercially valuable long-lived pioneer trees that dominate the forest canopy may require clear-cutting, as well as weeding and site preparation (litter removal) treatments in felling clearings. Management systems that mimic natural canopy gaps (reduced-impact selective logging) could favor the regeneration of shade-tolerant tree species, potentially accelerating convergence to old-growth forest composition. In contrast, systems that produce large canopy openings (clear-cutting) may re-initiate succession, potentially leading to less diverse but perhaps more easily managed “natural plantations” of long-lived pioneer tree species.
Should all breast cancers be diagnosed by needle biopsy

Abstract Background Although much data support the National Quality Forum recommendation that breast cancers should be diagnosed by needle biopsy before surgical resection, the exclusion criteria for those that may not be suitable have yet to be defined. Methods We reviewed all patients treated over the past 3 years at the Yale Breast Center to determine the percentage of patients not diagnosed by needle biopsy, and why. Results Reasons for the 17% of 630 patients who were not diagnosed by needle biopsy were as follows: inability to cooperate (1%); small or superficial lesion less than 1 cm that technically was easier to excise in the office (4%); bloody discharge without clinical or mammographic mass (1%); lesion adjacent to implant (.5%); a mammographic lesion that was too posterior, too superficial, or too faint to be performed stereotactically (5%); or patient preference (5%). Conclusions Needle biopsy is the preferred method of diagnosis in most cases, but there are valid reasons why all breast cancers will not be diagnosed in this fashion.
Power corrections in hadronic scattering. II, Factorization

Abstract We analyze contributions to inclusive hadron-hadron scattering cross sections that decrease as 1/ Q 2 relative to leading behavior, with Q 2 a large momentum transfer. We show why this behavior may be treated in perturbative QCD, in terms of generalized factorization theorems. We suggest that this makes possible a unified of first nonleading power corrections in a large class of processes.
Molecular Chaperone Hsp104 Can Promote Yeast Prion Generation

[URE3] is an amyloid-based prion of Ure2p, a regulator of nitrogen catabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Ure2p of the human pathogen Candida albicans can also be a prion in S. cerevisiae. We find that overproduction of the disaggregating chaperone, Hsp104, increases the frequency of de novo [URE3] prion formation by the Ure2p of S. cerevisiae and that of C. albicans. This stimulation is strongly dependent on the presence of the [PIN(+)] prion, known from previous work to enhance [URE3] prion generation. Our data suggest that transient Hsp104 overproduction enhances prion generation through persistent effects on Rnq1 amyloid, as well as during overproduction by disassembly of amorphous Ure2 aggregates (generated during Ure2p overproduction), driving the aggregation toward the amyloid pathway. Overproduction of other major cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 and Hsp40 families (Ssa1p, Sse1p, and Ydj1p) inhibit prion formation, whereas another yeast Hsp40, Sis1p, modulates the effects of Hsp104p on both prion induction and prion curing in a prion-specific manner. The same factor may both enhance de novo prion generation and destabilize existing prion variants, suggesting that prion variants may be selected by changes in the chaperone network.
Purification and partial characterization of hamster placental lactogen.

A radioreceptor assay for PRL-like activity was used to monitor the purificaton of a lactogenic protein, hamster placental lactogen (haPL), from late pregnant hamster placentae. Investigations of the PRL-like activity in placental extracts demonstrated that haPL is subject to disulfide-related aggregation phenomena that are not observed for mouse PL. By inclusion of 2-mercaptoethanol in the buffers used for purification, monomeric haPL was obtained. A 750-fold purification was achieved by ammonium sulfate precipitation and chromatography on phenyl-Sepharose, TSK diethylaminoethyl-650S, hy-droxylapatite, and Sephadex G-100. This procedure yielded 6.2 mg (by dry wt) of purified haPL from 286 g 15-day pregnant hamster placentae, with an overall yield of 20%. The purified haPL has a mol wt of 25,200 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis and an isoelectric point of 8.8. haPL is lactogenic as judged by its ability to compete for lactogen binding sites on rabbit mammary gland membranes an...
Non-operative management of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: using antibiotics is effective and decreases morbidity

Commentary on: Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN, et al. Safety and efficacy of antibiotics compared with appendicectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2012;344:e2156.[OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] The insular view of mandatory appendectomy for appendicitis derives from the guidelines developed and advocated over 120 years ago by McBurney, and propagated from the erroneous belief that acute appendicitis is a progressive disease that always leads to perforation. In the bygone era before antibiotics, appendectomy saved lives. However, today with powerful antibiotics and a better understanding of the pathophysiological process of appendicitis, investigators are challenging these guidelines. Interestingly, the history of the evolution of treatment for diverticulitis, which has a similar disease physiology, followed a different pathway compared with appendicitis. Colectomy, unlike appendectomy, in the 1900s was associated with high mortality and morbidity and so antibiotic treatment was adopted. Today, the primary … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBMJ%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fbmj.e2156%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F22491789%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=bmj&resid=344/apr05_1/e2156&atom=%2Febmed%2F18%2F2%2F67.atom
The Professional Development School Without Walls A Partnership Between a University and Two School Districts

The Professional Development School Without Walls is a partnership between the Departments of Special Education and Elementary Education at the University of South Florida and two large school districts. The goals of the partnership are to simultaneously improve teacher education and K—12 classroom practice and to study the effectiveness and sustainability of the developed model for partnering over time. This article describes how the partnering model was developed; the challenges, needs, and contexts influencing the development and implementation process; and the outcomes to date. One of the most unique features of the partnership is the way in which the roles of mentor teachers have been defined.
Temperature-adaptive voltage tuning for enhanced energy efficiency in ultra-low-voltage circuits

Circuits optimized for minimum energy consumption operate typically in the subthreshold regime with ultra-low power-supply voltages. Speed of a subthreshold logic circuit is enhanced with an increase in the die temperature. The excessive timing slack observed in the clock period of subthreshold logic circuits at elevated temperatures provides opportunities to lower the active-mode energy consumption. A temperature-adaptive dynamic-supply voltage-tuning technique is proposed in this paper to reduce the high-temperature energy consumption without degrading the clock frequency in ultra-low-voltage subthreshold logic circuits. Results indicate that the energy consumption can be lowered by up to 40% by dynamically scaling the supply voltage at elevated temperatures. An alternative technique based on temperature-adaptive reverse body bias to exponentially reduce the subthreshold leakage currents at elevated temperatures is also investigated. The active-mode energy consumption with two temperature-adaptive voltage-tuning techniques is compared. The impact of the process parameter and supply voltage variations on the proposed temperature-adaptive voltage scaling techniques is evaluated.