cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Substrate mediated photochemistry on a molecular surface: OCS on Ag clusters

The photochemistry of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) adsorbed to small silver clusters is shown to exhibit a striking odd–even dependence on the number of Ag atoms in the cluster. OCS is found to desorb nondissociatively from even numbered silver clusters. In contrast, on odd silver clusters, a new product channel corresponding to AgnS is observed. Parallels are found with the photochemistry of adsorbates on extended surfaces. Cross-section measurements for OCS desorption from Ag10 and wavelength-dependent measurements of OCS dissociation on Ag9 both indicate that electronic excitation of the cluster initiates chemistry, analogous to substrate mediated surface photochemistry. The size dependence is reasonably explained in terms of a charge-transfer mechanism involving an ion-pair state of the AgnOCS complex.
Fractals with turtle graphics: a CS2 programming exercise for introducing recursion

This paper describes a programming exercise developed and used in CS2 classes to help introduce recursive programming. Providing a set of primitives which comprise a graphics system allows the students to focus on top down design and the nature of recursion, rather than on implementation details. The exercise entails drawing approximations of fractals by using the graphics primitives which are provided. The exercise was positively received by the students and provided a basis on which to discuss top down design and the desirability of hiding implementation details.
Growth and Toxin Production of Clostridium botulinum Type E in Milk

Abstract Recently there has been interest in pasteurizing milk products at temperatures as high as 150C. When precautions are taken to avoid recontaminations, the product may have a shelf life of 6 months under refrigeration. Growth and toxin production of six strains of Clostridium botulinum type E in milk were studied with storage at 4.4 7.2, 10, 15, 20, and 30C. Detectable toxin was not found during 22 weeks at 4.4C; however, one strain (Tenno) produced toxin at 7.2C. Four of the six strains in milk at 10C and all strains at 15, 20, and 30C produced Toxin. The time for toxin production was from 3 to 70 days. Of the 23 storage time-temperature combinations wherein toxin was produced, seven had less than 1×10 5 C. botulinum cells per milliliter of milk when toxin was first detected. The lowest concentration of C. botulinum associated with the initial demonstration of toxin was 2.1×10 4 cells per milliliter of milk.
Selective endocytosis of vitellogenin by oocytes of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti: an in vitro study

Abstract An in vitro assay was used to study the uptake of vitellogenin (VG) by oocytes of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti . The VG, obtained from the culture of fat bodies in vitro , was metabolically labeled to a high specific activity ( 3–6 × 10 5 cpm/μg) using [ 35 S]methionine. Purification of both VG and vitellin (VN) from ovaries was achieved with ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B. In an optimized in vitro system, mosquito oocytes in intact ovaries maintained stable endocytotic activity for at least 4 h. The rate of VG uptake was maximal at pH 7.5. It declined at acid pH and ceased abruptly at pH 6.3. Accumulation of VG by mosquito oocytes demonstrated features of receptor-mediated endocytosis; i.e. temperature dependence, saturability, selectivity and tissue specificity. The uptake of VG was inhibited at 4°C with only 6% of uptake achieved at 27°C. At 24 h post-blood meal, uptake of VG by oocytes at 27°C, neared saturation with a VG concentration in the medium of 8 μg/μl. Saturation kinetics generated for VG endocytosis by these oocytes produced a V max = 3.2 μg/μl/h and an apparent K uptake = 8.4 × 10 −6 M. Ovaries accumulated 10 times the amount of VG compared to mouse IgG, while uptake of VN was 71.6% of that for VG, indicating that oocytes from Aedes are able to distinguish these proteins. Non-ovarian tissues, fat body and Malpighian tubules, accumulated both VG and IgG at equally low levels. During the vitellogenic cycle, the rate of VG uptake by oocytes showed a steep and linear increase between 6 and 24 h post-blood meal. The peak of VG uptake occurred between 24 and 30 h post-blood meal, followed by a precipitous decline and cessation of uptake by 36 h.
Catalytic Solvolytic and Hydrolytic Degradation of Toxic Methyl Paraoxon with La(catecholate)-Functionalized Porous Organic Polymers

Two robust catechol-functionalized porous organic polymers (catPOPs) with different Td-directing nodes were synthesized using a cobalt-catalyzed acetylene trimerization (CCAT) strategy. Postsynthesis metallation was readily carried out with La(acac)3 to afford catalytically active La-functionalized catPOPs for the solvolytic and hydrolytic degradation of the toxic organophosphate compound methyl paraoxon, a simulant for nerve agents.
Benzene, aromatic rings, van der Waals molecules, and crystals of aromatic molecules in molecular mechanics (MM3)

Benzene has been studied with the MM3 force field, first as a monomer, then as a van der Waals dimer, then in the crystal. The non-bonded aromatic portion of the MM3 force field has been derived to fit reasonably well the known properties for the above. The force field includes dipoles of 0.6 and 0.9 D for CH and CC bonds, respectively. The benzene dimer is calculated to have a lower energy when perpendicular, than when eclipsed face to face. The crystal of benzene has a herringbone pattern with correct cell constants and heat of sublimation, while hexamethylbenzene as the dimer and in the crystal has a skewed-stack of pancakes type structure, as observed.
Torsion Free Modules of Finite Rank Over a Discrete Valuation Ring

Abstract Finite direct sums of finite rank purely indecomposable modules (called pi-decomposable modules) are characterized by the ranks of quotients of radicals. Torsion-free homomorphic images of pi-decomposable modules form an interesting class admitting a nice homological characterisation. Torsion-free modules quasi-isomorphic to a pi-decomposable module have properties reminiscent of almost completely decomposable abelian groups, including characterizations of representation type via correspondences with representations of finite partially ordered sets. This leads to the construction of indecomposable modules.
Mass distribution in the fission of 238U with 3He ions

Abstract The cumulative yields of 13 fission fragments were measured by radiochemical methods in the fission of 238 U with 3 He ions of energies ranging from 14 to 30 MeV. Invoking Ford's procedure, the mass yield data was found to be consistent with the two mode of fission hypothesis with a confidence level of 99 per cent.
Stimulation of the release of two glycoproteins from mouse 3T3 cells by growth factors and by agents that increase intralysosomal pH.

Abstract Peptide growth factors selectively increase the amount of mitogen-regulated protein (MRP) and major excreted protein (MEP) released by mouse 3T3 cells. Balb c 3T3 cells release mainly MEP and Swiss 3T3 cells release mainly MRP. Fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, nerve growth factor, serum, and concanavalin A increase the extracellular appearance of both MEP and MRP, but to different extents. Several agents that have been shown to, or would be expected to increase, intralysosomal pH also selectively increase the release of MEP and MRP from both Balb c and Swiss 3T3 cells. The effective agents are monensin, nigericin, ammonium chloride, methylamine, chloroquine, and high extracellular pH.
A naturalistic investigation of acquired meaning in Children

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of a new methodology in the study of acquired meaning. Over a 15-day period, 20 boys and girls in a sixth-grade classroom learned to associate CVC nonsense syllables with classroom activities (e.g., lunch and recess). The syllables were employed as tickets of permission to participate in associated activities. Subsequently, measures were made of the semantic properties acquired by the syllables. The findings demonstrate the feasibility of employing this naturalistic methodology for the study of acquired meaning.
Towards a political economy of transition in Eastern Europe

This paper seeks to develop an interdisciplinary approach to the transition problems of Eastern Europe by building on the theory of institutional change of Douglass North. It highlights the interdependence of economic, political, institutional and cultural factors in the policy environment of transition economies. On that basis, it argues that most economic transition strategies suffer from two deficiencies: (1) a neglect of the implications of institutional inertia and (2) a reductionist view of politics. Institutional negligence has led to overly confident policy design, while the political short-termism of reformers has provided a radicality bias, resulting in policy overshooting and political destabilization.
Snake states along graphene p-n junctions.

We investigate transport in locally gated graphene devices, where carriers are injected and collected along, rather than across, the gate edge. Tuning densities into the $p\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}n$ regime significantly reduces resistance along the $p\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}n$ interface, while resistance across the interface increases. This provides an experimental signature of snake states, which zigzag along the $p\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}n$ interface and remain stable as applied perpendicular magnetic field approaches zero. Snake states appear as a peak in transverse resistance measured along the $p\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}n$ interface. The generic role of snake states in disordered graphene is also discussed.
Acknowledging Learning through Play in the Primary Grades

Abstract On the first day of the new school year, Micah walks into his 2nd-grade classroom. He considers the rows of freshly polished desks, the neatly stacked workbooks, and the newly sharpened pencils on the shelf. Looking perplexed, he turns to his teacher and asks, “But where are the toys?”
Towards a meta-theory of accounting information systems

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to articulate a model for accounting information systems (AIS) research that synthesizes the primary theoretical perspectives of the extant literature. Building on the three orientations used in prior research (technological, organizational and cognitive approaches) and adopting an explicit systems perspective, we develop a model that links system design alternatives to the three orientations and to task performance. The model places a central focus on the accounting task and suggests a matching process between requirements of the task and system design alternatives at multiple levels of analysis. We also demonstrate how the application of the model suggests future research opportunities, organized around four research propositions.
A pilot evaluation of alfentanil-induced miosis as a noninvasive probe for hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) activity in humans.

Objective The opioid alfentanil is a CYP3A4 substrate whose plasma clearance depends exclusively on hepatic CYP3A4 activity. Alfentanil clearance is an excellent in vivo probe for hepatic CYP3A4 activity and drug interactions in humans. However, such pharmacokinetic studies are invasive and time-consuming, and they require extensive analytical effort. This investigation tested the hypothesis that alfentanil-induced miosis (drug effect) can be used as a surrogate measure for alfentanil plasma concentrations and that alfentanil effect clearance will reflect plasma clearance; thus alfentanil can serve as a noninvasive probe for hepatic CYP3A4. Methods Six healthy volunteers were studied in a 3-way randomized crossover design. Each volunteer received 1 mg intravenous midazolam, followed 1 hour later by 15 μg/kg intravenous alfentanil, after CYP3A4 induction (rifampin [INN, rifampicin]), CYP3A4 inhibition (troleandomycin), and control. Dark-adapted pupil diameter and dynamic light response were measured coincident with venous blood sampling for up to 8 hours. Midazolam and alfentanil were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Plasma concentrations of alfentanil and midazolam (an additional CYP3A4 probe) and pupil diameter versus time data were analyzed by use of noncompartmental modeling. Pupil diameter change was analyzed analogously to determine the area under the alfentanil effect (miosis)-time curve (AUEC), effect clearance (CLmiosis), and effect half-time. Results Compared with control, CYP3A4 induction and inhibition significantly altered the clearances of alfentanil (2.8 ±1.4, 5.3 ±1.0, and 0.42 ±0.1 ml/kg/min, respectively;P < .05 versus control) and midazolam. Dark-adapted resting diameter (in millimeters) was the best measure of alfentanil pupil effects. Alfentanil-dependent miosis was significantly altered by CYP3A4 modulation, and log(diameter0 — diametert) versus time curves resembled alfentanil plasma disposition. AUEC∞ values after control, CYP3A4 induction, and inhibition were 280 ±150, 120 ±22, and 1030 ±240 mm · min, respectively (P < .05 versus control). Effect clearances (CLmiosis) were 4.2 ±1.3, 8.8 ±2.4, and 1.2 ±0.8 μg/mm · min, respectively, and effect half-times were 62 ±23, 34 ±27, and 211 ±35 minutes, respectively (P < .05 versus control). CLmiosis was significantly correlated with plasma clearances of alfentanil (r = 0.77, P < .001) and midazolam (r = 0.80; P < .001). Conclusions Alfentanil effect (miosis) may be a sensitive and reliable surrogate for plasma alfentanil concentrations. Alfentanil effect kinetics may be used as a noninvasive surrogate for conventional pharmacokinetics. CLmiosis appears to be a suitable noninvasive in vivo probe for hepatic CYP3A4 activity, and it merits further investigation. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2001) 70, 505–517; doi: 10.1016/S0009-9236(01)23711-4
Photoinduced catalytic reactions of hydridotetrakis(diethyl phenylphosphonite)cobalt(I)

Abstract The mechanism of photochemical isomerization of 3-phenylpropene to 1-phenylpropene in the presence of hydridotetrakis(diethyl phenylphosphonite)cobalt(I) (HCoP 4 ; P = P(OEt) 2 Ph) has been claimed to be a ‘photoassisted reaction’, on the basis of the fact that the isomerization stopped immediately when the light was turned off. On the other hand, by means of laser flash photolysis, we have identified a transient as a coordinatively unsaturated species (HCoP 3 ) which maintains the catalytic cycle of the double-bond migration, and have noticed that the species may be regenerated in the dark catalytic cycle, namely, the reaction may proceed via a ‘photoinduced catalytic’ mechanism. In order to clarify the role of HCoP 3 , we have measured quantum yields and examined deuterium incorporation using DCoP 4 . Quantum yields (366 nm) of both the double-bond migration and the geometrical isomerization were found to exceed unity, e.g. , 2.0 and 5.5 at 0.2 M of the olefins, respectively. This is consistent with a ‘photoinduced catalytic reaction’ rather than a ‘photoassisted reaction’. Indeed, even in such a diluted concentration of 3-phenylpropene (2.7 mM) as to keep Φ as low as 0.44, the double-bond migration using DCoP 4 gave only 10% deuterated 1-phenylpropene, which means that DCoP 3 (HCoP 3 ) maintained 18 turns of catalytic cycle.
A decision tree for evaluation of exotic plant pathogens for classical biological control of introduced invasive weeds

Abstract Plant pathogens for biological control of weeds must satisfy criteria for efficacy, safety, and deployment before they are actually included in the list of candidates for weed management strategies. Decisions are made throughout the development of each candidate agent concerning whether or not further research is justified. These decisions concern pathogen attributes such as collection information, Koch’s postulates, long-term storage, host specificity, risk, and other factors, including deployment. In addition to the scrutiny from researchers, who become advocates at the time a proposal is made to regulators for introduction or utilization of a candidate, the proposed use of exotic pathogens for release receives additional review by regulators in the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). In this paper, the processes for deciding whether to continue or abandon research on a candidate exotic pathogen for classical biological control of weeds in the United States are examined. Discussion is based on the experience accumulated at the Foreign DiseaseWeed Science Research Unit of the USDA-Agricultural Research Service but has broader application to programs involving evaluation of foreign candidates for biological control of any invasive species.
Effects of partial symmetry, exposure time, and backward masking on judged goodness and reproduction of visual patterns

Abstract Six experiments investigated the effects of partial symmetry in visual patterns on judgement of pattern goodness, immediate memory, and learning. In Experiments 1—III pattern goodness ratings were substantially inter-correlated among a self-paced test condition and two conditions producing moderate to severe stimulus degradation (brief tachistoscopic exposure, and backward masking): the less the partial symmetry in a pattern, the lower was the judged goodness of the pattern. In Experiments IV and V immediate reproduction of patterns was observed respectively following exposures of 5–5000 ms, and backward masking. Correct reproduction improved with degree of partial symmetry. Concordant results were found in a free recall learning task (Experiment VI). Correlations between goodness and learning and memory performance for discrete patterns were always substantial. The results strongly suggest that pattern goodness can be appraised reliably and accurately with information processing times too short ...
Development of Peripheral Opioid Antagonists: New Insights Into Opioid Effects

The recent approval by the US Food and Drug Administration of 2 medications—methylnaltrexone and alvimopan—introduces a new class of therapeutic entities to clinicians. These peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor antagonists selectively reverse opioid actions mediated by receptors outside the central nervous system, while preserving centrally mediated analgesia. Methylnaltrexone, administered subcutaneously, has been approved in the United States, Europe, and Canada. In the United States, it is indicated for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation in patients with advanced illness (eg, cancer, AIDS) who are receiving palliative care, when response to laxative therapy has not been sufficient. Alvimopan, an orally administered medication, has been approved in the United States to facilitate recovery of gastrointestinal function after bowel resection and primary anastomosis. Clinical and laboratory studies performed during the development of these drugs have indicated that peripheral receptors mediate other opioid effects, including decreased gastric emptying, nausea and vomiting, pruritus, and urinary retention. Laboratory investigations with these compounds suggest that opioids affect fundamental cellular processes through mechanisms that were previously unknown. These mechanisms include modifications of human immunodeficiency virus penetration, tumor angiogenesis, vascular permeability, and bacterial virulence.
Extending Moore's law into the next decade - the SER challenge

Summary form only given. This talk focuses on the challenges and opportunities of extending Moore's law from a radiation-induced soft error rate (SER) point of view. Driven primarily by power constraints and the economic need to scale, tomorrow's microprocessors will continue to integrate more cores and memory onto a roughly constant die area and to a lesser extend increase the clock frequency by implementing deeper pipelines and pushing the process. It is widely believed that this strategy -despite all challenges-will enable the semiconductor industry to extend Moore's law for the next 1-2 decades. Ever since the famous discoveries of May and Woods in 1978 as well as Ziegler and Lanford in 1979 that alpha-particles and neutrons can compromise the data integrity of terrestrial devices, a steep increase of radiation-induced failure rates of unhardened key microprocessor components has been projected. This talk will discuss historical soft error trends and try to explain why this catastrophic increase in device/product SER has never materialized. Finally, the author will address the major data integrity challenges faced by the industry today and discuss what SER mitigation techniques might be needed in the next decade to continue to manufacture reliable products.
Natriuretic peptide receptor-A negatively regulates mitogen-activated protein kinase and proliferation of mesangial cells: role of cGMP-dependent protein kinase.

We have examined the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and its guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPRA) on mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (MAPK/ERK2) activity in rat mesangial cells overexpressing NPRA. Agonist hormones such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), angiotensin II (ANG II), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) stimulated 2.5- to 3.5-fold immunoreactive MAPK/ERK2 activity in these cells. ANP inhibited agonist-stimulated activity of MAPK/ERK2 by 65-75% in cells overexpressing NPRA, whereas in vector-transfected cells, its inhibitory effect was only 18-20%. NPRA antagonist A71915 and KT5823, a specific inhibitor of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) completely reversed the inhibitory effect of ANP on MAPK/ERK2 activity. ANP also inhibited the PDGF-stimulated [(3)H]thymidine uptake by almost 70% in cells overexpressing NPRA, as compared with only 20-25% inhibition in vector-transfected cells. These results demonstrate that ANP/NPRA system negatively regulates MAPK/ERK2 activity and proliferation of mesangial cells in a PKG-dependent manner.
Amenable actions of locally compact groups

We consider a locally compact group G with jointly continuous action G × Z → Z on a locally compact space. The finite Radon (regular Borel) measures M(G) act naturally on various function spaces supported on Z, including the continuous bounded functions CB(Z). If Z supports a (not necessarily unique) nonnegative quasi-invariant measure ν we apply some recent studies [7] to define a Banach module action of M(G) on L1(Z, ν), and this induces a natural adjoint action on L∞(Z, ν) = L1(Z, ν)∗. These actions of M(G) (and of G) give us definitions of amenability of the action of G on various function spaces supported on Z, including CB(Z) and L∞(Z, ν) (when there is a quasi-invariant ν on Z), corresponding to the existence of a left-invariant mean on these various spaces. When G acts on one of its coset spaces solGH, H a closed subgroup, there is always a quasi-invariant measure on GH and the different definitions of amenability of the action G × GH → GH all coincide. A number of manipulations of invariant means on groups (the case where G = Z) then carry over to the context of transformation groups. We apply them to explore the following problems. Let G × GH → GH be an amenable action of G on one of its coset spaces. Let ν be a quasi-invariant measure on GH.
How did we get here from there

Comment on Milligan et al, page [4614][1] In this issue of Blood , Milligan and colleagues report that survival was shorter ( P = .05) in high-risk patients randomized to receive, generally as salvage therapy, the widely used combination of fludarabine and cytarabine (FLA) rather than standard
Opinion Networks Among Long-Term Care Specialists

A challenge in the adoption of long-term care (LTC) policy reform is the number of constituency groups active in LTC and historical antagonism among these groups regarding critical issues such as LTC financing and regulation. As part of a national survey of LTC specialists, the authors asked previously identified specialists to nominate other “experts” with known or demonstrable experience in LTC. As a proxy for potential information exchange, data about nominations were used to construct and describe the networks of LTC specialists representing consumer advocates, provider representatives, public officials, policy experts, and others. Associations between network characteristics and attitudes about LTC policy reform were also examined. Individuals tended to nominate other people within their same constituency group as experts. Academic and research-based policy experts were most likely to be classified as prominent network members. Network structure was associated with attitudes toward LTC financing but ...
Interaction of enveloped viruses with planar bilayer membranes: Observations on Sendai, influenza, vesicular stomatitis, and Semliki forest viruses

Exposure of a planar lipid bilayer to Sendai virus at pH 7.0 resulted in conductance increases that continued over several minutes, provided that the virus particles had first been conditioned by freezing and thawing, sonicating, or storing for 2 weeks in the cold. Individual electrical events could not be resolved, even on a millisecond time scale, and thus do not reflect the insertion of structural channels into the lipid bilayer. Prior treatment of the Sendai virions with protease prevented the conductance increases, but exposure of the bilayer to protease after induction of the conductance change did not abolish it. The Sendai-induced conductance change was increased in rate, but qualitatively unchanged in nature, if gangliosides were included in the planar bilayer. Activity for Sendai virus was low at pH 5.0, and increased with increasing pH up to 9.0. Influenza, Semliki Forest virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus all induced similar conductance changes around pH 5.2, but were inactive when tested at pH 7.0. The presence of cholesterol in the bilayer caused marked enhancement (two- to sixfold) of the response to Sendai, influenza and Semliki Forest virus, but caused only slight enhancement of the response to vesicular stomatitis virus. It is concluded that the observed increases in ionic permeability arise from alterations in lipid motions on a submillisecond time scale resulting from the incorporation of damaged viral membranes into the planar bilayer by fusion.
Origin of Apparent Stereoelectronic Effects in Structure and Reactivity of Benzoquinone Monooximes.

The origin of some unusual “sidedness” effects in 1,4-benzoquinone oximes is reinvestigated. It had been observed that (1) the NMR coupling constant J23 is larger than J56, (2) substituents at the 2 position affect the position of the E/Z equilibrium, and (3) addition reactions show a syn stereoselectivity. It was proposed that the nitrogen lone pair is delocalized into the σ* orbital of the antiperiplanar C3−C4 bond, thereby lengthening that bond and increasing the contribution of resonance forms with a C2−C3 double bond. Semiempirical MO calculations now show that the C3−C4 bond is not lengthened in benzoquinone oximes and analogous molecules. Protonated 1,4-benzoquinone 4-hydroxymethide is synthesized as a comparison lacking the nitrogen lone pair, and the H−H coupling constants are measured. Again J23 is larger than J56. Therefore the difference in the coupling constants is not due to the nitrogen lone pair. The effect of 2-substituents on the E/Z equilibrium is attributed to electrostatic interaction...
Pharmacodynamics of cancer chemotherapy: childhood ALL as a model

Abstract Several anticancer drugs have characteristics that make them excellent candidates for dosages individualized based on pharmacological principles, including substantial pharmacokinetic variability and a narrow therapeutic index. Concentration–effect relationships (pharmacodynamics) for many antineoplastic agents have not been well defined, thus limiting the widespread clinical application of pharmacokinetically guided dosing. However, strategic incorporation of pharmacokinetic studies in phase I–III clinical trials has begun to more clearly define these concentration–effect relationships and elucidate clinically important levels of treatment intensity, to either avoid toxicity, enhance efficacy, or both. Clinical, cellular and pharmacogenetic studies have defined pharmacodynamic relationships for several anticancer agents in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, including methotrexate, mercaptopurine, teniposide, etoposide, and topotecan. Results of a prospective, randomized clinical trial of conventional vs. individualized dosing of cancer chemotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia established the potential clinical benefits of individualized dosing of cancer chemotherapy. These findings were corroborated by the recent observation that concomitant therapy with enzyme-inducting anticonvulsants increases the clearance and decreases the efficacy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) chemotherapy.
Animal foraging: past, present and future

Abstract Studies of foraging behaviour have proliferated over the past 30 years. Two schools of thought have emerged, one focusing on theoretical aspects (so-called ‘optimal foraging theory'), the other on empirical studies. We summarize both, showing how they have evolved and begun to coalesce during the past decade. The emerging new framework is more complex than previous models, combining theory with observation. Modern phylogenetic methods promise new insights into how animal foraging has evolved.
The effects of training, epinephrine, and glucose injections on plasma glucose levels in rats

Recent findings indicate that a post-training injection of glucose enhances memory storage, suggesting that release of glucose into plasma may mediate the effects of epinephrine and perhaps other treatments on memory. The present experiment examined the effects of handling, inhibitory (passive) avoidance training, epinephrine and glucose injections on plasma glucose levels in Sprague-Dawley rats. Handling produced a small, but significant, transient increase in plasma glucose above basal levels. Saline injections caused a similar increase in circulating glucose levels. Inhibitory avoidance training with high footshock (2.0 mA, 2.0 s) resulted in significant increases in plasma glucose levels above those of low (0.5 mA, 0.75 s) and unshocked animals suggesting that glucose release is responsive to inhibitory avoidance training. Subcutaneous injections of epinephrine (0.01-1.0 mg/kg), or glucose (10-1000 mg/kg) significantly elevated glucose levels above those of saline-injected animals in a dose-dependent manner. Memory facilitating doses of epinephrine and glucose resulted in increases in plasma glucose levels similar to those seen in rats trained with high footshock. Higher doses of epinephrine and glucose resulted in further increases in circulating glucose, to levels significantly greater than those of memory facilitating doses. These results suggest that memory modulation, both endogenous and in response to epinephrine injections, may be mediated in part by circulating glucose levels. Thus, the findings of these experiments support the view that circulating glucose levels regulate the efficacy of neural memory storage processes.
Exploiting rich user information for one-class collaborative filtering

One-class collaborative filtering (OCCF) is an emerging setup in collaborative filtering in which only positive examples or implicit feedback can be observed. Compared with the traditional collaborative filtering setting where the data have ratings, OCCF is more realistic in many scenarios when no ratings are available. In this paper, we propose to improve OCCF accuracy by exploiting the rich user information that is often naturally available in community-based interactive information systems, including a user’s search query history, and purchasing and browsing activities. We propose two major strategies to incorporate such user information into the OCCF models: One is to linearly combine scores from different sources, and the other is to embed user information into collaborative filtering. Furthermore, we employ the MapReduce framework for similarity computation over millions of users and items. Experimental results on two large-scale retail datasets from a major e-commerce company show that the proposed methods are effective and can improve the performance of the OCCF over baseline methods through leveraging rich user information.
Multifocal Renal Carcinoid Tumor Arising in Horseshoe Kidney with Metastases to the Thyroid

Primary renal carcinoid tumor is a rare tumor of the kidney. Less than 40 cases of primary and metastatic renal carcinoids have been reported. There is a strong association of renal carcinoid tumors with horseshoe kidneys. The radiographic appearance is non-specific and overlaps that of renal cell carcinoma. Histopathologic differentiation between these two entities is essential because the treatment and prognosis are entirely different. We report a unique case of multifocal carcinoid tumor within a horseshoe kidney with metastases to the thyroid gland. It has been postulated that the renal carcinoid horseshoe subtype carried a more favorable prognosis; however, our case with multifocal involvement and distant metastases suggests the possibility for a more aggressive course.
‘Why Sally Never Calls Bobby “I” ’ Revisited: an Alternative Perspective on Language and Early Self Development:

In this article, I consider the question posed by Boesch (2003) in his commentary that appeared in response to issues raised in Coehlo and Figueiredo’s (2003) discussion of intersubjectivity. I begin with an overview of an alternative view of language to the one adopted in Boesch’s question, one that starts from a usage-based approach. Next I move on to consider empirical findings from recent research that examines language and the construction of self. Agreeing with Boesch’s central claim, this article nevertheless offers a distinct view of the connection between language and human development suggesting that language not only provides a tool for the researcher, but also provides a powerful means for the child to come to interpret culturally sanctioned ways of being in the world.
A spanish translation and validation of the daily stress inventory and a comparison of the level of stress experienced by three culturally distinct hispanic groups

Two studies were conducted, the first to establish a valid Spanish version of the Daily Stress Inventory (DSI). A second study was conducted using the bilingual version of the DSI to assess differences in the level of stress experienced by three selected Hispanic groups: (a) very Hispanic/Hispanic-oriented bicultural, (b) “true” bicultural, and (c) Anglo-oriented bicultural/very Anglicized as determined by the adapted version of the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans (ARSMA). It was expected that stress levels would be highest for the least acculturated group. The results of the first study indicate that the Bilingual DSI scores are highly correlated with the scores of the original DSI when both instruments are responded to simultaneously by fully bilingual individuals. In Study 2, the initial data analyses showed no difference in the level of stress reported by Hispanics at different levels of acculturation as measured by the ARSMA. When a median-split method was employed, differences in the DSI I/E measures between the two groups were significant, suggesting that acculturation level may be related to stress level.
A risk assessment approach to identifying constituents in oilfield produced water for treatment prior to beneficial use

Abstract A risk assessment approach incorporating exposure pathways and calculated risk quotients was applied to identifying constituents requiring treatment prior to beneficial use of oilfield produced water (OPW). In this study, risk quotients are ratios of constituent concentrations in soil or water to guideline concentrations for no adverse effects to receptors. The risk assessment approach is illustrated by an example of an oilfield water produced from non-marine geologic strata of a rift basin in sub-Saharan Africa. The OPW studied has the following characteristics: 704–1370 mg L −1 total dissolved solids (TDS), 45–48 mg L −1 chloride, and 103.8 mg L −1 oil and grease. Exposure pathways of constituents in OPW used for irrigation include: ingestion of plant tissue, ingestion and direct contact of irrigated soil by livestock, inhalation of aerosols or volatilized constituents, and ingestion of OPW directly by livestock. Applying risk quotient methods for constituents in soil and water, constituents of concern (COCs) identified for irrigation and livestock watering using the OPW studied include: iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and oil and grease. Approximately 165,000 barrels d −1 (26,233 m 3 d −1 ) of OPW from the study site are available for use. Identification of COCs and consideration of water quantity allows for development of reliable treatment design criteria to ensure effective and consistent treatment is achieved to meet guideline levels required for irrigation, livestock watering, or other uses. This study illustrates the utility of risk assessment for identifying the COCs in OPW for treatment, the level of treatment required, and viable options for use of the treated water.
Subsurface measurements utilizing the fusion of ground-coupled and air-launched GPR

The Florida Department of Transportation and the University of Florida Electronic Communications Laboratory are currently working on a task to fuse the data from ground- coupled and air-launched ground penetrating radar systems. The goal of the project is to improve the overall accuracy of the system and to extract additional information from the data. This paper will describe the methods and signal processing techniques being developed for this project as well as provide examples of processed data that demonstrate applications.
The expression of two classes of late genes of bacteriophage T4.

Abstract Two alternative models have been tested which explain why onset of phage DNA synthesis is required in order for the “late” genes of bacteriophage T4 to begin function. One, the cell state model, proposes that the turn-on of late genes requires some state of the infected cell which is reached only after the onset of DNA replication, so that once DNA replication has begun the late genes of any phage DNA molecule, whether or not that particular DNA molecule has replicated, can function. The other, DNA state , model, proposes that the state of newly replicated phage DNA is somehow different from that of unreplicated (parental) DNA, and that only the late genes of replicated DNA can function. The two models were distinguished operationally by means of superinfection rescue experiments: primary infection is carried out with a T4 phage which is mutant in an essential late gene. Late in infection, after its onset, DNA synthesis is shut off, and the infected cells are superinfected with a phage carrying the wild-type allele of the essential late gene which is mutant in the primary phage. If, in the absence of DNA synthesis, that late gene of the superinfecting phage can function (cell state model) to provide the missing product, infective phage will be produced. If it cannot function (DNA state model), no phage will be produced. The results of the superinfection rescue experiments for some late genes are in good agreement with the prediction of the DNA state model in that superinfection produces no rescue. The results of the experiments for other late genes deviate somewhat from that prediction in that here superinfection produces a low level rescue. Additional experiments indicate that the two types of results derive from the existence of two classes of late genes: (1) the true-late genes can function only from replicated but not from parental DNA, and only in the presence of the normal product of the “maturation defective” phage gene 55. (2) The quasilate genes can function to a limited extent from unreplicated parental DNA and in the absence of the gene 55 product. Low-level rescue is observed for the quasilate genes because of their limited ability to act like early genes.
Camera calibration using distance invariance principles

This paper is concerned with camera calibration by observing four non-coplanar static points known in space. The solution is based on the exploitation of the principle of distance invariance in deriving the required equations to estimate the position of these four points in camera coordinate system. Then the required transformation between the base coordinate system and camera coordinate system is computed.
A numerical study of particle losses from deep traps

The bounce-averaged linearized Fokker-Planck equation for the particle flux out of a single deep electrostatic-magnetic trap is computed numerically, and the results are compared to previous analytic approximate expressions, in the cases of an empty loss region and a Maxwellian species of passing particles in the loss region. In the two types of traps considered, a parabolic well and a TMX-like well, qualitative agreement between the numerical results and the analytic approximate expressions is found.
Constructing candidate word lists using acoustically similar word groups

A method for identifying a set of candidate words that matches well with a given utterance is discussed. The method uses precomputed groups of acoustically similar words. Given a vocabulary, for each word a short list of words that are acoustically similar to it is computed. These groups are constructed using training utterances recorded by several speakers and used in an isolated utterance recognition system to construct candidate word lists during recognition. Experiments show that the correct word appears on the short list of candidate words constructed during recognition using this scheme over 98% of the time. >
Flavodoxin Cofactor Binding Induces Structural Changes that are Required for Protein-Protein Interactions with NADP+ Oxidoreductase and Pyruvate Formate-Lyase Activating Enzyme

Flavodoxin (Fld) conformational changes, thermal stability, and cofactor binding were studied using circular dichroism (CD), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and limited proteolysis. Thermodynamics of apo and holo-Fld folding were examined to discern the features of this important electron transfer protein and to provide data on apo-Fld. With the exception of fluorescence and UV-vis binding experiments with its cofactor flavin mononucleotide (FMN), apo-Fld is almost completely uncharacterized in Escherichia coli. Fld is more structured when the FMN cofactor is bound; the association is tight and driven by enthalpy of binding. Surface plasmon resonance binding experiments were carried out under anaerobic conditions for both apo- and holo-Fld and demonstrate the importance of structure and conformation for the interaction with binding partners. Holo-Fld is capable of associating with NADP(+)-dependent flavodoxin oxidoreductase (FNR) and pyruvate formate-lyase activating enzyme (PFL-AE) whereas there is no detectable interaction between apo-Fld and either protein. Limited proteolysis experiments were analyzed by LC-MS to identify the regions in Fld that are involved in conformation changes upon cofactor binding. Docking software was used to model the Fld/PFL-AE complex to understand the interactions between these two proteins and gain insight into electron transfer reactions from Fld to PFL-AE.
Enterprise information security strategies

Security decisions are made at every level of an organization and from diverse perspectives. At the tactical and operational levels of an organization, decision making focuses on the optimization of security resources, that is, an integrated combination of plans, personnel, procedures, guidelines and technology that minimize damages and losses. While these actions and tactics reduce the frequency and/or consequences of security breaches, they are bounded by the organization's global security budget. At the strategic, enterprise level management must answer the question, ''What is the security budget (cost expenditures), where each dollar spent on security must be weighed against alternative non-security expenditures, that is justified by the foregone (prevented) losses and damages?'' The answer to that question depends on the tolerances of decision makers for risk and the information employed to reach it.
Dispersion and dipole activity of surface phonons on Si(111) 2 x 1

Using an empirical tight-binding theory for structural energies we study vibrational excitations on the \ensuremath{\pi}-bonded chain model of the Si(111) 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 surface. We calculate the phonon spectrum of the surface and find a number of modes that have the form of elementary vibrational excitations of the zigzag chains of surface atoms of the reconstructed surface. In the acoustic part of the spectrum a strong phonon-energy renormalization effect generated by electronic transitions causes an unusual softening of the Rayleigh wave at the zone boundary; this result is consistent with recent He-atom scattering experiments. We also calculate the linearized response of the charge density to lattice displacements, which we use to obtain the phonon-assisted contribution to the surface conductivity. A longitudinal-optical phonon along the surface zigzag chains generates a very large dynamic charge (\ensuremath{\sim}0.75e) and is assigned to the anomalously strong dipole-active surface phonon that has been observed experimentally by high-resolution electron-energy-loss spectroscopy.
Does early discharge with nurse home visits affect adequacy of newborn metabolic screening

Abstract Objective To examine the impact of early discharge on newborn metabolic screening. Study design Metabolic screening results were obtained from the Alabama State Lab for all infants born at our hospital between 8/1/97, and 1/31/99, and were matched with an existing database of early discharge infants. An early newborn discharge was defined as a discharge between 24 and 47 hours of age. Metabolic screening tests included phenylketonuria (PKU), hypothyroidism, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Early discharge and traditional stay infants were compared to determine the percentage of newborns screened and the timing of the first adequate specimen. Results The state laboratory received specimens from 3860 infants; 1324 were on early discharge newborns and 2536 infants in the traditional stay group. At least one filter paper test (PKU, hypothyroidism, and CAH) was collected on 99.2% of early discharge infants and 96.0% of traditional stay infants ( P P P =.002). The early discharge group was more likely to have an adequate specimen within the first 9 days of life (1001, 98.8% early discharge vs 2016, 96.7% traditional stay, P =.0005). Conclusions In this well established early discharge program with nurse home visits, newborn metabolic screening is not compromised by early discharge.
Intravenous immunoglobulin for treatment of neuromuscular disease.

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) has been widely used in the treatment of autoimmune neuromuscular diseases. Compared to other treatment modalities, such as corticosteroids and chemotherapy for autoimmune disorders, IVIg has relatively few side effects and favorable therapeutic outcomes in certain neuromuscular diseases. There is Class I evidence for IVIg as an initial treatment for patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), and multifocal motor neuropathy. It is as effective as plasma exchange in GBS and CIDP. In myasthenia gravis, IVIg is used for myasthenic crisis and exacerbations, though it is also helpful as maintenance therapy, particularly in patients with a suboptimal response or contraindications to prednisone or other immunosuppressive agents. IVIg has been demonstrated to be beneficial in placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized studies in dermatomyositis and Lambert-Eaton syndrome. IVIg has also been beneficial in select patients with polymyositis and other autoimmune peripheral neuropathies. Clinical trials in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, inclusion body myositis, and anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein neuropathy have been negative.