cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Latino/Hispanic Farmworkers and Farm Work in the Eastern United States: The Context for Health, Safety, and Justice

The context in which farmworkers in the eastern United States (US) labor and live affects their health and safety, and the process of achieving justice. This context includes geographic, agricultural, demographic, cultural, and political dimensions, with each of these dimensions experiencing considerable change in the past 50 years. This chapter provides an overview of the context for farmworkers in the eastern US, and defines who is a farmworker for this volume. Although farmworkers in the eastern US became a largely Latino/Hispanic population in the early 1990s, this population continues to be varied in ethnic composition (Latino/Hispanic, Indigenous, non-Latino/Hispanic) and migration status. The information needed to document each dimension of the context for farmworkers in the eastern US is often unavailable. The lack of information makes it difficult to understand who farmworkers are, their number, their personal characteristics, their exposures and health status, and how best to work toward justice for farmworkers and their families. Recommendations to improve health, safety, and justice include more complete and consistent reporting by state agencies of information they collect for farmworkers in their states, and better documentation and reporting of study design by researchers. This information will provide a foundation for understanding diversity in the health and safety of farmworkers, and help direct efforts needed to improve social justice.
Ploidy Level in Theobroma cacao L.

Because of conflicting reports in the literature, a cytogenetic study was undertaken to establish the ploidy level of the cocoa plant, Theobroma cacao
Intracellular Ca requirements for stimulus-secretion coupling in parietal cell

The role of cytosolic free Ca (Cai) in stimulating acid production by the parietal cell in response to the secretagogues carbachol (carb), histamine (hist), and dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate plus 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (DBcAMP + IBMX) was evaluated. Microfluorimetry with fura-2 was used to measure Cai in single parietal cells within intact rabbit gastric glands. Acid production was determined in parallel experiments by monitoring the accumulation of [14C]aminopyrine (AP) in suspensions of glands. Carb increased peak Cai levels to 1 microM in a dose-dependent manner [concentration for half-maximal response (K0.5) = 8 microM] that correlated well with the dose dependence of carb-stimulated AP accumulation (K0.5 = 18 microM). The Ca chelator 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) was used to attenuate secretagogue-induced Cai increases. Incubating glands for 10 min with 1 and 10 microM BAPTA/AM caused resting Cai to decrease from 119 to 93 and 80 nM, respectively. BAPTA/AM, 1 and 10 microM, blocked carb-stimulated increases in Cai by 60 and 90% and AP accumulation by 50 and 90%. Hist, which increases cytosolic cAMP, caused small and relatively infrequent increases in Cai. Even so, hist-stimulated AP accumulation was inhibited 8 and 40% by 1 and 10 microM BAPTA. DBcAMP had no effect on Cai, and AP accumulation caused by DBcAMP was unaffected by the concentrations of BAPTA tested. These data suggest that carb requires an increase in Cai as a secretory signal. Hist also exhibited some Cai dependence, which may be attributable to either a small increase in Cai or the necessity of having a specific basal level of Cai. A Cai requirement for DBcAMP-stimulated acid secretion was not detected. Thus the parietal cell possesses both Ca-dependent and Ca-independent stimulatory pathways, and at least one secretagogue (hist) may utilize both pathways.
S Matrices of the Tricritical Ising Model and Toda Systems

After the excellent discussion of the subject presented at this conference by E. Corrigan, it would be redundant to repeat in detail the different steps that make it possible to simplify the difficult problem of the determination of the S matrices in certain integrable off-critical systems. Instead, I will only briefly review the different tools, those developed by Zamolod-chikov [1], and the arguments that connect the subject to Toda field theories [2, 3, 4], in an effort to add new comments about each of them. The Tricritical Ising Model (TIM), that will be the standard example, is discussed in more detail in ref.[5], written with G. Mussardo. The interesting examples of the D n Toda systems are discussed in [6] and in the talk of E. Corrigan at this conference. In a second part, I will discuss in more detail certain selected features of Toda systems. The rich multipole structure and the connection of the exact solution for the S functions to the perturbative expansion is discussed. Finally I will comment on the relation between unitary and non-unitary off-critical integrable models that seems very closely related. The content of this talk represents the results obtained in collaboration with Giuseppe Mussardo.
Mechanosensation in an adipose fin

Adipose fins are found on approximately 20% of ray-finned fish species. The apparently rudimentary anatomy of adipose fins inspired a longstanding hypothesis that these fins are vestigial and lack function. However, adipose fins have evolved repeatedly within Teleostei, suggesting adaptive function. Recently, adipose fins were proposed to function as mechanosensors, detecting fluid flow anterior to the caudal fin. Here we test the hypothesis that adipose fins are mechanosensitive in the catfish Corydoras aeneus. Neural activity, recorded from nerves that innervate the fin, was shown to encode information on both movement and position of the fin membrane, including the magnitude of fin membrane displacement. Thus, the adipose fin of C. aeneus is mechanosensitive and has the capacity to function as a 'precaudal flow sensor'. These data force re-evaluation of adipose fin clipping, a common strategy for tagging fishes, and inform hypotheses of how function evolves in novel vertebrate appendages.
Experimental evidence for the pressure dependence of the reaction rate constant between acetic acid and hydroxyl radicals.

The reaction rate constant of acetic acid with the hydroxyl radical is measured at 93 Torr with our high-pressure flow system (HPFS) and found to display a negative temperature dependence that can be described by the Arrhenius expression, k(T) = (2.44 ± 0.22) × 10−14 exp ((1027 ± 24)/T)) cm3 molecule−1 s−1. Compared with our previously reported 7 Torr data, we find a noticeable pressure dependence. This dependence is observed to increase with decreasing temperature. This finding is consistent with a termolecular reaction mechanism. It is the first experimental evidence of the pressure dependence for this rate constant. A kinetics model is constructed, and the model results agree qualitatively with our experimental data. The extrapolated rate constant of the title reaction would be faster than previously believed at conditions of the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere, suggesting that the importance of acetic acid in its impact on HOx chemistry is currently underestimated.
Hydrogen-bonding versus van der Waals interactions in self-assembled monolayers of substituted isophthalic acids.

Self-assembled monolayers of a series of isophthalic acids (5-octadecyloxyisophthalic acid, 5-decyloxyisophthalic acid, 5-hexyloxyisophthalic acid, and 5-pentyloxyisophthalic acid) formed on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) at the solid−liquid interface were studied using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Although these molecules have the same dicarboxyl headgroup, their hydrocarbon tails are of different lengths. Hydrogen-bonding between headgroups and van der Waals interactions between the hydrocarbon tails control the final morphology of the monolayer. The STM images show that both van der Waals interactions (vdWs) and hydrogen-bonding (H-B) compete to control the structure, but the final structure of the monolayer is determined by balance between the two interactions.
TEST TECHNIQUES FOR SMALL-SCALE RESEARCH AIRCRAFT

Small-scale aircraft provide a powerful tool for investigating the flying qualities of novel aircraft configurations. Testing procedures have been developed and applied to two small-scale research vehicles, the Blended Wing Body Flight Control Testbed (BWB) and the Oblique All Wing Unstable Demonstrator (OAW). These aircraft carry digital data acquisition and stability augmentation computers that support graphical analysis of flight data, enabling inthe-field evaluation and modification of control laws. The ability to evaluate dynamic behavior in the testing environment supports a creative, hands-on, iterative approach to aerodynamic experimentation and control law design. Methods developed for this research include several bench-top and static tests, an error analysis for measurement of the mass moments of inertia, and characterization of static engine performance. Dynamic car-top testing is used to simulate the dynamics and aerodynamics of flight, without the risks associated with free flight. Important differences between car-testing and free flight have been identified through analytic and experimental methods. A non-linear piloted simulation has been developed for use in control law design and pilot training. A symbiotic interaction between nonlinear simulation and car testing illuminates aspects of the dynamics that neither technique can independently address. Flight test procedures are developed and debugged using a "mule" aircraft as a placeholder in
Electric Field Induced Quantum Interference in Semiconductors

Pump-probe experiments on a biased (100) GaAs sample show that a constant electric field enables quantum interference between one and two photon absorption. This effect can be ascribed to the nonlinear optical Franz-Keldysh effect.
Interface Recombination Velocities in Layered GaAs and AlGaAs/GaAs Structures Grown by OMVPE

The interface recombination velocity at n+ GaAs/n GaAs and n+ Al.15Ga.85As/n GaAs are reported for various dopings. It is seen that with an n+ GaAs cap layer it is possible to reduce the interface recombination velocity to ~ 4.4×10−3 cm/s. This can be further reduced by employing an AlGaAs cap, due to the increased barrier caused by the valence band discontinuity.
Selection of surgical approaches for meningiomas affecting the temporal bone

The varied locations of meningiomas within the temporal bone require a wide array of neurotologic approaches to accomplish complete resection with minimal morbidity. We reviewed 56 consecutive patients with temporal bone meningiomas. The six surgical approaches are described with regard to site of lesion, morbidity of procedure, and long-term patient outcome. Recommendations are made for selection of surgical approach. Hearing preservation was attempted in 25%. Middle fossa tumor removal was performed in nine patients (16%), retrosigmoid (suboccipital) in five patients (9%), translabyrinthine in 24 patients (43%), transcochlear in 15 patients (27%), infratemporal fossa in two patients (4%), and retrolabyrinthine in one patient (2%). Overall, meningioma surgery has higher morbidity, poorer facial nerve outcome, and higher recurrence rates than acoustic neuroma surgery. Thirteen percent of patients were unable to resume full preoperative activities after their surgery. Facial nerve transection occurred in 9% of the cases, and 83% of cases with more than 1 year followup had satisfactory or intermediate facial function (grades I to IV). Meningiomas of the temporal bone are insidious and aggressive lesions. Particular care is required to select the surgical approach appropriate for location, level of hearing, and the anatomic structures involved. Patients must be realistically counseled about the surgical morbidity and long-term outcome associated with each approach.
MO-FG-CAMPUS-IeP2-05: Feasibility Demonstration of High-Voltage Clinical CT and Impact On X-Ray Penetration Through Metal Objects

Purpose: To demonstrate the possibility and quantify the impact of operating a clinical CT scanner at exceptionally high x-ray tube voltage for better penetration through metal objects and facilitating metal artifact reduction. Methods: We categorize metal objects according to the data corruption severeness (level of distortion and complete photon starvation fraction). To demonstrate feasibility and investigate the impact of high voltage scanning we modified a commercial GE LightSpeed VCT scanner (generator and software) to enable CT scans with x-ray tube voltages as high as 175 kVp. A 20 cm diameter water phantom with two metal rods (10 mm stainless and 25 mm titanium) and a water phantom with realistic metal object (spine cage) were used to evaluate the data corruption and image artifacts in the absence of any algorithm correction. We also performed simulations to confirm our understanding of the transmitted photon levels through metal objects with different size and composition. Results: The reconstructed images at 175 kVp still have significant dark shading artifacts, as expected since no special scatter correction or beam hardening was performed but show substantially lower noise and photon starvation than at lower kVp due to better beam penetration. Analysis of the raw data shows that the photon starved data is reduced from over 4% at 140 kVp to below 0.2% at 175 kVp. The simulations indicate that for clinically relevant titanium and stainless objects a 175 kVp tube voltage effectively avoids photon starvation. Conclusion: The use of exceptionally high tube voltage on a clinical CT system is a practical and effective solution to avoid photon starvation caused by certain metal implants. Sparse and hybrid high-voltage protocols are being considered to maintain low patient dose. This opens the door to algorithmic physics-based corrections rather than treating the data as missing and relying on missing data algorithms. Some of the authors are employees of General Electric
Computationally engineered advanced manufacturing of parts

In this work we develop an algorithm using finite element and gradient descent methods in order to compute “optimal” heterogeneous multi-material configurations for objects subjected to complex environmental loading. Specifically, we compute heterogeneous elasticity fields to minimize the difference between actual and desired displacement for selected surfaces of objects subjected to loads which would produce substantively different displacements in an object of the same geometry but composed of homogeneous materials. Elasticity is computed with an iterative gradient descent method with line searches. This algorithm is intended for use in computer-aided design environments to facilitate the development of objects composed of heterogeneous material distributions which may vary in three dimensions, thereby minimizing factors such as cost or density to achieve reductions in part material expense or weight, or achieving particular performance with a specific geometry. The emerging field of additive manufacturing processes such as 3D printing has enabled the creation of such objects. While biological processes frequently optimize both geometric form and material composition, the majority of traditional engineering design optimization has focused on geometry rather than material configuration. Materials are typically uniform or composite and assigned to entire parts or assemblies. This work demonstrates a novel computational method for optimizing such material configurations for particular parts. Such custom highperformance part fabrication is projected to become widespread as the field of additive manufacturing further matures and expands, and unified tools to perform both geometric and material configuration optimization will become increasingly important to fully implement the advantages of this fabrication method.
Abnormally Normal Uteri: Exploring the Meaning of Fibroid Tumors Among African American Women in the United States

Uterine fibroids are the most common type of pelvic tumor in all women in the United States. They affect approximately 70%–80% of African American women, who are more likely than European American women to have multiple fibroids, that are larger in diameter, with greater uterine weights, and more severe symptoms. Little research to date has focused on the experiences of these women and their accounts of the disease's burden. This study utilized in-depth interviews to investigate meanings and experiences associated with uterine fibroids. Participants identified both disease severity and disease seriousness as areas of particular consideration that should inform future approaches to managing the disease. The outcomes of this study suggest modifications in communication efforts both within the public sphere and within health care provider–patient dialogue.
Agreeableness, Conflict Resolution Tactics, and School Behavior in Second Graders

Abstract. This study examined the association between Agreeableness and children’s selection of conflict resolution tactics and their overt behaviors at school. A total of 157 second graders responded to a series of conflict resolution vignettes and were observed three times during physical education classes at school. We hypothesized that Agreeableness would be inversely related to the endorsement of power assertion tactics and to displays of problem behaviors, and positively related to the endorsement of negotiation tactics and to displays of adaptive behaviors. Consistent with hypotheses, Agreeableness was inversely related to power assertion tactics and to displays of off-task, disruptive, and verbally aggressive behaviors. There was no evidence that Agreeableness was related to more socially sophisticated responses to conflict, such as negotiation, with our sample of second grade students; however, it was related to displays of adaptive behaviors, specifically on-task behaviors. Limitations, includin...
Advanced behavioral applications in schools: A review of R. Douglas Greer's designing teaching strategies: An applied behavior analysis systems approach.

R. Douglas Greer1s Designing Teaching Strategies is an important book directed to advanced students in applied behavior analysis for classrooms. This review presents some of the striking features of the Comprehensive Applied Behavior Analysis to Schooling (CABAS®) program and the individualized instruction that the book advances. These include its instruction in literacy, its use of graphing, and its flexibility in systematic organization. Although its readability could be improved, this book has much to recommend it in an approach that has acquired an international following.
Multilayer-Grown Ultrathin Nanostructured GaAs Solar Cells as a Cost-Competitive Materials Platform for III-V Photovoltaics.

Large-scale deployment of GaAs solar cells in terrestrial photovoltaics demands significant cost reduction for preparing device-quality epitaxial materials. Although multilayer epitaxial growth in conjunction with printing-based materials assemblies has been proposed as a promising route to achieve this goal, their practical implementation remains challenging owing to the degradation of materials properties and resulting nonuniform device performance between solar cells grown in different sequences. Here we report an alternative approach to circumvent these limitations and enable multilayer-grown GaAs solar cells with uniform photovoltaic performance. Ultrathin single-junction GaAs solar cells having a 300-nm-thick absorber (i.e., emitter and base) are epitaxially grown in triple-stack releasable multilayer assemblies by molecular beam epitaxy using beryllium as a p-type impurity. Microscale (∼500 × 500 μm2) GaAs solar cells fabricated from respective device layers exhibit excellent uniformity (<3% relati...
From Froot Loops to Fitness: My Journey as an Educator and Person With Diabetes.

EDITOR’S NOTE : This article is adapted from the address Dr. Colberg delivered as the recipient of the American Diabetes Association’s Outstanding Educator in Diabetes Award for 2016. She delivered the address in June 2016 at the association’s 76th Annual Meeting and Scientific Sessions in New Orleans, La. A webcast of this speech is available for viewing at the ADA website (http://professional.diabetes.org/search/site?f%5B0%5D=im_field_dbp_ct%3A7&f%5B1%5D=sm_field_wcast_mname%3Anode%3A120&retain-filters=1).
The effect of sodium hypochlorite solutions on in vitro seedling growth and regeneration capacity of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) hypocotyl explants

Yildiz, M. and Ekiz, H. 2014. The effect of sodium hypochlorite solutions on in vitro seedling growth and regeneration capacity of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) hypocotyl explants. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1161-1164. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of different concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5%) and temperatures (10, 20 and 30°C) of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solutions on in vitro seed germination, seedling growth and regeneration capacity of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) hypocotyl explants. All parameters were negatively affected by concentrations of NaOCl over 2% and temperatures over 20°C while the best results were obtained when seeds were surface-sterilized with 2% NaOCl at 20°C for 30 min. following a pretreatment with 95% ethanol.
Galerkin Approximation of the Generalized Hamilton-Jacobi Equation

Abstract If u is a stabilizing control for a nonlinear system that is affine in the control variable, then the solution to the Generalized Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (GHJB) equation associated with u is a Lyapunov function for the system and equals the cost associated with u. If an explicit solution to the GHJB equation can be found then it can be used to construct a feedback control law that improves the performance of u. Repeating this process leads to a successive approximation algorithm that uniformly approximates the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation. The difficulty is that it is very difficult to construct solutions to the GHJB equation such that the control derived from its solution is in feedback form. This paper shows that Galerkin's approximation method can be used to construct arbitrarily close approximations to the GHJB equation while generating stable feedback control laws. We state sufficient conditions for the convergence of Galerkin approximations to the GHJB equation. The sufficient conditions derived in this paper include standard completeness assumptions and the asymptotic stability of the associated vector field. The method is demonstrated on a simple nonlinear system and is compared to a result obtained by using exact feedback linearization in conjunction with the LQR design method.
Triggerable tough hydrogels for gastric resident dosage forms

Systems capable of residing for prolonged periods of time in the gastric cavity have transformed our ability to diagnose and treat patients. Gastric resident systems for drug delivery, ideally need to be: ingestible, be able to change shape or swell to ensure prolonged gastric residence, have the mechanical integrity to withstand the forces associated with gastrointestinal motility, be triggerable to address any side effects, and be drug loadable and release drug over a prolonged period of time. Materials that have been primarily utilized for these applications have been largely restricted to thermoplastics and thermosets. Here we describe a novel set of materials, triggerable tough hydrogels, meeting all these requirement, supported by evaluation in a large animal model and ultimately demonstrate the potential of triggerable tough hydrogels to serve as prolonged gastric resident drug depots. Triggerable tough hydrogels may be applied in myriad of applications, including bariatric interventions, drug delivery, and tissue engineering. The use of drug delivery systems for the gastrointestinal tract has been faced with a number of drawbacks related to their prolonged use. Here, the authors develop a drug-loaded hydrogel with high strength to withstand long-term gastrointestinal motility and can be triggered to dissolve on demand.
Injectivity Evaluation for Offshore CO2 Sequestration in Marine Sediments

Abstract Global and regional climate change caused by greenhouse gases emissions has stimulated interest in developing various technologies (such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) geologic sequestration in brine reservoirs) to reduce the concentrations of CO 2 in the atmosphere. This study develops a statistical framework to identify gravitational CO 2 trapping processes and to quantitatively evaluate both CO 2 injectivity (or storage capacity) and leakage potential from marine sediments which exhibit heterogeneous permeability and variable thicknesses. We focus on sets of geostatistically-based heterogeneous models populated with fluid flow parameters from several reservoir sites in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico (GOM). A computationally efficient uncertainty quantification study was conducted with results suggesting that permeability heterogeneity and anisotropy, seawater depth, and sediment thickness can all significantly impact CO 2 flow and trapping. Large permeability/porosity heterogeneity can enhance gravitational, capillary, and dissolution trapping, which acts to deter CO 2 upward migration and subsequent leakage onto the seafloor. When log permeability variance is 5, self-sealing with heterogeneity-enhanced gravitation trapping can be achieved even when water depth is 1.2 km. This extends the previously identified self-sealing condition that water depth be greater than 2.7 km. Our results have yielded valuable insight into the conditions under which safe storage of CO 2 can be achieved in offshore environments. The developed statistical framework is general and can be adapted to study other offshore sites worldwide.
Paraplegic patients: how to measure balance and what is normal or functional?

To review the current understanding and data of sagittal balance and alignment considerations in paraplegic patients. A PubMed literature search was conducted to identify all relevant articles relating to sagittal alignment and sagittal balance considerations in paraplegic and spinal cord injury patients. While there are numerous studies and publications on sagittal balance in the ambulatory patient with spinal deformity or complex spine disorders, there is paucity of the literature on “normal” sagittal balance in the paraplegic patients. Studies have reported significantly alterations of the sagittal alignment parameters in the non-ambulatory paraplegic patients compared to ambulatory patients. The variability of the alignment changes is related to the differences in the level of the spinal cord injury and their differences in the activations of truncal muscles to allow functional movements in those patients, particularly in optimizing sitting and transferring. Surgical goal in treating paraplegic patients with complex pathologies should not be solely directed to achieve the “normal” radiographic parameters of sagittal alignment in the ambulatory patients. The goal should be to maintain good coronal balance to allow ideal sitting position and to preserve motion segment to optimize functions of paraplegia patients. Current available literature data have not defined normal sagittal parameters for paraplegic patients. There are significant differences in postural sagittal parameters and muscle activations in paraplegic and non-spinal cord injury patients that can lead to differences in sagittal alignment and balance. Treatment goal in spine surgery for paraplegic patients should address their global function, sitting balance, and ability to perform self-care rather than the accepted radiographic parameters for adult spinal deformity in ambulatory patients.
Augmenting the SMN Protein to Treat Infantile Spinal Muscular Atrophy.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a common and oft-fatal pediatric neuromuscular disorder caused by insufficient SMN protein. Now, two clinical trials (Mendell et al., 2017; Finkel et al., 2017) demonstrate that restoring the protein is therapeutic, offering new treatment options and renewed hope to SMA patients.
Reductions and NP -Completeness

We have seen several problems such as maximum flow and matching that at first glance appear intractible, but upon closer study admit very efficient algorithms. Unfortunately, this is the exception rather than the rule. For every interesting problem with a polynomial-time algorithm, there are dozens for which all known solutions require exponential time in the worst case.
Genetic Analysis of Neural and Non-Neural Co-Evolution

The ectodermal germ layer gives rise to nerves and skin in all bilaterian animals. Two unique cell types in vertebrates, neural crest cells and epidermal placodes, develop at the border between neural and epidermal regions and coordinate patterning between the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous systems (PNS). Coordination between neural (NE) and non-neural (NNE) ectoderm is essential for establishing segmentation, innervating peripheral sense organs, and ensuring that changes in peripheral innervation are matched by changes in the brain regions to which they connect. Early protochordates evolved new roles for genes at the NE/NNE boundary that led, in part, to the advent of neural crest and placodes and the dramatic expansion of the brain and sense organs in vertebrates. Recent genetic studies in vertebrates, together with molecular phylogenetic studies in chordates, have revealed how the complex mechanisms that establish these domains arose from a simple ancestral ectoderm.
The Measurement of Welfare

Harberger (1971) proposes that the consumer surplus should be used to measure the individual utility and the social welfare. "Since Harberger's paper, the limitation and pitfall of consumer's surplus have been demonstrated systematically and definitively by Chipman and Moore among many others" [Slesnick (1998), p. 2159]. As pointed out by Chipman and Moore (1976, p. 70), "consumer's surplus is not intended to measure a consumer's utility at all; but what is supposed to measure we are not told". Despite the serious conceptual problems, however, "consumer's surplus is the overwhelming choice as a welfare indicator" [Slesnick (1998), p. 2110]. "It is easy to use, the intuition underlying its interpretation as a welfare measure is transparent, and the data requirements for implementation are minimal" [Slesnick (1998), p. 2159]. Using aggregate data to directly measure aggregate behavior, an "aggregate to aggregate" approach is developed in this paper to measure welfare in a world of many goods with many consumers. The purpose of this paper is to show that there exist some welfare functions such that the change in welfare resulting from changes of prices is equal to the sum of the Marshallian surplus of aggregate demands, the surplus of aggregate supplies, and the changes in government revenue. Therefore, a theoretical ground is built for using Marshallian consumer surplus as a welfare indicator. It is well known that Marshallian consumer surplus does not measure the consumer's utility in the case of a single consumer. How can the Marshallian surplus be an indicator for social welfare? The consumer's utility maximization problem gives that marginal utility equals market price times the marginal utility of income (MUI). The market price would measure the marginal utility if the MUI were constant. Unfortunately, the constancy of MUI has proved to be impossible [Samuelson (1942)]. Therefore, the Marshallian surplus does not measure the individual utility. However, It is also well known that the market price measures the marginal social value of a good. As pointed out in Varian's textbook [Varian (1992), p. 334], "we see that the competitive prices measure the (marginal) social value of a good: how much welfare would increase if we had a small additional amount of the good." Therefore, it is intuitive that Marshallian consumer surplus could measure welfare, at least in the case of one good. In the case of many goods, the problem preventing consumer surplus to be a good welfare indicator is known as the path dependency problem. To solve this problem, we decompose the change in welfare into two parts. The first part is the change in welfare due to income change, maintaining prices constant, which is shown to be path independent and equal to the sum of the surplus of aggregate supplies and the change in government revenue. The second part is the change in welfare due to price changes, maintaining income constant, which is shown to be path independent and equal to the Marshallian consumer surplus of aggregate demands.
A Before and After Analysis of Health Care Utilization by Patients Enrolled in Opioid Controlled Substance Agreements for Chronic Noncancer Pain

Abstract Objective To evaluate the impact of opioid controlled substance agreements (CSAs) enrollment on health care utilization. Patients and Methods We retrospectively evaluated health care utilization changes among 772 patients receiving long-term opioid therapy for chronic noncancer pain enrolled in a CSA between July 1, 2015, and December 31, 2015. We ascertained patient characteristics and utilization 12 months before and after CSA enrollment. Decreased utilization was defined as a decrease of 1 or more hospitalizations or emergency department visits and 3 or more outpatient primary and specialty care visits. Multivariate modeling assessed demographic characteristics associated with utilization changes. Results The 772 patients enrolled in an opioid CSA during the study period had a mean ± SD age of 63.5±14.9 years and were predominantly female, white, and married. The CSA enrollment was associated with decreased outpatient primary care visits (odds ratio [OR], 0.16; 95% CI, 0.14-0.19) and increased diagnostic radiology services (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.02-1.47). After CSA enrollment, patients with greater comorbidity (Charlson Comorbidity Index score >3) were more likely to have reduced hospitalizations (adjusted OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.3-6.0; P=.008), reduced outpatient primary care visits (adjusted OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2-3.2; P=.005), and reduced specialty care visits (adjusted OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2-3.3; P=.006). Conclusion For patients receiving long-term opioid therapy for chronic noncancer pain, CSA enrollment is associated with reductions in primary care visits and increased radiologic service utilization. Patients with greater comorbidity were more likely to have reductions in hospitalizations, outpatient primary care visits, and outpatient specialty clinic visits after CSA enrollment. The observational nature of the study does not allow the conclusion that CSA implementation is the primary reason for these observed changes.
Future trends in noise control technology

Although acoustics plays an important role in noise control, noise control is arguably more difficult than acoustics owing to the constraints that are usually imposed on noise control solutions by manufacturers. That is, ideally, noise control solutions should occupy no space, weigh nothing, cost nothing, not impact the operation of the device being treated, and remain effective for 20 years without maintenance. Hence, identifying effective noise control solutions is a challenging, multidimensional problem. In this presentation, future trends and opportunities in noise control will be highlighted in four categories: targets, measurement techniques, predictive tools, and noise control methods and materials.
Relative train length and the infrastructure required to mitigate delays from operating combinations of normal and over-length freight trains on single-track railway lines in North America

Distributed power locomotives have facilitated longer heavy-haul freight trains that improve the efficiency of railway operations. In North America, where the majority of mainlines are single track...
Measuring Regret in Routing: Assessing the Impact of Increased App Usage

This article is focused on measuring the impact of navigational apps on road traffic patterns. We first define the marginal regret, which characterizes the difference between the travel time experienced on the most optimal path and the path of interest between the same origin destination pair. We then introduce a new metric, the average marginal regret, which is the average of marginal regret, taken over all possible OD pairs in the network. We evaluate the average marginal regret in simulations with varying proportions of app and non-app users (information vs. no information) using the microsimulation software Aimsun. We conduct experiments on a benchmark network as well as a calibrated corridor model of the I–210 in Los Angeles for which OD demand data is gathered from several sensing sources as well as actual signal timing plans. In both cases (i.e. the benchmark and I–210) experiments demonstrate that the use of apps leads to a system-wide convergence towards Nash equilibrium.
TEMProf: memory profiling via EM-emanation in iot and hand-held devices

This paper presents EMProf, a new method for profiling the performance impact of the memory subsystem without any support on, or interference with, the profiled system. Rather than rely on hardware support and/or software instrumentation on the profiled system, EMProf analyzes the system's EM emanations to identify processor stalls that are associated with last-level cache (LLC) misses. This enables EMProf to accurately pinpoint LLC misses in the execution timeline and to measure the cost (stall time) of each miss. Since EMProf has zero "observer effect", so it can be used to profile applications that adjust their activity to their performance. It has no overhead on target machine, so it can be used for profiling embedded, hand-held, and IoT devices which usually have limited support for collecting, and limited resources for storing, the profiling data. Finally, since EMProf can profile the system as-is, its profiling of boot code and other hard-to-profile software components is as accurate as its profiling of application code. To illustrate the effectiveness of EMProf, we first validate its results using micro-benchmarks with known memory behavior, and also on SPEC benchmarks running a cycle-accurate simulator that can provide detailed ground-truth data about LLC misses and processor stalls. We then demonstrate the effectiveness of EMProf on real systems, including profiling of boot activity, show how its results can be attributed to the specific parts of the application code when that code is available, and provide additional insight on the statistics reported by EMProf and how they are affected by the EM signal bandwidth provided to EMProf.
Artefatos têm política

Traducao de artigo de Langdon Winner Translation in portuguese of the article "Do Artifacts Have Politics?”, by Langdon Winner
NR2E3 is a key component in p53 activation by regulating a long noncoding RNA DINO in acute liver injuries

Damage-induced long noncoding RNA (DINO) is a long noncoding RNA that directly interacts with p53 and thereby enhances p53 stability and activity in response to various cellular stresses. Here, we demonstrate that nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group E member 3 (NR2E3) plays a crucial role in maintaining active DINO epigenetic status for its proper induction and subsequent p53 activation. In acetaminophen (APAP)- or carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injuries, NR2E3 knockout (KO) mice exhibited far more severe liver injuries due to impaired DINO induction and p53 activation. Mechanistically, NR2E3 loss both in vivo and in vitro induced epigenetic DINO repression accompanied by reduced DINO chromatin accessibility. Furthermore, compared with the efficient reversal by a typical antidote N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment of APAP-induced liver injury in wild-type mice, the liver injury of NR2E3 KO mice was not effectively reversed, indicating that an intact NR2E3-DINO-p53-signaling axis is essential for NAC-mediated recovery against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. These findings establish that NR2E3 is a critical component in p53 activation and a novel susceptibility factor to drug- or toxicant-induced acute liver injuries.-Khanal, T., Leung, Y.-K., Jiang, W., Timchenko, N., Ho, S.-M., Kim, K. NR2E3 is a key component in p53 activation by regulating a long noncoding RNA DINO in acute liver injuries.
The presence of Aspergillus fumigatus is associated with worse respiratory quality of life in cystic fibrosis.

Abstract Background The clinical effects of Aspergillus fumigatus in the cystic fibrosis (CF) airway, with the exception of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, is unclear. Methods CF adolescents and adults (age 14 years and older) underwent bacterial and semi-selective fungal culture testing to determine the prevalence of fungi in the CF respiratory tract and the independent association between the presence of Aspergillus fumigatus and clinical characteristics. Results Aspergillus fumigatus (10.3%) and Candida species (57.8%) were the most common filamentous fungi and yeast seen respectively in the sputa of 206 individuals with CF. Inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) use was more common in Aspergillus fumigatus-positive than Aspergillus fumigatusnegative (100% versus 75.8%, p = .01). Aspergillus fumigatus was significantly associated with lower respiratory domain score (β −8.74, 95% CI −16.6, −0.88, p = .03), representing worse respiratory-related quality of life, accounting for demographics, disease characteristics, and the presence of a pulmonary exacerbation. Conclusion The presence of Aspergillus fumigatus in CF sputum was associated with worse respiratory quality of life in CF in a crosssectional, single center study. Longitudinal analysis examining the clinical implications of Aspergillus fumigatus on respiratory health over time is needed.
“You've got to care to carry this stuff” Community implications from take-home naloxone use: A qualitative study

Abstract Background In New Mexico, drug overdose rates have been among the highest in the nation for the past two decades, with 332 overdose deaths involving opioids in 2017. While interventions aimed at enhancing distribution and uptake of take-home naloxone (THN) have identified people who use opioids as viable candidates, there exists a gap in applying these findings to underserved, ethnic minority women. Methods We conducted qualitative interviews with participants recruited from a parent study which recruited 395 women diagnosed with OUD who participated in a two year study (April 2016–May 2018) during which they received opioid overdose education and two free THN kits for their use. Results Findings characterize the social dynamics of persistent opioid exposure, accidental overdose, and take home naloxone use to reverse overdose, and we identified three overarching themes: 1) Crisis management and community responsibility; 2) Complex social networks as informal channels for family to family and peer to peer naloxone distribution and education; and 3) Participant preferences and strategies for THN distribution and education. Conclusions Participants in the ASAP program demonstrated an unquestionable willingness to distribute naloxone when they had access to it, and the ability to replace it. Further research is warranted to apply these findings in interventional contexts to refine strategies toward prioritizing distribution of THN, enhance training tools and optimize community locations for engagement.
The slippery and the sane: Decolonizing psychology through a study of the Indian girl-child:

This article makes a case against the export of psychological intervention, as developed and practiced in the Global North, to the Indian sub-continent. It is based on the premise that differences ...
Competencies Needed by Teachers of the Emotionally Disturbed and Socially Maladjusted: A Comparison

Forty-seven teachers of emotionally disturbed children in a midwestern state completed an 88 item checklist, Teachers' Evaluation of Competencies, which was originally used in a study conducted by Mackie, Kvaraceus, and Williams. A comparison was made between the Mackie study and the present study regarding proficiencies and competencies valued by teachers. Four hypotheses and several corollaries were investigated and evaluated. Significant differences were found in all cases.
Indians in Apartheid South Africa: class, compromise and controversy in the era of the Group Areas Act, 1952–1962

This paper looks at the implementation of the notorious Group Areas Act between 1952 and 1962, and the struggle of the Transvaal Indian community in responding to the Act. Since the Group Areas Act...
Black and White Swans: Pandemics, Prognostications, and Preparedness

This essay examines why communities around the world have tended to respond relatively poorly and belatedly to the Covid pandemic—despite the fact that the likelihood of this sort of infectious outbreak had been widely recognized by public health experts, and furthermore in early 2020 communities outside of China were, in effect, given an advance warning of the imminent threat of this particular outbreak before the virus began to spread globally. Drawing on Nassim Taleb’s recent discussion of the sociopolitical significance of “black swan events,” this essay argues that the global Covid response is symptomatic of a more general difficulty in thinking probabilistically.
Hypersomnolence in a 17-year-old Boy.

1. Laura Cannon, MD* 2. Heather Van Mater, MD, MS* 3. Carolyn Pizoli, MD, PhD* 1. *Duke Children’s Hospital, Durham, NC 1. Address correspondence to Laura Cannon, MD, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children’s Hospital, 2301 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC 27710. E-mail: laura.cannon{at}duke.edu A previously healthy and active 17-year-old boy presents to the clinic for episodic exhaustion, which started 10 months ago. During these episodes, he sleeps all day (up to 23 out of 24 hours) for 7 to 10 days, progressively sleeping less over the course of the episode. These episodes have been occurring as frequently as every 5 to 6 weeks. He will often eat large quantities of food as 1 single meal during these spells, and seems ravenous. He also demonstrates marked irritability and has poor ability to independently function secondary to difficulty expressing his thoughts. He has memory impairment, and parents are concerned about leaving him alone during the episodes. He returns completely back to baseline between these periods. On examination, he is well appearing with normal vital signs and a normal neurological examination. Review of systems is otherwise negative. Review of previous records show previous hospitalization for these spells where he was evaluated by neurology and had a normal routine electroencephalography (EEG) but did have diffuse slowing on a follow-up EEG performed while he was having symptoms. In addition, he had imaging including computed tomography (CT) scan of the head and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, which were normal. Drug testing was negative. He had thyroid antibody testing, which was positive (anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody and thyroglobulin antibody), but thyroid function studies were normal. He had been previously diagnosed with a postinfectious chronic fatigue syndrome …