cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Realization of Symmetric Switching Functions with Linear-Input Logical Elements

The problem of synthesizing switching networks out of linear-input (threshold) elements is studied for the class of symmetric switching functions. Tight bounds are derived for the number of elements required in a minimal realization, and a method of synthesis is presented which yields economical networks. Minimal networks result for all symmetric functions of no more than about twelve variables, and for several other cases. In particular, it is shown how the parity function of any number n of variables can be realized with about log2(n) elements.
User-centric data dissemination in disruption tolerant networks

Data dissemination is useful for many applications of Disruption Tolerant Networks (DTNs). Current data dissemination schemes are generally network-centric ignoring user interests. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for user-centric data dissemination in DTNs, which considers satisfying user interests and maximizes the cost-effectiveness of data dissemination. Our approach is based on a social centrality metric, which considers the social contact patterns and interests of mobile users simultaneously, and thus ensures effective relay selection. The performance of our approach is evaluated from both theoretical and experimental perspectives. By formal analysis, we show the lower bound on the cost-effectiveness of data dissemination, and analytically investigate the tradeoff between the effectiveness of relay selection and the overhead of maintaining network information. By trace-driven simulations, we show that our approach achieves better cost-effectiveness than existing data dissemination schemes.
MODIS Calibration: A Brief Review of the Strategy for the At-Launch Calibration Approach

Abstract The Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is a key instrument on the NASA Earth Observing System. It is a multispectral sensor that will be used to track long-term global change in the land, atmosphere, and ocean components of the earth. Major advances are being made with MODIS over previous sensors in the form of improved on-orbit sensor characterization and calibration using a system of onboard calibrators. This article describes those calibrators and provides an early estimate of the expected accuracy for the MODIS calibrated datasets resulting from the use of these calibrators. The focus of the paper is the calibration approach that is being implemented at-launch for the top-of-the-atmosphere data products.
Structuralism and the Concept of Set

The term “structuralism” with reference to mathematics has perhaps a basic meaning as referring to the idea that mathematics is particularly concerned with structures or structure. My concern is a more specific one, with what I call the structuralist view of mathematical objects. In its general lines, it is familiar: It holds that reference to mathematical objects is always in the context of some structure, and that the objects involved have no more to them than can be expressed in terms of the basic relations of the structure. The idea is well expressed by Michael Resnik: In mathematics, I claim, we do not have objects with an “internal” composition arranged in structures, we have only structures. The objects of mathematics, that is, the entities which our mathematical constants and quantifiers denote, are structureless points or positions in structures. As positions in structures, they have no identity or features outside of a structure.1
Silicon Photonics

After dominating the electronics industry for decades, silicon is on the verge of becoming the material of choice for the photonics industry: the traditional stronghold of III-V semiconductors. Stimulated by a series of recent breakthroughs and propelled by increasing investments by governments and the private sector, silicon photonics is now the most active discipline within the field of integrated optics. This paper provides an overview of the state of the art in silicon photonics and outlines challenges that must be overcome before large-scale commercialization can occur. In particular, for realization of integration with CMOS very large scale integration (VLSI), silicon photonics must be compatible with the economics of silicon manufacturing and must operate within thermal constraints of VLSI chips. The impact of silicon photonics will reach beyond optical communication-its traditionally anticipated application. Silicon has excellent linear and nonlinear optical properties in the midwave infrared (IR) spectrum. These properties, along with silicon's excellent thermal conductivity and optical damage threshold, open up the possibility for a new class of mid-IR photonic devices
Sacrificial Space and Clan Identity:——Investigation on the Folk Custom of Worshiping the God of Dongping in Heyang Village,Zhenghe County

The God of Dongping is one of the County god in Heyang Village of Zhenghe County,Fujian province.The Lee clan of Heyang take in worshiping him every year making village people ' s belief in their history and community spirit continue,thus enforces the clansmen ' s sense of belonging and identity,and supports the clansmen ' s integrity idea,making the belief in the clan and community.Through the individual case study of the relationship between folk sacrificial activities and the clan identity,we concludes that clan and sacrificial present a certain integration.
Diffuse lamellar keratitis. Postoperative prophylactic treatment with corticosteroids in an experimental animal study

Fragestellung. Ziel der experimentellen Studie war es, diffuse lamellare Keratitis (DLK) im Kaninchenauge auszulosen und eine postoperative Prophylaxe mit Kortikosteroidaugentropfen zu evaluieren. Material und Methode. Eine Hornhautlamelle (Flap) wurde in 40 Augen von 20 pigmentierten Kaninchen geschnitten und anschliesend das Hornhautstromabett mit Pseudomonas-aeruginosa-Lipopolysaccharid- (LPS-)Endotoxin (n=21) oder Palmolive® Ultra-Seife (n=19) in Kontakt gebracht. Postoperativ wurde die eine Halfte der Augen mit Kortikosteroidaugentropfen behandelt, die andere Halfte blieb unbehandelt. Spaltlampenuntersuchungen und Fotoaufnahmen wurden am 1., 3., 5. und 7. postoperativen Tag durchgefuhrt und DLK nach Schweregrad I–IV eingeteilt. Ergebnisse. Am Ende der Studie konnten 33 Kaninchenaugen ausgewertet werden. Von den unbehandelten Augen entwickelten 94% postoperativ DLK. Fur die mit Kortikosteroiden behandelten Augen lag die DLK-Rate am 7. Tag bei 19%, was statistisch signifikant geringer war (p=0,018). Schlussfolgerung. Pseudomonas-aeruginosa-LPS-Endotoxin und Palmolive® Ultra verursachten in einer sehr hohen Rate DLK im Kaninchenauge. Die prophylaktische postoperative Behandlung mit Kortikosteroidaugentropfen fuhrte in diesem experimentellen Tiermodell zu einer signifikant geringeren DLK-Rate.
An Optical and Near-Infrared Study of the Type Ia/IIn Supernova PS15si

W. M. Keck Foundation; ESO programmes [188.D-3003, 191.D-0935]; NASA [NNX12AR65G, NNX14AM74G]; NASA by JPL/Caltech [1255094]; NSF [AST-1312221, AST-1515559, AST-1211916]; Gary & Cynthia Bengier; Richard & Rhoda Goldman Fund; Christopher R. Redlich Fund; TABASGO Foundation
Abstract 246: Role for ATP7A copper transporter in cisplatin resistance, tumorigenesis and metastasis

Copper is a trace metal with a ready capacity to gain or donate electrons. This property is harnessed by numerous enzymes to perform vital functions in the body. In humans, copper is required for various biochemical processes including cellular respiration, connective tissue development, iron transport, and pigmentation. The same redox property which makes copper useful can also have deleterious effects if the proper balance is not maintained. Hence a delicate balance of copper should be maintained in the body. Cellular copper homeostasis is maintained by several different proteins. Ctr1 (copper transporter 1) has high affinity for copper and aids in copper uptake into the cell. ATP7A and ATP7B are copper exporting ATPases, which share 60% identity, are functionally homologous. Under low intracellular copper concentrations, ATP7A is localized to the TGN (trans-Golgi network), where it transports copper to newly synthesized cuproenzymes. Under elevated copper concentrations, ATP7A traffics to post TGN vesicles and to the plasma membrane, subsequently releasing the copper load by fusion with the plasma membrane. There are emerging studies implicating a role of ATP7A in resistance against the platinum-based chemotherapy agent, cisplatin, which is widely used to treat cancer. Previous studies have correlated ATP7A expression to the sensitivity of cultured cells to cisplatin. Here, we report that deletion of the Atp7a gene in isogenic RAS-transformed mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells not only confers sensitivity to cisplatin, but markedly prevents tumor formation in the absence of chemotherapy agent. Deletion of Atp7a in the breast cancer cell line, 4T1, was also found to suppress tumorigenesis and markedly reduce metastasis to the lungs. The ATP7A knockout 4T1 cells showed a significant decrease in Lysyl Oxidase (LOX) activity as compared to the 4T1WT cells. Given the numerous studies showing that LOX family involved in breast tumor metastasis, ATP7A might play a role in tumor progression by virtue of its requirement for metallating LOX. The ATP7A knockout 4T1 cells exhibited reduced survival as compared to the 4T1WT cells in the presence of physiological concentrations of hydrogen peroxide or hypoxia, suggesting that hyper-accumulation of copper sensitizes these cells to ROS production. Taken together, these findings identify the ATP7A copper transporter at the nexus of platinum-drug resistance, tumorigenesis and metastatic pathways, underscoring its potential as a therapeutic drug target at multiple stages of carcinogenesis. Citation Format: Vinit Shanbhag, Nikita Gudekar. Role for ATP7A copper transporter in cisplatin resistance, tumorigenesis and metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 246.
In situ high-pressure synchrotron x-ray diffraction study of Sc 2 W 3 O 12 at up to 10 GPa

${\mathrm{Sc}}_{2}{\mathrm{W}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{12}$ is known to display both negative thermal expansion and significant ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{3+}$ conductivity. Monochromatic synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction was used to study ${\mathrm{Sc}}_{2}{({\mathrm{WO}}_{4})}_{3}$ at pressures up to 10 GPa in diamond anvil cells. Nitrogen and isopropanol were both used as pressure transmitting media. A phase transition from orthorhombic (Pnca) to monoclinic $(\mathrm{P}{2}_{1}∕a)$ symmetry was observed at $\ensuremath{\sim}0.3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ with a volume reduction of $\ensuremath{\sim}1.7%$. A second crystalline to crystalline phase transition was seen at $\ensuremath{\sim}2.8\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$. The latter was not reversible on decompression. The orthorhombic phase displays highly anisotropic compressibility, but that of the monoclinic phase is almost isotropic [orthorhombic in isopropanol ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{\mathrm{a}}=6.32(16)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{GPa}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{\mathrm{b}}=1.76(21)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{GPa}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{\mathrm{c}}=6.84(32)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{GPa}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$; monoclinic in isopropanol ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{\mathrm{a}}=1.85(3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{GPa}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{\mathrm{b}}=1.78(3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{GPa}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{\mathrm{c}}=1.69(9)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{GPa}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$]. ${\mathrm{Sc}}_{2}{({\mathrm{WO}}_{4})}_{3}$ is very soft even when compared to most other NTE phases. Fitting a Birch-Murnaghan equation of state to data from the experiment in isopropanol gave a bulk modulus $({K}_{0})$ of 31(3) for the orthorhombic and 14(1) GPa for the monoclinic phase. This reduction in bulk modulus at the phase transition and the reduction in volume per formula unit is almost entirely associated with changes in the orthorhombic $a$ and $c$ directions. The variation of ${b}_{\mathrm{ortho}}$ and its monoclinic equivalent lattice constant is essentially continuous through the transition. The pressure of the orthorhombic to monoclinic phase transition in ${A}_{2}{M}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{12}$ compounds does not have a strong dependence on the identity of the ${A}^{3+}$ cation. Amorphization did not occur in the pressure range studied.
OSA screening with the pediatric sleep questionnaire for adolescents undergoing bariatric surgery in teen-LABS.

Objective Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is reported in 70% of adolescents who present for bariatric surgery. The Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) was developed to identify children at risk for OSA but is not validated in adolescents with obesity. The aims of this study were: (1) to assess validity of the PSQ to detect OSA and (2) to determine the correlation between anthropometric and polysomnography measurements. Methods A cross-sectional assessment of Teen-Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery participants at high risk for OSA was performed. Participants completed an overnight polysomnography, and caregivers completed the PSQ. Results Forty-five participants (84% female, 78% Caucasian, mean age = 16.7 ± 1.5 years) were evaluated. Mean BMI was 51.3 ± 7.7 kg/m2 and mean obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (oAHI) was 6.1 ± 5.9 events/h. For diagnosis of OSA (oAHI ≥5), the total PSQ score sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) were 86%, 38%, and 55%, respectively. For snoring >50% of the time, PPV was 84%, sensitivity was 64%, and specificity was 43%. Sagittal abdominal diameter correlated with oAHI and oxygen saturation nadir (ρ = 0.34, P = 0.027), whereas BMI, neck, and waist circumference correlated with neither. Conclusions The PSQ demonstrated low specificity, and PPV and the question regarding snoring >50% of the time did not effectively identify OSA. Sagittal abdominal diameter correlated with oAHI and oxygen saturation nadir.
“Dancing grannies” in the modern city: consumption and group formation in urban China

According to the popular narrative on congregational dancing in Chinese cities, people who participate in dance groups are relics from the collective era who are (1) still motivated by collective ideals, and (2) unwilling or unable to participate in modern consumer culture. This article demonstrates that these are misunderstandings: many dancers actually have embodied consumer logics and participate in congregational dancing in order to practice self-management. However, they continue to be mistaken for vestiges of the past because they cultivate their individualities within collective groups. Building on theories of consumerism, subjectivity, and group formation, I argue in this article that congregational dance groups represent a new form of post-socialist collectivity that exists outside of state-approved social structures.
Effect of solid and contaminants in gaseous insulation

Solid and gaseous dielectrics are both used for electrical insulation, either singly or in combination. Where solid is used as a major component, the detrimental effect of gases, such as air voids, has been discussed at length by various investigators. However, little has been reported on the effect of solid materials to the gaseous insulation. With the recent uprising trend of using gaseous dielectrics as a major insulation in cables, transformers and electronic equipment, it appears timely to examine the effect of solid insulation and contaminants that are often encountered in such equipment.
Conduction band position tuning and Ga-doping in (Cd,Zn)S alloy thin films

In recent years, the number of novel photovoltaic absorber materials under exploration has rapidly increased. However, to reap the most benefit from these new absorbers, alternative device structures and components must also be considered. In particular, the choice of a heterojunction partner, or contact layer, is critical to device optimization. In this work, we explore alternative n-type contact layer candidates that could be widely applicable to a variety of new absorbers. We use theory to calculate the band edge tuning provided by a variety of II–VI alloy systems, and select the (Cd,Zn)S system as one that affords a wide range of conduction band tuning. The synthesis of (Cd,Zn)S alloys is explored using atomic layer deposition, which afforded precise compositional control and produced crystalline thin films. The predicted tuning of the band gap and conduction band minimum is confirmed through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and optical absorption measurements. In addition, we investigated Ga-doping in Cd0.6Zn0.4S films to decrease their series resistance when used as contact layers in photovoltaic devices. This study provides a framework for exploring and optimizing alternative contact layer materials, which will prove critical to the success of new PV absorbers.
Training Neurosurgery and Radiation Oncology Residents in Stereotactic Radiosurgery: Assessment Gathered from Participants in AANS and ASTRO Training Course

Objective Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) represents an expanding approach for neurosurgeons and radiation oncologists. We evaluate educational gaps of senior residents drawn from each specialty as part of a focused SRS course. We also evaluate the strengths and limitations of SRS training in current residency programs of the course residents and faculty. Methods The American Association of Neurological Surgeons and American Society of Radiation Oncology jointly held a senior resident course in SRS. Residents were nominated by program directors from across the United States. Thirty residents were chosen to participate in the course. The residents were surveyed before and after the course. Faculty (n = 14) were also surveyed to ascertain their perspectives on current training in SRS. Results Most (96.7%) of the residents planned to perform SRS when finished, and 94% anticipated SRS indications to expand. Regarding SRS technique, 47% reported average/above average understanding of intracranial SRS; only 17% expressed similar understanding of spinal SRS. Before the course, 76.6% noted below average/average ability to recognize and manage SRS complications. Twenty-three percent of the faculty indicated that graduating residents from their programs were unprepared to perform radiosurgery. Residents' self-assessed understanding of brain SRS indication (P = 0.000693), SRS techniques (P = 0.000021), spinal SRS indications (P = 0.000050), spinal SRS techniques (P = 0.000019), and complication recognition and management (P = 0.00033) significantly improved following the course. Conclusions Knowledge and training gaps in SRS appear evident to the senior residents and faculty of both specialties. We believe that other educational opportunities for SRS experience are necessary to optimize clinical competency, as well as meet future clinical staffing needs for this expanding, multidisciplinary approach. Further evaluation of gaps in SRS is necessary through a larger, nationwide survey of U.S. neurosurgeons, program directors, and residents.
BLEWS: Using Blogs to Provide Context for News Articles.

An overwhelming number of news articles are available every day via the internet. Unfortunately, it is impossible for us to peruse more than a handful; furthermore it is difficult to ascertain an article’s social context, i.e., is it popular, what sorts of people are reading it, etc. In this paper, we develop a system to address this problem in the restricted domain of political news by harnessing implicit and explicit contextual information from the blogosphere. Specifically, we track thousands of blogs and the news articles they cite, collapsing news articles that have highly overlapping content. We then tag each article with the number of blogs citing it, the political orientation of those blogs, and the level of emotional charge expressed in the blog posts that link to the news article. We summarize and present the results to the user via a novel visualization which displays this contextual information; the user can then find the most popular articles, the articles most cited by liberals, the articles most emotionally discussed in the political blogosphere, etc.
Minimally invasive nephron-sparing surgery (MINSS) for renal tumours. Part II: probe ablative therapy

Abstract Objectives To review the evolution and current status of probe ablative methods of minimally invasive nephron-sparing surgery (MINSS) for renal tumours. Methods The English language literature of the past 10 yr was reviewed by using the National Library of Medicine database and the following keywords: chemoablation, cryoablation, high-intensity focused ultrasound, kidney, laser interstitial thermotherapy, microwave thermotherapy, nephron-sparing surgery, radiofrequency ablation, radiosurgery, renal, and tumour. Over 300 papers were identified, 50 of which were selected for this review on the basis of their contribution in advancing the field with regards to (1) evolution of concepts, (2) development and refinement of techniques, and (3) intermediate- and long-term clinical outcomes. Results Open partial nephrectomy is the reference standard for nephron-sparing surgery against which all MINSS techniques should be measured. Although the initial outcomes of cryoablation and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) are encouraging, long-term studies are necessary to confirm lasting efficacy. The optimal modality for tumour targeting, monitoring therapy, and follow-up remains to be determined. These ablative techniques should be reserved for carefully selected patients, the data should be prospectively accrued, and the long-term cancer cure rates should be compared with the reference standard. Conclusions Promising long-term data are available for cryoablation. RFA is still considered developmental, and instances of incomplete cell kill, despite nonenhancement, are concerning. Other modalities are still experimental.
Use of B-Mode Ultrasound in Diagnosis of Diseases of the Chest

Thirteen patients with parenchymal consolidation or pleural fluid or both were studied with ultrasound B-scan of the chest. Using this modality, the correct diagnosis was made in twelve patients. Comparison was made with chest radiographs including decubitus views. The ultrasound B-scans were superior in diagnosing and localizing loculated fluid especially when consolidated lung coexisted with fluid or when several loculated collections were present. Confirmation of the diagnosis was made by thoracocentesis or placement of chest tubes when appropriate. The patient whose diagnosis was missed had a loculated empyema at the apex of the lung. We believe we are unable to obtain a technically satisfactory evaluation of the apices because of the overlying bone and difficulty in maintaining contact with the skin in this area.
Vitamin D, Renin, and Blood Pressure

Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is one of the most prevalent health problems in the world. Hypertension increases the risk of heart attack, heart failure, stroke, progressive atherosclerosis, and kidney disease. Accumulating body of evidence from epidemiological and clinical studies has demonstrated a connection between vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency and high blood pressure and cardiovascular problems in humans; however, until recently the mechanism underlying this link was unknown. The finding that vitamin D negatively regulates the renin–angiotensin system, a central regulator of blood pressure and cardiovascular functions, provides a mechanistic insight into this observed connection. Recent genetic, physiological, biochemical, and molecular data obtained from cell and animal studies have demonstrated an inhibitory role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH) D] in renin gene expression, and this is consistent with the inverse correlation between circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels and plasma renin activity seen in humans. The finding of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D as a negative regulator of renin expression also provides a molecular basis to explore the use of vitamin D analogs as novel renin inhibitors for therapeutic purposes. Recent data have demonstrated that vitamin D analogs used in combination with the classic renin–angiotensin inhibitors can block the unwanted compensatory renin increase and thus markedly increase the therapeutic efficacy. This combination strategy can be applied to a number of renal and cardiovascular diseases.
Influence of long-term nitrogen fertilization on crop and soil micronutrients in a no-till maize cropping system

Abstract Sustaining or increasing micronutrient concentrations in food and feed is essential for human and animal health, yet little research has quantified the relative importance of nitrogen (N) fertilization on maize micronutrient concentrations. Nitrogen fertilization could dilute some micronutrients while increasing others (i.e., biofortification). Nitrogen fertilization also influences the amount of residue returned to the soil, potentially altering soil organic carbon (SOC) and micronutrients. While changes in soil micronutrients under long-term production are sometimes attributed to export via harvest or import via fertilization, available micronutrients are also influenced by soil organic matter — changes in SOC could impact available micronutrients. Our objectives were to (1) examine the long-term effects (14 years) of different N rates (0, 68, 120,173, 232 kg ha−1) on the concentration ([]), uptake, and cycling of N and micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn) in no-till continuous maize and (2) assess whether nutrient removal via grain harvest, or residue return have resulted in depletion or accumulation of SOC and available and total micronutrients. Results showed a positive impact of fertilization on stover [N], [Cu] and [Mn], and increased grain [N] and [Fe]. However, fertilization decreased [Zn] in all plant fractions, indicating that maize [Zn] is susceptible to yield dilution. Total and available soil micronutrients were not impacted by fertilization, despite widely differing rates of nutrient harvest and return. Available Cu and Mn followed changes in SOC, which declined in all depths except the surface 0–7.5 cm. Available Zn increased in the surface 0–7.5 cm, with slight increases in deeper depths. Available micronutrients appear to be closely regulated by SOC in this system. These findings give additional insights into how N fertilization impacts maize micronutrient concentrations, and suggest that SOC contributes to micronutrient availability, underscoring the role of SOC in sustaining long-term soil fertility.
The Photographer-Flâneur as Facilitator of Urban Connectivity in John Edgar Wideman’s Two Cities

John Edgar Wideman’s Two Cities oscillates dialectically between urban dystopianism and more optimistic perspectives, ultimately representing what Joseph R. Winters calls a “melancholic hope.” Wide...
The effect of temperature and thermal distribution on glycolysis in two rockfish species ( Sebastes )

Studies on the effects of temperature on the activities of Embden-Meyerhof (EM) glycolysis, and the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP) in fishes have dealt mainly with exotic and/or acclimated fishes. This study reports the effects of short-term reductions in temperature on EM and HMP activity in two closely related species of temperate fishes (Sebastes spp.) and its possible relation to the thermal distribution of the species. Thermal distribution data were collected by SCUBA for S. mystinus and S. serranoides in King Harbor, Redondo Beach, California, USA. Activities of the pathways were determined in liver-tissue studies, using glucose-14C and liquid scintillation techniques following the method of Hochachka (1968) with modifications. The data were analyzed by distribution-free methods. Tissue studies indicated HMP activity in both species at lowered temperature (5°C), but only in S. serranoides at 15°C. Results indicate that S. mystinus is capable of instantaneous temperature compensation, possibly related to its tendency to occupy cold waters.
Volcanism on Mars

Mars displays a wide variety of volcanic landforms, ranging from enormous Olympus Mons, the largest volcano in the solar system, to small cones and hills. The ancient cratered highlands include many paterae (complex, possibly explosively produced craters), which are among the oldest volcanic features on the planet. Volcanic flows form vast plains in many areas of the planet, particularly in the equatorial and northern midlatitudes. Large shield volcanoes dominate the Tharsis and Elysium volcanic provinces, along with many domical or conic volcanic hills. Pyroclastics likely comprise a significant portion of some of the highland paterae, and possibly also the vast volume of the enigmatic Medusae Fossae Formation. Volcanic activity may have continued until quite recently in Martian history, particularly at plains-forming flow fields that have very few superposed impact craters. Most Martian meteorites are basaltic in composition.
Significance of the absent vertebral artery T2 flow void on cervical spine MRI in atraumatic patients without acute neurological symptoms.

PurposeLoss of the T2 vertebral artery flow void can be an ominous sign in patients with trauma. However, the significance of an absent vertebral artery flow void is less clear when discovered inci...
Abstract 3537: Targeted deep sequencing of driver mutations in airway epithelial cells from smokers

Background: Inter-individual variation in risk for lung cancer is based on variation in both exposure to environmental factors and genetic predisposition. As such, it is reasonable to hypothesize that prevalence of mutations in the airway epithelium will vary based on the combined effects of these lung cancer risk factors. Genes most commonly mutated in non-small cell lung cancer were recently reported from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project. The purpose of this study was to use targeted deep sequencing to assess the prevalence of these mutations in bronchial epithelial cells (BEC) of individuals at high demographic risk for lung cancer. Methods: We enrolled 19 individuals with varying demographic risk for lung cancer, who were undergoing standard-of-care bronchoscopy into an IRB-approved research study in which we collected 1-5 million BEC via bronchoscopic brush biopsy and extracted genomic DNA. 10 subjects were smokers with lung cancer, 6 subjects were smokers without lung cancer, and 3 subjects were non-smokers without lung cancer. For targeted deep sequencing, we prepared synthetic spike-in competitive internal standards for each of 12 gene loci commonly mutated in lung cancer based on TCGA results and combined them into an IS mixture (ISM). DNA aliquots from each patient were quantified and mixed with equivalent genome equivalents of ISM prior to library preparation to control for technical artifacts associated with library preparation and NGS platform-specific error. The DNA input varied depending on sample quantity; there were 5 samples with 50,000 genome copies loaded, 12 samples with 100,000 genome copies loaded, and 2 samples with 1 million genome copies loaded. This approach enabled reliable measurement of 95% confidence limits of variant allele frequency (VAF), controlled for technical sequencing error, and allowed confident call of variants at a VAF of 0.1% and lower. Libraries for specimens from each of the 19 subjects were first sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform to ensure equal coverage across targets and samples. Deeper sequencing was then obtained using the Illumina NextSeq platform. Results: Preliminary results showed that smokers harbored mutations up to 1.6% in gene loci associated with non-small cell lung cancer according to TCGA, while none were identified in non-smoking controls. Conclusion: Initial results suggest that airway epithelial cells in smokers acquire somatic mutations that gradually lead to malignant conversion. Deep sequencing replicate experiments are underway to expand these results. Citation Format: Daniel J. Craig, Thomas M. Blomquist, Erin L. Crawford, James C. Willey. Targeted deep sequencing of driver mutations in airway epithelial cells from smokers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3537.
Semantic Matching: Tracing Reuse by Meaning

Most typically, algorithms for intertextual analysis search for approximate lexical correspondence that can be described as paraphrase. In this chapter, we look at a complementary approach that more closely resembles the behavior of the reader when faced with meaningful connections between texts in the absence of words that have the same form or stem, which constrains the match to semantics.
Experiences of LGBTQ College Students: Identity, Health, and Participation

Date Presented 04/04/19 The findings from this research study explore holistic, complex, and intersectional influences of identity, sexual orientation, gender, and context on the performance and participation in occupations for college students who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or questioning (LGBTQ). Preliminary results justify the role of OT in promoting self-advocacy, maximizing health and well-being, and minimizing occupational alienation and imbalance for students who identify as LGBTQ. Primary Author and Speaker: Steven San Contributing Authors: Adele Breen-Franklin
Interactions between a salt marsh native perennial (Salicornia virginica) and an exotic annual (Polypogon monspeliensis) under varied salinity and hydroperiod

An exotic grass invades salt marshes of southern California in very wet years and where there are sewage spills or urban runoff. A series of growth-chamber, mesocosm, and greenhouse experiments explored whether soil salinity and/or waterlogging could explain invasion patterns. In all experiments, salinity significantly affected the growth and distribution of Polypogon monspeliensis (rabbit-foot grass, an exotic annual grass) and Salicornia virginica (pickleweed, a native perennial succulent). High salinities caused a greater reduction in seed germination rates for P. monspeliensis than for S. virginica, indicating that high salinity limits establishment and the spread of this exotic grass. At Tijuana Estuary, fresh water inputs to tidal mesocosms lowered soil salinities, increased cover of P. monspeliensis, and decreased cover of S. virginica. Polypogon monspeliensis outcompeted S. virginica under all salinity and hydrology treatments in the greenhouse experiment. Seasonally-low soil salinities caused by winter runoff and anthropogenic fresh water inputs are the likely factors controlling annual variations in the distribution of P. monspeliensis in southern California salt marshes. Our understanding of the causes of invasion is readily applicable to management: local invasions may be reversed by adding salt, and larger scale problems could be avoided by reinstating more natural hydrologic regimes.
Is There an Upper Age Limit for Bariatric Surgery? Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass Outcomes in Septuagenarians

Upper age limits for bariatric surgery are questioned on the merits of increased complication rates in the elderly and questionable efficacy. This study evaluates outcomes of bariatric surgery in patients ≥ 70 years of age. Retrospective review was performed of patients ≥ 70 years of age who underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) between 2001 and 2018. Primary endpoints were 30-day readmission, Clavien-Dindo grade III–V (CD III–IV) complications, and mortality. Secondary data included were weight loss, long-term outcomes, comorbidity resolution, hemoglobin A1C, and lipid panels. A total of 23 patients with an average age of 72 years (range 70–80 years) and mean BMI of 43.3 (range 37.3–56.0) were reviewed. Average length-of-stay was 2.4 days (range 1–6 days), with the only acute complication being aspiration pneumonia in one patient. Median follow-up was 69.3 weeks (range 9–875 weeks). One-year follow-up rate was 96%, during which no deaths or CD III-IV complications occurred. Subsequently, one patient experienced failure-to-thrive requiring temporary enteral nutrition. Average 1 year percent total weight loss (%TWL) was 29%, and this was maintained on subsequent follow-ups. Average 1 year percent excess weight loss (%EWL) was 60%, maintained long-term at 61%. Significant serum biochemical improvements included hemoglobin A1C (6.9 ± 1.4% to 5.6 ± 1.3%, p = 0.001), triglycerides (155 ± 49 mg/dL to 102 ± 41 mg/dL, p = 0.0003), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (48 ± 14 mg/dL to 58 ± 22 mg/dL, p = 0.004). Laparoscopic RYGB is a safe and effective treatment for obesity and obesity-related comorbidities in septuagenarians.
Evolving Structure and Diversity of Human Narratives in the Journal of Stories in Science

Fundamentally, science is about people. The stories of the people behind the science are just as important as the results themselves, even though the results are often what get more attention. Despite the growth of databases storing such stories across diverse mediums, a detailed assessment of those databases is missing. To continue innovating science storytelling, we provide the first assessment of the structure and diversity of the narratives published in the Journal of Stories in Science. In this assessment, a total of 170 published stories authored by 158 authors between 2016 and 2020 are analyzed. Majority (67%) of the authors are women from North America and in the life sciences. The narratives most commonly feature authors from academia (e.g., 23% graduate students, 13% post-doctoral fellows and 21% professors). However, there is also a growing number of authors with PhDs that are working outside of academia (15%). Nearly a quarter (23%) of the database authors come from racial groups (African American, Latino, and Hispanic) that have been shown to be underrepresented in health-related sciences in the United States. Using the industry standard Flesch Reading Ease Score, we found that 74% of the stories included in the analysis fall in the target range of 50-70, which represents readability by students in grades 8-12. The analysis here provides the first deep look into one of the databases publishing diverse stories in science using a wide range of mediums. In summary, there is a need for more emphasis on both expanding and studying such databases given the continuous demand for these stories and their inclusion into K-12 curriculums.
Underwriter Reputation, Initial Returns, and the Long-Run Performance of IPO Stocks

Explores the relationship between the short-term and long-term returns of initial public offerings (IPOs) and the reputation of the underwriters associated with the IPOs. Previous work in this area has shown that use of reputable underwriters for the IPO leads to less short-run underpricing. Data used in this analysis were collected from 2,292 IPOs that were issued between January 1979 and December 1991. The sample includes only firm commitment, domestic offerings of at least $2 million. Three ways of measuring underwriter reputation are considered: the measure developed by Johnson and Miller, the Megginson-Weiss measure, and the Carter-Manaster measure. Results show that larger and more established firms are marketed by the most prestigious investment banks for the initial IPO. In both short-term and long-term performance, the Carter-Manaster measure has the most significance. Further, the analysis shows less negative performance over the three-year period considered for IPOs that are underwritten by more prestigious investment banks. Although it is costly to compile the Carter-Manaster measure, it is shown to be the best of the three measures at controlling for underwriter prestige in IPO studies. Included in this work are the Carter-Manaster measures and the corresponding Megginson-Weiss measures for a large number of investment banks. (SRD)
Does the Market React Differently to Domestic and Foreign Takeover Annoucments? Evidence from the U.S. Chemical and Retail Industries

This paper examines shareholder wealth gains from domestic and foreign takeover announcements in the U.S. chemical and retail industries. Contrary to results in several recent papers, these data indicate there is no significant difference in within industry mean takeover premia levels. There is evidence, though, that the sensitivity of takeover premia levels to standard transaction characteristics does differ across buyers. Foreign investors do pay more than domestic investors in hostile transactions, but pay less when there are rival bidders. The results indicate the market's reaction to buyer nationality is closely tied to the transaction's characteristics.
Cara: A Smart Plush Toy for Support During COVID-19

COVID-19 has disrupted the way we spend time with our friends and family. Cara is a robot designed to connect isolated persons to their loved ones during the pandemic through three different modes: daily podcasts of audio messages, real-time music sharing, and LED lights that show someone they are being remembered. Cara is a rechargeable, soft stuffed animal that lights up and talks. Individuals can interact with it through a web application.
Carbon-coated Zn2GeO4 on Ni foam as lithium ion battery anodes with exceptional long cycling stability

Abstract In this work we have investigated lithium ion battery anodes based on Zn 2 GeO 4 , which were directly synthesized on 3D Ni foam substrates and were in situ coated with a conductive carbon layer. The hybrid electrodes exhibited outstanding electrochemical performance, including an exceptional long-term cycling stability with reversible discharge capacity of over 1100 mAh g −1 obtained after being tested for 1000 cycles at 400 mA g −1 . This study of hybrid electrodes may present an interesting approach to creating efficient and practical electrodes for energy storage applications.
Chapter 18 Spinal cord regeneration in adult goldfish: implications for functional recovery in vertebrates

Publisher Summary Many central nervous system (CNS) neurons damaged by spinomedullary level (SML) crush in adult goldfish extend sprouts that choose a peripheral nervous system (PNS) pathway. This chapter gives suggestion that this inappropriate choice delays, impairs, or prevents recovery of behaviors, including equilibrium and C-starts. If this pathway choice is responsible for the limited regenerative capacity, it may also explain limited behavioral recovery in nonmammalian and mammalian vertebrates alike. The goldfish PNS may present a more permissive environment to regenerating fibers than the CNS after SML crush. Such a pathway preference demonstrates a parallel to mammalian systems and makes the goldfish more valuable as a model system for regeneration. While advances have been made in techniques that allow mammalian CNS neurons to regenerate over distances longer than 1 mm, such as peripheral nerve implants, conditioned media, and antibodies that neutralize inhibitory substances, there is no guarantee that regenerating sprouts will make appropriate pathway choices, that behavioral recovery will result in the return of function or that neurons normally involved in a behavior will contribute equally to the recovery. The adult goldfish nervous system provides an exciting model to address these issues.
Review of Basic Chemistry, Solubility, and Chemical Equilibrium

Water quality is governed by basic chemical principles taught in general chemistry classes. Nevertheless, some readers will no doubt have only vague recollection of these principles. This chapter reviews some basic topics of chemistry to include atomic structure, atomic number, and atomic mass (weight), valence, solubility, reactions, the equilibrium principle and its relationship to thermodynamics, and electrostatic interactions among ions.
In Vitro and In Vivo Oxidative Metabolism and Glucuronidation of Anastrozole

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Anastrozole is primarily cleared by hepatic metabolism via oxidative and conjugating enzymes. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Anastrozole is oxidized to hydroxyanastrozole mainly by CYP3A4/5 and glucuronidated to anastrozole glucuronide predominantly by UGT1A4 in vitro. • Hydroxyanastrozole glucuronide and hydroxyanastrozole were quantified as the major metabolites of anastrozole in plasma of breast cancer patients. • This study describes for the first time anastrozole metabolic pathways and the enzymes involved, which may serve as the scientific basis for pharmacogenetic and drug-interaction assessments. AIMS Little information is available regarding the metabolic routes of anastrozole and the specific enzymes involved. We characterized anastrozole oxidative and conjugation metabolism in vitro and in vivo. METHODS A sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed to measure anastrozole and its metabolites in vitro and in vivo. Anastrozole metabolism was characterized using human liver microsomes (HLMs), expressed cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). RESULTS Hydroxyanastrozole and anastrozole glucuronide were identified as the main oxidative and conjugated metabolites of anastrozole in vitro, respectively. Formation of hydroxyanastrozole from anastrozole was markedly inhibited by CYP3A selective chemical inhibitors (by >90%) and significantly correlated with CYP3A activity in a panel of HLMs (r= 0.96, P= 0.0005) and mainly catalyzed by expressed CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. The Km values obtained from HLMs were also close to those from CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. Formation of anastrozole glucuronide in a bank of HLMs was correlated strongly with imipramine N-glucuronide, a marker of UGT1A4 (r= 0.72, P < 0.0001), while expressed UGT1A4 catalyzed its formation at the highest rate. Hydroxyanastrozole (mainly as a glucuronide) and anastrozole were quantified in plasma of breast cancer patients taking anastrozole (1 mg day−1); anastrozole glucuronide was less apparent. CONCLUSION Anastrozole is oxidized to hydroxyanastrozole mainly by CYP3A4 (and to some extent by CYP3A5 and CYP2C8). Once formed, this metabolite undergoes glucuronidation. Variable activity of CYP3A4 (and probably UGT1A4), possibly due to genetic polymorphisms and drug interactions, may alter anastrozole disposition and its effects in vivo.