cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A System Identification Model for Adaptive Nonlinear Control

A system identification model that combines generalized-spline function approximation with a nonlinear control system is described. The complete control system contains three main elements: a nonlinear-inverse-dynamic control law that depends on a comprehensive model of the plant, a state estimator whose outputs drive the control law, and a function approximation scheme that models the system dynamics. The system-identification task, which combines an extended Kalman filter with a function approximator modeled here as an artificial neural network, is considered in detail. The state estimator provides the necessary data so that continuous training of the neural network is possible during normal operation. The results of an application of the identification techniques to a nonlinear transport aircraft model are presented.
Iridium carbonyl clusters: VIII. The crystal structure of (η5-C5H5)2W2Ir2(CO)4 (μ-CO)2(μ3-CPh)(μ3-η3-C3Ph3), a “60-electron” cluster with a triangulated rhomboidal W2Ir2 skeleton☆

Abstract The reaction of (η 5 -C 5 H 5 ) 2 W 2 Ir 2 (CO) 10 with PhCCPh has previous been shown to produce, inter alia, a complex of stoichioetry (η 5 -C 5 H 5 ) 2 W 2 Ir 2 (CO) 6 (PhCCPh) 2 . This is shown here to be the dimetalloallyl-benzylidyne complex (η 5 -C 5 H 5 ) 2 W 2 Ir 2 -(CO) 4 (φ-CO) 2 (μ 3 -CPh)(μ 3 -η 3 -C 3 Ph 3 ), which crystallizes in the centrosymemtric monoclinic space group P 2 1 / c (No. 14) with a 14.253(9), b 15.629(4), c 18.731(4) A, β 96.86(4)°, V 4143(3) A 3 and Z = 4. Diffractio data were collected with a Syntex P2 1 automated four-circle diffractometer (Mo- K α radiation, 2θ 4.5–45.0°). Substantial crystal decomposition was observed, but the structure was solved and refined to R 8.5% for all 4887 data ( R 5.8% for those 3395 data with | F o | > 3σ(| F o |)). The complex, although a “60-electron” cluster, has a triangulated rhomboidal skeleton (dihedral angle 170.33°) with W(1) and Ir(1) as the bridgehead atoms. Metalmetal distances show some irregularities and there are two “semi-bridging” carbonyl ligands, possibly as a result of the formally “electron-poor” environment of Ir(1). Metalmetal bond lenghts are W(1)W(2) 3.080(1), Ir(1)Ir(2), 2.720(1), W(2)Ir(1) 2.665(1), W(1)Ir(1) 2.723(2) and W(1)Ir(2) 2.852(2) A. The μ 3 -benzylidyne fragment is linked to W(1), W(2) and Ir(1), while the μ 3 -η 3 -C 3 Ph 3 ligand is σ-bonded to W(1) and Ir(1) and is π-bonded (η 3 mode) to Ir(2). The μ 3 -CPh and μ 3 -η 3 -C 3 Ph 3 ligands lie on the same surface of the close-to-planar W 2 Ir 2 cluster.
The Problem of the Subject(s)

This essay gives a historical and critical interpretation of the distinction between “ground” and “cause” in Western thought in general, and Western legal thought in particular. It distinguishes two types of “subjects” in contemporary legal discourse—the causal subject and the grounding subject—and describes the essential contradiction or incommensurability between them. The ultimate point of the essay is ethical rather than metaphysical, however, for in the end it will claim that no decision can be made, or hierarchy established, between these two subjects without engaging in bad faith. Any such decision or hierarchy could only succeed in shirking the ethically obligatory task of bearing witness to the essential sadness and tragedy of the world.
Sparse Principal Component Analysis with Missing Observations

In this paper, we study the problem of sparse Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in the high dimensional setting with missing observations. Our goal is to estimate the first principal component when we only have access to partial observations. Existing estimation techniques are usually derived for fully observed data sets and require a prior knowledge of the sparsity of the first principal component in order to achieve good statistical guarantees. Our contributions is essentially theoretical in nature. First, we establish the first information-theoretic lower bound for the sparse PCA problem with missing observations. Second, we study the properties of a BIC type estimator that does not require any prior knowledge on the sparsity of the unknown first principal component or any imputation of the missing observations and adapts to the unknown sparsity of the first principal component. Third, if the covariance matrix of interest admits a sparse first principal component and is in addition approximately low-rank, then we can derive a completely datadriven choice of the regularization parameter and the resulting BIC estimator will also enjoy optimal statistical performances (up to a logarithmic factor).
Traditional medicinal plant use in Northern Peru: tracking two thousand years of healing culture

This paper examines the traditional use of medicinal plants in Northern Peru, with special focus on the Departments of Piura, Lambayeque, La Libertad, Cajamarca, and San Martin. Northern Peru represents the center of the old Central Andean "Health Axis," stretching from Ecuador to Bolivia. The roots of traditional healing practices in this region go at least as far back as the Moche period (AC 100–800). Although about 50% of the plants in use reported in the colonial period have disappeared from the popular pharmacopoeia, the plant knowledge of the population is much more extensive than in other parts of the Andean region. 510 plant species used for medicinal purposes were collected, identified and their vernacular names, traditional uses and applications recorded. The families best represented were Asteraceae with 69 species, Fabaceae (35), Lamiaceae (25), and Solanaceae (21). Euphorbiaceae had twelve species, and Apiaceae and Poaceae 11 species. The highest number of species was used for the treatment of "magical/ritual" ailments (207 species), followed by respiratory disorders (95), problems of the urinary tract (85), infections of female organs (66), liver ailments (61), inflammations (59), stomach problems (51) and rheumatism (45). Most of the plants used (83%) were native to Peru. Fresh plants, often collected wild, were used in two thirds of all cases, and the most common applications included the ingestion of herb decoctions or the application of plant material as poultices.
Cooperative resonance energy transfer in plasmonic systems

We study cooperative effects in energy transfer from an ensemble of donors to an acceptor near a plasmonic nanostructure. We demonstrate that plasmonic coupling between donors changes the energy content of the system and hence dramatically affects transfer of its energy to an outside acceptor. When donors are situated in a close proximity to the metal surface, the transfer is strongly reduced relative to one from independent donors due to additional dissipation caused by plasmon exchange between individual donors. With increasing donors’ separation from the metal, dissipation becomes less prevalent and the system transitions to cooperative regime described by plasmonic superradiant and subradiant eigenstates. We find that energy transfer from either one is significantly (~10) more efficient than from independent donors due to much stronger coupling of superradiant states to the acceptor and much weaker damping of subradiant states. We develop a theory for cooperative plasmon-enhanced energy transfer and present numerical results demonstrating the amplification effect for a layer of donors and an acceptor on spherical plasmonic nanoparticle.
Infrared intensities and dipole derivatives of formamide in chloroform

Abstract The i.r. intensities of the in-plane modes of formamide in chloroform solution have been measured. A dipole derivative model, including a resonance contribution, was used to fit the data and gave mixed results, requiring abnormally high charge on the H atoms.
Gas exchange characteristics and temperature relations of two desert annuals: A comparison of a winter-active and a summer-active species.

The gas exchange characteristics of two C3 desert annuals with contrasting phenologies, Geraea canescens T. & G. (winter-active) and Dicoria canescens T. & G. (summer-active), both Asteraceae, were determined for plants grown under a moderate (25°/15° C, day/night temperature) and a high (40°/27° C) growth temperature regime. Both species had high photosynthetic capacities; maximum net photosynthetic rates were 38 and 48 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 for Geraea and Dicoria, respectively, and were not influenced by growth temperature regime. However, the temperature optima of net photosynthesis shifted from 26° C for Geraea and from 28° C for Dicoria when grown under the moderate temperature regime to 31° C for both species when grown under the high temperature regime. Although the shifts in temperature optima were smaller than those observed for many desert perennials, both species showed substantial increases in photosynthetic rates at high temperatures when grown at 40°/27° C. In general, the gas exchange characteristics of Geraea and Dicoria were very similar to each other and to those reported for other C3 desert annuals. Geraea and Dicoria experienced different seasonal patterns of change in several environmental variables. For Geraea, maximum daily air temperature (T a) increased from 24° to 41° C over its growing season while Dicoria experienced maximum T a at midseason (45° C). At points during their respective growing seasons when midday T a ranged between 35° and 40° C, leaf temperatures (T 1) of both species were below T a and, therefore, were closer to the photosynthetic temperature optima measured in the laboratory. Leaf conductances to water vapor (g 1) and water potentials (ψ) were high at these times, but later in their growing seasons Dicoria maintained high g 1 and ψ while Geraea showed large decreases in these quantities. The ability of Dicoria to successfully growth through the hot, dry summers of the California deserts may be related to its ability to acquire the available water in locally mesic habitats.
Rapid detection and identification of pedestrian impacts using a distributed sensor network

Pedestrian fatalities from automobile accidents often occur as a result of head injuries suffered from impacts with an automobile front end. Active pedestrian protection systems with proper pedestrian recognition algorithms can protect pedestrians from such head trauma. An investigation was conducted to assess the feasibility of using a network of piezoelectric sensors mounted on the front bumper beam of an automobile to discriminate between impacts with “pedestrian” and “non-pedestrian” objects. This information would be used to activate a safety device (e.g., external airbag or pop-up hood) to provide protection for the vulnerable pedestrian. An analytical foundation for the object-bumper impact problem will be presented, as well as the classical beam impact theory. The mechanical waves that propagate in the structure from an external impact contain a wealth of information about the specifics of a particular impact -- object mass, size, impact speed, etc. -- but most notably the object stiffness, which identifies the impacted object. Using the frequency content of the sensor signals, it can be shown that impacts with a “pedestrian” object of varying size, weight, and speed can be easily differentiated from impacts with other “non-pedestrian” objects. Simulation results will illustrate this phenomenon, and experimental tests will verify the results. A comprehensive series of impact tests were performed for validation, using both a stationary front bumper with a drop-pendulum impactor and a moving car with stationary impact objects. Results from both tests will be presented.
Redundancy of octet/sextet and 20-plet dominance in weak radiative decays of baryons☆

Abstract We show that the sum rules obtained earlier for the weak radiative decay amplitudes of baryons of the same charge with the assumption of sextet/octet dominance in SU(3) and 20-plet dominance in SU(4) can be obtained without it.
Academic Performance of College Students: Influence of Time Spent Studying and Working

Today's college students are less prepared for college-level work than their predecessors. Once they get to college, they tend to spend fewer hours studying while spending more hours working, some even full time (D. T. Smart, C. A. Kelley, & J. S. Conant, 1999). In this study, the authors examined the effect of both time spent studying and time spent working on academic performance. The authors further evaluated the interaction of motivation and ability with study time and its effect on academic performance. The results suggested that nonability variables like motivation and study time significantly interact with ability to influence academic performance. Contrary to popular belief, the amount of time spent studying or at work had no direct influence on academic performance. The authors also addressed implications and direction for future research.
The suprahyoid approach for squamous cell carcinoma of the base of the tongue

The suprahyoid pharyngotomy is a well-recognized surgical approach to the base of the tongue. However, its use has been widely criticized for squamous cell carcinomas. Some surgeons believe this approach offers limited exposure and that violating the preepiglottic space increases the risk of recurrence. A retrospective study of squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue was carried out to address these surgical concerns. Nineteen patients presented with T1 or T2 lesions, 13 of whom underwent suprahyoid pharyngotomy with neck dissection. Those with nodal disease underwent adjunctive irradiation therapy and those with extracapsular spread also received subsequent adjuvant chemotherapy. At present, all patients are disease free. The suprahyoid pharyngotomy is an ideal surgical approach in the management of T1 or T2 squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue.
Welfare implications on Chilean agriculture as a result of collective action

Abstract Chilean governments have simultaneously used a combination of price policies and expenditures on agricultural research in their efforts to enhance the performance of the agricultural sector. The welfare implications of agricultural price policies on the funding of agricultural research are explicitly considered in a set of structural equations for a unique path of Chilean political history. A public choice model includes four blocks of simultaneous equations estimated as an interdependent system. The level of price policies and public research investments result from the collective action exerted on the government by pressure groups of producers, consumers, and taxpayers involved in the production, consumption, and funding of agriculture.
Authorities and Research Emphasized in the Annual Review of Psychology, 1975–1998

Surnmay.-The Annual Reurew of Psychology, which has been published since 1950, provides a useful profile of post-World War I1 developments in American psychology. In 1979, Gilgen and Hultman identified the authorities and subject matter areas emphasized in the volumes for the 1950 through 1974 period. The present study extends that investigation through 1998. Based on the earlier analyses, American psychology during the third quarter of the century was characterized by a strong interest in research methodologies and psychometrics, HuUian and then Skinnerian perspectives on learning and conditioning, animal research, the perceptual theory of James J. Gibson, Gestalt inspired social psychology, and the emerging perspective of Carl Rogers on personality and psychopathology. The present work shows that, while psychometrics and methodological matters remained salient, many American psychologists shifted attention to study cognitive processes especially as manifested in social and developmental contexts. Interest in gender and women's studies, gerontological questions, and psychological aspects of both health and sport also accelerated, and many more women were highly (very frequently) cited during the final quarter of the century than during the earlier post-World War I1 years. The project undertaken by Gilgen and Hulunan in 1979 was conducted as part of research associated with the book American Psychology Since World War II: A Profile of the Discipline (Gilgen, 1982). The present study was inspired by ongoing work to revise and update that volume. Together the two enquiries identify psychologists whose work was considered noteworthy by respected peers during the last half of the 20th century.2
A Few Bad Apples? Scandalous Behavior of Mutual Fund Managers

Recent scandals in the business world have intensified the demand for an explanation of the causes of corporate wrongdoing. This study empirically tests the effects of mutual fund management fees and control structures on the likelihood of illegal activity within mutual fund organizations. Specific attention is given to the presence of agency duality issues in the mutual fund industry and how this influences the motivations and decisions of fund managers. Findings provide support for the hypothesized relationship that higher levels of management fees decrease the likelihood of illegal behavior. Additionally, control of the mutual fund by external management is found to have a negative impact on the likelihood of illegal activity while also acting as a moderator of the management fee-illegal behavior relationship.
Low Plasma Cortisol and Hematologic Abnormalities Associated With Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency in Man

A case of probable adrenal insufficiency (glucocorticoid only) with hematologic changes including eosinophilia, neutropenia, and red blood cell abnormalities developed in the course of prolonged, fat-free feeding. The coincident development of essential fatty acid deficiency was confirmed by serum fatty acid profiles indicating the presence of abnormal amounts of eicosatrienoic acid, and a triene/tetraene ratio >0.4; all these findings responded to fat repletion. The association of glucocorticoid deficiency, neutropenia, and eosinophilia with essential fatty acid deficiency has not been previously reported in humans.
Immobilization of Pseudomonas cepacia lipase in a phyllosilicate sol–gel matrix: effectiveness as a biocatalyst

A novel procedure is described for immobilizing a lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia (PS-30) within a phyllosilicate sol-gel matrix. The method is based on cross-linking a phyllosilicate clay with silicate polymers produced by the controlled hydrolysis of tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS). The activity of the phyllosilicate sol-gel-immobilized lipase was dependent upon the type of alkylammonium salt, inorganic catalyst and volume ratio of phyllosilicate clay to TMOS used. Lipase PS-30 immobilized in this way was more stable and had higher activity compared with the free lipase. Studies on the lipase-catalysed esterification of lauric acid with octan-1-ol in iso-octane showed that under controlled water activity conditions the phyllosilicate sol-gel-immobilized lipase had better activity compared with other supported lipase preparations. In addition, the phyllosilicate sol-gel-immobilized lipase was reusable for at least five esterification cycles without significant loss of activity.
Evidence and principles of functional and dysfunctional DSS

Abstract Though the primary objective of DSS is to improve decision making effectiveness, recent DSS experiments find that this objective is accomplished in disappointingly few cases. These DSS experiments are reviewed and their results are analyzed using several general empirical findings in psychology and management. These findings include the dubious robustness of normative decision aids, the sensitivity and variability of decision making behavior, and the realities of organizational decision making processes. Finally, the DSS research mission is discussed.
Permissive action links: A description and proposal

(1987). Permissive action links: A description and proposal. Survival: Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 224-238.
Hemolysis Induced by Cefazolin and Cephalothin in a Patient with Penicillin Sensitivity

A patient with penicillin sensitivity, who had never received a cephalosporin antibiotic previously, developed anemia and spherocytosis following the administration of cefazolin. Hemolysis abated when the drug was discontinued on the fourth day, and recurred on day six when cephalothin therapy was begun. IgG and complement components were present on the patient's erythrocytes, and IgG antibodies in her serum reacted with normal red blood cells which had been coated with benzylpenicillin, cefazolin or cephalothin. Antibodies to cephalothin-coated red blood cells were removed partially by incubating her serum with either benzylpenicillin or cefazolin. Complement-fixing IgG antibodies which reacted with red blood cells coated by cefazolin, cephalothin, and benzylpenicillin were considered to be responsible for hemolysis during the administration of cefazolin and, subsequently, cephalothin. The patient recovered completely following discontinuation of antibiotics, transfusion of red blood cells, and treatment with glucocorticoids. It is concluded that hemolysis may occur during therapy with cefazolin, as well as cephalothin, and may develop rapidly in a patient with penicillin sensitivity.
Exposure misclassification bias in studies of environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer.

It is now recognized that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in the workplace and other settings outside the home may be equally as important as residential ETS exposure. This review exa...
Bacterioplankton in the coastal euphotic zone: Distribution, activity and possible relationships with phytoplankton

Bacterioplankton were studied in the euphotic zone of the Southern California Bight, USA, with special attention to biological factors affecting bacterial distribution and activity. Measurements were made of bacterial abundance, thymidine incorporation into acid insoluble material, primary production (particulate and dissolved), chlorophyll, phaeopigments, total microbial ATP, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, dissolved primary amines, and glucose and thymidine turnover rates. The data were analyzed by pairwise rank correlations with significance tested at the P<.005 level. Bacterial abundance and thymidine incorporation both declined progressively with increasing distance from shore (to 100 km); similar trends occurred for the phytoplankton, with several stations having subsurface maxima. Bacterial abundance, thymidine incorporation, and thymidine and glucose turnover rates were all significantly correlated to each other, suggesting they are comparable as relative measures of bacterial activity. Thymidine incorporation per cell, an indicator of specific growth rate, was not correlated to bacterial abundance, suggesting density independent specific growth rates. Bacterioplankton growth rate was evidently influenced more by the standing stock of phytoplankton than by the primary production of the phytoplankton. Thus, bacterial growth may possibly be stimulated by leakage of dissolved organic matter not so much from healthy photosynthesizing cells as from phytoplankton being disrupted and incompletely digested during predation by the zooplankton and nekton.
Evaluation of prey-stage preference as an indicator of life-style type in phytoseiid mites.

Discriminant analysis (DA) models were developed and applied to examine the use of prey-stage preference (Tetranychus urticae Koch egg versus larval prey) in the classification of phytoseiid mites into life-style types. Prey-stage preferences and developmental times when preying on T. urticae, and relative ovipositional rates on six food categories were determined for four phytoseiid species occurring on apple in central and eastern Oregon, USA: Galendromus flumenis(Chant), Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt), Metaseiulus citri (Garman and McGregor) and Typhlodromus caudiglans Schuster. In terms of all three aspects studied, the phytoseiid species showed a consistent polarization of G. occidentalis ≤ G. flumenis ≤ T. caudiglans ≤ M. citri. Specifically, G. occidentalis (‘The Dalles’ strain) had a significant preference for eggs, G. flumenis had no preference, and T. caudiglans and M. citri had significant preferences for larvae; G. occidentalis had the shortest developmental time, followed by G. flumenis and T. caudiglans, while M. citri had the longest developmental time; and diet breadth was most narrow for G. occidentalis and progressively broader from G. flumenis, T. caudiglans through M. citri, which was able to sustain oviposition on the broadest range of prey and pollens. Species were classified somewhat differently depending on which traits were considered in a given DA. Prey-stage preference was not included as an indicator in the parsimonious DA model when all species and all traits were considered, but in general this trait performed well as an indicator alone (single-trait DA) and somewhat improved the classifications of multitrait discriminant analyses.
Tolerance rendered by neonatal treatment with anti-idiotypic antibodies. Induction and maintenance in athymic mice.

Abstract Congenitally athymic (nude) mice of BALB/c background and their littermates were rendered unresponsive to the phosphorylcholine (PC) determinant by neonatal injection of anti-idiotypic antibodies. The kinetics of recovery from unresponsiveness were found to be similar for both groups when measured over a 20-week period. Spleen cells from suppressed, athymic mice did not respond to PC and were able to inhibit the response of normal cells to PC when tested in vitro . These results indicated that a population of specific suppressor cells, which may be responsible for induction and/or maintenance of unresponsiveness, can be generated in the absence of a thymic environment.
A longitudinal examination of the membership patterns of minorities and women in referral unions

In an examination of the membership patterns of minorities and women in building and nonbuilding trade referral unions between 1969 and 1979, results reveal that variations in referral union membership can be substantially accounted for by race and sex. Longitudinally, no meaningful changes in the racial composition of referral unions exist, while the sexual composition within building and nonbuilding trade union categories change significantly over time. More importantly, however, male / female representation patterns across both referral union categories over the ten-year period remain fairly constant relative to one another.
Venous oximetry and the assessment of oxygen transport balance.

Objective To review the principles of venous oximetry; the physiology of oxygen transport balance; clinical studies on venous oximetry; and the assignment of a classification of recommendation and level of evidence. Data source A MEDLINE-based literature source. Conclusion One of the tenets of critical care medicine is to provide a timely and accurate assessment of tissue oxygenation. In conjunction with other monitoring modalities, the routine deployment of central venous catheters readily enables the clinician to complete this task.
Impact force location in frame structures

This paper describes a method to determine the location of an impact force using dynamic response measurements. The solution procedure combines frequency-domain problem solving methods using the spectral element method with a stochastic iterative search technique based on a genetic algorithm. Experimentally measured acceleration responses from two frame structures are used to verify the method.
Pseudo 3D RVE Based Finite Element Simulation on White Matter

Axonal injury represents a critical target for traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries prevention and treatment. Finite element head models are often used to predict brain injury caused by mechanical loading exerted on the head. Many studies have been attempted to understand injury mechanisms and to define mechanical parameters of axonal injury. Mechanical strain has been identified as the proximal cause of axonal injury. Since the microstructure of the brain white matter is locally oriented, the stress and strain fields are highly axon orientation dependent. The accuracy of the finite element simulations depends not only on correct determination of the material properties but also on precise depiction of the tissues’ microstructure (microscopic level). We applied a finite element method and a mircomechanics approach to simulate the kinematics of axon, which was developed according to experimental data, and found that the degree of coupling between the axons and surrounding cells within the tissue will affect the behavior of the tissue. In this study, the finite element model and the kinematic axonal model are applied to the Representative Volume Element (RVE) of central nervous system (CNS) white matter to investigate the tissue level mechanical behavior. The uniaxial tensile test on the white matter tissue will be presented as an example using the RVE.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Conversion of a beline cycle with an ideal transformer into a cycle without an ideal transformer

O. Brune1 has proved that any rational ?positive real? function possesses a one terminal-pair network configuration containing a finite number of linear passive elements. Brune suggested the ladder synthesis for positive real functions. In general his synthesis procedure contains mutual couplings which are not desirable from a practical standpoint. Thus, there has always been a great desire to eliminate ideal transformers from the picture. As steps towards this goal, H. W. Bode2 suggests resistance padding, and E. A. Guillemin3 often uses some practical methods for eliminating the ideal transformer in special cases. The existence proof, along with a synthesis procedure without an ideal transformer, was first given by R. Bott and R. J. Duffin4.
In vivo single-shot, proton-localized 13C MRS of rhesus monkey brain.

A single-shot, proton-localized, polarization transfer 13C spectroscopic method was proposed and implemented on a 4.7 T scanner for studying rhesus monkey brains. The polarization transfer sequence was mostly adiabatic, minimizing signal loss due to B1 inhomogeneity. RF pulses in polarization transfer were also used for voxel selection of protons with gradient fields. The transferred 13C magnetization was refocused by additional refocusing adiabatic pulses. With the intravenous infusion of D-[1-13C]glucose solution, 13C NMR spectra from a 30 mL voxel were acquired for the resonances of C1 of glucose, C2,3,4 of glutamate and glutamine. The time-resolved turnover of glutamate, glutamine and aspartate from intravenously infused D-[1-13C]glucose at a temporal resolution of 12 min was demonstrated with excellent spectral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. Typically, the half-height linewidth of the decoupled 13C peaks was ∼4 Hz. Data obtained with infusion of sodium [2-13C]acetate using the proposed polarization transfer method and data from the carboxylic carbon region using non-localized acquisition are also presented. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three-dimensional simulation of near-infrared diffusion in tissue: boundary condition and geometry analysis for finite-element image reconstruction

Imaging of tissue with near-infrared spectral tomography is emerging as a practicable method to map hemoglobin concentrations within tissue. However, the accurate recovery of images by using modeling methods requires a good match between experiments and the model prediction of light transport in tissue. We illustrate the potential for a match between (i) three-dimensional (3-D) frequency-domain diffusion theory, (ii) two-dimensional diffusion theory, (iii) Monte Carlo simulations, and (iv) experimental data from tissue-simulating phantoms. Robin-type boundary conditions are imposed in the 3-D model, which can be implemented with a scalar coupling coefficient relating the flux through the surface to the diffuse fluence rate at the same location. A comparison of 3-D mesh geometries for breast imaging indicates that relative measurements are sufficiently similar when calculated on either cylindrical or female breast shapes, suggesting that accurate reconstruction may be achieved with the simpler cylindrical mesh. Simulation studies directly assess the effects from objects extending out of the image plane, with results suggesting that spherically shaped objects reconstruct at lower contrast when their diameters are less than 15–20 mm. The algorithm presented here illustrates that a 3-D forward diffusion model can be used with circular tomographic measurements to reconstruct two-dimensional images of the interior absorption coefficient.
Derivative method for phase retrieval in off-axis quantitative phase imaging

We present a method for phase retrieval in off-axis interferometric systems. By numerically calculating the transverse 1st and 2nd order derivatives of the interferogram, we show that one can directly retrieve the quantitative phase image, without the need for Fourier or Hilbert transformations. Because of this, the method is significantly faster than the current approaches. We illustrate our method using biological specimen data from three different off-axis quantitative phase imaging techniques.
Determination of ionization density of particle tracks with a vidicon

Abstract Gap and blob lengths of particle tracks in a D 2 bubble chamber were measured with a device that uses a vidicon camera on a scanning table as a sensor. Results of two analysis methods which use both the mean blob length and the mean gap length of each track are compared with the results of the commonly used method which relies solely on the mean gap length. Utilization of the blob information increased, by a factor of 4, the number of dark track (1.3
Identifying genetic variation affecting a complex trait in simulated data: a comparison of meta-analysis with pooled data analysis

We explored the power and consistency to detect linkage and association with meta-analysis and pooled data analysis using Genetic Analysis Workshop 14 simulated data. The first 10 replicates from Aipotu population were used. Significant linkage and association was found at all 4 regions containing the major loci for Kofendrerd Personality Disorder (KPD) using both combined analyses although no significant linkage and association was found at all these regions in a single replicate. The linkage results from both analyses are consistent in terms of the significance level of linkage test and the estimate of locus location. After correction for multiple-testing, significant associations were detected for the same 8 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in both analyses. There were another 2 SNPs for which significant associations with KPD were found only by pooled data analysis. Our study showed that, under homogeneous condition, the results from meta-analysis and pooled data analysis are similar in both linkage and association studies and the loss of power is limited using meta-analysis. Thus, meta-analysis can provide an overall evaluation of linkage and association when the original raw data is not available for combining.
In-plane shear testing of graphite-woven fabric composites

The losipescu shear test method was used to determine the in-plane shear response of AS4 and Celion carbon fiber/epoxy fabric composite materials. Several weave architectures were studied: AS4 uniweave, AS4 and Celion plain weaves, Celion 5-harness and 8-harness satin weaves. Specimens were tested using traditional strain gage techniques and full-field moire interferometry. A full-node localized hybrid analysis is introduced to perform efficient reduction of moire data, producing whole-field strain distributions in the specimen test section. It was found that the fabric yarn size greatly influenced the uniformity of the shear field in the specimen test section. However, consistent shear moduli still can be obtained using the modified losipescu specimen and Wyoming fixture except for fabrics with large fiber yarns.
Local magnetic field measurements and fault creep observations on the San Andreas fault

Abstract Simultaneous creep and magnetic field records have been obtained for more than 60 episodic creep events since early 1974, no clear magnetic transients or offsets, as suggested by Breiner and Kovach (1968), are observed at or up to several days before the occurrence times of these events. Although some patterns of creep onset times at adjacent stations over periods of weeks to months appear to correspond to some periods of longer term change in local magnetic field, these changes do not always occur and other groups of creep events have no corresponding changes in local magnetic field. Changes in stress related to the surface expression of episodic fault creep on the San Andreas fault can be estimated from dislocation models fit to observations of simultaneous strains and tilts at points near the fault. These stress values are generally less than 1 bar. For these stress levels and with the apparent limited extent of surface failure, tectonomagnetic models of creep events indicate that simultaneous observations of related magnetic field variations at detectable levels of a gamma or so are unlikely. Slip at greater depth may occur more smoothly and would load the near-surface material to failure. These data also argue against large-scale dilatant cracking occurring along the region of the fault presently monitored.
K. A. Jahnke and the German Sabotage Campaign in the United States and Mexico, 1914–1918

(1996). K. A. Jahnke and the German Sabotage Campaign in the United States and Mexico, 1914–1918. The Historian: Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 89-112.
Activated porcine alveolar macrophages: are biological response modifiers the answer?

Abstract We report that 75% of conventionally housed 3- to 4-week-old swine already have detectable activated alveolar macrophages as measured by cytotoxicity of tumor cells. These macrophages can not be further activated by the biological response modifier N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine-2H 2 O (MDP). These macrophages lose cytotoxic activity when cultured for 24 h and this loss of activity can not be reversed by MDP. We suggest that MDP biological response modifier therapy of swine alveolar macrophages may not be a useful technique in preventing respiratory disease in swine.
Paraventricular nucleus magnocellular neuronal responses following electrical stimulation of the midbrain dorsal raphe.

In order to determine the responses of paraventricular nucleus magnocellular neurones following activation of central serotonergic pathways, single unit activity was recorded and responses following electrical stimulation of the midbrain dorsal raphe nucleus were examined. Approximately one third (32%) of the phasically active, vasopressin-secreting neurones were inhibited by the stimulation, the remaining such cells being nonresponsive. In contrast, only two of the non-phasic cells (13%) were inhibited by the stimulation whilst 53% were excited (p< 0.005, chi2-test). The onset latency of both inhibitory and excitatory responses were similar, whilst offset of the inhibitory responses was about twice that of the excitatory responses (p < 0.005, t-test). Two of the nonphasic cells were antidromically identified as projecting to the dorsal raphe. The results obtained indicate a role for dorsal raphe projections to the paraventricular nucleus in the regulation of neurohypophysial hormone secretion. The observation that different sub-populations of the cells recorded showed different responses, suggests that several mechanisms may be involved in the control of neuronal activity in the region recorded, in response to activation of the central serotonergic pathway examined. The results obtained are intended to further clarify the neural mechanisms regulating the secretion of vasopressin and oxytocin from the neurohypophysis.
A 20dBm 2.4GHz digital outphasing transmitter for WLAN application in 32nm CMOS

Integration of radios in SoCs along with digital baseband and application processors is desirable for cost and form-factor reasons. Digital processors are typically implemented in the latest CMOS process to take advantage of the increased density and performance afforded by CMOS scaling. Integration of traditional RF circuits, however, requires accurate RF and passive models that typically lag behind digital transistor models by several quarters. This makes RF integration the limiting factor for time-to-market for the whole SoC, or results in sub-optimal multiple-chip solutions. Furthermore, traditional RF circuits do not benefit from scaling as digital circuits do, e.g. due to extensive use of inductors, the ever-lowering supply voltage, etc. This work presents a digital WiFi transmitter (TX) implemented in a 32nm digital CMOS process to address these issues. An outphasing architecture allows implementation of both amplitude and phase modulation using scaling-friendly, delay-based, switching phase modulators. The integrated PA was already shown to be possible to design with no RF models [1]; known issues of outphasing PA design (e.g. output impedance modulation, linearity, efficiency) are also addressed in [1]. The phase modulator uses an open-loop architecture to accommodate OFDM bandwidths up to 40MHz. The TX achieves state-of-the-art performance already in 32nm and is moreover expected to: (1) improve with scaling and (2) port easily over successive process nodes.
Reunion: protean communications

The Reunion communications package is designed to take many different forms. A versatile script language and keyboard mapping capabilities allow users to customise the package for specific communications applications. Reunion runs on IBM/PCs, ATs PSI2s and the compatible computers. The package sells for $175 from Linkware Corporation, 319 Littleton Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA. Telephone: +1 (508) 692–9440.
Rock fragment distributions and regolith evolution in the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas, USA

Rock fragments in the regolith are a persistent property that reflects the combined influences of geologic controls, erosion, deposition, bioturbation, and weathering. The distribution of rock fragments in regoliths of the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas, shows that sandstone fragments are common in all layers, even if sandstone is absent in parent material. Shale and sandstone fragments are produced at the bedrock weathering front, but the shale weathers rapidly and intact fragments are rare in the solum. Sandstone is weathered from ridgetop outcrops and transported downslope. Some of these fragments are moved downward, by faunalturbation and by transport into pits associated with rotting tree stumps. Upward movement by treethrow is common, resulting in a net concentration of rocks near the surface. However, the highest fragment concentrations are in the lower regolith, indicating active production at the weathering front. The regolith is a dynamic feature, reflecting the influences of vertical and horizontal processes, of active weathering at the bedrock interface, and of surficial sediment movements. The role of trees in redistributing rock fragments suggests that significant regolith mixing occurs over time scales associated with forest vegetation communities, and that forest soils have likely been extensively mixed within Holocene and historic time. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectrin phosphorylation in intact neonatal and adult erythrocyte membranes

Abstract The erythrocyte of the human neonate exhibits clustering and endocytosis of membrane receptors in response to the plant lectin concanavalin A, but erythrocytes from adults do not. Because the phosphorylation of spectrin has been postulated to influence protein mobility in human erythrocyte membranes, the phosphorylation of spectrin was compared in intact neonatal and adult human erythrocytes. No difference in spectrin phosphorylation was seen. The addition of concanavalin A under conditions which produce protein mobility resulted in no change in spectrin phosphorylation.
Coulomb effects in superconducting Kondo lattices.

The role of Coulomb repulsive interactions in the S-wave superconductivity of Kondo lattices is reexamined using the model of Tachiki and Maekawa. The undiminished repulsive interaction constant U between the localized f electrons is found to enter the equation for the transition temperature, making the S-wave pairing unfavorable in this model.
Automated group desensitization—A follow-up report

Abstract The results of a five month follow-up study on an automated group systematic desensitization treatment for test anxiety are reported. The study focuses on data relevant to:(1) the relative permanency of the automated group technique; (2) comparison of the longer-term effect of the therapist's presence vs. his absence on outcome; (3) the issue of symptom substitution. The follow-up data indicate that the initial improvement following the automated treatment technique is not only maintained, but that further gains are also evident. The presence vs. absence of the therapist does make a significant difference in the amount of improvement found at the follow-up. And, finally, 85 per cent of the desensitized, Ss did not experience side effects.
A Model of Arbitral Decision Making: Facts, Weights, and Decision Elements

This study provides a structural model of arbitral decision making that depicts arbitrators as deciding cases by ascertaining the facts, attaching weights to the facts, and combining the facts and weights to form decision elements that determine their decisions. The model further posits that arbitrators’ biographical characteristics affect their decisions by influencing their fact finding and weight assignments. It also allows for arbitrators’ characteristics to have a direct impact on their decisions. A test of the model indicates that the decision elements determine the arbitrators’ decisions but the arbitrators’ characteristics have a limited impact.
Gaze behavior and the perception of egocentric distance

The ground plane is thought to be an important reference for localizing objects, particularly when angular declination is informative, as it is for objects seen resting at floor level. A potential role for eye movements has been implicated by the idea that information about the nearby ground is required to localize objects more distant, and by the fact that the time course for the extraction of distance extends beyond the duration of a typical eye fixation. To test this potential role, eye movements were monitored when participants previewed targets. Distance estimates were provided by walking without vision to the remembered target location (blind walking) or by verbal report. We found that a strategy of holding the gaze steady on the object was as frequent as one where the region between the observer and object was fixated. There was no performance advantage associated with making eye movements in an observational study (Experiment 1) or when an eye-movement strategy was manipulated experimentally (Experiment 2). Observers were extracting useful information covertly, however. In Experiments 3 through 5, obscuring the nearby ground plane had a modest impact on performance; obscuring the walls and ceiling was more detrimental. The results suggest that these alternate surfaces provide useful information when judging the distance to objects within indoor environments. Critically, they constrain the role for the nearby ground plane in theories of egocentric distance perception.