cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From telephones in rural Oaxaca to mobile phones among Mixtec farm workers in Oxnard, California:

Indigenous Mexican immigrants (Mixtecs) from rural Oaxaca, Mexico, experience a high level of isolation and seasonal farm work, but the increasing speed of communication technology stands to overcome these difficulties. For farm workers, the initial experience of landlines and public pay phones was filled with anxiety and missed connections. Despite the benefits of mobile phones, their adoption was delayed among Mixtec in Oxnard, California, because of a combination of legal status, high cost, and seasonal work. This article finds that a surge in mobile phone adoption and use took place during a time where production of labor-intensive crops like strawberries increased throughout California, farm worker settlement patterns matured, and mobile phone plans changed becoming more affordable and easier to understand. The widespread adoption of mobile phones brought more predictability to the informal agricultural job market for farm workers, but this did not necessarily mean higher wages in the strawberry fields.
Rostral dorsolateral pontine neurons with sympathetic nerve-related activity

Spike-triggered averaging, arterial pulse-triggered analysis, and coherence analysis were used to classify rostral dorsolateral pontine (RDLP) neurons into groups whose naturally occurring discharges were correlated to only the 10-Hz rhythm (n = 29), to only the cardiac-related rhythm (n = 15), and to both rhythms (n = 15) in inferior cardiac sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) of urethan-anesthetized cats. Most of the neurons with activity correlated to only the cardiac-related rhythm were located medial to the other two groups of neurons. The firing rates of most RDLP neurons with activity correlated to only the 10-Hz rhythm (9 of 12) or both rhythms (7 of 8) were decreased during baroreceptor reflex-induced inhibition of SND produced by aortic obstruction; thus, they are presumed to be sympathoexcitatory. The firing rates of four of seven RDLP neurons with activity correlated to only the cardiac-related rhythm increased during baroreceptor reflex activation; thus, they may be sympathoinhibitory. We conclude that the RDLP contains a functionally heterogeneous population of neurons with sympathetic nerve-related activity. These neurons could not be antidromically activated by stimulation of the thoracic spinal cord.
A wideband voltage mode Doherty power amplifier

This paper presents a new wideband Doherty Amplifier technique that can achieve high efficiency while maintaining excellent linearity. By modifying a “forgotten” topology originally proposed by Doherty, a new Doherty Amplifier architecture is realized with two voltage mode PAs and transformers, thus eliminating a narrowband impedance inverter. The voltage mode PA is implemented with a switched capacitor PA known for its excellent linearity. The PA is fabricated in 65 nm low-leakage CMOS and achieves 24 dBm saturated power (at standard supply voltage) with 45%/34% PAE at peak and 5.6dB back-off over 750 MHz to 1050 MHz 1dB bandwidth. With memory-less linearization, this PA can transmit 40 MHz 256-QAM 9dB PAPR 802.11ac modulation centered at 900 MHz meeting the spectral mask with measured EVM of −34.8dB and 22% PAE without backing-off or equalization.
On Discrimination Discovery Using Causal Networks

Discrimination discovery is an increasingly important task in the data mining field. The purpose of discrimination discovery is to unveil discriminatory practices on the protective attribute (e.g., gender) by analyzing the dataset of historical decision records. Different types of discrimination have been proposed in the literature. We aim to develop a framework that is able to deal with all types of discrimination. We make use of the causal networks, which effectively captures the existence of discrimination patterns and can provide quantitative evidence of discrimination in decision making. In this paper, we first propose a categorization for various discrimination. Then, we present our preliminary results on four types of discrimination, namely system-level direct discrimination, the system-level indirect discrimination, group-level discrimination, and individual level discrimination. We have conducted empirical assessments on real datasets. The results show great efficacy of our approach.
Case report: Providencia stuartii conjunctivitis.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to report a case of Providencia stuartii conjunctivitis.
Adsorption of transition metal adatoms on h-BN/Rh(111): Implications for nanocluster self-assembly

Abstract The hexagonal boron nitride ( h -BN) nanomesh is a promising 2D material for driving the self-assembly of metal nanoparticles with potential catalytic applications. Herein the adsorption of Au, Pt, Ag, Pd, Cu, and Ni adatoms on h -BN/Rh(111) is investigated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations to determine the ability of this pore-wire structure to facilitate the formation of size-limited, monodisperse metal nanoparticles. While all six metal atoms exhibit covalent coupling and negative charging following their adsorption in the pore region, only Au and Pt have sufficiently large barriers (>1.2 eV) to prevent pore-to-pore diffusion at room temperature. In contrast, Ag and Cu have pore-to-pore diffusion barriers of only ∼0.5 eV, while Pd and Ni show no special affinity for any specific region of the nanomesh. For verification, we have imaged Au, Pt, and Ag on h -BN/Rh(111) at room temperature and submonolayer depositions using STM. Au and Pt form numerous small nanoparticles confined to the pore regions, whereas Ag only forms a few large particles. The difference is fully consistent with the DFT predictions, indicating that our approach has qualitatively predictive power for nanoparticle nucleation and growth behavior on the h -BN/Rh(111) nanomesh.
Online handwritten circuit recognition on a tablet PC

Tablet PC-based engineering software can be used as an effective teaching tool for core engineering courses such as electronics, signal and systems, and digital systems. Wireless connection between tablet PCs of students and the teaching professor will substantially improve students' involvement during the course. Circuit drawing is an important task especially in undergraduate courses such as electronics and digital systems. Most existing software tools for circuit drawing use a toolbox where symbols for all circuit components are prepared and ready for pick up. A user has to go through a number of layers of menus each time he/she wants to use a circuit symbol. To improve human computer interaction, we have developed an online recognition system on a tablet PC using C# for the handwritten circuit and its components. The system can recognize and redraw many circuits and their components such as resistors, capacitors, ground and various voltage power supplies, which are drawn with a stylus pen on a tablet PC. We present details of our approach and preliminary results of an experimental system.
The Effect of Polymerization Methods and Fiber Types on the Mechanical Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Resin-Based Composites.

Purpose Glass fibers were introduced to increase the fracture resistance of resin-based composites restorations; however, the poor polymerization between fibers and resin-based composite were sometimes noted and can cause debonding and failure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different polymerization methods as well as fiber types on the mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced resin-based composites. Materials and Methods Seventy-five specimens were fabricated and divided into one control group and four experimental groups (n = 15), according to the type of glass fiber (strip or mesh) and polymerization methods (one- or two-step). A 0.2-mm-thick fiber layer was fabricated with different polymerization methods, on top of which a 1.8 mm resin-based composite layer was added to make a bar-shape specimen, followed by a final polymerization. Specimens were tested for flexural strength and flexural modulus. The failure modes of specimens were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Results The fiber types showed significant effect on the flexural strength of test specimens (F = 469.48, p < 0.05), but the polymerization methods had no significant effect (F = 0.05, p = 0.82). The interaction between these two variables was not significant (F = 1.73, p = 0.19). In addition, both fiber type (F = 9.71, p < 0.05) and polymerization method (F = 12.17, p < 0.05) affected the flexural modulus of test specimens; however, the interaction between these two variables was not significant (F = 0.40, p = 0.53). Conclusions The strip fibers showed better mechanical behavior than mesh fibers and were suggested for resin-based composites restorations reinforcement; however, different polymerization methods did not have a significant effect on the strength and failure mode of fiber-reinforced resin-based composites.
Skills for a scientific life

Career advice is inherently personal and nuanced, however, there are broad brush-strokes that can and should be considered and layered onto personalized decisions. ‘Skills for a scientific life’ is...
Differences in Lip Support with and without Labial Flanges in a Maxillary Edentulous Population - Part 3: Unblinded and Discriminatory Subjective Analysis.

Purpose To study the subjective differences in direct lip support assessments and to determine if dentists and laypeople are able to discern and correctly identify direct changes in lip support between flange and flangeless dentures. Materials and Methods A random sample of 20 maxillary edentulous patients described in part 2 of the study was used for analysis. A total of 60 judges comprising 15 general dentists, 15 prosthodontists, and 30 laypeople, the majority of who were distinct from part 2 of the study, were recruited. All images used in this study were cropped at the infraorbital level and converted to black and white tone, to encourage the judges to focus on lip support. The judges were un-blinded to the study objectives and told what to look for, and were asked to rate the lip support of each of the 80 images on a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS). The judges then took a discriminatory sensory analysis test (triangle test) where they were required to correctly identify the image with a flangeless denture out of a set of 3 images. Both the VAS and triangle test ratings were conducted twice in a random order, and mean ratings were used for all analyses. Results The overall VAS ratings of lip support for images with flangeless dentures were slightly lower compared to images with labial flanges, and this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.0001). This was true for both profile and frontal images. However, the magnitude of these differences was too small (no greater than 5 mm on a 100-mm scale) to be clinically significant or meaningful. The differences in VAS ratings were not significant between the judges. For the triangle test, judges overall correctly identified the flangeless denture image in 55% of frontal image sets and 60% of profile image sets. The difference in correct identification rate between frontal and profile images was statistically significant (p < 0.0001). For frontal and profile images, prosthodontists had the highest correct identification rate (61% and 69%), followed by general dentists (53% and 68%) and by laypeople (53% and 50%). The difference in correct identification rate was statistically significant between various judges (p = 0.012). For all judges, the likelihood of correctly identifying images with flangeless dentures was significantly greater than 1/3, which was the minimum chance for correct identification (p < 0.0001). Conclusions Removal of a labial flange in a maxillary denture resulted in slightly lower ratings of lip support compared to images with a labial flange, but the differences were clinically insignificant. When judges were forced to look for differences, flangeless dentures were detected more often in profile images. Prosthodontists detected the flangeless dentures more often than general dentists and laypeople.
The (Dy1-xErx)Al2 Alloys as Active Magnetic Regenerators for Magnetic Refrigeration

The low temperature properties (heat capacity from 3 to 350 K in fields up to 10 T, and both ac magnetic susceptibility and dc magnetic susceptibility and magnetization from 4 to 325 K in dc fields up to 5.5 T) of nine (Dy1-xErx)Al2 alloys have been studied as potential active magnetic regenerator (AMR) materials for hydrogen liquefaction using magnetic refrigeration. These data indicate that the (Dy1-xErx)Al2 alloys would make excellent AMR materials, especially the combination (Dy0.4Er0.6)Al2 plus DyAl2 phase mixture, which is significantly better than the prototype (Dy0.5Er0.5)Al2 plus GdNi2 phase mixture currently being tested. In addition, the magnetic phase diagram of the (Dy1-xErx)Al2 has been determined.
Computational Intelligence and Neuromorphic Computing Architectures

In the computational intelligence field of study neuromorphic computing is close to reaching critical mass to enable low power compact hardware systems to perform intelligent cognitive functions. The fundamental technical challenge that has prevented this technology from becoming reality is the development of a synthetic synapse. In the biological brain, the synapse regulates the connection (conductivity) strength between neurons allowing the brain to re-wire itself as it processes and obtains new knowledge and stores memories. In terms of device engineering, the synapse correlates to a passive variable impedance electronic device. Today, the synapse equivalent, a novel device theorized in 1971 by Professor Leon Chua, is a reality as reported by the Nature paper titled “The memristor device found” in 2008. Also, various material systems have demonstrated synaptic memristor behavior such as the AgSEnSe memristor developed at Boise State University (BSU). However, as we move forward to fabricating memristor arrays to implement complex cognitive neuromorphic functions, it will become critical to understand and model the physical principles underlying device process variation and device array statistical phenomena. It is the goal of this chapter to explore emerging technologies to enable the development of large scale memristor-based neuromorphic computing architectures.
Exploiting a natural network effect for scalable, fine-grained clock synchronization

Nanosecond-level clock synchronization can be an enabler of a new spectrum of timing- and delay-critical applications in data centers. However, the popular clock synchronization algorithm, NTP, can only achieve millisecond-level accuracy. Current solutions for achieving a synchronization accuracy of 10s-100s of nanoseconds require specially designed hardware throughout the network for combatting random network delays and component noise or to exploit clock synchronization inherent in Ethernet standards for the PHY. In this paper, we present HUYGENS, a software clock synchronization system that uses a synchronization network and leverages three key ideas. First, coded probes identify and reject impure probe data--data captured by probes which suffer queuing delays, random jitter, and NIC timestamp noise. Next, HUYGENS processes the purified data with Support Vector Machines, a widely-used and powerful classifier, to accurately estimate one-way propagation times and achieve clock synchronization to within 100 nanoseconds. Finally, HUYGENS exploits a natural network effect--the idea that a group of pairwise synchronized clocks must be transitively synchronized-- to detect and correct synchronization errors even further. Through evaluation of two hardware testbeds, we quantify the imprecision of existing clock synchronization across server-pairs, and the effect of temperature on clock speeds. We find the discrepancy between clock frequencies is typically 5-10ms/sec, but it can be as much as 30ms/sec. We show that HUYGENS achieves synchronization to within a few 10s of nanoseconds under varying loads, with a negligible overhead upon link bandwidth due to probes. Because HUYGENS is implemented in software running on standard hardware, it can be readily deployed in current data centers.
Angiogenesis Inhibitors in Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for 80-85% of cases. Regardless of histology, the majority of patients present with advanced disease and have a median survival of approximately 10 months for patients treated with traditional chemotherapy agents. Therefore, novel therapies are required. ECOG4599 was the first trial to demonstrate survival beyond 1 year for patients with NSCLC treated with traditional chemotherapy in combination with an anti-angiogenic agent. Angiogenesis, the growth of new from preexisting vessels, is a fundamental step in the transition of tumors from dormant to malignant. In the last few years, there has been substantial interest in developing novel molecular-targeted agents that inhibit the angiogenic pathway. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the data for agents that have been approved and are in development for the treatment of patients with NSCLC and small cell lung cancer (SCLC).
Developing a Research Problem

A well-designed research project, in any discipline, begins with conceptualizing the problem.
Concerted Reactions of Organic Ligands on Transition Metals

The development of the Woodward-Hoffman Rules1 has provided a basis for the understanding of concerted reactions occurring in purely organic systems. Within the framework of this theory concerted reactions may be classified into two groups i.e. “allowed” and “forbidden” processes; and associated with the latter group there is an added energy barrier in the reaction coordinate of the process which generally renders these processes to be of such a high energy that alternative non concerted processes of lower energy are favored if reaction occurs at all. However, when such “forbidden” reactions are conducted with the organic species simultaneously coordinated to a transition metal then it appears that the concerted reaction may then become “allowed”. Theoretical arguments, based on the correlation or orbital symmetries of the reactants and products, have been developed to substantiate the idea of the changeover of the process from “forbidden” to “allowed”;2 these will not be reproduced here, but rather I shall concentrate on the experimental results of three separate reactions which illustrate the phenomenon.
Serum Carotenoids and Tocopherols and Severity of Nuclear and Cortical Opacities

Purpose. To determine whether higher levels of individual carotenoids and tocopherols in the serum are related to less severe nuclear and cortical opacities within the general population. Methods. Levels of individual carotenoids and tocopherols in the serum were determined in 400 randomly selected persons aged 50 to 84 years participating in the Nutritional Factors in Eye Disease Study of Beaver Dam, Wisconsin. Severity of nuclear and cortical opacities was assessed from lens slit lamp and retroillumination photographs taken at the same time. Relationships between serum levels of nutrients and prevalence of these opacities were evaluated using logistic regression analysis accounting for known possible confounders. Results. Higher levels of individual or total carotenoids or a-tocopherol in the serum were not associated with less severe nuclear or cortical opacities overall. However, associations differed between men and women and within specific population subgroups. A significant trend for lower odds for either type of opacity with increasing levels of /3-carotene in the serum was observed in men. For nuclear sclerosis, this protective association with /^-carotene was found in younger but not older men. Higher levels of three other carotenoids (a-carotene, /?-cryptoxanthin, and lutein) in serum were significantly related to lower odds for nuclear sclerosis only in men who smoked. In contrast to these inverse associations observed in some subgroups, higher levels of some carotenoids and a-tocopherol often were direcdy associated with nuclear sclerosis, particularly in women. Conclusions. Higher levels of carotenoids and tocopherols are not consistently associated with less severe opacities in the general population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995;36:276-288. Opacities in the nuclear and cortical region become more common with age. Identification of factors that delay their occurrence may eventually reduce the number of cataract extractions performed and might also help identify factors that contribute to the slowing of other degenerative processes of aging. Higher dietary levels of nutrients with roles in oxidant defense systems may protect against lens opacification.1 ' 2 Studies in experimental animals us
Complex nearly immotile behaviour of enzymatically driven cargos

We report a minimal microtubule-based motile system displaying signatures of unconventional diffusion. The system consists of a single model cargo driven by an ensemble of N340K NCD motors along a single microtubule. Despite the absence of cytosolic or cytoskeleton complexity, the system shows complex behavior, characterized by sub-diffusive motion for short time lag scales and linear mean squared displacement dependence for longer time lags. The latter is also shown to have non-Gaussian character and cannot be ascribed to a canonical diffusion process. We use single particle tracking and analysis at varying temperatures and motor concentrations to identify the origin of these behaviors as enzymatic activity of mutant NCD. Our results show that signatures of non-Gaussian diffusivities can arise as a result of an active process and suggest that some immotility of cargos observed in cells may reflect the ensemble workings of mechanochemical enzymes and need not always reflect the properties of the cytoskeletal network or the cytosol.
Increased Incidence of Resistant Hypertension in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Retrospective Cohort Study

OBJECTIVE To compare the risk of resistant hypertension (RHTN) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in controls without SLE, and to define factors associated with RHTN in patients with SLE. METHODS We studied 1,044 patients with SLE and 5,241 control subjects using de-identified electronic health records from a tertiary care center. SLE was defined as ≥4 International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes for SLE and antinuclear antibody titer ≥1:160. RHTN was defined as uncontrolled blood pressure on 3 antihypertensive medications or requiring 4 or more antihypertensives to attain control. First, we compared the risk of RHTN between groups. Second, we examined the association between RHTN and all-cause mortality in patients with SLE. RESULTS RHTN was nearly twice as prevalent in patients with SLE compared to control subjects (10.2% and 5.3%, respectively), with an incidence rate of 10.2 versus 6.1 cases per 1,000 person-years of observation (hazard ratio [HR] 1.72 [95% confidence interval 1.28-2.30]; P < 0.001, adjusted for age, sex, race, baseline end-stage renal disease [ESRD], creatinine, and calendar year). In patients with SLE, we found associations between RHTN and black race, lower renal function, hypercholesterolemia, and increased inflammatory markers. RHTN was associated with a significantly higher mortality risk (HR 2.91, P = 0.0005) after adjustment for age, sex, race, calendar year, creatinine, baseline ESRD, and number of visits. CONCLUSION Patients with SLE have a higher risk of RHTN compared to frequency-matched controls, independent of multiple covariates. RHTN is an important comorbidity for clinicians to recognize in SLE, because it is associated with a higher risk of mortality.
Titration of Aerosol pH through Droplet Coalescence

The pH of aqueous aerosols, as well as cloud and fog droplets, has an important influence on the chemistry that takes place within these unique microenvironments. Utilizing conjugate acid/base pairs to infer pH changes, we investigate, for the first time, changes in aerosol pH upon coalescence. In particular, we show that the pH within individual aqueous aerosols that are ∼8 μm in diameter can be titrated via droplet coalescence in an aerosol optical tweezer. Using sulfate/bisulfate and carbonate/bicarbonate as model systems, the pH of trapped aerosols is determined before and after introduction of smaller aerosols containing a strong acid. The pH change upon coalescence with the smaller, acidic aerosol is calculated using specific ion interaction theory. Furthermore, we show that the pH of an individual aerosol can be altered along a fairly wide range of pH values, paving the way for future studies requiring rigorous pH control of an aqueous aerosol.
Computational characterization of the secondary droplets formed during the impingement of a train of ethanol drops

This article uniquely characterizes the secondary droplets formed during the impingement of a train of ethanol drops, using three-dimensional direct numerical simulations performed under conditions...
Signal Enhancement for Ferromagnetic Resonance Measurement of Magnetic Nanowire array

In this paper, a ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurement technique to enhance signal detection of magnetic nanowire in array form (MNA) is presented. Two signal enhancement methods were developed for characterizing the MNA sample. The samples were placed on top of a coplanar waveguide (CPW) test circuit and exposed to both AC and DC magnetic fields. The first method indicates that FMR response is stronger for MNA on the slots due to stronger AC field around slots. The second method indicates that the FMR response of MNA with a copper (Cu) back layer is seven times stronger. Thus, to enhance the signal strength of FMR response, the MNA sample should be placed on the slot and/or include a Cu back layer. These methods are useful for identification methods, such as nanolabels used in biosensing applications that use small volume and size samples.
Biosynthesis of labeled carbohydrates and other compounds of biochemical interest.

With the availability of purified enzymes and enzyme systems, a great variety of C14- and H3-labeled compounds of biological interest can now be prepared with relative ease. The advantages of the use of these biological methods for the synthesis of labeled compounds are obvious when one considers the difficulties involved in preparing a compound through a long series of organic reactions. In addition to the biological procedures which make use of purified enzymes, the rapid advancement in our knowledge of the pathways of intermediary metabolism has suggested additional methods for the preparation of isotopically-labeled compounds of particular interest to the investigators in biochemistry. The problems now are concerned with techniques of isolation and the development of methods of degradation which unequivocally establish the location of the isotope.
Critical Rhetoric Special Section: Introduction

This introduction discusses the issues and ideas raised in this Special Section as well as the approach taken in its creation. The unique nature of this Special Section makes it important to discuss both the role that critical rhetoric plays in communication scholarship and the ways in which that scholarship is disseminated.
Designing OCDM-Based Multi-User Transmissions

Orthogonal chirp division multiplexing (OCDM) is a fairly new multi-carrier scheme that employs the discrete Fresnel transform (DFnT) to digitally modulate data onto orthogonal chirps. Most work surrounding OCDM has been done in the context of optical networks and single user wireless systems. Hence, there is no literature regarding multiple access in OCDM. This paper introduces a novel data multiplexing technique that leverages the properties of the DFnT to independently process smaller sub-blocks, thus enabling multiple access and low complexity equalization. Additionally, this paper employs a joint multi-user processing technique and compares its performance to the proposed scheme.
The current status of malignant hyperthermia

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a rare and life-threatening pharmacogenetic disorder triggered by volatile anesthetics, the depolarizing muscle relaxant succinylcholine, and rarely by strenuous exercise or environmental heat. The exact prevalence of MH is unknown, and it varies from 1:16 000 in Denmark to 1:100 000 in New York State. The underlying mechanism of MH is excessive calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), leading to uncontrolled skeletal muscle hyper-metabolism. Genetic mutations in ryanodine receptor type 1 ( RYR1) and CACNA1S have been identified in approximately 50% to 86% and 1% of MH-susceptible (MHS) individuals, respectively. Classic clinical symptoms of MH include hypercarbia, sinus tachycardia, masseter spasm, hyperthermia, acidosis, muscle rigidity, hyperkalemia, myoglobinuria, and etc. There are two types of testing for MH: a genetic test and a contracture test. Contracture testing is still being considered as the gold standard for MH diagnosis. Dantrolene is the only available drug approved for the treatment of MH through suppressing the calcium release from SR. Since clinical symptoms of MH are highly variable, it can be difficult to establish a diagnosis of MH. Nevertheless, prompt diagnosis and treatments are crucial to avoid a fatal outcome. Therefore, it is very important for anesthesiologists to raise awareness and understand the characteristics of MH. This review summarizes epidemiology, clinical symptoms, diagnosis and treatments of MH and any new developments.
Non-invasive peripheral nerve stimulation selectively enhances speech category learning in adults

Adults struggle to learn non-native speech contrasts even after years of exposure. While laboratory-based training approaches yield learning, the optimal training conditions for maximizing speech learning in adulthood are currently unknown. Vagus nerve stimulation has been shown to prime adult sensory-perceptual systems towards plasticity in animal models. Precise temporal pairing with auditory stimuli can enhance auditory cortical representations with a high degree of specificity. Here, we examined whether sub-perceptual threshold transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS), paired with non-native speech sounds, enhances speech category learning in adults. Twenty-four native English-speakers were trained to identify non-native Mandarin tone categories. Across two groups, tVNS was paired with the tone categories that were easier- or harder-to-learn. A control group received no stimulation but followed an identical thresholding procedure as the intervention groups. We found that tVNS robustly enhanced speech category learning and retention of correct stimulus-response associations, but only when stimulation was paired with the easier-to-learn categories. This effect emerged rapidly, generalized to new exemplars, and was qualitatively different from the normal individual variability observed in hundreds of learners who have performed in the same task without stimulation. Electroencephalography recorded before and after training indicated no evidence of tVNS-induced changes in the sensory representation of auditory stimuli. These results suggest that paired-tVNS induces a temporally precise neuromodulatory signal that selectively enhances the perception and memory consolidation of perceptually salient categories.
Methods for Screening Wheat Genotypes for Resistance to Sharp Eyespot in the Field and Greenhouse

Screening methodology of wheat genotypes for resistance to sharp eyespot (caused by Rhizoctonia cerealis) was developed. Disease severity differed among cultivars and between field and greenhouse trials. However, the cultivars Bobtail and Rosalyn had consistently lower severity in field experiments with high sharp eyespot disease pressure. Artificial inoculation was crucial to achieving adequate disease levels for effective screening but planting date had very little effect. Greenhouse inoculation of adult wheat plants was much less successful in categorizing resistance to sharp eyespot. Seedling inoculations in the greenhouse were highly inadequate as a screening method. Selection for resistance to sharp eyespot by artificial inoculation in field trials is feasible in wheat breeding programs.
Making the Spiritual World Accessible: Paul VI and Modern Art at the Close of Vatican II

Pope Paul VI considered the role of the artist in opening the Catholic Church to the world so important that he specifically addressed artists at two critical moments during the Second Vatican Council: in the first year of his pontificate and in a December 1965 closing address. A lifelong supporter of the arts, he lamented the breech between art and the Church in the twentieth century and sought ways to rectify it, founding the Collection of Modern Religious Art in the Vatican Museums in 1973. The Collection is an impressive assembly of surrealist, cubist, post-impressionist, and expressionist works featuring Christian symbolism and religious themes, none of which were commissioned for any liturgical space or interest. While the Collection has been criticized by art historians as too limited in scope, this chapter’s argument refers to the Collection, and Paul VI’s statements on modern aesthetics, as indicative of a conversation between modern art and the Catholic Church as not only possible but vitally necessary, toward creating an environment in which new forms of theology may emerge.
An overview of the perception and mitigation of astringency associated with phenolic compounds.

Astringency, as a kind of puckering, drying, or rough sensation, is widely perceived from natural foods, especially plants rich in phenolic compounds. Although the interaction and precipitation of salivary proteins by phenolic compounds was often believed as the major mechanism of astringency, a definitive theory about astringency is still lacking due to the complex oral sensations. The interaction with oral epithelial cells and the activation of trigeminal chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors also shed light on some of the phenolic astringency mechanisms, which complement the insufficient mechanism of interaction with salivary proteins. Since phenolic compounds with different types and structures show different astringency thresholds in a certain regularity, there might be some relationships between the phenolic structures and perceived astringency. On the other hand, novel approaches to reducing the unfavorable perception of phenolic astringency have been increasingly emerging; however, the according summary is still sparse. Therefore, this review aims to: (a) illustrate the possible mechanisms of astringency elicited by phenolic compounds, (b) reveal the possible relationships between phenolic structures and perception of astringency, and (c) summarize the emerging mitigation approaches to astringency triggered by phenolic compounds. This comprehensive review would be of great value to both the understanding of phenolic astringency and the finding of appropriate mitigation approaches to phenolic astringency in future research.
474. Using telemedicine to provide virtual care for COVID-19 patients at home

Background: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in San Diego, California, the Infectious Disease Division at the University of California San Diego established a COVID-19 Clinic dedicated solely to managing patients safely in their homes This strategy was developed in response to: i) concerns regarding transmission of infection in the healthcare setting, ii) avoiding overwhelming the healthcare system with COVID-19 patients, iii) providing patients with expedited access to specialists, and iv) reducing the burden on the emergency department and urgent care Methods: The COVID-19 clinic staff is comprised of a dedicated nurse, administrative assistant, and four infectious diseases (ID) physicians who aim to see patients within 24 hours of referral via virtual clinics 5 days a week An ID physician initially assesses each patient in a direct telemedicine visit and answers their questions, assesses disease severity, provides both symptom management and emotional support, and education about self-isolation and transmission-based precautions The patients are then triaged to daily nursing phone calls and follow up visits as needed Results: Over a period of 12 weeks (March 27 to June 16, 2020), the clinic has seen 179 patients To assess the impact of the clinic, patients are asked to complete a 6-point verbal patients satisfaction survey after their visit Of the 133 patients who have completed the survey to date, the vast majority reported high satisfaction with their encounters with the COVID-19 physician, with a mean score of 4 8 or higher on all six questions (on a scale of 1 to 5) When asked “Did you feel comfortable talking to your COVID-19 ID physician?” on a scale of 1 to 5, the average score was 4 9 When asked “Did the physician do a good job answering your questions?” the average was 4 9 Patients reported feeling safer after talking with their physician (mean score 4 8), and felt better educated on how to self-quarantine at home (mean score 4 85) and when to seek care from an emergency room, urgent care or hospital (mean score 4 83) Conclusion: The UCSD COVID-19 Clinic demonstrates how telemedicine can be utilized in response to a public health crisis by creating a virtual clinic to provide ID care for patients in their homes
Generator Parameter Calibration by Adaptive Approximate Bayesian Computation With Sequential Monte Carlo Sampler

Secure power system operation relies on accurate steady-state and dynamic system models. It is thus crucial to carefully validate the models in power systems, in particular the generator models. The phasor measurement unit (PMU) technologies provide a low-cost option for generator model validation and parameter calibration without interfering with their operation. In this paper, an empirical parameter sensitivity Gramian based approach is developed to identify the critical parameters from a nonlinear system perspective. We further propose a synchrophasor measurement based generator parameter calibration method by adaptive Approximate Bayesian Computation with a sequential Monte Carlo sampler (A-ABC-SMC) that avoids directly dealing with likelihood functions. We propose adaptive threshold sequence scheme and perturbation kernel function in A-ABC-SMC in order to improve the computational efficiency. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated for a hydro generator against multiple system events. The simulation results show that the proposed approach can accurately and efficiently estimate the full probabilistic posterior distributions of the generator parameters even when there are gross errors in the parameters’ prior distributions.
When Combating Hype, Proceed with Caution.

In an effort to avoid reinforcing widespread hype about the capabilities of state-of-the-art language technology, researchers have developed practices in framing and citation that serve to deemphasize the field's successes. Though well-meaning, these practices often yield misleading or even false claims about the limits of our best technology. This is a problem, and it may be more serious than it looks: It limits our ability to mitigate short-term harms from NLP deployments and it limits our ability to prepare for the potentially enormous impacts of more distant future advances. This paper urges researchers to be careful about these claims and suggests some research directions and communication strategies that will make it easier to avoid or rebut them.
Risk Communication: The Social Construction of Meaning and Trust

The philosopher, then, qua philosopher, is no better able to determine the best universe in the concrete emergency than other men. He sees, indeed, somewhat better than most men what the question always is—not a question of this good or that good simply taken, but of the two total universes with which these goods respectively belong. He knows that he must vote always for the richer universe, for the good which seems most organizable, most fit to enter into complex combinations, most apt to be a member of a more inclusive whole. But which particular universe this is he cannot know for certain in advance; he only knows that if he makes a bad mistake the cries of the wounded will soon inform him of the fact. In all this the philosopher is just like the rest of us non-philosophers, so far as we are just and sympathetic instinctively, and so far as we are open to the voice of complaint. His function is in fact indistinguishable from that of the best kind of statesman at the present day. His books upon ethics, therefore, so far as they truly touch the moral life, must more and more ally themselves with a literature which is confessedly tentative and suggestive rather than dogmatic—I mean with novels and dramas of the deeper sort, with sermons, with books on statecraft and philanthropy and social and economical reform.
Glycosidase activity: Glycosidase activity in L5178Y mouse leukemic cells and the activity of acid phosphatase, β-galactosidase and β-N-acetylgalactosaminidase and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase in a synchronous L5178Y cell population☆

Abstract Glycosidase activity was measured in 0.1% Triton X-100 extracts of L5178Y cells grown in logarithmic phase. p-Nitrophenyl derivatives were used as substrates and the amount of p-nitrophenol released per hour per mg protein was used as the measure of activity. Twelve enzymes were studied and were grouped according to their activities. Those with high activity were N-acetyl-(β- d -glucosaminidase and acid phosphatase, medium activity were β-galactosidase and β-glucuronidase, low activity were α-galactosidase, N-acetyl-β- d -galactosaminidase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, and α-mannosidase, very low or zero activity were β-xylosidase, α- l -fucosidase, and β- l -fucosidase. The release of the enzymes by the cells was found to be low for some of the enzymes studied. Activity of N-acetyl-β- d -glucosaminidase, acid phosphatase, β-galactosidase and N-acetyl-β- d -galactosaminidase in cells synchronized with excess thymidine and Colcemid were assayed. The specific activity of the enzymes increased over the cell cycle and each enzyme was considered to have a continuous linear or exponential enzyme pattern as opposed to a peak or step pattern. Cell synchrony was measured by the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA and by cell counts on a Coulter counter.
Type reconstruction for SCI

We present a type reconstruction algorithm for SCIR [10], a type system for a language with syntactic control of interference. SCIR guarantees that terms of passive type do not cause any side effects, and that distinct identifiers do not interfere. A reconstruction algorithm for this type system must deal with different kinds (passive and general) and different uses of identifiers (passive and active). In particular, there may not be a unique choice of kinds for type variables. Our work extends SCIR typings with kind constraints. We show that principal type schemes exist for this extended system and outline an algorithm for computing them.
Roll prediction-based optimal control for safe path following

Autonomous vehicles can risk dangerous rollover if they corner without taking roll motion into consideration. This paper proposes a control algorithm to follow a curved road while simultaneously preventing rollover. Model predictive control is applied to minimize roll motion throughout cornering. The prediction of vehicle state is based on a four-wheel nonlinear vehicle model with roll dynamics and a tire brush model. Full braking is utilized as a control actuator to achieve an optimal balance in the trade-off between vehicle speed and roll motion. CarSim simulations show the performance of the proposed control approach and the influence of vehicle parameters on control performance.
Magnetospheric Substorms: A Model

An attempt is made to integrate and interpret various polar and magnetospheric substorm phenomena as consequences of the acceleration process of auroral particles which could result from the diversion of a part of the magnetotail current to the night side of the auroral oval. Thus, this paper is not intended to be a literature survey, but to present a way along which magnetospheric substorms might be studied in the future.
Sustainable ecosystems: enabled by supply and demand management

Continued population growth, coupled with increased per capita consumption of resources, poses a challenge to the quality of life of current and future generations. We cannot expect to meet the future needs of society simply by extending existing infrastructures. The necessary transformation can be enabled by a sustainable IT ecosystem made up of billions of service-oriented client devices and thousands of data centers. The IT ecosystem, with data centers at its core and pervasive measurement at the edges, will need to be seamlessly integrated into future communities to enable need-based provisioning of critical resources. Such a transformation requires a systemic approach based on supply and demand of resources. A supply side perspective necessitates using local resources of available energy, alongside design and management that minimizes the energy required to extract, manufacture, mitigate waste, transport, operate and reclaim components. The demand side perspective requires provisioning resources based on the needs of the user by using flexible building blocks, pervasive sensing, communications, knowledge discovery and policy-based control. This paper presents a systemic framework for supply-demand management in IT--in particular, on building sustainable data centers--and suggests how the approach can be extended to manage resources at the scale of urban infrastructures.
BALANCING JUSTICE AND MERCY Reflections on Forgiveness in Judaism

The concept of forgiveness is analyzed as a moral gesture toward the offender designed to help restore that individual’s moral standing. Jewish sources on the conditions under which forgiveness is obligatory are explored and two contrasting positions are presented: one in which the obligation to forgive is conditional on the repentance of the offender and another in which people are required to forgive unconditionally. These two positions are shown to represent different ways of framing the offending behavior that rest, in turn, on different ways of balancing the need for justice and for mercy respectively. In the final analysis, Judaism’s two contrasting attitudes toward forgiveness are rooted in different theological assumptions and different ways of construing the very goals of the moral life. The author points out the merits and shortcomings of both positions and concludes with the suggestion that the two complement each other in important ways.
Managing residual refractive error after cataract surgery

We present a review of keratorefractive and intraocular approaches to managing residual astigmatic and spherical refractive error after cataract surgery, including laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), arcuate keratotomy, intraocular lens (IOL) exchange, piggyback IOLs, and light-adjustable IOLs. Currently available literature suggests that laser vision correction, whether LASIK or PRK, yields more effective and predictable outcomes than intraocular surgery. Piggyback IOLs with a rounded-edge profile implanted in the sulcus may be superior to IOL exchange, but both options present potential risks that likely outweigh the refractive benefits except in cases with large residual spherical errors. The light-adjustable IOL may provide an ideal treatment to pseudophakic ametropia by obviating the need for secondary invasive procedures after cataract surgery, but it is not widely available nor has it been sufficiently studied. Financial Disclosure Dr. Manche has equity in Calhoun Vision, Inc., Krypton Vision, Refresh Innovations, Inc., Seros Medical, LLC, and Veralas, Inc. He is a consultant to Oculeve, Inc., Best Doctors, and Gerson Lehrman. Dr. Sales has no financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.