cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxygen-inhibited Grain Growth in Thin Films of Semiconducting Cuprous Iodide

THIN films, a few thousand angstroms thick or less, of various inorganic materials can be formed by the poly-crystalline condensation of the low-pressure vapour on a cool substrate. Such films are gaining importance in optical elements, in electronic microcircuitry, and in devices for information storage.
Effect of age, food deprivation and stress on gastric erosions in the rat.

Abstract Two experiments were conducted in which rats were subjected to food deprivation and/or cold-restraint stress. In Experiment 1, 40- and 570-day old rats exhibited a significant degree of glandular gastric erosion due to the stress and to the deprivation. Both of these were attributable to the single condition wherein deprivation and stress were combined. No effect involving age was significant. In Experiment 2, 22-day old weanlings exposed to the same conditions evinced a significant glandular erosion effect of the deprivation, but neither the stress nor the interaction effects were significant. It was concluded that 3 hr of cold restraint in the sated mature rat has a relatively minor effect on the stomach. Forty-eight hours of food deprivation, also ineffective by itself in such animals, renders the stomach vulnerable to the effects of stress. In the weanling, in contrast, deprivation alone can cause glandular erosion but its potentiating effect is lacking. With respect to ruminal lesions, it was hypothesized that time without food rather than initial body weight or nutritional deficit is the critical variable.
Profiled bar transmission gratings: soft-x-ray calibration of new Kirchoff solutions

A new analytical model, derived rigorously from scalar diffraction theory, accurately fits soft-x-ray measurements of symmetrical profile gold transmission gratings in all diffracted orders. The calibration system selects numerous photon energies by use of a high-resolution grazing-incidence monochromator and a dc e-beam source. Fine-period free-standing gratings exhibit limited performance and require such testing to determine parameters of and select acceptable gratings for use in time-resolved (0.25 ns) spectrographs of known radiometric response. Unfolded spectra yield a Z-pinch plasma peak kT ∼250 eV, total radiated energy ∼900 kJ, and a pinch-driven gold-wall hohlraum Planckian kT ∼86 eV.
Surface potentials and ion sorption of dimyristoyl-, dipalmitoyl- and distearoyl phosphatidylcholine films on NaCl and CaCl2 solutions.

Abstract When either dimyristoyl-, dipalmitoyl-, or distearoyl phosphatidylcholine was spread on the aqueous phase, the electrical potential at collapse pressure on 75 mM CaCl2 was about 70 mV higher than on 150 mM NaCl; the difference between Ca2+ and Na+ fell gradually to 15–25 mV at the lower pressures. When, however, the electrolyte was injected under the dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine film preformed on distilled water, the surface potential at any film pressure was the same on water, NaCl or CaCl2 in the first 4 min; but, the presence of ⩾1 mol% acidic phospholipid (dicetyl phosphate or dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid), together with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in mixed films, caused the surface potential to increase rapidly in the order CaCl2 > NaCl > water, by a quantity that was proportional to the concentration of the acidic lipid in the film and Na+ or Ca2+ in the aqueous phase. It is suggested that, in the absence of acidic phospholipids (contaminants), the modest rise in surface potential is due to penetration of the electrolyte's, as well as water's, ion pairs. Measurements of surface radioactivity (45Ca2+) and infrared spectra of the interfacial material led to the discovery of a new species, Ca(OH)2, at the airwater interface of CaCl2 solutions. A direct correlation exists between adsorption of Ca2+ and Ca(OH)2 formation, both of which are enhanced by the presence of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine at the interface; no specific correlation, however, can be established between either surface potential and ion binding of the neutral phospholipid or surface potential and ion pair penetration, since it is not yet possible to identify the electrically significant ion pair in the ionic maze of the interfacial lattice.
Relation of vertebral to total body bone mass and size in neonates with normal and abnormal growth

Relation of vertebral to total body bone mass and size in neonates with normal and abnormal growth
Cross-ownership, returns, and voting in mergers☆

Abstract We show that institutional shareholders of acquiring companies on average do not lose money around public merger announcements, because they hold substantial stakes in the targets and make up for the losses from the acquirers with the gains from the targets. Depending on their holdings in the target, acquirer shareholders generally realize different returns from the same merger, some losing money and others gaining. This conflict of interest is reflected in the mutual fund voting behavior: In mergers with negative acquirer announcement returns, cross-owners are significantly more likely to vote for the merger.
A neuronal correlate of consciousness

In a previous article in this series, Lewis Wolpert [1] introduced the good fairy godmother of science (GOOFGOOS) who, like a Greek oracle, will answer one specific question. My question to her would address the heart of cognitive neuroscience: the relationship between our perceptions, thoughts and memories and the activity of nerve cells that must somehow be responsible for the associated subjective experience. Understanding this relationship entails pinpointing the neuronal populations in the brain that express the correlates of consciousness. So my question is, “are there specific neurons whose activity mediates consciousness?” That is, neurons whose firing gives rise to the current content of my consciousness?
A Correlation for Interference Testing With Wellbore-Storage and Skin Effects

In this paper a new correlation and set of pressure-response and pressure-derivative type curves are presented for interference test analysis. The influence of wellbore storage and skin effects at active and observation wells on interference pressure response is examined. In the case of wellbore storage and skin in one well, the correlating parameter (C/sub D/e/sup 2s/)C/sub D//r/sub D//sup 2/ is used to combine wellbore storage and skin variables in a way that makes it possible to display, on a single type curve, all interference test data that would ordinarily require a number of type curves for various combinations of C/sub D//r/sup 2//sub D/ and C/sub D/e/sup 2s/. The product of the correlating parameter is used when wellbore storage and skin effects are active at both wells. The difference in the shapes of the single-well storage type curves compared to the two-well storage case at early times can be used as a diagnostic features in interference testing.
Adoption and cuckoldry lead to alloparental care in the tessellated darter (Etheostoma olmstedi), a non-group-living species with no evidence of nest site limitation

While extensive empirical and theoretical work has focused on the evolution of costly cooperation (particularly in group-living species), less attention has been paid to more low-risk or immediately beneficial forms of cooperation. In some non-group-living darters, alloparental care (or allocare) by subordinates has been noted to result from by-product benefits as small territorial (subordinate) males adopt and provide care to the abandoned eggs of large territorial (dominant) males. In the tessellated darter (Etheostoma olmstedi), allocare also results from sneak fertilization. However, information on the rate of allocare by tessellated darters is contradictory: prior behavioral work suggested that it is very common, while a genetic examination showed males to primarily care for their own young. We found behavioral and genetic evidence of very high levels of allocare at our study location. The relative size of the assigned fathers of young to the alloparental male is consistent with the idea that initial allocare primarily results from sneak fertilization (“cuckoldry-based allocare”), but later allocare results from subordinate males caring at previously abandoned nests (“adoption-based allocare”). Larger males appeared to breed more frequently at different nests, but did not father more individual offspring than smaller males. Finally, low relatedness between abandoning and alloparenting males suggests that kin selection does not contribute to alloparental care. We discuss how variation in nest availability may explain the inconsistent findings of the rate of alloparental care in the tessellated darter, and how increased research in this and similar systems can expand our understanding of the evolution of cooperation.
Chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of insulin reduces food intake and body weight of baboons

Body adiposity is normally maintained within rigid limits1–3. Although it is not clear that this regulation fits a strict negative feedback pattern, animals do maintain a relatively constant body adiposity4. It has been postulated that this regulation is mediated by some signal which informs centres controlling food intake, probably located in the brain, as to the present state of adiposity5,6. The identity of the signal is unknown, but the direct correlation between body adiposity and basal insulin levels in the plasma7–9, suggests insulin as a possible candidate. This hormone is present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of many species10–13, and is a slow integral over time of the level within the plasma14. Thus, the level of insulin in the CSF is relatively resistant to short-term plasma fluctuations of insulin. Obese humans have higher levels of CSF insulin than lean controls and the CSF insulin level of both obese and lean humans is reduced proportionately after a prolonged fast15. We have therefore postulated16 that the feedback system responding to body adiposity uses the concentration of insulin in the CSF as a major signal. Additional support for such a role is found in recent reports that insulin receptors are present in several regions of the brain and spinal cord17–20. We now present additional evidence for our hypothesis by showing that in baboons the infusion of exogenous insulin into the CSF elicits a reliable and predictable decrease in food intake and body weight.
Trisomy 22: A clinical entity

The constellation of a characteristic facies, mental retardation, growth retardation,microcephaly, micrognathia, preauricular skin tags, appendages and sinuses, low-set and/or malformed ears, congenital heart disease, cleft palate, deformed lower extremities, finger-like malopposed thumbs, cubitus valgus, and abnormal and/or low-set nipples, in association with an extra small acrocentric chromosome, has been described in 3 patients. Each of the mothers had difficulty in conceiving; one was mosaic for trisomy 22. Autoradiographic studies done on 2 of the 3 patients showed the extra small acrocentric chromosome to be early replicating, suggesting that it is a number 22. On the basis of the phenotypic and cytogenetic findings in these and 10 similar patients previously reported, and in conjunction with the autoradiographic results, it is proposed that trisomy 22 is a distinct clinical entity.
The series spectra of the stripped atoms of phosphorus (PV), sulphur (SVI), and chlorine (ClVII)

Spectra of stripped atoms, sodium to chlorine.—Grating spectrograms of order three to eight have been obtained of the hot-spark spectra of these elements, which have yielded more accurate values for the (3p2-3p1), (3s-3p2) and (3p1-3d) terms of AlIII, SiIV, PV and SVI, and have enabled the identification and determination within about 5 frequency units (1) of 18 series lines of PV, and thence of the 14 most important term values (3s to 6f′′), (2) of 11 series lines of SVI, and 10 corresponding term values (3s to 5f′), and (3) of the first doublet of the principal series of ClVII at 800.70 and 813.00 A. The position of this doublet was first predicted by use of the method developed in a previous paper(1), based on observed regularities in these spectra. Further evidence is presented for the fact that both the regular and the irregular doublet laws of x-ray spectra, hold also throughout the field of optics. A plot of sqrt[ν/R] for the stripped atom levels as a function of atomic number gives approximately straight lines (Moseley law), those for the 3s, 3p and 3d terms and for the 4s, 4p, 4d and 4f terms being approximately parallel (irregular doublet law). The doublet separations d1d2, however, do not fit well into the relativity doublet law, the ratio of observed to theoretical values decreasing from about .8 for SVI to less than .2 for SiIV, while AlIII and MgII are anomalous, d1 having a greater frequency than d2. The general similarity of the spectra of all these elements is strikingly shown in spectrograms on which appear the "D" doublet of Na and the corresponding "D" doublets of the stripped atoms of Mg, Al, Si, P, S, and Cl in the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh ordelrs, respectively, all near 5600 A, that for Na being farthest from the mean position. The frequencies of all the known terms found for the stripped atoms of Na to S, are collected in a table. Ionization potentials of PV and SiVI, computed from the 3s levels of PV and SVI, come out 64.7 and 87.6 volts.
Production of high brightness proton bunches

Strongly pulsed proton beams for secondary beam production are required for projects such as pulsed spallation neutron sources or neutrino factories where accurate time-of-flight information is required. To meet these demands techniques to produce multi-GeV proton bunches with very high longitudinal brightness are being developed. A review of the present status is presented.
Gestational exposure to methylmercury and n-3 fatty acids: Effects on high- and low-rate operant behavior in adulthood

Abstract Fish in the diet is the major source of methylmercury (MeHg) exposure, but eating fish also provides important nutrients. Many fish species contain essential long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 (or n -3) fatty acid, that is important for neural development and function. To examine interactions between MeHg and n -3 fatty acids, female Long-Evans rats were exposed, in utero , to 0, 0.5, or 5 ppm MeHg via drinking water, approximating exposures of 0, 40, and 400 μg/kg/day. They also received pre- and postnatal exposure to a diet containing either fish oil or coconut oil, creating a 2 (Diet) × 3 (MeHg) full factorial design, with 6–8 rats per cell. The diets were high or marginal, respectively, in n -3 fatty acids but approximately equal in n -6 fatty acids. No exposure-related effects on developmental milestones or growth were noted. Behavior was evaluated using a series of rapidly increasing fixed ratio (FR) schedules of sucrose reinforcement; 1, 5, 25 and 75 lever presses were required for sucrose delivery, with three sessions provided at each requirement. This phase was followed by four sessions of a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate-behavior (DRL) schedule, in which presses preceded by 10 s (or more) without a press were reinforced. Subsequently, several progressive ratio (PR) schedules that increased response requirements throughout a single session by a rate of 5%, 10%, or 20% were imposed. Rats exposed during gestation to MeHg had significantly higher response rates than controls under the large FR schedules, during the first session of DRL, and the PR 5% schedule, but neither fish oil nor coconut oil modified MeHg's effects. This finding is consistent with hypotheses that developmental MeHg exposure produced perseverative responding or altered the sensitivity of behavior to its reinforcing consequences and that certain reinforcement contingencies can unmask MeHg's effects.
On cyclic codes of length $${2^{2^r}-1}$$ with two zeros whose dual codes have three weights

In 1976, Helleseth conjectured that two binary m-sequences of length 2 m ? 1 can not have a three-valued crosscorrelation function when m is a power of 2. We show that this conjecture is true when ?1 is a correlation value. In other words, if $${{\mathcal{C}}_{1,k}}$$ is the cyclic code of length 2 m ? 1 with two zeros ?, ? k , where ? is a primitive element of $${{\mathbb{F}}_{2^m}}$$ and gcd(k, 2 m ? 1) = 1, then its dual $${{\mathcal{C}}_{1,k}^{\perp}}$$ can not have three weights when m is a power of 2.
Association of marital status and colorectal cancer screening participation in the USA

Abstract Aim In the USA, for both men and women, colorectalcancer (CRC) ranks third in incidence and second inmortality. Despite evidence that it decreases mortality,CRC screening in the USA remains under-utilized.Some European studies have suggested that marital sta-tus affects participation in CRC screening, but the effectof marital status on CRC screening participation in theUSA is unknown. In this study, the aim was to compareCRC screening participation rates among married andunmarried couples, separated, widowed, never marriedand divorced adults living in the USA.Method This was a retrospective data analysis of the2010 Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System sur-vey. The population studied included 239 300 partici-pants, aged 50–75 years, who completed the 2010survey. Logistic regression analysis was conducted toassess the association between adherence with CRCscreening guidelines and marital status while accountingfor survey stratum/weight and covariates.Results Individuals who were divorced or separated,never married or widowed had decreased odds of adher-ence with CRC screening guidelines compared withindividuals who were married and unmarried couples.Conclusion In this study, individuals living in the USAwho were married and unmarried couples had increasedodds of undergoing CRC screening compared to indi-viduals in other marital status groups. Public healthinterventions are needed to promote CRC screeningparticipation in these other groups.Keywords Marital status, early detection of cancer,colorectal cancer screeningWhat does this paper add to the literature?This research contributes to the literature by increasingunderstanding of some of the demographic factors thatinﬂuence individuals to follow or not follow colorectalcancer screening guidelines.
Don't forget memories: a case study redesigning a pattern counting ASIC circuit for FPGAs

Modern embedded compute platforms increasingly contain both microprocessors and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The FPGAs may implement accelerators or other circuits to speedup performance. Many such circuits have been previously designed for acceleration via application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). Redesigning an ASIC circuit for FPGA implementation involves several challenges. We describe a case study that highlights a common challenge related to memories. The study involves converting a pattern counting circuit architecture, based on a pipelined binary tree and originally designed for ASIC implementation, into a circuit suitable for FPGAs. The original ASIC-oriented circuit, when mapped to a Spartan 3e FPGA, could process 10 million patterns per second and handle up to 4,096 patterns. The redesigned circuit could instead process 100 million patterns per second and handle up to 32,768 patterns, representing a 10x performance improvement and a 4x utilization improvement. The redesign involved partitioning large memories into smaller ones at the expense of redundant control logic. Through this and other case studies, design patterns may emerge that aid designers in redesigning ASIC circuits for FPGAs as well as in building new high-performance and efficient circuits for FPGAs.
Comment on "deterministic single-photon source for distributed quantum networking".

A Comment on the Letter by Axel Kuhn, Markus Hennrich, and Gerhard Rempe, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 067901 (2002). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
Tracheostomy tube manometry: evaluation of speaking valves, capping and need for downsizing

Introduction: Readiness to speak is a major problem for many tracheostomized patients. Evaluation for tracheostomy tube capping or speaking valve is often subjective. Objectives: We first wanted to assess whether there were differences among speaking valves. We developed a care pathway for tracheostomy tube evaluation and management including manometry, which we wanted to evaluate. Methods: Three different speaking valves were assessed using manometry and measuring dyspnea in 21 patients. Subsequently, 100 consecutive patients referred for tracheostomy tube evaluation in a long-term acute-care rehabilitation hospital were studied using our care pathway with manometry before and after tracheostomy tube changes. Results: Inspiratory pressures differed among the speaking valves. Borg scale was higher among patients with high expiratory pressures. Of the 100 patients, following our care pathway, speech (speaking valve or capping) was recommended for 78 patients with their initial tube, and for 93 patients within 2 days of their initial evaluation. Tracheostomy tube downsizing was recommended in 94 patients. Downsizing led to significant reductions in airway pressures. Capping was initially recommended for 12 patients and for 71 following downsizing. Women had higher pressures than men for the same size tubes. Conclusion: Tracheostomy tube manometry is very helpful in objectively guiding recommendations for speaking valve use, capping, and changing tracheostomy tubes. Speech is an early recommendation for most patients. Please cite this paper as: Johnson DC, Campbell SL and Rabkin JD. Tracheostomy tube manometry: evaluation of speaking valves, capping and need for downsizing. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2009; 3: 8–14.
Performance and efficiency: recent advances in supervised learning

This paper reviews recent advances in supervised learning with a focus on two most important issues: performance and efficiency. Performance addresses the generalization capability of a learning machine on randomly chosen samples that are not included in a training set. Efficiency deals with the complexity of a learning machine in both space and time. As these two issues are general to various learning machines and learning approaches, we focus on a special type of adaptive learning systems with a neural architecture. We discuss four types of learning approaches: training an individual model; combinations of several well-trained models; combinations of many weak models; and evolutionary computation of models. We explore advantages and weaknesses of each approach and their interrelations, and we pose open questions for possible future research.
Mu-opioid receptors facilitate the propagation of excitatory activity in rat hippocampal area CA1 by disinhibition of all anatomical layers.

Hippocampal mu-opioid receptors (MORs) have been implicated in memory formation associated with opiate drug abuse. MORs modulate hippocampal synaptic plasticity acutely, when chronically activated, and during drug withdrawal. At the network level, MORs increase excitability in area CA1 by disinhibiting pyramidal cells. The precise inhibitory interneuron subtypes affected by MOR activation are unknown; however, not all subtypes are inhibited, and specific interneuron subtypes have been shown to preferentially express MORs. Here we investigate, using voltage-sensitive dye imaging in brain slices, the effect of MOR activation on the patterns of inhibition and on the propagation of excitatory activity in rat hippocampal CA1. MOR activation augments excitatory activity evoked by stimulating inputs in stratum oriens [i.e., Schaffer collateral and commissural pathway (SCC) and antidromic], stratum radiatum (i.e., SCC), and stratum lacunosum-moleculare (SLM; i.e., perforant path and thalamus). The augmented excitatory activity is further facilitated as it propagates through the CA1 network. This was observed as a proportionately larger increase in amplitudes of excitatory activity at sites distal from where the activity was evoked. This facilitation was observed for excitatory activity propagating from all three stimulation sites. The augmentation and facilitation were prevented by GABAA receptor antagonists (bicuculline, 30 microM), but not by GABAB receptor antagonists (CGP 55845, 10 microM). Furthermore, MOR activation inhibited IPSPs in all layers of area CA1. These findings suggest that MOR-induced suppression of GABA release onto GABAA receptors augments all inputs to CA1 pyramidal cells and facilitates the propagation of excitatory activity through the network of area CA1.
Kinetochore Localization of Murine Bub1 Is Required for Normal Mitotic Timing and Checkpoint Response to Spindle Damage

The mitotic checkpoint ensures proper chromosome segregation by delaying anaphase until chromosomes are aligned on the spindle. Following prolonged spindle damage, however, cells eventually exit mitosis and undergo apoptosis. We show here that a murine homolog of the yeast mitotic checkpoint gene BUB1 localizes to the kinetochore during mitosis. By expressing a dominant-negative mutant, we show that mBub1 is not only required for the checkpoint response to spindle damage, but acts in the timing of a normal mitosis. In addition, when mBub1 function is compromised, cells escape apoptosis and continue cell cycle progression, despite leaving mitosis with a disrupted spindle. These data demonstrate a role for kinetochore-associated mBub1 in regulating exit from mitosis, and suggest functional links between the mitotic checkpoint and subsequent apoptotic events in G1.
Tritrophic interactions and trade-offs in herbivore fecundity on hybridising host plants

. 1. Interspecific plant hybridisation can have important evolutionary consequences for hybridising plants and for the organisms that they interact with on multiple trophic levels. In this study the effects of plant hybridisation on the abundance of herbivores and on the levels of herbivore parasitism were investigated. 2. Borrichia frutescens, B. arborescens, and their hybrid (B. × cubana) were censused for Asphondylia borrichiae galls and Pissonotus quadripustulatus plant hoppers in the Florida Keys. Levels of egg parasitism were determined by dissecting parental and hybrid stems and galls for herbivore and parasite eggs and larvae. Stem toughness and gall size are plant-mediated modes of protection from parasitism and these were also measured. For gall midges, fly size was measured as an estimate of fecundity. 3. Field censuses indicated that herbivore abundances varied on hybrid hosts relative to parent plant species and that the different herbivore species exhibited different patterns of abundance. Asphondylia borrichiae gall numbers followed the additive pattern of abundance while P. quadripustulatus numbers most closely resembled the dominance pattern. 4. Parasitism of P. quadripustulatus eggs was high on B. frutescens and the hybrids, and low on B. arborescens, which also had significantly tougher stems. Asphondylia borrichiae suffered the highest levels of parasitism on B. frutescens, the host plant which produced the smallest galls. On B. arborescens, which produced the largest galls, levels of A. borrichiae parasitism were lowest. Both parasitism and gall size were intermediate on the hybrid plants. Galls on B. arborescens and hybrid plants produced significantly smaller flies then those from B. frutescens suggesting that, when selecting hosts from among parent species and hybrids, gall flies may face a trade-off between escape from natural enemies and maximising fecundity.
On the Antiquity of Agriculture in Ethiopia

From various kinds of evidence it can now be argued that agriculture in Ethiopia and the Horn was quite ancient, originating as much as 7,000 or more years ago, and that its development owed nothing to South Arabian inspiration. Moreover, the inventions of grain cultivation in particular, both in Ethiopia and separately in the Near East, seem rooted in a single, still earlier subsistence invention of North-east Africa, the intensive utilization of wild grains, beginning probably by or before 13,000 b.c. The correlation of linguistic evidence with archaeology suggests that this food-collecting innovation may have been the work of early Afroasiatic-speaking communities and may have constituted the particular economic advantage which gave impetus to the first stages of Afroasiatic expansion into Ethiopia and the Horn, the Sahara and North Africa, and parts of the Near East.
Correlations between spray properties and heat transfer dynamics during cryogen spray cooling

Cryogen spray cooling (CSC) has been used along with pulsed lasers for nearly a decade to irreversibly photocoagulate a variety of vascular lesions. However, the fundamental mechanisms that take place at the skin surface are still incompletely understood. In this work, we built a fast-response temperature sensor with the objective to determine the time in which liquid cryogen remains on the skin surface during and after a short spurt of cryogen—the residence time (tr ). Measurements are conducted systematically at various distances from the nozzle (z) and various spurt durations (Δt) for two nozzles that produce completely different spray characteristics. It was found that for each nozzle, there is a critical spray distance (zc ) where an abrupt increase in tr occurs and another critical distance (zmax ) that can be related to maximal cryogen deposition. Furthermore, using experimentally measured average droplet diameter (d) and velocity (v) for sprays produced by each nozzle, we defined a spray characteristic time τ(z) as the ratio of d to v. This parameter allows us to represent our experimental data on a single curve for each nozzle, by plotting the dimensionless residence time (tr /τ) and a function of the product of dimensionless spurt duration (Δt/τ) and a dimensionless factor (m/mmax ). The factor m/mmax is envisioned as an effective mass deposition which, due to the evaporation of cryogen droplets in-flight and the spray-surface interactions, is a strong function of z. These results represent a step towards a more complete understanding and quantification of the physics involved in CSC.© 2003 ASME
Evaluation of ultrasound tissue damage based on changes in image echogenicity in canine kidney

Sufficiently high intensity ultrasound can create hyperechoic regions in an ultrasound image due to local bubble generation. We explore the link between the temporal extent of these hyperechoic regions and tissue damage caused by ultrasound therapy. The decay rate of increased echogenicity from the focal zone in insonated live exteriorized canine kidney was quantified and correlated to the spatial extent of tissue damage. The decay half-time, t/sub half/, defined as the time for echogenicity enhancement to decay by a factor of 2, was observed in all cases to be greater than 41 s in spatial zones in which extensive histological damage was observed. In cases in which the measured t/sub half/ was less than 11 s, the damage was limited to minor hemorrhage, or it was not detected. These t/sub half/ discrimination boundaries of 41 and 11 s were not statistically different for cases in which contrast agent was used to enhance therapeutic efficiency. This was true even though contrast agent infusion significantly reduced the therapy pulse duration threshold for damage production.
Comparison of 2 Methods for Postpyloric Placement of Enteral Feeding Tubes

• BACKGROUND Multiple techniques are available for postpyloric placement of feeding tubes. Administration of metoclopramide and air insufflation are easily accomplished at the bedside. Variable success rates have been reported for both procedures. • OBJECTIVES To determine which method, administration of 10 mg of metoclopramide or gastric insufflation of 350 mL of air, is superior for successful postpyloric placement of feeding tubes at the bedside. • METHODS A prospective trial consisting of 60 adult patients randomized to have a feeding tube placed by 1 of 2 methods, either after intravenous administration of 10 mg of metoclopramide or via gastric insufflation of 350 mL of air. Placement results were confirmed by radiography. • RESULTS Among patients receiving narcotics, the 72% successful placement rate with insufflation was significantly better than the 11% success rate achieved with metoclopramide (P < .001). Among the narcotic-free patients, the 83% success rate with metoclopramide was not significantly better than the 58% success rate with insufflation (P = .37). The difference in treatment effect between narcotic and narcotic-free groups was significant (P < .001). • CONCLUSION Patients receiving narcotics should have feeding tubes placed via the air insufflation technique. The use of continuous or regularly scheduled administration of narcotics significantly decreases the effectiveness of metoclopramide in successful placement of feeding tubes. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2003;12:357-360)
Pragmatic Lighting Transition Design for Virtual Environments

This abstract describes and motivates Ideel, a tool to explore expression of high-level lighting design changes for interactive virtual environments. Ideel allows lighting designers to quickly describe lighting changes using a sketch-based interface
To tell or not to tell: what influences children's decisions to report bullying to their teachers?

Teachers are the primary agents for creating and maintaining a positive classroom climate-and promoting healthy interpersonal relations with, and among, their students (including the prevention of school bullying) is key to achieving this goal. For this study it was posited that students' willingness to report bullying to their teachers is an indicator of the degree to which teachers have successfully created such environments. Data were gathered on 278 (135 boys; 152 girls) ethnically diverse (46.4% Hispanic; 43.5% White; 10.2% Black and Other) 8- to-10-year-old students. RESULTS showed that classrooms in which children reported greater willingness to report bullying evidenced lower levels of victimization. Moreover, believing that teachers would take an active role in intervening, such as by separating involved students or involving parents and principals, was associated with greater willingness to report than child-level characteristics, such as grade, personal blame, and individuals' propensity toward aggression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Changes in winter air temperatures near Lake Michigan, 1851‐1993, as determined from regional lake‐ice records

Records of freezeup and breakup dates for Grand Traverse Bay, Michigan, and Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, are among the longest ice records available near the Great Lakes, beginning in 185 1 and 1855, respectively. The timing of freezeup and breakup results from an integration of meteorological conditions (primarily air temperature) that occur before these events. Changes in the average timing of these ice-events are translated into changes in air temperature by the use of empirical and process-driven models. The timing of freezeup and breakup at the two locations represents an integration of air temperatures over slightly different seasons (months). Records from both locations indicate that the early winter period before about 1890 was - 15°C cooler than the early winter period after that time; the mean temperature has, however, remained relatively constant since about 1890. Changes in breakup dates demonstrate a similar 1.0-l .5”C increase in late winter and early spring air temperatures about 1890. More recent average breakup dates at both locations have been earlier than during 1890-l 940, indicating an additional warming of 1.2”C in March since about 1940 and a warming of 1 . 1°C in January-March since about 1980. Ice records at these sites will continue to provide an early indication of the anticipated climatic warming, not only because of the large response of ice cover to small changes in air temperature but also because these records integrate climatic conditions during the seasons (winter-spring) when most warming is forecast to occur. Future reductions in ice cover may strongly affect the winter ecology of the Great Lakes by reducing the stable environment required by various levels of the food chain.
Comparative landscape dynamics of two anuran species: climate-driven interaction of local and regional processes

The dynamics of ecological communities emerge from the interplay of local and regional processes, but there are few long-term data on multiple interacting species across multiple sites to evaluate these processes. We report the population dynamics of two species of treefrogs, the spring peeper (Pseudacris crucifer) and the chorus frog (P. triseriata), in 37 ponds over 11 years. We examined the relation between larval traits of these species and responses to environmental change (a severe drought) at the local (pond) level, and the consequences to regional dynamics of the species. Consistent with experimental evidence, predators limited abundances of both species, competitive effects were undetectable, and pond hydroperiod and forest canopy cover affected species' presences and population sizes. The drought caused strong reductions in pond hydroperiods and predator densities, which led to increases in colonization probability and decreases in extinction probability for the chorus frog. These habitat dynamics resulted in the colonization of 15 new ponds and exponential growth in regional population size of the chorus frog. Colonization probability was positively related to pond connectivity. Pond occupancy rates for the spring peeper were relatively constant, but important source ponds on the landscape changed with the drought. Ponds with extensive forest canopy cover were sink habitats for both species, and high pond connectivity appeared to be necessary to maintain species' presences in these habitats. Landscape dynamics were responsible for changes in the fundamental spatial structure of species' populations, e.g., the chorus frog transitioned between approximations of a classic metapopulation and a patchy population over the course of the study. Many of these results were driven by the interplay of climate variation and spatial food web structure, indicating the importance of incorporating this interaction into metacommunity theory. Our results further indicate the crucial role of habitat (pond) heterogeneity to species persistence, i.e., moderating the potential Moran effects of spatially correlated weather conditions. Overall this study illustrates: (1) how natural systems constantly transition between metapopulation/metacommunity states typically treated as static in the literature, (2) the extensive interconnection of phenomena at different scales in ecology, and (3) the importance of habitat heterogeneity and landscape context for amphibian conservation strategies.
Elevated Cardiac Troponin I in Preservation Solution Is Associated With Primary Graft Dysfunction

Abstract Background Although primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity early post-heart transplant, relatively little is known regarding mechanisms involved in PGD development. Methods and Results We examined the relationship between cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations in the preservation solution from 43 heart transplant procedures and the development of PGD. Donor hearts were flushed with cold preservation solution (University of Wisconsin [UW] or Custodiol) and stored in the same solution. cTnI concentrations were measured utilizing the i-STAT System and normalized to left ventricular mass. Recipient medical records were reviewed to determine PGD according to the 2014 ISHLT consensus conference. Nineteen patients developed PGD following cardiac transplantation. For both UW and Custodiol, normalized cTnI levels were significantly increased ( P = .031 and .034, respectively) for those cases that developed PGD versus no PGD. cTnI levels correlated with duration of ischemic time in the UW group, but not for the Custodiol group. Donor age and donor cTnI (obtained prior to organ procurement) did not correlate with preservation cTnI levels in either UW or Custodiol. Conclusions Increased preservation solution cTnI is associated with the development of PGD suggesting preservation injury may be a dominant mechanism for the development of PGD.
Dynamic Referrals in Peer-to-Peer Media Distribution

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks, a decentralized content distribution format in which users distribute media to each other, is fast gaining popularity for delivery of digital media such as music and videos. Product diffusion in P2P is unique because free riders ý users who download content from others in the network without redistributing it to others ý can create a supply constraint that results in the incomplete fulfillment of generated demand. P2P firms offer distribution referrals, i.e. payments to users who distribute content to others, to provide users with incentives to distribute content. In this paper, we study a P2P firm's optimal referral strategy. Starting with a simple model for media diffusion in P2P networks, we apply optimal control theory to determine a dynamic referral strategy. The diffusion model uniquely captures the role of the referral in addressing the supply constraint in P2P diffusion. We find that the referral strategy is governed by two main effects. Early in the diffusion, the referral strategy is dominated by a scarcity effect, namely that there exist very few users distributing the file in the work. Because the availability of users willing to distribute the file increases with time, the referral is nonincreasing with time during this phase. If the product is sufficiently diffused in the network, referral policy is dominated by a saturation effect later in the diffusion. In this Stage, the referral is non-decreasing with time in order to encourage sales which usually slow down late in the diffusion. In networks with significant free-riding, the optimal trajectory involves a very high referral at the beginning, followed by a decreasing trajectory. If the product is sufficiently diffused, the referral may start to increase in the final few periods due to the saturation effect mentioned above. Finally, we observe that firm profits under this dynamic strategy can be considerably higher than under a myopic referral policy. Our research represents a first step towards understanding marketing and operational issues in this emerging distribution format for entertainment goods and other digital media.
PERITONEAL CATHETER SURVIVAL AND COMPLICATIONS IN END STAGE RENAL DISEASE

Peritoneal catheter survival and complications were determined retrospectively over an eight-year period.Two hundred and twenty-two peritoneal catheters were placed in 124 patients; the 107 failure...
ADAPTIVE RADIATION AND THE TOPOLOGY OF LARGE PHYLOGENIES.

The idea that some organisms possess adaptive features that make them more likely to speciate and/or less likely to go extinct than closely related groups, suggests that large phylogenetic trees should be unbalanced (more species should occur in the group possessing the adaptive features than in the sister group lacking such features). Several methods have been used to document this type of adaptive radiation. One problem with these attempts is that evolutionary biologists may overlook balanced phylogenies while focusing on a few impressively unbalanced ones. To overcome this potential bias, we sampled published large phylogenies without regard to tree shape. These were used to test whether or not such trees are consistently unbalanced. We used recently developed null models to demonstrate that the shapes of large phylogenetic trees: 1) are similar among angiosperms, insects, and tetrapods; 2) differ from those expected due to random selection of a phylogeny from the pool of all trees of similar size; and 3) are significantly more unbalanced than expected if species diverge at random, therefore, conforming to one prediction of adaptive radiation. This represents an important first step in documenting whether adaptive radiation has been a general feature of evolution.
Dyadic Performance in a Nonprofit Service Setting: The Importance of Matching

Within the broad area of marketing of nonprofit service organizations, the matching of volunteers to clients within social service agencies has received no attention in the marketing literature. Three theories were successfully applied to matching in a direct-service setting.The theory of referent power, based on an analogy with the buyer-seller dyad, was used to predict success in a volunteer-client dyad.Additional theories were Schutz’ theory of compatibility and Bierman’s model of interpersonal facilitation.
Note to self: Varicella zoster virus is still here.

In cardiothoracic transplantation we spend a lot of time thinking about cytomegalovirus (CMV), and justly so. We seem to spend much less time, and consequently know much less about, its close cousin, varicella zoster virus (VZV), despite its even greater ubiquity. In this issue of the journal, van Besouw and colleagues add to our understanding of this forgotten herpesvirus—and also raise a number of pertinent questions. 1
Sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock

The sepsis syndrome represents the wide spectrum of the deleterious inflammatory response to an infectious insult. As the most common cause of mortality in the surgical intensive care unit, understanding the diagnosis and management of sepsis is critical for the surgical ICU physician. Early identification and aggressive resuscitation of the septic patient, combined with adequate surgical source control, can be lifesaving. Surgeons and critical care physicians who care for septic patients should be familiar with current evidence-based practices in the management of sepsis. Patients with organ system dysfunction and failure should be identified and appropriate support initiated. As more patients survive severe sepsis and septic shock, a syndrome of persistent inflammation, immune suppression, and catabolism has been identified and presents a new and difficult challenge for physicians.
No evidence that magnification devices improve the success of endodontic therapy.

Cochrane Oral Health group Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, US National Institutes of Health Trials Register, WHO-Clinical Trials Registry Platform for ongoing trials. Only randomised and quasi-randomised studies were pursued. No restrictions were placed on language or date of publication. The primary outcome sought was treatment success (complete healing or incomplete healing), uncertain healing and failure after one year of treatment, between one and four years and more than four years after treatment. Secondary outcomes considered for the inclusion criteria included outcomes related to the advantage of using a given magnification device in the clinical procedure such as; greater accuracy, the ease of removing broken instruments from the canal, quality of visualisation, quality of root end filling for the retrograde treatment, quality of perforation repair and the total time required for completing the clinical procedure. Data would have been extracted by two review authors independently using a standardised data extraction form, and any disagreement would have been resolved by discussion and a third reviewer would have been consulted. Two review authors would have independently undertaken an assessment of the risk of bias. The searches retrieved 1,234 studies. None of these satisfied the selection criteria, therefore no analysis was completed. No article was identified in the current literature for the review that satisfied the inclusion criteria. It is unknown if and how the type of magnification device affects the treatment outcome considering the high number of factors that may have a significant impact on the success of endodontic therapy.