cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accrual Accounting, Informational Sufficiency, and Equity Valuation

This paper studies accrual accounting and equity valuation in the context of a firm that makes repeated and overlapping investments in productive capacity. The analysis identifies a particular accrual accounting (depreciation) rule that is termed replacement cost accounting because the book value of existing capacity assets is set equal to the value that such assets would have if a competitive market were to exist for used assets. It is shown that replacement cost accounting aggregates past investment decisions of the firm without a loss of value-relevant information. The intrinsic value of the firm can then be expressed as a function of current accounting data and certain parameters of the firm’s operating environment. Further, it is shown that replacement cost accounting is essentially the only accounting rule with this informational sufficiency property.
Group Play in Games and the Role of Consent in Network Formation

We study games played between groups of players, where a given group decides which strategy it will play through a vote by its members. When groups consist of two voting players, our games can also be interpreted as network-formation games. In experiments on Stag Hunt games, we find a stark contrast between how groups and individuals play, with payoffs playing a primary role in equilibrium selection when individuals play, but the structure of the voting rule playing the primary role when groups play. We develop a new solution concept, robust-belief equilibrium, which explains the data that we observe. We provide results showing that this solution concept has application beyond the particular games in our experiments.
The highest energy neutrinos: First evidence for cosmic origin

Developments in neutrino astronomy have been to a great extent motivated by the search for the sources of the cosmic rays, leading at a very early stage to the concept of a cubic kilometer neutrino detector. Almost four decades later such an instrument, IceCube, is taking data and has produced the first evidence for a flux of high-energy neutrinos of cosmic origin. After a brief review of the history of the field, we will introduce IceCube and describe the first analysis of data taken with the completed instrument. The atmospheric neutrino flux cannot accommodate an excess of 28 neutrinos observed with energies above 60 TeV. We will briefly speculate on the origin of these events. Readers interested specifically in IceCube results may refer directly to Sect. 3. (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dollarization, exchange rate regimes and government quality

Abstract The dollarization of the domestic banking system represents a source of vulnerability for emerging market countries, and a debate has emerged over whether the exchange rate regime has an impact on dollarization. This paper argues that the regime is far less important than the literature has previously claimed. Unofficial dollarization results from a lack of faith in the domestic currency, which ultimately stems from the belief that the government will not follow policies that promote long-run currency stability. Empirical results indicate that improved government quality reduces unofficial dollarization, while the exchange rate regime plays no direct role in promoting dollarization.
Islamic Foundations for a Social Contract in non-Muslim Liberal Democracies

In this article I take up John Rawls's invitation to investigate the capacity of a given comprehensive ethical doctrine to endorse on principled grounds the liberal terms of social cooperation. In the case of Islamic political ethics, however, far more is at stake in affirming citizenship in a (non-Muslim) liberal democracy than state neutrality and individual autonomy. Islamic legal and political traditions have traditionally held that submission to non-Muslim political authority and bonds of loyalty and solidarity with non-Muslim societies are to be avoided. In this article, I examine the Islamic foundations for affirming on principled grounds residence, political obligation, and loyalty to a non-Muslim state. My research shows not only that such grounds exist even in classical Islamic legal discourses, but also that the concerns of Islamic scholars vindicate political liberalism's claim to successfully accommodate the adherents of certain nonliberal doctrines by refraining from proclaiming controversial metaphysical truthclaims.
Putting Yourself in Their Shoes: The Analysis of Real-World Disputes through Group Field Projects

This article seeks to explain the development and use of group field projects to analyze real-world public policy disputes in a course on conflict management. In the process of learning about the evolution of disputes, their management, and techniques for resolution, students are assigned to groups and are required to analyze a local public dispute with multiple parties. Using Carpenter and Kennedy’s book, Managing Public Disputes, and other course material, students provide a detailed analysis of the conflict’s history, identify stakeholders, and learn about the positions and interests of these disputants. After extensive analysis, students recommend a conflict management program for the dispute. During the semester, this project provides a capstone, of sorts, to their work in the MPA program. Students see firsthand the complexity of policy disputes, how individuals and groups approach public problems, and why some policy solutions lead to successes and failures.
What Matters for Financial Development? Capital Controls, Institutions, and Interactions

We investigate whether financial openness leads to financial development after controlling for the level of legal development using a panel encompassing 108 countries over the period 1980 to 2000. We also examine the issue of the optimal sequence of liberalization in both goods and financial markets. Our findings suggest that a higher level of financial openness spurs equity market development only if a threshold level of legal development has been attained. On the issue of sequencing, we find that trade openness is a prerequisite for capital account liberalization while banking system development is a precondition for equity market development.
RESOLVING THE QUALIFIED IMMUNITY DILEMMA: CONSTITUTIONAL TORT CLAIMS FOR NOMINAL DAMAGES

Scholars have criticized the Court’s qualified immunity decision in Pearson v. Callahan on the ground that it may lead to stagnation in the judicial elaboration of constitutional norms. Under current law, officers sued in their personal capacity for constitutional torts enjoy qualified immunity from liability unless the plaintiff can persuade the court that the conduct in question violated clearly established law. Pearson permits the lower courts to dismiss on the basis of legal uncertainty; it no longer requires the courts to address the merits of the constitutional question. This essay suggests that constitutional tort claimants should be permitted to avoid the qualified immunity defense by pursuing claims for nominal damages alone. Such nominal claims have a lengthy pedigree, both as a common law analog to the declaratory judgment, and as a remedy for constitutional violations. Because they do not threaten to impose personal liability on official defendants, nominal claims should not give rise to a qualified immunity defense. By seeking only nominal relief, litigants could secure the vindication of their constitutional rights in cases where legal uncertainty might otherwise lead to a dismissal. Such a regime would advance the acknowledged interest in maintaining a vibrant body of constitutional law without threatening to impose ruinous liability on the officials named in the complaint.  Owen L. Coon Professor of Law, Northwestern University School of Law. Thanks to my colleagues at the Northwestern law faculty workshop, to Tom Lee and the Federal Courts section of the AALS and to Fred Bloom and the Brooklyn Law School faculty workshop (where I presented early versions of this paper); to Tara Grove, John Jeffries, Scott Nelson, Alex Reinert, David Shapiro, and Joan Shaughnessy for comments on a draft; to John Goldberg for sparking my interest in the subject; and to the Bivens staff at the Department of Justice for the invitation to participate in a July 2010 program on personal liability litigation at which I refined the ideas in this paper. Thanks as well to the Northwestern faculty fund for research support.
Two Enduring Lessons from Elinor Ostrom

This article is a tribute to Elinor Ostrom. It explores two enduring lessons she taught: a substantive lesson that involves embracing complexity and context, and a methodological lesson that involves embracing a framework-driven approach to systematic, evolutionary learning through various interdisciplinary methodologies, theories, and empirical approaches. First, I discuss Ostrom's work on environmental commons. I illustrate the two lessons through a discussion of the tragedy of the commons. Next, I explain how the two lessons play a significant role in recent efforts to extend Ostrom's work on environmental commons to knowledge/cultural commons. I draw a parallel between the tragedy of the commons allegory and the free-rider allegory, and show how many of the problems Ostrom explored in the environmental context are manifest in the cultural environmental context. I discuss an ongoing research project that follows the path that Ostrom blazed and systematically studies commons in the cultural environment.
Cross-listing performance and insider ownership: The experience of U.S. investors

Abstract Insider-owned firms pursue U.S. cross-listings following periods of extraordinary performance. However, the long-run post-cross-listing abnormal returns become negative only for insider-controlled cross-listings. We find that the Sarbanes–Oxley Act (SOX) has mitigated the market-timing attempts as negative abnormal returns are limited to the pre-SOX period, supporting a cross-listing bonding benefit after U.S. securities regulation was enhanced. In addition, investors anticipate future operating performance as stock returns incorporate forthcoming operating outcomes one and two years ahead. Whereas capital-raising cross-listings show better operating performance than non-capital-raising, the returns of capital-raising firms are more sensitive to the potential agency problems created by insider-ownership.
A DYNAMIC AND STOCHASTIC PERSPECTIVE ON THE ROLE OF TIME IN RANGE MANAGEMENT

This chapter uses a new ecological-economic approach to analyze the role of time in range management in a dynamic and stochastic setting. We first construct a theoretical model of a parcel of rangeland in which time restrictions are used to manage the land. We then show how the dynamic and the stochastic properties of this rangeland can be used to construct two managerial objectives that are ecologically and economically meaningful. Finally, using these two objectives, we discuss an approach to range management in which the manager has two interrelated goals. This manager maximizes the profits from range operations and (s)he also takes steps to move the rangeland away from the least desirable state of existence.
Sticky Copyrights: Discriminatory Tax Restraints on the Transfer of Intellectual Property

Table of ContentsI. Introduction 26II. Overview of Intellectual Property Termination Rights 29III. Gift Taxation of Copyright Interests 34A. The Hoarding Author: No Gift, No Tax 34B. The Giving Author and the Repetitive Gift Syndrome 351. General Rules Applicable to Gifts 352. No Transfer, No Gift 373. Valuing Sticky Copyrights 394. Qualifying Sticky Copyrights for Beneficial Tax Treatment 41a. The Annual Exclusion 41b. The Marital Deduction 41c. Consequences of Failing to Qualify for the Available Exclusions and Deductions 485. Planning with Sticky Copyrights 49C. The Selling Author and the Derivative Gift Syndrome 50IV. Estate Taxation of Copyright Interests 52A. The Hoarding Author and the Estate Tax Marital Deduction 53B. The Giving Author Stuck on Copyrights 551 . If the Giving Author Dies Before Termination Window Opens 562. If the Giving Author Dies During Period of Termination 623. If the Giving Author Dies After Termination Window Closes 63C. The Selling Author Confronts Estate Tax 651 . If the Selling Author Dies Before Termination Window Opens 652. If the Selling Author Dies During Period of Termination 713 . If the Selling Author Dies After Termination Window Closes 71V. Policy Concerns with Sticky Copyrights 72VI. Legislative Reform to Unstick Copyrights 74VII. Conclusion 75I. IntroductionEstate planning with copyrights presents special challenges. Copyrights are different - at least for estate planning purposes - from other property interests in two notable ways. First, copyrights have a defined lifespan.1 Second, the creator of the copyrightable work has an unwaivable statutory right of termination with respect to any grant of a transfer or license of a copyright made on or after January 1, 1978.2 This termination right is exercisable only during a specified time period,3 and does not apply to derivative works4 or works made for hire.5 If the author dies before exercising her termination right but before the applicable time period expires, then certain of the author's heirs, as specified in the statute, may exercise the termination right.6 These termination rights make copyrights "sticky" for wealth transfer tax purposes. Consequently, copyrights are difficult to give away in a tax-effective matter.Because of the highly specialized nature of their respective fields, copyright specialists tend to know little about estate planning and vice versa. …
The Problem of the Uninsured

Abstract The problem of the uninsured cannot be fully understood without considering the role of non-market alternatives to ‘market insurance’ called ‘self-insurance’ and ‘self-protection’ (SISP), including the public ‘health care safety-net’ system. We tackle the problem by formulating a ‘full-insurance’ paradigm that accounts for all four interacting insurance measures. We apply two versions of the full-insurance model to estimate, via calibrated simulations, the impacts of SISP on the fraction of uninsured, health spending, and health levels, and to assess how the mandated Affordable Care Act might affect these outcomes in comparison with the CBO projections in 2010. The results indicate that policy analyses which overlook the role of the real price of market insurance relative to the shadow prices of SISP in determining the decision to insure can grossly distort the capacity of mandated reforms like the ACA to insure the uninsured, contain overall health care costs, and improve health and welfare outcomes.
Constitutionalizing the Economy: German Neo-liberalism, Competition Law and the "New" Europe

Despite its enormous importance in the evolution of competition law in Europe, ordoliberal thought — and German neo-liberal thought generally — has received little attention in the English-speaking world, and it remains all but unknown in the United States. Moreover, except in Germany, awareness of these ideas has been confined almost exclusively to economists, while lawyers and political scientists have seldom been exposed to them. Finally, there has been little modern study of the impact of these ideas on the development of European thought.In this article I address this critically important gap in our understanding of European thought and institutions. I seek to contribute to a fuller understanding of ordoliberal thought, particularly among non-German readers and among lawyers and policy analysts — to whom (together with economists) this body of thought has been addressed. In addition, I sketch the roles these ideas have played in the evolution of German and European legal thought and institutions, in general, and competition law, in particular.
An Improved Approach to Computing Implied Volatility

A well-known problem in finance is the absence of a closed form solution for volatility in common option pricing models. Several approaches have been developed to provide closed form approximations to volatility. This paper examines Chance's (1993, 1996) model, Corrado and Miller's (1996) model and Bharadia, Christofides and Salkin's (1996) model for approximating implied volatility. We develop a simplified extension of Chance's model that has greater accuracy than previous models. Our tests indicate dramatically improved results.
Ethnic Chinese Networks in International Trade

We find that ethnic Chinese networks, proxied by the product of ethnic Chinese population shares, increased bilateral trade more for differentiated than for homogeneous products. This suggests that business and social networks have a considerable quantitative impact on international trade by helping to match buyers and sellers in characteristics space, in addition to their effect through enforcement of community sanctions that deter opportunistic behavior. For trade between countries with ethnic Chinese population shares at the levels prevailing in Southeast Asia, the smallest estimated average increase in bilateral trade in differentiated products attributable to ethnic Chinese networks is nearly 60%.
Rejecting “Uncontrolled Authority over the Body”: The Decencies of Civilized Conduct, the Past and the Future of Unenumerated Rights

When Roe v. Wade was decided, many constitutional scholars viewed it as a unique event, an aberrant invocation of unenumerated rights forged under the twin pressures of an occluded legislative process and women's urgent demands for reproductive autonomy. Three decades later, this critique is a less persuasive reading of the constitutional landscape. A generation of constitutional development and a broader view of the sweep of constitutional history situates Roe as part of a pattern of decisions protecting the bodies of we the people against the violence and control of the state. The pattern does not appear clearly in most constitutional law casebooks, for it has been woven of parallel developments in several rubrics. Rights of prisoners under the Eighth Amendment, rights of the victims of police abuse under the Fourth Amendment and the due process clauses, and rights of bodily autonomy in medical contexts have combined to form a coherent constitutional practice. Notwithstanding the absence of a canonical theory, federal judges in the last generation have substantively confronted both brutal bureaucrats and callous legislators. In the course of those confrontations, they have elaborated an extratextual constitutional doctrine of moral minimalism that denies the state-even in pursuit of legitimate public ends-uncontrolled authority over the bodies of those who are subject to its power. This Essay traces the development of this constitutional practice, and the norms, history and tradition that undergird it.
The Impact of Financial Sophistication on Adjustable Rate Mortgage Ownership.

The influence of a financial sophistication scale on adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) borrowing is explored. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis using recent data from the Survey of Consumer Finances reveal that ARM borrowing is driven by both the least and most financially sophisticated households but for different reasons. Less sophisticated households are more likely to choose ARMs when they are income constrained, while more sophisticated households are more likely to choose ARMs to take advantage of higher interest rate spreads between fixed-rate mortgages and ARMs. These results highlight the importance of financial sophistication in making effective mortgage decisions and the value financial counselors and planners can provide in helping households understand the benefits and risks of ARM borrowing.
The Nation Ex-Situ: On Climate Change, Deterritorialized Nationhood and the Post-climate Era

It is plausible that the impacts of climate change will render certain nation-states uninhabitable before the close of the century. While this may be the fate of a small number of those nation-states most vulnerable to climate change, its implications for the evolution of statehood and international law in a “post-climate” regime is potentially seismic. I argue that to respond to the phenomenon of landless nationstates, international law could accommodate an entirely new category of international actors. I introduce the Nation Ex-Situ. Ex-situ nationhood is a status that allows for the continued existence of a sovereign state, afforded all of the rights and benefits of sovereignty amongst the family of states, in perpetuity. In practice this would require the creation of a government framework that could exercise authority over a diffuse people. I elaborate on earlier calls to use a political trusteeship system to provide the framework for an analogous structure. I seek to accomplish two quite different but intimately related tasks: first, to define and justify the recognition of deterritorialized nation-states, and, second, to explain the trusteeship arrangement that will undergird the ex-situ nation. In doing so, I introduce the notion of a post-climate era, in which the very structure of human systems—be they legal, economic, or socio-political—are irrevocably changed and ever-changing.
Identifying the Role of Cognitive Ability in Explaining the Level of and Change in the Return to Schooling

This paper considers two problems that arise in determining the role of cognitive ability in explaining the level of and change in the rate of return to schooling. The first problem is that ability and schooling are so strongly dependent that it is not possible, over a wide range of variation in schooling and ability, to independently vary these two variables and estimate their separate impacts. The second problem is that the structure of panel data makes it difficult to identify main age and time effects or to isolate crucial education-ability-time interactions which are needed to assess the role of ability in explaining the rise in the return to education.
Controlling an invasive plant at the edge of its range: towards a broader understanding of management feasibility

Invasion biologists often think about feasibility of weed control in purely ecological terms, while land managers’ feasibility definitions are further informed by social, policy, and institutional considerations. We use the case of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) in the Eastern Sierra Nevada in California to examine the origins and practical significance of differences between scientific and managerial definitions of feasibility. A serious invasive weed and a major ecological threat to the region, cheatgrass in the Eastern Sierra still exists in the kinds of low-density patches that are technically amenable to containment through active management. Yet land managers in this region dominated by public land are not using active management. We conducted a study of the reasons for the apparent disconnect between management potential and management realities, combining semi-structured interviews of public land managers in the region with analysis of the policy and institutional landscape in which land managers operate. We found that managers are concerned about cheatgrass impacts on the region but face a number of barriers to the deployment of useful spread prevention techniques. The de-prioritization of cheatgrass, which is not listed as a noxious weed under either California or federal law, along with resource constraints exacerbated by such policy de-prioritization form one important set of barriers. Certain substantive and procedural requirements of federal and state environmental law form another barrier: they can limit swiftness and flexibility of managerial action and make managers more hesitant to launch such action; they also provide a venue for public opposition to herbicide-based management or directly restrict managers’ access to useful herbicide treatments. We end with some thoughts on increasing the feasibility of cheatgrass control in eastern California. Many of these are broadly relevant to improving invasion management on public lands.
Real business cycles and the test of the Adelmans

Abstract This paper conducts a modern variant of the test proposed and carried out by Adelman and Adelman (1959). Using the methods developed by Burns and Mitchell (1946), we see if we can distinguish between the economic series generated by an actual economy and those analogous artificial series generated by a stochastically perturbed economic model. In the case of the Adelmans, the model corresponded to the Klein-Goldberger equations. In our case, the model corresponds to a simple real business cycle model. The results indicate a fairly high degree of coincidence in key economic aggregates between the business cycle characteristics identified in actual data and those found in our simulated economy.
The occupational attainment of American Jewry: 1990 to 2000

This paper compares the occupational distributions in 1990 and 2000 of adult white men and women for Jewish-born Americans and non-Jewish Americans after adjusting for changes in occupational classifications over the decade. This paper extends a time series for men from 1890 to 1990 previously published in Contemporary Jewry. The data are from the microdata files from the National Jewish Population Surveys (1990, 2000-01) and the 1990 and 2000 U.S. Censuses of Population. Among both men and women, American Jews had a greater proportion in the high-level occupations (managerial and professional) in 1990, and the difference increased over the next decade. Among Jews and non-Jews, there only were small gender differences in the proportions in the high-level occupations. Thus, religion was more important than gender in explaining occupational patterns. American Jews of both genders experienced a continued decline in self-employment over the decade.
Three Strikes Legislation and Sentencing Commission Objectives

Between 1993 and 1997, state legislatures across the country passed legislation popularly known as “three strikes and you’re out” laws. These laws appeared at a time when sentencing commissions existed in many states, and the commissions were involved in the legislative debates leading to the votes on three strikes laws. Thus, the passage of three strikes laws can shed light on one type of interaction between sentencing commissions and legislatures. This article posits a variety of objectives for sentencing commissions during three strikes debates, each a response to the recurring “pathologies” that appear when legislative, judicial, and executive branch officials create sentencing policy. A survey of states that have passed three strikes laws indicates that sentencing commissions have not made any systematic difference in the legislative debates on these statutes. Commissions have little reason to oppose these laws absolutely, and could lose political credibility by doing so. Commissions have incentives instead to argue for limiting the scope of these statutes. Where commissions have been involved in the debates about habitual felon legislation, they have emphasized limits on judicial discretion, focused on the quality of legislative deliberations rather than on legislative outcomes, and devoted little attention to prosecutorial charging decisions.
Is It “A” or Is It “The”? Deciphering the Motivating-Factor Standard in Employment Discrimination and Retaliation Cases

The recent Supreme Court decision in University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar has brought exposure to a prevalent problem in employment discrimination and retaliation cases: there is great discrepancy in how plaintiffs have to prove and courts have to assess these claims. Depending on whether the case is based on discrimination or retaliation pursuant to the ADA, ADEA, or Title VII, the standard that needs to be met might be that the plaintiff must prove that discrimination was “the” motivating-factor for the adverse employment action or that it was “a” motivating-factor for the action. Adding even greater confusion is the fact that, if an employee argues that they are the victim of discrimination (such as on the basis of national origin) and retaliation, the employee might have to prove that their national origin was “a” motivating-factor in the discrimination case and “the” motivating-factor in the retaliation aspect of the case. If this sounds confusing to scholars and attorneys, imagine how confusing these various standards within one case can be for potential litigants, judges unfamiliar with employment law, and a member of the jury! This Article delves into these muddy waters and attempts to highlight the issues, spotlight the statutes, and ultimately formulate a working motivating-factor standard that can be infused into all of the various employment discrimination statutes and thus result in a consistency in interpretation and application.
Do firms manage earnings to meet dividend thresholds

Abstract Dividend-paying firms tend to manage earnings upward when their earnings would otherwise fall short of expected dividend levels. This behavior is evident only in firms with positive debt and is more aggressive prior to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, subsequent to the 2003 dividend tax cut, in high-payout firms, in firms whose CEOs receive higher dollar dividends and have higher pay-performance sensitivities, and in firms that raise less outside equity. Moreover, this earnings management behavior appears to significantly impact the likelihood of a dividend cut. Our findings imply that managers treat expected dividend levels as an important earnings threshold.
Jack of All, Master of Some: Information Network and Innovation in Crowdsourcing Communities

In this paper, we examine information flow across two crowdsourcing communities and provide empirical evidence on how information obtained from a customer support crowdsourcing community can help i...
A Comparison of the Role of the Employer in the French and U.S. Health Care Systems

The United States is unique among developed nations in its heavy reliance on employmentbased health insurance. 1 The United States, however, is not the only nation in which employers play an important role in the financing of health care. Indeed, long before employment-based health insurance became common in the United States, countries with social insurance systems, such as France, Germany, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, provided for the delivery of mandatory social insurance benefits, including health insurance, through the workplace.
Trade in Capital Goods

Abstract Innovative activity is highly concentrated in a handful of advanced countries. These same countries are also the major exporters of capital goods to the rest of the world. We develop a model of trade in capital goods to assess its role spreading the benefits of technological advances. Applying the model to data on production and bilateral trade in capital equipment, we estimate the barriers to trade in equipment. These estimates imply substantial differences in equipment prices across countries. We attribute about 25% of cross-country productivity differences to variation in the relative price of equipment, about half of which we ascribe to barriers to trade in equipment.
CONFLICT STYLE AND COPING WITH ROLE CONFLICT: AN EXTENSION OF THE UNCERTAINTY MODEL OF WORK STRESS

This study investigates the impact of conflict style as a coping strategy in response to role conflict. Recent research has begun to examine workplace uncertainty as a mediator in the role stress process. Using this overall framework, we developed and tested hypotheses regarding the effect of conflict style activeness on the link between role conflict and uncertainty. Results supported the mediating role of uncertainty in the role stress process, thus replicating previous research. Additionally, the results showed that exhibiting a more active approach to conflict management decreased the negative impact of role conflict on uncertainty. These findings suggest that individuals may be able to reduce the negative individual impact of role conflict in their environment by adopting positive behavioral styles while avoiding negative ones.
Understanding contentious collective action by Chinese laid-off workers: The importance of regional political economy

Episodes of contentious collective action involving laid-off workers have erupted throughout China in recent years. With few exceptions, studies of Chinese laid-off workers’ contention have attempted to generalize from field research in very few⦓r even single⤜ocalities. This limitation has led to several debates that can frequently be addressed by examining differences in political economy among China’s industrial regions. Based on 19 months of fieldwork and over 100 in-depth interviews with workers, managers, and officials in nine Chinese cities, this article offers a systematic, sub-national comparative analysis of laid-off workers’ contention. The article also addresses broader issues in the analysis of social movements and contentious politics, a field that has too often failed to take such regional differences into account.
The Role of Information in Building Reputation in an Investment/Trust Game

This article analyses the role of information in building reputation in an investment/trust game. The model allows for information asymmetry in a finitely repeated sender–receiver game and solves for sequential equilibrium to show that if there are some trustworthy managers who always disclose their private information and choose to return a fair proportion of the firm's income as dividend to the investor, then a rational manager will mimic such behaviour in an attempt to earn a reputation for being trustworthy. The rational manager will mimic with probability 1 in the early periods of the game. The investor, too, will invest with probability 1 in these periods. However, in the later periods, the rational manager will mimic with a certain probability strictly less than 1. The probability will be such that it will make the investor indifferent between investing and not investing, and he, in turn, will invest with a probability (strictly less than 1) that will make the rational manager indifferent between m...
A simple carbon cycle representation for economic and policy analyses

Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) that couple the climate system and the economy require a representation of ocean CO2 uptake to translate human-produced emissions to atmospheric concentrations and in turn to climate change. The simple linear carbon cycle representations in most IAMs are not however physical at long timescales, since ocean carbonate chemistry makes CO2 uptake highly nonlinear. No linearized representation can capture the ocean's dual-mode behavior, with initial rapid uptake and then slow equilibration over ∼10,000 years. In a business-as-usual scenario followed by cessation of emissions, the carbon cycle in the 2007 version of the most widely used IAM, DICE (Dynamic Integrated model of Climate and the Economy), produces errors of ∼ 2 ◦ C by the year 2300 and ∼ 6 ◦ C by the year 3500. We suggest here a simple alternative representation that captures the relevant physics and show that it reproduces carbon uptake in several more complex models to within the inter-model spread. The scheme involves little additional complexity over the DICE model, making it a useful tool for economic and policy analyses.
Political Uncertainty and Risk Premia

Abstract We develop a general equilibrium model of government policy choice in which stock prices respond to political news. The model implies that political uncertainty commands a risk premium whose magnitude is larger in weaker economic conditions. Political uncertainty reduces the value of the implicit put protection that the government provides to the market. It also makes stocks more volatile and more correlated, especially when the economy is weak. We find empirical evidence consistent with these predictions.
The Trademark Function of Authorship

INTRODUCTION 1172 I. AUTHORIAL ATTRIBUTION AND SOCIETY 1175 A. Attribution as Incentive 1176 B. Attribution as Consumer Protection 1179 C. Attribution as Value 1180 II. LEGAL REGULATION OF AUTHORIAL ATTRIBUTION 1185 A. Misattribution and Trademark Law 1186 1. Trademark’s Purpose 1186 2. Authorship as Trademark 1193 3. Authorship vs. Trademark 1194 B. The Dastar Decision 1200 C. Misattribution and Copyright 1210 1. The Meaning of VARA 1211 2. Copyright as Collateral Attribution Protection 1214 3. The Attribution/Copyright Mismatch 1217 D. Misrepresentation and Other Legal Mechanisms 1218 III. AUTHORSHIP, CONSUMERS, AND COLLABORATION 1221 A. Ghostwriting 1221 B. Collaborative Authorship and Social Value 1228 C. The Limits of Attribution Protection 1233 1. Extrinsic and Intrinsic Crediting: Vocal Dubbing 1234 2. The Inherent Deceptions of Art 1238 CONCLUSION 1239
Conflict, food price shocks, and food insecurity: The experience of Afghan households

Abstract Using nationally-representative household survey data and confidential geo-coded data on violent incidents, we examine the relationship between conflict and food insecurity in Afghanistan. Spatial mappings of the raw data reveal large variations in levels of food insecurity and conflict across the country; surprisingly, high conflict provinces are not the most food insecure. Using a simple bivariate regression model of conflict (violent incidents and persons killed or injured) on food security (calorie intake and the real value of food consumed), we find mixed associations. But once we move to a multivariate framework, accounting for household characteristics and key commodity prices, we find robust evidence that in Afghanistan levels of conflict and food security are negatively correlated. We also find that households in provinces with higher levels of conflict experience muted declines in food security due to staple food price increases relative tohouseholds in provinces with lower levels of conflict, perhaps because the former are more disconnected from markets. Gaining a better understanding of linkages between conflict and food insecurity and knowing their spatial distributions can serve to inform policymakers interested in targeting scarce resources to vulnerable populations, for example, through the placement of strategic grain reserves or targeted food assistance programs.
Recent developments in chiral gauge theories: Approach of infinitely many fermi fields

Abstract I present the recent developments in a specific sub-field of chiral gauge theories on the lattice. This subfield pertais to the use of infinitely many fermi fields to describe a single chiral field. In this approach, both anomalous and anomaly free theories can be discussed in equal footing. It produces the correct anomaly in the continuum limit. It has the potential to describe fermion number violating processes in the presence of a gauge field background with non-trivial topological charge on a finite lattice.
Multiple Information Signals in the Market for Charitable Donations

We find evidence indicating that donors use third-party rating information when they donate to U.S. nonprofit organizations (nonprofits). Specifically, using a sample of over 3,800 unique nonprofits rated by the three largest charity rating organizations in 2007, and over 12,000 unrated control nonprofits, we find that rated nonprofits have significantly higher direct donations than unrated charities. We also hypothesize and find that nonprofits with ratings from multiple rating organizations receive incrementally higher levels of donations. In addition, although charities that receive a positive rating have higher levels of donor support than those receiving a negative rating, both positively and negatively rated nonprofits receive a higher level of direct donations than unrated nonprofits. Finally, we find that nonprofits with consistently good ratings receive higher donations than those with mixed or consistently negative ratings, indicating the donor community values consistency across the three rating agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Efficiency and the Disposition Effect in NFL Prediction Markets

Examining NFL betting contracts at Tradesports.com, we find mispricing consistent with the disposition effect, where investors are more likely to close out profitable positions than losing positions. Prices are too low when teams are ahead and too high when teams are behind. Returns following news events exhibit short-term reversals and longer-term momentum. These results do not appear driven by liquidity or non-financial reasons for trade. Finding the disposition effect in a negative expected return gambling market questions standard explanations for the effect (belief in mean reversion, prospect theory). It is consistent with cognitive dissonance, and models with time-inconsistent behavior.
Infinite Volume Limits in Euclidean Quantum Field Theory via Stereographic Projection

We present a general infinite volume limit construction of probability measures obeying the Glimm–Jaffe axioms of Euclidean quantum field theory in arbitrary space–time dimension. In particular, we obtain measures that may be interpreted as corresponding to scalar quantum fields with arbitrary bounded continuous self-interaction. It remains, however, an open problem whether this general construction contains non-Gaussian measures.
Equal Protection for Children of Same-Sex Parents

Gay rights litigation and advocacy traditionally have focused on the unequal treatment of gay and lesbian individuals and couples; less attention has been dedicated explicitly to the legal rights of the children of gay and lesbian parents. This Article asserts that a child of same-sex parents denied a government benefit has a cognizable equal protection challenge—a legal claim that is separate and distinct from that of the child’s gay or lesbian parents. It is well-settled equal protection law that the government may not treat nonmarital children differently than marital children because of moral disdain for their parents’ relationship, and laws classifying children based on their parents’ marital status are subject to intermediate scrutiny. Today, a majority of states exclude children of same-sex parents from the economic benefits that could be derived from their non-biological same-sex parent, including health insurance, workers’ compensation benefits, child support, and social security benefits. When medical events, divorces, lay-offs or death occur in the Associate Professor of Law, University of Denver Sturm College of Law. J.D. and M.P.A., University of South Carolina. This Article is dedicated to Zoe Jane Smith-Holladay and her peers with LGBT parents. The author is indebted to Sara Hildebrand, Carl Charles, Robert Geesey, and Amalia Sax-Bolder for their excellent research assistance. Thanks to Rachel Arnow-Richman, Diane Burkhardt, Violeta Chapin, Roberto Corrada, Patience Crowder, Nancy Ehrenreich, Rashmi Goel, Melissa Hart, Jennifer Holladay, Courtney Joslin, Beto Juarez, Martin Katz, Nancy Leong, Kevin Lynch, Adele Morrison, Melissa Murray, Helen Norton, Angela Onwuachi-Willig, Nancy Polikoff, Susannah Pollvogt, Raja Raghanuth, Tom Romero, Robin Walker Sterling, and Tanya Washington, for their support and comments. I also thank the Colorado Employment Law Faculty (CELF), and participants at the 2011 Lutie Lytle Black Women Law Professors Writing Workshop and the Sturm College of Law work-in-progress participants for excellent feedback on this Article. Washington University Open Scholarship 1590 WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [VOL. 90:1589 lives of children of same-sex parents in these “no-protection” states, they are denied important economic safety nets—safety nets that children of married and unmarried opposite-sex parents enjoy. As a subset of nonmarital children, children of same-sex parents exercise no control over their parents’ conduct, but suffer concrete economic injuries because of the state’s imputation of immorality to them. This government-sponsored discrimination cannot be fairly justified on the basis of preserving traditional family values or on the basis of ensuring administrative efficiency. “No-protection” states must dismantle the insurmountable barrier that blocks children of same-sex parents from establishing a legal relationship with their non-biological same-sex parent, and place them on equal footing with their opposite-sex parented peers.
Trends in Legal Scholarship: A Statistical Study

Abstract This study tracks the appeal of various intellectual approaches to legal scholars during the period 1982–96. Fifteen different approaches were paired with one or more proxies consisting of a word or phrase. Searches were conducted in a Westlaw database that contains full texts of law review documents to determine trends in the appearance of these proxies. A method was devised for neutralizing distortions attributable to changes in database size over time. Among the findings are little or no decline in doctrinal analysis, a modest rise in law and economics, and a boom and subsequent bust in Critical Legal Studies. Leading law reviews have been unusually prone to publish works that refer to civic republicanism, Critical Legal Studies, Critical Race Theory, and social norms.
Comparing Agent-Based Computational Simulation Models in Cross-Cultural Research

Funding for this study was provided by the Center for Social Complexity of George Mason University and by ONR MURI grant no. N00014-08-1-0921.
Flexible Parametric Models for Long-tailed Patent Count Distributions*

This article explores alternative approaches to modeling the relationship between the number of patents and research and development expenditure. Patent counts typically exhibit long upper tails that are inadequately modeled by standard Poisson and negative binomial regression models. We compare the performance of two relatively new "semiparametric" approaches with two flexible parametric approaches in analysing two patent data sets. Copyright 2002 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Does religion affect capital structure

Abstract We hypothesize that if the cultural characteristics of a region are important, then firms located in Protestant- and Catholic-majority counties within the U.S. will have different attitude toward leverage. We find that a 1% increase in a county's Protestant religiosity leads to a 0.4% lower leverage and less frequent debt issuances. This religiosity also has significant effect on the firms’ adjustment speeds toward the target capital structure. Using a sample of international firms, we find that these differences in leverage in the U.S. are similar to the behavior of firms in Catholic and Protestant countries outside of the U.S.
Feminism, Democracy, and the "War on Women"

This article analyzes the social conservative attacks on women preceding the 2012 election cycle, known as the War on Women, and the ensuing feminist response. Combat was waged on many fronts, including abortion restrictions, access to contraception, funding for Planned Parenthood, welfare programs, and workplace fairness. The article discusses what this "war" means for the complex relationship between feminism and democracy. American democracy has had both liberating and oppressive effects for women, while feminism has sometimes struggled internally to appropriate the values of democracy and externally to harness its potential. Accordingly, the article explains the major political theories regarding feminism and democracy and reflects on how the War on Women and its after effects impact those theories. The Article concludes that the War on Women reconfigured the relationship between feminism and democracy by reinvigorating the feminist political movement, redefining the scope of women's issues, realigning women voters across interest groups, and spurring a surge of women into office. Still, the War on Women kept feminism on the defensive, thereby draining the movement of the ability to fashion a feminist offensive. Thus, the feminism movement needs to generate an agenda that will wage a war for women.