cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlative analysis of metal organic framework structures through manifold learning of Hirshfeld surfaces

We demonstrate the use of non-linear manifold learning methods to map the connectivity and extent of similarity between diverse metal–organic framework (MOF) structures in terms of their surface areas by taking into account both crystallographic and electronic structure information. The fusing of geometric and chemical bonding information is accomplished by using 3-dimensional Hirshfeld surfaces of MOF structures, which encode both chemical bonding and molecular geometry information. A comparative analysis of the geometry of Hirshfeld surfaces is mapped into a low-dimensional manifold through a graph network where each node corresponds to a different compound. By examining the nearest neighbor connections, we discover structural and chemical correlations among MOF structures that would not have been discernible otherwise. Examples of the types of information that can be uncovered using this approach are given.
Effective treatment of shale oil and gas produced water by membrane distillation coupled with precipitative softening and walnut shell filtration

Abstract We developed an integrated treatment train that enables effective treatment of shale oil and gas produced water generated from the Wattenberg field in northeast Colorado. Membrane distillation (MD) was performed in tandem with simple and inexpensive pretreatment steps, namely precipitative softening (PS) and walnut shell filtration (WSF). PS removed various particulate, organic, and inorganic foulants, thereby mitigating fouling and scaling potential of the produced water. WSF displayed exceptional efficiencies (≥95%) in eliminating volatile toxic compounds including benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTEX) along with additional gasoline and diesel range organic compounds. With pretreatment, the water vapor flux of MD decreased by only 10% at a total water recovery of 82.5%, with boron and total BTEX concentrations in the MD distillate meeting the regulatory requirements for irrigation and typical discharge limits, respectively. The use of pretreatment also led to robust membrane reusability within three consecutive treatment cycles, with MD water flux fully restored after physical membrane cleaning. Our results highlight the necessity of pretreatment prior to MD treatment of produced water and demonstrate the potential of our treatment train to achieve a cost-effective and on-site wastewater treatment system that improves the sustainability of the shale oil and gas industry.
Late Na+ Current Contributes to Arrhythmogenic Diastolic Ca2+ release in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT)

Arrhythmias caused by abnormal impulse formation including CPVT are associated with aberrant diastolic Ca2+ release (DCR) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Despite high response of CPVT to agents di...
arcusTrace: modular raytracing software for the Arcus x-ray spectrometer

Commercially available optical design software lacks support for optimizing X-ray instruments for astronomy, which can feature thousands of optical surfaces operating at grazing incidence. To address this need for software, we present arcusTrace, a modular, Python-based raytracing software developed in support of the Arcus soft X-ray spectrometer. Each modular package models the behavior of an optical component in the spectrometer, allowing raytracing of single components up to the entire instrument. In addition, we leverage Python's built-in class structure to define common objects and simplify function calls. We have employed arcusTrace to predict the performance of the Arcus spectrometer and validated the software's performance by comparing its output to X-ray measurements conducted at the PANTER X-ray test facility. The resulting optical design for Arcus yields a high-resolution, high effective area spectrometer uniquely capable of addressing outstanding science questions in large scale structure formation, feedback, and stellar astrophysics.
A survey of tools and resources for the next generation analyst

We have previously argued that a combination of trends in information technology (IT) and changing habits of people using IT provide opportunities for the emergence of a new generation of analysts that can perform effective intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) on a “do it yourself” (DIY) or “armchair” approach (see D.L. Hall and J. Llinas (2014)). Key technology advances include: i) new sensing capabilities including the use of micro-scale sensors and ad hoc deployment platforms such as commercial drones, ii) advanced computing capabilities in mobile devices that allow advanced signal and image processing and modeling, iii) intelligent interconnections due to advances in “web N” capabilities, and iv) global interconnectivity and increasing bandwidth. In addition, the changing habits of the digital natives reflect new ways of collecting and reporting information, sharing information, and collaborating in dynamic teams. This paper provides a survey and assessment of tools and resources to support this emerging analysis approach. The tools range from large-scale commercial tools such as IBM i2 Analyst Notebook, Palantir, and GeoSuite to emerging open source tools such as GeoViz and DECIDE from university research centers. The tools include geospatial visualization tools, social network analysis tools and decision aids. A summary of tools is provided along with links to web sites for tool access.
Aptamer-Functionalized Fibrin Hydrogel Improves Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Release Kinetics and Enhances Angiogenesis and Osteogenesis in Critically Sized Cranial Defects

An aging population, decreased activity levels and increased combat injuries, have led to an increase in critical sized bone defects. As more defects are treated using allografts, which is the current standard of care, the deficiencies of allografts are becoming more evident. Allografts lack the angiogenic potential to induce sufficient vasculogenesis to counteract the hypoxic environment associated with critical sized bone defects. In this study, aptamer-functionalized fibrin hydrogels (AFH), engineered to release vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were evaluated for their material properties, growth factor release kinetics, and angiogenic and osteogenic potential in vivo. Aptamer functionalization to native fibrin did not result in significant changes in biocompatibility or hydrogel gelation. However, aptamer functionalization of fibrin did improve the release kinetics of VEGF from AFH and, when compared to FH, reduced the diffusivity and extended the release of VEGF several days longer. VEGF released from AFH, in vivo, increased vascularization to a greater degree, relative to VEGF released from FH, in a murine critical-sized cranial defect. Defects treated with AFH loaded with VEGF, relative to nonhydrogel loaded controls, showed a nominal increase in osteogenesis. Together, these data suggest that AFH more efficiently incorporates and retains VEGF in vitro and in vivo, which then enhances angiogenesis and osteogenesis to a greater extent in vivo than FH.
Exercise, cognitive creativity, and dementia

Abstract Dementia limits the ability of individuals to maintain social relationships, functional independence, and physical and psychological vitality in older age. Therefore, it is of critical importance to consider lifestyle preventative and therapeutic strategies, such as physical activity participation, involvement in cognitively stimulating creative activities, or perhaps a combination of the two. This chapter discusses the potential impact of dementia on creativity, physical activity, and exercise participation and whether exercise and creativity may each exert individual effects on the maintenance and/or facilitation of cognitive health. We explore these suggested influencers in the context of biological and theoretical mechanisms underlying dementia and provide recommendations for future research experiments unifying physical exercise and creative activities into tailored interventions designed to better comprehend this disease and perhaps counteract the devastating implications dementia prognoses present to optimal physical and mental functioning across the human life span.
Cholestatic Liver Diseases: A Primer for Generalists and Subspecialists

Cholestasis describes impairment in bile formation or flow which can manifest clinically with fatigue, pruritus, and jaundice. The differential diagnosis of cholestatic liver diseases is broad, and the etiologies of cholestasis vary in the anatomical location of the defect and acuity of presentation. Cholestasis may occur in a variety of clinical scenarios. Therefore, it is important for a diverse audience with varied clinical practices to have a basic understanding of manifestations of cholestatic liver diseases.
Intracranial Air Embolism after Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block: A Case Report.

Author(s): Gillespie, Megan; Gunsolly, Chad | Abstract: Introduction: The number of nontraumatic dental pain emergency department (ED) visits continues to substantially rise in frequency every year. While there are several methods for treating dental pain, an inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) is a non-narcotic alternative that provides instantaneous relief of severe pain.Case Report: A 59-year-old male presented to the ED from a dentist’s office for evaluation of a right-sided headache with an associated episode of palpitations and near syncope that developed while receiving an inferior alveolar nerve block. Computed tomography of the patient’s head revealed multiple small foci of air in the right temporalis muscle and in the intracranial venous drainage system. Given the patient’s history of dental procedure, the intravascular introduction of air and local anesthetic was suspected.Conclusion: Inferior alveolar nerve block procedures can have complications, including hematoma formation, trismus, facial palsy, needle breakage, and in this case, intravascular injection and cerebral air embolism. To perform a successful IANB, it is critical for providers to be familiar with anatomical landmarks and to consistently perform aspiration to confirm that needle placement is not intravascular.
Is Support Set Diversity Necessary for Meta-Learning?

Meta-learning is a popular framework for learning with limited data in which an algorithm is produced by training over multiple few-shot learning tasks. For classification problems, these tasks are typically constructed by sampling a small number of support and query examples from a subset of the classes. While conventional wisdom is that task diversity should improve the performance of meta-learning, in this work we find evidence to the contrary: we propose a modification to traditional meta-learning approaches in which we keep the support sets fixed across tasks, thus reducing task diversity. Surprisingly, we find that not only does this modification not result in adverse effects, it almost always improves the performance for a variety of datasets and meta-learning methods. We also provide several initial analyses to understand this phenomenon. Our work serves to: (i) more closely investigate the effect of support set construction for the problem of meta-learning, and (ii) suggest a simple, general, and competitive baseline for few-shot learning.
Detection of key sites of dimer dissociation and unfolding initiation during activation of acid-stress chaperone HdeA at low pH

Abstract HdeA is a small acid-stress chaperone protein with a unique activity profile. At physiological pH, it forms a folded, but inactive, dimer. Below pH 3.0, HdeA unfolds and dissociates into disordered monomers, utilizing exposed hydrophobic patches to bind other unfolded proteins and prevent their irreversible aggregation. In this way, HdeA has a key role in helping pathogenic bacteria survive our acidic stomach and colonize our intestines, facilitating the spread of dysentery. Despite numerous publications on the topic, there remain questions about the mechanism by which HdeA unfolding and activation are triggered. Previous studies usually assessed HdeA unfolding over pH increments that are too far apart to gain fine detail of the process of unfolding and dimer dissociation, and often employed techniques that prevented thorough evaluation of specific regions of the protein. We used a variety of heteronuclear NMR experiments to investigate changes to backbone and side chain structure and dynamics of HdeA at four pHs between 3.0 and 2.0. We found that the long loop in the dimer interface is an early site of initiation of dimer dissociation, and that a molecular “clasp” near the disulfide bond is broken open at low pH as part, or as a trigger, of unfolding; this process also results in the separation of C-terminal helices and exposure of key hydrophobic client binding sites. Our results highlight important regions of HdeA that may have previously been overlooked because they lie too close to the disulfide bond or are thought to be too dynamic in the folded state to influence unfolding processes.
Development of Cell‐based High Throughput Luminescence Assay for Drug Discovery in Inhibiting OCT4‐DNA‐PKcs and OCT4‐MK2 Interactions

Amplification-independent c-MYC overexpression is suggested in multiple cancers. Targeting c-MYC activity has therapeutic potential, but efforts thus far have been mostly unsuccessful. To find a druggable target to modulate c-MYC activity in cancer, we identified two kinases, MAPKAPK2 (MK2) and the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), which phosphorylate the Ser111 and the Ser93 residues of OCT4, respectively, to transcriptionally activate c-MYC. Using these observations, we present here a novel cell-based luminescence assay to identify compounds that inhibit the interaction between these kinases and OCT4. After screening approximately 80,000 compounds, we identified 56 compounds ("hits") that inhibited the luminescence reaction between DNA-PKcs and OCT4, and 65 hits inhibiting the MK2-OCT4 interaction. Using custom antibodies specific for pOCT4S93 and pOCT4S111 , the "hits" were validated for their effect on OCT4 phosphorylation and activation. Using a two-step method for validation, we identified two candidate compounds from the DNA-PKcs assay and three from the MK2 assay. All five compounds demonstrate a significant ability to kill cancer cells in the nanomolar range. In conclusion, we developed a cell-based luminescence assay to identify novel inhibitors targeting c-MYC transcriptional activation, and have found five compounds that may function as lead compounds for further development. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Successful Use of Arteriovenous Graft for Hemodialysis Access After Left Ventricular Assist Device Placement

Kidney replacement therapy is required in up to one-third of patients after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) placement. A subset of these patients requires long-term maintenance hemodialysis and therefore needs durable vascular access but the ideal access in such patients has not been established. We present a series of 3 patients in whom arteriovenous grafts (AVGs) were successfully used for long-term kidney replacement therapy after LVAD placement. The maximum time from AVG placement to first successful AVG use was 40 days, and the longest AVG use duration was more than 2 years. 2 patients required AVG excision due to infection but both had successful placement of a second AVG. Total time on kidney replacement therapy was 993, 1,055, and 956 days for the 3 cases, of which dialysis catheter use was required for only 23%, 6.5%, and 27%, respectively. These cases suggest that AVG placement is a viable option for dialysis access in patients with LVADs.
Recovery-based design of buildings for seismic resilience

Abstract Design of buildings for earthquakes plays a central role in community resilience and is guided by building codes to incorporate performance-based design criteria as an alternative to the traditional prescriptive design approach. This change is indicative of an ongoing shift in design philosophy to address a broad range of performance targets such as financial and functionality objectives, in addition to safety. While this represents an important step forward, the next step warrants an approach that not only defines and achieves performance targets through traditional risk-based approaches, but also prepares for cases in which such targets are not achieved, and the building must recover from reduced functionality. Here we show that design enhancements based on improving recoverability, rather than reducing risk, can significantly improve building resilience in terms of the loss of functionality experienced after seismic events of varying intensity, while also producing financially attractive design alternatives to decision makers. The comparative evaluations presented herein illuminate the relative effectiveness of one such design in terms of resilience, while quantifying performance through metrics that are vital to the decision making process. We demonstrate that designing buildings for recoverability represents a viable design philosophy from both resilience and financial loss perspectives. A link between the vast and continually expanding repertoire of structural technologies capable of enhancing building recovery and the ever-growing concern for resilience in building design can be further developed and strengthened through continued investigation of recovery-enhancing structural technologies through the lens of resilience both at the building and community levels.
A Critical Review of Fosphenytoin Sodium Injection for the Treatment of Status Epilepticus in Adults and Children.

Introduction Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency that can occur in patients with or without epilepsy. Rapid treatment is paramount to mitigate risks of neuronal injury, morbidity/mortality, and healthcare-cost burdens associated with SE. Fosphenytoin is the prodrug of phenytoin designed to enable faster administration and improved tolerability as compared to intravenous (IV) phenytoin in the treatment of SE. Areas covered This review evaluates the chemistry, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of fosphenytoin. Efficacy data for fosphenytoin in the treatment of SE in adults and children are analyzed from initial phase I trials in 1988 through current phase III trials, including the Established Status Epilepticus Treatment Trial (ESETT). Expert opinion IV phenytoin is an established treatment of SE, but its alkaline aqueous vehicle is associated with dermatologic irritation and systemic complications when rapidly infused. The water-soluble nature of its prodrug, fosphenytoin, allows for rapid infusion, and it is rapidly converted to phenytoin when administered intravenously or intramuscularly. In the ESETT, IV fosphenytoin demonstrated similar efficacy in treatment of established SE when compared to IV levetiracetam and IV valproate in adults and children, making it a reasonable choice in the treatment of SE that is unresponsive to benzodiazepines.
Peace: A History of Movements and Ideas

Veteran scholar and peace activist David Cortright offers a definitive history of the human striving for peace and an analysis of its religious and intellectual roots. This authoritative, balanced, and highly readable volume traces the rise of peace advocacy and internationalism from their origins in earlier centuries through the mass movements of recent decades: the pacifist campaigns of the 1930s, the Vietnam antiwar movement, and the waves of disarmament activism that peaked in the 1980s. Also explored are the underlying principles of peace - nonviolence, democracy, social justice, and human rights - all placed within a framework of 'realistic pacifism'. Peace brings the story up-to-date by examining opposition to the Iraq War and responses to the so-called 'war on terror'. This is history with a modern twist, set in the context of current debates about 'the responsibility to protect', nuclear proliferation, Darfur, and conflict transformation.
Building a Viable Flight Risk Assessment Process in Business Jet Operations: Selecting a Risk Assessment Tool, Setting Baselines, Trigger & Mitigation Points

In November 2006, The International Civil Aeronautics Organization (ICAO) issued a mandate for all member nations to set a state standard for all aviation service companies to have integrated safety management systems (SMS) in place by 2009. The FAA issued an advisory circular (AC120-92A) in 2010 addressing this issue. To date SMS has not been mandated in the United States. A major part of any SMS is creating a process for assessing risk. This paper is a case study of how one jet charter company selected a flight risk assessment tool (FRAT), trained their pilots and then analyzed close to 800 flights in order to set trigger points for assessment use, risk values that required management involvement, and risk values that required some sort of mitigation. The paper also discusses how the operation dealt with pilot push back, FRAT evolution and the dynamic personality of aviation in general.
Formation and amination of dibenz[b,f,-1]azapen-talene dianion: Attempted synthesis of dibenz[b, f,-1]azapentalene

Abstract Dibenz[ b , f ,-1]azapentalene dianion ( 3 ) was allowed to react with N,N diethyl - O - mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine ( 4 ) in order to obtain N,N - diethyl - 5,10 - dihydroindeno[1,2 - b ] - indol - 10 - amine ( 11 ). The available data indicated that electron transfer processes were involved in the formation of 11 . Attempts to obtain dibenz[ b , f ,-1]azapentalene ( 1 ) and 11 by Hofman elimination or by the reaction of 11 with trifluoroacetic acid were unsuccessful.
Accelerating evaporative cooling of atoms into Bose-Einstein condensation in optical traps

We demonstrate a simple scheme to achieve fast, accelerating (runaway) evaporative cooling of optically trapped atoms by tilting the optical potential with a magnetic field gradient. Runaway evaporation is possible in this trap geometry due to the weak dependence of vibration frequencies on trap depth, which preserves atomic density during the evaporation process. Using this scheme, we show that Bose-Einstein condensation with $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{5}$ cesium atoms can be realized in $2--4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}$ of forced evaporation. The evaporation speed and energetics are consistent with the three-dimensional evaporation picture, despite the fact that atoms can only leave the trap in the direction of tilt.
Explaining and justifying expert consulting programs

Traditional methods for explaining programs provide explanations by converting to English the code of the program or traces of the execution of that code While such methods can provide adequate explanations of what the program does or did, they typically cannot provide justifications of the code without resorting to canned-text explanations. That is, such systems cannot tell why what the system is doing is a reasonable thing to be doing. The problem is that the knowledge required to provide these justifications is needed only when the program is being written and does not appear in the code itself. The XPLAIN system uses an automatic programmer to generate the consulting program by refinement from abstract goals. The automatic programmer uses a domain model, consisting of facts about the application domain, and a set of domain principles which drive the refinement process forward. By examining the refinement structure created by the automatic programmer it is possible to provide justifications of the code. This paper discusses the system described above and outlines additional advantages this approach has for explanation.
Structural Analysis of the Constitutive Activity of the Chemokine Receptor CCR1

We have previously demonstrated that the chemokine receptor CCR1 possesses significant constitutive activity; however, the structural basis for this behavior is unknown. The purpose of this study w...
Establishment of multicolored Asian lady beetle in Eastern North Carolina: seasonal abundance and crop exploitation within an agricultural landscape.

Seasonal abundance and cropexploitation of the multicolored Asian ladybeetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas)(Coccinellidae: Coleoptera), were identifiedduring its initial establishment in the easternNorth Carolina agroecosystem. Densities ofH. axyridis adults and larvae werecompared with densities of previouslyestablished predaceous coccinellids in wheat,potato, corn and soybean, which are thepredominant crops in this region. One-hundred-fifty whole plant samples werevisually inspected for coccinellid adults andlarvae in each crop on six farms every 7 to 14days. H. axyridis adults colonizedwheat, potato and corn, but reproduced only inwheat and potato. Soybean fields were notcolonized. The presence of H. axyridisin a crop was typically associated with anabundance of aphids, with the exception ofpotato, and no aphids were encountered insoybean. In addition to H. axyridis,four other lady beetle species, Coccinellaseptempunctata L., Coleomegilla maculata(DeGeer), Hippodamia convergens (Guerin)and Cycloneda munda L., were encounteredin the landscape. In wheat, potato and corn,densities of H. axyridis adults averagedthroughout the 1995 and 1996 seasons wereseven, ten and 28 times lower, respectively,than the season average density of the leastabundant species of previously established ladybeetle, whereas these densities averaged 82, 42and 356 times lower, respectively, than theaverage density of the most abundantestablished coccinellid species. H.axyridis is commonly encountered in theeastern North Carolina agricultural landscape,but its impact on the existing coccinellidassemblage cannot yet be determined. Theresults presented provide a baseline againstwhich the results of future studies can becompared to determine if H. axyridis isdisplacing established species.
Atomic Physics from Atmospheric and Astrophysical Studies

Publisher Summary Interpretations of atmospheric and astrophysical phenomena have frequently led to the identification of processes of general significance in atomic and molecular physics, and the precision of atmospheric and astrophysical data is often sufficient that quantitative conclusions can be drawn about the efficiencies of specific atomic and molecular processes. This chapter starts with a discussion of dissociative recombination and continues with brief descriptions of ion–molecule reactions, neutral-particle reaction, and accidental resonance charge transfer. The chapter also discusses charge transfer of multiply charged ions, the importance of the fine-structure transitions, radiative association, microwave spectroscopy, oscillator strengths and branching ratios. Radiative recombination is the dominant recombination mechanism in high-temperature low-density plasmas. The hydrogen recombination spectrum is a prominent feature of astrophysical nebulae and the hydrogen atoms in energy levels of high principal quantum numbers that emit at radio frequencies from HI1 regions are populated by radiative recombination. This chapter concludes with a discussion on spontaneous radiative dissociation of diatomic molecule and relativistic magnetic dipole transitions.
Helminth-host immunological interactions: prevention and control of immune-mediated diseases

Exposure to commensal and pathogenic organisms strongly influences our immune system. Exposure to helminths was frequent before humans constructed their current highly hygienic environment. Today, in highly industrialized countries, contact between humans and helminths is rare. Congruent with the decline in helminth infections is an increase in the prevalence of autoimmune and inflammatory disease. It is possible that exclusion of helminths from the environment has permitted the emergence of immune-mediated disease. We review the protective effects of helminths on expression of inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, and animal models of these and other inflammatory diseases. We also review the immune pathways altered by helminths that may afford protection from these illnesses. Helminth exposure tends to inhibit IFN-γ and IL-17 production, promote IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β release, induce CD4+ T cell Foxp3 expression, and generate regulatory macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells. Helminths enable protective pathways that may vary by specific species and disease model. Helminths or their products likely have therapeutic potential to control or prevent immune-mediated illness.
The effects of monetized food aid on reproductive behavior in rural Honduras

This article presents research findings on the question of whether the monetization of non-emergency food aid has adversely influenced national family planning program efforts in Honduras. Women receiving food aid in the form of cash coupons are compared in the study with women receiving food rations and a third group of women with similar characteristics who were not food aid recipients on three types of outcomes: recent fertility, fertility preferences, and contraceptive use. The health facilities where study subjects received health/family planning services and food aid benefits were also compared to assess possible adverse cross-program effects on family planning service delivery. A ‘sample selection’ model was used in the analysis to control for unobserved differences between comparison groups. No compelling evidence for adverse demand- or supply-side effects of monetized food aid on family planning efforts was observed. The most striking study finding was the extremely high level of unmet need for family planning.
New gene in Escherichia coli K-12 (drpA): Does its product play a role in RNA synthesis?

The mutation drpA1 defines a new gene in Escherichia coli K-12 that maps at about 5.2 min. This mutation was obtained after enriching a population of cells for temperature sensitive dna mutations with the [3H]thymidine "suicide" technique followed by screening for mutants defective in transposon Tn5 precise excision. When growing cells carrying the drpA1 allele were shifted to the nonpermissive temperature, we showed that DNA, RNA, and protein syntheses shut off quickly, with the cessation of RNA synthesis occurring first. A recombinant plasmid between pBR322 and an HindIII fragment from wild-type E. coli restores the growth defect in drpA1 mutants. Using transposon Tn5 mutagenesis of this plasmid, we have been able to correlate the presence of a 68-kilodalton protein, as observed with the maxicell technique, with the ability of this plasmid to restore growth to drpA1 mutants.
Who is breast-feeding? Implications of associated social and biomedical variables for research on the consequences of method of infant feeding

More than 60% of newborn infants in the US are now breast-fed a far higher percentage than the 22% of newborns breast-fed in the country in 1971. The authors conducted a study to identify the social and biomedical variables which influence the selection of infant feeding methods in the US and to provide guidelines for the choice of control variables in designing and interpreting studies which examine the influence of breast-feeding upon infant and child health. Data were drawn from the Child Health Supplement of the 1981 Health Interview Survey conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. The survey is based upon nationally representative samples of the US population living in households. Relationships between demographic socioeconomic and health variables were studied for the sample of 2951 children under age 5 years as well as for Black and White women separately. The survey data offer evidence of the importance of social and health variables as selection factors for breast-feeding in the US. Ethnicity socioeconomic status and health of the mother and child as determined by indications of a difficult pregnancy and delivery and length of hospital stay were all associated with the initiation and duration of breast-feeding. Substantial interactions were also noted between ethnicity and health determinants of breast-feeding.
Effect of Concanavalin A on Immunologic Abnormalities of New Zealand (NZB/W) Mice

The administration of Concanavalin A (Con A) to young New Zealand (NZB/W) mice has been previously found to render them tolerable to BGG. The corresponding mechanism is unknown but is consistent with other observations that Con A is capable of activating a suppressor T cell population. We have further explored this possibility by giving New Zealand mice Con A from 1 month until 11 months of age and monitoring several known immunologic abnormalities. Con-A-treated mice, in contrast to littermate controls, were found to have lower anti-DNA levels, less proteinuria, a better response to primary sheep red cell immunization and normally rejected skin allografts.
Determination of major, minor and trace constituents in meteorites by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy

Abstract The ICP-AES determination of major, minor and trace constituents in meteorites is described. The meteorite .samples were dissolved in a mixture of aqua regia and HF in sealed Teflon bombs and boric acid was added after dissolution to complex the excess HF. The final solutions were transformed into an aerosol via ultrasonic nebulization as a means of sample introduction. Calibration was performed with synthetic reference solutions which contained the reagents used for sample dissolution, but no matching for the major sample constituents was made. A polychromator and a programmable scanning monochromator were applied and tested for a five months operation period. The accuracy of the determinations was assessed by: (a) comparing the results with those obtained by neutron activation and X-ray fluorescence and (b) analysing several geological reference samples. The results showed good agreement. The relative standard deviation of the determination of the major elements ranged from 0.5 to 2% and of the minor and trace elements from 0.5 to 8%.
Predicting Bioavailability of Sediment-Associated Organic Contaminants for Diporeia spp. and Oligochaetes

Biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF) were calculated for Diporeia spp. and oligochaete worms exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from field-collected sediment. These data were compared to the contaminant fraction extracted from sediment with Tenax resin using a 24 h extraction. A previous laboratory study suggested a linear relationship between log BSAF and the contaminant fraction rapidly desorbed from sediment. However, the BSAF data in our study did not fit this relationship. Better predictive regressions for both PCBs and PAHs were found when the log of the lipid-normalized organism contaminant concentrations were plotted against the log of the Tenax-extracted organic carbon-normalized sediment contaminant concentration. Regression lines for the two species had the same slope, but the Diporeia intercept was 2.3 times larger. When adjusted for a 6 h Tenax extraction, based on a regression between 6 and 24 h Tenax extractions, data from this study and two other studies that included multiple oligochaete species fit a single predictive regression. The exception included some PAHs that fell below the regression line. Thus, a single relationship generally predicted bioaccumulation across sediments, compound classes, oligochaete species, and among laboratories.
330 EGF DECREASES LUNG GLYCOGEN AND STIMULATES LUNG PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE SYNTHESIS IN FETAL RAT

We previously demonstrated a relationship between the decrease in the glycogen content of developing rat lung and the appearance of surfactant phospholipids. In the present study we utilize a fetal injection technique to examine the influence of EGF on lung maturation. Our laboratory and others have shown specific binding of EGF to membranes prepared from developing lung. Pregnant rats of 17 to 19 day gestation had uteri exposed by a small lateral suprapubic incision. EGF (10-100 ng) was injected through the uterine wall directly into the amniotic sac of the exposed fetuses. PBS injected fetuses on the centralateral side of the cervex served as controls. Fetal lungs were removed 48 hours later for measurement of glycogen content of lung and for determination of 3H-choline incorporation into phosphatidylcholine. EGF stimulated the incorporation of 3H-choline into phosphatidylcholine by lung slices prepared from fetal rats exposed to intraamniotic EGF from day 17 through 21. A maximal stimulation of 118% was observed in fetuses injected on day 18 and sacrificed on day 20. Lung glycogen content was reduced by 54% in the EGF group. These data provide further support for a relationship between carbohydrate and phospholipid synthesis during lung maturation and provide direct evidence for an EGF influence on fetal lung maturation.
The Leningrad museum of the history of religion and atheism

(1983). The Leningrad museum of the history of religion and atheism. Religion in Communist Lands: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 124-129.
Strain relief of large lattice mismatch heteroepitaxial films on silicon by tilting

Abstract In this paper, a general formula is calculated relating the misalignment of a heteroepitaxial overlayer with respect to the substrate to the defects at the interface. High resolution transmission electron microscopy studies are presented which show that the density of dislocations along the interface of GaAs grown in vicinal Si(100), with the Burgers vector perpendicular to the interface, is consistent with the amount of tilt observed in ion-channeling studies. Arguments are also presented which demonstrate that the tilt observed is an effective form of strain relief but that this mechanism can only operate when the heteroepitaxial growth is nucleated by island growth. One significant conclusion is that the lower bound observed on the threading dislocation density in GaAs on silicon is due to this mechanism of strain relief by tilting. These arguments should be valid for all large-lattice-mismatched heteroepitaxial systems in which the epitaxial layer has a larger lattice parameter than the substrate.
Utilization of Spent Fowl Muscle in the Manufacture of Restructured Steaks

Abstract Spent fowl were slaughtered and divided into three groups. Birds in Group 1 were deboned prerigor; Groups 2 and 3 were deboned postrigor. Each meat group was then flaked and formulated to contain 1) no added binder (control), 2) 2% wheat gluten, 3) 5% wheat gluten, 4) 2% soy concentrate, or 5) 5% soy concentrate for a total of 15 formulations. The 5 formulations within Group 1 and within Group 2 were each mixed 5 min while Group 3 formulations were mixed 15 min. After mixing, each formulation was pressed into logs, frozen, and cut into steaks The steaks were evaluated for physical appearance, moisture and fat content, cooking loss, textural properties, and sensory attributes. Prerigor meat had the highest total cooking losses. A significant decrease in percent moisture and in total cooking losses was found with the addition of either wheat gluten or soy concentrate at the 5% level. An increase in deformation or elasticity was found with added binders while mixing time and rigor state had no effect on textural properties The addition of wheat gluten or soy concentrate at the 5% level adversely affected flavor desirability juiciness, and overall desirability. Mixing time, rigor state, or the addition of binder at the 2% level had no significant effect on sensory attributes.
Consciousness, context, and know-how

In this paper I criticize the most significant recent examples of the practical knowledge analysis of knowledge-how in the philosophical literature: David Carr [1979, Mind, 88, 394–409; 1981a, American Philosophical Quarterly, 18, 53–61; 1981b, Journal of Philosophy of Education, 15(1), 87–96] and Stanley & Williamson [2001, Journal of Philosophy, 98(8), 411–444]. I stress the importance of know-how in our contemporary understanding of the mind, and offer the beginnings of a treatment of know-how capable of providing insight in to the use of know-how in contemporary cognitive science. Specifically, I claim that Carr’s necessary conditions for know-how fail to capture the distinction he himself draws between ability and knowing-how. Moreover, Carr ties knowing-how to conscious intent, and to an explicit knowledge of procedural rules. I argue that both moves are mistakes, which together render Carr’s theory an inadequate account both of common ascriptions of knowledge-how and of widely accepted ascriptions of knowledge-how within explanations in cognitive science. Finally, I note that Carr’s conditions fail to capture intuitions (heshares) regarding the ascription of know-how to persons lacking ability. I then consider the position advocated by Stanley & Williamson (2001), which seems avoid Carr’s commitments to conscious intent and explicit knowledge while still maintaining that “knowledge-how is simply a species of knowledge-that" (Stanley & Williamson, 2001, p. 411). I argue that Stanley and Williamson’s attempt to frame a reductionist view that avoids consciously occurrent beliefs during exercises of knowledge-how and explicit knowledge of procedural rules is both empirically implausible and explanatorily vacuous. In criticizing these theories I challenge the presuppositions of the most pervasive response to Ryle in the philosophic literature, what might be described as “the received view." I also establish several facts about knowing-how. First, neither conscious intent nor explicit representation (much less conscious representation) of procedural rules are necessary for knowing-how given the theory of cognition current in cognitive science. I argue that the discussed analyses fail to capture the necessary conditions for knowledge-how because know-how requires the instantiation of an ability and of the capacities necessary for exploiting an ability—not conscious awareness of purpose or explicit knowledge of rules. Second, one must understand knowledge-how as task-specific, i.e., as presupposing certain underlying conditions. Conceiving of know-how as task-specific allows one to understand ascriptions of know-how in the absence of ability as counterfactual ascriptions based upon underlying competence.
[(6-Methyl-2-pyridylmeth-yl)(2-pyridylmeth-yl)amine][(2-pyridylmeth-yl)amine]copper(II) bis-(perchlorate).

The title compound, [Cu(C6H8N2)(C13H15N3)](ClO4)2, is a mixed ligand complex with the CuII atom coordinated by (6-methyl-2-pyridylmeth­yl)(2-pyridylmeth­yl)amine, acting as a tridentate ligand, and 2-(2-amino­meth­yl)pyridine, as a bidentate ligand, leading to an N5 square-pyramidal geometry. The amine H atoms are involved in hydrogen bonding to the perchlorate O atoms and there are extensive but weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions in the crystal structure. The perchlorate ions are each disordered over two positions, with site occupancies of 0.601 (8):0.399 (8) and 0.659 (11):0.341 (11).
A missense mutation in the dystrophin gene in a Duchenne muscular dystrophy patient

About two thirds of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients have either gene deletions or duplications. The other DMD cases are most likely the result of point mutations that cannot be easily identified by current strategies. Utilizing a heteroduplex technique and direct sequencing of amplified products, we screened our nondeletion/duplication DMD population for point mutations. We now describe what we believe to be the first dystrophin missense mutation in a DMD patient. The mutation results in the substitution of an evolutionarily conserved leucine to arginine in the actin-binding domain. The patient makes a dystrophin protein which is properly localized and is present at a higher level than is observed in DMD patients. This suggests that an intact actin-binding domain is necessary for protein stability and essential for function.
Early Buddhist Architecture in Context: The Great Stūpa at Amarāvatī (ca. 300 BCE–300 CE)

Few Buddhist monuments in India have received as much scholarly attention as the Great Stupa at Amaravati. Yet, Akira Shimada’s new book demonstrates how much more needs to be said. His book rethin...
Perforation Testing of a Titanium Alloy Target Using Hardened 4340 Steel Projectiles

A perforation test, originally devised for composites and other materials that do not lend themselves easily to more conventional high strain rate testing procedures, is applied to a titanium alloy. In this test, cylindrical projectiles of hardened 4340 steel are launched from a smooth bore powder gun at velocities ranging from 50 m/s to 350 m/s. The projectiles have conical noses with pitch angles that vary from 90° to 30°. These projectiles impact the titanium alloy target at normal incidence and perforate it. After perforating the target, the projectiles are caught in a sand barrier. Based on the depth of penetration into the sand barrier, the residual velocity after perforation may be estimated. Knowing the impact velocity and the residual velocity, we can estimate the mechanical properties of the target, the ballistic limit, and the average strain rate. This valuable information is not usually available using other methods, especially for many unconventional target materials, such as composites and certain geologically based materials.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Classical conditioning and extinction of the licking response in rats

Data from an experimental group and a pseudoconditioning control group show that licking responses in rats can be classically conditioned and that this conditioning occurs within 60 trials and extinguishes rapidly when water reinforcement is removed.
The Sexual Rehabilitation of Persons with Cancer

Objectives: This article presents cognitive and behavioral sexual rehabilitation interventions to assist persons with cancer in understanding and adjusting to the physical changes caused by cancer treatment. Materials and methods: Interventions described here include educating patients about the phases of sexual functioning and the impact of treatment, giving patients permission to explore their ability to respond to sexual stimulation by using self-pleasuring exercises, teaching sensate focus exercises that structure noncoital foreplay; and suggesting changes in coital positions. Results: Sexual functioning is an important aspect of quality of life for people with cancer that continues to be difficult for oncology professionals to address. Familiarity with these interventions can prepare the properly trained oncology social workers, nurses, and other mental health professionals to assist cancer patients with their concerns about sexual functioning. Conclusions: All oncology professionals should be aware of the importance of recognizing and addressing issues of sexual functioning in patients with cancer to validate the patient's experience and make the proper referral to a trained sex therapist.
Inclusive democracy and economic inequality in South Asia: Any discernible link?

Abstract Studies of the relationship between political democracy and economic inequality have produced diverse findings. This study attempts to mitigate some conceptual and methodological problems inherent in such studies by using multi-indicator concepts of inclusive democracy and economic inequality. Data from the five major historically and culturally homogeneous South Asian countries covering 1980–2003 suggest some bidirectional, positive relationship between inclusive democracy and economic inequality indicating that democracy and equality may not be fully compatible in this region. The paper offers contextual explanations and some mechanisms that may have led to these findings for the region, somewhat deviating from the conventional arguments.