cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intracerebral Hemorrhage after IV tPA for Stroke as Early Symptoms of ANCAAssociated Vasculitis (P6.201)

Objective: NA Background: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV) are rare diseases, characterized by a necrotizing small-vessel vasculitis and circulating ANCA. Both acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are potential complications of these vasculitides. Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA) is the standard treatment for AIS and vasculitides are not listed as contraindications for its administration. However, CNS vasculitis could be a contraindication to IV tPA because the risk of ICH. We describe a patient who developed multiple ICHs following IV tPA administration for AIS and we raise awareness to the dangers of IV tPA use in patients with AAV. Design/Methods: NA Results: A 58-year-old man who was admitted for myalgia, low grade fevers, dark urine and urticarial rash developed acute right hemiparesis, dysarthria and right facial droop. Initial brain CT scan was normal and IV tPA was administered. Shortly afterward he deteriorated and required intubation. Second CT scan showed multiple bilateral ICHs. Further work up revealed the diagnosis of AAV based on high C-ANCA and proteinase 3 antibody titers. His hospital course was complicated by renal failure, attributed to his vasculitis. Treatment was started with corticosteroids and rituximab with marked neurological and renal improvement at 3 month follow up. Conclusions: AIS is rare in AAV and it usually develops as a delayed phase of the disease. But, on occasion, it can be the initial manifestation of the disease. Post-mortem exams in these patients have demonstrated AIS with areas of antemortem thrombi and fibrinoid changes with other areas demonstrating damaged vessels with hemorrhage. We believe that in the presence of IV tPA, areas of fibrinoid necrosis are likely to make the patient more prone to hemorrhagic transformation. Our case highlights the high risk of ICH associated with AAV and reinforces that IV tPA may be contraindicated in these patients. Study Supported by: NA Disclosure: Dr. Zarghami has nothing to disclose. Dr. Anderson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pieper has nothing to disclose. Dr. Adams has nothing to disclose.
Adaptation to Coriolis force perturbations of postural sway requires an asymmetric two-leg model

This paper presents a novel nonparallel leg model of postural control that correctly predicts the perturbations of voluntary sway that occur in a rotating environment and the adaptive changes that ...
The Problem with Using Problem-based Learning to Teach Middle School Earth/Space Science in a High Stakes Testing Society

This study examines whether middle school students learn as much via Problem-based Learning (PBL) as they do in non-PBL classrooms on multiple-choice tests. The questions on the tests covered textbook content, were predominantly fact-based, and provided by the textbook publisher on a CD-ROM supplied with the text. While not all aspects of "high-stakes" testing involve the use of multiple-choice questions, high-stakes testing often contains a large number of these types of questions. In addition, both the process and final product(s) produced via PBL are often assessed; whereas high-stakes tests seldom have students develop products outside of the completion of a pencil and paper test. Two eighth-grade gifted and talented science classes in a Midwest public middle school were compared. Focused observations, interviews, test score analyses, and document analyses were used. Problem-based learning is an educational approach where a purposefully ill-structured problem initiates learning and the teacher serves as a coach instead of an information repository (Gallagher and Stepien, 1996). Problem-based learning has many similarities to project-based learning. PBL is necessarily interdisciplinary. PBL is also based upon the theories of situated cognition (Brown, Collins, and Duguid, 1989; Plucker and Nowak, 2000; Resnick, 1987), and consistent with the principles of constructivism (Savery and Duffy, 1995).
Loss of skin elasticity is associated with pulmonary emphysema, biomarkers of inflammation, and matrix metalloproteinase activity in smokers

Elastin breakdown and the resultant loss of lung elastic recoil is a hallmark of pulmonary emphysema in susceptible individuals as a consequence of tobacco smoke exposure. Systemic alterations to the synthesis and degradation of elastin may be important to our understanding of disease phenotypes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We investigated the association of skin elasticity with pulmonary emphysema, obstructive lung disease, and blood biomarkers of inflammation and tissue protease activity in tobacco-exposed individuals. Two hundred and thirty-six Caucasian individuals were recruited into a sub-study of the University of Pittsburgh Specialized Center for Clinically Orientated Research in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a prospective cohort study of current and former smokers. The skin viscoelastic modulus (VE), a determinant of skin elasticity, was recorded from the volar forearm and facial wrinkling severity was determined using the Daniell scoring system. In a multiple regression analysis, reduced VE was significantly associated with cross-sectional measurement of airflow obstruction (FEV1/FVC) and emphysema quantified from computed tomography (CT) images, β = 0.26, p = 0.001 and β = 0.24, p = 0.001 respectively. In emphysema-susceptible individuals, elasticity-determined skin age was increased (median 4.6 years) compared to the chronological age of subjects without emphysema. Plasma biomarkers of inflammation (TNFR1, TNFR2, CRP, PTX3, and SAA) and matrix metalloproteinase activity (MMP1, TIMP1, TIMP2, and TIMP4) were inversely associated with skin elasticity. We report that an objective non-invasive determinant of skin elasticity is independently associated with measures of lung function, pulmonary emphysema, and biomarkers of inflammation and tissue proteolysis in tobacco-exposed individuals. Loss of skin elasticity is a novel observation that may link the common pathological processes that drive tissue elastolysis in the extracellular matrix of the skin and lung in emphysema-susceptible individuals.
A Contemporary Systematic Approach to Assessing the Patient with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: Multimodal Noninvasive and Invasive Evaluation

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a progressive clinical syndrome commonly associated with left ventricle dilatation and characterized by reduced cardiac output, secondary pulmonary and systemic venous congestion, and inadequate peripheral oxygen delivery. It is common yet complex and requires synthesis of evidence-based guidelines along with strong clinical acumen. The following is a review of an illustrative case that highlights the important clinical considerations in diagnosis, assessment, and management of HFrEF commonly encountered in practice. Explanations provided highlight of the relevant pathophysiology of HFrEF as well as detailed explanations of interpretation of examinations and both noninvasive and invasive assessment in heart failure. The example provided would hopefully serve as a potential point of reference for trainees as well as healthcare practitioners for patients with HFrEF.
Index Fund Ownership and Financial Reporting

Index funds are an increasingly important part of the U.S. stock market with the average S&P 1500 firm having 22% of their equity held by index funds in 2018. Building on concurrent research finding that index fund managers engage less with portfolio firms than other investors, we expect firm-level index fund ownership to be associated with systematically different financial reporting decisions by firms. Using fund-level stock holdings, we find that greater index fund ownership is associated with less bias (greater frequency of missing earnings and fewer abnormal accruals) and less obfuscation (more readable, more negative, and more specific disclosures) in financial reporting. Additional analysis finds results consistent with this effect being due to lower engagement and not higher oversight. Further, we document that fund-level holdings are operationally different that institution-level holdings and that the use of institution-level classifications leads to different empirical implications.
Imaging the effect of the circadian light-dark cycle on the glymphatic system in awake rats

The glymphatic system functions in the removal of potentially harmful metabolites and proteins from the brain. Dynamic, contrast-enhanced MRI was used in fully awake rats to follow the redistribution of intraventricular contrast agent entrained to the light–dark cycle and its hypothetical relationship to the sleep–waking cycle, blood flow, and brain temperature in specific brain areas. Brain areas involved in circadian timing and sleep–wake rhythms showed the lowest redistribution of contrast agent during the light phase or time of inactivity and sleep in rats. Global brain redistribution of contrast agent was heterogeneous. The redistribution was highest along the dorsal cerebrum and lowest in the midbrain/pons and along the ventral surface of the brain. This heterogeneous redistribution of contrast agent paralleled the gradients and regional variations in brain temperatures reported in the literature for awake animals. Three-dimensional quantitative ultrashort time-to-echo contrast-enhanced imaging was used to reconstruct small, medium, and large arteries and veins in the rat brain and revealed areas of lowest redistribution overlapped with this macrovasculature. This study raises new questions and theoretical considerations of the impact of the light–dark cycle, brain temperature, and blood flow on the function of the glymphatic system.
The evolution of manual therapy education: what are we waiting for?

A string of editorials suggest that the credibility of manual therapy (MT) is at stake [1], MT is not fashionable [2], MT has a questionable future [3] and overall MT is in an identity crisis [4]. ...
The role of social support on the effects of stress and depression on African American tobacco and alcohol use

Abstract Objectives The current study explored whether social support (SS) from family and peers, influences the relationship between depressed mood (DM) and substance use (SU). We hypothesized that SS would have a protective effect on DM, and moderate the association between DM and SU. Participants and Methods Analyses focused on 703 individuals from the Carolina African American Twin Study on Aging (mean age = 49.78 years, STD = 14.52; 51% female). Participants reported on past year frequency of cigarettes and alcohol consumption, depressed mood, and stressful life events. Social support (SS) was assessed on two domains (i.e., emotional and instrumental), as well as for perceived quality and quantity of each type. Hypotheses were tested using ordinal logistic regression in Mplus while controlling for socioeconomic status, age, and gender. Results Quality of emotional support was negatively associated with drinking. Smoking, but not drinking was associated with depressed mood. While individuals with high levels of depressed mood received more support, receiving better quality emotional support was associated with fewer mood and stress symptoms. Individuals who reported receiving better quality emotional support typically smoked fewer cigarettes. Conclusion Quantity of emotional support was associated with higher levels of negative emotionality, whereas the opposite was found for quality of emotional support. Emotional support may indirectly influence smoking via depressed mood. Effecting the perceived quality of support appears to be the mechanism by which emotional support helps to reduce smoking in adult African Americans.
Protein structural changes on a CubeSat under rocket acceleration profile

Catalyzing life-sustaining reactions, proteins are composed by 20 different amino acids that fold into a compact yet flexible three-dimensional architecture, which dictates what their function(s) might be. Determining the spatial arrangement of the atoms, the protein’s 3D structure, enables key advances in fundamental and applied research. Protein crystallization is a powerful technique to achieve this. Unlike Earth’s crystallization experiments, biomolecular crystallization in space in the absence of gravitational force is actively sought to improve crystal growth techniques. However, the effects of changing gravitational vectors on a protein solution reaching supersaturation remain largely unknown. Here, we have developed a low-cost crystallization cell within a CubeSat payload module to exploit the unique experimental conditions set aboard a sounding rocket. We designed a biaxial gimbal to house the crystallization experiments and take measurements on the protein solution in-flight with a spectrophotometry system. After flight, we used X-ray diffraction analysis to determine that flown protein has a structural rearrangement marked by loss of the protein’s water and sodium in a manner that differs from crystals grown on the ground. We finally show that our gimbal payload module design is a portable experimental setup to take laboratory research investigations into exploratory space flights.
Self Stimulation of the Tympanic Membrane in the Frog

ABSTRACT Laser Doppler vibrometry has been used to measure tympanic membrane vibration of frogs calling in their natural habitat. Despite the presence of sound pressure levels as high as 118 dB in the vicinity of the external surface of the eardrum, mean tympanic membrane displacements during calling are of the same order of magnitude as those produced in response to a neighboring male's call. Thus, the evidence suggests that the frog's tympanic membrane exhibits a reduced sensitivity to sound during vocalization.
Super-Flexibility in Practice: Insights from a Crisis

Flexibility is intuitively valued as a means of dynamically adapting to uncertainty. Historically, it has been especially prized during times of crisis. This is clearly demonstrated today as the current Coronavirus crisis is unfolding; there are many different dimensions of flexibility, ranging from versatility, agility, and resilience, to hedging, robustness and liquidity. For convenience, we fuse these terms together under the conceptual umbrella of “super-flexibility”. We define super-flexibility as a dynamic capability to simultaneously withstand turbulence AND adapt to fluid reality. Our field research has focused on how companies in Silicon Valley embrace uncertainty and drive adaptation. In this paper, we draw on the experience of a manufacturing firm facing the floods that hit Thailand in October 2011. The crisis enabled us to observe a situation in which the different nuances of flexibility collectively came into play within a compressed time-frame. In this paper, we showcase the practical application of super-flexibility in a crisis. First, we describe the conceptual foundations of flexibility and its different nuances. We then examine the chronology of the crisis as events unfolded. We conclude by distilling a number of “super-flexibility” lessons for business leaders.
The Ideal HPC Programming Language: Maybe it’s Fortran. Or maybe it just doesn’t matter.

The DARPA HPCS program sought a tenfold productivity improvement in trans-petaflop systems for HPC. This article describes programmability studies undertaken by Sun Microsystems in its HPCS participation. These studies were distinct from Sun’s ongoing development of a new HPC programming language (Fortress) and the company’s broader HPCS productivity studies, though there was certainly overlap with both activities.
Advancing continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in vivo: New insights into tissue challenges

Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII) is superior to conventional insulin therapy as it improves glycemic control thus reducing the probability of diabetic complications. Notwithstanding CSII's benefits, insulin dependent diabetic patients rarely achieve optimal glucose control. Moreover, CSII is only FDA approved for 3 days and often fails prematurely for reasons that have not been fully elucidated. We hypothesize that phenolic compounds, such as m-cresol and phenol, which are present in all commercial insulin formulations are responsible for the tissue reaction occurring at the insulin infusion site. This hypothesis was examined with in vitro cell cultures and a mouse air-pouch model to determine cellular and tissue reactions following infusions with saline, phenolic compounds, (i.e., commercial diluent), and insulin. We demonstrated that diluent and insulin were cytotoxic to cells in culture at sub-clinical concentrations (e.g., >1:10 of commercial insulin). Air pouch studies demonstrated that infusion of either diluted insulin or diluent itself induced three to five-fold level of recruited leukocytes as compared to saline. At both 3- and 7-days post infusion, these were predominantly neutrophils and macrophages. We conclude that phenolic compounds in commercial insulin preparations are cell and tissue toxic, which contributes to the failure of effective insulin infusion therapy.
“Emptying the Tank”: Current Student-Athletes

This chapter has interviews with eighteen current student-athletes, mostly those in non-power-five schools and who were mostly in non-big money sports. Like Chapter 2, it examines the messages student-athletes receive as well as the messengers, but also examines differences faced in attending a community college compared to a four-year university and the pressures these student-athletes face as both students and athletes, as well as how they define success and what they want people to know about being a student-athlete. Most of these student-athletes attend schools that are lower than Division-1, meaning they are not competing for or against power-five schools. Their level of competition means there is less media attention on them, there are fewer athletic scholarships available (especially compared to power-five schools).
An Analytical Framework for Assessing Progress

This chapter explains our economic method for assessing whether or not success towards implementing all 17 SDGs is being achieved. We show that it is possible to measure the welfare effects of an increase in one SDG that takes into account any interactions with any other SDG. The welfare analysis that we develop in this chapter can then be applied to the quantitative assessment of the net changes in SDG indicators since 2000. The main text summarizes the key elements of our analytical approach and methods in a non-technical and accessible manner. The details of our economic modelling approach are placed in an appendix of the chapter, for the interested reader.
epiRomics: a multi-omics R package to identify and visualize enhancers

Abstract Summary epiRomics is an R package designed to integrate multi-omics data in order to identify and visualize enhancer regions alongside gene expression and other epigenomic modifications. Regulatory network analysis can be done using combinatory approaches to infer regions of significance such as enhancers, when combining ChIP and histone data. Downstream analysis can identify co-occurrence of these regions of interest with other user-supplied data, such as chromatin availability or gene expression. Finally, this package allows for results to be visualized at high resolution in a stand-alone browser. Availability and Implementation epiRomics is released under Artistic-2.0 License. The source code and documents are freely available through Github (https://github.com/Huising-Lab/epiRomics). Contact ammawla@ucdavis.edu or mhuising@ucdavis.edu Supplementary information Supplementary data, and methods are available online on biorxiv or Github.
Associations among African American Parents’ Beliefs, Involvement, and Measures of School Readiness

Parents’ beliefs about school readiness have been linked to their involvement practices and children’s achievement. However, there is some evidence to suggest associations among parental beliefs, practices, and children’s outcomes may vary by families’ racial and ethnic background. This study examines the associations among African American parents’ beliefs about school readiness, home-based involvement, and measures of school readiness for children during the transition to kindergarten. Drawing upon data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten cohort: 2011 (N = 1716) a structural equation model was estimated and results show that African American parents’ school readiness beliefs were positively associated with children’s beginning achievement. In addition, parents’ home-based involvement was positively associated with children’s academic achievement and social skills. The most salient finding is that parents’ school readiness beliefs positively predicted their home-based involvement, which in turn was positively associated with children’s academic achievement and social skills. These findings have practical implications for educators and policymakers who aim to enhance home-school partnerships and parent education programs serving African American families. Results suggest that early interventions focused on encouraging parental involvement should consider parents’ beliefs about the importance of literacy, numeracy, paying attention, and behaving well, as they promote resilience among African American students.
Posttraumatic stress and substance use among military veterans: Associations with distress intolerance and anxiety sensitivity

Abstract The co-occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUD) is highly prevalent among military veterans and represents a difficult-to-treat comorbidity. Distress intolerance (DI; i.e., the perceived inability to tolerate negative emotional states) and anxiety sensitivity (AS, i.e., the fear of anxiety-related sensations) are two promising targetable mechanisms with potential to predict and improve treatment outcomes for veterans with PTSD/SUD. We hypothesized that PTSD symptom severity would be related to (a) alcohol use severity and (b) drug use severity through DI and AS, evaluated concurrently. Participants included 120 military veterans (98.3% male; Mage = 41.41, SD = 10.77) presenting for psychological services at a Veterans Affairs PTSD/SUD clinic. Results indicated that PTSD symptom severity was related to alcohol use severity through AS, but not DI; and PTSD symptom severity was related to drug use severity through DI, but not AS. Clinical and research implications are discussed.
The spatial distribution of solar radiation under a melting Arctic sea ice cover

[1] The sea ice cover of the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas is currently undergoing a fundamental shift from multiyear ice to first-year ice. Field observations of sea ice physical and optical properties were collected in this region during June–July 2010, revealing unexpectedly complex spatial distributions of solar radiation under the melt-season ice cover. Based on our optical measurements of first-year ice, we found the under-ice light field in the upper ocean to be spatially heterogeneous and dependent on wavelength, ice thickness, and the areal and geometric distribution of melt ponded and bare ice surfaces. Much of the observed complexity in radiation fields arose because the transmission of light through ponded ice was generally an order of magnitude greater than through bare, unponded ice. Furthermore, while many sites exhibited a consistent, exponential decay in light transmission through both ponded and bare ice surfaces, light transmission under bare ice was also observed to increase with depth (reaching maximum values ∼5–10 m below the bottom of the ice). A simple geometric model shows these transmission peaks are a result of scattering in the ice and the interspersion of bare and ponded sea ice surfaces. These new observations of complex radiation fields beneath melt-season first-year sea ice have significant implications for biological production, biogeochemical processes, and the heat balance of sea ice and under-ice ocean waters and should be carefully considered when modeling these sea ice-related phenomena.
Generalized Linear Mixed Models

Generalized linear models (GLMs); represent a class of regression models for several types of dependent variables where the linear predictor includes only fixed effects. Incorporation of random effects into GLMs yields the class of models known as generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs). Random effects are typically included for analysis of clustered and/or longitudinal data to account for the correlation of the data. GLMMs are especially useful for analysis of correlated nonnormal data, and the term GLMMs often refers to models for these kinds of data. Keywords: generalized linear models; multilevel models; hierarchical linear models; logistic regression; probit regression; Poisson regression; maximum likelihood estimation
Atomic Bomb Testing and the Warner Amendment: A Violation of the Separation of Powers

Hundreds of thousands of American soldiers and civilians were exposed to radiation during atmospheric tests of atomic bombs between 1946 and 1963. An undetermined number of them are now ill or dead from diseases traceable to that exposure. In the early 1980s, some of the soldiers and civilians, or their survivors, brought damage suits against the private contractors that had helped the United States government carry out the tests. In 1984, Congress interfered with the judicial process by passing the Warner Amendment, which retroactively provided sovereign immunity to the contractors and required dismissal of the suits. Professor Fletcher shows that the Warner Amendment was passed for the specific purpose of requiring dismissal of the suits, thereby protecting the government and its contractors from the legal consequences of acts long since completed. Professor Fletcher then argues that the Warner Amendment's intrusion into the judicial process violates the Separation of Powers. This is a story of irresponsibility, deceit, and betrayal. It begins shortly after World War II, in 1946, when the United States tested two atomic bombs at Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands. The atmospheric testing of atomic weapons went on intermittently for the next seventeen years, both in the Pacific and in Nevada. The last American atmospheric testing was performed in 1963 at the Nevada Test Site northwest of Las Vegas. During this testing, hundreds of tiousands of active duty servicemen were exposed to significant doses of radiation.' Over one hundred thousand more civilians downwind from the * Professor of Law, University of California, Berkeley; B.A., 1968, Harvard College; B.A., 1970, Oxford University; J.D., 1975, Yale Law School. I have testified in Congress three times in support of a repeal of the Warner Amendment, and drafted the Petition for Writ of Certiorari, Konizeski v. Livermore Labs, 108 S. Ct. 1076 (1988)(cert. denied). 1. Estimates of the exact number vary. The United States Defense Department estimates that 210,000 soldiers participated in the tests. The National Association of Atomic Veterans estimates the figure at between 250,000 and 400,000. H. WASSERMAN & N. SOLOMON, KILLING OUR OwN: THE DISASTER OF AMERICA'S EXPERIENCE WITH ATOMIC RADIATION 303 n.12 (1982).
Math Behind Financial Aspects of Partnership Distribution Waterfalls

This report reviews the basic financial concepts that apply to provisions commonly used in real estate partnership waterfall distributions. It discusses how those provisions are susceptible to other interpretations and often include superfluous and potentially confusing language. It concludes with specific recommendations for improving the definitional portion of distribution waterfalls.
Response to McMichael, Block, and Goldfrank

It is at times of rapid social transformation that the cognitive and explanatory limitations of our extant accounts of the world are exposed. Social theory emerged in the nineteenth century as an intellectual outcome to a vast process of socioeconomic change and political upheaval. We are currently in another period of momentous change. It is in such times that the way forward requires that we "go out on a limb," that we advance novel theoretical and macrosociological propositions. Perching on the solid branches of established paradigms will get us nowhere. Yet such propositions are unsettling, not just because they have yet to be "fully corroborated" and "properly qualified," but also, and primarily, because they go against the grain of established modes of thinking and therefore generate stiff resistance.
Effect of Thiol-binding Reagents on the Metabolism of Chromatium D

Thiosulfate, intracellular sulfur, and acetate utilization by Chromatium D were inhibited by iodoacetamide, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (CMB), and HgCl(2). Pyruvate, sulfide, and sulfite utilization were insensitive to iodoacetamide, and were less sensitive to NEM, CMB, and HgCl(2) than thiosulfate, intracellular sulfur, and acetate utilization. The effect of the thiol-binding reagents on cell viability was dependent upon the method of exposure; cells exposed to the thiol-binding reagents in the presence of thiosulfate were protected from the killing action of these agents, but not from their inhibitory effect. Although the inhibitory effects of the thiol-binding reagents could, in some cases, be attributed to their effect on viability, they were inhibitory under conditions where viability was unaffected. The most straightforward results were obtained with iodoacetamide, which revealed a sharp separation in sensitivities between the systems tested but had no effect on cell viability. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that thiols are involved in thiosulfate, intracellular sulfur, and acetate utilization.
Iron ore sintering

Differential scanning and high temperature reaction calorimetry have been used to characterize a series of natural iron ore and flux samples commonly used during iron ore sintering. Most iron ore samples were shown to contain measurable quantities of goethite, with a characteristic dehydration peak in DSC and TG between 200 and 400°C. At higher temperatures, all samples decomposed to produce magnetite with an accompanying mass loss in the TG profile due to the evolution of oxygen. High temperature reaction calorimetry has been used to measure the heat of solution of the ore in the melt formed during iron ore sintering. The dehydration and calcination of iron ore and flux samples was also examined using high-temperature reaction calorimetry. The results support the DSC/TG findings.
Link for injured kids: a patient-centered program of psychological first aid after trauma

OBJECTIVE: Injury, the most common type of pediatric trauma, can lead to a number of adverse psychosocial outcomes, including posttraumatic stress disorder. Currently, few evidence-based parent programs exist to support children hospitalized after a traumatic injury. Using methods in evaluation and intervention research, we completed a formative research study to develop a new program of psychological first aid, Link for Injured Kids, aimed to educate parents in supporting their children after a severe traumatic injury. METHODS: Using qualitative methods, we held focus groups with parents and pediatric trauma providers of children hospitalized at a Level I Children's Hospital because of an injury in 2012. We asked focus group participants to describe reactions to trauma and review drafts of our intervention materials. RESULTS: Health professionals and caregivers reported a broad spectrum of emotional responses by their children or patients; however, difficulties were experienced during recovery at home and upon returning to school. All parents and health professionals recommended that interventions be offered to parents either in the emergency department or close to discharge among admissions. CONCLUSIONS: Results from this study strongly indicate a need for posttrauma interventions, particularly in rural settings, to support families of children to address the psychosocial outcomes in the aftermath of an injury. FINDINGS presented here describe the process of intervention development that responds to the needs of an affected population. Language: en
German Perceptions of the Triple Entente after 1911: Their Mounting Apprehensions Reconsidered

After 1911, Germany felt increasingly threatened by the Triple Entente. Secret intelligence from the Russian embassy in London revealed a growing cohesion among the Triple Entente partners: Britain, Russia, and France. In particular, Berlin feared the success of Raymond Poincare of France, first as premier and then later as President, as he worked to convert the entente with London into an alliance and to reinforce alliance ties with Russia. In the summer of 1914 came the murders at Sarajevo of Habsburg Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife. When Vienna decided to punish Serbia, Berlin agreed to support them in the belief that Russia would not back Serbia. But even if Russia did support Serbia, better a war now than later. Rather than be intimidated, Russia took escalatory actions of its own to help Serbia and their French ally. The First World War was the result.
The Value of Blockholder Liquidity and the Decision to Unify Share Classes

From 1988 to 2007, over 1,100 publicly traded firms used the dual class structure. Despite the structure's effectiveness at maintaining control, approximately one fourth of these firms eliminated the dual class structure. In 95 firms, superior shareholders voluntarily eliminated the dual class structure by means of a share conversion or shareholder proposal. On average, blockholders lost half of their voting power during the year of the unification (from 51.4% to 26.0%). In this study, I examine the firms who voluntarily unify their share classes in order to determine why blockholders willingly give up such large stakes in voting power. I find 70% of unifying firms specifically state "increase liquidity" as a primary reason for unifying their share classes. Also, I find blockholders maintain or slightly increase their voting power prior to the uni cation, but then dramatically decrease their voting power in the three years after the unification. I find two-thirds of the drop in voting power is attributable to reductions in blockholder holdings rather than share dilutions. In addition, I find over 40% of blockholders completely exit the firm within three years. Based on the empirical evidence, I conclude blockholders are willing to lose signi cant portions of voting power in order to increase their own personal liquidity.
Somatic Antigens of Streptococcus Group E II. Separation and a Partial Physicochemical Characterization

Abstract Antigenic extracts of Streptococcus group E (SGE) were subjected to fractional ethanol precipitation, block (preparative) electrophoresis, and gel filtration for the purpose of separating the type antigen from the group antigen. Ethanol precipitation was ineffective in separating the substances. Block electrophoresis yielded serologically pure group antigen and a mixture of type and group antigen. Serologically pure type antigen was obtained by gel filtration. In some cases, pure group antigen was also recovered; in others, it was contaminated with type antigen. Gel filtration column effluents of antigenic extracts of SGE serotypes, I, II, III, IV, V and “untypable” isolates, collected from the region in which type antigen was eluted, were studied by paper chromatography and infrared spectrophotometry in an effort to develop a nonserological means of detecting type antigen. Hydrolysates of type antigens or suspect type antigens of serotypes I through V contained l-rhamnose, d-glucose, and several unidentified substances. d-Galactose also was present in hydrolysates of serotypes III and V. Untypable isolates and negative controls contained traces of d-glucose only. The data suggested that serotypes I through V contained a type antigen and that the untypable isolates were devoid of type antigen. Infrared absorbance spectra seemed to support the paper chromatography data.
Electronic health records and resident workflow: A time-motion study of otolaryngology residents

Objectives/Hypothesis To evaluate the impact of electronic health records (EHRs) on the workflow of otolaryngology residents. Study Design Prospective, time-motion study. Methods A time-motion study was conducted both in the 2009 to 2010 and 2012 to 2013 postgraduate years. Eight otolaryngology residents were directly observed on both operative and clinic days, with resident activities categorized by way of a database program. Comparisons were made to the same data collected in the same setting prior to and following integration of an EHR system. Results Residents spent their day on direct patient care (41.1%), indirect patient care (35.3%), didactic education (14.0%), personal activities (6.9%), and transit (3.1%). The primary activity during operative days was direct patient care, and during clinic days it was indirect patient care. Activities of marginal educational value comprised a considerable component of their time (16.5%). Compared to data collected prior to use of an EHR, time was spent similarly. However, residents using an EHR devoted significantly more time to indirect patient care on clinic days (P < .05). Conclusions This is the first study to evaluate EHR integration on otolaryngology resident workflow. Overall resident efficiency was not significantly altered by the implementation of an EHR. However, more time was shifted from directly caring for patients to documenting on the EHR in the clinic setting. These findings provide an important objective insight into EHRs, especially given the looming mandate for their use and the need to streamline resident curriculum in the duty hours era. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 125:594–598, 2015
Rituximab Use in Pediatric Central Demyelinating Disease

Abstract Background Rituximab is a B-cell therapy used off-label to reduce relapses in adult demyelinating diseases. There is limited knowledge of its clinical use in pediatric neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis. Demyelinating diseases in children can have high morbidity, and B-cell therapies hold promise for those with a severe course. Our study investigates the clinical experience of safety and efficacy with rituximab in children with demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. Methods This is a retrospective case series of 11 patients with pediatric neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis who received at least one rituximab infusion at the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Clinic, University of California, San Francisco. Each patient was infused up to 1000 mg twice 2 weeks apart. Patients were monitored prospectively, and relapse events, laboratories, and adverse reactions were recorded. Results Eight children with neuromyelitis optica, two with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and one with secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis received rituximab treatment. The median number of cycles was 3. Most patients (82%, n = 9) experienced reduction of relapses after initiating rituximab. There were no serious infections. Infusion reactions were reported in three patients and managed successfully in subsequent infusions with increased pretreatment (dexamethasone and diphenhydramine) and use of slower infusion rates. Rituximab was not discontinued in any child because of side effects; two switched treatment therapy after 4.5 and 11 months because of relapses. Conclusions The use of rituximab in our pediatric neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis cohort was overall safe and effective. Larger studies should confirm our observations.
A goal-affect analysis of everyday situational choices☆

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to explore several of the processes accounting for situational choices. Subjects kept daily records of their moods and the situations they encountered over a 30-day period. They rated the importance of 17 goals in each situation and estimated how often they actually attained each goal. The frequencies of satisfying and frustrating outcomes were also rated. It was found that goal importance and goal attainment were the best predictors of time spent in situations, followed by positive affect felt in the situation, and next by the satisfied outcome ratings. These relationships were generally stronger in chosen as opposed to imposed situations. Some situations were chosen on the basis of affect (recreation-leisure), while other situations (work-study) were chosen despite their affective consequences. It was concluded that situational choices are predicted by different variables for different situations and for different persons. The relevance of various current motivational theories for the present findings is discussed. Other possible influences on situational choices are suggested.
Transparency in the ePortfolio Creation Process.

This paper presents the findings of a study examining the effect of transparency on the ePortfolio creation process. The purpose of the study was to examine whether increased awareness of other students’ ePortfolios through the implementation of transparency and peer review would positively affect the quality of performance of school library media candidates’ ePortfolios
Unlearning Cognitive Dissonance: Toward an Understanding of the Development of Dissonance☆☆☆

The results of two experiments support the idea that cognitive dissonance is weakened following misattribution, suggesting a role for experience in the development of dissonance. The first experiment placed people in an essay-writing, induced compliance situation and replicated the finding that people who misattributed their arousal to an external source did not show evidence of dissonance arousal. The second experiment involved the same participants and placed them in a different dissonance arousing situation. The data showed that participants who had previously misattributed their dissonance showed very little evidence of dissonance arousal despite not having a stimulus to which they could misattribute their arousal. The results are discussed in terms of the possibility that we may learn to experience dissonance. The implications of these results for the role of dissonance in an emerging self-system are also discussed.
Wireless LAN network management system

The objective of this paper is to analyze and implement a network management system (NMS) in wireless environment using simple network management protocol (SNMP). Wired network management technology is matured and effective in today's complexity network tasks. But with the popularity of mobile devices, management of wireless network is becoming critical. Because of the significant differences between wireless network and traditional wired networks, a simple migration from the existing wired networks to wireless networks requires special design and implementation considerations. In this paper, we discuss how to enhance existing network management systems to meet wireless network requirements. We have developed a new system based on the widely adopted existing standard protocol SNMP. The new system provides following functions: (1) discover mobile devices automatically, (2) establish association among mobile devices and access point, (3) collect and monitor the wireless network performance, (4) control access to wireless network through AP, and (5) notify the changes of wireless network performance. We have tested our implementation on wireless media streaming platform and it conforms our design.
Bystander effects in unicellular organisms.

Abstract Radiation-induced bystander effects have been seen in mammalian cells from diverse origins. These effects can be transmitted through the medium to cells not present at the time of irradiation. We have developed an assay for detecting bystander effects in the unicellular eukaryote, the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. This assay allows maximal exposure of unirradiated cells to cells that have received electron beam irradiation. S. pombe cells were irradiated with 16–18 MeV electrons from a pulsed electron LINAC. When survival of the irradiated cells decreased to approximately 50%, forward-mutation to 2-deoxy- d -glucose resistance increased in the unirradiated bystander cells. Further increase in dose had no additional effect on this increase. In order to detect this response, it was necessary for the irradiated cell/unirradiated cell ratio to be high. Other cellular stresses, such as heat treatment, UV irradiation, and bleomycin exposure, also caused a detectable response in untreated cells grown with the treated cells. We discuss evolutionary implications of these results.
A yellow crescent cytoskeletal domain in ascidian eggs and its role in early development

In this investigation, Triton X-100 extraction was utilized to examine the cytoskeleton of ascidian eggs and embryos. The cytoskeleton contained little carbohydrate or lipid and only about 20–25% of the total cellular protein and RNA. It was enriched in polypeptides of molecular weight (Mr) 54, 48, and 43 × 103. The 43 × 103 Mr polypeptide was identified as actin based on its Mr, isoeletric point, and affinity for DNase I. Electron microscopy of the detergent-extracted eggs showed that they contained cytoskeletal domains corresponding to colored cytoplasmic regions of specific morphogenetic fate in the living egg. A yellow crescent cytoskeletal domain in the myoplasm was examined and shown to consist of a plasma membrane lamina (PML) and a deeper lattice of filaments which appeared to connect the yellow crescent pigment granules to the PML. The PML probably consists of integral membrane proteins stabilized by an underlying network of actin filaments since NBD-phallacidin stained this area of the egg cortex and the PML was extracted from the cytoskeleton by DNase I treatment. The yellow crescent cytoskeletal domain was found throughout the cortex of the unfertilized egg. During ooplasmic segregation it progressively receded into the vegetal hemisphere and was subsequently partitioned to the presumptive muscle and mesenchyme cells of the 32-cell embryo. It is suggested that contraction of the actin network in the yellow crescent cytoskeletal domain is the motive force for ooplasmic segregation. This structure may also serve as a framework for the positioning of morphogenetic determinants involved in muscle cell development.
Economics and institutional research: Expanding the connections and applications

This chapter provides some examples and recommendations for expanding the connections between economics and institutional research.
Peripheral markers of thyroid status unaffected by endurance training in rats.

In order to more clearly define the relationship between endurance exercise training and thyroid activity we have measured T4 turnover in exercise-trained and sedentary rats under conditions of controlled food intake and body weight. Rats were run on rodent treadmills at gradually increasing speeds and durations until at the end of 12 weeks they were running 2 h per day at 31 m/min. Sedentary rats were either allowed to eatad libitum or were food restricted so that they gained weight at the same rate as controls. Relative heart weight and plantaris citrate synthase activity were both significantly increased in trained animals compared to controls. The thyroxine secretion and degradation rates were not affected by the training. In addition, liver mitochondrial α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase were measured as indicators of the thyroid state at the tissue level. Neither of these enzymes were increased in the trained rats. We conclude that increased thyroid activity is not essential for inducing and maintaining the adaptations in muscle mitochondrial enzymes which occur in response to prolonged endurance exercise training.