cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reproductive and Sexual Healthcare Needs Among Adults with Disabilities as Perceived by Social Workers

People with disabilities often experience unique gynecological and reproductive healthcare needs, which may be exacerbated by their experience of sexual victimization. Previous research on adolescents with disabilities found that social workers held beneficial roles in supporting their clients to make empowered decisions concerning sexual healthcare, pregnancy, and parenting. This study aimed to assess the reproductive and sexual health needs of adults with various disabilities from the perspectives of their social workers. Eleven social workers working primarily with adults with various disabilities were interviewed using a phenomenological study design to offer their perspectives of the sexual and reproductive health needs of their clients. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed; themes and subthemes were identified. According to social workers, (1) adults with disabilities experienced distinctive reproductive healthcare interactions and challenges, including specific needs that were uniquely related to risks for sexual victimization and (2) social workers performed several roles in supporting sexual and reproductive healthcare of these clients, including education and brokering. Social workers demonstrated the need to support clients within a biopsychosocial framework since their biological, psychological, and social needs intersected to either restrain or empower their reproductive health. Social workers played key roles in supporting their clients in reproductive and sexual health decision-making, yet appeared to struggle to address ethical dilemmas, especially those related to ensuring their clients’ well-being and self-determination. Secondly, the results of this study made a connection between challenges in adults with disabilities’ receipt of health wellness exams and histories of sexual victimization.
Improving access and timeliness of care for veterans with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A multidisciplinary team's approach.

Objectives/Hypothesis With the prevalence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) nearly twice as high in veterans (6%) than general populations (3%), the noted problems of long waits and access to care in United States Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals across the country are pressing. We examined primary outcome measures of timeliness and access to care for our patients with HNSCC assessing a multidisciplinary team approach at our VA hospital. Study Design Retrospective chart review. Methods Our patients newly diagnosed with HNSCC were identified from two 24-month periods: diagnosis before (group 1, 2005–2006) and after (group 2, 2008–2009) implementing our multidisciplinary team in 2007. No significant differences in age (P = .13) or disease stage (P = .18) occurred between groups. Primary and secondary outcomes (i.e., treatment modality, imaging, completion of treatment, survival) were compared. Results Timeliness to care improved for all measures. Improvement was significant for times from consult placed to seen in clinic (27.5–16.5 days; P < 0.0001) and from positive biopsy reported to date of initiating definitive treatment (35–27 days; P = 0.04). Pretreatment consults to various services represented by the multidisciplinary team increased from one to four (P < 0.0001). Two-year mortality was approximately the same between group 1 (33%) and group 2 (36%) (P = 0.035). Five-year mortality was slightly better in group 2 (50%) versus group 1 (61%), although not statistically significant. Conclusion Our veteran population with HNSCC had improved timeliness and access to care with our multidisciplinary approach. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 2015
The Design and Analysis of Studies in Premature Infants Using Human Donor Milk or Preterm Formula as Primary Nutrition: A Critique of Schanler et al.

Nutritional studies of human milk in pre-term infants provide a unique challenge in clinical research. In this paper we review the general tenets of good clinical design and analysis and show how they might be properly applied in these situations. The recommendations are then compared with the approach used in a recent study by Shanler et al. It is concluded that future trials should consider these key statistical design and analytical issues.
Bundling and the Reduction of the Winner's Curse

The paper studies the effects of bundling on the bidding strategies and seller revenues in auctions when the bidders have common values for the objects. Bundling of objects before the auction reduces the problem of the winner's curse, and the bidders bid more aggressively. This does not mean that a bundled auction is always better for the seller's revenue. Indeed, there is another effect that makes the bundled auction preferable (from the seller's standpoint) if and only if the number of bidders is small. While this is the only effect present in an independent-private-values model, it does not vanish when bidders have pure common values for the objects. The paper concludes that a bundled auction is unambiguously better for the seller than separate auctions when the number of bidders is small.
School-age children's perceptions of a person who stutters.

Abstract The present study examined the perceptions school-age children have of stutterers. Four groups of fourth and fifth grade students viewed a videotape with either the speaker stuttering or not stuttering while reading a poem. A semantic differential scale of bi-polar adjective pairs was used to rate the speaker on intelligence and personality traits. The current study found that there is a significant difference between school-age children’s perceptions of stutterers and nonstutterers with the ratings for the disfluent speaker more negative than the ratings for the fluent speaker. It was found that children did not rate personality and intelligence related traits differently. This information can be used to validate the need for education regarding stuttering for children and those who work with children. Educational objectives: The reader will learn about and be able to (1) identify perceptions of stutterers by a variety of groups; (2) discuss the implications of research on perceptions of stutterers; and (3) compare/contrast children and adults and their perceptions.
Surface structure determination of CeO 2 ( 001 ) by angle-resolved mass spectroscopy of recoiled ions

Angle-resolved mass spectroscopy of recoiled ions data was obtained for the CeO{sub 2}(001) surface. Prior theoretical investigations have suggested that the (1{times}1) unreconstructed surface, terminated with bulk equivalent layers of either cerium or oxygen, is unstable due to a nonzero surface dipole. In this investigation, it was experimentally determined that the surface is terminated with 0.5 monolayers of oxygen. This model results in a stable surface with a zero dipole moment. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Using Inverse Probability Weighting Estimators to Evaluate Various Propensity Scores When Treatment Switching Exists

In this paper, we conduct a Monte Carlo simulation study to evaluate three propensity score (PS) scenarios for estimating an average treatment effect (ATE) in observational studies when treatment switching exists: (a) ignoring treatment switching in subjects (UPS), (b) removing subjects with treatment switching (RPS), and (c) adjusting for treatment switching effect (APS) with two inverse probability weighting estimators, IPW1 and IPW2. We evaluate these six estimators in terms of bias, mean squared error (MSE), empirical standard error (ESE), and coverage probability (CP) under various simulation scenarios. Simulation results show that the IPW2 estimator with RPS has relatively good performance.
Impact of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Accredited Professional Credential on Design Professionals

Leadership in energy and environmental design (LEED) accreditation is quickly becoming one of the most popular professional designations available to members of the building design and construction community. The purpose of this research was to determine the impact that the LEED accredited professional (AP) designation has had on architecture/engineering (A/E) firm employees versus employees of owners, contractors, subcontractors, and other organization types. The researchers analyzed 9,060 responses from LEED-APs using a one-way ANOVA to determine whether or not significant differences in perceived benefit exist between LEED-APs working for A/E firms and LEED-APs working for other organization classifications. Results indicated a statistically significant difference in six of the eight “impact” categories. LEED-APs working for A/E firms did not feel as strong as LEED-APs working for other organization types that the credential provided any more recognition, professional opportunities for contributions, a...
Radiation from some periodic structures excited by a waveguide

In this letter the problems of radiation from a set of semi-infinite parallel plates and of radiation from uniform and modulated corrugated surfaces excited by a parallel-plane waveguide are solved exactly. To the authors' knowledge, the latter two configurations have not been previously considered in the presence of sources.
Asymmetric quality‐tier competition: an alternative explanation

Purpose – This paper aims to offer an alternative explanation for asymmetric quality‐tier competition.Design/methodology/approach – A conceptual framework based on quality‐price tradeoff is used in the study to derive research hypotheses and scanner panel data are used for empirical validation.Findings – The paper finds that the concept of tradeoffs offers a simple explanation for asymmetric competition in favor of high quality brands; as the quality differential increases, asymmetry increases; as the price differential increases, the asymmetry decreases.Practical implications – The framework and findings can inform pricing strategies for brands in different quality tiers.Originality/value – The paper offers an alternative explanation for asymmetric competition.
Writing Buddhist Histories from Landscape and Architecture: Sukhothai and Chiang Mai

This essay offers a preliminary account of the ways in which alterations to the landscape of fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Sukhothai and Chiang Mai figured within the micro-politics of these city-states. I show how landscape alterations inspired by Laṅkā and mainland South Asia served the consolidation and projection of royal power within the context of local and regional competition, and how such alterations formed part of strategic royal engagement with Buddhist monastic lineages.
Determination of 5-methylcytosine in DNA by gas chromatography—electron-capture detection

Abstract The following sequence of analytical steps was used to determine the amount of 5-methylcytosine(mol-%) in calf thymus and human lymphocyte DNA: acid hydrolysis of the DNA, derivatization (pentafluorobenzyl bromide, solid phase extraction, pivalic anhydride), internal standard addition, solid phase extraction, high-performanceliquid chromatography, and gas chromatography with electron-cupture detection. The steps were carefully optimized, leading to a recovery of 30 ± 1.0% starting with a nucleobase standard containing 1.25 ng of 5-methylcytosine. A second analysis of this sample gave a 30 ± 0.3%, demonstrating a high precision for the method. In good agreement with earlier work by others, 1.2 ± 0.10 mol-% of 5-methylcytosine was then found in a 350 ng sample of calf thymus DNA, and values of 0.9 ± 0.07 and 0.8 ± 0.04 mol-% (two runs) were found in hyman lymphocyte DNA.
782-3 Rotational Atherectomy vs. Excimer Laser Angioplasty: A Multi-variable Analysis of Early and Late Procedural Outcome

Rotational atherectomy (RA) and excimer laser angioplasty (ELCA) are commonly used in lesions unsuitable for balloon angioplasty, but few comparative outcome studies have been performed using these devices in matched subsets. To address this issue, we reviewed the clinical course of 696 patients undergoing RA or ELCA in lesions suitable for either technique. Vein grafts, long (≥ 20 mm), heavily calcified, thrombus-containing lesions, and total occlusions were excluded. Angiographic (l 50% final stenosis), procedural (proc-S) (l 50% stenosis and no in-hospital complications [death, Q-wave myocardial infarction QWMI or CABG] and clinical (Proc-S without rePTCA l 14 days) success, and late events (death, QWMI, target lesion revascularization [TLR, CABG or repeat PTCA]) were recorded for 12 months after the procedure. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the ELCA effect, accounting for disparities in clinical (unstable angina, diabetes, multivessel disease) and angiographic (AHA/ACC classification, restenosis, length, calcium, eccentricity, angulation, irregularity, and pre-%DS) variables. ELCA remained an independent predictor for angiographic (OR = 3.72, P l 0.005), procedural (OR = 2.96, P l 0.01), and clinical RA(%) ELCA(%) # Patients/Lesions 518/682 178/217 Age (years)/Diabetes Mellitus 63/25 63/34 † Unstable Angina/Multivessel Disease 55/73 70 ††† /83 †† History of Restenosis/Pre TIMI l 3 37/3.3 21 ††† /21 ††† /13 ††† Lesion Length (mm)/Calcium 6.8/64 8.8 ††† /36 ††† Lesion Angulationg 45°/lrregularity 27/9 12 ††† /17 ††† DissectionslPerforations 13/0.5 32 ††† /2.0 Lesion Eccentricity/Ostial 65/22 48 ††† /16 † Proc-S/Major Complications 95/2.7 87 ††† /9 ††† Late (12 month) Major Events/TLR 31/29 40 † /40 † † p l 005 †† p l 0.01 ††† p l 0.001 (OR = 2.31, P l 0.05) failure. Although no ELCA effect was noted for late clinical outcome (p = 0.56), a trend toward more ELCA-related events was seen in TLR (RR = 1.43; P = 0.06). In conclusion In lesion subsets suitable for treatment with either device, ELCA-treated patients had: 1) lower Proc-S: 2) more acute complications; and 3) a trend toward more frequent TLR than RA-treated patients.
Development of a Zero-Dimensional Mesoscale Thermal Model for Urban Climate

Abstract A simple energy balance model is created for use in developing mitigation strategies for the urban heat island effect. The model is initially applied to the city of Phoenix, Arizona. There are six primary contributions to the overall energy balance: incident solar radiation, anthropogenic heat input, conduction heat loss, outgoing evapotranspiration, outgoing convection, and outgoing emitted radiation. Meteorological data are input to the model, which then computes an urban characteristic temperature at a calculated time step for a specified time range. The model temperature is shown to have the same periodic behavior as the experimentally measured air temperatures. Predicted temperature changes, caused by increasing the average urban albedo, agree within 0.1°C with comparable maximum surface temperature predictions from the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5). The present model, while maintaining valid energy-balance physi...
Genetic control of the search tactic of Drosophila melanogaster: an ethometric analysis of rover/sitter traits in adult flies.

Adults ofrover andsitter Drosophila melanogaster morphs, the larvae of which were previously shown to differ in their foraging tactics by Sokolowski [(1980).Behav. Genet. 10:291–302], can be discriminated as individuals with relatively straight paths (rovers) and restricted, intensive search paths (sitters). The larval progeny ofrover andsitter adult-selected lines, selected from a population of field-collectedD. melanogaster, had respectiverover andsitter larval traits, indicating a possible pleiotropic effect of genes on adult and larval searching behavior. Analysis of the temporal characteristics of the search tactics of adultrover andsitter morphs shows that the main differences between the two morphs are (1) the initial effect of feeding on locomotory rate, (2) the rate of the transition from intensive local search toward relatively straight foraging paths typical of unfed flies, and (3) the tendency to stop during searching. These movement parameters result in restricted, intensive search paths ofsitters and relatively straight paths ofrovers.
Use of probiotics to correct dysbiosis of normal microbiota following disease or disruptive events: a systematic review.

Objective To assess the evidence for the claim probiotics can correct dysbiosis of the normal microbiota resulting from disease or disruptive events. Setting Systematic review of published clinical trials of patients receiving a probiotic intervention for the prevention or treatment of various diseases. Data sources Sources searched (1985–2013): PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CINAHL, AMED and ISI Web of Science. Three on-line clinical trial registries were searched: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled trials, MetaRegister of Controlled Trials and National Institutes of Health. Review methods Included studies were randomised clinical trials of probiotic interventions having microbiological assays. Studies were evaluated following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for specific probiotic strains. A standard data extraction form was used to collect the raw data. Outcome measures The primary outcome is the degree of microbiota correction by specific probiotic strains. Secondary outcome was the association between the degree of dysbiosis correction and clinical efficacy. Results The review of the literature found three distinct study designs: model A (restoration) assayed patients enrolled with a healthy, undisturbed microbiota and then assayed postdisruptive event and probiotic therapy; model B (alteration) assayed patients with pre-existing disrupted microbiota and then postprobiotic therapy; model C (no dysbiosis) assayed volunteers with no disruptive event prebiotic and postprobiotic. From a total of 63 trials, 83% of the probiotic products using model A restored the microbiota, 56% using model B improved the microbiota and only 21% using model C had any effect on microbiota. Clinical efficacy was more commonly associated with strains capable of restoration of the normal microbiota. Conclusions The ability to assess the degree of dysbiosis improvement is dependent on the enrolled population and the timing of microbiological assays. The functional claim for correcting dysbiosis is poorly supported for most probiotic strains and requires further research. Trial registration number PROSPERO (CRD42014007224).
Biomodulatory approaches to chemotherapy-resistant breast cancer

Abstract Breast cancer that has become resistant to first-line or second-line chemotherapy is a very difficult clinical situation, often involving a woman who is still relatively healthy. It is in this setting in other diseases that investigational treatments have been attempted, including biological approaches. Even if the tumour is still responsive to chemotherapy given at high dose-intensity, the addition of a complementary strategy may well improve the long-term outlook for many patients. In the near future, anti-angiogenesis strategies will be available as a treatment for many or most solid tumours, and ultimately, replacement of oncogenes will be the method of choice for fundamentally attacking a cancer at its source. Presently, recruitment of the patient's immune response as an important ally of chemotherapy must not be overlooked.
Intraocular lens power adjustment nomogram after laser in situ keratomileusis

Purpose To develop a nomogram for improving the accuracy of intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation at the time of cataract surgery based on the manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE) change produced by laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Setting University-based clinical practice, Jules Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA. Methods This was a retrospective review of the records of consecutive patients who had cataract surgery after LASIK. Spherical equivalent refractive data before and after LASIK and cataract surgery were recorded. The differences between the targeted postoperative refractive errors after cataract surgery and the achieved refractive errors were plotted against the LASIK-induced MRSE change, yielding postoperative refractive errors to target during IOL power calculation to achieve emmetropia. Results Thirty-two eyes of 23 patients were identified; 25 eyes had myopic LASIK and 7, hyperopic LASIK. Regression analysis yielded the following polynomial relationship: target postoperative refractive error (D) to achieve emmetropia during IOL power calculation = −0.018(MRSE Change)2 + 0.192(MRSE Change) − 0.062. The outcomes in 97% of eyes fell within ±1.00 D of the value predicted by this formula. Conclusions A 2nd-order polynomial relationship was found between LASIK-induced MRSE change and the MRSE error after cataract surgery. From this equation, a simple adjustment nomogram was generated and put into a look-up table format. The formula and nomogram should improve IOL power calculation accuracy in post-LASIK eyes when the MRSE change is known.
Quantity of glucose transporter and appetite-associated factor mRNA in various tissues after insulin injection in chickens selected for low or high body weight

Chickens from lines selected for low (LWS) or high (HWS) body weight differ by 10-fold in body weight at 56 days old with differences in food intake, glucose regulation, and body composition. To ev...
Minimization of U-232 content in advanced high-conversion multirecycling thorium reactors by blanket fragmentation

Abstract The handling of recovered Th-232 is perhaps the most important problem in thorium breeder reactors due to the presence of the undesirable nuclide U-232 and its daughter Th-228. In advanced multirecycling reactors with high conversion ratios, the amount of this nuclide might reach 5000 ppm after several rounds of recycling, an amount that is almost 50-fold higher than that in conventional PWRs resulting in very high remote reprocessing costs. A reduction of U-232 via a reduction of the fast neutrons available for the ( n , 2 n ) reaction by increasing the moderator is not a feasible option in advanced reactors because of the loss in conversion. In this paper the possibility to minimize U-232 by blanket fragmentation while maintaining both the fuel-to-volume moderator volume ratio and amount of material is analyzed. The result show that reductions of up to 10% are feasible with an associated -reduction of the reprocessing cost.
Obesity and the Risk for Cardiovascular Disease

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of mortality in the United States. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking have all been directly related to CHD. Obesity is on the rise in the United States and has also been associated with CHD. This review clearly establishes obesity as an independent risk factor for CHD as demonstrated by the Framingham Heart Study, Nurses Health Study, Buffalo Health Study, and the Cancer Prevention Study II. Morbid obesity was found to correlate with a significant risk of mortality from CHD, especially in young men. Prevention of obesity, and therefore reduction in risk from cardiovascular disease, is paramount in the management of obesity. New approaches to behavioral, medical, and surgical management of obesity are reviewed, including thalidomide, an antiangiogenic agent. A primary and secondary prevention model details a multidisciplinary approach to reducing risk in obesity.
Towards integrated e-marketing value creation process

This study proposes a new approach to ‘integrated e-marketing value creation’ processes on the internet in order to provide insights about how to develop successful marketing strategies in the digital world. The study first discusses the changes in traditional marketing (4Ps) with possible complementary e-marketing elements, and then introduces some new marketing value elements (4Cs). The study discusses each element of how these new marketing value creation elements work in the digital world, along with some managerial suggestions. Finally, the study provides a new discussion on how to utilize today's e-value drivers in the light of the transforming of our understanding of marketing in the digital age.
OXIDATION‐REDUCTION REACTIONS OF P700 AND CYTOCHROME f IN FRACTION 1 PARTICLES PREPARED FROM SPINACH CHLOROPLASTS BY FRENCH PRESS TREATMENT

— –Fraction-1 particles were prepared by passing spinach chloroplasts three times through the French pressure cell and centrifuging in a sucrose gradient. With the electron donor DAD (diaminodurol or 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine) and ascorbate, a light-induced difference spectrum revealed the oxidation of both cytochrome f and P700 upon illumination of these particles. The oxidation of cytochrome f was completed in less than 0.5 msec. P700 and cytochrome f thus seem to be tightly bound to each other in these particles. Addition of Triton X-100 abolished the fast oxidation of cytochrome f but not that of P700. Artificial electron donors such as DAD, DCIP (2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol), and PMS (N-methylphenazonium methosulfate) were good electron donors for photoreaction 1 in these particles, while neither plastocyanin, Porphyra cytochrome 553, nor Euglena cytochrome-552 reduced P700 efficiently. However, after treatment of fraction 1 particles with Triton X-100 reduced DAD, DCIP and PMS were no longer efficient electron donors, while plastocyanin and the algal cytochromes were highly active in reducing P700. Mammalian cytochrome c was not a good electron donor either before or after Triton treatment. Measurements of the effectiveness of P700 reduction as a function of concentration in Triton-treated particles showed plastocyanin to be about four times more active than Porphyra or Euglena cytochromes which in turn were about fourteen times more active than mammalian cytochrome c. Recent studies by Murata and Brown have shown that plastocyanin is not required for the reduction of NADP in these particles with DCIP and isoascorbate as electron donors. The present investigation and that of Murata and Brown indicate that disintegration of chloroplasts with the French pressure cell and centrifugation in a sucrose gradient is the best method to separate system-1 particles having an electron-transport system in almost the native state as in chloroplasts.
Enzyme inactivation by a cellular neutral protease: enzyme specificity, effects of ligands on inactivation, and implications for the regulation of enzyme degradation.

A protease from Tetrahymena pyriformis inactivated eight of nine commercially available enzymes tested, including lactate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase (TPN-specific), glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase, D-amino acid oxidase, fumarase, pyruvate kinase, hexokinase, and citrate synthase. Urate oxidase was not inactivated. Inactivation occurred at neutral pH, was prevented by inhibitors of the protease, and followed first order kinetics. In those cases tested, inactivation was enhanced by mercaptoethanol. Most of the enzyme-inactivating activity was due to a protease of molecular weight 25,000 that eluted from DEAE-Sephadex at 0.3 M KCl. A second protease of this molecular weight, which was not retained by the gel, inactivated only isocitrate dehydrogenase and D-amino acid oxidase. These two proteases could also be distinguished by temperature and inhibitor sensitivity. Two other protease peaks obtained by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography had little or no enzyme inactivating activity, while another attacked only D-amino acid oxidase. At least six of the enzymes could be protected from proteolytic inactivation by various ligands. Isocitrate dehydrogenase was protected by isocitrate, TPN, or TPNH, glucose-6-dehydrogenase by glucose-6-P or TPN, pyruvate kinase by phosphoenolypyruvate or ADP, hexokinase by glucose, and fumarase by a mixture of fumarate and malate. Lactate dehydrogenase was not protected by either of its substrates or coenzymes. Citrate synthase was probably protected by oxalacetate. Our data suggest that the protease or proteases discussed here may participate in the inactivation or degradation of at least some enzymes in Tetrahymena. Since the inactivation occurs at neutral pH, this process could be regulated by variations in the cellular levels of substrates, coenzymes, or allosteric regulators resulting from changes in growth conditions or growth state. Such a mechanism would permit the selective retention of enzymes of metabolically active pathways.
Input virion proteins: cryptic targets of antivector immune responses in preimmunized subjects.

er strongly suggest that the turnover of virion input proteins may determine whether infected cells will be targeted by antivector T cells—and if so, for how long [2,5,6,11,12]. If a subject has been previously exposed to the parent virus or vector, then the immune system has already been ‘armed’ to recognize specific antigenic epitopes. In this case, injected vector virions will be targeted rapidly by the immune system as soon as they enter the body (by circulating antibodies), or they will be metabolized and presented on MHC molecules on transduced cells. Data from several laboratories using adenoviral or AAV vectors in different target tissues indicate that the turnover of input virion proteins correlates with, and may causally determine, the persistence of transgene expression in preimmunized subjects (Fig. 1). Injection of first generation adenoviral vectors into the brain of previously immunized rats is characterized by a reduction in transgene expression of over 90% within two weeks [2]. However, injection of high-capacity adenoviral vectors (HC-Ad) into similar animals leads to persistent transgene expression for at least two months (Fig. 1a; [2]; reviewed in [13]). The main difference between these vectors is that first generation Ad continues to express viral proteins, whereas HC-Ad does not. However, infection with HC-Ad will lead to immune presentation of viral proteins, but these are exclusively derived from input virions [14]. Once this limited source of antigenic epitopes has been metabolized and turned over, the HC-Ad genomes become invisible to the immune system. Therefore, immediately upon injection of HC-Ad into preimmunized animals, virion-derived proteins provide antigenic epitopes to activated T cells. However, this is a self-limiting process, since the capacity of activated T cells to encounter infected cells and reduce transgene expression is transient. Surprisingly, while injection of HC-Ad (derived from Ad5) results in long-term expression in subjects preimmunized against adenovirus [2,3], gene expression from AAV2 vectors is greatly reduced in animals preimmunized against this vector [4-6,15]. In comparison, even first generation adenoviral vectors [16], and herpes simplex virus (HSV) vectors [17], can achieve efficient gene transfer and expression in preimmunized subjects. The nearly complete inhibition of AAV2 expression in preimmunized animals is somewhat unexpected, because in the case of adenovirus, HSV-derived vectors, [2,3,16,17], and lentiviral vectors (unpublished observations), preimmunization is unable to eliminate vector entry and transgene expression. Neutralizing antibodies are PERSPECTIVE
Photophysical Characterization of Imidazolium-Substituted Pd(II), In(III), and Zn(II) Porphyrins as Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy.

Abstract The photophysical properties of four imidazolium-substituted metalloporphyrins have been assessed to gain insights into the relative efficacy of the compounds for photodynamic therapy (PDT). A set of zinc(II), palladium(II), and chloro-indium(III) porphyrins all bear a net positive charge owing to the diethylimidazolium unit; one zinc chelate bears a negative charge owing to a bis(sulfobutyl)imidazolium unit. The photophysical properties of the cationic and anionic zinc porphyrins are very similar to one another in organic solvents, phosphate-buffered saline, and in the presence of bovine serum albumin. The properties of the zinc and palladium porphyrins bearing charged peripheral groups are generally similar to those of neutral analogs in organic solvents. The palladium porphyrin shows an essentially quantitative yield (≥0.99) of the triplet excited state compared to the zinc porphyrins (∼0.9), and all are quantitatively quenched (at the diffusion limit) by molecular oxygen in air-saturated fluid solution. If the rate constant and yield of quenching of the triplet excited state by energy or electron transfer to molecular oxygen is the same in the cellular environment as in solution, then these processes combined with the triplet yield contribute only a factor of 1.3 to the higher PDT activity of analogous palladium versus zinc porphyrins, which is much smaller than what is observed. Therefore, other factors such as transient reduction of the excited porphyrin or delivery to the target site must predominantly underlie the difference in PDT efficacy of these sensitizers.
Walter R. Johnson: Personal recollections and his early work

My personal story and acknowledgement of Walter Johnson comes from the period 1952–1957 when we were both students in Physics and Mathematics at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He was ahead of me and my classmates by a year or two, and very wisely guided several of us to important courses offered by the Applied Mathematics group that otherwise we could well have passed up. I and my beginning graduate student colleagues often abandoned the usual study halls in favor of the smoky cafeteria den of the Michigan Union, where we would talk, smoke, and drink gallons of coffee, working on our graduate-studies notes and difficult assignments in Electricity and Magnetism, Quantum Mechanics, and so forth. And that is where we increasingly found ourselves in Walter’s company. He was a very generous teacher even then, tutoring us again and again on the material that we were wrestling with. So we came to rely on him as our most excellent mentor. Our distractions in that setting were many, as the Union had big black and white TV sets that drew big crowds to view the Kefauver hearings, HUAC, and the Army–McCarthy hearings. Indeed, those were the days. But Walter’s steady scholarship tended to keep the rest of us in line. For example, he got us to organize a study group to give group theory seminars to each other from Wigner’s book that was then still in German; in the end, I think his work on this cost him more time than it saved him! I heard that Walter had accepted a research position with Professor Otto Laporte, so he asked me to come see what was going on in that laboratory. Leading up to his Ph.D. dissertation, he was working on shock wave experiments and wanted to show me what he called a “shock tube”, where there was a brilliant flash of light that arose simply from violent shock wave compression, not from any electrical discharge. Well, this fascinated me at the time and then became a dominant interest of mine for the next fifteen years. Otto Laporte’s laboratory and several others (Western Ontario, Harvard College Observatory,
Behavioral and developmental changes associated with prenatal opiate receptor blockade

Pregnant Long-Evans hooded rats were dosed with 1, 5, or 10 mg/kg per day naloxone from gestational day 7 (GD7) through GD20. The control groups included both uninjected animals and injected animals pairfed to the 10-mg dose animals. At birth, all litters were culled to four males and four females, and fostered to undosed surrogate dams. Prenatal naloxone exposure produced changes in body weight development, pain sensitivity, and motor behavior in the offspring. Five and 10 mg/kg naloxone increased adult body weights in females only, as did the pairfeeding condition. The 10 mg/kg naloxone altered pain sensitivity (in males only) as measured by the tail flick test. Animals in the 1 mg/kg dose condition habituated more rapidly than uninjected (UN) subjects in the open field, and showed less activity than UNs as they matured. Bar pressing rates were reduced in the 10 mg/kg dose males in a visual discrimination task, while 10 mg/kg males and females showed reduced bar pressing rates on differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL). These findings confirm that prenatal exposure to naloxone alters some aspects of neurobehavioral development in the rat, and are consistent with the hypothesis that 1 mg/kg prenatally may increase opiate function in offspring, while 10 mg/kg prenatally may decrease opiate functioning in the offspring.
Model for compressible turbulence in hypersonic wall boundary and high-speed mixing layers

References ^tockbridge, R. D., "Experimental Investigation of Shock Wave/ Boundary-Layer Interactions in an Annular Duct," Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 5, No. 3, 1989, pp. 346-352. Chou, J.-H., and Childs, M. E., "A Study of the Effects of Trips on Compressible Boundary Layers," Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Univ. of Washington, Rept. TR78-SW-8-1, Seattle, WA, Aug. 1978. Williams, K. E., "Design and Preliminary Measurements in a Supersonic Strut-Endwall Flow Facility," M.S. Thesis, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA, Oct. 1991. Chue, S. H., "Pressure Probes for Fluid Measurement," Progress in Aerospace Sciences, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1975, pp. 147-223. Allen, J. M., "Critical Preston-Tube Sizes," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 7, No. 3, 1970, pp. 285-287. Hopkins, E. J., and Keener, E. R., "Study of Surface Pitots for Measuring Turbulent Skin Friction at Supersonic Mach NumbersAdiabatic Wall," NASA TN D-3478, July 1966. Cooper, G. K., and Sirbaugh, J. R., "PARC Code: Theory and Usage," Arnold Engineering Development Center, AEDC-TR-89-15, Arnold Air Force Base, TN, Dec. 1989. Baldwin, B. S., and Lomax, H., "Thin Layer Approximation and Algebraic Model for Separated Turbulent Flows," AIAA Paper 78257, Jan. 1978. Kline, S. J., Reynolds, W. C., Schraub, F. A., and Runstadler, P. W., "The Structure of Turbulent Boundary Layers," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 30, Pt. 4, 1967, pp. 741-773. Nash-Webber, J. L., and Gates, G. C., "An Engineering Approach to the Design of Laminarizing Nozzle Flows," Journal of Basic Engineering, Vol. 94, No. 4, 1972, pp. 897-904.
Comparison of sectioning rates among carbide and diamond burs using three casting alloys.

Purpose This study compared the sectioning rates of commercially available high noble, noble, and base metal casting alloys using two new cross-cut tungsten carbides specifically manufactured for alloy sectioning and two medium grit diamond burs. Materials and Methods Rectangular bars cast from a base metal alloy (Ni-Cr-Mo-Be), a noble alloy (Pd-Cu-Au), and a high noble alloy (Au-Ag-Cu-Pd) were sectioned under controlled conditions. Two types of cross-cut tungsten carbide and two types of medium grit diamond burs were tested using a high-speed handpiece under a coolant flow rate of 20 mL/min and an applied load at the bur tip of 0.9 N (91.5 g). Three 4-mm cuts were made through the alloy specimens using six burs of each type. The time required for Cuts 1, 2, and 3 was recorded, and sectioning rates in millimeters per minute were calculated as a relative measure of cutting efficiency. For each alloy, the total time required for the three cuts was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) and Scheffe tests (α= 0.05) to determine differences in sectioning rate among bur types. Results In general, mean sectioning rate for Cut 1 through Cut 3 decreased with longer use of the bur. Regarding total sectioning times, the carbide burs sectioned the base metal alloy significantly faster (P < .001) than the diamond burs. However, diamond burs sectioned the high noble alloy significantly faster (P < .001) than the carbide burs. Diamond burs also sectioned the noble alloy more quickly than the carbide burs, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions The cross-cut tungsten carbide burs should be used to section the base metal alloy but the medium grit diamond burs should be used to section the high noble alloy.
The influence of pH on the use-dependent effects of lidocaine in adult and neonatal canine Purkinje fibers.

Abstract We used microelectrode techniques to examine the influence of pH on the effects of lidocaine on neonatal and adult canine Purkinje fiber action potentials. Lidocaine, 5 mg/l and 10 mg/l, significantly decreased overshoot, Vmax, and action potential duration in neonatal and adult fibers (basic cycle length 1300 and 300 ms) at pH 7.3 and 6.8. The effects were similar except for that on action potential duration which was greater in adults. Lidocaine, 5 mg/l, caused a comparable tonic block in adults and neonates at pH 7.3 (12±2 and 11±2%, respective decreases of Vmax) and at pH 6.8. Onset of use-dependent block (UDB) (pH 7.3) was faster in adults than neonates, 2±0.3 vs. 6±0.8 beats (P 0.05), and τoff increased to 210±15 ms for adults and 193±10 ms for neonates (P > 0.05). Thus, developmental differences in lidocaine action may be modified by the degree of protonation.
Treatment of advanced squamous carcinoma of the maxillary sinus by irradiation.

Abstract Between 1959 and 1972, there were 23 patients with advanced squamous carcinoma of the maxillary sinus treated by radiation therapy as the only modality. Eighteen of these patients had not shown evidence of metastasis and were locally extensive being classified as T 3−4 N 0 M 0 . They received 60–75 Gy (6000–7500 rad) in 6 to 712 weeks using an anterior portal with opposed lateral wedge pairs to give a homogenous dose. No treatment was given to the neck. Of 10 patients with tumors presenting in the suprastructures, six are living 5 years with no evidence of disease (NED), one is dead of intercurrent disease, one died of metastatic disease with no evidence of tumor at the primary site, and two died of recurrent primary tumor. With suprastructure presentation, radiation therapy as a sole treatment was able to control the primary tumor in eight out of 10 patients. In eight patients in whom the tumor presented in the infrastructure only, one patient was living at 5 years, but this patient had salvage irradiation. One patient died of metastasis but with no evidence of tumor at the primary site. Therefore, six out of eight had uncontrolled or recurrent primary tumor leading to death. It is concluded that in extensive tumors of suprastructure, radiation may be the only modality required to control the primary tumor (80%). In the infrastructure, radiation has failed in 75% of the patients so that surgery may also be required as a planned part of treatment in order to control the primary tumor. Metastatic disease accounted for three of the 10 deaths as a result of tumor.
Beyond mathematical content knowledge: A mathematician's knowledge needed for teaching an inquiry-oriented differential equations course

Abstract In this research report we examine knowledge other than content knowledge needed by a mathematician in his first use of an inquiry-oriented curriculum for teaching an undergraduate course in differential equations. Collaboratively, the mathematician and two mathematics education researchers identified the challenges faced by the mathematician as he began to adopt reform-minded teaching practices. Our analysis reveals that responding to those challenges entailed formulating and addressing particular instructional goals, previously unfamiliar to the instructor. From a cognitive analytical perspective, we argue that the instructor's knowledge — or lack of knowledge — influenced his ability to set and accomplish his instructional goals as he planned for, reflected on, and enacted instruction. By studying the teaching practices of a professional mathematician, we identify forms of knowledge apart from mathematical content knowledge that are essential to reform-oriented teaching, and we highlight how knowledge acquired through more traditional instructional practices may fail to support research-based forms of student-centered teaching.
Remote Sensing of Gamma-Ray Emission from Solar Energetic Proton Interactions with the Solar Wind

The properties of solar energetic particles (SEPs) in solar flares are studied through remote imaging in the radio, hard X-ray, and γ-ray energy ranges. However, the heliospheric SEP populations are observed only in situ by satellite measurements, which drastically limits our understanding of their spatial and temporal variations. Can those SEP populations be remotely imaged, as are the solar SEPs? We consider two possibilities for detecting faint γ-ray emission from SEP interactions with solar wind (SW) ions. First, the 6.13 and 4.44 MeV γ-ray lines of 16O and 12C, respectively, produced by the interactions of the SEPs from a large low-energy (E 300 MeV protons captured in strong coronal loops, but we suggest that the observed emission was due to SEP-SW collisions following shock acceleration on open field lines.
Formation of viral RNA-DNA hybrid molecules by the DNA polymerase of sarcoma-leukaemia viruses.

Viral RNA is the template for the DNA polymerase of the sarcoma-leukaemia viruses: a “natural” RNA-DNA hybrid is formed by the viral DNA polymerase, and a “synthetic” RNA-DNA hybrid is formed by annealing viral RNA with the DNA product of the DNA polymerase reaction.
Prediction-based approaches to characterize bidirectional promoters in the mammalian genome

Background Machine learning approaches are emerging as a way to discriminate various classes of functional elements. Previous attempts to create Regulatory Potential (RP) scores to discriminate functional DNA from nonfunctional DNA included using Markov models trained to identify sequences from promoters and enhancers from ancestral repeats. We proposed that knowledge gleaned from those methods could be further refined using a multiple class predictor to separate classes of promoter elements from enhancers or nonfunctional DNA.
Presidential Address 2003: The Challenge of Diversity

New immigration and global communication have greatly increased the cultural presence of non-Western religions in the United States. More Americans currently practice Islam, Hinduism, or Buddhism than ever before, and many more Americans are exposed to these religions through television, travel, higher education, and contacts in school or at work. I examine the implications of this increasing religious diversity for the study of American religion. I begin by distinguishing diversity as a descriptive concept from pluralism as a normative one. I then consider the importance of understanding such practical concerns as religious intolerance and adaptation to diversity, after which I discuss the intellectual and normative challenges posed for a scholarship historically indebted to Christianity that must now seek to understand the relationships among major religious traditions in broader terms.
DOPPLER ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN NEONATAL BRAIN DEATH: ASSOCIATION WITH ABNORMAL TECHNETIUM CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAMS

DOPPLER ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN NEONATAL BRAIN DEATH: ASSOCIATION WITH ABNORMAL TECHNETIUM CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAMS
Coronavirus protein processing and RNA synthesis is inhibited by the cysteine proteinase inhibitor E64d.

Abstract Mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 (MHV-A59) encodes within the 22-kb gene 1 a large polypretain containing three proteinase domains with proven or predicted cysteine catalytic residues. E64d, a specific, irreversible inhibitor of cysteine (thiol) proteinases, inhibits the processing of the gene 1 polyprotein. Specifically, E64d blocks the carboxy-terminal cleavage of p65, E64d also inhibits replication of MHV-A59 in murine DBT cells in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in reduced virus titers and viral syncytia formation. This inhibition of replication is associated with a rapid shutoff of new viral RNA synthesis, in a manner similar to that seen in the presence of cycloheximide. The E64d-associated inhibition of RNA synthesis likely results from E64d-specific inhibition of processing of the gene 1 polyprotein, resulting in inactive proteinase or replicase proteins. These results indicate that processing of the MHV-A59 gene 1-encoded polyprotein is required throughout infection to sustain RNA synthesis and virus replication.