cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feeding Frequency Mediates Aggression and Cannibalism in Larval Hatchery-Reared Spotted Seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus

Abstract Cannibalism is a major cause of mortality in the intensive culture of the spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus . Increased feeding frequency may reduce attacks on conspecifics and enhance growth due to less energy spent on aggression, or more efficient digestion of smaller ration parcels. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of feeding frequency on aggressive and cannibalistic behaviors in larval hatchery-reared spotted seatrout. Ten-day-old reared larvae stocked at 30 fish l − 1 were subjected to one of four feeding frequencies (every 1, 2, 4, or 8 h) for eight days by subdividing the total ration of enriched Artemia accordingly. Blocks of three replicate tanks per treatment were monitored from 2-h before feeding until 1-h after feeding via four video cameras. For each tank, two pre-selected 30 min segments starting 30 min before and 30 min after each feeding event were scored for the number of nips, chases, and captures (Type 1 cannibalism). Three main factors, Frequency, Day, and Time were significant for all three behaviors. Significant Frequency × Time interactions along with follow-up tests of interaction means indicated that the numbers of nips and chases were lower after feeding than before feeding for all but the most frequent (1-h) feeding frequency. The 2-h frequency treatment elicited the fewest aggressive and cannibalistic acts, likely reflecting the best balance between the opposing effects of ration size on satiation and feeding frequency on gut evacuation time. Specific growth rate (SGR) was relatively high and did not differ between the 2-h and conventional 8-h frequencies; but size heterogeneity was significantly higher for the 8-h frequency treatment.
On the stabilization of Zr5Al3 in the Mn5Si3-type structure by interstitial oxygen

Abstract The W 5 Si 3 -type (tetragonal) to Mn 5 Si 3 -type (hexagonal) phase transition in Zr 5 Al 3 was studied by high temperature X-ray diffraction. It was found that dissolved oxygen was present in the octahedral origin position in arc-melted Zr 5 Al 3 samples at the 0.1 wt.% level. The rate of the tetragonal to hexagonal transition was consistent with a thermally driven transition as opposed to an interstitial oxidation.
Energetic particles in PVD technology: particle-surface interaction processes and energy-particle relationships in thin film deposition

Abstract Energetic deposition techniques, including ion beam assisted deposition, ion plating, unbalanced magnetron sputtering, and cathodic-arc deposition, are playing an increasing role in the processing of coatings for mechanical, optical, and electronic applications, and for the protection of surfaces in hostile environments. Advantages of energetic film deposition include low temperature processing, improved adhesion to substrates, production of desired phases or compounds, and control of crystallographic orientation. There are certain fundamental physical processes common to these energetic deposition methods that involve the alloying of elements (ion implantation, condensate and gas adsorption), material removal (sputtering, desorption), collision-induced displacements, collision-stimulated thermal exchange, and collision-induced surface and bulk diffusion. The mechanisms by which these mechanisms affect film formation are under intense investigation. New Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations of the effects of energetic atoms on surfaces as well as experimental investigations revealing relationships between deposition variables and phase formation are contributing to our understanding of thin film growth. This paper covers the above topics by first establishing the ‘ideal’ conditions for deposition of a film, indicates how different deposition processes attempt to approximate these conditions, and reviews known correlations between deposition variables and film characteristics.
N’Deup and Mental Health: Implications for Treating Senegalese Immigrants in the US

Africans, especially the Senegalese, have been the largest visible immigrant group in the United States (US) over the last 30 years. The cultural understanding necessary for effectively providing for their mental and other health needs is limited. This article involves a first-person phenomenographic (Marton 1986) account of an investigation of the Senegalese system of mental health care at its roots in Dakar, Senegal. Thick description (Geertz 1973) is pursued, with appropriate attention to details of ethnographic fieldwork. The knowledge obtained provides a basis for understanding mental health needs and expectations of Senegalese immigrants in the United States, and implications for counseling are considered.
Theoretical interpretation of acetoacetate formation from short-chain fatty acids of the even series.

Abstract 1. 1. A theoretical interpretation of acetoacetate formation from isotopically-labelled, short-chain fatty acids of the even series is given whisch is based upon the concept of two types of two-carbon fragments, namely, (CH 3 CO-) and (-CH 2 CO-), introduced by Crandall et al . The former type results exclusively from the terminal two carbons of a fatty acid, and the latter type arises from other two-carbon units of the fatty acid as well as from the conversion of some of the fragments of the (CH 3 CO-) type. 2. 2. Two species of acetoacetate are considered, one of which results from condensation of (CH 3 CO-) type fragments with fragments of the (-CH 2 CO-) type, while the other arises exclusively from fragments of the latter type. 3. 3. The C ★ O:C ★ OOH ratio for non-terminally-laballed fatty acids with isotope in an odd carbon is shown to be numerically equal to the fraction of acetoacetate arising from the condensation of (-CH 2 CO-) type fragments. 4. 4. When small amounts of acetoacetate are formed from even fatty acids, the terminal two carbons distal to the carboxyl group are the major source of acetoacetate carbons. 5. 5. The formation of acetoacetate in slices and washed homogenates of rat liver is consistent with the view that from 40 to 50% of the terminal two carbons of a fatty acid apparently become identical in reactivity with the two-carbon fragments derived from the rest of the molecule. 6. 6. Two-carbon fragments from non-fatty acid (endogenous) sources are incorporated into acetoacetate with a similar, if not the same, asymmetry as non-terminal two-carbon fragments. 7. 7. In those investigations where sufficient information is available, observed values for the C ★ O:C ★ OOH ratio or specific activities of acetoacetate moieties agree closely with those predicted by the theory presented here.
Nanotechnology in the detection of nitric oxide signalling

Background: Endothelial cells modulate the vascular smooth muscles. The endothelial cell layer tranduces shear stress/flow into nitric oxide release, signals smooth muscle relaxation, and is intimately involved in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, coronary vasospasm, and thrombosis. Nitric oxide is a unique, ubiquitous messenger of cellular signals and is synthesized rapidly. Nitric oxide’s short life (half-life 2–5 s) ensures a localized response but makes its detection difficult. The present study addresses the question ofin vivo nitric oxide detection and quantification in the cardiovascular system.
Quantitative Reasoning and Sustainability

Quantitative Reasoning and Sustainability have much in common. Both are complex, nuanced concepts with rather long definitions that have evolved over time. Both subjects are “everybody’s business” on college campuses, and must be approached in courses across the curriculum, not merely in one course on QR or in one course on Sustainability. The growing, wider presence of both QR and Sustainability on college campuses is due to their applicability in individuals’ personal, professional, and public lives. Moreover, QR and Sustainability support and enhance each other in and out of the classroom. Sustainability is an important, authentic, relevant context for lessons in QR, and, at the same time, QR skills are needed to help with benchmarks in sustainability and analyses in examining sustainable options. Please join the efforts of the National Numeracy Network and the Association of American Colleges and Universities, among others, in linking these concepts and enhancing students' learning opportunities in these areas.
Teens’ alcohol consumption and schooling

Abstract While research outside economics has found that drinking has a negative effect on cognitive skills, some economists have failed to find any negative relationship between drinking and academic performance. This paper argues that the reason for this discrepancy is due to the way education is measured in the economic literature. Herein, binge drinking in the senior year of high school is found to reduce the probability of receiving a high school diploma and to increase the probability of graduating with a General Education Development (GED). Moreover, this study finds that alcohol policies do not affect the dropout rate measured at the age of 25, but they do affect the probability that a student will graduate on time. In conclusion, bingeing is found to be responsible for inducing individuals to temporarily drop out of school. Eventually, these individuals return to school to complete their education, most likely by obtaining a GED diploma.
Fracture Toughness of Carbon-Carbon Composites

The fracture toughnesses of two carbon-carbon composites and ATJ-S graphite were determined from the load-deflection responses of single- edge-notched specimens subjected to three-point bending. The resistance to crack initiation in the presence of a pre-existing flaw (machined notch) was examined using the linear elastic fracture mechanics parameters of critical stress intensity factor Kc, and critical strain energy release rate Gc. The resistance of the materials to both crack initiation and propagation was determined using the work-of-fracture parameter γF. Both the fracture toughnesses and the failure modes (delamination or crack propagation colinear with the notch) were found to be strongly dependent on material characteristics.
Lattice distortions for arsenic in single-crystal silicon.

Extended x-ray-absorption fine-structure measurements for 0.1, 0.7, and 7 at.% arsenic impurities in single-crystal silicon yield As-to-Si nearest-neighbor distances of 2.41 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.02 \AA{}, which are 0.06 \AA{} (2.5%) greater than the Si-to-Si distance in pure silicon. Next-nearest-neighbor distances are 3.85 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.02 \AA{}, only 0.01 \AA{} (0.3%) greater than the corresponding Si-to-Si distance.
The lion and the unicorn met PROLOG

A recent paper published in the Journal of Automated Reasoning, No. 1, 1985, described ways to apply automatic theorem-proving techniques to a logic puzzle. The PROLOG programming language pertains to automatic theorem-proving. That paper did not mention PROLOG, but we use PROLOG to slove the logic puzzle that paper discussed. We then compare our results with the results given in that paper.
On the determinants and resilience of bond flows to LDCs, 1990–1995

Abstract Bond flows to Less Developed Countries (LDCs) proved more resilient than expected to the rising US interest rates during 1994, raising hopes that the current episode of private capital flows to LDCs may not end in a widespread crisis as its predecessors in the 1920s and 1970s did. Global bond issuance, a significant determinant of the flows that recovered quickly from the first interest-rate rise in February 1994, explains this resilience. It can also help the flows withstand future cyclical interest rate rises, as long as the ongoing process of international portfolio diversification continues fueling it.
Place Attachment, Isolation, and the Power of a Window in a Hospital Environment: A Case Study:

This paper describes the relevance of the literature on environmental psychology to the coping strategies a leukemia patient used in adapting to psychological and physical isolation on a hospital b...
Effects of Fenprostalene and Estradiol-17β Benzoate on Parturition and Retained Placenta in Dairy Cows and Heifers

Abstract It was hypothesized that a high dose of estrogen in conjunction with a long-acting PGF 2α analog would synchronize parturition within a narrow time frame and reduce the incidence of retained placenta. On d 276 of gestation, 14 animals (9 cows and 5 heifers) per group received a placebo (group A), 1mg of fenprostalene (group B), 50mg of estradiol-17 β benzoate (group C), or both (group D). Treatment with estradiol-17 β benzoate increased serum concentrations of estradiol-17 β from 228 pg/ml at treatment to 642 and 683 pg/ml at 24h posttreatment for groups C and D, respectively. Concentration of estradiol-17 β in group A increased gradually to 526 pg/ml at 24h prepartum. Progesterone concentrations were reduced by fenprostalene but not by estradiol-17 β benzoate. Estradiol-17 β benzoate did not reduce incidence of retained placenta in animals treated with fenprostalene (group B vs. group D) but tended to reduce incidence in uninduced animals (group A vs. group C). Thus, short-term elevation of estradiol-17 β to normal prepartum concentrations did not regress the corpus luteum, induce parturition, or reduce incidence of retained placenta. However, elevation of estradiol-17 β for longer periods might enhance placental separation. Conversely, fenprostalene induced calving approximately 2 d after treatment. In this study, 90% of animals treated with fenprostalene calved within a 20-h period, but with a high incidence of retained placenta.
Updates and current trends in child protection

Nearly 3 million children are victims of physical and sexual abuse each year, making nonaccidental injury one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in pediatrics. These children rely on medical and social intervention for identification, treatment, and protection. This review of the recent literature makes recommendations and suggestions for current medical management and social and legal interactions. Issues such as the team concept used for sexual assault victims; the expected, normal sexual assault exam; the window for obtaining high-yield DNA specimens; postexposure treatment for diseases and pregnancy; newer technology for the evaluation of retinal hemorrhages; the importance of skin findings in abusive injury; and current research in biomechanical and computer models to simulate abusive injury are addressed.
Dispersion of the soft E -mode polariton in BaTi O 3

In the Raman spectra of BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, the soft $E$-symmetry phonon appears as an overdamped mode with its peak at zero frequency. Numerical fitting of this peak shape to the overdamped harmonic-oscillator model gives the quasiharmonic frequency of 33 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for the right-angle scattering geometry. We have investigated the polariton behavior of this mode by means of near-forward Raman scattering. We found that for small wave vectors the quasiharmonic frequency of the $E$-mode polariton follows a dispersion curve similar to that for under-damped polaritons in other crystals. From the experimentally obtained dispersion curve of the quasiharmonic frequency, we obtained the value of the static dielectric constant ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}(0)$ perpendicular to the $c$ axis to be 1250 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 350. Our present study shows that the soft $E$ mode has the dispersive character appropriate for phonons.
Morphine sleep in pregnancy.

Objectives To determine the incidence of admission in labor after morphine sleep (therapeutic rest), patient characteristics associated with labor, and adverse outcomes associated with treatment. Methods We reviewed medical records of women treated with morphine sleep from December 2005 to December 2009. Variables evaluated included medications used for treatment, cervical examination, maternal demographic characteristics and obstetric history, fetal heart rate patterns, and maternal/neonatal outcomes. These characteristics were compared between those admitted in labor after morphine sleep versus those discharged. Results Fifty-eight women received morphine sleep: 36 (62%) were admitted in labor, 17 (29%) were discharged, and 5 (9%) were admitted secondary to category II fetal heart rate tracings. All fetuses had category I fetal heart rate tracings prior to treatment. Median dose of morphine sulfate was 20 mg. Those with effacement > 50% (p Conclusion Sixty-two percent of women were admitted in labor after morphine sleep. Admission effacement > 50% and term gestational age were associated with admission in labor. There were no significant differences in maternal or neonatal morbidity in those admitted versus discharged home after treatment with morphine sleep.
Quantifying Protein-Protein Binding Energy and Entropy using Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) represent a critical aspect of a wide range of biological processes, as most proteins need to associate to various binding partners to carry out their functions. While the basic principles of PPIs are generally understood, it is a grand challenge to accurately predict the binding affinity quantitatively for any given complex. Recently, this potential of mean force (PMF)-based methodology was extended to a much larger protein-peptide system, and we accurately determined the absolute binding free energy between the receptor protein and the ligand peptide. We plan to employ our PMF-based methodology to probe effects of mutations in thermodynamics of protein-protein interaction. Furthermore, thermodynamic decomposition of barstar-barnase protein complex association is attempted to quantify not only to probe the effect of mutation on binding free energy but also on binding entropy.
A rapid spectrophotometric method for iodimetric α-amylase assay

Abstract A kinetic, two-point method for the assay of α-arnylase in serum, involving spectrohotometric measurement of a starch-iodine complex, is described. This approach avoids interferences by serum proteins and other substances that react with iodine. The method requires less than 4 min per assay, only 10 μl of sample is used, and precision and accuracy are comparable to those of established procedures.
Errors in Variables: A Consistent Estimator with Smaller MSE in Finite Samples

Abstract This article develops and examines the small sample properties of alternative estimators when the data is suspected to contain measurement error. Two types of estimators are considered: (1) a linear combination of the OLS and instrumental variable (IV) estimators and (2) a method of choosing between the OLS and IV estimators on the basis of sample information. Large sample approximations are used to derive optimal procedures that are then evaluated by Monte Carlo experiments to obtain the mean square error for small and moderate size samples.
Coagulase-negative staphylococci: Why and when to do what

Abstract There is a definite time and place for the species identification of CNS and a variety of methods are commercially available to accomplish this task. One must also be aware that with the exception of the two API systems, most of the kit systems described will also identify certain other gram-positive isolates (e.g., streptococci, Listeria , etc.). Relative to the start-up expense of the instrumented methods, these costs must be viewed with consideration of technical time (salaries) and the decreased expense of the machines when one prorates other test-procedures that the instrument can perform. Remember, until we identify species, clarify clinical correlation, or certify contaminant status, we will continue in confusion and controversy.
Kimatuumbi phrasal phonology

Kimatuumbi, a Bantu language of Tanzania, has a number of phonological rules applying between words which are sensitive to syntactic structure. Kimatuumbi thus presents a test for theories of the interaction between syntactic structure and phonology. I argue that phonological rules in Kimatuumbi make direct reference to labelled surface syntactic bracketing, contrary to the claims of boundary theories such as Chomsky & Halle (1968) and Selkirk (1974), as well as the prosodic theories of Selkirk (1980), Nespor & Vogel (1982) and Hayes (1984).
Detecting distant homologs using phylogenetic tree-based HMMs.

It is often desired to identify further homologs of a family of biological sequences from the ever-growing sequence databases. Profile hidden Markov models excel at capturing the common statistical features of a group of biological sequences. With these common features, we can search the biological database and find new homologous sequences. Most general profile hidden Markov model methods, however, treat the evolutionary relationships between the sequences in a homologous group in an ad-hoc manner. We hereby introduce a method to incorporate phylogenetic information directly into hidden Markov models, and demonstrate that the resulting model performs better than most of the current multiple sequence-based methods for finding distant homologs.
The applications of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in emergency medicine

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy involves the administration of oxygen in an environment where the ambient pressure has been increased. The ensuing hyperoxia and the elevated pressure have a number of beneficial clinical effects. Many of the clinical indications for hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) involve emergent conditions. It is therefore important for emergency physicians to be familiar with the applications of HBOT. Emergency physicians have become well represented in hyperbaric medicine. Currently, emergency physicians comprise approximately 15% of the membership of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS). Along with internal medicine and anesthesiology/critical care medicine, emergency medicine is among the most heavily represented specialities in the UHMS (UHMS personal communication, February 1991). This is not surprising, considering the variety of emergent conditions that can be treated with HBOT. and the general attributes of an emergency physician: a broad general background, the ability to resuscitate unstable patients, and 24-hour in-house availability. The UHMS recognized the important association between Emergency Medicine and Hyperbaric Medicine when they convened a symposium entitled “Hyperbaric Oxygen in Emergency Medical Care” in 1983.’ This will not be a comprehensive review of hyperbaric medicine. Outstanding reviews of diving medicine and clinical hyperbaric medicine6-9 already have been written. This review will examine the relevance of HBO therapy to emergency medicine. It is necessary, however, to preface this review with a brief discussion of the background, the basic physics, and the physiology of HBOT.
EFFECT OF HIGH ELEVATION UPON PHYSICAL PROFICIENCY, COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING AND SUBJECTIVE SYMPTOMATOLOGY

To assess the possible decremental effects associated with an abrupt exposure to high elevation, eight basic fitness tests, one intelligence test, and a self-report symptoms card were administered to 43 adult Ss at sea level and at 13,000 ft. At the high elevation, the possible facilitating effect of the drug acetazoleamide was studied by administering it to 21 Ss. It was concluded that abrupt exposure to an elevation of 13,000 ft.: (1) does affect running proficiency but does not affect other aspects of physical proficiency, (2) does not disrupt cognitive functioning, and (3) does produce headache, dizziness, nausea, shortness of breath and insomnia. Acetazoleamide (1) was effective in reducing reports of headache, dizziness, and nausea while facilitating sleep and (2) did not affect physical proficiency or cognitive functioning.
Musical Aesthetics and Creative Identification in Two Harmonielehren by John Adams and Arnold Schoenberg

Musical Aesthetics and Creative Identification in Two Harmonielehren by John Adams and Arnold Schoenberg by Scott M. Strovas Claremont Graduate University: 2012 The music of John Adams (b. 1947) exemplifies a reinvestment in traditional instrumental genres and musical values that began to take place in contemporary music in the late 1970s and early ’80s. His Harmonielehre for orchestra (1984-85) meets many of the conditions of the symphonic genre, including its scoring for full orchestral forces, its multimovement structure, its presentation of contrary, dialectical melodic gestures, and its dramatic thematic and harmonic conflict. It is thus ironic that Adams would title his composition after a treatise written by Arnold Schoenberg, a figure whose break from the musical past inspired many of the complex and experimental musical models that arose between the publication of his own Harmonielehre (1911, rev. 1922) and that of Adams. But to conclude that Adams’ composition is a statement about tonality is perhaps over-simplistic. Examination of the two works reveals more similarities between the composers’ artistic philosophies than differences. This dissertation is an attempt to expose these similarities in order to discover the motivations behind Adams’ curious decision to title his composition after Schoenberg’s treatise, and to gain a deeper understanding of the artistic priorities shared by both composers that arises from the interrelationship between their respective Harmonielehren. Adams’ title is partly a marker of the types of Romantic-era stylizations that pervade his score. But I argue that the relationship between the two Harmonielehren is not merely cursory. Prevalent themes within Schoenberg’s prose can inform the analysis and interpretation of Adams’ composition. Adams draws on Schoenberg’s treatise as a signifier of his creative identification, one that both complements and departs from the creative model presented in Schoenberg’s text. Both Harmonielehren confront the aesthetic expectations of their individual times and places, but while Schoenberg centers his creative identification in a discourse of restless inquiry into new materials and models of musical expression, Adams seemingly subscribes to Schoenberg’s presentation of composition as craft, as the working-with and fittingtogether-of the pre-existing sound vocabularies of music.
Short-Course Oral Antiviral Treatment for Recurrent Genital Herpes

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the literature regarding short-course oral therapy for recurrent genital herpes.DATA SOURCES:Literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1966–March 2003), IOWA Drug Information Service (1966–March 2003), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1966–March 2003).DATA SYNTHESIS: Data are available describing short-course (2 or 3 d) therapy with acyclovir and valacyclovir. Short-course acyclovir therapy was superior to placebo. Three- and 5-day regimens of valacyclovir were equivalent. Early initiation of therapy may be more important than duration of therapy.CONCLUSIONS:More head-to-head studies are needed to determine the most efficacious and cost-effective short-course regimens for recurrent genital herpes.
A flexible fish-bone-shaped neural probe strengthened by biodegradable silk coating for enhanced biocompatibility

This paper reports a fish-bone-shaped polyimide neural probe for chronic recording applications. This unique design aims to minimize tissue reaction by having flexible substrate, small dimensions, large separation distance between electrodes and the probe shank, as well as large substrate openings. A biodegradable silk polymer is coated around the polyimide structure to provide temporary mechanical strength during insertion. The time required for the complete degradation of silk can be controlled within the range of 30 minutes to 25 hours by water annealing process. In-vitro insertion of the fabricated silk-coated probe into brain tissue has been successfully demonstrated.
DOES ORGANIZATION MATTER? EFFECTS OF ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM ON PIPELINE SITING

Scholars generally assume that administrative forms matter. Whether organizational structure and administrative procedures substantially influence the end results of administrative decisions, however, remains a controversial question. In specifying agency design, legislators have attempted to control bureaucratic agents and, by extension, outcomes. This study’s comparison of pipeline siting decisions in Washington, Oregon, and Montana examines how different administrative schemes can affect siting outcomes. The results are counterintuitive. Findings suggest that those who attempt to regulate a complex technology may well encounter difficulty in determining future outcomes through organizational reform and that although form matters, exogenous events may exert even greater influence over outcomes.
Image versus feature mosaicing: A case study in fingerprints

Fingerprint mosaicing entails the reconciliation of information presented by two or more impressions of a finger in order to generate composite information. It can be accomplished by blending these impressions into a single mosaic, or by integrating the feature sets (viz., minutiae information) pertaining to these impressions. In this work, we use Thin-plate Splines (TPS) to model the relative transformation between two impressions of a finger thereby accounting for the non-linear distortion present between them. The estimated deformation is used (a) to register the two images and blend them into a single entity before extracting minutiae from the resulting mosaic (image mosaicing); and (b) to register the minutiae point sets corresponding to the two images and integrate them into a single master minutiae set (feature mosaicing). Experiments conducted on the FVC 2002 DB1 database indicate that both mosaicing schemes result in improved matching performance although feature mosaicing is observed to outperform image mosaicing.
Optimal number of features as a function of sample size for various classification rules

Motivation: Given the joint feature-label distribution, increasing the number of features always results in decreased classification error; however, this is not the case when a classifier is designed via a classification rule from sample data. Typically (but not always), for fixed sample size, the error of a designed classifier decreases and then increases as the number of features grows. The potential downside of using too many features is most critical for small samples, which are commonplace for gene-expression-based classifiers for phenotype discrimination. For fixed sample size and feature-label distribution, the issue is to find an optimal number of features. Results: Since only in rare cases is there a known distribution of the error as a function of the number of features and sample size, this study employs simulation for various feature-label distributions and classification rules, and across a wide range of sample and feature-set sizes. To achieve the desired end, finding the optimal number of features as a function of sample size, it employs massively parallel computation. Seven classifiers are treated: 3-nearest-neighbor, Gaussian kernel, linear support vector machine, polynomial support vector machine, perceptron, regular histogram and linear discriminant analysis. Three Gaussian-based models are considered: linear, nonlinear and bimodal. In addition, real patient data from a large breast-cancer study is considered. To mitigate the combinatorial search for finding optimal feature sets, and to model the situation in which subsets of genes are co-regulated and correlation is internal to these subsets, we assume that the covariance matrix of the features is blocked, with each block corresponding to a group of correlated features. Altogether there are a large number of error surfaces for the many cases. These are provided in full on a companion website, which is meant to serve as resource for those working with small-sample classification. Availability: For the companion website, please visit http://public.tgen.org/tamu/ofs/ Contact: e-dougherty@ee.tamu.edu
Human polymerase kappa uses a template-slippage deletion mechanism, but can realign the slipped strands to favour base substitution mutations over deletions.

Polymerases belonging to the DinB class of the Y-family translesion synthesis DNA polymerases have a preference for accurately and efficiently bypassing damaged guanosines. These DinB polymerases also generate single-base (� 1) deletions at high frequencies with most occurring on repetitive ‘deletion hotspot’ sequences. Human DNA polymerase kappa (hPoli), the eukaryotic DinB homologue, displays an unusual efficiency for to extend from mispaired primer termini, either by extending directly from the mispair or by primer-template misalignment. This latter property explains how hPoli creates single-base deletions in non-repetitive sequences, but does not address how deletions occur in repetitive deletion hotspots. Here, we show that hPoli uses a classical Streisinger template-slippage mechanism to generate � 1 deletions in repetitive sequences, as do the bacterial and archaeal homologues. After the first nucleotide is added by template slippage, however, hPoli can efficiently realign the primer-template duplex before continuing DNA synthesis. Strand realignment results in a base-substitution mutation, minimizing generation of more deleterious frameshift mutations. On non-repetitive sequences, we find that nucleotide misincorporation is slower if the incoming nucleotide can correctly basepair with the nucleotide immediately 5 0 to the templating base, thereby competing against the mispairing with the templating base.
Distributed underwater source location estimation using a Multiarray Network

Even though there are four times as many total sensors, the two 32-channel array network had larger localization errors when compared to an eight two array network when variance was introduced into the position and orientation of the arrays. It was shown that the performance of either network was dependent on these variances, but the two 32-channel array network was much more sensitive to variance in position and orientation of its arrays for all source locations.
A cost-based analysis of overlay routing geometries

In this paper, we propose a cost-based model to evaluate the resources that each node has to contribute for participating in an overlay network. Such a cost model allows to gauge potential disincentives for nodes to collaborate, and provides a measure of the "total cost" of a network, which is a possible benchmark to distinguish between different network architectures. We characterize the cost imposed on a node as a parameterized function of the experienced load and of the node connectivity, and express benefits in terms of cost reductions. We discuss the notions of social optimum and Nash equilibrium with respect to the proposed cost model. We show that the social optimum may significantly deviate from a Nash equilibrium when nodes value the resources they use to forward traffic on behalf of other nodes. Through analytical and numerical results, we then use the proposed cost model to evaluate some of the topologies recently proposed for overlay networks, and to exhibit some of the challenges systems designers may face. We conclude by outlining some of the open questions this research has raised.
Assessing the costs for clinical care of patients with high‐responding factor VIII and IX inhibitors

The costs of haemophilia-related care and the impact of unusually expensive, or outlier, patients on these costs have been explored in numerous European, American and Canadian studies during the last decade. In particular, antibodies that neutralize infused factor VIII or IX (high-responding inhibitors) make treatment responses, and thereby costs, much less predictable. There is little debate that the health care costs of haemophilic patients with high-responding inhibitors are routinely higher and more variable than those of non-inhibitor patients. However, the extent to which this is attributable to the few outlier inhibitor patients whose expenditures tend to skew the data is not as clear. To compare the variation and range in health care expenditures among patients with inhibitors and those without, we reviewed data originally gathered during a 24-month period in 1995-1997 from a prospectively created cohort as part of a broader cost and utilization study conducted at a large haemophilia treatment centre. We conclude that although the use of outpatient factor replacement products was not significantly greater or more expensive among inhibitor patients, their hospital-related costs greatly increased overall expenditures. Among our study population, the overall costs associated with inhibitor patients are not only higher in absolute monetary terms, but also in terms of the degree of variation. This variation was demonstrated by: (i) the extremely wide range of costs over an extended timeframe among individual inhibitor patients when compared with those without inhibitors, and (ii) the much larger year-to-year variation in costs among the inhibitor group.
On the scattering matrix formalism for electromagnetic modelling

The use of a collection of scattering matrices coupled with addition theorems as a framework for general electromagnetic problems is discussed. The author presents the basic machinery, illustrates some assumptions necessary to make this approach viable, and presents some directions for further research. This work began as an investigation of the effect of mutual coupling and was motivated by the desire to have an analytic theory that was nearly as accurate as the moment methods. Scalar modes and a scattering matrix were used instead of the traditional vector modes. The vector problem was solved inside a closed surface (such as a sphere) and the scattering matrix acted as an accountant of the relative strengths of the modes. In addition, the method is very closely related to the generalized multipole techniques. >
EFFECT OF CONFLICTING CUES ON INFORMATION PROCESSING: THE 'STROOP EFFECT' VS. THE 'SIMON EFFECT' *

This study examined the relationship between two sources of interference in human information processing: the Stroop effect and the Simon effect. Forty subjects pressed a left- or right-hand key in response to a Stroop color word located on the left or right side of a screen. For one group, ink color was the relevant cue and, for another group, word meaning was the relevant cue. Independent variables were: congruence, i.e., agreement or lack thereof between the ink color and meaning of the Stroop word; spatial correspondence, i.e., agreement or lack thereof between the location of the Stroop word and the location of the key used to make the response; and stimulus duration, i.e., 400 or 100 ms. Each of these variables had a significant effect on RT, and there were no significant interactions. According to Sternberg's additive-factor logic, these findings suggest that the Stroop effect (congruence) and the Simon effect (spatial correspondence) involve separate stages of processing. If one assumes that manipulation of stimulus duration effects the encoding stage, then results also suggest that neither the Stroop effect nor the Simon effect involves the stimulus encoding stage.
The Metabolic Syndrome : A High-Risk State for Cancer?

The metabolic syndrome is composed of cardiovascular risk factors including increased body mass index/waist circumference, blood pressure, plasma glucose, and triglycerides, as well as decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The essence of the metabolic syndrome lies in the clustering of these risk factors, which are associated with cardiovascular disease. Interestingly, most of the components of the metabolic syndrome have individually been linked in some way to the development of cancer. However, epidemiological studies linking the metabolic syndrome to cancer are scarce. Nevertheless, two such studies indicate that the clustering of metabolic syndrome components significantly increases the risk of colon cancer mortality compared with the individual components. The purpose of this review is to further explore the potential relationship between the metabolic syndrome and cancer risk. Specifically, we examine the hypothesis that individual components of the metabolic syndrome contribute to the development of several processes, including insulin resistance, aromatase activity, adipokine production, angiogenesis, glucose utilization, and oxidative stress/DNA damage, which can work together to increase cancer risk beyond that of the individual components alone. We propose that the metabolic syndrome be considered as a high-risk state for certain types of cancer and that this relationship should be systematically explored across cancer types.
Dexamethasone (DXM) effect on the histamine-releasing activity of endotoxin.

It has been proposed that bacterial endotoxins possess little or no intrinsic toxic activity, but exert their myriad pathophysiological effects by an antigenic action (l2). Weil and Spink reported a marked resemblance between the effects of anaphylactic and endotoxic shock (14). Lichtenstein and associates incubated endotoxin from Veillonella alcalescens or Serratia marcencens with guinea pig complement and were able to produce an anaphylatoxin which had a contractile effect on guinea pig ileum (8). This action was significantly inhibited by antihistamines, indicating a histamine release. In this connection, Hlnshaw and co-workers found that plasma histamine increased following induction of endotoxic shock (5). The role of histamine in anaphylactic shock has been well documented (7), however its role in endotoxic shock has received scant attention. The research efforts of our laboratory have been directed toward the elucidation of the mechanism and treatment of septic shock. Therefore, we decided to study the conditions required for Escherichia coli endotoxin-induced histamine release and then, the effect of the potent anti-endotoxic agent, DXM, on this releasing activity (4).
The blunt truth: Marijuana use by college athletes and the role of social workers

Blunt: (a) characterized by directness in manner or speech, or (b) a cigar filled with marijuana that has become a popular mode of ingestion among adolescents and young adults. Despite my experienc...
Association of coronary plaque burden with fractional flow reserve: should we keep attempting to derive physiology from anatomy?

Coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) has been used increasingly for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease over the past decade. Compared to invasive coronary angiography (ICA), coronary CTA has the ability to visualize and quantify atherosclerotic plaque both calcified and non-calcified. Traditional measures of evaluating a coronary stenosis such as diameter stenosis, area stenosis, minimal lumen diameter and minimal luminal area are limited in their ability to predict its functional significance especially when diameter stenosis ranges between 30-69% (intermediate range). Measurement of invasive fractional flow reserve (FFR) is considered the gold standard for assessment of the hemodynamic significance of a stenosis. The current study by Nakazato et al. evaluates the performance of an emerging coronary CTAderived anatomical measure “percent aggregate plaque volume” to improve the detection of hemodynamic significant stenosis as compared with invasive FFR.
Infoentretenimiento satírico en México: El caso de Brozo, el Payaso Tenebroso

Brozo, el Payaso Tenebroso, is considered one of the most popular TV “journalists” in Mexico. This article analyzes the carnivalesque role of Brozo as an influential and critical voice in Mexican media: he is the court jester who, through vulgar and harsh humor, is able to say “truths” with impunity, in a country with widespread violence against journalists and a tradition of institutionalized corruption in the profession. At the same time, this article examines Brozo as an influential political actor from his TV show El Mananero in Televisa, one the most powerful media conglomerates of the world, with historic adhesions to the Mexican political elites. Finally, the case of Brozo is interpreted in relation to the emergent trend towards global infotainment.
Feasibility and Initial Dosimetric Findings for a Randomized Trial Using Dose-Painted Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Defined Targets in Prostate Cancer.

Purpose To compare dosimetric characteristics with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging–identified imaging tumor volume (gross tumor volume, GTV), prostate clinical target volume and planning target volume, and organs at risk (OARs) for 2 treatment techniques representing 2 arms of an institutional phase 3 randomized trial of hypofractionated external beam image guided highly targeted radiation therapy. Methods and Materials Group 1 (n=20) patients were treated before the trial inception with the standard dose prescription. Each patient had an additional treatment plan generated per the experimental arm. A total of 40 treatment plans were compared (20 plans for each technique). Group 2 (n=15) consists of patients currently accrued to the hypofractionated external beam image guided highly targeted radiation therapy trial. Plans were created as per the treatment arm, with additional plans for 5 of the group 2 experimental arm with a 3-mm expansion in the imaging GTV. Results For all plans in both patient groups, planning target volume coverage ranged from 95% to 100%; GTV coverage of 89.3 Gy for the experimental treatment plans ranged from 95.2% to 99.8%. For both groups 1 and 2, the percent volumes of rectum/anus and bladder receiving 40 Gy, 65 Gy, and 80 Gy were smaller in the experimental plans than in the standard plans. The percent volume at 1 Gy per fraction and 1.625 Gy per fraction were compared between the standard and the experimental arms, and these were found to be equivalent. Conclusions The dose per fraction to the OARs can be made equal even when giving a large simultaneous integrated boost to the GTV. The data suggest that a GTV margin may be added without significant dose effects on the OARs.
Strategies for Reducing Antipsychotic Polypharmacy

Antipsychotic polypharmacy (the use of two or more antipsychotics at the same time) is an increasingly common practice even though consensus treatment guidelines do not recommend it. Multiple studies have examined algorithms, decision supports, and educational strategies to change prescriber behaviors. We describe the case study of a young adult with schizoaffective disorder who transferred from residential treatment to an outpatient assertive community treatment for co-occurring disorders, presenting treatment-resistant psychotic and mood disorder symptoms and experiencing intolerable side effects from substantial polypharmacy. This case exemplifies how integrating wellness-oriented strategies, such as mindfulness training and exercise, into treatment and encouraging people to apply these strategies to address persistent symptoms might facilitate reductions in antipsychotic polypharmacy among those with co-occurring disorders.
Stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus modulates firing of neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract

The present study assessed whether the baroreflex inhibition elicited by electrical stimulation of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) involves altered activity in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). Unit recordings were made from 107 neurons in the NTS in anesthetized rabbits. Intravenous phenylephrine was used to induce a pressor response and to activate baroreflexes. Of the neurons that responded to pressor responses, two-thirds were excited and one-third was inhibited. Stimulation of the PVN inhibited 70% of the phenylephrine-responsive NTS neurons, with or without concurrent baroreceptor stimulation. When PVN stimulation was delivered concurrently with phenylephrine injection, more NTS neuronal inhibition and less excitation occurred than with phenylephrine alone. Usually PVN stimulation inhibited NTS neurons that were excited by pressor responses; less commonly, PVN stimulation excited NTS neurons that were inhibited by pressor responses. The findings are consistent with the view that PVN activation during the defense reaction inhibits baroreflexes by altering firing of NTS neurons.