cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the use of adaptive beam forming techniques for geoacoustic inversion of marine ambient noise

We provide an explanation for the poor performance of the minimum-variance distortionless-response (MVDR) beam former when applied to one particular technique for geoacoustic inversion of marine ambient noise. Previous studies have shown that using the Bartlett beam former one can estimate the reflection loss (RL) as a function of frequency and grazing angle, and use it to estimate the seabed geoacoustic parameters. Despite its superior performance in direction-of-arrival estimation, the MVDR beam former's results for RL estimation are less reliable than those yielded by the Bartlett beam former. One important difference between the two beam formers lies in the fact that the MVDR beam patterns for the two look directions ±φ can be markedly different, whereas the Bartlett beam patterns are always symmetric with respect to the broadside look direction. By estimating the RL from simulated acoustic fields we first present a method of quantifying and visualizing the asymmetry, and then show that it is responsible for the anomalies in the MVDR-based RL estimate.
The energetic cost of display in male sage grouse

The energetic expenditure of displaying male sage grouse, Centrocercus urophasianus, was measured for 18 individuals in the field using the doubly labelled water technique. Daily energy expenditure increased significantly with increased display rate, increased time spent on the lek, and decreased ambient temperature. Daily energy expenditure for the most vigorously displaying males was two times higher than for a non-displaying male and four times higher than basal metabolic rate. Estimates of the instantaneous rate of energy expenditure during display ranged from 13·9 to 17·4 times basal metabolic rate. The effort devoted to display differed markedly among males and was correlated with certain other male characteristics. Males that attended leks were in better condition (higher body weight relative to size) than non-attenders, but among lek attenders condition was negatively correlated with increased display effort. Active displayers lost less weight per day and foraged further from the lek than less active males, suggesting that differences in foraging and food intake affect daily energy output. Neither blood parasites nor the potential effects of other diseases as determined by haematocrit levels were associated with display effort.
A dose-related curve of wound tensile strength following ultraviolet irradiation in the hairless guinea pig.

A dose-related curve of wound tensile strength was derived following exposure to three doses of predominantly UVA (Ultraviolet A) radiation (98.3% between 315 nm and 400 nm, 1.7% < 315 nm). Forty female hairless guinea pigs were divided into four equal groups: Group 1 (controls); Group 2 (40 J[Joules]/cm2/ day); Group 3 (80 J/cm2); and Group 4 (160 J/ cm2). Preoperatively, the experimental groups were irradiated on alternate days for 16 weeks. Serial dorsal punch biopsies (4 mm) were taken prior to the initial exposure and subsequently at 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks and examined histologically and microscopically. Then, standard 6 cm midline dorsal surgical wounds were made and allowed to heal for 21 days. Wounds were excised and wound tensile strength was assessed. Significant decreases (p < .05) were noted in wound tensile strength of Groups 2, 3, and 4 compared to the controls, with the decrease being directly related to the dose received. Dermal changes were noted in all irradiated groups as early as four weeks after initial UVA/B exposure. Electron microscopy revealed elastosis and disruption of collagen fibers. Prolonged exposure to radiation, predominantly in the UVA range, appears to impede wound healing in a dose-related fashion and elicits elastosis and collagen disruption.
Ultraviolet photocopying of paper chromatograms.

Abstract Ultraviolet photocopies of paper chromatograms may be prepared in normally lighted rooms using reversal process photocopying equipment that is readily available in many laboratories.
Coordination “Oligomers” in Self-Assembly Reactions of Some “Tritopic” Picolinic Dihydrazone LigandsMononuclear, Dinuclear, Hexanuclear, Heptanuclear, and Nonanuclear Examples

“Tritopic” picolinic dihydrazone ligands with tridentate coordination pockets are designed to produce homoleptic [3 × 3] nonanuclear square grid complexes on reaction with transition-metal salts, and many structurally documented examples have been obtained with Mn(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) ions. However, other oligomeric complexes with smaller nuclearities have also been discovered and identified structurally in some reactions involving Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II), with certain tritopic ligands. This illustrates the dynamic nature of the metal−ligand interaction and the conformationally flexible nature of the ligands and points to the possible involvement of some of these species as intermediates in the [3 × 3] grid formation process. Examples of mononuclear, dinuclear, hexanuclear, heptanuclear, and nonanuclear species involving Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) salts with a series of potentially heptadentate picolinic dihydrazone ligands with pyrazine, pyrimidine, and pyridine end groups are descr...
Using probabilities in analyzing two dimensional spatial patterns

Abstract Common practice when displaying data based on a Cartesian plane, such as maps, is to shade areas according to arbitrary divisions of the frequency distribution of the variable of interest. We introduce a variant of Choynowski's probability-based shading method. The new technique is applied to an example from integrated circuit production.
VISCOSITY CHARACTERIZATION OF UNMODIFIED CASSAVA STARCH PASTE

Unmodified cassava starch paste was characterized on the basis of its paste viscosity as affected by drying, cooking, and paste temperatures at different paste concentrations The paste exhibited plastic fluid flow with high hot-paste peak viscosity. The temperature of the peak viscosity decreased with increasing concentration. Drying temperature had statistically significant effects on the paste viscosity; the higher the temperature at which the starch was dried, the lower was the paste viscosity over the levels of concentration and cooking temperature. Starch drying temperature and paste concentration significantly affected the paste stability as measured by freeze-thaw tests and paste retrogradation tendencies.
Variate generation for accelerated life and proportional hazards models with time dependent covariates

Abstract Variate generation algorithms for lifetimes when survival models incorporate time dependent covariates are presented. These algorithms are closed form for special cases of the function that links the covariate values to the survivor distribution. These algorithms are illustrated by several examples.
Esophagitis Dissecans Superficialis: Clinical, Endoscopic, and Histologic Features

Esophagitis dissecans superficialis (EDS) is a desquamative disorder of the esophagus, but there is a paucity of the literature regarding this condition. We examined our institution’s experience to further characterize clinical outcomes, and endoscopic and histopathologic features. Endoscopy and pathology databases were retrospectively reviewed from 2000 to 2013 at Mayo Clinic Rochester to identify potential cases of EDS. Medical records and endoscopic images were reviewed to identify cases, and original pathologic specimens were also reviewed. Clinical, endoscopic, and histologic characteristics of EDS were defined. Forty-one subjects were identified with a median age at diagnosis of 65.0 years (IQR 52.8–76.1) and a female preponderance (63.4 %). Many patients were taking a psychoactive agent (73.1 %) or acid-suppressive therapy (58.5 %) preceding the index endoscopy. Strips of sloughed membranes had a predilection for the distal and/or middle esophagus and resolved in 85.7 % of subjects at endoscopic follow-up. Parakeratosis and intraepithelial splitting were histologic features seen in all patients, while splitting of the connective tissue and intraepithelial bullae were seen in 46.2 and 11.1 %, respectively. There were no disease-related complications at a median follow-up of 10.4 months (IQR 1.2–17.2). EDS is likely under-recognized. A distinct endoscopic feature of EDS is “sloughing” strips of mucosa with parakeratosis and intraepithelial splitting being sine qua non histologic findings. The use of psychoactive agents (particularly a SSRI or SNRI) was prevalent at endoscopic diagnosis, although the clinical relevance of this is uncertain. EDS appears to be a benign, incidental finding without complications.
Large plasmids of Escherichia coli and Salmonella encode highly diverse arrays of accessory genes on common replicon families.

Abstract Plasmids are important in evolution and adaptation of host bacteria, yet we lack a comprehensive picture of their own natural variation. We used replicon typing and RFLP analysis to assess diversity and distribution of plasmids in the ECOR, SARA, SARB and SARC reference collections of Escherichia coli and Salmonella. Plasmids, especially large (⩾30 kb) plasmids, are abundant in these collections. Host species and genotype clearly impact plasmid prevalence; plasmids are more abundant in ECOR than SAR, but, within ECOR, subgroup B2 strains have the fewest large plasmids. The majority of large plasmids have unique RFLP patterns, suggesting high variation, even within dominant replicon families IncF and IncI1. We found only four conserved plasmid types within ECOR, none of which are widely distributed. Within SAR, conserved plasmid types are primarily serovar-specific, including a pSLT-like plasmid in 13 Typhimurium strains. Conservation of pSLT contrasts with variability of other plasmids, suggesting evolution of serovar-specific virulence plasmids is distinct from that of most enterobacterial plasmids. We sequenced a conserved serovar Heidelberg plasmid but did not detect virulence or antibiotic resistance genes. Our data illustrate the high degree of natural variation in large plasmids of E. coli and Salmonella, even among plasmids sharing backbone genes.
Modeling and measurement of dielectrophoretic force and 2-D trajectories of microspheres in quadrupole electrode configuration

In this work, we propose a new modeling approach for two-dimensional simulation of microsphere motion under negative dielectrophoretic (DEP) force in quadrupole electrode configuration using relaxation method and MATLAB. We have experimentally verified the trajectories and the DEP force exhibited in this configuration. The targeted microspheres are polystyrene microspheres and mouse fibroblasts (NIH3T3), cells which are frequently used in combination with BioMEM devices. Our modeling and experimental results for the DEP force and the trajectories for both targeted microspheres are in good agreement.
Studies on the deprotonation and subsequent [1,4]-Wittig rearrangement of α-benzyloxyallylsilanes

Upon exposure to s-BuLi, benzyloxyallylsilane undergoes an unusually rapid and efficient [1,4]-Wittig rearrangement. Herein we describe efforts aimed at trapping the intermediate α-carbanion with an electrophile prior to rearrangement. The results of these experiments indicate that α-deprotonation and bond reorganization are separate events. Findings herein further indicate that the future success of benzyloxyallylsilanes in [1,4]-Wittig rearrangements will likely hinge on the acidity of the benzylic protons.
Bis(pyrazolylethyl) Ether Ligation to Zinc and Cobalt: Meridional vs Facial Coordination and the Suitability of Such Ligands in Providing a NNO Donor Set for Modeling Bioinorganic Aspects of Zinc Chemistry.

The structures of bis(pyrazolylethyl) ether derivatives of zinc and cobalt, namely [η3-O(CH2CH2pzPri2)2]Zn(NO3)2 and [η3-O(CH2CH2pzMe2)2]Co(NO3)2, have been determined with a view to addressing the...
A Scaling Law of Vascular Volume

Vascular volume is of fundamental significance to the function of the cardiovascular system. An accurate prediction of blood volume in patients is physiologically and clinically significant. This study proposes what we believe is a novel volume scaling relation of the form: V(c)=K(v)D(s)(2/3)L(c), where V(c) and L(c) are cumulative vessel volume and length, respectively, in the tree, and D(s) is the diameter of the vessel segment. The scaling relation is validated in vascular trees of various organs including the heart, lung, mesentery, muscle, and eye of different species. Based on the minimum energy hypothesis and volume scaling relation, four structure-function scaling relations are predicted, including the diameter-length, volume-length, flow-diameter, and volume-diameter relations, with exponent values of 3/7, 1(2/7), 2(1/3), and 3, respectively. These four relations are validated in the various vascular trees, which further confirm the volume scaling relation. This scaling relation may serve as a control reference to estimate the blood volume in various organs and species. The deviation from the scaling relation may indicate hypovolemia or hypervolemia and aid diagnosis.
Surgical Pearl: Repair of helical rim defects with the bipedicle advancement flap

Multiple repair options are available to repair wound defects of the helical rim. A lack of tissue mobility anteriorly due to adherence of the skin over the scapha makes repair challenging. Although small wounds can be repaired primarily with dog-ear removal, larger wounds often require either flap or graft repair. We present another option to repair these wound defects by means of the bipedicle advancement flap.
Validity of Clinic Biopsy Specimens in Classifying Histopathologic Characteristics of Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Objective: To evaluate nasopharyngeal carcinoma resection specimens for heterogeneity of histologic patterns to determine if preoperative histologic characteristics of the clinic biopsy specimen are representative of the entire lesion. The null hypothesis is that clinic biopsy specimens are not necessarily representative. Design: Preoperative clinic biopsy specimens were measured to calculate their average size. Resection specimens were then sectioned and evaluated in increments corresponding to this size. Each of these increments was then histologically classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. This classification of the preoperative biopsy specimens was compared with that of the resection specimen as a whole. Setting: University referral center. Patients: Twenty-six consecutive patients with recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma who underwent surgical resection. Radiation therapy failed in all patients. Main Outcome Measure: The presence or absence of WHO histologic heterogeneity in the nasopharyngectomy specimen was recorded. Disparity between preoperative clinic biopsy and resection specimens was recorded. Results: The mean clinic biopsy specimen size was 13.9 mm 2 or less than 1% of the available surface area of the nasopharynx. Of 26 resection specimens classified in 5 increments of this size, 15 (57.7%) were a single WHO type, and 11(42.3%) were found to be mixtures of WHO types I, II, and III. Of 16 cases with preoperative biopsy specimens available, 4 (25%) were a different WHO classification than their corresponding resection specimen. Conclusions: Most clinic biopsy specimens were representative of their corresponding tumor resection specimens in their entirety; however, tumor heterogeneity is such that some biopsy specimens will not be representative. This finding may interfere with WHO classification data determined on the basis of clinic biopsy specimens and hence confound any meaningful data on treatment outcomes. It is recommended then that multiple nasopharyngeal biopsy specimens be obtained from disparate areas of the lesion and each subjected to independent histopathologic review. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;123:950-955
The development of physician confidence during surgical and medical internship.

Abstract Background While much research has addressed physician competency, the development of confidence has not been studied. We sought to identify which elements of internship residents feel most contributed to building their confidence. Methods By anonymous survey, University of Pennsylvania residents rated 104 internship elements for contribution to building physician confidence and reported their subjective confidence during and since internship. Results Two hundred ten residents in 18 specialties participated. Detailed ratings for all 104 elements are provided. Generally, independent decision-making items and good back-up support were equally highly valued, as was developing work efficiency. Poorly valued items included high patient loads, long hours, and abusive interactions. Surgical and medical residents agreed. Mean confidence increased during internship from 12 to 32 (1–100 scale) but remained in the 50s during residency for most specialties. Conclusions Faculty should make informed, deliberate attempts to provide those elements identified as most fostering the development of physician confidence.
Cyclic Indentation Behavior of Layered Nanocomposites: Viscoplastic Numerical Study

AbstractThe indentation behavior of layered metal/ceramic nanocomposites was studied. The primary objective was to examine the evolving plastic deformation in the ductile metal constrained by the hard ceramic layers, during indentation cycling with respect to fixed maximum and minimum indentation loads. The model consists of alternating aluminum and silicon carbide thin films on a silicon substrate, with the Al/SiC layered structure being indented by a diamond indenter. The rate-dependent viscoplastic response of Al was specifically taken into account in the numerical model. Plastic deformation in the ductile Al layers continued to occur during the unloading phase of the first cycle, in addition to during subsequent reload/unload processes. Cyclic plasticity resulted in an open load-displacement loop and the indenter continued to move deeper in accordance with each cycle. For the control model of a thick homogeneous Al layer, there was no hysteresis loop and the transient behavior approached stabilization...
Apoptosis-associated proteins in oral hairy leukoplakia.

OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the anti-apop totic ability of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may result in altered expression of apoptosis-associated proteins in oral hairy leukoplakia (HL), we evaluated HL tissue and normal epithelium for these proteins by immunohistochemistry. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of HL lesions and six spedmens of normal control mucosa were selected from archived tissue specimens. Bcl-2. Bcl-x, Bax and p53 apoptoris-associated proteins were evaluated in immu-nohistochemically stained tissue sections according to staining intensity and pattern. The percentage of p53-positive burl cells was estimated in sequential fields. RESULTS: Generalty, there were only slight differences in the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x proteins in the epithelium of HL and control tissue. The staining for Bcl-2 was weaker in keratinocytes than in putative melano-cytes and Langerhans cells. Equivocal diffuse cytoplasmic staining of prickle cells was also noted. Keratinocytes throughout the epithelium stained positively for Bcl-x protein, although upper layers were more weakly stained. The ‘balloon’ keratinocytes in HL were infrequently positive for Bcl-x. Bax staining in HL differed from that in control tissue in being more heterogeneous. The staining reaction in HL was weak to negative in upper epithelial levels where ‘balloon’ keratinocytes were located. Weak to moderate nuclear p53 protein staining was detected in a mean of 25.3% of basal keratinocytes in all but one of the HL specimens; weak staining was seen in only two control specimens. CONCLUSIONS: We found only slight immunohistochemid evidence that expression of the apoptosis-associated proteins is altered in HL. p53 appears to be over-expressed in HL; we speculate that this may be related to upregulation or stabilization of wild-type p53 protein related to EBV infedon.
An Alternative to Brain Death

Most contributors to the debate about brain death, including Dr. James Bernat, share certain assumptions. They believe that the concept of death is univocal, that death is a biological phenomenon, that it is necessarily irreversible, that it is paradigmatically something that happens to organisms, that we are human organisms, and therefore that our deaths will be deaths of organisms. These claims are supposed to have moral significance. It is, for example, only when a person dies that it is permissible to extract her organs for transplantation. It is also commonly held that our univocal notion of death is the permanent cessation of integrated functioning in an organism and that the criterion for determining when this has occurred in animals with brains is the death of the brain as a whole – that is, brain death. The reason most commonly given for this is that the brain is the irreplaceable master control of the organism's integration.
Far-infrared spectrum, barriers to internal rotation, structural parameters, and vibrational assignment of cyclopropylcarbonyl fluoride

Abstract The far-infrared (400 to 50 cm −1 ) spectrum of gaseous cyclopropylcarbonyl fluoride, c-C 3 H 5 CFO, was recorded at 0.1 cm −1 resolution. The fundamental asymmetric torsion for the most stable conformer, which has the carbonyl group oriented cis to the ring, is observed at 83.51 cm −1 with five torsionally excited-state transitions proceeding to lower frequencies. For the high energy trans conformer the fundamental asymmetric torsional mode was assigned to a series of C-type Q branches in the region of 94 to 85 cm −1 . From these data the potential function for internal rotation of the asymmetric top was determined and the potential coefficients are: V 1 =459±10, V 2 =2131±47, V 3 = −320±18, V 4 = 16 ± 15 cm −1 and V 5 = 57±9. The cis to trans and trans to cis barriers were determined to be 2307 ± 28 and 2111 ± 26 cm −1 , respectively, with an enthalpy difference between the conformers of 196 ± 75 cm −1 (560 ± 214 cal mol −1 ). The conformational stability, barriers to internal rotation, and fundamental vibrational frequencies are compared with those obtained from ab initio Hartree-Fock gradient calculations at the 3-21G and 6-31G* basis set levels. The structural parameters were determined for c-C 3 H 5 CFO from the ab initio values, with adjustments, and the microwave data. The results obtained are compared with the corresponding results for some similar molecules.
Transport properties of amorphous antimony telluride

The electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and Hall coefficient of micron thick films of amorphous ${\mathrm{Sb}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$ have been measured as functions of temperature from room temperature down to as low as $200\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The electrical conductivity manifests an Arrhenius behavior with a pre-exponential factor that is larger than that of a conventional semiconductor. The Seebeck coefficient is $p$ type. Unlike a conventional semiconductor, the energy characterizing the Seebeck coefficient's temperature dependence, about $0.10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$, is considerably smaller than the activation energy of the electrical conductivity, about $0.28\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$. In addition, the heat-of-transport constant of the Seebeck coefficient is much larger than that of conventional semiconductors. The Hall mobility is low (near $0.1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}∕\mathrm{V}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}$ at room temperature), anomalously signed ($n$-type), and increases with rising temperature with an activation energy of about $0.05\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$. These results are consistent with the charge carriers being holelike small polarons that move by thermally assisted hopping.
Multi‐Element Analysis of Fifty‐Four Geochemical Reference Samples Using Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Atomic Emission Spectrometry

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) has been applied for simultaneous, multielement analysis of a diverse suite of igneous rocks and minerals, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, coals and soils using a single matrix calibration procedure and a single sample preparation. Analytical results determined on 40 elements in 54 geochemical reference samples are presented. A sample analysis time of about three minutes allows the analyst to run several hundred samples per day, but does not include sample dissolution. The instrumental method described here provides the capability for rapid, simultaneous, multielement determination of the major (except silica), minor, and trace elements in rocks using a single sample preparation technique. Analytical data collected on the Geochemical Reference Samples (GRS) demonstrate the general utility of the method. Analytical results show an excellent agreement with previously published results for the major and minor elements. Of the 28 trace elements studied, 17 can be routinely determined in crustal rocks, but the concentration of several of the others can be determined only if present at concentrations several times above their crustal-abundance level.
Paleoceanography of the mid-Pleistocene

The fossil record of the Pleistocene calcareous nannoplankton indicates that during the mid-Pleistocene (0.93–1.25 my) occurred an episode of overwhelming dominance of smallGephyrocapsa. During this episode normally abundant, large size specimens of this genus (mainlyGephyrocapsa oceanica) were virtually excluded from the phytoplankton of tropical and subtropical oceans. The best modern analog of this dominantly smallGephyrocapsa assemblage is the subpolarEmiliania huxleyi assemblage, which implies that nutrient content was significantly greater and water temperature was lower in the photic water column of the tropical oceans than they are today. Increased equatorial upwelling in the oceans, on a scale much greater than today, may explain the above pattern. To achieve such broad equatorial upwelling there must be a source and a drive for cold, dense water. The Arctic Ocean, which was probably seasonally free of ice during this interval of the mid-Pleistocene, is capable of providing the requisite source as well as a drive for the inferred equatorial upwelling. The energy balance of a predominantly ice-free Arctic Ocean requires an approximately three to seven fold increase of hydrospheric heat transport from the North Atlantic to the Arctic Ocean, which dictates a corresponding or even greater increase in the volume of warm water entering the Arctic Ocean at the surface and cold dense water exiting at depth to the North Atlantic. Such enhanced dense water formation in the Arctic Ocean could drive the intensified equatorial upwelling implied by the smallGephyrocapsa dominance interval. If the above scenario is correct then the climate of the earth's northern hemisphere during the mid-Pleistocene may have been very different from the younger Pleistocene climate. One manifestation of this difference may be the mid-Pleistocene shift in climatic cycle periodicity from 40 ky to 100 ky. Another important aspect is that the enhanced greenhouse effect expected during the next century because of an increase of atmospheric CO2 is thought to lead directly to melting of the Arctic Ocean ice cover and of the Greenland ice sheet. Thus, the “greenhouse” Arctic Ocean and its attendant ocean circulation would resemble the inferred mid-Pleistocene conditions.
Long-range physical mapping of the α-amylase-1 (α-Amy-1) loci on homoeologous group 6 chromosomes of wheat

Long-range physical maps of the small multigene family of the malt α-amylase genes (α-Amy-1) located on the long arms of wheat chromosomes 6A (the α-Amy-A1 locus) and 6B (α-Amy-B1) were generated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis. By using three methylation-sensitive rare-cutter restriction endonucleases, NotI, NruI and MluI, and an α-Amy-1 cDNA probe and four gene-specific genomic probes from the α-Amy-B1 locus, the size of the α-Amy-B1 locus was estimated to be about 700 kb and of the α-Amy-B1 locus to be about approximately 4300 kb. These two maps indicate clustering of GC-rich and C-methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme recognition sites. At least five regions reminiscent of ‘CpG islands’ are apparent in α-Amy-B1, and three in α-Amy-A1. Correlation between recombination frequency and physical distance within the α-Amy-B1 locus suggests that 1 cM approximates to 1 Mb in physical distance.
Forging Peaceful Environment Through Film Showing: An Innovative Approach in Teaching

This study is about the usefulness of film as a means of instruction and communication, how it works, how it affects people in or out of the classroom, how it should be internalized, analyzed and how can it modify behavior of the pupils. This was conducted in Mindanao particularly in the town of Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte, occupying the southern portion of the Philippine archipelago. The main thrust was to determine the effect of film showing as an innovative aid for teaching peace and to let the learners internalize and put into action the moral values which were derived from the film. Such classroom activity, teaching technique, and strategy aspire to modify the attitudes of the pupils through adequate education in living a peaceful environment. Since it is believed that to grow, embrace, and reach real peace shall have to begin with the children until all corners of the world are covered with peace and love for which consciously or unconsciously the whole world is hungering, it is hoped that the effort of teaching with film showing is potent for the modification of attitudes. This study also sought to answer the questions dealing with moral values/educational implications, the level of pupils’ responses, the most and least moral values which were internalized and practiced by the respondents in forging a culture for peace and nonviolence which were based from the observations of parents, the significant difference between the pre-test and post test results, and the effectiveness of film showing in forging a culture of peace and nonviolence. Keywords - Peace Education in Mindanao, Teaching Culture of Peace, Film Analysis in Forging Peaceful Environment, Film Showing in Teaching Peace
Electrochemical Li-Ion Battery Modeling for Control Design With Optimal Uneven Discretization

This paper proposes a reduced Li-ion battery model for design optimization and control design by implementing the electrode-averaged diffusion dynamics and uneven discretization of the particle radius for fast computation and accurate prediction of the Lithium intercalation dynamics. First, the unevenly discretized dynamics model is constructed from the ordinary differential equation (ODE) derived in the electrode-averaged battery model. Then, constrained optimization problems with multi-objectives are formulated to find the optimal uneven discretization. The cost function is evaluated under the wide battery operation data sets constructed by Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) to reduce the total number of cases. The optimally determined unevenly discretized model can predict the battery electrochemical dynamics with much smaller number of discretization steps compared to the evenly discretized electrode-averaged battery model without loss of physical interpretation of the diffusion dynamics in the electrode solid particles.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Partial purification and characterization of an adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase from rabbit gastric mucosa.

Abstract An adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP)-dependent protein kinase (ATP:protein phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.37) from rabbit gastric mucosa was partially purified and characterized. Purification by (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 precipitation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography, and gel filtration increased the specific activity of the enzyme 60-fold. This protein kinase could be separated into a cyclic AMP-binding (regulatory) subunit and a catalytic subunit by chromatography on hydroxylapatite in the presence of cyclic AMP. The isolated catalytic subunit did not require cyclic AMP for activity. Recombination of the subunits in the presence of MgATP and bovine serum albumin restored cyclic AMP dependency to the catalytic subunit. Stokes radii of the catalytic subunit, the regulatory subunit, and the holoenzyme were found to be 2.6, 2.7 and 3.9 nm, respectively. The respective values for sedimentation coefficient were found to be 3.7, 3.5 and 5.1 S. Molecular weights calculated from these data gave values of 39 000 for both the catalytic and regulatory subunits and 82 000 for the holoenzyme. The enzyme phosphorylated histone, protamine, casein and endogeneous protein of the gastric mucosa. The apparent K m for ATP was 2·10 −5 M in the presence or absence of cyclic AMP. The concentration of cyclic AMP required for half maximal stimulation was 10 −8 M.
The Incorporation of International Accounting Concepts in the Curriculum at Private Universities in the State of Pennsylvania

The purpose of this paper is to report the coverage of various topics specific to the coverage of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). This paper used as a base a survey sent to approximately 50 private colleges and universities in Pennsylvania. The questions ranged from the differences in accounting concepts between the IFRS standards and the United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and the cultural influences of financial reporting in today’s global economy. A small percentage of the universities have a stand-alone course in international accounting and the coverage of the various differences is not consistent from college to college. This paper will also describe key differences that exist with IFRS and US GAAP.
An Innovative Approach to Goal Setting for Adolescents: Guided Goal Setting

Goal setting has shown promise in promoting positive behavior change in the nutrition and physical activity fields.1-3 When designing the goal-setting strategy for an intervention, a decision about goal type (who develops and chooses the goal) has to be made. Several factors, such as participant’s age, intervention setting, and readiness to change, influence the type of goal to use: (1) self-set, (2) participatory, or (3) assigned.4 This GEM is about the development and use of a fourth type, guided goal setting.This GEM (1) describes the development of the guided goal-setting strategy, (2) shows how guided goal setting was implemented in the EatFit intervention, and (3) provides a step-by-step guide for the practitioner who wishes to duplicate the guided goal-setting strategy (Table).
A Comparison of the Effects of Liquid Ammonia and Sodium Hydroxide Treatments on the Accessibility of Wood Pulp

.Sodium hydroxide mercerization and liquid ammonia pretreatments resulted in substantially higher moisture regains, indicating greatly enhanced accessibilities as compared to the unmercerized pulp. Moisture regains and infrared crystal linities were used to evaluate these changes in accessibility. The highest accessibility occurred with a comhination of both treatments on "never-dried" pulp.
Loss of matrix adhesion triggers rapid transformation-selective apoptosis in fibroblasts.

Cell–matrix and cell–cell adhesion are recognized physiological determinants of cell growth and survival. In epithelial and endothelial cell systems, oncogenic transformation has in several cases been shown to confer resistance to apoptosis upon depriving cells of substrate adhesion. We examined the effects of oncogenic transformation in adherent versus adhesion- deprived primary embryonic fibroblasts. Whereas untransformed early passage fibroblasts undergo cell cycle arrest, their Myc/Ras- or E1A/Ras-transformed counterparts rapidly enter apoptosis when placed into suspension. This phenomenon also occurs upon incubation with a soluble, RGD-containing integrin ligand and is blocked by a peptide antagonist to ICE family proteases or by aggregation of cells plated at high density. Loss of wild-type p53 modulates the kinetics but does not abrogate this death pathway. Transformation with activated Src rather than Ras rendered fibroblasts selectively resistant to adhesion-dependent apoptosis, an effect likely related to Src's role in integrin signaling, while simultaneously sensitizing the cells to radiation-induced apoptosis. Thus cell adhesion events regulate transformation-selective apoptosis in fibroblasts and provide potentially important targets for understanding and interfering with tumor cell viability.
Effect of Racephenicol on Antibiotic Resistance of Lactose-Fermenting Enteric Bacteria in Chickens

Abstract The incidence of lactose-fermenting enteric organisms resistant to chloramphenicol increased from less than 0.1% prior to treatment to more than 90% in two groups of chickens fed racephenicol-supplemented feed at 50 or 140 g/ton for 10 days, whereas controls remained unchanged. A concurrent increase in the incidence of organisms resistant to dihydrostreptomycin, oxytetracycline, ampicillin, and sulfonamides also occurred. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for chloramphenicol increased from 300 μg/ml in most Escherichia coli isolates in response to treatment. The observed resistance was transferable to E. coli and Salmonella.
Expression of gap junctional connexin proteins in ovine fetal ovaries: Effects of maternal diet

Gap junctions have been implicated in the regulation of cellular metabolism and the coordination of cellular functions during growth and differentiation of organs and tissues, and gap junctions play a major role in direct cell-cell communication. Gap junctional channels and connexin (Cx) proteins have been detected in adult ovaries in several species. Furthermore, it has been shown that several environmental factors, including maternal diet, may affect fetal organ growth and function. To determine whether maternal diet affects expression of Cx26, Cx32, Cx37, and Cx43 in fetal ovaries, sheep were fed a maintenance (M) diet with adequate (A) selenium (Se) or high (H) Se levels from 21 d before breeding to day 132 of pregnancy. From day 50 to 132 of pregnancy (tissue collection day), a portion of the ewes from the ASe and HSe groups was fed a restricted (R; 60% of M) diet. Sections of fetal ovaries were immunostained for the presence of Cxs followed by image analysis. All four Cxs were detected, but the distribution pattern differed. Cx26 was immunolocalized in the oocytes from primordial, primary, secondary, and antral follicles; in granulosa and theca layers of secondary and antral follicles; stroma; and blood vessels. Cx32 was in oocytes, granulosa, and theca cells in a portion of antral follicles; Cx37 was on the borders between oocyte and granulosa/cumulus cells of primordial to antral follicles and in endothelium; and Cx43 was on cellular borders in granulosa and theca layers and between oocyte and granulosa/cumulus cells of primordial to antral follicles. Maternal diet affected Cx26 and Cx43 expression, Cx26 in granulosa layer of antral follicles was decreased (P < 0.01) by HSe in the M and R diets, and Cx43 in granulosa layer of primary and granulosa and theca of antral follicles was increased (P < 0.05) by the M diet with HSe. Thus, Cxs may be differentially involved in regulation of fetal ovarian function in sheep. These data emphasize the importance of maternal diet in fetal growth and development.
Automatic Urban Water-Body Detection and Segmentation From Sparse ALSM Data via Spatially Constrained Model-Driven Clustering

Identifying hydrological features is important for urban planning and disaster assessment. Data spatial resolution poses challenges in automatic processing. In this letter, we present a novel spatially constrained model-driven clustering method that automatically detects and delineates water bodies in an urban area using airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM) data and imagery. Our method analyzes the modality of the sparseness histogram to decide the existence of water body, followed by clustering. Using the sparseness, clusters are decided by selecting candidate sites. In the iteration of clustering process, new sites are recruited within a close spatial vicinity of the boundary sites. Experiments were conducted using data sets from the city of New Orleans. Our method demonstrated superior robustness regardless of the density of ALSM sample and data discrepancy and very competitive accuracy in comparison with manual tracing, with an overall accuracy above 98%.
Subtype B avian metapneumovirus resembles subtype A more closely than subtype C or human metapneumovirus with respect to the phosphoprotein, and second matrix and small hydrophobic proteins

Abstract Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) subtype B (aMPV/B) nucleotide sequences were obtained for the phosphoprotein (P), second matrix protein (M2), and small hydrophobic protein (SH) genes. By comparison with sequences from other metapneumoviruses, aMPV/B was most similar to subtype A aMPV (aMPV/A) relative to the US subtype C isolates (aMPV/C) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV). Strictly conserved residues common to all members of the Pneumovirinae were identified in the predicted amino acid sequences of the P and M2 protein-predicted amino acid sequences. The Cys 3 -His 1 motif, thought to be important for binding zinc, was also present in the aMPV M2 predicted protein sequences. For both the P and M2-1 protein-predicted amino acid sequences, aMPV/B was most similar to aMPV/A (72 and 89% identity, respectively), having only approximately 52 and 70% identity, respectively, relative to aMPV/C and hMPV. Differences were more marked in the M2-2 proteins, subtype B having 64% identity with subtype A but ≤25% identity with subtype C and hMPV. The A and B subtypes of aMPV had predicted amino acid sequence identities for the SH protein of 47%, and less than 20% with that of hMPV. An SH gene was not detected in the aMPV/C. Phylogenetically, aMPV/B clustered with aMPV/A, while aMPV/C grouped with hMPV.
Polar Lipids of Burkholderia pseudomallei Induce Different Host Immune Responses

Melioidosis is a disease in tropical and subtropical regions of the world that is caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. In endemic regions the disease occurs primarily in humans and goats. In the present study, we used the goat as a model to dissect the polar lipids of B. pseudomallei to identify lipid molecules that could be used for adjuvants/vaccines or as diagnostic tools. We showed that the lipidome of B. pseudomallei and its fractions contain several polar lipids with the capacity to elicit different immune responses in goats, namely rhamnolipids and ornithine lipids which induced IFN-γ, whereas phospholipids and an undefined polar lipid induced strong IL-10 secretion in CD4+ T cells. Autologous T cells co-cultured with caprine dendritic cells (cDCs) and polar lipids of B. pseudomallei proliferated and up-regulated the expression of CD25 (IL-2 receptor) molecules. Furthermore, we demonstrated that polar lipids were able to up-regulate CD1w2 antigen expression in cDCs derived from peripheral blood monocytes. Interestingly, the same polar lipids had only little effect on the expression of MHC class II DR antigens in the same caprine dendritic cells. Finally, antibody blocking of the CD1w2 molecules on cDCs resulted in decreased expression for IFN-γ by CD4+ T cells. Altogether, these results showed that polar lipids of B. pseudomallei are recognized by the caprine immune system and that their recognition is primarily mediated by the CD1 antigen cluster.
Pregnancy outcomes following hospitalisation for a fall in Washington State from 1987 to 2004

Objective To evaluate the risk of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes among pregnant women hospitalised following falls. Design A population-based retrospective cohort study. Setting Washington State, USA. Population Pregnant women with a fetal death or live birth certificate linked to the hospitalisation discharge data from 1987 to 2004. Methods Pregnant women who experienced a fall (n = 693) were identified by the presence of an International Classification of Disease—9th Edition external causation code of E880 through E888 and were compared with a randomly chosen group of pregnant women (n = 2079) not experiencing a fall hospitalisation during pregnancy. Poisson regression analysis was used to estimate adjusted relative risks (RR) and 95% CI for associations between falls and pregnancy outcomes. Main outcome measures Preterm labour and delivery, placental abruption, fetal distress, and fetal hypoxia. Results This study found an incidence rate of 48.9 pregnant fall hospitalisations per 100 000 deliveries. The majority of the fall hospitalisations occurred in the third trimester (79.3%), with 11.3% in the second trimester and 9.4% in the first trimester. The majority of injuries due to falls were fractures (47.4%), especially of the lower extremity, followed by contusions (18.0%) and sprains (17.3%). Falls were associated with an increased risk of preterm labour (RR 4.4, 95% CI 3.4–5.7), placental abruption (RR 8.0, 95% CI 4.3–15.0), fetal distress (RR 2.1, 95% CI 1.6–2.8), and fetal hypoxia (RR 2.9, 95% CI 1.3–6.5). Conclusion In light of the increased risk of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes associated with major falls resulting in hospitalisation, careful maternal and fetal monitoring following a major fall is warranted.
Estimating response time for auxiliary memory configurations with multiple movable-head disk modules

The hardware architecture for a large data base application often involves the use of movable-head disk modules for auxiliary memory. This paper considers design calculations for such systems and is divided into two main sections described below.A survey is given of literature dealing with queueing models for multiple-module movable-head disk configurations. References are also provided to papers related to single movable-head disks which describe techniques for estimating seek time distributions, queueing models for channel operation, etc., which are useful for the multiple-module case.A simple method is presented for estimating average response time for a multi-module configuration of movable-head disk units attached to a single block multiplexer channel. The technique is a synthesis of a method described by Seaman, Lind, and Wilson for analyzing a similar configuration having a selector channel and variations of a method for treating a block multiplexer channel described by Fuller and Baskett. Seaman et al. view the operation of each disk module as a M/G/1 queueing system using the FCFS discipline; channel operation in turn is analyzed using the "machine-interference" model. Fuller and Baskett treat the operation of a channel with rotational position sensing by means of a queueing model with Poisson arrivals (infinite-source) and service process consisting of (a) two exponential stages corresponding to rotational delay and data transfer time, respectively, where the first stage has variable service rate which is a function of the number of requests at the channel, or (b) one exponential stage with variable service rate dependen on number of requests at the channel system. The proposed technique involves the use of the method of Seaman et al. but replaces the machine-interference model for channel operation with either of two finite-source queueing models similar to those of Fuller and Baskett.