cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sudden Unexpected Death in Fetal Life Through Early Childhood

In March 2015, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development held a workshop entitled "Sudden Unexpected Death in Fetal Life Through Early Childhood: New Opportunities." Its objective was to advance efforts to understand and ultimately prevent sudden deaths in early life, by considering their pathogenesis as a potential continuum with some commonalities in biological origins or pathways. A second objective of this meeting was to highlight current issues surrounding the classification of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and the implications of variations in the use of the term "SIDS" in forensic practice, and pediatric care and research. The proceedings reflected the most current knowledge and understanding of the origins and biology of vulnerability to sudden unexpected death, and its environmental triggers. Participants were encouraged to consider the application of new technologies and "omics" approaches to accelerate research. The major advances in delineating the intrinsic vulnerabilities to sudden death in early life have come from epidemiologic, neural, cardiac, metabolic, genetic, and physiologic research, with some commonalities among cases of unexplained stillbirth, SIDS, and sudden unexplained death in childhood observed. It was emphasized that investigations of sudden unexpected death are inconsistent, varying by jurisdiction, as are the education, certification practices, and experience of death certifiers. In addition, there is no practical consensus on the use of "SIDS" as a determination in cause of death. Major clinical, forensic, and scientific areas are identified for future research.
The influence of parental attitudes on psychiatric treatment outcome.

A study of young adult inpatients and their parents sought to find relationships among parental attitudes and characteristics, social work involvement, and the outcome of a psychodynamically orient...
Pruritus Ani: A Practical Approach

A practical plan of management is proposed that is applicable to any patient presenting with the complaint of anal itching and includes evaluation of the patient, patient education, initial treatment, and follow-up.
Research Methods in School Psychology: An Overview.

This article introduces a mini-series on research methods in school psychology that will appear across six issues of this journal. It is argued that to apply research to practice, school psychologi...
ATP Synthesis Pathways: Oxidative Phosphorylation

The heart derives over 90% of its energy production from the oxidation of carbon-based fuels. Unlike glycolysis, which takes place in the cytosol, oxidative metabolism occurs in the mitochondria. Adult cardiac mitochondria are ellipsoid-shaped organelles typically ∼1µm long × 0.5µm in diameter. They consist of two specialized membranes that form two separate compartments: an internal matrix and a smaller inter-membrane space (Figure 10.1).
Fluorescence Model for AG Draconis

A fluorescent light curve model (ionization-bounded wind and chromosphere with scale height) that previously found most fluorescent variation in symbiotic nova V1329 Cygni to be chromospheric, is applied to AG Draconis, where the strong wind of a well-detached red giant is illuminated by ultraviolet radiation from an accreting white dwarf. Bandpass dependence of light curve amplitude is even more striking than in V1329 Cyg and eliminates thermal re-radiation from the red star photosphere as a principal variation mechanism, since thermal re-radiation cannot change by large factors from U to B to V. Spectra show strong continuum and line emission, so both light curves and spectra show the importance of fluorescence. A small secular decay was included by fitting in time rather than phase, with dT wd / dt as a parameter. There is a 3σ indication of a large negative dP/dt . Chromospheric fluorescence accounts for the entire U variation, while B and V variations are too small for wind and chromosphere to be distinguished. We confirm a previously identified 355-day radial velocity period that is consistent with red star pulsation.
Surveying a new multi-institution clinical data research network

Cultivated by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Network (PCORnet), thirteen regional clinical data research networks (CDRNs) are taking shape across the U.S. The PCORnet common data model was carefully planned, and the data marts assembled by the more than 80 data-contributing institutions (nodes) are undergoing, in 2016-2017, a series of data characterization cycles. PCORnet will adjudge each node's-and thereby, in a significant way, each CDRN's-readiness or unreadiness for multi-institution research. Certifying each node's quality and fidelity is of course essential. But in understanding network readiness there is an additional, vital dimension-one that has received too little attention. It is the development of knowledge about the nature of a CDRN's data, in its federated sense. With visualizations, how might one grasp the meta-data of a CDRN? We outline an approach that builds upon the HealthLNK Data Repository, a forerunner to the Chicago Area Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Network (CAPriCORN) CDRN.
Reforming Policy for Single-Parent Families to Reduce Child Poverty

We argue that child support, the central program specifically targeting single-parent families, should increase financial resources for children living with a single parent, with a secondary goal of holding parents responsible for supporting their children. Current child support policy is substantially successful for divorcing families in which the noncustodial parent has at least moderate formal earnings. However, the system does not work well for lower-income families, especially unmarried couples: far too few children regularly receive substantial support and the system is sometimes counterproductive to encouraging parental responsibility. We propose: a public guarantee of a minimum amount of support per child, assurances that no noncustodial parent will be charged beyond their current means, and a broadening of child support services.
Contributions of subjective-tone to tone-phoneme identification

We measured subjective-tone identification thresholds evoked by acoustically filtered complex tones and compared them to Mandarin-Chinese tone-phoneme identification thresholds previously measured under the same filtering conditions. Tone phonemes were identified at intensities below subjective-tone identification thresholds, suggesting subjective tone is not necessary for tone-phoneme identification. Lower subjective-tone thresholds evoked by resolved harmonics rather than unresolved harmonics were consistent with pattern recognition theories of pitch perception.
The Joint Effects of Offender Race/Ethnicity and Sexon Sentencing Outcomes

Statistical data suggest that offender race/ethnicity and sex play important roles in criminal justice processing. Minority offenders and males, for example, are disproportionately overrepresented in U.S. prisons and jails. Specifically, based on the number of prison and jail inmates incarcerated in state facilities at mid-2005, Harrison and Beck (2006) estimated that rates of incarceration were five and one-half times higher for blacks and two times higher for Hispanics than they were for whites (p. 10). With regard to offender sex, at mid-2006, males constituted 92.8% of the U.S. prison population; they were 14 times more likely than women to be incarcerated (Sabol, Minton, & Harrison, June 2007, p. 5). Moreover, researchers estimate that a male has a 1 in 9 chance of going to prison in his lifetime, while a female has a 1 in 56 chance (Bonczar, 2003, p. 8). Incarceration statistics also reveal how the degree of minority overrepresentation varies by an offender’s sex; a larger proportion of the male prison population consists of minority inmates. According to 2006 year-end data, white inmates made up 38% of the male prison population; in comparison, 47% of all females incarcerated in state and Federal prisons were white (Sabol, Couture, & Harrison, December 2007, Table 7). Relative to their white counterparts, black
When the patient-physician relationship is broken.

An examination of some of the factors that can weaken the therapeutic nature of the patient-physician relationship and how a physician can resolve them in the patient's best interest. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Drafting for Success: How Good Are NFL Teams at Identifying Future Productivity at Offensive-Skill Positions in the Draft?:

Employing data on offensive-skill players drafted between 2002 and 2013, we are able to determine if the factors correlated with a player’s productivity in the National Football League (NFL) are th...
Solitaire Stent Retriever Mechanical Thrombectomy in a 6-Month-Old Patient with Acute Occlusion of the Internal Carotid Artery Terminus: Case Report.

Background Endovascular mechanical thrombectomy (MT) performed with stent retriever devices have proven efficacious in the treatment of adult patients with acute cerebral ischemia resulting from large-vessel occlusion. Recently, reports describing the use of MT in pediatric large-vessel occlusion have increased. However, these case reports are generally limited to older children and teenagers. Case Description We report the use of a Solitaire (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA) stent retriever for thrombectomy and revascularization of the right middle cerebral artery) in a 6-month-old patient. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the youngest patient reported to be treated with MT using a stent retriever. This case adds to the growing literature that supports the use of MT as a stroke intervention in pediatric patients.
Gamers convention model: nifty assignment

This assignment is suitable for entry level data modeling students in their first data modeling class. It is assigned at the end of the term when students have a solid understanding of database design concepts. The assignment is devised to integrate entry level data modeling topics into an end-of-term project utilizing a gamers' convention theme to pique the student's interest. This assignment can be found at http://www.ccsc-ms.org/nifty/11/wri/
Neural evidence of recognition—but not recall—for videos in monkey hippocampus

The role of the hippocampus in recognition memory vs. recall has long been a source of debate. Tasks used to study recognition memory that almost exclusively require an explicit probe—where the subject must make a response to prove they remember—yield mixed results on hippocampal involvement. Meanwhile, almost all tasks probing hippocampal recall also use explicit probes. Here, instead of requiring such an artificial probe, we tasked monkeys to freely view naturalistic videos, and only tested their memory implicitly via a novel v. repeat video condition. Notably, a large proportion of hippocampal neurons differentiated novel from repeat videos via firing rates, supporting the involvement of the hippocampus in implicit recognition memory. The majority of these neurons showed an enhancement in firing rate to repeat instead of novel videos, a pattern which has not previously been shown in hippocampus. However, there was no evidence of post-stimulus cued recall, as neurons only showed these signals during video stimulus presentation. These results suggest the hippocampus is involved in recognition memory for dynamic visual stimuli when memory retrieval is not explicitly probed.
Original contributionDoes leptin play a role in the pathogenesis of human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Objectives Obesity is a risk factor for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Leptin plays an important role in the regulation of food intake, body composition, energy expenditure, and body weight. It has been suggested that leptin plays a role in the pathogenesis of NASH; however, adequate studies are lacking. We therefore conducted a study to explore the role of serum leptin in the pathogenesis of human NASH.
Concordance between dermatologist self-reported and industry-reported interactions at a national dermatology conference

Physician-industry interactions are prevalent. Accurate reporting allows for transparency regarding potential conflicts of interest. We sought to compare the self-reported interactions in the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) Annual Meeting disclosures with the industry-reported interactions in the Open Payments (OP) database. We performed a retrospective review of the 2014 OP database and the presenter disclosures for the AAD 73rd Annual Meeting in 2015. We examined general, research, and associated research payments for 768 dermatologists, totaling $35,627,365 in 2014. Although differences in the categorization and requirements for disclosure between the AAD and the OP database may account for much of the discordance, dermatologists should be aware of potentially negative public perceptions regarding transparency and prevalence of physician-industry interaction. Dermatologists should review their industry-reported interactions listed in the OP database and continue to disclose conflicts of interest as accurately as possible.
THE EFFECT OF GOVERNMENTAL LAWS AND PHARMACEUTICAL ETHICS ON BUILDING A DISTINCTIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHARMACISTS AND THEIR CUSTOMERS

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of governmental laws and pharmaceutical ethics on building a distinctive relationship between pharmacists and their customers from the perspective of pharmacists in Jordan through measuring the customers’ satisfaction and their perceived value. Methods: This study is a descriptive and correlative one. A self-administrated questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of 110 pharmacists working in private pharmacies to measure the effect of governmental laws and pharmaceutical ethics on building a distinctive relationship between pharmacists and customers. Results: ANOVA-test showed a significant effect of governmental laws and pharmaceutical ethics on building a distinctive relationship between pharmacists and their customers (p = 0.003) and on the customer–perceived value (p = 0.00). Multiple regression analysis showed a significant effect of the application of ethical standards on building a distinctive relationship between pharmacists and their customers (p = 0.006) and a significant effect of both dimensions: (application of laws and regulations) and (application of ethical standards) on customer–perceived value (p = 0.004, p = 0.009) respectively. Moreover, there was a statistically significant effect of the application of ethical standards on customers’ satisfaction (p = 0.03). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, there should be an effort by the government and the private institutions responsible for the pharmacy profession in Jordan to contribute to build a distinctive relationship between pharmacies and their customers, as this relationship increases the perceived value and satisfaction of customers.
Simulation of GPS radio occultation signals through Sporadic-E using the multiple phase screen method

Abstract A phase screen simulation experiment is designed to model radio occultation signals through sporadic-E layers for a GPS transmitter operating at the L1 (1575.42 MHz) frequency. A series of simulations is performed for various sporadic-E parameters in an attempt to validate a linear relationship between the blanketing sporadic-E plasma frequency and the S2 scintillation. The S2-fbEs relationship is found to be linear over a select range of sporadic-E intensities, but shows a nonlinear relationship for lower fbEs values and plateaus at elevated intensities. A spectral method for estimating fbEs from the spatial Fourier transform of the signal intensity is introduced and explored using the final peak frequency of the low frequency plateau. This metric is shown to have direct relationships to key sporadic-E parameters and is resistant to noise in the applied signal. However, it requires strong scatter conditions to form which corresponds to fbEs values above ~4 MHz for typical sporadic-E lengths and thicknesses. A combined approach using the S2 index for moderate events and the final peak frequency of the low-frequency plateau for stronger events will provide improved plasma frequency estimates for the range of observed sporadic-E frequencies.
Impact of Organizational Commitment on Employee Performance Special Reference to Banks in Trincomalee District

In the competitive world, all organizations have recognized that they can gain competitive advantage in market place only, if they have efficient employees. Most literature has proved that organizational commitment is important factor for improving the employee performance. Therefore, this study focuses on impact of organizational commitment on employee job performance. This study is to carry out to explore the relationship of organizational commitment to job performance of employees in both state and non-state banks in Trincomalee district. Therefore, only about 98 employees are considered as the study samples to collect data with close-ended questionnaires. The univariate and bivariate analysis are used for exploring the levels and relationship of study variables. The findings indicate positive relationship between organizational commitment and job performance of employees. In comparison, state banks have higher correlation of variables than non-state banks in Trincomalee district. Further, univariate analysis shows higher level of organizational commitment and employee job performance for non-state banks. However, both banks are perceived higher level for those variables. Individually, within the state bank, Bank of Ceylon has high level of study variables; and within the non-state bank, Commercial Bank has high level of the study variables. Notably, Seylan Bank employees have perceived moderate level of organizational commitment and high level of employee performance. Based on the findings, certain actionable suggestions are provided to the management of banks to improve the level of existing commitment to flourish the employee performance in their organization to achieve sustainable competitive advantage
When my wrongs are worse than yours: Behavioral and neural asymmetries in first-person and third-person perspectives of accidental harms

Abstract Research on third-party moral judgments highlights two mechanisms as central to moral judgments of accidental harms: the inference of intent and the perception of harm. However, little is known about how these mechanisms are recruited when people evaluate themselves for harm that they have accidentally caused. Here we explore how a person's perspective — as either actor or observer — influences their moral judgments of accidental harm. We use fMRI to investigate how brain regions involved in the inference of intent and the perception of harm differentially respond when participants either cause (first-person) or observe (third-person) accidental harm. First, we find that people judge their own accidental harms more harshly than they judge others' accidents, and hold themselves more responsible for the unintended harmful outcomes of their choices. Second, we find that regions responding to the first-hand experience of pain are also more sensitive to first-person harms relative to third-person harms, and brain-behavior relationships in a subset of these regions suggest that the tendency to judge oneself more harshly may be supported by a greater sensitivity to the victim's experience of harm. Third, though we find that first-person harms recruit regions for mental state inference to a lesser extent than third-person harms, this difference does not appear to account for the behavioral differences in moral judgment between first-person and third-person harms. The results of this experiment suggest that accidental harms are an important context for broadening our understanding of the relationship between agency, empathy, and moral judgments about the self.
Using Artificial Intelligence With Natural Language Processing to Combine Electronic Health Record’s Structured and Free Text Data to Identify Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation to Decrease Strokes and Death: Evaluation and Case-Control Study

Background: Nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) affects almost 6 million Americans and is a major contributor to stroke but is significantly undiagnosed and undertreated despite explicit guidelines for oral anticoagulation. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate whether the use of semisupervised natural language processing (NLP) of electronic health record’s (EHR) free-text information combined with structured EHR data improves NVAF discovery and treatment and perhaps offers a method to prevent thousands of deaths and save billions of dollars. Methods: We abstracted 96,681 participants from the University of Buffalo faculty practice’s EHR. NLP was used to index the notes and compare the ability to identify NVAF, congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes mellitus, stroke or transient ischemic attack, vascular disease, age 65 to 74 years, sex category (CHA2DS2-VASc), and Hypertension, Abnormal liver/renal function, Stroke history, Bleeding history or predisposition, Labile INR, Elderly, Drug/alcohol usage (HAS-BLED) scores using unstructured data (International Classification of Diseases codes) versus structured and unstructured data from clinical notes. In addition, we analyzed data from 63,296,120 participants in the Optum and Truven databases to determine the NVAF frequency, rates of CHA2DS2‑VASc ≥2, and no contraindications to oral anticoagulants, rates of stroke and death in the untreated population, and first year’s costs after stroke. Results: The structured-plus-unstructured method would have identified 3,976,056 additional true NVAF cases (P US $13.5 billion. Conclusions: Artificial intelligence–informed bio-surveillance combining NLP of free-text information with structured EHR data improves data completeness, prevents thousands of strokes, and saves lives and funds. This method is applicable to many disorders with profound public health consequences.
An Updated National Profile of Curriculum Committees in Pharmacy Education.

Objective. To assess how U.S. schools and colleges of pharmacy curriculum committees’ responsibilities, structure, functions, charges, and activities have evolved since 2011. Methods. A total of 133 fully-accredited schools and colleges of pharmacy were included in the survey. Data collection occurred between March and September 2020, and survey questions pertained to the academic year (19-20). Data were collected on committee membership, leadership, functions, and charges. New questions explored ties to assessment and Standards 2016. Analysis included descriptive statistics and comparisons to the 2011 survey results. Results. Response rate was 80%; one partial response was excluded from analysis. Most (93%) schools and colleges rely on a curriculum committee to provide curriculum oversight. Faculty and students remain the most frequent types of members but there has been an increase in the number of committees with members from other areas including experiential programs, staff, directors, librarians, and pharmacy residents. Committee charges have increased beyond the traditional curriculum planning, mapping, and review to include newer tasks (eg, EPAs, IPEs, PPCP, co-curriculum, certificates). Primary responsibility for various assessment activities is shared by both committees in 1/3 of the institutions. Conclusion. Curriculum committees remain a key part of pharmacy education but continue to evolve to meet their responsibility for new and increasing numbers of charges and finding ways to communicate and share duties with their assessment counterparts. Having clear guidance for the CC and reducing frequency of scheduled work to ensure the CC will be able to address new challenges as they emerge are recommended.
Economic Growth and Poverty in the United States: Comparisons of Estimates Based Upon Official Poverty Statistics and Sen's Index of Poverty

This paper estimates income gap ratios and Gini coefficients of poor Americans and combines them with official U.S. government poverty statistics to create a new time series of Sen indices of poverty. The effects of growth and other determinants of aggregate poverty are investigated over the period 1961-1996. The results indicate that economic growth affects the Sen index and official poverty headcounts in essentially the same manner across time. The long economic expansion following the recession of 1981-1982 had much smaller poverty reducing effects than the expansion of the 1960s. In general, unemployment is a significant determinant of aggregate poverty, while the growth in per capita transfers to low income families and changes in the percent of families headed by females and never married females are insignificant.
Time Analysis of Hard Drive Imaging Tools

Computer hard drives often contain evidence that is vital to digital forensic investigations. However, an authenticated working copy or “forensic image” of a suspect hard drive must be created before any data can be analyzed. As the capacities of modern hard drives increase, the time taken to create a forensic image, let alone analyze the data, increases significantly. This paper investigates two popular hard drive imaging tools, ICS ImageMASSter SOLO III and Logicube Talon. The results of the imaging experiments and timing analysis provide valuable guidance on selecting the appropriate imaging tool for digital forensic investigations.
Extending the birkhoff-von neumann switching strategy to multicast switches

This paper extends the Birkhoff-von Neumann unicast switching strategy to the multicast case. Using a graph theoretic model we show that the rate region for a traffic pattern is precisely the stable set polytope of the pattern's ‘conflict graph', in the no-fanout splitting case. Computing the offline schedule is equivalent to fractional weighted graph coloring which takes polynomial time for perfect graphs. For a general conflict graph, we show that deciding achievability of a given rate vector is NP-hard, but can be done in polynomial time for the case of moderate multicast load. The result naturally leads to an offline schedule.
In Vivo Hemodynamic Performance Evaluation of Novel Electrocardiogram‐Synchronized Pulsatile and Nonpulsatile Extracorporeal Life Support Systems in an Adult Swine Model

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate a novel electrocardiogram (ECG)-synchronized pulsatile extracorporeal life support (ECLS) system for adult partial mechanical circulatory support for adequate quality of pulsatility and enhanced hemodynamic energy generation in an in vivo animal model. The secondary aim was to assess end-organ protection during nonpulsatile versus synchronized pulsatile flow mode. Ten adult swine were randomly divided into a nonpulsatile group (NP, n = 5) and pulsatile group (P, n = 5), and placed on ECLS for 24 h using an i-cor system consisting of an i-cor diagonal pump, an iLA membrane ventilator, an 18 Fr femoral arterial cannula and a 23/25 Fr femoral venous cannula. Trials were conducted at a flow rate of 2.5 L/min using nonpulsatile or pulsatile mode (with assist ratio 1:1). Real-time pressure and flow data were recorded using a custom-based data acquisition system. To the best of our knowledge, the oxygenator and circuit pressure drops were the lowest for any available system in both groups. The ECG-synchronized i-cor ECLS system was able to trigger pulsatile flow in the porcine model. After 24-h ECLS, energy equivalent pressure, surplus hemodynamic energy, and total hemodynamic energy at preoxygenator and prearterial cannula sites were significantly higher in the P group than those in the NP group (P 0.05). The novel i-cor system performed well in the nonpulsatile and ECG-synchronized pulsatile mode in an adult animal ECLS model. The iLA membrane oxygenator had an extremely lower transmembrane pressure gradient and excellent gas exchange capability. Our findings suggest that ECG-triggered pulsatile ECLS provides superior end-organ protection with improved renal function and systemic vascular tone.
Src Tyrosine Kinase Mediates Stimulation of Raf-1 and Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase by the Tumor Promoter Thapsigargin

Thapsigargin is a non-phorbol ester-type tumor promoter that elevates the intracellular Ca2+ (Ca(i)2+) levels by blocking the microsomal Ca2+ ATPase. At present, the consequence of this Ca(i)2+ increase and the nature of the tumorigenicity of thapsigargin still remain to be elucidated. Previously, we demonstrated that thapsigargin activates the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase via Ca(i)2+ but independently of protein kinase C or Ca2+ influx. Here, we show that thapsigargin also rapidly stimulates the Src tyrosine kinase. Transfection of a v-Src gene into a hippocampal cell line (H19-7) renders a constitutive activation of MAP kinase, whereas transfection of a kinase-deficient Src mutant blocks the activation by thapsigargin, suggesting that Src is required for the thapsigargin-induced MAP kinase activation. Cotransfection of a dominant-inhibitory Raf-1 and the v-Src genes into H19-7 cells results in an inhibition of the otherwise constitutively elevated MAP kinase activity, suggesting that Raf-1 is required for the Src-dependent activation of MAP kinase. Similarly, in the LA-90 cells, expression of a temperature-sensitive allele of v-Src constitutively activates Raf-1 and MAP kinase, whereas expression of a dominant-inhibitory Raf-1 mutant abolishes the MAP kinase activation induced by either v-Src or thapsigargin treatment. Together, these results suggest that thapsigargin stimulates MAP kinase signaling via Src and Raf-1. The activation of this Src-MAP kinase pathway suggests a biochemical mechanism for the tumorigenic nature of thapsigargin.
Commitment strategies in planning: a comparative analysis

In this paper we compare the utility of different commitment strategies in planning. Under a "least commitment strategy", plans are represented as partial orders and operators are ordered only when interactions are detected. We investigate claims of the inherent advantages of planning with partial orders, as compared to planning with total orders. By focusing our analysis on the issue of operator ordering commitment, we are able to carry out a rigorous comparative analysis of two planners. We show that partial-order planning can be more efficient than total-order planning, but we also show that this is not necessarily so.
Incidence of Taxes in Pakistan: Primer and Estimates

Who pays Pakistan’s taxes? Do they fall inordinately on low-income families, or on labor working in the formal sector, or is the tax burden borne disproportionately by the higher income classes, who also own most of the capital in the country? The fairness of the tax system is not only affected by who pays taxes, but by who does not. The latter group might include those working in the hard-to-tax informal sector, agriculture, those who benefit from legal exemptions, and those who evade taxes.
Finding the Silver Lining: The Recession and the Legal Employment Market

The economic recession has affected the legal market as much as any other industry. The news media is replete with references to and articles on law firm layoffs and corporate legal department budget cuts. Those with a prurient interest and a sense of schadenfreude can check daily the Layoff Tracker, a running list of law firm layoffs provided by Law Shucks, an online legal tabloid. Not all the news is bad, though. The legal industry is now taking a serious look at how it recruits, hires, trains and retains its lawyers. This introspection means the profession is paying serious attention to how best to provide efficient and valuable legal services for clients as well as create legal service businesses that comprise talented and committed lawyers.
The effects of mass transfer resistances on encapsulated enzymatic reaction systems

Abstract The effectiveness factor for an encapsulated enzyme particle is investigated in the present work by considering complete internal and external mass tra
GRAVITATION AND RELATIVITY EXPERIMENTS USING ATOMIC CLOCKS

Clocks have always played a fundamental role in the development of gravitational and relativity theories. The advent of atomic clocks with stability in the 10-l6 domain provides measurement capability for both distance and time measurement at a level significant for the testing of relativistic gravitation. This paper outlines some of the tests now possible with space techniques that have opened the entire solar system to us as a laboratory for physical experiments.
Photodetachment of Multiply Charged Anions: The Electronic Structure of Gaseous Square-Planar Transition Metal Complexes PtX42- (X=Cl, Br)

Two square-planar 5d transition metal complexes, PtX42- (X = Cl, Br), were observed in the gas phase using ion-trap mass spectrometry and an electrospray ionization source. Photodetachment photoelectron spectroscopy was used to probe their electronic structure, and their photoelectron spectra were measured at three photon energies, 193, 266, and 355 nm. The spectra for the two complexes were found to be similar, each with 10 well-resolved electronic features. These observed detachment features were qualitatively interpreted using the currently available theoretical calculations. The unprecedented resolution of the spectra afforded in the gas phase allowed us to definitely determine the ground state molecular energy levels for these classical square-planar metal complexes. We found that in PtCl42- all the d-orbitals are above the ligand-derived orbitals, whereas in PtBr42- all the d-orbitals are stabilized while the ligand-orbitals are destabilized, leading to an overlap between the d- and ligand-orbitals....
Converging flows of viscoelastic materials

The kinematics of converging velocity fields such as those found in flows from a large duct or reservoir into a small tube are especially simple in the case of viscoelastic materials as they may be approximated by means of a diagonal deformation rate tensor. This result is shown to be valid in the present study in which aqueous polymeric solutions were utilized and is inferred as having been valid under the experimental conditions employed by Bagley in studies of molten polymers. It is suggested that asymptotic approximations based upon the diagonality of the deformation rate tensor may be of general use in analysis of flows of viscoelastic materials, that is, they could represent, potentially, simplifying approximations comparable in utility to the boundary layer approximations employed commonly in the analysis of flows of Newtonian fluids. An interesting prediction of the present analysis is that for flows from a large duct into a small one a plot of isotropic pressure vs. axial position exhibits a minimum near the inlet to the smaller duct. Experimental results are presented in partial support of this unusual behavior. The analysis also suggests that an orfice jet thrust technique for measurement of normal stresses, closely related to recent independent studies by Middleman and by Fabula, may be an indirect but especially simple and sensitive tool for measurement of material properties.
Singlet and triplet excited-state interactions and photochemical reactivity of phenyleneethynylene oligomers.

The rigid rodlike character of phenyleneethynylenes and their ability to communicate charge/excitation energy over long distances have made them useful as molecular linkers in the light energy harvesting assemblies and molecular electronics devices. These linker molecules themselves possess rich photochemistry as evident from the relatively large yields of the excited singlet (0.5−0.66) and triplet (0.4−0.5) states of two model oligomers, 1,4-bis(phenylethynyl)-2,5-bis(hexyloxy)benzene (OPE-1) and 1,4-bis((4-phenylethynyl)phenylethynyl)-2,5-bis(hexyloxy)benzene (OPE-2). In particular, the long-lived triplet excited state is capable of undergoing deactivation by self-quenching processes such as ground-state quenching and triplet−triplet (T−T) annihilation. The T−T annihilation occurs with a nearly diffusion-controlled rate (∼2 × 109 M-1 s-1), and ground-state quenching occurs with a rate constant of ∼6 × 107 M-1 s-1. The electron transfer from the excited OPE-1 and OPE-2 to benzoquinone as characterized fr...
Treating Attention To Improve Auditory Comprehension Deficits Associated With Aphasia

Auditory comprehension is rarely unaffected by aphasia, although the extent of these deficits ranges greatly. Regardless of the severity of the deficit, however, problems understanding spoken language have a notable impact on individuals' lives. Speech-language pathologists, therefore, are obligated to employ effective approaches to remediating these problems. This paper addresses ways to treat auditory comprehension starting with a careful examination that identifies preserved and disturbed areas of function and that leads clinicians to think about underlying mechanisms that might be responsible for success and failures. Several lines of evidence support the idea that attentional problems may account for at least some of what appear to be problems with comprehension of spoken language in people with aphasia (PWA). Despite the growing body of evidence that a strong relationship exists between attention and auditory comprehension performance, the prevailing approach to treating auditory comprehension defic...
Iê thi diem thúy's "The Gangster We Are All Looking For": The Ekphrastic Emigration of a Photograph

(2006). Ie thi diem thuy's 'The Gangster We Are All Looking For': The Ekphrastic Emigration of a Photograph. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction: Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 3-18.
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis in the Procyclic Form ofTrypanosoma brucei

In Trypanosomatids, endocytosis and exocytosis occur exclusively at the flagellar pocket, a deep invagination of the plasma membrane where the flagellum extends from the cell. Both bloodstream and procyclic trypanosomes are capable of internalizing macromolecules. However, structures resembling coated vesicles were only identified in bloodstream form and not in procyclic form trypanosomes. Due to the apparent absence of coated vesicles in procyclics, the significance of receptor-mediated endocytosis in procyclic trypanosomes has been considered of minimal importance. We show that the flagellar pocket associated cysteine-rich acidic transmembrane protein (CRAM) may function as an high density lipoprotein receptor in the procyclic form trypanosome. Using anti-CRAM IgG we have characterized the process of CRAM-mediated endocytosis in procyclic form trypanosomes. The wild type procyclic trypanosome binds and internalizes anti-CRAM IgG but not the non-immune IgG in a saturable and time-dependent manner; the binding and uptake of125I-labeled anti-CRAM IgG are inhibited by excess unlabeled anti-CRAM IgG. Uptake and degradation of anti-CRAM IgG do not occur at 4 °C. At 28 °C, the internalized anti-CRAM IgG were efficiently degraded through a process that is inhibited by incubation at 4 °C and sensitive to the presence of chloroquine. The uptake and degradation of anti-CRAM IgG does not occur in the CRAM null mutant cell line. These results suggested that the uptake of anti-CRAM IgG in the wild type procyclics occurs via receptor-mediated endocytosis of the CRAM protein. Deletion of the cytoplasmic extension of CRAM drastically reduced the degradation but not the binding of anti-CRAM IgG. This result indicated that potential internalization signals may be present in the cytoplasmic extension of CRAM. This is the first time that the importance of receptor-mediated endocytosis in procyclic form trypanosomes has been demonstrated.
Vapor-liquid equilibria for the binary systems of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and n-butane at temperatures from 220 to 344 K.☆

Abstract Vapor—liqilid equilibria for the binary systems N2 + CO2, N2 + n-C4H10, and CO2 + n-C4H10 were measured from 220 to 344 K. Coexisting densities were also measured over the temperature range 311 to 344 K. Characteristic interaction parameters were determined for the Peng-Robinson equation-of-state as −0.041 for N2 + CO2, 0.110 for N2 + n-C4H10, and 0.123 for CO2 + n-C4H10. The data were modeled using two commercial software packages.
Critique of present efforts to develop a damage risk criterion.

(1959). Critique of Present Efforts to Develop a Damage Risk Criterion. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal: Vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 441-446.
The Effect of Botulinum Neurotoxin-A on Blood Flow in Rats: A Potential Mechanism for Treatment of Raynaud Phenomenon

Purpose Botulinum neurotoxin-A (BoNTA) is used to treat several disorders, including Raynaud phenomenon. Recent investigations cite toxin-induced increases in blood flow, but no mechanism for BoNTA's actions is proposed. This study hypothesized that local application of BoNTA causes arteriolar vasodilation through sympathetic blockade and results in increased blood flow. Methods Microvascular effects of BoNTA were assessed using a rat cremaster preparation. Cremaster microvascular diameters were measured in the muscle before and after treatment with the muscle paralytic agent gallamine triethiodide. Preparations were then treated with one of the following: BoNTA (4, 6, or 10 units), BoNTA dilution vehicle, or denatured BoNTA. Arteriolar diameters were measured repeatedly over the observation period. Additional preparations were treated with either tetrodotoxin or prazosin and rauwolscine before BoNTA to confirm that the observed vasodilatory responses were the result of sympathetic neural inhibition. Results The BoNTA application resulted in a significant dose-dependent vasodilation (13% to 15%) of observed cremaster arterioles. Control treatments did not cause vasodilation. Both tetrodotoxin and prazosin/rauwolscine treatments elicited similar vasodilatory effects, with no additional vasodilation elicited by BoNTA. Addition of sodium nitroprusside following BoNTA elicited further vasodilation. In addition, systemic arterial pressure was unaffected by the local administration of BoNTA. Conclusions Local application of BoNTA results in arteriolar dilation that yields an approximate 69% increase in blood flow, without changing systemic arterial pressure. A BoNTA-mediated vasodilation through sympathetic blockade is a likely mechanism to explain the increase in blood flow reported after treatment with the toxin. Clinical relevance The ability of BoNTA to inhibit sympathetic nervous input reduces vasoconstriction, which is the most likely mechanism for improvement seen in Raynaud phenomenon patients following BoNTA injection.
Microcomputer interface for computer-assisted enzyme kinetic studies with uv-vis spectrophotometers

Abstract A simple microcomputer interface, consisting of only three integrated chips, for the input of digitized data from a uv-vis spectrophotometer is described. The interface multiplexes four binary-coded decimal digits, four possible decimal point positions, and an algebraic sign into a single eight-bit parallel input port of the microcomputer. The interface design is also adaptable in a general fashion to any analytical instrument which can present digitized data, with the expansion capability of accommodating more than the number of digits and decimal positions noted in this specific example. Software developed specifically to drive the interface and several general applications to computer-assisted kinetic studies are discussed.
Treatment of retinal detachments in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

Abstract Thirty-nine eyes from 31 patients with retinal detachment due to cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis were treated by either laser photocoagulation (22 eyes), scleral buckle (9 eyes), pars plana vitrectomy (5 eyes), or no therapy (3 eyes). The success rates for photocoagulation (77.2%), scleral buckle (77.7%), and vitrectomy (with gas or oil, 80%) were similar. The median survival time was 95 days (range, of 7 to 280 days). The extent of detachment, the presence of active disease in either the periphery or the posterior pole, and overall health served to determine what type of therapy was best suited for each patient. Although silicone oil appears to be best for patients with a total retinal detachment and active disease, this small series suggests that conservative modes of therapy such as laser photocoagulation and scleral buckles can be used successfully to treat these patients if there is an absence of active retinitis.
A Polymeric Protein Anchors the Chromosomal Origin/ParB Complex at a Bacterial Cell Pole

Bacterial replication origins move towards opposite ends of the cell during DNA segregation. We have identified a proline-rich polar protein, PopZ, required to anchor the separated Caulobacter crescentus chromosome origins at the cell poles, a function that is essential for maintaining chromosome organization and normal cell division. PopZ interacts directly with the ParB protein bound to specific DNA sequences near the replication origin. As the origin/ParB complex is being replicated and moved across the cell, PopZ accumulates at the cell pole and tethers the origin in place upon arrival. The polar accumulation of PopZ occurs by a diffusion/capture mechanism that requires the MreB cytoskeleton. High molecular weight oligomers of PopZ assemble in vitro into a filamentous network with trimer junctions, suggesting that the PopZ network and ParB-bound DNA interact in an adhesive complex, fixing the chromosome origin at the cell pole.
Insect-plant interactions on a planet of weeds

Two conflicting views confront ecologists and evolutionary biologists on the degree of symmetry in interactions between plants and phytophagous insects. The symmetrical view holds that insects and plants have strong effects on one another’s evolutionary and ecological dynamics. Thus, herbivores are regarded as a major influence on plant distribution and abundance in contemporary ecosystems, and coevolution is commonly invoked to explain adaptive radiation in plants and insects, host specialization in insects, as well as much of the morphological and chemical variety observed in plants. The asymmetrical view acknowledges that plants have major effects on insects, but claims that insects seldom impose significant effects on plants. Proponents of the asymmetric view tend to ignore or discount insect-plant interactions in communities and ecosystems altered by human impacts. If we recognize the scope and scale of human impacts, and ways in which these impacts change insect-plant interactions, then our views about symmetry or asymmetry in insect-plant interactions will change. To understand, predict, and manage insect herbivory we need to study it in all its manifestations. In particular, the study of interactions involving alien species is both an urgent priority for environmental management and potentially a source of ecological insights on the role of herbivores in plant population and community dynamics A complete theory of insect/host plant interactions must explain and predict interactions both within and beyond the native range. Such a theory might guide efforts to deal with environmental problems stemming from rapid rates of extinction and homogenization of the world’s biota.