cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coating deposition by the kinetic spray process

Abstract This paper describes the deposition of metallic coatings using the kinetic spray process (also referred to as cold spray or cold gas dynamic spray). This coating process is a relatively new process that involves using high velocity metallic particles to generate surface coatings. In the coating process, metallic particles (~ 50–150 μm) are injected into a de-Laval nozzle and propelled by a supersonic gas stream to high velocity (> 300 m/s) to impinge upon a substrate. The coatings are formed subsequently as the metallic particles are severely deformed plastically and bonded to both the substrate and to one another. The kinetic spray process is a rapid coating process; its deposition rates can be favorably compared to most known coating processes such as PVD, CVD and thermal sprays. In this study, the kinetic spray process is utilized to deposit several types of coatings, including metal coatings of Zn and Al, and the composite coatings of Zn + Al, Zn + Al + Si and Zn + (Al–Si). Several aspects of the coatings, including the coating formation, surface morphology and microstructure, were characterized. The coating formation by the kinetic spray process was studied through examinations of the mass loadings of the coatings as functions of the dwell time (i.e. the inverse of the traverse speed at which the substrate moves in front of the spray nozzle). For the composite coatings, the composition dependence on the starting powders was investigated and interpreted in the light of loading characteristics of each type of the involved metal particles.
Supporting the constructability review with 3D/4D models

This paper describes how the project team of the Fulton Street Transit Center (FSTC) project in New York City supported knowledge communication and generation with three-dimensional (3D)/four-dimensional (4D) models during the constructability review process. The paper analyses how 3D/4D models support the communication and generation of design, construction sequencing, and scheduling knowledge. It is furthermore analysed how the project management team used 3D/4D models to communicate the generated knowledge to non-engineers. Based on this analysis, an integrated process is suggested that can serve as a starting point to improve the application and research of how project teams can use 3D/4D models efficiently to support the knowledge communication and generation needed during the constructability review on construction projects. Cet article explique comment l'equipe chargee du projet Fulton Street Transit Center (FSTC) de la ville de New York a contribue a la transmission et la production du savoir avec...
Determination of the electronic structure of bilayer graphene from infrared spectroscopy

We present an experimental study of the infrared conductivity, transmission, and reflection of a gated bilayer graphene and their theoretical analysis within the Slonczewski-Weiss-McClure (SWMc) model. The infrared response is shown to be governed by the interplay of the interband and the intraband transitions among the four bands of the bilayer. The position of the main conductivity peak at the charge-neutrality point is determined by the interlayer tunneling frequency. The shift of this peak as a function of the gate voltage gives information about less known parameters of the SWMc model such as those responsible for the electron-hole and sublattice asymmetries. These parameter values are shown to be consistent with recent electronic structure calculations for the bilayer graphene and the SWMc parameters commonly used for the bulk graphite.
Effects of volume-guaranteed synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation in preterm infants recovering from respiratory failure

Objective. Volume guarantee (synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation [SIMV]+VG) is a novel mode of SIMV for automatic adjustment of the peak inspiratory pressure to ensure a minimum set mechanical tidal volume (V T mech ). The objective of this study was to compare the effects of SIMV+VG with conventional SIMV on ventilation and gas exchange in a group of very low birth weight infants recovering from acute respiratory failure. Methods. Nine infants were initially studied during 2 consecutive 60-minute ventilatory modalities of conventional SIMV (ventilator settings by clinical team) and SIMV+VG 4.5 (V T mech set at 4.5 mL/kg) in random order. Eight additional infants were studied during the same ventilatory modalities plus 1 additional epoch consisting of SIMV+VG 3.0 (V T mech set at 3.0 mL/kg). Results. Peak inspiratory pressure was significantly lower during SIMV+VG 3.0. Mean airway pressure, V T mech , number of large V T mech (>7 mL/kg), and mechanical minute ventilation (V' E ) were reduced during SIMV+VG 4.5 compared with SIMV and were further reduced during SIMV+VG 3.0. Spontaneous V' E increased during SIMV+VG 4.5 and was even higher during SIMV+VG 3.0. The resulting total V' E was higher during both SIMV+VG modes compared with SIMV. Arterial oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry, transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension, and fraction of inspired oxygen did not differ significantly, although transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension increased slightly during SIMV+VG 3.0. Conclusions. The short-term use of SIMV+VG resulted in automatic weaning of the mechanical support and enhancement of the spontaneous respiratory effort while maintaining gas exchange relatively unchanged in comparison to conventional SIMV.
Effects of Organic Dispersants on the Dispersion, Packing, and Sintering of Alumina

The effects of water-soluble polymers and benzoic acid derivatives on green and sintered Al203 compacts were studied for two types of alumina powder. The percent of theoretical density achieved by each Al203 sediment was dependent primarily on the concentration of water-soluble polymeric dispersant rather than on the pH. Aromatic acids, such as 4-hydroxy- and 4-aminobenzoic acid, were also effective dispersants. The final density and grain size of sintered compacts depended on the green microstructure of the compacts and on differences in the concentration of trace elements in the two powders.
Some Notes on Cellular Logic Operators

Cellular logic machines used for feature extraction in pattern recognition have increased in speed to the point of making it possible to execute programs equivalent to 1 billion general-purpose computer instructions in 1 TV frame time. Unfortunately, most cellular logic operators (CLO's) are designed ad hoc. It is important, therefore, to begin to systematize the generation of algorithms using CLO sequences for pattern analysis. These notes systematically analyze some aspects of CLO's which are used in shape discrimination and idealization and in object counting and sizing. New extensions of subfield numbering schemes in the hexagonal tessellation are introduced.
AN APPLICATION OF THE MATCHING LAW TO SEVERE PROBLEM BEHAVIOR

We evaluated problem behavior and appropriate behavior using the matching equation with 4 individuals with developmental disabilities. Descriptive observations were conducted during interactions between the participants and their primary care providers in either a clinical laboratory environment (3 participants) or the participant's home (1 participant). Data were recorded on potential reinforcers, problem behavior, and appropriate behavior. After identifying the reinforcers that maintained each participant's problem behavior by way of functional analysis, the descriptive data were analyzed retrospectively, based on the matching equation. Results showed that the proportional rate of problem behavior relative to appropriate behavior approximately matched the proportional rate of reinforcement for problem behavior for all participants. The results extend prior research because a functional analysis was conducted and because multiple sources of reinforcement (other than attention) were evaluated. Methodological constraints were identified, which may limit the application of the matching law on both practical and conceptual levels.
Tactical communication networks using multiband multimode radios

The paper describes a simulation of possible deployment scenarios of the multiband, multimode radio (MBMR) in a tactical situation. The MBMR concept envisions simultaneous communication over two or more different broadcast media. The simulation creates a framework considering an army company level operation, where elements at various echelons are equipped with MBMR and/or conventional radios. A derailed traffic model generates multi-packet voice and data messages to be transferred among these elements. A channel effects model includes the effects of power loss due to propagation, receiver loss, transmitter and receiver antenna gain, propagation delay, and multipath fading. A motion model allows for arbitrary movement of the various elements. The output of the simulation provides statistics on packet and message delays. An example using a hypothetical scenario illustrates the capabilities. >
Marital Dissolution Laws: Impact of Recent Changes for Women

This article reviews the consequences of recent changes in the laws of marital dissolution. Two of the major trends are the removal of misconduct as a ground for divorce and the removal of gender as a criterion for settlements. The major consequence of these changes has been the deterioration of the economic well-being of divorced females, particularly those from long-term marriages. To help reduce these inequalities it is recommended that legislatures and courts place explicit economic value on the nonmonetary contributions spouses make to their marriages.
Thermal and mechanical characterization of ViaLUX/sup TM/ 81: a novel epoxy photo-dielectric dry film (PDDF) for microvia applications

Multilayered high density interconnect (HDI) processing on organic substrates typically introduces warpage and residual stresses. The magnitude of the warpage and the residual stresses depends on, among other factors, the processing temperatures and the thermomechanical properties of the dielectric and substrate materials. In this work, a prospective epoxy-based dielectric material for such sequentially built up (SBU) high density-interconnect printed wiring boards (HDI-PWB) is considered. The polymer is a photo-dielectric dry film (PDDF) material called ViaLux/sup TM/ 81, which exhibits a complicated curing behavior due to the long lifetime of the cationic photoinitiators generated by ultraviolet (UV) exposure. The objectives of this work are 1) to conduct differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments and develop a cure kinetics model; 2) to develop a cure shrinkage model based on thermal and chemical shrinkage experiments; 3) to determine the thermomechanical properties of partially and fully cured Vialux/sup TM/ 81 dry film. All of these experimental characterizations are necessary to select suitable process parameters and to obtain a consistent product with the desired physical and mechanical properties.
Pulse contrast enhancement of ultra-high-power femtosecond laser pulses

We determine the conditions under which desirable nonlinear processes such as nonlinear ellipse rotation can be exploited in bulk media at powers that are many times above critical power of self-focusing. Application of this scheme to pulse-contrast enhancement of ultra-high-power laser pulses is explored.
Protein folding in silico: an overview

Understanding the mechanism that drives a protein into its unique, biologically active structure, and predicting this structure and the protein's corresponding function from knowledge about its amino acid sequence, is called the protein-folding problem. The inherent difficulties in solving experimentally a protein's tertiary structure only amplify the problem. Whereas it takes only hours to days to determine an amino acid sequence, for example, it would take months to years to discover its corresponding 3D shape by X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. Equally challenging are experiments that explore folding process kinetics and dynamics. In short, efficient computational methods could help us tackle the protein-folding problem.
Imagining the Journalist of the Future: Technological Visions of Journalism Education and Newswork

Digitization has resulted in great uncertainty for journalism, leading to disruption of business models, revenue streams, media distinctions, and production practices. This uncertainty has led to many articles, reports, blog posts, and general commentary discussing the future of both journalism and the skills required by journalists to succeed in this environment. This essay analyzes these discourses, focusing specifically on the nature of technology as the sole determiner of journalism’s future, with interventions aimed at journalism education and the structure of newswork. An idealized notion of the technologically adept journalist, ready to usher in digital stability, emerges as the object of these debates and, thanks in large part to the limited scope and ahistorical character of digital discourse, obscures more persistent, systemic critiques of technology and journalism.
Where cancer genomics should go next: a clinician's perspective

Large-scale, genomic studies of specific tumors such as The Cancer Genome Atlas have provided a better understanding of the alterations of pathways involved in the development of solid tumors including glioblastoma, breast cancer, ovarian and endometrial cancers, colon cancer and lung squamous cell carcinoma. This tremendous effort of the scientific community has confirmed the view that cancer actually represents a wide variety of diseases originating from different organs. These studies showed that TP53 and PI3KCA are the two most mutated genes in all types of cancers and that 30-70% of all solid tumors harbor potentially 'actionable' mutations that can be exploited for patient stratification or treatment optimization. Translation of this huge oncogenomic data set to clinical application in personalized medicine programs is now the main challenge for the future. The gap between our basic knowledge and clinical application is still wide. Closing the gap will require translational personalized trials, which may initiate a radical change in our routine clinical practice in oncology.
The Recognition Memory Test Examination of ethnic differences and norm validity.

The possibility of racial bias in neuropsychological test materials has received increasing attention in recent years. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether an own-race recognition bias would provide an advantage for Caucasian participants over African American participants on the Faces subtest of the Recognition Memory Test (RMT). Thirty Caucasian and 30 African American undergraduates completed the RMT, Shipley Institute of Living Scale (SILS), and Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). No significant group difference was found on RMT Faces. However, mean RMT Faces scores for both groups were below the 10th percentile in spite of average scores on the SDMT and SILS. A second study was conducted to further examine the validity of the RMT norms for this age range (i.e., 18-24) and to provide 2-week test-retest reliabilities. The mean RMT Faces subtest score was 39.78 (10th percentile), and 28% of the sample scored at or below the fifth percentile. Test-retest reliabilities were.63 and.64 for RMT Words and Faces, respectively. Results of these studies suggest that re-examination of the current norms for RMT Faces is warranted for adults aged.
Reorganization of large-scale physiology in hand motor cortex following hemispheric stroke

Following perinatal hemispheric injury, the developing brain reorganizes hand motor control interhemispherically, reallocating some lost functional representation and processing capacity to the intact hemisphere.1,2 A curious self-reported observation of mirror movement augmentation3 by a patient of ours led us to measure this reorganization electrophysiologically, and from this, make simple observations about the way the brain remaps itself following hemispheric stroke. ### Case report. A 19-year-old man with epilepsy was implanted with subdural electrocorticographic (ECoG) electrodes that included left frontoparietal cortex in order to identify the focus of seizure initiation. The right-handed patient had left-sided spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy, following a perinatal hemispheric stroke. In the course of his hospital stay, he described and then demonstrated the mirror movement effect of his condition. He gripped 2 of the physician's fingers with his left hand, and then reported he was squeezing with full strength. He then raised his right hand, and slowly formed a fist and contracted with his right hand. As he contracted with his right hand, the grip strength with his left hand grew immensely. We measured the electrophysiology underlying …
Walking and Running Produce Similar Reductions in Cause-Specific Disease Mortality in Hypertensives

To test prospectively in hypertensives whether moderate and vigorous exercise produces equivalent reductions in mortality, Cox-proportional hazard analyses were applied to energy expenditure (metabolic equivalents hours/d [METh/d]) in 6973 walkers and 3907 runners who used hypertensive medications at baseline. A total of 1121 died during 10.2-year follow-up: 695 cardiovascular disease ( International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision [ ICD10 ] I00–99; 465 underlying cause and 230 contributing cause), 124 cerebrovascular disease, 353 ischemic heart disease ( ICD10 I20–25; 257 underlying and 96 contributing), 122 heart failure ( ICD10 I50; 24 underlying and 98 contributing), and 260 dysrhythmias ( ICD10 I46–49; 24 underlying and 236 contributing). Relative to P =0.0001), cardiovascular disease (34% reduction; 95% CI, 20%–46%; P =0.0001), cerebrovascular disease (55% reduction; 95% CI, 27%–73%; P =0.001), dysrhythmia (47% reduction; 95% CI, 27%–62%; P =0.0001), and heart failure mortality (51% reduction; 95% CI, 21%–70%; P =0.003), as did ≥3.6 METh/d with all-cause (22% reduction; 95% CI, 6%–35%; P =0.005), cardiovascular disease (36% reduction; 95% CI, 19%–50%; P =0.0002), cerebrovascular disease (47% reduction; 95% CI, 6%–71%; P =0.03), and dysrhythmia mortality (43% reduction; 95% CI, 16%–62%; P =0.004). Diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease mortality also decreased significantly with METh/d. All results remained significant when body mass index adjusted. Merely meeting guideline levels (1.07–1.8 METh/d) did not significantly reduced mortality. The dose-response was significantly nonlinear for all end points except diabetes mellitus, and cerebrovascular and chronic kidney disease. Results did not differ between running and walking. Thus, walking and running produce similar reductions in mortality in hypertensives.
Phylogenetic Affinity of Mitochondria of Euglena gracilis and Kinetoplastids Using Cytochrome Oxidase I and hsp60

The mitochondrial DNA-encoded cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and the nuclear DNA-encoded hsp60 gene from the euglenoid protozoan Euglena gracilis were cloned and sequenced. The COI sequence represents the first example of a mitochondrial genome-encoded gene from this organism. This gene contains seven TGG tryptophan codons and no TGA tryptophan codons, suggesting the use of the universal genetic code. This differs from the situation in the mitochondrion of the related kinetoplastid protozoa, in which TGA codes for tryptophan. In addition, a complete absence of CGN triplets may imply the lack of the corresponding tRNA species. COI cDNAs from E. gracilis possess short 5' and 3' untranslated transcribed sequences and lack a 3' poly[A] tail. The COI gene does not require uridine insertion/ deletion RNA editing, as occurs in kinetoplastid mitochondria, to be functional, and no short guide RNA-like molecules could be visualized by labeling total mitochondrial RNA with [alpha-32P]GTP and guanylyl transferase. In spite of the differences in codon usage and the 3' end structures of mRNAs, phylogenetic analysis using the COI and hsp60 protein sequences suggests a monophyletic relationship between the mitochondrial genomes of E. gracilis and of the kinetoplastids, which is consistent with the phylogenetic relationship of these groups previously obtained using nuclear ribosomal RNA sequences.
Hip Arthroscopy for Acetabular Labral Tears

The purpose of this study is to better understand the history, physical examination, imaging, and outcome of arthroscopic debridement of acetabular labral tears. We performed a review of all 290 patients who underwent hip arthroscopy at our institution to identify those who have undergone arthroscopic debridement of an acetabular labral tear. Patients were assessed at follow-up by a physician visit or telephone interview and questioned as to pain, mechanical symptoms, activity level, work status, sports ability, and performance of activities of daily living. Patients were followed-up for a minimum of 1 year or until they underwent total hip arthroplasty (THA). All 28 patients meeting the study criteria were available for follow-up (mean age, 41 years; range, 14 to 70 years) at an average of 34 months after surgery (range, 13 to 100 months). Average duration of symptoms before arthroscopy was 25 months. Eighteen (64%) patients were noted to have mechanical symptoms such as clicking or locking. Ten patients were noted to have a specific inciting event that initiated their symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging identified the labral tear in 5 of 21 (24%) cases; arthrography identified the tear in 1 of 8 (13%). Of the 28 tears identified, there were 12 radial flap, 5 degenerative, 5 bucket handle, 3 horizontal cleavage, and 3 peripheral longitudinal tears. Seventeen were located anteriorly, 7 were located posteriorly, and 4 were located superiorly. Patients were stratified into two groups based on the presence of significant joint arthritis on radiographs. Of those without arthritis, 10 of 14 (71%) had good to excellent results, and 2 patients underwent total hip arthroplasty at an average of 52 months after surgery. Of those with arthritis, 3 of 14 (21%) had good to excellent results, and 6 patients underwent THA at an average of 14 months after surgery. There were three cases of complications consisting of nerve palsies (two sciatic, one pudendal) that resolved completely without any remaining functional or sensory deficits.
Integrin-mediated interactions influence the tissue specificity of CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes.

cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) elicited in response to allo-geneic renal epithelial cells (anti-REC CTL) preferentially lyse REC targets as compared toconventional lymphoid cell (LC) targets. It is often tacitly assumed that such cell type speci-ficity results from CTL recognition of tissue-restricted MHC/peptide complexes. However,we herein report that anti-REC CTL uniquely express CD103, an integrin with known speci-ficity for the epithelial cell-restricted ligand E-cadherin, and are deficient in expression ofCD11a (LFA-1), an integrin known to play a critical accessory role in promoting lysis of LCtargets. We demonstrate that CD8
Association of markers of chronic viral hepatitis and blood mercury levels in US reproductive-age women from NHANES 2001–2008: a cross-sectional study

Methylmercury (MeHg) is a neurotoxin primarily found in seafood; exposures in reproductive-age women are of concern due to vulnerability of the developing fetus. MeHg is mainly eliminated via an enterohepatic cycle involving the liver and gallbladder. Dysfunction in these organs has been associated with slower MeHg elimination in laboratory animals. We hypothesized that women testing positive for chronic hepatitis B (HBV) or C (HCV), both associated with risk of longer-term liver and gallbladder impairment, would have higher total blood mercury (TBHg) concentrations than those negative for the viruses, reflecting slower MeHg elimination. Geometric mean (GM) TBHg levels from a representative sample of over 5,000 seafood-consuming, reproductive-age women from eight years (2001–2008) of the US NHANES survey were compared by viral hepatitis status (as determined by serological assay) using multiple linear regression. Adjustment was made for estimated MeHg intake from seafood consumption, social and demographic variables and other predictors. Women with chronic HBV had 1.52 (95% CI 1.13, 2.05, p < 0.01) times the GM TBHg of women who had not come into contact with the virus. The positive association was strongest in those with most severe disease. A modest negative association was found with HCV markers. While study design prevents inferences on causality, the finding that MeHg biomarkers differ by hepatitis status in this population suggests viral hepatitis may alter the pace of MeHg elimination. Offspring of HBV-infected seafood-consuming women may be at higher risk of MeHg-induced developmental delays than offspring of those uninfected. Possible reasons for the unanticipated negative association with HCV are explored.
The effects of group size on development and interferon-τ secretion by in-vitro fertilized and cultured bovine blastocysts

The effects of culturing bovine embryos in groups were investigated. In the first experiment, 1000 oocytes were matured, fertilized and then cultured in groups of 40 in 25 microl of medium. From half of these groups, blastocysts were removed and cultured separately, while in the other half blastocysts were allowed to remain in the group culture microdrop. Blastocysts developed equally well in both groups, although hatching was reduced in those blastocysts removed from the culture droplet. In the second experiment, 1000 zygotes were cultured from the 8-cell stage to the blastocyst stage either individually or in groups of 40. Culture in groups increased the formation of blastocysts, the percentage of hatching blastocysts, the number of cells within blastocysts and the production of interferon-tau. In the final experiment, 1000 zygotes were cultured in groups up to the blastocyst stage. Two-thirds of these blastocysts were then cultured in groups of three, while the remaining blastocysts were cultured individually. Co-culture did not affect hatching or cell number but significantly elevated interferon-tau secretion. These results demonstrate that group culture either before or after blastocyst formation can alter the expression of a specific gene important for the establishment of pregnancy.
RETHINKING ACQUISITION REFORM: COST-GROWTH SOLUTIONS MAY AGGRAVATE MORE IMPORTANT PROBLEMS

Abstract : There is increasing dissatisfaction with cost growth in major defense acquisition programs. Cost growth crowds out other investments, stresses budgets or causes schedule slips, all of which result in a military force that is less capable than previously expected. Several recent studies have recommended two categories of reforms: capital budgeting reforms seek stability in acquisition accounts, and rational cost model reforms seek to reduce the percentage increase of final cost over budget estimates. In both categories, undesirable secondary effects may be worse than the desirable primary effects; specifically, reforms that reduce cost growth may do so by driving total costs higher. This study examines these reforms and discusses their secondary effects. The paper concludes that the current practice of generating low estimates, coupled with dissatisfaction with cost growth may best serve to limit total cost.
Manipulation of Consonants in Natural Speech

Natural speech often contains conflicting cues that are characteristic of confusable sounds. For example, the /k/, defined by a mid-frequency burst within 1-2 kHz, may also contain a high-frequency burst above 4 kHz indicative of /ta/, or vice versa. Conflicting cues can cause people to confuse the two sounds in a noisy environment. An efficient way of reducing confusion and improving speech intelligibility in noise is to modify these speech cues. This paper describes a method to manipulate consonant sounds in natural speech, based on our a priori knowledge of perceptual cues of consonants. We demonstrate that: 1) the percept of consonants in natural speech can be controlled through the manipulation of perceptual cues; 2) speech sounds can be made much more robust to noise by removing the conflicting cue and enhancing the target cue.
TEMPORAL CHANGES IN SMALL SCALE SNOWPACK SURFACE ROUGHNESS LENGTH FOR SUBLIMATION ESTIMATES IN HYDROLOGICAL MODELLING

Snowpack aerodynamic surface roughness length (zo) is a critical variable in estimating heat transfers to and from a snow surface and thus sublimation rates. This variable has been shown to be site specific. To illustrate a temporal variation in zo, laboratory experiments were performed using a small evaporation pan sitting on a load cell with a constant wind flow over the snow surface. Comparing multi-layer meteorological data above the pan to sublimation measured from mass change showed a decrease in the snowpack surface roughness length as the snow metamorphosed. The sensitivity of snowpack zo changes over time in modeling of sublimation was examined using hourly meteorological data for the winter of 2000-2001 at Syracuse, New York and Leadville Colorado for several scenarios, including increasing or decreasing zo after a snowfall event, considering directionality of zo as a function of the wind direction, and a ratio of latent heat to momentum roughness lengths. The base case used a constant zo of 0.01 metres. The modeled differences were a function of the values of zo, which varied with the frequency of occurrence of fresh snow and the distribution of wind from various directions. The temporal and spatial variability in surface roughness is crucial in computing the energy and mass balance of a snowpack.
2013 Special Issue: Using a million cell simulation of the cerebellum: Network scaling and task generality

Several factors combine to make it feasible to build computer simulations of the cerebellum and to test them in biologically realistic ways. These simulations can be used to help understand the computational contributions of various cerebellar components, including the relevance of the enormous number of neurons in the granule cell layer. In previous work we have used a simulation containing 12000 granule cells to develop new predictions and to account for various aspects of eyelid conditioning, a form of motor learning mediated by the cerebellum. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of scaling up this simulation to over one million granule cells using parallel graphics processing unit (GPU) technology. We observe that this increase in number of granule cells requires only twice the execution time of the smaller simulation on the GPU. We demonstrate that this simulation, like its smaller predecessor, can emulate certain basic features of conditioned eyelid responses, with a slight improvement in performance in one measure. We also use this simulation to examine the generality of the computation properties that we have derived from studying eyelid conditioning. We demonstrate that this scaled up simulation can learn a high level of performance in a classic machine learning task, the cart-pole balancing task. These results suggest that this parallel GPU technology can be used to build very large-scale simulations whose connectivity ratios match those of the real cerebellum and that these simulations can be used guide future studies on cerebellar mediated tasks and on machine learning problems.
Developmentally Regulated Expression of the CYP4A Genes in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Kidney

The CYP4A enzymes catalyze the formation of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), which has potent effects on the renal vasculature and tubular ion transport. Based on an increased 20-HETE formation in renal microsomes from spontaneously hypertensive rats, it has been proposed that increased expression of the CYP4A genes is an early event in the development of hypertension in these animals. To test this hypothesis, we developed RNase protection assays for specific detection of the individual CYP4A genes in the kidneys of spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats. Distinct age-dependent patterns of expression were observed for the individualCYP4A genes, with only CYP4A3 mRNA measurable in the kidneys of 1-week-old rats. CYP4A1 and CYP4A8 mRNA were detectable by 3 weeks of age and CYP4A2 mRNA at 5 weeks of age. The expression of CYP4A1 and CYP4A3 varied 4–5-fold throughout development and was highest between 3 and 5 weeks of age, declining steadily thereafter to 20% of their maximal level by 9 weeks of age. CYP4A2 mRNA levels increased steadily between 5 and 9 weeks of age, whereas CYP4A8 mRNA levels were relatively constant throughout development. The CYP4A3 mRNA level was significantly increased 1.6–2-fold in the cortex and outer medulla of 1–4-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rat kidneys relative to the corresponding level in the Wistar-Kyoto. A similar 1.4–1.7-fold increase in CYP4A8 mRNA was also found in 3- and 4-week-old spontaneously hypertensive kidneys. Accompanying the increased expression of CYP4A3 and CYP4A8 mRNA in the prehypertensive rats were corresponding changes in functional CYP4A measured as either arachidonic acid or lauric acid ω-hydroxylase activity (1.4–2.0-fold increases) and CYP4A protein levels. After 4 weeks of age, the level of CYP4A mRNA, enzyme activity, and protein were similar in the kidneys of Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats. The findings suggest that the expression of CYP4A3 and CYP4A8 may be critical to the early changes in eicosanoid formation and renal function in the young spontaneously hypertensive rat.
Vertical Phase Difference and Glottal Efficiency in Musical Theater and Opera Singers.

Summary Objective The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the relationship between vertical phase difference (VPD) and glottal efficiency (GE) in singers and (2) to compare VPD and GE between musical theater and opera singing styles. Methods Five opera and three musical theater singers (Mean age = 25.3, 100% male) performed a series of vocal tasks at two pitches (low pitch C#3, 133 ± 5 Hz; high pitch C#4, 277 ± 5 Hz) for three levels of loudness (soft, baseline, and loud), while undergoing flexible distal chip videostroboscopy. Aerodynamic and acoustic information for each vocal task was recorded using the Phonatory Aerodynamic System . VPD was qualitatively measured via visual-perceptual judgments of repeated comparison tests, where a blinded rater was asked to select the video in which the subject demonstrated the greatest VPD. Aerodynamic data were analyzed for differences in GE. Results Qualitative visual-perceptual analysis indicated that increased magnitude of VPD was correlated with tasks involving increased loudness or higher pitch. GE was similarly correlated with increased loudness or higher pitch. GE was minimally correlated with subglottal pressure at high pitch. Conclusion This prospective study reveals novel human subject evidence that VPD may correlate with GE. Future studies will further explore the implications of VPD with respect to GE, subglottal pressure, and laryngeal mechanics.
Role of platelets, thrombin, integrin IIb-IIIa, fibronectin and Von Willebrand factor on tumor adhesion in vitro and metastasis in vivo

The role of platelets and thrombin was examined in tumor cell adhesion in vitro and metastasis in vivo. Adhesion of tumor cells to platelets was inhibited by agents inhibiting platelet integrin IIb-IIIa receptoroccupancy (MoAb 10E5 and tetrapeptide RGDS) as well as IIb-IIIa ligands (polyclonal antibodies against fibronectin and von Willebrand factor (vWF)). In vivo murine experimental pulmonary metastasis (tail vein injection) could be inhibited by antibody-induced induction of thrombocytopenia and reconstituted by simultaneous injection of human platelets. Preincubation of human platelets with MoAb 10E5 (vs IIb-IIIa) inhibited reconstitution of metastasis. Thrombin activates tumor cell adhesion to platelets by activating platelets as well as tumor cells. Thrombin-activated tumor cells also enhance theiradhesion to endothelial cells as well as adhesive ligands fibronectin and vWF. Experimental pulmonary metastasis is enhanced 4-400 fold by preinfusion of thrombin into mice or 10-160 fold by prior treatment of tumor cells with thrombin. The in vitro and in vivo effects of thrombin were mimicked by thrombin receptor activation peptides SFLLRNPNDKYEPF and SFLLRN. Nine of nine tumor cell lines have the seven transmembrane spanning thrombin receptor detected by the polymerase chain reaction. Thus, both platelets and thrombin contribute to experimental tumor metastasis by fostering and enhancing IIb-IIIa integrin platelet interaction with tumor cells. Since many tumor cells generate thrombin, it is proposed that tumor cells may autoactivate a metastatic phenotype.
School Marketing as a Sorting Mechanism: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Charter School Websites.

An emerging body of research has explored “supply side” questions of school choice, or how schools and systems shape enrollment through locational decisions, recruitment, and marketing. This study focuses on how school websites market and communicate the distinct missions of charter schools to prospective families. Through a critical discourse analysis (CDA) of 55 elementary charter school websites in one demographically diverse metropolitan area, we explore how school websites operate as discursive texts that signal the potential “fit” between particular schools and particular families. Guided by a critical discourse analysis framework, we emphasize how websites (a) employ implicit discourses of race, culture, and diversity; (b) draw on different meanings of academic achievement, and (c) emphasize different ideologies of individualized learning. We argue that websites act as one mechanism that contributes to the segmentation and differentiation of an emerging local marketplace of school options.
Abstract 538: Docosahexaenoic Acid--Derived Proresolving Lipid Mediators Modulate Flow-Induced Vascular Remodeling in Mice

Objective: Recent evidence suggests that specialized lipid mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids control resolution of inflammation. Aberrant remodeling following vascular injury is associated with protracted inflammation. We examined the hypothesis that DHA-derived resolvin D2 (RvD2) and maresin-1 (Mar1), attenuate flow-induced arterial remodeling. Methods and Results: Adult FVB mice (N=30) underwent unilateral carotid arterial ligation with administration of RvD2, Mar1, or vehicle (100ng IP on days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7). In ligated carotid arteries, cell proliferation, neutrophil and macrophage recruitment were significantly reduced at 4d by both active treatments. Neointimal hyperplasia at 14d was attenuated by RvD2 (67%) and Mar1 (62%), respectively (Figure). In-vitro, RvD2 and Mar1 produced dose-dependent inhibition of mouse aortic vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration (IC50@1 nM) and reduced proinflammatory gene expression (MCP-1). Conclusion: Systemic administration of pro-resolving li...
Circulating cytomegalovirus (CMV) neutralizing activity in bone marrow transplant recipients: comparison of passive immunity in a randomized study of four intravenous IgG products administered to CMV-seronegative patients.

Forty-two cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seronegative bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients were randomized in a double-blind fashion to receive one of four commercially available intravenous Ig (IVIgG) products (Gamimmune N, Immune Globulin Intravenous, Gammagard, or Sandoglobulin) at a dose of 500 mg/kg every other week. The four treatment groups were similar in distribution of patient ages, weights, autologous versus allogeneic donor type, and underlying diseases. Every other week administration of IVIgG provided total serum IgG levels within the physiologic range for age. CMV titers by latex agglutination were stable (average geometric mean titer of 18.4 after the second IVIgG dose), with no statistically significant differences among the four product groups. CMV neutralizing activity (CMVNA) and CMV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) titers were determined on a subset of sera from 27 study patients representing the four product groups. Patient serum samples obtained before IVIgG infusions and 2 weeks after the second IVIgG dose (ie, 3 weeks post-BMT) were assayed for CMVNA and CMV ELISA titers. Geometric mean titers of CMVNA and CMV ELISA varied among the product groups. The highest mean 50% CMVNA was 1:43 for product B, whereas the lowest mean 50% CMVNA was 1:14 for product A; two of the IVIgG product groups showed intermediate 50% mean titers of 1:27 (product C) and 1:26 (product D) for an overall P = .02. CMV ELISA titers (expressed as Paul Ehrlich International units [PEI U]) also showed the highest mean of 2.95 PEI U/mL for product B and the lowest mean of 1.34 PEI U/mL for product A. Intermediate mean values of 2.27 PEI U/mL and 2.03 PEI U/mL were obtained with products C and D, respectively (overall P = .003). The CMV ELISA titers show a minimal correlation (r = .566) to the observed CMVNA titers. We conclude that commercially available IVIgG products provide passive CMVNA, and that the level of circulating CMVNA is affected by the IVIgG product used.
Mechanisms of Self-Diffusion and of Doping-Enhancement of Superlattice Disordering in GaAs and AlAs Compounds

An understanding of the mechanisms of self-diffusion and of interdiffusion in the compound materials GaAs and AlAs may be arrived at byt noting the effects of (i) charge, (ii) As pressure, and (iii) point defect supersaturation, on the doping enhanced superlattice disordering phenomena. The Ga self-diffusion (and hence Ga-Al interdiffusion) is dominated by the triply-negatively-charged Ga (or Al) vacancy, $\underline {\rm{V}} _{{\rm{Ga}}}^{3 - }$ , under intrinsic and n-doping conditions. Under p-doping, a positively charged Ga self-interstitial ${\rm{L}}_{{\rm{Ga}}}^{{\rm{m + }}}$ , with m not known, contributes to the Ga(AI) diffusion process. Less is known for the group V element diffusion, but the As vacancy (V As) should be contributing under intrinsic and n-doping conditions while the As selfinterstitial (LAs) may be contributing under p-doping. The contribution of a defect pair may also be involved under p-doping.
Biochemistry of the α-Glyceryl Ethers. I. Distribution in Mammalian Tissues and in Starfish.∗

Summary1. A number of animal lipids have been separated into neutral and phospholipids, and each of these fractions examined, after hydrolysis, for glyceryl ethers. 2. A paper chromatographic method of separating the various α-glyceryl ethers from one another is described. 3. In mammals the richest site of bound glyceryl ethers is in the marrow.
Protective role of NO in hepatic microcirculatory dysfunction during endotoxemia

Nitric oxide (NO) has been reported to have a protective function in attenuating hepatic injury during endotoxemia or sepsis. As a result, the role of NO in attenuating the hepatic microcirculatory alterations associated with endotoxemia was investigated in mice by in vivo microscopy. The livers were examined 2 h after intravenous injection of Escherichia coli 0111:B4 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone or in combination with inhibitors of the synthesis of NO, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester or NG-monomethyl-L-arginine. In the animals treated with the combination of NO synthase inhibitors and LPS, leukocyte adherence was increased threefold above that in animals treated with LPS alone. This was accompanied by a 33% reduction in sinusoidal blood flow. Simultaneous administration of L-arginine, but not D-arginine, eliminated these microcirculatory disturbances. The results demonstrate that inhibition of LPS-stimulated NO production results in an early hepatic microvascular inflammatory response to a dose of endotoxin which by itself is scarcely inflammatory. This suggests that NO plays a significant role in stabilizing the hepatic microcirculation during endotoxemia, thereby helping to protect the liver from ischemia and leukocyte-induced oxidative injury.
The Effect of Supplementary Immunization Activities of Oral Poliomyelitis Attenuated Live Vaccine in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region during 2001-2013

Objective To determine the effect of oral poliomyelitis attenuated live vaccine( OPV) supplementary immunization activities( SIAs) in Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region during 2001-2013,and to provide recommendations for maintaining polio-free status. Methods We obtained data reported from the OPV SIA in Guangxi and analyzed the data using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Product and Service Solutions( SPSS) software. Results A total of 3,564,870 doses were administrated during OPV SIAs in Guangxi from 2001-2013. The average reported coverage was 96. 64%. The number of zero-dose children was 1,230,420 and the coverage rates were all above 95% each year. Conclusion OPV SIAs played important role for maintaining polio-free status in Guangxi. Other appropriate methods should be explored based on stable,routine immunization.
Analysis of Meiotic Recombination Intermediates by Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis

During meiosis, programmed double strand breaks give rise to crossover and non-crossover recombination products. Meiotic recombination products are formed via several branched intermediates, including single end invasions and double Holliday junctions. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis provides a sensitive and specific approach for detecting branched recombination intermediates, determining their genetic requirements, and enriching intermediates for further analysis. Here, we describe analysis of branched recombination intermediates in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. We also provide an introduction to meiotic time-course procedures, stabilization of branched DNA molecules by interstrand crosslinking, extraction of genomic DNA from meiotic cultures, and quantitative analysis of two-dimensional gel blots.
The anatomy of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in vertebrate skeletal muscle: its implications for excitation contraction coupling.

The sarcoplasmic reticulum in situ is an intricate tubular network that surrounds the contractile material in striated muscle cells. Its topographical relationship to other intracellular components, especially the myofibrils, is rather rigidly maintained by a cytoskeleton which enmeshes Z line material and sarcoplasmic reticulum and, ultimately, is anchored at the plasmalemma. As a result, the two main components of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the junctional SR and the free SR, retain their typical location in the A band region and in the I band region, respectively. The junctional SR, which is thought to be the site for calcium storage and release for contraction, is, thus, always well within one micron of the regulatory proteins associated with the actin filaments. The junctional SR, a synonym for terminal cisterna applying to both skeletal and cardiac muscle, is generally held to be involved in the translation of the action potential into calcium release, mainly because of the close topographic apposition between the junctional SR and the plasmalemma, especially in skeletal muscle. This attractive structure-function correlation is challenged by the observation that in bird cardiac muscle 80% of the junctional SR is spacially far removed from plasmalemma, the site of electrical activity. This anomalous topography is not in conflict with the notion that translation of the action potential into calcium release may be accomplished by a differential transmitter substance, e.g. calcium. Any hypothesis dealing with this problem must account for the anatomy of the bird heart.
Diasporas and Labour Systems: The Mining Sector

World trade underwent a profound change in the century prior to World War One. The volume of trade grew on average at between four and five per cent a year compared to one per cent over the preceding hundred years (O’Brien 1997:81–2). This was concomitant with two unprecedented changes within the Atlantic economy. The first was the liberal dismantling of mercantilism after the Napoleonic Wars and the second was declining transport costs associated with the transport revolution. Together they produced the global integration of world commodity markets and the expansion of trade in both qualitative and quantitative terms (See O’Rourke and Williamson 1999).