cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 3892: Population pharmacokinetics of siltuximab: An analysis across tumor types

Introduction: Siltuximab is an IL-6 inhibiting monoclonal antibody which has been studied in solid tumors and hematologic malignancies, but no comprehensive pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis has been conducted to determine the impact of disease on siltuximab disposition. Methods: Siltuximab pharmacokinetic data from 7 Phase I and II clinical trials included healthy subjects, Castleman’s disease, ovarian cancer, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, multiple myeloma, smoldering multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, renal cell carcinoma, and solid tumors with KRAS mutations. Siltuximab was most commonly dosed at 11 or 15 mg/kg (range 1 - 20 mg/kg) with 70% of patients receiving multiple doses. Plasma samples were obtained 0.33 h - 27 weeks after dosing with siltuximab concentrations determined using a validated ELISA assay. The PK analysis was performed using nonlinear mixed effects modeling (NONMEM 7.3) and included data from 465 subjects (7,761 samples). Results: Siltuximab concentration data was best fit with a two-compartment model. Healthy volunteer status (HV), Castleman’s disease (CD), albumin (ALB), and ALT were independent predictors of clearance (CL), while ALB, HV, serum creatinine (SCR), weight (WT), and smoldering multiple myeloma predicted volume of distribution (Vdss). There was no impact of dose level on CL or Vdss. In the final PK model CL was described as: CL (mL/hr) = 8.93 x (ALB/4.1) -0.843 x (ALT/17) -0.0964 x 1.24 (if HV) x 0.765 (if CV); between subject variability was 41.0%. The final model was used to simulate a dose of 11 mg/kg for 1000 subjects with the median (IQR) exposure (AUC) and CL as follows: Conclusions: This combined population PK analysis demonstrates that clearance can differ with disease type consistent with previously published variations in IL-6 activity. These population differences along with significant between subject variability suggest that clinical and disease factors influence siltuximab disposition and may need to be considered in dosing requirements. Citation Format: Mina Nikanjam, Jin Yang, Edmund V. Capparelli. Population pharmacokinetics of siltuximab: An analysis across tumor types [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3892.
Shifting the System: AASPIRE and the Loom of Science and Activism

In 2006 Dora Raymaker, Autistic person and autistic rights activist, co-founded the Academic Autism Spectrum Partnership in Research and Education (AASPIRE) with Christina Nicolaidis, a physician-researcher and parent of an autistic child. AASPIRE works within the sphere of academic health and social services research to conduct projects the A/autistic community wants done. It endeavors to return power to communities that experience oppression to make their voices heard in research and policy settings. For example, its website autismandhealth.org offers resources for autistic adults, their supporters, and healthcare providers to improve the healthcare of autistic adults in the US. AASPIRE has served as a model for community-based participatory autism research, promoting the growth of participatory autism research internationally.
A note on a cross-sectional GMM estimator in the presence of an observable common shock

This paper studies property of a modified GMM estimator employed for a single cross-section of data that are strongly dependent due to an observed stochastic common shock. The estimator is shown to...
Weak supervision as an efficient approach for automated seizure detection in electroencephalography

Automated seizure detection from electroencephalography (EEG) would improve the quality of patient care while reducing medical costs, but achieving reliably high performance across patients has proven difficult. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) show promise in addressing this problem, but they are limited by a lack of large labeled training datasets. We propose using imperfect but plentiful archived annotations to train CNNs for automated, real-time EEG seizure detection across patients. While these weak annotations indicate possible seizures with precision scores as low as 0.37, they are commonly produced in large volumes within existing clinical workflows by a mixed group of technicians, fellows, students, and board-certified epileptologists. We find that CNNs trained using such weak annotations achieve Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUROC) values of 0.93 and 0.94 for pediatric and adult seizure onset detection, respectively. Compared to currently deployed clinical software, our model provides a 31% increase (18 points) in F1-score for pediatric patients and a 17% increase (11 points) for adult patients. These results demonstrate that weak annotations, which are sustainably collected via existing clinical workflows, can be leveraged to produce clinically useful seizure detection models.
Functional Markets in Yemen’s War Economy

Our article explores the economic activities of households operating in Yemen’s protracted conflict. We examine the growth and maturation of what we call the ‘Functional Economy’ in Yemen, in which Yemenis engage in economic transactions away from standard regulatory bodies through agreements of ‘how to do business’ with a range of authorities that are not internationally recognised. We distinguish this from ‘black markets’ and ‘illicit’ economic behaviours because most of the transactions would take place in a controlled environment in normal times or under peacetime governance, but the civil war has displaced them. In Yemen, the functional economy has come to serve Yemeni households providing essential goods and income, and for some activities, such as currency exchange, are preferred to any official regulated markets. On the other hand, alternatively regulated markets may be less functional as they also present opportunities for rent-seeking and, more importantly, can reinforce the political and economic bonds between Yemenis and non-recognised authorities, weakening the internationally recognised central state. Further, such activity has an impact on the potential for peaceful resolution of the conflict. The paper proposes that the ‘good’ of such activity, and hence the extent to which it is ‘functional’, should be judged by whether it provides access to essential goods and income, and whether it helps promote peaceful resolution. This evaluation framework enables better international policy responses to the economic situation that arises in protracted conflict. We use household surveys, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews to explore these developments from several angles.
Online Appendix for: 'Obfuscation in Mutual Funds'

This Online Appendix includes supplementary discussion and analyses. The original paper "Obfuscation in Mutual Funds" is available at the following URL: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3809978
Bilateral congenital flank hernias due to complete lateral abdominal wall muscular agenesis

Abstract We report a case of a 4-week-old female presenting with congenital bilateral flank hernias. The patient was born at term and was found to have large bilateral flank bulges. Although her hernias were asymptomatic, bilateral lower extremity jerking movements prompted further workup which revealed thoracolumbar spinal cord dysraphism. No other congenital anomalies were identified. Given the low risk of incarceration, repair was delayed until 9 months of age. At operation, complete bilateral agenesis of the oblique and transversus abdominus musculature was found. Open repair was performed with bilateral latissimus dorsi rotational muscle flaps and biological mesh. Congenital flank hernias are extremely rare with few cases reported in the literature. While they can appear externally similar to the more widely reported congenital lumbar hernia, the herniation through the absent oblique and transversus musculature makes this case anatomically distinct. The exact etiology of congenital flank hernias is unclear, although given the presence of associated congenital anomalies, migrational failure during embryogenesis represents a likely culprit. Surgeons approaching this pathology should understand the importance of a thorough multidisciplinary evaluation for associated anomalies prior to operation and be familiar with complex hernia repair techniques such as rotational flaps.
Water and Landscapes

Not easily defined, landscapes have a cultural orientation reflecting the diversity of users who inhabit them. For waterscapes, such as swamps, in the colonial and Early Republic periods of the United States, swamps were perceived initially as hostile and untamed lands to early settlers. To Native American populations and Diasporan Africans, the swamps represented sustenance and at times, freedom. By the mid-nineteenth century, a new appreciation for riverscapes, such as that of the Mississippi, Volga, or the Thames, emerged as major rivers assumed the role of national icons. By the beginning of the twentieth century, riverscape aesthetics expanded to include the engineered landscape of large-scale dams, such as Dnieperstroi in the Soviet Union. Contemporary riverscapes tout the restoration of rivers, particularly in urban settings. The remediation of the Fez River, restoring its sense of place in the Fez community, is one such example.
TIAMMAt: Leveraging biodiversity to revise protein domain models, evidence from innate immunity.

Sequence annotation is fundamental for studying the evolution of protein families, particularly when working with non-model species. Given the rapid, ever-increasing number of species receiving high-quality genome sequencing, accurate domain modeling that is representative of species diversity is crucial for understanding protein family sequence evolution and their inferred function(s). Here, we describe a bioinformatic tool called TIAMMAt ( Taxon-Informed Adjustment of Markov Model Attributes) which revises domain profile hidden Markov models (HMMs) by incorporating homologous domain sequences from underrepresented and non-model species. Using innate immunity pathways as a case study, we show that revising profile HMM parameters to directly account for variation in homologs among underrepresented species provides valuable insight into the evolution of protein families. Following adjustment by TIAMMAt, domain profile HMMs exhibit changes in their per-site amino acid state emission probabilities and insertion/deletion probabilities while maintaining the overall structure of the consensus sequence. Our results show that domain revision can heavily impact evolutionary interpretations for some families (i.e., NLR's NACHT domain), whereas impact on other domains (e.g., rel homology domain and interferon regulatory factor domains) is minimal due to high levels of sequence conservation across the sampled phylogenetic depth (i.e., Metazoa). Importantly, TIAMMAt revises target domain models to reflect homologous sequence variation using the taxonomic distribution under consideration by the user. TIAMMAt's flexibility to revise any subset of the Pfam database using a user-defined taxonomic pool will make it a valuable tool for future protein evolution studies, particularly when incorporating (or focusing) on non-model species.
Analysis of 30 MPH Frontal Barrier Utilizing Half-Scale Metal Models

Half-scale metal models have provided a cost-effective early indicator of frontal barrier performance relative to government and corporate goals. Models have provided direct indications of steering column kinematics and performance of specific components with respect to windshield zone intrusion. Windshield retention evaluations and even some indications of fuel system integrity have been inferred from half-scale model barrier tests. The model tests have provided early standard barrier data on vehicle crush modes and distances, barrier loads, and deceleration rates, and have generated additional data beyond that available in standard barrier tests. Under ideal conditions, a model test can be run in as little as 14 weeks from the time drawing information is available - and for as little as 10% of the cost of a full-scale prototype test.
Microlevel: The Site

Aggression occurs in an immediate, often circumscribed, largely identifiable location, which we term the site. Although its distal and proximal antecedents may have begun in a near or distant “elsewhere,” and may continue in other locations, a discrete aggressive event can typically be specified and situated as to place. We will examine such aggression sites in the present chapter, both for their relative incidence data, and for their person-place transactional nature as it bears upon the facilitation or inhibition of aggressive behavior.
Failure mechanism of Cu/SnAg/Ni microbumps in three-dimensional integral circuits under electromigration

In this study, we use the Cu/SnAg/Ni/Cu joint with a thickness of 7μm/8μm/2μm /5μm and 7μm/16μm/2μm /5μm. The diameter of the solder joint is about 30 μm and the UBM opening is 18 μm in diameter with 60 μm pitches. In order to measure the resistance changes, it was fabricated which constitute four probes. By using this method we can measure the resistance changes in microbump excluding the resistance changes in the wiring trace to make it more sensitive to subtle microstructure changes. We investigated the mechanisms of electromigration in microbumps with different stages when resistance increased 20%, 50% and 100% of the initial resistance. Solder joints were stressed with 0.56 A on 150°C hot plate. The average current density is 8 × 104 A/cm2, calculated based on the UBM opening. We ground the samples with 1000, 2000, and 4000 sand paper and then polished them with 1 μm, 0.3 μm, and 0.05 μm Al 2 O 3 We observed their morphologies with SEM and measured their component with EDX. In the bump with electron flow upward, we observed that microbumps were transformed into Cu 6 Sn 5 IMCs and Cu 3 Sn IMCs joints. In addition, voids were formed at the interface between nickel and solder. We found that both void formation and UBM dissolution were occurred. In the bump with electron flow downward, microbumps were transformed into IMC joints without void formation. To sum up, this study provides a better understanding on the relationship between the behavior of resistance curve and the morphology changes in microbumps.
BII stability and base step flexibility of N6-adenine methylated GATC motifs

The effect of N6-adenine methylation on the flexibility and shape of palindromic GATC sequences has been investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. Variations in DNA backbone geometry were observed, which were dependent on the degree of methylation and the identity of the bases. While the effect was small, more frequent BI to BII conversions were observed in the GA step of hemimethylated DNA. The increased BII population of the hemimethylated system positively correlated with increased stacking interactions between methylated adenine and guanine, while stacking interactions decreased at the TC step for the fully methylated strand. The flexibility of the AT and TC steps was marginally affected by methylation, in a fashion that was correlated with stacking interactions. The facilitated BI to BII conversion in hemimethylated strands might be of importance for SeqA selectivity and binding.
The Occurrence of Sporadic E

Abstract A brief review is presented of the principal temporal and geographic variations in the occurrence of sporadic E based on knowledge prior to the International Geophysical Year. The occurrence statistics used for this purpose are for vertical-incidence reflections by sporadic E at frequencies above 5 Mc/s. A bibliography of recent papers on sporadic E is included.
Paper No 13.2: Experimenting with Backlights

The conventional LCD was designed around fluorescent backlights but bright LEDs make different compromises possible. A suitably designed light-guide lets us collimate the light then diffuse it over a precise range of angles, eliminating waste. There is the potential to scan the direction of collimation in the horizontal so that light is always concentrated to the head of the user, but users also move in the vertical and forward and back. I will discuss more advanced backlight concepts, which would let us concentrate rays into the users' eyes whatever their position, thus eliminating unseen light and reducing the optical power budget to near zero.
Examining the Use of Nutrition Information on Restaurant Menus

ABSTRACTOver the past decade, the world has been facing an obesity epidemic. In the popular press and certain governmental and public policy circles, this seems to be attributed to the marketing efforts of fast-food and chain restaurants. As a solution to this problem, many have proposed increasing the amount of nutrition information available to the public by adding nutrition information to restaurant menus and menu boards. However, some debate has ensued about the use and function of this nutrition information. Specifically, this research attempts to uncover whether consumer actually use the nutrition information to aid their decision-making process. In two experimental studies, results are presented to enlighten the discussion of consumers’ reactions to nutrition information when it is present on restaurant menus. Contrary to what public policy makers have stated, this research shows that only small groups of consumers use nutrition information on a restaurant menu. The results in both studies indicate...
Observational architectures for enabling earthquake forecasting

Observational architectures for allowing the eventual forecasting of earthquake are discussed. Current science requirements suggest that L-band InSAR systems with short repeat periods would be best suited to such measurements. Constellations of such sensors in orbits around 2000-5000 km altitude might provide optimal Earth coverage for interferometry, while higher orbits around 10,000 - 40,000 km might approach the goal of around-the-clock for disaster-response applications.
Computer modeling of charging-induced electron beam deflection in electron beam lithography

The charging of the workpiece in electron beam direct writing processes has been identified as a problem that disturbs the electron beam and causes pattern displacement error. In this paper the electron beam deflection caused by surface charging is evaluated by the SIMION and MATHEMATICA simulation programs. Isolated charged patterns of different geometry are simulated as electrodes with given potentials in SIMION to calculate the extent of beam deflection, while secondary electron emission yield and beam dosage are assigned in MATHEMATICA programming for determination of surface potential and spatial field, from which the beam deflection is then calculated. The simulation results are in good agreement with each other and they are compared with values available in literature. The initial charge content along with the pattern dimensions chosen in simulation are found to be the major factors that determine the extent of beam deflection. The limitation of SIMION simulation on the beam deflection is also discussed.
Activation of CB1 cannabinoid receptors inhibits neurotransmitter release from identified synaptic sites in rat hippocampal cultures

The effects of cannabinoids on synaptic transmission were measured optically in rat hippocampal cultures. Synaptic release sites were labeled with the fluorescent dye FM1-43 in a stimulus-dependent manner. Action potential-induced release of FM1-43 required extracellular Ca2+ and was inhibited 65 +/- 3% by blockade of high-threshold voltage-gated Ca2+ channels with omega-grammotoxin SIA (300 nM). The cannabimimetic drug, Win 55212-2 (300 nM), inhibited FM1-43 release by 51 +/- 3%. The inhibition produced by Win55212-2 was blocked by the CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist, SR141716 (1 microM). The intensity of FM1-43 labeled puncta ranged 4-fold, although the inhibition produced by Win55212-2 was distributed normally across synaptic sites of various labeling intensities. The FM1-43-based optical method appears promising for the study of the effects of cannabinoids and other drugs on synaptic networks. These results indicate that cannabimimetics act presynaptically to inhibit the release of neurotransmitter and that this inhibition is observed uniformly at boutons of varied activity levels.
Epoxidation of the surface of polydicyclopentadiene for the self-assembly of organic monolayers

Polydicyclopentadiene was reacted with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid to yield a surface that was terminated with epoxides. The X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS) of the sample demonstrated that the top ten nm of the surface had been oxidized. The grazing angle attenuated total reflection-infrared spectrum of this surface was unchanged from that of native PDCPD which demonstrated that the oxidation was only on the surface and that the bulk PDCPD was unchanged. The PDCPD–epoxide surface was then reacted with two different amines that possessed F or Cl atoms to study the ring opening reaction between surface epoxides and amines. This reaction was rapid and completed within an hour. The method of Tougaard was applied to the F and Cl peaks in the XPS to investigate their locations and whether the amines were uniformly distributed in the top ten nm or were localized at the surface. This analysis clearly described the amines as being present only on the surface. The PDCPD–epoxide surface was also reacted with poly(ethylene imine) to generate a surface that exposed numerous amines. The amines bonded to Cu such that this metal did not flux through PCPCD while the flux of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde was unaffected.
"Mommy sock": the child's understanding of possession as expressed in two-noun phrases.

Thirty children with a mean length of utterance ranging from 1·00 to 4 and an age range of 1; 7 to 5; 5 were tested by their own mothers for comprehension of two-noun possessive phrases such as mommy's shoe. Three types of possessive relationships (alienable, intrinsic and reciprocal) in addition to anomalous possessive phrases were used to uncover children's knowledge of the semantics and syntax of English possession. Results indicated, first, that even young children may have detailed notions of which objects are likely to serve as possessors and which as possessions, and second, that word order may not be used to comprehepossessive phrases until considerable linguistic development has occurred.
Protective effect of β-adrenergic blockade and hypothermia on myocardial ultrastructure

Abstract Open heart surgery requiring cardiac arrest without coronary artery perfusion may result in significant myocardial damage. The relative myocardial preservative effects of pretreatment with hypothermia and/or β-adrenergic blockade were analyzed using 24 dogs subjected to 1 hr of ischemic cardiac arrest and comparing them to 8 nonischemic animals. The dogs were divided into six groups as follows: Group 1, normal coronary perfusion; Group II, cardiopulmonary bypass; Group III, ischemic cardiac arrest without pretreatment; Group IV, ischemic arrest with hypothermia (28°C systemic plus local hypothermia); Group V, ischemic arrest with β-adrenergic blockade (2.5 mg/kg iv practolol, 15 min prearrest); Group VI, ischemic arrest with hypothermia and practolol. Ischemic damage was assessed with electron microscopy by the use of full thickness myocardial biopsies. Micrographs were analyzed quantitatively using a morphometric technique for estimation of cytoplasmic structures. Ischemic injury was indicated by the relative proportion of sarcoplasm to myofibrillar volume. Statistical analysis showed that pretreatment with both hypothermia and β-adrenergic blockade was more effective in reducing ischemic cardiac injury than by the use of either hypothermia or β-adrenergic blockade individually.
Xenopus p63 expression in early ectoderm and neurectoderm

Abstract The tumor-suppressor protein p53 belongs to a small gene family that includes p63 and p73. While p53 and p73 regulate cell cycle progression and apoptosis, the major role of p63 appears to be in promoting ectodermal proliferation and differentiation. In this report we describe the cloning of a Xenopus orthologue of mammalian p63 that is extraordinarily conserved in sequence. The major sites of expression of Xenopus p63 mRNA are the epidermis and some neural crest and crest derivatives such as the branchial arches and tail fin. Expression is also observed in the neural plate and in the stomodeal–hypophyseal anlage. Antibodies against p63 detect a nuclear protein that is distributed in a manner similar to that of Xp63 mRNA. Both mRNA and protein are conspicuously absent from regions of the epidermal sensorial layer that are induced to form a number of (but not all) ectodermal placodes and Xp63 protein levels are particularly dynamic in the epidermis of the eye as the lens forms.
Role of sympathetic nerve inhibition and body sodium-volume state in the antihypertensive action of clonidine in essential hypertension

Role of sympathetic nerve inhibition and body sodium-volume state in the antihypertensive action of clonidine in essential hypertension. A simultaneous analysis of the interrelationships between mean blood pressure (MBP), plasma catecholamines, plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone, exchangeable body sodium, and blood volume was carried out before and after acute and chronic administration of clonidine in 15 patients with essential hypertension, in order to further elucidate the mechanism(s) of action of this drug. After a single oral dose of 200 µg, clonidine produced a significant fall in MBP, heart rate, plasma norepinephrine (NE), PRA, and aldosterone. There were significant correlations (P Roles de l'inhibition sympathique du bilan de sodium et du volume circulant dans l'action antihypertensive de la clonidine au cours de l'hypertension essentielle. Une analyse simultanee des relations entre la pression arterielle moyenne (MBP), les catecholamines (NE), l'activite renine (PRA), l'aldosterone plasmatiques, le sodium echangeable et le volume sanguin a ete conduite avant et apres l'administration aigue et chronique de clonidine a 15 malades atteints d'hypertension essentielle afin de mieux elucider le mecanisme d'action de cette drogue. Apres une dose moyenne de 200 µg par voie orale, la clonidine produit une chute significative de MBP, du rythme cardiaque, de NE, PRA et aldosterone plasmatiques. Il existe une correlation significative (P
The role of inorganic and organic reagents in the flotation separation of rare-earth ores

Abstract The relative adsorption of chemisorbing fatty acid collectors at high temperatures, together with the addition of soda ash modifier and lignin sulfonate depressants, is the key to the industrial processing of carbonatite-type rare-earth ore deposits. A detailed study was made using solution equilibria, electrokinetic measurements, adsorption investigations, microflotation and batch flotation tests to delineate the nature of surface interactions of various reagents with the different mineral constituents of a typical bastnaesite type rare-earth ore. Flotation plant results are interpreted in terms of reagent adsorption mechanisms, and the role of temperature in achieving the desired selectivity has been established. The results also indicate the superiority of alkyl hydroxamate collectors for the beneficiation of these types of rare-earth deposits containing barite and calcite as the typical gangue minerals.
Robust allocation of weighted dependency links in cyber–physical networks

Abstract Interdependent network models are often used to show how one network has an effect on another network through dependencies. In this paper, we propose a novel interdependent network model which consists of two individual networks with unequal numbers of nodes and one-to-multiple weighted dependency links between the two networks. Based on realistic assumptions, this model differs from previous works that considered equal numbers of nodes in the two networks and identical dependency links. We formulate an optimization problem to allocate dependency links using least resources. This novel model enhances the practicability of traditional cyber–physical system structures, but it makes the dependency link deployment problem more complex and the optimization problem cannot be solved in large networks. To overcome this problem, we propose a new algorithm based on a revised network flow method. Extensive simulations on random networks and real networks show that our deployment method produces topologies that are more robust than the ones obtained by other deployment techniques. Results indicate that our algorithm is efficient and cost-effective in designing robust interdependent networks, and our deployment method is suitable for networks of any size.
The Spanish language version of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire: comparison with the Spanish language version of the eating disorder examination and test-retest reliability

This study compared the Spanish language questionnaire (S-EDE-Q) and interview (S-EDE) versions of the Eating Disorder Examination and examined the short-term test-retest reliability of the questionnaire version. Seventy-seven monolingual Spanish-speaking Latina women recruited from the community completed the S-EDE-Q and were then administered the S-EDE by fully bilingual doctoral-level research clinicians. The same assessment was repeated after approximately one week (5-14 days). The S-EDE-Q and the S-EDE were significantly correlated on frequencies of binge eating and all four subscales. Mean differences in the frequency of binge eating and the Restraint subscale were not significant, but scores on the Eating Concern, Weight Concern, and Shape Concern subscales differed significantly, with the S-EDE-Q yielding higher scores. Test-retest reliability for the S-EDE-Q was modest for binge eating but was excellent for the subscales (Spearman rho ranged 0.71-0.81), albeit somewhat variable for the individual items. Overall, the acceptable convergence between the S-EDE-Q and the S-EDE for many features of eating disorders and the good short-term test-retest findings provide preliminary support for the use of the S-EDE-Q. These findings, derived using a non-clinical sample of monolingual Spanish-speaking Latina women, require replication and extension. Evaluation with a clinical sample is necessary to further establish the reliability of the S-EDE-Q with an eating disordered group.
The solar temperature reversal and convective motions

Given an equation of State, the three equations of mass, momentum and energy conservation determine the vortex free flow fields in a star. The solar data processed by Athay (1966) is a measure of the dissipation of the fluid, while the use of an empirical temperature profile (BCA, 1968) permits values for the gradients in the equations of fluid flow rendering them algebraic, with solutions independent of boundary conditions. This approach serves as a consistency check on the methods with which data have been processed by inquiring to what degree the basic conservation laws have been satified, and by directly implying a velocity field which can be scrutinized for its observational consequences.
Small scale vertical gradients of Arctic ice algal photophysiological properties

Photosynthetic parameters of phytoplankton and sea ice algae from landfast sea ice of the Chukchi Sea off Point Barrow, Alaska, were assessed in spring 2005 and winter through spring 2006 using Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) fluorometry including estimates of maximum quantum efficiency (F(v)/F(m)), maximum relative electron transport rate (rETR(max)), photosynthetic efficiency (alpha), and the photoadaptive index (E(k)). The use of centrifuged brine samples allowed to document vertical gradients in ice algal acclimation with 5 cm vertical resolution for the first time. Bottom ice algae (0-5 cm from ice-water interface) expressed low F(v)/F(m) (0.331-0.426) and low alpha (0.098-0.130 (micromol photons m(-2)s(-1))(-1)) in December. F(v)/F(m) and alpha increased in March and May (0.468-0.588 and 0.141-0.438 (micromol photons m(-2)s(-1))(-1), respectively) indicating increased photosynthetic activity. In addition, increases in rETR(max) (3.3-16.4 a.u.) and E(k) (20-88 micromol photons m(-2) s(-1)) from December to May illustrates a higher potential for primary productivity as communities become better acclimated to under-ice light conditions. In conclusion,photosynthetic performance by ice algae (as assessed by PAM fluorometry) was tightly linked to sea ice salinity, temperature, and inorganic nutrient concentrations (mainly nitrogen).
98%-Effective Lot-Sizing for One-Warehouse, Multi-Retailer Inventory Systems with Backlogging

Robin Roundy has analyzed a stationary, one-warehouse, N-retailer inventory system that permits no shortages or backlogging, that has a constant demand rate per unit time at each retailer, and that incurs setup and unit storage costs at each facility. By reducing the problem with backlogging to an equivalent problem with no backlogging, we extend Roundy's results to permit backlogging. This approach permits us to use Roundy's results to find a 98%-effective policy for the backlogging problem in ON log N time.
Strand Selective Cleavage of DNA by Diastereomers of Hairpin Polyamide-seco-CBI Conjugates

Pyrrole-imidazole polyamides are synthetic ligands that bind predetermined DNA sequences with subnanomolar affinity. We report the synthesis and characterization of an eight-ring hairpin polyamide conjugated at the turn to both enantiomers of 1-(chloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-1,2-dihydro-3H-benz[e]indole (seco-CBI), an alkylating moiety related to CC-1065. Alkylation yields and specificity were determined on a restriction fragment containing six base pair match and mismatch sites. Alkylation was observed at a single adenine flanking the polyamide binding site, and strand selective cleavage could be achieved based on the enantiomer of seco-CBI chosen. At 1 nM concentrations of polyamide-seco-CBI conjugate, near quantitative cleavage was observed after 12 h. These bifunctional molecules could be useful for targeting coding regions of genes and inhibition of transcription.
NEW PRODUCTS RELATED TO KINAMYCIN FROM STREPTOMYCES MURAYAMAENSIS

Four new colored components of Streptomyces murayamaensis sp. nov, Hata et Ohtani, the producer of the kinamycins, have been isolated and their structures determined by a combination of mass spectral, high field NMR and biosynthetic techniques. The first compound with the benz[b]carbazole skeleton in the biosynthetic pathway of kinamycin D has been named "pre-kinamycin" (7). A keto-epoxide kinamycin intermediate has been labeled "keto-anhydrokinamycin" (9), and the 1'-monoacetate of kinamycin has been called kinamycin E (12). Natural production of deacetylkinamycin (13, now labeled kinamycin F) by S. murayamaensis has been confirmed by an isotope trapping experiment. The role of these new intermediates in kinamycin biosynthesis is discussed.
Enhanced interrogation: emerging strategies for cell signaling inhibition

Here we summarize recent and developing chemical approaches for modulating signaling pathways. In particular, we discuss targeting mutant signaling proteins, disrupting protein-protein interactions in cellular signaling networks, designing bivalent inhibitors of signaling proteins and identifying allosteric regulators of signaling enzymes. Over the past decade, great progress in the harvesting of chemical tools for basic research and clinical medicine has been made, but many challenges remain, and examples of exciting future targets are highlighted.
A novel ring cleavage reaction of oxazolines

Abstract An oxazoline can be cleanly converted to the parent carboxylic acid by treatment with NaOCl, followed by mild basic hydrolysis of the intermediate ester product(s).
B7-1/B7-2 Costimulation Regulates Plaque Antigen–Specific T-Cell Responses and Atherogenesis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor–Deficient Mice

Background— Several lines of evidence indicate that T-cell responses influence the progression of atherosclerotic disease. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ)–producing T cells specific for lesional antigens, including oxidized LDLs and heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), may promote lesion development as well as plaque instability. B7-1 and B7-2 are closely related molecules expressed on antigen-presenting cells that provide costimulatory signals for T-cell activation. This study tested the hypothesis that the ability of T cells to influence atherosclerosis depends on B7-1/B7-2 costimulation. Methods and Results— B7-1/B7-2/LDL receptor (LDLR)–deficient mice and LDLR-deficient control mice were fed a 1.25% cholesterol or control diet for 8 and 20 weeks. Total serum cholesterol levels and extent and phenotype of atherosclerosis were analyzed. Splenic and lymph node CD4+ T cells from the animals were cultured with mouse recombinant HSP60 or media and antigen-presenting cells and analyzed for IFN-γ and interleukin-4 production....
Eliminating a conditioned muscle spasm by external inhibition by an electric vibrator

Abstract A conditioned muscle spasm in a 28-yr-old male was successfully eliminated by using an electric vibrator as an external inhibitor.
Explicit algebraic stress model of turbulence with anisotropic dissipation

During the past few years, explicit algebraic stress models have been developped that are formally consistent with full second-order closures in the limit of homogeneous turbulence in equilibrium. These models allow for the solution of complex turbulent flows with a substantially reduced level of computation compared with full second-order closures, since they constitute two-equation models.The purpose of the present note is to show how the effects of anisotropic dissipation can be systematically incorporated into these explicit algebraic stress models by a simple readjustmentof the coefficients.
Kinetics of sorption of aliphatic acids by oleophilic anion exchange resins in toluene

The rate of sorption of toluene by dry oleophilic anion exchange resins in the hydroxide state was measured both by direct weight measurements and also by the visual observation of the rate of movement of a refractive index gradient between unreacted and reacted zones. The rate of sorption of carboxylic acids from solution in toluene was also measured by beads swollen in toluene, both by direct chemical analysis of the solution and by the visual method. Diffusion coefficients of acids in the resins were calculated using three different theories for diffusion in gels coupled with chemical reactions, and reasonable agreement between theory and experiment was found.
Oxygen Consumption in Normal and Kanamycin Damaged Cochleae

The oxygen consumption of each turn of the guinea pig cochlea was measured with a differential type ultra-microrespirometer. The basal portion of the cochlea had a greater rate of oxygen consumption per milligram of tissue than the apex. The rate of oxygen consumption was found to be dependent on the substrate and potassium concentration. Kanamycin damaged cochleae had a decreased rate of oxygen consumption.
Urine dipstick as a screening test for serum creatinine elevation in emergency department patients with severe hypertension

Objective: Patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with severe hypertension require assessment for acute end-organ damage. Serum creatinine (SCr) measurement is routinely recommended to detect renal dysfunction. The authors assessed the utility of the urine dipstick test in screening for acute SCr elevation in this population. Methods: The authors performed a prospective study of adult ED patients with diastolic blood pressures ≥115 mm Hg that persisted for ≥30 minutes or necessitated emergent treatment. Excluded were menstruating and pregnant women and patients with urinary infection, trauma, or dialysis dependence. Patients reporting a history of renal disease were excluded if the SCr was abnormal and no baseline value was available. Each subject had an SCr and urine dipstick test. The authors examined the performance of the dipstick in identifying an elevated SCr, defined as SCr >1.2 mg/dL or >25% above baseline. Results: Of 143 patients, 42 had SCr >1.2 mg/dL. Eighteen reported prior renal disease but had an SCr that was normal or ≤25% above baseline. The remaining 24 subjects comprised the elevated SCr group. The presence of either proteinuria or hematuria on dipstick identified these patients with 100% sensitivity and 29.7% specificity. Specificity rose to 42.4% without loss of sensitivity when an abnormal dipstick was defined as hematuria or ≤1+ proteinuria. Conclusions: The urine dipstick may be an effective screening test for SCr elevation in patients with severe hypertension. A restrictive definition of an abnormal dipstick would identify all patients with elevated SCr and substantially reduce the number of SCr assays necessary.
Renal oncocytoma--bilateral, multifocal

One hundred thirteen cases of "grade I renal oncocytoma" are reported from several centers. All centers report absence of associated metastatic disease. In the present review of 219 radical nephrectomy specimens, 11 renal oncocytomas were identified, an incidence of 5 per cent. No diagnostic angiographic features could be identified. Multifocal potential is exemplified by study of a bilateral case and 2 cases of 2 independent oncocytomas in the same kidney. The fine histologic criteria distinguishing oncocytoma from malignant renal tumors suggest that the oncocytomas may have the potential of malignant degeneration. The possible "premalignant classification" of oncocytomas and the lack of dependable diagnostic features radiographically force the management to be the same as for Stage I renal carcinoma. The prognostic information available after histologic definition of renal oncocytoma is valuable.
The Rhetorical Strategy of Boundary-Work

An extended version of Gieryn's notion of ‘boundary-work’, supplemented with insights of Thomas Goodnight, is used to represent the central role of rhetoric in disputes on the boundary of science and the public. From a study of the Tarasoff-case it is shown that the rhetorical process of turning obstacles into resources works to move the boundary between a science and the law. It is concluded that rhetorical scholars can and must play a part in the resolution of boundary disputes and that concrete case-studies of boundary-work may deepen criticism of argument.
Disinfection Cap Makes Critical Difference in Central Line Bundle for Reducing CLABSIs

Methods: In February 2010, daily bathingwas replacedwithCHGwashcloths for threemonths in the intensive careunit (ICU). All HAIs such as MRSA, VRE, catheterrelated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), Clostridium difficile (CDAD), central line related blood stream infections (CLABSI), and ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) were monitored for the duration of the study. Infection rates were compared for the threemonths prior to the study, and also the same time period last year (historical data). All Patient Refined-Diagnostic Related Group (APR-DRG) scores were calculated to adjust for severity of illness and mortality. Estimated cost savings from decreased HAIs were also identified.
Introduction to Issue on Malnutrition

In poor countries, over a quarter of children under the age of five years are malnourished. The corresponding rate in rich countries is below 3%. Unfortunately, being undernourished as a child is associated with worse economic outcomes as an adult, largely a result of worse adult health. Thus, malnutrition among children creates one of the starkest discrepancies in individual well-being between rich and poor countries. Yet, income growth does not seem to be the solution per se. Despite rapid economic growth in the past 20 years, South Asia, for example, continues to have inordinately high levels of undernourished children. This issue brings together a set of papers on trends, causes, and potential policy solutions related to undernutrition in South Asia. This region deserves special attention both because it accounts for the largest number of malnourished children in the world and because the rates of underweight and stunted children are puzzlingly high—higher than one would predict based on the region’s income or performance on other health indicators such as infant mortality. To give one example, if we use demographic and health surveys from the past 10 years to compare India and Sub-Saharan Africa, we see the incidence of underweight children is roughly twice as high in India, even though its population is significantly richer. In focusing on such anomalies, we believe this issue will present evidence and draw conclusions with applicability to developing countries in regions beyond South Asia. Three overview pieces discuss the links between economic growth and nutrition, and the patterns in malnutrition across South Asia. In examining the relationship between income and malnutrition, Harold Alderman emphasizes the importance of economic conditions while in utero and during early childhood for later well-being including vulnerability to chronic disease, with special attention to the implications for the optimal timing of interventions. Purnima Menon provides a broad and detailed summary of child health patterns across South Asian countries, within India, and across the lifecycle, and summarizes some of the main findings and open puzzles of nutrition literature. She also describes several policy avenues identified in this literature—and it is clear that, as yet, there is no
Effects of Equex STM and equilibration time on the pre-freeze and postthaw motility of equine epididymal spermatozoa

Epididymal spermatozoa from castrated stallions were recovered, frozen, and thawed using techniques adapted from those used with ejaculated semen. An average of 7.93 × 109 spermatozoa were recovered per stallion, with a range of 1.45 to 16.82 × 109. Average prefreeze (postequilibration) motility was 32.0% ± 1.4 SEM. Prefreeze and postthaw motilities of epididymal spermatozoa were found to vary significantly between different stallions (P < 0.0001). No differences in prefreeze or postthaw motilities were seen between prefreeze equilibration times of 30 and 120 min. Prefreeze motility did rise, however, during the first 30 min of equilibration. Inclusion of the surfactant Equex STMa in the extender had no significant effect on prefreeze nor postthaw motilities. In the motility of prefreeze sperm, interactions were found between the horse used and equilibration time and also between the horse used and the inclusion of Equex STM in the extender. No such interactions were seen with postthaw motilities. Postthaw motility averaged 6.4% ± 0.5 SEM or 20.7% ± 1.6 SEM of the prefreeze motility.