cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Production of Bacteriophage-Associated Materials by Vibrio cholerae: Possible Correlation with Pathogenicity.

Abstract Classical and El Tor strains of Vibrio cholerae were examined for production of bacteriophage or bacteriophage-related material by electron microscopy of mitomycin C-induced cultures. The strains were also tested for pathogenicity by using the ligated ileal loops of adult rabbits. Of the 27 strains tested, 25 showed a correlation between the production of bacteriophage-related material and pathogenicity. Both P+ and P− strains produced bacteriophage tails. The bacteriophage tails of strains 569B and ATCC 9168 and other strains were shown to occur in an extended form with tail appendages.
Transcriptional repression by YY1, a human GLI-Krüppel-related protein, and relief of repression by adenovirus E1A protein.

Summary A sequence within the transcription control region of the adeno-associated virus P5 promoter has been shown to mediate transcriptional activation by the adenovirus E1A protein. We report here that this same element mediates transcriptional repression in the abaence of E1A. Two cellular proteins have been found to bind to overlapping regions within this sequence element. One of these proteins, YY1, is responsible for the repression. E1A relieves repression exerted by YY1 and further activates transcription through its binding site. A YYl-specific cDNA has been isolated. Its sequence reveals YY1 to be a zinc finger protein that belongs to the GLI-Kruppel gene family. The product of the cDNA binds to YY1 sites. When fused to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain, it is capable of repressing transcription directed by a promoter that contains GAL4- binding sites, and E1A proteins can relieve the repression and activate transcription through the fusion protein.
Labeling of antibodies with 64Cu using a conjugate containing a macrocyclic amine chelating agent

The conjugation of a model antibody (rabbit-anti-HSA-IgG) with a functionalized derivative of cyclam (1-(3-aminopropyl)-4-methyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) is reported. Coupling of this derivative to the antibodies was accomplished using commercially available heterobifunctional coupling agents. The conjugation technique produced minimal effects on the antibody binding activity. 64Cu complexes with this cyclam derivative have excellent stability in human serum and aqueous solutions containing 1 mM EDTA. The high stability of these Cu-complexes suggests that this system, or other analogous systems, may be useful for production of stable 67Cu-immunotherapeutic agents.
The Cartoon in Egypt

The history of the pictorial cartoon is a very recent one in Egypt, dating from the late nineteenth century when the popular press was established. Like many newspapers founded at the time, the 1870s, the cartoon began as an expression of growing feelings of antagonism towards the ruler, in the hands of a few men who formed the intelligentsia of the day. They set about to create and direct a public opinion which was then nonexistent, but which they hoped to mould into an instrument to use against a corrupt and autocratic administration. Very little work, if any at all, has been done on the sociology of the Egyptian cartoon, and I will not here undertake such a monumental task for which I am ill qualified; but within the limits of this article I can give the reader an historical background of the cartoon in Egypt.
Research Issues in Preparedness for Mass Casualty Events, Disaster, War, and Terrorism

This article provides a perspective on the types of research questions that might be explored and strategies used in relation to disaster,terrorism, and mass casualty events. Research is addressed in the context of three areas of focus: issues related to the health care provider; issues affecting the patient, individual, family, and community; and issues related to the health care system.
Fastigial modulation of brainstem behavioral mechanisms

Stimulation of the rostral, but not caudal, half of the cerebellar fastigial nucleus was found to induce coordinated eating and grooming behaviors in the cat. These behaviors persisted, unchanged, after lesions of the ascending fastigial projections in the superior cerebellar peduncle, suggesting that such behaviors are produced by direct fastigio-bulbar pathways. These results support the suggestion that there is a close anatomical association between fastigial systems mediating elicited behaviors and those mediating fastigial pressor responses. The present results are also consistent with the growing view that cerebellar systems can exert important modulatory influences on neurobehavioral mechanisms.
Context-dependent tree automata

A new family of tree automata is studied\3-the “context-dependent tree automata≓ (CDTA). The CDTA are a generalization of the standard root-to-frontier tree automata studied over the past decade. The CDTA permit limited “communication≓ between different loci of the input tree. This communication mechanism permits CDTA to recognize many languages of trees not recognized by standard tree automata such as those defined by Thatcher, Doner, and Rounds. For example, nondeterministic CDTA recognize sets of trees whose frontiers are arbitrary recursively enumerable sets. However, there are simple recursive sets of trees which no nondeterministic CDTA can recognize. The CDTA recognize “highly transparent≓ derivations of many context-dependent languages. These derivation trees are not generated by any context-dependent grammar. The deterministic CDTA are not closed under any of the Boolean operations. The nondeterministic CDTA are closed only under union.
Christian Freedom: What Calvin Learned at the School of Women

Christian freedom was a major concern for Calvin from the very beginning of his theological career. The very long sixth and final chapter of the first edition of the Institutes is devoted to this question. He opens the chapter by calling this freedom "a matter of prime necessity;... without a knowledge of it consciences dare undertake almost nothing without faltering, often hesitate and draw back, constantly waver and are afraid ... unless this freedom be grasped, neither Christ nor gospel truth is rightly known."' From this first edition till the last Calvin continues to talk at length about three aspects of Christian freedom: freedom of the conscience and freedom from the law
In search of an optimal e‐commerce interface that induces online trust

This poster session presents a conceptual model of factors identified as instrumental in the production of a trust-inducing e-commerce web site. The results of a survey evaluation of those factors suggest the relative contribution of each to consumers' perception of the trustworthiness of an online merchant.
Addressing trauma in substance abuse treatment with American Indian adolescents

Substance abuse among American Indian adolescents is a serious problem that frequently continues into adulthood. Therefore, it is important to investigate all potential means of prevention and treatment of substance abuse that might improve the physical and psychological health it undermines. This paper examines the prevalence of substance abuse and its potential relationships with physical/emotional trauma or loss that occurs in American Indian adolescents' lives. The possible benefits of addressing trauma and posttraumatic stress as means of enhancing treatment is explored. An example of residential treatment that involved a focus on trauma and loss is included.
The Mechanism and Functional Roles of Protein Palmitoylation in the Nervous System

Palmitoylation refers to the covalent attachment of long-chain fatty acids, mostly palmitic acid, to the side chain of cysteine residues of proteins. In recent years, a considerable number of functionally relevant nervous system proteins including ion channels, neurotransmitter receptors, signal transduction components and cell-adhesion molecules have been found to be palmitoylated. However, the lack of a generalized and unambiguous role for the fatty acids in these proteins has questioned the importance of palmitoylation in the functioning of the nervous system. Last year, it was found that the deficiency of palmitoyl-protein thioesterase (PPT), one of the enzymes responsible for the removal of palmitate from proteins, is the underlying cause of infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL). This finding not only constitutes a step forward in elucidating the pathogenesis of INCL, but it also provides new impetus in the search for the function(s) of protein palmitoylation. This work succinctly outlines the molecular mechanisms involved in dynamic acylation and the potential biological role(s) of this modification, and it constitutes an introduction to those presentations in this issue which specifically deal with the pathogenic mechanisms of INCL.
Representing "too small to see" as "too small to see" with temporal representation

Teaching and learning the vast range of the sizes of the objects that are too small to see with human eyes (called imperceptible objects) has been a challenging issue in education. Because representation is the only medium that learners can use to make sense of imperceptible phenomena, learners encounter challenges when trying to understand the range of imperceptible sizes. However, the conventional visual representations that are incorporated in many learning technologies tend to direct learners to overestimate the sizes of imperceptible objects. To address this issue, we designed a multimodal representation called ""temporal-aural-visual representation" (or TAVR) to provide students with an alternative way of perceiving and conceptualizing imperceptible sizes. In prior studies it was noticed that learners constructed more refined mental models of the vast range of imperceptible sizes through the TAVR-enhanced learning activity. In this paper, we introduce a recent study that explored how to best augment the temporal experience of the range of imperceptible sizes with supporting modalities.
Post-retrieval search hit clustering to improve information retrieval effectiveness: Two digital forensics case studies

This research extends text mining and information retrieval research to the digital forensic text string search process. Specifically, we used a self-organizing neural network (a Kohonen Self-Organizing Map) to conceptually cluster search hits retrieved during a real-world digital forensic investigation. We measured information retrieval effectiveness (e.g., precision, recall, and overhead) of the new approach and compared them against the current approach. The empirical results indicate that the clustering process significantly reduces information retrieval overhead of the digital forensic text string search process, which is currently a very burdensome endeavor.
Cerebellar Atrophy: Pneumoencephalography and Computerized Tomography Correlation

Ten consecutive patients with clinical diagnosis of cerebellar atrophy were studied by both CT and PEG. CT and PEG findings on the fourth ventricle, cerebellar cortical sulci and cisterns around the brain stem were evaluated independently and compared according to the criteria based on actual measurements. In the diagnosis of cerebellar atrophy, CT and PEG were complementary, but PEG provided better diagnostic information in detecting minimal changes than CT at this stage of development.
Turns-amplitude analysis and motor unit potential analysis in myasthenia gravis.

Objectives - The aims of this study were to investigate myopathic changes in myasthenia gravis (MG) by using turns-amplitude analysis (TAA) and quantitative motor unit potential duration analysis (MUPan), to correlate myopathic changes with severity and duration of the disease and the results of diagnostic tests including repetitive nerve stimulation test (RNS), single fiber electromyography (SFEMG), and anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody (AChR-ab), and to compare the sensitivities of these two methods in detecting myopathic changes in MG. Materials and methods - We studied both MUPan and TAA in 32 patients with MG. Results The MUPan study showed myopathic changes in 12 patients (37.5%); TAA revealed a myopathic pattern in 4 (12.5%) and a neurogenic pattern in 4 cases (12.5%). Two of the 4 patients with a myopathic change by TAA also had short-duration mean MUP on the MUPan. No statistically significant association was found between the myopathic changes either by MUPan or TAA, and the various clinical and laboratory features. Conclusion - We conclude that MUPan is a more sensitive method than TAA in showing myopathic changes in MG, and that TAA is of limited help in demonstrating them.
Teaching the Introductory Course in Economics

The American ideal in education: training for citizenship in a democracy, 88. — Importance of economics to this end, 90. — The borrowed German ideal, leading to research and lectures, has done harm, 91. — The teacher the central figure, 93. — Multitude of recent aids to teaching economics, 96. — Outlines, selections, materials, 97. — Questions and Problems, 100. — The serviceableness of these devices likely to be overestimated, 102. — Effectiveness in teaching, not research, should be the main aim of the college, 105.
Posterior branch of the axillary nerve transfer to the lateral triceps branch for restoration of elbow extension: case report.

We report a nerve transfer to the triceps using the posterior branch of the axillary nerve to restore elbow extension in an 18-year-old woman with a C7–T1 injury. Elbow extension strength improved from M0 to M4, whereas deltoid strength was minimally affected. Her Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score improved 14 points. This method may be considered for restoring triceps function in lower pattern brachial plexus injury.
Warning signs for suicide within a week of healthcare contact in Veteran decedents.

Objectives This study examined warning signs for suicide observed in the final day(s) of life in Veteran decedents who received healthcare from Veterans Health Administration (VHA) (N=381), using data obtained from detailed chart reviews.
Speleonectes cokei, new species of Remipedia (Crustacea: Speleonectidae) from a submerged ocean cave near Caye Chapel, Belize.

Speleonectes cokei n. sp. is the 15 th species of Speleonectes to be described. It is the first remipede described from a submerged cave off the mainland of Belize. The species is the third found along the Caribbean coast of the Yucatan Peninsula. S. cokei can be distinguished from S. tulumensis Yager, 1987 and S. fuchscockburni Neiber et al., 2012 by the number of antenna 1 segments, number of antenna 2 exopod setae, spines on maxilla 1 segment 2, and caudal rami to anal segment length.
Bubble Interactions With Free Interfaces

Bubble collisions with other bubbles, particles or interfaces are very important in a variety of mass transfer applications. The rise of a buoyant bubble and its interaction with a free liquid surface was experimentally investigated using a Time-Resolved DPIV system. The results are presented as functions of bubble size, and surfactant concentration of the fluid medium. It is shown that the presence of a surfactant significantly affects the approach and collision characteristics of the bubble. The addition of a surfactant changes the viscous forces around the bubble due to the adsorption coverage of the surfactant at the bubble-fluid interface. A bubble traveling through a surfactant solution (1e-3 M Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate) did not exhibit bouncing behavior regardless of its size. The flow is characterized by a vortex ring trailing the bubble during the approach stage. After impact, the vortex ring slowly diffuses away parallel to the wall and dissipates. In contrast a smaller (1.1 mm) bubble in pure water rebounded from the free surface three distinct times. The rebounding exhibits complex vortex interactions, and the vortices tend to dissipate more quickly than in the no-rebound case. Vortex dynamics play an important role in determining the energy dissipation. Comparisons with other computational and experimental works are combined with the present study to more accurately describe the dynamics of the bubble rebound.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Halfway there: the struggle to manage conflicts of interest

Conflicts of interest are known to create problems for the integrity of biomedical research. The editors of the JCI have set out a rigorous policy to help manage conflicts. But they focus only on financially generated conflicts. Here I identify other sources of conflict and offer some suggestions for their management.
New fusion protein systems designed to give soluble expression in Escherichia coli.

Three native E. coli proteins-NusA, GrpE, and bacterioferritin (BFR)-were studied in fusion proteins expressed in E. coli for their ability to confer solubility on a target insoluble protein at the C-terminus of the fusion protein. These three proteins were chosen based on their favorable cytoplasmic solubility characteristics as predicted by a statistical solubility model for recombinant proteins in E. coli. Modeling predicted the probability of soluble fusion protein expression for the target insoluble protein human interleukin-3 (hIL-3) in the following order: NusA (most soluble), GrpE, BFR, and thioredoxin (least soluble). Expression experiments at 37 degrees C showed that the NusA/hIL-3 fusion protein was expressed almost completely in the soluble fraction, while GrpE/hIL-3 and BFR/hIL-3 exhibited partial solubility at 37 degrees C. Thioredoxin/hIL-3 was expressed almost completely in the insoluble fraction. Fusion proteins consisting of NusA and either bovine growth hormone or human interferon-gamma were also expressed in E. coli at 37 degrees C and again showed that the fusion protein was almost completely soluble. Starting with the NusA/hIL-3 fusion protein with an N-terminal histidine tag, purified hIL-3 with full biological activity was obtained using immobilized metal affinity chromatography, factor Xa protease cleavage, and anion exchange chromatography.
Characteristics of cardiac arrest in cancer patients as a predictor of survival after cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

BACKGROUND Despite advances in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the education of its providers, survival remains dismal for cancer patients suffering in-hospital cardiac arrest. In an effort to determine if characteristics of cardiac arrest would represent a useful parameter for prognostication and recommendations regarding the suitability of ongoing resuscitation for various groups, this review was undertaken for patients who experienced in-hospital cardiac arrest. METHODS A retrospective study of data gathered between January 1993 and December 1997 was undertaken in a 518-bed comprehensive cancer center. The records of 243 inpatients who experienced cardiac arrest and received cardiopulmonary resuscitation were reviewed, and their course observed until hospital discharge or death. RESULTS Sixteen of 73 patients (22%) who had sudden, unanticipated cardiac arrests survived to be discharged from the hospital; however, none (0 of 171) of the patients who experienced an anticipated cardiac arrest survived (P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis revealed that anticipated cardiac arrest associated with metabolic derangement was an independent predictor of hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS Patients experiencing an anticipated cardiac arrest, the course of which could not be interrupted through aggressive management in an intensive care unit, have an extremely poor prognosis. Ongoing resuscitative measures in these patients need not be routinely provided. The authors suggest an algorithm for resuscitation that evaluates the characteristics of the arrest as a prognostic factor. This algorithm should be implemented once progressive deterioration spirals toward cardiac arrest that cannot be prevented. Such an approach should avoid painful and costly interventions that are futile with the present techniques of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cancer 2001;92:1905–12. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Objective versus subjective assessment of oral medication adherence in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease

Background: The objective was to examine the prevalence and frequency of oral medication nonadherence using a multimethod assessment approach consisting of objective, subjective, and biological data in adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods: Medication adherence was assessed via pill counts, patient/parent interview, and 6-thioguanine nucleotide (6-TGN)/6-methylmercaptopurine nucleotide (6-MMPN) metabolite bioassay in 42 adolescents with IBD. Pediatric gastroenterologists provided disease severity assessments. Results: The objective nonadherence prevalence was 64% for 6-MP/azathioprine (AZA) and 88% for 5-aminosalicylate (5-ASA) medications, whereas subjective nonadherence prevalence was 10% for 6-MP/AZA and 2% for 5-ASA. The objective nonadherence frequency was 38% for 6-MP/AZA and 49% for 5-ASA medications, and subjective nonadherence frequency was 6% for 6-MP/AZA and 3% for 5-ASA. The bioassay data revealed that only 14% of patients had therapeutic 6-TGN levels. Conclusions: The results indicate that objectively measured medication nonadherence prevalence is consistent with that observed in other pediatric chronic illness populations, and that objective nonadherence frequency is considerable, with 40%–50% of doses missed by patients. Subjective assessments appeared to overestimate adherence. Bioassay adherence data, while compromised by pharmacokinetic variation, might be useful as a cursory screener for nonadherence with follow-up objective assessment. Nonadherence in 1 medication might also indicate nonadherence in other medications. Clinical implications and future research directions are provided. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008)
Learning of personalized security settings

While many cybersecurity tools are available to computer users, their default configurations often do not match needs of specific users. Since most modern users are not computer experts, they are often unable to customize these tools, thus getting either insufficient or excessive security. To address this problem, we are developing an automated assistant that learns security needs of the user and helps customize available tools.
Design of shaped-beam antennas through minimax gain optimization

An essential part of realizing a shaped beam by using a multiple-beam antenna is determining the excitation coefficient for each individual port. An algorithm which optimizes the power gain in a minimax sense is described. This criterion, although not as mathematically tractable as least squares, is necessary when the specifications prescribe that the worst case be as good as possible. It will be shown how the basic algorithm is very efficient and how it permits simple modifications to allow the specification of one-sided errors for the pattern, and direct optimization of gain slopes. A design of a C-band shaped-beam satellite antenna provides an example.
Hibernation and estivation habits of the alfalfa weevil in West Virginia.

Field experiments to determine some of the hibernation and estivation habits of Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) in West Virginia were begun in December 1965. Soil samplings of caged and uncaged areas of alfalfa were used to ascertain the location and duration of hibernation and estivation sites. Adult weevils were found hibernating in the soil from late December to early March. They gradually emerged from the soil into the fields during mid-March through April, and they estivated in the soil from late June through September. Adult alfalfa weevils were found principally in the top 0.8 inches of the soil.
Calcium compartmentalization in cultured and adult myocardium: Activation of a caffeine-sensitive component ☆

Calcium (Ca) exchange was studied under various perfusion conditions in monolayer myocardial culture and in the interventricular septum of the rabbit. In cultured cells perfused in HEPES buffered medium or in 10 mM phosphate (Pi), pH less than 7.2, 10 mM caffeine produced no change in 45Ca uptake rate. By contrast, increase of pH to 7.35 in the presence of 10 mM Pi caused 45Ca uptake rate to increase by more than two-fold when caffeine was added. Control 45Ca uptake (prior to caffeine) was markedly increased in 10 mM Pi, pH = 7.35 as compared to the two other perfusion conditions in the cultured cells. The same sequence of response of 47Ca uptake rate to caffeine was found in the rabbit septum, i.e. no increased uptake under HEPES or Pi, pH less than 7.2 perfusion, but significant increase under 10 mM Pi, pH 7.35 with development of progressive contracture only in the last case. Two other conditions produced sensitivity (both in 47Ca uptake and contracture) to caffeine in the septum. Preperfusion with ouabain in HEPES buffer increased caffeine sensitivity proportional to ouabain concentration (5 X 10(-7) to 10(-5) M) as did preperfusion with vanadate at low concentration (1 to 3 X 10(-6) M). The results suggest that activation of Ca uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is dependent upon a threshold of cellular Ca and that a stable contractile state is possible in the absence of SR activation in both cultured cells and adult ventricular tissue.
Molecular cloning of the human nucleotide-excision-repair gene ERCC4

ERCC4 was previously identified in somatic cell hybrids as a human gene that corrects the nucleotide-excision-repair deficiency in mutant hamster cells. The cloning strategy for ERCC4 involved transfection of the repair-deficient hamster cell line UV41 with a human sCos-1 cosmid library derived from chromosome 16. Enhanced UV resistance was seen with one cosmid-library transformant and two secondary transformants of UV41. Cosmid clones carrying a functional ERCC4 gene were isolated from a library of a secondary transformant by selecting in Escherichia coli for expression of a linked neomycin-resistance gene that was present in the sCos-1 vector. The cosmids mapped to 16p13.13-p13.2, the location assigned to ERCC4 by using somatic cell hybrids. Upon transfection into UV41, six cosmid clones gave partial correction ranging from 30% to 64%, although all appeared to contain the complete gene. The capacity for in vitro excision of thymine dimers from a plasmid by transformant cell extracts correlated qualitatively with enhanced UV resistance.
Unique protein expression by the TBJ clonal derivative of C1300 murine neuroblastoma

Abstract C1300 is a murine neuroblastoma that arose spontaneously in an AJAX mouse, and from which a clone termed TBJ was subsequently derived. C1300 is a slowly growing and poorly metastasizing tumor, whereas TBJ shows early systemic metastasis as well as aggressive local growth. Compared with TBJ cells, C1300 cells are highly immunogenic and are sensitive to natural killer cells and cytotoxic lymphocytes. In vitro, TBJ cells were found to be more rounded and less adherent than C1300 cells. Because the underlying basis for the differences between C1300 and TBJ cells has not been fully elucidated, the authors used high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) to study comparative aspects of total protein expression by each cell line. Of the approximately 400 individual cellular proteins that could be resolved using this technique, two were found to be reproducibly and uniquely expressed by TBJ cells and not by C1300 cells. Both proteins were anionic (pl 5.0 to 5.2) as assessed by iso-electric focusing and had molecular weights of 76,000 and 82,000 as assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Silver staining of SDS-polyacrylamide gels showed that the levels of 82,000-M r protein (p82) were higher than those of the 76,000-M r protein (p76). A purification protocol allowing for the isolation of p82 from TBJ cell extracts was developed, which comprised preparative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Full molecular identification of p82 and p76 eventually may provide new leads in the study of the metastatic or antigenic properties of neuroblastoma.
Enhancing Intrusion Detection System with proximity information

Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSes) proposed to identify or prevent the wide spread of worms can be largely classified as signature-based or anomaly-based. Modern worms are often sufficiently intelligent to hide their activities and evade anomaly detection, rendering existing IDSes (particularly signature-based) less effective. We propose PAIDS, a proximity-assisted IDS approach for identifying the outbreak of unknown worms. Operating on an orthogonal dimension with existing IDSes, PAIDS can work collaboratively with existing IDSes for better performance. Trace-driven evaluation indicates that PAIDS has high detection rates and low false-positive rates. We also build a prototype with Google Maps APIs and libpcap library.
Promises and Perils of Public Deliberation: Contrasting Two National Bioethics Commissions on Embryonic Stem Cell Research

National bioethics commissions have struggled to develop ethically warranted methods for conducting their deliberations. The National Bioethics Advisory Commission in its report on stem cell research adopted an approach to public deliberation indebted to Rawls in that it sought common ground consistent with shared values and beliefs at the foundation of a well-ordered democracy. In contrast, although the research cloning and stem cell research reports of the President's Council on Bioethics reveal that it broached two different methods of public deliberation—balancing goods and following an overarching moral principle—it adopted neither. Thereupon its prime mover, Leon Kass, influenced particularly by the approach of Leo Strauss, sought to develop a method of public deliberation guided by tradition and practical wisdom. When this failed, the Council fell back on a method that took account of shared fundamental values of a free democracy—a method remarkably akin to that employed by the National Bioethics Advisory Commission. Respect for diverse reasonable conceptions of the good in a democratic polity requires national bioethics commissions to seek and incorporate that which is valuable in opposing positions.
Spatial niches, policy subsystems, and agenda setting: the case of the ARC

Abstract Political scientists have recognized that public policy, as a process, is as much about `image' as it is substantive policy. These images become a political shorthand that defines the trajectory of policy initiatives. Similarly, geography's regional concept serves as a form of geographical shorthand. By appealing to the regional tradition, geographers knowingly neglect complexity in an attempt to convey the `gist' of a space. This research explores the political implications of policy subsystems that appeal to regional geographies for the purpose of presenting a simplified `policy image'. To explore the inter-relationship between geography and the politics of public policy, the authors expand the definition of `policy subsystems' by introducing two additional concepts. First, the paper suggests shared political and spatial interests coalesce to form `spatial niches' within subsystems. Second, the research indicates `regional myths' serve as the basis for spatial policy niches. To illustrate these phenomena, the authors examine the trajectory of Appalachian policy initiatives between the years of 1949–1990 in an attempt to better understand the general parameters of a `spatialized' subsystem.
An Algorithm for Computing Optimal Exponent Pairs

On presente un algorithme pour calculer inf θ ou θ(k,l)=ak+bl+c/dk+el+f, a,...,f etant des nombres reels, (k, l) une paire d'exposants, l'infinum etant pris sur tous les (k, l) produits par les processus A et B
Role of the -PEWY- Glutamate in Catalysis at the Qo-site of the Cyt bc1 Complex

Abstract We re-examine the pH dependence of partial processes of ubihydroquinone (QH2) turnover in Glu-295 mutants in Rhodobacter sphaeroides to clarify the mechanistic role. In more crippled mutants, the bell-shaped pH profile of wildtype was replaced by dependence on a single pK at ~ 8.5 favoring electron transfer. Loss of the pK at 6.5 reflects a change in the rate-limiting step from the first to the second electron transfer. Over the range of pH 6–8, no major pH dependence of formation of the initial reaction complex was seen, and the rates of bypass reactions were similar to the wildtype. Occupancy of the Qo-site by semiquinone (SQ) was similar in the wildtype and the Glu → Trp mutant. Since heme bL is initially oxidized in the latter, the bifurcated reaction can still occur, allowing estimation of an empirical rate constant
THE DESIGN OF OPTIMAL NMR PIPELINE SYSTEMS

In this paper we develop a pipeline processing system called NMR pipeline. In an NMR pipeline, processing elements at each stage are replicated to achieve high fault tolerance. Each stage of the pipeline is an N-Modular Redundant (NMR) System. This design combines the benefits of pipeline processing and NMR systems and is suitable for high speed safety-critical computing. Reliability analysis of this system is presented taking into account possible failures of processing and communication elements. The optimality of the system is defined in terms a suitably defined cost function that accounts for the component costs and the costs associated with system unreliability.
An Examination of Propagation Effects in Rainfall on Radar Measurements at Microwave Frequencies

Propagation effects in rainfall are examined at three microwave frequencies corresponding to S (3.0 GHz), C (5.5 GHz), and X ( 10.0 GHz) bands. Attenuation at horizontal polarization, as well a s differential attenuation and differential propagation phase between horizontal (HI and vertical ( V ) polarizations are considered. It is shown that at the three frequencies both attenuation and differential attenuation are nearly linearly related to differential propagation phase ( cbDP). This is shown through simulation using ( a ) gamma raindrop size distributions (RSD) with three parameters (No, DO. m ) that are varied over a very wide range representing a variety of rainfall types, and ( b ) measured raindrop size distributions at a single location using a disdrometer. Measurements of X-band specific attenuation and S-band specific differential phase in convective rainshafts using the National Center for Atmospheric Research CP-2 radar are presented in order to experimentally demonstrate the linear relationship between attenuation and differential propagation phase. Correction procedures for reflectivity and differential reflectivity (&) are developed assuming that differential propagation phase is measured using a radar that alternately transmits H and V polarized waves with copolar reception through the same receiver and processor system. The correction procedures are not dependent on the actual rainrate profile between the radar and the range location of interest. The accuracy of the procedure depends on, (a) RSD fluctuations, (b) variability in the estimate of differential propagation phase due to measurement fluctuations, and ( c ) nonzero values of the backscatter differential phase ( & ) between H and V polarizations. Simulations are used to gauge the accuracy of correction procedures at S- and C-bands assuming 6 is negligible. The correction accuracy for attenuation at S-band is estimated to be -0.05 dB while at C-band it is estimated to be within I dB if (IDP G 60 deg). Simulations further indicate that C-band differential attenuations effects can be corrected to within -35% of the mean value.
A cultural model of household energy consumption

Abstract In this paper, we consider the development of demand-side research, from an early interest in conservation behavior to a later focus on physical, economic, psychological and social models of energy consumption. Unfortunately, none of these models account satisfactorily for measured energy consumption in the residential sector. Growing interest in the end-uses of energy (e.g. in support of load forecasting, demand-side management and least-cost utility planning), increasing international studies of energy use, and continuing work in the energy and lifestyles research tradition now support an emerging cultural perspective on household energy use. The ecological foundations of the cultural model and its applications in energy research are discussed, along with some of the analytic consequences of this approach.
The genomic evaluation system in the United States: Past, present, future

Implementation of genomic evaluation has caused profound changes in dairy cattle breeding. All young bulls bought by major artificial insemination organizations now are selected based on such evaluation. Evaluation reliability can reach approximately 75% for yield traits, which is adequate for marketing semen of 2-yr-old bulls. Shortened generation interval from using genomic evaluations is the most important factor in increasing the rate of genetic improvement. Genomic evaluations are based on 42,503 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) genotyped with technology that became available in 2007. The first unofficial USDA genomic evaluations were released in 2008 and became official for Holsteins, Jerseys, and Brown Swiss in 2009. Evaluation accuracy has increased steadily from including additional bulls with genotypes and traditional evaluations (predictor animals). Some of that increase occurs automatically as young genotyped bulls receive a progeny test evaluation at 5 yr of age. Cow contribution to evaluation accuracy is increased by decreasing mean and variance of their evaluations so that they are similar to bull evaluations. Integration of US and Canadian genotype databases was critical to achieving acceptable initial accuracy and continues to benefit both countries. Genotype exchange with other countries added predictor bulls for Brown Swiss. In 2010, a low-density chip with 2,900 SNP and a high-density chip with 777,962 SNP were released. The low-density chip has increased greatly the number of animals genotyped and is expected to replace microsatellites in parentage verification. The high-density chip can increase evaluation accuracy by better tracking of loci responsible for genetic differences. To integrate information from chips of various densities, a method to impute missing genotypes was developed based on splitting each genotype into its maternal and paternal haplotypes and tracing their inheritance through the pedigree. The same method is used to impute genotypes of nongenotyped dams based on genotyped progeny and mates. Reliability of resulting evaluations is discounted to reflect errors inherent in the process. Further increases in evaluation accuracy are expected because of added predictor animals and more SNP. The large population of existing genotypes can be used to evaluate new traits; however, phenotypic observations must be obtained for enough animals to allow estimation of SNP effects with sufficient accuracy for application to the general population.
Activation of solubilized liver membrane adenylate cyclase by nucleotides.

Abstract Liver plasma membranes isolated from hypophysectomized rats were treated with 0.1 M Lubrol-PX, a nonionic detergent, and centrifuged at 165,000 × g for 1 hour. Adenylate cyclase activity remaining in the supernate had a specific activity that was at least equal to that of the particulate enzyme. The activity of the solubilized, non-sedimentable adenylate cyclase, as well as the membrane bound enzyme, was increased by GTP, ITP, and GMP-PCP at 10 −4 M. The activity of the solubilized, non-sedimentable enzyme increased linearly with GTP from 10 −6 to 10 −4 M but there was no further increase in the activity of the solubilized enzyme with 10 −3 M GTP. In contrast, the particulate liver membrane enzyme activity increased exponentially with GTP from 10 −6 to 10 −4 M and was further increased by 10 −3 M GTP. These data indicate that GTP, ITP or GMP-PCP have direct effects on solubilized adenylate cyclase. This effect is in addition to a role of nucleotides in modifying membrane structure (16).
Dendrites of rod bipolar cells sprout in normal aging retina

The aging nervous system is known to manifest a variety of degenerative and regressive events. Here we report the unexpected growth of dendrites in the retinas of normal old mice. The dendrites of many rod bipolar cells in aging mice were observed to extend well beyond their normal strata within the outer plexiform layer to innervate the outer nuclear layer where they appeared to form contacts with the spherules of rod photoreceptors. Such dendritic sprouting increased with age and was evident at all retinal eccentricities. These results provide evidence of retinal plasticity associated with normal aging.
The spacing, position and strength of vortices in the wake of slender cylindrical bodies at large incidence

Extensive schlieren studies and yawmeter traverses of the wake behind slender cone-cylinders at large angles of incidence have shown that the flow pattern is generally steady. Under certain flow conditions, however, the wake exhibits an instability which is not understood. For cross-flow Reynolds numbers in the subcritical region the wake can be described in terms of a cross-flow Strouhal number which has a constant value of 0·2 for cross-flow Mach number components (Mc) up to 0·7 and then increases steadily to a value of 0·6 at Mc = 1·6. The strength of the wake vortices varies substantially with Mc, increasing to a maximum at Mc ≈ 0·7 and then decreasing rapidly for higher values of Mc. Schlieren photographs of the wake have been analysed by means of the impulse flow analogy and also by considering the vortices to be part of a yawed infinite vortex street. The impulse flow analogy is shown to be of use in determining the cross-flow Strouhal number but estimates of vortex strength are too high. The Karman vortex street theory combined with the sweepback principle leads to reliable estimates of vortex strength up to Mc = 1·0.Information is given on the spacing, path and strength of the vortices shed from the body for flow conditions varying from incompressible speeds up to Mc = 1·0. Finally this information is used to determine the vortex drag of a two-dimensional circular cylinder below Mc = 1·0.
A Methodological Comparison of Age-Period-Cohort Models: The Intrinsic Estimator and Conventional Generalized Linear Models

Age-period-cohort (APC) accounting models have long been objects of attention in statistical studies of human populations. It is well known that the identification problem created by the linear dependency of age, period, and cohort (Period = Age + Cohort or P = A + C) presents a major methodological challenge to APC analysis, a problem that has been widely addressed in demography, epidemiology, and statistics. This paper compares parameter estimates and model fit statistics produced by two solutions to the identification problem in age-period-cohort models—namely, the conventional demographic approach of constrained generalized linear models (Fienberg and Mason 1978, 1985; Mason and Smith 1985) and the intrinsic estimator method recently developed by Fu (2000; Knight and Fu 2000; Fu, Hall, and Rohan 2004). We report empirical analyses of applications of these two methods to population data on U.S. female mortality rates. Comparisons of parameter estimates suggest that both constrained generalized linear m...
The United States and Asia in 2009: Public Diplomacy and Strategic Continuity

In crafting an Asia policy during the first year of his presidency, Obama has faced the dilemma of continuing much of his predecessor9s policies while answering public expectations for change. A military surge in Afghanistan after a long debate, an attempt to enhance strategic cooperation with China, a disappointing result for climate change policies, a better disposition toward regional organizations, and a growing concern with the course of Japan9s alliance policy have been the main threads of a deeply pragmatic approach.
STAT1 is Activated in Neurons after Ischemia and Contributes to Ischemic Brain Injury

Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) proteins are a family of transcription factors that play a crucial role in growth and differentiation in a variety of cell types. Among them, STAT1, which is expressed in the brain and directly activated by reactive oxygen species, participates in the regulation of cytokine-signaling and cellular responses, particularly to interferon-gamma. Very little, however, is known about the importance of STAT1 during brain injury. The authors found that STAT1 was phosphorylated at tyrosine and serine727 and translocated into neuronal nuclei within hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion. At later time points, STAT1 immunoreactivity colocalized with TUNEL-positive neurons, thereby suggesting a role in cell death. In mice genetically deficient in STAT1 expression, the volume of ischemic brain injury was reduced, neurologic deficits were less severe, and TUNEL-positive neurons were also less numerous compared with wild-type mice. STAT1-knockout mice showed increased phosphorylated Akt and decreased procaspase-3 cleavage. Major strain differences in phosphorylated STAT3 or cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression were not found after ischemia. These results indicate that STAT1 is activated and translocated within ischemic neurons and may contribute to brain injury by regulating transcription and phosphorylation of proteins related to apoptosis and cell death.
SHORT RUN SUPPLY FUNCTIONS WITH DECREASING USER COSTS

Abstract This note shows, with an example, that user costs on transportation systems need not remain constant or increase with increasing volume, even with design and operational options fixed.
A cross-category and cross-country analysis of umbrella branding for national and store brands

The large penetration of store brands has been accelerated by a substantial increase of their availability across various categories. Although store brands have generated tremendous interest in the literature, little work has been done on umbrella branding strategies for store brands. We extend the previous work of Erdem (1998) and Erdem et al. (2004) by studying the learning spillover effects of umbrella brands across categories for both national and store brands. We apply the Multivariate Multinomial Probit Model of cross-category learning across five product categories to study differences across store versus national umbrella brands in three countries (i.e., the United States, the United Kingdom, and Spain). Our results indicate that cross-category learning effects exist between different product categories in consumer packaged goods for both store brands and national umbrella brands, although some of the categories in which correlated learning happens differ between the two. The degree of cross-category learning also varies across categories.
Magnetic behavior of USe at low temperatures

Abstract The magnetization versus temperature behavior of USe has been investigated in the temperature range from 2.8 to 300°K and in various applied fields up to 21 kOe. A sharp decrease in magnetization is found at low temperatures. This behavior seems to be associated with the rhombohedral distortion in crystal structure, giving rise to a high anisotropy field, below the Curie temperature. Large magnetic hysteresis effects at low temperatures confirm these arguments.
Rare Inherited Variation in Autism: Beginning to See the Forest and a Few Trees

In this issue of Neuron, two papers (Lim et al., 2013; Yu et al., 2013) use whole-exome sequencing (WES) to elucidate the contribution of inherited variation to the risk for autism by leveraging the increased penetrance of homozygous and compound heterozygous rare variants in autosomes and hemizygous rare variants in the X chromosome of males. Together, they expand our knowledge about the genetic architecture of ASD, verify previously identified genes, and identify novel mutations that will guide the discovery of the critical biological processes disrupted in autism.