cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“The Secret Lives of Dennis Phombeah: Decolonization, the Cold War, and African Political Intelligence, 1953–1974”

Processes of decolonization in the context of the Cold War provided enormous opportunities for nationalist figures to parlay insider nationalist knowledge into significant metropolitan influence. T...
Exploratory dynamics of vocal foraging during infant-caregiver communication

We investigated the hypothesis that infants search in an acoustic space for vocalisations that elicit adult utterances and vice versa, inspired by research on animal and human foraging. Infant-worn recorders were used to collect day-long audio recordings, and infant speech-related and adult vocalisation onsets and offsets were automatically identified. We examined vocalisation-to-vocalisation steps, focusing on inter-vocalisation time intervals and distances in an acoustic space defined by mean pitch and mean amplitude, measured from the child's perspective. Infant inter-vocalisation intervals were shorter immediately following a vocal response from an adult. Adult intervals were shorter following an infant response and adult inter-vocalisation pitch differences were smaller following the receipt of a vocal response from the infant. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that infants and caregivers are foraging vocally for social input. Increasing infant age was associated with changes in inter-vocalisation step sizes for both infants and adults, and we found associations between response likelihood and acoustic characteristics. Future work is needed to determine the impact of different labelling methods and of automatic labelling errors on the results. The study represents a novel application of foraging theory, demonstrating how infant behaviour and infant-caregiver interaction can be characterised as foraging processes.
Indications for Systemic Thrombolysis Over Anticoagulation

Thrombolytic agents have a long history of use in the treatment of thrombotic disorders including myocardial infarction and stroke, with their specific use in pulmonary embolism first reported over 50 years ago. All clinically available thrombolytic agents activate native plasminogen to plasmin, which hydrolyzes fibrin. Systemic fibrinolysis accelerates clot lysis, hastening the resolution of RV strain from acute PE and resulting in a reduced probability of shock in the short term but without clear mortality benefit. Systemic fibrinolysis increases the risk of bleeding, which can be life-threatening. The efficacy of fibrinolysis and bleeding risk can vary significantly between patients, depending upon concentrations and activities of fibrinolysis inhibitors such as plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and antiplasmin. Guidelines generally agree that the benefit of thrombolysis outweighs the risk in patients with sustained hypotension –termed “high-risk” PE. Systemic thrombolysis is not recommended for routine use in “intermediate-risk” PE, although it may be considered in cases with a higher risk of acute decompensation, evidenced by high-circulating levels of troponin together with right ventricular dilation observed on computed tomography or echocardiography. More research is needed to further elucidate which patients in this largely heterogeneous “intermediate-risk” category are most likely to benefit from thrombolytic therapy.
Applying Gamification to the Library Orientation

By providing an overview of library services as well as the building layout, the library orientation can help newcomers make optimal use of the library. The benefits of this outreach can be curtailed, however, by the significant staffing required to offer in-person tours. One academic library overcame this issue by turning to user experience research and gamification to provide an individualized online library orientation for four specific user groups: undergraduate students, graduate students, faculty, and community members. The library surveyed 167 users to investigate preferences regarding orientation format, as well as likelihood of future library use as a result of the gamified orientation format. Results demonstrated a preference for the gamified experience among undergraduate students as compared to other surveyed groups.
mReactr: A computational theory of deductive reasoning

Abstract : The mReactr system is a computational implementation of the mental model theory of reasoning (Johnson-Laird, 1983) that is embedded within the ACT-R cognitive architecture (Anderson, 1990). We show how the memory-handling mechanisms of the architecture can be leveraged to store and handle discrete representations of possibilities, i.e., mental models, efficiently. Namely, the iconic representation of a mental model can be distributed, in which each component of a model is represented by a chunk in ACT-R's declarative memory. Those chunks can be merged to create minimal mental models, i.e., reduced representations that do not contain redundant information. Minimal models can then be modified and inspected rapidly. We describe three separate versions of the mReactr software that minimize models at different stages of the system's inferential processes. Only one of the versions provides an acceptable model of data from an immediate inference task. The resulting system suggests that reasoners minimize mental models only when they initiate deliberative mental processes such as a search for alternative models.
Note: A 3D-printed alkali metal dispenser.

We demonstrate and characterize a source of Li atoms made from direct metal laser sintered titanium. The source’s outgassing rate is measured to be 5(2) × 10−7 Pa L s−1 at a temperature T = 330 °C, which optimizes the number of atoms loaded into a magneto-optical trap. The source loads ≈107 7Li atoms in the trap in ≈1 s. The loaded source weighs 700 mg and is suitable for a number of deployable sensors based on cold atoms.We demonstrate and characterize a source of Li atoms made from direct metal laser sintered titanium. The source’s outgassing rate is measured to be 5(2) × 10−7 Pa L s−1 at a temperature T = 330 °C, which optimizes the number of atoms loaded into a magneto-optical trap. The source loads ≈107 7Li atoms in the trap in ≈1 s. The loaded source weighs 700 mg and is suitable for a number of deployable sensors based on cold atoms.
Breaking Down High-level Robot Path-Finding Abstractions in Natural Language Programming.

Natural language programming (NLPr) allows people to program in natural language (NL) for specific domains. It poses great potential since it gives non-experts the ability to develop projects without exhaustive training. However, complex descriptions can sometimes have multiple interpretations, making program synthesis difficult. Thus, if the high-level abstractions can be broken down into a sequence of precise low-level steps, existing natural language processing (NLP) and NLPr techniques could be adaptable to handle the tasks. In this paper, we present an algorithm for converting high-level task descriptions into low-level specifications by parsing the sentences into sentence frames and using generated low-level NL instructions to generate executable programs for pathfinding tasks in a LEGO Mindstorms EV3 robot. Our analysis shows that breaking down the high-level pathfinding abstractions into a sequence of low-level NL instructions is effective for the majority of collected sentences, and the generated NL texts are detailed, readable, and can easily be processed by the existing NLPr system.
Charting Venetoclax Sensitivity and Synergism Ex Vivo in Multiple Myeloma

Abstract We have implemented a drug screening platform for evaluation of multiple myeloma (MM) relevant therapeutics alone or in combination, providing immediate actionable results. We assembled 80 assay-ready, MM relevant FDA approved drugs and clinical trial therapeutics. This panel was evaluated in 25 MM and 10 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines, and in 65 primary MM samples using a viability endpoint. The panel includes venetoclax, a selective BCL-2 inhibitor that is currently in clinical development for MM as a single agent or in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone. Single agent clinical trial results have shown that venetoclax is active in 21% of all relapsed refractory MM patients, 40% of patients with a t(11;14) and only 9% of patients lacking this translocation. It is unclear why not all patients with this translocation respond and who the 9% of non-translocated responders are. We were interested to know if our assay exhibited the same targeted pattern of activity and in assembling a genomic database to interrogate these questions. The cellular efficacies of the MM drug panel, including venetoclax, were measured using the CellTiter Glo assay (Promega), in 25 MM cell lines using 7 drug doses covering a broad concentration range at both 24 and 72 hour time points. Concurrent with clinical observations, venetoclax presents a differential activity profile (Table 1). At 72h drug incubation, 75% of t(11;14) MM cell lines responded with an EC50 Using venetoclax as a base drug, we then studied all possible combinations with the 79 other agents of the MM drug panel in sensitive and resistant HMCLs. The cytotoxic response of the base and combined drugs was measured in 5-point 2-fold drug dilutions centered on their respective EC50s. Primary combination screen results were scored using consensus performance metrics from Chou-Talalay, Highest Single Agent (HSA), and Bliss independence models. Combinations predicted synergistic by at least 2 methods were confirmed in a matrix format. The screen combining venetoclax and the drug panel was designed to identify synergistic combinations that enhance venetoclax response in groups that lack t(11;14) and have either intermediate sensitivity (OPM2) or are resistant (AMO1). In OPM2, 25 drugs were found to synergize with venetoclax with a combination index CI In summary, our data corroborates the clinical observation of a strong pattern for venetoclax response and t(11;14) through drug screening in primary patient materials ex vivo with a 24 hour read out. Using this strategy we will begin to add drug combinations of high promise to our drug screening platform to develop the map of drug synergism in multiple myeloma. Acknowledgments: We thank the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation for funding this project. Download : Download high-res image (79KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures Stewart: Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy; Janssen: Consultancy; Amgen: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy; Roche: Consultancy.
COMPAC: Compressed Time-Domain, Pooling-Aware Convolution CNN Engine With Reduced Data Movement for Energy-Efficient AI Computing

In this work, we demonstrate a compressed time-domain, pooling-aware convolution (COMPAC) convolutional neural network (CNN) engine for energy-efficient edge AI computing by performing multi-bit input and multi-bit weight multiply-and-accumulate (MAC) operations in the time domain. The multi-bit inputs are compactly represented as a single pulsewidth encoded input. This translates into reduced switching capacitance ( $C_{\text {DYN}}$ ), compared with the baseline digital implementation, and can enable low-power neural network computing in an edge device. COMPAC CNN engine employs a novel and an improved version of the memory delay line (MDL) supporting the time residue scaling to perform the signed accumulation of multi-bit input and multi-bit weight products in the time domain. The compressed time-domain (CTD) approach is proposed to improve the throughput in time encoding of the input activations. The simulation results of the proposed CTD approach on the AlexNet CNN over 1000 ImageNet images show that 14.71 and 7.15 input clock cycles are consumed to time-encode an 8-bit input activation in two different CTD modes, improving the throughput by 88.60% and 94.46%, respectively, compared with the conventional pulsewidth modulation-based time-domain encoding. Furthermore, a pooling-aware convolution (PAC) technique is proposed to reduce the number of redundant MAC computations for the convolution layers that are followed by the max-pooling layer. The simulation results on the AlexNet CNN over 1000 ImageNet images show up to 31.47% (21.79%) reduction in the number of non-zero input activations MACs with a top-five classification accuracy loss of 0.60% (0.90%) with an on-chip access overhead of 60.53% (8.03%) for the PAC modes 1 (2) respectively. Finally, energy-efficient data flow for optimal on-/off-chip memory accesses for the time-domain MAC computation is proposed. COMPAC data flow the results in 86.97% reduced on-chip accesses and 29.74% reduced off-chip accesses compared with the Eyeriss approach, at iso-bit precision. COMPAC CNN engine implemented in 65-nm CMOS test chip demonstrates an energy efficiency of 1.044 TOPS/W and the throughput of 0.1278 GOPS at 720 mV for the AlexNet. The top-five classification accuracy of 76.90% measured over 1000 ImageNet images and 77.15% by simulating over 50 000 ImageNet images is achieved. The simulation results comprehending MDL circuit non-idealities for the AlexNet over 50 000 ImageNet validation set images show a classification accuracy loss within 1% compared with the 8-bit fixed-point software implementation.
Information fusion and machine learning for sensitivity analysis using physics knowledge and experimental data

Abstract When computational models (either physics-based or data-driven) are used for the sensitivity analysis of engineering systems, the sensitivity estimate is affected by the accuracy and uncertainty of the model. This paper considers global sensitivity analysis (GSA) for situations where both a physics-based model and experimental observations are available, and investigates physics-informed machine learning strategies to effectively combine the two sources of information in order to maximize the accuracy of the sensitivity estimate. Two representative machine learning (ML) techniques are considered, namely, deep neural networks (DNN) and Gaussian process (GP) modeling, and two strategies for incorporating physics knowledge within these techniques are investigated, namely: (i) incorporating loss functions in the ML models to enforce physics constraints, and (ii) pre-training and updating the ML model using simulation and experimental data respectively. Four different models are built for each type (DNN and GP), and the uncertainties in these models are included in the Sobol’ indices computation. The DNN-based models, with many degrees of freedom in terms of model parameters and training options, are found to result in smaller bounds on the sensitivity estimates when compared to the GP-based models. The proposed methods are illustrated for additive manufacturing and lake temperature modeling examples.
Emerging Market Diversification Benefits: Stock Funds versus Currency Funds

We examine the empirical evidence on the diversification benefits of adding investable emerging market currency fund exposure to a portfolio that is otherwise internationally-diversified across developed markets, and do likewise with an emerging market equity fund. We find that emerging market equity exposure does not offer diversification benefits, while, in contrast, emerging market currency funds do offer diversification benefits. These results are explained in part by the fact that a large proportion of the currency fund return variance is driven by idiosyncratic risk, and that proportion has not diminished over time. Furthermore, unlike emerging market equity returns, emerging market currency returns have not become more integrated over time with an internationally-diversified developed market portfolio. The results of a spanning test support these findings and suggest that currency funds favorably shift the efficient frontier. We conclude that emerging market currency funds are an effective investable vehicle to realize the diversification benefits of emerging market investing. TOPICS:Security analysis and valuation, currency, emerging markets, portfolio construction Key Findings ▪ Emerging market currency funds offer better diversification benefits than do emerging market equities. ▪ Emerging market currency fund returns are not becoming more integrated with developed market returns over time. ▪ The results of the diversification benefits analyzed using Sharpe ratios (Sharpe 1964) are consistent with the results of the benefits analyzed using spanning tests.
Plasmonics Enhanced Average Broadband Absorption of Monolayer MoS2

We have studied characterization of micromechanical cleavage monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) deposited on SiO2/Si and glass substrates. Spherical gold (Au) nanoparticles were anchored on top of monolayer MoS2 film. Direct reflection spectra were measured, which infers significant improvement of total average absorption of monolayer MoS2 in Vis-NIR range of 400–800 nm by the plasmonic absorption of Au nanoparticles. Nearly 8 % average absorption was obtained in monolayer MoS2 sample, which was increased up to 41 % by plasmonic Au nanoparticles deposited on monolayer MoS2 film. Numerical results are also provided to describe the phenomena. This study will further add the possibilities of using layered materials in the area of solar absorption-based nano-optoelectronic devices.
Dynamic Matchmaking between Messages and Services in Multi-agent Information Systems

Agents do not work in isolation; instead they work in cooperative groups to accomplish their assigned tasks. In a multi-agent information system, we assume that each of the agents has and acquires knowledge. We further assume that it is important and useful to be able to share this knowledge and to provide useful knowledge sources to enable activities such as comparison shopping, meeting scheduling, and supply-chain management.
Taming the Devil: Techniques for Evaluating Anonymized Network Data

Anonymization plays a key role in enabling the public release of network datasets, and yet there are few, if any, techniques for evaluating the efficacy of network data anonymization techniques with respect to the privacy they afford. In fact, recent work suggests that many state-of-the-art anonymization techniques may leak more information than first thought. In this paper, we propose techniques for evaluating the anonymity of network data. Specifically, we simulate the behavior of an adversary whose goal is to deanonymize objects, such as hosts or web pages, within the network data. By doing so, we are able to quantify the anonymity of the data using information theoretic metrics, objectively compare the efficacy of anonymization techniques, and examine the impact of selective deanonymization on the anonymity of the data. Moreover, we provide several concrete applications of our approach on real network data in the hope of underscoring its usefulness to data
The function of pseudouridylic acid in transfer ribonucleic acid. I. The specific cyanoethylation of pseudouridine, inosine, and 4-thiouridine by acrylonitrile

Abstract The ability of acrylonitrile to cyanoethylate 13 nucleosides was examined. Only pseudouridine, inosine, and 4-thiouridine were found to react rapidly, yielding N1-cyanoethyl pseudouridine, N1-cyanoethyl inosine, and S-cyanoethyl 4-thiouridine, respectively. At much slower rates, a reaction with position N3 of uridine, ribothymidine, and N1-cyanoethyl pseudouridine was observed, and at very slow rates a 2'- (or 3'-) cyanoethyl derivative was produced with adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, and N1-cyanoethyl inosine. The variation of rate constant with pH showed that the rapidly reacting nucleosides must be in the anionic form for reaction to occur. The spectral, chromatographic, and electrophoretic properties of the derivatives were determined and used to assign the structures as given. The stability of the cyanoethyl derivatives to alkali and acid was examined and found to be sufficient to allow the application of standard procedures for the detailed nucleotide analysis of cyanoethylated transfer RNA.
Cytophysiology of the Teleost Pituitary

Publisher Summary The teleost pituitary has a special advantage as a subject for endocrine research because in the adenohypophysis the cells of a single type are frequently grouped together. Thus cells can be identified after experimental treatments even though their appearance may have been profoundly altered. This advantage has led to an as complete an understanding of the pituitary of the teleost Poecilia as exists for any other vertebrate pituitary. In primitive actinopterygians the neurosecretory tract from the preoptic nucleus, or in some cases a ventral branch from this tract, makes contact with the blood vessels that pass to the adenohypophysis. However, teleosts clearly indicate that control is exercised by the nucleus, lateralis tuberis . To understand how the nucleus lateralis tuberis may have become involved in control of the teleost pituitary, one must look at the anatomy of the holostean pituitary. It seems most unlikely that the functional control exerted by the neurohypophysis over the adenohypophysis proves to be the same in all teleosts.
Reisman's Net Consumption, Net Investment Theory of Aggregate Profit Exposition and Comparison to Mises and Rothbard

This paper presents the essentials of George Reisman's net consumption, net investment theory of aggregate profit as discussed in Capitalism: A Treatise on Economics. The paper then relates Reisman's ideas to those of Austrian School economists Ludwig von Mises and Murray Rothbard. Delimiting time preference to determining the rate of net consumption, the primary determinant of aggregate profit, Reisman argues that under an invariable money, a one-time increase in the rate of saving is sufficient to stimulate an increase in the supply of capital goods indefinitely. Reisman thereby rejects the claim that capital accumulation causes a falling rate of profit.
The primary structure of ovine interstitial cell-stimulating hormone. II. The -subunit.

Abstract The amino acid sequence in β-subunit of ovine ICSH has been elucidated as shown in Fig. 1. It consists of 120 amino acids with serine and leucine at the NH 2 - and COOH-termini, respectively. The single carbohydrate moiety is linked to asparagine residue at position 13.
Examining Life-Course Socioeconomic Position, Contextualized Stress, and Depression among Well-Educated African-American Pregnant Women.

Abstract Purpose This article explores how childhood and adulthood socioeconomic position (SEP) and socioeconomic mobility, as indicators of life-course experiences, impact the relationship between contextualized stress and depression among well-educated, pregnant African-American women. Methods The Jackson, Hogue, Phillips Contextualized Stress Measure and the Beck Depression Inventory were administered to 101 well-educated, pregnant African-American women during their first and second trimesters. Bivariate associations and regression analysis were conducted to assess life-course SEP, mobility, and contextualized stress as predictors of depression. Based on the demographic data for childhood and adult SES, the SEP and mobility variables were created. Results Results from χ 2 analysis revealed that high contextual stress was significantly associated with no change in mobility, that is, staying the same. Results from regression models found that contextualized stress was the only predictor for depression. Additionally, life-course SEP and mobility did not moderate the relationship between contextualized stress and depression. Conclusions Our findings illuminated the persistence of racial and gendered stress as risk factors for depression among well-educated, pregnant African-American women, regardless of life-course SEP. We offer an explanation as to why African-American women who possess the material and social resources thought to mediate psychosocial and pregnancy risks remain in jeopardy.
Joe L. Kincheloe: Marxist Kritik and the Tender-Hearted

Although critical theory provides the foundation for significant portion of the research in curriculum studies, social class is a missing element in the educational theoretical literature. Southern rural mostly white working class non-readers reaffirm Joe L. Kincheloe’s assertions that teaching socioeconomic class in colleges of education is of the utmost importance. Joe’s work made such discussions and considerations accessible and applicable.
Safety of zoster vaccine in adults from a large managed-care cohort: a Vaccine Safety Datalink study.

Abstract. Tseng HF, Liu A, Sy L, Marcy SM, Fireman B, Weintraub E, Baggs J, Weinmann S, Baxter R, Nordin J, Daley MF, Jackson L, Jacobsen SJ, for the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) Team (Kaiser Permanente, Pasadena, CA; Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Kaiser Permanente, Portland, OR; HealthPartners Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN; Kaiser Permanente, Denver, CO; and Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, Seattle, WA; USA). Safety of zoster vaccine in adults from a large managed-care cohort: a Vaccine Safety Datalink study. J Intern Med 2012; 271: 510–520. Objectives. The aim of this study was to examine a large cohort of adults who received the zoster vaccine for evidence of an increased risk of prespecified adverse events requiring medical attention. Design. Two self-comparison approaches, including a case-centred approach and a self-controlled case series (SCCS) analysis were used. Setting. Eight managed-care organizations participating in the Vaccine Safety Datalink project in the United States. Subjects. A total of 193 083 adults aged 50 and older receiving a zoster vaccine from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2008 were included. Main outcome measures. Prespecified adverse events were identified by aggregated International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes in automated health plan datasets. Results. The risk of allergic reaction was significantly increased within 1–7 days of vaccination [relative risk = 2.13, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.87–2.40 by case-centred method and relative rate = 2.32, 95% CI: 1.85–2.91 by SCCS]. No increased risk was found for the following adverse event groupings: cerebrovascular events; cardiovascular events; meningitis; encephalitis; and encephalopathy; and Ramsay-Hunt syndrome and Bell’s palsy. Conclusions. The results of this study support the findings from the prelicensure clinical trials, providing reassurance that the zoster vaccine is generally safe and well-tolerated with a small increased risk of allergic reactions in 1–7 days after vaccination.
Atmospheric bioaerosols transported via dust storms in the western United States

[1] Measurements are presented showing the presence of biological material within frequent dust storms in the western United States. Previous work has indicated that biological particles were enhancing the impact of dust storms on the formation of clouds. This paper presents multiple case studies, between April and May 2010, showing the presence of and quantifying the amount of biological material via an Ultraviolet Aerodynamic Particle Sizer during dust events. All dust storms originated in the Four Corners region in the western Untied States and were measured at Storm Peak Laboratory, a high elevation facility in northwestern Colorado. From an Aerodynamic Particle Sizer, the mean dust particle size during these events was approximately 1 μm, with number concentrations between 6 cm−3 and 12 cm−3. Approximately 0.2% of these dust particles had fluorescence signatures, indicating the presence of biological material.
“Impossibility of speculation” theorems with noisy information*

The “impossibility of speculations” result implied by some models of information economics seems to follow directly from the strong assumptions concerning the information structure in the relevant models. This paper investigates whether the impossibility result hold when some “noise” is introduced into the information system in a “no trade” model. It is proved that when the degree of noise approaches zero, the noisy model converges to the impossibility result of the no-noise model. Yet it is shown that the introduction of some positive noise into the information system can disrupt the impossibility result in many applications. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: 024, 026.
Massive internal fracture of an amorphous polyester.

When amorphious polyethylene terephthalate is subjected to a tensile load of 2 to 4 x 10 8 dynes per square centimeter wthin the approximate temperature range 40°to 70°C, an unusual optical effect occurs. The transparent polymer film is suddenly transformed into a brilliantly reflecting strip with the luster of silver. Extensive formation of voids accounts for the unorthodox behavior.
Direct and Indirect Laser Photocoagulation of Central Serous Choroidopathy

A 3 1/2-year prospective randomized clinical trial showed a definite superiority of direct argon laser photocoagulation to the fluorescein leaking site compared to indirect treatment away from the leak in patients with central serous choroidopathy. One patient in each treatment group developed a subretinal neovascular membrane after photocoagulation to the fluorescein leak. Moderate prolongation of the neurosensory detachment did not adversely influence the final visual acuity in the indirect treatment group. Although direct laser photocoagulation reduces the duration of central serous choroidopathy, there is a risk of producing subretinal neovascularization. The principles of risk vs benefit should be explained to all patients and treatment should be advised only for compelling reasons.
An analytical study of tribofilms generated by the interaction of ashless antiwear additives with ZDDP using XANES and nano-indentation

Abstract Mixtures of zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates (ZDDP) and ashless fluorothiophosphates and thiophosphates were examined under tribological conditions. The tribofilms were studied using nano-indentation, electron microscopy and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy. With the addition of ashless fluorothiophosphates and thiophosphates, there is significant reduction in wear at identical phosphorous levels. Tribofilms formed with mixtures of ZDDP and ashless antiwear additives had stable pad-like structures, while those from ZDDP alone were more heterogeneous. When ZDDP alone is used, S L-edge indicates a preponderance of sulfates at the surface of the tribofilms, while in the presence of a mixture of antiwear additives a mixture of sulfates and sulfides was observed. In all the cases, the phosphates formed were short chain polyphosphates of Zn.
Size of Audience and Social Facilitation

Based on the summation principle (Weiss & Miller, 1971), the strength of audience-induced drive was manipulated by varying the size of an audience from 1 to 6 members. Male college subjects performed on two motor tasks, ball rolling and reaction time. Nervousness and activation levels were rated by subjects as well as members of an audience. Tests of linearity indicated that activation and nervousness increased as size of audience increased. Tests of linearity for both performance measures were nonsignificant and were therefore not in the direction predicted by drive summation.
Human plasma immunoreactive β-lipotropin: Correlation with basal and stimulated plasma ACTH concentrations

Abstract A sensitive radioimmunoassay for human β-lipotropin (LPH) has been developed utilizing an N-terminal antibody which exhibits no cross-reactivity with β h -MSH and appears to be species specific, with less than 10% crossreactivity with rat, ovine or bovine LPH. 0800-0900 mean plasma LPH concentrations were 47.9±5.7 pg/ml (5 normal subects), 100.5±13.2 pg/ml (Cushing's Disease (CD) n=6), 769.3±390.4 pg/ml (Nelson's Syndrome (NS) n=5). Mean plasma ACTH/plasma LPH ratios were: 1.96±0.13 (normal subjects), 1.69±0.11 (CD) and 1.16±0.07 (NS) Plasma ACTH and LPH rose in parallel in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in 4 normal subjects. There was a 375% increase in plasma ACTH concentration, a 474% increase in plasma LPH concentration. Plasma ACTH/LPH ratios in specimens obtained following attainment of peak concentrations were significantly lower than those in either control or peak specimens.
Cultural differences in perceptual reorganization in US and Pirahã adults.

Visual illusions and other perceptual phenomena can be used as tools to uncover the otherwise hidden constructive processes that give rise to perception. Although many perceptual processes are assumed to be universal, variable susceptibility to certain illusions and perceptual effects across populations suggests a role for factors that vary culturally. One striking phenomenon is seen with two-tone images-photos reduced to two tones: black and white. Deficient recognition is observed in young children under conditions that trigger automatic recognition in adults. Here we show a similar lack of cue-triggered perceptual reorganization in the Piraha, a hunter-gatherer tribe with limited exposure to modern visual media, suggesting such recognition is experience- and culture-specific.
Role of interleukin-6 in lipopolysaccharide-induced brain injury and behavioral dysfunction in neonatal rats.

Abstract There are increasing data in support of the hypothesis that inflammatory cytokines are involved in neonatal white matter damage. Despite extensive study of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, the role of interleukin-6 in the development of white matter damage is largely unknown. In the present study, the role(s) of interleukin-6 in mediating lipopolysaccharide-induced brain injury and behavioral changes was investigated by the intracerebral injection of lipopolysaccharide with interleukin-6 neutralizing antibody in the 5-day-old rat brain. Brain injury was examined in brain sections at postnatal day 8 and postnatal day 21. Behavioral tests including righting reflex, wire hanging maneuver, cliff avoidance, locomotor activity, gait analysis, responses in the elevated plus-maze and passive avoidance were performed from postnatal day 3 to postnatal day 21. Changes in astroglia, microglia and oligodendrocytes were studied using immunohistochemistry in the postnatal day 21 rat brain. Our results show that interleukin-6 antibody attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced brain lateral ventricle dilation and improved neurobehavioral performance. Interleukin-6 antibody also suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced astrogliosis and microglial activation, and increased the number of oligodendrocytes in white matter. However, no changes of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β were detected. In contrast, no histopathological changes and glial activation were observed in rats injected with only interleukin-6. The present study indicates that the contribution to brain injury by interleukin-6 depends on its interaction with other lipopolysaccharide-induced agents and not on interleukin-6 alone.
Turtle blood. I. Concentrations of various constituents.

Abstract 1. 1. Analyses of the K + , Na + , cholesterol, hemoglobin and serum total protein concentrations were carried out on four species of turtles. 2. 2. Mean Na + and K + levels varied little from 146·0 and 3·50 m-equiv./1 respectively. 3. 3. Hemoglobin means varied between 5·07 and 7·80 g/100 ml. 4. 4. Total protein ranged from 2·93 to 4·75 g/100 ml. 5. 5. Cholesterol means were approximately 250–340 mg/l. 6. 6. Pseudemys , an exception, had 2·15 g/100 ml protein and 68·5 mg/l cholesterol.
Will helical CT replace electron beam CT in the assessment of coronary calcium

Accurate determination of coronary calcification has, until recently, required the use of electron beam computed tomography to acquire images with sufficient time and spatial resolution. Recent technologic advances in helical computed tomography, including rapid gantry rotation, multidetector arrays, and the use of electrocardiographic gating have resulted in image acquisition which parallels that of electron beam computed tomography. Direct comparisons of these techniques have shown relative equivalence in calcium scores, and the availability of helical computed tomography suggests that this technique will result in the proliferation of coronary computed tomographic scanning.
Comparison of the biological activity of the tumor promotor phorbol myristate acetate and a metabolite, phorbolol myristate acetate, in the cell culture.

Summary Phorbolol myristate acetate, a metabolite of the tumor promotor phorbol muristate acetate in mouse skin, has one-fiftieth the potency of the parent molecule for the induction of cell division in stationary cultures of BALB/c-3T3 mouse embryo cells. Similarly, in a mixed cell culture assay devised for detection of tumor-promoting agents, phorbolol myristate acetate exhibited only a small fraction of the activity of unmetabolized phorbol ester. The results indicate that the biological activity of phorbol esters either does not require metabolic conversion or is converted by the cells used in this system and that phorbolol myristate acetate would be a tumor promotor of low potency for mouse skin compared to phorbol myristate acetate.
Arbitrary squeezing of fluid from a tube at low squeeze numbers

A viscous fluid is squeezed from a tube with arbitrarily shrinking radius. Solutions are obtained for small squeeze numberS. For constant power squeezing, it is found that the radius decays exponentially to zero.
Dynamics of the Irreversible Michaelis-Menten Kinetic Mechanism

Solutions using Abel's method are developed for the irreversible Michaelis−Menten mechanism that governs enzyme action. From these phase plane solutions, an approximate solution is derived that per...
Overlapping ghannels and multichannel phenomena

The problem of multichannel scattering is studied in the framework of potential theory. Some of the difficulties that arise in highenergy physics due to the overlapping of channels, are simulated here. The problem is treated in such a way, that the different channels are separated and identifiable in the initial, final and intermediate states. A basis system is constructed, which serves this purpose better than the usual plane-wave states of the different channels. The procedure used also clarifies the validity of treating particles as elementary in some approximation when they may actually be composite. The relevance to strong-interaction physics is discussed in the conclusion.
Coupled atmosphere–ocean data assimilation experiments with a low-order climate model

A simple idealized atmosphere–ocean climate model and an ensemble Kalman filter are used to explore different coupled ensemble data assimilation strategies. The model is a low-dimensional analogue of the North Atlantic climate system, involving interactions between large-scale atmospheric circulation and ocean states driven by the variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC). Initialization of the MOC is assessed in a range of experiments, from the simplest configuration consisting of forcing the ocean with a known atmosphere to performing fully coupled ensemble data assimilation. “Daily” assimilation (that is, at the temporal frequency of the atmospheric observations) is contrasted with less frequent assimilation of time-averaged observations. Performance is also evaluated under scenarios in which ocean observations are limited to the upper ocean or are non-existent. Results show that forcing the idealized ocean model with atmospheric analyses is inefficient at recovering the slowly evolving MOC. On the other hand, daily assimilation rapidly leads to accurate MOC analyses, provided a comprehensive set of oceanic observations is available for assimilation. In the absence of sufficient observations in the ocean, the assimilation of time-averaged atmospheric observations proves to be more effective for MOC initialization, including the case where only atmospheric observations are available.
Coparenting and Triadic Interactions during Infancy: The Roles of Marital Distress and Child Gender.

The interaction patterns of 47 intact couples at play with infant sons and daughters were examined. Play in the triad was characterized along dimensions of hostility-competitiveness, family harmony, and parenting discrepancy, and correlates of these 3 patterns were investigated. Though family patterns were generally not related to self-reported distress, they were associated with observed marital distress, with marital-family links differing as a function of child gender. Maritally distressed parents of boys more commonly displayed hostile-competitive coparenting behavior in the triad, whereas distressed parents of girls were more likely to show discrepant levels of parenting involvement. Two systemic hypotheses suggested by family theory (linking marital conflict to hostile-competitive coparenting and marital power to parenting discrepancies) were also supported. These findings indicate the importance of conceptualizing coparenting as a construct separable from marital distress.
Electrical stimulation of the human brain: perceptual and behavioral phenomena reported in the old and new literature

In this review, we summarize the subjective experiential phenomena and behavioral changes that are caused by electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex or subcortical nuclei in awake and conscious human subjects. Our comprehensive review contains a detailed summary of the data obtained from electrical brain stimulation (EBS) in humans in the last 100 years. Findings from the EBS studies may provide an additional layer of information about the neural correlates of cognition and behavior in healthy human subjects, or the neuroanatomy of illusions and hallucinations in patients with psychosis, and the anatomy of seizure signs and symptoms in patients with epilepsy. In addition to a comprehensive overview of published reports in the last hundred years, we discuss some of the fundamental concepts, issues, and remaining questions that have defined the field of EBS. We also review the current state of knowledge about the mechanism of action of EBS suggesting that the modulation of activity within a localized, but distributed, neuroanatomical network might explain the perceptual and behavioral phenomena that are reported during focal electrical stimulation of the human brain.
Clinical perspective of diagnostic ultrasound

Clinical applications of ultrasound have increased as ultrasonography has progressed from its early images to sophisticated diagnostic options. A brief overall view of current general medical applications of ultrasound imaging is presented, and three general areas are discussed in greater detail.
The Impact of Metropolitanism on Central City Education

Among the many forces affecting the quality of education in large city school systems is the interaction of the school systems with their suburban counter-parts. This paper analyzes the determinants of school expenditures in large cities with special emphasis on the relationship between city and suburban school expenditures.
Encapsulation of inorganic particles via miniemulsion polymerization. III. Characterization of encapsulation

The application of the miniemulsion polymerization technique to the encapsulation of titanium dioxide (TiO2) inside polystyrene latex particles was investigated. Complete encapsulation, meaning all of the polystyrene encapsulating all of the TiO2 in the colloidal particles, was not achieved. The most successful encapsulations were only achieved when the TiO2 particles, either hydrophilic or hydrophobic, were well dispersed in the styrene monomer prior to formation and polymerization of the miniemulsions. The TiO2 dispersions in styrene were prepared by sonification of the TiO2 in the presence of an adsorbing steric stabilizer OLOA 370 (polybutene–succinimide pentamine). Miniemulsions were prepared by dispersing the monomer phase (also containing hexadecane as a costabilizer and polystyrene to enhance the nucleation of the droplets) in water using sodium lauryl sulfate as surfactant. The latexes resulting from the subsequent polymerizations were characterized in terms of the encapsulation efficiencies (via density gradient column separations) and particle size. The maximum encapsulation efficiencies (83% TiO2 and 73% polystyrene) were achieved using hydrophilic TiO2 particles stabilized with 1.0 wt % OLOA 370. As the density of the particles collected from the density gradient column increased from zone to zone, both the average particle size and number of the TiO2 particles contained in each latex particle increased with the largest particle size (209 nm) containing an estimated 22 TiO2 particles. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 4441–4450, 2000
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Membranes and a Transmembrane Helix

Three molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of 1.5-ns length were carried out on fully hydrated patches of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) bilayers in the liquid-crystalline phase. The simulations were performed using different ensembles and electrostatic conditions: a microcanonical ensemble or constant pressure-temperature ensemble, with or without truncated electrostatic interactions. Calculated properties of the membrane patches from the three different protocols were compared to available data from experiments. These data include the resulting overall geometrical dimensions, the order characteristics of the lipid hydrocarbon chains, as well as various measures of the conformations of the polar head groups. The comparisons indicate that the simulation carried out within the microcanonical ensemble with truncated electrostatic interactions yielded results closest to the experimental data, provided that the initial equilibration phase preceding the production run was sufficiently long. The effects of embedding a non-ideal helical protein domain in the membrane patch were studied with the same MD protocols. This simulation was carried out for 2.5 ns. The protein domain corresponds to the seventh transmembrane segment (TMS7) of the human serotonin 5HT2Areceptor. The peptide is composed of two ?-helical segments linked by a hinge domain around a perturbing Asn-Pro motif that produces at the end of the simulation a kink angle of nearly 80° between the two helices. Several aspects of the TMS7 structure, such as the bending angle, backbone ? and ? torsion angles, the intramolecular hydrogen bonds, and the overall conformation, were found to be very similar to those determined by NMR for the corresponding transmembrane segment of the tachykinin NK-1 receptor. In general, the simulations were found to yield structural and dynamic characteristics that are in good agreement with experiment. These findings support the application of simulation methods to the study of the complex biomolecular systems at the membrane interface of cells.
Synthesis and characterization of monosaccharide-derived carbamates as low-molecular-weight gelators.

Sugar-based low-molecular-weight gelators are an interesting new class of compounds that are important in supramolecular chemistry and for the preparation of advanced materials. Previously, we synthesized a series of ester and carbamate derivatives of 4,6-O-benzylidene methyl-α-d-glucopyranoside and found that monosubstituted alkynyl esters with five to seven carbons and monosubstituted carbamates with saturated five- and seven-carbon chains are good gelators. To understand the structural requirement for the gelation of the carbamate derivatives (O-linked carbamates), a diverse series of analogs, including alkynyl, aryl, and alkyl halide derivatives, were prepared and analyzed. We found that for gelation the O-linked carbamate derivatives have different structural preferences than the ester derivatives. To exhibit gellation, the ester analogs favor alkyl-containing terminal acetylene groups and the carbamoyl derivatives prefer saturated hydrocarbons. Both the esters and the carbamates showed good gelation...