cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resolving Some Paradoxes in the Thermal Decomposition Mechanism of Acetaldehyde

The mechanism for the thermal decomposition of acetaldehyde has been revisited with an analysis of literature kinetics experiments using theoretical kinetics. The present modeling study was motivated by recent observations, with very sensitive diagnostics, of some unexpected products in high temperature microtubular reactor experiments on the thermal decomposition of CH3CHO and its deuterated analogs, CH3CDO, CD3CHO, and CD3CDO. The observations of these products prompted the authors of these studies to suggest that the enol tautomer, CH2CHOH (vinyl alcohol), is a primary intermediate in the thermal decomposition of acetaldehyde. The present modeling efforts on acetaldehyde decomposition incorporate a master equation reanalysis of the CH3CHO potential energy surface (PES). The lowest-energy process on this PES is an isomerization of CH3CHO to CH2CHOH. However, the subsequent product channels for CH2CHOH are substantially higher in energy, and the only unimolecular process that can be thermally accessed is a reisomerization to CH3CHO. The incorporation of these new theoretical kinetics predictions into models for selected literature experiments on CH3CHO thermal decomposition confirms our earlier experiment and theory-based conclusions that the dominant decomposition process in CH3CHO at high temperatures is C-C bond fission with a minor contribution (∼10-20%) from the roaming mechanism to form CH4 and CO. The present modeling efforts also incorporate a master-equation analysis of the H + CH2CHOH potential energy surface. This bimolecular reaction is the primary mechanism for removal of CH2CHOH, which can accumulate to minor amounts at high temperatures, T > 1000 K, in most lab-scale experiments that use large initial concentrations of CH3CHO. Our modeling efforts indicate that the observation of ketene, water, and acetylene in the recent microtubular experiments are primarily due to bimolecular reactions of CH3CHO and CH2CHOH with H-atoms and have no bearing on the unimolecular decomposition mechanism of CH3CHO. The present simulations also indicate that experiments using these microtubular reactors when interpreted with the aid of high-level theoretical calculations and kinetics modeling can offer insights into the chemistry of elusive intermediates in the high-temperature pyrolysis of organic molecules.
A Strategic Perspective on Regional Redevelopment

The race among regions for industrial development, especially of the high-tech variety, has intensified in recent years. Pressures to reindustrialize are engendering a variety of strategic responses at the national and subnational levels. The objective of this article is to place regional reindustrialization in the context of strategic marketing planning. Regional redevelopment is viewed as a macro-level market process that is amenable to strategic direction. The decision process for regional redevelopment is presented in terms of four strategic problem areas, each of which requires new macro techniques. Research needs are identified section highlights the policy issues.
Association of socioeconomic and demographic factors with utilization of rheumatology subspecialty care in systemic lupus erythematosus

Objective To examine the role of sociodemographic factors (age, race/ethnicity, and sex) and socioeconomic factors (income and education) in the utilization of rheumatology subspecialty care in a large cohort of subjects with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods Data were derived from a cohort of 982 English-speaking subjects with SLE. Between 2002 and 2004, trained survey workers administered a telephone survey to subjects eliciting information regarding demographics, SLE disease status, medications, health care utilization, health insurance, and socioeconomic status. We identified predictors of utilization of rheumatology subspecialty care, defined as at least 1 visit to a rheumatologist in the previous year. In addition, we examined factors associated with identifying any specialist as primarily responsible for SLE care. Results Older age, lower income, Medicare insurance, male sex, and less severe disease were associated with lack of rheumatology care. However, race/ethnicity and educational attainment were not significantly related to seeing a rheumatologist. After multivariate adjustment, only older age, lower income, and male sex remained associated with absence of rheumatology visits. Those least likely to identify a specialist as primarily responsible for their SLE care included older subjects and those reporting lower incomes. Conclusion Although elderly subjects and those with lower incomes traditionally have access to health care through the Medicare and Medicaid programs, the presence of health insurance alone did not ensure equal utilization of care. This finding suggests that additional barriers to accessing rheumatology subspecialty care may exist in these patient populations.
The House of Hanover: A Reassessment (3) The Sibling Problem

Stella Tillyard, A Royal Affair: George III and his Troublesome Siblings (Chatto & Windus, 2006), ISBN 0701173068, £20.
Time-resolved infrared radiometry with step heating. A review

Abstract In contrast to most infrared radiometry techniques used for nondestructive evaluation which follow the sample cooling after pulsed heating, the technique termed time-resolved infrared radiometry with step heating (TRIR) follows the surface temperature rise as a function of time during the heating pulse. This approach allows identification of subsurface features and determination of thermal properties with the same speed as other thermal techniques, but keeps the required heating power and resulting surface temperature small. This permits the use of heat sources such as microwaves and RF induction heating where high peak power is often not available. One of the most attractive features of the TRIR method is the ability to calibrate the temperature response early, when the sample is thermally-thick. This allows correction for inhomogeneous heat source distributions and differentiation between backing materials. A fast algorithm has been developed to calculate thermal transit times and therefore generate quantitative depth images of subsurface features. This paper will describe the TRIR approach and the analysis of its time response, including the calibration at early times. Examples will be described for laser heating on zirconia coatings, corroded aluminum, and graphite composites, and the use of microwaves and RF induction heating as heating sources.
Glucose transport across the basal plasma membrane of human placental syncytiotrophoblast

Abstract Transfer of glucose from maternal to fetal circulations requires transport across both the microvillous (maternal-facing) and basal (fetal-facing) plasma membranes of the placental syncytium. We have previously reported transport properties of the microvillous membrane and we now report those of the basal membrane. Basal plasma membrane vesicles were prepared by selective sonication and density gradient centrifugation. Glucose or glucose analogues were rapidly transported across these membranes by facillitated diffusion. Transport was inhibited by cytochalasin B, phloretin and phloridzin. l -Glucose at 1 mM was transferred at only 1 700 of the rate of d -glucose, which indicated an insignificant nonspecific diffusion component. Transport was independent of sodium gradients, and kinetic studies under equilibrium-exchange conditions demonstrated a Km of 23 mM. Competition studies demonstrated that aldohexoses in the C-1 chair conformation were the preferred substrates. Placental steroids estriol and progesterone inhibited transport. In contrast to other polarized epithelia, the basal and microvillous membranes of the human placental syncytium possess transport systems with similar properties. Thus, the directionality and rate of transfer of glucose across the intact syncytium are likely to be direct functions of the materno-fetal concentration gradient and the total transport capacities of the two plasma membranes.
A physical explanation of the EPR spectrum observed during catalysis by enzymes utilizing coenzyme B

Abstract We have proposed that the “doublet” EPR spectra observed during catalysis by a number of coenzyme B 1,2 -requiring enzymes arises from a weak electrostatic exchange interaction between an organic free radical and low spin Co(II), B 1,2r . By varying the magnitude of the exchange coupling we have quite accurately simulateed the published EPR spectra from the enzyme systems: diol dehydrase, glycerol dehydrase, ribonucleotide reductase, and ethanolamine ammonia lyase. A dipolar model was shown to be incompatible with the observed properties of these systems.
The width of the rho meson and the choice between different local current algebras

Abstract A calculation of the rho width is given which does not assume zero mass for the rho and whose results depend upon the local current algebra. The results seem to favor the quark algebra over the algebra of fields
Early reproductive success of the hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) from five sites in Long Island Sound

Early reproductive success of hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) in Long Island Sound was measured to determine whether pollution may have adverse effects on fragile recruitment to fisheries. Clams were collected at five sites in 1987 when ready to spawn naturally, along with water from within 39 cm of the bottom. Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), copper, and cadmium were measured in the mature gonad and were found to be generally low. Clams were spawned and the gametes were collected and cultured both in their respective site waters and in reference laboratory seawater. In both site and reference seawater, embryos of clams from the most highly industrialized area (Bridgeport) with higher contaminant levels exhibited more irregularity in chromosome numbers and greater larval abnormality, possible indicators of long-term sublethal effects. Fertilization and early meiotic success at 1 to 1 1/2 h were significantly lower (p≤0.05) for clams from Norwalk (55%) than for those from Greenwich (75%). At 48 h, mortality was lowest for Greenwich larvae and highest for Norwalk larvae in their respective site waters, but the mortality for these two sites was significantly lower than for other sites in reference water. This suggests sporadically poor environmental quality. Milford larvae also had significant mortality. Population-level significance of pollution effects on clam reproduction will depend on how contaminated the environment is over the entire reproductive season of the clams in Long Island Sound, and over how large a portion of the spawning grounds.
Response to ‘The importance of expert education in enabling informed, activated patients’

The letter by Mooney et al.1 concerning our article2 emphasizes the challenges facing nephrologists in terms of providing education for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). His points are indeed very well taken. There needs to be a complete re-examination of how education is provided to CKD patients. Psychologists and educators need to be recruited to assist in the development of these education programs. Clinical staff, including nephrologists, nurses, dieticians, social workers, and clerical personnel, need to be recruited to learn more effective communication skills to provide education to patients of varying educational and ethnic backgrounds. As pointed out by Mooney et al., the 'science underpinning patients' behavior and decision making' needs to be critically studied and examined in the context of patient outcomes and perceived knowledge. These challenges are made all the more difficult because of the complex medical problems of the patients and the particular challenges presented in dealing with the cognitive and psychosocial problems of CKD patients.
Transfer from perceptual pretraining as a function of number of stimulus values per dimension

First-grade children who were perceptually pretrained with either three stimulus values or four stimulus values appearing on each dimension in pretraining were significantly facilitated in learning a subsequent discrimination reversal as compared to both nonpretrained Ss and Ss who received identical perceptual pretraining but with only two stimulus values per dimension. These results are discussed in relation to perceptual and attentional models of learning.
Systemic pretreatment with dimethyloxalylglycine increases myocardial HIF-1α and VEGF production and improves functional recovery after acute ischemia/reperfusion.

Background Stem cells protect the heart from ischemic damage in part by the release of cytoprotective growth factors, particularly vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Production of VEGF is regulated in part by levels of the transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α). Dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) prevents the deactivation of HIF-1α and increases VEGF production. However, the effects of systemic DMOG treatment on myocardial tolerance for ischemia are unknown. We hypothesized that systemic pretreatment with DMOG would improve myocardial ischemic tolerance. Methods To study this hypothesis, adult male rats were randomly given an intraperitoneal injection of DMOG (40 mg/kg in 1 mL saline, n = 5) or saline (1 mL, n = 6) 24 h before cardiectomy and isolated heart perfusion. All hearts were subjected to 15 min equilibration, 25 min ischemia and 40 min reperfusion. Myocardial function was continuously monitored. Following reperfusion, myocardial homogenates were analyzed for HIF-1α and VEGF production. Results We observed that hearts in the DMOG group exhibited greater recovery of left ventricular developed pressure LVDP, +dP/dt and −dP/dt. Myocardial HIF-1α and VEGF levels were increased by DMOG therapy. Conclusion In conclusion, systemic pretreatment with DMOG augments post-ischemic myocardial functional recovery through increased HIF-1α levels and greater VEGF production.
Noninvasive monitoring of the thermal stress in RPE using light-scattering spectroscopy

Introduction: Light Scattering Spectroscopy has been a recently developed as a non-invasive technique capable of sizing the cellular organelles. With this technique, we monitor the heat-induced sub-cellular structural transformations in a human RPE cell culture. Material and Methods: A single layer of human RPE cells (ATCC) was grown on a glass slide. Cells are illuminated with light from a fiber-coupled broadband tungsten lamp. The backscattered (180 degree) light spectra are measured with an optical multichannel analyzer (OMA). Spectra are measured during heating of the sample. Results: We reconstructed the size distribution of sub-micron organelles in the RPE cells and observed temperaturerelated changes in the scattering density of the organelles in the 200-300nm range (which might be peroxisomes, microsomes or lysosomes). The sizes of the organelles did not vary with temperature, so the change in scattering is most probably due to the change in the refractive indexes. As opposed to strong spectral variation with temperature, the total intensity of the backscattered light did not significantly change in the temperature range of 32-49 °C. Conclusion: We demonstrate that Light Scattering Spectroscopy is a powerful tool for monitoring the temperatureinduced sub-cellular transformations. This technique providing an insight into the temperature-induced cellular processes and can play an important role in quantitative assessment of the laser-induced thermal effects during retinal laser treatments, such as Transpupillary Thermal Therapy (TTT), photocoagulation, and Photodynamic Therapy (PDT).
The use of N-benzenethiophthalimide as a reagent in organometallic syntheses: benzenethiolato- and N-phthalimidometal carbonyl complexes

Abstract The reaction between PPN[CpW(CO)3](PPN+ = Ph3PNPPh3+) and N-benzenethiophthalimide (PhSphth) gives CpW(CO)3SPh and PPN[phth], and the organometallic compound was isolated in high yield. Contrasting results occur using PPN[Mn(CO)5] and PPN[CpMo(CO)3]. Although the expected benzenethiolatometal complexes are detected as initial products, these species react further with the phthalimide anion (phth−) to give phthalimidometal complexes. From a reaction using PPN[Mn(CO)5] and PhSphth in a 1 2 ratio one can isolate PPN[Mn(CO)4(phth)2] in good yield. There is some evidence that PPN [Mn(CO)4(SPh)(phth)] is also an intermediate in this reaction. In a 1 1 ratio, these reagents give a mixture of PPN[Mn(CO)4(phth)2] and PPN[Mn2(μ-SPh)3(CO)6]. Formation of PPN[Mn(CO)4(phth)2] can also be accomplished by more traditional reactions between PPN[phth] and either MnBr(CO)5 or Mn2(μ-Br)2(CO)8. A single crystal X-ray diffraction study provides the structure of PPN[Mn(CO)4(phth)2]. The reaction between PPN[CpMo(CO)3] and PhSphth gives CpMo(Co)3SPh which is rapidly converted to a species believed to be PPN[CpMo(CO)2(phth)2]. Isolation of this unstable compound was not accomplished.
The Site-Frequency Spectrum of Linked Sites

The site-frequency spectrum, representing the distribution of allele frequencies at a set of polymorphic sites, is a commonly used summary statistic in population genetics. Explicit forms of the spectrum are known for both models with and without selection if independence among sites is assumed. The availability of these explicit forms has allowed for maximum likelihood estimation of selection, developed first in the Poisson random field model of Sawyer and Hartl, which is now the primary method for estimating selection directly from DNA sequence data. The independence assumption, which amounts to assume free recombination between sites, is, however, a limiting case for many population genetics models. Here, we extend the site-frequency spectrum theory to consider the case where the sites are completely linked. We use diffusion approximation to calculate the joint distribution of the allele frequencies of linked sites for models without selection and for models with equal coefficient selection. The joint distribution is derived by first constructing Green’s functions corresponding to multiallele diffusion equations. We show that the site-frequency spectrum is highly correlated between frequencies that are complementary (i.e., sum to 1), and the correlation is significantly elevated by positive selection. The results presented here can be used to extend the Poisson random field to allow for estimating selection for correlated sites. More generally, the Green’s function construction should be able to aid in studying the genetic drift of multiple alleles in other cases.
Isatin as an auxin source favoring floral and vegetative shoot regeneration from calli produced by thin layer explants of tomato pedicel

Thin layer explants taken from the pedicels and peduncles of flowering tomato plants yielded calli with great organogenetic potential. Of the 15 cultivars tested, 7 regenerated roots, shoots and eventually entire fruit-bearing plants. Calli grown on modified Murashige-Skoog medium responded to varied auxins and cytokinins with different morphogenetic patterns. Thus, naphthaleneacetic acid yielded root-producing calli, while the auxin precursor isatin (indole 2,3-dione) caused the production of calli with vegetative and floral shoots, rarely yielding roots. This may be related to isatin's slow, steady conversion to an active auxin (Plant Physiol 41:1485-1488, 1966) in contrast with naphthaleneacetic acid's immediate presentation of a high level of active auxin. The highest incidence of vegetative shoot (100%) and flower (50%) formation was obtained with 10 micromoles isatin and 3 micromoles zeatin. A few of the flowers developed into ripe fruits. The high frequency of induction of vegetative shoots and flowers before roots with isatin suggests its utility in micropropagation from plant tissue cultures.
Intrascrotal and testicular solid masses in childhood

A retrospective study was performed between 1985 and 1994 on paediatric patients operated for asymptomatic intrascrotal or testicular palpable masses. Tumour was suspected in each case and it was surgically explored. Twenty-six children were affected, their age ranging between 9 days and 14 years. In 11 cases testicular torsion, in 4 epididymitis and in another 2 dystrophic calcification were found. Tumours, including rather rare alterations, were observed in only 9 children. The present results draw attention to the tumour-like occurrence of testicular torsions and other benign alterations of the scrotum.
Detection of candidate tumor driver genes using a fully integrated Bayesian approach

DNA copy number alterations (CNAs), including amplifications and deletions, can result in significant changes in gene expression, and are closely related to the development and progression of many diseases, especially cancer. For example, CNA-associated expression changes in certain genes (called candidate tumor driver genes) can alter the expression levels of many downstream genes through transcription regulation, and cause cancer. Identification of such candidate tumor driver genes leads to discovery of novel therapeutic targets for personalized treatment of cancers. Several approaches have been developed for this purpose by using both copy number and gene expression data. In this study, we propose a Bayesian approach to identify candidate tumor driver genes, in which the copy number and gene expression data are modeled together, and the dependency between the two data types is modeled through conditional probabilities. The proposed joint modeling approach can identify CNA and differentially expressed (DE) genes simultaneously, leading to improved detection of candidate tumor driver genes and comprehensive understanding of underlying biological processes. The proposed method was evaluated in simulation studies, and then applied to a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) dataset. Both simulation studies and data application show that the joint modeling approach can significantly improve the performance in identifying candidate tumor driver genes, when compared to other existing approaches.
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer of sulforhodamine B attached on silica spheres

Abstract Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) of sulforhodamine B (SRH) has been investigated. The SRH was attached to silica spheres by two step synthetic processes including a urethane bond formation between a 3-isocyanatopropyl triethoxysilane (ICPTES, –N C O) and an SRH (Si–OH) in pyridine at 50 °C and hydrolysis–condensation reaction between synthesized ICPTES/SRH (ICPSRH) and silica spheres. The disappearance of FTIR absorption peak at 2270 cm −1 representing asymmetric stretching vibration of –N C O indicated the progress of the reaction, and a new absorption peak at 1712 cm −1 characterizing –C O stretching vibration implied the formation of the urethane bond. The UV–visible absorption spectra of SRH and the mixture of ICPTES and SRH in methanol showed the same spectral profile. However, the synthesized ICPSRH/silica-spheres (ICPSRHSS) exhibited about 13 nm bathochromic shift. The photoluminescence (PL) peak of the SRH in methanol manifested a hypsochromic shift with the increase of the excitation wavelength. However, the PL peak for the ICPSRH had a bathochromic shift with the increase of the excitation wavelength. Approximately 13 nm Stokes shift was observed for the PL of the SRH in methanol compared with the absorption spectrum. Approximately 43 and 70 nm Stokes shifts were observed for the ICPSRHSS and ICPSRH films, respectively, which might be due to the self-FRET between SRH molecules without significant PL quenching.
Epithelial Organization: May the Force Be with You

Multicellular organization is determined by the balance of forces between cells as much as by the expression of genes. A recent study in Drosophila combines physical modeling with experimental measurements and mechanical perturbations to shed light on the processes that influence cell patterns in vivo.
Hispanic Television Activity: Is It Related to Vitality Perceptions?

Guided by previous research, this examination continues to test the social identity gratifications approach by investigating whether ethnic group membership is a motivation for Hispanics when selecting and avoiding television. It was proposed that individuals' level of ethnic identity would predict television selection and avoidance and, more important, television selection and avoidance would predict vitality, or how Hispanics perceive their group in the social hierarchy. Results support the hypotheses. Level of ethnic identity is related to both television selection and avoidance, and television selection and avoidance for ethnic identity gratifications predicts vitality perceptions.
Transfusion medicine in trauma patients

Injured patients stress the transfusion service with frequent demands for uncrossmatched red cells and plasma, occasional requirements for large amounts of blood products and the need for new and better blood products. Transfusion services stress trauma centers with demands for strict accountability for individual blood component units and adherence to indications in a clinical field where research has been difficult, and guidance opinion-based. New data suggest that the most severely injured patients arrive at the trauma center already coagulopathic and that these patients benefit from prompt, specific, corrective treatment. This research is clarifying trauma system requirements for new blood products and blood-product usage patterns, but the inability to obtain informed consent from severely injured patients remains an obstacle to further research.
Termination sequence requirements vary among genes transcribed by RNA polymerase III.

RNA polymerase III (pol III) transcription generally terminates at a run of four or more thymidine (T) residues but some pol III genes contain runs of T residues that are not recognized as termination signals. Here, we investigate the terminal signal requirements that are operative in adenovirus virus-associated (VA) RNA genes. In the Xenopus 5 S RNA gene, efficient termination requires the T residues to be in a G+C-rich sequence context, but a run of five T residues in a G+C-rich context does not cause pol III termination when placed 30 nt downstream of the adenovirus-2 VA RNAI promoter in a VA-Tat chimeric gene. The failure of pol III to recognize this putative termination signal is not due to the chimeric nature of the gene or to the proximity of the signal to the promoter, but to its sequence context. Termination at the VA RNA gene site requires a T-rich sequence and is inhibited by the proximity of G residues, but is insensitive to the presence of A residues. The T-rich sequence need not be uninterrupted, however. In the VA RNA gene of the avian adenovirus, CELO, the first of two tandem termination signals contains an interrupted run of T residues, TTATT, which functions as a terminator with high (although not complete) efficiency. These findings, together with a survey of sequences neighboring the terminal site of other pol III genes, lead to the conclusion that pol III termination signals are more complex than hitherto recognized, and that sequence context requirements differ between members of the class 1 and class 2 families of pol III genes.
Variational Hilbert space truncation approach to quantum Heisenberg antiferromagnets on frustrated clusters

We study the spin-1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet on a series of finite-size clusters with features inspired by the fullerenes. Frustration due to the presence of pentagonal rings makes such structures challenging in the context of quantum Monte Carlo methods. We use an exact diagonalization approach combined with a truncation method in which only the most important basis states of the Hilbert space are retained. We describe an efficient variational method for finding an optimal truncation of a given size which minimizes the error in the ground-state energy. Ground-state energies and spin-spin correlations are obtained for clusters with up to 32 sites without the need to restrict the symmetry of the structures. The results are compared to full-space calculations and to unfrustrated structures based on the honeycomb lattice. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
The ghosts of the past: Latin literature, the dead, and Rome's transition to a Principate

The ghosts of the past: Latin literature, the dead, and Rome's transition to a Principate. By BASIL DUFALLO, Ohio State University Press, Columbus, 2007, 175pp., US$49.95, hardback (ISBN 0814210449...
Low-temperature specific heat of vitreous silica containing hydrogen or helium solutes

Abstract The specific heat of vitreous silica has been measured in the temperature range 0.1–0.6 K to determine if solute gases might contribute to the low-temperature anomaly which is common to all amorphous materials. The specific heat was found to be independent of hydrogen or helium impurities intentionally introduced into the samples.
0081 Hospital-community partnerships for culturally competent injury prevention

Statement of purpose An injury prevention program at an academic medical centre in California collaborated with community-based family resource centres (FRC) to disseminate culturally competent child passenger safety education to underserved populations. The purpose of this evaluation was to determine if the hospital’s standardised program curriculum retained effectiveness in increasing caregiver child passenger safety knowledge and self-efficacy after cultural adaptation and delivery by community partners. Methods/Approach The curriculum was implemented with language and cultural adaptations appropriate FRC client population by FRC staff that had completed national child passenger safety technician training. Standardised intervention included: a one-hour class taught in English, Spanish, or Russian; a brief video in the relevant language; hands on demonstration; and the distribution of a no cost car. Program evaluation was conducted using a pre/post self-reporting survey, administered in the language used to teach the class. The mean of correct responses was used to create pre and post knowledge scores, which were then compared using a paired t-test. Results A total of 839 caregivers from 9 community sites and 1 hospital participated in the education program and completed a pre/post survey. Of these, 512 participants spoke English, 302 Spanish, and 25 Russian. While baseline knowledge varied significantly between sites, posttest knowledge scores indicated a significant increase in caregiver knowledge and self-efficacy at all locations. There were no significant differences in posttest knowledge scores between sites. Conclusions The hospital’s standardised child passenger safety education program was effectively disseminated to diverse populations through multiple community partnerships. This collaboration is an effective strategy to increase caregiver knowledge and self-efficacy of child passenger safety among culturally diverse populations. Significance and contribution to the field While further research is needed to determine knowledge retention and behaviour change, this evaluation suggests hospital-community partnerships can be leveraged to improve culturally appropriate dissemination of health and safety education to diverse and underserved population.
Decrease in reflectance of vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes after oxygen plasma treatment

Oxygen plasma treatment was used to lower the reflectance of multiwall vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNT). Specular reflectance measurements at an incident angle of 65° from normal show a decrease in reflectance over the wavelength range of 250-2500 nm, with up to 5 times lower reflectance at long wavelengths. Total hemispherical reflectance measurements show a decrease in reflectance from 300-2400 nm, with up to 8 times lower reflectance at short wavelengths. Etch rate measurements and helium ion microscopy reveal that the oxygen plasma reduces the reflectance of VACNT by modifying the surface morphology, characterized by etching away the top layer and inducing agglomeration of nanotube tips.
Anesthetic effects on respiratory muscles

A NESTHESIA ALTERS BREATHING; this much is obvious to even the neophyte practitioner. Whereas other authors in this issue address those alterations resulting directly from obtundation of consciousness, we discuss the more direct effects of anesthetic agents on the neuromuscular apparatus involved in breathing. Anesthesiologists have long recognized that anesthetic drugs alter the neural control of the respiratory muscles. In 1858 John Snow observed that during chloroform anesthesia breathing was " . . . sometimes performed only by the diaphragm whilst the intercostal muscles are paralyzed," These alterations in chest wall motion were used for many years as a guide to the proper administration of anesthesia. Fortunately, the overall neural output to the respiratory muscles was relatively well preserved by early anesthetic drugs such as ether, so that anesthesia could be administered safely without assisted ventilation. However, modem drugs used during anesthesia tend to cause a more severe depression of neural output to respiratory muscles. Although anesthetic techniques have evolved to address this depression, alterations in respiratory muscle function caused by anesthesia continue to constitute a major source of morbidity and mortality in modem anesthetic practice, causing complications ranging from a mild impairment of pulmonary gas exchange to potentially catastrophic hypoventilation.
Moving contact lines and rivulet instabilities. Part 2. Long waves on flat rivulets

A rivulet is a narrow stream of liquid located on a solid surface and sharing a curved interface with the surrounding gas. Long-wave instabilities are investigated for flat rivulets on a vertical wall. Three cases of contact-line conditions are investigated: (i) fixed contact lines, (ii) moving contact lines having fixed contact angles and (iii) moving contact lines whose contact angles vary smoothly with contact-line speeds. For case (i), the straight, unidirectional rivulet is stable below a critical Reynolds number. For case (ii), the rivulet is unconditionally unstable. For case (iii), the variation, G1 ≡ [dα/dUUCL = 0, in contact angle α with contact-line speed UCL stabilizes the rivulet and if G1 is large enough can completely stabilize the flow. The analysis lends support to the idea that contact-angle steepening with contact-line motion is a purely dissipative process.
Translating abstinence education theory into practice: A case study of the implementation challenges of operationalizing logic models in federal demonstration projects

Federally financed programs designed to address social ills, including unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases and substance abuse, among other health concerns, increasingly have been required to anchor their design in an underlying theory and research base, and their evaluation in methodologically rigorous, outcomes-based approaches. These approaches have included experimental design, randomization, and power analysis. At the same time, the implementation of federally financed programs increasingly has moved from government offices to small, nonprofit community agencies, and more and more has been based in public schools. This article focuses precisely on the challenges to faithful program implementation posed by the peculiarities of the school setting and by the limited capacities of most community agencies, as reflected in the case of one federal demonstration project, the Family Life Abstinence Program (FLAP). We begin with a brief description of the FLAP federal demonstration project, whi...
Culture of Two- and Four-Cell Rabbit Embryos to the Expanding Blastocyst Stage in Synthetic Media

SummaryDevelopment of two- to four-cell rabbit ova to the expanding blastocyst stage occurred in a simple glucose-salt solution supplemented with amino acids, and with 1.5% BSA as the only macromolecule. However, optimum growth required the presence of vitamins. These experiments would indicate that although a uterine protein component may be necessary for blastocyst growth and expansion in utero, it is not necessary in the in vitro culture system used. Hypoxanthine and/or thymidine may be inhibitory to good blastocyst development, as the highest percentage of expanding blastocysts (63%) was obtained when the nucleic acid precursors were omitted.Thanks are due to Dr. R. R. Maurer and Mr. M. Simkin for technical assistance.
Plasma C-reactive protein, genetic risk score, and risk of common cancers in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study.

Purpose Many studies, including the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort, reported a positive association between plasma C-reactive protein (CRP)—a biomarker of low-grade chronic inflammation—and colorectal cancer risk, although it is unclear whether the association is causal. Our aims were to assess the associations of a CRP genetic risk score (CRP-GRS) created from single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with colorectal cancer risk, as well as examine plasma CRP and CRP-GRS in relation to common cancers in the ARIC cohort.
Identification of chemical components in XPS spectra and images using multivariate statistical analysis methods

Abstract A variety of data analysis methods can be used to enhance the information obtained from a measurement, or to simplify extraction of significant components from large data sets. Much work is needed to improve the quantification and interpretation of XPS spectra and images from complex organics. Multivariate analysis (MVA) is increasingly used for applications in electron spectroscopy to aid the analyst in interpreting the vast amount of information yielded by spectroscopic techniques. In general, the goals of MVA are to determine the number of components present, identify the chemical components, and quantify component concentrations in the mixture. Principal component analysis (PCA) is frequently used to determine the number of mathematical components which describe the data set. These mathematical components must then be related to chemically meaningful components. Various approaches to solve rotational ambiguities of spectral resolution, including local rank method (EFA), pure variables method (Simplisma) and multivariate curve resolution (MCR), are tested in the determination of chemical components from XPS data. Limitations associated with the resolution of a single matrix are shown to be partially or completely overcome when several related matrices are treated together. The test data sets contain XPS images or spectra acquired from blends of poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, and poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA. The PVC degrades rapidly upon exposure to the X-ray beam. Spectra and images from the blend, acquired as a function of time, provide the multi-dimensional data sets for algorithm evaluation. In addition to spectral resolution, multivariate image analysis methods, such as principal component analysis, are used to extract maps of the pure components from an images-to-spectra data set.
Security blankets: uniforms, hoods, and the textures of terror

Images of the hood have become central in contemporary discourses of state-sanctioned violence. While many have commented on how the hood is situated relative to the politics of in/visibility, scant attention has been paid to the materiality and haptic circumstances of this technology of torture. In an effort to better understand the War on Terror, this essay considers how the hood's particular, textilic form corresponds to the figuration of the un-uniformed, unlawful enemy combatant and to the place that textiles hold in our everyday lives, while it also pays special attention to contemporary artworks that contend with the consistencies of this complicated material network. It ultimately positions “the textile” as a material formed at the intersections of desire and modern politics, and focuses attention on those instances where and when the textile's textility (or texture) trumps its “textuality” (or readability). In so doing, it further aims to contemplate the specific ways that the textile works to pr...
High-resolution UV wavelength reticle contamination inspection

A new reticle inspection system with laser UV imaging for contamination inspection has been developed to detect contamination defects on advanced reticles for DUV steppers and low kl lithography. The extension to UV wavelength improves the resolution of the imaging optics while maintaining compatibility with current STARlight inspection algorithms, thus improving both sensitivity and minimum linewidth capability. This enables inspection of reticles for 4X lithography design rules at 0.18 micrometer, 0.15 micrometer and 0.13 micrometer. The system also is capable of inspecting Tri-Tone PSM and reticles with OPC assist bars. Initial simulations were performed to optimize performance of optical components and defect detection algorithms of the UV system. The simulations identified that with no changes to optics and algorithms, UV wavelength contamination inspection was more sensitive to defects on clear and on chrome surfaces, however, showed different sensitivity to defects on a quartz/chrome edge. This UV edge effect (UEE) was investigated in depth. From these simulations additional defect detection algorithms have been implemented to optimize transmission defect and on edge defect detection. Using both PSL defect test masks and real production reticles, initial observations of the nature and the frequency of defects detected with this 180 nm contamination sensitivity instrument will be presented. Total number of defects captured on the UV system is shown to be as much as two times greater than non-UV systems. In one case 169 more defects were found on clear areas of the pattern using the UV system. The UV contamination inspection system has recently been evaluated with production reticles with dense geometry, OPC, and Tri-tone phase shift. A transmission defect causing a bridge on wafer in a very dense geometry, was detected with the UV contamination inspection system. This same defect was not found on a non-UV system. This micro- fissure defect causes more scattering UV wavelength compared to longer wavelength. The linewidth capability of the system was verified in part with OPC reticles. Scatter bars as small as 0.25 micrometer were inspected with the UV wavelength. Linewidth capability was also verified on a Tri-tone reticle using the smallest pixel available for inspection. With more defects to review, the UV system software estimates the printability of defects so defect disposition is faster and more accurate. Comparisons with non-UV systems illustrate the advantage of using shorter wavelengths for contamination inspection of DUV reticles. The quality of defect review images has a direct impact on the effectiveness and ease-of- use of reticle inspections systems. The smaller review pixel with the system yields high quality UV transmitted and reflected light defect images.
Nutritional status, suckling behavior, and prolactin release during lactation

This experiment was conducted to determine whether suckling-induced prolactin (PRL) values in chronically food-restricted lactating rats resulted from the inability of their litters to suckle vigorously. Rats were randomly assigned to be fed ad lib (AL) or to be chronically restricted (CR) to 50% of AL before and during pregnancy and lactation. Rats nursed their own litter (own) or a litter of the opposite dietary treatment group (other) for 90-min periods at early or peak lactation. Blood was collected regularly through a catheter implanted several days earlier. Suckling contributed to differences in PRL between AL and CR dams in early lactation as demonstrated by an interaction between dietary treatment and type of litter. However, tests of AL own vs. AL other and CR own vs. CR other were not significant. This is probably because the inattentive behavior of CR dams attenuated the PRL response in this group. At peak lactation, PRL values were related to recovery time from catheter implantation; therefore, determinants of PRL release change over the course of lactation.
Acetylcholinesterase-rich pyramidal neurons in the human neocortex and hippocampus: absence at birth, development during the life span, and dissolution in Alzheimer's disease.

Acetylcholinesterase-rich pyramidal neurons in the human association neocortex and hippocampal formation are virtually absent early in life, become established by adolescence, and appear to increase in density during adulthood and perhaps even senescence. Analogous neurons are not detectable in the adult monkey brain. This Novemberel class of neurons may represent a uniquely human adaptation in primate evolution and may provide a neuroanatomical substrate for the mental development that occurs during the adult stages of life. These phylogenetically and ontogenetically progressive neurons are also Marchkedly vulnerable to degeneration in Alzheimer's disease.
Lattice gas automata for flow through porous media

Abstract Lattice gas hydrodynamic models for flows through porous media in two and three dimensions are described. The computational method easily handles arbitrary boundaries and a large range of Reynolds numbers. Darcy's law is confirmed for Poiseuille flow and for complicated boundary flows. Multiply connected pore structures similar to actual sandstone with fixed fractal dimension and porosity are generated. Permeability as a function of fractal dimension and porosity is calculated and compared with results of other methods and experiments.
Design of zeolite/silica-alumina catalysts for triangular cracking reactions

Abstract Cracking catalysts, consisting of zeolite in an active matrix, may have properties that are superior to the sum of the properties of the component parts. This is due to the interplay between diffusion, reaction, and selectivity among the components. We consider the effect of distributing the zeolite in a nonuniform manner through the active matrix. The triangular reaction set, incorporating second-order reactions of gas-oil to gasoline and overcracked products with simultaneous first-order decomposition of gasoline to coke and overcracked products, is used. For the fresh composite catalyst, the (constrained) optimum distribution has the zeolite lying in a relatively narrow region near the external surface. A simple physical model is used to describe the changes in the catalyst properties with deactivation, say by coking. The location of the optimum band of zeolite is shown to change with the deactivation level of the catalyst. The selectivity of the optimally distributed catalyst at each level of deactivation is seen to go through a maximum as the level of deactivation is increased, i.e., the catalyst selectivity first increases with deactivation before decreasing.
Multiple solutions of hartree-fock equations

In the calculation of electron-atom cross sections it is often quite useful to obtain wave functions for the scattered particles which are orthogonal to the wave functions of the electrons bound in the atom. This constraint, although it may neglect certain couplings, provides a considerable simplification in obtaining certain transition matrix elements. A straightforward technique for enforcing this orthogonality condition is to include Lagrange multipliers in the differential equation. It has been found that depending on the values of the Lagrange multipliers there may be zero, one, or two solutions. However, the solution which yields orthogonality is unique. Non-iterative schemes for solutions are discussed and applied to electronhydrogen atom scattering.
Reduction of Response Time for Potential in Salt Bridge Reference Electrodes for Electrophysiology

SATURATED or 3 molar potassium chloride salt bridges connected to a calomel half cell or a silver–silver chloride electrode are used extensively in electrochemistry and electrophysiology as reference electrodes for potential measurements. The 3 molar potassium chloride salt bridge electrode is used in electrophysiology primarily because the liquid junction potential from the salt bridge to physiological solutions is only a few millivolts and varies little at equilibrium when in different physiological solutions. Derivations for this liquid junction potential have been obtained1–3.