cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dual Electroretinogram/Nitric Oxide Carbon Fiber Microelectrode for Direct Measurement of Nitric Oxide in the In Vivo Retina

Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important physiological role in normal and pathological retinas. Intraretinal NO concentrations have not been directly measured due to lack of NO electrodes capable of determining their location in the retina. The microelectrodes described here allow recording of the intraretinal electroretinogram (ERG) and NO concentration from the same location, with ERGs used to determine retinal depth. Double-barreled electrodes were constructed with one barrel serving as a reference/voltage recording barrel and the other containing a Nafion-coated carbon fiber used to detect NO amperometrically. Nafion coating imparted a high selectivity for NO versus ascorbic acid (2000:1). In vivo rodent experiments demonstrated that the electrodes could record intraretinal ERGs and NO current with minimal retinal thickness deformation (9%), allowing for retinal NO depth profile measurements. Comparison of NO depth profiles under control conditions and under nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition by 5 mM L-NG-Nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) verified that the recorded current was attributable to NO. NO concentrations from control profiles ( n = 4) were 2.37 ± 0.34 μM at the choroid and 1.12 ± 0.14 μM at the retinal surface. NO concentrations from L-NAME profiles ( n = 4) were significantly lower at 0.83 ± 0.15 μM at the choroid ( p = 0.006) and 0.27 ± 0.04 μM at the retinal surface ( p = 0.001). Localized regions of increased NO (100-400 nM) were seen in the inner retina under control conditions but not after L-NAME. The dual ERG-NO electrode may be a valuable tool in evaluating the role of NO in normal and diseased retinas.
Three-year weight change and cardiometabolic risk factors in obese and normal weight adults who are metabolically healthy: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study

Approximately 17% of obese Americans are free of the cardiometabolic risk factors, but few studies have compared responses to weight change in metabolically healthy obese (MHO) and metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW) adults. We compared the impact of weight loss, weight maintenance and weight gain on cardiometabolic risk factors in the MHO and the MHNW. Data were from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Multiple observations on 2710 participants were included, yielding 4541 observations of sequential 3-year intervals. Metabolically healthy was defined as absence of all components of metabolic syndrome excluding waist circumference. Mixed effects models were used to compare changes in each of five cardiometabolic risk factors within weight change categories ( 3% for weight gain). Weight loss was associated with comparable small changes or no changes in cardiometabolic risk factors in MHO and MHNW individuals. Weight gain was associated with larger increases in systolic (8.6 vs 6.2 mm Hg) and diastolic (3.9 vs 2.5 mm Hg) blood pressure, triglycerides (21.9 vs 15.8 mg/dl) and glucose (4.9 vs 1.9 mg/dl) in MHO individuals compared with MHNW individuals. Weight maintenance was associated with larger increases in triglycerides (10.0 vs 6.4 mg/dl) and glucose (1.7 vs 0.9 mg/dl) in MHO compared with MHNW individuals. MHO weight losers had more favorable changes in the five cardiometabolic risk factors compared to MHO weight maintainers (P<0.02) or gainers (P<0.0001). This work showed differences between MHNW and MHO adults and supports recommendations for weight loss in the MHO in order to avoid increases in risk factors associated with weight maintenance and weight gain.
Online frequency response analysis: A powerful plug-in tool for compensation design & health assessment of digitally controlled power converters

Modeling the effects of digital control and digital PWM can be complex for power converters with multiple switches and unique PWM switching schemes; hence an approach of measuring the plant and open loop response is typically followed to verify the modeling or use frequency response data to identify the plant. This paper presents a cycle efficient software frequency response analyzer (SFRA), that is added to the software of the digital controller being used to control the power converter. SFRA needs no extra hardware connections and hence can be run periodically. The gathered frequency response data can be used to correlate with the health and changes in stability margins of the power converter; which can change due to aging and degradation of components caused by electrical and thermal stresses. The paper compares fixed and floating point implementation of SFRA and discusses a dual core approach to run SFRA for high switching frequency power converters. A bi-directional buck boost converter is used as a case study to demonstrate the SFRA, where first SFRA is used to extract the plant TF, which is then used to design the compensation and the designed compensation is then verified using SFRA.
Managing patients with temporomandibular disorders: a new "standard of care".

he ﬁeld of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs)is well known for being a controversial topic indentistry. Literature during the past 25 to 30 yearshaspointedthedentalprofessioninthedirectionofamed-ically based model for diagnosis and treatment. In addi-tion, it has become widely accepted that patients withTMD-typepainshouldbemanagedwithinabiopsychoso-cialframework,inwhichconservativemedicalcareissup-plemented by behavioral approaches. Finally, it hasbecome clear that a few TMD patients will prove resistantto therapy and become chronic pain patients; as a result,much research has been directed at unraveling the com-plexities of such outcomes.These conclusions are widely accepted in theclinical research community, but arguments persist inthe practitioner community, causing an unacceptablegap between science and practice in many instances.Obviously, the main victims of this situation are theTMD patients, because their fate is largely determinedby whom they consult about their problems.To provide some guidance for proper conduct inthis arena, various practitioner groups have attemptedto develop and present guidelines for diagnosis andtreatment of TMDs. However, even the most widelyrecognized guideline reference, published by theAmerican Academy of Orofacial Pain, has beencriticized as parochial or political. In some countries,the dental establishment has produced guidelines forpractitioners who treat patients with TMD andorofacial pain, but unfortunately the United States isnot one of them.A ﬁrst attempt to ﬁll this void in the United Stateswas made in 1996, when the American Association ofDental Research (AADR) approved a Science Informa-tion Statement about diagnosis and treatment of TMD.This relatively weak statement had little impact, soover the past several years a committee from the Neuro-science Group of the AADR has been working toimprove and update the original statement. As of March3, 2010,the AADR Councilgaveitsﬁnalapprovaltotherevised statement, which is reproduced below. Thisrevision is based on a careful review of the literatureon diagnostic modalities and treatment approaches,and was vetted through all levels of the NeuroscienceGroup, the Science Information Committee, theAADR Board, and the AADR Council; this processtook almost 3 years.Therefore, the publication of this new TMD state-ment should be regarded as the closest thing to date toa true standard of care in this contentious ﬁeld. It ispresented here for readers to look at and incorporateinto their clinical practices. To the extent that thisdoes occur, future TMD patients will be at lower riskfor inappropriate treatment, and have a higher probabil-ity of obtaining the kinds of professional care theyactually need.
Predicting CO2-water interfacial tension under pressure and temperature conditions of geologic CO2 storage

Predicting CO 2 -water interfacial tension under pressure and temperature conditions of geologic CO 2 storage Laura C. Nielsen* Ian C. Bourg Garrison Sposito Geochemistry Department Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Earth Sciences Division MS 90-1116 Berkeley, CA 94720 *lcnielsen@lbl.gov
Sur7 Promotes Plasma Membrane Organization and Is Needed for Resistance to Stressful Conditions and to the Invasive Growth and Virulence of Candida albicans

The human fungal pathogen Candida albicans causes lethal systemic infections because of its ability to grow and disseminate in a host. The C. albicans plasma membrane is essential for virulence by acting as a protective barrier and through its key roles in interfacing with the environment, secretion of virulence factors, morphogenesis, and cell wall synthesis. Difficulties in studying hydrophobic membranes have limited the understanding of how plasma membrane organization contributes to its function and to the actions of antifungal drugs. Therefore, the role of the recently discovered plasma membrane subdomains termed the membrane compartment containing Can1 (MCC) was analyzed by assessing the virulence of a sur7Δ mutant. Sur7 is an integral membrane protein component of the MCC that is needed for proper localization of actin, morphogenesis, cell wall synthesis, and responding to cell wall stress. MCC domains are stable 300-nm-sized punctate patches that associate with a complex of cytoplasmic proteins known as an eisosome. Analysis of virulence-related properties of a sur7Δ mutant revealed defects in intraphagosomal growth in macrophages that correlate with increased sensitivity to oxidation and copper. The sur7Δ mutant was also strongly defective in pathogenesis in a mouse model of systemic candidiasis. The mutant cells showed a decreased ability to initiate an infection and greatly diminished invasive growth into kidney tissues. These studies on Sur7 demonstrate that the plasma membrane MCC domains are critical for virulence and represent an important new target for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. IMPORTANCECandida albicans, the most common human fungal pathogen, causes lethal systemic infections by growing and disseminating in a host. The plasma membrane plays key roles in enabling C. albicans to grow in vivo, and it is also the target of the most commonly used antifungal drugs. However, plasma membrane organization is poorly understood because of the experimental difficulties in studying hydrophobic components. Interestingly, recent studies have identified a novel type of plasma membrane subdomain in fungi known as the membrane compartment containing Can1 (MCC). Cells lacking the MCC-localized protein Sur7 display broad defects in cellular organization and response to stress in vitro. Consistent with this, C. albicans cells lacking the SUR7 gene were more susceptible to attack by macrophages than cells with the gene and showed greatly reduced virulence in a mouse model of systemic infection. Thus, Sur7 and other MCC components represent novel targets for antifungal therapy.
Long-wave infrared spectral imager with an 8-cm−1 passband acousto-optic tunable filter

A Tl3AsSe3 (TAS) acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) hyperspectral imaging system is designed and demonstrated that enables real-time imaging of ambient temperature scenes at wavelengths around 10 µm. The predicted sensitivity improvement is a factor of 46 compared to previous TAS AOTF systems, and is accomplished by increasing the spectral passband, improving the AOTF diffraction efficiency, and using a higher sensitivity camera. Optical system designs are also developed and tested for reducing AOTF aberrations and producing pixel-limited resolution.
Effect of lifting belts, foot movement, and lift asymmetry on trunk motions.

Whether or not lifting belts protect workers from injury is a topic of considerable interest in industry. Not only is the protective effect uncertain, but the biomechanical basis for belt function is unclear. The objective of this study was to determine if lifting belts provide a means for controlling trunk motions during asymmetric material-handling tasks. We recruited 16 nursing personnel as experienced lifters to participate in two lifting sessions. A lifting belt was worn in one session and for a week prior to this session during the subjects' routine work activities. Each session required 42 lifts, distributed across three asymmetry conditions (0, 45, and 90 deg) and temporally spaced 30 s apart. Foot motion was not permitted in half the lifts. Results indicated that during lifting, lateral bending and twisting motions were reduced by both the lifting belt and foot motion; the most pronounced effect was observed at 90 deg of asymmetry. Trunk motions in the sagittal plane during lifting were not affec...
Metcalfe's Law after 40 Years of Ethernet

Critics have declared Metcalfe's law, which states that the value of a network grows as the square of the number of its users, a gross overestimation of the network effect, but nobody has tested the law with real data. Using a generalization of the sigmoid function called the netoid, Ethernet's inventor and the law's originator models Facebook user growth over the past decade and fits his law to the associated revenue. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/m_agCPNGOzU is a video interview with Bob Metcalfe about the creation of the first Ethernet local area network 40 years ago at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center.
Automating the explanation of jazz chord progressions using idiomatic analysis

Musicians interested in improvising melodies often benefit from the ability to analyze chord progressions for tonality and from possession of an understanding of a range of idiomatic chord progressions. We describe automated analysis using an approach to representing idioms known as "bricks," which can also be used in analysis of tonality. The brick nomenclature is attributed to Conrad Cork's "Lego Bricks" approach, as extended by John Elliott. We demonstrate a semi-automatic grammatical approach to analysis of chord sequences and sketch its implementation, which is available in the form of free, open-source software called Impro-Visor.
A switched polarization dual loop antenna for 2.4 GHz ISM band applications

A dual loop antenna has been designed for a 2.4 GHz ISM band application. The design uses a diode switch to alter the configuration of a single feed, two-loop antenna. One loop is always driven while the other acts as a counterpoise. It is an open or closed loop, depending on the state of the switch, and is simply connected to the ground lead of the antenna port. The pattern of the antenna switches between two significantly different states providing the required directional and polarization diversity. The impedance of the antenna also changes significantly and matching is addressed via a switched network. After the antenna simulations, electromagnetic and circuit simulations were used to model the matching and bias networks and their layout. Results are presented showing a complete design with acceptable performance. The simulation results were verified by comparison to measurements. This work linked several different electromagnetic simulation tools, with coupling of the results generated from them to construct accurate prototypes.
The vocal control pathways in budgerigars differ from those in songbirds

Previous studies concluded that parrots and oscine songbirds, two taxa that have independently evolved the ability to learn vocalizations, possess similar neural circuits for vocal control. These investigations suggested, however, that the vocal control systems of parrots and songbirds may also differ in several respects. Most importantly, auditory inputs to the vocal control system derive from Field L in songbirds, but this area does not appear to project to the vocal control system in parrots. The principal aims in the present study were, therefore, to determine 1) exactly how similar the vocal control system in budgerigars is to that in songbirds and 2) whether the vocal control system in budgerigars receives auditory inputs from areas other than Field L. Biotinylated and fluorescently labeled dextrans were injected into five telencephalic nuclei of the vocal control system in budgerigars and into the physiologically identified auditory portions of the frontal neostriatum and nucleus basalis. The results indicate that the forebrain vocal control system in budgerigars is only superficially similar to that in songbirds. Many of the vocal control nuclei differ between the two taxa in both cytoarchitecture and connections. The nuclei in budgerigars that are comparable to those of the accessory loop of the vocal control system in songbirds, for example, do not form an accessory loop in budgerigars. The vocal control systems in the two taxa differ most significantly in the source of their auditory inputs. In songbirds, auditory information is conveyed to the vocal control system via Field L, whereas, in budgerigars, the auditory inputs to the vocal control system derive from nucleus basalis and the frontal neostriatum. A phylogenetic analysis suggests that the midbrain and medullary vocal control pathways are homologous across all birds, but that most of the vocal control circuits in the forebrain have probably evolved independently in parrots and songbirds.
Scanning and Defocusing Characteristics of Microstrip Reflectarrays

Results of an investigation on beam scanning by lateral displacement of the feed of a microstrip reflectarray are presented. Radiation pattern characteristics such as gain loss and sidelobe level degradation as a function of scan angle are discussed for different reflectarray geometries. Scanning of reflectarrays is limited to a few beamwidths, and their radiation pattern performance is found to be poorer than that of a comparable parabolic reflector antenna.
The Country and the City on the Copperbelt

Themes of rurality, or "the country," have often provided powerful metaphors for the construction of indigenous critiques of urban, capitalist, industrial encroachments. In a variety of settings, notions of "the country" as natural, pure, authentic, or whole have provided powerful alternative moral images to be contrasted with urban realities conceived as artificial, immoral, corrupt, and anomic. Thus, Raymond Williams (1973) has explored the way in which concepts of country and city in England over the centuries have provided central tropes for conceptualizing the social and economic changes associated with capitalist industrialization. In the same spirit, John and Jean Comaroff (1987) have shown in their work on the Tshidi of South Africa how, where historical consciousness is not formulated according to the conventions of "narrative realism," a set of dualistic contrasts involving notions of inside versus outside, work versus labor, and rural versus urban has provided an implicit critical commentary on the exploitative system of migrant wage labor. Part I of this article will show how constructions of "the country" in Zambia have been contrasted with urban ills in similar ways, both by localist workers with strong links to rural areas, and by more cosmopolitan urbanites during the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s. Part II, however, will go on to show how such critiques of contrast tended to give way in the late 1970s and 1980s to a more inwardly directed critique that located the blame for urban ills in the supposed "selfishness" of Zambians. Part III explores some of the connections between a changing political-economic situation and these changes in styles of critical apprehension of urban ills. It argues that the shift in styles of critique is linked to changes in ideas of "the country" that have come about through political-economic shifts, as urban dwellers' life trajectories have increasingly been brought into conflict with places long imagined and idealized from a certain distance.
Purine metabolism as a target for leukemia chemotherapy

This article focuses on the chemotherapeutic agents which alter purine metabolism as a means to achieve selective killing of leukemic cells. We present an overview of purine metabolism in order to highlight enzymatic steps which are targeted by antileukemic drugs. Purine antimetabolites used in the treatment of leukemia can be grouped into three classes: (1) structural analogs of normal purines (6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine); (2) inhibitors of de novo purine biosynthesis (methotrexate and hydroxyurea); and (3) inhibitors of purine salvage (2'-deoxycoformycin). In addition, a number of investigational drugs (trimetrexate, fludarabine and 2'-chlorodeoxyadenosine) have been recently introduced and show promise in early clinical trials. Purine antimetabolites are active in a variety of lymphoid and myeloid leukemias and represent an important component of the therapy of these disorders. Several of the drugs have been developed with the specific intent of perturbing enzymes involved in purine metabolism. Refinements in our understanding of purine biochemistry in normal and leukemic cells may aid future efforts to design more effective drugs.
Path-based Protection in WDM Networks with Differentiated Quality-of-Protection

The design of a survivable network with path-protection involves the provisioning of a primary and a backup path for every connection request. To optimize bandwidth usage under path-based protection, backup paths are allowed to share bandwidth under single failure model. However, path-based protection does not guarantee fast recovery as switches along a shared backup path may need to be reconfigured according to the particular primary path that needs to be recovered. Pre-cross-connected trail (PXT) addresses this problem by ensuring that backup paths are pre-connected. In practice, different requests may have different tolerance for recovery time. However, PXT does not consider differentiated tolerance and thus may block connections that may tolerate longer recovery times. In this paper, we address the problem of provisioning WDM networks with differentiated quality of protection under the path-based protection scheme. We formulate the problem of path protection with Differentiated Quality-of-Protection (DQoP) under single failure model, and develop an on-line algorithm that relaxes the PXT scheme by enabling the provisioning of requests under two classes of protection services. We consider both node failures as well as link failures. Extensive simulation results on several network topologies and under different traffic models confirm a reduction of up to 13% in blocking probability and up to 4% in bandwidth usage compared to the conventional PXT scheme.
The structure of graphs all of whose y -sections are internal sets

The purpose of this paper is to give structural results on graphs lying in the product of two hyperfinite sets X and Y, whose Y-sections are either all internal sets or all of “small” cardinality with respect to the saturation assumption imposed on our nonstandard universe. These results generalize those of [KKML] and [HeRo]. In [KKML] Keisler, Kunen, Miller and Leth proved, among other results, that any countably determined function in the product of two internal sets X and Y can be covered by countably many internal functions provided that the nonstandard universe is at least ℵ-saturated. This shows that any countably determined function can be represented as a union of countably many restrictions of internal functions to countably determined sets. On the other hand, Henson and Ross use in [HeRo] Choquet's capacitability theorem to prove that any Souslin function in the product of two internal sets X and Y is a.e. equal to an internal function. (Here “a.e.” refers to an arbitrary but fixed bounded Loeb measure.) Therefore, in our terminology, every Souslin function possesses an internal a.e. lifting.After the introductory §0, where all the necessary terminology is introduced, we continue by presenting the structural result for graphs all of whose Y-sections are of cardinality ≤κ (provided that the nonstandard universe is ≤κ+-saturated) in §1. We show that, under the above saturation assumption, a κ-determined graph with all of the Y-sections of cardinality ≤κ is covered by κ-many internal functions. Therefore, any such graph is a union of κ-many κ-determined functions. In particular if the graph in question is Borel, Souslin, κ-Borel or κ-Souslin (or a member of one of the Borel, κ-Borel or projective hierarchies) then the corresponding constituting functions are of the same “complexity”. Thus, any Borel graph all of whose Y-sections are at most countable is a union of countably many Borel functions and, consequently, has Borel domain. In the setting of Polish topological spaces this was proved by Novikov (see [De]).
Investigating the effect of peptide agonists on the chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells using design of experiments

Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are attractive for use in cartilage tissue engineering. Cells are often seeded in a structural scaffold containing growth factors. Peptide mimics of full-length growth factors are a promising alternative because they are less expensive and easier to manufacture. We investigated four short peptides for their effect on the chondrogenesis of human MSCs. The peptides were originally designed to mimic bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), and insulin, all of which have been shown to affect MSC chondrogenesis. Previous studies demonstrated that the peptides elicited bioactivity in other cell types, but the peptides have not been investigated for their effect on chondrogenesis in human MSCs. In a preliminary investigation, peptides were added to a pellet culture of human MSCs and assayed for their effect on glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production. These experiments determined peptide concentrations used in a full-factorial experiment to investigate any interactions. The experiment revealed the BMP peptide as a robust stimulant for GAG production. .
Strange attractors in brushless DC motors

Deals with the open-loop dynamic characteristics of smooth-air-gap brushless DC motors. The steady-state characteristics of these systems, subject to constant input voltages and constant external torques, are formulated, whereby it is shown that the presence of viscous damping friction can cause the system to possess multiple physical equilibria. Furthermore, using an affine transformation, it is shown that the open-loop dynamics of smooth-air-gap brushless DC motors and the Lorenz system, a system known to possess chaotic behavior, are equivalent. Finally, computer simulations are presented that verify the existence of strange attractors in the open-loop dynamics of brushless DC motors. >
Evaluating populations of tactile sensors for curvature discrimination

The high density of receptors in fingertip skin is a limiting factor for replicating tactile feedback for neural prosthetics. At present, the large size of engineered sensors and the dense network of neural connections from finger to brain inhibit duplicating the approximately 100 receptors/cm2. The objective of this work is to build a model of the skin and neural response with which populations of sensors can be positioned and evaluated when discriminating spheres. The effort combines a 3D finite element model of the fingertip, a bi-phasic transduction model, and a leaky-integrate-and-fire neuronal model. Populations of sensors are configured with three average densities (10,000/cm2, 1,000/cm2, and 100/cm2). For these populations, the firing rates for the dynamic (40–70 ms) and static (650 ms–900 ms) phases and first spike latencies are predicted. The model can differentiate indenters at a level similar to human performance at each sampling density, including of the human finger (100/cm2).
Grain size dependent scattering studies of common materials using THz time domain techniques

In recent times, the far infrared or the terahertz (1 THz = 10 12 cycles/sec and 300 pm in wavelength) region of electromagnetic spectrum has become a promising radiation for spectroscopic identification of different types of biomaterials. The present work investigates the effect of grain size on the THz spectra of chalk, salt, sugar and flour using THz time-domain spectroscopy. It has been observed that at lower frequencies, solids of small grain sizes of non absorbing materials show rising trends in their extinction spectra. Here, we obtain extinction spectra of granular salt, chalk, sugar and flour between 0.2 to 1.2 THz and show that the experimentally obtained extinction can be predicted on the basis of the Mie Scattering model for small grain sizes. The current study is an attempt to understand the absorption spectrum of a few such materials having no significant intrinsic absorption in the THz region by separating the independent contributions of true absorption of the material and scattering losses due to its morphology in the extinction of the material. This might open up the possibility of distinguishing these materials of known grain sizes based on their rising trend of the extinction spectra at lower frequencies.
Augmentation of a Rotator Cuff Suture Repair Using rhPDGF-BB and a Type I Bovine Collagen Matrix in an Ovine Model:

BackgroundRotator cuff tears are a common source of shoulder pain. High rates (20%-94%) of structural failure of the repair have been attributed to multiple factors, including poor repair tissue quality and tendon-to-bone integration. Biologic augmentation using growth factors has potential to promote tendon-to-bone integration, improving the function and long-term success of the repair. One such growth factor is platelet-derived growth factor–BB (PDGF-BB), which has been shown to improve healing in tendon and bone repair models.HypothesisRecombinant human PDGF-BB (rhPDGF-BB) combined with a highly porous type I bovine collagen matrix will improve the biomechanical function and morphologic appearance of the repair in a dose-dependent manner, relative to a suture-only control, after 12 weeks in an acute ovine model of rotator cuff repair.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsAn interpositional graft consisting of rhPDGF-BB and a type I collagen matrix was implanted in an ovine model of rotator cuf...
Effect of feed bunk management on feedlot steer intake1

Twelve pens of yearling steers were used to determine the effects of bunk management on DMI and the pattern of feed disappearance from the feed bunk. Three 0630 h target bunk scores were compared: 0 = a bunk devoid of feed particles; 1/2 = a bunk containing up to 0.25 kg of feed/steer; and 1 = a bunk containing greater than 0.25 and up to 1.0 kg of feed/steer. Steers were fed twice daily at 0700 (round 1) and 1130 h (round 2), and bunks were observed by a single observer at 1630, 2200, 0200, and 0630 h. Daily DMI for steers fed to a target score of 0 (9.74 kg) was lower (P < 0.05) than that for steers fed to a target score of 1/2 (10.37 kg), which was lower (P < 0.01) than that for steers fed to a target score of 1 (11.21 kg). In addition, a treatment-by-time interaction (P < 0.001) for the estimated disappearance of feed from the bunk suggests that eating patterns differed by treatment. Even though adequate feed was available in all bunks from 0700 until 1600 h to support similar DMI during this time period for all treatments, steers fed to a target score of 0 consumed less feed during the day (0730 until 1600 h) than did steers fed to a target score of 1/2 (P < 0.001), which consumed less feed from delivery through 1600 h than did steers fed to a target score of 1 (P < 0.01). These data indicate that slick bunk management systems may restrict DMI in feedlot steers and alter feed consumption patterns.
The Role of Psychological Inflexibility and Mindfulness in Somatization, Depression, and Anxiety Among Asian Americans in the United States

The present study examined whether psychological inflexibility and mindfulness, 2 major emotion/ behavior regulation processes, were uniquely and separately related to somatization, depression, and anxiety in a sample of Asian Americans in the United States. One hundred sixteen participants from various Asian nationality backgrounds completed a Web-based survey that included the measures of interest. Results revealed that both regulation processes were uniquely and separately related to somatization, depression, and anxiety after controlling for age and gender. Greater psychological inflexibility was associated with greater somatic, depressive, and anxiety symptoms, and greater mindfulness was associated with lower somatic, depressive, and anxiety problems. Our findings suggest that the extent to which one is unwilling to contact distressful internal and external experiences as well as the extent to which one is aware of the present-moment experience are useful concepts to understand somatization, depression, and anxiety experienced by Asian American young adults.
Rates of upslope shifts for tropical species depend on life history and dispersal mode

The recent paper by Freeman and Class Freeman (1) adds to a growing body of literature documenting the upslope distributional shifts of tropical montane species in response to climate change. Armed with just a handful of studies from the tropics, the authors compare upslope shift rates between tropical and nontropical species and conclude that tropical species are, on average, shifting their distributions faster than temperate species. On the basis of this broad comparison, the authors contend that tropical montane species are more sensitive to temperature changes than are temperate species. Although this is a laudable first attempt to synthesize basic patterns of range shifts in tropical species, I believe that the authors drew spurious conclusions because they overlooked some basic ecological differences between taxa.
The role of detergents in membrane reconstitution.

The study of amphiphilic molecules has a long and distinguished history, including Traube’s initial investigation of surface activity (1891), the introduction of the concept and term “micelle” by McBain (1913), and the first rigorous description of the solution properties of these important structures by Hartley (1936). It is unlikely that early workers in this field could have foreseen the impact their research would eventually have in the study of living systems. Consider, for example, a number of currently widespread experimental procedures.
${\rm MgB}_{2}$ Coils for MRI Applications

In this paper, we report our progress in the development of a low cost, liquid-helium-free MgB2 superconducting MRI magnet. Several technical issues related to the construction of such a magnet to operate in persistent current mode are discussed, namely, the performance consistency of long length MgB2 conductors, the fabrication of superconducting joints and persistent current switches. Quench detection and protection of such magnets operated in solid nitrogen environment are also discussed.
Reactivity of dog sera to whole-cell or recombinant antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi by ELISA and immunoblot analysis.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) with separate preparations of 10 purified recombinant antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto were used to test sera from 36 dogs not vaccinated with whole cells of this agent and from five dogs vaccinated with whole-cell B. burgdorferi bacteria. All dogs lived in tick-infested areas of Connecticut and south-eastern New York state, USA. The non-vaccinated dogs had limb or joint disorder, lameness and fever during the period 1984–1991 and had antibodies to B. burgdorferi, as determined by a polyvalent ELISA with whole-cell antigen. In re-analyses of sera for total immunoglobulins in ELISAs with recombinant antigens, reactions were most frequently recorded when outer-surface protein (Osp) F, protein (p)35, p37, p39 and p-41G (a flagellin component) were tested separately. Western immunoblots of a subset of 16 sera, positive by ELISA with whole-cell antigen and representing a range of antibody titres (640–40 960), verified immune responses to these or other lysed whole-cell antigens. Sera from vaccinated dogs contained antibodies to OspA, OspB, p22, p37 and p41-G. Therefore, serological reactions to OspF, p35 and p39 were the most important indicators of natural exposure to B. burgdorferi. Serum reactivities to these recombinant antigens in ELISAs can be used to help identify possible natural infections of canine borreliosis in dogs not vaccinated with whole-cell B. burgdorferi and to provide information on the geographic distribution of this bacterium.
Tuning a High Transmission Ion Guide to Prevent Gas-Phase Proton Exchange During H/D Exchange MS Analysis

Hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) mass spectrometry (MS) for protein structural analysis has been adopted for many purposes, including biopharmaceutical development. One of the benefits of examining amide proton exchange by mass spectrometry is that it can readily resolve different exchange regimes, as evidenced by either binomial or bimodal isotope patterns. By careful analysis of the isotope pattern during exchange, more insight can be obtained on protein behavior in solution. However, one must be sure that any observed bimodal isotope patterns are not artifacts of analysis and are reflective of the true behavior in solution. Sample carryover and certain stationary phases are known as potential sources of bimodal artifacts. Here, we describe an additional undocumented source of deuterium loss resulting in artificial bimodal patterns for certain highly charged peptides. We demonstrate that this phenomenon is predominantly due to gas-phase proton exchange between peptides and bulk solvent within the initial stages of high-transmission conjoined ion guides. Minor adjustments of the ion guide settings, as reported here, eliminate the phenomenon without sacrificing signal intensity. Such gas-phase deuterium loss should be appreciated for all HDX-MS studies using such ion optics, even for routine studies not focused on interpreting bimodal spectra. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Optimum Levels of Milk Production under Marketing Quotas

The purpose of this paper is to provide an analytical framework for dairymen to utilize to determine profit maximizing levels of milk production. Included is a consideration of expansion through surplus production as opposed to base purchase by increased herd size or production per cow. It is argued that instead of equating marginal cost with the price of surplus milk and buying additional base if initial cost can be recovered in a reasonable length of time, dairymen should consider: the effect that length of “write‐off” has on marginal cost of production, and the adjustment of marginal revenue from surplus production to reflect the discounted present value of additional base.
Simple electronically tunable oscillators

This paper presents different types of electronically tunable oscillators; therefore frequency of such oscillators can be controlled by voltage or current. The square wave output and sinusoidal output oscillators are presented. All described oscillators have potential using in different application in telecommunications and measuring devices, e.g. phase locked loops, modulation and detection. The oscillators were constructed and measured.
Transcription factor Sp1 is important for retinoic acid-induced expression of the tissue plasminogen activator gene during F9 teratocarcinoma cell differentiation.

Abstract The induced differentiation of F9 cells by retinoic acid (RA) and cyclic AMP (cAMP) activated transcription of the tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) gene. This differentiation-responsive regulation of the t-PA promoter was also observed in transient assays. Multiple sequence elements within 243 bp of t-PA DNA contributed to the high level of transcription in retinoic acid- and cyclic AMP-differentiated cells. To investigate the factors involved in controlling t-PA transcription upon differentiation, we used F9 cell extracts to examine proteins that bind two proximal promoter elements. These elements (boxes 4 and 5) are homologous to GC boxes that are known binding sites for transcription factor Sp1. Mobility shift assays in the presence and absence of anti-Sp1 antibodies demonstrated that the proteins which bound to this region were immunologically related to human Sp1. The proteins also had a DNA-binding specificity similar to that of a truncated form of Sp1. Mutations of the GC motif within boxes 4 and 5 that interfered with Sp1 binding reduced in parallel the binding of the F9 cellular factors and lowered transcription in vitro as well as in vivo. Although this proximal region of the t-PA promoter was active in vivo only in differentiated cells, the Sp1-like binding proteins were present in equal concentrations and had similar properties in extracts of both stem and differentiated cells. These data suggest that other cellular elements participate with this Sp1-like factor in controlling differentiation-specific expression.
Effect of rutin on recovery time from radiation injury in rats.

ConclusionUnder the conditions of the experiment, rutin appeared to hasten the recovery time after irradiation.
Evaluation of the long-term performance and life cycle costs of GTR asphalt pavements

Abstract This paper presents the results of a study that was conducted to evaluate the long-term field performance and life cycle costs of pavement sections constructed with terminal blend ground tire rubber (GTR) modified mixtures and compare it to those constructed using styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) polymer modified mixes. To this end, GTR and polymer modified pavement sections with varying traffic conditions were periodically evaluated during the first 2.5, 6, 8, and 10 years of service. In addition, different laboratory tests were conducted on core samples that were obtained from these sections to examine their resistance to fatigue and low-temperature cracking as well as to moisture induced damage. The field evaluation of pavement sections constructed with GTR modified mixes showed good performance after 10 years of service, which was similar to that obtained for sections where polymer modified mixes were used. The core samples from GTR modified sections had similar fatigue cracking resistance to those obtained from polymer modified sections, but slightly better resistance to low temperature cracking and moisture induced damage. Finally, the sections with GTR modified mixture had slightly higher life cycle costs that those constructed with polymer modified mixes. This was attributed to the higher initial cost of GTR asphalt mixtures used in these sections.
Seamless Oncology-Drug Development

Increasingly, firms developing cancer drugs are forgoing standard phased development for a seamless approach of adding cohorts to a first-in-human trial to study doses and activity in various cancers. Key regulatory interactions and protections may therefore be missing.
Study on key life parameters acquisition and performance degradation of electronic devices

The relationship of the potential defect and life with life characteristic and information were studied, and the life prediction depending on life initial information was introduced. The performance degradation rules of the relays were studied based on the sequence information matrix that contains many parameters and sampling points. The mass of data related had to be compressed. Some methods combined with neural network were used to select the sample of sequence information, and the choosing method of samples was determined by comparing the errors. To extract the key performance parameters, the column vectors of sequence information matrix were processed with principal component analysis. The proper value function was constructed to acquire the characteristic quantity which can describe the comprehensive performance reliability of the relays. The performance degradation model of the relays was studied.
Numerical studies of the KP line-solitons

Abstract The Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) equation admits a class of solitary wave solutions localized along distinct rays in the xy-plane, called the line-solitons, which describe the interaction of shallow water waves on a flat surface. These wave interactions have been observed on long, flat beaches, as well as have been recreated in laboratory experiments. In this paper, the line-solitons are investigated via direct numerical simulations of the KP equation, and the interactions of the evolved solitary wave patterns are studied. The objective is to obtain greater insight into solitary wave interactions in shallow water and to determine the extent the KP equation is a good model in describing these nonlinear interactions.
Experimental Validation of Slow-Wave Phenomena in Curved Ring-Bar Slow-Wave Structure

Curved ring-bar (CRB) slow-wave structure (SWS) has been presented before in order to design an SWS for high-power and wideband traveling-wave tube in S-band. It was analyzed using the coupled transmission line theory and predicted to deliver 1-MW output power across 1.8–2.4-GHz bandwidth. However, the slow-wave characteristics were not experimentally validated through measurements. In this paper, we present $\omega -\beta $ measurement results to experimentally demonstrate that the CRB structure is providing the predicted slow-wave characteristics at the S-band. A novel synthetic technique is used to determine the $\omega -\beta $ relation using a six-period fabricated CRB structure. The measurement results exhibit a phase velocity of $0.7c$ – $0.75c$ across 2–2.5 GHz with a maximum error of less than 5%. In addition, the measured on-axis interaction impedance was $>43\Omega $ across the specified frequencies implying satisfactory agreement with theoretical predictions.
Navigating Theory and Practice Through Evaluation Fieldwork Experiences of Novice Evaluation Practitioners

To explore the relationship between theory and practice in evaluation, we focus on the perspectives and experiences of student evaluators, as they move from the classroom to an engagement with the social, political, and cultural dynamics of evaluation in the field. Through reflective journals, postcourse interviews, and facilitated group discussions, we involve students in critical thinking around the relationship between evaluation theory and practice, which for many was unexpectedly tumultuous and contextually dynamic and complex. In our exploration, we are guided by the following questions: How do novice practitioners navigate between the world of the classroom and the world of practice? What informs their evaluation practice? More specifically, how can we understand the relationship between theory and practice in evaluation? A thematic analysis leads to three interconnected themes. We conclude with implications for thinking about the relationship between theory and practice in evaluation.
Spintronics based on topological insulators

Spintronics using topological insulators (TIs) as strong spin–orbit coupling (SOC) materials have emerged and shown rapid progress in the past few years. Different from traditional heavy metals, TIs exhibit very strong SOC and nontrivial topological surface states that originate in the bulk band topology order, which can provide very efficient means to manipulate adjacent magnetic materials when passing a charge current through them. In this paper, we review the recent progress in the TI-based magnetic spintronics research field. In particular, we focus on the spin–orbit torque (SOT)-induced magnetization switching in the magnetic TI structures, spin–torque ferromagnetic resonance (ST-FMR) measurements in the TI/ferromagnet structures, spin pumping and spin injection effects in the TI/magnet structures, as well as the electrical detection of the surface spin-polarized current in TIs. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities in the TI-based spintronics field and its potential applications in ultralow power dissipation spintronic memory and logic devices.
DSM-5 Teaching Materials: A Critical Review

Objective The publication of DSM-5 by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 2013 was accompanied by the release of a series of APA-approved “essential guides” to aid clinicians and trainees in its use and the transition from DSM-IV. Several of these were explicitly designated as study guides, but all serve educational as well as clinical functions. To assist trainees and educators in their selection of appropriate materials for study and teaching, several of these books were reviewed from the perspective of psychiatry education.