cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
'Flip-chip' transfer of ZnSSe/ZnSe/CdZnSe LED films

A ZnSSe/ZnSe/CdZnSe light-emitting diode (LED) film grown on GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) has been successfully transferred from a GaAs substrate to a silicon substrate by combining both mechanical polishing and chemical wet etching techniques. The external quantum efficiency of the LED was enhanced by more than a factor of 2 via insertion of a reflector layer beneath the device structure. The device can be implemented in hybrid quasimonolithic integration. Technology applications include fabrication of LEDs with enhanced external quantum efficiency and II-VI surface emitting lasers.
Optimization of cationic amino starch synthesis using biogenic amines.

Abstract Harvesting microalgae presents a challenge in selecting the most economical method for low cost algal bioproducts. Previous studies have shown coagulation–flocculation to be the most efficient method for large scale microalgae harvesting. This study focused on modifying native potato starch with biogenic amines and optimizing the reaction parameters. Such modification rendered the starch cationic, with an ability to destabilize microalgae suspensions or colloids. The effect of time, temperature, and reactant concentrations on the zeta potential of the cationic amino starch was studied. Biogenic amines including putrescine, histamine, cadaverine, and tyramine were selected for study based on the number of nitrogen groups in their structure. Zeta potential for histamine cationic amino starch was significantly higher (+9.0 ± 2.0 mV) at lower reaction temperatures, regardless of the amine to starch ratio and reaction time intervals. Putrescine, cadaverine, and tyramine cationic amino starches exhibited significantly higher zeta potential values (13.76 ± 3.60, 6.81 ± 1.64, and 5.68 ± 1.60 mV, respectively) with amine to starch ratio higher than reaction stoichiometry, irrespective of reaction temperature or time intervals. This optimization study has presented a basis for designing reaction conditions for the synthesis of cationic amino starch from an inhomogeneous mix of biogenic amines derived from waste sources.
A SPREADSHEET PROGRAM THAT CHALLENGES LOTUS

The producers of Quattro, a relatively new spreadsheet program from Borland International, have obviously set their sights on Lotus 1–2–3, the industry leader; Quattro offers full compatibility plus a host of added features.
Breast reduction by suction mammaplasty

Suction mammaplasty as a sole method of breast reduction has proven to be a safe and effective method of reduction mammaplasty. It is applicable to a select subset of patients who present with breast enlargment caused primarily by fibro-fatty tissue, and whose nipple-areolar complex is welllocated and is not excessively enlarged. the procedure is done using superwet infilatration of the breast and conventional liposuction. The specimens are kept separate and are examined by a pathologist. Suction mammaplasty offers an additional method of breast reduction in appropriate candidates.
Exploring the relationship between total quality management and information systems development

This study examines a series of relationships between total quality management (TQM) and information systems (IS) development. Specifically, we consider whether organizations which have more fully adopted TQM will be different in their approaches to IS development. Our findings suggest that where TQM is adopted more fully, there will be a significant impact on four areas of IS development: system goals; system design philosophy/concepts; assumptions made by IS professionals about system users and user involvement in system development. We also report evidence that both TQM and IT may require similar organizational cultures.
Bispecific-monoclonal-antibody-directed lysis of ovarian carcinoma cells by activated human T lymphocytes

Two different bispecific hybrid antibodies were established by fusing a hybridoma producing monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the pancarcinoma antigen KS1/4 with either of the two hybridomas OKT3 and 9.3, secreting antibodies reactive with the T cell determinants CD3 and CD28, respectively. The KS1/4 antibody reacts with a 40-kDa cell-surface glycoprotein antigen that is expressed on the surface of a variety of adenocarcinoma cells, including ovarian carcinoma. The ability of the bispecific antibodies 9.3⋅KS1/4 and OKT3⋅KS1/4 to direct peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) specifically against OVCAR-3 ovarian carcinoma target cells was measured in a 4-h51Cr-release assay. The bispecific antibodies were four to six times more potent in killing the OVCAR-3 target cells when compared to their parental antibodies either alone or in combination. A dose-dependent response was observed in the 10–10000 ng/ml range. The specificity of the targeting was demonstrated by the complete inhibition of cytotoxic activity following pre-incubation of tumor target cells with the parental mAb and by the lack of killing of KS1/4-negative target cell lines. An evaluation of the efficacy of PBMC from ovarian cancer patients as effector cells revealed that their specific cytotoxicity against OVCAR-3 cells was enhanced severalfold by bispecific antibodies as compared to parental antibodies. Furthermore, stimulation of PBMC with immobilized CD3 and interleukin-2 for 4 days resulted in an enhanced directed killing of human ovarian carcinoma cells by human T effector cells and the bispecific antibodies.
Shapiro-step spectrum and phase-velocity coherence in NbSe 3 in a uniform temperature gradient

We have measured the Shapiro-step spectrum of the charge-density-wave conductor ${\mathrm{NbSe}}_{3}$, under conditions of combined ac and dc electric fields and an applied uniform temperature gradient. Increasing the temperature gradient from zero results in a well-defined breakup of the Shapiro-step spectrum. Under fixed temperature gradient, the isothermal Shapiro-step spectrum can be effectively recovered by application of a sufficiently-large-amplitude ac driving field. We identify different interference peaks of the broken spectrum with different macroscopically phase-velocity-coherent regions of the crystal, and we explicitly determine the volumes of these dynamically coherent domains.
Correlations between graduates' performances as first-year residents and their performances as medical students.

PURPOSE: To correlate graduates' performances as first-year residents with their performances as medical students, particularly their performances as seniors on a clinical skills examination using standardized patients. METHOD. Residency directors were asked to rate the first-year performances of the 232 graduates from the classes of 1989–1991 of the Brown University School of Medicine. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated for the relationships between these ratings and the two scores (for data collection and interpersonal skills) that the graduates had received in their senior year on a clinical skills examination using standardized patients. Correlations were also calculated between the residency ratings and the graduates' preclinical and clinical course grades and scores on Parts I and II of the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) examination. RESULTS. Ratings were returned and complete data were available for 203 (87.5%) of the graduates. Among all the parameters of medical school performance, the data-collection score on the clinical skills examination correlated best (.273) with performance as a first-year resident. The correlations between the residency ratings and scores on the NBME I and II were practically zero. CONCLUSION. This comparatively strong correlation between the graduates' data-collection scores and their performance ratings as first-year residents suggests that performance-based assessments using standardized patients may be at least as good as–perhaps even better than–traditional methods of evaluating medical students in predicting their performances as first-year residents.
Original article: A semi-discrete central scheme for the approximation of two-phase flows in three space dimensions

Abstract: We present a new second-order (in space), semi-discrete, central scheme for the approximation of hyperbolic conservation laws in three space dimensions. The proposed scheme is applied to a model for two-phase, immiscible and incompressible displacement in heterogeneous porous media. Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate its ability to approximate solutions of hyperbolic equations efficiently and accurately in petroleum reservoir simulations.
Overall photocatalytic water splitting with NiOx–SrTiO3 – a revised mechanism

NiOx (0 < x < 1) modified SrTiO3 (STO) is one of the best studied photocatalysts for overall water splitting under UV light. The established mechanism for this and many other NiOx containing catalysts assumes water oxidation to occur at the early transition metal oxide and water reduction at NiOx. Here we show that NiOx–STO is more likely a three component Ni–STO–NiO catalyst, in which STO absorbs the light, Ni reduces protons, and NiO oxidizes water. This interpretation is based on systematic H2/O2 evolution tests of appropriately varied catalyst compositions using oxidized, chemically and photochemically added nickel and NiO nanoparticle cocatalysts. Surface photovoltage (SPV) measurements reveal that Ni(0) serves as an electron trap (site for water reduction) and that NiO serves as a hole trap (site for water oxidation). Electrochemical measurements show that the overpotential for water oxidation correlates with the NiO content, whereas the water reduction overpotential depends on the Ni content. Photodeposition experiments with NiCl2 and H2PtCl6 on NiO–STO show that electrons are available on the STO surface, not on the NiO particles. Based on photoelectrochemistry, both NiO and Ni particles suppress the Fermi level in STO, but the effect of this shift on catalytic activity is not clear. Overall, the results suggest a revised role of NiO in NiOx–STO and in many other nickel-containing water splitting systems, including NiOx–La : KTaO3, and many layered perovskites.
Three-dimensional nonplanar lithography simulation using a periodic fast multipole method

This paper discusses an extension of the fast multipole method to electromagnetic scattering from doubly periodic, multilayer wafer topography. The novelty of our approach lies in the use of a pseudo-periodic translation operator which can be computed efficiently using fast Fourier transform. Results obtained using the rigorous boundary conditions for dielectric surfaces are compared with those obtained using the approximate impedance boundary condition. The latter is shown to give good results for the type of topography usually encountered in lithography simulation. Results of reflective-notching simulation using the IBC method are presented.
Increased Uptake Around the Hip Joint

A 47-YEAR-OLD man, who recently immigrated from India, presented with rightsided limp and hip pain of 5 months' duration. His medical history is otherwise noncontributory. He was not previously seen by any physician. On physical examination, there was decreased range of motion in the right hip. Radiograph of the right hip showed concentric narrowing of the radiographic joint space associated with peripheral erosions, subchondral sclerosis, and a moderate degree of periarticular osteoporosis (Fig 1A). The radionuclide bone scan showed diffuse increased uptake at the hip joint, more intense at the periphery, affecting both the femoral head and acetabulum (Fig 1B), Hip aspiration yielded a small amount of turbid, viscous fluid. Culture results were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Causes of increased uptake of the radiopharmaceutical around the hip joint are as follows.
A Transistor Vertical Deflection Circuit Employing Transformer Coupling

This report contains a description of a two transistor circuit which provides vertical deflection for a 110° kinescope operating at 18 kilovolts. The effect of various transistor characteristics on the operation of the circuit is discussed. The factors affecting the stability of the circuit under varying conditions of supply voltage and temperature are considered. It is concluded that with the exception of retrace time the circuit performance is comparable to conventional tube circuitry.
Test marketing new food products using a multitrial nonhypothetical experimental auction

A nonhypothetical experimental auction is used to replicate point-of-purchase decisions made by consumers encountering new food products in retail stores. Several applications of the procedure are discussed, with emphasis on the case-specific adjustments required to make the auction work. Participants in the experiments paid their own money to consume or avoid consuming livestock products produced with four yet-to-be-commercialized technologies. The results show promise for widespread adoption of nonhypothetical auctions for evaluating new food products prior to test marketing. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Single thalamic neurons project to both lateral suprasylvian visual cortex and area 17: A retrograde fluorescent double-labeling study

Area 17 and the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian (PMLS) visual cortex receive inputs from three thalamic nuclei in common: the lateral division of the lateral posterior nucleus (LPI), the C-laminae of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd), and the medial interlaminar nucleus (MIN). The present study determined whether these projections originate from the same cells via bifurcating axons or from separate populations of cells. Double-label retrograde transport techniques were used to label cells projecting to area 17 with one fluorescent dye and to label cells projecting to PMLS cortex with a different dye. The two dyes used were fast blue and Evans blue. Following injections into the two cortical areas, some cells were double labeled and some were single labeled in all three thalamic nuclei studied. However, the relative number of double- and single-labeled cells, as well as the relative number of cells single-labeled following injections into each cortical area, differed among the three thalamic nuclei. In both MIN and the C-laminae of the LGNd, the number of double-labeled cells was small. Similarly, the number of cells single labeled with the dye placed in PMLS cortex was small in these two nuclei. In contrast, a relatively large number of cells were single labeled with the dye placed in area 17, especially in the C-laminae of the LGNd. These results suggest that in both MIN and the C-laminae of the LGNd, few cells project to both area 17 and the PMLS cortex, few cells project only to PMLS cortex, and a relatively greater number of cells project only to area 17. In LPl, many cells were labeled after the cortical injections. In fact, when the areas of densest labeling for both dyes overlapped, almost every labeled cell in LPl was double labeled. This indicates that almost all LPl cells that project to one cortical area also project to the other via a bifurcating axon.
A multivariate t probability integral

SUMMARY The multivariate t probability of a special set Ar(c), defined in ? 1, is of interest in problems of confidence bounding and of testing multivariate hypotheses. This probability is derived analytically in terms of F distribution probabilities. Tables for use with up to five-variate t distributions are provided.
Determination of pressure and density of shocklessly compressed beryllium from x-ray radiography of a magnetically driven cylindrical liner implosion

We describe a technique for measuring the pressure and density of a metallic solid, shocklessly compressed to multi-megabar pressure, through x-ray radiography of a magnetically driven, cylindrical liner implosion. Shockless compression of the liner produces material states that correspond approximately to the principal compression isentrope (quasi-isentrope). This technique is used to determine the principal quasi-isentrope of solid beryllium to a peak pressure of 2.4 Mbar from x-ray images of a high current (20 MA), fast (~100 ns) liner implosion.
Teaching models for outpatient medicine

Ambulatory care for outpatients in clinic settings poses unique challenges to preceptors (teachers) and learners as a result of the pace of patient care and the limited time available for teaching. In addition to providing high-quality patient care, preceptors must integrate learners into patient care delivery, teach efficiently, provide feedback in real time and evaluate learners’ performances. At the same time, they must engage in clinical instructional reasoning: diagnosing patients’ problems, assessing learners’ needs and using teaching scripts to provide targeted instruction. This reasoning process is enacted through a variety of teaching/pedagogic strategies. In this article, we describe three teaching models: the traditional, One Minute Preceptor (OMP) and SNAPPS models.
Theory of combined exciton-cyclotron resonance in a two-dimensional electron gas: The strong magnetic-field regime

I developed a theory of combined exciton-cyclotron resonance (ExCR) in a low-density two-dimensional electron gas in high magnetic fields. In the presence of excess electrons an incident photon creates an exciton and simultaneously excites one electron to higher-lying Landau levels. I derived exact ExCR selection rules that followed from the existing dynamical symmetries, magnetic translations and rotations about the magnetic field axis. The nature of the final states in ExCR is elucidated. The relation between ExCR and shake-up processes is discussed. The double-peak ExCR structure for transitions to the first electron Landau level is predicted.
Dynamic fair bandwidth allocation in multiservice CDMA networks

In this paper we study the fundamental problem of allocating with efficiency and fairness the available resources in a CDMA wireless system that supports multi-rate multimedia services. We propose the Channel Adaptive Rate Scheduling (CARS) algorithm which adopts the use of dynamically assigned data rates that match the channel capacity in order to improve the system throughput and overcome the problems associated with the channel changing conditions, the variable system capacity and the transmission power limitation. In addition to the throughput improvement CARS also achieves the objective of fairness by adjusting the users' weights dynamically. The performance analysis and evaluation of our proposed algorithm is achieved via modeling and simulation in terms of achievable throughput and fairness.
Unified turbulence models for LES and RANS, FDF and PDF simulations

A review of existing basic turbulence modeling approaches reveals the need for the development of unified turbulence models which can be used continuously as filter density function (FDF) or probability density function (PDF) methods, large eddy simulation (LES) or Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) methods. It is then shown that such unified stochastic and deterministic turbulence models can be constructed by explaining the dependence of the characteristic time scale of velocity fluctuations on the scale considered. The unified stochastic model obtained generalizes usually applied FDF and PDF models. The unified deterministic turbulence model that is implied by the stochastic model recovers and extends well-known linear and nonlinear LES and RANS models for the subgrid-scale and Reynolds stress tensor.
Temptation and resistance: An integrated model of consumption impulse formation and enactment.

Research pertaining to the consumption impulse is sparse in the literature. To address this lacuna, the author presents and validates a detailed theoretical framework explicating the consumption impulse formation process, and examining the role played by cognitive and volitional processes in its resistance or enactment. The model makes the distinction between consonant (harmonious) impulses and dissonant (conflicting) impulses and elaborates on the role of the impulsivity trait, situational variables, and constraining factors in enactment or resistance of the consumption impulse. The results of two studies provide support to the general working of this theoretical framework. This research has the potential to inform many critical issues surrounding consumer behavior, such as regulating consumption impulses in retail and on-line shopping environments, and developing interventions for prevention of harmful consumer behaviors such as addictions. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Miniaturized printed circuit board antennas for ultra-wide band applications

This paper presents three cases of ultra-wide band printed-circuit board antennas namely the microstrip-fed elliptical patch antenna (MFEPA), its crescent-shaped variant (MFEPA1), and the semi-elliptical microstrip-fed patch (MFEPA2). These antennas have been shown to possess the desirable characteristics for ultra-wide band antennas. The comparison shows that semi-elliptical patch antenna offers the smallest area with about the same antenna performance.
Centralizer near-rings that are rings

Given an R-module M, the centralizer near-ring ℳR (M) is the set of all functions f: M → M with f(xr)= f(x)r for all x ∈ M and r∈R endowed with point-wise addition and composition of functions as multiplication. In general, ℳR(M) is not a ring but is a near-ring containing the endomorphism ring ER(M) of M. Necessary and/or sufficient conditions are derived for ℳR(M) to be a ring. For the case that R is a Dedekind domain, the R-modules M are characterized for which (i) ℳR(M) is a ring; and (ii)ℳR(M) = ER(M). It is shown that over Dedekind domains with finite prime spectrum properties (i) and (ii) are equivalent.
Determining the effect of lysine:calorie ratio on growth performance of ten- to twenty-kilogram of body weight nursery pigs of two different genotypes

Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys:calorie (Lys:Mcal) ratio on growth perfor- mance of 10- to 20-kg pigs of 2 different genotypes. Experiment 1 (360 pigs, average BW = 10.2 kg; source
Empirically supported psychological therapies

This article introduces the special section of the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology on empirically supported psychological therapies. After a discussion of the rationale for the selection of the specific terms in the label, several justifications are considered for conducting and learning from empirical evaluations of psychological therapies. Finally, the process that guided the special section is described.
Methodological issues in conducting research with refugee women: Principles for recognizing and re‐centering the multiply marginalized

Many recent efforts in the field of community psychology have been dedicated to moving from values to action in incorporating diversity into our work. An essential aspect of this goal is designing research that provides opportunities for underrepresented perspectives to be heard. The voices of refugee women, in particular, are not typically incorporated in research, planning for service provision, and policy design. This article explores methodological challenges involved in conducting research with refugee women who are marginalized both within broader U.S. contexts and within their own communities. Six guiding principles are presented: 1) develop strategies for involving marginalized refugee women; 2) consider the advantages and limitations of quantitative and qualitative methodologies and be innovative about combining them; 3) prepare for extensive time and effort for quantitative measure construction; 4) consider gendered decision-making structures in the lives of refugee women and their potential impact on the research process; 5) plan for refugee women's common triple burden of working outside of the home, managing their households, and adjusting to life in a new country; and 6) attend to refugee women's cultural norms about and unfamiliarity with the interview process. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 32: 721–739, 2004.
FIRE HISTORY AND VEGETATION PATTERN IN MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK, COLORADO, USA

Pifion-juniper woodlands (Pinus edulis, Juniperus osteosperma, and J. sco- pulorum) and petran chaparral communities (Quercus gambelii, Amelanchier utahensis, Cercocarpus montanus, and other tall shrub species) cover much of the Colorado Plateau in the southwestern United States. Long-term fire history and successional dynamics are poorly understood in these vegetation types. Therefore, we lack a suitable historical context for interpreting the ecological significance of large fires and dramatic vegetative changes that have occurred recently in these ecosystems. For example, in Mesa Verde National Park, located in southwestern Colorado, four large intense fires in the last 50 years have threatened significant cultural and natural resources and have caused debate over whether Mesa Verde's fire regime has been significantly altered by human activities in the last century. In this study, we dated prehistoric fires in shrublands dominated by Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) by aging stems that resprouted after fire. We mapped the spatial extent of all fires >10 ha that occurred during the last 150 years within a 6600-ha, shrub-dominated portion of Mesa Verde National Park. The turnover time (years required to burn an area equal to the entire shrubland zone) was -100 years under the "natural" fire regime of the mid- to late 19th century. Fire occurrence was reduced substantially during the first half of the 20th century, but the current fire regime (since about 1950) appears to be similar to that of the 19th century-despite a continuing policy of total fire suppression. The "natural" fire turnover time in pifion-juniper woodlands of Mesa Verde is about 400 years. A sharp boundary exists between pinon-juniper woodlands at slightly lower elevations in the southern portion of the park and petran chaparral at slightly higher ele- vations in the north. This pattern is explained, in part, by more extensive fires in the northern area, which favor resprouting shrubs and eliminate the fire-sensitive pifion and juniper. The less frequent occurrence of large fires, and resulting persistence of woodland in the southern portion of the park, may be due in part to natural barriers to fire spread (cliffs and sparsely vegetated slopes) to the south and west of the pifnon-juniper woodlands. Our findings demonstrate that fire frequency and extent in Mesa Verde during the last 50 years have not been greatly different from the "natural" fire regime of the late 1800s. Therefore, the recent large fires in the park, and the vegetative responses to those fires, appear to be within the historic range of variation for this ecosystem.
Support of long‐wavelength loads on Venus and implications for internal structure

The development of a thin-shell formulation to compute stress in a planetary lithosphere is discussed. The formulation uses spherical harmonic representations of the gravity field and topography as boundary conditions to produce lateral density anomalies at two depths. The stress fields for displacement, crustal thickness anomaly, and mantle density anomaly, which are required for the boundary conditions, are calculated. The computed stresses are compared to the tectonic features of Venus. The data reveal that the highland areas are formed in a state of isostasy or uplift and are supported by dynamic processes in the mantle. Lithospheric models predict low-density mantle beneath Alta, Beta, Eisila, Thetis, and Thetus Regiones, and thick crust accompanied by higher-density mantle under Ishtar Terra and Ovda Regio.
Novel lepidopteran sex pheromone components from Marmara gulosa (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae).

Marmara gulosa Guillen & Davis (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is a sporadic pest of citrus and a number of other crops in southern and central California. Coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennogram detection analyses of headspace volatiles collected by solid phase microextraction from virgin female moths revealed at least four related compounds in the extracts that elicited significant antennal responses from antennae of male moths. These compounds were identified as (8E,10E)-tetradecadien-1-ol, and the corresponding aldehyde, acetate, and formate ester, representing the first report of a formate as a lepidopteran pheromone component. The four compounds were consistently found in headspace volatiles collected from virgin female moths from different regions of the state and from M. gulosa collected from different host plants (citrus and squash). Repeated field trials determined that the formate ester alone was as attractive or more attractive than any blend of the formate with one or more of the remaining compounds. Although large numbers of moths were caught in some field trials, trap catches were not consistent. Thus, the pheromone may be useful for detection of the moth and setting an initial biofix, but it remains unclear whether the pheromone can be used as a reliable and accurate tool for monitoring densities of M. gulosa populations.
Equations of Motion for Train Derailment Dynamics

This paper describes a planar or two-dimensional model to examine the gross motions of rail cars in a generalized train derailment. Three coupled, second-order differential equations are derived from Newton’s Laws to calculate rigid-body car motions with time. Car motions are defined with respect to a right-handed and fixed (i.e., non-rotating) reference frame. The rail cars are translating and rotating but not deforming. Moreover, the differential equations are considered as stiff, requiring relatively small time steps in the numerical solution, which is carried out using a FORTRAN computer code. Sensitivity studies are conducted using the purpose-built model to examine the relative effect of different factors on the derailment outcome. These factors include the number of cars in the train makeup, car mass, initial translational and rotational velocities, and coefficients of friction. Derailment outcomes include the number of derailed cars, maximum closing velocities (i.e., relative velocities between impacting cars), and peak coupler forces. Results from the purpose-built model are also compared to those from a model for derailment dynamics developed using commercial software for rigid-body dynamics called Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems (ADAMS). Moreover, the purpose-built and the ADAMS models produce nearly identical results, which suggest that the dynamics are being calculated correctly in both models. NOMENCLATURE
FoxO3 hastens autophagy and shrinks the heart but does not curtail pathological hypertrophy in adult mice

This editorial refers to ‘FoxO3 induces reversible cardiac atrophy and autophagy in a transgenic mouse model’ by T.G. Schips et al ., doi:10.1093/cvr/cvr144 The FoxO subfamily of Forkhead box transcription factors regulate many target genes that are involved in diverse cellular processes. FoxO proteins show partial functional redundancy due to the conserved DNA-binding domain, but also exhibit isoform specificity with regard to cellular function.1 Three of the four FoxO isoforms—FoxO1, FoxO3, and FoxO4, but not FoxO6—are expressed in the heart. The biological functions of FoxO proteins in the heart have been mainly revealed by studies on FoxO1 and FoxO3 using either cultured cardiomyocytes or loss-of-function animal models. Combined loss of FoxO1 and FoxO3 in the heart does not affect cardiac development,1 suggesting functional redundancy of FoxO proteins in regulating cardiac development. Indeed, loss of all three FoxO isoforms is required for an oncogenic phenotype in mice.2 So far, a viable animal model of FoxO gain-of-function is lacking, hindering a better understanding on the pathophysiological significance of FoxO proteins in adult hearts. Schips et al .3 report the first mouse model of cardiac-specific and temporally controllable …
The ubiquitous camera: an in-depth study of camera phone use

Little in-depth data exists regarding what users actually do with their camera phones. Our goal was thus to understand how people use camera phone images for social and personal purposes and affective and functional purposes. We had two main objectives. The first was to explore the range and diversity of use to help broaden our outlook on current and future camera phone use. The second was to elucidate the characteristics and context of use for different activities to learn how we might better support such activities.
Ubiquitin-dependent sperm quality control mechanism recognizes spermatozoa with DNA defects as revealed by dual ubiquitin-TUNEL assay.

Defective mammalian spermatozoa become ubiquitinated during epididymal passage, a mechanism that may mark the abnormal spermatozoa for proteolytic destruction (Sutovsky et al., 2001a: J Cell Sci 114:1665-1675). It is not known how such spermatozoa are recognized by the epididymal ubiquitination pathway and whether there is a selection against certain types of sperm defects. We examined the relationship between sperm ubiqutination, lifelong sperm morphology and sperm DNA defects using a single chanel, ubiquitin-activated flow cytometric assay, and a dual, ubiquitin-TUNEL assay. Semen samples from nine service sires of good-to-average fertility were screened. A positive correlation was found between sperm ubiquitination and the average frequency of morphological semen abnormalities from field evaluations performed throughout the reproductive life of individual sires. Sample correlation coefficients were r=0.65 for primary (head and tail) and r=0.60 for total semen abnormalities in the single channel assay. In a dual assay, we found a high, positive correlation (r=0.93) between the ubiquitin-positive sperm and the TUNEL positive sperm. Substantial correlations (r=0.47-0.64) were observed when the measurements from these two respective assays were compared for individual sires. While anti-ubiquitin antibodies recognized most of the TUNEL-positive sperm cells, the TUNEL-positive spermatozoa represented only a subset (approximately 20-40%) of all ubiquitin-positive cells. It appears that the ubiquitin-dependent sperm quality control, residing in the epididymal epithelium, has the ability to detect spermatozoa with apoptotic or necrotic DNA, while spermatozoa with defects other than DNA fragmentation are also recognized and ubiquitinated.
Law, Race, and Biotechnology: Toward a Biopolitical and Transdisciplinary Paradigm

Law influences and is shaped by the emergence of race-based biotechnologies in the genomic age. This review examines how law and social science scholars have approached the role of legal regulation, theories, and norms in governing the definition and utility of race in gene-based technological innovation. I structure my discussion around four main themes: the institutional regulation of biotechnology research, commercial incentives for race-specific products, the paradoxes of inclusion and difference, and racial equality jurisprudence. My attention then turns to future directions for research in this field needed to attend to the serious political implications of increasing race consciousness in genomic research and technology at a time when color blindness and postracialism are gaining popularity. I argue for a biopolitical and transdisciplinary paradigm that is committed to our common humanity and to the need for social change.
Correlatively encoded multi-h signals

A correlatively encoded multi-h CPFSK signaling technique which performs significantly better than partial response multi-h signaling is introduced. Numerical results presented for binary 2-h signaling indicate that correlatively encoded 2-h signals can achieve significant gains over both constant h signals and partial response 2-h signals. >
Suppression of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway by 17β-estradiol can preserve human islet functional mass from proinflammatory cytokine-induced destruction

Abstract Background. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation occurs after islet isolation, oxidative stress, and proinflammatory cytokine (PIC) exposure to β-cells. Previous studies demonstrated that 17β-estradiol modulates the activity of JNK; therefore we assessed the effects of 17β-estradiol on JNK activation on islet survival and function after transplantation. Methods. Isolated human pancreatic islets were incubated with PIC and 17β-estradiol. Viability was analyzed by a colorimetric assay, islet mass by DNA content, JNK activity by Western blots, AP-1 nuclear activity with a promoter-Luciferase AP-1 responsive construct, and c-Fos, Jun-D, and ATF-2 nuclear activities by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Islet functionality was evaluated after transplantation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic NOD-SCID mice. Results. The 17β-estradiol enhanced islet viability and islet mass after exposure to PIC. A significant reduction in JNK activation occurred in islets treated with 17β-estradiol, compared with controls, an effect partially dependent on estrogen receptors. The 17β-estradiol induced a significant reduction in nuclear AP-1, c-fos, Jun-D, and ATF-2 activities. Animals that received 17β-estradiol-treated islets had better islet functionality compared with saline solution-treated controls. Conclusions. The 17β-estradiol improved isolated human pancreatic islets survival after PIC exposure by inhibition of JNK. These effects were associated with reduction in JNK targets, including the nuclear activities of transcription factors AP-1, c-Jun, c-Fos, Jun-D and ATF-2, involved in apoptosis in β-cells. The 17β-estradiol therapy may improve the results in clinical transplantation. (Surgery 2003;134:169-79.)
Understanding Perception Through Neural “Codes”

A major challenge for cognitive scientists is to deduce and explain the neural mechanisms of the rapid transposition between stimulus energy and recalled memory-between the specific (sensation) and the generic (perception)-in both material and mental aspects. Researchers are attempting three explanations in terms of neural codes. The microscopic code: cellular neurobiologists correlate stimulus properties with the rates and frequencies of trains of action potentials induced by stimuli and carried by topologically organized axons. The mesoscopic code: cognitive scientists formulate symbolic codes in trains of action potentials from feature-detector neurons of phonemes, lines, odorants, vibrations, faces, etc., that object-detector neurons bind into representations of stimuli. The macroscopic code: neurodynamicists extract neural correlates of stimuli and associated behaviors in spatial patterns of oscillatory fields of dendritic activity, which self-organize and evolve on trajectories through high-dimensional brain state space. This multivariate code is expressed in landscapes of chaotic attractors. Unlike other scientific codes, such as DNA and the periodic table, these neural codes have no alphabet or syntax. They are epistemological metaphors that experimentalists need to measure neural activity and engineers need to model brain functions. My aim is to describe the main properties of the macroscopic code and the grand challenge it poses: how do very large patterns of textured synchronized oscillations form in cortex so quickly?
Genetic Background of Implant Failure

Contemporary dental implant therapy enjoys the highly predictable outcome of osseointegration, rapidly establishing the intimate connection between bone tissue and the surface of the endosseous implant fixture. Osseointegration can occur with an implant surface exhibiting various surface chemistries: i.e. commercially pure titanium, titanium alloys or crystalline/amorphous calcium phosphate and surface structures with isotropic turned or anisotropic micro- to nano-topography (Attard and Zarb 2005; Balshe et al. 2009; Cooper 2000; Mendonca et al. 2008; Stanford 2007). From a number of clinical outcome studies, an osseointegration-based implant is considered a safe and efficient treatment option in dentistry.
Defense of Territories by Male-Female Pairs in the Red-Backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus)

Abstract Both adult males and females of the Red-Backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus) maintain feeding territories under cover objects (rocks and logs on the forest floor) during the summer noncourtship and autumn and spring courtship seasons. Previous research found that, during the summer, 28% of the adults occurred as male-female pairs under cover objects, whereas male-male and female-female pairs rarely occurred. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that male-female pairs codefend territories against intruders during the courtship season and that such codefense extends into the noncourtship summer. During October 1996 and June 1997, we collected male-female pairs, single males, and single females at Mountain Lake Biological Station, Virginia. In laboratory experiments, we employed six randomized treatments during the courtship season (n = 27 pairs) but only the first two treatments during the noncourtship season (n = 29 pairs). The treatments were the male-female pair confronting (1) a single male in...
Bivalve taphonomy in tropical mixed siliciclastic-carbonate settings. I. Environmental variation in shell condition

Contrary to the geological stereotype of pure-carbonate reef platforms, approximately 50% of shallow shelf area in the Tropics is accumulating siliciclastic and mixed siliciclastic-car- bonate sediments. Taphonomic characterization of these settings is thus essential for assessing var- iation among major facies types within the Tropics, as well as for eventual comparison with higher- latitude settings. Our grab samples and dredge samples of bivalve death assemblages from nine stations in five subtidal habitats in a large marine embayment of Caribbean Panama (Bocas del Toro) provide the first actualistic information on the taphonomic condition of shells in Recent trop- ical siliciclastic sediments. Focusing on unambiguous damage to bivalve shell interiors, we found that the quality of shell preservation in fine-grained siliciclastics is superb: commonly K10% of specimens are affected by encrustation, boring, edge-rounding, and fine-scale surface alteration via dissolution, microbioerosion, and maceration. Pure-carbonate and mixed siliciclastic-carbonate environments containing hard substrata (patch reefs, Halimeda gravelly sand, mud among patch reefs) contain higher numbers of more severely damaged shells (generally .25%) and also higher diversities of fossilizable encrusters and borers. Disarticulation and fragmentation are pervasive across all environments and are probably related to predation rather than to postmortem processes. As in other shallow subtidal study areas, the taxonomic compositions of death assemblages have not been homogenized by postmortem transport but show high spatial fidelity to the distribution of living species. Assemblages from the five sedimentary environments have distinct taphonomic signatures, but the strongest differences are between the two fine-grained, exclusively soft-sedi- ment siliciclastic environments on the one hand and the three environments containing hard sub- strata on the other. Experimental tests for rates and agents of damage, still in progress, indicate that the most critical environmental variables are exhumation cycles and burial rate. Bivalve death assemblages from Bocas del Toro demonstrate that damage levels in tropical fine-grained silici- clastic environments are much lower than in closely associated reefs and algal sands, and suggest a less filtered record of biological information.
Biomimetic molecules lower catabolic expression and prevent chondroitin sulfate degradation in an osteoarthritic ex vivo model.

Aggrecan, the major proteoglycan in cartilage, serves to protect cartilage tissue from damage and degradation during the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). In cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) aggrecan exists in an aggregate composed of several aggrecan molecules that bind to a single filament of hyaluronan. Each molecule of aggrecan is composed of a protein core and glycosaminoglycan sides chains, the latter of which provides cartilage with the ability to retain water and resist compressive loads. During the progression of OA, loss of aggrecan is considered to occur first, after which other cartilage matrix components become extremely susceptible to degradation. Proteolytic cleavage of the protein core of aggrecan by enzymes such as aggrecanases, prevent its binding to HA and lower cartilage mechanical strength. Here we present the use of HA-binding or collagen type II-binding molecules that functionally mimic aggrecan but lack known cleavage sites, protecting the molecule from proteolytic degradatio...
TCP Performance Enhancement Proxy

It is commonly perceived that Internet applications, especially those based on TCP protocol, do not perform well over satellite networks. The root of this problem is the latency incurred in a satellite link. To stay competitive, the satellite industry has developed and deployed a practical solution, called TCP Performance-Enhancement Proxy (as known as “TCP Spoofing”) to solve this problem. Although it has gained tremendous success in today’s satellite networks, its use has always been controversial among the Internet community. Its critics blast it for breaking the end-to-end principle, an orthodox of the Internet. Lately, the increasingly pervasive IPsec applications have begun to threaten the performance of satellite networks by rendering TCP Performance-Enhancement Proxy useless for IPsec-protected traffic.
Mid-arm circumference is a reliable method to estimate adiposity in preterm and term infants.

Premature birth is associated with increased adipose deposition after birth. Standard anthropometry (body weight, length, and head circumference) may not adequately assess fat deposition. Validated methods to assess adiposity are needed to optimize growth quality in preterm infants. The purpose of this study was to identify covariates of infant body fat. Air displacement plethysmography (ADP), standard anthropometry, and body circumferences were measured at hospital discharge in preterm (n = 28; 31–35 wk postmenstrual age (PMA)) and term (n = 28; 38–41 wks PMA) infants. Body weight, length, and head circumference were lower for preterm infants (P < 0.05) at hospital discharge compared with that of term infants. Despite smaller body size and younger PMA, preterm infant percent body fat (%BF) by ADP was 12.33 ± 4.15% vs. 9.64 ± 4.01% in term infants (P = 0.01). Mid-arm circumference (MAC) is a covariate of %BF in both preterm and term infants (adjusted R2 = 0.49; P < 0.001). In preterm infants alone, MAC accounted for 60.4% of the variability of percent body fat (%BF) by ADP (P < 0.01). Preterm infants have increased body fat deposition as they approach term-corrected age, and MAC is a reliable, low-cost measure for monitoring infant body fat deposition in preterm and term infants.
Organizational Capacity, Regulatory Review, and the Limits of Political Control

Studies of administrative politics focus primarily on political control and ignore organizational capacity. We argue that political and organizational factors, as well as the interaction between the two, are necessary for explaining executive policymaking. To test this theory, we consider the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA), an agency often perceived to be the president’s political instrument. Using a new dataset of over 22,000 regulations reviewed by OIRA, we demonstrate that political factors influence review lengths, but organizational factors also exhibit a significant role. We find that reviews are longer when OIRA is understaffed and over-worked. Significantly, we demonstrate that low organizational capacity inhibits the president’s ability to expedite priority rules. Overall, this study highlights the organizational limits of political control. (JEL H11, H83, K23, L50, L51, M50)