cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emergency 101 - suicide bombers, crowd formations and blast waves

Suicide bombing has become one of the most lethal and favorite modus-operandi of terrorist organizations around the world. While various attempts have been made to assess the impact of crowd density on suicide bomber effectiveness, the specifics of the actual crowd formation and orientation of the bomber with respect to the crowd has not been examined. A virtual simulation tool has been developed which is capable of assessing the impact of crowd formation patterns on the magnitude of injury and number of casualties during a suicide bombing attack. The tool examines variables such as the number and arrangement of people within a crowd for typical layouts, the number of suicide bombers, and the nature of the explosion including equivalent weight of TNT and the duration of the resulting blast wave pulse. The goals of the analysis are to determine optimal crowd formations to reduce the deaths and/or injuries of individuals in the crowd, to determine what architectural and geometric changes can reduce the number of casualties and injuries, and what is the correlation between variant crowd densities and formations with the weight and pulse duration of the explosives? Results indicated that the worst crowd formation is street (e.g. Zig-Zag) where 44% crowd can be dead and 71% can be injured (there is an overlap of injury and lethality), given typical explosive carrying capacity of a single suicide bomber. Bus and market crowd formations were found to be the best for reducing the effectiveness of an attack, with 24% and 26% crowd in lethal zone respectively and 58% and 54% in injury zones. Simulation results were compared and validated by the real-life incidents and found to be in good agreement. Line-of-sight with the attacker, rushing towards the exit, and stampede were found to be the most lethal choices both during the attack and post-explosion. These findings, although preliminary, may have implications for emergency response and counter terrorism. The paper also discusses additional capabilities that are being developed for the model.
High levels of airborne ultrafine and fine particulate matter in indoor ice arenas

The high prevalence of airway dysfunction among ice arena athletes may be related to rink air exposure; in particular, high concentrations of ultrafine and fine particulate matter (0.02-1.0 micro m diameter, PM(1)) from ice resurfacing machines may enhance airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. The purpose of this study was to identify levels of PM(1) emitted from ice resurfacing machines used in indoor ice arenas, and to compare [PM(1)] pre- and post-resurfacing to each other and to outdoor [PM(1)]. Multiple one Hz measurements were recorded on 28 different days as 15-s mean of PM(1).cm(-3) for 2 min at 1-1.5 m "above ice" in 10 rinks pre- and post-resurfacing, with measured airborne PM(1) outside each rink to be used individual rink references. Rink PM(1).cm(-3) was approximately 30 times greater than PM(1).cm(-3) outside the respective rinks (p <.05). Rink values were 104.2 +/- 59.3 x 10(3) PM(1).cm(-3) during prime usage, compared to outdoor values of 3.8 +/- 2.5 x 10(3) PM(1).cm(-3). Ice resurfacing increased PM(1).cm(-3) 4-fold (p <.05). No difference in PM(1) emissions between gasoline and propane powered resurfacing machines was identified. The rate of PM(1) dissipation after resurfacing was highly variable between rinks and probably dependent upon rink ventilation and resurfacing machine engine efficiency. Gas-powered edging increased PM(1).cm(-3) 18-fold and 158-fold versus pre-edging rink and outdoor values, respectively. We conclude that the primary source of airborne indoor rink PM(1) is internal combustion ice-resurfacing machines and that this poor air quality may be causal to the unique and high prevalence of airway dysfunction in ice arena athletes.
N-Acetyl Cysteine Protects TMJ Chondrocytes from Oxidative Stress

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) inflammation is closely associated with oxidative stress. This study tested the potential of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), an anti-oxidant amino-acid derivative, in alleviating oxidative stress-related damage in TMJ chondrocytes. The inflammatory condition was simulated by the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) to TMJ-derived chondrocyte cultures. Exposure to H₂O₂ decreased the cell population by half within 2 days as a result of induced apoptosis and reduced proliferation. Gene expression of aggrecan and collagen II, as well as glycosaminoglycan production, were reduced by more than 70%. These compromised chondrocyte viability and function were fully restored by the addition of NAC to the cultures. NAC reduced the H₂O₂-elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species to the normal level and increased cellular glutathione reserves. These results indicate that NAC restores oxidative stress-induced cell death and severe functional impairment in TMJ chondrocytes, and warrant in vivo testing to explore its therapeutic potential as an anti-inflammatory agent.
Electrical Characterization of Transmission Lines on Nonwoven Textile Substrates

The focus of this paper is the electrical characterization of coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission lines that are printed onto nonwoven textile substrates using conductive inks, to determine their suitability for wide-band applications, e.g. digital signaling. The conductive ink line characterization tests included the defining of DC and Time-Domain Reflectometry metrics. The transmission line test samples were screen printed onto two different types of nonwoven textile substrates using two different conductive inks, i.e. inks with different viscosities. Tests showed that the variations in the continuity of the transmission lines varied, giving rise to geometrical variations in the CPW structure; and in the characterization of the same.
LOCOMOTOR PERFORMANCE OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER: INTERACTIONS AMONG DEVELOPMENTAL AND ADULT TEMPERATURES, AGE, AND GEOGRAPHY

We explored the extent to which a phenotypic trait (walking speed) of Drosophila melanogasteris influenced by population, developmental temperature, adult temperature, and age. Our goals were to estimate the importance of these factors and to test the beneficial acclimation hypothesis. We measured speed of flies from two populations (the Congo and France) that developed at different temperatures (18, 25, and 298C) and were tested at different temperatures (18, 25, and 298C) and ages (2, 7, 13 days). Not surprisingly, speed increased strongly with test temperature. Speed was generally greatest for flies reared at an intermediate developmental temperature, contrary to the beneficial accli- mation hypothesis, which predicts that speed would be greatest when influenced by interactions involving population. For example, speed was greatest for flies from France that developed at a low temperature, but for flies from the Congo that developed at a high temperature. The impact of developmental temperature declined with age. Surprisingly, speed actually increased with age for flies raised and maintained at a low temperature, but decreased with age for flies raised and maintained at an intermediate or at a high temperature. Thus, walking performance is highly dynamic phenotypically, complicating potential attempts to predict responses to selection on performance.
Imaging techniques for visualizing and phenotyping congenital heart defects in murine models

Mouse model is ideal for investigating the genetic and developmental etiology of congenital heart disease. However, cardiovascular phenotyping for the precise diagnosis of structural heart defects in mice remain challenging. With rapid advances in imaging techniques, there are now high throughput phenotyping tools available for the diagnosis of structural heart defects. In this review, we discuss the efficacy of four different imaging modalities for congenital heart disease diagnosis in fetal/neonatal mice, including noninvasive fetal echocardiography, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), micro-magnetic resonance imaging (micro-MRI), and episcopic fluorescence image capture (EFIC) histopathology. The experience we have gained in the use of these imaging modalities in a large-scale mouse mutagenesis screen have validated their efficacy for congenital heart defect diagnosis in the tiny hearts of fetal and newborn mice. These cutting edge phenotyping tools will be invaluable for furthering our understanding of the developmental etiology of congenital heart disease.
Simulated Doppler Velocity Signatures of Evolving Tornado-Like Vortices

Abstract Exact solutions of the Navier–Stokes or Euler equations of motion and the continuity equation in cylindrical coordinates for 3D, axisymmetric, inviscid, or laminar flows are utilized to represent evolving vortices that roughly model tornado cyclones or misocyclones contracting to tornadoes. These solutions are unsteady versions of the diffusive Burgers–Rott vortex and the inviscid Rankine-combined vortex. They satisfy the free-slip condition at the ground. Different vortices are obtained by choosing different values of the constant eddy viscosity and uniform horizontal convergence while holding the circulation at infinity constant. A simulated Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) is employed to generate time-varying Doppler velocity signatures in uniform reflectivity of these analytical vortices at ranges of 25 and 50 km from the radar. Mean Doppler velocities are determined by computing 3D integrals over effective resolution volumes. Magnitudes of Doppler vortex signatures at differ...
A Phenotypic Approach to the Evaluation and Treatment of Men with Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) or NIH category III prostatitis is a common and painful condition with a significant impact on quality of life. CP/CPPS is a syndrome rather than a specific disease and patients likely have multiple potential etiologies and groupings of symptoms (phenotypes). At least partly due to the heterogeneity of the syndrome, clinical trials of monotherapy have been marginally effective. In response to this, we developed a simple clinical phenotyping system with the acronym UPOINT that phenotypes patients in six domains (urinary, psychosocial, organ specific, infection, neurologic/systemic, tenderness of skeletal muscles) and helps to drive multimodal individualized therapy. We have shown a correlation between number of positive domains and symptom severity as well as a high response rate to multimodal therapy guided by the UPOINT phenotype. This chapter summarizes our approach to this challenging patient population.
Secondary Literature on Anaximander

Studying any question in the Presocratics presents serious difficulties, the major one of which is that we have so little trustworthy or easily attainable information on them. Only fragments of their treatises (in some cases no more than a single sentence) are extant as direct quotations in such subsequent authors as Plato, Aristotle, Plutarch, Sextus Empiricus, Clement of Alexandria, Hippolytus, Diogenes Laertius, John Stobaeus, and Simplicius. Other data comes to us from expositions given by later Greek philosophers — Plato and Aristotle again, as well as Theophrastus (who is himself greatly dependent on Aristotle) and the “doxographers.” These last record the opinions (doxai) of previous thinkers (which they derive almost entirely from Theophrastus), and among them are Aetius, Sotion of Alexandria, Irenaeus, Apollodorus of Alexandria, Hippolytus, the author of Pseudo-Plutarchean Stromateis, Diogenes Laertius.1 In using such expositions one must always contend with the possibility or, even, likelihood that Aristotle or whoever the expositor might be is interpreting and modifying rather than merely reporting the Presocratic doctrine at issue. If so, what one ends up with is not (say) Anaximander himself but Anaximander-as-viewed-by-Aristotle.2 One safeguard is, of course, to check the exposition with the Presocratic’s own text, but this, as we have already mentioned, is frequently no longer extant to any degree.
Exercise and the Brain: Neurogenesis, Synaptic Plasticity, Spine Density, and Angiogenesis

This chapter focuses on the mechanisms underlying the effects of ­exercise on brain structural and synaptic plasticity as well as cognitive function in rodents. In normal young and aged mice wheel running increases neurotrophin, neurotransmitter, and angiogenesis levels, and enhances fine neuronal morphology such as dendritic branching and spine density. Specific to the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is the increase in the production of new neurons with running, which may mediate at least in part the observed improvements in learning and memory. The role of exercise in mouse models of neurodegeneration such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease is also evaluated and found to be generally beneficial with the potential exception of Huntington’s disease. Furthermore, possible peripheral triggers elicited with exercise, such as muscle activation, that lead to improvements in brain structure and function are discussed.
Agent oriented software engineering: a comparative study between methodologies that support the development of multi-agent systems

This paper is related to the Agent Oriented Software Engineering (AOSE) area. The work briefly presents the Prometheus, Tropos and MaSE methodologies, showing their phases and developmental characteristics. The paper goal is to analyze these methodologies, comparing their artifacts. We concluded that each one of these methodologies has different approaches, and it is up to the designer the task of choose one, according to his/her needs.
Study of Sn removal processes for in-situ collector cleaning

An in-situ hydrogen plasma cleaning technique to clean Sn off of EUV collector optics is studied in detail. The cleaning process uses hydrogen radicals (formed in the hydrogen plasma) to interact with Sn-coated surfaces, forming SnH4 and being pumped away. This technique has been used to clean a 300mm-diameter stainless steel dummy collector optic, and EUV reflectivity of multilayer mirror samples was restored after cleaning Sn from them, validating the potential of this technology. This method has the potential to significantly reduce downtime and increase source availability. However, net Sn removal is limited by decomposition of the SnH4 molecule upon impact with the collector and the resulting redeposition of Sn. This is true in all cleaning systems that make use of hydrogen radicals. Thus, to guide the design of effective cleaning systems, the transport of Sn in the chamber, and the fundamental processes affecting it, must be understood. Accordingly, an investigation into these processes Sn removal is being performed. These processes include the advection of gas through the chamber, the creation of hydrogen radicals, the etching of Sn by radicals, and the surface decomposition of SnH4. In this paper, experiments to determine the radical density are presented, along with a theoretical plasma chemistry model that explains the processes behind radical creation and validates the radical density measurements. Additionally, experiments are shown that provide an insight into the etching of Sn by hydrogen radicals, yielding calculations of etching probability as well as showing that Sn etching is very sensitive to oxygen contamination and surface morphology.
Intrathoracic lymphadenopathy in patients with empyema

Purpose Our goal was to determine the prevalence of intrathoracic lymphadenopathy on chest CT in patients with empyema. Method We retrospectively identified 27 patients (14 men, 13 women, mean age 43 years) with nontuberculous empyema examined with chest CT. All scans were reviewed by two of three board-certified radiologists for the presence of intrathoracic lymphadenopathy (> or = 1 cm, short axis) in an American Thoracic Society (ATS) nodal station or the internal mammary region. Differences were resolved by consensus. Results Thirteen (48%) patients with empyema had lymphadenopathy on chest CT. The mean number of enlarged lymph nodes for the patients with lymphadenopathy was 3.2 (SD +/-2.3, range 1-8). The mean size of the largest lymph node was 1.4 cm (range 1.0-2.5 cm). The lymphadenopathy was unilateral and ipsilateral to the empyema in seven (54%), bilateral in five (38%), and unilateral contralateral to the empyema in one. The distribution of lymphadenopathy according to ATS nodal stations was 4R (n = 8), 7 (n = 6), 10R (n = 5); n = 2 each 2R, 10L, 11L; and n = 1 each 11R, 2L, 4L, and 6. Four patients had internal mammary lymphadenopathy. Pleural fluid and smooth pleural thickening were present in each case. Four patients had follow-up CT after treatment. There was a decrease or resolution of the lymphadenopathy in each case. Conclusion Intrathoracic lymphadenopathy is a common CT finding in patients with empyema and occurred in 48% of this series. In patients with smooth pleural thickening and pleural effusion, intrathoracic lymphadenopathy should not be used as a criterion to differentiate empyema from malignant or tuberculous pleural effusion.
STEM- AND PROGENITOR-LIKE CELL CONTRIBUTION TO MALIGNANT ASTROCYTOMA HETEROGENEITY

BACKGROUND: Stem-like tumor propagating cells (TPCs) isolated from malignant astrocytoma (MA) are reportedly therapy-resistant. In contrast, progenitor-like TPCs with loss of asymmetric cell division (Cancer Cell. 20:328-40; 2011) are sensitive to temozolomide (Cancer Cell. 18:669-82; 2010). In a pediatric MA subset, an activating BRAFT1799A mutation leads to expression of hyperactivated BRafV600E kinase, and occurs with deletion of the cell cycle inhibitor CDKN2A (Cancer Res. 70:512-9; 2010). BRAFV600E-targeted therapies, including PLX4720, retard the growth of intracranial BRAFV600E MA xenografts (Clin. Cancer Res. 17:7595-604; 2011). Studies suggest that TPCs defined by current methods are not a homogeneous population and may contain subpopulations that respond differently to treatment. The divergent effects of targeted therapies on heterogeneous TPCs have yet to be explored. METHODS: Stem-like (CD133+) and progenitor-like (NG2+) cells were isolated from human MA cell lines and murine neurosphere cells with BRafV600E expression and Ink4a/Arf (CDKN2A) deletion. CD133+ and NG2+ cells labeled with proliferation markers were investigated for heterogeneity in cell cycle dynamics and division modes. Viability assays were used to determine PLX4720 IC50s, and RT-PCR was used to analyze cell cycle and polarity regulator gene expression. Pharmacological modulators of genes altered in NG2+ and CD133+ cells were tested alongside PLX4720 for anti-tumor efficacy in intracranial BRAFV600E MA xenografts. RESULTS: In murine CD133+ cells with BRafV600E expression and CDKN2A deletion, a low proliferation frequency and high rate of asymmetric division associate with reduced sensitivity to PLX4720-induced G1 arrest. Human CD133+ but not isogenic NG2+ cells have differential mRNA expression of G2-specific cell cycle regulators. Concurrently, CD133+ cells exhibit enhanced sensitivity to blockade of polo-like-kinase1 (PLK1), a cell cycle and polarity regulator. Results from ongoing analyses of the distinct proliferative capacities, cell cycle dynamics, cell division mode and responses to targeted BRafV600E and PLK1 inhibition of CD133+ and NG2+ MA cells will be presented. CONCLUSIONS: Our studies revealed that murine malignant astrocytoma TPCs are phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous. We further discovered a TPC-subpopulation specific therapy response, where CD133+ cells from malignant astrocytoma cell lines are more resistant to BRafV600E targeted inhibition but more sensitive to G2/M checkpoint kinase inhibition than NG2+ cells. This provides a potential mechanistic basis for the differential responses of stem and progenitor-like TPCs to treatment. Understanding why current treatment strategies preferentially target only certain cell-types will allow intelligent design of chemotherapeutic strategies with greater anti-tumor effects. SECONDARY CATEGORY: n/a.
Predictors of clinical and angiographic outcome after surgical or endovascular therapy of very large and giant intracranial aneurysms.

BACKGROUND: Risk factors for poor outcome in the treatment of very large (≥20-24 mm) and giant (≥25 mm) intracranial aneurysms remain incompletely defined. OBJECTIVE: To present an aggregate clinical series detailing a 24-year experience with very large and giant aneurysms to identify and assess the relative importance of various patient, aneurysm, and treatment-specific characteristics associated with clinical and angiographic outcomes. METHODS: The authors retrospectively identified 184 aneurysms measuring 20 mm or larger (85 very large, 99 giant) treated at Stanford University Medical Center between 1984 and 2008. Clinical data including age, presentation, and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score were recorded, along with aneurysm size, location, and morphology. Type of treatment was noted and clinical outcome measured using the mRS score at final follow-up. Angiographic outcomes were completely occluded, occluded with residual neck, partly obliterated, or patent with modified flow. RESULTS: After multivariate analysis, risk factors for poor clinical outcome included a baseline mRS score of 2 or higher (odds ratio [OR], 0.23; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.08-0.66; P =.01), aneurysm size of 25 mm or larger (OR, 3.32; 95% CI: 1.51-7.28; P < .01), and posterior circulation location (OR, 0.18; 95% CI: 0.07-0.43; P < .01). Risk factors for incomplete angiographic obliteration included fusiform morphology (OR, 0.25; 95% CI: 0.10-0.66; P < .01), posterior circulation location (OR, 0.33; 95% CI: 0.13-0.83; P =.02), and endovascular treatment (OR, 0.14; 95% CI: 0.06-0.32; P < .01). Patients with incompletely occluded aneurysms experienced higher rates of posttreatment subarachnoid hemorrhage and had increased mortality compared with those with completely obliterated aneurysms. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that patients with poor baseline functional status, giant aneurysms, and aneurysms in the posterior circulation had a significantly higher proportion of poor outcomes at final follow-up. Fusiform morphology, posterior circulation location, and endovascular treatment were risk factors for incompletely obliterated aneurysms.
The rise of Rydberg physics

Quantum computers of the future could operate via the energy transitions of excited atoms, or even from pure light, if a rapidly growing area of atomic physics continues to meet with success, writes Keith Cooper.
Reconstructing a Logic from Tractatus: Wittgenstein’s Variables and Formulae

It is and has been widely assumed, e.g., in Hintikka and Hintikka (1986), that the logical theory available from Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (Wittgenstein 1984) affords a foundation for (or is at least consistent with) the conventional logic represented in standard formulations of classical propositional, first-order predicate, and perhaps higher-order formal systems. The present article is a detailed attempt at a mathematical demonstration, or as much demonstration as the sources will allow, that this assumption is false by contemporary lights and according to a preferred account of argument validity. When Wittgenstein’s description of the forms of propositions or Satze in the 5-numbered remarks and Remark 6 is given a close reconstruction, one sees that no Tractarian proposition is logically equivalent to a simple universally or existentially quantified formula of first-order predicate logic. Therefore, although Wittgenstein employs the sign ∀—or (x), in his notation—occasionally in explanations and illustrations, e.g., 4.0411 and 5.1311, when it comes to logic, the sign ∀ should receive in Tractatus a semantical treatment that is nonstandard. En route to that result, we show that the hierarchy of variables–and, hence, of propositions–defined at 5.501 incorporates the expressive power of (at least) finitary classical propositional logic. Also, when constructed over a first-order language for arithmetic, formulae corresponding to the specification of 5.501 (but salted with parameters) pick out all and only arithmetic sets of numbers. Consequently, Wittgenstein’s hierarchy of iterated N-propositions–as described in vide Remark 6–does not collapse: at any level k, one finds propositions at k + 1 or above that are not logically equivalent to any proposition formed at k or below.
Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: Insights from the Framingham Heart Study

Summary The role of diabetes in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease was unclear until 1979 when Kannel and McGee used data from the Framingham Heart Study to identify diabetes as a major cardiovascular risk factor. It was among the first studies to demonstrate the higher risk of cardiovascular disease in women with diabetes than in men with diabetes. Since then, multiple studies have been done to recognize and curtail cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking, obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. This review will examine the contribution of the Kannel and McGee paper and subsequent studies in defining the contribution of several risk factors on cardiovascular disease.
Complexation Equilibria for the Copper—EDTA—Cyanide System

SummaryThe effect of cyanide additions to electroless copper solutions was studied using an ion-selective electrode (ISE), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and theoretical speciation curves. ISE results exhibited potential readings corresponding to less cyanide ion activity in a Cu-EDTA medium compared to a hydroxide medium. The reaction between formaldehyde and cyanide was also suppressed in a Cu-EDTA medium compared to an alkaline medium. EPR showed that cyanide additions to a Cu-EDTA medium resulted in a change in coordination chemistry of the copper complex yielding a mixture of two molecules or geometries which have been tentatively identified as distorted octahedral and tetrahedral or square planar. The identity of the cyanide ion containing copper species under plating conditions and the amount of free cyanide ion levels that exist in solutions of Cu(II)EDTA were determined from pertinent speciation diagrams. It is concluded that the primary copper-cyanide species does not contain...
A Rare Case of Aortoatrial Fistula from Streptococcal Endocarditis

We represent an unfortunate case of postinfluenza streptococcal endocarditis in a 34-year-old healthy male. He presented with hypoxic respiratory failure and was found to have mitral and aortic valve vegetation. Hospital course was complicated by the presence of an aortoatrial fistula from an aortic root abscess, persistent septic shock, and multiorgan failure.
Using Reflective Practice to Support Management Student Learning: Three Brief Assignments:

Reflective practice supports critical thinking and assessment skills through analyzing one’s own life experiences, and the role of reflection in learning has been long recognized. However, drawback...
Exosomes from Glioma-Associated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Increase the Tumorigenicity of Glioma Stem-like Cells via Transfer of miR-1587

Tumor–stromal communications impact tumorigenesis in ways that are incompletely understood. Here, we show that glioma-associated human mesenchymal stem cells (GA-hMSC), a newly identified stromal component of glioblastoma, release exosomes that increase the proliferation and clonogenicity of tumor-initiating glioma stem-like cells (GSC). This event leads to a significantly greater tumor burden and decreased host survival compared with untreated GSCs in orthotopic xenografts. Analysis of the exosomal content identified miR-1587 as a mediator of the exosomal effects on GSCs, in part via downregulation of the tumor-suppressive nuclear receptor corepressor NCOR1. Our results illuminate the tumor-supporting role for GA-hMSCs by identifying GA-hMSC–derived exosomes in the intercellular transfer of specific miRNA that enhance the aggressiveness of glioblastoma. Cancer Res; 77(21); 5808–19. ©2017 AACR .
Clonal structure and variable fertilization success in Florida Keys broadcast-spawning corals

Keystone reef-building corals in the Caribbean are predominantly self-incompatible broadcast spawners and a majority are threatened due to both acute adult mortality and poor recruitment. As population densities decline, concerns about fertilization limitation and effective population size in these species increase and would be further exacerbated by either high clonality or gametic incompatibility of parental genotypes. This study begins to address these concerns for two Caribbean broadcasting species by characterizing clonal structure and quantifying experimental pairwise fertilization success. Orbicella faveolata showed surprisingly high and contrasting levels of clonality between two sampled sites; Acropora palmata was previously known to be highly clonal. Individual pairwise crosses of synchronously spawning genotypes of each species were conducted by combining aliquots of gamete bundles immediately after spawning, and showed high and significant variability in fertilization success. Over half of the individual crosses of O. faveolata and about one-third of A. palmata crosses yielded ≤ 40% fertilization. Total sperm concentration was quantified in only a subset of O. faveolata crosses (range of 1–6 × 107 mL−1), but showed no correlation with fertilization success. We interpret that both parental incompatibility and individual genotypes with low-quality gametes are likely to have contributed to the variable fertilization observed with important implications for conservation. Differential fertilization success implies effective population size may be considerably smaller than hoped and population enhancement efforts need to incorporate many more parental genotypes at the patch scale to ensure successful larval production than indicated by estimates based simply on preserving levels of standing genetic diversity.
Low emittance growth in a low energy beam transport line with un-neutralized section

In a low energy beam transport line (LEBT), the emittance growth due to the beam's space charge is typically suppressed by way of neutralization from either electrons or ions, which originate from ionization of the background gas. In cases where the beam is chopped, the neutralization pattern usually changes throughout the beginning of the pulse, causing the Twiss parameters to differ significantly from their steady state values, which, in turn, may result in beam losses downstream. For a modest beam perveance, there is an alternative solution, in which the beam is kept un-neutralized in the portion of the LEBT that contains the chopper. The emittance can be nearly preserved if the transition to the un-neutralized section occurs where the beam exhibits low transverse tails. This report introduces the rationale for the proposed scheme and formulates the physical arguments for it as well as its limitations. An experimental realization of the scheme was carried out at Fermilab's PIP2IT where low beam emittance dilution was demonstrated for a 5 mA, 30 keV ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ beam.
American Dream, Myth, Nightmare

German-speaking immigrants pursued a variety of dreams in coming to America. The first wave came to escape persecution for their non-conforming beliefs. Among them were Moravians who converted natives to their universalist and pacifist philosophy. Others came to escape persecution for their liberal views after the failed Revolution of 1848. As their numbers grew, they made significant contributions to national life. The Romantic Movement drew heavily on the legacy of Goethe; before Darwin, the most widely read scientist of the century was Alexander von Humboldt who included imagination in his scientific world-view. Jung adopted this in his dream-work and cross-cultural observations, noticing that the dark-side of the white psyche was populated with the blacks and Indians victimized by Manifest Destiny.
The Neurochemistry of Tolerance, Dependence, and Addiction

Confusion surrounds the definitions and uses of the concepts of tolerance, dependence, and addiction to alcohol and drugs. Although in standard medical texts the definitions appear relatively straightforward, the relationship between them is not nearly as clear.
Thermal decoherence of the carrier-envelope-offset frequency in a Kerr-microresonator comb

We present measurements of the carrier-envelope-offset frequency noise spectrum of a silicon nitride Kerr-microresonator comb. Our preliminary observations suggest that thermal decoherence, which is enhanced by the small mode volume in microresonators, is an important contribution.
Direct and Indirect Effect of Chlorhexidine on Survival of Stem Cells from the Apical Papilla and Its Neutralization

Abstract Introduction Several irrigants have been used for disinfection in regenerative endodontic procedures including chlorhexidine (CHX). In this context, the antibacterial properties of disinfectants are mainly in focus of research even though they may have an undesirable impact on the fate of stem cells. In this study, we hypothesized that CHX has both a direct effect when applied to stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAPs) and an indirect effect when SCAPs are exposed to dentin previously conditioned with CHX. Methods Cell toxicity was evaluated in vitro using the CellTox green fluorescence assay (Promega, Madison, WI) and CellTiter-Glo (Promega) after SCAPs were exposed directly to a dynamic concentration range of CHX; apical papilla explant cultures were stained with ApopTag (Merck Millipore, Billerica, MA) after culture with CHX. Furthermore, standardized slabs from human dentin were treated with CHX and consecutively rinsed in EDTA, L-α-lecithin (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO), or L-α-lecithin followed by EDTA. After that, SCAPs were cultured on the slabs for 5 days, and cellular viability was determined (indirect effect). Data were treated nonparametrically and analyzed using the Krukal-Wallis test (P ≤ .05). Results Direct exposure of SCAPs to CHX highly affected cell viability at concentrations above 10−3%, whereas lower concentrations had no adverse effect. During the initial 60 minutes, concentrations of 10−2% CHX or higher resulted in early pronounced toxicity with a maximum effect within 15 minutes after exposure. Likewise, CHX-conditioned dentin slabs were detrimental to SCAP survival; however, the deleterious effects were completely reversed by neutralization with L-α-lecithin. Conclusions Chlorhexidine is toxic to SCAPs when applied directly or indirectly via conditioned dentin. If applied for a short time and neutralized by L-α-lecithin, it can be a gentle and cell-preserving disinfectant before endodontic regeneration.
Coreflooding data on nine sandstone cores to measure CO2 residual trapping.

Abstract This data article provides detailed explanation and data on CO2/water coreflooding experiments performed on nine sandstone rock cores. Refer to the research article “Predicting CO2 Residual Trapping Ability Based on Experimental Petrophysical Properties for Different Sandstone Types” [1] for data interpretation. The reader can expect to find experimental conditions including temperature, pressure, fluid pair types, as well as flow rates. Furthermore, the raw CT images and the processed three-dimensional (3D) voxel-level porosity, permeability, and CO2 saturation maps for each of the nine sandstone samples are also supplied.
Mapping Activities in Recreational Trail With Spatial Video: A Case Study in Kent State University

Understanding the usage patterns of a trail in a university environment is crucial for assessing the functionality of the trail and evaluating its impact to health in college students. This article presents a novel approach to map the usage patterns of a university trail by employing spatial video in a geographic information system (GIS) environment. Physical activities in the southeast part of the main campus of Kent State University (Kent, Ohio), were filmed by a GPS-enabled camera unit. The observed physical activities at the time of filming were coded from the videos and visualized as maps. The study finds that activities tend to concentrate near the center of campus, the farther from the campus, the fewer number of activities. The usage patterns are different between men and women. The activity zones of men are more dispersed, while those of women are more concentrated near campus center.
The US-China trade war: dominance of trade or technology?

The primary goal of this paper is to provide insight into the causes that led to the current U.S. – China trade war. It discusses the importance of the ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ and the ‘Made in C...
Anti-viral Immunity in the Tumor Microenvironment: Implications for the Rational Design of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Oncolytic Virotherapy

The design of novel herpes simplex type I (HSV-1)–derived oncolytic virotherapies is a balancing act between safety, immunogenicity, and replicative potential. We have undertaken this review to better understand how these considerations can be incorporated into rational approaches to the design of novel herpesvirus oncolytic virotherapies. Several recent papers have demonstrated that enhancing the potential of HSV-1 oncolytic viruses to combat anti-viral mechanisms present in the tumor microenvironment leads to greater efficacy than their parental viruses. It is not entirely clear how the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment affects oncolytic viral replication and spread within tumors. Recent work has shown that the manipulation of specific cellular and molecular mechanisms of immunosuppression operating within the tumor microenvironment can enhance the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy. We anticipate that future work will integrate greater knowledge of immunosuppression in tumor microenvironments with design of oncolytic virotherapies.
Modulation of Neural Networks by Interleukin-1.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is an inflammatory cytokine that has been shown to modulate neuronal signaling in homeostasis and diseases. In homeostasis, IL-1 regulates sleep and memory formation, whereas in diseases, IL-1 impairs memory and alters affect. Interestingly, IL-1 can cause long-lasting changes in behavior, suggesting IL-1 can alter neuroplasticity. The neuroplastic effects of IL-1 are mediated via its cognate receptor, Interleukin-1 Type 1 Receptor (IL-1R1), and are dependent on the distribution and cell type(s) of IL-1R1 expression. Recent reports found that IL-1R1 expression is restricted to discrete subpopulations of neurons, astrocytes, and endothelial cells and suggest IL-1 can influence neural circuits directly through neuronal IL-1R1 or indirectly via non-neuronal IL-1R1. In this review, we analyzed multiple mechanisms by which IL-1/IL-1R1 signaling might impact neuroplasticity based upon the most up-to-date literature and provided potential explanations to clarify discrepant and confusing findings reported in the past.
Electrochemically induced iodine migration in mixed halide perovskites: suppression through chloride insertion

The role of chloride in improving the stability of mixed halide perovskites (MAPbClxBr0.5(1−x)I0.5(1−x))3 is probed using spectroelectrochemistry. The injection of holes into mixed halide perovskite films through applied anodic bias results in the selective migration of iodine with ultimate expulsion into the electrolyte. Increasing the Cl content (x = 0 to 0.1) in the mixed halide perovskite suppresses the iodine mobility and thus decreases the rate of its expulsion into the solution. Implications of iodine mobility induced by hole accumulation and its impact on overall stability is discussed.
Interdisciplinary neuropalliative care: a unique and valuable clinical training experience for geropsychology trainees.

To address workforce issues in professional geropsychology, clinical training sites must offer opportunities to build skills for working with older adults and aging families. Neuropalliative care (...
Submillisecond Conformational Transitions of Short Single-Stranded DNA Lattices by Photon Correlation Single-Molecule Förster Resonance Energy Transfer.

Thermally driven conformational fluctuations (or "breathing") of DNA play important roles in the function and regulation of the "macromolecular machinery of genome expression." Fluctuations in double-stranded (ds) DNA are involved in the transient exposure of pathways to protein binding sites within the DNA framework, leading to the binding of regulatory proteins to single-stranded (ss) DNA templates. These interactions often require that the ssDNA sequences, as well as the proteins involved, assume transient conformations critical for successful binding. Here, we use microsecond-resolved single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) experiments to investigate the backbone fluctuations of short [oligo(dT)n] templates within DNA constructs that also serve as models for ss-dsDNA junctions. Such junctions, together with the attached ssDNA sequences, are involved in interactions with the ssDNA binding (ssb) proteins that control and integrate the functions of DNA replication complexes. We analyze these data using a chemical network model based on multiorder time-correlation functions and probability distribution functions that characterize the kinetic and thermodynamic behavior of the system. We find that the oligo(dT)n tails of ss-dsDNA constructs interconvert, on submillisecond time scales, between three macrostates with distinctly different end-to-end distances. These are (i) a "compact" macrostate that represents the dominant species at equilibrium; (ii) a "partially extended" macrostate that exists as minority species; and (iii) a "highly extended" macrostate that is present in trace amounts. We propose a model for ssDNA secondary structure that advances our understanding of how spontaneously formed nucleic acid conformations may facilitate the activities of ssDNA-associating proteins.
Modeling and Analysis of mMTC Traffic in 5G Base Stations.

Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC) are one of the three types of services that should be supported by 5G networks. These are distinguished by the need to serve a large number of devices which are characterized by nonintensive traffic and low energy consumption. While the sporadic nature of the mMTC traffic does not pose an exertion to efficient network operation, multiplexing the traffic from a large number of these devices within the cell certainly does. Therefore, planning carefully the network resources for this traffic is of paramount importance. To do this, the statistics of the traffic pattern that arrives at the base station should be known. To this end, in this paper, we derive the distribution of the inter-arrival times of the traffic at the base station from a general number of mMTC users within the cell, assuming a generic distribution of the traffic pattern by individual users. We validate our results on traces. Results show that adding more mMTC users in the cell increases the variability of the traffic pattern at the base station almost linearly, which is not the case with increasing the traffic generation rates.
Experimental validation of otolith-based age and growth reconstructions across multiple life stages of a critically endangered estuarine fish.

Background The application of otolith-based tools to inform the management and conservation of fishes first requires taxon- and stage-specific validation. The Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus), a critically endangered estuarine fish that is endemic to the upper San Francisco Estuary (SFE), California, United States, serves as a key indicator species in the SFE; thus, understanding this species' vital rates and population dynamics is valuable for assessing the overall health of the estuary. Otolith-based tools have been developed and applied across multiple life stages of Delta Smelt to reconstruct age structure, growth, phenology, and migration. However, key methodological assumptions have yet to be validated, thus limiting confidence in otolith-derived metrics that are important for informing major water management decisions in the SFE. Methods Using known-age cultured Delta Smelt and multiple independent otolith analysts, we examined otolith formation, otolith-somatic proportionality, aging accuracy and precision, left-right symmetry, and the effects of image magnification for larval, juvenile, and adult Delta Smelt. Results Overall, otolith size varied linearly with fish size (from 10-60 mm), explaining 99% of the variation in fish length, despite a unique slope for larvae < 10 mm. Otolith-somatic proportionality was similar among wild and cultured specimens. Aging precision among independent analysts was 98% and aging accuracy relative to known ages was 96%, with age estimates exhibiting negligible differences among left and right otoliths. Though error generally increased with age, percent error decreased from 0-30 days-post-hatch, with precision remaining relatively high (≥ 95%) thereafter. Increased magnification (400×) further improved aging accuracy for the oldest, slowest-growing individuals. Together, these results indicate that otolith-based techniques provide reliable age and growth reconstructions for larval, juvenile, and adult Delta Smelt. Such experimental assessments across multiple developmental stages are key steps toward assessing confidence in otolith-derived metrics that are often used to assess the dynamics of wild fish populations.
Nipple (papilla) development in girls: III. The effects of pregnancy.

Abstract Previous cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of girls have documented that they have a significant growth in nipple size during Tanner stages public hair (PH)4 and PH5 or breast (B)4 and B5. This study assesses whether there is any effect of pregnancy on nipple development in adolescent girls. Thirty-three pregnant girls were compared to a previously reported group of 390 girls who were not pregnant. Of the 33 girls, ten were followed longitudinally for a period of nine to 79 months, during which time they become pregnant. In each girl, nipple diameter was measured and the Tanner stage assessed. A markedly significant increment in nipple size was noted in the girls who were pregnant (pregnancy nipple size 12.6mm vs. PH5 9.7mm and B5 9.9mm). Comparison of ten girls prior to and during pregnancy revealed a significant increment as well (10.2mm vs. 12.8mm, respectively). Pregnancy provides a further stimulus for nipple development in girls beyond that which occurs during normal puberty.
Operation and evolution of organizational information systems

In recent years, users and data processing personnel have become increasingly aware of the cost of building and maintaining computerbased information systems. In addition to recognizing the cost and complexity of these systems, organizations have recognized that these systems are built and maintained over a long period of time and that the life of a computer-based information system can be viewed as consisting of a series of steps or phases. During each of these phases in the life cycle of a system, different activities are performed, various user and data processing personnel are involved, and different degrees of time and materials are expended. Traditionally, the construction or programming phase of the life cycle received the most attention of practitioners and researchers. Because of the failure of many large systems to meet the requirements of the end users, much attention during the past few years has also been directed to the requirements analysis and design phases. Software engineering, structured design, and structured walkthroughs are but a few of the techniques that have been discussed, developed, and used in an attempt to improve the quality of these pre-implementation phases.