cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Etiology and Prevention of Antisocial Behavior in Children and Adolescents

This chapter reviews the existing evidence on childhood predictors and correlates of antisocial behavior, presents a theory integrating these factors, and describes a prevention project based on a theory that has demonstrated positive effect on youngsters at risk of involvement in delinquent behavior.
Stimulated production of interleukin-8 covaries with psychosocial risk factors for inflammatory disease among middle-aged community volunteers

A growing literature suggests that psychosocial factors, such as chronic stress and depression, are associated with increased vulnerability to inflammatory disease; however, the mechanisms of this effect remain unclear. One possibility is that these psychosocial characteristics are associated with activation of innate inflammatory pathways. Here, we explore relationships between a range of psychosocial risk factors for inflammatory disease and a measure of inflammatory potential, lipopolysaccharide-induced production of the monocyte-derived proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IL-8 among a community sample of 183 healthy adults aged 30-54 years. After controlling for demographic factors, health behavior practices, blood pressure, and white blood cell count, hierarchical regression analyses revealed a positive relationship between production of IL-8 and symptoms of depression, trait negative affect, and perceived stress. In contrast, there was an inverse relationship between IL-8 production and perceived social support. Relationships between IL-8 and symptoms of depression and perceived stress were attributable primarily to dispositional differences in NA. The relationship between negative affect measures and IL-8 was independent of social support. Although there were significant univariate associations between higher IL-6 production and symptoms of depression and less social support, these relationships did not withstand adjustment for demographic controls. There were no significant associations between IL-1beta or TNF-alpha and any of the psychosocial parameters. Our findings suggest that individuals at greater psychosocial risk for the development of inflammatory diseases, including cardiovascular disease, also show greater stimulated production of the proinflammatory chemokine, IL-8. Further exploration of this potential psychophysiological pathway is warranted.
Unintended Pregnancy and Taxpayer Spending

CONTEXT: Nearly half of all pregnancies in the United States are unintended. These pregnancies likely represent a substantial cost to taxpayers but national-level estimates of these public costs have been lacking. METHODS: Taxpayer spending on unintended pregnancy is measured by multiplying estimates of the 2001 incidence of publicly financed unintended pregnancy outcomes (abortions fetal losses births and need for infant medical care) by average per-incident costs. Public savings that would result from preventing unintended pregnancies are estimated by assuming that the prevention of an unwanted pregnancy would save the full cost of financing the pregnancy while the prevention of a mistimed pregnancy would save the cost of financing the pregnancy today minus the present value of the cost of financing the pregnancy when it eventually occurs. RESULTS: Lower-bound mean and upper-bound estimates of the annual cost of unintended pregnancy are respectively $9.6 billion $11.3 billion and $12.6 billion. Corresponding estimates of the savings that would accrue to taxpayers by preventing unintended pregnancies are $4.7 billion $5.6 billion and $6.2 billion. The mean estimate of the taxpayer cost per publicly subsidized unintended pregnancy is $9000; the prevention of such a pregnancy would save taxpayers about half that amount. CONCLUSIONS: The prevention of unintended pregnancy represents an important opportunity for the public to reap substantial savings especially given the current fiscal climate. The enactment or expansion of cost-effective policies to prevent unintended pregnancies is therefore a timely and sensible strategy. Copyright (c) 2011 by the Guttmacher Institute.
Effects of age and glutathione levels on oxidative stress in rats after chronic exposure to stretch-shortening contractions

We investigated effects of age and glutathione synthesis inhibition on the oxidative stress status of tibialis anterior muscles from young and old Fisher 344 × Brown Norway male rats after chronic administration of stretch-shortening contractions. Oral supplementation of l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO) inhibited glutathione synthesis. Dorsiflexor muscles in the hindlimb were exposed to 80 maximal stretch-shortening contractions (SSCs) three times per week for 4.5 weeks. We measured malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and free isoprostanes to determine oxidative stress. Glutathione peroxidase activity was measured as an indicator of H2O2 scavenging. Glutathione measurements confirmed the effectiveness of BSO treatment. In young rats, the SSC exposure protocol prevented oxidative stress and enhanced H2O2 scavenging. In old rats, malondialdehyde was increased in the exposed muscle and a BSO-induced increase in H2O2 was not alleviated with SSC exposure as seen in young rats. In addition, glutathione peroxidase activity and total glutathione were increased in old rats relative to their young counterparts. All comparisons were significant at the 0.05 level. Overall, BSO administration was effective in decreasing total glutathione levels and increasing H2O2 levels in old and young rats exposed to SSCs. In addition, effects of chronic exposure to high-force resistive loading SSCs in active muscle from old animals are: (1) antioxidant capacity is enhanced similar to what is seen with endurance training and (2) oxidative stress is increased, probably as a consequence of the enhanced vulnerability due to aging.
Multiple-photon isotope separation in MoF6☆

Isotopically selective dissociation of MoF6 has been induced by irradiating low pressure samples of MoF6 with intense CO2 laser radiation. Several frequencies within the weak υ3 + υ5 combination band were employed. The isotopic selectivity was about 1% per mass unit which reflects the small isotope shifts, and the reaction yield was substantially less than for similar experiments with SF6.
A COMPARISON OF HUMAN ANTISERA TO PURIFIED DIPHTHERIA TOXOID WITH ANTISERA TO OTHER PURIFIED ANTIGENS BY QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITIN AND GEL DIFFUSION TECHNIQUES

The limits of sensitivity of three gel diffusion methods are compared and their utilization in the detection of small amounts of antibody to antigens present in traces in a preparation is illustrated with the diphtheria toxin-human antitoxin system. The Preer modification of the Oakley-Fulthorpe technique and the Oudin tube method were found more sensitive than the Ouchteriony plate method, and permitted the detection of as little as 3 µg. antibody N/ml. of serum. Antisera from eight Schick-negative individuals immunized with purified diphtheria toxoid have all been shown to contain, in addition to antitoxin, antibodies to substances present as impurities in the purified toxoid injected. The amounts of these antibodies in a serum and a partial characterization of their antigen-antibody curves have been determined through the combined use of quantitative precipitin and gel diffusion methods. Different amounts of antibody have been precipitated by toxin and toxoid from individual sera. Evidence is presented that this may have been due to slight differences in antigenic specificity. A serum, Hu, which had been held to contain no precipitating antibody, has now been shown, by the Preer and Oudin techniques, to contain at least 12 µg. of precipitating antibody N (per ml. serum) against an impurity in the toxoid preparation. This estimate has been confirmed by quantitative precipitin determinations. The presence of antibodies to impurities in all human antitoxins examined in the present work brings into question the assumption that human antitoxin as such has a skin-sensitizing capacity.
Clinical features of hepatitis C–infected patients with persistently normal alanine transaminase levels in the southwestern United States

Approximately one third of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have normal alanine transaminase (ALT) levels. We studied the clinical, biochemical, virological, and histological features in patients with persistently normal ALT. A case-control study was conducted on 275 patients with chronic HCV infection, including 75 patients with persistently normal ALT and 200 patients with abnormal ALT. Persistently normal ALT was defined as 4 consecutive ALT values in each patient within a period of 12 months. The average age of the patients was 44 years (range 18 to 69 years). More non-Hispanic whites had persistently normal ALT. The mean serum ferritin level was significantly lower in patients with persistently normal ALT as compared with abnormal ALT (128 +/- 92 ng/mL and 224 +/- 128 ng/mL), respectively (P =.017). The mean HCV-RNA level was significantly lower in patients with persistently normal ALT as compared with abnormal ALT (12 x 10(5) +/- 2.8 x 10(6) copies/mL and 33 x 10(5) +/- 8.0 x 10(6)), respectively (P =.02). Histologically, patients with persistently normal ALT had less severe portal inflammation (P <.05), lobular inflammation (P =.003), piecemeal necrosis (P =.002), fibrosis (P <.05), lower prevalence of cirrhosis (P =.007), as well as a slower fibrosis progression rate (P <.001). Chronic hepatitis C patients with persistently normal ALT have low-activity grade and stage on liver biopsy. In these patients the hepatitis C RNA level was lower compared with abnormal ALT patients, which may explain the slower fibrosis progression rate.
Evolutionary implementation of optimal city size distributions

Abstract We consider the problem of implementing optimal city size distributions. The planner would like to design a policy under which an optimum is achieved in the long-run from any initial state with neither direct population control nor knowledge of preferences. We show that the planner can lead an economy to an optimum by internalizing the externalities evaluated at current prices and the current population distribution in each period. Although there are generally nonoptimal equilibria under such a policy, these are not stable because people adjust their location decisions with forward-looking expectations.
Orality, Literacy, and Mediating Musical Experience: Rethinking Oral Tradition in the Learning of Jazz Improvisation

In this essay, I critically examine the place of oral tradition in the narrative of jazz history, as well as how and why assumptions about its development persist in the music's discourse. Specifically, I argue that the continued identification with oral tradition imparts to the jazz community a unique identity vis‐a‐vis other forms of Western music, which are often described as “written” traditions. Through a critical re‐reading of historical and contemporary texts, as well as from interviews with jazz musicians, I illustrate how certain musicians and critics position jazz as a cultural and musical system that departs significantly from the practices of the Western art music tradition, chiefly in relation to the latter's employment of written scores. Such an oppositional discourse positions jazz not only as a distinct stylistic entity, but indeed as a unique music culture in relation to Western forms, invoking binary oppositions such as “African/European” or “black/white” in laying claim to cultural auth...
Characterization of monoaminergic terminals in the neostriatum of neonatal rats: an electron microscopic morphometric analysis.

Abstract Monoaminergic (MA) boutons in the neostriatum of neonatal rats were studied by using 5-hydroxydopamine. We found: (a) bouton size averaged 0.6 μm in diameter; (b) terminal density was 68 boutons per 7200 μm 2 area; (c) synaptic frequency was 33.2%; and (d) MA neurons constituted 9.2% of all boutons. This population was much lower than that reported in immature neocortex where MA neurons are a major innervation.
WILL CONSULT FOR FOOD! RETHINKING BARRIERS TO PROFESSIONAL ENTRY IN THE INFORMATION AGE*

Empowered by technology and a “do it yourself” attitude, consumers are increasingly unwilling to pay for professional service. Business encroaches on traditional professional boundaries while the line between professions continues to blur. What is the future of professions in the cyber-economy where speed and adaptation are vital, and where commoditization and disintermediation run rampant? The answer lies in examining the key differences between profession and business and among professions themselves. Unlike businesses, professions generally have barriers to entry, including education, examination, experience, and ethics. Can entry barriers save a profession? Or are they more likely to destroy it? Some professional trademarks are quite strong, but in the cyber-economy competitive positions can change rapidly. To protect their trademarks, leaders of professions must consider the relevance of entry barriers. Entrance examinations should be designed to reflect contemporary practice. Education should prepare the professional with the ability to think critically and adapt. Experience and ethics requirements must build reputation and trust, especially desirable attributes in complex and anonymous cyberspace dealings.
Formation and mantling ages of lobate debris aprons on Mars: Insights from categorized crater counts

Abstract Lobate debris aprons in the Martian mid-latitudes offer important insights into the history of the Martian climate and the role of volatiles in Martian geologic activity. Here we present the results of counts of small impact craters, categorized by morphology, on debris aprons in the Deuteronilus Mensae region and the area east of Hellas basin. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) ConTeXt Camera (CTX) images were used to document crater populations on the apron surfaces. Each crater was assessed and categorized according to its morphological characteristics (fresh, degraded, or filled). Fresh and most degraded craters likely superpose recent mantling deposits, whereas filled craters contain mantling deposits and thus indicate a minimum formation age for the apron (i.e., the age since stabilization of the debris apron surface following some modification but prior to mantling). Size-frequency distributions (SFDs) were compiled using established methodologies and plotted to assess their fit to the isochrons. The range or ranges in crater diameter over which each distribution paralleled the isochrons was determined by visual inspection, and general age constraints were noted from SFDs for all craters on a given surface and from each morphological class. The diameter range of each SFD segment observed to parallel an isochron was then input into the Craterstats2 analysis tool to calculate specific age estimates. The aprons were assessed both individually and as regional populations, which improved interpretation of the results and demonstrated the value and limitations of both approaches. The categorized counts reveal three groups of ages: (a) filled impact craters at larger diameters (>~500 m) typically show the oldest ages, between ~300 Ma and 1 Ga, (b) smaller diameter filled and degraded craters reveal ages of resurfacing events between ~10 Ma and 300 Ma, and (c) fresh crater populations (
A fire place for climate: The role and use of climate information in fire management and policy

Since 1910, the U.S. Forest Service has developed and transformed policy for wildland fire suppression and management of federal lands utilizing prescribed fire and fire use. The fire management issues of today have evolved from 100 years of influence from three shaping factors fire management practices, land use activities and climate. All three have been on parallel but related paths. Climate has a pronounced role in fuel dynamics, fire behavior, ecosystem health and desired management outcomes. However, the role that climate plays directly in fuels and treatments is poorly understood, and management of fuels would likely benefit from a better understanding of climate impacts on vegetation and treatment schedules. Fuel loading fluctuates at multiple temporal scales related to climate, but few attempts have been made to quantify these relationships. Additionally, the timing of optimal treatment periods (such as prescribed burning “windows” for both fire behavior and air quality) depends on climatology to adequately meet treatment objectives. The understanding of climate variability and change on fire and fuels may necessitate a paradigm shift in land management or at least in the assumptions inherent in management plans. In this presentation we argue that the benefits of climate information can be realized in both operational and constitutive or policy formulation settings. We review national and regional fire policy plans and identify the potential and practical role for climate information in improving the outcomes identified within these strategies. More precisely we document (1) Policy changes: What was learned in the last ten years about prevention, suppression and the role of climate (and are resources and practices commensurate with these lessons); (2) Climate-sensitive factors which drive up firefighting (suppression and mitigation) costs; (3) Policies and programs that might experience increased fire risks and severity if climate is not taken into account especially within present fire preparedness plans; (4) Reforms that have been proposed. Lessons are drawn from recent major fires and fire hotspots in the western United States, but these have international applicability. We show that a risk assessment approach, which incorporates cross-scale climatic information including forecasts, can improve policy formulation and implementation in several areas. For many global fire management programs, incorporating climate into the decisionmaking process may help to facilitate a shift in problem framing from emergency response to pro-active risk assessment and management.
Bound state resonances in atom-solid scattering

Abstract Theoretical studies and numerical calculations of bound state resonances (selective adsorption) in the elastic scattering of low-energy light atoms from a perfect crystalline surface are made. The surface-atom potential used is the sum of Yukawa-6 pair potentials with the pair potential parameters fixed to yield the correct bound state energies for the HeLiF system. The scattering equation is numerically integrated using basis sets of open and closed channels of varying number. It is found that numerically accurate solutions are obtained only if the basis set includes the bound state in resonance, all diffracted channels coupled strongly to it by the periodic surface potential, and the specular and other low-order diffracted channels. The calculations yield specular minimum and (11) and (21) diffraction maximum under (01) selective adsorption conditions in agreement with experimental observations for the HeLiF and HeNaF systems. These results appear independent of the potential model. The atomic band structure due to the surface periodic potential is found to yield splitting of the specular minima and/or broadening of the minima. It is suggested that studying such splittings will yield information on the periodic surface potential.
Research problems in data warehousing

The topic of data warehousing encompasses architectures, algorithms, and tools for bringing together selected data from multiple databases or other information sources into a single repository, called a data warehouse, suitable for direct querying or analysis. In recent years data warehousing has become a prominent buzzword in the database industry, but attention from the database research community has been limited. In this paper we motivate the concept of a data warehouse, we outline a general data warehousing architecture, and we propose a number of technical issues arising from the architecture that we believe are suitable topics for exploratory research.
Internet Privacy Policies: A Review and Survey of the Fortune 50

Privacy on the Internet has been of increasing concern with the explosive growth of electronic commerce. A series of past surveys by the Federal Trade Commission and other organizations measured the implementation of fair information practices and industry self-regulation of privacy. This report includes two important additional factors in the review-enforcement and simplicity. Using this more comprehensive analysis, this article reviews the current Internet privacy polices of the 50 largest US companies.
Impact of the adversary system on forensic social work practices: Threat to therapeutic alliance and fiduciary relation

ABSTRACT This paper considers the impact of the adversary system on forensic social work and asks the question, can social workers establish an authentic therapeutic alliance and fiduciary relations within the context of the law? The adversary process of the judicial system presents challenges that are affecting the relationship between forensic social workers and their mentally ill patients/offenders in unique ways. For example, because of the quasi-coercive situations in the forensic setting, interpersonal attributes such as empathy, warmth, and genuineness, which are the essential components of therapeutic alliance and fiduciary obligation, cannot be truly or positively attained. Social works' fiduciary responsibilities become all the more complex when patient's rights to self-determination (autonomy) and informed consent, are disregarded by psychiatric hospitals, doctors, and judges. Therapeutic alliance and fiduciary or trusting relationships are central to social work practice. However, the challeng...
Lateral parabrachial nucleus mediates shortening of expiration during hypoxia.

Abstract Acute hypoxia elicits complex time-dependent responses including rapid augmentation of inspiratory drive, shortening of inspiratory and expiratory durations (TI, TE), and short-term potentiation and depression. The central pathways mediating these varied effects are largely unknown. Here, we show that the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) of the dorsolateral pons specifically mediates TE-shortening during hypoxia and not other hypoxic response components. Twelve urethane-anesthetized and vagotomized adult Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to 1-min poikilocapnic hypoxia before and after unilateral kainic acid or bilateral electrolytic lesioning of the LPBN. Bilateral lesions resulted in a significant increase in baseline TE under hyperoxia. After unilateral or bilateral lesions, the decrease in TE during hypoxia was markedly attenuated without appreciable changes in all other hypoxic response components. These findings add to the mounting evidence that the central processing of peripheral chemoafferent inputs is segregated into parallel integrator and differentiator (low-pass and high-pass filter) pathways that separately modulate inspiratory drive, TI, TE and resultant short-term potentiation and depression.
Finite state machine-based DRAM power management with early resynchronisation

An efficient operating system-based power management scheme for DRAM in the multiprogramming/time-sharing environment is presented. Formulas for evaluating the condition of positive energy gain are developed and a finite state machine (FSM) for selecting the best power mode for a given idle time is designed. In the proposed scheme, the scheduler selectively assigns the most efficient power mode to each idle memory bank at context switching time based on the FSM. For computing the idle time, two efficient and practical prediction methods are developed and tested for performance. The proposed scheme achieves further energy saving by starting the resynchronisation of idle memory banks as early as possible. In the aspects of the prediction method and the early resynchronisation method, multiple versions of the proposed scheme are developed and tested for performance. The proposed scheme utilises events occurring at context switching time in the multiprogramming/time-sharing environment and the scheduling ensures the maximum energy gain without significantly degrading the performance. The proposed scheme is tested with a simulated system, and the experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the scheme. In the experiment, the energy gain by using the proposed scheme ranges from 17.84% to 52.21% depending on the time quantum sizes tested.
Incidence of infection of asparagus spears marketed in Connecticut by Fusarium spp.

ABSTRACT Sixty-seven samples of asymptomatic asparagus spears (avg. 26.5 spears per sample) were obtained during 1995 and 1996 from 22 retail markets in New Haven County, CT, from three commercial growers in Connecticut, and from experimental field plots in Connecticut and North Carolina. Surface-disinfested basal and apical segments were placed on media selective for Fusarium spp. Eight species of Fusarium were identified among 418 isolates from 1,776 spears. Of these, 30 and 62% were F. oxysporum and F. proliferatum, respectively. The incidence of Fusarium colonization was greater from the basal segments (15.5%) than from apical segments (8.1%). Spears shipped from Mexico, Peru, and North Carolina had higher incidence of colonization by F. proliferatum than spears shipped from California, Washington, or the northeastern United States. In both years, spears purchased during June had the highest incidence of F. proliferatum compared with other months. Since F. oxysporum and F. proliferatum are pathogens a...
Effects of genotypic variation in stem solidity on parasitism of a grass-mining insect

Host plant traits can play a significant role in influencing the importance, direction and intensity of tri-trophic interactions by both direct and indirect pathways. A major goal in applied tri-trophic research has been to determine whether breeding for host plant resistance traits can be combined with biological control to develop a more comprehensive control strategy. An important component of developing such a strategy is understanding how host resistance traits affect natural enemy–prey interactions for important pest insects. Here we examine the influence of genotypic variation in stem solidity, the primary trait conferring resistance against the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus, on parasitism of this major pest of wheat by its native braconid parasitoids. To do so, we conducted a field experiment in which we established replicate plots of 23 wheat genotypes that varied in levels of stem solidity, and quantified herbivore abundance and levels of parasitism across three sites in two years. Increasing stem solidity was associated with an approximately four-fold reduction in average parasitism rates, both across experimental plots and across wheat genotypes. Our analyses suggest that these effects were primarily direct, rather than indirectly mediated via effects of stem solidity on herbivore infestation levels or density. Interestingly, wheat genotype also had a significant influence on levels of parasitism, independent of its effects on stem solidity. Overall, our results suggest that although increasing stem solidity generally reduces parasitism, significant genotypic variability in average parasitism levels exist within solidity categories. Thus it may be possible to select resistant solid stemmed genotypes that also maintain relatively high parasitism levels. To our knowledge, our study is among the first to demonstrate a strong direct effect of genotypic variation in stem solidity on parasitism of grass mining insects, with important applied implications.
Evidence that Phosphoinositide Metabolism in Rat Cerebral Cortex Stimulated by Pilocarpine, Physostigmine, and Pargyline In Vivo Is Not Changed by Chronic Lithium Treatment

Abstract: The effect of chronic versus acute administration of lithium on receptor-linked phosphoinositide metabolism was assessed by comparing the change in the cerebral cortex levels of myo-inositol 1-phosphate in response to pilocarpine, physostigmine, or pargyline in rats. Rats were exposed to either 29 consecutive days of LiCl injections or 27 and 39 days of dietary Li2CO3, followed by injected LiCl at the end of the diet to insure a constant level of exposure to the drug. In each experiment, an acute group received a single injection of LiCl 20–24 h before they were killed. One hour before being killed, some of the animals acutely exposed to lithium and some of the animals chronically exposed to lithium each received pilocarpine, physostigmine, or pargyline. At the conclusion of the experiment, the rats were killed and brain levels of myo-inositol 1-phosphate and lithium were determined. A differential production of myo-inositol 1-phosphate in groups receiving acute versus chronic lithium would provide evidence of a change in receptor-linked phosphoinositide metabolism due to the chronic administration of lithium. Brain levels of mvo-inositol 1-phosphate are dependent on tissue lithium concentrations; consequently, significant differences observed in brain lithium levels between the groups receiving acute versus chronic lithium prevented a meaningful assessment of the effect of the mode of lithium administration on the production of myo-inositol 1-phosphate in those groups. Stepwise multiple regression analysis and the measured brain lithium levels were used to assess the response of myo-inositol 1-phosphate levels to stimulation in animals receiving acute or chronic lithium treatment. The results of the analysis indicate that there would have been no differences in the response to drugs when comparing the two routes of lithium administration if the lithium levels had been identical in both the acute and chronic lithium groups. These results also suggest that multiple regression analysis can be used with an established data base to aid in the interpretation of the results of experiments in which changes in brain myo-inositol 1-phosphate levels are used as an index of phosphoinositide metabolism. The possibility is discussed that the effects of lithium on phosphoinositide signalling are already present in the group receiving a single acute dose of LiCl and that this effect persists over the course of chronic administration.
Competing magnetic states, disorder, and the magnetic character of Fe 3 Ga 4

The physical properties of metamagnetic ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{4}$ single crystals are investigated to explore the sensitivity of the magnetic states to temperature, magnetic field, and sample history. The data reveal a moderate anisotropy in the magnetization and the metamagnetic critical field along with features in the specific heat at the magnetic transitions ${T}_{1}=68$ K and ${T}_{2}=360$ K. Both ${T}_{1}$ and ${T}_{2}$ are found to be sensitive to the annealing conditions of the crystals suggesting that disorder affects the competition between the ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AFM) states. Resistivity measurements reveal metallic transport with a sharp anomaly associated with the transition at ${T}_{2}$. The Hall effect is dominated by the anomalous contribution, which rivals that of magnetic semiconductors in magnitude $(\ensuremath{-}5\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\Omega}$ cm at 2 T and 350 K) and undergoes a change of sign upon cooling into the low-temperature FM state. The temperature and field dependence of the Hall effect indicate that the magnetism is likely to be highly itinerant in character and that a significant change in the electronic structure accompanies the magnetic transitions. We observe a contribution from the topological Hall effect in the AFM phase suggesting a noncoplanar contribution to the magnetism. Electronic structure calculations predict an AFM ground state with a wave vector parallel to the crystallographic $c$-axis preferred over the experimentally measured FM state by $\ensuremath{\approx}50$ meV per unit cell. However, supercell calculations with a small density of Fe antisite defects introduced tend to stabilize the FM over the AFM state indicating that antisite defects may be the cause of the sensitivity to sample synthesis conditions.
Fish bioenergetics and growth in aquaculture ponds: I. Individual fish model development

Abstract A dynamic model of fish bioenergetics and growth at the organismal level under controlled environments was developed as a tool to study, evaluate, and improve the management of fishpond grow-out system. The model incorporated five key variables, namely body size temperature, dissolved oxygen, unioinized ammonia and amount of food, and 17 growth parameters which defined the species of fish used. Parameters were estimated for channel catfish. Fish growth was more sensitive to changes in food consumption parameters than to changes in metabolic parameters. Within either the food consumption component or the metabolic component, fish growth was more sensitive to changes in temperature parameters than to changes in parameters for body size, dissolved oxygen or unionized ammonia. The model may be reparameterized to represent different species of fish in different environments and provides a common ground for theoretical, laboratory and field studies. It also provides a means by which research activities of several groups can be coordinated toward achievement of a common goal.
Kinetic Modeling of β-Chloroprene Metabolism: I. In vitro Rates in Liver and Lung Tissue Fractions from Mice, Rats, Hamsters, and Humans

Beta-chloroprene (2-chloro-1,3-butadiene, CD) is carcinogenic by inhalation exposure to B6C3F1 mice and Fischer F344 rats but not to Wistar rats or Syrian hamsters. The initial step in metabolism is oxidation, forming a stable epoxide (1-chloroethenyl)oxirane (1-CEO), a genotoxicant that might be involved in rodent tumorigenicity. This study investigated the species-dependent in vitro kinetics of CD oxidation and subsequent 1-CEO metabolism by microsomal epoxide hydrolase and cytosolic glutathione Stransferases in liver and lung, tissues that are prone to tumor induction. Estimates for Vmax and Km for cytochrome P450dependent oxidation of CD in liver microsomes ranged from 0.068 to 0.29 mol/h/mg protein and 0.53 to 1.33 M, respectively. Oxidation (Vmax/Km) of CD in liver was slightly faster in the mouse and hamster than in rats or humans. In lung microsomes, Vmax/Km was much greater for mice compared with the other species. The Vmax and Km estimates for microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity toward 1-CEO ranged from 0.11 to 3.66 mol/ h/mg protein and 20.9 to 187.6 M, respectively, across tissues and species. Hydrolysis (Vmax/Km) of 1-CEO in liver and lung microsomes was faster for the human and hamster than for rat or mouse. The Vmax/Km in liver was 3 to 11 times greater than in lung. 1-CEO formation from CD was measured in liver microsomes and was estimated to be 2–5% of the total CD oxidation. Glutathione S-transferase-mediated metabolism of 1-CEO in cytosolic tissue fractions was described as a pseudo-second order reaction; rates were 0.0016 – 0.0068/h/mg cytosolic protein in liver and 0.00056 – 0.0022 h/mg in lung. The observed differences in metabolism are relevant to understanding species differences in
Ginkgo biloba and risk of cancer: secondary analysis of the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory (GEM) Study

Purpose Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies suggests that Ginkgo biloba has cancer chemopreventive properties, but epidemiological evidence is sparse. We analyzed cancer as a secondary endpoint in the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory (GEM) Study, the largest randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of Ginkgo supplementation to date.
CT of gastric masses: Image patterns and a note on potential pitfalls

Computed tomography (CT) was performed in 9 consecutive cases of primary gastric neoplasm. Lesions were surgically or endoscopically proved; cross-sectional images are correlated to specific histopathology in each case. The CT images of leiomyoma and leiomyoblastoma are characterized as models of pure bulging intramural growth resulting in a lunate contrast distribution when imaged in the cross-sectional plane. In 5 cases of lymphoma, distortion of the contrast-filled hollow viscus is relatively consistent. Nodular growth is reflected on the CT image as a series of digitations encroaching on the opacified portion of the gastric lumen. Image pattern recognition, relative to histopathology, is of more than academic interest since endoscopy is frequently unreliable in cases of submucosal and exophytic pathology. Further, biopsy of such lesions is commonly non-diagnostic as a result of random choice of biopsy site or inadequate depth of tissue sample.
Correlation of scalp EEG and 1H-MRS metabolic abnormalities in temporal lobe epilepsy.

Summary: Purpose: To correlate the interictal spike field and region of seizure onset with the distribution of 1H-MRS abnormalities in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and improve our understanding of the clinical significance of 1H-MRS abnormalities. Methods: Scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) results were correlated in 31 consecutive patients with TLE. Results: Lateralized 1H-MRS–based hippocampal abnormalities were recorded in 95% of the patients with unilateral interictal spikes, with a high degree of concordance for the lateralization side (90%). In 64% of the patients with normal or bilateral interictal EEG spikes, 1H-MRS provided lateralizing information. Bilateral 1H-MRS abnormalities, with or without lateralization, were 3 times more frequent than bitemporal EEG spikes. Anterior predominance of the 1H-MRS abnormalities was more frequent in patients with anterior temporal EEG spiking (50%), than in patients without this EEG distribution (18%). Similar association was noted between distribution of 1H-MRS abnormalities and region of EEG seizure onset. Conclusions: Our results show a moderate level of concordance between the distribution of 1H-MRS and EEG abnormalities. 1H-MRS identifies abnormalities contralateral to the predominant seizure focus more often than does EEG and may provide lateralizing information in patients with nonlateralizing interictal EEG.
Philosophy of science : What one needs to know

This introduction to the philosophy of science offers an overview of the major concepts and developments in contemporary theories of science. Strengths and weaknesses of deductive, inductive, and falsificationist models of science are considered. The “Received View” in the theory of science is contrasted with Kuhn's paradigms and Feyerabend's “anything goes,” leading to an examination of the merits of a research program–based approach. After touching on the sociology of science, postmodernism, and the feminist critique, the article concludes with a summary, in six theses, of the implications for religion/science.
Responsiveness to therapy for increased intracranial pressure in traumatic brain injury is associated with neurological outcome

Abstract In patients with severe traumatic brain injury, increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is associated with poor functional outcome or death. Hypertonic saline (HTS) is a hyperosmolar therapy commonly used to treat increased ICP; this study aimed to measure initial patient response to HTS and look for association with patient outcome. Patients >17 years old, admitted and requiring ICP monitoring between 2008 and 2010 at a large urban tertiary care facility were retrospectively enrolled. The first dose of hypertonic saline administered after admission for ICP >19 mmHg was recorded and correlated with vital signs recorded at the bedside. The absolute and relative change in ICP at 1 and 2 h after HTS administration was calculated. Patients were stratified by mortality and long-term (≥6 months) functional neurological outcome. We identified 46 patients who received at least 1 dose of HTS for ICP > 19, of whom 80% were male, mean age 34.4, with a median post-resuscitation GCS score of 6. All patients showed a significant decrease in ICP 1 h after HTS administration. Two hours post-administration, survivors showed a further decrease in ICP (43% reduction from baseline), while ICP began to rebound in non-survivors (17% reduction from baseline). When patients were stratified for long-term neurological outcome, results were similar, with a significant difference in groups by 2 h after HTS administration. In patients treated with HTS for intracranial hypertension, those who survived or had good neurological outcome, when compared to those who died or had poor outcomes, showed a significantly larger sustained decrease in ICP 2 h after administration. This suggests that even early in a patient's treatment, treatment responsiveness is associated with mortality or poor functional outcome. While this work is preliminary, it suggests that early failure to obtain a sustainable response to hyperosmolar therapy may warrant greater treatment intensity or therapy escalation.
Ultra Micro Quantification of Dopamine and Homovanillic Acid in Human Brain Tissue: Quest for Higher Recovery and Sensitivity with CoulArray HPLC‐ECD System

Abstract Dopamine (DA), a biogenic amine neurotransmitter is involved in regulating a number of functions of the central and peripheral nervous systems, including voluntary and involuntary motor functions and cognitive behaviors. Since the concentration of dopamine in different parts of the brain is extremely small and decreases further in neurodegenerative diseases, such as HIV‐1 infection, a highly sensitive and specific methodology is required to quantify DA and its metabolite, homovanillic acid (HVA) in small weights of tissues from different regions of the brain. The method presented in this report used a highly sensitive multielectrode CoulArray HPLC‐ECD system for quantification of <4 pg of DA and <10 pg of HVA in homogenates of human brain tissues. A linear relationship in the calibration curves was observed between a wide range of concentration of standards of DA (50–500 pg/mL) and HVA (0.1–20.0 ng/mL) and the corresponding response factors. Separate aliquots from the same pool of brain tissue ho...
Looks count: Computing and constructing visually expressive mass customized housing

This paper introduces new research that seeks to develop low-cost, high quality, mass customizable building assembly systems that provide visually rich design variations for housing or other small structures. The building systems are intended to be tailored for particular cultures and communities by incorporating vernacular decorative design into the assembly design. Two complementary research areas are brought together in this work: shape grammars and digital fabrication. The visual, aesthetic aspects of the research are explored through shape grammars. The physical design and manufacturing aspects are explored through advanced digital design and fabrication technologies, and in particular, build on recent work on monomaterial assemblies with interlocking components that can be fabricated with computer numerical control machines and assembled easily by hand. The long-term objective of this research is the development of formal, visual–physical grammars with rules that generate complete computer-assisted design/computer-assisted manufacturing data for fabrication of full-scale components for assembly design variations. This paper reports on the first phase of this research: pilot studies for prototype assembly systems that incorporate vernacular languages from different parts of the world. The results of these studies are very promising, and demonstrate a spectrum of strategies for embedding visual properties in structural systems. Important next steps in this research are outlined. If successful, this work will lead to new solutions for low-cost, easily manufactured housing, which is especially critical in developing countries and for postdisaster environments. These new housing solutions will not only provide shelter but also support important cultural values through the integration of familiar visual design features. Beyond the specific context of housing and building assemblies, the research has the potential to impact the design and manufacture of designed artifacts on many scales and in many domains, especially in domains where visual aesthetics need to be considered jointly with physical, structural, or material requirements, and where design customization and variation is important.
Meaning in Life, Emotion-Oriented Coping, Generalized Self-Efficacy, and Family Cohesion as Predictors of Family Satisfaction Among Mothers of Children With Disabilities

The authors tested whether self-efficacy, coping styles, family cohesion, and meaning in life predicted family satisfaction among 64 mothers of children with disabilities. They also examined whether meaning in life mediated the relationship between cohesion and family satisfaction or served as a resource whose effects on family satisfaction were mediated by coping and cohesion. Stress, meaning in life, emotion-oriented coping, and family cohesion predicted 31% of the variance in family satisfaction. Family cohesion fully mediated the relationships between stress, meaning in life, and emotion-oriented coping on one hand and family satisfaction on the other. Mothers with lower stress exhibited higher meaning; those utilizing less emotion-oriented coping had higher family cohesion. Mothers with higher family cohesion had higher family satisfaction.
Pain management following myringotomy and tube placement: intranasal dexmedetomidine versus intranasal fentanyl.

Abstract Purpose Despite the brevity of the procedure, bilateral myringotomy and tympanostomy tube placement (BMT) can result in significant postoperative pain and discomfort. As the procedure is frequently performed without intravenous access, non-parenteral routes of administration are frequently used for analgesia. The current study prospectively compares the efficacy of intranasal (IN) dexmedetomidine with IN fentanyl for children undergoing BMT. Methods This prospective, double-blinded, randomized clinical trial included pediatric patients undergoing BMT. The patients were randomized to receive either IN dexmedetomidine (1 μg/kg) or fentanyl (2 μg/kg) after the induction of general anesthesia with sevoflurane. All patients received rectal acetaminophen (40 mg/kg) and the first 50 patients also received premedication with oral midazolam. Postoperative pain and recovery were assessed using pediatric pain and recovery scales, and any adverse effects were monitored for. Results The study cohort included 100 patients who ranged in age from 1 to 7.7 years and in weight from 8.6 to 37.4 kg. They were divided into 4 groups with 25 patients in each group: (1) midazolam premedication + IN dexmedetomidine; (2) midazolam premedication + IN fentanyl; (3) no premedication + IN dexmedetomidine; and (4) no premedication + IN fentanyl. Pain scores were comparable when comparing groups 2, 3 and 4, but were higher in group 1 (midazolam premedication with IN dexmedetomidine). There was no difference in total time in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) or time from arrival in the PACU until hospital discharge between the 4 groups. The heart rate (HR) was significantly lower in group 3 when compared to the other groups at several different times after arrival to the PACU. No clinically significant difference was noted in blood pressure. Conclusion Following BMT, when no premedication is administered, there was no clinical advantage when comparing IN dexmedetomidine (1 μg/kg) to IN fentanyl (2 μg/kg). The addition of oral midazolam as a premedication worsened the outcome measures particularly for children receiving IN dexmedetomidine.
Invitro correction of deficient human fibroblasts by β-glucuronidase from different human sources

Summary Human β-glucuronidase has been isolated from four sources by affinity chromatography on a heterologous antibody resin. Partial purification of 30–180X has been achieved in one step. β-Glucuronidase from these sources were taken up by β-glucuronidase deficient fibroblasts in culture and produced correction of the abnormal acid mucopolysaccharide accumulation. Enzyme preparations from blood platelets had far greater uptake and corrective activity than enzymes from liver, placenta, or urine.