cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AC-DIMM: associative computing with STT-MRAM

With technology scaling, on-chip power dissipation and off-chip memory bandwidth have become significant performance bottlenecks in virtually all computer systems, from mobile devices to supercomputers. An effective way of improving performance in the face of bandwidth and power limitations is to rely on associative memory systems. Recent work on a PCM-based, associative TCAM accelerator shows that associative search capability can reduce both off-chip bandwidth demand and overall system energy. Unfortunately, previously proposed resistive TCAM accelerators have limited flexibility: only a restricted (albeit important) class of applications can benefit from a TCAM accelerator, and the implementation is confined to resistive memory technologies with a high dynamic range (RHigh/RLow), such as PCM.This work proposes AC-DIMM, a flexible, high-performance associative compute engine built on a DDR3-compatible memory module. AC-DIMM addresses the limited flexibility of previous resistive TCAM accelerators by combining two powerful capabilities---associative search and processing in memory. Generality is improved by augmenting a TCAM system with a set of integrated, user programmable microcontrollers that operate directly on search results, and by architecting the system such that key-value pairs can be co-located in the same TCAM row. A new, bit-serial TCAM array is proposed, which enables the system to be implemented using STT-MRAM. AC-DIMM achieves a 4.2X speedup and a 6.5X energy reduction over a conventional RAM-based system on a set of 13 evaluated applications.
Clinical Study of the Use of the New Aminoglycoside Tobramycin for Therapy of Infections Due to Gram-Negative Bacteria

Abstract Tobramycin, a new aminoglycoside antimicrobial, was evaluated as therapy for infections due to gram-negative bacilli in 15 seriously ill patients with underlying diseases. Three of 10 patients with gram-negative bacteremias also had urinary tract infections. Two patients had respiratory tract infections, one had cellulitis, one had a urinary tract infection, and another had septic phlebitis. Twelve patients were cured of their infections. Eosinophilia was observed in one patient and another developed superinfection with Staphylococcus aureus after 6 days of tobramycin therapy. There were five isolates of Escherichia coli, five of Klebsiella sp., two of Pseudomonas sp., and one each of Enterobacter agglomerans, Serratia marcescens, and Enterobacter cloacae. The average serum concentration of tobramycin 2 h after a parenteral dose of 1.0 to 1.5 mg/kg was 5.1 μg/ml; higher concentrations of tobramycin were present in urine. Tobramycin proved to be an effective antimicrobial in these patients.
Dissolved phosphorus concentrations and sediment interactions in effluent-dominated Ozark streams

Abstract Phosphorus (P) loads from point sources have a significant influence on dissolved P concentrations in streams and sediment-water column dynamics. The goal of this study was to quantify dissolved P concentrations and sediment-P interactions in Ozark (USA) headwater streams with high point source P loads. Specifically, the objectives were to: (1) compare soluble reactive P (SRP) upstream and downstream from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent discharges; (2) examine longitudinal gradients in SRP downstream from WWTPs; (3) evaluate the effect of WTTP P inputs on sediment-water column P equilibrium and sediment exchangeable P. Water and sediment samples were collected, extracted and analyzed from July 2002 through June 2003 at these Ozark streams. Mean SRP concentrations in the select Ozark streams were significantly greater downstream from effluent discharges (0.08–2.10 mg L −1 ) compared to upstream (0.02–0.12 mg L −1 ). Effluent discharge from the WWTPs increased equilibrium concentrations between stream sediments and the water column; mean sediment equilibrium P concentration (EPC 0 ) was between 0.01–0.07 mg L −1 upstream from WWTP and the increase downstream was proportional to that observed in water column SRP. Sediment exchangeable P (EXP) was greater downstream from the effluent discharges (0.3–6.8 mg kg −1 ) compared to upstream (0.03–1.4 mg kg −1 ), representing a substantial transient storage of P inputs from WWTPs. Furthermore, P was generally not retained in these stream reaches when dilution was considered using a hydrologic tracer and was released in one stream reach where effluent P concentrations decreased over the study period. Thus, the effect of the WWTPs was profound in these streams increasing water column and sediment-bound P, and also reducing the ability of these stream reaches to retain P. In P-enriched streams, effluent P discharges likely regulate sediment and aqueous phase P equilibrium and sediment bioavailable P, not the sediments.
Immune Response to Herpesvirus Antigens in Adults with Acute Cytomegaloviral Mononucleosis

The immune response of eight patients with mononucleosis caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV) was measured early in their illness--when virus was present in their urine and/or blood--and subsequently during convalescence. Levels of CMV-specific antibody rose early in the illness, but the proliferative response of mononuclear cells to CMV antigen did not reach the level characteristic of CMV-immune donors until several months later. The production of interferon by mononuclear cells in response to CMV antigen was also low early in the illness. Although these patients had prior immunity to herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus, their mononuclear cells responded poorly to antigens prepared from these viruses. The proliferative response to these antigens returned to normal in parallel with the development of a normal response to CMV. It is suggested that acute CMV mononucleosis suppresses the proliferative response of human mononuclear cells.
Critical temperature of trapped hard-sphere Bose gases

We determine the critical temperature of parabolically trapped hard-sphere bosons via path-integral quantum Monte Carlo calculations of the condensate fraction and the specific heat. Contrary to previous predictions, the critical temperature of the weakly interacting gas remains roughly constant with respect to increases in the hard-sphere diameter, and is approximately equal to the critical temperature for ideal bosons. As the hard-sphere diameter is increased further, the critical temperature eventually begins to decrease. We give an explanation for the discrepancy between previous results and those presented here.
Brain endothelial HSP-70 stress response coincides with endothelial and pericyte death after brain trauma

Abstract Objectives: Our objective was to characterize the heat shock response (HSR) in a model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to determine the association of HSR to cell death. Methods: We used immunofluorescent detection of HSP-70 to characterize HSR and TUNEL labeling to determine the pattern of cell death. Results: HSP-70 immunofluorescence revealed a steady increase from 4 to 48 hours following TBI, culminating in a ubiquitous expression with the capillary bed 48 hours post-TBI. TUNEL labeling revealed a small subset of endothelial cell death and a most robust staining of putative pericyte cell death. Discussion: Our results show that while injury causes a detectable stress response, cell death is not a direct consequence of the HSR.
Definition of some basic terms in computer and information science

The impetus for the work described in this paper arose from observations reported in a letter to the Editor of this Journal (1). The sense of that letter was that those of us who have worked in the field now broadly called Computer and Information Science, have depended too long on the use of terms defined by example or through the vague specification of relationships (often weak) among entities. The term to which the author of the letter made specific reference (a term to which altogether too many interpretations are allied) was “thesaurus.” The reader will find that the term “thesaurus” is not defined in this paper but, as will be seen, a number of more basic terms have been selected as the starting point for a project of defining terms which are important in communicating about computer and information science.
Systematics of nuclear level properties in the lead region

Abstract This survey of the lead region is an extension of our “Survey of Nuclear Structure Systematics for A ≥ 229” (72ElSc) published previously. The mass range covered is primarily A = 190 through A = 221. The emphases are on properties of low-lying states, their shell-model configurations, and their decay modes. A comprehensive systematics of α-decay hindrance factors is presented; for β − decay, only transitions between pure single-particle states are included in the log ft systematics. For IT decays the important case of M4 transitions is presented. Magnetic dipole moments are tabulated and the additivity relation is examined. The starting point of the present survey was the Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File (ENSDF) (see the Cumulated Index to A-Chains on page iii of this issue for references to the individual mass chains). Most changes and updates of this file, made in the course of preparing the present survey, are mentioned in the text. We refer the reader to Nuclear Data Sheets for information on high-lying states, spectroscopic factors, documentation of the data, and other topics not treated in this survey.
Behavior Analytic Approaches For Recruiting Individuals to Community-Based Prevention Programs

A number of primary-intervention studies with typical adults and children in open-community settings have been conducted in the area of applied behavior analysis. For example, communities and researchers have attempted to reach out to certain populations by designing and offering community-based prevention programs. In such attempts, the target individuals have not yet experienced the contingency between the participation and its consequence; that is, it is likely that the recruitment depends on antecedent control of participation. The present paper reviewed studies with group designs in which the individuals were recruited to community-based prevention programs. The selected studies were classified into the following four antecedent control procedures used in the studies: stating contingencies in the invitation; altering the value of consequence through the invitation; manipulating response effort; and others. After specific recruiting strategies used in the studies were examined, the authors concluded that many of the studies consisted of multiple and confounding variables. It is recommended future studies isolate the effects of different independent variables, rather than evaluate treatment packages.
Interannual Variability in the Southern Hemisphere Circulation Organized by Stratospheric Final Warming Events

Abstract A composite observational analysis is presented demonstrating that austral stratospheric final warming (SFW) events provide a substantial organizing influence upon the large-scale atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere. In particular, the annual weakening of high-latitude westerlies in the upper troposphere and stratosphere is accelerated during SFW onset. This behavior is associated with a coherent annular circulation change with zonal wind decelerations (accelerations) at high (low) latitudes. The high-latitude stratospheric decelerations are induced by the anomalous wave driving of upward-propagating tropospheric waves. Longitudinally asymmetric circulation changes occur in the lower troposphere during SFW onset with regionally localized height increases (decreases) at subpolar (middle) latitudes. Importantly, the tropospheric and stratospheric circulation change patterns identified here are structurally distinct from the Southern Annular Mode. It is concluded that SFW events are l...
Development of a source term for radionuclide release from spent fuel in a basalt repository

Abstract An analysis of groundwater transport of radionuclides from a nuclear waste repository requires a “source term,” i.e., a prediction of the rate of release of radionuclides from the repository. A relatively simple source term has been constructed to support a demonstration of analytical methodology being developed for use in repository licensing. For this study the postulated case of release from spent fuel in a basalt repository sheared by a fault was considered. The source term model illustrates the use of constraints in describing release behavior, without referring to a specific detailed waste package design. The technical approach used to construct the source term is discussed to illustrate how mass balance and equilibrium constraints can be used in support of repository licensing activities. Assumptions made because of incomplete understanding of leaching behavior are discussed.
Recent Advances in Plant NLR Structure, Function, Localization, and Signaling

Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins play a central role in the innate immune systems of plants and vertebrates. In plants, NLR proteins function as intracellular receptors that detect pathogen effector proteins directly, or indirectly by recognizing effector-induced modifications to other host proteins. NLR activation triggers a suite of defense responses associated with programmed cell death (PCD). The molecular mechanisms underlying NLR activation, and how activation is translated into defense responses, have been particularly challenging to elucidate in plants. Recent reports, however, are beginning to shed some light. It is becoming clear that plant NLR proteins are targeted to diverse sub-cellular locations, likely depending on the locations where the effectors are detected. These reports also indicate that some NLRs re-localize following effector detection, while others do not, and such relocalization may reflect differences in signaling pathways. There have also been recent advances in understanding the structure of plant NLR proteins, with crystal structures now available for the N-terminal domains of two well-studied NLRs, a coiled-coil (CC) domain and a Toll-Interleukin Receptor (TIR). Significant improvements in molecular modeling have enabled more informed structure-function studies, illuminating roles of intra- and inter-molecular interactions in NLR activation regulation. Several independent studies also suggest that intracellular trafficking is involved in NLR mediated resistance. Lastly, progress is being made on identifying transcriptional regulatory complexes activated by NLRs. Current models for how plant NLR proteins are activated and how they induce defenses are discussed, with an emphasis on what remains to be determined.
Stratigraphy and radiocarbon chronology of Modoc Rock Shelter, Illinois

Excavations at Modoc Rock Shelter, Illinois (11R5), between 1952 and 1956 documented the antiquity and cultural sequence of the Archaic period in the midcontinental United States. Some researchers questioned the site's stratigraphic integrity because of apparent inconsistencies between the radiocarbon assays and associated artifacts. Excavations in 1980, 1984, and 1987 documented stratigraphic sequences and produced assays of over 40 additional radiocarbon samples from controlled stratigraphic contexts. This report describes the stratigraphic sequences at Modoc Rock Shelter and presents critical evaluations of the radiocarbon assays. This information is used to summarize the depositional and occupational history of the site. Two related stratigraphic sequences are present, one in the Main Shelter and a separate, physically uncorrelated sequence in the West Shelter. Each sequence includes occupations dating to the Early, Middle, and Late Archaic periods, with age ranges between 9000 and 4000 B.P. Questions about the site's stratigraphic integrity, artifact sequences, and analytical procedures are resolved.
The Moving Median for Some Short-period, Fat-tailed, or Contaminated Time Series

The moving median method is suggested as an alternative for short‐term forecasting under some of the standard normal; Student t with degrees of freedom 1, 2 and 3; Cauchy; Chi‐square with degrees of freedom 1 and 2; exponential; and standard normal with outliers. When the Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) and the Mean Square Error (MSE) are used as the criteria for evaluating forecasting accuracy, the moving average technique is superior to the moving median technique only for time series simulated from the standard normal distribution. The moving median technique is superior to the moving average technique for the fat‐tailed distributions; for example, t‐distributions of degrees 1, 2 and 3, Cauchy distribution, and the contaminated normal cases. An example shows the moving median technique responds to the level changes faster than the moving average technique. An illustrative example is also given for a practical data set.
Functional and pathological roles of the 12- and 15-lipoxygenases

The 12/15-lipoxygenase enzymes react with fatty acids producing active lipid metabolites that are involved in a number of significant disease states. The latter include type 1 and type 2 diabetes (and associated complications), cardiovascular disease, hypertension, renal disease, and the neurological conditions Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. A number of elegant studies over the last thirty years have contributed to unraveling the role that lipoxygenases play in chronic inflammation. The development of animal models with targeted gene deletions has led to a better understanding of the role that lipoxygenases play in various conditions. Selective inhibitors of the different lipoxygenase isoforms are an active area of investigation, and will be both an important research tool and a promising therapeutic target for treating a wide spectrum of human diseases.
Transition and equilibration of neutral atmospheric boundary layer flow in one-way nested large-eddy simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model

AbstractThe Weather Research and Forecasting Model permits finescale large-eddy simulations (LES) to be nested within coarser simulations, an approach that can generate more accurate turbulence statistics and improve other aspects of simulated flows. However, errors are introduced into the finer domain from the nesting methodology. Comparing nested domain, flat-terrain simulations of the neutral atmospheric boundary layer with single-domain simulations using the same mesh, but instead using periodic lateral boundary conditions, reveals the errors contributed to the nested solution from the parent domain and nest interfaces. Comparison of velocity spectra shows good agreement among higher frequencies, but greater power predicted on the nested domain at lower frequencies. Profiles of mean wind speed show significant near-surface deficits near the inflow boundaries, but equilibrate to improved values with distance. Profiles of the vertical flux of x momentum show significant underprediction by the nested dom...
Determination of External System Topology Errors

A technique for the detection of topology errors within an "unobservable" portion of a system is given. The method is based on the Jacobian equivalent concept. If good information about the observable system state is available from a state estimator, it is possible to detect many external single line outages. An index intended to indicate the "discrimination ability" of specific configurations is defined. A small detailed example is presented.
Experimental studies on the caudal neurosecretory system of Tilapia mossambica.

Abstract 1. 1. In the absence of the urohypophysis, Tilapia mossambica exposed to salt water (1.7% NaCl) show higher mortality, greater loss of body weight, increased serum chloride and increased number of paraldehyde fuchsin-staining cells in the preoptic nucleus, as compared with control fish. 2. 2. Depletion of neurohypophyseal and urohypophyseal neurosecretion was an inconsistent response of some fish in all experimental groups exposed to the salt-water environment. 3. 3. Attempts to replace the extirpated urohypophysis with an acetone-dried preparation of the terminal spinal cord material were not successful in preventing mortality and loss of body weight among fish exposed to salt water. However, serum chloride levels were lower in salt-treated fish receiving the “urohypophyseal” preparation. 4. 4. Goldfish exposed to salt water also showed increased loss of body weight and a tendency toward and increase in number of stainable preoptic nucleus cells after urohypophysectomy. 5. 5. A relation, direct or indirect, between the caudal neurosecretory system and osmotic or ionic regulatory mechanisms is strongly suggested, but its nature remains unknown.
Proximal Diaphyseal Fractures of the Fifth Metatarsal (Jones' Fracture): Two Cases Treated by Cross-Pinning with Review of 106 Cases:

Two young males with proximal diaphyseal fractures of the fifth metatarsal (Jones' fractures), one acute and one with delayed union, have been presented and healed with percutaneous cross-pinning, shortleg casting, and partial weightbearing. Both healed without complications in 7 and 11 weeks, respectively. Both were followed for more than 2 years. In the acute Jones' fracture the treatment of choice is a nonweightbearing shortleg cast for 8 weeks. In the symptomatic nondisplaced delayed union the author favors percutaneous cross-pinning, shortleg cast, and partial weightbearing. Intramedullary screw fixation is an alternative. In the patient with symptomatic nonunion, bone grafting is the treatment of choice. Asymptomatic patients with radiographically unhealed fractures require no treatment. One hundred six cases of the Jones' fracture are reviewed.
Development of a novel piezo-driven parallel-kinematics single crystal silicon micropositioning XY stage

We developed a novel piezo-driven parallel-kinematics single crystal silicon micropositioning XY stage. This monolithic design features parallelogram four-bar linkages, flexure hinges and piezoelectric stack actuators. The stage is made from single crystal silicon because it has excellent mechanical properties compared to metals, which result in high bandwidth, large work zone and compact size of the stage. Kinematics and dynamics analysis were performed for the design. We also developed microfabrication procedures to make the prototype of the stage. Experiment results show that the mechanical structure of the stage can deliver a 400μm by 400μm square work zone without failing any flexure hinges. With two piezoelectric stack actuators mounted, the stage is able to do open-loop contouring in a 32μm by 32μm work zone with 160V driving voltages applied. The resonation frequencies of the stage are between 1,300 and 1,400Hz.
The use of interactive video in teaching microeconomics: A note

The interactive-video system described by Bogan may encourage other instructors with large classes to develop and test similar systems of individualized instruction.
Frequency response characteristics of ambulatory ECG monitoring systems and their implications for ST segment analysis

Because of the increasing interest in using ambulatory ECG monitoring equipment to study cardiac ischemia, we examined the frequency response characteristics and the reproducibility of a standard ST segment shift for equipment from eight manufacturers. Output/input amplitude versus frequency response curves, derived from input sine waves, were compared with American Heart Association (AHA) standards. Low- and high-frequency cutoffs (-3dB) were examined as well as flat response within the pass band. A new test based on Fourier analysis provided evaluation of phase shift versus frequency response and a more detailed analysis of the amplitude versus frequency response. By using a modified ECG simulator, flat-line ST segment depression from 0 to 10 mm (in 1 mm increments) was input to two or three recording devices for each manufacturer. The outputs from the scanners were evaluated for the amount of ST depression and the quality of the waveform reproduction. No system met all AHA standards for frequency response. Each system also had varying amounts of phase shift which could potentially distort the ECG signal. Although some manufacturers' equipment gave faithful reproductions of the simulated ST segment depression, others did not. We conclude that additional investigation is necessary to determine the clinical implications of our findings and to establish better standards for low- and high-frequency cutoffs, flat response within pass band, and phase shift for ambulatory ECG monitoring equipment.
Testing the equality of linear single-index models

Abstract Comparison of nonparametric regression models has been extensively discussed in the literature for the one-dimensional covariate case. The comparison problem largely remains open for completely nonparametric models with multi-dimensional covariates. We address this issue under the assumption that models are single-index models (SIMs). We propose a test for checking the equality of the mean functions of two (or more) SIM’s. The asymptotic normality of the test statistic is established and an empirical study is conducted to evaluate the finite-sample performance of the proposed procedure.
The incorporation of 14C-glucosamine from UDP-N-acetyl-14C-glucosamine into liver microsomal protein in vitro.

Abstract A particulate enzyme preparation obtained from rat liver catalyzes the transfer of glucosamine from UDP- N -acetyl- 14 C-glucosamine to endogenous protein acceptor(s). This transfer activity is found to be much higher in smooth microsomes than in rough microsomes. Unlabeled GDP-mannose stimulates incorporation, while other sugar nucleotides tested do not. The endogenous acceptor appears to be compartmentalized within the microsomes, but can be released by treatment with detergents or ultrasonic vibrations. Pronase digestion converts the products of this reaction from trichloroacetic acid-insoluble proteins to trichloroacetic acid-soluble glycopeptides. The radioactive label is incorporated as glucosamine, as identified by cochromatography on paper with authentic glucosamine, following acid hydrolysis of pronase glycopeptides.
Empathy and burnout in male and female helping professionals

Relationships between empathy and burnout and possible confounding influences of sex and profession were explored in a sample of 492 male and female nurses, social workers, and teachers. Respondents completed Mehrabian's Emotional Empathy Scale, Stotland's Fantasy-Empathy Scale, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). There were no main effects of profession on empathy or burnout variables. There was, however, an interaction effect of sex and profession on depersonalization, which was accounted for by subjects in social work and teaching. Women had significantly higher empathy scores than men; however, men had higher scores than male normative groups. Age related negatively to depersonalization and emotional exhaustion for women, whereas percentage of work time spent in direct practice correlated with depersonalization for men. The possibility that empathy and burnout might represent opposite poles of the same underlying construct was examined but not found. Instead, emotional empathy was significantly positively correlated with both emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment, whereas emotional exhaustion was also positively related to depersonalization. It is hypothesized that high emotional empathy may predispose helping professionals to emotional exhaustion and that emotional exhaustion, if not mediated by personal accomplishment, may lead to the development of depersonalization. This more complex, interactive model of the empathy–burnout relationship needs longitudinal study.
Exceptional groups and elementary particle structures

Abstract We construct a new finite-dimensional quantum-mechanical space over the complex octonionic plane using the recently-developed algebraic techniques of Jordan pairs and inner ideals. The automorphism group of this structure is E 6 × U (1), realized on precisely two irreducible representations (27) and (27 ∗ ) of E 6 which we abstract as a (topless) model for grand unification.
Effect of Si Co Doping on Ferromagnetic Properties of GaGdN

Single-phase GaGdN and GaGdN:Si films were grown on sapphire substrates by gas source molecular beam epitaxy using solid Gd, Ga, and Si sources and active nitrogen derived from a RF nitrogen plasma source. The undoped films were highly resistive films but became conductive with the addition of Si. Superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry indicated room-temperature ferromagnetism in both types of materials. Structural defects had a strong influence on the magnetic ordering of the material, as seen in a drastic reduction of magnetic moment with degrading crystalline quality. Magnetization of the codoped film increased with Si content, reaching levels higher than that of the undoped material. The Gd-doped AlN films grown in a similar fashion also displayed Curie temperatures above room temperature.
Charlson Index Is Associated with One‐year Mortality in Emergency Department Patients with Suspected Infection

Objectives: A patient's baseline health status may affect the ability to survive an acute illness. Emergency medicine research requires tools to adjust for confounders such as comorbid illnesses. The Charlson Comorbidity Index has been validated in many settings but not extensively in the emergency department (ED). The purpose of this study was to examine the utility of the Charlson Index as a predictor of one-year mortality in a population of ED patients with suspected infection. Methods: The comorbid illness components of the Charlson Index were prospectively abstracted from the medical records of adult (age older than 18 years) ED patients at risk for infection (indicated by the clinical decision to obtain a blood culture) and weighted. Charlson scores were grouped into four previously established indices: 0 points (none), 1–2 points (low), 3–4 points (moderate), and ≥5 points (high). The primary outcome was one-year mortality assessed using the National Death Index and medical records. Cox proportional-hazards ratios were calculated, adjusting for age, gender, and markers of 28-day in-hospital mortality. Results: Between February 1, 2000, and February 1, 2001, 3,102 unique patients (96% of eligible patients) were enrolled at an urban teaching hospital. Overall one-year mortality was 22% (667/3,102). Mortality rates increased with increasing Charlson scores: none, 7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.4% to 8.5%); low, 22% (95% CI = 19% to 24%); moderate, 31% (95% CI = 27% to 35%); and high, 40% (95% CI = 36% to 44%). Controlling for age, gender, and factors associated with 28-day mortality, and using the “none” group as a reference group, the Charlson Index predicted mortality as follows: low, odds ratio of 2.0; moderate, odds ratio of 2.5; and high, odds ratio of 4.7. Conclusions: This study suggests that the Charlson Index predicts one-year mortality among ED patients with suspected infection.
Hypercortisolism Among Socially Subordinate Wild Baboons Originates at the CNS Level

Recent studies suggest that the hypercortisolism and dexamathasone resistance of depression arise, at least in part, at the level of the brain, ie, cortisol-releasing factor (CRF) and/or other corticotropin-secretagogues are hypersecreted. This article suggests a similar cause of the hypercortisolism of social subordinance. Two troops of wild olive baboons, living freely in the Serengeti Ecosystem of East Africa, have been under long-term study. Consistently, in stable dominance hierachies, subordinate males are hypercortisolemic relative to dominant animals. Furthermore, hypercortisolemic males are dexamethasone resistant. There are no rank-related difference in cortisol clearance or adrenal sensitivity to corticotropin, suggesting a pituitary and/or neural locus of the hypercortisolism. Subordinate males were shown to secrete less corticotropin in response to a CRF-challenge than did dominant males. Following the logic used in similar studies with depressives, if subordinate males were hypercortisolemic despite decreased pituitary sensitivity to CRF, then this implies that the hyperactivity of the adrenocortical axis is driven at the level of the brain. Furthermore, subordinate males were hyporesponsive to CRF after administration of metyrapone, which blocks cortisol secretion and disinhibits the pituitary from feedback inhibition. Thus, the pituitary appears to have lost sensitivity to CRF itself in these low-ranking males. These observations are interpreted in light of behavioral data suggesting that these subordinate males are under sustained social stress.
Fault model for sub-micron CMOS ULSI circuits reliability assessment

Abstract A new fault model, based on the general Percolation theory applied to long-channel CMOS VLSI circuits, has been recently introduced. It was shown that a reliability risk appears only when process-related defects create a pattern independent current path in standby mode. An acceptable reliability risk defines pass/fail criteria. A screening technique, based on this model, presents a strong correlation between rejected devices and Early Failure Rate. In this paper, the general Percolation approach was applied to short-channel CMOS VLSI circuits. Unlike long-channel CMOS VLSI, defect-free short-channel CMOS VLSI circuits inherently have a pattern-independent standby current. It results from a short-channel MOSFET current in the off state. In this case, the defect-related component of this current might be released only by means of a multi parameter fail criterion. Experimental results that confirm this conclusion are presented and discussed. The Reliability Risk assessment technique employing this model shows a strong correlation between rejected devices and long term reliability for 32-bit 0.35 μM CMOS microprocessors.
Influence of head and neck position on endotracheal tube tip position on chest x-ray examination: a potential problem in the infant undergoing intubation

Complications related to endotracheal tubes are frequent in small children and infants. We report a case of a burned 12-month-old child in whom frequent manipulation of the endotracheal tube was required because of recurrent atelectasis and changing position of the endotracheal tube on chest x-ray film. It was then determined that because of variations in head and neck position while chest x-ray films were obtained, the endotracheal tip changed position in the trachea greater than 2.7 cm (greater than 1 inch), although endotracheal tube position was maintained at the level of the teeth. Airway care and gas exchange were subsequently improved by ensuring that patient care and chest x-ray films were performed with the head and neck in similar (neck slightly flexed, head neutral) position.
The fate of HDL particles in vivo after SR-BI-mediated selective lipid uptake

Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) delivers cholesterol ester from HDL to cells via a selective uptake mechanism, whereby lipid is transferred from the core of the particle without concomitant degradation of the protein moiety. The precise metabolic fate of HDL particles after selective lipid uptake is not known. To characterize SR-BI- mediated HDL processing in vivo, we expressed high levels of this receptor in livers of apoA-I � / � mice by adenoviral vector gene transfer, and then injected the mice with a bo- lus of human HDL 2 traced with 125 I-dilactitol tyramine. HDL recovered from apoA-I � / � mice over-expressing SR-BI was significantly smaller than HDL recovered from control mice as measured by non-denaturing gel electrophoresis. When injected into C57BL/6 mice, these HDL "remnants" were rapidly converted to HDL 2 -sized lipoprotein particles, and were cleared from the plasma at a rate similar to HDL 2 . In assays in cultured cells, HDL remnants did not stimulate ATP-binding cassette transporter A1-dependent cholesterol efflux. When mixed with mouse plasma ex vivo, HDL rem- nants rapidly converted to larger HDL particles. These studies identify a previously ill-defined pathway in HDL me- tabolism, whereby SR-BI generates small, dense HDL parti- cles that are rapidly remodeled in plasma. This remodel- ing pathway may represent a process that is important in determining the rate of apoA-I catabolism and HDL-medi- ated reverse cholesterol transport.— Webb, N. R., L. Cai, K. S. Ziemba, J. Yu, M. S. Kindy, D. R. van der Westhuyzen, and F. C. de Beer. The fate of HDL particles in vivo after SR-BI-medi- ated selective lipid uptake. J. Lipid Res. 2002. 43: 1890-1898.
Oxygen chemisorption on copper (110)

High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and angle-resolved ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) have been used: (1) to study a surface phonon of Cu(110) as a function of oxygen coverage, (2) to identify oxygen adsorption site(s) in the p(2×1)O, c(6×2)O, and disordered oxygen overlayer (formed by O2 exposure at 100 K), and (3) to determine whether molecular adsorption or dissociation of O2 followed by atomic adsorption occurs after oxygen exposure at 100 K. With EELS, a continuous shift in energy of the surface phonon as a function of oxygen exposure at 300 K is observed. Our EELS data for the p(2×1)O overlayer support previous reports of a single long-bridge adsorption site, while indicating two sites are populated in the c(6×2)O overlayer: a long-bridge site and a four-coordinated site. The long-bridge site is populated at all coverages while the four-coordinated sites is occupied only after high exposures (≥2×104 L) at room temperature, or after exposures >2 L at low temperature (100 K). For both conditions the oxygen coverages are greater than 0.5 monolayer. Also, EELS and complementary UPS data clearly show that oxygen adsorbs dissociatively on Cu(110) after O2 exposure at 100 K. At this temperature, LEED results indicate that the oxygen atoms are adsorbed without long-range order; however, local adsorption sites, which are similar to those in the c(6×2)O surface, are observed.
Differential expression in markers for thrombin, platelet activation, and inflammation in cell saver versus systemic blood in patients undergoing on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery

Objective: Elimination of cardiotomy suction increases reliance on cell-saver blood-conservation techniques. Reinfusion of processed cell-saver blood (PCSB) even without using cardiotomy field suction may contribute to thrombin, cytokines, platelet activators, and hemolytic factors measured systemically. Design: This study was designed as a prospective, unblinded observational study of patients undergoing first-time, nonemergent on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Setting: A university medical center. Participants: Fourteen patients were enrolled after informed consent. Interventions: Arterial blood was sampled (1) before cardiopulmonary bypass, (2) immediately after bypass, and (3) 4 hours after bypass. PCSB, using the AutoLog (Medtronic, Inc, Minneapolis, MN), was sampled after bypass. Measurements and Main Results: Blood and PCSB levels of prothrombin fragments 1.2, β-thromboglobulin, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, polymorphonuclear leukocyte-elastase, neuron-specific enolase, and S-100β were assayed by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Paired comparisons were performed by using paired t tests. Compared with postbypass blood, processed cell-saver blood (prepatient infusion) had higher levels of polymorphonuclear leukocyte-elastase, interleukin-8, neuron-specific enolase, and S-100β ( p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: Reinfusion of PCSB directly and independently contributes to systemic elevations in interleukin-8, polymorphonuclear elastase, neuron-specific enolase, and S-100β, augmenting and perhaps accentuating the postoperative inflammatory response. Further evaluation and improvement in cell-salvaging technology and processing techniques are warranted.
School Choice in Black and White: Private School Enrollment Among Racial Groups, 1990–2000

This study investigates how much the racial composition of communities influences the private school enrollment rates of members of different racial groups. Some scholars argue that private school enrollment contributes to racial segregation in public schools because White families attempt to enhance the social status of their children by leaving public schools serving communities with higher percentages of children who are Black. A second group of scholars argue that private school enrollment is primarily based on nonracial factors. A third, related perspective argues that race is of diminishing importance in driving behaviors such as school choice. This study explores these perspectives using 1990 and 2000 Public Use Micro Data Samples to estimate private school enrollment rates by student race and community racial composition. Findings indicate that private school enrollment rates among Asian, Black, and Hispanic students do not fluctuate much with community racial composition. By contrast, private sch...
A visual development environment for multi-lingual curricula

Although a computer science curriculum may use a single language as its "core" language, many curricula require students to learn and use multiple languages for course or practicum work. Students benefit from the exposure to other languages and other language models. However, a problem arising from the multi-lingual nature of a curriculum is the necessity to learn and use different development environments and language front-ends. GRASP (Graphical Representations of Algorithms, Structures, and Processes) is a software engineering tool currently being successfully utilized as a common development environment for the multi-lingual computer science curriculum at Auburn University. Besides providing a common front-end for different languages, GRASP also provides automated visualization of source code in the form of the control structure diagram and the complexity profile graph. This paper describes GRASP and its current use in the computer science curriculum. GRASP is freely available via the Internet at the following URL: http://www.eng.auburn.edu/grasp
Monitoring global atmospheric constituents capable of forcing climate change

Relative to a standard one-foot diameter globe of the Earth the thickness of the atmosphere is comparable to a sheet of plastic food warp covering the globe. Within this thin, fluid membrane long established balances in chemical and radiative processes are being altered by anthropogenic activities. For instance, each year about 50% of the carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by the combustion of fossil fuels and burning of forests remains in the atmosphere. This 1% yr-1 increase in CO2 traps solar energy leading to a rise in atmospheric temperatures known popularly as 'greenhouse warming.' Halocarbons from escaped refrigerants and other sources are destroying the stratospheric ozone layer allowing increased levels of UV to reach the Earth's surface. To monitor these changes in the atmosphere, a global network of atmospheric baseline stations tracks the health of the atmosphere. Some manned stations are in weather challenged locations such as the South Pole, Spitzbergen, Ellesmere Island and the Tibetan Plateau; others are in more benign climates such as Hawaii, Samoa, Tasmania, Reunion, and Kenya. Data from these and others stations are presented and discussed.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Purine stacking: effects of alkyl substituents.

Abstract The association behavior of various alkyl-substituted purines in aqueous solution was investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance and vapor pressure osmometry. The data suggested that stacking was highly dependent on the nature and location of the alkyl substituent. Larger alkyl groups enhanced the degree of association, and stacking was highly dependent on the nature and location of the substituent. Differential chemical shifts of the ring protons suggest that the association process became less random as the size of the alkyl group was increased. Results are reported for 2-, 6-, 8-, and 9-tert.-butylpurine, 8-isopropylpurine, and 9-methyl-, 9-ethyl-, and 9-isopropylpurine. Synthetic procedures are given for the tert.-butylpurines and isopropylpurines.
The marine layer and its relation to a smog episode in Riverside, California

Abstract The arrival of a polluted air mass with a sharp boundary was recorded on five chemical recorders. The records of temperature, humidity and wind suggest that this pollution was contained in a layer of marine air which had penetrated about 40 miles inland.
Hemolysis and changes in erythrocyte membrane lipids. 2.

Extracellular Disorders Influencing Hemolysis The major extracellular abnormalities are those in serum lipoproteins that induce secondary changes in the red cells by modifying the equilibrium of th...
Determination of fluoride in semiconductor process chemicals by ion chromatography with ion-selective electrodes

Abstract A method for the analysis of fluoride by ion chromatography with ion-selective electrode detection is described. This method provides uninterfered detection and quantitation of fluoride in ppb concentrations. Direct application to the analysis of samples significant to the semiconductor industry is described.
Regulatory Elements in the Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene 3′-Enhancers Induce c-myc Deregulation and Lymphomagenesis in Murine B Cells

Burkitt's lymphoma is invariably associated with chromosomal translocations that juxtapose the c-myc proto-oncogene with regulatory elements of the immunoglobulin heavy (IgH) or light chain loci resulting in the deregulation of c-myc expression. However, the enhancer elements mediating c-myc deregulation in vivo remain largely unidentified. To investigate the role of the IgH 3′-enhancers in c-myc deregulation, we used gene targeting to generate knock-in mice in which four DNase I hypersensitive regions from the murine IgH 3′-region were integrated into the 5′-region of the c-myc locus. The IgH 3′-enhancers induced the up-regulation of c-myc expression specifically in B cells of IgH-3′-E-myc mice. After ∼10 months, the mice developed a Burkitt-like B cell lymphoma with the phenotype of B220+, IgM+, and IgDlow. Analysis of immunoglobulin gene rearrangements indicated that the lymphoma cells were of clonal origin. The presence of a rapidly expanding population of B cells in the spleen and bone marrow of young knock-in mice at 2–4 months of age was observed. Premalignant splenic B cells of knock-in mice showed higher spontaneous and induced apoptosis; however, malignant B cells were more resistant to apoptosis. The p53-ARF-Mdm2 pathway was disabled in half of the lymphomas examined, in most cases through Mdm2 overexpression. Although c-myc expression was increased in premalignant B cells, the promoter shift from P2 to P1 was observed only in malignant B cells. Our studies demonstrate that the IgH 3′-enhancers play an important role in c-myc deregulation and B cell lymphomagenesis in vivo.