cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mixed-Initiative Friend-List Creation

Friend lists group contacts in a social networking site that are to be treated equally in some respect. We have developed a new approach for recommending friend lists, which can then be manually edited and merged by the user to create the final lists. Our approach finds both large networks of friends and smaller friend groups within this network by merging virtual friend cliques. We have identified new metrics for evaluating the user-effort required to process friend-list recommendations, and conducted user studies to evaluate our approach and determine if and how the recommended lists would be used. Our results show that (a) our approach identifies a large fraction of the friend lists of a user, and seeds these lists with hundreds of members, few of which are spurious, and (b) users say they would use the lists for access control, messaging, filling in friend details, and understanding the social structures to which they belong.
FLUX, REACTIVITY, STEAM VOID, AND STEAM-WATER INTER-LAYER NOISE SPECTRUMS IN THE EBWR

Abstract The reactor flux noise was recorded and Fourier analysed. It showed a resonance peak in the energy-frequency spectrum and was not a ‘white’ noise. Such was also the case for the reactivity spectrum, obtained by operating on the flux spectrum with a measured power transfer function. A transfer function relating the power ( N ) to a steam-water inter-layer input was calculated by using the reactor dynamic model. The inter-layer spectrum obtained by operating on the flux spectrum with this function was ‘white’ over a frequency range of 30 to 1, and probably is the result of random variation of the steam generation rate due to discrete steam bubbles entering the steam space. Such noise spectrums can be employed for gross stability investigations if a fair knowledge of the dynamic model is in hand.
Linear quadratic optimal control of continuous-time linear systems with random delays

We study a finite horizon optimal control problem for a class of linear systems with a randomly varying time-delay. The delay value is treated as an unknown variable but with known statistical properties, modelled by a Markov process with a finite number of states. The probabilistic delay averaging approach is employed to determine the optimal control in the form which is independent of the delay value.
Lack of discontinuous gas exchange in a tracheate arthropod, Leiobunum townsendi (Arachnida, Opiliones)

The discontinuous gas exchange cycle, characterized by stringent spiracular control and periods of near-zero external CO 2 emission separated by 'bursts' of CO 2 emission, has evolved independently in several taxa of tracheate arthropods. These include the hexapoda, diplopoda, and several arachnid taxa; ticks, pseudoscorpions and solphugids. This paper presents the first data on gas exchange kinetics in a harvestman (Arachnida; Opiliones). The experimental animal, Leiobunum townsendi Weed, from an arid area of the south-western United States, displayed a metabolic rate similar to those of other arthropods at 25 °C (129 ′ 22 μW). Their CO 2 emission kinetics showed, when the animals were motionless, only minor variations about a mean value of 0.0217 ′ 0.0037 mL/h (n = 6, mean body mass 86 mg). Expressed on an intra-recording basis, the coefficient of variation of CO 2 emission (= SD/MEAN), which is an index of short-term gas emission fluctuations and thus of spiracular control, had a mean value of only 0.082. In contrast, the coefficient of variation of animals employing a discontinuous gas exchange cycle is > 1.5. Gas exchange in opilionids, unlike the case with most other tracheate arthropods, may therefore be dominated by simple diffusion without a prominent role for wide modulations of spiracular conductance. Contributory to this conservative spiracular control strategy may be the weak degree of tracheation in opilionids, combined with circulating haemocyanin, which acts as both a transport medium and a buffering reservoir for respiratory gas exchange.
Altered deoxynucleoside triphosphate levels paralleling deoxyadenosine toxicity in adenosine deaminase inhibited human lymphocytes.

Deficiency of the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) has been associated with an inherited form of severe combined immunodeficiency disease.1 The accumulation of deoxyadenosine-containing ribonucleotides (dATP and dADP) in the cells of these patients2,3 has been implicated as the primary cause for the immune dysfunction. Deoxy-ATP is a potent inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase whose activity is responsible for the formation of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleoside diphosphates. Thus the accumulation of dATP could deprive the cells of ADA deficient individuals of the deoxyribonucleotides needed for DNA synthesis and thereby prevent the expansion of the lymphocyte clones needed for immune responses.
Influx of cholesterol into plasma in rabbits with fasting hyperbetalipoproteinemia.

New Zealand white rabbits exhibited as much as a threefold increase in plasma cholesterol but no change in hepatic cholesterol when fasted for 7-9 days. Agarose electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation of plasma samples showed that only low density lipoprotein increased during fasting. Fasting changed the composition of the low density lipoprotein by increasing the per- centage of cholesterol and decreasing the percentage of triglycer- ide while protein and phospholipid remained the same. Rates of cholesterol secretion into plasma, measured by Triton WR 1339 injection, and rates of plasma cholesteryl ester synthesis, deter- mined by (2-14C)mevalonate injection, were similar for fed and fasted rabbits. These findings suggest that fasting hypercholes- terolemia in rabbits did not result from increased production of low density lipoproteins. Triton WR 1339 was shown to inhibit plasma cholesterol esterification in vitro.
Stenting in acute stroke: counterpoint

The act of intracranial stent placement in acute stroke patients with thromboembolic occlusions was justified based on the premise that the FDA-approved devices did not provide an adequately high recanalization rate and/or a good clinical outcome.1–4 The patients were put on a dual antiplatelet regime after stent placement despite the potential risk of worsening in the intracranial hemorrhage. Past retrospective clinical series on intracranial stent placement in patients with acute stroke demonstrated higher recanalization rates than the Merci (Stryker / Concentric Medical, Mountain View, CA, USA) and Multi-Merci trials with the use of older generation Merci retrievers, hence the benefits might outweigh the potential risk of hemorrhage for a certain subpopulation of acute stroke patients.1–6 The reported recanalization rates and clinical outcomes from medical centers in the USA have not been substantially different among the FDA-approved mechanical thrombectomy or aspiration devices until recently.6 ,7 In 2012, however, primary data from the Solitaire (Covidien/ev3 Neurovascular, Irvine, CA, USA) With the Intention For Thrombectomy (SWIFT) randomized clinical have become available.8 The Solitaire stent retriever arm achieved an end-of-procedure successful recanalization rate (Thrombosis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) 2A or greater) of 88.9% with 58.2% good mental/motor functioning (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score 0–2 or improvement in NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score of ≥10).8 This game-changing new generation device is now approved in the USA and the device has been performing as well as that published in the …
Thermoperiod and Photoperiod as Temporal Cues for Adult Eclosion of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Thermoperiodic cycles were found to entrain adult eclosion of Heliothis virescens (F.) in the absence of photoperiodic cycles. The reverse was also true. In the absence of either cycle, the circadian rhythm of H. virescens appears to have a period of about 24.6 h. Adult eclosion occurs near the beginning of cryophase or scotophase. These Zeitgebers were found to be effective in entraining adult eclosion as late as the latter half of pupal development. Adult eclosion in H. virescens may be an excellent model for investigating the physiology of circadian rhythms in insects.
Abstract 4296: High rates of esthesioneuroblastoma in adenomatous polyposis coli (apc) mutant zebrafish suggest a new modifier mutation altering tissue specificity of Wnt/β-catenin-dependent hyperproliferation.

The most common mutation in human colon cancer is inactivation of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), a key inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. If left untreated, all humans carrying germline APC-inactivating mutations will develop colon cancer by the age of forty. In addition, truncation of APC is the primary contributor to sporadic colon cancer in humans. In zebrafish, the same truncated mutation in apc also causes digestive tract neoplasia. However, the incidence of tumors outside the intestinal system in the apc mutant zebrafish has not been reported. To determine if other tumors arise at high frequencies in the apc mutant, we monitored several cohorts of zebrafish derived from apc(hu147/+) incrosses on a weekly basis over a one-year period, covering the age of 6 to 18 months post-fertilization. Specimens displaying evidence of tumors or general signs of declining health were euthanized, photographed, tail-clipped for genotypic analysis, and then fixed and embedded in paraffin for histological examination. Analysis of the data showed that 1.2% of the apc(hu147/+) zebrafish had abnormally distended abdomens (possibly from intestinal neoplasia), and 1.8% of the mutants developed olfactory neuroblastoma (esthesioneuroblastoma). We have yet to detect a single wild-type fish with esthesioneuroblastoma in these cohorts. Overall, the results indicate that our apc(hu147/+) zebrafish exhibit a remarkably increased incidence of esthesioneuroblastoma compared to wild-type fish or other tumor-prone mutants. Furthermore, relative to the latter, our apc(hu147/+) zebrafish begin developing tumors of any type at an earlier age. Histopathological examination showed these esthesioneuroblastoma tumors to be highly invasive. No previous reports indicate that ethesioneuroblastoma is a common tumor type in apc(hu147/+) zebrafish. Therefore, we propose to have discovered a new modifier mutation, which leads to hyperproliferation of olfactory neuroepithelium in response to dysregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Identification of this mutant gene is expected to shed light on interactions of tissue-specific regulators with components of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway to control rates of cell proliferation and differentiation. Citation Format: Vivianne E. Greenwood, Noah Museles, Quinn Weinberg, Eric Glasgow. High rates of esthesioneuroblastoma in adenomatous polyposis coli (apc) mutant zebrafish suggest a new modifier mutation altering tissue specificity of Wnt/β-catenin-dependent hyperproliferation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4296. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4296
Encapsulation of Porcine Islets Permits Extended Culture Time and Insulin Independence in Spontaneously Diabetic BB Rats

The ability to culture porcine islets for extended times allows for both their functional assessment and the assurance of their microbiological safety prior to transplantation. We have previously shown that agaroseencapsulated porcine islets can be cultured for at least 24 weeks. In the current study, porcine islet agarose macrobeads cultured for up to 67 weeks were assessed for their ability to restore normoglycemia, respond to an intraperitoneal glucose challenge, maintain spontaneously diabetic BB rats free of insulin therapy for more than 6 months, and for their biocompatibility. Porcine islets were encapsulated in agarose macrobeads and subjected to weekly static perifusion assays for the assessment of insulin production. After in vitro culture for either 9, 40, or 67 weeks, 56–60 macrobeads were transplanted to each spontaneously diabetic BB rat. Transplanted rats were monitored daily for blood glucose levels. Glucose tolerance tests and assessments for porcine C-peptide were conducted at various intervals throughout the study. Normoglycemia (100– 200 mg/dl) was initially restored in all islet transplanted rats. Moderate hyperglycemia (200–400 mg/dl) developed at around 30 days posttransplantation and continued throughout the study period of 201–202 days. Importantly, all rats that received encapsulated porcine islets continued to gain weight and were free of exogenous insulin therapy for the entire study. Porcine C-peptide (0.2–0.9 ng/ml) was detected in the serum of islet recipients throughout the study period. No differences were detected between recipient animals receiving islet macrobeads of various ages. These results demonstrate that the encapsulation of porcine islets in agarose macrobeads allows for extended culture periods and is an appropriate strategy for functional and microbiological assessment prior to clinical use.
The cytoskeleton in development of epithelial cell polarity

The polarization of intestinal epithelial cells and the stereotypic arrangement of their actin-based cytoskeleton have made these epithelia an excellent system to explore the organization and formation of a cortical actin-based cytoskeleton. Through a combined morphological and biochemical analysis, the molecular arrangement of many of the components of the brush border has been elucidated. Study of brush border assembly in the Crypts of Lieberkuhn suggests that cytoskeletal mRNA and protein expression, as well as morphological development, occur rapidly following cell differentiation. Protein kinases appear to be important regulators of intestinal cell growth, for differentiating cells in the crypts possess 15-fold higher levels of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins than differentiated cells of the villus. One of these kinases, pp60c-src, has a 4- to 7-fold higher activity in crypts and increased association with the cytoskeleton than it has in villus cells. The development and maintenance of polarization in epithelial cells require the targeting and transport of specific proteins to the apical and basolateral plasma membrane. It has been proposed that a dynein-like, microtubule-based motor is involved in the transport of apically directed materials from the trans-Golgi to the apical plasma membrane. However, microtubules do not reach the plasma membrane, but terminate below the actin-rich network of filaments comprising the terminal web. We propose that vesicles translocate from the Golgi to the apical cytoplasm along microtubules using dynein, and then move through the terminal web to reach the apical plasma membrane using the actin-based motor myosin-I.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Temperature and Gate Voltage Dependent Raman Spectra of Single-Layer Graphene

Raman spectra of electrostatically gated single-layer graphene are measured from room temperature to 560 K to sort out doping and thermally induced effects. Repeated heating cycles under Ar led to convergent first-order temperature coefficients of the G-band (χ(G) = -0.03 cm(-1)/K) and the 2D-band (χ(2D) = -0.05 cm(-1)/K) frequencies, which are independent of doping level as long as the Fermi level does not shift with temperature. While the intrinsic behavior may be different (e.g., χ(G) ∼ -0.02 cm(-1)/K near room temperature), these values appear more appropriate in describing responses of most graphene samples on SiO(2) substrates. The more negative χ(G) value than theoretical expectations may be explained by interactions with the substrate reducing the lattice thermal expansion contribution to the temperature dependence of G-band frequency. Enhanced interactions with the substrate may also be responsible for zero-charge, room-temperature G-band line width increase and 2D-band frequency downshift.
Study on the etiologic and epidemiologic characteristics of infants with viral diarrhea under five years old in Taiyuan in 2012

Objective To study the molecular epidemiology on the infection of rotavirus(RV),human calicivirus(HuCV),human astrovirus(HAstV)and enteric adenovirus(EAdV)in patients with viral diarrhea under 5 years old in Taiyuan,and to provide scientific foundations for preventing and treating the viral diarrhea. Methods Stool specimens and clinical data were collected from inpatients under 5 years old with acute diarrhea in Children′ s Hospital of Shanxi in 2012. The antigen of RV was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),further strain characterization(G/P typing) was carried out by nested multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). HuCV(including norovirus and sapovirus) and HAstV were detected by nested RT-RCR. EAdV was detected by PCR. Results RV,HuCV,HAstV and EAdV were identified in 53.0%,23.4%,7.2% and 5.3% in the 321 specimens, respectively. In the 170 RV-positive specimens,RV G9 was the most prevailing serotype,P [8]was the most common genotype. RV was mostly found by 69.0% in infants aged from 13 to 18 months. RV was mostly detected on December and January in 2012(76.3%). Four kinds of above viruses mainly infected children younger than 2 years old. Conclusion RV is the major pathogen contributing to the viral diarrhea among children. The predominant RV strain circulated was G9 and P [8]. Moreover,HuCV,HAstV and EAdV should be given more attention to infants younger than 2 years old are highrisk group to viral diarrhea.
Women’s Health Curriculum and Cultural Competence: An IWLC Working Group Report

From a global perspective, there are indisputable ranges of difference on a number of dimensions for women’s health status and women’s health in the curriculum. Underlying conditions tied to resources, economics, politics, and cultural traditions provide forces that both advance and contain
Thermally Driven Electronic Topological Transition in FeTi.

Ab initio molecular dynamics, supported by inelastic neutron scattering and nuclear resonant inelastic x-ray scattering, showed an anomalous thermal softening of the M^−_5 phonon mode in B2-ordered FeTi that could not be explained by phonon-phonon interactions or electron-phonon interactions calculated at low temperatures. A computational investigation showed that the Fermi surface undergoes a novel thermally driven electronic topological transition, in which new features of the Fermi surface arise at elevated temperatures. The thermally induced electronic topological transition causes an increased electronic screening for the atom displacements in the M^−_5 phonon mode and an adiabatic electron-phonon interaction with an unusual temperature dependence.
Prorating IQ scores for older adults: Validation of a seven-subtest WAIS-R with the Mayo older Americans normative sample

Concurrent validity of a seven-subtest short form (7SF) of the revised edition of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R) was examined in 733 cognitively normal adults between 56 and 99 year...
Domainless Adaptation by Constrained Decoding on a Schema Lattice.

In many applications such as personal digital assistants, there is a constant need for new domains to increase the system’s coverage of user queries. A conventional approach is to learn a separate model every time a new domain is introduced. This approach is slow, inefficient, and a bottleneck for scaling to a large number of domains. In this paper, we introduce a framework that allows us to have a single model that can handle all domains: including unknown domains that may be created in the future as long as they are covered in the master schema. The key idea is to remove the need for distinguishing domains by explicitly predicting the schema of queries. Given permitted schema of a query, we perform constrained decoding on a lattice of slot sequences allowed under the schema. The proposed model achieves competitive and often superior performance over the conventional model trained separately per domain.
Mechanical response of lithium fluoride under off-principal dynamic shock-ramp loading

Single crystal lithium fluoride (LiF), oriented [100], was shock loaded and subsequently shocklessly compressed in two experiments at the Z Machine. Velocimetry measurements were employed to obtain an impactor velocity, shock transit times, and in-situ particle velocities for LiF samples up to ∼1.8 mm thick. A dual thickness Lagrangian analysis was performed on the in-situ velocimetry data to obtain the mechanical response along the loading path of these experiments. An elastic response was observed on one experiment during initial shockless compression from 100 GPa before yielding. The relatively large thickness differences utilized for the dual sample analyses (up to ∼1.8 mm) combined with a relative timing accuracy of ∼0.2 ns resulted in an uncertainty of less than 1% on density and stress at ∼200 GPa peak loading on one experiment and <4% on peak loading at ∼330 GPa for another. The stress-density analyses from these experiments compare favorably with recent equation of state models for LiF.
Studies of Voltage Gating Gap Junctions and Hemichannels Formed by Connexin Proteins

The cloning of a cDNA encoding a gap junction forming protein from rat liver rapidly led to identification by low stringency hybridization and PCR of many related proteins, now termed connexins (Bennett et al., 1991). At this point, at least thirteen are known from rodents (rat and mouse) and several homologs have been found in human, cow, dog, chicken, Xenopus, and several fishes (Bennett et al., 1994; White et al., 1995). Given their multiplicity, their molecular divergence, and the many tissues in which they are found, one asks how do the properties of connexins differ and why, in the structure-function sense as well as teleologically. A readily measured parameter of gap junctions is their conductance, gj. As it has turned out, all known vertebrate gap junctions are electrically non-linear; their conductance changes as a function of applied voltage. Both the open probability and conductance of the open state of single junctional channels can change as a function of voltage. In this presentation we demonstrate that polarity of gating differs among junctions formed of different connexins, and we use mutagenesis to identify amino acid residues that are part of the voltage sensor; by changing charge on critical residues we can we increase voltage sensitivity and even reverse the gating polarity. Moreover, several connexins form hemichannels that can be opened by voltage without their being connected to another hemichannel in an apposed membrane. We characterize voltage gating in one of these hemichannels by single channel patch recording; these (hemi)channels exhibit two gating processes, one that corresponds to that in the complete junctional channel and a second, distinct process that probably corresponds to the binding of one hemichannel to another to form a junctional channel.
4-Health: A Programmatic Evaluation of a Parent-Based Childhood Obesity Prevention Program

The 4-Health Project promotes healthy lifestyles for rural families with an overall goal of reducing or preventing childhood obesity. 4-Health is an integrated research and educational outreach program delivered by agents located in Montana State University Extension offices throughout the state. The collaborative project was developed to provide healthy living programs focusing on the areas of parenting and family communication, body image, food and nutrition, and physical activity to rural parents of 8-12 year old children participating in Montana’s 4-H Youth Development programs. Evaluation outcomes of the 4-Health Educational (experimental) program and the Healthy Living Information (control) program both showed increases in participants’ knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to healthy living, with those participating in the 4-Health Educational program making greater gains.
Caring for the Caregiver: Identifying the Needs of Those Called to Care Through Partnerships with Congregations.

As the older adult population continues to grow, the prevalence of chronic diseases is also increasing, leading to the need for novel ways of managing this large population of patients. One solution is to focus on informal caregivers. These informal caregivers already make a substantial contribution to our nation’s healthcare finances and patient health outcomes. Caregivers also derive benefits from caring for their family member or friend; however, it is not uncommon for these individuals to experience negative health consequences, or what is often called “burden of care.” Those called to care are not without their own burdens, and they must frequently make significant lifestyle adjustments that impact their own health. Therefore, for caregivers to be effective, caring for the caregivers must be a focus of medicine in the twenty-first century.
The ecology of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in the developed world.

Background Since the initial appearance in the 1980s, Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) have increased in prevalence and emerged as a major antimicrobial-resistant pathogen. The source of these antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in the developed world is an area of active investigation. Methods A standard internet search was conducted with a focus on the epidemiology and potential sources of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the developed world. Results The last decade has witnessed several major changes in the epidemiology of these bacteria: replacement of TEM and SHV-type ESBLs by CTX-M-family ESBLs, emergence of Escherichia coli ST131 as a prevalent vehicle of ESBL, and spread of ESBL-producing E. coli in the community. The most studied potential sources of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in humans in the community include food and companion animals, the environment and person-to-person transmission, though definitive links are yet to be established. Evidence is emerging that international travel may serve as a major source of introduction of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae into the developed world. Conclusions ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae has become a major multidrug-resistant pathogen in the last two decades, especially in the community settings. The multifactorial nature of its expansion poses a major challenge in the efforts to control them.
Stability criteria for LPV time-delayed systems: The delay-independent case 1

Abstract This paper analyzes the stability of Linear Parameter Varying (LPV) time-delayed systems. Several delay-independent stability conditions are presented, which are derived using appropriately selected Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals. Depending on the system parameter dependence, these functionals can be selected to obtain increasingly non-conservative results. Using relaxation methods and gridding techniques these stability tests can be cast as Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMFs). These LMF’s can be solved efficiently using available software.
Educational Magic Tricks Based on Error-Detection Schemes

Magic tricks based on computer science concepts help grab student attention and can motivate them to delve more deeply. Error detection ideas long used by computer scientists provide a rich basis for working magic; probably the most well known trick of this type is one included in the CS Unplugged activities. This paper shows that much more powerful variations of the trick can be performed, some in an unplugged environment and some with computer assistance. Some of the tricks also show off additional concepts in computer science and discrete mathematics.
BP in Russia: Bad Partners or Bad Partnerships? (A)

This case pairing is used in Darden's "Business to Business Marketing" course elective. Following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, BP seeks to expand its assets and revenues, so it looks to Russia, but a planned alliance with a Russian state-owned oil company is thwarted by objections from another Russian oil partner. This case maps BP's strategic alliances and illustrates the importance of alliance management. This is the first part of a two-part case. Excerpt UVA-M-0819 Rev. Dec. 19, 2012 BP IN RUSSIA: BAD PARTNERS OR BAD PARTNERSHIPS? (A) Since entering the Russian oil market in 1997, BP plc (BP) had two main partners. The first was Rosneft, the Russian state-owned oil major. The second was Alpha Access Renova (AAR), a consortium of Soviet-born oligarchs and one of Russia's largest privately owned financial-industrial conglomerates, with interests in oil, gas, and banking. In January of 2011, BP and Rosneft announced the formation of a new strategic partnership to develop oil and gas reserves on the continental shelf in the Russian Arctic, covering approximately 125,000 square kilometers in the Kara Sea. Yet within five months, AAR, with whom BP had already formed another partnership, would obtain a series of court injunctions, effectively scuttling the deal with Rosneft. The failure of the BP-Rosneft alliance could be attributed to a lack of due diligence on BP's part or, perhaps more saliently, to poor alliance management. A key conditional variable of any alliance is the degree of interpartner conflict: Alliance partners' interests can diverge so much that they undermine the initial common goals of the partnership, and “effective cooperation demands a relatively low level of conflict.” In the wake of the Deepwater Horizon disaster in the Gulf of Mexico, which cost them tens of billions of U.S. dollars, BP's interest was in expanding its oil assets and revenues. AAR's interest, meanwhile, was in maintaining TNK-BP's position in the Russian oil market, which the BP-Rosneft alliance would have undermined (Table 1). . . .
Myeloid Sarcoma in a Patient with Myelodysplastic Syndrome Associated with del(5q-): Case Report and Literature Review.

Objective Myeloid sarcoma (MS) is defined in the World Health Organization classification as a tumor mass consisting of myeloblasts with or without maturation and involving any anatomic site other than the bone marrow. We present a case of MS developing in a patient with 5q- myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and review the relevant literature. Methods A 77-year-old woman with recent diagnosis of MDS associated with del(5q) presented with symptoms and signs attributable to a mass involving the T8 vertebra. Biopsy of the spinal mass was performed and the specimen was analyzed using routine hematoxylin-eosin stain, immunohistochemical methods, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Results Microscopic examination revealed an infiltrate of intermediate-large cells with basophilic cytoplasm and nuclei containing occasional prominent nucleoli. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the neoplastic cells were positive for CD4, CD43, CD45, CD68, and CD117, and negative for B- and T-cell antigens supporting the diagnosis of MS. Fluorescence in situ hybridization of the spinal mass showed del(5q) in the neoplastic cells. Conclusion Although the 5q- syndrome is a clinically indolent form of MDS, a small subset of patients may develop MS as illustrated in this patient. The relevant literature is also reviewed.
Definition, Pathogenesis, and Management of That Cursed Dyspepsia

Dyspepsia is an umbrella term used to encompass a number of symptoms thought to originate from the upper gastrointestinal tract. These symptoms are relatively nonspecific; not surprisingly, therefore, a myriad of conditions may present with any one or a combination of these symptoms. Therein lays the clinician's first challenge: detecting the minority who may have a potentially life-threatening disorder, such as gastric cancer, from a population whose symptoms are, for the most part, considered functional in origin. The second challenge lies in the definition and management of those individuals with functional dyspepsia (FD); the major focus of this review. The Rome process has addressed the issue of FD definition and a look back at the evolution of Rome criteria for this disorder illustrates the complexities that have so frustrated us. There has been no shortage of hypotheses to explain symptom pathogenesis in FD; initially focused on gastric sensorimotor dysfunction, these have now strayed well into the duodenum and have come to entertain such factors as immune responses and the microbiome. FD has proven to be an equally challenging area for therapeutics; while the staple approaches of acid suppression and eradication of Helicobacter pylori have some limited efficacy in select populations, strategies to ameliorate symptoms in the majority of sufferers based on presumed pathophysiology have largely foundered. Lacking a validated biomarker(s) FD continues to be an elusive target and is likely to remain so until we can better define the various phenotypes that it must surely contain.
Variations on (X,ψ) Duality

We sketch some possible extensions of the (X, ψ) duality ideas of Faraggi-Matone [15, 16] in two directions. First one looks at a formulation in terms of Baker-Akhiezer (BA) functions of integrable systems and secondly we sketch some of the Olavo theory of [25] in order to indicate possible connections.
Class size reduction or rapid formative assessment?: A comparison of cost-effectiveness

Abstract The cost-effectiveness of class size reduction (CSR) was compared with the cost-effectiveness of rapid formative assessment, a promising alternative for raising student achievement. Drawing upon existing meta-analyses of the effects of student–teacher ratio, evaluations of CSR in Tennessee, California, and Wisconsin, and RAND cost estimates, CSR was found to be 124 times less cost effective than the implementation of systems that rapidly assess student progress in math and reading two to five times per week. Analysis of the results from California and Wisconsin suggest that the relative effectiveness of rapid formative assessment may be substantially underestimated. Further research regarding class size reduction is unlikely to be fruitful, and attention should be turned to rapid formative assessment and other more promising alternatives.
Testing and Modeling of Inelastic Behavior of Fibrous Composites

An orthotropic plasticity model was developed for unidirectionally reinforced fibrous composites. A simplified plastic potential function with a single parameter was proposed for the flow rule. The parameters of the plasticity model were determined by simple tension tests on off-axis composite specimens. It was shown that this plasticity model was able to characterize the nonlinear behavior of polymeric and metal-matrix composites.
Citrate decreases Ca current and changes selectivity of cardiac Ca channels.

Previous studies using citrate as a low affinity Ca buffer have shown that this agent inhibits myocardial contractions1–3 and neurotransmitter release4. Using several different low affinity Ca buffers we have demonstrated that these effects are unlikely to be attributable to Ca buffering per se 3. Here we demonstrate that citrate can directly inhibit Ca current (ICa). The decrease in ICa appears to be due to shifts in channel gating (due to surface charge effects) and also to a decrease in channel selectivity for Ca over monovalent ions.
Competition for light

Unlike many of the other resources considered in this book, the availability of light is never uniform in a habitat, and cannot be made so by any mixing process. Although light has horizontal components of variation, its most obvious inhomogeneity is vertical: illumination in nearly all ecosystems comes mostly from above.
Integrative Summary on Apology and Forgiveness

This chapter focused on implicit theories regarding political apologies. Political apologies differ from individual apologies in that they generally are concerned not only with wrongful acts but also with a distinct political quality of wrongful acts committed under the mantel of the nation. Participants from Western Europe, Russia and the Balkan Peninsula, the Middle East, Africa, Latin America, South and Southeast Asia, East Asia, and the UK/Anglo regions gave qualitative responses regarding the effectiveness of one nation’s apology for reconciliation between two countries, as well as what actions would need to be taken to achieve true reconciliation. Overwhelmingly, participants across all regions – developed versus developing country, Eastern versus Western, or colonized versus colonizer – stated that an apology could help the reconciliation process in one way or another. Participants in South and Southeast Asia, Africa, East Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East offered frequent responses indicating an apology could lead to reconciliation, while Africa and the UK/Anglo regions indicated an apology could lead to healing. The most frequent responses from Russia and the Balkans, East Asia, the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia, and Africa said an apology was a necessary component of reconciliation. In regard to the steps that were needed to make an apology effective, a high proportion of response (84–97 %) indicated that reconciliation is achievable following an apology if certain steps are taken. For instance, participants from East Asia and Western Europe noted that the sincerity of the apology was most important. Africa and Russia and the Balkans had more responses indicating that recognition of wrongdoing was important, while the Middle East and Russia and the Balkans had frequent responses favoring a state sanctioned diplomatic response or treaty. Interestingly, Africa and South and Southeast Asia were most in favor of monetary aid as a step toward reconciliation, perhaps reflecting the more recent experiences of those countries with colonization, war/conflict, and widespread poverty.
NMR Techniques for Chemical Kinetics in Adsorption Systems

Fast NMR kinetic studies require differences, be they of relaxation time, of chemical shift, or of both. In any case, a jump rate must be defined; this is the probability per unit time for a nucleus to leave a particular site for another (where site includes phase, functional group, magnetic environment, etc.) This probability is ultimately expressible in terms of thermodynamic activities of the reacting species and the kinetic reaction orders with respect to those species. For some species the activity follows from the adsorption isotherm. The implications for various standard isotherms and various reaction orders have been worked out and applied to explain the proton transverse relaxation data for water in a hydrolyzed zeolite 13-X. Strategies to make chemical shift differences and hence exchange processes more prominent in the adsorbed state have include doping with paramagnetic species and a transfer of attention to 13C spectra (where shift differences are about twenty times those for protons). The motional averaging of the 13C chemical shift tensor for benzene between the layers of hectorite clay occurs by jumping of the molecule from an orientation characterized by one chemical shift to an orientation of different shift; the two dimensional powder pattern goes from an apparent “doublet” to a singlet.
Spectroscopic studies of root-mean-square amplitudes for an X2Y4 molecular model withC 2h symmetry: Application to diphosphorus tetrachloride and diphosphorus tetraiodide

A brief description of the vibrational and structural analyses of the diphosphorus tetrachloride and diphosphorus tetraiodide molecules possessing atrans configuration with aC 2h symmetry has been given. On the basis of group theoretical considerations, symmetry coordinates have been constructed and analytical expressions for the various mean-square amplitude quantities in terms of the symmetrized mean-square amplitude matrices have been obtained for an X2Y4 molecular model of atrans configuration with aC 2h symmetry. This method has been applied to diphosphorus tetrachloride and diphosphorus tetraiodide, and the root-mean-square amplitudes at the room temperature have been computed for both the bonded and nonbonded atom pairs by making use of the recent vibrational and structural data. The results have been discussed on the nature of the characteristic bonds of the two molecules and compared with those of the other related molecules having similar chemical bonds.
Knowledge Base Construction in the Machine-learning Era: Three critical design points: Joint-learning, weak supervision, and new representations

More information is accessible today than at any other time in human history. From a software perspective, however, the vast majority of this data is unusable, as it is locked away in unstructured formats such as text, PDFs, web pages, images, and other hard-to-parse formats. The goal of knowledge base construction is to extract structured information automatically from this "dark data," so that it can be used in downstream applications for search, question-answering, link prediction, visualization, modeling and much more. Today, knowledge bases are the central components of systems that help fight human trafficking, accelerate biomedical discovery, and, increasingly, power web-search and question-answering technologies.
A method for including diffusive effects in texture evolution

Abstract This work describes a model for representing grain misorientation in continuum models for texture evolution. The model relies on a connection, derived here, between the fluctuation of the reorientation velocity in discrete models of texture evolution and an isotropic diffusion operator that can be used to represent misorientation effects in continuum models for texture evolution. Previous work has developed a method for computing the fluctuation of the reorientation velocity in discrete models. These values, along with the average reorientation velocity, are used to set up inhomogeneous continuum advection and diffusion operators. The complete homogenized continuum model uses the discrete harmonics to represent and evolve the orientation distribution function, now including a diffusion operator representing the effects of intragranular misorientation. Results from the new model are compared to fully-resolved crystal plasticity finite element simulations and experimental data to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed diffusion operator and the overall method for simulating texture evolution.
Synthesis and evaluation of delta lactams as nonpeptide HIV-protease inhibitors

Abstract The cyclization of the linear hydroxyethylene isostere based HIV-PR inhibitors gave the delta lactam XQ921, which was found to have a Ki = 9.4 uM. It is proposed that a major reason for the weaker potency of the lactam XQ921 compared to cyclic urea based inhibitors is the lack of a P1′ substituent that could interact with the S1′ pocket of HIV-PR.
Resolving a piece of the archaeal lipid puzzle

Lipid membranes are common to all cells, despite occurring in many different forms across Earth’s great biotic diversity. Among the most distinctive membranes are those formed by the archaea, whose lipids are characterized by sn -2,3-glycerol stereochemistry (in contrast to sn -1,2-glycerol in bacteria and eukarya), isoprenoid rather than acetyl hydrophobic chains, and frequent occurrence as membrane-spanning macrocycle structures (1). The membrane-spanning lipids consist of mixed assemblages of structural isomers containing up to 8 internal cyclopentane rings (GDGT-0 through GDGT-8 [glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers with zero to 8 rings]) (Fig. 1). Many aspects of the biosynthesis of these unusual structures remain unknown, but, in PNAS, Zeng et al. (2) take an important step forward by revealing genes encoding for 2 enzymes involved in synthesis of the cyclopentane moieties. Pinpointing these genes is critical not only for understanding archaeal biosynthetic pathways but also for resolving questions about the primary sources of the GDGTs that are widely detected in the environment. Fig. 1. ( A ) GDGTs containing cyclopentane rings are widely distributed among the archaea. ( B ) GDGTs are membrane-spanning tetraether lipids with 2 C40 isoprenoid chains (R, R’), each containing zero to 4 cyclopentane rings (and sometimes a cyclohexane ring, not shown). Tetraethers are formed from the diether precursor, DGGGP, in which the phosphate is replaced by an alternative polar group (X) before tetraether formation. ( C ) The sequence of biosynthetic steps leading from 2×[DGGGP] → GDGT remains unknown, but a plausible order would be tetraether synthesis using an MSS, a step that requires the Δ14-15 double bond (22); GrsA and GrsB in sequence, as shown by Zeng et al. (2); and final saturation by … [↵][1]1Email: pearson{at}eps.harvard.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
The Tesseract, the Cube and Truthless Knowledge

Virtually all epistemologists agree that truth is a necessary condition for knowledge. Assuming that our three-dimensional world is nested within a higher-dimensional space, I use multidimensional geometry to present a type of case which undermines this fundamental principle of epistemology. I further argue that we would be unlikely to revise our epistemic practices in light of new discoveries even if our world turned out to be substantially different and many of our beliefs turned out to be false.
Survival outcomes of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasm (PanIN) versus intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) associated pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

766Background: Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasms (PanINs) and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are common pancreatic adenocarcinoma precursor lesions. However, data regarding the...
Introduction to the Special Issue: The Impact and Treatment of Sleep Disturbance.

Abstract There is now widespread recognition that sleep disturbance is more than an epiphenomenon of psychopathology. Research on established evidence-based treatments for sleep disturbance have matured to focus on predictors and more flexible implementation modalities. Sleep disturbance overlaps and interacts with comorbid psychological disorders though a complex transdiagnostic process that impacts the development, maintenance, and treatment of psychological disorders. This special issue highlights a range of cutting-edge research on the management of common sleep disturbance and the interaction of sleep disturbance and psychological disorders. It is anticipated that the research described in these articles will stimulate additional investigations as well as provide important insights for clinicians working with individuals with sleep disturbance.
The GEM model of health: a model based on generalized empirical method –Part 3 – Fleshing out the model

In this paper, I discuss Lonergan’s account of the structure of the human good and then demonstrate how it works in reference to a doctor’s description of her experience at a New Orleans’ hospital in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Next, I proceed to define health and disease on the basis of Lonergan’s accounts of the human good, emergent probability and generalized empirical method. Then, I lay out the generic levels of human living in a table of terms whose interrelations embody the multiple dimensions of health and their dynamic potential for integration (and breakdown) in the GEM model of health.