cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Late-onset laryngomalacia: A cause of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea

Abstract Objective To describe the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of late-onset laryngomalacia in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Design Retrospective study. Setting Tertiary care children's hospital. Patients Seventy-seven children were identified who had OSAS diagnosed by polysomnography and underwent airway endoscopy to evaluate for laryngomalacia between July 2006 and December 2008. Children with significant neurologic disease or craniofacial malformations were excluded. Seven children under 3 years of age had laryngomalacia and OSAS (Group A), 19 children 3–18 years of age had laryngomalacia and OSAS (Group B), and 51 children 3–18 years of age had OSAS but not laryngomalacia (Group C). Main outcome measures Comparison of pre-operative findings, intra-operative findings, interventions, and outcomes between the 3 groups. Results Group A was consistent with previous reports of congenital laryngomalacia with respect to presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Groups B and C had similar pre-operative findings, including a high incidence of adenotonsillar hypertrophy, and the only significant difference was the intra-operative finding of laryngomalacia in Group B. Treatments were individualized to include supraglottoplasty, adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, adenotonsillectomy, or a combination of the above. Of the 52 patients who returned in follow-up, 44 noted improvement, but this was rarely confirmed by polysomnogram. Conclusions Late-onset laryngomalacia may act alone or in concert with additional dynamic or fixed lesions to cause pediatric OSAS. Although there is no specific pre-operative indicator to diagnose late-onset laryngomalacia, it can be readily identified intra-operatively and effectively treated with supraglottoplasty, with or without concurrent adenotonsillectomy.
Electrical resistivity of lung at 100 kHz.

Average resistivity values of the lung were determined from measurements made on the surface of canine lungin vivo at 100 kHz. Data were taken at various levels of expiration with several different electrode configurations on each of seven dogs. Theoretical considerations assumed the lung to be a homogeneous, isotropic, and primarily resistive medium at this frequency. The linear regression equation for resistivity as a function of lung air volume representing all data was calculated to be $$\rho _{ave} = 705 + 1608 X$$ where ρave is in Ω-cm, andX is the level of inflation such thatX=0 for a collapsed lung andX=1 for a total of 700 cm3 of inspired air. The variation of resistivity is characterized by a standard deviation of 180 Ω-cm for the distribution of individual experimental averages about the average of all data, at one half expiration level. Comparison of the data taken with the various measurement techniques on an individual animal indicated no discrepancy.
Characterization of a discontinuous atmospheric pressure interface. Multiple ion introduction pulses for improved performance

Abstract Discontinuous atmospheric pressure interfaces (DAPI) are used to match the rate of sample introduction to the pumping capacity of miniature mass spectrometers. In this study, the influence of the interface flow conductance and the mass spectrometer pumping speed on ion introduction into a handheld mass spectrometer is investigated. Results show that an intermediate flow conductance (2.6 × 10 −3 L/s) gives the best ion introduction efficiency whereas the pumping speed has no influence in the range studied (0.35–7.1 L/s) except that a minimum pumping speed of 0.35 L/s is required. The linear dynamic range decreases with increasing interface open time, a result that corresponds to observations made using standard electrical gating of ion introduction a method that is not available at the high pressures involved in API into miniature systems where ions are transported through pneumatic flow. However, the mechanical opening of the interface with DAPI can be used for automatic gain control (AGC) using an external ion source. Software modifications to allow the use of multiple ion introduction pulses before mass analysis of the trapped ion population improve the detection limits. This method was validated by comparing the results obtained from the same sample using a single ion introduction pulse and multiple ion introduction pulses. In conjunction with this method, a broad-band waveform can be applied to selectively accumulate analyte ions, allowing essentially the entire ion trapping capacity to be devoted to one or more ions of interest.
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum Is a Metabolic Disease

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a pleiotropic multisystem disorder affecting skin, eyes, and the cardiovascular system with progressive pathological mineralization. It is caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene expressed primarily in the liver and kidneys, and at very low levels, if at all, in tissues affected by PXE. A question has arisen regarding the pathomechanism of PXE, particularly the "metabolic" versus the "PXE cell" hypotheses. We examined a murine PXE model (Abcc6(-/-)) by transplanting muzzle skin from knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice onto the back of WT and KO mice using mineralization of the connective tissue capsule surrounding the vibrissae as an early phenotypic biomarker. Grafting of WT mouse muzzle skin onto the back of KO mice resulted in mineralization of vibrissae, whereas grafting KO mouse muzzle skin onto WT mice did not. Thus, these findings implicate circulatory factors as a critical component of the mineralization process. This mouse grafting model supports the notion that PXE is a systemic metabolic disorder with secondary mineralization of connective tissues and that the mineralization process can be countered or even reversed by changes in the homeostatic milieu.
Accumulating the primitive

What purchase, the imperial museum's accumulation of the racial primitive in relation to the Marxist account of primitive accumulation? Do these two instances of the ‘primitive’ have anything to do...
Synthesis and characterization of novel well-defined stars consisting of eight polyisobutylene arms emanating from an octa(dimethylsiloxy)octasilsesquioxane core

The synthesis and characterization of novel stars, octa(polyisobutylenedimethylsiloxy)octasilsesquioxane ( $$T_8 ^{D^{PIB} } $$ ), consisting of eight polyisobutylene arms emanating from an octa(dimethylsiloxy)octasilsesquioxane (T8 D) core are described. The synthesis involves: 1) The synthesis of allyl-terminated polyisobutylene prearms, 2) The synthesis of octa(hydrodimethylsiloxy)octasilsesquioxane ( $$T_8 ^{D^H } $$ ) precore and 3) Star formation by hydrosilation of with $$T_8 ^{D^H } $$ . Conditions for the precision synthesis and characterization of well-defined octa-arm stars are described.
Tertiary paleomagnetism of regions around the South China Sea

Abstract Paleomagnetic data from the Philippine Sea Plate (PSP) reveal a history of plate-wide clockwise (CW) rotation and northerly translation since the late Eocene about a nearby pole to the east. The motion has generated left lateral oblique convergence between the Philippine Sea Plate and S.E. Asia. Paleomagnetic data from Luzon in the northern Philippines show early Miocene CCW rotation followed by late Miocene CW rotation. In contrast, the Southern and Central Philippines display early Miocene CW rotation and unrotated late Miocene directions. These results define two different paleomagnetic domains with distinct post early Miocene histories. Pre-Miocene CCW rotation is suggested by data from Zambales, the Visayas and the Celebes Sea. In Borneo, a history of Tertiary CCW rotation has been found in Sarawak, and Sabah. Conflicting results have been reported from Kalimantan, some show no rotation with respect to Eurasia, while others give CCW rotations. In the Malaysian peninsula, the Segamat basalts and Kuantan dykes, of probable late Cretaceous early Tertiary age show CCW rotations similar to those seen in Sarawak. To the north peninsular Thailand, CW rotations have been found in two Miocene non-marine basins. Late Tertiary basalts from Northern and Central Thailand yield similar CW rotations while coeval flows on the Khorat plateau in Eastern Thailand are unrotated. The tectonic implications of the results remain problematical. In particular, the relative importance of true plate rotations and localized rotation of upper crustal blocks in distributed shear zones is unclear. The substantial region of CCW rotation in Borneo, the Celebes Sea and the Philippines is consistent with the broad features of the Holloway model, although the timing of the rotations precludes simple coherent rotation. The model must also be modified to include the effect of the left lateral oblique convergence between the PSP and Eurasia. The CW rotations seen in peninsular Thailand and Malaysia are consistent with the propagating extrusion tectonic model, but we cannot yet preclude a local transtensional origin for these rotations. The lack of Tertiary rocks in the peninsula has hampered attempts to relate these late Tertiary CW rotations to the late Mesozoic and Tertiary CCW rotations seen in Malaysia and Borneo.
Ceruloplasmin enhances smooth muscle cell- and endothelial cell-mediated low density lipoprotein oxidation by a superoxide-dependent mechanism

Cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) and endothelial cells (EC) stimulate low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation by free radical-mediated, transition metal-dependent mechanisms. The physiological source(s) of metal ions is not known; however, purified ceruloplasmin, a plasma protein containing 7 coppers, oxidizes LDL in vitro. We now show that ceruloplasmin also increases LDL oxidation by vascular cells. In metal ion-free medium, human ceruloplasmin increased bovine aortic SMC- and EC-mediated LDL oxidation by up to 30- and 15-fold, respectively. The maximal response was at 100-300 microg ceruloplasmin/ml, a level at or below the unevoked physiological plasma concentration. Oxidant activity was dependent on protein structure as a specific proteolytic cleavage or removal of one of the seven ceruloplasmin copper atoms inhibited activity. Three lines of evidence indicated a critical role for cellular superoxide (O2.) in ceruloplasmin-stimulated oxidation. First, the rate of production of O2. by cells correlated with their rates of LDL oxidation. Second, superoxide dismutase effectively blocked ceruloplasmin-stimulated oxidation by both cell types. Finally, O2. production by SMC quantitatively accounted for the observed rate of LDL oxidation. To show this, the course of O2. production by SMC was simulated by repeated addition of xanthine and xanthine oxidase to culture medium under cell-free conditions. Neither ceruloplasmin nor O2. alone increased LDL oxidation, but together they completely reconstituted the oxidation rate of ceruloplasmin-stimulated SMC. These results are the first to show that ceruloplasmin stimulates EC- and SMC-mediated oxidation of LDL and that cell-derived O2. accounts quantitatively for metal-dependent, free radical-initiated oxidation of LDL by these cells.
Clark, D. A., & Beck, A. T. (2012) The Anxiety and Worry Workbook: The Cognitive Behavioral Solution New York: The Guilford Press

Abstract This article reviews The Anxiety and Worry Workbook: The Cognitive Behavioral Solution by D. A. Clark and A. T. Beck (2012). This workbook offers readers a thorough introduction to a classic, though updated, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) approach for anxiety in a self-directed format. The first 8 chapters provide meticulous coverage of cognitive therapy strategies for identifying cognitive distortions relevant to anxiety-inducing thoughts, collecting evidence against such threatening thoughts, and developing alternative statements, as well as detailed explanation of behavioral strategies for reducing safety behaviors and conducting self-guided exposures to feared stimuli. It may therefore appeal to diverse readers who struggle with a range of anxiety problems, but is particularly suited to individuals with symptoms of panic disorder, social phobia, or generalized anxiety. The final 3 chapters discuss specific applications for each of these common conditions. The workbook offers straightforward CBT strategies made accessible via use of engaging metaphors, a wealth of worksheets, and numerous case examples. Moreover, it educates readers about cognitive constructs particularly relevant to specific disorders (e.g., anxiety sensitivity in panic disorder, fear of negative evaluation in social phobia). In summary, this “first self-help workbook for anxiety by the originator of cognitive therapy” does not strive to break new ground, but thoroughly equips the anxious yet self-motivated individual to combat threatening thoughts and engage fears with courage.
A SEX DIFFERENCE IN INTESTINAL LENGTH AND ITS RELATION TO PITUITARY SIZE

Clinical observations have indicated that hyperseeretion of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is associated with splanchnomegaly. Cunningham, according to Barker (1), reported a case in which the length of the small intestine was doubled. In the human, however, we are quite without data concerning intestinal length in the normal male and female; and, apparently, the weight of the pituitary is available for only four normal men and one woman (2). Here the female pituitary was larger, in the ratio 1.5:1. In rats the pituitary of the female is definitely known to be larger than that of the male. For Albino, the data of Hatai (3) and of Jackson (4) show values of 8.9 and 15.8 mgms. in males and females, respectively. Addison and Adams (5) have further shown that though the female pars nervosa is somewhat larger, the female pars anterior is more than double that of the male. From the wild Norway rat Hatai (6) obtained data from 31 males and 17 females. The body weight of the males was somewhat greater (...
A Quantitative Approach To Skeletal Morphology : Fourier Analysis

A brief discussion of some of the problems inherent in the quantitative description of complex morphological forms is presented. These include: 1) an accurate measurement of shape, 2) the removal of the confounding effect of size and 3) the application of the procedures of positional orientation and size standardization so that morphological forms can be meaningfully compared. The suitability of Fourier analysis to characterize complex forms of the type encountered in biology is described.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Computer determinations of the effect of superseding signals

Abstract The question under consideration is whether psychological refractoriness holds for graded responses made with a single anatomical unit. To answer this question, four adult human Ss were given the task of sliding a pointer to whichever of two lamps was illuminated, the lamps being at different distances from the starting point. Occasionally the lamp remained on for only 40 or 50 msec, simultaneously with the illumination of the other lamp, which was the signal either to curtail or to extend the initial command. Computer analysis is being undertaken to find the interval between the appearance of the second signal and its initial effect, under some circumstances definable as RT 2 . Procedures have been devised or are being devised to provide meaningful ways of combining data from the time curves of responses on different trials.
1054-1 Cine Images in Cath Reports and Referral Letters: A Complete Report Generated On-line in Three Minutes

We have developed a multi-user 4th Dimension ™ Macintosh ™ database program that logs procedures, keeps inventory and generates reports and referral letters. In addition to the text output, quick and simple methodologies allow cine images to be captured in the cath lab, and automatically incorporated into the reports and referral letters. The images are digitized using standard Macintosh computers with a high quality gray scale digitizing board. The software utilized is the public domain NIH Image software package. Macros have been written to make the image acquisition and storage process very simple requiring only a few keystrokes. If desired, quantitation of diameter stenosis, vessel size, ejection fraction or valve area calculations can also be easily performed. Included images are not limited to those acquired in the cath lab. Scanned hemodynamic tracings, EKGs or any other image data can be easily incorporated into the patient's database record off line. Images are stored directly in the database and along with the report can be retrieved at anytime. To conserve space and minimize network traffic, the images are compressed approximately 10 to 1 using standard Macintosh Quicktime ™ routines. Alternatively, the images can be stored external to the data base so that other applications can have access to them as well. The entire process of generating a report, complete with images can be accomplished in less than 3 minutes and requires minimal training. The reports and letters are printed on standard laser printers and the image quality is excellent. As the image to the left shows, a picture is truly worth a thousand words. This user friendly system allows the clinicians to better care for their patients by giving them easy access not only to the written reports, but also to high quality angiographic images. Download : Download high-res image (263KB) Download : Download full-size image
Biospecimen "ownership": point.

Biorepositories are rare and valuable resources, so it is perhaps not surprising that their “ownership” has been the focus of recent controversy and debate. From the vantage point of the epidemiologist, decisions about ownership or “custodianship” of biorepositories collected for research
Mechanism of Photooxidation of Trichloroethylene on TiO2: Detection of Intermediates by Infrared Spectroscopy

The photooxidation of trichloroethylene (TCE) on TiO2 has been investigated using infrared spectroscopy for kinetic studies of the production of intermediate species and for investigation of the reaction mechanism. Trichloroethylene is oxidized by chemisorbed molecular O2 when TiO2 band gap radiation (hν > 3.1 ± 0.1 eV) is incident. An intermediate species, dichloroacetyl chloride, HCl2CCOCl, was identified. At 300 K, Cl2CO, CO, CO2, HCl, and H2O are final photooxidation products. At 473 K, Cl2CO undergoes a thermal side reaction on TiO2 to produce Cl2CCCl2. Studies in which oxygen-labeled H2O was present indicated no incorporation of the oxygen label into any of the intermediates, showing that the OH• driven oxidation mechanism proposed by others is not operative. At 150 K, TCE blocks TiO2 sites, significantly retarding O2 adsorption and slowing the photooxidation reaction.
A study of blood glucose and ketonebodies and plasma free fatty acids, cholesterol, phospholipids and total lipids in juvenile diabetes**

Fifteen children with well-controlled diabetes and 30 children without diabetes were evaluated in the fasting and postabsorptive states with regard to blood glucose and ketone bodies and plasma free fatty acids, total lipids, phospholipids and cholesterol. The results indicate that the fasting specimen was the most useful for the detection of ketone body elevations. Fasting total lipid, phospholipid, and cholesterol levels were representative of those for the remainder of the day. Fasting free fatty acid levels were found to be elevated to a similar degree in both groups of children. Phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations were elevated in diabetic children in comparison with the levels in the nondiabetic children.
Dynamic Downscaling of the North American Monsoon with the NCEP-Scripps Regional Spectral Model from the NCEP CFS Global Model

Abstract The June–September (JJAS) 2000–07 NCEP coupled Climate Forecasting System (CFS) global hindcasts are downscaled over the North and South American continents with the NCEP–Scripps Regional Spectral Model (RSM) with anomaly nesting (AN) and without bias correction (control). A diagnosis of the North American monsoon (NAM) in CFS and RSM hindcasts is presented here. RSM reduces errors caused by coarse resolution but is unable to address larger-scale CFS errors even with bias correction. CFS has relatively weak Great Plains and Gulf of California low-level jets. Low-level jets are strengthened from downscaling, especially after AN bias correction. The RSM NAM hydroclimate shares similar flaws with CFS, with problematic diurnal and seasonal variability. Flaws in both diurnal and monthly variability are forced by erroneous convection-forced divergence outside the monsoon core region in eastern and southern Mexico. NCEP reanalysis shows significant seasonal variability errors, and AN shows little improv...
Solidification of helium in confined geometries

Solidification and melting of helium in confined geometries has been studied in a series of in situ pressure measurements, using both3He and4He, in porous glass with pore sizes from 12 to 191 A in radius. These measurements covered the temperature range from 0.04 to 2 K and pressures up to 6 M Pa. In3He, a pressure minimum is observed in the pores at the same temperature as for the bulk. At large pore sizes the elevation in pressure in3He is inversely proportional to the pore radius as predicted by the model based on homogeneous nucleation of solid as a result of density fluctuations. However, the magnitude of the pressure elevation does not agree with this model. In4He, comparison with the model is complicated by the strong temperaturedependence of the pressure elevation.
Effects of task on the perceptual organization of sentences

Children and college students listened to sentences and responded to a question or a probe word after each sentence. To prevent Ss from using different perceptual strategies in performing the two tasks, question items and probe items were presented in mixed lists. In the probe task, the relationship between sentence structure and correct response latencies resembled the findings of an earlier study with block lists. The results from the question task were less similar to those obtained earlier, perhaps because, with mixed lists, Ss tended to organize all sentences in a manner especially suited to the probe task. A different type of organization might be used in the process of comprehending a sentence solely for the purpose of answering questions.
Thinking Too Big: The United States Army and Air Force in Vietnam

Vietnam: a war so tragic that Americans choose to deal with it in the movie theaters almost exclusively through allegory. The Deer Hunter, Apocalypse Now, and Platoon are parables that educate tangentially to the main issues of the conflict. The best allegory, however, is not even about Vietnam. Predator, nonetheless, has all the ingredients: the per fect military machine, the inscrutable hidden enemy, the false cause and internal dissension, the battles won and the war lost. Who, then, lost the war in Vietnam? The obvious answer is the Republic of South Vietnam. The more sophisticated reply would assert that it is too early to tell, but no one in the United States is claiming victory. Well, then, who is to blame for this dilemma in American policy and military performance? The blame for Vietnam is developing an historiography that may one day rival the causes of World War I. The first fashion was to blame American politicians who forced brave and competent soldiers to fight hogtied by an array of restrictions that confounded any reasonable chance for success. Another was to blame the media for inflaming public opinion with biased reporting and deliberate erosion of popu lar support for the war at home. A third would assert that the war was unwinnable but also unavoidable as a part of the great power predicament. Andrew F. Krepinevich, Jr., in The Army and Vietnam (Bal timore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), and Earl H. Tilford, Jr., in Crosswinds: The Air Force's Setup in Vietnam (Col lege Station: Texas AM both retired recently
Neoplastic fever: all who shiver are not infected.

Paraneoplastic syndromes can suggest the presence of an underlying neoplasm, and on occasion, can be the initial or presenting manifestation(s) of neoplastic disease. They include
Surgery for pulmonary metastases fromrenal cell carcinoma Army Experience from 1977–1987*

Abstract The Army Medical Centers' combined ten-year experience (1977–1987) with renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the lung is presented. Those patients who underwent resection of the lung metastases were compared with those who did not. Certain factors within the two groups were analyzed mainly for effect on survival: number and location of pulmonary metastases, disease free interval from nephrectomy, extent of lung resection, and synchronous vs asynchronous metastases: Comparisons were made with reports from the literature, and conclusions were made in reference to indications for resection and other modes of therapy.
The Keys to the White House: A Preliminary Forecast for 2012

The Keys to the White House are an index-based prediction system that retrospectively account for the popular-vote winners of every US presidential election from 1860 to 1980 and prospectively forecast the winners of every presidential election from 1984 through 2008. The Keys demonstrate that American presidential elections do not turn on events of the campaign, but rather on the performance of the party controlling the White House. The Keys hold important lessons for politics in the United States and worldwide. A preliminary forecast based on the Keys indicates that President Obama is a likely winner in 2012, but also reveals the specific problems at home at abroad that could thwart his re-election.
First-principle modeling of gold adsorption on BeO (0001)

Abstract Gold nanowire chains are considered a good candidate for nanoelectronic devices since they exhibit remarkable structural and electrical properties. For practical engineering devices, α-wurtzite BeO may be a useful platform for supporting these nanowires, since the atom separation of the BeO (0001) surface is compatible with the Au–Au atom spacing. However, its influence on the nanowire conductivity is unknown. Here, ab initio simulations of adsorption of one gold atom on cleaved BeO (0001) surfaces have been performed to find the most favorable adsorption site. An attractive adsorption was obtained for all the studied sites, but the most favorable site was above the oxygen for the O-terminated surface and above the Be–Be bridge for the Be-terminated surface. A relatively high electron density is observed in the Au O and Au Be bonds, and the local density of states exhibits high peaks in the vicinity of the Fermi energy.
Multivariate decision-making under risk aversion

Abstract This paper develops new multivariate stochastic dominance rules for the class of all risk averse decision-makers, in which the separation of preferences over commodity bundles from attitudes toward risk is made explicit.
Two Pulse Propagation with Non-Pure Ground State

We analyze the effect on bi-pulse transmission of mixed-state vs. pure-state preparation of the two lower levels in a three-level medium. Dark state dominance is weakened, and matched-pulse formation is strikingly altered.
Rethinking Relationships, Reconfiguring Teacher Research: Teachers as Ethnographers of Culture, Childhood, and Classrooms

Abstract In this article, we employ multiple lenses to examine a state-funded teacher research institute designed to meld ethnographic and teacher research with anthropological and sociological studies of childhood. Planned as support for the work of teachers in reservation schools, the institute's classes, book talks, methods exercises, and subsequent classroom-based research were intended to help teachers understand learning as a constructive meaning-making activity carried out by their students. However, we anticipated neither the difficulties that we would encounter in recruiting Native American teachers nor those that teachers would meet in carving out time to conduct ethnographic research in their classrooms. This article is an attempt to let go of our preconceptions about the way that the institute should have unfolded and to privilege the richness of the teachers' unexpected discoveries.
A new technique for studying magnetic order and the spin dependence of electron scattering by means of photoemission

Abstract Electrons from multiplet split photoemission peaks are partially spin polarized with respect to the direction of the absorber atom magnetic moment and may be separated by means of an energy analyzer. The splitting may then serve as a convenient polarizer for studying effects such as the spin dependence of electron scattering from the local environment of the absorber atom and the short range magnetic structure about the absorber atom.
Effects of dietary selenium and tocopherol on glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in rat phagocytes.

Abstract Glutathione peroxidase activities (GSH-Px) of peritoneal exudate polymorphonuclear neutrophils, pulmonary alveolar macrophages, and peritoneal exudate macrophages of rats depleted of dietary selenium for four to six weeks were markedly lower than the corresponding activities in rats fed the same diet supplemented with 0.5 ppm selenium as sodium selenite. GSH-Px in phagocytes from selenium-supplemented rats adequate or deficient in tocopherol status did not differ significantly. In selenium deficient animals, the residual GSH-Px of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages, but not of alveolar macrophages were slightly higher in tocopherol-deficient rats than in tocopherol-supplemented animals. Superoxide dismutase activities of each cell type were comparable and were not significantly affected by dietary selenium or tocopherol.
Time-integrated energy budget of a solar activity complex

The 0.1–0.3% dips in solar irradiance during disk passages of large sunspot groups suggest the possibility of fluctuations in the solar luminosity. This raises the question of whether the energy not radiated by the dark sunspots is stored within the Sun for long periods of time, or is radiated by faculae during the several-month lifetime of a solar activity complex1–3. Here we examine the sunspot and facular contributions to luminosity fluctuations due to a solar activity complex over its lifetime from June to November 1982. Both direct, photometric observations of irradiance fluctuations and modelled ‘proxy’ fluctuations based on published sunspot and calcium plage areas are used. We find that the total facular energy excess is between 70 and 120% of the sunspot deficit of ∼1037 erg. Thus, at a minimum, a major portion of the missing sunspot flux is radiated by faculae, and energy balance or even an excess is possible. This work differs from earlier studies2–9 in that our data cover a longer period of time, more photometric data are included, and our analysis considers the effect of partial occultation of active regions by the solar limb.
Antigenic relationships of murine coronaviruses

Two serological tests were used to examine the antigenic relationships between murine hepatitis viruses that cause different diseases in mice. Antisera prepared by immunization of mice with the individual viruses were tested for their ability to neutralize both the homologous immunogen and the other viruses. By a plaque reduction neutralization test, each antiserum was found to be specific for the immunizing virus; however, there was substantial cross-reactivity, indicating the viruses were closely related. By kinetic neutralization, two of the viruses tested, MHV-JHM and MHV-2, were found to be antigenically distinct. MHV-3 and MHV-A59 were found to be antigenically very similar but distinct. These data show that kinetic neutralization is a more precise method for determining the antigenic relationships between murine coronaviruses.
A 16mW 78dB-SNDR 10MHz-BW CT-ΔΣ ADC using residue-cancelling VCO-based quantizer

Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) based analog-to-digital conversion presents an attractive means of implementing high-bandwidth oversampling ADCs [1,2]. They exhibit inherent noise-shaping properties and can operate at low supply voltages and high sampling rates [1–3]. However, usage of VCO-based ADCs has been limited due to their nonlinear voltage-to-frequency (V-to-F) transfer characteristic, which severely degrades their distortion performance. Digital calibration is used to combat nonlinearity in an open-loop VCO-based ADC, but 1st-order noise-shaping mandates high OSRs, thus increasing power dissipation in digital circuits, even in a nanometer-scale CMOS process [1]. In [2], nonlinearity is suppressed by embedding the VCO in a ΔΣ loop. While this technique works in principle, the need for large loop gain at high frequencies makes it very difficult to achieve high SNDR. For instance, the suppression level near the band edge is approximately 20dB for a VCO-based 2nd-order modulator operating with an over-sampling ratio (OSR) of 30. Our ADC overcomes the impact of VCO non-linearity by minimizing the input signal processed by the VCO. The prototype achieves 78.3dB SNDR in a 10MHz signal bandwidth at 600MHz sampling rate, while consuming 16mW power.
Nearly instantaneous brightness induction.

Brightness induction is the modulation of the perceived intensity of a region by the luminance of surrounding regions andreveals fundamental properties of neural organization in the visual system. Grating induction affords a unique opportunity toprecisely measure the temporal properties of induction using a quadrature motion technique. Contrary to previous reportsthat induction is a sluggish process with temporal frequency cutoffs of 2–5 Hz (R. L. DeValois, M. A. Webster, K. K.DeValois, & B. Lingelbach, 1986; A. F. Rossi & M. A. Paradiso, 1996), we ﬁnd that induction is nearly instantaneous. Thetemporal response of induced brightness differs from that of luminance gratings by a small time lag (G1 ms), or by a smalltemporal phase lag (G0.016 cycle), and remains relatively constant across wide variations in test ﬁeld height. These dataare not easily explained by an edge-dependent, homogeneous ﬁlling-in process (A. F. Rossi & M. A. Paradiso, 1996);however, they are consistent with an explanation of brightness induction based on spatial ﬁltering by cortical simple cells(B. Blakeslee & M. E. McCourt, 1999).Keywords: brightness induction, grating induction, temporal vision, spatial vision, psychophysicsCitation: Blakeslee, B., & McCourt, M. E. (2008). Nearly instantaneous brightness induction. Journal of Vision, 8(2):15, 1–8,http://journalofvision.org/8/2/15/, doi:10.1167/8.2.15.
Automated Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Electron Transfer Dissociation High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Measured at Single-Amide Resolution

Hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) is a well established method for the measurement of solution-phase deuterium incorporation into proteins, which can provide insight into protein conformational mobility. However, most HDX measurements are constrained to regions of the protein where pepsin proteolysis allows detection at peptide resolution. Recently, single-amide resolution deuterium incorporation has been achieved by limiting gas-phase scrambling in the mass spectrometer. This was accomplished by employing a combination of soft ionization and desolvation conditions coupled with the radical-driven fragmentation technique electron transfer dissociation (ETD). Here, a hybrid LTQ-Orbitrap XL is systematically evaluated for its utility in providing single-amide deuterium incorporation for differential HDX analysis of a nuclear receptor upon binding small molecule ligands. We are able to show that instrumental parameters can be optimized to minimize scrambling and can be incorporated into an established and fully automated HDX platform making differential single-amide HDX possible for bottom-up analysis of complex systems. We have applied this system to determine differential single amide resolution HDX data for the peroxizome proliferator activated receptor bound with two ligands of interest.
A self-efficacy approach to the career development of women

An approach to the conceptualization and facilitation of women's career development based on A. Bandura's (Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1977; Psychological Review, 1977, 84, 191–215) self-efficacy theory is presented. The model presented postulates that largely as a result of socialization experiences, women lack strong expectations of personal efficacy in relationship to many career-related behaviors and, thus, fail to fully realize their capabilities and talents in career pursuits. Sex differences in the access to and availability of four sources of information important to the development of strong expectations of personal efficacy are reviewed and discussed in relationship to women's career decisions and achievements. The utility of the proposed model for integrating existing knowledge of women's career development, for generating productive avenues of inquiry, and for guiding intervention efforts is discussed. The conceptual framework provided is seen as having implications for the career development of men as well as women, but the focus herein is on its potential for contributing to knowledge of the career development of women.
Inhibition of CD40 expression and CD40-mediated dendritic cell function by tumor-derived IL-10.

As CD40 plays a key role in both antitumor immunity and DC maturation, we have studied the regulation of its expression during DC hematopoiesis (dendropoiesis) in vitro and in vivo in the tumor microenvironment. Using MC38 colon adenocarcinoma tumor models, we have demonstrated that DCs generated in vitro from bone marrow precursors obtained from tumor-bearers have significantly lower expression of CD40 molecules compared to DCs generated from tumor-free mice. Furthermore, CD40 expression on DCs isolated from the spleens of tumor-bearing mice was also significantly reduced, suggesting that tumor-derived factors inhibit CD40 expression on DCs during dendropoiesis both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, CD40 ligation on DCs generated from tumor-bearers did not result in inducible expression of IL-12 protein or IL-12 p40 mRNA. However, Staphylococcus aureus–induced IL-12 production by DCs was not altered in tumor-bearers, confirming that inhibition of IL-12 production by DCs generated in vitro from tumor-bearing mice was due to reduced expression of CD40 on DCs. We have also shown that MC38 tumor cells produce IL-10 and that exogenous IL-10 causes downregulation of CD40 expression on DCs. In addition, endogenous IL-10 produced by colon carcinoma cells inhibited CD40-dependent IL-12 production by DCs since tumor-induced inhibition of IL-12 production was abrogated by neutralizing anti-IL-10 antibody. Finally, systemic administration of FLT3L and/or CD40L reversed CD40 and IL-12 (p40) deficiency of DCs in tumor-bearing mice in vivo. These findings thus demonstrate that tumor-derived factors, including IL-10, inhibit CD40 expression on DCs and DC precursors and suppress their maturation and function. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Non-homogeneous boundary value problems for the Korteweg–de Vries and the Korteweg–de Vries–Burgers equations in a quarter plane

Attention is given to the initial-boundary-value problems (IBVPs) (0.1)ut+ux+uux+uxxx=0,forx,t⩾0,u(x,0)=ϕ(x),u(0,t)=h(t)} for the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation and (0.2)ut+ux+uux−uxx+uxxx=0,forx,t⩾0,u(x,0)=ϕ(x),u(0,t)=h(t)} for the Korteweg–de Vries–Burgers (KdV-B) equation. These types of problems arise in modeling waves generated by a wavemaker in a channel and waves incoming from deep water into near-shore zones (see [B. Boczar-Karakiewicz, J.L. Bona, Wave dominated shelves: a model of sand ridge formation by progressive infragravity waves, in: R.J. Knight, J.R. McLean (Eds.), Shelf Sands and Sandstones, in: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, vol. 11, 1986, pp. 163–179] and [J.L. Bona, W.G. Pritchard, L.R. Scott, An evaluation of a model equation for water waves, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London Ser. A 302 (1981) 457–510] for example). Our concern here is with the mathematical theory appertaining to these problems. Improving upon the existing results for (0.2), we show this problem to be (locally) well-posed in Hs(R+) when the auxiliary data (ϕ,h) is drawn from Hs(R+)×Hlocs+13(R+), provided only that s>−1 and s≠3m+12 (m=0,1,2,…). A similar result is established for (0.1) in Hνs(R+) provided (ϕ,h) lies in the space Hνs(R+)×Hlocs+13(R+). Here, Hνs(R+) is the weighted Sobolev space Hνs(R+)={f∈Hs(R+);eνxf∈Hs(R+)} with the obvious norm (cf. Kato [T. Kato, On the Cauchy problem for the (generalized) Korteweg–de Vries equations, in: Advances in Mathematics Supplementary Studies, in: Studies Appl. Math., vol. 8, 1983, pp. 93–128]). Both local and global in time results are derived. An added outcome of our analysis is a very strong smoothing property associated with the problems (0.1) and (0.2) which may be expressed as follows. Suppose h∈Hloc∞ and that for some ν>0 and s>−1 with s≠3m+12 (m=0,1,2,…), ϕ lies in Hνs(R+) (respectively Hs(R+)). Then the corresponding solution u of the IBVP (0.1) (respectively the IBVP (0.2)) belongs to the space C(0,∞;Hν∞(R+)) (respectively C(0,∞;H∞(R+))). In particular, for any s>−1 with s≠3m+12 (m=0,1,2,…), if ϕ∈Hs(R+) has compact support and h∈Hloc∞(R+), then the IBVP (0.1) has a unique solution lying in the space C(0,∞;H∞(R+)).
Revisiting the Impact of Prison Building on Job Growth: Education, Incarceration, and County‐Level Employment, 1976–2004*

Objectives. It is widely believed that prison construction offers significant economic benefits to local areas. We review the popular and scholarly literature and provide a quantitative analysis of claims. Methods. We analyze data on all existing and new prisons in the United States since 1960 to assess the impact of these prisons on the pace of public, private, and total employment growth in U.S. counties from 1976 to 2004. Results. Our results suggest that enhanced human capital is associated with employment gains and cast doubt on the assertion that prisons provide economic benefits to local areas. We provide evidence that prison construction impedes economic growth in rural counties, especially in counties that lag behind in educational attainment. Conclusions. Based on empirical results, this research casts further doubt on claims that prisons offer a viable economic development option for struggling rural communities. Possible explanations for the failure of prisons to help local areas are explored, including existing corrections officers moving to fill openings, adverse local impacts of prison labor, and paucity of local multipliers when a prison opens.
Multiple carcinoid tumors of the stomach with endoscopic observations

Gastroscopy revealed numerous, pleomorphic, pink to yellow polyps in the stomach of a 59 year old woman. Subtotal gastrectomy confirmed the diagnosis of multiple carcinoid tumors. Variations in staining reactions are explained.
Implementation of system intelligence in a 3-tier telemedicine/PACS hierarchical storage management system

Our tele-medicine/PACS archive system is based on a three-tier distributed hierarchical architecture, including magnetic disk farms, optical jukebox, and tape jukebox sub-systems. The hierarchical storage management (HSM) architecture, built around a low cost high performance platform [personal computers (PC) and Microsoft Windows NT], presents a very scaleable and distributed solution ideal for meeting the needs of client/server environments such as tele-medicine, tele-radiology, and PACS. These image based systems typically require storage capacities mirroring those of film based technology (multi-terabyte with 10+ years storage) and patient data retrieval times at near on-line performance as demanded by radiologists. With the scaleable architecture, storage requirements can be easily configured to meet the needs of the small clinic (multi-gigabyte) to those of a major hospital (multi-terabyte). The patient data retrieval performance requirement was achieved by employing system intelligence to manage migration and caching of archived data. Relevant information from HIS/RIS triggers prefetching of data whenever possible based on simple rules. System intelligence embedded in the migration manger allows the clustering of patient data onto a single tape during data migration from optical to tape medium. Clustering of patient data on the same tape eliminates multiple tape loading and associated seek time during patient data retrieval. Optimal tape performance can then be achieved by utilizing the tape drives high performance data streaming capabilities thereby reducing typical data retrieval delays associated with streaming tape devices.
MUC1 plays a role in tumor maintenance in aggressive thyroid carcinomas.

Background We recently identified MUC1 as a target driving selection for 1q21 amplification and validated it as an independent marker of aggressive behavior in thyroid cancer (TC). The aims of this study were to determine whether TC cell lines retain MUC1 expression patterns that are seen in primary tumors, assess the role of MUC1 in tumor maintenance, and develop a virally delivered anti-MUC1 RNA interference (RNAi) that is effective in decreasing MUC1 expression in vitro. Methods Fifteen TC cell lines were screened for MUC1 protein expression. Cell lines with varying MUC1 protein levels were treated with anti-MUC1 monoclonal antibody to assess cell viability. A recombinant retroviral short hairpin RNAi delivery system against MUC1 was developed. Efficacy and optimal dosing of short hairpin RNA against MUC1 was determined. Results MUC1 expression patterns in TC cell lines were found to be similar to that seen in primary tumors. Treatment with anti-MUC1 antibody resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability in MUC1 over-expressing cell lines. MUC1-779 RNAi construct showed excellent infection efficiency and reproducible silencing. Conclusion These data offer functional evidence that implicates MUC1 over-expression as a key molecular event in the pathogenesis of aggressive TC. Retrovirally delivered anti-MUC1 RNAi is effective in silencing MUC1 and merits further investigation to establish therapeutic efficacy and safety in anticipation of potential clinical application.
The insect repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) increases the synthesis of glutathione S-transferase in cultured mosquito cells

DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) is the active ingredient used in many commonly used insect repellents, but its mode of action remains poorly understood. Efforts to identify properties that could lead to the development of more effective active ingredients have distinguished among DEET's repellent, deterrent, and insecticidal activities. We used an Aedes albopictus mosquito cell line to evaluate DEET's toxicological properties in the absence of sensory input mediated by the olfactory system. When cells were treated with DEET and labeled with [(35)S]methionine/cysteine, a single 25-kDa protein was induced, relative to other proteins, on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The 25-kDa band from DEET-treated cells was enriched in peptides corresponding to glutathione S-transferase D10 and/or theta in the Aedes aegypti genome. Consistent with the increased expression of the labeled protein, DEET-treated cells had increased glutathione S-transferase activity, and the radiolabeled band bound to Sepharose 4B containing reduced glutathione. By analyzing partial tryptic digests, we established that DEET induces the homolog of A. aegypti glutathione S-transferase, class theta, corresponding to protein XP_001658009.1 in the NCBI database. This specific effect of DEET at the subcellular level suggests that DEET induces physiological responses that extend beyond recognition by the peripheral olfactory system.