cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
production and division of labor in a West Indian peasant community

Subsistence and cash production on the West Indian island of Barbuda fall into two organizational categories: that for which household personnel is sufficient and that for which personnel from different households must organize into a cooperative team. This difference in productive organization is associated with exclusive areas of social and economic responsibility divided between men and women, although physical labor sometimes overlaps. Underlying the organization of production and hence the sexual distinction of roles, are the productive capabilities of the landscape and the customary system of land tenure that permits its most efficient use.
Occupational Therapists’ Views About the Use of Robotic Aids for People With Disabilities

The use of robotic aids for persons with disabilities has potential benefits both in terms of cost cutting and improved health care. This article reviews robotic aids currently in use and reports the results of a survey of 51 occupational therapists at four hospitals offering rehabilitation services for patients with spinal cord injuries: Therapists were generally positive about the use of robotic aids and expressed interest in learning more about this technology.
Local function approximation in evolutionary algorithms for the optimization of costly functions

We develop an approach for the optimization of continuous costly functions that uses a space-filling experimental design and local function approximation to reduce the number of function evaluations in an evolutionary algorithm. Our approach is to estimate the objective function value of an offspring by fitting a function approximation model over the k nearest previously evaluated points, where k=(d+1)(d+2)/2 and d is the dimension of the problem. The estimated function values are used to screen offspring to identify the most promising ones for function evaluation. To fit function approximation models, a symmetric Latin hypercube design (SLHD) is used to determine initial points for function evaluation. We compared the performance of an evolution strategy (ES) with local quadratic approximation, an ES with local cubic radial basis function (RBF) interpolation, an ES whose initial parent population comes from an SLHD, and a conventional ES. These algorithms were applied to a twelve-dimensional (12-D) groundwater bioremediation problem involving a complex nonlinear finite-element simulation model. The performances of these algorithms were also compared on the Dixon-Szego test functions and on the ten-dimensional (10-D) Rastrigin and Ackley test functions. All comparisons involve analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the computation of simultaneous confidence intervals. The results indicate that ES algorithms with local approximation were significantly better than conventional ES algorithms and ES algorithms initialized by SLHDs on all Dixon-Szego test functions except for Goldstein-Price. However, for the more difficult 10-D and 12-D functions, only the cubic RBF approach was successful in improving the performance of an ES. Moreover, the results also suggest that the cubic RBF approach is superior to the quadratic approximation approach on all test functions and the difference in performance is statistically significant for all test functions with dimension d/spl ges/4.
First records of the Smoky Shrew (Sorex fumeus) in Alabama.

Abstract Conserving biodiversity in the southeastern United States begins with documenting the distribution and natural history of all taxa. Using pitfall traps between March 2005 and January 2006, we collected the first Sorex fumeus (Smoky Shrew) specimens (44) from Alabama on the Cumberland Plateau in the northeastern portion of the state. Body size of specimens was generally smaller than reported for other populations. We recommend additional surveys throughout the Cumberland Plateau region in Alabama to better document this species' range in the state.
Preface. Hepatobiliary manifestations of systemic diseases.

Hepatobiliary manifestations can be the clinical presentation of other systemic disorders that are commonly seen in our daily practice and usually require gastroenterology or hepatology consultation. Understanding these clinical issues would enrich our knowledge and improve outcomes of the patient care. Some of these conditions have been well reviewed in a 2002 issue of Clinics in Liver Disease edited by Dr Herbert L. Bonkovsky. This issue of Clinics in Liver Disease denotes to an updated and systematic review on hepatobiliary manifestations of other systemic disorders. It has been my privilege and pleasure to assemble a group of expert clinicians to present their views and share their vast experiences in these complicated clinical issues. The first review by Drs Weisberg and Jacobson provides an excellent summary on common hepatobiliary manifestations of cardiovascular diseases. The article begins by introducing a physiologic base of macroand microcirculation of the liver, followed by most common clinical issues, such as ischemic hepatitis and congestive hepatopathy. Both hepatopulmonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension are wellknown pulmonary complications of liver diseases. The article by Drs Kochar and Fallon reviews hepatobiliary manifestations of some common pulmonary disorders, including respiratory failure and hepatic dysfunction, genetic and granulomatous disorders, and the liver. Many liver diseases coexist with chronic renal disease. Dr Wong’s article provides an up-to-date summary on this complicated topic. Besides covering nephrogenic ascites, a common clinical presentation, this article covers some other common but sometimes overlooked issues, such as nephrogenic hepatic dysfunction, renal tubular disorders, and cholestasis, dialysis, and the liver. Liver diseases and endocrine disorders may have a bidirectional and complex relationship. Drs Maheshwari and Thuluvath’s article systematically reviews these issues.
Abstract T MP26: Role of 99tc-hmpao Spect in the Assessment of Cerebral Hemodynamic Parameters After Superficial Temporal Artery- Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass in Patients With Severe Steno-Occlusive Disease of Intracranial Carotid and Middle Cerebral Artery

Background and Objective: Although superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass surgery in patients with symptomatic carotid occlusion failed to demonstrate any benefit, its role in symptomatic intracranial steno-occlusive disease has been evaluated scarcely. We evaluated changes in hemodynamic parameters in patients with severe steno-occlusive disease of intracranial internal carotid (ICA) or middle cerebral artery (MCA) who underwent STA-MCA bypass for impaired cerebral vasodilatory reserve (CVR). Methods: Patients with severe steno-occlusive disease of intracranial ICA or MCA underwent transcranial Doppler (TCD) evaluation and CVR assessment using breath-holding index (BHI). Patients with impaired BHI (<0.69) were further evaluated with acetazolamide-challenged 99Tc-HMPAO-SPECT. STA-MCA bypass surgery was offered to patients with impaired CVR on SPECT. TCD and SPECT were repeated in all patients at 4±1 months and they were followed-up for cerebral ischemic events. Results: Of the 126 patients (80 male, mean age 56yrs; range 23-78yrs) that fulfilled our inclusion criteria, 84 (67%) showed impaired CVR HMPAO-SPECT. Fifty (60%) of them underwent STA-MCA bypass while 34(40%) received best medical treatment. TCD and acetazolamide-challenged HMPAO-SPECT repeated 4±1 months after surgery showed significant improvement in STA-MCA bypass group. TCD BHI improved from a median (IQR) of -0.05 to 1.1 (p<0.001). Compared to 98% patients with impaired CVR on pre-operative SPECT, only 20% showed abnormal results on post-operative imaging (p<0.001). During follow-up (mean 35 months; range 8 to 49months), only 6/50 (12%) patients in bypass group developed cerebral ischemic events as compared to15/34 (44%) cases on medical therapy (absolute risk reduction 32%, p=0.006). Conclusion: 99Tc-HMPAO SPECT with acetazolamide challenge is a reliable tool for the assessment of cerebral vasodilatory reserve in patients with severe steno-occlusive disease of intracranial ICA or MCA. STA-MCA bypass surgery in carefully selected patients results in significant improvement in hemodynamic parameters and reduction in stroke recurrence.
Beyond between-group differences: Considering race, ethnicity, and culture in research on positive youth development programs

ABSTRACTIn this article, we explore how researchers can more fully consider and conceptualize the role of race and ethnicity in studies of youth development programs, with an emphasis on positive youth development (PYD). Such a focus can be integrated in a more meaningful way through the application of a theoretical model that provides a framework for understanding the role of race and ethnicity at multiple levels, and through recognition of challenges and limitations related to measurement and methodological approaches. Greater attention to race and ethnicity in research on youth programs can provide insight into the relevance of PYD models for specific groups of youth, culturally-specific themes that might enhance the applicability of PYD models and programs for some groups, the role of within-group heterogeneity with respect to PYD outcomes, and the aspects of PYD models and programs that appear to be essential for all youth across sociocultural contexts.
Investigation of Iridium CF3PCP Pincer Catalytic Dehydrogenation and Decarbonylation Chemistry

The iridium fluorinated pincer complex (CF3PCP)Ir(cod) (CF3PCP = 2,6-C6H3(CH2P(CF3)2)2) catalyzes hydrogen transfer from cyclooctane (coa) to tert-butylethylene (tbe) in 1/1 coa/tbe at 200 °C to gi...
Seeing The Big Picture: The Influence Of Industry, Diversification, And Business Strategy On Performance

Much of the strategic management literature separates industry, corporate, and business levels of analysis, and empirical studies tend to examine these levels independently, not addressing how indu...
Cognitive impairment and evaluation in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: an integrated cognitive-emotional approach.

Neuropsychological studies comparing patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) to those with epilepsy have been largely equivocal. The variability in the neuropsychological literature ...
Effects of low temperature and GA on the breaking dormancy in garlic seed

In order to find an effective way to break dormancy in garlic seed,the following treatments were used.1) Different concentrations of GA(0,100,150,200,250 mg/L)were treated garlic with 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 d separately;2) Treat garlic with different temperatures(5,10,15,20,25 ℃) for 10,15,20,25,30,35 d separately;3) Yulin garlic(150 mg/L GA) and Chengdu garlic(200 mg/L) were treated under the temperature of 5,10,15,20 and 25 ℃ for 5,10,15,20,25 d separately.The result showed that,1) In normal temperature,early-maturity cultivars(Yulin garlic) treated with 150 mg/L GA for 4 d got better result than late-maturity cultivars(Chengdu garlic) with 200 mg/L GA for 4 d.Seed was rotted badly as soaking in GA with normal temperature for a long time.2) Yulin garlic had the best result with 10 ℃ treatment;and for Chengdu garlic,15 ℃ reached a better effect;3) The best treatment to break dormancy of Yulin garlic was 150 mg/L GA with 10 ℃ for 15 d while Chengdu garlic is 200 mg/L GA with 15 with for 20 d.The study revealed that single treatment had no same positive effect as the combining treatment.
Effect of progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate on normal corpus luteum function

A group of infertility patients were evaluated by an endometrial biopsy, timed with a basal body temperature chart, serum luteinizing hormone radioimmunassay to pinpoint ovulation, and daily serum progesterone values during a control and a treatment cycle. Progesterone in the suppository or intramuscular form and 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate* were administered during the luteal phase to a group of volunteer patients with normal corpus luteum function to determine if these compounds would depress serum progesterone levels as do certain progestational agents. There was no apparent inhibition of corpus luteum function as no decrease in progesterone production occurred. Despite the additive effect of progesterone administration demonstrated by elevated serum levels, endometrial biopsies remained in phase when dated from the estimated day of ovulation.
Cesarean section for suspected fetal distress. Does the decision-incision time make a difference?

Objective To compare perinatal outcomes in patients at term (37 weeks) in whom the decision-incision time for cesarean delivery was due to suspected fetal distress. Study design All parturients who underwent cesarean delivery primarily for possible fetal distress during a three-year period were identified retrospectively. Student's t test and the chi 2 test were utilized, and P Results From 1991 to 1993, 1.3% (117/9,137) of term laboring patients underwent emergency cesarean delivery for the primary indication of possible fetal distress. In 61 patients (52%) the decision-incision time was 30 minutes, while it exceeded 30 minutes in the remaining 56 women. The two patient groups were similar in maternal demographics, antepartum complications, oxytocin usage, thick meconium, type of abnormal fetal heart rate tracing prompting surgery, use of amnioinfusion (41% vs. 36%), general anesthesia (97% vs. 93%), mean birth weight and Apgar score 30 minutes: (1) lower mean (+/-SD) umbilical arterial pH (7.16 +/- 0.15 vs. 7.26 +/- 0.06, P = .001), (2) pH Conclusion Although a cesarean decision-incision time
Clinical aspects of gastric cytoprotection.

The stomach is constantly exposed to a variety of irritating and damaging factors, including its own acid-pepsin secretion, bile, spicy foods, micro-organisms, alcohol and drugs. In spite of this hostile environment, the gastric mucosa is usually capable of maintaining its integrity due to several protective mechanisms. Among the most frequently mentioned local mechanisms implicated in this protection are: (i) mucus/alkaline secretion that adheres to the surface of epithelium and exhibits a pH gradient within the unstirred water layer; (ii) the gastric mucosal barrier preventing the penetration of acid into the mucosa; (iii) rapid epithelial cell renewal allowing for a quick recovery from the mucosal insults; (iv) rich mucosal blood flow providing oxygen and necessary nutrients to increase cellular resistance; and (v) the presence of natural humoral factors, particularly certain prostaglandins (PGs), whose action may explain various aspects of mucosal protection.
Attitudes Towards Auto Maintenance and the Extent of Do-It-Yourself Activity

This paper provides an empirical examination of consumer attitudes towards auto maintenance, interrelationships among various maintenance tasks, and distinguishing characteristics of do-it-yourselfers. Data drawn from a national probability survey of motor vehicle owners are used to study the choice between do-it-yourself maintenance and a paid-mechanic alternative. A principal components analysis suggests that prevailing attitudes can be represented by three underlying dimensions. Several variables are also identified for profiling do-it-yourselfers.
The Global Economy

The global economic system, like the systems within advanced industrial nations, does a lot of people a lot of good. Many people benefit from the international division of labor which calls for certain kinds of products and services to be produced in some places while others are produced in other places. Likewise, many people benefit from international trade. International lending programs, both official and private, have helped many industries and programs, and thus have benefited many people. There is hope that the structural adjustment programs pressed on developing nations by the international financial institutions since the early 1980s will, after a difficult transition period, help to modernize stagnant economies and integrate them into the global economic system, and thus help to pull people up out of their abject poverty.
Guided Explorations of the Mechanics of Solids and Structures

This book tackles the question: how can an engineer with a powerful finite element program but modest background knowledge of mechanics solve unfamiliar problems?Engineering educators will find this book to be a new and exciting approach to helping students engage with complex ideas. Practising engineers who use finite element methods to solve problems in solids and structures will extend the range of problems they can solve as well as accelerate their learning on new problems.This book's special strengths include:A thoroughly modern approach to learning and understanding mechanics problemsComprehensive coverage of a large collection of problems ranging from static to dynamic and from linear to nonlinear, applied to a variety of structures and componentsAccompanying software that is sophisticated and versatile and is available for free from the book's websiteAbility to complement any standard finite element textbook.
Plasmids derived from Epstein-Barr virus: mechanisms of plasmid maintenance and applications in molecular biology

Plasmids carrying essential components of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) plasmid replicon are the only recombinant plasmids so far reported to replicate stably in a variety of human cell lines. Thus interest has arisen in the use of EBV-derived plasmids as vectors for introduction, expression and retrieval of DNA in human cells. Efforts to characterize and to understand EBV plasmid replication originally arose from a desire to understand the virus, a human pathogen and growth-transforming virus involved in human cancers. Studies are now directed toward elucidating the molecular mechanisms of EBV plasmid replication with the expectation that these studies will shed some light on the mechanisms governing chromosomal DNA replication. This article will review recent studies with EBV-derived plasmids with regard to both perspectives of interest, in application and in molecular function.
National Risk of Zinc Deficiency as Estimated by National Surveys.

Background:Information is needed on the national prevalence of zinc deficiency to guide program development and evaluation.Objective:To summarize results of national surveys that assessed plasma or...
Ultra-Deep Sequencing Defines Stem Cell-Specific Diversity Patterns in Acute Myelogenous Leukemia

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a fatal disease with dismal outcomes. Despite aggressive chemotherapy regimens, most patients relapse and ultimately succumb to their disease. Relapse is thought to be driven by a surviving residual population of leukemia stem cells (LSCs) that remain quiescent and survive chemotherapy. Moreover, relapsed disease has been shown to be frequently more genetically complex, acquiring new mutations not seen in de novo disease. Since the acquisition of new mutations and survival of LSCs are both evident with relapse, we hypothesized that genetic diversity of LSCs is a likely contributor to disease outcomes. To assess diversity, we performed ultra-deep targeted next generation sequencing at up to 15000x non-duplicate depth of coverage, constructed local haplotypes, and performed subclonal variant analysis on AML samples across varying molecular and cytogenetic risk strata. The resulting high resolution molecular portrait enabled us to examine the clonal composition of both lymphocytes and leukemia, including LSCs. Consistent with previous reports, we detected established pre-leukemic mutations in DNMT3A(R882H) evident in both patient-matched sort-purified lymphocytes and leukemic cells. In this patient, the pre-leukemic acquisition of DNMT3A(R882H) observed in lymphocytes was followed by additional acquisition of NRAS(G13D) seen exclusively in the LSC and non-LSC compartments, but not the sorted lymphocyte compartment. Interestingly, we found that LSC populations frequently exhibited more complex clonal architecture and nucleotide diversity (p -18 ) compared to non-stem matched patient counterparts. Because LSCs inherently resist chemotherapy, genetic lesions occurring in the surviving LSC pool are capable of supporting sustainable outgrowths of new drug resistant clones. Indeed, within this complex stem cell architecture, we identified deeply subclonal lesions in clinically relevant AML genes including FLT3. For example, in one high risk patient, the drug-resistant tyrosine kinase domain mutant FLT3(D835Y) was evident at below 0.25% allele frequency in the LSC compartment. This FLT3 allele demonstrated penetrance into the bulk tumor, but not into normal lymphocytes, indicating the AML-specific context of this subclonal variant. The data suggest that, in addition to surviving chemotherapy, LSCs represent a diverse reservoir of surviving residual cells that can support emergence of drug resistant mutants and refractory relapse. Moreover, ultra-deep sequencing of LSCs and bulk disease will enable improved precision medicine approaches to enhance AML outcomes via early detection of emergent and clinically impactful mutant alleles. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
mTORC1-Mediated Control of Protein Translation

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews both recent and well-established examples of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and regulation of protein synthesis. Eukaryotic cells expend vast amounts of resources during protein translation, and have therefore evolved mechanisms to police and regulate this process. At the center of this regulation lies the mTORC1 pathway. After sensing inputs from nutrients, growth factors, energy, and cellular stresses, mTORC1 and its downstream effectors control overall protein synthesis from the generation of ribosomes to the direct regulation of translation initiation and elongation factors. Multiple independent mechanisms downstream of mTORC1 signaling have evolved to regulate protein translation. Overall rates of cap-dependent translation are affected by mTORC1's phosphorylation of eIF4E-binding proteins (4E-BPs). Through S6 kinase (S6K) phosphorylation and enhancement of RNA helicase activity, the translation efficiency of a subset of mRNAs with highly structured 5'-UTRs is increased. Ribosomal biogenesis is directly affected at multiple steps by mTORC1 signaling.
Breaking Bad Briefs

This article focuses on the practical effects of bad briefing on our legal process and suggests a holistic remedy: a system-wide commitment to striving to instill in law students and lawyers a respect for legal writing as, not only a fundamental competency of our chosen profession, but a talent that requires initial training, focused study, repeated practice, and conscious evolution throughout the arc of one’s legal education and career. Effective brief-writing is not as simple as a quick cut-and-paste job, a template download, or a stream-of-consciousness exercise, even for lawyers who repeatedly practice one type of case. Part I of this article offers examples of judges’ express appreciation of good brief-writing as a facilitator of judicial decision-making. Part II transitions to judges’ critique of bad briefs, spotlighting cases in which judges reference the fundamental standards introduced to students in law school legal writing courses, and noting that certain attorneys’ work product — paid for by clients — would merit a failing grade. Part III describes how a lawyer’s treatment of brief-writing as a cut-and-paste, boilerplate download, or stream-of-consciousness exercise ignores the importance of clients’ nuanced circumstances, court rules, and the role of a brief in the litigation process. Part IV illustrates how bad briefs improperly shift attorney workload to court personnel. Part V reports the views of some judges that poor legal writing shows a lack of respect for professional standards, clients, opposing counsel, and the court. Part VI summarizes federal and state court decisions within the past three years, in which judges have reprimanded lawyers for submitting shoddy written work product, accentuating tangible deficiencies. Part VII illuminates a gap between judges’ frustration with bad briefing and the reality of palpable consequences to clients and counsel; many courts attempt to address the merits of each case anyway so as not to unfairly penalize clients for the errs of counsel, whereas other courts have sanctioned or disciplined the brief-writers. Building upon the premise that bad briefing presents a fixable problem in our legal community, Part VIII renews the call for a holistic approach to improving the quality of brief-writing throughout our system. A first step is to foster intellectual humility in the 1L-student-as-writer, and then encourage the continuity of their writing practice throughout the 2L and 3L years of law school. During the law graduate’s transition to bar membership, legal communities should incorporate a commitment to legal writing standards in updated bar admission oaths, and continue to emphasize legal writing development throughout the arc of an attorney’s career, through steadfast practice mentorship and writing-related CLE requirements. The article concludes with an example of how one court modeled collaboration, respect, and problem-solving while holding attorneys accountable for deficient briefing.
Antennas, Apertures, and Arrays

This chapter reviews the fundamental definitions and formulations related to antennas, aperture antennas, linear antennas, and arrays. The most useful measures of antenna characteristics are directivity and gain. The exact current distributions on an antenna such as a wire antenna must be determined by solving the complete boundary value problem. In many practical antennas, the approximate current distributions are known based on more exact calculations or on experimental data. The chapter presents the radiation field due to given current distributions. It gives some examples of the radiation fields of known current distributions based on the formulation. Current distribution on a wire antenna is approximately sinusoidal. The chapter considers microstrip antennas that are made of a thin patch of metal on a grounded dielectric slab. Thus, it can be viewed as a half‐wavelength transmission‐line cavity with open terminations at both ends where the power leaks out.
Evaluating antidepressant therapies: remission as the optimal outcome.

Depression is the fourth-largest contributor to the global burden of disease, and it causes profound suffering and extreme costs to health care systems and society. Although there have been many new antidepressants introduced, few depressed individuals receive the optimal treatment. One problem is that the traditional definition of response to antidepressant therapy, i.e., a 50% improvement in symptoms, ensures little beyond a reduction of syndromal intensity. Responders who have persistent depressive symptoms experience ongoing psychosocial dysfunction, poorer health, and an increased risk of relapse. The goal of the first or acute-phase treatment should be complete remission of symptoms and a full return to premorbid levels of functioning. Remission is also a necessary, transitional state toward sustained recovery. Within this context, evidence pertaining to various treatment approaches is reexamined, taking into account critical methodological issues such as design sensitivity and statistical power. Whereas results of individual studies are inconsistent, the findings of meta-analyses (i.e., quantitative and pooled) suggest that both psychotherapy-pharmacotherapy combinations and use of antidepressants that enhance serotonergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission increase the likelihood of remission.
The Public and the Opioid-Abuse Epidemic

The Public and the Opioid-Abuse Epidemic A majority of the U.S. public considers addiction to prescription pain medication a major problem but does not deem it a national emergency. And only about half of the public believes there’s a treatment for prescription-painkiller addiction that’s effective in the long term.
The chemistry component of agricultural pesticide regulatory technology

Abstract Government regulators of agricultural pesticides use multidisciplinary computer models with which they make product licencing decisions. Hydrology engineering and chemistry components are integrated into the multidisciplinary models. Although the scientific quality of the hydrology components is reasonably good, the scientific quality of the chemistry component does not match this good quality. These models often use chemically meaningless parameters and assumptions that are not supported by experiments. During the past 25 years chemical kinetics and mechanisms based on experiments and stoichiometry have been published for most agricultural pesticides in soil and water. Thus, the chemistry components should now be replaced with those that use the kinetics and mechanisms currently available. They should next be continuously upgraded as the chemical mechanisms research evolves.
Desecuritization and Resecuritization of Islam in US Foreign Policy: The Obama and the Trump Administrations

The Obama administration acknowledged that securitization of Islam was wrong and that it threatened America and world peace and stability. They decided to desecuritize Islam and bring it back to the abode of politics, although it remained so only in discourse. With the election of President Trump, Islam and Muslims have been resecuritized like never before. The election of President Trump gave a platform to alternative, far-right, conspiracy-driven pundits and media, who determine the US foreign policy today.
Transport systems in mycoplasmas.

Transport processes are classified on the basis of kinetics and energetics (Figure 1). Using D and L isomers of glucose as examples, simple, Fickian diffusion kinetics are characteristic of unmediated transport which does not discriminate between the D and L isomers. Unmediated transport represents transport through the lipid bilayer. Discrimination between D and L isomers and saturation kinetics are characteristic of mediated transport. Mediated transport is carried out by intrinsic membrane proteins and involves interaction between the solute and the proteins. The classification of mediated transport processes is based on biochemical and energetic criteria. In group translocation, the transported solute is derivatized by a membrane enzyme; in the group translocation of D-glucose, the sugar is transported and phosphorylated in a coordinated process. In carrier transport, the free solute, not a derivative, is transported. Carrier transport is further classified on the basis of energetic criteria. If the free sugar is transported energetically uphill (i.e., against its concentration gradient), it is classified as active transport; if the sugar is transported energetically downhill, it is classified as facilitated diffusion.
Strange Bedfellows: The Convergence of Sovereignty-Limiting Doctrines in Counterterrorist and Human Rights Discourse

It is hard to imagine two groups with less in common than national security hawks and human rights activists. They represent different cultures with different views on the use of force, the role of rights, and the constraining power of international law. Yet despite their differences, the two groups seem to be converging on an understanding of state sovereignty as limited and subject to de facto waiver — an understanding that appears to legitimize military inter­ventions even in the absence of state consent and Security Council authorization. This convergence is reached via different routes in each community: for the national security community, counter terrorism provides the sovereignty-limiting logic, while for the human rights and humanitarian law communities, it is the prevention of atrocities that leads to sovereignty-limiting doctrines.In this essay, the author traces how this convergence has come about in two very different discourse communities, and points out some of the unintended consequences and unresolved problems that result.
The Importance of Belief Systems in Traditional Ecological Knowledge Initiatives

Resource managers are increasingly engaging with tribes and first nations and looking for methods to incorporate their perspectives, priorities and traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) into public land and resource management. Many initiatives that engage tribes and their TEK holders only seek tribal input, such as biological data, that is most easily integrated into existing management structures. Increasing attention on tribal belief systems would provide a more holistic understanding that could benefit TEK-related initiatives. Such a shift could reduce misunderstandings about tribal natural resource perspectives and lead to insights valuable for society at large.
National Trends in General Surgery Resident Exposure to Complex Oncology-Relevant Cases.

Objective To evaluate trends in surgical resident exposure to complex oncologic procedures in order to determine whether additional fellowship training is necessary. Design An observational study of national Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education case log statistical reports was conducted to determine the average number of cases for selected oncology-relevant procedures completed during training. Linear regression and Cusick trend tests were used to assess temporal trends with the null hypothesis assuming an estimated slope of zero. Instrumental variable estimation was used to study the effect of duty-hour restrictions on oncologic cases per year. Setting United States general surgery residency training programs. Participants Graduating surgical residents completing their training between 2000 and 2016. Results Across the study interval, mean case volume was 950.6 ± 29.7 (standard deviation) cases with 38.9 ± 3.1 complex oncologic cases per graduating resident. Decreasing trends were noted for average exposure to lymphadenectomies (−7.8 cases/decade; 95% confidence interval [CI] −8.8 to −6.8) and low rectal procedures (−0.9 cases/decade; 95% CI −1.2 to −0.6). There was no clinically important change in complex soft-tissue resections and foregut cases. A significant increase was seen in number of hepatopancreaticobiliary procedures (+3.9 cases/decade; 95% CI 3.1-4.7). Using instrumental variable estimation, there was a modest decline in cancer-relevant cases by 5.0 cases/decade (95% CI 4.5-5.6), while there was an increase in 38.5 total cases/decade (95% CI 10.4-66.7) associated with duty-hour restrictions. Conclusions Case numbers for several complex oncologic procedures remain low, justifying a need for further fellowship training depending on individual resident experience.
Introduction: Cities, States, Global Environmental Politics

The recent rise of cities in global environmental politics has stimulated remarkable debates about sustainable urban development and the geopolitics of a changing world order no longer defined by tightly bordered national regimes. This book explores this major theme by drawing on approaches that document the diverse histories and emergent geographies of “internationalism.” It is no longer possible, the book argues, to analyze the global politics of the environment without considering its various urbanization(s), wherein multiple actors are reforming, reassembling, and adapting to nascent threats posed by global ecological decay. The ongoing imposition and abrasion of different world orders—Westphalian and post-Westphalian—further suggests we need a wider frame to capture what the critical theorist of internationalism, Josep Antentas (Antipode, 47: 1101–1120, 2015), drawing on Daniel Bensaȉd, calls the “sliding scale of spaces.” The book will therefore appeal to students, scholars, and practitioners interested in global sustainability, urban development, planning, politics, and international affairs. Case studies and grounded examples of green internationalism in urban action presented later in the discussion ultimately explore how select city-regions are trying to negotiate and actually work through this postulated dilemma.
Fecal source identification using random forest

Clostridiales and Bacteroidales are uniquely adapted to the gut environment and have co-evolved with their hosts resulting in convergent microbiome patterns within mammalian species. As a result, members of Clostridiales and Bacteroidales are particularly suitable for identifying sources of fecal contamination in environmental samples. However, a comprehensive evaluation of their predictive power and development of computational approaches is lacking. Given the global public health concern for waterborne disease, accurate identification of fecal pollution sources is essential for effective risk assessment and management. Here, we use random forest algorithm and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequences assigned to Clostridiales and Bacteroidales to identify common fecal pollution sources. We benchmarked the accuracy, consistency, and sensitivity of our classification approach using fecal, environmental, and artificial in silico generated samples. Clostridiales and Bacteroidales classifiers were composed mainly of sequences that displayed differential distributions (host-preferred) among sewage, cow, deer, pig, cat, and dog sources. Each classifier correctly identified human and individual animal sources in approximately 90% of the fecal and environmental samples tested. Misclassifications resulted mostly from false-positive identification of cat and dog fecal signatures in host animals not used to build the classifiers, suggesting characterization of additional animals would improve accuracy. Random forest predictions were highly reproducible, reflecting the consistency of the bacterial signatures within each of the animal and sewage sources. Using in silico generated samples, we could detect fecal bacterial signatures when the source dataset accounted for as little as ~ 0.5% of the assemblage, with ~ 0.04% of the sequences matching the classifiers. Finally, we developed a proxy to estimate proportions among sources, which allowed us to determine which sources contribute the most to observed fecal pollution. Random forest classification with 16S rRNA gene amplicons offers a rapid, sensitive, and accurate solution for identifying host microbial signatures to detect human and animal fecal contamination in environmental samples.
Design of High-Speed Railway Bridges with Earthquakes in the United States

The California High-Speed Train (CHST) project is located on the west coast of the United States, which is one of the areas around the Pacific plate that has high earthquake risks. Generally, high-...
Creativity Studies and Shakespeare at the Urban Community College

Teaching Shakespeare in an urban community college presents significant challenges, but five students tattooed their bodies with the words “Fear no more” from Cymbeline, embodying the text. With the help of Creativity Studies, this chapter suggests that underserved populations may be even more receptive to Shakespeare than traditional students precisely because of the life experiences and maturity they bring to their reading.
Clinical considerations for oral beta-lactams as step-down therapy for Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infections.

Oral antibiotic therapy for Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infections (E-BSI) is becoming an increasingly appealing treatment strategy to avoid placement of indwelling catheter devices for antibiot...
Outcomes and characterization of chromosomal self-targeting by native CRISPR-Cas systems in Streptococcus thermophilus

CRISPR-Cas systems provide adaptive immunity against phages in prokaryotes via DNA-encoded, RNA-mediated, nuclease-dependent targeting and cleavage. Due to inefficient and relatively limited DNA repair pathways in bacteria, CRISPR-Cas systems can be repurposed for lethal DNA targeting that selects for sequence variants. In this study, the relative killing efficiencies of endogenous Type I and Type II CRISPR-Cas systems in the model organism Streptococcus thermophilus DGCC7710 were assessed. Additionally, the genetic and phenotypic outcomes of chromosomal targeting by plasmid-programmed Type I-E or Type II-A systems were analyzed. Efficient killing was observed using both systems, in a dose-dependent manner when delivering 0.4-400 ng of plasmid DNA. Targeted PCR screening and genome sequencing were used to determine the genetic basis enabling survival, showing that evasion of Type I-E self-targeting was primarily the result of low-frequency defective plasmids that excised the targeting spacer. The most notable genotype recovered from Type II-A targeting of genomic locus, lacZ, was a 34 kb-deletion derived from homologous recombination (HR) between identical conserved sequences in two separate galE coding regions, resulting in 2% loss of the genome. Collectively, these results suggest that HR contributes to the plasticity and remodeling of bacterial genomes, leading to evasion of genome targeting by CRISPR-Cas systems.
Exploiting the violation of Lorentz symmetry for the planar Hall effect

The low-energy Dirac and Weyl spectra are allowed to violate the Lorentz symmetry and thereby have a tilted energy dispersion. The tilt in the energy dispersion induces a Hall voltage in the plane spanned by the electric field and the tilt velocity. In the presence of a magnetic field the planar Hall conductivity and resistivity show Shubnikov--de Haas oscillations. The oscillations in the planar Hall effect can become a fingerprint to spot the anomalous transport in Dirac and Weyl semimetals.
Repurposing azithromycin for neonatal neuroprotection.

Inflammation contributes to neonatal hypoxic–ischemic brain injury pathogenesis. We evaluated the neuroprotective efficacy of azithromycin, a safe, widely available antibiotic with anti-inflammatory properties, in a neonatal rodent hypoxic–ischemic brain injury model. Seven-day-old rats underwent right carotid artery ligation followed by 90-min 8% oxygen exposure; this procedure elicits quantifiable left forepaw functional impairment and right cerebral hemisphere damage. Sensorimotor function (vibrissae-stimulated forepaw placing, grip strength) and brain damage were compared in azithromycin- and saline-treated littermates 2–4 weeks later. Multiple treatment protocols were evaluated (variables included doses ranging from 15 to 45 mg/kg; treatment onset 15 min to 4 h post-hypoxia, and comparison of 1 vs. 3 injections). All azithromycin doses improved function and reduced brain damage; efficacy was dose dependent, and declined with increasing treatment delay. Three azithromycin injections, administered over 48 h, improved performance on both function measures and reduced brain damage more than a single dose. In this neonatal rodent model, azithromycin improved functional and neuropathology outcomes. If supported by confirmatory studies in complementary neonatal brain injury models, azithromycin could be an attractive candidate drug for repurposing and evaluation for neonatal neuroprotection in clinical trials.
Recently Changed Skin Lesion

A 44-year-old fair-skinned Caucasian male who works as a lifeguard and has a history of several blistering childhood sunburns presents with a 1-cm pigmented skin lesion on the right forearm that has recently become variegated and larger in diameter. The patient denies itching, oozing, or bleeding associated with the lesion. The lesion is slightly elevated, asymmetric with ill-defined borders. There is no evidence of bleeding, ulceration, or excoriation. There are no satellite lesions or in-transit metastasis seen. Examination of the patient’s right axilla and neck reveals no obvious lymphadenopathy. No other skin lesions are identified on physical examination.
Interacting voices structure a text: A quantitative investigation of dialogic elements across structural units in the introductory chapters of history theses

Abstract This paper quantitatively measures the distribution of dialogic elements across structural units in the introductory chapters of history theses with the aim of uncovering the roles of dialogic elements in constructing texts. The research was designed to test Bakhtin’s perspective on genre, which holds that viewpoints introduced into a discourse dialogise the text in such a way as to fulfil the text’s goals and structure the text. Results showed significant differences in the densities of dialogic elements across structural units; units that review previous research are highly dialogic, whereas units that present the author’s new research are seldom dialogised. Specifically, previous viewpoints tended to be dialogically endorsed in units that assert the importance of the research topic and dialogically disclaimed in units that indicated problems with previous research. The paper concludes that genre research and pedagogy need to emphasise the strategic deployment of dialogic elements that enable the successful structuring of texts. This study is intended to be one of the first methodological attempts to test the text structuring function of dialogic elements from a corpus-based investigation.
"Craigslist is Nothing More than an Internet Brothel": Sex Work and Sex Trafficking in U.S. Newspaper Coverage of Craigslist Sex Forums.

In spring 2018 the U.S. federal government forced Craigslist’s sex forums closed. A new anti-sex trafficking law, FOSTA-SESTA, made exceptions to the Communications Decency Act, holding websites ac...
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Sparse/Inaccurate Data Situations

Machine Learning (ML) and other artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques have been developed for real-time decision making, and are gaining traction in data-rich situations. However, these techniques are less proven in sparse-data environments, and at present are more the subject of research than application. Typical implementations of ML and AI require a cross-disciplinary decision engine that, once “trained,” can cognitively respond to changes in input. The key to successful training is to a) have a defined decision-basis (answer-key), and/or b) facilitate sufficient learning, both of which require ample data (observability) and ample time for the machine to develop a logical outcome. Much research has been focused on developing decision algorithms using various logical formulations, dimensionality reductions, neural techniques, and learning reinforcements for tasks that traditionally require human intelligence. What is missing in most current research streams are implementations of ML and AI for decisions that are fundamentally rooted in human intuition and empathy, e.g., situations in which the decision requires a holistic view and the outcome is based on a qualitative judgement based on context and fact. This paper is intended to benefit a wide range of readers considering Artificial Intelligence, from the merely curious to “techies” from other disciplines to experienced practitioners and researchers. Using a qualitative/ characteristics base perspective of data and AI, we examine defense industry procurement, operational, tactical, and strategic decision scenarios, then identify where AI can currently promote better informed decisions and which arenas need would benefit by letting AI technology and sophistication evolve further.