cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gas-phase spin relaxation of Xe 129

We have completed an extensive study of $^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ longitudinal spin relaxation in the gas phase, involving both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. The dominant intrinsic relaxation is mediated by the formation of persistent ${\mathrm{Xe}}_{2}$ van der Waals dimers. The dependence of this relaxation on applied magnetic field yields the relative contributions of the spin-rotation and chemical-shift-anisotropy interactions; the former dominates at magnetic fields below a few tesla. This relaxation also shows an inverse quadratic dependence on temperature $T$; the maximum low-field intrinsic relaxation for pure xenon at room temperature (measured here to be $4.6\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{h}$, in agreement with previous work) increases by $\ensuremath{\approx}60%$ for $T=100\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$. The dominant extrinsic relaxation is mediated by collisions with the walls of the glass container. Wall relaxation was studied in silicone-coated alkali-metal-free cells, which showed long (many hours or more) and robust relaxation times, even at the low magnetic fields typical for spin-exchange optical pumping $(\ensuremath{\approx}3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mT})$. The further suppression of wall relaxation for magnetic fields above a few tesla is consistent with the interaction of $^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ with paramagnetic spins on or inside the surface coating. At $14.1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$ and sufficiently low xenon density, we measured a relaxation time ${T}_{1}=99\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{h}$, with an inferred wall-relaxation time of $174\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{h}$. A prototype large storage cell ($12\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{cm}$ diameter) was constructed to take advantage of the apparent increase in wall-relaxation time for cells with a smaller surface-to-volume ratio. The measured relaxation time in this cell at $3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mT}$ and $100\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$ was $5.75\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{h}$. Such a cell (or one even larger) could be used to store many liters of hyperpolarized $^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ produced by a flow-through polarizer and accumulator for up to three times longer than currently implemented schemes involving freezing xenon in liquid nitrogen.
Nutritional management in the child with epidermolysis bullosa.

• Children with dystrophic forms of epidermolysis bullosa and oropharyngeal lesions often evidence the features of chronic malnutrition. Nutritional assessment plays a key role in the long-term management of these patients. ( Arch Dermatol 1988;124:760-761)
Application of artificial intelligence to accounting, tax, and audit services: Research at Brigham Young University

Abstract The domains of accounting, tax, and audit services have become much more complex during recent years. This development has generated a need for leveraging professional expertise and judgment processes. In an attempt to meet this need, there are a number of projects in the Marriott School of Management, Brigham Young University (BYU) that apply artificial intelligence techniques and methods to augment professional expertise. Much of the development and application of artificial intelligence in accounting, tax, and audit services has been in the form of expert systems. This paper examines some of the early expert system work by BYU faculty and provides a framework to guide current and future efforts.
Non-immune hydrops after 20 weeks' gestation: Review of 10 years' experience with suggestions for management

Objective To analyze the etiologies and outcomes for a southeastern section of the United States, and to organize an efficient approach to evaluation. Methods We reviewed 82 cases of non-immune hydrops presenting after 20 weeks' gestation over a 10-year period. Results Overall perinatal mortality was 86.6%. Fetuses diagnosed with hydrops before 24 weeks' gestation had a perinatal mortality of 95%, with nearly one-third having abnormal karyotypes. The etiology of hydrops diagnosed after 24 weeks' gestation was more likely to remain idiopathic or to be related to cardiothoracic abnormalities. Conclusion Before 24 weeks' gestation, the high risk of mortality and abnormal karyotype justifies offering families funipuncture in the hope of finding a treatable cause of non-immune hydrops. After 24 weeks' gestation, when fewer abnormal karyotypes are found, funipuncture may also be pivotal in diagnosing the cause of non-immune hydrops.
Secondary penile malignancies: the spectrum of presentation.

Secondary penile carcinoma is a rare disease with signs and symptoms covering a wide spectrum, from simple erythema to priapism. We report two cases of penile metastatic involvement that are illustrative of this spectrum. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Surface Infrared Studies of Silicon/Silicon Oxide Interfaces Derived from Hydridosilsesquioxane Clusters

Hydridosilsesquioxane-based model systems have been developed over the past five years to help elucidate the structure and reactivity properties of silicon/silicon oxide interfaces. In this paper, the assignment of infrared bands as Si−O or Si−H derived is explored via deuterium labeling studies. In particular, the issue of the presence of adventitious water in the model interfaces is directly addressed via the chemisorption of deuterated-spherosiloxane clusters (D8Si8O12) onto clean Si(100). The experiments definitively demonstrate that there are no water-derived features detectable by RAIRS in the model interfaces. This rules out water contamination as a possible explanation for the 1.0 eV shifted feature observed in Si 2p core-level spectroscopy for the model systems. This work is further supported by cluster and water co-dosing experiments on Si(100), which address the spectroscopic sensitivity of surface silicon−hydrides in this system. Finally, the first surface crystallographic studies of the model...
Ecology of Coccidioides immitis.

Through ecological and epidemiological studies, the distribution ofCoccidioides immitis has been shown to be restricted to the Americas. The saprophytic nature of the organism and its tolerance for high soil salinity in climates of high temperature and low rainfall is known. The distribution ofC. immitis in nature seems to coincide with the Lower Sonoran Life Zone though not altogether inclusive. Epidemiological studies and case reports have extended the apparent range of the organism; however, almost all soil isolates in Arizona and California have been from areas with the physical and biotic parameters of this zone. The repeated isolation ofC. immitis from the soil has been from small, well defined areas; in some instances the positive area has been no more than 24 square feet. The isolations from soil have been randomed and associated either with animal burrows around creosote bushes, Amerind habitation sites, or fossil beds.C. immitis has been observed to grow in the soil if naturally infected soil is simply enriched with sterile water. The ease with which it can be grown is paradoxical to its naturally restricted distribution to soils in endemic areas. Microbial inhibition has been reported for a limited number of microorganisms from endemic soil, however, no general antagonism in all soils has been seen. Observations of colonial and microscopic variations in both naturally occurring isolates and laboratory produced auxotrophs have extended the textbook description of the organism to a broader species complex. More is known about the disease coccidioidomycosis than about the organism that causes it.
(n,π*) Fluorescence in the cinnolines☆

Abstract The (n,π * ) fluorescence of cinnoline is reported with a quantum yield of 1.8 × 10 −3 in liquid solution at 22°C — a novel observation for a diazanaphthalene. The 4-methyl derivative also fluoresces with a quantum yield of 1.5 × 10 −3 . These emissions in methylcyclohexane have 0, 0-bands at 4430 A for cinnoline and 4390 A for 4-methylcinnoline with maxima at 4800 A. Observed lifetines were determined to be less than 2 nsec.
Hepatitis B in the United States: a major health disparity affecting many foreign-born populations.

In this issue of Hepatology, Kowdley et al. estimate 3.45% or 1.23-1.42 million of all foreignborn persons in the United States, are living with hepatitis B, a rate more than 10-fold higher than the prevalence of the general US population (0.27%) (1). High rates of chronic hepatitis B among the U.S. foreign born reflect the large global burden of hepatitis B, 370 million persons around the world, and the migration to the United States from countries where prevalence of HBV is highest. More than 60% of new immigrants to the United States come from countries of increased hepatitis B endemicity (HBsAg prevalence of >2%). Most HBV-infected persons from these countries become infected at birth or during early childhood, when the risk for chronic HBV infection is greatest; 25% of persons with chronic HBV remain at risk of premature death from hepatitis B-related liver disease (e.g., hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC]) (2). In the United States, estimates of HBV prevalence are derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). However, this survey underrepresents some populations with high hepatitis B virus (HBV) prevalence. For example, NHANES data do not identify respondents born in most Asian or any African countries or report racial/ethnic categories that indicate origins in these countries (3,4). These limitations in data collection mask Page 1 of 8 Hepatology
Protein Kinase PKR Amplification of Interferon β Induction Occurs through Initiation Factor eIF-2α-mediated Translational Control

The protein kinase PKR is activated by RNA with double-stranded (ds) structure and subsequently impairs translation through phosphorylation of protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-2α. PKR also mediates activation of signal transduction pathways leading to interferon beta (IFN-β) gene induction following virus-infection or RNA transfection. We previously demonstrated in measles virus-infected cells that PKR is required for the maximal induction of IFN-β gene expression by the interferon promoter stimulator gene 1 (IPS-1) adaptor-dependent cytosolic RNA sensor pathway. While both IPS-1 and PKR are important mediators of IFN-β induction, with PKR contributing to an enhanced NF-κB activation, the mechanism by which PKR enhances NF-κB activity and amplifies IFN-β induction is unresolved. Herein we tested the possibility that PKR could activate signal transduction pathways indirectly through translational control responses. Following transfection with synthetic or natural dsRNAs or infection with measles virus, we observed increased mRNA but decreased protein levels for the inhibitor of NF-κB signaling, IκB-α, that correlated with PKR activation and eIF-2α phosphorylation. Importantly, knockdown of PKR increased IκB-α protein levels and impaired IFN-β induction. Additionally, inhibition of translation by cycloheximide treatment rescued IFN-β induction following PKR knockdown but not IPS-1 knockdown. Mutation of eIF-2α to prevent phosphorylation also impaired IFN-β induction in PKR-sufficient virus-infected cells. These results suggest that an eIF-2α-dependent translation inhibition mechanism is sufficient to explain the PKR-mediated amplification of IPS-1-dependent IFN-β induction by foreign RNA.
Fingerprinting of Chemical Admixtures in Fresh Portland Cement Concrete by Portable Infrared Spectrometer

The ongoing second SHRP 2 R06-B project entitled Evaluating Applications of Field Spectroscopy Devices to Fingerprint Commonly Used Construction Materials conducted at the University of Connecticut targets, among other objectives, the identification and quantification of chemical admixtures in portland cement concrete (PCC). The two specific objectives for the PCC study are (a) the applicability of portable infrared spectrometers for identification of the admixtures in fresh concrete under field conditions and (b) the feasibility of tracking interaction between hydration products during PCC setting. In the first phase of the study, four admixtures (air entrainer, retarder, accelerator, and superplasticizer) were tested to establish their chemical signature in the infrared and ultraviolet regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The fingerprinting of the admixtures was performed with a portable attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The second phase concerned evaluating ...
The Story Gestalt: A Model of Knowledge-Intensive Processes' in Text Comprehension

How are knowledge-intensive, text-comprehension processes computed? Specifically, how are (1) explicit propositions remembered correctly, (2) pronouns resolved, (3) coherence and prediction inferences drawn, (4) on-going interpretations revised as more information becomes available, and (5) information learned in specific contexts generalized to novel texts? A constraint satisfaction model is presented that offers a number of advantages over previous models: Each of the previous processes can be seen as examples of the same process of constraint satisfaction, constraints can have strengths to represent the degrees of correlation among information, and the independence of constraints provides insight into generalization. In the model, propositions describing a simple event, such as going to the beach or a restaurant, are sequentially presented to a recurrent PDP network. The model is trained through practice processing a large number of example texts and answering questions. Questions are predicates from propositions explicit or inferable from the text, and the model has to answer with the proposition that fits that predicate. The model learns to perform well, though some processes require substantial training. A second simulation shows how the combinatorics in the training corpus can increase generalization. This effect is explained by introducing the concept of identity and associative constraints that are learned from a corpus. Overall, the model provides a number of insights into how a graded constraint-satisfaction model can compute knowledge-intensive processes in text comprehension.
Physical models for compartment fires

Physical models for the behaviour of fire in a nuclear power plant compartment are developed. The models are synthesized from information in the fire research literature, and the uncertainties in their predictions are discussed. The models are then used to simulate a number of experimental fires, and their predictions are compared with the actual data. The emphasis of the analysis is placed on the periods of fire growth and fully developed burning.
Irreversible Electroporation in Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: Potential Improved Overall Survival

Background Locally advanced unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma (LAC) is characterized by poor survival despite chemotherapy and conventional radiation therapy. We have recently reported on the safety of using irreversible electroporation (IRE) for the management of LAC. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the overall survival in patients with LAC treated with IRE.
Nearsurface pattern in the California Current: coupling between physical and biological structure

Abstract The results of a four-year program of continuous nearsurface mapping and a 12-year time series of nearsurface chlorophyll measurements, both made by the CalCOFI program, are interpreted in the context of the CalCOFI hydrographic time series. There are consistent regional differences in the mechanisms affecting nutrient input to the upper layers, and these result in different spatial and temporal patterns of chlorophyll concentration. We define three regimes in which nearsurface ecosystem structure appears to be regulated differently. A sharp physical and biological front at the inner edge of the low-salinity California Current jet separates offshore and inshore regions. The inshore area is further divided into northern and southern regions based upon the intensity of isopycnal shoaling, which alters the relationship between physical structure and chlorophyll concentration. These observations indicate that even on the scale of the CalCOFI area a regional approach to developing models and interpreting mesoscale structure will improve our understanding of important physical–biological interactions.
The Trichocysts of Chilomonas paramecium

SYNOPSIS Axenic cultures of Chilomonas paramecium were grown in media lacking a C-source, resulting in breakdown in autophagosomal vesicles of large numbers of trichocysts. Return of the starved organisms to complete media was followed by a wave of trichocyst formation. Stages in the degeneration and subsequent reformation of trichocysts are described as well as attempted labeling of the developing organelles with 3H-thymidine. A modification of the method of Anderson et al. (2) was used for isolating quantities of exploded trichocysts from Chilomonas. Attempts at isolation of the trichocyst in its coiled state were unsuccessful. Isolated trichocysts mounted on electron microscope grids were subjected to various types of enzymatic digestions.
Impact of atrial fibrillation on long-term clinical outcomes in outpatients with heart failure

Abstract Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia in patients with heart failure (HF); however, its impact on unselected outpatients with HF remains unclear. Methods We followed 2024 symptomatic outpatients with HF who visited the Cardiovascular Institute Hospital (The Shinken Database: 2004–2011, N =17,517). We examined the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of AF in these outpatients with HF. Results AF was observed in 310 of the patients (15%). Patients with AF were older; more likely to be female; and had lower rates of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and ischemic heart disease. However, they also had higher rates of New York Heart Association grades III/IV, lower left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), renal dysfunction, and dilated cardiomyopathy. The use of cardiovascular drugs including beta-blockers, renin-angiotensin-system inhibitors, diuretics, digitalis, and antiarrhythmic drugs was more common in patients with AF. Kaplan–Meier curves revealed that the incidences of all-cause death, cardiovascular disease death, and HF-related admission were significantly higher in patients with AF. Kaplan–Meier curves and an unadjusted Cox regression analysis showed that AF was associated with a significantly higher risk of all-cause death, cardiovascular death, and HF-related admission. However, the adjusted Cox regression model showed that AF was no longer an independent risk factor for all-cause death, cardiovascular death, and HF death but remained an independent risk factor of HF-related admission (hazard ratio, 1.781; 95% confidence interval, 1.172–2.704; p =0.007). Conclusions AF was frequently observed in outpatients with HF. AF was not associated with long-term mortality but was independently associated with HF-related admission in this outpatient population.
Synthesis and preparation of alkaline-earth-metal triphenylmethanides M(CPh3)2(18-crown-6)(HMPA)2 and the ether scission products [M(C12H23O6)(N(SiMe3)2)]2 (M = Sr, Ba)

The emerging organometallic chemistry of the heavy alkaline-earth metals critically requires a diverse selection of target compounds to understand the metal-ligand bond characteristics. Accordingly, we set out to prepare a new series of target compounds involving the triphenylmethanide ligand. By investigating various synthetic strategies, we found that transamination results in crown ether scission with formation of vinyl ether, whereas the use of strontium and barium dibenzyl reagents leads to the desired products in good yield and purity.
Reclaiming Quine's epistemology

Central elements of W. V. Quine’s epistemology are widely and deeply misunderstood, including the following. He held from first to last that our evidence consists of the stimulations of our sense organs, and of our observations, and of our sensory experiences; meeting the interpretive challenge this poses is a sine qua non of understanding his epistemology. He counted both “This is blue” and “This looks blue” as observation sentences. He took introspective reports to have a high degree of certainty. He endorsed outright Hume’s “skeptical” argument concerning induction. His naturalized epistemology is simply naturalistic, or scientific, epistemology stripped of the project of rational reconstruction, and is thoroughly normative. Quine was unconditionally a scientific philosopher who took our theories to be answerable ultimately to our perceptual experiences (sensations)—and conditionally an empiricist, empiricism being a scientific theory that has no competitors worthy of the name. I attempt to make all of this clear, and conclude by offering a concise formulation of his epistemology.
False color data imaging a new pattern recognition technique for analyzing chromatographic profile data

Abstract Fuzzy pattern recognition techniques were used to analyze the gas chromatograms of hexane soaks obtained from red carpenter ants. The soaks were found to convey information about the caste and social experience of the ants. In this study a new mapping and display technique, which depends upon high-resolution computer graphics for the presentation of results, was used to develop these relationships.
Salinity, pH, and Organic Nitrogen of Water in Relation to Presence of Mosquito Larvae,

Water samples were taken on 111 occasions from 52 permanent and semipermanent sources in southeastern California and analyzed for 10 inorganic ions, p H, and organic nitrogen. The 6 species of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) with limited distribution in this region generally occurred in water with lower mean concentrations of ions than the 2 more widely distributed species, Culex tarsalis Coquillett and Culiseta inornata (Williston). The greater mean concentrations of all ions for water samples from sources where the more widely distributed species were collected compared with mean concentrations of ions for water samples from sources where each of the other 6 species was collected would support the hypothesis that successful (widely distributed) species of mosquitoes must be less selective and more tolerant with respect to mean concentrations of ions in their breeding water. Although the results show that the 2 widely distributed species occur in waters with a broader range of ionic concentrations than do species with limited distribution, the results do not show that other species would not also occur in waters with an equally broad range of ionic concentrations if other factors did not limit their distribution.
Management of flexor tendon sheath ganglions: A cost analysis

The purpose of this study was to determine success rates of 1 or more aspirations on flexor tendon sheath ganglions compared with surgical excision and to determine what treatment method is most cost-effective. Data were collected from documented history and physical examinations, operative reports, billing records, and telephone interviews. Of the 259 patients coded as having flexor tendon sheath ganglions, 175 met the inclusion criteria. In addition, 2001 Medicare-assigned relative value units and fees were used to calculate the most cost-effective treatment. Of the 141 patients treated with aspiration, 66% exhibited no recurrence after 2 consecutive treatments. Thirteen of 14 patients (93%) who had ganglions excised without prior aspiration showed no recurrence. All 29 patients who had excision after 1 (n = 24) or 2 (n = 5) failed aspirations were cured. Because few patients require excision after 2 aspirations, the most cost-effective treatment for recurrent flexor tendon sheath ganglions is 2 aspirations before excision.
Modal characterization and structural aerodynamic response of a crane fly forewing

This study describes a method for investigating the modal characteristics and the structural aerodynamic response of the crane fly (family Tipulidae) forewing under different airflow conditions. A micro-computed tomography scan is conducted to characterize the internal and external morphologies of the insect wing. A finite element model of the crane fly forewing is developed to determine its natural frequencies and mode shapes. The FE model is validated by comparing the natural frequencies of a beam with similar mechanical properties and geometric characteristics of those from the veins of the crane fly forewing to its analytical solution from the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. A numerical simulation of the fluid–structure interaction is conducted by coupling the finite element model of the crane fly forewing with a computational fluid dynamics model of the surrounding airflow. From this simulation, the deformation response and the coefficients of drag and lift of the insect wing are predicted for different Reynolds numbers and angles of attack. The mode shapes show regions of low stiffness at the trailing and leading edges of the wing. The deformation increases nonlinearly from the root to the tip of the wing, and the aerodynamic efficiency of the insect wing increases with angle of attack and freestream velocity, especially for high Reynolds numbers.
Levels of Conceptualization and Reliance on the Liberal-Conservative Continuum

This article examines the degree to which people at different levels of conceptualization use the liberal-conservative continuum to organize their thinking about political candidates. The analysis uses weighted multidimensional scaling, and the results show that 1980 candidate evaluations are based upon two evaluative dimensions. However, the levels do vary systematically: The higher levels--ideologues and near ideologues--rely more heavily on the liberal-conservative dimension and also display a more systematic structure in their candidate perceptions than the other levels. These empirical results are fully consistent with the substantive theory underlying the levels of conceptualization.
An Analysis of Male-Recombination Elements in a Natural Population of DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER in South Texas.

Genomes from a group of Drosophila melanogaster collected from a natural population at San Benito, South Texas, in March of 1975 were analyzed for the presence of male-recombination elements. All three autosomes and both sex chromosomes were examined, with emphasis placed on the two major autosomes, the second and third chromosomes. In samples of 16 second and 16 third chromosomes, at least half, but not all, of each were found to carry male-recombination elements. It is suggested, although the data are not conclusive, that some of the fourth, X, and Y chromosomes might also be associated with male-recombination elements.—When a male-recombination element, or elements, was located in the second chromosome, relatively more male recombination was induced in the second than in the third chromosome. This situation was reversed when the element(s) was located in the third chromosome.—Distortion of transmission frequency, one of the characteristics of previously studied second chromosome lines associated with male recombination, was confirmed for these second chromosomes that carried male-recombination elements. Similar, but less pronounced, distortion was observed for the third chromosome lines that carried male-recombination elements.
Dynamic Gene Copy Number Variation in Collinear Regions of Grass Genomes

A salient feature of genomes of higher organisms is the birth and death of gene copies. An example is the alpha prolamin genes, which encode seed storage proteins in grasses (Poaceae) and represent a medium-size gene family. To better understand the mechanism, extent, and pace of gene amplification, we compared prolamin gene copies in the genomes of two different tribes in the Panicoideae, the Paniceae and the Andropogoneae. We identified alpha prolamin (setarin) gene copies in the diploid foxtail millet (Paniceae) genome (490 Mb) and compared them with orthologous regions in diploid sorghum (730 Mb) and ancient allotetraploid maize (2,300 Mb) (Andropogoneae). Because sequenced genomes of other subfamilies of Poaceae like rice (389 Mb) (Ehrhartoideae) and Brachypodium (272 Mb) (Pooideae) do not have alpha prolamin genes, their collinear regions can serve as "empty" reference sites. A pattern emerged, where genes were copied and inserted into other chromosomal locations followed by additional tandem duplications (clusters). We observed both recent (species-specific) insertion events and older ones that are shared by these tribes. Many older copies were deleted by unequal crossing over of flanking sequences or damaged by truncations. However, some remain intact with active and inactive alleles. These results indicate that genomes reflect only a snapshot of the gene content of a species and are far less static than conventional genetics has suggested. Nucleotide substitution rates for active alpha prolamins genes were twice as high as for low copy number beta, gamma, and delta prolamin genes, suggesting that gene amplification accelerates the pace of divergence.
Neurocognitive Correlates of Emotional Stimulus Processing in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder: A Review

AbstractDespite low prevalence rates in epidemiological studies, recent research suggests that bipolar disorder (BD) is being diagnosed at increasingly high rates in children and adolescents. To clarify the nosological boundaries of the disorder, studies of the clinical presentation of bipolar youth should be complemented with examinations of cognitive and neural functioning. More specifically, delineating the neurocognitive functioning of youth with BD when processing emotional stimuli may best elucidate how certain emotional contexts elicit symptoms that characterize pediatric BD. This information has the potential to clarify causes of pediatric BD, and to confirm the diagnosis of BD in youth. In this article, we discuss the affective, behavioral, cognitive, and neurological functioning of youth with BD when processing emotional stimuli. We focus on studies that have employed paradigms involving pictures and words with emotional valence, faces with emotional expressions, and responses to reward and puni...
Performance During “M-Form” Reorganization and Recovery Time: The Effects of Prior Strategy and Implementation Speed

Taking a different tack from previous work on the performance effects of “M-form” adoption, this study examined performance deterioration during reorganization periods and the subsequent time requi...
Simulating Exposures to Deliberate Intrusions Into Water Distribution Systems

A well-known network solver ~EPANET! and a novel water-use generator ~PRPsym! were linked in Monte Carlo computer experiments to simulate a deliberate biochemical assault on a municipal drinking-water distribution system. The attack was modeled as a steady 6-hour injection delivering 3,600 g of a soluble conservative contaminant to a single node on the main line in a small town. Migration of the contaminant plume was tracked for 55 hours throughout the pipe network, and the cumulative mass loading was computed at four target nodes strategically located on looping links and dead-end branches. This exercise was repeated for 1,000 independent trials to establish a baseline distribution of consumer dose exposures at the target nodes. A battery of simulation experiments was then performed to examine the sensitivity of the nodal load distributions to various system characteristics and water-use patterns. Results show that variability in the total mass load received at a node can be apportioned between the variability in the water-use volume and variability in the mean delivered concentration. Overall, however, the operation of the network storage tank had the greatest influence on the nodal mass loadings. This study demonstrates that Monte Carlo techniques are a useful tool for simulating the dynamic perfor- mance of a municipal drinking-water supply system, provided that a calibrated model of realistic network operations is available.
Social interaction facilitates reproduction in male German cockroaches, Blattella germanica

Sociality can be beneficial for individuals because it may increase access to resources, provide greater protection from predators and create opportunities for mating. In some species, social conditions and experience also influence the physiology and behavioural responses of individuals. Although social facilitation of sexual maturation is poorly understood in insects, the German cockroach has served as an important model system for this phenomenon as group-housed females mature faster than solitary females. However, social modulation of male reproduction has not been investigated in this or any other nonpolyphenic insect species. We investigated the relative effects of social interactions and isolation on endocrine, reproductive and behavioural events during sexual maturation of B. germanica males. Results show that social interactions significantly facilitate juvenile hormone biosynthesis as well as protein production by the accessory reproductive glands, whereas isolation suppresses these processes. Other processes, such as accumulation of cuticular hydrocarbons, maturation of the male's courtship readiness and his readiness to copulate, appear to be relatively independent of social experience. However, both courtship and copulation latencies declined with age more in socially paired males than in isolated males. Our study is the first to reveal that social interactions have a profound effect on certain aspects of male reproductive physiology and behaviour in an insect species that does not exhibit phase or developmental polyphenism.
A Detailed Characterization of the Velocity and Thermal Fields in a Model Can Combustor With Wall Jet Injection

This work represents a first step in the establishment of a data base to study the interaction and influence of liquid fuel injection, wall jet interaction, and dome geometry on the fuel air mixing process in a flowfield representative of a practical combustor. In particular, the aerodynamic and thermal fields of a model gas turbine combustor are characterized via detailed spatial maps of velocity and temperature. Measurements are performed at an overall equivalence ratio of 0. 3 with a petroleum JP-4 fuel. The results reveal that the flowfield characteristics are significantly altered in the presence of reaction. Strong on-axis backmixing in the dome region, present in the isothermal flow, is dissipated in the case of reaction. The thermal field exhibits the primary, secondary and dilution zone progression of temperatures characteristic of practical gas turbine combustors. A parametric variation on atomizing air reveals a substantial sensitivity of the mixing in this flow to nozzle performance and spray symmetry.
Parametric Behavior of an Ideal Two-Frequency Varactor

The Manley-Rowe equations for a lossless varactor network yield little information for the two-frequency case. With the assumption of a linear signal termination, it is shown that the ratio of signal and pump frequencies must be M/2, where M is an integer. For M odd, a regenerative network is possible at the signal frequency. For M even, the network is possibly regenerative or nonregenerative. Other frequency ratios are not possible; frequency division is not possible except for regenerative division by 2. The effects of strong pumping are predictable if the varactor characteristic is given.
Degradation of Ru(bpy)3 2+-based OLEDs

Analysis of the possible mechanisms of degradation of Ru(bpy)32+-based OLEDs has led to the idea of quencher formation in the metalloorganic area close to the cathode. It has been suggested that the quencher results from an electrochemical process where one of the bipyridine (bpy) groups is replaced with two water molecules [1] or from reduction of Ru(bpy)32+ to Ru(bpy)30 [2]. We have tested these and other degradation ideas for Ru(bpy)32+-based OLEDs, both prepared and tested with considerable exposure to the ambient environment and using materials and procedures that emphasize cost of preparation rather than overall efficiency. In order to understand the mechanisms involved in these particular devices, we have correlated changes in the devices' electrical and optical properties with MALDI-TOF mass spectra and UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectra.
Diversity reception in alpha-stable impulsive interference

We evaluate the performance of asymptotically optimum multichannel structures for incoherent detection of amplitude-fluctuating bandpass signals in impulsive interference modeled as a bivariate, isotropic, symmetric, alpha-stable process. We derive a test statistic that takes into account the infinite variance in the noise model and approaches the performance of the strictly optimum algorithm for fixed (non-zero) error probabilities as the sample size becomes infinite and the input SNR tends to zero. We show that exact knowledge of the noise distribution is not required for almost optimum performance.
Lack of Correlation Between Pattern of Collateralization and Misery Perfusion in Patients With Carotid Occlusion

Background and Purpose —Misery perfusion, identified by increased oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), predicts subsequent stroke in patients with carotid occlusion. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationship of angiographic findings to increased OEF in these patients. Methods —Forty-seven patients with carotid occlusion were studied with cerebral angiography and positron emission tomography (PET). The following angiographic data were collected blind to PET results: (1) pial collateralization, defined as retrograde filling of the MCA branches to the level of the insula; (2) presence of border zone shift; (3) presence of delayed venous phase; and (4) measurement of posterior communicating artery size. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on the PET measurement of normal or increased OEF. Results —Seventeen of 47 patients had increased OEF distal to the occluded carotid artery. No significant relationship between increased OEF and any angiographic finding was found. Pial collateralization was present in only 2 patients, both with increased OEF ( P =0.105). Border zone shift was equally distributed between the 2 groups (12 of 30 with normal OEF and 6 of 15 with increased OEF). Delayed venous phase was present in 4 patients, 3 of whom had increased OEF ( P =0.073). The relationship between the size of the posterior communicating artery and OEF was not significant by linear regression analysis ( P =0.242). Conclusions —With the possible but infrequent exceptions of delayed venous phase and pial collateralization, anatomic findings made on routine angiographic studies of patients with carotid occlusion do not correlate with increased OEF.
Measurement of simulation speed: its relation to simulation accuracy

This article presents an unbiased method for measuring simulation speed for compartmental simulators. The method measures how long it takes to simulate a neural circuit component at a given overall accuracy. Because both spatial and temporal discretizations influence overall accuracy and these effects are measurable, it is possible to optimize both spatial and temporal accuracy to maximize overall speed.
Modelling sea level rise impacts on storm surges along US coasts

Sound policies for protecting coastal communities and assets require good information about vulnerability to flooding. Here, we investigate the influence of sea level rise on expected storm surge-driven water levels and their frequencies along the contiguous United States. We use model output for global temperature changes, a semi-empirical model of global sea level rise, and long-term records from 55 nationally distributed tidal gauges to develop sea level rise projections at each gauge location. We employ more detailed records over the period 1979‐2008 from the same gauges to elicit historic patterns of extreme high water events, and combine these statistics with anticipated relative sea level rise to project changing local extremes through 2050. We find that substantial changes in the frequency of what are now considered extreme water levels may occur even at locations with relatively slow local sea level rise, when the difference in height between presently common and rare water levels is small. We estimate that, by mid-century, some locations may experience high water levels annually that would qualify today as ‘century’ (i.e., having a chance of occurrence of 1% annually) extremes. Today’s century levels become ‘decade’ (having a chance of 10% annually) or more frequent events at about a third of the study gauges, and the majority of locations see substantially higher frequency of previously rare storm-driven water heights in the future. These results add support to the need for policy approaches that consider the non-stationarity of extreme events when evaluating risks of adverse climate impacts.
Needle-type sensor array for multi-analyte in situ measurements

This paper describes new needle-type microelectrode array (MEA) sensor for in situ measurements of dissolved oxygen (DO) and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). The individual microelectrode sensors were fully characterized using American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) guidelines and exhibited better signal stability and substantially faster response times than commercial millielectrodes. To demonstrate application, this MEA was applied to simultaneous multi-analyte measurements of microprofiles in live multi-species biofilms. The key advantages of the sensor include the ability to penetrate samples (e.g., ground water, biofilms) to perform measurements; the ability to perform measurements point-of-care or on-site, without a Faraday cage; the small tip size for in situ measurements; array structure for higher robustness; and the multi-analyte detection.
Limited evidence supports use of oral appliances in obstructive sleep apnoea.

Data sources Medline was searched for articles dated 1966–July 2003, along with the Cochrane Airways Group Sleep Apnoea Randomised Controlled Trials Register and reference lists of relevant articles. Study selection Studies were included if they were randomised trials that compared oral appliance (OA) with control or other treatments in adults who had sleep apnoea. Data extraction and synthesis Trial quality was assessed and two reviewers extracted data independently. Study authors were contacted for missing information. Results Twelve trials were included, involving 509 participants. All the studies had some methodological shortcomings. Overall, OA use improved the apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHI) more than inactive control. The AHI for the former was −13.17 (95% confidence interval (CI), −18.53 to −7.80) in parallel group data from four studies. Use of an OA reduced daytime sleepiness in two trials, giving a weighted mean difference (WMD) of −1.77 (95% CI, −2.91 to −0.62). OA use was less effective than continuous positive pressure in reducing the AHI (respectively giving a WMD of 13 (95% CI, 7.63−18.36) in parallel studies from two trials and of 6.75 (95% CI, 4.93−8.57) in crossover studies from six trials). No significant difference was observed on symptom scores (data from three trials), however. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) was more effective at improving minimum arterial oxygen saturation during sleep compared with OA use. In two small crossover studies, participants preferred OA therapy to nCPAP. Conclusions There is limited evidence that suggests OA use improves subjective sleepiness and sleep-disordered breathing compared with control. nCPAP is apparently more effective in improving sleep-disordered breathing than OA use. Until there is more definitive evidence on the effectiveness of OA, it is probably appropriate to restrict OA therapy to patients who have sleep apnoea but are unwilling or unable to comply with nCPAP therapy.
Holomorphic extensions of representations: (I) automorphic functions

Let G be a connected, real, semisimple Lie group contained in its complexification GC, and let K be a maximal compact subgroup of G. We construct a KC-G double coset domain in GC, and we show that the action of G on the K-finite vectors of any irreducible unitary representation of G has a holomorphic extension to this domain. For the resultant holomorphic extension of K-finite matrix coefficients we obtain estimates of the singularities at the boundary, as well as majorant/minorant estimates along the boundary. We obtain L ∞ bounds on holomorphically extended automorphic functions on G/K in terms of Sobolev norms, and we use these to estimate the Fourier coefficients of combinations of automorphic functions in a number of cases, e.g. of triple products of Maas forms.
Synchronous changes of cortical thickness and corresponding white matter microstructure during brain development accessed by diffusion MRI tractography from parcellated cortex

Cortical thickness (CT) changes during normal brain development is associated with complicated cellular and molecular processes including synaptic pruning and apoptosis. In parallel, the microstructural enhancement of developmental white matter (WM) axons with their neuronal bodies in the cerebral cortex has been widely reported with measurements of metrics derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), especially fractional anisotropy (FA). We hypothesized that the changes of CT and microstructural enhancement of corresponding axons are highly interacted during development. DTI and T1-weighted images of 50 healthy children and adolescents between the ages of 7 and 25 years were acquired. With the parcellated cortical gyri transformed from T1-weighted images to DTI space as the tractography seeds, probabilistic tracking was performed to delineate the WM fibers traced from specific parcellated cortical regions. CT was measured at certain cortical regions and FA was measured from the WM fibers traced from same cortical regions. The CT of all frontal cortical gyri, including Brodmann areas 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 44, 45, 46, and 47, decreased significantly and heterogeneously; concurrently, significant, and heterogeneous increases of FA of WM traced from corresponding regions were found. We further revealed significant correlation between the slopes of the CT decrease and the slopes of corresponding WM FA increase in all frontal cortical gyri, suggesting coherent cortical pruning and corresponding WM microstructural enhancement. Such correlation was not found in cortical regions other than frontal cortex. The molecular and cellular mechanisms of these synchronous changes may be associated with overlapping signaling pathways of axonal guidance, synaptic pruning, neuronal apoptosis, and more prevalent interstitial neurons in the prefrontal cortex. Revealing the coherence of cortical and WM structural changes during development may open a new window for understanding the underlying mechanisms of developing brain circuits and structural abnormality associated with mental disorders.
Household Enterprises and Poverty Reduction in Sub‐Saharan Africa

Employment in Household Enterprises (HEs) has been an integral part of the recent economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Yet employment and development strategies tend to exclude the sector, despite the fact that households with HEs tend to be richer. A good example is Mozambique, where 34% of households rely on income from this source. Analysis of household livelihoods using panel data shows that starting HEs is associated with upward wealth mobility and poverty reduction, particularly for rural and poorly-educated households. Targeted programmes directed towards the constraints to HE creation, survival and income growth would be likely to enhance the effectiveness of employment and poverty reduction strategies in Mozambique as well as in other low income countries in SSA.