cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evangelicals, Issues, and the 2008 Iowa Caucuses

Evangelicals form the core of Republican constituencies in many states. This has been particularly true in Iowa, where the Christian Right has held significant influence in the Republican party for almost 20 years. However, recent scholarship has suggested that evangelicals, particularly younger ones, may be changing their candidate choices and partisanship due to dissatisfaction with Republican policies. Based on a unique study surveying caucus-goers' opinions after the January 2008 caucuses, I examine respondents' candidate preferences in light of their religious beliefs, issues preferences, and demographic identities. The results indicate that while evangelicals remain more conservative on social issues than their co-partisans in both parties, issues seem to make little difference in candidate choice. This conclusion suggests that Republican evangelicals remain committed to the importance of social issues – or at least to their evangelical identity – in their voting choices.
Relation of Plate Tectonics to the Geomorphic Evolution of the Canadian Atlantic Provinces

The plate tectonics hypothesis provides new insight into interpretation of the geomorphic history of the Atlantic Provinces. The landscape of the continental margin was probably rejuvenated in Late Triassic and Early Jurassic times as a result of regional tectonic uplift and ramping associated with continental breakup. The development of some aspects of the present geomorphic expression appears to have begun as early as Late Jurassic time. Uplift was followed by broad regional subsidence along the continental margin and adjoining ocean basin and appears to have persisted to at least late Tertiary time. Unconformities across the formations of the submerged Atlantic Coastal Plain were formed during the time of broad subsidence, and these geomorphic surfaces were probably developed by subaerial processes. The lower sea levels possibly resulted from eustatic change rather than from tectonic uplift, and were possibly controlled by tectonic events along the mid-oceanic ridges.
Adaptive kernel design in the generalized marginals domain for time-frequency analysis

A signal-adaptive kernel designed in the generalized marginals(GM) domain is introduced. This new kernel exploits the mechanism by which the cross-terms are created in the GM domain. It is shown that the cross-terms are created by a simple squaring process and the region of support for the cross terms is a subset of the region of support of the auto-terms. The generalized marginals of the Wigner distribution (WD) are always positive and real. The generalized marginals of all distributions which have a radially Gaussian kernel in the ambiguity domain are positive. This positivity is exploited for applying information measures in the construction of the adaptive kernel. The cross-term suppression is done in the GM domain and the time-frequency distribution is constructed using the filtered back-projection method. Moyal's formula is utilized to calculate the GM as the projections of the signal on linear chirps. >
Topological Evaluation Of The Null Return Difference In Feedback Amplifier Theory

Like the general return difference, the general null return difference is defined as the ratio of the two functional values assumed by the second-order cofactor of the elements as sociated with the input and output terminals of the indefinite-admittance matrix of a feed back amplifier under the condition that the element of interest assumes its nominal value and the condition that the element assumes its reference value, It is shown that this alge braic definition is entirely consistent with the classical physical formulation of the null return difference. Topological formulas are presented for the null return difference and the sensitivity functions in terms of the directed-tree and directed-two-tree products in the associated digraph of the amplifier.
The Surgical Journal in the Year 2000

IN THE early 1900s The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) had the largest circulation of any medical periodical in the world. For some time the editors had planned to establish a surgical journal because it was not possible to publish all the contributions submitted to the surgical section of JAMA . Furthermore, many surgical articles were highly technical in nature and of little interest to the general readership. Thus, in 1920 the Archives of Surgery began publication, directed by a prestigious editorial board composed of Dean Lewis of Chicago, Ill, Hugh Cabot of Ann Arbor, Mich, Thomas Cullen of Baltimore, Md, William Darrach of New York, NY, Evarts A. Graham of St Louis, Mo, and William J. Mayo of Rochester, Minn. At the time there were only two other major surgical periodicals— the Annals of Surgery , edited by Lewis S. Pilcher, and Surgery Gynecology and Obstetrics , edited by Franklin
Microwave pyrolysis of distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) for biofuel production

Microwave pyrolysis of distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) was investigated to determine the effects of pyrolytic conditions on the yields of bio-oil, syngas, and biochar. Pyrolysis process variables included reaction temperature, time, and power input. Microwave pyrolysis of DDGS was analyzed using response surface methodology to find out the effect of process variables on the biofuel (bio-oil and syngas) conversion yield and establish prediction models. Bio-oil recovery was in the range of 26.5-50.3 wt.% of the biomass. Biochar yields were 23.5-62.2% depending on the pyrolysis conditions. The energy content of DDGS bio-oils was 28 MJ/kg obtained at the 650°C and 8 min, which was about 66.7% of the heating value of gasoline. GC/MS analysis indicated that the biooil contained a series of important and useful chemical compounds: aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. At least 13% of DDGS bio-oil was the same hydrocarbon compounds found in regular unleaded gasoline.
The nonverbal environment of self-esteem: Interactive effects of facial-expression and eye-gaze on perceivers' self-evaluations

Abstract Self-esteem fluctuates in response to verbal feedback and social exclusion, but such unambiguous feedback may not occur frequently enough to account for moment-to-moment self-esteem fluctuations. We propose that others' facial behavior provides a frequently-encountered source of feedback to which self-esteem should respond. We expected repeated exposure to angry faces to reduce perceivers' self-esteem but only when those faces exhibited direct-gaze (“looked at” perceivers). Two studies supported this hypothesis. In Study 1, participants viewed a series of faces under the guise of a memory paradigm. Self-esteem was reduced among participants who viewed angry faces compared to participants who viewed neutral or happy faces. Crucially, this pattern only occurred in response to faces exhibiting direct-gaze. In Study 2, participants completed a word-identification task in which attention to faces was task-irrelevant. The results of this study replicated Study 1 but only to the extent faces captured participants' attention during the priming task.
Littoral hydrovolcanic explosions: a case study of lava–seawater interaction at Kilauea Volcano

Abstract A variety of hydrovolcanic explosions may occur as basaltic lava flows into the ocean. Observations and measurements were made during a two-year span of unusually explosive littoral activity as tube-fed pahoehoe from Kilauea Volcano inundated the southeast coastline of the island of Hawai`i. Our observations suggest that explosive interactions require high entrance fluxes (≥4 m3/s) and are most often initiated by collapse of a developing lava delta. Two types of interactions were observed. “Open mixing” of lava and seawater occurred when delta collapse exposed the mouth of a severed lava tube or incandescent fault scarp to wave action. The ensuing explosions produced unconsolidated deposits of glassy lava fragments or lithic debris. Interactions under “confined mixing” conditions occurred when a lava tube situated at or below sea level fractured. Explosions ruptured the roof of the tube and produced circular mounds of welded spatter. We estimate a water/rock mass ratio of 0.15 for the most common type of littoral explosion and a kinetic energy release of 0.07–1.3 kJ/kg for the range of events witnessed.
Stable crack growth along a brittle/ductile interface—I. Near-tip fields

Abstract In Part I of this work the asymptotic near-tip stress and velocity fields of a crack propagating steadily and quasi-statically along the interface between a ductile and a brittle material are presented. The ductile material is characterized by J 2 -flow theory with either linear hardening or ideal plasticity. The brittle material is characterized by linear elastic behavior. The cases of antiplane strain and plane strain are considered. The linear-hardening solutions are assumed to be of variable-separable form with a power singularity in the radial distance to the crack tip. Results are given for the strength of the singularity and for the distribution of the stress and velocity fields as functions of the hardening parameter. However, the amplitude of the fields, or plastic stress intensity factor, is left undetermined by this asymptotic analysis. For the case of plane strain, it is found that two distinct solutions exist with slightly different singularity strengths, and very different mixilies on the interfacial line ahead of the crack, For hardening small enough, one of the solutions corresponds to a tensile-like mode, whereas the other solution corresponds to a shear-like mode. These two solutions coalesce at an intermediate value of the hardening, if a certain bimaterial parameter is not zero. In this case, no variable-separable solutions are found for larger values of the hardening parameter. On the other hand, if the bimaterial constant vanishes, the two solutions remain distinct for all values of the hardening parameter up to the perfectly-elastic limit. The ideally plastic solutions are obtained by means of an appropriate assembly of elastic unloading and active plastic sectors, the latter being of either centered-fan or constant-stress type. For simplicity, the substrate material is assumed to be rigid, and the ductile material to be incompressible. The perfectly-plastic results for the stress and velocity fields in this case are continuous and consistent with the small-hardening results showing a tensile- as well as a shear-like solution. In Part II of this work, the corresponding small scale yielding problem will be solved numerically, and the relevance of the asymptotic solutions will be investigated. Where appropriate, the plastic stress intensity factors corresponding to the asymptotic solutions will be determined as functions of the elastic stress intensity factor and the mixity of the applied fields. This information will be useful in determining “resistance curves” for crack growth along brittle/ductile interfaces.
Environmental testing at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Frequency Standards Laboratory

In order to achieve the required state-of-the-art performance and reliability of the worldwide Deep Space Network, an extensive testing capability has been developed. This capability includes special equipment and facilities as well as a standard set of procedures which are described here. The research and development program utilizes these capabilities in the development of advanced frequency standards and distribution equipments that are well characterized for environmental variations. The implementation program tests each piece of equipment to be installed in the Deep Space Network for various environmental sensitivities which may affects its field operation. >
Weld pool surface depth measurement using a calibrated camera and structured light

Automated monitoring and control of the weld pool surface has been one of the goals of the welding industry. This paper presents a technique which uses a calibrated charge-coupled device (CCD) sensor and structured light to extract the surface information as depth of pool from captured images. It projects a laser line from a pre-determined position onto the specular weld pool surface. A reflected laser beam from the specular surface is captured by a calibrated CCD sensor to form the image. The image is then processed based on the ray-tracing technique to calculate the depth of the weld pool surface using the position of the laser and its fan angle along with the intrinsic parameters and extrinsic parameters of the CCD sensor.
Strengthening Citizenship Through Deliberative Polling

This article describes the experience and results of a deliberative poll on transportation priorities and funding, with particular attention to the power of the process to foster citizenship learning and engagement. Evidence from predeliberation and postdeliberation surveys, as well as direct observation of the deliberation day event, indicated that the process could be instituted as a regular means to expand the voice of citizens in public policy debates and to strengthen the formation of citizens in the moral and political habits of democratic self-governance.
In the mouth but not on the map: visions of language and their enactment in the Hindi Belt

Abstract While scholars working in colonial and post-colonial North India have devoted a great deal of attention to language variation, they have largely ignored the discursive use of names for language varieties. In this article, I investigate the ways that speakers enter into dialogic relationships with distinct voices, in the rubric of Bakhtin, depending upon which names for language varieties they mention. I reflect upon conversations between residents of Banaras, a city of approximately two million in North India, in which names for language varieties cluster into three sets. Each set of language names invokes particular language ideologies constructed in India's colonial and post-colonial past. The first two sets—one comprised by “Hindi” and “English” and the other comprised by names for more local varieties—intersect official notions about the proper fit between language and its context of use. The third set does not. In order to account for the third set, in which speakers forego official, authoritative descriptions of languages, I note that interactional phenomena, in addition to ideological dimensions of language, are crucial in understanding the ways that people differently reflect on language varieties in practice.
INFECTION WITH CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS IN FEMALE COLLEGE STUDENTS

Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from genital specimens from 21 (4.9%) of 431 female college students. Antibody to C. trachomatis was found in the genital secretions of 52 (11.9%) of 437 women. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed race, number of sexual partners, and use of barrier methods of contraception to be predictive of infection with C. trachomatis. Logistic regression analysis found race, number of sexual partners, use of barrier methods of contraception, and presence of cervical erythema to be predictive of local chlamydial antibody. White participants were infected less often (12 of 388 (3.1%)) than black participants (9 of 43 (20.9%)) (p less than 0.001) and were less likely to have local chlamydial antibody. None of the sexually inexperienced women were infected or had local antibody. Among the sexually experienced women, chlamydial infection and local chlamydial antibody increased with increasing number of sexual partners only for women who were not using barrier methods of contraception. Sexually experienced women who used barrier methods of contraception (condom, diaphragm) were less likely to be infected (one of 105 (1.0%)) than were sexually experienced women who used other contraceptive measures or who did not use contraception (20 of 276 (7.2%)) (p = 0.031). Women who used barrier methods of contraception also were less likely to have local chlamydial antibody. Women with cervical erythema were more likely to have local chlamydial antibody (4 of 11 (36.4%)) than women without cervical erythema (48 of 426 (11.3%)). Vaginal colonization with other sexually transmitted microorganisms (Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Trichomonas vaginalis) was noted more often among women with chlamydial infection than among uninfected women.
Rapid three-dimensional isotropic imaging of living cells using Bessel beam plane illumination

A key challenge when imaging living cells is how to noninvasively extract the most spatiotemporal information possible. Unlike popular wide-field and confocal methods, plane-illumination microscopy limits excitation to the information-rich vicinity of the focal plane, providing effective optical sectioning and high speed while minimizing out-of-focus background and premature photobleaching. Here we used scanned Bessel beams in conjunction with structured illumination and/or two-photon excitation to create thinner light sheets (<0.5 μm) better suited to three-dimensional (3D) subcellular imaging. As demonstrated by imaging the dynamics of mitochondria, filopodia, membrane ruffles, intracellular vesicles and mitotic chromosomes in live cells, the microscope currently offers 3D isotropic resolution down to ∼0.3 μm, speeds up to nearly 200 image planes per second and the ability to noninvasively acquire hundreds of 3D data volumes from single living cells encompassing tens of thousands of image frames.
Is Synesthesia a Form of Mental Imagery

Synesthesia occurs when the activation of one sense modality elicits an experience in another modality. Synesthetic experiences are often referred to as imagery, and indeed both mental imagery and synesthesia occur in many sense modes and can represent forms of internally generated sensory experiences. However, they differ in prevalence, effects on perception, how voluntary they are, and probably in sites of brain activation; moreover, imagery and synesthesia are clearly differentiated by synesthetes themselves. We conclude that they are best considered as related but distinct mental processes.
Kinesthetic after-effect produced by walking on a gradient.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the existence and magnitude of kinesthetic after-effects produced by walking on a gradient. Three experimental groups of 17 university students walked a 10° incline for 1, 1½, or 2 min., respectively. Kinesthetic after-effects were recorded for all three experimental groups. One and one-half minutes produced the greatest perceptual distortions as noted by the percentage of subjects reporting after-effects and by the magnitude of these distortions. Test trial reports were found to be significantly different from control trial reports for the combined groups. No statistical evidence was recorded, however, of a significant difference existing among the experimental groups with respect to the percent reporting after-effects or group means of degree magnitude. Signs were noted which appear to substantiate the theory of a distance-paradox.
Green tea increases the effectiveness of tamoxifen

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 5182 Current breast cancer prevention surgical or medical strategies for high risk women are traumatic, and involve serious side effects. Therefore, it is crucial to identify alternative methods to prevent breast cancer or reduce risk. Studies in our laboratory have provided evidence that green tea extract inhibits breast cancer growth via a direct anti-proliferative effect on the tumor cells, as well as an indirect suppressive effect on the endothelial cells. Recently we investigated whether green tea would increase the effectiveness of the commonly used chemopreventive drug tamoxifen. In vitro proliferation assays showed that green tea extract decreased the ED50 (50% effective dose) of tamoxifen in both estrogen-receptor positive human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and in HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cells). Green tea also increased the TUNEL-positive apoptosis exerted by tamoxifen on MCF-7 cells. In mouse experiments, the combination of green tea and tamoxifen suppressed breast cancer xenograft growth more efficiently than either agent alone. This combination decreased the overall vessel density in treated mouse tumors (16.5 ± 1.5 vessels per high power field), compared to the control group (30.7 ± 2.2 vessels per high power field). Treated tumor specimens also showed less Estrogen receptor alpha, and more TUNEL-positive apoptosis. Further studies may lead to the adaptation of combination regimens that are more effective and less toxic.
Courageous Computing

IT professionals often ask, "If I'm ethically responsible for any errors in the software that I develop, then how can I release any software to the public? After all, I can't be sure that it's perfect." This is a fair question for any computer ethicist. Reviewing the work of the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle helps find the balance between the pitfalls of cowardice and recklessness when it comes to releasing software.
The French-Soviet ‘ARAKS’ experiment

In 1975, a rocket borne electron gun experiment will be achieved in Kerguelen Islands (South Indian Ocean), as a result of a cooperation between Soviet and French scientists. The gun will inject into the magnetosphere large currents (0.5 and 1 A) of high energy electrons (15 and 27 keV) with different initial pitch angles (∼ 0°, 70, 140°). A nose cone will be ejected at great distance (∼ 10 km) in front of the rocket, equipped mainly with radio wave receivers, both electric and magnetic, in the frequency range from 0 to 5 MHz, in order to study the wave particle interactions which will be induced by the beam. Optical and radioelectric observations will be performed in the conjugate area, in the district of Arkhangelsk (U.S.S.R.). During one of the two flights (launched in the magnetic meridian) attention will be focused on the wave particle interactions which are expected to be stronger when the beam is injected along the magnetic field line. The second flight, which will be launched towards the east, is attempted to study the azimuthal drift of the injected electrons and to derive some conclusions concerning the DC electric field, integrated over the line of force which joins the two conjugate points (L = 3.7). During both flights the energy and pitch angle distribution of atmospherically backscattered electrons will be studied.
Environmental experiences influence cortical volume in territorial and nonterritorial side-blotched lizards, Uta stansburiana

Behaviours such as territoriality, navigation and acquisition of food resources depend on spatially based cognition, which has been positively associated with the hippocampus, the area of the brain responsible for spatial processing. We previously demonstrated that differential demands on spatial processing within the context of territoriality affect brain volume in the side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana: territorial males have larger cortices (reptilian hippocampal homologues) than nonterritorial males. However, it is still unclear whether these cortical differences are based on potential differences in experiences, genetic architecture, or a combination of both. In this study, we specifically focused on the role of experiences in the cortical phenotype. We hatched and raised territorial and nonterritorial males to adulthood, controlling for differential environmental experiences, and found that cortical volume did not differ between laboratory-reared territorial and nonterritorial males. Furthermore, when compared with wild-caught individuals, laboratory-reared individuals had significantly smaller cortical volumes, regardless of territorial predisposition. These results indicate that a large component of the differential cortical volume found between territorial and nonterritorial lizards in the wild must be experiential. Additionally, cortical volume is smaller in a captive environment, regardless of territorial predisposition. Our work indicates that experience, particularly experience with a simplified environment such as that found in captivity, dramatically limits the size of the cortices in this species.
Using surface impedance for calculating wakefields in flat geometry

Beginning with Maxwell's equations and assuming only that the wall interaction can be approximated by a surface impedance, we derive formulas for the generalized longitudinal and transverse impedance in flat geometry, from which the wakefields can also be obtained. From the generalized impedances, by taking the proper limits, we obtain the normal longitudinal, dipole, and quad impedances in flat geometry. These equations can be applied to any surface impedance, such as the known dc, ac, and anomalous skin models of wall resistance, a model of wall roughness, or one for a pipe with small, periodic corrugations. We show that, for the particular case of dc wall resistance, the longitudinal impedance obtained here agrees with a known result in the literature, a result that was derived from a very general formula by Henke and Napoly.
Molecular genetic tumor markers in the early diagnosis and screening of non-small-cell lung cancer

Background : Little progress has been made in decreasing lung cancer mortality by applying conventional methods to early diagnosis and screening. Recent advances in molecular oncology, however, have provided tools which may be of use in this area. Many genes involved in controlling cell growth and differentiation are abnormal in lung cancer cells. Such genes include K-ras, p53, rb, myc, her2/neu, and probably one or more tumor suppressor genes on chromosome 3p. The involvement of these genes in lung cancer is reviewed. The K-ras oncogene contains a mutation in codon 12 in many cases of non-small-cell lung cancer, particularly adenocarcinoma, and is thus a potentially useful lung cancer tumor marker. Design : We have developed a highly sensitive, simple assay for ras mutations, and applied it to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from patients undergoing evaluation for suspected lung cancer. Results : In many cases, the ras assay was more sensitive than routine cytology and histopathology, demonstrating that this is a potentially clinically useful assay. Conclusion : Molecular genetic tumor markers, including mutations in ras and other genes, and/or immunohistochemical tumor markers, may provide tools which can be applied to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or sputum, for use in diagnostic tests and in screening programs. The use of such markers may lead to decreased lung cancer mortality.
Thoughts on the status of the cyborg : On technological socialization and its link to the religious function of popular culture

L'A. s'interesse a la vie religieuse des Etats-Unis en mettant l'accent sur un phenomene que beaucoup ont identifie, mais dont peu de specialistes ont parle: la montee en puissance d'une culture populaire elaboree et institutionnalisee qui fonctionne comme la source d'idees et d'experiences religieuses. Il faut rappeler les conclusions de Bellah en 1967: le changement majeur pour la religion civile est son changement d'echelle, de nationale, elle devient globale. Aujourd'hui, la technologie de communication permet a la religion civile de depasser les frontieres des Etats-nations
Growth of a drug-resistant strain of Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) in normal and immunized mice.

bacilli were capable of multiplying extensively in the lungs and spleens of mice. Later, investigators [7] extended these studies to show that the rate and extent of multiplication in vivo and in vitro varied with the cultural conditions used in preparing the inoculum, and with the route of injection and the size of the inoculum [8-10]. In addition, the strain of mouse used in studies of this nature may affect the amount of mycobacterial growth observed [11, 12]. For instance, BCG Tice was reported to grow in the lungs of C57 Bl mice but not in Strong A mice [13]. It has been known for some time that vaccination with BCG does not confer an absolute im-
Modulation of cardiac L-type Ca2+ current by angiotensin-(1-7): normal versus heart failure

Objective:Recent evidence has shown that, in heart failure (HF), clinically relevant concentrations of angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] counteracts angiotensin II induced cardiac depression and produc...
Psychological Well-Being of Children and Youth in Mexico

There are approximately 35 million school-age children in Mexico. The current mental health needs of these youth far exceed the mental health support and resources available. Despite a general awareness of the demand for additional mental health resources, there is limited research regarding the culture-specific nature of the mental health needs of children and youth in Mexico. This chapter focuses on the psychological well-being of youth in rural and urban areas around Xalapa, Mexico. Using a transformative mixed-method design, the researchers’ aim was to provide culturally relevant information regarding the types, sources, and reactions to various stressors and supports for children and youth. Ecomaps (N = 88), stories (N = 88), and focus groups (N = 68) were used to collect information with students from a rural elementary, urban elementary, and urban middle school in Xalapa, Mexico. Qualitative findings suggested that students experienced stressors related to their immediate and extended families, peers, school, and community. Students also reported their families, friends, teachers, community members, and self as means of support. The quantitative results included descriptions of the types of stressors and supports, identification of sources, and considerations of gender and grade-level differences. Implications for future culturally relevant research and practice are discussed.
Emerging Trends in Knowledge-Oriented Organizational Leadership: A Systematic Literature Review

Research concerning the linkage between organizational leadership, knowledge management activities, and innovation performance is relatively new. Scholars are investing more time into researching these phenomena, but the rate of innovation developments are occurring at a very rapid pace. The speed at which innovation breakthroughs are taking place poses questions about the relevance of studies that are more than a few years old. This study encompasses a systematic literature review of organizational leadership and the role it plays in knowledge management (KM) activities that lead to innovation performance. Scholarly journal articles from the year 2015 are analyzed for emergent trends concerning knowledge-oriented organizational leadership. Using Herzberg’s two-factor theory, leadership factors promoting KM activities that lead to innovation performance (motivation factors), as well as those that suppress KM activities (hygiene factors), are identified. Findings suggest that organizational leaders must adopt a comprehensive and deliberate approach to provoke KM activities that augment innovation performance.
Digital Footprints and Changing Networks During Online Identity Transitions

Digital artifacts on social media can challenge individuals during identity transitions, particularly those who prefer to delete, separate from, or hide data that are representative of a past identity. This work investigates concerns and practices reported by transgender people who transitioned while active on Facebook. We analyze open-ended survey responses from 283 participants, highlighting types of data considered problematic when separating oneself from a past identity, and challenges and strategies people engage in when managing personal data in a networked environment. We find that people shape their digital footprints in two ways: by editing the self-presentational data that is representative of a prior identity, and by managing the configuration of people who have access to that self-presentation. We outline the challenging interplay between shifting identities, social networks, and the data that suture them together. We apply these results to a discussion of the complexities of managing and forgetting the digital past.
Inverse Polymerase Chain Reaction

We describe a procedure that extends the utility of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in allowing the geometric amplification of an unknown DNA sequence that flanks a core region of known sequence. DNA containing the core region is digested with appropriate restriction enzymes to produce a fragment of suitable size for PCR amplification. The ends of the fragment are then ligated to form a circular molecule. Primers for PCR are homologous to the ends of the core region included within the circle, but oriented such that chain elongation proceeds across the uncharacterized region of the circle rather than across the core region separating the primers. This “inverse PCR” procedure can be used to amplify the sequences that originally flanked the core sequence. Inverse PCR has applications in producing probes of anomymous sequences or in determining the sequences of upstream and downstream flanking regions themselves.
Security Taxonomies of Industrial Control Systems

With many types of systems, elements, threats, attacks, vulnerabilities, threat actors and so on, it is natural to wonder whether some conceptual order could be imposed on the complex and seemingly chaotic space of ICS security. Taxonomies and ontologies are among means by which humans bring order, meaning and knowledge management to broad domains of things, concepts and principles. For this reason, in this chapter we offer an overview of selected ICS security taxonomies and elements of emerging ontologies. The migration of data processing to open web infrastructures poses a great challenge for ICS in terms of information fusion and knowledge management. In this regard, ICS architectures can benefit from the use of ontologies, namely models of the underlying semantics of data. Ontologies are already used in a variety of applications, from Search Engine Optimization, Knowledge Discovery (e.g. elicitation of patterns of interactions within genomic data), and traditional AI and common-sense reasoning. The use of ontologies to complement ICS security taxonomies is a logical extension. The first section (Sect. 7.2) of this chapter presents key concepts, and their relationships, in a discussion of established taxonomies. Section 7.3 discusses ongoing research related to ICS security taxonomies and extended approaches based on ontologies. Section 7.4 summarizes the current status and discusses future trends in regards to ICS security taxonomies. Unless otherwise indicated ICS refers to all control systems, SCADA and DCS; as well as other control system configurations and constituent parts. In those instances where a specific type of control system is the subject, it will be indicated by name.
Evaluating the Efficiency of Robust Team Formation Algorithms

Selecting a minimal-cost team from a set of agents, with associated costs, to complete a given set of tasks is a common and important multiagent systems problem. Some degree of fault-tolerance in such teams is often required which enables the team to continue to complete all tasks even if a subset of the agents are incapacitated. A \({k}\)-robust team is one that is capable of completing all assigned tasks when any \({k}\) team members are not available. The corresponding decision problem of selecting a \({k}\)-robust team that costs no more than a desired cost threshold has been shown to be NP-Complete. We present and experimentally evaluate, for varying problem sizes and characteristics, heuristic and evolutionary approximation approaches to find optimal-cost \({k}\)-robust teams which can be used for large problems. We present a Linear Programming approximation algorithm that produces optimal results for small problem sizes and prove that it is a \(2\ln (m+k)+O(\ln m)\)-factor approximation of the optimal solution, where m is the number of tasks to be completed. We also present three heuristic algorithms and an evolutionary computation approach which scales up to larger problems. Another advantage of the evolutionary scheme is that it can approximate the Pareto-frontier of teams trading off robustness and cost.
Review: Das Bauhaus kommt aus Weimar by Ute Ackermann, Ulrike Bestgen, editors; Modell Bauhaus by Annemarie Jaeggi, Wolfgang Thöner, editors; Bauhaus 1919–1933: Workshops for Modernity by Barry Bergdoll, Leah Dickerman, editors

Ute Ackermann and Ulrike Bestgen , editors, Das Bauhaus kommt aus Weimar . Weimar: Klassik Stiftung and Deutscher Kunstverlag Berlin Munchen, 2009, 380 pp., 343 color and 167 b/w illus. €35 (cloth), ISBN 9783422068834 Annemarie Jaeggi and Wolfgang Thoner , editors, Modell Bauhaus . Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2009, 376 pp., 315 color and numerous b/w illus. €39.80 (cloth), ISBN 9783775724142(German), ISBN 9783775724159 (English) Barry Bergdoll and Leah Dickerman , editors, Bauhaus 1919–1933: Workshops for Modernity . New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2009, 328 pp., 475 mostly color illus. $75, ISBN 9780870707582 In 2009 the Klassik Stiftung Weimar, the Berlin Bauhaus-Archiv, and New York's Museum of Modern Art organized three major Bauhaus exhibits. The year marked the ninetieth anniversary of the Bauhaus's founding in Weimar as well as the twentieth anniversary of the Berlin Wall's dismantling. German reunification enabled hitherto impossible collaborations between scholars and museums in former East and West Germany, yielding exhibitions of unprecedented breadth and scale. These political and institutional developments, and also shifting conceptions of modernism, fueled the 2009 Bauhaus exhibitions and their accompanying catalogs. New scholarship emphasizing inter-artistic dialogue and ideological ambivalence has challenged existing narratives of modernism that equated artistic progress with medium specificity and/or with leftist political agitation. Political and intellectual developments over the last twenty years made a comprehensive reevaluation of the Bauhaus both desirable and necessary. Three very different catalogs accompanied the 2009 Bauhaus exhibits. The Klassik Stiftung, Bauhaus-Archiv, and Museum of Modern Art collaborated in that they coordinated their events and contributed objects to each exhibition. However, each exhibit and catalog was a discrete scholarly project motivated by the specific histories and politics of the host institution. Exhibitions and catalogs appeared in chronological succession over the course of 2009, thereby reenacting the Bauhaus's chronological, geographic, and artistic evolution. The Klassik Stiftung's exhibit and catalog appeared first, focusing on the preliminary phase of the Bauhaus in Weimar beginning in 1919. Located in the nation's capital, the Berlin exhibit gave equal weight to the school's three regional locations (Weimar, Dessau, Berlin), and dwelt above all on questions of national importance. The Museum of Modern Art's exhibit and catalog appropriately closed the sequence, since so many Bauhaus teachers and students fled to America after 1933, when National Socialists effectively forced the school's closure. The Museum of Modern Art's catalog explores the Bauhaus's relationship to modernist …
A Quantitative Model to Estimate Drug Resistance in Pathogens

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is an opportunistic infection that occurs in humans and other mammals with debilitated immune systems. These infections are caused by fungi in the genus Pneumocystis, which are not susceptible to standard antifungal agents. Despite decades of research and drug development, the primary treatment and prophylaxis for PCP remains a combination of trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) that targets two enzymes in folic acid biosynthesis, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS), respectively. There is growing evidence of emerging resistance by Pneumocystis jirovecii (the species that infects humans) to TMP-SMX associated with mutations in the targeted enzymes. In the present study, we report the development of an accurate quantitative model to predict changes in the binding affinity of inhibitors (Ki, IC50) to the mutated proteins. The model is based on evolutionary information and amino acid covariance analysis. Predicted changes in binding affinity upon mutations highly correlate with the experimentally measured data. While trained on Pneumocystis jirovecii DHFR/TMP data, the model shows similar or better performance when evaluated on the resistance data for a different inhibitor of PjDFHR, another drug/target pair (PjDHPS/SMX) and another organism (Staphylococcus aureus DHFR/TMP). Therefore, we anticipate that the developed prediction model will be useful in the evaluation of possible resistance of the newly sequenced variants of the pathogen and can be extended to other drug targets and organisms.
Hematology and biochemistry of aging-evidence of "anemia of the elderly" in old dogs.

Background Effects of aging on hematologic and biochemical variables are well described in people. Anemia of the elderly is attributed to iron deficiency, anemia of chronic disease, chronic kidney disease, myelodysplasia, or idiopathic causes. Limited studies have examined these variables in aging dogs, but they have typically examined single breeds in research settings. Objective The objective of this study was to identify differences in CBC and biochemistry values between adult and aged dogs of many breeds. Methods Dogs presenting for wellness examinations and minor dental/elective surgeries that were otherwise clinically healthy were retrospectively identified. Dogs were categorized by age: adult (1–7.9 years), senior (8–11.9 years), and geriatric (12+ years). Standard CBC and biochemistry data were collated. Asian breeds, Greyhounds, and dogs with data indicating overt underlying disease were excluded. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare groups with statistical significance set at P ≤ .05. Results Hematocrit, MCV, and serum iron decreased with age, indicating possible iron-restricted erythropoiesis (IRE), due to iron deficiency or low-grade chronic inflammation. Total proteins, globulins, and platelet counts increased with age while albumin decreased, suggesting low-grade inflammation. Urea was increased in older dogs without a concurrent increase in creatinine, which points toward gastrointestinal bleeding or dehydration. Conclusion Clinically healthy, aging dogs have changes in laboratory variables that indicate altered physiologies compared to younger adult animals, including evidence of IRE, inflammation, and potential gastrointestinal bleeding, suggesting a similar trend to that of elderly human beings. Future studies will examine markers of iron metabolism and inflammation in aging dogs.
Ground Squirrel Hepatitis Virus

Ground squirrel hepatitis virus (GSHV), found in Beechey ground squirrels in California, is 1 of only 4 well-characterized members of the hepadnavirus family. Studies of GSHV since its discovery in 1979 have confirmed the genetic, antigenic, morphologic and biologic characteristics of this virus family, originally defined by its prototype: hepatitis B virus (HBV). GSHV shares with HBV a liver tropism and an ability to cause persistent infection in some individuals exposed to the virus. There is a high frequency of development of primary hepatocellular carcinoma in long-term carriers of both GSHV and HBV. Use of fresh tissues from GSHV-infected squirrels has been invaluable in defining the various steps of hepadnaviral replication. The GSHV-ground squirrel model was recently used for the first in vivo tests of the genetic organization of hepadnaviruses. This animal model of HBV should continue to be useful in the future for studies of still unknown steps of viral infection requiring fresh tissues or tissue culture, and in testing the effects of new antivirals and immune modulators on mammalian hepadnavirus infection.
An Analysis of the Impact of RMB Depreciation on Hong Kong

Abstract. Hong Kong is one of the main economies operating a currency board system today. With its currency fixed to the U.S. dollar, the system has functioned successfully since it was restarted in 1983. The last time it faced severe challenges was during the East Asian financial crisis of 1997-98. However, with the comparatively large depreciation of renminbi (RMB, and sometimes referred to as Yuan) during the past two years, a rising question is how Hong Kong might be affected by a possible future crisis originating from China. In this paper, we examine the impact of RMB depreciation on Hong Kong, with a focus on three sectors of Hong Kong’s economy: foreign direct investment, external trade, and tourism. Keywords. RMB, China, Hong Kong, Asian financial crisis, FDI, Trade, Tourism, Retail sales. JEL. E39, O53.
Learning to Model the Tail

We describe an approach to learning from long-tailed, imbalanced datasets that are prevalent in real-world settings. Here, the challenge is to learn accurate "few-shot'' models for classes in the tail of the class distribution, for which little data is available. We cast this problem as transfer learning, where knowledge from the data-rich classes in the head of the distribution is transferred to the data-poor classes in the tail. Our key insights are as follows. First, we propose to transfer meta-knowledge about learning-to-learn from the head classes. This knowledge is encoded with a meta-network that operates on the space of model parameters, that is trained to predict many-shot model parameters from few-shot model parameters. Second, we transfer this meta-knowledge in a progressive manner, from classes in the head to the "body'', and from the "body'' to the tail. That is, we transfer knowledge in a gradual fashion, regularizing meta-networks for few-shot regression with those trained with more training data. This allows our final network to capture a notion of model dynamics, that predicts how model parameters are likely to change as more training data is gradually added. We demonstrate results on image classification datasets (SUN, Places, and ImageNet) tuned for the long-tailed setting, that significantly outperform common heuristics, such as data resampling or reweighting.
A multi-center study on factors influencing the reproducibility of in vitro drug-response studies

Evidence that some influential biomedical results cannot be recapitulated has increased calls for data that is findable, accessible, interoperable, and reproducible (FAIR). Here, we study factors influencing the reproducibility of a prototypical cell-based assay: responsiveness of cultured cell lines to anti-cancer drugs. Such assays are important for drug development, mechanism of action studies, and patient stratification. This study involved seven research centers comprising the NIH LINCS Program Consortium, which aims to systematically characterize the responses of human cells to perturbation by gene disruption, small molecule drugs, and components of the microenvironment. We found that factors influencing the measurement of drug response vary substantially with the compound being analyzed and thus, the underlying biology. For example, substitution of a surrogate assay such as CellTiter-Glo(r) for direct microscopy-based cell counting is acceptable in the case of neratinib or alpelisib, but not palbociclib or etoposide. Uncovering and controlling for such context sensitivity requires systematic measurement of assay robustness in the face of biological variation, which is distinct from assay precision and sensitivity. Conversely, validating assays only over a narrow range of conditions has the potential to introduce serious systematic error in a large dataset spanning many compounds and cell lines.