cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combined active and passive microwave sensing of ocean surface wind vector from TRMM

This paper presents a new ocean wind vector measurement technique that uses the combined passive and active microwave measurements respectively from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) and the Precipitation Radar (PR). The wind speed is inferred by TMI over a wide swath that includes the narrower PR swath. The PR scans cross-talk /spl plusmn/18/spl deg/; and near the swath edges, where the radar backscatter responds to both the magnitude and direction of the surface wind, we use the microwave radiometer estimate of wind speed and the measured sigma-0 at incidence angles greater than 15 degrees to derive wind direction. Because the PR provides only a single azimuth look, multiple possible wind direction solutions exist. The ability to select the proper (single) direction is beyond the scope of this paper; but comparisons are presented between the "closest" retrieved TRMM wind vectors and near-simultaneous wind vectors measured by the QuikSCAT satellite scatterometer to demonstrate the potential for measuring ocean surface vector winds.
Military Revolutions, Evolution, and International Relations Theory

Military revolutions constitute a significant challenge to international relations theorists. The combination of changes in military technology, organization, and operational concepts has collectively altered the structure and composition of international systems. These changes go beyond the classical concerns for the dynamics of the international system or the diffusion of weapons technology, which emphasize shifts in the balance of power between states, to concerns over the particular states themselves, affecting the boundaries within and between them. Changes of the kind characterized by military revolutions have been a significant focus of military historians and others focused on the formation and dissolution of states, but explaining their occurrence remains a theoretical challenge to international relations theorists who maintain strong ontological commitments to the state as a discrete unit of analysis. As a result, international relations theorists have largely worked within conceptual frameworks that are inadequate for investigating phenomenon that contain cross-scale linkages, such as those that link tactical military innovation with alterations of the balance-of-power in the international system, or event those innovations that call the unity of the state into question. In order address the shortcomings of international relations theories, this paper examines how concepts and models from evolutionary theory might be applied to the study of military innovation, marking an initial attempt to identify aspects of evolutionary theory that may be suitable for application to international relations. In doing so, it explores neorealism and it’s compatibility with evolutionary theory. While neorealism does not represent the universe of international relations theory, it does serve as the foundation from which almost all studies depart and therefore sits at the core of the discipline. Section 1, characterizes military revolutions as defined by various military historians, and motivates the turn towards evolutionary theory. Section 2 examines evolutionary theory, and discusses the differences between micro and macroevolution. Section 3 uses two leading neorealist texts in order to examine their approaches to the international system as a system of actors, and the forces they exert upon one another. Finally, Section 4 compares the neorealist treatment of the international system with requirements of evolutionary theory in order find areas of agreement, disagreement, and requirements for continued theoretical development.
Certain and Uncertain Utility: The Allais Paradox and Five Decision Theory Phenomena

In the study of decision making under risk, preferences are assumed to be continuous. We present a model of discontinuous preferences over certain and uncertain outcomes. Using existing parameter estimates for certain and uncertain utility, ve important decision theory phenomena are discussed: the certainty eect, experimentally observed probability weighting, the uncertainty eect, extreme experimental risk aversion and quasi-hyperbolic discounting. All ve phenomena can be resolved.
History Explains Avian Patterns

Evolutionary Ecology of Birds Life Histories, Mating Systems and Extinction. Peter M. Bennett and Ian P. F. Owens. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002. 292 pp. $85, £49.50. ISBN 0-19-851088-8. Paper, $45, £24.95. ISBN 0-19-851089-6. The authors use phylogenetic comparative methods to explore the evolutionary and ecological foundations of the diversity exhibited in avian life histories, reproductive behavior, and risks of extinction.
Surface structures and adherence properties of diverse strains of Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius.

Abstract Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius is an important cause of conjunctivitis and has recently been associated with Brazilian purpuric fever (BPF), a fulminant systemic disease of children. To gain insight into the bacterial factors involved in the pathogenesis of this disease, we investigated the surface structures and adherence properties of eight different strains of H. influenzae biogroup aegyptius, including both BPF and non-BPF isolates. All eight strains were able to express long peritrichous pili similar to those observed in H. influenzae. As in H. influenzae, piliation correlated with colony binding of human erythrocytes. However, two strains were capable of hemagglutination in the absence of pili; in these strains, hemagglutination was insensitive to protease treatment, suggesting a nonproteinaceous hemagglutinin. All strains possessed short, thin, surface fibers distinct from long pili and demonstrated efficient attachment to cultured human conjunctival cells. Attachment to conjunctival cells occurred independently of long pili or a capacity for hemagglutination.
A comparison of different magnetic methods for determining the relative grain size of magnetite in natural materials: Some results from lake sediments

Abstract A new rapid method for identifying relative grain size variations in magnetic involves the parameter anhysteretic susceptibility (χARM, i.e. specific ARM obtained in a 1 Oe steady field), which is particularly sensitive to the single domain (SD) and small pseudo-single domain (PSD) grains of the finer magnetite fraction. A second parameter, low-field susceptibility (χ), is relatively more sensitive to the coarser magnetite fraction (larger PSD and smaller multidomain (MD) grains). We can then obtain a measure of the ratio of coarse- to fine-grain magnetite for large numbers of samples by plotting χARversusχ. A simple idealized model based on sized magnetite samples is proposed to explain the use of the χARMversusχ plot for detecting relative grain-size changes in the magnetic content of natural materials. The sediments of three lakes that contain magnetite or a similar magnetic carrier and have a wide range of values of χARM and χ are used to test the model.The model is used to interpret the magnetic variations observed, and the interpretations are supported by high-field hysteresis measurements of the same sediments. The combination of the high-field hysteresis method of Day et al. [1] and the χARM vs. χ method is a powerful technique allowing the rapid identification of both the relative grain size and domain state for large numbers of samples containing magnetite. The χARMvs.χ method should be used as an intial means of identifying distinct groups of samples.The high-field hysteresis method should then be applied to a few representative samples from each group to confirm the initial interpretation.
Purification and characterization of fertility-associated antigen (FAA) in bovine seminal fluid.

Heparin-binding proteins (HBP) recognized by a monoclonal antibody (M1) are produced by male accessory sex glands and bind to distinct regions of ejaculated bull sperm. Immunoblots of sperm proteins probed with M1 identified HBP variants of approximately 31-, 24-, and 21.5-kDa that were associated with increased fertility of bulls. The purpose of this study was to identify the 31-kDa HBP known as fertility-associated antigen (FAA). FAA was isolated by heparin-affinity chromatography and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography near homogeneity. Biochemical characterization indicated that FAA was an unglycosylated, basic protein. FAA protein was detected in seminal vesicle and prostate gland homogenates, and FAA extracted from sperm membranes by treatment with hypertonic media was identical biochemically to seminal fluid-derived FAA. N-terminal sequence analysis of purified FAA yielded a 26 amino acid sequence (L K I X S F N V R S F G E S K K A G F N A M R V I V) with 73% identity to a recently identified human deoxyribonuclease (DNase) I-like protein. Two internal amino acid sequences generated from lys-C digested FAA were 85% and 92% identical to the same DNase I-like protein. In conclusion, we have identified a bovine seminal heparin-binding protein that binds to sperm and is indicative of bull fertility as being similar to the family of DNase I-like proteins. These data demonstrate the presence of a novel DNase I-like protein in bull accessory sex glands and form the groundwork for the identification of a candidate genetic marker for fertility of bulls.
Biomedical applications of tissue engineering technology: regulatory issues.

Novel emerging technologies such as tissue engineering, which utilize the approaches of molecular and cell biology, biotechnology, as well as materials science and engineering, are being used in the development of a wide range of biomedical products developed by industries regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The FDA's mission is to promote and protect the public health by ensuring the safety and effectiveness of pharmaceuticals and medical devices, including those manufactured by novel technology, as assessed by scientific principles and methods. Regulatory review is conducted on a product-by-product basis. To accomplish its mission over the wide range of products in its regulatory purview, the FDA has six centers, each staffed with the scientific and regulatory expertise to evaluate the products in the center's jurisdiction. Recent legislative and regulatory changes are designed to simplify and facilitate the administrative process for evaluating novel combination products emanating from such interdisciplinary technology as tissue engineering and to resolve questions of product regulatory jurisdiction. Under the new procedures, the FDA may designate a lead FDA center for product review based on the primary mode of action of the combination product, with additional center(s) designated to assist in the evaluation in a collaborative or consultative capacity. In addition, FDA centers have increased their cooperation and information sharing with regard to evolving interdisciplinary technology. The FDA InterCenter Tissue Engineering Initiative was established to develop information on intercenter efforts in the evaluation of tissue engineering applications and to identify areas for further consideration. The FDA InterCenter Tissue Engineering Working Group, comprised of staff from the Center for Biologies Evaluation and Research (CBER), Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), and Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) has developed a Draft Report considering recent developments in tissue engineering and scientific and regulatory issues in the product application areas. The Working Group has identified generic safety and effectiveness issues for consideration by the research and development community in its development of products. The FDA centers are using multiple approaches at their disposal in the evaluation of tissue engineered products including research, data and information monitoring, regulatory guidance, training and education, and cooperation with public and private groups.
Blood transfusions and survival after lung cancer resection.

Summary The immunosuppressive effects of blood transfusions in renal transplantation patients are now well documented. The question arises as to whether the possible immunosuppressive effects of blood transfusions in cancer patients cause a more favorable host environment for tumor growth. One hundred fifty-five patients undergoing resection for lung carcinoma were analyzed retrospectively, and it was shown that the use of blood transfusions was associated with a significant decrease in survival time in patients undergoing curative resection of lung carcinoma despite multivariate adjustments for age, sex, cell type, right lung versus left lung location, type of operation, and stage. This association supports, but does not prove, the hypothesis that blood transfusions, possibly through an immunosuppressive mechanism, are responsible for a poorer prognosis in patients who undergo resection for carcinoma of the lung.
Visual impairment and health-related quality of life among elderly adults with age-related eye diseases

Purpose To examine the association between age-related eye disease (ARED), visual impairment, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL).
Quality-of-service differentiation on the internet: a taxonomy

Internet applications and clients have very diverse service expectations, demanding for provisioning of different levels of quality of service (QoS) to multiple traffic classes on the Internet. To meet this demand, many different approaches and performance metrics have been proposed in an attempt to achieve per-class QoS differentiation in the network core, network edges, proxy and end servers. However, due to the wide variety of approaches to the problem, it is difficult to meaningfully compare different approaches since there is no uniform means for quantitatively or qualitatively evaluating them. Thus, it is hard to build upon existing work or identify areas worthy of additional efforts without understanding of the relationships between existing efforts. In this paper, a taxonomy of approaches to per-class QoS differentiation is presented in an attempt to provide a common terminology and classification mechanism necessary in addressing this problem. The taxonomy categorizes state-of-the-art QoS differentiation approaches in three dimensions. The first categorization dimension is the locations where the approaches are deployed, i.e., server, proxy and network sides. The QoS differentiation approaches are secondly categorized according to their policies, i.e., admission control, resource management, and content adaptation. The third categorization dimension is their implementation layer, i.e., application level, and kernel level. Representative QoS differentiation approaches in each category are reviewed.
Imaging of microscopic objects hidden behind a highly scattering media

Image quality of a microscopic bar chart hidden behind a slab of highly scattering media was significantly improved by incorporating a spatial filter at the back Fourier (focal) plane of the objective lens of a conventional microscope. The image quality was further improved by combining a spatial filtering with time-resolved detection.
Data General 32 Bit Computer Based Aquisition System at the Princeton University Cyclotron

A new data acquisition and analysis system based on Data General MV/10000 and MV/4000 32 bit minicomputers is being developed at Princeton. The CAMAC based system uses a Bi-Ra interface controlled by the data acquisition program ACQUIRE. The MV/4000 acquisition computer is tied via Ethernet to the MV/10000 analysis computer.
Invasive carcinoma of the vulva. Current views on diagnosis and treatment.

SUMMARY 1 An analysis of 50 patients with invasive carcinoma of the vulva seen in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Miami School of Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, from January 1, 1955, to August 1, 1965, is presented. 2 Predisposing conditions such as leukoplakia (6 patients), granulomatous disease (2 patients) and syphilis (2 patients) were noted in 10 patients (20%). Two patients were pregnant. 3 Use of the Collins test in patients with leukoplakia and other lesions of the vulva is suggested for the purpose of selecting optimum biopsy sites. 4 Radical vulvectomy, bilateral groin and/or pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed in 30 patients; in addition to ilio-femoral lymphadenectomy, pelvic exenteration was performed in 3 patients. There was one death attributed to the operation (3%). 5 Significant post-operative complications were wound breakdown in 30 (91%), rupture of the femoral artery 3 (9%), rupture of the femoral vein 1 (3%), and persistent leg oedema in 3 (9%). 6 No meaningful 5-year survival rate statistics are available, but 1-year survival rates were as follows: 4 of 11 patients with positive lymph nodes, and 16 of 22 patients with negative lymph nodes. For 40 patients with McKelvey 1-3 lesions the 1-year survival was 65%. Of 10 patients treated palliatively only, 1 survived the first year. 7 Lymphography was useful in predicting nodal metastases in 17 of 20 patients (85%). 8 No patient with negative groin nodes had positive pelvic nodes and so the wisdom of “routine” pelvic lymphade-nectomy is in doubt.
Optical properties of perfluorocyclobutyl polymers

As the interest in utilizing fluoropolymers in a greater number of value-added photonic applications continues to grow, so does the necessity for accurate and broadband characterization of their optical properties. This paper provides the canonical optical properties of the refractive index and the extinction coefficient for two perfluorocyclobutyl-based polymers over the spectral range from approximately 0.13 μm to 33 μm, including their respective Sellmeier coefficients. In addition, the data are used to compare Sellmeier versus Cauchy fits to dispersion data in order to elucidate the potential pitfalls in computing system-level design criterion, such as bandwidth.
Management of three-dimensional intrafraction motion through real-time DMLC tracking

Tumor tracking using a dynamic multileaf collimator (DMLC) represents a promising approach for intrafraction motion management in thoracic and abdominal cancer radiotherapy. In this work, we develop, empirically demonstrate, and characterize a novel 3D tracking algorithm for real-time, conformal, intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT)-based radiation delivery to targets moving in three dimensions. The algorithm obtains real-time information of target location from an independent position monitoring system and dynamically calculates MLC leaf positions to account for changes in target position. Initial studies were performed to evaluate the geometric accuracy of DMLC tracking of 3D target motion. In addition, dosimetric studies were performed on a clinical linac to evaluate the impact of real-time DMLC tracking for conformal, step-and-shoot (S-IMRT), dynamic (D-IMRT), and VMAT deliveries to a moving target. The efficiency of conformal and IMRT delivery in the presence of tracking was determined. Results show that submillimeter geometric accuracy in all three dimensions is achievable with DMLC tracking. Significant dosimetric improvements were observed in the presence of tracking for conformal and IMRT deliveries to moving targets. A gamma index evaluation with a 3%–3 mm criterion showed that deliveries without DMLC tracking exhibit between 1.7 (S-IMRT) and 4.8 (D-IMRT) times more dose points that fail the evaluation compared to corresponding deliveries with tracking. The efficiency of IMRT delivery, as measured in the lab, was observed to be significantly lower in case of tracking target motion perpendicular to MLC leaf travel compared to motion parallel to leaf travel. Nevertheless, these early results indicate that accurate, real-time DMLC tracking of 3D tumor motion is feasible and can potentially result in significant geometric and dosimetric advantages leading to more effective management of intrafraction motion. In order to visually illustrate the algorithm, a movie of MLC tracking for a conformal field has been added to the submission as EPAPS.
Interregional Migration and Racial Attitudes

Inferences from the race relations literature suggest two competing sets of hypotheses concerning the effect of interregional migration on racial attitudes. From normative theory we hypothesize that the effect of migration is symmetrical-such that migration to and from the South influence attitudes equally-and that acculturation to local attitudes is equally incomplete among South-non-South and non-South-South migrants. From the assumption that southern race norms are stronger and more important than those elsewhere, we hypothesize that the effect of migration and the completeness of acculturation will be greater among nonSouth-South than South-non-South migrants. Using data from a national sample of 2,232 white respondents, we find support for the first set of hypotheses. Our evidence suggests that there is now no difference between the strength and importance of southern and nonsouthern race norms, and that interregional migration may partially explain the convergence of regions in racial attitudes as well as the recent nationwide slowing of liberalization of racial attitudes. That racial attitudes are acquired through socialization is a commonplace in race relations literature, as is the generalization that norms supportive of intolerant racial attitudes are stronger in the southern United States than in other regions of the country (i.e., the non-South). However, interregional migration's effects on migrants' attitudes remain uncertain, and this study attempts to shed light on them. Racial Attitudes and Region The normative theory of prejudice explains that persons' racial attitudes result from their internalization of the norms of their culture (Westie 1964; see also Barth and Noel 1972; Raab and Lipset 1965; Rose 1958; Simpson and Yinger 1972; and a review in Harding et al. 1969).1 Both early and adult socialization are crucial to internalization of race norms, and when *Address correspondence to the author, Department of Sociology University Square, Gannon Unilversity, Erie, PA 16541. C 1986 The University of North Carolina Press
Some congruence properties of three well-known sequences: Two notes

Abstract The three sequences mentioned in the title are Ramanujan's τ-function, the coefficients c n of Klein, Fricke, and Shimura, and the sequence a n of Apery numbers. In the first note, it is shown that c n ≡ τ ( n )(mod 11). In the second note it is shown that for a prime p , a p +1 ≡ 25 + 60 p (mod p 2 ).
Motion Information Inferring Scheme for Multi-View Video Coding

This letter proposes a motion information inferring scheme for multi-view video coding motivated by the idea that the aspect of motion vector between the corresponding positions in the neighboring view pair is quite similar. The proposed method infers the motion information from the corresponding macroblock in the neighboring view after RD optimization with the existing prediction modes. This letter presents evaluation showing that the method significantly enhances the efficiency especially at high bit rates.
Treatment of Pediatric Hypertension

We conducted a MEDLINE search from January 1966-March 1999 to obtain information on clinical trials of treatment of pediatric hypertension. An article was selected for review if it described a randomized or nonrandomized study; randomized studies were given priority. Case reports were considered when studies were unavailable. Review articles were useful in identifying references. According to data we collected, hypertension is present in 1-3% of the pediatric population. Nonpharmacologic treatment may be effective initially in those with mild to moderate disease or as an adjunct to drug therapy. Drugs for treatment of chronic hypertension include calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, diuretics, and beta-blockers. Patient and drug characteristics determine therapy. Intravenous labetalol, nicardipine, and nitroprusside are effective for treating hypertensive emergencies.
1 Taxon sampling and inferences about diatom phylogeny

Proper taxon sampling is one of the greatest challenges to understanding phylogenetic relationships, perhaps as important as choice of optimality criterion or data type. This has been demonstrated in diatoms where centric diatoms may either be strongly supported as monophyletic or paraphyletic when analyzing SSU rDNA sequences using the same optimality criterion. The effect of ingroup and outgroup taxon sampling on relationships of diatoms is explored for diatoms as a whole and for the order Thalassiosirales. In the latter case, SSU rDNA and rbcL sequence data result in phylogenetic relationships that appear to be strongly incongruent with morphology and broadly incongruent with the fossil record. For example, Cyclotella stelligera Cleve & Grunow behaves like a rogue taxon, jumping from place to place throughout the tree. Morphological data place C. stelligera near the base of the freshwater group as sister to the extinct genus Mesodictyon Theriot and Bradbury, suggesting that it is an old, long branch that might be expected to “misbehave” in poorly sampled trees. Cyclotella stelligera and C. bodanica Grunow delimit the diameter of morphological diversity in Cyclotella, so increased sampling of intermediate taxa will be critical to resolving this part of the tree. Morphology is sampled for a much greater number of taxa and many transitional states of putative synapomorphies seem to suggest a robust morphological hypothesis. The Thalassiosirales are unstable with regards to taxon sampling in the genetic data, suggesting that perhaps the morphological hypothesis is (for now) preferable.
Cytoplasmic proteins regulating messenger RNA release from nuclei.

CYTOPLASMIC factors which regulate genetic expression have been inferred to exist from the dramatic nucleo-cytoplasmic interactions observed in cell fusion1 and nuclear transplantation2 experiments. It has been proposed3 that such factors, which are necessarily gene products, also play a major role in differentiation processes. Nucleo-cytoplasmic feedback controls operate not only at the transcriptional level, but also at the post-transcriptional level, as suggested by kinetic data on the controlled nuclear processing and utilization of both ribosomal or messenger RNA4–6 and by DNA-RNA hybridization studies7,8, which indicate that much of the potential messenger RNA confined to the nucleus of the normal cell appears in the cytoplasm of the corresponding cancer cell.
Autocorrelation of daily index returns: intraday-to-intraday versus close-to-close intervals

Abstract First-order autocorrelation coefficients of (1) daily equally-weighted open-to-open returns, (2) daily equally-weighted intraday-to-intraday returns (terminating at each of 23 successive 15-minute intervals of the trading day beginning at 10:15 a.m.), and (3) daily equally-weighted and value-weighted close-to-close returns (interval 24) are examined. A number of findings concerning the behavior of these autocorrelations are reported. First-order autocorrelation is shown to follow a crude U-shaped pattern when plotted against the time of the trading day. But there is no significant difference in the behavior of autocorrelations based on open-to-open returns and 24-hour returns terminating at 10:15 a.m. Evidence that intraday patterns in autocorrelation cannot be explained fully by trading delays also is presented.
Counselor Education on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Issues: Comparing Information and Attitude Exploration

The authors compared the effects of information-based and attitude-based interventions on counselor trainees' knowledge about and attitudes toward lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients. Analyses of variance indicated that providing information yielded higher knowledge levels than did not providing information and that the exploration of attitudes led to reporting more negative attitudes than did not exploring attitudes. The implications of the findings for counselor education and future research are discussed.
Fibrinolytic enzymes from the venoms of Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix and Crotalus basiliscus basiliscus: Cleavage site specificity towards the α-chain of fibrin

Abstract Zinc metal loproteinases with fibrinolytic activity have been isolated from the venom of Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix (fibrolase) and Crotalus basiliscus basiliscus (basiliscusfibrases 1,2 and 3). Fibrolase cleaves the Aα-chain of fibrinogen initially at a single site: Lys 413 -Leu. 414 Basiliscusfibrases 1,2 and 3 also cleave at this site as well as others. Since cleavage in Lys-Leu locations is not common among zinc metal loproteinases, we examined the degree to which the Lys-Leu bond determines cleavage specificity and cleavage rates for these enzymes. We employed the oxidized B-chain of insulin and the following synthetic octapeptides: InsA (Leu-Val-Glu-Ala-Leu-Tyr-Leu-Val) which includes the insulin β-chain sequence around the Ala 14 -Leu 15 bond (which is cleaved by all of the enzymes); InsK (Leu-Val-Glu-Lys-Leu-Tyr-Leu-Val) which is identical to InsA apart from the Ala 4 to Lys 4 substitution; and PAα (His-Thr-Glu-Lys-Leu-Val-Thr-Ser) which reproduces the sequence around the Lys 413 -Leu 414 cleavage site of the Aα-chain of fibrinogen. Results suggest that fibrolase is better adapted for cleaving the Aα-chain at the Lys 413 -Leu 414 locus and that cleavage specificity for the enzymes tested was not dictated by the Lys-Leu bond per se, but by the surrounding sequence.
Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m−2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m−2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.
Monte Carlo tool for neutron optics and neutron scattering instrument design

Unlike x-ray generators, neutron source have inherently low brightness, and care must be exerted in the design of neutron scattering instruments and their coupling to the source to ensure optimal use of the beam. We present a general, versatile Monte Carlo tool for the computer simulation of neutron optics and neutron scattering instruments that allows a user to produce computer models of an instrument and study its performance quantitatively. The Neutron Instrument Simulation Package (NISP) implements a wide range of neutron optics models to describe neutron transport (including gravity) and scattering in the elements making up the instrument. The program is freely available on the world-wide web at http://strider.lansce.lanl.gov/NISP/Welcome.html© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Why Choose Online Learning: Relationship of Existing Factors and Chronobiology

Existing research on choice of online learning utilized factors such as perceived level of control, independence, and satisfaction, yet the relationship among these factors is under-researched. Due to the value of “learning anytime,” biological factors underlying “choice of time” might provide additional insights. This article presents findings of a study with two aims: (1) investigating the relationship between previously described factors; and (2) researching the impact of a different theoretical framework, chronobiology, to provide insights in students' choices for online learning. Our research with traditional students taking online courses shows a statistically significant correlation between students' perceived independence, level of control, and satisfaction. Although there is no statistical significance between the three factors and the new factor of chronobiology, we found statistically significant results between students' chronotype and their choice of learning time for online classes. Implicat...
Action of Daptomycin on Membranes

Daptomycin is a clinically important 13 amino acid lipopeptide antibiotic. Its N-terminus is acylated with n-decanol and its C-terminal 10 amino acids form a ring. It is structurally and size-wise different from other well-known membrane-active antimicrobials. Daptomycin is known to disrupt the cytoplasmic membrane function of Gram-positive bacteria by causing leakage of potassium (and potentially other) ions, leading to the loss of membrane potential and cell death. The critical factor affecting the function of daptomycin is its interaction with negatively charged lipids such as PG in a calcium (Ca++) dependent manner. Based on previous research on cell membranes, daptomycin has been assumed to insert and aggregate in the membrane, and then to alter the membrane curvature. However these details have not been demonstrated by biophysical studies. In our aspirated GUV experiments, we found that with a DOPG-containing GUV and a sufficient concentration of Ca++, daptomycin can extract lipid molecules, and form lipid-peptide aggregations. The lipid-peptide aggregates did not occur if cardiolipin replaced PG, or if other divalent ions, such as Mg++, Ba++ replaced Ca++. Similarly, daptomycin did not bind to a GUV when cardiolipin substituted for DOPG or in the absence of Ca++. Daptomycin with Ca++ did bind to a pure DOPC GUV, but had no other effects. Furthermore, with the presence of daptomycin, DOPG and Ca++, we found Ca++ permeates into the GUV, while a content dye, Texas red dextran, did not leak out. This result suggests that daptomycin and Ca++ do not form pores on the membrane of DOPG-contained GUV, but cause leakage of ions. Finally, daptomycin with DOPG and Ca++ produces a negative exciton CD couplet centered at the 225 nm absorption peak of Trptophan1 and Kynurenine13, whereas in all other conditions, the exciton CD couplet is positive.
The effect of metabolic inhibitors on the large plaque effect with Herpes simplex virus.

—Herpes simplex virus (HSV) macroplaque strain plaque development is faster on ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated African green monkey kidney cells if viral infection is delayed for 12 h or more after cell irradiation (Coohill et al., 1980). This phenomenon has been termed the large plaque effect (LPE). Here we show that treatment of UV-irradiated cells with cycloheximide inhibits the LPE. Pretreatment of unirradiated cells with hydroxyurea, caffeine, or acetoxy-acetylaminofluorene results in faster plaque development. Treatment of UV-irradiated cells with either hydroxyurea or caffeine gave a LPE of the same magnitude as UV alone. In addition, the LPE was observed with other HSV strains—microplaque, syn-20, and KOS. Our results are consistent with the interpretation that the LPE is ‘inducible’ in African green monkey kidney cells and that inhibition of DNA synthesis is the inducing event. Possible causes of the LPE and similarities between the LPE and enhanced viral reactivation are discussed.
Intestinal perfusion of β-carotene in the ferret raises retinoic acid level in portal blood

To determine whether β-carotene (β-C) can serve as a source of intestinally-derived retinoic acid (RA), either 15,15′-[14C]β-C or unlabeled β-C was perfused through 30 cm jejunal segments of ferrets in vivo. Portal vein blood was sampled periodically via an indwelling catheter. RA was identified in portal blood by comparing retention times in HPLC, by UV absorption, and by derivatization (methylation) and subsequent GC-MS analysis. The RA concentration in the portal blood increased 3-fold with perfusion of β-C (P < 0.05), and remained at 18 nmol/L during the perfusion of β-C. The single peak of RA in HPLC was shown to consist of four separate peaks by GC-MS, which may be cis-trans isomers of RA. The concentration of RA in portal blood returned to the initial level (5 nmol/L) after a 2 h period of intestinal perfusion with 5% dextrose. Retinyl ester concentration in portal blood did not change before or after the perfusion, whereas retinol decreased significantly during the perfusion of β-C. This study clearly indicates that a considerable quantity and number of polar metabolites, including RA, are formed from β-C in the ferret intestine which are transported via the portal vein to the liver.
The catalytic activity of chemisorbed oxygen and carbon monoxide species on palladium and related metals investigated using SCF-Xα-SW calculations☆

Theoretical calculations of the electronic structure of small clusters modelling the adsorption of carbon monoxide on nickel and palladium and the adsorption of oxygen on palladium and platinum have been carried out using the SCF-Xα-SW method. Our results for the carbon monoxide-nickel clusters are in good agreement with earlier work. Comparing the carbon monoxide-nickel with the carbon monoxide-palladium results, suggests that the ordering of CO-derived cluster orbitals is the same in both cases but that the relative shifts are much different. In addition, the oxygen atom participates more significantly in the cluster containing palladium. An analysis of optical transition energies for Ni5CO and Pd5CO clusters is given and discussed in terms of experimental data regarding photodesorption of carbon monoxide. In the case of oxygen atoms in platinum and palldium clusters, we have used two different M5O geometries: one in which the five metal atoms are in a single plane and oxygen is directly over a single metal atom (Type A) and a second in which the oxygen atom is coordinated to four sur face metal atoms and is directly over a metal atom in the second layer (Type B). The levels calculated for the Pd50 type B cluster are in good agreement with available UPS data. Significant differences in type A and type B clusters are noted for palladium. The results can be correlated with experimental Auger spectroscopic and kinetic data. In particular, the type A oxygen cor relates well with an experimentally observed very reactive species, while type B oxygen cor relates well with a quite unreactive species. These two types also correlate with two species observed by Auger spectroscopy.
Applications of wavelenght-dispersive spectrometry in particle-induced X-ray emission analysis

Abstract The high-resolution cpabilities of wavelenght-dispersive spectrometry can be profitably employed in the analysis of materials containing elements which cannot be early resolved by Si(Li) spectrometers. This situation frequently arises in cases where the concentration of an element must be determined in the presence of large quanities of neighboring elements. Additional advantages are associated with the ability to resolve the K α satellite groups arising from the high degree of multiple L-shell ionization produced when heavy ions are used. Recent investigations have shown that the intensity distribution of the K α satellites is quite sensitive to both the projectile energy and the chemical composition of the sample. This energy dependence provides a new method for measuring surface layer thicknesses. The dependence on chemical environment may prove to be utilizable for the chemical characterization of substances. Examples of each of the above applications are presented and discussed.
The estimation of total measurement uncertainty in a multiple metrology tool environment

The appropriate definition and identification of total measurement uncertainty from a group of metrology tools is becoming ever important as process tolerances continue to shrink in today's data storage and semiconductor manufacturing environments. The precision-to-tolerance ratio needs to be properly defined and minimized in order to maintain capable process control. The task of identifying components contributing the total measurement uncertainty therefore poses a major challenge for both the metrology tool manufacture's and the system owners on the customer side. In this paper, two models are proposed to perform the estimation of total measurement uncertainty component and the corresponding precision-to-tolerance ratio estimation with the methodology of the analysis of variance. Two models are developed to suit the measurement characteristics difference. The first is a crossed model designed for the nondestructive measurements and the second is a nested model developed for the measurement environments where sample destruction is unavoidable. The models analyze precision components from an individual tool as well as the entire tool group so that the error from matching is accounted for. Optical overlay and CDSEM tools were both selected for study and the measurement data were used for precision analysis. The error contribution from the bias identification was performed using a CDAFM as a reference and a CDSEM as tool under test. The methodologies developed in this paper serve as a guide for the metrology tool manufacturers and tool users to systematically estimate the total measurement uncertainty and the related improvement for precise process control.
Sequential treatment of E1 stage kraft bleach plant effluent

Abstract The effluent discharge from a kraft bleach plant contains large amounts of chlorinated organics. These chlorinated organics, termed chlorolignins, are produced by chlorine addition to residual lignin in the unbleached pulp. They can be problematic in the environment, and the paper industry would prefer they not be discharged. However, effective means to destroy chlorinated organics from the bleach plant have not been developed. The objective of this study was to evaluate two flowsheets for the destruction of these chlorinated organics. The first flowsheet consisted of an RBC, on which a white rot fungus had been immobilized, followed by an anaerobic digester. The second flowsheet consisted of an aerated lagoon followed by an anaerobic digester. It was found that the fungal/anaerobic digester sequential treatment was more effective than the other treatment scheme because the fungus was able to metabolize the chlorinated organics and attack the chlorolignins thereby making them more amenable to degradation by bacteria.
Creating and Implementing an Unfolding, Multisetting Simulation in a Postbaccalaureate Nursing Program

Abstract In an effort to better prepare students for practice in a complex health care environment, a unique, unfolding, multisetting simulation was implemented in a postbaccalaureate nursing program. Through a collaborative process, instructors with varied expertise in medical–surgical, community health, and mental health nursing created scenarios that followed a single patient over time as he received community health services, hospitalization, and discharge for home care. Students were able to view the patient from the perspective of multiple nursing roles. Opportunities to address acute, chronic, and mental health care needs were key features of the simulation. This article describes the process of creating, implementing, and evaluating the unfolding, multisetting simulation.
Venous thromboembolism and atherothrombosis: an integrated approach.

Case presentation 1: A 45-year-old man with a history of obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) complicated by pulmonary embolism (PE) 12 years earlier, and non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with angioplasty and stenting of the left anterior descending coronary artery 4 years earlier presented to the emergency department with sudden onset of substernal chest pain. His ECG showed anterolateral ST-segment elevation, and emergent coronary angiography demonstrated in-stent thrombosis of his left anterior descending coronary artery (Figure 1A). Figure 1. Coronary angiography of the left coronary system, anterior-posterior cranial view. Total occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (arrow) was observed at the origin of the previously stented midsegment and was consistent with in-stent thrombosis (A). The occlusion was treated successfully with angioplasty and stenting (B). Case Presentation 2 : A 39-year-old man with a history of cigarette smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction 3 years earlier presented with progressive dyspnea and several hours of chest pressure. His ECG was unchanged, but his cardiac troponin I was elevated at 1.33 ng/mL (normal <0.1 ng/mL). Contrast-enhanced chest computed tomography demonstrated a large saddle PE (Figure 2). Figure 2. Contrast-enhanced chest computed tomography demonstrating a large saddle PE straddling the bifurcation of the main pulmonary artery and extending into the right main pulmonary artery and lobar branches (A). Extensive thrombus (arrows) occluding the left main pulmonary artery and distal right pulmonary artery branches was observed (B). Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including DVT and PE, is the third most common cardiovascular disorder after coronary artery disease and stroke. Furthermore, patients with acute coronary syndromes or stroke have an increased risk of VTE as a complication of hospitalization.1 Many risk factors for VTE, such as obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and smoking, overlap with those for atherothrombosis. Data from registry analyses and clinical …
Cultural Differences in Child Development: Navajo Adolescents in Middle Schools.

Many years ago, Margaret Mead went to Samoa at the urging of her professor, Franz Boas, to test the universality of a widely held belief about human development: that sexual maturation in adolescence produced a period of sturm und drang, of stress, anxiety, and emotional upheaval. Her analysis of the lives of teenagers in Samoa and other Pacific Island societies (Mead, 1928, 1930) indicated that, at least in some cultures, coming of age is not fraught with sexual tension and ambivalence. She suggested that while the process of biological maturation is unmistakably regular among human beings, how human beings react to that process varies according to each society.
Friction Stir Additive Manufacturing: Route to High Structural Performance

Aerospace and automotive industries provide the next big opportunities for additive manufacturing. Currently, the additive industry is confronted with four major challenges that have been identified in this article. These challenges need to be addressed for the additive technologies to march into new frontiers and create additional markets. Specific potential success in the transportation sectors is dependent on the ability to manufacture complicated structures with high performance. Most of the techniques used for metal-based additive manufacturing are fusion based because of their ability to fulfill the computer-aided design to component vision. Although these techniques aid in fabrication of complex shapes, achieving high structural performance is a key problem due to the liquid–solid phase transformation. In this article, friction stir additive manufacturing (FSAM) is shown as a potential solid-state process for attaining high-performance lightweight alloys for simpler geometrical applications. To illustrate FSAM as a high-performance route, manufactured builds of Mg-4Y-3Nd and AA5083 are shown as examples. In the Mg-based alloy, an average hardness of 120 HV was achieved in the built structure and was significantly higher than that of the base material (97 HV). Similarly for the Al-based alloy, compared with the base hardness of 88 HV, the average built hardness was 104 HV. A potential application of FSAM is illustrated by taking an example of a simple stiffener assembly.