cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavioural cues surpass habitat factors in explaining prebreeding resource selection by a migratory diving duck

Prebreeding habitat selection in birds can often be explained in part by habitat characteristics. However, females may also select habitats on the basis of fidelity to areas of previous reproductive success or use by conspecifics. The relative influences of sociobehavioural attributes versus habitat characteristics in habitat selection has been primarily investigated in songbirds, while less is known about how these factors affect habitat selection processes in migratory waterfowl. Animal resource selection models often exhibit much unexplained variation; spatial patterns driven by social and behavioural characteristics may account for some of this. We radiomarked female lesser scaup, Aythya affinis, in the southwestern extent of their breeding range to explore hypotheses regarding relative roles of habitat quality, site fidelity and conspecific density in prebreeding habitat selection. We used linear mixed-effects models to relate intensity of use within female home ranges to habitat features, distance to areas of reproductive success during the previous breeding season and conspecific density. Home range habitats included shallow water (≤118 cm), moderate to high densities of flooded emergent vegetation/open water edge and open water areas with submerged aquatic vegetation. Compared with habitat features, conspecific female density and proximity to successful nesting habitats from the previous breeding season had greater influences on habitat use within home ranges. Fidelity and conspecific attraction are behavioural characteristics in some waterfowl species that may exert a greater influence than habitat features in influencing prebreeding space use and habitat selection within home ranges, particularly where quality habitat is abundant. These processes may be of critical importance to a better understanding of habitat selection in breeding birds.
Acoustic Measurements of the Anisotropy of Dynamic Elastic and Poromechanics Moduli under Three Stress/Strain Pathways

A series of triaxial compression experiments have been conducted to investigate the effects of induced stress on the anisotropy developed in dynamic elastic and poroelastic parameters in rocks. The measurements were accomplished by utilizing an array of piezoelectric compressional and shear wave sensors mounted around a cylindrical sample of porous Berea sandstone. Three different types of applied states of stress were investigated using hydrostatic, triaxial, and uniaxial strain experiments. During the hydrostatic experiment, where an isotropic state of stress was applied to an isotropic porous rock, the vertical and horizontal acoustic velocities and dynamic elastic moduli increased as pressure was applied and no evidence of stress induced anisotropy was visible. The poroelastic moduli (Biot’s effective stress parameter, α ) decreased during the test but also with no evidence of anisotropy. The triaxial compression test involved an axisymmetric application of stress with an axial stress greater than the...
Control of adolescents' arbitrary matching-to-sample by positive and negative stimulus relations.

Abstract In Experiment 1, four developmentally delayed adolescents were taught an A-B matching-to-sample task with nonidentical stimuli: given Sample A1, select Comparison B1; given A2, select B2. During nonreinforced test trials, appropriate matching occurred when B stimuli appeared as samples and A stimuli as comparisons, i.e., the sample and comparison functions were symmetrical (B-A matching). During A-B or B-A matching test trials in which familiar samples and correct comparisons were presented along with novel comparisons, the subjects selected the correct comparisons. In tests with familiar samples and both incorrect and novel comparisons, subjects selected the novel comparisons, demonstrating control by both positive ("matching") and negative ("nonmatching") stimulus relations in A-B and B-A arrays. In Experiment 2, 12 developmentally delayed subjects were taught a two-stage arbitrary-matching task (e.g., A-B, C-B matching). Test sessions showed sample-comparison symmetry (e.g., B-A, B-C matching) and derived sample-comparison relations (e.g., A-C, C-A matching) for 11 subjects. These subjects also demonstrated control by positive and negative stimulus relations in the derived relations.
Approximately optimal spatial design approaches for environmental health data

Environmental health research considers the relationship between exposures to environmental contaminants and particular health endpoints. Due to spatial structure associated with either exposures or outcomes, spatial modeling is making rapid inroads in environmental health. Our focus in this paper is on approximately optimal spatial design in the case of one-time sampling at a large number of spatial locations. If we plan to use spatial processes in building models to analyze the data, it seems equally appropriate to use such models in developing the sampling design. For a given study region, our contribution is to develop an approximately optimal sampling strategy to learn about the spatial distribution of a contaminant across the region. Optimal design, working with a continuum of locations, is intractable so, as is customary, we presume that the region has been gridded to high resolution. The criteria we focus on, are developed from the Fisher information matrix with the goal of learning not only about the regression structure in the model but also about the dependence structure. Under a criterion that attempts to maximize information gain, we consider three strategies to develop an approximately optimal design—sequential sampling, block sampling, and stochastic search. We also discuss utility-based modification of these strategies to achieve oversampling with regard to specified objectives. We present some theoretical and empirical properties and relationships among these strategies and provide an illustrative implementation for a simulated dataset. We also describe a real application in the context of the toxics release inventory (TRI). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mitigation of pennyroyal oil hepatotoxicity in the mouse.

Objectives: Pennyroyal oil ingestion has been associated with severe hepatotoxicity and death. The primary constituent, R-(+)-pulegone, is metabolized via hepatic cytochrome P450 to toxic intermediates. The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of the specific cytochrome P450 inhibitors disulfiram and cimetidine to mitigate hepatotoxicity in mice exposed to toxic levels of R-(+)-pulegone. Methods: 20-g female BALB/c mice were pretreated with either 150 mg/kg of cimetidine intraperitoneal (IP), 100 mg/kg of disulfiram IP, or both. After one hour, mice were administered 300 mg/kg of pulegone IP and were killed 24 hours later. Data were analyzed using ANOVA. Post-hoc t-tests used Bonferroni correction. Results: There was a tendency for lower serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase in the disulfiram and cimetidine groups compared with the R-(+)-pulegone group. The differences were significant for both the cimetidine and the combined disulfram and cimetidine groups compared with the R-(+)-pulegone group. Pretreatment with the combination of disulfiram and cimetidine most effectively mitigated R-(+)-pulegone–induced hepatotoxicity. Conclusions: Within the limitations of a pretreatment animal model, the combination of cimetidine and disulfiram significantly mitigates the effects of pennyroyal toxicity and does so more effectively than either agent alone. These data suggest that R-(+)-pulegone metabolism through CYP1A2 appears to be more important in the development of a hepatotoxic metabolite than does metabolism via CYP2E1.
Neuronal multipotentiality: evidence for network representation of physiological function.

Abstract Extracellular action potentials of single neurons in motor cortex and rectified and integrated electromyographic activity (EMG) of gastrocnemius and anterior tibialis were recorded while a monkey performed isometric ankle plantar and dorsal flexion tasks. This study determined the consistency of neuronal behaviors across different tasks. Methods characterized neuronal behaviors by determining which behavioral event within a single task, such as the appearance of the ‘go’ signal, force onset, or agonist and antagonist EMG onset, was best related to changes in neuronal activity. Another method compared the temporal profiles of discharge modulation across different tasks. Of 220 neurons recorded, 44 were selected because they were consistently active in the tasks. Of these, 37 were in the precentral cortex and the remaining seven were in the postcentral cortex. Only 14 of the 33 in motor cortex were consistent in their behavioral correlations. Several had multiple changes in activity within a single task that were related to different behavioral events. Half were consistent for direction of force and a third were consistent for magnitude of force. Furthermore, there was little consistency in the temporal profiles of discharge activity for all 44 neurons across tasks. Similar modulations of discharge activity among neurons in one task were different in another task. Such inconsistencies are evidence against the cardinal cell hypothesis of physiological representation. We offer a new hypothesis analogous to connectionism in parallel distributed processing.
The role of physically active leisure for enhancing quality of life.

Drawing upon bottom-up theory of life satisfaction, this study develops and tests a model that links physically active leisure to people's quality of life. Results from a sample of 827 running event participants revealed that satisfaction with event participation and psychological involvement in running were significant predictors of participants’ life domain satisfaction and overall life satisfaction, both of which are common subjective indicators of quality of life. Conversely, behavioral involvement in running was a non-significant predictor of life domain satisfaction and overall life satisfaction. These findings suggest that physically active leisure may enhance participants’ quality of life by providing positive experiences through event participation and contributing to psychological involvement in physical activity.
Radiation target analyses of free and immobilized glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Abstract The sensitivity of the enzyme glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase to ionizing radiation was examined under several conditions, including the presence of several free-radical scavengers. The enzyme was also irradiated when covalently bound to polyacrylamide beads whose structure is very similar to the polypeptide backbone of proteins. All the enzyme forms were irradiated in the frozen state with high-energy electrons from a linear accelerator. Surviving enzyme activity and surviving monomers were determined; the data were analyzed by target theory. Free-radical scavengers reduced the radiation target size of both the activity and monomers of the free enzyme, but not that of the immobilized enzyme activity. The target size of the activity of the free enzyme was that of a dimer mass, but in the case of the immobilized enzyme it was equal to the smaller mass of the monomer. Free-radical scavengers reduce the target size by modifying radiation energy transfer. The target size of the polyacrylamide-bound enzyme activity was expected to be very large since the connection between polyacrylamide and protein is a peptide bond which permits transfer of radiation-deposited energy. Several explanations concerning energy transfer are suggested for this result.
Enzymatic sulfation of steroids. VIII. Control of hepatic cortisol sulfation and glucocorticoid sulfotransferases of rats by the pituitary gland.

Hypophysectomy affects hepatic cortisol sulfotransferaseactivity (HCSA) differently in male and female rats.Within a sex, its effects are independent of whether the operationis performed on immature or adult rats. In males, examined24–43 days after surgery, hypophysectomy had no major effecton HCSA. In females, HCSA decreased to 30–50% or 8–25% ofthat in controls by 15–26 or 40–57 days after surgery. HCSA is due to three glucocorticoid sulfotransferases: STI,STII, and STIII. In intact males, STII and STIII comprise10–25% and 75-90% of the HCSA. The much greater amount ofHCSA in intact females is due to the presence of roughly equalamounts of all three enzymes. Diminished HCSA in short termhypophysectomized (hypoxed) females is due to decreased STIIand STIII activity. STI is relatively unaffected. In the longerexperiments, fill three enzyme activities were greatly diminished.Since these latter effects of hypophysectomy approximate thosewe obtained in an earlier study of adrenalectomized animals,pituitary c...
The personalization of security selection: An application of fuzzy set theory

Abstract We apply the theory of fuzzy subsets to the multiple objective decision problem of stock selection. We allow our objectives to have varying degrees of importance. We discuss various criteria used in selecting stocks. We indicate some procedures for subjectively evaluating the membership functions associated with these criteria.
KRAS2 oncogene overexpression in myelodysplastic syndrome with translocation 5;12.

The factors that initiate and maintain the abnormal hematopoietic clone in the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) remain largely unknown. We describe a patient with MDS associated with an abnormal karyotype, 46,XY,t(5;12)(q31;p12). According to the FAB cooperative group classification, the patient was classified as chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Because of the particular chromosomal translocation, the structure-function relationship of three genes relevant to the translocation breakpoints, CSF2, FMS, and KRAS2, was studied in bone marrow and peripheral blood lymphocytes in this patient. No major structural alterations were observed at these three genetic loci. Although the levels of expression of the CSF2 and FMS genes remained unaltered, the KRAS2 oncogene was overexpressed approximately six-fold in bone marrow cells from the MDS patient compared with normal donors. We postulate that the RAS oncogene activation may be instrumental in the genesis of MDS.
Testing Explanatory Models of Dowry: A Reply to Schlegel

Dickemann, Mildred 1991 Women, Class, and Dowry. American Anthropologist 93:944-946. Gaulin, StevenJ. C., and James S. Boster 1990 Dowry as Female Competition. American Anthropologist 92:994-1005. 1991 Dowry and Female Competition: A Reply to Dickemann. American Anthropologist 93:946-948. Netting, Robert M. 1981 Balancing on an Alp: Ecological Change and Continuity in a Swiss Mountain Community. New York: Cambridge University Press. Schlegel, Alice 1991 Status, Property, and the Value on Virginity. American Ethnologist 18:719734.
Evidence for autonomous pituitary-adrenal function in the near-term fetal rhesus (Macaca mulatta).

Adrenal corticosteroidogenesis was studied in vivo in 7 rhesus fetuses of 150–156 days conceptual age (term = 166 days). Cortisol was the most abundant steroid in fetal adrenal vein effluent. Intact fetuses secreted cortisol at rates ranging from 0.060–0.165 μg/min/100 mg left adrenal. Decapitation of fetuses always resulted in a progressive decline in the secretion rate of cortisol. The injection of ACTH into decapitated fetuses always stimulated a rise in cortisol secretion to levels comparable with those of intact fetuses stimulated with ACTH. However, constant infusion of maximally stimulating quantities of ACTH into the mothers did not increase cortisol production by the adrenal glands of decapitated fetuses. These data support the hypotheses that ACTH does not cross the rhesus placenta and that the near-term rhesus fetus has autonomous pituitary-adrenal function. (Endocrinology 91: 1037, 1972)
Breathing measurement reduces false-negative classification of tachypneic preextubation trial failures.

Objectives : There is increased awareness of imposed work of breathing contributing to apparent ventilatory dependency. This study evaluates the impact of tachypnea as an indicator of ventilatory failure during a room air-5 cm H 2 O continuous positive airway pressure, spontaneous breathing, preextubation trial when associated with increased imposed work of breathing. Design : Prospective, descriptive, 1-yr data collection. Setting : University hospital trauma intensive care unit (ICU). Patients : Mechanically ventilated trauma ICU patients surviving to discharge. Intervention : Patients were weaned to minimal mechanical ventilator support and underwent a 20-min room air-continuous positive airway pressure preextubation trial (FIO 2 = 0.21, continuous positive airway pressure = 5 cm H 2 O [0.5 kPa]). When passed (Pao 2 >55 torr [≥7.3 kPa], Paco 2 ≤45 torr [≤6.0 kPa] with prior eucapnea, arterial pH ≥7.35, respiratory rate ≤30 breaths/min), extubation followed. If patients failed due to hypoxemia, ventilatory support resumed. If tachypnea was the reason for failure, work of breathing was measured. If patient work of breathing was ≤1.1 joule/L, extubation proceeded despite tachypnea. If patient work of breathing was >1.1 joule/L, imposed work of breathing was measured, and if residual physiologic work of breathing (patient work of breathing minus imposed work of breathing) was ≤0.8 joule/L, patients were extubated. Measurements and Main Results : Of 589 extubations, 105 (18%) were classified as false negatives based on a preextubation rate of >30 breaths/min. Of these, 97 were successfully extubated despite tachypnea ranging from 32 to 56 breathslmin, when combined with either a patient work of breathing ≤1.1 joule/L or physiologic work of breathing ≤0.8 joule/L. The rate of extubation failure within 72 hrs was 7.8% (8/105) in the tachypneic group, compared with 7.9% (38/484) for those patients with a respiratory rate of ≤30 breaths/min. Some of the stimulus for the tachypnea was possibly due to increased imposed work of breathing, as the increased respiratory rate usually abated within 18 hrs after extubation. The reliance on a respiratory rate of ≤30 breaths/min as an absolute preextubation criterion would have resulted in a sensitivity of 82%, a specificity of 17%, a positive predictive value of 92%, a negative predictive value of 8%, and an overall accuracy of 77%. The average duration of mechanical ventilation during the study period decreased by 2 days, from 8.6 to 6.3 days (p =.03). Conclusions : Tachypnea as a marker of respiratory distress is sensitive, but is not sufficiently specific to be used as a criterion in preextubation trials. Reliance on tachypnea as a preextubation trial failure criterion is likely to prolong intubation and ventilatory support for a large number of patients. Patient risks, determined by the extubation failures and reintubation rate, are the same.
The record of Tung-shan

Another of the few books of those Zen Masters. This Master is also unusual in that Dogen claimed his lineage, but you will not find any zazen meditation in the pages of this book, only the Original Mind of Zen transmission.
A simulation program for the analysis of on-orbit Space Station maintenance and logistics operations

This paper describes the analysis approach adopted by NASA's Space Station Maintenance Planning and Analysis (MPA) Study and focuses on the development and use of a simulation program called Simulation of Manned Space System Logistics Support (SIMSYLS) for modeling the Space Station operations environment. The basic assumptions and groundrules used in the development of SIMSYLS are presented, including its capabilities, limitations and samples of analyses performed. Finally, a proposed simulation outgrowth entitled Space Applications System Simulation (SASS) is described. SIMSYLS will constitute the foundation for SASS which will provide a full system operational RAM analysis tool for Space Station and its logistics support environment.
Mechanical Performance Analysis of Axially Loaded Active Fiber Composites

Active fiber composites (AFCs) or macro fiber composites (MFCs) are often subjected to external loads and mechanical deformations. Furthermore, demands from industry for sensors and actuators with higher quality and better performance for specific applications have lead the researchers to design piezoelectric systems with optimal configurations to enhance the performance of such actuators and sensors. Therefore, it is important to investigate the mechanical performance of the individual AFCs/MFCs that exist in different geometrical configurations with alternative constituent materials. Here in this work, analytical exact solutions for effective mechanical properties of AFCs/MFCs are derived and then used to obtain the analytical exact solutions for displacements, strains and stresses induced in axially loaded AFCs/MFCs, which is the most common loading condition, i.e., tension/compression, that exist for such structures. In our study, constituent materials are considered orthotropic and two different geometries, i.e., AFCs/MFCs with circular and rectangular cross-sections, are investigated. For the given material properties, the displacement, strain, and stress results, corresponding to an axially applied external load are obtained in the domain of each constituent for both AFC/MFC geometrical configurations. To verify the analytical exact solution, 3-dimensional finite element analysis is performed and then the results obtained from both techniques are compared where excellent agreement was achieved.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Quinine potently blocks single K+ channels activated by dopamine D-2 receptors in rat corpus striatum neurons

In single channel recordings from acutely dissociated neurons of the rat corpus striatum, a membrane K+ channel which is activated by dopamine D-2 receptors was blocked by nanomolar concentrations of quinine. An intermittent partial blockade was observed at 4-10 nM quinine, with a voltage dependence consistent with quinine binding to the channel near the extracellular surface of the membrane. A nearly complete blockade of channel current was observed at 100 nM quinine and above. Such concentrations are known to be too low to block various other ion channels, and may be attained in human brain at antimalarial dosages of quinine. Blockade of this channel by quinine may provide a useful experimental probe of dopaminergic function, as an alternative to D-2 receptor binding site blockade by neuroleptics.
Clinical Considerations for Conducting Child-Parent Psychotherapy with Young Children with Developmental Disabilities Who Have Experienced Trauma

Child-Parent Psychotherapy (CPP) is an evidence-based treatment for children age 0-5 who have experienced at least one traumatic event and/or are experiencing mental health, attachment, and/or behavioral problems. Harley, Williams, Zamora, & Lakatos (2014) use a case study approach to examine the utility of CPP for working with children with developmental disabilities. They share specific ways in which the model can be tailored for this population. In this commentary, we reflect on their work with James, a 14-month old Latino boy with global delays related to a stroke he suffered after surgery for a congenital heart defect, and Juan, a 6 year, 2 month old boy diagnosed as autistic who has also experienced multiple traumas. We highlight interventions that address core CPP goals and discuss the need to address four key topic areas when conducting CPP with children with disabilities: 1) the importance of addressing risks that present within the caregiver-child relationship, including caregivers’ unresolved grief; 2) the potential for the caregiver or child’s history of trauma to contribute to challenges in the child and caregiver’s functioning; 3) the importance of working as part of an interdisciplinary team to coordinate care and better address the complex needs of families; and 4) the importance of applying a socio-cultural lens in every aspect of the work.
Clinical and hemodynamic effects of cortisone in patients with rheumatic heart disease and congestive heart failure.

Abstract 1. 1. The clinical and hemodynamic effects of cortisone were studied in a group of 6 patients having rheumatic heart disease, pulmonary congestion, and right heart failure. Three patients had mitral stenosis; the other 3 had mitral stenosis and insufficiency, and 2 of the latter had left ventricular enlargement. 2. 2. Clinical evaluation and right heart catheterization were performed before and at variable periods of time (25 to 63 days in 5 patients, and 8 months in 1 patient) during steroid therapy. 3. 3. Four patients had slight improvement in cardiovascular hemodynamics characterized by decreases in pulmonary artery, pulmonary “wedge,” and/or right ventricular end-diastolic pressures without significant changes in cardiac output while on cortisone therapy. In 3 of these patients plasma volumes decreased. In 2 patients symptomatic improvement in cardiac status occurred. In 3 patients body weights decreased; in 1 patient there was a gain of 15 pounds, which probably represented an increase in tissue mass. 4. 4. Two patients had deterioration in cardiovascular hemodynamics characterized by increases in pulmonary artery, pulmonary “wedge,” and/or right ventricular end-diastolic pressures without any significant changes in cardiac output. In one of these patients, plasma volume increased; it was not measured in the other patient. Subjective improvement was noted in one patient. Body weights increased in both patients. 5. 5. Possible mechanisms by which cortisone could have influenced cardiovascular hemodynamics are discussed.
Plant guild composer: an interactive online system to support back yard food production

Motivated by climate change and food insecurity in the U.S., we built a prototype of an online computer aided design tool to support the design and creation of back yard agricultural ecosystems. The goal of the project is to help people grow their own food. The demonstration at CHI 2014 highlights the full interaction flow of the user experience.
Global signatures of protein and mRNA expression levels

Cellular states are determined by differential expression of the cell’s proteins. The relationship between protein and mRNA expression levels informs about the combined outcomes of translation and protein degradation which are, in addition to transcription and mRNA stability, essential contributors to gene expression regulation. This review summarizes the state of knowledge about large-scale measurements of absolute protein and mRNA expression levels, and the degree of correlation between the two parameters. We summarize the information that can be derived from comparison of protein and mRNA expression levels and discuss how corresponding sequence characteristics suggest modes of regulation.
Generation and measurement of 200 femtosecond optical pulses

Abstract Pulses as short as 0.2 ps have been obtained from a passively mode locked dye laser. The technique is simpler than those previously used, but one must pay the price of a loss of tunability. The pulse durations were determined from their second order correlation functions measured with a highly stable interferometer which is described.
Prediction of radio structure in the two largest redshift QSOs

The radio spectral data of OH471 and OQ172 are shown in a graph along with decompositions of the spectra into canonical self-absorbed synchrotron components. The minimum number of canonical components consistent with the data is used. Theoretically expected angular radii and time scales are presented in a table. The estimation of the angular size of a compact radio source with known spectral form rests upon the establishment of its maximum brightness temperature.
The Leontief Dynamic Generalized Inverse

I. Introduction, 641 — II. Leontief's dynamic multisector economy, 641 — III. A dynamic generalized inverse solution, 642 — IV. Initial conditions, 642 — V. Extremal solutions, 646 — VI. Concluding remarks, 648 — Appendix, 648.
RECONSTRUCTING THE THERMAL AND SPATIAL FORM OF A SOLAR FLARE FROM SCALING LAWS AND SOFT X-RAY MEASUREMENTS

The thermal and spatial structure of individual solar flares can be modeled from full-disk soft X-ray measurements by invoking scaling laws that provide a theoretical relationship between certain thermal properties of the flare, its X-ray light curve, and its size and shape. The well-known scaling law, often called RTV after the authors Rosner, Tucker, & Vaiana, relates the flare loop length L, the maximum (loop-top) temperature Tm, and the internal pressure p. In the present analysis GOES soft X-ray data (two channels) are used to derive two diagnostic parameters, Ta and , which can then be used to compute Tm and p. Ta is the temperature obtained from the observed integrated X-ray flux; is the emission measure. The operation to compute Tm and p has a unique solution only when a representative value of the loop length, L, is available. Another scaling law by Hawley and coworkers and Metcalf & Fisher relates L to the flare rise and decay times, τr and τd. This law, calibrated against measured loops from Yohkoh SXT imagery, can provide an initial estimate of the loop length. We demonstrate that the character of individual flares can be inferred from nonimaged, full-disk soft X-ray measurements in combination with scaling laws: the X-ray light curve is used to estimate the length dimension from the rise and decay times, and discrete X-ray measurements are used to compute the macro thermal and spatial structure at any selected time during the decay.
Correlation Effects in Two-Electron Model Atoms in Intense Laser Fields

We report an efficient implementation of a spatial two-zone method for solving Schrodinger’s equation numerically, using a canonical basis set decomposition, and also its application to two-electron wave functions in a study of double multiphoton ionization. We make the first calculation of the time-dependent degree of electron correlation for this poorly understood process. Our results show a particularly sensitive window of intensities coinciding exactly with the well-known “knee” regime in ion-count data.
GSR and corticosteroid response in monkeys with frontal ablations

Abstract The GSR deficit produced by lesions of the dorsolateral frontal cortex was examined under several conditions. Except in presence of movement no GSR was recorded from “frontal” animals in response to a novel stimulus, to one presented in a shock associated environment, or to a stimulus repeatedly paired with shock. This absence of response contrasted with apparently normal EGG desynchronization to the novel stimulus and a resistance change of normal amplitude in response to electric shock. The corticosteroid response to shock and to shock associated environment was measured. Under all conditions the total change in steroid level was the same for both groups. However, the lesioned animals did show markedly elevated steroid levels two weeks after the initial shock session, and demonstrated a different pattern of response within the individual sessions.
Subband prescreening of foliage-penetrating SAR imagery

In this paper we present the results of an empirical study investigating subband prescreener detection. The prescreener is used with ultra-wideband foliage penetrating synthetic aperture radar imagery. Our results demonstrate that, for the selected set of computationally simple features, lower resolution imagery can be used at the early detection stages. We also present initial multiband detection results. These results indicate that a combination of lower resolution subbands can be used in a fast prescreening algorithm without appreciable performance loss when compared to the fullband detector.
Therapeutic Considerations in Individuals at Clinical Risk for Developing Psychosis

In the last two decades, increased focus has been placed on earlier identification and treatment of psychotic illness in an effort to prevent illness onset and/or long-term sequelae of schizophrenia. Typically, a 16- or 17-year-old young man or woman is referred to our clinic by a mental health provider who has noted thought disorder (referential thoughts, suspiciousness) in addition to depression and/or anxiety. The individual is usually someone who has stopped socializing with friends, has poor grades, has experimented with illicit substances (frequently cannabis), endorses unusual beliefs, but maintains insight. We begin by obtaining a thorough history, including collateral sources such as family and school counselors and a medical history to rule out any organic causes. Oftentimes there is a family history of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, traumatic childhood, and at times a history of social discomfort and bullying. It is not uncommon for our clients to endorse depression and social anxiety in addition to prepsychotic perceptual abnormalities. In our clinic, we use a multimodal risk-reduction approach that matches the risks of illness with risks and benefits of prescribed treatment. For instance, in early-stage patients, we encourage low-risk treatments including cognitive behavior therapy, social skills training, cognitive training, family-focused psychotherapy, relaxation techniques, and neuroprotective agents such as omega-3 fatty acids. Antidepressants are used for prominent neurovegetative symptoms, although they are used with caution, as some individuals meeting criteria for prodromal psychosis, or clinical high-risk criteria, go on to develop bipolar spectrum disorders. Low-dose atypical antipsychotic treatments are reserved for patients closer to psychotic transition. All patients, regardless of stage of illness, are encouraged to optimize physical activity and to abstain from illicit substance use. Looking toward the future, we hope to obtain a biomarker profile (blood tests, neurocognitive, neuroimaging, and neurophysiological assessment) in each patient at the outset which, combined with clinical factors, will guide individualized treatment.
EXAFS studies of the microstructure of semiconductor alloys, defects, and metal-semiconductor interfaces

Abstract Recent applications of EXAPS spectroscopy are discussed: (1) Fe impurities implanted into Si occupy a distorted tetrahedral interstitial site where the first coordination shell expands about the impurity atom and the second shell contracts : (2) the local MnSe and ZnSe bond lengths in the diluted magnetic semiconductor Zn 1−x Mn x Se are constant within ∼0.01A even though the lattice constant as determined by x-ray diffraction varies by approximately 0.2 A and the system undergoes a structural phase change; (3) the ferroelectric phase transition in Pb 1−x Ge x Te has an order-disorder as well as displacive character; and (4) preliminary results show the feasibility of non-destructive measurement of a “buried” Al GaAs interface.
Anharmonic and screening corrections to the melting of a two-dimensional charged colloidal crystal

The Kosterlitz-Thouless-Halperin-Nelson-Young theory of melting is applied to a two-dimensional charged colloidal crystal. The renormalization of elastic constants due to anharmonic and dislocation pair-screening effects is calculated. For colloidal spheres ('polyballs') suspended in a thin film of water confined between two glass plates whose surfaces are highly charged, as in recent experimental configurations, the corrections to the harmonic results simply require an altered effective polyball charge to reproduce virtually the identical melting curve of the harmonic approximation (which agrees well with experiment). The effect on the melting curve of added salt is also calculated; the corresponding experiments have yet to be performed. For a film between uncharged surfaces the anharmonic correction again softens the lattice significantly. Dislocation pair screening causes an additional but minor reduction of the elastic constants. Neither correction eliminates a nonmelting behavior characteristic of the two-dimensional screened Coulomb system in this configuration.
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY(CMI) TO CYTOMEGALOVIRUS(CMV) INFECTION IN MICE

The suppression of CMI during some acute viral infections, including CMV infections, has been postulated to account for the persistence of these viruses in humans and experimental animals. We have developed an experimental animal model in C3H mice to study CMI during this viral infection. The response of splenic lymphocytes from murine CMV(MCMV) infected mice to phytoheraagglutinin(PHA) and lipopolysaccharide(LPS) was suppressed during the acute phase of the infection with maximal suppression on day 4 (25% of control for PHA and 28% of control for LPS) and returned to normal by day 15 The mixed lymphocyte reaction(MLR) of splenic lymphocytes from infected animals was suppressed to 38% of control on day 2, to 9% on day 4, and returned to normal by day 15 In contrast, lymphocytes responded to MCMV-infected syngeneic mouse fibroblasts(MEF) by day 2 incorporating 52, 183±99866 CPM of 3H-thymidine compared to 23, 587±3909 CPM with uninfected MEF. The response to infected MEF increased to 132,560±22,739 CPM by day 10 These data show that lymphocytes responsive to MCMV antigen are generated at the same time that suppression of the response to mitogens and the MLR is observed. These data suggest that the use of non-specific lymphocyte reactions as an index of CMI may provide misleading information and that the suppressions of such reactions may be a result of the regulation of the specific immune response of the host to the viral infection rather than to direct immunosuppressive effects of the virus itself.
Polyamine Biosynthesis in Human Fetal Liver and Brain

Extract: S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase specific activity in fetal (9.0–25.0 cm crown-rump length) human liver was 20-fold greater than in mature human liver, both in the absence of putrescine (63.1 ± 7.2 versus 3.5 ± 0.8 pmol CO2/mg protein/30 min) or in the presence of putrescine (116.9 ± 8.2 versus 6.2 ± 1.0 pmol CO2/mg protein/30 min). Extracts of fetal human brain did not have a significantly greater specific activity of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase than extracts of mature human brain when assayed in the absence of putrescine and had less when assayed in the presence of putrescine (84.7 ± 14.9 versus 175.5 ± 30.6 pmol CO2/mg protein/30 min). Ornithine decarboxylase specific activity was greater in fetal liver than in mature liver (8.8 ± 1.6 versus 1.1 ±0.3 pmol CO2/mg protein/30 min) and 20-fold greater in fetal brain than in mature brain (71.2 ± 12.1 versus 3.1 ± 1.4 pmol CO2/mg protein/30 min). The concentration of putrescine was threefold greater in fetal human liver than in mature human liver (21.6 ± 2.7 versus 6.5 ± 0.5 μmol/100 g) and eightfold greater in fetal human brain than in mature human brain (42.9 ± 2.3 versus 5.5 ± 0.6 μmol/100 g). The concentration of spermidine was fourfold greater in fetal human liver than in mature human liver (81.2 ±1.6 versus 21.4 ± 1.2 μmol/100 g), but its concentration in fetal human brain was not different from that in mature human brain. Spermine concentration was greater in fetal human liver than in mature human liver (107.3 ± 2.4 versus 70.7 ± 6.8 μmol/100 g) and greater in fetal human brain than in mature human brain (30.7 ±1.8 versus 22.1 ±0.9 μmol/100 g). Speculation: The pathway of methionine metabolism in human fetal liver and brain is adapted to conserve the sulfur of homocysteine by delayed development of the trans-sulfuration of homocysteine to cysteine. This adaptation may implement RNA synthesis, as well as protein synthesis and DNA synthesis.
Amino terminal peptides of RNA phage proteins synthesized in the cell free system.

Abstract The amino terminal peptides of the proteins coded by the RNA of several RNA phages have been isolated and sequenced. The peptides, labeled with 14C amino acids, were isolated from an E. coli in vitro system primed with bacteriophage RNA, after enzymatic digestion of the in vitro made proteins. The amino terminal peptides were identified by coelectrophoresis with peptides isolated from an identical in vitro system in which only F-met -tRNA was labeled. The identification of the amino acids present in each peptide and their sequence was elucidated relying solely on the label.
Advanced step nonlinear model predictive control for air separation units

Cryogenic air separation units constitute an integral part of many industrial processes and next generation power plants. These units are characterized by fluctuating operating conditions to respond to changing product demands. The dynamics of these transitions are highly nonlinear and energy-intensive. Consequently, nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) based on rigorous dynamic models is essential for high performance in these applications. Currently, the implementation of NMPC controllers is limited by the computational complexity of the associated on-line optimization problems. In this work, we make use of the so-called advanced step NMPC controller to overcome these limitations. We demonstrate that this sensitivity-based strategy reduces the on-line computational time to just a single CPU second, while incorporating a highly detailed dynamic air separation unit model. Finally, we demonstrate that the controller can handle nonlinear dynamics over a wide range of operating conditions.
The Earliest Spanish Christian Views of Islam

Twenty-five years ago, in the first of three now well-known lectures, R. W. Southern noted the “extremely slow penetration of Islam as an intellectually identifiable fact in Western minds.” Southern attributed this delay to the distance that separated Latin Christians from the Muslims. In the case of the northern Europeans, this distance was physical. After Poitiers, the military threat posed by Islam receded and assumed its place as only one among many peripheral challenges to the authority of the Carolingians and their successors. For the Christians of Spain, who lived within the boundaries of Islam, the distance was psychological. Out of their fear of cultural absorption, they closed their minds to the new religion and reacted with hostility against it. As a result, according to Southern, the first generations of Latin ecclesiastics who were in a position to assess Islam either did not bother to comprehend it or did so using only the most distorted information available, depending on which side of the Pyrenees they lived on.
Resorption of Residual Ridges (RRR) in Rats

The post-extraction resorption of residual ridges (RRR) is a major and largely unsolved health problem, probably of multifactorial etiology. In order for one to study the role of specific factors in the pathophysiology of RRR, the use of animal models is desirable. The purpose of this study was to establish a reliable animal model and a standardized assay system to measure RRR for future experiments. A new oblique cephalometric device was designed to take pairs of xeroradiographs on the right and left sides of the rat skull and mandible at a 45-degree angle to the horizontal plane. Preliminary studies confirmed the reproducibility of the technique. All molars were extracted with minimal trauma from the right maxilla and mandible in five male Sprague-Dawley rats (40 days old). Longitudinal cephalographic examinations were performed before and immediately after extraction and at two, four, eight, and 12 weeks after extraction. Alveolar bone resorption was measured on enlarged cephalographs (5.7 X) at a point mesial to the mandibular first molar. Sequential mean bone resorption was 0.8 +/- 0.2 mm (S.D.), 1.0 +/- 0.3, 1.3 +/- 0.3, and 1.5 +/- 0.4, respectively. Graphically, these findings produced bone loss curves similar to those observed in man. These results indicate that the rat model may be utilized in longitudinal studies of the resorption of the residual ridge.
Linear prediction and projection of pure absorption lineshapes in two-dimensional FTESR correlation spectroscopy

Abstract New ESR experiments based on techniques of two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy have been shown to be useful in the determination of magnetization transfer rates in motionally narrowed nitroxides. Spectral enhancement based upon linear prediction with singular value decomposition (LPSVD) is applied in the present work to project 2D absorption lineshapes and to dramatically improve the signal/noise ratio. Heisenberg spin exchange rates obtained from volume integrals of LPSVD-projected 2D absorption lineshapes compare well with those obtained from absolute value peak amplitudes in the case of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone-N-oxyl-d16 (pd-tempone) dissolved in toluene-d8 (where theory predicts that the two should agree).
Differential and trajectory methods for time course gene expression data

Motivation: The issue of high dimensionality in microarray data has been, and remains, a hot topic in statistical and computational analysis. Efficient gene filtering and differentiation approaches can reduce the dimensions of data, help to remove redundant genes and noises, and highlight the most relevant genes that are major players in the development of certain diseases or the effect of drug treatment. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficiency of parametric (including Bayesian and non-Bayesian, linear and non-linear), non-parametric and semi-parametric gene filtering methods through the application of time course microarray data from multiple sclerosis patients being treated with interferon-β-1a. The analysis of variance with bootstrapping (parametric), class dispersion (semi-parametric) and Pareto (non-parametric) with permutation methods are presented and compared for filtering and finding differentially expressed genes. The Bayesian linear correlated model, the Bayesian non-linear model the and non-Bayesian mixed effects model with bootstrap were also developed to characterize the differential expression patterns. Furthermore, trajectory-clustering approaches were developed in order to investigate the dynamic patterns and inter-dependency of drug treatment effects on gene expression. Results: Results show that the presented methods performed significant differently but all were adequate in capturing a small number of the potentially relevant genes to the disease. The parametric method, such as the mixed model and two Bayesian approaches proved to be more conservative. This may because these methods are based on overall variation in expression across all time points. The semi-parametric (class dispersion) and non-parametric (Pareto) methods were appropriate in capturing variation in expression from time point to time point, thereby making them more suitable for investigating significant monotonic changes and trajectories of changes in gene expressions in time course microarray data. Also, the non-linear Bayesian model proved to be less conservative than linear Bayesian correlated growth models to filter out the redundant genes, although the linear model showed better fit than non-linear model (smaller DIC). We also report the trajectories of significant genes---since we have been able to isolate trajectories of genes whose regulations appear to be inter-dependent. Availability: SAS, R and WinBugs codes are available upon request from the authors. Contact: yliang@buffalo.edu
Quantitatively-reliable analytic approximation for the single atom HHG spectrum

A quantitatively-reliable analytic approximation for the single atom (described by an effective single electron potential) HHG spectrum is given, opening the route to the first absolute ab-initio quantitative prediction of experimental HHG intensities.
Static and Dynamic Displacements in α-Phase FeCr

A single crystal of α-Fe0.47Cr0.53 was annealed at 1100K, 5K above the a-phase transition temperature, for four days and then water quenched. A detailed investigation using X-ray synchrotron radiation was previously carried out to study the short-range order and static displacements in this alloy. The phonon dispersion curves, studied here by inelastic neutron scattering, appear typical of bcc alloys and the phonon groups are observed to be significantly broadened in the vicinity of the dip at ξ=2/3 in the longitudinal [ξ ξ ξ] phonon dispersion. In this paper we explore the possibility that nearly random concentration fluctuations and an extremely small difference in the atomic sizes, together with an appropriate lattice response function, can nonetheless produce elastic diffuse scattering indicative of a new phase.