cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Under Pressure: Applying Practice-Based Learning and Improvement to the Treatment of Chronic Neuropathic Pain in Patients with Burns

Chronic neuropathic pain after burn injury may have multiple causes, such as direct nerve injury, nerve compression, or neuroma formation, and can significantly impair quality of life and limit functional recovery. Management includes a team-based approach that involves close collaboration between occupational and physical therapists, plastic surgeons, and experts in chronic pain, from neurology, anesthesia, psychiatry, and physiatry. Carefully selected patients with an anatomic cause of chronic neuropathic pain unequivocally benefit from surgical intervention. Self-reflection and analysis yield improvement in both efficiency and effectiveness when managing patients with burns with chronic neuropathic pain.
Sharing Culture: On definitions, values, and emergence:

Sharing practices have increased over the last decade as a byproduct of the economic recession and the wider use of online services, creating the hype of ‘Sharing Economy’. However, sharing economy as defined today includes contradictory cases of renting, sharing, commoning, collaboration, solidarity, and typical businesses. This article focuses on cases that outline sharing as an act that facilitates a transition of urban communities towards places that are socially interactive and resourceful. Those practices are defined as ‘Sharing Culture’. Sharing culture relates to social networks that grow informally within a region and have as their goal to co-produce, manage and share resources, time, services, knowledge, information, and support based on solidarity rather than economic profit. Ultimately, sharing culture creates an alternative pathway for citizens to serve daily needs in a more sustainable, resourceful, and socially engaging manner by investing in regional and local assets. Because sharing cultu...
Annual Review of Physiology, 2017

The personal reflections of a scientist, which has been part of so many earlier Annual Reviews of Physiology , is missing in this particular volume. I found that disappointing – there is something about being taken along a life’s journey, sharing the pain, tribulations and ultimate triumph that has marked the lives of so many great scientists. Personal reflections allow scientists to share the uncertainties that they have faced and the measures they took to overcome them. These are lessons which are increasingly difficult to understand from published scientific papers, given the constraints of space and editorial oversight.
A Community Engagement Method to Design Patient Engagement Materials for Cardiovascular Health

PURPOSE EvidenceNOW Southwest is a cluster-randomized trial evaluating the differential impact on cardiovascular disease (CVD) care of engaging patients and communities in practice transformation in addition to standard practice facilitation support. The trial included development of locally tailored CVD patient engagement materials through Boot Camp Translation (BCT), a community engagement process that occurred before practice recruitment but after cluster randomization. METHODS We introduce a cluster randomization method performed before recruitment of small to medium-size primary care practices in Colorado and New Mexico, which allowed for balanced study arms while minimizing contamination. Engagement materials for the enhanced study arm were developed by means of BCT, which included community members, practice members, and public health professionals from (1) metropolitan Denver, (2) rural northeast Colorado, (3) Albuquerque, and (4) rural southeast New Mexico. Outcome measures were messages and materials from BCTs and population characteristics of study arms after using geographic-based covariate constrained randomization. RESULTS The 4 BCTs’ messages and materials developed by the BCT groups uniquely reflected each community and ranged from family or spiritual values to early prevention or adding relevance to CVD risk. The geographic-based covariate of a cluster randomization method constrained randomization-assigned regions to study arms, allowing BCTs to precede practice recruitment, reduce contamination, and balance populations. CONCLUSIONS Cluster-randomized trials with community-based interventions present study design and implementation challenges. The BCTs elicited unique contextual messages and materials, suggesting that interventions designed to help primary care practices decrease CVD risk may not be one size fits all.
Perovskites-Based Solar Cells: A Review of Recent Progress, Materials and Processing Methods

With the rapid increase of efficiency up to 22.1% during the past few years, hybrid organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become a research “hot spot” for many solar cell researchers. The perovskite materials show various advantages such as long carrier diffusion lengths, widely-tunable band gap with great light absorption potential. The low-cost fabrication techniques together with the high efficiency makes PSCs comparable with Si-based solar cells. But the drawbacks such as device instability, J-V hysteresis and lead toxicity reduce the further improvement and the future commercialization of PSCs. This review begins with the discussion of crystal and electronic structures of perovskite based on recent research findings. An evolution of PSCs is also analyzed with a greater detail of each component, device structures, major device fabrication methods and the performance of PSCs acquired by each method. The following part of this review is the discussion of major barriers on the pathway for the commercialization of PSCs. The effects of crystal structure, fabrication temperature, moisture, oxygen and UV towards the stability of PSCs are discussed. The stability of other components in the PSCs are also discussed. The lead toxicity and updated research progress on lead replacement are reviewed to understand the sustainability issues of PSCs. The origin of J-V hysteresis is also briefly discussed. Finally, this review provides a roadmap on the current needs and future research directions to address the main issues of PSCs.
Parallel Somatic Sensory Pathways through the Rat Thalamus

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the relationship between posterior complex (POm) and ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPM) in the rat thalamus. The first experiments in the series are aimed at determining whether the pathway relaying in POm provides sensory information to the cortex. Rats are anesthetized with urethane to produce a plane of anesthesia that mimics slow-wave sleep, and microelectrode penetrations are directed vertically to the thalamus. As the electrode descends through POm, the body is searched for a receptive field whenever a single unit is isolated. Sequences of receptive fields reveal an orderly representation of the body surface in POm. In addition, to test the idea that the cortex influences the flow of sensory information through the secondary pathway, the response of POm and VPM cells is measured to whisker movement before, during, and after suppression of the barrel cortex. Barrel cortex is suppressed by application of magnesium or by cooling; cortical status is assessed continuously by an electrocorticogram. To look for long-term plasticity in the communication between barrels, the sensory experience of awake rats is altered by pairing two whiskers.
Effect of processing on phenolics of wines.

Phenolics of grapes are the main compounds responsible for color, taste, mouth feel, oxidation and other chemical reactions in wine and juice. Phenolic levels in wine and juice are affected by numerous processing conditions (crushing, pressing, sulfite addition, skin contact, oak aging). Studies were conducted to better understand the effect of processing on phenolic composition of three varieties of grapes. Three different processing steps: immediate press, hot press, and hull treatment (skin contact) for 7 and 14 days were applied to three different grape varieties, Vitis rotundifolia cv. Noble, Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, and the French-American hybrid Chambourcin. Phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and bitterness/astringency were assessed using a trained sensory panel. V. rotundifolia wines had higher levels of epicatechin and gallic acid but lower caftaric acid and procyanidins compared to the other varieties and were more astringent and bitter. Processing treatment affected phenolics and color differently among the three varieties.
Kingella kingae infective endocarditis in a healthy adult.

Infective endocarditis generally results from turbulence or trauma to the endothelial surface of the heart followed by a transient bacteremia that seeds the damaged endothelial area. A 2009 study by Bor et al. reported that infective endocarditis (IE) affects approximately 12.7 per 100,000 people yearly and has been steadily increasing [9]. Of the cases of IE with known pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci make up the vast majority, with the HACEK organisms (Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, & Kingella) only comprising approximately 1.4–3% of all cases annually [10]. The HACEK organisms are fastidious gram-negative bacteria that are typically oropharyngeal commensals and while of low-virulence, are known to cause a spectrum of infections in children. Interestingly, the rates of prevalence of endocarditis in any member of this group of bacterium changes depending on the age of the patient. In this case report we present a healthy male who developed IE secondary to Kingella kingae, which is exceedingly rare in adults.
Atopic dermatitis: a review of evolving targeted therapies.

Introduction: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition, affecting a significant number of patients of all ages. As we learn more about the pathogenesis of AD, new targeted tr...
What does the ORTO-15 measure? Assessing the construct validity of a common orthorexia nervosa questionnaire in a meat avoiding sample.

Abstract Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is a proposed diagnostic category that captures a pathological need to eat healthfully. The ORTO-15 is a self-report measure ostensibly designed to assess ON, but its suitability for capturing symptoms of pathology has been questioned. Vegans differ from omnivores in their focus on health and present with similar or lowered endorsement of eating behaviors symptoms, making them an ideal group to assess the construct validity of the ORTO-15. We tested the hypothesis that the ORTO-15 captures normative, rather than pathological, health focus. In total, 106 omnivores, 34 meat reducers, 50 lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and 191 vegans completed the ORTO-15 to quantify the presence and severity of ON and the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) as an established measure of eating pathology. More than 75% of respondents met criteria for a diagnosis of ON per established ORTO-15 cutoffs. Respondents above the 2.50 EDEQ cutoff (suggesting the likely presence of an eating disorder) did not differ in ORTO-15 scores from those scoring below the cutoff. There was a univariate main effect of meat avoidance type on the EDE-Q global scale (p
Revision of the unusual Carboniferous ophiuroid Cholaster (Echinodermata) and remarks on skeletal differentiation within the Asterozoa

Newly discovered, relatively well-preserved specimens of Cholaster whitei n. sp. (Ophiuroidea, Echinodermata) are described from a small area of extensive outcrop of the Bangor Limestone (Mississippian, Chesterian) exposed on the edge of Cedar Creek Reservoir in northern Alabama, USA. The only other known species of the genus, C. peculiaris Worthen and Miller, is based on a single specimen exposed in dorsal aspect and collected from strata of similar age from southwestern Illinois. Incomplete preservation of the single C. peculiaris specimen limits comparisons, but differences between the two occurrences support separation at the species level.Skeletal remains of both asteroids and ophiuroids are first recognized from Early Ordovician sediments, and representatives of the two classes have retained plesiomorphies or converged morphologically since that time, thereby suggesting important evolutionary potentials and limitations. Cholaster is asteroid-like and unusual among ophiuroids in that the arms are comparatively broad and strap-like, and lateral ossicles are similar to asteroid adambulacrals and marginals, whereas the “vertebrae” (i.e., fused axial pair) and oral frame configurations of C. whitei n. sp. are typical of the Ophiuroidea. The oral frame of C. peculiaris is unknown.A poorly preserved specimen of the asteroid Delicaster? also was recovered from nearby strata associated with the C. whitei n. sp.UUID: http://zoobank.org/e0eea445-58e5-4096-80c1-a65964832ef6
Internal Medicine Residents' Perception of Cancer Prognosis.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the USA. Many internal medicine physicians feel uncomfortable having to prognosticate; however, oncology patients often ask this of them. The inability to provide an accurate prognosis could lead a patient to make a treatment decision incongruent with their true wishes. We conducted this study to assess resident and attending physicians’ knowledge of cancer prognosis and to establish the source of residents’ knowledge. We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional study to assess internal medicine resident and attending physician knowledge of median survival for seven different oncologic case scenarios. Correct answers were defined by results of randomized, phase III trials. Residents were asked to identify the source(s) of information that most significantly influenced their choices. All residents and attending physicians affiliated with the University of Hawaii were invited to participate. A total of 67 of 85 surveys (78.8%) were completed, representing 41 residents and 26 attending physicians. Overall, the respondents correctly estimated median survival 42.6% of the time. The respondents underestimated more often than overestimated median survival (46.3% vs. 14.9%, p = 0.0001). Seventy-three percent of residents cited inpatient experience as influencing their oncologic knowledge. Internal medicine residents and attending physicians correctly estimate median survival of cancer patients less than 50% of the time and often underestimate survival. Inpatient rotations, where residents care for the oncologic patients experiencing significant complications of their cancer and treatment, may be giving them an unbalanced perspective on cancer prognosis.
Exploring Connections Between Humor and Children’s Spirituality

Children experience and express their spiritual selves in different ways. By observing kindergarteners closely in their school environment, I was able to develop profiles for each of the children observed, and through those profiles, I found specific ways in which children experienced and expressed their spirituality. Specifically, I found, (1) joy (joyfulness and delight), (2) concern for others, kindness, compassion, and caring, (3) relationships (importance and value of friends and family), and (4) imagination (use and exploration in play). In this chapter I highlight and explain the connections between these four themes of children’s spiritual expressions with findings from studies looking at young children’s expressions of humor. Connections established call for early childhood educators’ attention to opening spaces in their classroom and curriculum in order to support both spirituality and humor in the children under their care. Recommendations for teachers point at engaging children in story telling, creative expression activities, providing ample class time for free play, and designing curriculum around units addressing fundamental questions.
Designing Intentional Bugs for Learning

There is general agreement that people can learn from their own mistakes, but the idea of intentionally incorporating errors into curricula is controversial. Some think it will introduce misconceptions, while others think it could help students learn concepts, avoid common errors and misconceptions, and reduce anxiety about errors. This paper develops a theoretical framework that supports this technique, and reviews the experiences and experiments of over a dozen research teams that have employed it for mathematics and computer science education. It also reports on a 14-week study that investigates this issue, where undergraduates learning to program with Python solved web-based practice problems during weekly labs. Approximately 80% of the problems were the same for all students. For the remaining 20%, the treatment group got problems with carefully designed bugs in supplied code. The control group got similar problems without bugs. According to two pre/post measures, the treatment group learned as much as the control group, with no statistical difference in learning gains. Instructional designs, design principles, and future research plans are discussed.
Solidarity and Social Networks: The Invisible Backbone That Ethiopians and Eritreans in Washington D.C. used to Transform Adams Morgan and U Street

This research depicts the social networks that the Ethiopian and Eritrean communities use to establish and support ethnic and non-cultural businesses in Washington D.C. It also showcases the solida...
Dual-Wavelength Optical Polarization Imaging for Detecting Skin Cancer Margins.

Treatment of keratinocyte carcinomas requires an assessment of the extent of tumor spread. Visual delineation of tumor margins is error-prone owing to the limited contrast between cancerous and normal skin. In this contribution, we introduce spectrally-encoded optical polarization imaging and evaluate its performance for preoperative demarcation of keratinocyte carcinomas. Subjects with basal or squamous cell carcinoma, scheduled for Mohs surgery, were enrolled. The surgeon outlined the clinical boundary of each lesion preoperatively. Optical images of the lesions were then acquired at 440 and 640 nm. Spectral encoding of the experimental images minimized the impact of background pigmentation and vascularization. The surgeon was blinded to the imaging results. Margin assessments by imaging and by the surgeon were recorded and compared with the intraoperative histopathology. In total, 53 lesions were imaged in vivo. Thirteen cases required more than one Mohs stage. In all these cases, images accurately visualized the tumor. For cases negative following the first Mohs stage, margin assessments correlated with histopathology in 39 out of 40 cases. Imaging demonstrated 100% sensitivity and 98% specificity. Spectrally-encoded optical polarization imaging may prove valuable for real-time noninvasive preoperative delineation of skin cancer.
A Father’s Legacy: Foreign Affairs Under the Sons of Constantine

This chapter analyses the Constantinian emperors’ military and diplomatic engagements in the area of foreign affairs. It begins by considering the near perennial dominance of Sasanian hegemony in the territories of west Asia and the long-term impact of this on the foreign policy decisions of Constantius II in the eastern half of the empire. The chapter then discusses and evaluates the response of the Constantinian rulers to the military threats deriving from the frontiers of the empire’s central and western territories, including the Balkans and Gaul. The chapter assesses the transformation of these threats and Roman responses to them from the time of Constantine I to the reigns of Constantine’s sons, in addition to considering the impact of the civil wars of the period on Roman foreign affairs.
Chronic Illness, Psychosocial Coping with

Chronic illnesses are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Generally noncurable, they range in severity from mild to life-threatening. Coping with the diagnosis and management of a chronic illness can be challenging for individuals and close others. Coping methods include problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, disengagement, accommodative coping, meaning-focused coping, and relationship-focused coping. How one copes may depend on individual differences such as emotional suppression tendencies, monitoring or blunting of information, and illness beliefs. Poor coping may worsen physical health through chronically elevated distress. Coping skills interventions can facilitate adaptive coping for individuals with chronic illness and their partners and families.
Re-operative Parathyroidectomy in Patients With Mild Primary Hyperparathyroidism.

Abstract Background Surgery is the definitive management of primary hyperparathyroidism and the only curative therapy. However, many surgeons are hesitant to operate on individuals with mild primary hyperparathyroidism, with an even greater reluctance to operate on those who underwent a previous parathyroidectomy. We hypothesize that patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism who undergo a re-operation have equivalent outcomes compared with those who undergo a first-time (FT) operation. Methods We reviewed a prospective database of 459 patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism who underwent surgery by one endocrine surgeon. Of these patients, 59 had a re-operative (RE-OP) parathyroid surgery. We compared these patients to those with mild primary hyperparathyroidism who had FT surgery (n = 400) using either the Pearson chi-square, Fisher's exact test, or Student's t-test where appropriate. Results The mean age of our cohort was 60 ± 14 y, with 86% females. Patients in the RE-OP group had similar preoperative calcium and parathyroid hormone levels compared with those in the FT group. Most patients who underwent a RE-OP surgery had four gland hyperplasia on pathology (49.2%). Patients in the RE-OP and FT groups both had high and similar cure rates (100% versus 99.8%, P = 0.70). RE-OP patients had a higher rate of recurrent hyperparathyroidism (10.3% versus 3.3%, P = 0.025). Conclusions In patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism, those who undergo RE-OP parathyroidectomy have a high cure rate that is similar to FT surgery. Therefore, we recommend that these patients with recurrence of mild hyperparathyroid disease be considered for parathyroidectomy.
An introduction to nanothermodynamics: Thermal equilibrium for heterogeneous and finite-sized systems

The theory of small-system thermodynamics was originally developed to extend the laws of thermodynamics to length scales of nanometers. Here we review this "nanothermodynamics," and stress how it also applies to large systems that subdivide into a heterogeneous distribution of internal subsystems that we call "regions." We emphasize that the true thermal equilibrium of most systems often requires that these regions are in the fully-open generalized ensemble, with a distribution of region sizes that is not externally constrained, which we call the "nanocanonical" ensemble. We focus on how nanothermodynamics impacts the statistical mechanics of specific models. One example is an ideal gas of indistinguishable atoms in a large volume that subdivides into an ensemble of small regions of variable volume, with separate regions containing atoms that are distinguishable from those in other regions. Combining such subdivided regions yields the correct entropy of mixing, avoiding Gibbs paradox without resorting to macroscopic quantum symmetry for semi-classical particles. Other models are based on Ising-like spins (binary degrees of freedom), which are solved analytically in one-dimension, making them suitable examples for introductory courses in statistical physics. A key result is to quantify the net increase in entropy when large systems subdivide into small regions of variable size. Another result is to show similarity in the equilibrium properties of a two-state model in the nanocanonical ensemble and a three-state model in the canonical ensemble. Thus, emergent phenomena may alter the thermal behavior of microscopic models, and the correct ensemble is necessary for accurate predictions.
Validation of intracranial EEG biomarkers for lateralization of seizure focus in corpus callosotomy patients with rapidly-bisynchronous seizures.

Abstract Objective It has been asserted that high-frequency analysis of intracranial EEG (iEEG) data may yield information useful in localizing epileptogenic foci. Methods We tested whether proposed biomarkers could predict lateralization based on iEEG data collected prior to corpus callostomy (CC) in patients with bisynchronous epilepsy, whose seizures lateralized definitively post-CC. Lateralization data derived from algorithmically-computed ictal phase-locked high gamma (PLHG), high gamma amplitude (HGA) and line length (LL), as well as interictal high-frequency oscillation (HFO) and interictal epileptiform discharge (IED) rate metrics were compared against ground-truth lateralization from post-CC ictal iEEG. Results Pre-CC unilateral IEDs were more frequent on the more-pathologic side in all subjects. HFO rate predicted lateralization in one subject, but was sensitive to detection threshold. On pre-CC data, no ictal metric showed better predictive power than any other. All post-corpus callosotomy seizures lateralized to the pathological hemisphere using PLHG, HGA and LL metrics. Conclusions While quantitative metrics of IED rate and ictal HGA, PHLG and LL all accurately lateralize based on post-CC iEEG, only IED rate consistently does so based on pre-CC data. Significance Quantitative analysis of IEDs may be useful in localizing seizure pathology. More work is needed to develop reliable techniques for high-frequency iEEG analysis. Highlights We evaluated intracranial EEG biomarkers in corpus callostomy patients with bisynchronous seizures pre-operatively. Despite testing more contemporary metrics, only interictal epileptiform discharge counting consistently lateralized seizure foci. High-frequency metrics, especially high-frequency oscillation counting, appear to be sensitive to parameter selection.
Extending the Control Plane of Container Orchestrators for I/O Virtualization

Single Root Input/Output Virtualization (SR-IOV) is a standard technology for forking a single PCI express device and providing it to applications while ensuring performance isolation. It enables container orchestrators to share a limited number of physical network interfaces without incurring significant virtualization overhead. The allocation of virtualized network devices to containers, however, needs to be more configurable based on the bandwidth needs of running applications. Moreover, container orchestrators' network control over the virtualized interfaces is limited by the abilities of SR-IOV. We explore the design considerations for a system with controlled SR-IOV virtualization and present ConRDMA, a novel architecture that enables fine control of RDMA virtualization for containers. Our evaluation shows that ConRDMA enables containers to use RDMA allocated bandwidth more efficiently and to select best-suited nodes to meet their varying communication requirements.
Access, use and perceptions of open (free) and traditional textbooks: an exploratory comparative analysis of community college criminal justice courses

This study examines community college students (N = 292) enrolled in introductory criminal justice courses, comparing access, use and perceptions of open education resource (OER) textbooks with tra...
Horst Meyer

In this note, I describe Horst Meyer as a warm person and an insightful scientist with whom I have had the privilege to have a long collaboration.
Anesthetic injections and analgesia use in pediatric post-tonsillectomy patients: A meta-analysis and systematic review

Abstract Objective To assess the effect of local anesthetic injection on post-operative analgesia and complications for pediatric tonsillectomies on post-operative day (POD) 0 and 1. Methods A 2-researcher team following the PRISMA guidelines performed a systematic review and meta-analysis. The databases Pubmed.gov, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus were used. Studies written with original data utilizing a saline injection control arm were selected. Corresponding authors were contacted for missing data, which was used when possible. The collated data was analyzed with Review Manager (RevMan) Version 5.4., The Cochrane Collaboration, 2020. Surgical technique subgroup analysis was performed. Results 319 publications were identified and 8 articles with 12 total experimental arms (529 participants) were selected. Local anesthetic injection was compared to saline injection. The standard mean difference for time until first analgesic was 0.68 minutes [0.26, 1.09](P = 0.001) in favor of local anesthetic. The odds ratio (OR) for patients receiving one or more narcotic doses on POD 0 was 0.22 [0.06, 0.84](P = 0.03) in favor of local anesthetic. Conclusions Use of an intraoperative anesthetic injection during pediatric tonsillectomy can help improve initial recovery as it delays the need for narcotic medication and may reduce postoperative narcotic usage on POD 0 and 1. In addition, a local anesthetic does not increase the risk of postoperative bleeding or dehydration.
The Tobacco Endgame: Is It Possible?

May31isWorld NoTobaccoDay2015.Thedayraises aninteresting question: isatobaccoendgame possible? Theanswer, ofcourse, is“itdepends.”However,the event provides areflec-tiveopportunitytoseejust whereweareintheextraordinaryglobalbattleagainsttheworld’smostimportant preventablehealthrisk.Agreatdeal isin facthappening inpursuit oftheend-game,and theseeffortsarebecoming veryinteresting indeed.Asbackground,keepin mind thesegrim statistics: therearemore than1billionsmokersglobally,tobaccokillsabout6millionofthemandtheirsecondhandsmoke (SHS)-exposedcontacts ayear,and, ifunchecked,it willkill perhaps abillionpeoplein the21stcentury [1].Couldtheendgamepossiblybenear?In 2012,Professor KenWarner assembledagroup oftobacco controlexperts inAnn Arbor,Michigan, todiscuss thisendgame dreamand whatitwouldtake tomake itareality[2].Thediscussion wasinformed bytwoprecis: thatthe statusquoisunacceptableand thatreducingsmoking substantially willrequire something new,bold,and completelydifferentfromwhatiscurrentlyin place. Inotherwords, whatisbeingdoneatpresent, despite remarkable progressonmany fronts,willnotbeenough toendthe epidemicoftobacco-relateddiseases anytimesoon.Now,however, ratherthanthinking onlyabout“tobaccocontrol,”which impliesthat hu-manityshouldsettle forthetobaccoepidemicbeingpermanentinsome populations oratleastatsome lowerhazardleveloverall[3],expertsarediscussing newstrategiesthat arenecessarytogreatlyreduce the globaltobacco-related disease burden. Theseout-of-theboxideas includethefollowing:removing the profitincentive fromselling tobaccoproducts bychangingthewaysinwhich themarketisadministered;reducingthe levelofaddictive nicotinetononad-dicting levelsin alltobacco products; addressing thesupplysideoftobaccousebyimposing a“sinkinglid”ontheindustrytogradually reduce quotasonsales and production oftobaccoproducts, similartoproposedreductionsongreenhouse gasproduction [4]; establishing trulysmoke-free generationsbyprohibitingpossessionoftobaccoproductsbyallpersonsborn in2000orlater; andthe heretofore unthinkableabolition oftobaccoproduct manufactureandsale.Atthesametime, considerable globalenergy hasdevelopedaroundthe world’sfirstmulti-nationalhealth treaty,implementedunder theauspices oftheWorld HealthOrganization(WHO):theFramework Convention onTobaccoControl (FCTC)[5].Thistreaty hasbeeninforcefortenyearsandcallsforsignatorycountries(currently180)toenactscience-basedinter-ventionstoreduce tobaccouse throughthesixcomponentsoftheWHO MPOWER tobaccocontrolrubric [6]:† Monitortobaccouseand preventionpolicies† Protectpeoplefrom tobaccosmoke
Continuing Care Retirement Communities: New Career Opportunities for Hospitality Management Students

(1993). Continuing Care Retirement Communities: New Career Opportunities for Hospitality Management Students. Hospitality & Tourism Educator: Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 45-48.
Three Senses of Desire in Consumer Research

Desires to acquire, possess, use, experience, share, and display objects of consumption lie at the heart of consumer behavior. Consumer researchers have conceived of desire variously as “want”, “wish”, “urge”, “craving”, “approach motivation”, “appetite”, and “buying impulse” and have conceived of it in three senses. In its first sense, desire provides the motivational impetus for engaging in decision making and for pursuing enactment of effortful goals. It integrates a series of emotional, cognitive, self-perception and social appraisals of the consumer, is distinct from, and leads to formation of the intention. Desire in this sense resides at two levels in the consumer’s action hierarchy: at the abstract level in the goal to be pursued as goal desire, and in the specific means to reach the goal as implementation desire. Second, in its most popular form, consumer researchers view desire as the countervailing force that opposes self-control. In this second sense, the consumer desires objects or to perform actions that provides pleasure in the short term but can produce significant negative consequences in the long-run. Upon experiencing desire, processes of self-regulation kick in and these processes have been the focus of extensive attention during the 2000s. Finally, desire is conceived of in consumer research as a sudden, spontaneous buying impulse. In its third sense, desire is synonymous with an urge or craving to buy, and is produced immediately upon exposure to the temptation. Over time, unchecked buying impulses are associated with serious and socially significant syndromes such as compulsive buying, materialism, and hoarding. The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical review of selected consumer research on desire. A succinct summary of what we know about these three senses of consumer desire is presented with respect to its antecedents, constituents, and consequences, and emergent research questions and opportunities to further enhance our understanding of consumer desire are pointed out.
'Biasing' the parathyroid hormone receptor: a novel anabolic approach to increasing bone mass?

‘Functional selectivity’ refers to the ability of a ligand to activate and/or inhibit only a subset of the signals capable of emanating from its cognate G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Whereas conventional GPCR agonism and antagonism can be viewed as modulating the quantity of efficacy, functionally selective or ‘biased’ ligands qualitatively change the nature of information flow across the plasma membrane, raising the prospect of drugs with improved therapeutic efficacy or reduced side effects. Nonetheless, there is little experimental evidence that biased ligands offer advantages over conventional agonists/antagonists in vivo. Recent work with the type I parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH1R) suggests that biased ligands that selectively activate G-protein-independent arrestin-mediated signalling pathways may hold promise in the treatment of osteoporosis. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a principle regulator of bone and calcium metabolism. In bone, PTH exerts complex effects; promoting new bone formation through direct actions on osteoblasts while simultaneously stimulating bone loss through indirect activation of osteoclastic bone resorption. Although the conventional PTH1R agonist teriparatide, PTH(1–34), is effective in the treatment of osteoporosis, its utility is limited by its bone-resorptive effects and propensity to promote hypercalcaemia/hypercalcuria. In contrast, d-Trp12,Tyr34-bPTH(7–34) (PTH-βarr), an arrestin pathway-selective agonist for the PTH1R, induces anabolic bone formation independent of classic G-protein-coupled signalling mechanisms. Unlike PTH(1–34), PTH-βarr appears to ‘uncouple’ the anabolic effects of PTH1R activation from its catabolic and calcitropic effects. Such findings offer evidence that arrestin pathway-selective GPCR agonists can elicit potentially beneficial effects in vivo that cannot be achieved using conventional agonist or antagonist ligands.
Interleukin-22 reduces the severity of collagen-induced arthritis in association with increased levels of interleukin-10.

Objective The mechanism of action of interleukin- 22 (IL-22) in inflammatory arthritis remains unknown. IL-22–deficient mice exhibit an intact humoral and cellular immune response to collagen and yet have a reduced incidence of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Further, administration of anti–IL-22 does not reduce the severity of clinical arthritis but rather improves only certain aspects of joint inflammation as assessed histologically. This study was undertaken to investigate the mechanism of action and role of systemic IL-22 in modulating target organ inflammation. Methods CIA was induced in DBA mice by immunization with collagen and Freund's complete adjuvant. Expression of IL-22 and its receptor (IL-22R) in lymphoid organ and target tissues was determined during various phases of arthritis. The effector functions of IL-22 on induction/regulation of various cytokines in in vitro restimulation cultures were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Recombinant IL-22 with or without anti–IL-10 antibody was administered to mice following immunization with collagen and prior to the onset of arthritis, and the severity of arthritis was evaluated by clinical scoring and histopathologic assessment. Anticollagen antibodies in mouse sera were analyzed by ELISA. Results IL-22 and IL-22R were up-regulated in lymphoid organs and joints during the course of arthritis. IL-22 augmented IL-10, IL-17, and IL-6 in lymphoid tissues in vitro. Administration of recombinant IL-22 was associated with an increase in IL-10 levels in vivo and a significant reduction in the progression of arthritis severity. Anti–IL-10 antibody treatment was associated with the abrogation of this protective effect of IL-22. Conclusion Our data demonstrate, for the first time, that IL-22 has a protective role in inflammatory arthritis.
Young Bighorn (Ovis canadensis) Males: can they Successfully Woo Females?

Mating by young males or low male-to-female ratios can decrease pregnancy rates and postpone birthdates in ungulates, thereby hindering population growth. Young (2.5‐3.5 yr old) male bighorn (Ovis canadensis) behave differently than older males, and age, horn size, mating behavior, and social rank help determine reproductive success. We estimated birthdates in two populations of bighorn sheep in Utah, USA, to determine if mating by young males or low male-to-female ratios resulted in fewer young born per female, a shift in mean timing of births, or asynchronous births. When reintroduced, the Rock Canyon population consisted of four males (two each of 2.5 yr old and 1.5 yr old) and a 1 to 7.5 ratio of males (>2 yr old) to adult females (‡3.5 yr old); the Mount Nebo population consisted of four males £1.5 yr old and a 0 to 12 ratio of males to adult females. For both populations, the number of young born per female did not differ between the first parturition period after reintroduction (where females were impregnated by males from their source populations) and the second period of parturition (where females were impregnated by young, reintroduced males). Mean birthdates and synchrony (SD) of births did not differ for Rock
On the Dynamics of a Deformable Satellite in the Gravitational Field of a Spherical Rigid Body

In this paper, a model is developed for the dynamics of a system of two bodies whose material points are under the influence of a central gravitational force. One of the bodies is assumed to be rigid and spherically symmetric, while the other is assumed to be deformable. To develop a tractable model for the system, the deformable body is modeled using Cohen and Muncaster's theory of a pseudo-rigid body. The resulting model of the system has several of the features, such as angular momentum conservation, exhibited by more restrictive models. We also show how the self-gravitation of the deformable body can be accommodated using appropriate constitutive equations for a force tensor. This enables our model to subsume many existing models of ellipsoidal figures of equilibrium. After the model and its conservations have been discussed, attention is restricted to steady motions of the system. Several results, which generalize recent works on rigid satellites, are established for these motions. For a specific choice of constitutive equations for the pseudo-rigid body, we determine the steady motions with the aid of a numerical continuation method. These results can also be considered as generalizations of earlier works on Roche's ellipsoids of equilibrium.
Photographing information needs: the role of photos in experience sampling method-style research

The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) enables researchers to capture information about participants' experiences in the moment. Adding an end-of-day retrospective survey also allows participants to elaborate on those experiences. Although the use of photos in retrospective interviews and surveys for memory elicitation is well known, little research has investigated the use of photos in ESM studies. As smartphone adoption increases facilitating ESM studies and making photo sharing easier, researchers need to continuously evaluate the method and investigate the role of photos in such studies. We conducted a large-scale ESM and retrospective survey study via Android smartphones with more than 1,000 US participants, and analyzed participants' photo submissions, including how photo use correlated with participants' data quality and what, if any, value photos added for researchers. Our study sheds light on the role of photos in ESM and retrospective studies that researchers can reference when constructing future study designs.
FIM for Arnold and Strauss's bivariate gamma distribution

The Fisher information matrix (FIM) as well as tools for its numerical computation is derived for Arnold and Strauss' [1988. Bivariate distributions with exponential conditionals, J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 83 (1988) 522-527] bivariate gamma distribution. Numerical tabulations of the matrix are also provided for practical purposes.
A dynamic decision network framework for online media adaptation in stroke rehabilitation

In this article, we present a media adaptation framework for an immersive biofeedback system for stroke patient rehabilitation. In our biofeedback system, media adaptation refers to changes in audio/visual feedback as well as changes in physical environment. Effective media adaptation frameworks help patients recover generative plans for arm movement with potential for significantly shortened therapeutic time. The media adaptation problem has significant challenges—(a) high dimensionality of adaptation parameter space; (b) variability in the patient performance across and within sessions; (c) the actual rehabilitation plan is typically a non-first-order Markov process, making the learning task hard.Our key insight is to understand media adaptation as a real-time feedback control problem. We use a mixture-of-experts based Dynamic Decision Network (DDN) for online media adaptation. We train DDN mixtures per patient, per session. The mixture models address two basic questions—(a) given a specific adaptation suggested by the domain experts, predict the patient performance, and (b) given the expected performance, determine the optimal adaptation decision. The questions are answered through an optimality criterion based search on DDN models trained in previous sessions. We have also developed new validation metrics and have very good results for both questions on actual stroke rehabilitation data.
Design overview of a highly stable infrared free electron laser at LBL

Abstract An infrared free electron laser (IRFEL) is being designed for the Chemical Dynamics Research Laboratory (CDRL) at LBL. The FEL is based on a 50 MeV rf linac operating in synchronization to the Advanced Light Source (ALS), and will produce intense (100 μJ per micropulse), narrow bandwidth (narrower than 0.1%) radiation between 3 and 50 μm. In the design, we pay particular attention to the FEL stability issues and require that the fluctuations in electron beam energy and in timing be less then 0.05% and 0.1 ps, respectively. The FEL spectrum can then be stabilized to about 10 −3 , or if grating is used, to 10 −4 . We discuss various sources of fluctuations in the gun, the bunchers and the accelerator sections, as well as the feedback and feedforward schemes to reduce these fluctuations. The accelerator structure is chosen to be of the side-coupled, standing-wave type for easier control. The beam transport is made isochronous to avoid the coupling between the energy and the timing fluctuations.
Early changes in diet-induced fatty livers of mice

Mice (Taconic Swiss) were fed a high-fat (28% lard), low-protein (8% casein), lipotropic-deficient diet for 1–90 days. For 21 days parenchymal liposis was greatest in peripheral and outer middle zones of the lobule. During 21–90 days fat increased in central and middle zones and decreased in peripheral zones. Ceroid pigment developed in Kupffer cells within 12 days. During 31–45 days Kupffer cells coalesced and formed large ceroid globules which increased in size and number during the 46–90 day period. A reticular fibrosis surrounded the masses of ceroid. As early as seven days stromal distortion consisting chiefly of compression of reticulum by fat laden hepatocytes was prominent in peripheral lobular zones. Sinusoids were also obstructed and dilated by this process. Some became non-functional and were transformed to fibrous cords. With progressive liposis (after 30 days) irregular stromal changes developed in all zones of lobules.
The critics and the Waste Land, 1922–1949

(1955). The critics and the Waste Land, 1922–1949. English Studies: Vol. 36, No. 1-6, pp. 1-15.
A meiotic analysis of four species of turtles

The meiotic chromosomes of 4 species of turtles representing 3 genera (Clemmys, Mauremys and Geochelone) are described and compared. Clemmys differs from Mauremys and Geochelone in possessing one fewer bivalent in diakinesis and one fewer chromosome in prophase II. Mauremys differs from Clemmys and Geochelone in possessing a distinct heterochromatic knob on one small bivalent in late pachytene. The presence of this heterochromatic region in the batagurine turtle may be the ancestral condition and its loss may now characterize the emydines such as Clemmys and the testudinids such as Geochelone.
Feasibility of Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion and Daily Supplemental Insulin Glargine Injection in Children with Type 1 Diabetes

Abstract Background: Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) is an effective method of insulin substitution with increased risk of hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in rare situations. The lack of subcutaneous long-acting insulin and short half-life of serum insulin increases the risk of ketosis and DKA following CSII failure. We evaluated the metabolic effects of CSII with and without daily supplemental long-acting insulin glargine in a group of young children switched to CSII from multiple daily insulin (premeal aspart + glargine) to either CSII plus daily glargine (CSII + G) or CSII therapy. Methods: From retrospective clinic data, self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), hypoglycemic episodes, and body mass index (BMI) were obtained from 12 patients (five girls, seven boys; 7.7 ± 1.8 years) on CSII + G and 12 age- and gender-matched patients (five girls, seven boys; 7.7 ± 2.1 years) on CSII with similar baseline HbA1c and BMI were reviewed over a 1.0-year period....