cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ACP Journal Club. Review: antipsychotic drugs improve symptoms, with different levels of side effects, in schizophrenia.

Source Citation Leucht S, Cipriani A, Spineli L, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet. 2013:382:951-6...
Cancer resistance, high molecular weight hyaluronic acid, and longevity.

Longevity varies greatly among mammals. The naked mole rat is among the longest-lived rodents, having an average lifespan of 32 years, compared to the similarly-sized house mouse with lifespan of 4 years. The rate of cancer also varies widely among mammals and interestingly, the naked mole rat is essentially cancer-free (Gorbunova et al., Nat Rev Genet 15(531):540, 2014). A series of elegant studies (Tian et al. Nature 499:346–349, 2013) has revealed that this cancer resistance derives from the abundant production of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid. Remarkably, high molecular weight hyaluronic acid, which accumulates within the extracellular matrix, stimulates an intracellular pathway that induces expression of p16ink4a and suppresses oncogenic transformation.
Alterations of defensive reactions in the rat after cholinergic stimulation of midline thalamic nuclei.

Abstract Cholinergic stimulation of the midline thalamic nuclei reduced active avoidance of a shock prod, passive avoidance of a highly discriminable shock object, and freezing in the presence of stimuli previously associated with shock. However stimulation did not alter flinch or jump thresholds to foot shock, or thresholds for escape from foot shock. These results suggest that alterations of the activity of the midline nuclei directly affect defensive reactions, rather than altering sensory, motor, or general activity processes which may influence avoidance responding.
Temperature effects and substrate interactions during the aerobic biotransformation of BTEX mixtures by toluene-enriched consortia and Rhodococcus rhodochrous.

A microbial consortium derived from a gasoline-contaminated aquifer was enriched on toluene (T) in a chemostat at 20 degrees C and was found to degrade benzene (B), ethylbenzene (E), and xylenes (X). Studies conducted to determine the optimal temperature for microbial activity revealed that cell growth and toluene degradation were maximized at 35 degrees C. A consortium enriched at 35 degrees C exhibited increased degradation rates of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes in single-substrate experiments; in BTEX mixtures, enhanced benzene, toluene, and xylene degradation rates were observed, but ethylbenzene degradation rates decreased. Substrate degradation patterns over a range of BTEX concentrations (0 to 80 mg/L) for individual aromatics were found to differ significantly from patterns for aromatics in mixtures. Individually, toluene was degraded fastest, followed by benzene, ethylbenzene, and the xylenes. In BTEX mixtures, degradation followed the order of ethylbenzene, toluene, and benzene, with the xylenes degraded last. A pure culture isolated from the 35 degrees C-enriched consortium was identified as Rhodococcus rhodochrous. This culture was shown to degrade each of the BTEX compounds, individually and in mixtures, following the same degradation patterns as the mixed cultures. Additionally, R. rhodochrous was shown to utilize benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene as primary carbon and energy sources. Studies conducted with the 35 degrees C-enriched consortium and R. rhodochrous to evaluate potential substrate interactions caused by the concurrent presence of multiple BTEX compounds revealed a range of substrate interaction patterns including no interaction, stimulation, competitive inhibition, noncompetitive inhibition, and cometabolism. In the case of the consortium, benzene and toluene degradation rates were slightly enhanced by the presence of o-xylene, whereas the presence of toluene, benzene, or ethylbenzene had a negative effect on xylene degradation rates. Ethylbenzene was shown to be the most potent inhibitor of BTEX degradation by both the mixed and pure cultures. Attempted quantification of these inhibition effects in the case of the consortium suggested a mixture of competitive and noncompetitive inhibition kinetics. Benzene, toluene, and the xylenes had a negligible effect on the biodegradation of ethylbenzene by both cultures. Cometabolism of o-, m-, and p-xylene was shown to be a positive substrate interaction.
Effect of diamondoids on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of nanostructured Mg-matrix nanocomposites

Abstract Nanostructured Mg–10Al nanocomposites reinforced by diamondoids were processed via cryomilling and spark plasma sintering. The effect of 1 wt% of diamantane on the microstructure of the nanostructured Mg–10Al nanocomposites was studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopies, electron dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. A detailed microstructural examination revealed that diamondoids mainly located within the Mg-matrix induce a lattice strain along the c -direction and a potential effect on the γ-Al 12 Mg 17 precipitation. The mechanical behavior of the nanostructured Mg-based nanocomposites was investigated by micro- and macro-compression tests along with in-situ SEM nanoindentation experiments at room temperature. The compressive strength, elastic modulus and hardness of the nanocomposites were found to be significantly improved as compared with the mechanical behavior of diamondoids-free nanostructured Mg–10Al alloys. Since no change in the grain size has been found after adding diamantane, we attribute the enhanced mechanical behavior of the nanocomposites to a combined effect of precipitation hardening and the microscopic residual stress generated by diamantane–Mg matrix mismatch. Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms involved in the development of high-performance Mg-nanocomposites.
Pulsed photothermal radiometry of port-wine-stain lesions

Pulsed photothermal radiometry is used to map the heat deposition in human skin after a short laser pulse. It uses an IR (HgCdTe) detector for a rapid noncontact measurement of the skin surface temperature based on the blackbody emission in the 8–12-μm spectrum. The heat deposited by the laser pulse in the superficial epidermis causes an immediate temperature jump, and the heat deposited in basal epidermal melanin and deep port wine stains diffuses to the surface before detection. The time course of the surface temperature T(z = 0, t), indicates the initial spatial distribution of heat, T(z, t = 0), deposited by the laser.
ORTHOGONAL DIAMETERS IN THE ANALYSIS OF MUSCLE FIBRE SIZE AND FORM.

DISTRIBUTIONAL changes in sizes of fibres have been correlated with pathological processes affecting muscle. Micrometry of muscle fibres in histological cross-section, for example, has been frequently used to follow the course of denervation atrophy1. Unfortunately, the complex polygonal form of the fibre and the lack of a standard technique of measurement make it difficult to compare the results of different studies2.
Two faces of verbal ability

Abstract Although psychologists often think and act as though there were only one global domain of verbal ability, there are actually two—verbal comprehension and verbal fluency. For reasons that are not entirely clear, verbal comprehension has received, by far, the most attention in both the psychometric and information-processing literatures. Both are important, pervasive abilities. For example, whereas reading draws primarily on verbal comprehension ability, writing draws primarily on verbal fluency ability; similarly, whereas listening primarily requires verbal comprehension, speaking depends more heavily on verbal fluency. This article seeks to redress some of the imbalance in the literature on the study of these two broad domains of verbal ability. The article is divided into four main parts. The first parts set the stage by placing the study of verbal abilities in a historical context within the field of psychology. The second part describes some alternative approaches to the study of verbal comprehension, summarizing what we have learned from these approaches. The third part reviews some of the few studies that have examined verbal fluency and then describes our own new information-processing approach to the study of this ability. The fourth part explores the relations between the two faces of verbal ability—comprehension and fluency.
Microscopically differentiating dermatophytes from sock fibers

Background Dermatophytes are responsible for a number of superficial fungal infections that affect millions worldwide. During microscopic observation a potassium hydroxide (KOH) fungal smear, various filamentous materials such as common textile fibers from socks can obfuscate proper discernment of dermatophytes. Objective To differentiate dermatophytes from 9 common sock fibers. Methods Nine different textile fiber samples were microscopically analyzed by using a KOH direct smear test; their defining structural features were compared and contrasted with those of dermatophytes. Results Although there are several similarities, sock fibers tend to have a non-septate, uniform structure which differentiates them from dermatophytes. Sock fibers are also significantly larger than dermatophytes and can be viewed better at lower magnifications. Limitations There is a lack of sock samples with 100% textile fiber composition. Also, fibers were examined in a clean setting, without the detritus that normally accompanies dermatophytes in a clinical setting. Conclusion While textile fibers may be present in KOH preparations, their general appearance typically differs from that of dermatophytes; an observer who is familiar with these distinctions will be able to differentiate between the two.
Dynamics of quantitative homeostasis: VIII. Processes that oscillate finitely many times.

There is no well-established method of dealing with medical processes that oscillate only a finite number of times. A lagged homeo-static model of higher power in certain circumstances follows such a pattern and critical values are here explored by numerical integration. Abrupt ending of the oscillation occurs with processes of higher powers. The model is illustrated by clonus, chosen because reflexes are naturally lagged responses and because clonus may be unsustained. In applying the model to clonus, there are some incongruities (notably inertia) that call for caution; however, published data suggest that they may not be important. These imperfections notwithstanding, the correspondence is remarkably good. The model dealt with here, being simple and economical, is a useful first step to genetics; and some empirically testable deductions from the model are listed.
Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia in the skin.

Angiolymphoid hyperplasia may present varied proliferative and inflammatory histologic patterns, which explains much of the previously confusing nomenclature. Ultrastructural and histochemical studies revealed the histiocytic qualities of the endothelial cell that constitutes much of the tumor. A similar transitional histiocytic endothelial cell with surrounding basal lamina, which contained massed cytoplasmic filaments suggestive of myofilaments, was observed alone or in groups. We believe that both the vascular and the histiocytic qualities of this cell population are characteristic and are helpful in diagnosis.
Environmental safety issues for semiconductors (research on scarce materials recycling)

In the 21st century, in the fabrication of various industrial parts, particularly, current and future electronics devices in the semiconductor industry, environmental safety issues should be carefully considered. We coined a new term, environmental safety issues for semiconductors, considering our semiconductor research and technology which include environmental and ecological factors. The main object of this analysis is to address the present situation of environmental safety problems in the semiconductor industry; some of which are: (1) the generation and use of hazardous toxic gases in the crystal growth procedure such as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), (2) the generation of industrial toxic wastes in the semiconductor process and (3) scarce materials recycling from wastes in the MBE and MOCVD growth procedure.
Subtypes of social phobia in adolescents.

Thirty-three social phobic adolescents were asked to name their ten most feared social situations. Two independent judges classified each situation reported by the participants into one of four situational domains: formal speaking/interactions, informal speaking/interactions, observation by others, and assertion. Fifteen participants (45.5%) were assigned a generalized subtype of social phobia because they endorsed at least moderate anxiety in all four situational domains. This subgroup scored higher on self-report measures of anxiety and depression than the rest of the sample. These results provide empirical support for the existence of subtypes of social phobia in adolescents. Depression and Anxiety 9:15–18, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A radioautographic study of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in embryonic rat palatal shelf epithelium with reference to the concept of programmed cell death.

Abstract In order to study changes in the rate of mitosis and DNA synthesis of palatal shelf epithelium, radioautographs were made of frontal sections through the heads of 13, 14, 15 and 16-day in utero Sprague-Dawley rat embryos. The percentage of labelled epithelial cells was determined for four areas of oral and palatal shelf epithelium at each age. A declining trend in mitotic activity with time was observed in all areas. Palatal tip epithelium was found to be different from nasal, oral and tongue epithelium. The faster decline in mitotic activity of palatal tip epithelium, together with tissue culture and histochemical evidence from other studies, supports the concept of programmed cell death for this tissue.
Modeling light scattering from Diesel soot particles

The Mie model is widely used to analyze light scattering from particulate aerosols. The Diesel particle scatterometer, for example, determines the size and optical properties of Diesel exhaust particles that are characterized by the measurement of three angle-dependent elements of the Mueller scattering matrix. These elements are then fitted by Mie calculations with a Levenburg-Marquardt optimization program. This approach has achieved good fits for most experimental data. However, in many cases, the predicted complex index of refraction was smaller than that for solid carbon. To understand this result and explain the experimental data, we present an assessment of the Mie model by use of a light-scattering model based on the coupled-dipole approximation. The results indicate that the Mie calculation can be used to determine the largest dimension of irregularly shaped particles at sizes characteristic of Diesel soot and, for particles of known refractive index, tables can be constructed to determine the average porosity of the particles from the predicted index of refraction.
Compensatory growth in Alaska yellowfin sole, Pleuronectes asper, following food deprivation

During the early spring four groups of sub-adult Pleuronectes asper were fasted for either 0, 2, 4 or 6 weeks at the beginning of a 12-week experiment, then fed to satiation to examine their ability to compensate with faster growth after food deprivation. All fish increased their stored energy reserves markedly and at the end of the experiment all four groups had similar body energy content (J g−1), length gains and dry weight to wet weight ratios. The groups of yellowfin sole fed continuously or fasted for 2 weeks gained the most weight, 25 and 24% respectively. Fishes fasted either 4 or 6 weeks exhibited significantly lower weight gains of 16 and 15% respectively over the 12-week experiment. Because of this disparity in weight gain the total body energy content of the continuously fed fish and those fasted for only 2 weeks increased by approximately 60 vs 46% or 35% for sole fasted for 4 or 6 weeks. The experiment showed P. asper had a limited capacity for compensatory growth. When food was scarce yellowfin sole allocated energy preferentially to growth in length instead of weight. These findings may account for some of the interannual differences in mean length and weight at age for yellowfin sole from the Bering Sea where variations in extent and duration of ice cover and the boreal bottom water delimit the growing season.
A bidomain model with periodic intracellular junctions: a one-dimensional analysis

The classical bidomain model of cardiac tissue views the intracellular and extracellular (interstitial) spaces as two coupled but separate continua. In the present study, the classical bidomain model has been extended by introducing a periodic conductivity in the intracellular space to represent the junction discontinuity between abutting myocytes. In this model the junction region of a myocyte is represented in a way that permits variation of junction size and conductivity profile. Employing spectral techniques, a method is developed for solving the coupled differential equations governing the intracellular and extracellular potentials in a tissue preparation of finite dimensions. Different spectral representations are used for the aperiodic intra- and extracellular potentials (finite Fourier integral transform) and for the periodic intracellular conductivity (Fourier series). As a first application of the method, the response of a 50-cell, single interior fiber to a defibrillating current is examined under steady-state conditions. Transmembrane as well as intra- and extracellular potential distributions along the fiber have been calculated. >
Transient induction of lytic Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) genes in KSHV-infected endothelial cells exposed to hypoxia

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also called human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) is the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and a form of multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). Two of these tumors, KS and PEL, tend to arise in areas of the body that are relatively hypoxic. Exploring this phenomenon, our group has previously found that KSHV in PEL tumor cell lines is activated to lytic replication by hypoxia and that certain KSHV genes are activated by hypoxia inducible factors (HIF-1 and HIF-2) through functional hypoxia response elements (HRE) (Davis et al., Blood, 2001, 15, 3244–50; Haque et al., J. Virol., 2006, 80, 7037–51). KS tumor cells are thought to be derived from endothelial cells or their precursors, and in the current study, we have addressed the question of whether KSHV was similarly activated to lytic replication in KSHV-infected endothelial cells. To investigate this, we infected primary dermal microvascular endothelial cells (DMEC) derived from human foreskin with a recombinant KSHV (rKSHV.219) that was engineered to contain red fluorescent protein (RFP) controlled by the lytic PAN RNA promoter as a lytic marker and green fluorescent protein under the control of human elongation factor 1-α promoter as a latent marker (gift of Dr. Jeff Vieira). Short-term ( 24 hours, there was a subsequent downregulation of KSHV lytic genes and of the production of virus despite continued upregulation of HIF-2 in the cells. We hypothesized that this late downregulation might be from production of one or more cellular factors with KSHV-suppressive activity in these cells upon exposure to hypoxia. We focused on IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), as these are known to be produced by hypoxic endothelial cells and to be expressed by KSHV-infected cells in vitro and in KS lesions. IL-6, IL-1β and VEGF had no effect on lytic replication and IL8 increased replication in the KSHV-infected DMEC. However, TNFα blocked the expression of RTA, vIL6, ORF45 and K5 proteins and suppressed production of KSHV virions in the supernatant. Furthermore, when the cells were treated with blocking antibodies directed against human TNFα, KSHV lytic activation in the hypoxic DMEC was partially restored. Interestingly, established monolayers of KSHV-infected DMEC cells cultured in hypoxia out-survived normoxic cells cultured in parallel; this provided evidence that suppression of KSHV by TNFα was not simply from cell killing. These results suggest that production of TNFα by KSHV-infected endothelial cells may limit activation of lytic KSHV replication by hypoxia and that this effect may promote survival of KSHV-infected cells under hypoxic conditions and contribute to the pathogenesis of KS. This research was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, NCI.
Motivational Implications of Pain: Chronicity, Psychological Distress, and Work Goal Construal in a National Sample of Adults

A heterogeneous national sample of adults (mean age = 40 years) employed in management positions was contacted by random digit dialing procedures and interviewed about current pain experience, work-goal cognitions, and psychological status (depression and anxiety). In accord with predictions, persistent pain experience was differentially related to the construal of work-related goals. Specifically, individuals with both persistent and episodic pain (relative to those with no pain) reported lower levels of goal-centered value, self-efficacy, and positive arousal and heightened perceptions of goal-based self-criticism, negative arousal, and conflict between work and nonwork goals. Furthermore, regression analyses revealed that goal cognition accounted for unique variance in depression and anxiety over and above the contribution of pain chronicity.
ATP-dependent H+ transport by the turtle bladder: NBD-Cl preferentially inhibits the vanadate-insensitive component in isolated membranes

Abstract We investigated the inhibitory effects of 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl) on ATP-dependent H+ accumulation by membrane vesicles prepared from the turtle urinary bladder epithelium. NBD-Cl at 30 μM was found to completely inhibit the vanadate-insensitive component of H+ transport, with half-maximal inhibition occurring at 4.2 to 5.4 μM. In contrast, the vanadate-inhibitable component was unaffected by 30 μM NBD-Cl. At high concentrations (300 μM), both components were fully inhibited. The results confirm the presence of two distinct H+ transport processes in turtle bladder membranes and identify selective inhibitors, NBD-Cl and vanadate, for each process.
Antenatal fetal surveillance in pregnancies complicated by fetal gastroschisis

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine if antenatal fetal surveillance should be considered in pregnancies complicated by fetal gastroschisis, and if so, what gestational age should testing begin. Study Design During an 18-year period, all pregnancies delivered of a newborn that had gastroschisis were identified. Numerous data parameters were collected, including gestational age at delivery, birthweight, indication for delivery, antenatal testing results if performed, and neonatal outcome. Fetal compromise was defined as stillbirth or moderate to severe arterial cord blood gas acidosis at the time of delivery (pH Results During the study period, 84 pregnancies complicated by fetal gastroschisis were delivered from 117,564 gestations. Antenatal testing was performed in 58 cases (69%). Of the 26 (31%) without antenatal testing, 17 had an antenatal diagnosis of gastroschisis and in 9, the diagnosis was made on the day of delivery. In the 17 with an antenatal diagnosis, there were 2 stillbirths (29 4/7 and 31 3/7 weeks' gestation) and 1 was delivered with a moderate to severe arterial cord blood gas acidosis at 29 5/7 weeks' gestation. An additional case of moderate to severe arterial cord blood gas acidosis occurred in the 9 cases where the diagnosis was made on the day of delivery. Of the 58 pregnancies with antenatal surveillance, there were no stillbirths and no cases with a moderate to severe arterial cord blood gas acidosis. Of these 58 cases, 22 (38%) were delivered based on an abnormal testing result. Of the 84 total cases, 32 (38%) had birthweights Conclusion Based on these data, antenatal fetal surveillance may be warranted in pregnancies complicated by fetal gastroschisis beginning at a gestational age of 28 to 29 weeks. Fetal testing between the thresholds of viability up to 28 weeks' gestation would be controversial.
3D feature estimation for sparse, nonlinear bistatic SAR apertures

We present an algorithm for extracting 3D canonical scattering features observed over sparse, bistatic SAR apertures. The input to the algorithm is a collection of noisy bistatic measurements which are, in general, collected over nonlinear flight paths. The output of the algorithm is a set of canonical scattering features that describe the 3D scene geometry. The algorithm employs a pragmatic approach to initializing feature estimates by first forming a 3D reflectivity reconstruction using sparsity-regularized least squares methods. Regions of high energy are detected in the reconstructions to obtain initial feature estimates. A single canonical feature, corresponding to a geometric shape primitive, is fit to each region via nonlinear optimization of fit error between the complex phase history data and parametric scattering models using a modification of the CLEAN method. Feature extraction results are presented for sparsely-sampled, nonlinear, 3D bistatic scattering prediction data of a simple scene.
Subnormal Antibody (Ab) Responses to Mumps, Measles and Rubella (MMR) Vaccines in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children † 822

Ab responses to mumps, measles and rubella vaccines in HIV+ children have not been well studied. We evaluated Ab titers in 12 HIV+ patients [mean age 96 mos (range 64-154)] and an equal number of healthy controls [mean age 98 months (range 58-168)]. All children received 2 doses of MMR vaccine at mean ages of 63 & 67 months in HIV & control groups, respectively. Ab was assessed by EIA at mean of 32 months following vaccination in both groups. Protective titers were considered as ≥ 1.11 ISR for mumps and measles and≥ 9.9 I.U/ml for rubella. Ab response was found to be significantly lower for mumps & measles in HIV+ group compared to controls (p=0.03). Titers were significantly lower for mumps & rubella in HIV+ group than controls. Results are presented in the table:
Sedimentary and structural patterns on the northern Santa Rosa-Cortes Ridge, southern California

Abstract The Santa Rosa-Cortes Ridge is an 1800 m high, 180 km long feature lying approximately 90 km off the coast of southern California and directly south of the northern group of Channel Islands. Geophysical profiling and sampling cruises to the northern part of the ridge, an area of recent and future lease sales for petroleum development, provide a strong data base for interpretation of structural and sedimentary patterns and their relation to potential geologic hazards. The northern part of the ridge is a complexly folded and faulted northwest-trending anticlinorium composed mostly of lower and middle Miocene shale and mudstone. Erosional remnants of upper Miocene and Pliocene rocks unconformably overlie highly folded pre-upper Miocene strata. The major structure of the ridge developed almost continuously from Oligocene or early Miocene time to the end of the Tertiary; many small folds formed between post-late Miocene and pre-late Pleistocene time. Numerous small faults cut the rocks on the ridge top. Faults cut basement rocks on the west side of the ridge along the Ferrelo fault zone. Published data on historical epicenters and evidence of offsets on the seafloor from seismic reflection and side-scan profiles, including limited evidence of possible strike-slip movement along fault traces, indicate that the northern Santa Rosa-Cortes Ridge is tectonically active. The crest of the ridge was truncated as the result of repeated sea-level fluctuations in the Quaternary. A thin veneer of unconsolidated medium to fine sand, less than 3 m thick, mantles most of the ridge; locally in topographically low areas and on the upper flanks of the ridge, thickness exceeds 20 m. The meager sediment cover, coupled with available evidence of relatively strong currents flowing across the ridge top, indicate that the ridge is an area of nondeposition or winnowing of fine sediments. Modern sediments become thicker and finer-grained from the ridge top to the ridge flanks, suggesting active accretion in those areas. Slumps are present at various depths on the flanks, and it seems probable that the thicker deposits (> 20 m) of modern sediments on the upper flanks will be sites of future slumping.
Gene expression profiling of human plasma cell differentiation and classification of multiple myeloma based on similarities to distinct stages of late-stage B-cell development

To identify genes linked to normal plasma cell (PC) differentiation and to classify multiple myeloma (MM) with respect to the expression patterns of these genes, we analyzed global mRNA expression in CD19-enriched B cells (BCs) from 7 tonsils, CD138-enriched PCs from 11 tonsils, 31 normal bone marrow samples, and 74 MM bone marrow samples using microarrays interrogating 6800 genes. Hierarchical clustering analyses with 3288 genes clearly segregated the 4 cell types, and chi-square and Wilcoxin rank sum tests (P <.0005) identified 359 and 500 previously defined and novel genes that distinguish tonsil BCs from tonsil PCs (early differentiation genes [EDGs]), and tonsil PCs from bone marrow PCs (late differentiation genes [LDGs]), respectively. MM as a whole was found to have dramatically variable expression of EDGs and LDGs, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to identify the most variable EDGs (vEDGs) and LDGs (v1LDG and v2LDG). Hierarchical cluster analysis with these genes revealed that previously defined MM gene expression subgroups (MM1-MM4) could be linked to one of the 3 normal cell types. Clustering with 30 vEDGs revealed that 13 of 18 MM4 cases clustered with tonsil BCs (P =.000 05), whereas 14 of 15 MM3 cases clustered with tonsil PCs when using 50 v1LDG (P =.000 008), and 14 of 20 MM2 cases clustered with bone marrow PCs when using 50 v2LDG (P =.000 09). MM1 showed no significant linkage with normal cell types studied. Thus, genes whose expression is linked to distinct transitions in late-stage B-cell differentiation can be used to classify MM.
Seedling Performance Associated with Live or Herbicide Treated Tall Fescue

Tall fescue is an important forage grass which can host systemic fungal endophytes. The association of host grass and endophyte is known to influence herbivore behavior and host plant competition for resources. Establishing legumes into existing tall fescue sods is a desirable means to acquire nitrogen and enhance the nutritive value of forage for livestock production. Competition from existing tall fescue typically must be controlled to ensure interseeding success. We used a soil-on-agar method to determine if soil from intact, living (L), or an herbicide killed (K) tall fescue sward influenced germination and seedling growth of three cultivars of tall fescue (E
Term Graphs for Computing Derivatives in Imperative Languages

Automatic differentiation is a technique for the rule-based transformation of a subprogram that computes some mathematical function into a subprogram that computes the derivatives of that function. Automatic differentiation algorithms are typically expressed as operating on a weighted term graph called a linearized computational graph. Constructing this weighted term graph for imperative programming languages such as C/C++ and Fortran introduces several challenges. Alias and definition-use information is needed to construct term graphs for individual statements and then combine them into one graph for a collection of statements. Furthermore, the resulting weighted term graph must be represented in a language-independent fashion to enable the use of AD algorithms in tools for various languages. We describe the construction and representation of weighted term graphs for C/C++ and Fortran, as implemented in the ADIC 2.0 and OpenAD/F tools for automatic differentiation.
Multidisciplinary management of placenta percreta complicated by embolic phenomena

Hemorrhage and thrombosis are major causes of maternal mortality. This case discusses the management of a woman with placenta percreta complicated by intraoperative pulmonary embolism. A 39-year-old gravida 3 with two previous cesarean deliveries presented at 34 weeks of gestation with an antepartum hemorrhage. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed placenta percreta. The multidisciplinary group including obstetricians, gynecological oncologists, interventional radiologists and anesthesiologists developed a delivery plan. Cesarean delivery was performed with internal iliac artery occlusion and embolization catheters in place. After the uterine incision our patient experienced acute hypotension and hypoxia associated with a drop in the end-tidal carbon dioxide and sinus tachycardia. She was resuscitated and the uterus closed with the placenta in situ. Postoperatively, uterine bleeding was arrested by immediate uterine artery embolization. With initiation of embolization, hypotension and hypoxia recurred. Oxygenation and hemodynamics slowly improved, the case continued and the patient was extubated uneventfully at the end of the procedure. Computed tomography revealed multiple pulmonary emboli. The patient was anticoagulated with low-molecular-weight heparin and returned six weeks later for hysterectomy. Placenta percreta with invasion into the bladder can be catastrophic if not recognized before delivery. The chronology of events suggests that this may have been amniotic fluid emboli. An intact placenta with abnormal architecture, such as placenta percreta, may increase the risk of amniotic fluid embolus. The clinical findings and co-existing filling defects on computed tomography may represent a spectrum of amniotic fluid embolism syndrome.
Functional outcome after thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair

Objectives Previous reports have documented perioperative outcomes and major complications (renal failure, spinal cord ischemia, death) after repair of aneurysms of the thoracoabdominal aorta (TAA). This study documented long-term functional outcomes after open TAA repair. Methods The Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36-Item Survey (SF-36) was administered to 134 survivors (83 men, 51 women; mean age, 69.5 years) of TAA repair at a mean follow-up from surgery of 60 ± 38.7 months. Raw scores were compared against cohorts adjusted for age and comorbidity (cardiovascular disease). Assessed was the influence of preoperative and intraoperative factors, as well as postoperative complications on long-term quality of life (QOL). Results Raw scores for the eight SF-36 domains and the composite physical and mental component scores were lower ( P 75 years decreased the physical functioning ( P = .02) and role physical ( P = .04) domains compared with male gender and patients P = .013), social functioning ( P = .003), and role emotional ( P = .003); systemic vascular disease also showed a strong trend toward reduction in physical functioning ( P = .09) compared with patients without systemic vascular disease. Neither TAA extent (I to IV) nor elective vs urgent/emergency operation influenced long-term QOL in our cohort. Patients with postoperative paraplegia, cerebrovascular accident/cardiac event, and those requiring reoperation showed lower scores in the physical functioning ( P = .036), general health ( P = .02), and Mental Health ( P = .04) domains. Increased length of stay negatively impacted long-term QOL. The TAA cohort and the cardiovascular disease cohort had similar SF-36 scores for four domains (general health, bodily pain, vitality, and social functioning) and physical component scores. The cardiovascular disease group had higher scores in the physical functioning, role physical, role emotional, and mental health domains, and in mental component scores ( P Conclusion Permanent loss of functional capacity, measured at a mean of 5 years postoperatively, occurs rarely in survivors of TAA repair. Further studies are needed to define the role of hybrid or endovascular strategies, including their impact on long-term functional outcome compared with open TAA repair.
Residential Segregation in United States Cities: Rejoinder

While we sincerely appreciate Professor Macdonald's correction of our typographical errors, as well as the more serious error in the calculation of the residual path coefficients, we feel that the substantive implications he draws from these are simply incorrect. Considering first the incorrect path coefficients, in fact it makes little difference for our analysis what residual path coefficients are reported since we do not interpret them in the paper. Had his correction also affected the values of the path or correlation coefficients there would be cause for concern. However, this is not the case. Our view of the residual path coefficients, incidentally, is not unique. Most papers using this technique do not even mention the residual path, much less interpret it, for reasons we develop more fully below. Furthermore, even our corrected residual path coefficients are as small as in many published path analyses. Nonetheless, we thank him for providing the corrections since many people, apparently including Professor Macdonald, find them interesting. In any case, the drift of Professor Macdonald's critique appears to be that if R2 is low (i.e., if the residual path coefficient is large), then any path model is called into question and we deal now with this more general issue. We feel that such a position attributes an importance to R2 which is inconsistent with the nature of causal analysis. As we point out in footnote 8, causal inferences depend upon the validity of the various assumptions underlying the path model. In all such analyses (involving recursive path models) the residual variables are assumed to be uncorrelated with one another and the size of any particular residual coefficient is consequently irrelevant. Instead, attention is directed to the various partial regression coefficients which, regardless of their size, are interpreted without reference to the residual paths. Of course, if the residuals are in fact correlated then statements about the relative causal importance of variables included in the model are biased since a larger part of the correlation among endogenous variables is spurious than is estimated by the decomposition described in Table 2. (This problem is not unique to path models, but is characteristic of any causal analysis. If the survey analyst wishes to make causal inferences, at some point it is necessary to assume, whether he is working with cross-tabulations or correlation coefficients, that whatever uncontrolled variables affect the variables at hand are not correlated with one another-if they are then the observed relation is at least partly spurious.) Of course, we recognize that Professor Macdonald takes a position quite consistent with that of many other sociologists in his emphasis upon the importance of r2 and R2. Historically sociologists have looked to these coefficients to indicate the causal importance of a variable or set of variables. However, as Cain and Watts
Effects of a planetesimal debris disc on stability scenarios for the extrasolar planetary system HR 8799

HR 8799 is a four planet system that also hosts a debris disk. By numerically integrating both planets and a planetesimal disk, we find interactions between an exterior planetesimal disk and the planets can influence the lifetime of the system. We first consider resonant planetary configurations that remained stable for at least 7 Myrs sans debris disk. An exterior debris disk with only 1 per cent the mass of the outermost planet (approximately a Neptune mass) was sufficiently large enough to pull the system out of resonance after 2 to 6 Myrs. Secondly, we consider configurations which are unstable in less than a few hundred thousand years. We find that these can be stabilized by a debris disk with a mass of more than 10 per cent that of the outermost planet. Our two sets of simulations suggest that estimates of the long term stability of a planetary system should take into account the role of the debris disk.
Adaptation to displaced vision after experience with lesser displacements.

Summary.-Adaptation to vision displaced by a 30 diopter prism was greatest after prior experience with a 30 diopter prism, less after experience with a 20 diopter prism, and least after experience with prisms of 10 and 20 dioprers. This order was reversed when aftereffects were observed under normal vision, i.e., undistorted by prisms. Few variables known to be effective in learning as such have been explored in the perceptual adaptation situation where vision is displaced, inverted, tilted or reversed (see Harris, 1965; Ebenholtz, 1966). If the processes underlying motor adaptation to displaced vision are similar to those underlying traditional learning processes, then variables effective in these other situations might also be effective in adaptation to displaced fields. The major purpose of this experiment was to develop a transfer situation for perceptual adaptation to displaced fields. The secondary purpose was to test a reinforcement hypothesis of Held and Freedman (1963) that consistent experience on displaced vision and from self-initiated feedback movement should result in better adaptation than inconsiscent experience. Inconsistent experience with displaced vision can be spread out over time in a transfer design to test the generality of their hypothesis. Inconsistent experience signifies that the S undergoes differing amounts of displacement in successive stages of acquisition. Adaptation to large displacements might be facilitated if Ss were first trained on smaller displacements. This hypothesis derives from experiments in discrimination learning and learning-to-learn. Two indices of adaptation are available; improvement in the accuracy of locating a target while looking through a prism and the amount of shift in the location of a target after the prism is removed. METHOD The apparatus was a plywood box, 30 in. long by 24 in. wide, by 21 in. high, open at the top. The box had a horizontal false bottom raised 7 in. Beneath this, a plane surface left a 6%-in. gap (hereafter designated the lower gap) across the entire front face of the box and slanted upward toward the rear, meeting the false bottom at the rear of the box. The solid portion of the front face was a board, whose upper edge was flush with the upper edges of the sides. This board, pierced at its center by a peephole of 1 in. diameter, was only 9 in. wide, leaving a 5-in. gap (hereafter designated the upper gap) between its lower edge and the inside surface of the false bottom. Behind the peephole was a lensholder that held either an optical flat or an American Optical Company prism of 10, 20, or 30 prism diopters base left. Except for a white stripe y8 in. wide, all visible surfaces were painted flat black. The stripe was painted down
Understanding the biomechanical nature of musculoskeletal tissue.

Abstract This article provides a general overview of the biomechanical principles associated with hand therapy. Specifically, it reviews the basic topics of material properties (including both theoretical principles and practical concepts), static analysis (including forces, moments, muscle forces, and Newton’s laws), and ends with a clinical example involving analysis of the risk of damage to the A3 pulley.
The formation of shikimate-3-phosphate in cell-free preparations of Sorghum

Abstract Shikimate-3-phosphate was formed by cell-free preparations of etiolated shoots and green stems of Sorghum bicolor but not of roots of etiolated see
Mentoring in Occupational Therapy: One State's Status.

Although mentoring is considered a powerful tool for professional development and critical to strengthening the profession of occupational therapy little is known about the frequency among practitioners with which it occurs or the supports needed to sustain it. This study describes the status of Ohio Occupational Therapy State Association members with active E-mail addresses who were selected randomly and responded to a telephone survey. Of the 130 respondents, the incidence of serving as a mentor or mentee in the past was higher than the current rate. More respondents currently not serving in either role desired to serve in the role of mentor than mentee. Supports for participating in a mentoring relationship included identification of ideal mentor and/or mentee “characteristics,” “linkage” to connect the two parties, and “resources” such as knowledge, time, positive environment, and incentives. The results of this study may serve useful to those involved in facilitating and supporting mentoring initiati...
An uncommon fucosyl linkage in surface membranes of human neuroblastoma cells.

Abstract The surface membranes of human neuroblastoma cells contain a fucosyl linkage, defined by using an α-L-fucosidase from almond emulsin specific for the cleavage of Fucα1→3G1cNAc and Fucα1→4G1cNAc. These linkages are not found in significant amounts on the surface of mouse neuroblastoma cells, or human or hamster fibroblasts. The enzyme released fucose from glycoproteins as well as glycopeptides, making it particularly useful for in vivo studies.
Loop Density Enhancement by Nonlinear Magnetohydrodynamic Waves

We study the possibility that waves in coronal loops can produce density enhancements at loop tops. The mechanism involved is the ponderomotive force of standing magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves. We study the effect of large-amplitude waves in loops by first using a simple second-order one-dimensional MHD model for which analytical expressions are available. This simple model shows how Alfven waves can excite density fluctuations on slow timescales. Next, we solve the time-dependent nonlinear 2.5-dimensional MHD equations in an arcade model, in order to study the effect of nonuniform Alfven speed along the loop on large-amplitude waves. Finally, we solve the nonlinear three-dimensional MHD equations in a flux-tube configuration. Waves are launched by an initial transverse velocity profile in the loop, with footpoints fixed in the photosphere. We find that large initial disturbances produce a pressure imbalance along the loop, which results in an upflow from its legs. The accumulation of mass at the top of the oscillating loop can produce significant density enhancements for typical coronal conditions. In a later stage, the pressure gradient becomes dominant and inhibits the concentration of mass at the loop top. We find that oscillating loops observed by the EUV telescope on board TRACE on 1998 July 14 exhibit emission measure enhancements consistent with this mechanism.
Monotone open homogeneity of Sierpiński curve

Abstract This paper answers positively the open question of whether or not the Sierpinski curve is homogeneous with respect to monotone open maps. It constructs a monotone open map from the Sierpinski curve onto the Sierpinski curve. The map takes a boundary point of a complementary region onto a point which is not a boundary point of a complementary region and vice versa. We construct the map by building a continuous decomposition of the Sierpinski curve so that the decomposition space is homeomorphic to the Sierpinski curve. Each decomposition element is a nondegenerate cellular continuum except for one which is a simple closed curve: the boundary of a complementary region.