cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An economic analysis of Midwestern US criteria pollutant emissions trends from 1970 to 2000

Abstract From 1970 to 2000, U.S. economic output doubled but emissions of four criteria pollutants from economic activity—CO, NO x , VOC, and SO 2 —decreased by 20%. Understanding what factors have contributed to this pollution reduction in the U.S. as a whole, as well as in various regions within the country, has important policy implications. A recently developed regional environmental–econometric input–output model for the Midwestern states of the U.S. has been used to examine the causes of pollution reduction in this regional economy over a thirty-year period. Simulations conducted with this model suggest that, for the rate of growth experienced over the period, technological improvement has dominated economic structural change in the reduction of pollutant emissions. On average, technological improvement has accounted for approximately 80% of emissions reduction, while economic structural change explains the remaining 20% of the decrease. Our analysis suggests that, while much remains to be done in reducing emissions in both developed and developing countries, policies that are informed by an understanding of the role of structural change and which promote the adoption of more recently developed technologies may contribute substantially to sustainable development.
High-frequency oscillatory ventilation in the management of infants with pulmonary hemorrhage after cardiac surgery

p ULMONARY hemorrhage immedmtely after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is an infrequent, catastrophic event. There is only one such case reported in the literature) The authors recently encountered three mfants who suffered massive pulmonary hemorrhage after cardiac surgery for correction of congenital cardiac anomalies. The cause and nature of the hemorrhages remain unclear. However, the intent of this report is to describe the effective use of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation m two of these infants.
From hydrocarbon to hydrogen–carbon to hydrogen economy

Abstract In the near- to medium-term future, hydrogen production will continue to rely on fossil fuels, and will, therefore, remain a potential source of significant CO 2 emissions into the atmosphere. Conventional CO 2 sequestration strategies offer rather expensive and ecologically uncertain solutions. The objective of this paper is to explore novel approaches to solving energy and environmental problems associated with the production of hydrogen from fossil fuels. The paper discusses the technological, environmental and economical aspects of large-scale production of hydrogen and carbon by the catalytic dissociation of natural gas (NG). The authors propose a scenario of fossil-based “hydrogen–carbon” infrastructure, where the hydrogen component of NG is used as a clean energy carrier (e.g., in transportation) and the carbon component is used in several application areas: structural materials, power generation, soil amendment and environmental remediation. This scenario will allow a smooth transition from the current hydrocarbon-based economy to a hydrogen–carbon economy as a half-way point to the ultimate hydrogen-from-renewables economy of the future.
Inflammation and cardiovascular events in individuals with and without chronic kidney disease.

Inflammation and chronic kidney disease predict cardiovascular events. Here we evaluated markers of inflammation including fibrinogen, albumin and white blood cell count in individuals with and without stages 3–4 chronic kidney disease to assess inflammation as a risk factor for adverse events, the synergy between inflammation and chronic kidney disease, and the prognostic ability of these inflammatory markers relative to that of C-reactive protein. Using Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities and Cardiovascular Health Study data, inflammation was defined by worst quartile of at least 2 of these 3 markers. In Cox regression models, inflammation was assessed as a risk factor for a composite of cardiac events, stroke and mortality as well as components of this composite. Among 20 413 patients, inflammation was identified in 3594 and chronic kidney disease in 1649. In multivariable analyses, both inflammation and chronic kidney disease predicted all outcomes, but their interaction was non-significant. In 5597 patients with C-reactive protein levels, inflammation and elevated C-reactive protein had similar hazard ratios. When focusing only on individuals with the worst quartile of white cell count and albumin, results remained consistent.
The impact of reform on the party and ideology in China

In the People's Republic of China (PRC), the monolithic organization of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and its unchallenged official ideology, Mao Zedong Thought, used to be the two mighty pilla...
Evaluation of triple‐quantum‐filtered 23Na NMR in monitoring of intracellular na content in the perfused rat heart: Comparison of intra‐ and extracellular transverse relaxation and spectral amplitudes

Multiple-quantum filtered (MQF) NMR offers the possibility of monitoring intracellular (IC) Na content in the absence of shift reagents (SR), provided that (i) the contribution from IC Na to the MQF spectrum is substantial and responds to a change in IC Na content, and (ii) the amplitude of the extracellular (EC) MQF component remains constant during a change in IC Na content. The validity and basis for these conditions were examined in isolated perfused rat hearts using SR-aided and SR-free triple-quantum filtered (TQF) 23NaNMR. Despite a myocardial Na content that was only approximately 1/70 that of EC Na. IC Na contributed to over 25% of the total TQF spectrum acquired in the absence of SR. Transverse relaxation times (T2) were approximately twice as long for EC compared to IC Na, despite SR-induced relaxation of T2 for the former pool. However, the efficiency of generation of the TQF signal was similar for IC and EC Na, indicating that a much greater percentage of IC relative to EC Na exhibits TQ coherence. During constant perfusion with ouabain (0.2 mM for 25 min) or with a hypoxic and aglycemic solution (50 min), the amplitude of the IC TQF spectrum increased by approximately 330% and -280%, respectively. In contrast, the amplitude of the EC TQF spectra remained essentially constant for both interventions. The amplitude for IC Na increased approximately 250% relative to baseline during no-flow ischemia (60 min), whereas the amplitude of the EC TQF spectra decreased by approximately 33% before stabilizing. In SR-free experiments, the TQF spectral amplitude increased approximately 2-fold during the constant perfusion interventions, but did not change significantly during no-flow ischemia. These data suggest that the change in the TQF spectral amplitude during constant perfusion interventions is from IC Na, and that TQF techniques in the absence of SR may be useful in monitoring IC Na during these interventions. The fall in the amplitude of the EC TQF spectral amplitude during no-flow ischemia complicates the use of TQF techniques without SR during this intervention.
Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in the 1990s: Resource Utilization, Long-Term Survival, and Quality of Life After Repair

Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (RAAA) is a lethal disease. The aim of this study was to assess resource use, long-term outcome, and functional status of patients surviving repair of RAAAs. A retrospective review was made over a 42-month period. Functional status was assessed by use of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (MOS SF-36) at a mean follow-up time of 29 months. Fifty-seven patients with an RAAA underwent surgical repair. The overall in-hospital mortality rate after surgical repair was 39%. Risk factors predictive for a poor hospital outcome were preoperative systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg, hematocrit less than 25%, transfusion requirements greater than 15 units, renal failure, and need for perioperative cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Total hospital costs were significantly higher for survivors compared with nonsurvivors. Hospital cost per survivor was $86,977. Intensive Care Unit, laboratory, and blood bank costs accounted for 50% of total hospital costs. Based on the ei...
The role of historical intuitions in children's and adults' naming of artifacts

It is commonly assumed that artifacts are named solely on the basis of properties they currently possess; in particular, their appearance and function. The experiments presented here explore the alternative proposal that the history of an artifact plays some role in how it is named. In three experiments, children between the ages of 4 and 9 years and adults were presented with familiar artifacts whose appearance and function were then radically altered. Participants were tested as to whether they believed that the modified objects were still members of the artifact kind. Results indicate that object history becomes increasingly important over the course of development.
Chemical synthesis and surface activity of lung surfactant phospholipid analogs. III. Chiral N-substituted ether-amide phosphonolipids

Abstract A homologous series of chiral (R) ether-amide phosphonolipid analogs of naturally occuring (R) glycerophospholipids were synthesized and characterized for their interfacial behaviors. The phosphonolipids possess isoteric ether, amide, and phosphonate functions at positions corresponding to the sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3 ester functions, respectively , of naturally occurring glycerophospholipids. All compounds were synthesized with disaturated C16:0 alkyl/acyl moieties to give structural analogy with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), the major glycerophospholipid component of lung surfactant. Further substitutions at the headgroup nitrogen were also used to generate differences in headgroup size and polarity in the synthetic compounds. The surface activity of the ether-amide phopholipids was investigated in terms of adsorption to the air-water interface, together with studies of dynamic respreading after monolayer collapse and surface tension lowering in dynamically compressed spread films and dispersions. Results showed that several ether-amide phosphonolipids had more rapid adsorption and improved dynamic respreading behavior compared to DPPC, plus the ability to lower surface tension into the range of
Influence of Analytically and Intuitively Framed Instructions upon Multi-Attribute Decision Task Approach

Individuals may rely upon a number of decision making strategies in their approach to a complex decision making environment. For example, people may have a predisposition to rely upon intuitive and analytical decision making styles during task performance. These decision making styles, as measured by a Decision Making Styles Inventory (DMI), have been found to predict performance on a multi-attribute decision making task. It follows that manipulating the manner in which task instructions are framed, either analytically or intuitively, may have an influence upon task approach and performance as well. Influence of analytic and intuitive instructions for a multi-attribute decision making task are examined in this paper.
Environment in Relation to Age of Bristlecone Pines

Bristlecone pines (Pinus aristata Engelm.) locally attain ages over 4,000 years. In the White Mountains, California, old trees are widely distributed near the lower forest border, but are restricted to exposed, rocky areas at higher altitudes. Comparative aridity seems to be an important feature of the "old—age" habitat. Occurrences of older (1,5000—4,900 years) bristlecone pines in the moister mountain ranges of Nevade and Utah are analogous to those at higher altitudes in the White Mountains, suggesting that local edaphic and physiographic factors can offset the effects of a regional precipitation gradient. Attainment of an age greater that about 1,500 years apparently depends on the adoption of a strip—growth habit, which permits the aging bristlecone pine to maintain a nearly constant ratio of green to non—green tissue. Slow growth rates, wind damage, and soil erosion may be conducive to cambial area reduction. Other features of old—age stands, such as the wide spacing of the trees, the compactness of...
Transient dynamics of metal V-belt CVT : Effects of band pack slip and friction characteristic

A continuously variable transmission (CVT) offers a continuum of gear ratios between desired limits. The present research reports a detailed continuous one-dimensional transient-dynamic model of a metal V-belt CVT that accurately captures the various transient dynamic interactions occurring in the CVT system. Since a sundry of models mentioned in the literature ignore the influence of slip between the band pack and the belt element on the CVT performance, a unique model is outlined in this paper that aptly captures the slip-dynamics between the band-pack and the belt element. A considerable amount of effort in this paper is also dedicated towards modeling the inertial coupling between the belt and the pulley and studying its influence on the dynamic performance of a CVT. A metal V-belt CVT falls under the category of friction-limited drives as its performance and torque capacity rely significantly on the friction characteristic of the contact patch between the belt element and the pulley. A unique friction characteristic is also embedded into the CVT model to capture the effects of friction under dry and lubricated contact conditions. Simple trigonometric functions are introduced to capture the effects of pulley flexibility on the thrust ratio and slip behavior of the CVT. The results discuss the influence of band pack slip, friction characteristic, and pulley flexibility on the dynamic performance, the axial force requirements, and the torque transmitting capacity of a metal V-belt CVT drive.
Lithosphere age, depth and structural complications resulting from migrating transform faults

If oceanic transform faults migrate back and forth across a finite width of the lithosphere as a consequence of minor ridge propagations and recessions, many structural complications can arise. Patterns of lithosphere age and depth as well as internal structure may be determined by the frequency and magnitude of such migrations. Such processes are expected to be most likely at transforms bounded by relatively young, thin, weak lithosphere, due to either short ridge offsets or fast spreading rates.
Highlighting the C in ICT: key communication and culture questions in ICT for health.

ICTs are not simply neutral conduits of technical information, but require skilled and sensitive communicators to facilitate interactions (InfoDev, 2007, p. 13). These words from an InfoDev (World ...
LIGHT‐HARVESTING COMPLEX AF'OPROTEINS IN CYTOPLASMIC VACUOLES IN CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII (CHLOROPHYTA)1

Cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard strain cw15arg7A contain electron-opaque material, often in the form of large granules, within cytoplasmic vacuoles. Immunoelectron microscopy with antibodies to polypeptide 11, a component of the major light-harvesting chlorophyll (Chl) a/b-protein complex (LHCII,) of thylakoid membranes, revealed the presence of LHCII Polypeptides within the chloroplast and in vacuolar material in cells grown in the light. Vacuolar material was also heavily immunodecorated in dark-grown cells that did not synthesize Chl. Accumulation of LHCII polypeptides was further studied in greening and light-grown cells of a pale green mutant, deficient in LHCII, that was derived from cu15arg7A by insertional mutagenesis. Light-grown cells of this mutant strain contained relatively few thylakoid membranes and synthesized LHCII polypeptides at a low rate. However, cytoplasmic vacuoles were immunoreactive. Appearance of mature-sized LHCII polypeptides in vacuoles suggested that these proteins were partially translocated across the envelope but not retained by the chloroplast without assembly of LHCII.
Hyperoxia-Induced Alterations of Rat Alveolar Lavage Composition and Properties

Although lethal exposures of most animal species to oxygen result in a reduced amount of surfactant phospholipids (PL), hyperoxia in rats leads to elevated levels of PL on the alveolar surface. Because of this different response, a study was made of the amount, composition, surface properties, and subfraction distribution (obtained by differential centrifugation) of alveolar lavage materials from rats exposed to >95% oxygen for 64 h. The exposures lead to severe lung damage, which includes the appearance of pleural effusion, pulmonary edema, and increased protein levels on the alveolar surface. However, the PL levels of lavage fluid are increased two-to threefold, and the PL composition is altered. In O2-exposed rats, only 39(±1)% of the phospholipid is disaturated phosphatidylcholine (DSPC), the major surface active component of surfactant, as compared to 46(±1)% DSPC in lavage from control animals. The distribution of PL and DSPC in subfractions of lavage materials obtained by differential centrifugatio...
Comparison of Effects of High-Pressure Processing and Heat Treatment on Immunoactivity of Bovine Milk Immunoglobulin G in Enriched Soymilk under Equivalent Microbial Inactivation Levels

Immunoglobulin-rich foods may provide health benefits to consumers. To extend the refrigerated shelf life of functional foods enriched with bovine immunoglobulin G (IgG), nonthermal alternatives such as high-pressure processing (HPP) may offer advantages to thermal processing for microbial reduction. To evaluate the effects of HPP on the immunoactivity of bovine IgG, a soymilk product enriched with milk protein concentrates, derived from dairy cows that were hyperimmunized with 26 human pathogens, was subjected to HPP or heat treatment. To achieve a 5 log reduction in inoculated Escherichia coli 8739, the HPP or heat treatment requirements were 345 MPa for 4 min at 30 degrees C or for 20 s at 70 degrees C, respectively. To achieve a 5 log reduction in natural flora in the enriched soymilk, the HPP or heat treatments needed were 552 MPa for 4 min at 30 degrees C or for 120 s at 78.2 degrees C, respectively. At equivalent levels for a 5 log reduction in E. coli, HPP and heat treatment caused 25% and no detectable loss in bovine IgG activity, respectively. However, at equivalent levels for a 5 log reduction in natural flora, HPP and heat resulted in 65 and 85% loss of bovine IgG activity, respectively. Results of combined pressure-thermal kinetic studies of bovine milk IgG activity were provided to determine the optimal process conditions to preserve product function.
Mass Incarceration: Examining and Moving Beyond the New Jim Crow

Michelle Alexander’s critical analysis of the US criminal justice system contained in The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness has received extraordinary critical and popul...
Connections of the median and dorsal raphe nuclei in the rat: an autoradiographic and degeneration study.

Ascending and descending projections from the median and dorsal raphe nuclei of the midbrain were mapped in the albino rat, using reduced-silver stains after lesions or the autoradiographic technique following injections of tritiated proline. In all major respects the two techniques gave the same results. The majority of the ascending projections sweep ventrally from the raphe nuclei, then curve rostrally to course through the ventral tegmentum and into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). Others radiate through the mesencephalic reticular formation (RF) and central grey, turning ventrally at the posterior thalamic border to enter the subthalamus. From the MFB, fibers branch into the hypothalamus, preoptic areas, anterior amygdala and olfactory tubercle, while some fibers enter the fornix or the stria terminalis. Many fibers continue rostrally in the MFB, joining the diagonal bands of Broca to reach the septal nuclei or, further rostrally, the cingulum bundle. Fibers in the cingulum bundle turn caudally around the genu of the corpus callosum, some branching into the cell-free layers of the pregenual cortex. Runing caudally, then curving around the splenium, the cingulum bundle projection sprays out into the subiculum and in some cases a projection into the hippocampus is seen. Other ascending projections include one to the habenular nuclei through the fasciculus retroflexus. Projections to the mediodorsal, parafascicular and reuniens nuclei of the thalamus were also noted. Descending projections were observed to the dorsal tegmental nucleus and locus coeruleus and diffusely to the pontine reticular formation and caudal central grey. No projections were seen below the level of the facial nerve nucleus and none were observed to the cerebellum, caudal raphe nuclei or cranial nerve nuclei.
Habitat and fire heterogeneity explain the co-occurrence of congeneric resprouter and reseeder Hypericum spp. along a Florida pine savanna ecocline

The distribution of resprouting and reseeding woody plants may be limited by the frequency of disturbances. Such species have a high probability of persisting in frequently and rarely disturbed habitats and may co-occur at intermediate disturbance frequencies. Nonetheless, resprouters and reseeders of the genus Hypericum co-occur in frequently burned pine savannas of southeastern North America. We predicted that these congeners would sort along a fire frequency gradient resulting from fine scale variation in topography and soil moisture. We examined habitat associations of a resprouter (H. microsepalum), facultative reseeder/resprouter (H. brachyphyllum), and reseeder (H. chapmanii) that occur along Northern Florida pine savanna ecoclines. We sampled five belt transects of 50 continuous 1 × 1 m2 plots for edaphic characteristics, fire spread, and densities of each species. Hypericum microsepalum was associated with upland, drier pine savannas where fires are frequent and typically burn uniformly across landscapes (2–3 year fire frequency). In contrast, H. brachyphyllum and H. chapmanii were associated with intermediate mesic areas where fires burn increasingly patchily downslope along ecoclines from upland flatwoods to lowland wet depressions (10–30 year fire frequency). Hypericum species of all life histories co-occur in intermediate areas where small changes in topography and edaphic characteristics generate a fire frequency gradient on a local scale. In pine savannas, fires vary from frequent to infrequent on a local within-landscape level as a function of elevation gradients. We conclude that the occurrence of such fire gradients along ecoclines should facilitate co-occurrence of plants with different life histories and thereby increase overall biodiversity.
Methane supersaturation and ATP-zooplankton blooms in near-surface waters of the Western Mediterranean and the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean

Abstract The concentrations of methane and 333 to 1800-μm ATP-biomass were determined at 15 stations along a transect from Gibraltar to Africa to Puerto Rico. Near-surface waters at one station in the Western Mediterranean and at one station off the coast of North Africa were highly supersaturated with methane. High concentrations of zooplankton encountered at the same locations offer biological evidence that the production of excess methane in the water column may be associated with the pelagic food chain. A possible cause may be the presence of methane bacteria in the digestive tracts of the herbivorous zooplankton.
Physical Activity Moderates Time-of-Day Differences in Older Adults' Working Memory Performance

Based on a synthesis of the literature on time of day and physical fitness effects on cognition, the current study examined whether physical activity moderated time-of-day differences in older adults' performance on a working memory task. Sedentary older adults' working memory performance declined significantly from morning to evening, whereas more active older adults performed similarly across the day. This interaction did not extend to performance on a simple reaction time task. A novel explanation based on the selective effect of mental fatigue on executive control processes is proposed.
They make HOW much?" Investigating Faculty Salaries to Examine Gender Inequalities

I use the exercise in my undergraduate Methods of Social Research course, requiring students to analyze faculty salaries, look for patterns in the data, and address potential gender inequality in the salaries. The goals of the exercise are twofold: (1) to introduce students to gender stratification occurring in their public institution and (2) to provide an exercise designed to help the students realize both the strengths and weaknesses of using available data as a research method. In this paper I discuss aspects of the Faculty Salary Exercise and present qualitative and quantitative data from Methods of Social Research classes taught over three semesters. Twothirds of the students who enroll in this upper-division class are sociology majors (it is a required course for the major). The course also serves as a service course for other disciplines that require their students to take a research methods course. Students’ written work on the exercise shows that this is a very popular exercise (Who is not curious about how much money their professors make?) and one that opens students’ eyes to gender inequalities in an environment with which they are familiar. Below I briefly review the literature on gender inequality in academia, discuss various ways gender stratification has been taught through active learning, then turn to the Faculty Salary Exercise and students’ findings and evaluation of the exercise.
Financial market integration tests: an investigation using US equity markets

Abstract The literature on international financial market integration contains conflicting results, in part because there exists no economic benchmark of integration to which the statistical results can be compared. We provide such a benchmark. We subject the NYSE, AMEX and NASDAQ exchanges to a series of integration tests that use a generally accepted multifactor asset pricing (MAP) model. If we accept the premise that these three exchanges are as well integrated as any equity markets are likely to be, then our results provide a benchmark by which to adjust the significance levels used in similar international financial market integration tests. We estimate both a constant and a time-varying coefficient version of the MAP model. Both versions reject the hypothesis that the three US exchanges are integrated. Our interpretation is that these integration tests are too powerful when confronted with the practical realities of integrated markets, and the usual confidence intervals need to be substantially enlarged. The time-varying coefficient model rejects the integration hypothesis three to four times more frequently than it should. Our results can also be interpreted as a specification test of MAP models. The risk premia estimates of the fixed-coefficient model seem to be well behaved, and they do not reveal any obvious misspecification of the model. In contrast, possibly because of the low number of observations in the cross-sectional regressions, the time series of the risk premia exhibit various instabilities and undesirable properties. Finally, we find some evidence that the NASDAQ may not be as well integrated with the NYSE and the AMEX as the latter two are with each other.
Percutaneous sclerotherapy of venous malformations: efficacy and safety of ethanol and sotradecol

Purpose Venous Malformations are the most common type of vascular malformation in adults, effecting 1-4% of the population; however, the treatment options are relatively limited. Percutaneous sclerotherapy is considered a first line treatment for symptomatic lesions. The purpose of this study is to review the safety and efficacy of ethanol and sotradecol in the treatment of venous malformations. Materials and Methods A retrospective analysis was performed of all patients with venous malformations from 1/1/2000 - 9/1/2012. Lesions were targeted with ultrasound and/or fluoroscopic guidance and venography was then performed through the access needle(s). Venous drainage of the malformation was isolated with a tourniquet and/or direct compression of non target venous structures. The sclerosing agent was then injected to the volume of the lesion as determined on venography. Technical success was defined as the ability to access the lesion, isolate it from non target vessels and deliver the sclerosant. Ethanol or sotradecol were chosen at the operators’ discretion. Lesions in high risk locations (face, hands) were treated preferentially with sotradecol. All patients were followed in IR clinic to asses for response to treatment and complications. Results A total of 186 treatments (136 ethanol, 50 sotradecol) were performed on 95 patients with ages ranging from 9 - 75 (median 30.4). Technical success was 95%. Number of treatment sessions ranged from 1-17 (mean 1.96). Clinical follow up was obtained in 88% of patients. Complete, partial and no relief of symptoms was seen in 35%, 57%, 8% of total treatments; 43%, 48%, 9% of ethanol treatment sessions; and 16%, 80%, 4 % of sotradecol treatment sessions. Complications were seen following 3.7% of ethanol treatment sessions and 2.0% sotradecol treatments. Only complete symptomatic relief (44% vs 18%) was significantly different between the two groups (p=0.0017). Conclusion Percutaneous sclerotherapy of venous malformations is safe. Ethanol and sotradecol are effective agents. In this series, complete symptomatic relief was higher for ethanol than sotradecol. This may reflect significant selection bias as sotradecol is used for lesions in more challenging anatomic locations.
ELASTIC PROCESSES IN SLOW COLLISIONS OF BE AND BE IONS WITH HYDROGEN

Because of their present relevance to divertor modeling of fusion reactors, differential and total elastic cross sections have been calculated for collisions of Be, Be+ and Be2+ in the ground state with atomic hydrogen. The collision energy was varied over more than four orders of magnitude, from 0.01 eV up to 500 eV. The differential cross sections are shown for the full range of scattering angles, at four representative values of energy. The total elastic cross section and its plasma transport relevant moments (momentum transfer, viscosity) are presented as functions of the energy.
Improving the memory sections of the standardized assessment of concussion using item analysis

The purpose of the study was to improve the immediate and delayed memory sections of the Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC) by identifying a list of more psychometrically sound items (words). A total of 200 participants with no history of concussion in the previous six months (aged 19.60 ± 2.20 years; N = 93 men, N = 107 women) volunteered to participate in this study. An observation research design was used. Participants were tested once with a verbal interview that took approximately five minutes to complete. Classic item analysis including three parts: (1) Item difficulty, (2) item discrimination, and (3) item determination was used to assess the psychometric properties of the new items on the alternative word list for the SAC test. Overall, 80.0% of the items in the immediate memory section were acceptable. In the delayed memory section, 90.0% of the items were acceptable. The mean total SAC scores were 17.96 ± 2.45 (of a possible 30). The majority of new items have acceptable psychometric pr...
IDENTIFICATION OF CLAY MINERALS FROM ACID SOILS

Summary A technique is described for the identification of clay minerals, the layers of which are difficult to expand or collapse by the usual treatment with glycerol and KCl. Samples are extracted for 3 to 6 hours in normal sodium citrate at pH 7–3 and 100° C. The citrate is renewed hourly. After the citrate extraction the inter- layer spaces of some minerals can be expanded with glycerol and CaCl2 Basal spacings of minerals previously identified as ‘dioctahedral vermiculite’ expand to 16–18 A. after this treatment; hence, their identity is questioned. The widespread occurrence in the north-eastem United States of clay minerals with 14-A. spacing necessitates this extraction for correct identification.
Protein structure of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: identification of the virus structural and cell associated polypeptides.

Abstract Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) has been found to contain 3 major structural polypeptides. The largest of these was shown to be a nonglycosylated nucleoprotein (NP) of approximately 63,000 daltons which was found internally in the virion and was associated with a dense ribonucleoprotein complex. Two glycopeptides, termed GP-1 and GP-2, of approximately 54,000 and 35,000 daltons, respectively, were shown to be localized on the virion surface by proteolytic digestion of intact virus. Peptide maps of GP-1 and GP-2 indicated that they were independent polypeptides and that GP-2 was not a cleavage product of GP-1. Furthermore, the tryptic peptide map of NP was distinct from the two glycopeptides. Pulse-labeling studies of the intracellular synthesis of LCMV specific polypeptides in infected BHK-21 cells demonstrated synthesis of the nucleoprotein by 6 hr after infection at a multiplicity of infection of 10, corresponding to the beginning of log phase of viral replication. In cytosol extracts of LCMV-infected cells enhanced by immune precipitation an additional apparently nonstructural glycopeptide with a molecular weight of 74–75,000 was observed. This cell associated glycopeptide, designated GP-C, was readily detectable after 24–48 hr of infection, and appeared to accumulate with increasing time of incubation. While the relationship of GP-C to the virion glycopeptides GP-1 and GP-2 has not been determined, immune precipitation studies have shown that GP-C does not share antigenic determinants with NP. The probable relationships between the polypeptides of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus both to the pathogenesis of virus induced immune diseases and to the structure of other arenaviruses have been discussed.
Minimum-weight design of statically determinate trusses subject to multiple constraints

Abstract This paper is concerned with the minimum-weight design of a statically determinate elastic truss that must satisfy both stress and displacement constraints under one or more systems of loads. As used in this paper, compliance is the virtual work of specified dummy loads on the displacements that are caused by the actual loads. In particular, when a single dummy load of unit intensity is used, the compliance is the displacement of its point of application in the direction of the dummy load that is caused by the actual loads. The stress constraints considered in the paper specify an upper bound for the absolute value of the axial stress in each bar, which need not be the same for all bars. Sections 1 and 2, respectively, treat the cases of two compliance constraints for a single state of loading and a single compliance constraint for two alternative states of loading. In both cases, the mathematical problem is one of convex programming. To obtain physical insight that may prove useful in the discussion of more complex problems of structural optimization, both cases are treated analytically as far as possible before numerical methods are invoked.
Competing Particle Systems Evolving by I.I.D. Increments

We consider competing particle systems in $\mathbb{R}^d$, i.e. random locally finite upper bounded configurations of points in $\mathbb{R}^d$ evolving in discrete time steps. In each step i.i.d. increments are added to the particles independently of the initial configuration and the previous steps. Ruzmaikina and Aizenman characterized quasi-stationary measures of such an evolution, i.e. point processes for which the joint distribution of the gaps between the particles is invariant under the evolution, in case $d=1$ and restricting to increments having a density and an everywhere finite moment generating function. We prove corresponding versions of their theorem in dimension $d=1$ for heavy-tailed increments in the domain of attraction of a stable law and in dimension $d\geq 1$ for lattice type increments with an everywhere finite moment generating function. In all cases we only assume that under the initial configuration no two particles are located at the same point. In addition, we analyze the attractivity of quasi-stationary Poisson point processes in the space of all Poisson point processes with almost surely infinite, locally finite and upper bounded configurations.
Emotional and Social Characteristics of Boys with AD/HD and Giftedness: A Comparative Case Study.

The purpose of this multiple case study was to investigate the emotional and social characteristics of boys who had co-occurring giftedness and AD/HD as compared with boys with only 1 of the 2 exceptionalities. The participants were 3 boys with AD/HD and giftedness and 6 comparison boys with only 1 of the 2 exceptionalities. Data sources included the participating boys, their parents, and their teachers. Data were collected by a team of researchers using parallel forms of a semistructured interview protocol and several rating scales and were analyzed by the team in 4 stages using a variety of qualitative analysis techniques. Findings suggested that participants with co-occurring giftedness and AD/HD had difficulties regulating their emotions, problems with peer relationships, and stressed families. Giftedness appeared to exacerbate the social/emotional difficulties associated with AD/HD rather than serve a protective function. The findings suggested that AD/HD is a risk factor for psychosocial adjustment ...
Max Weber, Interpretive Sociology, and the Sense of Historical Science: a Positivistic Conception of Verstehen

Weber's advocacy of understanding and an interpretive sociology is shown to be a consequence of the anthropological premises of his theory of concept formation in history. These premises, which are...
An approximation algorithm for scheduling on heterogeneous reconfigurable resources

Dynamic reconfiguration imposes significant penalties in terms of performance and energy. Scheduling the execution of tasks on a dynamically reconfigurable device is therefore of critical importance. Likewise, other application domains have cost models that are effectively the same as dynamic reconfiguration; examples include: data transmission across multiprocessor systems; dynamic code updating and reprogramming of motes in sensor networks; and module allocation, wherein the sharing of resources effectively eliminates inherent reconfiguration costs. This article contributes a fully polynomial time approximation algorithm for the problem of scheduling independent tasks onto a fixed number of heterogeneous reconfigurable resources, where each task has a different hardware and software latency on each device; the reconfiguration latencies can also vary between resources. A general-purpose processor and a field programmable gate array were used to experimentally validate the proposed technique using a pair of encryption algorithms. The latencies of the schedules obtained by the approximation scheme were at most 1.1× longer than the optimal solution, which was found using integer linear programming; this result is better than the theoretical worst-case guarantee of the approximation algorithm, which was 1.999×. The length of the schedules obtained using list scheduling, a well-known polynomial time heuristic, were at most 2.6× longer than optimal.
An Atomic Force Microscopy Study of the Morphological Evolution of the MoO3(010) Surface during Reduction Reactions

Atomic force microscopy was used to characterize the nanometerscale structural evolution of the MoO3 (010) surface during reaction with hydrogen at 400 ‐ C. Two primary surface modifications were identified. First, water vapor, when present in the reactor either as an impurity or as an oxidation product, accelerates the volatilization of MoO3 and leads to the formation of surface voids. The presence of these voids increases the density of (100) and (h0l)-type surface sites on the basal planes. Second, oxygen removal leads to the formation of crystallographic shear planes. The intersection of these defects with the (010) surface creates 2 ˚ A high steps alongh001i and their presence indicates that the surface vacancy concentration has reached an upper limit. The mechanisms by which these structural changes might influence the reactivity of molybdenum oxide catalysts are discussed. c ∞ 1996 Academic Press, Inc.
Characterization and recognition of radar targets using multiscale edges

A method for characterizing radar signatures using the wavelet transform is developed based on the principle of scattering centers. Scattering features represented as multiscale edges can be identified based on their Lipshitz regularity coefficients. The extracted features are directly related to target geometry and can be used for target identification. The denoising algorithm developed by S. Mallet el al. (IEE Trans vol. PAMI-14, no.7, p.710-32, July 1992) was also implemented, and the extracted wavelet-based features were used for target classification. The target analysis and recognition technique was tested using experimentally measured radar signals. >
Rational canonical form of polyphase matrices with applications to designing paraunitary filter banks

In this paper we consider the rational canonical form of arbitrary polyphase matrices and use it to derive a simple implementation of paraunitary filter banks (PUFBs) based on a cascade of elementary building blocks. Furthermore, this decomposition is shown to be easily extendable to include a large class of perfect reconstruction filter banks (PRFBs) and can be especially useful for deriving the initial condition of PUFB design algorithms.
A Systems Analysis of the Case Coordinator Model and an Outcomes Analysis in Supported Employment

This study examined a state-operated mental retardation service delivery system and conducted a systems analysis of the case coordinator referral system to determine the characteristics of individuals who were likely to be referred to supported employment. It also performed an outcomes analysis of the system's supported employment program to determine who was likely to be successful in the program. This examination was conducted by building prediction models using existing case file information. This study provided some evidence that empirically derived prediction models (i.e., logistic and multiple regression) can be a functional evaluation tool for supported employment managers, administrators, and rehabilitation counselors.
Adiponectin: A Risk Biomarker and Attractive Target for Chemoprevention

physician’s view. Ann Intern Med 154:63-64, 2011 36. Takach M: Reinventing Medicaid: State innovations to qualify and pay for patient-centered medical homes show promising results. Health Aff (Millwood) 30:13251334, 2011 37. Friedberg MW, Coltin KL, Safran DG, et al: Medical home capabilities of primary care practices that serve sociodemographically vulnerable neighborhoods. Arch Intern Med 170:938-944, 2010
Is Music an Evolutionary Adaptation

In contemplating the function and origin of music, a number of scholars have considered whether music might be an evolutionary adaptation. This article reviews the basic arguments related to evolutionary claims for music. Although evolutionary theories about music remain wholly speculative, musical behaviors satisfy a number of basic conditions, which suggests that there is indeed merit in pursuing possible evolutionary accounts.
The Dental Neglect Scale in adolescents

Dental neglect has been found to be related to poor oral health, a tendency not to have had routine check-ups, and a longer period of time since the last dental appointment in samples of children and adults. The Dental Neglect Scale (DNS) has been found to be a valid measure of dental neglect in samples of children and adults, and may be valid for adolescents as well. We administered the DNS to a sample of adolescents and report on the relationships between the DNS and oral health status, whether or not the adolescent has been to the dentist recently for routine check-ups, and whether or not the adolescent currently goes to a dentist. We also report the internal and test-retest reliabilities of the DNS in this sample, as well as the results of an exploratory factor analysis. One hundred seventeen adolescents from seven youth groups in the Seattle-Tacoma metropolitan area (Washington State, U.S.) completed the DNS and indicated whether they currently go to a dentist, while parents indicated whether the adolescent had a check-up in the previous three years. Adolescents also received a dental screening. Sixty six adolescents completed the questionnaire twice. T-tests were used to compare DNS scores of adolescents who have visible caries or not, adolescents who have had a check-up in the past three years or not, and adolescents who currently go to a dentist or not. Internal reliability was measured by Cronbach's alpha, and test-rest reliability was measured by intra-class correlation. Factor analysis (Varimax rotation) was used to examine the factor structure. In each comparison, significantly higher DNS scores were observed in adolescents with visible caries, who have not had a check-up in the past three years, or who do not go to a dentist (all p values < 0.05). The test-retest reliability of the DNS was high (ICC = 0.81), and its internal reliability was acceptable (Cronbach's alpha = 0.60). Factor analysis yielded two factors, characterized by home care and visiting a dentist. The DNS appears to operate similarly in this sample of adolescents as it has in other samples of children and adults.
Learning mathematics in two dimensions: a review and look ahead at teaching and learning early childhood mathematics with children's literature.

In the past 25 years an identifiable interest in using children’s literature in mathematics learning emerged (Clyne & Griffiths, 1991; Haury, 2001; Hellwig, Monroe, & Jacobs, 2000; Hong, 1996; Welchman-Tischler, 1992). We critically review the rationales given for the use of picture books in mathematics learning, with a special focus on geometry due to its underrepresentation in this body of literature and the need for greater focus on this topic. The benefits and effectiveness of using picture books for children’s mathematics learning and interest have been documented (Hong, 1996; O’Neill, Pearce & Pick, 2004; Young-Loveridge, 2004). For geometry, although much learning of shape ideas should be hands-on, two-dimensional figures are essential to develop children’s understanding of plane geometry. Books may effectively engage pre-literate children with plane shapes (Skoumpourdi & Mpakopoulou, 2011; van den Heuvel-Panhuizen & Van den Boogaard, 2008) and shapes as gestalt wholes or prototypes (Clements et al., 1999; Hannibal, 1999; van Hiele, 1986). We review several guidelines and evaluative criteria for book selection, including Cianciolo (2000), Schiro (1997), Hunsader (2004) and Van den Heuvel-Panhuizen and Elia (2012). Geometry concepts have proven challenging for young students, but their difficulties may stem, in part, from inadequate teacher training and professional development (Chard, Baker & Clarke, 2008; Clements & Sarama, 2000) which lead to misconceptions (Inan & Dogan-Temur, 2010; Oberdorf & Taylor-Cox, 1999). Using picture books in teacher training may be an inviting way for early childhood teachers to enhance their own knowledge. We will examine the literature for guidance on incorporating children’s literature into teacher training. In closing we will outline a comprehensive, multi-pronged agenda for best instructional practices for selection and use of children’s books in mathematics activities and for teacher training.
Time Punctuality and Economic Performance

This paper employs cross country regression analysis on an index of time punctuality to see whether or not an important cultural trait, time punctuality, influences economic development and other economic performance variables. The results are consistent with the idea that punctuality matters for economic development, and for country innovation, country competitiveness, and the effectiveness of a country’s government. Punctuality is statistically pertinent as an explanatory variable for country performance variables whether it is used singularly on its own in regressions, or in combination with the level of economic development.