cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Alfvén waves: 2. The influence of wave advection and finite wavelength effects

[1] Using a hybrid code, we examine the effects of mildly oblique, low-frequency Alfven waves on cross-field pressure-balanced structures of varying scales. We show that the evolution is organized by a parameter ξ = AwcAk⊥/ω, where Aw is the relative wave amplitude, k⊥ is the characteristic wave number of a cross-field structure, and ω is a characteristic wave frequency. This parameter is a measure of the relative displacement of the structure by the wave. When ξ ≪ 1, agreement with small-amplitude solutions and linear wave theory is good. Waves can refract and undergo cross-field energy transfer, which is a finite wavelength effect. When ξ is large, advection of the structure is significant and small-amplitude solutions are not valid. The rate of wave refraction diminishes as the effective Alfven speed gradient is diluted over a wave period by significant advection. When the structure is purely magnetic and polarized like an Alfven wave, significant advection converts the structure into waves which have an Alfvenic character but do not always satisfy energy equipartition. Nonlinear wave interactions occur between Alfven and gradient-derived waves, wherein the Alfven wave undergoes partial reflection and continued cross-field energy transfer. When sufficiently small parallel scales are produced by advection, proton cyclotron resonant heating and damping occurs on all field lines so that both Alfven and gradient-derived waves undergo dissipation.
Neutron Energy Distributions in Proton Bombardment of Be and C at 100 Mev

The energy distributions of neutrons emitted in the forward direction when beryllium and carbon targets are bombarded by 100-Mev protons were investigated. The neutron energy distribution was found from the range distribution of recoil protons from a polyethylene target, measured with a scintillation counter telescope. The distribution for beryllium was found to be peaked at about 93 Mev, while the distribution for carbon fell off rapidly above 70 Mev. The influence on the observed distribution of energy resolution effects, particularly those involving energy spread of the cyclotron proton beam, is discussed.
Changes in magnetic scattering anisotropy at a ferromagnetic/superconducting interface

We show that some metals and alloys (Cu, Ag, FeMn, or Cu and Ag combined with each other), sputtered between ferromagnetic Co and superconducting Nb, produce no change in current-perpendicular-to-plane (CPP) magnetoresistance (MR) in a carefully designed CPP spin valve. In contrast, other metals (Ru or Au) or combinations (Cu or Ag combined with Au, Ru, or FeMn) change the CPP-MR, in some cases even reversing its sign. We ascribe the latter changes to activation of magnetic scattering anisotropies at a ferromagnetic/superconducting interface, with the differences in behavior for different metals apparently driven by differences in the strength of spin flipping when these metals are inserted between the Co and Nb layers.
Factors affecting the inertial filling of die cavities in forging

Abstract It is well known that in the open-die forging process, when the forming velocity is high, for instance when the forming is performed using a hammer, the raw material fills the upper part of the die cavity better than it fills the lower part: this phenomenon is called “inertial filling”. In this paper, a semi-empirical equations for estimation of the inertial filling is advanced, as follows: V = 0.082√σs/ϱ where V is the critical velocity (only when the forming velocity is greater than V is inertial filling evident) and σs and ϱ are the flow stress and the density of the forming material respectively. The predictions of the theory are shown to be in good agreement both with the results of experiment and with practical observations.
DEVELOPMENTS IN PHARMACY PRACTICE THE PHARMACIST AS PRESCRIBER

SUMMARY During the past few years, patients have taken more active roles to provide for their own health needs and to find more economical ways to meet their overall medical care needs. This has created a variety of demands on the health care system. Community pharmacists have responded to these demands by expanding the services and product lines available to the public (e.g. home health care supplies, medical durable equipment, diagnostic home kits, health screening programmes, and public health educational programmes). In Florida, the public pressure for more economical ways to provide health care resulted in the passage of the Pharmacy Self Care Consultant Law. The intent of the law is to provide the consumer with access to effective medications at relatively lower cost and less inconvenience than is involved in seeing a physician for minor self-limiting medical conditions. At the same time, the law has effectively created a third class of drugs which the pharmacist can prescribe. This has given the pharmacist another opportunity to meet the health care needs of the public more effectively.
Cloning, sequence analysis and expression of the gene encoding the mouse bradykinin B2 receptor

Abstract The bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R) mediates most of the biological effects of kinins. In the present study, we have cloned and sequenced the gene (B2R) from a mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell genomic library. Mouse B2R is 7 kb in length containing three exons of 0.3, 0.23 and 3.7 kb separated by two introns of 2.5 and 0.41 kb. The first and second exons are noncoding while the third exon contains the full-length coding region and a long 3′ noncoding region. An ATG translation start codon, TGA stop codon and a polyadenylation signal (AATAAA) were identified in the third exon. B2R encodes a protein of 41470 Da and 366 amino acids (aa) forming seven transmembrane (TM) domains. At the aa level, B2R shares 91 and 82% sequence identity with the rat and human B2R, respectively. In the 5′ flanking region, a consensus TATA box, a putative cAMP-response element, a putative phorbol ester-response element, a putative AP-1-binding site and a putative IL-6-response element were identified. Southern blot analysis following reverse transcription and PCR showed that Bt2R is expressed in most mouse tissues, except the liver and spleen, which is consistent with the wide distribution of B2R activity as deduced from pharmacological studies.
Dose Study of 32P Incorporation into the Nucleic Acids of Rat Lymphoid Tissues

SummaryThere was linear incorporation of doses of 32P ranging from 0.191 to 1.91 μCi/g of body weight into DNA, RNA, and the acid soluble phosphorus fraction of the lymph nodes and thymus in rats at 4 and 48 hr after injection. The intercepts of the regression lines of these dose-incorporation curves extrapolated to 0 dose did not differ significantly from 0. These observations indicated that intraperitoneal doses of 32P up to 1.91 μCi/g of body weight did not significantly modify the rate of DNA or RNA synthesis in the lymphoid tissues of rats. There was, however, a highly significant depression of DNA synthesis in the thymus, but not in the lymph nodes 48 hr after the intraperitoneal injection of 9.5 μCi of 32P/g of body weight. It is concluded that doses of 32P up to 1.9 μCi/g of body weight may be used to study nucleic acid synthesis for time intervals up to 48 hr in the lymphoid tissues of rats.
Intersectionality of identity in children: A case study.

Intersectionality of identity theory applied in the practice of psychotherapeutic services allows clinicians to enhance their clinical conceptualization of patients and provide effective psychological services to individuals with multiple cultural identities. This article explores intersectionality
FOXO1 stimulates ceruloplasmin promoter activity in human hepatoma cells treated with IL-6

FOXO1, a member of the winged-helix family of transcription factors, is a ubiquitously expressed protein involved in regulating a variety of cellular processes including glucose homeostasis, apoptosis, cell cycle control, muscle differentiation, and angiogenesis. In addition to these biological functions, FOXO1 is a key player in the oxidative stress response by stimulating the expression of metal-containing anti-oxidant proteins such as manganese superoxide dismutase, selenoprotein P, and catalase. Evidence in the literature suggests that FOXO1 may also be capable of regulating the expression of the anti-oxidant protein Ceruloplasmin (Cp), a six-copper-containing protein synthesized and secreted mainly by the liver. In the present report, we demonstrate that FOXO1 stimulates Cp promoter activity in conjunction with the cytokine IL-6. Through deletional analysis and in vitro binding studies, we determine the DNA sequence responsible for the FOXO1-dependent regulation of the Cp proximal promoter. Finally, we demonstrate that FOXO1 is capable of enhancing the expression of endogenous Cp in human hepatic carcinoma cells treated with IL-6. These results allow us to identify FOXO1 as a regulator of Cp expression to promote the anti-oxidant pathway in response to IL-6 signaling.
Behavioral education requisites for application-oriented computer scientists

The content of programs in computer science is an issue of substantial concern to both academicians and practitioners. Studies have been conducted to determine what background graduates should have and which sets of courses and training experiences should be pursued. Emphasis has been on ensuring that students acquire the necessary skills to be successful in a computer science positions [1,2,7]. In virtually all studies, the focus has been exclusively on topics within the areas of computer architecture, data structures, software systems, and processing methodology.In the discussion that follows, the need for another dimension in computer science programs, namely the behavioral and interpersonal dynamics dimension, is explored. Analysis of the importance of behavioral considerations in computer science is presented. Suggestions are also included for dealing with this aspect of training within current educational programs. The intent of this article is to raise issues for discussion and study within individual institutions and departments.
The Synderesis Rule and Right Reason

In recent years attention has been redirected to the significance of the ethical rule that "good should be done and evil avoided." It may be called the synderesis rule (SR) or principle, since in its most influential presentation it was associated by Thomas Aquinas with the intellectual habit called syn deresis. In 1965 Germain Grisez published an article on this subject which at tracted much interest in America and England.1 He argued that the principle as found in Aquinas's treatise on laws in the Summa of Theology (bonum est faciendum etprosequendum, et malum vitandum2) has been misinterpreted in the common Scholastic tradition. In particular Grisez maintained that the common interpretation is wrong in restricting the good and evil, as used in this formula, to the moral order. Further, he suggested that the SR does not have the obligatory force of an imperative. While I cannot accept all of Grisez's reinterpretation of the SR, it is well to state immediately that his objection to the claim that all precepts of natural law are derivable from this first principle by a process of deductive reasoning is very well taken. My view is that the SR cannot of itself be the source of our knowledge of what is good or evil. Later we will see that it is a formal principle with no specific material content. Subsequently the Oxford legal philosopher, John Finnis, in a remarkable study of natural-law thinking, expanded Grisez's interpretation.3 Finnis is es pecially emphatic in his condemnation of the teaching of "post-Renaissance scholasticism," that the first principles of practical moral reasoning, as the products of synderesis, are identical with the last six commands in the Decalogue.4 Like Grisez he stresses the point that all primary practical prin ciples are self-evident (per se nota) according to St. Thomas.5 Since Finnis combines some familiarity with the practical thinking of Aquinas with a background in British analytic philosophy, his contribution to the updating of the role of the SR is quite important. Both Grisez and Finnis tend, however, to unify the kind of thinking that Aquinas discussed under the virtue of prudentia (variously translated as prudence, practical wisdom, or practical reasonableness) with the sort of practical discourse that St. Thomas called philosophia mor?lis or ethica.6 As we will see later this unification of the work of prudence and of moral science under the name of "practical reasonableness" introduces a basic confusion of two different kinds of prac tical reasoning.
Force, momentum and topology of a moving magnetic domain

Abstract The following general relations involving force, momentum and topological winding number of a translating magnetic domain are derived from the Landau—Lifshifz equation in a context appropriate to bubbles: The gyrotropic force tending to deflect a steadily moving domain is proportional to a mean winding number linear in Bloch-point coordinates. The time derivative of the canonical momentum for a domain of integer winding number is equal to the total force, which must include gyrotropic and dissipative terms. A new contour integral expresses the momentum in the limit of vanishing wall thickness. Approximate equations of quasi-steady domain motion are cast into a form resembling Hamiltion's equations for a particle. Discussion centers on applications to gradientless propagation, bubble saturation velocity, and the Blochline model of inertial effects, and on general limitations of the theory.
Controlling inflammation: the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway

Innate immune responses and inflammation are regulated in part by neural mechanisms. In the present paper, we summarize experimental evidence that reveals that innate immunity and inflammation are controlled by the vagus nerve, previously known as a regulator of other vital physiological functions. Activation of vagus nerve cholinergic signalling inhibits TNF (tumour necrosis factor) and other pro-inflammatory cytokine overproduction through ‘immune’ α7 nicotinic receptor-mediated mechanisms. This efferent vagus nerve-based ‘cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway’ has been elucidated as a critical regulator of inflammation in several experimental models of diseases. Our recent observations have shown that activation of central (brain) cholinergic transmission by selective muscarinic receptor ligands results in lower systemic TNF levels in rodents and indicate that the efferent vagus nerve may provide a functional brain-to-immune connection. Thus central cholinergic signalling is implicated in the activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Electrical vagus nerve stimulation is clinically approved for the treatment of epilepsy and depression and current knowledge suggests that it could be utilized to control inflammation. Advances in understanding the receptor and molecular mechanisms of cholinergic anti-inflammatory signalling indicate that selective α7 nicotinic receptor agonists and centrally acting cholinergic enhancers can be used in the treatment of pathological conditions characterized by cytokine overproduction.
Ultrastructural localization of the major proteoglycan and type II procollagen in organelles and extracellular matrix of cultured chondroblasts.

The mechanisms of synthesis and intracellular routing of the various cartilage matrix macromolecules are still unclear. We have studied this problem in cultured chondroblasts at the ultrastructural level using (i) monospecific antibodies against the core protein of the keratan sulfate/chondroitin sulfate-rich cartilage proteoglycan (KS:CS-PG) or Type II procollagen, and (ii) cuprolinic blue, a cationic dye that binds to the glycosaminoglycan chains of proteoglycans. Intracellularly, the proteoglycan antibodies localized KS:CS-PG and its precursors primarily in the Golgi complex and secretory vesicles. In contrast, the bulk of Type II procollagen was found within the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). While devoid of collagen, the extracellular matrix was rich in KS:CS-PG molecules some of which studded the chondroblast plasmalemma. Cuprolinic blue staining indicated that the proteoglycans present in the Golgi complex fell into a predominant class of large proteoglycans, probably representing KS:CS-PG, and a minor class of smaller proteoglycans. Groups of these divergent proteoglycans often occupied distinct Golgi subcompartments; moreover, single large proteoglycans appeared to align along the luminal surface of Golgi cisternae and secretory vesicles. These results suggest that in cultured chondroblasts KS:CS-PG and Type II procollagen are differentially distributed both in organelles and in the extracellular matrix, and that different proteoglycan types may occupy distinct subcompartments in trans Golgi.
Fracture Threshold and Risk for Osteoporosis and Pathologic Fractures in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury

The fracture threshold at the knee is a bone mineral density (BMD) of .78 gm/cm2 (−36% loss), while the breakpoint is .49 gm/cm2 (−57% loss). Using the knee as a proxy for the entire lower extremity (LE), fractures in the LE begin to occur when the BMD at the knee is .86 gm/cm2 (−25% loss) and peak at .49 gm/cm2 (−57% loss). Risk factors for fracture and osteoporosis include completeness of injury, paraplegia, body mass index (BMI) < 25 kg/m2, increasing age and duration of injury, female gender, and previous fracture. A woman with complete paraplegia and a BMI less than 25 kg/m2 is an appropriate candidate for early osteoporosis treatment.
Asymptotic worst-case mixing in simple demographic models of HIV/AIDS

The majority of published modeling work regarding the impact of mixing patterns among subgroups on the spread of HIV infection assumes either that the overall population size remains constant, the aggregate immigration to the population occurs at a constant annual rate, or that no immigration occurs and the population in question declines due to HIV or other causes. In this paper, immigration rates are modeled as simple functions of population size and may be interpreted as aggregate birth rates. This assumption implies asymptotic exponential growth in the disease-free population as long as per capita birth rates exceed per capita mortality rates. The introduction of HIV infection to such a population may change this situation, and the asymptotic population growth rate can be reduced substantially as a result. The specific manner in which this occurs depends in part upon difficult to observe mixing patterns among those with different sexual activity rates. Rather than attempting to explicitly model a variety of mixing patterns, a bound on the impact of worst-case mixing is produced, where "worst case" refers to the mixing pattern that maximizes the asymptotic prevalence of infection, which is equivalent to minimizing the asymptotic population growth rate. These new techniques are illustrated with a numerical example.
FUNCTIONAL MOTOR OUTCOME IN CHILDREN WITH MYELOMENINGOCELE: CORRELATION WITH ANATOMIC LEVEL ON PRENATAL ULTRASOUND

Fifteen children with prenatally diagnosed myelomeningocele were followed for at least three years to determine the relations between prenatal anatomic level visualized on high-resolution ultrasound, radiographic level, neuromotor level and functional motor outcome. Prenatal anatomic level accurately predicted neuromotor level and functional motor outcome in 12 of the children and was a better predictor than motor level at birth. Clinicians involved in prenatal counseling may use the anatomic level determined on high-resolution ultrasound to discuss motor prognosis with families.
Orthostatic hypotension as an early finding in Parkinson's disease

Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) commonly have clinically significant orthostatic hypotension (OH). In such patients PD+OH might be confused with multiple system atrophy (MSA), in which OH is a frequent finding, or with pure autonomic failure (PAF), if OH preceded clinical manifestations of the movement disorder. This study addressed whether OH can occur as an early finding in PD+OH. Historical data were analyzed from 35 patients with PD+OH evaluated at the NIH. OH was considered early if the patient had OH before, concurrent with, or starting within 1 year after onset of a symptomatic movement disorder. MSA was excluded by myocardial 6-[(18)F]fluorodopamine-derived radioactivity more than 2 standard deviations below the normal mean. Among the 35 PD+OH patients, 21 (60 %) had documentation of OH as an early finding. In 4 such patients, OH had preceded parkinsonism, and in 4 others, OH had dominated the early clinical picture, even after cessation of levodopa treatment for the movement disorder. In PD, OH can occur early in the disease, occasionally preceding or overshadowing the movement disorder.
Effects of defibrillation shock energy and timing on 3-D computer model of heart.

We present computer simulations of electrical defibrillation in a three-dimensional model of the ventricles of the heart. In this model, calledHeartSim, the ventricles are represented by 1473 cubic elements with 3 mm sides. The action potential is described by five discrete states; absolutely refractory, three relatively refractory, and repolarized. Activation is propagated to an element's six orthogonal neighbors with the conduction velocity dependent on the refractory state of the neighbor. Delivery of several extra-stimuli with decrementing coupling intervals results in ventricular fibrillation. Following the onset of ventricular fibrillation, we simulate defibrillation using various electrode configurations, shock energies, and timings. The current density distributions in the heart model resulting from the defibrillation shocks are determined from finite element analysis of the electric fields produced by the delivery of high energy shocks.
Dependence of optically oriented and detected electron spin resonance on donor concentration in n-GaAs

Abstract Electron spin resonance of donors in GaAs has been observed through optical orientation and detection of spins. GaAs samples doped below the metal–insulator transition were studied. The resonance linewidth increases as the concentration of donors is reduced, due to the dependence of the T2* spin lifetime on correlation effects between donor electrons. The linewidth of the lowest doped sample (3×1014 cm−3) corresponds to a T2* of 5 ns, which is the value predicted for electrons in the non-interacting, localized limit. The nuclei need to be simultaneously depolarized in order to make the electron resonance observable.
Textual Grounding: How People Turn Texts into Tools:

The author argues that users see texts as tools when they recognize the texts' specific value and function within highly localized use settings. The author argues that users “ground” their texts to local use settings by altering the ways in which the texts structure and represent information (e.g., underlining, annotation, and sketching). The author discusses three practices by which texts are grounded as tools in document reviews: mode shifting, layering, and marking. These practices reflect different ways by which users add, subtract, and restructure information in a text so that it is usable under very specific conditions. This article explores document review as a practice in which grounding is the object of discussion (how others use the reviewed documents) and a practice by which review is facilitated. These observations will be important for exploration of technology to support “grounding” practices.
A comparison between the diffusion–reaction and slow axonal transport models for predicting tau distribution along an axon

This paper developed equations describing steady-state tau distributions for three versions of the diffusion-reaction model of tau transport: a model with constant kinetic rates, a model that additionally accounts for tau diffusion along microtubules (MTs) and a model with a modulated rate of tau attachment to MTs. We demonstrated that, for the model with constant kinetic rates, the concentration of free tau in the cytoplasm was determined by a single dimensionless parameter that represents the ratio of the diffusion time (the time it takes tau to diffuse from the axon hillock to the axon tip) to the half-life of tau. We also developed a model based on the hypothesis that tau is actively transported. Analytical solutions for some special situations were obtained. The model predictions were compared with experimentally measured tau distributions in axons reported in Black et al. (1996, J. Neurosc., 16: , 3601-3619), and based on these comparisons, we discussed the performance of various models. We demonstrated the significance of modulation of the tau attachment rate to MTs in the diffusion-reaction model. On the other hand, the active transport model predictions were consistent with experimental data even with constant kinetic rates. For short axons (up to 600 μm in length) the predicted average transport velocity of tau was in the experimentally reported range for both the diffusion-reaction and active transport models, but for the active transport model the average tau velocity was larger.
Generational and dual-species exposures to invertebrate predators influence relative head size in Daphnia mendotae

Laboratory cyclomorphosis experiments with crustacean zooplankton often fail to produce morphological trait expression as extreme as that observed in field populations. A seven-generation laboratory experiment found that the maximum expression of relative head area in a round-helmet morph of Daphnia mendotae was delayed until the third generation of non-lethal, chemical exposure to Leptodora kindtii. By the third generation and after, relative head area remained high and comparable in degree to field specimens. The induction pattern from parents to offspring was statistically positive into the fourth generation. Published studies on kairomone induction of morphological trait expression extending only one generation may fail to measure transgenerational effects, which could account for mismatch between laboratory and field results. In a second laboratory experiment with a pointed-helmet morph of D. mendotae exposed to L. kindtii and Chaoborus punctipennis, we show that induction levels are not the same for all predators or combinations of predators. The maximum relative head area for pointed morph individuals exposed to both predator cues was still not as extreme in the laboratory as in the field. This is the first demonstration that delayed generational effects of kairomone induction of helmet expression in the Cladocera can reconcile laboratory experiments with the field observations of cyclomorphosis.
Electro-optic deflectors as a method of beam smoothing for inertial confinement fusion

The electro-optic deflector is analyzed and compared to smoothing by spectral dispersion for efficacy as a beam smoothing method for ICF. It is found that the electro-optic deflector is inherently somewhat less efficient when compared either on the basis of equal peak phase modulation or equal generated bandwidth.
Band structure and Bloch states in birefringent one-dimensional magnetophotonic crystals: an analytical approach

An analytical formulation for the band structure and Bloch modes in elliptically birefringent magnetophotonic crystals is presented. The model incorporates both the effects of gyrotropy and linear birefringence generally present in magneto-optic thin-film devices. Full analytical expressions are obtained for the dispersion relation and Bloch modes in a layered-stack photonic crystal, and their properties are analyzed. It is shown that other models recently discussed in the literature are contained as special limiting cases of the formulation presented herein.
Comparison of Contemporary and Heritage Fish Consumption Rates in the Columbia River Basin

Fish consumption rates (e.g., pounds or grams per day (gpd), or meals per week) are used in a variety of regulatory processes such as setting water quality standards. Many Native American tribes eat more fish than the general population, especially in areas such as the Columbia River Basin, which was renowned for abundant fish. However, contemporary fish consumption rates are lower (i.e., they have been suppressed) than baseline heritage rates due to contamination, habitat degradation, loss of access, and legal and physical assault on tribal fishing. Nevertheless, traditional lifestyles are recognized and protected by intergovernmental treaties and/or aboriginal rights. The understanding of heritage rates is gaining importance as tribal cultures are reinvigorated, watersheds are restored, and understanding and respect for tribal lifeways improves. We compare the different methods used to derive Columbia Basin contemporary and heritage fish consumption rates. We highlight the need for caution in selecting a fish consumption rate until the derivation and context of the rate have been considered.
Thresholding-Based Optimal Detection of Wireless Optical Signals

The receiver design for a high-speed free-space (wireless) optics (FSO) signal is necessarily highly complex when channel state information (CSI) is not available. Currently, although most approaches provide high detection performance in terms of bit error, receiver design is difficult to implement. This paper proposes two practical thresholding-based detection schemes, which offer significant improvement to receiver throughput on a computational load basis when CSI is not available. The first is based on a simple maximum likelihood (ML) function where the bit error rate (BER) is the same as conventional symbol-by-symbol detection. This method, however, causes a loss of BER performance. The second uses the aid of pilot-symbol-assisted modulation (PSAM) to modify the ML function when channel coefficients are temporally correlated. While numerical analysis based on this method shows that the BER performance in a log-normally distributed fading channel is very close to detection achieved with perfect CSI, the receiver suffers from increased complexity. If random processes for fading and noise are assumed as stationary and given that the detection threshold is quickly calculated and applied during a given period, such complexity of PSAM-based and symbol-by-symbol detection methods can be reduced.
Young Voters and War: The Iraq War as a Catalyst for Political Participation†

Objective We investigate whether the Iraq War might be a catalyzing event for this generation, like Vietnam was for baby boomers or World War II for the “greatest generation,” through testing how opinions about the war influence patterns of political participation. Methods Using data from an Internet-based survey of randomly sampled college students at a midwestern state university and the 2008 National Election Studies, we investigate the relationship between disapproval of Bush's handling of the Iraq War and a variety of forms of political participation, including two that are new in this generation: “friending” or joining an online political group or expressing one's political views online. Results We discover that young voters who expressed opposition to Bush's handling of the war in Iraq are more likely to be civically engaged. Conclusion While it is too early to determine how long the effect will last or how it will change over the course of young voters’ life cycles, at least in the short term, it appears opposition to the Iraq War has catalyzed greater levels of political participation.
Correlation of prevalence and severity of valvular aortic stenosis determined by continuous-wave doppler echocardiography with physical signs of aortic stenosis in patients aged 62 to 100 years with aortic systolic ejection murmurs

Abstract Aortic systolic ejection murmurs are common in elderly persons. 1–3 Calcific deposits in the aortic valve are also common in elderly persons and may lead to valvular aortic stenosis (AS). 2–4 We reported that aortic systolic ejection murmurs were heard in 220 of 473 elderly persons (47%) in a long-term health care facility in whom technically adequate M-mode and 2-dimensional (2-D) echocardiograms of the aortic valve were recorded. 3 Two-dimensional echocardiographic evidence of valvular AS was present in 123 of 473 elderly persons (26%), and in 118 of 220 elderly persons (54%) with aortic systolic ejection murmurs. 3 Continuous-wave (CW) Doppler recordings correlate well with direct pressure gradient measurements derived from cardiac catheterization in patients with AS. 5–8 We performed a blinded prospective study to determine the prevalence of AS and its severity determined by technically adequate CW Doppler recordings correlated with physical signs of AS.
TIOx/Al2O3 Multilayer Ceramic Thin Films

Titanium oxide/aluminum oxide films have been deposited using molecular beam epitaxy methods and characterized by reflection high-energy electron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Growth on silicon substrates below 973 K resulted in primarily amorphous multilayers. At 1323 K, the deposition of titanium in an oxygen atmosphere on (0001) Al2O3 substrates resulted in films of Ti2O3. These films consisted of small domains, up to 60 nm, slightly misoriented from a [1120] ∥ [1120] orientation relationship. Two variants of Ti2O3 were observed due to multiple positioning during growth. Closing the titanium shutter during growth resulted in an oriented TiO2 film.
Reliable responses to a cardiovascular reactivity protocol: A replication study in a biracial female sample

This replication study was designed to examine the reliability of individual differences in cardiovascular responsivity to a standardized PC-based cognitive task protocol (Kamarck et al., 1992) in a female community sample. Thirty women, both black and white (ages 25-44 years), were administered the protocol twice with a 1-month retest interval using a mobile laboratory at a community-based testing site. Measures of heart rate and blood pressure reactivity were obtained comparing assessments taken at rest and during three protocol tasks. Preejection period, stroke volume, and total peripheral resistance changes were estimated using impedance cardiography assessments. As in previous studies with males, individual differences in heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure responses to the protocol were highly reliable (.80 or greater) when data were aggregated across three tasks and two testing sessions. Reliability of cardiac contractility (preejection period) and stroke volume changes to these tasks exceeded .70. This reactivity assessment procedure has now produced reliable results in three studies and appears to be exportable across diverse samples and settings.
Combining Accuracy Assessment of Land-Cover Maps with Environmental Monitoring Programs

A scientifically valid accuracy assessment of a large-area, land-cover map is expensive. Environmental monitoring programs offer a potential source of data to partially defray the cost of accuracy assessment while still maintaining the statistical validity. In this article, three general strategies for combining accuracy assessment and environmental monitoring protocols are described. These strategies range from a fully integrated accuracy assessment and environmental monitoring protocol, to one in which the protocols operate nearly independently. For all three strategies, features critical to using monitoring data for accuracy assessment include compatibility of the land-cover classification schemes, precisely co-registered sample data, and spatial and temporal compatibility of the map and reference data. Two monitoring programs, the National Resources Inventory (NRI) and the Forest Inventory and Monitoring (FIM), are used to illustrate important features for implementing a combined protocol.
Satisfaction with Massachusetts nursing home care was generally high during 2005-09, with some variability across facilities.

Since 2005 Massachusetts has publicly reported results from biennial surveys of satisfaction with nursing homes, completed by responsible parties for residents, to promote consumer-centered care. Our analysis of the results from 2005, 2007, and 2009 revealed generally high satisfaction with care, which remained stable over time. On a scale of 1 to 5 (from very dissatisfied to very satisfied), average satisfaction with overall care was 4.22–4.31, and satisfaction that overall residents’ needs were met was 4.09–4.16. Around 90 percent of respondents would recommend the facility. Satisfaction ratings varied considerably across facilities, with higher scores associated with higher nursing staffing levels, fewer deficiency citations, and nonprofit or government ownership. Scores for six domains of care were, in general, closely associated with satisfaction scores. However, family members seemed less satisfied with the physical and social activities available to residents and with the food and meals served than...
A Class of Binary Divisions Yielding Minimally Represented Quotients

Binary division methods employing a redundant quotient representation in which quotient digits assume the values 0, 1, or ?1 have been analyzed previously. The method in which partial remainders are always normalized is of particular interest; it yields quotients represented with a minimal number of nonzero digits for all divisors D in the range ??|D|??. This method is extended to yield minimally represented quotients for all normalized divisors.
Urinary corticosteroid values of children as determined chemically.

IT HAS been demonstrated that the urine of normal adult persons contains material which has biologic activity similar to that of the glycogenic hormones of the adrenal cortex. This urinary material increases under various conditions of stress and of stimulation of the adrenal cortex with adrenocorticotropic hormone. It decreases in amount when the function of the adrenal cortex is impaired. Several chemical methods for the determination of this material have been based on the assumption that it has chemical properties similar to or identical with those of the known cortical hormones. However, none of the chemical methods is entirely specific and all yield values which are much greater than those obtained by bioassay. Nevertheless, the substances determined chemically also fluctuate in some measure as the activity of the adrenal cortex changes. It is probable that the values obtained with some of the chemical methods bear a relation to the biologic activity which is analogous to the relation of the neutral...
Modeling the steady flow of yield-stress fluids in packed beds

Network modeling has been performed to obtain quantitative and predictive results of the flow of yield-stress fluids in packed beds. Physically representative networks were used as the basis for the modeling, which have a one-to-one correspondence to computer-generated packed beds of spheres. The networks are able to account for the interconnectivity, heterogeneity, and converging/diverging geometry that are inherent in porous media. The approach can be used to model a wide range of non-Newtonian fluids, but the emphasis is for yield-stress fluids that can be represented using a Bingham model. For these fluids, a threshold pressure gradient is required to initiate flow, and flow at low pressure gradients is characterized by critical percolation behavior. Quantitative results of superficial velocity vs. pressure gradient are presented, and are compared to traditional bundle-of-tubes models, as well as limited experimental data available in the literature. Important differences are observed between the network model and the constitutive models. These are attributed mainly to heterogeneity and converging/diverging geometry, which are not accounted for in the semiempirical models. Comparison to experimental data is good for certain fluids. In other cases, the modeling suggests that effects other than fluid rheology may also have affected flow, such as adsorption or filtration. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 3034–3048, 2004
Use of Secondary Data in Numerical Taxonomy of the Genus Erwinia

Lockhart, W. R. (Iowa State University, Ames), and Karen Koenig. Use of secondary data in numerical taxonomy of the genus Erwinia. J. Bacteriol. 90:1638–1644. 1965.—Numerical methods were used to study 34 bacterial cultures, including several species of Erwinia and selected representatives of other genera of the Enterobacteriaceae. Separate computations were made by use of varying amounts of secondary data (i.e., information regarding descriptive or quantitative characters applicable only to organisms yielding a positive result in another primary character). Substantially the same groupings of the test organisms were obtained in all computations, but definition of groups seemed to be more precise when secondary data were included. The results confirm proposals by other workers that E. carotovora, E. aroideae, E. atroseptica, and E. ananas be placed in a single species, separate from E. amylovora. Limited evidence suggests that E. nimipressuralis and E. chrysanthemi may be distinct species, and that some strains of E. amylovora are not very similar either to one another or to other members of the Enterobacteriaceae.
Differential response of equatorial Pacific phytoplankton to iron fertilization

Recent unenclosed iron-fertilization experiments in the equatorial Pacific Ocean have shown that phytoplankton biomass can be increased substantially by the addition of iron. Analyses of size-fractionated chlorophyll indicate that much of the increase during the most recent fertilization experiment, IronEx II, occurred in the .10-mm size fraction. We used flow cytometry, combined with taxon-specific pigment measurements by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), to analyze the responses of five different groups of phytoplankton:Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, ultraplankton, nanoplankton, and pennate diatoms. These results are unique in the suite of measurements from the IronEx studies in that they simultaneously examine individual cell properties, which are grazer independent, and population dynamics, which reflect the net result of growth and grazing. Our results show that the overall increase of chlorophyll a (Chl a) in the patch was due in part to increases in chlorophyll content per cell and in part to increases in cell numbers of specific groups. Cellular fluorescence was stimulated by iron addition in all five groups to a qualitatively similar degree and was correlated with taxon-specific changes in cellular pigments. In terms of net cell growth, however, these groups responded very differently. The groups that dominated the community before the addition of iron increased at most twofold in cell number; Prochlorococcus actually decreased. In contrast, the initially rare pennate diatoms increased 15-fold in number by the peak of the iron-induced bloom. Within 1 week, this differential response led to a dramatic change in the phytoplankton community structure, from one dominated by picoplankton to one dominated by large diatoms. It is not known whether this shift would be sustained over extended periods of fertilization, a response that would ultimately change the structure of the food web.
Photoreactions of Cytochrome c Oxidase

The photoreduction of oxidized bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) by visible and UV radiation was investigated in the absence and presence of external reagents. In the former case, the quantum yields for direct photoreduction of heme A (heme a + heme a(3)) were 2.6 +/- 0.5 x 10(-3), 4 +/- 1 x 10(-4), and 4 +/- 2 x 10(-6) with pulsed laser irradiation at 266, 355 and 532 nm, respectively. Within experimental uncertainty, the quantum yields did not depend on pulse energy, implying that the mechanism is monophotonic. Irradiation with 355 nm light resulted in spectral changes similar to those produced independently by reduction with dithionite, whereby the low-spin heme a and Cu(A) are reduced first. Extended illumination at 355 and 532 nm yielded substantial amounts of reduced heme a(3). Heme decomposition was noted with 266 nm light. In the presence of formate and cyanide ions, which bind at the binuclear heme a(3)/copper center in CcO, irradiation at 355 nm caused selective reduction of only the low-spin heme a and Cu(A). The addition of ferrioxalate ion dramatically increased the efficiency of cytochrome c oxidase photoreduction. The quantum efficiency for heme A reduction was found to be near unity, significantly greater than for other known methods of photoreduction. The active reductant is most likely ferrous iron, and its reduction of the enzyme is thermodynamically driven by the reformation of ferrioxalate in the presence of excess oxalate ion. Other metalloenzymes with redox potentials similar to those of cytochrome c oxidase should be amenable to indirect photoreduction by this method.
Critical limitations on the efficiency of two-step thermochemical cycles

Abstract Previous models based on thermodynamic considerations have identified the properties desired for reactive oxides that can be used as oxygen storage materials in thermochemical cycles to produce fuel from sunlight. However, there are several important assumptions made in such models, such as the neglect of the energy required to preheat unreacted species and the assumption of constant vacuum pump efficiency. When these assumptions are relaxed, one comes to significantly different conclusions about the optimal reactor operating conditions. Furthermore, comparing two materials is not straightforward due to the high degree of coupling between material properties and reactor operating conditions. Herein, we describe a new framework for material comparison which employs a thermodynamic reactor model to predict the maximum possible efficiency of a given oxygen storage material. This model demonstrates how new materials can impact reactor performance and the limitations of such improvements.