cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alcohol-related emergency department visits and income inequality in New York City, USA: an ecological study

Objectives Previous research has found that greater income inequality is related to problematic alcohol use across a variety of geographical areas in the USA and New York City (NYC). Those studies used self-reported data to assess alcohol use. This study examined the relationship between within-neighborhood income inequality and alcohol-related emergency department (ED) visits. Methods The study outcome was the alcohol-related ED visit rate per 10,000 persons between 2010 and 2014, using data obtained from the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System. The main predictor of interest was income inequality, measured using the Gini coefficient from the American Community Survey (2010-2014) at the public use microdata area (PUMA) level (n=55) in NYC. Variables associated with alcohol-related ED visits in bivariate analyses were considered for inclusion in a multivariable model. Results There were 420,568 alcohol-related ED visits associated with a valid NYC address between 2010 and 2014. The overall annualized NYC alcohol-related ED visit rate was 100.7 visits per 10,000 persons. The median alcohol ED visit rate for NYC PUMAs was 88.0 visits per 10,000 persons (interquartile range [IQR], 64.5 to 133.5), and the median Gini coefficient was 0.48 (IQR, 0.45 to 0.51). In the multivariable model, a higher neighborhood Gini coefficient, a lower median age, and a lower percentage of male residents were independently associated with the alcohol-related ED visit rate. Conclusions This study found that higher neighborhood income inequality was associated with higher neighborhood alcohol-related ED visit rates. The precise mechanism of this relationship is not understood, and further investigation is warranted to determine temporality and to assess whether the results are generalizable to other locales.
The impact of the acoustic environments on the emotional experience of worship spaces

The acoustic properties of a space influence how it is being perceived. However, less is known about the ways in which the acoustic environment elicit different emotional responses. The purpose of this paper is to investigate this question through the study of worship spaces. The Focus on such buildings in this study is due to the essential role of the acoustics in shaping the spiritual experience. Adopting a mixed-method approach, the researchers created virtual experiences of these buildings using 360-deg sound and visual recordings. The recordings were displayed for the subjects through a virtual reality headset. During the experiment, physiological signals of the participants and semantic descriptions of their experience were collected and analyzed to understand the emotional impact of the acoustic environment. The outcome of this study will allow exploring the relationship between acoustic characteristics of worship spaces and the human emotional experience. Therefore, it will provide a further understanding of the impact of the architectural design that determines the acoustic environment, which then contributes to improving the restorative qualities of such spaces and enhancing the spiritual experience.
Thiamine pyrophosphate riboswitches inBacteroidesspecies regulate transcription or translation of thiamine transport and biosynthesis genes

Abstract Thiamine (vitamin B1) and its phosphorylated precursors are necessary for decarboxylation reactions required in carbohydrate and branched chain amino acid metabolism. Due to its critical roles in central metabolism, thiamine is essential for human and animal hosts and their resident gut microbes. However, little is known about how thiamine availability shapes the composition of gut microbial communities and the physiology of individual species within those communities. Our previous work has implicated both thiamine biosynthesis and transport activities in the fitness of Bacteroides species. To better understand thiamine-dependent gene regulation in Bacteroides, we examined thiamine biosynthesis and transport genes in three representative species: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis, and Bacteroides vulgatus. All three species possess thiamine biosynthetic operons controlled by highly conserved cis-acting thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) riboswitches. B. thetaiotaomicron and B. uniformis have additional TPP riboswitch-controlled operons encoding thiamine transport functions. Transcriptome analyses showed that each Bacteroides species had a distinct transcriptional response to exogenous thiamine. Analysis of transcript levels and translational fusions demonstrated that in B. thetaiotaomicron, the TPP riboswitch upstream of biosynthesis genes acts at the level of transcription, while TPP riboswitches upstream of transport operons work at the level of translation. In B. uniformis and B. vulgatus, TPP riboswitches work at the transcriptional level to control downstream operons. The varying responses to exogenous thiamine and use of varied regulatory mechanisms may play an important role in niche establishment by the Bacteroidetes in the complex and constantly shifting gut environment. Importance Bacteroides species are important and abundant members of human gut microbiome communities. Their activities in the gut are influenced by constant changes in nutrient availability. In this study, we investigated the genetic basis of thiamine (Vitamin B1) uptake and biosynthesis in three representative Bacteroides species. We found species-specific differences in the response to exogenous thiamine, and distinct mechanisms for regulation of uptake and biosynthesis gene expression. Our work implies that gut Bacteroides have evolved distinct strategies for making or acquiring an essential nutrient. These mechanisms may play an important role in the success of Bacteroides in establishing a niche within complex gut microbiome communities.
Explaining transit expenses in US urbanised areas: Urban scale, spatial form and fiscal capacity

This research seeks to explain patterns of capital investment and operating expenses for urban transit systems in the United States. We isolate supply factors including urban scales, urban spatial ...
Am I Anglophone? Identity politics and postcolonial trauma in Cameroon at war

I was born in the English-speaking South West Province of Cameroon and raised in the English-speaking North West Province where I was educated in a system of primary through high school studies mod...
A Patient-Specific Autosegmentation Strategy Using Multi-Input Deformable Image Registration for Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Online Adaptive Radiation Therapy: A Feasibility Study.

Abstract Purpose Magnetic resonance-guided online adaptive radiation therapy (MRgOART) requires accurate and efficient segmentation. However, the performance of current autosegmentation tools is generally poor for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) owing to day-to-day variations in image intensity and patient anatomy. In this study, we propose a patient-specific autosegmentation strategy using multiple-input deformable image registration (DIR; PASSMID) to improve segmentation accuracy and efficiency for MRgOART. Methods and materials Longitudinal MRI scans acquired on a 1.5T MRI-Linac for 10 patients with abdominal cancer were used. The proposed PASSMID includes 2 steps: applying a patient-specific image processing pipeline to longitudinal MRI scans, and populating all contours from previous sessions/fractions to a new fractional MRI using multiple DIRs and combining the resulted contours using simultaneous truth and performance level estimation (STAPLE) to obtain the final consensus segmentation. Five contour propagation strategies were compared: planning computed tomography to fractional MRI scans through rigid body registration (RDR), pretreatment MRI to fractional MRI scans through RDR and DIR, and the proposed multi-input DIR/STAPLE without preprocessing, and the PASSMID. Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and mean distance to agreement (MDA) with ground truth contours were calculated slice by slice to quantify the contour accuracy. A quantitative index, defined as the ratio of acceptable slices, was introduced using a criterion of DSC > 0.8 and MDA Results The proposed PASSMID performed well with an average 2-dimensional DSC/MDA of 0.94/1.78 mm, 0.93/1.04 mm, 0.93/1.06 mm, 0.93/1.14 mm, 0.92/0.83 mm, 0.84/1.53 mm, 0.86/2.39 mm, 0.81/2.49 mm, 0.72/5.48 mm, and 0.70/5.03 mm for the liver, left kidney, right kidney, spleen, aorta, pancreas, stomach, duodenum, small bowel, and colon, respectively. Starting from the third fractions, the contour accuracy was significantly improved with PASSMID compared with the single-DIR strategy (P Conclusions The proposed PASSMID solution, by combining image processing, multi-input DIRs, and STAPLE, can significantly improve the accuracy of autosegmentation for intrapatient MRI scans, reducing the time required for further contour editing, thereby facilitating the routine practice of MRgOART.
Revolt, the modern state, and colonized subjects, 1848–1885

The revolt of 1857–8, which swept across much of north India in opposition to British rule, has conventionally been taken as the dividing point that marks the beginning of modern India. Historical periodization is, however, always somewhat arbitrary. With greater distance from the colonial period, when the searing chaos of the uprising was understood either as ‘Mutiny’ to the colonial rulers or as the ‘First War of Independence’ to many nationalists, it is possible to focus on substantial, long-term transformations rather than on a single event. Such an emphasis, moreover, places India in the context of changes taking place in the larger world, not just in terms of events and personalities in India itself. Far from modernity ‘happening’ in Europe and then being transplanted to a country like India, many of these changes took place in relation to each other. Modern technological changes, among them canals, railways, and telegraph, were introduced into India within years of their introduction in Europe. Changes essential to the modern state, including the unification of sovereignty, the surveying and policing of the population, and institutions meant to create an educated citizenry were also, broadly speaking, introduced during the same period in India and in parts of Europe. Indeed, certain modern practices and institutions were either stimulated by the Indian experience or originated in India itself. Municipal cemeteries, as noted above, appeared in India before they did in England; the same is true of English literature as a curricular subject, and of state-sponsored scientific and surveying institutions. The colonial relationship with India was essential, moreover, as Gauri Vishwanathan recently argued, to one of the fundamental characteristics of modern states, namely the practice of state secularism. At the same time, new religious organizations in both India and Britain shared the common pattern of an unprecedented involvement of the laity. In both countries too, the spread of electoral politics was accompanied by debate over the place of religion in public life. Above all, the economic lives of both countries were profoundly, and increasingly, intertwined.
Evaluation of Centerline Audible Roadway Delineators (CARDs) in New York State

This study evaluated the safety effectiveness of the systemic implementation of centerline rumble strips on New York State-owned roads. In New York State, rumble strips installed on the centerline ...
Comparison of clinicopathological features and outcomes in patients with primary leiomyosarcoma of bone and soft tissue.

BACKGROUNDS AND OBJECTIVES This investigation sought to describe the outcomes of primary leiomyosarcoma of bone (PLB) compared to soft tissue leiomyosarcoma (SLMS). METHODS This was a review of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database from 1975 to 2016. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to estimate disease-specific survival (DSS), and a Cox regression model was used to identify prognostic factors. RESULTS Of the 7502 identifiable cases, 1% (n = 74) were PLB and 99% (n = 7428) were SLMS. Survival was the same between PLB and SLMS (p = .209). On multivariable analysis for high-grade SLMS, radiation (neoadjuvant: hazard ratio [HR], 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.4-0.8; p = .003; adjuvant: HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.6-0.9; p = .008) and surgery (procedure specific) improved DSS. For PLB, wide resection/limb salvage (HR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.3-0.5; p = .018) and amputation (HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.5-0.9; p < .001) were positive prognostic factors. Neither radiation nor chemotherapy were prognostic factors for survival in PLB. CONCLUSIONS For SLMS, radiation portends a survival advantage. For PLB, however, neither chemotherapy nor radiation were significant prognostic factors, which suggests the optimal treatment for PLB, similar to other primary soft tissue sarcomas originating in bone, remains an unmet medical need.
The Metabolic Effects of Ketones.

The phrase “once trash, now a treasure” is an apt description of the evolving view of ketones in biomedical research [...]
ParaDiS: Parallelly Distributable Slimmable Neural Networks

When several limited power devices are available, one of the most efficient ways to make profit of these resources, while reducing the processing latency and communication load, is to run in parallel several neural sub-networks and to fuse the result at the end of processing. However, such a combination of sub-networks must be trained specifically for each particular configuration of devices (characterized by number of devices and their capacities) which may vary over different model deployments and even within the same deployment. In this work we introduce parallelly distributable slimmable (ParaDiS) neural networks that are splittable in parallel among various device configurations without retraining. While inspired by slimmable networks allowing instant adaptation to resources on just one device, ParaDiS networks consist of several multi-device distributable configurations or switches that strongly share the parameters between them. We evaluate ParaDiS framework on MobileNet v1 and ResNet-50 architectures on ImageNet classification task. We show that ParaDiS switches achieve similar or better accuracy than the individual models, i.e., distributed models of the same structure trained individually. Moreover, we show that, as compared to universally slimmable networks that are not distributable, the accuracy of distributable ParaDiS switches either does not drop at all or drops by a maximum of 1 % only in the worst cases.
Mr. Holland’s Networks: A Brief Review of the Importance of Statistical Studies of Local Subgraphs or One Small Tune in a Large Opus

I enrolled in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at Harvard in fall 1973 to do graduate work in statistics. I had six classmates in my cohort, four of whom eventually received PhDs. One, Richard Hill, a recent graduate of MIT, was also an administrator at the Computer Research Center (CRC) of the National Bureau Economic Research (NBER). He worked there with his former classmate Mark Eisner, technical director of the CRC.
Why do they hook up? Attachment style and motives of college students

Attachment style may be related to variations in hookup experiences; however, we do not know if attachment style is associated with hookup motives. College students (N = 266) completed questionnaires that assessed attachment style and hookup motives. Avoidant attachment was negatively associated with intimacy motives, while anxious attachment was positively related to intimacy. Insecure attachment styles were positively related to coping motives and self-affirmation motives, but gender interacted with attachment style. Anxious attachment was positively associated with peer pressure motives in men only. The role of attachment style and hookup motives in understanding young adults' hookup experiences will be discussed.
PHYCOERYTHRINS OF MARINE UNICELLULAR CYANOBACTERIA. III, SEQUENCE OF A CLASS II PHYCOERYTHRIN

The genes for the alpha and beta subunits of a novel six bilin-bearing (class II) phycoerythrin were cloned from Synechococcus sp. WH8020 and sequenced. The cloned genes (mpeA and mpeB) were detected by homology with the genes for C-phycoerythrin from Pseudanabaena sp. PCC7409. The mpe locus occurs once in the genome and is arranged similarly to that of many other phycobiliproteins, with mpeA shortly 3' of mpeB. Sequence comparison suggests that this phycoerythrin (and perhaps all class II phycoerythrins) occupy a branch of the phycoerythrin family separate from five-chromophore per alpha beta (class I) phycoerythrins, C-phycoerythrin, and B-phycoerythrin. The position of the sixth chromophore of the class II phycoerythrin of WH8020 was determined by comparison of the amino acid sequence of the chromopeptides (Ong, L. J., and Glazer, A. N. (1991) J. Biol Chem. 266, 9515-9527) with the sequence deduced from the gene. This located the chromophore at residue 75 of the alpha subunit, very close to the alpha-83 chromophore in the primary structure and, presumably, in the three-dimensional structure.
Ethics, the Heart of Leadership

The chapters in this book explore the ethical dynamics between leaders and followers in business and in society as a whole. They argue that power and authority in today's world stem not from position or coercion, but from trust, commitment, and values shared with those who are led. The authors raise important questions such as: How do people give and get trust? What moral hazards are inherent in transformational and charismatic leader/follower relationships? What roles do deception and self-deception play in giving and receiving power? The reader will gain a better understanding of the complex moral interaction of leaders and followers and why healthy moral relationships between leaders and followers are central to effective leadership. Practitioners, academics, and students will find this passionate collection invaluable in understanding the exciting and often controversial field of leadership and ethics.
Telecommunications in Kenya

Abstract The problems faced by developing nations as they try to establish adequate telecommunications networks to meet their development needs have been well publicized. Developing countries are challenged by dual pressures, from within to provide basic telecommunication services to their people and from without to modernize and deregulate their networks. This article examines how Kenya, an East African nation, is coping with the challenges. It reviews the country's telecommunications policies and practices in the three decades since independence and discusses the motivations, problems and promise of telecommunications development in contemporary Kenya.
Effect of cardioid and limaçon directional sensors on towed array reverberation response

The effect of cardioid and limacon directional sensors on towed horizontal line array reverberation response,was investigated. As the use of towed horizontal line arrays give axial symmetry of beam patterns that led to left-right ambiguity, application of elements with directional responses where the omni-directional elements are augmented with crossed dipole pairs allowing formation of cardioid or limacon beam patterns to improve the echo-to-reverberation ration was examined. It was observed that production of towed array beam patterns with cardioid or limacon directional sensors in place of omni-directional elements reduces the reverberation by 6 dB and suppress the ambiguous beam near broadside. The limacon sensors reduce the ambiguous beam, and echo-to-reverberation ratio, much more effectively than the cardioid sensors and it is very useful for target detection.
Liver Transplantation at the University of Pittsburgh, 1984 to 1990

Patient and primary graft survival for 2,090 patients who received primary liver transplants at the University of Pittsburgh from 1984 through 1990 are presented. Observed (actual) 3- and 12-month patient and primary graft survival rates were compared for 3 periods: 1) January 1984 to September 1987 (cyclosporine, OKT3, and Euro-Collins preservation period); 2) October 1987 to December 1988 (University of Wisconsin solution preservation period); and 3) January 1989 to December 1990 (FK506 period). Data for results according to age group, medical urgency, and primary diagnosis are provided. In addition, estimated survivor and cumulative hazard functions (life-table method) for patient and primary graft survival out to 60 months after transplantation are presented. Overall results have improved significantly in recent experience. Most notable are the improved results seen in liver transplantation for patients with biliary atresia (especially in infants), primary sclerosing cholangitis, fulminant hepatic failure, and chronic active hepatitis B. For all but a few conditions, most of the mortality after liver transplantation occurred in the first 3 months after surgery. Less than 2% of patients were lost in each 6-month interval beyond the first 6 months after transplantation. Outcome was related to patient condition at the time of surgery. Observed survival rates at 3 and 12 months for patients called in the hospital to receive a transplant were 88.6% and 86.5%, respectively, compared with 81.9% and 73.7% for patients in critical condition. The continuing shortage of organs for transplantation, which often forces patients to wait longer for an organ than they can afford to, continues to impose a significant penalty.
Caspase-mediated Degradation of T-Cell Receptor ζ-Chain

We recently reported an association between loss in T-cell receptor (TcR) ζ-chain expression and tumor-induced apoptosis of T lymphocytes. In this study, the possibility that ζ-chain serves as a direct substrate for activated caspases was investigated. Here, we report that two DXXD motifs, which are putative recognition sequences for caspase-3-related proteases and are present in the amino acid sequence of the ζ-chain, are cleaved in apoptotic Jurkat T lymphocytes. Cleavage of ζ-chain in Jurkat cells ligated by agonistic anti-Fas antibody was inhibited in the presence of peptide inhibitors of caspases, including the pan-caspase inhibitor N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone and N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone, an inhibitor of caspase-3-like activity. Fas-induced cleavage of ζ-chain was also inhibited in Jurkat cells overexpressing the intracellular inhibitors of caspase activity, Bcl-2 or cytokine response-modifier A. In vitro translated ζ-chain was cleaved in a similar fashion by recombinant caspase-3 or caspase-7 in a dose-dependent manner. In the presence of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone, no cleavage of in vitro translated ζ-chain was observed. These results suggest that the loss of TcR ζ-chain, previously associated with tumor-induced immune dysfunction and more recently associated with tumor-induced apoptosis of T lymphocytes, is mediated by a direct degradation of the ζ-chain by activated caspases. This is the first report of involvement of caspases in degradation of the ζ protein.
Domino-Style Spin–Orbit Torque-Based Spin Logic

We propose a new spin–orbit torque-based domino-style spin logic (SOT-DSL) that operates in a sequence of preset and evaluation modes of operation. During the preset mode, the output magnet is clocked to its hard axis using spin-Hall effect. In the evaluation mode, the clocked output magnet is switched by a spin current from the preceding stage. The nanomagnets in SOT-DSL are always driven by orthogonal spins rather than collinear spins, which in turn eliminates the incubation delay and allows fast magnetization switching. Based on our simulation results, SOT-DSL shows up to 50% improvement in energy consumption compared to all-spin logic. Moreover, SOT-DSL relaxes the requirement for buffer insertion between long spin channels and significantly lowers the design complexity.
Adam Smith and the Virtues of Enlightenment

Cet article rapporte la presentation d'un livre de Charles Griswold, Adam Smith et les vertus du Siecle des Lumieres paru en 1999, lors d'un seminaire qu'il animait, ainsi que la discussion qui a suivi. Selon lui, nous avons actuellement le sentiment que nous avons epuise notre heritage moral et intellectuel, et qu'il nous manque les moyens de le regenerer. Mais nous devons d'abord nous en assurer. Existe-t-il des ressources occultees ou mal interpretees d'autocritique et de justification dans le Siecle des Lumieres, surtout celles qui gardent des aspects importants de la pensee antique ? Si oui, nous devrions les examiner avec soin. Adam Smith est l'une de ces ressources. Telle est la these generale de l'ouvrage que l'A. presente ici.
Relativistic molecular wavefunctions: XeF2

Abstract A new method is presented to calculate binding energies and eigenfunctions for molecules, using the relativistic Dirac hamiltonian. A numerical basis set of four component wavefunctions is obtained from atom-like Dirac-Slater wavefunctions. A discrete variational method has been developed and applied to the linear XeF 2 molecule.
Balancing Treatment Allocation over Continuous Covariates: A New Imbalance Measure for Minimization

In many clinical trials, it is important to balance treatment allocation over covariates. Although a great many papers have been published on balancing over discrete covariates, the procedures for continuous covariates have been less well studied. Traditionally, a continuous covariate usually needs to be transformed to a discrete one by splitting its range into several categories. Such practice may lead to loss of information and is susceptible to misspecification of covariate distribution. The more recent papers seek to define an imbalance measure that preserves the nature of continuous covariates and set the allocation rule in order to minimize that measure. We propose a new design, which defines the imbalance measure by the maximum assignment difference when all possible divisions of the covariate range are considered. This measure depends only on ranks of the covariate values and is therefore free of covariate distribution. In addition, we developed an efficient algorithm to implement the new procedure. By simulation studies we show that the new procedure is able to keep good balance properties in comparison with other popular designs.
The difficult, demanding, and demented AIDS patient in long-term care

Demented AIDS patients in long-term care present interconnected medical, ethical, and management problems. The patient's right to care must be considered in the context of the obligations owed to other residents and to staff members. A principled analysis should focus on substantive and procedural issues: the concept of autonomy must be modified by notions of accommodation to the needs of others; procedural fairness should guide discussions. A dynamic analysis should identify the various parties, their conflicting interests, and possible routes for resolving differences.
Generalized flux law, with an application

A generalized flux law, which can specialize into power- and diffusive-type flux laws, is proposed. When coupled with the continuity equation, a generalized flow equation is the result. The generalized equation specializes into several cases, one of which is the kinematic wave equation. By applying the generalized flow equation and its variants to flow routing in two rivers, the usefulness of the generalized flux law is evaluated. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cities and Complexity: Understanding Cities with Cellular Automata, Agent-Based Models, and Fractals. By Michael Batty

(2007). Cities and Complexity: Understanding Cities with Cellular Automata, Agent-Based Models, and Fractals. By Michael Batty. Economic Geography: Vol. 83, No. 2, pp. 213-214.
What Can Be Learned from Laboratory Activities? Revisiting 32 Years of Research

This paper is a modification of the award address for the 2010 ACS Award for Achievement in Research for the Teaching and Learning of Chemistry. The address re-visited selected research from the last 32 years and focused on the general question, “What can be learned from laboratory activities?” Several issues were explored, including: what categories of learning are possible in laboratory; what different instructional strategies are used in laboratory instruction; what role laboratory plays in an overall instructional strategy; what outcomes of laboratory instruction are preferred by instructors; what characteristics of laboratory instruction do students identify; and what laboratory-based instructional strategies are most effective.
Examining the degree of congruency between a traditional career instrument and an online self‐assessment exercise

This comparative study examined the degree of congruency between the results of the Self-Directed Search Form E (J. L. Holland, 1990) and an online self-assessment career planning exercise. A relatively high level of congruence was found between the 2 measures. Implications for career counselors and for future research studies are briefly discussed.
Deformation of polybutene-1 crystal aggregates

Abstract The plastic deformation of polybutene-1 crystals on a uniaxially drawn substrate has been studied using an electron microscope. Crystals with hexagonal morphology and crystal structure, with orthorhombic structure and with square morphology were investigated. In all cases cracks spanned by fibrils were evident; for the crystals with the orthorhombic structure, shear-induced kinking and buckling also occurred.
Somatostatin-Like Immunoreactivity (SLIR) in Rat Harderian and Meibomian Glands and Glands of Zeis

In many species serous lacrimal glands bind sex hormones and prolactin, have cells making immunoglobulins and growth factors, and contain nerve fibers having peptides such as VIP, NPY, and Substance P.1 Because the latter neuropeptides also occur in the sebaceous meibomian gland,2 the present study sought to determine the possible presence and cellular localization of somatostatin (SOM) in the three lipid-containing3, 4 lacrimal glands of the rat. Its existence might affect neuroendocrine-immune system interactions,5 presumably diminishing them because SOM inhibits lymphocyte proliferation.6
Lack of Competitive Success of an Intraseeded Creeping Bentgrass Cultivar into an Established Putting Green

Intraseeding is a popular approach for converting established golf course putting greens to a more desirable cultivar of the same species without killing the existing turf. This study was conducted to determine the competitive success of an intraseeded creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) cultivar in an established putting green using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Two replicate, United States Golf Association (USGA) specification greens, established with 'Penncross' creeping bentgrass, were arranged in a randomized complete block design with five conversion treatments as follows: control, scalping, coring, a trinexapac-ethyl application, and a glyphosate application. Vertical mowing and topdressing were followed by subsequent seeding with 'Penn G-2' creeping bentgrass (G-2) in two directions at 12.2 kg seed ha -1 . Treatments were performed in October 1998, April 1999, and September 1999. Pretreatment samples taken from each plot on 22 Sept. 1998 and posttreatment samples taken on 28 May 1999 and 24 Mar. 2000 were evaluated for changes in population dynamics using RAPD markers. By the end of the study, both glyphosate-treated plots had completely shifted to G-2, while plots subjected to other treatments showed no evidence of the cultivar. The detection of G-2 in samples collected on 28 May 1999 suggested that a transient change occurred in the scalp (Exp. 2) treatment; however, evidence of G-2 was no longer evident on 24 Mar. 2000. Data indicated that the effectiveness of the intraseeding techniques and timings used in this study to convert putting greens to a new cultivar were quite limited. This may have been due to unsuccessful elimination of root competition from the existing turf. Until more effective intraseeding methods are developed, chemical renovation remains the most effective way to ensure the establishment of new cultivars.
Anti‐α‐inhibin

BACKGROUND Anti-α-inhibin, an antibody directed against a peptide hormone, has been shown to be a useful diagnostic aid in surgical pathology material for the identification of sex cord–stromal neoplasms and recently has been described in adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). The diagnosis of ACC versus renal cell carcinoma (RCC) may be difficult morphologically, particularly in fine-needle aspiration (FNA) material. To date, the immunohistochemical distinction of ACC from RCC is based on a panel of antibodies that include vimentin, cytokeratins, and epithelial membrane antigen. However, the reliability of this panel is weakened by inconsistent staining patterns. METHODS Archival formalin fixed, paraffin embedded cell block sections from 45 FNAs of known primary and metastatic ACC and RCC as well as benign adrenocortical nodules were stained with anti-α-inhibin using an avidin-biotin procedure. All samples were microwave pretreated and a biotin block was performed to reduce the background stain due to the high endogenous biotin often present in these types of samples. RESULTS All cases of ACC (n = 7; 100%) and benign adrenocortical cells (n = 15; 100%) were immunoreactive with the α-inhibin antibody, showing a diffuse cytoplasmic and granular staining pattern. The staining intensity and number of immunoreactive cells varied within each sample, with the cases of ACC having the greatest proportion of immunoreactive cells and the strongest intensity. None of the cases of RCC (n = 23; 0%) were immunoreactive with anti-α-inhibin. CONCLUSIONS The morphologic distinction of ACC versus RCC in FNA material from renal, adrenal, and metastatic neoplasms is not always feasible based on cytology alone. However, due to the advent of the α-inhibin antibody, the reliable distinction of these entities now may be possible. The intense and specific immunostaining pattern for cells of adrenal origin, even in paucicellular samples, suggests potential for the widespread clinical utility of this marker by cytopathologists. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 1999;87:168–72. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
T47D/PKCα Cells Are Nonmigratory and NoninvasiveIn VitroDespite Tamoxifen ResistanceIn Vivo.

Background: We have previously reported that overexpression of PKCα in T47D (T47D/PKCα) breast cancer cells results in hormone independence, growth inhibition by estradiol, and tamoxifen resistance (Chisamore, 2001). This has clinical relevance because we have shown that PKCα overexpression may predict disease recurrence and tamoxifen treatment failure suggesting consideration of other treatments (Tonetti, 2003). Further characterization reveals that T47D/PKCα cells are noninvasive in vitro compared to T47D/neo control cells in Matrigel invasion assays and that knockdown of PKCα reverses the phenotype (Perez White, AACR 2009). We have further characterized the in vitro phenotype of T47D/PKCα cells using migration assay and profiling of proteins associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Adherens junctions are made of a complex of proteins including E-cadherin whose dissolution is thought to play a role in EMT. E-cadherin can be transcriptionally repressed by the embryonic transcription factor Snail1. Generally, cells that lose expression of E-cadherin gain expression of N-cadherin and/or vimentin which is correlated to increased migration, invasion, and metastasis.Methods: To determine migration, cells were plated in serum-free media into Boyden chambers for 24 h with media containing 10% fetal bovine serum as chemoattractant. Protein expression levels were determined by western blot of whole cell extracts and transcript levels by RT-qPCR. Statistical analyses were performed by t-test with GraphPad Prism 5.Results: Migration assay results show that T47D/PKCα cells are nonmigratory compared to T47D/neo cells (P Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 6173.
A Virus Takes an “L” Turn to Find Its Receptor

Virus-receptor interaction represents a crucial step during virus entry. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Neu et al. (2010) identify a receptor motif that engages JC virus, a human polyomavirus known to cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in immunocompromised individuals.
A faster algorithm for ridge regression of reduced rank data

Regression data sets typically have many more cases than variables, but this is not always the case. Some current problems in chemometrics--for example fitting quantitative structure activity relationships--may involve fitting linear models to data sets in which the number of predictors far exceeds the number of cases. Ridge regression is an approach that has some theoretical foundation and has performed well in comparison with alternatives such as PLS and subset regression. Direct implementation of the regression formulation leads to a O(np2 + p3) calculation, which is substantial if p is large. We show that ridge regression may be performed in a O(np2) computation--a potentially large saving when p is larger than n. The algorithm lends itself to the use of case weights, to robust bounded influence fitting, and cross-validation. The method is illustrated with a chemometric data set with 255 predictors, but only 18 cases, a ratio not unusual in QSAR problems.
Coming to grips with cactus

Abstract Dorsal is a transcription factor that regulates Drosophila embryonic polarity. It is cytoplasmic when associated with cactus protein until extracellular signals cause its release and nuclear entry.
The effect of strain on hydrogen-induced dislocation morphologies in single crystal iron

Abstract The details of the dislocation morphologies in iron single crystal during stage I plastic straining with and without the presence of a concurrent supply of hydrogen have been studied. Hydrogen was shown to greatly enhance the tendency of strain localization especially near hydrogen-containing spherical inclusions. Three different strongly operating slip systems have been identified in the localized dislocation tangled structure, in contrast to the surrounding matrix or the region around the same particles in hydrogen free specimens, where one primary slip system predominated. It was suggested that hydrogen not only enhances the mobility of primary screw dislocations, but also affects the local stress and strain associated with particles, to promote dislocation generation on those slip systems associated with twin formation. If there is no competing slip system, the twinning-sense dislocations catalyzed by hydrogen can lead to the formation of crystallographic identifiable twins. If, on the other hand, a strong anti-twinning primary slip operates, as in the present study, the twinning process is suppressed and the associated dislocations interact locally with the primary system to promote a dislocation tangled structure. Hydrogen-induced microcrack formation was found to have an orientation similar to the strain localization band, suggesting that a direct correspondence exists between the presence of hydrogen-induced strain localization bands and the initiation of hydrogen-induced cracks.
Crystal Structures of Aureochrome1 LOV Suggest New Design Strategies for Optogenetics

Summary Aureochrome1, a signaling photoreceptor from a eukaryotic photosynthetic stramenopile, confers blue-light-regulated DNA binding on the organism. Its topology, in which a C-terminal LOV sensor domain is linked to an N-terminal DNA-binding bZIP effector domain, contrasts with the reverse sensor-effector topology in most other known LOV-photoreceptors. How, then, is signal transmitted in Aureochrome1? The dark- and light-state crystal structures of Aureochrome1 LOV domain (AuLOV) show that its helical N- and C-terminal flanking regions are packed against the external surface of the core β sheet, opposite to the FMN chromophore on the internal surface. Light-induced conformational changes occur in the quaternary structure of the AuLOV dimer and in Phe298 of the Hβ strand in the core. The properties of AuLOV extend the applicability of LOV domains as versatile design modules that permit fusion to effector domains via either the N- or C-termini to confer blue-light sensitivity.
Observability and redundancy classification in multicomponent process networks

Classification of variables and measurements in multicomponent flow networks is treated in this paper. Classification rules are derived that exploit the relationship between cutsets of the process graph and certain graphs derived from it, and the solvability of the relevant equations. These rules are incorporated in two graph-oriented algorithms for observability and redundancy classification.
Deep-level symmetry studies using ballistic-phonon transmission in undoped semi-insulating GaAs.

An anisotropic change in ballistic-phonon transmission induced by irradiation with 1.06-\ensuremath{\mu}m-wavelength photons has been measured in undoped semi-insulating GaAs. The anisotropy of the phonon transmission is consistent with scattering from a defect having trigonal symmetry. The metastability, as well as the thermal-annealing and optical-excitation properties of the observed change in phonon transmission, are consistent with those which have been associated with the dominant deep electronic level ($\mathrm{EL}2$) in undoped semi-insulating GaAs.
Retardation of Reproduction in the Red Shiner Due to Electroshock

AbstractElectrofishing is widely used to monitor freshwater fishes. Electrofishing sampling appears to be relatively harmless when used appropriately, but biologists have questioned its effects on fishes. Although studies report injury and mortality due to electrofishing, few report effects on reproduction. We assessed the hypothesis that exposure to electroshock alters reproductive processes and output in the Red Shiner Cyprinella lutrensis by determining if pulsed DC has negative effects on interclutch time intervals, clutch sizes, proportion of viable eggs produced by spawning pairs, growth, and recovery time. A total of 125 breeding pairs, with an average of 4.91 (SD, 0.44) spawning events per pair, were used in the study. All dependent variables were tested for the influence of frequency (60 and 120 Hz) and voltage (100 and 400 V) and compared with spawning pairs that were not shocked (a control group). We found that the interclutch time interval was increased, the proportion of viable eggs was reduc...
Estrogen influence on pituitary and adrenal function in the rat.

Corticosterone output in the adrenal vein and ACTH in peripheral vein plasma were measured in control groups of female rats and in groups receiving 2.5 and 5.0 mg of Depo-estradiol cyclopentylpropionate. In the presence of a significant decrease in corticosterone output under stress, the plasma ACTH level was almost doubled in the estrogen-treated animals 18–21 days after injection. These findings are consistent with a compensatory increase in plasma ACTH resulting from a block in total corticosterone synthesis. Adrenal glands from control and estradiol-treated animals were incubated in vitro in the presence of 11-desoxycorticosterone (DOC). The hydroxylation of CHDOC by adrenal homogenates from the treated animals was found to be increased 36–76% as compared to control animals. Thus, the hydroxylation reaction was apparently increased in vitro although total synthesis of corticosterone was decreased in vivo (Endocrinology 81: 29, 1967)
Comparative Study of Neuroma Formation in the Rat Sciatic Nerve after CO2 Laser and Scalpel Neurectomy

Recent reports have suggested that peripheral neurectomy with the CO2 laser may be effective in preventing subsequent neuroma formation. To study this question further, we performed bilateral sciatic nerve sections in 31 rats using a steel scalpel on one nerve and a CO2 laser on the opposite side. T
Resting EEG in offspring of male alcoholics: beta frequencies

This study examines the differences in beta (12-28 Hz) band power in offspring of male alcoholics from densely affected alcoholic families. We have attempted to investigate if the increase in beta power is a 'state' or 'trait' marker for alcoholism. This study also explores the gender differences in the expression of this potential risk marker. Absolute beta power in three bands-beta 1(12-16 Hz), beta 2 (16-20 Hz), and beta 3 (20-28 Hz)-in the eyes closed EEG of 171 high risk (HR) subjects who were offspring of male alcoholics and 204 low risk (LR) subjects with no family history of alcoholism, were compared for each gender separately using a repeated measures analysis of variance design. Alcoholic and non-alcoholic subjects within the high risk group were compared using a repeated measures design as a follow-up analysis. The present study demonstrated increased beta power in the resting EEG of offspring of male alcoholics. Male HR subjects had higher beta 1 (12-16 Hz) power and female HR subjects had increased power in beta 2 (16-20 Hz) and beta 3 (20-28 Hz) as compared with low risk participants. Female HR subjects also showed significantly increased beta 2 and beta 3 power if they had two or more alcoholic first-degree relatives when compared with HR females having only an affected father. Risk characteristics are expressed differentially in males and females and may be an index of differential vulnerability to alcoholism. The results indicate that increased EEG beta power can be considered as a likely marker of risk for developing alcoholism and may be used as a predictive endophenotype.
Maternal separation and reunion of an infant orang-utan

An orang-utan mother-infant dyad was studied for effects of separation and reunion upon the infant's behavior and the mother-infant relationship. Data were obtained during two weeks each of pre-separation, separation and reunion. Typical reflections of protest and despair were observed in the infant during separation. Initial detachment and a subsequent intensification of the mother-infant relationship occurred following reunion. The results are consistent with the view that these reactions to separation and reunion are characteristics of the biological heritage of thePrimates. Failure to observe detachment in most monkeys that have been studied seems to reflect differences between the behavior of monkey mothers, on the one hand, and great ape and human mothers, on the other hand, in response to the conditions of testing.
Tasks and Organizations: A Signal Detection Model of Organizational Decision Making

This paper presents a mathematical model to study the joint impact of organizational design and of the task environment on the decision performance of hierarchical organizations with limited internal communication. The problem context is a special class of distributed situation assessment problems, where possible patterns of binary variables are to be classified on the basis of partial and noise-corrupted information. Structural properties of tasks and organizations are described using a graph formalism, and optimal decision strategies at all decision makers are determined. Organizational expertise is characterized in the form of a Team Relative Operating Characteristic TROC curve, thereby replacing the organization by an equivalent single decision maker. Implementing the model, issues of task decomposition and the process of matching organizations with tasks are discussed.