cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Site-specific instability in Drosophila melanogaster: the origin of the mutation and cytogenetic evidence for site specificity.

During a study of delayed mutations, an unstable X chromosome (Uc) was detected. Spontaneous X-linked recessive lethal mutations were detected in 34 of 993 sperm sampled from 50 males carrying this chromosome. All but three of the 34 lethals originated as clusters in three of the 50 males Cytogenetic and complementation analyses revealed 14 intrachromosomal rearrangements: ten inversions, two reverse repeats, one deficiency and one transposition. Eight of the 14 rearrangements have one break in the 6F1–2 doublet and two rearrangements have a break in 6F1–5 of the X chromosome. The remaining four rearrangements have in addition to the aberrations a lethal point mutation between 6F1 and 6F5. Though each of the lethal lines was established from a single lethal-bearing female, chromosome polymorphism is evident in 17 of the 18 lines having rearrangements, with certain aberrations recurring in several lines. The lethal mutations revert frequently to the nonlethal state, and cytological evidence indicates that more than one mutational event may occur at the unstable locus of the chromosome during one generation. Two lethal lines had more than one type of chromosome rearrangement sharing a common breakpoint. These observations are consistent with the view that the instability in the Uc lines is caused by a transposable element capable of site-specific chromosome breaks and perpetual generation of mutations. The mutagenic and genetic properties of transposable elements can be related to the two-mutation theory of Knudson (1971) for cancer initiation.
Arnold Goldstein: From Counselor to Psychoeducator

A proponent of the scientist-practitioner model, Arnold Goldstein has devoted his career to the study and practice of helping people change. In this interview, he discussed the origins of his interest in aggression and violence, described the development of models for enhancing prosocial skills and reflects on the current and future status of counselor education.
Critical Perspectives on Gender and Judging

I began to write this essay as confirmation hearings opened for President Barack Obama's nominee for the U.S. Supreme Court, Judge Sonia Sotomayor, and long before he nominated Elena Kagan. The nominations have made the gender and ethnic identities of judges and senators alike salient. In their opening statements, senators burst with pride about a great country where anyone can achieve anything, regardless of gender, class, or ethnicity, while some equated empathy with prejudice and difference with partiality. In a New York Times Magazine interview the Sunday before, Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg stressed the importance of more women on the bench (Bazelon 2009). Opponents' carefully orchestrated media attacks against Sotomayor, arguing that she lacked judicial temperament (too mean) and was racist, came straight from the misogynist playbook well thumbed from Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign. I share Nancy Maveety's disappointment that the hearings squelched, rather than explored, the questions of what Martha Minow (1987) has so aptly named “the dilemma of difference”—how women can be both equal to and different from men—and the nature of judging, which has to do with how one's social location and life experiences inevitably shape judgment. The dullness of the actual hearings stood in sharp contrast to the euphoria in the Latino community where many sported the latest fashion: “Wise Latina Woman” T-shirts, dispelling any doubt about the symbolic importance of such appointments.
Mediated taxonomy system for bioinformatics data integration

In biomedical/biological research fields, scientists usually face the problem of information explosion. Once a query is issued, a collection of data instance IDs such as protein accession numbers are returned. Each protein must be checked for the features of interest. This paper addresses the characterization and differentiating of biological data in the context of mediated domain ontology based on the multilevel abstraction framework. Our mediator system features hybrid ontologies (internal core ontology concept and external classification/annotation concepts) for the interpretation of protein and gene instance data in the context of interaction, pathway and process, which achieve the goal of data integration at the instance level.
Hemolytic Anemia: Part 1

1. Kwesi Sackey, MD* 1. 2. *Associate Professor, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Explain the role of immune reactions, red blood cell membrane defects, red blood cell enzyme defects, or hemoglobin abnormalities in the development of hemolytic anemia. 2. List the characteristic findings of hemolytic anemia. 3. Describe the significance of a low reticulocyte count in a patient who has chronic hemolysis. 4. Describe the potential complications of red blood cell transfusions. Hemolytic anemia arises from a shortened survival of red blood cells (RBCs) due to an inherent abnormality of the cell, environmental factors, or both. It can be characterized by varying degrees of anemia, jaundice, an enlarged spleen, or combinations of these conditions. If the hemolysis is massive, the urine may become dark due to hemoglobinuria. Findings on examination of the peripheral blood typically include changes in the morphology of the RBCs and an increase in reticulocyte count. A low reticulocyte count usually indicates poor production of RBCs. The major categories of hemolytic anemia are: 1) immune-mediated (alloimmune or autoimmune), 2) membrane defects (spherocytosis, elliptocytosis), 3) enzyme defects (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase[ G6PD] deficiency, pyruvate kinase deficiency), and 4) hemoglobin defects (sickle cell disease, thalassemia). ### DEFINITION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY This hemolysis arises from a reaction between an individual’s RBCs and “naturally occurring antibodies” that usually are not present in that individual. The primary alloimmune types are Rh (anti-D) hemolytic disease in the newborn and ABO hemolytic disease. ABO hemolytic disease is several times more common than Rh hemolytic disease. ### PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY In Rh disease, the mother does not have the Rh antigen on her RBCs (ie, Rh-negative) and, therefore, develops antibodies to the Rh antigen in response to Rh-positive RBCs that leak into her circulatory system during late pregnancy or delivery. The antibodies (immunoglobulin G [IgG]) leak back from the mother into the fetal circulation during subsequent pregnancies, leading to hemolysis only in subsequent …
Performance of the TruGene Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Genotyping Kit and OpenGene DNA Sequencing System on Clinical Samples Diluted to Approximately 100 Copies per Milliliter

The TruGene human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genotyping kit/OpenGene DNA sequencing system (Bayer HealthCare, Tarrytown, NY) reliably produced clinically acceptable resistance profiles for reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors on patient samples diluted to ∼100 copies/ml following extraction with the QIAamp viral RNA minikit (QIAGEN Inc., Valencia, CA). One modification of the standard protocol was made to guarantee PCR amplification: a centrifugation step to concentrate virus was added before RNA extraction. For genotypic antiretroviral resistance testing, no significant differences in the identification and sensitivity of detection for codon mutations, base mutations, and multibase sites were found between the original and diluted samples.
Increased Visibility of Targets Submerged in Scattering Opaque Media and Polarimetric Techniques

The novelty of this paper is indicated by a series of experimental measurements aimed at enhancing the detectability of targets immersed in scattered solutions. The experimental results clearly show that polarimetric images of superior quality can be obtained by doping the background surrounding the target with polar or high-dielectric molecules, yielding an enhanced contrast and specificity of the target. In addition, it is observed that degree of linear polarization (DOLP) images exhibit superior image characteristics with respect to total intensity (S0) images with the increase in the concentration of the optical scattering agents.
A Library Credit Course and Student Success Rates: a longitudinal study

The University of West Georgia’s Ingram Library has offered a fifteen-week two-hour credit course since 1998. In a longitudinal study covering twelve years, the library analyzed the progression and graduation rates of more than fifteen thousand students. Students who took the class during their undergraduate career were found to graduate at much higher rates than students who never took the class. The library examined students’ high school GPAs and aptitude test scores but were unable to account for the increase through any difference in precollegiate achievement.
Diel cycles of reproduction and vertical migration in the rotifer Keratella crassa and their influence on the estimation of population dynamics1

Les resultats obtenus sur la synchronisation des eclosions des K.c. du Star Lake, Vermont et la migration verticale ont des implications importantes pour l'etude de la dynamique de la population zooplanctonique
Drug-Induced Hypoglycemia: A Systematic Review

Context: Drug-induced hypoglycemia is a significant adverse effect that may cause important morbidity. Objective: The aim of the study was to systematically review the literature for drugs reported to cause hypoglycemia and assess the quality of evidence and strength of association supporting this causal link. Data Sources: We searched electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and SCOPUS) and the drug information system Micromedex through November 2007 and sought additional references from experts. Study Selection: Studies were eligible if they reported hypoglycemia as a side effect of a drug not used to treat hyperglycemia, regardless of their design, language, size, or follow-up duration. We excluded hypoglycemia caused by industrial exposures, nonpharmacological chemical exposures, alcohol, herbs, nutritional supplements, and in vitro and animal studies. Data Extraction: Reviewers extracted study characteristics and methodological quality and, when possible, data to estimate the odds of de...
Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of lignin from residue of corn stover to ethanol production

Abstract To improve the economic viability of the biofuel production from biomass resource, a value-added lignin byproduct from this process is increasingly important. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of lignin extracted from residue of corn stover to ethanol production were investigated. The lignin extracts exhibited strong antioxidant activities in hydrophilic oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay and Folin–Ciocalteu test. The extracts also exhibited antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) and yeast (Candida lipolytica), but not Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Enteritidis) or bacteriophage MS2. Different extraction conditions (temperature and residue/solvent ratio) affected the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of lignin extracts. Generally, the bioactivities of lignin extracts were consistent with FTIR analysis results. Lignin byproducts showed the potential for their antioxidant and antimicrobial application.
The presence of interleukin-27 during monocyte-derived dendritic cell differentiation promotes improved antigen processing and stimulation of T cells.

Summary Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells necessary to establish effective adaptive immune responses. The cytokine environment that exists at the time of DC differentiation may be an important but often ignored determinant in the phenotypic and functional properties of DCs. Interleukin-27 (IL-27) is a unique cytokine that has both inflammatory and immune suppressive activities. Although it can both promote and oppose activity of different T-cell subsets, mostly anti-inflammatory activity has been described toward macrophages and DCs. However, the specific effect of IL-27 during DC differentiation and how that may change the nature of the antigen-presenting cell has not been investigated. In this report, we show that IL-27 treatment during monocyte-derived DC differentiation enhanced the ability to process antigens and stimulate T-cell activity. DCs differentiated in the presence of IL-27 showed enhanced acidification of latex bead-containing phagosomes that was consistent with elevated expression of vacuolar-ATPases. This resulted in inhibition of intracellular growth of Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, the levels of MHC class II surface expression were higher in DCs differentiated in the presence of IL-27. Production of IL-12 was also significantly increased during S. aureus infection of IL-27-differentiated DCs. The net effect of these activities was enhanced CD4+ T-cell proliferation and T helper type 1 cytokine production. These findings are important to a wide number of immunological contexts and should be considered in the development of future vaccines.
Blindness and insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of contemporary criticism

(1986). Blindness and insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of contemporary criticism. History of European Ideas: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 202-203.
Development and stability of intermediate moisture tortillas.

An Intermediate Moisture Tortilla (IMT) that did not support microbicl growth was developed. The formulation consisted of corn flour and water, plus humectants glycerol, salt, and corn solids DE-42, and the mycostatic agent potassium sorbate. This formulation had a final water activity of 0.86. In contrast to the normal tortilla, the IMT did not support microbial growth as measured by the total aerobic count and the outgrowths of inoculated Staphylococcus aureus 196 -E, yeast 72-B, and Aspergillus niger M.I.T. No enterotoxin A was detected in the IMT, although thermostable nuclease was present. The IMT differed only slightly from normal tortillas in organoleptic properties, but was judged a highly acceptable product.
Carotid body denervation prevents fasting hyperglycemia during chronic intermittent hypoxia.

Obstructive sleep apnea causes chronic intermittent hypoxia (IH) and is associated with impaired glucose metabolism, but mechanisms are unknown. Carotid bodies orchestrate physiological responses to hypoxemia by activating the sympathetic nervous system. Therefore, we hypothesized that carotid body denervation would abolish glucose intolerance and insulin resistance induced by chronic IH. Male C57BL/6J mice underwent carotid sinus nerve dissection (CSND) or sham surgery and then were exposed to IH or intermittent air (IA) for 4 or 6 wk. Hypoxia was administered by decreasing a fraction of inspired oxygen from 20.9% to 6.5% once per minute, during the 12-h light phase (9 a.m.–9 p.m.). As expected, denervated mice exhibited blunted hypoxic ventilatory responses. In sham-operated mice, IH increased fasting blood glucose, baseline hepatic glucose output (HGO), and expression of a rate-liming hepatic enzyme of gluconeogenesis phospho enol pyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), whereas the whole body glucose flux during hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp was not changed. IH did not affect glucose tolerance after adjustment for fasting hyperglycemia in the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. CSND prevented IH-induced fasting hyperglycemia and increases in baseline HGO and liver PEPCK expression. CSND trended to augment the insulin-stimulated glucose flux and enhanced liver Akt phosphorylation at both hypoxic and normoxic conditions. IH increased serum epinephrine levels and liver sympathetic innervation, and both increases were abolished by CSND. We conclude that chronic IH induces fasting hyperglycemia increasing baseline HGO via the CSN sympathetic output from carotid body chemoreceptors, but does not significantly impair whole body insulin sensitivity.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for LTI systems to preserve signal richness

There are many ways to define richness of a discrete time signal. In this paper, we consider a particular definition and explore the conditions under which a linear time invariant (LTI) system preserves the richness property. A set of necessary and sufficient conditions has been found. Using this, paraunitary and unimodular matrices can be shown not to preserve richness unless they are constant matrices (or a delayed version in the paraunitary case). A structured proof of the necessary and sufficient conditions is also presented.
Chip interleaved cdma2000 with space time block code

Recently, D. Garg and F. Adachi reported that a chip interleaved direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) system with a turbo code could improve bit error rate (BER) significantly over a conventional bit interleaved CDMA system under a fading environment (see IEEE 56th Vehicular Technology Conf., p.1777-81, 2002). The use of chip interleaving can transform the fading channel into a highly memoryless or almost additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. Garg and Adachi studied a single transmit (Tx) and multiple receive (Rx) antenna diversity system under a single user and a frequency nonselective fading environment. We reexamine chip interleaving under (1) multiple users, (2) frequency selective fading, and (3) a space time block code (STBC) system, which is a multiple Tx and Rx antenna element system. Based on simulation results, some conclusions are presented.
High-Resolution 3D Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Sixth Cranial Nerve: Anatomic and Pathologic Considerations by Segment.

Background Weakness of the sixth cranial nerve is the most common cause of an ocular motor cranial nerve palsy. It is often difficult to identify a corresponding abnormality on neuroimaging to correlate with the clinical examination. Evidence acquisition High-resolution 3D skull base magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows for visualization of the sixth nerve along much of its course and may increase sensitivity for abnormalities in regions that previously were challenging to evaluate. In this review, the authors share their experience with high-resolution imaging of the sixth nerve. Results For each segment, anatomic features visible on high-resolution imaging are described along with relevant pathologic entities. Conclusions We present a segmental approach to high-resolution 3D MRI for evaluation of the sixth nerve from the nuclear to the orbital segment.
Biology of Macrocentrus iridescens (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): A Parasitoid of the Obliquebanded Leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Abstract Macrocentrus iridescens French is a polyembryonic parasitoid with a wide host and geographic range in North America. In a survey of California pistachio orchards, M. iridescens was the most common parasitoid species reared from the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana Harris. To determine its potential as a biological control agent of the obliquebanded leafroller, we conducted laboratory studies and described M. iridescens immature development. We evaluated adult female longevity, brood size, sex ratio, and host stage preference for oviposition. The parasitoid egg develops polyembryonically. At 26.8°C, larval development required 25–30 d, and pupal development 10–12 d. There was a positive relationship between mandible size and development time, although individual stages could not be determined. Adult females survived on average 15.9, 1.6, and 0.9 d at 25°C when provided with honey and fructose solution, water only, or neither, respectively. Oviposition of fertilized eggs was observ...
T cell clones: a model of a non-recirculating phase of T cell differentiation.

Cloned lines of T lymphocytes have been valuable in investigating many of the in vitro properties of thymus-derived lymphocytes. When such clones have been tested in vivo, however, they have generally shown much less activity than they have in vitro. Thus, cytolytic T cell (Tc) clones that are highly active in lysing tumor target cells in vitro are poorly effective in causing rejection of the same cells in vivo, unless they are injected into the same site as the tumor cells1,2. Similarly, in vitro T cell clones efficiently mediate delayed hypersensitivity only when injected at the same site as the relevant antigen3.
La Restauración de la imperial de Barrenechea y Albis

El criollo chileno fray Juan de Barrenechea y Albis, quien vivio en Chile y el Peru, nos dejo un libro mas mencionado que conocido, la Restauracion de la Imperial y conversion de almas infieles, segun reza su actual titulo. Suele recordarse como un texto historico a la vez que fantasioso, y aun lejano precursor de la novela hispanoamericana. Las referencias literarias a este inedito se basan exclusivamente en un breve resumen de Medina en su Historia de la literatura colonial de Ghilel. De ahi provienenlas citas y hasta los juicios contemporaneos.
Use of percutaneous kyphoplasty to treat painful vertebral compression fractures (VCF) in solid tumors

e20568 Background: Vertebral compression fractures are a major source of morbidity in metastatic carcinoma. Kyphoplasty involves inflation of a balloon for painful kyphotic deformity restoring the ...
Larinus minutus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Urophora quadrifasciata (Diptera: Tephritidae), Evidence for Interaction and Impact on Spotted Knapweed in Arkansas

Interactions among seed-feeding insects are well noted in the literature, with many of these interactions being asymmetrical and causing a disadvantage for one of the species involved. While often effective, the use of the cumulative stress approach to biological control (where multiple natural enemy species are released) may increase the risk of interaction, which may lead to less effective biological control programs. Spotted knapweed ( Centaurea stoebe ssp. micranthos (Gugler) Hayek) is an invasive plant that causes damage in rangelands and pastures. In Arkansas, two biological control agents for spotted knapweed, Larinus minutus Gyllenhal and Urophora quadrifasciata Meigen, are established. Both species attack the capitula of spotted and diffuse knapweeds. There is potential for interactions between these species, and this could affect the efficacy of the biological control program. To evaluate these potential interactions, we collected spotted knapweed capitula weekly from three sites in Arkansas from 2010 to 2012. Capitula were monitored for emergence of L. minutus and U. quadrifasciata , and the effect on seed reduction was analyzed. Over all three years, L. minutus and U. quadrifasciata were present in 35.8% (492) and 22.8% (313) of the capitula, respectively. We determined that the occurrences of L. minutus and U. quadrifasciata were not independent of each other, and that L. minutus is more effective at reducing spotted knapweed seed production than U. quadrifasciata within individual capitula . Seed production in capitula with both natural enemies present was no different from capitula with L. minutus.
TREATMENT OF VITAMIN-D RESISTANT RICKETS. A LONG-TERM EVALUATION OF ITS EFFECTIVENESS.

The results of treatment of twenty children with vitamin-D resistant rickets with massive daily doses of vitamin D have been presented. In these children we were unable to prevent the recurrence of deformities or to restore a normal growth pattern. This failure parallels the inability of this therapy to correct the low serum phosphorus without producing marked hypercalcemia and renal insufficiency. According to roentgenographic evidence, healing of the rickets can he induced by large doses of vitamin D, but cure of the disease cannot be achieved in this manner. Currently, we are continuing with massive doses of vitamin D and also bracing the extremities until the children are five or six years of age and can cooperate in taking vitamin D. The use of multiple osteotomies over an intramedullary nail may be helpful in reducing the recurrence of the deformities. Data have been presented demonstrating that, during a calcium infusion, the renal tubules in patients with vitamin-D resistant rickets are capable of normal phosphate transport. It is therefore suggested that the low serum phosphorus and hyperphosphaturia characteristic of the disease are caused by extrarenal factors of which secondary hyperparathyroidism is the most important.
Trench angle: a key design factor for a deep trench superjunction MOSFET

Why is the development of a deep trench superjunction (SJ) MOSFET above 600 V and under 8.0 mohm cm2 difficult? A deep trench SJ MOSFET is expected to have a low turn-on resistance because the post thermal process after the epitaxial process, which is normally used in a multi-step epitaxy structure, is unnecessary. When designing a deep trench SJ MOSFET, the trench angle is the most important factor because this determines the breakdown voltage (BV) and BV variations. In this paper, we investigated how the trench angle affects the BV and BV window as a condition of the possible thermal process. By employing a physical concept, ΔCharge, we explained why the maximum BV is decreased and the BV window is increased as the trench angle decreases. Also, we systematically scrutinized the transition of the vertical electric field by varying the trench angle. Furthermore, in a real case, the principle of the trench angle which contributes to the deviation of the charge imbalance and specific resistance of SJ is described. Finally, we discuss the challenge of SJ MOSFET development in the industry.
WE-DE-206-00: MRI Physics

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an essential part of clinical imaging due to its ability to render high soft tissue contrast. Instead of ionizing radiation, MRI use strong magnetic field, radio frequency waves and field gradients to create diagnostic useful images. It can be used to image the anatomy and also functional and physiological activities within the human body. Knowledge of the basic physical principles underlying MRI acquisition is vitally important to successful image production and proper image interpretation. This lecture will give an overview of the spin physics, imaging principle of MRI, the hardware of the MRI scanner, and various pulse sequences and their applications. It aims to provide a conceptual foundation to understand the image formation process of a clinical MRI scanner. Learning Objectives: 2. Understand the origin of the MR signal and contrast from the spin physics level. 3. Understand the main hardware components of a MRI scanner and their purposes 4. Understand steps for MR image formation including spatial encoding and image reconstruction 5. Understand the main kinds of MR pulse sequences and their characteristics.
Biodiesel and Bioethanol from Microalgae

Microalgae are a group of unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic microorganisms that have the ability to use sources of organic and inorganic carbon for their development. Microalgal biomass has been proposed as a raw material for the production of energy and other products due to its high productivity, flexibility, capacity for using wastewater, and the fact that nonfertile land is required for cultivation. These microorganisms can synthesize and store lipids in the form of triacylglycerols and fermentable carbohydrates, which are used for the production of biodiesel and bioethanol, respectively. The application of nutrient-rich industrial effluents for the cultivation and the application of microalgal biomass within the photobiorefinery concept are matters that research groups around the world have considered to reduce production costs and to make sustainable energy production using these microorganisms feasible.
Solar scintillation study during planetary conjunction

During superior solar conjunction of a spacecraft, the spacecraft has limited communication with the ground station due to the effect of the Sun on RF signal transmission. Our analysis of data that has been obtained during several MESSENGER (MErcury Surface, Space ENivornment, GEochmeisty, and Ranging) conjunctions has revealed that the spacecraft can operate at smaller SEP angles than was reported in prior studies. Operating at smaller SEP angles can substantially reduce the down time of a communication link during solar conjunction. While the general trend is for the performance to degrade with decreasing SEP angles, we have found instances where the performance deviates from this behavior. Our analysis of the data has revealed a short-term amplitude scintillation and a long-term phase scintillation. Amplitude scintillation produces up to 3 dB of degradation of carrier signal strength over a short time scale (< 1 s). Phase scintillation occurs on a longer time scale than amplitude scintillation — 10 s to 100 s of seconds — and can cause deeper fades.
Fourier–Taylor Approximation of Unstable Manifolds for Compact Maps: Numerical Implementation and Computer-Assisted Error Bounds

We develop and implement a semi-numerical method for computing high-order Taylor approximations of unstable manifolds for hyperbolic fixed points of compact infinite-dimensional maps. The method can follow folds in the embedding and describes precisely the dynamics on the manifold. In order to ensure the accuracy of our computations in spite of the many truncation and round-off errors, we develop a posteriori error bounds for the approximations. Deliberate control of round-off errors (using interval arithmetic) in conjunction with explicit analytical estimates leads to mathematically rigorous computer-assisted theorems describing precisely the truncation errors for our approximation of the invariant manifold. The method is applied to the Kot-Schaffer model of population dynamics with spatial dispersion.
Explaining Racial Differences in Ferguson’s Impact on Local Residents’ Trust and Perceived Legitimacy: Policy Implications for Police

Public support and trust are critical to effective democratic policing, but scholars have suggested police in the United States may be experiencing a legitimacy crisis. High-profile police-involved shootings like those which have happened over the last 2 years can have negative consequences. This study assesses the consequences of the Ferguson, Missouri unrest and police response on local residents’ views. A panel survey of St Louis County, Missouri residents conducted before and after the police shooting of Michael Brown examines the effects on procedural justice and trust, police legitimacy, and willingness to cooperate with police. Results reveal a significantly different effect on African American versus non-Black residents. African Americans’ views significantly declined while non-Black residents’ perceptions were stable. Qualitative data are used to apply the conflict/group position and accumulated experience theories to explain racial disparities and are used as a basis to offer strategies to impro...
The Effect of Conventional and Transparent Surgical Masks on Speech Understanding in Individuals with and without Hearing Loss.

It is generally well known that speech perception is often improved with integrated audiovisual input whether in quiet or in noise. In many health-care environments, however, conventional surgical masks block visual access to the mouth and obscure other potential facial cues. In addition, these environments can be noisy. Although these masks may not alter the acoustic properties, the presence of noise in addition to the lack of visual input can have a deleterious effect on speech understanding. A transparent (“see-through”) surgical mask may help to overcome this issue. To compare the effect of noise and various visual input conditions on speech understanding for listeners with normal hearing (NH) and hearing impairment using different surgical masks. Participants were assigned to one of three groups based on hearing sensitivity in this quasi-experimental, cross-sectional study. A total of 31 adults participated in this study: one talker, ten listeners with NH, ten listeners with moderate sensorineural hearing loss, and ten listeners with severe-to-profound hearing loss. Selected lists from the Connected Speech Test were digitally recorded with and without surgical masks and then presented to the listeners at 65 dB HL in five conditions against a background of four-talker babble (+10 dB SNR): without a mask (auditory only), without a mask (auditory and visual), with a transparent mask (auditory only), with a transparent mask (auditory and visual), and with a paper mask (auditory only). A significant difference was found in the spectral analyses of the speech stimuli with and without the masks; however, no more than ∼2 dB root mean square. Listeners with NH performed consistently well across all conditions. Both groups of listeners with hearing impairment benefitted from visual input from the transparent mask. The magnitude of improvement in speech perception in noise was greatest for the severe-to-profound group. Findings confirm improved speech perception performance in noise for listeners with hearing impairment when visual input is provided using a transparent surgical mask. Most importantly, the use of the transparent mask did not negatively affect speech perception performance in noise.
PARP Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy

Rucaparib is an inhibitor of nuclear poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (inhibition of PARP-1 > PARP-2 > PARP-3), following a similar drug, Olaparib. It disrupts DNA repair and replication pathways (and possibly transcription), leading to selective killing of cancer cells with BRCA1/2 mutations. Rucaparib is approved for recurrent ovarian cancers with germline or somatic mutations in BRCA1/2.
Ethnic Cleansing and Its Alternatives in Wartime: A Comparison of the Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian Empires

According to the extant literature, state leaders pursue mass ethnic violence against minority groups in wartime if they believe that those groups are collaborating with an enemy. Treating the wart...
INSPIRED AND EFFECTIVE: The role of the ideal self in the meaningfulness of work

While the ideal self concept has been used as a component of several motivation theories (Markus & Wurf, 1987; Higgins, 1987, 1998; Boyatzis & Akrivou, 2006), it has not received as much empirical research attention, and even less quantitative research. This study extends work on the measurement of a broad, aspirational and inspirational ideal self-defined as “an evolving, motivational core within the self, focusing a person’s desires and hope, aspirations and dreams, purpose and calling” (Boyatzis & Akrivou, 2006: 625)-to explain how employees find meaning and behave at work. This study proposes that employees who find opportunities for synergy between their job roles and their ideal self are more engaged, feel better about their lives, are perceived to better perform their jobs, and are better organizational members who go out of their way to help their peers. Findings provide evidence that the ideal self impacts the meaningfulness employees find in their work and their engagement in extra-role behaviors.
Prediction of multifocal epileptogenic zones using normalized transfer entropy

Stereo-EEG with multiple intra-cerebral depth electrodes is a pre-surgical tool for monitoring and analyzing the electrophysiological signals from the brain. The standard method of evaluating these signals by visually identifying the changes in the EEG signal is being slowly replaced by the transfer entropy that accurately accounts for non-linearity and incorporates dynamic interactions between the systems. Partial epilepsy can arise from a single focus or have multifocal onset. Knowing the number of epileptic foci and their location is essential to guide the choice of treatments recommended to the patient. Epilepsy that initially appears to be unifocal, based on simple visual analysis, may turn out to be multifocal on more detailed evaluation. In this paper, we computed the directional information transfer for all possible pairs of the 80 signals that were collected from the brain of an epileptic patient. We have localized the epileptogenic zones (EZs) and identified multiple seizure focal points in the patient from the plots obtained. Understanding such multifocal onset patients and avoiding focused surgical resections in such patients may be important to avoid surgical failures and morbidity.
{\phi}^4 Solitary Waves in a Parabolic Potential: Existence, Stability, and Collisional Dynamics

We explore a \(\phi ^4\) model with an added external parabolic potential term. This term dramatically alters the spectral properties of the system. We identify single and multiple kink solutions and examine their stability features; importantly, all of these stationary structures turn out to be unstable. We complement these with a dynamical study of the evolution of a single kink in the trap, as well as of the scattering of kink and antikink solutions of the model. We observe that some of the key characteristics of kink-antikink collisions, such as the critical velocity and the multi-bounce windows, are sensitively dependent on the trap strength parameter, as well as the initial displacement of the kink and antikink.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of liposomal bupivacaine in colorectal resections.

Objective: The objective of the study was to systematically investigate the outcomes of Liposomal Bupivacaine following major colorectal resections. Patients and methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Medline, Google scholar, Cochrane Central Registry and clinical trials.gov databases through May 2017 for studies published regarding liposomal bupivacaine. Studies were filtered based on relevance to perioperative analgesia in colorectal resections. Data comparing type of study, techniques of resection, mode of administration of liposomal bupivacaine, details of control group, outcomes were collected. Results: A total of 1008 patients from seven studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The studies were mostly retrospective or prospective cohort studies with one randomized controlled trial (RCT). Meta-analysis showed that liposomal bupivacaine was associated with decreased length of stay, standard mean difference in days (SMD) − 0.34, (95% confidence intervals [CI] − 0.56, −0.13, p = .001) and decreased IV opioid use (expressed as intravenous morphine equivalent in milligrams) in the first 48–72 h, SMD −0.49 (95% CI −0.69, −0.28, p < .00001). Pain scores were also significantly low in patients who received liposomal bupivacaine, SMD −0.56 (95% CI −1.07, −0.06, p = .03]. There was no significant difference in hospitalization costs between the two groups. Conclusions: Use of liposomal bupivacaine is associated with decreased IV opioid use, length of stay and lower pain scores. However, our data needs to be interpreted cautiously given the relative paucity of randomized controlled trials.
A National Analysis on Predictors of Discharge to Rehabilitation After Corrective Surgery for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis.

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study of a national database. OBJECTIVE To identify the incidence and risk factors for discharge to a rehabilitation facility after corrective surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The vast majority of patients who undergo surgery for AIS are discharged home, with limited data on rates and causes for discharge to a rehabilitation facility. METHODS The United States National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was queried for the years 2012 to 2014. Inclusion criteria were children aged 10 to 18 who underwent surgery for idiopathic scoliosis. Studied data included patient demographics, operative parameters, length of stay, and hospital charges. Perioperative complications were also examined, along with their association with discharge to an inpatient rehabilitation facility. Statistical analysis was performed via chi-squared testing and multivariate analysis, with significance defined as a P-value <0.05. RESULTS A total of 17,275 patients were included (76.3% female, mean age 14 yr). Out of the entire cohort, 4.8% of patients developed a complication and 0.6% were discharged to a rehabilitation facility. The most common complications included respiratory failure (2.3%), reintubation (0.8%), and postoperative hematoma (0.8%). Following multivariate analysis, male sex (Odds ratio (OR) 4.7; 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 1.8-12.2; P = 0.002), revision surgery (OR 29.6; 95% CI, 5.7-153.5; P < 0.001), and development of a perioperative complication (OR 12.3; 95% CI, 4.7-32.4; P < 0.001) were found to be significant predictors of discharge to rehabilitation. Average length of stay was 8 ± 6 versus 5 ± 3 days and hospital charges were $254,425 versus $186,273 in the complication and control groups, respectively (both P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Discharge to rehabilitation after AIS surgery is uncommon. However, patients who are male, undergo revision procedures, or develop a complication may have a higher risk of a non-routine discharge. Complication occurrence also resulted in significantly longer lengths of stay and healthcare costs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
Implicit Theories Shape Intergroup Relations

Abstract It is often assumed that improving intergroup relations is simply a matter of directly addressing prejudice. In this chapter, we show that this is not the case. Instead, we illuminate through our research how implicit theories give rise to prejudice and how they disrupt intergroup relations even in people who are low in prejudice. In particular, we demonstrate that those who believe that people have fixed attributes (an entity theory) are more likely to form, invest in, and act on stereotypes, and are more likely to show problematic intergroup relations above and beyond their level of prejudice compared to those who believe that people are capable of change (an incremental theory). These compromised intergroup relations are shown for both majority-group and minority-group members. This chapter sheds new light on the processes that drive intergroup relations and suggests a novel path to improving intergroup relations—changing implicit theories.
Metobolism: The Expenditure of Energy

Invertebrates are ectotherms and therefore depend on their external environment for body heat. Consequently, they expend little energy in metabolic thermogenesis and their total energy demands are reduced accordingly. Their metabolic rates are lower and a greater proportion of their food can go directly into such vital functions as activity, growth, fat storage and reproduction than is true of endotherms (birds and mammals). Invertebrates’ greater metabolic frugality also allows them to eat less food per unit body weight and to go for longer periods without eating. This permits them to exploit intermittent resources and to maintain larger population densities in habitats with low levels of food availability than otherwise would be possible (Pough 1980). Deserts, being unpredictable and offering scant resources, are just the kind of environment in which ectothermism can be an asset.
Extracting many-body color charge correlators in the proton from exclusive DIS at large Bjorken x

We construct a general QCD light front formalism to compute many-body color charge correlators in the proton. These form factors can be extracted from deeply inelastic scattering measurements of exclusive final states in analogy to electromagnetic form factors extracted in elastic electron scattering experiments. Particularly noteworthy is the potential to extract a novel odderon form factor, either indirectly from exclusive $J/\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Psi}}$ measurements or directly from exclusive measurements of the ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{c}$ or tensor mesons at large Bjorken $x$. Besides the intrinsic information conveyed by these color charge correlators on the spatiotemporal tomography at the subfemtoscopic scale at large $x$, the corresponding cumulants extend the domain of validity of McLerran-Venugopalan type weight functionals from small $x$ and large nuclei to nucleons and light nuclei at large $x$, as well as to nonzero momentum transfer. This may significantly reduce nonperturbative systematic uncertainties in the initial conditions for QCD evolution equations at small $x$ and could be of strong relevance for the phenomenology of present and future collider experiments.
Heat Exchanger Design

(1966). Heat Exchanger Design. Nuclear Science and Engineering: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 136-136.
The role of Nrf2 in redox-dependent cobalamin processing

Objective Define the role of Nrf2 in regulating cellular cobalamin content. Background Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) serves as a cofactor for methionine synthase, which catalyzes regeneration of methionine from homocysteine. Cellular cobalamin processing requires the availability of cytoplasmic glutathione and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). Neuregulin-1 is a neurotrophic factor that stimulates phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) signaling. PI3K activation downstream of neuregulin-1 has been demonstrated to promote cobalamin processing to active species, by enhancing cysteine uptake and subsequent glutathione production. PI3K signaling and lithium can upregulate Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) activity by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta. Whether Nrf2 promotes cobalamin processing by modulating redox conditions through its role as a transcription factor is unclear. Methods SH-SY5Y cells grown in AMEM with 10% FBS were treated with 10 mM lithium chloride (LiCl). Cobalamin and thiol analysis were done via HPLC. SH-SY5Y cells grown in AMEM with 1% FBS were pre-treated with PI3K inhibitors pictilisib (pict) (100 nM) or wortmannin (wort) (100 nM), prior to 1h neuregulin-1 (1 nM) exposure. RT-qPCR was performed to measure gene expression of enzymes involved in redox-related cobalamin processing. Results 1 or 4h LiCl exposure increased glutathione. Cyanocobalamin (CNCbl) was decreased at both time points. Adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) was increased at 1h, but decreased after 4h. Neuregulin-1 treatment following pre-treatment with pict or wort modulated expression of Methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type C protein (MMACHC) and Methionine synthase reductase (MTRR). MMACHC was increased by neuregulin-1 alone and decreased by neuregulin-1 with wort. MTRR was increased by wort alone or combination with neuregulin-1. Conclusion Our research strengthens the role of PI3K in regulating cobalamin processing and suggests Nrf2 may positively regulate cobalamin processing. Future research may directly implicate Nrf2.
The Effect of 311 Calls for Service on Crime in D.C. at Micro Places

This study tests the broken windows theory of crime by examining the relationship between 311 calls for service and crime at the street segment and intersection level in Washington, D.C. Controlling for a set of micro level covariates, as well as unobserved neighborhood level effects using negative binomial regression models, it is found that detritus and infrastructure related calls for service have a positive, but small effect on crime. The results suggest that 311 calls for service are a valid indicator of physical disorder where available, and the findings partially confirm the broken windows theory. But given the small effects on crime, reducing physical disorder is unlikely to result in appreciable declines in crime.
Theme-based Book Review: Resilience, Migration, and Global Health

Resilience remains a common if misunderstood term in popular and academic circles. A search of the WorldCat library catalog at the time of this review lists over seven thousand book titles since th...
Abstract 626: Pro-Inflammatory Signaling by Cardiomyocytes Involves Activation of a RhoA Dependent Gene Expression Pathway

Cardiac inflammation, particularly the recruitment of inflammatory cells following injury, precedes cardiac fibrosis. A chronic inflammatory state in the heart increases risk of progression to hear...