cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-ideal transport of reactive solutes in heterogeneous porous media: 3. model testing and data analysis using calibration versus prediction

The transport of reactive solutes is often influenced by multiple factors and processes. Complex mathematical models accounting for these multiple factors and processes are required to simulate accurately the transport of reactive solutes. There are numerous concerns and constraints associated with the application of mathematical models to the transport of reactive solutes, especially for field-scale problems. The specific issue of using calibration (fitting a model to measured data) for model evaluation and data analysis was examined in this paper. Selected laboratory data, as well as the results of the well-known Borden natural-gradient field experiment were used as case studies to illustrate the potential pitfalls of using model calibration for the analysis of reactive solute transport. It is shown that erroneous parameter values can be obtained from calibration if all significant transport factors are not properly represented. Perhaps of greater significance, the (mis)use of calibration can lead to a mistaken belief that the model accurately represents the physical system and, hence, result in a misinterpretation of the factors controlling solute transport.
Lagrangian and K-theory approaches in modelling evaporation from sparse canopies

An evaporation model based on Lagrangian turbulent diffusion principles is developed and compared with simpler single- and dual-source K-theory models of evaporation. The performance of the Lagrangian model is assessed against observations of total evaporation by an eddy-correlation instrument and found to be satisfactory for a millet crop in west Africa. Three versions of existing simpler models containing K-theory descriptions of within-canopy turbulence are described and their results also compared. The two K-theory models that explicitly take into acccount the soil source perform better than the single-source Penman-Monteith model. A Lagrangian analysis does not seem to be necessary for this kind of crop because the low source-density profile of the crop, associated with a low leaf-area index, caused the near-field effect to be very small. The overall difference between the evaporation estimates of the dual-source and Lagrangian models is therefore small. It is concluded that, for practical purposes, K-theory remains an adequate approximation of turbulent transport in sparse-crop evaporation models. Significant anomalies in the surface heat fluxes, particularly those of sensible heat, accompanied the decrease in the sea ice concentration. Substantial atmospheric warming was simulated over and in the vicinity of areas in which leads were considered. In all but one experiment there were anomalous easterlies between about 40 and 60°S with westerly anomalies further to the south. The surface pressure at high latitudes appears to change in a consistent fashion with the fraction of open water, with the largest changes occurring in the Weddell and near the Ross Seas. Some of the feedbacks which may enhance the responses here, but which are not included in our model, are discussed.
Creep of Fe2SiO4 and Co2SiO4 single crystals in controlled thermodynamic environments

Abstract Creep experiments have been carried out on single crystals of Fe2SiO4 and Co2SiO4. The crystals were internally buffered by oxide precipitates against FeO and SiO2, respectively. The following flow laws were obtained: for internally buffered fayalite, e = 1·7 × 1022σ6±1 pgO Oexp(-923±220kJmoL−1 RT), and for internally buffered cobalt olivine. where e is in units of s−1 and σ and po2 are in units of MPa. In Fe2SiO4, he observed po2 dependence of the strain rate can be explained by a model in which creep is controlled by the motion of positively charged jogs along edge dislocation lines, with the diffusion of oxygen by a vacancy mechanism as the rate-limiting step. In Co2SiO4, on the contrary, the po2 dependence suggests that creep may be glide controlled, that is, rate limited by migration of ionized kinks along the dislocations. However, defect associations, which cannot be totally ruled out, were not considered in this work.
Effects of soil-cation composition on reactions of four herbicides in a candler fine sand

Sorption, persistence and transport of herbicides in soils depend on the relative saturation of soils with cations from various soil amendments. Current research was conducted to study the effect of preequilibration of a Candler fine sand (Hyperthermic uncoated typic Quartzipsamments; 0–30 cm depth) with AlCl3, CaCl2, CuCl2, FeCl3, or KCl salt solutions on sorption in bromacil, simazine, norflurazon, and diuron herbicides commonly used in Florida citrus groves.
Reactivity of monolayer chemical vapor deposited graphene imperfections studied using scanning electrochemical microscopy.

Imperfections that disrupt the sp2 conjugation of graphene can alter its electrical, chemical, and mechanical properties. Here we report on the examination of monolayer chemical vapor deposited graphene imperfections using scanning electrochemical microscopy in the feedback mode. It was found that the sites with a large concentration of defects are approximately 1 order of magnitude more reactive, compared to more pristine graphene surfaces, toward electrochemical reactions. Furthermore, we successfully passivated the activity of graphene defects by carefully controlling the electropolymerization conditions of o-phenylenediamine. With further electropolymerization, a thin film of the polymer was formed, and it was found to be insulating in nature toward heterogeneous electron transfer processes. The use of spatially resolved scanning electrochemical microscopy for detecting the presence and the “healing” of defects on graphene provides a strategy for in situ characterization and control of this attractive...
ESCA Studies of a Brass Surface Subjected to Gas-Jet-Enhanced Sputtering in a Glow Discharge

Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) is used to study selected regions of a brass surface subjected to gas-jet-enhanced sputtering in a glow discharge. Gas jets directed at the sample surface during sputtering in a glow discharge increase the removal rate of sample material from the surface and cause changes to the surface which are visually evident in the formation of craters and surface deposits. Changes in chemical composition of these regions are observed when successive atomic layers are removed from the sample by the ion beam etching accessory in the ESCA spectrometer. The effects of ion bombardment can be explained in terms of the selective sputtering of one bulk component over another. The surfaces in the sputtered craters were found to be depleted of the higher-sputtering-yield component, Zn, when compared to the bulk composition. In a deposit, the component with the highest sputtering yield was found to be more concentrated in layers closest to the bulk material. The component with the lowest sputtering yield was found at relatively higher concentrations nearest the deposit surface. The component with the higher sputtering yield is selectively sputtered first during the glow discharge, and consequently is deposited with a higher concentration closest to the bulk, the converse being true for the lowest-sputtering-yield component.
Dystonia musculorum deformans: natural history and neurosurgical alleviation.

Clinical experience with a large number of patients with dystonia musculorum deformans reviewed and surgical therapy is evaluated.
Overcoming the anaerobic hurdle in phenotypic microarrays: generation and visualization of growth curve data for Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough.

Growing anaerobic microorganisms in phenotypic microarrays (PM) and 96-well microtiter plates is an emerging technology that allows high throughput survey of the growth and physiology and/or phenotype of cultivable microorganisms. For non-model bacteria, a method for phenotypic analysis is invaluable, not only to serve as a starting point for further evaluation, but also to provide a broad understanding of the physiology of an uncharacterized wild-type organism or the physiology/phenotype of a newly created mutant of that organism. Given recent advances in genetic characterization and targeted mutations to elucidate genetic networks and metabolic pathways, high-throughput methods for determining phenotypic differences are essential. Here we outline challenges presented in studying the physiology and phenotype of a sulfate reducing anaerobic delta proteobacterium, Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough. Modifications of the commercially available OmniLog(TM) system (Hayward, CA) for experimental setup, and configuration, as well as considerations in PM data analysis are presented. Also highlighted here is data viewing software that enables users to view and compare multiple PM data sets. The PM method promises to be a valuable strategy in our systems biology approach to D. vulgaris studies and is readily applicable to other anaerobic and aerobic bacteria.
A GABA immunocytochemical study of rat motor thalamus: light and electron microscopic observations.

A light and electron microscopic study of GABA-immunoreactive neurons and profiles in the ventroanterior-ventrolateral and ventromedial nuclei of rat dorsal thalamus was conducted using antiserum raised against GABA. Less than 1% of the neurons in these motor-related nuclei exhibited GABA immunoreactivity, confirming previous reports that these nuclei are largely devoid of interneurons. Immunoreactive neurons in the ventral anterior-ventral lateral complex and ventromedial nucleus were bipolar or multipolar in shape, and tended to be smaller than non-immunoreactive neurons. GABA immunoreactivity in the neuropil consisted of labeled axon terminals and myelinated and unmyelinated axons, and was lower in the ventral anterior-ventral lateral complex and ventromedial nucleus than in neighboring thalamic nuclei. The density of neuropil immunolabeling was slightly higher in ventral anterior-ventral lateral complex than in ventromedial nucleus. GABA-immunoreactive axon terminals, collectively termed MP boutons for their medium size and pleomorphic vesicles (and corresponding to "F" profiles of some previous studies of thalamic ultrastructure), formed symmetric synapses and puncta adhaerentia contacts predominantly with large and medium-diameter (i.e. proximal) non-immunoreactive dendrites. Approximately 12 and 18% of boutons in the ventral anterior-ventral lateral complex and ventromedial nucleus, respectively, were GABA-immunopositive. Many of these immunoreactive profiles probably arose from GABAergic neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus, substantia nigra pars reticulata and entopeduncular nucleus. Two types of non-immunoreactive axon terminals were distinguished based on differences in morphology and synaptic termination sites. Boutons with small ovoid profiles and round vesicles that formed prominent asymmetric synapses onto small-diameter dendrites were observed. Mitochondria were rarely observed within these boutons, which arose from thin unmyelinated axons. These boutons composed approximately 82 and 74% of boutons in the ventral anterior-ventral lateral complex and ventromedial nucleus, respectively, and were considered to arise predominantly from neurons in the cerebral cortex. In contrast, boutons with large terminals that contained round or plemorphic vesicles and formed multiple asymmetric synapses predominantly with large-diameter dendrites were also observed. Puncta adhaerentia contacts were also common. Mitochondria were numerous within large boutons with round vesicles, which arose from myelinated axons. Many of the large boutons were likely to have originated from neurons in the cerebellar nuclei. Approximately 6% of the boutons in the ventral anterior-ventral lateral complex and 8% in ventromedial nucleus were of the large type.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Astrocytosis and axonal proliferation in the hippocampus of S100b transgenic mice.

Abstract S100 beta is a calcium-binding protein that is expressed at high levels in brain primarily by astrocytes. Addition of the disulfide-bonded dimeric form of S100 beta to primary neuronal and glial cultures and established cell lines induces axonal extension and alterations in astrocyte proliferation and phenotype, but evidence that S100 beta exerts the same effects in vivo has not been presented. An 8.9-kb murine S100b genomic clone was used to produce two lines of transgenic mice in which S100 beta RNA is increased in a dose-related manner to 2-fold and 7-fold above normal. These lines show concomitant increased S100 beta protein throughout the brain. Expression in both lines is cell type- and tissue-appropriate, and expression levels are correlated with the transgene copy number, demonstrating that sequences necessary for normal regulation of the gene are included within the cloned segment. In the hippocampus of adult transgenic mice, Western blotting detects elevated levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein and several markers of axonal sprouting, including neurofilament L, phosphorylated epitopes of neurofilament H and M, and beta-tubulin. Immunocytochemistry demonstrates alterations in astrocyte morphology and axonal sprouting, especially in the dentate gyrus. Thus, both astrocytosis and neurite proliferation occur in transgenic mice expressing elevated levels of S100 beta. These transgenic mice provide a useful model for studies of the role of S100 beta in glial-neuronal interactions in normal development and function of the brain and for analyzing the significance of elevated levels of S100 beta in Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease.
Elements of the Gospels in the Rural Setting

Rural congregations enjoy advantages when it comes to seeing connections between the Gospels and the place where the congregation conducts its ministry. This is because rural congregations, unlike those placed in large cities, have direct access to the elements of earth, fire, air, and water in their natural forms. The elements play substantive poetic roles in each of the four Gospels. Each element embodies and conveys its own objective reality, and each is appropriate to the purposes that the Gospel writers establish. This article explores the poetics of Gaston Bachelard, appropriates his insights to the Gospels, and makes concrete connections between the Gospels, the imagination of the congregation, and the rural setting.
Avoiding climate change.

The quote credited to me in the random samples item “Ice ages as history” (23 Dec. 2005, p. 1900) (“Anthropogenic climate change will basically produce another planet.…Earth won't have another ice age until humans go extinct.”) was constructed from two statements that I made at the 6
Multiple uterine angioleiomyomas in a woman presenting with severe menorrhagia

Abstract Background Angioleiomyoma is a rare benign neoplasm that originates from smooth muscle cells and contains thick-walled vessels. There were only five cases of uterine angioleiomyoma reported in the available English literatures. We present here the unique computed tomography finding in a patient with multiple uterine angioleiomyomas causing severe menorrhagia. Case A 50-year-old, nulligravid woman consulted us with the complaint of menorrhagia for 3 years and progressively palpable lower abdominal mass for a half year. Laboratory findings were all within normal limits except lower hemoglobin concentration (6.2 g/dl). An abdomino-pelvic computed tomography (CT) showed that a huge 30-cm heterogeneously multilobulate mass with solid and laminated configuration, with cystic and multiseptal contents was found in left lower abdomen and pelvic cavity. At laparotomy, the area beneath the left broad ligament was filled with a well-encapsulated, elastic, ovoid, and lobulate mass that connected to the uterus and measured up to 20 cm in greatest diameter. The uterus was composed of a huge intramural tumor and measured 28 × 21 × 12 cm. The uterus and huge subserosal tumor were resected completely and a frozen section was obtained. The final histopathologic diagnosis was angioleiomyoma, a definitely benign soft tissue tumor. Eighteen months after surgery there was no recurrence. Conclusion Uterine angioleiomyoma should be considered when prominent tortuous vascular-like enhancing structures are noted on CT examination of a well-demarcated soft tissue mass arising from the uterus in pelvis. Either angiomyomectomy with tumor-free margins or hysterectomy proved to be an effective treatment in these cases, and resulted in a good recovery and a satisfactory outcome.
Estrogen receptor β and Liver X receptor β: biology and therapeutic potential in CNS diseases

In the last decade of the twentieth century, two nuclear receptors were discovered in our laboratory and, very surprisingly, were found to have key roles in the central nervous system. These receptors have provided some novel insights into the etiology and progression of neurodegenerative diseases and anxiety disorders. The two receptors are estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) and liver X receptor beta (LXRβ). Both ERβ and LXRβ have potent anti-inflammatory activities and, in addition, LXRβ is involved in the genesis of dopaminergic neurons during development and protection of these neurons against neurodegeneration in adult life. ERβ is involved in migration of cortical neurons and calretinin-positive GABAergic interneurons during development and maintenance of serotonergic neurons in adults. Both receptors are present in magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamic preoptic area including those expressing vasopressin and oxytocin. As both ERβ and LXRβ are ligand-activated transcription factors, their ligands hold great potential in the treatment of diseases of the CNS.
Ecological validity and the study of publics: The case for organic public engagement methods

This essay argues for a method of public engagement grounded in the criteria of ecological validity. Motivated by what Hammersly called the responsibility that comes with intellectual authority: "to seek, as far as possible, to ensure the validity of their conclusions and to participate in rational debate about those conclusions" (1993: 29), organic public engagement follows the empirical turn in citizenship theory and in rhetorical studies of actually existing publics. Rather than shaping citizens into either the compliant subjects of the cynical view or the deliberatively disciplined subjects of the idealist view, organic public engagement instead takes Asen's advice that "we should ask: how do people enact citizenship?" (2004: 191). In short, organic engagement methods engage publics in the places where they already exist and through those discourses and social practices by which they enact their status as publics. Such engagements can generate practical middle-range theories that facilitate future actions and decisions that are attentive to the local ecologies of diverse publics.
Effect of Helicobacter pylori treatment on gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Abstract Objective. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a multifactorial disorder characterized by reflux of acidic gastric contents into the esophagus leading to tissue damage and symptoms. The role of H. pylori in the pathogenesis of GERD is controversial. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis on the effect of H. pylori treatment on symptomatic as well as endoscopic changes associated with GERD. Material and methods. Multiple medical databases were searched (4/2011). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing H. pylori treatment with no treatment on symptomatic adults with GERD were included. The effects of H. pylori eradication were analyzed by calculating pooled estimates for new onset or changes in the symptoms of GERD or endoscopic reflux esophagitis. Separate analyses were performed for each outcome by using odds ratio (OR) or weighted mean difference (WMD) by fixed and random effects models. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plots. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed by calcu...
Response of pipeline structure subjected to ground motion excitation

A computational scheme is developed based on a wave scattering mechanism to determine the response of a pipeline structure under earthquake excitations. The pipeline structure is modelled as a waveguide, consisting of uniform members, intermediate constraints and boundaries. The compatibility conditions are met without additional effort because all the structural components are treated equally in the wave description. The ground motion received at supports is also converted to a waveform so that its effects on structural vibration can be estimated properly. A unified wave scattering description of all the structural components makes it possible to determine the pipeline response systematically without approximations. The merit of the present approach is especially perceivable in the case where a pipeline has an extensive length with several types of intermediate constraints. Computational efficiency is a merit of this approach.
Stimulation of mucin release from rat submandibular salivary-gland cells by NaF.

Abstract The effect of NaF on cAMP accumulation, cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity (cAMP-dPK) ratios and [ 14 C]-glucosamine-labelled mucin release from these isolated cells was investigated. NaF (0.01–5 mM) increased significantly the cellular cAMP concentration and cAMP-dPK activity ratios in a dose- and time-dependent manner. NaF (5.0 mM) increased [ 14 C]-glucosamine-labelled mucin release in a time-dependent manner. Thus the stimulation of prelabelled mucin secretion by NaF is mediated by an increase in the cAMP concentration, which exerts its effect, at least partly, via the activation of cAMP-dPK activity.
Continuing to strengthen FDA's science approach to emerging technologies

Emerging technologies result when advances and innovation in technology lead to discoveries. Often emerging technologies stimulate novel research in medical product development that contribute to new approaches to manufacturing and can improve the quality of products. By supporting investments in agency coordination, staff training and professional development, regulatory science research, stakeholder engagement, and enhancing opportunities for expert input, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration plays a critical role in translating innovations into novel safe and effective medical products that improve the public health.
Growth studies of CaF2 and BaF2/CaF2 on (100) silicon using RHEED and SEM

Abstract Molecular beam epitaxial growth of CaF 2 and BaF 2 CaF 2 stacked layers on (100) silicon substrates was studied using reflection high-energy electron diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Both in-situ annealing and a two-stage growth method were applied to improve the crystallinity and surface morphology of the epitaxial layers. Smooth, facet-free, (100) -oriented CaF 2 layers on (100) silicon were obtained using both methods. BaF 2 layers grown on smooth CaF 2 -coated (100) silicon surfaces in the range 580–800 °C, however, exhibited mixed (111) and (100) orientations, whereas epitaxial growth of (100)-oriented BaF 2 was achieved on rough CaF 2 surfaces. It is believed that exposed {111} facets on rough CaF 2 layers provide favorable low-energy surfaces for nucleation of epitaxial BaF 2 . Smooth BaF 2 layers were obtained using a two-stage growth method where an initial BaF 2 layer, 1 000–3 000 A thick, was grown at 580 °C on a 300 A thick CaF 2 layer, annealed at 820 °C for a few minutes, and followed by 1 000 A of BaF 2 grown at 700–800 °C. Annealing the initial BaF 2 layer above 870 °C resulted in mixed (111) and (100) orientations, thus imposing an upper limit on this processing step.
MicroRNAs 221 and 222 regulate the undifferentiated state in mammalian male germ cells

Continuity of cycling cell lineages relies on the activities of undifferentiated stem cell-containing subpopulations. Transition to a differentiating state must occur periodically in a fraction of the population to supply mature cells, coincident with maintenance of the undifferentiated state in others to sustain a foundational stem cell pool. At present, molecular mechanisms regulating these activities are poorly defined for most cell lineages. Spermatogenesis is a model process that is supported by an undifferentiated spermatogonial population and transition to a differentiating state involves attained expression of the KIT receptor. We found that impaired function of the X chromosome-clustered microRNAs 221 and 222 (miR-221/222) in mouse undifferentiated spermatogonia induces transition from a KIT– to a KIT+ state and loss of stem cell capacity to regenerate spermatogenesis. Both Kit mRNA and KIT protein abundance are influenced by miR-221/222 function in spermatogonia. Growth factors that promote maintenance of undifferentiated spermatogonia upregulate miR-221/222 expression; whereas exposure to retinoic acid, an inducer of spermatogonial differentiation, downregulates miR-221/222 abundance. Furthermore, undifferentiated spermatogonia overexpressing miR-221/222 are resistant to retinoic acid-induced transition to a KIT+ state and are incapable of differentiation in vivo. These findings indicate that miR-221/222 plays a crucial role in maintaining the undifferentiated state of mammalian spermatogonia through repression of KIT expression.
Discrete Denoising for Channels with Memory

We consider the problem of estimating a discrete signal $X^n = (X_1, \ldots, X_n)$ based on its noise-corrupted observation signal $Z^n = (Z_1, \ldots, Z_n)$. The noise-free, noisy, and reconstruction signals are all assumed to have components taking values in the same finite $M$-ary alphabet $\{0, \ldots, M-1 \}$. For concreteness we focus on the additive noise channel $Z_i = X_i + N_i$, where addition is modulo-$M$, and $\{N_i\}$ is the noise process. The cumulative loss is measured by a given loss function. The distribution of the noise is assumed known, and may have memory restricted only to stationarity and a mild mixing condition. We develop a sequence of denoisers (indexed by the block length $n$) which we show to be asymptotically universal in both a semi-stochastic setting (where the noiseless signal is an individual sequence) and in a fully stochastic setting (where the noiseless signal is emitted from a stationary source). It is detailed how the problem formulation, denoising schemes, and performance guarantees carry over to non-additive channels, as well as to higher-dimensional data arrays. The proposed schemes are shown to be computationally implementable. We also discuss a variation on these schemes that is likely to do well on data of moderate size. We conclude with a report of experimental results for the binary burst noise channel, where the noise is a finite-state hidden Markov process (FS-HMP), and a finite-state hidden Markov random field (FS-HMRF), in the respective cases of one- and two-dimensional data. These support the theoretical predictions and show that, in practice, there is much to be gained by taking the channel memory into account.
A Study in the Ordering of Attention.

Not all environmental changes produce equivalent attending. The present study was concerned with demonstrating the existence of an ordering of attending. A model for testing this was suggested and data gathered concerning the effect of various stimulus changes after stimulus repetition. The results indicated an order of attending, with color, size, number, and rotation changes, in that order, showing the greatest orienting responses. Other data consistent with these results were reported and the argument made that OR orders reflect important differences in cognitive function.
Low Frequency Phased Array Application for Crack Detection in Cast Austenitic Piping

As part of a multi-year program funded by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (US NRC) to address nondestructive examination (NDE) reliability of inservice inspection (ISI) programs, studies conducted at the Pacific N¬orthwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in Richland, Washington, have focused on assessing novel NDE approaches for the inspection of coarse-grained, cast stainless steel reactor components. The primary objective of this work is to provide information to the US NRC on the utility, effec¬tiveness and reliability of ultrasonic testing (UT) as related to the ISI of primary piping components in US commercial nuclear power plants. This paper describes progress, recent developments and results from an assessment of a portion of the work relating to the ultrasonic low frequency phased array inspection technique. Westinghouse Owner’s Group (WOG) cast stainless steel pipe segments with thermal and mechanical fatigue cracks, PNNL samples containing thermal fatigue cracks and several blank vintage specimens having very coarse grains that are representative of early centrifugally cast piping installed in PWRs, were used for assessing the inspection method. The phased array approach was implemented using an R/D Tech Tomoscan III system operating at 1.0 MHz and 500 kHz, providing composite volumetric images of the samples. Several dual, transmit-receive,more » custom designed low-frequency arrays were employed in laboratory trials. Results from laboratory studies for assessing detection, localization and length sizing effectiveness are discussed.« less
Expository Discourse in Adolescents with Language Impairments: Examining Syntactic Development.

Purpose This study examined syntactic development in a large cohort of adolescents. At kindergarten, each participant had been identified as having specific language impairment (SLI), nonspecific language impairment (NLI), or typical language development (TLD). Method The participants (n = 444) had a mean age of 13;11 (years;months; range = 12;10–15;5). Language samples were elicited in 2 genres, conversational and expository, and analyzed for mean length of T-unit and subordinate clause production. Results Mean length of T-unit and the use of nominal, relative, and adverbial clauses were greater during the expository task than the conversational task for all groups. Thus, even the SLI and NLI groups produced longer sentences containing greater amounts of subordination when speaking in the expository genre than in the conversational genre. No group differences were revealed by the conversational task. However, on the expository task, the TLD group outperformed both the SLI and NLI groups on mean length of...
Congenital elbow luxation in the dog

Anatomical and pathological descriptions of five congenital elbow luxations and subluxations in three dogs were based on palpation, radiographs, gross dissection and in one dog, surgical correction. The primary defect in all five joints was hypoplasia, or aplasia, of the medial collateral ligament. The osseous deformities consisted of outward rotation of the proximal ulna, hypoplasia, or aplasia, of the coronoid process, anconeal process and radial notch and a shallow trochlear notch. The proximal ulna was rotated approximately 40–45°. The olecranon was deviated laterally and dorso-cranially. The syndrome was compared with the deformities of congenital luxation of the radial head in children. An embryonic pathogenesis for congenital elbow luxations in dogs was hypothesized.
Transesophageal echocardiography in diagnosing cardioembolic stroke

Stroke is a disease with high morbidity and mortality that afflicts older people. The most common type of stroke is ischemic, and 15-20% of these strokes are cardioembolic. Because clinical features are not very specific for the type of stroke, diagnostic aides are needed to identify the mechanism of stroke so that appropriate therapy can be initiated. Numerous studies have shown that transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a more sensitive tool for diagnosing cardioembolic stroke than transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). However TTE and TEE are still considered complementary as they both provide unique information. The many abnormalities that can be identified by TEE and their therapy are discussed in this review, along with indications and complications of TEE. TEE has demonstrated that cardioembolic causes of stroke are much more common than previously thought. With a more precise diagnosis, appropriate therapy can be provided to help prevent cardiogenic stroke.
Comparison of Scores of Normal Children on the Wisc-R and Stanford-Binet, Form LM, 1972

Correlations of .86, .71, and .86 were obtained for 106 children, aged 6–0 to 16–10, between Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs and the Stanford-Binet. On both tests mean IQ of the younger group was higher.
Supplementing Floundering Text with Adjunct Displays.

Three experiments compared the learning potential of text versus outline and matrix displays. In Experiments 1 and 2, college students read or heard a passage about fish and then studied the text, an outline, or a matrix. In Experiment 3, students heard a passage about wildcats, and then studied text, outline, or matrix displays. In all experiments, the text, outline, and matrix formats were informationally equivalent. However, the two-dimensional matrix appeared more computationally efficient than the linear organized text or outline because it (a) positioned related information about fish or wildcats in closer proximity so that local relations within a single category (such as “size”) were learned, and (b) organized information spatially so that global relations across categories (such as size and diet) were learned. The learning potential of text, outline, and matrix displays was also examined in combination with variations in thematic organization, amount of study time, and time of testing. The most important and consistent findings were that (a) outline and matrix displays produced greater relational learning than the text, and (b) matrix displays produced greater relational learning than outlines.
Filtering SQL via the principles of pandemonium

In this paper, we re-introduce Pandemonium, an early specification for parallel processing through semiautonomous agents. The biggest advantage of the Pandemonium approach is its simplicity, which is achieved by dividing tasks among many computational units. Using Pandemonium as a metaphor, we design an interpreter for general-purpose filtering of text. To demonstrate the applicability of our design, we show how to partially parse and correct a sequence of badly ordered SQL commands. This example is not artificial; the badly ordered commands were generated by a commercial CASE tool for database development and the command set was too large for manual correction. A Pandemonium-style approach has many advantages over using full-blown parser generators and rule-based systems for such tasks.
To Thine Shareholders Be True? Linking Large Corporate Ownership to Firms’ Use of Commitment Human Resource Practices

Human resource practitioners and academics have increasingly realized the importance of corporate governance for firm human resource activities. This study investigates how one important form of corporate governance, namely, ownership within large, publicly traded firms, is associated with a firm's use of commitment human resource practices (CHRPs), specifically, the use of incentive compensation, profit sharing, and participative decision making. Our findings indicate that the types of large investor, namely, family and institutional, are differentially associated with the likelihood of the firm using these CHRPs. Specifically, family owners with their long-term investment horizon, as well as their stakeholder orientation, increase the likelihood of the firm using these practices. In contrast, large institutional owners with their shorter-term investment horizon, as well as their investor orientation, decrease the likelihood of the firm using these practices. Furthermore, among institutional investors, transient institutional investors are negatively associated with these practices, while dedicated institutional investors are not associated with these practices. Taken together, our results regarding the positive association of family ownership and this subset of CHRPs and the negative association of transient institutional investors and this set of practices, have important implications for human resource professionals who not only need to understand how ownership affects HR practices but also how to articulate the value of these investments in order to attract investors
A Voice Cursing in the Wilderness

Book reviewed in this article: John Berkman and Michael Cartwright (eds), The Hauerwas Reader
The effects of intracoronary substance P and acetylcholine on coronary blood flow in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy

Attenuation of the increase in blood flow caused by acetylcholine in the peripheral vasculature and coronary circulation of patients with heart failure has been interpreted as an impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation. The aim of this study was to compare in man the effects of acetylcholine, which also has endothelium-independent actions, with substance P, which appears to be a pure endothelium-dependent vasodilator, on epicardial and resistance coronary arteries in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. The effects of intracoronary acetylcholine (10(-7) M and 10(-6) M) and substance P (5, 10 and 25 pmol.min-1) on epicardial coronary artery diameter and coronary blood flow velocity were measured with an intracoronary Doppler flow probe and quantitative coronary angiography in 11 patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and 10 control subjects. Epicardial coronary artery diameter did not change with acetylcholine but increased significantly with substance P in both groups (cardiomyopathy patients: 3.3 +/- 0.2 mm (mean +/- SEM) at baseline vs 3.9 +/- 0.2 mm with substance P25 pmol.min-1, P < 0.01; controls: 3.1 +/- 0.2 mm at baseline vs 3.9 +/- 0.3 mm with substance P25 pmol.min-1, P < 0.05). Coronary flow ratios with acetylcholine were lower in cardiomyopathy patients (10(-7) M: 1.4 +/- 0.1 vs 2.3 +/- 0.4, P = 0.05; 10(-6) M: 1.8 +/- 0.2 vs 3.2 +/- 0.5, P = 0.05 vs controls).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hexamethyldisilazane for scanning electron microscopy of Gastrotricha.

We evaluated treatment with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) as an alternative to critical-point drying (CPD) for preparing microscopic Gastrotricha for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We prepared large marine (2 mm) and small freshwater (100 μm) gastrotrichs using HMDS as the primary dehydration solvent and compared the results to earlier investigations using CPD. The results of HMDS dehydration are similar to or better than CPD for resolution of two important taxonomic features: cuticular ornamentation and patterns of ciliation. The body wall of both sculpted (Lepidodermeila) and smooth (Dolichodasys) gastrotrichs retained excellent morphology as did the delicate sensory and locomotory cilia. The only unfavorable result of HMDS dehydration was an occasional coagulation of gold residue when the solvent had not fully evaporated before sputter-coating. We consider HMDS an effective alternative for preparing of gastrotrichs for SEM because it saves time and expense compared to CPD.
Gramicidin A: A New Mission for an Old Antibiotic

Gramicidin A (GA) is a channel-forming ionophore that renders biological membranes permeable to specific cations which disrupts cellular ionic homeostasis. It is a well-known antibiotic, however it’s potential as a therapeutic agent for cancer has not been widely evaluated. In two recently published studies, we showed that GA treatment is toxic to cell lines and tumor xenografts derived from renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a devastating disease that is highly resistant to conventional therapy. GA was found to possess the qualities of both a cytotoxic drug and a targeted angiogenesis inhibitor, and this combination significantly compromised RCC growth in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we summarize our recent research on GA, discuss the possible mechanisms whereby it exerts its anti-tumor effects, and share our perspectives on the future opportunities and challenges to the use of GA as a new anticancer agent.
Chromosome congression explained by nanoscale electrostatics

Nanoscale electrostatic microtubule disassembly forces between positively charged molecules in kinetochores and negative charges on plus ends of microtubules have been implicated in poleward chromosome motions and may also contribute to antipoleward chromosome movements. We propose that chromosome congression can be understood in terms of antipoleward nanoscale electrostatic microtubule assembly forces between negatively charged microtubule plus ends and like-charged chromosome arms, acting in conjunction with poleward microtubule disassembly forces. Several other aspects of post-attachment prometaphase chromosome motions, as well as metaphase oscillations, are consistently explained within this framework.
Transition Assessment Practices in Nevada and Arizona: Are They Tied to Best Practices?

This manuscript describes the results of a research study conducted in tWo Western states, investigating special educator knoWledge and use of various transition assessment strategies. Eighty-four special educators responded to a survey on transition assessment that asked questions about What they kneW about transition assessment strategies and Which ones they used. Assessments Were divided into three main categories: standardized, informal, and alternative. Questions Were also asked about student roles in the transition assessment process and the use of various self-determination assessment and curricula packages. Although most educators indicated that they Were aWare of all types of assessment strategies, they still relied heavily on those that Were either standardized or teacher-prepared. The results of the study indicated that special educators did not use transition assessment strategies that had been demonstrated to support student self-determination in the process (i.e., person-centered planning, s...
Experimental visceral leishmaniasis in the opossum.

Adult wild-trapped opossums were infected with Leishmania donovani (Khartoum strain, WR 378) and evaluated as an animal model of visceral leishmaniasis. All infected opossums died within 32 days. Loss of body fat, hepatomegaly, and petechiae of skin and abdominal musculature were seen at necropsy. Microscopically, numerous amastigote-laden macrophages were seen in histologic sections of liver, spleen, and lymph nodes; fewer parasite-laden macrophages were in the bronchial-associated lymphoid tissues and renal glomeruli. Hematological findings included thrombocytopenia (terminal), neutropenia, and lymphopenia. Blood lymphocyte blastogenesis in response to concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin was decreased markedly at day 24 post-infection (PI). Serum antibodies (1 : 40 dilution) to promastigotes of L. donovani were detected in five of eight infected opossums tested on days 10 and 24 PI. Total bilirubin concentrations and alanine aminotrans- ferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were increased after day 25 PI. Activated partial thromboplastin times and one-stage prothrombin times were prolonged before death. Concurrently, factors V, VIII, and XI1 activities were decreased. Visceral leishmaniasis, caused by several subspecies of a protozoan Leishmania donovani,22 is a severe, chronic, debilitating disease which affects people and animals worldwide. Several different animal species including rodents,I6 nonhuman primate^,^,^^,^^ and dogs2* have been used to study visceral leishmaniasis e~perimentally.~ The oppossum is susceptible to vis- ceral lei~hmaniasis'~ and rapidly develops fatal system- ic disease. Advantages of using the opossum as an animal mod- el for visceral leishmaniasis include its availability in the wildlife population and an adequate body size for repeated hematologic sampling. Disadvantages in- clude the necessity for physical or chemical restraint and the lack of commercially available laboratory- reared animals. The purposes of this study were to examine the mor- phologic, clinicopathologic, and immunologic findings in opossums infected with L. donovani and to deter- mine if the opossum was a suitable animal model to study visceral leishmaniasis.
Perfusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Thresholds Identifying Core, Irreversibly Infarcted Tissue

Background and Purpose— Identifying core, irreversibly infarcted tissue and salvageable penumbral tissue is crucial to informed, physiologically guided decision making regarding thrombolytic and other interventional therapies in acute ischemic stroke. Pretreatment perfusion MRI offers promise as a means to differentiate core from penumbral tissues. Methods— Diffusion-perfusion MRIs were performed before treatment and on day 7 in patients undergoing successful vessel recanalization with intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy. Perfusion maps of the time to peak of the residue function (Tmax) were generated after deconvolution of an arterial input function. Initial perfusion abnormalities and final infarct regions were outlined by hand. Posttreatment images were coregistered to the pretreatment study. Voxel-by-voxel and volume analyses were performed to identify thresholds of perfusion abnormalities that best predict core, irreversibly infarcted tissue. Results— Fourteen patients (4 men, 10 women) with vessel r...
Using peer-to-peer data routing for infrastructure-based wireless networks

A mobile ad-hoc network is an autonomous system of mobile routers that are self-organizing and completely decentralized with no requirements for dedicated infrastructure support. Wireless infrastructure in terms of base stations is often available in many popular areas offering highspeed data connectivity to a wired network. In this paper we describe an approach where infrastructure components utilize passing by mobile nodes to route data to other devices that are out of range. In our scheme, base stations track user mobility and determine data usage patterns of users as they pass by. Based on this, base stations predict the future data needs for a passing mobile device. These base stations then collaborate (over the wired network) to identify other mobile devices with spare capacity whose routes intersect that of a needy device and use these carriers to transport the needed data. When such a carrier meets a needy device, they form ad hoc peer-to-peer communities to transfer this data. In this paper, we describe the motivation behind our approach and the different component interactions. We present the results of simulation work that we have done to validate the viability of our approach. We also describe, Numi, our framework for supporting collaborative infrastructure and ad hoc computing along with a sample application built on top of this highlighting the benefits of our proposed approach.
Ion exchange separation of the antitumor component(s) of yogurt dialyzate.

Abstract The active antitumor component of yogurt obtained by dialysis was further fractionated by ion exchange chromatography into acidic, basic, and neutral fractions, which were analyzed for activity by in vitro agar diffusion, cell culture, and in vivo mouse assay. Neither dialysate nor fractions showed any antitumor activity when tested by agar diffusion or cell culture techniques. When tested by in vivo mouse assay, the dialyzate as well as the anionic fraction showed significant inhibitory activity. The cationic fraction showed no activity. There was no direct relationship between stage of purification and antitumor activity. Moreover, the response of the dialyzate or anionic fraction was not linear with concentration. The antitumor activity of the yogurt fraction(s) may be related to a host-mediated immunological reaction or “activation” of the “inactive” component(s).
Analysis of An Intensive Magnetic Field on Blood Flow: Part 2

The rate of flow of blood in large blood vessels is affected when exposed to a strong magnetic field. This problem is modelled in terms of the hydroraagnetic Navier-Stokes aquation, and explicit solutions are obtained for the flow velocity and flow rate of blood in a large artery, placed In a magnetic field. Rigorous and general solutions are obtained in terms of ber and bei functions for an axially symmetric case.