cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inferior oblique muscle injury from local anesthesia for cataract surgery.

Background: Vertical rectus muscle injury is commonly cited as a cause of strabismus after cataract surgery. Injury to the inferior oblique muscle or nerve as a complication of cataract surgery has not been described previously. Methods: Four patients without pre-existing strabismus who had diplopia after cataract surgery were studied. Analysis included prism and cover testing, Lancaster redgreen testing, and fundus torsion assessment. Results: Three patients had a delayed-onset hypertropia with fundus extorsion in the eye that underwent surgery, which is consistent with inferior oblique muscle overaction secondary to presumed contracture. The fourth patient had an immediate-onset hypotropia with fundus intorsion in the eye that underwent surgery, which is consistent with inferior oblique muscle paresis. Damage to a vertical rectus muscle or "unmasking" of a pre-existing superior oblique muscle paresis could not explain the history and findings in this group of four patients. Conclusion: The inferior oblique muscle contracture observed in three patients may have been caused by local anesthetic myotoxicity, whereas the paresis observed in one patient may have been due to mechanical trauma or anesthetic toxicity directly to the nerve innervating the muscle. Inferior oblique muscle or nerve injury should be considered as another possible cause of postoperative strabismus, especially when significant fundus torsion accompanies a vertical deviation.
THE EFFECT OF PRAYER ON GOD’S ATTITUDE TOWARD MANKIND

I. INTRODUCTION This article uses data available from the National Opinion Research Center's survey on religious attitudes and powerful statistical methods to evaluate the effect of prayer on the attitude of God toward human beings. The technique--due to Singh (1977)--is briefly described here. Let Y be God's attitude arrayed on a scale ranging from 0 to 1. This is an unobserved variable. Let X be the intensity of prayer in the population. It too is scaled between 0 and 1. The population density of prayer is summarized by a univariate density f(X), which has been estimated by Father Greeley (1972). Accept on faith that the conditional density of X given Y is of the form: (1) g(X|Y) = a(Y)exp(XY), where a(Y) is an unknown, continuous, positive, and differentiable function. Singh demonstrates that under his conditions: E(Y|X = x) = f'(x)/f(x), where f'(x) is the derivative of f(X) at X = x. Thus, from the population distribution of prayer, we can estimate the population regression function of God's attitude as a function of prayer. For a derivation, see Singh (1977). II. EMPIRICAL APPLICATION Greeley estimates that f(X) is bimodal for X scaled between 0 and 1. Many people almost never pray and many others pray a lot. Using Greeley's numbers, we reach the following important conclusions reported in Table 1, where "t" statistics for the Parzen (1962) kernel estimator of f(X) are presented in parentheses. See Figure 1, which graphs the estimated relationship at points of evaluation. The empirical conclusion from this analysis is important. A little prayer does no good and may make things worse. Much prayer helps a lot. III. DISCUSSION Using a powerful method due to Singh, we have established a relationship between God's attitude toward man and the amount of prayer transmitted to God. The method presented here is applicable to a number of important problems. Provided conditional density (1) is assumed, we do not need to observe a variable to compute its conditional expectation with respect to another variable whose density can be estimated. For example, one can extend current empirical work in a variety of areas of economics to estimate the effect of income on happiness or the effect of income inequality on democracy. We conjecture that this powerful method can be extended to the more general case when X is not observed either. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] doi: 10.1111/j.1465-7295.2008.00224.x APPENDIX Appendix from Father Andrew Greeley (personal communication, 1983) in response to this article DATE October 10, 1983 TO James Heckman FROM Andrew M. …
Anisotropic lattices and dynamical fermions

Abstract We report results from full QCD calculations with two flavors of dynamical staggered fermions on anisotropic lattices. The physical anisotropy as determined from spatial and temporal masses, their corresponding dispersion relations, and spatial and temporal Wilson loops is studied as a function of the bare gauge anisotropy and the bare velocity of light appearing in the Dirac operator. The anisotropy dependence of staggered fermion flavor symmetry breaking is also examined. These results will then be applied to the study of 2-flavor QCD thermodynamics.
X-RAY LINE EMISSION FROM SCO X-1.

THE emission of line radiation from hot optically thin plasmas is discussed by Tucker and Gould1, who find that line emission should be significant for plasma temperatures of 5 × 107 K. Calculations of line strengths were carried out by Tucker for three models of Sco X-1, assuming different compositions. As an example, assuming cosmic abundance, the predicted energy in line radiation from Fe+24 and Fe+25 is equal to 1/100 of the total radiated energy between 2 and 8 A (ref. 2). In a high density plasma, however, the predictions must be modified to take account of electron scattering.
Determination of the distance between the Mo(V) and Fe(III) heme centers of wild type human sulfite oxidase by pulsed EPR spectroscopy.

Intramolecular electron transfer (IET) between the molybdenum and heme centers of vertebrate sulfite oxidase (SO) is proposed to be a key step in the catalytic cycle of the enzyme. However, the X-ray crystallographic distance between these centers, RMoFe = 32.3 A, appears to be too long for the rapid IET rates observed in liquid solution. The Mo and heme domains are linked by a flexible tether, and it has been proposed that dynamic interdomain motion brings the two metal centers closer together and thereby facilitates rapid IET. To date, there have been no direct distance measurements for SO in solution that would support or contradict this model. In this work, pulsed electron–electron double resonance (ELDOR) and relaxation induced dipolar modulation enhancement (RIDME) techniques were used to obtain information about RMoFe in the Mo(V)Fe(III) state of wild type recombinant human SO in frozen glassy solution. Surprisingly, the data obtained suggest a fixed structure with RMoFe = 32 A, similar to that det...
The United States Department of Energy's high temperature, low relative humidity membrane program

The U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE) Hydrogen Program works with industry, academia, and National Laboratories through research and development to overcome technical barriers of fuel cell and hydrogen production, delivery, and storage technologies. Two of the major challenges in the advancement of fuel cell technology are cost and durability of the polymer electrolyte membranes used for proton conduction in the fuel cell. To address these challenges, DOE initiated new membrane research and development projects to design membranes that meet its 2010 technical targets and will lead to membranes that operate in a fuel cell system that performs as well and costs as little as internal combustion engines. Three strategies are employed in the program: implementation of phase segregation in the membrane to create proton conduction pathways, use of non-aqueous proton conductors for operation under dry conditions, and hydrophilic additives to retain water at low relative humidity.
A flexible underwater pressure sensor array using a conductive elastomer strain gauge

This paper presents a flexible underwater pressure sensor array which achieves a 1.5 pascal pressure resolution using a 16-bit analog/digital converter. Each sensor consists of a polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) diaphragm and a resistive strain gauge made of a conductive carbon black-PDMS composite. A functional linear array of four sensors with a 15 mm center-to-center spacing is demonstrated, and the dynamic response of the sensors is characterized and modeled.
An Efficient Parallel Algorithm for the Layered Planar Monotone Circuit Value Problem

A planar monotone circuit (PMC) is a Boolean circuit that can be embedded in the plane and that contains only AND and OR gates. A layered PMC is a PMC in which all input nodes are in the external face, and the gates can be assigned to layers in such a way that every wire goes between gates in successive layers. Goldschlager, Cook and Dymond, and others have developed NC 2 algorithms to evaluate a layered PMC when the output node is in the same face as the input nodes. These algorithms require a large number of processors (Ω(n 6 ), where n is the size of the input circuit). In this paper we give an efficient parallel algorithm that evaluates a layered PMC of size n in $O(\log^2 n)$ time using only a linear number of processors on an EREW PRAM. Our parallel algorithm is the best possible to within a polylog factor, and is a substantial improvement over the earlier algorithms for the problem.
A rapid, convergent, and regioselective synthesis of 3,7,8-trihydroxy-trans-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene

Abstract A new, highly efficient, and regioselective synthesis of 3,7,8-trihydroxy- trans -7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene and its 3-methoxy analogue is described.
Instrumentation for X-ray Astronomy

Less than five decades ago, the first X-ray observations of the sky were made using simple devices such as film and geiger counters with crude collimators. These instruments were carried aloft by sounding rockets and made observations lasting only a few minutes at most. Today, orbiting observatories, utilizing high-resolution charged coupled devices (CCD's) at the focus of arc sec optics, have lifetimes measured in years. To maintain the pace of discovery in X-ray astronomy, detectors must continue to evolve into devices of ever increasing sensitivity and sophistication. Further progress depends upon a host of technologies: grazing incidence optics, proportional counters, semiconductors, calorimeters, etc. In this article we present a brief qualitative overview of these technologies and of the principles behind them, as well as some examples of how they are employed in scientific missions for X-ray observations at energies up to 100 keV.
String theory and hybrid inflation / acceleration

We find a description of hybrid inflation in (3+1)-dimensions using brane dynamics of Hanany-Witten type. P-term inflation/acceleration of the universe with the hybrid potential has a slow-roll de Sitter stage and a waterfall stage which leads towards an = 2 supersymmetric ground state. We identify the slow-roll stage of inflation with a non-supersymmetric `Coulomb phase' with Fayet-Iliopoulos term. This stage ends when the mass squared of one of the scalars in the hypermultiplet becomes negative. At that moment the brane system starts undergoing a phase transition via tachyon condensation to a fully Higgsed supersymmetric vacuum which is the absolute ground state of P-term inflation. A string theory/cosmology dictionary is provided, which leads to constraints on parameters of the brane construction from cosmological experiments. We display a splitting of mass levels reminiscent of the Zeeman effect due to spontaneous supersymmetry breaking.
A note on the factorization theorem of toric birational maps after Morelli and its toroidal extension

The recent two proofs for the (weak) factorization theorem for birational maps, one by W{\l}odarczyk and the other by Abramovich-Karu-Matsuki-W{\l}odarczyk rely on the results of Morelli. The former uses the process for $\pi$-desingularization (the most subtle part of Morelli's combinatorial algorithm), while the latter uses the strong factorization of toric (toroidal) birational maps directly. This paper provides a coherent account of Morelli's work (and its toroidal extension) clarifying some discrepancies in the original argument.
Analyzing multifield tunneling with exact bounce solutions

We study multifield tunneling using exact solutions for additive potentials. We introduce a binomial potential with noninteger powers that could be considered a generalization of the 4D Fubini instanton potential. Using scaling arguments, we show that for multifield potentials taller and wider barriers may still lead to a smaller bounce action.
Spin-orbit density wave: a new phase of matter applicable to the hidden order state of URu2Si2

We provide a brief review and detailed analysis of the spin-orbit density wave (SODW) proposed as a possible explanation to the ‘hidden order’ phase of URuSi. Due to the interplay between inter-orbital Coulomb interaction and spin-orbit coupling (SOC) in this compound, the SODW is shown to arise from Fermi surface nesting instability between two spin-orbit split bands. An effective low-energy Hamiltonian including single-particle SOC and two-particle SODW is derived, while the numerical results are calculated using density-functional theory (DFT)-based band-structure input. Computed gapped quasiparticle spectrum, entropy loss and spin-excitation spectrum are in detailed agreement with experiments. Interestingly, despite the fact that SODW governs dynamical spin-excitations, the static magnetic moment is calculated to be zero, owing to the time-reversal invariance imposed by SOC. As a consequence, SODW can be destroyed by finite magnetic field even at zero temperature. Our estimation of the location of the...
Mechanisms of delayed ozone toxicity to bluegill Lepomis machrochirus rafinesque

Abstract Ozone causes gross damage to the gills. Extensive fungal infections often followed exposure to ozone, suggesting epithelial damage. An abrupt decrease in blood serum osmolality was detected in fish exposed to ozone. Mortality occurred when osmolality dropped approximately 50 mOsm below initial values.
JONES-WASSERMANN SUBFACTORS FOR DISCONNECTED INTERVALS

We show that the Jones-Wassermann subfactors for disconnected intervals, which are constructed from the representations of loop groups of type A, are finite-depth subfactors. The index value and the dual principal graphs of these subfactors are completely determined. The square root of the index value in the case of two disjoint intervals for vacuum representation is the same as the quantum 3-manifold invariant of type A evaluated on S1×S2.
Simulations of high-brightness rf photocathode guns for LLNL-SLAC-LBL 1 GeV test experiment☆

Abstract An ideal rf photocathode gun in a π-mode configuration supporting only a single mode with no nonlinear rf field is studied numerically by using the simulation code PARMELA. For a given electron bunch, the normalized emittance can be minimized. Both the minimum normalized emittance and the optimized accelerating field are proportional to the square root of the peak current. Three possible rf photocathode guns for LLNL-SLAC-LBL 1 GeV test are simulated. It is found that both a 2 ps half-width bunch and a 6 ps half-width bunch with the transverse emittance roughly 8–17 mmm mrad and 1 nC charge per bunch can be generated by guns with (1) ƒ = 1269 MHz , E 0 = 30 MV/m; (2) ƒ = 1269 MHz , E 0 = 60 MV/m; and (3) ƒ = 2856 MHz , E 0 = 60 MV/m. Here, ƒ is the rf frequency, and E 0 is the peak accelerating field.
Real-time automobile ride simulation

Automobile ride studies have progressed from simple linear analyses to complex nonlinear simulations performed by real-time computers. A complete study of automobile ride must include the road (input) waves, car suspension dynamics, and passenger response to the resulting ride motions. A Ride Simulator capable of carrying two passengers and subjecting them to realistic ride motions offers a new approach to automobile suspension design. The basic simulator, which consists of a magnetic tape input unit, an analog computer for determining car ride motions in real time, and a servo-controlled motion simulator, are described in detail.
Free- and Near-Free-Surface Swirling Turbulent Jets

he turbulent flowfield created by a round swirling jet issuing from a nozzle, beneath and parallel to a free surface, in both the deep- and shallow-submergence modes has been studied for three swirl numbers (S = 0.265, 0.500, and 0.522) and fixed Froude and Reynolds numbers using a three-component laser Doppler velocimetry system. The results have shown that a swirling jet is unique among all shear flows; stagnation occurs without vortex breakdown at a critical swirl of S = 0.50; vortex breakdown occurs for S ≥ 0.51 and leads to the intensification of turbulence within or near the exit of the nozzle and to the nonmonotonic change of the turbulent kinetic energy with S; turbulence shear stresses exhibit anisotropic behavior, especially in the plane bisecting the jet; and the degree of anisotropy at the free surface depends on the degree of agitation of the free surface (swirl number, Froude number, x/d, and Reynolds number). The need for a robust turbulence model that can deal with the alteration of turbulence by distortion and rotation is emphasized
The Cubic Public-Key Transformation

This note proposes the use of the cubic transformation for public-key applications and random event and number generation, in a manner akin to the Rabin cipher. Transformations modulo a prime p or a composite n = pq, where p and q are primes, are so used that each transformed value has only three roots. Such a transformation, together with additional tag information, makes it possible to uniquely invert each transformed value. The effectiveness of the method as a random number generator (used in a variant with nine roots) comes from the fact that the cryptanalyst must contend with a ninefold branching at each step.
Self-similar Models for the Mass Profiles of Early-Type Lens Galaxies

We introduce a self-similar mass model for early-type galaxies and constrain it using the aperture mass-radius relations determined from the geometries of 22 gravitational lenses. The model consists of two components: a concentrated component, which traces the light distribution, and a more extended power-law component (? r-n), which represents the dark matter. We find that lens galaxies have total mass profiles that are nearly isothermal, or slightly steeper, on the several-kiloparsec radial scale spanned by the lensed images. In the limit of a single-component, power-law radial profile, the model implies n = 2.07 ? 0.13, consistent with isothermal (n = 2). Models in which mass traces light are excluded at higher than 99% confidence. An n = 1 cusp (such as the Navarro-Frenk-White profile) requires a projected dark matter mass fraction of fcdm = 0.22 ? 0.10 inside two effective radii. These are the best statistical constraints yet obtained on the mass profiles of lenses and provide clear evidence for a small but nonzero dark matter mass fraction in the inner regions of early-type galaxies. In addition, we derive the first strong-lensing constraint on the relation between the stellar mass-to-light ratio and galaxy luminosity L, L, which is consistent with the relation suggested by the fundamental plane. Finally, we apply our self-similar mass models to current problems regarding the interpretation of time delays and flux ratio anomalies in gravitational lens systems.
Symmetry of information and one-way functions

Symmetry of information (in Kolmogorov complexity) is a concept that comes out of formalizing the idea of how much information about a string y is contained in a string x. The situation is symmetric because it can be shown that the amount of information contained in the string y about the string x is almost exactly the same as that contained in x about y.
Rhodium(II)-Catalyzed Asymmetric Sulfur(VI) Reduction of Diazo Sulfonylamidines

Diazo sulfonylamidines readily undergo enantioselective oxygen transfer from sulfur to carbon atom in the presence of chiral rhodium(II) carboxylates resulting in chiral sulfinylamidines. This unusual asymmetric atom transfer “reduction” occurs rapidly under mild conditions, and sulfinylamidines are obtained in excellent yield.
Pretreatment of Extruded Corn Stover with Polyethylene Glycol to Enhance Enzymatic Hydrolysis: Optimization, Kinetics, and Mechanism of Action

Due to the high potential of the extrusion technique for pretreatment of lignocellulosic substrates, several attempts have been conducted in previous studies to further increase the subsequent sugar yield from extrusion pretreatment. Examples include application of chemicals along with extrusion, such as alkali-extrusion and ethylene glycol-extrusion, or before extrusion, such as hot water extraction. In this study, a new sequential technique has been developed for pretreatment of corn stover (CS), which utilizes an initial extrusion pretreatment (155 rpm screw speed and temperatures of 90°C, 180°C and 180°C corresponding to feed, barrel and die zones, respectively at a reaction time of 45–90 s) followed by pretreatment with polyethylene glycol 6,000 (PEG). In order to fully characterize the response for sugar yield over the range of surfactant treatment conditions assessed, response surface methodology was used. Treatment temperature, incubation time and PEG concentration were varied between 45–55°C, 1–4 h, 0.15–0.6 g PEG/g glucan, respectively. Statistical analysis was conducted by fitting the glucose and xylose yields to a quadratic polynomial model. PEG concentration and temperature were found to be the most significant factors in surfactant pretreatment. The optimum condition resulted in 25.4% and 10.3% increase in glucose and xylose yield, respectively. Using the combination of 10.8 FPU/g glucan of Ctec2 and 0.3 g PEG/g glucan, the glucose yield of extruded CS reached 98%. A yield was 64% resulted from application of similar amounts of Ctec and Htec. Decreased adsorption of enzyme to the lignocellulosic substrate as well as increased enzyme activity and reaction velocity indicated by kinetic parameter evaluation and nitrogen combustion analysis suggested an increased solubilization of cellulase in the presence of PEG. We propose that a non-productive adsorption of enzymes occur during hydrolysis not only due to lignin but also due to crystalline cellulose. Comparison of enzyme adsorptions and increase in sugar yields between Avicel and CS suggests the presence of other potential mechanisms of action for PEG in addition to increase of enzyme solubilization.
FOREGROUND PREDICTIONS FOR THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND POWER SPECTRUM FROM MEASUREMENTS OF FAINT INVERTED RADIO SOURCES AT 5 GHz

We present measurements of a population of matched radio sources at 1.4 and 5 GHz down to a flux limit of 1.5 mJy in 7 deg{sup 2} of the NOAO Deep Field South. We find a significant fraction of sources with inverted spectral indices that all have 1.4 GHz fluxes less than 10 mJy and are therefore too faint to have been detected and included in previous radio source count models that are matched at multiple frequencies. Combined with the matched source population at 1.4 and 5 GHz in 1 deg{sup -2} in the ATESP survey, we update models for the 5 GHz differential number counts and distributions of spectral indices in 5 GHz flux bins that can be used to estimate the unresolved point source contribution to the cosmic microwave background temperature anisotropies. We find a shallower logarithmic slope in the 5 GHz differential counts than in previously published models for fluxes {approx}< 100 mJy as well as larger fractions of inverted spectral indices at these fluxes. Because the Planck flux limit for resolved sources is larger than 100 mJy in all channels, our modified number counts yield at most a 10% change in the predicted Poisson contribution tomore » the Planck temperature power spectrum. For a flux cut of 5 mJy with the South Pole Telescope and a flux cut of 20 mJy with the Atacama Cosmology Telescope, we predict a {approx}30% and {approx}10% increase, respectively, in the radio source Poisson power in the lowest frequency channels of each experiment relative to that predicted by previous models.« less
The Pearcey Process

The extended Airy kernel describes the space-time correlation functions for the Airy process, which is the limiting process for a polynuclear growth model. The Airy functions themselves are given by integrals in which the exponents have a cubic singularity, arising from the coalescence of two saddle points in an asymptotic analysis. Pearcey functions are given by integrals in which the exponents have a quartic singularity, arising from the coalescence of three saddle points. A corresponding Pearcey kernel appears in a random matrix model and a Brownian motion model for a fixed time. This paper derives an extended Pearcey kernel by scaling the Brownian motion model at several times, and a system of partial differential equations whose solution determines associated distribution functions. We expect there to be a limiting nonstationary process consisting of infinitely many paths, which we call the Pearcey process, whose space-time correlation functions are expressible in terms of this extended kernel.
Biomimetic control of chemical selectivity

Enzyme mimics and artificial enzymes have been designed to imitate several different aspects of enzyme catalysis. For instance, mimics have been constructed to imitate an enzymatic mechanism, using the same catalytic groups which the enzyme uses and examining the question of whether a proposed mechanism for the enzymatic process is reasonable or duplicable. Another common goal of enzyme mimics is the imitation of the velocity of enzyme catalyzed reactions. Enzymes can increase the rates of ordinary reactions by factors as large as 1012 using very ordinary catalytic groups to do so. One of the challenges for enzyme mimics is to duplicate not only the mechanism by which the enzyme operates but also the very large rate of the process. The third area of interest is to imitate the selectivity of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
Mass assay and uniformity tests of boron targets by neutron beam methods

Abstract The areal densities (g/cm2) of enriched boron and lithium fluoride targets were compared to those of reference deposits from the Central Bureau for Nuclear Measurements (CBNM, Geel, Belgium) by charged-particle counting at the NIST Research Reactor. The uniformity of the target thickness was also investigated by scans with a small-diameter, intense neutron beam. The neutron uniformity measurements agree satisfactorily with previously reported interferometric results and no pattern of uniformity variation except the expected, small radial dependence was found. In a separate series of measurements, the boron areal density ratios of a number of the deposits were determined using a new double ionization chamber. The new double ionization chamber permits a comparison of two targets directly without a beam monitor and without sensitivity to the exact placement of the samples. The new device needs only a very simple data acquisition system and requires less neutron beam intensity than the previously employed systems with arrays of surface barrier detectors. The ionization chamber counting losses from the combined effects of self-absorption and sub-threshold pulse-height formation were determined by comparison with ratio measurements made by the conventional surface barrier detector technique.
Charge-coupled device/fiber optic taper array x-ray detector for protein crystallography

A large area charge-coupled device (CCD) based fiber optic taper array detector (APS-1) is installed at the insertion-device beamline of the Structural Biology Center at the Argonne Advanced Photon Source x-ray synchrotron. The detector is used in protein crystallography diffraction experiments, where the objective is to measure the position and intensity of x-ray Bragg peaks in diffraction images. Large imaging area, very high spatial resolution, high x-ray sensitivity, good detective quantum efficiency, low noise, wide dynamic range, excellent stability and short readout time are all fundamental requirements in this application. The APS-1 detector converts the 2-D x-ray patterns to visible light images by a thin layer of x-ray sensitive phosphor. The phosphor coating is directly deposited on the large ends of nine fiber optic tapers arranged in a 3{times}3 array. Nine, thermoelectrically cooled 1024{times}1024pixel CCDs image the patterns, demagnified by the tapers. After geometrical and uniformity corrections, the nine areas give a continuous image of the detector face with virtually no gaps between the individual tapers. The 18 parallel analog signal-processing channels and analog-to-digital converters ensure short readout time and low readout noise. We discuss the design and measured performance of the detector. {copyright} {ital 1998 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentationmore » Engineers.}{ital Key words:} charge-coupled device; fiber optic taper; x-ray diffraction; crystallography; imaging detector. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers}« less
Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Analysis of Zero Efflux Flow Control over a Hump Model

The unsteady flow over a hump model with zero efflux oscillatory flow control is modeled computationally using the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Three different turbulence models produce similar results, and do a reasonably good job predicting the general character of the unsteady surface pressure coefficients during the forced cycle. However, the turbulent shear stresses are underpredicted in magnitude inside the separation bubble, and the computed results predict too large a (mean) separation bubble compared with experiment. These missed predictions are consistent with earlier steady-state results using no-flow-control and steady suction, from a 2004 CFD validation workshop for synthetic jets.
Estimating the Kronecker Indices of Cointegrated Echelon-form VARMA Models

VARMA models can be parameterized by using the echelon form, which is characterized by the Kronecker indices. Three different methods for estimating the Kronecker indices of echelon-form VARMA models are discussed and compared. The three methods are expected to work even for non-stationary processes with cointegrated variables. They have the common feature of estimating the individual equations of the system separately and using order selection criteria. The small sample performance of the methods is compared in a simulation study for cointegrated systems. It is found that the performance is better if a sequential algorithm is used in which all echelon-form restrictions implied by the Kronecker indices found in proceeding steps are incorporated.
Characterization of fractional-quantum-Hall-effect quasiparticles

Abstract Composite fermions in a partially filled quasi-Landau level may be viewed as quasielectrons of the underlying fractional quantum Hall state, suggesting that a quasielectron is simply a dressed electron, as often is true in other interacting electron systems, and as a result has the same intrinsic charge and exchange statistics as an electron. This paper discusses how this result is reconciled with the earlier picture in which quasiparticles are viewed as fractionally-charged fractional-statistics “solitons”. While the two approaches provide the same answers for the long-range interactions between the quasiparticles, the dressed-electron description is more conventional and unifies the view of quasiparticle dynamics in and beyond the fractional quantum Hall regime.
Summating potential (SP) tuning curves.

Two methods were used to extract frequency specific information from the gross d.c. cochlear potential, the summating potential (SP). The first approach was to derive SP tuning curves using a two-tone simultaneous masking procedure; the second to obtain SP iso-response functions. The influence of various parameter changes on the configuration of these functions was also investigated. While SP tuning curves measured using the two-tone paradigm have higher Q10 dB values than SP iso-response functions in the base of the cochlea, the latter have the advantage of avoiding contamination by various nonlinear phenomena which are inherent in the simultaneous tone-on-tone masking procedure. Since SP tuning curves are similar to those for basilar membrane motion (Sellick, P.M., Patuzzi, R. and Johnstone, B.M. (1982): J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 72, 131-141) and the whole nerve action potential (AP) (Cheatham, M.A. and Dallos, P. (1979): J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 65, S13), nearly the same degree of tuning may be reflected at these peripheral recording locations.
Spectrally resolved Rayleigh scattering diagnostic for hydrogen-oxygen rocket plume studies

A Rayleigh scattering diagnostic has been developed to measure gas density, temperature, and velocity in the exhaust plume of 100 N thrust class hydrogen-oxygen rockets. The spectrum of argon-ion laser light scattered by the gas molecules in the plume (predominantly water vapor) is measured with a scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer. The gas density is determined from the total scattered power, the gas temperature from the spectral width, and the velocity from the shift in the peak of the spectrum from the frequency of the incident laser light. The diagnostic has been demonstrated in a rocket test cell and a discussion of results is given.
Application of Controllable Electric Coolant Pump for Fuel Economy and Cooling Performance Improvement

The engine cooling system for a typical class 3 pickup truck with a medium duty diesel engine was modeled with a commercial code, GT-Cool, in order to explore the benefit of a controllable electric pump on the cooling performance and the pump operation. As the first step, the cooling system model with a conventional mechanical coolant pump was validated with experimental data. After the model validation, the mechanical pump sub-model was replaced with the electric pump submodel, and then the potential benefit of the electric pump on fuel economy was investigated with the simulation. Based on coolant flow analysis, a modified thermostat hysteresis was proposed to reduce the recirculating flow and the electric pump effort. It was also demonstrated that the radiator size could be reduced without any cooling performance penalty by replacing the mechanical pump with the electric pump. The predicted results indicate that the cooling system with the electric pump can dramatically reduce the pump power consumption during the FTP 74 driving schedule and that the radiator can be downsized by more than 27% of the original size, under the grade load condition.
Leveraged Recapitalizations, Operating Efficiency, and Stockholder Wealth

This research investigates the role that leveraged recapitalizations (recaps) play in disciplining inefficient managers. Accounting ratios are used to evaluate firm operating profitability and efficiency. Matched-firm-adjusted returns are used to assess stock market performance. Pre-recap and post-recap performance are evaluated separately. The results reveal that 1) recap managers are at least as efficient as matching non-recap managers prior to recapitalization, 2) recaps do not improve operating profitability and efficiency, and 3) increases in stockholder wealth around recap announcements are transitory. Further analysis indicates that post-recap stock price performance is correlated negatively with the recap-induced change in leverage.
Elliptic functions and equations of modular curves

Let $p\ge 5$ be a prime. We show that the space of weight one Eisenstein series defines an embedding into ${\mathbb P}^{(p-3)/2} $ of the modular curve $ X_1(p)$ for the congruence group $\Gamma_1(p)$ that is scheme-theoretically cut out by explicit quadratic equations.
Economic recognition of innovation

Globalization has benefited the economies of member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) by helping their businesses stay profitable through cost-effective outsourcing of mostly garden-variety tasks and some knowledge-based activities. With time, the latter will account for the lion's share of work outsourced and emerging export houses will also tend to cater more to their own domestic markets because of their expanding infrastructure and growing manpower possessing advanced skills. This will result in a leveled playing field coaxing developed countries to adopt widespread innovations to maintain their high perch in the economic pecking order. Such large-scale creativity can be managed better if it could be gauged with an appropriate measure. This work propounds a new economic measure called the Gross Domestic Innovation (GDI) to quantify innovations in OECD countries. It will supplement universal measures such as the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), productivity and numbers concerning employment. Apart from the methodology for its estimation, the impact of GDI on the various facets of a vibrant economy is discussed and inter alia, the role of GDI in fighting inflation and alleviating the negative influences of globalization is stressed. Also, a tentative analysis on the economies of U.S., Japan, Germany and China is presented to illustrate the concept.
Management of early endometrial carcinoma

Abstract Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy. In 1989, the FIGO staging changed from a clinical to a surgical system. Lymphadenectomy for at least some patients has been widely adopted. The risk of extrauterine disease and of treatment failure is predictable, based on factors known preoperatively: 1) tumor histology, 2) tumor grade, and 3) cervical involvement. With the use of these factors, patients can be selected for lymphadenectomies. Based on the results of surgical staging, patients can be separated into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups, and adjuvant therapy can be rationally and economically selected.
Intramolecular cationic [5 + 2] cycloaddition reactions promoted by trimethylsilyl triflate in 3.0 M lithium perchlorate-ethyl acetate: Application to a formal total synthesis of (±)-isocomene

Abstract Trimethylsilyl triflate is an effective reagent in 3.0 M lithium perchlorate-ethyl acetate for promoting intramolecular cationic [5 + 2] cycloaddition reactions. A formal total synthesis of the angular triquinane isocomene (10) is detailed. Cationic [5 + 2] cycloaddition of quinone monoketal 40 gives rise to tricyclic diketone 35 which is subsequently converted into the known tricyclic ketone 33. Addition of methyl lithium followed by acid-catalyzed rearrangement employing the Pirrung protocol affords (±)-isocomene (10).
An efficient algorithm for the blocked pattern matching problem

MOTIVATION Tandem mass spectrometry (MS) has become the method of choice for protein identification and quantification. In the era of big data biology, tandem mass spectra are often searched against huge protein databases generated from genomes or RNA-Seq data for peptide identification. However, most existing tools for MS-based peptide identification compare a tandem mass spectrum against all peptides in a database whose molecular masses are similar to the precursor mass of the spectrum, making mass spectral data analysis slow for huge databases. Tag-based methods extract peptide sequence tags from a tandem mass spectrum and use them as a filter to reduce the number of candidate peptides, thus speeding up the database search. Recently, gapped tags have been introduced into mass spectral data analysis because they improve the sensitivity of peptide identification compared with sequence tags. However, the blocked pattern matching (BPM) problem, which is an essential step in gapped tag-based peptide identification, has not been fully solved. RESULTS In this article, we propose a fast and memory-efficient algorithm for the BPM problem. Experiments on both simulated and real datasets showed that the proposed algorithm achieved high speed and high sensitivity for peptide filtration in peptide identification by database search. CONTACT cswangl@cityu.edu.hk or xwliu@iupui.edu SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Distributed estimation using Bayesian consensus filtering

We present the Bayesian consensus filter (BCF) for tracking a moving target using a networked group of sensing agents and achieving consensus on the best estimate of the probability distributions of the target’s states. Our BCF framework can incorporate nonlinear target dynamic models, heterogeneous nonlinear measurement models, non-Gaussian uncertainties, and higher-order moments of the locally estimated posterior probability distribution of the target’s states obtained using Bayesian filters. If the agents combine their estimated posterior probability distributions using a logarithmic opinion pool, then the sum of Kullback–Leibler divergences between the consensual probability distribution and the local posterior probability distributions is minimized. Rigorous stability and convergence results for the proposed BCF algorithm with single or multiple consensus loops are presented. Communication of probability distributions and computational methods for implementing the BCF algorithm are discussed along with a numerical example.
Inflammation and Cancer:Chemical Approaches to Mechanisms, Imaging, and Treatment

The inflammatory response represents a first line of defense against invading pathogens and is important to human health. Chronic inflammation contributes to the etiology of multiple diseases, especially those associated with aging, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. The chemistry of the inflammatory response is complex and involves the generation of highly reactive oxidants and electrophiles designed to kill the pathogen as well as the release of small molecule and protein mediators of intercellular signaling, chemotaxis, vasoconstriction, and wound-healing. Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids—either nonenzymatic or enzymatic—contributes to the inflammatory response and associated cellular pathologies. The current perspective summarizes our research on unsaturated fatty acid oxidation in the context of inflammation and cancer. In addition to understanding the consequences of DNA and protein modification by lipid electrophiles, our research has focused on the development of molecularly targeted a...
Notes on the scattering amplitude / Wilson loop duality

We consider the duality between the four-dimensional S-matrix of planar maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory and the expectation value of polygonal shaped Wilson loops in the same theory. We extend the duality to amplitudes with arbitrary helicity states by introducing a suitable supersymmetric extension of the Wilson loop. We show that this object is determined by a host of recursion relations, which are valid at tree level and at loop level for a certain “loop integrand” defined within the Lagrangian insertion procedure. These recursion relations reproduce the BCFW ones obeyed by tree-level scattering amplitudes, as well as their extension to loop integrands which appeared recently in the literature, establishing the duality to all orders in perturbation theory. Finally, we propose that a certain set of finite correlation functions can be used to compute all first derivatives of the logarithm of MHV amplitudes.
The differential diagnosis and classification of eyelid retraction.

Background: Classification schemes are useful in the formulation of differential diagnoses. Thoughtful commentary has been devoted to the classification of blepharoptosis, but the causes of eyelid retraction have received less attention in published reports. Although eyelid retraction most frequently is associated with Graves ophthalmopathy, numerous other entities may cause the sign. This study was undertaken to provide a more comprehensive differential diagnosis and classification of eyelid retraction. Methods: A series of patients with eyelid retraction was studied, and pertinent published reports were reviewed. Results: Forty-four patients with different causes for eyelid retraction are described. Normal thyroid function and regulation were confirmed in all patients in whom Graves ophthalmopathy could not be excluded by clinical, biochemical, or historical criteria. Conclusion: Based on a series of patients and reported cases, a differential diagnosis for eyelid retraction is proposed using a classification system comprising three categories (neurogenic, myogenic, and mechanistic).
The fractional Laplacian operator on bounded domains as a special case of the nonlocal diffusion operator

We analyze a nonlocal diffusion operator having as special cases the fractional Laplacian and fractional differential operators that arise in several applications. In our analysis, a nonlocal vector calculus is exploited to define a weak formulation of the nonlocal problem. We demonstrate that, when sufficient conditions on certain kernel functions hold, the solution of the nonlocal equation converges to the solution of the fractional Laplacian equation on bounded domains as the nonlocal interactions become infinite. We also introduce a continuous Galerkin finite element discretization of the nonlocal weak formulation and we derive a priori error estimates. Through several numerical examples we illustrate the theoretical results and we show that by solving the nonlocal problem it is possible to obtain accurate approximations of the solutions of fractional differential equations circumventing the problem of treating infinite-volume constraints.
Universal mock theta functions and two-variable Hecke–Rogers identities

We obtain two-variable Hecke–Rogers identities for three universal mock theta functions. This implies that many of Ramanujan’s mock theta functions, including all the third-order functions, have a Hecke–Rogers-type double sum representation. We find new generating function identities for the Dyson rank function, the overpartition rank function, the $$M2$$ -rank function and related spt-crank functions. Results are proved using the theory of basic hypergeometric functions.
Software support for distributed resource sharing

Abstract The Desperanto Research project has been investigating the design and development of software to support distributed computing environments consisting of networks of autonomous, heterogeneous computer systems. The design goals which distinguish this project from other related efforts are (1) finding universally applicable solutions to problems (i.e. solutions which are not specific to one system or application domain), and (2) finding solutions which do not require changing existing software.
An Econometric Model of the Circuit of Capital

The circuit of value outlined in the second volume of Marx's Capital provides a coherent framework for the characterization of macroeconomic phenomena from a classical perspective. This paper builds on Foley's (Journal of Economic Theory, 28 (1982), pp. 300–319) formal reconstruction of the circuit to derive estimable forms for its three critical mechanisms: the production, realization and recommittal lags. The entire model is then estimated for the United States over the period 1948–89 on the basis of the Shaikh and Tonak (Measuring the Wealth of Nations: The Political Economy of National Accounts, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1995) data set, and the results are used to explore a number of current controversies, including (on the basis of simulation exercises) the consequence of various deficit reduction proposals.