cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of thick porous anodized aluminum oxide templates

Thick ordered anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) templates can be fabricated by a two-step oxidation process. By strictly controlling temperature and voltage parameters, high-quality films 140 to 188 μm thick can be realized. Film growth was carried out in 0.3 M oxalic acid solution at temperatures between 2 and 12 °C with constant voltages of 60 or 80 V. Strict adherence to reaction parameters allows for an increase in ionic current and a controlled rate of inner oxide layer dissolution that favors pore growth and overall thicker membranes. Details on membrane synthesis are presented, and the importance of maintaining an appropriate balance between oxide layer formation and dissolution discussed.
The failure of the usual gauge formalism in a class of gauge conditions

For a class of gauge conditions the usual formalism for non-Abelian gauge theories leads to violation of unitarity. In contrast, the Lagrange multiplier formalism allows us to construct an adequate fictitious Lagrangian. The theory so obtained satisfies unitarity.
Amplification of AML1 in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemias.

Amplification of AML1 has been confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis in two cases of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It remains to be elucidated whether this amplification results in up-regulation of the normal AML1 gene product or a potentially mutant AML1 transcript. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Artifacts of the evolving mind: what tool use tells us about early human cognition

Modern human beings are unique both in their cognitive style and in their reliance upon complex technology to sustain their way of life; and there can be no doubt that it is our ability to reason symbolically that underwrites our familiar ability to dream up and (thanks to our dexterity) to make ever more complex tools. But it was not ever thus. Both our recent technologies and our symbolic consciousness clearly emerged from much simpler precursor states. The archaeological record begins with the appearance of the first simple stone tools some 2.5 million years ago, at a time when our hominid precursors still had essentially ape-sized brains and small, archaically-proportioned bodies.
Functional similarities of reaction sets in metabolic pathways

Analyzing metabolic pathways by means of their steady states has proven to be accurate and efficient for practical purposes. The models such as elementary flux modes (EFMs) and extreme pathways (EPs) define the boundaries of the metabolic flux cone that is the set of all steady states of a pathway. However, the contributions of the subsets of pathway components in this flux cone so far has not been characterized mathematically. Also, the functional similarities of different component sets (e.g., sets of reactions) has not been expressed as a function of the steady states of metabolic pathways. Here, we aim to fill this gap by proposing a model that quantifies the impact of a set of components on the steady states of a pathway by using EFMs. At a high level, we model the impact of a given component set as the change in the flux cone when all the elements of that set are inhibited. Furthermore, given two sets of components from different pathways, we measure their functional similarity as the similarity of their impacts on corresponding pathways. Computing this functional similarity is a computationally challenging task as it requires finding the volumes of the intersection and the union of two polyhedral cones in high dimensional space. These volumes cannot be expressed in closed form. In this paper, we develop a novel method that first transforms the polyhedral cones to polytopes and then uses minimum enclosing balls to approximate this intersection efficiently. Our experiments on real metabolic pathways demonstrate that our method is of great use for both measuring the impacts of pathway components and identifying functionally similar component sets.
A kinetic analysis of sodium dependent glutamic acid transport in peripheral nerve.

—The kinetics of sodium dependent glutamic acid transport have been studied in desheathed frog sciatic nerve. Initial velocities have been measured as a function of both glulamic acid and sodium concentration. Lineweaver–Burk plots are constructed from these data, and the kinetic constants describing uptake are estimated. Vmax is unaffected by sodium concentration, which implies that translocation is not directly affected by sodium. K1 is sodium dependent, which implies that sodium affects the affinity of the carrier for glutamic acid. Reciprocal plots of velocity vs [Na] or K1 vs 1/[Na] are linear, suggesting that glutamic acid and sodium are co-transported on a one-to-one basis. t, the sodium concentration giving half maximal velocity of uptake, was found to vary from about 57 mm to 48 mm at glutamic acid concentrations of 1.0–10.0 ± 10−6m. A model of a mechanism by which sodium and glutamate could be co-transported is presented; the model is in very good agreement with the experimental data.
Effect of Melittin on Electrophysiological Parameters in the Frog Cornea Epithelium

The effect of melittin on electrophysiological parameters of the bullfrog cornea was studied using an in vitro preparation. Epithelial cells of corneas were impaled with microelectrodes. Experiments were done under short-circuit current (Isc) conditions. Melittin was added in concentrations of 10(-5)M to the stromal or 10(-6)M to the tear solution. The effects of melittin were as follows: (i) stromal side, a decrease in Isc; an increase in the apical membrane fractional resistance, fRo; no change in the transepithelial conductance, gt; and a depolarization of the intracellular potential, Vo; (ii) tear side, an initial (first 10 min) increase and then a decrease in Isc; a decrease in fRo; an initial (first 10 min) increase with subsequent small decrease in gt; and a depolarization of Vo. Changes in tear Na+, but not in tear K+, with melittin present in tear solution, induced changes in some electrical parameters. The effects on the tear side may be explained by opening of nonspecific channels in the apical membrane with some specificity for Na+ channel. The subsequent effects on the tear and the effects on the stromal side may be explained by an inhibition of the primary transport system, that is, of the Na+/K+ -ATPase pump located in the basolateral membrane. In these experiments, there was no evidence of opening of channels in the basolateral membrane.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF COMPOUNDS WHICH INHIBIT THE FUNCTION OF THE THYROID GLAND11

IN AN EARLIER STUDY 106 compounds were tested in rats for their capacity to interferewith the endocrine function of the thyroid gland. Each substance was administered to young rats bymixing it withthe food or drinking water in various concentrations. At the end of ten days the thyroid glands were examined grossly and microscopically for evidence of hypertrophy and hyperplasia,and the relative activities of the compounds were then roughly compared on the basis of the minimal dose required to produce a noticeable effect (Astwood, 1943). Although this assay method was sufficiently reliable to detect wide differences in activity and to form the basis for the selection of compounds such as thiouracil for clinical trial, it suffered the handicap of subjective criteria and no quantitative dosage-response relationship could be established. A more accurate and reproducible method based upon the weight and iodine concentration of the thyroid gland (Astwood & Bissell,1944) has been used in the present investigation.
Recent Advances in Organic Metals

Abstract Recent advances in the synthesis of octathioquinodimethan (OTQ) culminating in the preparation of a perthiomethylated terephthalate, a methylated precursor of OTQ are presented.
Fluid-Structure Interaction Vibration of Hydraulic Pipe System

Based on Newton method, the nonlinear differential equation of FSI vibration of hydraulic pipe on aero-engine has been established. The equation include visco-elastic coefficient, and the dimensionless equation was got. The influence of mass ratio, velocity of fluid and axial force on natural frequency of the pipe was researched by analyzing the FSI vibration equation of the pipe. The influence of fluid pressure on natural frequency was verified by experiment. And vibration response of the pipe was obtained by experiment at different driving frequency. The conclusion of the experiment was consistent with the result of the theory.
Universal Control of Decoupled Quantum Systems

We show that if one can perform a restricted set of fast manipulations on a quantum system, one can implement a large class of dynamical evolutions by effectively removing or introducing selected Hamiltonians. The procedure can be used to achieve universal noise-tolerant control based on purely unitary open-loop transformations of the dynamics. As a result, it is in principle possible to perform noise-protected universal quantum computation using no extra space resources.
An improved atmospheric profile retrieval system for GOES sounder and SEVIRI data

An improved atmospheric profile retrieval system for the current Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) Sounder data process has been developed. This algorithm can also be applied to process Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) on the next generation GOES-R to continue the current GOES class Sounder legacy products. The Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) data from the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite is employed as proxy to test and evaluate the algorithm for ABI legacy product. Since there is only a few sounding spectral bands in SEVIRI, a first guess from forecast is needed in legacy profile retrieval. The results show that if a set of temperature/humidity profiles from weather forecast is applied as first guess, the accuracy of temperature/humidity profiles can be achieved with that from the current GOES Sounder. Considering that there is only one temperaturesensitive spectral band in SEVIRI, temperature information is limited; however, the improvement on humidity profile retrieval over forecast is noticeable because there are two water vapor absorption spectral bands in SEVIRI. The results of total precitable water (TPW) and lift index (LI) from combined SEVIRI and forecast are presented as well.
Thermal stability of hydronium and ammonium beta alumina at high pressure

Abstract The high pressure thermal stability of hydronium beta alumina and ammonium beta alumina have been investigated from 5 to 50 Kb pressure and from room temperature to 550°C. Both phases are stable at 400°C to 50 Kb pressure. At 50 Kb and 450°C, ammonium beta alumina decomposes into α-Al 2 O 3 and hydronium beta alumina decomposes into H 2 O.5Al 2 O 3 (Tohdite) and α-Al 2 O 3 . A tentative phase diagram is suggested for the stability range of hydronium beta alumina in the Al 2 O 3 -H 2 O system.
Transforming the Healthcare Experience through the Arts

Blair L. Sadler and Annette Ridenour, San Diego, CA, Aesthetics, Inc., 2009, 226 pp. (soft cover), ISBN: 978-0-9842326-0-4 A fundamental premise in art therapy is that the creation of art is healin...
US accounting standards and their environment: A dualistic study of their 75-years of transition

Abstract This article examines the 75-year transition of the US accounting standards and their environment. It consists of three parts, each having two themes: Part (I) Past changes: 1. The first market crash and the second market crash; 2. Facts-based accounting and forecasts-based accounting, Part (II) Present issues: 3. The reform legislation (Sarbanes–Oxley Act) and the reform administration; 4. Procedural fairness and pure fairness, and Part (III) Future trends: 5. Forecast protection and forecast separation; 6. Principles-based systems and rules-based systems. These themes are each examined from dualistic perspectives by contrasting two fundamental concepts or principles. The article concludes with the strong need to focus on “procedural fairness” in establishing accounting standards as well as in implementing the reform legislation and administration, in contrast to “pure fairness” that is almost impossible to achieve by anyone.
Story Retelling: Innovation In a Learning Technology Context

This paper examines the influence that the video recorder has on story retelling as a comprehension builder for young children. The author concludes that the video recorder may help children enhance their comprehension, recall, memory, and problem‐solving skills. Implications of using the video recorder interfaced with a computer are suggested as the next area of research exploration.
Overweight, obesity, and weight change among incarcerated women.

Excessive weight gain among inmates is frequently observed by correctional health care providers; however, there is little published research on weight change during incarceration. This study descr...
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Oximes in Unanesthetized Pigs

Abstract The pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular pharmacodynamics of two oximes were studied in unanesthetized pigs. Effects of 2-[(hydroxyimino)methyl]-1-methylpyridinium chloride (pralidoxime chloride; 2-PAM Cl; 50 μmon/kg) were compared with those of 1,1-methylene bis[4(hydroxyiminomethyl) pyridinium] dichloride (methoxime; MMB-4; 100 μmol/kg). Cardiopulmonary parameters were monitored and plasma concentrations of oximes were determined from arterial blood samples taken at intervals over a period of 5 hr postinjection. Plasma concentrations for both oximes were fitted to standard pharmacokinetic models using the computer program PCNONLIN. Average pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for each oxime. Only mild to moderate physiological side effects were detected following intramuscular administration. 2-PAM Cl was more rapidly absorbed and distributed in the blood than MMB-4. Although the latter had a slight lag time to attain detectable levels in the blood, retention time was longer than that of 2-PAM Cl.
Aβ induces cell death by direct interaction with its cognate extracellular domain on APP (APP 597–624)

Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) is postulated to play a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. We recently proposed a pathway of Aβ-induced toxicity that is APP dependent and involves the facilitation of APP complex formation by Aβ. The APP-dependent component requires cleavage of APP at position 664 in the cytoplasmic domain, presumably by caspases or caspase-like proteases, with release of a potentially cytotoxic C31 peptide. In this study we show that Aβ interacted directly and specifically with membrane-bound APP to facilitate APP homo-oligomerization. Using chimeric APP molecules, this interaction was shown to take place between Aβ and its homologous sequence on APP. Consistent with this finding, we demonstrated that Aβ also facilitated the oligomerization of β-secretase cleaved APP C-terminal fragment (C99). We found that the YENPTY domain in the APP cytoplasmic tail and contained within C31 is critical for this cell death pathway. Deletion or alanine- scanning mutagenesis through this doma...
Chromosome Loss Followed by Duplication Is the Major Mechanism of Spontaneous Mating-Type Locus Homozygosis in Candida albicans

Candida albicans , which is diploid, possesses a single mating-type ( MTL ) locus on chromosome 5, which is normally heterozygous ( a /α). To mate, C. albicans must undergo MTL homozygosis to a / a or α/α. Three possible mechanisms may be used in this process, mitotic recombination, gene conversion, or loss of one chromosome 5 homolog, followed by duplication of the retained homolog. To distinguish among these mechanisms, 16 spontaneous a / a and α/α derivatives were cloned from four natural a /α strains, P37037, P37039, P75063, and P34048, grown on nutrient agar. Eighteen polymorphic (heterozygous) markers were identified on chromosome 5, 6 to the left and 12 to the right of the MTL locus. These markers were then analyzed in MTL -homozygous derivatives of the four natural a /α strains to distinguish among the three mechanisms of homozygosis. An analysis of polymorphisms on chromosomes 1, 2, and R excluded meiosis as a mechanism of MTL homozygosis. The results demonstrate that while mitotic recombination was the mechanism for homozygosis in one offspring, loss of one chromosome 5 homolog followed by duplication of the retained homolog was the mechanism in the remaining 15 offspring, indicating that the latter mechanism is the most common in the spontaneous generation of MTL homozygotes in natural strains of C. albicans in culture.
Occlusion of Cerebral -Palsied Children

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUA OCCLUSION IN JUVENILES CON PARALYsE CEREBRAL.—Esseva studiate comparativemente le occlusion de 124 juveniles con paralyse cerebral e de 141 juveniles sin ille defecto physic. Le incidentia de bruxismo inter le juveniles con paralyse cerebral esseva 44 pro cento, i.e., un incidentia plus que duo vices plus alte que in le gruppo de controlo. Morsura antero-aperte esseva presente in ambe gruppos, sed iste condition esseva plus sever in le gruppo con paralyse cerebral. A base de iste studio, on pote concluder quo malocclusion e factores afficiente le occlusion negativemente non se trova plus frequentemente in juveniles con paralyse cerebral.
An inter-comparison between the VACM and new EGaG VMCM on a surface mooring

An intercomparison experiment was conducted between a near-surface VACM and an EG&G VMCM at a mid-shelf mooring site located in 90 m of water off northern California between April and July, 1981. The VACM and VMCM were deployed at 9 and 11 m, respectively, beneath a 1.5 m spherical surface buoy on a slack mooring. The VACM and VMCM one-hour vector-averaged velocities were highly correlated with a complex correlation coefficient amplitude of .991, with VACM speeds S_{a} generally exceeding VMCM speeds S_{m} by up to 10 cm/sec. Since the difference \Delta S = S_{a} - S_{m} was larger on average than an independent estimate of true shear by a factor of 4 to 5, most of the difference in observed VACM and VMCM speeds is attributed to instrumental error. Independent measurement of the surface wave climate allowed experimental determination of the fractional speed difference \Delta S/S_{m} as a function of S_{m}/W , a signal-to-noise parameter expressing the ratio of the observed VMCM speed to a characteristic rms wave speed W . Although significant scatter occurs, the average fractional speed difference \Delta S/S_{m} decreases from about 0.57 \pm 0.10 (at 95% confidence) at S_{m}/W = 0.15 to \sim 0.20 at at S_{m}/W = 1 and remains approximately constant at 0.16 \pm .01 for S_{m}/W between \sim 1.5 and 2.0. Comparison of these field measurements with published laboratory data on the performance of the VACM and VMCM in unsteady flow suggests that the field and laboratory measurements are consistent and can be used to estimate the absolute fractional speed error of each current meter as a function of u/w , where u is the true mean horizontal speed and w the rms wave-induced oscillatory velocity. The combined laboratory and CODE-1 field data thus indicate that in an absolute sense, the VACM over-responds by about 18 to 20% at u/w = 0.5 to \sim 10-11 % at u/w = 2.0 , while the VMCM under-responds by about -5% to -6% for u/w between 0.5 to 2.0.
Nonlinear evolution of a pair of oblique instability waves in a supersonic boundary layer

We study the nonlinear evolution of a pair of oblique instability waves in a supersonic boundary layer over a flat plate in the nonlinear non-equilibrium viscous critical layer regime. The instability wave amplitude is governed by the same integro-differential equation as that derived by Goldstein & Choi (1989) in the inviscid limit and by Wu, Lee & Cowley (1993) with viscous effects included, but the coefficient appearing in this equation depends on the mean flow and linear neutral stability solution of the supersonic boundary layer. This coefficient is evaluated numerically for the Mach number range over which the (inviscid) first mode is the dominant instability. Numerical solutions to the amplitude equation using these values of the coefficient are obtained. It is found that, for insulated and cooled wall conditions and angles corresponding to the most rapidly growing waves, the amplitude ends in a singularity at a finite downstream position over the entire Mach number range regardless of the size of the viscous parameter. The explosive growth of the instability waves provides a mechanism by which the boundary layer can break down. A new feature of the compressible problem is the nonlinear generation of a spanwise-dependent mean distortion of the temperature along with that of the velocity found in the incompressible case.
LHRH immunopositive cells and their projections to the median eminence and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis.

The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) cells and pathways projecting to the median eminence and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis in the hypothalamus of the rat. Immunopositive LHRH was detected by the PAP method of immunocytochemistry on vibratome sections without embedding. Female rats were ovariectomized and treated with estradiol benzoate or implanted with estradiol capsules prior to sacrifice in order to minimize variations in LH and ultimately to maximize hypothalamic LHRH content. Immunoreactive LHRH perikarya are diffusely aggregated across several nuclear groups: nucleus of the vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca, medial septal nucleus, medians preoptic nucleus, rostral and medial preoptic areas, anterior hypothalamic area, and lateral and basal hypothalamic areas. The aggregate of LHRH cells when projected upon a horizontal plane resembles the form of a V bisected by the third ventricle. The apex of the V is directed rostrally toward the midline nuclear groups whereas the ends of the V incline ventrally toward the base of the brain and the median eminence. The majority of LHRH cells are in the rostral portion of the V in preoptic and anterior hypothalamic areas. Few cells are present in the basal hypothalamus. The processes of LHRH cells form two diffuse fiber systems which are separated by the midline hypothalamic nuclei over most of their course and converge in the basal hypothalamus close to the median eminence. The more lateral fiber system forms part of the medial forebrain bundle, while the periventricular system is associated with the wall of the third ventricle. The dispersion of LHRH cells over many nuclear groups may allow for the integration of afferents from divergent regions of the neuraxis to mediate both tonic and phasic gonadotropin secretion in the rat.
NIMH-MATRICS survey on assessment of neurocognition in schizophrenia

The NIMH-Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) initiative requires, among other things, the establishment of a reliable, valid, and consensus-derived method of assessing cognition. The derived battery will provide a standardized way to assess the effects of cognition-enhancing agents across clinical trials. To this end, the first of six consensus-oriented conferences was held April 2003. The goals were twofold: (a) To select which cognitive constructs to measure in a consensus battery, and (b) to select which criteria to use in evaluating tests for inclusion in the battery. Based on consultation with experts on the RAND Panel Method, 74 experts were invited to participate in a pre-meeting survey to provide information relevant to decisions on the cognitive battery. The survey included sections on reliability, validity, test administration, norms and interpretation of tests, cognitive domains and their integration, battery duration, and overall importance of test qualities. For selection of cognitive targets, the results showed that experts ranked executive functions, attention/vigilance, memory processes, and problem-solving ability highest. For test qualities, the experts ranked test-retest reliability, good coverage of key individual cognitive constructs, and comparable alternate forms highest. This article presents the results of the pre-conference survey that was the first step in the RAND process towards development of the NIMH-MATRICS consensus battery to assess cognition in schizophrenia.
Physical Therapy Clinical Education in a 2:1 Student-Instructor Education Model

Background and Purpose. The purpose of this descriptive qualitative field study was to explore a 2:1 student-clinical instructor (CI) model of clinical education and identify factors that promote or interfere with a successful 2:1 clinical education experience. Subjects and Methods. An initial conceptual framework was developed from the professional literature and researcher experience to bound the study and guide the study design and data analysis. The purposive sample consisted of three CIs and six students participating in a 2:1 clinical education experience. Observational data were collected during the rotation, and all subjects recorded their experiences in journals and participated in postexperience interviews. Results. The data included descriptions of a typical day and themes about communication, advantages and disadvantages, and factors designed to make the 2:1 model feasible. Based on these results, a new conceptual model was developed to describe the key factors that positively influence the 2:1 clinical education model. Conclusion and Discussion. This article presents descriptions of the 2:1 student-CI experience, identifies factors that may contribute to the success of the model, and offers implementation suggestions.
Adolescent work perception: a developmental approach.

During adolescence, significant strides in social understanding are achieved, particularly in the area of work perception, but what factors underlie this development?
A Study of the Effects of Ethylene Dibromide Fumigant Components on Egg Production

Abstract IN 1957 and 1958, several poultrymen in the Southeast encountered a decrease in egg production and egg size which was traced to the use of oats which had been fumigated with a commercial fumigant containing ethylene dibromide. 2 This condition was described by Olomucki and Bondi (1955), and by Bondi et al. (1955), who showed that feeding grain sorghum containing as little as 10–15 ppm. of ethylene dibromide to hens as 50% of the diet for 10–12 weeks caused a significant reduction of egg size. Caylor and Laurent (1960) demonstrated a reduction in egg size by feeding oats containing a similar amount of ethylene dibromide. Bierer and Vickers (1959) also obtained a reduction in egg size and numbers by feeding oats treated with high levels of ethylene dibromide. In 1959 a cooperative project with the U.S.D.A. was initiated at the University of Georgia to study the effects of ethylene …
Digestibility, nitrogen balance, and blood metabolites in llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (lama pacos) fed barley or barley alfalfa diets

Abstract To determine the effect of barley diets on digestibility, nitrogen balance, and blood metabolites, mature gelded llamas and alpacas ( n = 8; 4 llamas, 36 ± 4 months, 90 ± 10.7 kg; 4 alpacas, 24–36 months, 50 ± 4 kg) were randomly fed 100% barley (B) and 20% alfalfa/80% barley (BA) hay. Animals were housed in metabolism crates and diets were fed for a 7 days adjustment period followed by a 5 days collection period. Feed, feed refusal, feces and urine were collected, dried and N content determined by combustion analysis. Blood samples were collected on day 12 at 30 min intervals over a 6 h period. Plasma was harvested and analyzed for electrolytes (Na, K, Cl, Ca, Ca 2+ , P, Mg), metabolites glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), urea N, creatinine, albumin, total protein (TPP), osmolality (Osm). Plasma glucose, urea N, albumin, osmolality, electrolyte and metabolite levels were similar between species, and were unaffected by diet. On a metabolic weight basis, only diet was significant for N intake, urinary and fecal N, and total N excreted. Dry matter intake was not significantly different; however, BA consumption was greater than B, (B) 1272 g N/day and (BA) 1636 g N/day for llamas, and for alpacas (B) 835 g N/day and (BA) 1034 g N/day, respectively. Nitrogen intake followed the same pattern, (B) 21.4 g N/day and (BA) 33.9 g N/day, respectively for llamas, and (B) 13.6 g N/day and (BA) 20.6 g N/day, respectively for alpacas (diet, P P P
Automated Physical Modeling of Nonlinear Audio Circuits For Real-Time Audio Effects—Part I: Theoretical Development

This paper presents a procedural approach to derive nonlinear filters from schematics of audio circuits for the purpose of digitally emulating analog musical effects circuits in real time. This work, the first in a two-part series, extends a well-known efficient nonlinear continuous-time state-space formulation for physical modeling of musical acoustics to real-time modeling of nonlinear circuits. Rules for applying the formulation are given, as well as a procedure to derive simulation parameters automatically from circuit netlists. Furthermore, a related nonlinear discrete-time state-space algorithm is proposed to alleviate problems in solving particular circuit configurations. These methods were devised to solve non-convergence problems in the simulation of strongly saturated, nonparametric guitar distortion circuits such as the saturating diode clipper, which is presented as an example derivation. Experimental considerations and sonic performance on various other circuits will be presented in a subsequent paper.
Estimating friction coefficients of mixed globular/chain molecules, such as protein/DNA complexes

Existing methods for predicting translational friction properties of complex molecules start by explicitly building up their three-dimensional shape with spherical subunits. This treatment has been used especially for two types of systems: rigid assemblies and flexible chain molecules. However, many protein/DNA complexes such as chromatin consist of a small number of globular, relatively rigid, bound protein interspersed by long stretches of flexible DNA chain. I present a higher level of treatment of such macromolecules that avoids explicit subunit modeling as much as possible. An existing analytical formulation of the hydrodynamics equations is shown to be accurate when used with the present treatment. Thus the approach is fast and can be applied to hydrodynamic studies of highly degenerate multiple equilibria, such as those encountered in problems of the regulation of chromatin structure. I demonstrate the approach by predicting the effect of a hypothetical unwinding process in dinucleosomes and by simulating the distribution of sedimentation coefficients for cooperative and random models for a chromatin saturation process.
Implications of Herding Behavior for Earnings Estimation, Risk Assessment, and Stock Returns

Experts' earnings predictions exhibit positive bias and disappointing accuracy. These shortcomings are usually attributed to some combination of incomplete knowledge, incompetence, and/or misrepresentation. This article suggests that the human desire for consensus leads to herding behavior among earnings forecasters. Herding results in a reduction in the dispersion and an increase in the mean of the distribution of expert forecasts, creating positive bias and inaccuracy in published earnings estimates. Investors mistake reduced dispersion for reduced risk and positive bias for high future returns. These misperceptions lead to abnormally low returns from stocks with unpredictable earning streams.
Growth of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in acetate-free medium when co-cultured with alginate-encapsulated, acetate-producing strains of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002

Background: The model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii requires acetate as a co-substrate for optimal production of lipids, and the addition of acetate to culture media has practical and economic implications for algal biofuel production. Here we demonstrate the growth of C. reinhardtii on acetate provided by mutant strains of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. Results: Optimal growth conditions for co-cultivation of C. reinhardtii with wild-type and mutant strains of Synechococcus sp. 7002 were established. In co-culture, acetate produced by a glycogen synthase knockout mutant of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 was able to support the growth of a lipid-accumulating mutant strain of C. reinhardtii defective in starch production. Encapsulation of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 using an alginate matrix was successfully employed in co-cultures to limit growth and maintain the stability. Conclusions: The ability of immobilized strains of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 to produce acetate at a level adequate to support the growth of lipid-accumulating strains of C. reinhartdii offers a potentially practical, photosynthetic alternative to providing exogenous acetate into growth media.
Comparison of peripheral monocyte counts in patients with and without coronary spasm and without fixed coronary narrowing

The relation between peripheral monocyte count and coronary vasospasm was examined in 180 patients with chest pain. It is suggested that coronary vasospasm should be investigated in patients with angina, hemodynamically insignificant coronary artery disease, and increased monocyte count (> or =547/mm(3)).
Antarctic Oversnow Traverse-based Southern Hemisphere Climate Reconstruction

On 2 January 2003, the U.S. component of the International Trans Antarctic Scientific Expedition (U.S. ITASE) (Figure 1) arrived at the South Pole after completing more than 5000 km of oversnow traverses that included much of west Antarctica and a portion of east Antarctica (Figure 2). During the traverses, which were performed from 1999 through 2003, U.S. ITASE focused on collecting data that will allow the reconstruction of sub-annual scale climate variability and changes in the chemistry of the atmosphere over the last 200+ years. ITASE is a multi-disciplinary research program supported by 19 nations and endorsed by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP) [Mayewski and Goodwin, 1997]. It is designed to reconstruct the recent climate history of Antarctica through ice coring and related observations along a network of extensive intra-continental traverses. The U.S. component of ITASE is supported by the Office of Polar Programs of the National Science Foundation. It includes scientific projects from the following institutions: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory-U.S. Army, Desert Research Institute, NASA, Ohio State University, St. Olaf College, the University of Arizona, the University of Colorado, the University of Maine, and the University of Washington. Information concerning climate variability in the middle and high latitudes of the southern hemisphere is obtained by U.S. ITASE, through calibrations developed between US. ITASE ice core records and direct atmospheric observations [Kreutz et al., 2000; Meyerson et al., 2002; Schneider and Steig, 2002].
Employment Barriers Among Welfare Recipients and Applicants With Chronically Ill Children

Objectives. This study evaluated the association of chronic child illness with parental employment among individuals who have had contact with the welfare system. Methods. Parents of children with chronic illnesses were interviewed. Results. Current and former welfare recipients and welfare applicants were more likely than those with no contact with the welfare system to report that their children’s illnesses adversely affected their employment. Logistic regression analyses showed that current and former receipt of welfare, pending welfare application, and high rates of child health care use were predictors of unemployment. Conclusions. Welfare recipients and applicants with chronically ill children face substantial barriers to employment, including high child health care use rates and missed work. The welfare reform reauthorization scheduled to occur later in 2002 should address the implications of chronic child illness for parental employment.
Potential Applications of Controlling Ethylene Synthesis and Perception in Transgenic Plants

The actions of hormones such as ethylene on plant developmental processes can be modulated at several levels. There is ample evidence that regulation of hormone biosynthesis and catabolism are critical to many aspects of growth and differentiation. Researchers have also speculated that hormone action must be mediated at the level of sensitivity [3,25]. Differential sensitivity can be exhibited in two contexts. First, adjacent cells in an organ can respond differentially to a hormone as in abscission layer formation. Second, sensitivity of an organ to a hormone can change over time as in fruit ripening. How a plant regulates the variation in tissue or organ sensitivity to plant hormones spatially and temporally is not clear. Here, we describe our current knowledge of how sensitivity to ethylene changes through development of tomato fruit. Further, having access to genes that mediate ethylene sensitivity, we can ask whether we can take these genes and manipulate ethylene sensitivity in heterologous plant species i.e., do components of the ethylene signal transduction pathway work in a “mixed” system?
Aminoacyl-tRNA and tissue free amino acid pools are equilibrated after a flooding dose of phenylalanine

The flooding dose method, which is used to measure tissue protein synthesis, assumes equilibration of the isotopic labeling between the aminoacyl-tRNA pool and the tissue and blood free amino acid ...
An examination of possible solar wind sources for a sudden brightening of comet IRAS‐Araki‐Alcock

Terrestrial and near-earth measurements are examined in order to investigate possible solar wind sources for the sudden global brightenings noted in Comet IRAS-Araki-Alcock. These brightenings are not found to be associated with increases in the solar wind momentum flux, quantity of solar energetic particles, or solar activity, in contradiction to the proposal of Lutz and Wagner (1986). If a radial alignment of the IMF seen at IMP-8 after about 0800 UT was not responsible for the cometary brightening, then it is suggested that the brightening must have been intrinsic to the comet.
Polarization Dependent Holographic Write, Read and Erasure of Surface Relief Gratings on Azopolymer Films

Surface relief grating (SRG) fabrication on azobenzene functionalized polymer films is investigated under different polarization combinations for the two writing beams. The grating formation was sequentially monitored with orthogonally polarized read beams and the surface topography by atomic force microscope. The SRG formation on amorphous azopolymer films is found to depend on the spatial variation of the intensity as well as the magnitude and direction of the interference field pattern. The treatment presented in this article defines the intensity and polarization distribution across the two-beam interference region for different polarization combinations of the interfering beams. Efficient photoisomerization and reorientation processes due to the spatial variation of the optical field results in a bulk birefringence grating (BG). Simultaneous presence of a component of electric field gradient in the grating vector direction results in a large modulation depth SRG. The effects due to the simultaneous formation of BG and SRG are studied by probing the grating formation process with vertical (V-) and horizontal (H-) polarized read beams. Our experimental results suggest that, under appropriate writing conditions and observation time scales, the V- polarized read beam probes predominantly the BG while the H- polarized read beam gets diffracted predominantly by the SRG. The experimental results are analyzed based on the resultant electric field pattern produced due to interference of polarized light beams. We have also investigated the unusual optical and thermal erasure properties of the photofabricated SRGs.
A Dynamic Quarterly Model of the Beef and Pork Economy

NUMBER of people have used annual time series data to analyze demand for beef and pork. Less empirical work has been done on the determinants of their marketing margins or of meat inventories. Quarterly analysis of demand and of the marketing system for these two products is apt to be fruitful since intra-year seasonal variations in production, margins and prices may be just as great as inter-year variations in production and average prices, especially for pork. Meat packers and chain stores need short-term predictions as a basis for their pricing and inventory decisions. Agricultural price outlook workers are called upon to make predictions of farm prices for periods of less than a year. Quarterly models of the livestock marketing sector can be used by each of these groups. This paper reports the results of a study of the beef and pork marketing sector of the economy. Eight equations were estimated using quarterly time series data: (a) two consumer demand equations, (b) two meat inventory equations, (c) two farm-to-wholesale marketing margin equations and (d) two wholesale-to-retail marketing margin equations.1
CASE RECORDS of the MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL. Case 7-2016. An 80-Year-Old Man with Weight Loss, Abdominal Pain, Diarrhea, and an Ileocecal Mass.

An 80-year-old man presented with anorexia, weight loss, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and an ileocecal mass.
The Testamentary Foundations of Commercial Arbitration

This Article offers the first systematic treatment of the relationship between commercial arbitration and testamentary arbitration. (By testamentary arbitration, I mean an arbitration clause contained in a will requiring beneficiaries to resolve differences over the estate by means of an enforceable decision by a private party rather than judicial resolution in a probate court.) Recent scholarship and jurisprudence have questioned the enforceability of these arrangements as incompatible with the requirement of a written "agreement" between parties to the arbitration. Contrary to these views, close examination of the historical record of testamentary arbitration leading to the Federal Arbitration Act's enactment reveals a rudimentary set of doctrines not unlike those found in modern American commercial arbitration jurisprudence. These doctrines cover topics such as the allocation of authority between courts and arbitrators, as well as judicial review of arbitration awards. These findings carry important implications for both testamentary arbitration and commercial arbitration. They respond to critics alleging that testamentary arbitration cannot be sustained absent express legislative fixes in state statutes. They also support the trend, found in recent Supreme Court jurisprudence, of cross-fertilizing arbitration precedent from one field (like labor or investment arbitration) into another (like commercial arbitration).
Continuous Nanofiltration and Recycle of an Asymmetric Ketone Hydrogenation Catalyst

The continuous nanofiltration and recycle of a ruthenium diphosphine/diamine catalyst for the asymmetric hydrogenation of α-tetralone is demonstrated in a small scale flow system. Batch experiments show that the catalyst can be recycled under hydrogen pressure. Subsequent transient packed bed experiments serve to characterize the reaction and inform the design of the recycle experiments. The total internal volume of the resulting system is ∼50 mL, making this pilot useful for testing catalyst recyclability via nanofiltration during the early stages of process development. The high-pressure catalyst recycle system is run with an automatic control system to respond to membrane flux decline during the course of operation and enable long duration runs. In 24 h, we achieved a turnover number approaching 5000 for ruthenium diphosphine/diamine catalyst used in the asymmetric hydrogenation of α-tetralone, demonstrating significant reuse of the catalyst since the substrate-to-catalyst ratio in the reactor approach...
Data Science for All: An Introductory Course for Non-Majors; in Flipped Format (Abstract Only)

In this poster the authors report the approaches for presenting Data Science topics in Flipped Classroom mode, incorporating topics in Data Science into existing courses as well as in stand-alone courses. It provides an insight on listing of learning goals, central data science topics, content modules, and a framework for implementing a flipped classroom approach to introduce data science to students with limited technical backgrounds. The presenters are NSF-funded investigators on a collaborative team of computer scientists and statistician to create flipped material for an introductory data science class.After SIGCSE, materials described in the poster will be available in Ensemble, at http://computingportal.org/?q=VU-WSSU-DataScience
A cobalt-based catalyst for the hydrogenation of CO2 under ambient conditions.

Because of the continually rising levels of CO2 in the atmosphere, research for the conversion of CO2 into fuels using carbon-neutral energy is an important and current topic in catalysis. Recent research on molecular catalysts has led to improved rates for conversion of CO2 to formate, but the catalysts are based on precious metals such as iridium, ruthenium and rhodium and require high temperatures and high pressures. Using established thermodynamic properties of hydricity (ΔGH–) and acidity (pKa), we designed a cobalt-based catalyst system for the production of formate from CO2 and H2. The complex Co(dmpe)2H (dmpe is 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane) catalyzes the hydrogenation of CO2, with a turnover frequency of 3400 h–1 at room temperature and 1 atm of 1:1 CO2:H2 (74 000 h–1 at 20 atm) in tetrahydrofuran. These results highlight the value of fundamental thermodynamic properties in the rational design of catalysts.
Investigation on smoking and drinking behaviors of adolescents in Pudong New Area in 2012

[Objective]To understand the prevalence status of health-related risk behaviors of middle school students(smoking and drinking) in Pudong New Area of Shnghai City,and provide evidence for the health and education departments to develop prevention and intervention measures.[Methods]A total of 5 641 students from 21 middle schools and 2 vocational technology schools in downtown,suburban and rural areas were selected by stratified cluster sampling method,using the " Health-related Risk Behaviors Questionnaire for Shanghai Adolescents" developed by Shanghai CDC for investigation.[Results] Eight hundreds and eighteen(14.5%) students had attempted to smoke,including 498(18.1%) boys and 320(11.1%) girls.The difference of smoking prevalence between genders was significant(χ2 = 56.013,P 0.01);2 739(48.6%) students ever had attempted to drink,including 1 435(52.1%) boys and 1 304(45.1%) girls.The difference of drinking prevalence between genders was significant(χ2 = 27.704,P 0.01).[Conclusion]It is necessary to take full advantage of school education to conduct specifically propaganda and intervention measures for teenagers,to help them develop healthy habits and improve their physiques,to keep away from smoking and drinking,to promote overall improvement of youth physical fitness and physique,and protect their physical and mental health.
Distance to testing sites and its association with timing of HIV diagnosis.

ABSTRACTEarly HIV diagnosis enables prompt treatment initiation, thereby contributing to decreased morbidity, mortality, and transmission. We aimed to describe the association between distance from residence to testing sites and HIV disease stage at diagnosis. Using HIV surveillance data, we identified all new HIV diagnoses made at publicly funded testing sites in central North Carolina during 2005–2013. Early-stage HIV was defined as acute HIV (antibody-negative test with a positive HIV RNA) or recent HIV (normalized optical density <0.8 on the BED assay for non-AIDS cases); remaining diagnoses were considered post-early-stage HIV. Street distance between residence at diagnosis and (1) the closest testing site and (2) the diagnosis site was dichotomized at 5 miles. We fit log-binomial models using generalized estimating equations to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and robust 95% confidence intervals (CI) for post-early-stage diagnoses by distance. Models were adjusted for race/ethnicity and testing perio...