cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF COPPER DEFICIT ON MYELINATION

Three generations of rats were raised with a low copper diet. Copper deficiency was associated with significant reductions in the yield of myelin, but brain weight was less affected. The chemical composition of myelin was not different from controls in the content of its proteins, lipids or GM1 ganglioside. The main difference was a shift of the major myelin glycoprotein toward higher apparent molecular weight in the copper deficient animals. Postnatal copper replacement failed to reverse the deficiency of brain and body growth or the neurological symptoms. Copper replacement in a copperdeficient mother's diet prior to conception corrected all abnormalities in a subsequent litter when compared to her previous litters. The results suggest that copper is essential for myelin formation and general growth during critical periods in development.
Effect of Early Enrollment on Outcomes in Cardiac Rehabilitation

Outpatient cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is most beneficial when delivered 1 to 3 weeks after the index cardiac event. The effects of delayed enrollment on subsequent outcomes are unclear. A total of 1,241 patients were enrolled in CR after recent ( 30 days was associated with older age, female gender, nonwhite race, being unemployed, and increased length of hospital stay before CR after index cardiac event (p 30 days had significant improvements in all CR metrics, but peak METs and weight improvements were lesser in magnitude compared with patients with CR delay times 0 to 15 and 16 to 30 days. After multivariate adjustment, delay time >30 days remained an independent predictor of decreased MET improvement compared with delay time 0 to 15 days (β = −0.59, p
Further Studies of the Positive Visual After-image

The binocular matching technique, in which the sensation of brightness of an after-image formed in one eye only is balanced by a comparison light stimulus in the other eye, has been used for further studies of the positive after-image. By dark-adapting each eye in turn, it is shown that the cone receptors in the retina are mainly responsible for the after-image, whereas the matching stimulus acts mainly on the rods. The decay curves of the after-image in white light for two observers are given, with a discussion of the region in which after-image effects follow a reciprocity law. The after-images formed by monochromatic stimuli give exponential decay curves, compared with power-law decay curves for white light stimuli. It is suggested that the origin of positive after-images may be the electrotonic polarisation of the axons of the ganglion cells. La technique de fusionnement binoculaire dans laquelle la sensation de brillance d'une « image consecutive » formee dans un œil est compensee par un stimulus lum...
Distribution of the SGLT1 Na+/glucose cotransporter and mRNA along the crypt-villus axis of rabbit small intestine.

Abstract The expression of the Na + glucose cotransporter (SGLT1) mRNA and protein along the crypt-villus axis of the rabbit small intestine was examined using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical techniques. We detected mRNA in the cells on the villus, but not in the crypts. and the mRNA abundance increased 6-fold from the base to the tip of the villus. SGLT1 protein was restricted to the brush borders of mature enterocytes. We suggest that the high rate of sugar transport across the tips of the villus is due to the transcription of the SGLT1 gene in mature enterocytes, the subsequent translation of SGLT mRNA, and the insertion direct of the functional SGLT1 transporter into the brush border membrane of these cells lining the villus tip.
A study of jitter effects in nm-FPGA based on various physical and electrical quantities

Achievements in semiconductor nanotechnology have enabled the design of advanced devices with higher performance. However, implementation of modern nanotechnology devices requires paying strict attention to parasitic effects, such as jitter which is caused by switching the entire device core logic elements (Core jitter) as well as the output buffer jitter caused by switching the inputs and outputs (I/O) of the device. These timing variations decrease the timing margin and limit the achievable data rate of an integrated circuit (IC). This paper presents a study of the jitter effects due to core noise and I/O noise on field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) manufactured using both 90-nm and 65-nm process technologies respectively. This paper evaluates the impact of the following factors on Core Jitter: aggressor location in a device; aggressor switching frequency, and aggressor pattern type and switching core logic percentage. The timing variations based on switching I/O are also studied. The results can assist electronic system designers with methods of reducing Core jitter and I/O jitter, and thus achieve error-free design goals.
A new fifth-order nonlinear integrable equation: multiple soliton solutions

In this paper, we introduce a new fifth-order nonlinear integrable equation. The Hereman–Nuseri method is used to derive multiple soliton solutions and hence to confirm complete integrability of this equation. The resonance phenomenon of this is investigated.
Modeling instruction: Positive attitudinal shifts in introductory physics measured with CLASS

Among the most surprising findings in Physics Education Research is the lack of positive results on attitudinal measures, such as Colorado Learning Attitudes about Science Survey (CLASS) and Maryland Physics Expectations Survey (MPEX). The uniformity with which physics teaching manages to negatively shift attitudes toward physics learning is striking. Strategies which have been shown to improve conceptual learning, such as interactive engagement and studio-format classes, provide more authentic science experiences for students; yet do not seem to be sufficient to produce positive attitudinal results. Florida International University's Physics Education Research Group has implemented Modeling Instruction in University Physics classes as part of an overall effort toward building a research and learning community. Modeling Instruction is explicitly designed to engage students in scientific practices that include model building, validation, and revision. Results from a preinstruction/postinstruction CLASS measurement show attitudinal improvements through both semesters of an introductory physics sequence, as well as over the entire two-course sequence. In this Brief Report, we report positive shifts from the CLASS in one section of a modeling-based introductory physics sequence, for both mechanics $(N=22)$ and electricity and magnetism $(N=23)$. Using the CLASS results and follow up interviews, we examine how these results reflect on modeling instruction and the unique student community and population at FIU.
Auditing headaches? Relieve them with CAR

Over the past 30 years, both information systems and accounting have undergone radical changes. Standards and regulations have also become frustratingly complex. But there's a powerful remedy for today's auditing headaches: continuous auditing and reporting (CAR). The authors explain what CAR is and how to determine if it will help your company. They also profile several affordable CAR products. Low- cost “instant auditing” is now possible! © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Actuator Line Aerodynamics Model with Spectral Elements

Actuator line aerodynamics (AL) model is becoming increasingly popular for characterization of the flow field and the turbulent wakes created by the rotated turbines. AL model does not require boundary layer resolution and is thus significantly more efficient than the fully-resolved computations. Potential of this model to be applied to the simulation of really large wind plants creates the need of exploring its applicability and performance with highly-scalable computation codes. In this paper, we present the details of implementation and validation of the actuator line aerodynamics model in a high-order spectral-element code which is known to scale efficiently to hundreds of thousands of processors.
A knowledge-based simulation architecture to analyze interruptions in a flexible manufacturing system

Abstract One of the major issues in controlling a flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is the handling of interruptions due to machine breakdowns and rush orders. These interruptions may or may not require revisions in the manufacturing plan. By minimizing the effects of interruptions, supervisors can achieve more effective control and increase the utilization of an FMS. However, the control problem in an FMS is inherently complex and difficult to solve. Furthermore, the total time spent in analyzing interruptions, evaluating several alternative control policies, and choosing the best decision becomes critical. This issue is even more critical if on-line control is of interest. This paper describes a new integrated system that has been designed, implemented, and tested for analyzing and handling interruptions in an FMS. The design utilizes knowledge-based on-line simulation concepts. The implementation is restricted to two types of interruptions—machine breakdowns and rush orders. The recommended control decisions affect the original loading and scheduling of parts and machines in the FMS. Several experiments have been conducted to evaluate the performance of the implemented system. A case example is presented to illustrate the applicability and validity of the new system.
The decrease in plasma melatonin at metamorphic climax in Rana catesbeiana (bullfrog) tadpoles is induced by thyroxine

Melatonin decreases in the plasma of Rana catesbeiana (bullfrog) tadpoles at the climax of metamorphosis when the thyroxine (T(4)) level peaks. Since melatonin inhibited thyroid function in vitro, it would be of interest to determine if the decline in plasma melatonin permits greater thyroid hormone secretion, or if the increasing levels of T(4) cause the climactic decrease in plasma melatonin. The reciprocal effects of administering T(4) or melatonin just prior to metamorphic climax were examined in tadpoles kept at 22 degrees C on an 18L:6D cycle. If melatonin functions as a thyroid antagonist at later metamorphic stages, administration of melatonin should decrease plasma T(4), whereas if T(4) causes the decline in plasma melatonin, T(4) treatment of tadpoles prior to climax should induce the climactic melatonin decrease prematurely. Once daily injection of 40 microg melatonin for 5 days at 19.30 h had no effect on metamorphic progress, or on plasma T(4) or melatonin levels, except for a transient rise in melatonin just after the injection. Immersion in 2.2x10(-4) M melatonin for 6 days accelerated metamorphosis and decreased plasma melatonin, but had no effect on plasma T(4). Administration of T(4) by injection of 0.2 microg, or immersion in a 6.3x10(-8) M solution accelerated metamorphosis more than melatonin immersion, raised plasma T(4) to climax levels, and induced a decrease in plasma melatonin. We conclude that rapid clearance of exogenous melatonin from the circulation in these experiments did not allow it to affect plasma T(4), and that there is clear evidence that the rise in T(4) induces the climax decrease in plasma melatonin. The finding that immersion in a high level of melatonin can lower plasma melatonin and accelerate metamorphosis, whereas a single daily injection does not, provides an explanation for some of the contradictory reports in the literature concerning melatonin's effect on tadpole metamorphic progress.
A Position Paper on Guidelines for Electrcal and Computer Engineering Education

A brief overview of the crisis in engineering education is presented to provide background for discussion of more severe problems in electrical and computer engineering departments. Guidelines for allocating resources to improve the situation are presented. Areas addressed include the following: faculty/student ratios, faculty pay, faculty support (travel and secretarial), graduate student stipends, laboratory equipment, and technical support. It is noted that the suggested levels are not optimum or ideal, but represent reasonable levels of resources for operating adequate programs. Institutions heavily involved in research or committed to nationally recognized excellence will need additional resources.
Optimal placement of heat sources on a rectangular grid

Abstract We consider the optimal placement of thermally active electronic devices or components on a rectangular grid. These devices generate heat which is conducted to their neighbors and the edges of the board, and is exchanged with a forced convective flow of cool air. We have recently developed a model for such cooling processes, consisting of a discrete system of equations for the temperatures of the devices. We use this model in conjunction with the annealing algorithm to find the optimal placement of the devices on the board. The objective value of a given placement is measured by four different objective functions. A comparison of the results on an example is presented.
Interaction of anesthetics with neurotransmitter release machinery proteins

General anesthetics produce anesthesia by depressing central nervous system activity. Activation of inhibitory GABAA receptors plays a central role in the action of many clinically relevant general anesthetics. Even so, there is growing evidence that anesthetics can act at a presynaptic locus to inhibit neurotransmitter release. Our own data identified the neurotransmitter release machinery as a target for anesthetic action. In the present study, we sought to examine the site of anesthetic action more closely. Exocytosis was stimulated by directly elevating the intracellular Ca2+ concentration at neurotransmitter release sites, thereby bypassing anesthetic effects on channels and receptors, allowing anesthetic effects on the neurotransmitter release machinery to be examined in isolation. Three different PC12 cell lines, which had the expression of different release machinery proteins stably suppressed by RNA interference, were used in these studies. Interestingly, there was still significant neurotransmitter release when these knockdown PC12 cells were stimulated. We have previously shown that etomidate, isoflurane, and propofol all inhibited the neurotransmitter release machinery in wild-type PC12 cells. In the present study, we show that knocking down synaptotagmin I completely prevented etomidate from inhibiting neurotransmitter release. Synaptotagmin I knockdown also diminished the inhibition produced by propofol and isoflurane, but the magnitude of the effect was not as large. Knockdown of SNAP-25 and SNAP-23 expression also changed the ability of these three anesthetics to inhibit neurotransmitter release. Our results suggest that general anesthetics inhibit the neurotransmitter release machinery by interacting with multiple SNARE and SNARE-associated proteins.
Intelligent transportation systems: When is safety information relevant?

In this paper, we compare two methods of estimating relevance for the emergency electronic brake light application. One uses an analytically derived formula based on the minimal safety gap required to avoid a collision. The other method uses a machine learning approach. The application works by disseminating reports about vehicles that are performing emergency deceleration in effort to warn drivers about the need to perform emergency braking. Vehicles receiving such reports have to decide whether the information contained in the report is relevant to the driver, and warn the driver if that is the case. Common ways to determine relevance are based on the lane or direction information, but using only these attributes can still lead to many false warnings, which can desensitize the driver. Desensitized drivers may ignore warnings or turn off the system completely, thus eliminating any safety benefits of the application. We show that the machine learning method, in comparison to the analytically derived formula, is able to significantly reduce the number of false warnings by learning from the actions drivers take after receiving a report. The methods were compared using simulated experiments with a range of traffic and communication parameters.
A test of the assumptions and predictions of recent microalgal growth models with the marine phytoplankter Pavlova lutheri

The marine phytoplankter Pavlova lutheri was grown in both batch and continuous culture under various conditions of light and nitrate limitation in order to examine the accuracy of certain assumptions and predictions of microalgal growth models. The N : C ratio of the cells was found to be uniquely related to their relative growth rate. There was no unique relationship, however, between Chl a : C ratios and relative growth rate. Optical absorption coefficients normalized to Chl a were negatively correlated with relative growth rate at a fixed irradiance and positively correlated with irradiance at a fixed relative growth rate when light intensity was varied with neutral-density filters. Quantum yields were positively correlated with relative growth rate at a fixed irradiance and negatively correlated with irradiance at a fixed relative growth rate. Certain parameters or combinations of parameters which appear in nutrient-saturated growth models were found to be either independent of relative growth rate at a fixed irradiance or uniquely correlated with relative growth rate. This discovery facilitates extension of nutrient-saturated growth models to nutrientlimited conditions.
Effects of shrimp consumption on plasma lipoproteins

Shrimp is very low in total fat, yet it has a high cholesterol content. Although shrimp is a popular food in the American diet, many people avoid it because of its high cholesterol content. The objective of this study was to test the effect of the addition of cholesterol from shrimp to a low-fat baseline diet as well as to compare the effect of an equal amount of dietary cholesterol derived from shrimp or egg on the plasma lipoprotein pattern of normolipidemic subjects. In a randomized crossover trial, a diet containing 300 g shrimp/d, which supplied 590 mg dietary cholesterol/d, significantly increased low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by 7.1% (P = 0.014) and high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol by 12.1% (P = 0.0001) when compared with a baseline diet matched for fat content but containing only 107 mg cholesterol/d. However, because the percentage increase in LDL cholesterol was less than for HDL cholesterol, the shrimp diet did not worsen the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol or the ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol. Moreover, shrimp consumption decreased triacylglycerol (triglyceride) concentrations by 13% (P = 0.004). The diet containing two large eggs per day with 581 mg dietary cholesterol/d also raised LDL- and HDL-cholesterol concentrations compared with baseline, but the percentage increase in LDL cholesterol (10.2%, P = 0.0001) was more than for HDL cholesterol (7.6%, P = 0.004) and there was a trend toward worse lipoprotein ratios. In a comparison of the two high-cholesterol diets, the shrimp diet produced significantly lower ratios of total to HDL cholesterol and lower ratios of LDL to HDL cholesterol than the egg diet as well as lower triacylglycerol concentrations. We conclude that moderate shrimp consumption in normolipidemic subjects will not adversely affect the overall lipoprotein profile and can be included in "heart healthy" nutritional guidelines.
A lifetime of prevention: the case of heart failure.

It is widely acknowledged that heart failure (HF) is a growing public health and clinical problem and that, once diagnosed, the prognosis is grim. In this issue of Circulation , Lloyd-Jones and colleagues1 provide a lifetime perspective of HF from the Framingham Heart Study. Several messages are notable. First, the lifetime risk of developing HF at all ages is ≈20 percent in both men and women. This contrasts with the fact that short-term risks are substantially lower in younger individuals compared with older individuals (eg, 0.5% 5-year risk versus 21.0% lifelong risk, or a 40-fold difference in those 40 years of age; 1% versus 20%, or a 20-fold difference in those 60 years of age; and 8% versus 20%, or a 2.5-fold difference in those 80 years of age). This implies that for preventive strategies to be fully effective against HF, they may have to be implemented throughout the lifetime of an individual. See p 3068 Second, the analysis by Lloyd-Jones et al confirms the importance of hypertension and myocardial infarction, which together account for about three quarters of the population-attributable risk of HF. Both myocardial infarction2 and hypertension3 are largely preventable with currently known and available strategies …
Differential Metabolism of Gefitinib and Erlotinib by Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes

Purpose: To examine the enzyme kinetics of gefitinib and erlotinib metabolism by individual cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, and to compare their effects on CYP3A activity, with the aim to better understand mechanisms underlying pharmacokinetic variability and clinical effects. Experimental Design: Enzyme kinetics were examined by incubating gefitinib or erlotinib (1.5-50 μmol/L) with recombinant human CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2D6, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1 (10-160 pmol/mL). Their effects on CYP3A activity were examined by comparing midazolam metabolism in the presence and absence of gefitinib or erlotinib in human liver and intestinal microsomes. Parent compounds and metabolites were monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode detector or tandem mass spectrometer. Results: Both drugs were metabolized primarily by CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP1A1, with respective maximum clearance (Cl max ) values for metabolism of 0.41, 0.39, and 0.57 mL/min/nmol for gefitinib and 0.24, 0.21, 0.31 mL/min/nmol for erlotinib. CYP2D6 was involved in gefitinib metabolism (Cl max , 0.63 mL/min/nmol) to a large extent, whereas CYP1A2 was considerably involved in erlotinib metabolism (Cl max , 0.15 mL/min/nmol). Both drugs stimulated CYP3A-mediated midazolam disappearance and 1-hydroxymidazolam formation in liver and intestinal microsomes. Conclusions: Gefitinib is more susceptible to CYP3A-mediated metabolism than erlotinib, which may contribute to the higher apparent oral clearance observed for gefitinib. Metabolism by hepatic and extrahepatic CYP1A may represent a determinant of pharmacokinetic variability and response for both drugs. The differential metabolizing enzyme profiles suggest that there may be differences in drug-drug interaction potential and that stimulation of CYP3A4 may likely play a role in drug interactions for erlotinib and gefitinib.
Channel characterization methods using dipulse extraction

We present dibit extraction with a nonlinear representation of the readback signal in terms of a finite Volterra series. We show that the extracted dibit response is the linear combination of the cyclically shifted Volterra kernels. Then we explore several implications of this to dibit extraction and system characterization such as the indistinguishability of physical mechanisms from output observation, bandwidth expansion, and requirements on the length of the pseudorandom binary sequences that arise when viewing the system in the wider context of the finite Volterra series.
Getting at MYC through RAS

The discovery of oncogenes provided insight into the molecular underpinnings of cancer and suggested the promise of novel molecular strategies for cancer treatment as highlighted in this issue by Yaari et al. and by Bishop previously ([1][1], [2][2]). However, only recently have effective drugs that
Aeromonas Septicemia After Medicinal Leech Use Following Replantation of Severed Digits

Medicinal leeches are used to control venous congestion. Aeromonas in the leech gut are essential for digestion of blood. This case report describes a patient who had Aeromonas bacteremia develop after leeching. He had an injury to his hand that required replantation of his thumb. Following the surgery, leech therapy was started with ampicillin-sulbactam prophylaxis. Sepsis developed. Blood cultures were positive for Aeromonas that were resistant to ampicillin-sulbactam. The antibiotic was changed to ciprofloxacin on the basis of the sensitivity profile of the organisms. Cultures from the leech bathwater confirmed it as the source of the Aeromonas. Clinicians who use leech therapy must be aware that leeches can harbor Aeromonas species resistant to accepted prophylactic antibiotics and that sepsis may occur.
The cytochrome c gene proximal enhancer drives activity-dependent reporter gene expression in hippocampal neurons.

The proximal enhancer of the cytochrome c gene (Cycs) contains binding sites for both cAMP response element binding proteins (CREB) and Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1 (NRF1). To investigate how neuronal activity regulates this enhancer region, a lentivirus was constructed in which a short-lived green fluorescent protein (GFP) was placed under the transcriptional control of the Cycs proximal enhancer. Primary hippocampal neurons were infected, and the synaptic strengths of individual neurons were measured by whole cell patch clamping. On average the amplitude of miniature postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) was higher in brighter GFP+ neurons, while mEPSC frequencies were not significantly different. Inhibiting neural activity by applying a GABAA receptor agonist increased GFP expression in most neurons, which persisted after homeostatic synaptic scaling as evidenced by a decrease in the amplitude and frequency of mEPSCs. Removing the CREB binding sites revealed that calcium influx through L-type channels and NMDA receptors, and ERK1/2 activation played a role in NRF1-mediated transcription. CREB and NRF1 therefore combine to regulate transcription of Cycs in response to changing neural activity.
An Exploratory Study of the Valuation Properties of Cross‐Listed Firms' IAS and U.S. GAAP Earnings and Book Values

Despite the increasing integration of global capital markets, there is little evidence on the valuation properties of cross‐listed, non‐U.S. firms' accounting variables. We use the relative performance of the earnings capitalization, the book value, and the residual income valuation models to explore the valuation properties of International Accounting Standards and U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles earnings and book values reported by non‐U.S., cross‐listed firms trading in a common equity market. Using non‐U.S./non‐U.K. firms whose shares trade on the International Stock Exchange Automated Quotation system in London, we find that the earnings capitalization model is the dominant accounting‐based valuation model when crosslisted firms report under International Accounting Standards. In contrast, we find that when cross‐listed firms report under U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, the residual income model is the dominant accountingbased valuation model. Our exploratory study provid...
Impact of Annealing on the Thermoelectric Properties of Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 Films

Thermoelectric phenomena strongly influence the behavior of chalcogenide materials in nanoelectronic devices including phase-change memory cells. This paper presents the annealing temperature and phase dependent thermoelectric properties of Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 films including the thermoelectric power factor and the figure of merit. The Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 films annealed at different temperatures contain varying fractions of the amorphous and crystalline phases which strongly influence the thermoelectric properties. The thermoelectric power factor increases fom 3.2 μW/mK 2 to 65 μW/mK 2 as the crystal phase changes from face-centered cubic to hexagonal close-packed. The data are consistent with modeling based on effective medium theory and suggest that careful consideration of phase purity is needed to improve the figures of merit for phase change memories and potentially for thermoelectric energy conversion applications.
Controlling the mobility of multiple data transport ferries in a delay-tolerant network

As technology rapidly progresses, more devices will combine both communication and mobility capabilities. With mobility in devices, we envision a new class of proactive networks that are able to adapt themselves, via physical movement, to meet the needs of applications. To fully realize these opportunities, effective control of device mobility and the interaction between devices is needed. In this paper, we consider the message ferrying (MF) scheme which exploits controlled mobility to transport data in delay-tolerant networks, where end-to-end paths may not exist between nodes. In the MF scheme, a set of special mobile nodes called message ferries are responsible for carrying data for nodes in the network. We study the use of multiple ferries in such networks, which may be necessary to address performance and robustness concerns. We focus on the design of ferry routes. With the possibilities of interaction between ferries, the route design problem is challenging. We present algorithms to calculate routes such that the traffic demand is met and the data delivery delay is minimized. We evaluate these algorithms under a variety of network conditions via simulations. Our goal is to guide the design of MF systems and understand the tradeoff between the incurred cost of multiple ferries and the improved performance. We show that the performance scales well with the number of ferries in terms of throughput, delay and resource requirements in both ferries and nodes.
The construction of HIV/AIDS in Indian newspapers: a frame analysis.

India has the largest number of people living with HIV/AIDS in Asia and the second largest in the world after South Africa (UNAIDS, 2004). The Indian media play an important role in the social construction of the HIV/AIDS problem nationally. This article uses grounded theory and the concept of media framing to understand the manner in which Indian newspapers make sense of the HIV/ AIDS problem. Specifically, this analysis focuses on the multiple and oftentimes competing frames and resources used by stakeholders with respect the following topical categories (a) severity of HIV/AIDS in India, (b) causes and solutions, and (c) beliefs about who is at risk. The discussion elaborates on the tensions that emerge within the discursive space with respect to the HIV/AIDS frames.
The Sleuth approach to aerospace software testing

Domain based testing (DBT) is a test generation method based on two concepts from software reuse, the domain analysis and domain modeling. Instead of using domain models for reuse, they serve as a structure to generate tests. In general, DBT forms a family of test generation methods. Each member of the family defines a domain analysis and a domain model for each problem domain or class of software. To show these principles, we define a domain analysis and domain model for systems with a command-language interface. The analysis exploits information from the command language, and the domain model stores syntax and semantic information needed for test case generation. We develop a four-part test generation process model to support automated test generation. We also describe an interactive test generation tool called Sleuth. Sleuth supports domain based testing, follows our test process model, and provides utilities to reuse test cases. >
Reliable decentralized integral-action controller design

Reliable stabilizing controller design with integral-action is considered for linear time-invariant, multi-input-multi-output decentralized systems with stable plants. Design methods are proposed to achieve reliable closed-loop stability with integral-action in each output channel for asymptotic tracking of step-input references applied at each input. The design approaches guarantee stability and integral-action in the active channels when all controllers are operational and when any of the controllers is set equal to zero due to failure.
Hieronymus Bosch's Venetian St. Jerome

Summary The St. Jerome panel of Hieronymus Bosch's triptych of the Hermit Saints in the Ducal Palace, Venice reveals an entirely new conception of the theme that unites his own Northern symbolism with Italian stylistic characteristics and motifs. In particular, comparisons with St. Jerome images by Jacopo Bellini provide compelling evidence for Leonard Slatkes’ suggestion of a Venetian journey for Bosch around 1500. This fusion of traditions combined with Bosch's creative intermingling of Jerome's temptations in the desert and the wickedness of Bosch's own world create an ingenious warning and provide a righteous example for the viewer to emulate.
Longitudinal Change in Performance on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Older Adults

Objective: The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a brief screening measure commonly used to determine cognitive status among older adults. Despite the popularity of the MoCA, there has been little research into how performance on the MoCA changes over time in healthy older adults. Methods: The present study examined a sample of older adults (n = 53) recruited for a longitudinal study of healthy aging. Change in total MoCA score at three time points (baseline, 12 months, and 48 months) and scores from the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status at five time points (RBANS; baseline 12 months, 24 months, 36 months, and 48 months) were assessed using repeated measures analyses. Results: Total MoCA score significantly increased across time, particularly between the first and second administrations. Scores did not significantly differ between the second (12 month) and third (48 month) administrations. When grouped by baseline performance, individuals who scored low at baseline s...
Electric Poling-assisted Additive Manufacturing Process for Lead-free Piezoelectric Device Fabrication

Abstract This paper presents a new additive manufacturing method based on electric poling process often used in many polymeric materials processing for lead-free piezoelectric device fabrication. This is to directly and continuously print piezoelectric devices from Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymeric filament rods under a strong electric field and mechanical stretching along the filament core. Piezoelectric devices were fabricated and its crystalline phase transition was measured by using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscope. The results demonstrate that increasing the electric field increases the piezoelectric crystalline phase transitions and results in a device with higher current output under stress. This technique can be used to fabricate fully 3D freeform structured piezoelectric devices for sensing, actuator and energy harvesting applications with a simple, low cost, integrated processing and fabrication step.
Copper(I) oligomers and polymers with dicyanobenzene and cyanopyridine ligands

Abstract The reaction of [Cu(MeCN)4]BF4 with o-, m-, or p-dicyanobenzene (DCB) or o-, m-, or p-cyanopyridine (CPy) in the presence of two equivalents of PPh3 produces DCB- or CPy-bridged copper(I) complexes. Cyclic dimers are formed for the ortho ligands, and zigzag polymers are formed using the para ligands. m-DCB produces a polymer, however m-CPy results in a cyclic trimer. Multiple lattice-bound solvates are formed upon crystallization of the o-DCB dimer from various solvents. A total of 11 X-ray crystal structures are reported for [Cun(PPh3)2n(bridge)n](BF4)n·(solvent): bridge = o-DCB, n = 2, solvent (per dimer) = none, ½ CH2Cl2, CH2Cl2, 2 CHCl3/H2O, or 2 THF; bridge = m-DCB, n = ∞, solvent = none; bridge = p-DCB, n = ∞, solvent = CH2Cl2 (two polymorphs), bridge = o-CPy, n = 2, solvent (per dimer) = 2 toluene; bridge = m-CPy, n = 3, solvent = none; bridge = p-CPy, n = ∞, solvent = ½ acetone. All complexes are photoluminescent with excitation in the range 340–400 nm. The meta complexes emit in the blue region, while the other complexes emit in the green. Dimer complexes of o-DCB exhibit structural flexibility in the central macrocyclic ring. Complexes of m-DCB and p-CPy show orientational disorder in the ligand. Polymeric complexes show helicity. Smaller Stokes shifts are noted for DCB than for CPy complexes, suggesting less excited state distortion for cyanoaromatic ligand complexes of Cu(I).
Oxidation-reduction state of Fe and extractable K in a whole soil.

The oxidation-reduction state of Fe in some pure clays affects the extractability of K, but the magnitude of the effect in whole soils is largely unexplored. Samples of a Hoytville soil (fine, illitic, mesic Mollic Epiaqualf ), taken from undrained and artificially drained sites in Ohio, were amended with 0, 50, or 100 mg K kg -1 , and either moistened with 140 g kg -1 water or flooded for incubation. After each of two sequential incubation periods, samples were taken from wet soils and immediately air-dried, and were also taken from soils air-dried over 11-13 days. Samples were analyzed for Fe (II), ammonium-acetate-extractable K, and Mehlich-3-extractable K. Neither extractant reliably detected increases in extractable K due to K additions. The Mehlich 3 extractant removed more K from samples than did ammonium acetate. Small but inconsistent, changes in Fe (II) concentration due to treatment were noted. Differences in extractable K concentrations between samples were not generally related to differences in Fe (II) concentrations.
Interleukin-6-Type Cytokines In Vivo: Regulated Bioavailability

Investigators have traditionally thought of the class of inflammation- and injury-associated cytokines in large part as "free" entities in the peripheral circulation. In the case of interleukin-6 (IL-6), the cytokine can be found in blood in complexes of molecular mass 400-500, 150-200, and 25-35 kDa in association with binding proteins that can include soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R), anti-IL-6, and anti-sIL-6R IgG, and others. Sustained high levels of different particular IL-6 complexes are observed in the human circulation in cancer patients subjected to particular active anticancer immunotherapy regimens. In the "chaperoned" state, circulating IL-6 complexes display differential immunoreactivity in different ELISAs and possess differential biological activity as assayed ex vivo. The discovery of "chaperoned" circulating IL-6 in humans points to a new level of modulation of cytokine function, that of regulated bioavailability of IL-6 in vivo.
Internal pudendal flap anoplasty for severe anal stenosis. Report of a case.

PURPOSE: A technique for introducing anoderm into the anal canal is described. METHODS: An internal pudendal flap was used. RESULTS: This technique was totally successful in alleviating anal stenosis and maintaining fecal continence. CONCLUSION: Internal pudendal flap should be in the armamentarium of the colon and recal surgeon for treating severe anal stenosis.
Study on Energy Efficiency Optimization Control for Coal Handling System in Power Station

On the basis of research on conveyor energy model,this paper analyzes problem of energy efficiency optimization for coal handling system by taking freight volume and tape speed as variables.Aiming at coal system,it introduces establishment of various constrained control models for top and bottom limitation for coal storage of bunker,total amount of coal,top limitation for freight volume and tape speed and carrying capacity of belt.In simulation study,it uses nonlinear programming method to get optimal solution,verify correction and effectiveness of optimization control method and propose realization method for optimization control strategy in present control system which is to put energy efficiency optimization into practical application.Practice shows that application of optimal control theory is able to promote energy efficiency of coal handling system in large-scale power station,reduce service power rate and realize energy-saving and emission reduction.
Application of ECC Arithmetic in Digital Signature

With its powerful functions of communications security,low consumption,high operation speed,ECC arithmetic has emerged good applicable future in digital signature domain.This paper analyzes the mathematic principle of ECC and its security,and puts forward the advantages of ECC arithmetic in digital signature domain.
Mammography, Clinical Breast Exam, and Pap Testing: Correlates of Combined Screening

This study examines the correlates of screening for both breast and cervical cancer combined in a single indicator. Data used were from the 1990 National Health Interview Survey of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. We used two indices to characterize the receipt of breast and cervical cancer screening among women 50-75 years of age. The first measure compared women who had three screening exams--clinical breast examination (CBE), mammography, and Pap test--in the past two years with those who had not received all three exams. The second measure compared women who had a Pap test and at least one breast screening exam (i.e., mammogram or CBE) in the previous two years with women who were underscreened. Age, level of education, smoking status, and access to health care were associated with both outcome measures. Black women were more likely to use screening services in the office setting (i.e., CBE and Pap), without a corresponding use of mammography. Nevertheless, more black than white women received a routine Pap test in combination with a CBE, a very positive trend with respect to the successful diffusion of at least two screening procedures among older black women. The data suggest that barriers to mammography screening remain even among women who are screened by CBE and Pap. Perhaps the biggest challenge is to educate primary care physicians and their patients to view different components of preventive health--CBE, Pap smear testing, breast self-examination, and mammographic screening--as equally necessary and interrelated. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): screening, mammography, cervical cancer, Pap, breast exam.
Relationships between Endocrine Traits and Life Histories in Wild Animals: Insights, Problems, and Potential Pitfalls

The endocrine mechanisms causing variation and plasticity in life history traits (e.g., development time, mass at birth/hatching, rate of postnatal growth, age or size at sexual maturity, litter or clutch size, annual survival, and lifespan) or fitness (annual or lifetime reproductive success) have recently garnered considerable interest. We review three issues facing studies that quantify relationships between endocrine traits and life histories or measures of fitness and describe possible solutions using insights from evolutionary ecology. We focus in particular on the steroid hormones glucocorticoids that are involved in the vertebrate neuroendocrine stress response. First, context-dependent associations between endocrine traits and life histories or fitness are widespread, and therefore, it is important to quantify how intrinsic or extrinsic factors modify these relationships. Second, studies in evolutionary endocrinology may aspire to quantify patterns of natural selection on endocrine traits, but this may not tell us how they influence fitness. Studies that also identify the actual targets of selection that the endocrine traits are influencing will be very useful. Third, environmental or intrinsic factors can cause co-variance between endocrine traits and life histories or fitness. This is problematic for interpreting the potential evolutionary consequences of selection on endocrine traits, but it can also produce divergent answers for relationships between endocrine traits and life histories or fitness depending upon whether the data are analyzed in an among- or within-year framework. Future long-term studies following uniquely marked individuals over their lifetime (longitudinal individual-based approach) in combination with experimental manipulations of the endocrine traits or environmental factors influencing both endocrine traits and life histories or fitness may help to produce new insights in evolutionary endocrinology despite these issues. This is an ambitious endeavor, and we briefly review some of the key issues facing such long-term studies and experimental manipulations of endocrine traits.
Biochemical and Genetic Studies on Sugar Transport in Bacteria

The mechanism of action of the semipermeable membrane is one of the fundamental problems in biology; this organelle distingushes between solutes of similar chemical structures and transports and retains those required for cell metabolism while removing undesirable metabolites. Perhaps the most important contribution to the understanding of the mechanism has been the application of bacterial genetics to the problem (1). These studies showed for the first time that membrane proteins (’permeases’) under specific genetic control were responsible for transport of carbohydrates across the cell membrane. Subsequent work has been aimed at isolating and characterizing the permease proteins, and in attempts to determine the mechanism(s) by which metabolic energy is coupled to the membrane-bound permeases.
Theory and measurement: Friedman and His Critics on the Theoretical Framework

Introduction This chapter considers what has come to be known as the debate over Friedman's monetary framework, which took place initially in a September/October 1972 JPE symposium and continued in a 1974 Brown University symposium. The debate was the culmination of the theoretical criticism of Friedman and Schwartz's work on money and business cycles. By the late 1960s they had published several major works from their National Bureau research project; Friedman had published a number of critiques of Keynesian analysis and of Keynesian inspired large-scale econometric models; he had challenged the efficacy of fiscal policy, which was a cornerstone of Keynesian “New Economics” in Washington; and he had sent forth a number of Chicago-trained monetary economists into leading academic institutions. There was a distinctive Chicago school of thought on money and monetary policy. Indeed, Friedman's interest and skill at communicating his views to the general public through forums such as his Newsweek column and debates such as with President Kennedy's chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors, Walter Heller, made the Chicago school famous outside as well as within academia. But within the community of economists, doubts remained about the theoretical underpinnings of the Chicago doctrine. Because the prevailing orthodoxy in macroeconomics was Keynesianism, and therefore most of Friedman's critics identified themselves as Keynesians, Friedman and his critics alike tended to set the distinctive ideas emanating from Chicago in opposition to Keynesianism.
Diagnostic Tests for Impotence: A Comparison of Papaverine Injection with the Penile-Brachial Index and Nocturnal Penile Tumescence Monitoring

AbstractThe diagnostic usefulness of nocturnal penile tumescence monitoring, penile-brachial index and intracorporeal injection of papaverine (60mg. in 20ml. normal saline) was compared in 43 impotent men. Intracorporeal pressure was measured with a pressure transducer. Based on turgidity, and the time of onset and duration of erection, we classified the impotence as psychogenic/neurogenic (normal vascular competence), mild or severe arteriogenic, or venogenic.The intracorporeal injection of papaverine was useful as a functional diagnostic test for impotence. The penile-brachial index, an indirect measurement of the flaccid penis, did not correlate well with the results of the papaverine test. A poor response to papaverine injection documents organic impotence and, under these circumstances, nocturnal penile tumescence monitoring is not necessary.We conclude that the intracorporeal injection of papaverine currently is the best screening technique for the differential diagnosis of vasculogenic impotence.