cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strongly-coupled dusty plasmas

Summary form only given, as follows. When micron-size particulates are introduced into a plasma, they acquire electric charges due to collecting ions and electrons. Because the charge can be very large, up to hundreds of thousands of electron charges, these particulates are generally strongly coupled. That is to say, their inter-particle potential energy is greater than their thermal kinetic energy, which is typical of liquids and solids, rather than the reverse, which is typical of mast gases and plasmas. The background electrons and ions remain weakly coupled. One application of dusty plasmas is to make a macroscopic model system for liquids and solids. Each micron-size particle represents an atom. Because the particles are large enough to scatter light efficiently and they are slow, it is straight-forward to image the particle structure and dynamics, by eye and by video camera. Frames from a videotape are captured onto a computer to identify particle locations. These are processed using structural analysis techniques developed previously by experimenters working with another model system, aqueous suspensions of microspheres. This yields the inter-particle bonds, Voronoi cells, and translational and bond-angle correlation functions. From these, one can determine the state of matter: liquid, intermediate melting phase, or crystalline. In our experiments, we levitate 6 /spl mu/m diameter plastic microspheres in a low power (/spl ap/1 W) low pressure (/spl ap/1 Torr) krypton discharge formed by capacitively-coupled 13.56 MHz rf power. The microspheres are levitated about 2 mm above a horizontal electrode, near the plasma-sheath boundary. The microspheres cooled to room temperature by drag on the neutral gas. A sheet of laser light passes through the cloud of microspheres to illuminate it for video imaging.
Searching for Signs of Intelligent Life: An Investigation of Young Children's Beliefs About Robot Intelligence

Children's worlds are increasingly populated by intelligent technologies. This has raised a number of questions about the ways in which technology can change children's ideas about important concepts, like what it means to be alive or smart. In this study, we examined the impact of experience with intelligent technologies on children's ideas about robot intelligence. A total of 60 children aged 4 through 7 were asked to identify the intellectual, psychological, and biological characteristics of 8 entities that differed in terms of their life status and intellectual capabilities. Results indicated that as children gained experience in this domain, they began to differentiate robots from other familiar entities. This differentiation was indicated by a unique pattern of responses about the intellectual and psychological characteristics of robots. These findings suggest that experience may yield a more highly developed viewpoint that reflects an appreciation of the distinctions between biological life, machin...
Black Women and White Women in Groups: Suggestions for Minority-Sensitive Group Services on University Campuses

Similarities and differences between group dynamics of one all-Black-woman's support group and one all-White-woman's support group are presented and discussed in terms of future implications for university counseling center program development.
Mental Health Treatment Seeking Among Older Adults With Depression:: The Impact of Stigma and Race

Objective: Stigma associated with mental illness continues to be a significant barrier to help seeking, leading to negative attitudes about mental health treatment and deterring individuals who need services from seeking care. This study examined the impact of public stigma (negative attitudes held by the public) and internalized stigma (negative attitudes held by stigmatized individuals about themselves) on racial differences in treatment-seeking attitudes and behaviors among older adults with depression. Method: Random digit dialing was utilized to identify a representative sample of 248 African American and white older adults (older than 60 years) with depression (symptoms assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9). Telephone-based surveys were conducted to assess their treatment-seeking attitudes and behaviors and the factors that impacted these behaviors. Results: Depressed older adult participants endorsed a high level of public stigma and were not likely to be currently engaged in or did they intend to seek mental health treatment. Results also suggested that African American older adults were more likely to internalize stigma and endorsed less positive attitudes toward seeking mental health treatment than their white counterparts. Multiple regression analysis indicated that internalized stigma partially mediated the relationship between race and attitudes toward treatment. Conclusion: Stigma associated with having a mental illness has a negative influence on attitudes and intentions toward seeking mental health services among older adults with depression, particularly African American elders. Interventions to target internalized stigma are needed to help engage this population in psychosocial mental health treatments.
Telephone-delivered psychosocial intervention reduces burden in dementia caregivers:

The objective of this study was to examine the preliminary efficacy of Family Intervention: Telephone Tracking — Dementia (FITT-D), a multi-component intervention that is delivered in 23 telephone ...
Psychometric Note on England's Personal Values Questionnaire

There is an increasing interest in the role of values in understanding organizational behavior. One of the most often used instruments is England's Personal Values Questionnaire (I), a 66-item measure of five categories of values: business goals (e.g., high productivity, industry leadership, organization growth), personal goals (e.g., achievement, money, power), groups of people (e.g., unigns, customers, stockholders), personal characteristics (e.g., honor, aggressiveness, conformity), and, general topics (e.g., competition, religion, emotions). Despite its use little information about the psychometric properties is available. An important quality of a measurement scale is its reliability or consistency over time. This seems especially important for personal values as Rokeach (2) has suggested that values are enduring and conristent beliefs which guide human behavior. England's questionnaire, however, seems more a measure of manager's values or the values associated with a certain occupation and its success, than it does enduring individual values. For this investigation the questionnaire was administered to 103 college business majors upon their graduation and then approximately one year later. The test-retest reliabilicies were for PVQ-over-all .l7; for business goals .14; for personal goals .23; for groups of people .18; for personal characteristics .13; for general topics .14; and for PVQoperative .15. While all these correlations were statistically significant (# < .05), they accounted for very small amounts of variance. These findings suggest that the values measured by the questionnaire are somewhat stable but probably not sufficiently so to be termed "enduring individual beliefs." Perhaps the low reliabilities relate to che relatively modest organizational or life experience of the sample. England's (1) respondents were considerably older, with more work experience, and all were in managerla1 positions. The Personal Values Questionnaire items seem likely to be sens~tive to respondents' characteristics such as age, socialization, and organizational environment.
Adherence to anti-psychotic medications and health behavior theories

Although most persons with serious mental illness benefit from anti-psychotic medications, many choose not to adhere to prescribed medication regimens. In this paper, we use health behavior (HB) theories to explain the phenomenon of noncompliance and pose corresponding interventions that might ameliorate the problem. Two factors from HB theories - value expectancies (perceptions of the cost and benefits of a disorder and its treatment) and social support (interactions with health care providers and family support) - were juxtaposed with the cognitive and social disabilities that result from psychosis and its treatment in the public mental health system. The combination of HB factors and disabilities was a useful heuristic for explaining noncompliance, as well as the positive impact of putative interventions that might improve adherence. Implications of this model for a HB paradigm that explains adherence to treatments in general are proffered.
Study of Cell Metabolic Activities Using Fluorescence Microscopy

In the present study, cultured normal rat microvessel endothelial cells are first used to explore the feasibility of studying the cell metabolic activities by detecting autofluorescence intensities. A mercury lamp is used to induce autofluorescence emissions in cells. Under an excitation wavelength of 360nm, the emissions peak at 470 nm corresponds with the autofluorescence signature of NAD(P)H, the concentration of which has been linked to the metabolic rate of the cell. A relation between the emission intensity and the NAD(P)H concentration is established. Based upon the results and observations of the endothelial cells, a protocol is developed for studying the autofluorescence of other cultured cells. It has been long known that cancer cells divide much more rapidly than normal cells depending on the degree of the tumor malignancy. The differences in metabolic rates of normal and cancerous breast cells are explored as they relate to autofluorescence emissions at different wavelengths and intensities. The comparison results can be used as a guideline to determine whether cells are cancerous. At a tissue level, laser excitation is probably needed to obtain measurable autofluorescence signals. The potential of autofluorescence measurement as a breast cancer diagnostic tool is discussed.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Effect of preparation parameters on the initial size distribution function in oil-in-water emulsions

Abstract A three-level, six-parameter statistical study has been made of the effect of various parameters on the initial size distribution function of oil-in-water emulsions. The emulsions were prepared in an emulsator consisting of two 15-ml. hypodermic syringes connected by a double-hubbed needle, the liquid being forced back and forth through the needle by air pressure on the syringe ram. The following parameters were studied: 1. 1. Number of passes through needle orifice; 2. 2. Orifice area; 3. 3. Air pressure; 4. 4. Phase volume ratio; 5. 5. Concentration of emulsifying agent; 6. 6. Hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB). The distribution functions were determined photomicrographically, and the data analyzed in terms of the average particle size and standard deviation. Interestingly, the only major first-order effects on the average particle size arises from the number of passes and the air pressure; in the case of the standard deviation, the orifice area is significant as well. In addition, certain second-order and cross terms are of minor importance.
Postpartum Depression: A Nursing Perspective on Women's Health and Behaviors

Postpartum depression is examined from different disciplinary perspectives including obstetrics, psychiatry, psychology and nursing. These perspectives are compared in relation to knowledge development, research designs and interventions for clinical practice. Nursing's contributions to understanding women's health and behaviors are highlighted in three areas: exploring women's experiences with symptoms of depression; delineating the character of women's affective changes during childbearing; and further study of another form of symptom distress conceptualized as dysphoria. Three alternative hypotheses are presented as new directions for future nursing research.
A Polyculture System for Commercially Important Marine Species with Special Reference to the Lobster (Homarus americanus)1

Increased efficiency and productivity can be achieved in aquaculture systems which contain several species occupying different levels of the food chain, utilizing waste products from the cultured organisms as well as available food. Two systems are described which use secondary-treated sewage effluent as a nutrient source to grow unicellular algae and to produce, in the same system, several commercially-important species such as the oyster (Crassostrea virginica), the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), and the lobster (Homarus americanus). Food for the marketable species grows naturally and abundantly in these systems, eliminating the major recurring cost in commercial aquaculture.
Adolescent influence in family purchase decisions: An update and cross-national extension

Abstract This research provides an update and extension of previous work on adolescent influence in family purchase decisions by assessing influence across decision phases using samples of both American and Chinese adolescents. Contrary to previous findings, we find that adolescent influence at the decision stage is not lower than at the initiation stage in both the U.S. and Chinese samples, suggesting that adolescents in our current sample have considerable power in family decision making. We also found that adolescents' self-reported influence is largely consistent with their parents' perceptions of their children's influence. Further, we found no differences in adolescent influence between the U.S. and Chinese samples across all stages of the family purchase decision, as well as no gender effects in either sample. We conclude with a discussion of the findings and suggestions for further research.
Infectious diseases in pediatric transplantation: review of the literature 2007-2008

After the first decades in the history of (pediatric) transplantation which focused on finding proper surgical techniques and the best immunosuppressive regimen, infections have been increasingly recognized as important for survival and quality of life in transplant recipients, and many researchers work on either decreasing the risk for infection or treating it (or both). This not exhaustive review of the scientific articles published between 2007 and 2008 looks from the infectious diseases point of view at the most exciting information for different types of transplanted organs. It reviews new approaches to frequent infections, such as BK virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and adenoviral infections but also to Aspergillus and mold infections, which are linked with high mortality rates in transplant recipients. It also examines novel markers to discriminate between infection and rejection. Comments to each manuscript have been added, but we strongly encourage the reader to refer to the original work for more in depth evaluation.
Compliance with PASARR Recommendations for Medicaid Recipients in Nursing Homes

OBJECTIVE: To determine the rate of compliance with placement and mental health recommendations of the preadmission screening and annual resident review (PASARR) program. DESIGN: A retrospective observational study using PASARR screening forms to identify recommendations of inpatient psychiatric care for people needing more care than nursing homes provide, alternate disposition for individuals needing less than nursing home level care, and recommendations for new mental health services when needed but not provided. Service use as indicated in Medicaid billing data during the following year was used to determine receipt of service. PARTICIPANTS: All Washington state Medicaid recipients screened from 1992 through 1993. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Compliance rates for placement and service recommendations. RESULTS: Inpatient psychiatric care was recommended for four of the 523 Medicaid recipients (0.8%), all of whom received it. Screeners recommended alternate dispositions in 131 (25%) subjects, and compliance occurred in 29% of these. Recommendations for new services were made in 310 (59%) cases. Compliance rates averaged 35%, ranging from 73% for medication recommendations to 7% for consultation. Depressed individuals were less likely to receive recommended services. CONCLUSIONS: Many individuals needed additional mental health services but did not receive them, and a significant minority of patients could have been given an alternate disposition but rarely were.
Bridging divergent neural models of recognition memory: Introduction to the special issue and commentary on key issues

This special issue reviews progress that has been made in recent years in understanding neural processing relevant for recogni- tion memory. Here we describe how the nine reviews that comprise this issue weigh in on some of the most pressing and hotly debated issues in the study of recognition memory, including: (1) the number of processes that support recognition, (2) the nature of these proc- esses, and (3) how these processes map onto neural processing events and brain structures. We then discuss the challenges inherent in attempting to incorporate the fundamentally different types of infor- mation that result from various cognitive neuroscience methods (e.g., electrophysiological recordings of neurons, lesion-deficit studies, anal- yses of brain potentials and activations, modeling of behavioral responses, and phenomenological reports), and make suggestions for how to better integrate these disparate data types when making infer- ences about recognition memory. As the articles in this special issue make clear, great strides have been made in understanding how organ- isms are able to appreciate repetition. And yet, several controversies in this area have still not been resolved, but these articles clarify the core disagreements as well as the tests that must be conducted to seek resolution. This special issue as a whole should thus facilitate advance- ments in the future study of the neural mechanisms of recognition. V C 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Construction of a transportable, multi-pass compiler for extended Pascal

This paper describes the implementation of an extended Pascal compiler on the TI 990 minicomputer, the TI 980 minicomputer, and the IBM System 370. The compiler was designed to be as machine independent as possible; the parser and machine independent optimizer are parameterized so they are identical at the source code level for all machines. The paper describes the language modifications and extensions to Pascal, the parser, the optimizer, and the code generators. In addition, the intermediate language utilized is discussed at length.
A Dual-Gain Design for the Geostationary Synthetic Thinned Array Radiometer

A new geometry for synthetic aperture radiometers is presented which increases the distance between adjacent elements in the array without changing the visibility sample density in the u-v plane. This provides room for higher elemental antenna gain, which improves both the overall system sensitivity and alias rejection in the synthesized image-both critical requirements for the Earth observing application. The geometry is derived from the simple Y -array geometry by shifting alternate elements within an otherwise linear array arm into two or more rows of antennas. The resulting system largely retains the same hexagonal sample grid in the u-v plane of the visibility function, yet allows for an elemental antenna aperture that is physically larger than the u-v sample spacing. Only the shortest visibility baselines are lost, and a small dedicated low-gain array must be added to the system to recover these baselines. The radiometer is thus divided between a large high-gain array and a small low-gain array. Since the sensitivity (delta-T) of the system is dominated by that of the large array, this approach greatly improves the overall system sensitivity-in this letter, by a factor of 9 (or, equivalently, factor 81 integration time).
Evaluation of computerized detection of pulmonary embolism in independent data sets of computed tomographic pulmonary angiographic (CTPA) scans

Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA) has been reported to be an effective means for clinical diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE). We are developing a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system for assisting radiologists in detection of pulmonary embolism in CTPA images. The pulmonary vessel tree is extracted based on the analysis of eigenvalues of Hessian matrices at multiple scales followed by 3D hierarchical EM segmentation. A multiprescreening method is designed to identify suspicious PEs along the extracted vessels. A linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifier with feature selection is then used to reduce false positives (FPs). Two data sets of 59 and 69 CTPA PE cases were randomly selected from patient files at the University of Michigan (UM) and the PIOPED II study, respectively, and used as independent training and test sets. The PEs that were identified by three experienced thoracic radiologists were used as the gold standard. The detection performance of the CAD system was assessed by free response receiver operating characteristic analysis. The results indicated that our PE detection system can achieve a sensitivity of 80% at 18.9 FPs/case on the PIOPED cases when the LDA classifier was trained with the UM cases. The test sensitivity with the UM cases is 80% at 22.6 FPs/cases when the LDA classifier was trained with the PIOPED cases.
Enzyme-Linked immunosorbent assay of core antigens for clinical diagnosis of influenza

A solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with monoclonal secondary antibodies was used to detect matrix protein and nucleoprotein of influenza A. The sensitivity of the ELISA for highly purified A/Brazil nucleoprotein and matrix protein was 0.05 and 1.0 ng, respectively. Nasal washes from 10 of 20 adult subjects with culture-proven, naturally acquired infection caused by A/Brazil/11/78-like influenza virus were positive in the test, and 2 of 13 subjects with rhinovirus infection were falsely positive. To determine if ELISA results could be improved, nasal washes were obtained from 21 adult volunteers who had been inoculated intranasally with wild-type A/Korea/1/82 (five subjects) or A/Korea recombinants with matrix protein or RNA-2 protein of A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (16 subjects), and the nasal washes were processed by a variety of methods. Prompt addition of sodium azide to the nasal washes to limit bacterial growth, avoidance of freezing, and the use of an antiproteolytic agent all failed to improve ELISA results noticeably. Under the best conditions, ELISA was positive in only 12 of the 21 experimentally infected subjects and in 1 of 15 uninfected controls. Positive ELISA results in experimentally infected subjects correlated significantly with the titer of live virus in the nasal washes (r = +0.506; P less than 0.001). Detection of gradient-purified whole influenza virus or isolated core antigen in ELISA was inhibited by prior incubation with nasal washes, and the inhibitory activity was only partly decreased by heat treatment of the secretions. At present, the use of ELISA for detection of influenza antigens in respiratory secretions is not sufficiently sensitive or specific for routine laboratory diagnosis of influenza.
50 Can the effects of ocean warming on temperate reef communities be accurately predicted? lessons from a large scale, long term field experiment in central California

One of the most commonly predicted effects of global ocean warming on marine communities is a poleward shift in the distribution of species with an associated replacement of cold-water species by warm-water species. Such predictions are imprecise and based largely on broad correlations in uncontrolled studies that examine changes in species composition and abundance relative to seawater temperature. Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) analyses of the effects of a large thermal discharge shows that an induced 3.4 deg. C rise in seawater temperature over 10 years along 2 km of rocky coastline resulted in significant community-wide changes in 150 species of algae and invertebrates relative to controls. Contrary to predictions from biogeographic models, there was no trend towards warm-water species with southern geographic affinities replacing cold-species with northern affinities. Instead, communities were greatly altered in apparently cascading responses to changes in abundance of several habitat-forming taxa, particularly subtidal kelps (e.g. Pterygophora californica) and intertidal foliose red algae (e.g. Mazzaella flaccida). Many temperature sensitive algae decreased greatly in abundance, whereas many invertebrate grazers increased. The results indicate that the responses of temperate reef communities to ocean warming can be strongly coupled to direct effects on habitat-forming taxa and indirect effects operating through ecological interactions. Given our understanding of temperate reef ecology and its local variability, the results also suggest that accurate predictions of the effects of global ocean warming will be difficult to make.
Intramolecular electron transfer: Simple theory of purely electronic effects

Within a given simple model hamiltonian of extended Huckel, Hubbard or CNDO type, we derive, using perturbation theory, an expression for the effective transfer rate of an electron or hole from one region within the molecule to another. Vibronic interactions, though crucial to the real, observed rate process, are ignored for present purposes; rather, attention is focused on comparative electronic effects. Perturbation theory is used to derive relations for effective transfer integrals. Application to mixed valence dimeric systems as well as to substituted biphenyl derivatives is suggested. Brief comparison with other treatments is outlined.
Students' transition from an engineering model to a science model of experimentation

This study investigates the hypothesis that when children are engaged in science experiments, the goal of which is to understand relations among causes and effects, they often use the engineering model of experimentation, characterized by the more familiar goal of manipulating variables to produce a desired outcome. Sixteen fifth- and sixth-graders worked on two experimentation problems consistent with the engineering and science models, respectively. The context in which these problems were framed was also varied, to encourage adoption of either an engineering or science model. Over six 40-min sessions, the group achieved significant increases in the percentages of inferences about variables that were both correct and valid. Improvement was greatest for those who began with the engineering problem and then went on to the science problem. The science model was associated with broader exploration, more selectiveness about evidence interpreted, and greater attention to establishing that some variables are not causal. The findings suggest that research on scientific inquiry processes should attend not only to the science content students are reasoning about, but also to their beliefs about the goals of inquiry.
Fish pharming: zebrafish antileukemia screening

In this issue of Blood , Ridges et al report the first successful use of a medium throughput zebrafish screen to identify novel compounds effective against human leukemia.[1][1] The zebrafish, historically a robust developmental patterning model, has in recent years begun to show its strength as a
Novel Multiprotein Complexes Identified in the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus by Non-denaturing Fractionation of the Native Proteome

Virtually all cellular processes are carried out by dynamic molecular assemblies or multiprotein complexes, the compositions of which are largely undefined. They cannot be predicted solely from bioinformatics analyses nor are there well defined techniques currently available to unequivocally identify protein complexes (PCs). To address this issue, we attempted to directly determine the identity of PCs from native microbial biomass using Pyrococcus furiosus, a hyperthermophilic archaeon that grows optimally at 100 °C, as the model organism. Novel PCs were identified by large scale fractionation of the native proteome using non-denaturing, sequential column chromatography under anaerobic, reducing conditions. A total of 967 distinct P. furiosus proteins were identified by mass spectrometry (nano LC-ESI-MS/MS), representing ∼80% of the cytoplasmic proteins. Based on the co-fractionation of proteins that are encoded by adjacent genes on the chromosome, 106 potential heteromeric PCs containing 243 proteins were identified, only 20 of which were known or expected. In addition to those of unknown function, novel and uncharacterized PCs were identified that are proposed to be involved in the metabolism of amino acids (10), carbohydrates (four), lipids (two), vitamins and metals (three), and DNA and RNA (nine). A further 30 potential PCs were classified as tentative, and the remaining potential PCs (13) were classified as weakly interacting. Some major advantages of native biomass fractionation for PC identification are that it provides a road map for the (partial) purification of native forms of novel and uncharacterized PCs, and the results can be utilized for the recombinant production of low abundance PCs to provide enough material for detailed structural and biochemical analyses.
A LYCOPODIACEOUS STROBILUS FROM THE POCONO SANDSTONE OF PENNSYLVANIA

Although several instances are known of the occurrence of lycopodiaceous fossils in the pre-Coal Measures rocks of North America evidences of their fructifications are exceedingly rare. For this reason a specimen recently found in the Pocono sandstone and which shows some of its internal organization is of considerable interest. This specimen, along with several other plant fossils, was discovered during the summer of I93I in a small quarry about one and one half miles northeast of Port Allegany, McKean County, Pennsylvania. After they were collected these fossils had come into the possession of Mr. J. C. Galloway of Port Allegany, who, appreciating their possible scientific value, very kindly submitted them to the present author for study. Unfortunately the strobilus had undergone no petrifaction, with the consequence that many of the outstanding features of its internal organization were lost or hopelessly obscured. On the other hand certain structural features are preserved in a remarkable fashion. The strobilus, as shown in text figure i, measures one and three-eighths by four inches. The sides are nearly parallel and the apex is bluntly rounded. Attached to it is a stout peduncle, about three inches long but incomplete, which appears to have had a pith. Whether or not this peduncle bore bracts cannot be determined, but the straightness of it suggests that the strobilus was originally borne in an upright position. The upper half of the strobilus had undergone very little decay and the partial obliteration of the structure was caused rather by the severe flattening to which the strobilus had been subjected. A lengthwise split through this upper portion had exposed the axis (as shown in text fig. i) and by carefully removing some of the attached sporophylls with a small chisel the sporangia could be removed. These sporangia are radially elongated and still retain their spores, but whether they are attached to the upper surfaces of the sporophylls by their full lengths as is characteristic of some lycopods or whether they are attached distally to specialized sporangiophores as in the Calamariae or in Cheirostrobus or distally to the sporophyll as in Spencerites, could not be determined. It is assumed, however, that the former situation existed since there is considerable evidence that the strobilus is lycopodiaceous and belongs to the Sigillariae. The sporophylls are a little more than half an inch long and are borne at right angles to the axis. They are in whorls about three-sixteenths of an inch
Allocation of Cadaver Kidneys: New Pressures, New Solutions

Equitable allocation of human cadaver kidneys is complex and challenging, both from the ethical and scientific points of view. It is based on the principles of distributive justice and medical utility. However, the optimal application of ethical principles will require further resolution of medical issues that currently focus on the number of transplants for a single patient, six antigen matches, lesser degrees of HLA matching, marginal recipients, various positive crossmatch situations, and cold ischemia time. New HLA matching techniques and enhanced computer organ allocation systems have the potential to surmount racial differences and increase significantly the number of compatible renal allografts.
A dielectric theory for amorphous semiconductors

A theory of the dielectric constant arising from electrons in localised states is developed. The theory applies to randomly distributed states, such as they might occur in disordered solids, impurities in crystalline semiconductors, polymer aggregates and other materials. The theory includes many-electron effects. These, it is shown, are under certain circumstances equivalent to the classical local field effect. A practical solution of the local field problem is given for arbitrarily shaped polarizable centres which are randomly distributed in space. The orientation, however, need not be random. The theory should be particularly useful where highly non-spherical polarizable centres are encountered. It is shown that for such cases the theory can be applied to much higher densities of polarizable centres than the Clausius-Mossotti formula. Attention is paid primarily to the d.c. dielectric constant. However, the frequency dependence is found for a simple case of interacting centres. The results indicate that the interaction lowers the frequency range of the dispersion. The relevance to the problem of d.c. conductivity is briefly discussed.
Microscopic observations of amalgams carved by different methods and subsequently polished

Although burnishing after the curving of an amalgam restoration may enhance the surf ace texture, subsequent polishing is necessary to achieve a better result. Occlusal amalgam restorations placed in extracted deciduous molars were studied using an electron microscope. The fillings were carved only or both carved and burnished, and all were subsequently polished. Observations were made before and after polishing, and the results emphasized the effects of carving, burnishing, and polishing on the surface texture and marginal integrity of amalgam fillings.
Intraflagellar transport: the eyes have it.

Unlike most organelles, which are surrounded by cytoplasm, the flagellum protrudes from the cell surface extending tens or even hundreds of microns into the external medium. This elongated organelle must import all the macromolecules required for its assembly, maintenance, and function including >
The Ranschburg effect: Stimulus variables and scoring criterion*

The influence of stimulus variables on recall of intraserially repeated items was investigated with a parametric manipulation of the rate of presentation (.4, .8, or 1.6 sec/item), modality of presentation (auditory or visual), and sequence length (7 or 10 items long). The results indicated that the Ranschburg effect, poorer recall of repeated items than of corresponding control items, is relatively insensitive to stimulus manipulations. The Ranschburg effect was found to be localized primarily at the position of the second occurrence of the repeated item. The influence of the repeated items did not generalize to the other (nonrepeated) items of the sequence. Differences in the Ranschburg effect as a function of the scoring criterion were discussed. The results were interpreted as being consistent with a guessing bias interpretation of the Ranschburg effect.
Dynamics and storage of brine in mid‐ocean ridge hydrothermal systems

[1] Mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems are known to vent fluids with salinities substantially different from seawater as a result of phase separation and segregation of the resulting vapor and brine phases. Time series of vent temperature and salinity (chlorinity) show that some black-smoker vent fields such as the Main Endeavour Field on the Juan de Fuca Ridge have vented fluids with salinities well below seawater for over a decade, which raises important questions concerning the fate of brines in these systems. One widely accepted model is that high-density brines formed by supercritical phase separation sink to the base of hydrothermal systems, leading to the development of a two-layer system in which a recirculating brine layer underlies a single-pass seawater cell. We first present theoretical arguments to constrain the dynamics of such a deep brine layer in a system still undergoing phase separation, and we conclude that if brines are stored in a basal layer, they are unlikely to convect because they will be stably stratified. One consequence of this result is that the brine layer beneath black smoker systems has to be thin (<10 m) to match the high heat fluxes. However, estimates of the rate at which brines are accumulating in the crust below the main field on the Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge suggest that the brine layer is likely at least 100 m thick. To resolve this apparent paradox, we propose an alternative model. We argue that interfacial tensions between fluid and solid phases will likely favor the segregation of vapor into the main fractures and brine into the smaller fissures and backwaters. This allows the vapor to flow efficiently through the system and transport large heat fluxes while most of the porosity in the lower part of the system fills with brines. It is generally believed that the pressure gradients in mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems are close to cold hydrostatic. At the high temperatures and pressures characteristic of the deeper parts of these systems, brines with salinities as high as 20 wt % NaCl have densities around 800–900 kg m−3 and will be buoyant in a cold-hydrostatic system. Rather than sinking to the base of the system, it is possible that brines produced by supercritical phase separation rise slowly until they reach a level of neutral buoyancy as they cool or enter high-permeability regions in which the pressure gradients decrease.
Electrical Analogy of Gas Diffusion in Closed-Cell Foams:

Evaluation de la diffusion d'hydrocarbure fluore 11 (gonflant) hors de l'alveolaire au cours du vieillissement
Salmonella species and Campylobacter jejuni cecal colonization model in broilers.

Abstract Salmonella and Campylobacter are of concern to the poultry industry because of the continuing association of poultry-borne transmission of these diseases to humans. Live, mature bird interventions can be demonstrated only by comparing colonization in nontreated groups of control birds with treated bird groups. This study attempted to create a reproducible broiler chicken colonization model. When chicks were challenged 2 d posthatch with both Salmonella and Campylobacter, cecal colonization was achieved. By 4 wk posthatch, Salmonella counts per gram of cecal content diminished to very low or nondetectable levels. Campylobacter counts remained high throughout the test period. To achieve the goal of creating a mature bird Salmonella intestinal colonization model, oral treatment of 10 to 25 mg of vancomycin was given to 4-wk-old broilers, and 3 h later a composite of 3 Salmonella isolates were gavaged into the chickens. Birds were sampled 1 and 2 wk later. The data indicated that colonization was achieved at levels of 106–7 cfu g−1 of cecal materials (at wk 5) and >102 to 104 cfu g−1 of cecal materials (at wk 6).
RIT's new minor in free and open source software and free culture (abstract only)

This poster will briefly show and describe the five year history of FOSS course offerings and projects in the School of Interactive Games and Media that led to the development of the minor and then diagram and describe the Minor's design and content. It will show how the Humanitarian focus of the student work, beginning with the development of educational games for the One Laptop per Child and Sugar communities built a foundation for the minor. It will then discuss the design of the minor, how the required courses leading to advanced electives also prepare students to become contributors and, potentially, project leaders within Free and Open Source Software and Free Culture communities within the students' own academic specializations. It will diagram the paths that both technical and non-technical students can take to succeed in completing the minor.
Cardiovascular changes after bilateral nephrectomy

Patients with chronic renal failure necessitating long-term hemodialysis and/or consideration for renal transplantation often have significant hypertension. Though most patients can be successfully managed with antihypertensive medications, some patients are either resistant to aggressive management or demonstrate sufficient liability to make medication dosage difficult. Bilateral nephrectomy has been advocated as an adjunctive mode of therapy in such patients. Hypertension might be ameliorated or controlled completely if the chronically diseased kidneys had contributed to hypertension. Further, bilateral nephrectomy may be considered as an adjunctive form of therapy to aid in the management of patients with certain end-stage diseases. Indications include a wide spectrum from life-saving nephrectomy in patients with Goodpasture’s Syndrome [5] to the removal of huge polycystic kidneys to allow room for placement of a renal homograft [I 11. In general however, the largest group of patients in whom this measure is indicated are those with significant hypertension uncontrollable by aggressive dialysis and antihypertension medications [l, 8, 9, lo]. Such patients may even require emergency nephrectomy [8]. The perioperative care of patients with significant hypertension makes understanding of the relationships between the factors controlling stroke volume difficult. Distribution of extracellular volume, the relationship between intravascular volume and ventricular filling pressures, stroke volume and cardiac work, as well as the effects of increased afterload are difficult to predict with any accuracy in patients maintained on hemodialysis and receiving antihypertensive medications. With the advent of practical, precise cardiovascular monitoring, all important variables can be accurately measured and calculated. In addition, the actual effect of bilateral nephrectomy on the interrelationships between cardiac output, blood pressure, and peripheral resistance can be documented. Finally, in the case of hypotension or other cardiovascular abnormalities, appropriate interventions based on the demonstrated abnormalities could be instituted.
Positional information and preference aggregation

A new version of independence (I+) is proposed for social welfare functions based on the following notion of agreement. Two weak orders R and R’ on a finite set S agree on a pair {x,y}, denoted by if R|{x,y} = R’|{x,y} and [z R*x and z R*y for some z∈S] if and only if [z’ (R’)* x and z’(R’)*y for some z’∈S]. The last part says that x and y are strictly under z with respect to R exactly when x and y are strictly under z’ with respect to R’. Some examples and results on social welfare functions that satisfy (I+), Pareto, and nondictatorship are given.
Uptake, incorporation and metabolism of (3H)triolein in the isolated perfused rabbit heart

The purpose of these experiments was to study the uptake and metabolism of exogenous triglyceride in the isolated perfused rabbit heart. When infused into the rabbit heart, [9,10-3H(N)]triolein was retained and incorporated into a lipid fraction that had the chromatographic mobility of authentic triolein. Incorporation of labeled triolein was not likely to be the result of a lipoprotein lipase-mediated lipolysis/resynthesis cycle, since: (i) The distribution of radioactivity following administration of [3H]oleic acid was markedly different from the distribution of radioactivity following the administration of [3H]triolein; (ii) heparin was administered to the rabbits at the time of sacrifice; and (iii) the hearts were perfused with a protein-free buffer for 20 min prior to the labelling period. When isoproterenol was administered to hearts labelled with [3H]triolein, there was an increased output of total radioactivity, composed of labelled free fatty acids, diacylglycerol and monoacylglycerol. In these same hearts, there was an increased output of glycerol in response to isoproterenol. However, following the administration of bradykinin or angiotensin II, neither the radioactivity nor the glycerol content of the perfusate was changed. These data suggest that [3H]triolein is selectively incorporated into the triglyceride pool of the isolated perfused rabbit heart. Furthermore, this [3H]triolein is available to hormonally-activated lipolytic enzymes.
Resonant Versus Sub-Resonant Operation of a MEMS Heat Engine

The operation of a MEMS-based micro heat engine at resonant and sub-resonant conditions is presented. Both model and experiments are used to investigate resonant and sub-resonant operation of the engine. In this work, we look at the pressure-volume diagrams of an engine operated at resonance and sub-resonance. Model predictions of the PV diagram are in favorable agreement with measured data. The results show that resonant operation is beneficial. At resonance, the pressure and volume in the engine cavity are decoupled and more mechanical work is observed. The PV diagram describes an elliptical shape. However, for an off-resonant operation the pressure and volume become more coupled and less mechanical work is observed. The PV diagram is described by a sigmoidal shape.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
An Analysis of Natural Mentoring Relationship Profiles and Associations with Mentees’ Mental Health: Considering Links via Support from Important Others

We explored associations between natural mentoring relationship profiles and young adults’ life satisfaction and symptoms of depression via participants’ perceived support from important others accounting for participants’ perceived support and mental health prior to the onset of their natural mentoring relationships. Participants included 396 young adults (57 % female; mean age = 30.97, SD = .6), the majority of whom identified as Black or African American (79 % Black, 18 % White, 3 % Biracial). Most participants had completed high school but few participants (13 %) had completed degrees from 4 year institutions. We used a latent profile approach to identify natural mentoring relationship profiles and employed structural equation modeling to test our study hypotheses. Slightly over half of study participants (53 %) reported the presence of a natural mentor in their lives since the age of 14. Results suggest that natural mentoring relationships characterized by high levels of relational closeness and either extended relationship duration or frequent contact may promote improvements in psychological well-being among mentees over time via greater experiences of social support from important others.
Highly efficient solar cells based on poly(3-butylthiophene) nanowires.

Poly(3-butylthiophene) (P3BT) nanowires, prepared by solution-phase self-assembly, have been used to construct highly efficient P3BT/fullerene nanocomposite solar cells. The fullerene/P3BT nanocomposite films showed an electrically bicontinuous nanoscale morphology with average field-effect hole mobilities as high as 8.0 × 10−3 cm2/Vs due to the interconnected P3BT nanowire network revealed by TEM and AFM imaging. The power conversion efficiency of fullerene/P3BT nanowire devices was 3.0% (at 100 mW/cm2, AM1.5) in air and found to be identical with our similarly tested fullerene/poly(3-hexylthiophene) photovoltaic cells. This discovery expands the scope of promising materials and architectures for efficient bulk heterojunction solar cells.