cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The population-dynamic functions of seed dispersal

We summarize some of the population-dynamic consequences of the mosaic structure of plant populations for the evolution of seed dispersal. A fairly elaborated set of theoretical ideas exist regarding the evolution of dispersal and we have synthesized some of them in an attempt to make them more accessible to field ecologists. We consider the relationship of these general theoretical ideas to our understanding of fruit and seed dispersal.
The Sage as Strategy: Nodes, Networks, and the Quest for Geopolitical Power in the Confucius Institute

China's “Confucius Institute” (CI) project, which has sought to establish Chinese language programs around the world, has been widely criticized as strengthening China's geopolitical influence. This essay will examine the impact of the CI project by drawing upon Castells's theory of cultural nodes, which explores the power dynamics between and among nations in a global, technologically oriented society. Specifically, the essay will argue that the Confucius Institute project's greatest impact lies not as a propaganda device, but rather in the attempt to develop a network of “Confucian nodes,” or sites of symbolic Chinese cultural capital, to enhance the geopolitical influence of China.
Reconsidering the Great Compromise at the Federal Convention of 1787: Deliberation and Agenda Effects on the Senate and Slavery

Conventional accounts of the Federal Convention of 1787 point to the many different compromises made at the convention, specifically the Great Compromise on representation and the Three-Fifths Compromise on slavery. Often these compromises are treated as separate events, the result of deliberation leading to moderation of delegate positions (presumably among the key states of Massachusetts and North Carolina). However, by applying the techniques of roll-call analysis, we find this traditional account is at best incomplete and probably misleading. While the Massachusetts delegation's behavior seems consistent with a moderation hypothesis, we find evidence that the other crucial vote for the Great Compromise—from North Carolina—is inconsistent with moderation, but can be linked through the agenda to the Three-Fifths Compromise over slavery, taxation, and representation. We conclude by arguing that this reconsideration of some of the convention's key votes should cause political scientists and historians to reevaluate how they see the compromises at the convention.
Deuteron photodisintegration: Impulse approximation and gauge invariance

We study the question of whether calculations of deuteron photodisintegration respect gauge invariance, and show that the impulse approximation is in severe disagreement with gauge invariance. The method in which Siegert's theorem is implemented is consistent with gauge invariance to within ten percent. We introduce a modification of the impulse approximation in which the current is conserved exactly. For deuteron photodisintegration this method yields essentially the same results as that of Partovi. Our method can easily be applied to electron- or neutrino-nucleus scattering.
Juxtarenal infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm. Special diagnostic and therapeutic considerations

Juxtarenal infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms are defined as those aneurysms that involve the infrarenal abdominal aorta adjacent to or including the lower margin of renal artery origins. The misinterpretation of findings at exploratory operation or special studies may suggest renal artery involvement and result in abandonment of operation and/or referral to distant centers, thus delaying treatment. This report is concerned with 101 patients with a median age of 68 who had such aneurysms, all referred with a diagnosis of renal or visceral arterial involvement either after exploratory operation (32), because of aneurysmal size (12), or due to misinterpretation of special studies (57). Computed tomographic (CT) scans, ultrasounds, and aortograms in the anterio-posterior projection frequently suggested renal artery involvement due to the fact that the upper end of aneurysm frequently lay over the renal artery origins due to infrarenal aortic elongation and buckling of the aorta at the renal artery level. The true nature of the lesion was best demonstrated by aortography performed in the lateral position. The operation producing the best results was one performed through a midline abdominal incision. The aorta is cross-clamped at the diaphragm and the proximal anastomosis is performed from inside the aneurysm at the renal artery level. The graft then is clamped and the other clamp removed to restore flow in the visceral vessels while the distal anastomosis is completed. Early survival occurred in 93% of patients employing the operation, despite the fact that other conditions frequently were present: renal insufficiency in 19, rupture in seven, renal artery occlusive disease in 20, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 34, and hypertension in 77.
Rat Brain Binds Adrenal Steroid Hormone: Radioautography of Hippocampus with Corticosterone

Tritiated corticosterone injected subcutaneously into adrenalectomized male rats 1 hour before killing produced intense labeling of the hippocampus in radioautograms prepared by a method that reduced or prevented diffusion of the radioactive material. The pyramidal neurons of the cornu ammonis and the granule neurons of the gyrus dentatus contained more radioactivity than did other regions of the brain; however, the intensity of labeling varied among adjacent neurons. The nuclei of many neurons were clearly labeled but radioactivity was relatively sparse in the cytoplasm, in the axons where they branch from cell bodies, and in adjacent neuropil.
Plate Orientation Effect on the Inductance of Multi-Layer Ceramic Capacitors

Various multi-layer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) geometries with horizontally and vertically oriented plates are modeled to determine the equivalent series inductance. It shows that the plate stack location and dimensions (independent of plate orientation) are the most significant factors affecting the inductance.
Effects of ultraviolet light irradiation and heat-shocks on cell division in synchronized Tetrahymena.

Abstract The division of synchronized Tetrahymena pyriformis (strain W) irradiated with low doses of ultraviolet light is delayed if the irradiation is administered during the first 30 min after the end of the synchronizing treatment. After a short period of transition, division in most cells is not delayed even by relatively high doses. The delay induced by a particular low dose administered at any time up to the transition to insensitivity is essentially constant. The division of synchronized cells is delayed by heat-shocks (34 ± 0.1 °C, for 20 min) applied at any time up to approximately 60 min after the end of the synchronizing treatment. After this time, for any single cell in a sample, there is an instantaneous transition to heat-shock insensitivity. The delays in cell division induced by heat shocks increase with time from the end of the synchronizing treatment, attaining a maximum just before the transition to insensitivity. The two different transition times in the responses of synchronized cells to UV on the one hand and to heat shocks on the other are interpreted as representing the completion of two different processes in the final preparation of the cells for division. The qualitative and quantitative differences between the responses to UV and to heat shock suggest that two different division-essential substances are involved, one sensitive to UV and one to heat. Some evidence is presented that suggests that the completion of the heat-sensitive process depends upon the UV-sensitive process.
Liberation or Oppression?—Western TESOL Pedagogies in China

In this article, we examine power relations in College English teaching in China, focusing on the symbolic capital of English as a global language. Framing our discussion with Bourdieu's concept of symbolic capital and a review of literature, we problematize the importation of pedagogies from Western countries to China and argue that seemingly liberating pedagogies, such as the communicative language teaching approach, can be turned into a form of oppression of both the instructors and the students. Drawing on Freire's critical pedagogy, we propose that a truly liberating pedagogy should be based on a dialogical relationship between policy-makers, teachers, and students in consideration of the specific economic, social, and cultural backgrounds of the students and teachers.
Concept-concept association information integration and multi-model collaboration for multimedia semantic concept detection

The recent development of the digital camera technology and the popularity of social network websites such as Facebook and Youtube have created huge amounts of multimedia data. Multimedia information is ubiquitous and essential in many applications. In order to fill the gap between data and application requirements (or the so-called semantic gap), advanced methods and tools are needed to automatically mine and annotate high-level concepts to assist in associating the low-level features to the high-level concepts directly. It has been shown that concept-concept association can be effective in bridging the semantic gap in multimedia data. In this paper, a concept-concept association information integration and multi-model collaboration framework is proposed to enhance high-level semantic concept detection from multimedia data. Several experiments are conducted and the comparison results demonstrate that the proposed framework outperforms those approaches in the comparison in terms of the Mean Average Precision (MAP) values.
Bortezomib Combination Therapy in Multiple Myeloma

Bortezomib was approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) in 2003. Since then several bortezomib-based combination therapies have emerged. Although some combinations have been preceded by preclinical investigations, most have followed the inevitable process in which active (or potentially active) drugs are combined with each other to create new treatment regimens. Regimens that have combined bortezomib with corticosteroids, alkylating agents, thalidomide, and/or lenalidomide have resulted in high response rates. Despite the higher and often deeper response rates and prolongation of progression-free survival with bortezomib-based multiagent regimens, an overall survival (OS) advantage has not been demonstrated with most combinations compared to the sequential approach of using anti-myeloma agents, particularly in patients less than 65 years of age with newly diagnosed myeloma. The unique properties of some of these regimens can be taken into account when choosing a particular regimen based on the clinical scenario. For example, the combination of bortezomib, thalidomide, and dexamethasone (VTD) has particular value in renal failure since none of the drugs need dose modification. Similarly, the combination chemotherapy regimen VDT-PACE (bortezomib, dexamethasone, thalidomide, cisplatin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide) is of particular value in patients presenting with aggressive disease such as extramedullary plasmacytomas or plasma cell leukemia. Ongoing clinical trials are testing combinations of bortezomib with several other classes of agents, including monoclonal antibodies, and inhibitors of deacetylases, heat shock proteins, phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway and farnesyl transferase.
Stereochemical aspects of forcing special substrate hydrazides to behave either as electrophiles or as nucleophiles during catalysis by crude papain

Abstract Restriction of hydrazides of N-blocked amino acids mainly to electrophilic action, in acylating crude papain, has been achieved by means of a large amount of aniline, with formation of insoluble anilides of N -acylamino acids. Similarly, nucleophilic behavior, on the part of a hydrazide, has been promoted by introducing a large proportion of an N -acylamino acid to produce an insoluble N 1 ,N 2 -diacylhydrazine. Achiral, chiral and racemic hydrazides and their corresponding N -acylamino acids were utilized in the study. Among the more informative combinations of reactants were Z - dl -alanine hydrazide with aniline and then with Z -glycine. A stereospecific response in the former situation produced Z - l -alanine anilide. In the latter case, a stereoselective interaction produced Z -Gly-NHNH- l Ala- Z more rapidly than Z -Gly-NHNH- d -Ala- Z . The final incubation period yielded an optically pure D product. Differences in stereochemical control have been delineated in terms of different spatial aspects for interactions at the S and S′ subsites of sulfhydryl proteolytic enzymes. A racemic reactant encountered firm stereospecificity as an electrophile at the S subsite but only modest stereoselectivity as a nucleophile at the S′ subsite. The ready availability of crude papain allows an effective procedure for the synthesis of substantial quantities of diacylhydrazines.
The Library as a Support System for Students.

For many students who have a mild to moderate learning, emotional, social, or mental problems, the school librarian is an unparalleled resource, and the library becomes a refuge and an important su...
The distribution and average order of the coefficients of Dedekind ζ functions

Abstract Let K/ Q be an algebraic number field and ζK(s) be the associated Dedekind ζ function. A quantitative estimate is proved which shows that the average order of the coefficients of ζkm(s) (for m ∈ Z +) arises from infrequent occurrences of very large values of these coefficients. This leads to new Ω-estimates for the associated error terms, improving results of Szego and Walfisz.
Calcium Ionophore Polarizes Ooplasmic Segregation in Ascidian Eggs

Calcium ionophore A23187 promotes ooplasmic segregation and orange crescent formation in eggs of the ascidian Boltenia villosa. When eggs were exposed to a gradient A23187 the orange crescent was induced to form in the region corresponding to the highest concentration of ionophore. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that a local increase in intracellular calcium polarizes cytoplasmic localization in the ascidian embryo.
The interrelationship between thermal and olfactory stimulation in the development of home orientation in newborn kittens

The presence of a thermal gradient in the home cage and its use in home orientation was studied in kittens from shortly after birth to 2 weeks. Responses on a thermal gradient outside the home cage were also studied. With the home region and a freshly washed cage floor either cooled or warmer, kittens were placed in the adjacent corner or the home. In one study kittens chose between a cooled home and a warmed diagonal region. On a thermal gradient kittens exhibited thermotaxic turning and thermokinetic response. Kittens initially used either thermal or olfactory cues to reach the home but began to use only olfactory cues towards the end of the 1st week. Similarly, warmth in the home region caused "settling" during the 1st week but thereafter warmth and olfactory cues were most effective. Kittens chose the cooled home region more often than the warmed diagonal corner responding to olfactory over thermal cues.
Polymer Optical Waveguide Based Single Mode Connector for Silicon Photonics Packaging

We realized a passively aligned waveguide connector for a silicon photonic chip packaging. We used lithographically defined top clad patterning to realize fine alignment grooves which mate with notches in the ferrule passively.
Topical anti-inflammatory activity of Polygonum cuspidatum extract in the TPA model of mouse ear inflammation

This study tested the ability of a characterized extract of Polygonum cuspidatum (PCE) to inhibit mouse ear inflammation in response to topical application of 12-O- tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). A 50% (wt:vol) ethanolic solution of commercial 200:1 PCE was applied to both ears of female Swiss mice (n = 8) at 0.075, 0.15, 0.3, 1.25 and 2.5 mg/ear 30 min after TPA administration (2 μg/ear). For comparison, 3 other groups were treated with TPA and either 1) the vehicle (50% ethanol) alone, 2) indomethacin (0.5 mg/ear), or 3) trans-resveratrol (0.62 mg/ear). Ear thickness was measured before TPA and at 4 and 24 h post-TPA administration to assess ear edema. Ear punch biopsies were collected at 24 h and weighed as a second index of edema. Myeloperoxidase activity was measured in each ear punch biopsy to assess neutrophil infiltration. PCE treatment at all doses significantly reduced ear edema compared to the TPA control. The PCE response was dose-dependent and 2.5 mg PCE significantly inhibited all markers of inflammation to a greater extent than indomethacin (0.5 mg). MPO activity was inhibited at PCE doses ≥ 1.25 mg/ear. Trans- resveratrol inhibited inflammation at comparable doses. PCE inhibits development of edema and neutrophil infiltration in the TPA-treated mouse ear model of topical inflammation.
Robust interconnects and packaging for microfluidic elastomeric chips

A stable, rugged, and easy-to-use microfluidic platform has been developed and evaluated. The system is based on multilayer silicone elastomer chips with integrated flow channels and active components, such as pressure-actuated valves. The silicone chips and stainless steel interconnect tubes are embedded in a block of an epoxy resin to give the chip and the interconnects outstanding mechanical stability. Full optical accessibility of the chip for demanding optical detection and manipulation applications, such as fluorescence and bright-field microscopy and optical tweezing, is achieved through the use of an optically transparent epoxy resin and microscope cover glasses as the packaging materials. Furthermore, this packaging technique uses a purely mechanical seal between the elastomer and cover glass, enabling applications that use chemically functionalized glass surfaces as the bottom of the flow channels. In addition, a socket was developed in which the microfluidic chips can be plugged in to provide a...
Some physical considerations for unusual atmospheric lights observed in Norway

In this paper, some unusual atmospheric lights observed in Norway have been explained as the results of nonlinear wave-particle interactions based on turbulent plasma theory and wave-vortex interaction as well as laboratory experiments on rocks. The paper also points out that the atmospheric lights have provided evidence for the vortex structure of fireballs and for the physical mechanism of wave-particle interaction for the formation of plasma ball lightning and solitons.
Does the judicious use of safety behaviors improve the efficacy and acceptability of exposure therapy for claustrophobic fear

Exposure therapy is traditionally conducted with an emphasis on the elimination of safety behaviors. However, theorists have recently suggested that the judicious use of safety behaviors may improve the tolerability of this treatment without reducing its efficacy. The present study tested this notion by randomly assigning participants with high claustrophobic fear to receive a single-session intervention with or without access to safety aids during early exposure trials. Improvement was generally equivalent between the treatment conditions, and no reliable benefits or drawbacks were associated with the judicious use of safety behaviors. The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
A discrete-ordinates solution for radiative-transfer models that include polarization effects

Abstract A recently developed version of the discrete-ordinates method is used along with elementary numerical linear-algebra techniques to establish an accurate solution for all components in a Fourier representation of the Stokes vector basic to the scattering of polarized light. Computational aspects of the solution are discussed, and numerical results for each of the four Stokes parameters are given for a test case based on an atmosphere of randomly orientated oblate spheroids.
Infrastructure for Web-based application integration

Over the last couple of years application integration has taken a central position in the business world. Application integration deals with integrating computing environments within and between companies and depends on connectivity provided by the intranet and Internet respectively. Application integration is typically referred to as EAI (e-business application integration). The article sketches first the evolution of business computing and EAI. The major elements of a modern EAI technology, are the focus of the discussion, with special attention to Web based application integration. Finally, the article points to some interesting research topics.
Femtomolar detection of prostate-specific antigen: an immunoassay based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering and immunogold labels.

A novel reagent for low-level detection in immunoadsorbent assays is described. The reagent consists of gold nanoparticles modified to integrate bioselective species (e.g., antibodies) with molecular labels for the generation of intense, biolyte-selective surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) responses in immunoassays and other bioanalytical applications. The reagent is constructed by coating gold nanoparticles (30 nm) with a monolayer of an intrinsically strong Raman scatterer. These monolayer-level labels are bifunctional by design and contain disulfides for chemisorption to the nanoparticle surface and succinimides for coupling to the bioselective species. There are two important elements in this label design; it both minimizes the separation between label and particle surface and maximizes the number of labels on each particle. This approach to labeling also exploits several other advantages of SERS-based labels: narrow spectral bandwidth, resistance to photobleaching and quenching, and long-wavel...
Influence of age and physical training on measures of cardiorespiratory and muscle endurance

This study describes associations between age, physical training and measures of muscle and cardiorespiratory endurance. The subjects were 5079 healthy male soldiers aged 18–53 years from 14 Army installations in the United States. The subjects completed as many push-ups as possible in 2 min, as many sit-ups as possible in 2 min, and performed a timed 3.2-km run. The training level was assessed by asking the subjects two questions about the frequency (times each week) and duration (hours each week) of their physical training. For all three performance events there were significant declines with age, but at a given age, groups that trained more demonstrated higher performance levels than groups that trained less. For the 3.2-km run, the age-associated rate of performance decline was less in the groups that trained more, and greater amounts of training resulted in progressively less performance decline with age. For push-ups and sit-ups, the training level did not systematically influence the age-related rate of performance decline. The results suggest that tasks involving different hysiological systems may be influenced differentially by age and training. Training may slow age-associated performance declines in tasks requiring cardiorespiratory endurance but not in tasks requiring muscle endurance.
1137 CATHETER-RELATED INFECTION IN INFANTS DUE TO AN UNUSUAL LIPOPHILIC YEAST - MALASSEZIA FURFUR

Malassezia furfur, a lipophilic yeast of the genus Pityrosporum, causes tinea versicolor and only rarely invasive infections. Between Sept. 1983 and Aug. 1984, M furfur was isolated from blood cultures obtained during 5 episodes of suspected sepsis in 4 hospitalized infants with central venous catheters. The yeast usually qrew slowly and was not evident in broth unless subcultured on Sabouraud's medium with sterile olive oil. In 4 of the 5 episodes, a simultaneous buffy coat firam stain of blood from the central catheter also demonstrated the yeast. All patients had been hospitalized since birth and were receiving prolonged hyperalimentation therapy, including an intravenous fat emulsion. The infection generally presented as fever without focal findings; one afebrile infant developed episodes of apnea and bradycardia. Thrombocytopenia was a prominent finding in 3 of 4 patients. Patients responded rapidly to removal of the infected catheter and/or discontinuance of fat therapy. Amphotericin B was administered in three episodes. Since M furfur requires an exogenous source of long chain fatty acids for growth, the pathogenic potential of this yeast may be related to the introduction of intravenous fat therapy. This yeast infection may be more common than heretofore appreciated. Since routine cultures may be negative or growth may be poor, the use of buffy coat Gram stains and subcultures onto lipid enriched media should help greatly in its recognition.
Response of waterbird colonies in southern Louisiana to recent drought and hurricanes

Although hurricanes have been implicated in causing shifts in waterbird use of individual colonies, little is known about whether or not these effects are consistent across broader areas affected by a storm. We examined the effects of Hurricane Rita, and to a lesser extent Katrina, and a subsequent drought, on the nesting activity of waterbirds across colonies located in southern Louisiana. Using ground counts, we compared changes in numbers of nesting pairs between 2005 and 2006, the years encompassing the hurricanes and drought, with changes between 2004 and 2005. Following the hurricanes, colonies were more likely to become inactive or experience large shifts in numbers of nesting pairs, compared with the period before the hurricanes. Although one third of the surveyed colonies became inactive following the hurricanes, total numbers of nesting birds of most species increased. We hypothesize that these increases were the result of birds shifting from damaged to active colonies. Colony use was negatively associated with the maximum wind speeds experienced at each site, apparently as a result of damage to nesting habitat. There were no associations of colony use with either storm-related flooding or localized rainfall during the drought; however, this may be due to manipulation of water levels by management agencies. Our results suggest that monitoring colonies over a broad area is necessary to understand the influence of hurricanes on the nesting activity of waterbirds.
School bus routing using genetic algorithms

ABSTRACT The school bus routing problem involves transporting students from predefined locations to the schoolusing a fleet of school buses with varying capacity. The objective is to minimize the fleet size in addition tominimizing the distance traveled by the buses and the travel time of the students. As the school bus routingproblem belongs to the NP-complete class of problems, search strategies based on heuristic methods are mostpromising for problems in this class. GENROUTER is a system that uses genetic algorithms, an adaptiveheuristic search strategy, for routing school buses. The GENROUTER system was used to route school buses fortwo school districts. The routes obtained by GENROUTER system were superior to those obtained by the Cl-lOOSE school bus routing system and the current routes in use by the two school districts. 1. INTRODUCTION Genetic algorithms are adaptive heuristic search strategies based on the principles of population genetics.They have been used to solve a number of combinatorially explosive problems with successful results. Some of
Combination treatment of surgical, post‐traumatic and post‐herpetic scars with ablative lasers followed by fractional laser and non‐ablative laser in Asians

Background and objectives Scars are usually classified into atrophic scars, hypertrophic scars and keloids. This author would classify atrophic scars as a subclass of non-hypertrophic scars. In other words, non-hypertrophic scars encompass atrophic (depressed) scars and flat scars that are literally flat or protrude minimally above the level of adjacent normal skin, because the same treatment protocol can be used for each. It is speculated that ablative lasers can be used to sculpt the contour of scars or to remove a controlled amount of scar tissue, while at the same time, activating a regenerative cascade. On the other hand, fractional and non-ablative lasers stimulate and/or keep a proliferative phase on, together with other unique beneficial effects of each device. Patients and Methods Thirty non-hypertrophic facial scars of 24 Asian patients (Fitzpatrick's skin type III–IV) were treated with ablative lasers (pulsed CO2 and Er:YAG) followed by fractional (1,550 nm) laser and non-ablative (1,450 nm) laser alternatively every 2–3 weeks. Thirty-one pairs of pre- and post-treatment-photographs were evaluated independently by three dermatologists and two plastic surgeons, on a scale of 0–100% improvement. If there was no interval change, this was rated 0%. If there was no difference between the treated region and adjacent normal skin, it was rated 100%. The scars (20 post-traumatic, 6 surgical, 2 post-herpetic, 2 burn scars) were all over 6 months old. Results The evaluators rated an average improvement of 86.8% (median 90%). Ten of 31 pairs of photographs were rated 100%, one of which was unanimous. Each evaluator rated 2–5 pairs as having 100% improvement. Conclusion This study shows the possibility that, with appropriate combinations of different lasers, we can expect complete or near-complete resolution of many types of scars. Further research and data accumulation will help to establish better protocols for each class of scars. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:131–140, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Influence of prostate volume and percent free prostate specific antigen on prostate cancer detection in men with a total prostate specific antigen of 2.6 to 10.0 ng/ml.

Purpose: Percent free prostate specific antigen and prostate specific antigen density have been independently shown to increase the specificity of prostate cancer screening in men with prostate specific antigen levels between 4.1 and 10.0 ng/ml. Recent data suggest the total prostate specific antigen cutoff for performing a biopsy should be 2.6 ng/ml. We assessed the influence of percent free prostate specific antigen and prostate volume on cancer detection in men with a prostate specific antigen between 2.6 and 10.0 ng/ml.Materials and Methods: From 1991 to 2005 all transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsies (5,587) for abnormal digital rectal examination and/or increased age specific prostate specific antigen were evaluated. A total of 1,072 patients with a prostate specific antigen between 2.6 and 10.0 ng/ml and any percent free prostate specific antigen were included in study. The cancer detection rate was calculated for each percent free prostate specific antigen/volume stratum.Results: Prostate...
Seismic Response of Bridges with Rocking Foundations Compared to Fixed-Base Bridges at a Near-Fault Site

This paper numerically investigates the three-dimensional seismic response of six reinforced concrete bridges hypothetically located in Oakland, California, 3 km from the Hayward fault. Three of the bridges are 17 m tall and three are 8 m tall. Three types of column-foundation designs are studied: (1) columns that form flexural plastic hinges, which are conventionally designed according to CALTRANS seismic design criteria; (2) columns on rocking pile foundations that are designed to remain elastic; and (3) columns designed to remain elastic that are supported on rocking shallow foundations. The bridges with rocking foundations use lead rubber bearings at the abutments to enhance strength, stiffness, and hysteretic energy dissipation. Using two components of horizontal excitation, three-dimensional nonlinear response history analyses are performed for two seismic hazard levels with return periods of 975 and 2,475 years, respectively. At both levels of shaking, the conventionally designed bridges experience substantial inelastic deformations and damage in the columns, whereas the bridges with rocking foundations result in negligible structural damage and a nominally elastic response and small residual deformations.
Development and application of financial simulators for the fishing industry.

Abstract This paper outlines the basic components of the vessel simulator for other trawlers and presents selective results illustrating its use for policy analysis. It has proven difficult to monitor economic status of commercial fisheries because of technical, bureaucratic and cost considerations associated with survey procedures and the difficulty of timely acquisition of biological and harvest data, the author has developed an alternative approach which combines information from various data bases, including periodic surveys, and integrates them in a budgeting or ‘economic engineering’ approach. The result of these adaptations is a tool useful for extension education as well as for research policy evaluation. As an example the simulation program is used to evaluate the economic performance of the New England otter trawl fishing fleet during the period after the 200-mile limit was imposed. Other applications are suggested for financial advisors and investors.
The distribution of Fe and Mg between olivine and lunar basaltic liquids

Abstract We have examined the Fe and Mg distribution between coexisting olivine and lunar basaltic liquids produced by equilibrium partial melting of natural lunar samples. In agreement with the findings of Roeder and Emslie ( Contrib. Mineral. Petrol . 29 , 275–289) on terrestrial compositions, the logarithms of the conventional distribution coefficients, K ol - L Fe and K ol - L Fe - Mg , are nearly linear functions of inverse temperature; and the exchange coefficient, K D = K ol - L Fe - Mg , is nearly independent of temperature and composition within a given magma group. There are, however, small but significant differences in conventional and exchange distribution coefficients from one magma group to another, e.g. low-Ti vs high-Ti lunar basalts. It is possible to achieve slightly greater precision for the inverse temperature functions by including terms approximating silica activity in the conventional distribution coefficients. The term ( 2Si O ) L is apparently the best simple approximation for silica activity in olivine-saturated liquids based upon data for Fe, Mg, Mn, Ca, Ti and Cr. Pressure has noticeable effects upon Fe and Mg distribution between olivine and liquid only above 5 kbar. The excellent linear correlation of the logarithms of the distribution coefficients with inverse temperature allows calculation of approximate values of Δ H 0 for the reactions : 2 MgO L + SiO 2 L ai Mg 2 SiO 4 ol and 2 FeO L + SiO 2 L ai Fe 2 SiO 4 ol . Values obtained, approx −26 kcal/mole, are comparable with values of the heats of fusion of forsterite and fayalite calculated by Bradley ( Am. J. Sci. 260 , 550–554) and measured by Orr ( J . Am . Chem . Soc . 75 , 528–529). The exchange distribution coefficient for Fe and Mg, K D , is sensitive to large changes in liquid chemistry. Although K D is explicitly independent of silica activity, K D apparently changes with silica concentration. This change is a reflection of changes in the mixing properties of Fe and Mg in liquids with different chemistry and hence structure. Regular solution theory predicts that as the mixing properties of an element in a solution change, the most radical changes in activity coefficients occur in the range of dilute concentrations. Therefore, the distribution coefficients for trace elements will also be dependent upon large changes in liquid chemistry, even if corrections for silica and other liquid component activities are applied.
Impact of environmental temperature on optical power properties of intraocular lenses

Optical power properties of lenses and materials in general can be influenced by thermal changes of the material and surrounding medium. In the case of an intraocular lens (IOL) implant, the spherical power (SP), cylinder power, (CP), astigmatism, and spherical aberration are the critical fundamental properties that can significantly impact its efficacy. Directly evaluating how changes in temperature can affect these optical properties may show the importance of considering temperature when evaluating IOL optical characteristics. In this paper, we present a quantitative study on evaluating the impact of environmental temperature changes on IOL fundamental optical properties by testing IOL samples with different materials (e.g., hydrophobic and hydrophilic) and designs (e.g., monofocal and toric) to better encompass types of IOLs in conventional use today. The results from this study demonstrate that significant changes are observed as temperatures are changed from room temperature (20°C) to slightly above body temperature (40°C). Findings indicate that evaluating optical properties at arbitrary temperatures could significantly affect the characterization of IOLs that are already near the tolerance thresholds.
Cognitive Development and Teaching Business Ethics

This paper discusses how to use cognitive developmental psychology to create a business ethics course that has philosophical integrity. It begins with the pedagogical problem to be overcome when students are not philosophy majors. To provide a context for the practical recommendations, Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory is summarized and then the relationship between Kohlberg's theory, normative philosophy, and teaching is analyzed. The conclusion recommends strategies that should help overcome some of the vexing pedagogical problems mentioned in the first section. In particular, the approach is designed to teach an appreciation for the practical necessity of philosophy in a pluralistic society.
The ALIVE system: wireless, full-body interaction with autonomous agents

The cumbersome nature of wired interfaces often limits the range of application of virtual environments. In this paper, we discuss the design and implementation of a novel system, called ALIVE, which allows unencumbered full-body interaction between a human participant and a rich graphical world inhabited by autonomous agents. Based on results obtained with thousands of users, the paper argues that this kind of system can provide more complex and very different experiences than traditional virtual reality systems. The ALIVE system significantly broadens the range of potential applications of virtual reality systems: in particular, the paper discusses novel applications in the area of training and teaching, entertainment, and digital assistants or interface agents. We give an overview of the methods used in the implementation of the existing ALIVE systems.
Kinetics of a micelle specific palmitoyltransferase isoenzyme of rabbit mammary gland.

Palmityl-CoA: monopalmityl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate palmitoyltransferase [EC 2.3.1.-] in rabbit mammary gland microsomes is composed of two isoenzymic species. The α form (LPAT-α) is active with monomeric substrates and inhibited by micelles while the β form (LPAT-β) is active only with micelles. By combining the effects of time, temperature, and Tween 80 which selectively inhibited LPAT-α, the substrate saturation curve for the LPAT-β isoenzyme has been successfully determined. Both theoretical and experimental curves are in good agreement.
Assessing the Validity of the Self-Appraisal Questionnaire in Differentiating High-Risk and Violent Female Offenders

The Self-Appraisal Questionnaire (SAQ) holds promise as a self-report measure that predicts the risk of recidivism and assesses treatment needs for incarcerated populations. However, its validity has been questioned for use with females. Using a random sample of 543 incarcerated women, we assessed the validity of the SAQ by examining differences in scale scores and Receiver Operating Characteristic curves using multiple measures of violent behavior among women. Self-reported violence, versus a violent conviction, was a strong predictor of SAQ scores, but many of those in the most violent group did not meet the published cut scores that indicate treatment need, suggesting the need for adjusting these thresholds for women.
Age-related morphologic differences in the rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus: Male-female; right-left

Abstract This paper is one of a series presenting right-left differences in the morphology of the rat forebrain, but this presentation differs from the previous ones by offering agerelated changes in both sexes. Long-Evans rats were housed with the dam prior to weaning at 21 days of age and three to a cage thereafter. The ages of the animals studied were 6 to 7, 14, 21, 90, 180 to 185, 390 to 400, and 870 to 876 days. The thicknesses of the cerebral cortex and of the hippocampus were measured on microslide-projected images of thionin-stained sections. We learned that the cerebral cortex of the male rat was thicker on the right side than on the left at all ages in 41 of 42 measures, being statistically significant in 30 of 42 measures. Areas 10, 3 and 17 showed the most marked differences at all ages. In the female rat, laterality was not so well defined, but, in general, the left cerebral cortex was thicker than the right in 33 of 54 measures, but in only 5 of the 54 were statistically significant differences found. The right-left differences in the hippocampus followed the pattern of the cortical differences in the male and female rats. The right male hippocampus was thicker than the left at all ages, with greater differences noted in the younger than in the older groups. The female left hippocampus was thicker than the right, but only in the 90-day group was the difference significant.
Pulse-width dependence of the transmission of ultrashort optical pulses in germanium

The nonlinear transmission of ultrashort optical pulses (lambda = 1.06 ..mu..m) through a thin germanium sample has been measured as a function of pulse width. In contrast to the predictions of a recently proposed theoretical model and within the available resolution of this experiment, no pulse-width dependence is observed.
The Effect of Bile Acid on Lipid and Nitrogen Retention, Carcass Composition, and Dietary Metabolizable Energy in Very Young Chicks,

Abstract Heavy breed chicks fed isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing 7.6% tallow or one of four different hydrogenated animal and vegetable fats (HAVFs) at 6.2% retained 25% less lipid when 1 week of age than when 2 or 3 weeks of age. The addition of .04% sodium taurocholate (NaT) improved lipid retention most at 1 week of age but had no effect on retention of nitrogen. The apparent metabolizable energy (MEa) was 10% less for the chick 1 week of age, reflecting lower lipid and nitrogen retentions by the very young chicken. Percentages of carcass lipid and protein were lowest at 1 week of age (10.4%) and increased by the 3rd week (17%). The addition of NaT did not cause any significant changes in carcass composition. The data indicated that absorptive mechanisms for lipid and protein are not fully developed in the very young chick and that dietary bile salts tend to improve lipid but not nitrogen absorption.
Theory of particle formation and growth in oxide synthesis flames

Abstract This work discusses those factors which determine ultimate particle size in the synthesis of pyrogenic silica. Pyrogenic or fumed silicas are produced commercially through the combustion of a premixed stream of silicon tetrachloride, hydrogen and air. Because of their minute size, silica particles assume translational velocities and collision frequencies characteristic of large gas molecules. When chemical reaction and nucleation times are short relative to the total formation period; growth, theoretically, approaches a rate which is independent of the early history of the system and is determined solely by the frequency of Brownian collisions. Under these conditions, the logarithm of particle size is directly proportional to the logarithm of growth time. In commercial flames, secondary air is inducted into the flame jet, causing particles to cool below their fusion temperature. Under such circumstances, the growth time and thus the ultimate particle size is a strong function of initial flame tem...
The rôle of the medical social worker in the management and control of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease.

Abstract Dr. Taran: The role of the social worker in the management and control of rheumatic fever was discussed. It was pointed out that in order to attain the best results, the social worker must play a specific role in the general management of the patient suffering from rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Since the disease is often protracted and frequently leads to severe crippling cardiac disability, careful study and follow-up of the patient and his environment are necessary if the course of the disease is to be influenced favorably. The social worker does not invade the territory of the physician, the nurse or the psychiatrist, but rather deals with those elements in the management of the case which are sociological in nature. The personality of the patient plays an important role in the progress of his disease. The relationship of this personality to social environment must be guided by the social worker in such a manner as to create a sensible and practicable adaptation of the patient to his disease, and of his environment to the patient. It was pointed out that the line of demarcation in the work of the social worker is clear. Trespassing into fields not definitely within the domain of the social worker occurs partly because there is, as yet, little appreciation of the role of the social worker in the management of this or other diseases. In most instances, dislocation of the function of the social worker is due to an inadequacy in clinic personnel rather than to confusion as to the field in which the social worker is to operate.
Synthesis of polyamides containing sites targeted for enzymatic cleavage

Abstract A synthetic approach to polyamides containing the tyrosine-leucine linkage is presented. The diphenyl phosphoryl azide coupling technique was utilized to synthesize the monomer, tyrosylleucyliminohexamethyleneiminoleucyltyrosine. Solution polymerization of this monomer with adipoyl and sebacoyl chlorides resulted in polymers with intrinsic viscosities of 0.18 and 0.13 dl g−1, respectively, in 90% formic acid. Interfacial polymerization yielded a fibrous crosslinked material. The latter was found to be a poly(amide-ester) by i.r. spectroscopic analysis.
Neutralization of toxic bacterial O-antigens with O-antibodies while maintaining their stimulus on non-specific resistance

Abstract Reaction of endotoxic O-antigens with rabbit O-antisera results in a neutralization of toxic effects, determined in mice lethality, pyrogenicity, and Shwartzman skin reactivity assays, while the enhancement of non-specific resistance of these preparations remains unchanged. These results show that enhancement of non-specific resistance requires neither antigenic stimulus nor toxic action on the host organism. Complete saturation of all antibody receptors of an endotoxin molecule is not necessary in order to neutralize its biological activities. While 2 3 or more of the antigenic sites are still available for antibodies, the above endotoxic reactions are already eliminated. It could be shown that not all phases of the biological reactions were inhibited by antibodies to the same extent. The three-hour peak of the pyrogenicity curve was considerably reduced with relatively low amounts of antibodies, while the first hour peak was practically unchanged.
On the constitutive behaviour of polycarbonate under large deformation

Abstract The uniaxial stress-strain behaviour of polycarbonate (Lexan) is examined. A grid technique is used to determine the inhomogeneous strain field associated with a steadily growing neck. An extension of photoelasticity is used in obtaining the stress variation along the line of symmetry in the neck. Comparing the grid and photoelastic measurements, the true-stress-stretch curve is established for polycarbonate.