cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Reply to Dewey

We have seen that for Dewey, the classical argument in favor of the theoretic life is rendered obsolete by the reality of modern progress. The scientific and technological revolutions represent “an advance so marvelous that the progress in knowledge in almost uncounted previous millenniums is almost nothing in comparison.” The theory of progress – itself a fruit of Baconianism and the Enlightenment – poses the central challenge to any traditional view which venerates the classical ideals of the past. There are however a number of issues with this notion of progress. The first thing is that the scientific revolution itself cannot be set against the classical theoretical ideal, because it was built on it as its own foundation. It is true that the Greeks possessed no scientific-technological project comparable to what emerges in modernity. At the same time, what was absolutely necessary for this project was a product of the Greek theoretical mind. The modern scientific method brings together the Aristotelian principle of empirical induction with an advanced mathematics developed largely on the foundation of Greek mathematics (Euclid, Diophantus, etc.…). This debt was, as we have seen, acknowledged by Aristotle’s putative anti-type Bacon when he wrote of Aristotle:
Comparison of Learning Cellular Computational Networks with EKF and CPSO for Multi-Location Wind Speed Prediction

Multiple-location wind speed prediction is a challenging and important problem in the modern power system operations. A distributed computing approach is implemented for spatio-temporal wind speed predictions. The multi-location wind speed prediction problem is carried out by respective cells in the Cellular Computational Network (CCN) framework. CCN based systems capture spatial dynamics via connections to neighboring cells. CCN is a framework for learning of learning systems. A Jordan-Elman hybrid recurrent neural network is used as the computational unit in the CCN. In this study, the effectiveness of Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) algorithm and Cooperative Particle Swarm optimization (CPSO) based learning algorithms in cell parameter estimation is compared. CCNs with neural networks (NNs) as computational units are essentially deep NNs via several neighbor cell connections. Three spatially distributed wind power stations are modeled using CCN framework to predict the respective wind speeds. Typical results illustrates that skill factors with EKF learning are positive and those with CPSO learning are negative.
SYMPTOMATIC DOUBLE RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY WITH INFERIOR WALL ISCHEMIA

Double right coronary artery (RCA) is a very rare coronary artery anomaly (few cases reported in the literature) that might be overlooked during left heart catheterization for chest pain evaluation or other diagnostic purposes. A 46-year-old male presented with exertional chest pain.
Pb4S3I2–A high-pressure phase in the PbS-PbI2 system

Abstract The reaction of a stoichiometric ratio of Pb, S and PbI2 at 4 GPa and 600 °C yields Pb4S3I2, a compound that has not been reported in the ambient pressure PbS-PbI2 system. Its crystal structure, determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data, is orthorhombic (space group Pnma) with a = 8.1293(6) A, b = 15.5613(11) A, c = 8.1820(6) A, and Z = 4 at ambient temperature and pressure. The structure consists of sheets of distorted edge-sharing lead-centered polyhedra and saw-tooth-shaped lead-lead bonded chains. Density Functional Theory based band structure calculations suggest Pb4S3I2 to be an indirect band gap semiconductor, and, consistently, a band gap value of approximately 1.6 eV is determined by diffuse reflectance measurements. The material is diamagnetic above 1.8 K.
Data Structures and Algorithms for Counting Problems on Graphs using GPU

The availability and utility of large numbers of Graphical Processing Units (GPUs) have enabled parallel computations using extensive multi-threading. Sequential access to global memory and contention at the size-limited shared memory have been main impediments to fully exploiting potential performance in architectures having a massive number of GPUs. After performing extensive study of data structures and complexity analysis of various data access methodologies, we propose novel memory storage and retrieval techniques that enable parallel graph computations to overcome the above issues. More specifically, given a graph G = (V,E) and an integer k <= |V |, we provide both storage techniques and algorithms to count the number of: a) connected subgraphs of size k; b) k cliques; and c) k independent sets, all of which can be exponential in number. Our storage techniques are based on creating a breadth-first search tree and storing it along with non-tree edges in a novel way. Our experiments solve the above mentioned problems by using both naive and advanced data structures on the CPU and GPU. Speedup is achieved by solving the problems on the GPU even using a brute-force approach as compared to the implementations on the CPU. Utilizing the knowledge of BFS-tree properties, the performance gain on the GPU increases and ultimately outperforms the CPU by a factor of at least 5 for graphs that completely fit in the shared memory and by a factor of 10 for larger graphs stored using the global memory. The counting problems mentioned above have many uses, including the analysis of social networks.
Treatment of a Fusiform Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysm by Remodeling the Circle of Willis with Flow Diversion: A Novel Technical Note.

Background Fusiform aneurysms are challenging lesions to manage given their poorly understood natural history and lack of a distinct neck. Historically, they have been treated surgically but endovascular management has recently evolved as a viable alternative. In this case, we describe a novel flow diversion technique for treatment of a fusiform anterior cerebral artery (ACA) aneurysm by jailing the compromised parent vessel obtaining endovascular aneurysm trapping. Methods A 25-year-old man underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography for workup of a headache, which revealed a fusiform right ACA A1 segment aneurysm. The patient subsequently underwent catheter digital subtraction angiography, which confirmed a 9 × 5.5 mm fusiform right ACA A1 segment aneurysm. The patient elected to undergo endovascular treatment. A Pipeline Embolization Device (Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland) was placed from the right anterior cerebral artery to the right middle cerebral artery, thereby jailing the right ACA A1 segment. Results At 6-month follow-up, the patient was asymptomatic and his headache had resolved. An angiogram was obtained, showing patency of the Pipeline Embolization Device and near complete occlusion of the right ACA A1 segment. The right ACA A2 segment remained patent via collateral flow through the anterior communicating artery. These findings were confirmed on magnetic resonance imaging. The patient remained asymptomatic for the duration of the follow-up. Conclusions This case illustrates the efficacy of the Pipeline Embolization Device for treatment of a fusiform anterior circulation aneurysm via remodeling the circle of Willis.
Si-Carbide based Interleaved Bi-Directional DC-DC Converter Design for High Power Density Fast Charging Station

Wide bandgap (WBG)power device technology opens up a new horizon for efficient and optimal high-power conversion applications. Higher switching frequency and higher temperature capabilities allow to design power converters with larger volumetric power density, higher efficiency, and less weight compared to other conventional switching devices. In this paper, the advantages of using Si-Carbide (SiC)power semiconductor devices are explored in choosing the right bidirectional DC-DC converter topology for electric vehicles (EVs)charging stations and EV-to-EV energy sharing converters. This study presents efficiency and power density comparison of the DC-DC converters with various phasing configurations and operational frequencies using available Si and SiC devices. The selected devices were chosen carefully in terms of their voltage and current ratings, power loss, and package size for fair comparison. The details of the final design using the best devices, operational frequency and converter topology are presented along with the optimized passive components.
A hidden Markov model-based approach to reconstructing double minute chromosome amplicons

Double minute chromosomes (DMs) are circular fragments of extrachromosomal DNA. They cause extreme gene amplification in the cells of malignant tumours. Their existence correlates with malignant tumour cell behaviour and drug resistance. Locating DMs is important for informing precision therapy to cancer treatment. Furthermore, accurate detection of double minutes requires precise reconstruction of their amplicons, which are the highly-amplified gene-carrying contiguous segments that adjoin to form DMs. This work presents AmpliconFinder - a Hidden-Markov Model-based approach to detect DM amplicons. To assess its efficacy, AmpliconFinder was used to augment an earlier framework for DM detection (DMFinder), thus improving its sensitivity and robustness to noisy sequence data. Experiments on simulated genomic data show that augmenting DMFinder with AmpliconFinder significantly increased the sensitivity of DMFinder on these data. Moreover, DMFinder with AmpliconFinder found all previously reported DMs in three pediatric medulloblastoma datasets, whereas the original DMFinder framework found none.
Short Blocklength Priority-Based Coding for Unequal Error Protection in the AWGN Channel

This work introduces a priority-based coding scheme for unequal error protection in the AWGN channel using short messages. The scheme simultaneously encodes two messages, one with high and one with low priority, both requiring short blocklengths. The code structure allows the transmission of the higher priority message with higher reliability even at a shorter blocklength. This allows a high- priority, urgent message to be sent at high reliability without interrupting a lower priority message that may have been in transmission. We derive tight analytical upper bounds on the error probabilities of these messages. Numerical results confirm better reliability and delay performance for the high priority message, and also verify the tightness of the analytical upper bound especially as the SNR increases even with very short blocklengths. The scheme is applicable to ultra-reliable and ultra-low latency communication in 5G systems as well as prioritized and delay-sensitive applications such as emergency and vehicular safety communications.
Sexualized and Athletic: Viewers’ Attitudes toward Sexualized Performance Images of Female Athletes

Using an experimental methodology, the present study investigated college students’ attitudes toward media images of female athletes. We are particularly focused on how viewers perceive media images of female athletes that have both an appearance and athleticism focus, such as those found in ESPN’s The Body Issue. An aim of our study was to assess viewers’ attitudes toward these images that are not purely objectified, thereby contributing to the objectification literature and providing empirical data relevant to theorizing on the social impact of these images. U.S. college students (n = 563) viewed one of four types of images of the same athletes including: (a) sexualized athletes, (b) sexualized performance athletes (in which both athleticism and sexualization are present), (c) sport performance athletes (in which athletes are depicted playing their sport), or (d) non-sexualized athletes. They then rated the athletes’ competence, esteem, and sexual appeal. Overall, sexualized performance athletes were rated more positively than sexualized athletes, but less positively than sport performance athletes. These results have implications for advocacy efforts calling for more media coverage in which women are depicted as athletes rather than as sexual objects.
The epidemiologic characteristics of infectious diarrhea in Huizhou during 2004 to 2009

Objective To analyze epidemiologic features of infectious diarrhea and to provide theoretical support for control measures in Huizhou. Methods Descriptive epidemiologic method was used to analyze characteristics of the reported infectious diarrhea cases from the routine infectious disease surveillance system during 2004 to 2009. Results A total of 4850 cases of infectious diarrhea were reported with an ascending annual incidence trend from 2004 to 2009, and the annual incidence was from 9.58/100 000 to 30.45/100 000. The patients under 3 accounted for 77.28%, and the peak onset of infectious diarrhea was between November and December. 59.09% of the cases were diagnosed by laboratory tests. 52.29% of the total reported cases and 88.49% of the lab diagnosed cases were rotavirus infection. Conclusions From 2004 to 2009 in Huizhou, rotavirus diarrhea occurs mostly in the children under 3 years old. The high incidence is in autumn and winter. Rotavirus infection accounts for a high proportion of sporadic cases. More attention should be paid to the control and prevention of pediatric rotavirus diarrhea. Key words: Infectious diarrhea; Epidemiology; Monitoring
Using a Machine Learning Methodology to Analyze Reddit Posts regarding Child Feeding Information

The current research used human-coded Reddit posts categorized by already established food parenting concepts (coercive control, structure, autonomy support, recipes) as a basis for machine learning models, with the objective of providing insight into topics related to feeding children discussed on social media and to provide a way for future research to use our trained machine-learned model. Reddit posts from specific, parenting-related subreddits were collected and labeled as they related to aspects of child-feeding behavior. Posts were then put through text pre-processing, converted into TF-IDF vectors, and used to train support vector machine binary and multiclass classification models. Other classifiers and text-preprocessing steps were also tested. After training, the binary model was able to classify posts with 86.1% accuracy as being about child feeding or not, up from a baseline accuracy of 57.6%. The multiclass model yielded a 79.1% accuracy to classify posts related to four categories of child feeding concepts (coercive control, autonomy support, structure, recipes), up from a baseline of 51.9%. The comparison models were found to perform less favorably. The best performing binary model is publicly available for use via the Social Media Macroscope and we provide details on how to use this model. Information is presented such that other researchers and professionals interested in examining issues related to feeding children posted on social media could effectively utilize the same approach.
Ethics, Adaptation, and the Anthropocene

Some proponents of the Anthropocene argue that it is time adopt a future-oriented outlook: natural baselines no longer matter, and humans should remake the planet for the better. This raises questi...
Dyspneic athlete

Breathing concerns in athletes are common and can be due to a wide variety of pathology. The most common etiologies are exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) and paradoxic vocal fold movement disorder (PVFMD). Although some patients may have both, PVFMD is often misdiagnosed as EIB, which can lead to unnecessary treatment. The history and physical exam are important to rule out life threatening pulmonary and cardiac causes as well as common conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, sinusitis, and allergic etiologies. The history and physical exam have been shown to be not as vital in diagnosing EIB and PVFMD. Improvement in diagnostic testing with office base spirometry, bronchoprovocation testing, eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea (EVH) and video laryngoscopy are essential in properly diagnosing these conditions. Accurate diagnosis leads to proper management, which is essential to avoid unnecessary testing and save healthcare costs. Also important to the physician treating dyspnea in athletes is knowing regulations on medications, drug testing, and proper documentation needed for certain organizations. The differential diagnosis of dyspnea is broad and is not limited to EIB and PVFMD. Ruling out life threatening cardiac and pulmonary causes with a proper history, physical, and appropriate testing is essential. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent literature on the diagnosis and management of EIB and PVFMD as well as discuss other potential causes for dyspnea in the athlete.
Standardized Patient Simulation in an Oncology Symptom Management Seminar-Style Course: Prelicensure Nursing Student Outcomes.

A critical role of the professional nurse is to manage symptoms associated with cancer and its treatments. Currently, prelicensure nursing curricula lack adequate oncology content and associated opportunities for clinical application. Thus, many graduate nurses do not possess the requisite knowledge and skills required to effectively manage cancer-related symptoms upon entry to practice. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the effect of standardized patient simulation on nursing students' knowledge, confidence, and competence (objective and self-perceived) related to oncology evidence-based symptom management principles, and to determine nursing students' perceptions, satisfaction, and self-confidence with learning using standardized patient simulation in a seminar-style course. A longitudinal, one-group, convergent mixed-methods design with questionnaire variant was used. Data were collected at three time points: (T1) pre-seminar, (T2) pre-simulation, and (T3) post-simulation. A convenience sample of sixty-three senior baccalaureate nursing students in an oncology symptom management seminar participated in two standardized patient simulation scenarios. There was a significant increase in students' knowledge, confidence, and self-perceived competence over time with a large effect size. All student groups (n = 14) demonstrated objective competence in the colorectal cancer scenario and all participants, with the exception of one student group, demonstrated objective competence in the breast cancer scenario. Participants also reported positive perceptions of, a high level of satisfaction with, and self-confidence in learning with the standardized patient simulations. Qualitative themes identified included unique focus, realism, and application of knowledge. Standardized patient simulation holds promise to enhance nursing students' knowledge, confidence, and competence related to oncology evidence-based symptom management principles.
The 2μm Plasmid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The first part of this chapter is devoted to the 2µm circle partitioning system, a critical component of the plasmid's strategy for stable maintenance in yeast populations. The second part deals with plasmid copy number control, special attention being paid to the Flp recombination system that is believed to trigger a DNA amplification process. The chapter compares the 2µm plasmid with 2µm-like plasmids found in yeast and dwells briefly on the degree and the significance of conservation of structure and function among them. Binary fluorescence tagging of two separate plasmids in the same cell by using cyan fluorescence protein (CFP)-Lac repressor/Lac operators in one case and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-Tet repressor/Tet operators in the other is also feasible. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that the integral cohesin component Mcd1p associates specifically with the STB DNA in a Rep1p- and Rep2p-dependent manner. Rank and colleagues have characterized 2µm plasmids from several amphiploid industrial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and analyzed their sequence divergence with respect to plasmids from standard haploid laboratory strains. The Flp-FRT site-specific recombination system complements the partitioning system in the dual strategy by which stable high-copy maintenance of the 2μm plasmid is achieved. Plasmids lacking STB tend to dissociate from these sites and wander toward the nuclear periphery. These observations would be in line with the models for plasmid segregation considered in this chapter.
Complexes of Open-Chain Tetradentate Ligands Containing Heavy Donor Atoms

Publisher Summary During the past decade, there has been growing interest in the synthesis of quadridentate chelating ligands containing “heavy” donor atoms— that is, P, As, Sb, S, and Se. Previously, the coordination chemistry of multidentate chelates had been restricted to those containing class a donors, and the chemistry of such ligands derived, for example, from Schiff base condensation reactions has been much studied and reported upon. The multidentate chelates containing class b donors received sparse attention mainly because of the intricate preparative routes involved in their synthesis. Subsequently, however, largely through the work of the groups led by Venanzi, Meek, and Sacconi and their students, the complex organic chemistry associated with the preparation of intricate chelates containing phosphines, arsines, thioethers, etc., was developed leading to a whole series of ligands.
Librarians in Advocacy Organizations: From Knowledge to Action—Working for Social Change

ABSTRACT Librarians working in advocacy organizations are uniquely poised to take information and turn it into knowledge, providing information services in the public interest and helping to facilitate the shaping of sound public policy. Though professionally trained not to take political positions, librarians within advocacy organizations must support the goals of their organizations by being information providers as well as policy advocates.
Regulation of Mammalian Pyruvate and Branched-Chain α-Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Complexes by Phosphorylation — Dephosphorylation

Publisher Summary The pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex and the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase multienzyme complex are located in mitochondria, within the inner membrane matrix compartment. The pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex and the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase multienzyme complex are located in mitochondria within the inner membrane matrix compartment. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is well designed for fine regulation of its activity. Interconversion of the active and inactive forms of pyruvate dehydrogenase is a dynamic process that leads rapidly to the establishment of steady states, in which the fraction of phosphorylated enzyme can be varied progressively over a wide range by changing the concentration or molar ratios of effectors that regulate activities of the kinase and the phosphatase. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, like other interconvertible enzyme systems, functions uniquely as a metabolic integration system. By means of multisite interactions with allosteric effectors, the kinase and the phosphatase can sense simultaneous fluctuations in the intracellular concentrations of several metabolites and adjust the specific activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase accordingly. This chapter illustrates the phosphorylation and concomitant inactivation of the α-ketoisovalerate dehydrogenase complex by its endogenous kinase, and the dephosphorylation and reactivation by the addition of highly purified α-ketoisovalerate dehydrogenase phosphatase.
Latinas with Arthritis: Effects of Illness, Role Identity, and Competence on Psychological Well-Being

Tested a theoretical model on the effects of social role identity, illness intrusion, and competence on psychological well-being among 109 low-income Latinas with arthritis. All six roles studied were rated as highly important identities. Sex-role nontraditionalism was associated with less importance of the homemaker, mother, and grandmother roles. Negative affect increased as a function of intrusions into valued identities. Having important role identities contributed to feelings of competence (i.e., self-esteem and self-efficacy), which in turn, contributed to psychological well-being. Competence also mediated the effects of pain, identity, and illness intrusions on psychological well-being. Results suggest competence processes play an important role in well-being.
Iron Medication–Associated Gastric Mucosal Injury

An endoscopic antral biopsy specimen was taken from a 48-year-old, white woman with iron deficiency anemia who was currently taking ferrous sulfate, 250-mg tablets, twice a day. Microscopic examination of the biopsy specimen revealed oxyntic and transitional mucosa with marked crystalline, brown-pigmented material deposited in the superficial mucosa (Figure 1, original magnification 364). Mucosal injury was apparent, including pyknotic nuclei and distortion of the epithelium associated with encrustation of iron material. In addition, focal luminal acute inflammatory exudates and mucosal erosion were evident. An iron stain (Gomori method) confirmed that the brown pigment material was crystalline iron (Figure 2, original magnification 364). The iron stain also highlighted hemosiderin pigment accumulation in the deep fundic glands. No Helicobacter pylori organisms or intestinal metaplasia were identified on special stains (Giemsa and periodic acid‐Schiff/Alcian blue). Oral iron medication has been widely used for prevention and treatment of anemia. It is well recognized that iron overdose can cause severe corrosive injury to the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which includes mucosal necrosis, ulceration, and ischemia. Although mucosal injury that results from iron tablet ingestion at the therapeutic level has been rarely reported, 1,2 it can be seen in approximately 1% of biopsy specimens taken from the upper GI tract, including the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, during endoscopic examinations. 1 Ferrous sulfate is the most common iron medication associated with the pathologic findings. The diagnosis of iron deposition in the mucosa is straightforward. Material from iron tablets has a characteristic brown crystalline and clumpy fibrillar appearance. It represents oxidized inorganic iron and is refractile but not polarizing. Most of the iron is extracellular. It can be luminal, lying adjacent to the surface epithelium and admixed with luminal fibrinoinflammatory exudates. In addition, crystalline iron is often seen in the lamina propria or granulation tissue or forming iron-containing thrombi in blood vessels. 1,2 The crystalline iron can be easily distinguished from hemosiderin pigments despite positive staining by iron for both substances. The latter is intra
Trends in the use of evidence-based therapy for resectable gastric cancer

Background and Objectives Two pivotal randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the Intergroup (INT-0116) and Medical Research Council Adjuvant Gastric Infusional Chemotherapy (MAGIC) trials, demonstrated a survival benefit of multimodality therapy in patients with resectable gastric cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine utilization rates of these treatment regimens in the U.S. and to identify factors associated with receipt of evidence-based care.
(+)CIS-DIOXOLANE STIMULATION OF CYTOSOLIC CALCIUM OSCILLATIONS AND PHASIC CONTRACTIONS OF MYOMETRIAL SMOOTH MUSCLE

Abstract These studies sought to determine the intracellular mechanisms underlying muscarinic receptor stimulated phasic contractions of myometrial smooth muscle. Utilizing cytosolic calcium imaging studies with Fura-2 loaded muscle strips, along with in vitro isometric contraction studies, we have demonstrated that phasic myometrial contractions stimulated in response to (+) cis -dioxolane, a muscarinic selective acetylcholine agonist, are mediated by activation of the M3 receptor subtype resulting in stimulation of the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway and the generation of cytosolic calcium oscillations.
Magnetic behavior of dilute Fe impurites in the Mo‐Nb alloy system by Mössbauer effect

We have measured the magnetic hyperfine field Hi at the Fe57 nucleus in a series of MoxNb1−x alloys in which x varies from 0.85 to 1.0. The measurements were taken over a temperature range 0.5⩽T⩽4.0 K and in magnetic fields up to 6.0 T. We fit each spectrum with a four‐site model with relative strengths fixed by the statistical probabilities of the nearest‐neighbor (n.n.) configurations. The results of this analysis indicate the Fe sites with eight Mo n.n. have a moment similar to that of Fe in Mo, but that the Kondo temperature TK increases with the Nb content in the alloy. Fe sites with seven Mo n.n. exhibit a temperature independent Hi about equal to the applied field over 0.5⩽T⩽4 K, indicative of a magnetic site with TK≳4 K. These results support the basic premise of the local environment model, first proposed by Jaccarino and Walker, but indicate a more continuous dependence of magnetic bahavior on n.n. configuration.
Allosteric Motions in Structures of Yeast NAD+-specific Isocitrate Dehydrogenase.

Mitochondrial NAD+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDHs) are key regulators of flux through biosynthetic and oxidative pathways in response to cellular energy levels. Here we present the first structures of a eukaryotic member of this enzyme family, the allosteric, hetero-octameric, NAD+-specific IDH from yeast in three forms: 1) without ligands, 2) with bound analog citrate, and 3) with bound citrate + AMP. The structures reveal the molecular basis for ligand binding to homologous but distinct regulatory and catalytic sites positioned at the interfaces between IDH1 and IDH2 subunits and define pathways of communication between heterodimers and heterotetramers in the hetero-octamer. Disulfide bonds observed at the heterotetrameric interfaces in the unliganded IDH hetero-octamer are reduced in the ligand-bound forms, suggesting a redox regulatory mechanism that may be analogous to the “on-off” regulation of non-allosteric bacterial IDHs via phosphorylation. The results strongly suggest that eukaryotic IDH enzymes are exquisitely tuned to ensure that allosteric activation occurs only when concentrations of isocitrate are elevated.
The phylogenetic relationship of Solanum flavonols

Abstract Flavonoid profiles of Solanum sections Petota, Basarthrum, Solanum and Androceras have all proved to be useful in the delineation of species and series boundaries. A total of sixty-four flavonols have been isolated from these four sections, forty of which have been fully characterized. Flavonol glycosides of kaempferol and quercetin are confirmed as the flavonoids characteristic of this genus but in addition methylated and acylated compounds have also been isolated. By combining existing data, it is possible to develop a phylogenetic scheme illustrating the relationship between each section on the basis of the biosynthetic complexity of their flavonol substitution patterns. Sections Petota and Basarthrum appear to be more ‘primitive’ than sections Solanum and Androceras.
The associations of body image, anxiety, and smoking among Mexican-origin youth.

Abstract Purpose Among Mexican-origin teenagers, anxiety is associated with cigarette experimentation, while among girls and young women from other ethnic groups the desire to be thin is associated with smoking. However, little is known about the associations of body image concerns with smoking in Mexican-origin youth, particularly when accounting for anxiety. Methods In 2005–2006, 1,328 Mexican-origin adolescents aged 11 to 13 years enrolled in a cohort study to examine nongenetic and genetic factors associated with cigarette experimentation. In 2008–2009, 1,154 participants completed a follow-up when they reported their smoking status, anxiety, and body image. Height and weight were measured. In 2010–2011, 1,001 participants completed another follow-up when they reported their smoking status. Multivariate multinomial regression models were computed to examine associations between smoking behavior assessed in 2010–2011 and body image score, anxiety, and body mass index assessed in 2008–2009, controlling for gender, country of birth, age, and parental education. Results Of the 892 participants with complete data, 48% were boys, 74% were U.S.-born and in 2008–2009, were 14.29 years (SD = 1) old. Having smoked less than a whole cigarette was associated with being male (OR = 1.53), older age (OR = 1.42), a body mass index Conclusions Poor body image and anxiety were independently associated with cigarette experimentation among Mexican-origin youth. Implications for the design of culturally appropriate smoking prevention messages are discussed.
β-Ketophosphonates as β-lactamase inhibitors: Intramolecular cooperativity between the hydrophobic subsites of a class D β-lactamase

Abstract A series of aryl and arylmethyl β-aryl-β-ketophosphonates have been prepared as potential β-lactamase inhibitors. These compounds, as fast, reversible, competitive inhibitors, were most effective (micromolar Ki values) against the class D OXA-1 β-lactamase but had less activity against the OXA-10 enzyme. They were also quite effective against the class C β-lactamase of Enterobacter cloacae P99 but less so against the class A TEM-2 enzyme. Reduction of the keto group to form the corresponding β-hydroxyphosphonates led to reduced inhibitory activity. Molecular modeling, based on the OXA-1 crystal structure, suggested interaction of the aryl groups with the hydrophobic elements of the enzyme’s active site and polar interaction of the keto and phosphonate groups with the active site residues Ser 115, Lys 212 and Thr 213 and with the non-conserved Ser 258. Analysis of binding free energies showed that the β-aryl and phosphonate ester aryl groups interacted cooperatively within the OXA-1 active site. Overall, the results suggest that quite effective inhibitors of class C and some class D β-lactamases could be designed, based on the β-ketophosphonate platform.
Evolutionary database design and development in very large scale

Abstract Developing flexible databases that can accommodate the changes and enhancements necessary in development of large scale Management Information Systems (MIS) is crucial to the success of the system and ultimately to the survival of the organization. Since the MIS is constantly being modified and enhanced, it is necessary for the database to be designed to adapt to change as it occurs. Numerous articles point to the need for large scale systems decomposition into smaller subsystems for implementation purposes. They also require an incremental development strategy which coincides with the database evolutionary strategy. This paper describes a methodology for large scale database development that assists MIS managers in building databases for large scale systems. It describes how these concepts were used for implementation of the US Air Force's largest distributed processing MIS—“The Requirements Data Bank” (RDB).
Daily Ovarian and Spawning Cycles in Weakfish

Abstract A spawning population of weakfish Cynoscion regalis in Delaware Bay was sampled on May 27, 29, and 30, 1988, to relate the daily timing of spawning to the ovarian cycle. Spawning was concentrated over several hours in early evening, ending soon after sundown. Female gonadosomatic index (GSI), proportion of females with hydrated oocytes, and percentage of hydrated oocytes in ovaries were all at or near daily maxima at 1700 hours and declined precipitously by 2000 hours. Although all females examined contained hydrated oocytes on each of the three nights of the study, GSI, numbers of hydrated oocytes, and fecundity decreased by the last night. These results suggest that individual female weakfish spawned for several days in succession and became, at least temporarily, depleted by the end of that period. Sampling on June 10, 13, and 21 documented additional spawning by fish in the size range collected in May, but GSI and fecundity were lower in the June collections. Estimation of seasonal fecundity ...
On the altitude of the magnetopause during geomagnetic reversals

Abstract During geomagnetic reversals, the strength of the dipole component decreases considerably, and at its weakest the nondipolar components may dominate. We argue that the present nondipolar field may be taken as representative of the minimum field during reversals. Approximate solar wind stagnation point altitudes are then calculated for the present (1960) nondipolar field as a function of longitude for three latitudes and for the average and extreme solar wind stagnation pressures observed by Explorer 33. The results show that the stagnation point altitude lies above the height where the ionosphere has any important effect on the solar wind except at restricted regions of longitude and latitude for the case of extreme maximum solar wind pressure.
Influence of Stress State on High Cycle Fatigue of Notched Ti-6Al-4V Specimens

Abstract The high cycle fatigue (HCF) notch size effect is investigated for Ti-6Al-4V flat dogbone specimens with two notch sizes, each having an elastic stress concentration factor of K t =2.72. Points were generated on a constant life Haigh diagram using a step-loading technique. The notch size effect is compared with previous results obtained from circumferentially notched cylindrical specimens in terms of the biaxial state of stress at the notch root and von Mises effective stress. Within the range of dimensions tested, there is limited dependence of the fatigue limit upon the notch root radius. Stresses at the notch root and the fatigue notch factor are examined as a function of uniaxial stress, effective stress, notch plasticity, and notch root radius.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of oleanane- and ursane-type triterpenes ― application to Chenopodium quinoa triterpenes

Nine trimethylsilylated pentacyclic triterpenes were separated by GLC on an OV-101 column employing temperature programming. Characteristic retro-Diels-Alder fragmentation was observed in their mass spectra. The fragmentation patterns allowed individual characterization except for certain isomers which, nevertheless, were resolved by GLC, thus permitting their identification. Oleanolic acid and hederagenin were confirmed to be major triterpenes of Chenopodium quinoa seed saponins.
Preparation, characterization, molecular and electronic structures, TDDFT, and TDDFT/PCM study of the solvatochromism in cyanovinylferrocenes.

Cis and trans isomers of ferrocene-based donor−acceptor assemblies, Fc−C(I)CH(I), Fc−C(I)CH(CN), and Fc−C(CN)CH(CN) (Fc is ferrocene), along with the Fc−C(CN)C(CN)2 complex have been prepared and characterized by 1H, 13C, gHMQC, and gHMBC NMR spectra, IR, UV−vis, and MCD spectroscopy methods, as well as elemental analyses. The oxidation potentials, investigated by cyclic voltammetry, of all donor−acceptor assemblies are in agreement with the electron-acceptor strength of the substituents attached to the ferrocene core. X-ray crystallography studies of cis and trans isomers of Fc−C(I)CH(CN) and Fc−C(CN)CH(CN) reveal a significant rotational flexibility of the cyanovinyl group, which was explained on the basis of semiempirical PM3 calculations. Electronic structures and solvatochromic properties of all complexes were investigated by UV−vis spectroscopy, density functional theory (DFT), time-dependent DFT (TDDFT), and polarized continuum model (PCM) TDDFT approaches. The calculated vertical excitation energi...
Galilean invariant Lee model for all spins and parities

Using the minimal 6S+1 components required to describe a nonrelativistic particle of spinS within the framework of a first order formalism, the Galilean invariant Lee model as formulated by Levy-Leblond is generalized to the case in which all particles are allowed to have arbitrary spins and parities. It is found that when the product of the parities of the three fields is even the coupling term is unique and the physics essentially identical to the spin zero case. A more interesting situation occurs when one considers the odd parity case where the criterion that derivatives not be explicitly used in writing the interaction requires that the dependent components enter into the coupling term. In this case one finds that except for certain degenerate cases there exist three similar but distinct interactions. Upon selecting one of these couplings and eliminating the dependent components by means of the constraint equations one finds the existence of aP waveV N ϑ coupling as well as directS wave interactions between pairs. TheV particle propagator is derived and it is found that unlike the even parity case the wave function renormalization constant is divergent. TheP wave phase shift is obtained and found to satisfy the exact effective range formulaq3 cotδ=−1/a+1/2r0q2.
Isolation and partial characterization of plasma membrane glycoproteins from normal and transformed mammalian cells employing plant lectin affinity chromatography.

Abstract Lectins covalently bound to Sepharose 4B were employed, in the presence of 1 % sodium deoxycholate, to purify glycoproteins from isolated plasma membranes of normal and transformed fibroblasts. Lectins used in this study were isolated from Lens culinaris (LcH) and Ricinus communis (RCAI) and were specific for d -glucose and d -mannose (LcH) and d -galactose (RCAI), respectively. Approx. 5% of the total plasma membrane protein applied to the LcH-containing column bound and was eluted specifically, whereas approx. 3% was bound and specifically eluted from the RCAI column. A comparison of bound glycoproteins from normal and transformed cells by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that a glycoprotein of 85 000 D was present in substantially greater amounts in normal cell isolates. Another glycoprotein of 130000 D was found in higher concentration in transformed cell plasma membranes. The 85 000 D protein was shown to be a subunit of a serum protein of greater than 300 000 D which has a specific affinity for the normal but not transformed cell surface. These results are discussed in relation to the differential agglutinability of normal and transformed cells by plant lectins.
Structural Characterization of the Peroxodiiron(III) Intermediate Generated during Oxygen Activation by the W48A/D84E Variant of Ribonucleotide Reductase Protein R2 from Escherichia coli†

The diiron(II) cluster in the R2 subunit of Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) activates oxygen to generate a μ-oxodiiron(III) cluster and the stable tyrosyl radical that is critical for the conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides. Like those in other diiron carboxylate proteins, such as methane monooxygenase (MMO), the R2 diiron cluster is proposed to activate oxygen by formation of a peroxodiiron(III) intermediate followed by an oxidizing high-valent cluster. Substitution of key active site residues results in perturbations of the normal oxygen activation pathway. Variants in which the active site ligand, aspartate (D) 84, is changed to glutamate (E) are capable of accumulating a μ-peroxodiiron(III) complex in the reaction pathway. Using rapid freeze−quench techniques, this intermediate in a double variant, R2-W48A/D84E, was trapped for characterization by Mossbauer and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. These samples contained 70% peroxodiiron(III) intermediate and 30% diferrous ...
The moderating effect of foreign direct investment intensity on local firms' intangible resources investment and performance implications: A case from China

Abstract Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been known to generate positive externalities to increase the productivity and competitiveness of domestic industries through knowledge and technology spillover. This study focuses on the indirect effect of FDI by investigating whether FDI intensity benefits local firms by enhancing the local intellectual property rights (IPR) environment. We argue that due to the inadequate IPR environment in emerging economies, local firms' intangible resources investment can be negatively related to firm performance. Further, we suggest that FDI intensity can improve the local IPR environment, thereby enhancing the appropriability of local firms' intangible resources investment. We find empirical evidence to support our arguments by examining 70 semiconductor firms in China from 1999 to 2006, and we discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the impact of FDI intensity on the local IPR environment.
Large Eddy Simulation of the Diurnal Cycle in Southeast Pacific Stratocumulus

Abstract This paper describes a series of 6-day large eddy simulations of a deep, sometimes drizzling stratocumulus-topped boundary layer based on forcings from the East Pacific Investigation of Climate (EPIC) 2001 field campaign. The base simulation was found to reproduce the observed mean boundary layer properties quite well. The diurnal cycle of liquid water path was also well captured, although good agreement appears to result partially from compensating errors in the diurnal cycles of cloud base and cloud top due to overentrainment around midday. At all times of the day, entrainment is found to be proportional to the vertically integrated buoyancy flux. Model stratification matches observations well; turbulence profiles suggest that the boundary layer is always at least somewhat decoupled. Model drizzle appears to be too sensitive to liquid water path and subcloud evaporation appears to be too weak. Removing the diurnal cycle of subsidence had little effect on simulated liquid water path. Simulations...
Story Circle: Digital Storytelling Around the World

Hartley, J., & McWilliam, K. (Eds.). (2009). Story circle: Digital story-telling around the world. Chichester, United Kingdom: Wiley-Black-well. 307 pages. According to the editors, the purpose of ...
Investigation of structural, optical, and electrical properties of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene)/fullerene blend nanocomposites for organic solar cells

Abstract We investigated the influence of thermal annealing on the structural and optical properties of two variations of organic nanocomposite materials; 1) poly [3-hexylthiophene] and [6,6]-phenyl C 61 butyric acid methyl ester ( P3HT:PC 61 BM), and 2) poly [3-hexylthiophene] and [6,6]-phenyl C 71 butyric acid methyl ester) (P3HT:PC 71 BM). The evolution of surface roughness and morphology was investigated using atomic force microscopy while device electrical properties were investigated by measuring current–voltage (I–V) characteristics. Upon thermal treatment, results show that P3HT:PC 71 BM nanocomposites produce a more homogeneous mixture of finer grain size than P3HT:PC 61 BM. Furthermore, stronger optical absorption in the visible region is observed in P3HT:PC 71 BM compared to P3HT:PC 61 BM. Since optical absorption is closely related to film crystallinity, it is inferred that P3HT:PC 71 BM composites undergo more extensive crystallization upon annealing. Photoluminescence spectra of both P3HT:PC 61 BM and P3HT:PC 71 BM nanocomposites (dissolved in chlorobenzene) show that each has excellent quenching effects. I–V characteristic curves show that P3HT:PC 71 BM registers higher current density under AM 1.5 illumination than does P3HT:PC 61 BM. For the devices described in this paper having active areas of approximately 12 mm 2 , efficiency is approximately 33% better for C 71 -based solar cells than that observed for devices made using C 61 fullerene.