cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Purification of two calcium/calmodulin-dependent forms of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase by using conformation-specific monoclonal antibody chromatography.

Abstract A procedure for nondenaturing immunopurification of bovine calmodulin-dependent 3′,5′-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase (3′,5′-cyclic-nucleotide 5′-nucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.17) is described that utilizes chromatography on a conformation-specific monoclonal antibody column. Hybridomas derived from spleen cells of mice immunized with Ca2+/calmodulin/phosphodiesterase were screened for antiphosphodiesterase antibody production. A stable cell line was established that secretes a monoclonal antibody that binds to the Ca2+/calmodulin/enzyme complex with an approximate Kd of 10-9 M. The dissociation constant was increased by two orders of magnitude when calmodulin interaction with the enzyme was inhibited by Ca2+ chelation. This differential reactivity was utilized for affinity chromatography of heart and brain phosphodiesterases on monoclonal antibody columns. Highly purified phosphodiesterases were eluted in good yield with buffer containing EGTA. The immunopurified enzymes from heart and brain exhibited specific activities of ≈300 units/mg when assayed at millimolar concentrations of cGMP or cAMP. Calmodulin stimulated both enzymes 10- to 15-fold over basal activity under these conditions. However, analysis of the two preparations by NaDodSO4/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed an apparent subunit of Mr 61,000 for the brain enzyme, in contrast to the Mr 59,000 cardiac subunit. The observed difference was not an artifact of tissue homogenization because both forms were detected after purification from mixed-tissue homogenates. These results suggest that mild, biospecific elution from a conformation-specific monoclonal antibody column may be a general technique applicable to the rapid isolation of proteins whose antigenic determinants can be altered with specific ligands.
A novel parametrically excited non-linear energy harvester

Abstract In this study, a method utilizing parametrical resonance for harvesting energy from low-frequency vibrations was investigated. A pendulum-type architecture with electromagnetic induction as the energy conversion mechanism was proposed. A prototype device with a natural frequency of approximately 2 Hz was fabricated and evaluated experimentally. The performance of the device was studied theoretically and numerically. The results were validated by experiments. It was found that the numerical results were consistent with the experimental measurements, while the theoretical analysis slightly overestimated the power output. In the cases considered, the proposed device demonstrated qualitatively different behaviors as compared to a conventional linear device. Such difference, e.g. broadened bandwidth and increased power output at higher damping levels, may be advantageous in certain applications.
Continuity and Decline in the Anthracite Towns of Pennsylvania

The residents of the anthracite towns of northeastern Pennsylvania show a considerable loyalty to a landscape that provides them with little of material value. This should remind the observer that any broad concept of place must address two different aspects of a landscape: the physical support it provides (means) and the intangible rewards it offers (meaning). The two parts are related to each other through time, however. Most simply, the meaning in the landscape is provided from the past and the means are provision for the future; more complexly, the previous means—the economic history—are a significant part of the meaning, and individuals’ judgment of whether the landscape's means are sufficient or insufficient to maintain its residents into the future depends on the strength of its meaning. Place is not separable from its past or its promise. The strength the anthracite towns show in the face of their decline is a product of their history. Difficult times in the early coal towns created communities so strong as to discourage people from leaving the unproductive landscape even now that the hard coal industry is essentially dead.
Repetitive Antenatal Glucocorticoid Exposure Matures Preterm Newborn Lamb Renal Responses to Phenylephrine-induced Increases in Blood Pressure 250

Fluid and electrolyte homeostasis in preterm newborns is compromised due to immature renal function. A single antenatal glucocorticoid treatment augments preterm newborn kidney adaptive responses. To assess the effect of multiple betamethasone (BETA) exposures on kidney adaptation (glomerular autoregulation), pregnant ewes were randomized to receive 1 dose of 0.5 mg/kg BETA at 104d gestation (ONE), 3 doses of BETA at 104, 111, and 118 d gestation(MULT) or saline (control; CON). Lambs were delivered at 125 d (Preterm) or 145 d (Term). Two hours following delivery, Preterm mean arterial pressure(MAP), urine flow (Uflow) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) did not differ among the groups. Phenylephrine infusion (0.4-26μg/kg/min; over 14 min) increased [mean±SEM (p<0.05)] Preterm MAP (41±3 to 53±4mmHg), GFR (0.59±0.12 to 1.59±0.13 ml/min/kg) and Uflow (0.05±0.03 to 0.16±0.04 ml/min/kg) in the MULT group. While MAP also increased in the ONE and CON groups, GFR and Uflow did not change. Term CON, ONE and MULT responses to phenylephrine infusion were similar to the Preterm MULT increases. Conclusions: 1) Kidney immaturity in preterm newborns includes the absence of renal vascular responses to increases in MAP 2) Preterm newborns exposed to repetitive doses of BETA respond to increased MAP mimicing the term newborn response and 3) Renal maturation at term is not affected by early BETA exposure.
Abstract 5181: Genomic and transcriptomic somatic alterations of hepatocellular carcinoma in non-cirrhotic livers

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Background: In 2014, it is estimated that there will be over 30,000 new cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and an estimated 20,000 subjects will die of this disease in the U.S. alone. Risk factors include chronic HBV/HCV infections, cirrhosis, alcohol abuse, diabetes, and fatty liver disease. However, an important subset of HCC occurs in the absence of any such risk factors. We surveyed the genomic and transcriptomic landscape of this subset of HCC. Methods: We performed whole genome and transcriptome sequencing of 30 matched tumor and non-tumor liver samples from resections performed at Washington University School of Medicine. Somatic variants identified in this discovery set were extended to a set of 89 additional cases by custom capture sequencing for a total of 119 HCCs profiled. All data were processed through The Genome Institute's Genome Modeling System (GMS) to analyze for viral integrations, SNVs, Indels, CNVs, fusions, SVs, expression and differential expression. Results: We report here for the first time the unique landscape of somatic alterations of HCC arising in non-cirrhotic liver. We detected and validated over 3,010 SNVs and indels in coding regions and 2,390 fusion transcripts, as well as extensive copy number and expression changes. We identified a single undiagnosed HBV case with viral integration occurring at the TERT promoter. We also confirmed recent reports of a recurrent TERT promoter mutation (G1295228A) occurring in at least 56% of cases. Additional recurrent mutations were observed in previously reported genes such as CTNNB1, TP53, AXIN1, and ARID1A, along with an increased frequency of RB1 loss, novel recurrent mutations of APOB, fusions in NR1H4, and other alterations. These molecular features were tested for association with clinical variables and outcome. Pathway analysis of recurrently altered genes suggests that, in the absence of external factors, genomic aberrations in basic liver metabolism genes may promote malignant transformation to HCC. Citation Format: Obi L. Griffith, Yiing Lin, Malachi Griffith, Jasreet Hundal, Allison Regier, Robert Fulton, Elizabeth M. Brunt, Richard K. Wilson, William Chapman, Elaine R. Mardis. Genomic and transcriptomic somatic alterations of hepatocellular carcinoma in non-cirrhotic livers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5181. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5181
Polymers from 4,4′‐thiodiphenol

Polyesters were made with aromatic diacid chlorides and 4,4,-thiodiphenol. Isophthaloyl chloride and/or terephthaloyl chloride were used as acid chlorides alone or together with 5-cyanoisophthaloyl chloride or [2.2]p-cyclophane-3,9-dicarboxylic acid chloride. The latter components were incorporated in order to make the polymers useful for crosslinking. A polyether could be obtained by polycondensation of 2,4-dichloro-benzonitrile and 4,4′-thiodiphenol. The polycondensations were run in nitrobenzene as solvent.
Fuzzy Methods for Intelligent Behavior Modeling

Summary form only given. We describe the role that fuzzy sets based methodologies such as computing with words and approximate reasoning can plan in the development of systems that display human like behavior. Considerable attention was placed on issues related to multi-agent and multi-information source environment
Multi-Input/Multi-Output Adaptive Output Feedback Control Design for Aeroelastic Vibration Suppression

Via the use of leading- and trailing-edge control surface actuation, an adaptive output feedback controller is designed for suppressing aeroelastic vibrations on a nonlinear wing section. Although a single flap under adaptive control can suppress vibrations, the response rate is limited by the system zero dynamics. Under the restriction that only pitching and plunging variables are available for measurement but their rates are not, the proposed algorithm addresses the problem of designing a singularity-free adaptive output feedback controller when the control inputs are coupled via an input gain matrix for which the parameters are uncertain. The stability result achieved is global asymptotic tracking. Simulation results demonstrate the efficacy of the multi-input/multi-output control toward suppressing flutter and limit-cycle oscillations, as well as reducing the vibrational level in the subcritical flight-speed range. Pertinent conclusions are outlined.
Fluoride determination by magnesium atomic absorption inhibition—release effects

Abstract The pH characteristics of fluoride inhibited magnesium atomic absorption signals distinguish them from other anions commonly present. The new technique involves addition of magnesium chloride and then acid to the sample solution while monitoring the magnesium atomic absorption signal. The signal enhancement due to the pH effect is proportional to flouride concentration. A sensitivity of 0.10 absorbance units/ppm F and a determination limit of 0.3 ppm F were found. Tap water fluoride determination results compare well with those for established methods. Various data point to a mechanism involving simple displacement of flouride in the refractory compound to form hydrogen fluoride.
Syntheses with stable isotopes: Benzidine-15N2

Benzidine-15N2 was prepared from 4,4′-biphenyldicarboxamide-15N2 by the Hofmann amide degradation. The diamide, in turn, was obtained from 4,4′-biphenyldicarbonyl chloride and ammonium-15N sulfate. An overall yield of 30–35% was obtained for the two steps. An attempted synthesis of N-hydroxybenzidine is also described.
Fine Annealing of Optical Glass

Since the most important characteristic of optical glass is the uniformity of its refractive index, which is itself a function of fictive temperature, any fine annealing treatment must be such as to bring about substantial uniformity in fictive temperature. Methods of accomplishing this are reviewed. In terms of total required time in the annealing process, the most efficient method consists of soaking the glass for a short time at a temperature near the annealing point and cooling at a constant rate to a temperature below the annealing range and at an increased rate to room temperature. Formulas are given for specifying the parameters in the annealing schedule in terms of the final condition of the glass as to stress and index. The several outstanding advantages of this method of annealing are discussed.
Examining Individual-Level Voting Behavior on State Ballot Propositions

The intent of this study is to provide a broad examination of individual-level voting behavior on ballot propositions. This study seeks to extend the existing research on voting behavior in ballot elections in two ways: first, by examining a large number of issues across numerous states and second, by examining the “general” factors associated with voting choice. To examine individual-level voting behavior on state ballot initiative, I rely on Voter News Service (VNS) state-level exit poll surveys from three election periods (1992-1996). Overall, this study casts some light on the relationships between individual attributes and voting choices on different types of ballot propositions. The results generated herein lend support for expectation that there are some consistent patterns in voting behavior on ballot initiatives. Notably, the results indicate that individual-level party identification is consistently related to voting behavior across each of the various types of ballot propositions.
SU-C-12A-03: The Impact of Contrast Medium On Radiation Dose in CT: A Systematic Evaluation Across 58 Patient Models.

Purpose: To assess the effect of contrast medium on radiation dose as a function of time via Monte Carlo simulation from the liver CT scan across a library of 5D XCAT models Methods: A validated Monte Carlo simulation package (PENELOPE) was employed to model a CT system (LightSpeed 64 VCT, GE Healthcare). The radiation dose was estimated from a common abdomen CT examination. The dose estimation was performed on a library of adult extended cardiac-torso (5D XCAT) phantoms (35 male, 23 female, mean age 51.5 years, mean weight 80.2 kg). The 5D XCAT models were created based on patient-specific iodine concentration-time results from our computational contrast medium propagation model for different intravenous injection protocols. To enable a dynamic estimation of radiation dose, each organ in the model was assigned to its own time-concentration curve via the PENELOPE package, material.exe. Using the Monte Carlo, for each scan time point after the injection, 80 million photons were initiated and tracked through the phantoms. Finally, the dose to the liver was tallied from the deposited energy. Results: Monte Carlo simulation results of radiation dose delivered to the liver from the XCAT models indicated up to 30% increase in dose for different time aftermore » the administration of contrast medium. Conclusion: The contrast enhancement is employed in over 60% of imaging modalities, which not only remarkably affects the CT image quality, but also increases the radiation dose by as much as 70%. The postinjection multiple acquisition in several enhanced CT protocols, makes the radiation dose increment through the use of contrast medium, an inevitable factor in optimization of these protocols. The relationship between radiation dose and injected contrast medium as a function of time studied in this work allows optimization of contrast administration for vulnerable individuals.« less
Patophysiology of articular cartilage in elderly

Background Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease involving diarthrosis articulations. The evolution of the disease is very slow; the first changes regard the cell- matrix morpho-functional unit of articular cartilage called chondron by Benninghoff. The articular cartilage modifications are progressive from the superficial layer through the intermedial and the deep layer. Authors analyzed the ultrastructural changes of articular cartilage in the elderly, step by step from chondron modifications to macroscopic degenerative changes of the arthrosis.
POWDER METALLURGY IN THE USSR

Since the 1957 New York University—Moscow Steel Institute exchange arrangements emphasized physical metallurgy and metallurgical education, plant visits and insight into production methods were restricted to a few cases. These did not include powder metallurgy; therefore, the first-hand information gathered relates entirely to research and development.
Recent hypernuclear research at the Brookhaven AGS

Recent AGS experiments contributing to our knowledge of hypernuclei are reviewed. These experiments have suggested new areas of research on hypernuclei. With the proper beam line facilities, the AGS will be able to perform experiments in these areas and provide a transition to the future era of “kaon factories”.
Effects of Sulfur Compounds on the Pitting Behavior of Type 304 Stainless Steel in Near-Neutral Chloride Solutions

Abstract Pitting potentials have been measured potentiodynamically for Type 304 stainless steel in neutral or mildly acidic solutions containing 0.25M NaCl and various concentrations of sulfur spec...
Redox-active ligand-mediated Co-Cl bond-forming reactions at reducing square planar cobalt(III) centers

Abstract Synthetic routes to new square planar cobalt complexes with redox-active amidophenolate chelates are presented. Contrary to previous reports, steric bulk on the ligands is not a prerequisite to formation of the low-coordinate materials. X-ray crystal structure metrical data of the neutral S = ½ complexes are most consistent with cobalt(III) bound to one iminobenzoseminonate(1–) radical and one amidophenolate(2–) ligand. Addition of 1e− affords reduced congeners that are also square planar cobalt(III) because the redox-active ligand accepts an electron to generate bis(amidophenolate) species. The redox-activity of the ligands facilitates reactions with chlorine electrophiles to generate square pyramidal products containing new Co–Cl bonds. The bond-forming reactions all formally require oxidation of the metal fragment but there is no change in formal cobalt oxidation state. Instead, the reaction proceeds with oxidation of the amidophenolate ligands. Control of ligand oxidation state provides a mechanism for 1e− versus 2e− selectivity in the bond-forming redox reactions.
The element of surprise: appreciating the unexpected in (and through) actor networks

Purpose – This paper seeks to reflect on the importance of surprise in qualitative research on information‐technology initiatives. It also aims to consider how the use of social theory in the context of surprise can help to shape and guide field methods, data transformation, and substantive findings.Design/methodology/approach – The discussion is personal and reflective. The paper considers the significance of surprise surrounding events within two of the authors' own research projects. It also reports on a perusal of the literature for explicit treatments of surprise.Findings – Surprise in qualitative research is twofold. First, the research subjects experience surprise; indeed, surprise appears to be quite prevalent in IT‐related projects. Second, researchers too can be surprised in the course of their own work. Where these two kinds of surprise come together, one can find especially fruitful occasions for insight. In the authors' own projects, the element of surprise helped establish their respective c...
Ineffective use of a detachable snare for colonoscopic polypectomy of large polyps

Abstract Background : Colonoscopic polypectomy of large polyps may be associated with complications such as bleeding. Use of a detachable snare may reduce the risk of bleeding. We describe several instances in which the use of such a device proved to be ineffective. Methods : A detachable snare was used for colonoscopic polypectomy of large polyps in 18 patients (20 polyps), also applied at the residual stalk after conventional polypectomy in 5 patients (5 polyps), and evaluated retrospectively. Results : Sixteen of the 20 polyps were pedunculated, and 4 were semi-pedunculated. In 3 of the 4 semi-pedunculated lesions, the loop slipped off after polypectomy because the lesions were cut close to the site of encirclement. Bleeding occurred in 4 cases because of transection by the loop of a thin stalk (4 mm) before polypectomy (1), slipping of the loop in a semi-pedunculated lesion (1), or insufficient tightening of the loop (2). After conventional polypectomy, we could not effectively snare the residual stalk because of flattening in 3 of the 5 lesions. Conclusions : Use of the detachable snare for polypectomy of thin stalked or semi-pedunculated lesions may result in technical failure of this technique. The stalk should be fully encircled with the snare before polypectomy. The detachable snare is difficult to apply at the residual stalk after conventional polypectomy. (Gastrointest Endosc 1998;47:496-9.)
Respiratory motion correction for quantitative PET/CT using all detected events with internal—external motion correlation

Purpose We present a method to correct respiratory motion blurring in PET/CT imaging using internal-external (INTEX) motion correlation. The internal motion of a known tumor is derived from respiratory-gated PET images; this internal motion is then correlated with external respiratory signals to determine the complete information of tumor motion during the scan. Methods For each PET/CT data, PET listmode data were phase-gated into five bins and reconstructed. The centroid of a targeted tumor in each bin was determined and correlated with the corresponding mean displacement of externally monitored respiratory motion signal. Based on this correlation, the external motion signal was converted into internal tumor motion information in the superior-inferior direction. Then, the PET listmode data were binned sequentially to multiple 1-s sinograms. According to the converted internal tumor motion signal, each 1-s sinogram was registered to a reference frame, which best matched the helical CT attenuation map based on consistency conditions. The registered sinograms were summed and reconstructed to form an image, corrected for the motion of the specific tumor. In this study, the proposed INTEX method was evaluated with phantom and patient studies in terms of tracer concentration and volume. Results The INTEX method effectively recovered the tracer concentration to the level of the stationary scan data in the phantom experiment. In the patient study, the INTEX method yielded a (17 +/- 22)% tumor volume decrease and a (10 +/- 10)% tumor SUVmax increase compared to non-gated images. Conclusions The proposed INTEX method reduces respiratory motion degradation of PET tumor quantification and delineation in an effective manner. This can be used to improve the assessment of response to therapy for a known tumor by minimizing residual motion and matching the attenuation correction, without increasing image noise.
Vertical Communication Chains: Toward an Integrated Approach

A three-part argument is made that vertical communication chains in organizations need more study. First, four fundamental questions about chained vertical communication are posited. Second, relevant literature in five sets is reviewed; the sets include superior-subordinate communication studies, role conflict studies, ethnographic case studies, studies of vertical serial transmission, and network analyses. In each set there are at least a few studies that indicate the importance of vertical chain effects on other interactional units of analysis, but the studies collectively give only fragmentary answers to the fundamental questions. Third, three alternative theoretical models of chained vertical communication—a homogeneous model, a multiple strata model, and a multiple clusters model—are explicated that make rival claims about the nature and importance of the vertical chain, claims that cannot be distinguished on the basis of the current empirical literature. The article ends with suggestions for an inte...
New methods for quantifying and visualizing information from images of cells: An overview

New microscopy imaging techniques have enabled the acquisition of cellular and sub-cellular information with unprecedented accuracy and specificity. Fluorescence techniques have enabled labeling of numerous, previously inaccessible, molecules and organelles, while Raman spectrographic techniques, for example, have enabled label free acquisition. Together with the development of high throughput techniques, these technologies now allow for the acquisition of a significant amount of information about cellular processes and have enabled high throughput and high content screening. Beyond image formation and acquisition, computational techniques comprise an important part of the process of obtaining biological understanding from such experiments. Here we review the pros and cons of the main approaches that have been used to extract information from digital images of cells. In addition, we also offer an overview of modern computational techniques that beyond allowing for discrimination between two hypothesis, also allow for modeling, visualization, and understanding of biological phenomena.
Comparative Clinical Effects of Orally Administered Alpha-Estradiol and Diethylstilbestrol on Postpartum Engorgement of the Breast

Oral doses of other estrogens comparable to those of diethylstilbestrol have not been employed extensively because of the expense involved or the difficulty in obtaining a non-toxic solvent that would insure efficient absorption. Since previous experience with diethylstilbestrol has established a measuring stick for evaluating estrogenic activity, a series of 156 puerperal women have been given diethylstilbestrol or α-estradiol and the effects on breast engorgement compared. PROCEDURE The relative effectiveness of orally administered α-estradiol and diethylstilbestrol on breast engorgement was ascertained, respectively, in 61 and 95 women; 79 of the latter number were included in a previous report (1). In addition the results were compared with conditions in 75 women who received no medication. Approximately 60 per cent of each group were primipara. The age range was from 14 to 48 years with the majority under 30 and only two were 40 years or older.
Evaluation of uncertainties in loadings on offshore structures due to extreme environmental conditions

This paper summarizes results from a Canadian Standards Association (CSA) sponsored study of the uncertainties associated with extreme (1000 to 10,000-yr return periods) environmental loadings acting on offshore structures (Bea, 1991). The evaluations of the loadings addressed loading effects that resulted from dynamic and nonlinear interactions of the structures. Loading uncertainties were organized and characterized in two categories: 1) inherent randomness (aleatory uncertainty), and 2) analytical variability (epistemic uncertainty). The study addressed the global ultimate limit state performance of three structures designed according to the provisions of the draft CSA guidelines (1989a, 1989b) for offshore structures: 1) a concrete Gravity Base Structure (GBS) located off the East coast of Canada (Hibernia), 2) a steel pile template located on the Scotian Shelf off Sable Island, and 3) a caisson retained island located in the Mackenzie Delta area of the Beaufort Sea (Amuligak). The results of this study indicate that, based on presently available information and data, it is often not possible to develop unambiguous characterizations of uncertainties. The different technical communities that background environmental conditions and forces (storms, earthquakes, ice) recognize and integrate these uncertainties into loading characterizations in different ways. In many cases, major sources of uncertainty are not included in probabilistic characterizations. Because of the needs for design code information sensitivity and consistency in demonstrating compliance with target reliability goals, there is a need for well-organized and definitive evaluations of uncertainties in extreme environmental loadings and load effects (Bitner-Gregersen et al., 1993).
Looking at Technology through Industry Eyes

Examining the use of computing in whole industries sheds considerable new light on the role of IT in modern society.
The Pliocene Time Scale: Calibration of Planktonic Foraminiferal and Calcareous Nannoplankton Zones

The Pliocene spans the interval between 5 and 1.8 m.y.; its lower and upper limits can be determined by multiple micropalaeontological criteria. Within the Pliocene twelve planktonic foraminiferal and seven calcareous nannoplankton datum levels can be calibrated to the palaeomagnetic time scale.
High Incidence of Complications From Enoxaparin Treatment After Arthroplasty

Pulmonary embolism (PE) complicates 1% to 10% of total joint arthroplasties and generally requires immediate anticoagulation. Low-molecular-weight heparins have supplanted unfractionated heparin as the treatment of choice for PE and hold a 1A recommendation from the American College of Chest Physicians for this indication. However, the complications of enoxaparin treatment begun in close proximity to arthroplasty surgery are not well described. We examined the records of 135 patients who underwent total joint arthroplasty, experienced an in-hospital PE, and received treatment with enoxaparin at therapeutic doses (1 mg/kg body weight). The type and frequency of complications were determined and classified as major or minor. Twenty-seven percent of patients experienced minor complications and 10% experienced major complications. The incidence of major bleeding was substantially higher than rates reported for nonsurgical patients. The overall complication rate of enoxaparin treatment is similar to the rate of complications reported for unfractionated heparin treatment in this setting, but the complications are less severe.
Synthetic filter photometry and evolutionary status of two Be stars in the association Per OB1

Stromgren and H-beta colors have been determined from spectrophotometric observations for two Be stars without published photometry in the association Per OB1: HD 12856 (B0 pe) and HD 13890 (B1 III:pe). Stellar parameters and improved spectral types are then derived from the color indices using the calibrations of Jakobsen (1986), and independently from the BCD classification method. The intrinsic properties of HD 12856 and HD 13890 are compared with those of normal B stars and are used to estimate their evolutionary status.
Histopathology of early and late human hepatic allograft rejection: Evidence of progressive destruction of interlobular bile ducts

Cholestasis and injury of interlobular bile ducts occur during rejection of human hepatic allografts. However, knowledge of the nature and progression of bile duct injury during rejection remains incomplete. To define the role of inflammation in bile duct damage, we assessed the light microscopic appearance of hepatic tissue from selected patients in whom allograft failure was solely due to rejection. Nine patients with rejection were easily separated into two groups based on the duration of the allograft survival. The first group (early rejection) consisted of five patients in whom rejection occurred between 13 and 36 days. The second group (late rejection) consisted of four patients in whom rejection occurred between 170 and 912 days. Early rejection was characterized by distortion of bile ducts by adjacent inflammatory cell infiltrates, cytological changes of bile duct epithelial cells and occasionally by frank mononuclear cell inflammation of the epithelium with destruction of the duct. Late rejection was characterized by nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis culminating in the disappearance of interlobular bile ducts. Both groups exhibited histological cholestasis, intact limiting plates, preservation of hepatocytes and positive orcein stains for copper-binding protein. We conclude that the dominant histopathological feature of hepatic allograft rejection is progressive, nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis.
STM Study of Pulsed Laser Assisted Growth of Ge Quantum Dot on Si(1 0 0)-(2 × 1)

Ge quantum dot formation on Si(1 0 0)-(2 × 1) by nanosecond pulsed laser deposition under laser excitation was investigated. Scanning tunneling microscopy was used to probe the growth mode and morphology. Excitation was performed during deposition using laser energy density of 25–100 mJ/cm 2 . Faceted islands were achieved at a substrate temperature of ∼250 °C only when using laser excitation. The island morphology changes with increased laser excitation energy density although the faceting of the individual islands remains the same. The size of the major length of islands increases with the excitation laser energy density. A purely electronic mechanism of enhanced surface diffusion of the Ge adatoms is proposed.
Uncertainty, timekeeping, and simple reaction time.

Implications of the hypothesis that effects on simple RT of event and time uncertainty are due to S’s unwillingness to prepare for an unlikely event were tested. In 2 experiments, RT was compared for the foreperiod method and the new transit-signal method. Alternative hypotheses based on faulty reinstatement of foreperiods were invalidated. The inverse relation of RT to event uncertainty persisted for the transit-signal method which is free of memory effects. With time uncertainty the initial gradient of RT was steeper with the transit-signal method. There S had before him exact time information for estimating momentary probability of a signal. The uncertainty effect occurred even though it was evident that S could overcome it, so the term unwillingness is appropriate. Consequences of inaccurate timekeeping were examined; the contention that it simply and invariably increases RT was not supported. Unwillingness was examined in terms of the utility associated with preparation.
Convergence and Biases of Monte Carlo estimates of American option prices using a parametric exercise rule

Abstract This paper presents an algorithm for pricing American options using Monte Carlo simulation. The method is based on using a parametric representation of the early exercise decision. It is shown that, as long as this parametric representation subsumes all relevant stopping-times, error bounds can be constructed using two different estimates, one which is biased low and one which is biased high. Both are consistent and asymptotically unbiased estimators of the true option value. Results for high-dimensional American options confirm the viability of the numerical procedure. The convergence results of the paper shed light into the biases present in other algorithms proposed in the literature.
Ground‐Motion Observations of the 2014 South Napa Earthquake

Online Material: Maps of spatial residuals for the ground‐motion prediction equations. Ground motions of the South Napa earthquake (24 August 2014; M 6.0) were recorded at 19 stations within 20 km and 292 stations within 100 km of the rupture surface trace, generating peak ground motions in excess of 50% g and 50 cm/s in and near Napa Valley. This large dataset allows us to compare the ground motion from the earthquake to existing ground‐motion prediction equations (GMPEs) in considerable detail. Using the ground‐motion data compiled and reported by ShakeMap (Wald et al. , 2000), we examine the peak ground acceleration (PGA) and peak ground velocity (PGV), as well as the pseudospectral acceleration (PSA) at periods of 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 s. At the higher frequencies, especially PGA, data recorded at close distances (within ∼20 km) are very consistent with the GMPEs, implying a stress drop for this event similar to the median for California, that is, 5 MPa (Baltay and Hanks, 2014). At all frequencies, the attenuation with distance is stronger than the GMPEs would predict, which suggests the attenuation in the Napa and San Francisco Bay delta region is stronger than the average attenuation in California. The spatial plot of the ground‐motion residuals is positive to the north, in both Napa and Sonoma Valleys, consistent with increases in amplitude expected from both the directivity and basin effects. More interestingly, perhaps, there is strong ground motion to the south in the along‐strike direction, particularly for PSA at 1.0 s. These strongly positive residuals align with an older, Quaternary fault structure associated with the Franklin or Southampton fault, potentially indicating a fault‐zone‐guided wave. We consider ground motions recorded from the South Napa earthquake as reported by the Northern California Seismic System, University of California (Berkeley), and U.S. Geological Survey (Menlo Park) and compiled in the ShakeMap (Wald et al. …
RNA synthesis during lens cell differentiation.

Abstract Embryonic chick lenses were treated in vitro with 3H-uridine. The annular pad cells are the most active in RNA synthesis. It is probable that they represent the earliest stages of fiber differentiation. Later stages of the differentiation-process involve a gradual decrease RNA synthetic activity. Terminal fibers do not synthesize RNA. As they enter the stationary phase, RNA synthesis in epithelial cells decreases.
The Primary Goals of Political Parties: A Clarification of Positive Theory

Positive or rational choice theorists have tended to suppress under the rubric of “winning” elections a critical distinction in ths goals of political parties (or candidates)—the distinction between the primary goal of office and the goal of the benefits derived from the control of office. The distinction, however, has strategic consequences. Logically, the office-seeker should follow the vote-maximization strategy put forth by Downs, whereas the benefit-seeker should find Riker's minimal winning coalition most congenial. The distinction in goals and strategies also implies divergent ways of organizing political parties. A concern for benefits logically leads to the development of structures designed to insure that the party's officeholders will deliver the desired benefits. The office-seeking goal implies structures which free the party and the office-seeker to maneuver in response to electoral needs. Thus there are two positive theories resting upon two primary political goals. In their differences we find an explanation of the tensions in democratic parties.
A model for frictional slip in woven fabrics

Abstract A continuum model for frictional slip of the yarns of a plain-weave fabric is presented. The model is based on the assumption that the weave is composed of two families of continuously distributed yarns constrained at all times to occupy a common evolving surface in three-dimensional space. The two families may slide relative to one another on the surface, subject to their respective equations of motion, fiber constitutive equations, and frictional slip rules. The theory is intended for the quantitative analysis of deformation, slip and energy dissipation during a ballistic impact event. To cite this article: B. Nadler, D.J. Steigmann, C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).
Short-term regulation of catecholamine biosynthesis in a nerve growth factor responsive clonal line of rat pheochromocytoma cells.

— A clonal cell line (designated PC12) has been previously established from a transplantable rat adrenal medullary pheochromocytoma. Tissue cultures of PC12 cells synthesize, store, release and take up catecholamines. PC12 cells also respond to nerve growth factor (NGF) protein by cessation of mitosis and extension of neurites. The present studies concern the comparison of several aspects of catecholamine metabolism in PC12 cultures with that in normal noradrenergic tissues. One question was why the ratio of dopamine to norepinephrine in PC12 cultures (in contrast to that in normal noradrenergic tissue) is considerably more than one. The presence of exogenous reduced ascorbate (a cofactor for dopamine-β-monooxygenase) enhanced by 5–10-fold the rate at which PC12 cultures converted [3H]tyrosine to [3H]norepinephrine. Under such conditions, the rate of synthesis of [3H]do-pamine was unchanged. It was also found that the ratio of norepinephrine to dopamine increased by 10-fold when the cells were grown in vivo as tumors. Since tissue culture medium is essentially free of reduced ascorbate, it is likely that the absence of this cofactor is responsible for the low norepinephrine to dopamine ratio in PC12 cultures. Experiments were also carried out on short-term regulation of catecholamine synthesis in PC12 cultures. These studies revealed the following: (1) The rate of conversion of [3H]tyrosine to [3H]catechols was increased 2–3-fold (as compared with controls) in the presence of depolarizing levels of K+ (51.5 mM), and by 2-fold in the presence of 0.5–2 mM-dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3′, 5’monophosphoric acid (db-cAMP). (2) Similar increases occurred in cultures which had been treated with (and had responded to) nerve growth factor. (3) The stimulatory effects of 51.5 mM-K+ rapidly returned toward control levels when the cultures were returned to control medium and (4) required the presence of Ca2+ in the extracellular medium. (5) Stimulation of catechol synthesis by 51.5 mM-K+ and db-cAMP also occurred in the presence of an inhibitor of DOPA decar-boxylase. Thus, the ultimate effects of these agents were probably at the level of conversion of tyrosine to dopa by tyrosine 3-monooxygenase. (6) Simultaneous exposure of cultures to 51.5 mM-K+ and mM-db-cAMP gave additive levels of stimulation. Such findings demonstrate that catecholamine synthesis in cultures of PC12 cells undergoes short-term regulation which is similar to that previously demonstrated in normal monoaminergic tissues. As a homogeneous tissue culture line, the PC12 bears certain advantages for studying the primary mechanisms of such effects.
Agenesis of the urinary bladder with cutaneous ectopic ureteric orifice and multiple birth defects

This is to our knowledge the first case in the world literature of a livebom baby with a tubular colonic duplication, agenesis of the urinary bladder, urethral atresia, and a single pelvic kidney with its ureter opening directly onto the skin in the region of the natal cleft. A brief review of the embryology is included and an attempt is made to explain the embryologic basis for this anomaly.
Axial growth and changes in lenticular and corneal power during emmetropization in infants.

PURPOSE To evaluate the contribution made by the ocular components to the emmetropization of spherical equivalent refractive error in human infants between 3 and 9 months of age. METHODS Keratophakometry in two meridians was performed on 222 normal-birthweight infant subjects at 3 and 9 months of age. The spherical equivalent refractive error was measured by cycloplegic retinoscopy (cyclopentolate 1%). Anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, and vitreous chamber depth were measured by A-scan ultrasonography over the closed eyelid. RESULTS Both the mean and SD for spherical equivalent refractive error decreased between 3 and 9 months of age (+2.16 +/- 1.30 D at 3 months; +1.36 +/- 1.06 D at 9 months; P < 0.0001, for the change in both mean and SD). Average ocular component change was characterized by increases in axial length, thinning, and flattening of the crystalline lens, increases in lens equivalent refractive index, and decreases in lens and corneal power. Initial refractive error was associated in a nonlinear manner with the change in refractive error (R(2) = 0.41; P < 0.0001) and with axial growth (R(2) = 0.082; P = 0.0005). Reduction in hyperopia correlated significantly with increases in axial length (R(2) = 0.16; P < 0.0001), but not with changes in corneal and lenticular power. Decreases in lenticular and corneal power were associated with axial elongation (R(2) = 0.40, R(2) = 0.12, respectively; both P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Modulation in the amount of axial growth in relation to initial refractive error appeared to be the most influential factor in emmetropization of spherical equivalent refractive error. The associations between initial refractive error, subsequent axial growth, and change in refractive error were consistent with a visual basis for emmetropization. The cornea and crystalline lens lost substantial amounts of dioptric power in this phase of growth, but neither appeared to play a significant role in emmetropization.
MKP3 eliminates depolarization-dependent neurotransmitter release through downregulation of L-type calcium channel Cav1.2 expression.

Release of neurotransmitters is a fundamental and regulated process that is essential for normal brain functioning. Regulation of this process is potentially important for any neuronal process, and disruption of the release process may contribute to the pathophysiology associated with psychiatric diseases. In this work it is shown that expression of the negative regulator of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling the MAPK phosphatase MKP3/DUSP6 eliminates depolarization-dependent release of dopamine in rat PC12 cells. Pharmacologic interventions with latrotroxin (LTX) or A23187, which make the cells permeable to calcium, reestablish the dopamine release. Calcium imaging also reveals that calcium influx is impaired in MKP3-expressing cells. Because acute pharmacologic inhibition of MAPKs has no effect on dopamine release in naive PC12 cells, the MKP3-mediated elimination of neurotransmitter release must be caused by a long-term process, such as changes in gene expression. In support of this the expression of the L-type calcium channel cav1.2 alpha subunit (Cacna1c) is decreased in MKP3-expressing PC12 cells. With the reintroduction of cav1.2 expression, neurotransmitter release is restored in the MKP3-expressing PC12 cells. Thus, MKP3 expression reduces neurotransmitter release by decreasing the expression of cav1.2. Because MKP3 is increased when neuronal activity is elevated, this process could play a role in regulating neurotransmitter homeostasis.
Heat and mass transport in turbulent liquid jets

Abstract Available experimental data and theory for heat and mass transport in turbulent liquid jets are critically reviewed. It is shown that mass transfer in turbulent jets is an entrance region problem and that experimental data must be analyzed accordingly. Finite difference numerical solution of the entrance region problem shows that turbulent transport has a minor effect on mass transfer for the parameter range investigated. New experimental data for evaporation from turbulent jets are presented for a 4 mm dia. jet. Comparisons are made with data from various previous condensation studies, and an attempt made to explain the trends and apparent discrepancies.
Periodicity of transport coefficients with half flux quanta in the Aharonov-Bohm effect

We prove that all transport coefficients of a dirty normal metal in the Aharonov-Bohm geometry are exactly periodic with a period of a half flux quantum. This special periodicity appears only after performing the ensemble average over a symmetric distribution of random potentials. This result indicates how to improve numerical studies of localization by selectively averaging over the ensemble in such a manner as to preserve the special symmetries of the Hamiltonian.
Japan and the United States as Development Models: Classifying Asia Pacific and Latin American Political Economies

According to Fernando Fajnzylber, the political economies of Japan and the United States present distinct characteristics in areas such as their consumption patterns, income distribution, trade orientation, and economic dynamism. These characteristics provide a model for emulation by their East Asian and Latin American neighbors, respectively. Although some of the attributions and associations alleged seem obvious, others are more questionable and controversial. This article employs cluster methodology to undertake an empirical analysis with the aim of classifying and delineating the relevant political economies. Contrary to expectation, there is scant support for the proposition that Japan and the United States present two divergent prototypes of a development model. Similarly, the Latin American countries have not followed the U.S. model of development as hypothesized, although they do differ sharply from the East Asian political economies.