cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robot-Assisted Repair of E1 Biliary Ductal Injury with Roux-en-Y Hepaticojejunostomy

Abstract Background: Common bile duct (CBD) injury is a serious complication of laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy. Early identification and minimally invasive repair, when possible, can prevent...
Presurgical induction chemotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil.

Objectives/hypothesis The indications for and efficacy of induction chemotherapy in the management of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is controversial. With the advent of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancers, survival has improved significantly. Here we present a group of patients with tonsil cancer treated with induction chemotherapy followed by surgery. Study design Retrospective cohort study. Methods Thirty-eight patients with tonsil cancer were treated with induction chemotherapy, consisting of cisplatin and docetaxel, followed by neck dissection and radical tonsillectomy. Twenty-six patients were HPV+, 28 were nonsmokers or long-term former smokers, and 28 were T1/T2. Fourteen patients required postoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Median follow-up time was 4.1 years. Results A complete response to induction chemotherapy was achieved in 45% (17) of patients. In total, 76% (29/38) of patients were successfully treated: 53% (20/38) with chemotherapy and surgery alone, and 24% (9/38) required postoperative CRT. Almost 90% (23/26) of HPV+ and half (6/12) of HPV- patients are no evidence of disease (NED). HPV status is a significant prognostic factor (P = .02). Only 38% (5/13) of current smokers were NED compared to 96% (24/25) of nonsmokers (P = .0002). All HPV+ nonsmokers (20/20) were NED at last follow-up. Conclusions In this study, the primary driver of prognosis was smoking status. HPV status and T stage were also important. The prognosis for HPV+ nonsmokers is extremely good; most likely regardless of treatment. Treatment failures have a poor chance of salvage, irrespective of treatment type. With the major exception of HPV- smokers, induction chemotherapy followed by surgery with selective CRT is a viable treatment option for tonsil cancer. Level of evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 130:1206-1211, 2020.
Clinical benefit of next generation sequencing in soft tissue and bone sarcoma: Rush University Medical Center’s experience.

e22552Background: The overall survival for metastatic sarcoma has remained at only 18-20%. In the era of next generation sequencing (NGS), much research is ongoing on identifying optimal treatments...
Effect of Loading Rate on Fracture Behavior of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites

The crack initiation and growth in single-edge notched unidirectional T800s/3900-2 carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRP) are studied under stress wave and quasi-static loading conditions. The reflection-mode Digital Gradient Sensing (or, r-DGS) is extended here to study fracture mechanics of fiber reinforced composites by using it in conjunction with ultrahigh-speed photography to perform full-field measurement of crack-tip deformations in the pre- and post-crack initiation regimes. The optical method is capable of measuring two orthogonal surface slopes in the crack-tip vicinity as angular deflections of light rays in two mutually perpendicular planes due to crack-tip deformations. The effect of fiber orientation of 0°–60° relative to the initial notch in different composite coupons and the effect of different loading rates are investigated. Nominally mode-I fracture occurs when the fiber orientation is 0° whereas mixed-mode (mode-I and -II) fracture ensues in others. The fiber bridging effects are quite evident in the energy release rate histories, which conveys that fracture behavior of CFRP with dynamic loading producing a weaker post-initiation response relative to the quasi-static counterparts.
Returns to education quality

Abstract While economists have traditionally considered the returns to education quantity, in the last decade or so the focus has turned to education quality. This reflects the fact that at any level of schooling, there are significant differences across schools with respect to peer quality and other important inputs into education production. Moreover, it is clear that parents and students perceive large differences in school quality, as reflected by the efforts taken to attend more selective schools. This article discusses the mechanisms through which attending more selective schools can affect outcomes, and describes how researchers have attempted to estimate causal effects. In addition, it surveys the research on the academic and labor market benefits from attending more selective schools.
The proton radius puzzle – 9 years later

High-precision measurements of the proton radius via scattering, electric hydrogen spectroscopy and muonic hydrogen spectroscopy do not agree on the level of more than 5 σ. This proton radius puzzle persists now for almost a decade. This paper gives a short summary over the progress in the solution of the puzzle as well as an overview over the planned experiments to finally solve this puzzle at the interface of atomic and nuclear physics.
Splenic marginal zone lymphoma: A US population‐based survival analysis (1999‐2016)

BACKGROUND Splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) is a rare tumor without a uniform treatment approach. The authors describe a large population-based study evaluating survival outcomes of patients with SMZL according to the treatment received. METHODS From the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, patients were selected who had SMZL diagnosed from 1999 to 2016. Observation, splenectomy, chemotherapy, and splenectomy with chemotherapy were the evaluated treatment strategies. Cox and Fine and Gray regression models were used to evaluate overall and SMZL-specific survival, respectively. RESULTS In total, 1671 patients were selected for the analysis. Most patients were aged >60 years (71.3%), White (89.7%), and non-Hispanic (91.7%). Transformation to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) occurred in 71 patients (4.2%), and the 10-year transformation rate was 8.6% (95% CI, 6.6%-10.9%). In multivariable analysis, shorter SMZL-specific survival was associated with age ≥60 years (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR], 1.85; 95% CI, 1.40-2.45; P < .001), Hispanic ethnicity (SHR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.06-2.13; P = .023), DLBCL transformation (SHR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.48-2.97; P < .001), and the presence of B-symptoms (SHR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.23-2.27; P < .001). Compared with splenectomy, observation (SHR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.67-1.28; P = .636), chemotherapy only (SHR, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.93-1.76; P = .127), and splenectomy plus chemotherapy (SHR, 1.43; 95% CI, 0.96-2.13; P = .089) showed no significant differences in SMZL-specific survival. Predictors of shorter overall survival were age ≥60 years (hazard ratio, 2.98; 95% CI, 2.37-3.76; P < .001) and the presence of B-symptoms (hazard ratio, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.06-1.67; P = .014). CONCLUSIONS There were no significant differences in overall or SMZL-specific survival by treatment strategy. Older age, Hispanic ethnicity, DLBCL transformation, and B-symptoms were associated with a worse prognosis.
Food philosophy: an introduction: by David M. Kaplan, New York, Columbia University Press, 2019, 240 pp., ISBN: 9780231167918

David Kaplan’s Food Philosophy: An Introduction is another solid contribution to the growing catalog of books dedicated to food and philosophy. Kaplan has already contributed much to develop and pr...
Modal Delay Measurement for Few-Mode Fibers Using Frequency-Domain Complex Transfer Function

We present a simple and robust method for measuring modal delays of few-mode fibers by using complex transfer function. The results for bi-modal and four-mode fibers agree well with direct time domain measurements. © 2020 The Author(s)
Perceptions of vape product restrictions among adult vapers.

States and localities are considering legislation to counter the youth vaping epidemic.1 Since availability is linked to exposure and use, policies that reduce tobacco and vape product availability may reduce youth tobacco exposure and use.2–8 However, limited research exists on how these policies may impact adult vape users. One argument against these policies is adults who vape to reduce cigarette use will be unable to readily access these products. This study assessed Massachusetts’ adult vapers’ attitudes towards a policy that restricts sales of vape products to adult-only stores, including how this policy may impact their ability to access vapes. In June 2019, the Massachusetts Tobacco Cessation and Prevention Program collaborated with Market Street Research (MSR) to design and administer an online panel survey to adult vapers.9 Inclusion criteria included: Massachusetts resident, at least …
The “Lost” Personality Disorders and Their Relationships to the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders Among Older Adults

Abstract. Four personality disorders (PD) have become “lost” throughout the various editions of the DSM: Depressive, Passive-Aggressive, Sadistic, and Self-Defeating. The Alternative Model of Perso...
Plagiarism in Latin Literature

In response to critics who charged him with plagiarism, Virgil is said to have responded that it was easier to steal Hercules' club than a line from Homer. This was to deny the allegations by implying that Virgil was no plagiarist at all, but an author who had done the hard work of making Homer's material his own. Several other texts and passages in Latin literature provide further evidence for accusations and denials of plagiarism. Plagiarism in Latin Literature explores important questions such as, how do Roman writers and speakers define the practice? And how do the accusations and denials function? Scott McGill moves between varied sources, including Terence, Martial, Seneca the Elder and Macrobius' Virgil criticism to explore these questions. In the process, he offers new insights into the history of plagiarism and related issues, including Roman notions of literary property, authorship and textual reuse.
Chapter 8 Immunological Methods in the Study of Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the structure and antigenicity of proteoglycans. It presents a model of the proteoglycan monomer and its aggregation with hyaluronic acid and link protein. This model is based primarily on the studies carried out on proteoglycans derived from bovine nasal septum and porcine tracheal cartilage; however, many studies of proteoglycans from human articular cartilage, Swarm rat tumor cartilage, and embryonic chick cartilage appear to support the generality of most aspects of the model. The proposed model has received support from several electron microscopic studies utilizing the Kleinschmidt technique. A number of studies have been concerned with changing patterns of the structure of proteoglycans during development. Most available information stems from the studies of differentiation of embryonic cartilage and of the nanomelic chick. Several investigators discovered during the period of 1960– 1970 that protein–polysaccharides of cartilage are antigenic. In 1962, the development of skin sensitivity in rats immunized with bovine cartilage protein­–polysaccharides was reported. Once the antigenicity of the protein–polysaccharide from cartilage was firmly etablished, specific questions, including the number and nature of the antigenic determinants of cartilage protein-polysaccharide, were examined.
Hypoxia and Regulation of Cancer Cell Stemness

Spontaneous tumors often contain heterogeneous populations of tumor cells with different tumor-initiating potentials or cancer cell “stemness.” Clonal heterogeneity can be traced to specific locations inside a tumor where clones with different metastatic capabilities are identified, suggesting that the tumor microenvironment can exert a significant effect on the evolution of different clonal populations. Hypoxia is a common feature of tumor microenvironments and has the potential to facilitate malignant progression. This chapter provides a synopsis of hypoxia-regulated pathways implicated in the maintenance of cancer stem cells.
Electronic structure and magnetism in the frustrated antiferromagnet Li Cr O 2 : First-principles calculations

$\mathrm{Li}\mathrm{Cr}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ is a two-dimensional triangular antiferromagnet, isostructural with the common battery material $\mathrm{Li}\mathrm{Co}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and a well-known Jahn-Teller antiferromagnet $\mathrm{Na}\mathrm{Ni}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. As opposed to the latter, $\mathrm{Li}\mathrm{Cr}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ exibits antiferromagnetic exchange in the Cr planes, which has been ascribed to direct Cr-Cr $d\text{\ensuremath{-}}d$ overlap. Using local density approximation (LDA) and $\mathrm{LDA}+U$ first-principles calculations, I confirm this conjecture and show that (a) direct $d\text{\ensuremath{-}}d$ overlap is indeed enhanced compared to isostructural Ni and Co compounds, (b) the $p\text{\ensuremath{-}}d$ charge-transfer gap is also enhanced, thus suppressing the ferromagnetic superexchange, (c) the calculated magnetic Hamiltonian maps well onto the nearest-neighbor Heisenberg exchange model, and (d) the interplanar inteaction is antiferromagnetic.
Structural diagnostics of the tropopause inversion layer and its evolution

The Tropopause Inversion Layer (TIL) is marked by a peak in static stability directly above the tropopause. The TIL is quantitatively defined with new diagnostics using Global Positioning System Radio Occultation temperature soundings and reanalysis data. A climatology of the TIL is developed from reanalysis data (1980–2011) using diagnostics for the position, depth, and strength of the TIL based on the TIL peak in static stability. TIL diagnostics have defined relationships to the synoptic situation in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere. The TIL is present nearly all the time. The TIL becomes hard to define in the subtropics where tropical air overlies midlatitude air, in a region of complex static stability profiles. The mean position of the subtropical TIL gradient is sharp and is co-located with the subtropical tropopause break. Over the period 1980–2011 the TIL depth below the tropopause has decreased by 5% per decade and increased above the tropical tropopause by a similar percentage. Furthermore, the latitude of the abrupt change in the TIL from tropical to extratropical in the lower stratosphere appears to have shifted poleward in each hemisphere by ∼1° latitude per decade, depending on the diagnostic examined. Reanalysis trends should be treated with caution.
Prehospital and en route analgesic use in the combat setting: a prospectively designed, multicenter, observational study.

ABSTRACTBackground: Combat injuries result in acute, severe pain. Early use of analgesia after injury is known to be beneficial. Studies on prehospital analgesia in combat are limited and no prospectively designed study has reported the use of analgesics in the prehospital and en route care setting. Our objective was to describe the current use of prehospital analgesia in the combat setting. Methods: This prospectively designed, multicenter, observational, prehospital combat study was undertaken at medical treatment facilities (MTF) in Afghanistan between October 2012 and September 2013. It formed part of a larger study aimed at describing the use of lifesaving interventions in combat. On arrival at the MTF, trained on-site investigators enrolled eligible patients and completed standardized data capture forms, which included the name, dose, and route of administration of all prehospital analgesics, and the type of provider who administered the drug. Physiological data were retrospectively ascribed as soon...
An engineering method of single channel for dual amplitude and phase comparison

In amplitude comparison and phase comparison widely used in engineering applications, one major problem annoying engineers is the amplitude and phase matching among the channels. A method using one channel for dual amplitude and phase comparison is proposed in this paper. The principle of the method is presented in detail, and the equivalent error of one such channel for amplitude and phase comparison is analyzed. The analysis with the simulation shows the typical value of mismatching between the two paths is under about 1 dB in amplitude and 10 degree in phase.
Special issue: gut microbial communities in health and disease.

The complex and ancient relationships between animal hosts and the microbial communities that inhabit their digestive tracts have become the focus of intense research in recent years. As a result, ...
The influence of screen mesh size, and size and shape of rodent teeth on recovery

Abstract It is suggested with increasing frequency that rather than the industry standard of 1/4 inch mesh, zooarchaeologists use 1/8 inch or even 1/16 inch mesh to insure more complete recovery. These suggestions are based on the implicit assumption that the body size of a taxon and the probability that the remains of that taxon will be recovered are positively correlated. Size of skeletal specimens provides a more direct measure of recovery probability and accounts for the fact that not all skeletal elements in a body are the same size. Frequencies of eight kinds of rodent teeth representing three genera recovered from the Marmes archaeological site in southeastern Washington State, USA, correlate strongly with tooth size despite the use of 1/25 inch mesh screens. Shape of tooth types measured is insufficiently varied to reveal more than a general relationship between shape and recovery frequency. Choice of an appropriate screen mesh should consider the nature of a deposit, research goals, and cost efficiency.
Multi-channel orbicularis oculi stimulation to restore eye-blink function in facial paralysis

Facial paralysis due to facial nerve injury results in the loss of function of the muscles of the hemiface. The most serious complication in extreme cases is the loss of vision. In this study, we compared the effectiveness of single- and multiple-channel electrical stimulation to restore a complete and cosmetically acceptable eye blink. We established bilateral orbicularis oculi muscle (OOM) paralysis in eight dogs; the OOM of one side was directly stimulated using single-channel electrical stimulation and the opposite side was stimulated using multi-channel electrical stimulation. The changes in the palpebral fissure and complete palpebral closure were measured. The difference in current intensities between the multi-channel and single-channel simulation groups was significant, while only multi-channel stimulation produced complete eyelid closure. The latest electronic stimulation circuitry with high-quality implantable electrodes will make it possible to regulate precisely OOM contractions and thus generate complete and cosmetically acceptable eye-blink motion in patients with facial paralysis.
The Three Selves of Adulthood: Cultural Conceptions of Self Among Oriya Hindu Women

This essay examines the cultural conceptions of self among Oriya Hindu women who live in the temple town of Bhubaneswar in Orissa, India. It explores the temporal dimension of these conceptions during adulthood. While Hindu understandings about the relative permeability of the human body and its potential for transformation lead to an interdependent conception of the self, each of the three phases of adulthood—young adulthood, mature adulthood and old age—produces its own particular variant. The particularity of each variant derives from the cultural meanings attached to each life-phase and the social context of these women’s lives. The critical variable appears to be the predominant goal of each life-phase. The goals of assimilation in young adulthood, dominance and centrality in mature adulthood and coherence in old age lead to an interdependent conception of the self that changes, during the course of adulthood, from ‘emergent’ to ‘encompassing’ to ‘non-interdependent’.
Characterization of taxol in methylene chloride by nmr spectroscopy

Abstract The 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra of taxol in methylene chloride were analyzed using two-dimensional methods. 13 C chemical shift assignments were made based on inverse-detected two-dimensional NMR experiments and are reported. The NOESY data collected in this solvent suggest that the structure in solution is similar to the X-ray structure of the taxol analogue taxotere.
The effects of financial controls on data manipulation and management Myopia

Abstract This paper reports the findings of a field and survey study aimed at discovering the incidence and causes of two potentially important, often dysfunctional, control system side effects: manipulation of short-term performance measures and encouragement of a myopic, short-term orientation. Data collected from interviews and questionnaires show that these side effects were evident and that their incidence was positively related to the felt pressure to meet financial targets. Tests of possible moderating effects of environmental uncertainty, supervisor consideration, and profit center strategy were consistent with expectations only for the environmental uncertainty variable, however; managers operating in relatively uncertain environments were significantly more likely to react to budget pressure by pulling profits from the subsequent year into the current year than were those operating in relatively certain environments.
Heuristic intermolecular potential function for the methane–water interaction based on ab initio quantum-mechanical calculations

An analytical potential function for the pairwise interaction of methane and water is reported. The function is representative of 225 ab initio quantum-mechanical calculations of the intermolecular interaction using 6–31G self-consistent-field molecular-orbital theory. The statistical parameters of the curve fitting are given and isoenergy contour maps of the interaction energy are presented and discussed.
Design and development of high-frequency thermoacoustic engines for thermal management in microelectronics

Thermoacoustic heat engines provide a practical solution to the problem of heat management in microcircuits where they can be used to pump heat or produce spot cooling of specific circuit elements. There are basically two types of thermoacoustic engines, a prime mover where heat is converted to acoustic energy, and a heat pump or cooler where sound can pump heat up a temperature gradient. Such devices are relatively simple, they can be efficient, and they are readily adaptable to microcircuit interfacing. Since this type of engines is usually operated in a resonant mode, the operating frequency determines its size. The devices presented here are pumped at frequencies ranging from 4 to 24 kHz. They have been developed for interfacing with microcircuits as heat pumps or spot coolers. Results of their performance are presented and suggestions for further improvements are discussed.
Influence of gallogen and diethanolamine upon induced hypercholesterolemia in the rat.

The diethanolamine salt of the mono (α,p-dimethylbenzyl) ester of d-camphoric acid (Gallogen) augmented diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipemia in the rat, while depressing liver cholesterol and total lipid concentrations. Diethanolamine had virtually identical effects. Gallogen, given orally to rats with biliary fistulas had a slight hydrocholeretic effect, but did not influence biliary excretion of cholesterol, cholic acid, or chenodeoxycholic acid.
"Fences, lifeboats, and gridlock: A social dilemma approach to public-private partnerships"

Public-private partnerships are a common strategy for achieving collective action at an organizational, national, and international level. Their popularity is because public-private partnerships offer its stakeholders – be they the partners, special interest groups, and consumers – opportunity for global sustainable value creation. However, many public-private partnerships struggle to realize their value added potential. One way of understanding the struggle is to observe public-private partnerships as a social dilemma. Integrating the public-private partnership literature with the social dilemma literature, the current article introduces three social dilemmas inherent in public-private partnerships and provides a taxonomy for navigating these social dilemmas.
Thermopower measurements on arsenic from 2 to 300 K

${S}_{11}$ and ${S}_{33}$ thermopower components of arsenic have been determined in the temperature range 2-300 K. The data on trigonal (${S}_{33}$) samples are the first reported investigations below 80 K. The measurements were made on high-quality melt-grown single crystals with resistivity ratios in excess of $3500({S}_{11})$ and $5300({S}_{33})$, the largest reported to date. While the thermopower ${S}_{11}$ is positive above 15 K, the ${S}_{33}$ component is negative throughout the investigated temperature range. Above 70 K, both ${S}_{11}$ and ${S}_{33}$ thermopowers are purely of diffusion origin. At lower temperatures the thermopowers show pronounced anomalies associated with phonon drag of electrons and holes. With increasing sample perfection both ${S}_{11}$ and ${S}_{33}$ tend to become less negative.
Maintenance and generalization of a semantic rehearsal strategy in educable mentally retarded children

Abstract Two groups of 11- to 12-year-old educable mentally retarded children, equated on the basis of a free recall pretest, were given a series of lists for free recall. Approximately half the subjects were trained in the use of a strategy designed to induce deeper level semantic encoding and the discovery of categorical relationships and half constituted a “no-training” control group with standard free recall instructions. The subjects received either related or unrelated lists during the training phase and related or unrelated lists during two post-tests, immediately following and 1 week after training. There was evidence not only that the semantic strategy was maintained over the 1-week delay, but that it also generalized to word lists unlike those used during training. The degree of generalization was greater for those subjects receiving related lists during training.
Acquired dyschromatopsia in glaucoma

Recent studies have suggested that the recognition of blue-yellow color vision deficits may have some predictive value in determining which ocular hypertensives are at risk of developing glaucoma and in monitoring the progress of the disease in glaucoma patients. This article reviews current theories of normal color vision and the differences that may occur in glaucoma, outlining methods of color vision testing and interpretation, and summarizing the results of recent studies.
Thermal fields in the Bridgman-Stockbarger technique

Temperature measurements were made throughout a naphthalene melt and solid in a simulated Bridgman-Stockbarger apparatus. Heating and cooling were provided by agitated baths separated by a polymer diaphragm. While agitation was sufficient to give uniform temperatures in the baths, the level of agitation in the heater strongly influenced the results. Unlike theoretical results for high thermal conductivity materials, natural convection in the melt had a strong influence on interface position and on the temperature distribution. Isotherms were relatively flat in the solid and both curved and erratic in the melt. The interface became more convex as it was moved higher into the heating bath by raising either the heating bath or cooling bath temperatures. Using a one-dimensional model, the Biot number in the cooler was determined to be 0.03, that for the solid in the heater 0.008, and for the molten region in the heater 0.3. Biot numbers for two or three dimensional models would be significantly different.
Nonsurgical closure of femoral pseudoaneurysms complicating cardiac catheterization and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

Abstract Objectives . This study was performed to describe the initial experience and follow-up of ultrasound-guided compression of pseudoaneurysms in patients receiving systemic anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy, or both, after recent cardiac catheterization or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Background . Femoral artery pseudoaneurysm formation after an interventional procedure is becoming more common as larger caliber catheters and prolonged anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy are being used. Traditional treatment of this complication has been surgical repair. This study describes a new method of closing femoral pseudoaneurysms by using external compression guided by Doppler color flow imaging. Methods . Fifteen patients, 3 undergoing cardiac catheterization and 12 undergoing coronary angioplasty, developed an expansile groin mass at the vascular access site diagnosed as a femoral artery pseudoaneurysm by Doppler ultrasound. Seven of the patients had undergone coronary stenting and were receiving postprocedural anticoagulant therapy. These patients underwent progressive graded mechanical (C-clamp) external compression guided by ultrasound. The mechanical compression was titrated to obliterate the vascular tracts to these aneurysms and maintain adequate flow in the femoral artery. Results . After an average compression time of 30 min (range 10 to 120), these tracts remained closed. Follow-up ultrasound examination at 24 h or later confirmed continued closure in all. Conclusions . This study suggests that nonsurgical closure of femoral pseudoaneurysms is feasible. This technique may be valuable in managing vascular access-related complications after diagnostic and interventional procedures, even in patients requiring prolonged anticoagulant therapy.
North American Feldspathoidal Rocks in Space and Time

Feldspathoidal rocks are generally considered to be postorogenic and concentrated in the stable portions of continents. These erroneous ideas have biased petrogenetic hypotheses. Of the more than 120 feldspathoidal rock occurrences in North America, only one-third are in the shield and stable craton; the remainder are within Phanerozoic orogenic belts. Approximately 20 percent of all occurrences are pretectonic or syntectonic. In several regions (usually considered petrographic provinces) superficially identical feldspathoidal rocks were emplaced over spans of several hundred million years. Time correlation based upon petrologic similarity and geographic proximity is as risky for these igneous rocks as it is for sedimentary rocks. Hypotheses stating that feldspathoidal rocks are generated during “crustal tension” and rift faulting seem inapplicable to North America.
Monte carlo solution of thermal transfer through radiant media between gray walls.

Radiative heat transfer to a nonisothermal absorbing and emitting gray gas between gray walls is analyzed using the monte carlo method
Adrenergic targets for the treatment of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.

Rationale The cognitive functions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are profoundly impaired in schizophrenic patients. Although dopamine has been the major focus of schizophrenia research, norepinephrine (NE) also has marked influences on PFC cognitive functioning.
Thermodynamics of CoO–MgO solid solutions

Abstract Enthalpies of mixing in CoxMg1 − xO solid solutions at T=298 K have been determined using high temperature drop solution calorimetry in molten sodium molybdate (3Na2O · 4MoO3) solvent at T=973 K. Slightly positive enthalpies of mixing were observed, which conform to a regular solution model with interaction parameter W=(5.1 ± 0.3) kJ · mol−1, which is similar to the interaction parameter calculated from previously measured activity-composition relations. Standard molar entropies Sm0 at T=298 K calculated from subambient Cp data for CoO, MgO are (52.8 ± 0.1) J · K−1 · mol−1 and (28.1 ± 0.1) J · K−1 · mol−1, respectively. Integration of the Cp,m/T of the Co0.50Mg0.50O mixture yields an entropy of (40.3 ± 0.1) J · K−1 · mol−1. This value does not include configurational entropy from the Co/Mg site disorder. The excess entropy of Co0.50Mg0.50O is zero within experimental error. Heat capacities were also measured between T=298 K and T=973 K. The enthalpies of mixing do not depend on temperature in this range.
A Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Retention Time Alignment Algorithm To Enhance Chemometric Analysis of Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Separation Data

A comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) retention time alignment algorithm was developed using a novel indexing scheme. The algorithm is termed comprehensive because it functions to correct the entire chromatogram in both dimensions and it preserves the separation information in both dimensions. Although the algorithm is demonstrated by correcting comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) data, the algorithm is designed to correct shifting in all forms of 2D separations, such as LC x LC, LC x CE, CE x CE, and LC x GC. This 2D alignment algorithm was applied to three different data sets composed of replicate GC x GC separations of (1) three 22-component control mixtures, (2) three gasoline samples, and (3) three diesel samples. The three data sets were collected using slightly different temperature or pressure programs to engender significant retention time shifting in the raw data and then demonstrate subsequent corrections of that shifting upon comprehensive 2D alignment of the data sets. Thirty 12-min GC x GC separations from three 22-component control mixtures were used to evaluate the 2D alignment performance (10 runs/mixture). The average standard deviation of first column retention time improved 5-fold from 0.020 min (before alignment) to 0.004 min (after alignment). Concurrently, the average standard deviation of second column retention time improved 4-fold from 3.5 ms (before alignment) to 0.8 ms (after alignment). Alignment of the 30 control mixture chromatograms took 20 min. The quantitative integrity of the GC x GC data following 2D alignment was also investigated. The mean integrated signal was determined for all components in the three 22-component mixtures for all 30 replicates. The average percent difference in the integrated signal for each component before and after alignment was 2.6%. Singular value decomposition (SVD) was applied to the 22-component control mixture data before and after alignment to show the restoration of trilinearity to the data, since trilinearity benefits chemometric analysis. By applying comprehensive 2D retention time alignment to all three data sets (control mixtures, gasoline samples, and diesel samples), classification by principal component analysis (PCA) substantially improved, resulting in 100% accurate scores clustering.
Integrating Nanoscience into the Classroom: Perspectives on Nanoscience Education Projects

The National Nanotechnology Initiative has motivated substantial growth in nanoscience and nanotechnology research in the United States and beyond. One of the central goals of the National Nanotech...
Feelings from a dialogical perspective: Ontology and clinical applications

Abstract Consideration is given to our cognitive, volitional, and emotive functions as they are experienced in the I‐It and I‐Thou realms of our existence, focusing on our emotive function. Feelings in the I‐It realm are limited to the physical and psychical parts of ourselves. They are defensive and motivate our survival in the world. In the I‐Thou realm, they permeate our whole being, including that part of ourselves that is beyond phenomenological manifestation that lies at the ground of our being as potential awaiting actualization. Our ontology necessitates the experience of our primary feelings in our struggle to become what we are uniquely “created” to be. Dialogical psychotherapists consider this as crucial to our therapeutic endeavors.
Children's 5-HTTLPR genotype moderates the link between maternal criticism and attentional biases specifically for facial displays of anger

Theorists have proposed that negative experiences in childhood may contribute to the development of experience-specific information-processing biases, including attentional biases. There are also clear genetic influences on cognitive processes, with evidence that polymorphisms in specific candidate genes may moderate the impact of environmental stress on attentional biases (e.g., a functional polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene; 5-HTTLPR). In the current study, we tested a gene×environment (G×E) model of risk for attentional biases. We hypothesised that children whose mothers exhibit high levels of expressed emotion criticism (EE-Crit) would display attentional biases specifically for angry, but not happy or sad, faces, and that this link would be stronger among children carrying one or two copies of the 5-HTTLPR short allele than among those homozygous for the long allele. Results generally supported these hypotheses, though we found that carriers of the 5-HTTLPR short allele who also had a cr...
DNA Structure Specificity of Bacillus Stearothermophilus PcrA

Helicases are molecular motors that play critical roles in nucleic acid transactions, including replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. As observed in a number of diseases resulting from mutations in helicase genes, helicases are important for maintenance of cellular functions. A feature of these diseases is an increase in malignancies as a result of genome instability resulting from unregulated DNA recombination. Gram-positive bacteria harbor a conserved helicase, PcrA, which is involved in UV-damage DNA repair, plasmid rolling-circle replication, and regulation of DNA recombination. PcrA has been shown to inhibit RecA-mediated DNA strand exchange reaction and displace RecA from the DNA. Homologs of PcrA, including Rep and UvrD helicases, have been shown to be 3′ to 5′ helicases. However, PcrA homologs from Staphylococcus aureus (S. au.), Bacillus anthracisand Streptococcus pneumoniaiealso exhibit 5′ to 3′ helicase activity. In these studies, we have explored the directionality and DNA structure specificity of Bacillus stearothermophilus (B. st.) PcrA. We have demonstrated that B. st. PcrA does not have 5′ to 3′ directionality on standard partially duplex DNA substrates containing a 5′ oligo dT tail. However, similar to S. au.PcrA, B. st. PcrA unwound DNA substrates with a hairpin structure found at the dsDNA replication origin in the rolling-circle replication plasmid pT181 with high efficiency. These included substrates with only a 5′ single-stranded region. These results indicate that though the S. au. and B. st. PcrAs are 60% identical, they have different activities. Our future work will explore the amino acid sequence differences in these helicases that lead to their differential biochemical activities.
Computational models to predict blood-brain barrier permeation and CNS activity.

The blood–brain permeation of a structurally diverse set of 281 compounds was modeled using linear regression and a multivariate genetic partial least squares (G/PLS) approach. Key structural features affecting the logarithm of blood–brain partitioning (logBB) were captured through statistically significant quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models. These relationships reveal the importance of logP, polar surface area, and a variety of electrotopological indices for accurate predictions of logBB. The best models reveal an excellent correlation (r > 0.9) for a training set of 58 compounds. Likewise, the comparison of the average logBB values obtained from an ensemble of QSAR models with experimental values also verifies the statistical quality of the models (r > 0.9). The models provide good agreement (r ∼ 0.7) between the predicted logBB values for 34 molecules in the external validation set and the experimental values. To further validate the models for use during the drug discovery process, a prediction set of 181 drugs with reported CNS penetration data was used. A >70% success rate is obtained by using any of the QSAR models in the qualitative prediction for CNS permeable (active) drugs. A lower success rate (∼60%) was obtained for the best model for CNS impermeable (inactive) drugs. Combining the predictions obtained from all the models (consensus) did not significantly improve the discrimination of CNS active and CNS inactive molecules. Finally, using the therapeutic classification as a guiding tool, the CNS penetration capability of over 2000 compounds in the Synthline® database was estimated. The results were very similar to the smaller set of 181 compounds.
Flat polarizing lenses: Design, synthesis and applications

The concept of “polarizing lens” is presented and its generalization to design novel lenses is examined. After exploring the general theoretical formulations, optimal designs to realize polarizing lenses at infrared frequencies are presented. An efficient phase-amplitude synthesis method is also employed in the design of polarizing lenses. The proposed method provides the phase and amplitude distribution of the reflected field on each element that best suits the required focusing and polarization specifications. Here, we first demonstrate a novel single layer metalens design that can have both light focusing and polarization manipulation capability simultaneously. The designed metalens enables us to integrate two important categories of optical components, i.e., circular polarizer and lens, into a thin plasmonic metasurface. This will significantly reduce the cost, volume, loss, and complexity of optical systems. Second, the methods here developed also allow to design a flat lens with a needle-like focus beam with a small spot size, close to the Abbe's diffraction limit, and an extended depth of focus. The idea of extending the depth of focus while keeping the focal spot small increases the interaction of the source field with the object as well as simplifies the alignment procedures for many optical systems. A two-dimensional array of newly-shaped optical antennas with polarization dependent and spatially varying phase response can imprint such unique compact polarizing lenses. The idea of polarizing lens is expected to lead to the further development of optical components, due to its groundbreaking implications in integrated optics, most notably the possibility of having focused beam with an extended depth of focus and metalenses with birefringent behaviors.
The Structure of Work, Patterns of Communication, and Organizational Learning: A Three‐Nation Comparison

National differences in patterns of new product development reflect differences in patterns of communication and delegation within the organization. In mature U.S. corporations, projects are generally controlled by superiors and implemented by subordinates who compete with each other. People making critical decisions may lack critical information while the people responsible for implementation may not have a stake in overall project success. The result is frequent failure. In U.S. startups, smaller Italian companies and in Japanese management groups, work is carried out by cooperative groups. Members have a shared stake in overall project success. Decisions are made to promote overall project success. Differences among small group performance in U.S., Italian, and Japanese companies reflect differences in the scope of group activity. U.S. startups can innovate technologies, business processes, and products. Innovations by small Italian companies are generally restricted to changes that compliment the activities of other firms in their network. Japanese business groups operate within a highly structured corporate environment. Innovations tend to be limited to elaborations in core technologies, processes, and products.
M-BISON: Microarray-based integration of data sources using networks

The accurate detection of differentially expressed (DE) genes has become a central task in microarray analysis. Unfortunately, the noise level and experimental variability of microarrays can be limiting. While a number of existing methods partially overcome these limitations by incorporating biological knowledge in the form of gene groups, these methods sacrifice gene-level resolution. This loss of precision can be inappropriate, especially if the desired output is a ranked list of individual genes. To address this shortcoming, we developed M-BISON (Microarray-Based Integration of data SOurces using Networks), a formal probabilistic model that integrates background biological knowledge with microarray data to predict individual DE genes. M-BISON improves signal detection on a range of simulated data, particularly when using very noisy microarray data. We also applied the method to the task of predicting heat shock-related differentially expressed genes in S. cerevisiae, using an hsf1 mutant microarray dataset and conserved yeast DNA sequence motifs. Our results demonstrate that M-BISON improves the analysis quality and makes predictions that are easy to interpret in concert with incorporated knowledge. Specifically, M-BISON increases the AUC of DE gene prediction from .541 to .623 when compared to a method using only microarray data, and M-BISON outperforms a related method, GeneRank. Furthermore, by analyzing M-BISON predictions in the context of the background knowledge, we identified YHR124W as a potentially novel player in the yeast heat shock response. This work provides a solid foundation for the principled integration of imperfect biological knowledge with gene expression data and other high-throughput data sources.
Is Parental Involvement Lower at Larger Schools

Abstract Parents who volunteer, or who lobby for improvements in school quality, are generally seen as providing a school-wide public good. If so, straightforward public-good theory predicts that free-riding will reduce average involvement at larger schools. This study uses longitudinal data to follow families over time, as their children move from middle schools to high schools, thus netting out unobservable differences among families. Increases in school size result in significant reductions in parental involvement, although the magnitude of the effect is small. If parents experience a doubling in school size, they are 2 percentage points less likely to increase their contacts with the school, and 5 percentage points less likely to increase their volunteering. A continuous-treatment propensity-score method tests whether the results are driven by selection into treatment. The parental contact results are robust to this test, while the volunteer results are not. Also, there is some evidence that parents see their involvement as a substitute, rather than a complement, for perceived school quality.
Bethe-Salpeter Equation for Triplet Amplitude in Intermediate-Vector-Boson Theory of Weak Interactions

The Bethe-Salpeter equation for the triplet amplitude in the intermediate-vector-boson theory of weak interactions is shown to have a unique solution in configuration space; the solution has an essential singularity at the light cone, and does not have a Fourier transform. If the neutrino mass is zero, there exists a prescription that "regularizes" the amplitude to zero on the mass shell.