cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IND-directed, five-day repeat dose toxicity study of NLCQ-1 (NSC 709257) administered with or without Taxol® in Sprague Dawley rats.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 45, 2004 2108 4-[3-(2-Nitro-1-imidazolyl)-propylamino]-7-chloroquinoline hydrochloride (NLCQ-1, NSC 709257) is a weak DNA-intercalating, hypoxia-selective cytotoxin with a promising profile as an adjuvant to radio/chemotherapy in preclinical studies. NCLQ-1 is about to enter Phase I Clinical Trials. The present investigation was undertaken to further evaluate potential systemic toxicity induced by i.v. doses of NLCQ-1 alone or in combination with Taxol® in Sprague-Dawley Rats, in support of an IND-application. Doses of NLCQ-1 were based on previous range-finding studies in which deaths occurred at i.v. doses as low as 14 mg/kg (male rats) and 20 mg/kg (female rats). NLCQ-1 was administered either alone, at 0, 6, 9 or12 mg/kg/dose to male rats and 8, 12 or16 mg/kg/dose to female rats or, at 9 (male rats) and 12 (female rats) mg/kg/dose, in combination with Taxol®, on a qdx5 schedule. Taxol® was administered i.v. at 3.5 mg/kg/dose one hour before NLCQ-1. Observations were recorded for mortality/moribundity, clinical signs of toxicity, body weights, food consumption, hematology, clinical chemistry, gross lesions at necropsy, and histopathology. On Day 8, ten animals from each dose group had blood samples taken, and on Day 33, ten animals from each dose group had blood samples taken prior to scheduled sacrifice. Administration of i.v. doses of NLCQ-1 once each day for five consecutive days resulted in no signs of toxicity over the 33 day study. Taxol®-induced toxicity included minimal decreases in the group mean RBC, HGB, and HCT values, minimal increases in group mean reticulocyte counts (females), marked decreases in group mean neutrophil counts and minimal decreases in group mean monocyte and eosinophil counts. Lymphoid atrophy of thymus, atrophy of bone marrow, and atrophy of the germinal epithelium of testis was also associated with the administration of Taxol®. There was no additional toxicity associated with the co-administration of NLCQ-1 and Taxol®. In the present study, the NOAEL for NLCQ-1 is > 12 and > 16 mg/kg/dose in male and female rats, respectively, when administered on a qdx5 schedule. Daily administration of 9 (male rats) or 12 (female rats) mg/kg of NLCQ-1 one hour after iv administration of Taxol® (3.5 mg/kg) had no effect on Taxol®-induced toxicity.
Writing pregnancy in low-fertility Japan

Stories about pregnancy can be really boring. After all, writers, film makers and other members of the creative class have put all the drama into the birth, not the process that leads up to it. Yet...
Is Anybody Out There?: Understanding Masspersonal Communication Through Expectations for Response Across Social Media Platforms

This work extends the masspersonal communication model (MPCM; O'Sullivan & Carr, 2017) by introducing anticipated interaction as a way to understand variations within the masspersonal continuum. Drawing from Thompson's mediated communication framework (1995), we argue that anticipated interaction paves the way for establishing a communicative relationship between interactants. In social media, this relationship is rooted in a sender's expectations for audience response and the imagined responsive audience. Using experience sampling, we show that anticipated interaction varies across social media. Further, we outline the relational and situational factors associated with expecting response and the specificity of imagined responsive audience. These variations and their sources characterize masspersonal communication as a socially and technologically situated practice shaped by multiple intersecting influences.
The Effects of Hunger on Physical and Cognitive Development of Children

Millions of children around the world are impacted by hunger. Sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia are the most affected regions but incidences of food insecurity are common in industrialized nations too. Hunger affects children’s physical and cognitive development prenatally, perinatally, during early years, and some of the effects continue through adolescents and adulthood. Some of the physical effects of hunger are malnutrition, stunted growth, wasting, babies born prematurely, low birth weights, and in extreme cases infant and child mortalities. Other effects are poor health, physical symptoms such as stomachaches and headaches, signs of worry, anxiety, and behavior problems. Cognitive effects of hunger include babies who are born with smaller brain size, poor performance on measures of infant cognitive development, lower scores on both IQ and achievement tests, likelihood of impaired mental and intellectual delays, and inability to engage fully in school. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the effects of hunger on the physical and cognitive development of children. Recommendations are also made for early childhood educators and administrators working with children and families impacted by hunger.
Breast Meat Quality and Protein Functionality of Broilers with Different Probiotic Levels and Cyclic Heat Challenge Exposure

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of probiotic feeding level on meat quality and protein functionality of breast muscle from chickens exposed to cyclic heat challenge. A total of 180 one-d-old male chicks were randomly allocated in 36 floor pens. From Day 15, the birds were exposed to 32°C for 10 h daily until the end of the experiment (Day 46). Three dietary treatments containing different levels of probiotic (a mixture of 4 lactic acid bacteria, 5.0 × 109 cfu/g) were prepared; regular diet without probiotic (control), regular diet with 0.5 g of probiotic/kg feed (probiotic 0.5) and regular diet with 1.0 g of probiotic/kg feed (probiotic 1). Both breast muscles (M. pectoralis major) were collected at 24 h postmortem, and the same side breast muscle was assigned to each experiment 1 (meat quality analysis, n = 6) and 2 (protein functionality analysis, n = 3). Probiotic feeding level did not affect initial pH and temperature declines (P > 0.05) of breast muscle until 6 h postmortem. However, the breast muscles from probiotic 1 group (5.92) showed a significantly higher ultimate pH than those from control (5.78) or probiotic 0.5 (5.82) groups at 24 h postmortem. No differences in chemical composition (moisture, protein, fat, ash, and phospholipids), water-holding capacity (cooking loss and display weight loss), shear force, and lipid oxidation stability were found in breast muscles from chickens exposed to cyclic heat challenge, regardless of probiotic levels (P > 0.05). An increase in probiotic level increased total protein solubility (P = 0.0004) and emulsion activity index of sarcoplasmic protein (P = 0.0032) of ground chicken breast. The results from the current study suggest that the supplementation of this commercial probiotic product could partially improve protein functionality of breast muscles from chickens exposed to cyclic heat challenge, in a dose-dependent manner within the applied level.
What We Learned about Using Metaphors in College Teaching: Methods and Meanings

The field of education is rich with metaphors that reveal one's perspective on the nature of teaching and learning—ideas are “covered,” students “absorb” information, teachers offer writing “clinic...
Soul Projects: Class-Related Spiritual Practices in Higher Education:

In recent years, scholars have urged those working in Christian higher education to attend more purposefully to student spiritual and character formation. Anchored by the belief that college is a f...
FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF PROTEIN TURNOVER

Three possible sites for the rate-limiting, regulatable step in protein degradation within cells are discussed, viz., transformation of the protein into a susceptible form, its uptake into the lysosomal digestive system, and proteolysis. Evidence relevant to all three processes is presented. The susceptibility to lysosomal proteolysis of both phosphofructokinase and arginase of liver was reduced in the presence of specific ligands; a peptide factor from liver in the former case and Mn 2+ in the latter. In both instances a relationship also exists in vivo between turnover of these enzymes and levels of the ligands. Uptake of macromolecular markers in the rat yolk sac system was inhibited by glucagon at levels around 10−8 M. In addition a correlation was shown in a protein pool between turnover in vivo and lipophilicity, as measured by affinity for hydrophobic columns, suggesting that relative affinity for membranes may be a factor in determining uptake and hence turnover rates. A correlation also existed in the protein pool between susceptibility to lysosomal proteolysis and in vivo turnover. The fate of yeast invertase subsequent to its uptake by rat liver was followed and certain progressive changes in its localization and physical properties were observed that may be relevant to the process of degradation of this protein.
The 2.1 Å structure of protein F9 and its comparison to L1, two components of the conserved poxvirus entry-fusion complex.

The poxvirus F9 protein is a component of the vaccinia virus entry fusion complex (EFC) which consists of 11 proteins. The EFC forms a unique apparatus among viral fusion proteins and complexes. We solved the atomic structure of the F9 ectodomain at 2.10 A. A structural comparison to the ectodomain of the EFC protein L1 indicated a similar fold and organization, in which a bundle of five α-helices is packed against two pairs of β-strands. However, instead of the L1 myristoylation site and hydrophobic cavity, F9 possesses a protruding loop between α-helices α3 and α4 starting at Gly90. Gly90 is conserved in all poxviruses except Salmon gill poxvirus (SGPV) and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata entomopoxvirus. Phylogenetic sequence analysis of all Poxviridae F9 and L1 orthologs revealed the SGPV genome to contain the most distantly related F9 and L1 sequences compared to the vaccinia proteins studied here. The structural differences between F9 and L1 suggest functional adaptations during evolution from a common precursor that underlie the present requirement for each protein.
Model Riemannian Manifolds

Before we delve into the general theory of Riemannian manifolds, we pause to give it some substance by introducing a variety of “model Riemannian manifolds” that should help to motivate the general theory. These manifolds are distinguished by having a high degree of symmetry. We begin by describing the most symmetric model spaces of all—Euclidean spaces, spheres, and hyperbolic spaces. Then we explore some more general classes of Riemannian manifolds with symmetry.
Creation of a Porcine Kyphotic Model.

Abstract Study Design Large animal study. Objective Create a thoracic hyperkyphotic deformity in an immature porcine spine, so that future researchers may use this model to validate spinal instrumentation and other therapies used in the treatment of hyperkyphosis. Summary of Background Data Although several scoliotic animal models have been developed, there have been no reports of a thoracic hyperkyphotic animal model creation in an immature animal. The present study was designed to produce a porcine hyperkyphotic model by the time the pig weighed 25 kg, which corresponds to the approximate weight of a child undergoing surgery for early-onset scoliosis (EOS). Methods Successful surgical procedures were performed in 6 consecutive 10-kg (male, 5-week-old) immature Yorkshire pigs. Procedure protocol consisted of 1) a left thoracotomy at T10–T11, 2) screw placement at T9 and T11, 3) partial vertebrectomy at T10, 4) posterior interspinous ligament transection, and 5) placement of wire loop around screws and tightening. Weekly x-ray imaging was performed preoperatively and postoperatively, documenting progressively increasing kyphosis as the pig grew. Necropsy was performed 5–6 weeks after surgery, with CT, slab section, and histologic analysis. Results Average T9–T11 kyphosis (measured by sagittal Cobb angle) was 6.1° ± 1.4° (mean ± SD) preoperatively, 30.5° ± 1.0° immediately postoperation, and significantly increased to 50.3° ± 7.2° (p Conclusions An animal model of relatively more rigid-appearing thoracic hyperkyphotic deformities in immature pigs has been created. Subsequent studies addressing management of early-onset kyphosis with spinal instrumentation are now possible. Level of Evidence Level V
The Challenge of Evolution to Religion

This Element focuses on three challenges of evolution to religion: teleology, human origins, and the evolution of religion itself. First, religious worldviews tend to presuppose a teleological understanding of the origins of living things, but scientists mostly understand evolution as non-teleological. Second, religious and scientific accounts of human origins do not align in a straightforward sense. Third, evolutionary explanations of religion, including religious beliefs and practices, may cast doubt on their justification. We show how these tensions arise and offer potential responses for religion. Individual religions can meet these challenges, if some of their metaphysical assumptions are adapted or abandoned.
Incorporating Service-Learning in Special Education Coursework: Experiences of University Faculty:

The purpose of this investigation was to determine how service-learning (SL) is used by special education faculty in higher education courses. Participants were 13 special education faculty with do...
Revising Legacy Media Practices to Serve Hyperlocal Information Needs of Marginalized Populations

This study explores how two nonprofit media organizations–PublicSource and Philadelphia Community Access Media (PhillyCAM)–have transformed their legacy practices to better connect within and serve...
Will Deleting History Make Alexa More Trustworthy?: Effects of Privacy and Content Customization on User Experience of Smart Speakers

"Always-on" smart speakers have raised privacy and security concerns, to address which vendors have introduced customizable privacy settings. But, does the act of customizing one's privacy preferences have any effects on user experience and trust? To address this question, we developed an app for Amazon Alexa and conducted a user study (N = 90). Our data show that the affordance to customize privacy settings enhances trust and usability for regular users, while it has adverse effects on power users. In addition, only enabling privacy-setting customization without allowing content customization negatively affects trust among users with higher privacy concerns. When they can customize both content and privacy settings, user trust is highest. That is, while privacy customization may cause reactance among power users, allowing privacy-concerned individuals to simultaneously customize content can help to alleviate the resultant negative effect on trust. These findings have implications for designing more privacy-sensitive and trustworthy smart speakers.
Ube2i deletion in adipocytes causes lipoatrophy in mice.

Abstract Objective White adipose tissue (WAT) expansion regulates energy balance and overall metabolic homeostasis. The absence or loss of WAT occurring through lipodystrophy and lipoatrophy contributes to the development of hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. We previously demonstrated that sole small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) E2-conjugating enzyme Ube2i represses human adipocyte differentiation. The role of Ube2i during WAT development remains unknown. Methods To determine how Ube2i impacts body composition and energy balance, we generated adipocyte-specific Ube2i knockout mice (Ube2ia-KO). CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing inserted loxP sites flanking exons 3 and 4 at the Ube2i locus. Subsequent genetic crosses to Adipoq-Cre transgenic mice allowed deletion of Ube2i in white and brown adipocytes. We measured multiple metabolic endpoints that describe energy balance and carbohydrate metabolism in Ube2ia-KO and littermate controls during postnatal growth. Results Surprisingly, Ube2ia-KO mice developed hyperinsulinemia and hepatic steatosis. Global energy balance defects emerged from dysfunctional WAT marked by pronounced local inflammation, loss of serum adipokines, hepatomegaly, and near absence of major adipose tissue depots. We observed progressive lipoatrophy that commences in the early adolescent period. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that Ube2i expression in mature adipocytes allows WAT expansion during postnatal growth. Deletion of Ube2i in fat cells compromises and diminishes adipocyte function that induces WAT inflammation and ectopic lipid accumulation in the liver. Our findings reveal an indispensable role for Ube2i during white adipocyte expansion and endocrine control of energy balance.
Optimization of Sperm Management and Fertilization in Zebrafish (Danio rerio (Hamilton))

The aim of the present study was to investigate the spontaneous motility of spermatozoa and to optimize sperm collection, short-term sperm storage, and fertilization in zebrafish Danio rerio. The movement of spermatozoon in water was propagated along the flagellum at 16 s after sperm activation then damped from the end of the flagellum for 35 s and fully disappeared at 61 s after activation. For artificial fertilization, milt must be added to an immobilizing solution, which stops the movement of sperm and keeps the sperm motionless until fertilization. E400 and Kurokura as isotonic solutions were shown to be suitable extenders to store sperm for fertilization for 6 h. E400 stored sperm for 12 h at 0–2 °C. Sperm motility decreased only to 36% at 12 h post stripping for the E400 extender and to 19% for the Kurokura extender. To achieve an optimal level of fertilization and swim-up larvae rates, a test tube with a well-defined amount of 6,000,000 spermatozoa in E400 extender per 100 eggs and 100 µL of activation solution has proven to be more successful than using a Petri dish. The highest fertilization and swim-up larvae rates reached 80% and 40–60%, respectively, with milt stored for 1.5 h in the E400 extender at 0–2 °C.
Blunt Abdominal Trauma in the Third Trimester: Eight Departments, Two Patients, One Survivor.

Blunt abdominal trauma is one of the leading causes of non-obstetrics-related deaths during pregnancy, with motor vehicle collision, falls, and assaults being the most common etiologies. While a trauma team plays a central role in the care of a pregnant trauma patient, a multidisciplinary involvement is vital to ensure the safety of the fetus and the mother. This case study will follow the step-by-step multidisciplinary approach utilized for a 37-year-old female in her third trimester who suffered blunt trauma and arrived at a Level 1 trauma center that led to maternal survival but fetal demise. She was initially evaluated by Emergency Medicine and Obstetrics/Gynecology departments for maternal and fetal trauma, by Orthopedics for several fractures including the pubic ramus and sacral ala fractures, as well as by Neurosurgery for a subarachnoid hemorrhage and a subdural hematoma. Subsequently, the following departments were brought on after the patient suddenly became hypotensive with abdominal tenderness to assess for internal bleeding: Interventional Radiology, Trauma, Surgery, and Urology. Retroperitoneal and pelvic hematomas were found to be the source of bleeding during an emergency laparotomy and the decision was made for an emergency caesarian section. The neonatal intensive care unit ultimately could not start the fetal heart. In the days that followed, the neurosurgery department monitored the worsening intercranial bleeds while Psychiatry and Social Work attended to the patient. A proper systematic approach towards a patient in this situation necessitates expertise from multiple fields, and the success of this interplay greatly affects patient outcomes.
Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on college students with intellectual disability

BACKGROUND: The lived experiences of adults with intellectual disability (ID) during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) need to be considered when developing and implementing support for maintaining the quality of life outcomes for this population. OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to capture and analyze adults' lived experiences with ID during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A qualitative study with focus groups was conducted that included two groups of adults with ID;graduated (N= 4) and enrolled (N= 5) students from a postsecondary education (PSE) program. Questions were formulated based on societal feature areas that may be affected during unplanned historical events. Data were analyzed utilizing Vivo coding. RESULTS: Four themes (employment, daily living, social, well-being) and eleven subthemes emerged during the interviews. Participants described the impact of COVID-19, such as learning, and implementing new procedures in the workplace, taking on increased responsibilities at home, and the uncertainty of their future. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicated the need for support for adults with ID to be established before unplanned events to maintain their outcomes as productive members of society. Implications include the need for increased support from immediate support systems.
Make It What Way? The Impact of Multiple Standards Regimes

Agri-food standards are often envisaged as a regulatory tool to create uniformity in production. However, as Dunn argues, ‘standards… produce unique regulatory landscapes rather than the uniform ones standardizers envisage’. To account for this variation, scholars consider contextual factors such as market institutions, cultural norms, and the structural organization of agriculture. I argue that as standards increasingly overlap, intersect, and even contradict eachother, they emerge as significant contextual features in their own right. This article analyses how producers for Russia’s burgeoning fast-food industry respond to the competing demands of multiple agri-food standards. Drawing on interviewsand site visits with Russian agricultural producers and food processors, I illustrate how the presence of multiple competing standards can both undermine expected standardizing effects and empower producers to adopt and incorporate standards in novel ways. I find that in their efforts to satisfy both multinational firms and domestic consumers, producers legitimize practices that may only comply partially with the various standards they claim to meet.
Treating suicidal risk in a post-healthcare reform era

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to fully consider the potential changes in clinical suicide prevention that may evolve after the passing of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). The authors argue that it is wise to anticipate demand for suicide-specific evidence-based treatments (EBTs) moving forward. The authors outline current best practices in clinical suicide prevention, and describe the Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS) as an example of how a suicide-focussed EBT can adapt to some predicted changes. Design/methodology/approach – This conceptual paper first presents an overview of the main effects of ACA within the behavioral health care (BHC) system. Next, the authors review contemporary approaches to the treatment of suicidal patients, as well as current treatment limitations. The authors present CAMS as a model of a suicide-focussed EBT that holds promise for use in the post-ACA era. To close, the authors discuss anticipated changes in suicide treatment and illustrate that CAMS is adaptable to these changes. Findings – ACA mandates several changes: implementation of EBTs, better preventative care, integrated treatment models, and improved healthcare administration. A central effect of ACA in BHC is the increased use of EBTs. Therefore effective EBTs for suicide prevention are described. Originality/value – Anticipating how ACA will affect clinical suicide prevention is necessary, as it is historically a very challenging area of treatment within BHC and a significant public health concern. This paper highlights the importance of the use suicide-specific EBTs.
Removing the costs and retaining the benefits of flash-based SSD virtualization with FSDV

We present the design, implementation, and evaluation of the File System De-Virtualizer (FSDV), a system that dynamically removes a layer of indirection common in modern storage stacks and decreases indirection space and performance costs. FSDV is a flexible, light-weight tool that de-virtualizes data by changing file system pointers to use device physical addresses. When FSDV is not running, the file system and the device both maintain their virtualization layers and perform normal I/O operations. We implement FSDV with ext3 and an emulated flash-based SSD. Our evaluation results show that FSDV can significantly reduce indirection mapping table space in a dynamic way while preserving the foreground I/O performance. We also demonstrate that FSDV only requires small changes to existing storage systems.
The JmjC domain of Gis1 is dispensable for transcriptional activation

Yeast Gis1 protein functions as a transcription factor after nutrient limitation and oxidative stress. In this report, we show that Gis1 also regulates the induction of several genes involved in spore wall synthesis during sporulation. Gis1 contains a JmjC domain near its N-terminus. In many proteins, JmjC domains provide histone demethylase activity. Whether the JmjC domain of Gis1 contributes to its transcriptional activation is still unknown. Here, we show that gis1 point mutations that abolish Fe (II) and α-ketoglutarate binding, known cofactors in other JmjC proteins, are still able to induce transcription normally during glucose starvation and sporulation. Even the deletion of the entire JmjC domain does not affect transcriptional activation by Gis1. Moreover, the JmjC domain is not required for the toxicity associated with Gis1 overexpression. The data demonstrate that the JmjC domain is dispensable for transcriptional activation by Gis1 during nutrient stress and sporulation.
Modeling interannual variability of seasonal evaporation and storage change based on the extended Budyko framework

[1] Long-term climate is the first-order control on mean annual water balance, and vegetation and the interactions between climate seasonality and soil water storage change have also been found to play important roles. The purpose of this paper is to extend the Budyko hypothesis to the seasonal scale and to develop a model for interannual variability of seasonal evaporation and storage change. A seasonal aridity index is defined as the ratio of potential evaporation to effective precipitation, where effective precipitation is the difference between rainfall and storage change. Correspondingly, evaporation ratio is defined as the ratio of evaporation to effective precipitation. A modified Turc-Pike equation with a horizontal shift is proposed to model interannual variability of seasonal evaporation ratio as a function of seasonal aridity index, which includes rainfall seasonality and soil water change. The performance of the seasonal water balance model is evaluated for 277 watersheds in the United States. The 99% of wet seasons and 90% of dry seasons have Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients larger than 0.5. The developed seasonal model can be applied for constructing long-term evaporation and storage change data when rainfall, potential evaporation, and runoff observations are available. On the other hand, vegetation affects seasonal water balance by controlling both evaporation and soil moisture dynamics. The correlation between NDVI and evaporation is strong particularly in wet seasons. However, the correlation between NDVI and the seasonal model parameters is only strong in dry seasons.
Satellite remote sensing of aerosols generated by the Island of Nauru

[1] We use imagery from the Multispectral Thermal Imager (MTI) to search for aerosols generated by the Island of Nauru, an island located in the tropical western Pacific Ocean. Nauru frequently displays linear cloud trails for many kilometers downwind of the island, and this study was intended to investigate the presence of aerosols as an aid to understanding those features. The study had three components: (1) a search for specific aerosol plumes, (2) a comparison of downwind and upwind aerosol loading to look for asymmetries, and (3) application of matched filters to increase the visibility of aerosol plumes. The plume search resulted in the finding of three aerosol plumes, two of which are presented as imagery and also radiance profiles. The comparison of downwind and upwind reflectance spectra demonstrated that the radiance is slightly higher downwind of the island, and the residual spectra (downwind minus upwind) have a spectrum consistent with sea salt aerosol. Application of clutter-matched filters to MTI imagery accentuated the upper (near source) sections of an aerosol plume when utilizing a single-scatter albedo signature for coarse-grained sea salt aerosol. We combine our observations with models from the literature to describe a simple mechanism by which Nauru aerosols are created by wave breaking and wind tearing of sea spray and then entrained by island-influenced wind motions.
Hypergastrinemia Develops Within 24 Hours of Truncal Vagotomy in Dogs

Postvagotomy hypergastrinemia may result from withdrawal of tonic vagal inhibitory mechanism(s) or from G-cell hyperplasia secondary to diminished acid secretion. Early development of hypergastrinemia, after vagotomy, would favor the f first mechanism, whereas delayed development would favor the second. We sought to distinguish between these two mechanisms and to determine whether alterations in somatostatin release might mediate postvagotomy hypergastrinemia. We measured plasma concentrations of gastrin and somatostatinlike immunoreactivity basally and in response to meal (pH controlled at 5.5) and to insulin hypoglycemia before and after truncal vagotomy in 11 dogs. Basal and postprandial hypergastrinemia were established within 24 and 48 h after vagotomy, respectively. Basal and meal-stimulated plasma somatostatinlike immunoreactivity concentrations were unaltered by vagotomy, although insulin hypoglycemia-induced rises in plasma somatostatinlike immunoreactivity were abolished by vagotomy. Our data suggest that neither G-cell hyperplasia nor alterations in somatostatin release explain postvagotomy hypergastrinemia in the dog. The observations support the hypothesis that postvagotomy hypergastrinemia results from the withdrawal of a tonic vagal inhibitory mechanism of gastrin release that is independent of somatostatin. Whether the tonic vagal inhibition of gastrin is direct or indirect is unknown.
Services Marketing Strategies for Coping with Demand/Supply Imbalances

Because services cannot be stored, temporary imbalances between supply and demand present a difficult challenge for managers of service firms. Though marketing and management strategies for dealing with foreseen disequilibrium situations are discussed, focuses primarily on stratagems for dealing with situations where demand or supply fluctuations are not foreseen. Discusses two categories of strategies: foresee the unforeseen by improving market intelligence; and lessen the intensity of the negative consequences of supply/demand disequilibriums by increasing flexibility and sharing risks.
Tolerance to centrally administered phenobarbital

Abstract Rats with permanent indwelling cerebral ventricular cannulae were shown to lose their righting reflex in response to centrally injected phenobarbital in a dose-related manner. Administration of four daily injections of 800 μg each over a 4- to 5-day period produced a gradual tolerance to the hypnotic effect, which was reversible after suspension of the drug regimen. This tolerance was associated with an increase in hepatic drug-metabolizing activity, measured as p -nitroanisole demethylase. The microsomal enzymes have been excluded as mediators of tolerance, however, on the basis of temporal and quantitative comparisons between the level of hepatic enzymatic activity and the degree of tolerance. The data are consistent with the concept that tolerance to the hypnotic action of phenobarbital is mediated through an adaptation of the central nervous system.
Claiming Human Dignity

In the concluding line of his opening note to Black Reconstruction in America, W. E. B. Du Bois, wrote “I am going to tell this story as though Negroes were ordinary human beings, realizing that this attitude will from the first seriously curtail my audience” ~1934@2007# , p. xliii!. Doing so was an intellectually courageous step at the time Du Bois wrote. Jim Crow strictures, after all, were almost fully institutionalized across the South by that time and larger cultural motifs stressing redemption and reconciliation were steadily undoing the meager steps toward uplift and equality for African Americans of the Reconstruction era. Enormous progress notwithstanding, we know that great challenges of enduring inequality and persistent cultural racism remain in our time. The spirit of this declaration and the a priori intellectual posture it embraces have, quite fittingly then, animated this journal from our inception. This theme of presuming the fundamental humanity of those too often objectified, stereotyped, stigmatized, and marginalized echoes throughout the pages of this issue of the Du Bois Review. We open with Henry Louis Gates Jr.’s interview with scholar and journalist Isabel Wilkerson discussing her major new book The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration ~2010!. Wilkerson explains how she was drawn to the project and has brought into sharp relief the previously unappreciated extent to which the Great Migration simultaneously re-made Black America and the nation as a whole. In a fashion, what she does is to more fully write Blacks into the conventional American immigrant narrative. That is, Wilkerson excavates how in critical features the internal Black migration mirrored other more familiar immigrant streams in the core motivations, aspirations, and constraints that individuals and groups seeking “the warmth of other suns” endured and survived. Though these “immigrants” were Black and did not cross a national border, they unambiguously sought a better future for themselves and for their children; they endured rupture and loss of former homes and ties; they worked hard and sacrificed much in order to stake a meaningful claim for a share of that American dream. Our “State of the Discipline” pieces can also be read as instances of human striving for the warmth of other suns in the presence of invidious racial distinction and inequality. Bryant Simon offers a provocative analysis of how the cultural motif of color-blindness is commodified by a corporate enterprise like Starbucks, making 6 6
The socialist labor-managed firm and bank-financed investment: Some theoretical issues

Abstract Under a labor-managed system of the Yugoslav type of 1965–1971, the process of capital formation is subject to special difficulties, linked to the structure of property rights. Workers possess neither permanent nor transferable claims on capital assets but are, nevertheless, required by law to maintain the value of the firm's initial capital stock and of any additions to it. The law is intended to protect the nation's capital stock but is ill designed for this purpose. Its immediate effect is to reduce the collective's willingness to undertake bank-financed investment, and thus it promotes inefficient intertemporal allocation.
A function‐centered framework for reasoning about system failure at multiple levels of abstraction

This paper presents the knowledge organization for a simulation subsystem that is a component of a comprehensive expert system for failure modes and effects analysis. Organizing the simulation subsystem’s knowledge base around a function-centered ontology produces an architecture that facilitates reasoning about an engineering design at multiple levels of abstraction and throughout the life-cycle of the design. Moreover, the resulting architecture provides the capability for incorporating computer-aided analysis and design tools early on into the conceptual design of an engineering system before a commitment is made to a specific technology to implement the system’s behavior. The result is an expert system simulation knowledge source that can be used to reason about the effects of system failures based on conceptual designs, i.e. designs in which commitments to an underlying technology to achieve the system’s function have not yet been made but computer-aided assistance for reasoning about the system’s potential failure modes and effects is useful.
Imprinting Chiral Information into Rigidified Dendrimers

Chiral, polymerizable P2Pt(S-BINOL) metallodendrimers constructed of flexible benzyl ether repeat units were cross-linked/imprinted into highly porous and rigid organic polymers (methacrylate-based). Two meta-Cl substituents on the P−Ar portion of the metallomonomer reduced BINOL loss during polymer formation to levels that enabled site accessibility to be measured by the quantitation of S-BINOL cleavage (HCl) and BINOL/Br2BINOL exchange reactions. In general, the total site accessibility decreased as the generation number or steric bulk of the dendritic arms increased, which was offset by an increased effectiveness of the chiral imprint as the size of the dendritic arms increased. Thus polymerizable dendritic metallomonomers can be copolymerized into highly cross-linked organic polymers, and a memory for the absolute stereochemistry of the imprint ligand retained and used to affect the stereochemistry of reactions at the metal in the core.
Purely inseparable extensions of unique factorization domains

This article attempts to set some further groundwork for the study of codimension-one cycles of purely inseparable coverings of varieties in characteristic p. Thus it represents, hopefully, a preliminary effort. The simplest type of purely inseparable cover of a variety X with coordinate ring A in characteristic p ^ 0 is obtained by taking Y = Spec(^[^/g]) for some geA. Efforts to relate the codimension one cycles of X and F([8], [2]) led to the ring-theoretic question,
Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy: what is the real difference? Results of a prospective randomized double-blinded trial.

Background: The comparison of laparoscopic to open appendectomy has been reviewed in many retrospective and prospective studies. Some report shorter hospital stays, less postoperative pain, and earlier return to work while others fail to demonstrate such differences. We performed a prospective, randomized double-blinded trial to evaluate this ongoing debate. Methods: Fifty-two consecutive men presenting with signs and symptoms suggestive of acute appendicitis were randomized to undergo either laparoscopic appendectomy or open appendectomy. Length of operative times, hospital stay, lost work days, visual analog pain scores, and operative costs were compared. Results: Length of stay averaged 21.5 h for the laparoscopic group and was not statistically different when compared to the open group. Perceived postoperative pain on postoperative days 1 and 7 were not statistically different between the two groups. Mean time to return to work was 11 days, and there was no statistical difference between groups. Operative costs were >$600 greater for the laparoscopic approach. Conclusions: In this prospective randomized double-blinded trial, laparoscopic appendectomy appears to confer no significant advantage over open appendectomy for postoperative pain or lost work days. It does carry an increase in operating room costs and, contrary to other reports, hospital stay is not shortened. Further studies are needed to determine if specific populations, such as the obese or women, may benefit from a minimally invasive approach to appendicitis.
Speaker verification using signatures

An automatic speaker verification system is investigated as a means of reinforcing speech recognition security. The system's implementation is independent of speaker population size. Given clean speech and a five digit code, 91.3% of impostor attempts at breaching security are thwarted. The corresponding figure for coded speech is 88.2%.
Assay of the acetylcholine receptor by affinity labeling

Abstract An accurate and sensitive assay for nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding sites is described which is based on the specificities of receptor both for an affinity label, 4-( N -maleimido)benzyltrimethylammonium iodide (MBTA), and for α-neurotoxins from Naja venoms. It has been demonstrated that MBTA reacts exclusively with one type of subunit of the acetylcholine receptors isolated from the electric tissue of Electrophorus electricus and Torpedo californica and that this reaction is blocked in the presence of Naja naja siamensis α-neurotoxin and of other ligands of the acetylcholine binding site. Thus, in this assay the difference in the extent of labeling by MBTA in the absence and presence of N. n. siamensis toxin is considered the specific labeling of receptor. Although this assay is more complicated than direct α-neurotoxin binding, it is justified by the wellestablished site specificity of the labeling. The specific activities of several different receptor preparations determined using this assay are one-half of those determined using toxin binding. It is possible to assay accurately as little as 0.25 μg of receptor in the presence of 100-fold as much other protein.
Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae: Angiographic predictors of intracranial hemorrhage and clinical outcome in nonsurgical patients

✓ This long-term follow-up study of 54 patients clarifies the angiographic predictors of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and clinical outcome in individuals with unoperated intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae (AVF's). All of these patients were examined at the Mayo Clinic between 1976 and 1989, and all available cerebral arteriograms were reviewed by a neuroradiologist. Follow-up information was obtained for 52 patients (96%) until death or treatment intervention, or for at least 1 year after diagnosis, with a mean follow-up period of 6.6 years. Throughout this 6.6-year follow-up period, ICH related to dural AVF occurred in five of the 52 patients, for a crude risk of hemorrhage of 1.6% per year. The risk of hemorrhage at the time of mean follow-up examination was 1.8% per year. Angiographic examination revealed several characteristics that were considered potential predictors of ICH during the follow-up period. Lesions of the petrosal sinus and straight sinus had a higher propensity to bleed, althoug...
The duty to believe according to the evidence

‘Evidentialism’ is the conventional name (given mainly by its opponents) for the view that there is a moral duty to proportion one’s beliefs to evidence, proof or other epistemic justifications for belief. This essay defends evidentialism against objections based on the alleged involuntariness of belief, on the claim that evidentialism assumes a doubtful epistemology, that epistemically unsupported beliefs can be beneficial, that there are significant classes of exceptions to the evidentialist principle, and other shabby evasions and alibis (as I take them to be) for disregarding the duty to believe according to the evidence. Evidentialism is also supported by arguments based on both self-regarding and other-regarding considerations.
Selective Detector for Gas Chromatography Based on Adduct-Modulated Semiconductor Photoluminescence

Abstract : The photoluminescence (PL) of semiconducting n-CdS, Te-doped CdS, and CdSe can be used as the basis for a non destructive, selective detector for gas chromatography. When placed in a series with the thermal conductivity detector (TCD) of a gas chromatograph, the semiconductor responds in parallel with the TCD to species that can engage in adduct formation: PL intensity is enhanced by Lewis bases like amines and quenched by Lewis acids such as carboxylic acids, relative to the intensity observed in the He carrier gas. Gases that interact more weakly with the semiconductor surface like hydrocarbons are not detected by the PL-based detector. For a n-CdS:Te detector, linear response regimes and detection limits have been determined as being approx. 0.1-3.0 micro-g and o.1 micro-g for n-butylamine and approx. 0.2-1.5 mg and 0.2 mg for acetic acid.
Rabs, Rips, FIPs, and Endocytic Membrane Traffic

Rab GTPases, proteins belonging to the Ras-like small GTP-binding protein superfamily, have emerged as master regulators of cellular membrane transport. Rab11 GTPase, a member of the Rab protein family, plays a role in regulating various cellular functions, including plasma membrane recycling, phagocytosis, and cytokinesis. Rab11 acts by forming mutually exclusive complexes with Rab11-family binding proteins, known as FIPs. Rab11-FIP complexes serve a role of "targeting complexes" by recruiting various membrane traffic factors to cellular membranes. Recent studies have identified several Rab11-FIP complex-binding proteins that regulate distinct membrane traffic pathways.
Area-Efficient Asynchronous Multilevel Single-Track Pipeline Template

This paper presents a new asynchronous design theory and a novel template for single-track handshaking that targets medium-to high-performance applications. Unlike other single-track templates, the proposed work supports multiple levels of logic per pipeline stage, improving area efficiency by sharing the control logic among more computation logic while at the same time providing higher robustness to timing variability. The proposed template also yields higher throughput than most four-phase templates and lower latency than bundled-data templates. The template was incorporated into the asynchronous ASIC flow Proteus, and experiments on ISCAS benchmarks show significant improvement in achievable throughput per area.
Langmuir probe measurements of an arcjet exhaust

Electrostatic (Langmuir) probes of both spherical and cylindrical geometry have been used to obtain electron number density and temperature in the exhaust of a laboratory arcjet. The arcjet thruster operated on nitrogen and hydrogen mixtures to simulate fully decomposed hydrazine in a vacuum environment with background pressures less than 0.05 Pa. The exhaust appears to be only slightly ionized (less than 1%) with local plasma potentials near facility ground. The current-voltage characteristics of the Langmuir probes indicate a Maxwellian temperature distribution. A spherical probe, located approximately 30 cm downstream of the thruster exit, obtained electron number densities on the order of 1 to 3 x 10 9/cm3 at temperatures between 0.4 and 0.7 eV. The measured electron number density decreased exponentially off centerline while the values of the electron temperature remained relatively constant. Nomenclature A = probe surface area, m2 A' = wetted surface area of spherical probe (2nR2r), m2 Ae = nozzle exit area, m2 A* = nozzle throat area, m2 D = probe diameter, m e = electron charge, C G — arc gap setting, m / = current, A I0 — electron saturation current, A k = Boltzmann constant, J/K L — length, m / = cylindrical probe length, m M — neutral mass, kg m = charged specie mass, kg n = number density, particles/m3 R = radius, m T = temperature, K V = voltage or potential, V A = mean free path, m AD = Debye length, m (p = nozzle half angle, deg Superscripts a = arc Subscripts c = constrictor e = electron / = floating / = ion n = neutral particles p = probe oo = plasma