cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrostatic pressure effects on the structural and electronic properties of carbon nanotubes

We study the structural and electronic properties of isolated single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) under hydrostatic pressure using a combination of theoretical techniques: Continuum elasticity models, classical molecular dynamics simulations, tight-binding electronic structure methods, and first-principles total energy calculations within the density-functional and pseudopotential frameworks. For pressures below a certain critical pressure P c , the SWNTs' structure remains cylindrical and the Kohn-Sham energy gaps of semiconducting SWNTs have either positive or negative pressure coefficients depending on the value of (n, m), with a distinct family (of the same n - m) behavior. The diameter and chirality dependence of the pressure coefficients can be described by a simple analytical expression. At P c , molecular-dynamics simulations predict that isolated SWNTs undergo a pressure-induced symmetry-breaking transformation from a cylindrical shape to a collapsed geometry. This transition is described by a simple elastic model as arising from the competition between the bond-bending and PV terms in the enthalpy. The good agreement between calculated and experimental values of P provides a strong support to the collapse interpretation of the experimental transitions in bundles.
Copper(I)-Catalyzed Cycloaddition of Methyl O-Propargylpodocarpate and Azides at Room Temperature

Abstract Copper iodide was employed as an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives of podocarpic acid at room temperature through “click” chemistry cycloaddition reactions of methyl O-propargylpodocarpate and propargyl O-propargylpodocarpate with azides.
Modeling and Simulation Methods for MDOF Structures and Rotating Machinery With Impact Dampers

Previously published work on applied impact damping typically relates to SDOF models or simple MDOF models such as the classical cantilever beam. Structural models often require an extremely large number of DOF with mode shapes that are generally very complex. Dynamics simulation of these typically becomes both complicated and time consuming. The nonlinear behavior of impact dampers further complicates such simulation in that standard linear solutions are not possible. The primary objective in this research extends previous work by applying impact dampers to MDOF structures that are modeled with general three-dimensional beam finite elements. Modal-based models of the MDOF systems and efficient impact damper tracking algorithms were also developed that significantly reduced CPU time for simulation. Significant among the objectives was obtaining an impact damper design for the MDOF casing structure of the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME), High-Pressure Oxygen Turbo-Pump (HPOTP), subject to pump rotor shaft unbalance. Impact damper performance is based on suppression of vibration at casing critical frequencies for rotor speed ranges, at rotor full speed, and very high unbalance to simulate a defect such as losing an impeller blade fragment or a cracked bearing [6]. Simulations show significant reductions in vibration at the casing critical frequencies and very high unbalance levels while little or no improvement was observed off resonance. Additionally, the previous work with an experimental rotor bearing system (RBS) and impact damper was modeled using the developed modal-based methods. Simulation of the resulting model response shows remarkable agreement with the experimental. Finally, both the RBS and the HPOTP were modeled and simulated as unstable systems with attached impact dampers. The simulations predict that the impact damper is an excellent stabilizing mechanism for a range of instability driver values. Simulation of the models in this research with the developed modal based algorithms were accomplished with excellent efficiency, and accurate results.
Linear constellation precoding for OFDM with maximum multipath diversity and coding gains

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) converts a frequency-selective fading channel into parallel flat-fading subchannels, thereby simplifying channel equalization and symbol decoding. However, OFDM's performance suffers from the loss of multipath diversity, and the inability to guarantee symbol detectability when channel nulls occur. We introduce a linear constellation precoded OFDM for wireless transmissions over frequency-selective fading channels. Exploiting the correlation structure of subchannels and choosing system parameters properly, we first perform an optimal subcarrier grouping to divide the set of subchannels into subsets. Within each subset, a linear constellation-specific precoder is then designed to maximize both diversity and coding gains. While greatly reducing the decoding complexity and simplifying the precoder design, subcarrier grouping enables the maximum possible diversity and coding gains. In addition to reduced complexity, the proposed system guarantees symbol detectability regardless of channel nulls, and does not reduce the transmission rate. Analytic evaluation and corroborating simulations reveal its performance merits.
Property Rights, Corruption and the Allocation of Talent: a General Equilibrium Approach

We consider an economy where contracts are necessary to encourage investments. Contract enforcement requires that a fraction of the agents work in the public sector and do not accept bribes. We find that: (1) It may be optimal to allow some corruption and not enforce property rights fully. (2) Less developed economies may choose lower levels of property right enforcement and more corruption. (3) There may exist a 'free-lunch' such that over a certain range it is possible simultaneously to reduce corruption, increase investment, and achieve a better allocation of talent. Bureaucratic corruption is widespread in many societies. Casual empiricism and case studies suggest that corruption distorts the allocation of resources, and discourages investment and the creation of new firms (e.g. Mydral, 1968, DeSoto, 1989). Cross-country studies also find that countries with high corruption or long bureaucratic delays suffer lower growth (e.g. Mauro, 1996; Sartre, 1997). It is therefore tempting to conclude that government policies and bureaucratic corruption are at least partly responsible for the lack of development or slow growth of many economies (e.g. Shleifer and Vishny, 1993). Nevertheless, governments and bureaucracies do not exist only to seek rents. They perform a number of useful functions, including provision of public goods, correction of market failures, and redistribution. Without understanding why the state exists, it is difficult to assess why corruption arises, what its consequences are, and whether and how it should be prevented. In this paper, we analyse how the employees of the state (bureaucrats) can misuse their power to enforce property rights. The protection of property rights is commonly viewed as one of the most important roles of the state by political philosophers as diverse as David Hume, Karl Marx and Robert Nozick, while a number of social scientists including North and Thomas (1973) and Rosenberg and Bridzell (1989) emphasise the importance of secure property rights in the development of western societies. For the state to have a role in enforcing property rights, some contractual problems must exist between private parties. In our economy, these contractual problems are between entrepreneurs. In particular, production requires two agents, and one of the entrepreneurs needs to undertake an investment, but the returns accrue to the other one. This can be thought as a partnership with the first agent as an upstream supplier providing an input of variable
Photonic crystal dumbbell resonators in silicon and aluminum nitride integrated optical circuits

Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology, 76344Karlsruhe, GermanyAbstract. Tightconfinementoflightinphotoniccavitieshelpsrealizehighopticalintensitywithstrong field gradients. We designed a nanoscale resonator device based on a one-dimensionalphotonic crystal slot cavity. Our design allows for highly localized optical modes with theoreti-cally predicted quality factors (Q factors) in excess of 10
A performance comparison of several superscalar processor models with a VLIW processor

Abstract Superscalar and VLIW processors can both execute multiple instructions each cycle. Each employs a different instruction scheduling method to achieve multiple instruction execution. Superscalar processors schedule instructions dynamically, and VLIW processors execute statically scheduled instructions. This paper quantitatively compares various superscalar processor architectures with a very long instruction word (VLIW) architecture developed at the University of California, Irvine. An architectural overview and performance analysis of the superscalar processor models and VIPER, a VLIW processor designed to take advantage of the parallelizing capabilities of percolation scheduling, are presented. The motivation for this comparison is to study the capability of a dynamically scheduled processor to obtain the same performance achieved by a statically scheduled processor, and examine the hardware resources required by each.
Gerschgorin’s theorem for generalized eigenvalue problems in the Euclidean metric

We present Gerschgorin-type eigenvalue inclusion sets applicable to generalized eigenvalue problems. Our sets are defined by circles in the complex plane in the standard Euclidean metric, and are easier to compute than known similar results. As one application we use our results to provide a forward error analysis for a computed eigenvalue of a diagonalizable pencil.
Mass loss from cool stars

Recently obtained spectroscopic observations indicating mass loss in cool stars are reviewed with analogies to the solar atmosphere. Spectral diagnostics of mass loss are discussed with new theoretical calculations of chromospheric line profiles. A general picture of mass loss from cool stars is developed and related to chromospheric and coronal emissions measured by IUE and the HEAO-2 Obgervatory. These winds range in characteristics from the hot (106 K) and fast wind with low mass loss found in the dwarf stars to the warm (~ 10-5 K), moderate speed winds present in hybrid luminous supergiants, and the coolest massive winds emerging from the latest type supergiants exhibiting lowest thermal velocities and circumstellar shells. Evidence for stellar surface inhomogeneity and variability of outflow is briefly discussed.
Quantifying Potential Energy Efficiency Gain in Green Cellular Wireless Networks

Conventional cellular wireless networks were designed with the purpose of providing high throughput for the user and high capacity for the service provider, without any provisions of energy efficiency. As a result, these networks have an enormous Carbon footprint. In this paper, we describe the sources of the inefficiencies in such networks. First, we present results of the studies on how much Carbon footprint such networks generate. We also discuss how much more mobile traffic is expected to increase so that this Carbon footprint will even increase tremendously more. We then discuss specific sources of inefficiency and potential sources of improvement at the physical layer, as well as at higher layers of the communication protocol hierarchy. In particular, considering that most of the energy inefficiency in cellular wireless networks is at the base stations, we discuss multi-tier networks and point to the potential of exploiting mobility patterns in order to use base station energy judiciously. We then investigate potential methods to reduce this inefficiency and quantify their individual contributions. By a consideration of the combination of all potential gains, we conclude that an improvement in energy consumption in cellular wireless networks by two orders of magnitude, or even more, is possible.
How to fool an unbounded adversary with a short key

The symmetric encryption problem which manifests itself when two parties must securely transmit a message m with a short shared secret key is considered in conjunction with a computationally unbounded adversary. As the adversary is unbounded, any encryption scheme must leak information about m; in particular, the mutual information between m and its ciphertext cannot be zero. Despite this, a family of encryption schemes is presented that guarantee that for any message space in {0,1}n with minimum entropy n-lscr and for any Boolean function h:{0,1}n rarr {0,1}, no adversary can predict h(m) from the ciphertext of m with more than 1/nomega(1) advantage; this is achieved with keys of length lscr+omega(logn). In general, keys of length lscr+s yield a bound of 2-Theta(s) on the advantage. These encryption schemes rely on no unproven assumptions and can be implemented efficiently. Applications of this to cryptosystems based on complexity-theoretic assumptions are discussed and, in addition, a simplified proof of a fundamental "elision lemma" of Goldwasser and Micali is provided
A Discriminative Syntactic Word Order Model for Machine Translation

A discriminatively trained word order model is used to identify a most likely word order from a set of word orders for target words translated from a source sentence. For each set of word orders, the discriminatively trained word order model uses features based on information in a source dependency tree and a target dependency tree and features based on the order of words in the word order. The discriminatively trained statistical model is trained by determining a translation metric for each of a set of N-best word orders for a set of target words. Each of the N-best word orders are projective with respect to a target dependency tree and the N-best word orders are selected using a combination of an n-gram language model and a local tree order model.
Strategic party placement with a dynamic electorate

This article expands upon formal research on elections by considering competition in a dynamic environment of multiple elections. The key assumptions are that the ideology of the electorate is changing in a known way, parties cannot change their position from one election to the next, and one party has a non-ideological advantage in the first election. A deterministic version of this game shows that with a large valence advantage for one party, both parties will converge to the median for a future election. With a small valence advantage, there is no pure-strategy equilibrium, so a stochastic version of the game is considered. With probabilistic voting, parties place themselves closer to the present median, but move towards the future median the more highly they value winning in the future and the less uncertain they are about election outcomes.
Self-Similar Markov Processes on Cantor Set

We define analogues of Brownian motion on the triadic Cantor set by introducing a few natural requirements on the Markov semigroup. We give a detailed description of these symmetric self-similar processes and study their properties such as mixing and moment asymptotics.
A Space of Cyclohedra

Abstract. The real points of the Deligne—Knudsen—Mumford moduli space \overline \cal M n 0 of marked points on the sphere have a natural tiling by associahedra. We extend this idea to construct an aspherical space tiled by cyclohedra . We explore the structure of this space, coming from blow-ups of hyperplane arrangements, as well as discuss possibilities of its role in knot theory and mathematical physics.
Pathways of long-term effects of an early intervention program on educational attainment: Findings from the Chicago longitudinal study

The present study investigated pathways that might explain the observed linkage between participation in early intervention programs and later educational attainment using a sample from the Chicago Longitudinal Study, an on-going investigation of low-income minority children growing up in high-poverty neighborhoods in Chicago. A review of literature on pathways of early intervention programs on educational attainment was provided. Five mechanisms derived from previous studies, i.e., cognitive advantage, family support, social adjustment, motivational advantage, and school support, were investigated as predictors of educational attainment at age 22 years. LISREL analyses revealed that the relation between participation in the Chicago Child–Parent Center (CPC) program in early childhood and subsequent educational attainment was best predicted by cognitive advantage effects, followed by family support and school support effects. The findings indicated that environmental factors, such as family and school, as well as personal characteristics that may be affected by the intervention, play important roles in predicting educational outcomes. The discussion focuses on how environmental factors such as promoting family-school partnerships and attention to family influences in early intervention programs might maintain and enhance the effects of early intervention so as to promote higher educational attainment much later in development.
PROPERTIES OF A MOLECULAR CLOUD IN NGC 185

The dwarf elliptical galaxy NGC 185—the closest early-type galaxy with detectable molecular gas—offers a unique opportunity for high angular resolution studies of the interstellar medium in early-type galaxies. I present interferometric images (17 pc × 14 pc resolution) of CO emission from NGC 185. The majority of the molecular gas in NGC 185 is in one resolved cloud, closely associated with dust and an H I structure that may be a photodissociated envelope. The high spatial resolution also reveals a velocity gradient across the cloud, which allows a dynamical mass estimate independent of the H2-to-CO conversion factor or the virial theorem. The linear sizes, velocity gradients, and dynamical masses of the molecular clouds in NGC 185 and 205, a similar dwarf elliptical, are comparable to those of the largest Galactic giant molecular clouds (GMCs). If the dynamical masses of the clouds are assumed to be good estimates of their true masses, the inferred H2-to-CO conversion factor in NGC 185 is at least 8 times larger than a standard Galactic conversion factor, and the reasons for this difference are not yet understood. In any case, it seems clear that structures similar to Galactic GMCs can form in small elliptical or early-type galaxies, even in the absence of spiral density waves.
Fiberwise KK-equivalence of continuous fields of C*-algebras

Let A and B be separable nuclear continuous C(X)-algebras over a finite dimensional compact metrizable space X. It is shown that an element σ of the parametrized Kasparov group KKX(A,B) is invertible if and only all its fiberwise components σx ∈ KK(A(x),B(x)) are invertible. This criterion does not extend to infinite dimensional spaces since there exist nontrivial unital separable continuous fields over the Hilbert cube with all fibers isomorphic to the Cuntz algebra . Several applications to continuous fields of Kirchberg algebras are given. It is also shown that if each fiber of a separable nuclear continuous C(X)-algebra A over a finite dimensional locally compact space X satisfies the UCT, then A satisfies the UCT.
Stereoselective syntheses of di-, tri-, and tetrasubstituted enediynes from enynyl iodides via Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions

Abstract Palladium catalyzed cross-coupling of iodoenynes derived from mono(stannyl)enynes with alkynyl zinc reagents affords isomerically pure conjugated di-, tri- and tetrasubstituted (Z)-enediynes and trisubstituted cross- conjugated enediynes in high yields.
Optimization of brain conformal mapping with landmarks

To compare and integrate brain data, data from multiple subjects are typically mapped into a canonical space. One method to do this is to conformally map cortical surfaces to the sphere. It is well known that any genus zero Riemann surface can be conformally mapped to a sphere. Therefore, conformal mapping offers a convenient method to parameterize cortical surfaces without angular distortion, generating an orthogonal grid on the cortex that locally preserves the metric. To compare cortical surfaces more effectively, it is advantageous to adjust the conformal parameterizations to match consistent anatomical features across subjects. This matching of cortical patterns improves the alignment of data across subjects, although it is more challenging to create a consistent conformal (orthogonal) parameterization of anatomy across subjects when landmarks are constrained to lie at specific locations in the spherical parameter space. Here we propose a new method, based on a new energy functional, to optimize the conformal parameterization of cortical surfaces by using landmarks. Experimental results on a dataset of 40 brain hemispheres showed that the landmark mismatch energy can be greatly reduced while effectively preserving conformality. The key advantage of this conformal parameterization approach is that any local adjustments of the mapping to match landmarks do not affect the conformality of the mapping significantly. We also examined how the parameterization changes with different weighting factors. As expected, the landmark matching error can be reduced if it is more heavily penalized, but conformality is progressively reduced.
Preference-Based Trajectory Generation

Numerous techniques exist to optimize aircraft and spacecraft trajectories over cost functions that include terms such as fuel, time, and separation from obstacles. Relative weighting factors can dramatically alter solution characteristics, and engineers often must manually adjust either cost weights or the trajectory itself to obtain desirable solutions. Further, when humans and robots work together, or when humans task robots, they may express their performance expectations in a “fuzzy” natural language fashion, or else as an uncertain range of more-or-less acceptable values. This work describes a software architecture which accepts both fuzzy linguistic and hard numeric constraints on trajectory performance and, using a trajectory generator provided by the user, automatically constructs trajectories to meet these specifications as closely as possible. The system respects hard constraints imposed by system dynamics or by the user, and will not let the user’s preferences interfere with the system and user needs. The architecture’s evaluation agent translates these requirements into costfunctional weights expected to produce the desired motion characteristics. The quality of the resulting full-state trajectory is then evaluated based on a set of computed trajectory features compared to the specified constraints. If constraints are not met, the cost-functional weights are adjusted according to precomputed heuristic equations. Heuristics are not generated in an ad hoc fashion, but are instead the result of a systematic testing of the simulated system under a range of simple conditions. The system is tested in a two degree of freedom (2DOF) linear and a 6DOF nonlinear domain with a variety of constraints and in the presence of obstacles. Results show that the system consistently meets all hard numeric constraints placed on the trajectory. Desired characteristics are often attainable or, in those cases where they are discounted in favor of the hard constraints, fail by small margins. Results are discussed as a function of obstacles and of constraints.
Spectroscopy and structure of pentacoordinated molecules

Abstract Many proposed reaction mechanisms involve a transitory pentacoordinate intermediate. For example, the change in optical activity accompanying bimolecular displacement at tetrahedral carbon has reasonably been explained as resulting from the formation of a trigonal-bipyramidal transient with the entering and leaving groups occupying apical positions.1 Also reasonable are mechanisms advanced to account for relative rates and products formed in the hydrolysis of phosphate esters' or displacements in phosphonium' systems. Certain hypotheses4 governing the stability of the transitory trigonal-bipyramidal species are applied, and a specific intramolecular exchange process is stipulated to occur in order to account for some of the experimental information.' Mechanisms proposed to proceed via pentacoordinate species involving transition metal compounds5,6 are more speculative, whether they be dissociative (involving octahedral structures) or bimolecular (involving four-coordinate geometries).
Reduced-Scan Schemes for X-Ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography

X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) is a synchrotron-based imaging modality employed for mapping the distribution of elements within slices or volumes of intact specimens. A pencil beam of external radiation is used to stimulate emission of characteristic X-rays from within a sample, which is scanned and rotated through the pencil beam in a first-generation tomographic geometry. The measurements so obtained can be represented as generalizations of the attenuated Radon transform. The range of angular scanning employed is the subject of some variability in the XFCT imaging community, as some groups rotate the object through a full 360deg, while others employ only a 180deg rotation. In both cases, the entire object is scanned through the beam at each projection view. The use of a 180deg rotation is sometimes justified by implicit reference to a well-known symmetry property of the Radon transform, but that symmetry does not hold for the attenuated Radon transform. In this work, we demonstrate that a full scan of the object at each view coupled with a 360deg rotation does contain a two-fold data redundancy. While the redundancy does not give rise to a simple symmetry condition as in the case of the Radon transform, we will show that it does indeed license the use of the 180deg scheme. However, we will also demonstrate that when there is a single external fluorescence detector, the redundancy also licenses a potentially more attractive reduced-scan scheme, in which the object is rotated through a full 360deg, but in which only the half of the object closest to the fluorescence detector is scanned at each projection view. This new scheme may permit both reduced imaging times and improved image quality.
Beliefs and Voting Decisions: A Test of the Pivotal Voter Model

We report results from a laboratory experiment testing the basic hypothesis embedded in various rational voter models that there is a direct correlation between the strength of an individual’s belief that his or her vote will be pivotal and the likelihood that individual incurs the cost to vote. This belief is typically unobservable. In one of our experimental treatments we elicit these subjective beliefs using a proper scoring rule that induces truthful revelation of beliefs. This allows us to directly test the pivotal voter model. We find that a higher subjective probability of being pivotal increases the likelihood that an individual votes, but the probability thresholds used by subjects are not as crisp as the theory would predict. There is some evidence that individuals learn over time to adjust their beliefs to be more consistent with the historical frequency of pivotality. However, many subjects keep substantially overestimating their probability of being pivotal.
An intra-household approach to the welfare costs of inflation

The literature on the welfare costs of inflation universally assumes that the many-person household can be treated as a single economic agent. This paper explores what the heterogeneity of the agents in a household might imply for such welfare analyses. First, we show that allowing for a one-person or for a many-person transacting technology impacts the money demand function and, therefore, the welfare costs of inflation. Second, more importantly, we derive sufficient conditions under which welfare assessments which depart directly from the knowledge of the money demand function (as in Lucas, 2000) are robust (invariant) under the number of persons considered in the household. Third, we show that Baileys (1956) partial-equilibrium measure of the welfare costs of inflation can be obtained as a first-order approximation of the general-equilibrium welfare measure derived in this paper using a many-person transacting technology.
Regio- and Diastereofacial Selective Hydroboration of Chiral Allylic Stannanes, Silanes, and Germanes

Abstract Hydroboration of the chiral allylic metals.(1a–1e) gave regiospecifically 1,3-diol. Greater than 95% of syn-1,3-diol was obtained with 9-BBN, while a 50:50 mixture of syn and anti-1,3-diol was produced with BH3. The chiral allylic alcohol, 2,2-dimethyl-4-hexen-3-ol (1f), produced anti-1,2-diol.
Delamination of Graphite/Epoxy Laminate During Drilling Operation

Delamination due to drilling is one of the major concerns in machining a composite laminate. This paper employed NIKE2D finite element code to predict the critical load for delamination in drilling simulation. Good agreement is achieved with the approximation analytical solution and the finite element results for the case of the model using isotropic material property. A circular plate of quasi-isotropic graphite/epoxy laminate with an without an aluminum plate backing was investigated for drilling load-induced delamination. It is found that drilling force-caused delamination can be significantly increase as the uncut portion is beyond a quarter thickness of the entire laminate thickness with an aluminum backing plate. It is suggested that the drilling operation be controlled as the drill nears the exit plane.
Diffusion Component Analysis: Unraveling Functional Topology in Biological Networks

Complex biological systems have been successfully modeled by biochemical and genetic interaction networks, typically gathered from high-throughput (HTP) data. These networks can be used to infer functional relationships between genes or proteins.
Deliberative Democratic Theory and Empirical Political Science

Although empirical studies of deliberative democracy have proliferated in the past decade, too few have addressed the questions that are most significant in the normative theories. At the same time, many theorists have tended too easily to dismiss the empirical findings. More recently, some theorists and empiricists have been paying more attention to each other's work. Nevertheless, neither is likely to produce the more comprehensive understanding of deliberative democracy we need unless both develop a clearer conception of the elements of deliberation, the conflicts among those elements, and the structural relationships in deliberative systems.
Decadal Variability of Precipitation over Western North America

Abstract Decadal (>7- yr period) variations of precipitation over western North America account for 20%–50% of the variance of annual precipitation. Spatially, the decadal variability is broken into several regional [O(1000 km)] components. These decadal variations are contributed by fluctuations in precipitation from seasons of the year that vary from region to region and that are not necessarily concentrated in the wettest season(s) alone. The precipitation variations are linked to various decadal atmospheric circulation and SST anomaly patterns where scales range from regional to global scales and that emphasize tropical or extratropical connections, depending upon which precipitation region is considered. Further, wet or dry decades are associated with changes in frequency of at least a few short-period circulation “modes” such as the Pacific–North American pattern. Precipitation fluctuations over the southwestern United States and the Saskatchewan region of western Canada are associated with extensiv...
The effects of luteinizing hormone ablation/replacement versus steroid ablation/replacement on gene expression in the primate corpus luteum

This study was designed to provide a genome-wide analysis of the effects of luteinizing hormone (LH) versus steroid ablation/replacement on gene expression in the developed corpus luteum (CL) in primates during the menstrual cycle. On Days 9–11 of the luteal phase, female rhesus monkeys were left untreated (control) or received a GnRH antagonist Antide (A), A + LH, A + LH + the 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor Trilostane (TRL) or A + LH + TRL + a progestin R5020. On Day 12 of the luteal phase, CL were removed and samples of RNA from individual CL were hybridized to Affymetrix™ rhesus macaque total genome microarrays. The greatest number of altered transcripts was associated with the ablation/replacement of LH, while steroid ablation/progestin replacement affected fewer transcripts. Replacement of LH during Antide treatment restored the expression of most transcripts to control levels. Validation of a subset of transcripts revealed that the expression patterns were similar between microarray and real-time PCR. Analyses of protein levels were subsequently determined for two transcripts. This is the first genome-wide analysis of LH and steroid regulation of gene transcription in the developed primate CL. Further analysis of novel transcripts identified in this data set can clarify the relative role for LH and steroids in CL maintenance and luteolysis.
Neutrino Oscillations in Matter

The effect of coherent forward scattering must be taken into account when considering the oscillations of neutrinos traveling through matter. In particular, for the case of massless neutrinos for which vacuum oscillations cannot occur, oscillations can occur in matter if the neutral current has an off-diagonal piece connecting different neutrino types. Applications discussed are solar neutrinos and a proposed experiment involving transmission of neutrinos through 1000 km of rock.
Congestion control for fair resource allocation in networks with multicast flows

We consider the problem of congestion control in networks which support both multirate multicast sessions and unicast sessions. We present a decentralized algorithm which enables the different rate-adaptive receivers in different multicast sessions to adjust their rates to satisfy some fairness criterion. A one-bit ECN marking strategy to be used at the nodes is also proposed. The congestion-control mechanism does not require any per-flow state information for unicast flows at the nodes. At junctions nodes of each multicast tree, some state information about the rates along the branches at the node may be required. The congestion-control mechanism takes into account the diverse user requirements when different receivers within a multicast session have different utility functions, but does not require the network to have any knowledge about the receiver utility functions.
Inkjet printer model-based halftoning

The quality of halftone prints produced by inkjet (IJ) printers can be limited by random dot-placement errors. While a large literature addresses model-based halftoning for electrophotographic printers, little work has been done on model-based halftoning for IJ printers. In this paper, we propose model-based approaches to both iterative least-squares halftoning and tone-dependent error diffusion (TDED). The particular approach to iterative least-squares halftoning that we use is direct binary search (DBS). For DBS, we use a stochastic model for the equivalent gray-scale image, based on measured dot statistics of printed IJ halftone patterns. For TDED, we train the tone-dependent weights and thresholds to mimic the spectrum of halftone textures generated by model-based DBS. We do this under a metric that enforces both the correct radially averaged spectral profile and angular symmetry at each radial frequency. Experimental results generated with simulated printers and a real printer show that both IJ model-based DBS and IJ model-based TDED very effectively suppress IJ printer-induced artifacts.
Implications of a non-standard light Higgs boson

Abstract Analyses of the vacuum stability of the electroweak theory indicate that new physics occur at a scale of the order of 1 TeV if a light Higgs is discovered at LEP II. In this paper, we parameterize the effects of new physics in the effective Lagrangian approach and examine its implication on the Higgs boson production at LEP II. We consider the effect of a higher dimension operator on the Higgs potential and calculate the lower bound on the Higgs boson mass from the requirement of vacuum stability. We show that if a Higgs boson is seen at LEP II, then under favourable conditions the deviation of the production cross section from the standard model value could be significant and therefore the presence of the new physics is detectalbe at LEP II.
The MOS-gated emitter switched thyristor

A monolithic device structure for obtaining MOS-gate-controlled turn-off of a thyristor is described. The device, called the emitter switched thyristor (EST), is designed so that the thyristor current flows through an enhancement-mode MOSFET, integrated into the base region of the thyristor, during the on state. Although this results in a small (0.25 V) increase in the forward voltage drop, it is demonstrated that excellent turn-off characteristics can be obtained, with typical turn-off of less than 1 mu s. >
Energy policy with externalities and internalities

Abstract We analyze optimal policy when consumers of energy-using durables undervalue energy costs relative to their private optima. First, there is an Internality Dividend from Externality Taxes: aside from reducing externalities, they also offset distortions from underinvestment in energy efficiency. Discrete choice simulations of the auto market suggest that the Internality Dividend could more than double the social welfare gains from a carbon tax at marginal damages. Second, we develop the Internality Targeting Principle: the optimal combination of multiple instruments depends on the average internality of the consumers marginal to each instrument. Because consumers who undervalue energy costs are mechanically less responsive to energy taxes, the optimal policy will tend to involve an energy tax below marginal damages coupled with a larger subsidy for energy efficient products. Third, although the exact optimal policy depends on joint distributions of unobservables which would be difficult to estimate, we develop formulas to closely approximate optimal policy and welfare effects based on reduced form “sufficient statistics” that can be estimated by using field experiments or quasi-experimental variation in product prices and energy costs.
Multivariable predictive control of thin film deposition using a stochastic PDE model

In this work, we construct a 2-dimensional (2D) stochastic partial differential equation (PDE) model for a thin film deposition process and design a multivariable predictive controller based on the constructed model to control thin film thickness and surface roughness. We focus on a thin film deposition process governed by three microscopic processes including molecule adsorption, migration and desorption. A 2D linear stochastic PDE model is initially constructed following the methodology proposed in our previous work [Ni, D. and Christofides, P. D., 2005]. Then, a stochastic PDE model-based multivariable controller is designed using the constructed stochastic PDE model. The control problem is formulated as a predictive control problem, in which the constructed stochastic PDE model is used to predict both the thin film thickness and the surface roughness. Moreover, the controller design is performed based on a finite stochastic ordinary differential equation (ODE) approximation of the stochastic PDE model to achieve high computational efficiency. The model-based predictive controller is applied to the kinetic Monte-Carlo (kMC) simulation of the deposition process to simultaneously control the thin film thickness and surface roughness. Closed-loop system simulation results demonstrate that the model is adequately accurate and that the controller is effective.
Approximation Algorithms for Submodular Multiway Partition

We study algorithms for the {\sc Sub modular Multiway Partition}problem (\SubMP). An instance of \SubMP consists of a finite ground set $V$, a subset $S = \{s_1,s_2,\ldots,s_k\} \subseteq V$ of $k$elements called terminals, and a non-negative sub modular set function$f:2^V\rightarrow \mathbb{R}_+$ on $V$ provided as a value oracle. The goal is to partition $V$ into $k$ sets $A_1,\ldots,A_k$ to minimize $\sum_{i=1}^kf(A_i)$ such that for $1 \le i \le k$, $s_i \inA_i$. \SubMP generalizes some well-known problems such as the {\scMultiway Cut} problem in graphs and hyper graphs, and the {\scNode-weighed Multiway Cut} problem in graphs. \SubMP for arbitrary sub modular functions (instead of just symmetric functions) was considered by Zhao, Nagamochi and Ibaraki \cite{ZhaoNI05}. Previous algorithms were based on greedy splitting and divide and conquer strategies. In recent work \cite{ChekuriE11} we proposed a convex-programming relaxation for \SubMP based on the Lov\'asz-extension of a sub modular function and showed its applicability for some special cases. In this paper we obtain the following results for arbitrary sub modular functions via this relaxation. \begin{itemize} \item A $2$-approximation for \SubMP. This improves the $(k-1)$-approximation from \cite{ZhaoNI05}. \item A $(1.5-\frac{1}{k})$-approximation for \SubMP when $f$ is {\em symmetric}. This improves the $2(1-\frac{1}{k})$-approximation from \cite{Queyranne99, ZhaoNI05}.\end{itemize}
Strengthening the Detection of and Early Response to Public Health Emergencies: Lessons from the West African Ebola Epidemic

Mark Siedner and colleagues reflect on the early response to the Ebola epidemic and lessons that can be learned for future epidemics.
Productivity-based asset pricing: Theory and evidence

Abstract In a general real business cycle model, we derive a pricing kernel that involves only production function arguments. The productivity shock is the single factor and the capital stock relative to a productivity measure is the conditioning variable. The model compares favorably with the complementary consumption-based and market-based approaches and with the Fama-French three-factor model. A size premium arises from differences in unconditional sensitivities—small firms are more sensitive to productivity shocks—and a value premium from differences in conditional sensitivities to productivity shocks—growth firms are more sensitive to productivity shocks when the productivity risk premium is low.
Skewness–kurtosis bounds for the skewed generalized T and related distributions

Abstract Bounds for the skewness–kurtosis space corresponding to the skewed generalized t , skewed generalized error, skewed t , and some other distributions are presented and contrasted with the bounds reported by Klaassen et al. (2000) for unimodal probability density functions. The skewed generalized T and skewed generalized error distributions have the greatest flexibility of the distributions considered.
Low-Temperature Sintering of Alumina with Liquid-Forming Additives

Simultaneous application of colloidal processing and liquidforming additives to alumina resulted in a sintered density of >99% in 1 h at a temperature as low as 1070°C for a commercial high-purity alumina powder at a total dopant level of 2 mol%. The additives were 0.9% CuO + 0.9% TiOz + 0.1% B203 + 0.1% MgO. At higher temperatures or after prolonged sintering, the doped alumina ceramic developed a duplex microstructure containing large elongated grains and exhibited a relatively high fracture toughness of -3.8 MPa-m'" as compared to a value of -2.6 MPa*m'" for the undoped alumina. [Key words: sintering, alumina, additives, processing, microstructure.]
String-corrected black holes

We investigate the geometry of four dimensional black hole solutions in the presence of stringy higher curvature corrections to the low energy effective action. For certain supersymmetric two charge black holes these corrections drastically alter the causal structure of the solution, converting seemingly pathological null singularities into timelike singularities hidden behind a finite area horizon. We establish, analytically and numerically, that the string-corrected two-charge black hole metric has the same Penrose diagram as the extremal four-charge black hole. The higher derivative terms lead to another dramatic effect -- the gravitational force exerted by a black hole on an inertial observer is no longer purely attractive! The magnitude of this effect is related to the size of the compactification manifold.
The Bulge/Disk Connection in Late-Type Spirals

Recent ground-based photometric investigations suggest that central regions of late-type spirals are closely coupled to the inner disk and probably formed via secular evolution. Evidence presented in support of this model includes the predominance of exponential bulges, the correlation of bulge and disk scale lengths, blueness of the bulge and small differences between bulge and central disk colors, detection of spiral structure into the core, and rapid rotation. Recent HST observations show that our own bulge and that of M31, M32, and M33 probably harbor both an old and intermediateage populations in agreement with models of early collapse of the spheroid plus gas transfer from the disk. Secular evolution provides a mechanism to build-up central regions in late-type spirals; mergers or accretion of small satellites could explain the brighter, kinematically distinct bulges of Sa‘s and SO‘s.
STATISTICAL GENERALIZATION OF PERFORMANCE-RELATED HEURISTICS FOR KNOWLEDGE-LEAN APPLICATIONS

In this paper, we present new results on the automated generalization of performance-related heuristics learned for knowledge-lean applications. By first applying genetics-based learning to learn new heuristics for some small subsets of test cases in a problem space, we study methods to generalize these heuristics to unlearned subdomains of test cases. Our method uses a new statistical metric called probability of win. By assessing the performance of heuristics in a range-independent and distribution-independent manner, we can compare heuristics across problem subdomains in a consistent manner. To illustrate our approach, we show experimental results on generalizing heuristics learned for sequential circuit testing, VLSI cell placement and routing, branch-and-bound search, and blind equalization. We show that generalization can lead to new and robust heuristics that perform better than the original heuristics across test cases of different characteristics.
Combined pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy as maintenance treatment for late-life depression: effects on social adjustment.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effects of maintenance treatment for late-life depression on social adjustment. The authors hypothesized that elderly patients recovering from depression would have better social adjustment with medication and interpersonal psychotherapy than with medication or psychotherapy alone. METHOD: Patients aged 60 and older recovering from recurrent major depression were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: nortriptyline and interpersonal psychotherapy, nortriptyline and clinic visits, placebo and psychotherapy, or placebo and clinic visits. The Social Adjustment Scale was administered every 3 months until illness recurrence. Combined treatment was compared to monotherapy on scores over 1 year among patients who remained in recovery (N=49). RESULTS: Patients receiving nortriptyline and interpersonal psychotherapy maintained social adjustment, which declined in those receiving monotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of late-life depression with nortriptyline and psychotherapy...