cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Innsbruck sentinel lymph node study in colorectal cancer – A pilot study

GRUNDLAGEN: Die Lymphknotenmetastasierung zahlt beim kolorektalen Karzinom zu den wichtigsten Prognosefaktoren. Das Konzept des Wachterlymphknotens wird aber durch die Variation aberranter Lymphabflusswege und Skip-Metastasen beim kolorektalen Karzinom gestort. Fur Patienten mit einem resektablen Kolonkarzinom wurde eine verbesserte Identifikation von Lymphknotenmetastasen einen signifikanten Behandlungsbenefit ermoglichen, da die adjuvante Therapie von Vorteil sein wurde. METHODIK: In dieser prospektiven Studie werden Patienten mit histologisch verifiziertem kolorektalem Karzinom praoperativ mittels CT abdominal vermessen und anatomische Fixpunkte in einem Bildfusionsprogramm markiert. Anschliesend erfolgt kolonoskopisch die peritumorale Radionuklid-Markierung. Eine Stunde danach und praoperativ am nachsten Tag werden zwei SPECT-Untersuchung in derselben reproduzierbaren Position wie fur das CT durchgefuhrt. Durch Bildfusion wird die peritumorale Tracerausbreitung mit Darstellung des Lymphabflussweges und potentieller Skip-Lasionen sichtbar gemacht. Intraoperativ wird mittels einer Gamma-Kamera das Lymphdrainagegebiet identifiziert und damit die Resektionsgrenzen optimiert. Zusatzlich werden Wachterlymphknoten uber eine Farbstoffmarkierung dargestellt und im Anschluss an die Resektion gemeinsam mit allen tracermarkierten Lymphknoten immunhistochemisch gezielt auf Mikrometastasen untersucht. ERGEBNISSE: Die Pilotstudie wurde bislang an 11 Patienten durchgefuhrt. Vorlaufige Ergebnisse zeigen, dass mit Ausnahme eines einzigen Patienten, der wegen einer Nadelstichperforation des Tumors bei der Tracermarkierung vorzeitig operiert wurde, alle Schritte des Konzepts studienkonform durchgefuhrt werden konnten. Uber die Bildfusion und die genaue pathologische Aufarbeitung liegen bei noch laufender Studie keine Daten vor. Im Mittel wurden pro Patienten 18,5 (95 % CI, 13,2–23,8) Lymphknoten entfernt. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN: Das beschriebene Vorgehen ist prinzipiell machbar und durchfuhrbar, obwohl eine schwere Komplikation den Wert dieser aufwendigen Untersuchungskette deutlich schmalert. Eine Aussage bezuglich der weiteren Studienziele (Bildfusion, optimiertes Resektionsausmas durch Darstellen aberranter Lymphabflusswege, Detektion von Skip-Metastasen und Mikrometastasen) ist bei laufender Studie nicht moglich.
Pumps and Pumping

Pumps are used widely in aquaculture, and their initial purchase price and operation and maintenance costs are major expenses in many aquaculture enterprises. Pumps are mechanical devices that impart mechanical energy to water to lift and pressurize while overcoming energy losses during conveyance of water. The mechanical energy usually comes from electric motors or internal combustion engines. Where these sources are not available, solar, wind, animal, and human power are also used. Each pump is designed for a particular application, and for efficient operation a pump must be matched to the type of application.
'Was the Deal Worth It?': The Dilemma of States with Ineffective Economic Incentives Programs

Federal subsidies to state and local governments have been substantially reduced due to public opinion prioritizing the reduction of the federal deficit, the recent “fiscal cliff” legislation, and the federal budget “sequester cuts.” In addition, in many states, revenue collection from individual and corporate income tax is below prerecession levels. To address the reduction in federal funding and reduced revenue collections, state and local governments will increasingly rely on economic incentive programs to grow their economies through increased job creation and private capital investment within their jurisdictions. These economic incentive programs are no longer comprised of simple tax reductions for companies seeking expansion or relocation, but include financial incentives and direct investment programs. The cost of these incentives, both in expenditures and forgone tax revenue, represents a growing portion of state and local governments’ budgets and may subject them to steep budget deficits if the incentives do not produce net economic growth. Because of the budgetary risk and the increased reliance on these economic incentives, there is a need for state and local governments to account for the cost of these incentives and to measure their effectiveness. Effective state economic development requires growth in state economic activity that results in a net increase of revenue in relation to the cost of the incentives. To measure effectiveness, state and local governments must maintain reliable information on the cost of incentives, institute mechanisms to limit or cap the costs of incentives, and hold businesses accountable for performing pursuant to incentive agreements.
Myocardial Viability Assessment with PET and PET/CT

Left ventricular (LV) function is a well-established and powerful predictor of outcome after myocardial infarction (MI).1 Indeed, the occurrence of severe LV systolic dysfunction (i.e., LV ejection fraction <35%) post-MI, especially when combined with heart failure, is associated with very poor survival if treated with medical therapy alone.2 In selected patients, high-risk surgical revascularization appears to afford long-term survival benefit.3 However, selection of patients with severe LV dysfunction for high-risk revascularization remains controversial.
Sources Suitable for Use in Illuminating Visual Acuity Charts

Charts for measuring visual acuity are generally created by placing black characters on a white background. I am concerned in this paper with the wavelength composition of the light directed toward the eye from the white background of such a chart. The white background may be a diffusely reflecting surface and for our purpose it may be assumed to be nonselective and hence, we can concentrate on the wavelength composition of the source used to illuminate the chart.
The Title IX Implications of Eliminating an Intercollegiate Sports Team

In the first years of the second decade of the twenty-first century, colleges and universities face grave financial challenges. Endowments, which seemed certain to grow in perpetuity, are declining. The promise that state government will heavily subsidize the tuition of every student has been broken. As institutions, particularly those outside of the major NCAA Division I conferences, decide how to balance their budgets, it is tempting to focus on an expensive activity that benefits only a few students – intercollegiate athletics in the “non-revenue” sports.Yet the decision to eliminate an intercollegiate sports team has significant legal ramifications, particularly in the area of Title IX. The purpose of this NACUANOTE is to explore those implications. This NACUANOTE has two parts. Part I provides an overview of Title IX’s application to intercollegiate athletics. Part II discusses the legal consequences of eliminating an intercollegiate athletics team.
The Aging Face

The aging face is a popular topic in modern medicine. To understand and treat unwanted signs of aging, it is imperative to understand the biological and physical causes and contributing factors to facial aging, preventative measures to avoid advanced facial aging, and current treatment options. Changes to the human face are progressive with time; however, there are many methods, both surgical and nonsurgical, to reduce the stigmata of aging and provide patients with the appearance they desire. The process of aging is discussed in this article, as well as the multiple treatment options, both surgical and nonsurgical.
Wood: Economics, Structure, and Composition

Wood is the most extensively used plant product in the world and is used as lumber, energy production, and construction. Wood fibers are used in paper manufacturing and food products. Valuable chemicals are extracted from wood and bark. Tree rings and “figure” are the consequence of annual growth cycles, dictated by seasonal environmental conditions. Those growth patterns generate a historical record that is useful in archeology, climatology, and forensics. Hardwood is produced by woody dicots and softwood by conifers. Heartwood is to the center and stained with tannins and waste products and sapwood to the exterior and the site of transpirational water flow. Conifer wood is composed mainly of tracheids, with some parenchyma in both the axial and ray systems. Resin canals run in both the axial and radial directions. Eudicot wood is a mixture of tracheids and vessel elements (pores); pore distribution and grouping is the main trait for wood identification. Horizontal limbs develop reaction wood to aid in support. Monocot stems may gain considerable strength by the sclerification of fibers associated with the vascular bundles.
Use of a public health law framework to improve medication safety by anesthesia providers

Medication administration by anesthesia providers in the perioperative environment is a uniquely risky endeavor because the prescribing clinician is the same person that dispenses, premixes, repack...
Comparison of phosphorescent agents for noninvasive sensing of tumor oxygenation via Cherenkov-excited luminescence imaging.

Cherenkov emission generated in tissue during radiotherapy can be harnessed for the imaging biochemistry of tissue microenvironments. Cherenkov-excited luminescence scanned imaging (CELSI) provides a way to optically and noninvasively map oxygen-related signals, which is known to correlate to outcomes in radiotherapy. Four candidate phosphorescent reagents PtG4, MM2, Ir(btb)2 ( acac ) , and MitoID were studied for oxygen sensing, testing in a progressive series of (a) in solution, (b) in vitro, and (c) in subcutaneous tumors. In each test, the signal strength and response to oxygen were assessed by phosphorescence intensity and decay lifetime measurement. MM2 showed the most robust response to oxygen changes in solution, followed by PtG4, Ir(btb)2 ( acac ) , and MitoID. However, in PANC-1 cells, their oxygen responses differed with Ir(btb)2 ( acac ) exhibiting the largest phosphorescent intensity change in response to changes in oxygenation, followed by PtG4, MM2, and MitoID. In vivo, it was only possible to utilize Ir(btb)2 ( acac ) and PtG4, with each being used at nanomole levels, to determine signal strength, lifetime, and pO2. Oxygen sensing with CELSI during radiotherapy is feasible and can estimate values from 1 mm regions of tissue when used in the configuration of this study. PtG4 was the most amenable to in vivo sensing on the timescale of external beam LINAC x-rays.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Sleepiness, and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes.

Study Objectives:Self-reported sleepiness is common in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and is being increasingly recognized as an effect modifier of the association between OSA and card...
Behavioral Weight Loss Interventions to Prevent Obesity-Related Morbidity and Mortality in Adults

A.C., a 32-year-old woman, presents for her annual wellness visit. She recently had blood work completed that showed normal glucose and lipid levels. Her blood pressure is 124/76 mm Hg, weight is 221.8 lb (100.6 kg), height is 5 feet 6 inches (172 cm), and body mass index (BMI) is 34 kg per m2; examination of her heart and lungs is normal.
Unraveling Public Health Crises Across Stages: Understanding Twitter Emotions and Message Types During the California Measles Outbreak

Social media can be used to assess public opinions and emotions during different stages of a crisis. Guided by the Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (CERC) model, this study examined a system...
Superconducting nanowires as high-rate photon detectors in strong magnetic fields

Abstract Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors are capable of single-photon detection across a large spectral range with near unity detection efficiency, picosecond timing jitter, and sub-10 μ m position resolution, at rates as high as 109 counts/s. In an effort to bring this technology into nuclear physics experiments, we fabricate niobium nitride (NbN) nanowire detectors using ion beam assisted sputtering and test their performance in strong magnetic fields. We demonstrate that these devices are capable of detection of 400 nm wavelength photons with saturated internal quantum efficiency at temperatures of 3 K and in magnetic fields of up to 5 T at high count rates and with nearly zero dark counts.
Secondary aneurysmal bone cysts and associated primary lesions: imaging features of 49 cases.

Abstract Purpose To describe the imaging, anatomic, and clinical features of a series of secondary aneurysmal bone cysts (ABC) and to ascertain their most commonly associated primary bone lesions. Methods Forty-nine cases of histopathologically proven secondary ABCs were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data and clinical history were obtained. Radiographic, computed tomographic, magnetic resonance, and nuclear medicine imaging were analyzed. Lesion location, imaging characteristics, and associated primary lesions were documented. Linear regression analysis and Chi-squared testing was performed for statistical analysis. Results Twenty-four males and 25 females were included, with an age range of 8—79 years (mean 29.7 + − 4.5 years). Eleven types of primary bone lesion were identified, with giant-cell tumor (n = 17, 35%), chondroblastoma (n = 11, 22%), fibrous dysplasia (n = 6, 12%), osteoblastoma (n = 4, 8%) and osteosarcoma (n = 4, 8%) being the most frequent. The lesions involved chiefly the long bone epiphyses (n = 25, 51%). Secondary ABC imaging findings and locations most closely approximated those of their primary counterparts, although fluid-fluid levels were seen at a higher frequency than previously reported in primary chondroblastoma (9/11, 82%), fibrous dysplasia (2/6, 33%), osteoblastoma (4/4, 100%), osteosarcoma (3/4, 75%), and chondromyxoid fibroma (1/2, 50%). Conclusion The most common primary lesions associated with secondary ABC were giant cell tumor and chondroblastoma, located in the long bone epiphyses. The majority of the secondary ABCs demonstrate predominant imaging characteristics typical of the primary bone lesions, but with a higher presence of fluid-fluid levels.
Experimental and modeling study of the oxidation of F-24 jet fuel, and its mixture with an iso-paraffinic synthetic jet fuel, ATJ

Abstract Single pulse shock tube experiments were conducted to determine the oxidative decomposition products of F-24. Experiments were performed at 50 bar nominal pressure, 7 ms nominal reaction time, temperatures ranging from 800 K to 1300 K, initial fuel concentration of 655 ppm, and equivalence ratio of 0.93. F-24 is Jet A with additives. Experiments with Jet A were performed at similar conditions to show there were no main differences between the two jet fuels in order to use chemical kinetic models developed for Jet A for the simulation of F-24. Additional experiments for pure ATJ and ATJ/F-24 mixture at matching conditions were performed to analyze the effect of mixing a kerosene-based jet fuel with a synthetic jet fuel. ATJ is a synthetic alcohol-to-jet fuel that can be classified as Jet A. Gas chromatography (GC) and two-dimensional GC (GCxGC) was used to analyze the products of the chemical reactions and to determine their mole fractions. The speciation measurements were compared against three different jet fuel surrogate models. A detailed and a reduced model from the CRECK Modeling Group, and the second-generation surrogate model developed in house by Malewicki et al. The ability of the kinetic model to capture the effect of varying the experimental test conditions on the evolution of intermediate species is discussed and kinetic analyses have been conducted to identify the important reaction pathways.
At-Will Employment: Origins, Applications, Exceptions and Expansions in the Public Service

The author describes the development of the employment at will doctrine in American law and the creation of statutory and judicial exceptions to ameliorate its effects. Legal scholarship criticizing and defending the doctrine is reviewed, as are reform initiatives. Against this backdrop, the author considers the expansion of at-will employment to the civil service workforce. The author concludes that constitutional objections to the expansion will not succeed in halting it, and predicts that this expansion will have a detrimental effect on the transparency of governmental operations and management.
A Macro-Financial Model of the Eurozone Architecture Embedded in the Global Offshore US-Dollar System

It is a convention to say that the Eurozone architecture is ill-constructed and deficient. However, monetary architecture is not a well-defined term in monetary theory, and there is no consensus what the Eurozone architecture is beyond being a metaphor. By combining insights from the research strand of (critical) macro-finance, this study from the Global Economic Governance Initiative at the Global Development Policy Center develops a comprehensive definition of monetary architecture in general and presents an inductive, institutionalist model of the Eurozone architecture in particular. The model portrays two monetary jurisdictions—the US and the Eurozone—which have a hierarchical relationship. Each monetary jurisdiction is subdivided into four segments of central banks, commercial banks, non-bank financial institutions and a ‘fiscal ecosystem.’ Different institutions are located within these segments, represented as balance sheets. These have a hierarchical relationship with each other as well, and interlock through the instruments they hold as assets and liabilities. This adds up to a fully self-referential credit system. Each institution has its own respective elasticity space for balance sheet expansion that depends on available counter-parties, stipulations for allowed on-balance-sheet activities and available contingent assets and liabilities which are provided by higher-ranking institutions and only become real once a crisis hits. A monetary architecture is thus defined as a historically specific setup of segments, institutions, instruments and elasticity space within a monetary jurisdiction. The model emphasizes the centrality of the TARGET2 system, shows how offshore US-Dollars are enmeshed in the Eurozone, and rejects the notion that a monetary architecture could ever ‘finished’. It will serve as a starting point for future descriptive and policy-oriented research.
15 Nuclear Strategy

How should nuclear weapons be used? In view of the devastation that nuclear war would cause, an obvious answer is that they shouldn't be used. So let's broaden the concept of "use" to include the role of nuclear weapons as instruments of international politics. How, then, should these agents of mass destruction be "used"? How many should a country have, and how should they be deployed in order to enhance national and global security? What moral strictures attach to the possession of nuclear weapons and to the threat of their use? These deep and difficult questions were thrust on humanity with the dawn of the nuclear age, and they remain under vigorous debate. Here we explore briefly some basic issues of nuclear strategy. Since this is a book emphasizing technology, the discussion will necessarily be sketchy; the reader is referred to the many published analyses of nuclear policy issues, some of which are listed at the end of this chapter.
Progestin significantly inhibits carcinogenesis in the mogp-TAg mouse model of fallopian tube cancer

Objectives: Recent studies suggest the fallopian tube epithelium (FTE) harbors the precursor for high grade ovarian cancer (HGSC), creating opportunities for targeting the FTE for ovarian cancer prevention. Preclinical evidence supports progestins as ovarian cancer preventives, but the effect of progestins on the FTE has not been well characterized. in vitro and primate models suggest that progestins clear genetically damaged cells in the ovarian epithelium and endometrium by activating molecular pathway such as apoptosis. The mogp-TAg transgenic mouse develops neoplastic lesions such as p53 signatures and serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) in the fallopian tube (FT) in a similar manner to that described in human fallopian and ovarian cancers. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of the progestin-Depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) on FT carcinogenesis in the mogp-TAg mouse. Methods: Mogp-TAg mice (10 per group) at 5 weeks of age were injected with vehicle or the progestin Depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate-DMPA (1mg/mouse). The mice were euthanized at 8 and 12 weeks of age and the reproductive tract was removed. H&E stained sections were used to histologically and pathologically characterize the FTs following treatment. In addition, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to characterize lesions and the cell death pathway. Results: There was an increase in the number of FT epithelial and stromal p53 positive cells from 5 to 12 weeks of age in the vehicle treated mice. Histologically, the FT of the vehicle treated mice developed adenocarcinoma and/or epithelial/smooth muscle hyperplasia at 8 and 12 weeks of age. Compared to the vehicle-treated mice, the FT of the DMPA treated mice were significantly smaller at 8 weeks (p Conclusions: DMPA treatments significantly reduced the tumor burden and aberrant p53 expression in the FT of mice compared to vehicle treated animals. Our data support the hypothesis that progestins have a cytocidal effect, clearing genetically damaged cells from the fallopian tube potentially via apoptosis. These data provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that progestin may be used for prevention of ovarian cancer.
Understanding and Increasing Efficiency of Frank-Wolfe Adversarial Training

Deep neural networks are easily fooled by small perturbations known as adversarial attacks. Adversarial Training (AT) is a technique that approximately solves a robust optimization problem to minimize the worst-case loss and is widely regarded as the most effective defense against such attacks. Due to the high computation time for generating strong adversarial examples for AT, single-step approaches have been proposed to reduce training time. However, these methods suffer from catastrophic overfitting where adversarial accuracy drops during training. Although improvements have been proposed, they increase training time and robustness is far from that of multi-step AT. We develop a theoretical framework for adversarial training with FW optimization (FW-AT) that reveals a geometric connection between the loss landscape and the $\ell_2$ distortion of $\ell_\infty$ FW attacks. We analytically show that high distortion of FW attacks is equivalent to small gradient variation along the attack path. It is then experimentally demonstrated on various deep neural network architectures that $\ell_\infty$ attacks against robust models achieve near maximal $\ell_2$ distortion, while standard networks have lower distortion. Furthermore, it is experimentally shown that catastrophic overfitting is strongly correlated with low distortion of FW attacks. To demonstrate the utility of our theoretical framework we develop FW-AT-Adapt, a novel adversarial training algorithm which uses a simple distortion measure to adapt the number of attack steps to increase efficiency without compromising robustness. FW-AT-Adapt provides training times on par with single-step fast AT methods and improves closing the gap between fast AT methods and multi-step PGD-AT with minimal loss in adversarial accuracy in white-box and black-box settings.
Shoulder arthroplasty in patients with Parkinson's disease is associated with increased complications

Background Case series suggest a higher postoperative complication rate after shoulder arthroplasty in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the perioperative complications in patients with PD undergoing conventional total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA), reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA), and shoulder hemiarthroplasty (HA). Methods Patients with PD who underwent TSA, RSA, or HA were identified in a national insurance database and then matched to controls without a diagnosis of PD based on age, gender, obesity, diabetes, and tobacco use. Complications were assessed, including infection, dislocation, revision, stiffness, fracture, component loosening, and systemic complications. Results The final study cohorts included 3390 TSA patients with PD and 47,034 matched TSA controls; 809 RSA patients with PD and 14,262 matched controls; and 2833 HA patients with PD and 38,850 matched controls. PD was associated with significant higher rates of infection (odds ratio [OR], 1.5, 1.7, 1.5, respectively), dislocation (OR, 2.5, 2.0, 2.8, respectively), revision arthroplasty (OR, 1.7, 1.8, 1.4, respectively), and systemic complications (OR, 1.4, 1.7, 1.3, respectively) after all 3 types of shoulder arthroplasty and with higher rates of periprosthetic fracture after conventional TSA (OR, 1.5) and shoulder HA (OR, 1.5). Component loosening was also more commonly noted in patients with PD after conventional TSA (OR, 1.5) and HA (OR, 1.9). Conclusion PD is associated with increased rates of infection, dislocation, revision shoulder arthroplasty, fracture, component loosening, and systemic complications after conventional TSA, RSA, and shoulder HA.
Nitrate assimilation in fungi.

Publisher Summary The chapter analyzes the results available in the process of nitrate assimilation as it occurs in two filamentous ascomycetes— Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa (N. crassa). Not only are these results in general representative of observations made on other fungi and yeasts, but they provide for the most concise and comprehensive description of nitrate assimilation and its regulation. It is a vagary of scientific fortune that the genetics of nitrate assimilation is best understood for A. nidulans, whereas the enzymology of nitrate assimilation is better characterized in N. crassa , the organism more often subjected to biochemical investigation. The assimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonia is achieved by a metabolic pathway composed of just two enzymes—namely, nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase, which act in this sequence. Recently both have been purified to homogeneity and detailed characterizations of each are being made. Regulation of nitrate assimilation in fungi is eminently simple and straightforward. Ammonia, the end product of the nitrate assimilatory pathway, strongly represses its expression. This phenomenon is the dominant aspect in regulation of nitrate assimilation.
Comparative study of spectral diffuse-only and diffuse-specular radiative transfer models and field-collected data in the LWIR

The sensitivity of hyper-spectral remote sensing to the directional reflectance of surfaces was studied using both laboratory and field measurements. Namely, the effects of the specular- and diffuse-reflectance properties of a set of eight samples, ranging from high to low in both total reflectance and specularity, on diffuse-only and diffusespecular radiative transfer models in the long-wave infrared (LWIR, 7-14-μm wavelength) were studied. The samples were measured in the field as a set of eight panels, each in two orientations, with surface normal pointing toward zenith and tipped at 45° from zenith. The field-collected data also included down-welling spectral sky radiance at several angles from zenith to the horizon, ground spectral radiance, panel spectral radiances in both orientations, Infragold® spectral radiances in both orientations near each panel location, and panel temperatures. Laboratory measurements included spectral hemispherical, specular and diffuse directional reflectance (HDR, SDR and DDR) for each sample for several reflectance angles with respect to the surface normal. The diffuse-only radiative transfer model used the HDR data, while the diffuse-specular model used the SDR and DDR data. Both calculated spectral reflected and self-emitted radiances for each panel, using the field-collected sky radiance data to avoid uncertainties associated with atmospheric models. The modeled spectral radiances were then compared to the field-collected values to quantify differences in moving from an HDR-based model to an SDR/DDR model in the LWIR for a variety of surface-reflectance types.
Open Community Authoring of Targeted Worked Example Problems

Open collaborative authoring systems such as Wikipedia are growing in use and impact. How well does this model work for the development of educational resources? In particular, can volunteers contribute materials of sufficient quality? Could they create resources that meet students' specific learning needs and engage their personal characteristics? Our experiment explored these questions using a novel web-based tool for authoring worked examples. Participants were professional teachers (math and non-math) and amateurs. Participants were randomly assigned to the basic tool, or to an enhanced version that prompted authors to create materials for a specific (fictitious) student. We find that while there are differences by teaching status, all three groups make contributions of worth and that targeting a specific student leads contributors to author materials with greater potential to engage students. The experiment suggests that community authoring of educational resources is a feasible model of development and can enable new levels of personalization.
The Price of Freedom Denied: Religious Persecution and Conflict in the Twenty-First Century

The Price of Freedom Denied shows that, contrary to popular opinion, ensuring religious freedom for all reduces violent religious persecution and conflict. Others have suggested that restrictions on religion are necessary to maintain order or preserve a peaceful religious homogeneity. Brian J. Grim and Roger Finke show that restricting religious freedoms is associated with higher levels of violent persecution. Relying on a new source of coded data for nearly 200 countries and case studies of six countries, the book offers a global profile of religious freedom and religious persecution. Grim and Finke report that persecution is evident in all regions and is standard fare for many. They also find that religious freedoms are routinely denied and that government and the society at large serve to restrict these freedoms. They conclude that the price of freedom denied is high indeed.
Language proficiency and the enrollment of Medicaid-eligible children in publicly funded health insurance programs.

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of language proficiency on enrollment in a state-sponsored child health insurance program. Methods: 1055 parents of Medicaid-eligible children, who were enrolled in a state-sponsored child health insurance program, were surveyed about how they learned about the state program, how they enrolled their children in the program, and perceived barriers to Medicaid enrollment. We performed weighted χ2 tests to identify statistically significant differences in outcomes based on language. We conducted multivariate analyses to evaluate the independent effect of language controlling for demographic characteristics. Results: Almost a third of families did not speak English in the home. These families, referred to as limited English proficiency families, were significantly more likely than English-proficient families to learn of the program from medical providers, to receive assistance with enrollment, and to receive this assistance from staff at medical sites as compared to the toll-free telephone information line. They were also more likely to identify barriers to Medicaid enrollment related to “know-how”—that is, knowing about the Medicaid program, if their child was eligible, and how to enroll. Differences based on language proficiency persisted after controlling for marital status, family composition, place of residence, length of enrollment, and employment status for almost all study outcomes. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the significant impact of English language proficiency on enrollment of Medicaid-eligible children in publicly funded health insurance programs. Strong state-level leadership is needed to develop an approach to outreach and enrollment that specifically addresses the needs of those with less English proficiency.
Electron tomography of immunolabeled cryosections.

Publisher Summary Electron tomography (ET) provides an informative view of cellular fine structure in three dimensions (3D). Immunolabeling provides the localization of specific macromolecules to a structure of interest. Combining the two techniques by means of preparing tomographic reconstructions of immunolabeled samples results in a powerful method for localizing macromolecules within the 3D context of a cell. This chapter focuses mostly on the Golgi complex in cells or tissues that are immobilized by rapid freezing, then fixed by freeze-substitution, and subsequently embedded in plastic. This methodology has helped in deciphering the complex structure of the Golgi with a high degree of confidence. A modified version of the method for immunolabeling cryosections is valuable for studies of the Golgi complex and associated vesicles, tubules, and organelles. Although this modified method is somewhat limited by its use of chemical fixation, it has proven most efficient for the localization of molecules in membranous compartments such as the Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Critical Density Thresholds in Distributed Wireless Networks

Experimental and analytical results showing “zero-one” phase transitions for network connectivity, multi-path reliability, neighbor count, Hamiltonian cycle formation, multiple-clique formation, and probabilistic flooding are presented. These transitions are characterized by critical density thresholds such that a global property exists with negligible probability on one side of the threshold, and exists with high probability on the other. The connections between these phase transitions and some known results on random graphs are discussed, and their significance for the design of resource-efficient wireless networks is indicated.
Visual Aids in Tennis

(1951). Visual Aids in Tennis. Journal of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation: Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 39-40.
STRUCTURAL SHAPE OPTIMIZATION IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY SYSTEM SYNTHESIS

Structural shape optimization couples with other discipline optimization in the design of complex engineering systems. For instance, the wing structural weight and elastic deformations couple to aerodynamic loads and aircraft performance through drag. This coupling makes structural shape optimization a subtask in the overall vehicle synthesis. Decomposition methods for optimization and sensitivity analysis allow the specialized disciplinary methods to be used while the disciplines are temporarily decoupled, after which the interdisciplinary couplings are restored at the system level. Application of decomposition methods to structures-aerodynamics coupling in aircraft is outlined and illustrated with a numerical example of a transport aircraft. It is concluded that these methods may integrate structural and aerodynamic shape optimizations with the unified objective of the maximum aircraft performance.
Hair in the middle phalanges: clinical significance

Middle phalangeal hair has been a focus of study in different populations for the absence or presence of this trait. Clinically, this is often perceived as a solely cosmetic feature. However, because of a series of patients questioning the presence of hair on this location, we have performed a more in-depth literature-based evaluation of the trait. The goal of this manuscript was to examine the clinical significance of this anthropological phenomenon. A literature review was performed that focused on the differences of this trait in terms of pattern of presentation, age, race, sex, and usage as an identifiable marker for medical significance in certain medications and criteria for tailored treatment. Anatomically, middle phalangeal hair is mostly on the fourth finger and more ulnar rather than central or symmetric in pattern of deviation. Its presence has been most associated with high prenatal androgen exposure, predisposing patients to suffer from adverse side effects from oral contraceptives. Phalangeal hair may be helpful in tailoring treatment to certain patients from different ethnic backgrounds, and particularly in individuals with unknown ancestry.
Linear conservation laws for ODEs

Abstract Some physical systems described by ODEs have quantities that are conserved as the system evolves. Runge-Kutta formulas and linear multistep methods preserve linear conservation laws automatically. A code for the integration of ODEs involves a number of algorithms in addition to the basic formula. It is shown here that popular codes preserve linear conservation laws if they are used properly. An application is made to differential-algebraic equations of index 2 arising in the solution of the Navier-Stokes equation by the method of lines.
Trends in tobacco smoke exposure and blood lead levels among youths and adults in the United States: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2008.

Introduction Tobacco smoke is a source of exposure to thousands of toxic chemicals including lead, a chemical of longstanding public health concern. We assessed trends in blood lead levels in youths and adults with cotinine-verified tobacco smoke exposure by using 10 years of data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Methods Geometric mean levels of blood lead are presented for increasing levels of tobacco smoke exposure. Regression models for lead included age, race/ethnicity, poverty, survey year, sex, age of home, birth country, and, for adults, alcohol consumption. Lead levels were evaluated for smokers and nonsmokers on the basis of age of residence and occupation. Results Positive trend tests indicate that a linear relationship exists between smoke exposure and blood lead levels in youths and adults and that secondhand smoke exposure contributes to blood lead levels above the level caused by smoking. Conclusion Youths with secondhand smoke exposure had blood lead levels suggestive of the potential for adverse cognitive outcomes. Despite remediation efforts in housing and the environment and declining smoking rates and secondhand smoke exposure in the United States, tobacco smoke continues to be a substantial source of exposure to lead in vulnerable populations and the population in general.
Contaminant Loading in Drainage and Fresh Water Used for Wetland Management at Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge

Throughout the western United States, studies have identified various detrimental effects of contaminants to aquatic biota from the use of agricultural drainage water for management of arid wetlands. However, little is known about the relative contributions of contaminant loading from pollutants dissolved in water compared with those carried by drifting material (e.g., detritus) associated with drainage water. Consequently, we determined loading rates for contaminants dissolved in water and those incorporated by drifting material for drainage (Diagonal Drain) as well as fresh (S-Line Canal) water used for wetland management at Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge (SNWR), Nevada during the early, middle, and late periods of the irrigation season (June through mid-November) in 1993. We found loading rates for trace elements throughout the irrigation season were almost entirely (> 98%) associated with contaminants dissolved in the water rather than incorporated by drift. Although drift contributed little to the total loading for trace elements to SNWR wetlands, contaminant concentrations were much greater in drift compared with those dissolved in water. Loading rates for dissolved As, B, Hg, and total dissolved solids (TDS) differed among periods for the Diagonal Drain. Along the Diagonal Drain, loading rates for dissolved As, B, Hg, Mo, unionized ammonia (NH3-N), TDS, and Zn differed among its three sampling sites. B was the only trace element with differences in loading rates for drift among periods from the Diagonal Drain. In contrast, loading rates for As, B, Cr, Cu, Hg, Se, and Zn in drift differed among periods for the S-Line Canal. Along Diagonal Drain, loading rates in drift for B (middle and late periods), Cr, Cu, and Zn differed among sites. Hg (x- >/= 12.0 ng/L) and NH3-N (x- >/= 0.985 mg/L) dissolved in water as well as B (x- >/= 97.4 µg/g DW) and Hg (x- >/= 0.461 µg/g DW) in drift from the Diagonal Drain and S-Line Canal exceeded screening levels (SLs) for protection of aquatic biota throughout the irrigation season. Dissolved As (x- >/= 0.0426 mg/L) in water from the Diagonal Drain during all periods exceeded the SL for protection of aquatic biota. Dissolved B (x- = 1.03 mg/L) in water from the Diagonal Drain during the early period exceeded the SL for protection of aquatic biota.
Does Ocean Turbulence Peak at the Equator

Abstract A 3°N to 3°S transect of the equator at 140°15'W was made in November 1984. Vertical profiles of temperature, conductivity and turbulent dissipation were obtained at approximately 1 km intervals. Contrary to previous results, we found no obvious peak in dissipation either at the equator or clearly associated with the Equatorial Undercurrent. A thermistor chain towed behind the ship indicated the rich (and previously unseen) variability of the hydrophysical field of the equatorial ocean. Some of this variability (especially, internal waves) is intimately linked to mixing processes.
An analysis of human sexuality textbook coverage of the psychological correlates of adult‐nonadult sex

Browne and Finkelhor (1986) cautioned that it is important that child abuse researchers not exaggerate or overstate the intensity or inevitability of negative consequences for children or adolescents who experience sex with adults. In recent years a number of researchers have argued that this problem has been increasing, with negative repercussions. The purpose of the current research was to analyze possible overstatement (i.e., bias) from one important source: human sexuality textbooks. To assess bias, a review of the literature on correlates of adult‐child and adult‐adolescent sex was first conducted to determine the criteria with which to make judgments. This review revealed that findings from clinical and legal samples, which typically indicate highly negative correlates, do not generalize beyond clinical/legal populations. Three nationally representative samples and a large number of college samples indicate that correlates are much less negative in the general population. Based on the criteria that ...
GBS Integration with Teleport and the New Disn Core

The Global Broadcast Service (GBS) provides a high-bandwidth, one-way digital broadcast of tactical video, large files, and Internet protocol (IP) services over a standards-based SATCOM (satellite communications) architecture to warfighters deployed world-wide. As the Global Information Grid (GIG) completes its transformation into a new, high-speed backbone, known as the new Defense Information System Network (DISN) core, the integration of GBS sources and satellite uplink facilities will be essential for supporting net-centric services. The new DISN core will provide a ubiquitous, secure, reliable, optical terrestrial network, designed to deliver high-speed IP services to military, intelligence, and coalition forces worldwide. The use of multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) will provide route diversity and increased availability to support reliable communications. Once the Department of Defense (DoD) transitions the new backbone to be fully operational, GBS must integrate their network into the New DISN core in order to take advantage of the reliability, efficiency, and speed of the new network and thus improve dissemination of information to the warfighters. This paper will describe how GBS integration with the GIG will take advantage of the new DISN core and Tele-port sites to provide a reliable, redundant transport system for source dissemination of information to warfighters. Further discussion will also address how GBS uplink facilities and Teleport sites will integrate with the GIG to form a partial mesh, thereby providing a more reliable satellite transport system. Additionally, the steps required for GBS to transition to the new DISN core, including connectivity to Teleport uplink locations, will be defined
Interhemispheric transfer of visual discriminations in split-chiasm monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) and its measurement.

The interhemispheric transfer of visual discriminations in split-chiasm monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) was assessed by training with one eye to a criterion level, then testing either with that same eye (control) or with the other eye (transfer). The difference between these two values was the loss due to transfer. A computer simulation suggested that the usual savings score could grossly misestimate transfer ability. In addition, stimuli with comparable left and right halves were used to minimize the effect of the bilateral hemianopia caused by chiasm section. Performance with the untrained eye was slightly, but statistically significantly, poorer than with the trained eye. No evidence of the phenomena of "learning to transfer" was found (i.e., there was no improvement in transfer ability in relation to concurrent intrahemispheric controls).
Ethnicity and spirituality in breast cancer survivors

Many women are incorporating spirituality as a way of coping with cancer. However, few studies have examined the role of spirituality in mood and quality of life among breast cancer survivors from different ethnic groups. One hundred and seventy-five women who had completed treatment for breast cancer participated in in-depth interviews about their experiences. Transcripts were available for 161 women. The majority (83%) of the women talked about their spirituality. The main themes were: (1) God as a Comforting Presence; (2) Questioning Faith; (3) Anger at God; (4) Spiritual Transformation of Self and Attitude Towards Others/Recognition of Own Mortality; (5) Deepening of Faith; (6) Acceptance; and (7) Prayer by Self. A higher percentage of African-Americans, Latinas, and Christians felt comforted by God than the other groups. These results are consistent with the common assumption that more African-American and Latinas engage in spiritual activities and that African-Americans are more fatalistic than the other groups. Implications for Cancer Survivors: The present findings suggest that there are several dimensions of spirituality experienced among cancer survivors. For many the trauma of a cancer diagnosis might deepen their faith and appreciation of life as well as changing the way they view at themselves, their lives, and how they relate to those around them, including God.
The treatment of multicentric canine lymphoma.

Canine lymphoma is a very chemoresponsive disease. During the period in which it has been widely treated, reported survival times have increased markedly over the 1-to-2-month expected lifespans of untreated dogs. Less readily available approaches, such as biologic response modification and autologous bone marrow transplant, may further improve the chances of survival of these patients, but most dogs will usually be treated with currently effective drugs and protocols or new ones as they are introduced.
Structural and Magnetic Properties of RBa2Cu2NbO8 (R = La, Pr, Nd)

PrBa2Cu2NbO8 (PrBCNO) is an insulating analog to the YB2CU3O7 (YBCO) system, which is interesting as a thin film buffer layer in YBCO/PrBCNO/YBCO tunnel junctions as well as a potential high Tc superconductor if proper doping could be achieved. PrBCNO has a similar structure to PrBCO, with NbO2 planes replacing the CuO chains. Single phase polycrystalline samples of RBCNO have been synthesized with R = La, Pr and Nd. Attempts to synthesize this structure with the smaller ions Y and Gd have been unsuccessful. The PrBCNO samples show a signature in the magnetization of a magnetic ordering at 12 K. No such magnetic phase transition is observed down to 2 K in the NdBCNO material.