cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical Inspection and Metrology in Semiconductor Manufacturing

Central to the phenomenal success of the semiconductor industry to achieve the large scale integration predicted by Moore’s law is the ability to innovate on every aspect of the manufacturing process. Economic considerations necessitate the achievement of very high yields, which is only possible through a methodical approach to detection, classification, and eventual elimination of the defects that plague the complex processes. Thus, wafer inspection tools play a vital role in the development of new processes to achieve a particular deign rule.
Eunuch Power in the Ming Dynasty

Eunuch political influence is not strange to students of Chinese history. In many periods of history it was of decisive importance. The Ming Dynasty, however, marks the zenith of eunuch power. One of the most basic characteristics of Ming political history is the degree to which the imperial authority came to be directly wielded by eunuchs. Traditional Chinese historians have related the existence of powerful eunuchs to a decline in the quality of the emperors and to the shrewdness of some eunuchs. There is, of course, an element of truth in this position. In most periods, eunuch influence was greatest during periods of weak emperors. In Ming, it is possible that eunuch abuses would not have reached such extremes had the later emperors been possessed of more interest in governmental matters. From I47I to I497, Hsien-tsung (I465-I488) and Hsiaotsung (I488-I506) held no audiences with their ministers. Wu-tsung (I506-I522) held no audiences as he was more frequently engaged in wandering about in disguise. For forty-five years of his reign, Shih-tsung (I522-I567) held only one audience. From I589 to I602, Shen-tsung (I573-i620) met his ministers only once and this because of an attempt on the Heir Apparent's life. Given the nature of autocracy, it was logical that power would be delegated to those the emperor felt would represent only the interests of the imperial family. Eunuchs appeared to meet this criterion. Throughout these periods, contact between emperor and bureaucracy was thus carried on almost entirely through eunuchs. There is, then, a correlation between the decline of the emperors' interest in government and the increase in eunuch power; but concentration on this
Body mass index as a surrogate measure of cardiovascular risk factor clustering in fifth-grade children: results from the coronary artery risk detection in the Appalachian Communities Project.

Background. Obesity, an increasing problem in children in the United States and abroad, has been associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Consequently, there is a need to dete...
Alterations in the non-specific cortical afference during hyperventilation

Summary The effect of hyperventilation on cortical excitability has been studied in unanesthetized cats before and after interruption of the non-specific thalamic projection system (NSTPS). The results suggest that the primary site of action of hypocapnia is subcortical and that its secondary effects on the cortex depend upon the integrity of the NSTPS. As a possible mechanism, the role of selective regional alterations in the blood-brain barrier is discussed.
A Study of Solution-Focused Brief Family Therapy: Outcomes and Issues

Abstract This article discusses the findings of a descriptive study on solution-focused brief family therapy in a children's mental health facility. Findings indicate a 64.9% success rate for an average of 5.5 therapy sessions over an average of 3.9 months. In addition, findings provide initial support for the applicability of solution-focused brief family therapy to a wide range of families from diverse backgrounds as well as to the practice of working with whoever comes to therapy. The study also introduces thought-provoking theoretical and clinical issues regarding helpful versus unhelpful therapy processes and the influences of problem nature and selected goals on therapy outcomes.
Comparison of monitoring systems for anaerobic digesters

The deployment of modern smart grid technologies for distributed generation control offers numerous advantages over earlier control systems. Care needs to be taken to choose the correct protocol for the task at hand. This paper compares two systems used for the remote monitoring of anaerobic digesters including their relative costs, bandwidth requirements, implementation, and maintenance issues. The systems discussed are Internet protocol based system using HTTP and FTP, and a system based on DNP3. The goal of the work is to demonstrate that the application of standard SCADA protocols to modern distributed generation technology can be easily accomplished without large investment in new software or technologies, while still enabling web interoperability.
Structural comparison between intramitochondrial and bacterial crystalloids.

Intramitochondrial crystalloids, found in diseased hepatic cells of rhesus monkeys, appeared to be structurally similar to those formed under suboptimal conditions in the gram-negative bacterium Myxococcus xanthus . The components of the crystalloids seem to be coils, possibly originating from the mitochondrial matrix or the bacterial cytoplasm, respectively. It could not be determined whether the nature of the intramitochondrial crystalloids is equivalent to that of the bacterial crystalloids; it was suggested that the latter consist of ribonucleoprotein.
Acute and chronic toxicity of rubratoxin B

Abstract Rubratoxin B was found to have the following LD50 values after a single ip dose, dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide: mice, 0.27 mg/kg; rats 0.35 mg/kg; guinea pigs, 0.48 mg/kg; and cats, 0.2 mg/kg. Comparable values for propylene glycol solutions in dogs and chickens were greater than 5 and 4 mg/kg, respectively. Administration by stomach tube increased the LD50 value to 400–450 mg/kg in rats, possibly due to decomposition of the toxin in the acidic conditions of the stomach. Histologic lesions in animals poisoned by the toxin consisted of congestive, hemorrhagic, and degenerative lesions of the liver and spleen. Among rats treated by stomach tube 3 times/wk for 60 wk, 5 8 animals survived total doses of 458 or 616 mg per rat, and 11 18 survived a total dose of 307 mg/rat. No evidence of preneoplastic or neoplastic lesions was observed in survivors killed after 82–87 wk. Evidence of potentiation of the lethal action of rubratoxin B, but not of the carcinogenic action of aflatoxin B1, was found in rats treated with rubratoxin B (25 mg/kg, 3 times/wk for 5 wk) and fed over the same period a diet containing 0.2 ppm aflatoxin B1.
Submerged and eroded drumlins off northeastern Massachusetts

Abstract Streamlined, oval-shaped, oriented topographic highs in Massachusetts Bay are identified as the erosional remnants of drumlins. The topographic highs correlate with outlines of lag gravel deposits on the sea floor and both the highs and lag gravel seafloor footprint have a distinct east-southeast long axis trend. This trend is similar to the preferred orientation of the long axes of drumlins in the Boston Basin and indicates the flow direction of the late Wisconsinan Laurentide Ice Sheet. Modification of the drumlins occurred during two passages of the shoreline, the first during the late Wisconsinan regression when the drumlins were only slightly eroded. The second passage of the shoreline occurred during the marine transgression, when erosion, in the form of cliff-face retreat, removed the upper part of the drumlins.
Self-assembled monolayers of organophosphonic acids supported on teeth

Abstract Controlling the surface properties of the tooth, e.g. adsorption and adhesion to its surface is of interest for use in dental applications. This work investigates self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of organophosphonic acids supported on the surface of human teeth. The SAMs were prepared via a solution-phase reaction of C18H37P(O)(OH)2 with enamel chips. ATR suggests the formation of SAMs with highly ordered alkyl groups (based on the CH2 stretching). Water contact angles of the enamel-supported SAMs are in the range ∼100–70° (advancing/receeding), which is consistent with the formation of hydrophobic surfaces. According to atomic force microscopy imaging, the SAM growing process appears as the formation of islands on the surface of the tooth. At the late stages of the reaction, islands merge yielding larger domains covering almost the entire surface of the tooth. The size of these domains undergoes a complex change during the course of the deposition and after 100 h of reaction it becomes ∼40–60 nm in lateral dimension. The surfaces prepared demonstrate good stability in the presence of water and organic solvents, showing the potential uses of SAMs of organophosphonic acid for permanent modification of the surface properties of the tooth.
A degeneration study of efferent connections of the habenular complex in the opossum.

Parts of the medial and lateral habenular nuclei were removed unilaterally in each of thirteen opossums and the brains were studied for fiber degeneration by a modified Nauta method. Degeneration was seen in the ipsilateral, but not the contralateral, habenulopeduncular tract, which at the level of the interpeduncular nucleus underwent a partial decussation over it, whereas there were almost no degenerating fibers in the nucleus itself. Caudal to the nucleus extensive degeneration was present bilaterally among nuclei of the raphe and this extended into the predorsal fasciculus. Many terminals were observed in the nuclei of the raphe and within the deep tegmental nucleus. Although degenerating fibers were seen in the region of the dorsal tegmental nucleus, no terminals could be identified with certainty. Degeneration was also present in the superior colliculus. Bilateral degeneration occurred in the stria medullaris and extended to the preoptic area and the olfactory tubercle. In the dorsal preoptic area a small, but quite definite fiber bundle, separated from the posterior surface of the stria medullaris, traversed the lateral hypothalamus and passed dorsal to the mammillary bodies into the midbrain tegmentum, where it became intermingled with fibers of the habenulopeduncular tract just ventral to the red nucleus. Findings appear to indicate that in the opossum relatively few, if any, fibers of habenular origin terminate in the interpeduncular nucleus. In addition, fairly substantial evidence has been obtained to show that there are a number of efferent fibers within the stria medullaris.
Functional evaluation of cystic duct patency with Gd-EOB-DTPA MR imaging: an alternative to hepatobiliary scintigraphy for diagnosis of acute cholecystitis?

To determine if MR cholangiography with Gd-EOB-DTPA can be used to assess cystic duct patency and to establish normal time range for reflux of contrast material into the cystic duct/gallbladder. This retrospective study is HIPAA-compliant and IRB-approved with waiver for informed consent granted. From September 2008 to June 2009, 300 patients who underwent Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging for various clinical indications, not specifically limited to evaluation for acute cholecystitis, were identified. 112 patients were excluded: prior cholecystectomy (n = 93), severe technical limitations (n = 9), or absence of appropriate clinical follow-up (n = 10). 188 total patients (82 male, 106 female, mean age 51.0 years) were included in the final dataset. Time between contrast administration and contrast reflux into the cystic duct/gallbladder on delayed phase imaging was measured. Reflux of contrast into the gallbladder was identified in 130/188 patients (69.1%) on delayed phase imaging. Average time to gallbladder reflux was 15:24 ± 5:51 minutes (range: 6:01–41:05 min). 58/188 patients (30.9%) demonstrated no reflux of contrast into the gallbladder at time of final delayed phase images. Of 58 patients who demonstrated no reflux into cystic duct/gallbladder, 15 patients demonstrated no extrahepatic biliary excretion, limiting evaluation of cystic duct patency. A total of 173 patients demonstrated biliary excretion of contrast with 76% overall sensitivity of detection of cystic duct patency. MR cholangiography with hepatobiliary MR contrast agents such as Gd-EOB-DTPA can demonstrate cystic duct patency with high sensitivity. MR protocols can be designed within a clinically feasible timeframe to optimize diagnosis of acute cholecystitis.
Complete responses in the irradiated field following treatment with chemotherapy with and without bevacizumab in advanced cervical cancer: An NRG Oncology/Gynecologic Oncology Group study

treated by cone excision. Statistical analyses were performed with twosided tests and considered significant at a P value of b0.05. Results:A total of 102 patientswere included. Themean agewas 30 years (range, 18–56 years) and the mean age (standard deviation) of the first sexual intercourse was 17.4 (2.5) years. They had the mean of 8 (6) total sexual partners, 45.1% used condoms, and 39.2% used contraceptive pills. A total of 73.5% of womenwere nulliparous and 53.9%were smokers. The rate of spontaneous regression at 12 months was 65.7%, while 7.8% progressed and 26.5% had a persistent disease. Regression was observed in all cases that were p16-negative and 56.8% that were p16-positive (P=0.001) as well as all cases that were Ki-67-negative and 59.3% that were Ki-67-positive (P=0.011). High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion in previous cytology, HPV16 infection, and HPV18 infection were statistically associated with non-regression compared to regression (P b 0.001, P=0.027, and P=0.008, respectively), while HPV negativity was significantly associated with regression (P=0.019). Conclusions: The high regression rate of CIN2 supports clinical observations in selected patients. Use of p16 and Ki-67 as biomarkers to predict CIN2 regression would have a great clinical value and could reduce unnecessary cone excision.
Categories of Environmental Print: All Logos are Not Created Equal

The purpose of this research was to investigate whether different kinds of environmental print logos were known more frequently by young children than other kinds. Sixty-one 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds were assessed on 20 full-context color pictures of environmental print logos. These 20 logos were divided into three categories: community (signs prevalent in the local community; e.g., McDonald’s, Kroger), household (items found in many American homes: e.g., Doritos, Crest), and child (items associated with children rather than adults; e.g., Toy Story 2, Lego). Chi-squares were run to determine whether, as hypothesized, the child logos would be better known than the community and household logos within: (1) the whole sample, (2) each of the three age groups, and (3) both genders. As expected, child logos were the best known by all age groups and both boys and girls. However, the differences between the three categories were not significant for the 3-year-olds. This paper concludes with advice to teachers of young children on how to use child related environmental print logos in their classrooms.
Variability of accumulation in northwest Greenland over the past 250 years

During summer 1996, a 120-m firn and ice core was drilled to determine annual accumulation rates at a northwest Greenland site (GITS, 77.1392°N, 61.0422°W, 1910 m elevation). Annual layers were identified in the core using multiple parameters: δ18O and concentrations of dust, hydrogen peroxide, ammonium, calcium and nitrate. Using all parameters together to define annual layers resulted in a 251-year record with a dating uncertainty of one year within that period. Annual accumulation over the period of record averaged about 0.37 m water equivalent. Comparing this record with four other multi-century long records from the west central and northwest portion of the ice sheet shows many periods when decadal-scale fluctuations in accumulation at the different sites are in phase. Overall variations in accumulation in this portion of the ice sheet were ±8–9% per decade, versus ±25% for individual cores. Annual accumulation at GITS showed a significant correlation with a 12-month North Atlantic Oscillation index (Pearson's R=−0.32 with a significance level of >99%), though the correlation was slightly lower than for two cores roughly 350 and 700 km south.
Innateness, abstract names, and syntactic cues in how children learn the meanings of words

Bloom masterfully captures the state-of-the-art in the study of lexical acquisition. He also exposes the extent of our ignorance about the learning of names for non-observables. HCLMW adopts an innatist position without adopting modularity of mind; however, it seems likely that modularity is needed to bridge the gap between object names and the rest of the lexicon.
Impact of Detailed Informed Consent on Research Subjects’ Participation: A Prospective, Randomized Trial

This study was undertaken to measure potential research subjects' participation in a survey research design, based on level and type of informed consent required before enrollment. In this prospective, randomized trial, 300 eligible Emergency Department participants were randomized to one of three groups: verbal consent (n = 100), limited written consent (n = 100), and detailed written consent with signature (n = 100). The consent was related to a self-administered patient satisfaction survey. The primary outcome was level of participation, where participation was categorized as full, limited, or refusal. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals (CI) constructed about proportions were used to assess differences in participation rates between the three consent groups. Among 300 participants, no demographic differences were found between groups for age or gender. Participants who were randomized to complete the detailed written consent had a significantly lower rate of full participation (72%) when compared to those randomized to verbal consent (85%; mean difference between groups 13%, 95% CI 2% to 24%) and to those with limited written consent (84%; mean difference between groups 12%, 95% CI 1% to 23%). Participants randomized to detailed written consent also had a significantly higher refusal rate (23%) when compared to those in the limited written group (12%; mean difference between groups -11%, 95% CI -21% to -1%). The length and type of informed consent required affected potential research subject participation in a survey research design. Participants who were asked to sign a detailed written informed consent document had a lower rate of participation compared to those with verbal or limited written consent.
Generating a Signal: Biopotentials, Amplifiers, and Filters

Understanding the underlying science of the generation of electrophysiologic signals is necessary to monitor and interpret sleep studies accurately. There are many factors that can alter a signal observed on a polysomnogram. Armed with the knowledge of how an electrophysiologic signal is generated and recorded, those who study sleep and its disorders are expected to be able to separate true from artifactual signals, and know the difference between accurate signal data and unexpected alterations in these signals. At any step in the process the diagnostic accuracy of a polysomnogram may be altered or unreliable, which, if not detected and corrected, could adversely affect the care of the patient.
THE LOS ANGELES INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AS A SOURCE OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLES AND OTHER POLLUTANTS TO NEARBY COMMUNITIES

Abstract Air monitoring was performed in the vicinity of the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) during the spring of 2003. The purpose of this monitoring was to determine the extent of airport emissions on downwind ambient air in a mixed use neighborhood that includes residences. A mobile air monitoring platform was developed and deployed to measure ultrafine particle numbers (UFP), size distributions, particle length, black carbon (BC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PM-PAH). Pollutant levels were low at a coastal site upwind of the airport, with UFP ranging between 580 and 3800 counts cm−3, oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from 4 to 22 ppb, black carbon from 0.2 to 0.6 μg m−3, and PM-PAH ranged from 18 to 36 ng m−3. Markedly higher UFP counts, with average counts of approximately 50,000 cm−3, were observed at a site 500 m downwind of the airport, which was strongly influenced by aircraft landings and where the community interfaced with airport facilities. Black carbon, PM-PAH, and NOx levels were elevated to a lesser extent at downwind locations. Transient peaks in UFP corresponding to aircraft landings and takeoffs were evident. A maximum UFP count reached 4.8 million particles cm−3 downwind of a runway used by jet aircraft for takeoffs. Particle size distributions differed substantially between upwind and downwind locations. The particle numbers at the upwind site were dominated by particles of approximately 90 nm diameter while downwind sites were dominated by particles peaking at approximately 10–15 nm. Additional data obtained from a study of UFP levels conducted subsequently by a co-author indicates that aircraft-generated UFP persist up to 900 m from an LAX runway [Biswas, S., Fine, P.M., Geller, M.D., Hering, S.V., Sioutas, C., 2005. Performance evaluation of a recently developed water-based condensation particle counter. Aerosol Science and Technology 39, 419–427]. Considered together, these observations suggest that airport operations are associated with elevated levels of UFP much further downwind in the neighboring community than would have been predicted by prior studies of UFP from roadway-traffic.
Magnetic resonance imaging of knee trauma

This article reviews the magnetic resonance (MR) appearance of normal knee anatomy and the role of MRI in the evaluation of knee trauma. Images acquired in the sagittal plane are the most useful. A combination of T1- and T2-weighted spin echo pulse sequences is most commonly employed. A meniscal tear is identified by an intrameniscal signal which extends to the joint surface. MR and arthroscopic findings agree in more than 90% of patients. It is important to be familiar with the MRI appearance of normal anatomic variants that may be confused with meniscal tears: the transverse geniculate ligament, the hiatus of the popliteal tendon sheath, and the meniscofemoral ligaments. Tears in the anterior cruciate, posterior cruciate, and collateral ligaments are also depicted.
Trends and implications for Spanish wine sales in the US market

– Spanish wine sales have grown quite rapidly in the US market during the past few years. The purpose of this paper is to examine this trend, discuss potential reasons, and identify opportunities for maintaining and increasing Spanish wine sales in the US market., – The objectives are achieved by analyzing ACNielsen scan data from 2002 to 2005 and other secondary data on US wine consumers and trends., – The results indicate that Americans perceive red Spanish wine quite positively and are moving up in price point expenditures. However, sales of Spanish white wines remain rather fixed at specific price points. In addition, Spanish wine is losing market share to other imported wines, except for certain price points, but is performing well against US wines., – This paper suggests ten opportunities for maintaining and/or increasing Spanish wine sales in the US market. Many of these suggestions are also useful for other countries desiring to export wine to the US., – This paper is one of the first of its kind to provide an in‐depth analysis of ACNielsen Scan data on Spanish wines sales in the USA. In addition, it provides extensive information on the US wine market, trends, and new market segments such as the Millennial and Hispanic markets.
Empirical bayes estimation of binomial parameter with symmetric priors

This paper deals with the problem of estimating the binomial parameter via the nonparametric empirical Bayes approach. This estimation problem has the feature that estimators which are asymptotically optimal in the usual empirical Bayes sense do not exist (Robbins (1958, 1964)), However, as pointed out by Liang (1934) and Gupta and Liang (1988), it is possible to construct asymptotically optimal empirical Bayes estimators if the unknown prior is symmetric about the point 1/2, In this paper, assuming symmetric priors a monotone empirical Bayes estimator is constructed by using the isotonic regression method. This estimator is asymptotically optimal in the usual empirical Bayes sense. The corresponding rate of convergence is investigated and shown to be of order n-1, where n is the number of past observations at hand.
Platelet-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation is modulated by the growth amplification factors serotonin and adenosine diphosphate.

BACKGROUND Platelet-mediated mechanisms have been implicated in intimal lesion formation following vascular injury. Although the participation of peptide growth factors has been suspected in this process, little has been known about the possible mitogenic role of other platelet factors that are released at sites of vascular injury. METHODS AND RESULTS We tested the hypothesis that platelet products, which are not peptide growth factors, are important modulators of the platelet-induced smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferative response by acting as growth amplification factors. In these studies, cell proliferation was assessed by [3H]thymidine incorporation, flow cytometry, and direct cell counting. We examined the potential mitogenicity of several platelet products, including serotonin, ADP, norepinephrine, histamine, platelet-activating factor, the thromboxane A2 mimetic U46619, and bradykinin. Of the platelet products tested, serotonin and ADP induced a synergistic response with peptide growth factors. This synergy was greatest at low growth-factor concentrations. Addition of nonaggregated platelets to quiescent SMC cultures strongly stimulated cell proliferation. Since the addition of suramin to platelet-treated cultures markedly inhibited SMC proliferation, peptide growth factors are most likely the primary mitogens mediating this response. However, platelet-induced proliferation was also markedly reduced by the serotonin antagonists ketanserin and LY53857 (44%), and by the ADP antagonist apyrase (35%). CONCLUSIONS Therefore, serotonin and ADP contribute significantly, in synergy with peptide growth factors, to the platelet-induced SMC proliferative response. We propose that in vivo serotonin and ADP act as amplification factors for SMC proliferation at sites of vascular injury.
The clearance rate as a measure of criminal justice system effectiveness

Abstract The validity of the clearance rate as a measure of either criminal justice system (CJS) effectiveness or of the probability of punishment for crime can be questioned on the grounds that the relationship between CJS effectiveness and observed clearance rates is mediated by the choice behavior of criminals. If the clearance rate is endogenous in that sense, then recent econometric results concerning the deterrence effect of punishment are fundamentally flawed. A model of criminal adaptation to changes in CJS effectiveness illustrates the basic problem.
Effect of side-chains on low band gap polymer photovoltaic devices

The effect of side-chains on the molecular weight and the optical and electrical property of a low band gap copolymer poly{(9,9-dioctylfluorene)-2,7-diyl- alt -[4,7-bis(3-decyloxythien-2-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole]-5',5"-diyl} (PF-co-DTB) was studied. The decyloxy side-chains help to increase molecular weight (Mw = 115,000) and decrease the band gap (1.78 eV) as well as the oxidation potential (-5.4 eV). Zero-field mobility of 2×10 -5 cm 2 /Vs is measured in hole-only devices. Photovoltaic devices based on PF-co-DTB/fullerene bulk-heterojunction show power conversion efficiency of up to 1.6% under air mass 1.5G, 100 mW/cm 2 illumination. Side-chains effect on the photovoltaic devices studies show the trade-off between short circuit current increase and open-circuit voltage drop. Thermal annealing on device performance is also discussed.
Efficacy of perceived risk as a correlate of reported donation behavior: An empirical analysis

Various environmental trends suggest a challenging future for nonprofit organizations’ quests for fund-raising and volunteer recruitment. Previous research indicates that the perceived risk paradigm may be a valuable framework for examining donation behavior. The evidence generated in this study shows that risk perception has little bearing on money and time donation behaviors. Results also suggest that while perceived risk does not predict donation behavior well, it improves prediction when used in conjunction with demographic variables.
Effect of pH on the Fluorescence and Absorption Spectra of Hypericin in Reverse Micelles

Abstract The well-characterized, monodispersed nature of reverse micelles formed by sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate/heptane and their usefulness in approximating a membrane-like environment have been exploited to investigate the effect of pH and water pool size on the photophysical properties of hypericin (Hyp). Our measurements reveal two titratable groups of pKa ∼1.5 and ∼12.5. These are assigned to the HypH+/Hyp equilibrium (the deprotonation of a carbonyl group) and the Hyp−/Hyp2− equilibrium (the deprotonation of a peri hydroxyl group). The low-energy absorbance maxima of HypH+, of Hyp and Hyp− and of Hyp2− are 583, 594 and 613 nm, respectively. Neither at pH 13 nor at 1 M HCl is the system entirely in the Hyp2− or the HypH+ forms. Ours is the first study of Hyp in reverse micelles as well as the first time-resolved study of Hyp as a function of pH.
Accounting for Origins

How long ago has it been since you were able to say this about a book you have just read about the study of religion? Explaining Religion is one of those rare books. The book does not give us a new theory of religion. In fact, there is nothing new in the book, and it is embarrassing that the main thesis of the book is so obvious, yet, I can think of no other comparable book on the study of religion. Preus has written a book which is a historical reflection on theories about the origin of religion! If you think this is a joke, or if a slight smile appeared while you were reading the last sentence, then this is the reason you should read Explaining Religion. Preus knows full well that the quest for the historical origin of religion will always remain speculative. His interests lie elsewhere. He is interested in locating the foundations of a scientific study of religion; he is interested in the contributions such a study has made in the development of the human sciences; he is interested in identifying and understanding our intellectual ancestors who did not simply ask "Exactly when did religion come into being?" but, "How are we to account for its very existence-not only its rise, but its persistence?" (xvii) Preus, moreover, is interested in describing the conditions that allowed for such questions to be raised in the first place.
The Role of Money Arguments in Marriage

Despite the paucity of empirical evidence indicating the impact of money arguments on spousal relationship outcomes, it is common belief that money plays a large role in the life of couples. This study used panel data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth to examine how money-related arguments affect the marital relationship. Economic theory indicates that initial expectations about the marriage and variance in expectations are both important in predicting relationship satisfaction and divorce. Money arguments were modeled as a sign of the lack of investment in spousal-specific capital and were hypothesized to negatively impact relationship quality. Results suggest that money arguments are an important indicator of relationship satisfaction, but are not as influential in predicting divorce. Both the approach used to model money arguments and the empirical results can be used by marriage therapists and financial counselors to help couples understand and improve the benefits received through marriage.
Massive hemoptysis from a lung abscess due to retained gallstones

This case report describes a subhepatic abscess from spilled gallstones which eroded through the diaphragm causing a right lower lobe pulmonary abscess and presenting as massive hemoptysis.
Preparation and preliminary property study of carbon nanotubes films by electrophoretic deposition

Thin films of carbon nanotubes were prepared by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method. The nanotubes films were characterized by SEM and were found that the microstructure of the films was greatly affected by the composition of solvent used in EPD processing. The electrical surface resistance of the EPD films was relatively large, which possibly resulted from the hydrogen adsorption at the nanotubes walls during deposition process.
Third-order harmonic generation in high-temperature superconducting coplanar waveguides at microwave frequencies

Abstract We use third-harmonic measurements of coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission lines to explore the behavior of nonlinearities in microwave devices fabricated from high-Tc superconductors. Our measurements focus on the effect of varying the CPW geometry, including center conductor linewidth, line length, and film thickness, on the nonlinearity of the transmission line circuit as measured by the third-order intercept. The third-order intercepts decrease (indicating more nonlinearity) with increasing line length for all geometries studied. Also, differences in the third-order intercepts between lines of different linewidth and film thickness can be explained quantitatively by appropriately scaling the incident microwave power. These observations demonstrate that the sources of nonlinearity in our CPW transmission lines are distributed along the line length, and depend on the detailed form of the current distribution within the superconductor.
Random-noise polarimetry applications to subsurface probing

Random noise polarimetry is a new radar technique for high-resolution probing of subsurface objects and interfaces. Detection of buried targets is accomplished by cross-correlating the reflected signal by a time-delayed replica of the transmitted waveform. A unique signal processing scheme is used to inject coherent in the system to permit extraction of the wideband polarimetric scattering response of the buried object. This facilitates computation of the Stokes matrices of the target response which enhances the detection and identification process. Random noise polarimetry also possesses additional desirable features for subsurface probing such as immunity from detection and jamming. The paper discusses the theoretical foundations of random noise polarimetry and presents data acquired from various targets using a 1 - 2 GHz radar system fabricated by the University of Nebraska under contract to the U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station. In addition, various signal processing algorithms used to analyze the polarimetric data are presented.
Dopamine D2 autoreceptors in rats are behaviorally functional at 21 but not 10 days of age.

Previous studies used either racemic 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-n-propylpiperidine [(±)-3-PPP] or lower doses of the mixed dopamine (DA) D1/D2 agonist apomorphine (APO) to conclude that brain DA D2 autoreceptors are not behaviorally functional until 28 days of age. The purpose of this study was to provide behavioral evidence for functional D2 autoreceptors before 28 days of age using DA agonists with greater selectivity for D2 autoreceptors. The locomotor activity of 10-, 21-, 35-day-old and adult rats was monitored after injection of a D2 autoreceptor agonist. There were significant decreases in the locomotor activity of 21-, 35-day-old, and adult rats injected with (-)-3-PPP, SND 919, or PD 128483. Lower doses of APO significantly decreased the activity of adult and 35-day-old rats but not younger rats. The only significant effect on the locomotor activity of 10-day-old rats was an increase in activity after injection of APO, 0.01 mg/kg or higher, or B-HT 920, 0.01 mg/kg. The results suggest that brain DA D2 autoreceptors are behaviorally functional at 21, but not 10, days of age.
Nonequilibrium photoinduced electron transfer

We consider photoinduced electron transfer, which is intrinsically a three‐state system consisting of electronic ground, electronic excited (electron donor), and electron acceptor states. It is assumed that the bath consists of a collection of harmonic oscillators. Using an elementary time‐dependent perturbation theory, it is found that the nonequilibrium Golden rule formula proposed by Coalson et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 101, 436 (1994)] can be rigorously obtained in a certain limit of our results. Invoking a stationary phase approximation, a simple result analogous to the Marcus expression is obtained, except for the presence of time‐dependent reorganization energy. The multidimensional nature of the solvation coordinate system is discussed further. Finally a few numerical calculations are presented.
Conservation of side-chain dynamics within a protein family.

The question of protein dynamics and its relevance to function is currently a topic of great interest. Proteins are particularly dynamic at the side-chain level on the timescale of picoseconds to nanoseconds. Here, we present a comparison of NMR-monitored side-chain motion between three PDZ domains of ∼30% sequence identity and show that the side-chain dynamics display non-trivial conservation. Methyl 2H relaxation was carried out to determine side-chain order parameters (S2), which were found to be more similar than naively expected from sequence, local packing, or a combination of the two. Thus, the dynamics of a rather distant homolog appears to be an excellent predictor of a protein's side-chain dynamics, and, on average, better than current structure-based methods. Fast side-chain dynamics therefore display a high level of organization associated with global fold. Beyond simple conservation, the analysis herein suggests that the pattern of side-chain flexibility has significant contributions from non-local elements of the PDZ fold, such as correlated motions, and that the conserved dynamics may directly support function.
Preliminary Report on Development of an Interim Parachute Recovery System for a Re-entry Vehicle

This is a report about tests conducted on a two-stage parachute system consisting of a 19-in. diameter ribbon parachute made of Kevlar-29 and a 3 ft diameter guide surface, second-stage parachute with a nylon canopy and Kevlar-29 suspension lines. A 1.75 ft ram, air-filled flotation bag attached to the vent of the 3 ft guide surface parachute is used for ocean recovery of the 57 Ib nose cone. Recovery was started by jettisoning 63% of the initial re-entry mass prior to deploying the parachute.
Differential Expression of Cytoskeletal Genes in the Cochlear Nucleus

The relationship between structure and function is clearly illustrated by emerging evidence demonstrating the role of the neuronal cytoskeleton in physiological processes. For example, alterations in axonal caliber, a feature of the cytoskeleton, have been shown to affect reflex arc latencies and are prominent features of several neuropathological disorders. Even in the nonpathologic situation, however, axonal diameter may be a crucial element for the normal function of specialized auditory neurons. To investigate this relationship, we used serial analysis of gene expression and microarray analyses to characterize the expression of cytoskeletal genes in the central auditory system. These data, confirmed by real-time RT-PCR, identified differential expression of intermediate neurofilament transcripts (i.e., Nefh, Nef3, and Nfl) among the subdivisions of the cochlear nucleus. In situ hybridization was used to identify specific classes of neurons within the cochlear nucleus expressing these neurofilament genes. Robust neurofilament expression was seen in bushy cells and cochlear nerve root neurons, suggesting an association between cytoskeletal structure and rapid conduction velocities. Gene expression data were also identified for other classes of cytoskeletal and structural genes important in neuronal function. These results may help to explain some causes of hearing loss in hereditary neuropathies and provide an anatomic basis for understanding normal neuronal function in the central auditory system. Anat Rec Part A, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Social dominance, school bullying, and child health: what are our ethical obligations to the very young?

BACKGROUND: Recent research shows that by age 5, children form rigid social hierarchies, with some children consistently subordinated, and then later, bullied. Further, several studies suggest that enduring mental and physical harm follow. It is time to analyze the health burdens posed by early social dominance and to consider the ethical implications of ongoing socially caused harms. METHODS: First, we reviewed research demonstrating the health impact of early childhood subordination. Second, we used philosophical conceptions of children's rights and social justice to consider whether children have a right to protection and who has an obligation to protect them from social harms. RESULTS: Collectively, recent studies show that early subordination is instantiated biologically, increasing lifetime physical and mental health problems. The pervasive, and enduring nature of these harms leads us to argue that children have a right to be protected. Further, society has a role responsibility to protect children because society conscripts children into schools. Society's promise to parents that schools will be fiduciaries entails an obligation to safeguard each child's right to a reasonably open future. Importantly, this role responsibility holds independently of bearing any causal responsibility for the harm. This new argument based on protecting from harm is much stronger than previous equality of opportunity arguments, and applies broadly to other social determinants of health. CONCLUSIONS: Social institutions have a role responsibility to protect children that is not dependent on playing a causal role in the harm. Children's rights to protection from social harms can be as strong as their rights to protection from direct bodily harms. Language: en
Gabor coefficients for estimation of arrival time and center frequency of ultrasonic echoes

Detection of defects in complex materials which may result in multiple and dispersive interfering echoes is an important task in ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (NDE). Materials can be effectively characterized and defects can be localized by estimating arrival times, and frequency bands of ultrasonic backscattered echoes. In this paper we present Gabor coefficients (Discrete Gabor representation) as a method of a linear time-frequency representation. The Gabor coefficients detect multiple defect echoes with unknown times of arrival and center frequencies by displaying them on a joint time-frequency plane. The Gabor coefficients are calculated via Zak transform, an efficient method, because it utilizes the fast Fourier transform. It has been observed that Gabor coefficients estimated via Zak transform are robust and discern multiple ultrasonic echoes overlapped partially or totally both in time and frequency under a very low SNR environment, where the ratio of peak echo to peak noise is approximately 0 dB. Therefore, the Gabor coefficients representation is an effective tool for characterizing and localizing of multiple defects in the nondestructive evaluation of materials.
Small Aircraft Transportation Systems: Effects on Accessibility to Commercial Air Transportation for Florida's Suburban and Rural Population

One of the primary goals of the Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS) program sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration is to "create access to more communities in less time." The program targets to improve accessibility to commercial air transportation to underserved suburban and rural communities. By implementing the latest technology communications and navigation systems at strategically located general aviation and light commercial airports, SATS hopes to bring enhanced levels of accessibility to these markets. Results are presented of a study conducted to identify the regions within the state of Florida where the implementation of SATS technology would be most beneficial in terms of providing accessible commercial air service to currently underserved suburban and rural communities. The study considers the current use of public-use airports within the state and correlates the availability of commercial air service to the state's population density and transportation infrastructure characteristics to estimate the percentage of the state's population that lives within "tolerably accessible" 30-min travel times to the airports that provide such service. It was found that less than 70% of Florida's population lives within a 30-min drive of a commercial service airport. Several airports within the state are identified where, if commercial service capabilities were provided through SATS technology, accessibility to air transportation would increase to 95% of the population. The results of this study are currently being applied as part of a program led by the Southeast SATS Lab consortium to bring SATS to Florida and the southeastern United States.
Calorimetric measurement of the enthalpy of hydration of clinoptilolite

The enthalpy of hydration of natural clinoptilolite was determined by isothermal immersion calorimetry on Ca-, Na- and K-exchanged clinoptilolite (Fish Creek Mountains, Nevada). Heats of im- mersion of clinoptilolite were determined at initial H20 contents ranging from 0 = 0.02 to 0.85 (where 0 is the ratio (HzO content)/(maximum HzO content)). The heat of immersion (liquid H20 reference state) of Ca-clinoptilolite ranged from -7.5 (0 = 0.87) to -25.7 kJ/mol-H20 (0 = 0.19); values for Na- clinoptilolite ranged from -6.3 (0 = 0.85) to -21.8 kJ/mol-HzO (0 = 0.11); and values for K-clinoptilolite ranged from -7.7 (0 = 0.80) to -24.6 kJ/mol-HzO (0 = 0.02). Linear regression of the calorimetric data provided the following values for the complete heat of immersion (from 0 = 0): Ca-clinoptilolite, -30.3 _+ 2.0; Na-clinoptilolite, -23.4 +_ 0.6; and K-clinoptilolite, -22.4 _+ 0.8 kJ/mol-H20. The heat of immersion measurements were compared with the enthalpy of hydration results of Carey and Bish (1996) determined in a thermogravimetric study of the same samples. The heat of immersion data are similar but of smaller magnitude than the values of enthalpy of hydration and are believed to be more accurate because they represent direct measurements of this thermodynamic property. The effect of dehydration of ctinoptilolite on the thermal evolution of the potential high-level radio- active waste repository at Yucca Mountain was considered by comparing the amount of energy consumed by clinoptilolite dehydration with the amount of energy necessary to heat rocks lacking hydrous minerals. The extra energy consumed on heating clinoptilolite from 25 to 200 ~ ranges between 70 and 80% in excess of that required for nondehydrating materials (that is, clinoptilolite acts as a heat sink). These results indicate that accurate thermohydrologic modeling of rock units at Yucca Mountain should consider the thermal effect of dehydration/hydration processes in clinoptilolite and other hydrous minerals, in addition to the water produced/adsorbed during heating/cooling.