cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Dynamics Study of the Influence of Specific Interactions on the Structure and Properties of the Interphase

Since the interphase plays an important role in the strength and durability of a bondline, it is essential to develop a fundamental understanding of the interphasal region in order to predict and control its structure and properties. Therefore, a key aspect to consider its the influence of specific chemical interactions on the evolution of the structure of the interphase. Surface analysis techniques have been very effective in studying this problem. However, such experimental approaches do not yet have the specificity and resolution to obtain the atomic densities as a function of distance from the surface. In this work we employ molecular dynamics calculations to study adsorption of both monomers and polymer networks. The density profiles, molecular structure, and mobility of epoxy, amine, and polymer networks on the surfaces of graphite and alumina have been examined. We have considered the influence of changes in surface chemistry on the interfacial structure of the adsorbed species. For all systems investigated the presence of a surface resulted in pronounced ordering of atomic species in the near surface region. Specific chemical interactions such as hydrogen bonding further enhance this tendency and leads to near-surface structure which is markedly different from the bulk.
A speculative control scheme for an energy-efficient banked register file

Multiported register files are critical components of modern superscalar and simultaneously multithreaded (SMT) processors, but conventional designs consume considerable die area and power as register counts and issue widths grow. Banked multiported register files consisting of multiple interleaved banks of lesser ported cells can be used to reduce area, power, and access time and previous work has shown that such designs can provide sufficient bandwidth for a superscalar machine. These previous banked designs, however, have complex control structures to avoid bank conflicts or to buffer conflicting requests, which add to design complexity and would likely limit cycle time. This paper presents a much simpler and faster control scheme that speculatively issues potentially conflicting instructions, and then quickly repairs the pipeline if conflicts occur. We show that, once optimizations to avoid regfile reads are employed, the remaining read accesses observed in detailed simulations are close to randomly distributed and this contributes to the effectiveness of our speculative control scheme. For a four-issue superscalar processor with 64 physical registers, we show that we can reduce area by a factor of three, access time by 25 percent, and energy by 40 percent, while decreasing IPC by less than 5 percent. For an eight-issue SMT processor with 512 physical registers, area is reduced by a factor of seven, access time by 30 percent, and energy by 60 percent, while decreasing IPC by less than 2 percent.
PS3-4: Genetic Risk Factors for Major Bleeding in Warfarin Patients in a Community Setting

Background/Aims Studies evaluating newly initiated warfarin patients in anticoagulation clinics show that polymorphisms in CYP2C9, VKORC1, and CYP4F2 influence dose requirements, and CYP2C9 variants have increased risk of major bleeding side effects. However, these findings may not be applicable to long-term warfarin users or non-specialist care settings. Within this context, our objective was to evaluate the association between CYP2C9*2 and *3, VKORC1 1173, and CYP4F2*3 variants and major bleeding in long-term warfarin users in a community setting.
A simple method for measuring the cell gap of a reflective twisted nematic LCD

A simple method is demonstrated for measuring the cell gap of reflective twisted nematic (RTN) liquid crystal (LC) cells. This method utilizes a single laser beam and crossed polarizer configuration such that Fabry-Perot effect and surface reflection are eliminated. Experimental results agree well with theory.
Do neck levels negative on initial CT need to be dissected after definitive radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy

Background. The extent of the adjuvant neck dis- section after radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy remains undefined. We investigated whether we could limit neck dissection to levels with positive lymph nodes on CT scan before treatment. Methods. Twenty-one patients' initial diagnostic CT scans were reviewed retrospectively and neck levels were scored posi- tive for malignancy if the respective lymph nodes met any of the following: maximum axial diameter >1 cm; oval/round shape; hypodensity; presence of extracapsular penetration; and irregu- lar enhancement. Patients were treated with radiation alone (71%) or with radiation plus chemotherapy (29%). Neck dissection con- sisted of radical (8 heminecks), modified radical (4 heminecks), or selective (13 heminecks). Results. One hundred two neck levels were dissected. Of these, 56 levels (54.9%) were negative on initial CT scan. None of them was found to contain cancer. Conclusions. After radiation with or without chemotherapy, neck dissection of an initially negative neck level may not be necessary. Neck dissection may target only initially positive levels. V C 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 30: 1090-1098, 2008
Should The U.S. Seriously Contemplate Initiating A Value-Added Tax? What Are Other Countries Doing With This Type Of Tax?

The U. S. Tax System needs extensive changes. As Congress addresses these modifications, should it consider a value-added system? To what extent are other countries using the value-added tax?
Healthy) Human Sexuality

If sex, by nature, is extremely pleasurable, what distinguishes healthy from unhealthy sex? It can’t be the experience of pleasure per se; one person’s pleasure could be another person’s pain. On the other hand, it can’t be arbitrary either, such as favoring procreative sex over non-procreative sex, or heterosexuality over homosexuality. Rather than making lists of un-natural or un-normal sexual behaviors, or defining thresholds of excessive acts, it is preferable to use broad ethical categories, six principles, in fact, for distinguishing healthy from unhealthy approaches to sex. These principles include: eliminating sexual harm, celebrating sex, being careful, knowing yourself, being sexually literate, and being tolerant of others. To ensure the freedom to implement these healthy sexual choices, this article concludes by emphasizing the need to establish constitutionally protected sexual rights under the Ninth Amendment. It is one thing to talk about healthy sexual choices. It is even more important to ensure them for everyone.
Room-temperature continuous-wave 1.55 μm GaInNAsSb laser on GaAs

The first low-threshold 1.55 µm lasers grown on GaAs are reported. Lasing at 1.55 µm was observed from a 20×2400 µm as-cleaved device with a room-temperature continuous-wave threshold current density of 579 A/cm2, external efficiency of 41%, and 130 mW peak output power. The pulsed threshold current density was 550 A/cm2 with >600 mW peak output power.
Insights into two-sex population models 2

Four aspects of age-structured population models are presented, in honor of Mimmo Iannelli’s 65th birthday.Cannarsa and Da Prato model an age-structured population with migration, perturbed by a ra...
Salinity Tolerance of Two Isolates of Lagenidium Giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales), a Fungal Pathogen of Mosquito Larvae

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the salinity range over which North Carolina (NC) and Louisiana (LA) isolates of the fungus Lagenidium giganteum (Couch) grow vegetatively and infect mosquito larvae. The mycelial growth rates of the 2 isolates on nutrient agar were increased with 2.5 and 5.0 parts per thousand (ppt) of NaCl added and reduced with 7.5 ppt or more NaCl. The LA and NC isolates did not grow on agar containing 20 and 30 ppt NaCl, respectively. The concentrations of NaCl for 50% inhibition (IC50) of mycelial growth of the LA and NC isolates (10.9 and 12.0 ppt, respectively) were not significantly different ( P > 0.05). The ability of the 2 isolates of L. giganteum to infect larvae of Aedes taeniorhynchus decreased as salinity of the water increased. The IC50 values for the inhibition of infection in mosquito larvae by the LA and NC isolates (0.52 and 0.55 ppt NaCl, respectively) were not significantly different ( P > 0.05). Microscopic examination of the fungus in saline and distilled water showed that NaCl inhibited the production of zoospores. In water containing 1.5 ppt NaCl there was complete inhibition of zoosporogenesis and mosquito infection in each isolate of L. giganteum . Zoosporogenesis was ca. 22 times more sensitive to salinity than was mycelial growth.
Synthesis of chabazite/polymer composite membrane for CO2/N2 separation

Abstract There is considerable interest in using zeolite membranes for gas separations. For CO 2 and N 2 separation, much research has focused on faujasitic (FAU) membranes. Simulations suggest that chabazite (CHA) membranes can also be good at CO 2 and N 2 separation. In this study, we have focused on CHA membranes grown on porous polymeric polyethersulfone (PES) supports. Recently, we have reported on a dehydration rehydration hydrothermal (DRHT) process for FAU membrane growth on PES supports, which results in rapid crystallization. It is well known that FAU can be converted to CHA by an interzeolite conversion method, and is our choice for CHA synthesis in this study. A synthesis method for isolated CHA nanocrystals with size of 50–100 nm is reported. Rapid DRHT-based CHA powder synthesis and CHA/PES membrane growth are also being reported, all made by the interzeolite conversion of FAU. The CHA/PES membranes of ∼4 μm thickness were coated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and at 25 °C, CO 2 permeance of 1243 GPU with CO 2 /N 2 selectivity of 19 was observed. The porosity of the PES support was critical to enhancing the formation and stability of the CHA membrane, since the CHA membrane on the PES surface was bonded to interconnected CHA crystals that grew within the PES from the seed crystals.
Do Our Facebook Friends Make Us Feel Worse? A Study of Social Comparison and Emotion

People often compare themselves to others to gain a better understanding of the self in a process known as social comparison. The current study discusses how people engage in a social comparison process on Facebook, and how observing content from their Facebook friends may affect their emotions. A 2 (comparison direction) × 2 (relational closeness) × 2 (self-esteem) between-subjects experiment was conducted with 163 adult participants. The results revealed a significant 3-way interaction such that people with high self-esteem would be happier receiving positive information than negative information from their close friends, but the effect would be the opposite if the information was from a distant friend. There was no such difference for people with low self-esteem.
The Value of James Joyce

Margot Norris' The Value of James Joyce explores the writings of James Joyce from his early poetry and short stories to his final avant-garde work, Finnegans Wake. His works include some of the most difficult and challenging texts in the English literary canon without diminishing his impressive popularity beyond the scope of academia. A democratic impulse may be counted as an important feature of this paradox: that Joyce's stylistic and linguistic experiments never lose their focus on a world of characters whose everyday activities comprise the stories of life in Ireland in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, even as some of the most famous texts are given structures derived from Ancient Greek literature. The Value of James Joyce examines not only the significance of the ostensibly ordinary but the function of natural and urban spaces, classical and popular culture, and the moods, voice, and language that give Joyce's works their widespread appeal.
Materials for the study of deep-focus earthquakes

Travel times of normal earthquakes are made the basis for calculated travel times for shocks at depths down to 800 km. These are presented in tabular form, together with certain auxiliary data. Theoretical discussion is given for the critical distances at which pP and PP, sP and SP, etc., coincide, and below which these phases should not occur. These distances are not focal points (caustics). Methods are given for determining epicenter, depth, and origin time, and are applied to a selected group of shocks. The results of different methods agree very well with one another and with the calculated travel-time data. A preliminary report is given on certain characteristics of the shocks studied. The mechanism of deep-focus earthquakes is discussed briefly, and it is concluded that normal and deep-focus earthquakes are probably brought about by the same forces.
Relative medullary thickness of shrews from arid environments: Intraspecific spatial analysis, and comparison to arctic shrews and tropical tenrecs

Spatial analysis on the relative medullary thickness (RMT) of sympatric shrews Notiosorex crawfordi and Sorex ornatus from different habitats in southern California showed no significant intraspecific differences between habitats but RMTs of N. crawfordi were significantly higher than those of S. ornatus. Interspecific comparison of RMTs of Sorex shrews from Alaska did not differ significantly from each other but they were significantly lower than those of both shrew species from southern California. RMTs of another group of insectivorous mammals, the Microgale shrew tenrecs from Madagascar, did not differ significantly between species, or from those of shrews from mesic habitats. The interspecific comparisons showed that RMT is an informative way to estimate the ability of an insectivorous species to occur in arid habitats, and to compare the RMTs of closely related sympatric mammals.
Surgery of Moyamoya Disease

The manifestations of moyamoya disease in children and adults and the results of various surgical procedures are reviewed from the Department of Neurological Surgery and Section of Child and Adolescent Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
The explanatory significance of wholes: How exclusive reliance on antecedent-consequent models of explanation undermines the study of persons

Psychology has long labored under a mechanistic view of persons as reducible to parts (i.e., traits) that dictate human functioning. Efforts to study persons holistically—as embodied wholes embedded in the world—have resuscitated the study of personhood and its development, overhauling linear cause-effect models of psychological functioning in favor of emergence-focused, dynamic process alternatives rooted in the concept of persons as necessarily constituted within interactive context. Focused on agency and self-determination, the study of personhood also calls for an appreciation of the explanatory significance of persons as persons, as unified wholes who preserve their own organization in the face of ceaseless exchange with the world. Fully adopting this important vantage point for understanding persons, however, is only possible by expanding notions of scientific explanation beyond the temporal framework of antecedent-consequent, parts-to-whole relations in order to embrace a person's wholeness itself as a legitimate mode of explanation for understanding functioning.
Direct Isolation of Seamless Mutant Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes

Seamless (i.e., without unwanted DNA sequences) mutant bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) generated via recombination-mediated genetic engineering (recombineering) are better suited to study gene function compared to complementary DNA (cDNA) because they contain only the specific mutation and provide all the regulatory sequences required for in vivo gene expression. However, precisely mutated BACs are typically rare (∼1:1,000 to 1:100,000), making their isolation quite challenging. Although these BACs have been classically isolated by linking the mutation to additional genes, i.e., selectable markers, this approach is prone to false positives and is labor-intensive because it requires the subsequent removal of the selectable marker. We created Founder Principle-driven Enrichment (FPE), a method based on the population genetics "founder principle," to directly isolate rare mutant BACs, without any selectable marker, from liquid cultures via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Here, we provide a detailed description of FPE, including protocols for BAC recombineering and PCR screening. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evaluation of red RRFB implementation at freeway off-ramps and its effectiveness on alleviating wrong-way driving

Abstract: Wrong-way crashes are a major cause for safety concern along freeways and limited access facilities. This study investigated three different aspects of the use of Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacons (RRFBs): 1) different settings of red RRFBs and their perceived effectiveness on reducing wrong-way driving based on a public opinion survey, 2) the effect of active red RRFBs on the behavior of drivers traveling on adjacent roadways via a before-and-after study, and 3) the effectiveness of red RRFBs on alleviating wrong-way driving on freeway off-ramps by analyzing the percentage of vehicles turning back after observing the red RRFB activation. Based on the public opinion survey results, the most informative warning red RRFB combination was determined and implemented in this study. The evaluation of the impact of red RRFB implementation (at six I-275 off-ramps in Tampa, FL, USA) on driving behaviors along adjacent arterials indicated that the implementation of red RRFBs did not adversely impact driving behaviors on adjacent arterials. To determine the effectiveness of red flashing beacons and RRFBs on alleviating wrong-way driving on freeway off-ramps, video recordings of red flashing beacons and RRFBs mounted on wrong-way signs were analyzed. Red RRFBs were deemed to be a more effective countermeasure to deter wrong-way driving than red flashing beacons. Six-months of video data were collected for red flashing beacons mounted on wrong-way signs, and video data collection for red RRFBs mounted on wrong-way signs is currently underway. For red flashing beacons, a high percentage of wrong-way drivers in this study made a U-turn and went back in the correct traffic flow direction upon realizing they were traveling in the wrong direction. It is expected that red RRFBs will be more effective on alleviating wrong-way driving due to their capabilities to inform drivers of wrong-way driving than those from red flashing beacons. The video data analysis for red RRFBs will be presented in a separate paper.
Seasonal Oxygen Dynamics in a Warm Temperate Estuary: Effects of Hydrologic Variability on Measurements of Primary Production, Respiration, and Net Metabolism

Seasonal responses in estuarine metabolism (primary production, respiration, and net metabolism) were examined using two complementary approaches. Total ecosystem metabolism rates were calculated from dissolved oxygen time series using Odum’s open water method. Water column rates were calculated from oxygen-based bottle experiments. The study was conducted over a spring-summer season in the Pensacola Bay estuary at a shallow seagrass-dominated site and a deeper bare-bottomed site. Water column integrated gross production rates more than doubled (58.7 to 130.9 mmol O2 m−2 day−1) from spring to summer, coinciding with a sharp increase in water column chlorophyll-a, and a decrease in surface salinity. As expected, ecosystem gross production rates were consistently higher than water column rates but showed a different spring-summer pattern, decreasing at the shoal site from 197 to 168 mmol O2 m−2 day−1 and sharply increasing at the channel site from 93.4 to 197.4 mmol O2 m−2 day−1. The consistency among approaches was evaluated by calculating residual metabolism rates (ecosystem − water column). At the shoal site, residual gross production rates decreased from spring to summer from 176.8 to 99.1 mmol O2 m−2 day−1 but were generally consistent with expectations for seagrass environments, indicating that the open water method captured both water column and benthic processes. However, at the channel site, where benthic production was strongly light-limited, residual gross production varied from 15.7 mmol O2 m−2 day−1 in spring to 86.7 mmol O2 m−2 day−1 in summer. The summer rates were much higher than could be realistically attributed to benthic processes and likely reflected a violation of the open water method due to water column stratification. While the use of sensors for estimating complex ecosystem processes holds promise for coastal monitoring programs, careful attention to the sampling design, and to the underlying assumptions of the methods, is critical for correctly interpreting the results. This study demonstrated how using a combination of approaches yielded a fuller understanding of the ecosystem response to hydrologic and seasonal variability.
Public Power and Private Stakeholders

The guiding principle of postwar global governance was multilateralism. From the grandest multilateral project -- the United Nations -- to the many organizations created in the years after the Second World War, global governance followed a familiar state-centric template. 21st century global governance continues to reflect multilateral principles. But it is increasingly characterized by flexible structures, greater informality, and, most strikingly, an increasingly active role for non-state actors. In short, multilateral governance is increasingly supplemented, and at times even supplanted, by multistakeholder governance. Why is this shift to greater inclusion -- one of the most striking contemporary trends in global governance -- occurring? States remain the most powerful actors in world politics, and as the WTO and the UN Security Council show, they can readily cabin the role of private stakeholders when they choose to. This paper argues the rise of private actors has not come at the expense of public actors, but often to their benefit. Private actors bring many informational and political benefits to the exercise of regulatory power by states. This symbiotic relationship between public and private actors is insufficiently appreciated and helps to explain the rise of multistakeholderism in global governance. To be sure, the commitment to multistakeholderism varies markedly across issue areas. While more research is needed to move beyond the impressionistic, the overall pattern is broadly consistent. The inclusion of private power, far from threatening public power, often helps it to thrive.
Theoretical study of the atomic and electronic structure of the c-4 × 4 reconstructed GaAs(100) surface

Abstract The c-4 × 4 reconstruction of the As(100) face of GaAs is examined using an energy-minimization approach. Other structures with 1 × 1, c-2 × 2 and p-2 × 2 periodicities are also examined in this study. The calculations predict that dimerization of surface As atoms is energetically favorable; however, structures with only one type of dimer per unit cell are found to be unstable. A four atom unit cell with two inequivalent dimers is the minimum size necessary for an adequate description of the surface atomic and electronic properties. The C-4 × 4 surface is suggested to consist of equal numbers of symmetric and asymmetric As dimers.
Effect of malnutrition on susceptibility of rats to Trypanosoma cruzi. V. Vitamin A deficiency

Abstract Rats on a vitamin A-deficient diet for 4 weeks showed a slight increase in susceptibility to Trypanosoma cruzi infection; however, pair-fed control rats were equally susceptible, suggesting that inanition was responsible for the lowered resistance. After 13 weeks on the vitamin A-deficient diet, rats were significantly more susceptible to T. cruzi infection than the pair-fed control rats. Spontaneous bacterial infection was observed in rats on the deficient diet and appeared to be a contributing cause of death in some of the inoculated rats.
An Unusual Cause of Dysphagia in a Young Patient: Mediastinal Bronchogenic Cyst

Bronchogenic cysts are rare congenital foregut malformations that develop due to abnormal budding of the embryonic foregut and tracheobronchial tree. Patients typically present during the second decade of life with respiratory symptoms. We present a 22-year-old patient who presented with dysphagia as initial symptom which is very uncommon. This makes it interesting and misleading as it can initially pursue evaluation for gastrointestinal pathology and cause further delay in reaching the diagnosis. Bronchogenic cysts appear on chest radiograph as round, water-density masses. CT typically shows sharply marginated cystic mediastinal masses of soft tissue. On histologic examination, the cyst is lined by respiratory epithelium with occasional foci of squamous metaplasia. The presence of cartilage plates is the most reliable diagnostic criterion. The management of a bronchogenic cyst consists of surgical excision by video-assisted thoracoscopy (VATS) or thoracotomy. J Med Cases. 2018;9(6):170-172 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc3053w
Pain Town, an Agent-Based Model of Opioid Use Trajectories in a Small Community

We developed a simulation model to illustrate and evaluate the potential effects of opioid-related policies and interventions at the local (e.g., community) level. In the United States, the opioid epidemic was declared a national public health emergency in 2017 because of extremely large numbers of opioid-related overdose deaths. Overprescription of addictive opioid-based painkillers could lead to physical dependence with subsequent dose increase. Some patients switch to heroin to support their drug habit. The use of high doses of prescription opioids, heroin especially in combination with a more powerful synthetic opioid, fentanyl, can sometimes lead to overdose, which can be lethal. A number of prevention and treatment policies have been proposed and some implemented to fight the epidemic. These policies include prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMP), reduced initial opioid dose distribution of naloxone to counter overdose, medication-assisted treatment of problem users, and tamper-proof pills to prevent noncompliant behavior. The model describes the dynamics of opioid prescription and use in an interconnected community of pain patients. The model simulates individual patients’ life trajectories with respect to the use of opioids under different policies. The model includes potential policies based on the overdose and mortality rates of prescription opioid users, the overdose and mortality rates of heroin users, and the number of patients who turn to illicit means to acquire their drugs. Simulation study results show strong effects of naloxone use, very marginal short-term effects of PDMP compliance, and few to no positive effects of tamper-resistant medications on non-child opioid use trajectories.
Elevated progesterone levels in the late follicular phase do not predict success of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer

Objective To examine the effects of subtle elevation in P levels in late follicular phase on the outcome of IVF-ET cycles, using GnRH agonist (GnRH-a) and hMG ± FSH protocol. Design A retrospective analysis of data. Setting Tertiary care teaching medical center. Patients Fifty-four patients who completed 63 IVF-ET cycles were treated with midluteal GnRH-a, followed by hMG ± pure FSH. Depending on serum P levels on the day of hCG administration, patients were divided into two groups. In group 1, P levels were ≤ 0.9 ng/mL (conversion factor to SI unit, 3.180) and in group 2, the levels were > 0.9 ng/mL. Results Luteinizing hormone levels, on the day of hCG administration, as measured by RIA, were suppressed completely. In cycles with subtle P rise (71%), we observed a significantly higher serum E 2 concentration, greater number of mature follicles, and greater number of oocytes retrieved. There were no differences between the two groups in fertilization rate, number of embryos transferred, clinical pregnancy rate, implantation rate, and miscarriage or delivery rates. Conclusions We conclude that in IVF-ET cycles, when pretreated with GnRH-a, P levels may increase on the day of hCG administration despite LH suppression and such elevation may not affect adversely the final outcome.
Relating early childhood teachers’ working conditions and well-being to their turnover intentions

High turnover rates of early care and education teachers reduce the quality of education; unsatisfied teachers, suffering from stress or emotional exhaustion, are less equipped to promote children’...
Can a Woman of Color Trust Medical Education

In this Invited Commentary, the author-a second-generation immigrant, a first-generation college graduate, and a woman of color-reflects on the experiences during medical school that shaped her trust in the medical education system. She describes her reasons for entering medicine-to become the kind of doctor she wished she had had growing up. Then she considers how the words physicians use with patients and to talk about patients, which can reinforce problematic narratives and indicate complicity with structural injustices, negatively affect the care they provide. Trainees learn what is acceptable behavior from this hidden curriculum, perpetuating these harmful practices. The author challenges readers to consider how leaders in medical education can work to change this culture to create an education system that trains a physician workforce that keeps patients' voices and experiences at the center of their care and serves the needs of all patients, regardless of their identities.
PHOSPHORYLATION AND INACTIVATION OF GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE BY A Ca+± CDR-DEPENDENT KINASE

Publisher Summary This chapter describes phosphorylation and inactivation of glycogen synthase by a Ca++-CDR-dependent kinase. Phosphorylation and a to b conversion of skeletal muscle glycogen synthase by a protein kinase is stimulated up to 10-fold by addition of the calcium-dependent regulator (CDR) protein. CDR is the calcium-binding protein responsible for the Ca++-stimulation of phosphodiestease, adenylate cyclase, myosin light chain kinase, and phosphorylase kinase. Stimulation of synthase phosphorylation is half-maximal with 0.06 μM CDR and can be blocked by EGTA (1 mM) or trifluoperazine (0.1 mM). Synthase phosphorylation by this CDR-dependent kinase has a pH 8.6/6.8 activity ratio of about 10. Approximately 60–70% of the 32P is incorporated into the trypsin-insensitive region. Phosphorylation of synthase by cAMP-dependent kinase is not affected by CDR, EGTA, or trifluoperazine and has a pH 8.6/6.8 activity ratio of 1. Synthase phosphorylation by cAMP-independent synthase kinase is not affected by EGTA or trifluoperazine, is stimulated 30–50% by CDR, and has a pH 8.6/6.8 activity ratio of about 1.5.
Integration of Mechanistic Immunological Knowledge into a Machine Learning Pipeline Increases Predictive Power

The dense network of interconnected cellular signaling responses quantifiable in peripheral immune cells provide a wealth of actionable immunological insights. While high-throughput single-cell profiling techniques, including polychromatic flow and mass cytometry, have matured to a point that enables detailed immune profiling of patients in numerous clinical settings, limited cohort size together with the high dimensionality of data increases the possibility of false positive discoveries and model overfitting. We introduce a machine learning platform, the immunological Elastic-Net (iEN), which incorporates immunological knowledge directly into the predictive models. Importantly, the algorithm maintains the exploratory nature of the high-dimensional dataset, allowing for the inclusion of immune features with strong predictive power even if not consistent with prior knowledge. In three independent studies our method demonstrates improved predictive power for clinically-relevant outcomes from mass cytometry data generated from whole blood, as well as a large simulated dataset.
Physical Design for 3D Chiplets and System Integration

The convergence of 5G and Artificial Intelligence (AI) that covers the gamut from cloud data centers through network routers to edge applications is poised to open possibilities beyond our imagination and transform how we will go about our daily lives. As the foundational technology supporting 5G and AI innovation, semiconductors strive for greater system performance and broader bandwidth, while increasing functionality and lowering cost. In response, device innovation is transitioning from SoCs to 3D chiplets that combine advanced wafer-level system integration (WLSI) technologies such as CoWoS® (Chip on Wafer on Substrate), Integrated Fan-Out (InFO), Wafer-on-Wafer (WoW) and System-on-Integrated-Chips (SoIC), to enable system integration that meets these demands. Designing 3D chiplets and housing various chips on wafer-level for system integration creates a whole new set of challenges. These start with design partitioning and include handling interfaces between or passing through chips, design for testing (DFT), thermal dissipation, databases and tools integration for chip and packaging design, new IO/ESD (electrostatic discharge), simulation run time and tool capacity, among others. Considering current capabilities and constraints, divide-and-conquer remains the most feasible approach for 3D chiplet design and packaging. Chiplet design needs to integrate data bases and tools with packaging environments for both verification and optimization. Leveraging existing 2D physical design solutions and chip-level abstraction can help meet 3D verification and optimization requirements. The IC industry also needs more DFT and thermal dissipation innovation, especially the latter one. Thermal optimization is critical to 3D chiplets and system integration. The current thermal solution only covers thermal analysis + system-level thermal dissipation. It should start at the IPs and across chip design process, i.e., thermal-aware 3D IC design, to cover IP, macros, and transistors. This speech will address these and other challenges, then propose physical design solutions for 3D chiplets and system integration. CCS CONCEPTS - VLSI design, 3D integrated circuits, VLSI system specification and constraints, and VLSI packaging KEYWORDS Physical design, 3D chiplets and system integration, thermal optimization BIOGRAPHY Dr. Cliff Hou was appointed Vice President of Research and Development at Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. Ltd. (TSMC) in 2011. Since 1999, he has worked to establish node-specific reference flows from 0.13μm to today's leading-edge 3nm at TSMC. Dr. Hou also led TSMC's in-house IP development teams from 2008 to 2010. He is now spearheading TSMC's efforts to build total platform solutions for the industry's high growth markets in Mobile, IoT, Automotive, and High-Performance Computing. Dr. Hou holds 44 U.S. Patents and serves as a member of Board of Directors in Global Unichip Corp. He received B.S. degree in Control Engineering from Taiwan's National Chiao-Tung University, and Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engineering from Syracuse University.
Disposition and metabolism of antibacterial agent, triclocarban, in rodents; a species and route comparison.

Triclocarban is a residue-producing antibacterial agent used in a variety of consumer products. These studies investigated the disposition and metabolism of [14C]triclocarban.In male rats following...
ENERGY RELEASE RATES OF VARIOUS MICROCRACKS IN SHORT-FIBER COMPOSITES

ABSTRACT Various microcracks that are developed in short-fiber composites are discussed in this paper from the viewpoint of their energy release rate G. The effect of volume fraction of fiber, the stiffness ratio of fiber to matrix and the interface surface energy on the value of G are also discussed. The computed G for various microcracks are used to predict the part of the stress-strain curve of a short-fiber composite.
A Longitudinal, Qualitative Exploration of Perceived HIV Risk, Healthcare Experiences, and Social Support as Facilitators and Barriers to PrEP Adoption Among Black Women.

Black women contract HIV at much higher rates than White or Hispanic women. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an underutilized prevention tool among this population. We sought to determine participants’ interest in PrEP and facilitators and barriers to PrEP adoption. This longitudinal, qualitative study included 30 Black women (Mage = 32.2) interviewed 4 times over 6 months. Most participants had never heard of PrEP and a majority expressed initial interest. Barriers to PrEP initiation included low perceived HIV risk, medical mistrust, provider experiences and knowledge, negative reactions from family and friends, low perceived efficacy to adherence, and transportation. This study demonstrated actual, rather than hypothetical, PrEP interest and attitudes among Black women, and the barriers that arose over time during the study. PrEP awareness needs to be promoted among Black women and medical providers. Future research should address individual risk perception, medical mistrust, increasing social support, and decreasing transportation barriers.
Superconducting Radio-Frequency Technology R&D for Future Accelerator Applications

Superconducting rf (SRF) technology is evolving rapidly, as are its applications. While there is active exploitation of what one may call the current state-of-the-practice, there is also rapid progress in expanding in several dimensions the accessible and useful parameter space. While state-of-the-art performance sometimes outpaces thorough understanding, the improving scientific understanding from active SRF research is clarifying routes to obtain optimum performance from present materials and opening avenues beyond the standard bulk niobium. The improving technical basis understanding is enabling process engineering to improve both performance confidence and reliability and also unit implementation costs. Increasing confidence in the technology enables the engineering of new creative application designs. We attempt to survey this landscape to highlight the potential for future accelerator applications.
Applying the self-determination theory to develop a school-to-work peer mentoring programme to promote social inclusion.

Social inclusion of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) is related to positive mental health and social outcomes; yet, individuals with IDD experience societal barriers that limit opportunities for community participation. Providing opportunities for interactions between individuals with and without IDD through peer mentoring may diminish barriers and improve community inclusion. Guided by the self-determination theory, the current report describes the development of a peer mentoring programme to promote the natural process of building intrinsic motivation and personal growth through opportunities for individuals without disabilities to socialize with individuals with IDD on a large university campus and throughout the surrounding community. The theoretical framework that informed the development of the peer mentoring programme is described, as well as the participants, the setting in which the programme is situated, the structure of the programme, the initial impacts and improvement of the programme over time, including approaches to sustainability, and implications for future research and practice.
The unpacking effect in evaluative judgments: When the whole is less than the sum of its parts

Any category or event can be described in more or less detail. Although these different descriptions can reflect the same event objectively, they may not reflect the same event subjectively. Research on Support Theory led us to predict that more detailed descriptions would produce more extreme evaluations of categories or events than less detailed descriptions. Four experiments demonstrated this unpacking effect when people were presented with (Experiments 1 and 4), generated (Experiment 2), or were primed with (Experiment 3) more rather than less detailed descriptions of events. This effect was diminished when the details were less personally relevant (Experiment 4). We discuss several psychological mechanisms, moderators, and extensions of the unpacking effect.
Phenotyping coronavirus disease 2019 during a global health pandemic: Lessons learned from the characterization of an early cohort.

From the start of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, researchers have looked to electronic health record (EHR) data as a way to study possible risk factors and outcomes. To ensure the validity and accuracy of research using these data, investigators need to be confident that the phenotypes they construct are reliable and accurate, reflecting the healthcare settings from which they are ascertained. We developed a COVID-19 registry at a single academic medical center and used data from March 1 to June 5, 2020 to assess differences in population-level characteristics in pandemic and non-pandemic years respectively. Median EHR length, previously shown to impact phenotype performance in type 2 diabetes, was significantly shorter in the SARS-CoV-2 positive group relative to a 2019 influenza tested group (median 3.1 years vs 8.7; Wilcoxon rank sum P = 1.3e-52). Using three phenotyping methods of increasing complexity (billing codes alone and domain-specific algorithms provided by an EHR vendor and clinical experts), common medical comorbidities were abstracted from COVID-19 EHRs, defined by the presence of a positive laboratory test (positive predictive value 100%, recall 93%). After combining performance data across phenotyping methods, we observed significantly lower false negative rates for those records billed for a comprehensive care visit (p = 4e-11) and those with complete demographics data recorded (p = 7e-5). In an early COVID-19 cohort, we found that phenotyping performance of nine common comorbidities was influenced by median EHR length, consistent with previous studies, as well as by data density, which can be measured using portable metrics including CPT codes. Here we present those challenges and potential solutions to creating deeply phenotyped, acute COVID-19 cohorts.
A fast Petrov-Galerkin spectral method for the multi-dimensional Boltzmann equation using mapped Chebyshev functions.

Numerical approximation of the Boltzmann equation presents a challenging problem due to its high-dimensional, nonlinear, and nonlocal collision operator. Among the deterministic methods, the Fourier-Galerkin spectral method stands out for its relative high accuracy and possibility of being accelerated by the fast Fourier transform. However, this method requires a domain truncation which is unphysical since the collision operator is defined in $\mathbb{R}^d$. In this paper, we introduce a Petrov-Galerkin spectral method for the Boltzmann equation in the unbounded domain. The basis functions (both test and trial functions) are carefully chosen mapped Chebyshev functions to obtain desired convergence and conservation properties. Furthermore, thanks to the close relationship of the Chebyshev functions and the Fourier cosine series, we are able to construct a fast algorithm with the help of the non-uniform fast Fourier transform (NUFFT). We demonstrate the superior accuracy of the proposed method in comparison to the Fourier spectral method through a series of 2D and 3D examples.
Multiple Local Maxima in Restricted Likelihoods and Posterior Distributions for Mixed Linear Models

Summary Scattered reports of multiple maxima in posterior distributions or likelihoods for mixed linear models appear throughout the literature. Less scrutinised is the restricted likelihood, which is the posterior distribution for a specific prior distribution. This paper surveys existing literature and proposes a unifying framework for understanding multiple maxima. For those problems with covariance structures that are diagonalisable in a specific sense, the restricted likelihood can be viewed as a generalised linear model with gamma errors, identity link and a prior distribution on the error variance. The generalised linear model portion of the restricted likelihood can be made to conflict with the portion of the restricted likelihood that functions like a prior distribution on the error variance, giving two local maxima in the restricted likelihood. Applying in addition an explicit conjugate prior distribution to variance parameters permits a second local maximum in the marginal posterior distribution even if the likelihood contribution has a single maximum. Moreover, reparameterisation from variance to precision can change the posterior modality; the converse also is true. Modellers should beware of these potential pitfalls when selecting prior distributions or using peak-finding algorithms to estimate parameters.
Postmortem Conception and a Father's Last Will

Many men, including soldiers, cancer patients, and athletes, have elected to bank sperm. They do this with the intent of using it themselves in the future to father their own children. What inheritance-related issues arise if these men die, and their widows or girlfriends use the sperm to give birth to children? For a postmortem conception (PMC) child to inherit, the widow or girlfriend must obtain the sperm after the man dies, use it through assisted reproductive technology (ART) to become pregnant, and give birth to a child who can prove paternity and make a timely claim against the father's estate. This sometimes even occurs as a result of the sperm being retrieved from the man after his death, which the American Society of Reproductive Medicine prohibits if the man did not provide informed consent, but against which there is no express law. This article addresses the inheritance-related problems that can result from these activities, providing a comparative analysis of state statutory and case law, as well as a discussion of the relevant sections of the Uniform Status of Children of Assisted Conception Act (USCACA) and the Restatement of the Law Third-Property: Wills and Other Donative Transfers. It discusses the problems associated with not having a uniform national policy, and describes such policies that have been developed in other countries, including Great Britain, Canada, and Australia. Finally, it offers an analysis of the effects of three fundamental wills doctrines (the requirement of survivorship, the class-closing "rule of convenience," and the parol evidence rule) on the PMC child's ability to inherit.
Developmental Changes in Morphology of the Middle and Posterior External Cranial Base in Modern Homo sapiens

The basicranium has been described as phylogenetically informative, developmentally stable, and minimally affected by external factors and consequently plays an important role in cranial size and shape in subadult humans. Here basicranial variation of subadults from several modern human populations was investigated and the impact of genetic relatedness on basicranial morphological similarities was investigated. Three-dimensional landmark data were digitized from subadult basicrania from seven populations. Published molecular data on short tandem repeats were statistically compared to morphological data from three ontogenetic stages. Basicranial and temporal bone morphology both reflect genetic distances in childhood and adolescence (5–18 years), but not in infancy (<5 years). The occipital bone reflects genetic distances only in adolescence (13–18 years). The sphenoid bone does not reflect genetic distances at any ontogenetic stage but was the most diagnostic region evaluated, resulting in high rates of correct classification among populations. These results suggest that the ontogenetic processes driving basicranial development are complex and cannot be succinctly summarized across populations or basicranial regions. However, the fact that certain regions reflect genetic distances suggests that the morphology of these regions may be useful in reconstructing population history in specimens for which direct DNA evidence is unavailable, such as archaeological sites.