cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Turbulence on the Geometric Collision Rate of Sedimenting Droplets. Part 1. Results From Direct Numerical Simulation

There have been relatively few studies of turbulent collision rate of sedimenting droplets in the context of cloud physics, for which both the gravitational settling and inertial effects must be simultaneously considered. In this study, direct numerical simulations (DNS) were used to study the geometric collision rates of cloud droplets. Both Stokes drag law and a nonlinear drag law were considered, but the droplet–droplet local aerodynamic interactions were not included. Typical droplet and turbulence parameters of convective clouds were used to determine the flow dissipation rate , characteristic Stokes numbers, and the nondimensional terminal velocities. DNS results from a large number of runs covering the range from 10 to 400 cm2 s− 3 and droplet sizes from 10 to 60 μm in radius are presented. These results show that air turbulence can increase the geometric collision kernel by up to 47%, relative to geometric collision by differential sedimentation. This is due to both a moderate enhancement of the radial relative velocity between droplets and a moderate level of pair nonuniform concentration due to local droplet clustering. The turbulence enhancements increase with the flow dissipation rate and flow Reynolds number. Comparisons with related DNS studies show that our results confirm and extend the previous findings. The mean settling velocity of droplets in a turbulent flow was also obtained, showing that a maximum increase relative to the terminal velocity occurs for 20 μm cloud droplets. This agrees with a previous theory based on simple vortex flows and confirms the importance of a new nondimensional parameter τp3g2/ν for sedimenting droplets, where τp is the droplet inertial response time, g is the gravitational acceleration and ν is the air kinematic viscosity. Limitations of DNS and future directions are also noted.
Piecewise hierarchical p-version curved shell element for geometrically nonlinear behavior of laminated composite plates and shells

Abstract This paper presents a nine-node three-dimensional laminated composite curved shell finite element formulation for geometrically nonlinear (GNL) analysis of laminated plates and shells where the displacement approximation for the laminate is piecewise hierarchical and is derived based on p-version. The displacement approximation for the element is developed first by establishing a hierarchical displacement approximation for each lamina of the laminate and then by imposing interlamina continuity conditions of displacements at the interfaces between the laminas. The nodal variables for the entire laminate are derived from the nodal variables of the laminas and the interlamina continuity conditions of displacements. The element formulation ensures C0 continuity of displacements across the interelement as well as interlamina boundaries. The lamina stiffness matrices and the equivalent nodal force vectors are derived using the principle of virtual work and the hierarchical displacement approximation for the laminas. Interlamina continuity conditions are used to construct the transformation matrices for the individual laminas which permit transformation of the lamina degrees of freedom to the laminate degrees of freedom. The interlamina behavior incorporated in this formulation is in total agreement with the physics of laminate behavior for composite plates and shells. In formulating the properties of the element, complete three-dimensional stresses and strains are considered, hence the element is equally effective for very thin as well as extremely thick laminated shells and plates. Incremental equations of equilibrium are derived and solved using standard Newton's method. The total load is divided in increments and for each increment of load equilibrium iterations are performed until each component of the residuals and the generalized nodal displacement vector are within preset tolerances. Numerical examples are presented to show the accuracy, p-convergence characteristics and overall advantages of the present formulation.
DOPED STRIPES EVOLVING FROM THE ONE-HOLE PROPERTIES OF THE ANTIFERROMAGNETIC INSULATOR

Recent investigations in the context of the standard and extended t-J models using computational techniques are here described. In regimes of couplings producing a one-hole dispersion compatible with photoemission data for the parent insulator, the one-hole states have strong antiferromagnetic correlations across-the-hole, particularly at momenta (0,π)-(π,0). This effect is rationalized as a tendency toward spin-charge separation in two-dimensions at short distances. At finite hole density, doped stripes are observed. The elementary building block of the stripes resembles the spin arrangement around individual holes. This suggests that the seed of doped stripes already exist in the unusual properties of the insulating parent compound. Stripes are conjectured to originate in a "frustrated spin-charge separation" effect, different from other theories valid at large J/t discussed in previous literature.
The red bed controversy revisited: shape analysis of Colorado Plateau units suggests long magnetization times

Several Triassic and earliest Jurassic sedimentary units from the Colorado Plateau region have distributions of virtual geomagnetic poles (VGPs) that are highly elongate along the path of apparent polar wander (APW). This suggests that the remanent magnetizations measured in these units were acquired over an extended period of time, possibly approaching 35 m.y., and are not precisely coeval with the stratigraphic age of the rock. Comparison with other paleomagnetic studies shows that the observed elongation is not a general attribute of the age of the rock, nor is it related to paleolatitude. The rocks that yield elongate VGP distributions are dominantly red to brown mudstones, and it is possible that their remanence is dominated by a slowly acquired chemical remanent magnetization, as suggested by Larson et al. [J. Geophys. Res. 87 (1982) 1081] and other authors. However, several superficially similar units from the Colorado Plateau have nearly circular VGP distributions. The process by which remanence is acquired in clastic sedimentary rocks merits further study. D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Grammatical Self Assembly for Planar Tiles

We introduce a formal grammatical process for planar self-assembling systems with conformal switching which instantiates the geometry of the tiles. This extends prior work which gave a grammatical structure that models only the topology of the assembly. The addition of geometric data leads to the problem of determining which sets of grammatical rules preserve the planar constraint. We illustrate global obstructions while generating examples of rule sets which intrinsically force the preservation of planar geometry.
Phosphonothioate hydrolysis through selective P-S bond scission by molybdenum metallocenes

We present an overview of the phosphonothioate hydrolytic chemistry promoted by molybdenum organometallics as well as new results on solvent effects. The metallocene bis(� 5 -cyclopentadienyl) molybdenum(IV) dichloride (Cp2MoCl2 Cp = � 5 -C5H5) and the methylated analog, (CH3Cp)2MoCl2 hydrolyzes the compoundO, S-diethyl phenylphosphonothioate (DEPP) whose core functional group mimics the neurotoxin VX. This is one of the few examples of phosphonothioate degradation yielding exclusively the desired P-S bond scission under mild aqueous conditions (pH 7, 25 � C). The solvent composition affects the monomer-dimer equilibrium of aquated molybdocenes which in turn dictates the rate of DEPP hydrolysis. Kinetic and equilibrium results are presented to show that the monomer is the active species. Moreover, photoelectron spectroscopy data indicate that while the methylated (CH3Cp)2MoCl2 has a higher monomer concentration compared to Cp2MoCl2, the former has a diminished electrophilic molybdenum center that is key in phosphonothioate hydrolysis.
Henoch-Schönlein purpura: a possible complication of hepatitis C related liver cirrhosis.

Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) is a systemic small vessel vasculitis predominantly affecting children and, less commonly, adults. Classical HSP includes a tetrad of palpable purpura, arthritis, abdominal pain, and glomerulonephritis. Adults may present with any two of the four criteria in the tetrad (87% sensitivity and specificity). Gastrointestinal disease has been recorded in up to 82% of adult patients in one series1 and is usually self limiting with colicky abdominal pain, but may progress to ischaemic bowel perforation.2 We present the case of a 63 year old man with IgA vasculitis, probably HSP, confounded by undiagnosed hepatitis C related cirrhosis. He was admitted with a two week history of dyspnoea, malaise, cough, fevers, and chills, myalgias, one day of a non-blanching erythematous rash on his legs, and an ileus. His hepatitis …
Nafion–Fe: A New Efficient “Green” Lewis Acid Catalyst for the Ketonic Strecker Reaction

The synthesis of various α-aminonitriles, precursors of α-amino acids has been carried out in moderate to high yields and high purity by the Strecker reaction from ketones, aliphatic/aromatic amines and TMSCN using a new “green” Lewis acid catalyst, Nafion–Fe (iron Nafionate, Fe(III) salt of Nafion–H, a solid polymeric perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid) under conventional thermal as well as microwave conditions. Microwave and solvent-free conditions applied in this method shorten the reaction times, improve the yields and diminishes the formation of side products. Strecker reaction occurs smoothly with secondary aliphatic amines also under these conditions which is not common under conventional conditions.
The Cohesion-Tension theory of sap ascent: current controversies

In recent years, the Cohesion-Tension (C-T) theory of sap ascent in plants has come under question because of work published by Professor Ulrich Zimmermann and colleagues at the University of Wurzburg, Germany. The purpose of this review is to (1) state the essential and testable elements of the C-T theory, (2) summarize the negative evidence for the C-T theory, and (3) review critically the positive evidence for the C-T theory and the evidence that the ScholanderHammel pressure bomb measures xylem pressure potential (Px) correctly, because much of the evidence for the C-T theory depends on pressure bomb data. Much of the current evidence negates the conclusions drawn by Zimmermann from studies using the xylem pressure probe (XPP), but it is not yet clear in every instance why the XPP results disagree with those of other methods for estimating xylem pressure. There is no reason to reject the XPP as a useful new tool for studying xylem tensions in the range of 0 to -0.6 MPa. Additional research is needed to test the C-T theory with both the XPP and traditional methods.
Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Analysis of Peer Effects: Two Steps Forward?

In the past 10 years, there has been an explosion of well-identified studies that measure peer effects across many settings and for many outcomes. The emphasis on natural experiments and randomization is a highly useful one; in more standard observational studies, the self-selection of people into peer groups can make the measurement of peer effects extremely difficult. In the absence of exogenous variation, knowing that people have similar outcomes as their friends, classmates, and coworkers may tell us little about peer effects. I examine the successes, failures, and findings of experimental analyses of peer effects. I draw three broad conclusions. First, even more than in other areas of social science, the size and nature of peer effects estimated are highly context specific; peer effects in student test scores and grades are prominent in some cases and absent in others. That said, there is a pattern across studies suggesting that social outcomes (e.g., crime, drinking behavior) and career choices show...
CHALLENGING ISSUES IN MODELING DETERIORATION OF COMBINED SEWERS

The understanding of sewer deterioration mechanisms helps asset managers in developing deterioration models to estimate whether sewers have deteriorated sufficiently for likely collapses. While an accurate deterioration model is a significant component of an infrastructure management system, research in the area of deterioration modeling of sewer systems in the United States is still in its infancy. Research in the area of highways has matured and has become the basis for studies in sewer systems. Modeling the deterioration of highway systems involves methods that vary in complexity from Markov-chains-based models to econometric models. This paper presents the use of Markov-chains-based models in conjunction with nonlinear optimization for extending infrastructure management modeling to sewer systems. Modeling the structural condition of sewers using the Markov-chains-based model has its own challenges. This paper discusses the problems encountered in developing deterioration models for sewer management systems and suggests some possible improvements for deterioration modeling of combined sewer systems.
Model for anaphase B: Role of three mitotic motors in a switch from poleward flux to spindle elongation

It has been proposed that the suppression of poleward flux within interpolar microtubule (ipMT) bundles of Drosophila embryonic spindles couples outward forces generated by a sliding filament mechanism to anaphase spindle elongation. Here, we (i) propose a molecular mechanism in which the bipolar kinesin KLP61F persistently slides dynamically unstable ipMTs outward, the MT depolymerase KLP10A acts at the poles to convert ipMT sliding to flux, and the chromokinesin KLP3A inhibits the depolymerase to suppress flux, thereby coupling ipMT sliding to spindle elongation; (ii) used KLP3A inhibitors to interfere with the coupling process, which revealed an inverse linear relation between the rates of flux and elongation, supporting the proposed mechanism and demonstrating that the suppression of flux controls both the rate and onset of spindle elongation; and (iii) developed a mathematical model using force balance and rate equations to describe how motors sliding the highly dynamic ipMTs apart can drive spindle elongation at a steady rate determined by the extent of suppression of flux.
Sucrose metabolism: regulatory mechanisms and pivotal roles in sugar sensing and plant development

Sucrose cleavage is vital to multicellular plants, not only for the allocation of crucial carbon resources but also for the initiation of hexose-based sugar signals in importing structures. Only the invertase and reversible sucrose synthase reactions catalyze known paths of sucrose breakdown in vivo. The regulation of these reactions and its consequences has therefore become a central issue in plant carbon metabolism. Primary mechanisms for this regulation involve the capacity of invertases to alter sugar signals by producing glucose rather than UDPglucose, and thus also two-fold more hexoses than are produced by sucrose synthase. In addition, vacuolar sites of cleavage by invertases could allow temporal control via compartmentalization. In addition, members of the gene families encoding either invertases or sucrose synthases respond at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels to diverse environmental signals, including endogenous changes that reflect their own action (e.g. hexoses and hexose-responsive hormone systems such as abscisic acid [ABA] signaling). At the enzyme level, sucrose synthases can be regulated by rapid changes in sub-cellular localization, phosphorylation, and carefully modulated protein turnover. In addition to transcriptional control, invertase action can also be regulated at the enzyme level by highly localized inhibitor proteins and by a system that has the potential to initiate and terminate invertase activity in vacuoles. The extent, path, and site of sucrose metabolism are thus highly responsive to both internal and external environmental signals and can, in turn, dramatically alter development and stress acclimation.
Transcriptional architecture of the human brain.

The largest survey of gene expression ever performed in the adult human brain reveals highly stereotyped transcriptional patterning across individuals. The most stably patterned genes are enriched for neuronal annotations, disease associations, drug targets and correspond to resting state functional networks.
Brand Loyalty Measurement Made Easy: A Preference-Behavior Model

A new method for assessing and interpreting brand loyalty is proposed that should be well suited for small business managers because it is easy and inexpensive to implement, the results are easy to interpret, and it offers insights into competition that are superior to alternative approaches. The method is based on a modification of a brand switching model. Rather than two brand purchases, the measures of the new model are one brand purchase and brand preference. The resulting mixed model combines the conceptual advantages of behavioral and attitudinal approaches to brand loyalty. A matrix of the two measures can be analyzed in terms of each brand's gravity, or power to convert brand preference into sales, and focus, which relates lo its ability to attract sales from preferences for other brands. Implications are drawn for small business strategy.
Assortative Mating, Class, and Caste

We develop a quantitative genetic model of positive assortative mating for a neutral trait, where trait is simply a direction in a high dimensional space. We think of conscientiousness or intelligence or aggressiveness or earnings potential as examples of traits that might be important to social science (without suggesting that these are or ever were neutral). Even though the trait is selectively neutral, the mating system mimics strong selection both for and against the trait, depending on the group membership of an individual. The mating system generates strong group differences very rapidly and, as the system persists, arbitrary groups are transformed into something like hereditary castes.
Mauthner and Reticulospinal Responses to the Onset of Acoustic Pressure and Acceleration Stimuli

We determined how the Mauthner cell and other large, fast-conducting reticulospinal neurons of the goldfish responded to acoustic stimuli likely to be important in coordinating body movements underlying escape. The goal was to learn about the neurophysiological responses to these stimuli and the underlying processes of sensorimotor integration. We compared the intracellularly recorded postsynaptic responses (PSPs) of 9 Mauthner cells and a population of 12 other reticulospinal neurons to acoustic pressure and acceleration stimuli. All recorded cells received both pressure and acceleration inputs and responded to stimuli regardless of initial polarity. Thus these cells receive acoustic components necessary to determine source direction. We observed that the Mauthner cell was broadly tuned to acoustic pressure from 100 to 2,000 Hz, with a Q(10dB) of 0.5-1.1 over the best frequency range, 400-800 Hz. This broad tuning is probably due to input from S1 afferents and is similar to tuning of the behavioral audiogram. Our data suggest that cells have relatively more sustained responses to acceleration than to pressure stimuli, to which they rapidly adapted. For a given cell, PSP latencies and amplitudes varied inversely with stimulus intensity. For the entire population of cells studied, minimum onset latencies (i.e., those at the highest intensities) ranged from 0.7 to 7.6 ms for acoustic pressure and 0.7 to 9.8 ms for acceleration. This distribution in minimum onset latencies is consistent with earlier EMG and kinematic findings and supports our previous hypothesis that escape trajectory angle is controlled, in part, by varying the activation time of neurons in the escape network. While the Mauthner cell latency did not differ to both onset polarities of pressure and acceleration, this was not true of all cells. Also, the Mauthner cell responses to pressure were approximately 0.6 ms faster than to acceleration; for the other cells, this difference was 1.1 ms with some cells having differences </=3 ms. To both pressure and acceleration, the average, minimum Mauthner cell latency was approximately 1 ms faster than the average of the 12 other cells. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the Mauthner cell fires first, followed by other reticulospinal neurons, which more finely regulate escape trajectory. Finally, analysis of our results suggests that while pressure is more important in depolarizing the cell near threshold, high levels of acceleration, perhaps from fluid flow, may be very important in activating the system in a directional manner.
Anytime RRTs

We present an anytime algorithm for planning paths through high-dimensional, non-uniform cost search spaces. Our approach works by generating a series of Rapidly-exploring Random Trees (RRTs), where each tree reuses information from previous trees to improve its growth and the quality of its resulting path. We also present a number of modifications to the RRT algorithm that we use to bias the search in favor of less costly solutions. The resulting approach is able to produce an initial solution very quickly, then improve the quality of this solution while deliberation time allows. It is also able to guarantee that subsequent solutions will be better than all previous ones by a user-defined improvement bound. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm on both single robot and multirobot planning domains.
Feeding Sites of Bollworm Larvae on Cotton

In greenhouse and field experiments, more than half of all 4-to 8-day-old, square-infesting, bollworm larvae, Heliothis zea (Boddie), were found on squares <6mm in diameter (measured at widest point on calyx). In terminal shoots from plants grown in the field in New Mexico, more than half of all 4-to 8-day-old larvae were found in squares <4 mm in diameter. Heavily damaged squares were nearly always <2 mm. In addition to the larvae in the squares, 25.6% of all larvae were found on leaves. Much of the heavy damage occurred as hollowed out squares which quickly dried out and were shed by the plant. Lighter damage was more evenly distributed across a range of square sizes. All parts of the square were consumed by bollworm larvae. Anthers and filaments suffered the heaviest damage.
Study of the Extracellular Release of HMGB1 in Human Liver Cell Line-HepG2 Cells Induced by Lipopolysaccharide

To investigate whether HMGB1 release can occur in LPS stimulated HepG2 cells as well as RAW264.7 cells without cell death. HepG2 and RAW264.7 cells were treated with 100 μg / L LPS for 0, 4,8,12,16,20,24 h. Compared with control groups,the level of HMGB1 in the treated groups significantly increased at 16,20 and 24 h (P 0.05). 24 h after treatment,cell viability was still high indicated by MTT assay and LDH level in the supernatant. Significant cytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1 in HepG2 and RAW264.7 cells were observed at 16 h and 24 h after LPS treatment. Thus,cytoplasmic translocation and extracellular release of HMGB1 in HepG2 cells independent to cell death can be induced by LPS.
Morphologic Evaluation of Rotated Tibiotarsal Bones in Immature Ostriches (Struthio camelus)

The presence of potential morphologic anomalies associated with tibiotarsal rotation was determined in 10 ostrich chicks. Seven of the 10 chicks displayed various degrees of unilateral tibiotarsal rotation, whereas 3 were unaffected. Pelvic limb musculature and joint anatomy were similar between affected and control limbs. External rotation of clinically affected tibiotarsal bones (n = 7) ranged between 25 and 75° (median, 53°), whereas that of clinically normal bones (n = 13) ranged between 0 and 17° (median, 8°). The tibiotarsal nutrient foramen, in the midshaft, was more caudal in clinically affected limbs than in normal limbs (P = .002) and its displacement was correlated with the amount of tibiotarsal rotation (P < .001, r = .709). The distal aspect of the nutrient foramen was more craniad in clinically affected limbs than in normal limbs (P = .01). The cortical thickness and diaphyseal trabecular patterns of affected and control tibiotarsi were identical. The distal tibiotarsal physis of all birds had an atypical conformation, with transverse and longi­ tudinal portions. Abnormal growth of the longitudinal portion of that physis might contribute to the development of tibiotarsal rotation. However, the caudal displacement of the nutrient foramen sug­ gests that the deformity originates in the proximal portion of the bone.
Implementing Continuous Delivery with Release Management

Automating deployments is often one of the first steps teams work on when moving to a DevOps process. And that's not without reason. Automating deployments is a huge step. An automated deployment process helps your team reduce errors and lets your team work on important stuff. This chapter shows you how to implement automatic deployments by using Release Management. You'll see what Release Management is and how it works and look at the possibilities for deploying different application types.
Interconnect roles for emerging memory technologies in 3D architecture

Emerging memory integration into 3D architecture has the potential to overcome current memory shortfalls in speed, power consumption, reliability and cost vectors for the future data centric computing. Intensive investment has been placed in various cell structures (PCRAM, STTRAM, OxRAM and CBRAM) and 3D architectures (3D XPoint, 3D ReRAM) recently to capture the future commercial IoT market. After reviewing status of emerging memories and 3D architectures, that are generally back end of the line (BEOL) compatible, this talk will highlight the challenges of interconnect in these new element and integration, and discuss the need of new materials.
Forming Korean American Men: What Can We Do?

This concluding chapter suggests key components to consider for persons who work with second-generation Korean American men. Issues of empowerment and self-agency affect men internally and socially, particularly in relation to their fathers. Hearn suggests that if Korean American men are to heal and contribute in positive ways to their communities, those who work with them need to consider curricular issues, validation of a man’s personhood, initiation into community and interrelatedness, and the need for multiple interpretive lenses. Hearn proposes that transformative formation is not transmissive teaching alone but one that engages men where they are.
Interpretive and Structural Claims About Confrontations

(1991). Interpretive and Structural Claims About Confrontations. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 14, Communication Yearbook 14, pp. 393-402.
Semi-supervised Multi-Label Topic Models for Document Classification and Sentence Labeling

Extracting parts of a text document relevant to a class label is a critical information retrieval task. We propose a semi-supervised multi-label topic model for jointly achieving document and sentence-level class inferences. Under our model, each sentence is associated with only a subset of the document's labels (including possibly none of them), with the label set of the document the union of the labels of all of its sentences. For training, we use both labeled documents, and, typically, a larger set of unlabeled documents. Our model, in a semisupervised fashion, discovers the topics present, learns associations between topics and class labels, predicts labels for new (or unlabeled) documents, and determines label associations for each sentence in every document. For learning, our model does not require any ground-truth labels on sentences. We develop a Hamiltonian Monte Carlo based algorithm for efficiently sampling from the joint label distribution over all sentences, a very high-dimensional discrete space. Our experiments show that our approach outperforms several benchmark methods with respect to both document and sentence-level classification, as well as test set log-likelihood. All code for replicating our experiments is available from https://github.com/hsoleimani/MLTM.
Inverse Thermal Analysis of Ti-6Al-4V Laser Welds Using Solidification and Heat-Affected Zone Boundaries

Temperature histories of Ti-6Al-4V laser welds are presented, which are calculated using numerical-analytical basis functions and boundary constraints based on measured solidification and heat-affected zone cross sections. These weld temperature histories can be adopted as input data to various types of computational procedures, which include numerical models for prediction of solid-state phase transformations and mechanical response. In addition, these temperature histories can be used parametrically for inverse thermal analysis of welds corresponding to other welding processes whose process conditions are within similar regimes. The present study applies an inverse thermal analysis procedure that uses three-dimensional constraint conditions whose two-dimensional projections are mapped within transverse cross sections of experimentally measured solidification and heat-affected zone boundaries.
Androgen receptor function and androgen receptor–targeted therapies in breast cancer: A review

Importance The androgen receptor (AR) pathway is emerging as a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer. To date, AR-targeted drugs have been approved only for treatment of prostate cancer; however, AR-targeted treatment for breast cancer is an area of active investigation. Through review of preclinical studies, retrospective clinical studies, and clinical trials, we examined the biology of AR and AR-related pathways, the potential for AR-targeted therapies in breast cancer, and potential biomarkers for AR-targeted treatments. Observations The rate of AR positivity in breast cancer is about 60% to 80%. Biologically, the AR pathway has cross-talk with several other key signaling pathways, including the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK pathways, and with other receptors, including estrogen receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2. The value of AR positivity as a prognostic marker has not yet been defined. Androgen receptor–targeted therapies, including AR agonists, AR antagonists, and PI3K inhibitors, have shown promising results in clinical trials in patients with breast cancer, and combinations of AR-targeted therapies with other agents have been investigated for overcoming resistance to AR-targeted therapies. Biomarkers to stratify patients according to the likelihood of response to AR-targeted drugs are yet to be established. Potential biomarkers of response to AR inhibitors include AR phosphorylation andARgene expression. Conclusions and Relevance Androgen receptor–targeted treatments for breast cancer are in development and have shown promising preliminary results. In-depth understanding of AR and AR-related signaling pathways would improve the treatment strategies for AR-positive breast cancer. Further preclinical and clinical studies of AR-targeted drugs alone and in combination with other drugs are justified and warranted to clarify the biology of AR and inform the development of AR-targeted therapies to improve survival outcome in patients with breast cancer.
Cytotoxicity of Zardaverine in Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma from a Costello Syndrome Patient.

Costello syndrome (CS) patients suffer from a very high 10% incidence of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS). As tools to discover targeted therapeutic leads, we used a CS patient-derived ERMS cell line (CS242 ERMS) harboring a homozygous p.G12A mutation in HRAS, and a control cell line derived from the same patient comprising non-malignant CS242 fibroblasts with a heterozygous p.G12A HRAS mutation. A library of 2000 compounds with known pharmacological activities was screened for their effect on CS242 ERMS cell viability. Follow-up testing in a panel of cell lines revealed that various compounds originally developed for other indications were remarkably selective; notably, the phosphodiesterase inhibitor zardaverine was at least 1000-fold more potent in CS242 ERMS than in the patient-matched non-malignant CS242 fibroblasts, other ERMS, or normal fibroblasts. Chronic treatment with zardaverine led to the emergence of resistant cells, consistent with CS242 ERMS comprising a mixed population of cells. Many phosphodiesterase inhibitors in addition to zardaverine were tested on CS242 ERMS, but almost all had no effect, suggesting that phosphodiesterase inhibition alone is not sufficient to cause cell killing. Interestingly, zardaverine and analogs showed a similar cytotoxicity profile in CS242 ERMS and cervical carcinoma-derived HeLa cells, suggesting a mechanism of action common to both cell types that does not require the presence of an HRAS mutation (HeLa contains wild type HRAS). Two recent studies presented possible mechanistic explanations for the cytotoxicity of zardaverine in HeLa cells. One revealed that zardaverine inhibited a HeLa cell-based screen measuring glucocorticoid receptor activation; however, using engineered HeLa cells we ruled out a specific effect of zardaverine on signaling through the glucocorticoid receptor. The second attributed zardaverine toxicity in HeLa cells to promotion of the interaction of phosphodiesterase 3A and the growth regulatory protein Schlafen 12. This work may provide a possible mechanism for zardaverine action in CS242 ERMS, although we have not yet tested this. In conclusion, we have identified zardaverine as a potent cytotoxic agent in a CS-derived ERMS cell line and in HeLa. Although we have ruled out some possibilities, the mechanism of action of zardaverine in CS242 ERMS remains to be determined.
Nature, Art, and the Primacy of the Political: Reading Taminiaux with Merleau-Ponty

In much of his later work, such as Le theâtre des philosophes of 1995, and perhaps most succinctly in his essay “Was Merleau-Ponty on the Move from Husserl to Heidegger?” of 2008, Taminiaux acknowledges the inspiration of Hannah Arendt’s concern for the lifeworld as a realm of shifting appearances and of human heterogeneous plurality and interlocutory political praxis. He traces Arendt’s insights back to Husserl’s late concern for the lifeworld, as well as to Aristotle, insofar as the Stagirite, in disagreement with Plato, recognizes the autonomous intellectual excellence of phronesis (as indispensable to fully developed moral action), and also understands tragic drama in its political importance as a mimesis of action itself (rather than of character) and as accomplishing an intrinsic purification (katharsis) of the powerful passions that it arouses, such as pity and terror. As the title of the 2008 essay indicates, and as Taminiaux acknowledges, however, Merleau-Ponty’s thought also plays a major role in this intellectual nexus.
CATALYTIC ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS USING POLYMER SUPPORTED OPTICALLY ACTIVE CATALYSTS

Several styryl- and aerylate-type monomers bearing chiral phosphines have been synthesized and copolymerized with a crosslinking monomer and a monomer that is compatible with the solvent ultimately to be used in effecting a specific catalytic reaction. The exchange of a transition metal onto the crosslinked polymer containing the chiral phosphine yields catalysts that give chiral products from prochiral substrates in high entantiomeric excess. The synthesis of amino acids in high optical yield from acylaminoacrylic or acylaminocinnamic acids, for example, can be carried out utilizing a catalyst slurry. In this way, the product is easily separated from the catalyst and purified while the catalyst can be recovered and used again.
Learning Curve and Initial Outcomes

Per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) represents the prototype for successful natural orifice surgery; an incisionless, endoscopic approach combined with the precision of a surgical myotomy. Since the initial description by Haru Inoue of the procedure in 2008 and publication of his initial results in 2010 (Inoue et al., Endoscopy 42:265–271, 2010), POEM has been adopted at high-volume esophageal centers around the world. The procedure is being performed by both surgical endoscopists and interventional gastroenterologists. This chapter reviews the characteristics and initial experience of early POEM operators and the existing literature regarding learning curves for the procedure. The growing use of the functional lumen imaging probe for intraoperative physiologic measurements is also discussed, specifically focusing on the dual role as both a quality-control indicator and a potential tool to guide new POEM operators during the learning curve.
Modeling Watershed‐Scale Impacts of Stormwater Management with Traditional versus Low Impact Development Design

Stormwater runoff and associated pollutants from urban areas in the greater Chesapeake Bay Watershed (CBW) impair local streams and downstream ecosystems, despite urbanized land comprising only 7% of the CBW area. More recently, stormwater best management practices (BMPs) have been implemented in a low impact development (LID) manner to treat stormwater runoff closer to its source. This approach included the development of a novel BMP model to compare traditional and LID design, pioneering the use of comprehensively digitized storm sewer infrastructure and BMP design connectivity with spatial patterns in a geographic information system at the watershed scale. The goal was to compare total watershed pollutant removal efficiency in two study watersheds with differing spatial patterns of BMP design (traditional and LID), by quantifying the improved water quality benefit of LID BMP design. An estimate of uncertainty was included in the modeling framework by using ranges for BMP pollutant removal efficiencies that were based on the literature. Our model, using Monte Carlo analysis, predicted that the LID watershed removed approximately 78 kg more nitrogen, 3 kg more phosphorus, and 1,592 kg more sediment per square kilometer as compared with the traditional watershed on an annual basis. Our research provides planners a valuable model to prioritize watersheds for BMP design based on model results or in optimizing BMP selection.
Caregiving Burden and self-care among European-American and Chinese-American family caregivers of people with mental illness

Family caregivers (FCs) of persons with mental illness (PMI) often experience caregiving burdens that contribute to poor mental health. As compared to European-American FCs, Asian-American FCs may ...
REACH robot: Motion capture-based robotic interfaces to enhance engagement and adherence in pediatric rehabilitation

Young children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy show evidence of learning new motor skills and having better independent performance through regular physical therapy. The challenging and motivational exercises needed to promote these improvements must be performed inside and outside of therapy hours, but are often not when outside of sessions. Technology-based systems that gamify the exercise process are shown to motivate children and stimulate physical and mental activity. These solutions are typically expensive or difficult to use by both caregiver and patient, and may not adapt to the child's need over time. The Robots Encouraging Action in Children (REACH) robot aims to promote upper extremity movement in children and provide the child's success metrics using a game-like system. This system is accomplished through low-cost consumer electronics and DIY kits that make them an accessible option for home-based physical therapy.
Effect of supplementation during the breeding season on a May-calving beef herd in the Nebraska Sandhills

ABSTRACT A 4-yr study at the Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory, Whitman, Nebraska, evaluated the effects of supplementation during the breeding season on May-calving heifers and primiparous cows. Beginning mid-July, and throughout a 45-d breeding season, heifers and primiparous cows grazed upland range and received either (1) no supplement (n = 128 heifers, 67 primiparous cows) or (2) 0.45 or 0.91 kg/animal per day for heifers and primiparous cows, respectively, of a 32% CP (DM) supplement (n = 129 heifers, 68 primiparous cows). Cows and heifers were synchronized using a single prostaglandin F 2α injection 5 d after bull placement (1:20 bull-to-cow ratio). Pregnancy was diagnosed via transrectal ultrasonography in mid-October or November for heifers and primiparous cows, respectively. Weaning occurred at pregnancy diagnosis. Body weight and BCS were taken at several time points throughout the year. Heifer BW and BCS following supplementation were unaffected by treatment ( P ≥ 0.10). Primiparous cow BW and BCS were greater in supplemented cows at the time of pregnancy diagnosis ( P P ≥ 0.41) between treatments for both age groups. Treatment did not affect calf BW at birth or dystocia rates for primiparous cows ( P ≥ 0.17). Calf BW at weaning was greater ( P
The Distinct Contributions of the Seasonal Footprinting and Charged‐Discharged Mechanisms to ENSO Complexity

Author(s): Yu, JY; Fang, SW | Abstract: This study finds the seasonal footprinting (SF) mechanism to be a key source of El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) complexity, whereas the charged-discharged (CD) mechanism acts to reduce complexity. The CD mechanism forces El Nino and La Nina to follow each other, resulting in a more cyclic and less complex ENSO evolution, while the SF mechanism involves subtropical forcing and results in an ENSO evolution that is more episodic and irregular. The SF mechanism also has a tendency to produce multiyear La Nina events but not multiyear El Nino events, contributing to El Nino-La Nina asymmetries. The strength of CD mechanism has been steady, but SF mechanism has intensified during the past two decades, making ENSO more complicated. Most Climate Model Intercomparison Project version 5 models overestimate the strength of the CD mechanism but underestimate the strength of the SF mechanism, causing their simulated ENSOs to be too regular and symmetric.
Endogenous regulators of angiogenesis : emphasis on proteins with thrombospondin : type I motifs

Angiogenesis has been acknowledged as an important requirement for growth and metastasis of tumors. Complete or partial suppression of vascular growth by a number of different strategies has been consistently associated with suppression of tumor expansion and even reduction of tumor burden. Consequently, identification of the molecular pathways of the angiogenic response has been a major focus of interest in academia and industry. The development of tumor-specific anti-angiogenic therapy was also catalyzed by the finding that inhibitors of angiogenesis appeared immune to the development of drug resistance by the tumor cells, a major restrain in current chemotherapy. Although the full identification of players and their cross-talk is still at its infancy, it appears that partial blockade of one of the steps in the angiogenesis cascade, is sufficient to affect capillary morphogenesis. Thus, suppression of specific integrin pathways or vascular endothelial growth factor signaling have been shown effective in the suppression of tumor-mediated angiogenesis and have led to subsequent initiation of clinical trials. In addition to the generation of antibodies or chemical mimetics to interfere with particular steps during vascular organization, several endogenous (or physiological) molecules have also been identified. The list of endogenous modulators of angiogenesis is growing and can offer additional and important tool for the generation of therapies to restrain tumor vascularization. This review will focus one group of such molecules which include the thrombospondins and metallospondins, two families of proteins linked by the presence of a conserved anti-angiogenic functional domain.
Identification of virulence genes in Enterococcus faecalis by differential display polymerase chain reaction.

Enterococcal bacteremia and other important clinical sequelae are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly among hospitalized and immunocompromised patients4. In recent years, enterococci have emerged among the leading causes of nosocomial infection. This continuing trend, coupled with the emergence and spread of enterococcal strains with intrinsic and acquired resistance to a wide variety of antimicrobial agents, has precipitated the need to identify genes involved in the transition from colonization to disease, whose products may serve as novel targets for antimicrobial action. Because relatively little is known about the factors that contribute to the ability of enterococci to cause infections in humans, it was of interest to develop a means for identification of genes that are selectively expressed in different environments. To identify differential expression of genes, we adapted a method more commonly used in the study of eukaryotic gene expression—differential display PCR or RNA arbitrarily primed PCR6. In the present study, the utility of this method has been shown in experiments that demonstrated differential expression of genes by E. faecalis cultured in standard lab media under aerobic vs. anaerobic conditions.
Noncontact Detection of Air Voids Under Glass Epoxy Jackets Using a Microwave System

Glass epoxy jackets are commonly used to reinforce concrete bridge collars. Air voids in the bonding materials will degrade the mechanical strength of the glass epoxy reinforced collars. In order to detect air voids between a bridge collar and a glass-epoxy jacket, a focused microwave imaging system has been designed and implemented. An algorithm for inverting the dielectric constants from the measured electromagnetic signals was developed to image the size and location of the air voids. The developed microwave system operates at 10 GHz with one transmitter and one receiver. To increase the spatial resolution, dielectric lenses were used to focus the microwave beam from antennas. In the measurement, the sensor system was mechanically turned around the concrete collar with glass epoxy jackets. Two-dimensional signals were measured at 2-degree intervals. The dielectric constant distribution over the bonding layer was then obtained by inverting the two-dimensional signals. A lab sample of composite jacket was prepared with known air voids to verify the developed system. The inverted distribution of the dielectric constants over the bonding layer agreed very well with the actual distribution of the disbonds in both positions and sizes. In this paper, we present the details of the inversion theory and also the hardware system.
MRI Outperforms [18F]AV-1451 PET as a Longitudinal Biomarker in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy.

Background Elevated uptake of the [18 F]AV-1451 tau-PET ligand has been observed cross-sectionally in subjects with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). However, it is unknown how the ligand performs longitudinally in PSP. We aimed to determine how regional measures of change on [18 F]AV-1451 PET perform as longitudinal biomarkers of PSP compared with the more established biomarker of rate of midbrain atrophy. Methods Sixteen subjects with PSP underwent 2 serial [18 F]AV-1451 tau-PET scans and 3-Tesla MRI over 12 months and were age- and sex-matched to 39 healthy controls with longitudinal [18 F]AV-1451 PET. Median [18 F]AV-1451 uptake was calculated for each scan for regions of interest across the brain and divided by uptake in cerebellar crus to create standard uptake value ratios. Midbrain volume on MRI was also calculated for each scan. Sample sizes required to power placebo-controlled treatment trials were calculated. Results Rate of midbrain atrophy was significantly increased in PSP compared with controls. [18 F]AV-1451 regional change measures were significantly increased in PSP compared with controls in the pallidum, precentral cortex, dentate nucleus of the cerebellum, and midbrain. Change over time in the PSP Rating Scale correlated with change in midbrain volume but did not correlate with change in the [18 F]AV-1451 measures. Smallest sample-size estimates were obtained with rate of midbrain atrophy, followed by the PSP Rating Scale, with both outperforming [18 F]AV-1451 measures. Conclusions [18 F]AV-1451 tau-PET measures increase over time in subjects with PSP, but longitudinal [18 F]AV-1451 measures may not perform as well as rate of midbrain atrophy as biomarkers for PSP clinical trials. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.