cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of thermal effects on the tunability of three-electrode DFB lasers

An analysis of the influence of thermal effects on the tuning behavior of a three-electrode distributed-feedback (DFB) laser is presented. In the adopted three-dimensional model, nonuniform injected current distribution is taken into account. The electronic and thermal tuning mechanisms are compared, and results for a typical three-electrode PS-DFB laser are presented and discussed. >
Probable Identity of Unidentified Chick Growth Factors in Fish Solubles and Penicillin Mycelium Residue

Abstract Evidence indicating the existence of at least two chick growth factors not identical with any of the known vitamins has been presented. Fish solubles have been reported to be a source of unknown growth factors in experiments with chicks fed diets believed to be adequate in all known nutrients. In an investigation conducted at this institution, studies have been made of the relative value of fish solubles and penicillin mycelium waste as sources of unidentified chick growth factors. The results of two experiments which show that these materials are qualitatively of approximately comparable value are presented in this report. White Leghorn day-old male chicks were used in the experiments. Each lot contained twenty chicks at the start. The chicks were weighed individually at the beginning of the experiment and weekly thereafter. A weekly record of feed consumption was made. The experiments were concluded when the chicks were four weeks old… .
Canopy-tree influences along a soil parent material gradient in Pinus-ponderosa-Quercus gambelii forests, northern Arizona

Abstract The distribution of canopy trees can impose within-site patterns of soil properties and understory plant composition. At ten sites spanning a soil parent material gradient in northern Arizona Pinus ponderosa-Quercus gambelii forests, we compared soils and plant composition among five canopy types: openings, Pinus ponderosa single trees, Quercus gambelii single stems, dispersed clumps, and thickets. Soil texture on average did not differ significantly among canopy types, whereas Oi horizon thickness and weight, 0–15 cm soil loss-on-ignition, and gravimetric soil moisture differed significantly among three or more canopy types. Understory plant richness per 4 m2 ranged from five species below P. ponderosa to 12 species in openings, with richness below Q. gambelii single stems significantly greater than below Q. gambelii thickets. C4 graminoids (e.g., Aristida purpurea) inhabited openings, while C3 species like Poa fendleriana also occurred below trees. The forbs Thalictrum fendleri and Lathyrus lae...
Mineral balance in juvenile horses in race training

Twenty-four long yearlings were fed rations containing differing amounts of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium to further elucidate the requirements for these minerals during exercise-induced skeletal modeling and remodeling in juvenile racehorses. The animals were assigned randomly within gender subgroups to 1 of 4 diets. Total collections of feces and urine were performed on days 0, 64, and 128 of the trial for determination of mineral absorption and retention. Horses were maintained in a typical race-training protocol to mimic the nutritional stresses placed on long yearlings during strenuous exercise. Calcium absorption and retention were lower (P < .05) at day 64 than at day 0 and day 128. Also, the efficiency of retaining absorbed calcium was lower at day 64 than at day 0 or day 128. Thus, lower calcium retention at day 64 was due to both reduced absorption and reduced systemic demand. At day 64, calcium absorption and retention were not maximized at calcium intake of 160 mg/kg per day. At day 128, calcium absorption was maximal at a daily intake of 124 mg/kg per day, and retention was maximal at a daily intake of 123 mg/kg per day. These are in excess of current National Research Council (NRC)1 recommendations by 38% and 36%, respectively. There was no consistent, significant effect of days on trial on phosphorus absorption or retention, which may have been due to inadvertent limited phosphorus intake. The efficiency of phosphorus retention systemically was over 94% to 98%. Phosphorus absorption and retention were not maximized at the highest intake (66 mg/kg/d), which is 32% over current NRC1 rec-
Survival Estimates for Adult Eastern Hellbenders and Their Utility for Conservation

Abstract The Eastern Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) is a large, completely aquatic salamander native to the eastern United States. Hellbender populations have experienced numerical declines and range contractions over a large geographic area, but few demographic data are available to allow biologists to diagnose specific causes of the declines. We estimated survival of Hellbenders in Indiana using radio telemetry. We monitored 21 adult eastern Hellbenders during July 2008–October 2009 and documented three mortalities. Using a known-fate model, we estimated annual survival as 0.804 (±0.089 SE). This estimate is lower than expected for a long-lived species and signals the continued decline of Hellbenders in Indiana. Estimates of survivorship such as this provide baseline data for translocation programs and are useful in parameterizing population models.
Assessing long-term variations in sagebrush habitat – characterization of spatial extents and distribution patterns using multi-temporal satellite remote-sensing data

An approach that can generate sagebrush habitat change estimates for monitoring large-area sagebrush ecosystems has been developed and tested in southwestern Wyoming, USA. This prototype method uses a satellite-based image change detection algorithm and regression models to estimate sub-pixel percentage cover for five sagebrush habitat components: bare ground, herbaceous, litter, sagebrush and shrub. Landsat images from three different months in 1988, 1996 and 2006 were selected to identify potential landscape change during these time periods using change vector (CV) analysis incorporated with an image normalization algorithm. Regression tree (RT) models were used to estimate percentage cover for five components on all change areas identified in 1988 and 1996, using unchanged 2006 baseline data as training for both estimates. Over the entire study area (24 950 km2), a net increase of 98.83 km2, or 0.7%, for bare ground was measured between 1988 and 2006. Over the same period, the other four components had...
Dynamic Power Reduction Techniques in On-Chip Photonic Interconnects

Photonic interconnects is a disruptive technology solution that can overcome the power and bandwidth limitations of traditional electrical Network-on-Chips (NoCs). However, the static power dissipated in the external laser may limit the performance of future optical NoCs by dominating the stringent network power budget. From the analysis of real benchmarks for multi-cores, it is observed that high static power is consumed due to the external laser even for low channel utilization. In this paper, we propose runtime power management techniques to reduce the magnitude of laser power consumption by tuning the network in response to actual application characteristics. We scale the number of channels available for communication based on link and buffer utilization. The performance on synthetic and real traffic (PARSEC, Splash-2) for 64-cores indicate that our proposed power scaling technique can reduce optical power by about 70% with less than 1% throughput penalty for real traffic.
Protein C and acute inflammation: a clinical and biological perspective.

The protein C system plays an active role in modulating severe systemic inflammatory processes such as sepsis, trauma, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) via its anticoagulant and anti-...
Deep carbon reductions in California require electrification and integration across economic sectors

Meeting a greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction target of 80% below 1990 levels in the year 2050 requires detailed long-term planning due to complexity, inertia, and path dependency in the energy system. A detailed investigation of supply and demand alternatives is conducted to assess requirements for future California energy systems that can meet the 2050 GHG target. Two components are developed here that build novel analytic capacity and extend previous studies: (1) detailed bottom-up projections of energy demand across the building, industry and transportation sectors; and (2) a high-resolution variable renewable resource capacity planning model (SWITCH) that minimizes the cost of electricity while meeting GHG policy goals in the 2050 timeframe. Multiple pathways exist to a low-GHG future, all involving increased efficiency, electrification, and a dramatic shift from fossil fuels to low-GHG energy. The electricity system is found to have a diverse, cost-effective set of options that meet aggressive GHG reduction targets. This conclusion holds even with increased demand from transportation and heating, but the optimal levels of wind and solar deployment depend on the temporal characteristics of the resulting load profile. Long-term policy support is found to be a key missing element for the successful attainment of the 2050 GHG target in California.
Multiple sessions of liposomal doxorubicin and focused ultrasound mediated blood-brain barrier disruption: safety study

Transcranial MRI-guided focused ultrasound is a rapidly advancing field for delivering therapeutic and imaging agents to the brain. It has the ability to facilitate the passage of therapeutics from the vasculature to the brain parenchyma, which is normally protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Its main advantages are that it is targeted, noninvasive, and readily repeatable in nature. Studies have shown that it can deliver liposomal doxorubicin (DOX), a chemotherapy agent with promise for tumors in the central nervous system, into the brain across BBB. However, prior studies have suggested that this agent may be significantly neurotoxic, even at small concentrations. Here, we studied whether multiple sessions of DOX administered after FUS-induced BBB disruption (FUS-BBBD) caused adverse events in the normal brain. First, we used fluorometry to measure the doxorubicin concentrations in the brain after FUS-BBBD. Next, we performed three weekly sessions with FUS-BBBD ± DOX administration.
An Initial Comparative Analysis of the Market Penetration Potential of Coal and Coal Derived Fuels in the U.S. Utility Industry (1985-2005)

In 1972, the U.S. electric utility industry established a focal point for all of the industry's research and development efforts by forming the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). When EPRI began, there was no alternative to relatively subjective judgment in allocating our research and development resources among competing power generation, transmission, and distribution technologies. During the last two years, we have been developing a more quantitative analytical approach to estimate the relative market penetration potential of alternative power generation systems. This paper focuses on one of these analyses; namely, a generation expansion analysis which compares the economics of various electric utility alternatives for coal utilization in the period 1985-2005. Although this is only a first iteration, the methodology developed and initial results are deemed significant.
A common basis for the correlation of forced and natural convection to horizontal cylinders

Natual and forced convection have always been correlated on different bases although the two phenomena have much in common. Accordingly, a method for correlating both types of convection on the same basis, at least for heat transfer outside horizontal cylinders, would be of interest. A tentative method of accomplishing this for transverse convection is presented, involving certain simplifying assumptions relating to drag and buoyancy, from which an “effective velocity” for natural convection is calculated (by means of the well-known drag correlation) and incorporated in a Reynolds number. The Nusselt number for natural convection is then correlated in terms of the Prandtl number and this Reynolds number in much the same manner as that for McAdams's well-known correlation for forced convection. For 150 different combinations of independent variables covering seven different fluids and wide ranges of diameter, surface temperature, and bulk fluid temperature, the transformed natural-convection data agree with Douglas and Churchill's recent refinement of McAdams's relationship for forced convection with an average deviation of about ±10%.
Higher Order Dynamic Equations of Motion for Soft Core Sandwich Beams Using Hamilton's Principle

Free vibration response of sandwich beams manufactured from two identical isotropic/orthotropic facesheets and an isotropic soft core material is investigated. The facesheets are manufactured from aluminum 6061-T6 with the soft core material being Divinycell. The governing partial differential equations of motion are developed via first variation and Hamilton’s principle while including the transversely flexible core deformation and rotational effect of the mid-plane. A parametric study is performed to analyze the effects of facesheet thickness, core height and core stiffness on the natural frequency of vibration. Eigenvalues for the fundamental mode in each case are calculated using this analytical model and compared against FEA solution obtained using NEiNastran v. 9.0 and experimental results. Nomenclature
Hydrodynamics of a biologically inspired tandem flapping foil configuration

Numerical simulations have been used to analyze the effect that vortices, shed from one flapping foil, have on the thrust of another flapping foil placed directly downstream. The simulations attempt to model the dorsal-tail fin interaction observed in a swimming bluegill sunfish. The simulations have been carried out using a Cartesian grid method that allows us to simulate flows with complex moving boundaries on stationary Cartesian grids. The simulations indicate that vortex shedding from the upstream (dorsal) fin is indeed capable of increasing the thrust of the downstream (tail) fin significantly. Vortex structures shed by the upstream dorsal fin increase the effective angle-of-attack of the flow seen by the tail fin and initiate the formation of a strong leading edge stall vortex on the downstream fin. This stall vortex convects down the surface of the tail and the low pressure associated with this vortex increases the thrust on the downstream tail fin. However, this thrust augmentation is found to be quite sensitive to the phase relationship between the two flapping fins. The numerical simulations allows us to examine in detail, the underlying physical mechanism for this thrust augmentation.
Defining Normal Sexual Behavior: A Classroom Exercise

A classroom exercise that can help students focus on the difficulties in defining normal sexual behavior is described. First, students complete a 30-item questionnaire on which they indicate whethe...
Host gene expression in response to Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca)

Abstract Selective control of Egyptian broomrape is extremely difficult because the close association between host crop and parasite limits the use of most mechanical and herbicidal approaches. However, this host–parasite interaction can also form the basis of the simplest control strategy: parasite-resistant crops. Although much work has been conducted to identify and characterize mechanisms of parasite resistance, varieties with stable resistance are still unavailable for most affected crops. The development of resistant crops can be accelerated by genetic engineering to the extent that important aspects of the host–parasite interaction are understood. In this study, we characterize a variety of gene promoter elements with respect to parasite induction and expression pattern. Studies were conducted using transgenic plants expressing fusions of the β-glucuronidase reporter gene with promoter elements from several genes. Promoters from genes known to have increased expression in response to pathogen attac...
Control of radiative heat transfer in high-temperature environments via radiative trapping—Part I: Theoretical analysis applied to pressurized oxy-combustion

Abstract Burning fuels with pure oxygen offers many benefits, including higher efficiency, a CO 2 -rich flue gas that is suitable for carbon capture, and improved flame stability. However, the extremely high flame temperature that occurs during combustion in pure oxygen is typically assumed to lead to extreme levels of radiative heat flux that are beyond the tolerable limits of boiler materials. This paper presents a unique approach to control wall heat flux under extreme temperatures in particle-laden reacting flows. Fundamental studies were carried out to understand the radiative heat transfer behavior of such systems when temperature and absorption coefficient profiles are dictated by the diffusive–convective characteristics of the system, such as the case of a non-premixed combustion reactor. The results show that if the optical thickness of the particle-laden gas medium is sufficiently large, a considerable amount of emissive power coming from the high temperature sources can be trapped in the medium and the net heat flux on the wall can be managed. An average-temperature approximation (ATA) method is developed to conveniently approximate the wall heat flux when trapping of radiation occurs in an optically dense medium. The ATA method can be utilized to design systems that require manageable wall heat flux via radiative trapping under extremely high flame temperatures.
Einsatz von frei definierbaren Objekten auf einer Signaturkarte im Internet

Die auf der letzten Arbeitskonferenz, Chipkarten’ in Munchen (Marz 1998) vorgestellte IBM Signaturkarte (IBM SignCard) [Hamann 1] wurde inzwischen zu der Produktlosung,IBM Digital Signature Solution’ weiterentwickelt und befindet sich als Sicherheitskomponente fur Signaturanwendungen und der Zugriffskontrolle von Netzwerkresourcen im Einsatz. Dieser Artikel erklart die Schnittstellenarchitektur der, IBM Digital Signature Solution’ [Hamann 2] und geht speziell auf die Verwendung frei definierbarer Datenobjekte auf den verschieden Arten der Signaturkarten (Chipkarte, virtuelle Signaturkarte und JavaCard Applet) ein. Dabei wird auf den etablierten internationalen Standards fur Chipkarten und Chipkartenlesern aufgebaut, um die Interoperabilitat der verschiedenen Losungskomponenten zu gewahrleisten.
Skinner's reinforcement theory: A heideggerian assessment of its empirical success and philosophical failure

Affinities have been noted between radical behaviorism and phenomenology, hermeneutics, and poststructuralism, but this paper claims the most promising one has been neglected. Skinner's behaviorism is best seen as elucidating that time-sense characteristic of ordinary, habitual life which Heidegger calls a "temporalizing of everydayness." We usually live 'from moment to moment' as if we were just as predictable as the things around us, but Heidegger and Skinner agree there are moments when noticing this makes 'more of the same' seem unacceptable. Yet in Skinner's deterministic ontology such occasions are only envisioned via the anomaly of "self-management." With Heidegger, behaviorism can be the science of ordinary life, yet leave room for that real but ill-conceived 'volition' which Skinner rightly criticizes but wrongly rejects. Thirty years ago, Kvale and Grenness (1967) eloquently demonstrated that radical behaviorism and phenomenology (especially Sartre's and Merleau-Ponty's) are philosophically similar insofar as both reject the need for positing an "inner person" to understand human activity. Kinships between radical behaviorism and Continental philosophy have also been noted more recently, but comparisons now are usually framed in relation to "hermeneutics" (e.g., Packer, 1985; Miller, 1994) and "poststructuralism" (Freeman & Locurto, 1994). What all these discussions tend to overlook, however, is the fact that Skinner's work (but not his own characterization of it) clearly illustrates the kind of time-sense which is characteristic of ordinary, routine life—a time-sense Heidegger calls the "temporalizing of everydayness" (1927, pp. 370-372, 404-420). This oversight represents a missed opportunity to sharpen our understanding of the phenomenological or Continental-philosophical implications of Skinner's actual science of human behavior and to play down his own misleading "behaviorist"
Characterization of the Digital Micromirror Devices

The digital micromirror devices (DMDs) are widely used in various DLP® products. Since the DMDs were the first optical MEMS in mass production when Texas Instruments introduced the DMD-based digital display products to the market in 1996, there were no existing characterization tools and methods that could meet the specific needs of the DMDs. New characterization tools had to be built and methodologies had to be developed to fully assess the performance and robustness of the devices. Over the years, new commercial MEMS characterization tools have become available and some were adopted for DMD characterization. However, characterizing devices with millions of mirrors still remains challenging and requires unique solutions. In this paper, current static, dynamic, and optical characterization methods and tools used for DMD characterization will be presented. The array-based tilt angle measurement method using far-field diffraction patterns and the device-based operating space evaluation will be discussed in detail.
III–V Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Electronics on Silicon Substrates

One of the major challenges in further advancement of III–V electronics is to integrate high mobility complementary transistors on the same substrate. The difficulty is due to the large lattice mismatch of the optimal p- and n-type III–V semiconductors. In this work, we employ a two-step epitaxial layer transfer process for the heterogeneous assembly of ultrathin membranes of III–V compound semiconductors on Si/SiO2 substrates. In this III–V-on-insulator (XOI) concept, ultrathin-body InAs (thickness, 13 nm) and InGaSb (thickness, 7 nm) layers are used for enhancement-mode n- and p- MOSFETs, respectively. The peak effective mobilities of the complementary devices are ∼1190 and ∼370 cm2/(V s) for electrons and holes, respectively, both of which are higher than the state-of-the-art Si MOSFETs. We demonstrate the first proof-of-concept III–V CMOS logic operation by fabricating NOT and NAND gates, highlighting the utility of the XOI platform.
Three-dimensional dynamic surface grasping with dry adhesion

Most robotic grasping research focuses on objects that are either not large in comparison to the gripper or have small graspable features; however, there are important applications that involve large flat or gently curved surfaces. Examples include robots that grasp the solar panels of space craft, handle large panels in manufacturing, or climb or perch on surfaces. We present a solution for grasping such surfaces consisting of groups of tiles coated with a controllable gecko-inspired adhesive. The tiles are loaded with two sets of tendons: one for distributing the forces evenly while grasping and the other for release. The gripper is passive and can attach and detach with little effort so that it does not disturb either the robot or the object to be grasped. The maximum gripping force in the normal direction can be over 1000 times greater than the required detaching force. The gripper is also fast, allowing a flying quadrotor to attach to a surface milliseconds after the tiles make contact. We present a model of the gripping mechanism and use the model to design the layout of the tiles to best support anticipated normal and tangential loads.
Financial investor sentiment and the boom/bust in oil prices during 2003–2008

From both theoretical and policy perspectives, it is important to understand if financial speculation contributes to the boom/bust in oil prices during 2003–2008. In this paper, we disentangle the effects of financial speculation from those of economic fundamentals by focusing on exogenous changes of financial speculation in oil markets identified by changes in financial investor sentiment. Furthermore, we focus on a quasi-experiment setting, and investigate both sentiment-driven overvaluation of oil prices and subsequent mispricing correction. Our findings suggest that financial speculation might have contributed to the 2003–2008 boom/bust in oil prices.
Political imprisonment and the sanctity of death: performing heritage in ‘Troubled’ Ireland

AbstractThe ‘Troubles’ is a euphemism associated with sectarian conflict in Northern Ireland from the late 1960s until the late 1990s. Similarly, that term also is used to depict turmoil in all of Ireland between 1916 through 1924. During both eras, political imprisonment coupled with various forms of political violence (e.g. bombings, executions, and prisoner abuse) marred Irish society in ways that invoke socio-religious meaning. In particular, the sanctity of death captures the intense semiotics of those events and points to further theorising along lines of the Durkheimian tradition. As we shall examine herein, violations of the sanctity of death compound social conflict and the resistance it creates. Fieldwork was undertaken in Dublin and Belfast where official landmarks were explored in-depth: Kilmainham Gaol and the Crumlin Road Prison, respectively. Additionally in Belfast, other – unofficial – cultural sites provide further evidence of socio-religious symbolism, most notably the Irish Republican ...
EFFECTS OF INCUBATION TIME IN SERUM AND CAPACITATION ON SPERMATOZOAL REACTIVITY WITH ANTISPERM ANTIBODIES

Sperm reside within the female reproductive tract before the occurrence of fertilization. During this time they undergo surface modifications associated with changes in their functional state. To study their antigenic expression, capacitated and acrosome-reacted sperm were incubated with sera that had previously been tested for antisperm antibodies against fresh washed sperm, as detected by indirect immunobead binding. Forty-eight percent of previously positive and 20% of previously negative sera reacted differently with sperm after an extended time (18 hours) of incubation in serum or after sperm capacitation. These results suggest that current techniques of antisperm antibodies detection be modified to include testing sera after prolonged incubation times with both capacitated as well as fresh sperm.
Assignment of the Number of Equivalent Reference Fluorophores to Dyed Microspheres

A procedure will be described to assign to each dyed microsphere a number called the Equivalent number of Re ference Fluorophores (ERF). The ERF unit gives the number of reference fluorophores in solution which produce the same fluorescence signal as a singl e dyed microsphere. In the first st ep, fluorescence measurements were carried ou t on serial dilutions of a solution of reference fluorophores. The resulting fluorescence int ensities and the corresponding concentrations were used to calibrate the response of the fluorometer. The calibration consisted of es tablishing a linear relation between the intensities and concentrations. In the second step, the fluorescence intensity from a suspension of microspheres was measured in order to determine the equivalent concentration of reference fluorophores which gave the same fluorescence intensity as the suspension of microspheres. This was performed by utilizing the calibration line obtained in the first st ep. In the third st ep, a flow cytometer and a light obscuration apparatus were used to measure the total concentration of microspheres in the suspensions used for the fluorescence measurements. In addition to the total microsphere concentration, the flow cytometer also enabled the measurement of the concentration of a sub population of microspheres which are used to calibrate the fluorescence scale of a fl ow cytometer. The fourth step utilized th e data collected in steps one, two, and three to assign a value of ERF to individual microspheres. The set of microspheres with assigned ERF values will be used to est ablish a linear fl uorescence scale in each channel of a flow cytometer. Th e discussion will emphasize the estimate of un certainties in each step of the assignment process.
Corporate and Union Power: Theory and Method

There are always local constraints to economic growth and social control. I shall argue that corporate and union power shaped the impact of these constraints on local policy. Growth policies, like Urban Renewal, were not automatic responses to the difficulties of stimulating investment through the market. Social control policies, like the War on Poverty or expansions in local patronage and repression, did not inevitably follow local black violence or respond to a locally powerful black citizenry. Corporate and union power not only shaped what policies were adopted, but in response to which local conditions they were adopted.
Preclinical photoacoustic models: application for ultrasensitive single cell malaria diagnosis in large vein and artery

In vivo photoacoustic flow cytometry (PAFC) has demonstrated potential for early diagnosis of deadly diseases through detection of rare circulating tumor cells, pathogens, and clots in nearly the entire blood volume. Before clinical application, this promising diagnostic platform requires verification and optimization using adequate preclinical models. We show here that this can be addressed by examination of large mouse blood vessels which are similar in size, depth and flow velocity to human vessels used in PAFC. Using this model, we verified the capability of PAFC for ultrasensitive, noninvasive, label-free, rapid malaria diagnosis. The time-resolved detection of delayed PA signals from deep vessels provided complete elimination of background from strongly pigmented skin. We discovered that PAFC’s sensitivity is higher during examination of infected cells in arteries compared to veins at similar flow rate. Our advanced PAFC platform integrating a 1060 nm laser with tunable pulse rate and width, a wearable probe with a focused transducer, and linear and nonlinear nanobubble-amplified signal processing demonstrated detection of parasitemia at the unprecedented level of 0.00000001% within 20 seconds and the potential to further improve the sensitivity 100-fold in humans, that is approximately 106 times better than in existing malaria tests.
An Exploration of Prospective Teachers' Learning of Clinical Interview Techniques.

The present study followed four prospective teachers through the process of learning to interview during an undergraduate research project experience. Participants conducted and video recorded a series of interviews with children. They also carried out guided analyses of the videos and written artefacts from the interviews to formulate conjectures about how to improve their questioning techniques. Communicating the purpose of the interview to children and formulating probes spontaneously were particularly difficult for participants. However, the experience helped participants realize when they were providing too much guidance and also when they missed opportunities to have children further explain their thinking.
Analyzing form-based zoning’s potential to stimulate mixed-use development in different economic environments

Form-based zoning ordinances can provide real estate developers with the ability to alter the mix of residential and commercial space included in their projects so long as they comply with design requirements governing the exterior of buildings. The real option model presented in this paper quantifies the value of this flexibility to assess the potential impact on development decisions and developer profits across market settings. The results suggest form-based zoning may stimulate development in weak markets with volatile demand. However, it may not consistently encourage a greater mixing of real estate product types in comparison to other land use regulations.
End group modification of poly(acrylates) obtained via ATRP: a user guide

The versatile and high yielding functionalization of polymer end groups is a critical tool for controlling material properties and/or for successful post polymerization reactions. In this report, bromine-terminated poly(methyl acrylate) derivatives are used as a model system for identifying conditions leading to quantitative transformation of the end group. A wide range of small molecules and associated reactions for the introduction of specific acidic, basic, hydrophilic or hydrophobic functionality are described. Analysis by SEC, 1H NMR and MALDI-ToF-MS provides evidence for full conversion of the end group. The user-friendly nature of these procedures serve as a powerful strategy for the synthesis of end functionalized polymers.
Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Recovered from the Environment of a Swine Farrow-to-Finish Operation in the United States

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) present an urgent threat to public health. While use of carbapenem antimicrobials is restricted for food-producing animals, other β-lactams, such as ceftiofur, are used in livestock. This use may provide selection pressure favoring the amplification of carbapenem resistance, but this relationship has not been established. Previously unreported among U.S. livestock, plasmid-mediated CRE have been reported from livestock in Europe and Asia. In this study, environmental and fecal samples were collected from a 1,500-sow, U.S. farrow-to-finish operation during 4 visits over a 5-month period in 2015. Samples were screened using selective media for the presence of CRE, and the resulting carbapenemase-producing isolates were further characterized. Of 30 environmental samples collected from a nursery room on our initial visit, 2 (7%) samples yielded 3 isolates, 2 sequence type 218 (ST 218) Escherichia coli and 1 Proteus mirabilis, carrying the metallo-β-lactamase gene blaIMP-27 on IncQ1 plasmids. We recovered on our third visit 15 IMP-27-bearing isolates of multiple Enterobacteriaceae species from 11 of 24 (46%) environmental samples from 2 farrowing rooms. These isolates each also carried blaIMP-27 on IncQ1 plasmids. No CRE isolates were recovered from fecal swabs or samples in this study. As is common in U.S. swine production, piglets on this farm receive ceftiofur at birth, with males receiving a second dose at castration (≈day 6). This selection pressure may favor the dissemination of blaIMP-27-bearing Enterobacteriaceae in this farrowing barn. The absence of this selection pressure in the nursery and finisher barns likely resulted in the loss of the ecological niche needed for maintenance of this carbapenem resistance gene.
Does torture work? Donald Trump and the CIA

President Trump says that ‘torture works’1,2 His office has released a draft order3 stating an intention to make ‘modifications and additions’ to the policies the US employs for the ‘... safe, lawful, and effective interrogation of enemy combatants captured in the fight against radical Islamism’. This not only worries human rights groups, but it also suggests that he has taken no account of the US Senate Select Committee on Intelligence’s Study of the CIA‘s detention and interrogation activity from 2001–2009,4 on which he must surely have been briefed. This report concluded (as did the CIA) that torturing prisoners was not an effective means of obtaining intelligence or cooperation. It describes Orwellian ‘enhanced interrogation’ techniques including slapping, walling, stress positioning, cramped confinement, sleep deprivation, confinement with insects, waterboarding, sexual …
Weight-based dosing of alemtuzumab: an ounce of prevention?

Alemtuzumab is a lymphocyte-depleting humanized monoclonal antibody that targets CD52 and binds to T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, monocytes and natural killer cells.1 It was approved decades ago for the treatment of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and the use of alemtuzumab in kidney transplantation was first described in the late 1990s as a drug that could promote tolerance and allow for maintenance drug minimization.2 Although there has been variability in dosing in renal transplantation3-5, alemtuzumab is typically administered at a dosage of 30 mg intravenously once or twice in the perioperative transplant period, which is a fraction the cumulative dosage used for CLL. Its usage in kidney transplantation remains off label. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Current Trends of Hypertension Treatment in the United States.

BACKGROUND To examine current patterns of hypertension (HTN) treatment in the United States, including blood pressure (BP) control, prevalence of different antihypertensive agents, and variations in treatment associated with patient and physician characteristics. METHODS We used data from the National Disease and Therapeutic Index (NDTI), a nationally representative physician survey produced by QuintilesIMS. We selected patients with a diagnosis of HTN and identified those prescribed antihypertensive therapies. We analyzed the type of antihypertensive agents prescribed. Extent of BP control, and associated patient and physician characteristics. We calculated 95% confidence intervals that accounted for the multistage NDTI sampling design. RESULTS Among those treated for HTN in 2014, BP control varied: systolic BP (SBP) ≥160 (15%) vs. SBP 150-159 (9%) vs. SBP 140-149 (19%) vs. SBP 130-139 (26%) vs. SBP <130 (32%). Of those treated for HTN, 29% used of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs); 24%, thiazide-like diuretics; 22%, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), 21%, calcium-channel blockers (CCBs); and 19% beta-blockers. Newer drugs had very limited uptake; no drugs approved after 2002 were used in more than 5% of patients. Selection of agents varied only modestly by patient and physician characteristics. CONCLUSIONS The treatment of HTN in 2014 predominantly involved older medications in 5 major classes of drugs: ACEIs, thiazide diuretics, ARBs, CCBs, and beta-blockers. Selection of antihypertensive agents showed limited variation by age, gender, race, and insurance type. Although 58% of treated patients had SBP <140, 24% had poorly controlled HTN with SBP ≥150, indicating the need for improved treatment.
Abstract AP10: A NOVEL PAN–ALDH1A INHIBITOR INDUCES NECROPTOSIS IN OVARIAN CANCER STEM–LIKE CELLS AND SYNERGIZES WITH CHEMOTHERAPY TO IMPROVE OUTCOMES

BACKGROUND: We recently demonstrated that Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity and the stem cell marker CD133 can be used to define an ovarian cancer cell differentiation hierarchy. We demonstrated that even small increases in multipotent ALDHbrightCD133+ cancer stem–like cells (CSC) significantly increase chemotherapy resistance and tumor initiation capacity. ALDH1A family members (ALDH1A1, 1A2, and 1A3) have been implicated as the primary enzymes identifying CSC and have been strongly linked with chemotherapy resistance. Given the expression of ALDH1A family members in CSC and their role in chemotherapy resistance we hypothesized they could be important therapeutic targets. METHODS AND RESULTS: We developed a panel of novel ALDH inhibitors (ALDHi). We identified a DEAB analog 673540 (673A) which inhibits all three ALDH1A1 enzymes (IC50 ~220nM). Pan–ALDH1A inhibition, induced necroptotic cell death specifically in ALDHbright and CD133+ ovarian CSC. 673A induced necroptosis was driven by the induction of the mitochondrial uncoupling proteins, UCP1 and UCP3, and reduction in OXPHOS capacity. Necroptosis was caspase and RIP1 independent, but is associated with MLKL translocation to membrane, and DRP1 activation and translocation to mitochondria. 673A therapy was highly synergistic with chemotherapy, reducing tumor initiation capacity, and resulting in a 60% tumor cure rate in multiple tumor models in–vivo. CONCLUSIONS: ALDHi are highly active in experimental models of ovarian cancer. As ALDHi induce metabolic necroptosis, ALDHi are active in apoptosis resistant ovarian cancer cell lines. These studies support the development of ALDHi as novel therapeutics for ovarian cancer. Citation Format: Ilana Chefetz, Linda Hong, Kun Yang, Brandt Huddle, Charles Landen, Thomas Hurley, Scott D. Larsen, and Ronald J. Buckanovich. A NOVEL PAN–ALDH1A INHIBITOR INDUCES NECROPTOSIS IN OVARIAN CANCER STEM–LIKE CELLS AND SYNERGIZES WITH CHEMOTHERAPY TO IMPROVE OUTCOMES [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Ovarian Cancer Research Symposium; Sep 12-13, 2016; Seattle, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr AP10.
Charges and resource utilization for pediatric heart transplantation across a positive virtual and/or cytotoxicity crossmatch.

There is growing acceptance of transplantation across a positive crossmatch for highly allosensitized pediatric HT candidates. While survival may be similar to patients transplanted across a negative crossmatch, costs are unknown. Among 60 HT recipients at our center from 5/07 to 6/12, we analyzed hospital charges and length of stay from the day of HT to discharge and through the first year after transplant. Median age at HT was 6.2 years (15 days-20.5 years). Charges in the first year post-HT were greater for crossmatch-positive patients ($907 678 vs $549 754; P = .017), with a trend toward higher charges for the HT hospitalization ($537 640 vs $407 374; P = .07). Plasmapheresis was more common in crossmatch-positive patients during the HT hospitalization (80% vs 4%, P < .001). In the first year after HT, crossmatch-positive patients had a greater number of endomyocardial biopsies (10 vs 7.5, P = .03) and episodes of treated rejection (2 vs 0, P = .004). Pediatric HT across a positive crossmatch is associated with higher first-year costs, including increased use of plasmapheresis and care around an increased number of rejections. These novel data will help inform decision and policymaking regarding care practices for the growing population of highly sensitized pediatric HT candidates.
The importance of spatial resolutions of Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) models on health impact assessment.

Abstract We used the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) simulation model to predict daily average of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations. The primary focus of our study was to investigate the sensitivity of CMAQ prediction accuracy associated with the horizontal grid resolutions and assess its impact on human health studies. To illustrate our point we ran CMAQ model at 4 km and 12 km resolutions over New York State for the year 2011, and systematically assessed the differences between two modeled PM2.5 concentrations. Model performance was evaluated against PM2.5 measured values at monitoring stations. The results indicated that simulations at both 4 km and 12 km resolutions reproduced measured PM2.5 values with fractional error (54.41% for 4 km and 52.28% for 12 km) that are within the recommend performance criteria except for summer seasons and rural areas. Additionally, model results at 12 km compared to 4 km resolution generally performed better and had substantially lower computational burden. In our health impact assessment study, we found that estimated adverse health outcomes associated with PM2.5 exposure derived from the two CMAQ models were compatible, especially in rural areas. Based on our findings, we conclude that the CMAQ simulation at 12 km resolution with further calibration and/or downscaling is a viable option than 4 km simulation to estimate small-scale within-city variations of air pollution concentrations.
Abdominal Exploration in Neonates Using Transumbilical Exposure Compared with Transverse Laparotomies.

Abstract Introduction: The vertical transumbilical incision (TU) technique during neonatal abdominal exploration involves dissection and ligation of umbilical vessels, which allow access to all qua...
Responses to Watson, Talbert, and McKenna

In this essay, I provide responses to the trenchant critical remarks of Michael McKenna, Matt Talbert, and Gary Watson on my book Responsibility from the Margins. In doing so, I provide some new thoughts on the nature of attributability, what work talk of "capacities" is doing in my tripartite, qualities of will theory of responsibility, and what the relation is between our attitudes and practices of holding others and ourselves responsible.
The Influence of Microbial Community Structure and Function on Community-Level Physiological Profiles

Patterns of carbon source utilization, or community-level physiological profiles (CLPP), produced from direct incubation of environmental samples in BIOLOG microplates can consistently discriminate spatial and temporal gradients within microbial communities. While the resolving power of the assay appears significant, the basis for the differences in the patterns of sole carbon source utilization among communities remains unclear. Carbon source utilization as measured in this assay is a measure of functional potential, rather than in situ activity, since enrichment occurs over the course of incubation, which can range from 24 to 72 hours (or even longer) depending on inoculum density. The functional profile of a community could be an indicator of carbon source availability and concomitant selection for specific functional types of organisms. A more limited view of the profile is as a composite descriptor of the microbial community composition without any ecologically relevant functional information. We manipulated microbial community structure and function in laboratory microcosms to evaluate their influence on CLPP. The structure of rhizosphere communities was controlled by inoculating axenic plants (wheat and potato) with different mixed species (non-gnotobiotic) inocula. Inoculum source influenced CLPP more strongly than plant type, indicating that CLPP primarily reflected differences in microbial community structure than function. In order to more specifically examine the influence of microbial function on CLPP, specific carbon sources in the BIOLOG plates (asparagine and acetate) were added to a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) containing a mixed community of microorganisms degrading plant material. Daily additions of these carbon sources at levels up to 50% of the total respired carbon in the bioreactor caused significant changes in overall CLPP, but caused no, or minor, increases in the specific response of these substrates in the plates. These studies indicate that the functional relevance of CLPP should be interpreted with caution.
The Actions of Neuroleptic Drugs on Appetitive Instrumental Behaviors

Scientific study of the behavioral effects of neuroleptic drugs involves many different disciplines. Psychiatric treatment of psychoses has been revolutionized by the use of these agents to combat schizophrenia. The common pharmacological ground that most neuroleptic drugs share is an opposition to the action of dopamine (DA), usually by blockade of DA receptors. In this regard, pharmacologists have utilized the reliable behavioral sequelae of neuroleptic action to serve as “behavioral assays” for evaluating the potency of known neuroleptic drugs and identifying new ones. To the physiological psychologist, neuroleptics are a tool—a means of investigating the behavioral processes in which DA is involved. Although any substantial review of this area must employ views obtained from the different disciplines involved, it is largely from the latter perspective that the present chapter is derived.