cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
22.1: Invited Paper: Color Tuning Dopants for Electrophosphorescent Devices: Toward Efficient Blue Phosphorescence from Metal Complexes

In this paper, we describe different strategies for achieving efficient blue electrophosphorescence. The first approach involves the use of ancillary ligand tuning of emission. The emissive unit is an organometallic Ir fragment, whose triplet energy is tuned by the choice of ancillary ligand. This approach is useful for making blue emitters, but luminance efficiency drops when the energy is shifted to saturated blue. The second approach described here is to shift the cyclometallated ligand from phenyl-pyridine to either a phenyl-pyrrazole or phenyl-imidazole. Both complexes emit strongly in the near UV, however, only the imidazole complex (carbene ligand) emits strongly at room temperature.
Training Effects of One Academic Year on the Instructional Values of MA Students in Confluent Education and Counseling Psychology: A Follow-up Study

Summary.-A second study of the effects of one year's training on 20 MA students in Confluent Education again showed signiFicant increases in scores measuring Affective Bias, Personal Growth Orientation, and general humanisric Instructional Values; whereas similar measures of 20 MA students in Counseling Psychology did not and were scored significantly lower than the other group both before and after training. This is a description of a study of one academic year's training effects on students in MA programs in Confluent (humanistic) Education and Counseling (behavioral) Psychology. The previous study from the academic year of fall 1982 to spring 1983 indicated that students in Confluent Education scored significantly higher on two measures of instructional values both fall and spring than hid ;he students in Counselmg and that there were significant increases on the scales of Affective Bias and Personal Growth Orientation. No such significant increases were noted in the Counseling group. It was concluded in the original study of 1982-83 that the already substantial (80th percentile) mean agreement of Confluent students with experts in their own field continued to increase after one year's instruction in contrast with the Counseling Psychology scores which showed no significant change after one year's instruction. While both groups tended to score higher on Personal Growth Orientation than on Affective Bias, the most important feature was the special subculture of students and faculty who were apparently indoctrinated with humanistic beliefs about education. As many other studies have shown, this humanistic orientation was not shared by groups in other programs in the Graduate School of Education (Counselmg Psychology, Teacher Education) or by experienced teachers of children in Ktndergarten to Grade 12. Method.-To define and summarize the essential components of humanistic instruction and learning, the writer conducted a content analysis of selections from 40 representative experienced humanistic educators and
Locational restructuring and financial crises

Abstract Since 1800, modern economic growth has caused an unprecedented locational restructuring of economies experiencing rapid economic development, a redistribution of population from farms and villages to towns and cities. In free market economies of the past, this urbanization process occurred in Kuznets cycles, averaging 15–25 years in duration. During these cycles, real investment typically occurred in a two-stage sequence — investment in a new production technology followed by investment in urban infrastructure — and resulted eventually in financial crisis and collapse. Recent developments in today’s less developed economies suggest the possible re-birth there of the Kuznets cycles of the past.
Employment Risk, Returns, and Entrepreneurship

Comparing local employment portfolios against entrepreneurship, this research finds that local wage and salary job market prospects shape incentives for potential entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship ma...
An extracellular biochemical screen reveals that FLRTs and Unc5s mediate neuronal subtype recognition in the retina

In the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the mouse retina, ~70 neuronal subtypes organize their neurites into an intricate laminar structure that underlies visual processing. To find recognition proteins involved in lamination, we utilized microarray data from 13 subtypes to identify differentially-expressed extracellular proteins and performed a high-throughput biochemical screen. We identified ~50 previously-unknown receptor-ligand pairs, including new interactions among members of the FLRT and Unc5 families. These proteins show laminar-restricted IPL localization and induce attraction and/or repulsion of retinal neurites in culture, placing them in an ideal position to mediate laminar targeting. Consistent with a repulsive role in arbor lamination, we observed complementary expression patterns for one interaction pair, FLRT2-Unc5C, in vivo. Starburst amacrine cells and their synaptic partners, ON-OFF direction-selective ganglion cells, express FLRT2 and are repelled by Unc5C. These data suggest a single molecular mechanism may have been co-opted by synaptic partners to ensure joint laminar restriction.
Serum, milk, and tissue monensin concentrations in cattle with adequate and potentially toxic dietary levels of monensin: pharmacokinetics and diagnostic interpretation.

Used in both beef cattle and dairy cows, monensin can provide many health benefits but can, when unintended overexposures occur, result in adverse effects. Information on serum and tissue concentrations following overexposure and/or overt toxicosis which may aid in diagnostics and clinical outcome is lacking. The aim of this study was to determine concentrations of monensin in biological specimens following oral exposure for 10 days to an approved dose (1 mg/kg) and a higher dose (5 mg/kg) of monensin given daily on a body weight basis to 10 dairy cows. No deaths were reported; cows receiving 5 mg/kg showed early signs of toxicosis including depression, decreased feed intake, and diarrhea after 4 days of exposure. Histopathological findings were minimal in most cows. Pharmacokinetic modeling of the detected serum concentrations for the 1 and 5 mg/kg dose groups determined the Cmax , Tmax, and t1/2λ to be 0.87 and 1.68 ng/mL, 2.0 and 1.0 h, and 1.76 and 2.32 days, respectively. Mixed regression models showed that the dose level and days since last dose were significantly associated with monensin concentrations in all four tissues, and with cardiac troponin levels. The high dose resulted in a significant elevation of monensin in tissues at approximately 4.7 times compared to the monensin concentrations in the tissues of animals from the low-dose group. The cTnI concentrations in the high-dose group were 2.1 times that of cTnI in the low-dose group. Thus, the ability to diagnose monensin overexposure and/or toxicosis will improve from knowledge of biological monensin concentrations from this study.
The anterolateral thigh fold‐over flap for total and subtotal glossectomy reconstruction

Background We present a fold-over technique for total and subtotal glossectomy reconstruction utilizing the ALT flap with the goal of increasing soft tissue bulk. Methods Retrospective review of total and subtotal glossectomy patients undergoing ALT fold-over flap reconstruction from January 2007 to December 2012. Results Eight patients fit inclusion criteria. Average length of follow-up was 35 months. There were no flap failures. At last follow-up, no patients were tracheostomy dependent. Six out of 8 patients (75%) did not require a g-tube and were able to maintain their weight. Speech intelligibility was good in 6/8 patients (75%). Conclusions The ALT fold-over flap technique provides sufficient bulk to allow decannulation and airway protection as well as PO intake in most patients. Given the minimal donor site morbidity, it is our technique of choice for total and subtotal glossectomy defects. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2016.
Morphogenesis and cytology of the salivary gland of the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

The salivary glands of the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), are composed of two distinct regions: the anterior basal region and the posterior filament region. These regions were distinguished on the basis of cell and nuclear morphology and of differential growth rates during salivary gland morphogenesis. The basal region is composed of 18–24 cells that are larger than the 80–100 cells of the filament region during the feeding period of larval development. However, the basal-region cells collapse and are significantly smaller than the filament-region cells, which increase in size, during the nonfeeding period of larval development. Four distinct polytene chromosomes were identified in basal-region cells, which established that the haploid somatic chromosome number of the Hessian fly is four. Nuclei in the filament region become progressively endopolyploid during larval development, although chromosomes maintain low levels of polyteny. The basal region is the probable source of plant growth-inhibiting substances produced during the larval feeding period. Morphogenesis of the filament region indicated that its activity occurs primarily during the nonfeeding period of larval development and may be associated with the sclerotization of the third-instar cuticle, which is retained by the fourth instar for protection during estivation and diapause and for pupal and adult development. The comparative morphology, cytology, and function of salivary glands of the Hessian fly and other cecidomyiids are discussed.
Gender-specific effects of depression and suicidal ideation in prosocial behaviors.

Background Prosocial behaviors are essential to the ability to relate to others. Women typically display greater prosocial behavior than men. The impact of depression on prosocial behaviors and how gender interacts with those effects are not fully understood. We explored the role of gender in the potential effects of depression on prosocial behavior. Methods We examined prosocial behaviors using a modified version of the Trust Game in a clinical population and community controls. Study participants were characterized on the severity of depression and anxiety, presence of suicidal ideation, history of childhood trauma, recent stressful life events, and impulsivity. We correlated behavioral outcomes with gender and clinical variables using analysis of variance and multiple regression analysis. Results The 89 participants comprised four study groups: depressed women, depressed men, healthy women and healthy men (n = 16-36). Depressed men exhibited reciprocity more frequently than healthy men. Depression induced an inversion of the gender-specific pattern of self-centered behavior. Suicidal ideation was associated with increased reciprocity behavior in both genders, and enhancement of the effect of depression on gender-specific self-centered behavior. Conclusions Depression, particularly suicidal ideation, is associated with reversal of gender-specific patterns of prosocial behavior, suggesting abnormalities in sexual hormones regulation. This explanation is supported by known abnormalities in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal and hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axes found in depression.
Correlation of three family influence factors and alcohol drinking prevalence among students in 7 cities of Liaoning Province

Objective To investigate the relationship between three family influence factors and alcohol drinking prevalence,and provide scientific basis for health education on abstinence alcohol.Methods Using stratified cluster sampling method,25 710 students aged 12 to 23 years old were surveyed with special questionnaires.Results The difference of reported percentages of alcohol drinking in five kinds of family were significant among female students(χ2= 33.494,P=0.000),but not among male students(χ2= 4.969,P=0.291).The reported percentage of alcohol drinking among female students from unstable family was higher than those from stable family.Difference of the percentages were statistical significantly among male(χ2= 119.039,P=0.000) and female students(χ2= 25.854,P=0.000) with their mother in five different education levels,and the percentages were negatively with students' mother education level.The difference of alcohol drinking percentages were found in nine different father occupation among male student(χ2= 42.536,P=0.000),but not among female(χ2= 13.935,P=0.083).Higher alcohol drinking percentages were found among students whose fathers were self-employed and migrant workers.Conclusion Under this alcohol drinking prevalence survey,mother's education level may be an influencing factor on both female and male students,father's occupation on male students,and family types on female students.
An interview with Arthur Hertig. Interview by Robert E. Scully.

In this interview Dr. Hertig recounts the evolution of his career from afledglingentomologist to an obstetric-gynecologic pathologist to medical school chairman of pathology and finally to full-time investigator.
Focal Length Control by Microfabricated Planar Electrodes-based Liquid Lens (μPELL)

Microfabricated Planar Electrodes-based Liquid Lens (μPELL), a variable focal length liquid lens with high numerical aperture and low optical distortion, is described. Control of the focal length is achieved by modifying the surface energy of the electro-optic device. Microfabricated planar electrode architecture has an advantage in comparison to previous methods with invasive electrodes on top of the lens, which is an obstacle for optical devices. The design of μPELL with transparent electrodes solves the problem of manual top electrode assembly as well as the optical distortion caused by invasive electrodes in the middle of the liquid lens. Improved focal length control through μPELL is demonstrated with more than 30% variability of its original focal lenth and a response time of 100ms.
Effects of reformed fuel composition in "single" fuel reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion

Abstract The present effort uses a combination of engine experiments and constant volume ignition delay calculations to investigate reformed fuel RCCI combustion. NOx emissions and efficiency are found to be a strong function of the engine operating parameters and soot emissions decrease with increasing fuel reforming due to a reduction in the mixing requirements of the diesel fuel. The impact of reformer composition is investigated by varying the syngas composition from 10% H2 to approximately 80% H2. The results of the investigation show that reformed fuel RCCI combustion is possible over a wide range of H2/CO ratios. Replacing CO with H2 resulted in a more reactive charge, decreased the combustion duration, and suppressed low temperature heat release. The suppression of low temperature heat release was explained through consumption of hydroxyl radicals by H2.
Consequences of neglecting the interannual variability of the solar resource: A case study of photovoltaic power among the Hawaiian Islands

Abstract The interannual variability of the solar irradiance and meteorological conditions are often ignored in favor of single-year data sets for modeling power generation and evaluating the economic value of photovoltaic (PV) power systems. Yet interannual variability significantly impacts the generation from one year to another of renewable power systems such as wind and PV. Consequently, the interannual variability of power generation corresponds to the interannual variability of capital returns on investment. The penetration of PV systems within the Hawaiian Electric Companies’ portfolio has rapidly accelerated in recent years and is expected to continue to increase given the state’s energy objectives laid out by the Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative. We use the National Solar Radiation Database (1998–2015) to characterize the interannual variability of the solar irradiance and meteorological conditions across the State of Hawaii. These data sets are passed to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s System Advisory Model (SAM) to calculate an 18-year PV power generation data set to characterize the variability of PV power generation. We calculate the interannual coefficient of variability (COV) for annual average global horizontal irradiance (GHI) on the order of 2% and COV for annual capacity factor on the order of 3% across the Hawaiian archipelago. Regarding the interannual variability of seasonal trends, we calculate the COV for monthly average GHI values on the order of 5% and COV for monthly capacity factor on the order of 10%. We model residential-scale and utility-scale PV systems and calculate the economic returns of each system via the payback period and the net present value. We demonstrate that studies based on single-year data sets for economic evaluations reach conclusions that deviate from the true values realized by accounting for interannual variability.
Optimizing Organ Allocation and Acceptance

OGUZHAN ALAGOZ Department of Operations Weatherhead School of Management Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio 44106 Oguzhan.Alagoz@case.edu ANDREW J. SCHAEFER Departments of Industrial Engineering and Medicine University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 schaefer@ie.pitt.edu MARK S. ROBERTS Section of Decision Sciences and Clinical Systems Modeling Division of General Internal Medicine, School of Medicine University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 robertsm@upmc.edu
Abstract 4862: Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 as a tumor promoter and therapeutic target in gastrointestinal cancers

Colorectal cancer (CRC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are among the most commonly diagnosed forms of cancer in the United States. Due to their widespread prevalence and high mortality rate, it is vital to develop effective therapeutic drugs to combat these deadly diseases. In both CRC and PDAC, the multifunctional factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), a central coordinator of immune responses, is activated abnormally, leading to tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Therefore, controlling NF-kB activity is critical in the treatment of these cancers. Previously, we discovered a novel mechanism by which NF-kB is activated through methylation by an epigenetic enzyme known as protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5). We showed that overexpression of PRMT5 significantly promoted several characteristics associated with cancer, including increased cell proliferation, migration, and anchorage-independent growth in both CRC and PDAC cells, thus, putting forward PRMT5 as a novel therapeutic target in these cancers. In this study, we successfully adapted AlphaLISA technique into a high-throughput screen platform, and further employed this approach to successfully identify PR5-LL-FDA1 as a potent PRMT5 inhibitor from commercially-available screening libraries. Furthermore, we confirmed that treatment of PDAC and CRC cells with PR5-LL-FDA1 led to decreased NF-kB activation, and reduced cancer associated properties in PDAC and CRC cells. Importantly, we show that PR5-LL-FDA1 is more efficacious than the commercial PRMT5 inhibitor, EPZ015666 in both PDAC and CRC. Our work clearly highlights the significant potential of PRMT5 as a therapeutic target in PDAC and CRC and hold the promise to establish PR5-LL-FDA1 as a promising basis for new drug development in the future. Citation Format: Lakshmi Prabhu, Lan Chen, Ahmad Safa, Murray Korc, Zhong-Yin Zhang, Tao Lu. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 as a tumor promoter and therapeutic target in gastrointestinal cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4862.
Advancing Health Policy and Program Research in Diabetes: Findings from the Natural Experiments for Translation in Diabetes (NEXT-D) Network.

To advance our understanding of the impacts of policies and programs aimed at improving detection, engagement, prevention, and clinical diabetes management in the USA, we synthesized findings from a network of studies that used natural experiments to evaluate diabetes health policies and programs. Studies from the Natural EXperiments for Translation in Diabetes (NEXT-D) network used rigorous longitudinal quasi-experimental study designs (e.g., interrupted time series) and analytical methods (e.g., difference-in-differences) to augment causal inference. Investigators partnered with health system stakeholders to evaluate whether glucose testing rates changed from before-to-after clinic interventions (e.g., integrating electronic screening decision prompts in New York City) or employer programs (e.g., targeted messaging and waiving copayments for at-risk employees). Other studies examined participation and behavior change in low- (e.g., wellness coaching) or high-intensity lifestyle modification programs (e.g., diabetes prevention program-like interventions) offered by payers or employers. Lastly, studies assessed how employer health insurance benefits impacted healthcare utilization, adherence, and outcomes among people with diabetes. NEXT-D demonstrated that low-intensity interventions to facilitate glucose testing and enhance engagement in lifestyle modification were associated with small improvements in weight but large improvements in screening and testing when supported by electronic health record-based decision-support. Regarding high-intensity diabetes prevention program-like lifestyle programs offered by payers or employers, enrollment was modest and led to weight loss and marginally lower short-term health expenditures. Health plans that incentivize patient behaviors were associated with increases in medication adherence. Meanwhile, shifting patients to high-deductible health plans was associated with no change in medication use and preventive screenings, but patients with diabetes delayed accessing healthcare for acute complications (e.g., cellulitis). Findings were more pronounced among lower-income patients, who experienced increased rates and acuity of emergency department visits for diabetes complications and other high-severity conditions. Findings from NEXT-D studies provide informative data that can guide programs and policies to facilitate detection, prevention, and treatment of diabetes in practice.
International news media framing of invasive rodent eradications

Invasive rodents threaten global island biodiversity and have been eradicated from hundreds of islands. Eradication efforts can be contentious due to animal welfare concerns and risk to non-target species. The news media plays a critical role by providing context for eradications. To better understand how the news media frame invasive rodent eradications, we conducted a thematic content analysis of 462 newspaper articles published in newspapers from 13 countries between 1993 and 2014. Although the media typically frames environmental stories as conflicts between stakeholders, the media tended to use “conquest frames” for rodent eradications. Articles often emphasized key elements of the conquest frame, including recast rules and norms, being on frontiers, positioning heroes against nature, creating drama by questioning the success of heroes, orienting towards the future, and positioning the audience as an awestruck witness. We detected international differences for some themes. Articles from Canada and Australia often included costs of eradication, articles from New Zealand were less likely to include endemic species, and articles from the United States were most likely to include conflict. Our results suggest that unique aspects of rodent eradications may encourage conquest framing, and cultural contexts of place shape framing between countries. We conclude that conquest framing by the media has largely supported rodent eradication efforts on islands, but that may change when new eradication methods are developed or when eradications are planned for islands with human populations.
Comparisons between 2015 US asthma prevalence and two measures of asthma burden by racial/ethnic group.

Objective: Asthma affects approximately 20,383,000 Americans and costs the US $56 billion dollars annually. Asthma burden is not uniform across different racial/ethnic groups. Although annual asthm...
Stages in the spermatogenesis ofSiphonops annulatus mikan. andDermophis gregorii blgr. (Amphibia: Apoda)

The testis structure of the two genera described here shows that it conforms to the plan outlined forIchthyophis glutinosus andUrœotyphlus narayani except that inDermophis gregorii very few testis lobes were seen. The testis locules are smaller inSiphonops annulatus when compared with those of the other three genera. The locules are filled with a matrix which inIchthyophis andUrœotyphlus were determined as containing fat. In this matrix are embedded the germ cells in groups in different stages of spermatogenesis. The primary spermatogonia are found at the mouth of the duct in the locule and are believed to have arisen, as inIchthyophis, from the cells lining the duct epithelium. Their nuclei may be spherical or polymorphic, the latter condition indicating a high degree of metabolic activity. Just before division, however, the nucleus resumes its spherical or oval contour. After a number of divisions, varying between six and eight, the cells,—now primary spermatocytes,—embark on the meiotic phase after a brief period of rest. The leptote ne and pachy tene stages follow, after which, the nucleus is marked by a ‘diffuse’ condition in which the chromosome bivalents lose their identity temporarily and the whole nucleus presents the appearance of a resting stage. When the bivalents emerge from this network, their chiasmata are clear and in the larger bivalents they are quite large in number though they are probably reduced later as inIchthyophis andUrœotyphlus. After a brief interkinesis the second division occurs giving rise to the spermatids.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and the Aging Immune System

Mitochondria are ancient organelles that have co-evolved with their cellular hosts, developing a mutually beneficial arrangement. In addition to making energy, mitochondria are multifaceted, being involved in heat production, calcium storage, apoptosis, cell signaling, biosynthesis, and aging. Many of these mitochondrial functions decline with age, and are the basis for many diseases of aging. Despite the vast amount of research dedicated to this subject, the relationship between aging mitochondria and immune function is largely absent from the literature. In this review, three main issues facing the aging immune system are discussed: (1) inflamm-aging; (2) susceptibility to infection and (3) declining T-cell function. These issues are re-evaluated using the lens of mitochondrial dysfunction with aging. With the recent expansion of numerous profiling technologies, there has been a resurgence of interest in the role of metabolism in immunity, with mitochondria taking center stage. Building upon this recent accumulation of knowledge in immunometabolism, this review will advance the hypothesis that the decline in immunity and associated pathologies are partially related to the natural progression of mitochondrial dysfunction with aging.
Multiscale theory of composite and random media: by Xi Frank Xu, Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2018, 285, $149.95 (hardback), ISBN-13: 978-1482256246

This book is timely summarization of recent advances in the multiscale theory of composites and random media. The theories in the book can be used in many disciplines, including geophysics, materia...
The use of peracetic acid for estrogen removal from urban wastewaters: E2 as a case study

17β-Estradiol (E2) is a natural estrogen produced by the feminine endocrine system. It is excreted mainly through urine and feces. Exposure to E2 may affect the reproductive system of both animals and humans, especially since the removal of E2 in conventional processes and technologies present in the wastewater treatment plants is not sufficient. Chlorine is one of the most studied and used oxidant worldwide. Although there are studies that demonstrate the endocrine disrupting compounds removal like E2, its reaction with organic matter can originate by-products, namely, trihalomethanes, which are known to have high toxic potential. The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the removal of E2 (50 μg E2 L−1—maximum concentration) using peracetic acid (PAA), a seeming cleaner and innocuous alternative to chlorine. To this end, a series of jar tests were performed, using different peracetic acid concentrations (1, 5, 10, and 15 mg L−1) and contact times (10, 15, and 20 min). The results obtained showed that a peracetic acid concentration of 15 mg L−1 with a contact time of 20 min had a removal efficacy of approximately 100%. The second main goal of this study was to evaluate the ecotoxicological potential of the tested treatments on the zebrafish Danio rerio. Several oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated, namely glutathione S-transferase, lipid peroxidation, and catalase, besides vitellogenin. Both peracetic acid and E2 caused significant increases in the oxidative stress biomarkers, although this did not lead to increased lipid peroxidation levels. In addition, peracetic acid significantly decreased the estrogenic activity of E2, as indicated by decreased vitellogenin levels. Peracetic acid demonstrated to have great potential as an alternative disinfectant for chlorine treatments, and indications for future research are discussed.
The false promise of risk assessments: epistemic reform and the limits of fairness

Risk assessments have proliferated in the United States criminal justice system. The theory of change motivating their adoption involves two key assumptions: first, that risk assessments will reduce human biases by making objective decisions, and second, that risk assessments will promote criminal justice reform. In this paper I interrogate both of these assumptions, concluding that risk assessments are an ill-advised tool for challenging the centrality and legitimacy of incarceration within the criminal justice system. First, risk assessments fail to provide objectivity, as their use creates numerous sites of discretion. Second, risk assessments provide no guarantee of reducing incarceration; instead, they risk legitimizing the criminal justice system's structural racism. I then consider, via an "epistemic reform," the path forward for criminal justice reform. I reinterpret recent results regarding the "impossibility of fairness" as not simply a tension between mathematical metrics but as evidence of a deeper tension between notions of equality. This expanded frame challenges the formalist, colorblind proceduralism at the heart of the criminal justice system and suggests a more structural approach to reform. Together, this analysis highlights how algorithmic fairness narrows the scope of judgments about justice and how "fair" algorithms can reinforce discrimination.
An Organic Syntactic Complexity Measure for the Chinese Language: The TC-Unit

Language complexity reveals the ability to use a wide and varied range of sophisticated structures and vocabulary. Although different languages compose complexity differently, complexity measures such as the T-unit have typically been based on clause subordination, which may underrepresent complexity and threaten the validity of studies. This study argues that an organic complexity measure should avoid the assumption of clause subordination and instead consider the typological features of the target language. Therefore, this study proposes the TC-unit in recognition of the topic chain as the underlying unit of Chinese complexity. It further validates TC-unit-based measures by investigating how accurately they predict proficiency group membership. Discriminant analyses of L1 and L2 Chinese speakers’ spoken (N = 115) and written (N = 116) output elicited from a designed timed online test, revealed that TC-unit-based measures classified proficiency group membership with high efficiency (61.2–75.7 per cent). Mean length of terminable TC-unit proved the most effective indicator of spoken Chinese syntactic complexity, while mean length of terminable TC-unit and single TC-units per terminable TC-unit in combination proved the most effective for written Chinese syntactic complexity.
Initiation of dilute and concentrated pyroclastic currents from collapsing mixtures and origin of their proximal deposits

Numerical solution of the time-dependent conservation equations for mass, momentum, specific internal energy, and granular temperature in flows involving gas-particle mixtures is used to explore the initiation of pyroclastic currents from collapsing mixtures such as during fountaining eruptions. One objective is to determine when a depth-averaged granular flow model or a box model for dilute currents is most applicable for hazards modeling of pyroclastic currents produced by column collapse; a second objective is to gain insight into the formation of proximal breccia facies of ignimbrites. Collapsing gas-particle mixtures impacting a flat surface are modeled with mixtures of coarse particles that are poorly coupled with the gas phase and well-coupled fine particles. Resulting lateral flows are sensitive to the impact speed, overall particle concentration, and proportions of fine and coarse particles. For total particle concentrations of around 1 vol.%, an impacting mixture consisting of at least ~ 50% coarse particles, relative to fines, will tend to form a concentrated lateral underflow, which can be approximated by a depth-averaged granular flow model for hazard assessment purposes starting from the impact zone. Low total particle concentrations (e.g., total concentrations of ~ 0.1 vol.%) tend to produce dilute lateral flows that could be simplified to box model approaches for dilute pyroclastic currents. Larger total particle concentrations in impacting mixtures (~ 10 vol.%) produce granular underflows if they have any coarse particles, but these can be complicated by Mach number effects. For intermediate concentrations of the impacting mixture, a rough threshold for development of a concentrated underflow versus a dilute-only current is based upon the flux per unit area of coarse particles to the impact and their Stokes numbers. In general, some knowledge of the eruption column (fountain) conditions is required in order to make an informed decision as to which hazards modeling approach is most applicable for a given scenario. Modeling indicates that proximal breccias are related to influxes of coarse wall-rock material into an eruptive mixture, which increase both the total particle concentration and the proportion of coarse, dense clasts in the mixture that subsequently collapses and impacts the ground. The breccias record concentration of dominantly coarse clasts immediately upon impact and formation of concentrated flows that propagate laterally while expelled fines and gas flow rapidly overhead as dilute currents. Lateral and vertical heterogeneity in proximal deposits likely record rapid time and space variations in avalanches of material into eruptive vents, and the occurrence of breccia hummocks might record the temporary positions of impact zones.
Segmental infantile hemangioma and concomitant hypertension in three African American neonates

We present three African American infants with segmental, ulcerated infantile hemangiomas and concomitant, persistent hypertension. When treated with beta-blocker therapy, the hemangiomas decreased in size and the ulcerations resolved, but there was no impact on the elevated blood pressure in one of our patients. We failed to identify any associations between infantile hemangioma and hypertension in the literature.
Women on Boards of Public Companies Headquartered in California - 2018

Studies have shown that companies with higher levels of gender diversity have stronger financial performance, stronger governance practices and a more engaged workforce. Investors of all types have been putting pressure on corporate boards to increase the number of women on their boards through numerous avenues, including letter-writing campaigns, direct conversations with board members, and the submission of shareholder proposals. California made history in 2018 by addressing this issue head on and becoming the first state in the U.S. to require that public companies headquartered in the state have women on their boards. This bold move has elevated the conversation regarding gender diversity on corporate boards across the country. Board Governance Research’s second annual report on Women on Boards of Companies Headquartered in California examines the current state of board gender diversity and the impact the new law will have on those companies subject to its requirements. It presents the findings of an in-depth analysis of the board gender diversity of 632 companies headquartered in California (“California companies”) which are traded on the NYSE or Nasdaq stock exchanges. Importantly, this year’s report includes nearly 200 additional companies, 146 of which have less than $300 million in market capitalization and were not included in the Russell 3000 index as of June 30, 2018 (referred to as “microcap companies” throughout this report). Companies this small are not typically included in board composition and governance analyses. However, these companies play an important role in the California economy, and they too are subject to the new law requiring female directors. Therefore, the inclusion of microcap companies provides a uniquely comprehensive view of board gender diversity in California.
Reporting regression in primary cutaneous melanoma. Part 2: prognosis, evaluation and management

The effect of histological regression on patient prognosis for primary cutaneous melanoma is controversial. Some authors hypothesize that regression indicates a robust systemic immune response and may decrease risk of metastasis. Others argue that histological regression calls into question a T0 diagnosis because there may have been an invasive component of the melanoma that is no longer visible but is still active. The literature to date does not suggest that histological regression is associated with increased risk of positive sentinel lymph node status, metastasis or increased risk of mortality. Thus, the presence of histological regression should not change patient staging, evaluation or management. The criteria used for reporting regression have varied dramatically across studies, and standardized reporting is needed to foster evidence-based practices in the future.
Utilizing Lean Leadership Principles to Build an Academic Primary Care Practice of the Future

This Perspective presents a case study of multidimensional clinical transformation in an academic general internal medicine practice. In the face of increasing internal and external pressures, health systems and individual medical practices have pursued multiple strategies to improve quality, patient experience, and efficiency, while reducing staff and provider stress and burnout. We describe a Lean-informed approach that emphasizes the importance of organizational alignment in goals, evidence-based problem solving, and leadership behaviors to support a culture of continuous improvement. Our aim in this Perspective is to provide a real-world example of a feasible process for the planning, preparation, and execution of effective transformation, and to present lessons that may be useful to other academic health center practices seeking to develop innovative models to achieve the quadruple aim.
Accuracy of Freehand versus Navigated Thoracolumbar Pedicle Screw Placement in Patients with Metastatic Tumors of the Spine.

Objective To compare the accuracy and breach rates of freehand (FH) versus navigated (NV) pedicle screws in the thoracic and lumbar spine in patients with metastatic spinal tumors. Methods A retrospective review of adult patients who underwent pedicle screw fixation in the thoracic or lumbar spine for metastatic spinal tumors between 2012 and 2018 was conducted. Breaches were assessed based on the Gertzbein and Robbins classification and only screws placed >4 mm outside of the pedicle wall (lateral or medial) were considered breached. Results A total of 62 patients received 547 pedicle screws (average 8 per patient) - 34 patients received 298 pedicle screws in the FH group and 28 patients received 249 screws in the NV group. There were 40/547 breaches, corresponding to a breach and accuracy rate of 7.3% and 92.7%, respectively. The breach rate was 9.7% in the FH group and 4.4% in the NV group (chi-squared test, p=0.017); this corresponded to an accuracy rate of 90.3% and 95.6%, respectively. Only one patient from the overall cohort (in the FH group) required revision surgery due to a medial breach abutting the spinal cord (1.6% of all patients; 2.9% of FH patients); no patient suffered organ, vessel, or neurological injury from screw breaches. Conclusion Navigated pedicle screw placement in patients with metastatic spinal tumors has a significantly higher radiographic accuracy compared to the FH technique. However, the revision surgery was low and no patient suffered from clinically-relevant breach. Navigation also offers the advantage of real-time localization of spinal tumors and aids in targeting and resection of these lesions.
Predicting the handgrip strength across the age span: Cross-validating reference equations from the 2011 NIH toolbox norming study.

Abstract Study Design This is a cross-sectional observational study. Background Reference equations for describing hand-grip strength across the age span were derived from the 2011 NIH Toolbox norming study. Purpose The purpose of this study was to cross-validate reference equations by evaluating its predicting power on a separate, independent data set from the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) study Methods Observed hand-grip strength data from 13,676 noninstitutionalized participants were obtained from the NHANES study. Best values (best from 3 trials) and the mean values (averaged from 3 trials) were determined for each hand. Using the age (yr), height (m), and weight (kg), we computed predicted grip strength values for dominant and nondominant hands using the reference equations. For validation, three predictability measures: the correlation coefficient, residuals, and accuracy, were used along with the Bland-Altman plot. Results The predicted values highly correlated with observed values (r = 0.90, ICC = 0.89). In predicting best values, means (SD) of residuals were 1.41 (5.57) and 1.03 (5.44) kg for dominant and nondominant hands, respectively. In predicting mean values, means (SD) of residuals were −0.23 (5.42) and −0.54 (5.31) kg for dominant and nondominant hands, respectively. Root mean square error ranged from 4.10 (female's nondominant mean values) to 6.74 (male's dominant best values). About 5.56% fell outside of the 95% confidence interval of the prediction. Conclusions We acknowledged that the two studies' hand-grip protocols (NIH Toolbox, NHANES) were different. Results provided the preliminary predicting performance of the reference equations derived from the NIH Toolbox study.
Initial response of ovarian tissue transcriptome to vitrification or microwave-assisted dehydration in the domestic cat model

Long term preservation of living ovarian tissues is a critical approach in human reproductive medicine as well as in the conservation of rare animal genotypes. Compared to single cell preservation, optimization of protocols for tissues is highly complex because of the diversity of cells responding differently to non-physiological conditions. Using the prepubertal domestic cat as a model, the objective was to study immediate effects of vitrification or microwave-assisted dehydration on the global transcriptome dynamics in the ovarian cortex. RNA sequencing was performed on ovarian tissues (n = 6 individuals) from different conditions: fresh tissue after dissection (F), vitrified/warmed tissue (V), tissue dehydrated for 5 min (D5) or 10 min (D10) followed by rehydration. Differential gene expression analysis was performed for comparison pairs V vs. F, D10 vs. F, D5 vs. F and D10 vs. D5, and networks were built based on results of functional enrichment and in silico protein-protein interactions. The impact of the vitrification protocol was already measurable within 20 min after warming and involved upregulation of the expression of seven mitochondrial DNA genes related to mitochondrial respiration. The analysis of D10 vs. F revealed, 30 min after rehydration, major downregulation of gene expression with enrichment of in silico interacting genes in Ras, Rap1, PI3K-Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. However, comparison of D5 vs. F showed negligible effects of the shorter dehydration protocol with two genes enriched in Ras signaling. Comparison of D10 vs. D5 showed downregulation of only seven genes. Vitrification and dehydration protocols mainly changed the expression of different genes and functional terms, but some of the differentially expressed genes formed a major in silico protein-protein interaction cluster enriched for mitochondrial respiration and Ras/MAPK signaling pathways. Our results showed, for the first time, different effects of vitrification and microwave-assisted dehydration protocols on the global transcriptome of the ovarian cortex (using the domestic cat as a biomedical model). Acquired data and networks built on the basis of differentially expressed genes (1) can help to better understand stress responses to non-physiological stresses and (2) can be used as directions for future preservation protocol optimizations.
Freedom and Choice: Postnuptial Negotiation, the Flitch of Bacon Custom, and the Woe of Marriage in The Wife of Bath’s Prologue and Tale and The Book of Margery Kempe

This chapter explores the possibilities for postnuptial renegotiation of marriage obligations in The Book of Margery Kempe and The Wife of Bath’s Prologue and Tale. Marital struggles in both texts take shape under the cultural influence of both the medieval wedding vows and the bacon flitch ceremony, a popular folk custom that invited couples to revisit their vows a year and a day after the wedding itself. Bringing archival records of the vows and flitch custom into conversation with contemporary feminist theories of contracts, consent, and choice reveals the limitations of cultural models and textual tools to help couples in late medieval England negotiate married life. In both The Wife of Bath’s Tale and The Book of Margery Kempe, crafting a marital dynamic that acknowledges the divergent desires of both partners begins with the ability to imagine alternatives to prevailing practices, illustrating the shortcomings of “choice” as a vehicle for freedom.
HRCT Diagnosis of Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis: Report of two cases

Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis (PPFE) is a rare idiopathic interstitial pneumonia that is often underdiagnosed on computed tomography scans. The disease process involves a combination of fibrosis involving the visceral pleura and fibroelastic changes within the subpleural lung parenchyma. Although definitive diagnosis is based on pathological evaluation, this is often not feasible and pattern recognition on CT as "definite PPFE" or "consistent with PPFE" is important given that sub group of patients will undergo rapid progression with clinical deterioration.