cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sociology and Neuroscience: An Emerging Dialogue

The nascent discipline of social neuroscience promises to mutually enrich sociology as well as cognitive neuroscience by extending and deepening their respective models of social cognition. Where sociology brings to the table an extensive literature regarding the social contexts and dynamics of cognition, neuroscience models the cellular and computational architectures on which social cognition supervenes. However, there are two deep conceptual issues here that need to be addressed: (i) The extent to which the neurosciences can model the intentional and situational contexts of social cognition. (ii) The appropriate level of neural architecture (molecular, cellular, circuitry, system, behavioral, etc.) at which social cognition is to be mapped. Social cognition…comprises computational strategies…and draws on a restricted set of neural structures that are sufficiently well defined that we can speak of a neural system for social cognition” (Adolphs 2006: 280).
BioRT-Flux-PIHM v1.0: a watershed biogeochemical reactive transport model

Abstract. Watersheds are the fundamental Earth surface functioning unit that connects the land to aquatic systems. Existing watershed-scale models typically have physics-based representation of hydrology process but often lack mechanism-based, multi-component representation of reaction thermodynamics and kinetics. This lack of watershed reactive transport models has limited our ability to understand and predict solute export and water quality, particularly under changing climate and anthropogenic conditions. Here we present a recently developed BioRT-Flux-PIHM (BFP) v1.0, a watershed-scale biogeochemical reactive transport model. Augmenting the previously developed RT-Flux-PIHM that integrates land-surface interactions, surface hydrology, and abiotic geochemical reactions (Bao et al., 2017, WRR), the new development enables the simulation of 1) biotic processes including plant uptake and microbe-mediated biogeochemical reactions that are relevant to the transformation of organic matter that involve carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus; and 2) shallow and deep water partitioning to represent surface and groundwater interactions. The reactive transport part of the code has been verified against the widely used reactive transport code CrunchTope. BioRT-Flux-PIHM v1.0 has recently been applied to understand reactive transport processes in multiple watersheds across different climate, vegetation, and geology conditions. This paper introduces the governing equations and model structure of the code. It also demonstrates examples that simulate shallow and deep water interactions, and biogeochemical reactive transport relevant to nitrate and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). These examples were illustrated in two simulation modes of varying complexity. One is the spatially implicit mode that focuses on processes and average behavior of a watershed. Another is in a spatially explicit mode that includes details of topography, land cover, and soil property conditions. The spatially explicit mode can be used to understand the impacts of spatial structure and identify hot spots of biogeochemical reactions.
Renal neoplasia with papillary architecture involving the pelvicalyceal system.

Summary Pelvicalyceal system (PS) involvement by renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is staged as pT3a disease (American Joint Committee on Cancer [AJCC], 8th edition). As papillary RCC (PRCC) has been infrequently represented in studies looking at the prognostic impact of PS involvement, we reviewed our institutional cohort of 8225 cases for PS involvement by PRCC. Nine such cases were subjected to histopathologic review and immunohistochemistry. Fluorescence in situ hybridization for TFE3/TFEB alterations was performed if indicated. One case each (1 of 9, 11%) was classified as TFE3-rearranged and FH-deficient RCC. The majority were high grade (World Health Organization/International Society of Urologic Pathology grade 3: 8 of 9, 89%) or had features of aggressive disease, including hilar fat (6 of 9, 67%) and regional lymph node involvement (5 of 7, 71%). One low-grade 3.3-cm tumor with isolated PS involvement with a germline heterozygous FH p.Lys477dup alteration with retained FH, lack of increased S-(2-succino)-cysteine expression, BRAF V600E immunohistochemistry positivity, and lack of trisomy 7/17 on chromosomal microarray was identified, arguing against an FH-deficient and conventional PRCC. Our study shows that PS involvement by renal neoplasia with papillary architecture is a rare event. Aside from PRCC, it is important to note that these may include other aggressive and nonaggressive subtypes of renal neoplasia with papillary architecture. One case of isolated PS involvement by a low-grade, noninvasive tumor that we refer to as nephrogenic papillary neoplasm was identified. At present, there are insufficient data to stage such tumors as pT3a (AJCC, 8th edition), and additional studies are needed to address this question.
Heterogeneity of the Molecular Basis of Hereditary Pyropoikilocytosis and Hereditary Elliptocytosis Associated With Increased Levels of the Spectrin

Abstract Hereditary pyropoikilocytosis (HPP) and hereditary elliptocy-tosis are closely related, congenital disorders of the red blood cell usually associated with defective spectrin selfassociation and abnormal limited tryptic digestion of the N-terminal al domain of spectrin. Enhanced cleavage by trypsin of spectrin from affected individuals at arginyl residue 45 * and lysyl residue 48 * frequently yields increased amounts of an αl/74-Kd fragment at the expense of the normal α l/80-Kd parent fragment. Limited tryptic digestion of three unrelated individuals with HPP showed the a 1/74 defect. To ascertain the molecular defect responsible for the abnormality, the structure of exon 2 of the o-spectrin gene was examined. Genomic DNA from the subjects was amplified by the polyermase chain reaction using primers flanking exon 2. Restriction endonuclease digestion of amplified products showed the loss of the Wndlll site at codons 47 and 48 in one allele of subject 1 and abolished the Ahall site at codons 27 and 28 in one allele of subjects 2 and 3. Nucleotide sequence analysis of subcloned amplified DNA from the HPP subjects showed three novel amino acid substitutions. In subject 1 (a black individual), a single base substitution (AAG → AGG) at codon position 48 changes amino acid residue lysine to arginine. In subject 2 (a white individual), a single base substitution (CGT → AGT) at codon 28 changes arginine to serine. In subject 3 (a black individual), a different base substitution at position 28 (CGT → CTT) changes arginine to leucine. These mutations occur at positions of the al domain where other mutations have also been described, indicating that the normal residues at these positions play an important role in spectrin dimer self-association and thus, in membrane stability.
Successful Heart Transplantation in a Pan-Inflammatory Patient with Interstitial Lung Disease

Introduction We present a case with multiple comorbidities posing a dilemma regarding the need for multi-organ transplant or not being a candidate for any transplant. Case Report 58 year old Hispanic female was referred with decompensated heart failure (CHF), in cardiogenic shock. She had a history of nonischemic cardiomyopathy on home milrinone therapy. She had interstitial lung disease (ILD) on chronic therapy with high-dose hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), mycophenolate (MMF) and prednisone. She had an overlap syndrome consisting of inflammatory arthritis, ILD and myositis for four years, with a history of recurrent myositis flares treated with intravenous immunoglobulin. Presenting creatinine was impaired at 1.9mg/dL. Catheterization on milrinone 0.375mcg/kg/min showed RA 27, PA 60/41 (44), PCWP 33 with a Fick cardiac index 1.7, PAPi of 0.7 and SVR 23WU. Her initial response to diuresis was poor with worsening creatinine so she received an axillary intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP). Positive serologies included highly elevated Jo-1 antibody (185 AU/mL, reference 1000 U/L but repeat levels were normal. Endomyocardial biopsy showed inflammatory lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration. Following aggressive diuresis, HRCT chest showed persistent bilateral ground-glass opacities with interlobular thickening and lower lobe bronchiectasis consistent with ILD without honeycombing. Repeat PFT showed stable FVC of 41% predicted. After multidisciplinary discussion, she was listed status 2 for heart transplant only. Given the relative stability of her restrictive lung disease, concomitant lung transplant was not pursued. HCQ was stopped. She received a heart transplant the next day with basiliximab induction. She was extubated post-operative day 1 and on day 10 she is off inotropes and on tacrolimus, MMF and steroid taper, with no ongoing acute issues. Summary The patient's presentation was dramatic with cardiogenic shock and the decision was time-sensitive given the dependence on IABP. She was not an LVAD candidate given the RV failure (low PAPi). The transplant workup was done methodically yet urgently, with excellent multidisciplinary response, resulting in a successful heart transplant.
Pluralidade estilística no cinema de Abbas Kiarostami: análise dos filmes Onde fica a casa do meu amigo? Gosto de cereja e Dez

Desde suas primeiras obras, o diretor iraniano Abbas Kiarostami infundiu a cinematografia mundial um conjunto de determinantes esteticos que lhe conferiram o termo de autor. Realizador comprometido com a arte gentil da estetica relacional, promoveu por meio de sua obra um desejo radical de ruptura com a linguagem cinematografica popular. Sua matriz estetica ancora-se em um cinema de hibridacoes poeticas com vistas a participacao do espectador. O presente artigo explora os principios de incerteza e incompletude que partem da pluralidade estilistica presente nos filmes analisados.
Template Filling with Generative Transformers.

Template filling is generally tackled by a pipeline of two separate supervised systems – one for role-filler extraction and another for template/event recognition. Since pipelines consider events in isolation, they can suffer from error propagation. We introduce a framework based on end-to-end generative transformers for this task (i.e., GTT). It naturally models the dependence between entities both within a single event and across the multiple events described in a document. Experiments demonstrate that this framework substantially outperforms pipeline-based approaches, and other neural end-to-end baselines that do not model between-event dependencies. We further show that our framework specifically improves performance on documents containing multiple events.
Interest, Disfluency, and Underlying Values: a Better Theory of Aesthetic Pleasure

Over the last few decades, empirical researchers have become increasingly interested in explaining the formation of “basic” aesthetic judgments, i.e. simple judgments of sensory preferability and the pleasure that seems to accompany them. To that end, Reber et al. have recently defended a “processing-fluency” view, which identifies aesthetic pleasure with one’s ability to easily process an object’s perceptual properties (e.g. Reber 2012). While the processing-fluency theory is certainly an improvement over its competitors, it is currently vulnerable to several serious criticisms. In what follows, I aim to provide a more holistic, explanatorily robust, model of the processing-fluency theory of aesthetic pleasure by incorporating what the view neglects: the crucial role of perceptual disfluency, interest, and the underlying values that drive aesthetic appraisal.
PB-Motif-A Method for Identifying Gene/Pseudogene Rearrangements With Long Reads: An Application to CYP21A2 Genotyping

Long read sequencing technologies have the potential to accurately detect and phase variation in genomic regions that are difficult to fully characterize with conventional short read methods. These difficult to sequence regions include several clinically relevant genes with highly homologous pseudogenes, many of which are prone to gene conversions or other types of complex structural rearrangements. We present PB-Motif, a new method for identifying rearrangements between two highly homologous genomic regions using PacBio long reads. PB-Motif leverages clustering and filtering techniques to efficiently report rearrangements in the presence of sequencing errors and other systematic artifacts. Supporting reads for each high-confidence rearrangement can then be used for copy number estimation and phased variant calling. First, we demonstrate PB-Motif's accuracy with simulated sequence rearrangements of PMS2 and its pseudogene PMS2CL using simulated reads sweeping over a range of sequencing error rates. We then apply PB-Motif to 26 clinical samples, characterizing CYP21A2 and its pseudogene CYP21A1P as part of a diagnostic assay for congenital adrenal hyperplasia. We successfully identify damaging variation and patient carrier status concordant with clinical diagnosis obtained from multiplex ligation-dependent amplification (MLPA) and Sanger sequencing. The source code is available at: github.com/zstephens/pb-motif.
Deep learning redesign of PETase for practical PET degrading applications

Plastic waste poses an ecological challenge1. While current plastic waste management largely relies on unsustainable, energy-intensive, or even hazardous physicochemical and mechanical processes, enzymatic degradation offers a green and sustainable route for plastic waste recycling2. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has been extensively used in packaging and for the manufacture of fabrics and single-used containers, accounting for 12% of global solid waste3. The practical application of PET hydrolases has been hampered by their lack of robustness and the requirement for high processing temperatures. Here, we use a structure-based, deep learning algorithm to engineer an extremely robust and highly active PET hydrolase. Our best resulting mutant (FAST-PETase: Functional, Active, Stable, and Tolerant PETase) exhibits superior PET-hydrolytic activity relative to both wild-type and engineered alternatives, (including a leaf-branch compost cutinase and its mutant4) and possesses enhanced thermostability and pH tolerance. We demonstrate that whole, untreated, post-consumer PET from 51 different plastic products can all be completely degraded by FAST-PETase within one week, and in as little as 24 hours at 50 {degrees}C. Finally, we demonstrate two paths for closed-loop PET recycling and valorization. First, we re-synthesize virgin PET from the monomers recovered after enzymatic depolymerization. Second, we enable in situ microbially-enabled valorization using a Pseudomonas strain together with FAST-PETase to degrade PET and utilize the evolved monomers as a carbon source for growth and polyhydroxyalkanoate production. Collectively, our results demonstrate the substantial improvements enabled by deep learning and a viable route for enzymatic plastic recycling at the industrial scale.
Note on an analysis of large deflections of rectangular plates

Using simplified equations of the nonlinear theory of plates derived by H. M. Berger, several complex problems concerning the determining of the deflection of plates, with accuracy to a normalized constant, have been solved. They concern the infinite plate strip, the half-infinite plate strip and the finite rectangular plate.
Lateral Velocity Profile and Volume Flow Measurements Via 2-D Speckle Tracking

Current Doppler-based techniques for measuring velocity profiles and volume flow rates are plagued by inaccuracies due to errors in estimating the direction of flow with respect to the transducer axis. In addition, such techniques are incapable of quantifying lateral flow. We describe a system which tracks 2-D ultrasonic speckle patterns in order to quantify both the axial and lateral components of motion, thereby obviating the need for angle estimation. The method involves tracking the motion of small regions of an image from one acoustic interrogation to the next using a time-domain pattern matching algorithm. We report on the ability of this system to measure laminar flow velocity profiles and volume flow rates in a laterally flowing phantom. Results indicate that the technique provides accurate velocity and volume flow estimates over a wide range of flow rates.
The Rationale for Metabolic Surgery

Although bariatric surgery was originally designed to induce weight loss in the severely obese, the far more important effect of this operation is the control and/or remission of metabolic disease. Remarkably, the reduction of contact between food and the gut not only reverses obesity but also produces remission of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemias, stress incontinence, nonalcoholic steatotic hepatitis (NASH), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and polycystic ovary syndrome. These outcomes not only offer new approaches for the treatment of these chronic and challenging diseases but, even more important, offer exciting avenues for better understanding of gut signaling and how alterations of this process cause our most chronic and disabling diseases.
Attributional and Consequential Life-cycle Assessment in Biofuels: a Review of Recent Literature in the Context of System Boundaries

At the core of the debate over life-cycle assessment (LCA) modeling of the environmental impacts of biofuels is doubt that biofuels can mitigate climate change. Two types of LCA, attributional and consequential, have been applied to answer this question with competing results. These results turn on system boundary design, including feedstock considerations and assumptions of indirect land-use impacts. The broadening of the system boundary to include large scale land-use change of biofuel production has challenged the viability of biofuels to meet climate change goals. This paper reviews some of the latest literature in biofuels LCA exemplary of this debate and discusses the distinctions between attributional and consequential models in biofuels. We also present a generalized boundary map that can be used to convey LCA system boundaries clearly and succinctly within both attributional and consequential LCA.
Chapter 3 Organometallic Vapor-Phase Epitaxial Growth of III–V Semiconductors

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the organometallic vapor-phase epitaxial growth of III–V semiconductors. The chapter demonstrates that although organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy (OMVPE) is in an early stage of development, most of the major fundamental hurdles standing in the way of commercial development for fiber-optic components have been cleared. The excellent uniformity of growth rate and alloy composition as well as the clear potential for production of large quantities of material per run seem to make it an ideal candidate for commercialization. For the major systems of current interest—that is, AlGaAs and GaInAsP, the materials and device properties are equal to or better than those obtained for the well-developed liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) technique. The superior uniformity of OMVPE material has resulted in much higher yields when compared with the LPE technique for identical devices. The ability to grow thin multilayered structures looks promising. An additional advantage is the ability to grow metastable alloys with compositions in the range of solid immiscibility, such as GaAs 0.5 Sb 0.5. This allows the growth of alloys impossible by LPE. Eventually, OMVPE may be the preferred technique because of its flexibility, since essentially all III–V alloys can be grown by OMVPE, and hence, with lower capital costs.
Monoclonal antibodies recognizing protease-generated neoepitopes from cartilage proteoglycan degradation : application to studies of human link protein cleavage by stromelysin

Monoclonal antibodies were raised that specifically recognize the NH2-terminal neoepitope sequence present in link protein cleavage products derived from stromelysin-degraded proteoglycan aggregate. Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, using synthetic peptides as inhibitors, showed that one of these antibodies (CH-3) required, for antibody recognition, the free NH2-terminal amino acid isoleucine (residue 17 of the intact protein) in the sequence NH2-IQAENG at the stromelysin cleavage site of link protein 3. Human proteoglycan aggregate was digested with recombinant human stromelysin, bovine chymotrypsin, bovine trypsin, and porcine elastase, and their respective link protein degradation products were tested for immunoreactivity with antibody CH-3. Only stromelysin- and chymotrypsin-generated link protein 3 were recognized by antibody CH-3. Both of these enzymes generate link protein NH2 termini with the sequence 17IQAENG. . .; hence these studies indicated that monoclonal antibody CH-3 recognized this neoepitope sequence in only specific proteolytically modified link protein molecules. Since the occurrence of link protein 3 increases with aging, the incidence of CH-3 epitope in proteoglycans isolated from human knee articular cartilage of individuals of different ages was investigated. The prevalence of CH-3 epitope was found to be highest in newborn and adolescent articular cartilage samples. However, little CH-3 epitope was detected in older adult cartilage, although considerably more link protein 3 was present in these samples. These results suggest that additional proteolytic agents are responsible for the increased occurrence of link protein degradation products with aging.
Incidence of cocaine metabolites in urine specimens from medical examiners' cases.

In their recent report on the toxicology and epidemiology of cocaine, Finkle and McCloskey summarized data from 27 medical examiners' offices [1]. Methods used by the contributing laboratories varied widely in sensitivity and specificity and included thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, spectrophotometry, radioimmunoassay, and enzyme-linked immunoassay. The sensitivity range generally reported by participating laboratories was 1 to 2 μg/ml cocaine. Sixteen laboratories relied on detecting only parent cocaine, while eleven laboratories also analyzed for benzoylecgonine, the principal cocaine metabolite.
Student Choice and Persistence in Aerospace Engineering

This longitudinal multi-institution study examines student outcomes and demographics in aerospace engineering in the United States over the period of 1987 to 2010. This large sample allows adoption of an intersectional framework to study race/ethnicity and gender together. In this paper, the demographics of students who choose aerospace engineering, their six-year graduation rates, trajectories of students entering and leaving aerospace engineering, and the “stickiness” of the discipline are examined. Hispanic men and women starting in engineering choose aerospace engineering at the highest rates (13.3 and 12.0%, respectively). Aerospace engineering graduation rates lag other disciplines, at best, by nine percentage points among Hispanic females and, at worst, by 24 percentage points among Black females. Retention in aerospace engineering is low for all students, but it is particularly so for Black men and women (both less than 12%). The result is an average of one Black woman graduate per program every 1...
The effects of absorbed water on the properties of amorphous mixtures containing sucrose.

Purpose. To measure the water vapor absorption behavior of sucrose-poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) and sucrose-poly(vinyl pyrrolidone co-vinyl acetate) (PVP/VA) mixtures, prepared as amorphous solid solutions and as physical mixtures, and the effect of absorbed water on the amorphous properties, i.e., crystallization and glass transition temperature, Tg, of these systems.
Timing of androgen deprivation therapy use and fracture risk among elderly men with prostate cancer in the United States

Purpose Fractures are a recognized consequence of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT); however, less is known about the incidence of fracture in relation to the timing of ADT use or the impact of fracture on mortality in men with prostate cancer. Methods Using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare linked database, we estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) using time-dependent Cox regression for fracture incidence related to the recency of exposure and dose among prostate cancer patients on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, as well as mortality associated with fractures. Results In our cohort of 80844 patients, ADT was associated with an increased rate of fracture in both non-metastatic patients (aHR=1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.29–1.39) and metastatic patients (aHR=1.51; 95%CI=1.36–1.67). Fracture rates increased with increasing cumulative GnRH dose but decreased with increasing number of months since last use in each dose category. The mortality rate doubled for men experiencing a fracture after their diagnosis compared with that for men who did not experience a fracture (aHR=2.05; 95%CI=1.98–2.12). Conclusions ADT in elderly men with prostate cancer increased the incidence of fractures, and the effect appears to diminish with increasing time since the last dose of a GnRH agonist. Experiencing a fracture after the diagnosis of prostate cancer was associated with decreased survival. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How to tune fuzzy controllers

Fuzzy controllers tuning implies the handling of a great quantity of variables like: the shape, number and ranges of the membership functions, the percentage of overlap among them and the design of the rule base. The problem is more complicated when it is necessary to control multivariable systems due that the number of parameters. The importance of the tuning problem implies to obtain fuzzy system that decrease the settling time of the processes in which it is applied, or in some cases, the settling time must be fixed to some specific value. In this work a very simple algorithm is presented for the tuning of a fuzzy controller using only one variable to adjust the performance of the system. The results would be obtained considering the relationship that exists between the membership functions and the settling time.
Further studies on the metabolism of N15-labeled uric acid in normal and toxemic pregnant women

Abstract Uric acid labeled with N 15 was administered to 4 normal pregnant women, 2 pre-eclamptic patients, and one patient with eclampsia during their residence on a metabolic ward under strict dietary control. It was our consistent observation that the uric acid pool was enlarged and the urinary uric acid excretion was reduced in these toxemic women. The rate of production of urate was not increased as was reported previously. The sources of error in the initial report were discussed. It is concluded that faulty renal function is the sole causative factor in urate accumulation in acute toxemia.
Membrane Response to Diclofop Acid Is pH Dependent and Is Regulated by the Protonated Form of the Herbicide in Roots of Pea and Resistant and Susceptible Rigid Ryegrass

Electrophysiological studies in roots of pea (Pisum sativum L.) and rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) seedlings were conducted to elucidate the mechanism involved in the membrane response to the herbicide diclofop. In pea, a dicotyledonous plant insensitive to diclofop, membrane depolarization at varying pH values and herbicide concentrations increased at higher concentrations of the protonated form of diclofop acid (pKa 3.57). In unbuffered nutrient solution (pH 5.7), diclofop acid (50 [mu]M) depolarized the membrane potential (Em) in roots of both resistant and susceptible biotypes of rigid ryegrass, whereas recovery of Em occurred only in the resistant biotype following removal of the herbicide. This differential response was correlated with an increase (450%) in the rate of acidification of the external solution by the susceptible biotype, and the Em differences between biotypes were eliminated in solutions buffered at pH 5.0 or 6.0. In addition, p-chloromercuribenzene-sulfonic acid did not prevent the depolarization of Em by 50 [mu]M diclofop acid. It is concluded that the differential membrane response to diclofop acid in herbicide-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of rigid ryegrass is due to pH differences at the cell wall/plasmalemma interface. Although the membrane response is probably not involved in the primary inhibitory effect of diclofop on plant growth, it could reduce the concentration of the permeant protonated form of the herbicide and possibly could contribute to increased tolerance to diclofop and other weak acid herbicides.
Passage of herpes simplex virus type 1 on chick embryo fibroblasts confers Virulence for chick embryos

Abstract The pathogenesis of chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) infection with herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) as well as chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) passaged HSV-1 was studied. It was found that HSV-2 is at least a million-fold more virulent than HSV-1 as measured by pfu/LD 50 ratios for the embryo. Serial passage of HSV-1 in vitro on CEF cells selected for a virus (CEFP10) which, unlike its parental HSV-1 strain, is able to kill the embryo. The restriction endonuclease maps of CEFP10 and its parental strain are indistinguishable and the mechanism of the increased virulence of CEFP10 was demonstrated to be its enhanced replication in chick embryo cells both in vivo and in vitro. In contrast, despite its inferior replicative ability, HSV-2 was found to have a biologically important specific invasiveness function that is not simply related to overall viral replication. Finally, the ability to isolate HSV-1 (CEFP10) virulent for the chick embryo after passage in vitro illustrates that tissue culture passage of HSV in appropriate cells may actually increase virulence for the animal host.
Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, Alaska North Slope: Coring operations, core sedimentology, and lithostratigraphy

Abstract In February 2007, BP Exploration (Alaska), the U.S. Department of Energy, and the U.S. Geological Survey completed the BPXA-DOE-USGS Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well (Mount Elbert well) in the Milne Point Unit on the Alaska North Slope. The program achieved its primary goals of validating the pre-drill estimates of gas hydrate occurrence and thickness based on 3-D seismic interpretations and wireline log correlations and collecting a comprehensive suite of logging, coring, and pressure testing data. The upper section of the Mount Elbert well was drilled through the base of ice-bearing permafrost to a casing point of 594 m (1950 ft), approximately 15 m (50 ft) above the top of the targeted reservoir interval. The lower portion of the well was continuously cored from 606 m (1987 ft) to 760 m (2494 ft) and drilled to a total depth of 914 m. Ice-bearing permafrost extends to a depth of roughly 536 m and the base of gas hydrate stability is interpreted to extend to a depth of 870 m. Coring through the targeted gas hydrate bearing reservoirs was completed using a wireline-retrievable system. The coring program achieved 85% recovery of 7.6 cm (3 in) diameter core through 154 m (504 ft) of the hole. An onsite team processed the cores, collecting and preserving approximately 250 sub-samples for analyses of pore water geochemistry, microbiology, gas chemistry, petrophysical analysis, and thermal and physical properties. Eleven samples were immediately transferred to either methane-charged pressure vessels or liquid nitrogen for future study of the preserved gas hydrate. Additional offsite sampling, analyses, and detailed description of the cores were also conducted. Based on this work, one lithostratigraphic unit with eight subunits was identified across the cored interval. Subunits II and Va comprise the majority of the reservoir facies and are dominantly very fine to fine, moderately sorted, quartz, feldspar, and lithic fragment-bearing to -rich sands. Lithostratigraphic and palynologic data indicate that this section is most likely early Eocene to late Paleocene in age. The examined units contain evidence for both marine and non-marine lithofacies, and indications that the depositional environment for the reservoir facies may have been shallower marine than originally interpreted based on pre-drill wireline log interpretations. There is also evidence of reduced salinity marine conditions during deposition that may be related to the paleo-climate and depositional conditions during the early Eocene.
Conceptual priming in a generative problem-solving task.

Three experiments explored how participants solved a very open-ended generative problem-solving task. Previous research has shown that when participants are shown examples, novel creations will tend to conform to features shared across those examples (Smith, Ward, & Schumacher, 1993). We made the shared features of the examples conceptually related to one another. We found that when the features were related to the concept of hostility, participants’ creations contained hostile features that were not part of any of the examples. These results suggest that participants will design novel entities to be consistent with emergent properties of examples shown to them. We also found that a mild hostility prime from unscrambling sentences had a similar conceptual effect. Together, the two effects suggest that conceptual priming of generative cognitive tasks will influence the cognitive aspects of the creative process.
Infection of the HTLV-II-bearing T-cell line C3 with HTLV-III/LAV is highly permissive and lytic.

Abstract The recent discovery that HTLV-I infected T-cells have an enhanced susceptibility to HTLV-III/LAV infection with concurrent cell lysis ( S. Harada, Y. Koyanagi, and N. Yamamoto (1985) Science, 229, 563–566) led us to investigate a possible role for HTLV-II infected T cells in this respect. HTLV-II-bearing C3 cells were exposed to HTLV-III/LAV and the subsequent infection monitored by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) of cells, reverse transcriptase (RT) activity in culture fluids, and hemacytometer cell counts. HTLVIII/LAV antigen expression was detected within 2 days whereas RT activity was detected within 3 days postinfection. The presence of immunofluorescent positive cells and RT activity was accompanied by cell lysis. Double infection of C3 cells was confirmed by IIF using a goat polyclonal antibody directed against the core p24 protein for detecting HTLVII, and high titer serum from a pre-AIDS patient for detecting HTLV-III/LAV. We conclude that HTLV-I and HTLV-II infected T-cells share an enhanced susceptibility to HTLVIII/LAV infection with the promotion of cell lysis.
Transmission spectra of teeth in the visible to near infrared

Investigations of new transillumination techniques have created a need for detailed transmission studies of teeth and tissues. Recent results have shown that light imaging of extracted teeth can identify small (1 mm2 cross-section) caries in teeth by raster scanning using helium-neon laser light and a post collimated in-line detector. Preliminary frequency (wavelength) dependent transmission studies have been carried out from the visible to the near infrared spectral regions on the dentin of a slice of an extracted tooth 1.85 mm thick. These preliminary results show that in the region from 5,000 to 20,000 cm-1 the dentin of an extracted, healthy, human tooth has a transmission of between 2.5 and 5.5 percent, indicating that the total attenuation coefficient is between 16 and 19.5 cm-1.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Physical Activity Prior to and During Pregnancy and Risk of Postpartum Depressive Symptoms

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the relationship between physical activity before and during the last trimester of pregnancy and postpartum depressive symptoms. Design Secondary analysis of data from the 2004 and 2005 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. Settings Mailed questionnaire or telephone interview of new mothers in North Carolina. Patients/Participants Female residents of North Carolina, ages 18 to 45 ( n =2,169), who had given birth to a live infant in the past 2 to 6 months. Methods Information on physical activity and depressive symptoms was self-reported. Logistic regression was used to examine the physical activity-depressive symptom associations while controlling for confounding variables. Results After adjustment for confounders, there were no statistically significant associations between being physically active before and/or during pregnancy and feeling depressed or "down." However, participants who were physically active both prepregnancy and during the last trimester had decreased odds of having little interest or pleasure compared with participants who were not physically active, after adjustment for age and marital status (odds ratio=0.66, 95% confidence interval: 0.49, 0.87). Conclusion Although regular physical activity is recommended for healthy women during pregnancy, additional studies are needed to investigate the physical activity-depressive symptoms association. If confirmed in other studies, physical activity may be an additional option for women who want to ease postpartum depressive symptoms.
Spectral studies on the denaturation of myoglobin.

Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy and optical rotation measurements have been used to follow the denaturation of sperm whale skeletal muscle and horse heart myoglobins by urea and guanidine hydrochloride. The spectral properties of the metmyoglobin forms of each of these proteins change concomitantly during denaturation, and the transitions are compatible with a one-step, cooperative denaturation process. The apomyoglobins from sperm whale and horse undergo transitions at lower concentrations of denaturants than do their respective metmyoglobins, and the data are again compatible with a one-step process. For both metmyoglobins and apomyoglobins, the protein from the sperm whale is significantly more stable than that from the horse. These results are discussed with respect to the chemical bases of the spectral properties, the location and relationship of the chromophores in the atomic model of the protein, and the forces which lead to structural stability.
A note on a prediction interval for a first‐order Gauss Markov process

Let Xt, t = 1,2, , be a stationary Gaussian Markov process with E(Xt) = μ and Cov(Xt, Xt+k) = σ2ρk. We derive a prediction interval for X2n+1 based on the preceding 2n observations X1,X2, ,X2n.
Ventilation and gas exchange during rest and exercise in adult green sea turtles

Ventilation and metabolic rate were measured during exercise in adult female green turtles at Tortuguero, Costa Rica. Six turtles were studied at night on the beach while actively covering their nests. Five turtles, captured after nesting, were studied at rest, during 20 min of spontaneous activity, and during recovery from the activity. Arterial blood samples were obtained from the latter animals and analyzed for pH,\(P_{CO_2 } , P_{O_2 } \), O2 concentration and lactate concentration. Blood was obtained by heart puncture from 8 turtles immediately after nesting and analyzed for blood lactate. Active metabolism (\(\dot V_{O_2 } \)) in both groups was almost 10 times the standard resting value (0.024 l/kg·h). The increase in ventilation during exercise, due exclusively to higher breathing frequency, exceeded the increase in\(\dot V_{O_2 } \), so that the ratio\(\dot V_{E_2 } /\dot V_{O_2 } \) (the air convection requirement), more than doubled. The respiratory exchange ratio,\(\dot V_{CO_2 } /\dot V_{O_2 } \), that averaged 0.56 in the resting turtles, increased to 1.08 during exercise in the captured turtles and was 0.90 in the nesting animals. Arterial\(P_{O_2 } \) and O2 saturation remained unchanged during exercise, indicating efficient gas exchange in the lungs. Pre-exercise values of all variables were restored 1 h after the end of exercise. Blood acid-base changes associated with activity in the captive turtles were variable and not statistically significant, but suggested partially compensated metabolic acidosis. Lactate concentrations were significantly elevated in the nesting turtles.
Quantum dot active regions for extended-wavelength (1.0 μm to 1.3 μm) GaAs-based heterostructure lasers and vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

In this paper we discuss crystal growth, spontaneous emission characteristics and low threshold performance of 1.3 micrometers InGaAs/GaAs quantum dot heterostructure lasers grown using sub-monolayer depositions of In, Ga, and As. Oxide-confinement is effective in obtaining a low threshold current of 1.2 mA and threshold current density of 19 A/cm2 under continuous-wave room-temperature operation. At 4 K a remarkably low threshold current density of 6 A/cm2 is obtained. We also discuss ground state lasing at (lambda) equals 1.07 micrometers of a vertical cavity surface emitting laser in which a stacked and high dot density active region has been incorporated. The high QD density active region is achieved using alternating monolayers of InAs and GaAs. Lasing threshold conditions and gain parameters for a ground state quantum dot vertical cavity laser are also analyzed.
Multi-dimensional population balance modeling and experimental validation of continuous powder mixing processes

Abstract It has been recognized that the application of quality by design (QbD) to continuous processing in the pharmaceutical industry leads to better process control, improved product quality and mitigates scale-up issues ( Schaber et al., 2011 ), whereby a component of QbD involves the development quantitative model-based representation of the process. In this work a population balance model (PBM) framework has been developed to model the dynamics of a continuous powder mixing process which is an important and complex unit operation used in a pharmaceutical tablet manufacturing process. Our previous studies have shown that PBM is effective in determining the various critical quality attributes (CQAs) (relative standard deviation (RSD), API composition and residence time distribution (RTD)) associated with mixing. It can also account for the key design and process parameters such as mixer RPM, processing angle, blender dimensions and number of radial and axial compartments. The developed PBM has been quantitatively validated by fitting experimentally obtained values of the above mentioned CQAs for different operating conditions. The model is dynamic and computationally tractable compared to traditional discrete element model (DEM) representations of mixing processes. This lends credence to the use of the model as an effective tool in control and optimization of blending process and can have future implementation in designing a Process Analytical Technology (PAT) system which will allow considerable improvements on the current manufacturing framework.
HOW DID MORALITY EVOLVE

Abstract. This paper presents and criticizes. Alexander's evolutionary theory of morality (1987). Earlier research, on which Alexander's theory is based, is also reviewed. The propensity to create moral systems evolved because it allowed ancestral humans to limit conflict within cooperating groups and thus form larger groups, which were advantageous because of intense between-group competition. Alexander sees moral codes as contractual, and the primary criticism of his theory is that moral codes are not completely contractual but also coercive. Ways of evaluating Alexander's theory as well as modified versions of it are discussed.
Convective instability in a horizontal porous layer saturated with a chemically reacting fluid

Abstract A linear stability analysis has been performed to study the onset of convective instability in a horizontal inert porous layer saturated with a fluid undergoing zero-order exothermic chemical reactions. The horizontal porous layer is cooled from the upper boundary while two different thermal boundary conditions are imposed at the lower boundary, i.e. an isothermal wall and an adiabatic wall. The resulting eigenvalue problems were solved approximately using a single-term Galerkin method that gives the critical Rayleigh number and the associate wave number at a given Frank-Kamenetskii number. It is found that, with chemical reactions, the fluid in the porous medium is more prone to instability as compared to the case in which chemical reactions are absent.
ACM S3 workshop: providing a unique learning opportunity to graduate students

The wireless of the Student, by the Student, and for the Student Workshop (S3) provides a unique venue for graduate students around the world to discuss mobile and wireless networking research. This workshop is an effort towards fostering early-career development amongst students, offer exposure into the workings of an academic life, and encourage student leadership, and participation in the research community. As a "student workshop", S3 is organized by a student-run TPC. The presenters, speakers, and moderators of this workshop are students as well. Now in its 4th year, S3 attracts the best students in wireless and mobile research to a fun yet focussed annual event. This article presents in details the goal, structure, and experiences from the S3 workshop.
Detection of biological particles by the use of circular dichroism measurements improved by scattering theory

Light scattered from optically active spheres was theoretically analyzed for biodetection. The circularly polarized signal of near-forward scattering from circularly dichroic spheres was calculated. Both remote and point biodetection were considered. The analysis included the effect of a circular aperture and beam block at the detector. If the incident light is linearly polarized, a false signal would limit the sensitivity of the biodetector. If the incident light is randomly polarized, shot noise would limit the sensitivity. Suggested improvements to current techniques include a beam block, precise angular measurements, randomly polarized light, index-matching fluid, and larger apertures for large particles.
Renormalization group analysis of competing orders and the pairing symmetry in Fe-based superconductors

Abstract We analyze antiferromagnetism and superconductivity in novel Fe-based superconductors within the weak-coupling, itinerant model of electron and hole pockets near (0, 0) and ( π , π ) in the folded Brillouin zone. We discuss the interaction Hamiltonian, the nesting, the RG flow of the couplings at energies above and below the Fermi energy, and the interplay between SDW magnetism, superconductivity and charge orbital order. We argue that SDW antiferromagnetism wins at zero doping but looses to superconductivity upon doping. We show that the most likely symmetry of the superconducting gap is A 1 g in the folded zone. This gap has no nodes on the Fermi surface but changes sign between hole and electron pockets. We also argue that at weak coupling, this pairing predominantly comes not from spin fluctuation exchange but from a direct pair hopping between hole and electron pockets.