cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ASPHYXIA IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (VLBW) INFANTS: VARIATIONS BETWEEN LEVELS OF HOSPITAL CARE

Level II perinatal centers often lack personnel support to provide immediate resuscitative care for preterm infants. To examine the magnitude of this problem on the incidence of perinatal asphyxia in VLBW, (<1500 g) infants we analyzed the distribution of maternal and infant variables, VLBW frequency, total and VLBW perinatal and neonatal mortality rates (PMR, NMR) and Apgar score distributions among 59, 739 births which occurred between 1982-85. The prospective data collection system in 10 Level II and 2 Level III centers is an ongoing monitoring programme. Our data (Table) show that in spite of a two fold increase in VLBW rate in Level III centers, their VLBW NMR/PMR, and the incidence of severe asphyxia (Apgar<3) were significantly lower than in Level II. In Level II centers 48% of VLBW infants were severely asphyxiated at 1 minute of age, but more significantly, one in one half of such infants had not improved by 5 minutes of age (P<0.05 as compared to Level III). We conclude that in addition to transferring high risk mothers and/or infants to Level III, Level II centers should also strive to maintain continued educational services regarding neonatal resuscitation to avoid asphyxia in VLBW infants.
Design and development of a fall arresting robot

Abstract Despite the large personal and economic losses associated with the effects of falling and slipping, the etiology of falling and slipping behaviour is unknown. A major inhibition of past research has been the lack of a facility to experimentally investigate such behavior without exposing human subjects to the natural danger of injury resulting from falls. To carry out this research, a facility was constructed to investigate falling and slipping behavior. One component of this facility, a fall arresting robot, is used to experimentally research the basic mechanics involved in falls. Specifically, this robot was designed to provide passive, reactive support of a test subject, so that a reduced friction walk surface could be used to induce a fall. This fall arresting robot (FAR) is composed of two subsystems. The mechanical components are combined to provide an overhead suspension system which can be made to track a predetermined path in anticipation of arresting an induced fall. The second subsystem is an automatic control system that provides passive tracking of the test subject's movement along the path. This paper describes the design and development of the fall arresting robot and how the components are combined to provide a functional fall arresting system.
Intracellular Carbonic Anhydrase Is Essential to Photosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii at Atmospheric Levels of CO2 (Demonstration via Genomic Complementation of the High-CO2-Requiring Mutant ca-1)

Genomic complementation of the high-CO2-requiring mutant ca-1-12-1C of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was achieved by transformation with DNA pools from an indexed cosmid library of wild-type genomic DNA. Transformation of mutant cells with cosmid DNA from two microtiter plates in the library produced colonies that grew phototrophically at atmospheric CO2 levels. Transformations with cosmid DNA from each of the rows and files of the two plates pinpointed one well in each plate with a cosmid bearing the targeted gene. Sequencing of cosmid subclones revealed a gene encoding a recently identified C. reinhardtii chloroplast carbonic anhydrase (CAH3). Transformations with chimeric constructs combining different portions of the wild-type and mutant genes indicated the presence of a mutation in the 5'-half of the gene. Comparison of mutant and wild-type gene sequences in this region revealed a G-to-A substitution in the mutant gene, which produced a nonsense codon. The data presented demonstrate that the carbonic anhydrase produced from the CAH3 gene is essential to the inorganic carbon-concentrating mechanism in C. reinhardtii and that genomic complementation can be a facile and efficient means for isolating genes associated with defects affecting photosynthesis and other physiological processes in this eukaryotic green alga.
Unused colon in the adult — Roentgen findings

Two cases are reported of acquired microcolon distal to long-standing transverse colostomies performed 25 and 13 years previously. The radiologic appearance of the bypassed unused colon was similar to that of the microcolon of infants, demonstrating shortening, tubulation, and lack of haustrations.
Theory and Design of Practical Metamaterials for Acoustic Cloaking

Significant research has recently been dedicated to reducing the interaction between acoustic waves and given objects. The coordinate transformation theory provides an elegant approach to the design of coatings capable of reaching this goal. First demonstrated for electromagnetic waves [1], this method has later been adapted to acoustic waves [2–5]. Its appeal stems from its generality: it can be applied to obtain coatings capable to conceal objects of arbitrary shapes and sizes. Moreover, its efficacy depends only on our ability to create materials having the right acoustic properties. However, these properties are quite restrictive. They include inhomogeneity, i.e. material parameters that vary continuously with position, and a high degree of anisotropy. In practice, one would relax these constraints but reduce the performance of the design. For example, in many instances an inhomogeneous material can be approximated by thin layers of homogeneous media. However, a large number of such layers are usually required to obtain acceptable results [6].Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Detecting ionospheric gradients for GBAS using a null space monitor

In this paper, a carrier phase-based monitor is developed to instantaneously detect ionospheric gradients using measurements from multiple, spatially separated ground antennas. Two monitor approaches based on traditional detection and estimation techniques are initially explored, and it is shown that their performance is highly dependent on how receivers' pairs (baselines) are selected for measurement differencing within a given spatial configuration. In order to eliminate this baseline selection dependency, a new monitor (termed the null space monitor) is proposed that combines measurements from a given set of spatially separated antennas through a null space transformation. In addition to the baseline selection independence, we show that the null space monitor has a larger gradient detection range than either of the two traditional monitors.
Supra-nonlinear photosensitive liquid crystals for image processing, switchable holographic lens and optical limiting

We found that in nematic liquid crystals doped with methyl-red dye or an azobenzene liquid crystal, the orientational optical nonlinearity can be dramatically enhanced. A concise review of the fundamental mechanisms involved and some application in all-optical image processing, optical limiting and switchable storage lens holograms is presented.
Volatile Organic Compounds in New Automobiles: Screening Assessment

Four new vehicles were tested to assess the nature (constituents and concentrations) of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with new vehicle interiors. The total VOC (TVOC) concentration within the interior of one vehicle (minivan) was 7,500 μg/m3 on the first day of sampling (second day after purchase), approximately two orders of magnitude higher than the outdoor TVOC concentration. The TVOC concentration in the minivan was observed to decay significantly with time, with an approximate 90% reduction in concentration after three weeks of testing. The other three vehicles had TVOC concentrations that ranged from 300 to 600 μg/m3 on the first day of testing. Over sixty chemicals were identified inside the interiors of the four vehicles. Compounds identified in all four vehicles and their GC/MS area percent ranges were toluene (2.2–12.6%), ethylbenzene (0.5–2.2%), xylene (2.4–10.7%), and undecane (0.8–7.5%).
SARA (System ARchitects Apprentice): Modeling, analysis, and simulation support for design of concurrent systems

An environment to support designers in the modeling, analysis, and simulation of concurrent systems is described. It is shown how a fully nested structure model supports multilevel design and focuses attention on the interfaces between the modules which serve to encapsulate behavior. Using simple examples, it is shown how a formal graph model can be used to model behavior in three domains: control flow, data flow, and interpretation. The effectiveness of the explicit environment model in SARA is discussed and the capability to analyze correctness and evaluate performance of a system model is demonstrated. A description of the integral help designed into SARA shows how the designer can be offered consistent use of any new tool introduced to support the design process.
The multifaceted Paneth cell.

Paneth cells (PCs) were described over a century ago as granulated cells located at the base of small intestinal crypts, the 'crypts of Lieberkuhn.' Various histochemical staining procedures were developed that identified PCs based on their distinctive granule-staining pattern. Early on, PCs were proposed to perform a specialized function other than absorption of digested nutrients, the predominant task of the small intestinal epithelium. Since then, many constituents of the PC granules have been biochemically characterized. The presence of various granule-associated antimicrobial substances and their release upon microbial challenge suggest that PCs function as specialized defense cells in the small intestine. Altered resistance to microbial infection in animal models with disrupted or augmented PC function provides further support for the host defense role of PCs. Other PC components suggest that PCs may also participate in the regulation of lumenal ionic composition, crypt development, digestion, and intestinal inflammation.
Program Evaluation: Oh What It Seemed To Be!

I begin this exercise with the sad admission that I am disappointed in the way things have turned out in relation to program evaluation. It may be that program evaluation had multiple sites of origin, but certainly one of its important places of origin was at Northwestern University in the late 1960s. I was there at the time, along with Donald T. Campbell, Robert Boruch, Paul Wortman, and Thomas D. Cook, and we were enthusiastic and our hopes were high for the future of program evaluation. What is the nature of my disappointment? First, I, at least, would have hoped that by nearly 30 years later, program evaluation would have been well established and recognized as an occupation and perhaps even as something of an intellectual discipline. Second, by this time program evaluation should have developed a comprehensive, unified view of itself and its mission and a set of agreed upon methods for accomplishing that mission. Third, after 25 years of program evaluation, we should have in place any number of programs of demonstrated effectiveness ameliorating important social problems. None of those things has happened, at least not as I see them.
Temperature Effect on Low Velocity Impact of Nanoclay Reinforced Polymers

The main objective of this study is to ascertain the effect of temperature on nanoclay reinforced polymers subjected to low velocity impact loads. Most of the studies for low velocity drop weight tests are on fiber or fabric reinforced polymers. In recent years nanoadditives such as nanoclay have been used to improve the fire retardation of composites. The low velocity drop weight testing undertaken under this research has the distinct goal of obtaining base line data for impact analysis of nanoclay reinforced polymers. First, polypropylene 3371 (PP) resin specimens with dimensions of 4″×4″×(1/8)″ reinforced with varying weight fractions of nanoclay (0%, 0.2%, 1%, 3%, 6% and 10%) and instrumented with strain gages were subjected to low velocity impact tests. The low velocity impact tests were carried out at an energy level appropriate for nanoadditive reinforced polymers and at various temperatures, from −65°F (−54°C) to 160°F (71°C). The variation of contact force, specimen deflection and energy imparted to the specimen with time and the variation of contact force with displacement were obtained at each temperature. Depending on the drop height, the weight used and the percentage of nanoclay reinforcement, the following was observed: some specimens were penetrated (P), some cracked (F) and some visually remained virtually intact (NP), that is, they were not penetrated. The results of the low velocity impact tests indicate that high temperatures affect polypropylene significantly and practically eliminate the effect of nanoclay reinforcement. As a consequence the specimens show ductile behavior and were not penetrated. However, at room and low temperatures the effect of nanoclay reinforcement is discernable and addition of nanoclay makes the specimens more brittle, resulting in penetration of most of them.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The genealogical descent of sexual psychoneuroendocrinology from sex and health theory: The eighteenth to the twentieth centuries

In the aftermath of the inquisition, secular health theory became separate from sacred health theory. Both assimilated vital spirits or sympathies as explanatory concepts. Sympathies were progressively transformed into internal secretions and the hormones of endocrinology. The sexual genealogy of psychoneuroendocrinology traces back to the sexual transplantation experiments of John Hunger (1728 - 93). Sexology, the science, has the same genealogy, whereas sexosophy, the philosophy, does not. In sexosophy, the theory that vital spirits or sympathies lost by masturbation caused debility or degeneracy became, along with health-food and exercise theories, popular in 19th-century health doctrine. Graham crackers and kellogg's cornflakes were by-products of the diet/abstinence doctrine. With police power under the Comstock Law (1873), 19th-century sexosophy negated sexuality so effectively that human sexual psychoneuroendocrine research remains muffled and deprived of funds in 1983.
Total deviation index for measuring individual agreement with applications in laboratory performance and bioequivalence.

In areas of inter-laboratory quality control, method comparisons, assay validation and individual bioequivalence, etc., the agreement between observations and target (reference) values is of interest. The mean of the squared difference between observations and target values (MSD) is a good measure of the total deviation. A new user-friendly statistic, the total deviation index (TDI1-p), is introduced that translates the MSD into an index that can be directly compared to a predetermined criterion. The TDI1-p describes a boundary such that a majority, 100(1−p) per cent, of the observations are within the boundary (measurement unit and/or per cent) from their target values. Statistical inference using the sample counter part (estimate) is presented. A Monte Carlo experiment with 5000 runs was performed to confirm the estimate's validity. Applications in laboratory performance and validation, as well as individual bioequivalence, are presented. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
VERking in constructive set theory

The constructive set theory of PL/CV3 is used to illustrate conditions that a formal system must satisfy if it is to feasibly represent the reasoning needed to solve sequential programming problems.
Misassembled mutant δF508 CFTR in the distal secretory pathway alters cellular lipid trafficking

Most patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) have a single codon deletion (ΔF508) in the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) that impairs assembly of the multidomain glycoprotein. The mutant protein escapes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control at low temperature, but is rapidly cleared from the distal secretory pathway and degraded in lysosomes. CF cells accumulate free cholesterol similar to Niemann-Pick disease type C cells. We show that this lipid alteration is caused by the presence of misassembled mutant CFTR proteins, including ΔF508, in the distal secretory pathway rather than the absence of functional CFTR. By contrast, cholesterol distribution is not changed by either D572N CFTR, which does not mature even at low temperature, or G551D, which is processed normally but is inactive. On expression of the ΔF508 mutant, cholesterol and glycosphingolipids accumulate in punctate endosomal structures and cholesterol esters are reduced, indicating a block in the translocation of cholesterol to the ER for esterification. This is overcome by Rab9 overexpression, resulting in clearance of accumulating intracellular cholesterol. Similar but less pronounced alterations in intracellular cholesterol distribution are observed on expression of a temperature-rescued mutant variant of the related ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1). Thus, on escape from ER quality control, misassembled mutants of CFTR and MRP1 impair lipid homeostasis in endocytic compartments.
Studies in Superconductivity II. Evaporated Lead Films

The electrical and magnetic properties of evaporated lead films of several thicknesses (1000-3000A) have been studied in the superconducting state. The films exhibited transition temperatures (in zero magnetic field) of 7.23\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K irrespective of thickness. The disappearance of resistance (99 to 1 percent) usually occurred within a range of 0.10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The depression of the transition temperature with increase in measuring current ${I}_{c}$ was found to be greater the thinner the film, all films showing larger depressions than a 254-micron lead wire (${T}_{c}=7.20$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K). The depression of the transition temperature in several magnetic fields (0-80 oersteds) perpendicular to the plane of the film was found to depend upon thickness, the thinner films requiring larger external fields to produce a unit depression. The ${I}_{c} \mathrm{versus} {T}_{c}$ curves obtained exhibit inflection points not heretofore observed, while the ${H}_{c} \mathrm{versus} {T}_{c}$ curves obtained suggest the existence of a similar phenomenon. The effect of measuring current on the depression of the transition temperature in constant magnetic fields also has been studied.
Intramammary lymph nodes

Radiographic, gross, and histopathologic studies on 158 whole breasts with primary operable carcinoma revealed intramammary lymph nodes in 28%, and of these breasts, 10% contained a metastatic deposit of carcinoma. Cancerous and noncancerous nodes were found in all quadrants of the breast with the positive ones being in the same quadrant as the carcinoma only 50% of the time. There was no demonstrable connection with the usual lymphatic drainage of the breast. With Stage II carcinoma, positive intramammary lymph nodes had no direct effect on prognosis, merely representing advanced disease and indicating a greater likelihood of axillary metastatic disease. There was a trend toward poorer prognosis in Stage I lesions with positive intramammary lymph nodes. This may indicate the Stage I carcinomas that have a similar prognosis as Stage II tumors. Conceivably, a Stage Ia, positive intramammary lymph node(s) but normal axillary lymph nodes, could be defined and used.
Career Experience and Motivation as Predictors of Training Behaviors and Outcomes for Displaced Engineers

Abstract This paper reviews the literature on reactions to job loss and programs for retraining and reemployment. We examined the behavior and outcomes of 72 displaced engineers in a semester-long training program in technology management. Measures included experience (a combination of age, years in the defense industry, and number of jobs held), career motivation (a combination of career resilience, insight, and identity), training behaviors, and training outcomes. Training outcomes were negatively related to experience and positively related to results. Moreover, training behaviors were a function of the interaction between experience and career motivation. For highly motivated individuals, experience was positively related to training behaviors. However, low career motivation had a particularly deleterious effect on training behaviors for the most experienced individuals. Implications are discussed for additional research on the effects of experience and motivation on retraining and for the design of retraining programs for displaced workers.
Reactions of an Arylrhodium Complex with Aldehydes, Imines, Ketones, and Alkynones. New Classes of Insertion Reactions

Organorhodium complexes of the general formula (DPPE)Rh(pyridine)(R) (R = p-tol (2a) and CH2SiMe3 (2b), DPPE = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) were prepared from [(DPPE)Rh(μ-Cl)]2, pyridine, and p-tolyllithium or Me3SiCH2MgCl. Complex 2a inserted the electron-poor aldimines (p-tol)CHN(C6H4-p-CO2Me) (3a-Tol) and (Ph)CHN(C6H4-p-CO2Me) (3a-Ph) to give amide complexes that were isolated directly or trapped with PEt3. In contrast, the reaction of aryl complex 2a with the electron-neutral and electron-rich imines PhCHNPh (3b) and (p-tol)CHN(C6H4-p-OMe) (3c) did not form stable amide products. Instead, the amide from insertion of imines 3b or 3c underwent β-hydrogen elimination, followed by metalation of the resulting ketimine. The reaction of 2a with 3a-Ph was first order in arylrhodium complex and inverse first order in the concentration of pyridine. Aldehydes that cannot enolize, such as PhCHO and Me3CCHO, inserted into the Rh−aryl bond of 2a to form ketones and esters. The esters were formed from insertion...
Hydrosolidarity and International Water Governance

In the first decade of the 21st century, 'hydrosolidarity,' the notion that water management should include considerations of ethics and equity, has influenced international approaches to conducting environmental research and formulating water policy. Since its inception in the 1990s, the term appears frequently across a spectrum of water-related research. It has accordingly permeated discourses and publications on water management. Such rapid proliferation of the concept has helped usher in a wave of transition from conflict management to cooperative efforts between upstream and downstream basin users, as well as a complex paradigm that links both human and environmental welfare. In this paper, we trace the intellectual origins and changing conceptions of hydrosolidarity. We outline some of its applications as well as various reactions to the concept. We close by discussing how the concept can help frame negotiations between riparian states and influence treaty-making and institution-building in river basin settings.
Scanning tunneling microscopy of gold clusters on TiO2(110): CO oxidation at elevated pressures

The in situ imaging of individual supported nanoparticles with scanning tunneling microscopy at elevated temperatures while changing the ambient pressure of the reactants over ≈10 orders of magnitude is demonstrated. Specifically, the morphological changes of the gold–titania interface have been studied under CO oxidization reaction conditions. The changes in metal cluster size and titania surface re-growth have been observed during pressure excursions of the CO and O2 reactants from 1×10−8–665 Pa.
Instrumentation and technique for beveling fine micropipette electrodes.

We recently reported beveling the tips of Pyrex glass microelectrodes with diameters at least as small as 0.1 #m (ref. 1). The grinding surface consisted of 0.05 #m particles of alumina embedded in the surface of a polyurethane film laid on glass. The beveling process was reported to be rapid and reliable, and was shown capable of forming an extremely sharp cutting edge on the beveled tip without significantly increasing the fragility of the tip. When tested in snapping turtle retina, such beveled electrodes were found to greatly improve both cell penetration and the stability of intracellular recordings. In this paper we describe our detailed instrumentation and technique for electrode beveling, so that our methods will be fully available to other investigators. Findings will also be reported which further indicate that the technique is particularly promising for small cells in which intracellular recording has been marginal or impractical with conventional unbeveled electrodes. Such cells are especially typical of the vertebrate retina and brain.
Volitional narratives and the meaning of therapy.

Objectives Occupational therapy literature has long recognized meaning as central to therapy. By focusing almost exclusively on how the therapy process influences the experience of meaning, the literature has neglected to examine how the patient's experiences before therapy influence the creation of meaning in therapy. Method Building on a previous study of how patients discover and recount the meaning of their own lives in volitional narratives, we investigated the effect of those narratives on the experience of therapy. Results and conclusion Our examination of the therapeutic experiences of two patients enrolled in a psychiatric day hospital program reveals how they assigned meaning to therapy as an episode within their larger volitional narrative.
Thermal and magnetic properties of the spin-chain material Pr 3 Ru O 7

We present measurements of the magnetic moment and specific heat of single crystals of insulating ${\mathrm{Pr}}_{3}\mathrm{Ru}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$, with octahedral $\mathrm{Ru}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ and pseudocubic $\mathrm{Pr}{\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ chains, separated by layers of sevenfold-coordinate praseodymium ions. The susceptibility indicates that antiferromagnetic order sets in at ${T}_{N}=54\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, with polarization approximately along the chain direction, but the susceptibility anisotropy above ${T}_{N}$ indicates that the exchange interaction is strongly anisotropic, with competing ferromagnetic interactions. This competition presumably gives rise to the observed metamagnetic behavior for applied fields along the chain direction. The specific heat anomaly at ${T}_{N}$ is unusually mean field in shape and roughly consistent with ordering of the moments of the ruthenium ions and the ``chain'' praseodymium ions, whereas the remaining interlayer praseodymium ions appear to be magnetically inert. A Schottky-type anomaly at low temperature, however, suggests that the ``ordered'' chain praseodymium ions are still sensitive to a crystal field.
Sound actuation and interaction

My work is focussed on the intersection of science and creative arts. I am driven to understand ways computation can be used to create natural, intuitive interactions with the physical world. It is important for designers to understand the role of technology and to only apply that which contributes to achieve an aesthetic, practical or artistic goal so as to not draw attention from what is salient about an interaction.This interdisciplinary work requires an understanding of a number of fields. By submersing myself into a community of artists as well as engineers at the University of Colorado at Boulder I am gaining new appreciation into how both view the world.An area of focus for me has been sound actuation in musical instrument and installation contexts. This paper will detail some of my recent research projects and current collaborations.
Effect of ibuprofen on monocyte activation by liposome-encapsulated muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine (CGP 19835A): Can ibuprofen reduce fever and chills without compromising immune stimulation?

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of ibuprofen on the ability of liposome-encapsulated muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine (L-MTP-PE) to activate human blood monocytes in vitro. We undertook these experiments because the major toxic side-effects following L-MTP-PE infusion, fever and chills, could be prevented when ibuprofen was given orally immediately before L-MTP-PE infusion. It was therefore important to determine whether ibuprofen interfered with the macrophage-activation properties of L-MTP-PE. Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated from normal donors, then incubated with L-MTP-PE in the presence or absence of ibuprofen. The cytotoxic properties of the monocytes were assessed by a radioisotope-release assay against A375 cells. Ibuprofen at dose levels of 40 µg/ml suppressed the generation of the cytotoxic phenotype but did not interfere with the killing process once the cells were activated. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) production, as well as the mRNA expression of these cytokines, was suppressed by 40 µg/ml ibuprofen. Since IL-1 and TNF play a crucial role in the cytotoxic function of monocytes, these findings may explain the mechanism by which ibuprofen inhibited the generation of the cytotoxic phenotype by L-MTP-PE. By contrast, ibuprofen dose levels up to 10 µg/ml had no effect on the generation of monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity by L-MTP-PE and no effect on the production, secretion, or mRNA expression of TNF and IL-1. Therefore, we concluded that if ibuprofen is to be used to control the side-effects of L-MTP-PE, blood levels of up to 10 µg/ml are desirable. In two of three patients, we determined that an oral dose of 200 mg given immediately before L-MTP-PE infusion could achieve these desired blood levels.
Heterogeneity of Latent Transforming Growth Factor-β Isolated from Bone Matrix Proteins

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is a family of 25-kDa peptides that appear to be important regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and differentiated function in many tissues. TGFβ is present in platelets and serum and is released by cultured cells as several distinct large mol wt complexes of TGFβ with other proteins. These complexes are biologically inactive and are generically called latent TGFβ (LTGFβ). Large quantities of TGFβ are present in bone matrix. This study was undertaken to determine whether the TGFβ in bone matrix was present as a free 25-kDa peptide or a large mol wt L-TGFβ complex. TGFβ activity was determined by inhibition of [3H]methylthymidine incorporation in mink lung epithelial cells. The specificity of inhibition was determined by treating fractions with a polyclonal rabbit antiporcine TGFβ-blocking antibody before assay. Latency was examined by assaying untreated and acid-treated fractions for TGFβ activity. Acid treatment of EDTA extracts of the bovine bone matrix ...
On gradual fracture of adhesive bonds

At initial moment of time t = 0 the thin adhesive layer ("adhesive line") is fractured along the segment (0, £ ). The strip of thickness h is elastic; Young's modulus will be denoted by E. The adhesive layer of thickness ~ is viscoelastic, its quasistatic response being elastic. Since the adhesive layer is thin, it can be assumed that there is only the normal stress q in it. Therefore, the problem can be represented as a strip on an elastic foundation, bent by a force P (per unit width). The equation of bending is
Results of go girls: a weight control program for overweight African-American adolescent females.

RESNICOW, KEN, RICIA TAYLOR, MONICA BASKIN, AND FRANCES MCCARTY. Results of Go Girls: a weight control program for overweight African-American adolescent females. Obes Res. 2005;13:1739–1748. Objective: Go Girls was a church-based nutrition and physical activity program designed for overweight AfricanAmerican (AA) adolescent females. Research Methods and Procedures: Ten predominantly middle-socioeconomic churches were randomized to either a high-intensity (20 to 26 sessions) or moderate-intensity (six sessions) culturally tailored behavioral group intervention delivered over 6 months. Each session included an experiential behavioral activity, 30 minutes of physical activity, and preparation and tasting of healthy foods. In the high-intensity group, girls also received four to six telephone counseling calls. From the 10 churches, 123 girls completed baseline and 6-month post-test assessments. The primary outcome was BMI; secondary outcomes included waist and hip circumferences, percentage body fat estimated by bioimpedance, serum insulin, glucose, and lipids, and cardiovascular fitness at 6-month follow-up. Selected measures were also collected at 1-year follow-up. Results: At 6-month follow-up, the net difference between the high- and moderate-intensity groups was 0.5 BMI units. This difference was not statistically significant (p 0.20). There were no significant group differences in secondary outcomes. Girls in the high-intensity condition, however, who attended more than three-quarters of the sessions had significantly lower BMI and percentage body fat relative to girls in the high-intensity group who attended fewer sessions. Findings at 1-year follow-up mirrored those at 6 months. Discussion: We concluded that the intervention was not effective in reducing adiposity, although there were some positive findings among high attenders. Despite the null result, the intervention was generally well received by participants. Future interventions may require greater dose and a more structured dietary change program.
Tumor outbreaks in marine turtles are not due to recent herpesvirus mutations

The editors of Current Biology welcome correspondence on any article in the journal, but reserve the right to reduce the length of any letter to be published. All Correspondence containing data or scientific argument will be refereed. Queries about articles for consideration in this format should be sent by e-mail to cbiol@current-biology.com
Cell viability after osteotomy and bone harvesting: comparison of piezoelectric surgery and conventional bur

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the influence of a piezoelectric device versus a conventional bur on osteocyte viability and osteoblast and osteoclast activity using an in vivo mouse model. Osteotomies were created and bone grafts were harvested using either a conventional bur or a piezoelectric device; the resulting injuries and bone grafts were evaluated over an extended time-course using molecular and cellular assays for cell death (TUNEL assay), cell viability (4 0 ,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining), the onset of mineralization (alkaline phosphatase activity), and bone remodelling (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity). Osteotomies created with a piezoelectric device showed greater osteocyte viability and reduced cell death. Bone grafts harvested with a piezoelectric device exhibited greater short-term cell viability than those harvested with a bur, and exhibited slightly more new bone deposition and bone remodelling. The difference in response of osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts to bone cutting via a bur and via a piezoelectric device is negligible in vivo. Given the improved visibility and the margin of safety afforded by a piezoelectric device, they are the instrument of choice when cutting or harvesting bone to preserve soft tissue.
Response time of the polar ionospheric convection pattern to changes in the north-south direction of the IMF

A three-day period from January 27 through January 29, 1992 is analyzed using one minute resolution solar wind data from the IMP-8 satellite and the ionospheric convection pattern data derived from the four operational DMSP satellites. During this period there were several clear reversals of the sign of the z component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) which is known to have a direct effect on the convection patterns observed in the polar ionosphere. Polar convection patterns observed by the frequent passes of four DMSP satellites are examined following each sign change to determine the time lag between the change in the IMF at the magnetopause and the establishment of a new global convection signature in the ionosphere. After removing the transit time for the IMF to travel from the position of the IMP-8 satellite to the magnetopause, a further time lag of about 17 to 25 minutes is observed for the five cases where the IMF turned from northward to southward. A longer lag of between 28 and 44 minutes is observed for the two cases where the IMF turned from southward to northward. These lags are interpreted as the inertial response time of the ionosphere in reacting tomore » the change in the IMF. 16 refs., 4 figs.« less
A comparison of high-definition versus conventional colonoscopes for polyp detection.

Background High-resolution, high-definition colonoscopes (HD) with 170° angle of view providing brighter images, sharper resolution, and a 30° wider field of view than conventional colonoscopes (CC) are available. The impact of these innovations on enhancing the detection of clinically important colonic lesions or over detection of clinically insignificant colonic lesions is not well established.
The Expected Distribution of Degrees in Random Binary Search Trees

Etude de la distribution moyenne des degres des sommets dans un arbre de recherche binaire aleatoire
FACTORS IN VARIETAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WALNUT FRUITS TO ATTACK BY THE WALNUT-HUSK FLY.

important factor in determining the susceptibility of a variety to attack by the husk fly. The physical character of the husk in resistant varieties was found to be such that the fly could not puncture the surface layers in order to deposit eggs. The present studies consider the nature of not only the physical but also the chemical factors involved in the varietal susceptibility of walnut fruits to attack by the husk fly. The results confirm the conclusions of Boyce (1) regarding the importance of husk hardness and indicate the complexity of the factors involved in such susceptibility.
Cross-Field Currents: An Energy Source for Coronal Mass Ejections?

Eruptive solar events like flares and coronal mass ejections are thought to involve the release of energy stored in magnetic fields. In a mass ejection, the coronal magnetic field opens to interplanetary space and some 1016 g of material are propelled outward along the open field lines at a speed of typically 350 km s-1. A considerable body of research shows that the energy in force-free magnetic fields, in which electric currents flow parallel to the field, may be sufficient to open the coronal magnetic field but not additionally to accelerate the ejected material nor to lift it against solar gravity. Thus a purely magnetic explanation for coronal mass ejections must involve cross-field currents—that is, currents with components perpendicular to the magnetic field direction. This paper explores the energetics of a family of simple solutions for an axisymmetric corona in magnetostatic equilibrium including cross-field currents. We extend previous treatments to show that it is possible to build up magnetic energy in excess of that in the presumed fully open state that follows a mass ejection, even if the latter still contains horizontal pressure gradients. We show further that energies in excess of the energy of a fully open state without horizontal pressure gradients are attainable over a wider range of parameters than previously reported. However, our results are tempered by our demonstration that excess mass associated with pressure gradients that balance the magnetic forces of cross-field currents always results in negative total energy. This is because the excess mass is great enough that its negative gravitational energy exceeds in magnitude the sum of the magnetic and thermal energies that also arise from the presence of excess mass. We suggest that nonlinear solutions, involving more realistic density distributions that model the helmet structure and cavity of coronal streamers, may overcome this problem of negative excess energy.
Presentation of Out-of-Frame Peptide/MHC Class I Complexes by a Novel Translation Initiation Mechanism

Immune surveillance by CD8 T cells requires that peptides derived from intracellular proteins be presented by MHC class I molecules on the target cell surface. Interestingly, MHC molecules can also present peptides encoded in alternate translational reading frames, some even without conventional AUG initiation codons. Using T cells to measure expression of MHC bound peptides, we identified the non-AUG translation initiation codons and established that their activity was at the level of translational rather than DNA replication or transcription mechanisms. This translation mechanism decoded the CUG initiation codon not as the canonical methionine but as the leucine residue, and its activity was independent of upstream translation initiation events. Naturally processed peptide/MHC complexes can thus arise from "noncoding" mRNAs via a novel translation initiation mechanism.
Actuarial cost methods: A primer

Abstract This article is intended to take some of the mystery and intimidation out of pension actuarial cost methods by presenting a non-technical discussion of their underlying philosophies and principal characteristics. In so doing, it seeks to provide a sufficient level of understanding of commonly-used methods to permit the evaluation of proposed pension accounting changes and the application of existing pension accounting standards affected by these methods. It is applicable to both undergraduate and graduate accounting courses and to MBA courses in corporate financial reporting.
A GRAPHICAL APPROACH TO ITEM ANALYSIS

This paper describes an approach to item analysis that is based on the estimation of a set of response curves for each item. The response curves show, at a glance, the difficulty and the discriminating power of the item and the popularity of each distractor, at any level of the criterion variable (e.g., total score). The curves are estimated by Gaussian kernel smoothing, a weighted moving average process with a parameter that can be varied at the user's discretion. The response curve for the correct answer can be accompanied by curves indicating a confidence region. The response curves also form the basis for estimating item statistics for any group of examinees for which the distribution of the criterion variable is known.
Joint encryption and compression of correlated sources with side information

We propose a joint encryption and compression (JEC) scheme with emphasis on application to video data. The proposed JEC scheme uses the philosophy of distributed source coding with side information to reduce the complexity of the compression process and at the same time uses cryptographic principles to ensure that security is built into the scheme. The joint distributed compression and encryption is achieved using a special class of codes called high-diffusion (HD) codes that were proposed recently in the context of joint error correction and encryption. By using the duality between channel codes and Slepian-Wolf coding, we construct a joint compression and encryption scheme that uses these codes in the diffusion layer. We adapt this cipher to MJPEG2000 with the inclusion of minimal amount of joint processing of video frames at the encoder.
Properties of purified kidney microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase.

Abstract NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, solubilized by lipase digestion of microsomes prepared from perfused porcine kidney cortex, was purified about 3600-fold to give a turnover number of 1230 nmoles cytochrome c reduced per min per nmole flavin. The kinetic determination of K m and V with respect to NADPH, cytochrome c , and NADH, resulted in values similar to those obtained with purified liver reductase. The kidney microsomal enzyme also exhibited a ping-pong kinetic mechanism for NADPH-mediated cytochrome c reduction. Spectrofluorometric measurements demonstrated the presence of equimolar amounts of FAD and FMN per mole of reductase. The molecular weight was estimated by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be 68,000 and 71,000 g per mole, respectively. Immunochemical techniques, including Ouchterlony double-diffusion studies and inhibition of catalytic activity by antibody to the liver microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, established the similarity of the purified liver and kidney reductases.
Bare metal stent infections: Case report and review of the literature

Infection of bare metal stents in the vasculature is rare, but associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We report two cases of bare metal stent infections and review the literature regarding infected bare metal stents with respect to risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Overall, this article highlights the need to have a high index of suspicion of bare metal stent infection, since prompt diagnosis and treatment can ultimately decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with this devastating problem.
Rational separability over a global field

Abstract Let F be a finitely generated field and let j : F → N be a weak presentation of F, i.e. an isomorphism from F onto a field whose universe is a subset of N and such that all the field operations are extendible to total recursive functions. Then if R1 and R2 are recursive subrings of F, for all weak presentations j of F, j(R1) is Turing reducible to j(R2) if and only if there exists a finite collection of non-constant rational functions {Gi} over F such that for every x ϵ R1 for some i, Gi(x) ϵ R2. We investigate under what circumstances such a collection of rational functions exists and conclude that in the case when R1 ∉ R2 are both holomorphy rings and F is of characteristic 0 or is an algebraic function field over a perfect field of constants, the existence of the above-described collection of rational functions is equivalent to the requirement that the non-archimedean primes which do not appear as poles of elements of R2 do not have factors of relative degree 1 in some simple extension of K.
VIP and secretin augment cardiac L-type calcium channel currents in isolated adult rat ventricular myocytes.

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is colocalized in parasympathetic nerve terminals in the heart and coreleased from these nerve terminals with the “classical” neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach). VIP also exerts a positive inotropic effect on the intact heart and enhances adenylyl cyclase activity in isolated heart membranes. Using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, we show here that VIP enhances Ca2+ and Ba2+ currents (IBa) through voltage-dependent L-type Ca2+ channels in adult rat ventricular myocytes. Neither the kinetics nor the voltage-dependent properties of the currents are affected. The effect of VIP on IBa is dose dependent with a half-maximal concentration of approximately 0.4 μM. The onset of the effect of VIP and the recovery phase are slow, suggesting the involvement of an intracellular second messenger. The effect of VIP on IBa is antagonized by a peptide analog of the growth hormone releasing factor ([Ac-Tyr1, D-Phe2]-GRF) which belongs to the same peptide family as VIP. Although VIP and the β-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol (ISO) enhance IBa peak amplitudes to approximately the same extent, the effect of VIP is not seen on all cells. Only approximately 50% of the isolated myocytes respond to 5 μM VIP, whereas 95% of the cells respond to ISO. Similar results were obtained using the amphotericin B perforated-patch whole-cell-recording technique, suggesting that the variable response to VIP does not reflect the loss of a pivotal intracellular regulator. The gastrointestinal hormone secretin, a peptide structurally related to VIP, also potentiates IBa in adult rat ventricular myocytes, although secretin is substantially more potent than VIP (half-maximal concentration for secretin is about 0.7 nM). Taken together, these results suggest that the VIP-(and secretin-) induced potentiation of IBa in adult rat ventricular myocytes is mediated through a non-VIP-preferring class of VIP receptors.