cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Techniques for studying adipocytes

Various fixatives as well as tissue and slide handling procedures have been evaluated in attempts to demonstrate adipocytes histochemically while maintaining cell and tissue integrity. The optimal procedure for analysis of immature adipose depots consists of the following steps: 1) fresh, unfixed tissues are rapidly in isopentane quenched in a liquid nitrogen bath; 2) cryostat sections are cut, removed from the knife with a room temperature slide, and then air dried for 5-10 minutes; 3) slides can be stained directly with picro-Ponceau or toluidine blue procedures or with oil red O following fixation for 30 minutes in cold (4 C) 10% formalin-CaCl2 (1.25%). For analysis of mature rat adipose depots steps 2 and 3 are modified as follows: 2) cryostat sections are removed from the knife with a cold slide (-20 C) and dried for 30 minutes at 4 C; 3) the mounted sections are stained with oil red O following fixation for 30 minutes in cold (4 C) 10% formalin-HgCl2 (2.5%). When procedures described above for immature adipose depots are combined with esterase staining, adipocyte cytoplasm is clearly demonstrated. These procedures allow the routine use of fresh frozen, unfixed cryostat sections in studies of adipose cellularity.
Asymptotic Optimality of Change-Point Detection Schemes in General Continuous-Time Models

Abstract In the early 1960s, Shiryaev obtained the structure of Bayesian stopping rules for detecting abrupt changes in independent and identically distributed sequences as well as in a constant drift of the Brownian motion. Since then, the methodology of optimal change-point detection has concentrated on the search for stopping rules that achieve the best balance of the mean detection delay and the rate of false alarms or minimize the mean delay under a fixed false alarm probability. In this respect, analysis of the performance of the Shiryaev procedure has been an open problem. Recently, Tartakovsky and Veeravalli (2005) investigated asymptotic performance of the Shiryaev Bayesian change detection procedure, the Page procedure, and the Shiryaev–Roberts procedure when the false alarm probability goes to zero for general discrete-time models. In this article, we investigate the asymptotic performance of Shiryaev and Shiryaev–Roberts procedures for general continuous-time stochastic models for a small fals...
Rebreathing improves accuracy of ventilatory monitoring

Objective. Our objective was to determine if rebreathing would reduce the gradient between arterial and end-tidal CO2 tension during positive-pressure ventilation.Methods.Design: Experimental investigation.Setting: Anesthesiology laboratory.Subjects: A total of 10 dogs of either sex.Interventions: Anesthesia (sodium pentobarbital) and muscle relaxation (pancuronium) were induced and animals were tracheally intubated and ventilated with a standard anesthesia ventilator and breathing circuit with CO2 absorber and then with a Mapleson D circuit with a fresh gas flow rate ( $$\dot V$$ f) equal to alveolar ventilation plus the sampling flow rate of two capnometers. Rebreathing was varied by adjusting the respiratory rate (RR) so that minute ventilation ( $$\dot V$$ e) to $$\dot V$$ f ratio was 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1.Results. CO2 production (ATPD) was determined as the product of expired concentration of CO2 and $$\dot V$$ e (BTPS). Alveolar ventilation ( $$\dot V$$ a) was calculated by dividing the product of CO2 production and barometric pressure corrected for ambient temperature and water vapor pressure at body temperature by PaCO2. Tidal volume, RR, airway gas temperature, concentration of CO2 in gas at the tracheal tube and inlet/outlet of the mechanical ventilator, body temperature, arterial gas tensions and pH, heart rate, arterial blood pressure, and cardiac output were measured. Minute ventilation, mean arterial blood pressure and end-expiratory CO2 tension (Peco2)(BTPS) were calculated. During positive-pressure ventilation, concentration of inspired CO2 was zero with standard circuitry, and significantly increased with Mapleson D when $$\dot V$$ e: $$\dot V$$ f ratio was 1:1 (0.56±0.19%), 2:1 (1.97±1.30%), 3:1 (2.56±1.05%), and 4:1 (3.01±1.45%) (p<0.05).Peco2 was 34.8±3.2 mm Hg during ventilation with the standard circuit, and significantly increased during ventilation with Mapleson D when $$\dot V$$ e: $$\dot V$$ f ratio was increased from 1:1 (35.4±2.5 mm Hg) to 2:1 (40.2±3.6 mm Hg) and was not further increased at a $$\dot V$$ e: $$\dot V$$ f ratio of 3:1 (41.8±2.7 mm Hg) or 4:1 (41.3±2.4 mm Hg). The selected fresh gas flow rate was appropriate, because PaCO2 remained unchanged regardless of $$\dot V$$ e: $$\dot V$$ f ratio, indicating PaCO2 was dependent on $$\dot V$$ f, not on $$\dot V$$ e. The gradient between PaCO2 andPeco2 during ventilation with the standard circuit was 6.6±3.0 mm Hg; during ventilation with Mapleson D, it decreased significantly when $$\dot V$$ e: $$\dot V$$ f ratio was increased from 1:1 (6.5±3.6 mm Hg) to 2:1 (2.9±1.5 mm Hg), but was not significantly reduced further at 3:1 (1.7±1.1 mm Hg) or 4:1 (1.8±0.5 mm Hg) (p<0.05).Conclusions. Rebreathing with a Mapleson D circuit and a $$\dot V$$ f equal to $$\dot V$$ a permitted normal CO2 elimination. ArterialPCO2 toPeco2 gradient decreased significantly during rebreathing, thus improving the reliability of capnography for estimating arterialPCO2. Consideration should be given to using the Mapleson D as a rebreathing circuit.
Production of Superconducting Niobium Films by Vacuum-Arc Deposition

HOLLAND1 commented that certain workers2,3 interested in the production of vacuum-deposited thin films had shown that the electric arc could be used for this purpose. He noted that this method offered a possible solution to the problem of evaporating low-vapour-pressure metals which for various reasons could not be handled by the techniques then available. We have shown that, where films of uniform thickness are not required, the high deposition-rates obtainable from a vacuum-arc at a very short distance from the substrate greatly facilitate the production of pure films in poor vacua.
The application of stable isotopes to studies of drug bioavailability and bioequivalence.

The increased availability of chemical intermediates and automated instrumentation has resulted in expanded use of stable isotopes for bioavailability and bioequivalence studies in recent years. Initially, stable isotopes were confined to the labeling of mass internal standard compounds for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. More recently, their in vivo use has expanded and proved to be a powerful pharmacologic tool. The lack of toxicity of stable isotopes, particularly deuterium and carbon-13, make them ideally suited for human studies. The primary advantage of the isotopic methods is that the drug can be administered concomitantly either by two routes (e.g., parenteral and oral) or in two formulations (e.g., solution and solid dosage). Thus, a single set of blood samples serves to describe the time course of the routes or formulations being compared. The concomitant administration reduces variability inherent in dual administration, the single assay for both forms further reduces variation, and the method minimizes both drug exposure and discomfort to the subject. In addition to single-dose administration, in which two routes or dosage forms are compared, the technique is well suited to "pulse" administration, wherein the kinetics of a single dose, during multiple or chronic dosing regimens, can be compared with single-dose kinetics.
Robust control of induced paralysis

Performance of an adaptive controller for automatic regulation of level of induced paralysis during surgery, using vecuronium bromide, is presented. In addition to adapting to variations in patient dynamic response parameters, the controller accommodates any variation in the pure time delays of the response. The performance results are obtained from a computer simulation of the nonlinear patients pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic response to the drug.
Postnatal development of differential projections from the caudal and rostral motor cortex subregions.

The primary motor cortex of cats, monkeys, and humans has distinct rostral and caudal subregions. In the cat, projections from the caudal subregion terminate predominantly in laminae 4–6 and, from the rostral subregion, in laminae 6–8. The purpose of this study was to determine if these distinctive termination patterns are present during early postnatal development, when corticospinal axons are establishing connections with spinal neurons, or if there was postnatal refinement of the distribution of terminations. We used the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) to label selectively projections from the two subregions in immature (postnatal days 25, 35 at time of analysis) and mature animals. We compared the distribution of spinal gray matter labeling from caudal and rostral motor cortex. In immature animals, substantial bilateral terminations were present after tracer injection into either subregion. Partial axon reconstructions revealed that individual axons terminated bilaterally. The dorso-ventral laminar distribution of contralateral labeling after caudal motor cortex injections was significantly more extensive for immature than mature animals. In immature animals, most of the labeling was present in laminae 5–7 (dorsal portion), with lesser amounts in laminae 1–4 and 7 (ventral portion), 8, and 9. In mature animals, there were significant reductions in the amount of label in laminae 7–9, resulting in contraction of the labeled territory. The distribution of dorsal horn–ventral horn labeling shifted from 41% and 59% in immature animals to 77% and 23% in maturity. The distribution of contralateral labeling after rostral motor cortex injections also was different in immature and mature animals, but the changes were less extensive than for the caudal motor cortex. In immature animals, the distribution of labeling was similar to that after caudal motor cortex injections in animals of the same age. In mature animals, there was a significant reduction in the amount of labeling in laminae 1–4 and a smaller reduction in 7 (ventral)–9. The overall dorsal horn–ventral horn distribution, however, remained largely unchanged, from 40% and 60% in immature animals to 44% and 56% in maturity. In immature animals after rostral motor cortex injection, corticospinal terminations were present within the lateral motor nuclei. Thus, the distinctive spinal termination patterns of caudal and rostral motor cortex in maturity each reflected postnatal refinement of the distribution of axon terminations. It is plausible that the dorso-ventral refinement of corticospinal terminations relies on activity-dependent competition between caudal and rostral motor cortex, similar to activity-dependent refinement of the laterality of terminations. Our results, however, suggest that the developmental program for achieving corticospinal connectional specificity by the two subregions is different because there was large-scale refinement of the terminations of caudal motor cortex but only local refinement of rostral motor cortex terminations.
Technology Transfer as a Problem in Interorganizational Relationships

In the process of developing technologies for defense, space, and atomic energy, the federal government has invented new products and processes that could be useful in solving domestic, social problems. How can such technologies be more effectively transferred? It is argued that an interorganizational approach to technology transfer could help accelerate utilization. Federal agencies, manufac turers, and various public and private users need to work in partnership early in the process if technology is to be transferred. It is suggested that, because the key actors are autonomous and often have conflicting interests with respect to technology, it may be necessary that an outsider-or "broker"-take the lead in bringing them into alliance.
Biologics through Chemistry: Total Synthesis of a Proposed Dual-Acting Vaccine Targeting Ovarian Cancer by Orchestration of Oligosaccharide and Polypeptide Domains

Carbohydrate and peptide-based antitumor vaccine constructs featuring clusters of both tumor associated carbohydrate antigens and mucin-like peptide epitopes have been designed, synthesized, and studied. The mucin-based epitopes are included to act, potentially, as T-cell epitopes in order to provoke a strong immune response. Hopefully the vaccine will simulate cell surface architecture, thereby provoking levels of immunity against cancer cell types displaying such characteristics. With this central idea in mind, we designed a new vaccine type against ovarian cancer. Following advances in glycohistology, our design is based on clusters of Gb(3) antigen and also incorporates a MUC5AC peptide epitope. The vaccine is among the most complex targeted constructs to be assembled by chemical synthesis to date. The strategy for the synthesis employed a Gb(3)-MUC5AC thioester cassette as a key building block. Syntheses of both nonconjugate and KLH-conjugated vaccines constructs have been accomplished.
Endothermic Cross-Relaxation in Tm3+ Doped YCI3

The temperature dependence between 300 and 500 K is reported for Tm3+ fluorescence in the low-phonon host YCl3. An increase in 1200 nm fluorescence as the temperature rises is evidence of an endothermic cross-relaxation process.
Flash-lamp-pumped laser operation of Nd 3+ :Y 2 SiO 5 at 1.074 μm

Flash-lamp-pumped laser operation of Nd3+:Y2SiO5 by use of the Nd3+ 4F3/2−4F11/2 transition at 1.074 μm is obtained and compared with that from an identically pumped standard-doped Nd3+:YAG rod. Higher free-laser performance in Nd3+:Y2SiO5 is attributed to its higher doping. Approximately 2.5 times more energy in Q-switched pulses is generated in the Nd3+:Y2SiO5 rod than in the prelase-limited Nd:YAG rod.
Discharge distribution performance for an axisymmetric model of a fire sprinkler head

The discharge flow pattern from fire sprinkler heads in modeled in a nondimensional description which emphasizes a sprinkler's ability to evenly distribute spray over a maximum possible floor area. An axisymmetric model sprinkler, consisting of a jet impinging normal to and at the center of a flat disk, employs the disintegration of the resulting film to produce the droplet sprays. Measurements of the sheet breakup radius show that it is proportional to the negative one-third power of the Weber number based on jet diameter. The discharge distribution is varied by controlled axial vibrations of the disk. Nondimensional sheet breakup radii and radial flow distributions correlate with the ratio of the disk driving frequency to the frequency of maximum growth of sinuous waves. Flow patterns from the model apparatus are compared with those from a commercial fire sprinkler. An analytical model to predict droplet trajectories and consequent discharge distributions shows qualitative agreement with the measured flow patterns for an assumed Rosin-Rammler droplet size distribution about a volume mean droplet diameter in the accepted range of previous investigators.
Theory of Surface Plasmon Excitation in Low-Energy Electron Diffraction and in Photoemission

Inelastic scattering of electrons by surface plasma oscillation for low energy electron diffraction and photoemission, interpreting surface plasmon excitation
The Stretta® procedure: Device, technique, and pre-clinical study data

The initial concept of delivering RF energy to the gastroesophageal junction for the treatment of GERD was based on the well-established safety profile and scientific clinical evidence supporting the effectiveness of this technology in other disease states. As described in this article, the Stretta procedure is an endoluminal procedure inducing collagen tissue contraction, remodeling, and modulation of the triggering threshold for transient LES relaxations. The preclinical experience with this device included feasibility studies to determine optimal treatment parameters and device design. This was followed by longitudinal animal studies to elucidate the mechanism of safety and effect of this intervention as it relates to LES physiology and histopathology. In these studies, RF elevated the LES pressure and gastric yield pressure in a porcine model of botulinum toxin induced LES hypotension. The elevation in GYP more than 6 months was confirmed in a subsequent evaluation. Thickening of the LES after RF delivery has been demonstrated using histopathological evaluation and EUS. Additionally, using a canine model of triggered transient LES relaxations (tLESR), RF significantly reduced the frequency of tLESRs and reflux events. Additional evaluation was performed in human subjects undergoing esophagectomy, confirming feasibility and Histopathologic results of the treatment. Subsequent clinical trials confirm the safety and mechanism of action data of these pre-clinical studies and are presented in this publication.
Early Supernormal Retinal Oxygenation Response in Patients with Diabetes

Summary of the Characteristics of the Controland Patient Groups Patient ID Age GenderDuration ofDiabetes(y)Extent ofRetinopathy ControlC040703 27 F — NoneC043003 54 M — NoneC080803 46 F — NoneC082103 52 F — NoneC091003 42 M — NoneC091503 51 F — NoneC020504 31 F — NoneDiabeticD081803 24 F 11 NoneD091803 21 M 16 NoneD100203 28 M 3 NoneD120403 51 M 41 NoneD110303 51 M 22 BDRD121703 34 M 10 BDRD011504 40 F 33 BDRD012104 47 M 20 BDRD021904 26 F 2.5 BDR T ABLE 2. Summary of the Visual Field Findings in the ControlSubjects and the Patients with Diabetes Patient IDVisual FieldDefect MD PSD GHT ControlC040703 None 0.66 1.48 WNLC043003 None 0.07 1.20 WNLC080803 None 0.45 1.22 WNLC082103 None 0.09 1.16 WNLC091003 None 1.76 1.83 WNLC091503 None 0.30 1.13 WNLC020504 None 1.36 1.57 WNLDiabeticD081803 None 1.15 1.50 WNLD091803 None 2.08 1.68 WNLD100203 Inferior arcuate 2.71† 1.80 WNLD120403 Inferior arcuate 2.04 2.21* AbnormalD031004 Superior arcuate 2.09* 2.76† AbnormalD110303 Diffuse 3.32† 1.44 WNLD121703 Superior arcuate 2.10* 2.37* AbnormalD011504 Inferior arcuate 5.56† 3.23† WNLD012104 Normal 1.84 1.77 WNLD021904 Paracentral 3.49† 1.91 WNLMD, mean deviation; PSD, pattern standard deviation; GHT, glau-coma hemiﬁeld test; WNL, within normal limits.*
Imaging of Pediatric Thoracic Trauma

s c i h P More than 11 million children are evaluated yearly for traumatic injuries in North America.1 Trauma is the leading cause of death in pediatric patients older than 1 year. Thoracic injuries account for approximately 14% of blunt force traumatic deaths, second only to head injuries.2-4 Comonly encountered causes of thoracic injury in children inlude motor vehicle crashes, falls, pedestrian versus motor ehicle accidents, bicycle accidents, playground mishaps, hild abuse, and gun-related injuries.5,6 Blunt force injuries o the thorax are 6 times more common than penetrating njuries in pediatric patients.7 Although the mechanism of the trauma generally determines the types of injuries suffered, pediatric chest trauma injury patterns commonly differ from those observed in adults. The increased compliance of the pediatric chest wall has been suggested as a reason for unique pediatric injury patterns and outcomes.8 For example, compared with adults, the ribs of children tend to deform rather than fracture when a compressive force is applied to the thorax. This increased compliance may also explain why certain injuries are more common in children compared with adults, whereas others are less common.9-12 Because of such differences, pediatricpecific thoracic trauma decision rules, which consider facors such as injury severity, specific physical examination ndings, and vital signs, have been investigated.3,13,14 Today, maging plays a particularly important role in the initial mangement of chest trauma in children, allowing for prompt iagnoses and expedited patient care. The overarching goal f this article is to provide a contemporary review of the adiological assessment of pediatric thoracic trauma, includng imaging techniques, radiation considerations, and speific imaging findings.
METAANALYSIS OF TRAVEL SURVEY METHODS

Travel surveys often serve as the primary sources of information on travel demand characteristics. They provide critical data for transportation planning and decision making. In recent times, several factors motivate a comparative examination of travel survey methods. First, new travel demand modeling tools, such as those based on activity-based methods, are placing greater demands on travel behavior data gathered from household travel surveys. Second, response rates from household travel surveys have been showing a steady decline, possibly because of an increasingly survey-fatigued population. Third, declining resource availability at metropolitan planning agencies places emphasis on the need to maximize response rates to lower data collection costs per completed respondent. Ideally, a comparative examination of travel survey methods is best done through a carefully constructed experimental design that permits the isolation of the impact of various survey design parameters on response rates. However, the conduct of such a controlled experiment virtually is impractical. A metaanalysis of a sample of travel surveys conducted in the past 10 years is presented. A predictive model of response rates is developed by using linear regression techniques and the practical application of the model is demonstrated through several numerical examples.
Some novel techniques for fast simulation of mixed-signal IC and RF package design

In this paper we propose some novel techniques for fast simulation of mixed-signal IC and RF package design. The effectiveness of these techniques is demonstrated via several examples, and their suitability for implementation in electromagnetic (EM) software is discussed.
Modifications in primate cerebral circulation and electrical activity with profound hypothermia.

Abstract A review of the alterations in cerebral blood flow and neuroelectrical activity that accompany profound hypothermia of brain has been presented. Marked reductions in CBF are encountered below 20 °C with loss of autoregulation in the range of 13 °C. Spontaneously cortical activity ceases at 20 ± 2 °C with persistence of activity in the brain reticular activating system below 20 °C. While with rewarming the CBF returns to baseline flows at normothermia a significant delay in the reappearance of elcctrocortical activity has been documented.
Congenital penile curvature (chordee without hypospadias)

We treated 30 patients aged six months to nine years with congenital penile curvature from 1988 to 1993. Twenty-four patients appeared to have a primary curvature with normal corpus spongiosum. In 12 of these 24 patients dissecting skin and dartos fascia were adequate to straighten the penis. In the other 12 patients, artificial erection demonstrated a varied degree of convexity of the penis after the skin and dartos fascia release, implying a disproportion of the corpora cavernosa bodies. We corrected this deformity using dorsal tumica albuginea plications (TAP). The remaining 6 patients presented with a primary curvature and hypoplastic urethra. In 5 of these patients we divided the hypoplastic midportion of the urethra leaving the meatus naturally on the glans and replaced the midurethral segment using a tubularized island flap. Of these 5 patients 2 required TAP for penile straightening. The final patient with a hypoplastic urethra was managed by preserving the urethral plate and applying an only island flap urethroplasty. Complications were one fistula and two mild ventral penile curvatures, presently not severe enough for reoperation (mean follow-up 2.6 years). We present a systematic approach for the repair of congenital penile curvature using intraoperative artificial erection, TAP, and the island flap urethroplasty when needed.
Consumer sensory evaluations of goat meat are similar to other red meats

Abstract The purpose of this research was to determine consumer acceptability and ability to identify goat meat in comparison to beef, pork, and lamb in a preliminary study of market potential of goat meat in the southeastern U.S.Aconvenience sample of 67 subjects from a southeastern university completed a questionnaire regarding factors influencing purchasing decisions. Following completion of the questionnaire, sensory evaluations including acceptability and identification testing were completed independently. Although subjects indicated their unwillingness to purchase goat meat, sensory analysis indicated that goat was an acceptable red meat and was indistinguishable from other red meats. Marketing campaigns to change consumer perceptions of goat as an acceptable meat choice may be appropriate.
Replication and Pedagogy in the History of Psychology VI: Egon Brunswik on Perception and Explicit Reasoning

Egon Brunswik (1903–1955) first made an interesting distinction between perception and explicit reasoning, arguing that perception included quick estimates of an object’s size, nearly always resulting in good approximations in uncertain environments, whereas explicit reasoning, while better at achieving exact estimates, could often fail by wide margins. An experiment conducted by Brunswik to investigate these ideas was never published and the only available information is a figure of the results presented in a posthumous book in 1956. We replicated and extended his study to gain insight into the procedures Brunswik used in obtaining his results. Explicit reasoning resulted in fewer errors, yet more extreme ones than perception. Brunswik’s graphical analysis of the results led to different conclusions, however, than did a modern statistically-based analysis.
Use of relaxin in treatment of threatened premature labor.

SINCE the discovery of the hormone, relaxin, by Hisaw in 1926 (1) as a result of its ability to cause pelvic relaxation of the estrogen-primed guinea pig, numerous reports of the effect of this substance in animal experimentation have appeared in the literature (2, 3, 4). Species differences in its action have been observed (5–9), however, and consequently, it is difficult to deduce from animal experimentation what its possible effect might be in the human being. Relaxin has been recovered from human pregnancy serum in the first trimester, as reported by Abramson et al. (10, 11). Recently Zarrow (12) has found relaxin in human serum throughout pregnancy. The function of this hormone in the human female remains to be defined. Some degree of relaxation of the pelvic joints is accepted as one of the changes in normal pregnancy (13). Sawyer et al. (14) have demonstrated complete inhibition of spontaneous contractions of rat uteri with relaxin in vitro, using extremely small doses. Whether relaxin has the prop...
Systematic tight-binding study of the electron-phonon interaction in metals

Abstract The electron-phonon interaction has been studied in the cubic transition metals using a tight-binding formalism. Accurate Slater-Koster fits to self-consistent, scalar-relativistic, augmented-plane-wave band calculations have been employed and scaling relations were used to determine gradients of the tight-binding matrix elements. Results for 3d and 4d transition metals are in agreement to within a few per cent with the rigid-muffin-tin calculations previously reported.
Comment on large-momentum-transfer photoproduction of J (3.1)

Recent data on photoproduction of ${J}^{0}(3.1)$ suggest that the fraction of events produced with large momentum transfer $t$ is surprisingly large. Here we comment on a mechanism involving diffractive ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$ photoproduction in conjunction with large-$t$ ${J}^{0}(3.1)$ production as a possible way of understanding some aspects of the anomaly.
Isolation and characterization of a species-specific DNA probe for the detection of Candida krusei

In an attempt to design species-specific primers for the detection of Candida krusei by polymerase chain reaction, a partial genomic DNA library from Candida krusei was screened for hybridization with radiolabeled genomic probes from a broad variety of fungal and bacterial species and from human. Species-specific candidate DNA inserts were then tested for hybridization with dot blots of DNA from various organisms. One 570-basepair insert from Candida krusei DNA that hybridized under stringent conditions only with DNA from Candida krusei and human was sequenced. It revealed considerable homology with the gene for the mitochondrial inner membrane protease I of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the 147 amino acid residues deduced from an open reading frame showed considerable homology with the N-termial portion of the enzyme from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. From the sequence of the Candida krusei DNA fragment, a pair of 21-base oligonucleotide primers enclosing a 501-basepair sequence was designed for polymerase chain reaction. When these primers were tested with a broad range of genomic DNAs, the expected amplification was obtained only with Candida krusei DNA and not with DNA from any other source, including human. Experiments with DNA from mixed cultures of Candida krusei and other yeasts and bacteria showed that the polymerase chain reaction was specific for Candida krusei and that as few as ten cells could be detected.
Systemic and pulmonary artery dysplasia associated with unexpected death in infancy

An 11-month-old male child suddenly following premedication for cardiac catheterization. His clinical diagnosis had been pulmonary artery stenosis. The postmortem examination revealed severe fibromuscular dysplasia of both systemic and pulmonary arteries. The patient's sibling has clinical findings suggestive of pulmonary artery stenosis and possible supravalvular aortic stenosis, both of a mild degree. The mother has been diagnosed as having mild aortic valvular stenosis. There is a strong suggestion that this case represents a symptom complex with a strong familial incidence and an inordinate occurrence of unexpected death in infancy.
Transient Testing of Nuclear Fuels and Materials in the United States

The United States has established that transient irradiation testing is needed to support advanced light water reactors fuel development. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has initiated an effort to reestablish this capability. Restart of the Transient Testing Reactor (TREAT) facility located at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) is being considered for this purpose. This effort would also include the development of specialized test vehicles to support stagnant capsule and flowing loop tests as well as the enhancement of postirradiation examination capabilities and remote device assembly capabilities at the Hot Fuel Examination Facility. It is anticipated that the capability will be available to support testing by 2018, as required to meet the DOE goals for the development of accident-tolerant LWR fuel designs.
Atomic structure of a human MHC molecule presenting an influenza virus peptide.

INFECTION by influenza virus results in the stimulation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for killing virally infected cells1. Specificity is provided by clonally distributed, hypervariable T-cell receptors on cytotoxic T lymphocytes which react with peptide fragments that are derived from viral proteins expressed in the cytoplasm and 'presented' on the surface of infected cells, bound to class I histocompatibility glycoproteins2. Here we describe the structure of the complex between the human class I histocompatibility glycoprotein HLA-Aw68 and the influenza virus nucleoprotein peptide Np 91–99 as determined by X-ray cryo-crystallography. Residues at both ends of the peptide are substantially buried in the peptide binding-site, whereas those in the middle of the peptide, P4 to P8, are predominantly exposed and could be recognized directly by T-cell receptors. The extended conformation of the bound viral peptide is remarkably similar to that of a collection of endogenous peptides with a different sequence motif bound to another human allele, HLA-B273–5. The structure defines in atomic detail the antigenic surface constructed of major histocompatibility complex and viral peptide atoms that is recognized by T-cell receptors.
Adeno-associated virus–mediated gene transfer of endostatin inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth in vivo

A variety of approaches has demonstrated that interfering with tumor-induced angiogenesis may be an effective strategy in cancer therapy. However, it is likely that to be most effective such strategies will require extended suppression of the angiogenic process. Gene therapy offers a possible approach to achieve sustained release of a therapeutically potent transferred gene product. In the present study the angiogenesis inhibitor endostatin was expressed through a recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vector and shown to be biologically active in vitro and in vivo. Intramuscular injection of rAAV-HuEndo (1×109 i.u.) led to a sustained serum endostatin level of ∼35–40 ng/mL. This endostatin level was sufficient to inhibit tumor cell–induced angiogenesis and to suppress both the initiation and subsequent growth of a human colorectal cancer model.
Beta-granule transport and exocytosis.

Regulated beta -granule exocytosis is critical for the ability of the beta -cell to finely control body glucose homeostasis. This is now understood to be a multistage process whereby beta -granules are transported from biosynthetic/storage sites in the cell cytoplasm and targeted to specific regions of the plasma membrane. Exocytosis is achieved when these granules are triggered to fuse with the membrane by an elevated cytosolic Ca(2+). Dramatic advances have been made recently in our understanding of the protein-protein interactions and regulatory signals that govern intracellular transport and fusion. Although best understood for exocytosis from neurons and neuroendocrine cells, similar processes are thought to be conserved in the beta -cell.
Capacity Evaluation of Suspended Ceiling Components, Part 2: Analytical Studies

The seismic performance of a ceiling system is difficult to analytically predict due to its heterogeneous and complex details. On the other hand, lack of experimentally based analytical models for ceiling components results in over-simplified analytical models. Therefore, this second of two companion papers minimizes the gap between the complexity of ceiling systems and the weakness of previous analytical works by increasing modeling capabilities. To do so, 32 component-level analytical models are generated based on monotonic and cyclic tests of the ceiling wires, ceiling panels, and grid connections. These models are developed to capture the axial behavior of ceiling wires, the interaction between ceiling panels and sprinkler heads, and the shear and bending behavior of grid connections in both local axes. This research promotes a pathway to conduct analytical simulations of ceiling systems in conjunction with the structures.
Glucose metabolism increases in visual pathways following habituation

Abstract Glucose metabolism in the visual system of rat was studied after prolonged exposure to photic flash. Animals were unilaterally enucleated and local rates of glucose utilization were quantitively measured in optic centers on both sides of brain. We also measured the averaged visual evoked response and behavioral reactivity to photic flash. Prolonged stimulation resulted in a decrease in behavioral reactivity, a phenomenon known as habituation. After behavioral habituation had been observed there was an increase in the amplitude of VER and an increase in glucose utilization. Visual structures on both sides of brain responded in this way, but the relationship was not the same for all components of the system. This is probably determined by the number and types of retinofugal projections to the structures. We suggest that more cells are recruited into activity as the photic flash continues and that they eventually discharge in synchrony with the stimulus.
Integrating Process, Product, and Purpose: The Role of Instruction.

Writing is a complex domain, and educators disagree about which aspects of writing should be emphasized and how it should be taught. A balanced point of view takes into account process, product, and purpose and acknowledges both the author and secretary roles. First, teachers should develop in the young writer three general understandings: that writing is a communicative function, that it is different from conversation in its form, and that it requires thinking. Second, teachers must teach specific procedural, declarative, and conditional knowledge about writing. In addition to knowledge about writing, teachers must take into account the unique challenges faced by students with learning problems. Environments that foster achievement in written expression do so by promoting academic learning time, success, and content coverage. Examples of these principles in practice are given, and an appeal is made for carefully structured teacher‐directed instruction.
Managing the IT procurement process

Abstract This article presents a process model of IT procurement, which was developed by a group of senior managers who make up the Society for Information Management (SIM) Working Group on IT Procurement. the model systematically describes the processes involved in IT procurement and is a useful tool for bringing managerial discipline to the increasingly important activity of IT procurement.
A Framework for Quality Assurance in Globalization of Higher Education: A View Toward the Future

In this paper we theorize a framework for discussing quality assurance of globalized models of education used internationally. The philosophical assumption that homogeneity of perspectives achieves objectivity in practice is argued against using the examples of (a) Brain drain, and (b) Profit over quality. We present a coherent real world scenario for the abstract ideas on inequities in Sriraman and Adrian (Interchange Q Rev Educ 39(1):119–130, 2008) with a meta-analytical support of the literature.
Synthesis of mesoporous silica nanobamboo with highly dispersed tungsten carbide nanoparticles

By controlling the interaction between cationic surfactant micelles and ammonium metatungstate during the formation of mesoporous silica structure, highly dispersed tungsten carbide (WC) nanoparticles of 2.0 nm in diameter on mesoporous silica nanospheres were synthesized at lower concentration of ammonium metatungstate. With additional ammonium metatungstate, a novel mesoporous silica nanobamboo structure was formed with bimodal size-distributed WC nanoparticles, in which 2.0 nm WC was homogeneously distributed in nanobamboo's mesoporous silica wall and those with larger diameter (10.0–20.0 nm) were only formed on the nanobamboo's inner surface and at its internodes. The mesoporous silica nanobamboo also had a very high tensile strength due to its bamboo-like structure.
Accuracy of interviewers in predicting radiology residency applicants' final program selection.

The strategies used when selecting residents in competitive fields like radiology are difficult to quantify. During the process of radiology resident selection, program directors and selection committees must find a way to rank a large number of academically similar candidates for the available spots (1,2). Through experience we have noted that faculty members and residents who are interviewing candidates often use their perceptions as to whether or not a candidate would rank their program highly as a significant criteria to rank individual candidates. Even though the ability of a faculty member or resident to predict a candidate’s likelihood of coming to a program has never been validated, this bias may have a significant effect on the overall process of resident matching. Using data collected over the last 3 years at the Wayne State University/Detroit Medical Center (WSU/DMC) department of radiology residency program, we set out to determine if, in fact, interviewers’ predictions of whether or not an individual applicant would come to our program were accurate. Our hypothesis was that interviewers would, as a group, be unable to predict a candidate’s final decisions and therefore using these predictions in order to affect the rankings of candidates by the selection committee is not valid.
Human cells contain protein specifically binding to a single 1,N6-ethenoadenine in a DNA fragment.

Abstract A human DNA binding protein has been characterized from cell-free extracts of liver, placenta, and cultured cells. This protein, apparent molecular mass approximately 35 kDa, to our knowledge, does not resemble other proteins reported to bind to carcinogen-modified DNA. The probe used for characterization was a 25-base oligonucleotide containing a single site-specifically placed 1,N6-ethenoadenine (epsilon A), a product of vinyl chloride metabolism. When annealed to form an epsilon A.T or epsilon A.C pair, a strong affinity to the protein was observed, with a binding constant of approximately 1 x 10(9) M-1. In contrast, very little binding was found with an epsilon A.A pair and none was found with an epsilon A.G pair. This suggests protein recognition of a specific structural alteration. Other defined probes with alkyl adducts did not bind. In addition, the human cell extracts and a rat liver extract were found to nick specifically at the 5' side of the epsilon A adduct, which could indicate a possible associated repair activity.
Dual configuration high temperature hydrogen sensor on LGS SAW devices

In the past few years there has been an increasing interest in the langasite family of crystals (LGX) for surface acoustic wave (SAW) applications in communications, frequency control, and sensors. LGX has several interesting properties including: up to about six times higher electromechanical coupling than quartz ST-X; existence of temperature compensated cuts with zero power flow angle and minimal diffraction; up to 26% reduction in phase velocities with respect to quartz ST-X, which allows the fabrication of smaller devices; and the absence of a crystal phase transition up to the crystal melting point (around 1177K). Due to this absence of crystal phase transition, bulk acoustic wave (BAW) and SAW devices have been explored as temperature sensors at temperatures up to several hundred /spl deg/C. In addition to temperature and pressure sensors, a need exists for high temperature sensors capable of detecting target gases. Hydrogen (H/sub 2/) detection, in particular, is of paramount importance in applications such as hydrogen fuel cells, fuel leakage from jet engines, and power plants. This paper reports on a dual LGS SAW device configuration for the detection of H/sub 2/ gas at 250/spl deg/C using original all palladium (Pd) electrodes. The Pd electrodes are used for the SAW transduction and reflection functions and to detect H/sub 2/. The frequency differences between two identical all Pd SAW resonators have been tracked. The dual configuration scheme has been used to minimize temperature cross interference, since the LGS (0/spl deg/, 138.5/spl deg/, 26.6/spl deg/) orientation selected in this work is not temperature compensated at 250/spl deg/C. The detection of H/sub 2/ gas produces a 6-8 KHz differential frequency shift with respect to the reference for H/sub 2/ gas concentrations of 100 ppm, 250 ppm, 500 ppm, and 1000 ppm. The SAW resonators respond to the presence of H/sub 2/ in a matter of seconds and become stable between 25 to 75 minutes later. The devices have been continuously operated at 250/spl deg/C for a period of sixteen weeks, with less than three dB of degradation in the |S21| response. The dual configuration high temperature LGS SAW devices and experiments reported in this work prove the capability of these crystals to withstand prolonged exposure to high temperatures (250/spl deg/C) and to perform as appropriate high temperature H/sub 2/ gas sensors.
Establishing Confidence in Surface Wave Determined Soil Profiles

Surface waves can be used to determine the shear velocity profile from the ground surface to some depth limited by the spectral band of the seismic source. il.. number of factors influence the uncertainties of the determined profile. The field acqui­ sition factors include the deployment geometry of geophones, the spectral characteris­ tics of the geophones, recording instruments, and seismic source. A key data processing factor is the determination of a dispersion curve from the field recordings. Finally, there are important choices in conducting the inversion of the dispersion curve \vhich leads to the final soil profile. Even if the field factors and acquired data are fixed, determi­ nation of the dispersion and the inversion decisions will have a strong influence on the final result. Different engineers will make different decisions, and a range of soil pro­ files can be expected. Assessment of this variability was the goal of the Surface Wave Benchmark Study sponsored by the Geophysical Engineering Committee of i\.SCE. Participants were invited to analyze as little or as much of the data as they wished. This paper documents one participant's analysis of a selected set of the data taken at a sin­ gle location. A key finding documents how a lack of low frequency content limits the maximum depth for which one can have confidence in the soil profile.
On the Use of Buy Up as a Model of Customer Choice in Revenue Management

We consider settings in which a revenue manager controls bookings over a sequence of flights. The revenue manager uses a buy-up model to select booking limits and updates estimates of the model parameters as data are accumulated. The buy-up model we consider is based upon a simple model of customer choice, wherein each low-fare customer who is not able to purchase a low-fare ticket will, with a fixed probability, “buy up” to the high fare, independent of everything else. We analyze the evolution of the parameter estimates (e.g., the buy-up probability) and chosen booking limits in situations where the buy-up model is misspecified, that is, in situations where there is no setting of its parameters for which its objective function gives an accurate representation of expected revenue as a function of the booking limit. The analysis is motivated by the common situation in which a revenue manager does not know precisely how customers behave but nevertheless uses a parametric model to make decisions. Under some assumptions, we prove that the booking limits and parameter estimates converge and we compare the actual expected revenue at the limiting values with that associated with the booking limits that would be chosen if the revenue manager knew the actual behavior of customers. The analysis shows that the buy-up model often works reasonably well even when it is misspecified, and also reveals the importance of understanding how parameter estimates of misspecified models vary as functions of decisions.