cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Lysine, Biotin, and Pantothenic Acid Deficiencies on the Pigmentation of Turkey Poults

ABSTRACT A DEFICIENCY of lysine causes a depigmentation of the hair coats of rats (Vohra and Kratzer, 1956); and feathers of chickens (Patrick, 1953; Klain et al., 1957a) and turkey poults (Fritz et al., 1946; Grau et al., 1946). A number of vitamins have been related to the development of normal pigmentation in animals. Diets which are deficient in pantothenic acid caused graying in rats, mice (Morgan and Simms, 1940; Gyorgy and Poling, 1940a, b; Unna and Sampson, 1940; Singer and Davis, 1950), and chickens (Groody and Groody, 1942). Biotin deficiency also caused failure of pigmentation of hair of rats and mice (Gyorgy and Poling, 1940; Quevedo, 1956). Folic acid prevented graying of rats on diets containing sulfaguanidine (Martin, 1942) and succinylsulfathiazole (Wright and Welch, 1943). A deficiency of folic acid appeared to cause depigmentation in the feathers of chickens (Briggs and Lillie, 1946; Frost et al., 1946; Klain et al., . . .
Crystalline cowpea chlorotic mottle virus.

A variety of crystal forms of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus were grown, one of which gave useful X-ray diffraction diagrams. The unit cell has cubic symmetry of space group F432. The diameter of the virus was found to be consistent with that determined from electron microscopy studies.
Pull-in criterion for reluctance motors

THIS SUBJECT is timely because of the recent improvement of reluctance motors to a point where they have considerable sales volume. The pull-in criterion is related to the maximum inertia that can be pulled into step for a given frame size in the rating set on that frame, expressed as a graph or by an equation. This paper derives this equation. A reluctance motor is a synchronous motor without rotor excitation. The pull-in criterion for synchronous motors with d-c excitation was studied by Edgerton and Fourmarier,1 and by Shoults, Crary, and Lauder.2 Although their results cannot be applied to the reluctance motor directly, they were found useful in checking certain steps.
Epitaxial growth of Fe on Au(111): a scanning tunneling microscopy investigation

Abstract The epitaxial of Fe on Au(111) has been studied with scanning tunneling microscopy. At low coverage the iron nucleates forming polygonal islands whose spacing is determined by the underlying Au(111) zigzag reconstruction geometry. The islands are one atomic layer high and grow laterally with increasing coverage. At three monolayers the coherent (fcc) layer growth is disrupted and a transition to the bcc iron structure occurs. We relate our results to published magnetic measurements.
Jetlike nature of inclusive hadronic interactions

Abstract The dominant inclusive systems formed in the beam and target hemispheres of hadronic reactions are explored for jetlike characteristics in terms of sphericity, thrust, and energy and particle flow. We compare 50 GeV /c π − p and p p and 100 GeV /c π + p and pp interactions and find substantial similarities with neutrino-induced hadronic systems and with hadronic jets in e+e− annihilations. We find no strong evidence for differences in angular size between the forward and backward hadronic systems formed in hadron-hadron reactions, and the single-quark jets and the diquark jets which arise variously in lepton-lepton and lepton-hadron reactions.
T and B cells and cell-mediated immunity in mycosis fungoides.

T anb B cells in peripheral blood were evaluated in 13 patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) and in two patients with Sezary's syndrome. T cells were identified by their capacity to bind sheep red blood cells to their surfaces and the B cells were identified by the presence of surface immunoglobulins in immunofluorescence assay. Seven patients with MF and two with Sezary's syndrome were shown to have T-cell values below normal and elevated levels of null cells, i.e., cells with markers for neither T nor B cells. Low T-cell values and elevated Null-cell values were found predominantly in patients with advanced mycosis fungoides (stages III-IV). Furthermore, these patients had impaired cell-mediated immunity, as shown by in vivo skin testing with recall antigens and attempts at sensitization to dinitrochlorobenzene.
Upper bounding service capacity in multi-hop wireless SSMA-based ad hoc networks

Upper bounds on the service carrying capacity of a multi-hop, wireless, SSMA-based ad hoc network are considered herein. The network has a single radio band for transmission and reception. Each node can transmit to, or receive from, multiple nodes simultaneously. We formulate the scheduling of transmissions and control of transmit powers as a joint, mixed-integer, nonlinear optimization problem that yields maximum return at minimum power subject to SINR constraints. We present an efficient tabu search-based heuristic algorithm to solve the optimization problem and rigorously assess the quality of the results. Through analysis and simulation, we establish upper bounds on the VoIP call carrying capacity of the network as function of various parameters. We discuss the pros and cons of using SSMA as a spectrum sharing technique in wireless ad hoc networks.
Development of cell surface protein associated gene probe specific for Listeria monocytogenes and detection of the bacteria in food by PCR

A genomic library of L. monocytogenes was constructed using lambda Zap II-Eco RI and screened with a monoclonal antibody which is specific for a Listeria cell surface protein. Three positive clones each contained a 6.5 kb insert which in E. coli could express the same Listeria protein. The 6.5 kb insert was further digested with Hin dIII and the smaller fragments were subcloned into a plasmid vector (pBluescript) and screened with 32P-labelled genomic DNA from L. monocytogenes or L. innocua. Three clones which were positive with L. monocytogenes and negative with L. innocua were screened and each contained a 2.1 kb insert. The 2.1 kb insert was partly sequenced and some candidate oligomer probes from the sequences were selected and compared with sequences in a Genbank computer search. One such oligomer probe (T7-list) was confirmed to be specific for L. monocytogenes. The probe hybridized with all 28 strains of L. monocytogenes tested, but not with any of six other Listeria species nor 11 other bacteria tested. Using this probe-primer, a PCR method was developed which could detect as few as 2 cfu of L. monocytogenes in pure cultures, and as few as 4-10 cfu of L. monocytogenes when inoculated into foods.
A profile of motivation, self-perception, and achievement in black urban elementary students

The purpose of this study was to develop a profile of a sample of black urban elementary students based on motivational tendencies, self-perceptions, and achievement. The article explores the intrinsic motivation and self-perceptions of these students and seeks to find relationships among these qualities and academic achievement and attendance. The results of the study present a profile that reflects a lack of social acceptance of vocabulary skills and a lack of social acceptance of preferring challenging work. Perception of scholastic competence was related to behavioral conduct but not to global self-worth. The results supported previous research indicating that some black students perceive schooling and academic success as inconsistent with their racial-cultural goals. Implications for urban schools are presented.
LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY AND PURIFICATION OF DENTAL MONOMERS

Preparative scale, normal phase liquid chromatography has been used to purify the major components of three dental monomers, Araldite GY281, BisGMA, and CyacureTM UVR-6105. A silica column and a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of CH2Cl2 and ethyl acetate were used. Reverse phase HPLC with UV detection and proton NMR were used to analyze the raw materials and the purified compounds. The purified materials are being used in toxicology testing and metabolic studies.
Soluble benzodiazepine receptors: GABAergic regulation.

Abstract Benzodiazepine receptor binding has been measured in soluble brain extracts with 3 H-flunitrazepam as a ligand. Binding to soluble receptors is enhanced by GABAergic agonists with potencies and maximal augmentation essentially the same as on membrane bound benzodiazepine receptors. The GABA induced increase of binding to soluble receptors is reversed by the GABA antagonist bicuculline.
Genetic Connectivity in Corals on the Flower Garden Banks and Surrounding Oil/Gas Platforms, Gulf of Mexico

Abstract The northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) currently possesses ∼ 3,600 offshore oil and gas production platforms. These platforms serve as artificial reefs on the continental shelf, where, until their introduction, shallow hard substrata were rare. This newly available substrate has helped to expand scleractinian coral populations in the GOM. Here, we conduct molecular genetic analyses on adult scleractinian corals on the Flower Garden Banks (FGB) coral reefs (∼ 180 km SE of Galveston, TX) and on surrounding oil and gas platforms. We have attempted to determine the degree of genetic affinity among the natural populations and those on the surrounding platforms. The three most abundant hermatypic scleractinian species were sampled: Madracis decactis, Diploria strigosa, and Montastraea cavernosa. Tissue samples were collected from the East (E-) and West (W-) FGB, and seven platforms within a 65 km radius of the FGB, at a depth range of 5-37 m. Genetic variation was assessed using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs). The large number of polymorphic markers generated by AFLPs allowed for the use of standard genetic analysis tools (AMOVA) as well as population allocation techniques (AFLPOP). AMOVA analyses indicated that the E- and W-FGB were genetically homogeneous for populations of Madracis decactis and Diploria strigosa; Montastraea cavernosa populations, however, were significantly different there. In all species, genetic distance (FST) increased significantly with geographic distance between populations. In the brooding species Madracis decactis, this pattern was even stronger when one considered distance between the platforms and the perimeters of the FGB, particularly the nearest FGB, suggesting that the FGB may be a source of larvae for platform populations. AFLPOP analyses showed that the degree of self-allocation to home sites also increased with inter-site distance. Cross allocations between sites dropped significantly and exponentially in all species within only one to several kms of the FGB. Madracis decactis, a brooder with extended larval release periods and near-immediate settlement competence, showed greater affinity to the FGB with distance than Diploria strigosa, a broadcaster. This brooder appears to be more effective at colonizing small, nearby target sites and expanding its geographic range at the meso-scale. The low degree of genetic affinity exhibited by all species on the platforms may be attributed to genetic drift/founder effect or relatively small samples sizes, although total populations were sampled. In general, genetic affinity decreased with inter-site distance. Young coral populations are highly differentiated at the meso-scale during early stages of community succession, implying that much time and repeated colonization of patchy habitats around larger potential larval sources will be required before genetic equilibrium or homogeneity is reached.
High-nitrogen energetic materials derived from azotetrazolate

Abstract The preparation and properties of three unique high-nitrogen materials based on the anion azotetrazolate are described. Cations examined were the ammonium, guanidinium and triaminoguanidinium. These compounds are unique in their gas generating ability with little or no smoke or residue produced. These materials have possible applications as explosives, pyrotechnics, gas generants and low signature propellants.
Use of a multileaf collimator as a dynamic missing‐tissue compensator

A dynamic multileaf collimator (D-MLC) was used to investigate the feasibility of producing missing-tissue compensators. The modulation of the x-ray field in two dimensions produced by conventional physical compensators was mimicked by delivering a sequence of D-MLC-shaped subfields. A method is introduced to calculate monitor units (MU) for dynamically compensated fields that is analogous to and expands upon methods used for conventional compensating filter MU calculations. In this investigation, the tissue deficit at the surface of an anatomical phantom was measured using a Moire camera. The tissue deficit data were used to generate a series of D-MLC subfields that, delivered in sequence, provided the compensated treatment. Film was used to integrate the dose delivered to a specified depth of compensation. Isodose distributions were measured for uncompensated fields, fields compensated with a conventional lead or plastic filter, and fields compensated with the D-MLC. A comparison of the dose distributions shows the compensation achieved with the dynamic compensating filter is comparable to that achieved using conventional physical compensating filters.
Investigation into the mechanism of the loss of laminin 5 (α3β3γ2) expression in prostate cancer

Laminin 5 is a pivotal hemidesmosomal protein involved in cell stability, migration, and anchoring filament formation. Protein and gene expression of the α3, β3, and γ2 chains of laminin 5 were investigated in normal and invasive prostate carcinoma using immunohistochemistry, Northern analysis, and in situ hybridization. Laser capture microdissection of normal and carcinomatous glands, in conjunction with RNA amplification and reverse Northern analysis, were used to confirm the gene expression data. Protein and mRNA expression of all three laminin 5 chains were detected in the basal cells of normal glands. In contrast, invasive prostate carcinoma showed a loss of β3 and γ2 protein expression with variable expression of α3 chains. Despite the loss of protein expression, there was retention of β3 and γ2 mRNA expression as detected by in situ hybridization, Northern and reverse Northern analysis. Our findings imply that an altered mechanism of translation of β3 or γ2 mRNAs into functional proteins contributes to failure of anchoring filaments and hemidesmosomal formation. The resultant hemidesmosome instability or loss would suggest a less stable epithelial-stromal junction, increased invasion and migration of malignant cells, and disruption of normal integrin signaling pathways.
Recent advances in microdevices for electrochemical energy conversion and storage

The application of silicon microfabrication technologies to electrochemical devices allows reduction of overall device package to potentially increase volumetric power densities. This review first focuses on some exciting developments in microfuel cells, in particular, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The emphasis is given to innovative 2D processing methods, novel 2D architectures of microfuel cells, and demonstrated performance in terms of area power densities. Emerging 3D fabrication techniques that are potentially promising to produce 3D electrochemical devices such as 3D cell and stack architectures on the micrometer scale will then be discussed. Lastly this paper highlights some new opportunities in electrode kinetics studies enabled by microfabricated devices—investigation of scaling relationship between microelectrodes and electrochemical responses, which has led to improved fundamental understanding of electrode reactions and rate-limiting steps. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive network dynamics and evolution of leadership in collective migration

Abstract The evolution of leadership in migratory populations depends not only on costs and benefits of leadership investments but also on the opportunities for individuals to rely on cues from others through social interactions. We derive an analytically tractable adaptive dynamic network model of collective migration with fast timescale migration dynamics and slow timescale adaptive dynamics of individual leadership investment and social interaction. For large populations, our analysis of bifurcations with respect to investment cost explains the observed hysteretic effect associated with recovery of migration in fragmented environments. Further, we show a minimum connectivity threshold above which there is evolutionary branching into leader and follower populations. For small populations, we show how the topology of the underlying social interaction network influences the emergence and location of leaders in the adaptive system. Our model and analysis can be extended to study the dynamics of collective tracking or collective learning more generally. Thus, this work may inform the design of robotic networks where agents use decentralized strategies that balance direct environmental measurements with agent interactions.
Evaluating batteries of short-term genotoxicity tests.

Selecting a battery of short-term genotoxicity tests suitable for screening unknown chemicals for carcinogenicity can be a large combinatorial task because of the great number of short-term tests currently available. Biological criteria, such as requirements for different targets and endpoints, can reduce the number of possible combinations. An independent yet potentially complementary approach which we have developed uses Bayes' theorem to predict carcinogenicity from results (positive or negative) in short-term tests. Batteries can be evaluated by their predictivity, calculated with Bayes' theorem from the sensitivities and specificities of the component tests. Our analyses indicate that tests which contribute most to a battery's predictivity are those which are both sensitive and specific, which we call Class I tests. Because few of the currently available tests are Class I, we have extended our analyses to consider when other types of tests must be substituted for Class I tests, the purpose of a particular test program will influence the choice. In order to obtain the best predictions for all chemicals, a battery should include an equal number of Class II tests (i.e. those that are sensitive but are not specific) and Class III tests (i.e. those that are not sensitive but are specific). However, for the purpose of reducing the number of carcinogens erroneously classified as non-carcinogenic, Class II tests contribute about twice as much to the predictivity of a battery as do Class III tests, and for the purpose of reducing the number of non-carcinogens erroneously classified as carcinogenic, Class II tests contribute about half as much as Class III tests.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Abstract IA14: Inhibition of Ron kinase blocks conversion of micrometastases to overt metastases by boosting antitumor immunity

Many “non-metastatic” cancers have spawned clinically undetectable metastatic colonies even prior to diagnosis. Eventual outgrowth of these microscopic lesions is the cause of metastatic relapse and death from cancer, yet the events that dictate when and how disseminated cancer cells convert to overt metastasis are largely unknown. We utilized mouse genetics and tissue complementation strategies in a murine model of spontaneous metastasis to interrogate the role of macrophage stimulating protein (MSP) and its receptor, Ron, in metastasis. Our data reveal the MSP/Ron pathway as a key mediator in conversion of micrometastases to bona fide metastatic lesions through immune suppression. Genetic deletion of Ron tyrosine kinase activity specifically in the host profoundly blocked metastasis. Our data show that loss of Ron function promotes an effective anti-tumor CD8+ T cell response, which specifically inhibits outgrowth of seeded metastatic colonies. Treatment of mice with a Ron-selective kinase inhibitor prevented outgrowth of lung metastasis, even when administered after micrometastatic colonies had already been established. Our findings indicate that Ron inhibitors may hold potential to specifically prevent outgrowth of micrometastases in cancer patients in the adjuvant setting. Citation Format: Alana Welm. Inhibition of Ron kinase blocks conversion of micrometastases to overt metastases by boosting antitumor immunity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr IA14.
Effects of age, season, and fertility status on plasma and intratesticular immunoreactive (IR) inhibin concentrations in stallions.

The nature of the relationship between inhibin and reproductive function in the stallion is yet to be elucidated. Blood and testes from 51 light horse stallions ranging in age from 2 mo to 25 years were collected during the breeding and nonbreeding seasons to study the effects of testicular maturation, aging, season, and fertility status on peripheral and intratesticular concentrations of Ir inhibin and other reproductive hormones. Of the 51 stallions, 12 age-matched stallions (6 fertile, 3 subfertile, and 3 infertile) were used in the fertility study. Blood samples were taken before castration and plasma stored at −20°C for analysis of Ir inhibin, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), and estrogen conjugates (EC) by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Testes were homogenized and testicular extracts prepared and frozen at −70°C for analysis of Ir inhibin, T, E2, and EC by RIA. Plasma concentrations of Ir inhibin, LH, FSH, T, E2, and EC and intratesticular concentrations of Ir inhibin, T, E2, and EC increased with age (P < 0.01). The most dramatic effect appeared to be during testicular maturation. An aging effect was not observed in adult stallions. A seasonal effect was not detected for any of the plasma hormones, whereas for the intratesticular hormones the only change noted was an increase in T in the nonbreeding season (P < 0.05). Plasma Ir inhibin, E2, and EC were lower (P < 0.01) and gonadotropins higher (P < 0.05) in infertile stallions. Plasma T levels did not change. Intratesticular Ir inhibin concentrations tended to be lower (P < 0.1) in subfertile stallions and significantly lower (P < 0.01) in infertile stallions, whereas intratesticular steroid levels were not different among the three groups. In conclusion, plasma and intratesticular Ir inhibin concentrations seem to be affected by testicular maturation and fertility status.
Cost-effectiveness of guidelines for insertion of inferior vena cava filters in high-risk trauma patients.

Background Inferior vena cava filters (IVCFs) can prevent pulmonary embolism (PE); however, indications for use vary. The Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST) 2002 guidelines suggest prophylactic IVCF use in high-risk patients, but the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) 2008 guidelines do not. This analysis compares cost-effectiveness of prophylactic vs therapeutic retrievable IVCF placement in high-risk trauma patients. Methods Markov modeling was used to determine incremental cost-effectiveness of these guidelines in dollars per quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) during hospitalization and long-term follow-up. Our population was 46-year-old trauma patients at high risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) by EAST criteria to whom either the EAST (prophylactic IVCF) or ACCP (no prophylactic IVCF) guidelines were applied. The analysis assumed the societal perspective over a lifetime. For base case and sensitivity analyses, probabilities and utilities were obtained from published literature and costs calculated from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services fee schedules, the Healthcare Cost & Utilization Project database, and Red Book wholesale drug prices for 2007. For data unavailable from the literature, similarities to other populations were used to make assumptions. Results In base case analysis, prophylactic IVCFs were more costly ($37,700 vs $37,300) and less effective (by 0.139 QALYs) than therapeutic IVCFs. In sensitivity analysis, the EAST strategy of prophylactic filter placement would become the preferred strategy in individuals never having a filter, with either an annual probability of VTE of ≥9.6% (base case, 5.9%), or a very high annual probability of anticoagulation complications of ≥24.3% (base case, 2.5%). The EAST strategy would also be favored if the annual probability of venous insufficiency was Conclusions Analysis suggests prophylactic IVC filters are not cost-effective in high-risk trauma patients. The magnitude of this result is primarily dependent on probabilities of long-term sequelae (venous thromboembolism, bleeding complications). Even in the initial hospitalization, however, prophylactic IVCF costs for the additional quality-adjusted life years gained did not justify use.
Maximizing set function formulation of two scheduling problems

In this note we consider two problems: (1) Schedulingn jobs non-preemptively on a single machine to minimize total weighted earliness and tardiness (WET). (2) Schedulingn jobs nonpreemptively on two parallel identical processors to minimize weighted mean flow time (WMFT). A new approach for these problems is presented. The approach is based on a problem of maximizing a submodular set function. Heuristic algorithm for the problems also is presented.
Chronicle of cybernetics pioneers

Rodney Brooks enjoys an account of the freewheeling group of post-war British researchers that sowed the seeds of robotics through a desire to imitate animal brains and behaviour.
Fraud in courtship: Annulment and divorce

The possibility of fraud exists in any contract. Courts and custom allow some amount of fraud before voiding the contract. The same principles hold for marriage. This paper provides a comparative analysis of annulment and divorce, shows that there exists a socially optimal amount of fraud in marriage, and demonstrates how changes in the locale's divorce regime result in changing demand for annulments. While substitutability between annulment and divorce is limited, annulment is shown to become more valuable for introducing fault when the divorce regime shifts to no fault. As European nations harmonize their family laws, they should be conscious of this substitutibility.
Free vaccine programs to cocoon high-risk infants and children against influenza and pertussis

An adult immunization strategy called "cocooning" is a relatively new concept, referring to immunizing close contacts of infants and high-risk children, thereby limiting pathogen exposure. This report explores the adoption of free vaccine programs in US children's hospitals and shares our own institutions' experiences in implementing free vaccine programs for close contacts of our patients.
Solid-state NMR and molecular dynamics simulations reveal the oligomeric ion-channels of TM2-GABAA stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonding

Abstract The second transmembrane (TM2) domain of GABAA receptor forms the inner-lining surface of chloride ion-channel and plays important roles in the function of the receptor protein. In this study, we report the first structure of TM2 in lipid bilayers determined using solid-state NMR and MD simulations. The interatomic 13C–15N distances measured from REDOR magic angle spinning experiments on multilamellar vesicles, containing a TM2 peptide site specifically labeled with 13C′ and 15N isotopes, were used to determine the secondary structure of the peptide. The 15N chemical shift and 1H–15N dipolar coupling parameters measured from PISEMA experiments on mechanically aligned phospholipid bilayers, containing a TM2 peptide site specifically labeled with 15N isotopes, under static conditions were used to determine the membrane orientation of the peptide. Our results reveal that the TM2 peptide forms an alpha helical conformation with a tilted transmembrane orientation, which is unstable as a monomer but stable as pentameric oligomers as indicated by MD simulations. Even though the peptide consists of a number of hydrophilic residues, the transmembrane folding of the peptide is stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bondings between the side chains of Ser and Thr residues as revealed by MD simulations. The results also suggest that peptide–peptide interactions in the tilted transmembrane orientation overcome the hydrophobic mismatch between the peptide and bilayer thickness.
What are the effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists on adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and other cytokines in insulin resistance?

Patients with type 2 diabetes are at high risk of cardiovascular disease. In addition to treating hyperglycemia, the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of antidiabetic agents may also benefit the cardiovascular complications associated with the disease. The two available TZDs, pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) agonists that influence gene expression of key proteins involved in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and adiponectin are believed to be important in the development of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Understanding the role of these cytokines in the inflammatory processes that trigger plaque development might lead to identification of other potential mechanisms that could be exploited to enhance future treatments for patients with diabetes and atherosclerosis.
Group treatment of single males with erectile dysfunction

Nine men with chronic erectile dysfunction (three primary, six secondary) who had no regular sexual partner were treated in two 12-session all-male psychoeducational therapy groups. Treatment interventions addressed specific factors which inhibited adequate sexual function with a focus on coping skills to overcome those factors. Pre, post, and follow-up behavioral self-report data and responses on a goal attainment scale questionnaire indicated that the treatment groups were successful for five men with secondary and one man with primary erectile dysfunction. Subjective report and pre- and posttreatment fantasy productions to TAT cards for the first group indicated that all men significantly improved their attitudes about sexuality and their sexual self-concept. The results suggest that this is a viable, cost-effective treatment for secondary erectile dysfunction, but not for primary erectile dysfunction unless supplementary individual therapy is provided.
A remote sensing-GIS evaluation of urban expansion and its impact on surface temperature in the Zhujiang Delta, China

The Zhujiang Delta of South China has experienced a rapid urban expansion over the past two decades due to accelerated economic growth. This paper reports an investigation into the application of the integration of remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) for detecting urban growth and assessing its impact on surface temperature in the region. Remote sensing techniques were used to carry out land use/cover change detection by using multitemporal Landsat Thematic Mapper data. Urban growth patterns were analysed by using a GIS-based modelling approach. The integration of remote sensing and GIS was further applied to examine the impact of urban growth on surface temperatures. The results revealed a notable and uneven urban growth in the study area. This urban development had raised surface radiant temperature by 13.01 K in the urbanized area. The integration of remote sensing and GIS was found to be effective in monitoring and analysing urban growth patterns, and in evaluating urbanization imp...
Procedures for Handling Cases of Substance Abuse Among Nurses: A Comparison of Disciplinary and Alternative Programs

Recent estimates suggest that as many as 1 in 5 nurses in the U.S. are chemically dependent. In some states, the board of nursing requires an impaired practitioner to go through a disciplinary proc...
Social Class Transformation in Urban China Training, Hiring, and Promoting Urban Professionals and Managers after 1949

The Chinese Communist Party's (CCP's) structural transformation of urban society in the first years of the People's Republic is well documented and not often subject to debate. As early as 1953, state enterprises were the primary employers, and industry dominated commerce. Three years later, private business had been effectively eliminated, and entrepreneurs and independent professionals had disappeared as legitimate economic actors (see Table 1 at the end of this article). Equally central to the CCP's radical transformation of urban society were the deliberate-and successful-efforts to redefine the economic and social significance of urban residence (Solinger, 1999). Through rationing and migration controls, the communist leadership divided the population into a rural majority tied to the land who were responsible for raising their own food and an urban minority who had the right to buy state grain. As a result, urban residence in and of itself guaranteed a privileged status, and Chinese cities became economically, politically, and socially cut off from their rural hinterlands and suburbs.
Biosynthesis of aminocyclitol antibiotics.

The history of the aminocyclitol antibiotics dates from the discovery in 1943 of streptomycin by Waksman’s group at Rutgers (Schatz et al., 1946). This was followed by the discovery of neomycin, paromomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, sisomicin, butirosin, ribostamycin, spectinomycin, fortimicin, validamycin, minosaminomycin, and hygromycin, to name but some of the naturally occurring members of this class of compounds.
Larvivorous fish including Gambusia.

Mosquitofish [Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard) and G. holbrooki Girard] have been used as a biological control agent for mosquitoes for more than 100 years and, when used under appropriate conditions, remain one of the best candidates for biological control programs against mosquitoes. Mosquitofish are prolific, hardy, omnivores that are capable of rapidly producing large populations following introduction into most aquatic habitats. During the 20 century, Gambusia was introduced to more than 60 countries on nearly every continent and the 2 mosquitofish species remain the preferred larvivorous fishes (85–90% of studies) for biological control programs focused on mosquitoes (Gerberich and Laird 1985). The literature on mosquitofish is vast and numerous studies on native fishes as replacements for the mosquitofish in biological control programs have been carried out since Meisch’s (1985) and Bay’s (1985) reviews of larvivorous fishes previously used in mosquito control programs. Recent bibliographies (Haas and Pal 1984, Gerberich and Laird 1985, Ahmed et al. 1988, Legner 1995), as well as a recent publication focusing on mosquitofish culture and use in mosquito control programs (Swanson et al. 1996), illustrate the great interest and integral role that larvivorous fish fulfill in modern mosquito control programs. Ahmed et al. (1988) compiled a bibliography of 204 references related to indigenous fishes for mosquito control and 96 references for fishes for aquatic weed control. Gerberich and Laird’s (1985) review of the literature on larvivorous fishes found that more than 253 fish species have been considered for the biocontrol of mosquitoes. The great interest in Gambusia as a control agent for mosquitoes is tempered by the concerns of icthyologists and ecologists for the potential negative aspects of mosquitofish on non-target organisms and natural ecosystems (Arthington and Lloyd 1989, Meffe and Snelson 1989, Rupp 1996, Gratz et al. 1996). Regardless whether a particular fish species is used in biological control programs or stocked for recreational fisheries, adding non-native fish to ecosystems can have dramatic consequences on the fauna of some aquatic habitats (Goodman 1991, Adams et al. 2003), especially in habitats lacking fish (Wellborn et al. 1996, Hamer et al. 2002). A greater awareness of the ecological consequences of biomanipulation is needed (Rupp 1996) including both the direct effects of predation on non-target taxa and indirect trophic effects such as facilitation of other non-native organisms (Stachowicz 2001, Adams et al. 2003). This chapter provides an overview and highlights some of the important advances in our knowledge of mosquitofish and other larvivorous fishes since Meisch’s (1985) and Bay’s (1985) reviews, respectively. The reader is referred to Swanson et al. (1996) for thorough discussion of mosquitofish biology, culture systems and use of Gambusia spp. as a biological control agent for mosquitoes, and to Gerberich and Laird (1985), Ahmed et al. (1988), Legner (1995) and Hurst (2004) for bibliographies of larvivorous fishes used for mosquito control.
Specific yield determined from a Thiem's Pumping‐Test

The specific yield of a water-bearing formation is defined as the ratio of (1) the volume of water, which after being saturated, it will yield by gravity to (2) its own volume (O. E. Meinzer, Outline of ground-water hydrology, U.S. Geol. Sur. Water-Supply Paper 494, p. 28, 1923). It is a measure of the quantity of water that a formation will yield when it is drained by lowering of the water-table. The determination of the specific yield is essential in many quantitative ground-water investigations. In 1931 a pumping-test was made in the Platte River Valley, in Nebraska, to determine by Thiem's method the permeability of the water-bearing sand and gravel that underlie the Valley. This test, which constitutes a part of a cooperative investigation by the Conservation and Survey Department of the University of Nebraska and the United States Geological Survey, was briefly described in the 1932 Transactions of the American Geophysical Union (p. 393). The well was pumped continuously for 48 hours, and measurements of the discharge were made every 30 minutes. During the period of pumping and after pumping stopped about 5,000 measurements were made of the depths to the water-surfaces in 80 observation-wells, which were located on lines radiating from the pumped well to distances up to 1,200 feet. Instrumental levels were run to the measuring points on each of the wells so that the altitudes of the water-surfaces could be determined for any time. From the data obtained in this test the average coefficient of permeability was computed to be about 700. In the present paper a method is presented for determining the specific yield of the water-bearing material from the data collected in this test, and the results of the computations are given. This method for determining specific yield was suggested by Meinzer (O. E. Meinzer, Outline of methods for estimating ground-water supplies, U.S. Geol. Sur. water-Supply Paper 638-c, p. 136, 1932).
Nature, Grace and John Cotton: The Theological Dimension in the New England Antinomian Controversy

In 1636 the Puritan Commonwealth of Massachusetts Bay was confronted with a sectarian outburst which rent the religious and civil peace of Boston and temporarily threatened that of the whole colony. Certain of the Boston congregation, led by Anne Hutchinson and abetted by John Cotton, the teacher of the church, charged that the clergy of the Bay, almost entirely, were not true ministers of the gospel but in fact a company of unregenerate “legalists”, preaching a “covenant of works” instead of a “covenant of grace”, and there by hindering the work of redemption. For nearly two years the “Antinomian Controversy” darkened the radiance of the City on the Hill, and echoes of the affair returned in the next decade to plague apologists for the New England Way. Part of the apologists' difficulty was the fact that their star, the illustrious Cotton, had been on the wrong side.
Scalability of 2-D wavelet transform algorithms: analytical and experimental results on MPPs

This paper studies the scalability of two-dimensional (2-D) discrete wavelet transform (DWT) algorithms on massively parallel processors (MPPs). The principal operation in the 2-D DWT is the filtering operation used to implement the filter banks of the 2-D subband decomposition. This filtering operation can be implemented as a convolution in the time domain or as a multiplication in the frequency domain. We demonstrate that there exist combinations of machine size, image size, and wavelet kernel size for which the time-domain algorithms outperform the frequency domain algorithms and vice-versa. We therefore demonstrate that a hybrid approach that combines time- and frequency-domain approaches can yield linear scalability for a broad range of problem and machine sizes. Furthermore, we show the effect of processor speed versus communication overhead and the use of separable versus nonseparable wavelets on the crossover points between the algorithm approaches.
Constructing Indigenous Subjectivities: Economic Collectivism and Identity in the Ecuadorian Amazon

This article uses a governmentality analytic to understand the efforts of indigenous leaders from the Ecuadorian Amazon to shape their organizations’ members over the past four decades, particularly efforts to promote collective engagement in market-oriented activities. A close examination of one organization's history reveals that leaders’ subjectivity-shaping efforts have been strongly influenced by collaborations with the state, NGOs and others. They have also been shaped by historical understandings of status and leadership. However, collaborative economic projects are also used by leaders as a tool for producing new kinds of indigenous citizens, ones that are actively engaged with larger communities of indigenous people beyond their kinship groups. Leaders see these new senses of citizenship as empowering, and as a critical precursor to planning land use and livelihoods. Thus, indigenous leaders are not simply conduits for the subjectivity-shaping projects of the state and international development groups; nor are they simply acting in their own interest. Rather, they constitute and regulate new types of citizens to ensure the future viability of their organizations and political projects.
RApid Parallel Protein EvaluatoR (RAPPER), from gene to enzyme function in one day

Cell-free transcription–translation systems offer an effective and versatile platform to explore the impact of genetic variations on protein function. We have developed a protocol for preparing linear, mutagenic DNA templates for direct use in the PURE system, enabling the fast and semi-quantitative evaluation of amino acid variations on catalytic activity and stereo-selectivity in native and engineered variants of Old Yellow Enzyme.
Intraductal breast carcinoma: Initial results of a morphometric study using computerized digital image analysis

Extensive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and necrosis in breast carcinoma have been correlated with a higher incidence of local recurrence in patients treated with breast-conserving surgery and radiotherapy. In an attempt quantitatively to assess duct size distribution and necrosis in DCIS, the authors devised a method utilizing computerized digital image analysis. The method and results of a pilot study comparing 21 patients with DCIS, and 21 normal breast specimens are presented. Normal breast tissue from autopsy material revealed a mean duct diameter of 90 microns, whereas the mean diameter of ducts in patients with DCIS was 359 microns (P less than 0.001). The presence of necrosis in DCIS correlated strongly with average duct size. Of the ducts larger than 360 microns in diameter 94% exhibited intraductal necrosis, whereas ducts less than 360 microns showed necrosis in only 30% of the measurements. Ducts with necrosis revealed a mean diameter of 498 microns versus 198 microns in ducts without necrosis (P less than 0.001). The authors suggest that necrosis develops in response to tumour cell hypoxia associated with cross-sectional duct expansion in DCIS. This growth pattern predisposing to tumour cell hypoxia could be a factor contributing to radioresistance and increased local recurrence.
Genetic Variation in the Antioxidant Gene Superoxide Dismutase 2 (SOD2) and Response to Radiation Therapy (RT) for Prostate Cancer (PCa)

Materials/Methods: We followed participants in the prospective US Health Professionals Follow-Up Study who were initially treated with RT for early-stage, localized PCa (T1-3N0/xM0/x, PSA 50) . We excluded non-whites or men who developed lethal PCa (cancer-specific mortality or development of bone metastases) within 1 year of treatment. Three SNPs within RNASEL (rs486907, rs627928, and rs12757998) were genotyped based on previously determined functional and biological significance and analyzed using the additive model. The men were diagnosed between 1993 and 2008 and followed through 2011 for cancer outcomes through biennial questionnaires and review of medical records. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models to assess the per-allele association between each of the SNPs and the primary outcome which was defined as time to a composite endpoint including development of lethal PCa or PSA rise. Results:We followed 452 participants for a median of 9 years. Median age at RTwas 73 years (interquartile range, 69-77 years). Features at diagnosis included: 72% PSA <10, 67% Gleason<7 and 96% T1/T2 disease. Treatment included brachytherapy in 40% (n Z 179) and androgen deprivation in 9% (nZ 40). Ninety-eight men experienced an outcome, 23 of whom developed lethal PCa. On multivariate analysis, after adjusting for age, Gleason score, PSA at diagnosis and stage, the rs12757998 variant allele was associated with a significant benefit in time to endpoint (HR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.39-0.89; p Z 0.008) driven by a decreased risk of PSA rise (HR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.35 0.81; p Z 0.0037). In contrast, this variant had no significant impact on time to the composite endpoint, lethal PCa or PSA rise in 458 men from the same cohort who were treated with radical prostatectomy (HRZ 0.84; 95% CI 0.53 1.32; p Z 0.45). There were no significant associations between rs486907 and rs627928 and PCa outcomes among participants. Conclusions: We demonstrate an association between RNASEL SNP rs12757998 and outcome after definitive RT for PCa. This SNP has been associated with increased circulating C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, suggesting a potential role of inflammation in response to RT. Validation and identification of other inflammatory predictors of outcome following RT may elucidate relationships between systemic immunity and radiation responsiveness. Genetic predictors of treatment-specific outcome could potentially help inform initial PCa management. Author Disclosure: J.D. Schoenfeld: None. D.N. Margalit: None. J.L. Kasperzyk: None. I.M. Shui: None. J.R. Rider: None. M.M. Epstein: None. A. Meisner: None. E.L. Giovannucci: None. M.J. Stampfer: None. L.A. Mucci: None.
Coupling ecology and evolution: malaria and the S-gene across time scales

Malaria has long been a scourge to humans. The exceptionally high mortality in some regions has led to strong selection for resistance, even at the cost of increased risk of potentially fatal red blood cell deformities in some offspring. In particular, genes that confers resistance to malaria when they appear in heterozygous individuals are known to lead to sickle-cell anemia, or other blood diseases, when they appear in homozygous form. Thus, there is balancing selection against the evolution of resistance, with the strength of that selection dependent upon malaria prevalence. Over longer time scales, the increased frequency of resistance in a population might be expected to decrease the frequency of malaria and reduce selection for resistance. However, possession of the sickle-cell gene leads to longer-lasting parasitaemia in heterozygote individuals, and therefore the presence of resistance may actually increase infection prevalence. In this paper, we explore the interplay among these processes, operating over very different time scales. In particular, we show that on the fast time scale of malarial dynamics, the disease level reaches an equilibrium; on the slower, evolutionary time scale, this equilibrium tracks gene frequency. We analyze the slow time scale dynamics to investigate the impact of malaria on the evolution of resistance.