cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A general, non-iterative Riemann solver for Godunov's method☆

Abstract Godunov's method is characterized by the use of a Riemann problem solution to resolve discontinuities at the interface between cells. The major drawback of this method is the difficulty and the high cost of solving the (nonlinear) Riemann problem exactly, especially for materials with complex equations of state. This paper describes a simplified and noniterative approximate Riemann solver which is characterized by only two material-dependent parameters. For a given material, these parameters are the local speed of sound and a parameter which is directly related to the shock density ratio in the limit of strong shocks. These parameters are conveniently obtained from a linear fit to the experimental data for the shock Hugoniot in various materials. The approximate Riemann solver retains the essential quadratic nonlinearity which enables it to deal with the whole range of cases from weak sound waves to strong shocks.
Infection of cultured human tracheal epithelial cells by human parainfluenza virus types 2 and 3.

Despite growing information of the effects of human respiratory virus infection on airway physiology, little information is available on the mechanisms of pathology and pathophysiology in these infections. The human respiratory pathogens, parainfluenza virus types 2 and 3 (hPIV2, hPIV3, respectively), clinically cause laryngotracheobronchitis (infection of the large proximal airways). In order to examine the pathobiology of these viruses in airway cells of human origin, we exposed primary cultures of human tracheal epithelial cells. Primary cultures of human tracheal epithelial cells were readily infected by these agents: cells exposed to hPIV2 and hPIV3 expressed viral antigens (demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence assay), produced infectious virus, and demonstrated cytopathic effects (including early syncytium formation). Peak viral titers of 2 × 107 plaque-forming units per milliliter were obtained, similar to titers from permissive CV-1 cells. Trypan blue staining and direct cell counts demonstrated no difference in the viability of the control and infected cells until the infected cells began to detach from the culture substrate. However, infected cells release significantly more LDH than control cells by 48 h following infection at a multiplicity of infection of 1 virus/target cell. This system provides a model for studying the effects of infection of the human tracheal epithelium by human respiratory viral pathogens without confounding interactions with other cell and tissue types.
Sound Propagation in the Nocturnal Boundary Layer

Abstract An experimental study of sound propagation near the ground in stable, nighttime conditions was performed in conjunction with the Cooperative Atmosphere–Surface Exchange Study-1999 (CASES-99). Low-frequency sound transmissions were continuously recorded at microphones out to a distance of 1.3 km from a loudspeaker during CASES-99 intensive observation periods (IOPs) 6 and 7. Fading episodes in the received signal energy of 10 to 20 dB, lasting several minutes to an hour, were frequently observed. Strong discrete events, such as the density current and solitary wave of IOP 7, were found to have significant effects on acoustical signals, although substantial variability in received sound energy often occurred outside such events. Sound propagation model predictions demonstrate that wind and temperature data from a tall tower, such as the CASES-99 60-m tower, can be used to predict the momentary variations in a 50-Hz sound signal with good success. Tethersonde and rawinsonde data are generally too in...
Predicting School Bullying Victimization: Focusing on Individual and School Environmental/Security Factors

Bullying behavior continues to be a salient social and health-related issue of importance to educators, criminal justice practitioners, and academicians across the country. While discourse on school bullying is abundant, previous studies are limited in explaining the predictive effect of factors such as individual/demographic variables, school environmental variables, and school antibullying preventive measures. Using a nationally representative sample of 12,987 private and public school students in the United States, the current study examines school safety measures and students’ perceptions about school environments (or climate), especially school rules and punishment. Findings reveal that the variables of security guards, fairness and awareness of school rules, gangs and guns at school, students misbehaving, and teachers’ punishment of students were statistically significant predictors of bullying victimization. Implications of these findings for school anti-bullying programs as well as directions for future research are discussed.
Structural insights into the coupling of virion assembly and rotavirus replication

Viral replication is rapid and robust, but it is far from a chaotic process. Instead, successful production of infectious progeny requires that events occur in the correct place and at the correct time. Rotaviruses (segmented double-stranded RNA viruses of the Reoviridae family) seem to govern their replication through ordered disassembly and assembly of a triple-layered icosahedral capsid. In recent years, high-resolution structural data have provided unprecedented insight into these events. In this Review, we explore the current understanding of rotavirus replication and how it compares to replication of other Reoviridae family members.
Neoclassical tearing dynamo and self‐sustainment of a bootstrapped tokamak

The dynamo effect due to neoclassical tearing modes is considered. It is found that the global constraints on energy and helicity balance require a redefinition of the dynamo field in neoclassical magnetohydrodynamics. The parallel dynamo field is calculated from the boundary‐layer equations governing tearing modes. This dynamo effect can sustain a completely bootstrapped tokamak. A typical steady‐state current profile has a core region of weak pressure gradients surrounded by a region of strong pressure gradients, where the current profile is entirely due to the bootstrap effect.
Efficient Specialization of Relational Concepts

An algorithm is presented for a common induction problem, the specialization of overly general concepts. A concept is too general when it matches a negative example. The particular case addressed here assumes that concepts are represented as conjunctions of positive literals, that specialization is performed by conjoining literals to the overly general concept, and that the resulting specializations are to be as general as possible. Although the problem is NP-hard, there exists an algorithm, based on manipulation of bit vectors, that has provided good performance in practice.
Designing forest plans with conflicting objectives using de Novo programming

Optimization techniques which incorporate multiple objectives and operate within a soft decision environment offer great promise for increasing the utility of forest planning models. Using de novo programming, we illustrate the potential use of designing optimal forest systems in the face of conflicting objectives. A multiple objective linear programming model is used to illustrate this approach. both the generation and evaluation of compromise solutions under de novo conditions are discussed.
Pain from the oral cavity

The head, face, mouth, and throat collectively is the most frequent site of pain in humans. Facial pain is a particularly distressing problem because identification and effective treatment of the underlying cause is often challenging and sometimes elusive. This article focuses on the more common causes of facial pain that originate in the oral cavity and associated structures and outlines a general approach to diagnosis and management of these problems.
Transmission Efficiency of Potato virus Y strains PVYO and PVYN-Wi by Five Aphid Species

Potato virus Y (PVY) is a reemerging problem in potato production in North America. Although the "ordinary" strain, PVYO, is still the dominant isolate in U.S. seed potatoes, the recombinant strain of the virus PVYN-Wi (= PVYN:O) has become widespread. An increase in the prevalence of a PVY strain could be due to differences in the efficiency of transmission by aphid vectors. The transmission efficiency by a clone of Myzus persicae was determined for five isolates each of PVYO and PVYN-Wi. An aphid transmission assay was developed based on the use of potato seedlings from true potato seed, allowing for greater control of plant age and growth stage. No apparent differences in transmission by M. persicae were observed. Single isolates of PVYO and PVYN-Wi were tested for their ability to be transmitted from potato to potato by five aphid species: Aphis glycines, A. gossypii, A. nasturtii, M. persicae, and Rhopalosiphum padi. Both PVY isolates showed a similar transmission phenotype in being transmitted efficiently by M. persicae but very poorly or not at all by A. glycines, A. gossypii, and R. padi. The aphid A. nasturtii transmitted both isolates with an intermediate level of efficiency. The data do not support a model for a differential aphid transmissibility being responsible for the increase in the prevalence of PVYN-Wi.
Forest Management, Conservation, and Global Timber Markets

This article develops a global timber market model which captures how timber supply reacts to future predicted increases in the demand for timber. Higher future demand is expected to increase prices, increase investments in regeneration, increase establishment of plantations, and expand output. Dynamic market responses imply a greater reliance on plantations in productive regions, allowing large areas of natural forest in low-valued regions to remain largely intact. Sensitivity analysis suggests that price, harvest, and management are most sensitive to the rate of demand increase, the interest rate, the cost of plantations, and access costs of natural forests. Two forest conservation strategies are examined which predict the system-wide implications of forest conservation in Europe and North America. The policies indicate that whereas set asides can induce net conservation, harvests increase elsewhere, particularly in natural forests.
Na2OP2O5SiO2 gels: Preparation and characterization

Abstract Monolithic gels in the Na2OP2O5SiO2 system were prepared by a sol-gel technique. Ionic conductivity, differential thermal analysis (DTA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXD) data are reported. Comparison of structural and thermal properties of the Na and Li gels in this system show that they are similar; however, the crystallization behavior of the Na and Li systems differ. Li, Na and K gel analogs of identical composition were prepared in the A2OP2O5SiO2 system. The ionic conductivity of the gels was found to increase with increasing ionic radii of the alkali metal ions σK ≥ σNa ≥ σLi.
Design of superposition coded modulation for unequal error protection

For multimedia communications in wireless channels, it is desirable that the quality of the multimedia service is gracefully degraded when the channel conditions deteriorate. To that end, unequal error protection (UEP) plays an essential role, by which the coded bit streams of different significance are given different levels of protection. We design power- and bandwidth-efficient coded modulation scheme for UEP. Motivated by the information-theoretic results, a superposition coded modulation scheme is designed by using shaping techniques. The carefully-designed shaping can successfully reduce the interference between the fine-level code and the coarse-level code. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated through both analysis and simulations. Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme outperforms those without shaping by more than 3 dB in the region of interest for UEP.
Implantación de stents en la carótida: ¿qué hemos aprendido de los registros y ensayos clínicos y cuál es la mejor estrategia de futuro?

Al igual que con otros procedimientos quirurgicos minimamente cruentos, la angioplastia y la implantacion de un stent en la arteria carotida (SAC) se han desarrollado rapidamente durante la ultima decada. A pesar de que muchos expertos consideran que en pacientes de alto riesgo se ha establecido una equivalencia con la endarterectomia carotidea, todavia no se ha determinado la eficacia del SAC en pacientes de menor riesgo. En el presente articulo tratamos de revisar de manera exhaustiva y critica los ensayos y registros sobre SAC y ofrecer unos conocimientos sobre las direcciones futuras de esta tecnologia emergente.
Library associations and social responsibilities: the cases of ALA and IFLA

As well as promoting the enhancement of their member libraries and librarians, library associations can play an important role within civil society. Indeed libraries and their associations function within societies and have an important role in the well being of their communities. Library associations should not only promote traditional library activities such as the promotion of reading and literacy, but also serve as progressive forces for change. They can serve to protect and enhance civil liberties and freedom of expression, and can promote community organization for enhancing the quality of life. This article highlights the history and experience of the Social Responsibilities Round Table of the American Library Association (ALA) and the Social Responsibilities Discussion Group of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA). It is an update of Kagan (2001). Innovation Vol. 31 2005: 66-75
Planned Two-Fraction Proton Beam Stereotactic Radiosurgery for High-Risk Inoperable Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations

Purpose To evaluate patients with high-risk cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), based on eloquent brain location or large size, who underwent planned two-fraction proton stereotactic radiosurgery (PSRS). Methods and Materials From 1991 to 2009, 59 patients with high-risk cerebral AVMs received two-fraction PSRS. Median nidus volume was 23 cc (range, 1.4–58.1 cc), 70% of cases had nidus volume ≥14 cc, and 34% were in critical locations (brainstem, basal ganglia). Median AVM score based on age, AVM size, and location was 3.19 (range, 0.9–6.9). Many patients had prior surgery or embolization (40%) or prior PSRS (12%). The most common prescription was 16 Gy radiobiologic equivalent (RBE) in two fractions, prescribed to the 90% isodose. Results At a median follow-up of 56.1 months, 9 patients (15%) had total and 20 patients (34%) had partial obliteration. Patients with total obliteration received higher total dose than those with partial or no obliteration (mean dose, 17.6 vs. 15.5 Gy (RBE), p = 0.01). Median time to total obliteration was 62 months (range, 23–109 months), and 5-year actuarial rate of partial or total obliteration was 33%. Five-year actuarial rate of hemorrhage was 22% (95% confidence interval, 12.5%–36.8%) and 14% ( n = 8) suffered fatal hemorrhage. Lesions with higher AVM scores were more likely to hemorrhage ( p = 0.024) and less responsive to radiation ( p = 0.026). The most common complication was Grade 1 headache acutely (14%) and long term (12%). One patient developed a Grade 2 generalized seizure disorder, and two had mild neurologic deficits. Conclusions High-risk AVMs can be safely treated with two-fraction PSRS, although total obliteration rate is low and patients remain at risk for future hemorrhage. Future studies should include higher doses or a multistaged PSRS approach for lesions more resistant to obliteration with radiation.
Central organization of the electrosensory lateral line system in bullhead catfish Ictalurus nebulosus.

The connections of the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL) of ictalurid catfish were examined by means of horseradish peroxidase tracing methods. The ELL receives direct input from the anterior and posterior lateral line nerves. Some of these nerve fibers continue through the ELL to end as mossy fibers in the lateral portion of the eminentia granularis. Granule cells in this area as well as those in lobus caudalis of the cerebellum project back to the ELL as parallel fibers in the upper molecular layer. The lower molecular layer of the ELL receives its input from the n. praeeminentialis. The ELL projects via the lateral lemniscus to the n. praeeminentialis and torus semicircularis bilaterally, but more heavily on the contralateral side. In addition, the n. praeeminentialis receives the bulk of its input from the ipsilateral torus semicircularis. The caudal lobe of the cerebellum both projects to the electrosensory portion of the torus semicircularis and receives indirect input from the torus semicircularis via the inferior olivary nucleus. In summary, the central organization of this ampullary receptor electrosensory system in catfish is similar to that of the ampullary-tuberous receptor elec-trosense of mormyrids and gymnotids.
Reinforcement of verbal behavior by evaluative meaning words

This study tested the generality of an earlier finding that evaluative meaning words function as reinforcers for children’s instrumental motor learning. College students served as Ss in a verbal conditioning task. Words rated as having positive, negative, or neutral evaluative meaning (EM) were presented contingent upon the use of self-referent pronouns and were later removed during extinction. Frequency of emission of self-referent pronouns: (1) increased, following presentation of positive EM words and removal of negative EM words; (2) decreased, following removal of positive, and presentation of negative, EM words; (3) was unaffected by presentation or removal of neutral EM words. The results strengthen Staats’s (1968) conclusion that EM words can function as reinforcers and punishers in instrumental tasks.
Human Diaphragm Single Fiber Function after Unilateral Phrenic Nerve Stimulation During Mechanical Ventilation

Patients undergoing open chest surgery depend on mechanical ventilation (MV) for breathing. Although a life-saving measure, prolonged MV can cause a weaning problem due to diaphragm weakness because the muscle is unloaded and quiescent. Unloading and inactivity of the diaphragm causes sarcomeric protein dysfunction. However, there is limited understanding and no countermeasures to the sarcomeric dysfunction that contributes to diaphragm weakness after MV in humans. The purpose of our ongoing investigation is to examine the impact of intermittent unilateral phrenic nerve stimulation during surgery on diaphragm single fiber contractile properties. One phrenic nerve was stimulated (30 contractions per bout, every 30 minutes) during open chest surgery. Shortly before the end of surgery diaphragm biopsies were obtained from stimulated (STIM) and non-stimulated (NO-STIM) hemidiaphragms. We tested contractile properties of permeabilized single fibers from both hemidiaphragms. Preliminary results show that, in type I fibers, there was no difference in specific force (sFo) from STIM and NO-STIM hemidiaphragms. The rate constant of tension redevelopment (Ktr) was faster by ∼7% in STIM hemidiaphragm than in NO-STIM. Calcium sensitivity was improved in STIM hemidiaphragm, such that the calcium concentration (-log of pCa50) that elicits 50% maximum force was reduced by ∼18%. In type IIa fibers, the three parameters (sFo, Ktr and pCa50) were similar in STIM and NO-STIM hemidiaphragm fibers. Our preliminary data suggest beneficial effects of intermittent phrenic nerve stimulation, and preferential effects on type I fibers.
Solving return-to-sensibility problems after electrical stunning in commercial pork slaughter plants.

Objective—To determine causes and solutions for return-to-sensibility problems after electrical stunning in pigs. Design—Case studies. Sample Population—6 federally inspected pork slaughter plants. Procedure—100 to 200 pigs were scored in each plant for stunner positioning, squealing when stunner was applied, and signs of insensibility. All pigs were held in a V-shaped restrainer conveyor and stunned with a manually applied head-to-body electrical stunner. Results—Percentage of pigs that had blinking after stunning ranged from 0.5 to 7. None of the pigs had a righting reflex or kicked in response to stimuli. All signs of possible return to sensibility disappeared before bleeding pigs reached the scalding tub. Spontaneous eye blinking was eliminated by improving bleeding practices to increase blood flow, ergonomically redesigning the stunner operator's work station to make correct placement of the stunner easier, redesigning the head electrode to facilitate correct placement, reducing line speed from 1,200...
Teleradiology and screening mammography: a telemammography system evaluation and comparison to clinical results

Radiologists' performance reviewing and rating breast cancer screening mammography exams using a telemammography system was evaluated and compared with the actual clinical interpretations of the same interpretations. Mammography technologists from three remote imaging sites transmitted 245 exams to a central site (radiologists), which they (the technologists) believed needed additional procedures (termed "recall"). Current exam image data and non-image data (i.e., technologist's text message, technologist's graphic marks, patient's prior report, and Computer Aided Detection (CAD) results) were transmitted to the central site and displayed on three high-resolution, portrait monitors. Seven radiologists interpreted ("recall" or "no recall") the exams using the telemammography workstation in three separate multi-mode studies. The mean telemammography recall rates ranged from 72.3% to 82.5% while the actual clinical recall rates ranged from 38.4% to 42.3% across the three studies. Mean Kappa of agreement ranged from 0.102 to 0.213 and mean percent agreement ranged from 48.7% to 57.4% across the three studies. Eighty-seven percent of the disagreement interpretations occurred when the telemammography interpretation resulted in a recommendation to recall and the clinical interpretation resulted in a recommendation not to recall. The poor agreement between the telemammography and clinical interpretations may indicate a critical dependence on images from prior screening exams rather than any text based information. The technologists were sensitive, if not specific, to the mammography features and changes that may lead to recall. Using the telemammography system the radiologists were able to reduce the recommended recalls by the technologist by approximately 25 percent.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Oceanographic and physiographic controls on modern sedimentation within Antarctic fjords

Physical oceanographic data and modern surface sediments were collected from eleven fjords along the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula and South Shetland Islands. Surface sediment samples (62) were analyzed for texture and total organic carbon content. The distribution of biogenic and terrigenous facies within the fjords is controlled by bay geometry and oceanographic regime. Climate plays a secondary role but, along with ice drainage basin size, controls the rate of terrigenous supply to the glacial marine environment. Specifically, fjords along the Danco Coast and Palmer Archipelago with a high length to width ratio tend to have bottom sediments that are arenaceous where ice-rafted sediment is released preferentially at the head of the fjord. Biogenic facies are favored where the bay geometry is complex. Where such complexity exists, separate oceanographic regimes develop that lead to separation of terrigenous and biogenic sediments. Processes of interflow (mid- and deep-water turbid cold tongues) and Coriolis deflection produce terrigenous facies along the inner fjord and western edges of a fjord system. Warm outer bay waters tend to develop a stable eddy circulation pattern that favors the productivity of phytoplankton in the surface layers. Outer bays are therefore floored with organic-rich siliceous muds and ice-rafted material. Only in the South Shetland Islands is melt-water input significant enough to generate estuarine circulation within the fjord, but here strong bottom currents result in arenaceous bottom sediments with no biogenic facies. Ice-rafted diamictons are produced proximal to the edges of small tide-water glaciers in the South Shetlands. The facies relationships established in this study provide a strong reference for paleoclimatic studies that utilize downcore measurements of texture and organic carbon.
First Report of Armillaria tabescens Causing Armillaria Root Rot of Pindo Palm in South Carolina

A Pindo palm tree (Butia capitata) declined in a commercial landscape setting in Georgetown, SC during June of 2005. In the spring, after looking healthy the previous year, the entire canopy collapsed with leaves attached. The canopy defoliated shortly thereafter. A cross section through primary and secondary roots of the wilting plant revealed necrotic areas with the presence of white mycelial fans. Diseased roots containing mycelial fans were collected and small sections were transferred to benomyl dichloran streptomycin (BDS) selective medium. Fungal cultures grew approximately 1 mm in diameter per day and developed aeriel mycelium first. Later, cultures developed mainly crustose mycelium with some parts being aerial. Ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions 1 and 2 were polymerase chain reaction amplified with universal primers ITS1-F and ITS4 and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. DQ109806). A BLAST search in GenBank of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region identified the pathogen as Armillaria tabescen...
Sulfonylureas Correct Trafficking Defects of ATP-sensitive Potassium Channels Caused by Mutations in the Sulfonylurea Receptor

The pancreatic ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel, a complex of four sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1) and four potassium channel Kir6.2 subunits, regulates insulin secretion by linking metabolic changes to β-cell membrane potential. Sulfonylureas inhibit KATP channel activities by binding to SUR1 and are widely used to treat type II diabetes. We report here that sulfonylureas also function as chemical chaperones to rescue KATP channel trafficking defects caused by two SUR1 mutations, A116P and V187D, identified in patients with congenital hyperinsulinism. Sulfonylureas markedly increased cell surface expression of the A116P and V187D mutants by stabilizing the mutant SUR1 proteins and promoting their maturation. By contrast, diazoxide, a potassium channel opener that also binds SUR1, had no effect on surface expression of either mutant. Importantly, both mutant channels rescued to the cell surface have normal ATP, MgADP, and diazoxide sensitivities, demonstrating that SUR1 harboring either the A116P or the V187D mutation is capable of associating with Kir6.2 to form functional KATP channels. Thus, sulfonylureas may be used to treat congenital hyperinsulinism caused by certain KATP channel trafficking mutations.
Formation Mechanisms of High-density Growth Twins in Aluminum with High Stacking-Fault Energy

Nanotwins readily form in numerous face-centered-cubic (fcc) metals with low stacking-fault energy (SFE). However, growth twins rarely form in Al due to its high SFE, ∼120–165 mJ/m2. Here, using thin inter-layers or buffer layers of a low-SFE fcc metal (Ag), we overcome the SFE barrier and successfully grow high-density coherent and incoherent twin boundaries into Al. We identify three mechanisms that induce growth twins in Al and demonstrate enhanced mechanical strength in twinned Al. This study reveals an effective means that may be generalized to control growth twin formation in fcc metals with high SFE.
“Continuous” emulsifier‐free emulsion polymerization for the synthesis of monodisperse polymeric latex particles

A continuous emulsifier-free emulsion copolymerization (CEFEP) of styrene and divinylbenzene (DVB) or methyl methacrylate (MMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) has been devised to produce uniform polymeric microspheres of narrow size distribution from 74 nm to 2 μm, depending on reaction time. Monomer and crosslinker vapors were fed continuously into a small reactor. We suggest that after initial nucleation, subsequent CEFEP proceeds near the surfaces of growing particles in a monomer-swollen outer shell.
Defining IT research

Information Technology emerged as a separate computing discipline primarily because the computing disciplines that were taught in universities at the time, in particular computer science and information systems, did not meet the needs of employers. In particular, the existing computing disciplines did not meet employer needs for IT infrastructure managers. While IT was successful in meeting employer needs, it was slow to develop a distinct research agenda, and it has become clear that, if it is to gain credibility in an academic environment, it needs to do so.
Flow patterns in the heart and great vessels of man Preliminary report on the radiopaque streamer technique

Abstract The radiopaque streamer technique was utilized in the analysis of flow patterns within the heart and great vessels of 16 patients. Preliminary data suggest that the procedure may have valuable clinical application in the diagnosis of valvular regurgitation, in the determination of the size and location of septal defects, in locating the drainage sites of anomalous pulmonary veins, and in the study of valve motion.
Insulin resistance, low-fat diets, and low-carbohydrate diets: time to test new menus.

Purpose of review Insulin resistance increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, and the risk of cardiovascular disease increases further once diabetes has developed. As insulin resistance is a precursor to diabetes, it is critically important to identify cost-effective means, such as dietary changes, by which to reduce insulin resistance. The purpose of this review is to evaluate recent findings concerning dietary composition and insulin resistance, with particular focus on low-fat diets compared with the currently popular low-carbohydrate diets. Recent findings Recent findings indicate little support for the value of low-carbohydrate diets as therapies for insulin resistance. In contrast, the limited data available suggest that the higher fat content of typical low-carbohydrate diets may exacerbate insulin resistance in the long term. Preliminary data indicate that proteins from different sources may have differing effects on insulin resistance. Preliminary data also suggest the potential value of whole grains, fruits and vegetables in therapeutic diets to reduce insulin resistance. Summary Current evidence supports the inclusion of whole grains, fruits and vegetables, and lean sources of animal proteins including low-fat dairy products in dietary therapies for insulin resistance. Those who wish to follow a low-carbohydrate diet should be encouraged to follow a new menu low in fat, and with most of the protein derived from plant sources.
Analysis of current transients for voltage pulse-modulated surface processing: Application to anodic electro-dissolution of copper for electrochemical mechanical planarization

The voltage pulse modulation technique is useful for electrochemical processing of metal and alloy surfaces by utilizing faradaic reactions like electro-deposition and electro-dissolution. A theoretical framework is presented here to facilitate quantitative analysis of experimental data (current transients) obtained in this approach. A typical application of this analysis is demonstrated for an experimental system involving electrochemical removal of copper surface layers, a relatively new process for abrasive-free electrochemical mechanical planarization of copper lines used in the fabrication of integrated circuits. Voltage pulse-modulated electro-dissolution of Cu in the absence of mechanical polishing is activated in an acidic solution of oxalic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The current generated by each applied voltage step shows a sharp spike, followed by a double-exponential decay, and eventually attains the rectangular shape of the potential pulses. The formulas presented here show excellent fits to these current transients, and help to probe the detailed electrochemistry of surface layer removal using a simple circuit model of the reactive interface.
Angiogenesis: An update and potential drug approaches (Review)

The therapeutic potential of targeting tumor endothelium and vascular supply is now widely recognized to treat different diseases. One such disease is cancer; where endothelial cells are actively proliferating to support the tumor growth. Solid tumors cannot grow beyond the size of a few millimeters without inducing the proliferation of endothelium and formation of new blood vessels. Hence it is crucial to search for new agents that selectively block tumor blood supply. These include anti-angiogenic molecules, vascular disrupting agents or endothelial disrupting agents. The anti-angiogenic molecules such as monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors disrupt endothelial cell survival mechanisms and new blood vessel formation, and vascular disrupting agents for instance ligand-directed and small molecules can be used to disrupt the already existing abnormal vasculature that support tumors by targeting their dysmorphic endothelial cells. The recent advances in this area of research have identified a variety of investigational agents which are currently in clinical development at various stages and some of these candidates are already approved in cancer treatment. This report will review some of the recent developments and most significant advances in this field and outline future challenges and directions.
Development and testing of freeze-dried plasma for the treatment of trauma-associated coagulopathy.

Background: Trauma-induced coagulopathy is associated with an extremely high mortality. We have recently shown that survival can be improved by correction of coagulopathy through early, aggressive infusion of Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP). However, FFP is a perishable product, and its use is impractical in challenging environments such as a battlefield. Development of shelf-stable, easy to use, low volume, lyophilized, Freeze-Dried Plasma (FDP) can overcome the logistical limitations. We hereby report the development and testing of such a product. Methods: Plasma separated from fresh porcine blood (n = 10) was either stored as FFP, or lyophilized to produce the FDP. For in vitro testing, the FDP was rehydrated with distilled water and the pH, temperature, and osmolarity were adjusted to match the thawed FFP. Laboratory analysis included measurements of prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen levels, and clotting factors II, VII, and IX. To test in vivo efficacy, swine were subjected to multiple injuries (femur fracture and grade V liver injury) and severe hemorrhagic shock (60% blood loss associated with "lethal triad" of coagulopathy, acidosis, and hypothermia), and resuscitated with FFP or FDP (n = 6/group; plasma volumes equal to the volume of shed blood). No treatment, and resuscitation with fresh whole blood served as the control groups (n = 6/group). Coagulation profiles (thromboelastography, PT, partial thromboplastin time, international normalized ratio, fibrinogen) were measured serially during the experiment, and for 4 hours posttreatment Results: In vitro analysis revealed no differences in the coagulation profiles of FFP and FDP. The lyophilization process did not decrease the activity levels of the measured clotting factors. In the swine model, multiple injuries and hemorrhagic shock caused a 50% to 70% increase in PT (p = 0.03), and infusion of FDP and FFP were equally effective in correcting the coagulopathy. Conclusion: Plasma can be lyophilized and freeze-dried to create a logistically superior product without compromising its hemostatic properties. This product may be suitable for use in austere environments, such as a battlefield, for the treatment of trauma-associated coagulopathy.
Multiphase Reactive Transport Modeling of Seasonal Infiltration Events and Stable Isotope Fractionation in Unsaturated Zone Pore Water and Vapor at the Hanford Site

Numerical simulations of transport and isotope fractionation provide a method to quantitatively interpret vadose zone pore water stable isotope depth profiles based on soil properties, climatic conditions, and infiltration. We incorporate the temperature-dependent equilibration of stable isotopic species between water and water vapor, and their differing diffusive transport properties into the thermodynamic database of the reactive transport code TOUGHREACT. These simulations are used to illustrate the evolution of stable isotope profiles in semiarid regions where recharge during wet seasons disturbs the drying profile traditionally associated with vadose zone pore waters. Alternating wet and dry seasons lead to annual fluctuations in moisture content, capillary pressure, and stable isotope compositions in the vadose zone. Periodic infiltration models capture the effects of seasonal increases in precipitation and predict stable isotope profiles that are distinct from those observed under drying (zero infiltration) conditions. After infiltration, evaporation causes a shift to higher δ 18 O and δD values, which are preserved in the deeper pore waters. The magnitude of the isotopic composition shift preserved in deep vadose zone pore waters varies inversely with the rate of infiltration.
Effects of ice-nucleation active bacteria on the freezing of some model food systems

Cells of ice-nucleation active (INA) bacteria, Pseudomonas syringae and Erwinia herbicola, were cultured at 18°C with media of nutrient broth and/or yeast extract and harvested at late log phase for maximum ice nucleation activity. These cells were able to nucleate water to freeze at temperatures as high as -2°C. They were incorporated into model food systems, including sugar, protein solutions and oil/water suspensions, representing all major components of foods, to investigate their effects on freezing. The nucleation temperatures of all the treated models were significantly raised by between 3.0 and 5.9°C compared with controls when the freezer temperature was set at -6 to -7°C. The application of the INA cells also caused freezing of certain model solutions at -6°C, such as sucrose solution (10%), which did not freeze at the same conditions without INA bacterial cells. Additions of INA cells also shortened the total freezing time of the model systems by between 20 and 38%. These results suggest that with the application of bacterial ice nucleation, some current food freezing processes may be modified to operate at higher subzero temperatures to provide guaranteed freezing, energy savings and improvement of efficiency and product quality.
ESL composition program administration in the United States

Abstract A survey of 78 colleges and universities was conducted (a) to ascertain the degree to which native speakers (NSs) and nonnative speakers (NNSs) are instructed separately in composition classes, and (b) to discover what kinds of instructors generally teach the NNS composition courses. Results show that academic NNS composition classes are still generally isolated from NS composition programs and that they continue to be viewed as remedial at many institutions. In addition, a well-prepared, permanent staff for the NNS courses appears to be the exception rather than the rule. Most instructors are hired part-time and from term to term, often with limited experience in teaching writing to this population. Suggestions are given for improvements in teacher preparation and modification of instructional strategies.
What Social Theory Can Learn from Hans Gerth and C. Wright Mills’s Character and Social Structure: The Psychology of Social Institutions

I emphasize the usefulness of American sociology that follows the pragmatic structural-functionalism of the 1930’s, heavily influenced by the Chicago School of Sociology, by doing a major critique of Hans Gerth and C. Wright Mills, Character and Social Structure: The Psychology of Social Institutions, emphasizing its holistic and pragmatic qualities, as well as its relation to the work of Max Weber. I then follow up with a critique of French and German social theory, based to a large extent on Louis Dumont, Essays on Individualism: Modern Ideology in Anthropological Perspective. I suggest the usefulness of supplementing what I consider to be their unpragmatic tendencies, particularly with their approaches to the relation between social structure and self-fulfillment, and here I consider the work of Jűrgen Habermas to be only a partial corrective.
Moral objectivity and responsibility in ethics: A socratic response to Hume's legacy in the 20th century

Current debate in metaethics includes the question of objectivity. What does it mean for a moral prescription to be objective? It is easy to see how matters of fact are objective, and it is also easy to see how matters of taste are subjective. But what about matters of morality? Given the diversity in moral beliefs and practices it appears these cannot be matters of fact. Are they thus matters of taste? If so, we are left with the unlivable conclusion that all moral prescriptions are beyond rational scrutiny. David Hume expressed these problems in a way that continues to be influential today: 'Tis as little contrary to reason to prefer even my own acknowled'd lesser good to my greater' (Hume, 2003: 2.III.ii). Resolving problems about moral objectivity is further complicated by the philosophical presuppositions of analytic philosophy that have dominated the 20 th century, initiated in the work of G.E. Moore, and promulgated in theories such as logical positivism and ordinary language philosophy. Contemporary thinkers from both the cognitivist and the non-cognitivist camps have tried to demonstrate that moral claims are objective in the sense of being subject independent. By considering contemporary appeals to the ideally rational self to establish objectivity, and objections to rationality as a ground for objectivity, it will be argued that objectivity can be grounded in the good which in turn is grounded in human nature. This approach can be found in the Socratic denial of knowingly doing evil, and out of this a foundation for moral objectivity can be developed that does not require an appeal to the individual's mental state and which preserves individual responsibility for knowing the good.
Fluorinated sterols, hormones and pheromones: Enzyme‐targeted disruptants in insects

Substitution of fluorine for hydrogen in essential sterols, juvenile hormones, and pheromones can lead to materials that interfere with insect growth, development, or communication, in novel and potentially useful ways. Examples have been drawn from work in these areas to illustrate (a) fluorocitrate generation via dealkylation of 29-fluorophytosterols; (b) fluoroacetate release by β-oxidation of fatty alcohols and acids; (c) inhibition of juvenile hormone esterase by trifluoromethyl ketones; (d) inhibition of antennal esterases that hydrolyse acetate pheromones; and (e) sensory disruption by acyl fluorides that mimic aldehyde pheromones.
The problem with hedge fund fees

The structure of hedge fund fees is meaningfully flawed. These imperfections are so great that institutional investors will force substantive change over the coming years. The problem arises when the basis on which fees are calculated serves to break the required clean connection between value and price. Unfortunately, the structure of hedge fund fees when superimposed on how hedge fund portfolios are managed results in a significant breakdown between the value received and the price paid. Moreover, this failure has in large measure remained dormant as a result of the abnormally low returns generated by traditional asset categories. However, eventually, normalcy will return, and equities, credit and commodities will once again generate their traditional returns, and at that time hedge fund clients will revolt – insisting on a reconfiguration of the hedge fund fee structure. This article explores the nature and severity of this issue.
Viruses in wastewaters

Abstract Viruses of animals, plants, and bacteria abound in sewage and receiving waters. Their ecological impact has, for the most part, gone unheeded except as it relates to viruses from human sources. Viruses present at levels infective to man have been recovered from waters used for recreational or drinking purposes. Their presence in a water environment virtually always denotes prior contamination by domestic wastes. Neither conventional sewage treatment processes nor the discharge to land or water of sludges produced by these processes achieve full viral control. Many environmental virologists advocate the setting of permissible virus limits for those recreational and potable waters dominated by wastewater effluents. The initiation of regulatory pressure to restrict virus discharges into these water environments has been instituted in Montgomery County, Maryland, and in the states of California and Arizona.
A nonlinear viscoelastic membrane model applied to the human cervix

Abstract An exponentially elastic and viscous membrane model is developed and used to represent the human cervix during the first stage of labor in the vertex presentation. An axisymmetric orthotropic membrane finite-element is derived and evaluated. A procedure for solving for large displacement of structures confined to curved loci is derived and extended to include nonlinearly elastic and linear viscous material properties. The cervix is modeled, and the results are compared quantitatively with a previous simpler model of the cervix and qualitatively with published clinical observations. The model suggests a resolution to the controversy over the time course of cervical dilatation.
Everyday problem solving among individuals with Alzheimer's disease

Loss of functioning on complex tasks of daily living is an early indicator of dementia. The performance of 65 older adults with mild to moderate levels of Alzheimer's disease was examined on the Everyday Problems Test for the Cognitively Challenged Elderly (EPCCE), self-report inventories of functional performance, and a broad battery of clinical and neuropsychological measures. The EPCCE was designed to assess older adults on a set of complex tasks of daily living that involved not only global cognitive processes, but also higher-order executive functions. Participants solved an average of 45% of EPCCE tasks with significant differences in scores by disease severity. Performance was significantly related to global cognitive functioning and disease severity, and in particular to executive functions. Significant additional variance was accounted for by these executive functions beyond the variance accounted for by global cognitive measures.
FAMILY SYSTEMS THERAPY IN A PRIMARY CARE MEDICAL SETTING: THE ROCHESTER EXPERIENCE

Collaboration between family therapists and physicians has attracted increasing attention in the field of family therapy. Family therapists practicing in medical settings encounter many stimulating oppoutunities and challenges. This paper focuses on the experience of the authors providing family therapy in a primary care medical setting which is also a family medicine residency program. The authors discuss the role of physician and patient expectations in treatment as well as the influence of the medical context on the development of family therpists.