cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HOW HABITAT SETTING INFLUENCES RESTORED OYSTER REEF COMMUNITIES

Integrating how habitat heterogeneity influences food web dynamics is critical to enhance our understanding of community structure. This study quantified resident (invertebrates) and transient (juvenile and piscivorous fish) fauna within restored intertidal oyster reefs and analogous control sites without reef habitat in each of three habitats (on the edge of salt marsh away from seagrass, on mudflats isolated from vegetated structures, and in between seagrass and salt marsh habitat). Reefs enhanced the abundance of resident invertebrates (e.g., polychaetes, nemerteans, epibenthic anemones, bivalves, and resident decapods) that comprise >90% of juvenile fish prey biomass. However, the increase in food availability due to reef presence did not affect abundance of juvenile fish in either of the vegetated habitats, suggesting that resources may not limit juvenile fish when restored in these habitats. Only mudflat reefs augmented juvenile fish abundances, most likely due to a combination of greater resource availability and relative isolation from functionally equivalent habitats. In addition, lower abundances of piscivorous fish in mudflat reefs relative to control areas likely contributed to this pattern. Thus, community structure and important ecosystem functions such as secondary production depend on the spatial configuration of surrounding habitats, in much the same way that species interactions can depend on their biotic and abiotic context.
Have Per Capita Earnings and Income Converged across New England

This article describes an analysis of recent change in both per capita earnings from employment and per capita income (including that from transfers and nonearnings sources) across New England's counties between 1970 and 2000. Breaking the period into three decade-long spans (1970–1980, 1980–1990, and 1990–2000), statistical evidence is strong that the region experienced absolute divergence in both earnings and income. However, further statistical analysis that incorporates cost of living, human capital, and other control factors indicates that conditional convergence at the county scale in New England was ongoing rapidly between 1970 and 1990 and appears to have been achieved by 2000.
Hemodialysis clearance of theophylline.

Summary The serum hemodialysis clearance of theophylline was determined in 4 patients and compared to systemic serum clearance off dialysis in 3 patients. The serum extraction ratio values obtained were compared to those of urea. Hemodialysis clearance of theophylline averaged 84.3 \pm 11.6 ml/min (mean \pm SD), and extraction ratios obtained were found to be a fairly consistent fraction of the urea extraction ratio (0.72 \pm 0.08). Hemodialysis clearance increased total body clearance (ClTB) off dialysis by 130%, 387%, and 176% in the patients who had their theophylline serum clearance estimated off dialysis. Differences in reported hemodialysis clearances are probably related to the type of dialyser used. Studies utilizing hollow fiber systems (the present study) consistently yielded higher theophylline dialysis clearance values than those using coil systems (84.3 to 88.1 ml/min versus 32 to 39.4 ml/min). Patients receiving theophylline on hemodialysis should be closely monitored for bronchospasm during and after the hemodialysis procedure. Measurement of serum concentrations should be employed to facilitate dosage increases during hemodialysis.
A COMPARISON OF CAREGIVER INTERACTION WITH PRESCHOOLERS WITH IN UTERO COCAINE EXPOSURE (COC) AND CONTROLS (CON). † 94

Because of their prenatal drug exposure, COC are considered at risk for adverse neurodevelopmental outcome. As COC grow older, however, it is increasingly important to include analysis of post-natal factors, such as primary caregiver (PC), in assessments of outcome. AIM: To determine whether COC-PC and CON-PC interact differently with their children. STUDY DESIGN: Children 3½ to 4½ yrs. old followed in a prospective study of COC and CON of similar low SES were videotaped for 20 minutes of free play with their PC. Caregivers' interaction (using a scale of 1-5) was measured with the Parent/Caregiver Involvement Scale, in terms of amount, emotional quality, and developmental appropriateness of PC; an overall impression score was also given. The off-site coder was masked to PC group status. The resultant 38 items and 4 summary scores were compared. RESULTS: Forty-one COC-PC[22 biologic mothers (BIO) and 19 foster mothers] and 37 CON-PC (all BIO mothers) participated. COC-PC (BIO and foster) had lower scores than CON-PC on 20/38 items (data not shown) and on the Summary Quality and Appropriateness scores. COC-PC (BIO only) had a lower Summary Impression score than CON-PC.CONCLUSION: CON-PC were more emotionally and developmentally appropriate in their interactions with their children than COC-PC. COC-PC, BIO and foster, did not differ from each other, with each providing less positive interactions than CON-PC. Studies are in progress to determine if PC interaction impacts on developmental outcome. (Funded by NIDA.) Table
State Estimator (SE) Implementation On a Distributed Computer System

In modern Power Control Centers, the State Estimator application is responsible for determining the actual state of a power network based on the current network model, the available telemetry (analog measurements and digital statuses) and pseudo-measurements (scheduling patterns and data manually entered by the operator). At present each control center runs its own version of a State Estimator. We propose that it is much more economical to run one grid-wide State Estimator at one site and just exchange input and output data with the individual control centers. In this paper we describe the architecture for a Highly Available Distributed RAM (HADRAM) system that can provide the necessary computational power and reliability.
Effect of cesarean section on neonatal body water spaces.

Abstract Body water spaces in 16 vaginally delivered, mature neonates and 17 infants delivered by cesarean section were estimated by in vivo dilution studies within 19 hours of birth. A significant increase in mean total water was noted in the infants delivered by cesarean section (about 250 ml per 3.2-kg "average" study baby). This excess water was primarily intracellular, representing an average 20 per cent expansion of cell water in the neonate. A significant decline in cell water was observed in the vaginally delivered neonates within eight hours of birth. Although a similar trend was noted in those delivered by cesarean section the magnitude of the decline was considerably less.
Parasitism, mutation accumulation and the maintenance of sex.

Two classes of models attempt to explain why obligate parthenogenesis only rarely replaces sexual reproduction in natural populations, in spite of the apparent reproductive advantage that parthenogens gain by producing only female offspring1. The mutation-accumulation models suggest that sex is adaptive because it purges the genome of harmful recurrent mutations2,3. The ecological genetic models postulate that sex is adaptive in variable environments, particularly when the relevant variation is generated by revolutionary interactions with parasites4–7. Both of these models have considerable merit, but would seem to have limitations. The mutation-accumulation models require high rates of mutation3,8; the coevolutionary models require that parasites have severe fitness effects on their hosts9. In addition, parasites could select for clonal diversity and thereby erode any advantage that sex gains by producing variable progeny10. Here we consider the interaction between mutation accumulation and host–parasite coevolution. The results suggest that even moderate effects by parasites combined with reasonable rates of mutation could render sex evolutionary stable against repeated invasion by clones.
Anaerobic biotransformation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol by a methanogenic archaebacterium

The metabolic conversion of furfural by a methanogenic Archaea, Methanococcus sp., strain B was studied. The organism was grown on H2–CO2 in the presence of various concentrations of furfural. Furfural at higher concentrations, namely, 25 and 30 mM inhibited growth of this organism. At concentrations 5, 10, and 15 mM, no inhibition was observed. Furfural was completely (100%) metabolized at the concentration of 15 or <15 mM in the cultures within five days of incubation. The end product observed during furfural metabolism was furfuryl alcohol. An almost stoichiometric quantity of furfuryl alcohol was produced. This biotransformation is likely to be of value in the detoxification of furfural and its ultimate conversion to methane and CO2 by the anaerobic process.
Functional intestinal obstruction in premature infants.

Functional intestinal obstruction in two sets of twins is described. In each case the smaller twin was affected. The diagnosis was a clinical one which was supported by radiological findings. The stools from these two infants had a lower than normal water content.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF PROSTATIC SECRETION : II. THE EFFECT OF CASTRATION AND OF ESTROGEN INJECTION ON THE NORMAL AND ON THE HYPERPLASTIC PROSTATE GLANDS OF DOGS.

Cystic hyperplasia of the prostate occurs spontaneously in senile dogs only when they possess physiologically effective amounts of androgenic hormone. The cysts are closely grouped and radially arranged in a conical manner with the base of the cone at the periphery of the gland. Flattened and columnar epithelium, varying from about 5 to 25micro are seen in each cyst. The cysts communicate with the urethra by way of ducts. Both normal and cystic prostates undergo marked atrophy when the testes are removed, the chief difference 3 months after orchiectomy being the persistence of slightly dilated clefts and spaces at the site of the former cysts in the senile state. In the castrate dog whose prostate gland is being reconstructed as result of the influence of daily injections of androgen, certain doses of estrogen prevent increase of secretion and still larger doses greatly depress the output of the gland. In dogs so treated by daily injections of testosterone propionate, 10 mg., the amount of secretion is maintained from day to day at a level by daily injections of stilbestrol, 0.4 to 0.6 mg. and greatly depressed by doses of 1 to 1.5 mg. When the larger amounts of estrogen are used, together with androgen, squamous metaplasia occurs in the posterior lobe of the prostate while the epithelium of the acini decreases in height to cuboidal or low columnar form; these histological signs of activity of both androgen and estrogen on the prostate show that inhibition of the male hormone by stilbestrol is incomplete at these ratios. In dogs with either normal or cystic prostate glands, the prostate decreases in size when estrogen is injected in amounts to depress prostatic secretion profoundly. The gland is maintained in an atrophic state and overdosage avoided by controlled periodic injections of stilbestrol until secretion is reduced to the minimum, followed by free intervals, the estrogen being again administered when secretion measurably increases. The shrinkage is related to depression of male hormone production. Overdosage of estrogen causes the prostate gland of dogs to enlarge, and structures of the posterior lobe and utriculus respond first and most markedly with metaplasia caused by this material. The prostatic enlargement does not resemble the common cystic hyperplasia of senile dogs. Metaplasia rapidly disappears from the prostate, and the epithelial structures quickly return to normal when estrogen is discontinued and androgen is administered.
Talal Asad’s ‘Religion’ Trouble and a Way Out

By this point, almost everyone is familiar with Talal Asad’s assault on the “religion” category. Despite his influence, Asad’s criticisms tend to oscillate between two mutually exclusive positions. I shall argue that Asad’s incoherence is instructive for the field as a whole. The study of religion would be better off constructing useful and revisable definitions of “religion” rather than abandoning the category all together.
Understanding multistage attacks by attack-track based visualization of heterogeneous event streams

In this paper, we present a method of handling the visualization of hetereogeneous event traffic that is generated by intrusion detection sensors, log files and other event sources on a computer network from the point of view of detecting multistage attack paths that are of importance. We perform aggregation and correlation of these events based on their semantic content to generate Attack Tracks that are displayed to the analyst in real-time. Our tool, called the Event Correlation for Cyber-Attack Recognition System (EC-CARS) enables the analyst to distinguish and separate an evolving multistage attack from the thousands of events generated on a network. We focus here on presenting the environment and framework for multistage attack detection using ECCARS along with screenshots that demonstrate its capabilities.
Elastic-Plastic Analysis of AS4/PEEK Composite Laminate Using a One-Parameter Plasticity Model:

A one-parameter plasticity model was shown to adequately describe the plastic deformation of AS4/PEEK (APC-2) unidirectional thermoplastic composite. This model was verified further for unidirectional and laminated composite panels with and without a hole. The elastic-plastic stress-strain relations of coupon specimens were measured and compared with those predicted by the finite element analysis using the one-parameter plasticity model. The results show that the one-parameter plasticity model is suitable for the analysis of elastic-plastic deformation of AS4/PEEK composite laminates.
The Capacity of Assessment in Arts Education

Assessments play a dominant role in teaching and learning within current accountability frameworks of education. In such contexts, assessments may be perceived as barriers to promoting creativity within arts education. In this article, I examine emerging research that pushes educators to reframe assessment as a pedagogical structure that supports the development of creativity in students. I begin by justifying the integration of newer forms of assessment (i.e., assessment for and as learning) within traditional assessment of learning structures and in relation to our aim of developing students’ creative capacities. I then consider the practice of constructing performance assessments that maintain criteria that encourage creative development rather than limit it. Thus my purpose in writing this article is to provide both a theoretical rationale for assessment integration in the arts as well as a practical approach to arts assessment that works within the current structures of assessment in schools.
FLAGELLAR ROOTS AND THE RESERVOIR CYTOSKELETON OF COLACIUM LIBELLAE (EUGLENOPHYCEAE)

The three flagellar roots of Colacium Ehrenberg give rise to the three microtublar bands of the reservoir cytoskeleton. The dorsal root (DR) originates at the basal body (bb1) of the emergent flagellum. It is initiated on the left side of the cell, runs toward the right side under the posterior end of the reservoir and thence anteriorly in a spiral path over the dorsal surface of the reservoir until it terminates on the left side of the eyespot. Along its length, it appears to initiate a dorsal band (DB) which forms the major dorsal portion of the reservoir cytoskeleton—the dorsal microtubules (DMT). Two roots originate at the basal body (bb2) of the non-emergent flagellum. The ventral root (VR) runs up the left side of the cell and initiates the band of microtubules which forms part of the presumptive vestigial cytopharynx. Therefore, it forms the reinforcing microtubules (MTR) of Colacium. The intermediate root (IR) forms the para-reservoir microtubules (PMT). Flagellar root correlation with the reservoir cytoskeletal bands strengthens their homologies with the bodonid bands and further supports the hypothesis that the euglenoids are derived from the kinetoplastid flagellates.
Latent synthesis of electrically conductive surface-silvered polyimide films.

A facile ambient temperature route to the fabrication of surface silver-metallized polyimide films is described. Silver(I) trifluoromethanesulfonate or silver(I) nitrate and a polyimide, derived from 2,2-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane dianhydride and an equimolar amount of 4,4′-oxydianiline and 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid, were dissolved together in dimethylacetamide. Silver(I)-doped films were prepared at thicknesses of 25−40 μm and depleted of solvent by evaporation at ambient temperature and low humidity. The silver(I)-ion-containing films were then treated with aqueous solutions of the reducing agents hydrazine hydrate and hydroxylamine, which brought forth surface-silvered films exhibiting conductivity on the order of bulk polycrystalline silver accompanied by modest-to-high specular reflectivity.
Some Fundamental Control Theory II: Feedback Linearization of Single Input Nonlinear Systems

(1999). Some Fundamental Control Theory II: Feedback Linearization of Single Input Nonlinear Systems. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 106, No. 9, pp. 812-828.
Cyclizine abuse by teenagers in Utah

Substance abuse by teenagers is common, often involving use of alcohol and illicit drugs. Ingestion of cyclizine hydrochloride, a nonprescription medication, was noted to occur frequently in Utah for abuse reasons. A retrospective review was conducted of patients younger than 18 years of age over a 3-year period who intentionally ingested cyclizine identified from Utah Poison Control Center records. Eighty patients were included; 42 patients underwent hospital record review. Abuse accounted for 89% of cyclizine ingestions; hallucinations (70%) and confusion/disorientation (40%) were the most notable symptoms. Tachycardia (52%) and systolic hypertension (69%) were frequently present in patients who presented to a hospital. No serious complications occurred. This study illustrates teenage abuse of one nonprescription antihistamine presumably to induce hallucinations. Abuse of over-the-counter medications by adolescents may be more appealing than illicit drug use for numerous reasons, and may be more common than appreciated.
Magnons in antiferromagnetically coupled superlattices.

We present an experimental Brillouin-scattering study of the collective spin-wave modes in antiferromagnetically coupled Fe/Cr(211) superlattices. We show spectra as a function of external magnetic field, where the field is swept from very small values up to those required to saturate the sample in the ferromagnetic state. We thus explore excitations in the low-field antiferromagnetic state, the surface spin-flop regime, the symmetric {open_quote}{open_quote}bulk{close_quote}{close_quote} spin-flop regime, and the high-field state. The data are compared with theoretical studies based on a description of the collective modes developed previously. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Surgical management of metastatic disease of the lumbar spine: experience with 139 patients.

Object. The surgical treatment of metastatic spinal tumors is an essential component of the comprehensive care of cancer patients. In most large series investigators have focused on the treatment of thoracic lesions because 70% of cases involve this region. The lumbar spine is less frequently involved (20% cases), and it is unclear whether its unique anatomical and biomechanical features affect surgery-related outcomes. The authors present a retrospective study of a large series of patients with lumbar metastatic lesions, assessing neurological and pain outcomes, complications, and survival. Methods. The authors retrospectively reviewed data obtained in 139 patients who underwent 166 surgical procedures for lumbar metastatic disease between August 1994 and April 2001. The impact of operative approach on outcomes was also analyzed. Among the wide variety of metastatic lesions, pain was the most common presenting symptom (96%), including local pain, radicular pain, and axial pain due to instability. Patients underwent anterior, posterior, and combined approaches depending on the anatomical distribution of disease. One month after surgery, complete or partial improvement in pain was demonstrated in 94% of the cases. The median survival duration for the entire population was 14.8 months. Conclusions. The surgical treatment of metastatic lesions in the lumbar spine improved neurological and ambulatory function, significantly reducing axial spinal pain; results were comparable with those for other spinal regions. Analysis of results obtained in the present study suggests that outcomes are similar when the operative approach mirrors the anatomical distribution of disease. When lumbar vertebrectomy is necessary, however, anterior approaches minimize blood loss and wound-related complications.
Tracking F plasmid TraI relaxase processing reactions provides insight into F plasmid transfer

Early in F plasmid conjugative transfer, the F relaxase, TraI, cleaves one plasmid strand at a site within the origin of transfer called nic. The reaction covalently links TraI Tyr16 to the 5'-ssDNA phosphate. Ultimately, TraI reverses the cleavage reaction to circularize the plasmid strand. The joining reaction requires a ssDNA 3'-hydroxyl; a second cleavage reaction at nic, regenerated by extension from the plasmid cleavage site, may generate this hydroxyl. Here we confirm that TraI is transported to the recipient during transfer. We track the secondary cleavage reaction and provide evidence it occurs in the donor and F ssDNA is transferred to the recipient with a free 3'-hydroxyl. Phe substitutions for four Tyr within the TraI active site implicate only Tyr16 in the two cleavage reactions required for transfer. Therefore, two TraI molecules are required for F plasmid transfer. Analysis of TraI translocation on various linear and circular ssDNA substrates supports the assertion that TraI slowly dissociates from the 3'-end of cleaved F plasmid, likely a characteristic essential for plasmid re-circularization.
Shift- and rotation-invariant interpattern heteroassociation (IHA) model

Abstract A shift- and rotation-invariant netral work using an interpattern heteroassociation (IHA) model is illustrated. The shift- and rotation-invariant properties are achived by using a set of binarized-encoded circular harmonic expansion (CHE) functions in the Fourier domain as the network training set. Because of the shift-invariant and symmetric properties of the modulus of Fourier spectrum, the problem of locating the center of the CHE functions can be avoided. Computer simulations and experimental demonstrations that demonstrate the shift- and the rotation-invariant properties of the proposed IHA neural net are provided.
Computer-aided design tools in chemical engineering process design

This paper reviews the design activity for chemical engineering process design, starting from the earliest step of selecting which products to manufacture and ending with designing the operating procedures for a process plant. At each step we discuss computer-aided design tools which have been or are being developed. Throughout synthesis aids which help make discrete design decisions are contrasted with analysis aids which help to select the proper values for continuous variables. Computer aids are abundant to aid in process design. The future holds promise for an integrated design tool which will aid the engineer from start to finish in his task.
The Mission Oriented Terminal Area Simulation (MOTAS)

A new simulation facility is described in which flight management and flight operations research studies can be conducted in a highly realistic terminal area environment. The historical evolution and justification of the facility is discussed, along with the design configuration of the system hardware and software. Details are provided on the traffic management features of the terminal area model as well as the human controller and multicockpit interface capabilities. The facility is currently operational with two cockpit simulators, two air traffic control (ATC) stations, four pseudo pilot stations (PPS), a metering and spacing system of traffic flow control management, and terminal area models providing two route structure environments: area navigation (RNAV) for advanced-equipped aircraft and vectoring for conventionally-equipped aircraft. Plans for future experiments utilizing the facility are discussed.
The GIM mechanism for technicolor

Abstract We present conditions for a nonabelian generalization of the Glashow-Iliopoulos-Maiani mechanism to theories of extended technicolor. When these conditions are met, flavor-changing neutral-current interactions of quarks are absent in the tree approximation. We illustrate our mechanism in a model of quarks and technifermions.
1-[(5-Chloro-2-Pyridyl)Azo]-2-Naphthol as a new extraction- photometric reagent for metals

Abstract The heterocyclic azo compound, 1-[(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)azo]-2-naphthol (5-Cl-β-PAN), forms various coloured metal chelates, which can be extracted with different organic solvents. Chelate stability is greatly affected by pH. The molar absorptivities are usually considerably greater than those of the β-PAN chelate. Although the bathochromic shifts produced on chelation are no greater than those with 5-Br-β-PAN, the selectivity is increased. The reactivity of tri- and tetravalent metal ions is decreased appreciably by introduction of the chlorine. A correct choice of pH, solvent and masking reagent allows 5-C1-β-PAN to be made reasonably selective.
American Evasions of Foucault

Soulignant la receptivite de la philosophie americaine envers la philosophie europeenne continentale, l'A. mesure l'influence de Foucault sur le pragmatisme a travers la reception de sa pensee dans l'ouvrage de R. Rorty intitule «Consequences of pragmatism» (1982) et dans l'ouvrage de C. West intitule «The american evasion of philosophy: a genealogy of pragmatism» (1989). Defendant l'idee selon laquelle l'interet pour le philosophe francais releve plus d'une evasion que d'un veritable engagement pour son defi nietzscheen a la modernite, l'A. montre que Rorty et West manquent l'echange important entre Foucault et Dewey concernant l'action humaine et le discours moral
An interactive graphics system for real-time investigation and multivariate data portrayal for complex pedigree data systems

GRIFFIN (graphics investigation of familial in formation), an interactive graphics system for exploratory investigation of data on individuals associated by familial relationships, was designed to provide genetic epidemiologists a flexible, rapidly responsive tool for viewing and guiding exploration of complex databases in the context of familiar pedigree structures. It graphically portrays both categorical and multivariate scalar data on individuals in those structures. The display can be inverted to show all ancestors and descendants of any individual the user designates. It provides cues to censored information when bushy pedigrees cannot be fully displayed without sacrificing legibility. These guide users on where to next invert the system. Investigators may translate/zoom the display, vary the mode of representing data, point to individuals to obtain displays of alphameric information about them, etc. Developed in Fortran using IBM's GDDM graphics subroutines for an IBM 3090 mainframe, GRIFFIN's design anticipates porting to smaller systems.
Photoactive Poly(ethylene glycol) Organosilane Films for Site-Specific Protein Immobilization

We describe the synthesis, characterization, and use of a new photoactive organosilane developed for the photoimmobilization of proteins. Thin films of 2-nitro-5-[11-(trimethoxysilyl)undecyl]oxybenzyl methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) propanoate are characterized using atomic force microscopy, spectroscopic ellipsometry, and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. When this organosilane is used to modify silicon substrates, the solvent used during deposition affects the surface concentration and morphology of the resultant film. Although films deposited from either aqueous buffer or anhydrous toluene can be used to attach proteins to surfaces, films deposited from aqueous buffer display 4−6 times less nonspecific protein adsorption that those deposited from toluene. Modification of surfaces with this type of photoactive and protein “rejecting” film should aid in the development of high-resolution protein microarrays.
Comparison of cerebral NADH and cytochrome aa3 redox shifts during anoxia or hemorrhagic hypotension.

Abstract The reduction-oxidation reactions of NADH and cytochrome aa 3 to incipient oxygen insufficiency caused by nitrogen ventilation or hemorrhagic hypotension were examined in the exposed cerebral cortex of the cat. A comparison of the onset of redox changes with each procedure shows that cytochrome aa 3 reduction precedes the reduction of mitochondrial NAD. This constitutes evidence that, in the living brain, NADH maintains its resting oxidation state at lower cellular oxygen tensions than cytochrome aa 3 does, consistent with the differences in oxygen affinity these respiratory chain components exhibit during oxygen titration in vitro .
Increased cytotoxicity of oxidized flame soot

Abstract Combustion–generated particles released into the atmosphere undergo reactions with oxidants, which can change the particles’ physiochemical characteristics. In this work, we compare the physical and chemical properties and cellular response of particles fresh from a flame with those oxidized by ozone and nitrogen dioxide. The reaction with ozone and nitrogen dioxide does not significantly modify the physical characteristics of the particles (primary particle size, fractal dimension, and surface area). However, oxidation affects the chemical characteristics of the particles, creating more oxygen and nitrogen containing functional groups, and increases their hydrophilicity. In addition, oxidized soot generates more reactive oxygen species, as measured by the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. Furthermore, oxidized soot is 1.5 – 2 times more toxic than soot that was not reacted with ozone, but the inflammatory response, measured by interleukin–8 (IL–8) secretion, is unchanged. These results imply that combustion–generated particles released into the atmosphere will have an increased toxicity on or after high ozone days.
Effects of Source and Participant Anonymity and Difference in Initial Opinions in an EMS Context

This laboratory experiment studied the effects of source and participant anonymity, and differences in initial opinions in an electronic meeting system (EMS) context. Results indicated that (a) inhibition to participate did not mediate the effect of anonymity on participation as suggested in prior deindividuation and EMS literature; and (b) the effect of anonymity on participation, satisfaction, and postdiscussion agreement depended on the level and type of anonymity involved and whether initial opinions among group members were similar or different. A mechanism that suggests that anonymity may cause participants to focus more on their task by turning attention away from other participants partly accounts for the effects of source and participant anonymity on participation in this study. Future work should focus on determining how different types and levels of anonymity influence process and outcomes in different types of groups.
Effort deficits and depression: The influence of anhedonic depressive symptoms on cardiac autonomic activity during a mental challenge

Motivational approaches to depression emphasize the role of dysfunctional motivational dynamics, particularly diminished reward and incentive processes associated with anhedonia. A study examined how anhedonic depressive symptoms, measured continuously across a wide range of severity, influenced the physiological mobilization of effort during a cognitive task. Using motivational intensity theory as a guide, we expected that the diminished incentive value associated with anhedonic depressive symptoms would reduce effort during a “do your best” challenge (also known as an unfixed or self-paced challenge), in which effort is a function of the value of achieving the task’s goal. Using impedance cardiography, two cardiac autonomic responses were assessed: pre-ejection period (PEP), a measure of sympathetic activity and our primary measure of interest, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), a measure of parasympathetic activity. As expected, PEP slowed from baseline to task as anhedonic depressive symptoms increased (as measured with the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale), indicating diminished effort-related sympathetic activity. No significant effects appeared for RSA. The findings support motivational intensity theory as a translational model of effort processes in depression and clarify some inconsistent effects of depressive symptoms on effort-related physiology found in past work.
The aging electrocardiogram. A common aging process or latent coronary artery disease

Abstract Electrocardiographic age trends in amplitudes and intervals were studied in apparently healthy men aged 20 to 60 years in Greece, Italy and the United States where the demonstrated frequency of manifest coronary heart disease and mortality is greatly different. It was found that among apparently healthy men from these contrasting countries there are common and similar electrocardiographic trends with age. These trends consist of lowered wave amplitudes, prolonged durations and leftward shift of axis. They are not of the order of magnitude of “borderline or abnormal” clinical evaluations. The relative contribution of “disease” and “physiological aging” to the age changes in the electrocardiogram is not elucidated in this study. However, the findings suggest that several of the minor electrocardiographic changes that develop with age are phenomena common to man; they occur independent of body weight and blood pressure, and possibly independent of the degree of asymptomatic atherosclerosis of the major coronary arteries. It is clearly demonstrated that electrocardiographic age trends in healthy men provide neither a sensitive index of latent coronary heart disease in a population nor of population differences in coronary artery disease. The complexity of age effects on the electrocardiogram is explored here, and sources of bias and error in their study are elaborated.
Comparison of Cytosolic and Mitochondrial Hepatic Enzyme Alterations in Reye's Syndrome

Summary: The activities of nine enzymes in liver specimens obtained from four children who had died from Reye's syndrome were compared to the corresponding activities of a control group of four children who had died from unrelated causes. At the 95% significance level, the alterations could be classified into three groups. Five activities [lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, glucose 6-phosphatase, cytochrome oxidase, and malate dehydrogenase (mitochondrial plus cytosolic)] showed no change. Three enzymes [glutamate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP), and monoamine oxidase] were decreased. One activity (glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase) was increased. The malate dehydrogenase isozymes were resolved by electrophoresis, and the two bands were stained and measured. The ratio of cytosolic:mitochondrial enzyme was significantly greater in Reye's syndrome than in the control group. These results lend further support to the view that in Reye's syndrome the impairment of hepatic function is largely confined to the mitochondria. The lowered activity of monoamine oxidase means that the abnormalities extend to the outer mitochondrial membrane. Imbalances of the cytosolicrmitochondrial enzyme activities were evaluated in needle biopsy specimens from four other children under conditions where the neurologic abnormalities were less severe. Two patients had elevated ratios of both glutamate:lactate dehydrogenase and cytosolic:mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase activities, and a third had only an abnormal malate dehydrogenase ratio. In contrast to these Reye's syndrome patients, a fourth case admitted with a provisional diagnosis of Reye's syndrome showed no abnormality in either ratio in stage IV coma. Speculation: The decreased activities of hepatic mitochondrial enzymes in Reye's syndrome may reflect a generalized decrease in the steady-state level of mitochondrial enzymes due to a selective impairment of mitochondrial biogenesis. This may be the primary lesion. The low level of monoamine oxidase (a mitochondrial outer membrane enzyme) may contribute to the neurologic alterations and metabolic perturbations by promoting the synthesis of false neurotransmitters derived from tyramine and by promoting the release of catecholamines from chromaffin tissue.
A CENSUS OF CUMULUS-CLOUD HEIGHT VERSUS PRECIPITATION IN THE VICINITY OF PUERTO RICO DURING THE WINTER AND SPRING OF 1953-1954

Abstract The analysis of fifteen cloud-census flights confirms the common existence of warm precipitation from trade-wind cumuli. A probability that over-water clouds of certain vertical developments will contain precipitation is presented. Since the examined over-water clouds with tops higher than 11,500 feet always contained precipitation and yet were well below the freezing level, the futility of initiating rain by seeding clouds with freezing reagents becomes obvious.
A Perspective of Preconception Health Activities in the United States

Objectives: Information regarding the type and scope of preconception care programs in the United States is scant. We evaluated State Title V measurement and indicator data and abstracts presented at the National Summit on Preconception Care (June 2005) in order to identify existing programs and innovative strategies for preconception health promotion.
GROUNDTRUTHING THE PUBLIC TRUST: ETHNOGRAPHY, MOUNTAINTOP RETENTION, AND THE RECLAMATION OF NEPA

Imet William Maxey in 1996, during the annual meeting of the Lucy Braun Association for the Mixed Mesophytic Forest (LBA) held that year in Charleston, West Virginia. The LBA had formed four years earlier in Beckley, West Virginia, for the purpose of studying and preserving the hardwood forest system covering the Central Appalachian Plateaus. The founders of the organization named it for the pioneering woman botanist who first recognized the ecological integrity of the Central Appalachian forest, and linked that integrity to the region's unglaciated topography. A quasi-scientific organization, the LBA welcomed all devotees interested in promoting the well-being of the mixed mesophytic forest (mmf) throughout its range (see Figure 1), including me, a practicing anthropologist trained in folklore with a special research interest in ecological crisis.
Progress in microRNA delivery

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding endogenous RNAs that direct post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by several mechanisms. Activity is primarily through binding to the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of messenger RNAs (mRNA) resulting in degradation and translation repression. Unlike other small-RNAs, miRNAs do not require perfect base pairing, and thus, can regulate a network of broad, yet specific, genes. Although we have only just begun to gain insights into the full range of biologic functions of miRNA, their involvement in the onset and progression of disease has generated significant interest for therapeutic development. Mounting evidence suggests that miRNA-based therapies, either restoring or repressing miRNAs expression and activity, hold great promise. However, despite the early promise and exciting potential, critical hurdles often involving delivery of miRNA-targeting agents remain to be overcome before transition to clinical applications. Limitations that may be overcome by delivery include, but are not limited to, poor in vivo stability, inappropriate biodistribution, disruption and saturation of endogenous RNA machinery, and untoward side effects. Both viral vectors and nonviral delivery systems can be developed to circumvent these challenges. Viral vectors are efficient delivery agents but toxicity and immunogenicity limit their clinical usage. Herein, we review the recent advances in the mechanisms and strategies of nonviral miRNA delivery systems and provide a perspective on the future of miRNA-based therapeutics.
Guided waves for monitoring heat treatment duration and material hardness

Elastic properties of materials can be easily determined from the ultrasonic wave velocity measurement. However, material hardness cannot be obtained from the ultrasonic wave speed. Heat treatment and aging affect the microstructure of materials changing their hardness and strength. In this study it is investigated how the attenuation of ultrasonic guided waves is affected by the duration of heat treatment and varying material hardness. To this aim six identical Aluminum 2024 alloy plate specimens were subjected to different durations of heat treatment at 150°C and were inspected nondestructively propagating Lamb waves through the specimens. Attenuation of the Lamb wave was found to be inversely related to the hardness. Rockwell Hardness test was performed to corroborate the ultrasonic observations. In comparison to Rockwell hardness test the ultrasonic inspection was found to be more sensitive to the heat treatment duration. From these results it is concluded that guided wave inspection method is a reliable and probably more desirable alternative for characterizing the hardness of heat treated materials.
Can Politicians “Fix” Education?

A discussion of the key differences between the Republican and the Democrat parties’ views on education at the time of Bush and Gore’s battle for the presidency. The paper bemoans the insidious effects politics can have on the focus and meaning of education in the US.
Models for Electronic Conduction across Ceramic Grain Boundaries

Electronic current flow over grain boundary potential barriers for low resistance grains is first reviewed. It is then shown that if the resistance of the grains increases and/or grain size is reduced, the grains may be totally depleted of mobile charge. The grain boundary barrier is thus reduced to (D/2W)2 of its original large grain value, D being grain width and W the full space charge width. For high resistivity grains satisfying the relation D ≪ 2W, the conduction band becomes essentially flat. Phenomena formerly caused by grain boundary potential barriers (varistor and PTC effects seen in semiconducting ceramic) will be greatly reduced, or eliminated. Commercial COG and X7R MLC capacitors exhibit a transition from super-ohmic to ohmic behavior at high voltages, paralleling the behavior of the varistor. Two possible mechanisms that could account for this are varistor-like grain boundary behavior, or space charge limited diffusion current.
Digital false-target image synthesiser for countering ISAR

The paper presents the design of a pipelined, all-digital image synthesiser capable of generating false-target images from a series of intercepted inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) chirp pulses to provide a novel RF imaging decoy capability. The image synthesiser modulates the phase samples from a phase-sampling digital RF memory (DRFM) that stores intercepted ISAR pulses. The synthesiser contains a parallel array of (identical) complex digital modulators with one modulator for each false-target range bin. The binary phase samples from each intercepted ISAR pulse are applied one at a time to the modulator array. To synthesise the image, each modulator requires a set of phase and gain coefficients that are derived from the range-Doppler description of the false-target to be synthesised. An ISAR image compression algorithm is presented to reconstruct the image using the synthesiser output pulses. A ship with 32 range bins is presented as an example of a false-target input, and simulations are used to quantify the image synthesis capability of the architecture. The image quality as a function of the number of ISAR pulses integrated is also numerically evaluated. The programmable design permits real-time alteration of modulation coefficients, allowing rapid and adaptive shifting among different types of targets offering a low-cost decoy capability using readily available DRFM technology.
NIGERIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATORS' PERCEPTION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF MANAGERIAL SKILLS

ABSTRACT This study analyzes Nigerian public managers' perception of the importance of managerial skills and management principles. The study presents an argument that national and state governments in Nigeria should use management principles to “steer, not row” their respective societies. It outlines some of the major steps required to create a dynamic public management and governmental machinery capable of both planning and execution of comprehensive development plans in the future. The study addresses the question: How can Nigeria's government extract management resources from its society and deploy them to create and support a cohesive and innovative administration? It further suggests reasons why public management in Nigeria needs to be reformed to play a more developmental and accountable role in the future. New public management principles are also utilized in evaluating how the reform can be accomplished.
Synthesis of Nitric Oxide in Human Osteoblasts in Response to Physiologic Stimulation of Electrotherapy

Electrotherapy for bone healing, remodeling and wound healing may be mediated by modulation of nitric oxide (NO). Using NO-specific fluorophore (DAF-2), we report here that application of non-invasive, physiologic electrical stimulation induces NO synthesis in human osteoblasts, and that such NO generation is comparable to that induced by estrogen treatment. For example, application of a sinusoidal 1 Hz, 2 V/cm (peak to peak) electrical stimulation (ES) increases NO-bound DAF-2 fluorescence intensity by a 2-fold within 60 min exposure by activating nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Increase in the NO level is found to depend critically on the frequency and strength of ES. While the frequency of 1 Hz ES seems optimal, the ES strength >0.5 V/cm is required to induce significant NO increase, however. Nitric oxide synthesis in response to ES is completely prevented by blocking estrogen receptors using a competitive inhibitor, suggesting that NO generation is likely initiated by activation of estrogen receptors at the cell surface. Based on these findings, physiologic stimulation of electrotherapy appears to represent a potential non-invasive, non-genomic, and novel physical technique that could be used to regulate NO-mediated bone density and facilitate bone remodeling without adverse effects associated with hormone therapy.
Gender, Culture, and Capitalism: Women and the Remaking of Islamic “Tradition” in a Sudanese Village

Have women in third-world societies been made second-class citizens by colonialism, incorporation into the capitalist world economy, and class formation? Or are women relegated to less prestigious and less economically rewarding roles by patriarchal ideologies and practices the origins of which lie in indigenous cultures? Much of the anthropological scholarship on women can be divided between those who emphasize the relative importance of capitalism (for example, Leacock 1981; Nash and Fernandez-Kelly 1983; Boserup 1970) and those who emphasize culture (for example, Ortner and Whitehead 1981; Schlegel 1990; Rosaldo 1974) as determinants of gender roles and relations.
Nomenclatural Notes and Lectotypes in the Allocarya Section of Plagiobothrys

ABSTRACT The history of the combination Plagiobothrys figuratus (Piper) I. M. Johnst. ex M. Peck is explained, and P. figuratus var. corallicarpus (Piper) K. L. Chambers is proposed to replace an earlier combination at the subspecific rank. In the Plagiobothrys scouleri (Hook. & Arn.) I. M. Johnst. complex, the following are recognized as separate species for treatment in the Oregon Flora Checklist: P. scouleri, P. reticulatus (Piper) I. M. Johnst., P. bracteatus (Howell) I. M. Johnst., and P. hispidulus (Greene) I. M. Johnst.. Plagiobothrys cusickii (Greene) I. M. Johnst. is made a synonym of the latter taxon. Lectotypes are provided for Allocarya bracteata Howell, A. cusickii var. vallicola Jeps., A. charaxata var. debilis Brand, A. commixta Brand, and A. piperi Brand.