cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial Grouping and Free Recall

Chapman, Pellegrino, and Battig (1974) compared free recall of unrelated words presented individually to that of words presented in groups of four. Grouping and trials interacted as individual presentation yielded superior performance on the early trials while grouped presentation did so on later trials. The following experiment was an investigation of grouping using the method of whole-list presentation. Ungrouped presentation of an entire list was compared with spatially grouped presentation. Fifteen nouns with a mean imagery value of 6.15 (Paivio, Yuille, & Madigan, 1968) were presented in a single vertical column to subjects in the ungrouped condition and in three groups of five words each in the grouped condition. The word groups were located in the upper-left, middle, and lower-right portions of the study pages. There were five study-test trials each with a 30-sec. study period and a l-min. recall interval, followed by a 5-min. retention interval during which arithmetic problems were worked, which was followed by a l-min. recall interval. Each study page contained a different random sequence of the words, with the restriction that each word always occurred within the same third of the list. Forty-four undergraduates served as subjects; 22 were randomly assigned to each condition. An analysis of variance with trials as a repeated measure yielded no main effect of groupings (F < 1.00). Not surprisingly, performance increased with trials (F5.xo = 127.92,,p < .001). The interaction of grouping and trials was also significant (Fs,no = 7.17, p < .001). Recall was greater in the ungrouped condition than the grouped for the first two trials with the reverse occurring from the third trial forward. A similar trend occurred within each third of the list. The present study and Chapman, et al.'s (1974) suggest the ability of subjects to benefit in the long run from most any arbitrarily grouped presentation, of unrelated words, although on the early trials they may do better left to their own devices. The results are particularly interesting in view of the emphasis that has been placed on subjective organization in recent years. The benefit of grouping apparently more than compensates for any inconsistency with subjective organizational tendencies.
Direct and Interactive Effects of Planting Date, Irrigation, and Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Damage on Aflatoxin Production in Preharvest Field Corn

The influence of planting date, irrigation, and insect damage on aflatoxin production in field corn, Zea mays L., was evaluated in 1988 and 1989 at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station, Winnsboro, La. Severe early season drought conditions were experienced in 1988, and four irrigations were necessary. The plots received excessive amounts of precipitation in 1989, and no irrigation was needed. The most damaging insect pest in both years was the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). A significant interaction between effects of planting date and irrigation on corn earworm damage was detected in 1988. A significant interaction between effects of planting date and insecticide treatment on corn earworm damage occurred in 1988 and 1989. Mean corn earworm damage to ears in plots that received insecticide applications was significantly lower compared with that in plots that did not receive insecticide applications in 1988 and 1989. A significant interaction between effects of irrigation and insecticide treatment on percentage of ears that displayed bright greenish-yellow fluorescence (BGYF) and aflatoxin B1 concentration occurred in 1988. The plots that received irrigation and were treated with insecticide had the lowest BGYF (1.1%) and geometric mean aflatoxin B1 concentration (0.06 parts per billion [ppb]). In the plots that did not receive irrigation and insecticide applications, a drastic increase in BGYF (43.8%) and aflatoxin B1 concentration (191.5 ppb) was observed. Geometric mean aflatoxin B1 concentrations for planting dates 1 and 2 (9.1 and 11.9 ppb, respectively) were significantly higher than the aflatoxin concentration in planting date 3 (2.4 ppb) in 1988. Only 5 of 720 ears observed exhibited BGYF in 1989, and no aflatoxin B1 was detected in any of the samples. Results of this experiment suggest that drought stress and corn earworm damage had a synergistic effect in enhancing aflatoxin levels in preharvest field corn.
The costs and consequences of management fads and politically driven regulatory oversight.

CONTEXT The period from the mid-1980s to the present has seen a virtual revolution in how blood collection, testing, and transfusion are carried out. Most of the changes that have occurred represent changes in organization, underlying paradigms of transfusion safety, and approaches to solutions to perceived problems, rather than technical or scientific advances. These changes were instituted with little or no data to support their safety and efficacy, much less their cost-effectiveness. DESIGN Using data on changes in fees charged by regional blood centers during this period, an estimate was generated of the costs attending the purely administrative and organizational changes in the field of transfusion medicine. RESULTS The additional expenditures, excluding inflation, are in the range of $226 million per year. This figure does not include changes in infectious disease testing on donated blood, the substantive scientific advance during this period. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the questions of safety and efficacy, which are traditionally considered prior to clinical or procedural changes of this magnitude, the question remains whether these expenditures are a reasonable trade-off of cost versus benefit. Similar applications of federal regulatory standards intended for manufacturing (eg, good manufacturing practices) and industrial management theory (eg, total quality management) are now being implemented or proposed for hospitals, health care delivery systems, and individual physician's practices. Thus, the case of transfusion medicine may provide some cautionary lessons for future proposed changes in health care delivery and medical practices.
Mango polyphenols (Mangifera Indica L.) and their microbial metabolites suppress adipogenesis and fat accumulation by mediating AMPK signaling pathways in 3T3L-1 adipocytes

The prevalence of obesity and obesity-related diseases has increased dramatically in the United States over the last decades. Obesity is characterized by an excessive accumulation of triglycerides ...
Attic or Roof? An Evaluation of Two Advanced Weatherization Packages

This project examines implementation of advanced retrofit measures in the context of a large-scale weatherization program and the archetypal Chicago brick bungalow. One strategy applies best practice air sealing methods and a standard insulation method to the attic floor. The other strategy creates an unvented roof assembly using materials and methods typically available to weatherization contractors. Through implementations of the retrofit strategies in a total of eight (8) test homes, the research found that the two different strategies achieve similar reductions in air leakage measurement (55%) and predicted energy performance (18%) relative to the pre-retrofit conditions.
GatePal – Universal Design for Airport Navigation to Allow Departing Travellers to Stay Informed

Airports are challenging for travellers with disabilities and senior travellers with functional limitations due to the complexity of terminal environments and the variety of activities (e.g. navigation, check-in, security check) required for one to successfully depart or arrive. Without sufficient information associated with the context of airport environments, travellers with disabilities and functional limitations are not able to plan their activities or efficiently navigate through terminals and surrounding areas. For departing travellers, time is the most important contextual information due to constraints and potential barriers. Without providing the necessary information about the time it takes to complete each activity, especially when navigating, travellers with disabilities and functional limitations are not able to plan or anticipate any upcoming situations. This paper introduces a universal mobile application called GatePal that was designed based on the results of a preliminary user study and utilizes universal design principles to assist travellers with diverse abilities with navigation at airports.
Improving DNA Sequencing with Nanopore MSPA

Biological nanopores may be used in an emerging DNA sequencing technology. Nanopore sequencing promises multiple kilobase reads of genomic DNA and the ability to directly detect base modifications, all with minimal sample preparation and overhead costs. Here we report on several improvements to the sequencing platform. We improve sequencing fidelity by operating nanopore MspA in two orientations, by applying an alternating driving voltage, and by combining the data from multiple reads of the same sequence prior to calling bases.
Two approaches, one problem: Cultural constructions of type II diabetes in an indigenous community in Yucatán, Mexico

The emerging epidemic of obesity and type II diabetes in Mexico has recently propelled the nation into the public health spotlight. In the state of Yucatan, the experience of diabetes is greatly impacted by two cultural constructions of disease. In this setting, elements of Yucatec Mayan health practices as well as the biomedical model affect the approach to type II diabetes. Both frameworks offer unique understandings of the etiology of diabetes and recommend different ways to manage the condition. Based on in-depth and semi-structured interviews with both community members and clinicians, the present study seeks to understand how diabetes is understood and treated in indigenous settings in rural Yucatan. We explore the context in which community members navigate between locally available healthcare options, choose one over the other, or incorporate strategies from both into their diabetes care regimens. The tension between indigenous community members and their biomedical healthcare providers, the changing food environment of this community, and the persistence of traditional gender constructions affect the management of type II diabetes and its associated symptoms.
In vivo Characterization of Lung Tissue Properties from 4D CT Images for Cancer Radiation Therapy

Motion-simulating patient-specific lung models are of significant interest in developing accurate radiation treatment strategies. While computed tomography (CT) images may be used to develop finite element models of the lungs and associated organs, a major hurdle in simulating such patient-specific finite element models is how to obtain mechanical properties for the constitutive equations. In this paper, we develop an inverse finite element-based technique that allows us to compute the parameters of linear as well as nonlinear hyperelastic material models using patient-specific 4D CT images. The procedure is clinically relevant as the parameter identification involves minimization of an objective function which is defined by measuring the error between the observed and predicted displacements at multiple landmark points, chosen by expert radiologists, over multiple breathing phases.
Dissimilar Impact Welding of 6111-T4, 5052-H32 Aluminum Alloys to 22MnB5, DP980 Steels and the Structure–Property Relationship of a Strongly Bonded Interface

The ability to weld high-strength aluminum to high-strength steel is highly desired for vehicle lightweighting but difficult to attain by conventional means. In this work, vaporizing foil actuator welding was used to successfully weld four Al/Fe combinations consisting of high-strength alloys: AA5052-H32, AA6111-T4, DP980, and 22MnB5. Flyer velocities up to 727 m/s were reached using 10 kJ input energy. In lap-shear testing, samples primarily failed in base aluminum near the aluminum’s native strength, showing that the welds were stronger than a base metal and that the base metal was not significantly weakened by the welding process. A particularly strong weld area was studied by transmission electron microscopy to shed light on the microstructural features of strong impact welds. It was found to be characterized by a continuously bonded, fully crystalline interface, extremely fine (nanoscale) grains, mesoscopic as well as microscopic wavy features, and lack of large continuous intermetallic compounds.
Perception of formulaic and novel expressions under acoustic degradation.

Background Formulaic expressions, including idioms and other fixed expressions, comprise a significant proportion of discourse. Although much has been written about this topic, controversy remains about their psychological status. An important claim about formulaic expressions, that they are known to native speakers, has seldom been directly demonstrated. This study tested the hypothesis that formulaic expressions are known and stored as whole unit mental representations by performing three perceptual experiments. Method Listeners transcribed two kinds of spectrally-degraded spoken sentences, half formulaic, and half novel, newly created expressions, matched for grammar and length. Two familiarity ratings, usage and exposure, were obtained from listeners for each expression. Text frequency data for the stimuli and their constituent words were obtained using a spoken corpus. Results Participants transcribed formulaic more successfully than literal utterances. Usage and familiarity ratings correlated with accuracy, but formulaic utterances with low ratings were also transcribed correctly. Phrase types differed significantly in text frequency, but word frequency counts did not differentiate the two kinds of expressions. Discussion These studies provide new converging evidence that formulaic expressions are encoded and processed as whole units, supporting a dual-process model of language processing, which assumes that grammatical and formulaic expressions are differentially processed.
Combined pathologic‐genomic algorithm for early-stage breast cancer improves cost-effective use of the 21-gene recurrence score assay

Abstract Background The 21-gene recurrence score (RS) (Oncotype DX®; Genomic Health, Redwood City, CA) partitions hormone receptor positive, node negative breast cancers into three risk groups for recurrence. The Anne Arundel Medical Center (AAMC) model has previously been shown to accurately predict RS risk categories using standard pathology data. A pathologic‐genomic (P-G) algorithm then is presented using the AAMC model and reserving the RS assay only for AAMC intermediate-risk patients. Patients and methods A survival analysis was done using a prospectively collected institutional database of newly diagnosed invasive breast cancers that underwent RS assay testing from February 2005 to May 2015. Patients were assigned to risk categories based on the AAMC model. Using Kaplan–Meier methods, 5-year distant recurrence rates (DRR) were evaluated within each risk group and compared between AAMC and RS-defined risk groups. Five-year DRR were calculated for the P-G algorithm and compared with DRR for RS risk groups and the AAMC model's risk groups. Results A total of 1268 cases were included. Five-year DRR were similar between the AAMC low-risk group (2.7%, n=322) and the RS 30 high-risk group (23.0%, n=141). Using the P-G algorithm, more patients were categorized as either low or high risk and the distant metastasis rate was 3.3% for the low-risk group (n=739) and 24.2% for the high-risk group (n=272). Using the P-G algorithm, 44% (552/1268) of patients would have avoided RS testing. Conclusions AAMC model is capable of predicting 5-year recurrences in high- and low-risk groups similar to RS. Further, using the P-G algorithm, reserving RS for AAMC intermediate cases, results in larger low- and high-risk groups with similar prognostic accuracy. Thus, the P-G algorithm reliably identifies a significant portion of patients unlikely to benefit from RS assay and with improved ability to categorize risk.
Fine Object Detection in Automated Solar Panel Layout Generation

A solar panel layout is a diagram of a roof, with the roof edges and obstacles marked. Currently, the user has to manually draw boundary over each obstacle in a tedious and meticulous manner. In this work, we have built a framework using the existing object detection models. We have leveraged the power of traditional edge detection algorithms, fusing with the cutting-edge machine learning based object detection frameworks. This fusion results in a framework capable of detecting objects to their exact edges. Thus, the boundary of each obstacle in a solar panel can be generated automatically with the edge pixel count variation of less than 25% compared to the ground truth.
Technical economic analysis of an intensified Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power plant featuring a sequence of membrane reactors

Abstract In this work, a technical economic analysis (TEA) is carried-out for the design of an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power plant featuring a sequence of hydrogen-permeable ceramic membrane reactors (MRs). The proposed design features membrane reactors that generate hydrogen of higher purity than conventional reactor-separator systems used in IGCC plants, and enable over 90% carbon capture in the Dual-Stage Selexol unit. A multi-scale model is used to simulate the proposed MR sequence, and a commercial process flowsheet simulator is used to create the proposed intensified MR IGCC plant flowsheet, which is subsequently heat integrated. The TEA developed for the MR IGCC power plant allows for the economic characteristics of its design to be compared with those of a traditional IGCC plant equipped with carbon capture storage (CCS) technology.
Biometric data transformation for cryptographic domains and its application: poster

A large class of biometric template protection algorithms assume that feature vectors are integer valued. However, biometric data is generally represented through real-valued feature vectors. Therefore, secure template constructions are not immediately applicable when feature vectors are composed of real numbers. We propose a generic transformation and extend the domain of biometric template protection algorithms from integer-valued feature vectors to real valued feature vectors. We show that our transformation is accuracy-preserving and verify our theoretical findings by reporting the implementation results using a public keystroke dynamics dataset.
Layer optimized SAR processing and slope estimation in radar sounder data

Englacial layers in Antarctica and Greenland are indicators of the dynamic, rheological and subglacial configuration of the ice sheets. Airborne radar sounder data is the primary remote sensing solution for directly observing englacial layers and structures at the glacier-catchment to ice-sheet scale. However, when traditional along-track synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing is applied, steep layers can disappear, limiting the detectability and interpretability of englacial layer geometry. This study provides a reconstruction algorithm to address the problem of destructive phase interference during the radargram formation. We develop and apply a novel SAR processor optimized for layer detection that enhances the Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNR) of specular reflectors. The algorithm also enables the automatic estimation of layer slope. We demonstrate the algorithm using data acquired at the Institute Ice Stream, West Antarctica.
"You're acting womanish!" A qualitative descriptive study of the experiences of African American women in menopausal transition.

This study explores how African American women understand and experience menopausal transition. Data were collected from 14 women in individual interviews and a focus group of seven participants. T...
Complimentary action of structured and unstructured domains of epsin supports clathrin-mediated endocytosis at high tension

Abstract Membrane tension plays an inhibitory role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) by impeding the transition of flat plasma membrane to hemispherical clathrin-coated structures (CCSs). Membrane tension also impedes the transition of hemispherical domes to omegashaped CCSs, a necessary step before their internalization via dynamin-mediated membrane scission. However, CME is not completely halted in cells under high tension conditions. Here we find that epsin, a membrane bending protein which inserts its N-terminus H0 helix into lipid bilayer, supports flat-to-dome transition and increases the stability of CCSs at high tension. This discovery is supported by molecular dynamic simulation of the epsin N-terminal homology (ENTH) domain that becomes more structured when embedded in a lipid bilayer. In addition, epsin has an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) C-terminus domain which induces membrane curvature via steric repulsion. Insertion of H0 helix into lipid bilayer is not sufficient for stable epsin recruitment as deleting the IDP domain in epsin renders it cytosolic. Epsin’s binding to adaptor protein 2 and clathrin is critical for epsin’s association with CCSs under high tension conditions, supporting the importance of multivalent interactions in CCSs. Together, our results support a model where the ENTH and IDP domains of epsin have complementary roles to ensure CME initiation and CCS maturation are unimpeded under high tension environments.
Neutron yield enhancement and suppression by magnetization in laser-driven cylindrical implosions

In inertial confinement fusion, an externally applied magnetic field can reduce heat losses in the compressing fuel thereby increasing neutron-averaged ion temperatures and neutron yields. However, magnetization is only beneficial if the magnetic pressure remains negligible compared to the fuel pressure. Experiments and three-dimensional magneto-hydrodynamic simulations of cylindrical implosions on the OMEGA laser show ion temperature and neutron yield enhancements of up to 44% and 67%, respectively. As the applied axial magnetic field is increased to nearly 30 T, both experiments and simulations show yield degradation. For magnetized, cylindrical implosions, there exists an optimal magnetic field that maximizes the increase in yield. Limiting the fuel convergence ratio by preheating the fuel can further increase the benefit of magnetization. The results demonstrate that it is possible to create a plasma with a density of order 1 g / cm 3 and an ion temperature greater than 1 keV with a magnetic pressure comparable to the thermal pressure, a new regime for laser-produced plasmas on OMEGA.
Empirically determined severity levels for binge-eating disorder outperform existing severity classification schemes.

BACKGROUND Eating-disorder severity indicators should theoretically index symptom intensity, impairment, and level of needed treatment. Two severity indicators for binge-eating disorder (BED) have been proposed (categories of binge-eating frequency and shape/weight overvaluation) but have mixed empirical support including modest clinical utility. This project uses structural equation model (SEM) trees - a form of exploratory data mining - to empirically determine the precise levels of binge-eating frequency and/or shape/weight overvaluation that most significantly differentiate BED severities. METHODS Participants were 788 adults with BED enrolled in BED treatment studies. Participants completed interviews and self-report measures assessing eating-disorder and comorbid symptoms. SEM Tree analyses were performed by specifying an outcome model of BED severity and then recursively partitioning the outcome model into subgroups. Subgroups were split based on empirically determined values of binge-eating frequency and/or shape/weight overvaluation. SEM Forests also quantified which variable contributed more improvement in model fit. RESULTS SEM Tree analyses yielded five subgroups, presented in ascending order of severity: overvaluation <1.25, overvaluation = 1.25-2.74, overvaluation = 2.75-4.24, overvaluation ⩾4.25 with weekly binge-eating frequency <4.875, and overvaluation ⩾4.25 with weekly binge-eating frequency ⩾4.875. SEM Forest analyses revealed that splits that occurred on shape/weight overvaluation resulted in much more improvement in model fit than splits that occurred on binge-eating frequency. CONCLUSIONS Shape/weight overvaluation differentiated BED severity more strongly than binge-eating frequency. Findings indicate a nuanced potential BED severity indicator scheme, based on a combination of cognitive and behavioral eating-disorder symptoms. These results inform BED classification and may allow for the provision of more specific and need-matched treatment formulations.
An inflammatory clock for healthy aging

Inflammation is known to be elevated with progressive age. In this issue, Sayed et al. identify a group of circulating cytokines that correlate with health decline in aging, particularly the chemokine CXCL9. The findings offer a new understanding of how wellbeing and biological resilience are independent from chronological age.
Microbial metabolites and the vagal afferent pathway in the control of food intake

The gut microbiota is able to influence overall energy balance via effects on both energy intake and expenditure, and is a peripheral target for potential obesity therapies. However, the precise mechanism by which the gut microbiota influences energy intake and body weight regulation is not clear. Microbes use small molecules to communicate with each other; some of these molecules are ligands at mammalian receptors and this may be a mechanism by which microbes communicate with the host. Here we briefly review the literature showing beneficial effects of microbial metabolites on food intake regulation and examine the potential role for vagal afferent neurons, the gut-brain axis.
From Current Algebra to Quantum Chromodynamics: A Case for Structural Realism

The advent of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in the early 1970s was one of the most important events in twentieth-century science. This book examines the conceptual steps that were crucial to the rise of QCD, placing them in historical context against the background of debates that were ongoing between the bootstrap approach and composite modeling, and between mathematical and realistic conceptions of quarks. It explains the origins of QCD in current algebra and its development through high-energy experiments, model-building, mathematical analysis and conceptual synthesis. Addressing a range of complex physical, philosophical and historiographical issues in detail, this book will interest graduate students and researchers in physics and in the history and philosophy of science.
Optimizing Hemodynamics in the Clinical Setting

Hypotension is common following traumatic brain injury and can contribute to a poor outcome. Hypovolemia is the most common cause of hypotension in this setting, but myocardial dysfunction may also occur. Fluid resuscitation is the initial step in treating hypotension. Recent trials have failed to demonstrate an advantage of colloids or hypertonic saline over normal saline resuscitation, and albumin resuscitation was even associated with a higher mortality rate. Therefore normal saline remains the standard resuscitation fluid, even though colloids and hypertonic saline have some theoretical advantages following brain injury. The optimal hemoglobin concentration for the brain-injured patient remains controversial, and the decision to transfuse remains an assessment of the risk-benefit ratio of improving cerebral oxygen delivery with the risk of complications of transfusions. When blood pressure remains inadequate following fluid resuscitation, vasopressors may be needed. While definitive studies are lacking, available studies suggest that norepinephrine and phenylephrine have advantages over dopamine as the initial choice for vasopressor.
Axial computed tomography evaluation of the internal nasal valve correlates with clinical valve narrowing and patient complaint.

Background The objective of this work was to explore the utility of axial computed tomography (CT) imaging to objectively define a narrow internal nasal valve, and compare those findings with clinical examination and patient complaint. Methods Retrospective review from a single facial plastic surgery center. We reviewed 40 consecutive patients evaluated for either sinusitis or nasal airway obstruction for which a CT scan was obtained at a single radiology institution. Thirty-six complete office records were examined for the presence of clinical internal valve narrowing and complaints of nasal obstruction. In total, 72 internal nasal valves were analyzed using axial plane CT and measurements were compared to clinical findings and presence of airway obstruction. Results Measured valve areas for clinically normal internal nasal valves averaged 0.47 cm2 vs 0.28 cm2 for clinically narrow valves, a decrease of 40.4%. In unobstructed nasal airways the valve area averaged 0.51 cm2 vs 0.38 cm2 in obstructed airways, a difference of 25.5%. A radiographically measured valve area of <0.30 cm2 suggests clinical narrowing with a sensitivity of 71.4%, specificity of 88.9%, positive predictive value of 62.5%, and negative predictive value of 92.3%. Conclusion Using standard axial CT imaging we describe an objective method of radiographically evaluating the nasal valve, demonstrating strong correlation with physical examination and patient complaint. Additionally, radiographic valve areas can be used to screen for clinically narrow nasal valves with good sensitivity and specificity, providing a novel straightforward method for nasal valve assessment.
Combining Cisco NetFlow Exports with Relational Database Technology for Usage Statistics, Intrusion Detection, and Network Forensics

Argonne National Laboratory operates a complex internal network with a large number of external network peerings. A requirement of this network is that it be monitored with minimal impact on traffic. Cisco NetFlow technology provides the information necessary to monitor such a network, but the data from NetFlow must be captured and analyzed. We present a system that uses a high-powered relational database to manage the data. Our primary motivations in building this system were to learn whether or not database technology was an appropriate tool for this situation and to understand what types of questions about the network could be answered with such a system.This work was supported by the Mathematical, Information, and Computational Sciences Division subprogram of the Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research, U.S. Department of Energy, under Contract W-31-109-Eng-38.
Applying Virtue to Ethics

Virtue ethics is sometimes taken to be incapable of providing guidance for an individual's actions, as some other ethical theories do. I show how virtue ethics does provide guidance for action, and also meet the objection that, while it may account for what we ought to do, it cannot account for the force of duty and obligation.
Kaluza-Klein Theories as a Tool to Find New Gauge Symmetries

Non-abelian Kaluza-Klein theories are studied with respect to using the invariances of multi-dimensional general relativity to investigate hidden symmetry, such as Kac-Moody Lie algebras, of the four-dimensional Yang-Mills theory. Several properties of the affine transformations on the self-dual set are identified and are used to motivate the Kaluza-Klein analysis. In this context, a system of differential equations is derived for new symmetry transformations which may be extendable to the full gauge theory.
Lower‐extremity ulcers: diagnosis and management

Chronic wounds of the lower extremities are occurring with increasing prevalence. They affect millions of individuals annually, representing both a significant health risk and a large economic burden. Chronic wounds are associated with increased mortality and substantial morbidity due to infection, pain, limitation of daily activities, and psychosocial consequences. To manage these wounds effectively, clinicians must be able to diagnose and manage their aetiology. Diagnosis starts with determining whether the wound is one of the four most common chronic wounds: venous leg ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, pressure ulcers and arterial ulcers. Moreover, despite many recent advances in wound care, the challenge of managing chronic wounds is complicated by the lack of consistently accepted diagnostic methods and wound-care standards. We present a comprehensive yet condensed approach to managing lower-extremity ulcers, from diagnosis to basic management.
Reshaping Ethnic and Racial Relations in Philadelphia: Immigrants in a Divided City.

Reshaping Ethnic and Racial Relations in Philadelphia: Immigrants in a Divided City. Judith Goode and Jo Anne Schneider. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994. 282 pp.
Accuracy of CO2 angiography in vessel diameter assessment: a comparative study of CO2 versus iodinated contrast material in an aortoiliac flow model.

PURPOSE Precise vessel sizing prior to endovascular intervention is critical to achievement of technical success. Diameter measurements obtained with CO 2 and iodinated contrast material in an aortoiliac flow model were compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aortoiliac flow was simulated in a compliant, silicone elastomer phantom of the aortoiliac system using an autoperfusion pump (flow volume, ∼1100 mL/min; mean arterial pressure, 70–80 mm Hg at 80–90 cycles/ minute) and a glycerol solution (40% by weight; viscosity 3.7 centipoise at 20°C). Digital subtraction angiography was performed with the phantom in the anteroposterior (AP) plane and in three oblique planes with both CO 2 and iodinated contrast material. Five sets of images for both CO 2 and iodinated contrast material were obtained for each projection. Two readers independently performed vessel diameter measurements at seven sites (distal abdominal aorta, bilateral proximal and distal common iliac, and mid-external iliac arteries). The model was then evaluated with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) using a 20-MHz imaging catheter. Actual diameter measurements were taken from the inner wall to inner wall in orthogonal planes at the same locations within the model, as described previously. Analysis was performed to determine local difference in measurements ( t tests), difference when compared to the standard AP projection with iodinated contrast material (Dunnett's test) and inter-reader variability (Pitman's test). RESULTS The contralateral iliac vessel segment did not opacify when imaging with CO 2 in the 45° obliquities; thus, 22 of 28 sites were available for comparison. At 18 of 22 (81.8%) sites, there was significant difference in vessel measurements ( P 2 yielding a significantly larger diameter at 17 of 22 (77.3%) of the sites. The difference in mean diameter ranged from -1.28 to 4.47 mm. With use of the AP iodinated contrast material run as the standard, there were significant differences ( P 2 and iodinated contrast material respectively, with CO 2 tending toward greater diameter measurements. Significant differences ( P 2 in the AP projection and iodinated contrast material in the 45° left obliquity. With use of IVUS as the standard, there were significant differences ( P 2 at nine of 22 (40.9%) of the sites and with iodinated contrast material at 17 of 28 (60.7%) of the sites. Of the measurements made with CO 2 , seven of nine (77.8%) of the measurements were of larger diameter than those obtained with IVUS. By contrast, of the measurements made with iodinated contrast material angiography, IVUS measured larger diameters in 16 of 17 (94.1%). CONCLUSION CO 2 angiography consistently yielded significantly larger vessel measurements when compared to both iodinated contrast angiography and IVUS. These results have important implications in regards to planning intervention based solely on CO 2 angiography. Further evaluation is needed before recommending CO 2 for vessel sizing in clinical practice.
Analytical capabilities of nonlinear Raman microspectroscopic imaging

Nonlinear Raman scattering is an emerging spectroscopy technique for non-invasive microscopic imaging. It can produce a fluorescence background free vibrational spectrum from a microscopic volume of a sample providing chemically specific information about its molecular composition.
Synthesis and characterization of Ti(C5H5)(2,4-C7H11) and Ti(2,4-C7H11)2[, chiral phosphite adducts of an open and a half open titanocene

Abstract The chiral phosphite derived from S-1,2,4-butanetriol has been found to bind both half-open and open titanocene moieties (Ti(C5H5)(2,4-C7H11) and Ti(2,4-C7H11)2, C7H11=dimethylpentadienyl) strongly. The expected reduction in symmetry upon coordination was evidenced through 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies. Although the compounds were found to be thermally unstable, presumably as a result of the presence of a strained five-membered ring, an X-ray diffraction study of the latter complex could be achieved at low temperatures. Two nonequivalent conformations were observed in the solid state.
Metabolism and Cytotoxicity of Aflatoxin B1 in Cytochrome P-450-Expressing Human Lung Cells

The mycotoxin aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) is a hepatocarcinogen in many animal models and probably a human carcinogen. Besides being a dietary carcinogen, AFB 1 has been detected in dusts generated in the processing and transportation of AFB 1 -contaminated products. Inhalation of grain dusts contaminated with AFB 1 may be a risk factor in human lung cancer. Aflatoxin B 1 requires cytochrome P-450 (CYP)-mediated activation to form cytotoxic and DNA-reactive intermediates, and this activation in human liver is mediated by the CYP 1A2 and 3A4 isoforms. Which isoforms are important in AFB 1 activation in human lung is not well understood. To investigate whether these CYPs can activate AFB 1 at low, environmentally relevant concentrations in human lung cells, SV40 immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) that were transfected with cDNA for CYPs 3A4 (B3A4) or 1A2 (B-CMV1A2) were used. B-CMV1A2 cultured in 15 n M AFB 1 produced the AFB 1 -glutathione conjugate (AFB 1 -GSH) and aflatoxin M 1 (AFM 1 ), ...
Consumption, production and technological progress: a unified entropic approach

Abstract This paper proposes a framework in which the entropy of a system undergoing a transformation could be used to characterize the economics of the transformation itself. Specifically, two elemental economic processes — consumption and production — are each shown to have unique thermodynamic properties. Consumption is always accompanied by an increase in the entropy of the entire system, production by a decrease of the entropy of some parts of the system. Hence, an entropy measure could be designed to quantify in a unique physical sense the degree of economic production, consumption, and various sorts of efficiency. The study also suggests how this approach can provide insights into problems of economic growth and technological progress.
Application of multi-resolution modality independent elastography for detection of multiple anomalous objects

This work extends a recently realized inverse problem technique of extracting soft tissue elasticity information via non-rigid model-based image registration. The algorithm uses the elastic properties of the tissue in a biomechanical model to achieve maximal similarity between image data acquired under different states of loading. A new multi-resolution, non-linear optimization framework has been employed which allows for improved performance and object detection. Prior studies have demonstrated successful reconstructions from images of a tissue-like thin membrane phantom with a single embedded inclusion that was significantly stiffer than its surroundings. For this investigation, a similar phantom was fabricated with two stiff inclusions to test the effectiveness of this method in discriminating multiple smaller objects. Elasticity values generated from both simulation and real data testing scenarios provided sufficient contrast for detection and good quantitative localization of the inclusion areas.
Effects of hormones on post-implantation mouse embryos in vitro. I. Insulin

Day 9 mouse embryos were cultured in 50% fetal calf serum and 50% Waymouth's medium supplemented with various amounts of insulin. Unmodified medium contained approximately 25% of the normal adult mouse blood insulin. The addition of 0.1 to 1.0 microgram insulin/ml to Waymouth's medium was most beneficial to in vitro development. There was a statistically significant increase in protein synthesis, RNA content, glucose utilization, and heart rate, as well as a significant decrease in pericardial edema. DNA synthesis was unchanged or slightly decreased. The optimal amount of added insulin (0.05 microgram/ml) is much higher than the normal circulating levels in adult mice.
Effects of pendant groups at phosphorus on binding properties of d-ApA analogues

The interaction of several synthetic analogues of d-ApA with Poly U and Poly dT was examined to explore the effects of substituents at phosphorus on binding properties of oligonucleotides. These analogues contained a bulky, lipophilic group (2,2,2-trichloroethoxy or 2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-dimethylethoxy) a small, uncharged hydrogen-bonding group (amido), or a cationic phosphoramidate (2-aminoethylamido, protonated in neutral aqueous media) in place of the anionic oxygen of the internucleotide phosphate. As determined by "melting curves" each formed a complex with Poly U more stable than the Poly U.d-ApA complex. Binding to Poly dT was comparable or in some cases stronger. Checks on composition (mixing curves) revealed the expected stoichiometry of ldA:2U (or 2dT). Stereochemistry at phosphorus influenced stability of the complexes, but the effect was not a major one. These results suggest that oligonucleotides containing large, lipophilic groups, as well as small non-ionic groups (e.g., the methyl phosphonates) or polar groups, could be useful as probes in hybridization experiments.
From Social Evolutionism to Biocultural Evolutionism

A brief review of the evolutionism of Comte, Marx, Spencer, and Durkheim, representatives of the Masters, reveals an excessive concern with the integration of differentiation. This represents their most common feature, but neither it nor anything else adds up to a definite evolutionary theory. An antithetical convergence, with Comte excluded, refers to a varying utilization of the Darwinian “mechanism,” natural selection. It is not clear, however, that the masters fully grasped the meaning of natural selection, or indeed that this could be understood unequivocally. As a result they failed to convey unambiguously a fundamental interest in evolution to subsequent generations of social scientists. A period of estrangement from evolutionary theory ensued in which the focus seemed to shift from social evolution to social change. By the 1950s, sociology and anthropology experienced a revival of evolutionary interest largely in the form of a reiteration of old conceptions and problems. A critical glance at evolutionary biology reveals, next, an ambiguity in the concept of natural selection when understood as ultimate cause and mechanism of evolution. The basic significance of the evolutionistic alliance known as sociobiology lies in the latter's partial redressing of the ambiguity by way of the “maximization principle.” Equally important, indeed complementary, is the sociobiological appeal to the social sciences for help to discover the environmental parameters that impinge on the principle — and thus for a contribution to the development of a biocultural model. A few examples of biocultural theorizing follow that show varying degrees of systemic dependence between the biological and the cultural. The basic nomothetic thrust of the emerging biocultural model is to emphasize the adaptive paths along which cultural phenomena are likely to evolve.
Pulmonary fibrosis inducer, bleomycin, causes redox-sensitive activation of phospholipase D and cytotoxicity through formation of bioactive lipid signal mediator, phosphatidic acid, in lung microvascular endothelial cells

The mechanisms of lung microvascular complications and pulmonary hypertension known to be associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a debilitating lung disease, are not known. Therefore, we investigated whether bleomycin, the widely used experimental IPF inducer, would be capable of activating phospholipase D (PLD) and generating the bioactive lipid signal-mediator phosphatidic acid (PA) in our established bovine lung microvascular endothelial cell (BLMVEC) model. Our results revealed that bleomycin induced the activation of PLD and generation of PA in a dose-dependent (5, 10, and 100 µg) and time-dependent (2-12 hours) fashion that were significantly attenuated by the PLD-specific inhibitor, 5-fluoro-2-indolyl des-chlorohalopemide (FIPI). PLD activation and PA generation induced by bleomycin (5 µg) were significantly attenuated by the thiol protectant (N-acetyl-L-cysteine), antioxidants, and iron chelators suggesting the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, and iron therein. Furthermore, our study demonstrated the formation of ROS and loss of glutathione (GSH) in cells following bleomycin treatment, confirming oxidative stress as a key player in the bleomycin-induced PLD activation and PA generation in ECs. More noticeably, PLD activation and PA generation were observed to happen upstream of bleomycin-induced cytotoxicity in BLMVECs, which was protected by FIPI. This was also supported by our current findings that exposure of cells to exogenous PA led to internalization of PA and cytotoxicity in BLMVECs. For the first time, this study revealed novel mechanism of the bleomycin-induced redox-sensitive activation of PLD that led to the generation of PA, which was capable of inducing lung EC cytotoxicity, thus suggesting possible bioactive lipid-signaling mechanism/mechanisms of microvascular disorders encountered in IPF.
63 Environmental change, interspecific interactions, and shifting algal distributions on rocky shores

Because intertidal organisms live close to their environmental tolerances, intertidal species are considered early harbingers of the effects of global change. Using a combination of spatial environmental gradients and long-term datasets, I examine the likely consequences of global warming on the distribution of Mazzaella parksii (formerly Mazzaella cornucopiae), a turf-forming red alga. On Tatoosh Island, WA, M. parksii is restricted almost entirely to north-facing surfaces. On south-facing slopes, the upper limit of M. parksii, which is set by abiotic stress, occurs much lower on the shore. However, its lower limit, which is set by herbivores, does not vary with aspect. Because its upper and lower limits are independent across the aspect gradient, M. parksii is effectively “squeezed out” of the system as one moves from a north-facing to a south-facing slope. This general pattern is observed at several spatial scales across gradients of wave exposure and air temperature. The vertical distributional patterns of M. parksii also shift across temporal gradients. Over the past 25 years, the upper limit of M. parksii on Tatoosh Island has shifted downshore by approximately 25 cm. Most of this change was driven by three consecutive harsh summers in the mid 1990's. These temporal patterns, combined with the insight gained from spatial patterns, suggest that M. parksii may go locally extinct in many parts of its range as its upper and lower limits converge. Furthermore, because vertical distributional shifts are linked to stochastic climatic effects, temporal change in marine algal populations may be rapid and unexpected.