cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Axonal degeneration and regeneration in sensory roots in a genital herpes model.

In a mouse model of genital herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection, roots of the lower spinal cord were examined 5 days to 6 months after inoculation. Using immunoperoxidase methods on paraffin sections, viral antigen was found in sensory ganglia, their proximal roots and distal nerves on days 5 and 6 after infection. In Epon sections, most mice had focal sensory root abnormalities in lower thoracic, lumbar or sacral levels. At days 7 and 10, lesions showed chiefly nerve fiber degeneration, particularly of large myelinated fibers. At 2 weeks, lesions contained relatively large bundles of small unmyelinated fibers with immature axon-Schwann cell relationships. From 3 to 6 weeks, lesions again contained many more small unmyelinated fibers than normal but, in increasing proportions, axons in bundles were isolated from their neighbors by Schwann cell cytoplasm, and Schwann cells having 1∶1 relationships with axons showed mesaxon or thin myelin sheath formation. At later times, the proportion of small unmyelinated axons decreased in parallel with increased numbers of small myelinated axons. By 6 months, affected roots showed a relative reduction in large myelinated fibers, increased proportions of small myelinated fibers and Schwann cell nuclei. Numbers of unmyelinated fibers were reduced relative to 3- to 6-week lesions. Axonal degeneration and regeneration appears to be the chief pathological change in sensory roots in this model. If regenerated fibers arise from latently infected neurons, then establishment of latency is not a relatively silent event, but is associated with major long-lasting, morphologically detectable effects.
Drug-induced lung disease

Drug-induced lung disease is a major source of iatrogenic injury. We review the various drugs known to induce injury and the various patterns of injury seen.
Cigarette smoking is associated with dose-dependent adverse effects on paraoxonase activity and fibrinogen in young women.

AbstractContext: Smoking is associated with increased fibrinogen and decreased paraoxonase (PON) activity, markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, in patients with coronary artery disease.Objective: We tested the hypothesis that the adverse effect of smoking on these biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress would be detectable in otherwise healthy young female habitual smokers.Materials and methods: Thirty-eight young women participated in the study (n = 20 habitual smokers, n = 18 non-smokers). Fibrinogen, PON-1 activity and HDL oxidant index (HOI) were measured.Results: Mean values of fibrinogen, PON-1 activity and log HOI were not different between the groups. Importantly, however, decreased PON-1 activity (rs = −0.51, p = 0.03) and increased fibrinogen (rs = 0.49, p = 0.04) were significantly correlated with increasing number of cigarettes smoked per day in habitual smokers.Discussion and conclusion: Cigarette smoking is associated with a dose-dependent adverse effect on PON-1 activity an...
Interconnects: Wiring electronics with light

As data rates continue to spiral upwards, electrical interconnects based on copper traces and wires are struggling to keep up and optical solutions are looking increasingly attractive.
Finite Element Simulation for Design Verification of a Small Size Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar

Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar is an apparatus that is used to study materials behavior under high speed deformation, where strain rate is very high. Hopkinson bars are usually custom made based on the needs of customers, who are mostly researchers in universities or research labs. In this work, the authors designed a small size split Hopkinson pressure bar. The objectives of this project are 1) to design a well-structured Hopkinson bar by means of solid mechanics fundamentals 2) to implement finite element simulation to verify the design. The designed Split Hopkinson bar consists of two metallic bars with a specimen placing in between, a striker assembly, an air compressor, instrumentation and a data acquisition system. The solid model of the apparatus is built using CAD software SolidWorks. The design is validated by extensive finite element simulation using ABAQUS. A working prototype is physically built and tested. High speed deformation experiments are developed using the prototype fabricated. The experiments are conducted as an impact is made by the striker on one of the bars, which generates stress wave through the specimen and the other bar. During the experiments, strain in specimen is determined by measuring strains on the bars using strain gauges mounted on the bars. Preliminary tests demonstrate that the performance of the apparatus is as predicted by the FEM simulation. This work is supported by an NSF’s CMMI (Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation) program.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Characterization of the DNA-binding and dominant negative activity of v-erbA homodimers.

The oncoprotein v-erbA is a mutated form of thyroid hormone receptor α1 that is virtually incapable of binding T3. V-erbA is a dominant repressor of transcription induced by thyroid hormone receptors and retinoic acid receptors; however, the genetic targets of v-erbA that lead to oncogenesis are not known. Although v-erbA can bind as monomers and dimers to DNA containing the consensus sequence AGGTCA arranged as direct, inverted, or everted repeats, it is not known which sequence represents the optimal v-erbA-binding site. Determination of the DNA recognition properties of v-erbA would allow a better understanding of the repressor activity of this oncoprotein. The current studies, by using a random DNA selection strategy, have determined that the imperfect everted repeat 5′-TGACC(T/C)NT(A/G)AGGTCAC is the optimal v-erbA homodimer-binding site, where N represents any di- or trinucleotide. Functional studies show that everted repeats containing this sequence are substantially more potent v-erbA response ele...
Analysis of voltammetric currents in concentrated organic redox solutions using the Cullinan-Vignes equation and activity-corrected mutual diffusion coefficients

Diffusion-limited voltammetric currents for the 1−e− reduction of nitrobenzene (NB) in acetonitrile (AN) over the entire composition range (0 ≤ xNB ≤1, xNB mole fraction of NB) were analyzed employing the Cullinan-Vignes equation to describe the interdiffusion of the redox species and solvent. Activity-corrected mutual diffusion coefficients at 45°C were computed from isothermal liquid-vapor equilibrium data and steady-state limiting currents, Ilim, for NB reduction at a 12.5 μm-radius Pt microdisk electrode. Application of activity-corrected mutual diffusitives in the Cullinan-Vignes equation appears to account properly for non-ideal behavior of Ilim for xNB > ∼ 0.4. Values of Ilim are ‘over-corrected’ by activity data to a small extent for xNB < 0.4, suggesting the self-association (i.e., clustering) of solution components.
Evaluation of Central Venous Pressure as a Guide to Volume Replacement in Children Following Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Abstract After cardiopulmonary bypass in three groups of children whole blood was replaced on the basis of measured intraoperative losses; intraoperative losses plus the deficit recorded by direct blood volume measurement; and intraoperative losses plus elevation of central venous pressure (CVP) to double preoperative levels. Blood replacement by intraoperative losses alone led to blood volume deficits and low creatinine clearances postoperatively. Adequate replacement was achieved by direct measurement of blood volume or by maintaining an elevated CVP immediately after bypass.
Clinical evaluation of the dental aspects of familial dysautonomia: a preliminary report

In d y sa u t o n o m i c ch i ld r en , t h e maxil la a n d m a n d ib l e a r e sm a l l e r th an n o rm a l bu t r em a in in p r o p o r t i o n t h r o u g h o u t d e ­ v e l o p m en t . T h e re su l tan t c r o w d i n g o f t e e t h a n d m a lo c c lu s i o n a r e f a c t o r s in p e r i o d o n ta l d i sea se , w h i c h u sua l l y o c c u r s at an e a r l y a g e . In i t ia l l e s i on s u sua l l y o c ­ c u r in p ap i l la r y r e g i o n s in th e a n t e r io r s e g m e n t ; p e r i o d on t i t i s is m o s t f r e q u e n t in t h e m o la r r e g ion s . R e s p o n s e to t h e p u lp t e s t is u sua lly n e g a t i v e o r p o o r . C a lcu lu s f o rm a t i o n d o e s n o t a p p ea r to b e a p r o b ­ l em , a n d th e ca r i e s ind ex is m u c h l o w e r than in n o rm a l p a t i e n t s ; t h e t o o t h m a ­ tu ra t ion t im e is o n l y s l i g h t l y l o n g e r .
Vasopressor-Cardiotonig Drugs in Cardiac Resuscitation

SUMMARY Intravenous vasopressor-cardiotonic drugs have been shown to be valuable agents in cardiac resuscitation to increase the perfusion pressure developed by external or internal cardiac compression. While the data presented does not provide quantitative values for improved cerebral or coronary artery flow, the signs of improved circulation in the end organs gives credence to the fact that such must be occurring. Epinephrine would appear to be a logical agent to employ for this effect if given into the blood repeatedly at four to five minute intervals. Isoproterenol was not effective in its action due to the lack of pressure increase.
Crystallization and Preliminary X-ray Analysis of Protocatechuate 3,4-Dioxygenase from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus

Abstract X-ray quality single crystals of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus were obtained by the hanging drop method. The intradiol dioxygenase crystallizes in the cubic space group 123 with unit cell dimensions a = b = c = 145·5 A. The dodecahedral crystals diffract to beyond 2·5 A resolution. The asymmetric unit contains one twelfth of the enzyme (αβFe+3)12 complex.
Search for supersymmetry in τ decays

Abstract The semileptonic decays of the τ lepton allow for the search for the supersymmetry.
Adolescents' collaboration in the classroom: Do peer relationships or gender matter?†

Peer collaboration can be a useful tool in a school classroom to help students perform at their best. With whom should students be paired, though? Previous research yields inconsistent findings regarding whether the benefits of peer collaboration depend on the gender or friendship of collaborators. We paired students with a same-gender friend or a nonfriend in their classroom to examine whether friendship and specific dimensions of relationship quality were important for understanding adolescent (N = 132 high-school students) boys' and girls' performance on a scientific reasoning task. Dimensions of relationship quality were related to task performance with greater perceived conflict predicting poorer performance. Girls outperformed boys, but the difference was marginal and nonsignificant after accounting for dimensions of relationship quality. Friends' and nonfriends' performance was similar. Results are informative for educators who use collaboration as an instructional technique and for other professionals who work to support the development of effective reasoning and problem-solving skills among adolescents. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On Rereading Klaus Theweleit's Male Fantasies

Klaus Theweleit's Male Fantasies has generated broad interest in the literature of several academic disciplines. His analysis of the symbolic and gender dynamics of the leaders of the German Freikorps (German paramilitary mercenary units of the period 1918-1923) has been widely generalized into a theory of modern masculinity. Two issues inadequately explored in Theweleit's work nonetheless must be read through more recent empirical and theoretical work in history and sociology: (1) the formative role of colonial military experience in the careers of the German Freikorps officers who provide the material for his analysis and (2) the complex historical problem of the facticity of rape in Freikorps activity.
Detection of Thyrocalcitonin in Rat Serum by Direct Tissue Culture Bioassay

Sera obtained from rats with intact thyroids after a calcium stress inhibit bone resorption in tissue culture. The inhibitory activity in serum was equivalent to that of 1-2 MRC mU of thyrocalcitonin (TCT)/ml. It appeared with hypercalcemia and disappeared when serum calcium concentration fell. The active material could be extracted from the serum with oxycellulose and further isolated by column chromatography. Its behavior when subjected to extraction and Sephadex chromatography was identical with that of TCT extracted from rat thyroid glands. No TCT activity could be detected in the serum of rats not subjected to calcium stress either by direct assay or after oxycellulose extraction. This suggests that the activity is less than .05 MRC mU/ml in normal animals. (Endocrinology 86: 1231, 1970)
Operational Envelope of a Spatial Stewart Platform

This technical brief presents the operational envelope for the spatial Stewart platform and dome of a six degree offreedom driving simulator, extending prior work that has been limited to planar mechanisms and manipulators. The set of all points in space that can be occupied by any point in the dome of the simulator is defined as its operational envelope. The geometry of the driving simulator's dome and unilateral constraints on actuator lengths are incorporated and details of the defining equations for the operational envelope are given. Numerical methods are used to calculate the boundary of the operational envelope and results are presented in graphical form.
CMOS device design and optimization from a perspective of circuit-level energy-delay optimization

Currently, technology innovations focus on enhancing carrier transport properties by introducing novel materials (e.g. III–V and Ge) and improving short channel electrostatic control by adopting novel structures (e.g. multi-gate). In this paper, we show that the performance benefits at the circuit-level depend strongly on the target applications and load scenarios. Enhanced electrostatic control improves circuit-level energy-delay trade-off for both high-performance (HP) and low-power (LP) applications, while better transport only benefits the HP application. To achieve the optimal energy-delay trade-off at the circuit-level, P/N width ratio, supply voltage (V dd ), and width-normalized off-state current (I off ) must be optimized for the target application and load scenario.
Heat transfer mechanisms during short-pulse laser heating of metals

This work studies heat transfer mechanisms during ultrafast laser heating of metals from a microscopic point of view. The heating process is composed of three processes: the deposition of radiation energy on electrons, the transport of energy by electrons, and the heating of the material lattice through electron-lattice interactions. The Boltzmann transport equation is used to model the transport of electrons and electron lattice interactions. The scattering term of the Boltzmann equation is evaluated from quantum mechanical considerations, which shows the different contributions of the elastic and inelastic electron-lattice scattering processes on energy transport. By solving the Boltzmann equation, a hyperbolic two-step radiation heating model is rigorously established. It reveals the hyperbolic nature of energy flux carried by electrons and the nonequilibrium between electrons and the lattice during fast heating processes. Predictions from the current model agree with available experimental data during subpicosecond laser heating. 20 refs., 7 figs., 2 tabs.
The Effect of Internal Temperature Gradients on Regenerator Matrix Performance

Background. One-dimensional regenerator models treat the solid material as a lumped capacitance with negligible temperature gradients. Advanced regenerator geometries operating at low temperatures or active magnetic regenerators which use a liquid heat transfer fluid may have temperature gradients in the solid regenerator that significantly affect performance. It is advantageous to utilize a one-dimensional, or lumped, model of the regenerator that is coupled with a correction factor in order to account for the impact of the internal temperature gradients. Previous work relative to developing such a correction factor is shown here to be inadequate or only valid over a limited range of dimensionless conditions. Method of Approach. This paper describes a numerical model of a sphere subjected to a time varying fluid temperature (representing a passive process) or time varying internal heat generation induced by a magnetic field (representing an active magnetic process). The governing equations are nondimensionalized and the efficiency of the sphere is presented as a function of the Fourier number and Biot number. Results. An approximate correction (or degradation) factor is obtained based on these results that is valid over a wide range of dimensionless conditions and therefore useful to regenerator designers. The degradation factor correlation was developed for a sinusoidal variation in the fluid temperature, however, the same results can be applied to different functional forms of the time variation using the concept of an effective cycle time that is weighted by the magnitude of the driving temperature difference. Conclusions. The heat transfer degradation factor presented here can be applied to one-dimensional regenerator models in order to accurately account for the transient performance of a matrix with finite thermal conductivity. This degradation factor allows regenerator models to approximately account for internal temperature gradients without explicitly modeling them and therefore remain computationally efficient while improving the range of applicability and accuracy.
UNSTEADY INJECTION OF SEQUENCES OF DROP CLUSTERS IN VORTICES DEPICTING PORTIONS OF A SPRAY

A model of unsteady injection of sequences of drop clusters embedded in jet vortices was applied to describe both vortices in the shear layer of a spray and small-scale vortical structures in the core of a spray. In the first case, the vortices are large compared to the size of the spray, they rotate fast with respect to the injection rate, and their number per area of spray is small. In the second case, the vortices are small compared to the size of the spray, they rotate slowly with respect to the injection rate, and their number per area of spray is large. Results were obtained for injection sequences where either the drop size or the air/fuel mass ratio varied from cluster to cluster in the injection sequence. The variation was a mono-tonic increase, a monotonic decrease, or a sinusoidal variation. The results thus obtained were compared to baseline results from steady-state calculations. Additionally, both the entrainment from the ambient into the jet and the initial number of clusters per jet area were varied so as to ascertain their influence on cluster penetration and jet properties. The results show that penetration of a cluster into the ambient is a function of the characteristics of the cluster sequence following the cluster, that the jet temperature is controlled by entrainment from the ambient into the jet in the shear-layer application whereas conduction also becomes important in the spray-core application, and that the fuel mass fraction in the jet is a function of the initial characteristics of the clusters as well as entrainment.
PROTEIN CHROMATOGRAPHY USING A CONTINUOUS STATIONARY PHASE

Abstract A continuous stationary phase consisting of yarns woven into a fabric is rolled and packed into mechanically stable liquid chromatography columns. This work utilized yarns having a characteristic width of 200–400 μm, made from 10–20-μm fibers consisting of 95% poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) and 5% poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide). Although loadings on this stationary phase were low at 4 mg/g for bovine serum albumin and 6 mg/g for β-galactosidase, this material shows the interesting characteristic of a leveling off of plate height at mobile phase velocities of 30–80 cm/min. This phenomenon is explained on the basis of a coupling argument whereby a fraction of the mobile phase flows through the intramatrix pore space, and convective transport through the pore space dominates transport by diffusion. A modified Van Deemter expression is derived and shown to fit plate height data for polyethylene glycol standards having molecular weights of 200 and 20 000. The characteristics of this continuous stationary phase at high eluent velocities are discussed conditions which give separation of immunoglobulin G, bovine serum albumin, insulin and β-galactosidase in 12 min are described.
From electrons to infrastructure: Engineering concrete from the bottom up

An approach rooted in fundamental, mechanistic models of concrete materials offers the only viable path for handling the enormous number of variables that are being introduced as new materials are added to the design space, and as new properties are mandated for a sustainable infrastructure. These models must begin at the smallest length scales relevant for concrete properties; in some cases this is the scale of electron interactions among atoms and ions. But concrete has complex chemical and structural properties that are manifested at greater length and time scales, so atomic scale models must ultimately be integrated with new models that capture behavior at mesoscopic and macroscopic scales. We refer to this methodology as the "bottom-up" approach because it proceeds from the smallest length scales. We describe this kind of modeling approach, include some recent results, and suggest some principles for collaboratively integrating multi-scale models.
Chlorophyll and porphyrin synthesis in relation to iron in Nicotiana tabacum, L.

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of iron on chlorophyll and porphyrin synthesis was investigated. The rates of incorporation into chlorophyll of 14C-labeled substrates were compared in leaf discs from normal and chlorotic Nicotiana tabacum. Leaf discs from normal or chlorotic plants incorporated [14C]succinate or δ-amino[14C]levulinic acid at increased rates when iron was added to the incubation mixture. Incorporation into chlorophyll was greater in normal leaf discs, but adding iron to chlorotic discs gave an incorporation rate almost equal to that of the normal . 2. 2. Coproprophyrin accumulated in leaf discs that were incubated in the dark and infiltrated with 14C-labeled substrates. The concentration was markedly decreased when iron was added to the incubation media. Protoporphyrin was also found in low-iron culures but was not noticeably affected by the addition of iron. It was concluded that the conversion of coproporphyrinogen to protoporphyrin might be an iron-requiring site in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll in higher plants.
Practical supercontinuum source for few hundred femtosecond seed pulses

We present measurements and theoretical work demonstrating the drastic reduction of polarization instability driven noise, improving the stability of polarized supercontinuum generated in all normal dispersion highly nonlinear fiber
Exact two-dimensional superconformal R-symmetry and c-extremization

We uncover a general principle dubbed $c$ extremization, which determines the exact $R$ symmetry of a two-dimensional unitary superconformal field theory with $\mathcal{N}=(0,2)$ supersymmetry. To illustrate its utility, we study superconformal theories obtained by twisted compactifications of four-dimensional $\mathcal{N}=4$ super--Yang-Mills theory on Riemann surfaces and construct their gravity duals.
Mixing-Tank Model for Predicting Dissolution Rate Control of Oral Absorption

A mixing-tank model is used to simulate Gl absorption of nonionized drugs. The model is useful for predicting circumstances under which dissolution rate dominates membrane transport and transit rate, thus limiting the extent of absorption. The model is developed from mass balance considerations in which the nonsink dissolution term is a function of the remaining surface area and the concentration gradient across the boundary layer. Other dissolution parameters include initial particle radius, dose, diffusivity, density, and boundary-layer thickness. Readily calculable estimators for the general solution of the model are derived and their ranges of usefulness are discussed. Drug examples chosen for simulation are griseofulvin and digoxin. The model correctly predicts bioavailability as a function of particle size for both of these poorly soluble drugs.
Bond Alternation in Azulenes

5,6-Azulyne, the first azulyne to be prepared, has been trapped with furan to give an adduct whose crystal structure reveals marked bond alternation in the azulene π system. The double bond in the furan moiety is responsible in part for the bond localization, as hydrogenation of that bond attenuates the effect. The regiochemistry of electrophilic attack on the adduct has been examined briefly, with results contrary to the prediction of frontier orbital theory. Quantum mechanical calculations have shed light on these phenomena.
Towards Scalable Verification of Commercial Avionics Software

We describe a model-based approach for the automated verification of avionics systems that has been applied in Honeywell for the certification of complex commercial avionics applications, such as flight controls and engine controls. The approach uses a symbolic analysis framework for MATLAB Simulink models, utilizing range arithmetic to represent both test cases and equivalence-class transformations within a model of behavioral requirements. Backwards search from a set of desired test-case values within the model is combined with forward-directed simulation to resolve constraints and compute values in the visited paths, leading to a set of model-level input/output values that produce the test cases. We also describe a common design flaw that was uncovered in an early design phase by utilizing this approach. We argue that finding such designs flaws is extremely difficult by alternative methods such as directed or random simulations and traditional model checkers. Utilizing our approach, Honeywell has achieved better than 20 speedup on average in certification costs compared to traditional analysis and testing methods, while maintaining scalability on complex real-life problems.
The cocaine-exposed infant, part I: Identification and assessment

The incidence of cocaine use among women of childbearing years is rapidly increasing. The identification and assessment of the cocaine-exposed infant provides a challenge to the nurse practitioner. This article, the first of two parts, describes identification and assessment techniques. Part two will discuss intervention and teaching methods.
Perceiving, learning and remembering braille

This paper describes a number of experiments done during the past nine years on the perception and the immediate memory of braille symbols and on learning the names for such symbols. Some possible implications of the results for the design of braille instructional programmes and for further research are discussed.
Technical factors in the creation of a “floppy” Nissen fundoplication

The original description of "floppy" Nissen fundoplication was that of an open procedure involving a large esophageal bougie, complete fundic mobilization, ligation of the short gastric vessels, and placement of a finger or a dilator under the completed fundoplication to assure laxity. A maneuver equivalent to the latter step during laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication has not been described. The consensus in the literature appears to be that the element of a fundoplication that defines it as floppy is complete mobilization of the fundus. We report an intraoperative maneuver that assures the fundoplication has adequate laxity. We also discuss several other maneuvers to assure proper formation of the fundoplication and to minimize side effects such as long-term dysphagia.
Cooperative Infrastructure Relay System and its Capacity Analysis

An infrastructure relay system which transfers information from a base station (BS) to mobile stations (MSs) using fixed location relay stations (RSs) is studied. Analytical results for a generalized relay transmission configuration are provided considering the utilization of RSs as a mean to extend the dimensionality of multiple input multiple output (MIMO). Based on this, the effect of various aspects of infrastructure relay system such as the number of RSs, the deployment of RSs, and the number of hops on the outage capacity are studied.
Analysis of vitamin D‐regulated gene expression in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells using cDNA microarrays

BACKGROUND. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 [1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ] exerts growth inhibitory, prodifferentiating, and pro-apoptotic effects on prostate cells. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these actions, we employed cDNA microarrays to study 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -regulated gene expression in the LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. METHODS. mRNA isolated from LNCaP cells treated with vehicle or 50 nM 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 for various lengths of time were hybridized to microarrays carrying approximately 23,000 genes. Some of the putative target genes revealed by the microarray analysis were verified by real-time PCR assays. RESULTS. 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 most substantially increased the expression of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) gene. Our analysis also revealed several novel 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -responsive genes. Interestingly, some of the key genes regulated by 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 are also androgen-responsive genes. 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 also down-regulated genes that mediate androgen catabolism. CONCLUSIONS. The putative 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 target genes appear to be involved in a variety of cellular functions including growth regulation, differentiation, membrane transport, cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, DNA repair, and inhibition of metastasis. The up-regulation of IGFBP-3 gene has been shown to be crucial in 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -mediated inhibition of LNCaP cell growth. 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 regulation of androgen-responsive genes as well as genes involved in androgen catabolism suggests that there are interactions between 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 and androgen signaling pathways in LNCaP cells. Further studies on the role of these genes and others in mediating the anti-cancer effects of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 may lead to better approaches to the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer.
Limitation of deuterium labelled methoximes as internal standards in the mass spectral analysis of prostaglandins.

Abstract A reported method for the preparation of d 3 -methoxime derivatives as internal standards for prostaglandin assays by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was evaluated. Sample derivatization resulted in 1.5–86 % exchange of the d 3 -methoxime in a series of prostaglandins. Exchange was minimal when the methoxime was on the 5-membered ring; whereas, acyclic methoximes exhibited extensive exchange. Induced strain energy due to the steric interaction of the hydroxyl group and the C 13 -C 20 alkyl side chain with the gem-dimethoxylamine transition state is offered as an explanation for the unusual stability of PGE 2 . The use of 18 O exchange of the carboxylic acid function is presented as an alternative for the preparation of unavailable labelled eicosanoids.
Development and Evaluation of a Prior-to-Impact Fall Event Detection Algorithm

Automatic fall event detection has attracted research attention recently for its potential application in fall alarming system and wearable fall injury prevention system. Nevertheless, existing fall detection research is facing various limitations. The current study aimed to develop and validate a new fall detection algorithm using 2-D information (i.e., trunk angular velocity and trunk angle). Ten healthy elderly were involved in a laboratory study. Sagittal trunk angular kinematics was measured using inertial measurement unit during slip-induced backward falls and a variety of daily activities. The new algorithm was, on average, able to detect backward falls prior to impact, with 100% sensitivity, 95.65% specificity, and 255 ms response time. Therefore, it was concluded that the new fall detection algorithm was able to effectively detect falls during motion for the elderly population.
Induction in the rat hippocampus of long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) in the presence of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor

Several recent studies have suggested a critical role for nitric oxide (NO) production in hippocampal LTP and LTD. In this study we show that normal LTP and LTD can be induced in rat hippocampal slices incubated in the NO synthase inhibitor L-NG-nitroarginine (NOArg) (100 microM). A test of NMDA-stimulated cGMP production demonstrated that incubation of slices in 100 microM NOArg effectively inhibited NO synthase. Our results suggest that NO synthase activity may not be required for the generation of LTP or LTD in CA1 of rat hippocampus.
Rapid product realization

Rapid product realization is a new method of manufacturing prototypes based on optical and laser systems. These techniques shorten product cycle times and reduce costs. They present a host of opportunities for the optics and photonics communities.
Cognitive behavioral symptom management intervention in patients with cancer: survival analysis

Purpose Associations between psychological factors and cancer survival have been under debate. We retrospectively explored the effect of the Cancer Care Intervention (CCI), an individually delivered cognitive behavioral symptom management intervention on survival in individuals with cancer.
Mineral dust plume evolution over the Atlantic from MISR and MODIS aerosol retrievals

[1] We demonstrate how Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) space-based aerosol products provide complementary information, characterizing (1) transported desert dust plume extent over water, (2) aerosol optical thickness (AOT) evolution, and (3) particle size sensitivity and fraction spherical evolution for the thicker parts of these plumes. MODIS provides more extensive coverage, whereas MISR's multiangle retrievals include dust properties and fill in areas where glint precludes MODIS optical depth retrievals, increasing by up to 50% dust plume surface area coverage compared to MODIS-only observations. These results can be used to improve dust aerosol representations in climate, forecast, and transport models. Extensive comparison of MISR and MODIS AOT retrievals with Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) observations in dusty regions show accuracies of about 20%; MISR Angstrom exponent is predominantly less than 1, in reasonably good agreement with AERONET. For four selected North African dust transport events, combined MISR and MODIS observations map systematic changes in retrieved plume surface area, on the basis of AOT contours; these reflect differences in aerosol dispersion and removal rates that must be reproduced by models. Within MISR retrieval uncertainties, Angstrom exponent and AOT fraction spherical are lower in the optically thicker parts of the plume by up to 30% and increase as the plume is transported across the ocean, as would be expected; retrieved single-scattering albedo values are ∼0.98 for all stages of plume evolution. For the cases studied, AERONET shows similar property patterns at points on either side of the Atlantic and indicates ∼15% decrease in aerosol coarse mode effective radius during transoceanic transport.
Impact of Cathode Conditions on Coupled Electrochemical Treatment of Nitrate Brine Concentrates

Simulated concentrated nitrate brine waste was treated in a two-stage electrolysis process, where reduction of nitrate in a cathodic chamber was coupled with oxidation of ammonium (produced in the previous stage) in an anodic chamber. The influence of operating conditions such as applied potential, electrolyte composition, and initial concentration on conversion of nitrate to ammonium in the cathodic chamber was investigated. The effects of chloride and current density on the two-stage treatment process were also examined. More negative potential at the cathode (−2.0 vs. −1.7 and −1.5 V) and higher current density (33 vs. 22 and 13.9 mA/cm2) favored ammonium as the product of nitrate reduction at a copper cathode and increased the overall amount of nitrate conversion. Faster reduction was seen when nitrate concentration was lower (0.01 vs. 0.02 N), but total mass conversion of nitrate in the same time period was higher for 0.02 N. The reduction of nitrate was not sensitive to sulfate or chloride concentration in the ranges studied (0–2 and 1–1.5 mg/L, respectively), but the oxidation of ammonium was noticeably higher when chloride was present. Only small amounts of ammonium and nitrate remained in the second-stage effluent after coupled treatment.
BATSE/OSSE Rapid Burst Response

The BATSE and OSSE instrument teams have modified flight software to promptly (within 2 min of trigger) slew the OSSE detectors to burst locations determined on-board by BATSE. This enables OSSE to make sensitive searches for prompt and delayed post-burst line and continuum emission above 50 keV. In the best cases our sensitivity will be more than an order of magnitude better than any other search in this energy range. We expect to slew to 1–2 bursts per month, based on the OSSE FOV and BATSE event rate. Detections or limits from continued operation of this system may provide significant constraints on burst models. As an example of the observations made using this system, we present preliminary limits for post-burst emission from GRB 950223 on several time scales.
Validity of the body adiposity index in adults with Down syndrome

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to determine the agreement between the body adiposity index (BAI) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for measuring BF% in adults with Down syndrome (DS). Twenty adults (male: n = 10; female: n = 10) with Down syndrome volunteered to participate in this study. Criterion BF% was determined by DXA and predicted BF% was estimated by the BAI method. There was a significant mean difference ( p r = 0.73, p
Union influence on plant size

Much research has focused on the direct effect of unions on production efficiency given set technology and plant scale. However, another path through which unions may influence productivity has received virtually no attention: the indirect productivity effect that unions may exert on the firm’s choice of plant size. We present a model in which firms explicitly consider the positive correlation between the probability of being unionized and plant scale in choosing plant scale and show that unions may prevent firms from fully exploiting economies of scale by their threat of organizing. Although it may be difficult to directly estimate this effect, there is ample casual empirical support that union status and plant scale are positively related.
Protection by ascorbate against acetylphenylhydrazine induced Heinz body formation in normal human and sheep erythrocytes

Abstract Ascorbate was found to siqnificantly (P < 0.05) reduce the occurrence of heinz body formation in normal human and sheep red cells incubated with acetylphenylhydrazine. While in fundamental agreement with earlier findings of Winterbourn1 with glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G‐6‐PD) deficient human red cells, in the present study the concentrations at which ascorbate initiated significant protection in both sheep and normal humans were considerably higher than in the Winter‐bourn1 study and the magnitude of protection, while statistically significant (P < 0.05), was considerably less than reported by Winterbourn.1
Sonographic methods to detect fetal anemia in red blood cell alloimmunization.

Published reports, case studies, and articles from the English language regarding ultrasonographic detection of fetal anemia in red blood cell alloimmunization were obtained from a MEDLINE search from 1966 to November 1999 using the keywords Rh disease, hemolytic disease of the newborn, ultrasound,
Are We Puppets on a String? The Contextual Meaning of Unconscious Expressive Cues

In three studies, the authors show that unconscious expressive cues can lead to opposite evaluations, depending on the context in which they occur. In Study 1, brow (vs. cheek) tension reduced preferences in an easy judgment context but increased preferences in a difficult context. In Study 2, head shaking (vs. nodding) either increased or decreased prosocial affect depending on the context in which the judged character was presented. In Study 3, a subliminal smile (vs. frown) led to higher self-ratings of performance when paired with one's own actions but to lower self-ratings of performance when paired with a competitor's actions. Together, these results suggest that the meaning of unconscious expressive cues is not fixed.
Abstract A46: A new transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer that displays rapid progression from prostate intraepithelial neoplasia to invasive carcinoma.

Abstract Understanding the molecular, biochemical, and cellular mechanisms that underpin prostate cancer progression will reveal new opportunities for targeted therapies. Our NCI-supported Program Project on “Signaling and Progression in Prostate Cancer” is a team of basic and clinician scientists that share the overall goal of defining how prostate cancer cells subvert signal transduction pathways during progression to androgen independence. Projects and cores within our program are developing new model systems intended to recapitulate human disease progression. Core B in the program (Transgenic Models and Animal Imaging) has developed a new transgenic mouse model by combining mutant alleles of genes known to have important roles in human prostate cancer. The model is based on the phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten) tumor suppressor, which is mutated in approximately 30% of primary prostate cancers. Prostate-specific deletion of Pten in mice has been shown by multiple groups to cause prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), which slowly progresses to invasive cancer. This suggests that Pten loss allows the initiation of cancer, but that progression is subject to restraint mechanisms. We hypothesized that a restraint mechanism might depend on signaling via the TGFβ pathway, owing to the prominent role that TGFβ plays in growth control. We show that conditional deletion of Pten and Tgfbr2, the type II receptor for TGFβ, in prostate epithelium results in large, poorly differentiated prostate tumors with 100% penetrance by 12 weeks of age. Mice with Pten and Tgfbr2 deletions acquire invasive adenocarcinoma and bladder obstruction and most die by 15 weeks of age. Androgen depletion by castration does not provide a survival benefit for these mice. Pten loss causes an increase in expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27, which likely restrains progression in this setting. However, when both Pten and Tgfbr2 are deleted, p27 levels are reduced and cyclin D levels increase. Our results suggest that Tgfbr2 is an important tumor suppressor in prostate cancer and that its loss allows rapid progression when combined with loss of the Pten tumor suppressor. Disruption of the TGFβ-mediated restraint provides a rapid, penetrant, and physiologically relevant preclinical model that will be helpful for analyzing restraint- and progression-related gene expression and signal transduction changes in Pten-dependent tumorigenesis. Citation Format: Glen Bjerke, Chun-Song Yang, Henry Frierson, Bryce Paschal, David Wotton. A new transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer that displays rapid progression from prostate intraepithelial neoplasia to invasive carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr A46.
Concerning the equations governing nonlinear pulse propagation in randomly birefringent fibers

The multiple-scale expansion is used to derive averaged equations governing the slow evolution of a pulse in a randomly birefringent, non-polarization-preserving fiber. It is shown that, in the limit when the average beat length is much less than the correlation length of random variations of the fiber’s parameters, these equations are two nonlinearly coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equations, with the cross-coupling coefficient being, in general, different from 1. The effect of perturbations of the averaged equations that result from randomness of the fiber parameters is estimated.
Survival in trisomy 18

Prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 18 by amniocentesis in the latter half of pregnancy is now a common event. Accurate prognostic information is crucial for families making decisions about delivery management. Three recently published studies showed much shorter survival for trisomy 18 than was reported by earlier papers. For this reason, we studied trisomy 18 survival. We examined chromosome laboratory records to find all trisomy 18 diagnoses made in Utah between 1979 and 1988. Death certificates and hospital records were used to determine survival. We found 64 liveborn cases with trisomy 18 out of 388,563 total births over the 10-year period, a prevalence of 1/6071. Our results show a median survival of 4 days and a 1 week survival of 45%, similar to that reported in the 3 recent studies. However, we had a significantly greater survival at 6 months (9% in Utah versus 3% in Denmark) and 1 year (5% versus 0 in the 3 studies). In contrast to recent studies, earlier investigations showed 80% survival at 2 weeks and 8% at 1 year. It is not surprising that recent studies show shorter survival, since in the 1960s the diagnosis was typically not made until age 2 months. With prenatal and neonatal diagnosis many cases which would have died prior to detection in earlier times are now diagnosed. The longer survival discrepancies are more difficult to explain, but may simply be due to small numbers.
Behavior and biology of the tomato psyllid, Bactericerca cockerelli, in response to the Mi‐1.2 gene

The Mi-1.2 gene, identified from wild varieties of tomato, Solanum peruvianum (Mill) (Solanaceae), has been incorporated into near-isogenic commercial varieties of tomato and has been shown to confer resistance to three different species of phloem feeders: aphids, whiteflies, and nematodes. The results presented here show that plants bearing Mi-1.2 were also resistant to the tomato psyllid, Bactericerca [Paratrioza] cockerelli (Sulc) (Homoptera: Psyllidae), a serious pest of tomato, Solanum lycopersicon (Mill), in the western half of North America. In choice studies, tomato psyllids preferred to settle on plants that did not contain the gene [Moneymaker (mi-1.2)] compared to near-isogenic plants with the gene [Motelle (Mi-1.2)]. As a result, total oviposition was higher on the susceptible variety, although no-choice studies indicated that there were no differences in numbers of eggs laid by individual females on either variety. Survival from egg to adult was higher on plants lacking the gene compared to plants containing the gene. However, there were no differences in total development time of individuals reared from either variety. The results suggest that mechanisms of resistance to the tomato psyllid observed in plants bearing the Mi-1.2 gene are distinct from the mechanisms of resistance to the three phloem feeders examined in other studies.