cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on arthropod cuticle—XIII: The penetration of dissolved oxygen and electrolytes in relation to the multiple barriers of the epicuticle

Abstract Using isolated cuticles of Sarcophaga larvae, the penetration of oxygen was measured polarographically and the penetration of ions was studied by complex impedance. Comparison of data from normal and treated cuticles shows that the heterogeneous epicuticle contains at least three distinct components. The ionic barrier is the exceedingly thin outer epicuticle which is resistant to a variety of hot solvents, detergents, and acids but is disrupted by alkali. The water barrier is located in the thicker inner epicuticle (appears to be the outer portion thereof), and is disrupted by organic solvents. The site for control of asymmetrical penetration is in the inner portion of the inner epicuticle, and is not disrupted by hot solvents. A small amount of data on other species suggests that in general the electrolyte barrier will be found to be distinct from the water barrier in insect cuticles. It follows that one of the reasons for the superposition of numerous sublayers in the insect cuticle is that different sublayers are barriers to different groups of chemicals. Brief note is made of the fact that the electrical properties of cuticle were found to be complicated, and to include rectification, polarization effects, and even bimodal polarization peaks which imply transient energy changes.
A Case Report of Continuous Subcutaneous U-500 Insulin Administration in a Patient with Insulin Resistant Lipodystrophy

ABSTRACT Objective: To report the clinical outcome of a patient with lipodystrophy complicated by insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus who was changed from traditional multiple daily injection U-500 dosing to off-label continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) of U-500 insulin in a V-Go® Disposable Insulin Delivery device (V-Go®). Methods: Case report with literature review. Results: After initiation of V-Go® the patient was able to reduce her total daily insulin dose from 415 U to 280 U with a concomitant reduction in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) from 9.3 to 6.8% over a 3-month period. The reported frequency of hypoglycemia was also significantly reduced. The patient reported increased satisfaction and improved insulin administration compliance. Conclusion: U-500 delivered via CSII in patients with highly resistant type 2 diabetes, as can be seen in lipodystrophy, may be beneficial when patient becomes difficult to manage on insulin administered by multiple daily injections. The use of a V-Go® insulin delivery device can facilitate continuous insulin delivery in patients who are not able to use an insulin pump. Abbreviations: CSII continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion HbA1c glycated hemoglobin A1c
Construction, Concentration, and (Dis)Continuities in Social Valuations

I review and integrate recent sociological research that makes progress on three interrelated questions pertaining to social valuation: (a) the degree of social construction relative to objective constraints; (b) the degree of concentration in social valuations at a single point in time; and (c) the conditions that govern two broad forms of temporal discontinuity—(i) fashion cycles, especially in cultural expression and in managerial practices, and (ii) bubble/crash dynamics, as witnessed in such domains as authoritarian regimes and financial markets. In the course of the review, I argue for the importance of identifying how objective conditions constrain social construction and suggest two contrarian mechanisms by which this is accomplished—valuation opportunism and valuation entrepreneurship—and the conditions under which they are more or less effective.
A novel on-chip voltage-controlled two-state inductor for reconfigurable RF circuit designs

This paper presents a novel compact on-chip voltage-controlled two-state inductor design for use in high-frequency RF circuits. This inductor design can be used in multiple-band passive matching networks, VCO LC tank circuits, or as controllable phase delay units. Simulations of a single-turn spiral inductor design show a controllable 76% increase is possible between the "low" and "high" inductor states within a 10 GHz frequency range where the usable frequency ranges of the "low" and "high" states intersect. The presented two-state inductor design uses a single MOSFET switch to selectively enable a current return path parallel to the inductor signal line. The inductor design presented here can be used as a straight-line inductor or a single-turn spiral inductor and can be fabricated using standard CMOS/BiCMOS semiconductor processes.
A versatile through-the-wall doppler radar using BSS algorithms

Doppler heart sensing radar has been developed for various healthcare and personnel detection applications. For through-the-wall sensing of personnel, the radar operator's cardiopulmonary activity may be detected due to reflection of the radar signal at the wall. This heart-motion signal may be considerably stronger than that from the subject of interest behind the wall. This paper presents a calculation of signal power expectations for detecting heart motion of both the radar operator and a subject behind a wall, and shows preliminary simulations using a blind source separation (BSS) algorithm to confirm the possibility of distinguishing these two heart-motion signals of widely different strength.
Exposing negative campaigning or enhancing advertising effects: An experimental study of adwatch effects on voters' evaluations of candidates and their ads

Abstract Conventional campaign wisdom holds that political news coverage may define the content of political advertisements. Recently, however, political advertisements have been shaping the content of the news. More and more, stations are conducting political adwatches in hopes of deterring against dishonest campaigning. In response, this study conducts an experimental examination of political adwatch effects on voters’ perceptions of political candidates and their ads. Results reveal that the way some adwatches are framed may further enhance the target ad's effects. Subjects had similar reactions to both the ad itself and the candidates regardless of exposure format (ad, adwatch, combination) according to cell, gender, or political affiliation. Moreover, the sponsoring candidate received significantly more favorable evaluations when compared to those of his opponent (target candidate). Thus, the attack ad worked to the sponsor's advantage as adwatch coverage failed to offset advertising effects. This st...
Feedback enhanced thermo-electric topography sensing

Thermo-electric sensors in micro-fabricated silicon cantilevers are used in a variety of applications that exploit their temperature-dependent conductivity. While the ease and low cost of integration makes their application attractive, their low sensing bandwidth presents a significant disadvantage. In this article we present a novel scheme for enhancing the sensitivity and bandwidth of these sensors using an external feedback. This scheme demonstrates the applicability of feedback control to shape a sensor's sensing dynamics.
Use of Zebrafish Models for the Analysis of Human Disease

The zebrafish has emerged as a powerful animal model for human diseases. While it has long informed us about the biology of early development, it has recently come into favor for the investigation of clinically relevant problems. Genes conserved from fish to humans can be rapidly analyzed using the zebrafish embryo in what is essentially a transparent in vivo assay. This unit describes methodologies including genetic screening, targeted knockdowns, ectopic overexpression, and transgenesis.
Thymic carcinoma: State of the art review

Thymic carcinoma is a rare neoplasm with distinct clinical and pathological characteristics. The prognosis is often poor with an aggressive course that belies its numerical rarity. Potentially prognostic factors for survival include histopathologic grade, clinical stage, and resectability of the tumor. Five-year survival rates for all patients are approximately 30-50%, with a significant survival time differential between low-grade and high-grade neoplasms. Owing to the paucity of cases, optimal management of thymic carcinoma has yet to be defined. At present, a multimodality approach involving aggressive surgical resection, platinum-based combination chemotherapeutic interventions, and radiotherapy represent the preferred therapeutic approach. Though our knowledge remains somewhat speculative at present, several scientific, technological and therapeutic innovations may have a potentially significant impact on the future of this disease.
Short communication: Supplementing lysine and methionine in a lactation diet containing a high concentration of wet corn gluten feed did not alter milk protein yield

Abstract Primiparous (n = 33) and multiparous (n = 63) lactating Holstein cows (186 ± 51 d in milk) were used to evaluate the effects of supplementing metabolizable amino acids using lysine in a matrix of Ca salts of fatty acids (Megamine-L, Arm & Hammer Animal Nutrition, Princeton, NJ) and the isopropyl ester of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid (MetaSmart, Adisseo Inc., Antony, France) in diets containing >26% wet corn gluten feed (dry matter basis). Cows were blocked by production level, parity, and pregnancy status, then randomly assigned to 1 of 8 pens and allowed a 7-d adaption period before receiving dietary treatments for 28 d. Pens were assigned randomly to either of 2 diets formulated to differ by metabolizable amino acid supply. Dry matter intake and production were monitored daily and milk components analyzed 3 d/wk. Data were analyzed using mixed models with repeated measures. The original design of the study consisted of a control diet predicted to be deficient in lysine and methionine; however, after ingredient nutrients were analyzed and modeled with animal requirements at dry matter intake [26.6 ± 0.35 kg/d (mean ± SEM)] and milk production levels achieved during the study (40.1 ± 0.46 kg/d), only marginal deficiencies were predicted for the control (−8.1 g/d for lysine; −1 g/d for methionine) according to the National Research Council method, whereas the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System 5.0 and 6.1 models indicated positive balances for these amino acids (25.9 and 21.8 g/d for lysine, 14.7 and 18.9 g/d for methionine, respectively). Supplementing 30 g/d of metabolizable lysine in a Ca soap matrix and 2.4 g/d of metabolizable methionine as 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid led to positive predicted lysine and methionine balances by all 3 models, and predicted metabolizable lysine-to-methionine ratios ranging from 2.9 to 3.1. No treatment effects were observed for dry matter intake, milk yield, milk component concentrations or yields, or energy-corrected milk yield. Despite the negative lysine balance and low lysine-to-methionine ratio predicted by the National Research Council model, results provided no evidence of a lysine deficiency in the control diet.
Analysis of coherent structures and atmosphere-canopy coupling strength during the CABINEX field campaign

Abstract. Intermittent coherent structures can be responsible for a large fraction of the exchange between a forest canopy and the atmosphere. Quantifying their contribution to momentum and heat fluxes is necessary to interpret measurements of trace gases and aerosols within and above forest canopies. The primary objective of the Community Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions Experiment (CABINEX) field campaign (10 July 2009 to 9 August 2009) was to study the chemistry of volatile organic compounds (VOC) within and above a forest canopy. In this manuscript we provide an analysis of coherent structures and canopy-atmosphere exchange during CABINEX to support in-canopy gradient measurements of VOC. We quantify the number and duration of coherent structure events and their percent contribution to momentum and heat fluxes with two methods: (1) quadrant-hole analysis, and (2) wavelet analysis. Despite differences in the duration and number of events, both methods predict that coherent structures contribute 40–50% to momentum fluxes and 44–65% to heat fluxes during the CABINEX campaign. Contributions associated with coherent structures are slightly greater under stable atmospheric conditions. By comparing heat fluxes within and above the canopy, we determine the degree of coupling between upper canopy and atmosphere, and find that they are coupled the majority of the time. Uncoupled canopy-atmosphere events occur in the early morning (4–8 a.m. local time) approximately 30% of the time. This study confirms that coherent structures contribute significantly to the exchange of heat and momentum between the canopy and atmosphere at the CABINEX site, and indicates the need to include these transport processes when studying the mixing and chemical reactions of trace gases and aerosols between a forest canopy and the atmosphere.
Using modified z-transforms to model the dynamics of the peak current-mode controlled buck converter

This paper examines the stability of the peak current-mode controlled buck converter in the z-domain. For this, modified z-transforms were used which allowed the accurate model of the delay in the control loop. It is shown that the presence of subharmonic oscillations can be predicted and that the amount of compensating ramp needed for their elimination can be determined.
Intra-oral PTH Administration Promotes Tooth Extraction Socket Healing

Intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH) administration increases systemic and craniofacial bone mass. However, the effect of PTH therapy on healing of tooth extraction sites is unknown. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of PTH therapy on tooth extraction socket healing and to examine whether PTH intra-oral injection promotes healing. The mandibular first molars were extracted in rats, and subcutaneous PTH was administered intermittently for 7, 14, and 28 days. In a second study, maxillary second molars were extracted, and PTH was administered by either subcutaneous or intra-oral injection to determine the efficacy of intra-oral PTH administration. Healing was assessed by micro-computed tomography and histomorphometric analyses. PTH therapy accelerated the entire healing process and promoted both hard- and soft-tissue healing by increasing bone fill and connective tissue maturation. PTH therapy by intra-oral injection was as effective as subcutaneous injection in promoting tooth extraction socket healing. The findings suggest that PTH therapy promotes tooth extraction socket healing and that intra-oral injections can be used to administer PTH.
Continuity and consistency of greedy growing for tree-structured vector quantizers

Tree structured vector quantizers (TSVQ) provide a computationally efficient, variable rate method of compressing vector-valued data. In applications, the problem of designing a TSVQ from empirical training data is critical. A widely used approach to the design problem is the greedy growing algorithm, which produces a labeled binary tree one node at a time by optimizing a simple splitting criterion at each stage. While the greedy growing algorithm is well understood from an experimental standpoint, there has been little theory to support its use, or to examine its behavior on large training sets. This talk presents the results of a rigorous analysis of the greedy growing algorithm. >
Continuous and Transient Vesicle Cycling at a Ribbon Synapse

Optical methods were used to study the Ca2+ dependence of vesicle cycling in bipolar cells isolated from goldfish retinas. Uniformly raising the Ca2+ concentration to between 0.8 and 20 microM produced a continuous vesicle cycle of balanced exocytosis and endocytosis with a maximum rate equivalent to the turnover of the entire surface membrane of a terminal every 2 min (or approximately 900 vesicles sec-1). Increasing the Ca2+ concentration above 20 microM inhibited continuous vesicle cycling. In contrast, influx of Ca2+ through voltage-gated channels produced a transient burst of exocytosis that increased the surface area of a terminal by a maximum of 12% (equivalent to the addition of 13,000 vesicles). Endocytosis was delayed until after Ca2+ influx stopped and the average Ca2+ concentration in the terminal declined. Hence, a single terminal has mechanisms for both continuous and transient vesicle cycling.
Desmoplastic Fibroma of the Maxilla

Abstract A case of desmoplastic fibroma of the right maxilla is reported. The lesion presented as a painless mass in the right posterior alveolar ridge of a 22-year-old white man. Histologically, the lesion was composed of interlacing fascicles of benign-appearing fibroblasts in a varying ground substance of collagenous and myxoid tissue. The lesion was not encapsulated histologically and was invading between bone trabeculae resulting in resorption of the bone. A review of the literature reveals that a total of 30 cases of desmoplastic fibroma of the jaws have been reported. 1–4,6,7,9–11,13,17–21,23,24,30–36 All of the mandibular lesions except two were reported to have occurred in the left side, with the molarramus region favored. The case reported here is, to the best of our knowledge, the first reported case of desmoplastic fibroma occurring in the maxillary alveolar process.
Technology-Delivered Dating Aggression: Risk and Promotive Factors and Patterns of Associations Across Violence Types Among High-Risk Youth

Increasingly, technology (text, e-mail, and social media) is being used in dating relationships to stalk, control, threaten, and harass dating partners. This study examines risk and promotive factors associated with technology-delivered dating aggression (TDA) and relations between types of violence (physical dating/nondating, community violence, and TDA). Participants (14-20 years old) self-administered a computerized survey as part of a larger study at an urban emergency department. The study includes 210 youth who reported having a dating partner in the past 2 months. About 48.1% of participants reported TDA in the past 2 months. Mindfulness was negatively associated with TDA. Youth reporting TDA were more likely to report physical dating violence and community violence exposure. TDA is not an isolated occurrence and is positively associated with in-person violence among adolescents. Associations between TDA, risk and promotive factors, and other forms of violence can help identify avenues for targeting interventions.
Gastroschisis and Bladder Herniation Case Report and Literature Review

Over the past decade, gastroschisis has become an antenatal diagnosis. Rarely, the bladder is found to be extracorporeal in the third trimester. Although there are several case reports, no case series exists to suggest the prognosis for these infants. Here, we present a case of bladder herniation in a fetus with gastroschisis and a literature review. The fetus presented in this case report was diagnosed at 18 weeks, at which time the bladder was in situ. At 34 weeks, the bladder had herniated through the abdominal wall defect. A review of the literature suggests that bladder herniation in right-sided gastroschisis is not associated with any additional long-term morbidity or mortality. The herniation typically develops between 30 and 35 weeks. Regardless of renal findings on sonography, these infants do well postoperatively. Interestingly, most cases occur in female infants.
Dexamethasone Stiffens Trabecular Meshwork, Trabecular Meshwork Cells, and Matrix.

Purpose Treatment with corticosteroids can result in ocular hypertension and may lead to the development of steroid-induced glaucoma. The extent to which biomechanical changes in trabecular meshwork (TM) cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) contribute toward this dysfunction is poorly understood. Methods Primary human TM (HTM) cells were cultured for either 3 days or 4 weeks in the presence or absence of dexamethasone (DEX), and cell mechanics, matrix mechanics and proteomics were determined, respectively. Adult rabbits were treated topically with either 0.1% DEX or vehicle over 3 weeks, and mechanics of the TM were determined. Results Treatment with DEX for 3 days resulted in a 2-fold increase in HTM cell stiffness, and this correlated with activation of extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and overexpression of α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA). Further, the matrix deposited by HTM cells chronically treated with DEX is approximately 4-fold stiffer, more organized, and has elevated expression of matrix proteins commonly implicated in glaucoma (decorin, myocilin, fibrillin, secreted frizzle-related protein [SFRP1], matrix-gla). Also, DEX treatment resulted in a 3.5-fold increase in stiffness of the rabbit TM. Discussion This integrated approach clearly demonstrates that DEX treatment increases TM cell stiffness concurrent with elevated αSMA expression and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, stiffens the ECM in vitro along with upregulation of Wnt antagonists and fibrotic markers embedded in a more organized matrix, and increases the stiffness of TM tissues in vivo. These results demonstrate glucocorticoid treatment can initiate the biophysical alteration associated with increased resistance to aqueous humor outflow and the resultant increase in IOP.
Multiple Psychiatric Medications Use in Psychiatry: How Rational Can It Be?

The focus of this chapter is to discuss how rational it can be to use multiple psychiatric medications in combinations to treat an individual patient and what are the basic principles to follow when doing so. This matter is put in the context of the rest of medicine where multiple medication use (MMU) can be based on a highly sophisticated rationale based on knowledge of the pathoetiology and pathophysiology of the illness being treated (e.g., Human Immuno Deficiency Virus- HIV) to a less sophisticated rationale because of limited understanding of the nature of the illness (e.g., bipolar disorder). In this regard, all diagnoses in medicine including psychiatry can be grouped into four hierarchical levels of understanding ranging from least sophisticated (symptomatic diagnoses) to the most sophisticated where pathoetiology and pathophysiology are known. Parenthetically, the goal of medicine as a field is to achieve the highest level of diagnostic sophistication possible to improve their ability to treat or alter the course of the disease. Unfortunately, most psychiatric diagnoses are still at the syndromic level and hence psychiatric medications are typically aimed at the alleviation of sign and symptoms of these disorders. Moreover, two related phenomena are increasing the frequency and complexity of MMU in psychiatry. The first is the increase in the number and types of psychiatric medications available: Since 1990, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved almost 40 new psychotropic drugs to treat a variety of psychiatric illnesses. Second, the ability to rationally designed psychopharmaceuticals has further increase the potential, perhaps the need and perhaps the rationale behind psychiatric MMU. Nevertheless, until knowledge of the pathoetiology and pathophysiology of psychiatric diagnoses progresses beyond the syndromic level, the rationale underlying psychiatric MMU will remain more limited than is ideal.
An Improved Adhesive Patch for Long-Term Collection of Sweat

An improved adhesive patch is described, capable of collecting sweat continuously at a steady rate for periods up to ten days. Four normal subjects wore duplicate patches applied to the skin above the outer ankle and the collecting pads were weighed every second day for ten days. Uptake was linear in all patches (r2 = 0.99) and the uptake rate varied from 18.38 to 47.01 mg/day (mean = 27.18 mg/day, equivalent to 0.71 mg/cm2/hour). Several drugs are excreted in the sweat, and this patch has potential applications as a tool to monitor drug-taking behavior.
Conceptual Design for an Epithermal-Neutron Beam for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy at the Georgia Institute of Technology Research Reactor

Exceptional beam quality is very important to the success of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT). In this work we completed a conceptual filter design which provides an epi-thermal neutron beam at the Georgia Tech Research Reactor (GTRR) suitable for BNCT application. Both Monte Carlo (MCNP) and discrete ordinate (ANISN, DORT) based computer codes were used in the filter design and parameter optimization process. The in-vessel portion of this filter, located between the core and the bio-medical facility port, is composed of a series of circular aluminum plates in D2O surrounded by air-filled toroidal aluminum tubing. The tubing increases the buoyancy of the filter structure, reducing the stress placed on the reactor vessel. The ex-vessel filter, located in the existing bio-medical facility port, consists of a series of dry aluminum plates, lithiated aluminum plates, a plate of titanium and a bismuth lead gamma shield in a cadmium housing. The remainder of the cone is void, increasing beam collimation. The integrated epi-thermal neutron flux of 2.5×109 n/cm2/s will keep treatment fractions less than 30 minutes. Both the fast neutron and gamma KERMAs are less than 2×10−11 cGy/n/cm2, allowing the therapeutic dose to be reached before the healthy tissue tolerance is exceeded from background radiations. The current to flux ratio of 0.86 is also excellent for BNCT application. The results show that the GTRR is capable of producing one of the best neutron sources for BNCT application in the United States. Plans to install the filter in the GTRR continue to move forward.
LC–MS-MS Analysis of Brodifacoum Isomers in Rat Tissue

Brodifacoum (BDF) is a second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide structurally related to warfarin but containing two chiral centers. Highly stable, BDF can contaminate food and water supplies causing accidental poisoning of humans and nontarget animals. To determine the distribution of BDF isomers in serum and tissues, a quantitative method was developed and validated according to FDA guidelines based on high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A single liquid-liquid extraction step provided recoveries exceeding 93%. Reversed-phase chromatographic separations required <6 min, and quantitative analysis utilized a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with negative ion electrospray and selected reaction monitoring. The standard curve had a linear regression coefficient of 0.999 and intra- and inter-assay variations of <10%. The chromatographic method enabled the resolution and measurement of pairs of BDF diastereomers in commercial materials as well as in rat tissues. This method is suitable for measuring BDF exposure as well as basic science studies of the distribution and elimination of BDF diastereomers to various tissues.
SIALOMUCIN COMPLEX IN TUMORS AND TISSUES

Sialomucin complex (SMC) is a high Mr glycoprotein heterodimer, originally discovered on the cell surfaces of ascites sublines of the highly metastatic 13762 rat mammary adenocarcinoma, and composed of mucin (ASGP-1) and transmembrane (ASGP-2) subunits. SMC is encoded by a single gene and synthesized as a large precursor protein which is cleaved into its subunits early in its transit to the cell surface. SMC exhibits behavior typical of both membrane and secreted mucins. In the ascites cells, it is found only in the membrane form, creating a protective barrier at the cell surface to reduce cell adhesiveness and protect the tumor cell from immune killing. Normal tissues express both the membrane formand a non-membrane form, which may be secreted by either constitutive or regulated, secretory granule mechanisms. This soluble form is proposed to contribute to multilayer mucus gels which protect epithelia, though it may also play other roles. ASGP-2 contains two EGF-like domains, one of which binds the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB-2. Thus, SMC may be a bifunctional protein, the mucin serving a protective function and the transmembrane domain possibly playing a role in the proliferation of metastatic tumor cells or repair processes necessary for the maintenance of damaged epithelia.
Toxicity of Chlorpyrifos to Normal and Defaunated Formosan Subterranean Termites

The toxicity of chlorpyrifos to normal and defaunated Coptotermes formasanus Shiraki was determined. The LD50 values (based on the 5th day mortality) ranged 2.22–3.18 µg/g termite over a period of 2 yr. Defaunated termites, relative to norma1 ones, appeared to be more susceptible to chlorpyrifos. Symptoms of poisoning were typically cholinomimetic. The feeding activity of the termites was affected by chlorpyryfos with the degree of feeding being inversely related to the dosage of the insecticide applied. Mortality attributable to the acute action of chlorpyrifos was apparently over by 5 days posttreatment. Subsequent high mortality of the treated normal termites could be due to depletion of the protozoon content in the hindgut which caused host starvation.
Bioinorganic and bio-organic studies of rhizobactin, a structurally novel siderophore related to the opines

The recent structure elucidation of rhizobactin, N 2-[2-[D-(l-carboxyethyl)-amino]ethyl]-N 6-L-(3-carboxy-3-)hydroxy-l-oxopropyl)-L-lysine, from Rhizobium meliloti DM4 disclosed a third chemical class of microbial siderophores (Gr. sidero = iron; phore = bearer; Smith et al., 1985); the ethylenediamine ligand also was unprecedented in a natural product. Yet determination of the absolute configuration and proof of the entire structure awaited total synthesis. This has been accomplished (Smith, 1989) and substantiates the conclusion that the siderophore is related in structure and activity to other N 2-substituted amino acids termed opines (Smith and Neilands, 1984a, b). As iminocarboxylic acids, opines, rhizobactin and phytosiderophores possess substantially reduced selectivities for iron(III). Such compounds could enhance the bioavailability of additional essential metal ions in the rhizosphere.
Detection of Natural killer cells in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia and effects of transfer factors on Natural killer cells

Objective To explore the relationship between Natural killer cells and Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia(MPP) by detecting the Natural killer cells in children with MPP,to learn the main clinical features of MPP and to discuss the effects of transfer factors on Natural killer cells.Methods Collecting sixty cases of MPP children′s symptoms and chest X-ray performance by consulting history and doing retrospectively analyze.Adopting flow cytometry analysis technology to detect peripheral Natural killer cell percentage of sixty MPP cases,thirty cases of healthy children as control.Sixty MPP children were divided into two groups,MPP treatment group took azithromycin and transfer factors,and the control group only took azithromycin,and dose and duration were the same.Results The percentage of Natural killer cells in Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia group was lower than that of the control group(P0.01).The percentage of Natural killer cells in MPP treatment group after the intervention increased more significantly(P0.01).Conclusion Cough and fever are the major clinical traits of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia and the chest X-ray changes is mainly for the lobar pneumonia.The Natural killer cell′s function in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia is lower than that in the healthy children,and transfer factors can improve Natural killer cell′s quantity,enhance cellular immune function.
Phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of murine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes defined by cell density: Implications for route of differentiation and responsiveness to proliferation induction

The phenotype and function of murine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) was studied in a Percoll-fractionated preparation that consisted of low-density cells which migrated to the 40-50% Percoll interface (IEL-40), medium-density cells which migrated to the 50-55% interface (IEL-50), and high-density cells which migrated to the 55-70% interface (IEL-55). IEL-40 and IEL-50 cells, the subsets phenotypically most similar to mature IEL, consisted of CD3+ T cells that included CD4- CD8+ and CD4+ CD8+ cells; CD4+ CD8- cells were present only in the IEL-50 fraction. T-cell receptor (TcR)alpha beta and TcR gamma delta cells were present in both IEL-40 and IEL-50 fractions. In contrast, most IEL-55 were CD3-, heat-stable antigen (HSA)+ cells that were not B cells; some IEL-55 cells were CD3lo HSA- or CD3lo HSA+ suggesting that IEL-55 are immature T cells. TcR alpha beta but not TcR gamma delta was expressed in the IEL-55 fraction. All three IEL fractions consisted of both CD8 alpha alpha and CD8 alpha beta cells. There was considerable functional heterogeneity between the three IEL fractions such that CD3-induced proliferation was greatest for IEL-50 cells and least for IEL-55 cells; that activity correlated with the proportion of Thy-1+ cells within the fractions. Both IEL-40 and IEL-50 fractions contained activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) that were 8-16-fold more lytic than IEL-55 cells. That IEL-55 cells may be precursors of some IEL-40 and IEL-50 cells was demonstrated by a shift in cell density and by an increase in proportions of cells expressing markers of IEL-40 and IEL-50 cells following in vitro stimulation via CD3. The relevance of these findings to differences in functional activities reported for murine IEL is discussed.
Living liminal: Reflexive epistemological positioning at the intersection of marginalized identities

In this article, I trace the origins of my epistemological stance as a biracial woman with multiple marginalized identities that caused me to span categorical boundaries in life. My perspective has...
Cracks in the Schoolyard: Confronting Latino Educational Inequality. Gilberto Q. Conchas and Briana M. Hinga

How refreshing it is to pick up an edited volume that makes no apologies for featuring the work of Latina/o scholars. In fact, Gilberto Conchas, who along with Briana Hinga edited the distinctive v...
Headache Triggers and Prevalence

The prevalence and triggers of various headache types in Finnish children at school entry and age 6 years were investigated at the University of Turku, Finland.
Organ transplantation and drug eluting stents: Perioperative challenges

Patients listed for organ transplant frequently have severe coronary artery disease (CAD), which may be treated with drug eluting stents (DES). Everolimus and zotarolimus eluting stents are commonly used. Newer generation biolimus and novolimus eluting biodegradable stents are becoming increasingly popular. Patients undergoing transplant surgery soon after the placement of DES are at increased risk of stent thrombosis (ST) in the perioperative period. Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin and a P2Y12 inhibitor such as clopidogrel, prasugrel and ticagrelor is instated post stenting to decrease the incident of ST. Cangrelor has recently been approved by Food and Drug Administration and can be used as a bridging antiplatelet drug. The risk of ischemia vs bleeding must be considered when discontinuing or continuing DAPT for surgery. Though living donor transplant surgery is an elective procedure and can be optimally timed, cadaveric organ availability is unpredictable, therefore, discontinuation of antiplatelet medication cannot be optimally timed. The type of stent and timing of transplant surgery can be of utmost importance. Many platelet function point of care tests such as Light Transmittance Aggregrometry, Thromboelastography Platelet Mapping, VerifyNow, Multiple Electrode Aggregrometry are used to assess bleeding risk and guide perioperative platelet transfusion. Response to allogenic platelet transfusion to control severe intraoperative bleeding may differ with the antiplatelet drug. In stent thrombosis is an emergency where management with either a drug eluting balloon or a DES has shown superior outcomes. Post-transplant complications often involved stenosis of an important vessel that may need revascularization. DES are now used for endovascular interventions for transplant orthotropic heart CAD, hepatic artery stenosis post liver transplantation, transplant renal artery stenosis following kidney transplantation, etc. Several antiproliferative drugs used in the DES are inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin. Thus they are used for post-transplant immunosuppression to prevent acute rejection in recipients with heart, liver, lung and kidney transplantation. This article describes in detail the various perioperative challenges encountered in organ transplantation surgery and patients with drug eluting stents.
Molecular Composition and Photochemical Reactivity of Size-Fractionated Dissolved Organic Matter

The photochemical production of reactive species, such as triplet dissolved organic matter (3DOM) and singlet oxygen (1O2), contributes to the degradation of aquatic contaminants and is related to an array of DOM structural characteristics, notably molecular weight. In order to relate DOM molecular weight, optical properties, and reactive species production, Suwannee River (SRFA) and Pony Lake fulvic acid (PLFA) isolates are fractionated by sequential ultrafiltration, and the resultant fractions are evaluated in terms of molecular composition and photochemical reactivity. UV–visible measurements of aromaticity increase with molecular weight in both fulvic acids, while PLFA molecular weight fractions are shown to be structurally similar by Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. In addition, Bray–Curtis dissimilarity analysis of formulas identified in the isolates and their size fractions reveal that SRFA and PLFA have distinct molecular compositions. Quantum yields of 3DOM, measured b...
A proposed multiagent system utilizing Swarm intelligence for collective learning and cooperation in a networked environment

A multiagent simulation was created utilizing portions of past insect-based techniques. The hybrid insect-like multiagent simulation used a tabu list for repeat node avoidance and a common food location list, but avoided the use of pheromones such as those used in ant-based algorithms. The creation of the multiagent system resulted in cooperative foraging of food, collective memory use, and produced emergent behavior such as swarm movements to and from food locations to the agent's hive node. The results of the experiment are presented, as well as areas for continued research.
Weight loss in solid tumors: Clinical features and prognostic importance.

e20572 Background: Large cancer databases provide valuable information on weight change and its impact on different clinical parameters. Body weight change in adults with solid tumors was examined ...
Predicting Future Hip Fractures on Routine Abdominal CT Using Opportunistic Osteoporosis Screening Measures: A Matched Case-Control Study.

OBJECTIVE. Hip fracture is a major consequence of low bone mineral density, which is treatable but underdiagnosed. The purpose of this case-control study is to determine whether lumbar vertebral trabecular attenuation, vertebral compression fractures, and femoral neck T scores readily derived from abdominopelvic CT scans obtained for various indications are associated with future hip fragility fracture. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A cohort of 204 patients with hip fracture (130 women and 74 men; mean age, 74.3 years) who had undergone abdominopelvic CT before fracture occurred (mean interval, 24.8 months) was compared with an age- and sex-matched control cohort without hip fracture. L1 trabecular attenuation, vertebral compression fractures of grades 2 and 3, and femoral neck T scores derived from asynchronous quantitative CT were recorded. The presence of one or more clinical risk factor for fracture was also recorded. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the association of each meas...
Memoria, Procesos Identitarios y Pedagogías: El Caso Chileno

espanolEl campo de los estudios de la memoria sobre la violacion de los derechos humanos en America Latina esta generando aperturas disciplinares criticas en la historia, las ciencias sociales y la educacion. En particular, en este articulo se analiza la "pedagogia de la memoria" que se desarrolla desde las organizaciones de victimas de la violencia politica. Su caracteristica principal es que esta basada en una problematizacion del pasado reciente (dictaduras y transiciones a la democracia) en el marco de los procesos existenciales y politicos de las organizaciones que agrupan a las victimas, a sus familiares e intelectuales de apoyo. EnglishThe field of memory studies on human rights violations in Latin America is promoting new critical disciplinary areas in history, social sciences, and education. This article particularly analyzes "pedagogy of memory", which is developed from organizations in support of victims of political violence. The main characteristic of these organizations is that they are based on a problematization of the recent past (dictatorships and transitions to democracy) in a framework that considers the organizations’ existential and political processes of the victims, their relatives and intellectual support
Vorbereitung einer Peer Instruction Vorlesung: eine Schritt-für-Schritt Anleitung

In diesem Kapitel beschreibe ich die Nutzung alter, bereits vorhandener eigener Lehrmaterialien bei der Umstellung einer konventionellen Vorlesung auf Peer Instruction. Ich gebe meine fruheren Vorlesungsskripten weiterhin aus, weil es nichts bringt, diese Unterlagen noch einmal abzuschreiben. Der nachfolgende Leitfaden soll Ihnen dabei Hilfestellung geben, Ihre eigenen Lehrmaterialien auf Peer Instruction umzuwidmen.
Using Mobile Health to Improve Social Support for Low-Income Latino Patients with Diabetes: A Mixed-Methods Analysis of the Feasibility Trial of TExT-MED + FANS.

Abstract Background: Social support interventions can improve diabetes self-care, particularly for Latinos, but are time and resource intensive. Mobile health may overcome these barriers by engaging and training supporters remotely. Methods: We conducted a randomized controlled feasibility trial of emergency department patients with diabetes to determine the feasibility of enrolling patients and supporters, acceptability of the intervention, and preliminary efficacy results to power a larger trial. All patients received an existing mHealth curriculum (TExT-MED). After identifying a supporter, patients were randomized to intervention: supporters receiving FANS (family and friends network support), a text message support curriculum synchronized to patient messages, or control: supporters receiving a mailed pamphlet of the same information. Participants followed up at 3 months. FANS intervention participants came to postintervention interviews as part of a qualitative analysis. Results: We enrolled 44 patien...
Summertime diurnal variations in the isotopic composition of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide at a small midwestern United States city

Abstract The nitrogen and oxygen stable isotopes (δ15N & δ18O) of nitrogen oxides (NOx = nitric oxide (NO) + nitrogen dioxide (NO2)) may be a useful tool for partitioning NOx emission sources and for evaluating NOx photochemical cycling, but few measurements of in situ NOx exist. In this study, we have collected and characterized the diurnal variability in δ15N and δ18O of NO2 from ambient air at a small Midwestern city (West Lafayette, IN, USA, 40.426° N, 86.908° W) between July 7 to August 5, 2016, using an active sampling technique. Large variations were observed in both δ15N(NO2) and δ18O(NO2) that ranged from −31.4 to 0.4‰ and 41.5–112.5‰, respectively. Daytime averages were −9.2 ± 5.7‰ (x ± 1σ) and 86.5 ± 14.1‰ (n = 11), while nighttime averages were −13.4 ± 7.3‰ and 56.3 ± 7.1‰ (n = 12) for δ15N(NO2) and δ18O(NO2), respectively. The large variability observed in δ15N(NO2) is predicted to be driven by changing contributions of local NOx emission sources, as calculated isotope effects predict a minor impact on δ15N(NO2) relative to δ15N(NOx) that is generally less than 2.5‰ under the sample collection conditions of high ozone concentration ([O3]) relative to [NOx]. A statistical δ15N mass-balance model suggests that traffic-derived NOx is the main contributor to the sampling site (0.52 ± 0.22) with higher relative contribution during the daytime (0.58 ± 0.19) likely due to higher traffic volume than during the nighttime (0.47 ± 0.22). The diurnal cycle observed in δ18O(NO2) is hypothesized to be a result of the photochemical cycling of NOx that elevates δ18O(NO2) during the daytime relative to the nighttime. Overall, this data suggests the potential to use δ15N(NO2) for NOx source partitioning under environmental conditions of high [O3] relative to [NOx] and δ18O(NO2) for evaluating VOC-NOx-O3 chemistry.
Evaluation of biomaterial scaffold delivery of IL-33 as a localized immunomodulatory agent to support cell transplantation in adipose tissue.

Abstract Introduction The development of novel immunomodulatory strategies that might decrease the need for systemic immune suppression would greatly enable the utility of cell-based therapies. Cell transplantation on biomaterial scaffolds offers a unique opportunity to engineer a site to locally polarize immunogenic antigen generation. Herein, we investigated the localized delivery of IL-33, which is a novel cytokine that has been shown to have beneficial immunomodulatory effects in certain transplant models as mediating anti-inflammatory properties in the adipose tissue, to determine its feasibility for use as an immunomodulatory agent. Results Localized IL-33 delivery from poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) scaffolds implanted into the epididymal fat specifically increased the Foxp3+ population of CD4+ T cells in both blank scaffold implants and scaffolds seeded with allogeneic islets. In allogeneic islet transplantation, we found IL-33 delivery results in a local upregulation of graft-protective T cells where 80% of the local CD4+ population is Foxp3+ and overall numbers of graft destructive CD8+ T cells are decreased, resulting in a prolonged graft survival. Interestingly, local IL-33 also delayed islet engraftment by primarily inducing a local upregulation of Th2 cytokines, including IL-4 and IL-5, leading to increased populations of ST2+ Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and Siglec F+ eosinophils. Conclusions These results suggest that local IL-33 delivery from biomaterial scaffolds can be used to increase Tregs enriched in adipose tissue and reduce graft-destructive T cell populations but may also promote innate cell populations that can delay cell engraftment.
Language Experience Changes Audiovisual Perception

Can experience change perception? Here, we examine whether language experience shapes the way individuals process auditory and visual information. We used the McGurk effect—the discovery that when people hear a speech sound (e.g., “ba”) and see a conflicting lip movement (e.g., “ga”), they recognize it as a completely new sound (e.g., “da”). This finding that the brain fuses input across auditory and visual modalities demonstrates that what we hear is profoundly influenced by what we see. We find that cross-modal integration is affected by language background, with bilinguals experiencing the McGurk effect more than monolinguals. This increased reliance on the visual channel is not due to decreased language proficiency, as the effect was observed even among highly proficient bilinguals. Instead, we propose that the challenges of learning and monitoring multiple languages have lasting consequences for how individuals process auditory and visual information.