cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data-Driven Feedback Generator for Online Programing Courses

Manually providing feedback for programming assignments is a tedious task in traditional classroom education. The challenge increases drastically in Massive open online courses (MOOCs), where the student-teacher ratio can reach thousands to one or even millions to one. Despite the necessity, the current automated feedback approaches suffer from significant weaknesses: inability to scale to larger programs, manual involvement of teacher effort, and lack of precision for pin-pointing errors. We present a technique to tackle these challenges by developing a data-driven automated grader, iGrader, capable of generating instant and precise feedback for programming assignments.
Tracking Career Paths of Women in Neurosurgery.

Background Women represent a growing cohort of US neurosurgeons. Objective To describe postresidency fellowship, practice environment, and updated academic rank among female neurosurgeons. Methods Databases from the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) and the American Board of Neurological Surgery (ABNS) from 1964 to 2013 were reviewed for female neurosurgery residency graduates. Data on postresidency fellowships, practice environment (private vs academic), academic rank, board certification, and AANS/CNS (Congress of Neurological Surgeons) Joint Section on Women in Neurosurgery (WINS) membership were collected in 2016. Academic rank was verified from program websites and electronic correspondence. Faculty members were asked to report directorships and tenure. The AANS/CNS Joint Section on Women in Neurosurgery verified WINS membership. Results A total of 379 female neurosurgery residency graduates were identified in this 50-yr span. Of these, 70% became ABNS certified, and 2.1% left neurosurgery. Twenty-seven percent of women (n = 103) pursued fellowships, with pediatric neurosurgery (33%) the most common. Regarding practice environment, 26% entered academic medicine (n = 91), with 42 at the rank of assistant professor, 33 at the rank of associate professor, and 16 reaching the rank of full professor. Conclusion Upon completion of training, 27% of women pursue fellowships. The distribution of women in private vs academic practice environments is proportionate to male neurosurgeons; however, the number women in academic leadership positions remains exceedingly low, with disproportionate representation in higher academic ranks. Women in national organized neurosurgery are increasing. Tracking the career paths of women in neurosurgery is a necessary step to identifying current achievements and opportunities for future progress.
Nodal diffusion methods and lattice physics data in LWR analyses: Understanding numerous subtle details

Abstract Numerous researchers have been unsuccessful in obtaining accurate LWR power distributions using two-group nodal diffusion codes and neutronic data generated from single-assembly lattice calculations. Researchers using the Serpent Monte Carlo code to generate data for the ARES nodal code have determined that large buffer zones surrounding each fuel assembly are required to obtain data that permits accurate nodal calculation of core power distributions. While successful, such larger buffer zones result in extremely large computational requirements for lattice data generation. Since accurate commercial LWR power distributions have been obtained using single-assembly lattice calculations in the CASMO and SIMULATE lattice/nodal codes, it clearly should be possible to use Monte Carlo to replace deterministic lattice calculations. In this paper, we present numerous important refinements of nodal diffusion methods that are required to obtain accurate commercial LWR power distributions using single-assembly lattice data. Many of these refinements have never been published (because of the proprietary nature of their development), and consequently, many subtleties of nodal methods are not well known in the nuclear reactor analysis community. The importance and impact of numerous refinements of basic nodal methods are documented here using the Hot Zero Power (HZP) BEAVRS PWR benchmark. This paper documents only those nodal refinements needed to accurately predict assembly-averaged power distributions without thermal-hydraulic feedback (e.g. isothermal conditions) and fuel depletion. Additional refinements needed for thermal feedback, fuel depletion, and pin power reconstruction are deferred for subsequent publications.
Photofragment translational spectroscopy with state-selective 'universal detection': the ultraviolet photodissociation of CS2

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Pulmonary Embolism in Children.

Pulmonary embolism (PE) in the pediatric population is relatively rare compared to adults; however, the incidence is increasing and accurate and timely diagnosis is critical. A high clinical index of suspicion is warranted as PE often goes unrecognized among children leading to misdiagnosis and potentially increased morbidity and mortality. Evidence based guidelines for the diagnosis, management, and follow-up of children with PE are lacking and current practices are extrapolated from adult data. Treatment options include thrombolysis and anticoagulation with heparins and oral vitamin K antagonists, with newer direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) currently in clinical trials. Long-term sequelae of PE, although studied in adults, are vastly unknown among children and adolescents. Additional research is needed in order to provide pediatric focused care for patients with acute PE.
Community bank structure an x-efficiency approach

Community banks have historically been important sources of intermediary services. Changes in regulation and intermediation technologies have affected the efficiency with which these firms can perform these services. Relatively small community banks, those with assets of $1 billion or less, have experienced particular changes in their ability to generate loan products as efficiently as their larger counterparts. Using FFIEC data for all banks of $10 billion or less, we measure the x-efficiency of all community banks and compare the results of small and all other community banks since 2010. We test for the importance of internal and external determinants of efficiency. We observe that declines in product provision are related to specific determinants of declining x-efficiency in small community banks. The results indicate limited assets or customer growth rates experienced by small community banks, coupled with a declining population in community bank trade areas, do not support improvements in x-efficiency through expanded intermediation activity. Small asset community bank managers will need to strategically deploy products that allow the customer relationship to be enhanced and sustained, using customer affiliations that cannot be easily adopted by larger competitors.
New Technologies for Maintenance

For years, maintenance has been treated as a dirty, boring and ad hoc job. It’s seen as critical for maintaining productivity but has yet to be recognized as a key component of revenue generation. The question most often asked is “Why do we need to maintain things regularly?” The answer is “To keep things as reliable as possible.” However, the question that should be asked is “How much change or degradation has occurred since the last round of maintenance?” The answer to this question is “I don’t know.” Today, most machine field services depend on sensor-driven management systems that provide alerts, alarms and indicators. The moment the alarm sounds, it’s already too late to prevent the failure. Therefore, most machine maintenance today is either purely reactive (fixing or replacing equipment after it fails) or blindly proactive (assuming a certain level of performance degradation, with no input from the machinery itself, and servicing equipment on a routine schedule whether service is actually needed or not). Both scenarios are extremely wasteful.
SMT-Based Verification of Software Countermeasures against Side-Channel Attacks

A common strategy for designing countermeasures against side channel attacks is using randomization techniques to remove the statistical dependency between sensitive data and side-channel emissions. However, this process is both labor intensive and error prone, and currently, there is a lack of automated tools to formally access how secure a countermeasure really is. We propose the first SMT solver based method for formally verifying the security of a countermeasures against such attacks. In addition to checking whether the sensitive data are masked, we also check whether they are perfectly masked, i.e., whether the joint distribution of any d intermediate computation results is independent of the secret key. We encode this verification problem into a series of quantifier-free first-order logic formulas, whose satisfiability can be decided by an off-the-shelf SMT solver. We have implemented the new method in a tool based on the LLVM compiler and the Yices SMT solver. Our experiments on recently proposed countermeasures show that the method is both effective and efficient for practical use.
A Closer Look at the Crease Length Problem

Although not always stated as such, the problem that the textbooks authors actually intend for their readers to solve is a more restricted version of the problem stated above. Upon consulting the solutions manuals that accompany many of the textbooks, we find that the solutions to the crease length problem that are provided only take into account those paper foldings that do not produce a flap that protrudes over one of the edges of the paper. However, as we can convince ourselves by grabbing a piece of paper and doing some folding experiments, some of the possible folds (as described in the problem above) do produce protruding flaps. Specifically, referring to Figure 1, we can perform a Case 1 fold which produces a flap that protrudes over the short edge of the paper, a Case 2 fold which has no protrusion, or a Case 3 fold which produces a flap that protrudes over the long edge of the paper. In addition, there are two "critical" folds, illustrated in Figure 2, that separate Case 1 from Case 2 and Case 2 from Case 3, and there are also two other critical folds (not illustrated)?folding the lower
Regulatory Approvals of GM Plants (Insect Resistant) in European Agriculture: Perspectives from Industry

Selection of plant cultivars with improved defense systems to attacks from pests or diseases has been traditionally recommended for sustainable crop production and integrated pest management (IPM). Since the commercial introduction of genetically modified (GM) plants in 1996, modern biotechnology has enabled the addition of insect-resistant traits to varieties of cotton, maize and other crops, providing reliable protection against target pests, with minimal impact on beneficial organisms. The introduction of GM varieties has been subject to environmental risk evaluations more stringent than those required for conventionally bred varieties. Repeated use over the years confirms benefits for farmers and for the environment when deployed with recommended insect resistance management (IRM) strategies. In the European Union (EU), however, regulation complexity threatens to overwhelm any benefits through the additional requirements of traceability, labeling, coexistence, socio-economic issues and liability. A discussion of these issues will show where the regulatory process can be improved.
Personal Projects and Psychological Well-Being: Emerging Adults With and Without Diabetes

Objective The goal of this study was to examine the nature of the personal projects that emerging adults with and without diabetes were pursuing and the implications of those projects for psychological well-being. Methods We asked emerging adults with and without type 1 diabetes to identify five personal projects, rate four dimensions of those projects (importance, typicality, stress, and progress), and complete several well-being measures (depressive symptoms, life purpose, life satisfaction, perceived stress, and resilience) when they were age 19. Those with diabetes also indicated the extent to which diabetes interfered with each of the projects. We followed participants for 1 year to determine the status of projects and reassess project dimensions and psychological well-being. Results The kinds of projects identified by the two groups were similar. However, those with diabetes reported lower levels of progress on projects and completed fewer projects 1 year later compared with controls. Project progress, importance, and completion were linked to higher psychological well-being, whereas project stress was linked to lower psychological well-being. However, the most robust cross-sectional and longitudinal predictor of psychological well-being was project typicality (i.e., the extent to which projects were typical of participants). The pursuit of more typical projects was linked to higher psychological well-being. These findings were largely similar for emerging adults with and without diabetes. Diabetes interference with projects revealed some links to psychological well-being. Conclusions These results suggest that personal project engagement and completion is linked to the overall mental health of emerging adults with and without diabetes.
Effect of Klotho on autophagy clearance in tacrolimus-induced renal injury

Recently, we showed that tacrolimus-induced renal injury was closely associated with impairment of autophagy clearance, and Klotho deficiency aggravated tacrolimus-induced renal injury. In this study, we evaluated the effect of Klotho treatment on autophagy clearance in tacrolimus-induced renal injury. We evaluated the effect of Klotho on tacrolimus-induced renal injury in an experimental mouse model and in vitro by treatment with tacrolimus and/or recombinant mouse Klotho. In vivo and in vitro studies showed that tacrolimus treatment impaired lysosomal acidification and decreased cathepsin B activity, expression of lysosome-associated membrane protein 2, and expression of transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator for lysosomal biogenesis. These results were improved by Klotho treatment. Moreover, addition of bafilomycin A1, an inhibitor of lysosomal function, abolished the protective effect of Klotho, indicating that the protective effect of Klotho was closely associated with lysosome function. Klotho induced nuclear translocation of TFEB through inhibition of phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) by confirming using CHIR99021, a GSK3β inhibitor. Collectively, our data suggest that Klotho improves autophagy clearance via activation of lysosomal function in tacrolimus-induced nephrotoxicity.-Lim, S. W., Shin, Y. J., Luo, K., Quan, Y., Ko, E. J., Chung, B. H., Yang, C. W. Effect of Klotho on autophagy clearance in tacrolimus-induced renal injury.
Sample Data and Training Modules for Cleaning Biodiversity Information

Large-scale biodiversity databases have become crucial information sources in many analyses in biogeography, macroecology, and conservation biology, often involving development of empirical models of species’ ecological niches and predictions of their geographic distributions. These analyses, however, can be impaired by the presence of errors, particularly as regards taxonomic identifications and accurate geographic coordinates. Here, we present a detailed data-cleaning exercise based on two contrasting datasets; we link these example data with a step-by-step guide to overcoming these problems and improving data quality for analyses based on these data.
Comprehension of Statistical Terms by Special Education Students

Since special education students have been expected and often required to read in professional journals, a basic knowledge of statistics would seem to be helpful in effectively reading and evaluating research reports. Therefore, this investigation was designed to ascertain the level of comprehension of statistical terminology in a sample of 122 special education students from The University of Texas at Austin. Results suggested that students may not have the tools necessary to determine the worth of an article. There was indication that the problem might be alleviated through either inservice or preservice study in statistics.
Personalizing head-related transfer functions using anthropometric measurements by combining two machine-learning models

Virtual reality (VR) requires rendering accurate head-related transfer functions (HRTF) to ensure a realistic and immersive virtual auditory space. An HRTF characterizes how each ear receives sound from a certain location in space based on the shape of the head, torso, and pinnae, and provides a unique head-related impulse response (HRIR) for each given source location. Since HRTFs are person-specific and difficult to measure, recent research has utilized pre-existing HRTF databases and anthropometric measurements to generate personalized HRTFs with machine learning algorithms. This study investigates a personalization method that estimates the shape of each ear’s HRIR and interaural time differences (ITD) between the two ears in separate models. In the proposed method, the shape of the HRIR is estimated with an artificial neural network (ANN) trained with time-aligned HRIRs from the CIPIC database, eliminating between-subject timing differences. A regression tree is used to estimate the ITDs, which are integer sample delays between the left and right ears. A localization test with a VR headset was conducted to evaluate the perceptual accuracy of the personalized HRTFs. Subjects completed the test with both a pre-selected average HRTF and their personalized HRTF to compare localization errors between the two conditions.
THE AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF HEMOGLOBIN. V. THE PREPARATION OF PURIFIED HEMOGLOBIN FRACTIONS BY CHROMATOGRAPHY ON CELLULOSE EXCHANGERS AND THEIR IDENTIFICATION BY STARCH GEL ELECTROPHORESIS USING TRIS-BORATE-EDTA BUFFER.

The chromatographic separation of hemoglobin on two cellulose exchangers, CMC and DEAE, is discussed. Problems related to the use of these technics are described. In addition, our experience with the use of Tris-Borate-EDTA buffer (Smithies) for hemoglobin electrophoresis in starch gel is presented.
Reaction induced morphology changes of tetracene and pentacene surfaces

Morphology plays a critical role in determining the properties of solid-state molecular materials, yet fluctuates wildly as these materials undergo reaction. A prototypical system, a vapor–solid Diels–Alder reaction of tetracene and pentacene thin-films, is used to observe the evolution of morphology features as the reaction transitions from surface to bulk. The initial stages of reaction display little topographical change as measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and substrates are coated with a uniform layer of product 1–2 molecules thick, as determined by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The highly textured surfaces of late stage reactions are a result of aggregated products, as identified via EDX spectroscopy and polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS); areas of the surface in between product aggregates resemble the initial stages. The mechanism by which products aggregate into surface asperities requires the assistance of a facilitating media – in this case condensed vapor; simple thermally assisted surface diffusion was unable to generate these morphology changes. The combined data indicate that reactions of molecular solids, could be confined to the surface in the absence of condensate of the vapor phase reactant.
Research on Harmonic Characteristics of Wind Power based on Actual Data

The new energy grid will have an important impact on the power quality of the power system. The new variable speed wind turbines, due to the use of large-capacity power electronic equipment, in the power grid to send active power at the same time will be a certain amount of harmonics into the grid. In this paper, the harmonics of three typical wind power loads are statistically analyzed, and the characteristics of harmonics generated by wind power generation is analyzed to study its influence on power grid.
Prenatal predictors of motor function in children with open spina bifida: a retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVE To identify predictors for intact motor function (MF) at birth and at 12 months of life in babies with prenatally versus postnatally repaired open spina bifida (OSB). DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Texas Children's Hospital, 2011-2018. POPULATION Patients who underwent either prenatal or postnatal OSB repair. METHODS Prenatal MF of the lower extremities was evaluated by ultrasound following a metameric distribution at the time of diagnosis (US1), 6 weeks postoperatively (or 6 weeks after initial evaluation in postnatally repaired cases) (US2) and at the last ultrasound before delivery (US3). At birth and at 12 months, MF was assessed clinically. Intact MF (S1) was defined as the observation of plantar flexion of the ankle. Results from logistic regression analysis are expressed as odds ratios (95% confidence intervals, P values). RESULTS A total of 127 patients were included: 93 with prenatal repair (51 fetoscopic; 42 open hysterotomy repair) and 34 with postnatal repair. In the prenatal repair group, predictors for intact MF at birth and at 12 months included: absence of clubfeet (OR 11.3, 95% CI 3.2-39.1, P < 0.01; OR 10.8 95% CI 2.4-47.6, P < 0.01); intact MF at US1 (OR 19.7, 95% CI 5.0-76.9, P < 0.01; OR 8.7, 95% CI 2.0-38.7, P < 0.01); intact MF at US2 (OR 22, 95% CI 6.5-74.2, P < 0.01; OR 13.5, 95% 3.0-61.4, P < 0.01); intact MF at US3 (OR 13.7, 95% CI 3.4-55.9, P < 0.01; OR 12.6, 95% CI 2.5-64.3, P < 0.01); and having a flat lesion (OR 11.2, 95% CI 2.4-51.1, P < 0.01; OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.1-16.5, P = 0.04). In the postnatal repair group, the only predictor of intact MF at 12 months was having intact MF at birth (OR 15.2, 95% CI 2.0-113.3, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS The detection of intact MF in utero from mid-gestation to delivery predicts intact MF at birth and at 12 months in babies who undergo prenatal OSB repair. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Detection of intact motor function in utero predicts intact motor function at birth and at 1 year in fetuses who undergo prenatal OSB repair.
Substance Use Disorders: A Biopsychosocial Perspective

This textbook surveys the current knowledge on substance use disorders (SUD), summarizing scientific evidence from numerous fields. It uses a biopsychosocial framework to integrate the many factors that contribute to addictions, from genetic predispositions, neurological responses caused by drugs, co-occurring psychiatric disorders, personality traits, and developmental conditions to cultural influences. Real-life vignettes and first-person accounts build understanding of the lived experience of addiction. The currently accepted practices for diagnosis and treatment are presented, including the role of 12-step programmes and other mutual-assistance groups. The text also investigates the research methods that form the foundation of evidence-based knowledge. The main body text is augmented by study guideposts such as learning objectives, review exercises, highlighted key terms, and chapter summaries, which enable more efficient comprehension and retention of the book's material.
A model-based cost-effectiveness analysis of pharmacogenomic panel testing in cardiovascular disease management: preemptive, reactive, or none?

Purpose Pharmacogenomics (PGx) studies how inherited genetic variations in individuals affect drug absorption, distribution, and metabolism. PGx panel testing can potentially help improve efficiency and accuracy in individualizing therapy. This study compared the cost-effectiveness between preemptive PGx panel testing, reactive PGx panel testing and usual care (no testing) in cardiovascular disease management. Methods We developed a decision analytic model from the US payer's perspective for a hypothetical cohort of 10,000 patients ≥45 years old, using a short-term decision tree and long-term Markov model. The testing panel included the following gene-drug pairs: CYP2C19-clopidogrel, CYP2C9/VKORC1-warfarin, and SLCO1B1-statins with 30 test-return days. Costs were reported in 2019 US dollars and effectiveness was measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). The primary outcome was incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER = ΔCost/ΔQALY), assuming 3% discount rate for costs and QALYs. Scenario and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the impact of demographics, risk level, and follow-up timeframe. Results Preemptive testing was found to be cost-effective compared with usual care (ICER $86,227/QALY) at the willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000/QALY while reactive testing was not (ICER $148,726/QALY). Sensitivity analyses suggested that our cost-effectiveness results were sensitive to longer follow-up, and the age group 45-64 years. Conclusion Compared with usual care, preemptive PGx panel testing was cost-effective in cardiovascular disease management.
‘A functioning addict is still a kid:’ qualitative study of emerging adults in residential treatment

Emerging adults (EAs; 18 to 29 year olds) experience high rates of substance use and disordered use. Few studies examine whether developmental theories account for elevated use among EAs across the...
Effect of evening blue light blocking glasses on subjective and objective sleep in healthy adults: A randomized control trial.

Abstract Objectives Evening blue light has been shown to suppress melatonin, which can negatively impact sleep quality. The impact of evening blue light blocking (BLB) interventions on sleep remains ambiguous due to lack of randomized control trials. The present study tests the hypothesis that BLB glasses improve subjective and objective sleep in a population of healthy adults. Design Two-week, randomized, controlled, crossover design. Setting At-home testing of individuals in Michigan and Montana. Participants Twenty healthy adults (11 men, 9 women, age: 32 ± 12, body mass index: 28 ± 4 kg/m2). Intervention Following a 1-week run-in baseline (ie, no glasses), participants were randomized to 1-week of BLB or control (ie, clear lens) glasses. Upon finishing the 1-week intervention, participants crossed over to the opposite condition. In both conditions, glasses were worn for 7 consecutive days from 6 PM until bedtime. Measurements Objective sleep parameters were obtained using wrist actigraphy. Subjective sleep measures were assessed using sleep diaries. Karolinska Sleep Diaries were used to assess perceived sleep quality. Results BLB reduced subjective sleep onset (21 ± 28 vs 24 ± 21 minute, P = .033) and awakenings (1.6 ± 1.0 vs 2.2 ± 1.0 awakenings, P = .019) compared to the control condition. In contrast, objective measures of sleep were not significantly impacted. In fact, our primary outcome variable of total sleep time (TST) tended to be paradoxically shorter in the BLB condition for both subjective (468 ± 45 vs 480 ± 48 minute, P = .066) and objective (433 ± 40 vs 449 ± 39 minute, P = .075) TST. Conclusions Blue light blocking glasses did not improve objective measures of sleep time or quality in healthy adults.
The Low Opportunity Costs of the Amazon Soy Moratorium

• Brazil’s Amazon Soy Moratorium (ASM) contributed to overall reductions in Amazon deforestation since its implementation in 2006. • Under the ASM, the Amazon soy sector maintains access to the growing share of the market that operates under zero-deforestation commitments. • The ASM has been criticized as unfair to law-abiding producers. • Only 1% of the approximately 14,000 soy farms in the Amazon Biome have soy-suitable, forested areas that could be deforested lawfully (49,273 ha). • More than half of Amazon soy farms have soy-suitable areas that were deforested before 2008 and used for soy in 2019 (1.7 Mha). • Taken together, these findings suggest that the opportunity costs of the ASM on current soy farms are low relative to the market access benefits.
Model selection and timing of acquisition date impacts classification accuracy: A case study using hyperspectral imaging to detect white pine blister rust over time

Abstract Hyperspectral imaging is useful in identifying plant stress over large areas or with large numbers of individuals. The vast data sets make machine learning indispensable, but the choice of machine-learning model, the accuracy of models in extrapolation over time (dynamic data), and timing of measurements require further elucidation. We assessed two metrics of performance for selection of classification model: the predicted accuracy (PA); and the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC), both from a 10-fold cross-validation. These metrics were calculated for 22 models that were trained to track white pine blister rust disease in seedlings of southwestern white pine (Pinus strobiformis) on 16 dates. In static data (training and testing data are randomly picked from all dates) PA was comparable with AUC at ranking the models for tested accuracy (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, hereafter referred to as Spearman’s ρ, were 0.58 and 0.54, respectively). However, for dynamic data (training and testing data came from different dates) AUC was more successful at ranking the models for tested accuracy compared to PA (Spearman’s ρ were 0.37 and 0.31, respectively). Classification accuracies were 74.3 % and 75.8 % for the top PA and AUC models when applied to dynamic data. However, using a heterogeneous ensemble output, the accuracies increased to 77.3% (PA) and 77.6% (AUC). In comparison, if we selected the models based on the tested accuracies (which would not be possible in a real-life application), the best accuracy was 77.7% for a support-vector machine with a linear kernel. Classification accuracy was affected by the size of the time gap between training and testing dates as well as the timing of training and test date. The decline in accuracy with time lag was asymmetric, being more pronounced in classifying retrospectively, i.e., when the testing date came before the training date, than vice versa. Thus, for this system training a model on an early date resulted in higher accuracies than training a model on a later date. As for the timing, the highest average accuracies were obtained with a classifier trained on data acquired during the onset of the disease, which in this study was on DOY 116.
Efficient cellular annotation of histopathology slides with real-time AI augmentation.

In recent years, a steady swell of biological image data has driven rapid progress in healthcare applications of computer vision and machine learning. To make sense of this data, scientists often rely on detailed annotations from domain experts for training artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms. The time-consuming and costly process of collecting annotations presents a sizable bottleneck for AI research and development. HALS (Human-Augmenting Labeling System) is a collaborative human-AI labeling workflow that uses an iterative “review-and-revise” model to improve the efficiency of this critical process in computational pathology.
The Recovery of Unconscious Memories: Hypermnesia and Reminiscence

Integrating literature from all areas of psychology, this book includes historical accounts, analysis of experiments and treatment topics, providing a comprehensive scientific account of memory and how it can increase over time. The author includes his own contributions to the field, ranging from his early attempts to use free-association to produce hyperamnesia to his most recent research with hypnosis, subliminal stimuli, forced-recall techniques and very long-delayed recall probes.
Negotiating Truth, Beauty, and Justice: A Politically Responsive Approach

Evaluation design and implementation are not technocratic exercises, but are processes that require negotiations with stakeholders and careful design. This chapter focuses on the nontechnical factors that affect these processes and discusses cases and studies to illustrate their influence. The chapter concludes by introducing the concept of politically responsive evaluation as an organizing frame to help evaluators consider some of the nontechnical issues that influence evaluations.
Misty G. Anderson, Imagining Methodism in Eighteenth-Century Britain: Enthusiasm, Belief & the Borders of the Self

Review by Jasper Cragwall (Loyola Universty Chicago) of Misty G. Anderson, Imagining Methodism in Eighteenth-Century Britain: Enthusiasm, Belief & the Borders of the Self . Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012. Pp. xii + 279. $65. ISBN 9781421404806.
Innovation and entrepreneurship

We follow Schumpeter in attributing to entrepreneurs the spark to bring new combinations to market by combining knowledge, perceived opportunity, and other resources to form new firms. A link between innovation and entrepreneurship was first seen in new firms exploiting new technologies in high-technology regions. This context set the tone for research, which we explore in this chapter. We identify four topics: entrepreneurship in high-tech contexts, spinoffs from university research, the local/regional ecosystem or innovation system, and flows of knowledge within social and professional networks. Underlying these four attributes of high-tech innovation are cultural outlooks and orientations. Without an understanding of how culture influences entrepreneurial and innovative activities, it is difficult to study their relationship with the cultural contexts in which they take place. Building on a nexus-based view of innovation and entrepreneurship, we argue that culture is best understood as a process through which actors interpret the world around them and which can either encourage or discourage entrepreneurial and innovative activity.
Effects of Cryopreserved Semen Quality and Timed Intrauterine Insemination on Pregnancy Rate and Gender of Offspring in a Donor Insemination Program

Purpose: Our purpose was to study the relationship among cryopreserved donor semen quality, pregnancy rates, and preconception sex selection after intrauterine insemination. Methods: We reviewed the records of the 203 women in our donor insemination program from 1987 to 1994 who became pregnant after more than one insemination cycle and had no female-factor infertility. They were categorized according to the number of cycles required for pregnancy. Semen samples from 54 donors were analyzed before freezing and after thawing. Specimens resulting in pregnancy were compared to specimens from the same donor that did not. Semen characteristics were compared to gender of the child. Results: Two hundred fifty two-women became pregnant of the 422 who were enrolled. The pregnancy rate per cycle was 13%. Semen quality was not related to pregnancy outcome or offspring gender. However, more male children (101 vs 83) were born. Conclusions: Semen characteristics in good-quality cryopreserved donor semen do not affect pregnancy rate or offspring gender.
Dependence of diffusive permeation rates and selectivities on upstream and downstream pressures : IV. Computer simulation of nonideal systems

Abstract In previous papers we have shown that a semi-empirical thermodynamic—diffusive model appears to duplicate the behavior of the hexane/heptane/polyethylene system with regard to the effect of upstream and downstream pressure on rate and separation. In the present paper we present a numerical method for dealing with our model equations, which allows us to treat nonideal systems, and to make use of more general expressions describing the concentration dependence of diffusivity. This method is discussed in detail, and several typical simulation results are presented.
Production versus Transportation Technologies: Theory and Evidence

The impacts of production and transportation technology changes are studied in a general-equilibrium trade model with an analytical solution where agents in each location produce different varieties of a common set of goods. Wages are equalized in nominal terms across locations, with differences in purchasing power offset by agents' preferences for particular locations in the initial steady-state. Instead of assuming iceberg costs, a transportation sector is modeled to allow an efficient distribution of workers across the production and transportation sectors. The counterfactuals have current and historical implications on the national, regional, and industrial variables of the U.S. economy.
Planting rates and delays during the establishment of willow biomass crops

Abstract Biomass for bioproducts and bioenergy can be sourced from multiple sources. There is little information on commercial planting operations for willow biomass crops in North America. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the field capacities of two commercial machines (Step and Egedal Energy Planter) planting willow crops in northern New York State, determine the amount and distribution of delays. A study was conducted to evaluate planter activities. The two machines had similar mean field capacities (C f ) ranging from 0.89 to 1.14 ha h −1 . Above-average rainfall in the later part of the planting season decreased C f by over 20% for the Step planter from 1.14 to 0.91 ha h −1 ; largely due to delays in the headlands. Approximately 70% of the total delay time associated with the Step planter consisted of long-duration delays (>5 min) compared to 35% for the Egedal. Quality of planting stock was an issue for operations; undersized stems resulted in feeding issues. Several potential factors were identified for improved planting operations: loading stems and clearing feeding mechanisms at each turn, improved planting stock and quality control, improving machine design for wet conditions, and improved preparation for in-field repairs. In-field delays should be minimized to reduce demand on the crew and ensure a more uniform crop is established in the field.
Resonant operation and cycle work from a MEMS-based micro-heat engine

The documentation of a new engine thermodynamic cycle on the micro-scale is presented. This new cycle is the result of resonant operation and cycle work production from a MEMS-based micro-heat engine. The engine is constructed of two thin membranes surrounding a cavity filled with working fluid. This new thermodynamic cycle is shown to include nearly constant volume pressure increase, expansion, heat rejection, and compression components. A thermal switch is integrated with the micro-engine to control heat rejection. The micro-engine is shown to produce up to 6.7 μW of cyclic mechanical power when operated on this cycle. Micro-engine natural frequency is shown to vary from 90 to 140 Hz. The Micro-engine is shown to operate across a low temperature gradient of 1.5°C.
ORIGINAL SIN AND THE ‘CONVERSION’ IN THE GUZMÁN DE ALFARACHE

The Guzman de Alfarache is a pseudo-autobiography in which a picaro tells the story of his evil life and his supposed conversion. More critics than not have dismissed the conversion as hypocritical, as Alexander Parker has pointed out, but the prevailing critical view at present accepts it as genuine. This view, expounded primarily by Moreno Baez and Alexander Parker, takes Guzman's tale at face value, and sees the novel as a working-out of orthodox Catholic doctrines concerning man and his salvation. The novel is linked by Parker to such confessional literature as Augustine's Confessions and Malon de Chaide's La conversion de la Magdalena (32, 35).
Interfacial pressure of proteins.

Abstract 1. 1. The interfacial tension between p -xylene and neutral or alkaline buffer solutions is lowered by bovine serum albumin, bovine serum γ-globulin, fibrinogen, pepsin, gelatin, and oxyhemoglobin from 37 to values ranging from 15 to 24 dynes/cm. Salmine does not lower the interfacial tension at pH 6 or 8. 2. 2. The very low interfacial tension (10 dynes/cm.) between p -xylene and serum albumin dissolved in phthalate buffer at pH 2.9 is attributed to the combination of serum albumin with the phthalate anion. 3. 3. In the alkaline range, pH 8–10, globin lowers the interfacial tension to about 10 dynes/cm. Since addition of hemin restores the high interfacial tension of oxyhemoglobin solutions, it is concluded that heme combines with nonpolar groups of the globin molecules and thus abolishes their high affinity for the water/ p -xylene interface. 4. 4. The structure of protein films in the water/ p -xylene interface is discussed.
Repetitive somatic embryogenesis and plant recovery in white clover.

Breeding and selection was used to generate a population of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) from cultivar Osceola with a high embryogenic capacity. Somatic embryos were obtained from immature cotyledons of white clover placed onto EC6 basal medium containing 40 mg L−1 of 2,4-D and 6% sucrose. The effects of 2,4-D at 20 and 40 mg L−1 and of the carbohydrates, sucrose and maltose, were evaluated for their influence in the establishment of repetitive somatic embryogenesis. To determine the optimal protocol for plant recovery from somatic embryos, the effects of MS vs. EC6 basal salts, sucrose vs. maltose, B5 vitamins vs. yeast extract, and inclusion or exclusion of activated charcoal were evaluated. Repeated subculture of white clover somatic embryos on EC6 basal medium containing 6% sucrose with 2,4-D at 20 or 40 mg L−1 effectively maintains repetitive embryogenesis. Medium containing MS salts with 6% maltose as the carbohydrate source was the most efficient for plant recovery.
Genotyping African haplotypes in ATM using a co‐spotted single‐base extension assay

Human genetic analysis, including population genetic studies, increasingly calls for cost-effective, high-throughput methods for the rapid screening of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across many individuals. The modified single-base extension assay described here (arrayed SBE) is a highly accurate and robust method for SNP genotyping that can deliver genotypes at 3.5 cents each, following PCR. Specifically, amino-modified probe/target pairs were prehybridized, then co-spotted in a microarray format prior to enzymatic addition of allele-specific nucleotides. Probe/target identity was determined solely by its physical location on the array rather than by hybridization to a complementary target, resulting in a call rate of 99-100%. These innovations result in an inexpensive, accurate assay with exceptional signal-to-noise ratios, depending on the glass surface employed. Comparison of glass slides from three different manufacturers indicated that aldehyde-based Zyomyx slides provided superior performance for this assay. Arrayed SBE was applied to study the geographic distribution of three African-specific haplotypes in the human ATM gene. Four selectively neutral markers, which define the haplotypes H5, H6, and H7, were screened in a total of 415 individuals. Region-specific haplotype frequencies were consistent with patterns of human migration across and outside of Africa, suggesting a possible haplotype origin in East Africa. Arrayed SBE was a robust tool for this analysis that could be applied to any situation requiring the genotyping of a few SNPs in many individuals.
Evaluation of a novel, natural oligosaccharide gum as a sustained‐release and mucoadhesive component of calcitonin buccal tablets

The objective of this study was to evaluate the gum from Hakea gibbosa (hakea) as a sustained-release and mucoadhesive component in buccal tablets for a model peptide, namely, salmon calcitonin. Flat-faced core tablets containing either 12 or 32 mg of hakea and 40 µg (200 IU) of salmon calcitonin (sCT) per tablet were formulated using a direct compression technique and were coated with Cutina on all but one face. The in vitro release profiles were sigmoidal in nature and according to a mathematical model indicated super Case II transport as the primary mechanism of release. The resulting plasma sCT and calcium concentrations were determined following both intravenous administration and buccal application of mucoadhesive tablets in rabbits. Following intravenous administration, the mean values determined for t1/2 (α), t1/2 (β), Vd, and CL for sCT were 0.76 ± 0.06 min, 67 ± 18 min, 1484 ± 454 mL/kg, and 19 ± 2 mL/min·kg, respectively. Following the application of the mucoadhesive buccal tablets which contained 40 µg of sCT and either 12 or 32 mg of hakea, the calculated apparent bioavailability (F) and clearance (CL) were 37 ± 6% and 19 ± 3.3 mL/min·kg and 16 ± 8% and 18 ± 0.4 mL/min·kg, respectively. Serum calcium concentrations indicated that biologically active sCT was delivered across the rabbit buccal mucosa. The strength of mucoadhesion of the tablets was also quantitated in terms of the force of detachment as a function of time. The force of detachment for the mucoadhesive buccal tablets containing either 12 or 32 mg of hakea and 40 µg of sCT increased from 4.47 ± 0.68 to 8.41 ± 1.0 N and 8.23 ± 1.62 to 14.98 ± 1.63 N, respectively, from 5 to 90 min following application to excised rabbit intestinal mucosa. These results demonstrate that the novel, natural gum from Hakea gibbosa may be used to sustain the release of sCT from a unidirectional-release buccal tablet. The mechanism of in vitro release is likely to involve peptide diffusion/polymer dissolution. The mucoadhesive strength, as measured by the force of detachment, can be modulated by altering the amount of hakea in the tablet. The mucoadhesive buccal tablets described in this paper represent an improved transbuccal delivery system for therapeutic polypeptides.
Developing Artificial Neural Network Models to Automate Spectral Analysis of Surface Wave Method in Pavements

The spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) method is a nondestructive testing method of pavements based on the dispersive characteristic of seismic surface waves. The method can provide the thickness and stiffness of pavement layers. One of the more complex aspects of the SASW method is an iterative process to estimate the pavement parameters, called the inversion procedure. In this paper, the feasibility of completely automating the inversion process and substituting it with artificial neural network (ANN) models was explored. A number of different ANN models were developed using various ANN training strategies. To improve the performance of some ANN models, a sequential modeling technique was implemented. In the sequential modeling, some pavement parameters are estimated first from an initial set of ANN models, which is then the input to subsequent ANN models to estimate other parameters of interest. Furthermore, the performance of the ANN models was evaluated using a number of well-characterized pavement sections. The results illustrated that ANN models could estimate the upper layers' parameters so well that they could replace the inversion process. The ANN models for other layers were capable of generating robust initial estimates for a well-constrained formal inversion that can be readily automated.