cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observations of Small-Scale Mixing Processes in the Seasonal Thermocline, Part II: Wave Breaking

Abstract Towed thermistor chain measurements are used to describe a large patch of ocean fine- and microstructure. In contrast to the relatively quiescent salt-fingering conditions of Part I, the 3-km long by 5–10-m high patch is in a frontal zone where background shear is enhanced by an inertial were (Mied et al.). It is conjectured that an embedded, coherent structure resembling a series of breaking waves is creating the smaller-scale activity. The waves have lengths of 30–50 m which are not incompatible with Kelvin-Helmholtz shear instabilities growing in an observed low-Richardson number layer. Ongoing mixing in the patch is inferred from large values of Cox number, fluctuation length scales which scale with the Cox number, and gradient microstructure spectra which increase as (wavenumber)+1 and are often unresolved at the higher values of Cox number.
Premature Termination Mutations in FBN1: Distinct Effects on Differential Allelic Expression and on Protein and Clinical Phenotypes

Marfan syndrome (MFS) and other type 1 fibrillinopathies result from mutations in the FBN1 gene, which encodes the connective-tissue microfibrillar protein fibrillin 1. Attempts at correlating genotype with phenotype have suggested considerable heterogeneity. To define the subtype of fibrillinopathy caused by premature termination codon (PTC) mutations, we integrate genotype information and mRNA expression levels with clinical and biochemical phenotypes. By screening the entire FBN1 gene for mutations, we identified 34 probands with PTC mutations. With the exception of two recurrent mutations, these nonsense and frameshift mutations are unique and span the entire FBN1 gene, from IVS2 to IVS63. Allele-specific reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed differential allelic expression in all studied samples, with variable reduction of the mutant transcript. Fibrillin protein synthesis and deposition into the extracellular matrix were studied by pulse-chase analysis of cultured fibroblasts. In the majority of PTC samples, synthesis of normal-sized fibrillin protein was ∼50% of control levels, but matrix deposition was disproportionately decreased. Probands and mutation-positive relatives were clinically evaluated by means of a standardized protocol. Only 71% (22/31) of probands and 58% (14/24) of the mutation-positive family members met current clinical diagnostic criteria for MFS. When compared with our previously reported study group of 44 individuals with FBN1 cysteine substitutions, the PTC group showed statistically significant differences in the frequency of individual signs, especially in the ocular manifestations. Whereas large-joint hypermobility was more common, lens dislocation and retinal detachment were distinctly less common in the PTC group. We conclude that PTC mutations have a major impact on the pathogenesis of type 1 fibrillinopathies and convey a distinct biochemical, clinical, and prognostic profile.
Phenotypic Characterization of a Novel Long-QT Syndrome Mutation (R1623Q) in the Cardiac Sodium Channel

Background—A heritable form of the long-QT syndrome (LQT3) has been linked to mutations in the cardiac sodium channel gene (SCN5A). Recently, a sporadic SCN5A mutation was identified in a Japanese girl afflicted with the long-QT syndrome. In contrast to the heritable mutations, this externally positioned domain IV, S4 mutation (R1623Q) neutralized a charged residue that is critically involved in activation-inactivation coupling. Methods and Results—We have characterized the R1623Q mutation in the human cardiac sodium channel (hH1) using both whole-cell and single-channel recordings. In contrast to the autosomal dominant LQT3 mutations, R1623Q increased the probability of long openings and caused early reopenings, producing a threefold prolongation of sodium current decay. Lidocaine restored rapid decay of the R1623Q macroscopic current. Conclusions—The R1623Q mutation produces inactivation gating defects that differ mechanistically from those caused by LQT3 mutations. These findings provide a biophysical ...
Data structures in context-addressed cellular memories

This report discusses the capability of an associative memory to search some useful data bases. The report utilizes a simplified cell and a collection of “assembler language” instructions to show how sets and trees can be searched in the memory. An OR rail and an EXCLUSIVE-OR rail are discussed in relation to their use to search-ordered and unordered sets, strings, and tree data structures. Linked data structures are also discussed. This report is oriented toward the software aspects of the associative memory to lead to further research in the design of high-level languages that utilize the capability of the rails.
Resolution of pityriasis rubra pilaris-induced cicatricial ectropion with systemic low-dose methotrexate.

Purpose To report a case of pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP)-induced bilateral lower eyelid cicatricial ectropion that resolved with systemic low-dose methotrexate. Design Observational case report. Methods A retrospective case review of a patient with cicatricial ectropion caused by PRP. Results A 82-year-old female presented with bilateral lower eyelid cicatricial ectropion secondary to PRP. The patient did not systemically respond to conventional oral retinoid therapy. She was treated with low-dose methotrexate and experienced dramatic resolution of her signs and symptoms, including complete resolution of her bilateral cicatricial ectropion. Conclusion Systemic treatment of PRP with low-dose methotrexate may result in successful treatment of cicatricial ectropion without surgery.
Use of a Blood Substitute to Determine Instantaneous Murine Right Ventricular Thickening With Optical Coherence Tomography

Background— A satisfactory imaging technique to determine regional wall thickening of the murine myocardium is not available. Although cardiovascular imaging with light offers a novel solution, application is problematic because scattering by erythrocytes causes significant optical attenuation. Methods and Results— Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a technique for detailed resolution imaging of highly scattering biological tissues. To reduce the high level of blood scattering, a method was devised whereby murine blood was replaced with a hemoglobin-based blood substitute. The scattering and absorption properties of in vitro preparations of whole blood and dilutions of blood with a blood substitute were determined with a spectrophotometer and an inverse-adding doubling algorithm. OCT imaging of the same dilutions demonstrated a significant reduction in scattering at a hematocrit <5%. A fiber-optic OCT imaging system was used to image the murine right midventricular free wall before and after isovolumic...
A Bayesian approach to analysis of covariance in balanced randomized block experiments

Analysis of covariance in designed experiments has a long history dating back to the middle of the twentieth century. Given the popularity of Bayesian approaches to statistical modelling and inference, it is somewhat surprising that there is so little literature on the application of Bayesian methods in this context. This paper proposes methods based on a recent formulation of the problem in terms of a multivariate variance components model which allows for a conjugate Bayesian analysis of balanced randomized block experiments with concomitant information. The analysis is complicated by a linear constraint involving two covariance matrices. Two solutions are proposed and implemented using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods.
Studies on the fungi associated with the glassy-winged sharpshooter Homalodisca coagulata with emphasis on a new species Hirsutella homalodiscae nom. prov.

The glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS), Homalodisca coagulata (Say), is an efficient vector of the phytopathogenic bacterium Xyllela fastidiosa. Native to the Southeast US, it was introduced to California, where its presence has caused a sharp increase in X. fastidiosa-based disease. Here are described three fungi associated with GWSS in its native range, including a Hirsutella species that is the predominant mycopathogen detected in sampled GWSS populations. Also described are potentially novel species of Pseudogibellula and Sporothrix. Data garnered from examination of in␣situ and in vitro morphological characters were compared to published keys and type specimen descriptions to achieve morphology-based identification. ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and partial sequences of the large subunit (LSU)-rDNA, actin, and β-tubulin genes of several GWSS Hirsutella isolates were sequenced and analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis of the LSU-rDNA and tubulin of the GWSS Hirsutella in combination with sequence data generated from other Hirsutella species defined the GWSS isolates to belong to subgroup II within this genus. The combination of phenotypic and genotypic data demonstrated GWSS Hirsutella to be a new species and as such, has been designated Hirsutella homalodiscae nom. prov. Species-specific PCR primers, designed from intron and exon regions of the actin and tubulin genes, were used in a multiplex reaction for the in situ identification of H. homalodiscae. A total of 246 mummified GWSS collected from sites in the southeastern US were subjected to multiplex PCR analysis. More than 70% of these samples tested positive for the presence of H. homalodiscae demonstrating it to be the major mycopathogen distributed throughout the native range of GWSS.
Diagram Groupoids and von Neumann Algebras

The main purpose of this paper is to study certain algebraic structures induced by directed graphs. We have studied graph groupoids, which are algebraic structures induced by given graphs. By defining a certain groupoid-homomorphism δ on the graph groupoid \({\mathbb{G}}\) of a given graph G, we define the diagram of G by the image \({\delta(\mathbb{G})}\) of δ, equipped with the inherited binary operation on \({\mathbb{G}}\). We study the fundamental properties of the diagram \({\delta(\mathbb{G})}\), and compare them with those of \({\mathbb{G}}\). Similar to Cho (Acta Appl Math 95:95–134, 2007), we construct the groupoid von Neumann algebra \({\mathcal{M}_{G}=vN(\delta(\mathbb{G}))}\), generated by \({\delta(\mathbb{G})}\), and consider the operator algebraic properties of \({\mathcal{M}_{G}}\). In particular, we show \({\mathcal{M}_{G}}\) is *-isomorphic to a von Neumann algebra generated by a family of idempotent operators and nilpotent operators, under suitable representations.
Estimated partial pair correlation functions in Cu–Zr liquids

Abstract While X-ray scattering studies can provide some insight into the average topological structures of liquids, they provide limited information on chemical ordering. Combined X-ray and neutron scattering studies can address this limitation, but are often difficult, time consuming and expensive, if isotopes are used for the neutron scattering measurements. Further, it is extremely difficult to make neutron scattering studies of reactive liquids like the Zr-based alloys of interest as metallic glass formers, particularly in the supercooled state. Here, a method for obtaining some chemical information that was applied previously to Cu–Zr glasses is used to obtain estimates of the partial pair correlation functions of their liquids. X-ray scattering data from Cu–Zr liquids with a range of chemical combinations are combined with molecular dynamics study results for one composition to consistently construct the partial pair correlations. The total pair correlation functions calculated using these partials agree well with the experimental data.
Habitat characteristics affecting fish assemblages on a Hawaiian coral reef

Habitat characteristics of a reef were examined as potential influences on fish assemblage structure, using underwater visual census to estimate numbers and biomass of all fishes visible on 42 benthic transects and making quantitative measurements of 13 variables of the corresponding physical habitat and sessile biota. Fish assemblages in the diverse set of benthic habitats were grouped by detrended correspondence analysis, and associated with six major habitat types. Statistical differences were shown between a number of these habitat types for various ensemble variables of the fish assemblages. Overall, both for complete assemblages and for component major trophic and mobility guilds, these variables tended to have higher values where reef substratum was more structurally or topographically complex, and closer to reef edges. When study sites were separately divided into five depth strata, the deeper strata tended to have statistically higher values of ensemble variables for the fish assemblages. Patterns with depth varied among the various trophic and mobility guilds. Multiple linear regression models indicated that for the complete assemblages and for most trophic and mobility guilds, a large part of the variability for most ensemble variables was explained by measures of holes in the substratum, with important contributions from measured substratum rugosity and depth. A strong linear relationship found by regression of mean fish length on mean volume of holes in the reef surface emphasized the importance of shelter for fish assemblages. Results of this study may have practical applications in designing reserve areas as well as theoretical value in helping to explain the organization of reef fish assemblages.
Early Timely Treatment of Class III Malocclusion

The protraction facemask has been widely used in the treatment of Class III malocclusion with maxillary deficiencies. However, the benefit of this early treatment modality is not clear. One of the reasons orthodontists are reluctant to render early orthopedic treatment in Class III patients is the inability to predict mandibular growth. The use of a single cephalometric radiograph to predict excessive mandibular growth has severe limitations. The use of serial cephalometric radiographs taken a few years after facemask treatment, and a Growth Treatment Response Vector (GTRV) analysis to individualize and enhance the accuracy in predicting excessive mandibular growth, is presented and proposed. This article discusses the rationale for early "timely" treatment of Class III malocclusion, the indications and contraindications for early Class III treatment, and provides a method of predicting excessive mandibular growth using the GTRV analysis.
Ribonucleic acid synthesis and thymineless death.

Abstract Conditions which uncouple the net synthesis of RNA and of protein in the absence of thymine have been examined in E. coli B3 to determine whether either of these macromolecular syntheses is specifically correlated with thymineless death. Thymineless death can occur when protein synthesis and cell growth are strongly inhibited. Under such conditions the extent of thymineless death is closely correlated with the unbalanced synthesis of RNA. Death can be prevented by inhibiting RNA synthesis. The nucleotide composition of RNA synthesized during thymineless death does not differ significantly from the RNA made during normal growth in the presence of thymine.
Discrimination functions predicted from categories in speech and music

Sawtooth waves differing only in rise time are identifiable as plucked or bowed notes from a stringed instrument. We previously reported (Cutting & Rosner, 1974) that these nonlinguistic sounds are perceived categorically. We also synthesized a continuum of speech sounds by varying only rise time. Listeners identified these sounds as Itfa/ or I fal, as in CHOP or SHOP, respectively, and perceived them categorically as well. Our criteria for categorical perception were those suggested by Studdert-Kennedy, Liberman, Harris, and Cooper (1970): (a) "peaks" of high discriminability between stimuli in restricted regions along the dimension studied, (b) "troughs" of discrimination performance near chance.in regions on either side of the peak, and (c) correspondence between peaks and troughs and the course of identification functions, with peaks occurring at identification boundaries and troughs occurring within each perceptual category. Categorical perception is therefore revealed by a particular combination of results from identification and discrimination tasks. This convergence between identification and discrimination is unusual: A listener generally can discriminate many more stimuli than he or she can identify absolutely (see, for example, Miller, 1956). The' correspondence between identification and discrimination can be tested quantitatively. Discrimination performance can be predicted from identification data by assuming that discrimination is no better than identification. To the extent that obtained and predicted discrimination scores do not differ significantly, categorical perception has occurred. Our previous paper described such agreement between obtained and predicted discrimination scores for both the linguistic and musical sounds (Cutting & Rosner, 1974). Unfortunately, the pre-
Who Is at Risk? High-Risk Infant Follow-up

Plans for discharge home from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) should begin with identification of which infants are at-risk for developing disability or early demise. As much as possible, this article serves as an evidenced-based review for identifying vulnerable infants in the NICU who are at higher risk for morbidity or early mortality. This article draws on the American Association of Pediatrics recommendations that highlight the responsibilities of the NICU team to recognize risk, plan discharge, and assist with transitioning care post discharge. Nurses, as professional team members, are ideal for identifying at-risk status, devising individualized discharge plans, and assuring referrals to high-risk infant follow-up (HRIF). HRIF programs bridge care pre and post NICU discharge to assure that infants with complex issues and special needs reach optimal health and developmental levels.
Development of a unique decentralized rapid-response capability and contingency mass-casualty field hospital for the 1996 Democratic National Convention.

This article describes the planning, development, and execution of a unique, decentralized, and flexible medical response capability that was developed for the 1996 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. Concerns for coordinated acts of violence, terrorism, toxicologic exposures, and logistic problems posed by the United Center prompted the development of a decentralized and flexible rapid-response plan. Contingency planning for the remote possibility of a full-scale disaster led to the additional development of a contingency mass-casualty field hospital on site. The plans for this mass-gathering response are described in considerable detail. Forty-four patient encounters across the four days of the convention were recorded, with a combination of minor injuries and potentially serious medical presentations. The 1.46 EMS encounters per 1,000 attendees at the Democratic National Convention is comparable to other utilization rates for mass gatherings in the literature. Proactive attention to comprehensiv...
Exploring GPGPU workloads: Characterization methodology, analysis and microarchitecture evaluation implications

The GPUs are emerging as a general-purpose high-performance computing device. Growing GPGPU research has made numerous GPGPU workloads available. However, a systematic approach to characterize these benchmarks and analyze their implication on GPU microarchitecture design evaluation is still lacking. In this research, we propose a set of microarchitecture agnostic GPGPU workload characteristics to represent them in a microarchitecture independent space. Correlated dimensionality reduction process and clustering analysis are used to understand these workloads. In addition, we propose a set of evaluation metrics to accurately evaluate the GPGPU design space. With growing number of GPGPU workloads, this approach of analysis provides meaningful, accurate and thorough simulation for a proposed GPU architecture design choice. Architects also benefit by choosing a set of workloads to stress their intended functional block of the GPU microarchitecture. We present a diversity analysis of GPU benchmark suites such as Nvidia CUDA SDK, Parboil and Rodinia. Our results show that with a large number of diverse kernels, workloads such as Similarity Score, Parallel Reduction, and Scan of Large Arrays show diverse characteristics in different workload spaces. We have also explored diversity in different workload subspaces (e.g. memory coalescing and branch divergence). Similarity Score, Scan of Large Arrays, MUMmerGPU, Hybrid Sort, and Nearest Neighbor workloads exhibit relatively large variation in branch divergence characteristics compared to others. Memory coalescing behavior is diverse in Scan of Large Arrays, K-Means, Similarity Score and Parallel Reduction.
Molecular Characterization of Three Recombinant Isolates of Avian Leukosis Virus Obtained From Contaminated Marek's Disease Vaccines

Three natural recombinant avian leukosis viruses (ALV; PDRC-1039, PDRC-3246, and PDRC-3249) expressing a subgroup A gp85 envelope protein and containing long terminal repeats (LTR) of endogenous ALV-E viruses were isolated from contaminated commercial Marek's disease vaccines, cloned, and completely sequenced. Their full genomes were analyzed and compared with representative strains of ALV. The proviral DNA of all three isolates displayed 99.3% identity to each other, suggesting a possible common ancestor, even though the contaminating viruses were obtained from three separate vaccine serials produced by two different vaccine manufacturing companies. The contaminating viruses have a genetic organization typical of replication-competent alpharetroviruses. The proviral genomes of PDRC-1039 and PDRC-3246 are 7497 bp long, and the PDRC-3249 is three base pairs shorter because of a deletion of a threonine residue within the gp85 coding region. The LTR, gag, pol, and the transmembrane (TM) region (gp37) of the env gene of all three viruses displayed high identity to endogenous counterpart sequences (>98%). Only the surface (SU) region (gp85) of the env gene displayed high identity with exogenous ALV-A (98.7%). Locus-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for ALV endogenous sequences (ev loci) in the chicken embryo fibroblasts used to produce the original vaccine vials identified the presence of ev-1, ev-2, ev-3, ev-4, and ev-6 in all three vaccines. Homologous recombination most likely took place to involve the SU region of the env gene because the recombinant viruses only differ in this particular region from the consensus ALV-E. These results suggest that the contaminating ALV isolates probably emerged by recombination of ALV-A with endogenous virus sequences before vaccine preparation.
ULTRAVIOLET EMISSION-LINE CORRELATIONS IN HST/COS SPECTRA OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI: SINGLE-EPOCH BLACK HOLE MASSES*

Effective methods of measuring supermassive black hole masses in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are of critical importance to studies of galaxy evolution. While there has been much success in obtaining masses through reverberation mapping, the extensive observing time required by this method has limited the practicality of applying it to large samples at a variety of redshifts. This limitation highlights the need to estimate these masses using single-epoch spectroscopy of ultraviolet (UV) emission lines. We use UV spectra of 44 AGNs from HST/COS, the International Ultraviolet Explorer, and the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer of the C IV λ1549, O VI λ1035, O III] λ1664, He II λ1640, C II λ1335, and Mg II λ2800 emission lines and explore their potential as tracers of the broad-line region and supermassive black hole mass. The higher signal-to-noise ratio and better spectral resolution of the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) resolve AGN intrinsic absorption and produce more accurate line widths. From these, we test the viability of mass-scaling relationships based on line widths and luminosities and carry out a principal component analysis based on line luminosities, widths, skewness, and kurtosis. At L 1450 ≤ 1045 erg s–1, the UV line luminosities correlate well with Hβ, as does the 1450 A continuum luminosity. We find that C IV, O VI, and Mg II can be used as reasonably accurate estimators of AGN black hole masses, while He II and C II are uncorrelated.
Arf1 dissociates from the clathrin adaptor GGA prior to being inactivated by Arf GTPase-activating proteins.

The effectors of monomeric GTP-binding proteins can influence interactions with GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) in two ways. In one case, effector and GAP binding to the GTP-binding protein is mutually exclusive. In another case, the GTP-binding protein bound to an effector is the substrate for the GTPase-activating protein. Here predictions for these two mechanisms were tested for the Arf1 effector GGA and ASAP family Arf GAPs. GGA inhibited Arf GAP activity of ASAP1, AGAP1, ARAP1, and Arf GAP1 and inhibited binding of Arf1·GTPγS to AGAP1 with K i values correlating with the K d for the GGA·Arf1 complex. ASAP1 blocked Arf1·GTPγS binding to GGA with a K isimilar to the K d for the ASAP·Arf1·GTPγS complex. No interaction of GGA with ASAP1 was detected. Consistent with GGA sequestering Arf from GAPs, overexpression of GGA slowed the rate of Arf dissociation from the Golgi apparatus following treatment with brefeldin A. Mutational analysis revealed the amino-terminal α-helix and switch I of Arf1 contributed to interaction with both GGA and GAPs. These data exclude the mechanism previously documented for Arf GAP1/coatomer in which Arf1 is inactivated in a tripartite complex. Instead, termination of Arf1 signals mediated through GGA require that Arf1·GTP dissociates from GGA prior to interaction with GAP and consequent hydrolysis of GTP.
Risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular death among African Americans and Hispanics in Los Angeles, California.

Objective: To describe the risk factors associated with cardiovascular mortality in the African American (AA) and Hispanic populations in Los Angeles County in an effort to define causes for the excess mortality seen in AAs. Methods: This was a longitudinal analysis of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular mortality in a large, prospective multiethnic cohort of individuals aged 45-74 years. Death rates between AA and Hispanic men and women during the six-year period from 1993 to 1998 due to hypertension, cardiomyopathy, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), ischemic heart disease, and stroke were compared. Results: There were 1,157 deaths due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) or cerebrovascular disease among the 71,798 eligible members of the cohort included in these analyses. Age-adjusted mortality rates were two to five times higher in AAs as compared with Hispanics (e.g., 373.15 in AAs for hypertensive disease vs 50.37 in Hispanics). A history of hypertension was the most common significant risk factor for CVD; other risk factors significantly associated with CVD mortality included cigarette smoking and a past history of diabetes and stroke. Adjusting for these factors did not remove the significance of AA ethnicity as a risk factor for CVD mortality in either subjects reporting or subjects not reporting hypertension at baseline. Conclusions: The evidence for both higher relative severity and higher incidence of hypertensive disease among AAs, and the consistency of the effect across gender, suggests that a major determinant of risk may be a gene environment interaction.
Metamodelling phosphorus best management practices for policy use: a frontier approach

This article presents a modelling system for synthesising heterogeneous productivity and nutrient loading potentials inherent in agricultural cropland for policy use. Phosphorus abatement cost functions for cropland farmers in a southeastern Minnesota watershed are metamodelled using frontier analysis. These functions are used to evaluate policies aimed at reducing nonpoint phosphorus discharges into the Minnesota River. Results indicate an efficiently targeted policy to reduce phosphorus discharge by 40% would cost US$ 167,700 or 844 per farm. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. JEL classification:Q15; Q25; Q28
Free clinics in the United States: a nationwide survey.

Background Since an increasing proportion of the US population is without health insurance, a network of free clinics has gradually developed to provide care for the uninsured. Despite widespread concern about the uninsured and the viability of the safety net, free clinics have been overlooked and poorly studied, leaving old assumptions and beliefs largely unchallenged. As a result, policy discussions have been forestalled and potentially fruitful collaborations between free clinics and other safety net providers have been hindered. The objective of this study is to describe the attributes of free clinics and measure their contribution to the safety net. Methods National mail survey of all known free clinics in the United States. The main outcome measures were organizational structures, operations, revenue sources, patient profiles, services, and staffing. Results The study represents the first census of free clinics in 40 years and garnered a 75.9% response rate. Overall, 1007 free clinics operated in 49 states and the District of Columbia. Annually, these clinics provided care for 1.8 million individuals, accounting for 3.5 million medical and dental visits. The mean operating budget was $287 810. Overall, 58.7% received no government revenue. Clinics were open a mean of 18 hours per week and generally provided chronic disease management (73.2%), physical examinations (81.4%), urgent/acute care (62.3%), and medications (86.5%). Conclusions Free clinics operate largely outside of the safety net system. However, they have become an established and meaningful contributor to it. Policymakers should consider integrating the free clinic network with other safety net providers or providing direct financial support.
Design and Fabrication Highlights Enabling a 2 mm, 128 Element Bolometer Array for GISMO

The design and fabrication of a background limited, 128 pixel Transition Edge Sensor (TES) bolometer array for the Goddard IRAM Super-conducting 2-mm Observer (GISMO) is presented.
Landscape aspects of oyster reefs: Effects of fragmentation on habitat utilization

Abstract The functional value of oyster reefs is recognized in many estuarine systems, with increasing interest in oyster reef restoration for ecological function rather than for oyster fishery production. Reefs provide structure and refuge for juvenile fish and crustaceans, and may be loci for predator foraging. However, reef morphology influences the relative value of refuge and forage functions, and reef utilization by benthic, epibenthic, and nektonic organisms. Reef fragmentation increases the edge to interior ratio, and may enhance use by organisms that favor edge regions, or decrease use by species requiring more interior habitat. The influence of fragmentation was examined using created intertidal oyster reefs and natural reef patches in southeastern North Carolina. Experimental treatments included created reefs (uniform circular reefs, small fragmented reefs, and large fragmented reefs) reference natural reefs, and open mudflat areas. Naturally occurring uniform and fragmented patch reefs in two nearby tidal creeks were also sampled. Following construction of created reefs, all treatments were sampled quarterly over two years, targeting infauna, epifauna, and nekton. Effects of fragmentation on infauna were variable, with a combination of positive and negative species-specific responses. For the vast majority of epi-benthic macrofauna collected from excavations and Breder traps, no effect of small-scale fragmentation on utilization was observed. Preferential use of large fragmented reefs over small fragmented reefs was observed for two species, Lagodon rhomboides and Panopeus herbstii , suggesting that the small fragmented reefs may have been below the patch size threshold at which edge effects become beneficial. Our results suggest that, at least at the scale investigated here, multiple small reefs may provide similar habitat benefits to a single, larger oyster reef.
Finite Field Arithmetic on an Array Processor

We develop algorithms for implementing finite field arithmetic on general signal processing machines. Our emphasis is on achieving practical approaches compatible with a wide range of computer systems. The techniques easily mix with normal signal processing algorithms obviating the need for appendages of special finite field hardware to information processing systems.
Fas-associated factor 1 is a negative regulator in capsaicin induced cancer cell apoptosis

Vanilloid receptor1 (VR1/TRPV1) is expressed on peripheral nerves and involved in sensing of temperature and pain. Recent reports have demonstrated that tumor cells express TRPV1 and that capsaicin (CP), a ligand for TRPV1, induces apoptosis in cancer cells. The mechanism underlying CP-induced tumor cell apoptosis remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of TRPV1 in tumor apoptosis using TRPV1-expressing cancer cell lines. We demonstrate that iodo-resiniferatoxin (I-RTX), an antagonist of TRPV1 does not inhibit CP mediated apoptosis nor is it cytotoxic by itself, but acts as a partial agonist and shows synergistic effect with CP. We further demonstrate that CP treatment degrades Fas-associated factor1 (FAF1); a TRPV1 associated protein. Moreover, using RNA interference with small inhibitory RNAs (siRNA) for FAF1 we observed that down-regulation of FAF1 by siRNA makes the cell susceptible to enhanced apoptosis with CP. In summary, our data shows for the first time that the underlying mechanisms of CP-induced cancer cell apoptosis involves FAF1, a TRPV1 associated protein and serves as an important foundation for further understanding of anticancer activity of CP.
Microcomputer-assisted drawing of geologic cross sections

Microcomputer graphics should be an essential tool for geologists. The CROSSX program serves as a computer-assisted drafting tool for geologic cross sections on microcomputers running the MS-DOS operating system with an Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA). CROSSX combines two inputs: digital elevation model, available already digitized; and local stratigraphic column. The user can create templates for final hand drafting of sections, and include folds, faults, and uniformly dipping stratigraphy. CROSSX automates tedious parts of cross section preparation by drawing the topographic profile, calculating apparent dip in the line of section, and scaling each unit for the chosen scale. Although the computer cannot replace the geologist's judgment, it can handle details and perform many checks to help the geologist better spend time on interpretation.
Diabetic ketoacidosis and memory dysfunction in children with type 1 diabetes.

Objective We tested the hypothesis that diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) results in memory deficits typical of hypoxic/ischemic injury because recent studies suggest that cerebral metabolic changes similar to those observed in hypoxic/ischemic cerebral injury are observed in children with DKA, even without symptoms suggesting cerebral injury. Study design Thirty-three children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and a history of DKA and 29 children with T1DM without a history of DKA were enrolled from an academic hospital pediatric endocrinology clinic. These groups were comparable on demographic and disease-related variables. These groups' ability to recall events in association with specific details, the memory function most directly affected by mild hypoxia/ischemia, was compared on 2 tasks (ie, event-color associations and event–spatial position associations). Results In multivariate analyses controlling for other critical variables, children with DKA history had significantly lower rates of accurate memory on both tasks (mean, 0.34 ± 0.13 on the color task and 0.57 ± 0.15 on the spatial task) than did children without DKA history (mean, 0.44 ± 0.11 and 0.65 ± 0.18, P Conclusions DKA disrupts memory function, underscoring the importance of DKA prevention when T1DM is known and prompt diagnosis of children with new onset of T1DM.
Attenuation of Hofmeister bias in ion-pair extraction by a disulfonamide anion host used in strikingly effective synergistic combination with a calix-crown Cs+ host

A calix-crown/disulfonamide dual-host combination in 1,2-dichloroethane exhibits markedly enhanced ion-pair extraction of caesium salts, with the observed synergism following an anti-Hofmeister order.
Plasmonics for optical communications: The use of graphene for optimizing coupling efficiency

Application of plasmonics in optical communications has recently attracted significant research interest in the hope of overcoming the big mismatch between the footprints of electronic and photonic integrated circuits. This hope is based on the unique properties of the plasmonic devices, such as the confinement of light into subwavelength dimension. which enables breaking the diffraction limit and creating a strong field enhancement and the potential to combine the best properties of both electronic and photonic words thanks to the natural interaction between photons and electrons in excitation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). Such a breakthrough would lead to the development of new types of opto-electronic devices. One the main problems to be solved for this application to succeed is the coupling efficiency of incident light. This paper reviews our investigation of the various approaches to increasing the coupling efficiency and shows how the use of graphene can significantly improve this efficiency.
Impact of situational framing and complexity on charismatic, ideological and pragmatic leaders: Investigation using a computer simulation

Revisiting the work of Weber [Weber, M. (1921). The theory of social and economic organizations. New York: Free Press], Mumford and colleagues (e.g., [Strange, J. M., & Mumford, M. D. (2002). The origins of vision: Charismatic versus ideological leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 13, 343−377; Mumford, M.D. (2006). Pathways to outstanding leadership: A comparative analysis of charismatic, ideological and pragmatic leaders. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.]) explored the thesis that in addition to charismatic leadership, there exist at least two additional pathways to outstanding leadership: ideological and pragmatic. Despite the compelling results of initial studies, however, questions remain as to when and under what situational conditions these three leaders operate most effectively. As such, an experiment was conducted to investigate two noteworthy contextual influences: 1) situational congruence with a leader's mental model and 2) environmental complexity. The experiment made use of a computerized leadership simulation where participants took on the role of a university chancellor. Results indicate that leader type, complexity, and situational framing were critical factors in determining leader performance on multiple game performance criteria as well as creative process criteria. Implications and avenues for future research are discussed.
Theoretical Models and Special Education The Impact of Varying Worldviews on Service Delivery and Research

The recent debate concerning the relative merits of different theoretical models involved in special education service delivery and research programs is viewed as a maturing of the special education profession. Following a review of the current debate, this paper examines how the adoption of a particular theoretical perspective, worldview or model orientation, can affect the nature of applied special education activities as well as the course of research with exceptional populations. Methods for evaluating varying approaches to the education and study of exceptional children are presented and discussed. It is concluded that the present legal and sociopolitical climate requires that special educators adopt a model orientation that can empirically document efficacy of interventions and ensure that all handicapped students receive equal educational opportunity.
Electrical conductivity measurements of warm dense matter with time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy

The quasi-DC electrical conductivity of warm dense matter is directly measured with terahertz-probe reflection spectroscopy. The measurements show a noticeable deviation from the Drude model in warm dense aluminum.
A HYBRID METHOD FOR ESTIMATING NATURAL LIGHTING POTENTIAL IN BUILDINGS

This paper describes data and algorithms to estimate typical average interior illuminance from daylighting using a hybrid of Hay, Davies, Klucher, Reindl (HDKR) method for calculating total solar radiation on a tilted surface and the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) Lumen Method for estimating interior illuminance from daylighting. This hybrid algorithm, in conjunction with typical meteorological data, directly accounts for shading and typical local cloud cover effects on an hour-byhour basis, which is difficult to do using the IES sky-cover or sky-ratio methods. Several experiments show reasonable agreement between measured and calculated results. Case study examples demonstrate of use of the method, when incorporated into software, to quickly analyze daylighting potential in industrial facilities, and the use of this information to develop specific recommendations for cost-effectively reducing lighting energy use in industrial facilities by improving the utilization of natural lighting.
Target Finding With a Spatially Aware Handheld Chart Display

Objective: The objective was to evaluate the use of a spatially aware handheld chart display in a comparison with a track-up fixed display configuration and to investigate how cognitive strategies vary when performing the task of matching chart symbols with environmental features under different display geometries and task constraints. Background: Small-screen devices containing both accelerometers and magnetometers support the development of spatially aware handheld maps. These can be designed so that symbols representing targets in the external world appear in a perspective view determined by the orientation of the device. Method: A panoramic display was used to simulate a marine environment. The task involved matching targets in the scene to symbols on simulated chart displays. In Experiment 1, a spatially aware handheld chart display was compared to a fixed track-up chart display. In Experiment 2, a gaze monitoring system was added and the distance between the chart display and the scene viewpoint was varied. Results: All respondents were faster with the handheld device. Novices were much more accurate with the handheld device. People allocated their gaze very differently if they had to move between a map display and a view of the environment. Conclusion: There may be important benefits to spatially aware handheld displays in reducing errors relating to common navigation tasks. Application: Both the difficulty of spatial transformations and the allocation of attention should be considered in the design of chart displays.
Improved arrhythmia detection in noisy ECGs through the use of expert systems

The authors present a method of improving error detection and correction in noise. They characterize a signal in clean data and interpret noisy data by generating and evaluating all plausible transmitted signals. They develop the technique in the context of real-time arrhythmia analysis as a part of the expert system CALVIN (W.K. Muldrow et al., Comput. in Cardiology, p.21-6, 1986). By learning timing intervals between normal and ventricular beats in clean data, CALVIN can generate and evaluate hypotheses of sequences of beats to explain noisy data. CALVIN is evaluated in a noise-stress test using series 1000 through 5000 of the AHA Arrhythmia Database. The results indicate that the CALVIN-aided system increases the number of beats properly classified and greatly enhances rejection artifact. >
Mission-critical and safety-critical development

The concern in mission-critical and safety-critical systems is that you develop them thoughtfully and carefully. They need traceable evidence for every detail. Like a good journalist, you and your team must establish the "who, what, when, where, why, and how" in everything you do. Development of mission- and safety-critical systems requires a temporal progression, regardless of the development model. Generally, there are five phases to development. These are: concept; planning and scheduling; design and development; controlled release; commercial release. Another issue in mission- and safety-critical system is people. People make processes work or not work. Good, disciplined people can struggle, even under wretched conditions, and produce good results. Add reasonable processes, and these same people can produce great results. Unfortunately, outstanding processes cannot rescue a project from unruly and undisciplined people.
IMAGE-BASED PAINTERLY RENDERING BY EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHM

This paper presents an effective method based on genetic algorithm for optimizing the rendering quality in image-based painterly rendering. Based on a multi-level evolutionary approach, the proposed method produces, for a variety of input images, results that are better in a statistically significant way than previous methods.
Oscillating Field Stimulation in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract The application of electrical current to injured tissue is known to promote healing. The use of this modality in healing the injured spinal cord to promote neurologic recovery has been introduced as a potential treatment for patients who previously had minimal hope of recovery. In in vitro and in vivo experiments, neural regeneration has been seen to occur, especially when an oscillating field is used. With this modality, an electrical current is applied in which the polarity changes direction on a periodic basis, preventing the "die-back" phenomenon of severed neural pathways. This mechanism of recovery has been demonstrated in several species in which sacrifice has been undertaken and spinal cords examined. In a study of humans, a small number of patients participated in a single phase Ia trial in which the safety of an implantable device was demonstrated, with indications of probable benefit, consistent with laboratory and animal studies. In addition, a number of additional patients were treated, and their results were examined along with the original cohort and were compared with historical control subjects. The device used in this mode of treatment has not been approved for use in the general spinal cord–injured population, pending further study. A larger multi-institutional trial needs to be done to further demonstrate efficacy and effectiveness, and outcomes will need to be agreed upon by spinal cord injury researchers, patients, and regulators before widespread use will be permitted. Unfortunately, some subtle changes experienced and valued by patients are not recognized as important or desirable by regulators or by all researchers.