cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vascular Targeting and Therapeutics for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck

Close to 38 500 new cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) are diagnosed each year. Traditional therapy for SCCHN has involved a multimodality approach of radiotherapy, surgery, and chemotherapy. More recently, novel therapeutic targets for solid tumors, including SCCHN, have been subject to preclinical and clinical applications. One of these newer approaches is antiangiogenic therapy. The mechanism of angiogenesis and the role it plays in tumor growth has been the subject of extensive investigation over the last 3 decades. As new antiangiogenic agents are being approved for the treatment of various solid tumors this critical review, using current preclinical and clinical evidence available thus far, examines the possible future role this new modality will have in the management of SCCHN. The different steps of angiogenesis and the corresponding targets are discussed, with a focus on vascular endothelial growth factor, as well as the preclinical and clinical evidence for the role of angiogenesis in SCCHN.
An efficient workload-based data layout scheme for multidimensional data

Abstract Physical data layout is a crucial factor in the performance of queries and updates in large data warehouses. Data layout enhances and complements other performance features such as materialized views and dynamic caching of aggregated results. Prior work has identified that the multidimensional nature of large data warehouses imposes natural restrictions on the query workload. A method based on a “uniform” query class approach has been proposed for data clustering and shown to be optimal. However, we believe that realistic query workloads will exhibit data access skew. For instance, if time is a dimension in the data model, then more queries are likely to focus on the most recent time interval. The query class approach does not adequately model the possibility of multidimensional data access skew. We propose the affinity graph model for capturing workload characteristics in the presence of access skew and describe an efficient algorithm for physical data layout. Our proposed algorithm considers declustering and load balancing issues which are inherent to the multidisk data layout problem. We demonstrate the validity of this approach experimentally.
High rate cycling performance of Li1.05Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 materials prepared by sol–gel and co-precipitation methods for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract High rate performance of Li1.05Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode materials prepared using sol–gel (SG) and co-precipitation (CP) methods were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy results showed that the particle sizes of the materials prepared by SG and CP methods were 300–400 nm and 1–2 μm, respectively. Rate capability tests were performed and compared on these cathode materials with same electrode loading (7 mg cm−2). Li1.05Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode with smaller particle size (SG-nano) demonstrated higher discharge capacity than that of the cathode with larger particle size (CP-micro) at different C-rates. However, upon extended cycling at 1C and 8C, CP-micro showed better capacity retention when compared to that of SG-nano. CP-micro exhibited 95 and 91% where as SG-nano exhibited only 87 and 76%, respectively, at 1C and 8C after 50 cycles. The results showed that the use of nanosized materials was advantageous for obtaining a better rate capability where as the use of microsized materials was beneficial for better capacity retention during extended cycling at high C-rates.
Effect of tip morphology on images obtained by scanning tunneling microscopy.

We present several images of the Si(111)7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 reconstruction showing the effects of simultaneous tunneling from more than one atom on the tip. The observed topographies are described as a superposition of two 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 adatom patterns coming from a double tip, with a variety of distances between the two tips. Tips placed as closely as 3 A\r{} can still produce two distinct images, demonstrating that each image originates from a single atom on the tip.
On the sensitivity of orthogonal polynomials to perturbations in the moments

Modified moments of a positive weight distribution determine uniquely the recursion coefficients of the polynomials orthogonal with respect to the given distribution. We analyze the sensitivity of the underlying nonlinear maps with regard to perturbations in the modified moments and introduce pertinent descriptive concepts. Weight distributions of Chebyshev and Jacobi type are studied in particular.
Electronics/avionics integrity: definition, measurement and improvement

The authors report on the results obtained from an extensive, three-fold research project: (1) to search the open quality and reliability literature for documented information relative to electronics/avionics integrity; (2) to interpret and evaluate the literature as to significant concepts, strategies, and tools appropriate for use in electronics/avionics product and process integrity efforts; and (3) to develop a list of critical findings and recommendations that will lead to significant progress in product integrity definition, measurement, modeling, and improvements. The research consisted of examining a broad range of trade journals, scientific journals, and technical reports, as well as face-to-face discussions with reliability professionals. Ten significant recommendations have been supported by the research work. >
Report: Some recent developments in network economics

This report highlights some recent developments in Network Economics based on papers presented at the Computing in Economics and Finance (CEF 2002) Conference held in Aix en Provence, France.
Thermal history and temperature dependence of viscoelastic properties of polymer glasses: Relation to free volume quantities

The dependence of physical properties on temperature and thermal history of glassy polycarbonate is examined. The average stress relaxation time increases during isothermal aging and with decreasing cooling rate. The temperature dependence of the stress relaxation time was compared with a free volume function calculated from specific volume data reported by Zoller by means of the Simha-Somcynsky theory and with a fractional free volume measured by ortho-positronium annihilation. We report in addition comparisons between free volume fractions extracted from volume data, and creep measurements for polystyrene, and stress relaxation data for poly(vinyl acetate) given by Kovacs et al., Schwarzl and Zahradnik, and Meyer et al. These investigations suggest that in the glassy state the Doolittle equation is valid only in isothermal aging experiments. It follows that in expressing the polymer mobility not only a temperature-dependent free volume but additional temperature-dependent processes need to be considered. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nonparametric analysis of returns to scale in the US hospital industry

This paper presents new estimates of scale economies for US hospitals. We show that the common translog specification of hospital costs is a misspecification, and employ nonparametric, local linear estimation with both continuous and discrete covariates. A bootstrap method is used to provide inferences regarding ray scale economies and expansion path scale economies for a large sample of hospitals covering 1984–1996. We find evidence of changes in the structure of hospital costs over the sample period, as well as evidence of locally optimal hospital sizes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of alternative topological domains in chromatin

Chromosome conformation capture experiments have led to the discovery of dense, contiguous, megabase-sized topological domains that are similar across cell types and conserved across species. These domains are strongly correlated with a number of chromatin markers and have since been included in a number of analyses. However, functionally-relevant domains may exist at multiple length scales. We introduce a new and efficient algorithm that is able to capture persistent domains across various resolutions by adjusting a single scale parameter. The ensemble of domains we identify allows us to quantify the degree to which the domain structure is hierarchical as opposed to overlapping, and our analysis reveals a pronounced hierarchical structure in which larger stable domains tend to completely contain smaller domains. The identified novel domains are substantially different from domains reported previously and are highly enriched for insulating factor CTCF binding and histone marks at the boundaries.
ECT-induced interictal delirium in patients with a history of a CVA.

Earlier works have documented a high incidence of affective disorders in patients with a history of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA). In general, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been reported t...
The Clinical Effectiveness of a Colored Pit and Fissure Sealant at 36 Months

Clinical trials were conducted on the teeth of 148 children to determine the effectiveness of a clearly visible white pit and fissure sealant. A three-year follow-up study showed a high retention rate for the sealant.
Constitutional Change and American Pivotal Politics

Recent studies of legislative gridlock espouse the importance of institutional design in separation-of-powers games. However, few scholars have focused on the effects of the adoption of the U.S. Constitution on legislative gridlock. This article attempts to fill that gap by determining whether the Constitution improved the marginal effect of the gridlock interval on the ability to change policy. Results suggest that policy is more responsive to the range of pivotal players (in both the negative and the positive direction) under the Constitution than under the Articles of Confederation, providing empirical evidence that it may be the superior design.
Retention of item attributes in free recall

A free recall experiment using mixed-modality lists was conducted to assess retention of information about presentation format of to-be-remembered words. Lists consisted of items presented once only, auditorily or visually, or twice, either in the same modality or once in each modality. Ss were required to remember items only (standard free recall) or to remember items as well as their modality and frequency attributes. With all recall from secondary memory, there were no effects of the modality variable (auditory, visual, or mixed) on recall of repeated items, although Ss were able to retain a considerable amount of information about the modality and frequency characteristics of recalled items. Processing this additional information had the effect of lowering word recall scores relative to the standard free recall test. It is argued that recall of modality attributes is based on some direct representation of this information in memory, and is not solely the result of a “tagging” process.
On the origin of diverse aftershock mechanisms following the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake

SUMMARY We test the hypothesis that the origin at the diverse suite of aftershock mechanisms Following the 1989 M 7.1 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake is related to the post-main-shock static stress field We use a 3-D boundary-element algorithm to calculate static stresses combined with a Coulomb failure criterion to calculate conjugate failure planes at aftershock locations. The post-main-shock static stress field is taken as the of a sum of a pre-existing stress field and changes in stress due to the heterogeneous slip across the Loma Prieta rupture plane. The background stress field is assumed to be either a simple shear parallel to the regional trend of the San Andreas fault or approximately fault-normal compression A suite of synthetic aftershock mechanisms from the conjugate failure planes is generated and quantitatively compared (allowing for uncertainties in both mechanism parameters and earthquake locations) to well-constrained mechanisms reported in the US Geological Survey Northern California Seismic Network catalogue. We also compare calculated rakes with those observed by resolving the calculated stress tensor onto observed focal mechanism nodal planes, assuming either plane to be a likely rupture plane. Various permutations of the assumed background stress field, fractional coefficients of aftershock fault planer methods of comparisons, etc. explain between 52 and 92 per cent of the aftershock mechanisms. We can explain a similar proportion of mechanisms, however, by comparing, a randomly reordered catalogue with the various suites of synthetic aftershocks. The inability to duplicate aftershock mechanisms reliably on a one-to-one basis is probably a function of the combined uncertainties in models of main-shock slip distribution, the background stress field, and aftershock locations. In particular, we show theoretically that any specific main-shock slip distribution and a reasonable background stress field are able lo generate a highly variable suite of failure planes such that quite different aftershock mechanisms may be expected to occur within a kilometre of less of each other. This scale of variability is less than the probable location error of aftershock earthquakes in the Loma Prieta region. We successfully duplicate a measure of the variability in the mechanisms of the entire suite of aftershocks. If static stress changes are responsible for the generation of aftershock mechanisms, we are able to place quantitative constraints on the level of stress that must have existed in the upper crust prior to the Loma Prieta rupture. This stress level appears to be too low to generate the average dip across the main-shock rupture plane. Possible reasons for this result range from incorrect initial assumptions of homogeneity in the background stress field, friction and fault geometry to driving stresses that arise from deeper in the crust or upper mantle. Alternatively, aftershock focal mechanisms may be determined by processes other than, or in addition to, static stress changes, such as pore-pressure changes or dynamic stresses.
Vulnerability of xylem to embolism in a mangrove vs an inland species of Rhizophoraceae

Vulnerability of xylem conduits to cavitation and embolism was compared in two species of Rhizophoraceae, the mangrove Rhizophora mangle L. and the tropical moist-forest Cassipourea elliptica (Sw.) Poir. Cavitation (water column breakage preceeding embolism) was monitored by ultrasonic detection; embolism was quantified by its reduction of xylem hydraulic conductivity. Acoustic data were not predictive of loss in hydraulic conductivity, probably because signals from cavitating vessels were swamped by more numerous ones from cavitating fibers. Rhizophora mangle was the less vulnerable to embolism of the two species, losing 80% of its hydraulic conductivity between – 6.0 and – 7.0 MPa. Cassipourea elliptica lost conductivity in linear proportion to decreasing xylem pressure from – 0.5 to – 7.0 MPa. Species vulnerability correlated closely with physiological demands of habitat; the mangrove Rhizophora mangle had field xylem pressures between – 2.5 and – 4.0 MPa. whereas the minimum for Cassipourea elliptica was – 1.6 MPa. Differences in vulnerability between species could be accounted for by differences in the measured air permeability of intervessel pit membranes. According to this explanation, embolism occurs when air enters a water-filled vessel from a neighboring air-filled one via pores in shared pit membranes.
Omega-conotoxin prevents myelin-evoked growth cone collapse in neonatal rat locus coeruleus neurons in vitro

The response of neonatal rat locus coeruleus neurons to contact with myelin extracts prepared from the CNS and PNS was examined. The growth cones of these neurons collapsed following contact with central myelin, but continued to elongate on contact with peripheral myelin. Central myelin elicited an increase in the intracellular free calcium concentration in these growth cones, while peripheral myelin did not. This increase appeared to require transmembrane calcium flux, since it was blocked by extracellular EGTA, and also by extracellular cobalt. These neurons express N- and L-type calcium channels. Exposure to 5 microM omega-conotoxin GVIA, a specific blocker of N-type channels, prevented both the myelin-evoked increase in growth cone calcium concentration and the collapse of growth cones.
Semantics versus syntax versus computations. Machine models for type-2 polynomial-time bounded functionals

The paper investigates analogs of the Kreisel-Lacombe-Shoenfield (1957) Theorem in the context of the type-2 basic feasible functionals, aka the Mehlhorn-Cook class of type-2 polynomial-time functionals. We develop a direct, polynomial-time analog of effective operation, where the time bound on computations is modeled after Kapron and Cook's (1990) scheme for their basic polynomial-time functionals. We show that (i) if P=NP, these polynomial-time effective operations are strictly more powerful on /spl Rscr/ (the class of recursive functions) than the basic feasible functions, and (ii) there is an oracle relative to which these polynomial-time effective operations and the basic feasible functionals have the same power on /spl Rscr/. We also consider a weaker notion of polynomial-time effective operation where the machines computing these functionals have access to the computations of their "functional" parameter, but not to its program text. For this version of polynomial-time effective operation, the analog of the Kreisel-Lacombe-Shoenfield is shown to hold-their power matches that of the basic feasible functionals on /spl Rscr/.
A complete and decidable proof system for call-by-value equalities

We develop a logic for proving call-by-value observational congruences between pure simply-typed λ-terms. The logic is complete for proving equations in a standard call-by-value model, settling an open question of [10]. By the full abstraction theorem of [20, 22], the logic proves all call-by-value observational congruences between pure terms. Finally, we show that the equations true in the standard model are decidable.
The neuroembryological study of behavior: progress, problems, perspectives.

Publisher Summary The neuroembryological study of behavior represents the attempt to understand the ontogeny of behavior and its associated physiological and anatomical mechanisms during the embryonic, larval, or prenatal period. This chapter aims to determine the precursors of later adaptive behavior in the activity patterns and neurobehavioral mechanisms of the embryo, larva, and fetus. All embryos are behaviorally active to one degree or another, and it has been shown for some species that this behavior is spontaneous, in the sense that sensory input is not necessary for its generation or pattern. Active neural mechanisms mediating physiological inhibition appear to develop very early in at least some vertebrate embryos. It is conceivable that inhibition is involved in suppressing the overt response of embryos to many kinds of sensory stimulation. With the application of the new neurobiological techniques and the older approaches; including behavioral, neuroanatomical, embryological, and genetic studies; there is the justifiable expectation that the neuroembryological study of behavior may eventually help to resolve one of the remaining great mysteries of biology—whether prenatal life events contribute in any direct and significant way to later behavioral development.
The role of radiotherapy for patients over age 60 with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the rituximab era.

The role of consolidative radiotherapy (RT) in patients ≥60 years old with DLBCL in the rituximab era is controversial. We examined the impact on disease control and overall survival by the addition of consolidative RT after completion of chemotherapy, while adjusting for known adverse risk factors. Retrospective chart review from 2004 to 2012 of 83 consecutive patients ≥60 years old with DLBCL treated in the rituximab era, 68 of which had a complete response to chemotherapy, was performed. Amongst patients with a complete response, consolidative RT use was associated with 100% 5-year local control, improved progression-free survival (p = 0.047), and a trend for overall survival (p = .098) on multivariate analysis. Amongst all patients, the use of consolidative RT was associated with improved overall survival (p = 0.03). The use of consolidative RT should be considered for patients ≥60 years old independent of stage and response to chemotherapy.
The State Role in Telecommunications Regulation: An Introduction

This introduction for the Albany Law Journal of Science and Technology's 1996 symposium edition focuses on issues in telecommunications regulation. It sets the stage for the papers that follow and raises issues of convergence, relevance and the structure of regulation given changes in the technology and the industry.
Biomaterials approaches to modeling macrophage–extracellular matrix interactions in the tumor microenvironment

Tumors are characterized by aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and chronic inflammation. While advances in biomaterials and tissue engineering strategies have led to important new insights regarding the role of ECM composition, structure, and mechanical properties in cancer in general, the functional link between these parameters and macrophage phenotype is poorly understood. Nevertheless, increasing experimental evidence suggests that macrophage behavior is similarly controlled by physicochemical properties of the ECM and consequential changes in mechanosignaling. Here, we will summarize the current knowledge of macrophage biology and ECM-mediated differences in mechanotransduction and discuss future opportunities of biomaterials and tissue engineering platforms to interrogate the functional relationship between these parameters and their relevance to cancer.
Th2[BO4][PO4]: A RARE EXAMPLE OF AN ACTINIDE BORATE–PHOSPHATE

In the course of our ongoing study of thorium tantalates, crystals of an unusual thorium borate phosphate, Th 2 [BO 4 ][PO 4 ], were formed by the reaction of thorium(IV) nitrate, phosphorus pentoxide (molar ratio 2:1) and the fluxing agent boron oxide at 1200°C. The colorless and platy crystals of Th 2 [BO 4 ][PO 4 ] are monoclinic, space group P 2 1 /c (no. 14), a 8.4665(2), b 7.9552(2), c 8.2297(1) A, β 103.746(1)° and Z = 4. Face-sharing [ThO 9 ] 14− and [ThO 10 ] 16− polyhedra form a double layer that is parallel to (100). The [BO 4 ] 5− tetrahedra are located between the layers of Th polyhedra within the double layer. These double layers are connected through [PO 4 ] 3− tetrahedra.
Effect of potassium canrenoate on cardiac functions and (Na + + K + )-activated ATPase.

SummaryPotassium canrenoate in low concentrations caused a negative inotropic effect, increased heart rate and increased coronary flow in isolated guinea pig hearts. It failed to modify ouabain-induced arrhythmias in Langendorff preparations except at very high concentrations where the effect could be due to K+ ion. Potassium canrenoate did not inhibit (Na+ + K+)-ATPase nor did it modify the ouabain-enzyme interaction.
Working Principle of Express High-Pressure Autoclaves and Analysis of Low Water Level Alarm Faults

This essay briefly described the principle and maintenance norms of commonly used express autoclaves,focusing on technical analysis of common low-water-level alarm and the methods of failure handling.
Analyses on utilization prospect of sewage source heat pump system and sewage cold and heat energy

The market prospects of sewage source heat pump system are very bright,but in practice,there are many issues that need attention,such as choosing the right clean technologies.As we all know,sewage contains many salts and suspended matter.Thus,for sewage treatment,it is necessary to start with the key part,improving sewage treatment technology in sewage recovery process to ensure the effecive treatment of sewage.
The doctor-patient relationship and drug effect.

The effects of an anorexigenic agent (dextroamphetamine) and a placebo on weight loss in 64 obese female patients were evaluated over a period of 4 weeks. Half of the patients were field dependent and half were field independent. This psychological categorization of the patients refers to individual differences in analytic functioning in perception that can be objectively evaluated and appears to parallel personality trait differences that have been noted between placebo reactors and nonreactors. An investigational drug or known drug treatment condition was created. Data from the study showed that: (1) Patients on dextroamphetamine lost more weight than patients on placebo. (2) Patients who were treated under known drug conditions lost more weight during the first week but not during the full 4 weeks. (3) Field-dependent patients under known drug conditions did not lose any more weight than field-independent patients under the same conditions. (4) There was considerable variation in the weight loss achieved by the patients of the same physician.
Tracking global carbon revenues: A survey of carbon taxes versus cap-and-trade in the real world

Abstract We investigate the current use of public revenues which are generated through both carbon taxes and cap-and-trade systems. More than $28.3 billion in government “carbon revenues” are currently collected each year in 40 countries and another 16 states or provinces around the world. Of those revenues, 27% ($7.8 billion) are used to subsidize “green” spending in energy efficiency or renewable energy; 26% ($7.4 billion) go toward state general funds; and 36% ($10.1 billion) are returned to corporate or individual taxpayers through paired tax cuts or direct rebates. Cap-and-trade systems ($6.57 billion in total public revenue) earmark a larger share of revenues for “green” spending (70%), while carbon tax systems ($21.7 billion) more commonly refund revenues or otherwise direct them towards government general funds (72% of revenues). Drawing from an empirical dataset, we also identify various trends in systems’ use of “carbon revenues” in terms of the total revenues collected annually per capita in each jurisdiction and offer commensurate qualitative observations on carbon policy design choices.
Neighborhood satisfaction and use patterns in urban public outdoor spaces: Multidimensionality and two-way relationships

Abstract Neighborhood satisfaction and use patterns in public outdoor spaces are generally viewed as single entities, ignoring their multidimensionality as well as detailed associations between them. Such a general assessment raises questions of the kinds of neighborhood characteristics that accrue to satisfaction, and the variety of environmental affordances perceived by residents with respect to nearby outdoor settings. Given the significant role of these factors in people’s life satisfaction and wellbeing, a nuanced approach is needed to help us better understand people-environment relationships and examine practical solutions for creating more livable neighborhoods. This study investigated two-way associations between four aspects of neighborhood satisfaction and three forms of use, as well as the role played by perceived barriers to neighborhood use in these associations. A random sample of 434 Chicago residents participated in a survey (mailed and on-site) with a five-point rating scale. The three major findings through generalized linear modeling include; 1) multidimensionality of both neighborhood satisfaction and use patterns as important to consider in people-environment studies, 2) the significant roles as predictors and as outcomes played by both neighborhood satisfaction and use patterns, with only one factor from each set showing a two-way relationship, and 3) the main effect of perceived barriers on three of the neighborhood satisfactions, and their interactive effect with several of the use pattern and satisfaction factors. These findings contribute to our understanding of people-environment relationships in urban public spaces and provide insights for improving neighborhood satisfaction and frequency of use of public outdoor spaces.
Reduced Tactile Pressure Perception with Age (P6.207)

Background/Objective: Patients with right hemispheric injury have a reduction of their ability to allocate attention which is primarily contralateral, but can even influence the perception of ipsilesional stimuli. With decreased attention there is a decrease in estimates of stimulus magnitude. With aging there is decrement in right hemispheric specialization (HAROLD), as well as a decrease in frontal lobe function. Thus, it is possible that older adults will perceive the magnitude of tactile pressure differently than younger adults. To test this aging hypothesis, healthy younger and older adults’ tactile sensory perception was assessed using a psychophysical experimental approach where participants compare the intensity of test stimuli to a reference stimulus. Design/Methods: The participants were 12 younger (22y SD 1.6y) and 12 older healthy adults (65y SD 8.6y). Test stimuli were applied to the right and left palms using Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments of 6 magnitudes, 3 greater and 3 less than a standard stimulus. In each trial, after being stimulated with the reference (standard) stimulus, a test monofilament was applied and the participant was asked to provide a numerical estimate of the magnitude of the second stimulus relative to the standard. Results and Conclusions: There was a significant difference between age and perception of pressure. Those stimuli that were lighter than the standard were perceived to be heavier by the younger than the older participants and this difference was primarily for the right hand. Whereas this reduction of magnitude perception by the older participants appears to provide support for the postulate that with aging there is a decrease in the allocation of attention the asymmetry is not consistent with the HAROLD hypothesis and the reason for this alteration in perception must be further investigated. Disclosure: Dr. Kesayan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lamb has nothing to disclose. Dr. Williamson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Falchook has nothing to disclose. Dr. Heilman has received personal compensation from AAN, Harvard Dementia as a speaker. Dr. Heilman has received royalities on books that he has written or edited.
Semiconductor technology choices for ultrawide-band (UWB) systems

UWB 3.1-10.6 GHz frequency and bandwidth impose stringent performance demands of technology. The standard specifications, system architecture, frequency planning, and circuit topology have a major influence on the technology choice. Two technology choices are RFCMOS and SiGe BiCMOS. RFCMOS strongly increases speed and density with scaling, but analog parameters and layout are a concern. RFCMOS designs also require additional devices, sophisticated models and design kits over digital CMOS. SiGe HBTS have fewer device design tradeoffs due to bandgap-engineered vertical transport. Initial systems are system in a package. The low cost favors CMOS.
THE EUROPEAN RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE FOR HERITAGE SCIENCE (ERIHS)

Abstract. The European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science (E-RIHS) entered the European strategic roadmap for research infrastructures (ESFRI Roadmap [1]) in 2016, as one of its six new projects. E-RIHS supports research on heritage interpretation, preservation, documentation and management. Both cultural and natural heritage are addressed: collections, artworks, buildings, monuments and archaeological sites. E-RIHS aims to become a distributed research infrastructure with a multi-level star-structure: facilities from single Countries will be organized in national nodes, coordinated by National Hubs. The E-RIHS Central Hub will provide the unique access point to all E-RIHS services through coordination of National Hubs. E-RIHS activities already started in some of its national nodes. In Italy the access to some E-RIHS services started in 2015. A case study concerning the diagnostic of a hypogea cave is presented.
Identification With Terrorist Attack Victims: Association With Television Viewing and Prior Life Threat.

OBJECTIVE A series of sniper attacks in the Washington, DC, area left 10 people dead and 3 wounded. We developed and tested a model that examined the unique and interdependent relationships of sniper-related television viewing, prior life-threatening events, and parental status to identification with attack victims. METHODS Participants were 1238 residents of the DC area (aged 18-90 years, mean=41.7 years; 51% female; 68% white) who completed an online survey that assessed identification with sniper attack victims, amount of television viewing, and prior life-threatening events. Identification was measured by using a previously developed scale that assessed to what extent participants identified victims as similar to themselves, a friend, or a family member. RESULTS The relationship of television viewing to identification was examined by using multivariate linear regression analyses. In univariate analyses, female gender, having children, higher levels of television viewing, and past life-threatening events were independently related to greater identification. After adjustment for demographics and life-threatening events, sniper-related television viewing continued to be associated with identification (B=0.61, P≤0.001, ∆R2=0.07). Examination of the interactions of television viewing by parental status and television viewing by life-threatening event revealed significant relationships. CONCLUSIONS Attention to events preceding and during a terrorist event could help in the recognition of those at particular risk for increased identification with attack victims. These findings also have implications for recommendations for media exposure during an event. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018; 12: 337-344).
Distributed Fictitious Play for Multiagent Systems in Uncertain Environments

A multiagent system operates in an uncertain environment about which agents have different and time-varying probability distributions on the environment—beliefs—that, as time progresses, converge to a common probability distribution, i.e., an asymptotic belief. A global utility function that depends on the realized state of the environment and actions of all the agents determines the system's optimal behavior. We define the asymptotically optimal action profile as a Nash equilibrium of the potential game defined by considering the expected utility with respect to the asymptotic belief. At finite time, however, agents have not entirely congruous beliefs about the state of the environment and may select conflicting actions. This paper proposes a variation of the fictitious play algorithm, which is proven to converge to equilibrium actions if the state beliefs converge to a common distribution at a rate that is at least linear. In conventional fictitious play, agents infer about others’ future behavior by computing histograms of past actions and best respond to their expected payoffs integrated with respect to these histograms. In the variations developed here, histograms are built using knowledge of actions taken by nearby nodes and best responses are further integrated with respect to the local beliefs on the state of the environment. We exemplify the use of the algorithm in coordination games.
Reperfusion Injury in the Small Intestine

When a tissue is subjected to ischemia, a sequence of chemical reactions is initiated which may ulti mately lead to cellular dysfunction and necrosis. Although no single process can be identified as the critical event in ischemia-induced tissue injury, most studies indicate that depletion of cellular energy stores and accumulation of toxic metabo lites may contribute to cell death. It is undeniable that reestablishing blood flow is necessary in rescu ing ischemic tissues since this allows for the regen eration of cell charge and the washout of toxic me tabolites. However, reperfusion of ischemic tissues also leads to a sequence of events that paradoxical ly injure tissues.
The Single Currency (The EURO): Costs and Benefits

Political, economic and financial market forces have prompted the EU member nations to seek ever closer economic, monetary and political integration at the end of the century — by way of the single currency. The 1989 Delors Report, the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993 and the European Council Summits held in Madrid in 1995 and Dublin in 1996, were major milestones on the road towards this objective.1 The Euro has been chosen as the new single currency, to be introduced in 1999 on a non-cash basis and in 2002 as the sole legal tender of the EMU member nations. Box 4.1 provides a brief historical overview of the evolution of the single currency, which is not an entirely new idea in Europe.
Evidence of 4 + 2 as Subtle Effects in 3 + 1 Dimensions

The observable effects of the extra 1-space and 1-time dimensions of 2T-physics can be found at all scales of physics, large and small, including quantum mechanical domains, in 3+1 dimensions. Often this comes methodically in the form of testable predictions of subtle hidden symmetries and hidden relations among dynamical systems that 1T-physics on its own misses to explain or predict, except for a few cases that were stumbled upon in the past. A couple of surprising examples in non-relativistic physics are discussed in this section, while the important case of conformal symmetry in relativistic field theory , along with some others related by dualities , will be discussed in the following section.
Viscoelastic Materials: Viscoelastic Composite Materials

Introduction Composite materials are those that contain two or more distinct constituent materials or phases, on a microscopic or macroscopic size scale larger than the atomic scale, and in which physical properties are significantly altered in comparison with those of a homogeneous material. In this vein, fiberglass and other fibrous materials are viewed as composites, but alloys, such as brass, are not. Semicrystalline polymers, such as polyethylene, have a heterogeneous structure, which can be treated via composite theory. Biological materials also have a heterogeneous structure and are known as natural composites. Composites may contain solid, liquid, and gas phases. For example, composites of gas and liquid include mist and foam; composites of solid and gas include foam and smoke. Composites with a structural role have several solid phases or a connected solid phase with gas or liquid in the interstices (structural foam and honeycomb). Composite Structures and Properties Ideal Structures The properties of composites are greatly dependent upon microstructure. Composites differ from homogeneous materials in that considerable control can be exerted over the larger scale structure; and hence over the desired properties. In particular, the properties of a composite depend upon the shape of the heterogeneities, upon the volume fraction occupied by them, and upon the interface between the constituents. Volume fraction refers to the ratio of the volume of a constituent to the total volume of a composite specimen. The shape of the heterogeneities in a composite is classified as follows. The principal inclusion shape categories (Figure 9.1) are the particle, with no long dimension; the fiber, with one long dimension; and the platelet (flake, lamina), with two long dimensions.
Characterization of Pd Impurities and Finite-Sized Defects in Detector Grade CdZnTe

Synthetic CdZnTe or ''CZT'' crystals are highly suitable for {gamma}-spectrometers operating at the room temperature. Secondary phases (SP) in CZT are known to inhibit detector performance, particularly when they are present in large numbers or dimensions. These SP may exist as voids or composites of non-cubic phase metallic Te layers with bodies of polycrystalline and amorphous CZT material and voids. Defects associated with crystal twining may also influence detector performance in CZT. Using transmission electron microscopy, we identify two types of defects that are on the nano scale. The first defect consists of 40 nm diameter metallic Pd/Te bodies on the grain boundaries of Te-rich composites. Although the nano-Pd/Te bodies around these composites may be unique to the growth source of this CZT material, noble metal impurities like these may contribute to SP formation in CZT. The second defect type consists of atom-scale grain boundary dislocations. Specifically, these involve inclined ''finite-sized'' planar defects or interfaces between layers of atoms that are associated with twins. Finite-sized twins may be responsible for the subtle but observable striations that can be seen with optical birefringence imaging and synchrotron X-ray topographic imaging.
Integrating abstraction and explanation-based learning in PRODIGY

This paper describes the integration of abstraction and explanation-based learning (EBL) in the context of the PRODIGY system. PRODIGY'S abstraction module creates a hierarchy of abstract problem spaces, so problem solving can proceed in a more directed fashion. The EBL module acquires search control knowledge by analyzing problemsolving traces. When the two modules are integrated, they tend to complement each other's capabilities, resulting in performance improvements that neither system can achieve independently. We present empirical results showing the effect of combining the two modules and describe the factors that influence the overall performance of the integrated system.
Initial stages of delamination of the aluminum film from silicon wafer

Aluminum films of thickness 0.5 µm were deposited on silicon substrates by pulsed laser physical vapor deposition. The substrate with the film was subjected to laser pulses from the backside of the wafer to initiate delamination of the film. Subsequently, the front side of the film was examined by atomic force, and optical and scanning electron microscopy, and found to contain blisters of different sizes. In addition, larger regions of the film debonded but did not spall. Transient thermo-reflectance was used to study the acoustic oscillations generated in the larger regions of the debonded film using the incidence of a pulsed laser beam with wave length of 532 nm and pulse repetition frequency 10 Hz. The periodicity of the acoustic oscillations was used to determine the size of the film that oscillated. The periods varied from 0.088 to 1.900 µs and the corresponding radii of the oscillating film from 296 to 6384 µm. The work of adhesion was found to reach a maximum value at blister radius close to 25 µm. There were no acoustic oscillations from the delaminated film in the blisters. Acoustic beats were also generated from larger debonded film by superposition of two acoustic oscillations. These results were used to investigate the initial stages of delamination of the films from the substrates.
Ethnic diversity and small business venturing

While researchers have examined how ethnic diversity affects regional organizational performance, little research has been done to examine how ethnic diversity affects the creation of firm establishments for different sized firms. By generating additional market segments, in addition to fostering supply-side effects, we propose that a region’s ethnic diversity fosters an environment that is conducive to the growth of small firm establishments but not medium- or large-sized establishments. Using county-level data on US firm establishments and ethnic diversity, we find that a one standard deviation increase in ethnic diversity is associated with a 6 to 8% increase in the number of small firm establishments and a 26–28% decrease in the number of large-sized firm establishments.
Tobacco and Antiretrovirals Modulate Transporter, Metabolic Enzyme, and Antioxidant Enzyme Expression and Function in Polarized Macrophages.

BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking increases systemic oxidative stress, inflammation, and viral replication in individuals with HIV. Macrophages are infected during HIV infection and serve as an important reservoir throughout the process. Macrophages exist in two phenotypes, the classically activated M1 macrophage and alternatively activated M2 macrophage. The expression of drug efflux transporters and metabolic enzymes, which have direct effects on intracellular drug concentrations, differ between the pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage and the anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage. OBJECTIVE To further explain the role of tobacco use in worsened outcomes in the HIV + population receiving antiretroviral therapy. METHODS Western blotting was used to examine macrophage polarization and expression of drug efflux transporters, CYP enzymes, and antioxidant enzymes. The arginase assay was used to measure arginase activity. Cytokine production was measured using the human multiplex inflammatory cytokine assay kit. The 8-OHdG DNA Damage Quantification Direct Kit was used to quantify DNA damage. Viral replication under the influence of tobacco and antiretroviral drug use was measured by p24 Elisa. RESULTS We observed phenotypic shifts from M1 to M2 with both individual and combination treatments with cigarette smoke condensate and the protease inhibitor antiretroviral drug lopinavir. These shifts lead to changes in cytokine production, the expression of CYP enzymes, anti-oxidant enzymes, and drug efflux transporters, as well as changes in viral replication. CONCLUSION This data suggest a mechanism by which tobacco use impairs HIV antiretroviral therapy to increase intracellular drug concentrations in this important cellular reservoir.
Latent profiles of maternal neural response to infant emotional stimuli: Associations with maternal sensitivity

In the current study, we examined how latent profiles reflecting maternal neural response to infant emotional expressions predict observed parenting behavior. Participants included 86 mothers of infants. Maternal sensitivity was coded from video-recorded distress and play interactions; mothers' event-related potentials (ERPs) to child emotional expressions were measured from EEG activity recorded during a categorization task. Latent profile analysis of mothers' P200 and late positive potential (LPP) responses to crying and laughing child expressions identified three latent profiles, characterized by enhanced or attenuated responses to crying and laughing expressions at early and late stages of processing. Mothers' probability of being assigned to the "attenuated to distress" profile, characterized by undifferentiated early and late response to infant emotional expressions, was associated with reduced maternal sensitivity. Probability of being assigned to this profile was also correlated with sociodemographic risk. Profiles of maternal neural response to infant emotional expressions may enhance our understanding of the phenomenology of insensitive caregiving.
The Search for the Fundamental Principles of Mechanism Design

This paper reviews the development of some of the pivotal ideas that have shaped the field of mechanism design. Of special interest are the historical classifications of mechanisms and motions.