cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toddler anxiety disorders: a pilot study.

ABSTRACT Objective: This research examined the validity of criteria for diagnosing social phobia (SOC) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), where the DSM-IV criteria were modified to better identify toddlers who could have these disorders. Method: Diagnoses were made with a semistructured clinical interview that included child observations. Parents and caregivers completed child behavior, temperament, and socioemotional functioning questionnaires to test convergent and discriminant validity. Results: Of 72 children, 18 months to 5 years old, 19 met modified SOC criteria (8 met DSM-IV criteria SOC also), 29 met modified GAD criteria (5 met DSM-IV criteria GAD also), and 35 met no anxiety disorder criteria. Children with modified SOC were more likely than nonanxious children to display higher levels of anxiety symptoms and shyness/inhibition and to have anxious parents. Modified SOC did not relate to the nonanxiety constructs (cuddling, imaginary play, fine motor). Children with modified GAD did not consistently demonstrate higher levels of anxiety symptoms, did not have more anxious parents than nonanxious children, and did not have higher mean scores on the nonanxiety constructs. Conclusions: This research provides initial evidence supporting convergent and discriminant validity for the modified SOC criteria but not the modified GAD criteria.
Functional Effects of Glycosylation at Asn-579 of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor†

We have investigated functional effects of glycosylation at N579 of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Our previous study showed that the population of cell-surface expressed EGFRs in A431 cells, a human epidermoid carcinoma cell line, is composed of two subpopulations that differ by glycosylation at N579 [Zhen et al. (2003) Biochemistry 42, 5478−5492]. To characterize the subpopulation of receptors not glycosylated at N579, we established a 32D cell line expressing a point mutant of the EGFR (N579Q), which cannot be glycosylated at this position. Analysis of epitope accessibility suggests that the lack of glycosylation at N579 weakens auto-inhibitory tether interactions, and cross-linking experiments suggest a somewhat elevated level of preformed N579Q-EGFR dimers in the absence of ligand relative to wild-type EGFR (WT-EGFR). However, ligand drives the majority of N579Q-EGFR dimerization, suggesting that untethering, while necessary, is not sufficient to drive dimerization. Ligand-binding exper...
Aerothermal Challenges in Syngas, Hydrogen-Fired, and Oxyfuel Turbines—Part I: Gas-Side Heat Transfer

To meet the performance goals of advanced fossil power generation systems, future coal-gas fired turbines will likely be operated at temperatures higher than those in the current commercial natural gas-fired systems. The working fluid in these future turbines could contain substantial moisture (steam), mixed with carbon dioxide, instead of air or nitrogen in conventional gas turbines. As a result, the aerothermal characteristics among the advanced turbine systems are expected to be significantly different, not only from the natural gas turbines but also will be dependent strongly on the compositions of turbine working fluids. Described in this paper is a quantitative comparison of thermal load on the external surface of turbine airfoils that are projected to be utilized in different power cycles the U.S. Department of Energy plans for the next 2 decades. The study is pursued with a computational simulation, based on the three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics analysis. While the heat transfer coefficient has shown to vary strongly along the surface of the airfoil, the projected trends were relatively comparable for airfoils in syngas and hydrogen-fired cycles. However, the heat transfer coefficient for the oxyfuel cycle is found to be substantially higher by about 50-60% than its counterparts in syngas and hydrogen turbines. This is largely caused by the high steam concentration in the turbine flow. Results gained from this study overall suggest that advances in cooling technology and thermal barrier coatings are critical for developments of future coal-based turbine technologies with near zero emissions.
Petrographic and Chemical Properties of Carboniferous Resinite from the Herrin No. 6 Coal Seam

Abstract Resinite is a naturally occurring substance found in coal and derived from original plant resins. It is ubiquitous in North American coals and comprises 1 to 4% by volume of most Illinois coals. It has been commercially exploited in the western USA for use in adhesives, varnishes and thermal-setting inks. The major objectives of this study were: (1) to separate resinite macerals from the Herrin No. 6 coal seam and to carefully verify, by petrographic and fluorescence microspectrophotometric methods, that the separated material was indeed resinite; (2) to characterize the chemical composition of the separated resinite by Py–GC–MS techniques; and (3) to confirm the earlier results that show that this Carboniferous resinite was a much different chemical substance than the Cretaceous and younger resinites. An additional objective was to compare the separated resinite to the resinite being commercially exploited in the western USA. High purity fractions of resinite concentrates were separated from the Herrin No. 6 coal by a combination of density gradient separation and sink–float techniques. The chemical structure of the resinite concentrate indicated by the Py–GC–MS analysis is that of a straight chain aliphatic polymer much like common polyethylene. This result confirms the earlier work of Nip et al. [Nip, M. de Leeuw, J.W., Crelling, J.C., 1992. Chemical structure of bituminous coal and its constituent maceral fractions as revealed by flash pyrolysis, Energy Fuels 6, 125–136.]. The assumption that the resinites in the Illinois basin were similar in nature to the commercial resinites of the younger coals of the western USA appears invalid in the case of the resinite in the Herrin No. 6 coal. Although the botanical function of the Carboniferous resinite is at present unclear, it is clear that the cutinite and resinite precursors had not yet evolved to the point where they had differentiated into significantly different chemical compounds.
Cyclical variation in the profit-concentration relationship

At least 15 profit-structure studies using Federal Trade Commission Line-of-Business data have found either a significantly negative or no relationship between profits and market concentration when firm market share is included in the analysis. The findings reported here suggest that the FTC Line-of-Business data are for years in which cyclical factors seriously distorted the profit-concentration relationship. This hypothesis is supported by both annual cross-section regressions and pooled regressions for the period 1947–1990.
Computational aspects of optical lithography extension by directed self-assembly

EUV insertion timing for High Volume Manufacturing is still an uncertainty due to source power and EUV mask infrastructure limitations. Directed Self Assembly (DSA) processes offer the promise of providing alternative ways to extend optical lithography cost-effectively for use in the 10nm node and beyond. The goal of this paper is to look into the technical prospect of DSA technology, particularly in the computational and DFM area. We have developed a prototype computational patterning toolset in-house to enable an early Design –Technology Co-Optimization to study the feasibility of using DSA in patterning semiconductor devices and circuits. From this toolset we can identify the set of DSA specific design restrictions specific to a DSA process and plan to develop a novel full chip capable computational patterning solution with DSA. We discuss the DSA Computational Lithography (CL) infrastructure using the via and fin layers as examples. Early wafer data is collected from the DSA testmask that was built using these new toolsets. Finally we discuss the DSA ecosystem requirements for enabling DSA lithography and propose how EDA vendors can play a role in making DSA Lithography (DSAL) a full-chip viable technology for multiple process layers.
Effects of Xylose on Monkey Lenses in Organ Culture: A Model for Study of Sugar Cataracts in a Primate

Abstract Lenses exposed to high concentrations of xylose in organ culture produce xylitol, and they lose transparency and exhibit other changes characteristic of cataracts. Most previous studies of this model system for cataractogenesis have employed rat or rabbit lenses, where the activity of the enzyme aldose reductase has been definitely implicated as the initiating factor. Since lenses from this species have much higher aldose reductase activity and have other differences relative to human lenses, the relevance of these findings to the human lens is uncertain. To determine the effects of xylose on the lenses of a primate, lenses from the rhesus monkey(Macaca mulatta)were incubated 24–48 hr in control medium or in TC-199 medium containing 30 m m xylose. Xylose caused a general haziness, focal swelling of epithelial cells, and swollen peripheral fiber cells, but the changes were much less pronounced than in rat lenses under similar conditions. Monkey lenses exposed to 30 m m glucose, galactose or xylose accumulated measurable sorbitol, dulcitol or xylitol, respectively, but the amounts were much lower than in rat lenses, perhaps reflecting the lower aldose reductase and higher sorbitol dehydrogenase activities in monkey lenses. The damage to monkey lenses appeared to be limited to the outer layers. In monkey lenses, xylose caused little, if any, change in membrane transport of choline or α-aminoisobutyrate, but severely depressed synthesis of phosphorylcholine (P-choline), and increased leakage of P-choline into the culture medium, leading to a decrease in the P-choline concentration within 24–48 hr. In summary, xylose-induced damage to monkey lenses in organ culture is qualitatively similar to that seen in rat lenses, but the changes are much less rapid and severe. Culture of monkey lenses with xylose provides a model system to extend previous studies of sugar cataractogenesis in rats to a species more closely related to humans.
The Ca2+-mobilizing Actions of a Jurkat Cell Extract on Mammalian Cells and Xenopus laevis Oocytes

Randriamampita and Tsien (Randriamampita, C., and Tsien, R. Y. (1993) Nature 364, 809-814) suggested that an acid-extracted fraction from a Jurkat cell line contains a messenger responsible for the coupling of calcium entry to the depletion of intracellular stores, i.e. capacitative calcium entry. We found that the extract, prepared as described by Randriamampita and Tsien, caused Ca2+ entry in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells which was not blocked by the D-myo-1,4,5-trisphosphate-receptor antagonist, heparin. In contrast to astrocytoma cells, when applied to mouse lacrimal acinar cells and rat hepatocytes the Jurkat extract always caused the release of intracellular Ca2+, followed by Ca2+ entry across the plasma membrane. This activity of the extract on lacrimal cells was blocked by either intracellular injection of heparin or extracellular atropine. Similarly prepared lacrimal cell extracts gave Ca2+ responses when applied to astrocytoma cells or lacrimal cells which were similar to those for Jurkat-derived extract. However, extracts from hepatocytes had no effect. In most Xenopus oocytes, the Jurkat extract had no effect, while in a few oocytes, the extract gave a [Ca2+]i response similar to that seen in lacrimal cells, that is, release of Ca2+ followed by Ca2+ entry. We conclude that the actions of the Jurkat cell extract are not consistent with its containing the long sought messenger for capacitative calcium entry. It is likely that this fraction contains a number of factors that mediate Ca2+ response in different cell types, possibly through receptor-mediated mechanisms.
Showa: An Inside History of Hirohito's Japan

Showa, Japanese for 'radiant peace', was the name given to Emperor Hirohito's reign at his accession in 1926. This was the beginning of a significant period of growth of militarism, the Pacific war and the phenomenal post-war economic expansion of Japan. The first book to present modern Japanese history through the eyes of individuals, Showa presents the experiences of three individuals born at the beginning of this age, giving a unique inside view of Japan's recent history. Their experiences include training as a suicide pilot, being a draft evader during the Pacific War, a leader in the Communist Party, and a colonist in Korea, turned overnight in August 1945 from a member of the ruling elite into a refugee. First published in 1984, this title is part of the Bloomsbury Academic Collections series.
Hyperostosis cranii ex vacuo: A rare complication of shunting for hydrocephalus

Hyperostosis cranii ex vacuo is a condition that may develop after successful ventricular shunting for hydrocephalus. It is characterized by diffuse thickening of the skull (particularly the inner table) involving the calvarium and the base. It is a diagnosis that distinguishes marked calvarial thickening from thickening of the skull because of other causes. It is an entity that needs to be considered in patients who have diffuse thickening of the skull, have premature closure of sutures, and who have been treated for hydrocephalus in the past.
The Use of Box Lysimeters with Freshly Contaminated Soils To Study the Phytoremediation of Recalcitrant Organic Contaminants

The potential for phytoremediation of soil contaminated by trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,2',5,5'-tetrabromobiphenyl (PBB was used as a surrogate for PCBs) was examined in a 2-year study using box lysimeters under field conditions. The treatments were a warm season grass, Johnson grass, and a cool season grass, Canadian wildrye, and a rotation of Johnson grass and wildrye plus a fallow condition. The experiment was conducted using 12 large (1.50 m x 1.50 m x 0.75 m), in-ground, box lysimeters filled with a Weswood silt-loam soil freshly spiked with the TNT and PBB compounds to a concentration of 10 mg kg(-1) for each chemical. The lysimeters were sheltered to permit controlled applications of water. A total of five sampling rounds were conducted where soil, herbage, and leachate samples were collected for laboratory analysis. TNT and PBB concentrations were determined using the U.S. EPA approved immunoassay test procedures. In the soil, TNT concentrations dropped below the detection limit of 0.25 mg kg(-1) by day 92 and PBB concentrations dropped below the detection limit of 0.50 mg kg(-1) by day 184. There were no significant differences in chemical concentrations among any of the vegetated or fallow treatments at a significance level of alpha < 0.05. However, PBB soil concentrations rebounded above the 0.50 mg kg(-1) level by day 720 for all treatments. No detectable concentrations of TNT or PBB were found in any of the herbage samples or in the leachate.
Aldosterone-secreting adrenocortical carcinomas are associated with unique operative risks and outcomes

Abstract Background. Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) that produces aldosterone is an extremely rare, uncharacterized endocrine malignancy. Our aim was to characterize this neoplasm in terms of its clinical behavior and patient outcomes. Methods. A retrospective review was made of all patients who had operative management of aldosterone-secreting ACC from 1957 to 2000 at the Mayo Clinic. Comparisons were made to patients with non-aldosterone-secreting ACC treated during the same period. Results. Of 141 patients with ACC, we identified 15 patients with aldosterone-secreting ACC. Isolated aldosterone hypersecretion was present in 10 patients, and mixed hormonal secretion was detected in 5. Mean tumor size and weight were 10.8 cm and 453 g, respectively. Surgical management included curative resection in 10 patients (67%). Perioperative mortality was 20%. Disease recurred in 7 patients (70%) with a median interval of 17 months. Five-year survival was 52%. Patients with aldosterone-secreting ACC had an increased risk of perioperative mortality (20% vs 5%), yet they had an overall survival of 63 months compared to 19 months for patients with non-aldosterone-secreting ACC. Conclusions. Aldosterone hypersecretion occurs in 11% of all ACCs and is associated with unique operative risk and outcome. Although patients harboring aldosterone-secreting ACC appear to have an increased risk of perioperative death, survivors may have an improved overall survival rate compared with patients with non-aldosterone-secreting ACC. (Surgery 2002;132:1008-12.)
Peripheral purinergic receptor modulation influences the trigeminal ganglia nitroxidergic system in an experimental murine model of inflammatory orofacial pain

ATP plays an important role as an endogenous pain mediator generating and/or modulating pain signaling from the periphery to the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of peripheral purinergic receptors in modulation of the nitroxidergic system at a trigeminal ganglia level by monitoring changes in nitric oxide synthase isoforms. We also evaluated Fos-positive neurons in brainstem (spinal trigeminal nucleus) and pain-related behavior. We found that local administration of the P2 purinergic receptor antagonist pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid (PPADS) decreased face-rubbing activity, nitric oxide synthase isoform expression in trigeminal ganglia, and Fos expression in spinal trigeminal nucleus after subcutaneous injection of formalin. These results suggest a role for peripheral P2 purinergic receptors in orofacial pain transmission through modulation of the nitroxidergic system. .
The Effect of Some Biotic and Abiotic Factors on the Fertility of Planktonic Rotifer Species

The influence of some biotic and abiotic factors on the fertility of some planktonic rotifers was studied. Trophic factors, such as community structure and the amount of nannoplankton food available was of considerable influence to rotifer fertility, especially among sedimentators, while abiotic factors had a much smaller influence.
Intermedin 17–47 does not function as a full intermedin antagonist within the central nervous system or pituitary

A fragment of intermedin (IMD), IMD17-47, has been shown to antagonize the hypotensive effects of intravenous IMD administration; however, the effects of IMD17-47 have not been studied in other systems such as brain and pituitary gland. IMD17-47 was administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) into male rats alone or prior to administration of IMD; and blood pressure and food and water intakes measured. Multiple doses of IMD17-47 failed to alter basal blood pressure and heart rate, but did partially reverse the stimulatory effects of IMD given i.c.v. on blood pressure and heart rate. A low dose of IMD17-47 by itself significantly increased basal food and water intake. However, a higher dose of the antagonist did not alter food or water intake compared to control treated rats. No dose of IMD17-47 was able to reverse the inhibitory effects of IMD administered i.c.v. on food and water intake. Furthermore, IMD17-47 failed to significantly alter the inhibitory effects of IMD on growth hormone releasing hormone-stimulated growth hormone release from dispersed anterior pituitary cells in culture. A siRNA molecule designed to compromise IMD production was able to reduce brain IMD levels and did, upon i.c.v. administration, cause increased water drinking in male rats. This tool may provide a better method than the use of the IMD17-47 compound to study the role of endogenous IMD within the CNS and pituitary.
Synthesis of iso-epoxy-amphidinolide N and des-epoxy-caribenolide I structures. Revised strategy and final stages.

A general and highly convergent synthetic route to the macrocyclic core structures of the antitumour agents amphidinolide N (1) and caribenolide I (2) has been developed, and the total synthesis of iso-epoxy-amphidinolide N and des-epoxy-caribenolide I structures is described. Central to the revised strategy was the use of a Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons olefination between β-ketophosphonate 51 and aldehyde 14 to construct the C1–C13 sector common to both 1 and 2. Stereoselective alkylation of hydrazone 11 with iodide 65 and then with bromide 56 allowed for the rapid assembly of the complete caribenolide I carbon skeleton. Key steps in the completion of the synthesis of des-epoxy-caribenolide I structure 78 included hydrolysis of a sensitive methyl ester using Me3SnOH, followed by regioselective macrolactonisation of the resulting diol seco-acid and global deprotection. Coupling of hydrazone 11, bromide 56 and iodide 64 was followed by an analogous sequence of late-stage manoeuvres to arrive at the fully deprotected des-epoxy-amphidinolide N framework, obtained as a mixture of hemiacetal 83 and bicyclic acetal 84. Regio- and diastereo-selective epoxidation of the C6 methylene group in bicyclic acetal 84 provided access to iso-epoxy-amphidinolide N stereoisomer 89.
Unilateral complete congenital serratus anterior muscle aplasia: a case report.

A 28-year-old white man was referred to the authors’ outpatient clinic by his primary care physician for evaluation of presumed scoliosis. The patient reported decreased range of motion of the left shoulder with overhead activities and not being able to raise his left upper extremity as high as the right one throughout his life. He noted some upper back pain when exercising, specifically when performing abdominal crunches but not while performing activities of daily living. His medical history was significant only for chickenpox. He had never been hospitalized and his birth history was uncomplicated. His family history revealed colon cancer in a grandfather, and coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure in a grandmother. There were no known congenital disorders in the family. The patient’s occupation was a physician, he was a nonsmoker, and review of systems was unremarkable. The physical examination revealed the thorax to be slightly asymmetric with mild flattening of the left trunk contour and asymmetric position of the scapulae. The left scapula was noticeably smaller, elevated, and more medially positioned than the right. Anterior chestmusclesweresymmetricalwithoutatrophy.Theleftshoulderdemonstratedabnormal scapularrotationwithlimitedactiveflexionandabductionto120°.Medialscapularwinging and medial displacement of the inferior angle of the scapula occurred with left shoulder flexion.Therightupperextremitydemonstratedfull,normalrangeofmotion.Therewasno tenderness along the spine, trunk or scapula. Strength testing of the neck, shoulder girdle andupperextremitieswasnormalexceptfortheserratusanterior.Therestoftheneurologic examination was unremarkable.
Mucous Membrane Plasmacytosis of the Larynx: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Conclusions: Mucous membrane plasmacytosis is a rare, benign, plasma cell proliferative disorder with an unknown etiology. It is a diagnosis of exclusion as there are similar conditions such as extramedullary plasmacytoma which can affect the upper aerodigestive tract. The condition is generally of long standing duration and management is typically targeted at symptomatic relief. Mucous membrane plasmacytosis is an idiopathic disorder that can mimic other similar conditions of the upper aerodigestive tract. Diagnosis is made on the basis of exclusion using histology, serology and cultures to narrow the differential diagnosis.3 Table 1 illustrates the many other conditions of the upper aerodigestive tract that may appear similar clinically or histologically.
Measurement And Characterization Of Optical Fiber Designed For Communication Systems With LED Sources

Widespread application of optical fiber technology to short-distance transmission networks is presently hindered by higher costs than existing alternative technologies. Cost reduction can be an important benefit of the design methodology for these systems. This paper proposes a simple, yet accurate design methodology that can reduce system costs based upon technical characteristics of optical fibers designed for local networks. We propose the measurement techniques necessary to implement the method.
Atrial flutter causes pseudo late potentials on signal-averaged electrocardiogram.

Abstract Signal-averaged electrocardiography (SAECG) is a useful tool for determining which patients are at risk for sustained ventricular tachycardia. 1–3 In patients at risk for sustained ventricular tachycardia, SAECG often shows high-frequency and low-amplitude electrical activity at the terminal portion of the QRS complex. 4–6 This electrical activity is thought to be due to slow conduction in scarred or abnormal ventricular myocardial tissue and is usually not apparent on the standard 12-lead surface electrocardiogram. 7–10 During atrial flutter, flutter waves may occur before, during or after ventricular systole. Atrial flutter waves that occur during ventricular diastole frequently appear as “sawtooth” waves on the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram, particularly in the inferior limb or anterior chest leads. However, atrial flutter waves that occur during ventricular systole may be obscured by the QRS complex. To test the hypothesis that atrial flutter waves that coincide with the terminal portion of the QRS complex cause low-amplitude electrical activity and thus result in a pseudo late potential on the electrocardiogram, we performed SAECG in 9 patients during atrial flutter and normal sinus rhythm.
Nitrogen‐15 NMR spectroscopy: Nitrogen‐15 chemical shifts of alkylthioureas

Nitrogen-15 chemical shifts of alkylthioureas in dimethylsulphoxide and pyridine are reported.
Dependency-Bond as Construct

This article is a discussion of reality construction of dependency-bonds by oppressed groups with an oppressor. In this model of dependency-bond processes, it is suggested that oppressed people, when possible, attempt to translate the power-dependency equation from one of coercion and objectification into a less onerous, more agreeable bond; that is, subordinate people strive to establish and to reinforce dependency relationships as a strategy of control whereby the power of superiors is deflected from coercive measures against them into lines of obligation toward them. It is further proposed that the secondary effects of this process include the social construction of subordinate identity as dependent and of subordinate place as dependent place.
Is sociopathy a type or not? Will the “real” sociopathy please stand up?

The validity of the classification of “primary sociopaths” as a qualitatively distinct group in the general population is questioned. Cenetic variation in the experience and expression of emotions may play a role in the development of antisocial behavior. However, research clearly documents that socialization environments powerfully modify the expression of genetic biases in a manner that increases or decreases the risk for “sociopathy.”
Estuarine and habitat-related differences in growth rates of young-of-the-year winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) and tautog (Tautoga onitis) in three northeastern US estuaries.

Abstract Instantaneous growth rates of young-of-the-year winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum) (12.0–60.4 mm standard length, SL) and tautog Tautoga onitis (Linnaeus) (21.4–73.8 mm total length, TL) from three estuarine systems in New Jersey (Great Bay–Little Egg Harbor and Navesink River) and Connecticut (Hammonasset River) were used in an attempt to assess the relative quality of selected nominal habitats. A series of short-term field caging experiments were conducted during 1994 and 1995 in: macroalgae (primarily, Ulva lactuca ), eelgrass ( Zostera marina ), unvegetated areas adjacent to macroalgae and eelgrass and tidal creeks in Spartina dominated marsh. Growth rates varied with habitat, estuary and year. Comparisons across nominal habitats within and among estuaries did not show any one habitat with consistently higher growth, and growth was relatively independent of whether a habitat was vegetated or adjacent to vegetation. The growth rates of winter flounder and tautog from the Hammonasset River were not different among habitats in either year of the study. In the Great Bay–Little Egg Harbor, both winter flounder and tautog had higher growth rates in macroalgae with growth in eelgrass varying significantly between years. Conversely, in the Navesink River both species had higher growth rates in eelgrass. Environmental changes associated with temperature and dissolved oxygen appeared to influence growth rates. Winter flounder growth rate and survival was depressed in tidal marsh creeks in the three estuaries and in vegetated macroalgae habitats in the Navesink River where dissolved oxygen levels were often very low ( −1 ) for extended periods. In summary, the growth rates of the young-of-the-year of these two species varied temporally and were dependent on the interaction of both the specific estuary and habitat in which the experiments took place. Further, habitat quality, as defined by relative growth rate, was difficult to evaluate because it can be variable and nominal habitat designations are often not sufficient to define the boundaries of a species habitat requirements.
Test-retest reliability of colorectal testing questions on the Massachusetts Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).

Abstract Background Information on use of colorectal cancer tests, particularly for the purpose of population surveillance, is often obtained through self-report. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is a major source for population-based estimates and is used by health professionals, public health organizations, and researchers to identify and quantify self-reported utilization of screening procedures. Methods We provide estimates of the reliability of responses among persons age ≥50 to questions on the 1999 BRFSS questionnaire addressing two colorectal cancer testing procedures, fecal occult blood test (FOBT), and sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy (endoscopy), based on responses of 868 persons who responded to a callback survey. Results We found moderate reliability for questions addressing ever having an FOBT exam, (Kappa [ K ] = 0.55, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.49–0.61) and good reliability for questions addressing ever having an endoscopy exam ( K = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.65–0.74). Questions addressing the timing of the most recent exam were only slightly less reliable ( K = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.43–0.55 and K = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.57–0.67, respectively). We observed comparable reliability across levels of most demographic and risk factor characteristics for both ever having and recency of exam. Conclusion Our results suggest that colorectal cancer testing questions on the BRFSS display a reasonable level of test–retest reliability.
Application hosting for pervasive computing

This paper reviews the impact that the emerging pervasive "sea of devices" may have on the task of service provisioning and introduces Whale, an architecture that enables an application not only to vary the format of the content generated for each particular device, but also allows the author to define a device-specific view on the application's data and features, thus providing optimal application interaction for each device. Whale achieves this through the strict separation of content presentation from content generation, using JavaServer PagesTM and JavaBeansTM technologies, and by creating WhaleInvoker as an enhancement of WebSphereTM, which dynamically selects and executes the appropriate combination of JavaServer Pages and JavaBeans to satisfy a data request from an end-user device. The paper also describes the first commercial deployment of the Whale architecture--Swissair's Easy Check-In service.
A railway trust fund

Abstract The operation of rolling freight carriers (barge, train, truck) are examined for flexibility, costs, subsidies, regulation and resource demands. The conclusion reached is that trains compete with both barge and truck but the latter two do not compete with each other. Truck-train competition is reaching equilibrium while barge-train competition continues. Trains are substantially outsubsidized relative to the other two modes. Rail companies have an unattractive financial status. Yet rail energy demands are the smallest for any mode on a freight ton-mile basis. Employment requirements of the three modes vary generally with the freight costs. Trucks are most sensitive to the dollar cost of fuel; water transport is slightly less sensitive than train transport. The conclusion is that rail freight hauling should be protected from unequal government subsidies to other modes. Government withdrawal from the subsidy of freight transport is urged. In lieu of withdrawal, federal ownership and maintenance of the nation's railways with appropriate user fees, is recommended.
Electrical Properties of Junctions between Hg and Si(111) Surfaces Functionalized with Short-Chain Alkyls

Metal−semiconductor junctions between Hg and chemically modified n- and p-Si(111) surfaces have been prepared and analyzed using current−voltage and differential capacitance−voltage methods. To understand the role of the interfacial dipole on interfacial charge transfer, silicon surfaces were modified with either nonstoichoimetric oxide (SiO_x), terminal monohydride, short (CnH_(2n+1)−, n = 1, 2, 3) saturated alkyl chains, or propynyl (CH_3−C≡C−) groups. X-ray photoelectron spectra of the modified Si electrode surfaces taken before and after exposure to Hg contacts showed no evidence of irreversible chemical interactions between the Si and the Hg. Hg/Si contacts made using H-terminated Si(111) surfaces exhibited Schottky junctions having barrier heights (Φ_b) that were consistent with the known surface electron affinity of Si and the work function of Hg. In contrast, Si coated with a thin, chemically grown oxide formed Hg/Si junctions having barrier heights suggestive of Fermi level pinning. Si(111) surfaces modified with methyl groups yielded Hg junctions having barrier heights in accord with expectations based on the electron affinity (3.67 eV) and surface dipole (0.38 eV) measured on such surfaces by photoemission spectroscopy, attesting to the degree of chemical control that can be exerted over the barrier heights of such systems by surface functionalization methods. Incomplete coverages of functional groups produced by alkylation with ethyl or iso-propyl groups did not greatly impact the observed values of Φ_b relative to Φ_b values observed for CH_3-terminated Si(111) surfaces. However, the observed variation in Φ_b between nominally identical samples increased as the number of carbons in the functionalizing alkyl group increased. Junctions between Hg and Si(111) surfaces modified with propynyl groups showed nearly identical behavior to that of CH_3−Si(111)/Hg contacts, both in average Φ_b values and standard deviation between samples. The behavior of Si/Hg interfaces modified with short organic functional groups is consistent with the efficacy and utility of passivated surfaces in modifying the properties of surface-based Si devices.
Delayed failure - The Griffith problem for linearly viscoelastic materials

The unstable growth of a crack in a large viscoelastic plate is considered, within the framework of continuum mechanics. Starting from the local stress and deformation fields at the tip of the crack, a non-linear, first order differential equation is found to describe the time history of the crack size if the stress applied far from the crack is constant. The differential equation contains the creep compliance and the intrinsic surface energy of the material. The surface energy concept for viscoelastic materials is clarified. Inertial effects are not considered, but the influence of temperature is included for thermorheologically simple materials. Initial crack velocities are given as a function of applied load in closed form, as well as a comparison of calculated crack growth history with experiments. Above a certain high stress, crack propagation ensues at high speeds controlled by material inertia while at a lower limit infinite time is required to produce crack growth. Thus an upper and lower limit criterion of the Griffith type exists. For rate insensitive (elastic) materials the two limits coalesce and only the brittle fracture criterion of Griffith exists. The implications of these results for creep fracture in metals and inorganic glasses are examined.
Analysis of Pesticide Exposure and DNA Damage in Immigrant Farmworkers

In the last decade, the Comet assay has been used increasingly in studies of workers potentially exposed to genotoxic substances in the workplace or environment. Significant increases in DNA damage measured with the Comet assay has been reported in lymphocytes of agricultural workers; however, less intrusive means of biomonitoring are needed in epidemiological investigations. This study was designed to use the Comet assay to describe the association of markers of DNA damage in oral leukocytes with biomarkers of pesticide exposure in 134 farmworkers working in berry crops in Oregon compared to control populations. The authors also examined the extent of DNA damage in young workers compared to adults and the effect of work histories, lifestyle factors, and diet on markers of DNA damage. Urinary levels of organophosphate pesticides were low at the time of sampling; however, mean levels of the Captan metabolite tetrahydrophthalimide (THPI) were found to be shifted significantly higher in the farmworkers (0.14 microg/ml) compared to controls (0.078 microg/ml) (one-sided p value=.01). Likewise, the combined molar equivalent of all dialkylphosphate metabolites was marginally higher in farmworkers (p value=.05). The mean tail intensity was significantly greater for agricultural workers compared to controls (one-sided p value<.001), indicating more DNA damage in the oral leukocytes. On average, the mean tail intensity was 10.9 units greater for agricultural workers (95% CI: 6-16 units greater). Tail moment was also significantly greater for agricultural workers compared to nonagricultural workers (one-sided p value<.001). No Comet parameter was significantly associated with years spent working in agriculture, age, sex, body mass index, diet, and alcohol or tobacco use. The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility for using the Comet assay in biomonitoring studies of farmworkers. Additional studies are needed to examine the effects of different pesticide types on DNA damage and to capture the temporal relationship between exposure to agricultural chemicals and changes in Comet parameters.
Effects of isotopic disorder on the phonon spectrum of diamond.

We examine the phonon spectrum of isotopically disordered diamond using the coherent-potential approximation (CPA). Predictions for the zone-center optic mode are compared to measurements of the first-order Raman spectrum of high-quality, single-crystal, synthetic diamonds with isotopic compositions ranging from nearly pure $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ to nearly pure $^{13}\mathrm{C}$. The CPA accounts very well for the observed nonlinear composition dependence (``bowing'') of the Raman mode and for its asymmetric variation in width. The maximum disorder-induced broadening predicted by the CPA for naturally abundant diamond (1.1% $^{13}\mathrm{C}$) is less than 1 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, nearly 2 orders of magnitude smaller than that assumed in a previous study of the possible effects of isotopic disorder on the thermal conductivity of diamond.
Clinical Insights From the Treating to New Targets Trial

The Treating to New Targets (TNT) trial enrolled 10,001 patients with coronary disease to treatment with atorvastatin, 80 or 10 mg/d, and observed them for a median of 4.9 years. Mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were 77 mg/dL in the 80-mg group and 101 mg/dL in the 10-mg group. The primary end point, a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infraction, resuscitated cardiac arrest, and stroke, occurred in 10.9% of patients in the 10-mg and 8.7% of patients in the 80-mg group (P = .0002). In large subgroups of patients in TNT, specifically those with diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney disease, or previous coronary bypass (CABG) surgery, the risk of an event was significantly higher than in patients without these features. The absolute risk reduction in the 80-mg group was greater in each of these subgroups than in other TNT patients. The rates of stroke and hospitalization for heart failure were significantly lower in the more aggressively treated patients. A total of 18,696 patients have taken 80 mg of atorvastatin in clinical trials, usually for 4 to 5 years, with an excellent safety record. Pharmacoeconomic studies indicate that treatment with the 80-mg dose instead of the 10-mg dose almost costs neutral in US TNT-like patients (additional cost $181 for 5 years). In summary, wider use of the 80-mg dose of atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease is safe, cost-effective, and provides an incremental reduction in coronary events.
Urban Pulse—(RE)Making Space for Globalization in Istanbul

This paper provides critical reflections on the urban transformation campaign launched by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (IMM) as part and parcel of its ambitions to upgrade Istanbul to "world city" status. I focus on two main aspects of "urban transformation" in Istanbul: prestige mega-projects and (re)development of informal housing areas, with particular emphasis on the latter. I examine how poor residents' livelihoods are put at stake in spite of the IMM's claim that "urban transformation" is ultimately beneficial for all citizens. I conclude with the unique policy challenges that the local governments face in developing participatory models for urban renewal and regeneration in Istanbul.
Detection of dideoxyosone intermediates of glycation using a monoclonal antibody: characterization of major epitope structures

Glycation or the Maillard reaction in proteins forms advanced glycation end products (AGEs) that contribute to age- and diabetes-associated changes in tissues. Dideoxyosones, which are formed by the long-range carbonyl shift of the Amadori product, are newly discovered intermediates in the process of AGE formation in proteins. They react with o-phenylenediamine (OPD) to produce quinoxalines. We developed a monoclonal antibody against 2-methylquinoxaline-6-carboxylate coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. The antibody reacted strongly with ribose and fructose (+OPD)-modified RNase A and weakly with glucose and ascorbate (+OPD)-modified RNase A. Reaction with substituted quinoxalines indicated that this antibody favored the 2-methyl group on the quinoxaline ring. We used high performance liquid chromatography to isolate and purify three antibody-reactive products from a reaction mixture of N alpha-hippuryl-L-lysine+ribose+OPD. The two most reactive products were identified as diastereoisomers of N1-benzoylglycyl-N6-(2-hydroxy-3-quinoxalin-2-ylpropyl)lysine and the other less reactive product as N1-benzoylglycyl-N6-[2-hydroxy-2-(3-methylquinoxalin-2-yl)ethyl]lysine. Our study confirms that dideoxyosone intermediates form during glycation and offers a new tool for the study of this important pathway in diabetes and aging.
Self-diffusion of bromine in silver bromide

Abstract The self-diffusion constant of bromine in AgBr has been measured in the temperature range 332–415°C, where DBr varies from 2·6 × 10−12 to 4·5 × 10−10 cm2/sec. A plot of DBr versus 1 T shows a definite curvature; — Rd ln D d( 1 T ) increases from 45,000 cal/mole at the lower end to 60,000 cal/mole at the upper end of this range. DBr has also been measured in 1·27 per cent cadmiumdoped AgBr and found to be smaller by 15–30 per cent, the effect of cadmium being smaller at the lower temperature. These results do not fit into a simple theory of chemical equilibrium, and two alternative mechanisms of association between defects are invoked for an explanation. A number of experiments carried out under hydrostatic pressure give an activation volume for diffusion of ∾ 44 cm3/mole, which supports the assumption that bromine diffuses by a vacancy mechanism.
Graded-thickness samples for molecular beam epitaxial growth studies of GaAs/Si heteroepitaxy

In this letter we discuss the technique of graded‐thickness sample deposition for studying the growth mechanisms of GaAs heteroepitaxy on Si. We can observe the continuous evolution from the initial clean surface, through nucleation, growth, and coalescence of the deposited material. We describe results for a sample typical of buffer layer growth in the two‐step molecular beam epitaxial deposition of GaAs directly on Si. We are led to a specific model for the three‐dimensional nucleation and growth mechanisms in which Ga atom diffiusion dominates the stable cluster formation, As capture from the vapor by the islands immobilizes the Ga, and island growth is limited by the binding of diffusing Ga.
Inappropriate ICD Therapy: Does Device Configuration Make a Difference

Introduction: Inappropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy (IT) is a common complication in patients with ICD. IT is commonly triggered by supraventricular tachycardias (SVT). Dual chamber ICDs (D-ICDs) may distinguish SVT from ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation better than single chamber ICDs (S-ICDs) and may be associated with a smaller incidence of IT. Methods: We reviewed the charts of 386 patients who had an ICD implanted for an AHA class I indication. Intracardiac electrograms were used to classify shocks as either appropriate or inappropriate. Results: Of 295 patients with an S-ICD, 66 (22.3%) received IT, compared to 5 (5.4%) of 91 patients with a D-ICD. The likelihood of being event-free at 1, 2, 3, and 4 years was 96.1%, 96.1%, 96.1%, and 89% for patients with D-ICD and 80.7%, 72.7%, 69.6%, and 66.4%, respectively, for patients with S-ICD (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed no significant association with age, sex, history of atrial fibrillation, history of hypertension, or ejection fraction. SVTs were the commonest cause of IT in our patients. Conclusion: Patients with D-ICD are less likely to receive IT as compared to patients with S-ICD.
The External Auditor′s Consideration of the Internal Audit Function

Statement on Auditing Standards (SAS) 65 was issued in April 1991 to clarify various aspects of the working relationship that should exist between external and internal auditors. Describes the historical development of this relationship as viewed through the promulgation of authoritative literature, reports of official committees and commissions, and prior research. Presents a survey which describes various aspects and characteristics of this relationship in the light of the provisions of SAS 65.
The effects of arginine, ornithine and citrulline on the growth of Drosophila.

Abstract Raising Drosophila on a chemically defined medium under aseptic conditions, it was verified that arginine is required for any growth or development to take place and that citrulline can replace arginine in the diet to some extent. Regardless of the concentration of citrulline, growth is retarded and the rate of survival is low. Ornithine will not support any growth and has an inhibitory effect even when arginine is present. The toxicity of ornithine can be overcome to a large extent by higher concentrations of arginine. From the data presented, it appears that the metabolic pathway of the ornithine cycle is not present in Drosophila .