cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross-reactivity and clinical impact of the antibody response to hepatitis C virus second envelope glycoprotein (E2).

The genotype of hepatitis C virus (HCV) can profoundly affect the success of antiviral therapy for HCV infection. A possible contributing factor is a varied immune response elicited by infection with different HCV genotypes. In this study, full-length E2 proteins of HCV genotypes 1a, 1b, 2a, and 2b were used to determine the fraction of the humoral immune response to HCV E2 that is genotype specific. Greater than 90% of all infected individuals had serum antibodies to the four E2 proteins. Overall, individuals infected with genotype 1a or 1b were characterized by variable immune responses to HCV E2 with relatively high amounts of cross-reactivity with other E2 proteins. Individuals infected with genotype 2a or 2b exhibited a strong preferential reactivity to genotype 2a and 2b E2 proteins. Individuals with elevated titers to HCV E2 were more likely to be infected with genotype 2a and had a significantly lower median viral load. These findings indicate that the antibody response to HCV E2 is affected by the genotype of the virus and that induction of a strong humoral immune response to HCV E2 may contribute to a decreased viral load. J. Med. Virol. 65:23–29, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A sub-100µW 2GHz differential colpitts CMOS/FBAR VCO

We present a thin film bulk acoustic wave resonator (FBAR)-based Colpitts VCO with a cross-coupled gain boosting transistor pair. The combination of the cross-coupled pair and capacitive feedback in the Colpitts oscillator increases the effective gm to reduce the start-up current requirement, increases the output swing at a low supply voltage, and reduces the phase noise. The differential Colpitts VCO was fabricated in a 0.13µm CMOS process and oscillates at 2GHz under a wide range of supply voltage (0.51V–1.5V). The minimum power consumption is 67µW with −141 dBc/Hz phase noise at a 1 MHz offset and a −220dB Figure-of-Merit. At nominal 0.6V supply voltage, the VCO consumes 126 µW, achieves −149 dBc/Hz phase noise at 1MHz offset and shows a FOM of −224dB.
Using environmental beliefs and perceptions to predict trade-offs and choices among water quality plan alternatives☆

Abstract A sample of the broad public and leaders on the Niagara Frontier (of New York State) were interviewed in the summer of 1976 as input to a “208” water quality plan being developed for the region. In a follow-up survey 18 months later, they were interviewed further on their beliefs and on their choice among plan alternatives. Prediction from first wave evidence to second wave choices was considerably better than chance; but aggregate predictions (where random error becomes self-cancelling) were better than individual level predictions. Problems of utilization of survey evidence by environmental planners also are discussed.
Cloning, expression and tissue distribution of the gene encoding rat fibroblast growth factor receptor subtype 4.

The rat homologue of the gene encoding the fibroblast growth factor receptor subtype 4 (FGFR4) was cloned from rat lung mRNA, and the cDNA sequence was found to be 95% similar and 92 % identical to the human homologue. Northern blot analysis of adult rat tissues demonstrated that a 3.1-kb mRNA encoding FGFR4 is detectable only in the lung and kidney. The receptor variant described here encodes two potential immunoglobulin-like domains, 21 hydrophobic amino acids encoding a potential transmembrane domain, and a split tyrosine kinase motif. However, the acidic box and hydrophobic signal peptide domains are not present in this cDNA isolate.
New and emerging therapies for lichenoid dermatoses.

Cutaneous diseases with a lichenoid or interface inflammatory infiltrate comprise an important aspect of dermatology. These conditions include lichen planus, lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, graft-versus-host disease, lichen nitidus, lichen sclerosus, erythema multiforme, and others. 46 The cutaneous findings, pathogenic mechanisms, and therapeutic interventions for such conditions are diverse. The development of new medications and different uses of older ones give patients with these dermatoses numerous therapeutic options.
Activating Mutations of the Ca2+-Sensing Receptor

Abstract The Ca 2+ -sensing receptor (CaR) is a member of the seven-transmembrane domain, G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily. It is expressed in parathyroid, kidney, and other tissues. In parathyroid, activation of the CaR by extracellular Ca 2+ negatively regulates the secretion of parathyroid hormone. In the the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop, receptor activation decreases renal reabsorption of Ca 2+ . Heterozygous inactivating mutations of the CaR cause familial benign hypocalciuric hypercalcemia while homozygous inactivating mutations cause neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism. Conversely, activating mutations of the CaR cause autosomal dominant and sporadic hypoparathyroidism. Affected individuals have hypocalcemia which ranges from mild and asymptomatic to life-threatening. They also show a greater tendency to hypercalciuria than do other patients with hypoparathyroidism. Most, but not all, of the reported activating mutations occur in the amino-terminal, extracellular domain of the receptor. When expressed in cultured cells, mutant receptors can show both increased receptor sensitivity to Ca 2+ and increased maximal signal transduction capacity.
The i.r. rotation—vibration spectrum of CH3F in the region of 3000 cm−1

Abstract The i.r. spectrum of CH3F has been remeasured with a resolution of about 0.04 cm−1 from 2800 cm−1 to 3160 cm−1. There are four important vibrational transitions that contribute to the spectrum in this region and these have been identified as the two CH-stretching fundamentals, ν1 and ν4, the overtone of the E-type CH-deformation mode, 2ν5, and the combination of the AI and E-type CH-deformation modes, ν2 + ν5. The spectrum shows evidence of a number of strong perturbations and we believe that we have identified a Fermi resonance between the states |υ1 = > and |υ5 = 2, l5 = 0>, another Fermi resonance between the states |υ4 = 1, l4 = ± 1>; and |υ2 = 1, υ5 = 1, l5 = ±1>; and Coriolis interactions between |υ5 = 2, l5, = 0> and |υ2 = 1, υ5 = 1, l5 = ±1> and between |υ1 = 1> and |υ4 = 1, l4 = ±1>. About 600 rotation-vibration transitions have been assigned and many of these have been analyzed to obtain effective rotational constants. The interpretation of the effective rotational constants is complicated by the strong perturbations but we believe that we have been able to estimate some of the unperturbed molecular parameters.
Collaboration can improve individual recognition memory: evidence from immediate and delayed tests.

In two experiments, we tested the effects of collaboration on individual recognition memory. In Experiment 1, participants studied pictures and words either for meaning or for surface properties and made recognition memory judgments individually either following group discussion among 3 members (collaborative condition) or in the absence of discussion (noncollaborative condition). Levels of processing and picture superiority effects were replicated, and collaboration significantly increased individual recognition memory. Experiment 2 replicated this positive effect and showed that even though memory sensitivity declined at longer delays (48 h and 1 week), collaboration continued to exert a positive influence. These findings show that (1) consensus is not necessary for producing benefits of collaboration on individual recognition, (2) collaborative facilitation on individual memory is robust, and (3) collaboration enhances individual memory further if conditions predispose individual accuracy in the absence of collaboration. Psychonomic Society, Inc. nt]pra|Parts of the research reported in this article were presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Baltimore.
Using task analysis in documentation field research

Task analysis, the “systematic analysis of human task requirements and/or task behavior” (Stammers et al., 1990), is a primary research method used in the human factors and ergonomics fields to identify and understand the components of a particular job, set of tasks, or task in a particular context. Researchers and practitioners in other fields, such as technical writing and usability testing, have recognized the importance of task analysis in designing concise, usable docurnentatiou as well as in heIping to create intuitive products. In fac~ a technical writer ~ do some form of task analysis in order to truly create a task-oriented manual. However, the task analysis performed is often implicit in the writing process instead of a formal procedure.
The Seasonal Life Cycle of the Argentine Ant, Iridomyrmex humilis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in Southern California

Iridomyrmex humilis (Mayr) is seminomadic and often shows striking seasonal movements of entire field populations with unfavorable changes in environmental conditions. The seasonal low in the life cycle occurs from January to February when workers constitute above 90% of the biomass of the colony with the remaining 10% composed of either queens or overwintering worker brood, which completes its development by mid-March. The new seasonal life cycle begins in late February to early March with the production of a large number of eggs. This 1st group of eggs gives rise primarily to sexual forms, which subsequently mature during May. Mating occurs within the nest shortly after the females have emerged from pupae. After mating, the females shed their wings, join in the polygynous colony, and immediately begin to lay fertile eggs. The number of queens in the nest remains fairly constant until January or February of the following year when about 75% of the queens are eliminated by workers in a form of colony regulation. Worker production starts about mid-March with the laying of eggs that will give rise to the 1st worker brood of the season. Worker numbers increase throughout the year with worker brood forming 50% or more of the colony biomass through the summer months of July, August, and September. Production of worker brood drops very sharply in October when the worker population itself is at a seasonal high. With no replacements from brood, the worker population decreases steadily over the winter months, reaching its lowest level the following March or April.
A Broad Range of Phonon Mean Free Paths Is Important for Heat Conduction

The thermal conductivity is modeled with a spectral form of kinetic theory k = 13CωνLdω (1) where ω is the angular frequency, Cω is the specific heat per unit frequency, ν = ∂ω/∂q is the group velocity, and L is the effective mean free path (MFP) which combines bulk and boundary scattering using Matthiessen’s rule: Cω = ħω DOS ∂f/∂T (2)L−1 = Lbulk−1 + Lboundary−1. (3) Here q is the wavevector, DOS is the density of states (acoustic modes only), T is the temperature, and f is the Bose-Einstein distribution function.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Spark counter focal plane detector system

Abstract The design, construction, and operating characteristics of a sonic location spark counter system for use with a magnetic spectrometer are described and suggestions for further development are made.
Telemetry system for monitoring anterior cruciate ligament graft forces in vivo

Quantifying changes in the tension of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft in vivo during rehabilitative exercises is vital for developing the optimal rehabilitation for patients who have had reconstructive surgery. The purpose of this project was to design, built, and test a telemetry system that can measure the in vivo ACL graft tension postoperatively. A commercially available fixation device was modified to sense the graft tension, house electronic components, transmit an output signal, and pass the power generating signal. A transcutaneous inductive link was used to power the implanted telemetry electronics. The current difference technique was used to measure changes in two strain gages that monitored shear strain developed on the femoral fixation device by the ACL graft. This current regulated a frequency modulated output signal and transmitted it, by using the ionic properties of body tissue as the medium, to external EMG surface electrodes. A signal conditioning board detected and converted the output to an analog voltage for collection by a computer data acquisition system. A performance evaluation demonstrated that the telemetry system either met or exceeded al of the criteria necessary for the application.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Opportunities and obstacles in adult women's medicine

Optimal care of the adult woman requires going beyond a review of physical systems to explore psychological, social, and other life issues. In a similar way, the big picture of women's health is also more than clinical: A host of social, legal, and economic factors will pose challenges for many years to come.
Regional trends in wet deposition of sulfate in the United States and SO2 emissions from 1980 through 1995

Abstract Regional trends of seasonal and annual wet deposition and precipitation-weighted concentrations (PWCs) of sulfate in the United States over the period 1980–1995 were developed from monitoring data and scaled to a mean of unity. To reduce some effects of year to year climatological variability, the unitless regional deposition and PWC trends were averaged (hereafter termed CONCDEP). The SO2 emissions data over the same period from the United States, Canada, and northern Mexico, aggregated by state and province, were weighted appropriately for each deposition region in turn to produce scaled trends of the emissions affecting each region. The emission-weighting factors, which were held constant year to year, were estimated by exercise of a regional transport model. The sulfate CONCDEP regional trends are generally similar to those of regionally weighted SO2 emissions, although the latter trends are less steep and the former trends have more year to year variability. In eastern regions, sulfate CONCDEPs and SO2 emissions patterns both generally show an initial decrease, an essentially trendless middle period, and a final decrease as reductions mandated by the Acid Rain Provisions of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments began. Linear regressions of regional sulfate CONCDEPs on corresponding regionally weighted SO2 emissions produced statistically significant relationships in all regions. The analysis indicated that although regional sulfate CONCDEPs decreased relatively faster than did SO2 emissions during the period in all regions except the Great Plains, in general the slopes were not significantly different from unity.
Laser-Induced Incandescence and Smoke Point Measurements to Characterize the Sooting Propensity of Biodiesel Diffusion Flame

Combustion of biodiesel is rapidly expanding around the world, mainly for its significant reduction of emissions such as soot particulates. The presence of carbonaceous soot emitted indicates a reduction in efficiency of practical combustion systems. In addition, sub-micron soot particles can have substantial impact on the environment and human health. Common emission studies of neat and blends of biodiesel and diesel fuels have been investigated using compression ignition engines and capturing soot particles in the post-combustion zone. However, soot particles produced in the primary combustion zone can greatly influence the products in the post-combustion zone. To study soot formation in the primary combustion zone, laser diagnostic is performed on a laminar diffusion wick lamp. In this paper, the sooting propensity of various blends of soybean biodiesel and Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) fuels are investigated using both a traditional ASTM D-1322 standard smoke lamp and modern Laser-Induced Incandescence (LII) technique. Laser excitation is achieved using a pulsed Nd: YAG laser operating at 532nm wavelength. Although ultraviolet and infrared spectra can be used, the choice of an Nd: YAG laser operating at the second harmonic wavelength is preferred because interference from excitation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the C2 Swan band can be reduced. A fast-gate Intensified Charge Coupled Device (ICCD) camera and a 450nm narrow band-pass filter are used to detect the spatially resolved LII signal. The qualitative LII signal provides the soot profile of different volume mixtures of biodiesel and diesel diffusion flame. Many researches report show reduction in soot particles emitted in the exhaust when biodiesel is used as a blend in compression ignited engines. The contribution of this research is to investigate whether similar sooting characteristics can be seen in the primary combustion zone by making measurements in the proximity of the flame front. In general, the LII signals and smoke point measurements show a decrease in soot particles produced when blending ratios of 25% biodiesel – 75% diesel (by volume) are used. One limitation of using the ASTM standard wick lamp is flame instability at higher blending ratios due to the increases in carbon deposit on the wick, which reduces the fuel vaporization rate. Therefore, smoke point measurement for blending ratios above B25 is not accurate since the flame height is not stable; hence, future experiments rely on LII technique to characterize soot emission properties. In order to perform LII laser diagnostics using higher blending ratios, comparison between smoke point measurements and LII signals will be characterized in this report using lower blending ratios.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Semiclassical relativity: The weak-field limit

Semiclassical relativity is a theory in which quantum matter fields interact with a classical gravitational field via the semiclassical Einstein equation G/sub a/b=8..pi.. . We consider, for the case of massless quantum fields, the weak-field limit of this theory. It is shown that the linearized quantum stress energy can be determined in a manner which is essentially independent of the details of any regularization prescription. Using this expression for the quantum stress energy, we solve the linearized semiclassical Einstein equation. The solutions found include (1) perturbations that satisfy the linearized classical Einstein equation G/sub a/b=0, (2) perturbations that grow exponentially in time, and (3) perturbations that (in some sense) travel faster than the speed of light.
Effects of a D1 antagonist and of sexual experience on copulation-induced Fos-like immunoreactivity in the medial preoptic nucleus.

The medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) and the medial amygdala are two brain regions in which male rat sexual behavior increased Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-Li). Dopamine is released in the MPOA during male rat sexual behavior and facilitates copulation. Psychostimulants, which increase dopamine levels, induce Fos-Li in the striatum through D1 receptors. We examined whether copulation-induced Fos-Li in the MPN was also mediated through D1 receptors. In Experiment 1, sexually inexperienced male rats that received the D1 antagonist Schering 39166 prior to their first sexual experience had fewer Fos-Li cells in the MPN than did those that received vehicle. In Experiment 2, no significant effect of the D1 antagonist was observed on copulation-induced Fos-Li in male rats that had received repeated sexual experiences prior to the drug test day. Sexual experience increases copulatory efficiency; the mechanisms by which this improvement occurs are unclear. In Experiment 3, copulation by highly experienced male rats led to greater Fos-Li in the MPN than did copulation by sexually naive males. Although there were no differences between groups in amygdala Fos-Li in these studies, in several groups Fos-Li in the medial amygdala was positively correlated with the post-ejaculatory interval. These experiments indicate that (1) stimulation of D1 receptors may contribute to the transient copulation-induced increase in Fos-Li in the MPN, and (2) repeated sexual experiences enhanced copulation-induced Fos-Li in the MPN, which may represent a marker of altered responsiveness of neurons in the MPN to sexual or conditioned stimuli.
Bis(dimethylamido) complexes of alkyl- and phenylgallium. Useful precursors to the RGa2+ synthon

Alkyl- and phenylbis(dimethylamido)gallium, [RGa(NMe2)2]2 [R = Me (1), Et (2), nBu (3), nHx (4), and Ph (5)], were synthesized by reactions of LiNMe2 with (RGaCl2)2. The crystal structure of compound 1 was a disordered mixture of anti and syn isomers, with the ratio of anti/syn being 64:36, which was consistent with the ratio (57:43) found in the 1H NMR spectrum. The Ga2N2 cores of the anti and syn structures were nonplanar. 1H NMR spectra indicated the presence of both anti and syn isomers for all of the other substituents. 1H NMR and mass spectra indicated that a species with the general formula of R3Ga2(NMe2)3 was formed when these compounds were heated at high temperatures.
An eigenfunction expansion solution for three-dimensional stress field in the vicinity of the circumferential line of intersection of a bimaterial interface and a hole

An asymptotic solution pertaining to the stress field in the neighborhood of the circumferential line of intersection of an interface of a two-layer plate made of dissimilar isotropic materials and a through-hole, subjected to far-field extension/bending (mode I), inplane shear-twisting (mode II) and torsional (mode III) loadings, is presented. A local orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system (ρ, φ, θ), is selected to describe the local deformation behavior of the afore-mentioned plate in the vicinity of the afore-mentioned circumferential line of intersection. One of the components of the Euclidean metric tensor, namely g 33, is approximated (ρ/a⋘1) in the derivation of the kinematic relations and the ensuing governing system of three partial differential equations. Four different combinations of boundary conditions are considered: (i) open hole (free-free), (ii) hole fully filled with an infinitely rigid plug (clamped-clamped), (iii) hole partially (i.e., in the layer 2) filled with an infinitely rigid plug (free-clamped), and (iv) hole partially (i.e., in the layer 1) filled with an infinitely rigid plug (clamped-free). The computed eigenvalues for the clamped-free boundary condition can be obtained from their free-clamped counterparts by replacing G 2 by G 1 and ν2 by ν1, and vice versa. These two boundary conditions are then equivalent in the complementary sense. Numerical results presented include the effect of the ratio of the shear moduli of the layer materials, and also Poisson's ratios on the computed lowest eigenvalues.
Sorption of Phenanthrene from Water onto Alumina Coated with Dianionic Surfactants

An aluminum oxide (alumina) coated with three dianionic surfactants (commercial DOWFAX) was examined for its effectiveness to sorb phenanthrene from water, as a function of the surfactant loading rate and the surfactant alkyl chain length. The results showed that the dianionic surfactants adsorbed on alumina are effective phases for the sorption of nonionic organic compounds (NOCs) such as phenanthrene, increasing the apparent distribution coefficient (K*) of phenanthrene onto the solid phase by up to 3 orders of magnitude. The effectiveness of the surfactants as sorptive phases was shown to increase with their carbon content (i.e., the alkyl chain length). To distinguish between the contributions to the sorption of phenanthrene by surfactant monolayers and bilayers, the partitioning of phenanthrene onto the surfactant coated alumina was quantified over a large range of surfactant loading. Compared on a unit surfactant mass basis, the bilayers of the dianionic surfactants are approximately 3−6 times as ef...
Effects of news exemplification extended: Considerations of controversiality and perceived future opinion

An experimental 3×3 factorial design was used to test the ability of exemplars to prime public opinion on an issue that was controversial, the issue of a prayer in school amendment. The experiment focused on changes in perception of current public opinion and future public opinion as well as changes in personal opinion. Perception of public opinion among Alabamans was affected by a disproportionate distribution of exemplars as was perception of future public opinion nationally. Actual opinion also varied positively with exposure to different exemplar distributions.
PHP2: ATTITUDE OF PHYSICIANS TOWARD FORMULARIES AND SERVICES PROVIDED BY PHARMACIST

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated attitude of physicians toward formularies as well as services provided by the pharmacy department in a large independent practice association (IPA). METHODS: Surveys (n = 280) were sent to all practitioners in the IPA. The survey requested information on physician use of and satisfaction with the existing printed formulary quick list, their satisfaction with the pharmacy services, and their attitude towards formularies in general using a five-point strongly agree-strongly disagree scale. We received 90 completed surveys with a response rate of 32%. RESULTS: Majority of respondents were staff physicians (87%). Around 31% indicated pediatrics as their specialization followed by family medicine (17%) and internal medicine (17%). Practitioners who indicated that they had received the formulary quick list (37%) were highly satisfied (3.44 ± 0.84) with it. Practitioners were very satisfied with the performance (4.27 ± 0.79), interaction (4.35 ± 0.81), and services offered (4.21 ± 0.79) by the pharmacies. Their attitude towards pharmacist playing a more active role in patient care was positive (3.54 ± 0.98). However, their attitude towards formularies in general was negative. They agreed that formularies increased the amount of time spent making drug choices (4.01 ± 1.1), limited access to the best medicines for patients (3.63 ± 0.88), resulted in less-effective medicines (3.01 ± 0.99), compromised the quality of drugs prescribed (3.36 ± 0.92), and reduced the opportunities to offer the best medication for patients (3.43 ± 0.82). CONCLUSION: Physicians had negative attitude towards formularies in general. However, they were satisfied with the services offered by pharmacists, and they were positive towards more patient care involvement by the pharmacists. Physicians were also satisfied with the formulary quick list offered by the pharmacy department. A plan was developed to provide practitioners with an interactive, intranet-based reference of medications that would assist in prescribing decisions.
CARBON-13 SPIN-LATTICE RELAXATION OF ACETYLCHOLINE AND ANALOGUES

Carbon-13 spin-lattice relaxation times and nuclear Overhauser enhancements were measured for acetylcholine and several structural analogues, and interpreted in terms of segmental motion and aggregation.
Estimating Heat Transfer Coefficients in Liquid/Particulate Canned Foods using Only Liquid Temperature Data

A mathematical procedure was developed to estimate heat transfer coefficients for heated rotating cans of food comprised of a liquid and spherical particles. The method uses experimental data for only the fluid temperature, and heat transfer coefficients are obtained by comparing predicted with experimental fluid temperature data in the Laplace transform plane. Results obtained using the procedure were compared with experimentally obtained heat transfer coefficients from the literature for three cases: potato spheres in deionized water, Teflon spheres in deionized water, and aluminum spheres in silicone fluid. Agreement between predicted and experimental results depended upon the agreement of the experimental conditions and the assumptions associated with the model.
Multi-scale observations of the variability of magmatic CO2 emissions, Mammoth Mountain, CA, USA

Abstract One of the primary indicators of volcanic unrest at Mammoth Mountain is diffuse emission of magmatic CO 2 , which can effectively track this unrest if its variability in space and time and relationship to near-surface meteorological and hydrologic phenomena versus those occurring at depth beneath the mountain are understood. In June–October 2013, we conducted accumulation chamber soil CO 2 flux surveys and made half-hourly CO 2 flux measurements with automated eddy covariance and accumulation chamber (auto-chamber) instrumentation at the largest area of diffuse CO 2 degassing on Mammoth Mountain (Horseshoe Lake tree kill; HLTK). Estimated CO 2 emission rates for HLTK based on 20 June, 30 July, and 24–25 October soil CO 2 flux surveys were 165, 172, and 231 t d − 1 , respectively. The average (June–October) CO 2 emission rate estimated for this area was 123 t d − 1 based on an inversion of 4527 eddy covariance CO 2 flux measurements and corresponding modeled source weight functions. Average daily eddy covariance and auto-chamber CO 2 fluxes consistently declined over the four-month observation time. Wavelet analysis of auto-chamber CO 2 flux and environmental parameter time series was used to evaluate the periodicity of, and local correlation between these variables in time–frequency space. Overall, CO 2 emissions at HLTK were highly dynamic, displaying short-term (hourly to weekly) temporal variability related to meteorological and hydrologic changes, as well as long-term (monthly to multi-year) variations related to migration of CO 2 -rich magmatic fluids beneath the volcano. Accumulation chamber soil CO 2 flux surveys were also conducted in the four additional areas of diffuse CO 2 degassing on Mammoth Mountain in July–August 2013. Summing CO 2 emission rates for all five areas yielded a total for the mountain of 311 t d − 1 , which may suggest that emissions returned to 1998–2009 levels, following an increase from 2009 to 2011.
Phase behavior and charge regulation of weak polyelectrolyte grafted layers.

The stability of weak polyelectrolytes end grafted to a planar surface has been studied with a molecular theory. The effective quality of the solvent is found to depend on the interplay between polymer grafting density, acid-base equilibrium, and salt concentration. Our results reveal that increasing salt concentration results in a thermodynamically more stable layer. This reverse salt effect is due to the competition between the solvent quality and the dual role of the ionic strength in screening the electrostatic interactions (reducing stability with increasing salt concentration), and regulating the charge on the polymer (increasing charge with increasing salt concentration). Grafted weak polyelectrolyte layers are found to be thermodynamically unstable at intermediate surface coverages. Additionally, it is established that the increased solubility of the layer at low surface coverage is due to the relatively large charge of the grafted polymers. The range of stability of the film with regard to polymer surface coverage, temperature, bulk $p\mathrm{H}$ and salt concentration is demonstrated.
Cardiac and multiorgan transplantation for end-stage congenital heart disease.

Abstract Objective To report our single-center experience with patients who had cardiac and multiorgan transplantation for end-stage congenital heart disease (CHD). Patients and Methods We reviewed records for all patients with CHD who had undergone heart transplantation at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, from November 1, 1990, through June 30, 2012. Patients with cardiomyopathy were excluded, unless CHD was present. Results Overall, 45 patients had cardiac transplantation for end-stage CHD (mean age, 26.1±18.4 years; range, 1 month to 65 years). Two patients (4%) had combined heart/liver transplantation; 1 (2%) had heart/kidney transplantation. Six patients (13%) had no previous cardiac operation; the remaining 39 patients had a mean of 3 (range, 1-8) previous cardiac operations. Patient survival (95% CI) at 1, 5, and 10 years was 89% (80%-98%), 89% (80%-98%), and 72% (56%-87%), respectively, while graft survival at 1, 5, and 10 years was 89% (80%-98%), 89% (80%-98%), and 61% (44%-78%), respectively. During the same era, the International Society for Heart & Lung Transplantation reported that survival in patients undergoing transplant for non-congenital diagnoses was 85%, 72%, and 56%, respectively. Over a mean follow-up of 8.7±6.2 years, rejection requiring treatment was documented in 35 patients (78%). Eleven patients (24%) have been diagnosed with neoplasia (8 skin, 1 blood, 1 lymph, and 1 other), and 3 patients (7%) have required retransplantation. Four patients (9%) have developed significant coronary vasculopathy; 1 successfully underwent retransplantation, and 3 died 6, 8, and 14 years after transplantation. Conclusion With appropriate patient selection and posttransplant monitoring, survival has improved for patients with complex end-stage CHD. Multiorgan transplantation is an option for selected patients with CHD.
Price and Output Variability in a Peasant‐Artisan Stoneworking Industry in Oaxaca, Mexico: An Analytical Essay in Economic Anthropology1

This paper presents and analyzes data collected among metateros (metate or quern makers) who live in a Zapotec village in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, and who sell their products on a weekly basis in the Oaxaca City marketplace. The analysis shows that metate output correlates closely with both “market” and “nonmarket” factors, that is, with supply, demand, and price conditions, on the one hand, and with seasonal, ecological, and cultural conditions, on the other. Metate output fluctuates periodically in time to the local calendar of agricultural operations and of festive celebrations but also fluctuates regularly in accordance with the general laws of supply and demand as stated formally by economists. The analysis shows that it is neither possible nor desirable to focus upon one set of factors to the exclusion of the other, thus the “economic” and the “anthropological” modes of explanation are complementary, not contradictory, and the metate output data can be fully understood only when both are applied.
Evidence for host plant preference by Iphiseiodes quadripilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on Citrus.

In this study, we present field and laboratory evidence on the preference of Iphiseiodes quadripilis (Banks) for grapefruit (Citrusparadisi Macfadyen) leaves compared with sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) leaves. This preference was confirmed in four orchards whether leaf samples were taken from either border trees of contiguous grapefruit or sweet orange or interior row trees with both citrus species in adjacent rows. Iphiseiodes quadripilis was most abundant in grapefruit trees in spite of the greater abundance of the Texas citrus mite, Eutetranychus banksi (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) in sweet orange trees. Similar preference responses were observed in laboratory tests using a Y-tube olfactometer whether I. quadripilis were collected from sweet orange or grapefruit. Iphiseiodes quadripilis collected from grapefruit trees showed significant preference for grapefruit over sweet orange leaves in contact choice tests using an arena of alternating leaf strips (12 mm long × 2 mm wide) of sweet orange and grapefruit. However, I.␣quadripilis collected from sweet orange trees did not show preference for either grapefruit or sweet orange leaves. Based on these results, grapefruit leaves foster some unknown factor or factors that retain I. quadripilis in greater numbers compared with sweet orange leaves.
A single-pulse toroidal coil beam-charge monitor

Abstract A non-destructive beam-charge monitor which measures the charge in single pulses of accelerated electrons in the range from 10 nC to 1 μC is described. The measurements can be carried out with different pulse widths, from 2ns to 5 μs. The device is used in pulse radiolysis experiments for recording pulse-to-pulse fluctuations of dose rate in the target cell.
Interdisciplinary neurotoxicity inhalation studies: Carbon disulfide and carbonyl sulfide research in F344 rats

Inhalation studies were conducted on the hazardous air pollutants, carbon disulfide, which targets the central nervous system (spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (distal portions of long myelinated axons), and carbonyl sulfide, which targets the central nervous system (brain). The objectives were to investigate the neurotoxicity of these compounds by a comprehensive evaluation of function, structure, and mechanisms of disease. Through interdisciplinary research, the major finding in the carbon disulfide inhalation studies was that carbon disulfide produced intra- and intermolecular protein cross-linking in vivo. The observation of dose-dependent covalent cross-linking in neurofilament proteins prior to the onset of lesions is consistent with this process contributing to the development of the neurofilamentous axonal swellings characteristic of carbon disulfide neurotoxicity. Of significance is that valine-lysine thiourea cross-linking on rat globin and lysine-lysine thiourea cross-linking on erythrocyte spectrin reflect cross-linking events occurring within the axon and could potentially serve as biomarkers of carbon disulfide exposure and effect. In the carbonyl sulfide studies, using magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM), we determined that carbonyl sulfide targets the auditory pathway in the brain. MRM allowed the examination of 200 brain slices and made it possible to identify the most vulnerable sites of neurotoxicity, which would have been missed in our traditional neuropathology evaluations. Electrophysiological studies were focused on the auditory system and demonstrated decreases in auditory brain stem evoked responses. Similarly, mechanistic studies focused on evaluating cytochrome oxidase activity in the posterior colliculus and parietal cortex. A decrease in cytochrome oxidase activity was considered to be a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of carbonyl sulfide neurotoxicity.
The effects of sunk cost and project completion on information technology project escalation

Information technology (IT) projects can fail for a variety of reasons and in some cases can result in considerable financial losses for the organizations that undertake them. One pattern of failure that has been observed but seldom studied is the runaway project that seems to take on a life of its own. Prior research has shown that such projects can exhibit characteristics of the phenomenon known as escalating commitment to a failing course of action. One explanation of escalation is the so-called sunk cost effect which posits that decision-makers are unduly influenced by resources that have already been spent and are therefore more likely to continue pursuing a previously chosen course of action. A competing explanation, labeled the completion effect holds that decision makers escalate their commitment as they draw closer to finishing the project. In order to understand more about the relative effects of sunk cost and project completion information, a role-playing experiment was conducted in which business students were asked to decide whether or not to continue funding an IT project given uncertainty regarding the prospects for success. Three variables were manipulated in the experiment: the level of sunk cost, degree of project completion, and the presence or absence of an alternative course of action. Results showed that subjects willingness to continue a project increased with the level of sunk cost and the degree of project completion, but that subjects were more apt to justify their continuation on the basis of sunk cost. As theory would predict, the presence of an alternative course of action had a moderating effect on the escalation that was observed.
Particle-scale measurement of PAH aqueous equilibrium partitioning in impacted sediments.

This research investigated the particle-scale processes that control aqueous equilibrium partitioning of PAHs in manufactured gas plant (MGP) site sediments. Dominant particle types in impacted sediments (sand, wood, coal/coke, and pitch) were physically separated under a microscope for equilibrium assessments. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) combined with selected ion monitoring GC/MS and perdeuterated PAH internal standards were used to determine freely dissolved PAH concentrations in small (0.1−1 mL) water samples at concentrations as low as μg/L (for lower molecular weight PAHs) to ng/L (for higher molecular weight PAHs). For every particle class the initial release of PAHs into the aqueous phase was rapid, and an apparent equilibrium was reached in a matter of days. The average ratio of aqueous total PAH concentration for pitch vs coal/coke particles for eight sediment samples was 20. Thus, sediments that had aged in the field for many decades were not at equilibrium and were still going through a...
Death regulates platelet birth and life.

In this issue of Blood , Debrincat et al show that Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL coordinately regulate megakaryocyte survival and ultimately affect platelet life-span.[1][1] In recent years it has become apparent that platelet survival depends on the interplay between proteins of the Bcl-2 family, which are
Revisiting Boundary Scattering in Thermal Transport at the Nanometer Scale

Understanding and exploiting thermal transport phenomena at the nanometer scale can lead to improved thermoelectric energy conversion, novel NEMs-based sensors and facilitate the scaling of semiconductor devices to atomistic scales. The increased surface area to volume ratio in micro- and nano-structures leads to the dominance of boundary scattering. Recent experimental work suggests that the impact is even more than previously understood. This paper reviews recent progress in modeling phonon scattering at rough surfaces.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
SU-E-T-39: Volume Regression: An Appropriate Surrogate for Treatment Response in Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer?

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to evaluate whether GTV volume regression is an appropriate surrogate for treatment response during concurrent chemo‐radiation therapy in locally advanced head and neck cancer. The change in GTV volume during and after fractionated treatment was correlated with clinical outcome. Methods: We used a deformable image registration algorithm to register conventional CTimages to weekly CBCTimages. The image registration field was used to project GTV contours from the planning CT to the weekly CBCTimages. We calculated GTV volume at different time points of the fractionated treatment for 29 patients. Patients were clinically classified as CR (complete response), PR (partial response) and NR (no response) by PET exam and clinical evaluation performed 3–4 months after the completion of therapy. The PR and the NR categories were pooled into one called NCR (non‐complete response). The initial GTV volume, final absolute GTV volume, early relative volume and final relative volume as well as a radiobiological parameter obtained by fitting the volume regression curves to a radiobiological model, were studied for correlation with outcome. Results: Of the four volume quantities studied, only the early volume regression showed a mean value with statistically significant difference between CR and NCR patients: 0.83±0.0.03 for CR and 0.95±0.04 for NCR (p=0.02). The radiobiological parameter had a mean of 0.86±0.03 for CR and 0.93±0.03 (p=0.03) for NCR. Conclusions: We studied volume regression in head and neck cancer patients by registering the planning CT and the weekly CBCTimages. We found that while the final volume of the tumor is not a good predictor of clinical outcome, early relative volume (at about 3 weeks) showed a statistically significant difference between the CR and NCR groups. This result suggests that early volume regression could be a predictor for clinical outcome.
Methods and technologies of ultrasound heating

Abstract Ultrasound beams offer several advantages over other heating techniques. Penetration can be controlled by selecting the frequency, the power deposition pattern can be controlled and energy can be focused deep. Many of these technical advantages have not yet been utilized in clinical systems and significant improvements in the temperature distribution induced is expected in the future.
Carbohydrate-induced stimulation of saccharin intake: Yoked controls

Dilute, intragastric infusions of carbohydrate stimulate saccharin intake. To determine whether this effect is due to an associative process, a yoked control was employed. One group of rats was trained in the conventional fashion: they received carbohydrate (maltodextrin) infusions whenever they drank saccharin. Whenever these rats were infused with carbohydrate, yoked rats were infused with the same amount of carbohydrate. In an experiment in which saccharin was available continuously, carbohydrate infusions stimulated saccharin intake in conventionally trained rats but not in yoked rats. In a subsequent experiment, in which rats were offered saccharin for only 2.5 h/day, carbohydrate infusions stimulated intake in conventionally trained and in yoked rats. However, when these rats were switched to continuous saccharin availability, saccharin intake declined in yoked rats but remained elevated in conventionally trained rats. Thus, carbohydrate infusions stimulate saccharin intake via an associative process.
URIDINE DIPHOSPHATE-D-GLUCOSE-GLYCOGEN GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE FROM MAMMARY GLAND.

Abstract Uridine diphosphate- d -glucose-glycogen glucosyltransferase (UDPglucose: α-1,4-glucan α-4-glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.11), the enzyme which catalyzes the synthesis of α-1,4-glucosyl residues of glycogen from UDP- d -glucose, was purified approx. 20-fold from lactating mammary gland extracts by ammonium sulfate fractionation, protamine precipitation and chromatography on TEAE-cellulose. The purified enzyme required d -glucose -6-P for maximal activity and the extent of activation, 2 to 3-fold, was found to be dependent on the concentration of UDP- d -glucose and glycogen. The pH optimum of the reaction, in the presence or absence of d -glucose -6-P , was approx. 6.5. The apparent Michaelis constant for UDP- d -glucose was 5·10 −4 M in the presence of d -glucose -6-P and 2·10 −3 M in the absence of this phosphate ester. The glucosyltransferase activity was found to be located almost exclusively in the soluble subcellular fraction in this tissue.
Accessing adaptation: Multiple stressors on livelihoods in the Bolivian highlands under a changing climate

Smallholder farmers continuously confront multiple social and environmental stressors that necessitate changes in livelihood strategies to prevent damages and take advantage of new opportunities, or adaptation. Vulnerability, meaning susceptibility to harm, is attributable to social determinants that limit access to assets, leading to greater exposure and sensitivity to stressors and a limited capacity to adapt. Stressors and adaptation are intertwined because stressors deplete resources available for adaptation, while adaptation may erode resources available to respond to future stressors. We present empirical evidence demonstrating the interactions of multiple stressors and adaptations over time through a case study of indigenous farmers in highland Bolivia. We examine how farmers perceive the stress on their livelihoods, their strategies for adapting to these threats, and the influence of past adaptation and exposure on vulnerability under increasing climatic change. We find that vulnerability changes over time as multiple stressors, such as land scarcity and delayed seasonal rainfall, compound, simultaneously reducing access and demanding the expenditure of household assets for adaptation, including natural capital (water and land), human capital (including labor), and financial, physical, and social capital. To reduce vulnerability over time, constraints on access to key resources must be addressed, allowing households the flexibility to reduce their exposure and improve their adaptive capacity to the multiple stressors they confront.