cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social belonging, compassion, and kindness: Key ingredients for fostering resilience, recovery, and growth from the COVID-19 pandemic.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to increases in anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, burnout, grief, and suicide, particularly for healthcare workers and vul...
Automatically detecting vulnerable websites before they turn malicious

Significant recent research advances have made it possible to design systems that can automatically determine with high accuracy the maliciousness of a target website. While highly useful, such systems are reactive by nature. In this paper, we take a complementary approach, and attempt to design, implement, and evaluate a novel classification system which predicts, whether a given, not yet compromised website will become malicious in the future. We adapt several techniques from data mining and machine learning which are particularly well-suited for this problem. A key aspect of our system is that the set of features it relies on is automatically extracted from the data it acquires; this allows us to be able to detect new attack trends relatively quickly. We evaluate our implementation on a corpus of 444,519 websites, containing a total of 4,916,203 webpages, and show that we manage to achieve good detection accuracy over a one-year horizon; that is, we generally manage to correctly predict that currently benign websites will become compromised within a year.
Analysis of expression of adenovirus DNA (fragments) by microinjection in Xenopus oocytes. Independent synthesis of minor early region 2 proteins.

Abstract Injection of whole adenovirus DNA into Xenopus oocytes results in the synthesis of large amounts of the early region 2A DNA-binding protein (E2A-DBP) and smaller amounts of polypeptide IX. The lack of synthesis of any functional messenger RNAs transcribed from the major late promotor at 16.3 map units is remarkable. Cleavage of the adenovirus DNA outside the E2A gene proper by restriction enzymes decreases synthesis of the DBP to about 10% of the amount produced after injection of intact DNA. On the other hand, presence of the terminal (Bellett) protein on the injected template enhances DBP synthesis considerably. Experiments with injected DNA restriction fragments, as well as reconstructed genes cloned into pBR322, indicate that efficient synthesis of DBP in oocytes requires the presence of either or both of the two main promoters from which the E2A gene is transcribed plus an intact 3′ end of the gene. In the absence of any known promotor, 100-fold lower amounts of otherwise normal DBP are produced. Unlike in a regular infection, synthesis of DBP in oocytes does not require the product of the E1A gene. The same series of experiments also demonstrates that the DBP, a phosphoprotein, is the substrate of a cellular rather than a virus-encoded protein kinase. Two minor E2A proteins, although colinear with the major DBP, are synthesized independently. Synthesis of a 44,000 Mr protein, probably corresponding to the carboxy-terminal 360 amino acid residues of the DBP, is not decreased after injection of “promotorless” E2A genes. Unlike the 44,000 Mr protein, production of a 67,000 Mr protein (carboxy-terminal 483 amino acid residues) by one DNA-construct is probably directed by a T-A-T-A-A-A-T-A sequence in the vector DNA.
Six Leadership Models for Professional Development in Science and Mathematics.

(1999). Six Leadership Models for Professional Development in Science and Mathematics. Journal of Science Teacher Education: Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 247-268.
Tagging and Playback Studies to Toothed Whales

Abstract : There has been growing recognition that atypical mass strandings of beaked whales may coincide with naval exercises that use mid-frequency sonar, but the causal chain of events has not been elucidated. Even less is known about potential risks to other species or for other signals. The proposed research is part of a collaborative research program whose long-term goals are to compare responses of beaked whales and other odontocetes to playbacks of mid-frequency sonar sounds and other anthropogenic and natural signals. The ultimate goals are to predict the distribution of species at risk from sonar, to define dose:response curves for risk to whales during exposure to naval sonars, and to suggest improvements for monitoring and mitigation. The specific data gap that this year aims to fill is a lack of baseline data from pilot whales. The study of large delphinids relatively easy to tag is important as results so far suggest they may have different responses to sonar, suggesting very different risk factors, compared to beaked whales. The behavior of the pilot whales is complex and variable enough, that even though the BRS and 3S projects together have more playbacks of sonar and killer whale sounds to them than any other species, we anticipate that considerably more work on baseline behavior will be needed to resolve issues around variability of response. Some pilot whales responded to playbacks of sonar and killer whale sounds by increasing their calling rates, and with increased social cohesion with less consistency in avoidance responses than the beaked whales tested. No sonar playbacks have been conducted with any beaked whale species outside of a naval range, where they frequently are exposed to naval sonars. Another goal is to conduct playbacks of sonar and killer whale sounds in areas with little sonar usage to Cuvier's beaked whale, Ziphius cavirostris, the species most represented in the record of atypical mass strandings associated with naval maneuvers.
An Agent-Based Approach to Modeling Electricity Spot Markets

Abstract In this paper an agent-based approach characterizing auction-style electricity spot market dynamics is proposed. This method captures the learning and decisionmaking of rational agents which cannot be modeled using a supply-demand equilibrium approach. Because the auctions are repeated, an agent improves its decisions through time or through adaptive learning. Furthermore, instead of elaborately searching for an optimal bidding strategy for each agent, some sensible and practical bidding strategies are assigned to the agents. This strategic behavior depends highly on information available to the agents before a bidding decision is made. The model mainly focuses on understanding the role of learning by the generators and, accordingly, on their strategic bidding behavior in the market.
Ensemble Data Mining Methods

Ensemble Data Mining Methods, also known as Committee Methods or Model Combiners, are machine learning methods that leverage the power of multiple models to achieve better prediction accuracy than any of the individual models could on their own. The basic goal when designing an ensemble is the same as when establishing a committee of people: each member of the committee should be as competent as possible, but the members should be complementary to one another. If the members are not complementary, Le., if they always agree, then the committee is unnecessary---any one member is sufficient. If the members are complementary, then when one or a few members make an error, the probability is high that the remaining members can correct this error. Research in ensemble methods has largely revolved around designing ensembles consisting of competent yet complementary models.
Of narrow lines and beaming in the strong-field SSC emission model

The synchrotron self‐Compton (SSC) emission model for gamma‐ray bursts is capable of producing narrow line features for a variety of modelled field strengths, primary electron injection distributions and burst luminosities. Multiple resonant scattering with synchrotron continuum photons efficiently traps and cools paris in the ground state to an average energy where the Compton energy loss rate is zero. Annihilation between pairs in these cooled distributions can be very efficient. For isotropic injection of primary electrons, there is an anti‐correlation of the intensity of the angular‐binned emission between the portions of the continuum spectrum below the cyclotron peak and above the annihilation line feature. Small‐angle emission dominates the continuum above the annihilation line feature and is smooth through the line up to the pair production cut‐off, which can be above several MeV for small enough angles. The angle‐averaged annihilation line is made of components which can have peak emission centered at energies away from 511 keV, due to Doppler shifting. For beamed injection, the annihilation line breaks up into relatively narrow components in the angular emission, which sum into a broad feature in the angle‐averaged emission.
Heterocyclic amines (HCAS) and risk of breast cancer

HCAs are mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds formed in meat and fish prepared by high-temperature cooking methods, such as frying, grilling and barbecuing. The precursors are amino acids, reducing sugars and creatine, found specifically in muscle meat. One of the HCAs, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), the most abundant HCA in the Western diet, has been found to be a mammary gland carcinogen in rats. Studies in rodents have also shown that PhIP is distributed to the mammary gland and excreted into breast milk. Several epidemiologic studies have found a moderately increased risk of breast cancer with higher intake of red meat. Zheng et al (JNCI 1998) conducted a case-control study within the cohort of the Iowa Women's Health Study to investigate the potential role of meat and HCAs and the risk of breast cancer. A questionnaire was mailed to women in the cohort who had breast cancer diagnosed during the period from 1992 to 1994, and to a random sample of cancer-free cohort members to obtain information on usual intake of meats and cooking practices. Color photographs showing various levels of doneness for hamburger, beefsteak, and bacon were included. Using a HCA database (Sinha et al: Food Chem Toxicol 1998), dietary intake of 2-amino-3, 8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-3, 4, 8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx) and PhIP were estimated. Multivariate analysis was performed on data from 273 cases and 657 control subjects who completed the survey. Well-done red meat intake was associated with increased risk of breast cancer (Zheng et al: JNCI 1998). The odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for categorical analysis of PhIP, with first quintile as the referent group, were as follows: second quintile 1.1 (0.6-1.8); third quintile 1.2 (0.7-1.9); fourth quintile 1.4 (0.8-2.3); and fifth quintile 1.9 (1.1-3.4) - P value for trend 0.001 (Sinha etal: JNCI 2000). There was no statistically significant increase in risk with either MeIQx or DiMeIQx. Both animal carcinogenicity studies and epidemiologic evidence suggests that consumption of PhIP may increase the risk of breast cancer, but this hypothesis needs to be investigated further. Simple changes in cooking methods could eliminate the presence of PhIP in foods, if it is conclusively found to increase the risk of breast cancer.
The Conundrum of Zealous Respresentation

Book review of "Rising Road: A True Tale of Love, Race, and Religion in America" by Sharon Davies
ISMM: the incremental software maintenance manager

The incremental software maintenance manager (ISMM) is a prototype software maintenance tool which uses incremental static analysis to assess the scope of proposed source code changes. Recently, ISMM has provided the basis for an empirical study of the calling structure of C systems. ISMM has also been used to profile the on-the-average performance of the incremental analysis algorithms. This is the first empirical evaluation of incremental analysis algorithms; it validates their usefulness, especially for large systems. The design and implementation of ISMM are described, and empirical studies of the C system calling structure are summarized. >
Dispatching strategies for managing uncertainties in automated manufacturing systems

Abstract Manufacturers in the western world need to exploit and perfect all their strengths to reduce the flight of manufacturing to global outsourcing destinations. Use of automated manufacturing systems (AMSs) is one such strength that needs to be improved to perfection. One area for improvement is the management of uncertainties on the production floor. This paper explores strategies for modifying detailed event list schedules following the occurrence of an interruption. Advanced planning and scheduling (APS) software packages provide a detailed advance plan of production events. However, the execution of this advance plan is disrupted by a myriad of unanticipated interruptions, such as machine breakdowns, yield variations, and hot jobs. The alternatives available to respond to such interruptions can be classified in four groups: regenerating the complete schedule using APS, switching to dispatching mode, modifying the existing schedule, and continuing to follow the schedule and letting the production system gradually absorb the impact of the interruption. Regeneration of the complete schedule using APS requires a large computation effort, may result in large changes in the schedule, and hence is not recommended. This paper reports on an experimental study for evaluating 10 strategies for responding to machine failures in AMSs that broadly fall in the latter three groups. The strategies are evaluated using simulation under an experimental design with manufacturing scenario, load level, severity and duration of interruptions as factors. The results are analyzed to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the considered strategies and develop recommendations.
Material properties and biochemical composition of mineralized vertebral cartilage in seven elasmobranch species (Chondrichthyes)

Elasmobranchs, particularly sharks, function at speed and size extremes, exerting large forces on their cartilaginous skeletons while swimming. This casts doubt on the generalization that cartilaginous skeletons are mechanically inferior to bony skeletons, a proposition that has never been experimentally verified. We tested mineralized vertebral centra from seven species of elasmobranch fishes: six sharks and one axially undulating electric ray. Species were chosen to represent a variety of morphologies, inferred swimming speeds and ecological niches. We found vertebral cartilage to be as stiff and strong as mammalian trabecular bone. Inferred swimming speed was a good, but not infallible, predictor of stiffness and strength. Collagen content was also a good predictor of material stiffness and strength, although proteoglycan was not. The mineral fraction in vertebral cartilage was similar to that in mammalian trabecular bone and was a significant predictor of material properties.
Implementation Of Expert System Technology On The Space Station

The Space Station will be a very complex, closed system. A relatively small crew will be required to manage the day-to-day activities of the Station and to tend the experimental and commercial payloads. Decisions will be required concerning the operation and maintenance of all the elements of the Station. The emerging technology of artificial intelligence is being utilized to build expert system software which will provide the routine reasoning and problem-solving capabilities required to off-load the crew for more productive tasks. The complex problem of building these expert systems and the man-machine interfaces which make them effective are the subjects of this paper.
Complexity and scale in geomorphology: Statistical self-similarity vs. characteristic scales

Two models of the relationship between complexity and scale of geomorphic lines are compared, one based on statistical self-similarity (in which complexity is invariant for some range of scale), and the other on the concept of characteristic scales (in which complexity changes continuously with scale). Two corresponding techniques are used in the comparison, fractal analysis utilizing the divider method, and an angle measure technique. These techniques are applied to three types of coastlines: fiord, volcanic, and tectonic, in order to ascertain which model, statistical self-similarity or characteristic scales, is more useful in understanding variations in coastline complexity for scale. Apparently linear log-log plots of number of steps against steplength produced by fractal analysis display slight but significant curvature. Upon closer examination, it is determined that using fractal dimension to compare even the same types of features is unreliable because of the dependency of fractal dimension on scale of measurement, even if the same steplengths are used throughout the study. These results are corroborated by the use of the angle measure technique, a method based on measuring angles between points along a digitized line. It is concluded that the coastlines examined display no evidence of statistical self-similarity and that the characteristic scales model is more useful in investigating complexity and scale in geomorphology.
Protein Transport in Nanoporous Membranes Modified with Self-Assembled Monolayers of Functionalized Thiols

Control of external pH and ionic strength is used to separate proteins with surface-modified, nanoporous polycarbonate track etched (PCTE) membranes. The porous PCTE membranes were modified with monolayers of self-assembled thiols (HSC10H20COOH) on electroless gold. The hydraulic radius of the pores in the surface-modified membranes was 8.7 nm. Two proteins of nearly identical molecular weight, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and bovine hemoglobin (BHb), were used as the permeants. The fluxes of BSA and BHb through the membranes show maximum values at the isoelectric points (pI) of the proteins. At pH values above and below the pI, charge interactions between the proteins, their counterions, and the pore surface leads to a decrease in flux. The imposition of a difference in ionic strength across the membrane causes osmotic flow and leads to a significant increase in the protein fluxes and an enhancement of the selectivity of BSA over BHb. In protein separation experiments, the BSA and BHb fluxes are nearly 3 t...
The use of cacotheline as an oxidation-reduction indicator before the volumetric oxidation of iron

Abstract Caotheline may be used as an oxidation-ieduction indicator in the removal of stannous tin with cerio sulfate befor the titration of ferrous non
Death Attributed to Ethyl Chloride

A young college student was found unresponsive, head down in his pillow with a metal canister containing ethyl chloride in or beside his right hand. Resuscitative efforts failed. Qualitative screening detected ethyl chloride in the vitreous fluid and antemortem and postmortem blood. Quantitation was carried out on available fluids with the following results: hospital blood, 20 mg/dL; postmortem blood, 65 mg/dL; and vitreous fluid, 41.7 mg/dL. No other drugs or volatiles were found. Death was subsequently attributed to an overdose or adverse reaction to this product. Language: en
Complexity, interaction, and policy research

While references to the complexity of the subject matter permeate both policy rhetoric and policy research, remarkably little effort is generally expended on the search for nonlinear and nonadditive relationships among variables. This paper discusses the importance of incorporating such a search into exploratory data analysis and the theoretical and methodological problems which may arise. A number of strategies for coping with excessive interaction are presented and seven prescriptions are offered.
Diiron Proton Reduction Catalysts Possessing Electron‐Rich and Electron‐Poor Naphthalene‐1,8‐dithiolate Ligands

The diiron complexes [Fe(2)(CO)(6)(1,8-S(2)-2,4,5,7-Cl(4)C(10)H(2))] (3), [Fe(2)(CO)(6)(1,8-S(2)C(10)H(6))] (4), and [Fe(2)(CO)(6)(1,8-S(2)-2,7-tBu(2)C(10)H(4))] (5) were synthesized in moderate yield from naphthalene-1,8-dithiols and [Fe(3)(CO)(12)]. They were characterized by IR, (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy and 3 and 4 were characterized by X-ray crystallography. They contain a butterfly Fe(2)S(2) core with Fe-Fe distances of 2.529(1) (3) and 2.506(1) A (4). Cyclic voltammetry (CH(2)Cl(2)/nBu(4)PF(6)) revealed two one-electron reductions, at potentials more positive than those for the related [Fe(2)(CO)(6)(S(CH(2))(3)S)] (1), and one one-electron oxidation. The first reduction of the electron poor 3 (-1.60 V vs Fc/Fc(+)) is 240 mV more positive than the first reduction of the electron rich 5 (-1.84 V). Electrochemical studies revealed that 3-5 facilitate the proton reduction of p-toluenesulfonic acid. The rates of catalysis, with a 95% confidence limit, are 2.4+/-0.8 (1), 5.2+/-0.8 (3), 3.1+/-1.1 (4), 2.9+/-0.6 (5), and 4.5+/-0.2 h(-1) for the related [Fe(2)(CO)(6)(1,2-S(2)C(6)H(4))]. The rates were determined by bulk electrolysis at -1.70 V (Fc/Fc(+)), which correspond to an overpotential of 1.05 V for p-toluenesulfonic acid.
Bedsore of an Unknown Primary Site

REPORT OF A CASE We were asked to evaluate a ''pressure sore'' on the back of a 65-year-old white man admitted to the intensive care unit. The patient had a history of alcoholic cirrhosis for several years, and he was transferred from an outside hospital for persistent gastric variceal bleeding. A transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt was performed. Postoperatively, aspiration pneumonia developed that necessitated ventilatory support. An ulceration on the middle of the patient's back was noted during the physical examination performed on admission to our institution. The ulceration did not improve after a week of local wound care, and the dermatology service was consulted. The patient was cachectic but comfortable and responsive. A 2.5-cm dark-red nodule with a central 1-cm ulceration was noted overlying the fifth thoracic vertebra (Figure 1). Intubation precluded obtaining a complete history, but it was ascertained that the lesion was asymptomatic and had been present for
Pigmented central neurocytoma

Central neurocytoma is a low-grade neuronal neoplasm that occurs most often within the lateral ventricles. We report the case of a 60-year-old woman who presented with gait problems, headache and memory loss. Preoperative evaluation demonstrated a heterogeneous, hypervascular and partially cystic mass in the left lateral ventricle. Histopathological examination revealed characteristic features of central neurocytoma, including immunoreactivity for synaptophysin, as well as the unusual feature of abundant pigment in the cytoplasm of tumor cells. Special stains revealed iron, consistent with hemosiderin, but found no evidence of melanin or melanosomes. Previous reports of pigmented central neurocytoma have described the presence of lipofuscin or neuromelanin. To our knowledge, the present case represents the first example of pigmented central neurocytoma secondary to hemosiderin deposition.
Surgical Treatment of Renovascular Hypertension in Moyamoya Disease: Case Report and Review of the Literature

ABSTRACTMoyamoya disease is a rare disorder characterized by progressive occlusive cerebral arteriopathy associated with an extensive network of collateral vessels. Renovascular hypertension has rarely been associated with this disease. We report on a girl with renovascular hypertension and 2 renal artery aneurysms who was found to have moyamoya disease. Successful surgical treatment was achieved with extracorporeal arterial repair and renal autotransplantation. The relationship between moyamoya disease and renovascular hypertension is reviewed.
Piezo-optical measurements for guided wave and acoustic emission structural health monitoring

This paper presents the application and validation of optical equipment suitable for high frequency guided wave and acoustic emission detection with fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. Guided wave and acoustic emission (AE) measurements were compared between piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors embedded onto isotropic plates and beams with an emphasis on testing FBG ultrasonic wave propagation frequency characteristics. The use of an acousto-ultrasonic FBG ring sensor to eliminate FBG directional dependence is also discussed. Since FBG sensors only detect strain longitudinal to the fiber, unlike PWAS they cannot serve as omnidirectional guided wave and AE sensors. To overcome this limitation, the use of an acousto-ultrasonic ring sensor, designed to augment and enhance the performance of FBG sensors, is tested. The ring sensor uses mechanical amplification principles to force in-plane vibration of the ring to occur at a specific resonance frequency. In this study, a ring sensor is bonded onto an isotropic plate; incoming guided wave and AE measurements from an FBG bonded to the ring sensor were compared to measurements from an FBG bonded to the plate. Preliminary results show the use of the ring sensor nearly eliminated the directional dependence of the FBG; concurrently the FBG on the ring sensor sensed incoming guided waves and AE events near its resonance frequency and rejected phenomenon occurring at other frequencies.
Urinary biomarkers of oxidative stress and breast cancer survival.

Systemic oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of many chronic diseases, including breast cancer. No studies have investigated F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs), valid biomarkers of systemic oxidative stress, in association with breast cancer prognosis. We conducted a nested case–control study in a prospective breast cancer survivor cohort to investigate systemic oxidative stress and survival. Urinary levels of F2-IsoPs and its major urinary metabolite (2,3-dinor-5,6-dihydro-15-F2t-IsoP, F2-IsoP-M) were measured post-cancer treatment using gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry for 57 deceased breast cancer patients (cases) and 103 surviving patients (controls) matched 1:2 on age at diagnosis, stage, and diagnosis year. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were derived from conditional logistic regression models. In unadjusted models, elevated F2-IsoP levels categorized based on the median value [≥1.73; <1.73 (reference)] were nonsignificantly inversely associated with mortality (OR 0.51, 95 % CI 0.24–1.10). After adjustment for potential confounders, elevated F2-IsoP levels were significantly associated with mortality (OR 0.36, 95 % CI 0.14–0.96). The inverse association was marginally significant when F2-IsoP was categorized based on tertiles (p trend = 0.08). In contrast, elevated F2-IsoP-M levels, categorized based on the median level [≥0.91; < 0.91(reference)], were associated with a statistically nonsignificant increased risk of mortality in both unadjusted and adjusted models (adjusted OR 1.39, 95 % CI 0.62–3.09). Results suggest a role for oxidative stress biomarkers in breast cancer survival; however, as this is the first study to date, additional larger studies are needed.
Multiple-Fidelity Computational Framework for the Design of Efficient Flapping Wings

A multiple-fidelity computational framework is presented for designing energetically efficient flapping wings. The goal of this design process is to achieve specific aerodynamics characteristics, namely prescribed lift and thrust coefficients at low energetic cost. The wing kinematics (flapping frequency, flapping amplitude) and the resulting optimal wake-circulation distribution (wake circulation/vorticity strength and wake shape) are determined using a low-order, wake-only, energetics method. A quasi-inverse, doublet-lattice method is used to determine the detailed flapping-wing geometry corresponding to the optimal wake. Because of the efficiency of potential flow approximations, the wake-only method and quasi-inverse, doublet-lattice method tools can explore a large number of wing kinematics and wing-morphing strategies efficiently; however, only a handful of those wing designs will achieve the desired performance in the physical low-Reynolds-number, viscous-flow regime. Thus, a high-order, discontinu...
Characterization of primary rat proximal tubular cells by gene expression analysis

The kidney plays a major role in excretory and reabsorptive processes. The kidney cortex consists primarily of proximal tubular cells, which are epithelial cells that are often involved in the induction and progression of various kidney diseases. Therefore primary proximal tubular cells are widely used as a renal cell model. To further characterize this kidney in vitro model different time points in culture after isolation of the cells were compared to the cortex in vivo using gene expression analysis based on microarrays. This study revealed that many metabolic pathways and some kidney-specific functions are lacking in the in vitro model. Furthermore genes involved in RNA and protein synthesis, intracellular transport, extracellular matrix and cytoskeletal organization were upregulated in culture compared to in vivo, indicating proliferation of the cells and differentiation into a cell culture phenotype. The data represented here may help to evaluate the in vivo relevance of results obtained with this in vitro model.
Understanding Social Network Disruption: The Case of Youth in Foster Care

Relatively little existing research has examined variation in psychological distress outcomes for individuals who suddenly lose access to multiple established network ties. Adolescents placed in foster care provide a unique opportunity to examine the effects of different levels of network disruption. Some types of foster care placement provide stability and continuity while others are characterized by persistent network turnover. Using data from telephone surveys with adolescents in foster care in a midwestern state, the author compares the primary relationships of youth in foster care and in the general population, and explores relationships between psychological distress, levels of network disruption, strength of ties within three domains (the biological family, foster care, and peer networks), and other network variables. The author finds that variations in psychological distress following network disruption may be explained, in part, by the structure and strength of the resulting network. Also, increasing levels of network disruption weaken networks and ongoing or repeated instances of disruption may be particularly problematic. Strong and supportive ties with new network members may replace weak or absent ties within old network domains as a protective factor for psychological outcomes. The author advocates grounding social problems research in a solid, theoretical foundation.
Evidence for Hopping Transport in Boron-Doped Diamond

Electrical resistivity results were obtained from boron-doped natural and synthetic diamond over the temperature interval from 88 to 293\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Resistivities ranged from \ensuremath{\gg}${10}^{14}$ \ensuremath{\Omega}-cm for undoped diamond to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ \ensuremath{\Omega}-cm for "heavily" doped diamond. Analysis of the activation energies, obtained from the temperature dependency of the resistivity, indicate anomalous behavior. The tentative model, proposed to explain the results, is based on the impurity-level conduction scheme of Mott for compensated semiconductors.
Bone density measurement in major depression

1. Disturbances in cortisol secretory patterns and excessive secretion of cortisol after a variety of neuroendocrine stimulation tests indicate excessive activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in depression. 2. Peripheral indicators of hypercortisolemia have also been observed (e.g. enlarged adrenal glands, glucocorticoid insensitivity and insulin intolerance). 3. Excessive cortisol production may also result in altered bone metabolism and bone architecture, and a recent study by Michelson et al. (1996) found slightly lower bone density in depressed women with hypercortisoluria versus healthy controls. 4. In this study, the authors examined bone mineral density (BMD) using dual energy radiographic absorptometry (DEXA) technique in 6 depressed patients (3 with and 3 without hypercortisoluria) with a mean (+/- SD) age of 41 +/- 13 years, and in 5 healthy, controls with mean age 38 +/- 4 years). 5. DEXA images of the lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L4) for BMD were acquired over a 5-minute interval. 6. Overall, the authors observed no difference in mean BMD values between patients and controls, nor were differences observed between patients with and without hypercortisoluria.
VAMPIR- an automatic fall detection system using a vertical PIR sensor array

Falling is a common health problem for elderly. It is reported that about 12 million adults 65 and older fall each year in the United States. To address this problem, at the Center for Eldercare and Rehabilitation Technologies in the University of Missouri we are investigating multiple fall detection systems. In this paper, we present an automatic fall detection system called VAMPIR based on a vertical array of multiple passive infrared (PIR) sensors. PIR sensors provide an inexpensive way to recognize human activity based on its infrared signature. To differentiate between falls and other human activities such as walking, sitting on a chair, bending over etc., we used a pattern recognition algorithm based on hidden Markov models (HMM). We obtained encouraging classification results on a pilot dataset that contained 42 falls and multiple non-fall human activities performed by trained stunt actors.
Accounting for a Quantitative Trait Locus for Plasma Triglyceride Levels: Utilization of Variants in Multiple Genes

Background For decades, research efforts have tried to uncover the underlying genetic basis of human susceptibility to a variety of diseases. Linkage studies have resulted in highly replicated findings and helped identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for many complex traits; however identification of specific alleles accounting for linkage remains elusive. The purpose of this study was to determine whether with a sufficient number of variants a linkage signal can be fully explained.
Phase determination during normal running using kinematic data

Algorithms to predict heelstrike and toe-off times during normal running at subject-selected speeds, using only kinematic data, are presented. To assess the accuracy of these algorithms, results are compared with synchronised force platform recordings from ten subjects performing ten trials each. Using a single 180Hz camera, positioned in the sagittal plane, the average RMS error in predicting heelstrike times is 4.5 ms, whereas the average RMS error in predicting toe-off times is 6.9ms. Average true errors (negative for an early prediction) are +2.4 ms for heelstrike and +2.8ms for toe-off, indicating that systematic errors have not occured. The average RMS error in predicting contact time is 7.5ms, and the average true error in predicting contact time is 0.5ms. Estimations of event times using these simple algorithms compare favourably with other techniques requiring specialised equipment. It is concluded that the proposed algorithms provide an easy and reliable method of determining event times during normal running at a subject selected pace using only kinematic data and can be implemented with any kinematic data-collection system.
How the eye measures reality and virtual reality

If virtual reality systems are to make good on their name, designers must know how people perceive space in natural environments, in photographs, and in cinema. Perceivers understand the layout of a cluttered natural environment through the use of nine or more sources of information, each based on different assumptions—occlusion, height in the visual field, relative size, relative density, aerial perspective, binocular disparities, accommodation, convergence, and motion perspective. The relative utility of these sources at different distances is compared, using their ordinal depth-threshold functions. From these, three classes of space around a moving observer are postulated: personal space, action space, and vista space. Within each, a smaller number of sources act in consort, with different relative strengths. Given the general ordinality of the sources, these spaces are likely to be affine in character, stretching and collapsing with viewing conditions. One of these conditions is controlled by lens length in photography and cinematography or by field-of-view commands in computer graphics. These have striking effects on many of these sources of information and, consequently, on how the layout of a scene is perceived.
DNA sequencing with blackbody infrared radiative dissociation of electrosprayed ions

Abstract As shown by Williams for positive multiply-charged ions, negative electrosprayed ions trapped in a Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer can be dissociated efficiently with BIRD. For a 50-mer DNA, an ion cell wall temperature of 90°C gives no dissociation and 120°C gives only uninformative base loss. However, 150°C gives extensive dissociation producing ionic products qualitatively similar to those from laser IR, collisionally activated, and nozzle-skimmer dissociation. Under the conditions used, BIRD produces more fragment ions that have lost an additional base (AH). Structurally informative BIRD spectra are also observed for a 100-mer DNA and a double-strand 64-mer DNA. For both samples, BIRD successfully ‘boiled off’ non-covalent adducts that produced an uninterpretable spectrum, while laser IR was only successful in this for the ds 64-mer.
Boundary-Condition-Model T Matrix

A number of results on the boundary-condition-model (BCM) $T$ matrix are developed. It is shown that the half-off shell $T$ matrix is unique, but the fully off-shell $T$ matrix is not. Further, it is shown that the ambiguity in the $T$ matrix resides in that part of the complete $T$ matrix which is identifiable as the $T$ matrix for the pure BCM, where by pure BCM is meant no forces outside the boundary-condition radius. Three different formulas for the pure BCM $T$ matrix are presented. The first is derived by using the relations that exist between the half-off-shell $T$ matrix and the fully off-shell $T$ matrix for well-behaved potentials, and is found to be separable. The second is taken from the work of Kim and Tubis. The third is derived from a pseudopotential constructed by Hoenig and Lomon. All three agree exactly half off shell, and satisfy the off-shell unitarity relation. Numerical comparisons are given which show that significant differences can occur in the fully off-shell $T$ matrices. An integral- as well as a differential-equation approach are given for finding the contribution to the BCM $T$ matrix from the forces outside the boundary-condition radius. Separable representations for the BCM $T$ matrix are developed, and their usefulness in carrying out calculations on the three-nucleon system is discussed.
Issues in Validity of Oral History: Credibility of Foreign Informants:

Two case studies involving testimonies of foreign participant-observers were scrutinized with respect to their validity. The obtained results indicate that independent verification of oral narratives should be obtained whenever possible.
A PRACTICAL METHOD FOR MAPPING TREES USING DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS

Accurate maps of the locations of trees are useful for many ecological studies but are often difficult to obtain with traditional surveying methods because the trees hinder line of sight measurements. An alternative method, inspired by earlier work of E Rohlf and J. Archie, is presented. This "Interpoint method" is based solely on tree diameter and tree-to-tree distance measurements. A computer performs the necessary triangulation and detects gross errors. The Interpoint method was used to map trees in seven long-term study plots at the Harvard Forest, ranging from 0.25 ha (200 trees) to 0.80 ha (889 trees). The question of accumulation of error was addressed though a computer simulation designed to model field conditions as closely as possible. The simulation showed that the technique is highly accurate and that errors accumulate quite slowly if measurements are made with reasonable care (e.g., average predicted location errors after 1000 trees and after 10000 trees were 9 cm and 15 cm, respectively, for measurement errors comparable to field conditions; similar values were obtained in an independent survey of one of the field plots). The technique requires only measuring tapes, a computer, and two or three field personnel. Previous field experience is not required. The Interpoint method is a good choice for mapping trees where a high level of accuracy is desired, especially where expensive sur- veying equipment and trained personnel are not available.
The fictional Jewish council of 1650: A great English pipedream

In the large amount of philosemitic literature that came to the surface in England during the Puritan Revolution, one of the stranger items is a twelve-page pamphlet by one Samuel Brett, entitled A Narrative of the Proceedings of a great Council of JEWS, Assembled in the Plain of Ageda in Hungaria, about 30 Leagues distant from Buda, to examine the Scriptures concerning Christ; on the 12th of October 1650. By Samuel Brett there present. There is then a lengthy second title, Also, A Relation of some other Observations in his Travels beyond the Seas, all around the Middle East, the Mediterranean, Italy and Paris. The work was published in April 1655 by Richard Moon, and it purports to be the eyewitness report and observations by Mr. Brett of a great meeting of Jewish leaders in 1650. The "author" states (p. 4) that many honest Christians wanted the narrative to be published, though he himself intended to communicate it privately, only to friends. 'The chief Argument by which they have perswaded me to do it, is, because they do conceive it to be a preparative and hopeful sign of the Jews conversion; and, that it will be glad tidings to the Church of Christ; and therefore I have yielded to satisfie their desires therein" (pp. 4-5).
The Incidence and Characteristics of Shoulder Instability at the United States Military Academy

Background: The literature provides little information detailing the incidence of traumatic shoulder instability in young, healthy athletes.Hypothesis: Shoulder instability is common in young athletes.Study Design: Descriptive epidemiologic study.Methods: We prospectively captured all traumatic shoulder instability events at the United States Military Academy between September 1, 2004, and May 31, 2005. Throughout this period, all new traumatic shoulder instability events were evaluated with physical examination, plain radiographs, and magnetic resonance imaging. Instability events were classified according to direction, chronicity, and type (subluxation or dislocation). Subject demographics, mechanism of injury, and sport were evaluated.Results: Among 4141 students, 117 experienced new traumatic shoulder instability events during the study period; 11 experienced multiple events. The mean age of these 117 subjects was 20.0 years; 101 students were men (86.3%), and 16 were women (13.7%). The 1-year inciden...
Identification and Characterization of the Sodium-binding Site of Activated Protein C

Activated protein C (APC) requires both Ca2+ and Na+ for its optimal catalytic function. In contrast to the Ca2+-binding sites, the Na+-binding site(s) of APC has not been identified. Based on a recent study with thrombin, the 221-225 loop is predicted to be a potential Na+-binding site in APC. The sequence of this loop is not conserved in trypsin. We engineered a Gla domainless form of protein C (GDPC) in which the 221-225 loop was replaced with the corresponding loop of trypsin. We found that activated GDPC (aGDPC) required Na+ (or other alkali cations) for its amidolytic activity with dissociation constant (Kd(app)) = 44.1 +/- 8.6 mM. In the presence of Ca2+, however, the requirement for Na+ by aGDPC was eliminated, and Na+ stimulated the cleavage rate 5-6-fold with Kd(app) = 2.3 +/- 0.3 mM. Both cations were required for efficient factor Va inactivation by aGDPC. In the presence of Ca2+, the catalytic function of the mutant was independent of Na+. Unlike aGDPC, the mutant did not discriminate among monovalent cations. We conclude that the 221-225 loop is a Na+-binding site in APC and that an allosteric link between the Na+ and Ca2+ binding loops modulates the structure and function of this anticoagulant enzyme.
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in a 62-Year-Old Immunocompetent Woman

Progressive multifocal encephalopathy (PML) is a rare demyelinating disease that typically presents in immunodeficient patients. We report a case of a previously healthy 62-Year-Old woman who suffered from an unsteady gait, throbbing headaches, and progressive left-sided weakness and numbness. Stroke was initially suspected based on imaging and symptoms. A series of follow-up magnetic resonance images of the brain showed a right parietal lesion growing in size as the patient became unable to walk and experienced increasing lethargy and confusion. A biopsy of the lesion was positive for the John Cunningham virus (JCV). A diagnosis of PML was made and she was started on mefloquine. No improvement was seen on this treatment and her condition worsened. Although PML remains uncommon in immunocompetent individuals, it cannot be ruled out based on their immune status. Although the exact cause remains uncertain, underlying or transient states of immunosuppression may be responsible for reactivation of the JCV in these patients.
Gastric polyps. Histologic types and their relationship to gastric carcinoma.

In a study of the relationship between gastric polyps and carcinoma, a series of 97 cases of gastric polyps were studied histologically and follow-up information obtained. Thirty-five per cent of the total series of gastric polyps were found as incidental findings in stomachs with gastric carcinoma. Polyps were subdivided by gross appearance into single polyps, multiple discrete polyps, or gastric polyposis; no significant difference in association with carcinoma was found for these gross types. Polyps could be subdivided microscopically into hyperplastic and adenomatous types. Hyperplastic polyps were relatively more common (76%), and were randomly distributed in the stomach. Adenomatous polyps were usually antral in location and were histologically similar to the adenomatous polyps of the colon. Marked epithelial atypia (in-situ carcinoma) was seen only in polyps of the adenomatous type. Adenomatous polyps were associated with carcinoma more frequently than hyperplastic polyps—59% and 28%, respectively. Follow-up information on a total of 40 patients who underwent surgery for gastric polyps without associated carcinoma showed that 3 developed subsequent polyps and only one developed a polypoid carcinoma. The initial polyps in these cases were multiple, greater than 2 cm in size, and, in each case, at least one was of the adenomatous type. The subdivision of polyps into 2 histologic types revealed the close morphological and statistical relationship of the adenomatous type of gastric polyp to gastric carcinoma. This relationship is otherwise obscured by the presence of the more numerous hyperplastic polyps. In almost all circumstances, simple polypectomy with a rim of uninvolved adjacent mucosa is sufficient treatment.
Inexpensive conveyor‐based parts feeding

This paper describes a manipulation primitive called toppling – knocking a part over. We derive the mechanical conditions for toppling and describe two applications to conveyor‐based feeding. Toppling complements previous approaches to conveyor‐plane feeding, allowing full three‐dimensional parts feeding on a constant‐speed conveyor.