cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stable association of activated pp60src with two tyrosine-phosphorylated cellular proteins.

Abstract We have identified two phosphotyrosine-containing cellular proteins with relative molecular masses of 130,000 (pp130) and 110,000 (pp110) daltons in chicken embryo cells that coimmunoprecipitated with pp60v-src and activated forms of chicken pp60c-src (pp60(527)F). Most if not all of the tyrosine-phosphorylated forms of pp130 and pp110 could be immunoprecipitated from lysates with any of several src protein-specific monoclonal antibodies directed against at least three spatially distinct epitopes. Consequently, of the more than 15 prominent phosphoproteins detected on immunoblots with phosphotyrosine-specific antibodies, pp130 and pp110 were selectively removed by src protein-specific immunoprecipitation, and their presence in the immunoprecipitates appears to have been due to a direct interaction with activated src proteins. src protein variants that induce different morphological phenotypes were altered in their ability to form detergent-stable complexes with pp130 and pp110 or with pp110 alone. Mutant src proteins, defective for myristylation, showed increased tyrosine phosphorylation of and association with pp110. Expression of src variants with mutations in the A box (pp60dl92/527F) or B box (pp60dl155/527F) of the src homology region induced differences in phosphorylation of pp130 and pp110, as well as changes in their association with variant src proteins. Sequences within the B-box region appeared to be necessary for stable complex formation with pp130 and pp110 and may be involved in the interaction of activated src proteins with cellular substrates.
Chronotropic Effect of Cardiac Glycosides in Cats, Dogs, and Rabbits

We have tested the widely accepted hypothesis that digitalis, in nontoxic concentration, can act directly on cells of the sinoatrial pacemaker to cause slowing. The effect of autonomic nerves on sinoatrial cells was eliminated either by chronic cardiac denervation or by use of autonomic blocking agents such as atropine, 0.5 mg/kg, and propranolol, 2 mg/kg, or MJ-1999, 3 mg/kg. When the effects of autonomic nerves were eliminated, acetylstrophanthidin, 0.120 mg/kg, failed to cause slowing of sinus rate in the anesthetized cat and the anesthetized dog. Similarly, ouabain, 5 x 10-7M, and acetylstrophanthidin, 1.5 µg/ml, after prior administration of autonomic blocking agents failed to cause slowing of the isolated rabbit right atrium perfused with Tyrode's solution. These results indicate that the sinus slowing caused by cardiac glycosides may be mediated entirely by alteration of the neural control of the heart and that the drug, in nontoxic concentration, does not have a direct negative chronotropic action...
Computer-Guided Inquiry to Improve Science Learning

that information and ple-choice tests determine details students recall. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) mostly offer more of the same. But new cyber-learning tools may change all this, by taking advantage of new algorithms to automatically score student essays and ings and offer personalized guidance.
Estimates of Genetic Selection Differentials and Generation Intervals for Four Paths of Selection

Estimated genetic values from an animal model based on first lactation milk records for 6OOO AI Holstein sires and 1,074,971 Holstein cows born in 1981 or before were used to estimate average genetic selection differentials and generation intervals for the four paths of selection for each year of birth. Selection differentials for paths of sires of bulls, dams of bulls, sires of cows, and dams of cows averaged over all years were 405, 395, 239, and 42 kg and for the most recent 5 yr 884, 598, 235, and 28 kg. Generation intervals averaged for all years were by path 10.2, 6.4.9.3, and 5.1 yr and for the most recent 5 yr 11.0, 6.4, 8.9, and 4.9 yr. Genetic trend based on the average selection differentials and generation intervals would be 34.9 kg/yr, but based on the latest 5-yr periods considering parents of grade cows genetic trend would be 57.2 kg/yr. Estimates of annual trend are considerably less than the potential rate of 96 kgtyr because of longer than necessary generation intervals and smaller selection differentials than theoretically possible.
Nutritional value of meals at full-service restaurant chains.

Abstract Objective To assess the nutritional value of meals at full-service national restaurant chains with outlets in the Philadelphia region in 2011. Methods Chains were eligible if nutritional information for all menu items was on company Web pages or printed menus at Philadelphia outlets. Nutrient profiles were analyzed for 2,615 items from 21 eligible chains (out of 29) and compared with United States Department of Agriculture guidelines. Results Adult meals (entree, side dish, and one-half appetizer) approximated 1,495 kcal, 28 g saturated fat, 3,512 mg sodium, and 11 g fiber; and rose to 2,020 kcal after including a beverage and one-half dessert. Better calorie and fat profiles were observed for entrees tagged “healthy choice” or aimed at seniors or children; however, sodium far exceeded recommended limits. Conclusions and Implications Foods served at full-service restaurant chains are high in calories, saturated fat, and sodium. Standard definitions are needed for “healthy choice” tags and for entrees targeted to vulnerable age groups.
Methane evolution from UV-irradiated spacecraft materials under simulated martian conditions: Implications for the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission

Abstract Fifteen organic and three inorganic compounds were tested for methane (CH 4 ) evolution under simulated martian conditions of 6.9 mbar; UVC (200–280 nm) flux of 4 W m −2 ; 20 °C; simulated optical depth of 0.1; and a Mars gas composition of CO 2 (95.3%), N 2 (2.7%), Ar (1.7%), O 2 (0.13%), and water vapor (0.03%). All three inorganic compounds (i.e., NaCl, CaCO 3 , graphite) failed to evolve methane at the minimum detection level 0.5 ppm, or above. In contrast, all organic compounds evolved methane when exposed to UV irradiation under simulated martian conditions. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, pyrene, released the most methane per unit of time at 0.175 nmol CH 4 g −1 h −1 , and a spectral reflectance target material used for the MER rovers and Phoenix lander released the least methane at 0.00065 nmol CH 4 cm −2 h −1 . Methane was also released from UV-killed bacterial endospores of Bacillus subtilis . Although all organic compounds evolved methane when irradiated with UV photons under martian conditions, the concentrations of residual organics, biogenic signature molecules, and dead microbial cells should be relatively low on the exterior surfaces of the MSL rover, and, thus, not significant sources of methane contamination. In contrast, kapton tape was found to evolve methane at the rate of 0.00165 nmol CH 4 cm −2 h −1 (16.5 nmol m −2 h −1 ) under the UV and martian conditions tested. Although the evolution of methane from kapton tape was found to decline over time, the large amount of kapton tape used on the MSL rover (lower bound estimated at 3 m 2 ) is likely to create a significant source of terrestrial methane contamination during the early part of the mission.
High-Performance Continuous-Time Filters with On-Chip Tuning

High performance continuous time filters based on operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs) are discussed. Several OTA linearization techniques are reviewed, and a design example is provided with measurement results. To address the problem of inaccuracies in continuous time filters, two direct tuning techniques are presented with applications to ultra-wideband (UWB) receivers and bandpass sigma-delta modulators.
Finding cost-effective nutrient solutions and evaluating environmental conditions for biogasifying bituminous coal to methane ex situ

Abstract Biostimulation through providing nutrients to microorganisms has been proven to be highly effective in enhancing methane yield from bituminous coals in the Illinois basin. In light of the extremely cheap natural gas price at present, it is critically important to decrease the cost of nutrient solutions used to stimulate microbial gasification of coal and improve the cost-effectiveness of the biostimulation approach. To lower cost of a nutrient solution reported in previous studies, the three most expensive components, yeast extract, peptone and mercaptoethanesulfonic acid (Coenzyme M, CoM) were evaluated. Regarding the first two, decreasing their concentrations resulted in decreased methane production. In terms of CoM, its concentration could be reduced to at least half without affecting methane yield negatively. Complete elimination of CoM led to a methane yield of 85% of those with the presence of this compound in the original medium. Two complex media, trypticase soy broth (TSB) and corn steep liquor (CSL) were intended to replace yeast extract and peptone. TSB had increasingly positive effect with increasing its concentration while CSL had opposite trend. TSB at 100% (v/v) was then investigated under different cultivation conditions. Among the four parameters tested, TSB concentration and agitation were found to exert positive effect while coal loading and temperature had negative impact on methane production. The highest methane yield of 828.9 ft3/ton in 30 days was obtained under temperature of 28 °C with a coal loading of 200 g/L and agitation at 100 rpm. This yield is four-time higher than those observed with the original medium. These results clearly demonstrated that biostimulation is a viable method for enhancing methane production from coal and the ingredients of nutrient solutions need to be evaluated in detail in order to make biostimulation cost-effectively at commercial scales.
Integrated real time bowel sound detector for artificial pancreas systems

Abstract This paper reports an ultra-low power real time bowel sound detector with integrated feature extractor for physiologic measure of meal instances in artificial pancreas devices. The system can aid in improving long term diabetic patient care and consists of a front end detector and signal processing unit. The front end detector transduces the initial bowel sound recorded from a piezoelectric sensor into a voltage signal. The signal processor uses a feature extractor to determine whether a bowel sound is detected. The feature extractor consists of a low noise, low power signal front-end, peak and trough locator, signal slope and width detector, digitizer, and bowel pulse locator. The system was fabricated in a standard 0.18 μm CMOS process, and the bowel sound detection system was characterized and verified with experimentally recorded bowel sounds. The integrated instrument consumes 53 μW of power from a 1 V supply in a 0.96 mm2 area, and is suitable for integration with portable devices.
Derivation of hybrid ES cell lines from two different strains of mice

Parental origin-dependent expression of the imprinted genes is essential for mammalian development. Zfp57 maintains genomic imprinting in mouse embryos and ES cells. To examine the allelic expression patterns of the imprinted genes in ES cells, we obtained multiple hybrid ES clones that were directly derived from the blastocysts generated from the cross between mice on two different genetic backgrounds. The blastocyst-derived ES clones displayed largely intact DNA methylation imprint at the tested imprinted regions. These hybrid ES clones will be useful for future studies to examine the allelic expression of the imprinted genes in ES cells and their differentiated progeny.
Clinical Analysis of 28 Children of Nervous System Damage by Mycoplasma Pneumonia Infection

Objective To discuss clinical characteristics and diagnosis and treatment of nervous system damage by mycoplasma pneumonia infection. Methods 28 hospitalized infants and children with nervous system damage by mycoplasma pneumonia infection from June 2001 to June 2007 were analyzed retrospectively. Results Encephalitis and meningitis were the chief nervous system damage by mycoplasma pneumonia infection. Among 28 cases,21 cases were cured,4 cases were improved,3 cases were dead. Conclusion Encephalitis and meningitis were in the majority of nervous system damage by mycoplasma pneumonia infection,with serious disease,high progress and high morbidity and mortality rates. The infants having nervous system damage should be thought of the possibility of mycoplasma pneumonia infection.
An evaluation of bias in estimated breeding values for weaning weight in Angus beef cattle field records. I. Estimates of within herd genetic trend.

Genetic trends for weaning weight were evaluated in 15 purebred herds in the United States participating in the Angus Herd Improvement. Records production testing program. Regression techniques were used for separate estimates of sire and dam contributions that were summed to estimate total herd trend. Sire contributions, calculated as the pooled within sire regression of weaning weight ratio on year of calf birth, ranged from .01 +/- .23 to 1.30 +/- .24 across the herds and average .51 ratio units/yr. Dam contributions, estimated as the pooled within dam regression of offspring weaning weight ratio, deviated from the contemporary paternal half-sib average ratio, on year of calf birth, ranged from .06 +/- .06 to .68 +/- .11 and averaged .34 ratio units/yr. A positive trend in direct effects was associated with a possible negative trend in maternal effects. The annual trend within herds ranged from .21 to 1.50 ratio units and averaged .85 units over all herds, representing 1.8 kg annual genetic gain in weaning weight.
Treatment Summaries and Follow-Up Care Instructions for Cancer Survivors: Improving Survivor Self-Efficacy and Health Care Utilization.

Background Treatment summaries and follow-up care plan information should be provided to cancer survivors. This study examines the association of receiving summaries and care plans with cancer survivor self-efficacy for chronic illness management, and whether self-efficacy was associated with health care utilization. Methods Four hundred forty-one cancer survivors (≥2 years from diagnosis and had completed treatment) ≥65 years old from 12 cancer centers across 5 states completed telephone surveys. Survivors responded to three questions about receiving a written treatment summary, written follow-up plan, and an explanation of follow-up care plans. Respondents completed the Stanford Chronic Illness Management Self-Efficacy Scale and reported emergency room visits and hospitalizations in the past year. Three multiple linear regression models estimated the association of written treatment summary, written follow-up care plan, and verbal explanation of follow-up plan with total self-efficacy score. Log-binomial models estimated the association of self-efficacy scores with emergency room visits and hospitalizations (yes/no). Results Among survivors, 40% and 35% received a written treatment summary and follow-up care plan, respectively. Seventy-nine percent received an explanation of follow-up care plans. Receiving a verbal explanation of follow-up care instructions was significantly associated with higher self-efficacy scores (β = 0.72, p = .009). Higher self-efficacy scores were significantly associated with lower prevalence ratios of emergency room visits (prevalence ratio, 0.92; 95% confidence interval, 0.88-0.97) and hospitalizations (prevalence ratio, 0.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.89-0.99). Conclusion Explanation of the follow-up care plan, beyond the written component, enhances survivor self-efficacy for managing cancer as a chronic condition-an important mediator for improving health care utilization outcomes. Implications for practice Older cancer survivors (>65 years) are especially vulnerable to poor outcomes in survivorship because of the complexity of follow-up care and other chronic conditions. Delivering written treatment summaries, written follow-up care plans, and verbal explanations of follow-up care plans all independently increased the self-efficacy for chronic illness management among older survivors. In particular, delivering this information in the verbal format was significantly associated with higher self-efficacy and, subsequently, a lower likelihood of emergency room visits. Understanding the mechanism through which summaries and follow-up care plans may positively influence survivor health is critical to increasing the delivery of the information.
Restoration of bronchial artery circulation after canine lung allotransplantation.

To evaluate the re-establishment of the bronchial circulation in lung transplantation, we studied 10 immunosuppressed dogs up to 14 weeks after left lung allografting. Selective in vivo bronchial arteriograms were performed repetitively via the transfemoral route. In the early postoperative period, no filling of vessels distal to the bronchial anastomosis could be shown. After 12 days, however, continuity of the bronchial arteries across the anastomosis was present, and dye-filled ramifications of these vessels were visualized on the secondary and tertiary bronchi. Reconstitution of the bronchial circulation was also confirmed by postmortem studies after injecting the isolated descending thoracic aorta with colored radiopaque material (microfil). The bronchial mucosa at autopsy was examined microscopically. There was no correlation between its viability and bronchial artery regeneration. Although early ischemia of the transplant bronchus may be a factor in the bronchial complications that follow lung transplantation, the present study indicates that this ischemia is not due to failure of bronchial artery regeneration.
Coercion, Conversation, and the Casuist: A Reply to Jay Katz

The practical world of clinical medicine, like all other practical worlds, is inhabited by unacknowledged theoretical demons. A central task of philosophical reflection is to recognize and, where necessary and possible, exorcise them. Men and women in medicine typically view their work as empirically-oriented, a-philosophical, presuppositionless, practical, and free of demons and ghosts. A practical consequence of this innocent and pervasive perspective is that inhabitants of the temples of Aesculapius think philosophical reflection irrelevant and occasionally intrusive; to them it is at best a burdensome cultural knapsack — functional in a pinch, but (like most carried across campus these days) not very decorative. We cannot, however, proceed without assumptions, and philosophy is the critical examination of key assumptions. To push the simile to extremes is bad form, but one slight shove may be permitted: the knapsack, if it contains some survival gear, may at times be respected and therefore the bearing of it worthwhile. Busy with the demanding care, for example, of critically ill patients, one’s philosophical assumptions are seldom worrisome to practical health professionals, who do not often think of themselves of their behavior as shaped by their unrecognized or unexamined presuppositions. Fortunately there are exceptions.
Neural substrates of cognitive bias and anxiogenesis

This review is designed to provide a brief overview of biology of stress-induced neurocognitive processing and mechanisms that contribute to susceptibility (reactivity) and resistance (resiliency) to anxiogenic disorders and examine a potential for developing experimental paradigm better suited for identifying new treatment targets. Correspondence to: Arun L. Jadhav, Ph.D., Professor of Pharmacology, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Roosevelt University College of Pharmacy 1400 N. Roosevelt Rd. Schaumburg, IL 60173, USA; Tel: 847-3304549; E-mail: ajadhav@roosevelt.edu
Neuropharmacology and Aging

It is difficult to discuss the subject of the neuropharmacology of aging when it is well known that we presently have very few agents which can be classified as such. Many psychotropic drugs are used in the elderly, either to treat specific neuropsychiatric disorders, or in an attempt to treat the signs and symptoms associated with the “organic brain syndromes.” In the former cases the therapeutic approach is straightforward provided appropriate precautions and hazards specific to the elderly be recognized (1–3). It is in the latter cases, the “organic brain syndromes,” where pharmacological intervention has met essentially without success, and where the greatest need exists for the development of newer therapeutic agents.
Integral insulation of F.H.P. motors by the film draw process

The conventional ground insulation system for F.H.P. motors consists of individual slot cell liners and endpunching insulators separating the magnet wire from the magnetic core structure. There has not been a basic change in this ground insulation system for several decades. This suggests that the Insulation Engineer 1. has established the ultimate ground insulation system. 2. is limited by the availability of suitable electrical insulating materials. 3. has been concentrating his efforts on the design technique of substitution rather than on basic functional design criteria.
A life of genius and tragedy

Most young people today will associate the name J Robert Oppenheimer – if they recognize it at all – with the Manhattan Project and the atomic bombs that were dropped on Japan in the last days of the Second World War. However, those of us who lived through those momentous times will remember much more about this great physicist. In particular, we will recall the famous 1954 Personnel Security Board hearing, which centred on Oppenheimer's advice on the hydrogen-bomb programme and his loyalty to the US. The board decided he should no longer advise the government on nuclear weapons.
PLAGL2 Cooperates in Leukemia Development by Direcly Inducing c-Mpl Expression.

Inversion of chromosome 16 is found in 12% of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This inversion creates the CBFΒ-SMMHC fusion protein, which hinders myeloid differentiation and triggers AML in collaboration with additional mutations. We have previously shown that the zinc finger transcription factor PLAGL2 efficiently cooperates with CbfΒ-SMMHC in murine AML, and that PLAGL2 transcript levels are significantly increased in inversion 16 human AML. The mechanism of PLAGL2 action in AML, however, is not understood. In order to identify candidate PLAGL2 target genes in AML, we performed gene expression profiling of primary hematopoietic progenitors expressing CbfΒ-SMMHC and PLAGL2, as well as in AML samples induced by CbfΒ-SMMHC and PLAGL2. The expression of c-Mpl transcript was increased 8 to 32 fold in progenitors and AML samples when compared to controls not expressing PLAGL2. This increase was confirmed by quantitative PCR analysis and correlated with increased c-Mpl receptor in membrane by flow cytometry. Analysis of the c-Mpl proximal promoter identified three conserved Plag binding sites. PLAGL2 binding to these sites was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays. Furthermore, PLAGL2/CbfΒ-SMMHC AML cells show a significant increase in sensitivity to the c-Mpl-ligand thrombopoietin when compared to non-PLAGL2 CbfΒ-SMMHC-AML samples as measured by Jak2 phosphorylation. To test whether PLAGL2 induces AML by increasing c-Mpl levels, AML development was analyzed in bone-marrow transplantation assays using CbfΒ-SMMHC-expressing donor cells transduced with c-Mpl expressing retrovirus. All transplanted mice (8/8) succumbed to leukemia with a median latency of 8 weeks, while control groups remained unaffected for 16 weeks. The pathology of Mpl/CbfΒ-SMMHC AML was immuno-phenotypically and morphologically identical to that of PLAGL2/CbfΒ-SMMHC AML. This study demonstrates that PLAGL2 directly induces c-Mpl receptor expression, and that such increase cooperates with CbfΒ-SMMHC in AML development. These results suggest that AML can result from the alteration of upstream regulators of Mpl/Jak2 signaling.
Hyperoxia impairs pro-angiogenic RNA production in preterm endothelial colony-forming cells

University of Colorado Denver College of Liberal Arts and Sciences; National Institute of Health [NHLBI HL68702]; National Institutes of Health [K23 HL121090-01A1]
Supply function equilibrium in power markets: Mesh networks

We study decentralized power markets with strategic power generators. In decentralized markets, each generator submits its supply function (i.e., the amount of electricity it is willing to produce at various unit prices) to the independent system operator (ISO), who takes the submitted supply functions as the true marginal cost functions, and dispatches the generators to clear the market. If all generators reported their true marginal cost functions, the market outcome would be efficient (i.e., the total generation cost is minimized). However, when generators are strategic and aim to maximize their own profits, the reported supply functions are not necessarily the marginal cost functions, and the resulting market outcome may be inefficient. The efficiency loss depends on the topology of the underlying transmission network, because the topology sets constraints on the feasible power supply from generators. This paper provides an analytical upper bound of the efficiency loss due to strategic generators. Our upper bound sheds light on how the efficiency loss depends on the (mesh) transmission network topology (e.g., the degrees of buses, the admittances and flow limits of transmission lines).
High-speed imaging and small-scale explosive characterization techniques to understand effects of primary blast-induced injury on nerve cell structure and function

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is often associated with blast exposure. Even in the absence of penetrating injury or evidence of tissue injury on imaging, blast TBI may trigger a series of neural/glial cellular and functional changes. Unfortunately, the diagnosis and proper treatment of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) caused by explosive blast is challenging, as it is not easy to clinically distinguish blast from non-blast TBI on the basis of patient symptoms. Damage to brain tissue, cell, and subcellular structures continues to occur slowly and in a manner undetectable by conventional imaging techniques. The threshold shock impulse levels required to induce damage and the cumulative effects upon multiple exposures are not well characterized. Understanding how functional and structural damage from realistic blast impact at cellular and tissue levels at variable timescales after mTBI events may be vital for understanding this injury phenomenon and for linking mechanically induced structural changes with measurable effects on the nervous system. Our working hypothesis is that there is some transient physiological dysfunction occurring at cellular and subcellular levels within the central nervous system due to primary blast exposure. We have developed a novel in vitro indoor experimental system that uses real military explosive charges to more accurately represent military blast exposure and to probe the effects of primary explosive blast on dissociated neurons. We believe this system offers a controlled experimental method to analyze and characterize primary explosive blast-induced cellular injury and to understand threshold injury phenomenon. This paper will also focus on the modeling aspect of our work and how it relates to the experimental work.
Fatal Powassan Encephalitis (Deer Tick Virus, Lineage II) in a Patient With Fever and Orchitis Receiving Rituximab.

Importance:Powassan virus is a rare but increasingly recognized cause of severe neurological disease. Objective:To highlight the diagnostic challenges and neuropathological findings in a fatal case of Powassan encephalitis caused by deer tick virus (lineage II) in a patient with follicular lymphoma receiving rituximab, with nonspecific anti-GAD65 antibodies, who was initially seen with fever and orchiepididymitis. Design, Setting, and Participants:Comparison of clinical, radiological, histological, and laboratory findings, including immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction, antibody detection, and unbiased sequencing assays, in a single case report (first seen in December 2016) at an academic medical center. Exposure:Infection with Powassan virus. Main Outcomes and Measures:Results of individual assays compared retrospectively. Results:In a 63-year-old man with fatal Powassan encephalitis, serum and cerebrospinal fluid IgM antibodies were not detected via standard methods, likely because of rituximab exposure. Neuropathological findings were extensive, including diffuse leptomeningeal and parenchymal lymphohistiocytic infiltration, microglial proliferation, marked neuronal loss, and white matter microinfarctions most severely involving the cerebellum, thalamus, and basal ganglia. Diagnosis was made after death by 3 independent methods, including demonstration of Powassan virus antigen in brain biopsy and autopsy tissue, detection of viral RNA in serum and cerebrospinal fluid by targeted real-time polymerase chain reaction, and detection of viral RNA in cerebrospinal fluid by unbiased sequencing. Extensive testing for other etiologies yielded negative results, including mumps virus owing to prodromal orchiepididymitis. Low-titer anti-GAD65 antibodies identified in serum, suggestive of limbic encephalitis, were not detected in cerebrospinal fluid. Conclusions and Relevance:Owing to the rarity of Powassan encephalitis, a high degree of suspicion is required to make the diagnosis, particularly in an immunocompromised patient, in whom antibody-based assays may be falsely negative. Unbiased sequencing assays have the potential to detect uncommon infectious agents and may prove useful in similar scenarios.
Tracking and classification of targets detected by a moving multibeam sonar

There are multiple applications where tracking and classification of targets detected in multibeam sonar data is required, ranging from environmental studies to marine security. Target tracking from a fixed frame of reference is well-established, but if the sonar is mounted to a surface-following platform or vessel, the tracking task is complicated by the moving frame of reference. Here, accelerometer data is integrated into a Kalman filter-based tracking scheme to correct for the motion of a non-stationary sonar. This technique is first verified using a vessel-mounted sonar and target with known position. Tracking of marine animals from a moving platform is then demonstrated in real-time for the case of a sonar mounted on the hull of a wave energy converter. These target tracks are classified in real time (e.g., diving bird, seal) using a Random Forest algorithm. The effectiveness and limitations of real-time target tracking and classification from a moving multibeam sonar are discussed.
Lamina-Specific Neuronal Connections

Neurons are connected with a remarkable degree of synaptic specificity in neuronal circuits. In many parts of the central nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates, a major wiring diagram of neuronal circuits appears to be laminar specificity. Recent studies have unraveled molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie formation of lamina-specific connectivity. The mechanisms include chemotropic and immobilized lamina-specific cues that attract or repel axons to approach target laminae; cell surface molecules on lamina-specific postsynaptic neurons or their subcellular domain; non-neuronal cues associated with glial cells and extracellular matrix; guidepost cells that navigate earlier connections; and activity-dependent mechanisms that sculpt initially diffuse projections.
Protein Translocons: Multifunctional Mediators of Protein Translocation across Membranes

Protein translocation systems consist of complex molecular machines whose activities are not limited to unidirectional protein targeting. Protein translocons and their associated receptor systems can be viewed as dynamic modular units whose interactions, and therefore functions, are regulated in response to specific signals. This flexibility allows translocons to interact with multiple signal receptor systems to manage the targeting of topologically distinct classes of proteins, to mediate targeting to different suborganellar compartments, and to respond to stress and developmental cues. Furthermore, the activities of translocons are tightly coordinated with downstream events, thereby providing a direct link between targeting and protein maturation.
The Association between Solo versus Group Obstetrical Practice Model and Delivery Outcomes.

Objective To determine if women under the care of obstetricians in solo practice have different delivery outcomes from women in a group practice. Study Design This is a retrospective cohort of live, term, singleton, vertex (LTSV) deliveries at one hospital from 2011 to 2015. We compared outcomes between women whose obstetrician was in solo practice with women in a group practice model. Results There were 18,214 LTSV deliveries by private obstetricians. Solo obstetricians were more likely to deliver at night (41.0 vs. 37.5%, p = 0.002) and less likely to induce labor (22.6 vs. 30.6%, p Conclusion In a large, tertiary care hospital, solo obstetricians have similar neonatal outcomes as group obstetricians. Their higher cesarean delivery rate is balanced by fewer shoulder dystocias and third/fourth degree lacerations, indicating a more conservative approach to labor management. Patient outcomes should not be a reason to discourage a solo practice model.
Effects of dietary cottonseed meal protein level on growth, gonad development and plasma sex steroid hormones of tropical fish tilapia Oreochromis sp

Five experimental diets containing increasing proportions of cottonseedmeal (CSM) protein (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%; diets 1 to 5, respectively) toreplace fish meal (FM) protein were formulated for intensive culture of tilapiaOreochromis sp. Each diet was fed to three replicategroupsof fish (mean weight ± SE = 11.3 ± 3.9 g) in30L aquaria connected as a closed recirculating-water system andmaintained at 27 ± 1 °C. Fish were fed three times adayby hand at a rate of 3% of body weight during four weeks, after which thefeeding rate was gradually decreased to reach 1.5% at 16 weeks. Thesubstitutionof 75 and 100% of FM proteins by CSM proteins resulted in significantly lowerbody weights in both sexes. In both sexes, gonadosomatic indexes and plasmaconcentrations of sex steroids (testosterone, 11-ketotestoterone,estradiol-17β and 17,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one) were notsignificantly different among dietary treatments. The concentration ofgossypol,an antifertility agent contained in CSM, was measured in reproductive tissues.The total gossypol concentration in the testis was consistently lower than thatmeasured in the ovaries of the same group. Moreover, in both sexes, theconcentration of the (+)isomer of gossypol was always higher than that of(−)isomer. The total gossypol concentrations in testes increasedsignificantly with the increase of CSM in the diet. The highest levels of the(+)isomer (7.64 ± 0.62 μg g−1)were found in the testes of fish fed diet 4, whereas the (−)isomerreached its highest values in the testes of fish fed diet 5. The highest levelsof both enantiomers of gossypol were found in the ovaries of fish fed diet 4(14.2 ± 2.7 and 5.6 ± 1.5 μg g−1for (+) and (−)isomers, respectively). In both sexes, thehistological analysis of the gonads did not reveal differences among the fishfed different levels of CSM. Although CSM at any levels did not affect thereproductive parameters examined in this study, it cannot be used to substitutemore than 50% of FM since at higher levels growth of tilapia was compromised.
The Personal Financial Burden Associated with Musculoskeletal Trauma.

BACKGROUND Little is known about the effect of orthopaedic trauma on the financial health of patients. We hypothesized that some patients who sustain musculoskeletal trauma experience considerable financial hardship during treatment, and we also assessed for factors associated with increased personal financial burden. METHODS We surveyed 236 of 393 consecutive patients who were approached at 1 of 2 American College of Surgeons level-I trauma centers between 2016 and 2017 following the completion of treatment for a musculoskeletal injury (60% response rate). Two validated measures (financial burden composite score and dichotomized worry score) were used to assess the financial hardship that patients experienced with the injury. RESULTS There were 236 participants in the study, the mean age was 56.3 years (range, 19 to 94 years), and 48.7% of patients were male. Of the 236 patients, 97.9% had medical insurance, yet the mean financial burden composite score (and standard deviation) was 2.4 ± 2.2 (0 indicated low and 6 indicated high). In this study, 25.0% of patients had high levels of worry about financial problems that resulted from the injury. Fifty-four percent of patients used their savings to pay for their care, and 23% of patients borrowed money or took out a loan. Twenty-three percent of patients missed payment on other bills. Fifty-seven percent of patients were required to cut expenses in general. Patients with higher composite financial burden scores had a significantly increased likelihood of high financial worry (odds ratio [OR], 1.8 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.5 to 2.2]; p < 0.001). Factors associated with increased financial hardship were high-deductible health plan insurance (coefficient, 0.3 [95% CI, 0.002 to 0.528]; p = 0.048), Medicaid insurance (coefficient, 0.6 [95% CI, 0.342 to 0.863]; p < 0.001), failure to complete high school (coefficient, 0.475 [95% CI, 0.033 to 0.918]; p = 0.035), increased number of surgical procedures (coefficient, 0.067 [95% CI, 0.005 to 0.129]; p = 0.035), and prior medical or student loans (coefficient, 0.769 [95% CI, 0.523 to 1.016]; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Despite a high rate of insurance, patients with orthopaedic trauma in our study had high rates of worry and financial distress. Asking about financial hardship may help to identify those patients with a higher personal financial burden and may promote allocation of additional social support and services.
Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists can be Used Safely in Heart Failure Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Introduction The mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) have been shown to be beneficial in heart failure (HF), improving survival and reducing hospitalizations. The AHA/ACC guidelines now give a Class 1A recommendation to use MRAs in NYHA class II-IV HFrEF. There are concerns about the risk for hyperkalemia and renal injury for patients (pts) with HF and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Previous trials have excluded pts with a serum creatinine (Cr) >2.5 mg/dL or an eGFR of Hypothesis We hypothesize that MRAs can be used safely in patients with HF and CKD when followed closely. Methods This is a retrospective study of pts whose data are in our EMR and started a MRA between January 2012 to September 2017. Eligible pts were age ≥18 years with HF followed in cardiology clinic. Selected pts were receiving MRAs and stratified by CKD based on a Cr ≥2.5 and/or eGFR Results Average follow up intervals were 2.1, 3.4 and 1.9 months for CKD (total 7.4±6.0 months) vs. 2.3, 2.5 and 3.4 months in HF (total 8.1±5.2 months). At the first follow up, there were no DCs in Group CKD compared with 1 in Group HF. At the final visit, there were 8 DCs in Group CKD vs. 2 in Group HF (p=0.06). Of the 8 total DCs in the CKD arm, 5 were for worsening renal function and 2 for hyperkalemia. There were 18 hospitalizations in the CKD arm through the final visit; only 2 were for worsening renal failure, but 9 were for HF. There were 11 hospitalizations in group HF. Average Cr and eGFR were 0.9±0.2 and 98.2±31.4 at baseline and 1.0±0.3 and 89.7±32.5 at the final visit in Group HF (p=NS for both). Conversely, Cr and eGFR in Group CKD were 1.5±0.5 and 40.4±14.4 at baseline and 1.6±0.6 and 37.1±13.0 at the final visit (p=0.08 and p=0.05). Conclusions There was a trend towards higher DCs of MRAs in the CKD group, mostly due to worsening renal function, with good recovery after DC. However there were only 2 hospitalizations cited for worsening renal failure compared with 9 for worsening HF. There was no significant change in eGFR from baseline to the final visit in the HF group. There was a small, significant decrease in eGFR in the CKD arm. Our data indicate that MRAs can be used safely in patients with both HF and CKD, when monitored closely.
Accurate Edge Location Identification Based on Location-Directed Image Modeling

This paper introduces a new approach for determining accurate locations of edges in natural images based on a location-directed image modeling framework. The inability to identify accurate locations follows from the inability to characterize the continuous location variation of edges. We exploit the linear phase-location characteristics in a complex-valued image representation, which guarantees even minuscule location variation be captured by changes in phases. In each band of complex-valued coefficients, the fields of phases represent the locations of edges with particular resolution and along particular direction, and thereby the representation offers a nonparametric framework for gathering multiresolution and multi-directional pieces of evidence about an edge’s locations to jointly locate the edge. Our approach quantifies an edge’s spatial shift that is less than 0.01 pixel and demonstrates its periodic movement within 0.35-pixel range in a series of natural images. This remarkable performance verifies our framework’s ability in identifying accurate locations of edges and opens the door to unveil imperceptible phenomena that are not previously detected.
Precision Agriculture for Smallholder Nitrogen Management

Humanity is exceeding the planetary boundary for nitrogen. Changing course will depend, in part, on how current and future smallholders manage nitrogen. Precision agriculture could play a key role but only if accompanied by policy reforms and investments that address a range of barriers to improved nitrogen management.
Derivation of trophoblast stem cells from naïve human pluripotent stem cells.

Naive human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provide a unique experimental platform of cell fate decisions during pre-implantation development, but their lineage potential remains incompletely characterized. As naive hPSCs share transcriptional and epigenomic signatures with trophoblast cells, it has been proposed that the naive state may have enhanced predisposition for differentiation along this extraembryonic lineage. Here we examined the trophoblast potential of isogenic naive and primed hPSCs. We found that naive hPSCs can directly give rise to human trophoblast stem cells (hTSCs) and undergo further differentiation into both extravillous and syncytiotrophoblast. In contrast, primed hPSCs do not support hTSC derivation, but give rise to non-self-renewing cytotrophoblasts in response to BMP4. Global transcriptome and chromatin accessibility analyses indicate that hTSCs derived from naive hPSCs are similar to blastocyst-derived hTSCs and acquire features of post-implantation trophectoderm. The derivation of hTSCs from naive hPSCs will enable elucidation of early mechanisms that govern normal human trophoblast development and associated pathologies.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail dairy prices

This article focuses on the immediate impacts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on retail prices of dairy products in the United States Using weekly data from the US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service, we analyze a change in dairy prices coinciding with COVID-19 restrictions Using a regression discontinuity design, we find that prices of all dairy products decreased by 8% at the time that stay at home orders and changes in retail activities took place When focusing on specific dairy categories, we find a varying degree of price declines, but also many prices that did not change We also analyze store promotional advertisements for dairy products and find the expected decline in the number of store ads This study has implications for policymakers concerned about the impact of COVID-19 on retail food prices in the United States [EconLit citations: Q11;Q18] © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
Linguistic Fieldwork Contributing to Documentation

This chapter provides an overview of primary motivations for linguistic fieldwork, language description, and language documentation. The work of Franz Boas, Edward Sapir, Mary Haas, John Peabody Harrington, Dell Hymes, and Joel Sherzer continue to influence methods of data collection and the types of data language documenters collect. We discuss three broad motivations for language documentation: documenting language use/language and culture, understanding human cognition, and describing language structure. We discuss three methodologies related to these motivations: ethnography of communication, experimental methods, and eliciting targeted constructions. The discussion also contrasts four nonacademic motivations for language documentation: Christian proselytizing, community language revitalization efforts, personal reward and fulfillment, and humanitarian service.
Relationship of Imported Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Integument Coloration to Cuticular Hydrocarbon and Venom Alkaloid Profiles

Red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren; RIFA) and black imported fire ant (Solenopsis richteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae); BIFA) are considered distinct species with introgression via a reproductively functional hybrid (HIFA). The RIFA and BIFA common names are based on relative coloration. Due to human color perception variation, using color to identify RIFA, BIFA or HIFA is challenging. Fire ant identification traditionally involves molecular or chemical techniques, but a colorimetric test could allow rapid and low-cost identification. In this study, ant integument coloration was measured by spectrophotometer, and color attributes were compared to a combined gas chromatography (GC) index derived from cuticular hydrocarbon and venom alkaloid indices. Significant Pearson Correlation coefficients were found for colony GC index versus color attributes red to green (a*), blue to yellow (b*), chroma (C*), and hue (h*), but not lightness (L*). The RIFA colonies were distinct from BIFA for four of five color attributes and plots of the a*b* and C*h* horizontal axis of the L*a*b* and L*C*h* color spaces. Color attributes for HIFA indices were not distinct from BIFA and RIFA parental species, but HIFA a*b* and C*h* plots were distinct from RIFA and a*b* plots from BIFA. Color attributes a*, b*, and C* increased and h* decreased with GC index in a sinusoidal pattern. In conclusion, most RIFA and BIFA color attributes were distinct and a*b* and C*h* color axes plots had potential to distinguish HIFA from parental species, but coloration of HIFA indices was variable and complicated identifications among HIFA phenotypes, RIFA and BIFA.