cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of remote sensing and GIS to identify vegetation change in the upper San Pedro River watershed, Arizona

Abstract A study to demonstrate the use of remotely sensed data to identify vegetation change was conducted in the Upper San Pedro River watershed in southeastern Arizona. This project was coordinated and funded by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) Arid ecosystems as a pilot study with three specific objectives: to evaluate the characterization of land cover using remote sensing systems, to determine the applicability of the Brown, Lowe and Pase (1979) vegetation classification system to such a land characterization system, and to apply techniques for detecting change over time in land cover from remotely sensed data. Whilst possible causes of vegetation change are discussed, the pilot study was not designed to determine the causes of any changes that were identified. The study area was chosen because of its characteristic physiography and vegetation and because of the rapid land cover changes known to have taken place. In addition, interagenc...
Legacies of the Tonsil Hospital

In response to a unique societal need, a dedicated tonsil hospital was established in New York City in 1921. Its contributions were both medical and moral. The hospital's director, Robert Fowler, impressed by the variability of available surgical techniques, undertook a quest for the "better tonsil operation." His findings, published in an exhaustive text, highlighted several obscure anatomic relationships. Emphasis was on the primacy of anatomic mastery over the allure of new technology, with attention to the path leading from better surgery to better outcomes. Fowler's advocacy of both technical excellence and specialized patient care prefigured similar concerns held by otolaryngologists today.
Accounting for structural error and uncertainty in a model: An approach based on model parameters as stochastic processes

The significance of model structure error and uncertainty (MSEU), sometimes referred to as conceptual error, is rarely adequately recognized. MSEU, moreover, is not an esoteric matter of little consequence to the formation of policy for environmental protection and ameliorating the prospective effects of climate change. The paper presents an approach to accounting for MSEU in which the parameters of a model are treated as stochastic processes and modeled as Generalized Random Walks. Our approach is inspired by the algorithms of recursive estimation and filtering theory. In particular, given an innovations representation of the model's structure, we are able to exploit the dichotomy of what is considered to be the {presumed known} in the model's structure and its complement, the {acknowledged unknown}. Two conceptually different groups of model parameters attach to this dichotomy: those familiar to us as the conventional parameters in a model's structure; and those having to do with the way in which past (systematic) forecasting errors - in fact, the innovations errors - are distributed (fed back) into the generation of future predictions through a gain matrix (in the sense of filtering theory). A hypothetical biological system with nonlinear dynamics is specified as the prototypical case study for assessing and comparing the performance of our proposed approach with three other approaches to accounting for MSEU: model fitting error; the expansion of parametric uncertainty; and Bayesian model averaging. Our predictive test cases are constructed around future conditions in which the pattern of input disturbances of the system's behavior is broadly similar to that of their past observed pattern (as used for prior identification, or calibration, of the model). In specific terms, however, future input disturbance patterns are significantly different. Our new approach and that of Bayesian model averaging are found to perform well on this hypothetical system; the performances of the approaches of model fitting error and the expansion of parametric uncertainty are shown to be inferior.
Gas-Phase Molecular Structure of Corannulene, C20H10. An Electron-Diffraction Study Augmented by ab Initio and Normal Coordinate Calculations

The molecular structure of corannulene has been investigated by gas-phase electron diffraction with help from ab initio calculations at the B3LYP/6−31(d) level and normal coordinate analysis. The structure is closely similar to both that found in the crystal and that predicted from the molecular orbital calculation, but the carbon skeleton differs significantly from a C20 fragment of C60. The molecule of C5v symmetry is skull-cap shaped with five six-membered rings fused to the central five-membered ring and to each other. However, unlike C60 in which the corresponding hexagons are planar, the outermost pairs of carbon atoms with their hydrogens are bent out, tending to flatten the molecule. The bond lengths (rg/A) with uncertainties of 2σ for the four different types of C−C bonds in corannulene are, beginning with that held jointly by the pentagon and hexagon and proceeding around the hexagon, C1−C2 = 1.414(6), C1−C6 = 1.414(20), C6−C7 = 1.447(16), and C7−C8 = 1.380(16). The average C−C bond is about 0.0...
Absolute Values of the Electron Drift Velocity in Nitrogen, Helium, Neon and Argon

The electrical shutter method for measuring electron mobility has been employed for measurements of the electron drift velocity in nitrogen, helium, neon and argon. The values obtained experimentally as a function of $\frac{X}{p}$ are compared with those computed by theoretical equations and a discrepancy is shown to exist. In every case the deviation of the experimental from the calculated curves is explained by the hypothesis that the distribution of electron velocities is such that occasional inelastic collisions occur. Under such circumstances the energy losses are greater than those calculated, and the experimental values of the electron drift velocity are thus greater than predicted by theory. It is shown, in all cases studied, that electrons of sufficient energy are present to produce the postulated excitations. Assuming such inelastic collisions, a value for the probability of excitation of electronic levels in helium, neon, and argon is calculated. The probabilities so obtained agree in order of magnitude with those given by other experiments.
Full sternotomy through a minimally invasive incision: a cardiac surgeon’s true comfort zone

Increasing attention is being paid by cardiac surgeons to performing cardiac surgical procedures through less invasive approaches, including the use of limited incisions. A limited incisional approach is described that achieves full sternotomy, allows the use of standard operative instruments and techniques, permits rapid, easy conversion to normal sternotomy exposure, and is easy to learn.
CHIRAL SUPERSTRING AMPLITUDES AND THE GSO PROJECTION

Chirally symmetric amplitudes for the scattering of bosonic massless particles at fixed spin structures are shown to split into the absolute values squared of a chiral amplitude at fixed internal momenta. Chiral amplitudes are holomorphic in supermoduli and chiral polarization tensors, meromorphic in vertex operators insertion points. They may be recast in terms of intrinsic complex supergeometric objects. Amplitudes of opposite chirality may be endowed with independent spin structures so that the GSO projection can be enforced to construct the superstring.
Oscillator strengths from line absorption in a high-temperature furnace—I. The (0,0) and (1,0) bands of the A2Σ+ - X2Πi transition in OH and OD

Abstract Quantitative high-resolution spectroscopy was applied to the (0,0) and (1,0) U.V. absorption bands of OH and OD. Known concentrations of OH and OD were prepared in a high-temperature furnace containing a 2:1 mixture of water vapor and oxygen. Band oscillator strengths at 1425 K for the OH (0,0), OH(1,0), OD (0,0) and OD (1,0) bands were 9.6 × 10-4, 2.4 × 10-4, 9.5 × 10-4 and 2.6 × 10-4 with a statistical and systematic uncertainty of about 20 per cent. The use of the OH or OD rotational intensity distribution with vibration-rotation correction factors to determine gas temperature was verified. The collision width of OH or OD lines in the furnace at a total pressure of 580 torr is about 0.14 cm-1 at low J″ and appears to decrease at higher J″.
Synchrotron X-Ray Study of the Thickness Dependence of the Phase Diagram of Thin Liquid-Crystal Films

The phase diagram of freely suspended thin films of heptyloxybenzylidene-heptylaniline shows dramatic changes for thicknesses below 22 layers. The most surprising feature of the phase diagram is the inclusion of two phases lacking long-range crystalline order (smectic-$F$ and hexatic-$B$ phases) between two crystalline phases (crystalline smectic $B$ and smectic $G$). Neither the smectic $F$ nor the hexatic $B$ occurs in bulk samples. Between sixteen and ten layers the width, in temperature, of the hexatic-$B$ phase increases.
Practice Trends in Patients with Persistent Detectable Thyroglobulin and Negative Diagnostic Radioiodine Whole Body Scans: A Survey of American Thyroid Association Members

Background: Management of patients with thyroglobulin (Tg)-positive/scan-negative thyroid cancer remains challenging. American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines recommend potential use of empiric 131I therapy and various scanning modalities, but no standard for managing such cases exists. Methods: We surveyed ATA members to assess current practice in management of patients with Tg-positive/scan-negative disease. Members participated in a web-based survey of six case scenarios of Tg elevations but iodine scan negativity. Results: A total of 288 ATA members (80% male) participated. Patient age, sex, and basal and stimulated Tg varied between the cases. Respondents were asked their opinion regarding empiric 131I therapy use, including 131I dose, use and duration of low-iodine diet, thyroxine withdrawal or recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH), and utilization of additional imaging (neck ultrasound (US) or positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT)) and reconsideration of 131I therapy. Betwe...
DNA interaction and photocleavage properties of porphyrins containing cationic substituents at the peripheral position.

A series of mono- and disubstituted cationic porphyrins (1-8) were synthesized and investigated for their ability to bind and cleave DNA in the presence of light. In these porphyrins, the cationic substituents were introduced at various peripheral positions, i.e., the non-meso positions of the porphyrin system. The modes of binding of these porphyrins to DNA were investigated by UV-vis spectroscopy, circular dichroism, and an unwinding assay. The intrinsic binding constants Kb of these porphyrins to calf thymus DNA was found to be in the range 10(4)-10(5) M-1. Two of the zinc(II) complexes of non-meso-substituted cationic porphyrins (5 and 8) were found to bind to DNA via intercalation, which is in contrast to the previously reported outside-binding mode for the Zn(II) complexes of meso-substituted cationic porphyrins. Except for monocationic porphyrin 1 and Ni(II) dicationic porphyrin 6, all the other porphyrins were found to be efficient photocleavers of DNA. The DNA photocleavage characteristics of this series of cationic porphyrins were found to depend on the structural characteristics of the poprhyrins such as (a) length of the side chain of the cationic substituents (2 vs 4), (b) the position of the side chain on the porphyrin ring (4 vs 7), and (c) the presence of the chelating metal in 3, 5, and 8 as compared to the nonmetallo porphyrins 2, 4, and 7, respectively.
Expectations and Reality: Delivering Financial Assistance to Distance Learners

The changes associated with how higher education institutions teach students have presented and will continue to present major challenges for years to come. One thing is certain: as the mode of delivering higher education has evolved, students, faculty, and administration have already come to expect financial assistance to support growth in distance education programming. A large part of an institution’s ability to compete in the distance education marketplace will be measured by its campus wide commitment to delivering financial assistance to distance learners.
Cause of tall off-types in a semidwarf spring wheat

Tall off-types that occur in semidwarf wheat, Triticum aestivum L., cultivars may reduce grower acceptance and present problems in seed certification programs. Tall off-types occur in «Hi-Line» spring wheat at a frequency of 0.2%. Segregation analysis for height indicates HiLine contained the Rht 1 Rht 1 rht 2 rht 2 genotype. Cytological analysis of selfed progeny of the tall off-types showed a high proportion of monosomic chromosome numbers, indicating that aneuploidy may be associated with the tall off-types. Further investigation involved the use of PCR (polymerase chain reaction) with primers designed from clones detecting restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) at loci on homoeologons Group 4, which contained height-reducing loci Rht 1 and Rht 2
Experience with Greenfield Filters in Pregnant Women for Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism Case Reports

The indications for inferior vena caval filter placement in the gravid female are ill defined. During pregnancy, however, pulmonary embolism (PE) secondary to venous thrombosis is the most common cause of maternal mortality. Pregnant women are at risk for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) due to hypercoagulability caused by increased levels of coagulation factors and decreased fibrinolytic activity. In addition, decreased venous tone and velocity of blood flow in the lower extremities lead to venous stasis. Although heparin is the treatment of choice for DVT associated with pregnancy, propagation of thrombus or development of bleeding diathesis mandates discontinuation of anticoagulant therapy and consideration for caval interruption. In this review, two patients are presented who required vena caval filters during pregnancy, and indications for their usage in this patient population are defined. Filter placement is recommended during pregnancy in the presence of extensive iliofemoral thrombus, free-floating t...
NONHOLONOMIC SYSTEMS AND SUB-RIEMANNIAN GEOMETRY ∗

This paper presents several classical mechanical systems with nonholonomic con- straints from the point of view of sub-Riemannian geometry. For those systems that satisfy the bracket generating condition the system can move continuously between any two given states. How- ever, the paper provides a counterexample to show that the bracket generating condition is not also a sufficient condition for connectivity. All possible motions of the system correspond to curves tan- gent to the distribution defined by the nonholonomic constraints. Among the connecting curves we distinguish an optimal one which minimizes a certain energy induced by a natural sub-Riemannian metric on the non-integrable distribution. The paper discusses several classical problems such as the knife edge, the skater, the rolling disk and the nonholonomic bicycle.
Interactions of plant-parasitic nematodes with soil-borne plant pathogens

Abstract Since the initial report of an interaction of Meloidogyne sp. with Fusarium oxysporum on cotton in 1892, numerous interactions of plant-parasitic nematodes with the plant-pathogenic fungi, viruses, bacteria, nematodes and possibly, rickettsia-like microorganisms have been described. The mechanisms operating in these interactions are largely unknown. Plant-parasitic nematodes are frequently vectors of plant-pathogenic viruses or bacteria, or, occasionally, of pathogenic fungi. Nematodes may aid ingress of plant-pathogenic fungi and bacteria by simple, physical wounding of the host plant. Plant-parasitic nematodes may also predispose hosts or modify expression of their resistance to plant pathogens by altering host physiology. Altered nutritional status, and elicitation or suppression of host toxins, anti-fungal metabolites and growth factors are mechanisms by which nematodes may affect predisposition. Disease development in complex diseases may be controlled by changes in rhizosphere flora mediated by the nutritional quality and quantity of exudates from nematode-parasitized roots which enhance or suppress growth of organisms antagonistic to plant pathogens. Such exudates may also overcome fungistasis. By limiting host root development, nematodes may induce drought stress in the host, a factor thought to influence development of some plant diseases. By these mechanisms, nematodes also exert influence on their own reproduction and cohabitation in host plants. To the present time, work in this area has been largely descriptive. Research clarifying the mechanisms of interaction between nematodes and other plant pathogens and the interplay of these mechanisms in the development of complex diseases will open interesting new means of disease control. It may also lead to a better understanding of the factors important in regulating basic ecological interactions and processes among soil-borne parasites in the rhizosphere.
What Can a Catholic Learn from the History of Jewish Biblical Exegesis

This article considers the claim of the 2001 Pontifical Biblical Commission Study, The Jewish People and Their Sacred Scriptures in the Christian Bible that the Christian reader can be instructed by post-biblical Jewish reflections on the Bible. It explores Jewish understandings that the role of the biblical prophets was not only to communicate God's messages to Israel but also to represent Israel before God. The essay demonstrates the correctness of the PBC's assertion by applying this Jewish tradition about the prpohets to Christian reflection on the meaning of Jesus' death.
MSAPA, A Local Practitioner Organization

This collection of articles from a local practitioner organization (LPO) results from a commitment by the Society for Applied Anthropology to encourage the viability and visibility of LPOs. SfAA and LPOs felt that Practicing Anthropology was an appropriate vehicle for exposure, and invitations were extended in 1989 to all LPOs to write about their organization, their members, and their work in order to share information and ideas with other practitioners and applied anthropologists.
Who wants to know what when? privacy preference determinants in ubiquitous computing

We conducted a questionnaire-based study of the relative importance of two factors, inquirer and situation, in determining the preferred accuracy of personal information disclosed through a ubiquitous computing system. We found that privacy preferences varied by inquirer more than by situation. That is, individuals were more likely to apply the same privacy preferences to the same inquirer in different situations than to apply the same privacy preferences to different inquirers in the same situation. We are applying these results to the design of a user interface for managing everyday privacy in ubiquitous computing.
Graph puzzles, homotopy, and the alternating group☆

Abstract The so-called 15-puzzle may be generalized to a puzzle based on an arbitrary graph. We consider labelings or colorings of the vertices and the operation of switching one distinguished label with a label on an adjacent vertex. Starting from a given labeling, iterations of this operation allow one to obtain all, or exactly half, of the labelings on a non-separable graph (with the polygons and one other graph as exceptions).
Cognitive‐Behavioral Psychotherapy for Children and Adolescents With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After a Single‐Incident Stressor

ABSTRACT Objective To test the efficacy of a group-administered cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy (CBT) protocol for pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after a single-incident stressor. Method After a school-wide selection-to-treatment procedure conducted in two elementary and two junior high schools, children and adolescents with DSM-IV PTSD by structured interview were entered into an 18-week, group-administered CBT protocol using a single case across time and setting experimental design. Assessments of PTSD, anxiety, depression, trait anger, locus of control, and disruptive behavior were conducted at baseline, posttreatment, and at 6-month follow-up. Result Experimental control across time (staggered start date) and setting (school and age) was demonstrated. Fourteen of 17 subjects completed treatment. Of these, 8 (57%) no longer met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD immediately after treatment; 12 (86%) of 14 were free of PTSD at 6-month follow-up. On intent-to-treat analyses, treatment produced a robust beneficial effect posttreatment on the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale-Child and Adolescent Version, with additional improvement accruing at follow-up ( p p p p p Conclusion More clinical trials are required to confirm that CBT is a safe, acceptable, and effective treatment for PTSD in children and adolescents.
Cell Wall Structural Foundations: Molecular Basis for Improving Forage Digestibilities

Forages play an important role in the world wide animal industry. The fiber (cell wall) portion makes up 300 to 800 μg g -1 of forage dry matter and represents a major source of nutritional energy for ruminants, but, unfortunately, less than 50% of this fraction is readily digested and utilized by the animal. Significant progress has been made in the past 30 to 40 yr towards understanding cell wall structure and function and developing mechanistic models that explain limitations to structural polysaccharide degradation and utilization by ruminants. In grasses, it is now clear that wall bound ferulates play a key role in cross-linking xylans to each other and to lignin, resulting in less degradable walls. Much has been accomplished in advancing our understanding of the lignification process in plants, particularly the genes and enzymes involved in the monolignol biosynthesis. The application of molecular techniques to this area has advanced our understanding of the metabolic process while providing tools for further exploration of wall structure and function and providing direction as to possible avenues to improve forage digestibility.
Blood flow and assessment of capillaries in the aging rat posterior canal crista.

Vascular change has been proposed as an etiological factor in inner ear aging and in several inner ear disorders. Moreover, some successful medical management of the episodic vertigo and tinnitus associated with Meniere's disease has been directed toward pharmacologically increasing blood flow, changing vascular permeability or ion homeostasis. While there are many studies of cochlear capillary morphology and blood flow, there are very few examining these variables in the vestibular system and none with respect to aging. The purpose of this study was to examine the rat posterior canal ampullary crista for age-related changes in blood flow and capillary morphology. By combining stereological techniques with microsphere injection, we have determined that in the rat posterior canal crista there is a statistically significant age-related decrease in blood flow (75%), mean capillary diameter (31%), and volume fraction of capillary lumen (31%). There is also an overall 18% decrease in the volume of the ampullary crista, a 72% decrease in blood flow/unit volume and a 36% increase in capillary length/unit volume. There were no significant changes in the capillary surface area/unit volume, the absolute capillary length, or the absolute capillary surface area. These data suggest impaired blood flow and degenerative loss of the ampullary crista may be relate to impaired end organ function.
The Question of God in an Age of Science: Constructions of Reality and Ultimate Reality in Theology and Science

Both science and theology have lately faced a crisis of authority. Their shared realization of the extent to which knowledge is underdetermined by the data and socially constructed provides a kind of common ground for reconsideration of their respective methods of inquiry as well as of the status of the claims they have warrant to make. Both fields are now consciously and critically employing a models approach. This article proposes criteria for assessing models and applies the criteria to one model from each field. The model of understanding evolution as a struggle for existence is considered from the field of science, and the traditional model for understanding the God-world relation as that of a king's relation to his kingdom is considered from the field of theology. Each of these models is evaluated with respect to its credibility, religious viability, and moral adequacy. In each case an alternative analogy is proposed and argued for.
VEGETATION AND FLORAL COLORS REVEALED BY ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT: INTERPRETATIONAL DIFFICULTIES FOR FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE

The importance of measuring floral colors as insects might see them is often ignored. Ultraviolet, only one of the wavebands visible to insects, is often recorded in vacuo, without reference to the insect visual spectrum, without quantification, and without reference to background coloration and ambient lighting. Such oversights may lead to serious errors in interpreting the functional significance of floral colors and color patterns. VISUALLY conspicuous floral characteristics, such as colors, sizes, and motion are especially important for long-distance discrimination of flowers by their pollinators. Floral colors as insects might see them must be considered with their contrast to their backgrounds, e.g., soils, vegetation, and sky. Unfortunately, many recent studies of UV reflections from plant parts (especially flowers) are unquantified and the discussions misleading, especially as they consider UV without reference to other primary colors for insects. Insects with color vision, especially bees, show trichromaticity (Goldsmith and Bernard, 1974). Hence, it is not fully meaningful to consider any insect primary color, e.g., UV, in vacuo. Observations made through a UV transmitting filter are open to interpretational errors. To illustrate the problem I will borrow from human trichromatic color vision, and for an example I will consider blue, the shortest waveband primary for humans and thus analogous to UV for insects (Kevan, 1972, 1978). Consider viewing or photographing the following through a blue transmitting filter: 1) a bright blue object on white background-no contrast will be visible, both object and background will be bright; 2) a bright blue object on a green background-contrast will be visible, the object will appear bright and the background dark; 3) a yellow, green, or red object on a white or blue background-contrast will be visible, the object will appear dark and the background bright; and 4) a yellow or green object on a red 1 Received for publication 5 September 1978; revision ac
MALLEE WHEAT FARMERS' DEMAND FOR CROP AND RAINFALL INSURANCE

Producers' demand for a crop insurance program with indemnities based on their actual yields and a rainfall insurance program with indemnities based on area rainfall is analysed. Actuarial costs of these hypothetical programs are estimated. Tobit procedures are used to analyse factors influencing the amount which farmers would be willing to pay for the alternative insurance programs. Factors related to the absolute size of risk and capacity to bear risk, as well as personal characteristics and risk attitudes of producers, have effects on the demand for insurance as hypothesised. Problems of adverse selection are associated with the area yield-based program, while both crop and rainfall insurance programs may involve some moral hazard. Producer participation in either program would be limited.
The fate of oil and oil-dispersant mixtures in freshwater ponds.

Abstract The fate, distribution and composition of oil and oil—dispersant mixtures were studied in a series of five, lined, inground ponds containing sandy gravel sediment and mesotrophic water. Norman Wells crude oil and Corexit 9527 were added at nominal concentrations of 100 and 20 ppm, respectively, to two of the ponds, and the crude oil alone was added at 100 ppm to a third pond. The water surface, water column, the sediment, pond liner and attached biota were systematically sampled for a year. While only about 2% of the oil remained in the water column of the pond with no dispersant addition, in the pond with the dispersant, about 10% of the oil persisted in the water for several weeks. Most of the oil initially dispersed in the water returned to the water surface, then eventually sank to the sediment. Thinner surface films showed a higher dispersant content than the thicker slicks, and the thinner films had higher infrared carbonyl absorption. Final distribution calculations revealed that about 45% of the oil had degraded in the oil—dispersant-treated ponds during the one year study, while only 23% could not be accounted for in the oil pond. Changes in the oil composition during the experiment were similar in all ponds, with no evidence to suggest that the dispersant affected oil composition in any special manner.
Electrocatalysis at Co–poly(difluoropyrrole) electrodeposited on Vulcan carbon supports: demonstration of halogenated polypyrrole as an electrocatalytic material

Halogenated polypyrroles are rendered significantly more stable against oxidative degradation than native polypyrrole and the electron-withdrawing substituents also permit tuning of the electronic state of coordinated catalytic metal ions. Poly(difluoropyrrole), or poly(dfp), was deposited on high-surface-area Vulcan carbon (VC) via bulk electrolytic oxidation of the monomer 3,4-difluoropyrrole at VC slurried in (n-C4H9)4NClO4/acetonitrile; the carbon-supported polymer was subsequently metallated with cobalt(II) ions. As determined by thermal, micrographic, elemental, and chemical state analyses, the Co-poly(dfp)/VC composite is ∼7 wt% poly(dfp) with the polymer inhomogeneously deposited over the Vulcan carbon, and the incorporated Co(II) ions coordinated by nitrogen atoms in the pyrrole moieties. Films of Co-poly(dfp)/VC cast on glassy carbon disk electrodes are electrocatalytically active for the two-electron reduction of oxygen in 0.1 M aqueous perchloric acid as assessed by hydrodynamic voltammetry, thereby demonstrating the viability of halogenated polypyrroles as electrocatalytic materials.
Re‐articulating Identity: The Shifting Landscape of Indigenous Politics and Power on the Ecuadorian Coast

The Levantamiento Indigena of 1990 was a defining moment in the advancement of indigenous politics in Ecuador. Following the uprising of 1990, scholars have paid close attention to the politics of identity and indigenous representation in Ecuador with the main focus being placed on the highland and Amazonian regions of the country. Based on fieldwork conducted in Ecuador's Manabi province, this article provides preliminary insight into the growth of an indigenous discourse on the Ecuadorian coast. I focus on the process of re-indigenisation in the coastal community of Macaboa. This research is significant because while a great deal of scholarly attention has been paid to indigenous movements in Ecuador's highland and Amazonian regions, indigenous politics on the coast have gone largely unnoticed. The case outlined in this article is emblematic of the shifting nature of identity and the way in which ethnic discourses are increasingly being adopted by marginalised groups in their attempts to negotiate with the state.
Conformational switching at cytochrome a during steady-state turnover of cytochrome c oxidase.

Abstract As an electron transfer-driven proton pump, cytochrome c oxidase (ferrocytochrome-c:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.9.3.1) must alternate between two conformations in each valence state of the redox element associated with ion translocation. Using second derivative absorption spectroscopy, the conformation of the cytochrome a cofactor has been investigated during steady-state turnover of this enzyme. Resting cytochrome c oxidase displays a transition for ferric cytochrome a at 430 nm. During aerobic steady-state turnover, this band is replaced by a ferrous cytochrome a transition at 450 nm. When anaerobicity is achieved, the transition occurs at 444 nm. The 450-nm-absorbing species is thus the dominant form during turnover, suggesting that conformational transitions of cytochrome a direct electron transfer during catalysis and may direct as well proton translocation in the last step of the respiratory electron transfer chain.
The solar corona as a minimum energy system

This paper is an exploration of the possibility that the large-scale equilibrium of plasma and magnetic fields in the solar corona is a minimum energy state. Support for this conjecture is sought by considering the simplest form of that equilibrium in a dipole solar field, as suggested by the observed structure of the corona at times of minimum solar activity. Approximate, axisymmetric solutions to the MHD equations are constructed to include both a magnetically closed, hydrostatic region and a magnetically open region where plasma flows along field lines in the form of a transonic, thermally-driven wind. Sequences of such solutions are obtained for various degrees of magnetic field opening, and the total energy of each solution is computed, including contributions from both the plasma and magnetic field. It is shown that along a sequence of increasingly closed coronal magnetic field, the total energy curve is a non-monotonic function of the parameter measuring the degree of magnetic field opening, with a minimum occurring at moderate field opening. For reasonable choices of model parameters (coronal temperature, base density, base magnetic field strength, etc.), the morphology of the minimum energy solution resembles the observed quiet, solar minimum corona. The exact location energy minimum along a given sequence depends rather sensitively on some of the adopted parameter values. It is nevertheless argued that the existence of an energy minimum along the sequences of solutions should remain a robust property of more realistic coronal wind models that incorporate the basic characteristics of the equilibrium corona- the presence of both open and closed magnetic regions.
Zonal surface wind jets across the Red Sea due to mountain gap forcing along both sides of the Red Sea

[1] Mesoscale atmospheric modeling over the Red Sea, validated by in-situ meteorological buoy data, identifies two types of coastal mountain gap wind jets that frequently blow across the longitudinal axis of the Red Sea: (1) an eastward-blowing summer daily wind jet originating from the Tokar Gap on the Sudanese Red Sea coast, and (2) wintertime westward-blowing wind-jet bands along the northwestern Saudi Arabian coast, which occur every 10–20 days and can last for several days when occurring. Both wind jets can attain wind speeds over 15 m s−1 and contribute significantly to monthly mean surface wind stress, especially in the cross-axis components, which could be of importance to ocean eddy formation in the Red Sea. The wintertime wind jets can cause significant evaporation and ocean heat loss along the northeastern Red Sea coast and may potentially drive deep convection in that region. An initial characterization of these wind jets is presented.
The importance of domain nucleation and growth during thermomagnetic recordings in GdTbFeCo disks

A very strong influence of writing laser power on the onset bias field has been observed in a high-Gd-content disk of composition (Gd/sub 85/Tb/sub 15/)/sub 25/(FeCo)/sub 75/. This observation and the corresponding micrograph of written domain patterns suggest that domain nucleation is responsible for such unusual behavior. Furthermore, the domains written on this disk are very irregular in both shape and size, giving rise to a large readback noise. The irregularities of the written domains are a result of their irregular growth after nucleation. The observed nonuniform nucleation and growth of domains appears to be inevitable in these temperature-compensated writing materials in which the writing temperature is kept from increasing with the Curie temperature. Consequently, it is highly unlikely that the readback signal-to-noise ratio will be improved by utilizing a temperature-compensated writing medium. In fact, it is found that the increase in the writing noise is so high that the signal-to-noise ratio is substantially degraded. >
Similarity in the dynamics of contralateral motor overflow through increasing frequency of movement in a single limb

This study was designed to investigate the effects of increasing movement frequency of a single limb on the degree of similarity and coherence of the motor outflow in the non-active limb. Twelve young adults performed a series of unilateral hand-clapping tasks (horizontal and vertical in 25-s trials) while seated. Individuals began the movements at a frequency of 1 Hz for 5 s and were required to increase the movement frequency so as to reach their maximum movement frequency during the latter parts of the trial. Hand and finger kinematics and surface EMG of each arm were recorded. The results showed a progressive emergence of overflow muscle activity and involuntary motion in the non-active arm as the movement frequency of the unilateral action increased toward the upper frequency limits of voluntary movement. This ceiling occurred within the range of 6–7 Hz. Activity in the non-active limb emerged as the movement frequency requirements increased, irrespective of the direction of motion for the task (vertical, horizontal), hand used (preferred, non-preferred) or the auditory timing stimulus provided (metronome, no-metronome). The dynamics of the motor overflow in the non-active limb exhibited time- and frequency-dependent patterns similar to those of the active arm. Together, these results demonstrate that the high-frequency unilateral movements of one limb drives the emergence of motor outflow to the opposite limb with the motor output dynamics being produced across both limbs being progressively similar as movement speed increases.
Essentials in Mentoring Clinical Skills in Stuttering Therapy

Abstract As a profession, there is need to teach, improve, and perpetuate the clinical skills of speech-language pathologists in the area of stuttering. There are different clinical education appro...
Problematic Boundaries in the Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder: The Interface with Borderline Personality Disorder

It is clinically important to recognize both bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder (BPD) in patients seeking treatment for depression, and it is important to distinguish between the two. The most studied question on the relationship between BPD and bipolar disorder is their diagnostic concordance. Across studies approximately 10 % of patients with BPD had bipolar I disorder and another 10 % had bipolar II disorder. Likewise, approximately 20 % of bipolar II patients were diagnosed with BPD, though only 10 % of bipolar I patients were diagnosed with BPD. While the comorbidity rates are substantial, each disorder is, nonetheless, diagnosed in the absence of the other in the vast majority of cases (80-90 %). In studies examining personality disorders broadly, other personality disorders were more commonly diagnosed in bipolar patients than was BPD. Likewise, the converse is also true: other axis I disorders such as major depression, substance abuse, and post-traumatic stress disorder are more commonly diagnosed in patients with BPD than is bipolar disorder. Studies comparing patients with BPD and bipolar disorder find significant differences on a range of variables. These findings challenge the notion that BPD is part of the bipolar spectrum. While a substantial literature has documented problems with the under-recognition and under-diagnosis of bipolar disorder, more recent studies have found evidence of bipolar disorder over-diagnosis and that BPD is a significant contributor to over-diagnosis. Re-conceptualizing the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition, diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder as a type of test, rather than the final word on diagnosis, shifts the diagnostician from thinking solely whether a patient does or does not have a disorder to considering the risks of false-positive and false-negative diagnoses, and the ease by which each type of diagnostic error can be corrected by longitudinal observation.
Magnetic susceptibility and superconductivity of cubic vanadium nitrides

Abstract The superconducting transition temperature TC and the magnetic susceptibility from 77 to 300°K have been measured on five cubic vanadium nitrides: VN, VN0.91, VN0.82, VN0.84 and VN0.75. The materials were carefully prepared to exclude oxygen and ferromagnetic impurities. The value of TC, falls from 8.1°K for VN to 2.3°K for VN0.75. The mass-susceptibility decreases from +3.94 × 10−6e.m.u./g for VN to 1.88 × 10−6e.m.u./g for VN0.75 at 300°K. All samples showed a small positive slope for the susceptibility temperature curve. The results are discussed in terms of the rigid band model. The main features are a high density of states of d electrons, 2.4 states/atom eV for VN that drops off as the nitrogen content decreases, to 0.8 states/atom eV. Preliminary considerations indicate that many-body effects could reduce this density of states by as much as a factor of 2. Lack of experimental results on Knight shifts and low-temperature specific heats prevent a more quantitative estimate being made.
Surface concentrations and molecule interactions in cationic−anionic mixed monolayers at various interfaces

Abstract Mole fractions of the two surface-active components of aqueous mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants at aqueous solution-air, -Teflon, and -Parafilm interfaces, calculated by two nonideal solution treatments, are compared to those obtained by use of the Gibbs adsorption equation. The treatment based upon the assumption that the ratio of partial molar areas of the two surfactants in the mixed monolayer equals the ratio of the molar monolayer areas of the two individual surfactants at the same interfacial tension (treatment “R”) gives mole fraction values in close agreement with these obtained by use of the Gibbs equation. The treatment based upon the assumption that the area occupied by the surfactant in the mixed monolayer is not significantly different from that in a monolayer of the individual (treatment “E”) gives values that deviate more. Molecular interaction parameters for mixed monolayer formation at the various interfaces, calculated by treatment “R,” are essentially constant with change in either the ratio of the two surfactants in the aqueous phase or the interfacial tension; values from treatment “E” varied with the interfacial tension and the degree of change in the surfactant area at the interface. When interaction between the two surfactants in the mixed monolayer is relatively weak, the two treatments yield essentially the same interfacial mole fraction and interaction parameter values.
On the Evolution of Vector Distance Functions of Closed Curves

Inspired by the work by Gomes et al., we describe and analyze a vector distance function approach for the implicit evolution of closed curves of codimension larger than one. The approach is set up in complete generality, and then applied to the evolution of dynamic geometric active contours in $$\mathbb{R}^4$$ (codimension three case). In order to carry this out one needs an explicit expression for the zero level set for which we propose a discrete connectivity method. This leads us to make connections with the new theory of cubical homology. We provide some explicit simulation results in order to illustrate the methodology.
The effects of ring annuloplasty on mitral leaflet geometry during acute left ventricular ischemia.

Abstract Background: The perturbed mitral leaflet geometry that leads to acute ischemic mitral regurgitation during acute left ventricular ischemia has not been quantified, nor is it known whether annuloplasty rings affect these detrimental changes in leaflet geometry. Methods: Radiopaque markers were implanted on both mitral leaflets and around the anulus in 3 groups of sheep: one group without rings served as the control group (n = 7); the others underwent Duran (n = 6; Medtronic Heart Valve Division, Minneapolis, Minn) or Carpentier-Edwards Physio (n = 5; Baxter Cardiovascular Division, Santa Ana, Calif) ring annuloplasty. After recovery, 3-dimensional marker coordinates were obtained by means of biplane videofluoroscopy before and during acute posterolateral left ventricular ischemia. Leaflet geometry was defined by measuring distances between annular and leaflet markers and perpendicular distances to the leaflet markers from a best-fit annular plane. Results: In all control animals, left ventricular ischemia was associated with acute ischemic mitral regurgitation and apical displacement (away from the annular plane) of the posterior leaflet edge and base markers by 0.6 ± 0.4 mm ( P =.01) and 0.7 ± 0.2 mm ( P P =.01) away from the mid-anterior anulus during ischemia, but compared with its nonischemic position, the anterior leaflet was not displaced apically away from the annular plane. In all animals in the Duran and Physio groups, leaflet geometry was unchanged during ischemia, and acute ischemic mitral regurgitation was not detected. Conclusion: Acute ischemic mitral regurgitation was associated with restricted motion of the posterior leaflet and extension of the anterior leaflet. Annuloplasty rings prevented these geometric perturbations of the mitral leaflets during acute left ventricular ischemia and preserved valvular competence. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;120:966-75)
Patterns of Parental Investment and Sexual Selection in Teleost Fishes: Do They Support Bateman's Principles?

SYNOPSIS. Bateman demonstrated differences in variance for fertility and mating success between the sexes, with males usually having a greater variance than females. Thus in general, male reproductive success increases with number of mates acquired. These results have been referred to as ‘‘Bateman’s principles’’ and taken together with other parameters (e.g., relative parental investment) have been proposed to estimate a component of sexual selection. For this review I examine patterns of parental care and sexual selection in teleost fishes (substrate brooding and with internal fertilization). I present data for the pumpkinseed sunfish Lepomis gibbosus, in which I estimated cost of paternal care and compared direct measures of the intensity of selection on possible sexually selected traits to measures of sexual selection based on Bateman’s principles. Despite high levels of paternal care in substrate brooding fishes, sexual selection tends to act more strongly on males than on females, which suggests that maternal investment is higher than paternal investment and that parental care does not limit the reproductive rate for males. In pumpkinseed sunfish, selection favors parents with high levels of defense that may exclude predators more effectively and, as suggested by Bateman’s measures, alternative reproductive strategies may decrease the opportunity for sexual selection within the parental strategy. In teleost fishes with internal fertilization, patterns of parental investment and intensity of sexual selection seem to support Bateman’s principles, but further studies using these systems and these measures of selection will improve the understanding of factors affecting the intensity of sexual selection and its relation to mating systems.