cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethological analysis of drug action on aggression and defense.

Abstract 1. 1. Psychopharmacological research on aggression pursues divergent objectives: From a pharmacological perspectives, animal aggression tests are employed in order to differentiate classes of psychotherapeutic drugs and to screen for specific agents. Psychiatric interests in animal aggression research attempt to model pathological aggressive behavior in humans. 2. 2. These efforts have yielded disappointing results because they are based neither on a detailed understanding of the behavioral characteristics of aggression nor of the relevant neural processes. 3. 3. The ethological approach to aggression research focuses on biologically relevant situations and behavior patterns. Quantitative methods describe drug action on the interactive and episodic nature of aggressive behavior. An analysis of the temporal pattern of aggressive behavior indicates how, for example, amphetamine and alcohol modulate sequences of aggressive interactions.
Very low density lipoprotein cholesterol associates with coronary artery calcification in type 2 diabetes beyond circulating levels of triglycerides

Objective While recent genomic studies have focused attention on triglyceride (TG) rich lipoproteins in cardiovascular disease (CVD), little is known of very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) relationship with atherosclerosis and CVD. We examined, in a high-risk type-2 diabetic population, the association of plasma VLDL-C with coronary artery calcification (CAC).
A single-pixel optical-sectioning programmable array microscope (SP-PAM)

Programmable array microscopes (PAMs) use "multi-pinhole" masks in confocal image planes to introduce illumination and block the "out-of-focus light". Compared to traditional confocal microscopes (CM), PAM systems have higher efficiency in utilizing the signal light and faster image acquisition speed. However, these advantages are gained at the cost of using more complicated optics and detectors. Compressive sampling (CS) measurement patterns can be used as pinhole masks in PAM systems. With CS patterns, the light collected after the detector mask can be summed up and used to reconstruct the imaging scene via solving an l1-minimization problem. Only a simple relay-lens and a singlepixel detector are needed to measure the intensity of the summed light. Therefore the optical complexity associated with conventional PAM systems can be reduced. Since only a single-pixel detector is needed, this system can also be called a single-pixel PAM or SP-PAM system. In this work, we introduce the design and fabrication of a prototype SP-PAM system. In this system, scrambled-block Hadamard ensembles (SBHE) are used as CS measurement patterns and a digital micromirror device (DMD) is employed to realize these patterns.
Transient spectroscopy of a photochromic fulgide

Abstract The kinetics of the photochromic transformation of the fulgide 2-[1-(2,5-dimethyl-3-furyl)ethylidene]-3-isopropylidenesuccinic anhydride have been studied by means of picosecond time-resolved absorption and emission spectroscopy. The steady state emission of this fulgide has been investigated also. The photochromic process is shown to be very fast at room temperature, occurring within twenty picoseconds.
Quantitative electroencephalographic correlates of steroid administration in man.

Elevated levels of circulating corticosteroids are frequently associated with behavioral alterations in man, although the mechanisms by which corticosteroids may affect behavior are poorly understood.
Abstract Art and Left-Wing Politics in the Weimar Republic

In the midst of the upheaval created by military defeat, the collapse of the Hohenzollern and other German monarchies, and the threat of radical social revolution, a movement that had been taking shape for some time became a visible presence in German public life. Intellectuals, writers, visual artists, and numerous others declared that they would no longer remain aloof from the world of politics, social reform, and even revolution. On the contrary, they would seek to merge the arts and politics into a synthesis that would help to mold a new and greatly improved society. They issued manifestos and programs, founded organizations and journals, joined political parties — primarily on the left — and went to the streets, at least to observe if not also to act. The majority of the participants in this movement were, at some point in their careers, part of new artistic trends and, as such, contributors to the formation and advancement of aesthetic modernism in Germany.
Nucleation conditions for catalyst-free GaN nanowires

Abstract We have examined the initial steps for catalyst-free growth of GaN nanowires by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on Si (1 1 1) substrates using AlN buffer layers. These wires form spontaneously under high N-to-Ga ratios for a growth temperature range of about 810–830 °C. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) shows that part of the GaN forms a “matrix layer” that also grows with the [0 0 0 1] direction perpendicular to the substrate surface. This layer contains small, dense hexagonal pits in which the nanowires nucleate. Using both FESEM and atomic force microscopy (AFM), we identify the pit facets as {1 0 1¯ 2} planes. The nucleation studies show that the use of an AlN buffer layer is essential to the regular formation of the nanowires and matrix layers under our growth conditions. Our typical AlN buffer layer is 40–50 nm thick. We conclude that the nucleation mechanism for nanowires includes formation of nanocolumns in the AlN buffer layer. The propagation of the nanowires in GaN growth appears to be driven by differences in growth rates among crystallographic planes under N-rich conditions.
Skill in streamflow forecasts derived from large-scale estimates of soil moisture and snow

In the American west, operational forecasts for spring–summer streamflow rely heavily on snow-water storage. Simulations with a suite of land-modelling systems suggest that snow-water storage generally contributes most to forecasting skill, but that the contribution of soil moisture is often significant, too. Seasonal predictions of streamflow can benefit from knowledge of the amounts of snow and other water present in a basin when the forecast is issued1,2,3,4,5. In the American west, operational forecasts for spring–summer streamflow rely heavily on snow-water storage and are often issued at the time of maximum snow accumulation. However, forecasts issued earlier can also show skill, particularly if proxy information for soil moisture, such as antecedent rainfall, is also used as a predictor1,4. Studies using multiple regression approaches and/or model-produced streamflows6,7,8,9 indeed suggest that information on soil moisture—a relatively underappreciated predictor—can improve streamflow predictions. Here, we quantify the relative contributions of early-season snow and soil moisture information to the skill of streamflow forecasts more directly and comprehensively: in a suite of land-modelling systems, we use the snow and soil moisture information both together and separately to derive seasonal forecasts. Our skill analysis reveals that early-season snow-water storage generally contributes most to skill, but the contribution of early-season soil moisture is often significant. In addition, we conclude that present-generation macroscale land-surface models forced with large-scale meteorological data can produce estimates of water storage in soils and as snow that are useful for basin-scale prediction.
Conditional inactivation of Miwi2 reveals that MIWI2 is only essential for prospermatogonial development in mice.

The PIWI–piRNA pathway serves as a critical defense mechanism through which the genome of the male germline is protected from invasion by transposable elements (TEs). MIWI2/PIWIL4, a member of the murine PIWI subclade of the Argonaute family, has been shown to be expressed in primordial germ cells (PGCs) and prospermatogonia in fetal and prepubertal testes. Global inactivation of Miwi2 leads to male sterility due to an early meiotic arrest, which correlates with retrotransposon desuppression. However, it remains unclear whether MIWI2 functions beyond the PGC stage and whether MIWI2 has a role beyond TE suppression during male germ line development. Through conditional inactivation of Miwi2, we demonstrate herein that MIWI2 function is restricted to a narrow time window during male PGC reprograming and that Miwi2 is dispensable for postnatal male germline development and testicular function in mice. Moreover, persistent activation of LINE1 and IAP retrotransposons caused by Miwi2 inactivation is compatible with mitotic cell cycle progression of spermatogonia during the first wave of spermatogenesis, but can cause zygotene to pachytene arrest in early meiosis due to multiple defects including enhanced DNA double-strand breaks, aberrant histone modifications and altered mRNA transcriptome. Our data not only validate those from global Miwi2 KO studies, but also suggest that MIWI2 and MIWI2-associated piRNAs have functions beyond TE suppression.
Supergames Played by Finite Automata with Finite Costs of Complexity in an Evolutionary Setting

Abstract I examine a model of finite automata playing the repeated prisoners dilemma in an evolutionary setting, similar to that developed by Binmore and Samuelson. The only alteration made to the model is the use of finite costs of complexity, as opposed to lexicographic costs of complexity. The results of Binmore and Samuelson are not robust to this change. Using finite costs of complexity, a folk theorem result is proved in place of the uniqueness result of Binmore and Samuelson. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number: C70.
Electronic health records and the national health information network: affordable, adoptable, and ready for prime time?

In this issue, Baron and colleagues detail the costs and difficulties of implementing an electronic health record (EHR) system, and Kaushal and colleagues estimate the costs of building a national ...
Sexual arousal and aggression in a free-choice situation.

The effect of sexual arousal on the administration of pleasure or pain to a rat was studied. The subjects were 40 male college students, half were induced to sexual arousal through reading erotic passages while the rest read neutral passages. Subjects were placed in a simulated teaching situation, with a laboratory rat being the apparent learner. Pleasurable and painful stimulation were available as teaching aids. No differences between the aroused and nonaroused groups were noted in intensity of stimulation applied; however, aroused subjects administered pain of greater duration than nonaroused subjects. This finding was attributed to a disinhibition effect operating in the aroused group. Such a difference might lead the aroused subjects to be labelled as more aggressive.
Cre recombinase expression controlled by the hematopoietic regulatory domain of Gata-1 is erythroid-specific.

Abstract Available data suggest that gene regulation by the Gata-1 Hematopoietic Regulatory Domain ( Gata-1-HRD ) is limited to cells derived from the erythroid lineage. This characteristic makes Gata-1-HRD a candidate for control of cre expression in conditional knock-in and knock-out models in which erythroid-specific gene expression is essential. To characterize the specificity of Gata-1 HRD regulation of cre , transgenic mice expressing improved cre recombinase (iCre) under the control of Gata-1-HRD were generated. The founders were crossbred with mice that have an inactive loxP -containing β-galactosidase gene that can be rescued by the cre recombinase. The β-galactosidase activity was detected in the marrow of this crossbred mouse, but no activity was observed in other organs. To identify the cre expressing cells in marrow, double-immunostaining of marrow sections with anti-β-galactosidase, and antibodies against various hematopoietic lineage markers or erythropoietin receptor (epor) was performed. The epor positive cells in marrow expressed β-galactosidase, but megakaryocytic precursors and nonerythroid epor-positive cells in brain and spleen did not. We conclude that when cre is under control of Gata-1-HRD , its expression/function is limited to erythroid progenitors. The knock-in and knock-out models utilizing Gata-1-HRD-iCre , can be explored for the studies of erythroid-specific gene expression.
Effects of selected substrate forms on the synthesis of structured lipids by two immobilized lipases

Two immobilized lipases, IM 60 from Rhizomucor miehei and SP 435 from Candida antarctica, were used to synthesize structured lipids (SL). Tricaprin and trilinolein were interesterified to produce SL that contained one linoleic acid per triacylglycerol molecule (SL1) and SL with two linoleic acids (SL2). SL1 and SL2 were separated by silver nitrate thin-layer chromatography according to their unsaturation, and the fatty acid at the sn-2 position was determined after pancreatic lipasecatalyzed hydrolysis of SL1 and SL2. With IM 60, 57.7 mol% capric acid and 42.3 mol% linoleic acid were found at the sn-2 position of SL1, while 43.3 mol% capric acid and 56.7 mol% linoleic acid were at the sn-2 position of SL2. The fatty acid at the sn-2 position of SL1 with SP 435 as biocatalyst was 43.6 mol% capric acid and 56.4 mol% linoleic acid, while SL2 contained 56.6 mol% capric acid and 43.4 mol% linoleic acid. Different structural forms of the capric acid-containing substrate (triacylglycerol vs. ethyl ester) and different chainlengths of triacylglycerol were selected to study the substrate selectivity of lipases. Results indicated that SP 435 had some degree of preference for the triacylglycerol form (tricaprin), and IM 60 produced SL more rapidly and reached steady state faster with tricaprin as substrate than with capric acid ethyl ester. For chainlength selectivity, mol% of synthesized SL from tricaprin + trilinolein and tristearin + trilinolein were compared. SP 435 exhibited no apparent preference for either tricaprin or tristearin. However, IM 60 showed a more rapid reaction with tricaprin than with tristearin.
Male Choice in the Stream-Anadromous Stickleback Complex

Studies of mating preferences and pre-mating reproductive isolation have often focused on females, but the potential importance of male preferences is increasingly appreciated. We investigated male behavior in the context of reproductive isolation between divergent anadromous and stream-resident populations of threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, using size-manipulated females of both ecotypes. Specifically, we asked if male courtship preferences are present, and if they are based on relative body size, non-size aspects of ecotype, or other traits. Because male behaviors were correlated with each other, we conducted a principal components analysis on the correlations and ran subsequent analyses on the principal components. The two male ecotypes differed in overall behavioral frequencies, with stream-resident males exhibiting consistently more vigorous and positive courtship than anadromous males, and an otherwise aggressive behavior playing a more positive role in anadromous than stream-resident courtship. We observed more vigorous courtship toward smaller females by (relatively small) stream-resident males and the reverse pattern for (relatively large) anadromous males. Thus size-assortative male courtship preferences may contribute to reproductive isolation in this system, although preferences are far from absolute. We found little indication of males responding preferentially to females of their own ecotype independent of body size.
Size-distance perception and accommodation-convergence micropsia--a critique

Abstract Definitions and statements about visual size-distance perception are presented which emphasize neglected distinctions, first between physical, phenomenal, and cognitive variables, and secondly between an object's phenomenal visual size, s, and its phenomenal visual angle, v. It is reiterated that size-constancy pertains to s not v, and that the perceptual correlate of the size, R′, of the retinal image is v, not s. It is argued that R′ and v are not immutably related, and proposed that micropsia is a reduction of v but not necessarily of s. It is suggested that accommodation-convergence micropsia stems from normal perceptual compensation for the difference in location between the eye's entrance pupil and the visual egocenter.
Application management services analytics

Enterprises often maintain many IT applications to support their business. Application Management Services (AMS) aim to maintain high levels of service quality and availability by restoring normal application service operations and minimizing negative business impact. In this paper, we present the AMS Analytics System for improving the productivity and quality of delivery for AMS practices. Issues regarding IT applications are formally referred as IT incidents or tickets, which are an important vehicle for measuring quality of AMS. IT incident ticket analytics, an important component of of the analytics system, measures workload variability, resource productivity and delivery performance using algorithms from statistics, queuing theory, data clustering and signal processing. The AMS Analytics System provides a standardized, integrated analytics platform supporting AMS delivery. It is built on a Web platform using a set of standard open stack software, enhanced with advanced analytics. Since its initial release, we have applied the AMS Analytics System to several dozens of real-world enterprise users, receiving very positive feedback.
Static and dynamic properties of highly turbid media determined by spatially resolved diffusive-wave spectroscopy

We show that spatially resolved backscattering can be used for simultaneous measurements of static and dynamic properties of highly turbid media. The spatial variation of the backscattered intensity gives access to the transport mean free path. The decay of the temporal intensity-intensity correlation function depends on the point of observation. This property can be used to probe complex dynamics with several time scales. The implementation of the method and the data analysis are tested on concentrated suspensions of polystyrene spheres.
Cross-training performance in flexible labor scheduling environments

Cross-training effectively pools multiple demand streams, improving service levels and, when demand streams are negatively correlated, boosting productivity. When services operate for extended hours, however, those benefits are intermittent because employees take their skills home with them at the end of their shift. This study explores how cross-training and workforce management decisions interact to affect labor costs and service levels in extended hour service operations with uncertain demand and employee attendance. Using a two-stage stochastic model, we first optimally staff, cross-train, schedule, and allocate workers across departments. We then simulate demand and attendance and, as needed, re-allocate available cross-trained workers to best satisfy realized demand. Comparing the performance of full- and partial cross-training policies with that of dedicated specialists, we found that cross-training often, but not always, dominated the performance of a specialized workforce. When cross-trained work...
Survey Of Holographic Stereograms

Holography's effectiveness as a visual medium is often constrained by the variety of scenes that it can render. Here we survey progress over the past fifteen years in the synthesis of quasi-holographic images from sequences of discrete perspective views, such as photographs and X-ray images. Paralleling the development of display holograms, holographic stereograms have evolved from laser illumination to white-light illumination, with improvements in the image quality and ease of viewing.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
X-Ray Photoemission Measurements of GaP, GaAs, InAs, and InSb

X-ray-induced electron-emission measurements were used to determine the energy levels of core electrons in GaP, GaAs, InAs, and InSb. The investigated energy range extends from the bottom of the valence band to about 1400 eV below the Fermi level. Samples were cleaned by using argon-ion bombardment, and the gold $4{f}_{\frac{7}{2}}$ electron level was used to provide an energy reference level. Chemical shifts were determined by comparing the results with previously published experimental values for the pure elements. Several spin-orbit-splitting values were experimentally determined. Two maxima in the conduction-band density of states were located with respect to the bottom of the conduction band by comparing the photoemission data for the outermost core $d$ and $p$ electrons with transition energies measured by uv absorption, uv reflectivity, and electron-energy-loss experiments. One maximum is located between 0.8 and 1.4 eV above the bottom of the conduction band depending on the compound and the other is located between 3 and 4 eV.
Inside and Outside Romanticism

The Rhetoric of Romantic Prophecy by Ian Balfour. Stanford: Stanford Univer sity Press, 2002. Pp. x + 346. $65.00 cloth, $24.95 paper. The Historical Austen by William H. Galperin. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. Pp. viii + 286. $39.95 cloth. Metaromanticism: Aesthetics, Literature, Theory by Paul Hamilton. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003. Pp. viii + 316. $25.00 paper. The Satiric Eye: Forms of Satire in the Romantic Period edited by Steven E.Jones. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Pp. 231. $55.00 cloth. The Politics of Aesthetics: Nationalism, Gender, Romanticism by Marc Redfield. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003. Pp. xi + 252. $55.00 cloth. William Blake and the Impossible History of the 1790s by Saree Makdisi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. Pp. xviii + 394. $22.00 paper.
Healthy relationship education for dating violence prevention among high-risk youth

A federal grant was awarded to provide the Love U2 healthy relationship curriculum to low-income, high-risk youth. This research sought to examine the relative effectiveness of a brief intervention with this curriculum compared to the much more intensive relationship education programs that have been previously provided to high-risk youth. Data were collected from 233 participants through measures of training and relationship outcomes pre- and post-training. Participants experienced high levels of training satisfaction, significant increases in relationship knowledge and self-efficacy related to conflict resolution. They also experienced a significant improvement in attitudes toward couple violence in the desired direction. Implications of these findings for promoting healthy relationships and reducing dating violence among high-risk youth are discussed.
Coming Out of the Dark: Content Analysis of Articles Pertaining to Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Issues in Couple and Family Therapy Journals

The present study seeks to extend previous research regarding literature related to gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) issues published in couple and family therapy (CFT)-related journals by presenting the results from a content analysis of GLB studies in CFT-related journals from 1996 to 2010. Results of the analysis revealed a 238.8% increase in total GLB content published since the original review. Articles pertaining to therapy with GLB clients continue to represent the largest area of publication. With one exception, all surveyed journals showed an increase in the percentage of GLB content since the first study. Emerging areas of research include studies related to supervision and training, GLB mental health and substance use, and sexual minority adolescents. A movement away from deficit-based perspectives could open a new lens on family life.
Intraparticle diffusional effects in immobilized cell particles

Immobilized cell technology frequently relies on the entrapment of the biomass in a gel particle, and it is generally observed that mass transfer limitations within the gel particle lead to nonuniform cell distribution. This note addresses the consequence of maintaining a very high cell mass density within a biopolymer particle. We illustrate that conventional effectiveness factor calculations can be used to determine particle sizes which would avoid nonuniform cell growth. The analysis is based on simple Monod kinetics. Special attention is given to near zero order kinetic systems in which the effectiveness factor remains high although the limiting nutrient may be depleted near the center of the particle.
Improvisational Practices in Elementary General Music Classrooms

Despite historic and ongoing support for the inclusion of improvisation in the elementary general music curriculum, music educators consistently report challenges with implementation of improvisati...
Improvised NanoSPR biosensor system utilizing gold nanorods and nanohole array film

A compact and sensitive biosensor device is proposed to detect the biomolecular interactions and bindings. This device arrangement utilizes natural white light to excite the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) property of the gold nanorods which are utilized as the interface for the detection of molecular interactions. Gold nanohole array film with multiple periodicities is used to filter the response of the gold nanorods at different wavelengths which increases the sensitivity of the device by several folds. A high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) CMOS image sensors (CIS) are used to detect the filtered output response. A comparative analysis of two different photodiodes namely pinned (pinn) and n well-p substrate (nwell-psub) photodiodes were used to compare the performance of the proposed nanoSPR system. System level simulation shows that the pinned photodiode had better performance compare to the nwell-psub photodiode.
Internal mammary artery grafts: technical factors influencing patency.

Abstract Eight hundred fourteen patients with internal mammary artery (IMA) coronary artery bypass grafts have been restudied 961 times with coronary arteriography, primarily to evaluate the patency of the grafts in the setting of symptomatic coronary occlusive disease. Their records were reviewed to assess graft patency as related to the technical aspects of coronary artery bypass surgery. Patency was evaluated using life-table analysis of the data. The method of harvesting the IMA played no role in patency. The left anterior descending coronary artery was the recipient coronary artery with the highest patency rate. The left IMA had a significantly higher patency rate than the right IMA. As a group, the IMAs had a significantly higher patency rate than saphenous vein grafts. However, there was no difference between right IMA grafts and saphenous vein grafts. The mammary artery grafts that remained patent throughout the study had a significantly higher blood flow after bypass than did those that became occluded (43.0 ± 0.9 versus 28.9 ± 1.8 ml/min; p
Research on Social Work Practice A Bibliometric Evaluation of the First Decade

Objective: This article describes a bibliometric analysis of articles appearing in the journal Research on Social Work Practice (RSWP). Method: Descriptive and predictive analyses for the sample of 322 articles are presented. Results: The typical RSWP article was 15 pages long, had two authors and 28 references, and was cited for the first time 2 years after publication. The typical article was cited in two different years and for a total of three times during the publication year and six subsequent years. The overall sample of articles received a total of 1,139 citations during the year of publication and subsequent 6 years. Additional subsample analyses are presented. Conclusion: Articles published during RSWP's first decade had an impact.
Functional dynamics of spoken and signed word production: A case study using electrocorticographic spectral analysis

Background: Event-related changes in the EEG power spectrum have recently been used to study functional brain activation in humans. Like traditional event-related potentials, event-related spectral changes provide information about the temporal evolution of cortical activation that is difficult to obtain with fMRI or PET. These spectral changes include event-related suppression of power in the alpha band (8-13 Hz) and even-related augmentation of power in the gamma band (>30 Hz). Most studies of the gamma band have focused on frequencies in and around 40 Hz. Using electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals recorded with subdural electrodes implanted for the surgical management of epilepsy, we have also observed a broadband augmentation of power in higher gamma frequencies (>80 Hz). This index of cortical activation has compared favourably with alpha suppression and with electrical cortical stimulation mapping in studies utilising simple motor and auditory processing, but such a comparison has not been done for ...
Dopaminergic neurotoxicity following pulmonary exposure to manganese-containing welding fumes

The potential for development of Parkinson's disease (PD)-like neurological dysfunction following occupational exposure to aerosolized welding fumes (WF) is an area of emerging concern. Welding consumables contain a complex mixture of metals, including iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), which are known to be neurotoxic. To determine whether WF exposure poses a neurological risk particularly to the dopaminergic system, we treated Sprague-Dawley rats with WF particulates generated from two different welding processes, gas metal arc-mild steel (GMA-MS; low Mn, less water-soluble) and manual metal arc-hard surfacing (MMA-HS; high Mn, more water-soluble) welding. Following repeated intratracheal instillations (0.5 mg/rat, 1/week x 7 weeks) of GMA-MS or MMA-HS, elemental analysis and various molecular indices of neurotoxicity were measured at 1, 4, 35 or 105 days after last exposure. MMA-HS exposure, in particular, led to increased deposition of Mn in striatum and midbrain. Both fumes also caused loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein in the striatum (~20%) and midbrain (~30%) by 1 day post-exposure. While the loss of TH following GMA-MS was transient, a sustained loss (34%) was observed in the midbrain 105 days after cessation of MMA-HS exposure. In addition, both fumes caused persistent down-regulation of dopamine D2 receptor (Drd2; 30-40%) and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (Vmat2; 30-55%) mRNAs in the midbrain. WF exposure also modulated factors associated with synaptic transmission, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and gliosis. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that repeated exposure to Mn-containing WF can cause persistent molecular alterations in dopaminergic targets. Whether such perturbations will lead to PD-like neuropathological manifestations remains to be elucidated.
A Gamma-Ray Burst Database of BATSE Spectral Lag and Internal Luminosity Function Values

We present a database of spectral lags and internal luminosity function (ILF) measurements for gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) in the BATSE catalog. Measurements were made using 64 ms count rate data and are defined for various combinations of the four broadband BATSE energy channels. We discuss the processes used for measuring lags and ILF characteristics. We discuss the statistical and systematic uncertainties in measuring these attributes, as well as the role of temporal resolution in measuring lags and/or ILFs—these are particularly noticeable for GRBs belonging to the Short class. Correlative and clustering properties of the lag and ILF are examined, including the ability of these attributes to predict GRB time history morphologies. We conclude that the ILF and lag have great potential for studying GRB physics when used with other burst attributes.
Selective alginate degradation by marine bacteria associated with the algal genusSargassum

Alginase-secreting bacteria associated with actively growing tissues of the marine Phaeophyta speciesSargassum fluitans andS. natans have been isolated and evaluated for their ability to degrade alginate (ALG), carboxymethylcellulose, and agar. Of seven isolates selected for their ability to grow on 2% agar containing 1% sodium alginate, none were able to grow on either 2% agar or 2% agar supplemented with 0.1% carboxymethylcellulose. Two of these with fermentative potential, i.e., ALG-A and ALG-G, showed selective activities with respect to their ability to degrade native alginate and/or take up the products resulting from alginate degradation. The ALG-A isolate was able to rapidly degrade native alginate with the generation of a stable polymer fraction and small oligouronides, most of which were dissimilated for growth. The ALG-G isolate was able to completely degrade native alginate with the accumulation of significant quantities of unsaturated dimeric and trimeric oligouronides. A limit polymer was generated from the action of a polymannuronan-specific extracellular alginate lyase purified from exponential cultures of the ALG-A organism. This product proved to be an effective substrate for the alginate lyase activity obtained from the medium of exponential phase cultures of the ALG-G isolate, and upon incubation with concentrated and dialyzed ALG-G medium was converted to the products that were observed to accumulate in the medium of the ALG-G isolate grown on native alginate. These organisms represent examples of the microflora associated with actively growingSargassum tissues, each with a selective ability to degrade and dissimilate the biomass of the marine brown algae.
Irradiation to ensure quarantine security for Cryptophlebia spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in sapindaceous fruits from Hawaii.

Studies were undertaken to determine whether irradiation treatment at 250 Gy, an accepted treatment for disinfestation of fruit flies in spindaceous fruits from Hawaii, would also disinfest fruit of two species of Cryptophlebia. Cryptophlebia illepida (Butler) was determined to be more tolerant of irradiation than Cryptophlebia ombrodelta (Lower); therefore, C. illepida was the focus for detailed tests. Using the criterion of success in developing to the adult stage, the pattern of tolerance to irradiation in C. illepida was generally eggs or = 125 Gy. No C. illepida larvae receiving an irradiation dose > or = 125 Gy emerged as adults and produced viable eggs, indicating sterility can be achieved at doses well below 250 Gy. In large scale tests, when 11,256 late instars were irradiated with a target dose of 250 Gy, 951 pupated (8.4%) and none eclosed as adults. Within the pupal stage, tolerance increased with age; 7- to 8-d-old pupae (the oldest pupae tested) treated with an irradiation dose of 125 Gy produced viable offspring, whereas those treated with a dose of 250 Gy produced no viable offspring. Irradiation of adults with a target dose of 250 Gy before pairing and mating resulted in no viable eggs. Irradiation of actively ovipositing adult females resulted in no subsequent viable eggs. Therefore, the irradiation quarantine treatment of a minimum absorbed dose of 250 Gy approved for Hawaii's fruits will effectively disinfest fruits of any Cryptophlebia in addition to fruit flies.
Calcium Interaction with Substrates of Type‐2 Pea Lipoxygenases

The calcium activation of two purified type-2 pea lipoxygenase (linoleate: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.13.11.12) isoenzymes was investigated. With ethanolic linoleate or linolenate substrates, oxygen uptake rates were stimulated by calcium while with Tween 20-dispersed substrates, oxygen uptake was inhibited by calcium. With methyl linoleate or trilinolein substrates, oxygen uptake rates were not affected by the addition of calcium. Results indicate that calcium activation of lipoxygenase cannot be used to differentiate between lipoxygenase isoenzymes because the effect is more related to substrate state and concentration, as well as time of addition of calcium to the reaction mixture, rather than to the isoenzyme tested.
Postcolonial Theory in the Age of Planetary Communications

To the vast new techniques of power correlated with multinational economies and bureaucratic States, one must oppose a politicization, which will take new forms. Foucault, Power/Knowledge, 190 Is t...
Managing Dysphagia in the Schools

Purpose This epilogue summarizes the contribution of the articles in the clinical forum, “Managing Dysphagia in the Schools” and discusses future trends in pediatric dysphagia and the need for clin...
Stripping of membranes as a safe method to reduce prolonged pregnancies.

Objective To evaluate weekly stripping of membranes at term to determine its safety and effectiveness in reducing the incidence of prolonged and postterm pregnancies. Methods One hundred forty-two pregnant women with certain gestational dates were randomly selected to receive, starting at 38 weeks, either weekly stripping of membranes (73 patients) or weekly gentle cervical examinations (69 patients). Results Women who received stripping had earlier delivery (8.2 versus 12.2 days; P P Conclusion Stripping of membranes is a safe method to reduce the incidence of prolonged pregnancies and the length of term gestations. Larger trials on populations with a higher incidence of postterm pregnancies are needed to evaluate its efficacy in reducing the incidence of postterm pregnancies.
PDB11: ECONOMIC OUTCOMES OF DIABETES AMONG AN EMPLOYED POPULATION

OBJECTIVES: The two major types of diabetes, Type I and Type II diabetes, can have life-threatening complications, which often lead to significant adverse economic consequences. This study investigates the extent to which Type I and Type II diabetes impose significant financial burdens on an employer METHODS: The data source is a rich administrative claims database from a national, Fortune 100 manufacturer. It includes all medical, pharmaceutical, and disability claims for employees, spouses, dependents, and retirees (n> 100,000). The diabetes research sample consists of individuals with at least two medical and/or disability claims for diabetes or at least one prescription drug claim for a hypoglycemic agent. Resource utilization by diabetes patients, who are identified as either Type I or Type II diabetics, is contrasted with that of matched samples from the employer's overall beneficiary population. RESULTS: Direct (medical and pharmaceutical) and indirect (disability and sporadic absenteeism) costs of Type I and Type II diabetes are analyzed. The total average per capita annual costs are $2,612 for the Matched Type I Control sample compared to $9,397 for Type I diabetics, and $3,432 for the Matched Type II Control sample compared to $7,639 for Type II diabetics. While Type I diabetics cost the employer more than Type II diabetics on average, the cost of Type II diabetes patients, who were prescribed insulin, exceeds the cost of Type I diabetes patients. Also, while the costs of both types of diabetes are relatively high, less than 50% of total medical costs for these patients are for the treatment of diabetes or related co-morbid conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes adds a significant financial burden on the employer. The resources used by both types of diabetics are substantial, not only for the treatment of diabetes, but also for the treatment of related co-morbid conditions, as well as other conditions.
Relativistic electron beam propagation in the Earth's magnetosphere

The global evolution of an artificially injected relativistic electron beam is simulated and examined. The study focuses on injections originating in the upper ionosphere, magnetically mirroring above the lower atmosphere where significant energy loss occurs, and so a long-lived population arises in the inner magnetosphere from this particle source. This investigation is conducted by solving the bounce-averaged relativistic kinetic equation for the electron distribution function for various L shells. It is found that the beam quickly spreads in MLT due to differential drift rates, eventually morphing into a fairly uniform shell around the Earth. Wave interactions are comparable to collisional losses in reducing the beam content. It is also found that the beam total particle loss rate is a complicated function of L and, for the chosen conditions, the total beam particle counts are 73%, 77%, and 52% of the initial count at t=24 hours after injection for L=2, 3, and 4, respectively. The loss rates at this time are ∼1%/hour (of the remaining beam strength) and very slowly decreasing with time. These loss rates and other features of the beam evolution are discussed in detail. There are now four distinct stages recognized in the evolution of an injected relativistic beam: (1) the immediate loss of particles injected at pitch angles mapping to the lower thermosphere; (2) the initial loss of particles injected right next to the loss cone by collisional scattering; (3) the continuation of this collisional loss along with the spread of the beant to all local times by differential drift rates; and (4) the transformation of the beam into a fairly uniform shell covering all energies and all local times, with the loss rate mainly governed by wave scattering. Other stages may exist beyond the 1-day limit set on these simulations. While the study dwells on beam dynamics, it is also a general examination of the leading edge population next to the loss cone. This has implications for the physics of the naturally occurring radiation belt particles, as this region of phase space regulates the actual precipitation of these particles into the atmosphere. The applicability of this model for studying the natural radiation environment around the Earth is also pondered.
Exploiting Circuit-Specific Spread of Pseudorabies Virus in the Central Nervous System: Insights to Pathogenesis and Circuit Tracers

The neurotropic alpha-herpesviruses are common mammalian pathogens that invade the peripheral and central nervous system of their hosts. Their ability to invade and spread in the nervous system in a directional manner has been exploited to develop them as neuronal circuit tracers. Tracing viruses spread among synaptically connected neurons and, by assaying brain sections for viral antigen or reporter genes expressed from the viruses, chains of synaptically connected neurons can be visualized. Virulent field strains generally are not good tracers, but some attenuated strains perform well. Live attenuated vaccine strains of pseudorabies virus (PRV), such as PRV Bartha, are among the most popular virus circuit tracers. It may be counterintuitive that attenuation results in improved neural tracing that requires extensive replication and spread in the brain. This report summarizes two lines of experiments directed to resolving this apparent paradox and introduces a new paradigm for tracing viruses.
Improving manufacturability of an RF Graded Channel CMOS process for wireless applications

Motorola's Graded Channel CMOS (GCMOS) provides a low cost and highly integrated solution for mixed-mode and RF applications. The GCMOS transistor has demonstrated performance advantages over standard CMOS processes with the same physical gate length. The graded channel, fabricated using lateral diffusion, provides a deep submicron Leff even with a gate length of 0.6 micrometer. The technology is constructed using a process that is fully compatible with standard CMOS manufacturing. However, in order to assure adequate threshold control, the lateral diffusions must be well-behaved. This means that both the channel implant and the source/drain implant must be truly self-aligned, requiring good control of the implants as well as the gate electrode profile. For aggressively designed GCMOS devices, small deviations of the implant beam from normal incidence can lead to unacceptable shifts in threshold. The sources of such error, and current industry standard machine tolerances for each, are discussed. Strategies for ensuring adequate control include a regimen of in-line process monitors, approximate error cancellation of the channel and source/drain implants, and the use of quadrature implants. By using these strategies a manufacturable process has been achieved.
The surgical anatomy of ventricular septal defects associated with overriding valvar orifices.

Abstract This is the second review in a three-part series concerned with the description and categorization of ventricular septal defects. By viewing the defects from the right ventricular aspect, they can be placed into one of three classes: perimembranous, muscular, or doubly committed and juxta-arterial. According to the posteroinferior margin of the third group, these could extend to become perimembranous or muscular. In this review, the complications produced by malalignment of the septal structures associated with overriding of an arterial or atrioventricular valve are described in detail. It shows that although there are problems in defining the extent of any interventricular communication, these ventricular septal defects can be classified with the same categorization as developed for those not associated with overriding. The nosology developed is able to serve as a guide to the surgeon to the site of the specialized axis for atrioventricular conduction.
Generating and exploiting polarity in bacteria.

Bacteria are often highly polarized, exhibiting specialized structures at or near the ends of the cell. Among such structures are actin-organizing centers, which mediate the movement of certain pathogenic bacteria within the cytoplasm of an animal host cell; organized arrays of membrane receptors, which govern chemosensory behavior in swimming bacteria; and asymmetrically positioned septa, which generate specialized progeny in differentiating bacteria. This polarization is orchestrated by complex and dynamic changes in the subcellular localization of signal transduction and cytoskeleton proteins as well as of specific regions of the chromosome. Recent work has provided information on how dynamic subcellular localization occurs and how it is exploited by the bacterial cell. The main task of a bacterial cell is to survive and duplicate itself. The bacterium must replicate its genetic material and divide at the correct site in the cell and at the correct time in the cell cycle with high precision. Each kind of bacterium also executes its own strategy to find nutrients in its habitat and to cope with conditions of stress from its environment. This involves moving toward food, adapting to environmental extremes, and, in many cases, entering and exploiting a eukaryotic host. These activities often involve processes that take place at or near the poles of the cell. Here we explore some of the schemes bacteria use to orchestrate dynamic changes at their poles and how these polar events execute cellular functions. In spite of their small size, bacteria have a remarkably complex internal organization and external architecture. Bacterial cells are inherently asymmetric, some more obviously so than others. The most easily recognized asymmetries involve surface structures, e.g., flagella, pili, and stalks that are preferentially assembled at one pole by many bacteria. "New" poles generated at the cell division plane differ from old poles from the previous round of cell division. Even in Escherichia coli, which is generally thought to be symmetrical, old poles are more static than new poles with respect to cell wall assembly (1), and they differ in the deposition of phospholipid domains (2). There are many instances of differential polar functions; among these is the preferential use of old poles when attaching to host cells as in the interaction of Bradyrhizobium with plant root hairs (3) or the polar pili-mediated attachment of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogen to tracheal epithelia (4). An unusual polar organelle that mediates directed motility on solid surfaces is found in the nonpathogenic bacterium Myxococcus xanthus. The gliding motility of this bacterium is propelled by a nozzle-like structure that squirts a polysaccharide-containing slime from the pole of the cell (5). Interestingly, M. xanthus, which has nozzles at both poles, can reverse direction by closing one nozzle and opening the other in response to end-to-end interactions between cells.