cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simple shear plastic deformation behavior of polycarbonate plate II. Mechanical property characterization

It has been demonstrated in Part I of this research that the high degree of plastic deformation caused by the equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) process leads to a nearly uniform molecular orientation across the extruded polycarbonate (PC) plate. In this paper, the effectiveness of the ECAE process in altering the mechanical property of PC is investigated. Significant improvements in flexural modulus and fracture toughness are observed, and are found to be closely related to the ECAE-induced molecular orientation. Microscopy observations of the fracture process show that the crack propagation direction is controlled both by the ECAE-induced molecular orientation direction and by the maximum principal stress direction, which results in the formation of hackles. Potential advantages of ECAE for fabricating polymer parts are addressed.
Afghan Women in Exile and Repatriation Passive Victims or Social Actors

In-depth interviews with 60 repatriated Afghan refugee women on their experiences before and duringwar and exile revealed their significant roles and responsibilities. Thewomen were active in protection, safety, survival, and the reestablishment of their families during this time. Contrary to media presentations of Afghan women as helpless victims, they were social actors who used their networks to face the challenges of war, supported their families during exile, and participated in repatriation. Themes that emerged included the significance of cultural and religious norms and expectations, the social entitlement to receive support, and the obligation to provide support within the family and within their ethnic community. The women's stories reflect resilience in times of stress and optimism for the future that were based on their religious faith. Religion and culture are two important elements in developing social work practice with Afghan women in the aftermath of war and during repatriation.
Task demands interact with the single and combined effects of medication and contingencies on children with ADHD.

Objective: To investigate single and combined effects of stimulant medication and contingencies on the performance of ADHD children with tasks involving different cognitive demands. Method: Children diagnosed with ADHD participated in a within-subjects design. At two separate sessions, children on either medication or placebo (administered in a double-blind fashion) completed two tasks, a match-to-sample task and a stop-signal task, under three conditions (reward, response cost, and no contingency) in a counterbalanced order. Results: Contingencies and medication administered singly improved performance on both tasks. For the match-to-sample task, the combination of medication and contingencies was more efficacious than either alone. For the stop-signal task, the combination of medication and reward was no more effective than either alone; however, medication and response cost combined was more effective than either treatment alone. Conclusion: Results suggest that both medication and contingencies improv...
Brugia pahangi: Depressed mitogen reactivity in filarial infections in the jird, Meriones unguiculatus

Abstract The phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) reactivity of splenocytes from jirds, Meriones unguiculatus , with Brugia pahangi infections was found to be depressed in comparison to age-matched normals. The loss in mitogen reactivity (MR) could not be restored by increasing the concentration of mitogen in culture and the dose response curve of infected and normal animals was identical. No inhibitory factors were found in the sera of infected jirds that suppressed the MR of normal splenocytes and attempts to elute a depressor substance from the spleen cells of infected animals were unsuccessful. Further investigation revealed that the loss in PHA responsiveness was inversely correlated to the appearance of filarial-antigen sensitive cells in the spleen. This relationship suggested that the depressed MR was caused by filarial-antigen sensitive cells or cells cooperating with them in an immune response to the parasite. This hypothesis was supported by experiments which indicated that full MR could be restored to depressed cultures by removing adherent and phagocytic cells with nylon column, petri dish and iron/magnet technics. Further, it was found that the restored reactivity of column-purified cultures could be suppressed by mixing them with depressed unpurified isogeneic splenocytes. Thus it appears that experimental filariasis may induce suppressor cell activity that inhibits lymphocyte proliferation in vitro . The nature of these cells and the significance of depressed MR is discussed.
Does the Perception that Stress Affects Health Matter? The Association with Health and Mortality

Objective This study sought to examine the relationship among the amount of stress, the perception that stress affects health, and health and mortality outcomes in a nationally-representative sample of U.S. adults.
The cost and effectiveness of an education program for adults who have asthma.

Study objective:To determine whether a self-management training program decreases emergency department visits and reduces costs for patients with asthma.
Personality: A View of the Future Based on a Look at the Past

Abstract Attempting to predict the future is filled with hazard but an effort to do so is made through consideration of issues of the past such as the disciplines of psychology (clinical, correlational, experimental), construct validity, the value of a dynamic-systems perspective, and the importance of linkages with other fields. The field of personality is viewed as consisting of the study of the patterned, organized, system aspects of human functioning. Within this context the value of alternative research strategies (e.g., idiographic and nomothetic) and the importance of contributions from other parts of psychology as well as other disciplines (e.g., learning theory, behavioral neuroscience, cross-cultural psychology, biology, anthropology) are emphasized.
Memory for found targets interferes with subsequent performance in multiple-target visual search

Multiple-target visual searches--when more than 1 target can appear in a given search display--are commonplace in radiology, airport security screening, and the military. Whereas 1 target is often found accurately, additional targets are more likely to be missed in multiple-target searches. To better understand this decrement in 2nd-target detection, here we examined 2 potential forms of interference that can arise from finding a 1st target: interference from the perceptual salience of the 1st target (a now highly relevant distractor in a known location) and interference from a newly created memory representation for the 1st target. Here, we found that removing found targets from the display or making them salient and easily segregated color singletons improved subsequent search accuracy. However, replacing found targets with random distractor items did not improve subsequent search accuracy. Removing and highlighting found targets likely reduced both a target's visual salience and its memory load, whereas replacing a target removed its visual salience but not its representation in memory. Collectively, the current experiments suggest that the working memory load of a found target has a larger effect on subsequent search accuracy than does its perceptual salience.
In response to "medical students' views on peer assessment of professionalism".

To the Editor:— Arnold et al.1 conducted several focus groups of medical students to help determine optimal peer assessment methods that will be acceptable to students. We are concerned, however, that “peer assessment” as it was presented to these student groups2 described a mechanism to report classmates' behavior, whether the behavior is concerning (the main focus of students in the study), or exemplary. We would advocate clearly distinguishing peer assessment for feedback purposes from reporting peers' behaviors to others. Although both functions of assessment of professionalism—punitive and formative—are important, they can come into conflict if the distinction is not obvious. As the authors' analysis suggests, students may have greater comfort with systematic peer assessment of all students' professionalism behaviors in a safe environment. In our experience this sort of formative peer assessment can promote healthy reflection, positively affect the “culture” of the medical education environment, reinforce students' strengths, and guide future student learning and behavior (in addition to pointing out concerns).3,4 We have related concerns about the final sentence: “If effective peer assessment can be established, it may offer further insight into students' professional lapses that, when identified by faculty, have been linked to later risk of censure by state licensing boards.” Presumably here the authors are referring to a system that allows prompt reporting about concerning behavior. While periodic systematic peer feedback about professionalism can be extremely important in a formative sense, it is poorly suited for purposes of identifying major lapses in integrity or ethics because it is too far removed from the occurrence. Student comments reported by the authors provide insight into elements that may facilitate reporting of such important lapses. In any case this should be done promptly, and the reporting mechanism, such as an honor board, should be different than that for peer assessment. Because medical education curricula, opportunities for student contact, trust in the administration, and advising systems are quite variable, it will be important for each school to involve students in the design and implementation of peer assessment systems. Ideally, structured peer assessment could identify and encourage correction of concerning behaviors in a student before a serious lapse occurs, particularly if safe, proactive mentoring is available. It is possible that in an environment in which this sort of peer feedback is routine, reporting of serious lapses, as to an honor council, may be facilitated.
Correlation of gravimetric smoke measurement by the arapahoe chamber with optical smoke measurement by the NBS chamber for flaming combustion

The relationship between the optical density and the particulate mass concentration of fire smoke is further developed. A correlation is obtained for relating gravimetric determinations made with the Arapahoe Smoke Chamber to light transmission measurements made with the NBS chamber. The correlation is particularly good for plastics, but less satisfactory for wood. Possible explanations for the latter deficiency are proposed.
Heritability of Carotid Artery Intima-Medial Thickness in Type 2 Diabetes

Background and Purpose— Carotid artery intima-medial thickness (IMT), a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis, is a strong predictor of subsequent cardiovascular morbidity. The role of genetic fact...
Iron-Catalyzed Oxidation of Wood Carbohydrates*

Douglas-fir and red oak wood meal, cellulose, and an 0-acetyl-4-0-methylglucuronoxylan were exposed to finely divided iron powder under conditions favorable for rusting. Analyses of the wood meal and polysaccharides following exposure indicated that rusting iron causes a decomposition of all wood constituents. Cellulose was oxidized in the presence of rusting iron to form an oxycellulose which was predominantly reducing in character. Direct depolymerization of cellulose and xylan also occurred. The deterioration was favored by an acidic environment, contrary to earlier reports that the primary degradation mechanism is alkalidependent. An iron-catalyzed oxidation of wood constituents is theorized to occur as a result of free-radical production associated with ferrous ion oxidation in the presence of organic compounds. The free radicals produced lead to the formation of hydrogen peroxide which allows Fenton-type reactions to occur.
Custom Facial Reconstruction for Osteosarcoma of the Jaw

Osteosarcoma accounts for most primary bone cancers in children and young adults. High-grade lesions are typically managed with a combination of chemotherapy and wide-margin surgical excision. Although this malignancy typically affects the metaphyseal region of long bones, it also can be seen in the axial skeleton. Of axial locations, tumors in the head and neck can be particularly troubling to treat. Segmental bone loss after resection of malignant mandibular tumors continues to present important challenges to the reconstructive surgeon. Recent advancements in 3-dimensional modeling have facilitated custom templates for patient-specific reconstructions. This report describes the case of a young woman with osteosarcoma of the mandible undergoing customized template composite facial reconstruction using a vascularized osteoseptocutaneous fibula flap.
Effects of Acid, Salt, and Soaking Time on the Dielectric Properties of Acidified Vegetables

In order to design a continuous microwave process for pasteurization of acidified vegetables, equilibration phenomena in acid and salt solutions must be examined with regards to changes in dielectric properties. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of acid and salt concentration on the dielectric properties of acidified vegetables. Broccoli florets and sweet potato cubes (1.2 cm) were blanched to facilitate acid and salt equilibration by heating for 15 s in boiling de-ionized water. Red bell pepper cubes were not blanched. The vegetable samples were then acidified in solutions of 1‐2% sodium chloride with 0.5‐2% citric acid. Dielectric properties were measured at 915 MHz from 25 to 100◦C after 0-, 4-, and 24-h soaking periods in the solutions using an open-ended coaxial probe connected to a network analyzer. Equilibration occurred within 4 h of salting and acidification. Acid and salt concentration had no significant effect on the dielectric constant (e � ). However, e � was significantly different among vegetables (p < 0.05). Dielectric loss factor (e �� ) was not affected
Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric evaluation of exhaled tobacco smoke

Abstract The impact of cigarette smoking on the distribution of organic substances in ambient air has been determined for the intermediate volatility range. A simple sampling procedure was employed, involving gas-solid adsorption onto an organic polymer followed by direct thermal elution onto a glass capillary column. Aliphatic and substituted aromatic hydrocarbons are predominant in urban atmospheres. Depending on location and weather conditions the total concentration of such volatiles can differ by as much as a factor of 20. This high background variation makes it difficult to analyze for trace substances with low odor threshold values, such as encountered in cigarette smoke. Standard cigarettes were smoked in a relatively small room, having no air filtration system. Air samples of approximately 3.51 were taken. The amount of volatiles added to air by cigarette smoking is insignificant. Substances were analyzed and identified by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with glass capillary columns. Many compounds reported in cigarette smoke condensate have been confirmed.
Analyzing Narratives Through Poetic Forms and Structures in Gerontology: Applying New Tools in Qualitative Research

This article presents an autoethnographic narrative of a woman's written reflections on her relationship with her grandmother, and research poems based upon this narrative. Research poems serve as a method of data analysis and re-representation of the narrative and highlights key themes induced from thematic analysis. Implication for the use of poetry in gerontological practice and research are explored.
Superhydrophobic Surfaces Properties for Anti-Icing

In this paper, the iceophobic properties of superhydrophobic surfaces are compared to those of uncoated aluminum and steel plate surfaces as investigated under dynamic flow conditions by using a closed loop low-temperature wind tunnel. Superhydrophobic surfaces were prepared at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory by coating aluminum and steel plates with nano-structured hydrophobic particles. The contact angle and contact angle hysteresis measured for these surfaces ranged from 165–170° and 1–8°, respectively. The superhydrophobic plates along with uncoated control ones were exposed to an air flow of 12 m/s and 20°F with micron-sized water droplets in the icing wind tunnel and the ice formation and accretion were probed by using high speed cameras for 90 seconds. Results show that the developed superhydrophobic coatings significantly delay the ice formation and accretion even with the impingement of accelerated super-cooled water droplets, but there is a time scale for this phenomenon which has a clear relation with contact angle hysteresis of the samples. Among the different superhydrophobic coating samples, the plate having the lowest contact angle hysteresis showed the most pronounced iceophobic effects, while the correlation between static contact angles and the iceophobic effects was not evident. The results suggest that the key parameter for designing iceophobic surfaces is to retain a low contact angle hysteresis, rather than to have only a low contact angle, which can result in more efficient anti-icing properties in dynamic flow conditions.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Pollution history of the savannah river estuary and comparisons with Baltic Sea pollution history

Abstract The sediment record, as revealed in sediment cores, can be used to reconstruct the history of contaminant input into estuaries. The basic assumptions are that contaminant inputs equilibrate relatively rapidly with sediment inputs and that the sediment column represents a continuous sequence of sediment and associated contaminant accumulation. With radiochemical chronologies, it is possible to date sediments over a period corresponding to about five half-lives (∼100 years for 210Pb). In our study we reconstruct the pollution history of the Savannah Estuary, which is a typical estuary in the South Atlantic Bight. A series of cores were taken in the estuary, followed by the analysis of the cores for a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants. Ages were assigned to different depth intervals by the use of two radiotracers, 210Pb and 137Cs. The major pesticides found were an isomer of DDT and dieldrin. The peak in their concentrations (1967) correlated with peak use of these pesticides before their use was banned. Between 1959 and 1962, there was more input of anthropogenic PAHs than before and after this period. The metals which showed significant changes in the cores include mercury, lead and chromium. Chromium reached a maximum during the late 1950s, followed by a decrease in the late 1960s. This chromium peak coincided with the initial operation of a titanium dioxide pigment plant in the Savannah Estuary. An interesting aspect of the study, which has been noted by many pollution history studies, was the decrease in the concentration of anthropogenic chemicals during the past two decades, suggesting that pollution controls have been effective, even while industrial and population growth was taking place. Similar studies have been carried out to reconstruct the historical record of contamination in the Baltic Sea. Concentrations of metals were found to increase after 1880 (industrial revolution in northern Europe). PCBs peaked in concentration in the late 1960s and the early 1970s, while DDT peaked in the 1960s. The Baltic experienced a major input of nutrients (N and P) after 1965 resulting from heavy use of fertilizers in this region.
Compressive stress-strain-I/sub c/ properties of Bi-2223 superconducting tapes

Superconducting coil windings are subject to complex strain states due to fabrication and operation, particularly when wound in a complex geometry. Although there has been significant study of the effects of longitudinal tension and bending on Ag/Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O conductors, there has been little attention to the effects of longitudinal compression. Here we report a method to apply pure longitudinal compression on tape conductors without bending or buckling. Measurements on short Bi-2223 samples include stress-strain relationships at room temperature and 77 K, and the effects of compression on I/sub c/.
P300 topographic asymmetries are present in unmedicated schizophrenics.

Our laboratory has repeatedly found a left < right auditory P300 temporal lobe topographic asymmetry in right-handed, medicated schizophrenics. To determine whether this asymmetry was attributable to the effects of antipsychotic medications, we collected auditory “odd-ball” P300 event-related potentials from 14 right-handed, unmediated schizophrenics (withdrawn from medication for an average of 21 days) and 14 right-handed, normal controls. Analysis of normalized P300 amplitudes showed a statistically significant difference in the voltage distributions between groups (a group by temporal electrode site interaction) that was consistent with a left < right temporal voltage asymmetry in schizophrenics but not in the normal controls. We conclude that P300 topographic asymmetries are present in unmedicated schizophrenics. These data are compatible with the growing body of data suggsting left temporal lobe structural abnormalities in schizophrenia.
Note: Nomadic decompositions of bidirected complete graphs

We use K"n^* to denote the bidirected complete graph on n vertices. A nomadic Hamiltonian decomposition of K"n^* is a Hamiltonian decomposition, with the additional property that ''nomads'' walk along the Hamiltonian cycles (moving one vertex per time step) without colliding. A nomadic near-Hamiltonian decomposition is defined similarly, except that the cycles in the decomposition have length n-1, rather than length n. Bondy asked whether these decompositions of K"n^* exist for all n. We show that K"n^* admits a nomadic near-Hamiltonian decomposition when n@?2mod4.
Polytitanosiloxane coatings derived from Ti(OC2H5)4-modified organosilane precursors

Abstract Amorphous polytitanosiloxane (PTS) was formed by hydrolysis-polycondensation and hydrolysis-polycondensation-pyrolysis reactiomechanisms of precursor sol solutions consisting of monomeric organosilanes, Ti(OC 2 H 5 ) 4 , methanol, water and hydrochloric acid, over the temperature range 100–500 °C. These reaction processes which are responsible for the assemblage of PTS networks were found to depend mainly on the species of organosilane used. The PTS was applied as a coating on aluminum substrates and the factors which play an important role in providing corrosion protection were investigated. Three major findings are as follows: (1) the addition of HCl, which was used as a hydrolysis accelerator for the organosilanes and Ti(OC 2 H 5 ) 4 , acts to produce a clear sol solution, thereby aiding in the formation of smooth and uniform coating layers; (2) the organosilane to Ti(OC 2 H 5 ) 4 ratios are critical for the fabrication of PTS films; and (3) moderate densification of the Si-O-Ti bond in PTS networks is needed to produce a good film.
Impact of time of day and time since irrigation on cotton leaf blade and petiole nutrient concentrations

Abstract Petioles are used in weekly nutrient monitoring programs because they are more responsive to short‐term changes than leaf blades. However, this responsiveness may allow other factors, such as sampling time, to mask genuine changes in nutrient status. The objectives of this study were to measure the influence of time of day and time since irrigation on petiole and blade phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) concentrations and to compare petiole and blade samples in their stability and usefulness in evaluation of cotton nutrient status. Cotton was grown on a sandy soil in the Coastal Plain region of Georgia. Treatments were K application rates of 0, 55, and 110 kg K2O/ha. In early bloom, leaf blades and petioles were sampled from the first fully expanded leaf immediately following irrigation at 13: 00 Monday through Friday and on Tuesday at 7: 00, 9: 00, 11: 00, 15: 00, 17: 00, and 19: 00. Blades were separated from petioles, and P, K, Ca, and Mg were measured. Petiole and...
Affirmative action and selected minority groups in law enforcement

Abstract This study examines the political controversy surrounding affirmative action and race norming, as well as the extent to which minority groups are represented in nineteen municipal police departments in the United States. Unequivocally, there have been increases of minority members among sworn officers in law enforcement agencies since the 1968 report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. The future has been clouded, however, by the recent decision in Adarand Constructors v. Pena (115 S.Ct. 1841, 1995), the 1991 Civil Rights Act, the Republican assault upon affirmative action, and President Clinton's equivocation. In lieu of the Adarand decision, the legitimation of the police role is often contingent upon how the police are viewed relative to a community's racial, ethnic, and gender composition.
Characterization of White Matter Microstructure in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Background—Exposure to alcohol during gestation is associated with CNS alterations, cognitive deficits, and behavior problems. This study investigated microstructural aspects of putative white matter abnormalities following prenatal alcohol exposure. Methods—Diffusion tensor imaging was used to assess white matter microstructure in 27 youth (age range: 8 to 18 years) with (n = 15) and without (n = 12) histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Voxelwise analyses, corrected for multiple comparisons, compared fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) between groups, throughout the cerebrum. Results—Prenatal alcohol exposure was associated with low FA in multiple cerebral areas, including the body of the corpus callosum and white matter innervating bilateral medial frontal and occipital lobes. Fewer between-group differences in MD were observed. Conclusions—These data provide an account of cerebral white matter microstructural integrity in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and support extant literature showing that white matter is a target of alcohol teratogenesis. The white matter anomalies characterized in this study may relate to the neurobehavioral sequelae associated with gestational alcohol exposure, especially in areas of executive dysfunction and visual processing deficits.
Enrichment of Bradyrhizobium spp populations in soil due to cropping of the homologous host legume

Host legumes can enrich their immediate soil environment with rhizobia through rhizosphere effects. The extent to which this enrichment occurs, the specificity of the process and its interaction with soil management factors remain poorly described. In a series of field trials, we measured changes in the size of indigenous populations of Bradyrhizobium in response to cropping of host and non-host legumes under two N fertilizer regimes. Uninoculated cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and soybean (Glycine max) were grown with or without applied urea (900 kg N ha−1) at three field sites on the island of Maui, HI, U.S.A., not previously cropped with legumes. Using the most-probable-number plant infection method and Siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum) as the host, the population density of Bradyrhizobium in the bulk soil at each site was measured at planting and at grain maturity and compared to the population density in adjacent fallow soil. When the size of the initial indigenous population was low (18 and 580 cells g−1 soil), significant increases in the population density compared to fallow soil were observed only in soils cropped with cowpea receiving no applied urea. When the size of the initial indigenous bradyrhizobial population was high (5.8 × 104 cells g−1 soil), no significant increase in the population density was observed. These results suggested that enrichment of soil bradyrhizobial populations was host-specific, that symbiotic legumes can enrich their soil environment with microsymbionts up to a threshold level and that such enrichment can be curtailed by soil management practices that suppress nodulation.
Steroid Oral Contraceptives

The history of the chemical developments which made the biological studies possible to lead to the development of the steroid contraceptive agents is reviewed. Steroid nomenclature the structural specificity associated with progestational activity and the synthesis of 19-nor steroids are covered briefly including the chemical reactions involved in the synthesis. The removal of the angular methyl groud was found to increase or diminish biological activity depending on the type of steroid hormone being manipulated. The introduction of an acetoxyl substitutent at carbon-17 of progesterone confers appreciable progestational activity when the substances are administered orally. In the discussion of chemical supply and clinical demand a naturally occurring plant sapogenin diosgenin is named as the most common starting material for partial synthesis in oral contraceptives.
Pericranial muscle tenderness and exteroceptive suppression of temporalis muscle activity: a blind study of chronic tension-type headache.

The aim of the present study was to examine the ability of pericranial muscle tenderness and the second exteroceptive suppression period to distinguish chronic tension-type headache sufferers, migraine sufferers, and controls in a young adult population utilizing a blind design. The second exteroceptive suppression periods were assessed using the methodology recommended by the European Headache Federation and were scored with an automated computer software program designed in our laboratory to provide reliable, standardized, and precise quantification of exteroceptive suppression periods and eliminate any influence of experimenter bias that may occur with manual scoring. Our sample consisted of 45 subjects diagnosed according to IHS criteria: 25 with chronic tension-type headache and 20 with migraine without aura. Twenty-three headache-free controls were recruited. Consistent with our previous findings, abnormalities in pericranial muscle tenderness, but not in the second exteroceptive suppression period distinguished chronic tension-type headache sufferers from controls. The chronic tension headache sufferers exhibited the highest pericranial muscle tenderness and the control group exhibited the lowest tenderness (P < .001). Pericranial muscle tenderness was quite successful in distinguishing recurrent headache sufferers from controls, but failed to distinguish chronic tension-type headache sufferers from migraineurs. Our findings raise the possibility that pericranial muscle tenderness is present early in the development of chronic tension-type headache and migraine without aura, and thus might contribute to the etiology of headache disorders. Our findings also indicate that a shortened second exteroceptive suppression period is not a reliable marker for chronic tension-type headache in young adults.
Civic Work, Civic Lessons, by Ehrlich, T., & Fu, E.

Civic Work, Civic Lessons is an informative book on civic engagement from an intergenerational perspective. It has two purposes. First, it illustrates ways in which life has been enriched by the pu...
Cell-membrane ultrastructure. Low-temperature electron microsopy and x-ray diffraction studies of lipoprotein components in lamellar systems.

The combined electron-microscope and biochemical evidence regarding mitochondria and mitochondrial fractions, although still preliminary in character, indicates that all the functional enzymatic components of the electron-transport chain are compactly arranged in the "elementary particle," which may therefore be regarded as the ultimate unit of mitochondrial function. New data have also been obtained on the hydrated lipoprotein matrix, the recently isolated structural protein, solubilized pure lipid fractions, cytochromes, and other constituent elements of the respiratory-enzyme assemblies.
A new species of Proboscidea (Martyniaceae) from Mexico

Proboscidea diversifolia is described, the type being from Michoacan. The species, which appears most similar toP. triloba (Cham. & Schlecht.) Decne., is apparently restricted to the vicinity of Apatzingan.
Conservation tillage affects root growth of dryland spring wheat under drought

In dryland cropping, no-tillage can increase small grain crop growth compared with conventional tillage. Because root systems develop ahead of aboveground growth and are affected by soil environment, observation of root growth will show the mechanisms by which no-till enhances crop growth. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown in a spring wheat-winter wheat-sunflower (Helianthus anuus L.) rotation begun in 1984 on Temvik-Wilton silt loam (fine-loamy, mixed Typic and Pachic Haploborolls) under conventional till (CT : spring disking), minimal till (MT : spring undercutting) and no-till (NT). Root length growth (RLG) was measured by microvideo camera in pressurized-wall minirhizotrons, and soil water was measured by neutron moisture meter. Relative to CT, NT generally enhanced RLG more than aboveground growth ; RLG averaged 65, 130, and 145 km/cm 2 in 1988, 1989, and 1990, respectively. In 1988, RLG was 37% greater than MT (P < 0.1), with CT intermediate. In 1989, RLG was 40% greater in NT than in CT, with MT intermediate, and RLG in 1990 was 112% greater in NT than CT (no MT). Final biomass averaged 380, 1730, and 3090 kg/ha in 1988 through 1990, and was 36% greater, not significantly different, and 44% greater in NT than CT, respectively. Root penetration was shallow (1.1 m or less) in dry subsoil, but in each year roots penetrated to greater soil depths under NT than under MT or CT. Amounts of stored soil water were generally not significantly different among tillages, but more water was depleted in 1990 under NT than CT. Cooler soil under NT (measured in 1989) and superior soil water conservation in the near-surface zone appear to confer a root growth advantage to the NT treatment.
Academic help-seeking and peer relations in school

Abstract This study investigated the relationship between peer relations and help-seeking behaviors. The subjects were 26 third grade and 48 fifth grade boys and girls. The roster-rating technique was used to obtain measures of children's perceived academic competence and social attractiveness in their reading and math classes. Intensive naturalistic observation of a subset of these children in their classrooms provided data on actual help-seeking behavior. The relationship between peer status and academic help-seeking was found to vary with the target of the help-seeking overture and the type of help requested.
Seeing Your Name in Print: Unpacking the Mysteries of the Review Process at Political Science Scholarly Journals

“Publish or perish.” Every graduate student has heard the phrase. Many junior scholars understand that it reflects the cold reality of professional survival in any political science department that bases tenure and promotion decisions, in whole or in part, on a record of demonstrated scholarly achievement. Despite occasional pronouncements by college presidents or faculty committees that teaching should be given greater weight in personnel decisions, the pressure to publish will not soon subside. If anything, it may be becoming more acute, as graduate students entering the job market struggle to publish some portion of their dissertation in a respected scholarly journal so as to distinguish themselves from the pack of applicants presenting otherwise similar credentials. I wish to thank Jack Jacobs, Lenny Markovitz, Michael Hiscox, and the graduate students at the CUNY Graduate Center and Harvard University for many useful suggestions and comments on the presentations that served as the basis for this article. I have incorporated ideas offered by Jim Jackson, Marianne Stewart, and John Geer at an editors' roundtable in which we participated at the 2006 Midwest Political Science Association meeting. Bob Lineberry and two anonymous referees helped me to clarify certain points in the manuscript. I am responsible for any errors that remain.
Dipentyl Phthalate Dosing during Sexual Differentiation Disrupts Fetal Testis Function and Postnatal Development of the Male Sprague-Dawley Rat with Greater Relative Potency than Other Phthalates

Phthalate esters (PEs) constitute a large class of plasticizer compounds that are widely used for many consumer product applications. Ten or more members of the PE class of compounds are known to induce male fetal endocrine toxicity and postnatal reproductive malformations by disrupting androgen production during the sexual differentiation period of development. An early study conducted in the rat pubertal model suggested that dipentyl phthalate (DPeP) may be a more potent testicular toxicant than some more extensively studied phthalates. Regulatory agencies require dose-response and potency data to facilitate risk assessment; however, very little data are currently available for DPeP. The goal of this study was to establish a more comprehensive data set for DPeP, focusing on dose-response and potency information for fetal and postnatal male reproductive endpoints. We dosed pregnant rats on gestational day (GD) 17 or GD 14–18 and subsequently evaluated fetal testicular testosterone (T) production on GD 17.5 and GD 18, respectively. We also dosed pregnant rats on GD 8–18 and evaluated early postnatal endpoints in male offspring. Comparison of these data to data previously obtained under similar conditions for di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate indicates that DPeP is approximately eightfold more potent in reducing fetal T production and two- to threefold more potent in inducing development of early postnatal male reproductive malformations. Additionally, fetal testicular T production was more sensitive to inhibitory effects of DPeP exposure than was gene expression of target genes involved in male reproductive development, supporting the use of this endpoint as a critical effect in the risk assessment process.
Quasi-Linear Vacancy Dynamics Modeling and Circuit Analysis of the Bipolar Memristor

The quasi-linear transport equation is investigated for modeling the bipolar memory resistor. The solution accommodates vacancy and circuit level perspectives on memristance. For the first time in literature the component resistors that constitute the contemporary dual variable resistor circuit model are quantified using vacancy parameters and derived from a governing partial differential equation. The model describes known memristor dynamics even as it generates new insight about vacancy migration, bottlenecks to switching speed and elucidates subtle relationships between switching resistance range and device parameters. The model is shown to comply with Chua's generalized equations for the memristor. Independent experimental results are used throughout, to validate the insights obtained from the model. The paper concludes by implementing a memristor-capacitor filter and compares its performance to a reference resistor-capacitor filter to demonstrate that the model is usable for practical circuit analysis.
Market power and output stability

Abstract The conjectural variation elasticity is used in a comparative statics analysis to show that, contrary to a long-standing tenet of industrial organization, market power may destabilize output when cost and demand are stochastic, under other assumptions similar to those of recent empirical studies.
The Thulium-Holmium-Chromium:YAG Laser: A New Tool For Microvascular Anastomosis

Laser assisted microvascular anastomosis with a variety of lasers has been reported to provide shorter operating times, less tissue reaction and possibly better long term patency rates. We describe our experience using a pulsed thulium-holmium-chromium:YAG laser (2.15 micron) to construct sutureless microvascular anastomoses. The intermediate absorption of this wavelength compared with CO2 and Nd:YAG lasers, allows uniform heating of the vessel wall. End-to-end anastomoses of 10 rat carotid arteries were created with the THC:YAG laser. Histologic sections of anastomosed vessels confirmed full thickness fusion of the media with minimal thermal damage. Bursting pressures were all in excess of 300 mm Hg. The THC:YAG laser creates vascular fusion of sufficient immediate strength to perform microvascular anastomosis.© (1989) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Distribution of Glucose Transporter - 3 and Hexokinase I in the Developing Mouse Brain. • 421

Glucose is transported into neurons by a facilitative glucose transporter - 3 (Glut 3) isoform and is phosphorylated into glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase I. Employing the 2d, 14d, and 60d old rostrocaudal floating microtome murine brain sections (n=3 each) and immunohistochemical analysis we examined the distribution of Glut 3 and hexokinase I. An age-dependent increase in Glut 3 immunoreactivity was uniformly noted in all regions. Overall Glut 3 was present in the neuropil, neuronal processes, and nerve fiber bundles in most regions examined with the exception of a neuronal cellular distribution in the cerebellar granular layer. Prominent axonal Glut 3 labeling was noted in circumventricular regions lacking a blood-brain barrier and the periventricular hypothalamic region. In the 2d old, Glut 3 positive cells and processes were also noted in the dorsomedial subnuclei of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. In contrast, hexokinase I was observed intracellularly with a perinuclear distribution in all areas, including the cerebellar Purkinje cells and dendrites that extend into the molecular layer, the laminar zone between the brain parenchymal and ependymal cells of the third ventricle, and the choroid plexus. We conclude that 1] Glut 3 immunoreactivity increases with age while hexokinase I labeling remains unchanged, 2] Glut 3 is expressed in neuronal cellular processes, being most prominent in regions that are exposed to circulating factors and peripheral stimuli, while hexokinase I is noted intracellularly in neurons and non-neuronal cells. We speculate that Glut 3 mediates glucose transport necessary to fuel neurotransmission in response to perturbations in the metabolic/hormonal mileu, while hexokinase I phosphorylates glucose in brain cells not limited to expressing Glut 3.
Extensive cytocidal replication of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus in cultured peritoneal macrophages from 1-2-week-old mice.

Abstract Indirect fluorescent antibody staining was used to examine the replication of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) in primary cultures of peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice of different ages. Up to 80% of the total peritoneal macrophages from 1–2-week-old mice were susceptible to productive infection by LDV, though only 1–2% of the cells expressed detectable levels of IA antigen. The proportion of LDV-permissive peritoneal macrophages progressively decreased to 5–15% between 2 and 5 weeks of age of the mice. Macrophages from 9-day-old mice, when cultured in the presence of L cell conditioned medium, retained undiminished LDV permissiveness for at least 10 days in culture. The maximum proportion of LDV antigen-positive cells was detected between 8–10 h post infection of macrophages cultured from both 1–2-week-old and adult mice, concomitant with maximum LDV RNA synthesis. The LDV antigen positive macrophages disappeared between 12 and 48 h post infection. In cultures of macrophages from 9–10-day old mice, the loss of infected cells was clearly due to cell killing, proving unequivocally that LDV replication is cytocidal. Disintegration of LDV-infected macrophages or phagocytosis of killed macrophages by surviving macrophages must be very sudden and complete since infected cells disappeared without the appearance of trypan blue-stainable cells in the culture. Ten cell lines established from macrophages of 2, 9, and 10-day-old mice all contained a small proportion of LDV-permissive cells (1–4%). Individual clones of one of the lines contained a similar small proportion of LDV-permissive cells.
Preliminary crystaliographic data for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the thermophile Bacillus coagulons☆

Abstract Crystals of thermolabile glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Bacillus coagulans suitable for high resolution X-ray crystallographic analysis have been grown from sodium citrate solutions by equilibrium dialysis. The space group is C2221, with cell dimensions a = 95·6 (2) A , b = 137·2 (3) A and c = 131·9 (4) A . The molecules have one crystallographically exact 2-fold rotation axis of symmetry.
An organic geochemical investigation of oils and source rocks from two Mesozoic formations of Shanganning Basin, China

Abstract Source rocks and crude oils from two Mesozoic Formations, the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation and the Lower Jurassic Yanan Formation of the Shanganning Basin, China, have been studied and characterized by a variety of geochemical techniques. The major aims of the study were to characterize the source rocks and depositional environments of the basin and attempt oil/source rock correlations to improve our understanding of the origin of oil and gas in this basin. The black shales of the Yanchang Formation were deposited in a lacustrine environment of varying water depths and dominated by aquatic organic matter with minor contributions of higher plants. The shales are rich in organic matter and of marginal to peak maturity. The source rocks of the Yanan Formation were deposited in shallow lake and fluvial swamp environments and contain interbedded coal layers and the organic richness of this formation is less than that of the Yanchang Formation. The Yanan Formation also has a lower maturity level and more higher plant input than the Yanchang Formation, and would therefore be expected to make a minor contribution to the crude oils found in the basin and is proposed to be more gas prone than oil prone. Oil/source rock correlation studies show that the crude oils found in both formations were produced predominantly from the underlying Yanchang Formation.
Neorealism and the myth of bipolar stability: Toward a new dynamic realist theory of major war

(1996). Neorealism and the myth of bipolar stability: Toward a new dynamic realist theory of major war. Security Studies: Vol. 5, Realism: Restatements and Renewal, pp. 29-89.
An experimental malabsorption syndrome induced by neomycin.

Abstract In an attempt to characterize the effect of neomycin upon intestinal absorption, six absorptive parameters have been employed: plasma carotene, urinary d-xylose excretion, serum cholesterol, plasma iron-59 curves, glucose tolerance and urinary excretion of Co 60 -labelled vitamin B 12 . In six patients receiving supplementary carotene, the oral administration of neomycin for six to eight days produced a marked decrease in plasma carotene concentration. Following withdrawal of the neomycin the carotene concentration again rose. Comparison studies with magnesium sulfate catharsis were carried out in three subjects and revealed no fall in carotene levels. One subject receiving castor oil and magnesium sulfate showed a decrease in carotene levels which was less than that observed with neomycin. Iron-59 absorption curves during the administration of neomycin showed decreased absorption, in comparison to control studies, in four of six subjects. The urinary excretion of Co 60 -labelled vitamin B 12 was reduced by 20 to 60 per cent of control figures in four of six subjects. The urinary excretion of d-xylose after the oral ingestion of a test load decreased 35 per cent or more from control values in six of eight subjects during the period of neomycin administration. In four of six subjects so studied, lowered glucose tolerance curves were observed; in three of these the curves became flat during the administration of neomycin. The serum cholesterol concentration fell 19 per cent or more from control levels in six of nine subjects after five to eight days of neomycin therapy. These findings indicate that neomycin is capable of producing a broad spectrum of malabsorptive errors resembling those observed in idiopathic steatorrhea.