cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monte Carlo simulations of the Nickel K$\alpha$ fluorescent emission line in a toroidal geometry

We present new results from Monte Carlo calculations of the flux and equivalent width (EW) of the Ni Kalpha fluorescent emission line in the toroidal X-ray reprocessor model of Murphy & Yaqoob (2009, MNRAS, 397, 1549). In the Compton-thin regime, the EW of the Ni Kalpha line is a factor of ~22 less than that of the Fe Kalpha line but this factor can be as low as ~6 in the Compton-thick regime. We show that the optically-thin limit for this ratio depends only on the Fe to Ni abundance ratio, it being independent of the geometry and covering factor of the reprocessor, and also independent of the shape of the incident X-ray continuum. We give some useful analytic expressions for the absolute flux and the EW of the Ni Kalpha line in the optically-thin limit. When the reprocessor is Compton-thick and the incident continuum is a power-law with a photon index of 1.9, the Ni Kalpha line EW has a maximum value of ~3 eV and ~250 eV for non-intercepting and intercepting lines-of-sight respectively. Larger EWs are obtained for flatter continua. We have also studied the Compton shoulder of the Ni Ka line and find that the ratio of scattered to unscattered flux in the line has a maximum value of 0.26, less than the corresponding maximum for the Fe Kalpha line. However, we find that the shape of the Compton shoulder profile for a given column density and inclination angle of the torus is similar to the corresponding profile for the Fe Ka line. Our results will be useful for interpreting X-ray spectra of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and X-ray binary systems in which the system parameters are favorable for the Ni Kalpha line to be detected.
Sudden cardiac death in adult with prior history of Kawasaki disease without coronary artery involvement: A case report

Abstract Current guidelines for management of Kawasaki disease (KD) recommend that patients without coronary artery involvement can be discharged from care after resolution of their acute illness. However, the long-term fate of the coronary arteries in these patients is still being understood. We present a case of a patient diagnosed with KD without coronary artery involvement in childhood who had a sudden cardiac death at 37 years old. Autopsy revealed diffuse hypoplasia of all coronary arteries with additional thickening of the intimal layer and fragmentation of the elastic lamina. These findings are consistent with the luminal myofibroblastic proliferation pattern seen as sequela of KD. This case is the first to our knowledge to describe sudden cardiac death in an adult with previous low-risk KD and suggests the need for heightened concern in all symptomatic patients with a prior history of KD.
Two Percent Inflation Over the Next Year: Should You Take the Over or the Under?

According to the St. Louis Fed’s price pressures measure, there’s a 61 percent probability that inflation will average more than 2.5 percent over the next 12 months.
Intraventricular Route of Cell Transplantation for Stroke-Related Diseases: Rationale, Risk, and Early Clinical Experience

There is a growing interest in the use of an intraventricular route for the delivery of therapeutic cells to the brain. This route is considered advantageous because of the central location of the lateral ventricles, the permeability of the ependyma, and the close proximity of the neurogenic zones. Multiple studies revealed successful incorporation of transplanted cells into the brain parenchyma of recipients. Growth and neurotrophic factors delivered to the cerebral ventricles, directly or secreted by transplanted cells, were able to induce endogenous neurogenesis. Both direct and indirect strategies have been shown to be therapeutically efficient in animal (rodent) models of all stroke-related diseases, such as hypoxic-ischemic neonatal injury, periventricular leukomalacia, ischemic stroke, and cerebral hemorrhage. Limited clinical experience has confirmed the preclinical data. However, there is a paucity of translational studies on large animals, which could contribute to the optimization of transplantation conditions and to a better understanding of the mechanisms that mediate cell-dependent effects.
On the bound of first excursion probability

Method has been developed to improve the lower bound of the first excursion probability that can apply to the problem with either constant or time-dependent barriers. The method requires knowledge of the joint density function of the random process at two arbitrary instants.
Development of a handoff evaluation tool for shift-to-shift physician handoffs: The handoff CEX

BACKGROUND Increasing frequency of shift-to-shift handoffs coupled with regulatory requirements to evaluate handoff quality make a handoff evaluation tool necessary. OBJECTIVE To develop a handoff evaluation tool. DESIGN Tool development. SETTING Two academic medical centers. SUBJECTS Nurse practitioners, medicine housestaff, and hospitalist attendings. INTERVENTION Concurrent peer and external evaluations of shift-to-shift handoffs. MEASUREMENTS The Handoff CEX (clinical evaluation exercise) consists of 6 subdomains and 1 overall assessment, each scored from 1 to 9, where 1 to 3 is unsatisfactory and 7 to 9 is superior. We assessed range of scores, performance among subgroups, internal consistency, and agreement among types of raters. RESULTS We conducted 675 evaluations of 97 unique individuals during 149 handoff sessions. Scores ranged from unsatisfactory to superior in each domain. The highest rated domain for handoff providers was professionalism (median: 8; interquartile range [IQR]: 7–9); the lowest was content (median: 7; IQR: 6–8). Scores at the 2 institutions were similar, and scores did not differ significantly by training level. Spearman correlation coefficients among the CEX subdomains for provider scores ranged from 0.71 to 0.86, except for setting (0.39–0.40). Third-party external evaluators consistently gave lower marks for the same handoff than peer evaluators did. Weighted kappa scores for provider evaluations comparing external evaluators to peers ranged from 0.28 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01, 0.56) for setting to 0.59 (95% CI: 0.38, 0.80) for organization. CONCLUSIONS This handoff evaluation tool was easily used by trainees and attendings, had high internal consistency, and performed similarly across institutions. Because peers consistently provided higher scores than external evaluators, this tool may be most appropriate for external evaluation. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;8:191–200. © 2013 Society of Hospital Medicine
Social Workers' Current and Desired Involvement in Various Practice Activities

ABSTRACT Human service employees (N = 214) who held either the BASW/BSW or MSW as their highest degree rated 13 practice activities for both the degree of current involvement (CI) and desired involvement (DI). The activity working with disadvantaged was the highest rated for CI, but was fourth in DI, a significant (p < .01) CI-DI difference. Working with voluntary clients, private practice, and all macro-practice activities (e.g., administration, policy development, supervision) were rated significantly and substantially higher on DI than CI. Respondents who were most highly involved in working with the poor but desired less involvement reflected a response pattern suggestive of demoralized agency workers aspiring to private practice with voluntary clients. Higher CI-DI discrepancies were associated with lower job satisfaction and social work identity and higher burnout and intention to quit. Numerous other explored relationships were significant, as were some previously documented findings.
International Financial Architecture and the Economic Renaissance in Europe

Over the past decade two transformations have changed the landscape of Europe: the European Union and the transition in East European countries. Countries like Estonia, Hungary, and Poland have become “converging” countries more than emerging countries. Their experience offers insight on aspects of policy design that helped proof them against turbulence in international markets. In a world of liberalized markets, the international financial architecture has to be strengthened by solving some problems like herding behavior and contagion, moral hazard, and information on markets. The International Monetary Fund has to play a big role in these innovations and challenges.
[10] Baculovirus expression of receptors and channels

Summary Baculovirus expression systems have provided investigators with a powerful tool for the overexpression of eukaryotic proteins. It is an especially useful experimental approach in studies examining receptors and channels. These proteins are generally extensively modified, and standard bacterial expression systems typically fail to produce functional products. Extensive biochemical and biophysical characterization of receptors and channels has historically been hampered by their low natural abundance. Optimization of a baculovirus-mediated expression system provides a general system to produce sufficient functional quantities of a given protein for subsequent study.
Minimum C5‐saturated graphs

A graph is C5-saturated if it has no five-cycle as a subgraph, but does contain a C5 after the addition of any new edge. We prove that the minimum number of edges in a C5 -saturated graph on n≥11 vertices is sat(n, C5)=⌈10(n−1)/7⌉−1 if n∈N0={11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20} and is ⌈10(n−1)/7⌉ if n≥11 and n∉N0. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
Dissociating Hydra Tissue into Single Cells by the Maceration Technique

To rapidly and completely dissociate hydra tissue into its individual cells and to fix them for identification and counting.
The Unity of Plato's Gorgias: Rhetoric, Justice, and the Philosophic Life, Devin Stauffer

Devin Stauffer's The Unity of Plato's Gorgias presents a novel reading that further enriches an already rich tradition of interpretation of this complex dialogue. Stauffer is a political theorist, ...
Validating operational food insecurity indicators against a dynamic benchmark : evidence from Mali

The authors develop an explicitly forward-looking indicator of food insecurity that takes into account both current dietary inadequacy and vulnerability to dietary inadequacy in the future. Application of this measure to data from northern Mali shows that neglecting the future dimension of food insecurity causes serious underestimation of food insecurity in this area. The authors evaluate the performance, relative to their dynamic bemchmark, of three readily available alternative indicators: an agricultural production index, a dietary diversity index, and a coping strategy index. Despite the uneven performance of these indexes relative to the individual components of the dynamic food insecurity indicator developed in the paper, they all demonstrate strong associations with that indicator. This is a promising result, given the urgent demand for reliable indicators of food insecurity.
Small-for-dates neonates. I. Maternal, gestational, and neonatal characteristics.

Records of 762 infants weighing less than 2,500 gm at birth and born after 37 to 44 weeks9 gestation—small-for-dates neonates—were compared with records of infants with similar birth weight born after 28 to 32 weeks9 gestation—pre-term infants—and with records of infants weighing 3,000 to 3,500 gm born after 37 to 44 weeks9 gestation—"average" infants. Records were compared with regard to maternal and gestational features, perinatal survival, and neonatal complications. The group of small-for-dates neonates differed markedly from the pre-term infants in 15 of the 35 variables examined and from the "average" infants in 31 of the 35 variables examined. Small-for-dates infants showed a higher incidence of maternal toxemia and hypertension, a greater incidence of primiparous mothers, a lower incidence of gestational bleeding, a lower incidence of low-birth-weight siblings, fewer neonatal complications and deaths, and a lower incidence of hemolytic disease and pulmonary disease in the newborn period than did weight-matched pre-term controls. Gestational age, though subject to error in measurement, is as important a predictor of neonatal clinical status and outcome as is birth weight. Future studies of the antecedent conditions, neonatal course, and longterm outcome of low-birth-weight infants must consider both birth weight and gestational age.
Analytical model of the contact interaction between the components of a special percussive mechanism for planetary exploration

Abstract Special percussive mechanisms, e.g. Auto Gopher and UltraSonic/Sonic Driller/Corer (USDC) have been developed by NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Honeybee Robotics Spacecraft Mechanisms, Corp. to address some of the limitations of current drilling techniques for planetary exploration. The percussive mechanism consists of an ultrasonic horn, a free mass (hammer) and the drill rod. This paper presents the analysis of the interaction between these three components. The impact between the components (i.e. ultrasonic horn and free mass, and free mass and drill rod) is analyzed using solid body collision analysis applying the principle of conservation of momentum. The drill rod is modeled for both undamped and damped cases with equivalent generalized single degree of freedom system. Various values are used for the coefficient of restitution to account for energy loss during impact. The energy transferred to the drill rod by the free mass is obtained determining the change in kinetic energy due to impact. It is observed that the free mass converts the high frequency of oscillation of the ultrasonic horn into lower frequency impacts on the drill rod. A decrease in the coefficient of restitution results in a decrease in the number of impacts, impulse imparted to the drill rod and energy transferred to the drill rod by the impact of the free mass.
Age-dependent increase of thermal stability of in situ chromatin of rat liver and its reversal after hepatectomy

An age-dependent increase of thermal stability of DNA in situ has been demonstrated in rat liver by means of microfluorimetry, which was reversed to a great extent in old regenerated liver.
A simple efficient production of neoantigenic antisera against fibrinolytic degradation products: Radioimmunoassay of fragment E

Abstract A novel approach to antigen preparation was applied to the production of neoantigenic antisera against fragment E. An immunoprecipitated antigen was prepared by immunoelectrophoresis of the plasmin digest of human fibrinogen or fibrin against anti-fibrinogen serum. The precipitin bands corresponding to fragment E were cut from agar gels, washed, homogenized and emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant for injection. The anti-E antisera harvested were absorbed with an immunosorbent column coupled with fibrinogen so that they contain only those antibodies directed against the E-neoantigen. A double antibody radioimmunoassay suggested the presence in these antisera of a population of antibodies which is reactive only with E fragment, but not with native fibrinogen. In addition, the competitive inhibition profile of fibrinogen-E versus fibrin-E showed that some discriminating antisera (especially those derived from the early phase of the immune response) are capable of distinguishing between the two molecular species by differences in their displacement slopes.
Exceptional Seifert-fibered spaces and Dehn surgery on 2-bridge knots

Abstract We show that non-integer surgery on a non-torus 2-bridge knot can never yield an exceptional Scifert-fibered space. In most cases, no surgery will yield an exceptional Scifert-fibered space.
Formation of 3-halobenzyne: solvent effects and cycloaddition adducts.

Noncoordinating solvents permit the halogen−metal exchange-induced formation of benzyne (aryne) from di- and trihalobenzene precursors in the presence of cyclopentadiene to give 1,4-dihydro-1,4-methano-naphthalenes. Studies with mixed halide precursors and nonacidic Diels−Alder diene traps reveal that ethereal and hydrocarbon solvents influence the halide leaving group facility, resulting in a reversal of 3-halobenzyne regioselectivity.
Covert Negative Reinforcement

Abstract Covert Negative Reinforcement (CNR) is designed to increase the probability of a response by instructing a subject to imagine an aversive event and to terminate it by imagining the response to be increased. Examples of the applications of the procedure to maladaptive avoidance and approach behaviors are presented. The relation of the procedure to the escape conditioning paradigm is discussed.
The X-Array and SATURN: A new decay-spectroscopy station for CARIBU

Abstract A new decay-spectroscopy station has been commissioned for experiments with low-energy, fission-fragment radioactive beams from the CARIBU ion source. The new set-up consists of the ‘X-Array’, a highly-efficient array of HPGe clover detectors, and ‘SATURN’ (Scintillator And Tape Using Radioactive Nuclei), a plastic scintillator detector combined with a tape-transport system for detection of β particles and removal of long-lived isobaric decay products.
Inactivity-associated medical costs among US adults with arthritis

Objective To analyze direct medical costs among US adults with arthritis and estimate the proportion associated with inactivity. Methods In the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey, arthritis was defined using questions on self-reported, doctor-diagnosed arthritis or rheumatism. Physical activity was defined using a self-report question on level of activity. Inactivity-associated medical costs were derived by subtracting costs for active adults from costs for inactive adults after controlling for functional limitation. Results Among 5,486 adults with arthritis, inactive persons had higher medical costs than did active persons in all demographic groups examined. In multivariate models adjusting for key covariates, the proportion of costs associated with inactivity averaged 12.4% ($1,250 in 2000 dollars) and ranged from 7.8% to 14.3% among various demographic groups. Conclusion Inactivity-associated medical costs among persons with arthritis are considerable. Physical activity interventions may be a cost-effective strategy for reducing the burden of arthritis.
Second-order design sensitivity analysis for linear elastic problems by the derivative boundary element method

Abstract The subject of this paper is the efficient and accurate determination of second-order design sensitivities in elastic bodies. The approach being carried out here is the direct differentiation of the governing derivative boundary element method (DBEM) formulation of the problem. Second-order sensitivities of boundary stresses are obtained here in an elegant manner. A numerical implementation of the method is carried out with isoparametric quadratic boundary elements and numerical results are presented for several sample problems. Considerable savings in computational effort for an optimization procedure is possible through the use of efficiently determined accurate second-order design sensitivities.
A model for the evolution of extremely fragmented macronuclei in ciliates.

While all ciliates possess nuclear dimorphism, several ciliates – like those in the classes Phyllopharyngea, Spirotrichea, and Armophorea – have an extreme macronuclear organization. Their extensively fragmented macronuclei contain upwards of 20,000 chromosomes, each with upwards of thousands of copies. These features have evolved independently on multiple occasions throughout ciliate evolutionary history, and currently no models explain these structures in an evolutionary context. In this paper, we propose that competition between two forces – the limitation and avoidance of chromosomal imbalances as a ciliate undergoes successive asexual divisions, and the costs of replicating massive genomes – is sufficient to explain this particular nuclear structure. We present a simulation of ciliate cell evolution under control of these forces, allowing certain features of the population to change over time. Over a wide range of parameters, we observe the repeated emergence of this unusual genomic organization found in nature. Although much remains to be understood about the evolution of macronuclear genome organization, our results show that the proposed model is a plausible explanation for the emergence of these extremely fragmented, highly polyploid genomes.
Changing patterns of intellectual strengths and weaknesses in males with fragile X syndrome.

Examined the changing profiles of intelligence in males with fragile X syndrome as these individuals increased in chronological age. Using a psychometric instrument designed to measure styles of information processing, 21 males aged 4 to 27 years were examined cross-sectionally in sequential processing, simultaneous processing, and achievement. The age of the subject was associated with age-equivalent levels of both simultaneous processing and achievement, but fragile X males did not show higher levels of sequential processing with increasing chronological age. Compared to younger fragile X males, the older subjects were more delayed in sequential processing skills relative to their abilities in other areas. A smaller longitudinal study confirmed the presence of a plateau in sequential processing among those subjects tested two times after the age of 10 years. Implications are discussed for diagnosis, intervention, and the matching of subject groups in mental retardation research.
Childhood Pneumonia as a Global Health Priority and the Strategic Interest of The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Pneumonia kills more children than any other disease--more than HIV/AIDS, malaria, and measles combined. Introduction of vaccines against pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae type b (the most important causes of severe pneumonia in young children), increasing resistance to antibiotics, and changes in HIV prevalence will likely change patterns of pneumonia etiology in developing countries. Studies such as Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) that take advantage of new diagnostic technologies are needed to provide an updated and more precise description of the microbial causes of pneumonia and to inform decisions around treatment algorithms and vaccine development and introduction. In recognition of its importance for global health and especially its significance as an ongoing cause of gross inequity in risks, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has made pneumonia an important part of its global health strategy and PERCH a centerpiece of its Pneumonia Program.
Ethno-Religious Mobilisation and Citizenship Discourse in the People's Republic of China

In the post-Cold War world, 'identity politics' is seen by many as posing the greatest threat to peace and political institutions, liberal or otherwise. In light of the carnage of Kosovo, Bosnia, Rwanda and former Soviet republics, cultural identity politics would seem to be a politics, or antipolitics, of the most virulent and savage sort. Yet research conducted among three Chinese minority nationalities - the Dai, Bai and Muslim Hui of Yunnan Province - reveals that the relationship between cultural activism and minority nationalist sentiment is not always so clear-cut. I show that such activism, which includes linguistic promotion and religious education, can in fact express claims derived from a national political identity, a conception of minority membership in the Chinese national community. Certain instances of minority cultural activism are efforts to put teeth into the party-state's promises of autonomy and to reject the stereotype of shaoshu minzu as backward and uncivilised. Such activism is th...
Purchasing condoms near a college campus: environmental barriers.

Background Given the propensity for college students to engage in sexual activity and the subsequent lack of consistent condom use, there is a need to determine environmental factors that may be motivating or deterring factors for college students to access condoms. This study aimed to determine the number of businesses available to purchase condoms from near a large, south-eastern college campus and investigate environmental differences between types of businesses. Methods: Environmental factors (e.g. distance from campus, barriers to purchasing, selection availability and price) were collected among businesses within a 2-mile radius of the campus. Both χ2 and ANOVA determined significant differences between types of businesses (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Forty-two businesses sold condoms, 66.7% of which were convenience-type stores. The average distance from the campus was 1.33 miles (s.d. = 0.58). The average unit price of male condoms was significantly higher in drug store/pharmacies (M = 1.68) compared with convenience-type stores (M = 1.22) and grocery stores (M = 0.97); P = 0.005. Assistance was needed to purchase condoms in 25% of businesses. Barriers to purchasing condoms were significantly higher in convenience stores/gas stations (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Environmental barriers related to purchasing condoms exist and must be considered when targeting sexual health promotion on college campuses.
Exploring conscious imitation of style with ready-made software

This article describes some approaches to imitation analysis and the use of ready-made software for this task. Devising computer-assisted techniques for exploring the conscious literary imitation of style is an application of particular relevance to contemporary Hispanic narrative and one that can be handled with a microcomputer and readily accessible software. The article describes some approaches to imitation analysis and the use of ready-made software to assess the effectiveness of stylistic imitation of eighteenth-century historical chronicle in La renuncia del heroe Baltasar (The Renunciation of the Hero Baltasar), by the Puerto Rican novelist Rodriguez Julia. Even when employing familiar procedures of text analysis with computer, comparing a fictional text with a multiple and diverse corpus of authentic historical documents requires somewhat unique assumptions and hypotheses, since neither authorship, influence, or authenticity are in question.
Bid protects the mouse hematopoietic system following hydroxyurea-induced replicative stress

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) possess long-term self-renewal capacity and multipotent differentiative capacity, to maintain the hematopoietic system. Long-term hematopoietic homeostasis requires effective control of genotoxic damage to maintain HSC function and prevent propagation of deleterious mutations. Here we investigate the role of the BH3-only Bcl-2 family member Bid in the response of murine hematopoietic cells to long-term replicative stress induced by hydroxyurea (HU). The PI3-like serine/threonine kinase, ATR, initiates the DNA damage response (DDR) to replicative stress. The pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, Bid, facilitates this response to replicative stress in hematopoietic cells, but the in vivo role of this DDR function of Bid has not been defined. Surprisingly, we demonstrate that long-term HU treatment expands wild-type myeloid progenitor cells (MPCs) and HSC-enriched Lin−Sca1+Kit+ (LSK) cells to maintain bone marrow function as measured by long-term competitive repopulating ability. Bid−/− MPCs demonstrate increased sensitivity to HU and are depleted. Bid−/− LSK cells demonstrate increased mobilization manifest by increased Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. Bid−/− MPCs and LSK cells are relatively depleted, however, and bone marrow from Bid−/− mice demonstrates decreased long-term competitive repopulating ability in both primary and secondary transplants. We thus describe a survival function of Bid in hematopoiesis in the setting of chronic replicative stress.
On topological chaos in the Robinson–Solow–Srinivasan model

Abstract Under a sufficient condition to ensure a unique optimal program, the theory of turbulence in non-linear dynamical systems allows us to exhibit an instance of (topologically) chaotic optimal behavior in a two-sector model with irreversible investment due to Robinson–Solow–Srinivasan.
Orthogonal projections and the geometry of estimating functions

In this paper, a notion of generalized inner product spaces is introduced to study optimal estimating functions. The basic technique involves an idea of orthogonal projection first introduced by Small and McLeish (1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1994). A characterization of orthogonal projections in generalized inner product spaces is given. It is shown that the orthogonal projection of the score function into a linear subspace of estimating functions is optimal in that subspace, and a characterization of optimal estimating functions is given. As special cases of the main results of this paper, we derive the results of Godambe (1985) on the foundation of estimation in stochastic processes, the result of Godambe and Thompson (1989) on the extension of quasi-likelihood, and the generalized estimating equations for multivariate data due to Liang and Zeger (1986). Also we have derived optimal estimating functions in the Bayesian framework.
Diamonds in the rough: Social media visual analytics for journalistic inquiry

Journalists increasingly turn to social media sources such as Facebook or Twitter to support their coverage of various news events. For large-scale events such as televised debates and speeches, the amount of content on social media can easily become overwhelming, yet still contain information that may aid and augment reporting via individual content items as well as via aggregate information from the crowd's response. In this work we present a visual analytic tool, Vox Civitas, designed to help journalists and media professionals extract news value from large-scale aggregations of social media content around broadcast events. We discuss the design of the tool, present the text analysis techniques used to enable the presentation, and provide details on the visual and interaction design. We provide an exploratory evaluation based on a user study in which journalists interacted with the system to explore and report on a dataset of over one hundred thousand twitter messages collected during the U.S. State of the Union presidential address in 2010.
Control of electron energy distributions in inductively coupled plasmas using tandem sources

Summary form only given. In plasma materials processing, finer control of the electron energy distribution, f(e), can allow for better selectivity of generating reactants produced by electron impact excitation and dissociation. This is of particularly great importance in low pressure, inductively coupled plasmas (ICPs) where dissociation products often react with surfaces before interacting with other gas phase species, and so these fluxes are most directly a function of electron impact rate coefficients. The control of f(e), and so the reaction rate coefficients, can be achieved by varying the pressure, and power, as well as using pulsed power. Externally sustained discharges, such as the electron beam sustained discharges developed for high pressure lasers, are able to control f(e) by augmenting ionization so that f(e) can be better matched to lower threshold processes. In this vein, a tandem (dual) ICP source has been developed. In this device, the plasma produced by the primary source is coupled to the plasma produced by the secondary source through a grid to control the transfer of species between the two sources with the intent of controlling f(e) in the primary source. Results will be discussed from a computational investigation of the control of f(e) in a tandem source ICP at pressures of tens of mTorr. Both the power and the gas chemistry for the primary and secondary ICPs can be controlled independently. A boundary electrode (BE) at the top of the system, along with the grid separating the two sources, can be dc biased to shift the plasma potential and control the energy of charged species passing into the secondary source. The model used in this study is the Hybrid Plasma Equipment Model (HPEM) with which f(e) and ion energy and angular distributions (IEADs) as a function of position and time are obtained using a Monte Carlo simulation. f(e) will be discussed while varying the relative power in the primary and secondary sources, and dc biases (BE and grids) in continuous and pulsed formats. Results from the model will be compared to experimental data of f(e) and IEDs obtained using a Langmuir probe and a gridded retarding field ion energy analyzer.
Selection of parameter values in environmental models using sparse data: A case study

Models of environmental processes must often be constructed without the use of extensive data sets. This can occur because the exercise is preliminary (aimed at guiding future data collection) or because requisite data are extremely difficult, expensive, or even impossible to obtain. In such cases traditional, statistically based methods for estimating parameters in the model cannot be applied; in fact, parameter estimation cannot be accomplished in a rigorous way at all. We examine the use of a regionalized sensitivity analysis procedure to select appropriate values for parameters in cases where only sparse, imprecise data are available. The utility of the method is examined in the context of equilibrium and dynamic models for describing water quality and hydrological data in a small catchment in Shehandoah National Park, Virginia. Results demonstrate that (1) models can be ''tentatively calibrated'' using this procedure; (2) the data most likely to provide a stringent test of the model can be identified; and (3) potential problems with model identifiability can be exposed in a preliminary analysis.
Evidence suggesting a non-random character to nucleotide replacements in naturally occurring mutations.

Abstract One may examine amino acid substitutions resulting from naturally occurring single-step mutations to determine the frequency with which varying nucleotide replacements must have occurred in the gene to account for the phenotypic changes. These may be compared to the frequency of nucleotide replacements one would expect to occur by chance. This has been done for 50 human hemoglobin mutations and for 229 mutations occurring in the phylogenetic descent of cytochrome c. In both cases there is a very significant departure from randomness, which is primarily a reflection of a high incidence of mutations in which a guanine is replaced by an adenine in the codon for the amino acid which is changed.
Changes in the Shape of Leishmania major Promastigotes in Response to Hexoses, Proline, and Hypo‐osmotic Stress

Leishmania major promastigotes in late-log phase are generally long and slender, and remain so during a 1 h incubation in buffer without exogenous substrate. When glucose, 2-deoxyglucose, fructose, mannose, or proline are added, the cells become shorter and more rounded. The shape change in response to glucose is complete within 20 min and is reversible upon incubating the cells without substrate. Galactose, 3-O-methylglucose, 6-deoxyglucose, sucrose, maltose, ribose, glycerol, alanine, glutamate or aspartate do not cause the shape change. Decreasing the osmolarity of the medium causes a rounding of the cells similar to that observed in the presence of glucose, and increasing the osmolarity inhibits the shape change in response to glucose. Inhibitors of glucose transport and 2nd messenger analogs do not affect the shape change.
The rudiments of a theory of solar wind/magnetosphere coupling derived from first principles

[1] A formula that expresses the dayside reconnection rate in terms of upstream solar wind parameters is derived and tested. The derivation is based on the hypothesis that dayside reconnection is governed by local plasma parameters and that whatever controls those parameters controls the reconnection rate. The starting point of the derivation is the Cassak-Shay formula (from energy conservation principles), which expresses the dayside reconnection rate in terms of four parameters: the magnetic field strengths Bm and Bs in the magnetosphere and magnetosheath and the plasma mass densities ρm and ρs in the magnetosphere and magnetosheath. Using the Rankine-Hugoniot relations at the bow shock and an analysis of the magnetosheath flow, three of these parameters are expressed in terms of upstream solar wind parameters. These three expressions are then used in the Cassak-Shay formula to obtain the “solar wind control function.” The interpretation of the control function is that solar wind pressure largely sets the reconnection rate. The solar wind magnetic field enters into the control function because of a bow shock Mach number dependence. The onset of a “plasmasphere effect” occurs when ρm > MA0.87ρsolarwind, wherein the magnetosphere begins to exert control over solar wind/magnetosphere coupling. Using the OMNI2 data set and seven geomagnetic indices, the solar wind control function is tested on its ability to describe the variance in the geomagnetic indices. The control function is found to be successful, statistically as good as the best “solar wind driver function” in the literature. This picture opens a new pathway to understanding and calculating solar wind/magnetosphere coupling.
Holocene seasonal variability inferred from multiple proxy records from Crevice Lake, Yellowstone National Park, USA

article i nfo A 9400-yr-old record from Crevice Lake, a semi-closed alkaline lake in northern Yellowstone National Park, was analyzed for pollen, charcoal, geochemistry, mineralogy, diatoms, and stable isotopes to develop a nu- anced understanding of Holocene environmental history in a region of northern Rocky Mountains that re- ceives both summer and winter precipitation. The limited surface area, conical bathymetry, and deep water (>31 m) of Crevice Lake create oxygen-deficient conditions in the hypolimnion and preserve annually laminated sediment (varves) for much of the record. Pollen data indicate that the watershed supported a closed Pinus-dominated forest and low fire frequency prior to 8200 cal yr BP, followed by open parkland until 2600 cal yr BP, and open mixed-conifer forest thereafter. Fire activity shifted from infrequent stand- replacing fires initially to frequent surface fires in the middle Holocene and stand-replacing events in recent centuries. Low values of δ 18 O suggest high winter precipitation in the early Holocene, followed by steadily drier conditions after 8500 cal yr BP. Carbonate-rich sediments before 5000 cal yr BP imply warmer summer conditions than after 5000 cal yr BP. High values of molybdenum (Mo), uranium (U), and sulfur (S) indicate anoxic bottom-waters before 8000 cal yr BP, between 4400 and 3900 cal yr BP, and after 2400 cal yr BP. The diatom record indicates extensive water-column mixing in spring and early summer through much of the Holocene, but a period between 2200 and 800 cal yr BP had strong summer stratification, phosphate limita- tion, and oxygen-deficient bottom waters. Together, the proxy data suggest wet winters, protracted springs, and warm effectively wet summers in the early Holocene and less snowpack, cool springs, warm dry sum- mers in the middle Holocene. In the late Holocene, the region and lake experienced extreme changes in win- ter, spring, and summer conditions, with particularly short springs and dry summers and winters during the Roman Warm Period (~2000 cal yr BP) and Medieval Climate Anomaly (1200-800 cal yr BP). Long springs and mild summers occurred during the Little Ice Age, and these conditions persist to the present. Although the proxy data indicate effectively wet summer conditions in the early Holocene and drier conditions in the middle and late Holocene, none point specifically to changes in summer precipitation as the cause. In- stead, summer conditions were governed by multi-seasonal controls on effective moisture that operated over multiple time scales.
The Market Potential of Whey Protein Concentrate as a Functional Ingredient in Surimi Seafoods

Whey protein concentrates containing 33 or 72% protein were evaluated as functional ingredients to improve the textural properties of surimi seafoods made from Pacific whiting. The development of least cost formulations of these products using nonlinear programming techniques was used to evaluate the economic viability of whey protein concentrate. Whey protein concentrate ingredients were promising because they remained economically competitive with potato starch and beef plasma protein, which are commonly used as ingredients in whiting surimi seafoods. Factors affecting the amount of WPC in the least cost formulations were also reported.
The effect of training and stimulus variables on the reversal-shift ontogeny☆

Abstract Linear functions fitted to the proportion of optional reversal-shifts as a function of log CA were used to assess the effect of stimulus and training variables on the reversal-shift ontogeny. The results were: (1) when the dimensional salience of the two sets of cues in the stimulus compound were similar, there was no significantly different effect of size, color, or form cues on the rate parameter, suggesting that the rates of mediational development for these cues are similar. Reversal-shifts were, however, more likely with the color-form compound than with the size-color compounds throughout the tested age span, indicating that some stimulus conditions are more likely than others to produce mediated processing at all age levels. (2) The facilitative effects of labelling on reversal-shifts were greatest at the younger ages and decreased systematically over age. (3) Overtraining increased reversal-shifts at most ages but whether the facilitative effect interacts with age remains moot. (4) Neither labelling nor overtraining eliminated ontogenetic differences.
Evaluation of biological control of Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) by the parasitoid Encarsia partenopea (Walker), using life-table analysis.

Abstract The parasitoid Encarsia partenopea (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) was released against Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) at two sites in southern California; two other sites served as controls. Life-tables of the whitefly were constructed for all sites by combining a photographic technique for following cohorts of whiteflies with dissection of whitefly nymphs to record parasitoid oviposition. Marginal probabilities of mortality rather than observed death rates were used to evaluate the life-tables. At release sites, mortality of whitefly nymphs was substantially higher during the second through fourth instars due to parasitism by E. partenopea . The net reproductive rates R 0 of whitefly populations at control sites were greater than unity, indicating that the populations were increasing in density. The addition of parasitism to the system resulted in R 0 values that were unity or below, suggesting that populations were declining or stable. In the absence of mortality from parasitism, calculations of R 0 for populations at the release sites would have been greater than unity, indicating populations increasing in density. Percentage superparasitism increased throughout the study, reaching 60–70%. The mean number of parasitoids per host also increased; a maximum of 11 parasitoids was found in a single host. E. partenopea suffered as much as 82% mortality between the egg and adult stage, and this phenomenon is discussed.
Relative value of serum C3 and C4 levels in predicting relapse in systemic lupus erythematosus.

T HE ARTICLE by Ricker et all in this issue of the Journal concerning serum levels of C3 and C4 in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) uses data collected by the Lupus Nephritis Collaborative Group. The data come from l7 patients and are analyzed to determine which protein, C3 or C4, is more likely to be in normal concentration during SLE remission and in low concentration during SLE relapse. The article concludes that by a large margin, C3 meets these criteria, and that in monitoring a patient with SLE, only C3 levels need to be measured, thus reducing medical costs. Obviously, it is important to know which measurements are most sensitive and accurate in heralding a relapse in SLE so the physician can be alert to the need for increased surveillance and for changes in the therapeutic regimen. It is well known that the manifestations of SLE vary among patients but that a given patient often develops a pattern of response that is predictable from one relapse to another. The measurements that have been tested as indices of activity are C3, C4, Clq, CHso , immune complexes, and anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA). Of these, C3, C4, and anti-dsDNA are most used, in part because the measurements are easy to perform. The article by Ricker et all suggests that C4 could be dropped from this list. There have been several investigators in the past 20 years who have analyzed data for C3 and C4 in SLE. In the analysis by Lloyd and Schur, mean levels of various indicators of activity were determined for periods when the patients were stable, had beginning clinical activity, maximal clinical activity, and maximal clinical improvement. Swaak et al3 determined the percent ofpa-
CORRELATION OF THE SPERM PENETRATION ASSAY (SPA) AND MISCARRIAGE AFTER ASSISTED REPRODUCTION: THE POTENTIAL USE OF SPA AS A NEW CRITERION FOR PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS

We analyzed 93 couples undergoing male screening with the Sperm Penetration Assay (SPA) before in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), to determine the accuracy of SPA for subsequent embryonic development, incidence of pregnancy and miscarriage rates (SAB). ICSI patients with the lowest SPA scores had significantly higher incidences of Sthan did patients in the other SPA groups. Sperm quality is higher with better SPA scores. Poor sperm quality has increased incidence of chromosomal abnormalities and is associated with early fetal loss. Couples with negative SPA are candidates for preimplantation genetic diagnosis, to reduce the incidence of SAB.
Analysis of rotational nonequilibrium in standing shock waves of nitrogen

The one-dimensional standing shock wave is the simplest flow in which nonequilibrium effects may be considered. The direct-simulation Monte Carlo method (DSMC) has yielded excellent agreement with results reported for the case of nitrogen flow at Mach 1.7. The DSMC technique is presently used in conjunction with a variable energy transfer probability model in which energy is transferred between the translational and rotational modes via the Borgnakke-Larsen (1975) phenomenological model.
Regionalismo paulista e política partidiária nos anos vinte

The political conflicts of the late 1920s between the Paulista Republican Party and the Democratic Party of Sao Paulo played a much larger role in the politics of the 1930s than indicated by the existing historiography. In particular, these conflicts helped to lay the groundwork for the mobilization of the state of Sao Paulo against the federal government headed by Getulio Vargas by encouraging the kind of regionalist-cum-nationalist identification that would serve as a rallying cry for the Paulista rebels of 1932.
Is there any ethics in business ethics

It is argued, against Richard T. De George, that while clarification of concepts, implications, and presuppositions in business ethics largely relies on a ‘neutral territory’ of reason, determination of what moral intuitions are correct depends on ‘non-neutral’ ethical theories. The latter posit ethics in business to varying degrees. Thus while the Kantian and utilitarian ethical theories are, for De George, proper (philosophical) approaches to business ethics, they are as reliant on affirming and encouraging moral sentiments outside parameters of ‘pure reason’ as theological approaches. And hence if theological approaches can make no unique contribution by virtue of relying on more than reason or experience alone, then philosophical approaches can make no distinctive contribution either. Either both are viable or neither are. Oscillation between the mutually dependent notions of business ethics and ethics in business obfuscates what the field of business ethics is and renders De George's position inadequate.