cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Children's Perception of Gender-Based Illusory Correlations: Enhancing Preexisting Relationships Between Gender and Behavior

The purpose of this study was to examine whether children would perceive an illusory correlation between gender and behavior above and beyond the actual relationship between the variables in the stimuli. Second and fourth grade children were presented with a series of pictures of men and women performing gender stereotypic, counter-stereotypic, and neutral behaviors. One gender (the high frequency gender) performed each behavior twice as often as the other gender. The children made higher frequency estimates for stimuli that matched their expectancies than for stimuli that were neutral or counter to their expectations. Further, they perceived a stronger relationship between gender and behavior for stimuli that were stereotypic for the high frequency gender than for neutral or counter-stereotypic stimuli.
UNIT 19.11 Influenza Virus

This unit contains several methods for infecting mice with influenza virus. It also includes protocols needed to propagate influenza virus in hen eggs, quantitate virus titers (in tissue culture medium and in influenza-infected mouse serum), and adopt human isolates of influenza for growth in mice. Methods for measuring the 50% mouse lethal dose are also included. Finally, protocols for generating anti-influenza cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) from splenocyte precursors and harvesting pulmonary CTL following respiratory tract challenge of mice with influenza virus are provided.
Electricity infrastructure vulnerabilities due to long-term growth and extreme heat from climate change in Los Angeles County

Abstract Many studies have estimated the effects of rising air temperatures due to climate change on electricity infrastructure systems, but none have quantified impacts in terms of potential outages down to the neighborhood scale. Using high-resolution climate projections, infrastructure maps, and forecasts of peak electricity demand for Los Angeles County (LAC), we estimated vulnerabilities in the electricity infrastructure to 2060. We considered rising air temperatures under IPCC RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 at 2 km2 grid cell resolution, two local government population growth scenarios, different efficiency implementations of new residential and commercial buildings, air conditioners (AC), and higher AC penetration. Results were that generators, substations, and transmission lines could lose up to 20% of safe operating capacities (MW). Moreover, based on recent historical load factors for substations in the Southern California Edison service territory, 848–6,724 MW (4–32%) of additional capacity, distributed energy resources, and/or peak load shifting could be needed by 2060 to avoid hardware overloading and outages. If peak load is not mitigated, and/or additional infrastructure capacity not added, then all scenarios result in > 100% substation overloading in Santa Clarita, which would trigger automatic outages, and > 20% substation overloading in at least Lancaster, Palmdale, and Pomona in which protection gear could trip outages within 30 min. Several climate change adaptation options are discussed for electricity infrastructure and building stock with consideration for trade-offs in system stability and other energy and environmental goals.
A content analysis of HPV vaccine online continuing medical education purpose statements and learning objectives.

Numerous online HPV vaccine education interventions for clinicians have been created to improve HPV vaccinations rates. The aims for this study were to (1) assess the content of the purpose stateme...
Performance of Four Consumer-grade Air Pollution Measurement Devices in Different Residences.

ABSTRACT There has been a proliferation of inexpensive consumer-grade devices for monitoring air pollutants, including PM2.5 and certain gasses. This study compared the performance of four consumer-grade devices—the Air Quality Egg 2 (AQE2), BlueAir Aware, Foobot, and Speck—that utilize optical sensors to measure the PM2.5 concentration. The devices were collocated and operated for 7 days in each of three residences, and the PM2.5 mass concentrations were compared with those measured by established optical sensing devices, viz., the personal DataRAM and DustTrak DRX, as well as the filter-based Personal Modular Impactor (PMI). Overall, the Foobot and BlueAir displayed the strongest correlations with the direct-reading reference instruments for both the hourly and daily PM2.5 mass concentrations. Comparing the 1-hour averages obtained with the DustTrak DRX for all of the residences with those obtained with the Foobot, BlueAir, AQE2, and Speck, the Pearson’s correlation coefficients (R’s) were 0.80, 0.88, –0.028, and 0.60, respectively. Overall, the strength of the correlation depended on the specific residence, likely due to the differences in aerosol composition. The correlations with the PMI measurements were moderate, with R values of 0.44 and 0.56 for the BlueAir and Foobot, respectively. The correlation coefficients for the daily values obtained with the AQE2 and Speck were –0.59 and 0.70 compared to the PMI. According to a paired t-test, the average 24-h PM2.5 concentration data obtained using the consumer-grade monitors were statistically different (p > 0.05) from the mass values measured by the gravimetric filters. Overall, this study demonstrates the ability of consumer-grade air pollution monitors to report PM2.5 trends accurately; however, for accurate mass concentration measurements, these monitors must be calibrated for a particular location and application. Further testing is needed to determine their suitability for long-term indoor field studies.
Correlation of hot spot to breast separation in patients treated with postlumpectomy tangent 3D-CRT using field-in-field technique and mixed photon energies

Abstract Radiotherapy to an intact breast was previously determined to have a positive correlation between breast separation measurement and hot spot dose. As breast separation measurement increased, hot spot dose increased. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine if this correlation persisted despite current techniques including field-in-field (FiF) blocking and mixed photon energies. Radiation treatment plans on unilateral intact breasts from 90 female, early stage breast cancer patients treated with lumpectomy were analyzed. Plans were created using 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) nondivergent opposing tangent beams, FiF technique, and 6 MV with or without higher energy photons. Data collected included breast separation measurement, hot spot point dose and location, number of beams, photon energy, clinical target volume (CTV) coverage and breast volume coverage. Correlations between breast separation measurement and each of these values were determined. The positive correlation between breast separation measurement and hot spot dose persisted despite incorporating FiF and mixed photon energies. Correlations were also found between breast separation and the number of beams as well as breast separation and photon energy. Larger breast separations tended to be treated with additional beams of higher photon energy. There were no correlations found between breast separation and CTV or breast volume coverage. The data in this study suggested the medical dosimetrist should expect hot spots above prescription dose of 106%, 107%, and 108% for small, medium and large breast separation sizes respectively. Additionally, adding a high energy photon bean may be indicated with medium and large breast separations.
Infrapatellar Fat Pad Resection or Preservation during Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review

Considerations of how to improve postoperative outcomes for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have included preservation of the infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP). Although the IPFP is commonly resected during TKA procedures, there is controversy regarding whether resection or preservation should be implemented, and how this influences outcomes. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate how IPFP resection and preservation impacts postoperative flexion, pain, Insall-Salvati Ratio (ISR), Knee Society Score (KSS), patellar tendon length (PTL), and satisfaction in primary TKA. PubMed, EBSCO host, and SCOPUS were queried to retrieve all reports evaluating IPFP resection or preservation during TKA, which resulted into 488 studies. Two reviewers independently reviewed these articles for eligibility based on pre-established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Eleven studies were identified for final analysis, which reported on 11,996 cases. Patient demographics, type of surgical intervention, follow-up duration, and clinical outcome measures were collected and analyzed. Complete resection was implemented in 3,723 cases (31%), partial resection in 5,458 cases (45.5%), and preservation of the IPFP in 2,815 cases (23.5%). Clinical outcome measures included PTL (5 studies), knee flexion (4 studies), pain (6 studies), KSS (3 studies), ISR (3 studies), and patient satisfaction (1 study). No differences were found following IPFP resection for patient satisfaction (p = 0.98), ISR (p > 0.05), and KSS (p > 0.05). There was mixed evidence for PTL, pain, and knee flexion following IPFP resection versus preservation. Studies of shorter follow-up intervals suggested improved pain following resection, while reports of longer follow-up times indicated that resection resulted in increased pain. Given the mixed data available from the current literature, we were unable to conclude that one surgical technique can definitively be considered superior over the other. More extensive research, including randomized controlled trials, is required to better elucidate potential differences between the surgical handling choices. Future studies should focus on patient conditions in which one technique would be best indicated to establish guidelines for best surgical outcomes in those patients.
Synthesis and Characterization of Cu-MOF Derived Cu@AC Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in PEMFC

In this study, biomass derived activated carbon (AC) was utilized to enhance the electrochemical properties of copper benzene-1, 3, 5-tricarboxylate metal organic framework (Cu-BTC MOF). Dried leaves (Lantana) were activated with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) for preparation of AC. Cu-MOF was pyrolyzed with different ratios of AC (1:1) under a reduction atmosphere of mixture of argon and hydrogen gases (90:10) in a tube furnace. These freshly produced composite materials were examined by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis. The synthesized catalysts were tested for its electro catalytic activity for oxidation reduction reaction (ORR) in three electrode system by cyclic voltammetry, Tafel polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electrochemical parameters calculated by film coated glassy carbon electrode exhibit impact of activated carbon on oxidation reduction reaction catalyzed by Cu-BTC MOF. The composite Cu@AC (1:1) reported the highest current density of 2.11 mA cm−2 at 0.9 V potential with a scan rate of 50 mV s−1 in 0.1 M KOH which is better than commercial grade Pt/C having highest current density of 1.37 mA cm−2 at 0.86 V potential. The electrochemical activity and intensified constancy is due to synergistic influence of MOF and AC-composite.
Thoughts from the threshold: patient and family hopes, fears, values, and goals at the onset of pediatric hematopoietic cell transplantation

Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) affords curative potential for high-risk patients but also carries risk of morbidity and mortality. Early palliative care (PC) integration can aid in supporting patients and families, fostering goal-directed care, and maximizing quality-of-life throughout. However, little is known about patient and family hopes, worries, goals, or values in pediatric HCT. Through retrospective review of pretransplant PC consultations, this study sought to provide insights from this unique patient population. Across 100 initial PC encounters conducted between December 2015 and March 2018, patient and caregiver responses to five targeted questions were extracted and analyzed. Data analysis revealed themes related to patient quality-of-life, caregiver/parent role, hopes, and worries. The most commonly identified thematic responses within each topic area were patient quality-of-life “electronics/entertainment” (49%), caregiver/parent role “doing right by my child” (58%), hopes “cure” (83%), worries “potential side effects” (43%), other spirituality (34%), and resiliency (29%). These findings provide an understanding of the values, goals, priorities, hopes, and fears experienced by pediatric HCT patients and their families, which may help inform a targeted approach to improve communication and overall care throughout transplantation. Variability was noted, underscoring the importance of fostering flexible, patient/family-centered communication beginning in the pretransplant period.
Associations between parent-reported family economic hardship and mental health conditions in U.S. children

This study examines the association between parent-reported family economic hardship (FEH) and child mental health conditions. We hypothesized a positive association between parent perceptions of F...
A Synthetic Peptide, CK2.3, Inhibits RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis through BMPRIa and ERK Signaling Pathway

The skeletal system plays an important role in the development and maturation process. Through the bone remodeling process, 10% of the skeletal system is renewed every year. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are two major bone cells that are involved in the development of the skeletal system, and their activity is kept in balance. An imbalance between their activities can lead to diseases such as osteoporosis that are characterized by significant bone loss due to the overactivity of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Our laboratory has developed a novel peptide, CK2.3, which works as both an anabolic and anti-resorptive agent to induce bone formation and prevent bone loss. We previously reported that CK2.3 mediated mineralization and osteoblast development through the SMAD, ERK, and AKT signaling pathways. In this study, we demonstrated the mechanism by which CK2.3 inhibits osteoclast development. We showed that the inhibition of MEK by the U0126 inhibitor rescued the osteoclast development of RAW264.7 induced by RANKL in a co-culture system with CK2.3. We observed that CK2.3 induced ERK activation and BMPRIa expression on Day 1 after stimulation with CK2.3. While CK2.3 was previously reported to induce the SMAD signaling pathway in osteoblast development, we did not observe any changes in SMAD activation in osteoclast development with CK2.3 stimulation. Understanding the mechanism by which CK2.3 inhibits osteoclast development will allow CK2.3 to be developed as a new treatment for osteoporosis.
Design of a Mobile-Based Neurological Assessment Tool for Aging Populations

Mobile devices are becoming more pervasive in the monitoring of individuals’ health as device functionalities increase as does overall device prevalence in daily life. Therefore, it is necessary that these devices and their interactions are usable by individuals with diverse abilities and conditions. This paper assesses the usability of a neurocognitive assessment application by individuals with Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and proposes a design that focuses on the user interface, specifically on testing instructions, layouts, and subsequent user interactions. Further, we investigate potential benefits of cognitive interference (e.g., the addition of outside stimuli that intrude on task-related activity) on a user’s task performance. Understanding the population’s usability requirements and their performance on configured tasks allows for the formation of usable and objective neurocognitive assessments.
Original ArticlesComparison of Estimates of Insulin Sensitivity in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women Using the Insulin Tolerance Test and the Frequently Sampled Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test

We assessed insulin sensitivity in women comparing the insulin tolerance test (ITT) with the intravenous glucose tolerance test with frequent sampling and computer modeling (FSIVGTT) and evaluated the effects ofhormonal therapy in postmenopausal women using both methods. This prospective study tested 18 premenopausal women and ten postmenopausal women randomized to receive either estrogen alone or estrogen with a sequential progestin for 6 months at a menopause research clinic. All subjects received an ITT and an FSIVGTT within 48–72 hours of each other in random sequence. Postmenopausal women were then randomized to receive either 0.625 mg conjugated equine estrogen for 6 months or 0.625 mg conjugated equine estrogen with medroxyprogesterone acetate, 10 mg, for 10 days each month for 6 months. Both the ITT and the FSIVGTT were repeated following hormonal therapy at 2 and 6 months. Plasma insulin and glucose were measured; insulin sensitivity was calculated after the ITT (Kitt) and the FSIVGTT (Si) at each visit in each group. A close correlation was found between Kitt and Si values at initial testing in both pre- and postmenopausal women and following both types of hormonal therapy (r = 0.76 for all tests, P <.001). A reduction in insulin sensitivity was observed in postmenopausal compared to premenopausal women; this occurred in five of ten postmenopausal women using the Kitt measurement and in four often women using Si. Estrogen replacement had a beneficial effect on insulin sensitivity. While Kitt increased by 24.2 ± 9.6% (P <.05), the increase in Si (6.7 ± 18%) was not significant because of the variability with this measurement. An attenuation in insulin sensitivity was seen with added progestin. Kitt values decreased by 17.7 ± 7.7% and Si values by 31.9 ± 12%. Similar findings were noted at 2 and 6 months. The ITT and FSIVG TT provide quantitatively similar information regarding insulin sensitivity in healthy women. A mild degree of insulin resistance appears to be present in some healthy postmenopausal women. Estrogen appears to improve insulin sensitivity, while added progestin may attenuate this beneficial effect.
Goethite-Hematite Stability Relations with Relevance to Sea Water and the Red Sea Brine System

Goethite is the dominant Fe+3 bearing mineral in all cores from the Red Sea brine deposits with the exception of core station 84 within the Atlantis II Deep where hematite has been transformed from original goethite and limonite.
Relative Growth and Oncogenic Potential of Normal, Malignant, and Virus-Transformed Euploid Cells of Dwarf Species of Hamster

Numerical and structural alterations of the karyotype are secondary phenomena featured among many, if not all, continuously propagated normal, malignant, and virus-transformed cell lines. Dr. Moorhead has described the varied events during in vitro progression of human and Syrian hamster virus-transformed cells. His efforts to associate cytogenetic alterations with increased oncogenicity must, however, be restricted to the species employed for reasons I will describe below. The degree of aneuploidy need not be extensive, in order for experimental cells to proliferate more rapidly, or to attain the status of a permanent cell line. I sense that Dr. Moorhead will agree to the statement that a subtle, stable pseudodiploid condition is more conducive to the development of a cell or tumor line than many complex heteroploid conditions (Yerganian, et al., 1960; Moorhead, 1965).
A simple and efficient procedure for increasing the temporal resolution of global horizontal solar irradiance series

Abstract The intermittent nature of instantaneous solar radiation has a considerable impact on the nonlinear behavior of solar energy conversion systems. The time resolution of the Numerical Weather Prediction Models (NWPM) or satellite derived solar irradiance data are typically limited to 1-h (at best 15-min). Unfortunately, this resolution is not sufficient in the design and performance of many solar systems. In this study, a new methodology has been developed to increase the temporal resolution of GHI series from 1-h to 1-min. This methodology uses the clearness index kt (the ratio of GHI to top-of-atmosphere irradiance on the same plane) to characterize the GHI high-frequency dynamics from a 1-year measurement campaign at a given site. The evaluation of the method with 2 years of measured data in different climatic zones has resulted in KSI(%) (Kolmogorov–Smirnov test Integral parameter) and normalized root mean square deviation values below 8.0% and 1.7% respectively for each month, with negligible bias. Indicators of overall performance show an excellent agreement between measured and modeled 1-min GHI data for each month: average values for Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency, Willmott index of agreement and Legates coefficient of efficiency are found to be 0.94, 0.99 and 1.00, respectively.
Chronic cholecystitis and intramural diverticulosis of the gall bladder; Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses.

Summary 1.A case of intramural diverticula of the gall bladder (Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses), as demonstrated radiographically, is presented with pathological verification. 2.In the face of adequate concentrating power of the gall bladder and an otherwise indeterminate examination, the radiographic demonstration of such intramural herniations is considered strong evidence in support of chronic gallbladder disease.
Reinstatement of Secured Debt in Chapter 11 Reorganizations after Charter Communications and Young Broadcasting

Dislocations and other trends in the global credit markets have made reinstatement of pre-bankruptcy debt an increasingly attractive proposition for borrowers looking to take advantage of loans extended at interest rates, principal amounts, and on “covenant-lite” terms which quickly vanished in the financial downturn. Rather than looking to secure financing at the current market rates and on the economic and legal terms presently available, borrowers may consider restructuring so as to capture the value of these “legacy loans” by means of reinstatement. From a lender perspective, the prospect of being compelled to reinstate below-market loans in a vastly altered marketplace to a borrower whose circumstances may very well have changed significantly constitutes a significantly disadvantageous event. This article seeks to unpack the relevant statutory framework and case law as they pertain to reinstatement by delving into the interrelated issues of impairment, cure, historical and prospective default, acceleration, change of control, and cramup. It further surveys lessons provided in the recent decisions of Charter Communications and Young Broadcasting in an attempt to highlight outstanding unsettled questions of law which remain in the area of reinstatement.
Improved decision trees: a generalized version of ID3

Abstract A popular and particularly efficient method for inducing classification rules from examples is Quinlan's ID3 algorithm. This paper examines the problem of overspecialization in ID3. Two causes of overspecialization in ID3 are identified. An algorithm that avoids some of the inherent problems in ID3 is developed. The new algorithm, GID3, is applied to the development of an expert system for automating the Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) process in semiconductor manufacturing. Six performance measures for decision trees are defined. The GID3 algorithm is empirically shown to outperform ID3 on all performance measures considered. The improvement is gained with negligible increase in computational complexity.
Synthesis of Ovalbumin in a Rabbit Reticulocyte Cell-free System Programmed with Hen Oviduct Ribonucleic Acid

Hen oviduct RNA can direct the synthesis of the major oviduct protein, ovalbumin, in a cell-free system derived from rabbit reticulocytes. The protein was identified by precipitation with anti-ovalbumin, migration on gel electrophoresis, and ion exchange chromatography of tryptic peptides. Ovalbumin messenger RNA activity appears to sediment in a sucrose gradient on the low molecular weight side of the 18 S ribosomal RNA.
Paradoxical role of methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 in Rett syndrome.

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces Rett Syndrome (RTT), which is a neurodevelopmental disorder representing one of the most frequent causes of severe mental retardation in females. It describes the paradoxical role of methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) in rett syndrome. —C—phosphate—G— (CpG) is the least frequently represented dinucleotide in the mammalian genome because of deamination reactions that convert methylated cytosines to uracils. MeCP2 was originally isolated from rat brain nuclear extracts in a screen to identify novel proteins that selectively bound probes containing methylated CpGs. Unmethylated CpG sites are conserved in CpG islands that tend to be clustered at the 5’ end of many mammalian genes. Methylation of CpG sites at the 5’ end of a gene is usually associated with transcriptional silencing. MeCP2 localization to transcriptionally inactive heterochromatic regions of the nucleus depended on DNA methylation and the presence of an 85-amino acid methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) toward the N-terminal end of the protein.
Occurrence and persistence of " Australia " antigen determinants.

“Australia” (Au) antigens from various groups of individuals were examined for the presence of d and y determinants. Antigens from all of the 214 individuals examined were found to possess either the d or y determinant, in addition to the a determinant. With the ay antiserum employed, antibody absorption was found to be a more effective means than demonstration of spur formation for detection of the y determinant. Antigens with ad specificity predominated in a collection of sera from non-ill Tongan children and adults, but no significant differences were noted in the specificities of antigens from individuals from four different regions. Almost all of the antigens from various groups of individuals in California, including inmates of a state hospital, a group of heroin users, and hepatitis patients from San Francisco General Hospital, were of the ay specificity. With one exception, antigenic specificities were found to persist for 3 years in a group of Tongan school children. Specificities also persisted in chronic carriers from California and in hepatitis patients over the course of antigenemia. Of 15 human and 4 animal antisera examined, antibodies to the y determinant were demonstrable only in a single (human) antiserum, and antibodies to the d determinant were demonstrable in one guinea pig antiserum and one horse antiserum.
Crucial stem cell experiments? Stem cells, uncertainty, and single-cell experiments

I have previously argued that stem cell experiments cannot demonstrate that a single cell is a stem cell (Fagan 2013a, b). Laplane and others dispute this claim, citing experiments that identify stem cells at the single-cell level. This paper rebuts the counterexample, arguing that the alleged ‘crucial stem cell experiments’ do not measure self-renewal for a single cell, do not establish a single cell’s differentiation potential, and, if interpreted as providing results about single cells, fall into epistemic circularity. I then discuss the source of the dispute, locating it in differences between philosophical and experimental perspectives.
Coulomb displacement energies in the 1f72 shell

Abstract The experimental data for Coulomb displacement energies in the mass region 33 to 65 are discussed. It is found for isobaric pairs of nuclei for which all nucleons in excess of 40 lie in the 1 f 7 2 shell that ΔE c is with resonable accuracy given by the expression ΔE c = 7220 + 300 (Z > ′ − 1) + (250/2T) [ 1 2 (1 + (−1) Z′ >)] in keV, where Z > ′ = Z > − 20. There is essentially no A -dependence for these nuclei as either N or Z is changed. On the other hand, for isobaric pairs which involve several j-states or are in the 1 d 3 2 shell, ΔE c for a set of isotopes varies approximately as A- 1 3 .
Positive youth development within a family leisure context: Youth perspectives of family outcomes

Although a variety of recreation programs provide valuable settings for youth development and should continue, the home should be considered the first and perhaps the most essential context for positive youth development. Family leisure experiences are purposively or intentionally planned by invested adults (parents) to create and maintain meaningful relationships and provide supportive opportunities for their children to learn skills and develop behaviors that will not only strengthen current family life but ultimately contribute to their overall positive development. The article presents family leisure research from a youth perspective and sets out the implications of the role of home-based core types of leisure that families engage in.
New Directions in Interferometric Phase Microscopy of Biological Cell Dynamics

Interferometric phase microscopy has the potential of becoming a widely-used tool for quantitative measurements of biological cells. We introduce the current state of the art, the open questions, and solutions experimentally developed in our laboratory.
Are Russian Judges Still Soviet

The Soviet model of judging incorporated an educational and political role for judges. In addition to resolving disputes, judges were expected to use cases as a way of inculcating Soviet values. They could sidestep the law when it conflicted with the interests of the state and/or the Communist Party. In recent years, reforms aimed at raising the status of judges and stripping away their Soviet veneer have been introduced. In theory, the introduction of the principle of adversarialism should shift responsibility away from judge and onto litigants. The article explores how these reforms have played out. It draws on field work in arbitrazh courts, including observations of judicial proceedings, conversations with judges and litigants, and review of case files.
Using the box Jenkins approach for modeling human circadian rhythms

Abstract Considering the stochastic nature of human circadian rhythms, it is reasonable to consider the use of Box‐Jenkins time series approach, for modeling these rhythms. This approach is based on fitting an auto regressive moving average model to the data and using the model to forecast future values. The general approach is described in detail and is then applied to human rectal temperature circadian rhythms to show its usefulness and versatility in chronobiological modeling.
X̃ 3Σ- and Ã 3Π Electronic States of Ketenylidene (CCO): Analysis of the Renner Effect in the Upper State

Ab initio electronic structure theory has been employed in order to systematically investigate the X 3Σ- and A 3Π electronic states of ketenylidene (CCO). The total energies and physical propertie...
An experimental platform for creating white dwarf photospheres in the laboratory: Preliminary results

Abstract We present the current status of the White Dwarf Photosphere Experiment at the Z Pulsed Power Facility at Sandia National Laboratories. This experiment has evolved into a unique platform for simultaneously measuring emission, absorption, and back-lighter continua spectra of plasmas with white dwarf (WD) photospheric compositions and conditions (Te∼1 eV, ne∼1016–1018e/cm3); our current experiments involve line profile measurements of hydrogen—corresponding to the most common surface composition in white dwarf stars, with future experiments planned for helium, carbon, and oxygen. These profiles will test line broadening theories used in white dwarf model atmospheres to infer the fundamental parameters (e.g., effective temperature and mass) of thousands of WDs. This experiment uses the large amount of x-rays generated from a z-pinch dynamic hohlraum to radiatively drive plasma formation in a gas cell. We reach significantly higher densities than the landmark study of Wiese et al. (1972), thereby putting competing line broadening theories to the test in a regime where their predictions strongly diverge. The simultaneous measurement of emission, absorption, and back-lighter continua in macroscopic plasmas represents a significant advance relative to hydrogen line profile experiments of the past.
Potentiometric determination of coenzyme‐dependent oxidoreductase enzymes with recycling of the coenzyme

By enzymatically establishing a rapid (essentially equilibrium) coupling of a redox coenzyme such as NAD with the components of the ferrocyanide–ferricyanide half-cell (e.g., using excess diaphorase) the half-cell potential can be used to monitor another enzymatic reaction involving the same coenzyme. This approach provides a general, rapid potentiometric method of assaying coenzyme-dependent oxidoreductase enzymes. We show that these assay systems can be designed for multiple turnover of coenzyme (in our case NAD) during a single assay thereby amplifying the rate of electromotive force (emf) change with a concomitant increase in sensitivity of enzyme assay. This allows the use of small concentrations of coenzyme and extension of the range of enzyme concentrations that may be assayed.
Determination of endosperm protein secondary structure in hard wheat breeding lines using synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy

Abstract One molecular aspect of mature hard wheat protein quality for breadmaking is the relative amount of endosperm protein in the α-helix form compared with that in other secondary structure forms including β-sheet. Modeling of α-helix and β-sheet absorption bands that contribute to the amide I band at 1650 cm −1 was applied to more than 1500 spectra in this study. The microscopic view of wheat endosperm is dominated by many large starch granules with protein in between. The spectrum produced from in situ microspectroscopy of this mixture is dominated by carbohydrate bands from the large starch granules that fill up the field. The high spatial resolution achievable with synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy enables revealing good in situ spectra of the protein located interstitially. Synchrotron infrared microspectroscopic mapping of 4 μm thick frozen sections of endosperm in the subaleurone region provides spectra from a large number of pixels. Pixels with protein-dominated spectra are sorted out from among adjacent pixels to minimize the starch absorption and scattering contributions. Subsequent data treatment to extract information from the amide I band requires a high signal to noise ratio. Although spectral interference of the carbohydrate band on the amide band is not a problem, the scattering produced by the large starch granules diminishes the signal to noise ratio throughout the spectrum. High density mapping was done on beamlines U2B and U10B at the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY. Mapping with a single masked spot size of 5.5 μm diameter or confocal 5 μm × 5 μm spot size, respectively, on the two beamlines used produced spectra for new breeding lines under current consideration. Appropriate data treatment allows calculation of a numerical estimate of the α-helix population relative to other secondary protein structures from the position and shape of the amide I absorption band. Current breeding lines show a substantial variance in this feature and its determination allows the prediction of relative quality for breadmaking to be taken into consideration for subsequent steps in the wheat breeding process. Data treatments include deconvolution, modeling of the individual resulting bands that contribute to the amide I band to enable measurement of the relative amounts of both forms. Results with specimens representing multiple crop years of hard winter wheat breeding are reported. It is evident that a range is available for the breeder to choose from, that allows including this protein molecular structural attribute in the selection process.
Synthese von organophosphorsubstituierten silanen und polysiloxanen

Durch Addition von sekundaren Phosphinen, Phosphinsulfiden bzw. Phosphinoxyden an Alkenylsilane, Alkenylalkoxy-, Alkenylchlorsilane oder Polyalkenylpolysiloxane unter UV-Bestrahlung wurden neue organophosphorsubstituierte Silane und Polysiloxane synthetisiert. Aus den zwei hydrolysierbare Gruppen enthaltenden Organophosphinylsilanen werden durch Hydrolyse die entsprechenden Organophosphinylpolysiloxane erhalten. Letztere konnen auch durch Addition von sekundaren Phosphinen, Phosphinsulfiden bzw. Phosphinoxyden an Polyalkenylpolysiloxane dargestellt werden. Die Verbindungen mit 3-wertigem Phosphor konnen mit Schwefel bzw. Oxydationsmitteln in die entsprechende Phosphinsulfide bzw. -oxyde ubergefuhrt werden. A method is described by which organophosphorus-substituted silanes and polysiloxanes can be prepared. The method is based on the addition of secondary phosphines, phosphines sulphides or phosphine oxides to alkenyl silanes, alkenyl alkoxysilanes, alkenyl chlorosilanes or polyalkenyl polysiloxanes under the irradiation by ultraviolet light. Fifteen new compounds were synthesised. The organophosphinyl silanes containing hydrolysable groups are converted by hydrolysis to form the corresponding organophosphinyl polysiloxanes. The latter compounds can also be prepared by addition of secondary phosphines, phosphine sulphides or phosphine oxides to polyalkenyl polysiloxanes. Compounds containing three-valent phosphorus can be converted with sulphur or oxidants to the corresponding phosphine sulphides or phosphine oxides.
The persistence of ethnic voting: African americans and jews in the 1989 New York mayoral campaign

This paper investigates the concept of “ethnic voting ” in the 1989 New York Mayoral campaign. The ethnic voting hypothesis holds that when other independent variables such as party, income, and ideology are controlled, ethnic identity should exert a significant impact on candidate selection. Results indicate that ethnicity exerts a strong impact on the vote, particularly among African American and Jewish respondents, with strong loyalty to candidates of their own ethnic group.
The effect of repeated tests on recognition memory for pictures and words

To determine whether the advantage of picture memory over word memory would be maintained over repeated tests with the same material, eight subjects participated in six sessions of a recognition memory experiment. In each session after the first, half of the studied items and half of the lures from the previous session were switched to the opposite category. Recognition memory, whether measured by hits, false alarms, A′, or confidence ratings, remained at a constant high level across the six sessions, and pictures maintained their advantage over words. There was a small sequential advantage of maintaining an item in the same category from one session to the next, but this was only reliable for new items. We concluded that the advantage of pictures over words in memory is not because of their novelty, and that situational familiarity of the type manipulated here does not appear to operate analogously to naturally occurring familiarity.
Cerebellar Substrates for Error Correction in Motor Conditioning

The authors evaluate a mapping of Rescorla and Wagner's (1972) behavioral model of classical conditioning onto the cerebellar substrates for motor reflex learning and illustrate how the limitations of the Rescorla-Wagner model are just as useful as its successes for guiding the development of new psychobiological theories of learning. They postulate that the inhibitory pathway that returns conditioned response information from the cerebellar interpositus nucleus back to the inferior olive is the neural basis for the error correction learning proposed by Rescorla and Wagner (Gluck, Myers, & Thompson, 1994; Thompson, 1986). The authors' cerebellar model expects that behavioral processes described by the Rescorla-Wagner model will be localized within the cerebellum and related brain stem structures, whereas behavioral processes beyond the scope of the Rescorla-Wagner model will depend on extracerebellar structures such as the hippocampus and related cortical regions. Simulations presented here support both implications. Several novel implications of the authors' cerebellar error-correcting model are described including a recent empirical study by Kim, Krupa, and Thompson (1998), who verified that suppressing the putative error correction pathway should interfere with the Kamin (1969) blocking effect, a behavioral manifestation of error correction learning. The authors also discuss the model's implications for understanding the limits of cerebellar contributions to associative learning and how this informs our understanding of hippocampal function in conditioning. This leads to a more integrative view of the neural substrates of conditioning in which the authors' real-time circuit-level model of the cerebellum can be viewed as a generalization of the long-term memory module of Gluck and Myers' (1993) trial-level theory of cerebellar-hippocampal interaction in motor conditioning.
Sucrose preference in rats following amygdaloid lesions

Preference for seven increasingly concentrated sucrose solutions was examined in amygdala-lesioned and control rats. Although the amygdaloid Ss tended to show less preference for.01 and.03 M sucrose, their performance was well within normal limits for the remaining concentrations. It is suggested that amygdaloid hyporeactivity to positive taste stimuli may be brief in duration.
Evaporite dissolution and development of karst features on the rolling plains of the texas panhandle

More than 400 dolines, consisting of collapse sinkholes and closed depressions, occur in Hall and Briscoe Counties, Texas. Of these, at least 36 sinkholes and two depressions formed between 1940 and 1972. Collapse sinks are typically circular and range up to 100 m in diameter and 15 m in depth. Closed depressions are irregularly-shaped, internally-drained depressions up to 2.4 km in length. Surface fractures up to 1.5 km in length are associated with certain closed depressions. Karst features are forming as a result of intrastratal dissolution of Upper Permian evaporites, primarily halite and secondarily gypsum. Salt dissolution and overburden collapse are evident from geophysical log cross-sections and occur at depths ranging from 195 to 275 m. Dissolution is progressing down dip and mean dissolution rates for salt beds in the Hall County area range from 0.29 to 7.73 cm/yr. The valley of the Prairie Dog Town Fork of the Red River is an area of ground-water discharge for flow systems moving eastward from topographically high areas of the Rolling Plains and from the eastern rim of the High Plains. Halite beds in contact with these waters undergo dissolution. Salt springs and brine seeps, some associated with sinkholes and depressions, occur in the discharge area and indicate that dissolution is an ongoing process.
Magnetic source imaging localizes epileptogenic zone in children with tuberous sclerosis complex

The authors assessed whether magnetoencephalography/magnetic source imaging (MEG/MSI) identified epileptogenic zones in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). In six TSC children with focal seizures, ictal video-EEG predicted the region of resection with 56% sensitivity, 80% specificity, and 77% accuracy (p = 0.02), whereas interictal MEG/MSI fared better (100%, 94%, and 95%, respectively; p < 0.0001). Interictal MEG/MSI seems to identify epileptogenic zones more accurately in children with TSC and focal intractable epilepsy.
Deep-Space Optical Communications: Future Perspectives and Applications

The concept of deep-space optical communications was formulated shortly after the invention of lasers. The promise of laser communications, high data rate delivery with significantly reduced aperture size for the flight terminal, led to the pursuit of several successful experiments from Earth orbit and provided the incentive for further demonstrations to extend the range to deep space. This paper is aimed at presenting an overview of the current status of optical communications with an emphasis on deep space. Future perspectives and applications of optical communications related to near-Earth and interplanetary communications are also addressed.
Localized measurements of refractive turbulence using spatial filtering of scintillations

Remote measurements of refractive turbulence strength with high spatial resolution are demonstrated. The technique uses spatial and temporal filtering of scintillation from a spatially filtered incoherent optical source. Spatial resolution as fine as 4.5 m was observed at the center of a 110-m propagation path. An analytic approximation to the theory agrees very well with the data. This theory predicts the spatial resolution of a system of this type to be in the vicinity of the path length divided by the total number of cycles in the transmitter and receiver spatial filters.
Comparison of the mean per unit and ratio estimators under a simple applications-motivated model

The mean per unit and the ratio estimators of the total score in a finite population are compared under a simple model motivated by insurance reimbursement in the pharmacy industry. Ranges of model parameters are given where one of the estimators is preferred, and when model parameters satisfy an equation, the ratio estimator is shown to be first order unbiased and never improved on by the mean per unit.
Environmental Geologic Atlas, Texas Coastal Zone: Role of Geology in Land-Use Planning: ABSTRACT

The Environmental Geologic Atlas of the Texas Coastal Zone, which required 25 man-years of research, was initiated in 1969 to meet a growing need for basic land resource information about one of the most rapidly developing regions of Texas. The coastal zone, covering about 20,000 sq mi, is not only an area of accelerating, competitive, and, sometimes, conflicting land use, but it is also a region of dynamic natural processes and delicately balanced environments. The coastal zone is underlain by a wide variety of Pleistocene and Holocene/modern facies with differing physical properties and land-use capabilities. Large-scale mapping (1:24,000) of first-order units, including substrates, biology, processes, and man-made features, resulted in the principal environmental resou ce document--the Environmental Geology Map. This map, at a scale of 1:125,000, displays the distribution of 130 units, which comprise both Pleistocene and Holocene/modern fluvial, deltaic, barrier-strandplain-chenier, offshore, bay-lagoon-estuary, marsh-swamp, eolian, and man-made coastal systems. A series of 8 Special-Use Environmental Maps at a scale of 1:250,000 were, in part, derived from the Environmental Geology Map, and, in part, compiled from other extensive data sources. The special-use map series includes: Physical Properties; Environments and Biologic Assemblages; Current Land Use; Mineral and Energy Resources; Active processes; Man-Made Features and Water Systems; Rainfall, Stream Discharge, and Surface Salinity; and Topography and Bathymetry. These maps, which contain about 150 units, were designed for the special requirements of various users; an almost unlimited number of such special-use and thematic maps can be generated from the basic map data. A further step toward application of environmental geologic information in land-use planning was derivation of fundamental planning units based on carrying capacity. These units alternately have been termed resource-capability units and land-resource units. Each land-resource unit is an areally defined entity that exhibits a unique set of properties, which limits or sustains its use for the wide variety of human activities. The properties of land-resource or resource-capability units, which can be quantified and digitized, may serve as principal input into land-use inventory and planning systems being devised to support future land-use decisions. A land-use planning system that is based realistically upon the nature and variability of natural systems and coastal substrates can provide a commonsense, flexible, and fair approach to land-use planning. Such a system provides potential users with options long before development becomes a reality, enabling users to plan for necessary engineering improvements and/or economic trade-offs. Fundamental geology is a critical element in such a land-use decision system. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2207------------