cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Unsteady Wakes on Flow Through High Pressure Turbine Passages With and Without Tip Gaps

Experiments were conducted in a linear high pressure turbine cascade with wakes generated by moving upstream rods. The cascade included an adjustable top endwall that could be raised and lowered above the airfoils to change the tip gap. Conditions were considered with no tip gap, and gaps of 1.5% and 3.8% of axial chord. For each of these, cases were documented both with and without upstream wakes. The pressure distributions on the airfoils were acquired at the midspan and near the tip for each case. The total pressure loss was measured in the endwall region. Velocity fields were acquired in two planes normal to the flow direction using particle image velocimetry (PIV). For the case with no tip gap, the passage vortex and other vortices were clearly visible in the velocity fields. For the cases with a tip gap, the tip leakage vortex was the dominant flow feature, and it became stronger as the gap size increased. The other vortices were still present, but were moved by the tip leakage vortex. For the cases with unsteady wakes, the PIV data were ensemble-averaged based on phase within the wake passing cycle, to show the motion and change in strength of the vortices in response to the wake passing. The regions of high total pressure loss can be explained in terms of the secondary velocity field.
Ionization Temperatures in the Inductively Coupled Plasma Determined by Mass Spectrometry

Ionization temperatures in the inductively coupled plasma are determined with the use of the ionization fraction for iodine obtained by mass-spectral sampling. Temperatures profiled at different heights and different positions across the plasma are between 6900 and 7800 K at relatively low heights. Power increases raise the measured ionization temperature, while changes in nebulizer gas flow and the addition of an easily ionized element to the plasma have no measurable effect. Desolvation of the sample aerosol causes a decrease of about 500 K in the ionization temperature.
Meaningful Motivation for Work Motivation Theory

This article discusses the July 2004 “Academy of Management Review” Special Topic Forum on the Future of Work Motivation Theory. The author feels that, while the forum opens up new research directions to help understand what motivates workers to work, it says little about why workers should be motivated to work. There is a direct connection between early developments in motivation theory and the history of philosophical and psychological ethics. It is noted that motivational efforts may exert control over individual moral autonomy. Making the link between meaningful work and work motivation theory will supposedly stimulate further inquiry and research into meaningful work. The author notes the connection between worker motivation and productivity within individual and group performance.
Sea ice algal biomass and physiology in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica

Sea ice covers approximately 5% of the ocean surface and is one of the most extensive ecosystems on the planet. The microbial communities that live in sea ice represent an important food source for numerous organisms at a time of year when phytoplankton in the water column are scarce. Here we describe the distributions and physiology of sea ice microalgae in the poorly studied Amundsen Sea sector of the Southern Ocean. Microalgal biomass was relatively high in sea ice in the Amundsen Sea, due primarily to well developed surface communities that would have been replenished with nutrients during seawater flooding of the surface as a result of heavy snow accumulation. Elevated biomass was also occasionally observed in slush, interior, and bottom ice microhabitats throughout the region. Sea ice microalgal photophysiology appeared to be controlled by the availability of both light and nutrients. Surface communities used an active xanthophyll cycle and effective pigment sunscreens to protect themselves from harmful ultraviolet and visible radiation. Acclimation to low light microhabitats in sea ice was facilitated by enhanced pigment content per cell, greater photosynthetic accessory pigments, and increased photosynthetic efficiency. Photoacclimation was especially effective in the bottom ice community, where ready access to nutrients would have allowed ice microalgae to synthesize a more efficient photosynthetic apparatus. Surprisingly, the pigment-detected prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis antarctica was an important component of surface communities (slush and surface ponds) where its acclimation to high light may precondition it to seed phytoplankton blooms after the sea ice melts in spring.
Globalization at the nano frontier: The future of nanotechnology policy in the United States, China, and India

Abstract The field of nanotechnology offers the possibility of transforming the international science and technology (S&T) policy landscape and making a significant impact on the direction of research and development for a wide range of nations and companies. Nanotechnology endeavors in the United States, China, and India remain some of the most interesting because of the opportunities and challenges this field poses for future competition and collaboration between these three nations. This paper examines how nanotechnology will raise new science and policy questions—and lead to new strategic linkages—that will have a major impact on the futures of these nations for decades to come. Then the paper analyzes and compares the current state of nanotechnology in these three countries, discusses some of the main drivers of collaboration, investigates current and potential uncertainties associated with nanotechnology, and offers policy suggestions on ways that these difficulties may be addressed.
Exceptional curves on rational numerically elliptic surfaces

A numerically elliptic surface is a complete smooth algebraic surface X over an algebraically closed field k with a proper morphism f: X-* C to a smooth curve C such that the general fiber off is an integral curve of arithmetic genus 1. If the generic fiber is smooth the surface is called elliptic; otherwise it is called quasi-elliptic. The latter only can occur if k has characteristic 2 or 3, in which case the general fiber is a rational curve with an ordinary cusp [BM]. If no fiber off contains an exceptional cwue (i.e., a smooth irreducible curve isomorphic to [Fp’ and having self-intersection l), then X is said to be minimal; all elliptic surfaces will hereafter be assumed to be minimal. One says that an elliptic surface X is Jacobian if the smooth points of the generic fiber X, comprise the Jacobian curve of X,,. It is equivalent for X, to have a rational point, or for f to have a section. For a rational Jacobian numerically elliptic surface, the exceptional curves are precisely the sections of the libration, which provides a tool by which an enumeration of the exceptional curves on a rational Jacobian numerically elliptic surface can be carried out (cf. [MP, HL, MOP]). Whether Jacobian or not, a rational
Formation of disinfection by-products in indoor swimming pool water: The contribution from filling water natural organic matter and swimmer body fluids

The contribution and role of different precursors in the formation of three class of disinfection by-products (DBPs) [trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and halonitromethanes (HNMs)] in swimming pool waters were examined using filling waters obtained from five drinking water treatment plant (WTP) effluents and three body fluid analogs (BFAs). BFAs exerted higher chlorine demands as compared to natural organic matter (NOM) in filling waters. BFAs exhibited higher HAA formation potentials than THM formation potentials, while the opposite was observed for the filling water NOM. There was no appreciable difference in the HNM formation potentials of BFAs and filling water NOM. Different components in the BFAs tested exhibited different degree and type of DBP formation. Citric acid had significantly higher THM and HAA yields than other BFA components. The effect of temperature was greater on THM formation, whereas the effect of contact time had more impact on HAA formation. Experiments with filling waters collected from WTP effluents at three different times showed more variability in HAA than THM formation at the WTPs studied.
Determination of chromium sesquioxide in faeces by a spectrophotometric method

Chromium sesquioxide Cr2O3, present as a non-absorbable marker in faeces, may be determined spectrophotometrically as chromate ion in aqueous solution after ashing and alkaline fusion. Recovery of this substance is excellent. The method described is simpler, more suited to the clinical laboratory and less hazardous than previously reported methods.
Early genetic sonogram for Down syndrome detection.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the Down syndrome sensitivity of early genetic sonography (14- Study Design: Nuchal thickness, humerus and femur lengths, hyperechoic bowel, hypoplastic fifth digit (clinodactyly), and any gross anatomic defects were measured or ascertained in singleton pregnancies that were undergoing genetic amniocentesis. Multiple stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to determine the significant sonographic markers for Down syndrome detection in each group. Multivariate gaussian algorithms that included maternal age were used to estimate patient-specific Down syndrome risk. Sensitivity and false-positive rates, receiver-operating characteristic curves, and area under the curves were calculated and compared for both groups. Results: There were 1727 pregnancies with 22 Down syndrome fetuses (1.27%) in the early group versus 3914 pregnancies with 86 Down syndrome fetuses (2.2%) in the later group. The mean ± SD ages were 15.5 ± 0.4 weeks versus 17.6 ± 1.4 weeks, respectively. Early genetic sonography (14- P =.005). In fetuses at 14 to 15 weeks, the genetic sonography was also highly accurate, with 100% detection with a 21.9% false-positive rate. Conclusion: Early genetic sonography is highly sensitive and statistically superior to later ultrasonography for Down syndrome detection. Early midtrimester sonography achieved a diagnostic accuracy similar to that currently reported for first-trimester nuchal translucency. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:1235-8.)
Is the relationship between cognitive ability and job performance stable over time

Schmidt, Hunter, and Outerbridge's (1986) causal model of job performance suggests that cognitive ability is the most important cause of job performance and that the relationship between ability and performance is stable over time. Research on both the stability of skilled performance and the ability requirements of tasks is inconsistent with this model. Our article describes an alternative model that ascribes a critical importance to ability during stages where workers are learning new tasks and performing unfamiliar functions (i.e., transition stages) but less so during stages where workers are performing well-learned, familiar tasks (i.e., maintenance stages). The alternative model is shown to account for the findings explained by the Schmidt et al. (1986) model, as well as for findings that cannot be accounted for by their model.
The Acquisition of Fricatives and Affricates: Evidence From a Disordered Phonological System

This study describes the acquisition of the entire fricative and affricate sound classes by a child with a disordered phonological system and other co-occurring conditions. Pretreatment, the partic...
One- and Three-Dimensional Wall Heat Flux Calculations in a O2/H2 System

OVER the past several decades, considerable effort has been dedicated to model combustion in rocket chambers to understand and predict the conjugate heat transfer to the chamberwalls [1]. Validation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) design tools requires, in turn, reliable experimental data assessment. This involves the need to acquire a comprehensive set of data in the same facility, including wall heat fluxes along with inflow measurements over a broad range of pressures [2]. The experimental data for CFD validation acquired to date were obtained from a range of facilities of different sizes, various internal geometry or fuel composition, and injection configurations [3–9]; therefore, wall heat fluxes were considerably different among these studies. The strength, the life cycle, and the cooling system effectiveness are highly dependent on heat transfer into and out of the system [10], and the number of studies addressing the heat transfer into the chamber walls are still inadequate. In a previous study, which was the first of its kind, Marshall et al. [11] obtained the heat flux measurements using Gordon heat flux gauges from coaxial temperature measurements that were placed along the chamber wall. The heat fluxes were, then, calculated by solving the transient axisymmetric heat flux equation. Conley et al. [12] calculated the heat fluxes from the temperature measurements at several longitudinal locations. In these studies, the heatfluxeswere calculated by solving the steady-state one-dimensional (1-D) heat conduction equation and adding a correction term to compensate the heat absorption by the chamberwalls. Thevery nature of heat transfer in the combustion chamber is, in fact, three-dimensional (3-D). Thus, calculation of heat fluxes based on a 1-D assumption may lead to errors. Vaidyanathan et al. [13] calculated wall heat fluxes by numerically solving the two-dimensional (2-D) unsteady heat conduction equation. Although more accurate when compared with 1-D assumption, the 2-D heat conduction assumption still does not take into account the longitudinal heat transfer. The current study is aimed at calculating the heat fluxes in the combustion chamber by numerically solving the 3-D heat conduction equation to assess the validity of 1-D unsteady heat conduction assumption in wall heat flux calculation. Hence, the data presented next include wall heat fluxes calculated from 3-D heat transfer assumption for a GO2=GH2 single-element shear coaxial injector at 37 bar.
Green leaf area index estimation in maize and soybean: Combining vegetation indices to achieve maximal sensitivity

Published in Agron. J. 104:1336–1347 (2012) Posted online 29 June 2012 doi:10.2134/agronj2012.0065 Copyright © 2012 by the American Society of Agronomy, 5585 Guilford Road, Madison, WI 53711. All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. T leaf area index (LAI), the ratio of leaf area to ground area, typically reported as square meters per square meter, is a commonly used biophysical characteristic of vegetation (Watson, 1947). The LAI can be subdivided into photosynthetically active and photosynthetically inactive components. The former, the gLAI, is a metric commonly used in climate (e.g., Buermann et al., 2001), ecological (e.g., Bulcock and Jewitt, 2010), and crop yield (e.g., Fang et al., 2011) models. Because of its wide use and applicability to modeling, there is a need for a nondestructive remote estimation of gLAI across large geographic areas. Various techniques based on remotely sensed data have been utilized for assessing gLAI (see reviews by Pinter et al., 2003; Hatfield et al., 2004, 2008; Doraiswamy et al., 2003; le Maire et al., 2008, and references therein). Vegetation indices, particularly the NDVI (Rouse et al., 1974) and SR (Jordan, 1969), are the most widely used. The NDVI, however, is prone to saturation at moderate to high gLAI values (Kanemasu, 1974; Curran and Steven, 1983; Asrar et al., 1984; Huete et al., 2002; Gitelson, 2004; Wu et al., 2007; Gonzalez-Sanpedro et al., 2008) and requires reparameterization for different crops and species. The saturation of NDVI has been attributed to insensitivity of reflectance in the red region at moderate to high gLAI values due to the high absorption coefficient of chlorophyll. For gLAI below 3 m2/m2, total absorption by a canopy in the red range reaches 90 to 95%, and further increases in gLAI do not bring additional changes in absorption and reflectance (Hatfield et al., 2008; Gitelson, 2011). Another reason for the decrease in the sensitivity of NDVI to moderate to high gLAI values is the mathematical formulation of that index. At moderate to high gLAI, the NDVI is dominated by nearinfrared (NIR) reflectance. Because scattering by the cellular or leaf structure causes the NIR reflectance to be high and the absorption by chlorophyll causes the red reflectance to be low, NIR reflectance is considerably greater than red reflectance: e.g., for gLAI >3 m2/m2, NIR reflectance is >40% while red reflectance is <5%. Thus, NDVI becomes insensitive to changes in both red and NIR reflectance. Other commonly used VIs include the Enhanced Vegetation Index, EVI (Liu and Huete, 1995; Huete et al., 1997, 2002), its ABStrAct
A skeptic's view of global budget caps.

There appear to be three sources of popular discontent with the U.S. health care system. First, although the United States devotes a higher share of GDP to medical care than any other developed economy, it is difficult to demonstrate that health care outcomes are better than elsewhere. Second, a substantial fraction of the U.S. population does not have health insurance. These individuals receive less health care than those with insurance, and the cost of some of the care they receive is shifted onto those with insurance. Third, opinion polls reveal substantial concern with potential loss of insurance coverage among the currently-insured population. A recent EBRI/Gallup survey found that 75 percent of Americans are "very concerned about the fact that 37 million Americans do not have health insurance," while 68 percent were very concerned about what the nation spends on health care, and 56 percent about the possibility of losing health insurance for medical reasons (Piucci, 1993). These factors cannot explain why health care reform has been transformed from a perennial subject of debate to a preeminent issue of domestic policy, in the span of only a few years. The ratio of health care spending to GDP in the U.S. has exceeded that in other countries for many years. The uninsured fraction of the U.S. population has increased during the last decade, from 12.3 percent in 1983 to 13.6 percent in 1993, but this increase hardly seems large enough to explain the recent attention to health care issues. Even rising concern about potential insurance loss seems difficult to explain, since agespecific data show increases in job tenure during the last two decades.
Proteomics in malaria.

The recent completion of human, Anopheles gambiae, and Plasmodium falciparum genomes relevant to the study of human malaria allows the application of modern proteomic technologies to complement previously implemented conventional approaches. Proteomic analysis has been employed to elucidate global protein expression profiles, subcellular localization of gene products, and host-pathogen interactions that are central to disease pathogenesis and treatment. The high-throughput nature of these techniques is in accord with the pace of drug and vaccine development that have the potential to directly reduce the morbidity and mortality of disease. Keywords: malaria • Plasmodium falciparum • proteomics • mass spectrometry
Radioisotopic implantation for carcinoma of the prostate: Does it work better than it used to?

Transperineal interstitial permanent prostate brachytherapy is being selected as the treatment of choice for early-stage prostatic carcinoma with increasing frequency by both patients and medical practitioners. This trend is surprising to many who are aware of the disappointing results following the retropubic technique of a few decades ago. Others advocate that the newer techniques, which use technologically advanced imaging of the prostate and sophisticated treatment planning systems, allow highly conformal source placement within the gland, resulting in a dose distribution that is superior to that previously achieved. Does improved dose distribution correlate with a higher local control rates in prostate implant patients? This review compares the historical technique of open laparotomy and retropubic implantation as practiced at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in the 1970s to the contemporary technique of transperineal ultrasoundguided permanent seed plancement of the 1990s. The results to date show that the present techniques are producing substantially better outcomes, probably resulting from better patient selection as well as improved dose delivery.
Temporal bone findings in a case of Susac's syndrome.

Objective To describe the histopathologic findings in the temporal bones of a patient with Susac's syndrome (SS). Background The key clinical features of SS consist of symptoms of encephalopathy, visual defects due to occlusion of branches of the retinal artery, and sensorineural hearing loss. The otopathology in SS has not been described. Materials and methods A 51-year-old woman was hospitalized with severe headache, rapidly progressive encephalopathy, and bilateral low-frequency sensorineural hearing loss. Magnetic resonance imaging showed lesions of the corpus callosum. Fluorescein angiography of the eyes showed focal areas of irregular retinal artery caliber and leakage from small vessels. SS was diagnosed. She died of a pulmonary embolus 1 month after onset of symptoms. Both temporal bones were prepared in celloidin and examined using light microscopy. Results Findings were nearly identical in both temporal bones. The apical halves of both cochleae showed widespread atrophy of structures of the cochlear duct (inner and outer hair cells, tectorial membranes, striae vasculares, spiral ligaments, and spiral limbi). The apical parts of both cochleae also showed apparent occlusion of capillaries within the stria vascularis and related areas of the cochlear duct. Cochlear neurons were present in normal numbers. There was no endolymphatic hydrops. The vestibular sense organs were normal for age. Conclusion This first reported otopathologic case of SS with hearing loss showed atrophy and degeneration involving the apical halves of the cochlear duct without inflammation or infection. The findings were consistent with capillary occlusion as being responsible for the atrophy.
The thorax as the initial site for systemic relapse in malignant melanoma: a prospective survey of 324 patients.

Thirteen of 324 patients with malignant melanoma followed during a 24 month period experienced dissemination. The thorax was the initial site for relapse in 12, all of whom were asymptomatic. Ten gave no evidence of extrathoracic disease. Retrospective analysis of previous x-rays originally interpreted as negative revealed metastases in 33%. Life table analysis demonstrated a significantly longer survival for the subset with isolated intrathoracic metastases treated surgically than for their counterparts with metastases no longer amenable to surgery and treated by other modalities. We conclude that the thorax is the site of predilection for initial systemic relapse in malignant melanoma, that detection of early, surgically resectable metastases correlates with longer patient survival, and that routine chest roentgenography is inadequate in reliably uncovering such early disease. These data suggest the potential value of more vigorous radiographic surveillance (with either computed tomography or conventional full lung tomography) in patients at high risk for relapse. Cancer 44:776-784, 1979.
Parallel-Channel, Dual-Resource Constrained Queueing Systems with Heterogeneous Resources

Abstract This paper presents an analysis of a class of multi-resource constrained queueing systems. The systems are “job-shop” queueing systems where both machines and laborers are limiting resources. The model consists of M parallel channels, each containing a single machine. Each service channel has its own queue in which an FCFS discipline is enforced. Arrivals to the system are Poisson and are randomly assigned to a specific service channel upon arrival. The labor force consists of N laborers (N < M) who are not equally skilled; thus, the processing time (exponential) is dependent upon the laborer and machine center utilized. Two different means of allocating labor to competing jobs are considered: (1) a first-in-first-out rule, and (2) a maximum laborer efficiency rule. The emphasis of the analysis is on the effects of the pattern of heterogeneity of the labor force and method of labor allocation. GERTS QR, a stochastic network simulation model, is utilized as a vehicle of analysis.
Too Little, Too Late: Prosecutors' Pre‐court Preparation of Rape Survivors

Little research has been conducted on the behaviors of prosecuting attor-neys and their interactions with rape survivors between charging and court events. Yet this period, during which prosecutors prepare rape survivors for their witness roles, may be crucial for obtaining successful convictions. Using intensive interviews with 32 rape survivors and background interviews with prosecutors, victim witness advocates, and rape crisis workers, I evaluated the nature of directives and information given to rape survivors and the frequency with which directives were conveyed before preliminary hearings and court events. I concluded that prosecutors employ 20 modes of preparation to construct rape survivors as credible victims for judges and jurors. They orient the rape survivor to the scope of the witness role and her place in the interaction with legal actors, direct her to enhance the credibility of her story, and enhance the credibility of her self'presentation. Research showed that prosecutors prepared respondents more thoroughly for trials than for preliminary hearings, but little overall. A large minority of respondents, consequently, reported dissatisfaction with the preparation they received. On the basis of the findings, I call for an extension of Martin and Powell's “politics of victim's needs,” attention to the importance of maintaining a perception of procedural justice among rape survivors, and further research into pre-court preparation.
The Activity of Glucosyltransferase Adsorbed onto Saliva-coated Hydroxyapatite

This study aimed to determine physical and kinetic properties of glucosyltransferase (GTF) adsorbed onto hydroxyapatite (HA) surfaces. For development of a solid-phase enzyme assay, 4.0-mg samples of washed HA powder were exposed to centrifuged whole saliva (WSHA) or buffer, and subsequently exposed to a GTF solution. The activities of GTF adsorbed to HA and that remaining in solution were measured. WSHA was more effective in adsorbing GTF than was naked HA. Enzyme activity on the surface of WSHA was enhanced; more activity was detected on WSHA than was apparently removed from solution. A similar effect was observed when GTF was adsorbed to naked HA from a mixture with lysozyme or saliva; however, no enhancement was seen when GTF was adsorbed from a mixture with albumin. Compared with GTF in solution, adsorbed GTF displayed activity over a much wider range of pH values. Temperature-activity profiles indicated that GTF adsorbed to surfaces had a lower temperature optimum (40°C) than did soluble enzyme (45°...
Geometric chirality products

Developed from Guye's “produit d'asymetrie” and formally similar to Ruch's chirality products, geometric chirality products are functions purely of molecular shape, without reference to chemical characteristics. In their normalized versions, geometric chirality products have all the attributes' of a chirality measure, i.e. they are similarity invariant and dimensionless in the interval [−1, 1]. An application to Boys' model of the tetrahedron is presented, and a detailed study of the results for triangular domains in E2 is reported. According to this measure, the most chiral triangle is infinitely flat and infinitely skewed. The analysis leads to the paradoxical conclusion that the most chiral triangle is infinitesimally close to an achiral one, The results are compared with those obtained for an overlap measure of chirality, and the relationship between molecular models and measures of chirality is briefly discussed.
The distribution of helium-3 in the grant meteorite and a determination of the original mass

The distribution of helium-3 in a slice of the Grant meteorite was determined by exposing it to slow neutrons and counting the converted tritium. The measured values ranged from 6.5 × 10−63/g to 5.1 × 10−6 cm3/g, with the highest value occurring near one edge of the slice. The helium-3 isopleths corresponding to 5.7 × 10−6 cm3/g or less form closed loops which are not circles. This indicates that the meteorite was not spherical when it was exposed to extraterrestrial cosmic radiation. The variation of the helium-3 content with depth indicates that the average energy of the cosmic radiation to which it had been exposed was close to 6 BeV. These measurements also indicate that the Grant meteorite, before it struck the earth's atmosphere, was a pear-shaped object with a mass of approximately 880 kg; and that 400 kg ablated from the meteorite in its plunge through the atmosphere.
Ghemotherapeutic Activity of Penicillin.

SummaryPenicillin is highly effective against hemolytic streptococcus and pneumococcus infections in mice when given sub-cutaneously, intravenously or intraperitoneally. When given in the form of oil suspensions or dry pellets, a single subcutaneous injection confers a high degree of protection. Penicillin is apparently non-toxic within the range of therapeutic dosage.
Formamidine pesticides and alpha2-adrenoceptors: Studies with amitraz and chlordimeform in rats and development of a radioreceptor binding assay

Abstract The interaction of the formamidine pesticides chlordimeform (CDM) and amitraz (AMZ) with rat brain alpha2-adrenoceptors was investigated. Both compounds inhibited the binding of 3H-clonidine and 3H-yohimbine in vitro with IC50 values of 62–68 μM (CDM) and 95–110 nM (AMZ). In vivo administration of AMZ and CDM caused a dose-dependent inhibition of 3H-clonidine binding in rat forebrain. The inhibition was short-lasting (24 hr) following CDM administration, while after AMZ recovery of 3H-clonidine binding occurred only after 72 hr. Good correlations were found between inhibition of brain 3H-clonidine binding by the formamidines and “plasma equivalents” of these compounds and/or their biologically active metabolites, as measured by a new radioreceptor assay. These results suggest that 1) formamidines can interact in vivo with brain alpha2-adrenoceptors when administered at doses previously shown to cause toxic effects on the central nervous system: and 2) this effect is reversible, both in vivo and in vitro, and appears to be linked to the presence of the formamidines and/or their active metabolites at the receptor sites.
Bilateral Petit's hernia and an anterior sacral meningocele occurring in the same patient.

Abstract We have reported data on a case in which there were two unusual lesions of congenital origin, bilateral Petit's hernia and anterior sacral meningocele, both of which proved amenable to surgical treatment. Although anterior sacral meningoceles are rare, they must be considered when dealing with retroperitoneal pelvic masses. These lesions are of particular importance to the surgeon, since he is faced with the possibility of fatal meningitis unless he recognizes the lesion and repairs it at the time of operation. Closure of the defect in the continuity of the spinal canal in this case was accomplished by use of oxidized gauze packs impregnated with thrombin. A large, incapacitating Petit hernia was repaired by a basket-weave method, using strips of fascia lata with anchorage to the iliac crest and transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae. Although a Petit hernia is unusual, the case reported is even more so, since the hernias were congenital and bilateral.
CORRUPTION AND ELECTIONS: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY FOR A CROSS‐SECTION OF COUNTRIES

In this paper, we study whether voters are more likely to “vote out” a corrupt incumbent than to re-elect him. Specifically, we examine whether they retract their support from political candidates who they think are corrupt by looking at changes in an index of corruption perceptions between the current and the last elections. Our results suggest that corruption in public office is effectively punished by voters. Furthermore, our findings support the idea that both the political system and the democratic experience are important determinants of the voters' reaction and control of corruption; while voters in countries with parliamentary systems or with relatively low levels of democracy react negatively to an increase in corruption, no perceptible effect of this kind was found in countries with mature democracies, and the evidence is inconclusive in the case of countries with presidential systems.
Symbolic analysis methods for information systems

The purpose of this research in the area of information systems is basically twofold: (1) to produce new techniques of systems analysis and systems design that will be free of many of the defects of present techniques, and (2) to program a general purpose computer to enable it to apply at least major parts of these new techniques, in a way that will enable a linkage with automatic coding techniques. The major defects of the present techniques are high cost, low validity, low reliability, heavy reliance upon intuition and experience, and slow speed of effective application.
Defining early steps in mRNA transport: mutant mRNA in myotonic dystrophy type I is blocked at entry into SC-35 domains

In myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), triplet repeat expansion in the 3′ untranslated region of dystrophia myotonica protein kinase (DMPK) causes the nuclear retention of mutant messenger RNA (mRNA). Although the DMPK gene locus positions precisely at the outer edge of a factor-rich SC-35 domain, the normal mRNA consistently accumulates within the domain, and this RNA is depleted upon transcriptional inhibition. In DM1, mutant transcripts detach from the gene but accumulate in granules that abut but do not enter SC-35 domains, suggesting that RNA entry into the domain is blocked. Despite their exclusion from these compartments, mutant transcripts are spliced. MBNL1 (muscleblind-like protein 1) is an alternative splicing factor that becomes highly concentrated with mutant RNA foci. Small interfering RNA–mediated knockdown of MBNL1 promotes the accumulation or entry of newly synthesized mutant transcripts in the SC-35 domain. Collectively, these data suggest that an initial step in the intranuclear path of some mRNAs is passage from the gene into an SC-35 domain and implicate these structures in postsplicing steps before export.
18F-FDG PET/CT of transitional cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this article is to provide a practical illustrated review of PET/CT in the imaging evaluation of transitional cell carcinoma.CONCLUSION. Local evaluation of the primary tumor in patients with transitional cell carcinoma on PET is often limited by the obscuring effect of excreted FDG, but assessment of metabolic activity may still be possible through close correlation with CT images. PET/CT may also be helpful in the detection of disease outside the bladder at nodal or more distant sites and in the assessment of recurrent disease.
Electrotransport in copper alloy films and the defect mechanism in grain boundary diffusion

Abstract Among the polycrystalline thin film conductors of Al, Cu, Ag, Au and their alloys, conductors made of Cu alloyed with Be exhibit the longest lifetimes under similar conditons of electromigration testing. Data have been analyzed for a Cu-Al sample tested at 2×10 16 A cm -2 and 265°C for 1400 h and for a Cu-Be sample tested at 3×10 6 A cm -2 and 291°C for 13 000 h. In both cases the transport of Cu occured from the negative to the positive terminal. The rate of grain boundary diffusion of Cu in Cu-Be is more than fifteen times smaller than that in Cu-Al. Observations of mass transport effects due both to electromigration and to compressive stresses in Cu-Al samples indicate that the atomic flux in grain boundary diffusion is accompanied by a counter flux of defects, presumably vacancies.
Markov/Gibbs modeling: texture and temperature

Markov/Gibbs random fields have been used for posing a variety of computer vision and image processing problems. Many of these problems are then solved using a simulated annealing type of method which involves the varying of the temperature, a scale parameter for the model. In this paper we analyze the effect of temperature on random field texture patterns. We obtain new results relating structure in the texture co-occurrence matrix to temperature. We also show the existence of multiple transition temperatures which delimit regions of different bandwidth in the co-occurrence matrix, and hence can be used to control pattern formation.
Pathophysiological Basis of Right Ventricular Remodeling

The pathophysiology of right ventricular (RV) remodeling is a complex process and may include unique elements not observed in left ventricular (LV) remodeling. The RV also has a relatively irregular geometry not accounted for in LV analyses. RV remodeling includes basic changes in geometry, wall thickness, and ventricular pressure-volume relationships. Also, myocyte dimensions and number increase, and myocardial extracellular matrix and biochemical milieu are modified. Remodeling has been associated with such diseases as pulmonary hypertension, lung transplant, LV pathology, Chagas' disease, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Disease progression may lead to further RV changes, including hypertrophy, dilatation, and subsequently to variable alterations in RV hemodynamic status. The multiple methods to assess RV hypertrophy include cine magnetic resonance imaging and 3-D echocardiography. Each technique offers different precision in evaluating RV dimensions and functional performance characteristics. Strategies to prevent RV remodeling include pharmacological agents, such as vasodilators and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, as well as more invasive interventions, such as ventricular assist devices.
Nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT): The phenomenon and its role in the diagnosis of impotence

The diagnosis and management of impotence has been fraught with speculation, confusion of terminology, incomplete evaluations, and a lack of objective methods for assessment. Nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT), the regular occurrence of penile erections during sleep, represents a unique opportunity to study penile rigidity under objective conditions. Some normative data derived from 13 years of study of this phenomenon are presented along with a thorough description of the technique of NPT monitoring and resulting tracing. Further refinements of assessment techniques used in our lab are briefly described. The wide availabity of a new portable device, the NPT Monitor, makes the assessment of NPT the essential minimum in all cases of impotence. Procedures and pitfalls in the use of this instrument are delineated.
Structure-activity relationship of (1-aryl-2-piperazinylethyl)piperazines: antagonists for the AGRP/melanocortin receptor binding.

Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is an endogenous antagonist of the melanocortin action.1 In the hypothalamus, melanocortin peptide agonists act as satiety-inducing factors that mediate their action t...
Friction between single-grain Al70Pd21Mn9 quasicrystal surfaces

Abstract An UHV tribometer was used to make measurements of friction between the five-fold surfaces of two single-grain Al 70 Pd 21 Mn 9 quasicrystals. The surfaces of these quasicrystal samples were either truly clean or modified by controlled adsorption of desired species. The results of many (∼200) single-pass friction measurements using clean quasicrystal surfaces indicate that the average static friction coefficient is μ s =0.60±0.08. The friction coefficient of the perfectly clean quasicrystal surfaces is lower than those reported for the perfectly clean surfaces of many pure metals but is higher than those measured on quasicrystal surfaces exposed to air. Under shear the quasicrystal surfaces slide over one another without exhibiting stick-slip behavior or adhesion. This behavior differs from clean metal surfaces that often exhibit adhesion after being brought into contact in ultra-high vacuum. Studies were performed to determine the effects of surface oxidation, surface structure and surface composition on quasicrystal friction. During the early stages of oxidation the static friction coefficient decreased to a limit of μ s =0.35±0.05. More subtle changes to the quasicrystal surfaces such as adsorption of sulfur or formation of a thin Al–Pd–Mn alloy of CsCl structure produced no significant changes in the static friction coefficient.
Monte Carlo simulation of the S=(1/2 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg chain and the long-distance behavior of the spin-correlation function.

We present a new Monte Carlo simulation of the correlation function C(r) between two spins separated by a distance r in the ground state of the spin-1/2 Heisenberg chain. The calculation is based on the Sutherland mapping between the spin-chain ground state and the six-vertex model at its critical temperature. New results are obtained for rings with the number of spins N=32 and 40. We give evidence that the asymptotic decay of C(r) at large r is slower than the 1/r behavior of Luther and Peschel, and that this might be attributed to a logarithmic factor, i.e., C(r)\ensuremath{\sim}(A/r)(lnr/${r}_{0}$${)}^{\ensuremath{\sigma}}$, with \ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.2 to 0.3.
Composition Changes of Peanut Fruit Parts During Maturation

Abstract Studies are reported which follow the changes in starch, sugar, fresh and extraction residue weights of peanut fruit parts during maturation. Observations are also reported on the lipid content of the seed. Starch and sugar contents reached maximum levels first in the pericarp (hull) and then the seed coat (testa). Starch maxima occurred at early and middle maturity (stages 3 [10 mg] and 7 [10 mg]) and sugar maxima at a stage approaching middle maturity and at middle maturity (stage 6 [47 mg] and 8[9 mg]), respectively. In the seed, starch reached a maximum just beyond middle maturity (stage 9 [55 mg]) and then remained constant. Sugar content increased throughout maturation and lipid content became maximum at full maturity (stage 13 [415 mg]) then declined to 385 mg at over-maturity (stage 15). The role of regulating substrate supply to the developing seed seemed to shift from the pericarp to the seed coat with increasing maturity. Observed increases in fruit residue weight suggest that the peri...
Talking Heads: Capturing Dayak Deathways on Film

In 1996, an elite group of Ngaju Dayak religious activists invited National Geographic Television to film their rites of secondary treatment of the dead in the village ofPetak Putih, Central Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. In this article; I explore activists' efforts to engage the National Geographic Society and their attempts to exert a high degree of control over the manner in which local traditions were portrayed to the filmmakers. I focus in particular on how representations of specific local practices figure in the recasting of a contemporary Dayak face, and on questions concerning religious authenticity and authority. I argue that the activists' interest in making a film, and their decisions during its shooting were part of their larger organizational strategies, with potentially far-reaching political and economic consequences. [Indonesia, Dayaks, religion, identity, tourism, filmmaking]
Effect of fenitrothion on the foraging behavior of juvenile atlantic salmon

Juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were exposed for 7 d to sublethal concentrations of technical grade fenitrothion and an operational formulation containing 11% fenitrothion Foraging behavior of the salmon was then tested in a stream tank Concentrations of 0 02 and 0 16 μl/L of technical grade fenitrothion and the operational formulation containing 0 08 and 0 16 μl/L of fenitrothion caused a significant decrease in the efficiency of the salmon's attack sequence These concentrations, and a concentration of 0 005 μl/L technical grade fenitrothion and 0 004 μl/L fenitrothion in the operational spray, produced a significant decrease in the salmon's reaction distance to prey All concentrations except for 0 004 μl/L fenitrothion in the operational formulation caused a significant decrease in the number of ingestions of prey made by the fish These results suggest that foraging behavior in salmon is impaired by exposure to very low levels of fenitrothion
Perceived Level of Noise by Mark VII and Decibels (E)

The calculation procedure Mark VII gives the perceived level of loudness or noisiness in PLdB. It utilizes a set of frequency‐weighting contours based on an average of 25 experimental contours. The standard reference sound is defined as a 13‐oct band centered at 3150 Hz. The perceived magnitude (loudness or noisiness) grows as the 23 power of the sound pressure, so that perceived magnitude doubles with each increase of 9 dB. The summation formula for the total subjective magnitude remains St = Sm + F (∑S − Sm), but the value of F is made to vary as a function of level in order to reflect the nonlinear growth (in log‐log coordinates) of broad‐band noise. As a result of the new reference sound at 3150 Hz, perceived level in decibels (PLdB) is approximately 8 dB lower than the older loudness level in phons. Except for the nearly constant difference of 8 dB, Mark VI and Mark VII give closely similar results for typical broad‐band noises. The 8‐dB downward shift makes it possible for a sound level meter with a...
Uncertainty estimates in broadband seismometer sensitivities using microseisms

The midband sensitivity of a seismic instrument is one of the fundamental parameters used in published station metadata. Any errors in this value can compromise amplitude estimates in otherwise high-quality data. To estimate an upper bound in the uncertainty of the midband sensitivity for modern broadband instruments, we compare daily microseism (4- to 8-s period) amplitude ratios between the vertical components of colocated broadband sensors across the IRIS/USGS (network code IU) seismic network. We find that the mean of the 145,972 daily ratios used between 2002 and 2013 is 0.9895 with a standard deviation of 0.0231. This suggests that the ratio between instruments shows a small bias and considerable scatter. We also find that these ratios follow a standard normal distribution (R 2 = 0.95442), which suggests that the midband sensitivity of an instrument has an error of no greater than ±6 % with a 99 % confidence interval. This gives an upper bound on the precision to which we know the sensitivity of a fielded instrument.
Many-body corrections to the polarizability of the two-dimensional electron gas

Abstract The polarizability of a two-dimensional interacting electron gas is calculated in various limits. First, we obtain the temperature dependence of the non-interacting polarizability π 0 ( q , ω ). Next, we calculate the first-order (exchange correction π 1 ( q ) to the static polarizability. The relevance of this result to possible charge density wave instabilities is discussed and the connection with the work of Kelly and Falicov is established.