cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms for Flash Phase Phenomena in Solar Flares

Mechanisms for explaining the various forms of particles and radiation observed during the flash phase of solar flares are reviewed under the working hypothesis that the flash phase is the time in which electrons and to a lesser degree protons are accelerated in less than one second. A succession of such accelerations is allowed to explain longer lasting or quasi-periodic phenomena. Mechanisms capable of such acceleration are reviewed and it is concluded that first-order Fermi acceleration in a reconnecting current sheet is the most likely basic process. Such acceleration, however, gives rise to a rather narrow distribution of particle velocities along a given field line which is unstable to the production of electron plasma and ion-acoustic waves. This plasma turbulence can heat the plasma to produce soft X-rays and filter the initially narrow velocity distribution to produce a power law energy distribution. Electrons travelling inward from the acceleration region produce hard X-rays by bremsstrahlung and microwave bursts by gyro-synchrotron emission. Whereas the interpretation of X-ray spectra is relatively straightforward, the interpretation of microwave spectra is difficult because the source at low frequencies can be made optically thick by several different mechanisms.
The Original Meaning of the Recess Appointments Clause

This article addresses the proper interpretation of the Recess Appointments Clause. Under the existing interpretation of the Clause, the President has extremely broad authority to make recess appointments. Indeed, the authority is so vast that in my view the principal constraint on the President's recess appointment power is not a legal limitation, but the negative political backlash that extensive use of the power might provoke. I argue, however, that the original meaning of the Recess Appointment Clause actually confers quite limited power on the President and would not permit most of the recess appointments that are currently made. For example, under my view, President Bush's recess appointments of Charles Pickering and William Pryor would not have been constitutional and a President would have difficulty recess appointing a Supreme Court justice who experiences opposition in the Senate. The language of the Recess Appointments Clause provides that "The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session." My article makes two basic claims about the original meaning of the Clause. First, I argue that the Clause permits recess appointments only when an office becomes vacant during a recess and when the recess appointment is made during that recess. Thus, if an office was vacant while Congress was in session - either because the vacancy arose during a session or a vacancy that arose during a recess continued into the session - the President could not fill that office with a recess appointment. The prevailing interpretation of the Clause, however, permits the President to make recess appointments so long as the recess appointment is made during a recess, whether or not the vacancy existed when Congress was in session. Thus, the President can always make a recess appointment for any office so long as he waits until there is a recess to do so. The second claim in the article involves the original meaning of the term "recess." I argue that the Constitution permits recess appointments only during an intersession recess - the (typically long) recess between the two one-year sessions of a Congress - and does not permit recess appointments during intrasession recesses - the (typically shorter) recesses taken during a session. Under my view, the President would be able to make recess appointments only during the one intersession recess each year. The existing interpretation, however, allows the President to make recess appointments on average seven times a year, including for intrasession recesses as short as 10 days (and perhaps even shorter). Obviously, the existing interpretation provides the President with greater recess appointment authority than does the original meaning.
Testing for Function and Performance: Towards anIntegrated Processor Validation Methodology

Microprocessor design teams use a combination of simulation-based and formal verification techniques to validate the pre-silicon models prior to “tape-out” and chip fabrication. Pseudo-random test case generation to “cover” the architectural space is still relied upon as the principal means to identify design bugs. However, such methods are limited to functional bugs only. Detection and diagnosis of timing (performance) bugs at the architectural level is largely an expert job. Architects guide the performance team to run manually generated test cases to validate the design from a performance viewpoint. In this paper, we will review some of the new approaches being tried out to automate the generation of performance test cases. We will show how this can be done within the basic framework of current functional validation and testing of pre-silicon processor models. Three categories of “reference” specifications are used in determining the defect-free pipeline timing behavior associated with generated test cases: (a) axiomatic specifications of intrinsic machine latencies and bandwidthss (b) proven analytical models for simple basic block and loop test casess and, (c) a stable reference behavioral/functional (pre-RTL) model of the processor under development. We report experimental results obtained in performance validation studies applied to real PowerPC™ processor development projects.
Out-of-Shool Suspensions and Parental Involvement in Children's Education

Do parents alter their investment in their child’s human capital in response to changes in school inputs? If they do, then ignoring this effect will bias the estimates of school and parental inputs in educational production functions. This paper tries to answer this question by studying out-of-school suspensions and their effect on parental involvement in children’s education. The use of out-of-school suspensions is the novelty of this paper. Out-of-school suspensions are chosen by the teacher or the principal of the school and not by parents, but they are a consequence of student misbehavior. To account for the nature of these out-of-school suspensions, they are instrumented with measures of “principal’s preference toward discipline.” The estimates show that, without controlling for selection, the level of parental involvement is negatively correlated with the number of out-of-school suspensions. Once selection is accounted for, the effect disappears that is, out-of-school suspensions do not affect parental involvement in children’s education.
The Visual Interpretation of Object and Human Movement

ABSTRACT The visual interpretation of object motion requires the integration of motion information within the same object and segmentation of motion signals across different objects. How does the visual system balance these two requirements simultaneously? A series of experiments using a variety of methodologies suggests two answers to this question. Firstly, simple form cues direct the integration and segmentation of motion signals during the analysis of object motion. This suggests that motion perception is not a modular process. Secondly, motion analyses may differ significantly across different object categories. Behavioral, neurophysiological, and imaging studies suggest that the visual perception of human movement may benefit from a convergence of motor and visual processes in a manner that differs from other types of motion perception. Thus, interpretation of an object’s motion depends upon local form cues and object category.
Monetary transmission--federal funds rate and prime rate

Two subperiods, 1987:02-1994:01 and 1994:02-2002:05, are selected for examining the relation between the federal funds rate and the prime rate. Empirical evidence from both sample periods reveals a positive cointegration relation representing a pass-through from the federal funds rate to the prime rate. Results from the earlier sample period reveal a two-way causality between the federal funds rate and the prime rate. In contrast, the results from the more recent sample period indicate that causality runs from federal funds to the prime rate.
Lensing measurements of the ellipticity of luminous red galaxies dark matter haloes

Lensing measurements of the shapes of dark matter halos can provide tests of gravity theories and possible dark matter interactions. We measure the quadrupole weak lensing signal from the elliptical halos of 70,000 SDSS Luminous Red Galaxies. We use a new estimator that nulls the spherical halo lensing signal, isolating the shear due to anisotropy in the dark matter distribution. One of the two Cartesian components of our estimator is insensitive to the primary systematic, a spurious alignment of lens and source ellipticities, allowing us to make robust measurements of halo ellipticity. Our best-fit value for the ellipticity of the surface mass density is $0.24 \pm 0.06$, which translates to an axis ratio of 0.78. We rule out the hypothesis of no ellipticity at the $4\sigma$ confidence level, and ellipticity 0.89) at the $2\sigma$ level. We discuss how our measurements of halo ellipticity are revised to higher values using estimates of the misalignment of mass and light from simulations. Finally, we apply the same techniques to a smaller sample of redMaPPer galaxy clusters and obtain a $3\sigma$ measurement of cluster ellipticity. We discuss how the improved signal to noise properties of our estimator can enable studies of halo shapes for different galaxy populations with upcoming surveys.
BEHAVIORAL THERAPY AND SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR PHARMACOTHERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF OBSESSIVE–COMPULSIVE DISORDER: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS OF HEAD-TO-HEAD RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS

Background Effective treatments for obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) include behavioral therapy (exposure and response/ritual prevention and cognitive behavioral therapy) and serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SRIs); however, the relative efficacy of these treatments is not well established. We sought to review evidence from head-to-head randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) of behavioral therapy and SRIs in the treatment of OCD. Methods A systematic search of multiple databases was conducted from first available date to June 30, 2012, for RCTs in the treatment of OCD among outpatients, comparing behavioral therapy and SRIs, alone or combined. Two independent reviewers evaluated studies for eligibility and risk of bias. The main outcome measure was posttreatment mean Yale-Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) score. Results We identified 2,186 unique articles. Fifteen articles were included, describing 13 RCTs. Pooled standardized mean difference (SMD; 95% confidence intervals) in YBOCS score significantly favored behavioral therapy over SRIs (0.37; 0.10, 0.64; P = .007), but not in a subset of trials that used selective SRIs (0.22; −0.02, 0.47; P = .070). Within individual trials, effect sizes significantly favored the combination of behavioral therapy plus an SRI over an SRI, but not behavioral therapy, alone. Conclusions This review provides evidence that, among outpatients with OCD, behavioral therapy is more effective than SRIs, overall, but not selective SRIs. Furthermore, the combination of behavioral therapy plus an SRI is more effective than an SRI alone. These data may be used to inform the development of evidence-based treatment guidelines; however, more studies are also needed to further evaluate the relative efficacy of these interventions.
Second Language Research: Methodology and Design

Contents: Preface. Introduction to Research. Issues Related to Data Gathering. Common Data Collection Measures. Research Variables, Validity, and Reliability. Designing a Quantitative Study. Qualitative Research. Classroom Research. Coding. Analyzing Quantitative Data. Concluding and Reporting Research. Appendices.
Prognostic value of surgical margins during endoscopic resection of paranasal sinus malignancy.

Background Complete tumor resection with intraoperative frozen section control remains a central tenet of head and neck surgical oncology. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the significance of margins in predicting recurrence and disease status following endoscopic resection of sinonasal malignancy. Methods This single-institution observational cohort study was performed on 68 patients over a 5-year period who underwent curative minimally invasive endoscopic resection (MIER) for sinonasal malignancies. Results The mean age was 58.8 years and 69.1% were male. The mean follow-up after definitive MIER was 15.9 months. A mean of 10.8 margins were taken per surgery (range, 2 to 27). False-negative frozen section analysis was 22.1% for the entire cohort, but slightly higher at 25.0% for T3 or T4 malignancies. At last follow-up, no evidence of disease (NED) status was noted in 60.0% of those with positive margins vs 83.0% in those with negative margins, respectively (p = 0.0795). Regional or distant recurrences were observed in 39.9% of patients with positive margins and 13.2% of those with negative margins, respectively (p = 0.0299). Disease-free survival (DFS) was 9.7 months for patients with positive margins, whereas it was 15.9 months for patients with negative margins. Conclusion Disease-free status as a function of residual microscopic disease did not prove to be statistically significant. However, positive margins were correlated with a statistically significant increase in regional or distant recurrence. This suggests that complete resection with clear margins can impact oncologic outcomes in patients managed by MIER for sinonasal cancers.
Nonparametric neighborhood statistics for MRI denoising

This paper presents a novel method for denoising MR images that relies on an optimal estimation, combining a likelihood model with an adaptive image prior. The method models images as random fields and exploits the properties of independent Rician noise to learn the higher-order statistics of image neighborhoods from corrupted input data. It uses these statistics as priors within a Bayesian denoising framework. This paper presents an information-theoretic method for characterizing neighborhood structure using nonparametric density estimation. The formulation generalizes easily to simultaneous denoising of multimodal MRI, exploiting the relationships between modalities to further enhance performance. The method, relying on the information content of input data for noise estimation and setting important parameters, does not require significant parameter tuning. Qualitative and quantitative results on real, simulated, and multimodal data, including comparisons with other approaches, demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
Mechanism of developmental regulation of alpha pi, the chicken embryonic alpha-globin gene.

Abstract The chicken alpha pi-globin gene is expressed during development only in the primitive erythrocyte lineage and not in the definitive lineage. We show that stage-specific expression is maintained when plasmids containing the alpha pi promoter are transfected into primitive and definitive lineage primary erythroid cells and that the information contained in the promoter is sufficient to confer this specificity. Detailed analysis of binding sites in the promoter for trans-acting factors, together with studies of the effects of mutagenesis on expression, reveals that the factors critical to stage-specific expression are all present in both primitive and definitive lineages, but at various concentrations. We identify three proteins, an NF1 family member, a Y-box factor, and an Sp1-like factor, which interact to stimulate or inhibit transcription. We propose that the concentration-dependent action of these factors, together with the general erythroid factor GATA-1, is responsible for the stage-specific expression of the alpha pi-globin gene.
An artificial intelligence approach to the behavioral modeling of asynchronous sequential logic circuits

A method has been developed which uses artificial intelligence techniques to model the functional behaviour of asynchronous sequential logic circuits (ASLCs). It provides a highly structured, interactive approach. The domain representation, production rules, and control strategy are described. The behavioural descriptor of the ASLC design automation system generates a primitive flow table which captures the ASLC's functional behaviour. This methodology has been implemented in the C programming language and currently resides on Sun workstations. This ASLC design automation system has been validated using numerous representative examples and has been found to be much quicker and more reliable than more traditional methods for designing ASLCs. >
The Interaction of Phage S13 with Ultraviolet-Irradiated Host Cells and Properties of the Ultraviolet-Irradiated Phage.

Abstract Phage S13 shows most of the interactions with ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated host cells that are typical of temperate phages and their virulent mutants. The UV sensitivity of capacity of Escherichia coli C to reproduce unirradiated S13 is of the same order of magnitude as the UV sensitivity of colony-forming ability and is much greater than the UV sensitivity of T3 capacity. Capacity is partially restored by multiple infection with S13, a finding that supports the hypothesis of obligatory pairing between phage and host genomes. The radiosensitivity of capacity for UV-irradiated S13, T1, and T3 and for normal S13 are all approximately the same. This result implies that the reactivation of UV-irradiated T1 and T3 by the cell may occur by the same interaction between phage and host genomes that normally occurs in the reproduction of S13. The dose on the cells for maximum UV-reactivation (UVR) is the same for S13 with E. coli C, T3 with B or B r , and T1 with B r . A large increase in the frequency of plaque-type mutants accompanies UVR for S13. A small amount of cross reactivation of a host range marker was detected for S13, but no multiplicity reactivation of the phage was detected either with normal or UV-irradiated cells.
Real-time PCR quantification using a variable reaction efficiency model

The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) remains a cornerstone technique in gene expression analysis and sequence characterization. Despite the importance of the approach to experimental biology, the confident assignment of reaction efficiency to the early cycles of real-time PCR reactions remains problematic. Considerable noise may be generated when few cycles in the amplification are available to estimate peak efficiency. An alternate approach that uses data from beyond the log-linear amplification phase is explored in this article with the aim of reducing noise and adding confidence to efficiency estimates. PCR reaction efficiency is regressed to estimate the per-cycle profile of an asymptotically departed peak efficiency even when this is not closely approximated in the measurable cycles. The process can be repeated over replicates to develop a robust estimate of peak reaction efficiency. This leads to an estimate of the maximum reaction efficiency that may be considered primer design specific. Using a series of biological scenarios, we demonstrate that this approach can provide an accurate estimate of initial template concentration.
Rotating Rayleigh–Bénard convection: asymmetric modes and vortex states

We present optical shadowgraph flow visualization and heat transport measurements of Rayleigh–Benard convection with rotation about a vertical axis. The fluid, water with Prandtl number 6.4, is confined in a cylindrical convection cell with radius-to-height ratio Γ = 1. For dimensionless rotation rates 150 < Ω < 8800, the onset of convection occurs at critical Rayleigh numbers Rc(Ω) much less than those predicted by linear stability analysis for a laterally infinite system and qualitatively consistent with finite-aspect-ratio, linear-stability calculations of Buell & Catton (1983). As in the calculations, the forward bifurcation at onset is to states of localized flow near the lateral walls with azimuthal periodicity of 3 < m < 8. These states precess in the rotating frame, contrary to the assumptions of Buell & Catton (1983) but in quantitative agreement with recent calculations of Goldstein et al. (1992), with a frequency that is finite at onset but goes to zero as Ω goes to zero. At Ω = 2145 we find primary and secondary stability boundaries for states with m = 4, 5, 6, and 7. Further, we show that at higher Rayleigh number, there is a transition to a vortex state where the vortices form with the symmetry of the existing azimuthal periodicity of the sidewall state. Aperiodic, time-dependent heat transport begins for Rayleigh numbers at or slightly above the first appearance of vortices. Visualization of the formation and interactions of thermal vortices is presented, and the behaviour of the Nusselt number at high Rayleigh numbers is discussed.
Constructing polycompetitor cDNAs for quantitative PCR

Analysis of mRNA levels using reverse transcription coupled with the polymerase chain reaction provides a powerful tool for studying cytokine regulation in cellular immunology. We report a novel method for cloning competitor cDNAs that is rapid, efficient and inexpensive. By linking multiple competitor cDNAs in tandem, polycompetitor constructs can be created that allow the use of a single reagent for individual PCR assays. Assays can be performed on minute samples of cell culture or tissue and can be reliably quantitated after routine gel electrophoresis without the use of densitometry or labeled nucleotides. The utility of this technique lies in the ability to produce a relatively inexpensive customized reagent that is simple to use and that allows for sensitive determinations of gene expression in a rapid and convenient manner. This method should allow investigators in many areas of biology to easily quantitate a broad range of important regulatory molecules.
Nonlinear aeroelastic effects in damaged composite aerospace structures

This paper focuses on the effect of matrix microcracking on the aeroelastic behavior of elastically tailored wings. Matrix microcracking is shown to give rise to nonlinear material constitutive laws in the presence of nonuniformly distributed crack densities. Such matrix damage is found to have little effect on flutter speed. The aeroelastic response of wings with matrix microcracking is qualitatively similar to that of an undamaged wing. However, the amplitude of the aeroelastic oscillations can be significantly higher for wings with microcracking. Root vibratory stresses could double in such beams, possibly resulting in significant fatigue life degradation. The aeroelastic response to a sharp edged gust for wings with one lay-up configuration was found qualitatively similar for wings without and with microcracking, though significantly higher vibration levels were observed in the microcracked beam. For another lay-up, a sharp qualitative difference exists for the damaged wing: large amplitude, undamped aeroelastic oscillations typical of a limit cycle behavior were observed. This limit cycle behavior seems to disappear at lower air speeds. (Author)
Weight-gain misperceptions and the third-person effect in Black and White college-bound females: potential implications for healthy weight management.

Elements of social norm theory and communication theory on the third-person effect may prove useful in efforts to prevent excessive weight gain among emerging adults entering college. The present study explored the associations of race/ethnicity and BMI status with these socio-cognitive factors that may affect first-year weight regulation in a sample of Black (N = 247) and White (N = 94) college-bound females. Participants completed an online survey assessing first-year weight-gain perceived norms along with weight-change expectations and concerns. Results provided evidence of the persistence of the myth of the “Freshman 15”, belief in the typicality of gaining weight during the first year of college, and significant concern about first-year weight gain. Initial findings further revealed a robust third-person effect whereby despite nearly 90% of the sample endorsing that first-year weight gain was common, only 12% expected they would experience weight gain. Main effects of race/ethnicity, BMI status, and their interaction further uncovered distinct patterns of findings. Preliminary results highlight the need for college health officials at both predominantly White as well as minority-serving institutions to adequately address the significant concern over first-year weight gain in conjunction with the desire to lose weight expressed by an appreciable number of incoming college females. Findings also advocate the utility of evaluating social norm theory and the third-person perceptual bias in the context of first-year weight gain to potentially enhance the design and effectiveness of healthy weight management initiatives among ethnically-diverse young women entering college.
Are sociable people more beautiful? A zero-acquaintance analysis of agreeableness, extraversion, and attractiveness

Stereotypes ascribe positive social traits to attractive individuals. Such stereotypes are viewed as erroneous. However, these stereotypes may have a kernel of truth if more sociable individuals present themselves in a manner that increases their attractiveness, a plausible idea given social engagement goals. To examine this idea, two studies involving 217 participants used a zero-acquaintance design in which unacquainted judges rated the attractiveness of participants in impromptu photographs. Participants high in the self-reported traits of agreeableness or extraversion, the two Big 5 traits most relevant to interpersonal behavior, were rated more attractive. Further results indicated that personality–attraction relationships were mediated by a well-groomed appearance. The results suggest a kernel of truth to the idea that sociable individuals are also attractive.
Evidence bearing on the affiliative tendency (MAFF) and sensitivity to rejection (MSR) scales

Affiliative Tendency (MAFF) is defined by generalized positive social expectations and behaviors. Relationships of the MAFF with various measures are given in parentheses following each item listed: liking of others (+), social anhedonia (−), social avoidance and distress (−), judged similarity and compatibility with others (+), favorable impressions of strangers (+), adjustments to high social density (+), concern about attractive appearance (+), self-disclosure and confidence (+), conversation and positiveness with others (+). Sensitivity to Rejection (MSR) essentially measures submissiveness and has the following relationships: assertiveness (−), leadership (−), competition performance (−), confidence (−), ability to deal with threat and hostility (−), submissive social behaviors (+). Dependency, loneliness, and popularity are derivative (mathematical) functions of the MAFF and MSR.
Hydrologic influence on methane and carbon dioxide dynamics at two north‐central Minnesota lakes

Annual emissions of (CH4 + CO2) to the atmosphere were proportional to net hydrologic inputs of C, mostly by groundwater, at two lakes in the Shingobec River watershed in north-central Minnesota. Williams Lake (WL), a closed basin lake near the top of the watershed, had a hydraulic residence time of 2–4 yr and groundwater exchange of about +2 mol dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and −0.1 mol dissolved organic carbon (DOC) m−2 lake area yr−1. The Shingobee River flows through Shingobee Lake (SL) that had a hydraulic residence of 0.3–0.4 yr and received net groundwater plus surface-water inputs of +5.3 to +7.3 mol DIC and fewer than + 1.3 mol (DOC + particulate organic carbon) m−2 yr−1. Approximately 60–80% of net annual C input to SL was from groundwater. Lake storage of CH4 and CO2 was greatest in late winter, with maximum emissions to the atmosphere immediately following ice melt. The lakes emitted CH4 continuously during open water, having annual losses of −1.6 mol CH4 m−2 yr−1 at WL and −1.9 mol CH4 m−2 yr−1 at SL. Although the WL epilimnion was CO2 depleted throughout summer, net annual CO2 exchange with the atmosphere was near zero because springtime emission offset summertime uptake. CO2 supersaturation resulted in emission of −8.0 mol CO2 m−2 yr−1 at SL.
Water holding capacity and microstructure of gellan gels

Abstract This project studied the water holding capacity of gellan gels as affected by gel composition and microstructure. When not subjected to external forces such as centrifugal force, gellan gel properties including water holding capacity and texture properties were stable at room temperatures. The water losses from gellan gels after four months storage at 4°C were only 1–2%, independent of calcium concentrations. The freeze–thaw stability of gellan gels was poor. Water holding capacity of gellan gels, when subjected to centrifugal forces, was dependent on calcium concentrations, and was related to the texture properties. Two discrete pore-size distributions in gel matrix on the order of 0.1 and 1 μ were observed with scanning electronic microscopy. Large pores were formed with thick strings while the small ones were formed by a thin web structure. Defects in the large pore structure were observed at high calcium concentrations. The small pores may be responsible for the water holding capacity during storage, while large pore structures provide the strength of gels.
Electrical impedance tomography and the fast multipole method

A 3-D linearization-based reconstruction algorithm for Electrical Impedance Tomography suitable for breast cancer detection using data collected on a rectangular array was introduced by Mueller et al. [IEEE Biomed. Eng., 46(11), 1999]. By considering the scenario as an electrostatic problem, it is possible to model the electrodes with various charges, facilitating the use of the Fast Multipole Method (FMM) for calculating particle interactions and also supporting the use of different electrode models. In this paper the use of FMM is explained and results in form of reconstructed images from experimental data show that this method is an improvement.
Assessing channel-forming characteristics of an impacted headwater stream in Ohio, USA

Abstract Since the start of European settlement in Ohio the landscape has been greatly modified to accommodate anthropogenic land uses. This, in turn, has altered the hydrologic characteristics of many streams from those that are stable channel systems in dynamic equilibrium to those of modified incised channels that are more characteristic of anthropogenic influences. As stream restoration practices gain importance and prevalence there is a need to prioritize project funds based on the restoration potential of a stream. Regional curves that relate channel-forming geometry to drainage area, and applications of channel-forming discharge concepts, are tools that are used in making restoration and management decisions. Regional curves are usually developed for unmodified natural streams and/or gaged river systems and not for small, ungaged modified channels that are common throughout agricultural areas or mixed use watersheds. This study focuses on the development and potential usefulness of regional curves and channel-forming discharge concepts for Mac-o-chee Creek, a small, ungaged headwater stream system in Ohio. Results show that these approaches and a weight of evidence analysis could be useful in providing information for management and restoration decisions on these small stream systems as well as aiding in the assessment and modeling of trends within these streams with dynamic hydrologic conditions due to changes in land use/land cover.
The Structure of Electronic Excitation Levels in Insulating Crystals

In this article, a method is devised to study the energy spectrum for an excited electron configuration in an ideal crystal. The configuration studied consists of a single excited electron taken out of a full band of $N$ electrons. The multiplicity of the state is ${N}^{2}$. It is shown that because of the Coulomb attraction between the electron and its hole ${N}^{\frac{8}{5}}$ states are split off from the bottom of the excited Bloch band; for these states the electron cannot escape its hole completely. The analogy of these levels to the spectrum of an atom or molecule is worked out quantitatively. The bottom of the Bloch band appears as "ionization potential" and the Bloch band itself as the continuum above this threshold energy.
Solid-phase approaches toward cyclic oligomers

Abstract Strategies were sought to effect cyclizations of oligo(m-phenylene ethynylene) by exploiting pseudo-high dilution effects on polymer supports. Using Pd/Cu-catalyzed coupling protocols, Merrifield's resin (1% crosslinked chloromethylated polystyrene) proved inadequate for site isolation; inter-site couplings ensued on the flexible support. Conversely, use of the Argopore resin, a more highly crosslinked polystyrene, inhibited inter-site interactions, and no identifiable final product could be separated from the resin. Spectroscopic and mass spectrometric methods indicated that the product from the Argopore resin might be a threaded catenane.
The Main Argument for Value Incommensurability (and Why It Fails)

Arguments for value incommensurability ultimately depend on a certain diagnosis of human motivation. Incommensurablists hold that each person's basic ends are not only irreducible but also incompatible with one another. It isn't merely that some goals can't, in fact, be jointly realized; values actually compete for influence. This account makes a mistake about the nature of human motivation. Each value underwrites a ceteris paribus evaluation. Such assessments are mutually compatible because the observation that there is something to be said for an outcome from a particular perspective allows for any ultimate evaluation of that outcome; Values can be irreducible without thereby being incommensurable.
Intercomparison of EGA, CGA, and LBL forward model computation schemes for SAGE III water vapor retrieval

This paper presents a comparison of the three forward model computational schemes, namely, Emissivity Growth Approximation (EGA), Curtis-Godson Approximation (CGA), and line-by-line (LBL) approach developed for SAGE III water vapor retrieval. For all three schemes, we have incorporated the most recent laboratory measurements of spectral line parameters to avoid the bias which is known to exist in HITRAN-96 database. Discussions are focused on the strength and weakness of each scheme with respect to accuracy and computational efficiency. The computer time for the LBL has been reduced significantly. The advantage of the LBL is manifest when the dependence of EGA and CGA on a huge pre-calculated lookup table and the breakdown of assumptions for these two schemes at lower altitudes are taken into account.
Reversible photo-/thermoresponsive structured polymer surfaces modified with a spirobenzopyran-containing copolymer for tunable wettability

Photo-/thermoresponsive surfaces that consist of thin layers of crosslinked poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) functionalized with photochromic spirobenzopyran grafted from the cyclic olefin copolymer substrates are reported. These films act as intelligent hybrid films whose wettability can be reversibly manipulated by simple incandescent light irradiation or temperature changes. Such reversible wettability was augmented by the introduction of surface microstructures, and even further enhanced by the incorporation of nanorods with the static contact angle change being 5° to 123.1°. A simple and effective method was developed to construct polymeric surface microstructures via solvent vapor induced crazings. The light-induced wettability change can be attributed to the synergistic effect between photoisomerization of the spirobenzopyran chromophore and the dehydration of the poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) main chain. The long-term stability of the reversible surface wettability switch was realized by using incandescent light illumination instead of laser irradiation. An intriguing phenomenon known as the Cassie-Wenzel wetting transition occurred on the nanorod-structured surface modified with the photo-/thermoresponsive copolymer films at ambient conditions without external triggers.
Global -homotopy with Ck estimates for a family of compact, regular q-pseudoconcave CR manifolds

Let M0 be a compact, regular q-pseudoconcave CR submanifold of a complex manifold G and Open image in new window - a holomorphic vector bundle on G such that dim Open image in new window for some fixed r<q. We prove a global homotopy formula with Ck estimates for r-cohomology of Open image in new window on arbitrary CR submanifold M close enough to M0.
Morphological evidence for the presence of an EGF/EGF-R/PLCγ1 signaling mechanism in the central nervous system

Abstract Peptide growth factors and their receptors may be identified in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) using paraformaldehyde or formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded autopsy specimens and immunohistochemical staining methods. The immunolocalization of a prototypic and multifunctional growth factor, epidermal growth factor (EGF), its receptor (EGF-R), and a specific substrate, phospholipase Cγ1, can thus be used to infer the functional role of tyrosine kinases in specific developmental and functional states of the CNS. The EGF-mediated signal transduction pathway may also be studied using binding and autoradiographic localization of radioactive EGF and transforming growth factor α to detect unoccupied or available EGFR in fresh or frozen CNS specimens. Correlation of immunoreactive components of this and other tyrosine kinase pathways with binding, autoradiographic, and kinase activities indicates that EGF and related growth factors can be used to study normal and abnormal functions of the mammalian CNS.
Localization with the iRobot Create

In this paper, I will discuss implementing the Monte Carlo Localization algorithm on the iRobot Create. This paper will explain in depth what worked and what did not work in implementing it.
PROBLEMS OF A CENSUS OF NATIONAL WEALTH

This paper is essentially a summary of the book Measuring the Nation's Wealth (Volume 29, Studies in Income and Wealth, New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1964), which is the report of study directed by the author. The purpose o f the study was to assess the problems and possibilities of conducting a national census of real wealth as a basis for continuing wealth and balance sheet estimates for the U.S. economy, by major sector. It is stressed that the balance sheets and wealth estimates should be designed as a consistent part of an integrated system of national income accounts. Thus, valuation (at market prices and/or depreciated replacement costs), sectoring, and type-of-asset detail in the basic data and derived estimates should be compatible with the flow estimates contained in the economic accounts. Consistency of stock and flow estimates facilitates analysis of inter-relationships, and is helpful in the estimation process. It is recommended that in the U.S. asset data by broad categories be collected as part of the recurring economic censuses and other reporting systems, but that detail on fixed reproducible assets (construction and equipment) at cost, by year or period of acquisition, be obtained from a small sample of respondents in each industry. The detail would be useful in its own right, and also permit revaluation of the assets by use of price indexes and depreciation rates to a current depreciated replacement cost basis. Where feasible, respondent estimates of market values would also be obtained. The proposal is thus a compromise between the Japanese 1955 sample survey of assets, and the detailed wealth inventory of the U.S.S.R. which was begun in 1959. Preliminary work is now underway in the U.S. federal statistical agencies to expand collection of asset data, and to prepare comprehensive wealth estimates in the framework of the national income accounts.
Regulation of biotechnology in the United States: One and a half years of using the 'coordinated framework'.

There are several organizations in the US with responsibilities for regulatory oversight of the planned introduction of recombinant DNA organisms into the environment. Equally, there are many kinds of projects which require assessment. The policies, recommendations and rulings of the various authorities have been integrated into a ‘Coordinated Framework’ which defines the operation of flexible case-by-case risk assessment. Additions to and revision of the guidelines are being made, a process which will continue in the light of new experience.
Ghrelin Restoration of Function In Vitro in Somatotropes from Male Mice Lacking the Janus Kinase (JAK)-Binding Site of the Leptin Receptor

Deletion of the signaling domain of leptin receptors selectively in somatotropes, with Cre-loxP technology, reduced the percentage of immunolabeled GH cells and serum GH. We hypothesized that the deficit occurred when leptin's postnatal surge failed to stimulate an expansion in the cell population. To learn more about the deficiency in GH cells, we tested their expression of GHRH receptors and GH mRNA and the restorative potential of secretagogue stimulation in vitro. In freshly plated dissociated pituitary cells from control male mice, GHRH alone (0.3 nM) increased the percentage of immunolabeled GH cells from 27 ± 0.05% (vehicle) to 42 ± 1.8% (P < .002) and the secretion of GH 1.8–3×. Deletion mutant pituitary cells showed a 40% reduction in percentages of immunolabeled GH cells (16.7 ± 0.4%), which correlated with a 47% reduction in basal GH levels (50 ng/mL control; 26.7 ng/mL mutants P = .01). A 50% reduction in the percentage of mutant cells expressing GHRH receptors (to 12%) correlated with no or r...
Patient Satisfaction with Outpatient Medical Care in the United States

Abstract Background Patients are taking a greater role in decisions about their care and treatment. Patient satisfaction is one important indicator of health outcomes and plays a key role in improving health service quality. While there is extensive public discussion of patients’ satisfaction with physicians, patient satisfaction with outpatient care has not been well characterized. Objective To characterize patients’ satisfaction with outpatient medical care in the US. Methods Data on 14,984 patients’ visits were obtained from a validated online patient satisfaction survey. Data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey were used to assess how the demographics of the sample population compared with the demographics of patients seeing US physicians, and the analysis was limited to data on doctors with 10 or more ratings within 2004-2010 to help ensure representative scoring. Patients’ overall satisfaction with their physicians was scored on a 0-10 scale (where 10 is best and 0 is worst). Patients also reported their waiting times, how much time the doctor spent with them, and their satisfaction with several dimensions of the medical visit experience. Results The average overall patient satisfaction rating was 9.28. Of the 14,984 ratings, 10,510 (70.1%) were 10s and another 2291 (15.3%) were 9s. Less than 2% of the ratings were 0s or 1s (276 of the 14,984). Multivariate analysis revealed that waiting time, spending time with patient, and age category all were statistically significantly associated with patient satisfaction scores (all P Conclusion The great majority of patients reporting their satisfaction online are highly satisfied with their outpatient medical care.
Immunofluorescent studies for myosin, actin, tropomyosin and α-actinin in cultured cardiomyopathic hamster heart cells☆

Abstract Primary cultures of cardiac myocytes from newborn normal and genetically cardiomyopathic (strain UM-X7.1) hamsters were analyzed by electron microscopy and immunofluorescent staining for myosin, actin, tropomyosin, and α-actinin. Antibody staining of these contractile proteins demonstrates that both normal and cardiomyopathic (CM) myocytes contain prominent myofibrils after 3 days in culture, although the CM myofibrils are disarrayed and not aligned as those in normal cells. The disarray becomes even more pronounced in CM cells after 5 days in culture. The immunofluorescent staining patterns of individual myofibrils in normal and CM cells were similar for myosin, actin, and tropomyosin. However, α-actinin staining reveals that the CM myofibrils have abnormally wide and irregularly shaped Z bands. Electron microscopy confirms the irregular Z-band appearance as well as the myofibril disarray. Thus, CM cardiomyocytes clearly show an aberrant pattern of myofibril structure and organization in culture.
Effect of recrystallization on room temperature tensile properties of an Fe3Al-based alloy

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether recrystallization alone had an effect on the room temperature tensile properties of a Fe[sub 3]Al-based alloy. The best room temperature tensile strength and ductility were attained in specimens which had been heat treated to relieve stresses produced by the fabrication process but that had a minimum number of recrystallized grains. The exact mechanism for this improvement is unclear, but could involve texturing effects or the enhancement of dislocation mobilities. Also the elongated grain structure characteristic of as-rolled material provides a minimum of transverse cleavage planes (as well as a minimum of grain boundaries), and could simply be disrupting the path of atomic hydrogen entering the specimen during tensile stressing.
Recovery after cardioplegia in the hypertrophic rat heart.

Background.Enhanced recovery after cardioplegic arrest has been observed in rat hearts with hypertrophy induced by hemodynamic overload. We hypothesize that this is related to altered characteristics of hypertrophied myocardium—reflected by increased V3 isomyosin and glycolytic potential—other than increased left ventricular mass. Materials and methods. Isolated hearts from age-matched nonoperated and sham-operated control rats and from aortic-banded, hyperthyroid, and hypothyroid rats—groups in which hypertrophy and V3 as a percentage of left ventricular myosin vary independently—underwent 2 h of multidose cardioplegic arrest at 8°C followed by reperfusion at 37°C. Left ventricular V3 isomyosin was evaluated after separation by gel electrophoresis. Results. Moderate left ventricular hypertrophy was produced by aortic banding or hyperthyroidism and atrophy by hypothyroidism. V3 isomyosin was increased in banded (28%) and hypothyroid (75%) rats compared to control (12%) and hyperthyroid rats (7%). Myocardial glycogen content closely paralleled %V3. At 30 min of working reperfusion, functional recovery (assessed as percentage prearrest cardiac output) was 66 ± 4 and 68 ± 5% in control and hyperthyroid hearts and 81 ± 2 and 80 ± 5% in hearts from banded and hypothyroid rats (each P < 0.05 vs controls), respectively. At 30 min, hearts from banded and hypothyroid rats were also more efficient (as indexed by cardiac output at constant mean aortic pressure/myocardial oxygen consumption) than control and hyperthyroid hearts. Conclusions. The data suggest that recovery is related not to increased mass but to other changes in overload hypertrophy. Increased percentage V3 isomyosin and glycogen reflect these changes and may themselves contribute to improved functional recovery after cardioplegic arrest, as may increased postischemic efficiency.
Utopian visions of schizophrenic adolescents.

Twenty-four normal and 24 hospitalized schizophrenic adolescents described an ideal society for an imaginary island. The normals usually tried to establish a functional democracy. The schizophrenics seemed more sensitive to basic biological needs, but their main goal was to create a personal paradise, a place in which every need and desire would be met. In their search for paradise, the schizophrenics often introduced themes that had a Jungian, archetypal flavor - e.g., themes from antiquity, God, sex, homes, animals, opposites (such as love and hate), birth, and death.