cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward A Theory of Racial Differences in Employment

The servant role, it is argued, is obsolete in modern society. Even when formally based on contract, it is in essence rooted in ascribed status, particularistic standards, and diffuse obligations. The master's family "greedily" attempts to absorb the total personality of the servant, and ties him to the household in a totalistic manner. Such premodern relationships between superior and inferior can exist only as long as religious legitimations for it are accepted by the servant, and no alternative employment opportunities are available. When this is no longer the case, the role becomes obsolescent and only persons suffering from marked inferiorities and peculiar stigmas can be induced to enter it. Only a century ago, domestic service was among the most common occupational roles in all Western countries. The British census of 1851, for example, revealed that 905,000 women and girls were employed as domestic servants, and there were in addition 128,000 farm servant-girls. This total was more than double the number of females employed in all the textile industries taken together (Pike, 1972:156). The proportion of servants in the labor force has declined rapidly in the twen- tieth centuLry. The ratio of servants to families in the United States fell a third between 1900 and 1940 (Stigler, 1946:20) and it has de- clined further since. Private household workers were 5.4 percent of the economically active persons in the United States in 1900; at the time of the 1960 census they had declined to 2.8 percent, a drop of almost half within sixty years (Gendell and Zetterberg, 1964:66). What accounts for this precipitous decline? In what follows, attention will mainly be focused on British data which seem typical for the West, even though there were, of course, regional and national variations. THE TRADITIONAL SERVANT ROLE The master-servant relationship has been one of the primordial relationships in all of Western culture. It was the prototypical relationship between superior and inferior. Vilhelm Aubert (1970), to whose article I am deeply indebted, quotes from Blackstone's famous Commen- taries of the Laws of England, first published in 1765: "The three great relations in private life are [those] of master and servant . . . hus- band and wife .. . parent and child." That is, even in the eighteenth century, when achieve- ment criteria had already widely replaced cri- teria of ascribed status, master-servant ties were still conceived as primordial status rela- tionships rather than as contractual arrange- ments. Although by the eighteenth century master and servant were formally united by contract, both parties to that contract, which in theory was limited and impersonal, were in This content downloaded from 157.55.39.104 on Sun, 19 Jun 2016 06:23:14 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
INTEGRATING RECENT ADVANCES IN NEUROSCIENCE INTO UNDERGRADUATE NEUROSCIENCE AND PHYSIOLOGY COURSES

Neuroscience has enjoyed tremendous growth over the past 20 years, including a substantial increase in the number of neuroscience departments, programs, and courses at the undergraduate level. To m...
It Takes a Village”: An Interprofessional Patient Safety Experience for Nursing and Medical Students

Background: Interprofessional education (IPE) is a “core” competency in professional school education. Challenges to successful collaboration include: aligning student abilities/experience, providing meaningful clinically-based interaction, and the need for extensive planning. Methods: Curriculum. A 3-1/2 hour IPE patient safety experience for final-semester medical and nursing students was developed. The content included an introduction, small-group low-fidelity simulation, and a large-group discussion of patient safety events observed by students during clinical rotations. Logistics. A planning committee met monthly to plan the curriculum and train faculty facilitators. Four sessions were held, accommodating 92 medical and 82 nursing students. Thirty faculty facilitators and 10 support personnel were needed for each session. Results: Over 70% students reported that the experience resulted in new learning and prompted self-reflection; 57% said it would change their practice. Students confirmed that the experience taught them about the importance of patient involvement in the team, the development of a shared mental model, and the importance of everyone’s role on the team. Conclusions: This collaboration successfully aligned students with similar levels of clinical experience, involved many faculty from both professional schools, and gave students opportunities to discuss differences in their roles and responsibilities, while highlighting patient-centered care.
Genetic analysis of the iron uptake region of the Vibrio anguillarum plasmid pJM1: molecular cloning of genetic determinants encoding a novel trans activator of siderophore biosynthesis.

Abstract Clones carrying the iron uptake region of the Vibrio anguillarum plasmid pJM1 were subjected to insertion mutagenesis, using transposon Tn3::HoHo1 which carries a promoterless lacZ gene and can thus generate lacZ transcriptional fusions if inserted downstream from an indigenous promoter. Four classes of insertion mutants were obtained based on the level of expression of components of the iron uptake system, and six genetic units were defined according to the phenotype of the mutants. Five of the six genetic units were crucial for biosynthesis of the siderophore anguibactin. Insertions in the remaining genetic unit led to an iron uptake-deficient phenotype and showed either reduced levels of the outer membrane protein OM2 as well as anguibactin activity or a complet shutoff of both OM2 and anguibactin biosyntheses. Analysis of beta-galactosidase production by cells carrying the lacZ fusion derivatives identified iron-regulated and constitutive transcriptional units as well as their orientation in the genetic units. Molecular cloning of pJM1 plasmid DNA noncontiguous to the iron uptake region also identified genetic determinants for a trans-acting factor required for full expression of anguibactin activity. Evidence obtained from bioassays, spectrophotometric measurements, and the lacZ fusion mutants suggested that the trans-acting factor is a novel activator of siderophore biosynthesis at the transcriptional level.
Potential of Procedural Knowledge to Enhance Advanced Traveler Information Systems

The closure of a portion of the Santa Monica Freeway following the 1994 Northridge earthquake afforded the opportunity to study the behavior of motorists as they found their way around the collapsed bridges along alternate and detour routes. In this study, 502 motorists, many of whom were displaced from the damaged Santa Monica Freeway, responded to a mailed questionnaire asking about changes in travel patterns, factors affecting alternate route choice, way-finding strategies used, difficulty in following alternate routes, attitudes toward the neighborhoods containing alternate routes, and attitudinal changes regarding the risk of traveling city freeways. A factor analysis of the responses revealed a procedural knowledge factor, indicating that motorists found landmarks, street signs, and written directions to be helpful aids in following alternate and detour routes. Procedural knowledge, the stored sequence of decisions about how to get from one place to another, is part of the spatial knowledge acquisit...
Bayesian inference in ecology

Bayesian inference is an important statistical tool that is increasingly being used by ecologists. In a Bayesian analysis, information available before a study is conducted is summarized in a quantitative model or hypothesis: the prior probability distribution. Bayes Theorem uses the prior probability distribution and the likelihood of the data to generate a posterior probability distribution. Posterior probability distributions are an epistemological alternative to P-values and provide a direct measure of the degree of belief that can be placed on models, hypotheses, or parameter estimates. Moreover, Bayesian information-theoretic methods provide robust measures of the probability of alternative models, and multiple models can be averaged into a single model that reflects uncertainty in model construction and selection. These methods are demonstrated through a simple worked example. Ecologists are using Bayesian inference in studies that range from predicting single-species population dynamics to understanding ecosystem processes. Not all ecologists, however, appreciate the philosophical underpinnings of Bayesian inference. In particular, Bayesians and frequentists differ in their definition of probability and in their treatment of model parameters as random variables or estimates of true values. These assumptions must be addressed explicitly before deciding whether or not to use Bayesian methods to analyse ecological data.
Micromachining of bipolar plates used in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Bipolar Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell plates are composed of flat pieces of graphite with channels or trenches machined into the face of the plate so that gases can flow in the channels of the plate. The operation of the fuel cell is dependent on the flow of oxygen and hydrogen gases around a fuel cell stack, which is composed of many thin plates connected to each other in very close proximity. Owing to the brittle nature of graphite, bipolar plates are now made from nickel-chromium alloys that are coated with a thin solid layer of CrN or TiN to improve corrosion resistance. However, nickel-chromium alloys are notoriously difficult to machine. This paper describes the micromachining of fuel cell plates that are machined at very high speeds in order to produce high cutting tool life and low surface roughness using novel nanocrystalline diamond and titanium coatings that have been specifically designed to cut strain-hardening alloys at extremely high speeds.
Evaluation of cancer information on the Internet.

The Internet is a massively expanding body of information, with an estimated 320 million Web pages available. In 1997 an estimated 24 million North Americans used the Internet, and Internet use has been estimated to double each year. Even prior to the advent of the Internet as a source of medical information, patients have become more informed regarding their care, seeking increased amounts of information regarding their diagnoses and primarily wanting more information regarding their treatment options. In the past, these patients would rely heavily on health professionals for this information, through conversations or from pamphlets, videos, or books available to physicians for office distribution. Some resourceful patients may have ventured into medical libraries and some may have navigated through Index Medicus. Even the accessibility of MEDLINE searches in libraries and public institutions provided patients chiefly with peer-reviewed medical articles. We are living in a time of exponential expansion in accessibility to medical information. Data that previously would have required hours of research in a medical library now can be found easily by anyone with access to the Internet. This has enhanced the medical professional’s ability to gain extensive knowledge of research findings from many different medical specialties. However, medical professionals are not the only ones searching the Internet for such information. Our patients have the same capability that we have to research a medical topic thoroughly via the Internet. However, of concern is the quality of this newly gained knowledge. The free flow of information on the Internet permits anyone with good computer skills and a modem to establish a Web site with whatever information they wish to share. In this respect, the Internet becomes the great equalizer: experts, specialists, authorities, professionals, alternative therapy promoters, interested lay people, charlatans, and hucksters all may set up sites containing information regarding specific topics of interest. As physicians, we are concerned whether medical information 381
Recruiting and graduating women: the underrepresented student

Reasons for the low numbers of women entering the engineering profession are explored. Suggestions are presented for strategies to increase the representation of women at all levels: precollege, undergraduate, graduate, and industry. Insights gained from a recent Cooper Union survey are discussed. Actions that can be taken at the precollege, community college, engineering baccalaureate, graduate, and industry levels are proposed. >
The frequency and cost of redundant laboratory testing for transferred ED patients.

Introduction Health care costs continue to rise; reducing unnecessary laboratory testing may reduce costs. The goal of this study was to calculate the frequency and estimated costs of repeat normal laboratory testing of patients transferred to a tertiary care emergency department (ED). Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of patients transferred to a tertiary care, level -one trauma ED with an annual census of 90,000 patients. We defined "repeat normal testing" as laboratory tests repeated within 8 hours that were normal at both the sending hospital and the receiving tertiary care hospital. We estimated the charges associated with repeat normal laboratory testing for 11 common ED tests: basic metabolic panel, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, lipase, thyroids stimulating hormone, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, complete blood count, liver function test, and urine analysis. Results Two hundred thirty-two patients were transferred to the receiving tertiary care hospital from within the hospital's network from May 1, 2011, to October 31, 2011. On average, each transferred patient had one repeat normal laboratory test (245/232=1.06). For all laboratory tests, repeat normal testing occurred at least 40% of the time. Extrapolating the data, the total yearly estimated charges of all repeat normal testing was $580,526. Conclusion This study provides the first analysis of the frequency of repeated laboratory testing for all transferred ED patients and indicates that repeat normal testing represents a significant cost. Future research needs to determine if such repeat testing is indeed clinically appropriate or redundant.
The negative effects of positive stereotypes: ethnicity-related stressors and implications on organizational health

Racism and discrimination are known causes of stress for ethnic minorities. While negative stereotypes may adversely impact health and performance in racial groups, we suggest that positive performance stereotypes may also have adverse effects. Therefore, the preventive management of performance stereotypes through effective coping can improve organizational health. In addition, studies of coping within racial groups aimed at understanding within group variance can lead to the identification of positive coping methods for ethnic minorities. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ethanol withdrawal is accompanied by downregulation of calcium channel alpha 1B subunit in rat inferior colliculus neurons.

Abstract Ethanol withdrawal enhances the current density of calcium (Ca2+) channels in inferior colliculus (IC) neurons. The present report shows that ethanol withdrawal markedly enhanced the susceptibility to seizures as it decreased significantly the protein levels of α1B subunit associated with N-type Ca2+ channel in IC neurons of animals not tested for seizures. Thus, remodeling of N-type Ca2+ channels may play an important role in neuronal hyperexcitability that leads to ethanol withdrawal seizures.
SPACE USE AND SOCIALITY OF RIVER OTTERS (LONTRA CANADENSIS) IN MINNESOTA

The river otter (Lontra canadensis) has a complex social system, which varies widely across its range. We examined patterns of space use and social interactions for a native population of river otters in southeastern Minnesota. We radiomarked 28 river otters and monitored annual home ranges and core areas, static and dynamic interactions, and site fidelity. We compared these characteristics and interactions between sexes and age classes. Annual home ranges of male river otters were 3.2 times greater than those of females (P = 0.042), and annual core areas of males were 2.9 times greater than those of females (P = 0.083). The static interactions among river otters were extensive, with 69% of the individuals exhibiting core-area overlap. Overall dynamic interactions were positive (i.e., animals were closer together than expected). Males used 74% of their year 1 home range during year 2, and females used 75%. Females on average used only 39% of their core area from year 1 during year 2, whereas males used 65%. In general, conspecifics were not excluded from home ranges or core areas and signs of cooperation were evident, suggesting that river otters in southeastern Minnesota were social rather than territorial.
Numerical Reproducibility and Accuracy at ExaScale

Given current hardware trends, ExaScale computing (1018 floating point operations per second) is projected to be available in less than a decade, achieved by using a huge number of processors, of order 109. Given the likely hardware heterogeneity in both platform and network, and the possibility of intermittent failures, dynamic scheduling will be needed to adapt to changing resources and loads. This will make it likely that repeated runs of a program will not execute operations like reductions in exactly the same order. This in turn will make reproducibility, i.e. getting bitwise identical results from run to run, difficult to achieve, because floating point operations like addition are not associative, so computing sums in different orders often leads to different results. Indeed, this is already a challenge on today's platforms.
Macromodeling of nonlinear digital I/O drivers

In this paper, a modeling technique using spline functions with finite time difference approximation is discussed for modeling moderately nonlinear digital input/output (I/O) drivers. This method takes into account both the static and the dynamic memory characteristics of the driver during modeling. Spline function with finite time difference approximation includes the previous time instances of the driver output voltage/current to capture the output dynamic characteristics of digital drivers accurately. In this paper, the speed and the accuracy of the proposed method is analyzed and compared with the radial basis function (RBF) modeling technique, for modeling different test cases. For power supply noise analysis, the proposed method has been extended to multiple ports by taking the previous time instances of the power supply voltage/current into account. The method discussed can be used to capture sensitive effects like simultaneous switching noise (SSN) and cross talk accurately when multiple drivers are switching simultaneously. A comparison study between the presented method and the transistor level driver models indicate a computational speed-up in the range of 10-40 with an error of less than 5%. For highly nonlinear drivers, a method based on recurrent artificial neural networks (RNN) is discussed.
Transition from concrete to abstract representations: the distributive property in a Chinese textbook series

Through examining a representative Chinese textbook series’ presentation of the distributive property, this study explores how mathematics curriculum may structure representations in ways that facilitate the transition from concrete to abstract so as to support students’ learning of mathematical principles. A total of 319 instances of the distributive property were identified. The representational transition among these instances was analyzed at three tiers: within one worked example, from the worked example to practice problems within one topic, and across multiple topics over grades. Findings revealed four features that facilitate the transition process in the Chinese textbook series. First, it situates initial learning in a word problem context, which serves as a starting point of the transition process. Second, it sets up abstract representations as an ultimate goal of the multi-tier transition process. Third, it incorporates problem variations with connections in carefully designed tasks that embody the same targeted principles. Fourth, it engages students in constant sense making of the transition process through various pedagogical supports. Implementations and future research directions are also discussed.
A comprehensive vehicle braking model for predictions of stopping distances

AbstractThe aim of this project is to predict vehicle stopping distances for various types of braking conditions. A comprehensive vehicle braking model has been developed. The influences of several...
Controversies in abdominal trauma.

The treatment of children who have major abdominal injuries has changed significantly during the past 2 decades. Surgical restraint has been the theme, and increased awareness of anatomic patterns and physiological responses has prompted successful nonoperative care of many solid organ injuries in children. The contributions of interventional radiologists and endoscopists in the treatment of injured children continue to increase. Injuries to the biliary tree and pancreatic ductal system are now treated with a multidisciplinary approach combining percutaneous, open, and endoscopic procedures. Trauma surgeons unfamiliar with a nonoperative approach often raise questions about the benefits of such treatment. Their concerns include the potential for increased transfusion requirements, increased length of hospital stay, and missed associated injuries; some even question the involvement of pediatric surgeons in nonoperative treatment protocols. The experience that has settled most such controversies is reviewed in this article. Language: en
Treatment in Legg-Perthes disease.

A comparative study has been made of twelve Patients with Legg-Perthes disease treated by prolonged bed rest and skin traction, and an equal number treated with continued ambulation but with protection from weight-bearing by means of crutches and the addition of a lift to the shoe on the contralateral side. The twelve patients treated by the ambulatory method were chosen from a group of fifty-four patients thus treated during a ten-year period. An attempt was made to select patients for comparison who showed a similar type of involvement and who, at the time treatment was instituted, appeared to be in a comparably early phase of the disease. This study shows a vastly improved early end result in the series of cases treated by prolonged bed rest. It is felt, that bed rest and traction are the ideal form of non-operative treatment in patients who are seen before one marked deformity exists, and that this treatment is especially suitable for very young children and those with bilateral involvement.
Theoretical and Experimental Values of the Volume Changes Accompanying Rubber Extension

Abstract The molecular theory of rubber elasticity assumes the free energy to consist of two parts: a liquidlike free energy that is governed by intermolecular interactions and is independent of st...
Flight Reconstruction of the Mars Pathfinder Disk-Gap-Band Parachute Drag Coefficient

On July 4, 1997, the Mars Pathfinder (MPF) mission successfully landed on Mars. The entry, descent, and landing (EDL) scenario employed the use of a Disk-Gap-Band parachute design to decelerate the Lander. Flight reconstruction of the entry using MPF flight accelerometer data revealed that the MPF parachute decelerated faster than predicted. In the summer of 2003, the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission will send two Landers to the surface of Mars arriving in January 2004. The MER mission utilizes a similar EDL scenario and parachute design as that employed by MPF. As a result, characterizing the degree of underperformance of the MPF parachute system is critical for the MER EDL trajectory design. This paper provides an overview of the methodology utilized to estimate the MPF parachute drag coefficient as experienced on Mars.
A lysin to kill

An enzyme produced by a bacteriophage can enter human cells and kill intracellular Streptococcus pyogenes.
Cyclophilin D Knock-Out Mice Show Enhanced Resistance to Osteoporosis and to Metabolic Changes Observed in Aging Bone

Pathogenic factors associated with aging, such as oxidative stress and hormone depletion converge on mitochondria and impair their function via opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). The MPTP is a large non-selective pore regulated by cyclophilin D (CypD) that disrupts mitochondrial membrane integrity. MPTP involvement has been firmly established in degenerative processes in heart, brain, and muscle. Bone has high energy demands and is therefore expected to be highly sensitive to mitochondrial dysfunction. Despite this, the role of mitochondria and the MPTP in bone maintenance and bone pathology has not been elucidated. Our goal was to determine whether mitochondria are impaired in aging bone and to see if protecting mitochondria from MPTP opening via CypD deletion protects against bone loss. We found that bone mass, strength, and formation progressively decline over the course of 18 months in C57BL/6J mice. Using metabolomics and electron microscopy, we determined that oxidative metabolism is impaired in aging bone leading to a glycolytic shift, imbalance in nucleotides, and decreased NAD+/NADH ratio. Mitochondria in osteocytes appear swollen which is a major marker of MPTP opening. CypD deletion by CypD knockout mouse model (CypD KO) protects against bone loss in 13- and 18-month-old mice and prevents decline in bone formation and mitochondrial changes observed in wild type C57BL/6J mice. Together, these data demonstrate that mitochondria are impaired in aging bone and that CypD deletion protects against this impairment to prevent bone loss. This implicates CypD-regulated MPTP and mitochondrial dysfunction in the impairment of bone cells and in aging-related bone loss. Our findings suggest mitochondrial metabolism as a new target for bone therapeutics and inhibition of CypD as a novel strategy against bone loss.
Humane Chondrozyten exprimieren ein Muskel-Aktin und sind in der Lage eine Kollagen-Glycosaminoglycan-Matrix zu kontrahieren

Recent studies have demonstrated that human articular chondrocytes can express the gene for a contractile muscle actin, α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), in situ. The objective of this work was to evaluate the SMA content of isolated human articular chondrocytes, to correlate the amount of SMA in the cells to time in culture and to determine if SMAcontaining cartilage-derived cells were capable of contracting a collagen — glycosaminoglycan analog of extracellular matrix in vitro. Using Western blot analysis, serially passaged chondrocytes, isolated from 13 patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty, revealed an increasing amount of SMA with passage number and a meaningful correlation of the SMA content with the days in culture. Double labeling for SMA and type II collagen showed that type II collagen-expressing cells in monolayer could also express SMA. Moreover, SMA-containing cells were found to contract a collagen — glycosaminoglycan matrix, with the cells containing more SMA (passage 6 cells) displaying more matrix contraction than those with a lesser amount of SMA (passage 2 cells). The results indicate that control of the expression of SMA may be important when employing articular chondrocytes, expanded in monolayer culture, for implantation alone or in a cell-seeded matrix for cartilage repair procedures.
Rare Leiomyoma of the Tunica Dartos: A Case Report with Clinical Relevance for Malignant Transformation and HLRCC

Background. Genital leiomyomas fall under the broader category of cutaneous leiomyomas, which are rare smooth muscle neoplasms accounting for 5% of all leiomyomas. Genital leiomyomas arising from the dartos muscle are exceedingly rare with fewer than 30 cases reported in the literature. They are typically benign and adequately treated with simple surgical excision; however, previously reported cases of malignant transformation and a possible link to the hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) syndrome warrant closer follow-up. Case Presentation. We report a case of a 47-year-old male refugee from Rwanda found to have a mobile, pea-sized, mildly painful scrotal lesion near the left penoscrotal junction and 1.5 cm indeterminate vascular mass in the right kidney. Surgical excision of the scrotal nodule was performed and the diagnosis of a dartoic leiomyoma was rendered. The presence of moderate nuclear atypia, rare mitotic activity, and close surgical margins prompted a wide reexcision. We report the surgical approach, pathologic findings, and clinical follow-up related to this scrotal lesion. Conclusion. Scrotal leiomyomas demonstrate a high rate of recurrence and pose a risk for malignant transformation. They may also indicate an underlying autosomal dominant syndrome associated with increased risk for development of an aggressive form of renal cell carcinoma. When discovered, management should include surgical excision, screening for syndromic features, and routine follow-up.
Conflict or congruence? Maternal and infant-centric factors associated with shorter exclusive breastfeeding durations among the Tsimane

Six months of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is considered optimal for infant health, though globally most infants begin complementary feeding (CF) earlier-including among populations that practice prolonged breastfeeding. Two frameworks for understanding patterns of early CF emerge in the literature. In the first, maternal and infant needs trade-off, as "maternal-centric" factors-related to time and energy demands, reproductive investment, cultural influences, and structural barriers- favor supplanting breastfeeding with earlier and increased CF. A second framework considers that "infant-centric" factors-related to infant energetic needs-favor CF before six months to supplement breastfeeding. We apply these two frameworks in examining early CF among the Tsimane-a high-fertility, high-mortality, forager-horticulturalist population residing in the Bolivian Amazon. Data were collected from a mixed-longitudinal sample of 161 Tsimane mother-infant pairs from August 2012-April 2013. Tsimane mothers generally reported introducing CF because of perceived infant needs. However, CF is introduced with continued intensive breastfeeding, and generally coupled with premastication. Risks of earlier CF relative to the minimum hazard (estimated at 5 births) were elevated for lower and higher parity mothers, but were significantly greater only after 9 births. Seventeen percent of mothers reported introducing CF because of low milk supply. Introducing CF because of low milk was most common from 0 to 3 months of age and among higher parity mothers, which may reflect physiological constraints. Maternal reproductive trade-offs and perceived infant needs may help explain the low prevalence of EBF to six months among other populations in which breastfeeding is not structurally or culturally constrained.
A Snapshot of Urban Adolescent Women's Contraceptive Knowledge at the Onset of a Community Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptive Promotion Initiative

Abstract Study Objective To contextualize young women's knowledge and attitudes regarding contraception at the outset of an intervention promoting long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) use for teen pregnancy prevention. Design and Setting Our intervention was on the basis of diffusion of innovation theory, and at the outset we were interested in likely early adopters' existing knowledge and attitudes toward contraception. This mixed methods study consisted of focus groups within positive youth development programs in Rochester, New York; we discussed young women's knowledge and sources of information for all US Food and Drug Administration-approved contraceptive methods. Participants Seven focus groups and 24 female adolescent participants aged 15-19 years. Interventions and Main Outcome Measures Quantitative ranking of all contraceptive methods; qualitative themes from focus group discussions. Results Our findings showed a high level of knowledge about a select group of methods, which included LARC methods, and that participants received contraceptive information from peers and family. Participants had more concerns than positive impressions regarding the effectiveness, safety, practicality, and partner reception of the contraceptive methods, with the exception of the condom. Quantitatively, the condom received the highest average rating. Conclusion The importance of personal anecdotes in our findings supports the use of outreach and information campaigns; providing medically accurate information and spreading positive personal anecdotes will be key to improving young women's impressions of the safety and acceptability of LARC use. This snapshot of contraceptive knowledge indicates that young women can be mature, informed consumers of sexual and reproductive health care, and through diffusion of innovation could be key players in promoting the most effective means of pregnancy prevention.
Interpreting the Political Theory in the Practice of Human Rights

In this discussion of The Heart of Human Rights, I support Allen Buchanan’s pursuit of a theory-in-practice methodology for interpreting the foundations and meaning of international legal human rights from within the practice. Following my use of that methodology, I recharacterize the theory of rights revealed by this methodology as political not moral. I clarify the import of this interpretation of international legal human rights for two problems that trouble Buchanan: (1) whether the scope of ‘basic equal status’ is a global or an ‘intrasocial’ standard and (2) whether there is a ‘proliferation’ of rights that risks undermining the legitimacy of international legal human rights. I argue that the scope of basic equal status is global and that the practice of making what he calls ‘new’ rights claims is part of the practice of human rights.
Parental Leave and Father Involvement in Child Care: Sweden and the United States*

To promote men’s greater involvement with their children, many industrialized nations have mandated employment leave benefits for fathers. Sweden was the first nation to provide paid parental leave...
The Undercorrected Flatfoot Reconstruction

In symptomatic patients, undercorrection of a flatfoot deformity can lead to the need for revision surgery to restore functional mechanics and prevent progression of deformity. The underlying cause of undercorrection is failure to fully recognize or understand the extent of the deformity. This article discusses the typical deformities in adult flatfoot and indications for surgical intervention. Also presented are the surgical procedures for the correction of the typical deformity patterns with available outcome statistics and a stepwise algorithm for patient evaluation to assist in treatment and mitigate the risk of undercorrection of deformity.
Quick Access: Building a Smart Experience for Google Drive

Google Drive is a cloud storage and collaboration service used by hundreds of millions of users around the world. Quick Access is a new feature in Google Drive that surfaces the most relevant documents when a user visits the home screen. Our metrics show that users locate their documents in half the time with this feature compared to previous approaches. The development of Quick Access illustrates many general challenges and constraints associated with practical machine learning such as protecting user privacy, working with data services that are not designed with machine learning in mind, and evolving product definitions. We believe that the lessons learned from this experience will be useful to practitioners tackling a wide range of applied machine learning problems.
Does global warming make Triton blush

Neptune's largest moon, Triton, is one of two satellites in the Solar System that are currently geologically active. At least two geyser-like plumes were observed by the Voyager 2 spacecraft in 1989, and dozens of streaky deposits hint at the existence of many more1. Triton also exhibits complex seasonal changes in its 165-year journey about the Sun2. Because Triton's atmosphere transports volatiles (primarily nitrogen and methane) during this seasonal cycle, its atmospheric pressure may fluctuate by up to an order of magnitude over decades3. Photometric measurements of its albedo and colour over half a century show that seasonal volatile transport has occurred4. There have also been indications that more extreme, short-lived changes, perhaps due to geological events, have occurred on Triton. An anomalously red spectrum was reported for Triton in 1977 (56), and global warming has now been observed7.
Impaired perceptual learning in Fragile X syndrome is mediated by parvalbumin neuron dysfunction in V1 and is reversible

Atypical sensory processing is a core characteristic in autism spectrum disorders that negatively impacts virtually all activities of daily living. Sensory symptoms are predictive of the subsequent appearance of impaired social behavior and other autistic traits. Thus, a better understanding of the changes in neural circuitry that disrupt perceptual learning in autism could shed light into the mechanistic basis and potential therapeutic avenues for a range of autistic symptoms. Likewise, the lack of directly comparable behavioral paradigms in both humans and animal models currently limits the translational potential of discoveries in the latter. We adopted a symptom-to-circuit approach to uncover the circuit-level alterations in the Fmr1-/- mouse model of Fragile X syndrome (FXS) that underlie atypical visual discrimination in this disorder. Using a go/no-go task and in vivo 2-photon calcium imaging in primary visual cortex (V1), we find that impaired discrimination in Fmr1-/- mice correlates with marked deficits in orientation tuning of principal neurons, and a decrease in the activity of parvalbumin (PV) interneurons in V1. Restoring visually evoked activity in PV cells in Fmr1-/- mice with a chemogenetic (DREADD) strategy was sufficient to rescue their behavioral performance. Finally, we found that human subjects with FXS exhibit strikingly similar impairments in visual discrimination as Fmr1-/- mice. We conclude that manipulating orientation tuning in autism could improve visually guided behaviors that are critical for playing sports, driving or judging emotions.
αMST: A robust unified algorithm for quadrilateral mesh adaptation in 2D and 3D

Abstract Mesh adaptation plays a critical role in balancing computational efficiency and numerical accuracy. Three types of mesh adaptation techniques exist today, namely, mesh improvement, mesh refinement and mesh simplification, and, for each of these, several algorithms have been proposed. Current mesh adaptation algorithms yield acceptable geometric mesh quality, but provide limited control over topological quality. In this paper, we introduce a unified algorithm for all three types of mesh adaptation, specifically for quadrilateral meshes. The algorithm builds upon the Minimum Singularity Templates (MST) proposed by the authors for improving the topological quality of a quadrilateral mesh. The MST is extended here to define the concept of an α MST where a single parameter α controls mesh adaptation: α = 1 for mesh improvement, α > 1 for mesh refinement, and α 1 for mesh simplification. The proposed algorithm generates a mesh that is adapted to user requirements of high geometric and topological qualities. Further, it is non-hierarchical and stateless, and yet it provides an arbitrary level of mesh adaptation. Finally, since cyclic chords can play an important role in quadrilateral mesh adaptation, we provide a simple constructive algorithm to insert such chords using α MST. The proposed α MST templates can also be used to improve surface quadrilateral meshes using conformal mapping of surface charts. Furthermore, rotating the templates in the direction of cross-fields allows mesh edges to align along curvature lines. The proposed 3D generalization is fast, scalable, and inexpensive while improving alignment, shape, size, and sparsely placing the singularities. Several examples (both in 2D/3D) are presented that demonstrate the robustness, efficiency, and versatility of the proposed concept and algorithm.
JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging 2.0: The Next Decade in Digital.

![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] Heraclitus is quoted as saying “There is nothing permanent except change,” [(1)][2] and nothing is changing itself faster in the second decade of this century than “information sharing.” Journals, whose primary currency is information, thus also need
Identifying drivers of spatial variation in occupancy with limited replication camera trap data

Occupancy models are widely used in camera trap studies to analyze species presence, abundance, and geographic distribution, among other important ecological quantities. These models account for imperfect detection using a latent variable to distinguish between true presence/absence and observed detection of a species. Under certain experimental setups, parameter estimation in a latent variable framework can be challenging. Several studies have issued guidelines on the number of independent replicated observations (surveys) needed for each unchanging occupancy field (season) to ensure reliable estimation. In this paper, we present a spatio-temporal occupancy model, and show through a simulation study that it can be fit to data obtained from a single survey per season, so long as the number of seasons is sufficiently large. We include an application using camera-trap data on the Thomson's gazelle in the Serengeti in Tanzania.
Exploring the Tradeoffs of Application-Specific Processing

Non-traditional processing schemes continue to grow in popularity as a means to achieve high performance with greater energy-efficiency. Data-centric processing is one such scheme that targets functional-specialization and memory bandwidth limitations, opening up small processors to wide memory IO. These functional-specific accelerators prove to be an essential component to achieve energy-efficiency and performance, but purely application-specific integrated circuit accelerators have expensive design overheads with limited reusability. We propose an architecture that combines existing processing schemes utilizing CGRAs for dynamic data path configuration as a means to add flexibility and reusability to data-centric acceleration. While flexibility adds a large energy overhead, performance can be regained through intelligent mappings to the CGRA for the functions of interest, while reusability can be gained through incrementally adding general purpose functionality to the processing elements. Building upon previous work accelerating sparse encoded neural networks, we present a CGRA architecture for mapping functional accelerators operating at 500 MHz in 32 nm. This architecture achieves a latency-per-function within $2{\times}$ of its function-specific counterparts with energy-per-operation increases between 21–188 $\times$ , and energy-per-area increases between 1.8–3.6 $\times$ .
Introduction and Commentary: Child Sexual Abuse

This chapter introduces Sexual Abuse, Another Hidden Pediatric Problem: The 1977 C. Anderson Aldrich Lecture, the paper by C. Henry Kempe that is the focus of this section, and summarizes the commentaries written in response to this paper.
Feminism, Labour and Digital Media: The Digital Housewife

On Twitter in 2018, the elite comedy club High Spirits in Mumbai, India was exposed for its owner Khodu Irani’s and others’ sexual harassment of some of the members of the club. It started with Twi...
Caecidae of the northeast Pacific (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda)

A review of northeast Pacific Caecidae. McLean (1978) reported five species. One additional species is reported here and the taxonomic positions of two other species are updated.
What Struggle Feels Like

In this chapter, I delve into what it feels like to struggle academically. Prior to struggling myself, I tended to overemphasize the intellectual aspects of my students’ challenges. This unbalanced approach gave me an incomplete understanding of how the affective dimensions of struggle manifest in ways that appear illogical. For example, I did not understand my students’ reticence to seek help until I experienced my own impulse to hide after receiving my first low grade on a test. This chapter focuses on the emotional side of struggle in hopes of shedding light on why students do seemingly irrational things when faced with academic challenges.
A weak link with actin organizes tight junctions to control epithelial permeability

SUMMARY In vertebrates, epithelial permeability is regulated by the tight junction (TJ) formed by specialized adhesive membrane proteins, adaptor proteins, and the actin cytoskeleton. Despite the TJ’s critical physiological role, a molecular-level understanding of how TJ assembly sets the permeability of epithelial tissue is lacking. Here, we identify a 28-amino acid sequence in the TJ adaptor protein ZO-1 that is responsible for actin binding and show that this interaction is essential for TJ permeability. In contrast to the strong interactions at the adherens junction, we find that the affinity between ZO-1 and actin is surprisingly weak, and we propose a model based on kinetic trapping to explain how affinity could affect TJ assembly. Finally, by tuning the affinity of ZO-1 to actin, we demonstrate that epithelial monolayers can be engineered with a spectrum of permeabilities, which points to a new target for treating transport disorders and improving drug delivery.
Wideband Quasi-Monostatic Simultaneous Transmit and Receive Reflector Antenna

A dual polarized quasi-monostatic simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR) antenna system operating over 2:1 bandwidth with high isolation, co-polarized transmitting (TX)/receiving (RX) radiation, and high TX gain is proposed. The TX antenna is apex matched parabolic reflector illuminated by a coaxial cavity feed. The RX antenna is also coaxial cavity and mounted back-to-back with the TX feed. Thus, the configuration is termed quasi-monostatic. High front-to-back (F/B) ratio of the RX and TX feed antennas and the separation between them ensures high isolation. The fabricated system achieves 61 dB (average) isolation for CP and >38.5 dB for linearly copolarized TX and RX antennas. Moreover, the amplitude and phase imbalances in beam forming network (BFN) have lesser impact than the BFN-based STAR antenna systems. The antenna system operates from 4 to 8 GHz with VSWR 7 dBic, and >20 dBic for the RX and TX, respectively. Additional techniques to further improve isolation are outlined.