cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Investigation of the Impact of Assembly Sequencing on the Product Family Design Outcomes

While many approaches have been proposed to optimize the product family design for measures of cost, revenue and performance, many of these approaches fail to incorporate the complexity of the manufacturing issues into family design decision-making. One of these issues is assembly sequencing. This paper presents a simulation study by which the impact of assembly sequencing on the product family design outcomes is investigated. Overall, the results indicate that when the product family design takes into account the assembly sequencing decisions, the outcomes at the shop floor level improve. The results have implications for companies that are looking into increasing their revenue without increasing their investment in the shop floor.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The last four weeks of life.

Patients who have advanced cancer have many symptoms, each of which may diminish function and wellbeing, and of these, pain is the most feared(I-6). Studies have established that 60% to 90% of patients with advanced disease report moderate to severe pain-intense enough to substantially impair physical function, mood, and sociability(7,8). We explored the characteristics of a subgroup of especially problematic patients with cancer pain who had been referred to the Supportive Care Program of the Pain Service at New York's Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. These patients represent about 5% of patients followed by our pain service, and are referred for treatment of complicated pain and symptom control problems, poor social and family resources, and psychological distress. The Supportive Care Program is intended to provide continuity of care by bridging the gap between hospital and community. To that end, it employs a nurse-coordinated model in which a hospital-based nurse, physician, and social worker collaborate with a variety of medical and nonmedical community contacts. The nurse is responsible for day-to-day management of the patient's pain and other symptoms. In addition to collecting extensive information on the prevalence of pain and other symptoms, patterns of opioid 'use, and routes of drug administration NEEDS CHANGE Opiate required during last four weeks of life
Protein and lysine requirements of developing turkeys as influenced by pelleting.

Abstract INCREASING the density of a feed by pelleting increased productive energy of a ration for chicks without changing metabolizable energy (Reddy et al., 1962). One explanation proposed for this increase was reduced expenditure of energy in consuming the feed (Jensen et al., 1962). Requirement for nutrients per unit of feed is related to energy available for growth (productive energy). Therefore, the level of protein and other nutrients in a pelleted feed may need to be higher than in a feed in mash form. Studies on the protein and lysine requirement for growth of turkeys at various ages were reported by Kratzer et al. (1956). They found that protein requirement decreased from approximately 20% of the diet at 8 weeks of age and 15% at 16 weeks of age, to 13.5% at 20 weeks of age. They also concluded that the lysine requirement was approximately 4% of the protein after 4…
Diagnosing acid-base disorders

Diagnosis and management of acid-base disorders ranks high among the medical problems that intimidate many physicians. In practice, acid-base disorders can be approached very systematically as they can be easily diagnosed when certain rules are applied. Using a four step process including, 1) determination the serum pH, 2) calculation of the serum anion gap, 3) estimating the degree of compensation, 4) calculation of the excess anion gap, the reader will be able solve any complex acid-base problem. In this review we describe a practical stepwise approach to identify and resolve issues involving acid-base disorders.
Analysis of Tropical Storm Formation Based on Ensemble Data Assimilation and High-Resolution Numerical Simulations of a Nondeveloping Disturbance

AbstractA nondeveloping tropical disturbance, identified as TCS025, was observed during three intensive observing periods during The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment (THORPEX) Pacific Asian Regional Campaign (T-PARC)/Tropical Cyclone Structure-2008 (TCS-08) field experiment. The low-level circulation of the disturbance was relatively weak, asymmetric, and displaced a considerable distance from the midlevel circulation. An ensemble of high-resolution numerical simulations initialized from global model analyses was used to further examine TCS025. These simulations tended to unrealistically overdevelop the TCS025 disturbance. This study extends that work by examining the impact of assimilating in situ observations of TCS025 and dual-Doppler radial velocities from the airborne Electra Doppler Radar (ELDORA) using the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART) ensemble data assimilation system.The assimilation of observations results in a more accurate vortex structure that is consistent ...
Generation of electric fields and currents by neutral flows in weakly ionized plasmas through collisional dynamos

In weakly ionized plasmas neutral flows drag plasma across magnetic field lines generating intense electric fields and currents. An example occurs in the Earth's ionosphere near the geomagnetic equator. Similar processes take place in the Solar chromosphere and magnetohydrodynamic generators. This paper argues that not all convective neutral flows generate electric fields and currents and it introduces the corresponding universal criterion for their formation, ∇×(U×B)≠∂B/∂t, where U is the neutral flow velocity, B is the magnetic field, and t is time. This criterion does not depend on the conductivity tensor, σ. For many systems, the displacement current, ∂B/∂t, is negligible making the criterion even simpler. This theory also shows that the neutral-dynamo driver that generates E-fields and currents plays the same role as the DC electric current plays for the generation of the magnetic field in the Biot-Savart law.
A GPU-based implementation of a sensor tasking methodology

In this paper, we present a graphics processing unit (GPU) based implementation of a receding horizon solution to the optimal sensor scheduling problem. The optimal sensor scheduling problem can be posed as a Partially Observed Markov Decision Process (POMDP) whose solution is given by an Information Space (I-space) Dynamic Programming (DP) problem. In references [1], [2], we proposed a simulation based stochastic optimization technique that, combined with a receding horizon (RH) approach, obviates the need to solve the computationally intractable I-space DP problem. In this paper, this RH sensor tasking approach is implemented using GPUs allowing us to greatly increase the number of simulations that we can perform to estimate the gradients in the stochastic gradient descent underlying the technique. This allows us to drastically reduce the variance of the technique, thereby greatly improving its performance. The technique is tested on a 48 object space situational awareness (SSA) problem and it is shown that the average uncertainty in state of the objects is reduced over hundred times when using the GPU based RH sensor tasking strategy as opposed to a myopic policy.
Versatile 3-D stacking of 2-D paper-based biobatteries

We demonstrated a novel fabrication technique of 3-D biobattery packs by folding or stacking 2-D paper-based biobatteries for their series and/or parallel connections. A stackable, high-performance bacteria-powered battery was developed by folding two functional components (i.e. a conductive hydrophilic reservoir as an anode and a solid electron acceptor as a cathode) integrated into a single sheet of chromatography paper. Upon adding one drop of bacteria-containing liquid on the device, bacterial respiration transferred electrons from the organic liquid to the electrode, providing power to an external load. The various battery folding and/or stacking strategies with different series and/or parallel combinations significantly improved the power and current outputs. This battery manufacturing technique on paper can improve performance, simplify fabrication and connection, and revolutionize mass-production of large-scale flexible paper batteries, enabling the development of new types of powered, paper-based electronics.
Improved Statistical Methods for Evaluation of Stability of In Vitro Diagnostic Reagents

In vitro diagnostic (IVD) reagent stability is typically evaluated using regression analysis of measurand drift across time following CLSI guideline EP25-A. The corresponding stability duration est...
Regulatory focus trickle-down: How leader regulatory focus and behavior shape follower regulatory focus

Abstract Regulatory focus is critical at work and is shaped by cues in the environment. We examine how supervisor regulatory foci can activate analogous foci in subordinates. We test this idea across five studies. In Study 1 we find that supervisor regulatory focus predicted change in new hires’ regulatory focus in the first three months after organizational entry. In Studies 2 and 3 we find that leaders’ regulatory foci had unique effects on leadership behaviors, and that these behaviors primed subordinates’ regulatory foci. Specifically, transformational behavior is linked to promotion focus, management by exception behavior to prevention focus, and contingent reward behavior to both foci. In Study 4 we find that leader regulatory focus relates to follower regulatory focus via the mediating effects of the aforementioned leader behaviors. Finally, in Study 5 we additionally find that contingent punishment mediates the relationship between leader and follower prevention focus and that weak regulatory foci increase the likelihood of laissez-faire leadership. Taken together, these results reveal how leader regulatory focus and behavior can be leveraged to shape the motivation of followers.
RosettaES: a sampling strategy enabling automated interpretation of difficult cryo-EM maps.

Accurate atomic modeling of macromolecular structures into cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) maps is a major challenge, as the moderate resolution makes accurate placement of atoms difficult. We present Rosetta enumerative sampling (RosettaES), an automated tool that uses a fragment-based sampling strategy for de novo model completion of macromolecular structures from cryo-EM density maps at 3-5-A resolution. On a benchmark set of nine proteins, RosettaES was able to identify near-native conformations in 85% of segments. RosettaES was also used to determine models for three challenging macromolecular structures.
The Interbehavioral Alternative to Brain-Dogma

Physiological reductionism as exhibited in allegations that the brain causes behavior (brain-dogma) is viewed from the interbehavioral perspective. Explicit and subtle forms of brain-dogma are identified in contemporary versions of mentalism, cognitivism, and behaviorism. The interbehavioral approach provides an alternative to brain-dogma in the form of a holistic view of behavior which recognizes that neural processes cannot be separated from behavior (dualism) but instead are integral, participating factors in all psychological behavior. An emphasis on organism-environment interactions and the interbehavioral field conception rules out classical mechanical, cause-effect, deterministic versions of causation that underlie brain-dogma. A variety of other viewpoints that are compatible with the interbehavioral approach are briefly reviewed.
An Evaluation of Choice Responding during Assessment and Treatment of Problem Behavior

We used choice-making procedures during assessment and treatment with 2 preschool-aged children diagnosed with developmental disabilities who engaged in severe problem behavior in their homes. A fu...
Moral Courage: A Sociological Perspective

While many social scientists have written about obedience and conformity, few have analyzed the conduct of outliers and nonconformists who defy these forces by engaging in acts of moral courage. Among psychologists and philosophers, moral courage is often portrayed as an individualistic phenomenon that is immune to sociological analysis. This paper challenges this view, positing that social ties with like-minded coconspirators, an identification with ‘imagined others’ who espouse similar moral beliefs, and social interactions that awaken the conscience play a crucial role in facilitating these seemingly solitary acts. Drawing on two original case studies – a border guard who defied a restrictive immigration law on the eve of World War II, and a Serb who crossed the lines of ethnic division during the Balkan wars of the 1990s – the article illuminates the social dimensions of moral courage and contributes to the project of developing a social psychology of conscience.
Genomic insights into the mitochondria of 11 eastern North American species of Cladonia.

Cladonia is among the most species-rich genera of lichens globally. Species in this lineage, commonly referred to as reindeer lichens, are ecologically important in numerous regions worldwide. In s...
Investigations of the Biosynthesis of Aristeromycin

Aristeromycin (1) (Figure 1) is a carbocyclic analogue of adenosine which was first synthesized in racemic form in 1966.1 Shortly thereafter, the compound was isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces citricolor, its structure was elucidated, and its absolute configuration was determined.2 Aristeromycin displays a variety of interesting biological activities,3,4 including inhibition of cell division and elongation in rice plants, inhibition of AMP synthesis in mammalian cells, and inhibition of the enzyme S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase.5
Entropy and the Uniqueness of Solutions to Hyperbolic Conservation Laws

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses some results on the uniqueness of solutions to systems of conservation laws of the form U t + f (U) x = 0, –∞ < X < ∞, where u = u (x,t) ɛ Rn and f is a smooth nonlinear mapping from Rn to Rn. The chapter presents the assumption that this equation is strictly hyperbolic, that is, the Jacobian ∇f of f has n real and distinct eigenvalues: λ1 (u) < … < λ­n (u). Systems of this form arise in continuum mechanics. The equations of inviscid fluid dynamics, for example, form a system of three equations; the components of u represent densities of mass, momentum, and total energy, while the equations express the physical laws of the conservation of the corresponding three quantities. Other examples are provided by the equations of shallow water waves, magneto-hydrodynamics and in certain special cases, elasticity.
Polarization Orientation Angle and Scattering Characteristics of Steep Terrain

In this paper, we address polarimetric radar scattering from steep terrain and its relation to polarization orientation angle (POA) by adopting a tilted surface model based on Bragg scattering. We found that, as the azimuthal slope increases, |VV| decreases at a faster rate than |HH|, they become equal, when POA is ±45°, and |HH|>|VV| afterwards. Contrasting to the general perception, the cross-pol |HV| does not always increase with azimuth slope, but reaches a maximum then decreases to zero. In addition, we investigate the effect of soil moisture on PolSAR scattering characteristics of steep terrain and the effect of vegetation over surface on POA estimation. The latter is demonstrated with NASA/JPL TOPSAR L-band PolSAR data and C-band InSAR data.
Gamma Knife Stereotactic Radiosurgery favorably changes the clinical course of hemangioblastoma growth in von Hippel-Lindau and sporadic patients.

This is the first single-institution study of its size to characterize the treatment impact and to address the question of whether hemangioblastoma treatment with Gamma Knife Stereotactic Radiosurgery (GKRS) in both sporadic and VHL patients changes the characteristic saltatory hemangioblastoma growth pattern. The authors reviewed a single-institution tumor registry to identify patients who had received GKRS for hemangioblastomas between January 1st, 1999, and December 31st, 2017. 15 patients with 101 lesions met search criteria with a median age of first GKRS of 39.2 years (interquartile range [IQR] of 25.7–57.4 years), including 96 VHL and 5 sporadic lesions. The median time from GKRS to last follow-up was 5.4 years (IQR 2.3–11.5 years). 4 lesions (4%) and 3 patients (20%) experienced a local failure. The 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year freedom from new hemangioblastoma formation rates were 97%, 80%, and 46% respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed a reduction in tumor volume after GKRS. Several variables associated with a greater percent reduction in volume from GKRS to last follow-up: non-cystic status (p = .01), no prior craniotomy (p = .04), and follow-up time from GKRS (p < .0001). GKRS is a successful long-term treatment option for hemangioblastomas changing the clinical course from saltatory growth to reduction in tumor volume. Non-cystic tumors and those without prior craniotomy were associated with a greater percent reduction in volume from GKRS at last follow-up.
Voluntary biting behavior as a functional measure of orofacial pain in mice

Abstract Introduction Pain-related behavior secondary to masticatory function can be assessed with the rodent bite force model. A reduction of the bite force has been shown to be related to pain associated with the masseter muscle and jaw activity, while an increase in bite force suggests improvement of muscle function and less pain. To evaluate the usefulness of the bite force measure in studying long-lasting orofacial pain we analyzed biting parameters during prolonged myofascial pain induced by ligation injury of the masseter muscle tendon (TL) in mice. Methods C57Bl/6 mice were habituated to bite at a pair of aluminum plates attached to a force displacement transducer. The transduced voltage signals were amplified and converted to force through calibration with a standard weight set. Voluntary biting behavior was recorded for 100 s/session and those with bite forces ≥980 mN were analyzed. Nociception was also verified with von Frey, conditioned place avoidance (CPA) tests and mouse grimace scale. Persistent orofacial pain was induced with unilateral ligation of one tendon of the masseter muscle (TL). Results To reduce interference of random bites of smaller forces, the top 5 or 15 bite forces (BF5/15) were chosen as a measure of masticatory function and related to pain behavior. Both male and female mice exhibited similar BF5/15. For the first nascent test of all mice, mean bite force was significantly and positively correlated with the body weight. However, this correlation was less clear in the latter tests (2–8 w). TL induced a reduction of BF5/15 that peaked at 1 w and returned to the baseline within 3 w. The von Frey and CPA tests indicated that mechanical allodynia/hyperalgesia persisted at the time when the BF had returned to the pre-injury level. Infusion of pain-relieving bone marrow stromal cells improved biting behavior in both male and female mice as shown by significantly increased BF5/15, compared to vehicle-treated mice. Conclusions Mouse voluntary biting behavior can be reliably measured and quantified with a simplified setup. The bite force showed an inverse relationship with the level of pain after TL and was improved by pain-relieving manipulations. However, the injury-induced reduction of bite force peaked early and did not parallel with other measures of nociception in the later phase of hyperalgesia. The results suggest that multiple factors such as the level of habituation, cognitive motive, physical status, and feeding drive may affect random voluntary biting and confound the biting parameters related to maintained hyperalgesia.
BIOCHEMICAL LESIONS INDUCED IN THE DNA OF RAT BLADDER EPITHELIUM DURING THE INITIATION OF BLADDER CANCER BY N-METHYL-N-NITROSOUREA

Bladder cancer can be induced in the rat by intravesicular administration of 0.5 mg of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) once a week for 4 weeks. We have used this model to study the biochemical events occurring in the initiation of bladder cancer. DNA damage and repair has been examined by measuring the change in sedimentation of the DNA in alkaline sucrose gradients. A dose response of MNU was observed with single intravesicular dose of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mg. Bladder epithelial cells were shown to repair MNU induced damage over a period of 9 days. After a single dose of 0.5 mg of MNU, several alkylated products in the urothelium DNA were identified. The persistence and accumulation of these alkylated bases were studied. 0 6 -Methylguanine was removed from DNA at slower rates than 3-methyladenine or 7-methylguanine and was found to increase in the DNA with multiple weekly dose of MNU. These data support the hypothesis that 0 6 -Methylguanine is involved in the initiation of cancer by MNU.
Family Theory: Competing Perspectives in Social Demography

This article examines two competing theoretical perspectives on recent changes in marriage and family behavior in industrial societies, their determinants and consequences. Each focuses on the role of one of two fundamental pillars underlying most demographic research on the family: (a) the implications for family behavior of an independent nuclear family system; and (b) the importance of sex-role specialization in marriage. The specialization perspective argues that the desirability of marriage is based on sex-role specialization with women focusing on domestic production (and reproduction) and men on market work. Hence it concludes that the rapid postwar rise in women's employment made them increasingly independent of marriage, leading to a retreat from marriage as indicated by sharply declining marriage and fertility rates, and rising marital instability as well as nonmarital cohabitation. The specialization position has been subject to several major criticisms. Some of the most important are: contrary to the theory's argument, empirical research shows that women in a better labor-market position are usually more rather than less likely to marry; the theory is one of nonmarriage while the phenomenon observed is primarily delayed marriage; and sex-role specialization in an independent nuclear family system tends to be a high-risk strategy and historically often required the use of the family's adolescent and young adult children to achieve economic stability, a role that now is taken over by wives. The independent nuclear family perspective has focused on how the changing economic position of young people has affected the ability of couples to be economically self-supporting. It has argued that the recent well-documented rise in economic inequality has increased the difficulty of assortative mating and of establishing an independent household. Studies indicate that men's employment stability and earnings have a strong positive effect on their marriage chances; moreover, the length of time it takes men to achieve career ‘maturity’ varies substantially among and within socioeconomic groups, creating significant differences in the age at marriage. However, the extent to which these processes can account for marriage trends during the last quarter of the twentieth century remains to be established.
Women in Soil Science: Growing Participation, Emerging Gaps, and the Opportunities for Advancement in the USA

The soil science discipline has undergone significant changes since its establishment in the 1900s; from strong connections with agronomy to a broader focus on ecosystems, earth, and environmental sciences while also during this period experiencing a notable increase in diversity among soil scientists. In this review, we explore soil science from the perspective of gender demographics and disciplinary foci of soil scientists. We examine graduate student enrollment metrics; employment information in academia, the federal government, and the private sector; and membership data from SSSA to gain deeper insight into these changes and the implications for the future of soil science. Women earn nearly half of the advanced soil science degrees. The number of women pursuing soil science careers has also increased, albeit less markedly, as women now comprise 24, 26, and 20% of the soil scientists in academic faculty positions, federal agencies, and private industry, respectively. However, there is reason for concern that women linger in intermediate levels of employment, and further attrition occurs along the career ladder with only ∼18% of the highest employment levels held by women; even fewer reach executive leadership levels in any sector. The growing participation of women in soil science is further reflected in a nearly 45% increase in female membership and meeting attendance in SSSA over the past decade, but recognition of their accomplishments and their presence in SSSA leadership positions remains low. We provide recommendations toward greater inclusion and gender diversity as this represents an important pathway to grow and innovate our science.
Acoustic Tweezers Based on Linear Fresnel Lens with Air Cavities for Large Volume Particle Trapping

This paper reports a novel acoustic tweezers with multi-foci linear Fresnel lens that was designed to create a large Bessel beam zone for contactless, non-invasive object trapping in liquid. The tweezers was built on a 1-mm-thick lead zirconate titanate (PZT) substrate with rectangular air-cavity Fresnel lens having multiple focal lengths. With 25 V pp continuous 2.32 MHz sinusoidal drive, the acoustic tweezers is capable of trapping a silicon chip of $5.30\times 0.67\times 0.51\ \text{mm}^{3}$ in size and 3.98 mg in mass along with two $500-\mu\mathrm{m}$ -diameter Polyethylene microspheres.
Coherent Transceiver for High Speed Optical Communications: Opportunities and Challenges

With the emergence of new markets for coherent optical transponders, new challenges need to be addressed. Coherent optical modems have fast become the standard transport solution in the telecommunications industry for medium and long reach applications and are gaining momentum in shorter reach applications. In this paper, we highlight some of the technical challenges stemming from the different application spaces and how the requirements from each market segment will affect the design of subcomponents of optical transponders, in particular for analog electronics and for optical components and sub-assemblies. In particular, we will present how key technologies such as CMOS, Bi-CMOS, III-V and Silicon Photonics (SiP) will help alleviate some of the system-level challenges.
Differences in renal BMAL1 contribution to Na+ homeostasis and blood pressure control in male and female mice.

The renal circadian clock has a major influence on the function of the kidney. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1 [ARNTL; also known as brain and muscle ARNT-like 1 (BMAL...
Graphene-based encapsulation of liquid metal particles

Liquid metals are a promising functional material due to their unique combination of metallic properties and fluidity at room temperature. They are of interest in wide-ranging fields including stretchable and flexible electronics, reconfigurable devices, microfluidics, biomedicine, material synthesis, and catalysis. Transformation of bulk liquid metal into particles has enabled further advances by allowing access to a broader palette of fabrication techniques for device manufacture or by increasing area available for surface-based applications. For gallium-based liquid metal alloys, particle stabilization is typically achieved by the oxide that forms spontaneously on the surface, even when only trace amounts of oxygen are present. The utility of the particles formed is governed by the chemical, electrical, and mechanical properties of this oxide. To overcome some of the intrinsic limitations of the native oxide, it is demonstrated here for the first time that 2D graphene-based materials can encapsulate liquid metal particles during fabrication and imbue them with previously unattainable properties. This outer encapsulation layer is used to physically stabilize particles in a broad range of pH environments, modify the particles' mechanical behavior, and control the electrical behavior of resulting films. This demonstration of graphene-based encapsulation of liquid metal particles represents a first foray into the creation of a suite of hybridized 2D material coated liquid metal particles.
Perinatal activation of ERα and ERβ but not GPER-1 masculinizes female rat caudate-putamen medium spiny neuron electrophysiological properties.

This study is the first to demonstrate that estradiol and estrogen receptor α and β stimulation during early development sexually differentiates the electrophysiological properties of caudate-putam...
A Machine Learning Based Asset Pricing Factor Model Extension Comparison On Anomaly Portfolios

We frame linear factor models for asset pricing in a machine learning context and consider a numerical comparison of their performance against ordinary least squares linear regression over a dataset of anomaly portfolios. Specific regression models involved in the comparison include regularized linear, support vector machines, neural networks, and tree based models. Performance metrics are presented on a model and portfolio group basis, and the strongest predictors are recommended as alternative methods for the problem of excess return forecasting.
SU-E-T-791: Validation of a Determinant Based Photon Transport Solver in Dose Perturbed By Diverse Media

Purpose: To validate a determinant based photon transport solver in dose imparted within different transition zone between different medium. Methods: Thickness (.2cm,.5cm, 1cm, 3cm) from various materials (Air - density=0.0012g/cm3, Cork-0.19g/cm3, Lung-0.26g/cm3, Bone-1.85g/cm3, Aluminum (Al)-2.7g/cm3, Titanium (Ti)-4.42g/cm3, Iron (Fe)-8g/cm3) were sandwiched by 10cm solid water. 6MV were used to study the calculation difference between a superposition photon beam model (AAA) and the determinant based Boltzmann photon transport solver (XB) at the upstream (I) and downstream boarder (II) of the medium, within the medium (III), and at far distance downstream away from medium (IV). Calculation was validated with available thickness of Air, Cork, Lung, Al, Ti and Fe. Results are presented as the ratio of the dose at the point with medium perturbation to the same point dose without perturbation. Results: Zone I showed different backscatter enhancement from high-density materials within the 5mm of the upstream border. AAA showed no backscatter at all, XB showed good agreement beyond 1mm upstream (1.18 vs 1.14, 1.09 vs 1.10, and 1.04 vs 1.05 for Fe, Ti, and Fe, respectively). Zone II showed a re-buildup after exiting high-density medium and Air but no build up for density close to water in both of the measurement and XB. AAA yielded the opposite results in Zone II. XB and AAA showed in Zone III very different absorption in high density medium and the Air. XB and measurement had high concordance regarding photon attenuation in Zone IV. AAA showed less agreement especially when the medium was Air or Fe. Conclusion: XB compared well with measurement in regions 1mm away from the interface. Planning using XB should be beneficial for External Beam Planning in situations with large air cavity, very low lung density, compact bone, and any kind of metal implant.
Discrete network approximation for highly-packed composites with irregular geometry in three dimensions

We introduce a discrete network approximation to the problem of the effective conductivity of a high contrast, densely packed composite in three dimensions. The inclusions are irregularly (randomly) distributed in a host medium. For this class of arrays of inclusions we derive a discrete network approximation for effective conductivity and obtain a priori error estimates. We use a variational duality approach to provide rigorous mathematical justification for the approximation and its error estimate.
Product design and shelf-life issues: oil migration and fat bloom

Abstract: The shelf life of chocolate-containing confections is often limited by changes in the fat crystal network. Fat bloom results from the recrystallization of the solid fat fraction and can be accelerated by the migration of foreign oils into the chocolate. This chapter discusses the physical mechanisms underlying oil migration and fat bloom, summarizes recent research into these phenomena and makes practical suggestions for their mitigation. The discussion stresses the care that must be taken when interpreting investigations of oil migration and bloom.
A collaborative architecture for intrusion detection systems with intelligent agents and knowledge-based alert evaluation

Current reactive and standalone network security products are not capable of withstanding the thriving of diversified network threats. As a result, a security paradigm where integrated security devices or systems collaborate closely to achieve enhanced protection and provide multilayer defenses is emerging. We present a collaborative architecture design for multiple intrusion detection systems to work together to detect real-time network intrusions. The architecture is composed of three parts: collaborative alert aggregation, knowledge-based alert evaluation and alert correlation. The architecture is aimed at reducing the alert overload by correlating from multiple sensors to generate condensed views, reducing false positives by integrating network and host system information and correlating events based on logical relations to generate global and synthesized alert report. The first two parts of the architecture have been implemented and the implementation results are presented in this paper.
Promoting Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) and Polychlorinated Dibenzofuran-Free Aroclor 1254 on Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Tumorigenesis in the Rat

The hepatic tumor-promoting activity of a commercial polychlorinated biphenyl mixture, Aroclor 1254 (AR 1254), with and without its intrinsic polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) impurities, was investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley noninbred albino rats were treated with 66 ..mu..g diethylnitrosamine (DENA)/ml drinking water for 5 weeks and subsequently given a control diet or a diet supplemented (100 ppM for 18 wk) with either AR 1254 or AR 1254 from which the PCDF moieties were removed (AR 1254-PCDF). Of those animals receiving DENA alone, 16% exhibited hepatocellular carcinomas. Of those rats treated with DENA followed by administration of AR 1254 or AR 1254-PCDF, 64 or 84%, respectively, developed hepatocellular carcinomas. Thus promotion with either AR 1254 or AR 1254-PCDF significantly (P < 0.05) increased the incidence of DENA-initiated hepatocellular carcinomas. Administration of AR 1254 or AR 1254-PCDF alone did not include hepatic tumors. Therefore, PCDF impurities were not necessary for the promoting activity of AR 1254.
Zinc Modulates PPARγ Signaling and Activation of Porcine Endothelial Cells

Dietary zinc has potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and is a critical component of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gene expression and regulation. To assess the protective mechanisms of PPARgamma in endothelial cell dysfunction and the role of zinc in the modulation of PPARgamma signaling, cultured porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cells were exposed to the membrane-permeable zinc chelator N,N,N'N'-tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl)-ethylene diamine (TPEN), thiazolidinedione (TZD; PPARgamma agonist) or bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE; PPARgamma antagonist). Subsequently, endothelial cells were activated by treatment with linoleic acid (90 micro mol/L) for 6 h. Zinc chelation by TPEN increased the DNA binding activity of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and activator protein (AP)-1, decreased PPARgamma expression and activation as well as up-regulated interleukin (IL)-6 expression and production. These effects were fully reversed by zinc supplementation. In addition, exposure to TZD down-regulated linoleic acid-induced DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB and AP-1, whereas BADGE further induced activation of these oxidative stress-sensitive transcription factors. Most importantly, the TZD-mediated down-regulation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 and reduced inflammatory response were impaired during zinc chelation. These data suggest that zinc plays a critical role in PPARgamma signaling in linoleic acid-induced endothelial cell activation and indicate that PPARgamma signaling is impaired during zinc deficiency.
Why Should We Study Socialist Commercials

This article looks at television's so far neglected contribution as a relay and interpretive framework at the intersection of postsocialist memory and history studies. It zooms in on postsocialist nostalgia as a relational expression of a heterogeneous set of desires that operate in an intercultural network. Televisual nostalgia also implicates Western Europe and makes explicit a Western European longing for the divided Europe of the Cold War. This longing, in turn, shores up Europe’s repressed imperial history. Television’s role at the pressure points of postsocialist institutional and economic policy, consumption and narrative concerns makes it an indispensable window into the intertwined workings of nostalgia and nationalism within a postcolonial Europe.
PHENOTYPE DISTRIBUTIONS IN ASCI OF NEUROSPORA CRASSA

unknown, mechanism is thought to be suggested. Characteristics of the order of isolation of asci, from 2 crosses treated in a special way, are consistent with the possibility that members of adjacently formed, twin asci are frequently, or even regularly, alike with respect to phenotype distribution class.
Real and subjective lines and edges in the Bourdon illusion

The Bourdon illusion consists of the apparent bending of a straight visual contour in the direction of a bent induction contour located nearby. The bent contour also appears partially straightened, or unbent, in the direction of the straight contour. These mutual attraction or assimilation effects are stronger between the edges of a solid figure than between the lines of an outline figure, whether the edges and.lines consist of real or subjective contours. The present results are equally consistent With a cognitive model and a feature-detection model of these apparent displacement effects.
Regulation of the S100 protein and GFAP genes is mediated by two common mechanisms in RT4 neuro-glial cell lines

Abstract RT4-AC cells express both neuronal and glial properties and undergo cell-type conversion in culture to three distinct derivatives, described as either neuronal-like or glial-like. A coordinate induction of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100 protein expression in RT4-AC cells occurs in response to either high cell density or elevated levels of intracellular cyclic AMP. RNA hybridization data indicate that S100 protein and GFAP gene expression is coordinately induced by cAMP. In addition, for the first time we provide direct evidence that the ability to express both the S100 and GFAP genes is conserved with cell-type conversion to the glial derivative cell types, but is coordinately lost with conversion to the neuronal derivative cell types. These results make it highly likely that the GFAP and S100 genes are regulated by two common mechanisms in RT4-AC cells: (1) cAMP-mediated control of gene expression; and (2) a mechanism that allows these two genes to be coordinately expressed or not expressed as a consequence of cell-type conversion.
Analytic Philosophy and Adult Education: Trend or Tradition?

As the field of adult education continues to evolve and mature, so grows the importance for those engaged in it to recognize and be able to communicate its key concepts. Newcomers, those with tangentially related interests, or those on the margins of the field for whatever reasons - may be disadvantaged by unfamiliarity with the peculiarities of the language. This article challenges and encourages writers/speakers in the adult education discourse community to acknowledge that the meanings they assign to polysemous words and phrases may differ from those of their reader/listeners, and to ensure that their intended meanings are made clear.
The Effect of Surface Tilt on Nanoindentation Results

The effect of surface tilt on results of nanoindentation tests is studied for Berkovich, cube corner and conical indenters. The true projected areas are calculated as a function of tilt angle and orientation using the exact three dimensional geometry of each indenter. The true area is compared with the area when there is no tilt and the resulting error in hardness and modulus are discussed. It is found that the error increases with increasing tilt angle, and magnitude of the error increases as the equivalent cone angle of the indenter increases.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Claude Lévi‐Strauss Meets Alexander Goldenweiser: Boasian Anthropology and the Study of Totemism

Contrary to some recent overviews of the “Boas school” (e.g., by Marvin Harris and Derek Freeman), Boasian anthropology was far from unified even on a single subject: totemism. Although more recent thought on this subject stems from Levi-Strauss, Alexander Goldenweiser's corpus on totemism anticipates Levi-Strauss's formulations. This corpus included ideas that altered in the course of Goldenweiser's career, and these alterations were differently received by his “Boasian” contemporaries. It seems likely—though details of the process are unclear—that Goldenweiser's ideas “diffused” to Levi-Strauss.
Overflow movements predict impaired response inhibition in children with ADHD.

Neurologic models proposed to explain mechanisms underlying ADHD have emphasized deficits in response inhibition. Age-inappropriate overflow movements, e.g., mirror movements, are motor signs thought to reflect immaturity in cortical systems involved in automatically (unconsciously, without explicit effort) inhibiting extraneous movement. We investigated the hypothesis that the presence of excessive overflow movements would predict measures of conscious, effortful response inhibition (conflicting and contralateral motor response tests) in children with ADHD. 42 children with ADHD and 30 controls, ages 8 through 12 years, participated. Children with ADHD showed significantly more overflow movements than did controls and made more errors on the conflicting and contralateral motor response tests. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that overflow movements predicted performance on measures of motor response inhibition. For one of those measures, the contralateral motor response test, there was a significant interaction with diagnosis, such that overflow predicted response inhibition in ADHD but not in controls. The findings suggest that overflow movements, which can be readily observed as part of clinical examination, are more evident in children with ADHD. Positive correlations between measures of overflow movements and measures of response inhibition suggest that closely associated neural mechanisms underlie these deficits and support hypotheses that age-inappropriate overflow reflects immaturity of cortical systems involved in automatic inhibition.
The specificity and organisation of autobiographical memories.

Previous research suggests that autobiographical memories are over-general and are organised according to life periods. One experiment assessed the specificity and organisation of autobiographical memory by manipulating two variables. The retrieval cues were either a set of three words (a theme, a time period, and an emotional valence) or a short narrative that included a specific theme, time period, and emotional valence. The instructions either encouraged the participants to respond as though they were conversing with a friend (social instructions) or did not specify a target audience (standard instructions). Narrative cues and standard instructions elicited more specific responses than word cues and social instructions, respectively. Whereas word cues elicited memories that were most likely to match the cues in terms of time period, narrative cues elicited memories that were most likely to match the cues in terms of theme. These data suggest that previous research underestimated the specificity of the ...
Accelerating MR Diffusion Tensor Imaging via Filtered Reduced-Encoding Projection-Reconstruction

MR diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a promising tool for characterizing the microstructure of ordered tissues. However, its practical applications are hampered by relatively low signal-to-noise-ratio and spatial and temporal resolution. Reduced-encoding imaging (REI) via k-space sharing with constrained reconstruction has previously been shown to be effective for accelerating DTI, although the implementation was based on rectilinear k-space sampling. Due to the intrinsic oversampling of central k-space and allowance for isotropic downsampling, projection-reconstruction (PR) imaging may be better suited for REI. In this study, regularization procedures, including radial filtering and baseline signal correction to adequately reconstruct reduced encoded PR imaging data, are investigated. The proposed filtered reduced-encoding projection-reconstruction (FREPR) technique is applied to DTI tissue fiber orientation and fractional anisotropy (FA) measurements. Results show that FREPR offers improved reconstructions of the reduced encoded images and on an equal total scan-time basis provides more accurate fiber orientation and FA measurements compared to rectilinear k-space sampling-based REI methods or a control experiment consisting of only fully encoded images. These findings suggest a potentially significant role of FREPR in accelerating repeated imaging and improving the data acquisition-time efficiency of DTI experiments.
Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of small-cell lesions of the liver.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytologic spectrum of small cell lesions of liver as diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration (FNA). Of 304 FNAs of liver that were performed in our institution between 1990 and 1994, 29 were classified as small-cell lesions. The final diagnoses were as follows: small-cell undifferentiated carcinoma (10), neuroendocrine carcinoma (9), cloacogenic carcinoma (1), Merkel-cell carcinoma (1), cholangiocarcinoma (1), metastatic adenocarcinoma (4), small-cell sarcoma (1), lymphoma (2). Relevant clinical history and immunocytochemistry were helpful in making the final diagnosis in some cases. The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of small cell lesions of the liver are discussed in detail in this report. Diagn. Cytopathol. 1998;19:29–32. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.