cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards a psycho-anthropological view of religious violence

Understanding the phenomenon of religious violence requires a theoretical approach to the task. Ideally, the theoretical framework must integrate (1) the insights of neurobiology and ethnology elucidating the roots of aggression in the organism and its manifestations in animal behaviour, (2) the expression of these in human violence, which requires careful attention to linguistic and other expressions in culture, (3) the special role of religious representations in this connection, and (4) the mechanisms, in time and place, whereby the role of religion in the maintenance of cultural order is reversed, and becomes an ally of violence. Psychological theories, like the psychoanalytic school, have a contribution to make to this end. But they also exhibit limitations. The most compelling anthropological theory to date is Rene Girard's, which focuses on mimetic desire, violence, its resolution through scapegoating and subsequent enactment in ritual. The sacred is seen to lie at the origins of cultural order. But it also harbours a potential for a resurgence of the violence it conceals. Other researchers have shown how certain features of modernity unwittingly fuel violence through the promulgation of stereotypical, group identities. Contemporary Islamist violence (Jihadism) offers a case-study for these theoretical axioms. The example is not peculiar or sui generis. Rather it illustrates, more widely, the nature of the sacred and its relation to history. The Islamic tradition and modern Muslim history also provide a template for an analytic understanding of religious symbols, and their degradation into symbols of a typically modern demand for recognition of ego and group orientated identities. This psychosocial configuration necessarily escapes the attention of the actors, and because of the nominal persistence of old symbols, may also escape the attention of observers. To expose and explain these discrepancies is one of the central tasks of analysis in the proposed theoretical framework.
Resolution of Chiari I Malformation Following Acetazolamide Therapy

A 25-year-old obese woman developed headaches and visual blurring. Examination showed papilledema and cranial MRI showed a large Chiari I malformation. Acetazolamide was initiated and a repeat cranial MRI surprisingly showed resolution of the Chiari I malformation. Chiari I malformation associated with papilledema has never been shown to resolve with acetazolamide therapy.
Motivating hotel employees: Beyond the carrot and the stick

To learn what hotel employees want out of their jobs, the authors asked 278 workers at 12 hotels in the U.S. and Canada to rank the following ten work factors: good wages, tactful discipline, job security, interesting work, feeling of being "in on things," sympathetic help with personal problems, opportunities for advancement and development, good working conditions, personal loyalty to employees, and appreciation for work accomplishments. Overall, hotel employees reported that the three things they most wanted from their employers were: (1) good wages, (2) job security, and (3) opportunities for advancement and development. There were differences among the hotel workers, however, based on their age and the area in which they worked. While all respondents ranked good wages as the single most important job factor, younger employees reported opportunities for development and interesting work as the second and third most-wanted job factors. In contrast, employees over 30 reported job security and working con...
International Business Education Programs in American and Non-American Schools: How They are Ranked by the Academy of International Business

The Academy of International Business members were polled to elicit their opinions of the relative quality of graduate international business programs in American schools. A second part of the questionnaire asked their opinions about business schools in other countries.
Comparison of propofol with isoflurane for maintenance of anesthesia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Use of pulmonary mechanics, peak flow rates, and blood gases

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are usually anesthetized with an inhalation agent. After Institutional Review Board approval, informed consent was obtained from 60 patients with moderate to severe COPD according to a preoperative severity scoring system, which took into account history and objective findings. By using objective criteria, such patients were randomly assigned to receive propofol (group I) or isoflurane (group II) as primary maintenance agents. Preoperative and postoperative arterial blood gases, peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR), and chest X-rays were compared. Total dynamic compliance (CDYN) and V1 (% volume exhaled in first second) were measured using Pitot tube sidestream spirometry. A 1,000-mL super-syringe was used to measure total static compliance (CST). Measurements were recorded postintubation, midanesthesia, and pre-extubation. All patients received fentanyl, lidocaine, and propofol, 1.5 to 2.0 mg/kg, for induction. Succinylcholine, 1-1.5 mg/kg, was administered to facilitate intubation. Maintenance was with N2O-O2, vecuronium, and either propofol (n = 30) or isoflurane (n = 30). Both groups showed decreases in postoperative PaO2, SaO2, and PEFR (p 0.05). There were no significant chest X-ray differences. There were no differences between groups with respect to intraoperative pulmonary mechanics (p > 0.05). The only difference between groups was an increase in postoperative PaCO2 in group I and a decrease in group II (p < 0.05). Use of Pitot tube sidestream spirometry is a practical and noninvasive technique for monitoring pulmonary mechanics during anesthesia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Unaddressed Implications of Technology in Global Health

This is the introduction piece for the 9th San Diego Health Policy Conference, with papers by Tom Kubic, John Theriault, Tim Mackey, Jim Balcius, and Bryan A. Liang.
Rats Answer an Unexpected Question after Incidental Encoding

Summary A fundamental aspect of episodic memory is that retrieval of information can occur when encoding is incidental and memory assessment is unexpected [1–4]. These features are difficult to model in animals because behavioral training likely gives rise to well-learned expectations about the sequence of events. Thus, the possibility remains that animals may solve an episodic memory test by using well-learned semantic rules without remembering the episode at memory assessment. Here we show that rats can answer an unexpected question after incidental encoding in a hippocampal-dependent manner, consistent with the use of episodic memory. Rats were initially trained to report about a recent event (food versus no food) and separately searched for food where there was no expectation of being asked about the presence of food. To test episodic memory, we gave rats the opportunity to incidentally encode the presence or absence of food and unexpectedly asked them to report about the recent event. Temporary inactivation of the CA3 region of the hippocampus with bilateral infusions of lidocaine selectively eliminated the ability of rats to answer the unexpected, but not the expected, question. Our studies suggest that rats remember an earlier episode after incidental encoding based upon hippocampal-dependent episodic memory.
Steel Ribbon Belt Reinforcement Mechanics

Abstract Satisfactory performance of steel ribbon belted radial tires of standard basic design is possible. The key to good fatigue life is that flexure is accommodated by shear of the rubber between the plies instead of by compression as in a twisted cord. Belt angle controls part of the fatigue mechanism but stress and lifetime are insensitive to its value. Several mechanisms combine to give a fatigue life that is independent of ribbon width below 1.7 mm (65 mils). Above 1.7 mm width in‐plane flexure causes fatigue life to drop rapidly. No improvement from changed ribbon thickness is predicted. Tread life appears to be better with ribbon than with cord, but the reason for this is not clear. Ribbon packing geometry gives superior nail penetration resistance.
Evaluation and management of ankle syndesmosis injuries

Abstract Background Ankle injuries are common in sporting activities with damage to the inferior tibiofibular ligaments being notable for their resultant disability and prolonged recovery. Objective To provide a synopsis of the current best evidence regarding the recognition and treatment of injury to the syndesmotic ligaments of the ankle. Design Structured narrative overview. Methods Keyword search of Medline, CINAHL, and PEDro databases for studies published in English from January 1985 to July 2010. In addition, the reference lists from articles obtained were manually searched for relevant literature. Summary This manuscript provides an overview of the distal tibiofibular pathologies, discusses the accuracy, limitations, and prognostic ability of clinical and radiographic examination techniques, and presents a philosophical approach to the rehabilitative management of syndesmotic injuries that integrates known biomechanical influences. Conclusion An appreciation for the mechanism of injury and a careful examination can distinguish these injuries from other forms of ankle instability. Proper recognition and immediate attention to the unique complexities of this joint can minimize morbidity and prevent a delayed return to sports.
Applications of the Finite Element Method to Designing Composite Metamaterials

We outline a fabrication and characterization process for composite materials exhibiting uniaxial anisotropy. Our proof-of-concept sample consists of alternating layers of high-contrast homogeneous dielectrics. We describe a finite element-based cavity measurement method to accurately characterize effects of adhesive loss in these assembled samples. In the latter half of the paper, we introduce a genetic optimization algorithm to design fairly complex composite material textures exhibiting unique field characteristics and dispersion. We conclude by proposing a methodology to design and fabricate metamaterial textures made of commercially available homogeneous ingredients. The automated design process is conjugated by automated fabrication of these designs using advanced material processing techniques such as low temperature co-fired ceramic processing, inkjet material printing, and robo-casting.
Lab-Specific Gene Expression Signatures in Pluripotent Stem Cells

Pluripotent stem cells derived from both embryonic and reprogrammed somatic cells have significant potential for human regenerative medicine. Despite similarities in developmental potential, however, several groups have found fundamental differences between embryonic stem cell (ESC) and induced-pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines that may have important implications for iPSC-based medical therapies. Using an unsupervised clustering algorithm, we further studied the genetic homogeneity of iPSC and ESC lines by reanalyzing microarray gene expression data from seven different laboratories. Unexpectedly, this analysis revealed a strong correlation between gene expression signatures and specific laboratories in both ESC and iPSC lines. Nearly one-third of the genes with lab-specific expression signatures are also differentially expressed between ESCs and iPSCs. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that in vitro microenvironmental context differentially impacts the gene expression signatures of both iPSCs and ESCs.
Certain organism-substrate relationships affecting the distribution of Uca minax (Crustacea: Decapoda)

The involvement of substrate in the ecology of the fiddler crab Uca minax was investigated by means of both field and laboratory studies. These included determination of the oxygen-holding capacities of five types of substrates on which this organism lives, as well as experiments to determine if there is substrate selection. The effect of population density on burrowing was also studied to determine the optimum number of individuals needed in the selection experiments, and to delineate the mechanisms these organisms use for avoiding dispersion onto less favorable substrates.
QBIC project: querying images by content, using color, texture, and shape

In the query by image content (QBIC) project we are studying methods to query large on-line image databases using the images' content as the basis of the queries. Examples of the content we use include color, texture, and shape of image objects and regions. Potential applications include medical (`Give me other images that contain a tumor with a texture like this one'), photo-journalism (`Give me images that have blue at the top and red at the bottom'), and many others in art, fashion, cataloging, retailing, and industry. Key issues include derivation and computation of attributes of images and objects that provide useful query functionality, retrieval methods based on similarity as opposed to exact match, query by image example or user drawn image, the user interfaces, query refinement and navigation, high dimensional database indexing, and automatic and semi-automatic database population. We currently have a prototype system written in X/Motif and C running on an RS/6000 that allows a variety of queries, and a test database of over 1000 images and 1000 objects populated from commercially available photo clip art images. In this paper we present the main algorithms for color texture, shape and sketch query that we use, show example query results, and discuss future directions.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mutations in PEX1 are the most common cause of peroxisome biogenesis disorders

The peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) are a group of lethal autosomal-recessive diseases caused by defects in peroxisomal matrix protein import, with the concomitant loss of multiple peroxisomal enzyme activities. Ten complementation groups (CGs) have been identified for the PBDs, with CG1 accounting for 51% of all PBD patients. We identified the human orthologue of yeast PEX1, a gene required for peroxisomal matrix protein import. Expression of human PEX1 restored peroxisomal protein import in fibroblasts from 30 CG1 patients, and PEX1 mutations were detected in multiple CG1 probands. A common PEX1 allele, G843D, is present in approximately half of CG1 patients and has a deleterious effect on PEX1 activity. Phenotypic analysis of PEX1deficient cells revealed severe defects in peroxisomal matrix protein import and destabilization of PEX5, the receptor for the type1 peroxisomal targeting signal, even though peroxisomes were present in these cells and capable of importing peroxisomal membrane proteins. These data demonstrate an important role for PEX1 in peroxisome biogenesis and suggest that mutations in this gene are the most common cause of the PBDs
Clinical implications of cytogenetic and molecular analyses of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia

The prognosis for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has improved steadily over the past 20 years. Today, at least two-thirds of newly diagnosed cases are curable with intensified risk-based therapy. The challenge now is to identify, prior to or early in treatment, the one-third of patients who are destined to relapse, so that alternative therapy can be introduced sooner. Cytogenetic studies of lymphoblasts have identified recurring abnormalities of prognostic importance and pinpointed chromosomal regions for molecular analyses. Recently, molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed for the more common cytogenetic subgroups of ALL, defined by the t(1;19) and t(9;22) chromosomal translocations (approximately 10% of cases). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques can identify these clinically important subgroups in the absence of successful cytogenetic studies. PCR analysis also provides a sensitive and specific tool for the detection of minimal residual disease during apparent (clinically defined) remission. Additionally, molecular studies of cases with specific cytogenetic lesions have helped to clarify the events leading to leukemic transformation of normal lymphoid cells. It is reasonable to expect that improved therapeutic strategies will emerge from findings made with molecular diagnostic and treatment monitoring techniques.
Caenorhabditis elegans chromosome arms are anchored to the nuclear membrane via discontinuous association with LEM-2

Although Caenorhabditis elegans was the first multicellular organism with a completely sequenced genome, how this genome is arranged within the nucleus is not known. We determined the genomic regions associated with the nuclear transmembrane protein LEM-2 in mixed-stage C. elegans embryos via chromatin immunoprecipitation. Large regions of several megabases on the arms of each autosome were associated with LEM-2. The center of each autosome was mostly free of such interactions, suggesting that they are largely looped out from the nuclear membrane. Only the left end of the X chromosome was associated with the nuclear membrane. At a finer scale, the large membrane-associated domains consisted of smaller subdomains of LEM-2 associations. These subdomains were characterized by high repeat density, low gene density, high levels of H3K27 trimethylation, and silent genes. The subdomains were punctuated by gaps harboring highly active genes. A chromosome arm translocated to a chromosome center retained its association with LEM-2, although there was a slight decrease in association near the fusion point. Local DNA or chromatin properties are the main determinant of interaction with the nuclear membrane, with position along the chromosome making a minor contribution. Genes in small gaps between LEM-2 associated regions tend to be highly expressed, suggesting that these small gaps are especially amenable to highly efficient transcription. Although our data are derived from an amalgamation of cell types in mixed-stage embryos, the results suggest a model for the spatial arrangement of C. elegans chromosomes within the nucleus.
Micro-bias-tees using micromachined flip-chip inductors

In order to reduce the circuit area required by bias-tees in active circuits, an approach using a micromachined suspended inductor is presented in this paper. The inductor is fabricated using a commercial silicon micromachining process and then integrated with a microwave circuit using flip-chip assembly. Suspending the inductor above the substrate greatly reduces the parasitic capacitances associated with the substrate. The inductor has a measured self-resonant frequency of 18 GHz. A tethered approach allows "pre-releasing" of the structure, which makes integration possible on any substrate. 4-mm/sup 2/ bias-tees on both alumina and TMM6 substrates are presented in this work with comparable performance to commercially available bias-tees, but with a significant reduction in circuit area.
Components of the antigen processing and presentation pathway revealed by gene expression microarray analysis following B cell antigen receptor (BCR) stimulation.

Activation of naive B lymphocytes by extracellular ligands, e.g. antigen, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and CD40 ligand, induces a combination of common and ligand-specific phenotypic changes through complex signal transduction pathways. For example, although all three of these ligands induce proliferation, only stimulation through the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) induces apoptosis in resting splenic B cells. In order to define the common and unique biological responses to ligand stimulation, we compared the gene expression changes induced in normal primary B cells by a panel of ligands using cDNA microarrays and a statistical approach, CLASSIFI (Cl uster Assi gnment f or Biological I nference), which identifies significant co-clustering of genes with similar Gene Ontology™ annotation. CLASSIFI analysis revealed an overrepresentation of genes involved in ion and vesicle transport, including multiple components of the proton pump, in the BCR-specific gene cluster, suggesting that activation of antigen processing and presentation pathways is a major biological response to antigen receptor stimulation. Proton pump components that were not included in the initial microarray data set were also upregulated in response to BCR stimulation in follow up experiments. MHC Class II expression was found to be maintained specifically in response to BCR stimulation. Furthermore, ligand-specific internalization of the BCR, a first step in B cell antigen processing and presentation, was demonstrated. These observations provide experimental validation of the computational approach implemented in CLASSIFI, demonstrating that CLASSIFI-based gene expression cluster analysis is an effective data mining tool to identify biological processes that correlate with the experimental conditional variables. Furthermore, this analysis has identified at least thirty-eight candidate components of the B cell antigen processing and presentation pathway and sets the stage for future studies focused on a better understanding of the components involved in and unique to B cell antigen processing and presentation.
Real-time dynamics from imaginary-time quantum Monte Carlo simulations: Tests on oscillator chains.

We used methods of Bayesian statistical inference and the principle of maximum entropy to analytically continue imaginary-time Green's functions generated in quantum Monte Carlo simulations to obtain the real-time Green's functions. For test problems, we considered chains of harmonic and anharmonic oscillators whose properties we simulated by a hybrid path-integral quantum Monte Carlo method. From the imaginary-time displacement-displacement Green's function, we first obtained its spectral density. For harmonic oscillators, we demonstrated the peaks of this function were in the correct position and their areas satisfied a sum rule. Additionally, as a function of wave number, the peak positions followed the correct dispersion relation. For a double-well oscillator, we demonstrated that the peak location correctly predicted the tunnel splitting. Transforming the spectral densities to real-time Green's functions, we conclude that we can predict the real-time dynamics for length of times corresponding to five to ten times the natural period of the model. The length of time was limited by an overbroadening of the peaks in the spectral density caused by the simulation algorithm. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
EFFECTS OF VERAPAMIL ON DOXORUBICIN-INDUCED MORTALITY AND ELECTROLYTE CHANGES IN THE MOUSE HEART

The effects of verapamil on doxorubicin-induced mortality and electrolyte changes were investigated in mice using either 0, 8, 16, or 32 mg/kg verapamil. The verapamil doses were injected by subcutaneous route 24 and 3 hr prior to administration of a single dose of doxorubicin (20 mg/kg, IP), followed by daily treatment with verapamil for 20 subsequent days. Using total deaths or changes in ventricular electrolyte levels as indices of toxicity, there was no evidence that verapamil decreased doxorubicin toxicity. At this dose, doxorubicin increased myocardial calcium and sodium, and decreased magnesium and potassium. Verapamil alone was shown to significantly reduce total ventricular calcium and increase magnesium in a dose-dependent manner. The ventricular sodium and potassium levels were not affected by verapamil treatment. Neither the increase in calcium nor the decrease in heart magnesium content of the ventricles in response to doxorubicin, was lessened by verapamil treatment. Doxorubicin-associated sodium increase in ventricular tissue was greater in groups receiving higher doses of verapamil but decrease of potassium in the ventricles of these animals remained unaffected. We conclude from the findings of the present study that verapamil is inappropriate as an antagonist of the cardiac toxicity resulting from treatment with doxorubicin.
The Aha! Moment The Cognitive Neuroscience of Insight

A sudden comprehension that solves a problem, reinterprets a situation, explains a joke, or resolves an ambiguous percept is called an insight (i.e., the “Aha! moment”). Psychologists have studied insight using behavioral methods for nearly a century. Recently, the tools of cognitive neuroscience have been applied to this phenomenon. A series of studies have used electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study the neural correlates of the “Aha! moment” and its antecedents. Although the experience of insight is sudden and can seem disconnected from the immediately preceding thought, these studies show that insight is the culmination of a series of brain states and processes operating at different time scales. Elucidation of these precursors suggests interventional opportunities for the facilitation of insight.
A Little Dirt Never Hurt Anyone: Knowledge-Making and Contamination in Materials Science

In many laboratory sciences, issues of cleanliness and purity are everpresent concerns. In materials science, keeping things (instruments, materials, people) clean structures the knowledge-making p...
Analysis and optimization of current collecting systems in PEM fuel cells

This paper presents analytical and experimental studies on optimization of the gas delivery and current collection system in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell for the objective of reducing ohmic loss, thereby achieving higher power density. Specifically, the dimensions of current collection ribs as well as the rib distribution were optimized to get a maximized power density in a fuel cell. In the modeling process, the power output from a fixed area of membrane is calculated through analysis of an electrical circuit simulating the current from electrochemical reaction flowing to the current collectors. Current collectors of two-dimensional ribs and three-dimensional pillars were considered. Analyses found that three-dimensional pillars allow higher power density in a PEM fuel cell. Considering the mass transfer enhancement effect, three-dimensional pillars as current collectors in gas flow field may be a good choice if the fuel cell operates at low current density and there is no liquid water blocking the flow channels. The analyses did not consider the existence of liquid water, meaning the current density is not very high. The study concluded that decreasing the size of both the current collector and its control area yields a significant benefit to a higher power density. A preliminary experimental test in a PEM fuel cell has verified the conclusion of the analytical work.
Sensitivity Analysis of Linear Programming and Quadratic Programming Algorithms for Control Allocation

The next generation (NextGen) transport aircraft configurations being investigated as part of the NASA Aeronautics Subsonic Fixed Wing Project have more control surfaces, or control effectors, than existing transport aircraft configurations. Conventional flight control is achieved through two symmetric elevators, two antisymmetric ailerons, and a rudder. The five control surfaces, reduced to three command variables, produce moments along the three main axes of the aircraft and enable the pilot to control the attitude of the aircraft. Next generation aircraft will have additional redundant control effectors to control the three moments, creating a situation where the aircraft is over-actuated and where a simple relationship no longer exists between the required control surface deflections and the desired moments. NextGen flight controllers will incorporate control allocation algorithms to determine the optimal effector commands to attain the desired moments, taking into account the effector limits. Approaches to solving the problem using linear programming and quadratic programming algorithms have been proposed and tested. It is of great interest to understand their relative advantages and disadvantages and how design parameters may affect their properties. In this paper, we investigate the sensitivity of the effector commands with respect to the desired moments and show on some examples the sensitivity of the solutions provided by the linear programming and quadratic programming methods.
Epidemiology of Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Primary hyperparathyroidism is the third most common endocrine disorder. The epidemiology of this disorder is increasingly well understood, but significant limitations still exist in our understanding of the mortality, hospitalizations, incidence, prevalence, and costs associated with this condition. These limitations are due to the small number of population-based epidemiologic studies that have evaluated this condition. Further studies will be required to fully characterize the epidemiology of primary hyperparathyroidism.
The in-vitro activity of EN 272, a quinolone-7-carboxylic acid, in comparison with other quinolones

The in-vitro activity of EN 272, a quinolone-7-carboxylic acid was determined and compared with that of enoxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin, ampicillin, cephalexin and trimethoprim. EN 272 inhibited the majority of the Enterobacteriaceae at concentrations of less than or equal to 1.6 mg/l. EN 272 was four- to 32-fold less active than the other new quinolones, but it inhibited organisms resistant to nalidixic acid, ampicillin and cephalexin. EN 272 had poor activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and streptococcal species, but it did inhibit most staphylococci at less than or equal to 6.3 mg/l. EN 272 was less active at pH 5.5 and in urine as are other quinolones.
Why did not the Ontong Java Plateau form subaerially

Abstract A recent drilling leg on the Ontong Java Plateau and subsequent studies have consolidated the following observation for this gigantic oceanic plateau: The bulk of the plateau was formed at ∼ 120 Ma in a submarine environment. This rapid construction of a massive igneous body below sea level is impossible to explain with the popular plume head hypothesis. Though the bolide impact hypothesis for oceanic plateaus has recently been resurrected to offer an alternative, it is shown here that it fails to explain submarine eruption for exactly the same reason why the plume hypothesis fails. As a more dynamically promising model, the entrainment of dense fertile mantle by rapid seafloor spreading is proposed to account for voluminous magmatism in the submarine environment. It is also suggested that this chemically dense source mantle may naturally explain the anomalous subsidence history of this plateau as well as minor magmatism observed at ∼ 90 Ma. Modeling the dynamics of compositionally heterogeneous mantle and its geochemical consequences remains as a challenging yet rewarding problem in mantle dynamics and igneous petrology.
Nonlocal fluxes and Stokes drift effects in the K-profile parameterization

The K-profile parameterization of upper-ocean mixing is tested and extended using observations and large eddy simulations of upper-ocean response to a westerly windburst. A nonlocal momentum flux term is added, and the amplitude of the nonlocal scalar flux is recalibrated. Parameterizations of Stokes drift effects are added following recent work by McWilliams and Sullivan (2001). These changes allow the parameterization to produce both realistic gradients of momentum and scalars in the nocturnal boundary layer and enhanced mixing during stable conditions. The revised parameterization is expected to produce improved representations of lateral advection and sea-surface temperature in large-scale models.
Midline craniectomy for sagittal suture synostosis: Comparative efficacy of two barriers to calvarial reclosure

Abstract This report quantitatively compares long-term head remolding achieved by two methods for retarding bone reunion after midline craniectomy for sagittal suture synostosis. In one group of six children the adjacent bone edges were overlayed with 1.0-cm-wide U-channel silicone strips, and in the other group, composed of seven patients, a considerably larger extent of the adjacent cranium was covered with silicone sheets. Mean percent change in the cephalic indices of the former group 18 months postoperatively was 9.1% ± S.D. = 6.7, and of the latter group 23.7% ± S.D. = 6.0 ( p ⋍ 0.01) . These results indicate that the use of large silicone sheets lead to a significantly greater normalization of cranial proportions.
The tertiary gustatory center in sunfishes is not nucleus glomerulosus.

Injection of horseradish peroxidase into the secondary gustatory nucleus of the green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus, resulted in retrogradely filled neurons bilaterally in the viscerosensory column of the brainstem and in anterograde transport revealing ipsilateral terminal fields in the preglomerular tertiary gustatory nucleus, the nucleus of the torus lateralis and the central and periventricular nucleus of the inferior lobe. Thus, the glomerular nucleus of percomorph teleosts is not a tertiary gustatory center. It is proposed that the term ‘nucleus glomerulosus’ be reserved for the nucleus involved with vision and that the preglomerular subdivision involved in gustation be termed ‘nucleus gustatorius tertius’.
Transduction, Restriction and Recombination Patterns in Escherichia Coli

Chromosomal DNA from several Escherichia coli reference (ECOR) strains was transduced by bacteriophage P1 into E. coli strain K12 W3110 trpA33. Recombination patterns of the transductants were determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism over a 40-kb region centering on a single marker (trpA+) in the tryptophan operon. These experiments demonstrate that transduction between different strains of E. coli can result in recombinational replacements that are small in comparison to the entrant molecule (replacements average 8-14 kb, whereas P1 packages approximately 100 kb) often in a series of discrete segments. The transduction patterns generated resemble the natural mosaic sequence patterns of the ECOR strains described in previous work. Extensive polymorphisms in the restriction-modification systems of the ECOR strains are a possible explanation for the sequence patterns in nature. To test this possibility two transductants were back-transduced into strain K12 W3110 trpA33. The resulting patterns were strikingly different from the original transductions. The size of the replacements was greater, and no multiple replacements were observed, suggesting a role for restriction-modification systems in the transduction patterns and perhaps for the mosaic sequence patterns in nature.
Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis with Flurbiprofen or Ibuprofen

Flurbiprofen and ibuprofen were compared in a six-week double-blind randomized study in 208 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Daily dosages were 120 mg flurbiprofen and 2400 mg ibuprofen for six weeks. Both drugs were effective in providing partial control of RA symptoms. Either or both drugs produced statistically significant improvement in mean values of time of onset of fatigue, grip strength and tender and swollen joint counts. All other standard endpoints of efficacy (except ESR) were improved but not at a statistically significant level. Slightly more than half of the patients improved during the trial. There was no statistically significant difference in the efficacy of the drugs. The incidence of side effects was low with both drugs. Most side effects were related to gastrointestinal tract irritation.
Control of chaos in atomic force microscopes

We study the dynamical behaviour of a microcantilever-sample system that forms the basis for the operation of atomic force microscopes. We model the micro-cantilever by a single mode approximation and the interaction between the sample and cantilever by a van der Waals potential. The cantilever is vibrated by a sinusoidal input, and its deflection is detected optically. We analyze the forced dynamics using the Melnikov method, which reveals the region in the space of physical parameters where chaotic motion is possible. In addition, using a proportional and derivative controller we compute the Melnikov function in terms of the parameters of the controller. Using this relation it is possible to design controllers that will remove the possibility of chaos.
Poly-β-Cyclodextrins: Multifunctional Polymer Support for the Hydrolysis and Removal of Methyl Parathion

Microparticles (32-53 μm) of cross-linked poly-β-Cyclodextrin (PCD) having a bifunctional hexyl spacer were prepared. PCD served as an insoluble robust matrix, which is chemically inert in acidic and basic media while preserving accessibility of pesticide methyl parathion (MPT) and its hydrolysis product p -nitrophenol ( p -NP) to cyclodextrin cavities. The multi-utility of PCD was demonstrated as a stable biomaterial for adsorption of MPT and p -NP through inclusion phenomena and as a single unit system suitable for casting alternate enzyme/polyelectrolyte multilayers.
IL-36 is required for the induction of therapeutic immunity by Tbet gene-modified dendritic cells. (TUM10P.1024)

Our lab has developed a dendritic cell (DC) vaccine as a means of overcoming immune dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and generating a therapeutic anti-tumor immune response. As protective Type 1 immune responses are characterized by intrinsic expression of the Tbet transactivator in T cells and DC, we engineered DC with Tbet cDNA (ie, DC.Tbet) and injected these cells into the TME of syngeneic tumor-bearing mice as a therapy. Treatment of MCA205 sarcomas with DC.Tbet promoted the rapid (hours) and sustained (days-weeks) infiltration of Type 1-polarized CD4+ and CD8+ TIL into the TME and led to increased TME expression of factors characteristic of ectopic lymphoid structures (ELS), such as TNFSF14, CCL19, and CCL21. DC.Tbet cells revealed a 60-fold increase in the level of IL-36gamma mRNA over mock-transduced DC and inhibition of signaling through the IL-36 receptor (IL-36R) using natural antagonist IL-1F5 abrogated the ability of DC.Tbet therapy to inhibit tumor growth in vivo , concurrent with reduced recruitment of therapy-induced CD4+ and CD8+ TIL. The efficacy of DC.Tbet therapy was similarly negated in MCA205-bearing IL-36R-/- hosts. These data suggest a mechanism whereby treatment with DC.Tbet leads to recruitment of anti-tumor TIL via an IL-36R signaling-dependent mechanism that supports the development of ELS in the TME. These findings foreshadow the clinical use of IL-36gamma in cancer vaccine formulations as a means to promote therapeutic immunity.
Differentiating mine-reclaimed grasslands from spectrally similar land cover using terrain variables and object-based machine learning classification

Incorporating ancillary, non-spectral data may improve the separability of land use/land cover classes. This study investigates the use of multi-temporal digital terrain data combined with aerial National Agriculture Imagery Program imagery for differentiating mine-reclaimed grasslands from non-mining grasslands across a broad region 6085 km2. The terrain data were derived from historical digital hypsography and a recent light detection and ranging data set. A geographic object-based image analysis GEOBIA approach, combined with two machine learning algorithms, Random Forests and Support Vector Machines, was used because these methods facilitate the use of ancillary data in classification. The results suggest that mine-reclaimed grasslands can be mapped accurately, with user’s and producer’s accuracies above 80%, due to a distinctive topographic signature in comparison with other spectrally similar grasslands within this landscape. The use of multi-temporal digital elevation model data and pre-mining terrain data only generally provided statistically significant increased classification accuracy in comparison with post-mining terrain data. Elevation change data were of value, and terrain shape variables generally improved the classification. GEOBIA and machine learning algorithms were useful in exploiting these non-spectral data, as data gridded at variable cell sizes can be summarized at the scale of image objects, allowing complex interactions between predictor variables to be characterized.
A turbidimetric assay for tyrosinase activity in frozen sections of mouse skin.

SummaryA new sensitive and objective method for the turbidimetric assay of tyrosinase activity in frozen skin sections is described. The procedure involves the dispersion of both melanin and skin and hair keratin, from previously incubated sections, in hot molar Na2S and KOH. Turbidimetric readings are then obtained on the absolute scale of the Klett-Summerson photoelectric colorimeter. This method is immediately useful for determining order of effect, and, if sufficiently improved, might also be useful for comparing amounts of naturally occurring pigment in different skin and hair samples.
Measurements of Dynamic Interface Between Ship and Helicopter Air Wakes

The phenomenon of dynamic interface between air wakes of a ship and a helicopter is investigated experimentally in situ on a 32.9 m (108 ft) long ship using a scaled radio controlled helicopter mounted on a pole at a fixed location. The research ship has a similar design to that of a modern warship, including a hangar structure and flight deck. Air wakes are surveyed by using up to 6 anemometers to measure air velocity inside the dynamic interface zone at two fixed heights above the deck of 0.91 and 1.22 m (3 and 4 ft, respectively), and at a radial position of r/R = 0.75. Data repeatability across different experimental days is verified, allowing for a joint analysis of multiple datasets. Anemometer data collected for a stationary ship (i.e. no ship air wake) is first used to verify the anemometers’ capability to successfully capture the rotor wake. For both β =0◦ (headwind conditions), and β =-15◦ (wind at 15◦ off the starboard bow), significant downwash velocities are measured by the Port and Starboard anemometers, while the Forward anemometer measures no downwash as the wake is convected towards the stern. A wake skew angle and smoke visualization are used to support this finding. The Aft anemometer measures significant downwash for approximately 50% of the cases. This phenomenon is left unexplained and is a topic for future research. The measurements are analyzed for their spectral content and power spectral density results are presented with great agreement between different datasets. In general, the rotor wake has a more pronounced effect at low frequencies under 0.2 Hz, which is also clearly manifested as a different behavior in the power spectral density results. The effects increase as the anemometers are positioned closer to the rotor, measuring stronger downwash velocities. These results may support validation of computational tools for dynamic interface analysis, as well as evaluate modifications to the ship’s hangar for the purpose of altering the ship’s wake.
Neurocomputational Nosology: Malfunctions of Models and Mechanisms.

Executive dysfunctions, psychopathologies arising from problems in the control and regulation of behavior, can occur as a result of the faulty execution of formal information processing models or as a result of malfunctioning neural mechanisms. The models correspond to the formal descriptions of how signals in the environment must be transformed in order to behave adaptively, and the mechanisms correspond to the signal transformations that nervous systems implement in order to execute those cognitive functions. Mechanisms in the form of repeated patterns of neural dynamics execute information processing models. Two distinct modes of malfunction can occur when neural dynamics execute models of information processing. The processing models describing behavior may fail to be executed correctly by neural mechanisms. Or, the neural mechanisms may malfunction, failing to implement the right computation. As an example of malfunctioning models in executive cognition, purported failures of rule following can be understood as failures to appropriately execute a suite of processing models. As an example of malfunctioning mechanisms of executive cognition, maladaptive behavior resulting from dysfunction in the medial prefrontal cortex can be understood as failures in the signal transformations carried out therein. The purpose of these examples is to illustrate the potential benefits of considering models and mechanisms in the diagnosis and etiology of neuropsychological illness and dysfunction, especially disorders of executive cognition.
Design and Implementation of RFID System in Portable Reader

To direct toward the shortcomings of the existing RFID reader,then this paper proposes an overall design scheme for RFID portable reader.This scheme focuses on the study of data storage module based on USB-Host technology,and carries out the corresponding design of hardware and software,which make the designed reader can also work independently.
Plasma formation during operation of diode (DPAL) and excimer (XPAL) pumped alkali lasers

Large densities of alkali excited states are produced during operation of the diode (DPAL) and excimer (XPAL) pumped alkali laser. Through superelastic electron collision-al relaxation of these states, any pre-existing electrons can be heated, leading to additional ionization. Lasing on the D1 transition (62P1/2 → 62S1/2) of Cs can be achieved in both diode and excimer pumped alkali lasers. The first uses the D2 transition (62P3/2 → 62S1/2) for pumping, whereas the second is pumped by photoexcitation of ground state Cs-Ar collisional pairs and subsequent dissociation of diatomic, electronically-excited CsAr molecules (excimers). In spite of lasing on the same Di transition, differences in pumping schemes enable different chemical pathways and characteristic timescales which are unique for each system. We have developed a global model to investigate the operation of DPAL and XPAL side-by-side in Ar/Cs/C2H6 system. Plasma characteristics and their impact have been investigated as a function of pump power, cell temperature and excitation frequency.
Forest ecosystems of temperate climatic regions: from ancient use to climate change.

'Summary' 871 I. 'Introduction' 871 II. 'A brief biogeography and history of temperate forests' 874 III. 'Climate, soils, composition and land use' 875 IV. 'Climate change' 878 V. 'Epilogue' 882 'Acknowledgements' 884 References 884 Summary Humans have long utilized resources from all forest biomes, but the most indelible anthropogenic signature has been the expanse of human populations in temperate forests. The purpose of this review is to bring into focus the diverse forests of the temperate region of the biosphere, including those of hardwood, conifer and mixed dominance, with a particular emphasis on crucial challenges for the future of these forested areas. Implicit in the term ‘temperate’ is that the predominant climate of these forest regions has distinct cyclic, seasonal changes involving periods of growth and dormancy. The specific temporal patterns of seasonal change, however, display an impressive variability among temperate forest regions. In addition to the more apparent current anthropogenic disturbances of temperate forests, such as forest management and conversion to agriculture, human alteration of temperate forests is actually an ancient phenomenon, going as far back as 7000 yr before present (bp). As deep-seated as these past legacies are for temperate forests, all current and future perturbations, including timber harvesting, excess nitrogen deposition, altered species’ phenologies, and increasing frequency of drought and fire, must be viewed through the lens of climate change.