cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shock compression response of poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) plastic to 985 GPa

Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) plastic (PMP) is a hydrocarbon polymer with potential applications to inertial confinement fusion experiments and as a Hugoniot impedance matching standard for equation of state experiments. Using Sandia's Z-machine, we performed a series of flyer plate experiments to measure the principal Hugoniot and reshock states of PMP up to 985 GPa. The principal Hugoniot measurements validate density functional theory (DFT) calculations along the Hugoniot. The DFT calculations are further analyzed using a bond tracking method to understand the dissociation pathway under shock compression. Complete dissociation occurs at a compression factor similar to other sp3-hybridized, C-C bonded systems, which suggests a limiting compression for C-C bonds. The combined experimental and DFT results provide a solid basis for constructing an equation of state model for PMP.
Historical Interfaces Between American Neurology and Psychiatry

Medical specialization evolved out of the burgeoning scientific advances of the 19th century (1). This movement was an international one, but most pronounced in France, where the celebrated Faculte de Medecine in Paris developed numerous professorial chairs to honor and prioritize advances in selective medical fields (2). Other countries echoed this movement, adapting the concept of specialization to their own medical cultures and working with the experts available in their universities. Some specialties related primarily to the emerging laboratory disciplines, such as microbiology, pathology, pharmacology, and physiology. In most instances, however, clinical specialties were based anatomically, dividing the human body by organ systems and leading to divisions like pulmonology, dermatology, cardiology, and others. Because each organ system was distinct, these specialties were largely autonomous from one another, integrating with each other only through their original base of internal medicine.
Adoptive immunotherapy using donor leukocyte infusions to treat relapsed hematologic malignancies after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is the only curative therapy for a number of patients with hematologic malignancies. The therapeutic efficacy of allogeneic marrow transplantation derives from the conditioning regimen which is myeloablative and the allogeneic marrow graft itself which is able to exert an antileukemic effect against residual malignant cell populations. This phenomenon which has been termed the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect is mediated by immunocompetent cells resident in the donor marrow graft (1). Support for the existence of the GVL effect has come from both animal models (2,3) and epidemiological studies in man (4) which have provided strong evidence that allogeneic marrow transplantation is a potent demonstration of effective adoptive immunotherapy.
Responses to Natural Disasters

Many individuals experience natural disasters including earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes, tsunamis, and wildfires; residents of developing nations experience greater/more severe risk. While many individuals display resilience post-disaster, deleterious physical and mental health problems are also common and correlate with disaster characteristics, demographic indicators, socioeconomic status, and pre-disaster mental health. Post-disaster responses have been examined less frequently among children; detrimental effects may persist for decades. Longitudinal assessments post-disaster are relatively uncommon, although critical for understanding long-term adaptation. Logistical difficulties generate challenges for disaster research and marked variability in methodologies has hindered cross-study comparisons. Improved designs may enhance current knowledge, improving outreach services.
Observation of the Pion Double-Charge-Exchange Reaction O 18 ( π + , π − ) Ne 18

The pion double-charge-exchange reaction $^{18}\mathrm{O}({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}, {\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}})^{18}\mathrm{Ne}$ has been observed. A value of $(\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d\ensuremath{\Omega}})(0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{})=1.78\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.30$ \ensuremath{\mu}b/sr was obtained at a pion energy of 139 MeV for the $\ensuremath{\Delta}{T}_{z}=2$ isobaric analog transition from the ground state of oxygen-18 to the ground state of neon-18.
Control of the brain microcirculation following traumatic brain injury and stroke

The cerebral microvessels are parenchymal branches of the brain's penetrating vessels that include small diameter arterioles and capillaries and through which the cerebral microcirculation delivers vital metabolites to the brain. In contrast to conductance or meningeal vessels, vasomotor tone in cerebral microvessels is not dependent on the action of the sympathetic nervous system but rather on a combination of vasoreactive agents such as angiotensin, vasopressin, and purines from both brain endogenous and exogenous sources. The microvascular wall consists mainly of endothelial cells (ECs), smooth muscle cells, and pericytes (PCs) as well as the sieve-like basal lamina (BL), which together with perivascular astroglia (AS) interact dynamically to maintain the integrity and permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To ensure constant delivery of oxygen and glucose, the flow of blood through microcirculation is under autoregulatory control, both systemically and locally at the level of the microvascular wall. At the microvascular wall, endothelin (ET) and nitric oxide (NO) as well as circulating agents provide local vasopressor and vasodepressor effects that are crucial to maintain a normal vasomotor tone. Following trauma or stroke, three major pathologies occur: 1) alterations in structural integrity of microvessels and brain parenchymal cells, 2) acute edema formation, and 3) sustained hypoperfusion from vasospasm. Other pathologies that may contribute to a defective microcirculation include the formation of microthrombi and hemorrhaging, which can exacerbate the immune response. A defective microcirculation due to the loss of autoregulatory control of microvessels may contribute to the brain's shift to anaerobic metabolism and to the formation of oxygen-free radicals, considered to be a major source of injury to nerve cells and the BBB. The diverse pathophysiologies ensuing from these events lead to nerve cell loss and poor neurological outcome. Because of these diverse pathophysiologies, monotherapeutic interventions to improve the microcirculation after trauma and stroke have had limited success both at the bench and the clinic. Recent polytherapeutic interventions aiming at improving the microcirculation as well as cell viability and neurological outcome after trauma and stroke are discussed.
Association Between Race and Case Fatality Rate in Hospitalizations for Sepsis

Differentiating whether disparities in outcomes for sepsis among racial groups are due to differences in hospital care versus pre-hospitalization factors is an important step in developing effective strategies to reduce these disparities. As such, we examined the association between race and case fatality rates among hospitalizations for sepsis. This was a case-control study of hospitalizations for sepsis in all acute-care, non-federal California hospitals during 2011. The association between hospital mortality and race was examined using hierarchical logistic regression analysis. Among 131,831 hospitalizations for sepsis, the unadjusted case fatality rates were 15.1 % in whites, 14.0 % in blacks, 13.8 % in Hispanics, and 16.2 % in Asians (P < 0.001). Compared to whites, the odds of hospital mortality was 0.84 (95 % CI 0.79–0.89) for blacks, 0.88 (95 % CI 0.84–0.92) for Hispanics, and 0.93 (95 % CI 0.87–0.98) for Asians after controlling for patient, healthcare systems, and hospital-level factors. There was no difference in the variability of sepsis mortality across hospitals between racial groups. The range of case fatality rates for sepsis among hospitals was 8.3–22.9 % for whites, 9.1–20.5 % for blacks, 7.0–19.1 % for Hispanics, and 10.0–23.0 % for Asians. Case fatality rates for sepsis hospitalizations are lower in minority racial groups in California. Future studies and interventions that seek to reduce racial disparities in sepsis need to focus on pre-hospitalization factors that contribute to population-level racial differences in sepsis outcomes.
Antibody Response to Myelin Basic Protein: Comparisons Between Lewis Rats with Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis, and Tolerant Rats

The hemagglutinating antibody responses of Lewis rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and of rats rendered unresponsive to this autoimmune disease by pretreatment with myelin basic protein (BP) were compared. Most tolerant animals produced low levels of hemagglutinating antibody. Similarly, most rats with EAE also produced anti-BP antibodies. We were unable to correlate hemagglutinin production or titer with protection against disease. Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) studies reveal cross-reactivity between rat, guinea pig and bovine BP. HAI studies with BP-derived peptides suggest that at least three distinct antibody-binding determinants exist in the BP molecule, and that individual inbred Lewis rats respond differently with respect to antibody production to these sites.
Mechanisms of DNA methylation, methyl-CpG recognition, and demethylation in mammals

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the recent structural and biochemical advances in the study of mammalian DNA MTases and their associated protein factor(s), and touches on the functional links between histone modification and that of DNA. The mammalian cells can be very broadly divided into three categories—intrinsic promoter strength and availability of core transcription machinery, the actions of promoter- or regulon-specific transcription factors (positive and negative), and the control of DNA accessibility by altering chromatin structure. Modifications to histones and postreplicational modification of DNA are the focus of recent extensive studies. In mammals and other vertebrates, DNA methylation occurs at the C5 position of cytosine (5mC), mostly within CpG dinucleotides, with the Dnmt enzymes using a conserved mechanism. This mechanism involves MTase binding to the DNA, eversion of the target nucleotide so that it projects out of the double helix (“base flipping”), covalent attack of a conserved Cys nucleophile on cytosine C6, transfer of the methyl group from S-adenosylL-methionine (AdoMet) to the activated cytosine C5, and the various release steps. This methylation, together with histone modifications, plays an important role in modulating chromatin structure, thus controlling gene expression and many other chromatin-dependent processes.
Prophylactic Phenobarbital after Resolution of Neonatal Seizures

The degree of practice variation in continuance of phenobarbital treatment despite resolution of neonatal seizures was evaluated by national survey conducted at the University of Rochester Medical Center, New York.
Behavioral Health Information Technology: From Chaos To Clarity

The use of health information technology (IT) in general health care has been shown to have significant potential to facilitate the delivery of safe, high-quality, and cost-effective care. However, its application to behavioral health care has been slow, limiting the extent to which consumers seeking care for mental health or substance use disorders can derive its benefits. The goal of this article is to provide an overview of the use of health IT in behavioral health and to describe some unique challenges experienced in that domain. We also highlight current obstacles to, and recommendations for, the use of health IT in improving the quality of behavioral health care. We conclude with recommendations for prioritizing the work that we believe will move the US health care system toward more effective, efficient, and patient-centric care in behavioral health.
Psychobiography and Psychohistory

In the present chapter we will not attempt to trace the historical development of the field of psychohistory. This has been done adequately elsewhere (Anderson, 1978; Barnes, 1925; Garraty, 1954; Glad, 1973; Kren & Rappoport, 1973). Nor will we cover all works to which the labels psychohistory or psychobiography have been applied. Focusing on political subjects, we review the existing psychohistorical literature. We begin by defining psychohistory and then differentiate it from related fields. Following this is an extensive analysis—both in-depth and broadly based—of specific psychohistorical studies. Since most of psychohistory is psychobiography (i.e., studies focusing on individuals) we give most attention to these studies. But we also discuss those few attempts to apply psychology to social movements in the past. Thus, this chapter reflects approximately the prevailing trends of psychohistory.
P2P Offloading in Mobile Networks using SDN

The peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture and the mobile network architecture have conflicting designs. P2P can take advantage of peers being in close proximity to decrease latency. However, the mobile network is hierarchical as routing is directed through centralized gateways. Because of network state needed to establish connections in the mobile network, user equipment's traffic needs to travel up the hierarchy before being redirected back down to a nearby peering device. The inherent delay and the additional network state strip P2P applications of their primary advantages over client-server applications. We have developed an SDN architecture to offload and redirect peering traffic before reaching the core of the mobile network. Our implementation allows for any P2P communication independent of the mobile provider and the peering application. We have evaluated our design and demonstrate that there is a decrease in latency by approximately a factor of two with our method compared to a standard P2P procedure between smartphones in the same mobile network.
Radio Astronomy at WARC MOB-87

The World Administrative Radio Conference for the Mobile Services (WARC Mob-87), held in Geneva in September-October, 1987, took several actions that will have an impact on radio astronomy. Worldwide frequency allocations were made for the Radiodetermination Satellite Service (RDSS) in the 1610 to 1626.5 MHz band. The secondary allocation to radio astronomy in this band has received strong protection, however. The 1660 to 1660.5 MHz band, which radio astronomy shared on a primary basis with the Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Service has been reallocated to the Land Mobile Satellite Service, shared with radio astronomy on a similar basis. The impact that this reallocation will have on radio astronomy is not clear. Since the Radioastronomy Service is primary in the band, Mobile Satellite Systems that evolve will have to provide adequate protection. Perhaps most significantly, WARC Mob-87 recommended that a conference be convened to reallocate all bands in the 1 to 3 GHz range, no later than in 1992. Several other conferences dealing with particular services have been proposed. At first glance, some of these some of these proposals may not appear to have an impact on radio astronomy. They will, however, increase the pressure on the entire radio spectrum. Finally, it is highly likely that a General WARC will be proposed to be held before the end of the 1990s. The radio astronomy community will have to prepare for these conferences.
Multi-scanning mechanism enabled rapid non-mechanical multi-dimensional KTN beam deflector

In this paper, a multi-dimensional KTN beam deflector is presented. The multi-scanning mechanisms, including space-charge- controlled beam deflection, composition gradient-induced beam deflection, and temperature gradient-induced beam deflection are harnessed. Since multi-dimensional scanning can be realized in a single KTN crystal, it represents a compact and cost-effective approach to realize multi-dimensional scanning, which can be very useful for many applications, including high speed, high resolution imaging, and rapid 3D printing.
Troubled Relationships under the GATS: Tensions Between Market Access (Article XVI), National Treatment (Article XVII) and Domestic Regulation (Article VI)

The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) was adopted in order to establish meaningful liberalization rules, while preserving the right of Members to regulate. To that end, three provisions form the centerpiece of liberalization: market access (Article XVI GATS), national treatment (Article XVII GATS), and domestic regulation (Article VI GATS). Although these provisions contain different obligations, in certain conditions they can overlap. How this issue is resolved could undermine the delicate balance between liberalization and the right to regulate. As the GATS provides no guidance, the task of determining the applicable rules has been delegated to the World Trade Organization (WTO) adjudicating bodies. This paper examines how the three provisions have been interpreted, and analyzes the most applicable way to address the diversity of barriers to trade in services.
A Highly Sensitive Biosensor for ATP Using a Chimeric Firefly Luciferase

Firefly luciferases, which emit visible light in a highly specific ATP-dependent process, have been adapted for a variety of applications based on the detection of the enzymes or using the proteins to measure ATP levels. Based on studies of chimeric luciferases, we engineered a novel luciferase called PLG2 that has enhanced specific activity, and thermal and pH stability compared to the commonly used Photinus pyralis luciferase. We present here protocols for preparing a single assay mixture containing PLG2 that can be used to readily detect femtomole levels of ATP. Our methodology can be used with a variety of samples, including human and bacterial cells, where measurements of ATP can be used as a biosensor for the detection of viable cells.
Dysfunctional Population Growth: The Links to Human Suffering

Nearly all of the annual population growth of 83 million people (UN, World population prospects: the 2015 revision. Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, New York, 2015a) is occurring in developing countries where about 40% of pregnancies are unplanned or unwanted (Sedgh et al., Stud Family Plan 45(3):301–314, 2014). These unintended pregnancies result in either unsafe abortions or births that are high risk and frequently cause the suffering of ill health or premature death. Reproductive health services that provide safe childbirth, modern contraception and safe abortion care are essential to avoiding and relieving suffering caused by risks to health. Reproductive justice also alleviates the detrimental effects of rapid population growth on the welfare of people and on life-supporting planetary ecosystems. Family planning protects and advances human rights and justice, and enhances personal, family and national economic development. In 2014 an estimated 225 million women in developing countries who wanted to avoid a pregnancy were not using an effective contraceptive method because they lacked information, access or face other barriers to using contraception (Singh et al. Adding it up: the costs and benefits of investing in sexual and reproductive health 2014. Guttmacher Institute and United Nations Population Fund, New York, 2014). Access to safe abortion services is even more constrained. To provide family planning to all women in developing countries who want to end or delay childbearing requires an increase from an estimated $4.1 billion from all sources to $9.4 billion annually (Singh et al. Adding it up: the costs and benefits of investing in sexual and reproductive health 2014. Guttmacher Institute and United Nations Population Fund, New York, 2014). With sufficient political will and devotion of adequate financial and other resources the high-fertility developing countries, such as those in Sub-Saharan Africa, could make the transition from high to low birth rates, slow their rapid population growth and achieve social and economic progress.
Enduring effects of perinatal nicotine exposure on murine sleep in adulthood

The long-term consequences of early life nicotine exposure are poorly defined. Approximately 8–10% of women report smoking during pregnancy, and this may promote aberrant development in the offspri...
Hospital Chaplains: Through the Eyes of Parents of Hospitalized Children.

Abstract Background: Chaplain services are available in 68% of hospitals, but hospital chaplains are not yet incorporated into routine patient care. Objectives: To describe how families of hospitalized children view and utilize hospital chaplains. Design: Telephone survey with 40 questions: Likert, yes/no, and short-answer responses. Subjects: Parents visited by a hospital chaplain during their child's hospitalization in a tertiary care center. Measurements: Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the sample. Nonparametrics were used to compare religious versus nonreligious parents. Regression was used to identify independent predictors of a chaplain visit positively influencing satisfaction with hospital care. Results: Seventy-four parents were interviewed; most were 25–50 years old, and 75% felt their child was very sick. Children ranged from newborn to adolescence. Forty-two percent of parents requested a chaplain visit; of the 58% with an unsolicited visit, 11% would have preferred giving pri...
SP4 Can text appeal be used to assess pain control

Aims Can an automated texting system be used to gather data about analgesia usage after discharge and post-operative pain scores? Our opioid analgesic for post-operative pain control had changed from codeine to morphine two years earlier. Was this dosing and supply adequate or excessive and how could we assess pain control for patients at home? Some surgeons described their technique as ‘relatively painless’ and had as a consequence chosen to stop prescribing any opioid after surgery. Previous audits by post or telephone had achieved a 40% response rate at best. Could we use the smart ‘phones that all parents carry around instead? Methods We recruited patients undergoing tonsillectomy ± adenoidectomy, and recorded their age, weight, gender, diagnostic indication for surgery and surgical technique. After overcoming a few IT challenges and with written consent, parents were texted a series of questions for 10 evenings postoperatively, starting the day following surgery. Questions (requiring a single digit response) included the maximum pain score (0–10) experienced, the analgesic drugs administered and any nausea or vomiting (PONV) experienced that day. Responses were stored in a secure database for analysis. Results 33 patients were recruited with1 surgical cancellation. 27/32 (84%) parents responded to texts on ≥5 days.2 Patients with poor responses were excluded. Of the 30 studied, 50% were male, with age range 10 months to 15 years, and weight range 6.6 kg to 64 kg. 21 patients had sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and 14 patients had experienced recurrent tonsillitis, including 5 who also had SDB. All children had paracetamol and ibuprofen available, but 4 patients were discharged without morphine. The average pain score ranged from 4.0 on Day 1 to a peak of 5.5 on Day 6 to a minimum of 2 on Day 10. In total, 69.2% parents gave their children morphine on one or more days in addition to simple analgesia. The rate of PONV was 30%, unrelated to morphine use. Conclusion SMS proved very successful for data collection and has great potential for further audit studies. Our data shows that pain is a significant problem for up to 10 days post-tonsillectomy and has confirmed the requirement for opioid rescue medication for all patients after discharge. We have now re-agreed a standard analgesic regime and staved off any suggestion there was just to recommend that parents buy analgesia. References Williams G, et al. The prevalence of pain at home and its consequences in children following two types of short stay surgery: A multicentre observational cohort study. Paediatric Anaesthesia 2015;25:1254–1263. Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Guidance for the administration of codeine and alternative opioid analgesics in children Nov 2013.
Is There an Optimal Sperm DNA Test

Sperm DNA assays have become more commonplace in the evaluation of male infertility. They provide additional information to the standard semen analysis, potentially identifying male factor issues leading to infertility and predicting outcomes for assisted reproduction techniques. This chapter provides an overview of the more commonly used assays, reviews correlations and comparisons among the assays, and contends whether there may be an ideal assay for determination of sperm DNA integrity.
Criteria and Tools for Determining Drainage Divide Stability

Abstract Watersheds are the fundamental organizing units in landscapes and thus the controls on drainage divide location and mobility are an essential facet of landscape evolution. Additionally, many common topographic analyses fundamentally assume that river network topology and divide locations are largely static, allowing channel profile form to be interpreted in terms of spatio-temporal patterns of rock uplift rate relative to base level, climate, or rock properties. Recently however, it has been suggested that drainage divides are more mobile than previously thought and that divide mobility, and resulting changes in drainage area, could potentially confound interpretations of river profiles. Ultimately, reliable metrics are needed to diagnose the mobility of divides as part of routine landscape analyses. One such recently proposed metric is cross-divide contrasts in χ, a proxy for steady-state channel elevation, but cross-divide contrasts in a number of topographic metrics show promise. Here we use a series of landscape evolution simulations in which we induce divide mobility under different conditions to test the utility of a suite of topographic metrics of divide mobility and for comparison with natural examples in the eastern Greater Caucasus Mountains, the Kars Volcanic Plateau, and the western San Bernadino Mountains. Specifically, we test cross-divide contrasts in mean gradient, mean local relief, channel bed elevation, and χ all measured at, or averaged upstream of, a reference drainage area. Our results highlight that cross-divide contrasts in χ only faithfully reflect current divide mobility when uplift, rock erodibility, climate, and catchment outlet elevation are uniform across both river networks on either side of the divide, otherwise a χ-anomaly only indicates a possible future divide instability. The other metrics appear to be more reliable representations of current divide motion, but in natural landscapes, only cross-divide contrasts in mean gradient and local relief appear to consistently provide useful information. Multiple divide metrics should be considered simultaneously and across-divide values of all metrics examined quantitatively as visual assessment is not sufficiently reliable in many cases. We provide a series of Matlab tools built using TopoToolbox to facilitate routine analysis.
Liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy: genes and metabolism

The capacity of the liver to repair injury or restore partial loss is extraordinary — more so because the essential highly differentiated functions are maintained throughout the growth process, standing out as an exception to the often expressed view that growth and differentiation are mutually exclusive processes. The rat exceeds a whole range of species, including the mouse, in the rapidity of this so-called regeneration, a term almost universally used, and misleading since the excised lobes do not regrow. The regenerative process in the rat resembles the restoration in human liver closely enough to merit its continuing widespread investigation. New reviews include LaBrecque, 1991; Fausto and Webber, 1994; Russell and DuBois, 1994; Bucher, 1995; Michalopoulos, 1995.
What's this XNA thing I keep hearing about?: conference workshop

Microsoft's XNA Game Studio 3.0 has received favorable reviews in trade journals and was released with much hype in October, 2008 [6]. This workshop as planned will consist of a one-hour hands-on introduction to XNA Game Studio so participants can get familiar with XNA Game Studio; its structure and capabilities. XNA Game Studio utilizes C#.Net and works within Visual Studio 2008. Participants must be able to program in Java or C# and familiarity with Visual Studio would be helpful.
Decisions, Decisions: Choices That Affect Retirement Income Adequacy - EBRI's 72nd Policy Forum

On May 9, 2013, the Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI) convened its 72nd biannual policy forum in Washington, DC, where a wide range of national experts on U.S. retirement policy offered the roughly 200 attendees insights on topics such as the impacts of a sustained low-interest-rate environment on retirement savings and retirement income, the influences of the employer match in 401(k) plans, and suggestions on how to help plans and participants optimize their distribution choices - in particular rollover, drawdown, and annuity options. This paper presents key findings discussed at the policy forum and include the following: (1) Roughly a quarter of Baby Boomers and Gen-Xers, who would have had adequate retirement income under historical averages, would end up running short of money in retirement if today’s rates are assumed to be a permanent condition, although there is likely to be little impact from low bond rates on the lowest-income group. (2) The current interest rate environment, and its duration, has implications for defined contribution plans in term of the type(s) of fixed-income offerings on the menu, as well as stable-value and target-date funds. (3) The level of the match seems to have an impact on contribution levels in voluntary enrollment 401(k) plans, less so with automatic enrollment plan designs. (4) There doesn’t appear to be any linkage between adopting automatic enrollment and changes to the employer contribution level/timing. (5) The vast majority of defined benefit (pension) plan participants who were not forced to take an annuity chose to take a lump-sum distribution. (6) Plan design matters, both in term of the savings decisions participants make, and the decisions they make post-retirement. The PDF for the above title, published in the July 2013 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another July 2013 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: “Tracking Health Insurance Coverage by Month: Trends in Employment-Based Coverage Among Workers, and Access to Coverage Among Uninsured Workers, 1995-2012”.
The American Association of Blood Banks Inspection and Accreditation Program for Parentage Testing Laboratories

The Parentage Testing Inspection and Accreditation (PT-I&A) Program of the American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) was conceived and created by the AABB Committee on Parentage Testing in 1984. Although implementation of the program was originally the responsibility of the Parentage Testing Committee, in 1993 the AABB Board of Directors separated the PT-I&A program from the committee and merged it with the AABB National I&A Program for Blood Banks and Transfusion Services which is where it remains today.
Assessing Coverage and Throughput for D2D Communication

In this paper, we access the performance of a Device-to-Device (D2D) communication link. Particularly, we design a framework to evaluate performance with respect to coverage probability and average throughput. Our modeling framework considers a variety of D2D deployment scenarios (i.e., Outdoor-to-Outdoor, Outdoor-to-Indoor, and Indoor-to-Indoor), channel effects (i.e., path loss, shadowing, and small-scale fading), and system parameters (i.e., resource block size, fixed Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) versus adaptive MCS, and transmit power). For the defined scenarios, we derive mathematical expressions for the coverage probability and average throughput as a function of the distance between two D2D user equipments. Based on the designed framework, we conduct an extensive performance evaluation of the D2D communication link under various D2D deployment scenarios with varying channel effects. We also evaluate the impact of system parameters, including Physical Resource Block (PRB) size, fixed/adaptive MCS, and transmit power, on the performance of D2D communication links. Our results demonstrate the expected performance that can be achieved in practical D2D scenarios.
Tumor-intrinsic PIK3CA represses tumor immunogenecity in a model of pancreatic cancer

The presence of tumor-infiltrating T cells is associated with favorable patient outcomes, yet most pancreatic cancers are immunologically silent and resistant to currently available immunotherapies. Here we show using a syngeneic orthotopic implantation model of pancreatic cancer that Pik3ca regulates tumor immunogenicity. Genetic silencing of Pik3ca in KrasG12D/Trp53R172H-driven pancreatic tumors resulted in infiltration of T cells, complete tumor regression, and 100% survival of immunocompetent host mice. By contrast, Pik3ca-null tumors implanted in T cell-deficient mice progressed and killed all of the animals. Adoptive transfer of tumor antigen-experienced T cells eliminated Pik3ca-null tumors in immunodeficient mice. Loss of PIK3CA or inhibition of its effector, AKT, increased the expression of MHC Class I and CD80 on tumor cells. These changes contributed to the increased susceptibility of Pik3ca-null tumors to T cell surveillance. Our results indicate that tumor cell PIK3CA-AKT signaling limits T cell recognition and clearance of pancreatic cancer cells. Strategies that target this pathway may yield an effective immunotherapy for this cancer.
Microstructural characterization of YBa2Cu3O7−x

A detailed characterization study on polycrystalline specimens of YBa2Cu3Oy-x that were prepared by solid-state reaction techniques has been carried out. In the samples studied. magnetization and resistivity measurements indicate superconductivity onset temperatures of up to 89 K. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques have been used to facilitate direct microstructural characterization. It is shown that the planar defects on (001) planes form during the ion milling of the samples and are not directly connected with superconductivity. Laser Raman spectroscopy has revealed that these materials are sensitive to environmental degradation.
Toward a Republican Liberalism

Modern democracies are governed by elected elites providing only limited opportunities for a popular role in government. In Lincoln's terms they are governments "of" but not in any sense "by" the people. The central democratic justification of such governments is that they tend to work tolerably well "for" the people, at least compared to feasible alternatives. Theories of elite competition attempt to provide some reassurance that competition for office may induce officials to pay attention to popular wants and, in that way, to show how a government could satisfy Lincoln's third test -- furthering common interests.
Administration of Community Participation in Small-Scale Projects: Brownfield Remediation in Los Angeles:

This study examines when and how community involvement occurs in the remediation processes of brownfield sites in Los Angeles County, California. Although community participation is usually conside...
Framing and Teaching Nature of Science as Questions

Many scholars have raised concerns about NOS tenets put forward to guide science education efforts. Despite the well-intentioned purpose of NOS tenets, like all statements of final form knowledge for schooling, they inadvertently encourage and support a low ceiling for teaching and learning, and are easily interpreted as declarative statements to know rather than deeply understand. This chapter argues that framing and teaching the NOS as questions more accurately reflects the contextual and nuanced character of the NOS, and is also a more pedagogically sound approach for promoting a deeper understanding of fundamental NOS issues, many that are neglected in popular lists of tenets. Two extensive examples are provided illustrating the teaching and learning of important NOS ideas via questions.
Pathogenesis of inclusion body myositis.

Purpose of review To review the pathogenesis of inclusion body myositis (IBM). Recent findings IBM is an autoimmune disease. Multiple arms of the immune system are activated, but a direct attack on muscle fibers by highly differentiated T cells drives muscle destruction. Summary Further understanding of the pathogenesis of IBM guides rational approaches to developing therapeutic strategies.
Introduction: Navigating Unchartered Waters

Deepening intrastate conflicts; growing interstate tensions; and a slew of old and new transnational threats, including the climate and COVID-19 crises—coupled with the populist challenges to globalization, evident in the messy trade wars; the crisis in multilateralism along with the emergence of a disorderly multipolar and multi-stakeholder world; the rapid pace of technology evolution and diffusion with the potential of creating asymmetrical competition; and widespread distrust of authority due to global social media and “fake news”—reflect disruptions and discontinuities in global affairs, and have the potential for the destruction of the world order as we know it. This chapter argues that while destruction is not inevitable, navigating the multitude of discontinuities and disruptions will require concerted collective action at all levels, from the individual to the global.
Undergraduate versus graduate nursing students: Differences in nutrition, physical activity, and self-reported body mass index

This study compared self-reported nutrition, physical activity, and body mass index (BMI) in undergraduate versus graduate nursing students. Respondents included 233 undergraduate and 230 graduate ...
The Sampling and Caching Subsystem (SCS) for the Scientific Exploration of Jezero Crater by the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover

The Mars 2020 mission seeks to conduct a new scientific exploration on the surface of Mars. The Perseverance Rover will be sent to the surface of the Jezero Crater region to study its habitability, search for biosignatures of past life, acquire and cache samples for potential return, and prepare for possible human missions. To enable these objectives, an innovative Sampling and Caching Subsystem (SCS) has been developed and tested to allow the Perseverance Rover to acquire and cache rock core and regolith samples, prepare abraded rock surfaces, and support proximity science instruments. The SCS consists of the Robotic Arm (RA), the Turret and Corer, and the Adaptive Caching Assembly (ACA). These elements reside and interact both inside and outside of the Perseverance Rover to enable surface interactions, sample transfer, and caching. The main body of the Turret consists of the Coring Drill (Corer) with a Launch Abrading Bit initially installed prior to launch. Mounted to the Turret main structure are two proximity science instruments, SHERLOC and PIXL, as well as the Gas Dust Removal Tool (gDRT) and the Facility Contact Sensor (FCS). These work together with the RA to provide the sample acquisition, abraded surface preparation, and proximity science functions. The ACA is a network of assemblies largely inside the front belly of the Rover, which combine to perform the sample handling and caching functions of the mission. The ACA primarily consists of the Bit Carousel, the Sample Handling Assembly (SHA), End Effector (EE), Sample Tubes and their Sample Tube Storage Assembly (STSA), Seals and their Dispenser, Volume, and Tube Assembly (DVT), the Sealing Station, the Vision Station, the Cover Parking Lot, and additional supporting hardware. These components attach to the Caching Component Mounting Deck (CCMD) that is integrated with the Rover interior. This work describes these major elements of the SCS, with an emphasis on the functionality required to perform the set of tasks and interactions required by the subsystem. Key considerations of contamination control and biological cleanliness throughout the development of these hardware elements are also discussed. Additionally, aspects of testing and validating the functionality of the SCS are described. Early prototypes and tests matured the designs over several years and eventually led to the flight hardware and integrated testing in both Earth ambient and Mars-like environments. Multiple unique testbed venues were developed and used to enable testing from low-level mechanism operation through end-to-end sampling and caching interactions with the full subsystem and flight software. Various accomplishments from these testing efforts are highlighted. These past and ongoing tests support the successful preparations of the SCS on its pathway to operations on Mars.
The incentive for working hard: explaining hours worked differences in the US and Germany

Abstract This paper seeks to explain the greater hours worked by Americans compared to Germans in terms of forward-looking labor supply responses to differences in earnings inequality between the countries. We argue that workers choose current hours of work to gain promotions and advance in the distribution of earnings. Since US earnings are more unequally distributed than German earnings, the same extra work pays off more in the US, generating more hours worked. Supporting this inequality–hours hypothesis, we show that in both countries hours worked is positively related to earnings inequality in cross-section occupational contrasts and that hours worked raises future wages and promotion prospects in longitudinal data.
Intercultural Communication, the Influence of Trauma, and the Pursuit of Asylum in the United States

This project analyzes the roles of communication and culture in credible fear interviews and asylum hearings in the United States to elucidate how autobiographical testimonies enable and restrain asylum seekers in their efforts to establish themselves as deserving of protection. This work shows how trauma influences one’s ability to narrate their past and argues that culturally-bound storytelling norms negatively and unevenly threaten the outcomes of some asylum cases. I support this claim with evidence from oral history interviews with asylum seekers, immigration officers, judges, and attorneys.
The Determinants of Hospital and HMO Vertically Integrated Delivery Systems in a Competitive Health Care Sector

As a response to increased competition in the U.S. health care system, there have been a number of structural changes such as substantial increases in the number of hospital closings, horizontal mergers, and vertical combinations. This paper uses logistic regression and ordinary least squares models to attempt to understand why short-term, non-federal hospitals have created vertically integrated systems with HMOs in urban and rural markets during the 1993–1997 period. During this period, 1,917 integrated systems were formed while 1,466 dissolved. The empirical results indicate that the relative buying power of hospitals is a significant determinant of why hospitals would create vertically integrated systems with HMOs. Other variables also have significant effects upon the creation of vertical affiliations both at the individual hospital level and at the market level.
The Federal Circuit's Decision in Myriad: Isolated DNA Molecules are Patentable Subject Matter

Introduction 443 I. Background 446 A. The Science of DNA 446 B. Facts and Procedural History 447 II. Analysis 449 A. Section 101 Analyses Should Focus on Differences from Naturally Occurring Compositions Rather Than Similarities 449 B. Differences Between the Chemical Structures of Isolated and Native DNA Molecules Render Isolated DNA Molecules Patentable 452 C. Maintaining Patent Eligibility of Isolated DNA Sequences Comports With Longstanding PTO Practice 454 Conclusion 455
Genetic instabilities in human cancers

Whether and how human tumours are genetically unstable has been debated for decades. There is now evidence that most cancers may indeed be genetically unstable, but that the instability exists at two distinct levels. In a small subset of tumours, the instability is observed at the nucleotide level and results in base substitutions or deletions or insertions of a few nucleotides. In most other cancers, the instability is observed at the chromosome level, resulting in losses and gains of whole chromosomes or large portions thereof. Recognition and comparison of these instabilities are leading to new insights into tumour pathogenesis.
The Electronic Resources (ER) Librarian and Patrons with Disabilities

SUMMARY The Electronic Resource (ER) librarian must be familiar with Web technology. Central to the electronic resource position is access. A critical aspect of ensuring access is providing access to users with disabilities. Laws requiring accessible resources and libraries are briefly discussed. Guidelines for accessible Web pages are discussed in detail, as are the elements that comprise accessible Web page design. Studies reviewing the general accessibility of Web resources in higher education, Web pages of college and university libraries, and the Web pages of library schools indicate that approximately 50% are accessible. A study at Oregon State University indicated that 95% of all subscription databases were accessible in 2002 whereas in 1995, 95% were inaccessible. Assistive technologies and additional resources to help ER Librarians better serve users with disabilities are identified.
Abstract T P113: Orpington Prognostic Scale: A Predictive Tool for Discharge Outcome in a Hyper Acute Stroke Unit

Introduction: An accurate assessment of the severity of impairment and prediction of prognosis following stroke is important for determining rehabilitation needs of stroke patients. The study investigated the predictive ability of the Orpington Prognostic Scale (OPS) administered within 72 hours of stroke onset, in determining discharge destination post admission to a Hyper Acute Stroke Unit (HASU) in the United Kingdom. Method: Prospective analysis of OPS data were collected from 247 patients with confirmed diagnosis of stroke admitted to HASU. OPS scores were recorded between 0 to 72hours of admission and compared to discharge destination at 72 hours. Predictive ability of the tool and association with other variables were analysed using logistic regression and multivariate analysis. Results: Low OPS score ( 3.2) had high predictive value (PPV 98.39) for patients requiring further inpatient rehabilitation. OPS ha...
“INADVERTENT PEEP” WITH THE USE OF A CONVENTIONAL VENTILATOR IS UNDETECTED BY PROXIMAL AIRWAY PRESSURE MONITOR

"Inadvertent PEEP" develops during high frequency ventilation. This effect is not as well recognized using a conventional ventilator at high frequencies. A neonatal lung model with respiratory compliance of 3.3 ml/cm H2O and a pressure tap to measure alveolar pressure (Palv) was ventilated with a Baby Bird through a 2.5 mm ID neonatal ET tube at 20 to 100 breaths per minute (BPM) using a variety of I:E ratios, peak pressures, and end expiratory pressures. Proximal airway pressure (Paw) was measured at the ET tube adaptor. End tidal Palv increased as frequency, peak pressure and I:E ratios were increased even if the ventilator was set at zero PEEP. This inadvertent increase in Palv was not detected by the proximal airway pressure monitor even though the "Inadvertent PEEP" (Palv-Paw) was as great as 9.8 cmH2O at 100 BPM. "inadvertent PEEP" is the result of insufficient expiratory time at high ventilator rates, and its magnitude is decreased by increasing expiratory time.