cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
N‐3 Fatty Acids from Fish Oil

In the experimental studies reported in this review, dietary n-3 fatty acids from fish and fish oil had profound hypolipidemic effects in normal subjects and in hypertriglyceridemic patients with combined hyperlipidemia (type II-b) and types IV and V hyperlipidemia. In these carefully controlled metabolic experiments, dramatic reductions occurred in plasma triglycerides and to a lesser extent in plasma total cholesterol. Reductions in VLDL, chylomicrons, remnants, LDL, apo B, and apo E were also noted. HDL changes varied from subject to subject. These plasma lipoprotein changes occurred in subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus as well, without deterioration of diabetic control. Similar results are reported in two other papers in this volume. Fish oil did not cause deterioration of diabetic control. Whereas the mechanism of the hypolipidemic action of the n-6 rich vegetable oils containing linoleic acid such as corn or safflower oil still remains obscure, the mechanism of the hypolipidemic action of the n-3 fatty acids in fish oil is well documented. The synthesis of triglyceride and VLDL in the liver is greatly reduced by n-3 fatty acids. At the same time, the turnover of VLDL in plasma is shortened. In another study, LDL production was decreased. Combined with other dietary manipulations, such as a reduction in saturated fat and dietary cholesterol, the use of n-3 fatty acids to treat hyperlipidemia, especially hypertriglyceridemia, appears to have a well-supported rationale. Fish oil combined with a low cholesterol, low saturated fat diet has been shown to produce complementary effects. Total plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were lowered by the low cholesterol, low saturated fat diet, whereas plasma triglyceride and VLDL were decreased by the fish oil. In most situations, the use of fish oil supplements should be regarded as pharmacologic therapy, particularly effective in severe hypertriglyceridemic states (e.g., chylomicronemia). However, a lifelong diet rich in fish may be protective against atherosclerosis as well. Further studies are required to delineate exact doses and precise indications for the use of fish oil in different types of hyperlipidemias and to differentiate the effects, if any, of the two major n-3 fatty acids in fish oil, EPA and DHA. The hypolipidemic effects of n-3 fatty acids coupled with their known antithrombotic actions (secondary to changes in prostaglandin secretion, platelet function, inhibition of growth factors, and enhancement of endothelial-derived relaxation factor) appear to have an important potential role in the control of coronary heart disease and other atherosclerotic disorders. Moreover, fish oil may prevent the "chylomicronemia" syndrome of type V hyperlipidemia.
Exercise and the elderly: A group counseling approach

Abstract This article explains how group work can be used as a treatment approach to physical and mental well-being in the elderly.
Weak Nations, Political Repression, and Punishment:

This study examines the influence of political repression on the use of punishment in 100 of the world's richest nations. Consistent with earlier empirical work, high levels of violent crime and population heterogeneity is associated with the use of imprisonment. Five different indicators of political freedoms are included in a series of ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models, including civil liberties and political rights, two indicators of democracy, and censorship of the press. Controlling for crime, population heterogeneity, and development, the authors find that autocratic nations punish more harshly. Examination of the correlates of detained (remanded) populations produces less consistent results, suggesting that the factors that contribute to detention may be different than those related to imprisonment. These findings suggest that the relationships between political repression be scrutinized more closely, especially the use of punishment in weak nations.
Data mining: proprietary rights, people and proposals

This article focuses on the issue of data mining as it relates to the consumer and to the issue of whether the consumer's private information has any proprietary status. A brief review of data mining is provided as a background for a better understanding of the purposes and uses of data mining. Also examined are several issues of the ethics of data mining, including a review of stakeholders, who they are and which may be most seriously affected by unethical data mining practices. Several suggestions for the improvement of data mining as it relates to the consumer are further presented: suggestions that would allow for data mining that would be beneficial to both the business community and the consumer.
Learning grasp stability

We deal with the problem of blind grasping where we use tactile feedback to predict the stability of a robotic grasp given no visual or geometric information about the object being grasped. We first simulated tactile feedback using a soft finger contact model in GraspIt! [1] and computed tactile contacts of thousands of grasps with a robotic hand using the Columbia Grasp Database [2]. We used the K-means clustering method to learn a contact dictionary from the tactile contacts, which is a codebook that models the contact space. The feature vector for a grasp is a histogram computed based on the distribution of its contacts over the contact space defined by the dictionary. An SVM is then trained to predict the stability of a robotic grasp given this feature vector. Experiments indicate that this model which requires low-dimension feature input is useful in predicting the stability of a grasp.
The Growth of the Burbot Lota Lota Maculosa (LeSueur) in Lake Erie

Abstract Growth studies were made on 2,329 Lake Erie burbot collected from May to December, 1946. These data suggest that burbot show two types of growth which represent that of the immature and mature fish; that females become sexually mature at a length longer than males; that most burbot become sexually mature in their third and fourth years of life when they range from 340 to 440 millimeters in length. Incidental observations on spawning showed that in 1947, burbot in Lake Erie were spring spawners. Monthly observations throughout the entire course of a year indicated that the dark outer zone on the otoliths appeared in April and May shortly after spawning. Clear marginal zones were present for the remainder of the year.
Cocaine increases extraneuronal levels of aspartate and glutamate in the nucleus accumbens

Abstract Intracerebral microdialysis was used to assess the effects of cocaine-HCl on extracellular concentrations of the excitatory amino acids aspartate and glutamate in the nucleus accumbens of awake, freely moving rats. After an initial equilibration period, cocaine (7.5, 15 or 30 mg/kg) or saline was injected i.p., and samples were collected for an additional 2 h. The highest dose of cocaine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) caused a 4-fold increase in glutamate levels and an 18-fold increase in aspartate levels over baseline. To verify that the source of the extracellular aspartate and glutamate was neuronal, additional experiments were conducted using Ca 2+ -free microdialysis buffer, and buffer containing 10 μM tetrodotoxin. Local perfusion with Ca 2+ -free buffer reduced the increase of extracellular aspartate and glutamate in rats injected with 30 mg/kg cocaine. Tetrodotoxin significantly decreased the cocaine-induced increase in excitatory amino acids, but not the behavioral response.
Rheology of suspensions of rodlike particles

Suspensions of rigid rodlike particles in Newtonian suspending fluids are considered. We discuss the dependence of the relative viscosityμr upon the volume fraction of particlesϕ, their aspect ratioar, and the particle orientation distribution when the particles are sufficiently large that hydrodynamic forces are dominant. Theoretical results are reviewed for a variety of long slender particles. Experimental results obtained using classical rheometrical techniques are discussed. It is shown that whenar⩽25, data from several laboratories agree and they indicate thatμr depends more strongly uponϕ thanar. Previous experimental results using falling ball rheometry are discussed as well as some more recent findings. These are shown to provide insights heretofore unavailable into the macroscopic rheology of suspensions of randomly oriented and oriented rods.
Carp hemoglobin V. Effects of pH and P6-inositol on autooxidation☆

Abstract Autooxidation of carp hemoglobin has been measured from 4–25°C with and without P6-inositol. The rate was accelerated by the increase of proton concentration and/or the addition of P6-inositol. As the rate increases the kinetics become more complex. In acidic media with P6-inositol, the autooxidation is initially rapid which becomes slower subsequently but eventually proceeds very fast. The activation energy for autooxidation is about 19 kcal · mol−1. The complicated kinetics are partly attributable to the fact that carp hemoglobin is incompletely oxygenated under these conditions and that various liganded molecules including partially oxidized species have different susceptibilities toward autooxidation.
Declining prevalence of opportunistic gastrointestinal disease in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy.

Declining prevalence of opportunistic gastrointestinal disease in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy
Analysis of developmental switching in transgenic mice with 5' and 3' deletions in the human β globin gene

Our interest in thecis-acting elements that promote the up-regulation of the β globin gene has led to a systematic deletion analysis of portions of the β globin gene in the context of the HS2 and γ globin gene using transgenic mice. In constructs that delete the 5′ region to only 265 bp, high-level erythroid-specific expression was observed. Further deletion to 122 bp, however, results in significantly reduced expression levels A substitution of a minilocus control region for the single HS2 site was also produced, resulting in increased β globin expression over that seen with the HS2 alone. These results are consistent with the presence of an enhancer-like element between −122 and −265. In addition, a construct in which the entire β globin gene promoter was replaced by a thymidine kinase promoter was tested. Interestingly, no expression was detected in these transgenic mice. This may indicate the requirement for an erythroid-specific promoter to drive this gene. Finally, the 3′ region of the β globin gene was deleted in order to examine the effect of a previously defined 3′ enhancer region. With deletion of this region, the expression of the human β globin gene in transgenic mice is unchanged relative to the parental constructs.
Chronic granulomatous disease of childhood: Neonatal serratia, hepatic abscesses, and pulmonary aspergillosis

Chronic Granulomatous Disease of Childhood: Neonatal Serratia, Hepatic Abscesses, and Pulmonary Aspergillosis
A Hemorrhoid by Any Other Name

A 92-year-old man with dementia presented with perianal discomfort and fecal incontinence of 1 week duration. He denied pain, pruritus, bleeding, or sensation of a mass. Physical examination was notable for a raised verrucous mass (0.75 cm) extending from the dentate line distally for 7 cm, circumferentially covering 75% of the anal margin. Punch biopsy specimens were obtained for diagnosis. Histology revealed intraepithelial cells with prominent nucleoli and abundant clear cytoplasm. Surgical options were explained to the patient, but given his decline in function and overall poor life expectancy, radiation therapy was offered. He successfully completed a regimen of 44 Gy in 11 fractions. On follow-up examination, no appreciable perianal mass was observed; the patient denied anal discomfort, pain, bleeding, or symptoms of obstruction. Perianal Paget disease is uncommon, with fewer than 300 cases reported in the literature.1,2 Classically described as involving the breast, Paget disease has been shown to affect areas containing apocrine glands, including the perianal region, vulva, penis, scrotum, thighs, buttocks, and axilla.2 Perianal Paget disease typically presents in the sixth decade of life with pruritus ani, bleeding, excoriation, pain with defecation, anal pain, or mass sensation.2 Lesions are characterized as slightly raised, erythematous, and well-demarcated.3 Treatment is predominantly surgical, consisting of local excision, wide local excision with skin grafting or flap reconstruction, or in severe cases abdominoperineal resection.4,5 Radiation therapy can be offered in select patients with good outcome.
Radial and Axial Turbulent Flow Measurements With an LDV in an Axisymmetric Sudden Expansion Air Flow

Les mesures de la composante radiale de la vitesse dans des tubes cylindriques sont rendues difficiles a cause des aberrations optiques introduites par la courbure de la paroi du tube. Conception d'un systeme de correction optique. Application aux mesures d'intensite de turbulence, d'energie cinetique turbulente et de contrainte de Reynolds
Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of GABAA α1, β1 and γ2S subunits in epileptic rats following photothrombotic infarction of neocortex

Photothrombotic brain infarction can result in altered expression of cortical GABA(A) receptors and in epileptic seizures. We sought to determine whether infarct size and/or epileptic seizures resulted in a differential expression of cortical GABA(A) receptor subunit mRNA in adult rats. A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used with internal standards for GABA(A) receptor subunits to quantify alpha(1), beta(1), and gamma(2S) subunit mRNA expression in cortex ipsilateral and contralateral to left cerebral infarcts in small or large infarct/nonepileptic cohorts, a large infarct/epileptic cohort, and a young adult control cohort. Unilateral hemispheric subunit mRNA was pooled for each cohort, quantified, and expressed as mean values+/-S.E.M. In general, the magnitude of mRNA expression (pg/1 microg total RNA) was different for the individual subunits: gamma(2S) (10(4)), alpha(1) (10(2)), and beta(1) (10(1)). Hemispheric subunit mRNA expression for the different cohorts was compared by ANOVA testing, which noted significant differences for the alpha(1) (P<0.001) and beta(1) (P<0.001) subunits in ipsilateral cortex. Bonferroni post-testing for alpha(1) cohorts indicated that mRNA expression for the large infarct/epilepsy cohort (624.2+/-6.8 pg) was greater than all other cohorts (P<0.001); control (162.7+/-32.2 pg). For beta(1) cohorts, there was decreased mRNA expression in the large infarct/nonepileptic cohort (9.2+/-0.8 pg; P<0.01) and the large infarct/epileptic cohort (10.5+/-2.2 pg; P<0.05) compared to control (23.2+/-2.6 pg). Additionally, paired t-tests compared subunit mRNA expression within individual animal cohorts (ipsilateral vs. contralateral) and indicated decreased mRNA expression ipsilaterally for the beta(1) subunit in the small infarct cohort (14.2+/-2.6 vs. 22.9+/-3.0 pg; P=0.0102) and the large infarct/epilepsy cohort (10.5+/-2.3 vs. 18.0+/-3.6 pg; P=0.0462). These findings suggest that large photothrombotic infarcts of the neocortex can result in a long-lasting differential expression of GABA(A) receptor subunit mRNAs in ipsilateral cortex variably associated with the epileptic state.
Diel biogeochemical cycling in a hyperventilating shallow estuarine environment

A diel biogeochemical study was performed to assess the influence that periods of elevated biological activity have on the biogeochemical cycling of macronutrients and redox-sensitive elements in a natural estuarine environment. High-resolution data (15 min sampling) illustrates periodic extreme variations in dissolved oxygen (DO) in the shallow waters of Azevedo Pond, Elkhom Slough, California. During periods of low tidal flushing, DO values can range from highly oxic (>560 μM O2: >250% saturation) during sunny days to suboxic conditions (<5 μM) at night. Nutrient cycling and redox-sensitive trace element biogeochemistry were evaluated in response to the extreme daily DO fluctuations. A diel sampling study was conducted over a 26-h period, where O2 concentrations ranged from 346 μM to sustained non-detectable levels in the night hours. In concert with the DO fluctuations, diel phosphate cycling was on the order of 4 μM in response to tidal flushing events and biological assimilation and regeneration. The IO3 −/I− redox couple quickly responded to suboxic conditions in the water column by a marked increase in I− concentrations and corresponding depletion of IO3 −. The extreme fluctuations of the p∈ in the water column resulted in diel dissolved Mn2+ variations of nearly 5 μM, with observed dissolved Mn removal rates on the order of 1 μM h−1. The elevated biogeochemical cycling of oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, iodine, manganese, and iron found in this shallow estuarine environment suggest that tidal restrictions and anthropogenic nutrient enrichments can amplify diel variations and potentially hinder the functional and ecological stability of these systems. These data suggest that accurate chemical monitoring of the health of an estuarine ecosystem must account for the diel variability inherent in these highly productive environments.
WEAR EVALUATION OF CROSSLINKED UHMWPE FOR KNEE PROSTHESES USING A MULTI- STATION ROLLING-SLIDING TRIBOTESTER

Tribology-related failure of total knee replacement prostheses can lead to risky and expensive revision surgery. Recent changes in polyethylene processing may reduce the incidence of, or even eliminate contact fatigue failure related to bearing oxidation, but devices are still subject to failure modes relating to wear or non-oxidation related fatigue. Contemporary materials claim wear reduction and improved oxidation resistance through various crosslinking and annealing steps, but clinical wear performance of these materials in the knee is difficult to determine. A device incorporating clinically relevant motions and stress states has been used in this work to compare the wear properties of crosslinked polyethylene materials subjected to different irradiation and sterilization conditions. It can potentially be used to analyze the wear behavior of polyethylene materials from different manufacturers, allowing for better prediction of relative performance in vivo.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The etiology of pilonidal sinus.

The gross and microscopic pathologic findings in our 354 patients overwhelmingly favor the theory of acquired origin in most patients with pilonidal sinus. The facts appear to show that the reason there has been so much debate over whether pilonidal disease is congenital or acquired in origin is because there are two different types of the disease.
Towards complexity metrics for Ada tasking

Using Ada as a representative distributed programming language, the author discusses some ideas on complexity metrics that focus on Ada tasking and rendezvous. Concurrently active rendezvous are claimed to be an important aspect of communication complexity. A Petri net graph model of Ada rendezvous is used to introduce a rendezvous graph, an abstraction that can be useful in viewing and computing effective communication complexity. >
The characterization of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus-induced cell fusion.

Abstract The characteristics and requirements of multinucleate cell (syncytium) induction by Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV) on human and non-human primate cells have been investigated. Multinucleate cell induction by this “D”-type retrovirus shows single-hit kinetics on human foreskin and rhesus monkey fetal lung cells. The peak of syncytium-forming activity in an isopycnic sucrose gradient coincides with the peak of M-PMV virions as assessed by electron microscopy and analysis of viral polypeptides. Unlike the paramyxoviruses, M-PMV does not induce “early” cell fusion when added in high concentrations to the size of the syncytia remains constant after this time. Ultraviolet irradiation of M-PMV reduces its ability to form syncytia and to replicate with single-hit kinetics, suggesting that a functional viral genome is required for syncytium formation. Proviral DNA synthesis and assembly of virions are not necessary for cell fusion since the addition of cytosine arabinoside at concentrations which block virus replication has little effect on multinucleate cell formation. Moreover both multinucleate cells lacking detectable intracellular virus polypeptides, and groups of individual, nonfused but brightly staining cells can be observed in immunofluorescence assays at times when multinucleate cell formation is maximal. Cell fusion is inhibited by the addition of cycloheximide during the first 12 hr of infection, suggesting that de novo protein synthesis is required for multinucleate cell formation. The possibility that translation of genomic RNA yields a fusion-inducing product is discussed.
Behavioral Treatments and Pharmacotherapy: Acceptability Ratings by Elderly Individuals in Residential Settings

We presented residents of a life care community and several nursing homes with written scenarios depicting a 75-year-old woman with a behavior problem. The client in the case varied by cognitive capacity (impaired or intact) and behavior problem (aggression, verbal abuse, or noncompliance). Participants rated three treatments with Kazdin's (1980) Treatment Evaluation Inventory: differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI), time-out, and haloperidol. All treatments were considered acceptable, and DRI was rated the most acceptable. Ratings for haloperidol and time-out varied by whether the case client was described as demented.
The GL q (2) gauge theory

We present some partial results on theq-deformation of the GL(2) Yang-Mills theory. In particular, the irreducible representations needed to describe the complete set of physical states are obtained by a simple procedure.
Adolescent Disruptive Behavior and Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms in Young Adult Men

Very few studies have prospective information, especially regarding males, on the prediction of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) in adulthood from psychiatric disorders in childhood. Certain childhood disorders, however, have notably similar features in common with BPD. In particular, the affective dysfunction, hostility and interpersonal conflict of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and the impulsivity of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in particular may be indicative of an early developmental path towards BPD. The present study uses longitudinal data from a clinical sample of 177 boys, initially between the ages of 7 and 12, who were followed up annually to age 18, and who were reassessed at age 24 (n = 142). The study examines the prediction from repeated childhood measures of psychopathology measured annually through adolescence to BPD symptoms assessed at age 24, accounting for the effects of covariates including substance use, other personality disorders at age 24 and harsh physical punishment. The prevalence of BPD in this sample was consistent with other population estimates. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and ODD were the only child psychiatric disorders to predict BPD symptoms, and the oppositional behavioral dimension of ODD was particularly predictive of BPD. These results indicate possible developmental links between early psychiatric disorders and BPD.
The ‘thirsty’ water-electricity nexus: field data on the scale and seasonality of thermoelectric power generation’s water intensity in China

There is a lack of field data on the water withdrawal and consumption intensity of thermoelectric power plants in China. With China?s ambitious electricity capacity expansion and ever-growing water deficit, the overlooked water dimension of thermoelectric power generation could soon have significant water sustainability implications, and field data on water intensity of thermoelectric power plants will be essential to further our understanding of China?s water-electricity nexus. To address this knowledge gap, this paper presents field data on the water withdrawal intensity and water balance of 19 coal-fired power plants in Shandong, China, categorized by different generator capacities ( 600 MW) and boiler technologies (subcritical, supercritical and ultra supercritical). This paper suggests that the annual average water withdrawal intensity of coal-fired power plants in Shandong (1.50?3.75 L kWh?1) is within the range of values reported for other countries, and that the distinction between water withdrawal and water consumption effectively vanishes since very little water is returned from withdrawal. This paper also suggests that there is quite significant seasonality in power plants? water intensity whereby the water intensity in July can be approximately 15?28% higher than the annual average. The seasonality is on a similar scale across all generator capacities, except for a small co-generation plant (<100 MW), which had substantially lower water intensity in January when a heat exchanger was used to provide heating.
Fretting damage assessment of titanium alloys using orientation imaging microscopy

Abstract The formation of fretting damage and cracks depends strongly on the microstructure. Recent advances in orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) make it possible to obtain new assessment measurements of the near-surface layers containing fretting damage. In particular, crystallographic grain orientation, misorientations between grains, accumulation of plastic deformation, and the evolution of microstructure leading to microtexture formation and twinning can be determined using OIM. Insight into the hexagonal close packed (HCP) structured metals and alloys is the focus of this study. The examination of the subsurface layers of Ti–6Al–4 V samples reveals that OIM using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is a useful tool to quantify evolution of strain-induced microstructural changes due to deformation in the near-surface layers both in surface treatment processes and in fretting or sliding conditions. Fretting damage in a commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) and a near α Ti–5Al–2.5Sn is also assessed to further evaluate this new characterization method. This study summarizes what can be gained from OIM and the challenges associated with using the technique to characterize near surface microstructures.
Facile Formation of Cyclic Aminals through a Brønsted Acid-Promoted Redox Process

Cyclic aminals were prepared through a Bronsted acid-promoted reaction. This redox neutral process involves iminium ion formation, 1,5 H-transfer, followed by ring closure.
Negative biopsy specimens in the setting of high a priori probability of disease: is it time to reconsider quality assurance routines in a time of new diagnostic capabilities?

More and more, newly published management guidelines are touted as evidence driven with extensive data-backed assessments of risk of disease. These risks are determined by outcomes data generated in clinical studies and formal clinical trials. As any pathologist knows, the data derived from any study are only as good as the study inputs and methodology. For instance, if the goal is to identify the risk of disease, one needs to have optimal methods and tools in place to find evidence of the disease if it is present. In addition, and looking more carefully into the process, one needs to appreciate how reproducible the targeted diagnosis actually is and how the sampling of tissue can affect detection sensitivity. It is only when these parameters are appropriately considered that reality-based assessments of risk can be input into management guidelines. But it is not just guideline development that is important in this discussion. Individual patient results are equally affected by the process noted above. If you apply an extant management guideline to a patient, that application also relies on a sound pathology diagnosis. Hence, the use of an optimized interpretive technique must also apply equally in the setting of the primary diagnosis in order for the guidelines to actually work. Therefore, both crafting and clinical use of any guideline must use optimal—and similar—pathology procedures. Risk-based management guidelines for cervical cytology have been recently published that were crafted using extensive evidence-based literature reviews and expert opinion.1 These guidelines were based on the outcomes data grounded by extensive follow-up studies aimed at identifying the risk of high-grade cervical lesions over time for the various cytologic abnormalities. Based on risk levels observed in these studies, appropriate management could be defined. …
OCTAFLUORO[2.2]PARACYCLOPHANE (AF4) QUINONE

Octafluoro[2.2]paracyclophane (AF4) has been oxidized by treatment with HIO 3 in CF 3 CO 2 H to form the corresponding p -quinone along with a unique triketone. This quinone undergoes reduction to the respective hydroquinone as well as a Diels-Alder reaction with 1,3-cyclohexadiene. Its reduction potential was obtained by cyclic voltammetry and is discussed in the context of other quinones.
A thousand and two protein tyrosine phosphatases

!. Introducti~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 II. ~ l a r gMology of tim PTPases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 I l L Structure and function studies of the PTPases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 IV. Bio~gy of the PTPases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 V. Concluding remarks 42 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Integrated tunable light sources for telecommunications

This paper briefly recaps the requirements of tunable lasers for telecommunications applications, and reviews the various approaches to achieving tunable and multi-wavelength functionality with examples drawn from commercial products and current research results around the world
An Inquiry into the Normative Patterns by Which Substandard Housing Exists and is Maintained in Cleveland, Ohio

Abstract “Ten years ago this country made putting a man on the moon by 1970 a national goal, and by 1970 an American astronaut landed on the moon. With the 1949 Housing Act, the Federal Government established a national goal of providing “a decent home, a suitable living environment for every American family,” but it made no commitment to that goal. Every day that we wait the problem of urban housing gets bigger, and every day it becomes more expensive to correct Let us turn our attention now from scientific achievement to the need for achievement of a different kind. For if one thing can be said of the housing problem, it is that it will be harder to solve than it was to put a man on the moon.” (Romney, Secretary, H.U.D., 7-21-69)
Site-specific mutagenesis in Escherichia coli by N2-deoxyguanosine adducts derived from the highly carcinogenic Fjord-region benzo[c]phenanthrene 3,4-diol 1,2-epoxides

Although there have been numerous studies of site-specific mutagenesis by dGuo adducts of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxides (B[a]P DEs), the present study represents the first example of site-specific mutagenesis by dGuo adducts of the highly carcinogenic benzo[c]phenanthrene 3,4-diol 1,2-epoxides (B[c]Ph DEs). The eight adducts that would result from cis- and trans-opening at C-1 of four optically active isomers of B[c]Ph DEs by the N(2)-amino group of dGuo were incorporated into 5'-TTCGAATCCTTCCCCC (context III) and 5'-GGGGTTCCCGAGCGGC (context IV) at the underlined site. These modified oligonucleotides along with unmodified controls were ligated into single-stranded M13mp7L2, which were then used to transfect SOS-induced Escherichia coli. Upon replication of the lesions in each of the two sequence contexts, mutational analysis of the progeny was performed by differential hybridization. For the 16 adducts, the mutation frequencies varied over 2 orders of magnitude with a reasonably even distribution (0.4-1% for three adducts, 1-2% for six adducts, 3-7.4% for five adducts, and one adduct each at 11 and 39%). For all but this last adduct, the mutation frequency for a given B[c]Ph DE adduct was less than for its B[a]P analogue with the same stereochemistry in the same sequence. For the vectors containing adducts with S configuration at the site of attachment of the hydrocarbon to the dGuo base, the main base substitution was G --> T followed by G --> A. In contrast, for the vectors containing adducts with R configuration, the main base substitution was G --> A. The most notable observation in the present study is the low frequency of mutations induced by the B[c]Ph DE-dGuo adducts relative to their B[a]P counterparts. A possible structural basis for this difference is proposed.
Factors influencing production in the toronto limestone, (Shawnee Group, Upper Pennsylvanian) Snake Creek Field, Clark County, Kansas

Commercial quantities of hydrocarbons in the Toronto Member of the Oread Formation (Shawnee Group, Upper Pennsylvanian) were discovered in November, 1980. The field subsequently was developed to include 33 Toronto wells which produce on pump assisted by a dissolved gas drive. Estimated ultimate recovery is 1,500,000 bbls of oil, based on a recovery efficiency of 35%. Cumulative primary production to January, 1986 is 91,180 stock tank barrels (STB) of 40° API gravity oil. Initial reservoir pressure was 1,700 psi, with a maximum production rate of 1,080 barrels of oil/day (BOPD). Since then, reservoir pressure has fallen to 250 psi and production has declined to 185 BOPD. Detailed core studies show that the Toronto Limestone consists of seven lithofacies and represents a transgressive-regressive cycle within the Oread “megacyclothem”. An algal “bioherm” was formed during the regressive phase of Toronto deposition, and it is in the algar-plate and algal-intraclast facies of this carbonate buildup that the reservior is developed. Three distinct pore networks are present in the reservior. The most effective of these from the standpoint of recovery efficiency is formed by stylolites and fractures, and is the reason why production has declined so rapidly. An Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) waterflood program has been designed, and is to be implemented in the near future. This seems to be the only economically feasible EOR method at this time. However, because of the nature of the pore networks, it is suggested that a polymer or CO2 flood could be more effective.
Chiral separations performed by enhanced-fluidity liquid chromatography on a macrocyclic antibiotic chiral stationary phase.

The use of enhanced-fluidity liquid chromatography (EFLC) for chiral separations was demonstrated on a macrocyclic antibiotic column, Chirobiotic-V. This technique was compared to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) for the separation of chiral compounds in normal-phase mode. The highest resolution was always observed for EFLC condition. Higher efficiency and shorter retention time were also observed for most separations with portions of CO2 in the range of 0−50 mol %. Larger amounts of CO2 caused efficiency to decrease and retention time to be prolonged. For some separations, the temperature was elevated to bring the mobile phase to the supercritical condition. Improved efficiency was obtained in SFC, whereas resolution and selectivity were worse. The use of EFLC in reversed-phase chiral separations was also tested. Enantiomer resolution improved under the EFLC condition. For the tested methanol/H2O mixture, fluoroform provided more significant impro...
Complexity of poly(A+) and poly(A−) polysomal RNA in mouse liver and cultured mouse fibroblasts

Abstract RNA excess hybridization experiments were used to measure the complexity of nuclear RNA, poly(A+) mRNA, poly(A-) mRNA, and EDTA-released polysomal RNA sedimenting at less than 80 S in mouse liver and in cultured mouse cells. With both cell types, poly(A-) RNA was found to contain 30-40% of the sequence diversity of total mRNA. In the case of liver this represents 5,700 poly(A-) molecules and 8,600 poly(A+) molecules for a total of approximately 14,300 different mRNAs. Comparison of the complexity of mRNA with that of nuclear RNA revealed that in liver and in cultured cells, mRNA has only 10-20% of the sequence diversity present in nuclear RNA. This latter observation is consistent with existing data on mammalian cells from this and other laboratories.
Predictive current control of a six-phase asymmetrical drive system based on parallel-connected back-to-back converters

Parallel-connected three-phase back-to-back converters improve the fault tolerance and reduce the current rating of a six-phase asymmetrical drive system. This paper proposes a Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy for an asymmetrical six-phase induction machine drive system that consists of two parallel connected three-phase back-to-back converters. A discrete-time mathematical model is derived that includes the parallel-connected rectifiers, inverters, and machine. Based on the derived model, an MPC strategy is developed to regulate the dc-link voltages, maintain unity power factor at the grid side, and control the current/torque of the machine. Performance of a six-phase machine operating under the MPC strategy is evaluated based on time domain simulation studies in the MATLAB /SIMULINK environment.
A new isotope of tungsten.

A search for tungsten radio-isotopes was made using a 5-mil tantalum foil which had received 80 micro-ampere-hours bombardment with approximately 20 MeV. deuterons from the 60-in. Crocker Laboratory cyclotron. The foil was dissolved in nitric acid containing five per cent of hydrofluoric acid. A few milligrams of tungsten carrier was added, and after removal of hydrofluoric acid by fuming with sulphuric acid, the tantalum was precipitated by sodium hydroxide and the precipitate digested with hot alkali. Tungsten was precipitated from the alkaline solution by boiling with excess nitric acid. The procedure was repeated until the tantalum-scavenging carrier precipitates were inactive.
Ferredoxin: The uses of natural and magnetic circular dichroism in a multi-chromophoric system

Abstract Magnetic circular dichroism can detect the presence of certain special marker molecules in systems which contain overlapping absorption bands due to several other chromophores. The magnetic CD (MCD) of a marker molecule is relatively insensitive to the molecule's environment, in contrast to natural CD which may be due entirely to asymmetric molecular environments. To qualify as an MCD marker, a molecule must possess degenerate or nearly degenerate transitions. Thus MCD markers will often be excellent CD reporter groups also. The ultraviolet absorption bands of spinach ferredoxin illustrate these concepts.
Identification of 2D Boundaries from 3D Atom Probe Data, and Spatial Correlation of Atomic Distributions with Interfaces

The Three Dimensional Atom Probe produces a real space map of the elemental identities and positions of atoms field-evaporated from a sharply pointed specimen. The analyzed volume is on the order of 20 nm × 20 nm × 100 nm. This is large enough to enclose microstructural features such as grain- or heterophase boundaries. Correlation of the measured atomic positions with such features results in an atom-by-atom description of the chemical environment of these crystallographic defects. We describe here a method for identifying these interfaces and profiling the composition in the vicinity of the interfaces without any assumptions about the interface geometry. This approach is applied to quantitative determination of interfacial segregation of Ag at a MgO/Cu(Ag) heterophase interface. We discuss the implications of our technique with respect to classical treatments of segregation at interfaces.
SmallBlue: People Mining for Expertise Search

This issue introduces a SmallBlue. SmallBlue finds experts, communities, and personal networks in large organizations through data mining, information retrieval, and artificial intelligence. By analyzing data from communication sources (emails, instant messages, and calendars) and Web 2.0 sources (blogs, wikis, social bookmarking systems, online profiles, and so on), the system answers questions about who knows what and who knows whom. SmallBlue-like services and system should continue attracting both researchers and industry developers to exploit the potential value in business intelligence.
Relations between negative affect and health behaviors by race/ethnicity: Differential effects for symptoms of depression and anxiety.

OBJECTIVE Health behaviors, including smoking and fruit and vegetable consumption, are both associated with psychological distress and vary by race/ethnicity. The relation of global psychological distress to behavior also varies by race/ethnicity, but the specific negative affective states responsible for this effect are not known. This study examined how the relation of feelings of depression and anxiety to health behaviors differs by race/ethnicity. METHOD Secondary data analysis of the HINTS nationally representative population survey was conducted. Survey participants reported their current symptoms of depression and anxiety, as well as smoking status and fruit and vegetable consumption. Survey weighted linear and logistic regression analyses were used to assess whether race/ethnicity moderated the relation of symptoms of depression and anxiety to smoking and fruit and vegetable consumption. RESULTS For symptoms of depression, but not anxiety, there was a significant interaction between race/ethnicity and psychological distress in predicting both smoking status and fruit and vegetable consumption. Greater depressive symptoms were related to a greater likelihood of smoking and lower fruit and vegetable consumption for White, but not Black respondents. For Hispanic respondents, depressive symptoms were associated with a greater likelihood of currently smoking, but were not associated with fruit and vegetable consumption. CONCLUSION The association between depressive symptoms and both smoking and fruit and vegetable consumption differs as a function of race/ethnicity. These findings have implications for understanding the extent to which negative affective states influence health behaviors across different racial/ethnic groups, and for developing interventions that effectively target smoking and fruit and vegetable consumption among different racial/ethnic subgroups.
Ability Grouping, Mathematics Achievement, and Pupil Attitudes toward Mathematics.

Pupils' interest in mathematics has been related to the volume of work completed, pupils' task orientation, and skill acquisition (Dutton, 1956). Students' personalities and self-concepts (Moore, 1973), feelings of inadequacy (Callahan, 1971), motivation and self-confidence (Aiken, 1976), and anxiety (Aiken, 1970) have been found to be important factors in determining students' attitudes toward mathematics. Selected studies report no significant relationships between attitude toward mathematics and mathematics achievement (Neale, 1969). Additional studies report significant relationships between attitude toward mathematics and mathematics achievement (Aiken, 1961; Burbank, 1970; Moore, 1973). Collectively, investigations relating mathematics achievement to students' attitudes toward mathematics have produced varied results (Aiken, 1970). The primary purpose of the study was to investigate pupils' attitudinal differences among assigned mathematics groups and the relationships to pupils' achievement in mathematics. Four hypotheses were tested. 1. There will be significant differences in pupils' attitudes toward mathematics among district-determined ability groups. 2. There will be significant differences in mathematics ability among district-determined ability groups. 3. There will be significant differences in pupils' attitudes toward mathematics among teacher-determined ability levels within district-determined ability groups. 4. Selected attitudes scales will correlate with measures of mathematics
The health of elders: a comparison of communities across the Bering Strait.

Objective. Compare the self-reported health status of a cohort of 58+ individuals in sixteen communities on either side of the Bering Strait. Study Design. Multi-method including formal surveys and ethnographic research. Methods. Approximately 1,146 survey questionnaires were completed. A sample of 747 of these interviews were used for this analysis, of which 88 were 58+ years of age and 659 were adults 18-57. Result. On all self reported measures of general health, chronic illness and depression, Russian elders reported higher rates of poor health than did their American congeners. However, the segment of the sample in most distress was Russian adults 18-57. Not one of these 361 individuals reported their health as "very good", while nearly a third reported poor health and chronic illness. In addition, about 2/3rds (compared to half the Russian elderly) reported a constellation of symptoms related to depression. Psychologically (using these measures) the most resilient cohort were Alaskan elders. One result of this research that is of tremendous concern is the fact that over two thirds of the STN males, both Alaskan and Russian, under the age of 58 smoke. This is an extraordinary proportion and is easily double the rate for individuals of similar age within the U.S. Conclusions. For Alaskan elderly, no other segment in the U.S. faces the level of difficulty in access to health services even though these services are incomparable by Russian standards. In addition, the extremely high levels of behavioral risk from smoking and other factors indicate substantial difficulties and increasing demand for health services in the near future. In comparison Russian elderly populations face almost unimaginable difficulties. (Int J Circumpolar Health 2004; 63 suppl 1:31-37) Keywords: Alaska and Russian Indigenous communities, behavioral risk, elderly, health status
Low-temperature calorimetric investigation of Co-Ga spin-glass

Low-temperature specific-heat measurements are presented for the spin-glass alloys ${\mathrm{Co}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ with $x$ between 0.49 and 0.58. For these compositions the antistructure defects are the principal magnetic entities with concentrations in the range 0.9-8.0%. For the high-concentration samples, nuclear Schottky and spin-wave contributions to the specific heat have been identified. Over the entire composition range a term with a linear temperature dependence has been found and is identified with the spin-glass state. Measurements have been taken in magnetic field from 0 to 2.8 T. These data can be understood in terms of a model with a distribution of two-level systems.
Symmetry between particle and hole level systems in Au 189

The ${h}_{\frac{11}{2}}$ and ${h}_{\frac{9}{2}}$ level systems have been studied experimentally and theoretically in $^{189}\mathrm{Au}$. If multiplied by a constant scaling factor, the two systems display identical relative energy spacings. This is in agreement with particle-hole symmetry valid for triaxial odd-$A$ rotors.NUCLEAR STRUCTURE $^{189}\mathrm{Au}$, ${h}_{\frac{11}{2}}$ and ${h}_{\frac{9}{2}}$ bands, triaxial rotor description.
EVALUATING “NONTRADITIONAL” RELIGIOUS PRACTICE IN CHILD CUSTODY CASES

This article suggests a model for objectively evaluating “nontraditional” religious practices in child custody and visitation rights cases. The model draws a distinction between religious beliefs and religiously motivated behavior. This distinction assists the evaluator in approaching the family in an unbiased, objective, and respectful manner. Emphasis is placed on considering the religiously motivated behavior in a constitutionally sensitive procedure that simultaneously protects the fundamental rights of parents and children and the children's best interests.