cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Humeans can make normative beliefs motivating

Normative realism faces a problem concerning the practicality of normative judgment, the presumptive view that normative judgments are motivational states. Normative judgments, for the normative realist, must be beliefs. This is problematic because it is difficult to see how any belief could have the necessary connection to motivation required to account for the practicality of normative judgment. After all, the Humean theory of motivation has it that motivated action is only brought about by a belief and a desire working in tandem. Here I show how the normative realist, simply by embracing a certain philosophical psychology, can hold that normative judgments are both beliefs and motivational states, all consistent with the Humean theory of motivation. Given the plausibility of both the practicality of normative judgment and Humean psychology, a theory that allows the realist to reconcile them is preferable (ceteris paribus) to any picture in which one must be rejected. The (low) price to pay for this reconciliation is the acceptance of a strong form of cognitivism about intention, the doctrine that your intentions to act are beliefs about what you are going to do, and a small—yet highly plausible—adjustment to our theory of what it is to be a motivational state.
Application of spiral computed tomography to evaluate the autogenous grafted bone in unilateral complete cleft lip and palate patients following early orthodontic tooth movement

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of autogenous bone grafts in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients following early orthodontic tooth movement,and to determine the volume of new bone formation in the bone grafted region with spiral computed tomography.Methods Computed tomography scans of 12 patients were taken immediately preoperatively and at 6 months postoperatively.The patients underwent bone grafting between 9 and 13 years of age were divided into two groups based on whether postoperative orthodontic tooth movement were initiated or not.Three-dimensional models were created in each period,and the defect of alveolar cleft and volume of the newly formed bone were calculated in each patient.The roots of the moved teeth and their positions to the alveolar bone were also observed.Results The preoperative cleft width and cleft volume were not significantly different between both groups.The volume of the newly formed bone in group A was (0.98±0.23) mm3,significantly higher than that in group B,which was (0.73± 0.15) mm3.The rate of newly formed bone in group A was (72.5 ± 11.9)％,significantly higher than that in group B,which was (53.2±9.7)％.The cleft adjacent teeth could move smoothly into the bone grated area,with no root resorption observed in the computed tomography scans.Conclusions Early orthodontic tooth movement can reduce bone resorption in autogenous bone grafted unilateral cleft lip and palate patients through the observation of spiral computed tomography.It plays an active role in the bone remolding process after bone grafting. Key words: Cleft alveolar; Autogenous bone graft; Orthodontic tooth movement; Spiral computed tomography
Re: Oral desensitization as a useful treatment in 2-year-old children with cow's milk allergy.

Cite this as: L. Hulshof, A. A. Schoemaker, N. C. M. Petrus, W. M. C. van Aalderen and A. B. Sprikkelman, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 1815-1816
Photoacoustic and piezo-ultrasound hybrid-induced energy transfer for 3D twining wireless multifunctional implants

Ultrasound-induced energy transfer (UET) represents an emerging technology that can be integrated into implantable medical systems for wireless power and information communication applications. However, the spatial–temporal resolution, directivity, and versatility of traditional piezo-ultrasound systems are generally limited. Here, we describe the novel design and implementation of a hybrid-induced energy transfer strategy using photoacoustic (PA) and piezo-ultrasound (PU) technology in a 3D twining wireless implant, which shows multi-mode transmission advantages, with high power, better resolution, and flexible directivity. This new ultrasonic system exploits a focused ring piezo-transducer and a miniaturized fiber-photoacoustic converter as the hybrid acoustic source and a (K,Na)NbO3-based lead-free linear piezo-array as the harvester. Complying with FDA regulations, hybrid-induced multifunctionality, such as stable powering (∼21.3 mW cm−2) and the high-resolution signal communication (signal-to-noise ratio: ∼22.5 dB) of a two-dimensional image, was demonstrated ex vivo using 12 mm-thick porcine tissue. The 3D twining design also ensures that the device can achieve stable energy harvesting without operational difficulties, a unique advantage that can facilitate its future clinical application.
Benthic Invertebrate Communities in the Continental Margin Sediments of the Monterey Bay Area

We observed high diversity (species density) of infaunal invertebrates from the mid-shelf (50 m) to the upper slope (325 m) with high abundance and low dominance along 4 depth transects ranging from 10 to 2000 m. The highest shallow water diversity recorded worldwide was at the shelf-slope break (109–150 m) with a peak of 185 species 0.1 m-2 (449 m-2, this work and Oliver JS, Hammerstrom K, McPhee-Shaw E, Slattery P, Oakden J, Kim S, Hartwell SI, Mar Ecol 32:278–288, 2011). The peak included a large number of species and individuals of small nestling amphipods. The most abundant genera were Photis, Aoroides, and Gammaropsis. The percentages of crustacean species (40%) and individuals (60%) were extremely high as well. A large caprellid amphipod, Tritella tenuissima, was the most abundant animal found in our survey (387 individuals 0.1 m-2), and characterized the mixed gravel bottoms on the upper slope. We discovered a dense tube mat of relatively large ampeliscid amphipods at the upper margin of the oxygen minimum zone (700 m). This was the most distinct community cluster and was dominated by Ampelisca unsocalae and Byblis barbarensis. The percentage of crustacean species (40%) and individuals (67%) were also highest here. This is the only ampeliscid tube mat known from deep water and is ecologically similar to extensive shallow-water ampeliscid mats in the Bering and Chukchi Seas, the primary feeding grounds of gray whales. The diverse and abundant continental margin communities occurred in a dynamic, current-swept upwelling center with complex topography. Diversity decreased below the upper slope and on the wave-swept inner shelf, where there was another dramatic crustacean pattern. These shifting sands were dominated by burrowing amphipods (phoxocephalids and haustoriids) and small ostracods in the 1970s that were rare in the present survey. In total, we collected 938 invertebrate species, including 431 polychaetes, 270 crustaceans, 171 mollusks, and 38 echinoderms in 123 samples. More than any other taxa, the crustaceans characterized the most unique and interesting community patterns along the continental margin of the Monterey Bay area.
Moral Grounds for Economic and Social Rights

This essay considers possible moral grounds for recognizing and realizing economic and social rights (ESRs) as human rights. It begins by suggesting that ESRs fall into three families: (1) Welfare-oriented ESRs that protect adequate income, education, health, and safe and healthy working conditions; (2) Freedom-oriented ESRs that prohibit slavery, ensure free choice of employment, and protect workers’ freedoms to organize and strike: and (3) Fairness-oriented ESRs that require nondiscrimination and equal opportunity in the workplace along with fair remuneration for one’s work. To accommodate the normative diversity found in these three families the essay suggests a pluralistic justificatory framework that appeals to three kinds of moral reasons: human welfare; freedom, and fairness. A final section considers the possibility of subsuming all three of these approaches to justification under the idea of human dignity or the associated idea of equal respect for persons.
Latent profiles of impulsivity facets and associations with drinking behaviors

Abstract Background Impulsivity is positively associated with alcohol use. However, scant research has used person-centered approaches to examine how patterns of impulsivity facets may be associated with alcohol-related outcomes. Consequently, the present study sought to (1) identify latent groups of individuals who share similarities based on the five facets of impulsivity assessed using the UPPS-P scale (positive urgency, negative urgency, premeditation, perseverance, and sensation seeking) and (2) examine differences between latent profiles on alcohol use (i.e., typical alcohol quantity, typical alcohol frequency, binge frequency), alcohol consequences, and drinking motivations. Methods Participants were 360 (M age = 21.83; 78.9 % female; 49.4 % racial/ethnic minority) college students who reported weekly drinking over the prior 30 days. They completed questionnaires of impulsivity, alcohol use behaviors, alcohol consequences, and drinking motivations. Latent profile analysis was used to identify classes based on the five UPPS-P facets as indicators. Results Results revealed that three classes best fit the data: Highest UPPS-P (14.4 %); Moderate UPPS-P (56.9 %); and Lowest UPPS-P (28.6 %). Profiles did not vary on drinking behaviors (quantity, frequency, or binge frequency), but significant differences were observed on alcohol consequences and drinking motivations, specifically coping and conformity motives. Conclusions Our data demonstrated that UPPS-P facets tend to cluster together, and patterns may pose risk for consequences and negative motives for drinking. The current study contributed to the conceptualization of impulsivity by identifying specific impulsivity typologies that may be used to target individuals at elevated risk for alcohol consequences.
Neoliberal Politics, Polarized Films, and Authoritarianism, 2000–2020

According to comparativist political scientists Levitsky and Zieblat, extreme polarization has killed several democracies, especially when political leaders overturn democratic norms. This is a major reason for the decline of social cohesion in the US over the last twenty years. In addition, many Republican politicians and voters are authoritarians, according to the criteria and empirical methods used by Altemeyer and others. This combination, along with other factors, led to the election of Trump in 2016, his success with his followers during his presidency, and the difficulty of removing the demagogue from office. Several popular dysphoric films over the last 20 years prepared many Americans to welcome an authoritarian President. These included the Left Behind series, popular with evangelicals, several libertarian movies, and The Dark Knight trilogy of Batman films (2005–2012), which legitimated the necessity of vigilante justice to avenge urban crime and corruption. Some left-wing filmmakers countered these trends with Avatar (2009) and The Hunger Games series (2012–2015), but Hollywood had more success with dysphoric political films than euphoric ones. Partly due to the dominance of social media among viewers, even politically liberal films such as Django Unchained (2012) moved toward a celebration of emotional reasoning, psychological frailty, and Black-and-White morality. This trend climaxed with Joker (2018), which implicitly abandoned the US to social disintegration, before the pandemic closed down most film releases. Disgust with Trump’s failures during the pandemic led to Biden’s victory in 2020, but the January 6 insurrection kept Trumpian authoritarianism alive for many of his followers. Despite continuing threats to US democracy, there are signs that Biden and the Democrats may be able to restore some elements of social cohesion in what remains a very fragmented polity.
Quantum-Resolved Angular Distributions of Neutral Products in Electron-Stimulated Surface Processes

Two-dimensional imaging of laser resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) is used to obtain angular distributions of neutral molecules which are products of electron stimulated desorption (ESD) and dissociation processes on adsorbatecovered surfaces. Quantum resolution allows the angular distributions to be state-specific. We briefly discuss angular distributions for ESD of metastable CO*(a3Πr,ν=0) and ground-state NO from Pt(111); in addition, we discuss distributions for the NO product of NO2 dissociation on clean and O-covered Pt(111). The results are discussed in terms of desorption mechanisms, dissociative forces, site geometries, and disordered coadsorbate layers.
Relationship Between Tensile and Compressive Strengths of Compacted Soils

A direct-pull tension test was developed to study the behavior of compacted soils in total stress tension. A comprehensive series of tension and unconsolidated undrained compression tests was performed on Vicksburg silty clay; the data from these tests were supplemented with published data. Analysis of the data was based on relating the tensile strength parameter of the Griffith-Brace theory for brittle fracture to the suction-derived cohesion term of the Fredlund-Morgenstern failure law for partially saturated soils. Application of the analysis was demonstrated by relating tensile and compressive strengths to water content and void ratio.
Introduction to JDBC

JDBC is an API defined in the java.sql and javax.sql packages for connecting an arbitrary database to a Java program. This chapter uses an analogy to understand the basic working of JDBC. It supposes that one operates a small business that sells gadgets. The gadgets are produced in a factory, across a river from the store. Without a boat or a bridge, there is no way to get to the factory or for the factory to deliver goods to the store. This represents the situation with a database and a Java program: the Java program is the store, and the database is the factory. Without something to help, there is no way for the Java program to make requests of the database, and the database cannot communicate with the Java program. It would be logical to build a bridge over the river to transport the products from the factory to the store. The analogous piece of software for the Java program and database is an interface called the driver. The driver is loaded by setting the jdbc.drivers property of the Java virtual machine (JVM). As modern rivers are crossed by many bridges, there are many drivers to connect Java programs to databases.
A comprehensive analysis of dyslipidaemia management in a large health care system.

RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Dyslipidaemia is a cardiovascular risk factor, and national screening and treatment guidelines have been established, but achievement of these remains inadequate. Multidisciplinary approaches, such as the chronic care model, have been applied to other chronic diseases and likely would be applicable to the management of dyslipidaemia. We therefore aimed to comprehensively study the different components of a multidisciplinary management approach to dyslipidaemia in a large health care system for patients at a high risk for cardiovascular events. METHODS All patients at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center in the United States over 3 years with diabetes and/or coronary artery disease were included. Various clinical and demographic variables were collected and achievement of national cholesterol goals was determined. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine the association of different health care variables with improved patient cholesterol guideline achievement. RESULTS There were 3559 patients in the study population and 51.0% had achieved national cholesterol goals. Multivariate analyses showed that patients who had achieved goals were more likely to have attended cardiology clinic [odds ratio (OR) = 1.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.3-2.01] and nutrition clinic (OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.04-1.7) and were more likely to have primary care providers who were nurse practitioners (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.2-2.0), practicing full-time (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.5-2.1) and at the main hospital-based clinics (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.3-1.9). CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies different components of a multidisciplinary approach to management of dyslipidaemia that are efficacious and these results may help guide future investment in this area.
How to Use Excel in Analytical Chemistry and in General Scientific Data Analysis

Part I. Introduction to Using the Spreadsheet: 1. How to use Excel Part II. Statistics and Related Methods: 2. Introduction to statistics 3. More on least-squares Part III. Chemical Equilibria: 4. Acids, bases, and salts 5. Other ionic equilibria Part IV. Instrumental Methods: 6. Spectrometry, chromatography, and voltammetry Part V. Mathematical Methods: 7. Fourier transformation 8. Standard mathematical tools 9. Numerical simulation of chemical kinetics Part VI. Spreadsheet Programming: 10. Macros.
Internet, Mail, and Mixed-Mode Surveys: The Tailored Design Method

The classic survey design reference, updated for the digital ageFor over two decades, Dillman's classic text on survey design has aided both students and professionals in effectively planning and conducting mail, telephone, and, more recently, Internet surveys. The new edition is thoroughly updated and revised, and covers all aspects of survey research. It features expanded coverage of mobile phones, tablets, and the use of do-it-yourself surveys, and Dillman's unique Tailored Design Method is also thoroughly explained. This invaluable resource is crucial for any researcher seeking to increase response rates and obtain high-quality feedback from survey questions. Consistent with current emphasis on the visual and aural, the new edition is complemented by copious examples within the text and accompanying website.This heavily revised Fourth Edition includes:Strategies and tactics for determining the needs of a given survey, how to design it, and how to effectively administer itHow and when to use mail, telephone, and Internet surveys to maximum advantageProven techniques to increase response ratesGuidance on how to obtain high-quality feedback from mail, electronic, and other self-administered surveysDirection on how to construct effective questionnaires, including considerations of layoutThe effects of sponsorship on the response rates of surveysUse of capabilities provided by newly mass-used media: interactivity, presentation of aural and visual stimuli.The Fourth Edition reintroduces the telephoneincluding coordinating land and mobile.Grounded in the best research, the book offers practical how-to guidelines and detailed examples for practitioners and students alike.
Tapered Asymmetric Microstrip Magic Tee

The design of a very compact decade (1 to 10 GHz) bandwidth, -8.34 dB microstrip coupler and magic tee is described. The coupling factor is calculated. The construction of the device is described and its feasibility demonstrated.
A spectral subtraction algorithm for suppression of acoustic noise in speech

Spectral subtraction has been shown to be an effective approach for reducing ambient acoustic noise in order to improve the intelligibility and quality of digitally compressed speech. This paper presents a set of implementation specifications to improve algorithm performance and minimize algorithm computation and memory requirements. It is shown spectral subtraction can be implemented in terms of a nonstationary, multiplicative, frequency domain filter which changes with the time varying spectral characteristics of the speech. Using this filter a speech activity detector is defined and used to allow the algorithm to adapt automatically to changing ambient noise environments. Also the bandwidth information of this filter is used to further reduce the residual narrowband noise components which remain after spectral subtraction.
Building Evidence for Global Surgery One Experience at a Time

32. Johnson K, Idzerda L, Baras R, et al. Competency-based standardized training for humanitarian providers: making humanitarian assistance a professional discipline. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2013;7(4):369-372. 33. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Association of Schools of Public Health. Public health preparedness and response core competencymodel—final model, version 1.0. http: //www.cdc.gov/phpr/documents/perlcpdfs /preparednesscompetencymodelworkforce -version1_0.pdf. Updated December 17, 2010. Accessed February 25, 2015.
Cell‐Cycle Arrest at G2/M and Growth Inhibition by Apigenin in Human Colon Carcinoma Cell Lines

Apigenin, a common dietary flavonoid, has been shown to induce cell cycle arrest in both epidermal and fibroblast cells and inhibit skin tumorigenesis in murine models. The present study assessed the influence of apigenin on cell growth and the cell cycle in the human colon carcinoma cell lines SW480, HT-29, and Caco-2. Treatment of each cell line with apigenin (0-80 microM) resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in both cell number and cellular protein content, compared with untreated control cultures. DNA flow cytometric analysis indicated that treatment with apigenin resulted in G2/M arrest in all three cell lines in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Apigenin treatment (80 microM) for 48 h produced maximum G2/M arrest of 64%, 42%, and 26% in SW480 cells, HT-29 cells, and Caco-2 cells, respectively, in comparison with control cells (15%). The proportion of S-phase cells was not altered by apigenin treatment in each of the three cell lines. The G2/M arrest was reversible after 48 h of apigenin treatment in the most sensitive cell line SW480. The degree of G2/M arrest by apigenin was inversely correlated with the corresponding inhibition of cell growth measurements in all three cell lines (r = -0.626 to -0.917, P</=0. 005). Moreover, an immune complex kinase assay demonstrated an inhibition of p34(cdc2) kinase activity, a critical enzyme in G2/M transition, in each cell line after treatment with apigenin (50-80 microM). Western blot analyses indicated that both p34(cdc2) and cyclin B1 proteins were also decreased after apigenin treatment. These results indicate that apigenin inhibits colon carcinoma cell growth by inducing a reversible G2/M arrest and that this arrest is associated, at least in part, with inhibited activity of p34(cdc2) kinase and reduced accumulation of p34(cdc2) and cyclin B1 proteins. Differences in induction of G2/M arrest by apigenin in the three colon carcinoma cell lines suggest that dietary apigenin may be differentially effective against tumors with specific mutational spectra. Mol. Carcinog. 28:102-110, 2000.
Pheochromocytoma: a cause of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, transient left ventricular dysfunction, and takotsubo cardiomyopathy.

Objective: To report the case of a patient with a pheochromocytoma and apical left ventricular dysfunction that resolved after surgical resection of the pheochromocytoma, to review the effects of c...
The influence of size-dependent droplet composition on pollutant processing by fogs

Abstract The effects of size-dependent fog chemistry and physics on the pre-fog aerosol size/composition distribution are examined for a San Joaquin Valley fog. In this paper, we compare the results of a size-resolved fog model with measurements from Colorado State University's five-stage and bulk cloud collectors. The model reproduces the amounts and trends of the observed bulk fog water concentrations and size-dependent composition of the major species (sulfate, ammonium, nitrate, sodium, chloride, calcium). We examine the size-dependent evolution of the measured species and compare sulfate concentrations predicted by the highly size-resolved fog model with the variable size resolution model (VSRM) [Fahey and Pandis, 2001. Atmospheric Environment 35, 4471–4478]. It is shown that for lengthy fog events in relatively clean environments deposition of fog droplets is the most important process for the evolution of the size/composition distribution of aerosols over the course of fog processing. The results indicate a need for a larger number of measurements of deposition fluxes for individual species and the need for aqueous-phase concentration measurements from the early formation stage of fogs.
Pathway Profiling in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: ELUCIDATION OF CHOLESTEROL-DERIVED CATABOLITE AND ENZYMES THAT CATALYZE ITS METABOLISM *

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, imports and metabolizes host cholesterol during infection. This ability is important in the chronic phase of infection. Here we investigate the role of the intracellular growth operon (igr), which has previously been identified as having a cholesterol-sensitive phenotype in vitro and which is important for intracellular growth of the mycobacteria. We have employed isotopically labeled low density lipoproteins containing either [1,7,15,22,26-14C]cholesterol or [1,7,15,22,26-13C]cholesterol and high resolution LC/MS as tools to profile the cholesterol-derived metabolome of an igr operon-disrupted mutant (Δigr) of M. tuberculosis. A partially metabolized cholesterol species accumulated in the Δigr knock-out strain that was absent in the complemented and parental wild-type strains. Structural elucidation by multidimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy revealed the accumulated metabolite to be methyl 1β-(2′-propanoate)-3aα-H-4α-(3′-propanoic acid)-7aβ-methylhexahydro-5-indanone. Heterologously expressed and purified FadE28-FadE29, an acyl-CoA dehydrogenase encoded by the igr operon, catalyzes the dehydrogenation of 2′-propanoyl-CoA ester side chains in substrates with structures analogous to the characterized metabolite. Based on the structure of the isolated metabolite, enzyme activity, and bioinformatic annotations, we assign the primary function of the igr operon to be degradation of the 2′-propanoate side chain. Therefore, the igr operon is necessary to completely metabolize the side chain of cholesterol metabolites.
High-sensitivity explosives detection using dual-excitation-wavelength resonance-Raman detector

A key challenge for standoff explosive sensors is to distinguish explosives, with high confidence, from a myriad of unknown background materials that may have interfering spectral peaks. To meet this challenge a sensor needs to exhibit high specificity and high sensitivity in detection at low signal-to-noise ratio levels. We had proposed a Dual-Excitation- Wavelength Resonance-Raman Detector (DEWRRED) to address this need. In our previous work, we discussed various components designed at WVHTCF for a DEWRRED sensor. In this work, we show a completely assembled laboratory prototype of a DEWRRED sensor and utilize it to detect explosives from two standoff distances. The sensor system includes two novel, compact CW deep-Ultraviolet (DUV) lasers, a compact dual-band high throughput DUV spectrometer, and a highly-sensitive detection algorithm. We choose DUV excitation because Raman intensities from explosive traces are enhanced and fluorescence and solar background are not present. The DEWRRED technique exploits the excitation wavelength dependence of Raman signal strength, arising from complex interplay of resonant enhancement, self-absorption and laser penetration depth. We show measurements from >10 explosives/pre-cursor materials at different standoff distances. The sensor showed high sensitivity in explosive detection even when the signalto- noise ratio was close to one (~1.6). We measured receiver-operating-characteristics, which show a clear benefit in using the dual-excitation-wavelength technique as compared to a single-excitation-wavelength technique. Our measurements also show improved specificity using the amplitude variation information in the dual-excitation spectra.
Probing the 1 2 Σ u + cation state by low-energy dissociative ionization of Na 2

We have measured highly resolved time-of-flight spectra and concomitant angular distributions of slow ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ ions produced by near-threshold dissociative ionization of ${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}.$ Using double-resonance excitation via the $A{}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{u}^{+}$ state, ${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}$ molecules are promoted to rotational levels $J=14$ or 16 and vibrational levels between $v=50$ and 69 of the $4{}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{g}^{+}$ state. Then, a third photon\char22{}from the second of two tunable dye lasers employed\char22{}causes the transition into the double continuum associated with the $1{}^{2}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{u}^{+}$ potential of the ${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}^{+}$ cation. A detailed Monte Carlo simulation is employed to study the dynamics of this dissociative ionization process in detail. Based on this approach, we were able to subject recent calculations of this $1{}^{2}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{u}^{+}$ potential to experimental scrutiny. We find our data to be compatible with a zero-energy crossing near 8.8 \AA{} and a well depth of about 70 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, which agrees with most of the published calculations. Angular distributions for the vibrational level $v=60$ are also reproduced well using the same potential parameters and an anisotropy parameter $\ensuremath{\beta}=2$ modified by a semiclassical argument to account for parent molecule rotation.
Pharmacokinetics of Erythromycin on Repetitive Dosing

Serum erythromycin concentration data from several repetitive dosing studies were analyzed with newly developed computer methods for fitting multiple-dose data and generating nonlinear least-squares estimates of pharmacokinetic parameters. This analysis indicates that the pharmacokinetics of erythromycin can be described by a one-compartment linear model with the following characteristics: (a) a lag time between the time of drug administration and the onset of absorption; (b) apparent zero-order rather than first-order absorption; (c) dose-to-dose variability in the rate and extent of absorption; and (d) day-to-day variability in the kinetics of elimination. The bioavailability of the third dose of erythromycin on a given day is considerably lower than that of the second dose or of the fourth and last dose of the day. The average apparent half-life of erythromycin was 1.8 hour on day 1 and 2.6 hours on day 3 of the repetitive dosing regimen.
Reduced threshold to suction-induced blister formation in insulin-dependent diabetics

Diabetics may have an increased susceptibility to cutaneous blister formation clinically manifest as the bullous eruption of diabetes. We evaluated the mechanical force necessary to induce suction blisters in fifteen insulin-dependent diabetics and twenty age-matched normal controls. The mean suction blister threshold for the diabetics was 31.9 minutes versus 68.0 minutes for the controls, a highly significant difference (p
Truncated newton methods and the modeling of complex immersed elastic structures

Truncated Newton minimization methods are combined with Peskin's immersed boundary method to facilitate investigation of the dynamic interaction between a viscous, incompressible fluid and immersed elastic objects of complex structure. Applications to aquatic animal locomotion and platelet aggregation during blood clotting are presented. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Abstract B11: Expression analysis of 2D versus 3D culture growth in HEY ovarian cancer cells

Human tissue culture has many uses in cancer research. For example, this technique allows for a simple method of testing potential anti-cancer drugs. However, standard 2D cell culture seldom yields the same results in clinical testing. This may be due to the cell culture being exposed to a much different environment than what can be found at its site of origin, including the cellular interactions found in a 3D tumor. A cell culture spheroid model can alleviate some of these issues, creating a 3D version of the culture which more closely represents the cellular conditions experienced by a tumor. We were interested in determining which genes are most affected by 3D growth. Here, we have performed expression analysis on 2D versus 3D HEY ovarian cancer cells. Interestingly, we show that expression of many chaperone genes are increased in 3D growth conditions. This may be due to increased proteotoxic stress encountered by cells grown in spheroids. Future work will analyze the significance of chaperones and the heat shock response in 3D growth of ovarian cancer cells. Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference. Citation Format: Trillitye Lotito, Chase Powell, Christopher Menzie, Candice Aiosa, Feng Cheng, Sandy Westerheide. Expression analysis of 2D versus 3D culture growth in HEY ovarian cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research: From Concept to Clinic; Sep 18-21, 2013; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2013;19(19 Suppl):Abstract nr B11.
Towards computer‐aided separation synthesis

A novel computer-aided design methodology is introduced for synthesizing multi-component distillation networks. A single-objective unconstrained design problem formulation circumvents numerical challenges regarding lack of robustness and multiple local minima. A thermodynamically motivated temperature collocation approach drastically reduces the number of state variables occurring in rigorous column equilibrium and component balances. A novel chromosome encompassing all column configurations is proposed to solve the mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MILNP) using a stochastic genetic algorithm (GA) with minimum user input. The general formulation and robust performance of the computer-aided design approach naturally extends to multi-component mixtures. Applications include solutions to optimal sequencing problems for up to five species. The massive parallelism of the approach allows for the generation of complete solution maps classifying the design space into regions of optimality. The method also applies to optimal sequences of azeotropic columns. The temperature collocation approach constitutes a promising new design framework for synthesis problems previously not amenable to computer-aided design and analysis. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
The Importance of Adjusting for Trip Purpose in Regional Economic Analyses of Tourist Destinations

This paper investigates the empirical importance of distinguishing visitors and their expenditures by trip purpose when estimating the tourism effects of a national park on a local economy. Accounting for trip purpose is quite important when there are two or more nearby major attractions in the same geographical area. This applies to the author�s case study of Grand Teton and Yellowstone National Parks in the State of Wyoming, and also to other areas, such as the State of Utah�s Bryce and Zion National Parks or amusement parks in the Orlando area in Florida. The authors illustrate the various types of survey questions and methods for correcting for trip purpose. In the case study, it would be quite misleading to attribute all spending by visitors to Grand Teton National Park (GTNP) in the town of Jackson, Wyoming, solely to GTNP because this would overstate employment actually attributable to the park by 3,455 jobs, or 22%. In turn, this overestimates the dependence of jobs in the Jackson economy on GTNP by 15%, incorrectly estimating it at 75% rather than the sounder figure of 60% of total jobs.
Investigation of heat generation in ultrasonic metal welding using micro sensor arrays

A lack of sensing techniques with desired spatial and temporal resolutions at critical locations has hindered the real-time monitoring of many manufacturing processes. Micro thin film sensors, when properly implemented, can offer tremendous benefits for real-time sensing in those processes. In this study, a batch production of micro thin film sensor arrays on nickel was realized by transferring thin film sensors from silicon wafers directly into nickel substrates through standard microfabrication and electroplating techniques. To demonstrate the potential applications, micro sensor arrays that consist of multiple thermocouples and thermopiles were designed, fabricated and transferred into the electroplated nickel to study temperature field and heat generation during meso-scale ultrasonic welding. Sensor arrays are arranged immediately adjacent to the meso-scale welding area for in situ temperature and surface heat flux measurements. With the high temporal and spatial temperature data, a numerical method was developed to estimate the time resolved heat generation at the welding interface.
Effects of non-planar geometries and volumetric expansion in the modeling of oxidation in titanium

Abstract Development of a model for oxidation of titanium based upon diffusion of oxygen in the oxide is presented in this work. Equations describing motion of the oxygen-oxide and metal-oxide interfaces are derived using jump mass balance. The volumetric expansion of the oxide and its impact on the motion of interfaces is fully accounted for. An analytical solution is obtained for the case of one-dimensional planar oxidation and is used to estimate the diffusion coefficient of oxygen into titanium dioxide. Numerical results are presented for the cases of oxidation on the surface of a cylinder, oxidation of a cylindrical hole and oxidation of a sphere and comparisons are made with experimental data.
The 2002 Bernard B. Brodie Award lecture: deciphering substrate recognition by drug-metabolizing cytochromes P450.

It is an honor to be the recipient of the 2002 Bernard B. Brodie Award in Drug Metabolism from the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. In receiving this award, I join a distinguished group of honorees ([Coon, 1981][1]; [Jerina, 1983][2]; [Mannering, 1986][3]; [Nebert,
Feeding and digestion in low salinity in an osmoconforming crab,Cancer gracilis I. Cardiovascular and respiratory responses

SUMMARY The osmoregulatory physiology of decapod crustaceans has received extensive attention. Within this field there is a growing body of literature on cardiovascular and respiratory responses to low salinity. Most species exhibit a tachycardia coupled with an increase in ventilation rate and oxygen uptake. However, these previous experiments were conducted on animals that were starved prior to experimentation in order to avoid increases in metabolism associated with digestive processes. Because organisms are not necessarily starved prior to experiencing environmental perturbations, results from previous experiments may not represent natural physiological responses. The present study investigated how an osmoconforming decapod, the graceful crab Cancer gracilis , balanced the demands of physiological systems (prioritization or additivity of events) during feeding and digestion in a low salinity environment. Cancer gracilis exhibited a typical increase in oxygen uptake and less pronounced increases in cardiovascular variables (heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output) during feeding in 100% seawater. In 3-day starved crabs, exposure to 65% seawater resulted in a pronounced bradycardia, with a concomitant decrease in cardiac output and haemolymph flow rates and a temporary decrease in oxygen uptake. When crabs were exposed to low salinity, 3 h and 24 h after food ingestion, heart rate increased slightly and cardiac output and ventilation rates remained stable. Although oxygen uptake decreased transiently, feeding levels were quickly regained. During a recovery phase in 100%SW there was an overshoot in parameters, suggesting repayment of an oxygen debt. Thus, it appears that feeding and digestion are prioritized in this species, allowing it to survive acute exposure to hyposaline water. Furthermore, the results show that the nutritional state of an animal is important in modulating its physiological responses to environmental perturbations. This underscores the importance of studying physiological responses at the whole organism level under conditions closely approximating those of the natural environment.
Direct determination of metals in milligram masses and microlitre volumes by direct-current argon-plasma emission spectrometry with sample introduction by electrothermal vaporization

The development of an electrothermal vaporization and direct-current argon-plasma emission spectrometric system which allowed the determination of metals in microlitre volumes and milligram masses is described. For the five metals investigated, the concentration detection limits were comparable to those for conventional pneumatic nebulization of solutions, and the mass detection limits were superior. The use of an ashing stage was found to reduce enhancement by sodium in the determination of copper and manganese by the plasma method. The system was shown to give accurate results for complex biological, nutritional, water and geological samples.
WLC41-5: Optimum Selection Relaying Protocols in Cooperative Wireless Networks

In this paper, we analyze and compare the outage probabilities of selection relaying protocols for cooperative communications in wireless networks. Depending on the quality of the source-relay channel, the relay may choose either decode-and-forward (DF), amplify-and-forward (AF), or direct-transmission (DT) to forward signals. It turns out that in terms of outage probability, two selection relaying protocols are better than others: either selection between DF and AF protocols (DF-AF) or selection between DF and DT protocols (DF-DT). We show that with an equal power allocation at the source and the relay, both the DF-AF and DF-DT selection protocols have the same asymptotic outage probability. However, with an optimum power allocation strategy, the DF-AF selection is in general better than the DF-DT selection. Simulations are also presented to validate the analytical results.
Insulin-like growth factor II binding and action in human fetal fibroblasts

To investigate the role of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) in human prenatal growth, IGF-II binding and biological action were studied in four lines of fetal and three lines of postnatal human fibroblasts. Specific biniding of IGF-II was similar in both groups: 15.7% and 14.9% for fetal and postnatal fibroblasts, respectively. This was 5–10 times the amount of IGF-I binding found in these cells. IGF-I and IGF-II caused dose-dependent increases in [14C]aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) uptake. IGF-II was sevenfold less potent than IGF-I in stimulating this metabolic response in both fetal and postnatal fibroblasts. The maximal effect of IGF-II in stimulating [14C]AIB uptake approached that of IGF-I. Similar results were obtained when IGF-I and IGF-II stimulation of [3H]thymidine incorporation was compared in fetal and postnatal fibroblasts. Incubation in the presence of alphalR-3, a monoclonal antibody to the type I IGF receptor, inhibited the ability of both IGF-I and IGF-II to stimulate [14C]AIB uptake and [3H]thymidine incorporation in fetal and postnatal cells. A monoclonal antibody to the insulin receptor did not affect IGF action. These data indicate that IGF-II is a potent metabolic and mitogenic stimulus for human fetal firoblasts. However, despite the presence of abundant type II IGF receptors on both fetal and postnatal human fibroblasts, IGF-II stimulation of amino acid transport and DNA synthesis appears to be mediated through the type I rather than through its own type II IGF receptor.
Electricity prices and state commitment to energy efficiency in the U.S.

This paper studies the effect of electricity prices on state commitment to energy efficiency in the USA. Using panel data we find that electricity prices have a significant positive effect on state energy efficiency expenditures. Moreover, we find that this effect is particularly pronounced beyond a certain threshold level of prices. The rationale for these findings is that higher prices increase the cost-effectiveness of energy efficiency programs. These findings have important implications for state expenditures on energy efficiency if electricity prices rise in response to carbon and other stringent environmental regulations.
Passive classification of wireless NICs during active scanning

Computer networks have become increasingly ubiquitous. However, with the increase in networked applications, there has also been an increase in difficulty to manage and secure these networks. The proliferation of 802.11 wireless networks has heightened this problem by extending networks beyond physical boundaries. We present a statistical analysis and propose the use of spectral analysis to identify the type of wireless network interface card (NIC). This mechanism can be applied to support the detection of unauthorized systems that use NICs that are different from that of a legitimate system. We focus on active scanning, a vaguely specified mechanism required by the 802.11 standard that is implemented in the hardware and software of the wireless NIC. We show that the implementation of this function influences the transmission patterns of a wireless stream that are observable through traffic analysis. Our mechanism for NIC identification uses signal processing to analyze the periodicity embedded in the wireless traffic caused by active scanning. A stable spectral profile is created from the periodic components of the traffic and used for the identity of the wireless NIC. We show that we can distinguish between NICs manufactured by different vendors, with zero false positives, using the spectral profile. Finally, we infer where, in the NIC, the active scanning algorithm is implemented.
Rank-dependent compromises between growth and predator protection in lizard dominance hierarchies

Abstract Juvenile Anolis aeneus lizards often live in dominance hierarchies, and in both the laboratory and field, rank was primarily determined by a juvenile's size relative to the others when it entered a hierarchy. Because juveniles entered hierarchies soon after hatching and left when they reached subadult sizes, most juveniles slowly rose in status during their sojourn in dominance hierarchies. In laboratory experiments, rank and growth rate were positively related when both food and perches were uniformly distributed. However, when perches were non-uniformly distributed, juveniles competed to live on those perch configurations which offered protection from predators. Under these conditions, growth was more weakly related to rank than in the uniform-habitat trials, and high-ranking juveniles living on the preferred (safe) perches had significantly lower growth rates than those living elsewhere. In contrast, low-ranking juveniles in non-uniform habitats experienced no such compromise between growth and safety, and those on the preferred perches tended to grow faster than those living elsewhere. Since most juveniles in the field seem to gradually rise from low to high rank, the behavioural strategies for optimizing growth and survival may change ontogenetically in this species.
Using Music Tempo and Picture Distance to predict attitude towards advertised brands

This study examines whether Music Tempo (MT) and Picture Distance (PD) to predict attitudes towards television advertisements. Results suggest that PD is a good predictor for attitudes towards advertisements involving low involvement products. With the presence of such a strong attitude effect of MF, the effect of MT turned out to be negligible regardless of the sample size. We also found that PD is a good predictor for attitudes towards advertisements involving low involvement products. Future research is suggested to study the attitude effect of MT where individuals' familiarity of music used in an advertisement is at a negligible level.
Interrogation of phosphor-specific interaction on a high-throughput label-free optical biosensor system-Epic system.

The Epic® system, a high-throughput label-free optical biosensor system, is applied for the biochemical interrogation of phosphor-specific interactions of the 14-3-3 protein and its substrates. It has shown the capability not only for high-throughput characterization of binding rank and affinity but also for the exploration of potential interacting kinases for the substrates. A perspective of biochemical applications for diagnostics and biomarker discovery, as well as cell-based applications for endogenous receptors and viral infection characterization, are also provided.