cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discussion of Feng et al. (2014). Statistical reconstruction of two-phase random media Comput. Struct. 137 (2014) 78-92

Clarifies misrepresentations of existing iterative methods in Feng et al.Demonstrates the efficiency of the ITAM method for random media simulation.Addresses compatibility and generality of random media simulation methods. The recent work of Feng et al. (2014) presents a new approach for generation of 2-phase random media using a translation-based stochastic field. The method is useful, elegant, and efficient. The intention of this discussion is to clarify some misrepresentations of prior work as they are presented in terms of the efficiency of iterative methods and the Iterative Translation Approximation Method (ITAM) of Shields et al. (2011) specifically. The ITAM approach is far more efficient than presented and represents a negligibly small increase in expense over the proposed approach. Some issues pertaining to compatibility and generalization of translation fields are also discussed.
Use of single stranded targeting DNA or negative selection does not further increase the efficiency of a GGTA1 promoter trap.

Use of single stranded targeting DNA or negative selection does not provide additional enrichment from a GGTA1 promoter trap Although several techniques have been developed to creategene knockouts in pigs, homologous recombination will continue to be required for site-specific genome modifications that are more sophisticated than gene disruption (base changes, domain exchanges, conditional knockouts). The objective of the present paper was to improve the efficiency of homologous recombination in porcine fetal fibroblasts, which would be used to produce gene knockout pigs by somatic cell nuclear transfer
A SNARE-Like Protein and Biotin Are Implicated in Soybean Cyst Nematode Virulence

Phytoparasitic nematodes that are able to infect and reproduce on plants that are considered resistant are referred to as virulent. The mechanism(s) that virulent nematodes employ to evade or suppress host plant defenses are not well understood. Here we report the use of a genetic strategy (allelic imbalance analysis) to associate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with nematode virulence genes in Heterodera glycines, the soybean cyst nematode (SCN). To accomplish this analysis, a custom SCN SNP array was developed and used to genotype SCN F3-derived populations grown on resistant and susceptible soybean plants. Three SNPs reproducibly showed allele imbalances between nematodes grown on resistant and susceptible plants. Two candidate SCN virulence genes that were tightly linked to the SNPs were identified. One SCN gene encoded biotin synthase (HgBioB), and the other encoded a bacterial-like protein containing a putative SNARE domain (HgSLP-1). The two genes mapped to two different linkage groups. HgBioB contained sequence polymorphisms between avirulent and virulent nematodes. However, the gene encoding HgSLP-1 had reduced copy number in virulent nematode populations and appears to produce multiple forms of the protein via intron retention and alternative splicing. We show that HgSLP-1 is an esophageal-gland protein that is secreted by the nematode during plant parasitism. Furthermore, in bacterial co-expression experiments, HgSLP-1 co-purified with the SCN resistance protein Rhg1 α-SNAP, suggesting that these two proteins physically interact. Collectively our data suggest that multiple SCN genes are involved in SCN virulence, and that HgSLP-1 may function as an avirulence protein and when absent it helps SCN evade host defenses.
A Review of: “Challenging and Supporting the First-Year Students: A Handbook for Improving the First Year of College”

In 1989, M. Lee Upcraft and John N. Gardner wrote The Freshmen Year Experience, which became a seminal piece for individuals involved in students' first-year college. Upcraft and Gardner's latest w...
Setting the Size of the Supreme Court

As with any institutional feature, the size of the Supreme Court should be informed by a definition of functional goals. This article describes how the current size of the Supreme Court is largely untethered from any such definition, and it begins the process of understanding how size and Court performance might interact. To do so, it identifies a list of institutional goals for the Supreme Court and explores how changing the size of the Court promotes or obstructs the attainment of those goals. Given that the Court's institutional goals are numerous and occasionally in tension, there is no definitive answer to the question of how large the Court should be. Instead, the optimal size of the Court depends on how one views the relative importance of each institutional goal and how those goals should be balanced. Unfortunately, the current size of the Supreme Court is not attributable to a careful balancing of these institutional goals, but instead is due to political efforts to secure power on the Court. Consequently, a reconsideration of the Court's size in light of institutional considerations is long overdue.
Organizations as a source of immoral behavior

Evil-doing is as much an organizational as an individual phenomenon. The people who commit evil acts are not usually evil people from the outset, but they become evil as a result of processes within organizations. Among these processes are pressure to continue earning a livelihood, team loyalty, diffusion of information and responsibility, and a desire not to lose prior investment in a line of behavior (sunk costs). The hierarchical nature of organizations makes immoral acts more likely because individuals may be “only following orders.” After participating in immoral behaviors, individuals then start to engage in cover-ups and perform acts known to be immoral, in contrast to earlier acts which are rationalized as justified. It is at this point that individuals may be said to be evil.
Surface Charge Ordering Transition: α Phase of Sn/Ge(111)

We have identified and characterized a charge-density wave transition (T{sub c}{approximately}{minus}60{degree}C) in the low-coverage {alpha} phase of the Sn/Ge(111) interface both experimentally and theoretically. Charge ordering is accompanied by a structural distortion from ({radical}(3){times}{radical}(3))R30{degree} to (3{times}3) symmetry. Density-functional theory calculations are unable to correctly reproduce the observed ground state and, more importantly, indicate that Fermi surface nesting does not play a role in this transition. Both signal the importance of many-body effects in this system. Experiment and theory indicate that the Sn/Ge(111) overlayer is fundamentally different from the Pb/Ge(111) overlayer previously reported. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Theory and experimental study of surfactant effects on epitaxial growth of compound semiconductors.

The work discussed in this report was supported by a Campus Fellowship LDRD. The report contains three papers that were published by the fellowship recipient and these papers form the bulk of his dissertation. They are reproduced here to satisfy LDRD reporting requirements.
Total extrathoracic cardiopulmonary support with kinetic assisted venous drainage: experience in 50 patients:

Extrathoracic cardiopulmonary bypass is used in special situations when normal access to the right atrium and aorta is difficult or not practicable. Femero-femoral bypass using gravity drainage is effective for partial cardiopulmonary support, but cannot usually provide adequate venous drainage for full circulatory support. Kinetic assisted venous drainage (KAVD) is the process of applying a controlled suction on the venous line with a kinetic pump to augment venous drainage.KAVD has been used in 50 patients where femero-femoral bypass was selected as the mode of circulatory support. These cases included: redo-operations with significant sternal adhesions (15), minimally invasive port-access cardiac surgery (12), haemodynamic instability (10), left thoracotomy (10), and others (3). In 11 cases, a second venous catheter was added because of protocol. No appreciable increase in venous return occurred with the addition of a second drainage catheter. All patients were adequately supported and a 20-40% increas...
Confronting White Supremacy and a Militaristic Pedagogy in the U.S. Settler Colonial State

We argue that understanding contemporary geographies of race and militarism is predicated on understandings of settler colonialism and white supremacy. Settler colonialism is a continuously unfolding project of empire that is enabled by and through specific racial configurations that are tied to geographies of white supremacy. In a U.S. context, settler colonialism begins with the removal of first peoples from the land and the creation of racialized and gendered labor systems that make the land productive for the colonizers. In this context, settler colonialism is an enduring structure—an interrelated political, social, and economic process that continuously unfolds—requiring continued reconfigurations and interventions by the state. Such a framing connects landscapes of militarism and geopolitics with everyday forms of violence, social difference, and normalized power hierarchies and relationships of oppression. Building from these insights we argue that theorizations of U.S. militarism must be connected...
Obesity in Elderly and Life Expectancy in India

chronic conditions and cancer. However, the question is whether such “improvements” in technology are addressed only to cure ailing population or can India address preventive programs aimed at decreasing the burden of obesity and chronic conditions.Hence, the next big threat to Life Expectancy improvements appears to be stemming from obesity and chronic diseases in middle and old age, which are directly linked to an increased risk for death and morbidity. Attempts to predict life expectancy of Indian population, in terms of whether it is improving or getting worse becomes even more intricate in !"#$%&’#()#$*+$’),#(!,-)$.%!%$%/%,0%&0#$+*1$’2)"$#/%02%!,*(’3
The First Fifty Billion Nanoseconds of Electron Photocarrier Evolution in Undoped a-Si:H

The drift of electrons generated by a 3 ns illumination impulse was studied in several undoped a-Si:H specimens by using transient photocharge measurements from 10 ns to 50 sec. The transients show four stages of evolution: band transport, deep-trapping and subsequent re-emission, and recombination. From the temperature dependence of the emission time we estimated the mean energy of the trap distribution and the attempt-to-escape frequency associated with this trap to be 0.6 eV below the conduction band and 5×10 12 sec −1 respectively; this trap has been identified in previous work with the D-center found in electron spin resonance. In addition the data resolve the two orders of magnitute discrepancy between mobility-lifetime estimates from earlier charge-collection experiments and from steady-state photoconductivity.
Research on Preparation of Glass-ceramics from Low Alumina and High Ignition Loss Fly Ash

Using fly ash with low alumina and high ignition loss as main raw material,glass-ceramics had been prepared by conventional melt quenching technique.The comprehensive utilization of fly ash was more than 60%.The influences of heating conditions on crystallization behavior,crystal types and microstructures of the glass-ceramics were investigated by XRD,DSC and SEM.The density and bend strength of the prepared glass-ceramics have been tested.The results show that the Ca5Al6O14 crystallite formed in the matrix glass firstly when crystallization temperature was higher than 800 ℃.Much CaSiO3 grains appeared when crystallization temperature increased to 900 ℃.Further increase treating temperature to high than 1000 ℃,the matrix glass become softening and deformation.The bulk density and bend strength of prepared ash fly glass-ceramics ranges from 2.79-2.96 g·cm-3 and 112-125 MPa,respectively.
Oxidative damages of human mesangial cells induced by cadmium sulfide nanoparticles

Objective To investigate the cytotoxicity and mechanism of synthetic cadmium sulfide nanoparticles(nCdS) to human mesangial cells(HMC). Methods After HMC cells were exposed to different concentrations(0-80 μg/ml) of nCdS for 24 h, cell viability were observed by MTT assay. The intracellular activities of SOD, GSH-Px and the contents of GSH, MDA inside cells exposed to 0-40 μg/ml nCdS were determined. Results Compared with the control group, the viability of HMC cells significantly decreased with increase of nCdS concentration( P 0. 05). After exposure to nCdS for 24 h, as the concentration increased, the activities of SOD and GSH-Px significantly decreased in 40 μg/ml group(P0.05), and the content of MDA enhanced and the content of GSH decreased in 40 μg/ml group(P0.05). Conclusion Cell toxicity of nCdS may be due to antioxidant system damage.
Emotional proprioception: Treatment of depression with afferent facial feedback

We develop the concept of emotional proprioception, whereby the muscles of facial expression play a central role in encoding and transmitting information to the brain's emotional circuitry, and describe its underlying neuroanatomy. We explore the role of facial expression in both reflecting and influencing depressed mood. The circuitry involved in this latter effect is a logical target for treatment with botulinum toxin, and we review the evidence in support of this strategy. Clinical trial data suggest that botulinum toxin is effective in treating depression. We discuss the clinical and theoretical implications of these data. This novel treatment approach is just one example of the potential importance of the cranial nerves in the treatment of depression.
Correspondence: Reassessing the contribution of natural gas to US CO2 emission reductions since 2007.

Correspondence: Reassessing the contribution of natural gas to US CO 2 emission reductions since 2007
Biology of Human T Cell Leukemia Viruses in Immunosuppression and AIDS

The concept that retroviruses could induce immunosuppression following natural infections was first appreciated with respect to the feline leukemia viruses (FeLV’s). While it was clearly established that FeLV’s could cause leukemia or lymphoma following infection by the late 1960’s (1), it was in the early to mid 1970’s before the same agents were fully appreciated for their potential in causing disease and death due to immunosuppression (2,3). Now, it is generally accepted that the FeLV’s cause substantially more deaths in cats by causing immunosuppression than by causing leukemia.
Accurate MR thermometry by hyperpolarized 129 Xe.

PURPOSE To investigate the temperature dependence of the resonance frequency of lipid-dissolved xenon (LDX) and to assess the accuracy of LDX-based MR thermometry. METHODS The chemical shift temperature dependence of water protons, methylene protons, and LDX was measured from samples containing tissues with varying fat contents using a high-resolution NMR spectrometer. LDX results were then used to acquire relative and absolute temperature maps in vivo and the results were compared with PRF-based MR thermometry. RESULTS The temperature dependence of proton resonance frequency (PRF) is strongly affected by the specific distribution of water and fat. A redistribution of water and fat compartments can reduce the apparent temperature dependence of the water chemical shift from -0.01 ppm/°C to -0.006 ppm, whereas the LDX chemical shift shows a consistent temperature dependence of -0.21 ppm/°C. The use of the methylene protons resonance frequency as internal reference improves the accuracy of LDX-based MR thermometry, but degrades that of PRF-based MR thermometry, as microscopic susceptibility gradients affected lipid and water spins differently. CONCLUSION The LDX resonance frequency, with its higher temperature dependence, provides more accurate and precise temperature measurements, both in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, the resonance frequency of nearby methylene protons can be used to extract absolute temperature information. Magn Reson Med 78:1070-1079, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Dimensionally and Physically Proper Lift, Drag, and Thrust-Related Numbers as Figures of Merit: Normalized Lift, Drag, and Thrust, ηL, ηD, and ηT

AbstractTextbooks state that the lift, drag, and thrust coefficients CL, CD, and CT, are numbers that must be dimensionally proper (i.e., dimensionless) for their use in comparing different data se...
Myc-associated zinc finger protein mediates the tumor specific expression of PPAR gamma 1 in human breast cancer cells

4514 Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor (PPAR) is a nuclear hormone receptor that binds specific response elements (PPRE) in the promoter of target genes. Three PPAR isoforms (α,β/δ,γ), each coded by a different gene, have been reported. We have previously shown that PPAR γ1 is highly over expressed in human breast cancer cells, and the high expression of PPAR γ1 in human breast cancer cells is driven by a tumor specific promoter. These data indicate that the pA1 promoter is the major promoter used in human breast cancer cell lines for PPAR γ1 transcription. We cloned a 3kb promoter region that is upstream of exon A1 of PPAR γ1 and identified a highly GC-rich (90%) 263bp minimum promoter fragment of pA1 by using standard deletion analysis. To obviate the difficulty of working with such a GC-rich promoter and to speed the identification of the transcription factor(s) mediating tumor specific expression of PPARγ1,we have merged microarry analysis with the Transcription Element Search Software, TESS analysis. These analysis identified 29 potential transcription factors that could bind to one of 209 different binding site within the 263bp fragment. These data were used in conjunction with microarry data comparing the expression of thousand of gene between MCF-7 and Normal Human Mammary Epitheial Cell (HMEC). We identified the only one of the transcription factor, MAZ (Myc-associated zinc finger protein, Genebank Accession: BC041629), that was highly over expressed in MCF-7 compared to HMEC. Gel shift assay demonstrated that MAZ is able to bind to the putative MAZ response element in the tumor specific promoter but not in the PPAR γ1 promoter used in HMEC. Using both MAZ over expression and silencing RNA approaches, these data indicates that MAZ plays a critical role in the tumor specific transcriptional activation of PPAR γ1 by binding to the tumor specific promoter region and possibly promoting PPAR γ1 promoter switching in tumor cells. Our gene chip data also showed GADD45 (the Growth Arrest and DNA Damage-inducible gene 45) mRNA level is regulated by PPAR γ1. When MAZ is transiently expressed in HMEC, GADD45 mRNA level also changes dramatically. As GADD45 is already known as an important regulator of cell cycle progression, apoptosis and DNA repair, and this points to one possible mechanism of PPARγ1 action in breast cancer. Together these data begin to define the mechanism of the tumor-specific expression of PPARγ1 provides unique insights into novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
The Quiet Ego: Motives for Self-Other Balance and Growth in Relation to Well-Being

The quiet ego is a way of construing the self that transcends egotism, not by neglecting the self but rather by facilitating a balance of concerns for the self and others as well as by facilitating the growth of the self and others. This study examines whether the Quiet Ego Scale (QES—Wayment et al. in J Happiness Stud 16:999–1033, 2015) correlates significantly with measures that specifically reflect balance and growth in terms of value orientations and motivation, and whether these values and motives can help explain the relation between QES and well-being. We randomly split our sample of 1117 college students into five groups (Ns ranged from 213 to 231) and examined the correlations between QES and measures of values and motives (Ego and Ecosystem Goals—Crocker and Canevello in J Personal Soc Psychol 98:1009–1024, 2008; Growth Motivation Index (GMI)—Bauer et al. in J Happiness Stud 16:185–210, 2015; Universal Values—Schwartz et al. in J Personal Soc Psychol 103:663–668, 2012). As predicted, QES was strongly related to compassionate goal motives, experiential and reflection GMI subscales, and weakly and negatively related to self-image goals. QES was most strongly and consistently correlated with values of universalism, benevolence, and self-direction that reflecting a balance of self- and other-concern. QES was positively (but somewhat inconsistently) correlated with stimulation, achievement, power, security, and tradition, and with hedonism, albeit weakly. QES was unrelated to conformity. A regression analysis found growth and balance motives significantly accounted for much of the shared variance between QES and well-being. Our results underscore the centrality of growth and balance values to the quiet ego construct.
Compressive Stress Stalls Growth and Decreases Cytoplasmic Diffion

Any cell population growing in a limited space can generate mechanical compressive stresses. Tumors growing within tissues and microbes that are naturally confined by their environment both build up growth-induced pressure. While the effects of tensile mechanical stresses have been widely studied, much less is known about the effects of compressive mechanical stresses on cell physiology. We developed a microfluidic mechano-chemostat that enables a precise temporal control of mechanical and chemical conditions. We found that rate of cell growth is affected by compressive stress: Cell growth decreased exponentially with pressure. In order to investigate the molecular origin for such a growth decrease, we developed genetically encoded multimeric nanoparticles (GEMs) to assess the regulation of cellular crowding and the effects of a mechanical compressive stress on cell microrheology. GEMs are particles of 16nm or 35 nm in size naturally expressed by cells that enable direct particle tracking. We observe that the motion of GEMs is non-ergodic and subdiffusive, and that crowding is highly regulated in a cell by the regulation of ribosome biogenesis. Moreover, similar to overall growth-rate, GEM diffusion follows the same exponentially decreased with increasing compressive stress that growth rate. To conclude, we speculate that macromolecular diffusion becomes rate limiting for growth under compressive stress. Intermediate mechanical stresses could drive changes in crowding and diffusion to regulate cell physiology, from metabolism to signaling.
The Design and Location of Controls: A Brief Review and an Introduction to New Problems

This paper is intended to provide a brief review of conventional ergonomic control design and placement, and to indicate future directions that control research and design may take, A control is defined here as a device used by the hands or feet (limbs) of an operator to apply signals or control inputs to a system. Controls represent the primary means of commanding most systems. There are some exceptions of course, such as voice-commanded systems.
Aesthetic Semblance and Play as Responses to the Disfigurement of Human Social Existence in Schiller’s Aesthetic Education

Friedrich Schiller defines aesthetic experience as an integration of semblance and play and considers aesthetic experience as an important educational corrective to what he critiques in the development of modern society. He critiques modern society as promoting a form of development that isolates human capacities from one another and thus makes us unable to relate the development of our capacities to our lived experience. I argue against the views of Schiller’s aesthetic education as utopian, apolitical, or subjective. He sees aesthetic experience as a medial form of experience, in which we allow the form of the object to generate an open interplay between self and world. Additionally, he argues that aesthetic experience is characterized by taking objects as they seem, rather than trying to determine what they are. I close the section by anticipating the influence of Schiller’s conceptions of semblance and play on Frankfurt school critical theory.
The business of news in the attention economy: Audience labor and MediaNews Group’s efforts to capitalize on news consumption:

This article analyzes the business of news in the early 21st century through a case study of the US newspaper company MediaNews Group. It examines the company’s efforts over the past decade to crea...
Delayed neutron emission from mass-separated fission products

Thesis. Delayed neutron characteristics of six fission product nuclides were determined using a mass separator operated on-line with a nuclear reactor. Beta-decay half-lives were- measured using neutron multiscaling techniques for the precursors /sup 88/Br, /sup 89/Br, /sup 98/Kr, /sup 93/Kr, /sup 137/I, and / sup 138/I. The observed half-lives were 16.52 plus or minus .17 seconds, respectively.. Energy spectra were measured for delayed neutrons emitted in the beta-decays of /sup 17/N, /sup 137/I, /sup 93/Kr , and /sup 93/Rb. The spectra of neutron emissions in the mass 93 parentdaughter decay chain were observed using a moving tape collector to effect isobaric separation. Two different types of /sup 3/He- filled neutron spectrometer were used to determine the spectra; a proportional counter with risetime discrimination electronics, and a high resolution ionization chamber. The measured delayed, neutron spectra using both detector types are presented, and the results compared, where possible, with other reported measurements. (auth)
Comparison of aircraft state prediction methods under sensor uncertainty

The paper discusses a comparison of various aircraft state prediction methods in the presence of sensor uncertainty. Aircraft state prediction and, specifically, energy state prediction is an important step in providing the flight crew with visual and aural cues to improve their airplane state awareness (ASA) and, thus, increase aviation safety as the lack of aircraft state awareness has been one of the leading causal and contributing factors in aviation accidents. This paper focusses on predictive alerting methods to predict (a) stall and overspeed conditions, (b) high-and-fast conditions, and (c) automation mode transitions. The proposed method estimates and subsequently predicts the aircraft state based on (i) aircraft state related information output by the onboard avionics, (ii) the configuration of the aircraft, (iii) appropriate aircraft dynamics models of both the active modes and the modes to which can be transitioned via simple pilot actions, and (iv) accurate models of the uncertainty of the dynamics and sensors. To compare the performance of the various methods, this paper analyzed flight data collected during a recent NASA flight simulator study in which eleven commercial airline crews (22 pilots) completed more than 230 flights.
Discrimination, mental health, and body image among transgender and gender-non-binary individuals: Constructing a multiple mediational path model.

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the current study was to examine the relationships among discrimination, mental health, and body image in a national sample of transgender adults. Participants (N = 78) identified as transgender, genderqueer, or other gender-non-binary identities and were recruited via a national online survey. Harassment/rejection, work/school, and other discrimination explained 10.4% of the variance in body appreciation, while satisfaction with life, anxiety, self-esteem, and depression explained 60.7%. Within these models, harassment/rejection was inversely associated with body appreciation, while self-esteem and satisfaction with life were positively associated. A series of path models moving from a measurement model to a more parsimonious and excellent-fitting model found that the effect of harassment/rejection on body appreciation was fully mediated by self-esteem and satisfaction with life, resulting in a multiple mediation.
A Survey of Workload Assessment Algorithms

Supervisory control environments, such as the NASA control room can induce high workload levels in situations where a single error is capable of costing millions of dollars. An intelligent system can improve human supervisor performance by monitoring the human's workload levels and intelligently adapting the system capabilities, such as adapting the interaction medium or reallocating roles and responsibilities between the human and the system. Systems capable of responding promptly and accurately to the human's changes in workload require a workload assessment algorithm that can detect changes to all components of workload in real time. A review of 24 workload assessment algorithms across six task domains is provided. Each algorithm is reviewed based on four criteria: sensitivity, diagnosticity, suitability, and generalizability. The majority of the reviewed algorithms were developed for a specific task domain and are unable to generalize different tasks. Further, the majority of the algorithms do not account for individual differences, only assess one or two workload components, and do not classify underload.
Channels of Computer-Mediated Communication and Satisfaction in Long-Distance Relationships

In the last decade, there has been a surge in the number of ways in which romantic partners can remain in contact with each other. The use of communication technologies may have important implications for the maintenance of relationship satisfaction. Unfortunately, most research in this domain has been conducted with samples that are composed predominantly by individuals in geographically-close relationships. This study examined the use of communication technologies in long-distance relationships, including how various mediums of communication are associated with relationship satisfaction and communication satisfaction. Using a diverse online sample of individuals in long-distance relationships, we found that the frequency of utilizing various channels of communication was associated with relationship satisfaction and communication satisfaction. The most frequently used channel of communication was text messaging. However, Skype use was the strongest predictor of both relationship satisfaction and communication satisfaction. Further, communication satisfaction mediated the relation between Skype use and relationship satisfaction. We integrate our findings into theoretical perspectives on computer-mediated communication.
Measurable Functions and Their Integrals

For a given basic measure space, the basic measurable sets and the corresponding step functions form quite limited classes. Many of the sets, and actually most of the functions, which arise in analytical theory and practice will not be in these classes. It is apparent, for example, in the case of the Lebesgue basic measure space on the real line, that the integration of bounded continuous functions over finite intervals is not covered by the theory of integration for step functions. This is, however, as it should be. The general program in the development of the theory of integration should commence with a limited, yet transparent and readily constructed notion of integration such as that given in Chap. 2. The next step is to extend the integral to a wide class of functions, including, hopefully, all those of analytical interest, in such a way as to maintain all such useful properties as those already derived. That this should be possible is not at all obvious, nor does it have even an appearance of intuitive inevitability. That it is possible in fact, in such a relatively unique fashion, is in its way a quite striking phenomenon.
Corrosion in the Body

Continuing with the question concerning titanium, a further episode in the life of Dr. Curmudgeon bears repeating. Early in the development of total hip implants, the implants were available in just a few sizes and configurations, but as more and more different types of patients were operated on, more options were needed. Thus evolved the concept of modularity, which allowed different heads to be put together with different shaft configurations, neck lengths, and so on. Dr. Curmudgeon was not aware one day that, after he had placed a titanium shaft into the femoral canal, the scrub nurse had handed him a cobalt-chromium (Co- Cr) alloy femoral head of the appropriate size. Is the difference in the two metals likely to cause any problems, and, if so, what sort of problems should we expect?
Basic Structures in VHDL

In this chapter, we will look at the main VHDL constructs which are used in writing VHDL design descriptions. A digital system is usually designed as a hierarchical collection of modules. Each module corresponds to a design entity in VHDL. A design entity represents a portion of a hardware design that has well-defined inputs and outputs and performs a well-defined function. Each design entity has two parts: an entity declaration and architecture bodies. An entity declaration describes a component’s external interface and architecture bodies describe its internal implementations. We can use packages in a design description. Packages define global information that can be used by several entities. A configuration binds component instances of a structure design into entity-architecture pairs. It allows a designer to experiment with different variations of a design by selecting different implementations. A VHDL design consists of several library units, each of which is compiled and saved in a design library.
Learning, Imitation, and Memes

In the course of evolution, complex organisms arose as effective survival machines for genes. This is not to say that complex organisms replaced simple ones; rather the building of complex structures turned out to be another successful path of survival. Thus humans and bacteria coexist and are both successful, so far. As brains evolved, memory formed by learning, both trial and error and imitative, became transmittable to other brains as memes. Brains and memes, in and outside of the brain, coevolved in humans.
Outcomes of shoulder abduction after nerve surgery in patients over 50 years following traumatic brachial plexus injury.

Summary Purpose There is controversy regarding the effectiveness of brachial plexus reconstruction in older patients, as outcomes are thought to be poor. The aim of this study is to determine the outcomes of shoulder abduction obtained after nerve reconstruction in patients over the age of 50 years and factors related to success. Methods Forty patients over the age of 50 years underwent nerve surgery to improve shoulder function after a traumatic brachial plexus injury. Patients were evaluated pre- and postoperatively for shoulder abduction strength and range of motion (ROM); Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) scores; pain; age bracket; gender; body mass index (BMI); delay from injury to operation; concomitant trauma; severity of trauma; and type of reconstruction. Results The average age was 58.2 years (range 50–77 years) with an average follow-up of 18.8 months. The average modified British Medical Research Council (BMRC) shoulder abduction grade improved significantly from 0.23 to 2.03 (p 6 months. The mean DASH score decreased from 45.3 to 40.7 postoperatively, and the average pain score decreased from 3.7 to 3.0. Patients with a higher postoperative BMRC grade for shoulder abduction had improved postoperative DASH scores and VAS for pain (p = 0.011 and 0.005, respectively). Conclusion Brachial plexus nerve reconstruction for shoulder abduction in patients over the age of 50 years can yield useful BMRC scores and ROM, and age should not be used to exclude nerve reconstruction in these patients.
The Baha’i minority in the State of Israel, 1948–1957

AbstractThis article examines the virtually unexplored topic of the Baha'i religious minority in Israel's early statehood period based mainly on primary source documentation. It will be argued that...
Interview etiquette and hiring outcomes

Despite the presumed importance of interview etiquette, research examining its relationship with hiring outcomes has been relatively limited. As a step toward validating its importance, two studies were conducted to assess the influence of interview etiquette on hiring outcomes relative to other predictors. In the first study, the impact of interview etiquette was demonstrated to be similar to that of interview answer quality in influencing recruiters’ perceptions of employment suitability. Moreover, a significant interaction was found, whereby interview etiquette mattered more when interview answer quality was also high. In the second study, interview etiquette was demonstrated to explain incremental variance in job offers beyond other impression management strategies (i.e., ingratiation and self‐promotion) and biographical data (i.e., work experience, academic achievement, and extracurricular involvement). Overall, these findings provide evidence that interview etiquette bears a significant relationship with hiring outcomes, signaling its value beyond other credentials and impression management tactics.
Got To Get You Into My Life: A qualitative investigation into opt-in text marketing

This study investigates the promise of mobile marketing and the negative attitudes that millennials express toward it. The literature on mobile marketing is dominated theoretically by the Technology Acceptance Model and methodologically with quantitative methodologies. Within this framework, privacy concerns lead to negative attitudes toward opting in to marketing text messages. This study, by way of contrast, seeks to understand the context of the phone as an environment within which millennials ask to receive marketing messages. Specifically, it explores the meaning to millennials attribute to their phone texting space, the content of this space and why they choose to opt in to corporate messages (vs. personal messages). These data suggest that privacy concerns and negative attitudes toward messages are mitigated when a brand is seen as a part of the consumers’ digital and social identity. The scholarly implication of this work is that specific brands as well as consumer brand engagement should be included in models assessing technology acceptance. The practical implication of this research is that opt-in to SMS is an invitation by the consumer to the brand to enter their self-created social network. It is a potential indicator of customer loyalty and deep brand engagement.
But Is Business Management a Science

Certainly, business and management research can be approached through a scientific method. However, is it 100% a science or are there dimensions of the domain that a scientific approach will not illuminate? Numerous writers suggest that a key part of business management is an art, craft, or practice that cannot be captured thoroughly by a scientific approach. The possibility of metaphysics is introduced. Philosophy of science is used as a lens to discuss some of these assertions.
Are we ready to develop a tiered scheme for the effusion cytology? A comprehensive review and analysis of the literature

Background Cytology is widely utilized in the initial evaluation of fluid accumulation in the body cavities. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of cytology in distinguishing between benign and malignant (MAL) effusions. Methods A comprehensive and systematic review of the literature was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of serous effusion cytology (SEC) against tissue biopsy/resection histology, imaging, or clinical follow-up as the reference test. Risk of publication bias and level of heterogeneity in the included studies was assessed. Meta-regression was performed to assess the effect of various variables on the accuracy of SEC. Results Eighty studies met the inclusion criteria for meta-analysis comprising of 34 941 samples; of which 52 (0.2%), 22 202 (72.7%), 194 (0.6%), 711 (2.3%), and 6507 (21.3%) could be reclassified as nondiagnostic (ND), negative for malignancy (NFM), atypical (atypia of uncertain significance-AUS), suspicious for malignancy (SFM), and malignant (MAL), respectively. On follow-up, the mean risk of malignancy for ND, NFM, AUS, SFM, MAL was 17.4%, 20.7%, 65.9%, 81.8%, and 98.9%, respectively. A total of 73 studies were included in estimating the diagnostic accuracy of SEC. The bivariate mixed-effect model estimated the SEC sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio as 73.1%, 99.9%, 7850.6%, 2112.2%, and 0.27%, respectively. Conclusion Serous effusion cytology shows high specificity and moderate sensitivity in the evaluation of serous effusions. A tiered classification scheme can improve the consistency of terminology for reporting SEC results, thus improving communication between the pathologists and clinical team, and quality of patient care.
In silico design and molecular basis for the selectivity of Olinone toward the first over the second bromodomain of BRD4

Bromodomains (BrDs), a conserved structural module in chromatin-associated proteins, are well known for recognizing e-N-acetyl lysine residues on histones. One of the most relevant BrDs is BRD4, a tandem BrD containing protein (BrD1 and BrD2) that plays a critical role in numerous diseases including cancer. Growing evidence shows that the two BrDs of BRD4 have different biological functions; hence selective ligands that can be used to study their functions are of great interest. Here, as a follow-up of our previous work, we first provide a detailed characterization study of the in silico rational design of Olinone as part of a series of five tetrahydropyrido indole-based compounds as BRD4 BrD1 inhibitors. Additionally, we investigated the molecular basis for Olinone's selective recognition by BrD1 over BrD2. Molecular dynamics simulations, free energy calculations, and conformational analyses of the apo-BRD4-BrD1|2 and BRD4-BrD1|2/Olinone complexes showed that Olinone's selectivity is facilitated by five key residues: Leu92 in BrD1|385 in BrD2 of ZA loop, Asn140|433, Asp144|His437 and Asp145|Glu438 of BC loop, and Ile146|Val49 of helix C. Furthermore, the difference in hydrogen bonds number and in mobility of the ZA and BC loops of the acetyl-lysine binding site between BRD4 BrD1/Olinone and BrD2/Olinone complexes also contribute to the difference in Olinone's binding affinity and selectivity toward BrD1 over BrD2. Altogether, our computer-aided molecular design techniques can effectively guide the development of small-molecule BRD4 BrD1 inhibitors, explain their selectivity origin, and further open doors to the design of new therapeutically improved derivatives.
Black gill increases the susceptibility of white shrimp, Penaeus setiferus (Linnaeus, 1767), to common estuarine predators

Abstract Parasites can kill hosts directly, but also indirectly, by enhancing susceptibility to environmental factors and biotic interactions. In the United States South Atlantic Bight region of the northwest Atlantic Ocean, white shrimp ( Penaeus setiferus ) support a substantial commercial fishery and are also valuable prey for many marine and estuarine species. Since the late 1990s, a condition known as black gill has been observed in penaeid shrimp in the South Atlantic Bight. In this region, black gill has been linked to an apostome ciliate that elicits an innate immune response in shrimp, manifested through the melanization of gill tissues, which impedes respiratory functions and hemolymph ion regulation. The objective of this study was to determine if black gill subjects shrimp to higher rates of predation by red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus ), spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus), and blue crab ( Callinectes sapidus ). A series of simultaneous prey choice mesocosm experiments was conducted, during which single-species predators were able to consume shrimp that were both symptomatic and asymptomatic of black gill over a four-hour period. Predator species were 1.4 to 3.0 times more likely to consume symptomatic shrimp than asymptomatic shrimp. The hinderance of shrimp physiology and escape responses due to gill melanization likely increases the vulnerability of shrimp to predation. This study emphasizes that mortality from parasitic infections is not always direct and that black gill may have a significant impact on penaeid shrimp through secondary, or indirect, mortality.
Stochastic Primal-Dual Method for Learning Mixture Policies in Markov Decision Processes

We investigate the problem of learning efficient policy for an infinite-horizon, discounted cost, Markov decision process (MDP) with a large number of states. We compute the actions of a policy that is nearly as good as a policy chosen by a suitable oracle from a given mixture policy class characterized by the convex hull of a set of base policies. To learn the coefficients of the mixture model, we recast the problem as an approximate linear programming (ALP) formulation for MDPs, where the feature vectors correspond to the occupation measures of base policies on the state-action space. We then propose a projection-free stochastic primal-dual method with Bregman divergence to solve the characterized ALP. Furthermore, we analyze the efficiency of the proposed stochastic algorithm, namely the number of rounds required to achieve near optimal objective value. Numerical results show that the proposed primal-dual algorithm achieves better efficiency and lower variance across different trials compared to the penalty function method.
PETN spark-gap detonators

The well-developed theory of Lorentz plasma that is dominated by electron–ion interactions is used to calculate the PETN arc characteristics. The spark-gap discharge current is a ramp with 10 to 25...
Counterterrorism policy: Spillovers, regime solidity, and corner solutions

Abstract This paper takes a unique approach to the scenario where a resident terrorist group in a (fragile) developing nation poses a terrorism threat at home and abroad. The host developing nation's proactive countermeasures against the resident terrorist group not only limits terrorism at home and abroad, but also bolsters regime solidity or stability at home. A two-stage game is presented in which the developed country takes a leadership role to institute a tax-subsidy combination to discourage (encourage) proactive measures at home (abroad) in stage 1. Stage 2 involves both nations’ counterterrorism choices under alternative stage-1 public-policy packages. Unlike the extant literature, we explore corner and interior solutions in both stages based on the terrorists’ targeting preferences and the host nation's regime-solidity preferences. Surprisingly, the developed nation may profit from policy packages that reduce global counterterrorism while raising global terrorism. That outcome and others involve engineered counterterrorism burden shifting.
Loneliness and Psychological Distress in Women Diagnosed with Ovarian Cancer: Examining the Role of Self-Perceived Burden, Social Support Seeking, and Social Network Diversity.

The aim of the present study was to examine the role of self-perceived burden, social support seeking, and social network diversity in loneliness and psychological distress among women with ovarian cancer. A cross-sectional design was employed whereby 130 women diagnosed with ovarian cancer, recruited through various online sources (e.g., social media), completed the study via Qualtrics. Participants completed questionnaires that assessed self-perceived burden, social support seeking, social network diversity, loneliness, and psychological distress (anxiety, depressive symptoms). The models examined indicated that there were indirect effects of self-perceived burden and social network diversity on psychological distress via loneliness. Social support seeking was not significant in the models. Loneliness, self-perceived burden, and social network diversity should be of clinical concern among those working to support women with ovarian cancer. Future studies on longitudinal patterns or examining other factors associated with loneliness are needed to better understand the mental health of women with ovarian cancer.