cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of the ionic conductivity in AgI-doped glasses : the graded-percolation model

Abstract Various percolation theories, Effective Medium Percolation Theory (EMPT), Site Percolation Theory (SPT) and Bond Percolation Theory (BPT), have been applied to the ionic conductivity of a series of AgI-doped glasses in order to reexamine the proposed “AgI-microdomain” model for these glasses. In contrast to previous reports the possibility that percolation effects do control the conductivity in these glasses, it is found here that SPT predicts a conductivity catastrophe at x ≈ 0.3 at the percolation threshold and the EMPT model predicts too sharp a threshold as well. Both of these effects are not observed in any of the AgI-doped glass studied to date. Variation from the percolation theories and experimental data, however, has been used to support two new features of the ionic conduction in these glasses. At low AgI contents, sharp increases in conductivity are proposed to arise from a “co-connectivity” of the Ag+ cations and at higher AgI contents failure of the conductivity to reach the value of α-AgI is associated with the distortion of the I-polyhedra away from those in α-AgI.
Mucosal vaccines for Moraxella catarrhalis

Abstract Moraxella catarrhalis is an important human mucosal pathogen that causes otitis media in children and respiratory tract infections in adults. An optimal defense against mucosal pathogens would be mucosal vaccines. Since 1994, researchers have attempted to use different mucosal immunization regimes in mice such as oral, intra-Peyer's patches (IPP), intra-tracheal (IT), and intra-nasal (IN) administration either on killed cells or on outer membrane proteins. Among them, the only effective mucosal regimen turned out to be a combination of IPP and IT immunization. We investigated the mucosal immune response elicited by IN with a detoxified lipooligosaccharide-cross-reactive mutant of diphtheria toxin (dLOS-CRM) conjugate. IN immunization with dLOS-CRM induced specific mucosal and systemic immunity and provided effective bacterial clearance in mouse lungs. To further enhance the mucosal immune response, intra-nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) administration of vaccines, was developed. In addition, a nasopharyngeal clearance mouse model is being tested. Although many vaccine candidates have been investigated by systemic immunization, mucosal vaccines for M. catarrhalis have been limited by the lack of appropriate adjuvants, vaccine delivery systems, and animal models. Future expectations are discussed.
High-level expression, purification, and characterization of recombinant type A botulinum neurotoxin light chain.

Botulinum neurotoxin light chain (BoNT LC, 50 kDa) is responsible for the zinc endopeptidase activity specific for proteins of neuroexocytosis apparatus. We describe the expression of recombinant type A BoNT LC in Escherichia coli as well as the purification and characterization of the recombinant protein. A high level of expression of BoNT/A LC was obtained by an extended postinduction time of 15 h at 30 degrees C. Recombinant BoNT/A LC was isolated from an Ni(2+) column. Due to its high pI ( approximately 8.7), purification was achieved by a single step of passing the protein through anion-exchange chromatography at pH 8.0 without the need of elution. The purified recombinant BoNT/A LC retained proteolytic activity and had a secondary structure similar to that of native LC determined by CD measurement.
Outcome of patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy after percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation and septal myectomy surgery

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to evaluate follow-up results in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) who underwent either percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA) or septal myectomy. BACKGROUND: Controversy exists with regard to these two forms of treatment for patients with HOCM. METHODS: Of 51 patients with HOCM treated, 25 were treated by PTSMA and 26 patients via myectomy. Two-dimensional echocardiograms were performed before both procedures, immediately afterwards and at a three-month follow-up. The New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class was obtained before the procedures and at follow-up. RESULTS: Interventricular septal thickness was significantly reduced at follow-up in both groups (2.3 +/- 0.4 cm vs. 1.9 +/- 0.4 cm for septal ablation and 2.4 +/- 0.6 cm vs. 1.7 +/- 0.2 cm for myectomy, both p < 0.001). Estimated by continuous-wave Doppler, the resting pressure gradient (PG) across the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) significantly decreased immediately after the procedures in both groups (64 +/- 39 mm Hg vs. 28 +/- 29 mm Hg for PTSMA, 62 +/- 43 mm Hg vs. 7 +/- 7 mm Hg for myectomy, both p < 0.0001). At three-month follow-up, the resting PG remained lower in the PTSMA and myectomy groups (24 +/- 19 mm Hg and 11 +/- 6 mm Hg, respectively, vs. those before procedures, both p < 0.0001). The NYHA functional class was also significantly improved in both groups (3.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 1.9 +/- 0.7 for PTSMA, 3.3 +/- 0.5 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.7 for myectomy, both p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Both myectomy and PTSMA reduce LVOT obstruction and significantly improve NYHA functional class in patients with HOCM. However, there are benefits and drawbacks for each therapeutic method that must be counterbalanced when deciding on treatment for LVOT obstruction.
Analysis of 585 burn patients hospitalized over a 6-year period Part I: demographic comparison with the population of origin*

There has been a large number of studies on the epidemiology, aetiology and demography of burn injury. However, no previous study has been able to compare the burn population with detailed data on the general population from which it derived. Data on the Standard Metropolitan Area (SMSA) of San Diego provided by the US Census Reports of 1970 and 1980 have made this possible. In this paper we have examined age, sex, ethnic origin, level of education, gross family income and occupation in a population of 585 burn patients taken from this SMSA.
Importance of asymmetric structure in determining mass transport characteristics of hollow fiber hemodialyzers

Most synthetic hemodialysis membranes have an asymmetric structure consisting of a thin semi-permeable skin and a more open support structure. The impact of this asymmetric structure on the transport characteristics of hemodialysis membranes has not been appreciated. Experimental data were obtained for solute clearance and sieving through asymmetric polysulfone membranes and homogeneous cellulose triacetate hollow fiber membranes. The clearance of urea and the large molecular weight dextrans were greater for the cellulose triacetate membrane compared to the polysulfone, but the clearance of the smaller molecular weight dextrans was slightly greater for the polysulfone dialyzer. The sieving coefficients for the asymmetric membrane were uniformly smaller than those for the homogeneous membrane, although this effect was dramatically reduced at very small filtration velocities. These results were in good agreement with theoretical calculations based on a two-layer model for the asymmetric membrane and available hydrodynamic descriptions of hindered solute transport.
Stimulation of Renal Vascular “Alpha-Receptors” with Isoproterenol

SummaryChanges in canine renal blood flow in response to intra-arterial bolus injections of isoproterenol were studied in the presence and absence of adrenergic blocking agents. In the absence of blocking drugs, isoproterenol produced small increases in renal blood flow. Alpha-adrenergic blockade with phenoxybenzamine potentiated the vasodilator action of isoproterenol. In contrast, beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol reversed the dilator action of isoproterenol to a marked constrictor action, which in turn was abolished by alpha-blockade. These results support the view that few responsive beta-receptors are present in renal vascular smooth muscle, and that isoproterenol can stimulate alpha-receptors, resulting in vasoconstriction.
Decision modelling: An objective approach to moral reasoning

All agree that moral issues are difficult issues mired in philosophical, political, social, and spiritual values. It's no wonder that the process of calculating moral positions has been likened to ``eating broth with a fork.'' While insuring moral behavior is difficult, teaching moral reasoning, a noble act, is even more difficult – especially when confronted by students who, by nature or discipline, are essentially objectivists dependant upon a need to structure what most will agree defies structure. This paper suggests one way the use of decision modeling may reach to moral objectivists in a classroom setting.
Celiac disease: clinical, endoscopic, and histopathologic review

Celiac disease, also known as celiac sprue, nontropical sprue, and gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is a chronic immune-mediated disorder that occurs in genetically predisposed populations. Patients affected by the disease may be asymptomatic or manifest classic malabsorption symptoms of abdominal pain, bloating, weight loss, diarrhea, and steatorrhea after gluten ingestion (and related derivatives found in other grains). The astute clinician must be aware of a more subtle GI picture as well as non-GI signs and symptoms (eg, iron-deficiency anemia, abnormal liver function tests, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and gluten ataxia). Diagnosis and screening begin with the use of serologic tests: IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG), IgA antiendomysial antibodies (EMAs), and serum IgA level. Duodenal biopsy, still considered by many as the criterion necessary for diagnosis, demonstrates the pathologic findings of small intestinal villous atrophy, intraepithelial lymphocytosis, and crypt hyperplasia that occur on exposure to dietary gluten. These changes exhibit improvement after withdrawal of gluten from the diet. Resolution of clinical symptoms after initiation of gluten-free diet is considered to be part of the diagnostic picture. Genetic tests revealing permissive haplotypes may be helpful in confirming the diagnosis as well as identifying susceptible individuals. Celiac disease remains a complex clinicopathologic diagnosis. This review discusses the clinical, endoscopic, and pathologic features of celiac disease, with an emphasis on the importance of clinician and pathologist communication.
When Is Believing “Seeing”? Hostile Attribution Bias as a Function of Self‐Reported Aggression1

Repeated exposure to adverse advents (e.g., risky driving) was thought to increase expectations for the recurrence of the event. Community-based drivers (130 men, 133 women) were given scenarios depicting everyday road events that could be construed as benign, ambiguous, or malign by the degree of perceived provocation. Differences between levels of gender, ethnicity, age, aggressiveness, and provocation were measured by attributions of intent, hostility, and anger. Results showed that, overall, drivers accurately perceived provocation conditions. Hostile attributional biases were not evident among the sample as a whole, but were dependent on level of aggressiveness and provocation. Analysis of self-reported driving behavior showed that young, aggressive majority group drivers who experience greater aggression on the road also were more likely to take more risks while driving. Controlling for miles driven, gender differences were not found.
Examining creative performance over time using hierarchical linear modeling: An illustration using film directors

Longitudinal performance of 73 film directors are examined using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). The HLM analyses model intraindividual performance trajectories (i.e., performance change over time) and interindividual differences in the trajectory parameters (i.e., initial status and rate of change in performance). Results reveal that as a group, directors' performance over careers, measured by critics' ratings, can be described using a quadratic trajectory with an increase in ratings following the initial film, followed by an eventual decline in ratings in later films. However, at the intraindividual level, directors differ in their initial status as well as rate of linear change, and some directors follow an accelerating or decelerating performance pattern. These interindividual differences in initial status, direction of change, and rate of change are related to the mean number of films per year directed by the individual. Implications and future research challenges for modeling longitudinal creati...
Lifestyle interventions influence relative errors in self-reported diet intake of sodium and potassium.

Abstract PURPOSE: To characterize the distribution of errors in self-reported sodium and potassium dietary intakes relative to more objective urine measures among participants receiving lifestyle interventions. METHODS: We analyzed longitudinal data from 900 individuals with hypertension who had been enrolled in a randomized controlled clinical trial to establish whether usual care or three lifestyle interventions (weight loss, sodium reduction, and combined weight loss and sodium reduction) could effectively substitute for phamacotherapy. Repeated standardized 24-hour diet recalls and 24-hour urine collections were collected over up to three years of follow-up to estimate sodium and potassium intakes. By contrasting self-reported and urine-based sodium and potassium data collected before and during interventions, we examined the relative impact of intervention assignment on estimated intakes, repeatability, and multivariate measurement error. RESULTS: Relative to urine-based measures, mean self-reported sodium intakes were biased about 10% lower among participants assigned to combined weight loss and sodium reduction, but were unaffected by the other interventions. The repeatability of self-report measures increased slightly with time, particularly among participants assigned to sodium interventions. Errors in self-reported sodium and potassium intakes were correlated before the start of the intervention, but became uncorrelated among individuals assigned to sodium restriction interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Lifestyle interventions may influence not only diet intake, but also the measurement of diet intake.
High salt content of western infant's diet: possible relationship to hypertension in the adult

IN support of investigations on the aetiological role of chronic excess salt ingestion in human hypertension1 we have repeatedly induced experimental hypertension in rats by chronically feeding a diet high in sodium (chloride), similar to that described by Meneely et al.2. We have observed that, if high salt intakes are initiated at the time of weaning (3 weeks of age), such rats are much more prone to develop hypertension than are older animals. Meneely and Ball3 observed that 2-year-old rats developed significantly less hypertension than did younger rats on the same high sodium regimen. Investigations at present in progress here to quantify the physiological consequences of salt administration to youthful animals clearly confirm these previous experiences.
Comparison of negative inotropic potency, reversibility, and effects on calcium influx of six calcium channel antagonists in cultured myocardial cells.

Abstract The negative inotropic effects of calcium channel antagonists on the myocardium were used as a standard for the definition and determination of potency of this group of drugs. The effects of six calcium channel antagonists (verapamil, methoxyverapamil (D600), nifedipine, lidoflazine, perhexiline and diltiazem) were compared on cultured chick embryo ventricular cells. Drug concentrations producing 50% inhibition of contractile amplitude, derived from linearized concentration-response curves, varied from 2.8 X 10(-8)M for nifedipine to 8.3 X 10(-7)M for perhexiline. Equipotent negative inotropic concentrations of verapamil, D600, perhexiline, diltiazem and lidoflazine produced a similar inhibitory effect on 45Ca uptake into cultured cells. Nifedipine produced no significant inhibition of 45Ca uptake. The time required for recovery of contractility after cessation of drug superfusion varied in the order lidoflazine greater than perhexiline greater than D600 greater than verapamil greater than nifedipine greater than diltiazem. This relative order accords closely with the reported in vivo half-lives of these drugs. It is concluded that while some inhibition of 45Ca2+ uptake into cardiac cells can be demonstrated with five of the six calcium channel blockers studied, the relationship between the degree of inhibition of calcium influx and negative inotropic effects may not be uniform for all calcium channel antagonists.
Volatile Esters of Bartlett Pear. III.a

SUMMARY Esters are responsible for the typical desirable aroma of Bartlett pear. Hydrolysis products of these esters were resolved by gas chromatography. The major ester acid is an unsaturated 10 carbon acid, which hydrogenates to yield n-capric acid, as identified by relative retention volume and infrared spectroscopy. Nonanoic acid is present in relatively large amounts, and smaller amounts of acetic, propionic, butyric, caproic, and caprylic acids are involved. The major ester alcohols include n-butyl alcohol and n-hexyl alcohol. Two other still unidentified alcohols, possibly polyfunctional or cyclic, occur in large amounts. The author was unable to find evidence of ethyl esters.
Exciton spectra of semiconductor clusters.

The band gaps and exciton energies of CdS and GaP clusters are calculated for the first time using pseudopotentials. The calculated exciton energies of CdS over a wide range of cluster sizes are in excellent agreement with experiment. Furthermore, the exciton states of clusters with zinc-blende and hexagonal lattices are similar in large clusters, but differ dramatically in small clusters. Finally, the spectra of small GaP clusters shift to red, instead of to the blue, with decreasing cluster size. These effects provide novel ways of tuning the optical properties of clusters.
Development of a transport system for the copper source of the Texas Intense Positron Source facility

The transport system design and construction for The Texas Intense Positron Source (TIPS) facility has been completed. This facility is located on beam port 1 of The University of Texas at Austin TRIGA Mark II 1.1 MW research reactor. The TIPS will provide a high intensity, variable energy positron beam for use in material studies. The natural copper source is transported into beam port 1 of the reactor where it is irradiated at close proximity to the reactor core. The transport system is an L-shaped aluminum channel that utilizes pulleys to drive a source cart. The copper source is transported on the cart into and out of the beam port for irradiation. After removal from the beam port, the activated copper positron source will be placed into a vacuum chamber where the positrons are moderated with annealed tungsten foil and electrostatically extracted.
Benadryl fails to protect against the histamine-provoked ulcer.

Conclusions1. Benadryl fails to alter the gastric secretory response to histamine stimulation in pouch dogs. 2. Benadryl (given in 100 mg doses in beeswax mixture intramuscularly) fails to protect against the histamine-provoked ulcer in dogs.
Gamma secretase-activating protein is a substrate for caspase-3: implications for Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Background A major feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ), whose formation is regulated by the gamma-secretase complex and its activating protein (also known as GSAP). Because GSAP interacts with gamma-secretase without affecting the cleavage of Notch, it is an ideal target for a viable anti-Aβ therapy. However, despite much interest in this protein, the mechanisms involved in its neurobiology are unknown. Methods Postmortem brain tissue samples from AD patients, transgenic mouse models of AD, and neuronal cells were used to investigate the molecular mechanism involved in GSAP formation and subsequent amyloidogenesis. Results We identified a caspase-3 processing domain in the GSAP sequence and provide experimental evidence that this caspase is essential for GSAP activation and biogenesis of Aβ peptides. Furthermore, we demonstrated that caspase-3-dependent GSAP formation occurs in brains of individuals with AD and two different mouse models of AD and that the process is biologically relevant because its pharmacological blockade reduces Aβ pathology in vivo. Conclusions Our data, by identifying caspase-3 as the endogenous modulator of GSAP and Aβ production, establish caspase-3 as a novel, attractive and viable Aβ-lowering therapeutic target for AD.
2D IR photon echo spectroscopy reveals hydrogen bond dynamics of aromatic nitriles.

Abstract The CN vibrations of two aromatic nitriles, cinnamonitrile, PhCH CH–CN and benzonitrile, PhCN, representative of components of common enzyme inhibitors, are examined by two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy. In methanol, these spectra display cross peaks between the two CN components whose evolution exposes the few picosecond (4.5 ps for CIN and 5.3 ps for BN) equilibrium dynamics of hydrogen bond making and breaking. The main features of the 2D IR spectra are reproduced by simulations only when exchange is incorporated. The lowest free energy state is the non-hydrogen bonded form. Both alkyl and aryl nitriles have now shown this picosecond exchange process.
A note on Bayes empirical Bayes estimation by means of Dirichlet processes

Bayes estimators are derived by means of the Dirichlet process hyperprior approach for general empirical Bayes problems. For any sample size, these estimators are expressed concisely as ratios of two multidimensional integrals. A numerical example on Poisson sampling is given.
Human 67-kDa calelectrin contains a duplication of four repeats found in 35-kDa lipocortins.

Abstract The 67-kDa calelectrin is the largest member of a family of Ca2+-binding proteins that associate with membranes and phospholipids in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Oligonucleotide probes based on peptide sequences obtained from purified bovine 67-kDa calelectrin were used to screen a human retina cDNA library, and the complete primary structure of human 67-kDa calelectrin was deduced by DNA sequence analysis. The protein consists of eight 68-amino acid repeats separated by linking sequences of variable lengths. It is highly similar to the human lipocortin I and II sequences, each of which contains four such repeats. The amino termini of the three proteins show no sequence similarity; however, in the repeated regions the proteins are 42-45% identical in sequence. Analysis of the 16 repeats from the three proteins provides insights into the structural basis for Ca2+-dependent phospholipid binding. These data place the calelectrins and the lipocortins into the same gene family and suggest that these proteins have similar functions and have evolved from a common ancestor.
Accuracy of kinematic wave and diffusion wave approximations for space independent flows

Time-independent (or steady-state) cases of planar (overland) flow were treated. Errors of the kinematic-wave and diffusion-wave approximations were derived for three types of boundary conditions: zero flow at the upstream end, and critical flow depth and zero depth-gradient at the downstream end. The diffusion wave approximation was found to be in excellent agreement with the dynamic wave approximation, with error in the range of 1–2% for values ofKF 0 2 (≥7.5). Even for small values ofKF 2 0 (e.g.,KF 2 0 =0.75), the errors were typically in the range of 11–15%. The accuracy of the diffusion wave approximation was greatly influenced by the downstream boundary condition. The error of the kinematic wave approximation was found to vary from 7 to 13% in the regions 0.05≤x≤0.95 forKF 0 2 =0.75 and was greater than 30% forKF 0 2 =0.75.
Quantitative determination of amino acid racemization in heat-alkali-treated melanotropins: Implications for peptide hormone structure-function studies

Abstract The treatment of frog skins ( in vitro ) and frogs ( in vivo ) with melanotropins that have been heated briefly in aqueous alkali resulted in prolonged skin darkening. It has been postulated that this increase in melanotropic activity is related to the partial racemization of amino acid residues of the melanotropins. Quantitative determination of the extent of racemization of eight amino acids (Val, Pro, Met, Phe, Glu, Asp, Nle, Ser) present in α-melanotropin (α-MSH), [4-norleucine]-α-MSH, β porcine -melanotropin ( β p -MSH), and [7-norleucine]- β p -MSH after brief heat-alkali treatment, was accomplished using a high-resolution gas chromatographic technique. Phenylalanine-7 in α-MSH and [4-norleucine]-α-MSH and phenylalanine-10 in β p -MSH and [7-norleucine]- β p -MSH were found to be partially racemized to a greater extent than expected. Other amino acid residues were also racemized to unexpected degrees. The subsequent synthesis of an α-MSH analog containing d -phenylalanine-7, [4-norleucine, 7- d -phenylalanine]-α-MSH, resulted in a highly potent melanotropin with ultralong biological activity, as determined by frog skin bioassay, stimulation of mouse melanoma cell tyrosinase activity, and activation of mouse melanoma adenylate cyclase.
THE TREATMENT OF ADDISON'S DISEASE WITH ADRENAL CORTEX EXTRACT1

IN MANY STUDIES on the treatment of Addison's disease the administration I(N MANY STUDIES)of an adrenal cortex extract has been combined with the administration of sodium salts, and it is frequently difficult or impossible to determine which produced the beneficial effects. The object of this report is to demonstrate the value of the extract itself. During the past three and one-half years we have made observations on treatment with an adrenal cortex extract (i, 2, 3), with and without other forms of therapy. So far as we are aware, our observations on treatment with the extract alone cover a much longer period of time than any in the literature and are now extensive enough to prove that it possesses some potency. It can not be emphasised too strongly that it is impossible to draw conclusions about the efficacy of any form of treatment from short periods of study.
High frequency graphene Voltage amplifier

While graphene transistors have proven capable of delivering gigahertz-range cutoff frequencies, applying the devices to RF circuits has been largely hindered by the lack of current saturation in the zero band gap graphene. Herein, the first high-frequency voltage amplifier is demonstrated using large-area chemical vapor deposition grown graphene. The graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) has a 6-finger gate design with gate length of 500 nm. The graphene common-source amplifier exhibits ∼5 dB low frequency gain with the 3 dB bandwidth greater than 6 GHz. This first AC voltage gain demonstration of a GFET is attributed to the clear current saturation in the device, which is enabled by an ultrathin gate dielectric (4 nm HfO(2)) of the embedded gate structures. The device also shows extrinsic transconductance of 1.2 mS/μm at 1 V drain bias, the highest for graphene FETs using large-scale graphene reported to date.
Alkyl exchange reactions of organocobalt porphyrins. A bimolecular homolytic substitution reaction.

Reaction of organocobalt(III) porphyrins with a cobalt(II) complex of a distinguishable porphyrin or tetrapyrrole resulted in the reversible exchange of the organic axial ligand. The exchange reaction was facile in such solvents as benzene, toluene, dichloromethane, chloroform, and pyridine; was unaffected by total exclusion of light; was faster than would be expected for a homolytic process given known Co−C bond dissociation energies; and was of broad scope with respect to the organic ligand. Methyl, benzyl, primary alkyl, secondary alkyl, and acyl groups exchanged, but phenyl groups did not. The position of the exchange equilibrium was independent of the direction of approach and was nonstatistical. The relaxation to equilibrium appeared to be consistent with that of a second-order process. The rate of the reaction varied with the identity of the R group in the order Bzl ≥ Me > Et ≈ n-Pr > i-Pr > i-Bu > acetyl ≈ neopentyl ≈ 2-adamantyl. However, the total variation in reaction rates was remarkably small...
Continuing Psychometric Evaluation of the Perinatal Grief Intensity Scale in the Subsequent Pregnancy After Perinatal Loss

Paper Presentation Objective To examine the relation of grief intensity, psychological wellbeing, and the quality of intimate partner relationships of women in the subsequent pregnancy after a miscarriage, stillbirth, or neonatal death. Design Descriptive, cross‐sectional, correlational research design. Based on the theoretical framework of perinatal grief intensity developed by the author, we examined the reliability and convergent validity of the Perinatal Grief Intensity Scale ( PGIS ) in the subsequent pregnancy after a perinatal loss. Setting Web‐based study. Sample Currently pregnant women ( N = 227) who had experienced a perinatal loss in their immediate past pregnancies. Analysis indicated the sample of 227 women who completed the instruments (48% of total) afforded sufficient power to test the hypotheses. Methods Instruments included the Pregnancy Outcome Questionnaire (POQ) for pregnancy‐specific anxiety; Impact of Event Scale (IES) for posttraumatic stress; Center for Epidemiologic Studies‐Depression Scale (CES‐D) for depression symptoms; Autonomy and Relatedness Inventory (ARI) for quality of intimate primary relationship; and the PGIS for perinatal grief intensity. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Cronbach's alphas for all total scales and subscales used in the study were high and ranged from .75 ( PGIS total) to .95 ( ARI total). Increased grief intensity was associated with significantly increased pregnancy‐specific anxiety; depression symptoms; posttraumatic stress; and poorer, primary, intimate relationships. Participants in all three groups (miscarriage, stillbirth, and neonatal death) reported significantly higher mean CES‐D scores (range 25.2‐29.6, p p IES cutoff score used to suggest posttraumatic stress. Conclusion/Implications for Nursing Practice The consequences associated with intense grieving may include significant couple relationship issues, depression, pregnancy‐specific anxiety, and posttraumatic stress that may also extend into the subsequent healthy pregnancy. The PGIS demonstrated total and subscale internal consistency reliability when used with all types of perinatal loss within the context of subsequent pregnancy. It demonstrated convergent validity by establishing statistically significant and appropriate directional relationships with concepts thought to be associated with intense grief, including pregnancy‐specific anxiety, depression symptoms, posttraumatic stress, and the quality of the primary intimate relationship. It may eventually be useful as a clinical instrument to help health care providers identify parents at risk for intense grief reactions and other clinically relevant symptoms.
Antigonadal effects of prolactin in the white-throated sparrow, Zonotrichia albicollis ☆

Abstract The increase in oviducal weights caused by injections of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone was completely blocked in photorefractory birds by simultaneous injections of prolactin. The ovarian response to the gonadotropins was partially inhibited by prolactin. The antigonadal effects of prolactin probably involve an inhibition of the secretion or action of the gonadal hormones. Inasmuch as prolactin has an important role in regulating vernal migration, it may be hypothesized that endogenous prolactin exerts an antigonadal effect in the migratory white-throated sparrow that delays reproductive maturation until the birds reach their breeding grounds.
Opening a Window to the Sea: The Potential of the Ocean Observatories for Education

A major goal of our education and outreach group is to bring observatory data to a variety of users. COSEE-MA is working on a plan for developing web products and programs that facilitate timely connections and exchange of information between ocean scientists and educators. One such program is centered on the Lagrangian Transport and Transformation Experiment (LaTTE), an NSF funded project focused on the Hudson River outflow. LaTTE is a multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional project with a strong linkage between the scientists engaged in the research and the educators bringing the research to the students and the general public. On example of this interaction grew out of a partnership Rutgers developed with the Liberty Science Center (LSC) in Jersey City, NJ. Through this partnership a pilot program "On the Hudson River", a professional development workshop for 12 educators in August of 2005. Participants interacted with Rutgers scientists and COSEE-MA educators for 3 days to learn about the Hudson River estuary and related resources they can use with their students. With these new and innovative projects, public outreach and education has become an important component of research in the Hudson River Estuary. An additional effort is focused on training the next generation of operational oceanographers. The Rutgers University Graduate Program in Oceanography (GPO) has initiated a new Masters Degree in Oceanographic Technologies. The program was designed with input from a pair of AMS Interactive Workshops on Operational Oceanography, and with comments requested from experienced employees of both Navy and NOAA operational centers. Within the collaborative setting of the Rutgers University (R.U.) Coastal Ocean Observation Lab's (COOL) Operations Center, students will receive hands on training in the use of advanced ocean observing technologies and will participate in the year-round field activities supported by the Center. Course work includes three of the core courses in physical, biological, chemical or geological oceanography and three hands-on courses to support the technology training in data analysis, platforms and sensors, and in atmospheric and oceanic modeling. Completion of a full Master thesis including its defense to demonstrate both written and oral communication skills was considered essential by all potential employers. Potential Masters thesis topics include improvements to the capabilities of sensors and sampling platforms, the analysis of the observatory datasets for a wide spectrum of applications, and atmospheric and ocean modeling applications. Graduates will be able to directly support the rapidly expanding sustained technology needs of the Ocean Observing Initiative and the Integrated Ocean Observing System
Reconstruction and Analysis of Spring Rainfall over the Southeastern U.S. for the Past 1000 Years

Tree-ring chronologies can provide surprisingly accurate estimates of the natural variability of important climate parameters such as precipitation and temperature during the centuries prior to the industrial Revolution. Bald cypress tree-ring chronologies have been used to reconstruct spring rainfall for the past 1000 years in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. These rainfall reconstructions explain from 54% to 68% of the spring rainfall variance in each state, and are well verified against independent rainfall measurements. In fact, these tree-ring data explain only 6% to 13% less statewide rainfall variance than is explained by the same number of instrumental raingage records. The reconstructions indicate that the spring rainfall extremes and decade-long regimes witnessed during the past century of instrumental observation have been a prominent feature of southeastern United States climate over the past millennium. These spring rainfall regimes are linked in part to anomalies in the seasonal expansion and migration of the subtropical anticyclone over the North Atlantic. The western sector of the Bermuda high often ridges strongly westward into the southeastern United States during dry springs, but during wet springs it is usually located east of its mean position and well offshore. Similar anomalies in the western sector of themore » Bermuda high occurred during multidecadal regimes of spring rainfall over the Southeast. During the relatively dry springs from 1901 to 1939, the high often ridged into the Southeast, but the western periphery of the high was more frequently located offshore during the relatively wet period from 1940 to 1980. Spring and summer rainfall extremes and decade-long regimes over the Southeast are frequently out of phase, and the tendency for wet (dry) springs to be followed by dry (wet) summers also appears to reflect anomalies in the zonal position of the Bermuda high during spring and summer.« less
Paired ions: Dipolar pairs as subset of diffusion pairs.

Abstract Previous models for which theories of electrolytic conductance have been developed are reviewed. Discrepancies between theoretically derived values of parameters and parameters characteristic of real physical systems suggested the following revised model. Ions are counted as diffusion pairs if their center-to-center distance r is in the range a ≤ r ≤ R, in which a is contact distance and R is the diameter of the Gurney cosphere. A fraction α of these pairs diffuse to contact to form nonconducting dipolar pairs; α/(1-α) = exp(-Es/kT), in which Es is the difference in energy between a diffusion pair at r = R and a contact pair, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute temperature. This model permits separate treatment of long-range and short-range interionic effects. The former (relaxation field and electrophoresis) depend on R and the values of the dielectric constant and viscosity of the pure solvent. The latter (formation of dipolar pairs) is described by Es, or alternatively by Ks = exp(-Es/kT) in which Ks is the constant describing the steady state between solvent-separated diffusion pairs and dipolar (contact) pairs. For solutions of the alkali halides, a simple empirical correlation is found between R and the Pauling radii of the cations, and also between Es and the sum of the radii of cation and anion.
Lithography cycle time improvements using short-interval scheduling

Partially and fully automated semiconductor manufacturing facilities around the world have employed automated real-time dispatchers (RTD) as a critical element of their factory management solutions. The success of RTD is attributable to a detailed and extremely accurate data base that reflects the current state of the factory, consistently applied dispatching policies and continuous improvement of these dispatching policies. However, many manufactures are now reaching the benefit limits of pure dispatching-based or other "heuristic-only" solutions. A new solution is needed that combines locally optimized short-interval schedules with RTD policies to target further reductions in product cycle time. This paper describes an integrated solution that employs four key components: 1. real-time data generation, 2. simulation-based prediction, 3. locally optimized short-interval scheduling, and 4. schedule-aware real-time dispatching. The authors describe how this solution was deployed in lithography and wet / diffusion areas, and report the resulting improvements measured.
Heterogeneous expectations of traders in speculative futures markets

The representative agent hypothesis is disputable on theoretical grounds because it is inconsistent with observed trading behavior and the existence of speculative markets. In such markets, the representative agent hypothesis implies agents hold homogeneous expectations. If this were true, speculative markets would fail as only one side of the market would be represented, either demand or supply. Nonetheless, the homogeneity assumption has been maintained in the past to ensure tractability because of the difficulty of explicit aggregation across heterogeneous expectations. In this article, we present and apply an approach for analyzing heterogeneity in specific market settings. To do so, our approach specifies an underlying distribution of expectations that is consistent with heterogeneity across expectations. To demonstrate the utility of the approach, we present results from its application to a time series of commodity futures prices. Results are consistent with the conclusion that significant heterogeneity in expectations exists in speculative futures markets. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21:429–446, 2001
Small effective population sizes and rare nonsynonymous variants in potyviruses.

Analysis of nucleotide sequence polymorphism in complete genomes of 12 species of potyviruses (single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses, family Potyviridae) revealed evidence that long-term effective population sizes of these viruses are on the order of 104. Comparison of nucleotide diversity in non-coding regions and at synonymous and nonsynonymous sites in coding regions showed that purifying selection has acted to eliminate numerous deleterious mutations both at nonsynonymous sites and in non-coding regions. The ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous polymorphic sites increased as a function of the number of genomes sampled, whereas mean gene diversity at nonsynonymous polymorphic sites decreased with increasing sample size at a substantially faster rate than does mean gene diversity at synonymous polymorphic sites. Very similar relationships were observed both in available genomic sequences of 12 potyvirus species and in subsets created by randomly sampling from among 98 TuMV genomes. Taken together, these observations imply that a greater proportion of nonsynonymous than of synonymous variants are relatively rare as the result of ongoing purifying selection, and thus many nonsynonymous variants are unlikely to be discovered without extensive sampling.
Global nurse migration today.

orover6decades,healthcareinstitutionsintheUnitedStates (US), particularly hospitals in large urban com-munities among a few states, have recruited foreignnurses to fill staff-nurse vacancies during periods of short-age (Brush & Berger, 2002). In more recent years, however,nurse migration has intensified in both scope and magni-tude in the US and throughout the world. The “carousel” ofnurses’ international mobility (Kingma, 2006), once a one-wayexchangeamongafewdevelopedanddevelopingcoun-tries, has become a more complicated and circuitous streamof global health workers flowing in new directions and pat-terns. Greater competition for nurse migrants among a lotof recruiting countries has created a market demand thatis translated into big business (Brush, Sochalski, & Berger,2004), and with it, more change, more competition, andmore consequences.This paper is to indicate recent trends in global nursemigration, and shows changes in nurse migration and theeffects on nurse workforce planning and development ef-forts in the US as well as in select donor and recipientcountries. As will be shown, the shortage of nurses is af-fecting every nation; many countries both send and receivenurses; others are becoming increasingly reliant on foreignnurses or are experiencing nurse shortages of critical pro-portions. Evidence is increasing, moreover, that measuresto resolve local and national nurse shortages are interferingwith international nurse workforce goals, including thoseset forth by the World Health Organization (WHO), Inter-national Council of Nurses (ICN), and other internationalbodies. In many countries, demand for migrant nurses isexceeding the available supply and threatening the pub-lic’s health. Representatives from other countries, mean-while, have gained from the lucrative nurse migration enter-prise and continue to import nurses to satisfy their staffingneeds.
Differentiating Children With and Without Language Impairment Based on Grammaticality

Purpose This study compared the diagnostic accuracy of a general grammaticality measure (i.e., percentage grammatical utterance; PGU) to 2 less comprehensive measures of grammaticality—a measure th...
Rumination prospectively predicts executive functioning impairments in adolescents.

Background and objectives The current study tested the resource allocation hypothesis, examining whether baseline rumination or depressive symptom levels prospectively predicted deficits in executive functioning in an adolescent sample. The alternative to this hypothesis was also evaluated by testing whether lower initial levels of executive functioning predicted increases in rumination or depressive symptoms at follow-up.
Therapy for Childhood Sexual Abuse Survivors Using Attachment and Family Systems Theory Orientations

The aim of this paper is to understand the effects of childhood sexual abuse on a survivor's later life. For understanding and treating the emotional distress and interpersonal problems resulting from childhood sexual abuse, attachment theory provides a valuable framework. When this framework is combined with family systems theory, it can help therapists understand the family context where sexual abuse occurs and how this affects health and functioning throughout the lifespan. Case examples of female adult sexual abuse survivors are also explored, with insight from the intersection of systems and attachment theories.
Love and Knowledge: Recovering the Heart of Learning Through Contemplation

It is a privilege to add my thoughts to those we have already heard. Jon Kabat Zinn spoke about the unification of knowing through contemplation, reminding us both how available mindfulness is, but also how difficult it can be to bring full awareness to the entirety of life. Marilyn Nelson told us the story of teaching silence to those whose lives take them into war and conflict. We remember the young officer who pretended to be listening to music on his headphones, when really all he was listening to was silence. We have participated in discussions and workshops suggesting that contemplative practices can be an important pedagogical method for ourselves and our students. And we have heard how important it can be to establish peace in ourselves in order to foster and maintain peace in the world. I am only sorry that I have not had the opportunity to speak with all of you, to learn from you what you are doing with contemplation, what your questions are, and what you are planning. To this rich brew of experience and insight, I would like to add another element, one that is extremely difficult to speak of within the academy, yet which I feel is central to its work, namely the relationship between knowledge (which we excel at) and love (which we neglect). First, a personal remark: as a scientist, any attempt to relate knowledge to love feels like an enormous breach of etiquette; it is very bad form, especially so in a public setting such as this. But I have come to conclude that the fear I have felt when broaching this topic was based on particular institutional forms and forces that have ultimately worked against our fundamental human interests. So please join me in setting aside your suspicions and hesitancies, and explore with me the possible relationship between knowledge, love and contemplation. If I were to ask: What should be at the center of our teaching and our students’ learning, what would you respond? Of the many tasks that we as educators take up, what, in your view, is the most important task of all? What is our greatest hope for the young people we teach? In his letters to the young poet Franz Kappus, Rainer Maria Rilke answered unequivocally.
Why Vouchers Matter in Botanical Research

What is a voucher and why is it important in research? As a preserved specimen of an identified taxon deposited in a permanent and accessible storage facility, the voucher serves as the supporting material for published studies of the taxon and ensures that the science is repeatable. Vouchers are crucial in authenticating the taxonomy of an organism, as a tool for identifying localities of the taxon, and for additional taxonomic, genetic, ecological, and/or environmental research.
Surgical treatment of tracheomediastinal fistula from recurrent hodgkin’s lymphoma

The role of surgery in the management of Hodgkin's disease is usually diagnostic because chemotherapy and radiation are often curative. We report here the surgical treatment of a tracheomediastinal fistula from recurrent Hodgkin's lymphoma.