cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Battered Child Syndrome

The battered child syndrome is a well-studied condition with specific clinical features. It is the most extreme form of child maltreatment. Its recognition in the middle of the last century led to widespread changes in the manner in which child abuse is addressed. As a result of increased knowledge of this condition, millions of children have been saved from premature death. This article reviews the history and origin of the battered child syndrome. The diagnostic features, victim characteristics, and predisposing factors are discussed. In addition, the treatment and long-term outcome of the condition are also addressed. Due to the possible legal implications, the medico-legal applications of the condition is discussed with brief review of applicable United States landmark cases. Keywords: child abuse; battered; syndrome; maltreatment; shaken baby; subdural hematoma; parricide
Fracking and Federalism Choice: In Response to David B. Spence, Federalism, Regulatory Lags, and the Political Economy of Energy Production

In this Response to 'Federalism, Regulatory Lags, and the Political Economy of Energy Production,' Professor David Spence's first-to-market attempt to situate the highly charged political controversies surrounding hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") in the frame of federalism theory, I argue that the question of whether states or the federal government should regulate fracking has already been answered, and that but for outdated and underjustified exemptions to existing environmental statutes, fracking is already under the jurisdiction of federal regulators. In addition, I add to Professor Spence's attempt to match fracking's environmental impacts to the proper scale of governance in three ways. First, I examine several rationales commonly used to justify decentralization, rather than federalization, of environmental law, and find that they do not weigh in favor of exclusive state authority over fracking. Second, I argue that given the fast-paced growth in drilling activity across the country, fracking's environmental impacts should be analyzed with regard to their cumulative effects. When so viewed, it is clear that fracking gives rise to interstate, and even national, problems that must be addressed accordingly. Third, I argue that widespread impacts on rural America weigh in favor of federal regulation. In conclusion, I suggest that fracking's federalism choice question is an important one, and that the theoretical approach can help inform the political and regulatory process.
Opuz v. Turkey: Europe's Landmark Judgment on Violence against Women

C ou rt es y of N ic ol a G ra ha m . Despite wide-ranging efforts by governments in Europe to address domestic violence, the problem continues to exist at alarming levels. According to a 2006 report issued by the Council of Europe, 20 to 25 percent of all women in Europe have experienced physical violence at least once during their adult lives.1 In Turkey, that number is significantly higher. Researchers have estimated that up to 40 percent of married women in Turkey have been abused by a partner or spouse.2 Even more disturbing is the widespread impunity enjoyed throughout Europe by perpetrators of this violence. A recent decision of the European Court of Human Rights attacks domestic violence head on. On June 9, 2009, the Court announced its judgment in Opuz v. Turkey,3 a case brought by a victim of domestic violence against the Turkish government for failing to protect her and her mother from attacks perpetrated by her husband. Ruling for the plaintiff, the Court found that the Turkish government violated three articles of the European Convention on Human Rights:4 Article 2, the right to life; Article 3, the prohibition of torture and inhuman treatment; and Article 14, the prohibition of discrimination. Critically, the Opuz decision holds governments accountable for failing to take adequate steps to protect victims of repeated domestic violence, even absent any active malfeasance on the state’s part. Additionally, the decision marked the first time the Court recognized that the failure of states to address gender-based domestic violence can amount to a form of discrimination under the Convention.
Expansion of the Allelic Exclusion Principle

Even though each cell has two copies of most genes, in a few cases only one is used. In most of these cases the genes are for cell surface receptors that must be identical all over a cell, such as the immunoglobulin molecules that define the specificity of certain immune cells for foreign antibodies. In this issue, [ HollA¤nder et al .][1] describe a new example of this allelic exclusion that does not fit this mold--the cytokine IL-2. In his commentary, Chess discusses the mechanisms and possible function of this unusual case of allelic exclusion. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/279/5359/2118
A dual regulatory role of Arabidopsis calreticulin‐2 in plant innate immunity

SUMMARY Calreticulin (CRT) is an endoplasmic reticulum-resident calcium-binding molecular chaperone that is highly conserved in multi-cellular eukaryotes. Higher plants contain two distinct groups of CRTs: CRT1/CRT2 and CRT3 isoforms. Previous studies have shown that bacterial elongation factor Tu receptor (EFR), a patternrecognition receptor that is responsible for pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity, is a substrate for Arabidopsis CRT3, suggesting a role for CRT3 in regulating plant defense against pathogens. Here we report that Arabidopsis CRT2 is another regulator of plant innate immunity. Despite significantly increased salicylic acid levels and constitutive expression of the systemic acquired resistance-associated marker genes PR1, PR2 and PR5, transgenic plants over-expressing CRT2 displayed reduced resistance to virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000). A 45 Ca 2+ overlay assay and a domain-swapping experiment further demonstrated that the negatively charged C-terminal tail of CRT2 is responsible for its high calcium-binding capacity and function in regulating the endogenous salicylic acid level. In addition, overexpression of the His173 mutant of CRT2 greatly enhanced plant defense against Pst DC3000, supporting the existence of a self-inhibition mechanism that can counteract the effects of salicylic acid-dependent immune responses. These results suggest that CRT2 functions through its N-terminal domain(s) as a self-modulator that can possibly prevent the salicylic acid-mediated runaway defense responses triggered by its C-terminal calcium-buffering activity in response to pathogen invasion.
Optimizing Fertility Preservation Practices for Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Patients

Most adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer will survive their disease, and fertility issues are a major concern for this population. The ASCO and new NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology for Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology recommend that oncologists offer the option of fertility preservation to all postpubertal AYAs before the start of potentially gonadotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy, providing that the patient does not require emergent start of therapy. Despite the published practice guidelines, many AYAs diagnosed with cancer are still not offered fertility preservation, with oncologists citing lack of time, lack of knowledge, and discomfort in discussing fertility and sexuality with AYAs as reasons. Developing a systematic and coordinated multidisciplinary strategy for fertility preservation referrals within a practice site may streamline the referral process, off-loading some tasks from the oncologist and potentially increasing patient satisfaction, provider satisfaction, and compliance with the guidelines.
What constitutes clinically significant binge eating? Association between binge features and clinical validators in college-age women.

Objective: To investigate the association between binge features and clinical validators. Method: The Eating Disorder Examination assessed binge features in a sample of 549 college-age women: loss of control (LOC) presence, binge frequency, binge size, indicators of impaired control, and LOC severity. Clinical validators were self-reported clinical impairment and current psychiatric comorbidity, as determined via a semistructured interview. Results: Compared with women without LOC, those with LOC had significantly greater odds of reporting clinical impairment and comorbidity (ps < 0.001). Among women with LOC (n = 252), the indicators of impaired control and LOC severity, but not binge size or frequency, were associated with greater odds of reporting clinical impairment and/or comorbidity (ps < 0.05). Dicussion: Findings confirm that the presence of LOC may be the hallmark feature of binge eating. Further, dimensional ratings about the LOC experience—and possibly the indicators of impaired control—may improve reliable identification of clinically significant binge eating. © 2013 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2013)
Radio noise in relation to the design of high-voltage transmission lines

Radio noise has been a major concern in highvoltage transmission-line design. The Bonneville Power Administration began a study of the situation during the war emergency. This article is a report on the continuation of that research.
Argument disrupts interpersonal synchrony

Research on interpersonal convergence and synchrony characterizes the way in which interacting individuals come to have more similar affect, behaviour, and cognition over time. Although its dynamics have been explored in many settings, convergence during conflict has been almost entirely overlooked. We present a simple but ecologically valid study comparing how different situational contexts that highlight affiliation and argument impact interpersonal convergence of body movement and to what degree emotional states affect convergence in both conversational settings. Using linear mixed-effect models, we found that in-phase bodily synchrony decreases significantly during argument. However, affective changes did not significantly predict changes in levels of interpersonal synchrony, suggesting that differences in affect valences between affiliation and argument cannot solely explain our results.
Stark Effect and Hyperfine Structure of HCN Measured With an Electric Resonance Maser Spectrometer.

The 449 MHz l-type doubling spectrum of HCN has been measured to high precision with a molecular beam maser spectrometer. Hyperfine structure due to both the nitrogen nucleus and the proton was resolved, and the coupling constant of the proton I • J interaction was found to be - 27.3 ± 1.6 kHz. The spectrometer is also suited to precise measurements of Stark effects in molecules of the linear and symmetric top variety, and Stark shifts of up to 104 times the zero-field line width have been measured in the HCN spectrum. Analysis of these measurements yields the value μ = 2.940 ± 0.001 D for the dipole moment of the v2 = 1 state of HCN.
Characterization of the heparin-binding site of the protein z-dependent protease inhibitor.

High-molecular weight heparins promote the protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI) inhibition of factors Xa (FXa) and XIa (FXIa) by a template mechanism. To map the heparin-binding site of ZPI, the role of basic residues of the D-helix (residues Lys-113, Lys-116, and Lys-125) in the interaction with heparin was evaluated by either substituting these residues with Ala (ZPI-3A) or replacing the D-helix with the corresponding loop of the non-heparin-binding serpin α1-proteinase inhibitor (ZPI-D-helixα1-PI). Furthermore, both the C-helix (contains two basic residues, Lys-104 and Arg-105) and the D-helix of ZPI were substituted with the corresponding loops of α1-proteinase inhibitor (ZPI-CD-helixα1-PI). All mutants exhibited near normal reactivity with FXa and FXIa in the absence of cofactors and in the presence of protein Z and membrane cofactors. By contrast, the mutants interacted with heparin with a lower affinity and the ∼48-fold heparin-mediated enhancement in the rate of FXa inhibition by ZPI was r...
Case Article—Flight Delays at RegionEx

In this case about two fictitious airlines, RegionEx, a small regional airline, is a contracted regional carrier for MississippiDelta Airlines (MDA), a major U.S. airline. In September, RegionEx ex...
Receptivity is a polarity dependent special function of hormonally regulated uterine epithelial cells

Useful knowledge of the mechanisms which regulate ovoreceptivity and implantation remains elusive in spite of increasing efforts to apply the technology of biochemistry and to a lesser extent, cellular and molecular biology to the analysis of the problem. Existing models used to analyze interactions of the blastocyst and endometrial cells of the uterus have been unable to account for nongenotypic embryonic losses, particularly those following in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Separation of endometrial uterine epithelial (UE) and uterine stromal (US) cells was used to demonstrate that each cell type responds independently and interdependently to the same regulatory signals. Cultured by classical techniques UE cells proved unable to respond to steroid hormone signals. For this reason UE cell cultures could not be used to develop an experimental cell system that mimicked growth and development of UE cells in utero. The failure of classical UE cell cultures derived from their inability to maintain epithelial cell polarity. Polarity, the spatial asymmetry of plasma membrane domains, is intrinsic to the structure and function of an epithelial cell. Apical and basolateral surfaces have different lipid and protein compositions which are correlates of the special functions of that epithelial cell. As epithelial cells differentiate they must, in response to regulatory cues, direct the flux of membrane components moving into and out of each surface in order to establish the polarity characteristic of each stage specific expression. The acquisition of receptivity by the apical surface of the UE cell may be considered to be such a special function. To prove this hypothesis polarized cultures of primary UE cells had to be developed that were hormonally responsive. Such an experimental cell system could serve as a model for in vitro implantation. This essay describes such a culture system in which blastocysts cocultured with UE cells in the presence of estrogen, will as predicted, fail to attach. This polarized UE cell system provides a functional in vitro model to study ovoreceptivity. It is now feasible to initiate studies of hormonal regulation of the composition and function of UE cell plasma membranes as they reflect the nonreceptive, receptive, and refractory nature of its apical surface.
A view from the chip: the influence of information technologies on libraries and librarianship

L'article decrit la bibliotheque ― ou le centre de documentation ― du futur en insistant sur ses qualites, ses capacites et les problemes qui se poseront. Le role du specialiste de l'information sera a repenser en fonction des donnees nouvelles en matiere de Technologie (intelligence artificielle) et de gestion du personnel
Youth temporalities and the cost of Singapore's educational success

This article presents a different portrait of Singapore's educational success, using data collected from a qualitative in-depth interview study of a group of Singaporean youths, showing the cost of its education policies in terms of youth subjectivities. How the participants categorise their temporalities, that is, their lived experiences of time, shows how a modernistic temporality geared towards credentialist and materialist goals is regarded as more legitimate than temporalities such as creative becomings, engagement or coevalness. Juxtaposing the discourse of legitimate/illegitimate temporalities against the discourse of education reform, this article defamiliarises the ways in which temporalities are valorised. This article also highlights how, by promoting narrow forms of ‘love’ for the country, and ‘creative’ and ‘critical’ thinking, educational reform can manage subjectivities to accept, rather than contest, existing personal, national, and global realities.
Post-ischemic hyperemia in the cat retina: the effects of adenosine receptor blockade.

Significant hyperemia results after 1 h of retinal ischemia in cats. Adenosine receptor blockade significantly attenuates the increase in retinal blood flow that occurs in response to systemic hypoxia. Synthesizing these findings, I hypothesized that adenosine receptor antagonism would attenuate the increase in blood flow that follows retinal ischemia. In these experiments, blood flows were measured with radioactively labeled microspheres in the retina and choroid of adult cats anesthetized with chloralose and acepromazine. Ischemia was induced for 1 h in both eyes by elevation of intraocular pressure above systolic arterial pressure. Blood flows were measured before ischemia and 5 min after the return of normal intraocular pressure. In each animal, after baseline blood flows were determined and approximately 10–15 min before ischemia was induced, one eye received 0.1 ml of intravitreal 0.01M 8-sulfophenyltheophylline, a polar adenosine receptor antagonist, while the opposite eye, the control, received an...
Response of a freshwater marsh plant community to increased salinity and increased water level

Abstract Field and greenhouse experiments in which salinity and elevation were manipulated demonstrated that the response of freshwater marshes to saltwater intrusion may be variable and dependent upon a number of factors including: species composition; level, duration, and abruptness of exposure to saline water; flooding depth; a source of propagules of more salt-tolerant species. In the field, saltwater intrusion was simulated by transplanting swards of a freshwater marsh to a higher salinity area. The three dominant species, Panicum hemitomon Schultes, Leersia oryzoides (L.) Swartz, and Sagittaria lancifolia L., succumbed to the sudden increase in salinity to 15%. However, the denuded plots were rapidly invaded by more salt-tolerant species that were present in the higher salinity marsh. Although growth was reduced, Panicum hemitomon and Leersia oryzoides were relatively tolerant of salinities up to 9.4% for at least 1 month in the greenhouse. Sagittaria lancifolia was less tolerant of salinity increases and showed symptoms of tissue damage at 4.8%. A decrease in elevation, which resulted in an increase in mean water level and a more reduced soil environment, caused a significant decrease in live above-ground biomass and stem density in the experimental field plots.
Educating Veterinarians for Careers in Free-Ranging Wildlife Medicine and Ecosystem Health

In the last 10 years, the field of zoological medicine has seen an expansive broadening into the arenas of free-ranging wildlife, conservation medicine, and ecosystem health. During the spring/summer of 2005, we prepared and disseminated a survey designed to identify training and educational needs for individuals entering the wildlife medicine and ecosystem health fields. Our data revealed that few wildlife veterinarians believe that the training they received in veterinary school adequately prepared them to acquire and succeed in their field. Wildlife veterinarians and their employers ranked mentorship with an experienced wildlife veterinarian, training in leadership and communication, courses and externships in wildlife health, and additional formal training beyond the veterinary degree as important in preparation for success. Employers, wildlife veterinarians, and job seekers alike reported that understanding and maintaining ecosystem health is a key component of the wildlife veterinarian's job description, as it is critical to protecting animal health, including human health. Today's wildlife veterinarians are a new type of transdisciplinary professional; they practice medicine in their communities and hold titles in every level of government and academia. It is time that we integrate ecosystem health into our curricula to nurture and enhance an expansive way of looking at veterinary medicine and to ensure that veterinary graduates are prepared to excel in this new and complex world, in which the health of wildlife, domestic animals, and people are interdependent.
N-phenyliminodiacetic Acid as an Etchant/Primer for Dentin Bonding

Effective composite-to-dentin bonding has been achieved by the sequential use of dilute aqueous nitric acid (HNO3) and acetone solutions of N-phenylglycine and a carboxylic acid monomer, e.g., p-PMDM. Both the HN03 pre-treatment and the surface-initiated polymerization that results from reaction of infused N-phenylglycine and PMDM have been identified as key elements of this bonding system. In this study, N-phenyliminodiacetic acid, a unique imino acid derivative with acidic and chelating potential, was evaluated as a dual etchant/primer for dentin bonding. A randomized, 23 factorial design was used to study the effects of 3 factors on tensile bond strength (TBS): conditioner (HN03 vs. no HNO3), primer (N-phenylglycine vs. N-phenyliminodiacetic acid), and primer solvent (acetone vs. acetone:H20). The three-step protocol consisting of HNO3, N- phenylglycine in acetone, and PMDM in acetone served as the control. The hypothesis tested was that N-phenyliminodiacetic acid could act as both an effective conditi...
Insulin receptors in isolated mouse pancreatic acini

Abstract Specific insulin receptors were measured in isolated mouse pancreatic acini. Scatchard analyses revealed a high affinity binding site with a K d of 1.67 nM and a lower affinity site with a K d of 83 nM. Binding of insulin to these receptors was rapid, one-half maximal binding occurring at 2 min and maximal binding at 30 min. Insulin stimulated the uptake of the glucose analogue 2-deoxy-D-glucose; maximum effects were detected at 1.67 μM. Insulin, in contrast, had no direct effects on alpha-aminoisobutyric acid uptake. The finding of high affinity insulin receptors in pancreatic acinar cells supports the hypothesis that insulin may directly regulate specific functions in the exocrine pancreas.
Antitrust in Germany and Japan: The First Fifty Years, 1947-1998

Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF ANTITRUST LEGISLATION IN GERMANY AND JAPAN Error and Irony: The American Impetus Transformation and Convergence: The German and Japanese Responses PART 2 ANTITRUST REGULATION AND ITS ENFORCEMENT IN GERMANY AND JAPAN Prohibitions and Approvals Processes and Procedures Remedies and Sanctions A Concluding Assessment Notes Selected Bibliography Index
Extracellular regulated kinases (ERK) 1 and ERK2 are authentic substrates for the dual-specificity protein-tyrosine phosphatase VHR. A novel role in down-regulating the ERK pathway.

Abstract The mammalian dual-specificity protein-tyrosine phosphatase VHR (forVH1-related) has been identified as a novel regulator of extracellular regulated kinases (ERKs). To identify potential cellular substrates of VHR, covalently immobilized mutant VHR protein was employed as an affinity trap. A tyrosine-phosphorylated protein(s) of ∼42 kDa was specifically adsorbed by the affinity column and identified as ERK1 and ERK2. Subsequent kinetic analyses and transfection studies demonstrated that VHR specifically dephosphorylates and inactivates ERK1 and ERK2 in vitro andin vivo. Only the native structure of phosphorylated ERK was recognized by VHR and was inactivated with a second-order rate constant of 40,000 m −1 s−1. VHR was found to dephosphorylate endogenous ERK, but not p38 and JNK. Immunodepletion of endogenous VHR eliminated the dephosphorylation of cellular ERK. Transfection studies in COS-1 cells demonstrated thatin vivo phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor-stimulated ERK depended on VHR protein levels. Overexpression above endogenous levels of VHR led to accelerated ERK inactivation, but did not alter the normal activation of ERK. Unique among reported mitogen activated protein kinase phosphatases, VHR is constitutively expressed, localized to the nucleus, and tyrosine-specific. This study is the first to report the identification of authentic substrates of dual-specificity phosphatases utilizing affinity absorbents and is the first to identify a nuclear, constitutively expressed, and tyrosine-specific ERK phosphatase. The data strongly suggest that VHR is responsible for the rapid inactivation of ERK following stimulation and for its repression in quiescent cells.
Unnatural religion : Indoctrination and philo's reversal in hume's dialogues concerning natural religion

Many interpretations of Hume's Dialogues Concerning Natural Reli- gion have labored under the assumption that one of the characters represents Hume's view on the Design Argument, and Philo is often selected for this role. I reject this opinion by showing that Philo is inconsistent. He offers a decisive refutation of the Design Argument, yet later endorses this very argu- ment. I then dismiss two prominent ways of handling Philo's reversal: first, I show that Philo is not ironic either in his skepticism or in his theistic reversal. Second, I reject the suggestion that the Design Argument is a natural belief, since it differs significantly from causal and external world beliefs. Finally, I argue that the control the Design Argument exerts is the product of a youth- ful indoctrination that prevents Philo from consistently maintaining his skeptical position.
None Too Solid Medical Ignorance

Our ignorance encompasses, at least, all the things we know we do notknow (known unknowns); all the things we do not know we do not know (unknown unknowns); all the things we think we know but do n...
CONTRASTIVE FOCUS, GIVENNESS AND THE UNMARKED STATUS OF "DISCOURSE-NEW"*

New evidence is provided for a grammatical principle that singles out contrastive focus (Rooth 1996; Truckenbrodt 1995) and distinguishes it from discourse-new “informational” focus. Since the prosody of discourse-given constituents may also be distinguished from discourse-new, a three-way distinction in representation is motivated. It is assumed that an F-feature marks just contrastive focus (Jackendoff 1972, Rooth 1992), and that a G-feature marks discourse-given constituents (Fery-Samek-Lodovici 2006), while discourse-new is unmarked. A crucial argument for G-marking comes from second occurrence focus (SOF) prosody, which arguably derives from a syntactic representation where SOF is both F-marked and G-marked. This analysis relies on a new G-Marking Condition specifying that a contrastive focus may be G-marked only if the focus semantic value of its scope is discourse-given, i.e., only if the contrast itself is given.
Whole-body and microscopic autoradiography to determine tissue distribution of biopharmaceuticals -- target discoveries with receptor micro-autoradiography engendered new concepts and therapies for vitamin D.

Abstract Information about the distribution of biopharmaceuticals is basic for understanding their actions. Tissue and cellular localization is a key to function. Autoradiography with radiolabeled compounds has provided valuable information with both low resolution whole-body macro-autoradiography and high resolution microscopic autoradiography (micro-autoradiography). Whole-body macro-autoradiography is a uniform and expedient single method approach, providing convenient dose- and time-related overviews with data similar to those obtained with conventional bioassays – and therefore widely used. However, whole-body macro-autoradiography, like common bioassays, has limitations. High specificity-low capacity sites of binding and deposition frequently remain unrecognized. Lack of cellular resolution can cause false negatives and provide misleading results (e.g., false blood–brain barrier). For micro-autoradiography, different methods are advertised in the literature. Most of them are, however, unsuited for drug localization because of inadequate resolution and frequent artifacts. Most drugs interact with their receptors non-covalently by weak electrostatic forces. Therefore, translocation and loss can occur during tissue preparation. This has complicated the use of micro-autoradiography. Receptor micro-autoradiography has overcome these complications and is a method of choice. It has been validated through several diffusible compounds with known localization, extensively applied. It has contributed numerous discoveries, followed by new concepts and therapies. Pictorial evidence in this review indicates that cellular information is essential, a ‘sine qua non’ for meaningful drug distribution studies. High resolution cellular microscopic information obtained from autoradiography requires tissue dissection and the necessary precautions for preserving pristine in vivo drug deposition. Receptor micro-autoradiography fulfils these requirements. It reveals crucial information at the subcellular level that cannot currently be obtained with any other type of autoradiography or spectrometric imaging.
Statistical Thermodynamic Determination of Chemical Potential From Hamiltonian For Sterol Superlattice Domains in Phospholipid Bilayers

Multiple experiments suggest that at certain mol fractions (χsterol = Cr) sterol molecules, cholesterol (chol) and ergosterol (erg), form superlattice (SL) structures occupying particular acyl chain sites in a phospholipid bilayer. We have successfully tested a model against our own nystatin-erg channel data and fluorescence measurements of sterol concentration [1]. Using Kirkwood's coupling parameter method we previously obtained partial agreement with chemical potential data at χsterol = 0.4. Here we report the results of a more appropriate statistical thermodynamic analysis to determine the chemical potential for our model. We obtained the density of states (DOS) using a binning procedure and the recently developed Wang-Landau algorithm [2]. The form of the DOS dictated a numerical summation for the partition function. Piecewise linearity of the statistical thermodynamic Helmholtz Energy yielded plateaus in the chemical potential consistent with experimental data for 0.20≤ χsterol≤ 0.60 [3].1. Chong, P. L-G., and M. Olsher. 2004. Fluorescence Studies of the Existence and Functional Importance of Regular Distributions in Liposomal Membranes. Soft Mat. 2:85-108.2. Wang, F. and D. P. Landau. 2001.Efficient, Multiple-Range Random Walk Algorithm to Calculate the Density of States.Phys. Rev. Lett. 82:2050-2052.3. Ali, M.R., K. H. Cheng, and J. Huang. 2007. Assess the nature of cholesterol-lipid interactions through the chemical potential of cholesterol in phosphatidylcholine bilayers. PNAS 104:5372-5377.
Developing Critical-Thinking Skills in Psychology Content Courses:

Four approaches were used in a sophomore-level developmental psychology course to strengthen students' abilities to differentiate between experimental and observational research and apply findings appropriately: spaced practice, practice with high-interest topics, multiple sources for practice, and cooperative learning. Implications of the approach to student learning are discussed.
Fracture testing and results for a Ti-6A1-4V alloy at liquid helium temperature☆

Abstract This paper discusses fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth testing at liquid helium temperature, 4 K (−452°F). The design and performance of a fracture testing cryostat and associated instrumentation are described. Fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth data for Ti-6A1-4V from room temperature to 4 K are presented.
Relative rates of creep and relaxation in shear, elongation, and isotropic compression

The relative rates of relaxation and creep in shear, elongation, and isotropic compression are discussed in terms of the theory of linear viscoelasticity. Exact expressions are given for the creep rates; for the relaxation rates approximations are found which are useful in the glassy range where the amount of relaxation is small. Among the results of interest is the relation: valid if d In B/d In t is less than d In J/d In t as is intuitively expected and experimentally found. Here J(t), E(t), and B(t) are the shear, tensile, and bulk creep compliances, respectively. For polymers in the rubbery and flow regions, (d In J/d In t)/(d In D/d In t) is very close to 1(usually within 0.01%); in the glassy region, it is unlikely to be greater than 1.2.
The post-2015 global agenda: are the political decisions on climate change shifting to a new forum in the United Nations as it comes together with sustainable development and security?

The way the issue of global environmentalism is now being framed around convergence of living standards within ecological limits may succeed in securing international cooperation in a manner that the focus on percentage reductions in greenhouse gases, that considered symptoms rather than the causes of climate change, was not able to achieve. The unresolved issue is no longer the approach of the USA but whether in writing its own urban future China will shape new rules and a new type of global partnership based on shared responsibility and prosperity.
Fluorescein angiography to estimate normal peripheral retinal nonperfusion in children.

Purpose To estimate the normal distance from vascular termini to ora serrata in children's eyes. Methods Clinical records and peripheral fluorescein angiography images of the ora serrata region, taken using scleral indentation and the RetCam system during examination under anesthesia, were retrospectively reviewed from consecutive patients with presumed normal peripheral retinal vasculature. All patients had ocular disease either only in the fellow eye or if in the study eye, to a degree judged not likely to affect peripheral retinal vascular development. Results The record review identified 33 eyes of 31 patients with presumed normal peripheral vasculature. Mean age at angiography was 3.8 years (range, 2 months to 13 years). Mean area of nonperfusion was 0.9 disk diameters (DD) temporally (range, 1.5-0.5 DD; SD 0.3) and 0.6 DD nasally (range, 1-0.25 DD; SD 0.2). Conclusions In children up to 13 years of age, the avascular retina normally extends 1.5 DD or less temporally and 1.0 DD or less nasally from the ora serrata. Conservatively, ≥2 DD of nonperfusion, 3 standard deviations more than normal, should be considered abnormal and a sign of peripheral nonperfusion. These data may serve as preliminary indicators of the range of normal when evaluating diseases with retinal vascular abnormalities in children.
Optimal control mechanism involving the human kidney

In this paper we study the control mechanism that regulates water and the concentration of sodium in human body. For this reverse engineering problem, a control system model is developed using a modification of the standard LQR theory. The control law derived in this paper reflects the realistic situation in which the body is in a supine position or a standing position, and also takes into account feedback time lag. The theoretical model is validated by experimental data fitting. Both computer simulations and experimental data fitting show that the proposed model can capture the main trends of water and salt outputs, and achieve tight control of the plasma concentration of salt as recorded in the experiment[7].
New Technique for Determining the Diffusion Mechanism by NMR: Application to Cl 35 Diffusion in TlCl

A major problem in the study of atomic motions is the determination of the dominant mechanism responsible for translational diffusion. Recently Ailion and Ho predicted that the rotating-frame spin-lattice relaxation time ${T}_{1\ensuremath{\rho}}$ would have an angular dependence which depends on the diffusion mechanism in the ultraslow-motion region. In this paper we have extended these ideas to TlCl for which the dominant mechanism is known by other experiments to be Cl vacancy diffusion. We observed experimentally an angular dependence consistent with the dominant mechanism being Cl vacancy diffusion, thereby corroborating the basic ideas of Ailion and Ho. We have also been able to eliminate Cl interstitialcy diffusion as a possible dominant mechanism. We measured an activation energy of (0. 733 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0. 012) eV, in agreement with results of other experiments.
A comparison of C54-TiSi2 formation in blanket and submicron gate structures using in situ x-ray diffraction during rapid thermal annealing

We demonstrate the use of a synchrotron radiation source for in situ x-ray diffraction analysis during rapid thermal annealing (RTA) of 0.35 μm Salicide (self-aligned silicide) and 0.4 μm Polycide (silicided polysilicon) TiSi2 Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) gate structures. It is shown that the transformation from the C49 to C54 phase of TiSi2 occurs at higher temperatures in submicron gate structures than in unpatterned blanket films. In addition, the C54 that forms in submicron structures is (040) oriented, while the C54 that forms in unpatterned Salicide films is randomly oriented. Although the preferred oreintation of the initial C49 phase was different in the Salicide and Polycide gate structures, the final orientation of the C54 phase formed was the same. An incomplete conversion of C49 into C54-TiSi2 during the RTA of Polycide gate structures was observed and is attributed to the retarding effects of phosphorus on the transition.
Geostatistical Analysis for Spatially Referenced Roller-Integrated Compaction Measurements

An approach to quantify nonuniformity of compacted earth materials using spatially referenced roller-integrated compaction measurements and geostatistical analysis is discussed. Measurements from two detailed case studies are presented in which univariate statistical parameters are discussed and compared to geostatistical semivariogram modeling parameters and analysis. The univariate and geostatistical parameter values calculated from the roller-integrated measurements are also compared to traditional spot test acceptance criteria. Univariate statistical parameter values based on roller-integrated measurement values provide significantly more information than traditional point measurements, while geostatistics can be used to identify regions of noncompliance and prioritize areas for rework.
A New Approach for Efficient Rescheduling of Multiproduct Batch Plants

In this paper, a novel solution approach to addressing the problem of efficient reactive scheduling in multiproduct batch plants is presented. The approach is based on a two-stage solution procedure whereby, at the first stage, the deterministic schedule is established on the basis of data at the current time and, at the second stage, the optimal reschedule is obtained from the solution of a proposed formulation that systematically incorporates all different rescheduling alternatives. Two kinds of disturbances are consideredmachine breakdown and rush order arrival. The rescheduling problem is formulated as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem using a continuous time formulation, which leads to a smaller number of binary variables for both the deterministic and the rescheduling problems thus, resulting in reduced computational times. It is shown that the proposed approach results in an efficient utilization of the plant capability as it allows the optimal selection among all rescheduling alter...
Market reactions to accounting regulations in the savings and loan industry

Abstract This paper addresses whether events leading to three regulatory accounting principles issued by the Federal Home Loan Bank Board affected the market value of Savings and Loan Associations (S&Ls). The market reaction to these regulations is predicted to be positive since they effectively eased minimum regulatory net worth requirements. A significant market reaction is observed for the regulation that allowed S&Ls to increase regulatory net worth by permitting appraised equity capital. However, results are inconsistent with the alternative hypothesis associated with the regulations permitting deferral of loan losses and net worth certificates.
The Association between Extensions in XBRL Disclosures and Financial Information Environment

ABSTRACT: This study examines the association between XBRL extensions and financial information environments of firms, where “financial information environment” refers to the degree to which a firm's financial information is reflected in the information held/used by investors. An XBRL extension is a customized definition of a financial concept or reporting situation that is not available in the U.S. GAAP Financial Reporting Taxonomy. In 2009, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) allowed firms to begin to use extensions to add new concepts in their financial disclosures. Critics express concerns that the reporting discretion permitted under the XBRL mandate will reduce comparability of financial disclosures and complicate financial analysis. Proponents contend that XBRL extensions will provide users with new and relevant information. To evaluate the competing views, we employ several proxies for financial information environment and perform analyses for early and later phases of XBRL adoption....
Aortic Thrombosis as a Complication of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria

A 55-year-old man was admitted for the rapid onset of severe pain, pallor, and paresthesia in the left foot. Three weeks earlier, he suddenly had developed bilateral lower-extremity claudication, which limited his ambulation to 30 feet. A diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria had been made in 1961 and later was confirmed by flow cytometry. Therapy had …
Host Materials for Laser-excited Fluorescence of Lanthanide Probe Ions

An extensive study has been made of a wide range of materials to evaluate their suitability as hosts for laser-excited site selective fluorescence methods using rare earth probe ions. They are evaluated for their suitability in both direct measurements of fluorescent ions incorporated into their lattices and indirect measurements where a nonfluorescent ion is associated with a fluorescent probe ion. The association can occur because the two ions are charge compensating each other or because the nonfluorescent ion enters a lattice of fluorescent probes. These experiments have shown that probe ion methods reveal a great deal more complexity that is present at the microscopic level and cannot be measured by conventional methods. This complexity can be associated with phase heterogeneity, solid state defect equilibria, or nonstoichiometry of individual phases. Probe ion methods promise to provide a new tool to characterize such materials. This complexity prevents most of the materials from being applicable for trace ion analysis because of the sensitivity to environmental interferences. Some of the materials, however, do not exhibit this sensitivity and are consequently suitable for direct measurements. In particular, it is shown that CaO and ThO2 are good matrices which have little interference for lanthanide analyses.
FUNDAMENTAL FUNCTION OF AC-GLOBULIN AND LIPID IN BLOOD CLOTTING.

EVER since the last century when Alexander Schmidt introduced the idea that the clotting of blood can be due to a fibrin ferment which he named thrombin, efforts have been made to understand how this enzyme arises from prothrombin. He already had the view that lipids are concerned, but never knew about Ac-globulin, which is a plasma constituent important for the generation of thrombin activity in association with lipids.
Evolving medical therapies for Crohn's disease.

Medical therapy for Crohn’s disease has changed dramatically over the past few years. Physicians have become increasingly willing to use traditional immunosuppressive agents such as azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and methotrexate as well as new biologic therapies such as infliximab. Azathioprine, 6-MP, and methotrexate have demonstrated efficacy in induction and maintenance of remission in Crohn’s disease. 6-MP has also demonstrated efficacy in the pediatric population and possibly as first-line therapy. As use of the purine metabolites grows, therapeutic drug monitoring for efficacy and toxicity will become an emerging area of interest. With respect to the biologic therapies, infliximab is increasingly used to treat patients with difficult disease; however, knowledge is still evolving regarding optimal dosing schedules and the significance of immune reactions to the compound. A humanized anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody, CDP571, may be less immunogenic. Interleukin-10 did not consistently demonstrate benefit in Crohn’s disease. Similarly, antisense to intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ISIS 2302) was not efficacious when administered either subcutaneously or intravenously. Finally, growth hormone has shown promising results in a small trial.
Multiplexed tyrosine kinase activity detection in cancer cells using a hydrogel immobilized substrate

Kinases play a key role in cellular signaling, and the overactivation or overexpression of these kinases has been linked to a variety of cancers. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors treat the mechanism of these cancers by targeting the specific kinases that are overactive. Some patients, however, do not respond to these inhibitors or develop resistance to these inhibitors during treatment. Additionally, even within cancers of the same tissue type, different kinases may be overactive in different patients. For example, some lung cancers overexpress epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and respond to EGFR inhibitors, whereas other lung cancers do not overexpress EGFR and receive no benefit from this treatment. Even among patients exhibiting EGFR overexpression, some do not respond to EGFR kinase inhibitors because other kinases, such as Met kinase, are also overactivated. Here we describe a quantitative and specific multiplexed microfluidic assay using a hydrogel immobilized substrate for measuring the kinase activity of Met and Abl kinase from cancer cells. We immobilized kinase-specific substrates on macroporous hydrogel micropillars in microchannels. These microchannels were incubated with 6 μl of a kinase reaction solution containing cancer cell lysate, and we measured kinase activity via fluorescence detection of a phosphotyrosine antibody. We showed that the assay can specifically measure the activity of both Met and Abl kinase within one microchannel and has the potential to measure the activity of as many as five kinases within one microchannel. The assay also detected Met kinase inhibition from lysates of cancer cells grown in the Met kinase inhibitor PHA665752.
The effects of weight loss on relative bone mineral density in premenopausal women

Heavier individuals have higher bone mineral density (BMD) than individuals of lower body weight, but it is unclear whether BMD changes in proportion to body weight during weight loss. This study compared BMD relative to body weight following a ~6 months weight loss program and a one year weight maintenance phase in premenopausal women and determined whether African American (AA) and European-American (EA) women’s BMD respond similarly during weight loss. Premenopausal women (n=115, 34 ± 5 yrs.) were evaluated in an overweight state (BMI between 27–30 kg/m2), following an 800 kcal/day diet/exercise program designed to reduce BMI <25 kg/m2, and one year following weight loss. Results indicated that BMD relative to body weight (Z-scores) increased after weight loss, but decreased during the one year weight maintenance phase. All one year follow up BMD Z-scores were increased (except L1) compared to baseline measurements (P < 0.05). These sites included the hip neck (+0.088, P=0.014), total hip (+0.099, P=0.001), L2 (+0.127, P=0.013), L3 (+0.135, P=0.014), and L4 (+0.199, P=0.002). AAs had significantly higher absolute BMD at all sites (P<0.05) compared to EAs, but no time by race interactions were evident during weight loss (except in L3). These results may indicate that weight loss is safe with regard to bone health for overweight premenopausal women.