cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concentrations of epidermal growth factor, nerve growth factor, and submandibular gland renin in male and female mouse tissue and fluids.

The submandibular gland of the mouse contains a variety of hormone-like substances and enzymes, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and submandibular gland renin (SGR). Using specific RIAs for each of these proteins and a radioreceptor assay (RRA) for EGF, the present study was performed to examine the concentrations of these three proteins and the molecular size of EGF in the submandibular glands and biological fluids of normal male and female mice. Submandibular glands of male mice contained far more radioimmunoassayable EGF, NGF, and SGR than those of female mice (66-, 92-, and 30-fold, respectively). Male saliva also contained far higher concentrations of radioimmunoassayable EGF, NGF, and SGR than that of the female (38-, 56-, and 49- fold, respectively). Furthermore, the molar concentrations of these proteins appeared to be similar to one another in submandibular gland tissue and in saliva. In contrast, although high concentrations of radioimmunoassayable and radiorecep...
Co-expression of endothelial and neuronal nitric oxide synthases in the developing vasculatures of the human fetal eye

Background Nitric oxide (NO) is a multifunctional gaseous molecule that regulates various physiological functions in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells. NO is synthesized by nitric oxide synthases (NOSs), of which three isoforms have been identified. Neuronal NOS (nNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) constitutively produce low levels of NO as a cell-signaling molecule in response to an increase in intracellular calcium concentration. Recent data have revealed a predominant role of eNOS in both angiogenesis and vasculogenesis.
The Underpricing of Insurance IPOs

The previous literature documents that insurance initial public offerings (IPOs) are less underpriced than those of noninsurance firms. This difference is usually attributed to lower information asymmetry for regulated firms. However, we find that once one controls for the file price adjustment insurance IPOs, both stock and mutual, are no less underpriced than other noninsurance offerings suggesting the book-building process resolves any such information asymmetries. We also find that mutual IPOs appear more underpriced than stock insurance IPOs, but this difference is related to the differences in pre-issue managerial ownership.
Luminance and opponent color contributions to visual detection and to temporal and spatial integration: Comment

King-Smith and Carden have postulated a “luminance system” or achromatic channel in the visual system which has a temporal response better than the other channels, and which also responds to high spatial frequencies better than the other channels. All evidence, both psychophysical and electrophysiological, indicates that these properties are contradictory.
A simple method for determining whether absorption and elimination rate constants are equal in the one-compartment open model with first-order processes

A simple method is presented by which one may determine if the absorption and the elimination rate constants are equal (in the one-compartment body model) using only plasma drug data. This method suggests the pertinent equation to calculate the relevent pharmacokinetic parameters.
Targeting Human Breast Cancer Cells That Overexpress HER-2/neu mRNA by an Antisense Iron Responsive Element

The overexpression of HER-2/neu proto-oncogene has been found in a variety of human cancers. In particular, the amplification and overexpression of HER-2/neu gene were found in 20-30% of breast and ovarian cancer patients with a decreased survival and an increased relapse rates. To target the breast cancer cells overexpressing HER-2/neu mRNA, a novel approach is described that combines the antisense principle and the biochemical property of a translation regulator, an iron responsive element (IRE). This report shows that a HER-2/neu antisense IRE-reporter gene can be preferentially expressed in the breast cancer cells that overexpress HER-2/neu mRNA. This antisense IRE-mediated gene expression system may be applied broadly to target other cell type that uniquely expresses or overexpresses a known gene.
The effect of DNA-binding proteins on the RNA polymerase reaction

DNA-binding proteins, isolated fromBacillus subtilis grown to various stages in the process of sporulation, were incubated with a template for RNA polymerase prior to the addition of purified enzyme. In contrast to the control (no DNA-binding proteins), several of the fractions inhibited RNA polymerase activity and others had no effect; however, increased activity was observed in the presence of DNA-binding proteins from midlog or T0 cells. This stimulation of RNA polymerase activity required that the binding proteins interact with the template, since when the binding proteins and RNA polymerase were simultaneously added to the template, no stimulation of activity was observed. These results suggest that it is worth examining whether some of the DNA-binding proteins identified in this communication can function to direct RNA polymerase to specific sites on the template, and thus regulate transcription.
β-Adrenergic responses in the eyes of rabbits, primates, and man

Abstract An investigation has been made of the ocular responses in rabbits, primates, and man to the selective β2-adrenergic agonist salbutamol and to the mixed α, β-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol. The time courses of the pressure responses to topical applications of the drugs were characterized by a rapid onset of decreased pressure followed by a slow but varied rate of recovery. No dilatation of the pupil could be induced either by topical or intravitreal injections of salbutamol, but the pressure responses could be blocked by prior administration of the adrenergic β-receptor antagonist propranolol. Isoproterenol applied topically and by intravitreal injection caused both α- and β-adrenergic responses, and these could be separated by dosage. A pressure response occurred at doses of isoproterenol that were inadequate to cause pupil dilatation, and this could be blocked by propranolol. At high dosage, pupil dilatation occurred and this could be blocked by the α-adrenergic receptor antagonist phenoxybenzamine. Analysis of aqueous humor dynamics in rabbits and man showed that the pressure reduction to salbutamol was associated with a decrease in the rate of aqueous humor formation, and a small but variable increment in the facility of outflow. It is concluded that the time course of the pressure responses in man, in conscious rabbits, and in lightly sedated monkeys to β-agonists are similar and involve similar changes in aqueous humor dynamies. Further, it was found that the β pressure responses differ fundamentally from those resulting from stimulation of α-adrenergic receptors.
Affective Impact of Close Counterfactuals: Implications of Possible Futures for Possible Pasts

Close outcomes have been shown to influence counterfactual thoughts and affective reactions. Not quite achieving a goal can be particularly disheartening, and just making it can be particularly uplifting. Prior research (Medvec, Madey, & Gilovich, 1995; Medvec & Savitsky, 1997) has demonstrated a satisfaction reversal: People who just miss a better outcome (e.g., losing by 1 point) actually feel worse than those who were not as close (e.g., losing by 10 points). It was hypothesized that this effect should depend critically on whether there are future possibilities. In Study 1, analyses of newspaper articles showed that reactions to a close game depended on whether it was the first or last game of a series. Study 2 demonstrated a new type of satisfaction reversal: At halftime, people felt better when their team was down by 1 point than if their team was up by 1 point. It is suggested that finality evokes contrast effects and that future possibilities evoke assimilation.
An investigation into the mechanism ofL-asparaginase resistance in L5178Y murine leukemia cells

Resistance of leukemia cells tol-asparaginase is presumed to be due to increased expression of asparagine synthetase activity by resistant cells, so they are no longer dependent on an exogenous source ofl-asparagine for growth. The mechanism by which cells acquire the ability for increased enzyme expression, however, has not been clearly defined. Evidence presented here indicates that genomic alterations in the form of translocations, gene amplification, or increased P-glycoprotein expression, do not account for the phenotypic transformation froml-asparaginase sensitivity tol-asparaginase resistance. Instead, both sensitive and resistant L5178Y cells contain immunoreactive material detected by Western blotting with an antiserum prepared against bovine pancreatic asparagine synthetase. This suggests that the mechanism of resistance might involve modification of asparagine synthetase inl-asparaginase-resistant cells by an as-yet-unidentified mechanism or by inhibition of enzyme activity in thel-asparaginase-sensitive cells.
Plans for an Advanced Exotic Beam facility in the U.S.

The Office of Science of the Department of Energy is currently considering options for an advanced radioactive beam facility in the U.S. A committee, the Rare Isotope Science Assessment Committee, has been formed under the auspices of the Board of Physics and Astronomy of the National Academies of Science and Engineering with the charge of assessing the importance of and prospects for future research in this field world-wide. There is interest in identifying opportunities for a facility in the U.S. that will complement the capabilities that will exist elsewhere. There is an on-going R&D program sponsored by the DOE to develop the technologies that are essential to both the production of and use of beams of intense exotic beams at next-generation facilities. This paper presents the status of planning and options for such a facility, as well as, progress in the R&D. This program is developing concepts and prototypes for high power superconducting heavy ion linacs for rare isotope production and high power targets, ion sources, fragment separators, gas catchers, and reacceleration technologies that support the delivery of high quality, intense beams of exotic isotopes for research.
Building a geocollaboratory: Supporting Human–Environment Regional Observatory (HERO) collaborative science activities

Abstract Collaboratories have been defined as centers without walls , virtual places where teams of scientists can undertake coordinated research. As part of the Human–Environment Regional Observatory (HERO) infrastructure project, we have been developing a geocollaboratory to support work by geographically distributed scientists about geographic problems. Our specific focus is on science teams developing and applying protocols for long-term study of the local and regional scale human impacts of global environmental change. The HERO geocollaboratory includes web and other Internet-based tools to enable same-time and different-time (thus synchronous and asynchronous) different-place collaboration. Methods and tools have been developed to support (1) synchronous distributed meetings that include video links and shared visual display of geospatial information; (2) asynchronous perspective comparison and consensus building activities; and (3) long-term information sharing and knowledge development. This paper introduces the research effort, sketches the conceptual framework within which the geocollaboratory is being developed, outlines progress thus far in the three collaboratory components listed above, and discusses our experiences using these tools for distributed science as well as our plans for continued development. We direct specific attention to three web-based, collaborative tools we have developed in support of components 2 and 3 above: an e-Delphi tool (supporting sharing and comparing of expert opinions), a concept-mapping tool that supports building, sharing, and comparing concept relationship diagrams linked to formal ontologies, and a web portal (called Codex) that provides a personal workspace, mechanisms for forming groups and accessing group resources, and methods for encoding knowledge objects that include geographic referencing.
Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs): Lessons learned in 30 years of study

Abstract The interplay between tumor development and the host immune system, as well as the impact of the immune system on the tumor's metastatic potential is incompletely defined. Almost 30 years ago, the identification of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes was reported, and represented great hope in cancer treatment. At that time, it was thought that patients whose tumors had high numbers of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes had a good prognosis, while patients with few or no tumor infiltrating lymphocytes had a poor prognosis. Work published since that seminal report has indicated that this viewpoint is overly simplistic. While infiltration of the tumor with lymphocytes may be one factor associated with a positive outcome, the milieu required for optimal functioning of the immune system is also defined by the presence of potent antigen presenting cells, immunostimulatory cytokines, and optimal surface molecule expression by both the tumor cells and the infiltrating lymphocytes. The complexities of these interactions are just beginning to be defined; a further difficulty that must be addressed in the development of cancer immunotherapy regimens is that various forms of cancer appear to have different immune system requirements. Failure of the host to achieve the optimal tumor microenvironment severely compromises the ability of the host to control tumor growth and metastases. Animal models of cancer, imperfect as they are, can provide investigators with model systems for manipulating the immune parameters of the tumor site within the host to determine its effect on disease outcome. While mouse models cannot fully mimic the processes observed in humans because of differences in surface molecule expression and signaling pathways between the species, they do provide investigators with a means to examine the mechanisms involved following immunotherapy. This review will discuss some of the immune parameters studied in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and how they have been associated with patient prognosis.
A measure of knowledge sharing behavior: scale development and validation

The concept of knowledge sharing is getting more and more attention in the research and practice of knowledge management. It is necessary to develop relevant performance assessment and reward systems to encourage people's knowledge sharing behaviors (KSBs). Till now, little effort has been put into developing a valid and reliable measure of KSB. The primary purpose of this study is to develop a new measure of KSB with desirable psychometric properties – a well-developed KSB scale with a sufficient level of reliability and validity. This main objective was achieved by using the following procedures: (1) specify domain of construct, (2) generate scale items, (3) purify scale, and (4) validate scale. The new KSB scale developed in this study is a 4-dimensional, 28-item, 5-response choice frequency scale. The scale includes written contributions, organizational communications, personal interactions, and communities of practices dimensions. The results provided evidence of the dimensionality, reliability, and validity of the KSB scale.
MotifMiner: Efficient discovery of common substructures in biochemical molecules

Biochemical research often involves examining structural relationships in molecules since scientists strongly believe in the causal relationship between structure and function. Traditionally, researchers have identified these patterns, or motifs, manually using domain expertise. However, with the massive influx of new biochemical data and the ability to gather data for very large molecules, there is great need for techniques that automatically and efficiently identify commonly occurring structural patterns in molecules. Previous automated substructure discovery approaches have each introduced variations of similar underlying techniques and have embedded domain knowledge. While doing so improves performance for the particular domain, this complicates extensibility to other domains. Also, they do not address scalability or noise, which is critical for macromolecules such as proteins. In this paper, we present MotifMiner, a general framework for efficiently identifying common motifs in most scientific molecular datasets. The approach combines structure-based frequent-pattern discovery with search space reduction and coordinate noise handling. We describe both the framework and several algorithms as well as demonstrate the flexibility of our system by analyzing protein and drug biochemical datasets.
Role of Consumer Expectancies in the Acceptance of Novel Foods

Six experiments were conducted to examine factors affecting the consumer acceptance of novel foods. Variables included for analyses of their effects were: (1) preparation variables; (2) product name and type of serving vessel; (3) brand labels and packaging; (4) availability of product information; (5) nature and quantity of product information; and (6) degree of familiarity of the user with the product. Results of these experiments were interpreted within a theoretical framework that postulates that the hedonic response to food is a function of the degree to which expectancies about the food are matched by subsequent experiences with it. Based on the theory of cognitive dissonance, this theoretical framework is proposed as a useful analytic tool for predicting consumer responses to novel foods.
Uniform, highly conductive, and patterned transparent films of a percolating silver nanowire network on rigid and flexible substrates using a dry transfer technique

Silver nanowire films are promising alternatives to tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) films as transparent conductive electrodes. In this paper, we report the use of vacuum filtration and a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-assisted transfer printing technique to fabricate silver nanowire films on both rigid and flexible substrates, bringing advantages such as the capability of patterned transfer, the best performance among various ITO alternatives (10 Ω/sq at 85% transparency), and good adhesion to the underlying substrate, thus eliminating the previously reported adhesion problem. In addition, our method also allows the preparation of high quality patterned films of silver nanowires with different line widths and shapes in a matter of few minutes, making it a scalable process. Furthermore, use of an anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane in the transfer process allows annealing of nanowire films at moderately high temperature to obtain films with extremely high conductivity and good transparency. Using this transfer technique, we obtained silver nanowire films on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate with a transparency of 85%, a sheet resistance of 10 Ω/sq, with good mechanical flexibility. Detailed analysis revealed that the Ag nanowire network exhibits two-dimensional percolation behavior with good agreement between experimentally observed and theoretically predicted values of critical volume. Open image in new window
Spontaneous reactivation of a silent telomeric transgene in a human cell line

Subtelomeric reporter genes in human cells are silenced in a telomere length-dependent manner. Here we show that a subtelomeric reporter gene is expressed in only a subpopulation of cells within a clone and that this heterogeneity is generated by switching between expression states. We observed frequent reversion from the silenced state back to active expression. This process was more prominent for subtelomeric transgenes; however, we also observed cases of spontaneous reversion in control clones bearing the reporter at an internal site. We additionally show that treatment of these cells with 5-bromodeoxyuridine results in strong activation of the transgene. Although similar findings have been reported previously in mouse cells, this is, to our knowledge, the first direct observation of ongoing fluctuations in transcription in clonal populations of human cells. Our results suggest that this mechanism, as opposed to progressive silencing or a delayed fixing of expression states, accounts for the variegation in expression observed for subtelomeric transgenes in human cells. These data imply that telomere shortening during human aging could lead to stochastic activation of subtelomeric genes.
THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF FROG NERVE DURING STIMULATION

1. The resting rate of oxygen consumption of the excised sciatic nerve of the frog is 1.23 c.mm. of oxygen per gm. of nerve per minute. 2. During stimulation with an induction coil with 100 make and 100 break shocks per second there is an excess oxygen consumption amounting on the average to 0.32 c.mm. of oxygen per gm. of nerve per minute of stimulation, or a 26 per cent increase over the resting rate. 3. The magnitude of the excess oxygen consumption in stimulation, in agreement with the all-or-none law, is not markedly influenced by considerable variations in the intensity of stimulation. 4. Increasing the frequency of stimulation from 100 to 200 shocks per second increases the extra oxygen used only 1.12–1.18 times. The same change in frequency of stimulation increases the negative variation 1.15 times and the heat production about 1.25 times (Hill). 5. This parallelism between the excess oxygen and the negative variation argues definitely for some causal connection between the excess oxygen and the nerve impulse itself. 6. Calculation shows that the oxygen tension inside these nerves was not zero.
MOBILE ROBOT ROUGH-TERRAIN CONTROL (RTC) FOR PLANETARY EXPLORATION

Mobile robots are increasingly being developed for highrisk missions in rough terrain situations, such as planetary exploration. Here a rough-terrain control (RTC) methodology is presented that exploits the actuator redundancy found in multi-wheeled mobile robot systems to improve ground traction and reduce power consumption. The methodology “chooses” an optimization criterion based on the local terrain profile. A key element of the method is to be able to estimate the wheel-ground contact angles. A method using an extended Kalman filter is presented for estimating these angles using simple on-board sensors. Simulation results for a wheeled micro-rover traversing Mars-like terrain demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithms.
Linear Submodular Bandits and their Application to Diversified Retrieval

Diversified retrieval and online learning are two core research areas in the design of modern information retrieval systems. In this paper, we propose the linear sub-modular bandits problem, which is an online learning setting for optimizing a general class of feature-rich submodular utility models for diversified retrieval. We present an algorithm, called LSBGREEDY, and prove that it efficiently converges to a near-optimal model. As a case study, we applied our approach to the setting of personalized news recommendation, where the system must recommend small sets of news articles selected from tens of thousands of available articles each day. In a live user study, we found that LSBGREEDY significantly outperforms existing online learning approaches.
A critique of “the best secular argument against abortion”

Don Marquis has put forward a non-religious argument against abortion based on what he claims is a morally relevant similarity between killing adult human beings and killing fetuses. He asserts that killing adults is wrong because it deprives them of their valuable futures. He points out that a fetus's future includes everything that is in an adult's future, given that fetuses naturally develop into adults. Thus, according to Marquis, killing a fetus deprives it of the same sort of valuable future that an adult is deprived of in being killed and this makes abortion seriously wrong. Commentators have raised a number of objections to Marquis's argument, to which he has satisfactorily responded. In this paper, difficulties with Marquis's argument that have not been considered by previous commentators are pointed out. A main thesis of this paper is that Marquis does not adequately defend his argument against several important objections that he himself has raised. These new considerations support the view that Marquis's argument is unsuccessful.
Use of the lipid emulsion and Samonella thyphimurium mitogen adjuvant to stimulate IgG production in chickens

Abstract Chickens were immunized with the lipid emulsion system and Salmonella typhimurium mitogen adjuvant for fowl plus synthetic peptides corresponding to the divergent amino acid sequences at the carboxyl terminus of each of two different α-tubulin isoforms from Arabidopis thaliana . Antibodies were extracted from egg yolks and used in immunoblot assay to determine the time course of antibody production in two chickens. Specific immunoglobulin production increased 10–14 days after the primary injection in both chickens and reached peak levels shortly thereafter. Booster injections helped maintain IgG production, which eventually dropped off after the final injection.
A Sampling Analogue Computer

The sampling analogue computer described may be used for various algebraic operations. Using standard electronic components, and with electrical inputs, only fifteen tubes are required to produce an output accuracy better than one per cent of full scale.
Evaluation of a clinical scoring scale to direct early appropriate therapy in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia:

Background. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a serious adverse effect associated with heparin therapy. Current laboratory confirmation for immune mediated HIT often results in false positives and unnecessary treatment, exposing individuals to possible complications. As a result, clinical evaluation has been recommended in conjunction with laboratory testing. We hypothesize that utilization of a clinical scoring scale, the 4T’s, will result in the initial appropriate therapy for suspected HIT.Methods. This is a retrospective chart review of 108 patients who underwent ELISA testing for HIT at a university hospital. The 4T’s scale was applied, stratifying individuals into low, intermediate, and high-risk categories. Each risk score was compared to the ELISA results to determine if the 4T’s can predict the diagnosis of HIT and result in appropriate management. ELISA optical density scores as well as incidence of adverse events were also compared among risk categories.Study Results. Individuals with l...
JNK3 Perpetuates Metabolic Stress Induced by Aβ Peptides

Although Aβ peptides are causative agents in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the underlying mechanisms are still elusive. We report that Aβ42 induces a translational block by activating AMPK, thereby inhibiting the mTOR pathway. This translational block leads to widespread ER stress, which activates JNK3. JNK3 in turn phosphorylates APP at T668, thereby facilitating its endocytosis and subsequent processing. In support, pharmacologically blocking translation results in a significant increase in Aβ42 in a JNK3-dependent manner. Thus, JNK3 activation, which is increased in human AD cases and a familial AD (FAD) mouse model, is integral to perpetuating Aβ42 production. Concomitantly, deletion of JNK3 from FAD mice results in a dramatic reduction in Aβ42 levels and overall plaque loads and increased neuronal number and improved cognition. This reveals AD as a metabolic disease that is under tight control by JNK3.
Neuropsychological and neuropathological effects of anoxic or ischemic induced brain injury.

In recent years there has been extensive research in neuropsychological sequelae of a variety of etiologies, including traumatic brain injury, dementia, stroke, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and cardiac surgery. With the exception of stroke and cardiac surgery, significantly fewer studies have been published regarding neuropsychological outcome in adults with disorders associated with anoxia or ischemia. Outcomes research in anoxic or ischemic disorders in pediatric patient populations are even more limited.
Methods, Early Literacy, and Home‐School Compatibilities: A Response to Sledge et al

Sledge, Blot, and Delisle's objections to a previous article are examined critically. While Sledge et al. raise a number of interesting methodological and substantive issues, many of their objections are based either on a misreading of the article or on incorrect inferences they make. The issues of continuity and discontinuity in Hispanic children's home-school experiences is discussed in relation to (1) parent and school educational values, and (2) parents' and teachers' views of how children learn to read.
The Use of Chemotherapy in Soft-Tissue Sarcomas

The treatment of advanced soft-tissue sarcomas is often palliative, although a subset of patients may be cured or have a long disease-free interval. This paper reviews the historical data over 30 years of treatment that has led to the use of ifosfamide and doxorubicin as the mainstay in the treatment of metastatic disease. These treatments have a high toxicity, relative to other chemotherapeutic regimens, with median response durations on the order of months. Agents developed in the last few years, whose role in the treatment of sarcomas is still evolving, are discussed as well. Finally, we discuss the role of chemotherapy in combination with surgery and radiation in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings. The Oncologist 2002;7:348-359
Mating Compatibility between Geographic Populations of the Seed Beetle Callosobruchus maculatus

Allopatric populations sometimes display reproductive barriers in incipient form, and may thus reveal potential mechanisms of speciation. We conducted mating trials to estimate the degree of precopulatory (behavioral) and postcopulatory (gametic) prezygotic isolation between African and Asian populations of the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. The populations differ in several fitness-related traits, and have been associated with different legume hosts. In single-pair trials, the probability of copulation within 10 min was lower when Asian females were paired with African males than it was in the other three pairing combinations. This pairing also provided evidence for gametic isolation, as Asian females mated once to African males laid fewer eggs than did females in the other treatments. Variation in fecundity could not be explained by the duration of copulation, which did not differ among pairing combinations. There was also no effect of pairing combination on the number of copulation attempts, latency to copulation, or rate of egg hatch. When females were simultaneously presented a male from each population, Asian males obtained a disproportionate share of the matings, and were more likely to disturb a pair already in copulo. Surprisingly, male size did not influence the probability of copulation in the single-male trials, the outcome of male–male competition, or the fecundity of once-mated females. Although the African and Asian populations showed some evidence of mating incompatibility, the absence of symmetrical isolating factors suggests minimal barriers to gene flow.
Sequential incompleteness and dynamic suboptimality in stochastic OLG economies with production

We study a stochastic overlapping generations model with production and threeperiod-lived agents. Agents trade bonds and risky capital. Unlike the two-period model, we show that a stationary equilibrium in which prices and allocations depend solely on the aggregate capital stock and the current shock does not exist. Hence, the recursive equilibrium becomes the relevant equilibrium concept. For the recursive formulation of the model, markets are sequentially incomplete and we show that there is room for Pareto improvements in terms of intergenerational risk sharing. Finally, we examine whether the introduction of capital income taxation improves the allocation of risk.
Mutual coupling reduction of dual-band printed monopoles using MNG metamaterial

In this paper, a μ-Negative metamaterial (MNG) is utilized for mutual coupling reduction between dual-band printed monopole antennas used in Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO). A dual-band MNG metamaterial is designed to specifically possess negative effective permeability at the two resonant frequencies where the antennas are operating. MNG is inserted between the two printed monopoles (back to back) to decrease the correlation between them. The printed monopole antennas were designed to operate in the Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) bands 2.45 GHz and 5.2 GHz. Antenna characteristics such as, scattering parameters far-field radiation patterns with and without the presence of MNG are provided. The design of the MNG unit cell and its effective constitutive parameters are also provided. Design and simulations are conducted using Ansoft's HFSS software which is based on the Finite Element Method (FEM). The proposed technique achieved a 14 dB reduction in mutual coupling at 2.45 GHz and 13 dB at 5.2 GHz. A gain of 2 dB higher than the normal case at the second band is observed while it is maintained the same on the first band. Furthermore, the MNG based antenna system maintains a relatively low profile (16 mm) which is convenient for compact systems and hand-held devices.
Valuate Outsourcing Contracts from Vendors' Perspective: A Real Options Approach

To date, most applications of real options theory (ROT) in outsourcing literature are modeled from the clients’ side. Little attention has been paid to vendors’ options in outsourcing. In this article, we study outsourcing from the vendors’ perspective by analyzing vendors’ value of waiting. The contribution of our research to the literature lies in our analysis of a model that compensates for vendors’ loss of option to wait since they have to exercise outsourcing contracts at clients’ given timing. Such a compensation-oriented model yields new insights about the vendors’ valuation of outsourcing opportunities, and offers important practical guidance to vendors’ decision making.
The Grassroots Are Greener: Democratic Participation and Environmental Policies in State Politics

American environmental legislation cannot be fully explained under traditional interest-group theory, which emphasizes the success of well-financed, organized interests. One alternative explanation holds that the American public accepts a new environmental ethos that is protective of the natural world and human health. This study examines 100 years of state-level ballot questions on environmental policy and empirically establishes the emergence and persistence of this new environmental ethos as well as the changing nature of American support for environmental policy. This ethos emerges in 40 years, environmental policy making of this type has been increasingly citizen-led, inclusive of a wider variety of environmental problems, while embracing a greater range of policy solutions including those premised on more radical notions of humanity?s relationship with the natural world.
Security of infantile attachment as assessed in the “strange situation”: Its study and biological interpretation

The Strange Situation procedure was developed by Ainsworth two decades agoas a means of assessing the security of infant-parent attachment. Users of the procedureclaim that it provides a way of determining whether the infant has developed species-appropriate adaptive behavior as a result of rearing in an evolutionary appropriate context, characterized by a sensitively responsive parent. Only when the parent behaves in the sensitive, species-appropriate fashion is the baby said to behave in the adaptive or secure fashion. Furthermore, when infants are observed repeatedly in the Strange Situation,the pattern of behavior is said to be highly similar, and this pattern is said to predict the infants' future behavior in a diverse array of contexts. After an exhaustive review of the literature, it is shown that these popular claims are empirically unsupported in their strong form, and that the interpretations in terms of biological adaptationare misguided. There is little reliable evidence about the specific dimensions of parental behavior that affect Strange Situation behavior, although there does appear to be some relationship between these constructs. Temporal stability in security of attachment ishigh only when there is stability in family and caretaking circumstances. Likewise, patterns of Strange Situation behavior only have substantial predictive validity in similarly stable families. Implications for future research and theorizing — particularly as they relate to the use of evolutionary biology in psychological theory — are discussed.
Low-energy electron diffraction — Experiment and theory

The current state of structure determination using Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) intensities is reviewed. Experimental and theoretical advances are examined, while lessons from successes and failures are discussed. The relationship between LEED and other techniques is also covered.
The DICOM Radiation Dose Structured Report: What It Is and What It Is Not

Although most radiologists and medical physicists have heard of the term “DICOM,” which stands for Digital Imaging and Communications inMedicine,many associate this term onlywith the format used to save radiographic images. However, the DICOM standard actually includes the specifications for communicating many types of medical-related data in an organized manner so that devices from different hardware and software manufacturers can talk to one another [1]. Examples of these different types of data, called nonimage information object definitions (IODs) in DICOMspeak, are treatment plans, waveforms, and structured reports, among others. Over the past few years, there has been an increasing awareness of the importance of the radiation dose used to acquire images with ionizing radiation, and with it there has been an increase in the efforts to optimize the levels of radiation used. For this, it is important to be able to store and analyze data regarding the exposure involved during these acquisitions in a standard format that can be machine read and interpreted. Although exposure information is recorded in the header of each image, this solution is not complete or ideal for various reasons. In the first place, there is no standardmethod to decouple the image itself from the exposure information. Therefore, to access and store the exposure information, it must be accompanied by the image data,
Appendicitis: Changing Perspectives

Neoplasms are an uncommon finding after appendectomy, with malignant tumors occurring in less than 1% of the surgical specimens, and carcinoid being the most frequent malignancy. A negative or inconclusive ultrasound is not adequate to rule out appendicitis and should be followed by CT scan. For pregnant patients, MRI is a reasonable alternative to CT scan. Nonoperative treatment with antibiotics is safe as an initial treatment of uncomplicated appendicitis, with a significant decrease in complications but a high failure rate. Open and laparoscopic appendectomies for appendicitis provide similar results overall, although the laparoscopic technique may be advantageous for obese and elderly patients but may be associated with a higher incidence of intraabdominal abscess. Preoperative diagnostic accuracy is of utmost importance during pregnancy because a negative appendectomy is associated with a significant incidence of fetal loss. The increased morbidity associated with appendectomy delay suggests that prompt surgical intervention remains the safest approach. Routine incidental appendectomy should not be performed except in selected cases. Interval appendectomy is not indicated because of considerable risks of complications and lack of any clinical benefit. Patients older than 40 years with an appendiceal mass or abscess treated nonoperatively should routinely have a colonoscopy as part of their follow-up to rule out cancer or alternative diagnosis.
Dairy Supply Chain Management in Bulgaria

The dairy sector is among the most fundamentally affected sector by post-communist transition and EU integration of Bulgaria. This paper presents the present stage of development of the dairy chain management in the country. First, it analyzes the state and forms of dairy value chain management, identifying the dominant and prospective models of dairy chain management. Second, it outlines the features, factors and efficiency of a new business model for dairy farms inclusion in the supply chain.
Fedex Corp. Versus United Parcel Service of America, Inc.: Who Will Deliver Returns from China?

In early 2006, the anticipated expansion of package delivery services in China provided a great opportunity for the two package delivery giants FedEx and UPS. It was unclear which of these firms would make the most of this opportunity. FedEx had an early foothold, but UPS had a longer tradition of success. Adding to this debate is the observation that the FedEx stock price had been rising steadily and on that basis, FedEx had outperformed UPS.
Hate Speech in the Marketplace of Ideas

In this paper, I consider the issue of restrictions on hate speech in the context of the argument for free expression based on the idea that the realm of public communication is a “marketplace of ideas.” What is the nature of the analogy with the economic marketplace implied by this phrase? Can maximizing the prospects for attaining truth in the realm of public communication (if this is its proper goal) be fruitfully compared with maximizing preference satisfaction in the economic market? And, does the analogy prove too much, in that arguments for government interference in economic markets based on the existence of “market imperfections” might be taken to justify analogous interference in the case of speech? Can hate speech be understood as analogous to a market imperfection?
Guidelines for Local and State Governments to Promote Entrepreneurship

Promoting entrepreneurship has been a part of many city and state economic development strategies for at least two decades. These strategies have been largely informed by academic writing and, more recently, by the experience of successful entrepreneurs. With so much attention paid to entrepreneurship, one might expect entrepreneurship to be booming. Unfortunately, the opposite is largely true. In the late 1970s, about 15 percent of all businesses in the United States were new; in 2011, that number hovered around 8 percent. Even the high-powered technology industry has succumbed to this trend. Not only are there fewer new firms today than in the past, but those startups that do exist are creating fewer jobs. This decline in startup activity has occurred across the country. Firm entry rates were lower between 2009 and 2011 than they were between 1978 and 1980 in every state and Metropolitan Statistical Area except one. This all begs a question: if so much attention has been paid to promoting entrepreneurship, why is it trending downward? The answer to that question is complex and certainly involves many factors, some of which are out of the control of state and local governments. But one area that deserves scrutiny is popular and widely tried economic development strategies to promote entrepreneurship. While much has been written about entrepreneurship in the context of economic development, academic research has not kept pace with emerging practices. And, while many studies discuss what was done in the past, few say anything about what has worked or why it has worked. This guideline is written to address those gaps and communicate lessons learned at the Kauffman Foundation through our experience running entrepreneurship support programs, doing interviews, and interacting with experts across many fields. The paper synthesizes more than eighty peer-reviewed academic articles, books, practitioners’ papers, and conference papers. Subsequent papers will address measurement and sources of entrepreneurship data, and the concept of entrepreneurial ecosystems.In this paper, we begin with a critical overview of two of the most commonly used strategies to promote entrepreneurship: creating public venture funds and business incubators. We then explain that these strategies often neglect an essential principle: connectivity and learning by entrepreneurs. Next, we describe ways in which public venture funds and incubators can be reorganized based on the connectivity principle before concluding with several other recommendations for how cities and states can promote entrepreneurship and begin to see real results that transform economies and provide new opportunities to residents.
Nanoparticles Composed of Zn and ZnO Inhibit Peronospora tabacina Spore Germination in vitro and P. tabacina Infectivity on Tobacco Leaves

Manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly being used for commercial purposes and certain NP types have been shown to have broad spectrum antibacterial activity. In contrast, their activities against fungi and fungi-like oomycetes are less studied. Here, we examined the potential of two types of commercially available Zn NPs (Zn NPs and ZnO NPs) to inhibit spore germination and infectivity on tobacco leaves resulting from exposure to the fungi-like oomycete pathogen Peronospora tabacina (P. tabacina). Both types of NPs, as well as ZnCl2 and bulk ZnO control treatments, inhibited spore germination compared to a blank control. ZnO ENMs were shown to be a much more powerful suppressor of spore germination and infectivity than bulk ZnO. ZnO and Zn NPs significantly inhibited leaf infection at 8 and 10 mg·L−1, respectively. Both types of NPs were found to provide substantially higher concentration dependent inhibition of spore germination and infectivity than could be readily explained by the presence of dissolved Zn. These results suggest that both NP types have potential for use as economic, low-dose, potentially non-persistent anti-microbial agents against the oomycete P. tabacina.
Spectroscopic Investigation of Surface-Dependent Acid–Base Property of Ceria Nanoshapes

In addition to their well-known redox character, the acid–base property is another interesting aspect of ceria-based catalysts. Herein, the effect of surface structure on the acid–base property of ceria was studied in detail by utilizing ceria nanocrystals with different morphologies (cubes, octahedra, and rods) that exhibit crystallographically well-defined surface facets. The nature, type, strength, and amount of acid and base sites on these ceria nanoshapes were investigated via in situ IR spectroscopy combined with various probe molecules. Pyridine adsorption shows the presence of Lewis acid sites (Ce cations) on the ceria nanoshapes. These Lewis acid sites are relatively weak and similar in strength among the three nanoshapes according to the probing by both pyridine and acetonitrile. Two types of basic sites, hydroxyl groups and surface lattice oxygen are present on the ceria nanoshapes, as probed by CO2 adsorption. CO2 and chloroform adsorption indicate that the strength and amount of the Lewis bas...
Deformation and Toughness of α-Silicon Nitride Single Crystals

Vickers and Knoop indentation methods were used to determine the deformation behavior and fracture toughness of single crystal α-Si3N4 at room temperature. The tests were performed on (0001), and faces; both hardness and toughness values were found to be independent of orientation within statistical variations. Thus, the mechanical properties of silicon nitride are essentially isotropic at room temperature. Single crystals of α-Si3N4 were also compressed at 1760 and 1820°C at a strain rate of The sample tested at 1760°C showed yielding at a stress of 200MPa but it fractured before indicating a significant amount of plastic deformation. On the other hand, the sample compressed at 1820°C deformed to a strain of 2.7% at a stress of 40MPa before fracturing. A significant density of dislocations was observed by transmission electron microscopy. From conventional g.b analysis, the Burgers vector of the dislocations was determined to be. From the line direction of the dislocations, the primary slip system of α-Si3N4 is determined to be.