cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The perinatal transition of the circulating metabolome in a nonhuman primate

The fetal-to-neonatal transition is one of the most complex processes in biological existence; much is unknown about this transition on the molecular and biochemical level. Based on growing metabolomics literature, we hypothesize that metabolomic analysis will reveal the key biochemical intermediates that change during the birth transition. Using two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC–TOFMS), we identified 100 metabolites that changed during this transition. Of these 100 metabolites, 23 demonstrated significant change during the first 72 h. Of note, four intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were identified (α-ketoglutaric acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, and succinyl-CoA), demonstrating a consistent rate of rise during the study. This may signify the transition of the neonate from a hypoxic in utero environment to an oxygen-rich environment. Important signaling molecules were also identified, including myo-inositol and glutamic acid. GC × GC–TOFMS was able to identify important metabolites associated with metabolism and signaling. These data can be used as a baseline for normal birth transition, which may aid in future perinatal research investigations. Late-preterm Macaca nemestrina were delivered by hysterotomy, with plasma drawn from the cord blood and after birth at eight additional time points to 72 h of age.
Short term curtailment of natural gas: Alternative curtailment forms and employment impacts in the 1976–1977 gas emergency

Abstract The 1976–1977 heating season was the coldest on record, forcing utilities throughout the Northeast and Middle West to curtail their customers severely. Based on Ohio survey data, the employment impact of these curtailments is estimated by industry and week. Several types of curtailment were used, including appeals for voluntary conservation. As these curtailments allow customers a variety of responses, the study differentiates among curtailment types and assesses the employment impact of each. The impact estimates have been used in the design of an emergency curtailment system in Ohio. They also provide useful information in non-emergency situations for utilities faced with a decision to increase capacity and to expand customer hook-ups. As capacity is usually insufficient to preclude all shortages, it is important that the cost of capacity increases be weighed against the cost of the shortages they could avoid.
Weeding, Wine, and Cheese: Enticing Faculty to Cull a Collection

Remodeling of a building and decreased shelf space motivated faculty and staff to complete a long overdue weeding project in a small university library. Librarians used social media, internal communication, and personal contact to motivate faculty. Every effort was made to reuse and recycle discarded materials. The result was a streamlined collection and a much improved learning space.
Learners’ perceptions of instructional delivery systems: Conventional and television

(1992). Learners’ perceptions of instructional delivery systems: Conventional and television. American Journal of Distance Education: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 47-55.
Re-presenting transgressive ecologies: post-industrial sites as contested terrains

In an age where urban agglomerations are shaped by rapid economic and demographic changes, post-industrial sites are interpreted as symbols of the failure of the industrial age and location of essential, sustainable and environmentally just renewal. Both understandings are based on constructions of “culture” and “nature” as dichotomic and normative. This paper proposes an alternative framework that constructs post-industrial sites as locations for the ongoing negotiation of human and non-human processes, as passive ground and active agent in the constant and continuous remaking of place. Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord and the High Line in New York City are highly visible examples that engage and showcase successional ecologies in fundamentally different ways, but both ultimately posit “ecology” as the redemptive agent for emergent post-postindustrial places. While Duisburg-Nord engages emergent ecologies as an exploratory, open-ended and fluid interaction between human intervention and non-human process, t...
The anionic permeability of the inhibitory postsynaptic membrane of hippocampal pyramidal cells

The anion permeability and current sensitivity of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (i.p.s.ps) of CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells have been studied with intracellular recording techniques. Passage of depolarizing current through the microelectrode increased the size of i.p.s.ps while hyperpolarizing current decreased and eventually reversed the i.p.s.ps. The early portion of the i.p.s.p. was most sensitive to current. The results obtained from the injection of anions into the pyramidal cells indicated that a sharp dichotomy existed: either the anion was permeable as shown by a depolarizing shift in the i.p.s.p., or the anion was impermeable, there being as a consequence a hyperpolarizing shift in the i.p.s.p. The permeable anions include Br$^{-}$, NO$_{2}^{-}$, NO$_{3}^{-}$, SCN$^{-}$, OCN$^{-}$, ClO$_{3}^{-}$ and HCO$_{2}^{-}$, while the impermeable anions included citrate, glutamate, sulphate, methylsulphate, bromate, chromate, acetate and fluoride. These results are identical to those obtained by ion injection into motoneurons. Diffusion of anions into pyramidal cells supported the results from ion injection; namely, that there was a sharp dichotomy between permeant and impermeant anions. However, acetate, and to a lesser extent bromate and glutamate, were exceptions, since these anions led to an abolition or reduction of the hyperpolarizing i.p.s.p. and yet from ion injection studies these anions were clearly impermeant. Possible explanations for this paradox are given in the following paper. The present findings suggest that the anion permeability of the inhibitory postsynaptic membrane in hippocampal pyramidal cells is similar to that reported for spinal motoneurons.
Synthesis of zeolites using organosilicon compounds as structure-directing agents

Zeolites ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 are synthesized using the organosilicon compound N-trimethoxysilylpropyltri-N- butylammonium as structure-directing agent. For ZSM-5, results from thermogravimetric analyses and 13C and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy prove that the organosilicon compound resides intact at the channel intersections and that the silicon atom in this species is located in a framework position. The consequences of this new type of structure direction towards the synthesis of new microporous materials are discussed.
Noise reduction properties of a multiple-source schlieren system

Schlieren images often contain noise that is caused by density gradients in the air that surrounds the wind-tunnel test section. It has been shown that multiple-source, or sharp-focusing, schlieren systems may reduce the region of space in which the schlieren system is most sensitive to density gradients. We examine the potential for noise reduction by minor modifications to traditional schlieren systems. The modifications result in a multiple-source (sharp-focusing) schlieren system using the existing mirrors. For a system with an incoherent narrowband source, the imaging system, the slit spacing, and the transverse length scale of the noise govern the depth or focus
Optical studies of InAs/GaAs on GaAs short-period strained-layer superlattices grown by MBE and MEE

Abstract We have grown InAs/GaAs short-period strained-layer superlattices (SPSLSs) by both conventional molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and migration enhanced epitaxy (MEE). Our efforts have been directed towards the optimization of growth parameters including shutter times, growth interrupt times, and substrate temperatures for both growth techniques. We have investigated several structures with different numbers and thicknesses of InAs and GaAs layers. Optical measurements, including absorbance, CW photoluminescence (PL), and time resolved PL, have been employed to determine the quality of the samples. We have grown samples with 50 repetitions of the SPSLS separated by 20 nm GaAs barrier layers which have exhibited excellent 5 K CW PL peaks with full width at half maximum (FWHM) of less than 9 meV. In addition, several samples have shown room temperature exciton features in absorbance spectra. A synchronously mode-locked Styryl 9 dye laser has been used in conjunction with a streak camera to perform time resolved PL measurements, thereby determining carrier lifetimes in the samples. We will discuss our results, comparing the growth conditions as well as the different SPSLS structures, in terms of the optical data that we have obtained.
Quality of care indicators for prostate cancer: Progress toward consensus

Previously-documented variations in patterns of care and patient outcomes suggest differences in the quality of care provided to men with prostate cancer. Herein we describe ongoing efforts to measure the quality of prostate cancer care, including the development and pilot-testing of the RAND prostate cancer quality indicators and the selection of the consensus-based Physician Performance Measurement Set for Prostate Cancer. We also summarize current payer-led initiatives aimed at measuring quality of care for men with prostate cancer. We conclude that currently-available prostate cancer quality indicators are derived from valid, consensus-based methodologies and capture clinical practices that are necessary for high-quality care in early-stage prostate cancer. Despite this promise, however, the currently available measures have several limitations that should be considered during their implementation in prostate cancer quality assessment and improvement activities.
Somatostatin immunoreactivity in esophageal premotor neurons of the rat

Esophageal peristalsis is coordinated by premotor neurons localized to the central subnucleus of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTScen). These premotor neurons project directly to motoneurons within the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguus (NAc). Somatostatin immunoreactive terminals have been previously demonstrated encircling motoneurons in the (NAc) (Cunningham, E.T., Jr. and Sawchenko, P.E., J. Neurosci., 9 (1989) 1668-1682). We combined transsynaptic tracing with pseudorabies virus and immunohistochemistry to localize somatostatin to premotor neurons within the NTScen.
Self-limited febrile syndromes temporally associated with the use of propofol for sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures

Purpose To investigate cases of febrile illnesses in patients who received propofol for sedation during gastrointestinal endoscopy. Methods Active case finding for patients who underwent endoscopy between 1 April and 30 May 2007 and suffered unexplained fever, chills, or myalgia within 48 hour after the procedure. We reviewed medications and clinical practices to find factors associated with the reactions. Results Seventy-four cases at eight facilities in five states were identified yielding a rate of 36 reactions per 1000 procedures, compared with a baseline rate of 0.6 per 1000. The majority of patients experienced self-limited fever (89.2%), chills (73.0%), or myalgia (63.5%). Blood samples from five patients were collected for culture; no organisms grew. All health care facilities that reported cases and fully participated in the investigation (n = 7) had received a common lot of propofol just before recognition of the first case. Bacterial endotoxin and sterility testing on unopened vials from this lot of propofol showed no abnormalities. Cases terminated after facilities stopped using the associated lot of propofol. Conclusions We found a temporal association between a particular lot of propofol and an outbreak of febrile illnesses at several healthcare facilities performing endoscopy. When propofol is used to sedate patients for endoscopy, fever is a rare outcome and healthcare professionals should investigate clusters of these reactions. Post-procedure surveillance is important to identify possible medication reactions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blocking Periodontal Disease Progression by Inhibiting Tissue-Destructive Enzymes: A Potential Therapeutic Role for Tetracyclines and Their Chemically-Modified Analogs.

Tetracyclines (TCs) have wide therapeutic usage as antimicrobial agents; these drugs (e.g., minocycline, doxycycline) remain useful as adjuncts in periodontal therapy. However, TCs also have non-antimicrobial properties which appear to modulate host response. In that regard, TCs and their chemically-modified analogs (CMTs) have been shown to inhibit the activity of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), collagenase. The activity of this enzyme appears crucial in the destruction of the major structural protein of connective tissues, collagen. Such pathologic collagenolysis may be a common denominator in tissue destructive diseases such as rheumatoid and osteoarthritis, diabetes mellitus, bullous dermatologic diseases, corneal ulcers, and periodontitis. The mechanisms by which TCs affect and, possibly, diminish bone resorption (a key event in the pathogenesis of periodontal and other diseases) are not yet understood. However, a number of possibilities remain open for investigation including the following: TCs may 1) directly inhibit the activity of extracellular collagenase and other MMPs such as gelatinase; 2) prevent the activation of its proenzyme by scavenging reactive oxygen species generated by other cell types (e.g. PMNs, osteoclasts); 3) inhibit the secretion of other collagenolytic enzymes (i.e. lysosomal cathepsins); and 4) directly affect other aspects of osteoclast structure and function. Several recent studies have also addressed the therapeutic potential of TCs and CMTs in periodontal disease. These drugs reduced excessive gingival collagenase activity and severity of periodontal breakdown in rats infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis and in diabetic rats. Furthermore, the latter drug (CMT) was not associated with the emergence of TC-resistant microorganisms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Overexpression and Characterization of a Prolyl Endopeptidase from the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus

The maltose-regulated mlr-2 gene from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus having homology to bacterial and eukaryal prolyl endopeptidase (PEPase) was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Extracts from recombinant cells were capable of hydrolyzing the PEPase substrate benzyloxycarbonyl-Gly-Pro-p-nitroanilide (ZGPpNA) with a temperature optimum between 85 and 90 degrees C. Denaturing gel electrophoresis of purified PEPase showed that enzyme activity was associated with a 70-kDa protein, which is consistent with that predicted from the mlr-2 sequence. However, an apparent molecular mass of 59 kDa was obtained from gel permeation studies. In addition to ZGPpNA (K(Mapp) of 53 microM), PEPase was capable of hydrolyzing azocasein, although at a low rate. No activity was detected when ZGPpNA was replaced by substrates for carboxypeptidase A and B, chymotrypsin, subtilisin, and neutral endopeptidase. N-[N-(L-3-trans-Carboxirane-2-carbonyl)-L-Leu]-agmatine (E-64) and tosyl-L-Lys chloromethyl ketone did not inhibit PEPase activity. Both phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and diprotin A inhibited ZGPpNA cleavage, the latter doing so competitively (K(lapp) of 343 microM). At 100 degrees C, the enzyme displayed some tolerance to sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment. Stability of PEPase over time was dependent on protein concentration; at temperatures above 65 degrees C, dilute samples retained most of their activity after 24 h while the activity of concentrated preparations diminished significantly. This decrease was found to be due, in part, to autoproteolysis. Partially purified PEPase from P. furiosus exhibited the same temperature optimum, molecular weight, and kinetic characteristics as the enzyme overexpressed in E. coli. Extracts from P. furiosus cultures grown in the presence of maltose were approximately sevenfold greater in PEPase activity than those grown without maltose. Activity could not be detected in clarified medium obtained from maltose-grown cultures. We conclude that mlr-2, now called prpA, encodes PEPase; the physiological role of this protease is presently unknown.
VNIR data processing of small (human) targets

We demonstrate that human skin biometrics in the visible to near infrared (VNIR) regime can be used as reliable features in a multistage human target tracking algorithm suite. We collected outdoor VNIR hyperspectral data of human skin, consisting of two human subjects of different skin types in the Fitzpatrick Scale (Type I [Very Fair] and Type III [White to Olive]), standing side by side at seven ranges (50 ft to 370 ft) in a suburban background. At some of these ranges, the subjects fall under the small target category. We propose a three-step approach: Step 1, reflectance retrieval; Step 2, exploitation of absorption wavelength line at 577 nanometers, due to oxygenated hemoglobin in blood near the surface of skin; and Step 3, matched filtering on candidate patches in the input imagery that successfully passed Step 2, using as input all of the available bands in a spectral average representation of human skin. Step-3 functionality is only applied to patches in the imagery showing evidence of human skin (Step 2 output). Regardless of the targets' kinematic states, the approach produced some excellent results locating the presence of human skin in the example dataset, yielding zero false alarms from potential confusers in the scene. The approach is expected to function as the focus of attention stage of a multistage algorithm suite for human target tracking.
Tablet PC video based hybrid coursework in computer science: report from a pilot project

Online learning, defined broadly as recording and delivering classroom experience with technology, has tremendous potential. However, success to date has been very limited in science and engineering. We believe this is because traditional video recording is cumbersome and not suitable for technical lectures and removing live classroom interaction is detrimental to learning. Employing Tablet PCs with slide presentation software has made it simple and convenient to develop and record high quality lectures. We employ such videos in a hybrid model of coursework. All lectures are made available as online videos, but limited classroom interaction is an important component; the classroom is used for review of lecture material, examinations, demonstrations, tutorials, and hands-on sessions. The hybrid framework is particularly suitable for students with logistical difficulties, e.g., because of work schedule. This paper is an evaluation of the hybrid learning approach as applied to upper level computer science coursework. We report our experience in teaching a suite of hybrid courses at the University of Houston and discuss the detailed feedback we received from the students who participated in the courses.
Enhancing handgun safety with embedded signal processing and dynamic grip recognition

This paper describes the first phase results in personalized weapons technology utilizing biometrics, in order to develop a user only system that recognizes unique human characteristics of a specific individual. In particular, the investigation is focused on development of a dynamic grip recognition (DGR) system where a sensor embedded grip and digital signal processing unit have been fabricated to perform user recognition in real time. Specifically, grips with 16 piezoelectric sensors have been developed and fitted to an M9 pistol. In addition, the required trigger switch has also been developed and incorporated into the DGR system. The DGR method performed as well in live fire (93% recognition rate) as it did in the simulator environment (95% recognition rate). Furthermore, all of the electronics, signal capture devices and sensors were demonstrated to be unaffected by the environmental extremes of live fire (over 400 shots), and to perform well.
Microsatellite loci for paternity analysis in the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

Many recent studies have employed molecular markers to uncover important aspects of mating systems in teleost fishes. The fathead minnow ( Pimephales promelas ) is a nestbuilding North American cyprinid that spawns multiply and exhibits exclusive male parental care. A battery of microsatellite markers was developed to analyse paternity in this species. The seven characterized loci possess four to 31 alleles and expected heterozygosities of 0.455—0.974. In combination, they elicit an exclusion probability of 0.999, a desirable level for paternity analysis. In addition, cross-amplifications were conducted to test primer efficacy in 13 other taxa, including two congeners.
The Bukovina‐Germans during the Habsburg period: Settlement, ethnic interaction, contributions

Bukovina, the eastern‐most crownland of the Austrian Empire, attracted a multi‐national population after its acquisition by the Habsburgs in 1775. Its German settlers, never more than ten per cent of the total inhabitants, made considerable contributions to the province's cultural and economic development by the introduction of Western concepts of law, education, journalism and the arts as well as new techniques of farming and forestry. Despite the rising tide of nationalism in the last decades preceding the First World War, Bukovina's ethnic groups lived in harmony and toleration, benefiting from extensive intercultural exchange. Their example may well serve as a model for a united Europe.
Finding Minimal Parameterizations of Cylindrical Image Manifolds

Manifold learning has become an important tool to characterize high-dimensional data that vary nonlinearly due to a few parameters. Applications to the analysis of medical imagery and human motion patterns have been successful despite the lack of effective tools to parameterize cyclic data sets. This paper offers an initial approach to this problem, and provides for a minimal parameterization of points that are drawn from cylindrical manifolds-data whose (unknown) generative model includes a cyclic and a non-cyclic parameter. Solving for this special case is important for a number of current, practical applications and provides a start toward a general approach to cyclic manifolds. We offer results on synthetic and real data sets and illustrate an application to de-noising cardiac ultrasound images.
Enjoying Goal-Directed Action: The Role of Regulatory Fit

We propose that the fit between an action's strategic orientation and the actor's regulatory state can influence the amount of enjoyment the action provides. In two studies using different methods of manipulating regulatory states and of gauging action evaluations, high regulatory fit increased participants' anticipations of action enjoyability. In a third study, high regulatory fit increased participants' enjoyment of, perceived success at, and willingness to repeat a novel laboratory task, and these effects were independent of participants' actual success on the task. Across the three studies, participants in a regulatory state oriented toward accomplishment experienced eagerness-related actions more favorably than vigilance-related actions, whereas participants in a regulatory state oriented toward responsibility experienced vigilance-related actions more favorably than eagerness-related actions. These findings' implications for understanding task interest and motivation are discussed.
An Intrinsic Adrenergic Vasodilator Mechanism in the Coronary Vascular Bed of the Dog

The question of whether the coronary blood vessels contain an intrinsic adrenergic mechanism for vasodilatation has been examined by studying the response of the coronary vessels of the dog to isoproterenol. Initially, coronary blood flow, coronary sinus P O O2 , mean arterial pressure, and heart rate were measured continuously in anesthetized, open-chest animals. When isoproterenol, 0.1 to 0.3 µg/kg/min, was given intravenously, coronary flow and coronary sinus P O O2 always increased in spite of tachycardia and a reduced or unchanged arterial pressure. Although this response suggested a primary vasodilating effect of isoproterenol, a vasodilatation consequent to increased myocardial activity or an extracardiac factor could not be eliminated. Accordingly, additional studies were performed in an isolated heart arrested with potassium and perfused with whole blood at constant rates of flow. Isoproterenol was given by single injections and constant infusions and always produced a decrease of perfusion pressure. These decreases could be blocked by nethalide and, as indicated by measurements of myocardial oxygen uptake and coronary venous P O O2 , did not depend upon increased myocardial metabolism or decreased myocardial oxygenation. With injections of 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 µg of isoproterenol, the decreases averaged respectively 3, 8, 14, and 26% of the control pressures. It is concluded that the coronary vessels of the dog do contain an intrinsic adrenergic mechanism for vasodilatation.
Observational and theoretical studies of the dynamics of mantle plume–mid-ocean ridge interaction

[1] Hot spot–mid-ocean ridge interactions cause many of the largest structural and chemical anomalies in Earth's ocean basins. Correlated geophysical and geochemical anomalies are widely explained by mantle plumes that deliver hot and compositionally distinct material toward and along mid-ocean ridges. Compositional anomalies are seen in trace element and isotope ratios, while elevated mantle temperatures are suggested by anomalously thick crust, low-density mantle, low mantle seismic velocities, and elevated degrees and pressures of melting. Several geodynamic laboratory and modeling studies predict that the width over which plumes expand along the ridge axis increases with plume flux and excess buoyancy and decreases with plate spreading rate, plume viscosity, and plume-ridge separation. Key aspects of the theoretical predictions are supported by observations at several prominent hot spot–ridge systems. Still, many basic aspects of plume-ridge interaction remain enigmatic. Outstanding problems pertain to whether plumes flow toward and along mid-ocean ridges in narrow pipe-like channels or as broad expanding gravity currents, the origin of geochemical mixing trends observed along ridges, and how mantle plumes alter the geometry of the mid-ocean ridge plate boundary, as well as the origin of other ridge axis anomalies not obviously related to mantle plumes.
Unobtrusive measures in behavioral assessment.

A major distinguishing characteristic of behavioral assessment is the direct assessment of overt behavior. Direct assessment is assumed to provide a sample of behavior that reflects client performance in the situation in which behavior is assessed, even if the assessment procedures were not implemented. Yet, in the majority of investigations, behavioral assessment procedures are obtrusive, i.e., subjects are aware that their behavior is being assessed. The potential problem with obtrusive assessment is that it may be reactive, i.e., affect how subjects perform. Recent research has demonstrated that obtrusive observations often are reactive and that behaviors assessed under obtrusive and unobtrusive conditions bear little relation. From methodological and applied perspectives, additional attention needs to be given to unobtrusive measures of behavior change. The present paper illustrates unobtrusive measures in behavior modification including direct observations, archival records, and physical traces of performance. In addition, validation and assessment problems, questions about the obtrusiveness of the measures, and ethical issues are discussed.
Microbial Assimilation of Hydrocarbons: Phospholipid Metabolism

An analysis of the turnover of the major phospholipids of Micrococcus cerificans growing or nongrowing cultures. The turnover rates of (14)C-PE and (14)C-PE were 61.5% of the total phospholipid, exhibited no significant rate of turnover in either growing or nongrowing cultures. The turnover rates of PE-(14)C and PE-(32)P were 3.2% per hr and 1.2% per hr, respectively. Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) exhibited a turnover rate of 11% and 7.7% per hr for (14)C and (32)P, respectively, indicating an extremely slow metabolism. PG metabolism was examined in greater detail, and the data indicated a preferential 75% incorporation of glycerol-1,3-(14)C into the unacylated portion of the PG molecule. The turnover of cardiolipin (CL) was extremely slow in growing cells whereas nongrowing cells exhibited a 30% and 36% increase per hr for (14)C-Cl and (14)C-CL, respectively. Glycerol-1,3-(14)C was not converted to phospholipid fatty acid carbon; all radioactivity appeared only in the water-soluble backbone of the phospholipids. The kinetics of assimilation of hexadecane-1-(14)C into cellular lipids is presented. Radioactivity in neutral lipid increased approximately sevenfold over the growth cycle, whereas radioactivity in phospholipid increased 50-fold during the same time period. The incorporation of radioactive fatty acids derived from the direct oxidation of hexadecane-1-(14)C demonstrated differential kinetics of assimilation into PE, PG, and CL. The results indicated a rapid turnover of phospholipid fatty acids in M. cerificans growing at the expense of hexadecane.
Seeking Convergence in Race Relations Research

Research on American race relations is at a critical divide. After a decade or more of collectively debunking demeaning myths and stereotypes about minority life, as well as challenging an array of earlier, order-based theories such as assimilation, the field has come to reflect a rich mosaic of new paradigmatic tendencies and goals. Race, which has always been a fuzzy concept, can no longer be analyzed on its own slippery terms. Instead, it now must be conjugated with often equally muddy notions of class and gender. Psychology and sociology, which previously could claim almost exclusive title to the domain of intergroup relations research, have had to give substantive ground to other methodological and analytical approaches. Recent contributions from disciplines as old as economics, history, literature, and political science, or seemingly new like ethnic studies or policy studies, have clearly led to a more provocatively pluralistic field of inquiry. And finally, among other major changes, research on American race relations has begun to reflect, slowly but nonetheless to a greater extent than it did before, the multiracial reality of America’s past, present, and future. New research on Chicanos, American Indians, and Asian Pacific Americans have not supplanted, nor have they sought to supplant, the long tradition of scholarship on blacks. But they have provided added credence to viewing persistent societal conditions of poverty, discrimination, prejudice, and powerlessness from multiple vantage points of group experiences. These contributions on other nonwhite populations have augmented the research agenda on American race relations by demonstrating the continued importance of issues dealing with language, immigration, and land ownership. They have also underscored the need for new visions, interpretations, and conceptualizations of America’s multiracial experience.
The Intellectual Property Clause's Preemptive Effect

Federal law’s preemption of state power in the context of intellectual property remains unclear in several respects. Much of the confusion in preemption doctrine in intellectual property comes from trying to piece together the Supreme Court’s various cases in the area into a coherent analytical framework. I propose that the cases can be read consistently, with the help of the Constitution’s Intellectual Property Clause (IP Clause), which grants Congress authority “To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries.” The IP Clause is the authority pursuant to which American copyright and patent laws were enacted. This clause establishes the means and ends to which Congress can legislate to protect intellectual property: Congress can act with the goal of promoting progress of science and useful arts, using only the means set out therein, of securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive rights to their works. I argue herein that understood through the lens of the IP Clause, state laws are preempted upon satisfaction of two conditions: (1) they lie within the preemptive scope of the IP Clause, and (2) they upset the IP Clause’s balance, as effectuated by a federal law.
Severe malnutrition due to subtle neurologic deficits and epilepsy: report of three cases.

In southern and eastern Africa, where approximately eighty per cent of households lack access to adequate food, children suffering from chronic infections such as tuberculosis, gastrointestinal parasites and human immunodeficiency virus, often present with severe protein energy malnutrition. Three cases are described of children presenting to Chikankata Salvation Army Hospital who required hospitalisation and urgent feeding due to PEM. No underlying aetiology for their life-threatening PEM could initially be identified and they were all observed to gain weight while in the intensive feeding unit. After discharge, each re-presented with recurrent failure-to-thrive and were found to have subtle neurologic deficits and underlying epilepsy. Epilepsy and developmental disabilities should be considered in patients with PEM for whom other aetiologies cannot be identified.
Abstract W P236: Role of Leukocyte Cathepsin G in an Atherothrombotic Stroke Model

The majority of ischemic strokes in humans are caused by atheroemboli that originate from extracranial vessels, activate platelets and produce thrombi that occlude intracranial vessels. Most of the current stroke models do not simulate the mechanisms of endogenous thrombus interaction with blood elements, the vascular wall and its extracellular matrix, and thus do not translate well for the study of atherothrombotic mechanisms. To overcome these shortcomings, we developed an atherothrombotic stroke model. We used this model to determine the pathophysiologic role of leukocyte cathepsin G, a serine protease with pro-thrombotic properties, in stroke and to determine its suitability as a molecular target for therapy. We hypothesized that deficiency of cathepsin G will reduce intravascular thrombus formation, decrease infarct volume and improve neurobehavioral deficit in a mouse atherothrombotic stroke model. Male C57Bl/6 (WT) and cathepsin G knockout mice (CG-/-) were used. A PE8 catheter was advanced into the ICA near the MCA origin and a reduction in cortical laser-Doppler flow was induced after a series of intra-arterial injections of collagen, a platelet activator and component of ruptured atherosclerotic plaque. Mice were sacrificed 3h post-collagen injection for histologic examination, or 48h post-collagen for infarct volume quantification and neurobehavioral assessment. Gross examination of excised brains 3h post-collagen revealed thrombi within the main ICA in 71% (5/7) of WT mice and 0% of CG-/- mice (p=0.005), branches of the ICA in 0 WT mice and 29% (2/7) of CG-/- mice (p=0.13), in the main MCA in 43% (3/7) of WT mice and 0 CG-/- mice (p=0.05), and distal branches of the MCA in 100% (7/7) of WT and CG-/- mice. Immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed that platelets and fibrin were major components of these thrombi. Cerebral infarct in WT mice was 33% ± 9% of hemispheric volume and 19% ± 1% in CG-/- mice (p=0.02). Neurobehavioral deficit 48h post-collagen was reduced in CG-/- mice compared to WT. Using a novel atherothrombotic stroke model, these data reveal an important role of cathepsin G in cerebrovascular thrombus formation and a novel mechanism linking inflammatory cells to ischemic brain injury- a link commonly observed in human clinical studies.
Who owns paradise? Afro-Brazilians and ethnic tourism in Brazil’s quilombos

ABSTRACTIn twenty-first century Brazil, Afro-Brazilians have embraced various cultural markers of their ethno-racial identity to improve their economic survival and well-being. Although these markers may take many forms across Brazil, this essay examines the growing enterprise of ethnic tourism in quilombos or communities of African descent. The work of John L. and Jean Comaroff, Ethnicity, Inc., is introduced as a point of departure to explore the two different manifestations of the ethnic commodity economy: the commodification of culture and the incorporation of identity. I argue that the ethno-commodity phenomenon is not a scalable or equitable model of development for Brazil’s quilombos. Case studies show that quilombolas or residents of these communities have adopted ethnic tourism primarily because of the loss of wage employment alternatives and environmental policies that threaten their livelihoods. The examples also illustrate that quilombolas continue to sell their labor, even as they are forced ...
I Am a Tree: Embodiment Using Physically Based Animation Driven by Expressive Descriptors of Motion

Expressive representation of human movement has given rise to various static or dynamic artistic creations, whether they take into account specific postures or motion sequences. In this paper we are interested in the expressive qualities of motion and how these qualities influence the evolution of a 3D simulated system. The embodiment of this system takes the form of a non-anthropomorphic structure (non-human appearance) whose behavior expresses the emotional content of the original human motion. Expressive descriptors are extracted from a sequence of theatrical movements executed with different emotional states and used to dynamically control a mass-spring system coupled to a particle system as well as its rendering. The framework allows for the exploration of different sets of motion descriptors and mappings to the parameters of the 3D simulation. The resulting animations are discussed and evaluated through perceptual studies.
Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS quantitative method for endogenous deoxynucleoside triphosphates in cellular lysate.

The endogenous deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pool includes deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP), deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP), deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP), and thymidine triphosphate (TTP). The endogenous dNTP pool is regulated by complex enzymatic pathways that can be targeted by drugs, such as antimetabolites. In addition, these components compete with antiviral nucleos(t)ide analog triphosphates, contributing to the mechanism of pharmacologic action. This communication describes the development and validation of a sensitive method to quantify the intracellular dNTP pool in cellular lysates. The extraction process was optimized for dNTPs using an indirect strategy—the separation of mono-, di-, and triphosphate moieties by strong anion exchange, dephosphorylation of target fractions to molar equivalent nucleosides—followed by sensitive quantitation using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The validated analytical range was 50 to 2500 fmol/sample for each dNTP. The assay was used to quantify dNTPs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from forty clinical research participants (n = 279 samples). Median (interquartile range) concentrations were 143 (116, 169) for dATP, 737 (605, 887) for dCTP, 237 (200, 290) for dGTP, and 315 (220, 456) for TTP, respectively, in femtomole per million cells. This method allows for future studies of endogenous dNTP disposition in subjects receiving antimetabolites, nucleos(t)ide analogues, or for other clinical scenarios.
Timing Is Everything: What Is the Optimal Duration After Chemoradiation for Surgery for Rectal Cancer?

Abstract The Oncology Grand Rounds series is designed to place original reports published in the Journal into clinical context. A case presentation is followed by a description of diagnostic and management challenges, a review of the relevant literature, and a summary of the authors' suggested management approaches. The goal of this series is to help readers better understand how to apply the results of key studies, including those published in Journal of Clinical Oncology , to patients seen in their own clinical practice. A 47-year-old woman was referred for management of a newly diagnosed rectal cancer. She presented with a 2-month history of rectal bleeding and change in bowel habits. She underwent a colonoscopy that demonstrated a 5-cm fungating, friable, and partially obstructing mass in the distal rectum, approximately 5 cm from the anal verge. The tumor was palpable on digital rectal examination on the anterior wall of rectum. The biopsy demonstrated a moderately differentiated invasive adenocarcinoma, microsatellite stable. A staging work-up, including a computed tomography scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, demonstrated rectal wall thickening in the midrectum and small lymph nodes in the left perirectal fat. There was a nonspecific 3-mm right lower lobe pulmonary nodule. Rectal magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a 3-cm mass arising from mid-distal rectum with minimal extension beyond muscularis propria into the mesorectal fat, but without invasion of mesorectal fascia ( Fig 1 ). There were at least three small mesorectal lymph nodes present; the largest rounded node measured up to 5 mm, and no additional pelvic lymphadenopathy was identified. Her carcinoembryonic antigen was 1.1, and all other laboratory studies were within normal limits. She was seen in the Colorectal Multidisciplinary Conference for a discussion of her treatment options.
Bearing-only formation control with auxiliary distance measurements, leaders, and collision avoidance

We address the controller synthesis problem for distributed formation control. Our solution requires only relative bearing measurements (as opposed to full translations), and is based on the exact gradient of a Lyapunov function with only global minimizers (independently from the formation topology). These properties allow a simple proof of global asymptotic convergence, and extensions for including distance measurements, leaders and collision avoidance. We validate our approach through simulations and comparison with other stateof-the-art algorithms.
Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Catalytic Reactions

Heterogeneously catalyzed reactions in open systems often exhibit steady-state hysteresis, complex self-generated oscillations and spatial instabilities. These are described by mathematical models which differ in their descriptions of the surface kinetic mechanism and of heat and mass transport processes. While theoretical results qualitatively resemble experimental observations, general agreement as to the cause of the observed behavior has not been reached.
Developing a Scale to Measure University Brand Heritage: An Abstract

Reductions in government funding for higher education in the United States and the UK have increased interest in the marketing of institutions of higher education. Empirical research on the branding of these institutions, however, is still emerging, with scant research on university heritage and its impact on student choice. This inquiry examines the construct of university brand heritage. Study 1 explores the various dimensions and manifestations of university brand heritage. Study 2 utilizes exploratory factor analysis to reduce the items generated, while study 3 employs confirmatory factor analysis to assess the dimensionality. Finally, study 4 experimentally manipulates university heritage, and provides a preliminarily exploration of its consequences among a student sample. The findings are built on research in branding by examining the unique context of institutions of higher education, and provide practical guidelines for how and when to develop promotional materials that extol a university’s heritage.
What Can We Learn from Textbook Analysis

As a fundamental resource, textbooks have the potential to shape the way we teach and learn mathematics. While a growing body of textbook analysis studies has sought better ways to improve students’ mathematics achievement, no meta-analysis has yet summarized those studies and their methods. This chapter reviews international comparative studies that analyzed learning opportunities presented in mathematics textbooks in the USA and five high-achieving Asian education systems. We summarize what research studies say about learning opportunities presented in textbooks in connection to the theoretical frameworks used, and their plausible relationship with students’ mathematics achievement. Following this description and analysis, we raise several questions and issues for mathematics education researchers to discuss, to promote a critical examination of what can be learned from the content of textbooks in other countries.
Venous thromboembolism in patients with glioblastoma multiforme.

2068 Background: Patients with glioblastoma (GBM) are at increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) as well as intracranial bleeding and clinicians are reluctant to use anticoagulants. The natu...
Legal Issues: What to Do with Your Digital Life

The accumulations of life are taking on a more digital appearance. We have Facebook and Twitter profiles, we post and share pictures and videos through Instragram and YouTube, we have accounts on Amazon and eBay, we may accumulate and spend Bitcoin assets or pay with things with PayPal, we create avatars in WarQuest and other games as well as create and spend digital (even tangible) assets within the games, and we communicate through Gmail and text. Even the accumulations of life that were once analog have gone digital, with bank and investment accounts now accessed through passwords rather than passbooks, our reading is ebooks on our Kindle’s and our music listening is through iTunes. Access to these digital environments is often maintained privately, through userIDs and passwords not generally shared with family and friends who may become heirs and executors. The established structure of inheritance law has been challenged to deal with many of these aspects of our digital life. Some items seem relatively straightforward, such as online bank and brokerage accounts. Assuming the heir (or more likely, the executor of the estate), knows about the accounts, the established structure of presenting a death certificate or court order to the bank should authorize access. But do the same rules apply to PayPal or bitcoin?
Extreme Event Analysis in Next Generation Simulation Architectures

Numerical simulations present challenges because they generate petabyte-scale data that must be extracted and reduced during the simulation. We demonstrate a seamless integration of feature extraction for a simulation of turbulent fluid dynamics. The simulation produces on the order of 6 TB per timestep. In order to analyze and store this data, we extract velocity data from a dilated volume of the strong vortical regions and also store a lossy compressed representation of the data. Both reduce data by one or more orders of magnitude. We extract data from user checkpoints in transit while they reside on temporary burst buffer SSD stores. In this way, analysis and compression algorithms are designed to meet specific time constraints so they do not interfere with simulation computations. Our results demonstrate that we can perform feature extraction on a world-class direct numerical simulation of turbulence while it is running and gather meaningful scientific data for archival and post analysis.
Interfaces in Alumina-SiC Whisker Composites

Alumina-SiC whisker composites have high fracture toughness and strength up to elevated temperatures and consequently have great potential for use in structural components.1–4 In addition, the composites are resistant to thermal shock, 5 slow crack growth4 and creep. 6