cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inward rectifier channel, ROMK, is localized to the apical tips of glial‐like cells in mouse taste buds

Cells in taste buds are closely packed, with little extracellular space. Tight junctions and other barriers further limit permeability and may result in buildup of extracellular K(+) following action potentials. In many tissues, inwardly rectifying K channels such as the renal outer medullary K (ROMK) channel (also called Kir1.1 and derived from the Kcnj1 gene) help to redistribute K(+). Using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we defined ROMK splice variants in mouse kidney and report here the expression of a single one of these, ROMK2, in a subset of mouse taste cells. With quantitative (q)RT-PCR, we show the abundance of ROMK mRNA in taste buds is vallate > foliate > > palate > > fungiform. ROMK protein follows the same pattern of prevalence as mRNA, and is essentially undetectable by immunohistochemistry in fungiform taste buds. ROMK protein is localized to the apical tips of a subset of taste cells. Using tissues from PLCbeta2-GFP and GAD1-GFP transgenic mice, we show that ROMK is not found in PLCbeta2-expressing type II/receptor cells or in GAD1-expressing type III/presynaptic cells. Instead, ROMK is found, by single-cell RT-PCR and immunofluorescence, in most cells that are positive for the taste glial cell marker, Ectonucleotidase2. ROMK is precisely localized to the apical tips of these cells, at and above apical tight junctions. We propose that in taste buds, ROMK in type I/glial-like cells may serve a homeostatic function, excreting excess K(+) through the apical pore, and allowing excitable taste cells to maintain a hyperpolarized resting membrane potential.
Pain relief and wound care in a young woman with special needs.

This article focuses on a teenage girl with cerebral palsy admitted for an orthopaedic procedure, and highlights the problems of pain and wound management discussed in this journal's Challenges in Wound Care study days.
Myc and mTOR converge on a common node in protein synthesis control that confers synthetic lethality in Myc-driven cancers

Myc is one of the most commonly deregulated oncogenes in human cancer, yet therapies directly targeting Myc hyperactivation are not presently available in the clinic. The evolutionarily conserved function of Myc in modulating protein synthesis control is critical to the Myc oncogenic program. Indeed, enhancing the protein synthesis capacity of cancer cells directly contributes to their survival, proliferation, and genome instability. Therefore, inhibiting enhanced protein synthesis may represent a highly relevant strategy for the treatment of Myc-dependent human cancers. However, components of the translation machinery that can be exploited as therapeutic targets for Myc-driven cancers remain poorly defined. Here, we uncover a surprising and important functional link between Myc and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein-1 (4EBP1), a master regulator of protein synthesis control. Using a pharmacogenetic approach, we find that mTOR-dependent phosphorylation of 4EBP1 is required for cancer cell survival in Myc-dependent tumor initiation and maintenance. We further show that a clinical mTOR active site inhibitor, which is capable of blocking mTOR-dependent 4EBP1 phosphorylation, has remarkable therapeutic efficacy in Myc-driven hematological cancers. Additionally, we demonstrate the clinical implications of these results by delineating a significant link between Myc and mTOR-dependent phosphorylation of 4EBP1 and therapeutic response in human lymphomas. Together, these findings reveal that an important mTOR substrate is found hyperactivated downstream of Myc oncogenic activity to promote tumor survival and confers synthetic lethality, thereby revealing a unique therapeutic approach to render Myc druggable in the clinic.
ASTHMA AND TEMPERATURE CHANGE. AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF EMERGENCY CLINIC VISITS FOR ASTHMA IN THREE LARGE NEW YORK HOSPITALS.

(1964). Asthma and Temperature Change. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal: Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 642-647.
The relationship between childhood trauma and medically self-sabotaging behaviors among psychiatric inpatients

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to explore the relationship between five forms of childhood trauma and medically self-sabotaging behaviors (i.e., the intentional induction, exaggeration, and/or exacerbation of medical symptoms). METHOD: Using a cross-sectional sample of convenience, 120 psychiatric inpatients were surveyed about childhood sexual, physical, and emotional abuses, the witnessing of violence, and physical neglect, as well as 19 medically self-sabotaging behaviors (i.e., intentional behaviors that represent attempts to sabotage medical care). RESULTS: As expected, in this sample there were high prevalence rates of trauma (62.5% emotional abuse, 58.3% witnessing of violence, 46.7% physical abuse, 37.5% sexual abuse, 28.3% physical neglect). Simple correlations demonstrated statistically significant relationships between sexual abuse and physical neglect and medically self-sabotaging behaviors. Using multiple regression analysis, only physical neglect remained a unique predictor of medically self-sabotaging behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that among psychiatric inpatients there appears to be a relationship between physical neglect in childhood and the generation of medically self-sabotaging behaviors in adulthood. Perhaps physical neglect in childhood contributes to the generation of somatic behaviors in adulthood for the purpose of eliciting caring responses from others. Language: en
Lymphocyte Sequestration Through S1P Lyase Inhibition and Disruption of S1P Gradients

Lymphocyte egress from the thymus and from peripheral lymphoid organs depends on sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor-1 and is thought to occur in response to circulatory S1P. However, the existence of an S1P gradient between lymphoid organs and blood or lymph has not been established. To further define egress requirements, we addressed why treatment with the food colorant 2-acetyl-4-tetrahydroxybutylimidazole (THI) induces lymphopenia. We found that S1P abundance in lymphoid tissues of mice is normally low but increases more than 100-fold after THI treatment and that this treatment inhibits the S1P-degrading enzyme S1P lyase. We conclude that lymphocyte egress is mediated by S1P gradients that are established by S1P lyase activity and that the lyase may represent a novel immunosuppressant drug target.
Cooperative Concatenated Coding in Multi-Hop Multiple Access Relay Networks

We propose a cooperative concatenated coding scheme in multi-hop multiple access relay networks, where the parity bits generated in the previous hops are concatenated with those in the next hop such that the error recovery capability improves as the information travels through the network. It is based on the idea of cross-hop cooperation where the cooperation occurs across multiple hops, as opposed to the traditional cooperation within a hop. This approach enables the network coding gain to grow with each additional hop, which allows the relay nodes closer to the final destination to reduce their transmit powers. This feature is particularly useful in compensating the increased energy consumption from relaying more data as the data merge to the destination in multiple access relay networks. We derive the average probability of decoding error and throughput, averaged over all possible node locations, as a function of the number of hops taking into account the lossy nature of wireless links. We show how the relays should be traded across hops in order to maximize the end-to-end performance.
Vanadium K edge XANES of synthetic and natural basaltic glasses and application to microscale oxygen barometry

A new microscale oxybarometer for solar system basaltic glasses, based on vanadium K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, is described. Vanadium is unique among abundant elements in siliceous materials in that it can potentially occur in nature in four valence states: V2+, V3+, V4+ and V5+. Consequently, the vanadium redox system is a robust oxybarometer covering at least six orders of magnitude in buffer-relative oxygen fugacity. The method was calibrated using synthetic glass standards produced under known fO2 and temperature conditions. Correction for temperature differences among standards and unknowns was quantified using microXANES data for isobaric synthetic glass couples. Application of the method to lunar, martian, and terrestrial glasses yielded fO2 estimates from 1.6 log units more reduced than the iron-wustite (IW) buffer (IW-1.6) for lunar glasses, to IW + 4.0 for terrestrial glass inclusions. The martian and terrestrial results are in good agreement with previous estimates by other methods. The inferred fO2 values for lunar pyroclastic glasses are ∼0.5 log unit more reduced than previous estimates, but the differences are comparable to analytical uncertainties. Micro-extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectra were consistent with the valence states determined by microXANES and provided additional constraints on vanadium site geometry. These results demonstrate the value of this new oxybarometer, which can be applied nondestructively to individual grains in conventional thin sections with ∼ micrometer resolution and ∼100 ppm elemental sensitivity.
GROWTH AND THE HYPOTHALAMUS1

Following certain hypothalamic lesions growth in rats is impaired. The localization of lesions responsible for this effect and the relation of growth impairment to well recognized lesion-induced endocrine deficiencies were studied in this experiment. Linear growth, tibial length and body weight change were measured in 71 male rats with hypothalamic lesions of various sizes and positions. Comparison was made with 71 paired control and 30 ad libitum fed animals. In certain subgroups “physiologic” replacement doses of L-thyroxine, corticosterone, DCA, testosterone propionate and Pitressin were administered. Relatively small lesions in any position were found to cause little growth disturbance, while large lesions reduced growth rate to levels significantly below that of paired controls. The most effective lesions were massive ones involving the anterior half of the median eminence. Although posterior lobe insufficiency and atrophy of the thyroid and the gonads were observed, lack of these hormones was not th...
Effect of Eggshell Color and Thickness on Hatchability in Chinese Ring-Necked Pheasants

Abstract Eggs from commercially developed Chinese ring-necked pheasants were categorized into five colors: blue, grey/white, tan, dark brown, and olive. Fertility was unaffected by the color of the eggshell; however, eggs with blue or tan colored shells had lower hatchability than those with olive, dark brown, or grey/white shells. The blue, grey/white, or tan colored eggs had significantly thinner shells than the olive or dark brown eggs.
Germanium Nanorod Extinction Spectra: Discrete Dipole Approximation Calculations and Experiment

Optical extinction spectra were measured for dispersions of germanium (Ge) nanorods produced by arrested solution–liquid–solid (SLS) growth using bismuth (Bi) seeds. Peaks in the real (n) and imaginary (k) parts of the complex index of refraction of Ge give rise to an absorbance peak at ∼600 nm, which shifts to slightly longer wavelengths with increased aspect ratio. Discrete dipole approximation calculations of absorption and scattering cross sections reveal that the length-dependent optical properties result from enhanced light trapping and absorption.
Synthesis, crystal structures, and electronic properties of nonlinear fused thienoacene semiconductors.

Two fused thienoacene compounds with two-dimensional ring connectivity were synthesized, and their semiconducting properties were characterized. Both compounds have a crystal structure comprised of herringbone arrays of tight π–π stacks. Strong π–π interactions lead to self-assembly into well-defined crystalline thin films from the vapor phase for both compounds. Field effect transistors were fabricated, affording identical hole mobilities of 3.0 × 10–3 cm2/(V s) and Ion/off > 105.
Ecology of hypogeous fungi associated with ponderosa pine. I. Patterns of distribution and sporocarp production in some Arizona forests

Seasonal abundance and distribution of hypogeous fungi associated with selected stands of ponderosa pine on the Coconino and Kaibab Pla- teaus, Arizona, were examined using a new method that reduced the time and area needed to sample nonrandomly dispersed fungal sporocarps. As mea- sured monthly over three years, peak sporocarp pro- duction occurred both spring and fall with the great- est species richness and abundance in fall. Produc- tion was generally initiated when mean air tempera- ture was greater than 8 C and single precipitation amounts exceeded 1.5 cm. Species richness paral- leled sporocarp productivity. Sporocarp biomass pro- duction was positively influenced by canopy cover af- forded by clusters of intermediate aged pines. Six- teen genera of basidiomycetes comprised 90% or more of the annual sporocarp biomass. Rhizopogon evadens, R. subcaerulescens, Gautieria crispa, Hyster- angium coriaceum, and Sclerogaster xerophila account- ed for 87% of annual sporocarp productivity and were found in every season. Four genera of ascomy- cetes and one zygomycete genus accounted for 8% of annual biomass. Geopora cooperi and Tuber levissi- mum were the most prevalent ascomycetes individu- ally contributing 5% or more to total sporocarp bio- mass in some years. The geographically separated pine stands on the two plateaus have a similar hy- pogeous mycota. Lower sporocarp production on the Kaibab Plateau was partly attributed to lower precip- itation and a preponderance of older age-class trees in a late successional forest. When compared to Douglas-fir stands, annual sporocarp biomass in pon- derosa pine was lower and the dominant fungi were
Improvement in Electrical Stress Stability of Indium Zinc Oxide TFTs after Low Temperature Postanneals

We report the effect of low temperature long anneals on the performance and elevated temperature stability of low temperature fabricated indium zinc oxide (IZO) thin film transistors (TFTs). There is an optimum annealing time of 48 h for the best performance and elevated temperature stability. The 48 h annealed TFTs showed stable turn-on voltage and subthreshold swing with operation temperatures when compared to the as-fabricated TFTs. The performance/stability improvements are attributed to the reduction in trap-state density at the semiconductor/insulator interface and to the curing of the defect states in the bandgap of IZO.
Enzymatic Resolution of N-Substituted-β-prolines

A general and straightforward strategy for enzymatic resolution of N-substituted-β-proline has been successfully designed and developed in our research laboratories. A first affinity screen is followed by ratio enzyme/substrate optimization to source our chemistry groups N-substituted-β-proline in kilogram scale in an efficient and cost-effective way.
Subcellular propagation of calcium waves in Müller glia does not require autocrine/paracrine purinergic signaling.

ABSTRACTThe polarized morphology of radial glia allows them to functionally interconnect different layers of CNS tissues including the retina, cerebellum, and cortex. A likely mechanism involves propagation of transcellular Ca2+ waves which were proposed to involve purinergic signaling. Because it is not known whether ATP release is required for astroglial Ca2+ wave propagation we investigated this in mouse Muller cells, radial astroglia-like retinal cells in which in which waves can be induced and supported by Orai/TRPC1 (transient receptor potential isoform 1) channels. We found that depletion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stores triggers regenerative propagation of transcellular Ca2+ waves that is independent of ATP release and activation of P2X and P2Y receptors. Both the amplitude and kinetics of transcellular, depletion-induced waves were resistant to non-selective purinergic P2 antagonists such as pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2′,4′-disulfonic acid (PPADS). Thus, store-operated calcium entry (SOCE...
Optical Epitaxial Growth of Gold Nanoparticle Arrays

We use an optical analogue of epitaxial growth to assemble gold nanoparticles into 2D arrays. Particles are attracted to a growth template via optical forces and interact through optical binding. Competition between effects determines the final particle arrangements. We use a Monte Carlo model to design a template that favors growth of hexagonal particle arrays. We experimentally demonstrate growth of a highly stable array of 50 gold particles with 200 nm diameter, spaced by 1.1 μm.
FIV as a Model for AIDS Pathogenesis Studies

The domestic cats (Catus domesticus) from which feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) was first isolated showed clinical signs of immunodeficiency, and the incidence of disease was associated with the prevalence of FIV. The first publication by Niels Pedersen and his collegues1 at the University of California describes a number of important genomic, structural, and biochemical characteristics of the virus that were found to be remarkably similar to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). During the past two decades, FIV infection in the domestic cat has become an excellent comparative model for studying several aspects of HIV biology, vaccine development, and particularly immunopathogenesis. Although the lentiviruses genetically most closely related to FIV are those of the small ruminants, maedi-visna virus of sheep, and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, the type of disease produced by FIV is remarkably similar to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans.
Media Industries, Media Consequences: Rethinking Mass Communication

This chapter calls for the movement of research on the creation of mass media materials to a more central position within mass communication scholarship. It argues that the study of mass media industries is critical for disentangling a variety of fundamental issues relating La communication and contemporary life, including questions of media consequences . The chapter proposes a definition of mass communication that emphasizes the process of creation and its social potential. It examines theoretical and metho do logical issues that grow out of the concept, and presents a case study to show how research on the considerations that shape one medium’s fare —television’s —is critical to suggesting long-term implications of the medium’s cultural products.
The Methodology of Search Log Analysis

Exploiting the data stored in search logs of Web search engines, Intranets, and Websites can provide important insights into understanding the information searching tactics of online searchers. This understanding can inform information system design, interface development, and information architecture construction for content collections. This article presents a review of and foundation for conducting Web search transaction log analysis. A search log analysis methodology is outlined consisting of three stages (i.e., collection, preparation, and analysis). The three stages of the methodology are presented in detail with discussions of the goals, metrics, and processes at each stage. The critical terms in transaction log analysis for Web searching are defined. Suggestions are provided on ways to leverage the strengths and addressing the limitations of transaction log analysis for Web searching research.
The QIBA Profile: Are we adhering to recommendations stated regarding Blood Glucose Values and Radiotracer Uptake times?

2603 Objectives The QIBA profile provides recommendations for comparability and consistency in Oncologic FDG PET imaging. Specifically, the QIBA Profile recommends that radiotracer uptake times should be no less than 55 minutes and no greater than 75 minutes post-injection, with uptake periods for follow-up scans falling within ±10 minutes to that of initial scan. For blood glucose values, QIBA states that the maximum acceptable value should be ≤200 mg/dL. Our goal was to retrospectively look at our center’s adherence regarding these values. Methods We examined blood glucose values and procedure timing information for clinical whole-body FDG-PET studies acquired at our center between January 2014 and September 2014. Results After removing all research and non-FDG PET scans from our initial dataset, we were left with a dataset of 1932 unique studies from which to analyze for this research. Of this dataset only 12 studies were performed with the patient’s blood glucose above the maximum recommended value of 200 mg/dL. A total of 171 studies were acquired with FDG uptake periods outside the range of 55 to 75 minutes post-injection. A total of 210 patients had repeat exams during the 9 months examined, and 158 of these patients were imaged at follow-up uptake periods outside the recommended ±10 minutes of the baseline imaging uptake period. Conclusions Based on these results, our PET Center is 99% adherent to the QIBA Profile guideline for maximum blood glucose value. With respect to radiotracer uptake duration, we are 91% compliant with uptake to scan times between 55-75 minutes, though only 75% compliant with the recommendation that follow-up scans have uptake periods ±10 minutes of their initial exam. Currently, our schedulers and technologists do not routinely review patient histories for prior imaging studies. Based on these results, we are investigating changes to this routine. In addition, a more in-depth look into reasons need to be evaluated. Variables to consider may be patient related, scanner problems, and workflow issues.
“Second” Primary Cardiac Sarcoma in a Patient With Ewing Sarcoma. Always Expect The Unexpected

A high suspicion for relapsed metastatic disease must arise when an intracardiac mass is detected in a patient with a recent history of Ewing sarcoma. Nevertheless, the scenario may eventually turn out to be much more complex than expected, and the possibility that the intracardiac tumor may instead be a "second" primary sarcoma, although extremely rare, should also be considered. We describe the first case of concomitant diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma and low-grade myxoid spindle cell sarcoma in the same young patient.
Case and Frame: Teaching Case Study Composition

Here is an explanation of the case and frame pedagogy that I use to teach case study composition. It is a “how-to” type teaching resource that describes a general outline of my work with students, and it is a “why” I think it is important to teach the case study. I use an example from my class to show how I take case material from its beginning stages and help a writer to craft her case study as a project in self-reflexivity and narrative with interdisciplinary theoretical frameworks. I discuss the intersection of the social sciences and the humanities in the case study as a way to de-silo knowledge across disciplines using the workshop model.
Observations of bedload transport in a gravel bed river during high flow using fiber‐optic DTS methods

The question: “how does a streambed change over a minor flood?” does not have a clear answer due to lack of measurement methods during high flows. We investigate bedload transport and disentrainment during a 1.5-year flood by linking field measurements using fiber optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS) cable with sediment transport theory and an existing explicit analytical solution to predict depth of sediment deposition from amplitude and phase changes of the diurnal near-bed pore-water temperature. The method facilitates the study of gravel transport by using near-bed temperature time series to estimate rates of sediment deposition continuously over the duration of a high flow event coinciding with bar formation. The observations indicate that all gravel and cobble particles present were transported along the riffle at a relatively low Shields Number for the median particle size, and were re-deposited on the lee side of the bar at rates that varied over time during a constant flow. Approximately 1–6% of the bed was predicted to be mobile during the 1.5-year flood, indicating that large inactive regions of the bed, particularly between riffles, persist between years despite field observations of narrow zones of local transport and bar growth on the order of ~3–5 times the median particle size. In contrast, during a 7-year flood approximately 8–55% of the bed was predicted to become mobile, indicating that the continuous along-stream mobility required to mobilize coarse gravel through long pools and downstream the next riffle is infrequent.
Regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic debilitating disease of the central nervous system primarily mediated by T lymphocytes with specificity to neuronal antigens in genetically susceptible individuals. On the other hand, myasthenia gravis (MG) primarily involves destruction of the neuromuscular junction by antibodies specific to the acetylcholine receptor. Both autoimmune diseases are thought to result from loss of self-tolerance, which allows for the development and function of autoreactive lymphocytes. Although the mechanisms underlying compromised self-tolerance in these and other autoimmune diseases have not been fully elucidated, one possibility is numerical, functional, and/or migratory deficits in T regulatory cells (Tregs). Tregs are thought to play a critical role in the maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance. It is believed that Tregs function by suppressing the effector CD4+ T cell subsets that mediate autoimmune responses. Dysregulation of suppressive and migratory markers on Tregs have been linked to the pathogenesis of both MS and MG. For example, genetic abnormalities have been found in Treg suppressive markers CTLA-4 and CD25, while others have shown a decreased expression of FoxP3 and IL-10. Furthermore, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-17, and IFN-γ secreted by T effectors have been noted in MS and MG patients. This review provides several strategies of treatment which have been shown to be effective or are proposed as potential therapies to restore the function of various Treg subsets including Tr1, iTr35, nTregs, and iTregs. Strategies focusing on enhancing the Treg function find importance in cytokines TGF-β, IDO, interleukins 10, 27, and 35, and ligands Jagged-1 and OX40L. Likewise, strategies which affect Treg migration involve chemokines CCL17 and CXCL11. In pre-clinical animal models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG), several strategies have been shown to ameliorate the disease and thus appear promising for treating patients with MS or MG.
What Are the Risk Factors and Complications Associated With Intraoperative and Postoperative Fractures in Total Wrist Arthroplasty

Total wrist arthroplasty (TWA) can relieve pain and preserve some wrist motion in patients with advanced wrist arthritis. However, few studies have evaluated the risks and outcomes associated with periprosthetic fractures around TWAs. (1) What is the risk of intraoperative and postoperative fractures after TWAs? (2) What factors are associated with increased risk of intraoperative and postoperative fracture after TWAs? (3) What is the fracture-free and revision-free survivorship of TWAs among patients who sustained an intraoperative fracture during the index TWA? At one institution during a 40-year period, 445 patients underwent primary TWAs. Of those, 15 patients died before 2 years and 5 were lost to followup, leaving 425 patients who underwent primary TWAs with a minimum of 2-year followup. The primary diagnosis for the TWA included osteoarthritis ([OA] 5%), inflammatory arthritis (90%), and posttraumatic arthritis (5%). Indications for TWA included pancarpal arthritis combined with marked pain and loss of wrist function. The mean age of the patients was 57 years, BMI was 26 kg/m2, and 73% were females. Six different implants were used during the 40-year period. Mean followup was 10 years (range, 2–18 years). Intraoperative fractures occurred in nine (2%) primary TWAs, while postoperative fractures occurred after eight (2%) TWAs. After analyzing demographics, comorbidities, and surgical factors, intraoperative fractures were found to be associated with only age at surgery (hazard ratio [HR], 1.10; 95% CI, 1.03–1.20; p = 0.006) and use of a bone graft (HR, 5.80; 95% CI, 1.18–23.08; p = 0.03). No factors were found to be associated with increased risk of postoperative fractures; specifically, intraoperative fracture was not associated with subsequent fracture development. The 5-, 10-, and 15-year Kaplan–Meier survival rates free of postoperative fracture were 99%, 98%, and 95%, respectively. The 5- and 10-year revision-free survival rates after intraoperative fracture were 88% and 88%, respectively, compared with 84% and 74% without an intraoperative fracture (p = 0.36). Furthermore, the survival-free of revision surgery rates for aseptic distal loosening at 5 and 10 years were 88% and 88%, respectively, compared with 93% and 87% without a fracture (p = 0.85). Intraoperative fractures occur in approximately 2% of TWAs. These fractures do not appear to affect long-term implant survival or risk of fracture. Patient age and the need for bone graft were the only factors in the risk of intraoperative fractures. Postoperative fractures also occur in 2% of TWAs, but often result in revision surgery. Level III, therapeutic study.
Addressing the Harms of Climate Change: Making Sense of Loss and Damage

In recent decades, changes in climate have caused impacts on natural and human systems on all continents and across the oceans. Impacts are due to observed climate change, irrespective of its cause...
Wake Forest University: Building a campus-wide mentoring culture

This article describes recent efforts by Wake Forest University to develop a campus-wide mentoring culture to support holistic student development, to assist with the critical transition from high school to college to life after college, and to develop skills and practices that will be valued by employers and graduate schools. The article describes how the University’s Mentoring Resource Center has been developed and uses a decentralized model of mentoring to support mentor and mentee skill development with online and in-person tools and strategies. The article in particular describes several key peer mentoring programs as examples of diverse program goals and participants that are supporting student transition and development. Finally, the article looks at measures of success and lessons learned that can be applied in the future.
Effect of chord-to-diameter ratio on vertical-axis wind turbine wake development

The wake structure of a vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) is strongly dependent on the tip-speed ratio, $$\lambda$$ , or the tangential speed of the turbine blade relative to the incoming wind speed. The geometry of a turbine can influence $$\lambda$$ , but the precise relationship among VAWT geometric parameters and VAWT wake characteristics remains unknown. To investigate this relationship, we present the results of an experiment to characterize the wakes of three VAWTs that are geometrically similar except for the ratio of the turbine diameter (D), to blade chord (c), which was chosen to be $$D/c =$$ 3, 6, and 9. For a fixed freestream Reynolds number based on the blade chord of $$Re_c = 1.6\times 10^3$$ , both two-component particle image velocimetry (PIV) and single-component hot-wire anemometer measurements are taken at the horizontal mid-plane in the wake of each turbine. PIV measurements are ensemble averaged in time and phase averaged with each rotation of the turbine. Hot-wire measurement points are selected to coincide with the edge of the shear layer of each turbine wake, as deduced from the PIV data, which allows for an analysis of the frequency content of the wake due to vortex shedding by the turbine.
Using Locales to Define a Rely-Guarantee Temporal Logic

In this paper, we present an agent-based logic called Rely-Guarantee Temporal Logic (RGTL), developed using the Isabelle theorem prover. RGTL provides a formalism for expressing complex temporal-logic specifications of multi-agent systems, as well as a compositional method of reasoning about the dependencies between components in such a system. Taking advantage of Isabelle’s locale functionality, we are able to express various choices about the notion of “strategy” used in the logic (e.g., memoryless/memory-based) as parameters to the semantics, whereas previously these choices were considered to define semantics for distinct variants of agent-based logics. We can then state and formally verify various aspects of RGTL, including its reasoning principles and its expressiveness relative to Alternating-time Temporal Logic (ATL), independently of the type of underlying strategies, by using locales to axiomatize the necessary requirements on strategies.
Development and optimization of a novel automated loop method for production of [11C]nicotine.

Abstract A novel, rapid, and automated loop method for the synthesis of [11C]nicotine was developed and optimized. The method involves, a reaction of the precursor, ( + ) nornicotine or (-) nornicotine, with a gas-phase produced [11C]CH3I in an 800 µL loop at 75 °C for 5 min followed by a semi-preparatory Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) purification. The optimized synthesis and purification process was complete in 99.9% Radiochemical Purity (RCP), no [11C]CH3I, no ( + ) nornicotine, 105 mCi/µmole specific activity, 7.0 – 7.2 pH, and 16.6% ethanol. The current method can be optimized, to reduce the ethanol content (
The origin of the five elements in the traditional theorem of acupuncture: a preliminary brief historic enquiry.

Five Xing is an important integral in the traditional theoretic basis of acupuncture and traditional Chinese medicine. The word Xing has been translated as Element. However, it actually denotes movement and activity. The word element implies a stationary state. Some of the evidence in ancient Chinese literature was reviewed to support the hypothesis that Five Xing were originally meant to be the Five Xing Xin (Moving Stars, i.e., Planets). By the 4th century B.C., associations of the Stars with human events gradually evolved. However, between the 4th and the 6th century A.D., when the Taoist scholar-physicians expanded the Five Xing into abstractive concepts, they used the five basic materials as their representatives. Since they were basically alchemists and not astronomers, they apparently minimized the relationship between the Five Moving Stars and the human illnesses. It is, therefore, proposed that the usage of the word Element be discontinued and the word Xing be employed as is.
Differential Inactivation of System A in Normal and Transformed Liver Cells

System A-mediated neutral amino acid transport into normal rat hepatocytes and several hepatoma cell lines was tested for inactivation by sulfhydryl-preferring protein-modifying reagents such as N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonate (PCMBS). System A activity in hepatocytes and four different hepatoma cell lines was equally sensitive to inhibition by the organic mercurial PCMBS. Inactivation by NEM was substantially different, normal hepatocytes showed the greatest sensitivity, while the hepatoma cells varied in their responsiveness from moderate to no inhibition. The inhibition by PCMBS was rapidly reversed by treatment of the cells with dithiothreitol. Amino acids with a high affinity for System A protected the transporter from inactivation in a stereospecific and systemspecific manner, whereas non-substrates afforded little or no protection. The substrate-dependent protection from PCMBS inactivation was observed in hepatoma cells, but not in normal rat hepatocytes. The differential sensitivity to NEM was also observed when plasma membrane vesicles were prepared from hepatocytes and hepatoma cells and then treated with PCMBS or NEM.
AIRSAR studies of woody shrub density in semiarid rangeland: Jornada del Muerto, New Mexico

Abstract This study evaluates the use of polarimetric Air borne S ynthetic A perture R adar (AIRSAR) data to assess woody shrub density in a semiarid site where the vegetation consists primarily of varied mixtures of herbaceous vegetation and shrubs. AIRSAR data and field observations of vegetation cover and growth form-composition were obtained for 59 sites in the Jornada del Muerto plain in southern New Mexico. Radar signature measures examined were C-, L- and P-band backscattering coefficients (σ0) for HH, HV and VV polarizations, ratios of σ0HH and σ0HV to σ0VV, and the HH–VV polarization phase difference and correlation coefficient. The most effective measure for estimation of shrub density was L-band σ0HV, which distinguished among shrub density classes with no misclassification. Sensitivity of this measure to small amounts of shrub cover was indicated by successful separation of sites with
Tanaka’s Theory of World Law

This central chapter outlines Tanaka’s theory of global law as presented in his prize-winning, three volume study A Theory of World Law (1932–1934). Inspired by Ernst Zitelmann’s short essay that suggested the possibility of World Law, Tanaka developed the idea at great length. His key argument was that law comes from society, not the State or the nation (Volk), and that the emergence of a world society implied the existence of World Law. This idea of globalism as the essence of law laid the foundation for his critiques of Nazism and Fascism, and for his defense against Marxists like Tosaka Jun. The chapter shows the troubles Tanaka faced as Dean of the Law Faculty of the Imperial University of Tokyo in the late 1930s and into the wartime as nationalists and militarists attacked globalists like Tanaka. It concludes with Tanaka’s contribution to futile efforts to expedite an end to the war during 1943–1945.
Microgels from hydrophobic solid monomers via miniemulsion polymerization for aqueous lead and copper ion removal

Abstract Microgels are gel particles with diameters in the range of 50 nm to 5 μm. Compared to macrogels, they have faster responsive rate to external stimuli such as pH and temperature. Traditional synthetic methods for microgels, such as emulsion polymerization and precipitation polymerization, usually require liquid or aqueous-soluble monomers; therefore, hydrophobic solid monomers are rarely used. In this work, we report for the first time the synthesis of microgels using hydrophobic solid monomers through a miniemulsion polymerization technique, which opens the possibility of a whole new range of monomers to be candidates for microgels. The obtained tert-butyl carboxylate-containing organic microgels were then converted to aqueous hydrogels by acidic deprotection. The resulting hydrogel particles showed good swelling properties as well as high and reversible lead and copper ion adsorption ability.
Aminoglycosides rapidly inhibit NAD(P)H metabolism increasing reactive oxygen species and cochlear cell demise.

Despite causing permanent hearing loss by damaging inner ear sensory cells, aminoglycosides (AGs) remain one of the most widely used classes of antibiotics in the world. Although the mechanisms of cochlear sensory cell damage are not fully known, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are clearly implicated. Mitochondrial-specific ROS formation was evaluated in acutely cultured murine cochlear explants exposed to gentamicin (GM), a representative ototoxic AG antibiotic. Superoxide (O2·−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were measured using MitoSOX Red and Dihydrorhodamine 123, respectively, in sensory and supporting cells. A 1-h GM exposure significantly increased O2·− formation in IHCs and increased H2O2 formation in all cell types. At the same time point, GM significantly increased manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) levels while significantly decreasing copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) in cochlear sensory cells. This suggests (1) a rapid conversion of highly reactive O2·− to H2O2 during the acute stage of ototoxic antibiotic exposure and (2) that the endogenous antioxidant system is significantly altered by AGs. Fluorescence intensity-based measurements of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) [NAD(P)H] and mitochondrial membrane potential were measured to determine if increases in GM-induced ROS production were correlated with changes in mitochondrial metabolism. This project provides a basis for understanding the mechanisms of mitochondrial ROS production in cochlear cells exposed to ototoxic antibiotics. Understanding the nature of ototoxic antibiotic-induced changes in mitochondrial metabolism is critical for developing hearing loss treatment and prevention strategies.
Evaluation of the influence of Human Personalities in Multi-objective Decision Making using An Island-based Genetic Algorithm

Abstract In Smart Manufacturing and Industry 4.0, machine scheduling needs to be performed in a dynamically changing environment, where both objectives and performance measures required to be flexibly attuned to address the uncertain changes in the manufacturing condition (e.g. machine availability, machine load). In this study, we investigate the influence of human personality types in the selection of the right set of objectives and corresponding performance measures, modeled as fuzzy bounds. A multi-scheduler society is proposed based on island-based genetic algorithm (GA), where a team of schedulers of different personality types (reflected in their choice of fuzzy bound and evaluation function) form a team, aiming to optimize a single objective. Two types of migrations are applied: an intra-team local solution migration strategy, based on the inter-personal behavior (driven by personality type) of individual agent in a team, and an inter-team global solution migration strategy, based on the optimization goal in demand for a particular shop-floor condition. Due to the brevity of this paper, no empirical evaluation is included but a detailed plan of experiments is given in the concluding section.
Endothelial, Cardiovascular, and Performance Responses to L-Arginine Intake and Resistance Exercise

The purpose of this study was to examine the acute endothelial, cardiovascular, and performance responses to L-arginine intake by assessing flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and various indicators (e.g., heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure, torque) both before and after resistance exercise. Thirty (15 male, 15 female) physically active participants (mean ± SD: age 20.4 ± 1.8 years, height 176.9 ± 10.2 cm, body mass 76.0 ± 12.2 kg) volunteered for a randomized, cross-over, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Participants completed five sets of elbow extension-flexion exercise after consumption of either 3 g L-arginine or 3 g of placebo. There was a significant decline in post-exercise elbow extension (p = 0.014) and flexion peak torque (p 0.05). We conclude the increased vasodilation due to acute resistance exercise was not enhanced by acute supplementation with L-arginine nor was exercise performance augmented. Further, the relative contribution of sympathetic nervous system input increased with resistance exercise but was not influenced by the addition of L-arginine.
Discussions between patients with chronic pain and their primary care provider about opioids and pain relief during routine clinic encounters.

Objective: Existing studies indicate low levels of trust and shared decision making exist in the process of prescribing opioids for noncancer pain. Patient-provider communication has not been compared between patients receiving non-opioid pain medication, and those receiving opioids. This pilot study evaluated communication about pain management between patients with noncancer pain and their provider. Design: Patient encounters with a primary care provider (PCP) were audiorecorded, followed by a short patient questionnaire to measure physician trust, depression, and anxiety. Setting: Data were collected (October 2016-May 2017) at a primary care clinic in Saint Louis, MO. Patients: Patients with noncancer chronic pain, receiving a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) or an opioid with and without an NSAID. Methods: Medical conversation analysis guided data interpretation of codes and themes. Results: Themes were framed around stages of the routine PCP encounter (ie, opening, presenting complaint, examination, diagnosis, treatment, and closing). Themes within these stages included: managing stability (opening stage), fixation with pain (presenting complaint), changing the subject (examination stage), difficult conversations (diagnosis stage), patients chose protest or acceptance (treatment), and taking what you can get (closing). Conclusions: Much of the treatment of chronic pain, as a result of opioid prescriptions, revolves around negotiations about whether to use opioids or not. Patient education is required to disseminate realistic expectations regarding pain relief and risks of long-term opioid use. This may reduce patients’ focus on pain severity and difficult conversations and increase shared decision making.
Separation of time-averaged turbulence components using the resonant Doppler velocimeter

We report the first use of the resonant Doppler velocimeter (RDV) for the separation of time averaged turbulence components. The RDV is a new nonintrusive diagnostic tool which takes advantage of laser absorption effects to measure the velocity, temperature, and pressure of a flowing gas.1,2 in this manner it eliminates particle lag which is characteristic of standard laser Doppler velocimetry. Tracer atoms or molecules are seeded into the flowing gas under investigation and are excited by an intersecting laser beam. Since the gas is moving, the absorption frequency is Doppler shifted. The shift provides the velocity component in the direction of the laser beam. Line broadening mechanisms furnish information regarding the temperature and pressure of the flow. The experiment was conducted in a sodium seeded laminar supersonic jet created in a converging/diverging conical nozzle.
Not a priority: Barriers to environmental reporting in the Republic of Georgia

Despite major ecological challenges and a pluralistic, partly free press system, news organizations in the Republic of Georgia generally provide little environmental coverage to their audiences. In...
Formation of a samarium alkoxide-aryloxide complex containing a novel butterfly framework : X-ray crystal structures of Sm4(μ3-O-i-Pr)3(μ2-O-i-Pr)4(O-i-Pr)2(O-2,6-i-Pr2C6H3)3(THF) and [Ti(O-i-Pr)2(O-2,6-i-Pr2C6H3) (μ-O-i-Pr)]2

Reaction of a 1:1 mixture of Sm[N(SiMe3)2]3 and Ti(O-i-Pr)4 with three equivalents of 2,6-di-iso-propylphenol, followed by crystallization from hexane/THF, leads to isolation of the tetranuclear samarium alkoxide Sm4(μ3-O-i-Pr)3(μ2-O-i-Pr)4(O-i-Pr)2(O-2,6-i-Pr2C6H3)3(THF) (1), in addition to the dimeric titanium alkoxide [Ti(O-i-Pr)2(O-2,6-i-Pr2C6H3)(μ-O-i-Pr)]2 (2). 1 crystallizes in the space group \(P\bar 1\) while 2 crystallizes in space group P21/c. Cell parameters for 1:a = 15.928(6), b = 17.677(7), c = 18.99(1) A, α = 113.24(3), β = 94.99(4), γ = 109.59(2)°, V = 4477(4) A3, Dcalc = 1.350 Mg/m3, and Z = 2. Cell parameters for 2:a = 25.336(2), b = 12.082(1), c = 15.570(2) A, β = 96.510(8)°, V = 4735.4(8) A3, Dcalc = 1.129 mg/m3, and Z = 4.
Genetic deletion of Rgs12 in mice affects serotonin transporter expression and function in vivo and ex vivo.

Background:Regulator of G protein Signaling (RGS) proteins inhibit G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling, including the signals that arise from neurotransmitter release. We have shown that RG...