cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mean standardized uptake values (SUV) by normal lung and liver tissue: A quantitative 18F-FDG PET study in relation to age

1298 Objectives: To help establish normal reference values for PET oncology studies of the thorax and abdomen, this retrospective study was undertaken to define normal SUVs for both liver and lung tissue, with attention given to the age of the patient. Although FDG uptake in breast tissue has been studied in relation to age, there have been no known studies to examine if FDG uptake within normal lung or liver varied with age in relation to age of the patient. Methods: Retrospective analysis of hand drawn region of interest measurements taken from the lower and mid lung fields in the axial plane were studied in relation to age for 109 cases (injected FDG dose:370 MBq; scanner : Positron HZL ) Mean SUV for the lung were plotted in relation to age in years; right and left lung SUV values were averaged to generate one value per patient per study. Liver mean SUV measurements were taken from normal appearing right lobe of the liver in 139 cases, and graphed in relation to age. Results: The average mean SUV from normal lung tissue was 0.45 (n=109) with no significant correlation to age found in this group where most patients were between 40 and 85 years. A weighted average calculation including the data from two previously published studies from other labs show the average mean SUV of normal lung parenchyma to be 0.52 (n=279). In contrast to the lung parenchyma, normal appearing liver had a higher and more heterogeneous pattern of uptake with the average mean SUV equaling 1.55 (n=139). Normal lung to normal liver mean SUV values averaged 0.27 (n=99). No significant correlation was seen between age age and normal liver FDG uptake was noted. When including the mean liver SUVs from three other published cases from different labs, a weighted average for normal liver SUV was found to be 2.16 for an aggregate total of 389 cases. Conclusions: Between the ages of 40 and 85, no definite correlation between age and normal FDG uptake was seen within the liver or lung, where mean SUVs measured 1.55 and 0.45 respectively. More research is needed on age related changes for FDG uptake at all ages in other organs, as this not only helps establish normative values for age appropriate PET scan interpretation but also may give some insight into the biology of aging.
The Solar Nebula

This chapter reviews the various stages of protoplanetary disk formation and evolution, weaving together astrophysical observations and theoretical studies to discuss the impact that they would have on the chemistry of primitive materials. The goal is to provide a consistent framework in which people can understand the early cosmochemical evolution of the solar system.
Profiling the metabolome changes caused by cranberry procyanidins in plasma of female rats using 1H NMR and UHPLC‐Q‐Orbitrap‐HRMS global metabolomics approaches

Scope The objective was to investigate the metabolome changes in female rats gavaged with partially purified cranberry procyanidins (PPCP) using 1H NMR and UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS metabolomics approaches, and to identify the contributing metabolites. Methods and results Twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly separated into two groups and administered PPCP or partially purified apple procyanidins (PPAP) for three times using a 250 mg extracts/kg body weight dose. Plasma was collected 6 h after the last gavage and analyzed using 1H NMR and UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS. No metabolome difference was observed using 1H NMR metabolomics approach. However, LC-HRMS metabolomics data show that metabolome in the plasma of female rats administered PPCP differed from those gavaged with PPAP. Eleven metabolites were tentatively identified from a total of 36 discriminant metabolic features based on accurate masses and/or product ion spectra. PPCP caused a greater increase of exogenous metabolites including p-hydroxybenzoic acid, phenol, phenol-sulphate, catechol sulphate, 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylvaleric acid, and 4′-O-methyl-(–)-epicatechin-3′-O-beta-glucuronide in rat plasma. Furthermore, the plasma level of O-methyl-(–)-epicatechin-O-glucuronide, 4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxyphenyl)-valeric acid-O-sulphate, 5-(hydroxyphenyl)-ϒ-valerolactone-O-sulphate, 4-hydroxydiphenylamine, and peonidin-3-O-hexose were higher in female rats administered with PPAP. Conclusion The metabolome changes caused by cranberry procyanidins were revealed using an UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS global metabolomics approach. Exogenous and microbial metabolites were the major identified discriminate biomarkers.
Quantitative physico-chemical analysis of the acidosis of cardiac arrest.

Metabolic acidosis is a common finding after cardiac arrest. Until recently this acidosis was mainly attributed to lactate. The physico-chemical approach to acid–base balance permits the detection of previously unmeasured ions. These ions have been shown to affect the acid–base status of patients.
Discovery of a new method for potent drug development using power function of stoichiometry of homomeric biocomplexes or biological nanomotors.

Introduction: Multidrug resistance and the appearance of incurable diseases inspire the quest for potent therapeutics.Areas covered: We review a new methodology in designing potent drugs by targeting multi-subunit homomeric biological motors, machines or complexes with Z > 1 and K = 1, where Z is the stoichiometry of the target, and K is the number of drugged subunits required to block the function of the complex. The condition is similar to a series electrical circuit of Christmas decorations: failure of one light bulb causes the entire lighting system to lose power. In most multi-subunit, homomeric biological systems, a sequential coordination or cooperative action mechanism is utilized, thus K equals 1. Drug inhibition depends on the ratio of drugged to non-drugged complexes. When K = 1, and Z > 1, the inhibition effect follows a power law with respect to Z, leading to enhanced drug potency. The hypothesis that the potency of drug inhibition depends on the stoichiometry of the targeted biological compl...
Mammalian Sirtuin 1 Is Involved in the Protective Action of Dietary Saturated Fat against Alcoholic Fatty Liver in Mice

This study was undertaken to elucidate the mechanism underlying the protective effect of a high saturated fat (HSF) diet against the development of alcoholic fatty liver in mice. We tested the effects of a HSF diet on the ethanol-mediated increase in hepatic sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) activity. Thirty-two male mice were divided into 4 groups and fed liquid diets consisting of either a high polyunsaturated fat (40% of energy from corn oil) or a HSF (40% of energy from cocoa butter) diet with or without ethanol for 4 wk. In the ethanol-containing diets, ethanol was substituted for an equivalent amount of carbohydrate to provide 27.5% of the total energy. Control mice were pair-fed the same volume of liquid diets as the ethanol-fed mice. The HSF diet suppressed the increase in mature SREBP-1 protein and prevented increased mRNA of the SREBP-1-regulated lipogenic enzymes in the ethanol-fed mice (P < 0.05). Sirtuins 1 (SIRT1), a NAD+-dependent class III histone deacetylase, was upregulated by ethanol administration in mice fed the HSF diet (P < 0.05). The HSF diet blocked histone H3 at lysine 9 (lys9) hyperacetylation and attenuated association of acetylated histone H3-Lys9 with the promoters of mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 in the livers of the ethanol-fed mice. These results suggest that the protective effects of HSF diet against the development of alcoholic liver steatosis may occur via regulation of the hepatic SIRT1-SREBP-1-histone H3 axis, suppressing the expression of genes encoding lipogenic enzymes and slowing the synthesis of hepatic fatty acids.
CHIRP-ENCODED JOINT TRANSFORM CORRELATORS WITH A SINGLE INPUT PLANE

A method for implementing the chirp-encoded joint transform correlator with one input plane is proposed. The chirp encoding of the different images is accomplished by use of a thick glass on one of the input images.
Soil Water Dynamics.

ARTHUR W. WARRICK. Oxford University Press, New York, NY 10016. 2003. Hardcover. 416 pp. $85.00. ISBN 0-19-512605-X. As implied by the title, Dr. Warrick's book focuses on the transport of water in soils, rather than also addressing the many broader topics of soil and environmental physics. This
Iron(I)-carbonyl clusters tethered to (trifluoromethyl)thiophenolates

Two diironhexacarbonyl clusters containing (trifluoromethyl)thiophenolates, as models for the active site of [Fe–Fe] hydrogenase enzyme, have been prepared and characterized. The crystal and electronic structures of the complexes have been probed by X-ray crystallography and spectroscopic methods. Cyclic voltammetric studies in the presence of acetic acid show that both compounds catalyze the electrochemical reduction of acetic acid to produce hydrogen with favorable overpotentials.
Phase transition in random-anisotropy magnets.

Results of computer simulations on random-anisotropy-axis model (RAM) are reported in the limit of infinite anisotropy. Finite-size scaling analyses of the data for equilibrium averages indicates a zero-temperature phase transition in two dimensions. The critical exponents are similar to those found for short-range Ising-spin-glass models in two dimensions. These results support the argument that RAM and short-range Ising spin-glass models belong to the same universality classes.
Confidence intervals for ranked means

Suppose that observations from populations π1, …, πk (k ≥ 1) are normally distributed with unknown means μ1., μk, respectively, and a common known variance σ2. Let μ[1] μ … ≤ μ[k] denote the ranked means. We take n independent observations from each population, denote the sample mean of the n observation from π1 by Xi (i = 1, …, k), and define the ranked sample means X[1] ≤ … ≤ X[k]. The problem of confidence interval estimation of μ(1), …,μ[k] is stated and related to previous work (Section 1). The following results are obtained (Section 2). For i = 1, …, k and any γ(0 < γ < 1) an upper confidence interval for μ[i] with minimal probability of coverage γ is (− ∞, X[i]+ h) with h = (σ/n1/2) Φ−1(γ1/k-i+1), where Φ(·) is the standard normal cdf. A lower confidence interval for μ[i] with minimal probability of coverage γ is (Xi[i] – g, + ∞) with g = (σ/n1/2) Φ−1(γ1/i). For the upper confidence interval on μ[i] the maximal probability of coverage is 1– [1 – γ1/k-i+1]i, while for the lower confidence interval on μ[i] the maximal probability of coverage is 1–[1– γ1/i] k-i+1. Thus the maximal overprotection can always be calculated. The overprotection is tabled for k = 2, 3. These results extend to certain translation parameter families. It is proven that, under a bounded completeness condition, a monotone upper confidence interval h(X1, …, Xk) for μ[i] with probability of coverage γ(0 < γ < 1) for all μ = (μ[1], …,μ[k]), does not exist.
‘Rank Imposture’ and ‘Mimic Goblinry’ in Scott's Doom of Devorgoil: A Genre Politics of National Drama

This essay won the 2006 Literature Compass Graduate Essay Prize, Romanticism Section. Scholars seldom associate Sir Walter Scott with nineteenth-century drama or with the commercial interests of the theatre, including those of playwrights and publishers. However, Scott's dramas reveal his keen interest in dramatic traditions as well as an astute comprehension of the theatre as a commercial institution subject to the complex politics of nation and empire. The Doom of Devorgoil, as an authorial masquerade, exposes Scott's willingness to transgress and manipulate cultural constructions of personal and national identity. However, as a dramatic production created to conform to the templates of the theatre as a culture industry, it unveils a symptomatic and disturbing affiliation between the formation and practices of the so-called national drama as a melodramatic form and the dramatic reproduction of national identity. A performance and a critique of ‘rank imposture’, The Doom of Devorgoil underscores the critical importance of understanding the production of genre politics on stage and within dramatic discourses of the period.
Alzheimer’s disease is not “brain aging”: neuropathological, genetic, and epidemiological human studies

Human studies are reviewed concerning whether “aging”-related mechanisms contribute to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. AD is defined by specific neuropathology: neuritic amyloid plaques and neocortical neurofibrillary tangles. AD pathology is driven by genetic factors related not to aging per se, but instead to the amyloid precursor protein (APP). In contrast to genes involved in APP-related mechanisms, there is no firm connection between genes implicated in human “accelerated aging” diseases (progerias) and AD. The epidemiology of AD in advanced age is highly relevant but deceptively challenging to address given the low autopsy rates in most countries. In extreme old age, brain diseases other than AD approximate AD prevalence while the impact of AD pathology appears to peak by age 95 and decline thereafter. Many distinct brain diseases other than AD afflict older human brains and contribute to cognitive impairment. Additional prevalent pathologies include cerebrovascular disease and hippocampal sclerosis, both high-morbidity brain diseases that appear to peak in incidence later than AD chronologically. Because of these common brain diseases of extreme old age, the epidemiology differs between clinical “dementia” and the subset of dementia cases with AD pathology. Additional aging-associated mechanisms for cognitive decline such as diabetes and synapse loss have been linked to AD and these hypotheses are discussed. Criteria are proposed to define an “aging-linked” disease, and AD fails all of these criteria. In conclusion, it may be most fruitful to focus attention on specific pathways involved in AD rather than attributing it to an inevitable consequence of aging.
Cancer Genetics and Genomics: Essentials for Oncology Nurses

Cancer genetics and genomics are rapidly evolving, with new discoveries emerging in genetic mutations, variants, genomic sequencing, risk-reduction methods, and targeted therapies. To educate patients and families, state-of-the-art care requires nurses to understand terminology, scientific and technological advances, and pharmacogenomics. Clinical application of cancer genetics and genomics involves working in interdisciplinary teams to properly identify patient risk through assessing family history, facilitating genetic testing and counseling services, applying risk-reduction methods, and administering and monitoring targeted therapies.
Probing and Oviposition-Related Activity of Summerform Pear Psylla (Homoptera: Psyllidae) on Host and Nonhost Substrates

Effects of host and nonhost substrates on probing and preoviposition activity were monitored for adult summerform pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola Foerster. Tendency to initiate probing activity during a 15-min observation period was similar on a susceptible pear ( Pyrus communis L. ‘Bartlett’), a presumed nonsusceptible pear ( P. calleryana Decne.), and apple, but was reduced on quince. Depriving pear psylla access to pear for 4–6 h or 14–16 h before the observation period increased the percentage of psylla that probed during the observation period; effects of host deprivation on tendency to probe were independent of substrate. Tendency to initiate probing on P. communis was greater on lower leaf surfaces than upper leaf surfaces, which may suggest that probing is initiated in response to cues received at the leaf surface. The percentage of pear psylla that probed during the observation period was not affected by age of P. communis foliage. Mean probe duration and mean percentage of the 15-min observation period spent probing were unaffected by substrate; both measures increased linearly with amount of time that pear psylla were deprived of pear before the observation period. Mean percentage of the observation period spent in contact with the leaf surface was higher for P. communis and P. calleryana than non- Pyrus species. Despite extensive probing activity on apple, very little preoviposition behavior was noted; similarly, age of P. communis foliage did not affect tendency to initiate probing behavior, but did affect preoviposition activity. These two results suggest that probing and preoviposition activities were released by different cues.
Serum and urinary biomarkers in acute kidney transplant rejection.

Abstract Background Acute rejection (AR) is a common medical problem among kidney transplant recipients, which may cause a significant impact on patients’ and allografts’ survival. Kidney allograft biopsy remains the “gold standard” for assessing the cause of kidney transplant dysfunction. However, there are limitations for the allograft biopsy; these include the risk of bleeding, injury to the adjacent organs, and the possibility of sampling error leading to misdiagnosis. Methods We conducted a comprehensive review of the literature and main published data that discussed the most relevant serum and urine biomarkers in acute allograft dysfunction, along with their clinical significance. Results There have been significant discoveries of several important biomarkers that correlated with biopsy findings, clinical outcomes and possibly graft survival. Proteomic and genomic have been utilized in this area with some success, along with a growing discoveries of cytokines surrogate makers. Summary The discovery of surrogate biomarkers in kidney transplantation is an evolving field of crucial importance that may change the way we practice transplant nephrology in the future.
Association between dwarfing genes ‘Rht1’ and ‘Rht2’ and resistance toSeptoria tritici Blotch in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell)

Differences in levels of resistance toSeptoria tritici blotch were observed in plants with a specific height-reducing gene. When the gene ‘Rht2’ was present either as an isoline or in the progeny, a higher degree of resistance was found. The most susceptible plants were observed in populations carrying the ‘Rht1’ gene. Associations, as determined by phenotypic correlations, were detected betweenSeptoria tritici blotch and tall stature, late heading, and maturity. Plants having short stature, early heading, early maturity, and acceptable levels of resistance were identified in the F2 population whenRht2 was present. Results of this study indicated that wheat breeders must select the appropriate dwarfing source that may confer resistance and grow large F2 populations, in order to increase the probability of obtaining desired genotypes.
Effect of ambient on photoluminescence from GaN grown by molecular-beam epitaxy

We report the investigation of reversible-transient effects in photoluminescence (PL) of GaN layers in different measurement ambients including air, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. While the presence of air and oxygen led to similar amounts of significant decrease in overall luminescence, nitrogen and hydrogen produced a much smaller effect. Data on the different behaviors of the near-band-edge and the deep-level (yellow luminescence (YL)) spectral components of the luminescence with change from vacuum to the various ambient gases will be presented. A redshift of the deep-level luminescence band was noticed in oxygen or air ambient that has been attributed to a decrease of the band bending.
What's A Picture Worth? The Use of Modern Telecommunications in Diagnosing Plant Diseases.

Plant disease diagnosis is an art as well as a science (8). The diagnostic process (i.e., the recognition of symptoms and signs) is inherently visual and requires intuitive judgment as well as the use of scientific methods. Photographic images of plant disease symptoms and signs are used extensively to enhance descriptions of plant disease and are invaluable in research, teaching, extension, and diagnostics. Modern telecommunications systems permit individuals to share high-resolution digital images among multiple locations within seconds. Plant pathologists can thus incorporate these digital imaging and digital image transfer tools into the process of plant disease diagnosis. As with the introduction of most new tools, techniques, or changes in protocol, there is controversy about how this tool should be used (5,12,13,16–18,20,21). The objective of this paper is to discuss the benefits, risks, and limitations associated with digitally assisted diagnosis (DAD) of plant diseases as well as the current status of this practice in the United States. Case scenarios included in this paper provide evidence that the transfer of high-quality digital images has been a successful tool in assisting long-distance consultation and the accurate diagnosis of plant problems. Examples of inappropriate uses of image transfer are also discussed.
Electron-Beam Surface-Patterned Poly(ethylene glycol) Microhydrogels

This paper describes research addressing the question of whether microscopic hydrogels can be created from poly(ethylene glycol) [PEG 6800] and poly(ethylene oxide) [PEO 200K] using spatially resolved radiation from a scanning electron microscope with an approach similar to that used in the electron-beam patterning of polymeric photoresists. We demonstrate that, indeed, PEG hydrogels with micrometer and submicrometer feature sizes can be created by this approach, and we call these microhydrogels. Using solvent-free PEG 6800 and PEO 200K films ∼50−100-nm thick, we have identified sets of irradiation conditions where sufficient cross-linking occurs so that the exposed patterned polymer remains while the unexposed polymer dissolves during a post-irradiation solvent rinse. Arbitrary spatial patterns can be made. We have generated patterned dots with diameters below 200 nm. Using atomic force microscopy, in air and water, to study ∼5 × 5 μm PEG and PEO pads on silicon, we show that the patterned features gener...
Dexras1/AGS-1 inhibits signal transduction from the Gi-coupled formyl peptide receptor to Erk-1/2 MAP kinases.

Abstract Dexras1 is a novel GTP-binding protein (G protein) that was recently discovered on the basis of rapid mRNA up-regulation by glucocorticoids in murine AtT-20 corticotroph cells and in several primary tissues. The human homologue of Dexras1, termed activator of G protein signaling-1 (AGS-1), has been reported to stimulate signaling by Gi heterotrimeric G proteins independently of receptor activation. The effects of Dexras1/AGS-1 on receptor-initiated signaling by Gi have not been examined. Here we report that Dexras1 inhibits ligand-dependent signaling by the Gi-coupled N-formyl peptide receptor (FPR). Dexras1 and FPR were transiently co-expressed in both COS-7 and HEK-293 cells. Activation of FPR by ligand (N-formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine (f-MLF)) caused phosphorylation of endogenous Erk-1/2 that was reduced by co-expression of Dexras1. Direct effects of Dexras1 on the activity of co-expressed, epitope-tagged Erk-2 (hemagglutinin (HA)-Erk-2) were measured by immune complex in vitro kinase assay. Expression of Dexras1 alone resulted in a 1.9- to 4.9-fold increase in HA-Erk-2 activity; expression of the unliganded FPR alone resulted in a 6.2- to 8.1-fold increase in HA-Erk-2 activity. Stimulation of FPR by f-MLF produced a further 8- to 10-fold increase in HA-Erk-2 activity over the basal (non-ligand-stimulated) state, and this ligand-dependent activity was attenuated at the time points of maximal activity by co-expression of Dexras1 (reduced 31 ± 6.8% in COS-7 at 10 min and 86 ± 9.2% in HEK-293 at 5 min, p < 0.01 for each). Expression of Dexras1 did not influence protein expression of FPR or Erk, suggesting that the inhibitory effects of Dexras1 reflect a functional alteration in the signaling cascade from FPR to Erk. Expression of Dexras1 had no effect on expression of Giα species, but significantly impaired pertussis toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of membrane-associated Giα. Expression of Dexras1 also significantly decreasedin vitro binding of GTPγS in f-MLF-stimulated membranes of cells co-transfected with FPR. These data suggest that Dexras1 inhibits signal transduction from FPR to Erk-1/2 through an effect that is very proximal to receptor-Gi coupling. While Dexras1 weakly activates Erk in the resting state, more potent effects are evident in the modulation of ligand-stimulated receptor signal transduction, where Dexras1 functions as an inhibitor rather than activator of the Erk mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade.
On the declarative and procedual semantics of logic programs

One of the most important and difficult problems in logic programming is the problem of finding a suitable declarative or intended semantics for logic programs. The importance of this problem stems from the declarative character of logic programming, whereas its difficulty can be largely attributed to the non-monotonic character of the negation operator used in logic programs. The problem can therefore be viewed as the problem of finding a suitable formalization of the type of non-monotonic reasoning used in logic programming. In this paper we introduce a semantics of logic programs based on the class PERF(P) of all, not necessarily Herbrand, perfect models of a program P and we show that the proposed semantics is not only natural but it also combines many of the desirable features of previous approaches, at the same time eliminating some of their drawbacks. For a positive program P, the class PERF(P) of perfect models coincides with the class MIN(P) of all minimal models of P. The perfect model semantics is shown to be equivalent to the semantics of McCarthy's circumscription and is also equivalent to the remaining three major formalizations of non-monotonic reasoning in artificial intelligence-Reiter's closed world assumption, Moore's autoepistemic logic and Reiter's default theorythus establishing a closer link between the areas of logic programming and non-monotonic reasoning. We also define a generalization of SLD-resolution, called SLS-resolution and we prove that SLS-resolution is sound and complete with respect to the perfect model semantics.
Chemical adjuvant cryosurgery with antifreeze proteins

Background and Objectives Imaging monitored cryosurgery is emerging as an important minimally invasive surgical technique for treatment of cancer. Although imaging allows excellent control over the process of freezing itself, recent studies show that at high subzero temperatures cells survive freezing. Antifreeze proteins (AFP) are chemical compounds that modify ice crystals to needle-like shapes that can destroy cells in cellular suspensions. The goal of this study was to determine whether these antifreeze proteins can also destroy cells in frozen tissue and serve as chemical adjuvants to cryosurgery. Methods Livers from six rats were excised, perfused with solutions of either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or PBS with 10 mg/ml AFP-I, and frozen with a special cryosurgery apparatus. Lobes were frozen with one or two freeze-thaw cycles and the cell viability was examined with a two stain fluorescent dye test and histological assessment. Results A significant percentage of hepatocytes survive freezing on the margin of a frozen cryolesion. AFP significantly increase cellular destruction in that region apparently through formation of intracellular ice. Conclusions This preliminary study demonstrates that antifreeze proteins may be effective chemical adjuvants to cryosurgery. J. Surg. Oncol. 1997;66:114–121. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Qualityassurance/performance improvement projects

Most nurses' first attempt at research will be a quality assurance or performanceimprovement project. Unfortunately, these terms do not even appear in the indexes of most nursing research textbooks. The limitations and common pitfalls of this type of research is covered in this paper.
Relational maintenance on social network sites: How Facebook communication predicts relational escalation

Abstract Social network sites are popular communication tools that help people maintain relationships with their friends, yet there has been little research examining how people use these tools to enact relationship maintenance. By analyzing communication between individual friendships on a popular social network site, Facebook, this research examines types of maintenance behaviors enacted on the site, and how they predict relational escalation of Facebook friendships. Results show that most relationships go through a gradual rather than an extreme change and that these changes reflect both relational escalation and de-escalation. Temporal patterns—more recent and more frequent communication—predict relationship escalation, as does use of more different types of communication within Facebook, particularly private messages and photo tags. However, enactment of traditional relationship maintenance strategies as captured by the linguistic analysis of Facebook communication content using LIWC does not predict relationship escalation. These findings contribute to our theoretical understanding of the ways that the functionality of social network sites can help users engage in new types of relationship maintenance.
Determinants of behavior towards ethical issues in personal computing

Abstract Personal computer users' attitudes towards ethical issues in personal computing were investigated using causal modeling. Responses from 123 personal computer users to 19 scenarios of ethical situations in personal computing were collected. Five of these scenarios were used to identify potential causal models among the following variables: subject's behavior, subject's beliefs, peer's behavior, peer's beliefs, management's beliefs and subject's opportunity. Three possible causal models were identified using TETRAD. The fit between the observed data and a possible causal model was then examined for all nineteen scenarios using EQS. A comparison with a multiple regression model involving the variables suggested by TETRAD was also made. The analysis suggests that perception of management's beliefs determines peer's behavior which in turn determines subject's behavior. The implications of the findings are that organizations should have a well-defined policy of personal computing behavior and ensure that this is accurately communicated to employees.
Design and Analysis of Crossover Trials for Absorbing Binary Endpoints

Summary The crossover is a popular and efficient trial design used in the context of patient heterogeneity to assess the effect of treatments that act relatively quickly and whose benefit disappears with discontinuation. Each patient can serve as her own control as within-individual treatment and placebo responses are compared. Conventional wisdom is that these designs are not appropriate for absorbing binary endpoints, such as death or HIV infection. We explore the use of crossover designs in the context of these absorbing binary endpoints and show that they can be more efficient than the standard parallel group design when there is heterogeneity in individuals' risks. We also introduce a new two-period design where first period “survivors” are rerandomized for the second period. This design combines the crossover design with the parallel design and achieves some of the efficiency advantages of the crossover design while ensuring that the second period groups are comparable by randomization. We discuss the validity of the new designs and evaluate both a mixture model and a modified Mantel–Haenszel test for inference. The mixture model assumes no carryover or period effects while the Mantel–Haenszel approach conditions out period effects. Simulations are used to compare the different designs and an example is provided to explore practical issues in implementation.
Universities as engines of R&D-based economic growth: They think they can

Two issues raised by increased participation of universities in equity arrangements designed to commercialize faculty research are addressed: (a) the effects that an increased emphasis on patenting faculty research and on enhancing the commercial value of these patents has on the characteristics of academic research, net revenue streams, and existing channels through which academic research enters the market, and (b) processes of institutional change and imitation, whereby changes in the policies of elite research universities exert competitive and emulative pressures on other institutions. Increased efforts by universities to foster the commercialization of technological innovations erodes the singular position of institutions of higher learning in the United States. Based on past performance, there is little reason to expect that a substantial reallocation of faculty effort towards commercially oriented R&D will generate appreciable net revenues for other than a select number of universities. These ventures also serve to shift academic researchers from the social roles in which they are most efficient, as suppliers of a collective goodscientific and technological knowledge. “Just as very few men are both capable business managers and ingenious inventors, so few are at the same time ingenious inventors and exalted altruists. Some twenty years ago a university professor devised a method for measuring with accuracy the content of butterfat in milk. The device, if patented, would doubtless have yielded him a very handsome income. The inventor gave it freely to the public, saying modestly that to do so was but part of his duty as a servant of the people and it has come into use the world over. We call his conduct noble; but our very recognition of its nobility is an admission of its rarity” (F.W. Taussig, Inventors and Money Makers (1915) [58]).
Time-dependent simulations of the global polar wind

Abstract It has been clearly established that there is a substantial outflow of ionospheric plasma from the Earth's ionosphere in both the northern and southern polar regions. The outflow consists of both light thermal ions (H + and He + ) and an array of energized ions (NO + , O 2 + , N 2 + , O + , N + , He + , and H + ). If the outflow is driven by thermal pressure gradients in the ionosphere, the outflow is called the “classical” polar wind. On the other hand, if the outflow is driven by energization processes either in the auroral oval or at high altitudes in the polar cap, the outflow is called the “generalized” polar wind. In both cases, the field-aligned outflow occurs in conjunction with magnetospheric convection, which causes the plasma to drift into and out of the sunlit hemisphere, cusp, polar cap, nocturnal auroral oval, and main trough. Because the field-aligned and horizontal motion are both important, three-dimensional (3-D) time-dependent models of the ionosphere–polar wind system are needed to properly describe the flow. Also, as the plasma executes field-aligned and horizontal motion, charge exchange reactions of H + and O + with the background neutrals (H and O) act to produce low-energy neutrals that flow in all directions (the neutral polar wind). This review presents recent simulations of the “global” ionosphere–polar wind system, including the classical, generalized, and neutral polar winds. The emphasis is on displaying the 3-D and dynamical character of the polar wind.
Tipping the energy balance toward exocyclic-amino coordination of W(CO)5 by methylation of the amino group of 2- and 4-aminopyridines, but not with adenosine

Abstract 2-Aminopyridine (2-ampy) substitutes on [W(CO)5(acetone)] or [W(CO)5(thf)] to produce 100% endocyclic N-1 coordinated [W(CO)5(2-ampy)]. Both N-1 coordinated and exocyclic-amine-bound isomers of [W(CO)5(4-ampy)] are formed by the substitution of 4-aminopyridine (4-ampy) on [W(CO)5(acetone)] in the ratio of 58% exo-amine coordination: 42% endocyclic amine under kinetic control. The distribution adjusts by linkage isomerism over 15 days to >86% exo-amine bound for the thermodynamic distribution. Within limit of 1H NMR detection >95% exo-amine coordination occurs for 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (4-Me2ampy), in spite of increased steric hindrance. Coordination of 2-(dimethylamino)pyridine to W(CO)5 occurs only as the exo-amine donor, reversing the observations of the 2-ampy case. Coordination of W(CO)5 with adenosine takes place with purine ring N donors (45% N-1, 33% N-3, and 22% N-7). The monomethylated N6-methyladenosine produced only N-1 coordination in low yield. Apparently steric blocking by the N6-methyl group retards coordination at N-7, and hydrogen bonding of the 5′- alcohol to N-3 of the purine ring in response to enhanced basicity of the N-3 site upon methylation of the exo-amine retards addition at N-3 for [W(CO)5(N6-methyladenosine)]. Surprisingly in relation to the effects of amino methylation for the simple aminopyrimidines where W(CO)5 adopts >91% of 2-ampym and 100% of 4-ampym coordination via the exo-amine, N-1 is the preferred site of coordination for adenosines over the exo-amine position. The known releasing effect of the five-member portion of the adenine ring, enhancing σ basicity at N-1 is not overcome by N6-methylation which directs much of its enhancement of ring basicity to N-3. N6,N6-Dimethyladenosine produced no coordination with W(CO)5 under equivalent photosynthetic conditions; the second methyl group only provides additional steric hindrance to coordination at N-1, showing the powerful influence of conjugation of the amino lone pair with the purine ring in preventing a sufficiently basic exo-amine that can coordinate W(CO)5 in contrast to the outcome with the analogous pyridine (2-Me2ampy). Acetylation of 4-ampy (4-acetamidopyridine=4-Acampy) should favor the pyridyl coordination; however, coordination to the carbonyl group is observed for [W(CO)5(4-Acampy)].
Chronic Prostatitis and the Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome

A 38-year-old man reports pelvic pain, dysuria, and urinary urgency for the past 4 weeks. He has had several similar episodes over the past 2 years; urine cultures were not performed. He is sexually active and reports frequent discomfort after ejaculation. He is otherwise healthy and takes no medication. He has no fever, chills, or flank pain. How should he be evaluated and treated?
Tuning activation of the AMPA-sensitive GluR2 ion channel by genetic adjustment of agonist-induced conformational changes

The (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole) propionic acid (AMPA) receptor discriminates between agonists in terms of binding and channel gating; AMPA is a high-affinity full agonist, whereas kainate is a low-affinity partial agonist. Although there is extensive literature on the functional characterization of partial agonist activity in ion channels, structure-based mechanisms are scarce. Here we investigate the role of Leu-650, a binding cleft residue conserved among AMPA receptors, in maintaining agonist specificity and regulating agonist binding and channel gating by using physiological, x-ray crystallographic, and biochemical techniques. Changing Leu-650 to Thr yields a receptor that responds more potently and efficaciously to kainate and less potently and efficaciously to AMPA relative to the WT receptor. Crystal structures of the Leu-650 to Thr mutant reveal an increase in domain closure in the kainate-bound state and a partially closed and a fully closed conformation in the AMPA-bound form. Our results indicate that agonists can induce a range of conformations in the GluR2 ligand-binding core and that domain closure is directly correlated to channel activation. The partially closed, AMPA-bound conformation of the L650T mutant likely captures the structure of an agonist-bound, inactive state of the receptor. Together with previously solved structures, we have determined a mechanism of agonist binding and subsequent conformational rearrangements.
Spectral intensity measurements from high-pressure nitrogen plasmas.

Abstract Spectral measurements of the equilibrium radiation from nitrogen at high pressures have been obtained. Experiments were performed in a ballistic range and an explosively driven shock tube. The tests covered a temperature range from 9000 to 17,200°K and a pressure range from 1.3 to 63.0 atm. Averaged electronic absorption ƒ-numbers for N + 2 B 2 ∑ + u - x 2 ∑ + g , N 2 C 3 ∏ u - B 3 ∏ g , and N 2 B 3 ∏ g - A 3 ∑ + u bands are reported. N - continuum radiation was not observed.
Correlations for reduced-width amplitudes in /sup 49/V

Measurement of the relative sign of inelastic proton-channel amplitudes permits the determination of amplitude correlations. Data were obtained for $45{\frac{5}{2}}^{+}$ resonances in $^{49}\mathrm{V}$. Although the reduced widths in each channel followed a Porter-Thomas distribution, large amplitude correlations were observed. The results are compared with the reduced-width-amplitude distribution of Krieger and Porter. This is the first direct test of the Krieger-Porter distribution.
Secondary prevention: Serendipitous therapeutic effects for parents of child patients

Documentation of results of treatment in the community mental health centers is necessary in order to maintain the continuation of funding. Short-term treatment of children in such a setting was examined along with its effects on one parent in the family. The sample consisted of 241 children and 222 parents. An adaptation of the National Center of Health Statistics General Well-Being Scale was used in order to assess change in children and parents. There were significant increases in general well-being in both groups. The parents, as well as the children, benefited from therapy, regardless of whether or not they, themselves, received any treatment. Therefore, therapeutic intervention in one family member has been shown to have an effect on at least one other family member.
A new approach for kinematic resolution of redundancy

This paper deals with the trajectories of points embedded in a moving rigid body being guided by a linkage having extra or "redundant" motion parameters. A new method for the kinematic use of redundancy is presented. The method is based on the concept of a metric and differs from the typically used pseudo-inverse formulation. It is shown how the redun dancy can be used to alter first-order properties such as the shape of the velocity ellipse (or the ellipsoid) and a scalar measure of transmission ratio or effectiveness. It is shown how such local use of the redundancy leads to some global results such as determining the alterable regions and the boundaries of the trajectories. An example of a planar 3R manipulator illustrates these new techniques.
Surface and Electrokinetic Properties of Clays and Other Mineral Particles, Untreated and Treated with Organic or Inorganic Cations

Abstract The apolar (Lifshitz van der Waals)component (yLW) and the polar [electron-acceptor (y ) and electron-donor (y ) ] parameters of the surface tension of more than sixty different clay and other mineral particles or surfaces have been measured, as well as their -potentials. It is essentially the y parameter that determines the hydrophobic (target;⩾y28 mJ/m1)or hydrophilicy ( y target;⩾28 mJ/mJ) character of the mineral surface. The surface properties were measured for twelve ion exchanged smectites, as a funclion of substitution with various alkali and alkalin earth cations. The hydrophobizing influence of exchanged organic cations on the surface properties of a number of clay particles is also determined. Finally, the hydrophobizing influence of plurivalent cations is demonstrated with Ca2+and La 3+for three different negatively charged mineral particles.
Family-Based Predictors of Adolescent Substance Use

ABSTRACT This study examined family-based variables as predictors of adolescent substance use. Parental education level, ethnic background, religious affiliation, sibling substance use, family conflict, and family involvement were the specific family-based variables examined. Five thousand and five randomly sampled adolescents in the state of Utah participated in this study. Responses of 4,983 adolescents were included in the data analysis. Overall, this study supported prior research, indicating certain family variables as predictors of adolescent substance use. Sibling marijuana use, family involvement, and religious affiliation were predictors of adolescent tobacco use. Family involvement, sibling tobacco use, and religious affiliation were predictors of adolescent alcohol use. Family involvement, sibling alcohol use, and religious affiliation were predictors of marijuana use. Future implications for research and practice in relation to family-based risk and protective factors are discussed.
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF HYDROGEN BONDING IN SUPERCRITICAL WATER

The effect of temperature on hydrogen bonding in supercritical water is investigated at densities of 257 and 659 kg/m3 and at temperatures in the range 773−1073 K using molecular dynamics simulations with a flexible simple point charge water potential. An energetic criterion is used to distinguish hydrogen-bonded pairs from non-hydrogen-bonded pairs. The number of hydrogen bonds per water molecule decreases as the temperature is increased. Hydrogen-bonded clusters in supercritical water consist of fewer than five members. Cluster size distributions are not strongly influenced by temperature at the higher density, although a slightly broader distribution is obtained at lower temperatures for the lower density. Hydrogen bond persistence time functions and autocorrelation functions exhibit faster decay at higher temperatures. The rupture of hydrogen bonds appears to be primarily temperature dependent, although the frequency of bond breakage is slightly higher at the higher density. The flexible water model e...
Marital Disruption and the Lives of Children

This article uses survey data on marital history and divorce statistics to estimate the proportion of children affected by marital disruption. Over the century, about 25–30% of all children experienced a marital disruption; in the next few decades, perhaps 40% of all children will be affected. These large numbers raise questions about how best to meet the special needs of the affected children. A review of the literature suggests that opposition to divorce reform “for the sake of the children” cannot be justified, and an examination of the economic problems of single-parent families leads to proposals for income support.
Macroeconomic policies and smuggling : an analysis of illegal oil trade in Nigeria

Based on a simple model, the paper provides an explanation for illegal oil trade between Nigeria and its neighboring countries. The analysis focuses on the linkages between the level of smuggling and changes in the Government`s fiscal, monetary, and domestic pricing policies. It is shown that smuggling has implications for inflation and currency depreciation. A vicious circle emerges when financial policies are expansionary and policy makers attempt to hold the domestic sale price of oil constant. Macroeconomic indicators of Nigeria over the period 1986-1993 appear to support the predictions of the model. Policy implications of the analysis are also noted.
Phosphate Prodrugs for Amines Utilizing a Fast Intramolecular Hydroxy Amide Lactonization

A novel phosphate prodrug system for amines, amino acids, peptides, and peptide mimetics, which utilizes a fast hydroxy amide lactonization of a 3-(2‘-hydroxy-4‘,6‘-dimethylphenyl)-3,3-dimethylpropionic amide system, was developed. Prodrugs of five model amine/amino acids, including p-anisidine, GlyOMe, PheOMe, LysOMe, and Asp-α-OMe, were synthesized. The syntheses of these model phosphate prodrugs were accomplished by coupling the amine or the protected amino acids with 3-[2‘-(dibenzylphosphono)oxy-4‘,6‘-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-dimethylpropionic acid using coupling agents such as bis(2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl)phosphinic chloride and 1-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride, followed by hydrogenolysis. These phosphate prodrugs were evaluated as substrates for the human placental alkaline phosphatase (AP). The structural features of the amine/amino acids attached to the carboxylic acid group of the promoiety were not found to significantly affect the substrate activity for AP, as evidenced by th...