cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Broadcaster's Misperceptions of Black Community Needs.

The basic Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requirement of a broadcast licensee is that he serve "the public interest, convenience and necessity" and exert "diligent, positive and continuing effort . . . to discover and fulfill the tastes, needs and desires of his community or service area." Further, the FCC requires that when a broadcaster seeks renewal of his license (every three years), he must provide evidence that he has ascertained the community interests, needs, and problems. But since the FCC does not tell the broadcaster how to go about ascertaining public needs, there is not a set method of determining when a broadcaster has failed to properly ascertain the interests, needs, and problems of his service area. Essentially, the public's approval or disapproval is the final yardstick-as interpreted by the FCC. The National Association of Broadcasters (NAB), the industry's leading professional organization, seemingly quite satisfied with the performance of its members, recently declared (Garnett, 1970: 24), "Most broadcasters are honest,
G-protein-gated inward rectifier K+ channel proteins (GIRK1) are present in the soma and dendrites as well as in nerve terminals of specific neurons in the brain

G-protein-gated inward rectifier potassium (GIRK) channels are coupled to numerous neurotransmitter receptors in the brain and can play important roles in modulating neuronal function, depending on their localization in a given neuron. Site-directed antibodies to the extreme C terminus of GIRK1 (or KGA1), a recently cloned component of GIRK channels, have been used to determine the relative expression levels and distribution of the protein in different regions of the rat brain by immunoblot and immunohistochemical techniques. We report that the GIRK1 protein is expressed prominently in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, neocortex, thalamus, cerebellar cortex, and several brain stem nuclei. In addition to the expected localization in somas and dendrites, where GIRK channels may mediate postsynaptic inhibition, GIRK1 proteins were also found in axons and their terminal fields, suggesting that GIRK channels can also modulate presynaptic events. Furthermore, the distribution of the protein to either somatodendritic or axonal-terminal regions of neurons varied in different brain regions, which would imply distinct functions of these channels in different neuronal populations. Particularly prominent staining of the cortical barrels of layer IV of the neocortex, and the absence of this staining with unilateral kainate lesions of the thalamus, suggest that the GIRK1 protein is expressed in thalamocortical nerve terminals in which GIRK channels may mediate the actions of mu opiate receptors.
In vivo stimulation of oestrogen receptor α increases insulin‐stimulated skeletal muscle glucose uptake

Previous studies suggest oestrogen receptor α (ERα) is involved in oestrogen-mediated regulation of glucose metabolism and is critical for maintenance of whole body insulin action. Despite this, the effect of direct ERα modulation in insulin-responsive tissues is unknown. The purpose of the current study was to determine the impact of ERα activation, using the ER subtype-selective ligand propylpyrazoletriyl (PPT), on skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Two-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats, ovariectomized for 1 week, were given subcutaneous injections of PPT (10 mg kg⁻¹), oestradiol benzoate (EB; 20 μg kg⁻¹), the ERβ agonist diarylpropionitrile (DPN, 10 mg kg⁻¹) or vehicle every 24 h for 3 days. On the fourth day, insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle glucose uptake was measured in vitro and insulin signalling intermediates were assessed via Western blotting.Activation of ERα with PPT resulted in increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into the slow-twitch soleus and fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL)muscles, activation of insulin signalling intermediates (as measured by phospho-Akt (pAkt) and pAkt substrate (PAS)) and phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). GLUT4 protein was increased only in the EDL muscle. Rats treated with EB or DPN for 3 days did not show an increase in insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle glucose uptake compared to vehicle-treated animals. These new findings reveal that direct activation of ERα positively mediates glucose uptake and insulin action in skeletal muscle. Evidence that oestrogens and ERα stimulate glucose uptake has important implications for understanding mechanisms of glucose homeostasis, particularly in postmenopausal women.
Resolving Disputes in the Northern Forest: Lessons from the Connecticut and Moosehead Lakes

The Northern Forest stretches across four states: from Northern New York, through Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. A historically undeveloped expanse of productive forestland, the Northern Forest has been owned and managed by pulp and paper companies for roughly a century. Recently, market forces have forced many of these companies to sell off substantial portions of their forestland to timber investment management organizations and private developers. As residential development threatens to change the character of the Northern Forest, the presence of these new owners has increased tensions between environmentalists, local land owners, and other stakeholders. This Note examines two recent land-use disputes among stakeholders in the Northern Forest. It then advocates using a consensus-building process of dispute resolution to reduce litigation costs, build working relationships, and produce creative solutions that substantively address stakeholder interests. This Note advocates a consensus-building approach for both private negotiations and provides guidance for its incorporation into a required agency regulatory framework.
Equal opportunity for all

By sequencing tens of millions of TCRα transcripts from naive mouse CD8 + T cells, Genolet et al (2012) show that the TCRα repertoire is at least as diverse as the TCRβ repertoire. This overturns a long held view in the field that recombination of the Tcra locus occurs in a co‐ordinate sequential bidirectional manner that relies on proximity of Vα and Jα gene segments. The observation that rearrangement of all possible Vα‐Jα combinations can occur is consistent with an alternative model in which intralocus loop formation/locus contraction enables an opportunity for all Vα gene segments to recombine with Jα gene segments.
On the Need for Reproducible Numerical Accuracy through Intelligent Runtime Selection of Reduction Algorithms at the Extreme Scale

The inherent nondeterminism present in reduction operations on an exascale system, coupled with the nonassociativity of floating-point arithmetic, makes achieving reproducible results difficult or impossible. Work investigating the irreproducibility phenomenon has generally proceeded along one of two veins: (1) development of algorithms that produce reproducible numerical results irrespective of nondeterminism in the reduction tree and (2) study of the system-level factors that induce nondeterminism. Our work builds on the latter and unveils the power of mathematical methods to mitigate error propagation at the exascale. We focus on floating-point error accumulation over global summations where enforcing any reduction order is expensive or impossible. We model parallel summations with reduction trees and identify those parameters that can be used to estimate the reduction's sensitivity to variability in the reduction tree. We assess the impact of these parameters on the ability of different reduction methods to successfully mitigate errors. Our results illustrate the pressing need for intelligent runtime selection of reduction operators that ensure a given degree of reproducible accuracy.
Oxygen Diffusion in Tungsten

INFORMATION concerning oxygen diffusion in tungsten is technologically valuable for many reasons. One such reason is its important role in the development of the structural properties of tungsten for high-temperature applications.
INTERP—a FORTRAN callable data interpretation subroutine system

Abstract The INTERP free format data interpretation subroutine system for lexical analysis is described in this paper. This system, written in ANSI standard FORTRAN 77, is flexible, easy to use, small, and efficient. These qualities make the addition of INTERP to an application program quite simple. INTERP has been used to interpret problem oriented languages for several finite element programs operating both in batch and interactive environments on micro, supermini, and supercomputers. While INTERP is presented here in the context of translating problem oriented languages, the system has been used in several other applications including: a low-level assembler, a data manipulator, and a modular, interactive user interface system with integrated parsing and prompting.
Elastic Solution for Deep Tunnels. Application to Excavation Damage Zone and Rockbolt Support

A new formulation is presented for deep circular tunnels in rock with cylindrical anisotropy. The formulation is an exact solution since it satisfies equilibrium, strain compatibility, and the anisotropic constitutive model. Complete solutions have been found for two scenarios: tunnel with excavation damage zone, and tunnel with rockbolt support. The solution is based on the assumption of a deep, circular tunnel in a medium with two homogeneous zones: an inner zone surrounding the tunnel, which is either isotropic or anisotropic, and an outer zone, for the remainder of the medium, which is isotropic. Plane strain conditions, elastic response of rock, rockbolts and support, and simultaneous excavation and support installation are also assumed. For tunnels surrounded by an excavation damage zone with reduced rock properties, the tangential stresses and the radial deformations at the tunnel wall are very sensitive to both the magnitude of stiffness reduction of the damaged rock and the size of the damaged zone. The effect of the rockbolts on the rock is approximated by treating the rockbolt-rock composite as a material with cylindrical anisotropy with stiffnesses related to the properties of the rock and rockbolts, and spacing of the rockbolts. Comparisons between the analytical solution and a numerical method show small differences and provide confidence in the approach suggested.
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Incubating Chicken Egg Lipids

Abstract In essential fatty acid metabolism the isomers of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) play a vital role. Since certain structural features at the methyl end (ω) of the fatty acid chain are keys to the biological activity of unsaturated fatty acids, an abbreviated nomenclature has come into use which identifies the methyl carbon as number one. In this system (Mohrhauer and Holman, 1963) linoleic acid is designated as 18:2ω6, linolenic acid as 18:3ω3, and arachidonic acid as 20:4ω6. The first number respresents the number of carbons in the chain, the second the number of double bonds and the number following the ω as the position of the first double bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid. Holman (1964) has reviewed the work of his group which has clearly established the conversion of linoleate to 20:4ω6 and 22:5ω6; linolenate to 20:Sω3, 22:5ω3, and 22:6ω3, as well as the nonconvertibility of…
Optimal OFDM design for time-frequency dispersive channels

Transmission over wireless channels is subject to time dispersion due to multipath propagation and to frequency dispersion due to the Doppler effect. Standard orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, using a guard-time interval or cyclic prefix, combat intersymbol interference (ISI), but provide no protection against interchannel interference (ICI). This drawback has led to the introduction of pulse-shaping OFDM systems. We first present a general framework for pulse shape design. Our analysis shows that certain pulse shapes proposed in the literature are, in fact, optimal in a well-defined sense. Furthermore, our approach provides a simple way to adapt the pulse shape to varying channel conditions. We then show that (pulse-shaping) OFDM systems based on rectangular time-frequency lattices are not optimal for time- and frequency-dispersive wireless channels. This motivates the introduction of lattice-OFDM (LOFDM) systems which are based on general time-frequency lattices. Using results from sphere packing theory, we show how to design LOFDM systems (lattice and pulse shape) optimally for timeand frequency-dispersive channels in order to minimize the joint ISI/ICI. Our theoretical analysis is confirmed by numerical simulations, showing that LOFDM systems outperform traditional pulse-shaping OFDM systems with respect to robustness against ISI/ICI.
Ia-transfected L-cell fibroblasts present a lysozyme peptide but not the native protein to lysozyme-specific T cells

We studied the antigen-presenting capacity of mouse L fibroblasts transfected with genes encoding Ia polypeptides of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). These cells function as efficient antigen-presenting cells (APC) in stimulating peptide antigen-specific MHC-restricted proliferation of long-term T-cell lines, thus establishing the capacity of Ia-expressing L-cell transfectants to present antigens to apparently normal T cells. However, in contrast to splenic APC, L-cell transfectants fail to present native hen egg-white lysozyme to the same T cells. Since this result is similar to that obtained with physiologic APC pretreated to prevent antigen degradation, it suggests that L-cell transfectants, without such pretreatments, may be compromised in their ability to process native lysozyme. However, since such transfectant cells have been shown to present other complex polypeptides such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin, a random copolymer of glutamic acid, alanine, and tyrosine, and influenza virus neuraminidase, this observation suggests that protein antigens differ in the stringency of processing requirements.
Formation of P22 generalized transducing particles in vitro.

Abstract Biologically active Salmonella phage P22 generalized transducing particles (i.e., P22 capsids filled with bacterial DNA) are formed in vitro in extracts in which phage DNA is encapsulated to produce viable phage.
Controllable states of stress for incompressible elastic solids

It is shown that the equilibrium states of Cauchy stress which can exist, in the absence of body force, in every incompressible, homogeneous, isotropic, elastic solid whose deviatoric stress range allows them, must have uniform deviatoric stress invariants. There is at least one such non-uniform stress state. The related problem for incompressible non-Newtonian fluids is also discussed.
Symmetric Galerkin fracture analysis

Abstract The implementation of a symmetric Galerkin boundary integral method for crack problems is described. The symmetric Galerkin procedure requires the derivative (hypersingular) equation on the crack surface, and thus a straightforward application of the dual equation fracture method leads to a non-symmetric matrix. By employing the jump across the fracture as the variable on the crack surface, the problem can be formulated with a symmetric, and smaller dimension, coefficient matrix. An important advantage of this Galerkin approximation is that it avoids the difficulties inherent with C 1 interpolations demanded by a collocation approximation for hypersingular equations. Moreover, by incorporating previously developed efficient analytical integration techniques, the computational cost of this algorithm is shown to be competitive with collocation methods.
Simplified recursive algorithm for Wigner 3j and 6j symbols

We present a highly accurate, ab initio recursive algorithm for evaluating the Wigner $3j$ and $6j$ symbols. Our method makes use of two-term, nonlinear recurrence relations that are obtained from the standard three-term recurrence relations satisfied by these quantities. The use of two-term recurrence relations eliminates the need for rescaling of iterates to control numerical overflows and thereby simplifies the widely used recursive algorithm of Schulten and Gordon.
Performance characteristics of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist and SPAN in Veterans Affairs primary care settings

Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a treatable disorder, and individuals with this condition may benefit from early detection. Many people with PTSD are not aware of its symptoms and do not seek treatment, making a brief and targeted screening program a worthwhile endeavor. For this reason, research aimed at improving screening instruments could yield substantial benefits. Objectives: The primary objective of this research was to assess the diagnostic performance of two popular PTSD screening assessments, the PTSD Checklist (PCL) and the SPAN, in a Veterans Affairs (VA) primary care setting. Additionally, we compared the screening performance of these two assessments by sex and race. Methods: The PCL and SPAN were compared with a gold standard, the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used in conjunction with sensitivity and specificity measures to assess the performance of each screening assessment. These analyses are based on a large database (n=1076) that was derived from a multisite cross-sectional study conducted at four southeastern VA medical centers. Results: Results for the PCL support cutoff scores lower than those previously published, whereas results for the SPAN support the previously recommended cutoff score of 5 (sensitivity of 73.68% and specificity of 81.99%). We found no significant difference in areas under the curve (AUCs) by sex and by race between the PCL and SPAN. We did find that there was a highly significant difference (Pb.0006) in overall diagnostic ability (as measured by the AUC) between the PCL (AUC=0.882) and SPAN (AUC=0.837), making the PCL the preferred screening tool, unless brevity is essential. Conclusions: Clinicians and researchers should consider lower cutoff scores for the PCL, but the originally suggested cutoff score for the SPAN is appropriate. Published by Elsevier Inc.
Improvement of thermal and mechanical properties of graphite/copper composites through interfacial modification

Unidirectionally reinforced graphite/copper composites have been fabricated using a pressure infiltration casting procedure. T300 and T650 graphite fibers have been used to reinforce copper and copperchromium alloys. The effects of the chromium level in the copper matrix on the tensile strength, stiffness, and thermal expansion behavior of the composites have been evaluated through tensile and three-point bend testing, and thermal cycling. At the 0.5 wt% alloying level, chromium increases the stiffness and optimizes the thermal expansion behavior of graphite/copper composites. The longitudinal tensile strengths of these composites are above 1606 MPa, whereas the transverse tensile strengths are lower than 40 MPa due to incomplete infiltration during processing. Scanning electron microscopy analyses reveal that the unalloyed copper matrix composites experienced extensive fiber/matrix debonding under tensile loading. The addition of chromium to the copper increases the level of matrix bonding to the graphite fibers, as evidenced by observations of fractured tensile specimens. Auger electron spectroscopy analyses indicate that a chromium carbide phase present at the interface is responsible for the improved bonding.
Thromboembolic Prophylaxis in Foot and Ankle Surgery: What Should We Do?

The majority of orthopaedic venous thromboembolism (VTE) literature involves major orthopaedic surgery, which has distinct differences in comparison with foot and ankle surgery. Despite the current evidence-based medicine advocating against routine prophylaxis, confusion remains around who should be prophylaxed and with what modality. Clearly, larger prospective studies are needed to determine those individuals who require prophylaxis for the prevention of venous thromboembolic events following foot and ankle surgery.
Temperature Dependence of the Acid Dissociation Constant of the Hydroxyl Radical

The acid dissociation constant of the hydroxyl radical in aqueous solution was determined by pulse radiolysis from the [OH-] dependence of the rate constant for reaction of the •OH/O•- radical with benzoate ions. The rate constant and the pKa(•OH) values were determined over the temperature range 284−343 K. At 298 K, pKa 298(•OH) = 11.54 ± 0.04 and ΔionG°298(•OH) = (65.9 ± 0.3) kJ mol-1. From the temperature dependence of Ka(•OH), we calculate ΔionH°298(•OH) = (24.85 ± 0.5) kJ mol-1 and ΔionS°298(•OH) = (−139 ± 2) J mol-1 K-1. The activation energy for the reaction of •OH with C6H5CO2- was found to be (8.8 ± 0.6) kJ mol-1 and the Arrhenius preexponential factor (2.4 ± 0.6) × 1011 L mol-1 s-1.
Desert, responsibility, and justification: a reply to Doris, McGeer, and Robinson

Building Better Beings: A Theory of Moral Responsibility argues that the normative basis of moral responsibility is anchored in the effects of responsibility practices. Further, the capacities required for moral responsibility are socially scaffolded. This article considers criticisms of this account that have been recently raised by John Doris, Victoria McGeer, and Michael Robinson. Robinson argues against Building Better Beings’s rejection of libertarianism about free will, and the account of desert at stake in the theory. considers methodological questions that arise from the account of desert, providing some additional resources for thinking about these issues within the framework of the account. McGeer objects to the particular mode of justification used to motivate the prescriptive aspect of the account. This article presents replies to each of these lines of response.
A Computational Framework for Optimization and Uncertainty Quantification in Surgical Design for Pediatric Cardiology

Recent work has demonstrated substantial progress in capabilities for patient-specific cardiovascular flow simulations. In particular, pediatric cardiology is a field that stands to benefit particularly from patient specific simulations and design capabilities due to the large variation in anatomy among patients and challenging hemodynamics. Recent simulations in pediatric cardiology have emphasized the importance of exercise and respiration, and have been used to test newly proposed surgical designs.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
No Evidence of Infection With Avian Influenza Viruses Among US Poultry Workers in the Delmarva Peninsula, Maryland and Virginia, USA

Industrial poultry workers may be at elevated risk of avian influenza infection due to intense occupational contact with live poultry. Serum samples from poultry workers and community members in the Delmarva Peninsula, one of the densest regions of poultry production in the United States, were analyzed for antibodies to strains of five avian influenza subtypes using microneutralization assays. No evidence of infection was found, suggesting inefficient transmission to humans or the absence of virus in these premises. Continued serological surveillance of workers in industrial food animal facilities is necessary to prevent the transmission of influenza A viruses.
Subtenon's depot corticosteroid injections in patients with a history of corticosteroid-induced intraocular pressure elevation.

Abstract PURPOSE: To determine whether a history of intraocular pressure elevation from local corticosteroid administration could predict subsequent intraocular pressure elevation after posterior subtenon's corticosteroid injection. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of 64 consecutive patients (64 eyes) receiving posterior subtenon's corticosteroid injection. Patients were categorized as either historical corticosteroid responders or nonresponders based on intraocular pressure response to topical corticosteroid drops in the same eye or to previous posterior subtenon's corticosteroid injection of the fellow eye. Historical responders were defined as having a relative intraocular pressure increase of 5 mm Hg and absolute intraocular pressure greater than 24 mm Hg with an anatomically open angle. Relative risk of intraocular pressure elevation was evaluated based on historical response and presenting diagnosis. RESULTS: Nine eyes were historical responders, and 55 eyes were historical nonresponders. A higher rate of recurrent intraocular pressure elevation developed in historical responder eyes (4 of 9, 44%) compared with nonresponders (7 of 55, 13%) after posterior subtenon's injection ( P = .04, Fisher's test; P = .07, Kaplan-Meier analysis). Historical responders with uveitis were at significantly higher risk of intraocular pressure elevation than nonresponders without uveitis (hazard ratio=10.8, P = .04, Cox proportional hazards). All but one eye that developed intraocular pressure elevation from posterior subtenon's injection was adequately controlled with topical antiglaucoma therapy. CONCLUSION: In nonglaucomatous eyes, a previous history of corticosteroid-induced intraocular pressure elevation is a relative, not absolute, contraindication to posterior subtenon's corticosteroid injection, because the risk of intraocular pressure elevation is not absolute, and because it can usually be well controlled with topical antiglaucoma therapy.
A Hybrid Maximum Likelihood Position Computer for Scintillation Cameras

Maximum likelihood (ML) estimators offer advantages of improved spatial resolution and linearity over traditional position estimates in position sensitive detectors. We have constructed a two board, multibus based hybrid position computer capable of performing the ML estimate at SPECT countrates. In addition, the board can implement any estimate linear in the photomultiplier tube outputs.
Loss of orthogonolity in WCDMA downlinks

This papers investigates three methods for computing the loss of orthogonality of the OVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) codes over multipath channels. The methods presented in this paper range from analytical approximations to detailed Monte Carlo simulations. SINR estimates produced by the three methods are within 0.25dB of each other for a variety of channels.
Aspherical heterogeneity of the mantle from phase velocities of mantle waves

Long-period surface waves are used to map the lateral heterogeneity of the upper 100–600 km of the mantle. There is good correlation of velocity with surface tectonics and heat flow. Convergence regions are generally slow for Love waves and fast for Rayleigh waves. Back arc basins have slower than average shallow mantle. Some island arcs show evidence of fast material at greater depth. Deep-seated slow anomalies underlie the Red Sea–Afar region of north-east Africa, western North American–northern East Pacific Rise, Indian Ocean triple junction and the Tasman Sea–Campbell Plateau regions. The fastest regions are in the north central Australia–New Guinea and the South Atlantic.
Fossil Evidence and the Origin of Bats

The phylogenetic and geographic origins of bats (Chiroptera) remain unknown. The earliest confirmed records of bats date from the early Eocene (approximately 51 Ma) in North America with other early Eocene bat taxa also being represented from Europe, Africa, and Australia. Where known, skeletons of these early taxa indicate that many of the anatomical specializations characteristic of bats had already been achieved by the early Eocene, including forelimb and manus elongation in conjunction with structural changes in the pectoral skeleton, hind limb reorientation, and the presence of rudimentary echolocating abilities. By the middle Eocene, the diversification of bats was well underway with many modern families being represented among fossil forms. A new phylogenetic analysis indicates that several early fossil bats are consecutive sister taxa to the extant crown group (including megabats), and suggests a single origin for the order, at least by the late Paleocene. Although morphological studies have long placed bats in the Grandorder Archonta, (along with primates dermopterans, and tree shrews), recent molecular studies have refuted this hypothesis, instead strongly supporting placement of bats in Laurasiatheria. Primitively, proto-bats were likely insectivorous, under-branch hangers and elementary gliders that exploited terminal branch habitats. Recent work has indicated that a number of other mammalian groups began to exploit similar arboreal, terminal branch habitats in the Paleocene, including multituberculates, eulipotyphlans, dermopterans, and plesiadapiforms. This may offer an ecological explanation for morphological convergences that led to the erroneous inclusion of bats within Archonta: ancestral archontan groups as well as proto-bats apparently were exploiting similar arboreal habitats, which may have led to concurrent development of homoplasic morphological attributes.
Genetic evidence for asymmetric hybridization between menhadens (Brevoortia spp.) from peninsular Florida

Hybridization between the North American menhadens Brevoortia smithi, Brevoortia tyrannus and Brevoortia patronus has been reported by numerous authors, based primarily on the morphological intermediacy of hybrids relative to each parental type. In this study, genetic characterization of individuals in areas previously designated as hybrid zones validates the presence of F1 hybrids. Evidence from microsatellite genotypes indicates that B. patronus and B. smithi are parental species of hybrids on both sides of the Florida peninsula, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes suggest a maternal contribution by B. smithi in each case. Hybrids between B. tyrannus and B. smithi were not identified in this study. The presence of B. patronus on the Atlantic coast of Florida, coupled with admixture between this species and B. tyrannus, has likely influenced the mixed lineage assortment of mtDNA haplotypes demonstrated in this study and in previous studies.
Concordance and discordance in speech anxiety assessment: The effects of demand characteristics on the tripartite assessment method

The tripartite assessment method has been useful in describing the multiple-response systems of emotional behavior. Previous studies have demonstrated that behavioral, cognitive and physiological response systems of anxiety often do not covary. Forty speech-anxious Ss were assessed for physiological arousal, self-report of anxiety and behavioral avoidance within the context of a behavioral avoidance test requiring the presentation of an unprepared speech before a live audience. These data were used to test the Hodgson and Rachman hypothesis that response concordance varies as a function of the level of demand present during the assessment. The results indicate that high demand produced response discordance, however, low demand did not result in the response concordance hypothesized to occur under this condition. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of level of demand on response indices of anxiety, and the utility of the tripartite assessment method.
The representation of North Korean national image in national newspapers in the United States

Abstract This study examines how two major U.S. newspapers ( The New York Times and The Washington Post ) represented North Korea's national image during the two-year period (from 2001 to 2002). According to the findings, The New York Times and Washington Post showed a similar trend in their portrayal of North Korea. An anti-North Korea frame dominated the news coverage of North Korea in both newspapers. Furthermore, this study reveals that most news articles related to North Korea were classified into negative images instead of positive images.
Heparan sulfate potentiates the autocrine action of basic fibroblast growth factor in astrocytes: an in vivo and in vitro study

Abstract Increasing evidence indicates that heparan sulfate proteoglycans have a critical role in the regulation of the activity of basic fibroblast growth factor by interacting with it or its receptor. In this study we examined the possibility that heparan sulfate can modulate the basic fibroblast growth factor system at a more fundamental level than activity regulation, by influencing the synthesis of basic fibroblast growth factor and its receptor messenger RNAs. Previous studies in vitro indicate that basic fibroblast growth factor promotes proliferation and differentiation of astrocytes. Accordingly, we examined the possibility that the action of heparan sulfate on the basic fibroblast growth factor system could have a critical role in the modulation of reactivity and/or proliferation of astrocytes in vitro and in vivo . We report that basic fibroblast growth factor applied to pure astrocyte cultures or rat neocortex promoted an increase in the messenger RNA for basic fibroblast growth factor itself and for its receptor. Furthermore, basic fibroblast growth factor applied directly into the brain elicited an increase in messenger RNA for the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein. All of these actions, both in vitro and in vivo , were highly potentiated when heparan sulfate was applied in combination with basic fibroblast growth factor. These results suggest that basic fibroblast growth factor regulates astrocytic proliferation or reactivity via an autocrine cascade that involves induction of its own receptor, and that this action is modulated by heparan sulfate.
THE EFFECT OF PRUDHOE BAY CRUDE OIL ON SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF EGGS, ALEVINS, AND FRY OF PINK SALMON, ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA

ABSTRACT Standard 96-hour bioassays with “total” oil solutions in fresh water and seawater determined differences in sensitivity of the developing life stages of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). Eggs were the most resistant and emergent fry (yolk sac absorbed) the most sensitive to acute 4-day exposures. In fresh water, the 96-hour median tolerance limit (TLm) of fry was 0.4 ml oil/liter mixed mechanically (12 ppm as measured in subsurface water by infrared spectrophotometry). In seawater, it was 0.04 ml oil/liter mixed mechanically (6 ppm as measured in subsurface water by infrared spectrophotometry). Three life stages of alevins were exposed to 10-day sublethal exposures of the water-soluble fraction to determine what doses might affect growth. Growth was affected most severely in alevins exposed during later developmental stages. Decreased growth was observed in fry after 10-day exposures at the lowest dose tested–0.015 ml oil/liter mixed by water agitation (0.73 ppm in subsurface water by infrare...
Biocidal activity of hydantoin-containing polyurethane polymeric surface modifiers

Abstract The preparation of a new hydantoin-containing polyurethane surface modifier has been enabled by the development of a hydantoin-oxetane monomer that co-polymerizes to polyoxetane telechelics by ring-opening polymerization. After solution blending the hydantoin-containing polymer surface modifiers (2 wt%) with a conventional polyurethane, coating a substrate, and treating with dilute hypochlorite (bleach), the surfaces were challenged with Gram −ve Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram +ve Staphylococcus aureus in AATCC-100 ‘sandwich’ and aerosol spray tests. Thirty-minute spray tests were used to establish concentrations at which overchallenges of the contact-kill surfaces occurred. These tests confirmed that no biocide release occurred under the test conditions. The spray test showed unambiguously the improved efficacy of biocidal action for a surface modifier with 5 mol% semifluorinated content compared to the non-fluorinated version.
Time Present and Time Past: Rivalry and the Duration of Interstate Wars, 1846-1985

This article sits at the intersection of the rivalry, war duration, and bargaining literatures, suggesting that histories of armed conflict between states increase war duration through their effects on the selectorate and the wartime bargaining process. I argue that the historical relationship between two states plays an integral role in the duration of future conflict. Specifically, historical conflict between states intensifies the preference of national selectorates for military victory and narrows the range of negotiated settlements that leaders might pursue while still maintaining domestic political support. I employ Bennett and Stam's (1996) ex ante data set and Crescenzi and Enterline's (2001) International Interaction Score to provide an empirical test of the ability to generalize appropriately coded historical interaction to the topic of war duration. Contradicting earlier studies, the results of this analysis show that a properly operationalized measure of rivalry has significant and positive ef...
Effective automatic parallelization of stencil computations

Performance optimization of stencil computations has been widely studied in the literature, since they occur in many computationally intensive scientific and engineering applications. Compiler frameworks have also been developed that can transform sequential stencil codes for optimization of data locality and parallelism. However, loop skewing is typically required in order to tile stencil codes along the time dimension, resulting in load imbalance in pipelined parallel execution of the tiles. In this paper, we develop an approach for automatic parallelization of stencil codes, that explicitly addresses the issue of load-balanced execution of tiles. Experimental results are provided that demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Trajectories and Determinants of Alcohol Use among LGB Young Adults and Their Heterosexual Peers: Results from a Prospective Study.

Lesbians, gays, and bisexuals (LGBs) are at increased risk for alcohol use during young adulthood, but the mechanisms remain inadequately understood. The aim of the present study was to examine the trajectories and determinants of alcohol use among LGB young adults who were sampled prospectively. The sample included 111 LGB individuals (47 women and 64 men) and 2,109 heterosexuals (1,279 women and 830 men), who were assessed at three time points: during the summer after their senior year of high school and during the fall and spring of their freshman year of college. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses indicated that lesbians consumed more alcohol than their heterosexual peers during high school, whereas gay men increased their alcohol use at greater rates than heterosexual men during the initial transition to college. Positive alcohol expectancies and social norms mediated this relation for both men and women. The results extend the generalizability of these processes and highlight the importance of considering normative social-cognitive influences in the development of alcohol use among LGB young adults.
Propositional consistency proofs

Abstract Partial consistency statements can be expressed as polynomial-size propositional formulas. Frege proof systems have polynomial-size partial self-consistency proofs. Frege proof systems have polynomial-size proofs of partial consistency of extended Frege proof systems if and only if Frege proof systems polynomially simulate extended Frege proof systems. We give a new proof of Reckhow's theorem that any two Frege proof systems p -simulate each other. The proofs depend on polynomial size propositional formulas defining the truth of propositional formulas. These are already known to exist since the Boolean formula value problem is in alternating logarithmic time; this paper presents a proof of this fact based on a construction which is somewhat simpler than the prior proofs of Buss and of Buss-Cook- Gupta-Ramachandran.
Subjective assessment of high-level image compression of digitized mammograms

This study was designed to evaluate radiologists’ ability to identify highly-compressed, digitized mammographic images displayed on high-resolution, monitors. Mammography films were digitized at 50 micron pixel dimensions using a high-resolution laser film digitizer. Image data were compressed using the irreversible (lossy), wavelet-based JPEG 2000 method. Twenty images were randomly presented in pairs (one image per monitor) in three modes: mode 1, non-compressed versus 50:1 compression; mode 2, non-compressed versus 75:1 compression; and mode 3, 50:1 versus 75:1 compression with 20 random pairs presented twice (80 pairs total). Six radiologists were forced to choose which image had the lower level of data compression in a two-alternative forced choice paradigm. The average percent correct across the six radiologists for modes 1, 2 and 3 were 52.5% (+/-11.3), 58.3% (+/-14.7), and 58.3% (+/-7.5), respectively. Intra-reader agreement ranged from 10 to 50% and Kappa from -0.78 to -0.19. Kappa for inter-reader agreement ranged from -0.47 to 0.37. The “monitor effect” (left/right) was of the same order of magnitude as the radiologists’ ability to identify the lower level of image compression. In this controlled evaluation, radiologists did not accurately discriminate non-compressed and highly-compressed images. Therefore, 75:1 image compression should be acceptable for review of digitized mammograms in a telemammography system.
Sex, violence, & rock n' roll: Longitudinal effects of music on aggression, sex, and prosocial behavior during adolescence

The current study examined longitudinal associations between listening to aggression, sex, and prosocial behavior in music on a number of behavioral outcomes across a one-year period during adolescence. Adolescents (N = 548, M age = 15.32, 52% female) completed a number of questionnaires on musical preferences, general media use, aggression, sexual outcomes, and prosocial behavior at two different time points separated by about one year. Using structural equation modeling to analyze the data, results revealed that listening to aggression in music was associated with increased aggression and decreased prosocial behavior over time, even when controlling for initial levels of these behaviors. Listening to sexual content in music was associated with earlier initiation of sexual intercourse and a trend for a higher number of sexual partners (reported at Time 2). Prosocial behavior in music was not associated with any behavioral outcome longitudinally. Collectively, these results suggest that listening to certain types of content in music can have a longitudinal effect on behavior during adolescence.
The promises of peace

I ACCEPT THE HOOVER MEDAL for 1946 with a deep feeling of gratefulness and pleasure. Let me say that in accepting it I regard it as in the larger measure a symbol of your recognition and salute to the able and unselfish men with whom it has been my rare privilege to be joined in collaboration and partnership in these recent years.
Self-relevance and goal-directed processing in the recall and weighting of information about others

Abstract The purpose of these studies is twofold: (1) to ascertain whether schemarelevant information about others is recalled better and is accorded greater weight by schematics than by aschematics, and (2) to determine whether perceivers' self-schemas and processing goals during person perception have independent or interactive effects. Experiment 1 presented subjects with either a global or a specific goal. A description of the target contained both information relevant to some of the subjects' self-schemas and information relevant to the specific goal. Schematics better recalled schematic information than did aschematics only in the global goal (impression formation) condition. Subjects in the specific goal conditions best recalled goal-relevant information. In Experiment 2, subjects made either a global or a specific judgment. Target information was self-relevant for half the subjects. The degree to which subjects weighted each type of stimulus information in their judgments was ascertained using a policy capturing paradigm. Schematics weighted schema-relevant information more heavily than did aschematics in both goal conditions. In addition, schematics weighted a trait highly associated to the schematic trait more heavily than did aschematics. The influence of perceivers' goals on the self-schematic processing of information about other persons is discussed.
A cognitive-conceptual dictionary, and its application in computer analyses of content

This is a report on an operational technique for the content analysis of free flowing text, employing a conceptual dictionary. The method has been applied in numerous studies, and while it is undergoing constant revision, currently stands as a feasible approach to automatic content analysis. The dictionary is like an interlingual dictionary, translating words into a cognitive-conceptual language by substituting concepts for the words. The cognitiveconceptual language consists of 114 content categories empirically derived by grouping words related in meaning. About 25,000 words of English are so categorized. A text may be analyzed for total content or for selected categories. A recent advance in programming, which we call a "fall back" routine, permits the program to process a virtually unedited text and to match text words with dictionary words even where they differ by suffix. The procedure does this by taking the dictionary word which matches most closely to the text word.
Dopamine modulates evoked transmission at cholinergic synapses formed by rat retinal neurons with muscle cells

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dopamine on synaptic transmission mediated by cholinergic neurons derived from the rat retina. We used a cell culture system that permitted the physiological monitoring of acetylcholine released at synapses formed between retinal neurons and striated muscle cells. Dopamine was found to facilitate evoked transmission by a mechanism mediated by D1 dopamine receptors. The results support the hypothesis that dopamine may have a modulatory role in information processing by the mammalian retina.
Tn-seq: high-throughput parallel sequencing for fitness and genetic interaction studies in microorganisms.

High-throughput sequencing of Mariner transposon insertion libraries is used for quantitative studies of fitness and of genetic interactions in Streptococcus pneumoniae. The approach should allow similar studies in several microorganismal species.