cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Apparatus for optical studies of materials at hydrostatic pressures and low temperatures in magnetic fields

Abstract A system has been developed to allow optical investigation of materials at low temperature as a function of pressure and magnetic field. The design makes possible the application of hydrostatic pressures to 8 kbar (800 MPa) while simultaneously subjecting the sample to the field of a small bore (1.84 cm) superconducting magnet. The pressure generation method and the optical configuration are discussed and examples of 4K luminescence spectra for a InGaAs/GaAs strained-layer superlattice are presented.
The effect of early social isolation on imitative pecking in young chicks: The influence of repeated exposure to the testing situation

Ten White Leghorn chicks were reared in social isolation and another 10 were reared normally in a group. When tested at 18 days of age, group chicks exhibited more imitative pecking than did isolates. Isolates’ base rates were relatively higher than those of the group animals, and their rate of responding dropped when presented with a model. These effects held up over 6 test days.
Inverted Follicular Keratosis

We reviewed 17 cases of inverted follicular keratosis. The median age of the patients at the time of surgery was 69 years. Follow-up in 14 cases showed no recurrences of inverted follicular keratosis, which is a benign skin lesion, often mistaken clinically and pathologically for a malignancy. Inverted follicular keratosis is characterized histologically by the presence of squamous eddies, acantholysis, acanthosis, and hyperkeratosis.
Estimating the Shear Modulus of Gravelly Soils

A special large-scale torsional resonant column apparatus was used to test gravelly soils. Values of small strain elastic shear modulus ( Gmax ) and modulus reduction relationships [shear modulus (G) versus shear strain (γ) ] were measured for specimens of uniform and graded crushed limestone gravel, graded river gravel, standard Ottawa and crushed limestone sands, and gravel–sand–silt mixtures. Measurements of Gmax were used to modify existing three-dimensional constitutive equations for soil elasticity for application to gravelly soils. The value of Gmax for relatively clean uniform and graded gravels was found to increase with particle size. Soils with a variety of gradations were tested to identify the particular particle size in a graded material that is effective in determining Gmax . With respect to modulus reduction, the need to normalize both modulus and strain is demonstrated. Normalization of both modulus and strain ( G∕ Gmax versus γ∕ γr , where γr is defined as reference strain) leads to rela...
The Shiraz Arts Festival: Western Avant-Garde Arts in 1970s Iran

Iran in the 1970s was host to an array of electronic music and avant-garde arts. In the decade prior to the Islamic revolution, the Shiraz Arts Festival provided a showcase for composers, performers, dancers and theater directors from Iran and abroad, among them Iannis Xenakis, Peter Brook, John Cage, Gordon Mumma, David Tudor, Karlheinz Stockhausen and Merce Cunningham. A significant arts center, which was to include electronic music and recording studios, was planned as an outgrowth of the festival. While the complex politics of the Shah's regime and the approaching revolution brought these developments to an end, a younger generation of artists continued the festival's legacy.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF COLORECTAL POLYPS. PREVALENCE IN NEW ORLEANS AND INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS.

Based on a study of the prevalence of intestinal polyps in New Orleans and on international comparisons, the following conclusions are reached. 1) There is a close parallelism in the epidemiology of colon cancer and adenomatous polyps. Both conditions are statistically associated with respect to geography, anatomic localization, socioeconomic class, migration experience and time trends. 2) The strength of the association favors the notion of a direct, positive correlation between multiplicity, size and atypia of polyps, and cancer risk, equivalent to "dose-effect". 3) The epidemiologic findings are coherent with other biologic facts derived from clinical, morphological and experimental studies. 4) Adenomatous polyps are a good epidemiologic indicator of colon cancer risk and their presence should be helpful in advancing from studies of the epidemiology of colon cancer to the epidemiology of precursor lesions.
Workshop Introducing Engineering Design with K'Nex® Based Project Kits

Mercer University's School of Engineering has been using K'Nexreg based design kits in its Introduction to Engineering Design Course for several years. These kits have been used to build vehicles that participate in a variety of competition venues including amphibious, boat, cable car, dragster, off road, and ramped. These competitions have been run in timed race, tug-of-war, and head-on collision formats. This course is not just a brainstorming or build and test experience but also introduces the concept of an engineering design process including the selection of a 'best' design based on technical considerations and prediction of design performance. Students present their design experience and decisions through two design reviews which include a document and presentation. This workshop will consist of a mini-design experience. Participants will work in small groups. The design experience will include brainstorming, technical calculations, design selection, design construction, testing, and presentations. The design experience will conclude with a competition
Immunofluorescence studies on the expression of VHa allotypes by pre-B and B cells of homozygous and heterozygous rabbits

Fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies specific for C mu determinants and VH a allotypes were used to examine pre-B cells and B lymphocytes for expression of these markers. The majority of mu+ bone marrow pre-B cells were shown to express a allotypic determinants in conjunction with C mu. Both pre-B and B cells from a2 a3 heterozygous rabbits showed allelic exclusion of these allotypes. Pre-B cells expressing the a2 or a3 specificities appeared to be generated in approximately equal numbers in heterozygotes, while B lymphocytes expressing a3 appeared to undergo preferential clonal expansion very early in development. It was also observed that rabbit bone marrow and blood contained a population of myeloid cells which, in a2 a3 heterozygotes, stained for both a2 and a3 determinants. The frequencies of this cell type, which exhibited bright immunofluorescence staining for a allotypes, could not be reduced by prolonged incubation at 37 degrees C but were readily reduced after cell suspensions were treated with low pH buffer. It is concluded that these myeloid cells bear high avidity Fc receptors for serum immunoglobulin and may be the culprits in studies which have found production of two a or b allotypes by individual B lymphocytes.
The usefulness of an assessment of emotional involvement of HIV-positive mothers and their infants.

Abstract Introduction: A positive mother-infant relationship is crucial for optimal child development: however, many factors may interfere with the development of a such a relationship. One group at risk for compromised mother-infant interactions is women with HIV infection. The purposes of this study were (a) to examine the usefulness of the Attachment During Stress scale (ADS) for measuring the emotional involvement of HIV-positive mothers with their infants during a clinic visit and (b) to explore the effects of maternal health status, age, parity, and educational level on mother-infant involvement. Method: A descriptive, longitudinal study was conducted with 57 primarily African American HIV-positive mothers and their infants who were patients at 1 of 2 regional referral center. The ADS was completed during the child's physical examination at 3, 6, and 12 months of age, and mothers completed questionnaires during these visits. Results: Maternal age, education level, health status, and parity were not related to maternal emotional involvement. However, the emotional involvement of the mother and infant were correlated ( r = 0.73, P Discussion: These findings suggest that the ADS may be a useful screening tool to supplement the nurse's clinical judgment in a pediatric outpatient setting. The ADS provides some useful information about the emotional involvement of the mother and infant, although it does not provide a comprehensive assessment of their relationship.
An Optical Pointing Telescope for Radio Astronomy

Design details are given for a stable optical pointing telescope for radio astronomy. The telescope is a 100 mm f/15 refractor with the objective glued to a ring of three blade flexures, an insulated and vented Invar tube mounted on flexures, and an axially symmetric camera mount. For a pair of identical telescopes, the rms differential pointing stability is 0.1" hr^(-1) over 2 hr, 0.05" day^(-1) over 3 days, 0.03" K^(-1), and 0.1″ after a 90° change in elevation.
Utilization of a Species Occupancy Model for Management and Conservation

Conserving habitat is increasingly challenging as human populations grow. Remote-sensing technology has provided a means to delineate species' habitat on large spatial scales. However, by combining habitat delineations with predictions of species' occurrence, habitat models can provide additional utility applications for conservation by allowing us to forecast how changing environmental and landscape conditions affect species' occurrence and distribution. We demonstrate how a spatially explicit habitat occupancy model for the golden-cheeked warbler (Setophaga chrysoparia) can be used as an impact assessment and conservation planning tool. We used predictions of patch-level occupancy rates and created several scenarios that simulated the removal or protection of warbler habitats. Resulting changes to habitat structure and availability were used to assess the resulting impacts of removal or protection on the occurrence probability for remaining habitat patches. By recalculating occupancy based on changes to habitat, our approach provides the ability to assess and compare impacts of location and orientation of development so that the least harmful option relative to predicted occurrence can be chosen. Potential applications of our modeling approach are many because our methods provide a useful tool for identifying potential impacts and assisting with mitigation efforts focused on the conservation and management of a species. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Synthesis of PECAM-1-specific 64Cu PET imaging agent: Evaluation of myocardial infarction caused by ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse

A PECAM-1 specific PET imaging agent, PECAM-1-Ab-DOTA-(64)Cu, was synthesized by conjugating the anti-mouse PECAM-1 antibody with 2,2',2",2"'-(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrayl)tetraacetic acid (DOTA) and subsequent labeling with (64)Cu. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) was successfully performed in a mouse model of myocardial infarction (MI) induced by an ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, indicating the elevated expression of PECAM-1.
Numerical study of the effect of surface waves on turbulence underneath. Part 1. Mean flow and turbulence vorticity

Direct numerical simulation is performed to study the effect of progressive gravity waves on turbulence underneath. The Navier–Stokes equations subject to fully nonlinear kinematic and dynamic free-surface boundary conditions are simulated on a surface-following mapped grid using a fractional-step scheme with a pseudo-spectral method in the horizontal directions and a finite-difference method in the vertical direction. To facilitate a mechanistic study that focuses on the fundamental physics of wave–turbulence interaction, the wave and turbulence fields are set up precisely in the simulation: a pressure-forcing method is used to generate and maintain the progressive wave being investigated and to suppress other wave components, and a random forcing method is used to produce statistically steady, homogeneous turbulence in the bulk flow beneath the surface wave. Cases with various moderate-to-large turbulence-to-wave time ratios and wave steepnesses are considered. Study of the turbulence velocity spectrum shows that the turbulence is dynamically forced by the surface wave. Mean flow and turbulence vorticity are studied in both the Eulerian and Lagrangian frames of the wave. In the Eulerian frame, statistics of the underlying turbulence field indicates that the magnitude of turbulence vorticity and the inclination angle of vortices are dependent on the wave phase. In the Lagrangian frame, wave properties and the accumulative effect on turbulence vorticity are studied. It is shown that vertical vortices are tilted in the wave propagation direction due to the cumulative effects of both the Stokes drift velocity and the correlation between turbulence fluctuations and wave strain rate, whereas for streamwise vortices, these two factors offset each other and result in a negligible tilting effect.
Environmental Problems Associated with Arctic Development Especially in Alaska

Rapid development for the exploration and extraction of mineral and petroleum resources in the cold-dominated arctic tundra and subarctic taiga regions of the world has resulted in a series of unexpected potential impacts on the environment, wildlife, and human health and safety.Surface transportation, especially over low wet-tundra areas in summer, causes long-term changes in vegetation through reduction of insulation to the underlying permafrost. The number of passes over the same track, ground pressure of the vehicle, and speed of travel, affect the degree of degradation. For permanent roads, gravel removed from adjacent stream-beds or hillsides and laid directly on the tundra mat, has provided the most suitable road-bed. These roads, and the removal of gravel, however cause aesthetic and practical problems such as spreading of dust, impoundment of water, behavioural barricading of animals, alteration of river channels, and siltation of streams.Anadromous fishes constitute a major food resource; alteration of stream channels or siltation of rivers can affect their movement and reproductive success. Oil-spills in aquatic systems, especially in rivers, are harder to control and clean up than terrestrial ones. Recovery of ponds in which oil has been spilled takes several years. The oil-rich outer-continental shelves in the Beaufort, Chukchi, and Bering Seas, now under exploration for oil, are especially sensitive, as they are highly productive and contain unique populations of marine mammals and birds.Human habitation of the Arctic requires transport of food, fuel, and construction materials for lodging, and disposal of refuse and human wastes which, due to the permafrost-underlain vegetative mat, is difficult in arctic areas. Heating by fossil fuels results in ice-fogs in winter and accumulation of atmospheric pollutants at ground-level during thermal inversions at all seasons.Perhaps the greatest impact on arctic ecosystems is simply the increased intervention of the human population. Where native people were previously only sparsely settled or nomadic in the tundra, and on coasts where they tended to congregate, now the economic need for resources has resulted in increased pressure overall which will result in decreasing habitats for wildlife, destruction of wilderness areas, and increased access to humans for further exploration and recreation.
Guanosine pentaphosphate synthetase from Streptomyces antibioticus is also a polynucleotide phosphorylase

The gene for the enzyme guanosine pentaphosphate synthetase I (GPSI) from Streptomyces antibioticus has been cloned and sequenced. The cloned gene functioned as a template in the streptomycete coupled transcription-translation system and directed the synthesis of a protein with the properties expected for GPSI. Sequencing of the cloned gene identified an open reading frame of 740 amino acids whose amino terminal sequence corresponded to the N terminus of purified GPSI. The GPSI protein sequence was found to possess significant homology to polynucleotide phosphorylase from Escherichia coli. Indeed, like E. coli polynucleotide phosphorylase, purified GPSI was shown to catalyze the polymerization of ADP and the phosphorolysis of poly(A). However, the E. coli enzyme was unable to catalyze the synthesis of guanosine pentaphosphate under conditions in which GPSI was highly active in that reaction. Overexpression of the cloned gpsI gene in E. coli led to an increase in both polynucleotide phosphorylase and guanosine pentaphosphate synthetase activities in the cloning host. The polynucleotide phosphorylase activities of GPSI and of the E. coli enzyme were strongly inhibited by dCDP, but the pppGpp synthetase activity of GPSI was not inhibited and indeed was slightly stimulated by dCDP. These results strongly support the identity of GPSI as a bifunctional enzyme capable of both pppGpp synthesis and polynucleotide phosphorylase activities.
Updates and Asynchronous Communication in Trusted Computing Systems

Software-based usage controls typically are vulnerable to attacks. Trusted platform modules (TPMs) can enable much more robust controls. However, as conventionally understood, TPM-secured systems may not support software updates or asynchronous communication. We contribute techniques that overcome these limitations, enabling updates, secure transmission of usage-controlled files via email or removable disks, and secure use of such files on low-cost commercially available computers. We implemented the proposed scheme on Linux and report on its performance.
Altered viscerotopic cortical innervation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.

Background Studies have demonstrated the existence of regional gray matter and white matter (WM) alterations in the brains of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but the extent to which altered anatomical connectivity between brain regions is altered in IBS remains incompletely understood. Methods In this study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were used to identify significant brain connectivity differences between IBS patients and healthy control (HC) subjects. Based on MRI and DTI volumes acquired from 66 IBS patients and 23 HC subjects, multivariate regression was used to investigate whether subject age, sex, cortical thickness, or the mean fractional anisotropy (FA) of WM connections innervating each location on the cortex could predict IBS diagnosis. Key Results HC and IBS subjects were found to differ significantly within both left and right viscerotopic portions of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), with the mean FA of WM bundles innervating S1 being the predictor variable responsible for these significant differences. Conclusions & Inferences These preliminary findings illustrate how a chronic visceral pain syndrome and brain structure are related in the cohort examined, and because of their indication that IBS diagnosis is associated with anatomic neuropathology of potential neurological relevance in this patient sample.
Composite classifiers for automatic target recognition

Composite classifiers that are constructed by combining a number of component classifiers are designed and evaluated on the problem of automatic target recognition (ATR) using forward-looking IR (FLIR) imagery. Two existing classifiers, one based on learning vector quantization and the other on modular neural networks, are used as the building blocks for our composite classifiers. A number of classifier fu- sion algorithms, which combine the outputs of all the component classi- fiers, and classifier selection algorithms, which use a cascade architec- ture that relies on a subset of the component classifiers, are analyzed. Each composite classifier is implemented and tested on a large data set of real FLIR images. The performance of the proposed composite clas- sifiers are compared based on their classification ability and computa- tional complexity. It is demonstrated that the composite classifier based on a cascade architecture greatly reduces computational complexity with a statistically insignificant decrease in performance in comparison to standard classifier fusion algorithms. © 1998 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumen- tation Engineers. (S0091-3286(98)01803-0)
Consequences of Extended Egg Retention in the Eastern Fence Lizard (Sceloporus undulatus)

Egg retention beyond the normal time of oviposition occurs frequently in oviparous squamate reptiles and is thought to be a response to unfavorable nesting conditions. During studies of the Eastern Fence Lizard (Sceloporus undulatus), we obtained data on the effects of extended egg retention on embryonic development, hatchling phenotypes, and posthatching survival under natural field conditions. Females that retained eggs beyond the normal time of oviposition produced heavier eggs with embryos more advanced (by one stage unit) at the time of oviposition than females that did not retain eggs for extended periods. Egg retention did not affect any hatchling phenotype (i.e., body size, thermal preference, running speed, desiccation rate, growth rate) but had a significant positive effect on posthatching survival in the field. However, the mechanism by which extended egg retention affects posthatching survival remains unclear. Our results have implications for the evolution of viviparity, but carefully designed experiments are needed to further understand the causes and consequences of extended egg retention.
Allegiance in Psychotherapy Outcome Research: Separating Association From Bias

Concern about the contamination of psychotherapy outcome studies by “allegiance bias”—distortion of findings because of investigators’ preferences—has led to the proposal that findings to date should not be used to make inferences about the relative efficacies of psychotherapies. It has also been proposed that results from all such studies should be adjusted to cancel the presumed distorting effects of allegiances. We argue that although much effort has been devoted towards establishing the existence of statistical associations between allegiances and outcomes, the causal implication—that investigators’ allegiances influence results—has gone virtually untested. We present a new vocabulary with the aim of sharpening the allegiance discourse, and we propose that research strategies markedly different from the ones used to date are needed to address some of the more serious limitations of allegiance bias research.
UNC-6/Netrin induces neuronal asymmetry and defines the site of axon formation

UNC-6/Netrin and its receptor UNC-40/DCC are conserved regulators of growth cone guidance. By directly observing developing neurons in vivo, we show that UNC-6 and UNC-40 also function during axon formation to initiate, maintain and orient asymmetric neuronal growth. The immature HSN neuron of Caenorhabditis elegans breaks spherical symmetry to extend a leading edge toward ventral UNC-6. In unc-6 and unc-40 mutants, leading edge formation fails, the cell remains symmetrical until late in development and the axon that eventually forms is misguided. Thus netrin has two activities: one that breaks neuronal symmetry and one that guides the future axon. As the axon forms, UNC-6, UNC-40 and the lipid modulators AGE-1/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and DAF-18/PTEN drive the actin-regulatory pleckstrin homology (PH) domain protein MIG-10/lamellipodin ventrally in HSN to promote asymmetric growth. The coupling of a directional netrin cue to sustained asymmetric growth via PI3K signaling is reminiscent of polarization in chemotaxing cells.
Phosphorus–nitrogen rotation barriers: Further studies

Phosphorus–nitrogen rotation barriers have been determined by low temperature NMR methods in a variety of compounds of the type RP(X)NR2′. The observed activation parameters are concentration and solvent independent. Increasing the bulk of substituents on nitrogen increases the barrier. Phosphonamidous fluorides (X = F) have lower barriers than the corresponding chlorides (X = Cl). Increasing the bulk of substituents on phosphorus decreases the barrier.
A novel decision function and the associated decision-feedback learning for speech translation

In this paper we report our recent development of an end-to-end integrative design methodology for speech translation. Specifically, a novel decision function is proposed based on the Bayesian analysis, and the associated discriminative learning technique is presented based on the decision-feedback principle. The decision function in our end-to-end design methodology integrates acoustic scores, language model scores and translation scores to refine the translation hypotheses and to determine the best translation candidate. This Bayesian-guided decision function is then embedded into the training process that jointly learns the parameters in speech recognition and machine translation sub-systems in the overall speech translation system. The resulting decision-feedback learning takes a functional form similar to the minimum classification error training. Experimental results obtained on the IWSLT DIALOG 2010 database showed that the proposed system outperformed the baseline system in terms of BLEU score by 2.3 points.
Teacher education and PK outcomes: Are we asking the right questions?☆

Abstract Recent studies do not find consistent relationships between teacher degree, major, and certification, and PK outcomes (Early, D. M., Bryant, D. M., Pianta, R. C., Clifford, R. M., Burchinal, M. R., Ritchie, S., et al. (2006). Are teachers’ education, major, and credentials related to classroom quality and children's academic gains in pre-kindergarten? Early Childhood Research Quarterly , 21 , 174–195; Early, D. M., Maxwell, K. L., Burchinal, M., Bender, R. H., Ebanks, C., Henry, G. T., et al. (2007). Teachers’ education, classroom quality, and young children's academic skills: Results from seven studies of preschool programs. Child Development , 78 , 558–580), raising questions about the impact of the degrees and certifications of PK teachers on children's learning. The researchers note that these findings do not support the conclusion that teacher education does not matter for children's learning. However, they do not provide specific directions for policymakers who decide on the minimum requirements for teacher qualifications in PK programs. This commentary raises issues for researchers and policymakers about whether PK is part of a K-12 educational continuum, how teachers are prepared to teach, how research is designed to inform policy, and the importance of developmental science in policy-relevant education research. As part of a future PK-16 education system, we propose that the BA be the entry requirement for PK as it is for K-12 teachers, followed by professional education combined with extensive classroom experiences.
An Intact TAR Element and Cytoplasmic Localization Are Necessary for Efficient Packaging of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Genomic RNA

Although most reports defining the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genomic RNA packaging signal have focused on the region downstream of the major 5′ splice site, others have suggested that sequences upstream of the splice site may also play an important role. In this study we have directly examined the role played by the HIV-1 TAR region in RNA packaging. For these experiments we used a proviral expression system that is largely independent of Tat for transcriptional activation. This allowed us to create constructs that efficiently expressed RNAs carrying mutations in TAR and to determine the ability of these RNAs to be packaged. Our results indicate that loss of sequences in TAR significantly reduce the ability of a viral RNA to be packaged. The requirement for TAR sequences in RNA packaging was further examined by using a series of missense mutations positioned throughout the entire TAR structure. TAR mutations previously shown to influence Tat transactivation, such as G31U in the upper loop region or UCU to AAG in the bulge (nucleotides [nt] 22 to 24), failed to have any effect on RNA packaging. Mutations which disrupted the portion of the TAR stem immediately below the bulge also had little effect. In contrast, dramatic effects on RNA packaging were observed with constructs containing mutations in the lower portion of the TAR stem. Point mutations which altered nt 5 to 9, 10 to 15, 44 to 49, or 50 to 54 all reduced RNA packaging 11- to 25-fold. However, compensatory double mutations which restored the stem structure were able to restore packaging. These results indicate that an intact lower stem structure, rather than a specific sequence, is required for RNA packaging. Our results also showed that RNA molecules retained within the nucleus cannot be packaged, unless they are transported to the cytoplasm by either Rev/Rev response element or the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus constitutive transport element.
Amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Diagnostic outcomes and clinical prediction over a two-year time period

Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has been defined as a precursor to Alzheimer's disease (AD), although it is sometimes difficult to identify which persons with MCI will eventually convert to AD. We sought to predict MCI conversion to AD over a two-year follow-up period using baseline demographic and neuropsychological test data from 49 MCI patients. Using a stepwise discriminant function analysis with Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) Initiation/Perseveration and Wechsler Memory Scale, third edition (WMS-III) Visual Reproduction Percent Retention scores, we correctly classified 85.7% of the sample as either AD converters or MCI nonconverters, with 76.9% sensitivity and 88.9% specificity. Adding race, the presence of vascular risk factors, or cholinesterase inhibitor use to the analysis did not greatly change the classification rates obtained with neuropsychological test data. Examining neuropsychological test cutoff scores revealed that DRS Initiation/Perseveration scores below 37 and Visual Reproduction Percent Retention scores below 26% correctly identified AD converters with 76.9% sensitivity and 91.7% specificity. These results demonstrate that commonly administered neuropsychological tests identify persons with MCI at baseline who are at risk for conversion to AD within 1-2 years. Such methods could aid in identifying MCI patients who might benefit from early treatment, in providing prognostic information to patients, and identifying potential clinical trial participants.
Alcoholism Outreach in Single Room Occupancies

Alcoholism flourishes in the community occupying single room occupancy (SRO) dwellings on Manhattan's west side. Individuals in this setting have few social resources and by reason of background and deprivation are inhibited from seeking help for their alcoholism. Consequently a direct in-person outreach approach is required in order to effect treatment. The milieu is rife with physical and psychological threats to occupants. These present unique challenges to the community alcoholism counselor who, as a member of an interdisciplinary community mental health treatment team, seeks to intervene. Counselor is viewed by client as an intruder in the environment. Breaking the isolation in which the client is immersed and developing a bond with him becomes the most immediate and most difficult of the several tasks facing the counselor.
Apparent Specific Volume of the Calcium Caseinate–Calcium Phosphate Complex in Milk

Summary Skimmilks were progressively depleted of casein colloids by centrifuging, supernatant liquids and deposited colloids being thus obtained. The deposits were washed by redispersing in distilled water and recentrifuging. Densities were determined on the supernatant liquids and on water suspensions of the washed colloids. The analysis of the data on supernatant liquids is novel, in that the apparent specific volume is first calculated for the casein complex hydrate and the specific volume of the unhydrated complex derived from this, a procedure required because the solvent is not water but milk serum. Within close limits, the values obtained are the same as those calculated directly from the densities of suspensions of washed deposits, and also agree with values calculated from the separate specific volumes of the components of the complex. The apparent specific volumes found vary slightly with composition, and are to a first approximation linearly related to the calcium content of the complex. For a colloid fraction of milk of average calcium content the apparent specific volume found is 0.697, and the extremes are 0.694 and 0.700, all with probable errors of about 0.4%. Use of these values in calculating the densities of the hydrated and solvated casein colloid particles as they exist in milk is discussed. The data are for Jersey and Holstein milks.
Robust fuzzy clustering of relational data

Popular relational-data clustering algorithms, relational dual of fuzzy c-means (RFCM), non-Euclidean RFCM (NERFCM) (both by Hathaway et al), and FANNY (by Kaufman and Rousseeuw) are examined. A new algorithm, which is a generalization of FANNY, called the fuzzy relational data clustering (FRC) algorithm, is introduced, having an identical objective functional as RFCM. However, the FRC does not have the restriction of RFCM, which is that the relational data is derived from Euclidean distance as the measure of dissimilarity between the objects, and it also does not have limitations of FANNY, including the use of a fixed membership exponent, or a fuzzifier exponent, m. The FRC algorithm is further improved by incorporating the concept of Dave's object data noise clustering (NC) algorithm, done by proposing a concept of noise-dissimilarity. Next, based on the constrained minimization, which includes an inequality constraint for the memberships and corresponding Kuhn-Tucker conditions, a noise resistant, FRC algorithm is derived which works well for all types of non-Euclidean dissimilarity data. Thus it is shown that the extra computations for data expansion (/spl beta/-spread transformation) required by the NERFCM algorithm are not necessary. This new algorithm is called robust non-Euclidean fuzzy relational data clustering (robust-NE-FRC), and its robustness is demonstrated through several numerical examples. Advantages of this new algorithm are: faster convergence, robustness against outliers, and ability to handle all kinds of relational data, including non-Euclidean. The paper also presents a new and better interpretation of the noise-class.
Follow-up notes on articles previously published in the journal. Further experiences with the treatment of scoliosis by cast correction and spine fusion with fresh autogenous iliac-bone grafts.

1. One hundred and twenty children with idiopathic, paralytic, and congenital scoliosis were treated by cast correction and spine fusion, supplemented with large amounts of fresh autogenous iliac bone. 2. Sixty-five curvatures were corrected by a turnbuckle cast, fifty-five by localizer cast. 3. All patients were available for follow-up study. 4. Pseudarthrosis occurred in ten patients in 125 consecutive fusion operations (8 per cent) in patients less than twenty years old. 5. Lengthening of the curve occurred in fourteen patients. 6. Major wound infections requiring incision and drainage occurred in five patients (4 per cent). 7. A meticulously performed spine fusion is essential in the surgical correction of scoliosis and helps to ensure a solid fusion with maintenance of correction. 8. A large amount of supplementary fresh autogenous iliac bone contributes to a massive solid fusion that is sufficiently organized and incorporated at one year to maintain correction. 9. Uncompromised cast immobilization in recumbency is an important factor in obtaining good results. 10. Excellent correction was obtained and maintained by cast correction and fusion.
Using a Measure of Student Holistic Development for Quality Assurance

Engineering is a global profession and engineering education has been charged to prepare engineers accordingly. Students’ knowledge and acquisition of technical skills in the field of engineering are necessary but insufficient in the preparation of future engineers. Personal and interpersonal skills and attitudes are also worthy and essential requirements in the preparation of engineers. Professional and other accrediting and Quality Assurance agencies which have the responsibility for the Quality Assurance of engineering programs are asking institutions to be held accountable for meeting these expanded and inclusive requirements. However, dimensions and domains of student and human development are some of the more difficult to be assessed, and are thus not well represented in the arsenal of instruments and strategies that focus on student development, more broadly defined. This chapter describes the work done in constructing an instrument, the Global Perspective Inventory that assesses students’ progress in their journey in becoming global citizens.
Beliefs about Ballot Monitoring in Latin America

The emergence of the Australian ballot is an important democratic development because it encourages sincere voting. When ballots are secret, voters can avoid potential social, economic, and physical sanctions for voting for the “wrong candidate.” While ballot secrecy is the norm in most advanced democracies as well as many new democracies, the threat of monitoring of vote choices remains if citizens believe that their ballot decisions can be monitored, even if parties and candidates cannot actually determine individual vote choices. This is particularly troubling in many new democracies in which vote buying and electoral intimidation are common, since enforcement of such exchanges hinges on whether citizens believe that their voting behavior can be monitored. While perceptions of ballot secrecy are central to models of vote buying and intimidation, studies of such perceptions are nearly non-existent outside of advanced democracies. In this study, we analyze original survey data on perceptions of ballot monitoring conducted after 14 elections in 10 Latin America countries from 2008-2014. We find significant variance in beliefs about ballot secrecy, and substantial minorities (and in one country, a majority) expressed doubts about ballot secrecy in nearly all the studies. While the individual level predictors of monitoring perceptions vary across the cases, experience with vote buying - through either receiving gifts or favors directly or witnessing such distribution in the neighborhood - is one of the most consistent predictors of monitoring perceptions. Further, in contrast to studies conducted in advanced democracies, voters, rather than abstainers, are more likely to believe that their vote choices can be monitored.
Update on prostate cancer vaccines.

Abstract The recent approval of Sipuleucel-T (Dendreon, Seattle, WA) from the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of men with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer was a landmark in cancer immunotherapy, making this the first cancer "vaccine" approved for use in a treatment setting. This approval has led to renewed interest in cancer vaccines and to the recognition that prostate cancer represents an immunologically sensitive disease. At the current time, several vaccine approaches are under clinical investigation. These include viral vectors, antigen-loaded dendritic cells, and DNA vaccines. Each approach has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. This review will introduce the basic technology underlying these different vaccines and briefly discuss completed and ongoing clinical trials. As a great number of prostate cancer vaccines have been investigated in both preclinical and clinical settings, we will focus primarily on vaccines that are currently in clinical trials, as ascertained by a recent inquiry of the clinical trials database, www.clinicaltrials.gov.
Cost-effectiveness of the LIFE Physical Activity Intervention for Older Adults at Increased Risk for Mobility Disability

Background Losing the ability to walk safely and independently is a major concern for many older adults. The Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders study recently demonstrated that a physical activity (PA) intervention can delay the onset of major mobility disability. Our objective is to examine the resources required to deliver the PA intervention and calculate the incremental cost-effectiveness compared with a health education intervention. Methods The Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders study enrolled 1,635 older adults at risk for mobility disability. They were recruited at eight field centers and randomly assigned to either PA or health education. The PA program consisted of 50-minute center-based exercise 2× weekly, augmented with home-based activity to achieve a goal of 150 min/wk of PA. Health education consisted of weekly workshops for 26 weeks, and monthly sessions thereafter. Analyses were conducted from a health system perspective, with a 2.6-year time horizon. Results The average cost per participant over 2.6 years was US$3,302 and US$1,001 for the PA and health education interventions, respectively. PA participants accrued 0.047 per person more Quality-Adjusted Life-Years (QALYs) than health education participants. PA interventions costs were slightly higher than other recent PA interventions. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were US$42,376/major mobility disability prevented and US$49,167/QALY. Sensitivity analyses indicated that results were relatively robust to varied assumptions. Conclusions The PA intervention costs and QALYs gained are comparable to those found in other studies. The ICERS are less than many commonly recommended medical treatments. Implementing the intervention in non-research settings may reduce costs further.
Highly Sensitive Wide Bandwidth Photodetector Based on Internal Photoemission in CVD Grown p-Type MoS2/Graphene Schottky Junction

Two dimensional (2D) Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has evolved as a promising material for next generation optoelectronic devices owing to its unique electrical and optical properties, such as band gap modulation, high optical absorption, and increased luminescence quantum yield. The 2D MoS2 photodetectors reported in the literature have presented low responsivity compared to silicon based photodetectors. In this study, we assembled atomically thin p-type MoS2 with graphene to form a MoS2/graphene Schottky photodetector where photo generated holes travel from graphene to MoS2 over the Schottky barrier under illumination. We found that the p-type MoS2 forms a Schottky junction with graphene with a barrier height of 139 meV, which results in high photocurrent and wide spectral range of detection with wavelength selectivity. The fabricated photodetector showed excellent photosensitivity with a maximum photo responsivity of 1.26 AW–1 and a noise equivalent power of 7.8 × 10–12 W/√Hz at 1440 nm.
Molecular characteristics of full-length genome of Japanese encephalitis virus strain(GP0722) newly isolated in Guangxi province

In order to sequence and analyze the complete nucleotide sequence of Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV) strain GP0722 newly isolated in Guangxi province,and to provide information for the genomic structure and characteristics of virulence.RT-PCR was used to amplify the sequenced fragments directly and bioinformatics softwares were used to analyze the nucleotide,amino acid and phylogenetic trees of the strain including ClustalX(1.8),DNAStar,Mega(4.1).The result of sequence analysis showed that the genome of GP0722 strain was 10 965 nucleotide long.An open reading frame from 97 to 10 395 was found capable of coding for a 3 432 amino acid polyprotein.Compared with the live attenuated vaccine strain SA14-14-2 in China,there were 1 222 nucleotide differences and 83 amino acid divergence.Comparison of the complete genome sequences of different JEV showed a 0.9%-18.8% nucleotide sequence divergence among them,which resulted in 0.1%-5.2% amino acid sequence divergence.Phylogenetic analysis through PrM/C,E,3′NTR and full-length genome showed that the GP0722 strain belonged to genotype 1.In conclusion,the GP0722 strain isolated in Guangxi belonged to genotype 1 and is close to the JEV/sw/Mie/40/2004.There are no mutations.Vaccination can protect human from the infection of GP0722.
Supportive Care for the Child with Cancer

Physiological and environmental support of the pediatric cancer patient are outlined and therapy of unavoidable iatrogenic disease is discussed. Psychological support of patients with curable and terminal disease, specific mental health problems in oncology, and psychosocial development of the child and the family of the child with cancer are emphasized.
Sexual Fantasy Patterns as Related to Sexual Attitude, Experience, Guilt and Sex

AbstractThe present study examined the relationship between sexual attitude, experience, sex, and college students' sexual fantasies and then evaluated the relative contribution of attitudes, experience, and guilt to explicitness, fantasy length, emotionality, and frequency of sexual fantasizing. A total of 79 male and 81 female undergraduate college students volunteered for participation. Subjects completed a demographic data sheet and Sexual History Questionnaire, the Valois Attitude Checklist for self and parents, and the Mosher Forced Choice Guilt Inventory, and then wrote three of their commonly occurring fantasies. As predicted, liberal attitudes were associated with longer, more explicit fantasies, and more extensive sexual experience was associated with longer, more explicit, and more emotional fantasies. Stepwise multiple regressions suggested that sexual experience is the best overall predictor of aspects of sexual fantasies.
Forced Transfer and Customary International Law: Bridging the Gap Between Nuremberg and the ICTY

The Case 002 Closing Order charged displacements as the other inhumane act of forced transfer, and it was on this basis that convictions for the same were entered by the ECCC Trial Chamber. However, the Closing Order did not reflect the state of customary international law by 1975. Rather, the ECCC could have charged and convicted the Case 002 accused for deportation within national boundaries. By analysing the evolution of forced displacement as a crime, this article demonstrates that deportation within national boundaries was recognised as a crime in customary international law by 1975.