cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of solvent composition on the kinetics of cyclooctene epoxidation by hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by Iron(III) [tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)] porphyrin chloride [(F20TPP)FeCl]

The epoxidation of cyclooctene catalyzed by iron(III) [tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)] porphyrin chloride [(F20TPP)FeCl] was investigated in alcohol/acetonitrile solutions in order to determine the effects of the alcohol composition on the reaction kinetics. It was observed that alcohol composition affects both the observed rate of hydrogen peroxide consumption (the limiting reagent) and the selectivity of hydrogen peroxide utilization to form cyclooctene epoxide. The catalytically active species are formed only in alcohol-containing solvents as a consequence of (F(20)TPP)FeCl dissociation into [(F20TPP)Fe(ROH)]+ cations and Cl- anions. The observed reaction kinetics are analyzed in terms of a proposed mechanism for the epoxidation of the olefin and the decomposition of H2O2. The first step in this scheme is the reversible coordination of H2O2 to [(F20TPP)Fe(ROH)]+. The O-O bond of the coordinated H2O2 then undergoes either homolytic or heterolytic cleavage. The rate of homolytic cleavage is found to be independent of alcohol composition, whereas the rate of heterolytic cleavage increases with alcohol acidity. Heterolytic cleavage is envisioned to form iron(IV) pi-radical cations, whereas homolytic cleavage forms iron(IV) hydroxo cations. The iron(IV) radical cations are active for olefin epoxidation, whereas the iron(IV) cations catalyze the decomposition of H2O2. Reaction of iron(IV) pi-radical cations with H2O2 to form iron(IV) hydroxo cations is also included in the mechanism, a process that is favored by alcohols with a high charge density on the O atoms. The proposed mechanism describes successfully the effects of H2O2, cyclooctene, and porphyrin concentrations, as well as the effects of alcohol concentration.
Finite elements for post-buckling analysis. I—The W-formulation

This paper presents a convenient formulation for the stability analysis of structures using the finite element method. The main assumptions are linear elasticity, a linear fundamental path, and the existence of distinct critical loads (i.e. no coupling between buckling modes occurs). The formulation developed is known as W-formulation, in which the energy is written in terms of a sliding set of incremental coordinates measured with respect to the fundamental path. In the presentation developed here, the only ingredients required to carry out the analysis are the strain-displacement and the constitutive matrices at the element level. The present formulation is compared with the so called V-formulation, in which the displacements refer to the unloaded state. It is shown that under the present assumptions of linear fundamental path, the advantages of the V-formulation are lost and both approaches are similar. An example of a circular plate under in-plane loading illustrates the procedures. Part II of this paper deals with the application to the post buckling analysis of plate assemblies made of composite materials.
Emperor Francis II and the Austrian “Jacobins,” 1792–1796

EMPEROR FRANCIS II (Francis I of Austria) abhorred political change. "No," he once said, refusing some Italian demands for political reform, "every concession is dangerous. Man with his insatiable nature always asks for something more. Give him the hand, and he wants the arm; give him the arm, and he wants the whole body. I do not wish to give them my head."1 This is not to imply, however, that Francis had a clear idea, when he succeeded Leopold II in 1792, of how to exercise his God-given power. He knew, from his father's comments and from observation, that turmoil and discord had been the most marked results of Emperor Joseph's revolutionary zeal. He was aware, too, that the sudden departure from this radical system during the final months of Joseph's reign and the two years of Leopold's had led to the appearance of numerous inconsistencies and contradictions which left even the ablest jurists in doubt as to the actual state of the laws. Evidently it was unwise to attempt to restore in two or three years an order which the energetic Joseph, as adviser to Maria Theresa and in his own right, had altered over a period of three decades. But since the government of the Austrian monarchy was in a muddle, something ought to be done to bring order out of administrative and legal chaos. The task was made harder by several conditioning factors. Francis had to bear in mind his additional responsibilities as Holy Roman emperor, both for the sake of the prestige involved and because imperial events had an influence on Austrian foreign relations. Then, the work of resettlement, complicated in time of peace, had to be undertaken amidst twenty-three years of almost uninterrupted warfare against Revolutionary and Napoleonic France. Finally, the new spirit engendered by the Enlightenment and the French Revolution had definitely made itself felt in Austria, especially among the professional classes and the lesser officials appointed by Joseph. Hence, when the bewildered twenty-four-year-old Francis sought advice from his more experienced elders, he discovered that they were divided into two opposing groups: Josephinians and anti-Josephinians.
Diurnal cycles in centripetal passage, residual uptake, and xylem sap concentration of radiophosophorus in roots

Abstract The following measurements were made on intact bean plants over a consecutive 16 hr photoperiod and an 8 hr dark period: (a) centripetal passage of 32p across the root from the external medium to the xylem, (b) residual uptake of isotope by the root mass, and (c) concentration of isotope in the xylem stream. Centripetal passage and residual uptake followed a similar diurnal pattern, being maximal during the photoperiod and minimal in the dark period. The possibility that this similarity reflected a common rate‐limiting mechanism for both processes was discussed. Concentration of the xylem stream, in turn, was dominated more by the dilution effect of water than by passage of phosphorus to the xylem. Stream concentration was minimal during the photoperiod (high transpiration) in spite of high phosphorus influx, and maximal in the dark period (low transpiration) with a diminished phosphorus influx. Further, concentration of the xylem stream was more dilute than the external solution at all times in ...
Transfers between libration-point orbits in the elliptic restricted problem

A strategy is formulated to design optimal time-fixed impulsive transfers between three-dimensional libration-point orbits in the vicinity of the interiorL 1 libration point of the Sun-Earth/Moon barycenter system. The adjoint equation in terms of rotating coordinates in the elliptic restricted three-body problem is shown to be of a distinctly different form from that obtained in the analysis of trajectories in the two-body problem. Also, the necessary conditions for a time-fixed two-impulse transfer to be optimal are stated in terms of the primer vector. Primer vector theory is then extended to non-optimal impulsive trajectories in order to establish a criterion whereby the addition of an interior impulse reduces total fuel expenditure. The necessary conditions for the local optimality of a transfer containing additional impulses are satisfied by requiring continuity of the Hamiltonian and the derivative of the primer vector at all interior impulses. Determination of the location, orientation, and magnitude of each additional impulse is accomplished by the unconstrained minimization of the cost function using a multivariable search method. Results indicate that substantial savings in fuel can be achieved by the addition of interior impulsive maneuvers on transfers between libration-point orbits.
Spatial frames for motor control would be commensurate with spatial frames for vision and proprioception, but what about control of energy flows?

The model identifies a spatial coordinate frame within which the sensorimotor apparatus produces movement. Its spatial nature simplifies its coupling with spatial reference frames used concurrently by vision and proprioception. While the positional reference frame addresses the performance of spatial tasks, it seems to have little to say about movements involving energy expenditure as the principle component of the task.
Molecular markers in male breast carcinoma

BACKGROUND In contrast to female breast carcinoma, information regarding the prevalence and prognostic information of new molecular markers is limited in male breast carcinoma. The objective of this study was to assess the degree of expression and prognostic value of estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), androgen receptors (AR), bcl-2, p53, HER-2/neu, cyclin D1, and MIB-1 in a cohort of male breast carcinoma patients. METHODS A computerized search of the medical index, tumor registry, and tissue registry was used to identify 111 male patients with a diagnosis of primary adenocarcinoma of the breast seen between 1950-1992 at the Mayo Clinic. Of these, 77 patients had adequate tissue specimens available for the immunohistochemical analysis of the markers. Immunoperoxidase staining was performed by an automated avidin-biotin complex method. Progression free (PFS) and overall (OS) survival distributions were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The log rank test was used to determine whether any patient characteristic, tumor feature, or molecular marker was associated significantly with PFS or OS. RESULTS The majority of tumor specimens were positive for ER (91%), PR (96%), AR (95%), and bcl-2 (94%). Fewer positive specimens were found for cyclin D1 (58%), MIB-1 (38%), HER-2/neu (29%), and p53 (21%). The 5-year PFS and 10-year OS for the entire patient cohort was estimated to be 66% (95% confidence interval [CI], 57-77%) and 38% (95% CI, 29-50%), respectively. PFS was decreased significantly for those patients with tumors staining positively for MIB-1 (P = 0.012) or negatively for cyclin D1 (P = 0.009). OS was not found to differ significantly with respect to these markers. CONCLUSIONS The nearly universal expression of hormone receptors in these tumors suggests a central role for endogenous hormones in male breast carcinoma. The high degree of AR expression would suggest that antiandrogen therapy should be explored further. The high frequency of bcl-2 positivity may implicate antiapoptotic mechanisms in the carcinogenesis of male breast carcinoma. The finding of decreased PFS in MIB-1 positive tumors supports the role of proliferative activity as a negative prognostic factor in male breast carcinoma. Positive cyclin D1 expression is associated with increased PFS in male breast carcinoma patients, which suggests that interactions among cell cycle regulatory proteins may be important in this disease. Cancer 1998;83:1947-1955. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Frequency-Domain Scaling of Single-Fired Mining Explosions with Different Confinements and Explosive Weights Detonated in Porphyry Granite

Abstract A series of single-fired (simultaneously detonated) explosions were conducted in an Arizona copper mine. The explosions spanned yields from 773 to 6182 kg and were all detonated in an approximately 100 by 100 m area. The individual explosions were also detonated under three different emplacement conditions including at the free face of the mine under normal burden (distance from the free face) resulting in failure and movement of the free face, at twice-normal burden with free surface failure and cratering, and at twice-normal depth, which fully contained the explosions. The purpose of this analysis was to investigate the relationship between explosive weight and confinement on the amplitude and frequency content of seismic waves. Empirical scaling relations for the different shots in this test series were developed using common receivers in order to quantify the effects of explosive weight and confinement. Spectral ratios between observations at the same stations for the different explosions were used to remove common instrument and propagation path effects from the data set. Empirical scaling functions estimated from data at ranges from a few hundred meters to several tens of kilometers produce similar results. The Mueller–Murphy source model has been used to assess the effects of explosion depth and material in which the explosions are detonated. Material properties were measured for the porphyry granite at the mine and were used in forward models for the yield scaling of the fully contained explosions. The forward models replicate the empirical scaling functions at low frequency (
Static Equilibrium of a Fluid-Saturated Porous Solid

The equilibrium equations for a fluid-saturated, porous elastic solid are obtained by a variational method. The total energy of the body is assumed to be the sum of that of the fluid and that of the solid, and the free energy of the solid is taken to be sensitive to its porosity.
Femoral and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve block

Blockade of the lateral femoral cutaneous and femoral nerves is most commonly performed to provide postoperative analgesia for procedures on the knee. It can also provide the sole anesthetic for quadriceps muscle biopsy in the patient at risk for malignant hyperthermia. Recent advancements in understanding pelvic and femoral anatomy have provided additional techniques to improve the clinical success rate of femoral and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve blocks. The relationship of the fascia lata and fascia iliaca to these nerves plays a key role in appropriate needle placement and spread of the local anesthetic injectate. Peripheral nerve stimulation has facilitated the teaching of these techniques and performance of femoral nerve blocks in children under general anesthesia. Continuous femoral catheter infusions have been performed successfully in both children and adults. With understanding of the relevant anatomy and appropriate patient selection, blocks of these nerves have been remarkably safe and effective.
Mechanical simulation of renal pelvic wall peristalsis in the rat

A urinary concentrating defect was induced in Munich-Wistar rats by removing the renal pelvis from 1 kidney. This defect was partially corrected by crudely simulating the actions of pelvic wall peristalsis with a mechanical system that cyclically compressed the exposed renal papilla.
Juvenile offenders and experiences of neglect: The validity of the YLS/CMI with dual-status youth

Abstract The extant literature suggests that youth present in both child welfare and juvenile justice systems (dual-status) represent a unique subset of young offenders. Sparse attention has been given to the predictive validity of risk assessment measures with this uniquely vulnerable subpopulation. The focus of this research was the validity of a commonly used recidivism risk/need assessment, the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI), with dual-status adolescents. One hundred twenty-eight dual-status youth from a probation division were administered the YLS/CMI and monitored during a twenty-four month follow-up for recidivism. The YLS/CMI demonstrated poor predictive validity for the dual-status youth. Recommendations for future research and policy are presented.
Biogeochemistry: Riverine carbon dioxide release

Inland waters are increasingly recognized as important to the global carbon cycle. Detailed measurements in the United States suggest that significant amounts of carbon dioxide are released from streams and rivers, particularly the smaller ones.
Ethnic identity and sexual risk-taking among African-American women enrolled in an HIV/STD prevention intervention

Ethnic identity has been found to have a 'protective' effect against negative emotional and behavioural outcomes in adolescents of colour. The present study explored whether this effect might extend to sexual risk-taking and its antecedents in an adult sample of African-American women (n = 78). Higher ethnic identity was found to be associated with less risk-taking (measured by the number of risky sex acts engaged in during a 4 month period). Risk behavior antecedents found to be associated with ethnic identity were those reflecting motivation for the strategies of abstinence and monogamy, but not such factors as STD/HIV knowledge, motivation for condom use, or perceived behavioural skills. Future research might profitably use theory-based statistical modelling to understand the association of ethnic identity and risk-taking, and mechanisms explaining this relationship.
A method for the prediction of induced drag for planar and nonplanar wings

A new method for the prediction of induced drag of planar and nonplanar wings is presented. This method is based on the application of the Kutta-Joukowski law at the trailing edge. Until recently, the use of the Kutta-Joukowski law for this purpose has not been fully explored and pressure integration and Trefftz-plane calculations favored. It is shown, however, that this method is able to give better results for a given amount of effort than the more commonly used techniques, particularly when relaxed wakes and nonplanar wing geometries are considered. When the induced drag prediction procedure is coupled with a panel method, it results in a methodology that is fast enough and sufficiently accurate to be useful for design purposes. It is demonstrated that reductions in induced drag can be achieved, particularly through the use of nonplanar wing geometries. To obtain overall drag reductions, the induced drag reduction must be traded-off against increased profile drag due to increased wetted area. With the design methodology that is described herein, such trade studies can be performed in which the non-linear effects of the free wake are taken into account.
Studies in Lithium Oxide Systems: VIII, Application of Silicate Liquid Immiscibility to Development of Opaque Glazes

Recent studies have shown that opaque white glasses can be obtained in the systems Li2O-TiO2-SiO2 and CaO–TiO2–SiO2, owing to the separation of immiscible liquids. The two phases in the lime system are easily observed under the petrographic microscope, but the dispersion of spheres in the matrix glass in the lithia system can be seen only with the higher resolutions available with the electron microscope. The two systems have been combined to yield a base for opaque glaze compositions which can be fired in the usual maturing range of vitrified whiteware bodies around 1250°C. The thermal expansion behavior of four-component oxide glazes is discussed in the light of some glaze-fit problems which might arise. A brief picture of the effect of other oxides such as Na2O, ZnO, BaO, and ZrO2 on the texture and opacity of these immiscible liquid glasses is presented.
Taylor approximation for symmetric level-index arithmetic processing

Symmetric level-index arithmetic was introduced to overcome the problems of overflow and underflow in the floating-point system. The purpose of this paper is to improve the algorithm performance of SLI arithmetic by introducing an approximation scheme using Taylor's expansion. Following a brief summary of the SLI system and its algorithm for addition/subtraction, the deduction and analysis of Taylor approximation are presented. Also some results from numerical experiments and timing comparisons on possible implementations show the advantage of the approximation method.
Cardiovascular and thermoregulatory biomarkers of heat stroke severity in a conscious rat model

Multiorgan failure is a catastrophic consequence of heat stroke (HS) and considered the underlying etiology of mortality. Identifying novel biomarkers capable of predicting the extent of HS-induced...
A geotemporal role-based authorisation system

Geospatial databases include any data with reference to geocoordinate information. The geospatial data can either be digital raster images that represent the data on the earth in the form of pixels or digital vector data that is primarily from satellites. Due to the fact that many of the high-resolution satellites are commercial in nature, uncontrolled dissemination of the high resolution imagery may cause severe threats to national security as well as personal privacy. The severity of the threats is even more significant when this information is combined with vector maps or other publicly available vector data. In this paper, we present a GeoSpatial Authorisation System (GSAS), which is based on a GeoSpatial Authorisation Model (GSAM), for specifying and enforcing access control policies that makes reference to the spatial regions and locational credentials. The specification of authorisations is based on the spatial and temporal attributes associated with the image data, resolution of the images, geospatial credentials associated with users and privilege modes including view, zoom-in, overlay, view-thumbnail, view-annotation, identify, animate and fly-by that are relevant for geospatial image data. We present the GSAS system and its functionalities.
The energetics of organic synthesis inside and outside the cell

Thermodynamic modelling of organic synthesis has largely been focused on deep-sea hydrothermal systems. When seawater mixes with hydrothermal fluids, redox gradients are established that serve as potential energy sources for the formation of organic compounds and biomolecules from inorganic starting materials. This energetic drive, which varies substantially depending on the type of host rock, is present and available both for abiotic (outside the cell) and biotic (inside the cell) processes. Here, we review and interpret a library of theoretical studies that target organic synthesis energetics. The biogeochemical scenarios evaluated include those in present-day hydrothermal systems and in putative early Earth environments. It is consistently and repeatedly shown in these studies that the formation of relatively simple organic compounds and biomolecules can be energy-yielding (exergonic) at conditions that occur in hydrothermal systems. Expanding on our ability to calculate biomass synthesis energetics, we also present here a new approach for estimating the energetics of polymerization reactions, specifically those associated with polypeptide formation from the requisite amino acids.
Reducing off-chip memory access costs using data recomputation in embedded chip multi-processors

There have been numerous efforts on Scratch-Pad Memory (SPM) management in the context of single CPU systems and, more recently, multi-processor architectures. This paper presents a novel SPM space utilization strategy, for embedded chip multi-processor systems, based on recomputing the value of an off-chip data element using on-chip (SPM resident) data elements. In doing so, our goal is to eliminate the corresponding off-chip memory access that would otherwise be performed, and save execution cycles and power. This paper presents the details of a compiler algorithm that implements this approach and reports the experimental data we collected using six data-intensive applications. Our results indicate that, on a four processor chip multiprocessor, the average performance improvement our approach brings is about 11.8%, over a state-of-the-art SPM management scheme. We also observed that there is a specific range of total SPM size/total data size ratios, for which our approach generates the best results. Finally, our results also show that the proposed approach brings consistent improvements when the number of CPUs is varied between 2 and 16.
Interaction of dislocations and interstitial solute in γ-TiAl

Abstract Interactions between interstitial impurities and dislocations in γ-TiAl have been observed by transmission electron microscopy. Diffraction contrast images showed evidence of the decoration of ordinary dislocations with Burgers vectors b, given by b = ½〈110], present both in subgrain boundaries and isolated in the grain interiors, by small precipitates. Electron-energy-loss spectroscopy indicated that these precipitates are enriched in oxygen with respect to the TiAl matrix and may have formed oxides. Based on the contrast exhibited by these decorated defects in suitable weak-beam images a maximum diameter of about 10 nm has been determined for these precipitates. Furthermore, a model for the nature of the interaction between interstitial solute atoms and dislocations in γ-TiAl has been proposed. The implications of these findings for the mechanical behaviour of γ-TiAl-based alloys have been discussed.
Working Capital: Veränderungsmanagement

Die betriebliche Praxis zeigt, dass viele Projekte zur Verbesserung des Working Capital nicht konsequent zu Ende gefuhrt wurden oder scheitern. Nachfolgend wird daher ein Vorgehensfahrplan fur die Reduzierung von Working Capital vorgestellt. Dabei wird auf einige wesentliche Stolpersteine, aber auch Marschempfehlungen hingewiesen.
Recent Advances in the Detection of Prostate Cancer Using Epigenetic Markers in Commonly Collected Laboratory Samples

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy diagnosed in men and is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. The slower progression of prostate cancer compared with other types of cancers makes it particularly amenable to early diagnosis with significantly better outcomes. Currently, screening with a digital rectal exam and the detection of an elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) constitutes the standard of care. However, PSA testing can inappropriately miss some patients with cancer and falsely identify healthy patients to be at an increased risk of prostate cancer, leading to unnecessary biopsies. This has led to the search for alternative and/or adjunct biomarkers of prostate cancer. This article discusses how the detection of epigenetic biomarkers, specifically hypermethylation of specific DNA regions (CpG islands), is being used experimentally for the first time for the early detection of prostate cancer in commonly used laboratory specimens including plasma, serum, and urine to improve PCa diagnostics.
The transparency curse: Private information and political freedom ☆

Abstract I offer a model of the sustainability of authoritarian rule in which the transparency of productive economic activity enables the ruler to distinguish productive economic activity from preparations for rebellion. The less transparent the productive technology the greater the economic side effects of maintaining authoritarian rule, and the stronger the incentives to liberalize the regime. Using a cross section of countries I provide evidence that, consistently with the theory, democratic government Granger causes internet penetration.
Targeting Toll-like Receptor 9 with CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Enhances Tumor Response to Fractionated Radiotherapy

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG motifs detected by Toll-like receptor 9 of dendritic cells and B cells have potent immunomodulatory effects. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induce cytokines, activate natural killer cells, and elicit T-cell responses leading to antitumor effects, including improved efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents and, as we reported recently, synergy between CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 and single-dose radiotherapy of an immunogenic mouse fibrosarcoma. The present study extends this finding to the fractionated radiotherapy of the fibrosarcoma tumor and assesses the ability of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 to increase the radioresponse of a tumor (nonimmunogenic fibrosarcoma). The experiments used a murine immunogenic fibrosarcoma tumor, fibrosarcoma growing in the leg of mice, and response to radiotherapy was assessed by tumor growth delay and tumor cure rate (TCD50, radiation dose yielding 50% tumor cure). Multiple s.c. peritumoral or i.t. administrations of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 at a dose of 100 microg per mouse were given when established tumors were 6 mm in diameter. Local tumor irradiation was initiated when tumors grew to 8 mm in diameter; radiation was delivered in 1 to 9 Gy fractions given twice daily separated by 6 to 7 hours for 5 consecutive days to achieve a total dose of 10 to 90 Gy. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826, given as a single agent, had only a small antitumor effect, but it dramatically enhanced fibrosarcoma response to radiotherapy. Although 83.1 (79.2-90.0) Gy total dose were needed to achieve tumor cures in 50% of mice treated with radiotherapy alone, only 23.0 (11.5-32.7) Gy total dose were needed in mice treated with both CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 and radiotherapy. The magnitude of potentiation of tumor radioresponse at the TCD50 level was by a factor of 3.61, a much higher value than that (a factor of 1.93) that we reported for single-dose radiotherapy. Mice cured of their tumors by combined CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 plus radiotherapy were highly resistant to s.c. tumor take or development of tumor nodules in the lung from i.v. injected tumor cells when rechallenged with fibrosarcoma cells 100 to 120 days after the treatment, suggesting the development of a memory response. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 also increased radioresponse of the nonimmunogenic fibrosarcoma tumor by a factor of 1.41 and 1.73 when CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 was given s.c. and i.t., respectively. These findings show that CpG oligodeoxynucleotides are highly potent enhancers of tumor response to both single-dose and fractionated radiation and as such have potential to improve clinical radiotherapy.
General-Medical Hospital Admissions From a Public Inpatient Psychiatric Health Facility: A Review of Medical Complications Over 30 Months

Background Medical comorbidity and mortality disproportionately affect adults with serious mental illness, as compared with the general population. Objective This study examined the medical diagnoses of patients transferred from a psychiatric health facility to general-medical hospitals. Method The authors retrospectively reviewed the charts of 81 adult patients admitted to an inpatient psychiatric facility who were subsequently transferred to local general-medical hospitals from January 2005 to June 2007. Results Of 6,688 separate inpatient admissions, 81 patients (2.1%) were admitted to general-medical hospitals a total of 93 times, and had 108 admitting medical diagnoses. The leading admission indications were infections (N = 33; 34%), electrolyte or nutritional abnormalities (N = 12; 11%), and cardiovascular disorders (N = 12; 11%). Iatrogenic causes related to psychiatric medications accounted for a small proportion of medical admissions (N = 8; 7.5%). Over 90% of the patients had chronic medical disorders, and 80% of the patients had a psychotic or bipolar disorder. Conclusion Patients with severe mental illness and chronic medical disorders may experience significant acute medical complications during inpatient psychiatric treatment. Given the complex care issues involved, continued vigilance in treating or preventing these conditions is warranted.
David Tudor: Live Electronic Music

PRODUCTION CREDITS Curated by Ron Kuivila Project Coordinator: Patricia Bentson Design: Peter Soe, Jr. Front cover art: © Sophia Ogielska and David Tudor Back cover photo: © Sophia Ogielska All recordings engineered and remastered by Tom Erbe, Valencia, California, U.S.A. Manufactured and printed by Eva-Tone, Clearwater, Florida, U.S.A. Compilation © © 2004 Leonardo/ISAST All individual © and © the Estate of David Tudor, courtesy of Joy Tudor Nemiroff and the David Tudor Trust, a project of Performing Artservices, Inc. All recordings are from the Research Library, The Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles (980039). Leonardo is a federally registered trademark of Leonardo/ ISAST. To order additional copies of Leonardo Music Journal and CD, or to subscribe to the journal and become a member of the International Society for the Arts, Sciences and Technology, contact: Leonardo MIT Press Journals Five Cambridge Center Cambridge, MA 02142, U.S.A. Tel: (617) 253-2889 Fax: (617) 577-1545 E-mail: journals-orders@mit.edu Web site: mitpress.mit.edu/LMJ
“Why do things look as they do?” Some Gibsonian answers to Koffka's question

Abstract This article contributes to understanding the relation within Gibson's perception theory between two questions that Gibson raised in the introductory paragraph of his final book, The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception: (a) how we see how to do things and (b) why things look to us as they do (Koffka's question). Although Gibson considered Koffka's question to be a crucial test for any psychological theory of visual perceiving, Gibson did not explicitly defend his ecological approach with reference to Koffka's question. Gibson's entire final book is not, as some Gibsonians would suggest, Gibson's answer to Koffka's question. However, certain subsidiary parts of the book implicitly and almost explicitly suggest a place in Gibsonian perception theory for the phenomenal looks of things that we visually perceive. The present article considers some Gibsonian answers and reactions to Koffka's question, and argues that the phenomenal looks of things play a crucial role in Gibson's account of the vis...
Phthiocerol Dimycocerosate Transport Is Required for Resisting Interferon-γ–Independent Immunity

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a deadly pathogen that infects >8 million people each year [1]. Macrophage-mediated killing of mycobacteria requires activation by interferon-γ (IFN-γ), which stimulates maturation of the arrested mycobacterial phagolysosome and targets high concentrations of antimicrobial compounds to this compartment [2]. Despite this activity, a subset of bacilli can resist killing and persist for decades, posing a constant threat to host survival [3]. Mycobacterial growth in macrophages can be limited by the production of nitric oxide (NO), which is stimulated by IFN-γ [4]. NO is potently toxic in vitro and necessary for murine control of M. tuberculosis [5, 6]. During human infection, both inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression and the products of NO activity, nitrotyrosines, have been detected in lung tissue at sites of M. tuberculosis infection [7, 8]. Mice lacking iNOS activity quickly succumb to disseminated M. tuberculosis infection, and latently infected mice use iNOS to prevent reactivation [6, 9]. To resist iNOS activity, M. tuberculosis has developed defenses that protect it from reactive nitrogen intermediates, as shown by bacterial mutations that cause increased sensitivity to NO in vitro [10–12]. In addition to its role as a cytotoxic component of the macrophage response to M. tuberculosis, NO is a pleiotropic signaling molecule that affects several aspects of immunity [13]. NO can negatively regulate immune signaling through direct nitrosylation of signal transduction machinery or by activation of guanylate cyclase and guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate–dependent protein kinase [14–16]. This can lead to the inhibition of T cell development and the impairment of cytokine production and signaling. iNOS expression dramatically influences the transcriptional response to IFN-γ and M. tuberculosis, altering over a third of the genes that respond to these stimuli [17]. Because of the importance of NO during M. tuberculosis infection, we studied the effect that this molecule has on the bacterial requirements for infection. We did this by identifying bacterial survival requirements that change in the absence of iNOS. We found that mutations that interrupted transport of a complex cell wall lipid, phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM), produce a competitive disadvantage in the absence of iNOS. We further showed that the transport of this lipid is required for virulence in the absence of IFN-γ. Our results show that PDIM transport is required for resisting a host immune mechanism that is independent of 2 key aspects of murine immunity to M. tuberculosis, NO and IFN-γ.
Robust/reliable stabilization of multi-channel systems via dilated LMIs and dissipativity-based certifications

In this paper, we consider the problem of reliable stabilization for a multi-channel system, where our main objective is to maintain the stability of the perturbed closed-loop system and when there is a single controller failure in any of the control channels. We specifically present a computationally tractable and less-conservative result in terms of a set of dilated LMIs for the reliable state feedback stabilization of the nominal system, while a dissipativity-based certification is used to extend the stability condition under model perturbation in the system. Finally, a numerical example is used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed technique.
The Strategies of International E-Finance under Basel II:A Complementary Assets Approach

This article adopts the complementary assets model to analyze the environmental issues of international e-finance under the new Basel Accord (Basel II). The capability of a bank to comply with Basel II is regarded as the complementary assets and the e-finance is treated as the innovative new technology in the model. Based on the analysis, several strategies that bankers may take are suggested. The analysis shows that Basel II will obviously foster more e-finance investments and the use e-finance will make the supervisory work under Basel II regulations a challenge.
Rescripting Shakespeare: What's in an ending? Rescripting final scenes

“The end crowns all” Troilus and Cressida , 4.5.224 For a variety of reasons theatrical professionals continue to be unsatisfied with the closing moments of Shakespeare's plays as scripted in the Folio and the Quartos, so that a playgoer is especially likely to encounter some form of rescripting in Act 5. Many of these cuts and changes go unremarked by reviewers and playgoers; some adjustments have been readily accepted, even welcomed (for example, omitting Fortinbras so as to end Hamlet with the death of the protagonist – as in the Olivier movie and RSC 1997); a few, such as Nahum Tate's happy ending to King Lear , call attention to themselves like a blinking neon sign. Often these rescriptings result from the same pressures or rationales described elsewhere in this book. For example, some changes are mandated by the exigencies of a given production. In his tour de force The Comedy of Errors (SSC 1988) Danny Scheie used doors, windows, and other tricks of the trade to enable one actor to play both Antipholus twins, a second to play both Dromios, and a third (at 6′4″ and 240 pounds) to play Solinus and a very hefty courtesan. One casualty of this approach, however, was the final ten lines, for, after leaping over a series of seemingly impossible hurdles in high comic fashion, Scheie opted not to attempt the final Dromio–Dromio beat (5.1.415–26) where the two figures elect to depart “hand in hand, not one before another.”
The effect of preharvest gibberellic acid applications on fruit quality of ʽAngelinoʼ plums during storage

Abstract High-performance preharvest treatments can ensure maintenance of quality during storage. In this study, gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) was applied on the trees in the preharvest stage to study its effects on the storage potential of the ʽAngelinoʼ plums. The treatment was applied at 50 and 75 mg/L concentrations, on the 8th, 10th, 12th and 14th ʽweek after anthesisʼ (WAA). The results of the GA 3 applications on the ʽAngelinoʼ plum quality after 90 days of storage and an additional 2 days of shelf life showed a decrease in weight loss, with a corresponding increase in fruit flesh firmness, total soluble solids and titratable acidity with the treatment. The fruit skin hue values were higher in the GA 3 treated plums, whereas no change was observed in the total antioxidant activity and total phenol contents. Overall, the effect of the preharvest GA 3 application on the ʽAngelinoʼ plum quality during storage at 0 ± 0.5 °C and 90–95% relative humidity for 90 days was positive.
Stimulation of Hematopoietic Cell Recovery by Tetrachlorodecaoxide in Sublethally Irradiated Mice

This study investigated whether tetrachlorodecaoxide (TCDO), a potent wound-healing agent, promotes recovery of hematopoietic tissue of mice depleted by sublethal X irradiation. Mice were exposed to 3 Gy total-body irradiation and were given 1 ml/kg TCDO intravenously daily from day 1 to 5 or day 4 to 8 after irradiation. The effect was assessed by the change in the total number of nucleated cells in bone marrow and spleen, endogenous spleen colony formation, and 30-day mouse lethality. In the spleen there were profound effects on spleen weight, total organ cellularity, and endogenous colony formation. The TCDO produced radiation dose-modifying factors between 1.4 and 1.5 for endogenous spleen colony formation in mice primed with 3 Gy and reirradiated 4 days after treatment. This stimulated cellular recovery resulted in an increased protection of mice from lethality caused by subsequent total-body irradiation by factors of 1.12-1.18. The results show that TCDO is a potent stimulator of cellular recovery in the spleen of sublethally irradiated mice.
Titanocene(II)-Catalyzed Hydroboration of Carbonyl Compounds

Titanocene bis(catecholborane), [Cp2Ti(HBcat)2] (1), catalyzes the room-temperature hydroboration of carbonyl compounds by pinacolborane (HBpin) rapidly, cleanly, and chemoselectively. Aryl aldehydes and ketones produced alkoxypinacolboronate esters in moderate to high yields in 2 h, and facile hydrolysis of alkoxypinacolboronate esters over silica occurred cleanly to afford alcohols in good yields. Complex 1 demonstrated a preference for C═O bonds over C═C bonds in both conjugated and nonconjugated enones. Kinetic studies of the catalytic hydroboration of a series of acetophenones showed that electron-poor substrates undergo the reaction more quickly than electron-rich substrates. This result is consistent with the proposed mechanism, in which stronger π-acids should undergo C═O bond cleavage more readily. Computational studies using benzophenone and benzaldehyde showed that the hydroboration is spontaneous and likely proceeds via intermediates that are best described as Ti metallacycles whose structures...
Conditioning Ensemble Streamflow Prediction Forecasts Using Climate Signals in the Midwestern U.S.

Assimilation of seasonal climate forecasts is widely recognized as a potential means of improving the accuracy and reliability of National Weather Service long lead-time (1month to 1-year) Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP) forecasts. Such forecasts are not widely used, however, for a number of reasons. In the Midwestern U.S., few strong and consistent teleconnections have been identified for forecasting, perhaps due to nonlinear interactions of both Atlantic and Pacific Ocean patterns. Further, there is no consensus that the resulting forecast skill is sufficient to support water resources decision making. In this paper, we evaluate a set of climate patterns that may serve as useful indicators for seasonal (1- to 3-month) streamflow forecasts in the Midwestern U.S. Streamflow persistence and predictability based on simulated soil moisture are used as benchmarks for comparison with climate-based forecasts. Various procedures are discussed for assimilating climate forecasts into ESP forecasts, and forecast skill is assessed using re-sampling procedures. Finally, the value of seasonal forecasts for water resources management applications is discussed.
Reply to Gurgul-Convey and Lenzen: Cytokines, Nitric Oxide, and β-Cells

This is a response to a letter by Gurgul-Convey and Lenzen (1) Drs. Gurgul-Convey and Lenzen (1) contend that IL-1 alone inhibits β-cell function but the addition of TNFα is required to cause β-cell death. This is a selective view of the literature. IL-1 alone kills rat islet cells, independent of TNFα, whereas human and mouse islets require a combination of IL-1 and IFNγ. TNFα is dispensable for β-cell death in vitro (2). Further, they propose that TNFα causes β-cell death in type 1 diabetes (T1D) because it is present in inflamed islets from rodents and humans with T1D (3). We argue that the presence of TNFα in insulitic lesions does not implicate this molecule as causative of β-cell death. Moreover, TNFR1 is not required for β-cell destruction in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse (4). It is suggested that the absence of peroxynitrite formation in cytokine-treated β-cells is due to the dismutation of superoxide by manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), leaving H2O2 to react with NO-forming hydroxyl radical. Why would NO be necessary when iron and H2O2 generate hydroxyl radical by the Fenton reaction? Further, NO inhibits this reaction (5). A vast body of literature supports the idea that NO is freely diffusible and reacts at diffusion-controlled rates with superoxide to form peroxynitrite, allowing NO to effectively compete with Mn-SOD for mitochondrially generated superoxide. Consistent with many studies, peroxynitrite is formed when NO and superoxide are generated (6). We report that NO is the primary mediator of cytokine-induced damage, as β-cells fail to produce superoxide in response to cytokines. When chemically produced, superoxide scavenges nitric oxide (forming peroxynitrite) and protects against NO-mediated damage (6).
Conspicuity of FDG-Avid Osseous Lesions on PET/MRI Versus PET/CT: a Quantitative and Visual Analysis

Background Because standard MRI-based attenuation correction (AC) does not account for the attenuation of photons by cortical bone, PET/MRI may have reduced sensitivity for FDG-avid focal bone lesions (FFBLs). This study evaluates whether MRI-based AC compromises detection of FFBLs, by comparing their conspicuity both quantitatively and qualitatively on PET/MRI versus PET/CT.
Unravelling the link between culture and achievement

Asian Americans are 6 per cent of the U.S. population, but make up about one-fifth of the entering classes in Ivy League universities like Harvard, Yale, and Princeton. At Columbia, the figure reac...
Xenograft, Transgenic, and Knockout Models of Prostate Cancer

In humans, the natural history of prostate cancer spans 30–40 years, which makes it a difficult disease to model in rodents. Furthermore, the molecular pathology of prostate cancer responsible for tumor initiation and progression is complex and often redundant. The sequential changes in oncogene and tumor suppressor gene expression during prostate cancer progression have not been fully delineated. Despite these issues, there are model systems, including carefully designed orthotopic xenograft models, that provide robust platforms for drug evaluation and studying the effects of diet and environmental stress on prostate carcinogenesis. Comprehensive transgenic and knockout models have also been developed that recapitulate individual steps in tumor initiation and metastatic progression and highlight the importance of the tumor microenvironment. While very few of the transgenic and knockout systems recapitulate the entire natural history of prostate cancer, individual model systems provide valuable genetic insight into the biological consequences of disrupting prostate homeostasis.
Physical and Chemical Analysis of Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) Fuel and Development of Surrogate Fuel Mixtures

In this study, the chemical composition and physical properties of an alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) fuel were used to develop a surrogate mixture containing commercially available hydrocarbons. Analysis of the chemical composition of the ATJ showed a high quantity of two specific branched alkanes (2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane and 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane) and a small quantity of other branched alkanes that are isomers of these two alkanes. Surrogate mixtures containing 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane and a mixture of isododecane isomers were prepared to determine what composition would match the density, viscosity, speed of sound, bulk modulus, surface tension, and flash point of ATJ. The optimal surrogate contained a 0.25 mass fraction of 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane in isododecane isomers. Combustion experiments were then conducted in a Yanmar diesel engine with fuel mixtures containing 70% (by volume) petroleum jet fuel with 30% ATJ, 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane, the optimal surrogate mixtures base...