cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving Fluid Intake Behavior Among Patients With Kidney Stones: Understanding Patients' Experiences and Acceptability of Digital Health Technology.

Abstract Objective To understand kidney stone patients’ experiences with increasing fluid intake, common barriers to adherence, and technology-mediated intervention techniques that may improve adherence in this population. Increasing fluid intake to produce at least 2.5 L of urine daily is a well-established preventive strategy to reduce the risk of kidney stones. Unfortunately, adherence with this well-known and inexpensive recommendation is commonly below 50%. Materials and Methods Patients with a history of kidney stones were recruited to participate in semistructured focus groups about their experiences with increasing fluid intake. Inductive content analysis was used to extract themes from focus group transcripts. Results Themes from discussions with 19 patients described current fluid intake strategies, barriers to increasing fluid intake, and desirable features in a digital tool for promoting fluid intake. Common barriers to increasing fluid intake included work habits, travel, leisure activities, forgetting to drink, limited access to water, and not feeling thirsty. Patients had tried to increase fluid intake using strategies such as carrying a water bottle, identifying contextual cues for drinking, self-monitoring fluid intake, and seeking social support. Patients expressed interest in wearing sensors to improve fluid intake if the sensor was aesthetically pleasing, had guaranteed benefit and was able to connect to existing devices. The most acceptable location to wear a sensor was as a wristband or bracelet. Conclusion The use of automated and semiautomated tracking technology in combination with evidence-based behavior change techniques should be explored in efforts to improve adherence to fluid intake recommendations.
White Democracy and the Foreigner: A Call for Plural Cultural Democracy

Obed Frausto argues that US democracy conceals a dominant cultural tyranny of whiteness that he calls white democracy. Frausto argues in this chapter that white democracy is upheld by two pillars of American ideology. First, the melting pot is a concept that demands cultural assimilation, and it functions as a form of cultural terrorism against immigrants’ cultures, traditions, and languages. Second, the American Dream, the idea that any person in the United States can succeed, encourages selfish individualism and consumerism and also promotes the superiority of US culture. To counteract white democracy, Frausto proposes a conception of plural cultural democracy that promotes the recognition of cultural diversity in politics and the political participation of immigrants.
Anthracycline Cardiotoxicity: It Is Possible to Teach an Old Dog Some New Tricks

Anthracyclines have proved to be one of the most effective chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of numerous solid tumors and hematologic malignancies in both adult and pediatric patients. Their clinical benefit, however, is sometimes hampered by the development of cardiotoxicity, a process that still remains elusive despite decades of investigation. It has been postulated that anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity is mediated in part by reactive oxygen species and redox cycling. This article reviews anthracycline cardiotoxicity in terms of historical significance, epidemiology, current detection strategies, prevention strategies, and patient care after anthracycline-based chemotherapy.
Lesson study in historical inquiry: Teachers working across rural communities

Abstract This study focuses on the experiences of teachers in rural settings who participated in a professional development (PD) program centered on teaching historical inquiry of one’s local community. The PD approaches included lesson study using communities of practice. Participants’ study lessons reflected principles of historical inquiry; however, of the dimensions assessed, lessons were relatively weak in developing compelling questions. Participants found lesson study to be effective and appreciated being part of communities of practice across different school sites but found the school contextual differences and geographical distances sites logistically challenging. We conclude by discussing implications for policy and teacher education.
Abstract 13092: Regulation of SARS-CoV-2, Viral Entry Proteins ACE2 and TMPRSS2, and Interferon Genes by Host MicroRNAs

Introduction: Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019, can cause myocardial injury, heart failure, and death....
Biological Correlations and Confounding Variables for Quantification of Retinal Ganglion Cells Based on Optical Coherence Tomography using Diversity Outbred Mice

Purpose: Despite popularity of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in glaucoma studies, it is unclear how well OCT-derived metrics compare to traditional measures of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) abundance. Here, Diversity Outbred (J:DO) mice are used to directly compare ganglion cell complex (GCC)-thickness measured by OCT to metrics of retinal anatomy measured ex vivo with retinal wholemounts or optic nerve cross sections. Methods: J:DO mice (n = 48) underwent OCT and fundoscopic exams, with GCC-thickness measured using automated segmentation. Following euthanasia, RGC axons were quantified from para-phenylenediamine-stained optic nerve cross sections and RGC somas from BRN3A-immunolabeled retinal wholemounts with total cellularity assessed by TO-PRO or hematoxylin nuclear staining. Results: J:DO tissues lacked overt disease. GCC-thickness (62.4 ± 3.7 μm), RGC abundance (3,097 ± 515 BRN3A+ nuclei/mm2; 45,533 ± 9,077 axons), and total inner retinal cell abundance (6,952 ± 810 nuclei/mm2) varied broadly. GCC-thickness correlated significantly to RGC somal density (r = 0.46) and axon number (r = 0.49), whereas total inner retinal cellularity did not. Retinal area (20.3 ± 2.4 mm2) and optic nerve (0.09 ± 0.02 mm2) cross-sectional area varied widely. Sex did not significantly influence any of these metrics. In bilateral comparisons, GCC-thickness (r = 0.89), inner retinal cellularity (r = 0.47), and RGC axon abundance (r = 0.72) all correlated significantly. Conclusions: Amongst outbred mice with widely variable phenotypes, OCT-derived measurements of GCC thickness significantly correlate to RGC abundance and axon number. The extensive phenotypic variability exhibited by J:DO mice make them a powerful resource for studies of retinal anatomy using quantitative genetics.
Do Supply-Side Forces Explain Geographic Variation in Health Care Use?

Regional variation in health care utilization has been well‐documented, yet uncertainty persists about whether this variation is primarily the result of supply‐side or demand‐side forces. We provide new evidence on this issue by examining changes in health care use for the near‐elderly as they transition from being uninsured into Medicare. Results support a causal, supply‐side explanation of regional variation. Estimates indicate that gaining Medicare coverage in above‐median spending regions increases the probability of at least one hospital visit by 40% and the probability of having more than five doctor visits by 26% relative to similar individuals in below‐median spending regions.
Use of X-Ray Fluorescence to Expedite Sampling to Evaluate and Visualize Soil Lead Concentrations at West Point, NY

The concentration of heavy metals, specifically lead, in soil may create unsafe environmental conditions. Unsafe conditions may occur based upon previous exposure to lead, such as particulate pollution from leaded gasoline. Accumulation of lead in the soil is especially concerning due to the detrimental physiological effects soil lead has on populations within residential neighborhoods. This study investigates the efficacy of an X-ray fluorescence (XRF) sensor compared to use of an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) laboratory instrument to measure soil lead concentration through a comparison of 87 soils samples. Findings note a strong correlation between both measurement methods. Additionally, 206 samples were evaluated to visualize soil lead concentrations throughout the residential West Point area. The highest soil lead concentrations are along the former route 9W, at locations associated with buildings that pre-date 1940.
Automatic Code Generation using Pre-Trained Language Models.

Recent advancements in natural language processing \cite{gpt2} \cite{BERT} have led to near-human performance in multiple natural language tasks. In this paper, we seek to understand whether similar techniques can be applied to a highly structured environment with strict syntax rules. Specifically, we propose an end-to-end machine learning model for code generation in the Python language built on-top of pre-trained language models. We demonstrate that a fine-tuned model can perform well in code generation tasks, achieving a BLEU score of 0.22, an improvement of 46\% over a reasonable sequence-to-sequence baseline. All results and related code used for training and data processing are available on GitHub.
Global Conflicts and Decisions: Hints from Laboratory Experiments with Human Subjects and Computer Simulations

Abstract This paper argues that past and present laboratory research in man-machine control systems and design efforts to build computer-based decision aiding systems can contribute to understanding and augmenting of multi-party sociotechnical and geopolitical decision-making. It proposes new research and development on computer-based mediation
Pandemic politics: COVID-19, health concerns, and vote choice in the 2020 General Election

How might personal concerns for one’s health, and public health more generally, affect candidate vote choice during the COVID-19 crisis? In this, study we leverage a national survey conducted in th...
Validity of a method for identifying disease subtypes that are etiologically heterogeneous.

A focus of cancer epidemiologic research has become the identification of risk factors that influence specific subtypes of disease, a phenomenon known as etiologic heterogeneity. In previous work w...
Universal protein misfolding intermediates can bypass the proteostasis network and remain soluble and non-functional

ABSTRACT Misfolded protein conformations with decreased functionality can bypass the proteostasis machinery and remain soluble in vivo. This is an unexpected phenomenon as several cellular quality control mechanisms have evolved to rid cells of misfolded proteins. Three questions, then, are: how is it structurally possible for long-lived, soluble, misfolded proteins to bypass the proteostasis machinery and processes? How widespread are these soluble, misfolded states across the proteome? And how long do they persist for? Here, we address these questions using coarse-grain molecular dynamics simulations of the synthesis, termination, and post-translational dynamics of a representative set of cytosolic E. coli proteins. We find that half of all proteins exhibit subpopulations of misfolded conformations that are likely to bypass molecular chaperones, avoid aggregation, and not be degraded. These misfolded states can persist for months or longer for some proteins. Structurally characterizing these misfolded states, we observe they have a large amount of native structure, but also contain localized misfolded regions from non-native changes in entanglement, in which a protein segment threads through a loop formed by another portion of the protein that is not found in the native state. The surface properties of these misfolded states are native like, allowing them to bypass the proteostasis machinery and processes to remain soluble, while their entanglements make these states long-lived kinetic traps, as disentanglement requires unfolding of already folded portions of the protein. In terms of function, one-third of proteins have subpopulations that misfold into less-functional states that have structurally perturbed functional sites yet remain soluble. These results explain how proteins misfold into soluble, non-functional conformations that bypass cellular quality controls, and indicate that, unexpectedly, this is a wide-spread cellular phenomenon that can lead to reduced protein function across the cytosolic proteome. Such entanglements are observed in many native structures, suggesting the non-native entanglements we observe are plausible. More broadly, these near-native entangled structures suggest a hypothesis for how synonymous mutations can modulate downstream protein structure and function, with these mutations partitioning nascent proteins between these kinetically trapped states.
A phenomenological study of millennial students and traditional pedagogies

Abstract Background The Millennial generation comprises the majority of learners in the traditional university setting. Nurse educators identify problems developing teaching strategies in education that undergraduate Millennial nursing students find engaging and meaningful. The purpose of this study was to identify the perception of Millennial students participating in traditional pedagogies and its significant implications for nursing education. Method This interpretive phenomenological study recorded the lived experiences of Millennial nursing students' experiences in traditional classrooms. One on one interviews with 13 Millennial students were conducted. Data collection and analysis aligned with van Manen's method. Results There are five themes that emerged from the data: physically present, mentally dislocated; unspoken peer pressure; wanting more from the professors; surface learning; and lack of trust. The essence focuses around the central theme of belonging, while students identified the most significant challenge in a classroom was disengaging professors. Conclusion Recommendations for faculty to engage nursing students through a method of shared responsibility of educational approach are given. Blended teaching pedagogies that offer traditional and active methods are recommended.
Identifying the Na+/K+-ATPase

Characterization of the Na+/K+ pump was by no means completed in the 1950s. Essential concerns—from assessing conflicting reports to generalizing isolated claims—awaited resolution. But beyond clarifications and elaborations lay a basic question: What is the Na+/K+ pump? The reductionistic program of biological explanation translates that query as: What is the chemical nature of the pump? A related question is: How does this chemical nature endow it with the functional properties observed?
Confinement in a Higgs model on R 3 × S 1

We determine the phase structure of an $SU(2)$ gauge theory with an adjoint scalar on ${R}^{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{S}^{1}$ using semiclassical methods. There are two global symmetries: a $Z(2{)}_{H}$ symmetry associated with the Higgs field and a $Z(2{)}_{C}$ center symmetry associated with the Polyakov loop in the compact direction. The order of the deconfining phase transition can be either second-order or first-order for $SU(2)$, depending on the deformation used. After finding order parameters for the global symmetries, we show that there are four distinct phases: a deconfined phase, a confined phase, a Higgs phase, and a mixed confined phase. The mixed confined phase occurs where one might expect a phase in which there is both confinement and the Higgs mechanism, but the behavior of the order parameters distinguishes the two phases. In the mixed confined phase, the $Z(2{)}_{C}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}Z(2{)}_{H}$ global symmetry breaks spontaneously to a $Z(2)$ subgroup that acts nontrivially on both the scalar field and the Polyakov loop. We find explicitly the BPS and KK monopole solutions of the Euclidean field equations in the BPS limit; these monopoles are extensions of similar pure gauge theory solutions, where they are constituents of instantons. In the mixed phase, a linear combination of the Higgs field $\ensuremath{\phi}$ and ${A}_{4}$, the component of the gauge field in the compact direction, enters into the monopole solutions. In all four phases, Wilson loops orthogonal to the compact direction are expected to show area-law behavior. We show that this confining behavior can be attributed to a dilute monopole gas in a broad region that includes portions of all four phases. The dilute monopole gas picture breaks down when the action of a BPS monopole is zero. A duality argument similar to that applied recently [40] to the Seiberg-Witten model on ${R}^{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{S}^{1}$ shows that the monopole gas picture, arrived at using Euclidean instanton methods, can be interpreted as a gas of finite-energy dyons.
Workplace Flexibilities, Job Satisfaction and Union Membership in the US Workforce

Using individual-level data from the 2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce, we quantify how workers' job satisfaction levels correlate with five schedule-based workplace flexibilities. The data permit us to control for numerous variables that might otherwise explain variation in the probability of job satisfaction, including, but not limited to, income, benefits, stress, depression, job control and individual preferences over flexibilities. Conditional on this control set, we find that workplace flexibilities correlate with an 8.1 per cent increase in job satisfaction. The relationship between job satisfaction and workplace flexibilities prevails through several sensitivity analyses, bias assessments and a propensity score matching analysis. We also explore how job satisfaction, union membership and workplace flexibilities intermix; we find that workplace flexibilities may function as a partial substitute for union membership.
Norman Harold Horowitz, 1915–2005

AS a new graduate student of Herschel Mitchell at Caltech in 1951, I soon had occasion to visit Horowitz's office. I immediately noticed a newspaper clipping taped to the door. “It is a Privilege to be Living in the Same Century as Horowitz,” gushed the title. The article was, as it turned out, about a recent concert by Vladimir Horowitz, but it prepared me for the wry Horowitz sense of humor, always delivered deadpan. Later, there was Thanksgiving dinner at his house with his wife, Pearl, his son and daughter, and his mother. Norm sat down to the piano and we all sang old chestnuts. Vladimir he was not. But full of food and drink as we were and enthralled with our own wine-enhanced voices, it was a perfect evening. I left knowing Norm Horowitz and I had begun a lifelong friendship.
Estimation of software size and effort distributions using paired ratio comparison matrices

This paper describes the approach and algorithms used to generalize the paired ratio comparison matrix technique to use information inherent in multiple estimates, multiple reference projects, and estimator range information to generate estimated effort and size distributions.
A developmental continuum of phonological sensitivity skills

A large body of evidence supports the link between acquisition of phonological sensitivity skills among young children and their later literacy achievement. This literature review presents a synthesis of the developmental nature of phonological sensitivity skills as assessed among typically developing children over the past 30 years. Phonological sensitivity is composed of both phonological awareness and phonemic awareness, each representing a distinct set of skills that emerge in a general developmental sequence among typically developing children. Yet, insufficient attention is being paid to the developmental nature of phonological sensitivity skills in our efforts to identify and remediate early literacy difficulties among children. This article presents the array of skills that constitute phonological sensitivity, ordered in a developmental continuum based on research evidence in order to create a bridge between scientific evidence and school-based practices. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Peer Relationships and Male Academic Achievement: A Review and Suggested Clarification.

Earlier reviews of the research have reached conflicting conclusions about the relationship between social behavior and academic achievement. A brief but comprehensive review is presented. It is suggested that there is greater consistency in this research area than has previously been noted. When the research is categorized according to sample age level, it is found among younger subjects that high achievers tend to be more socially active than low achievers, while among college-age students, low achievers tend to be the more socially active. Questions are raised which future research might investigate.
Practitioner's Perspective—Improving Sourcing Decisions

Federal departments and agencies increasingly rely on services to accomplish their missions. “Sourcing” refers to how government departments and agencies obtain the services they need to solve their mission delivery requirements and how those decisions are reached. Determining whether to obtain required services using federal employees or contracts with the private sector is an important legal, policy, economic, and strategic decision. The impact of decisions on the total federal workforce, both in house and those under contract, is profound. This article describes the issue of “sourcing,” provides definitions and distinctions regarding some often confusing (and confused) terms, and suggests the possibility of new forms of sourcing. The author concludes that sourcing should not be subject to a rigid pursuit of sterile, ideological orthodoxy. Instead, sourcing requires a reasoned and thoughtful approach, tempered with pragmatism. The proper balance of these characteristics will vary across agencies because each has a different mission, structure, funding mix, and workforce.
‘Out’ gay and lesbian faculty and the inclusion of sexual orientation topics in teacher preparation programmes in the USA

Do ‘out’ lesbian and gay faculty influence the inclusion of sexual orientation as a form of diversity in their teacher preparation programmes? Data gathered from 142 teacher preparation programmes across the USA (representing the preparation of 23,000–30,000 new teachers annually) suggest they do not. Likewise, the priority placed upon sexual orientation topics within programmes was unrelated to the presence of out gay and lesbians among programme faculty. The presence of out gay and lesbian faculty was also unrelated to programme coordinators’ beliefs that faculty ignorance, resistance or discomfort regarding sexual orientation topics were challenges to inclusion. Finally, the presence of out gay and lesbian faculty was unrelated to programme coordinators’ perceptions of sexual orientation as a factor associated with student risk. Directions for further research are discussed.
Resection of Colorectal Liver Metastases

Introduction The gold-standard treatment for colorectal liver metastases (CLM) is liver resection. Advances in staging, surgical technique, perioperative care and systemic chemotherapy have contributed to steady improvement in oncologic outcomes for patients following surgery in this subset of patients with stage IV colorectal cancer. The limits of resection continue to expand to include patients with more, larger and bilateral CLM, yet outcomes continue to improve with 5-year overall survival exceeding 50% following resection. Chemotherapy is an important element of treatment for patients with CLM, and chemotherapy can be combined safely with surgery to improve outcomes further.
Effects of Fluid Inertia and Turbulence on the Force Coefficients for Squeeze Film Dampers

The effects of fluid inertia and turbulence on the force coefficients of squeeze film dampers are investigated analytically. Both the convective and the temporal terms are included in the analysis of inertia effects. The analysis of turbulence is based on friction coefficients currently found in the literature for Poiseuille flow. The effect of fluid inertia on the magnitude of the radial direct inertia coefficient (i.e., to produce an apparent added mass at small eccentricity ratios, due to the temporal terms) is found to be completely reversed at large eccentricity ratios. The reversal is due entirely to the inclusion of the convective inertia terms in the analysis. Turbulence is found to produce a large effect on the direct damping coefficient at high eccentricity ratios. For the long or sealed squeeze film damper at high eccentricity ratios, the damping prediction with turbulence included is an order of magnitude higher than the laminar solution.
Estimation of Linear Interpolation Error

(1989). Estimation of Linear Interpolation Error. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 32-39.
Comparison of zinc acetate and propionate addition on gastrointestinal tract fermentation and susceptibility of laying hens to Salmonella enteritidis during forced molt

Feed deprivation is the most common method used to induce molting and stimulate multiple egg-laying cycles in laying hens for commercial egg production. Unfortunately, an increased risk of Salmonella enteritidis (SE) colonization may result from the use of this method. Methods to stimulate multiple egg-laying cycles without increasing the risk of SE are needed. In each of 3 experiments, hens over 50 wk of age were divided into groups of 12 and placed in individual laying cages. One week before dietary changes, hens were put on an 8L:16D photoperiod that continued for the 9-d experimental period. Hens in all treatments were challenged orally with 10(4) cfu of SE on the fourth day. Treatments were full fed hens (nonmolted, NM), nonfed hens (molted, M), a zinc acetate diet (ZAC), and a zinc propionate diet (ZPR). The zinc diets contained 10,000 mg of zinc per kilogram of diet. Body weight losses were significantly higher in the M, ZPR, and ZAC treatments than in the NM treatment. Crop lactic acid decreased more in M, ZPR, and ZAC treatments than in NM hens in trial 2. Crop pH was significantly (P 0.05) different between NM hens and M, ZAC and ZPR hens in trial 1, lactic acid was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in NM hens than in M, ZAC and ZPR hens (trial 2), and cecal total VFA were lower in M hens than in NM, ZAC and ZPR hens (trial 3). Colonization of SE in the crop and ceca was higher in the M and ZPR hens (trials 1 and 2). Liver, spleen, or ovary invasion by SE was higher in the M and ZPR hens (trials 1 and 2) than in NM hens. At the zinc concentration used in these studies, the zinc dietary regimens may be effective for reducing the risk of SE during induced molt.
A Modular System to Examine Fibroblastic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Under Tensile Loading in Response to Changes in the Extracellular Environment

Hundreds of thousands of injuries to ligaments, tendons or the joint capsule occur in the U.S. each year, resulting in significant reduction of quality of life for many patients [1]. Existing reconstruction techniques for torn tendons/ligaments result in significant morbidity and cannot fully recapitulate the native joint biomechanics, leading to secondary degeneration over time, such as premature osteoarthritis. Thus, tissue-engineered alternatives to current grafts, potentially using stem cells in combination with an appropriate scaffold, are greatly needed. In response, our laboratory is investigating a novel hydrogel system and a custom tensile bioreactor as an in-vitro model to study the formation of both fibrous (ligament) tissue and the ligament-bone interface. In these studies, we examine the effect of tensile loading and the degradability of the surrounding environment on cellular morphology and tendon/ligament extracellular matrix (ECM) production by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In particular, the response of MSCs embedded within hydrogels with varying degrees of susceptibility to degradation by collagenase is explored. In addition, proof-of-principle experiments are presented to extend this system to examine the effect of co-culture of multiple cell types on differentiation of MSCs in a milieu that mimics the bone-ligament insertion.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Metabolic and clinical response to recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I in myotonic dystrophy--a clinical research center study

Muscle weakness and wasting in myotonic dystrophy (MyD) are believed to be due to a decrease in muscle protein synthesis, secondary to insulin resistance. A 4-month, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial was undertaken to assess whether recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I (rhIGF-I) may overcome the insulin resistance. Patients received either 5 mg rhIGF-I (n = 7) or placebo (n = 9), sc, twice daily. Glucose metabolism was assessed by stable label iv glucose tolerance test, amino acid metabolism by L-[13C] leucine turnover, body composition by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and N excretion, and muscle response by manual muscle strength and neuromuscular function. In the treated group, the insulin sensitivity index, insulin action, and glucose disposal all increased (P < 0.05). Leucine flux and leucine incorporation into protein increased (P < 0.05), and the rate of leucine oxidation to leucine turnover decreased (P < 0.05), findings indicative of increased protein synthesis. Body weight and lean body mass increased, whereas percent body fat decreased (P < 0.05). An increase in manual muscle strength of 0.42 +/- 0.30 (P < 0.02) and in neuromuscular function of 17.5 +/- 11.7 (P < 0.02) occurred in the four patients who received a rhIGF-I dose greater than 70 micrograms/kg, whereas a more modest response occurred in the three patients who received a dose less than 70 micrograms/kg. Two patients showed dramatic improvement. Long term rhIGF-I therapy appears to cause metabolic and muscle improvement in optimally treated MyD patients.
Vapor pressures of perfluorooctanoic, -nonanoic, -decanoic, -undecanoic, and -dodecanoic acids

A dynamic method was used to determine the vapor pressures of perfluorooctanoic, -nonanoic, -decanoic, -undecanoic, and -dodecanoic acids. Measurements were made over the temperature range from (59.25 to 190.80) °C for perfluorooctanoic acid, from (99.63 to 203.12) °C for perfluorononanoic acid, from (129.56 to 218.88) °C for perfluorodecanoic acid, from (112.04 to 237.65) °C for perfluoroundecanoic acid, and from (127.58 to 247.36) °C for perfluorododecanoic acid. Pressures ranged from (0.128 to 96.50) kPa for perfluorooctanoic acid, from (1.12 to 99.97) kPa for perfluorononanoic acid, from (3.129 to 99. 97) kPa for perfluorodecanoic acid, from (0.616 to 99.97) kPa for perfluoroundecanoic acid, and from (0.856 to 99.96) kPa for perfluorododecanoic acid. A sealed vial experiment demonstrated that perfluorooctanoic acid sublimes at room temperature.
Flat‐sheet and hollow fiber membrane bioreactors: A study of the kinetics and active site conformational changes of immobilized papain including sorption studies of reaction constituents

Papain, a sulfhydryl protease has been immobilized on flat-sheet modified polysulfone membranes and hydroxyethyl cellulose coated polyethersulfone hollow fibers. Amidase activity of the enzyme in solution and on the membranes has been assayed. Immobilized papain on the modified polysulfone membrane and the hollow fibers retains 12% and 25% of its activity (with 1 mmol dm -3 substrate) in solution, respectively. Loading experiments revealed decreased activity on the modified polysulfone membrane with increased enzyme loading. Adsorption experiments for the reaction product, p-nitroaniline, have been performed and an attempt has been made to correct for this in activity calculations. Apparent Michaelis-Menten parameters were determined for the modified polysulfone and hollow fibers, with both K m and V max being lower in the immobilized cases. Electron paramagnetic resonance study of the changes in active site conformation of an enzyme on a hollow fiber membrane are reported for the first time. Experiments using the sulfhydryl-specific (1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-Δ 3 -pyrroline-3-methyl)methanethiolsulfonate spin label depicted the presence of two subpopulations of immobilized papain on the hollow fibers, one of them active and one denatured.
Evaluation of the interaction between D1 and D2 receptors in a drug discrimination paradigm.

Recent research has suggested that there is a synergistic interaction between D1 and D2 dopamine (DA) receptors and that D1 stimulation by endogenous DA is necessary for the expression of some D2-mediated behavioral effects. The purpose of the present experiment was to examine further the interactions between D1 and D2 receptors using drug discrimination (DD), a behavioral paradigm that is sensitive and selective for Dl and D2 agonist and antagonist activity. Two groups of male Sprague—Dawley rats ( N = 8/group) were trained to discriminate the D2 agonist quinpirole (QUIN; either 0.05 or 0.012 mg/kg, ip, 10 min pre-session) from saline (1.0 ml/kg, ip, 10 min pre-session) in a two-lever, food-reinforced DD paradigm. QUIN (0.0015–0.1 mg/kg) produced a dose-related increase in QUIN-appropriate responding in both groups of rats. The D1 agonist SKF 38393 (SKF; 6.4–12.8 mg/kg, ip) given alone did not substitute for QUIN in either of the two training dose groups. The administration of SKF 30 min before QUIN had no effect on the QUIN dose—response function in either group of rats. These results indicate that stimulation of D1 receptors failed to potentiate a behavioral effect mediated by D2 receptors. The D1 antagonist SCH 23390 (SCH; 0.0015–0.05 mg/kg, ip) partially substituted for QUIN in the group trained with the 0.05 dose of QUIN, and to a larger extent in the group trained with the 0.012 dose of QUIN. SCH did not alter the effect of the training dose of QUIN except at a dose high enough to virtually eliminate lever pressing in the group trained to discriminate the high dose of QUIN. The failure of SCH to block QUIN suggests that D1 receptor stimulation by endogenous DA is not necessary for this D2 effect to be expressed. These results may be accounted for by assuming a presynaptic site of action for QUIN in the QUIN discrimination. Further, they demonstrate that the interaction between D1 and D2 receptors cannot be simply characterized as synergistic.
Probing the Quark and Glueball Admixtures of the Scalar Mesons

A nonlinear chiral Lagrangian framework for scalar mesons below 2 GeV [the I =l/2 states: κ(900) and ; the I=1 states: a0(980) and a0(1450); and the I=0 states: α(550), f0(980), f0(1370), f0(1500) and f0(1710)] is presented. This framework is formulated in terms of two meson nonets with a mixing mechanism dictated by SU(3) symmetry and its breakdown.
The effect of different exercise protocols and regression-based algorithms on the assessment of the anaerobic threshold

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of ramp and step incremental cycle ergometer tests on the assessment of the anaerobic threshold (AT) using 3 different computerized regression-based algorithms. Thirteen healthy adults (mean age and body mass [SD] = 23.4 [3.3] years and body mass = 71.7 [11.1] kg) visited the laboratory on separate occasions. Two-way repeated measures analyses of variance with appropriate follow-up procedures were used to analyze the data. The step protocol resulted in greater mean values across algorithms than the ramp protocol for the V[Combining Dot Above]O2 (step = 1.7 [0.6] L·min-1 and ramp = 1.5 [0.4] L·min-1) and heart rate (HR) (step = 133 [21] b·min-1 and ramp = 124 [15] b·min-1) at the AT. There were no significant mean differences, however, in power outputs at the AT between the step (115.2 [44.3] W) and the ramp (112.2 [31.2] W) protocols. Furthermore, there were no significant mean differences for V[Combining Dot Above]O2, HR, or power output across protocols among the 3 computerized regression-based algorithms used to estimate the AT. The current findings suggested that the protocol selection, but not the regression-based algorithms can affect the assessment of the V[Combining Dot Above]O2 and HR at the AT.
The band forming rhythm of Neurospara mutants.

The growth rhythm in several strains of “clock” mutants of Neurospora crassa has been observed to have several unusual non-circadian characteristics. The period may range between 18 and 110 hours, depending upon strain and environmental condition. The phase of the rhythm, even when its period is 24 hours, is not related to a specific time of day, nor is it “set” or phased by light-dark cycles. Instead, the phase can be set by transfer to fresh medium; moreover, its specific chemical composition influences the length of the period. The period is significantly influenced by temperature; the growth rate is a different function of temperature. All the strains show striking similarities in the functional dependence of period and growth rate on temperature, even though the absolute magnitudes differ widely.
Commentary on Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Contextual Factors in Extramarital Involvement

Extramarital Involvements (EMIs) attract significant societal attention, as exemplified by the revelation of former President Clinton's EMI. Depression, anxiety, and divorce are important sequelae of EMIs, though it will be important to learn which couples successfully cope with EMIs. Allen et al. (this issue) provide an excellent overview of the prevalence of EMIs and the problems in trying to ascertain accurate estimates thereof. The impact of a very close relationship even without explicit sexual contact was noted, and Allen et al. present a useful framework for organizing theoretical positions and data on EMIs. It is an excellent review for a clinician or researcher addressing EMIs.
Diet and breast cancer prognosis: making sense of the Women's Healthy Eating and Living and Women's Intervention Nutrition Study trials.

Purpose of reviewTo clarify the role of dietary pattern on prognosis in breast cancer survivors.Recent findingsObservational trials show mixed results that do not strongly support an independent role for dietary pattern in prognosis. Women's Intervention Nutrition Study and Women's Healthy Eating an
A simplified method for the determination of the protein-bound blood iodine and its clinical application.

FOR a number of years the blood iodine has proved a valuable adjunct in evaluating the disturbed activity of the patient's thyroid gland. This is especially true since the advent of protein-bound blood iodine determinations (1, 2). Despite its clinical significance, however, its use has been largely limited to the research laboratory owing to difficulties inherent within the various methods. As a consequence we have attempted to utilize and apply an extensive simplification in devising a method which would permit of more widespread use of blood iodine determinations. This method is simplified, chemically accurate, and has shown good clinical correlations. Protein-bound blood iodine determinations are particularly helpful in indicating when hypermetabolism or hypometabolism is not of thyroid origin. Conversely there may be hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism which is not associated with corresponding deviations in the basal metabolic rate. In these, the protein-bound blood iodine1 becomes a valuable aid in a...
MUOS QoS Offerings and the Impact on Future UHF SATCOM

The Mobile User Objective System (MUOS) is DoD's next generation UHF SATCOM system. MUOS development includes not only design and on-orbit placement of satellities, but development and fielding of an integrated system that includes MUOS ground sites and the MUOS Common Air Interface (CAI). The CAI defines the protocols used by MUOS terminals to gain access to the system and achieve sufficient quality of service (QoS) from the system. The open-standard MUOS CAI is a layered approach that strongly leverages commercial development of UMTS/WCDMA protocols. MUOS offers a variety of service types for user applications. An `Assured Service' and a `Best Effort' service are offered. Further, three distinct data transport services (stream, burst, and flow) and two distinct voice services (regular voice, voice recognition) are offered within the realm of `Assured Service'. In order for users to take full advantage of MUOS capabilities, there must be an understanding of how these services work, so that user applications can be tailored appropriately. This is not always as straightforward as it appears ? for example, there are instances where `Best Effort' service may better meet a user's needs than does `Assured Service', and there are instances where `regular voice' may actually perform better than `voice recognition'. In this paper, the authors explain the MUOS service offerings, and discuss how future applications should consider the MUOS service offerings during development.
Pointed bubbles in slow viscous flow

Inviscid bubbles confined by the slow axisymmetric straining motion of a very viscous fluid are considered for the case when the surface tension is weak. The shape of the bubbles is determined using slender-body theory, and it is found that these bubbles have pointed ends, in agreement with well-established experimental results. The description obtained is invalid within exponentially small neighbourhoods of the ends and a local analysis suggests that the tips are cusp-like. In both the description of the major portion of the bubble and of the ends, there is an apparent non-uniqueness because a certain parameter can take on a countably infinite number of values. This non-uniqueness is not resolved.
A chemical study of the impact glasses and basalts from Lonar Crater, India

Twenty-nine elements were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis in two impact glasses and four basalts from Lonar Crater, India, and the glasses and the underlying core basalt samples are found to be very similar in major, minor, and trace element abundances. This finding seems to indicate that impact-induced chemical fractionation during formation of the glasses from basalt is minimal for many of the principal rock and mineral-forming elements. Since most volatile trace elements were not determined in this study, differences in the volatile trace element contents of the glasses and basalts can not be excluded.
Editorial: Survey and tutorial papers

As control technology becomes more and more complex, it becomes increasingly important for engineers and engineering students to understand the many new developments and theoretical results presented in journals such as the IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control. As Associate Editor for Surveys and Tutorials, the author would like to encourage potential new authors to submit manuscripts in this very important category of Transactions papers. Survey papers should be on timely subjects and as comprehensive as possible. The survey must obviously be novel and must not have appeared in some text or other publication, although survey papers may properly be generated by an author preparing a new text or a research worker developing a new area of investigation. A good survey should present the reader with an integrated perspective of the field being surveyed. Tutorial papers should expose a body of theoretical results or new design tools as clearly as possible. The understanding of results and design algorithms should be emphasized over mathematical details. Most tutorials should be understandable to the average B.S. engineer. A good tutorial can play a key role in keeping a practicing engneer current. Some may appropriately be written for the advanced specialist. There are many good topics for survey and tutorial papers. Even if you are not a potential author, your input on topics of interest would be appreciated.
Female attractiveness mediates the relationship between in-pair copulation frequency and men’s mate retention behaviors

More attractive women are more likely to be pursued as mates by men other than their long-term partner and, therefore, to place their partner at greater risk of cuckoldry (investing unwittingly in a child to whom he is genetically unrelated). Men partnered to more attractive women perform more mate retention behaviors – behaviors designed to thwart a woman’s infidelity. With greater risk of female infidelity, men may perform additional anti-cuckoldry tactics such as frequent in-pair copulations (IPC). We secured self-reports from 277 men in a long-term relationship and investigated: (1) the relationship between female partner’s attractiveness and IPC frequency and (2) the mediating role of female partner’s attractiveness on the relationship between IPC frequency and male mate retention behaviors. The results indicated that female attractiveness: (1) predicts IPC frequency and (2) partially mediates the relationship between IPC frequency and male mate retention behaviors. The discussion addresses the mediated relationship, notes limitations of the research, and highlights directions for future research.
Simulating Fatigue Crack Growth in Spiral Bevel Gears

The majority of helicopter transmission systems utilize spiral bevel gears to convert the horizontal power from the engine into vertical power for the rotor. Due to the cyclical loading on a gear's tooth, fatigue crack propagation can occur. In rotorcraft applications, a crack's trajectory determines whether the gear failure will be benign or catastrophic for the aircraft. As a result, the capability to predict crack growth in gears is significant. A spiral bevel gear's complex shape requires a three dimensional model of the geometry and cracks. The boundary element method in conjunction with linear elastic fracture mechanics theories is used to predict arbitrarily shaped three dimensional fatigue crack trajectories in a spiral bevel pinion under moving load conditions. The predictions are validated by comparison to experimental results. The sensitivity of the predictions to variations in loading conditions and crack growth rate model parameters is explored. Critical areas that must be understood in greater detail prior to predicting more accurate crack trajectories and crack growth rates in three dimensions are identified.
The thermodynamics of hybrid binary interstitial-substitutional solid solutions

Abstract A general treatment has been given of the thermodynamics of dilute solid solutions where the solute atoms may be located on both substitutional and interstitial sites and interactions between solute atoms and vacancies are considered. The results found have been used to discuss the behavior of He in Ni and Au where embedded atom calculations have provided theoretical estimates of some of the interaction energies determining the thermodynamic and kinetic behavior of He in those systems.
Left-handedness and spatial reasoning abilities: The deficit hypothesis revisited

Abstract Left-handers with an inverted handwriting posture have been found by Levy and Reid to have relatively bilateral representation of tachistoscopically tested verbal and spatial functions. On the assumption that such bilateral representation is inefficient, it was hypothesized that left-inverted subjects (N = 20) would score lower than left- and right-handers with normal handwriting postures (Ns = 64, 66 respectively) on spatial reasoning. Results were consistent with the hypothesis. Possible alternative explanations and directions for future research are outlined.
Telemanipulators with Sensor/Actuator Asymmetries Fail the Robustness Criterion

Force reflection in telemanipulators can be challenging and costly, often prohibitively so. By reducing the number of sensors and actuators used in the telemanipulator and providing the user only partial force feedback, cost and performance concerns can be optimized. While partial force feedback is beneficial practically, it creates a sensor/actuator asymmetry in the device. Robust stability for systems with sensor/actuator asymmetries has not been examined previously. We show that telemanipulators with sensor/actuator asymmetries are not passive and do not satisfy the robustness stability criterion. Thus, they are potentially unstable. Further, we motivate the need for additional stability criterion for telemanipulators that are not passivity-based.