cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased salinity affects survival and osmotic response of rusty crayfish Orconectes rusticus Girard, 1852 and northern clearwater crayfish O. propinquus Girard, 1852 (Decapoda: Astacoidea: Cambaridae) as salinity increases: the potential for estuarine invasions

The potential colonization of the rusty crayfish, Orconectes rusticus (Girard, 1852), has previously focused on lakes and streams of northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, but estuaries have not been considered. Rusty crayfish have recently been reported in tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay and the potential exists for crayfishes to invade and spread into the estuary. We determined survival, hemolymph osmotic pressure, and identified possible mechanisms of osmoregulation of the invasive O. rusticus and northern clearwater crayfish, Orconectes propinquus (Girard, 1852), in salinities of 0.5, 5, 15, and 30 ppt. Survival of both crayfishes (>83%) was unaffected at salinities of up to 15 ppt but declined significantly at 30 ppt to 17% for O. rusticus ( P O. propinquus ( P > 0 . 05 ). Hemolymph osmotic pressure in both species was higher than the external medium up to 15 ppt, and then became nearly isosmotic with salinities at 30 ppt with a significant species by treatment interaction ( F 3 , 55 = 4 . 4627 , P = 0 . 0071 ). The primary osmoregulatory mechanisms in crayfishes involve ions (Na + and Cl − ) and free amino acids (FAAs) in muscle tissues. Concentrations of Na + and Cl − increased with increasing salinity in both species and accounted for 74-91% of the total hemolymph osmotic pressure with a significant species (Pillai’s Trace = 0.9565, P 0 . 05 ). FAA in tail muscle tissue increased significantly with increasing salinity with a significant species by treatment interaction ( F 3 , 20 = 5 . 1911 , P = 0 . 0082 ). Both O. rusticus and O. propinquus were active in salinities of up to 15 ppt and were able to osmoregulate. Based on these laboratory experiments, the potential exists for both of these species to spread through large areas of estuaries into new rivers potentially threatening previously isolated watersheds.
Accelerated molecular dynamics simulations of the octopamine receptor using GPUs: discovery of an alternate agonist-binding position

Octopamine receptors (OARs) perform key biological functions in invertebrates, making this class of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) worth considering for insecticide development. However, no crystal structures and very little research exists for OARs. Furthermore, GPCRs are large proteins, are suspended in a lipid bilayer, and are activated on the millisecond timescale, all of which make conventional molecular dynamics (MD) simulations infeasible, even if run on large supercomputers. However, accelerated Molecular Dynamics (aMD) simulations can reduce this timescale to even hundreds of nanoseconds, while running the simulations on graphics processing units (GPUs) would enable even small clusters of GPUs to have processing power equivalent to hundreds of CPUs. Our results show that aMD simulations run on GPUs can successfully obtain the active and inactive state conformations of a GPCR on this reduced timescale. Furthermore, we discovered a potential alternate active-state agonist-binding position in the octopamine receptor which has yet to be observed and may be a novel GPCR agonist-binding position. These results demonstrate that a complex biological system with an activation process on the millisecond timescale can be successfully simulated on the nanosecond timescale using a simple computing system consisting of a small number of GPUs. Proteins 2016; 84:1480-1489. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Decorating in situ ultrasmall tin particles on crumpled N-doped graphene for lithium-ion batteries with a long life cycle

Abstract The practical application of Sn, a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries, is hindered primarily by its huge volume change (up to 260%) upon lithiation. To tackle this obstacle, here we report a facile one-pot method, i.e., pyrolysis of a mixture of GO, SnCl4, and cyanamide at elevated temperatures to create in situ a novel mesoporous structure of Sn@N-doped graphene (Sn@NG). In the constructed architecture, the ultrasmall Sn nanoparticles (2–3 nm) are uniformly embedded in the NG network while the crumpled NG provides good electronic conductivity, abundant defects, high surface area, and large mesopore volume. Due to the combination of these merits, Sn@NG exhibits extremely long-term cycling stability, even at high rates, retaining a capacity of 568 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 (90% retention) and 535 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1 (91.6% retention) after 1000 and 900 cycles, respectively. This performance is superior to that of Sn@G (without N-doping) and Sn//NG prepared using a two-step process with large particle sizes (>30 nm) and uneven dispersion of Sn. The findings from this work will shed light on the design of efficient and stable Sn and other metal-based materials for energy storage and conversion.
Principles and Practices Fostering Inclusive Excellence: Lessons from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Capstone Institutions

Best-practices pedagogy in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) aims for inclusive excellence that fosters student persistence. This paper describes principles of inclusivity across 11 primarily undergraduate institutions designated as Capstone Awardees in Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s (HHMI) 2012 competition. The Capstones represent a range of institutional missions, student profiles, and geographical locations. Each successfully directed activities toward persistence of STEM students, especially those from traditionally underrepresented groups, through a set of common elements: mentoring programs to build community; research experiences to strengthen scientific skill/ identity; attention to quantitative skills; and outreach/bridge programs to broaden the student pool. This paper grounds these program elements in learning theory, emphasizing their essential principles with examples of how they were implemented within institutional contexts. We also describe common assessment approaches that in many cases informed programming and created traction for stakeholder buy-in. The lessons learned from our shared experiences in pursuit of inclusive excellence, including the resources housed on our companion website, can inform others’ efforts to increase access to and persistence in STEM in higher education.
Orthogonal groups over GF(2) and related graphs

Regular graphs are considered, whose automorphism groups are permutation representations P of the orthogonal groups in various dimensions over GF(2). Vertices and adjacencies are defined by quadratic forms, and after graphical displays of the trivial isomorphisms between the symmetric groups S2, S3, S5, S6 and corresponding orthogonal groups, a 28-vertex graph is constructed that displays the isomorphism between S8 and o 6 + (2). Explored next are the eigenvalues and constituent idempotent matrices of the (−1,1)-adjacency matrix A of each of the orthogonal graphs, and the commuting ring R of the rank three permutation representation P of its automorphism group. Formulas are obtained for splitting into its irreducible characters χ(i) the permutation character χ of P, by expressing the class sums Bλ of P in terms of the identity matrix and the (0,1)-matrices H and K obtained from the adjacency matrix A=H − K.
The Heuristic Value of p in Inductive Statistical Inference.

Many statistical methods yield the probability of the observed data – or data more extreme – under the assumption that a particular hypothesis is true. This probability is commonly known as ‘the’ p value. (Null Hypothesis) Significance Testing ([NH]ST) is the most prominent of these methods. The p value has been subjected to much speculation, analysis, and criticism. We explore how well the p value predicts what researchers presumably seek: the probability of the hypothesis being true given the evidence, and the probability of reproducing significant results. We also explore the effect of sample size on inferential accuracy, bias, and error. In a series of simulation experiments, we find that the p value performs quite well as a heuristic cue in inductive inference, although there are identifiable limits to its usefulness. We conclude that despite its general usefulness, the p value cannot bear the full burden of inductive inference; it is but one of several heuristic cues available to the data analyst. Depending on the inferential challenge at hand, investigators may supplement their reports with effect size estimates, Bayes factors, or other suitable statistics, to communicate what they think the data say.
Blocking, Neural Basis of

Blocking is a conditioning paradigm, first described by Leon Kamin (1969), in which previous conditioning to a stimulwhich a second stimulus can be conditioned during compound conditioning. This effect reflects the fact that temporal contiguity does not suffice for associations to occur between events, and reveals the animal's active role in the selection and processing of stimuli during associative learning. No single neural mechanism has yet been identified as a neural basis for blocking, but compelling evidence for an underlying negative feedback mechanism has been provided. The hippocampus, as a structure claimed to be relevant for the selection of stimuli, has also been shown to play a role in blocking, although those results are somewhat obscured by lack of specificity in the lesions. Future research in the neural basis of blocking should include further exploration of negative feedback mechanisms as well as more detailed studies regarding the role of the hippocampus and related structures in this phenomenon.
Randomized Trial of Interventions to Improve Childhood Asthma in Homes with Wood-burning Stoves.

Background: Household air pollution due to biomass combustion for residential heating adversely affects vulnerable populations. Randomized controlled trials to improve indoor air quality in homes o...
Outcomes of rectal resection following neoadjuvant therapy in the elderly: Can rectal cancer patients be too old for a neoadjuvant approach?

Abstract Background Neoadjuvant therapy has improved outcomes of resection for rectal carcinoma, however, there is limited data regarding its impact on elderly patients. Methods A retrospective review of 109 patients, 74 patients Results Neoadjuvant therapy was completed by 73/74 patients in Group 1 (99%) vs 30/35 patients in Group 2 (86%) (p = 0.013). R0 resection was accomplished in 94% (Group 1–96%, Group 2–91%). The overall recurrence rate was 12% for Group 1 vs 9% for Group 2. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a statistically significant difference in overall survival favoring Group 1 (p = 0.002). Conclusions Neoadjuvant therapy was safely administered to completion in 86% of elderly patients with similar rates of R0 resection and recurrence versus a younger patient population and should not be denied on the basis of advanced age alone.
Mining Public Datasets for Modeling Intra-City PM2.5 Concentrations at a Fine Spatial Resolution

Air quality models are important for studying the impact of air pollutant on health conditions at a fine spatiotemporal scale. Existing work typically relies on area-specific, expert-selected attributes of pollution emissions (e,g., transportation) and dispersion (e.g., meteorology) for building the model for each combination of study areas, pollutant types, and spatiotemporal scales. In this paper, we present a data mining approach that utilizes publicly available OpenStreetMap (OSM) data to automatically generate an air quality model for the concentrations of fine particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter at various temporal scales. Our experiment shows that our (domain-) expert-free model could generate accurate PM2.5 concentration predictions, which can be used to improve air quality models that traditionally rely on expert-selected input. Our approach also quantifies the impact on air quality from a variety of geographic features (i.e., how various types of geographic features such as parking lots and commercial buildings affect air quality and from what distance) representing mobile, stationary and area natural and anthropogenic air pollution sources. This approach is particularly important for enabling the construction of context-specific spatiotemporal models of air pollution, allowing investigations of the impact of air pollution exposures on sensitive populations such as children with asthma at scale.
Evaluating On-Node GPU Interconnects for Deep Learning Workloads

Scaling deep learning workloads across multiple GPUs on a single node has become increasingly important in data analytics. A key question is how well a PCIe-based GPU interconnect can perform relative to a custom high-performance interconnect such as NVIDIA’s NVLink. This paper evaluates two such on-node interconnects for eight NVIDIA Pascal P100 GPUs: (a) the NVIDIA DGX-1’s NVLink 1.0 ‘hybrid cube mesh’; and (b) the Cirrascale GX8’s two-level PCIe tree using dual SR3615 switch risers. To show the effects of a range of neural network workloads, we define a parameterized version of the popular ResNet architecture. We define a workload intensity metric that characterizes the expected computation/communication ratio; we also locate AlexNet and GoogLeNet within that space. As expected, the DGX-1 typically has superior performance. However, the GX8 is very competitive on all ResNet workloads. With 8 GPUs, the GX8 can outperform the DGX-1 on all-to-all reductions by 10% for medium-sized payloads; and in rare cases, the GX8 slightly outperforms on ResNet.
Effect of pressure on segregation in granular shear flows

The effect of confining pressure (overburden) on segregation of granular material is studied in discrete element method (DEM) simulations of horizontal planar shear flow. To mitigate changes to the shear rate due to the changing overburden, a linear with depth variation in the streamwise velocity component is imposed using a simple feedback scheme. Under these conditions, both the rate of segregation and the ultimate degree of segregation in size bidisperse and density bidisperse granular flows decrease with increasing overburden pressure and scale with the overburden pressure normalized by the lithostatic pressure of the particle bed. At overburdens greater than approximately 20 times the lithostatic pressure at the bottom of the bed, the density segregation rate is zero while the size segregation rate is small but nonzero, suggesting that different physical mechanisms drive the two types of segregation. The segregation rate scales close to linearly with the inertial number for both size bidisperse and density bidisperse mixtures under various flow conditions, leading to a proposed pressure dependence term for existing segregation velocity correlations. Surprisingly, particle stiffness has only a minor effect on segregation, although it significantly affects the packing density.
Abstract 2994: Acute Ischemia in Broca's Area is Associated with Apraxia of Speech and Phonological Short-Term Memory Deficit

Background: Apraxia of speech (AOS) is commonly thought of as a motor programming deficit, but could be due to impaired ability to maintain the sequence of phonemes (speech sounds) in short-term me...
Sorting by Height: Education and Economic Outcomes of Women in Less-Developed Countries

AbstractTaller height is commonly found to correlate with educational and economic outcomes. Most studies focus on a relationship to earnings, and consider samples from individual countries. This p...
Monitoring and Assessment of Medical Countermeasures as Part of a Public Health Emergency Response.

The article discusses the authors' views about the monitoring and assessment of medical countermeasures (MCMs) as part of the U.S. government's response to a public health emergency, and it mentions the efficacy and safety of MCMs which include drugs and medical products. The infrastructure for MCM administration is examined, along with the American Food and Drug Administration's drug and medical product approval processes.
Addressing Immigrant and Refugee Issues in Multicultural Counselor Education

Although counseling, psychological, and mental health research has been conducted on the needs and experiences of immigrants and refugees living in the United States, inclusion of these topics is n...
Vinylidenation of Organoboronic Esters Enabled by a Pd-Catalyzed Metallate Shift

Organoboron "ate" complexes undergo a net vinyl insertion reaction to give 1,1-disubstituted alkenyl boronic esters when treated with stoichiometric allyl acetate and a palladium catalyst. Reactions that employ vinyllithium afforded good to excellent yields after one hour, while reactions that employ vinylmagnesium chloride furnished modest to good yields after 18 hours.
Epithelial DNA methyltransferase-1 regulates cell survival, growth and maturation in developing prostatic buds.

Abstract DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) is required for embryogenesis but roles in late forming organ systems including the prostate, which emerges from the urethral epithelium, have not been fully examined. We used a targeted genetic approach involving a Shhcre recombinase to demonstrate requirement of epithelial DNA methyltransferase-1 (Dnmt1) in mouse prostate morphogenesis. Dnmt1 mutant urethral cells exhibit DNA hypomethylation, DNA damage, p53 accumulation and undergo cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Urethral epithelial cells are disorganized in Dnmt1 mutants, leading to impaired prostate growth and maturation and failed glandular development. We evaluated oriented cell division as a mechanism of bud elongation and widening by demonstrating that mitotic spindle axes typically form parallel or perpendicular to prostatic bud elongation axes. We then deployed a ShhcreERT allele to delete Dnmt1 from a subset of urethral epithelial cells, creating mosaic mutants with which to interrogate the requirement for cell division in specific prostatic bud epithelial populations. DNMT1- cell distribution within prostatic buds is not random as would be expected in a process where DNMT1 was not required. Instead, replication competent DNMT1 + cells primarily accumulate in prostatic bud margins and tips while replication impeded DNMT1- cells accumulate in prostatic bud cores. Together, these results highlight the role of DNMT1 in regulating epithelial bud formation by maintaining cell cycle progression and survival of rapidly dividing urethral epithelial cells, which can be extended to the study of other developing epithelial organs. In addition, our results show that prostatic buds consist of two epithelial cell populations with distinct molecular and functional characteristics that could potentially contribute to specialized lineages in the adult prostate.
Mapping a keystone shrub species, huckleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum), using seasonal colour change in the Rocky Mountains

ABSTRACTBlack huckleberries (Vaccinium membranaceum) provide a critical food resource to many wildlife species, including apex omnivores such as the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), and play an important socioeconomic role for many communities in western North America, especially indigenous peoples. Remote sensing imagery offers the potential for accurate landscape-level mapping of huckleberries because the shrub changes colour seasonally. We developed two methods, for local and regional scales, to map a shrub species using leaf seasonal colour change from remote sensing imagery. We assessed accuracy with ground-based vegetation surveys. The high-resolution supervised random forest classification from one-meter resolution National Agricultural Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery achieved an overall accuracy of 75.31% (kappa = 0.26). The approach using multi-temporal 30-meter Landsat imagery similarly had an overall accuracy of 79.19% (kappa = .31). We found underprediction error was related to higher forest cover ...
Polarized light Monte Carlo simulation of cervical collagen ultrastructure (Conference Presentation)

Polarized light microscopy and polarimetry has been used to assess changes in cervical structure by targeting its collagen. 75% of the human cervix is in fact composed of highly arranged collagen which is birefringent. Recently we have used Mueller Matrix polarimetry to image the human cervix in-vivo to determine loss of collagen arrangement associated with later stages of pregnancy. In an effort to improve our system capability and better determine the provenance of the polarized signal we have developed a Polarized Light Monte Carlo model capable of characterizing polarized light interaction with a birefringent, scattering, and absorbing medium such as the cervix. We have utilized this model to investigate the effect of cervical collagen arrangement typical of late stage in pregnancy on polarized light. In this talk we will illustrate the model framework, its validations, and provide several test cases in model cervices.
A ‘speculative pasts’ pedagogy: where speculative design meets historical thinking

This paper provides a pedagogic context for the authors’ concept of ‘Speculative Pasts,’ framed within an auto-ethnographic account of their co-taught course ‘How the Computer Became Personal.’ Ble...
Direct Synthesis of the Phenanthroviridone Skeleton Using a Highly Regioselective Nitroquinone Diels–Alder Reaction

A variety of nucleophiles react efficiently with in situ generated nitroquinones. The reaction with substituted resorcinols led to the direct synthesis of the phenanthroviridinone and lagumycin skeleton via a highly regioselective Diels-Alder reaction.
Functional neurologic disorders: The need for a model of care

Neurologists are commonly consulted for patients with a functional neurologic disorder. Best practices as to their diagnosis and treatment have been established, and multiple academic centers have programs in place for their treatment. However, given the number of patients suffering from this condition, a comprehensive model of care that can be broadly implemented needs to be developed and applied beyond specialized academic programs.
Conclusions, Policy Recommendations, Limitations, and Suggestions for Future Research

This chapter provides conclusions and policy recommendations, as well as discusses research limitations and suggestions for future research. It discusses how both hotels and home shares are subject to the threat of crime; yet, home shares experience unique crimes which would never occur in the hotel setting because hotels are a highly regulated environment. Even though some states and individual localities have tried to control home sharing, crime and safety problems are still present. This is because safety and security practices in home shares are not mandatory and require voluntary compliance by individual hosts, who are not usually trained in the fields of security and hospitality, to voluntarily comply. Home-sharing companies make many safety suggestions and offer some tools hosts need to be successful, but because of their status as an internet platform, rather than an innkeeper, they bear no legal responsibility. Policymakers need to be aware that current law places the responsibility for safety and security on home-sharing users. It may be that the time has come to regulate home-sharing companies more closely; however, other policies can be considered to help reduce safety and security concerns for home-sharing users and for the neighborhoods in which home sharing occurs.
Filling the Void: Use of the Interpositional Buccal Fat Pad to Decrease Palatal Contraction and Fistula Formation:

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of the buccal fat pad flap (BFPF) to fill the void remaining after muscle transposition and study its effect on durability, fistul...
TELEPORT—an augmented reality teleconferencing environment

A prototype immersive teleconferencing environment is described that allows small groups of people, although geographically separated, to meet as if face-to-face. The innovative features of the system include the use of wall-sized display surfaces, viewer tracking, subject-background separation by means of computer vision techniques and real-time compositing of live video with synthetic backgrounds. Used in combination, these techniques give the illusion of a virtual meeting area being an extension in space of a real meeting room.
The Viability of Vertical Restraints Doctrine

The prevailing substantive antitrust rules governing verticai arrangements are anomalous in several respects. One anomaly may be that the rules reflect a political standoff likely to prove quite stable over time. If stability connotes viability, the rules of vertical restraints may be both viable and anomalous. The vertical rules have had a chaotic, an anti-intellectual, and, in some senses, a belated development. Unlike the early cases involving horizontal restraints, none of the early vertical restraints cases wrestled with economic principle and explored the implications of the then-rudimentary learning about price theory or industrial organization. Some of the earliest cases were tie-in cases such as the Button-Fastener case' and A.B. Dick. 2 In those cases, a tie appears to have been used to meter demand elasticity, or perhaps for quality control. But the permissive and sensible lines of development that started here did not survive the Motion Picture Patents case.3
A modified transfusion program for prevention of stroke in sickle cell disease.

Regular red blood cell transfusions reduce the rate of recurrent cerebral infarction in sickle cell disease but lead to accumulation of excessive iron. We studied the effect on the prevention of recurrent stroke and the volume of blood transfused of a modified transfusion program in which the pretransfusion percentage of hemoglobin S (HbS) was maintained at 50%, rather than the conventional 30%. Fifteen patients with sickle cell disease and cerebral infarction who had been free of recurrent stroke for at least 4 years during which the pretransfusion HbS was maintained below 30% were assigned to a transfusion program in which the HbS was allowed to increase to 50%. Transfusion regimens included simple transfusion and manual and automated partial exchange transfusion. The duration of follow-up was 14 to 130 months with a median duration of 84 months. None of the 15 patients had a recurrent cerebral infarction during 1,023 patient-months in which the target pretransfusion HbS was 50%. Analysis of this finding, using a binomial distribution, indicates that there is less than a 5% chance that the risk per patient of recurrent stroke in the first year of the modified transfusion program is greater than 18%. One 23-year-old patient had a fatal intraventricular hemorrhage when the HbS was 30% and a 21-year-old patient had a fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage in the 40th week of pregnancy when the HbS was 29%. Blood requirements with simple transfusions decreased by 17% to 48% (mean 31%) when the target pretransfusion HbS level was increased from 30% to 50% (P less than .001). Manual or automated partial exchange transfusions and a target HbS level of 50% in eight patients reduced blood requirements by 33% to 99% (mean 67%) in comparison with simple transfusion and a target HbS level of 30% (P less than .001). This study offers evidence that a target pretransfusion HbS level of 50% affords a continuing high rate of protection against recurrent cerebral infarction in sickle cell disease after 4 years of a conventional transfusion program. Increasing the target HbS level from 30% to 50% provides a major reduction in blood requirements and lowers the rate of iron accumulation.
Gliomatosis Cerebri Masquerades as a Granulomatous Process (P4.225)

Background: Gliomatosis cerebri is a rare primary brain tumor characterized by diffuse neoplastic infiltration generally presenting in the 3rd or 4th decades of life. We present a case of gliomatosis mimicking a granulomatous process. Case: A 38-year-old woman with 6-8 weeks of nonspecific back pain and headache was brought to the hospital after being found unresponsive. Lumbar puncture revealed >1000 RBCs, 45 WBCs, and total protein >1000. MRI brain showed multiple areas of abnormal T2 prolongation and diffuse nodular leptomeningeal enhancement. She had an extensive workup for autoimmune (Anti-Ro/La, ANA, anti-dsDNA, anti-cardiolipin antibodies, RNP, RF), granulomatous (ANCA, ACE), infectious (encephalitis panel, VZV, HIV, Borrelia, Brucella, HTLV, Syphilis, Coccidiomycosis, Entamoeba, Mycobacterium, Cryptococcus, Rickettsia, Toxoplasma), demyelinating (oligoclonal bands, anti-NMO, MBP), toxicological and paraneoplastic (including anti-NMDA) disorders. Three CSF cytology and flow cytometry evaluations were unremarkable, as was CT chest/abdomen/pelvis. Her evaluation was notable for low levels of complement, positive serum JC virus, high CSF albumin, and low CD4 count (225). She was treated empirically with high-dose prednisone, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, and acyclovir, improved to baseline, was discharged home after 15 days, and resumed normal activities (e.g. laundry, cooking), albeit with increased fatigability. Unfortunately, she re-presented less than one week later with decreased oral intake, vomiting, and seizures. CT head revealed acute hydrocephalus. Repeat MRI brain revealed interval worsening of the nodular enhancement “consistent with granulomatous meningitis” and stable intraparenchymal T2 abnormality “suggestive of encephalitis”. MRI spine showed diffuse thoracolumbar nodular thickening and leptomeningeal enhancement. She underwent dural and optico-carotid lesion biopsies. The optico-carotid lesion revealed high-grade astrocytic tumor; she was diagnosed with gliomatosis cerebri. Her family elected to pursue a palliative course. She passed away less than 8 weeks after initial presentation. Conclusions: It is important to consider neoplastic etiologies in the differential of granulomatous processes, even when preliminary neoplastic evaluation is unremarkable. Disclosure: Dr. LaBuzetta has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rama has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lemkuil has nothing to disclose. Dr. Karanjia has nothing to disclose.
Postdischarge events occurring after pediatric sedation for dentistry

PURPOSE: To investigate postdischarge events occurring in children during the 24 hours following sedation for dentistry. METHODS: A convenience sample of 50 children undergoing sedation with combinations of midazolam, hydroxyzine, and meperidine were included. Parents received a standardized timesheet to record child's behavior, alertness, activity level, motor imbalance, emesis, and soft tissue trauma every two hours from discharge until bedtime. A questionnaire asked about transportation, supervision, and return to normal activity. Families were telephoned after 24 hours to collect the information. RESULTS: Sixty-six percent of children slept in the car; of these, 30 percent were supervised by only the driver, and 12 percent were difficult to awaken. Agitation was observed in 22 percent, restlessness in 10 percent, withdrawn behavior in 16 percent, and soft tissue trauma in 18 percent. Motor imbalance was significantly associated with midazolam (P=.002), as was restlessness (P=.004). Eighty-two percent slept between discharge and bedtime, with 16 percent sleeping for greater than four hours. Return to normal activity was greater than four hours in 36 percent, and was inversely correlated with age (P=.02). CONCLUSIONS: Postdischarge sleepiness, drug-specific motor imbalance, sleep during transit, and recovery times greater than four hours were common and warrant vigilant adult supervision. Language: en
CYTOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE CHROMATIN BODIES OF TWO BACILLUS SPECIES

Abstract Chatterjee, B. R. (Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.) and Robert P. Williams. Cytological observations on the chromatin bodies of two Bacillus species. J. Bacteriol. 83:1112–1118. 1962.—The nature of the chromatin bodies in Bacillus anthracis and B. megaterium has been studied intracellularly as well as after isolation from the bacilli. Preparations were examined by phase-contrast microscopy in the living state and by acid-Giemsa and Feulgen staining. In cells from young cultures, chromatin bodies occupy a continuous, long, central area in the bacteria. As the cells mature, the bodies lose their continuity and divide into two halves. In cells grown for 24 hr or longer, the chromatin bodies become more complex, and appear as multiple, spherical, interconnected constellations. Nuclear staining reveals that only the peripheral area, whether in cells from young or older cultures, takes up the stain, leaving a clear, central core. Discrete chromatin bodies are liberated from cells grown for longer periods after disintegration of the bacterial cell wall. These discrete bodies have been isolated from whole bacteria by treating washed, buffered saline suspensions of old cells with high concentrations of lysozyme followed by digestion with purified pancreatic lipase. The isolated chromatin bodies retain the same structure and appearance as inside the cells and show the same staining characteristics. Observations suggest that the chromatin bodies are discrete and circumscribed in nondividing, resting-phase bacteria.
Biomedical engineering education-a perspective

Following a brief discussion of the history of academic programs in biomedical engineering. The author outlines some of the general features that are important to an effective program. The author then describes the curriculum at Drexel University. This program has enjoyed considerable success in training a broad spectrum of graduates and has been quite responsive to the needs of the profession. While the Drexel University Program provides only graduate degrees, it has attempted over the years to offer opportunities to students during their undergraduate career. >
What Special Education Directors Say about RTI

An e-mail survey of special education directors was conducted to ascertain practices related to implementation of Response to Intervention (RTI) processes in North Carolina schools. The data indica...
Multicultural issues encountered in the supervision of music therapy internships in the United States and Canada

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which multicultural issues are being addressed in music therapy internships in the United States and Canada. Internships are pre-professional, supervised clinical training programs required for certification or accreditation as a music therapist. Music therapy internship supervisors (N = 104) completed an online survey on demographics, multicultural training and experiences, cross-cultural issues encountered in internship supervision, and the extent to which multicultural issues are addressed with interns. Analysis of the data revealed that although the majority of supervisors had supervised interns from diverse cultural backgrounds, many had little or no formalized training in multicultural music therapy. It was also found that multicultural issues were not being consistently addressed within the context of music therapy internship supervision. Implications for supervisor training, music therapy internship supervision practices, and further research are discussed.
Genetic Evidence that an Endosymbiont-derived Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Protein Degradation (ERAD) System Functions in Import of Apicoplast Proteins

Most apicomplexan parasites harbor a relict chloroplast, the apicoplast, that is critical for their survival. Whereas the apicoplast maintains a small genome, the bulk of its proteins are nuclear encoded and imported into the organelle. Several models have been proposed to explain how proteins might cross the four membranes that surround the apicoplast; however, experimental data discriminating these models are largely missing. Here we present genetic evidence that apicoplast protein import depends on elements derived from the ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) system of the endosymbiont. We identified two sets of ERAD components in Toxoplasma gondii, one associated with the ER and cytoplasm and one localized to the membranes of the apicoplast. We engineered a conditional null mutant in apicoplast Der1, the putative pore of the apicoplast ERAD complex, and found that loss of Der1Ap results in loss of apicoplast protein import and subsequent death of the parasite.
Continental Shelf Sedimentation in an Arctic Environment

A factor analysis of 579 bottom sediment samples from the Continental Shelf in the Chukchi and northeastern Bering Seas identified three factors that “explain” 92 percent of the variation of ten granulometric variables. Factor I represents deposition of silts and clays by settling from the water column. Although Factor I is extensively distributed in the areas of quieter water, the extreme values occur where there is an abrupt reduction in transporting capacity. Factor II represents both the provenance of the sand and the deposition or modification of sands by nearshore processes. Factor III represents beach processes and also several processes producing a poorly sorted sediment. The silts and clays from the Yukon River cover the bottom of Norton Sound and are encroaching onto the relict sands of the Chirikov Basin. Together with the muds from other Alaskan rivers, the Yukon sediment is also transported into the Chukchi Sea, in both the coastal water and offshore water. The coastal flow leaves the coast at Point Hope, diverges, and enters the complex circulation in the Chukchi Basin that is controlled by regional winds. Depending upon the atmospheric pressure distribution, the currents may carry much of the sediment off the shelf down Herald Canyon or into the East Siberian Sea, or the bottom water and sediment may remain in residence on the shelf even to a point of minor stagnation of the circulation. Sufficient mud has been deposited to floor the basin. The compensation current from the East Siberian Sea may be a more significant sediment supplier than previously thought, and the northward flow of the Bering Strait current from Point Hope to Point Barrow may be sporadic. The nearshore sands of the southeastern Chukchi Sea are modern, wave sorted in places, and current deposited in other places. Along the Siberian coast and in the northeastern Chukchi Sea, the sands are relict and residual. Residual sediment also occurs on Herald Shoal. Although the seas are ice covered for 9 to 10 months annually, ice rafting is not a dominant sedimentary process. Deposition of fine sediment may occur during this time by settling from the homogeneous water.
Temporal and spatial interleaving of H.261 compression for lossy transmission

This paper proposes a modified H.261 code that uses both temporal and spatial domain interleaving for transmission over a lossy channel. In this scheme, a video input sequence is splitted into two temporally interleaved subsequences for separate H.261 encoding. After that, spatially interleaved macro blocks are transmitted separately by different packets. From these temporal and spatial interleavings, lost data can be substituted from the closest matched blocks in the adjacent frames. As a result, the error propagation effect is minimized and very little distortion is observed. Due to only one frame delay from temporal interleaving, the scheme maintains a good compression ratio and is attractive to real-time video communications.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Influences of Social Networks on Phishing Vulnerability

Phishing is a form of electronic deception in which an attacker tries to cause the recipient to do something or disclose data that they likely would not normally do by mimicking a trustworthy entity. These attacks have been increasing at an alarming rate and can cause damages in the form of identity theft, financial losses, and compromised security for organizations and governmental institutions. Additionally, phishing attacks have become very sophisticated and even more successful because of the lack of vigilance by computer users. Successful phishes have particularly strong implications for military populations, and have the potential to threaten national security. In an attempt to reduce the overall success rate of a phishing attack, this paper applies the foundations of social network analysis to identify how social network structures among a military company of future US Army officers. are most influential in reducing the spread of a phish. This experimental study collected empirical and survey data in an effort to analyze the flow of information and influence of people in phishing awareness within an organization.
Multiple local minima in radiotherapy optimization problems with dose–volume constraints

The cause of multiple local minima in beam weight optimization problems subject to dose-volume constraints is analyzed. Three objective functions were considered: (a) maximization of tumor control probability (TCP), (b) maximization of the minimum target dose, and (c) minimization of the mean-squared-deviation of the target dose from the prescription dose. It is shown that: (a) TCP models generally result in strongly quasiconvex objective functions; (b) maximization of the minimum target dose results in a strongly quasiconvex objective function; and (c) minimizing the root-mean-square dose deviation results in a convex objective function. Dose-volume constraints are considered such that, for each region at risk (RAR), the volume of tissue whose dose exceeds a certain tolerance dose (DTol) is kept equal to or below a given fractional level (VTol). If all RARs lack a "volume effect" (i.e., VTol = 0 for all RARs) then there is a single local minimum. But if volume effects are present, then the feasible space is possibly nonconvex and therefore possibly leads to multiple local minima. These conclusions hold for all three objective functions. Hence, possible local minima come not from the nonlinear nature of the objective functions considered, but from the "either this volume or that volume but not both" nature of the volume effect. These observations imply that optimization algorithms for dose-volume constraint types of problems should have effective strategies for dealing with multiple local minima.
A Note on Norms in Experimental Economics

Many prominent recent contributions to economic theory [Laibson 1997; Camerer 2003; Charness and Dufwenberg 2006] are motivated by the findings of economics experiments, and are then advanced by further experimentation [Houser and Kurzban 2002; Xiao and Houser 2005]. This iterative process indicates a sense of trust both in experiments and in the experimenters who conduct them. This trust hinges on two key norms that guide the design, analysis, and reporting of economic experiments in both the lab and the field. These norms help ensure adherence to the key ethical standard of "transparency" [Levy and Peart this issue]. Norms here refer to informal rules guiding the decisions of scholars who use designed investigations to inform economic hypotheses. The first key norm for experimental economists is simplicity: experimentalists adopt the simplest design that can address their research hypothesis. An experimental design is "simple" if it provides (a) ease of replicability and (b) straightforward interpretations of outcomes. The importance of the former will be discussed further below. The latter point (b) is not meant to suggest that sophisticated econometric or statistical analysis is or should be avoided in experimental economics. Rather, it means that the analysis procedures should be appropriate and defensible given the design, and that the design should be chosen in view of such considerations. The second norm is that all published data and procedures be made publicly available. In particular, the published results must be supported by a discussion that would allow the procedures to be replicated. The procedural discussion includes not just a description of the formal experimetrics procedures [Houser 2008], but also the procedures by which the data were generated. Usually, this entails publishing at least the experiment's instructions, either in the journal or on a website that the published article references.
Quantum logic between atoms inside a high-Q optical cavity

We propose a protocol for conditional quantum logic between two four-state atoms inside a high-$Q$ optical cavity. The process detailed in this paper utilizes a direct four-photon two-atom resonant process and has the added advantage of commonly addressing the two atoms when they are inside the high-$Q$ optical cavity.
Design of a Cyclic Robot for the Lower Limb

This paper presents the design and simulation of a novel lower-limb exercise robot designed specifically for cyclic motions and the high power nature of lower-limb interaction. In doing so, it breaks from traditional robotics wisdom by intentionally traveling through singularities and incorporating large inertia. Such attributes help define the understudied class of lower-limb exercise robots, and lead to some explicit design considerations. Results from a simulation show that the specific design requires only a reasonably sized damper and motor.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Drug-resistant tuberculosis: a new shot on goal.

Modification of a natural product with antibiotic properties to block its efflux from Mycobacterium tuberculosis results in a new drug candidate for tuberculosis with a promising therapeutic profile in mice (pages 152–158).
Quantification of DCE-MRI: Pharmacokinetic parameter ratio between TOI and RR in reference region model

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) is performed by obtaining sequential MRI images, before, during, and after the injection of a contrast agent. T 1 weighted MR imaging is used to observe the exchange of contrast agent between the vascular space and extravascular extracellular space (EES), providing information about blood volume and microvascular permeability. Signal intensity is obtained from the sequence of T 1 weighted images and then used to estimate the kinetic parameters in the equation derived from the pharmacokinetic model. In a DCE-MRI study, an accurate knowledge of the arterial input function (AIF) is very important to estimate the kinetic parameters. However, the AIF is usually unknown and it remains very difficult to obtain such information noninvasively. Here we use a reference region model that does not require the information about AIF. Though, this model usually needs literature value for the reference region. In this abstract, without knowledge of AIF, Ktrans in the tissue of interest (TOI) is compared with Ktrans in a reference region (RR). This was done by calculating the ratio K R between Ktrans in TOI and RR and the ratio V R between v e in TOI and RR while the Ktrans,RR was assigned a value ranging from 0.1 to 1.0. It is shown from both simulation and in vivo data set that this ratio is independent of Ktrans,RR, implying we are no longer required to get the information about literature value for the reference region.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES OF SEQUENTIAL AND BATCHED DECISION MAKING

Whether to batch-process data or to randomly update files in real-time is a common design choice faced by information system analysts. A related (but different) problem is whether or not decisions should be batch processed. Though this latter problem is undoubtedly of greater managerial concern it has received less attention. This paper discusses considerations relevant to the optimal batching and timing of decisions and illustrates these by examples. A simple illustrative mathematical model of the problem is developed and optimized. This topic is of interest to MIS designers since their systems may include automated decision making and always support the decision making process.