cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Irreversibility and Mechanics

PROF. K. R. POPPER has recently pointed out the error in the belief that “ ‘classical’ mechanics … can describe physical processes only in so far as they are reversible in time”1. He cites the spreading of water waves resulting from a dropped stone as an example of a ‘classical’ process which is irreversible. This example is, however, not altogether convincing, since it is not obvious that a reversed set of water waves cannot be set up by a system of generators, coherently operating on the periphery of the water wave system; also, the propagation of water waves is in any event irreversible by virtue of being a dissipative process, while Popper's argument was for irreversibility of the waves on other grounds.
Association of kidney function with inflammatory and procoagulant markers in a diverse cohort: a cross-sectional analysis from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).

Prior studies using creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) have found limited associations between kidney function and markers of inflammation. Using eGFR and cystatin C, a novel marker of kidney function, the authors investigated the association of kidney function with multiple biomarkers in a diverse cohort. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis consists of 6,814 participants of white, African-American, Hispanic, and Chinese descent, enrolled from 2000–2002 from six U.S. communities. Measurements at the enrollment visit included serum creatinine, cystatin C, and six inflammatory and procoagulant biomarkers. Creatinine-based eGFR was estimated using the four-variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation, and chronic kidney disease was defined by an eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Adjusted partial correlations between cystatin C and all biomarkers were statistically significant: C-reactive protein (r = 0.08), interleukin-6 (r = 0.16), tumor necrosis factor-α soluble receptor 1 (TNF-αR1; r = 0.75), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (r = 0.21), fibrinogen (r = 0.14), and factor VIII (r = 0.11; two-sided p < 0.01 for all). In participants without chronic kidney disease, higher creatinine-based eGFR was associated only with higher TNF-αR1 levels. In a cohort characterized by ethnic diversity, cystatin C was directly associated with multiple procoagulant and inflammatory markers. Creatinine-based eGFR had similar associations with these biomarkers among subjects with chronic kidney disease.
They Don't Want To Cruise Your Type: Gay Men of Color and the Racial Politics of Exclusion

Despite the civil rights dialogue used by the gay community, many ‘gay’ organizations and members of the ‘gay’ community continue to exclude men of color from leadership positions and ‘gay’ establishments, thus continuing to add to the notion that ‘gay’ equals ‘white’. Likewise, gay men of color experience homophobia within their racial and ethnic communities. In this paper, I discuss both the subtle and the blatant forms of racial exclusion practised in the ‘gay’ community as well as the homophobia found in racial and ethnic communities to examine how such practices affect gay men of color, particularly their self-esteem and their emotional well-being.
Analysis of Distribution Indicates Diverse Functions of Simple Sequence Repeats in Mycoplasma Genomes

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) composed of extensive tandem iterations of a single nucleotide or a short oligonucleotide are rare in most bacterial genomes, but they are common among Mycoplasma. Some of these repeats act as contingency loci in association with families of surface antigens. By contraction or expansion during replication, these SSRs increase genetic variance of the population and facilitate avoidance of the immune response of the host. Occurrence and distribution of SSRs are analyzed in complete genomes of 11 Mycoplasma and 3 related Mollicutes in order to gain insights into functional and evolutionary diversity of the SSRs in Mycoplasma. The results revealed an unexpected variety of SSRs with respect to their distribution and composition and suggest that it is unlikely that all SSRs function as contingency loci or recombination hot spots. Various types of SSRs are most abundant in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, whereas Mycoplasma penetrans, Mycoplasma mobile, and Mycoplasma synoviae do not contain unusually long SSRs. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma pulmonis feature abundant short adenine and thymine runs periodically spaced at 11 and 12 bp, respectively, which likely affect the supercoiling propensities of the DNA molecule. Physiological roles of long adenine and thymine runs in M. hyopneumoniae appear independent of location upstream or downstream of genes, unlike contingency loci that are typically located in protein-coding regions or upstream regulatory regions. Comparisons among 3 M. hyopneumoniae strains suggest that the adenine and thymine runs are rarely involved in genome rearrangements. The results indicate that the SSRs in the Mycoplasma genomes play diverse roles, including modulating gene expression as contingency loci, facilitating genome rearrangements via recombination, affecting protein structure and possibly protein-protein interactions, and contributing to the organization of the DNA molecule in the cell.
Medication and Supplement Use by Athletes

Athletes are affected in various ways by medications and supplements. Physicians caring for athletes need to be aware of medicines that athletes are taking and how they may interact with performance, exercise, environment, and other medicines. Athletes may attempt to gain a performance advantage with the use of a variety of dietary supplements and performance enhancers. Physicians must be knowledgeable of these so that athletes are properly educated about potential benefits and risks and physical effects. This article first reviews common medicines that athletes use and their potential efficacy and interactions with exercise and environment, then reviews dietary supplements and the data on their efficacy for performance enhancement. Finally, current and future doping issues are discussed.
Numerical modeling of Basin and Range geothermal systems

Abstract Basic qualitative relationships for extensional geothermal systems that include structure, heat input, and permeability distribution have been established using numerical models. Extensional geothermal systems, as described in this paper, rely on deep circulation of groundwater rather than on cooling igneous bodies for heat, and rely on extensional fracture systems to provide permeable upflow paths. A series of steady-state, two-dimensional simulation models is used to evaluate the effect of permeability and structural variations on an idealized, generic Basin and Range geothermal system of the western U.S. Extensional geothermal systems can only exist in a relatively narrow range of basement (bulk) permeability (10 −15 m 2 to 10 −16 m 2 ). Outside of this window, shallow subsurface fault zone temperatures decrease rapidly. Mineral self-sealing does not significantly affect the flow system until the flow path is almost completely sealed off. While topography gives an extra “kick” to convective circulation, it is not a requirement for geothermal system development. Flow from the ranges to the fault dominates the circulation, while secondary flow systems exist on the range front slopes. A permeable fault in one valley can also induce cross-range flow if there are no equally good upflow paths in the adjacent valleys. When bulk permeability is high enough, additional deep circulation cells develop in adjacent valleys, diverting heat and fluid from the fault and consequently reducing temperatures in the fault itself. Qualitative comparison between temperature–depth logs from actual geothermal systems and from the generic models is a significant aid to understanding real-world geothermal fluid flow, and suggests new or better interpretations of existing systems.
A novel polyacrylamide nanocomposite hydrogel reinforced with natural chitosan nanofibers.

Abstract Polyacrylamide (PAM) was used as a matrix material for fabricating novel nanocomposite hydrogels reinforced with natural chitosan nanofibers (CNFs) via in situ free-radical polymerization. The nanocomposite's structure, strength, morphology and rheological properties were investigated. The results showed that the CNFs had a strong interaction with PAM through hydrogen and covalent bondings. The CNFs acted as a multifunctional cross-linker and a reinforcing agent in the hydrogel system. The compression strength and storage modulus of the nanocomposite hydrogels were significantly higher than those of the pure PAM hydrogels and the corresponding PAM/chitosan semi-interpenetrating polymer network (PAM–SIPN) hydrogels. The swelling ratio (SR) of the nanocomposite hydrogels was lower than that of the PAM hydrogel, but was similar to that of the PAM–SIPN hydrogel. Among the CNF contents used, the 1.5 wt% CNF loading level showed the best combined swelling and mechanical properties for the hydrogels.
Experimental demonstration of RISE-based NMES of human quadriceps muscle

The nonlinear control method explored in this paper uses voltage modulation for controlling human quadriceps femoris muscle undergoing non-isometric neuromuscular electrical stimulation. The control objective is to provide computer controlled stimulation to enable the lower limb of a human to either go to a desired constant position or follow a time-varying desired trajectory. An advantage of the developed controller is that it is robust to nonlinear disturbances and does not require a muscle model. Experimental results are provided that illustrate the performance of the controller.
Singular Continuous Limiting Eigenvalue Distributions for Schrödinger Operators on a 2-Sphere

Abstract LetH=−Δ+Vbe a Schrodinger operator acting inL2(S), withSthe two-dimensional unit sphere,Δthe spherical Laplacian, andVa continuous potential. As is well known, the eigenvalues ofHin thelth cluster, i.e., those eigenvalues within a radius sup |V| ofl(l+1), thelth eigenvalue of −Δ, have a limiting distribution;l→∞. We provide an alternative self-contained proof of this fact. We then exhibit Holder continuous potentialsV, both axially- and nonaxially-symmetric, for which the limiting distributions are singular continuous.
Cookies Baking, Coffee Brewing: Toward a Contextual Theory of Dying:

Tolstoi's novel The Death of Ivan Ilych provides an instructive, though fictional case history of individual and family suffering. A contrasting actual case history is presented here in which a visiting nurse was asked to help an elderly woman care for her terminally ill husband at home. Husband and wife were both of Russian heritage. The experiences of the Ilych's and the Tchinsky's are compared with respect to the dimensions of consciousness, pain, communication network, relationship, life value, at-home services, and the nature of the dying person's physical being as a transactional symbol. These observations are then examined with respect to current theoretical approaches to understanding the process of dying. The usefulness and limitations of these theories are briefly examined. The dying person's physical being and its symbolic construction and communication are relatively neglected by current theories. A suggestion is made for the development of a contextual theory of dying that would be more inclu...
Computational modeling of the external tufted cell of the mammalian olfactory bulb

We explore the model’s parameter space using detailed parameter sweeps and Latin hypercube sampling, demarcating regions of bursting, tonic, and excitable behavior. To study the sensitivity of various functional characteristics to changes in parameter values, we employ specialized smooth optimization methods for bursting neural models [8]. We find that the half-activation voltages for ICaT and INaP are most critical for control of interburst period and duty cycle. We also investigate the phase response properties of the ET cell model and its responses to periodic input.
Near-Net Shape Structures Fabricated by Micro-Robotic Deposition Using Precision Extrusion Control

This work investigates an additive manufacturing process, micro-Robotic Deposition (μRD), and its utility in fabricating advanced architecture synthetic bone grafts. The objective of this research is to develop a method to integrate different regions with different porous microstructures into a single scaffold; there is evidence that scaffolds with designed regions of specific microstructures can be used to elicit a strong and directed bone ingrowth response that improves bone ingrowth rate and quality. The key contribution of this work is integration of a control algorithm that precisely places different build materials in specified locations with a workflow that enables near-net shape fabrication, thereby the fabrication of advanced architecture scaffolds is feasible. Under previous control methods, designs were relegated to be composed of a single material with simple contours. Scaffolds with contoured forms, multiple domains with distinct porous microstructures, and hollow cavities are feasible when the developed controller is used in conjunction with a novel manufacturing workflow in which scaffolds are filled within patterned molds that support overhanging features.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Poliovirus Receptor on Human Blood Cells: A Possible Extraneural Site of Poliovirus Replication

Abstract In order to determine whether any primary human blood cells have the ability to replicate poliovirus (PV), peripheral blood cell components were isolated and analyzed for their cell surface expression of the poliovirus receptor (PVR). Following two-color immunfluorescence staining with lineage-specific markers, the cells were analyzed by flow-cytometric methods. PVR cell surface expression was detected on most mononuclear cells expressing CD14, a marker for mononuclear phagocytes. There was no PVR cell Surface expression oh platelets ned extremely low levels on polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Mononuclear leukocytes from Ficoll density centrifugation were found to support PV replication. The finding of PVR on mononuclear phagocytes and the ability of primary human blood cells to support PV replication in the absence of cultivation has implications for both the normal and pathogenic role of PVR.
Prostaglandin E2 exacerbates collagen-induced arthritis in mice through the inflammatory interleukin-23/interleukin-17 axis.

Objective Recently, Th17 cells, a new subset of CD4+ T cells, emerged as major players in inflammation/autoimmunity. Maintenance of the Th17 phenotype requires interleukin-23 (IL-23), whereas the Th1-promoting cytokine IL-12p70 exerts a negative effect on Th17 cell differentiation. The lipid mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) acts primarily as a proinflammatory agent in autoimmune conditions, through mechanisms that remain to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate whether PGE2 released in inflammatory foci activates resident dendritic cells (DCs) to express IL-23 (at the expense of IL-12) and IL-6, resulting in a shift toward Th17 cell responses. Methods The effect of PGE2 on IL-23 production by DCs and subsequent induction of T cell–derived IL-17 was assessed in vitro and in vivo. The effect of the stable PGE analog misoprostol was evaluated in a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis, in conjunction with IL-23 and IL-17 expression in affected joints and draining lymph nodes. Results In vivo administration of PGE2 induced IL-23–dependent IL-17 production. Administration of misoprostol exacerbated collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). CIA exacerbation was associated with increased levels of IL-23p19/p40 messenger RNA and reduced expression of IL-12p35, and with increased levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-17, IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor in the affected joint. Following ex vivo restimulation, draining lymph node cells from misoprostol-treated mice secreted higher levels of IL-17 and lower levels of interferon-γ. Conclusion Our results indicate that PGE2 enhances DC-derived IL-6 production and induces a shift in the IL-23/IL-12 balance in favor of IL-23, resulting in increased IL-17 production, presumably through the amplification of self-reactive Th17 cells.
The Relationship Between the Medical Home and Unmet Needs for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between having access to a medical home and unmet needs for specialty care services for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Parents of children enrolled in a national autism registry were invited to complete an online Access to Care Questionnaire. The resulting sample consisted of 371 parents–child dyads. Bivariate and hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to determine whether having a medical home was associated with the number of unmet needs for specialty care. Less than one in five children with ASD had a medical home (18.9 %). Nearly all parents reported that their child had a personal doctor or nurse as well as a usual source of care, but less than one-third received coordinated care (29.9 %) and less than one-half received family-centered care (47.1 %). Many children had unmet needs (63 %), and the highest unmet need was for behavioral therapy. Having a medical home was associated with fewer unmet specialty care needs, even after demographic, child and family characteristics were taken into account. Children with ASD who have a medical home are more likely to have adequate access to needed services. Unfortunately, relatively few children have a medical home that includes family-centered and coordinated care. Enhancements in the delivery of primary care for children with ASD may make a real difference in access to needed specialty care services, potentially improving child and family outcomes.
Computer Content Analysis of Applied Biological Knowledge in Dentistry

The study suggests that the Inquirer II System used by computers in content analysis of (textual) specific written material has value for longitudinal studies. The research findings indicate that the application of the computer in content analysis requires considerable effort in the preparation of materials and specifications of directions to the computer; standardizes data analysis, thus reducing subjective error in replication of studies; reduced measurement error in longitudinal studies, giving greater stability and power to statistical comparison; classified data as it is collected, quickly and reliably, while tabulating statistical information; reduced costs compared to human coders when used with large amounts of data; and competes effectively with human coders in terms of reliability and validity.
Chromosomal NORs as taxonomic and systematic characters in North American cyprinid fishes

There is substantial interspecific variation in chromosomal NORs among North American cyprinid fishes. This variation is taxonomically informative. In addition, the chromosomal NOR database appears to provide a framework from which systematic or phylogenetic inferences can be made. Our present approach to making such inferences from chromosomal NOR data is discussed.
Genetic evidence that chloroadenosine increases the specific activity of choline acetyltransferase in PC12 cells via modulation of an adenosine-dependent adenylate cyclase.

Abstract Both chloroadenosine (EC 50 = 3 × 10 −7 M) and cholera toxin, like nerve growth factor, increase the specific activity of choline acetyltransferase in PC12 cells over a period of several days. The increase in choline acetyltransferase activity in response to chloroadenosine appears to be caused by the ability of chloroadenosine to increase adenosine 3′:5′-phosphate synthesis by binding to an adenosine receptor that activates adenylate cyclase. To test this hypothesis we determined if chloroadenosine can cause an increase in choline acetyltransferase activity in adenosine kinase-deficient PC 12 cells. We have previously shown that adenosine analogues are significantly less effective at regulating adenosine 3′:5′-phosphate in adenosine kinase-deficient PC12 cells than in wild type cells [ Erny and Wagner (1984) Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81 , 4974–4978]. Adenosine kinase-deficient PC 12 cells are resistant to the induction of choline acetyltransferase in response to chloroadenosine, but not cholera toxin, supporting the role of adenosine 3′:5′-phosphate in mediating the effects of chloroadenosine. The increase in choline acetyltransferase activity in wild type cells was accompanied by an increase in acetylcholine levels, demonstrating that chloroadenosine also regulates storage of acetylcholine. Acetylcholine levels were quantitated using an assay based on the ability of acetylcholine to compete with [ 125 I]bungarotoxin for binding to the acetylcholine receptor.
Ethnicity and Household Expenditures: Furnishings, Fashion, and Flux?

This study investigates the possible influence of ethnicity on U.S. consumer unit (CU) home furnishings expenditures. Using detailed CU expenditure data from the 2001 Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX), annual and quarterly data were analyzed through profile analysis and Tukey post hoc comparisons to determine ethnicity effects and mean expenditure differences on durable and nondurable home furnishings expenditures among African American, Asian/Pacific Islander, Caucasian, Hispanic, and Native American CUs. Study results suggest that there is an ethnicity effect associated with aggregate home furnishings expenditures for both durables and nondurables as well as for 11 out of 13 categories of home furnishings. Findings further suggest that the flux in ethnic composition of the U.S. population and a variety of consumer motivations, perhaps including a new emphasis on fashion, may be influencing consumer expenditures on home furnishings.
Why Does Immigrant Trip Duration Vary Across U.S. Destinations

Objective. This article explores the factors that lead to differences in immigrant trip duration across U.S. destinations. Methods. Using data from the Mexican Migration Project and the 1970, 1980, and 1990 U.S. Censuses, we estimate discrete-time hazard models of the probability of return for unauthorized male migrants. Results. We find three patterns of migration for undocumented migrants across U.S. destinations: semi-permanent and permanent migration to urban areas; temporary migration to agricultural areas; and sojourner, or cyclical, migration to border regions. These patterns depend on the characteristics of the immigrant population that moves to each destination, in addition to the opportunities available to migrants in each destination. However, all these factors are mediated by social and institutional conditions at the destination. Conclusions. The findings of this study reiterate the importance of economic opportunities as an important predictor of not only migration to, but also length of stay in, the United States. Dynamic regions not only attract more immigrants, but they also attract a more permanent population of migrants.
Asymmetric fracture zones and sea-floor spreading

An asymmetric pattern is observed in the orientation of minor fracture zones about the axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at five sites where relatively detailed studies have been made between latitudes 22°N and 51°N. The minor fracture zones intersect the axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in an asymmetric V-shaped configuration. The V's point south north of the Azores triple junction (38°N latitude) and point north south of that junction. The rates and directions of sea-floor spreading are related to the asymmetric pattern of minor fracture zones at the sites studied. Half-rates of sea-floor spreading averaged between about 0 and 10 m.y. are unequal measured perpendicular to the ridge axis. The unequal half-rates of spreading are faster to the west north of the Azores triple junction and faster to the east south of that junction. The half-rates of sea-floor spreading calculated in the directions of the asymmetric minor fracture zones are equal about the ridge axis within the uncertainty of the direction determinations. A discrepancy exists between minor fracture zones that form an asymmetric V about the axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and major fracture zones that follow small circles symmetric about the ridge axis. To reconcile this discrepancy it is proposed that minor fracture zones are preferentially reoriented under the influence of a stress field related to interplate and intraplate motions. Major fracture zones remain symmetric about the Mid-Atlantic Ridge under the same stress field due to differential stability between minor and major structures in oceanic lithosphere. This interpretation is supported by the systematic variation in the orientation of minor fracture zones and the equality of sea-floor spreading half-rates observed about lithospheric plate boundaries.
USEFULNESS OF THYROTROPIN BINDING INHIBITORY IMMUNOGLOBULIN (TBII) MEASUREMENT IN CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM

Seven infants with congenital hypothyroidism (TSH 12-603 uIU/ mL) and their mothers were screened for TBII. Two siblings with transient congenital hypothyroidism (T4-6.3, 6.9 ug/dL; TSH-397, 211 uIU/mL) were found to have significant elevation of serum TBII index (90, 100;nl<10) at birth equal to that measured in the mother's serum. Technetium scan in the first-born child at 14 days revealed no thyroid gland. Repeat scan at 2 years after withdrawing thyroxine therapy was normal. In light of presumed maternal antibody-mediated hypothyroidism in the first child, hypothyroidism was predicted correctly in the second child and thyroxine therapy initiated on day 1 of life. In contrast, mild elevation of TBII index (12, 13) was found in serum of two additional infants but not in maternal serum (TBII<1, 7) suggesting that elevated TSH concentrations might be crossreacting in the TBII assay in these two infants. Twelve additional children (11-primary hypothyroidism, 1-thyroid hormone resistance) with elevated TSH concentrations (12-1355 uIU/mL) were tested for TBII. Four were positive (TBII 13-21). TBII correlated significantly with TSH concentrations (r=0.73, p<.01). TSH concentrations<100 uIU/mL were not associated with a positive TBII. TBII may prove useful in screening infants with congenital hypothyroidism caused by maternal TSH-blocking antibodies. However, since high concentrations of TSH may crossreact in this assay maternal serum should be simultaneously assessed.
MANAGING CONGESTION, POLLUTION, AND PAVEMENT CONDITIONS IN A DYNAMIC TRANSPORTATION NETWORK MODEL

This paper presents a dynamic model that characterizes the changing states of traffic volumes, design capacities, and pavement conditions in a transportation network’s major commuting arteries. It also portrays the evolution of two system-wide effects—total vehicle miles travelled (VMT) and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions—and accounts for lagged adjustments in travel behavior in its disequilibrium formulation. The model can be employed in optimal control exercises to determine what steps ought to be taken, when and where, and by how much in order to achieve planning objectives. Specifically, the model can be used to determine optimal combinations of traffic demand management measures, lane widening, and highway maintenance for achieving desired peak-period congestion levels, reducing VMT and VOC emissions to levels mandated by the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA), and keeping pavement conditions at acceptable serviceability ratings. Information on intertemporal tradeoffs between planning objectives, now required by the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA), is generated in solutions to such exercises. We discuss how the model can be operationalized and illustrate its practicability with a small empirical example.
DNA synthesis in purified DNA–membrane complexes extracted from a Bacillus subtilis pol A mutant

The cell membrane of prokaryotes has been implicated as the site of DNA replication in the replicon model first proposed by Jacob, Brenner and Cuzin1. Ultrastructural, genetic and biochemical data have since been compiled suggesting an association between the cell membrane and replicating DNA (for review, see ref. 2). However, few studies have attempted to test this aspect of the replicon model directly by investigating the ability of DNA–membrane complexes to synthesize DNA in vitro. Such studies have been performed mainly with Pneumococcus and it has been shown that DNA–membrane complexes extracted by the M-band technique3 retain their capacity to synthesize DNA even after extensive purification4. However, mutants defective in various aspects of DNA replication are unavailable in Pneumococcus, and this is an important requirement for elucidating the physiological significance of the complex. Fortunately, they are available in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, and of the two organisms, much of the important work with the complex has been accomplished with B. subtilis5–12. These studies have indicated that the origin and terminus of replication are permanently associated with the cell membrane. Nonetheless, there have been no previous studies of the synthetic capacity of B. subtilis DNA–membrane complexes. We now offer evidence that two DNA–membrane sub-complexes extracted and purified from a pol A mutant of B. subtilis are capable of synthesizing DNA in vitro and that these activities are inhibited by hydroxyphenyl azouracil, a specific inhibitor of DNA polymerase III activity in B. subtilis.
Gender Specificity in the Genetic Determinants of Peak Bone Mass

Peak bone mass is a major determinant of osteoporotic fracture risk. Gender differences in peak bone mass acquisition are well recognized in humans and may account for a substantial share of the increased prevalence of fragility fractures in women compared with men. Skeletal development is regulated by both heritable and environmental factors. Experimental animal models provide a means to circumvent complicating environmental factors. In this study we examined the heritability of peak bone mineral density (BMD) in genetically distinct laboratory mouse strains raised under strict environmental control and sought to identify genetic loci that may contribute to gender differences in this skeletal phenotype. Peak whole body BMD of male and female mice from a panel of 18 recombinant inbred (RI) strains derived from a cross between C57BL/6 and DBA/2 progenitors (BXD) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). A highly significant relationship existed between body weight and BMD in the BXD RI mice (r2 = 0.25; p = 1 × 10−43). To allow for comparison between male and female RI strains, whole body BMD values were corrected for the influence of body weight. The distribution of weight-corrected BMD (WC-BMD) values among the strains indicated the presence of strong genetic influences in both genders, with an estimated narrow sense heritability of 45% and 22% in male and female mice, respectively. Comparison of RI strain results by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant strain-by-gender interaction (F1,17,479 = 6.13; p < 0.0001). Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of the BXD RI strain series provisionally identified nine chromosomal sites linked to peak bone mass development in males and seven regions in females. In two cases, the provisional chromosomal loci were shared between genders, but in most cases they were distinct (five female-specific QTLs and six male-specific QTLs). QTL analysis of a genetically heterogeneous F2 population derived from the B6 and D2 progenitor strains provided additional support for the gender specificity of two loci. A significant phenotype-genotype correlation was only observed in male F2 mice at microsatellite marker D7Mit114 on chromosome 7, and a correlation at D2Mit94 on chromosome 2 was only observed in female F2 mice. The present data highlight the important role of gender in the genetic basis of peak bone mass in laboratory mice. Because the male phenotype is associated with considerable fracture risk reduction, an elucidation of the nature of that effect could provide the basis for novel diagnostic, preventative, or therapeutic approaches.
The "ideal" classification of pediatric central nervous system neoplasms.

The “ideal” classification of pediatric brain tumors will depend on a full characterization of pathologic variables and their influence on prognosis. Currently available information about these variables remains incomplete, even for traditional histologic and cytologic features, and certainly for those studied by the newer methods that will continue to appear. In light of the multiplicity and specialized nature of some of the techniques that are or will become available, it is suggested that specific pediatric central nervous system neoplasms be targeted for study by groups of pathologists according to a protocol that delegates specific studies to specific individuals. In light of the large number of cases required, as well as the need to control for effects of different treatments, such studies are most readily done within the framework of large cooperative clinical trials. Such organizations provide the mechanism to test the biologic significance of pathologic findings that can then be used in the ideal classification. Cancer 56: 1865-1868, 1985.
Differentiating solutions to the gauge hierarchy problem through rare muon decays.

We demonstrate the potential of forthcoming {micro} {yields} e{gamma} and {mu}-e conversion experiments to implicate or disfavor solutions to the gauge hierarchy problem before the advent of the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Solutions of dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking, little Higgs, supersymmetry, and extra dimensions are considered. Correlations of {mu} {yields} e{gamma} and {mu}-e conversion branching ratios are analyzed for discriminating patterns. Measurements of these exotic muon decays may have compelling implications for supersymmetric solutions.
Green Flashes and Mirages

Green flashes have been described by first-hand observers for hundreds of years. But incorrect interpretations by scientists have perpetuated misunderstandings about their true nature. This article traces that history and explains this mirage-like phenomenon.
Dissecting the molecular mechanism of chronic myelogenous leukemia using murine models.

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a complex disease that impinges on stem cell biology, the regulation of blood lineage determination and/or selection, as well as the overall regulation of hematopoietic cell proliferation, survival, adhesion and migration. Establishment of murine models for CML in recent years has enabled experimental analyses of molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of CML at the organismal level. This review summarizes the approaches used to develop murine models for CML and the analyses of the roles of functional domains and downstream signaling pathways of BCR-ABL (an oncoprotein generated by the t(9;22)(q34;q11) translocation found in CML patients) and the roles of related tyrosine kinase oncoproteins, altered cytokine production and oncogene cooperation in the pathogenesis of CML-like disease using murine models. These in vivo studies of leukemogenesis will help to advance therapies for CML, as well as to understand fundamental rules of leukemogenesis and hematopoiesis, which...
Urban Form and Watershed Management: How Zoning Influences Residential Stormwater Volumes

This paper reports the results of a study on residential parcel design and development-induced stormwater runoff in the City of Madison, Wisconsin. To assess the influence of municipal zoning and subdivision regulations on residential stormwater production, high-resolution aerial photography and property tax data for over 38000 single-family residential parcels were used to measure the impervious cover and modeled runoff associated with a typical two-year storm. The results of the analysis suggest that stormwater runoff volumes could be significantly reduced with only modest changes to municipal land-development regulations and with no reduction in the size of the residential structure. Following the presentation of the methodology and findings, the paper concludes with a discussion of targeted revisions to zoning and subdivision regulations that, if implemented, could reduce the runoff volume from new residential parcels in Madison by over 30%.
Statistical analysis of the performance of the flame retardant finishing system consisting of a hydroxy-functional organophosphorus oligomer and the mixture of DMDHEU and melamine–formaldehyde resin

Abstract In our previous research, we developed flame retarding systems for cotton based on a hydroxy-functional organophosphorus oligomer (FR) and a binder, such as 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) and melamine–formaldehyde (M–F), which are able to form covalent binding between FR and cotton. In this research, we used a factorial experimental design method to study the performance of the flame retarding system based on FR and the mixture of DMDHEU and M–F. We found that an increase in the DMDHEU/(DMDHEU + M–F) ratio in the mixture increases the amount of FR bound to cotton, increases the laundering durability of FR on cotton, and reduces the fabric tensile strength retention. DMDHEU and M–F also function as nitrogen providers and enhance the flame retarding performance of the treated fabric due to phosphorus–nitrogen synergism. M–F is a more efficient nitrogen provider than DMDHEU. The effect of reduced phosphorus–nitrogen synergism as a result of increasing the relative amount of DMDHEU in the mixture (DMDHEU + M–F) outweighs that of the improved bonding of FR to cotton. An increase in FR concentration in a formula increases the amount of FR bound to cotton, whereas it reduces the percent retention of FR on the fabric and also reduces the fabric strength loss. Desirable performance of treated cotton fabrics can be achieved by adjusting the concentrations of FR and the ratio of the two binders in a formula.
High-Throughput Nanohole Array Based System To Monitor Multiple Binding Events in Real Time

We have developed an integrated label-free, real-time sensing system that is able to monitor multiple biomolecular binding events based on the changes in the intensity of extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) through nanohole arrays. The core of the system is a sensing chip containing multiple nanohole arrays embedded within an optically thick gold film, where each array functions as an independent sensor. Each array is a square array containing 10 × 10 nanoholes (150 nm in diameter), occupying a total area of 3.3 μm × 3.3 μm. The integrated system includes a laser light source, a temperature-regulated flow cell encasing the sensing chip, motorized optics, and a charge-coupled detector (CCD) camera. For demonstration purposes, sensing chips containing 25 nanohole arrays were studied for their use in multiplexed detection, although the sensing chip could be easily populated to contain up to 20 164 nanohole arrays within its 0.64 cm2 sensing area. Using this system, we successfully recorded 25 separate b...
New Instrumentation Concepts for Manned Flight

The advent of modern aircraft has forced the recognition of three fundamental principles required to optimize human flight control: The first, kinalog attitude display, is an adaptive kinesthetic analog tracing the human orientation as g force is sensed, intended to inhibit the onset of vertigo through the maintenance of continued agreement between the instruments and the human operator's internal "up" vector. The second, anticipatory display, describes information relative to some aspect of a future status of the vehicle, thus overcoming both the pilot's and the vehicle's response time lag. The speed of modern aircraft already leaves too little time for decision making. Anticipatory display may overcome this problem and significantly improve performance. The third, modified pictorial display, presents an integrated pictorial view from which has been removed much of the irrelevant data which would be seen in the real world. These concepts are embodied in proposed aircraft instrument designs which fall within the present state of the art. They are also extended to possible future spacecraft applications. Compatible quantitative instrumentation is also described to complete the cockpit panel. Cursory evaluation has been accomplished by ground simulation and some relevant data is presented. These initial experiments appear to offer a significant promise to increase the performance capability of future manned vehicles.
Spatially Distributed Instructions Improve Learning Outcomes and Efficiency.

Learning requires applying limited working memory and attentional resources to intrinsic, germane, and extraneous aspects of the learning task. To reduce the especially undesirable extraneous load aspects of learning environments, cognitive load theorists suggest that spatially integrated learning materials should be used instead of spatially separated materials, thereby reducing the split-attention effect (Sweller & Chandler, 1994). Recent work, however, has suggested a new distinction between two common formats of spatially separated displays: spatially distributed versus spatially stacked (Jang & Schunn, 2010). Moreover, a distinction between instructions and learning task materials has rarely been made. Across two studies with 106 college students (56 in Study 1 and 50 in Study 2), we compared spatially distributed (multiple sources of information are placed side by side) versus spatially stacked (only one at the top is visible) instructions, without changing the learning task materials, on both task performance and learning. With materials more typical of practice, Study 1 showed that the distributed-display instructions led learners to more efficient learning; learners finished the task faster and scored higher in the overall learning test. With materials more tightly controlled for spatial format per se, Study 2 replicated the effect and found that the benefit of the distributed instructions appeared to be associated with changes in cognitive load. Implications for educational practice are discussed.
Application of image categorization methods for buried threat detection in GPR data

Utilizing methods from the image processing and computer vision fields has led to advances in high resolution Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) based threat detection. By analyzing 2-D slices of GPR data and applying various image processing algorithms, it is possible to discriminate between threat and non-threat objects. In initial attempts to utilize such approaches, object instance-matching algorithms were applied to GPR images, but only limited success was obtained when utilizing feature point methods to identify patches of data that displayed landmine-like characteristics. While the approach worked well under some conditions, the instance-matching method of classification was not designed to identify a type of class, only reproductions of a specific instance. In contrast, our current approach is focused on identifying methods that can account for within-class variations that result from changing target types and varying operating conditions that a GPR system regularly encounters. Image category recognition is an area of research that attempts to account for within class variation of objects within visual images. Instead of finding a reproduction of a particular known object within an image, algorithms for image categorization are designed to learn the qualities of images that contain an instance belonging to a known class. The results illustrate how image category recognition algorithms can be successfully applied to threat identification in GPR data.
Square root Kalman algorithms in econometrics

This paper describes a sequential square root method which is aimed at solving the numerical problems affecting the conventional Kalman filter. Simple square root algorithms are derived for the Kalman covariance and information filters and for the smoothing equations. A comparison with other square root methods is also provided.
Hilbert space theoretic methods in the study of correlation measures

We study the uniqueness of the association of a classical statistical mechanical state and its sequence of modified correlation measures by studying a cyclic representation of the canonically associated Borchers algebra of the system. We show that semi-analyticity of the cyclic vector for a particular family of symmetric operators is sufficient for uniqueness while analyticity of the cyclic vector permits us to recover the state from the modified correlation measures.
"Complete transurethral resection of bladder tumor": are the guidelines being followed?

Objectives To determine how often complete eradication of all visible tumors during transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) is accomplished in a referral setting. The American Urological Association guidelines recommend complete eradication whenever possible. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients who underwent a second TURBT within 4 weeks of being referred to us. Relevant data such as residual tumor location, number, stage, and grade were collected and analyzed. Patients with muscle invasive tumor or known incomplete resection were excluded. Results Forty-seven patients met the inclusion criteria. Mean age was 75 years. In the initial TURBT, 35 (75%) had a high grade tumor and 12 (25%) had low grade tumors. Twenty-four (52%) were Ta and 23 (48%) were T1 tumors. Of the 47 patients who satisfied the criteria, 33 (70%) had an initial incomplete resection. Of these, 10 (30%) had macroscopic residual tumor at the resection site. Twenty-three (70%) had at least 1 unresected tumor away from the previous resection site. There were 39 unresected or partially resected tumors. Thirteen (33%) tumors were located in the anterior wall, 12 (31%) in the posterior wall and trigone, 10 (26%) in the lateral wall, 3 (7.5%) in the dome, and 1 (2.5%) in the prostatic urethra. Conclusions Although TURBT is a commonly performed operation, in this selected series, the incidence of unresected and gross residual tumor after initial TURBT is high. This indicates a need to emphasize the guidelines for a complete resection and to emphasize the use of a proper technique in this commonly performed urological procedure.