cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finding Value in Surgical Didactics: Longitudinal Resident Feedback From Case-Based and Traditional Lectures in an Orthopaedic Residency.

Objective To evaluate orthopedic resident perceptions of a didactic curriculum presented in traditional and case-based formats. Design Prospective cohort study using anonymous web-based survey after each conference evaluating resident perceptions of faculty participation, didactic delivery, content, and overall conference value. Conferences were structured as primarily case-based or traditional lecture. Logistic analysis was performed to determine factors predictive of rating a conference as valuable time spent. Setting Orthopedic residency training program at single institution over an academic year. Participants Orthopedic residents in postgraduate training year 1 to 5 attending mandatory didactic conference. Results Cased-based conferences received higher Likert ratings on residents’ perception of faculty participation, instructor delivery, and improvement in topic understanding when compared to traditional lecture-based conferences (p Conclusions Longitudinal resident feedback demonstrates highly favorable resident perceptions toward case-based formats in didactic sessions. Junior levels residents are not perceived as effective as senior residents and faculty in presenting material in either format. These methods allow for a dynamic approach to identifying strengths and weaknesses in a resident curriculum as a well as a means for more focused and real-time improvements.
Smart Antenna Using Element-Level Photonic Up-Conversion to Generate an Apodized Beam-Space for Increased Spatial Isolation

A prototype linear radio frequency receive array that utilizes element-wise photonic up-conversion, via Mach-Zehnder modulators, a linear fiber array, and an accompanying optical beam-space processor, is described along with methods to generate an apodized beam-space output. A selected apodization scheme utilizing a weighted distribution of a master laser is described, simulated, and prototyped via variable attenuators in order to measure the output sidelobe levels. Results of the apodization technique are then shown via an experiment where two sources of varying power levels are spatially isolated via the apodized beam-space output.
Effects of Soil Moisture on the Longitudinal Dryline Position in the Southern Great Plains

AbstractThe dryline is among the most important meteorological phenomena in the Great Plains because of its significance in tornadogenesis, severe weather, and consistent rainfall. Past research has extensively examined the dynamics of the dryline; however, recent meteorological research looks beyond dynamics and focuses on land–atmosphere interactions. This study focuses on how soil moisture, a surrogate for evapotranspiration, affects the climatological longitudinal positioning of the dryline, presenting a climatological study for the months of April–June during 2006–15 in the southern Great Plains. Here, drylines are defined as specific humidity gradients exceeding 3 g kg−1 (100 km)−1 that do not deviate more than 30° from a north–south orientation; they were found to occur on 33.4% of spring days, and the most favorable position was −100.9° at 0000 UTC. Specific humidity gradients ranged from 3.0 to 15.2 g kg−1 (100 km)−1, with an average value of 6.8 g kg−1 (100 km)−1. A relationship between the dryl...
Skin-inspired, open mesh electrochemical sensors for lactate and oxygen monitoring

Research in wearable electronics has paved the way for next-generation technology, sought to create point-of-care biosensors that combine chemical sensing on a biocompatible platform with a broad range of applications in human health monitoring. Despite significant progress, the microspatial mechanical mismatch and fluid-impermeable interface presented between skin and the electronics create adscititious problems in device lamination, conformality, and long-term monitoring. Herein, we engineered a skin-inspired, deterministically patterned, electrochemical biosensor that can be fully integrated with the curvilinear surface of the human body, while mechanically adapting to the natural stresses applied to the skin and allowing the mass transfer of gas and fluids. In particular, we developed mechanically-compliant lattice-structured biosensors for the continuous evaluation of lactate and oxygen. Systematic studies of the sensor performance were evaluated with variations in polymeric membranes and its ability to withstand commonplace harsh, multiaxial stresses.
MARITIME ENGLISH TEACHING IN THE MIDDLE OF SEAFARER’S ISSUES AND GLOBAL MARITIME OPPORTUNITY

Indonesia is an archipelago country with thousand-pretty blessed islands with large hinterland surround. Regarding the fact, many of Indonesian believes that their ancestor is seafarer. Many Indonesian live from sea. They live from everything provided by the wealth of the seas. Fortunately, the government realizes this fact and they believe that maritime potential of country could be explored well for the sake of people’s wealth and welfare. This is done by their commitment to growing up and securing maritime higher education by following the international standard of IMO which is called as STCW 2010 Manila amendment. Data was stated that in this recent year, the world needs more than 69.241 qualified seafarers for each five years later. As the consequences, English is an obligatory to achieve. Maritime English which is more specific in the English subject would be an essential knowledge as well as skill in line with the issues. In the global maritime world, this competence should be effectively mastered by each seafarer as broad opportunity of qualified seafarers is always open for both national and international shipping companies. In this study, the writer obtain the knowledge and the data to support the paper by interviewing and sharing questionnaires to the senior seafarers who have excellent experiences at sea and in land who already signed off board from their sea projects. The results show that Maritime English teaching is absolutely needed because global maritime job opportunities in the recent year and in the future are engaging.
Attenuation and Dispersion of First Sound Near the Lambda Line of He3 — He4 Mixtures

We have measured the attenuation and velocity of sound near the superfluid transition of several liquid He3-He4 mixtures at saturated vapor pressure, ranging in concentration from X3=0.9% He3 to 36%. For these measurements, two acoustic cells were used covering the range of 1–15 MHz and above 12 MHz respectively. The pairs of quartz transducers were spaced approximately 2 mm apart. Sound frequencies ranged from 1.0 to 36 MHz for the 36% mixture, but so far the other mixtures were studied only at 12 and 36 MHz. For the sound velocity experiments, we used a pulse time-of-flight phase-comparison technique. The attenuation was measured by monitoring the amplitude of the received sound pulse.
Gallstone Disease in Children

Recent reports indicate that the incidence of gallstone disease in children is on the rise. While historically, most pediatric gallstones were of the pigmented variety, the mounting prevalence of childhood obesity is correlating with an increasing burden of cholesterol stones. Biliary pain is the most common manifestation of gallstone disease, but serious and potentially life-threatening conditions such as cholecystitis, cholangitis, and gallstone pancreatitis may occur. After reviewing the pathophysiology and epidemiology of pediatric gallstone disease, this chapter discusses the diagnosis and medical management of gallstone-related issues including cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, gallstone pancreatitis, cholangitis, Mirizzi’s syndrome, and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.
Natural Cycle Approaches for ART

The first baby who delivered using in vitro fertilization (IVF) was the result of an oocyte retrieved during a natural menstrual cycle. Conventional IVF stimulation protocols were then introduced with the intention to increase oocyte and embryo yield. There is a recent surge of interest in milder and more physiologic approaches for IVF. Therefore, natural cycle approaches enhanced by various modifications have been promoted. Considering natural cycle IVF as an option for patients involves a paradigm shift in the thought process regarding cycle dynamics. The natural cycle approaches may particularly be useful for women with expected poor ovarian response, such as those with diminished ovarian reserve.
Monoclonal Antibody Immunoblot Procedure for Detecting Neotyphodium Coenophialum in Seedling Tall Fescue

In the United States, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) turf and forage cultivars are being touted as “endophyte enhanced” or “endophyte-free”. Emerging technology suggests that knowledge of infection status of seed lots will become increasingly important for forage cultivars as endophyte-infected non-toxic germplasms are produced. Seed testing services routinely test for presence of endophyte by peeling inner epidermal and subtending cortical cells from the leaf sheath and histologically staining the tissue for microscopic analysis. The procedure is tedious and time consuming and requires a grow out of the seed for a period of 4 to 8 weeks. Hence, a rapid, inexpensive, and reproducible technique is needed to evaluate tall fescue as to the presence or absence of the endophytic fungus, Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan-Jones and Gams) Glenn, Bacon, and Hanlin, comb. nov. The purpose of this study was to develop a tissue immunoblot procedure using monoclonal antibodies developed against N. coenophialum mycelial protein that detected the presence of N. coenophialum in tall fescue plants and seeds.
Abstract I06: Clonal evolution and progression of pancreatic cancer precursor lesions

Pancreatic cancer arises from noninvasive precursor lesions that are curable if detected and treated early enough. These precursor lesions include microscopic pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and cystic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN). Interrogation of these lesions can provide critical insights into the earliest stages of pancreatic tumorigenesis and provide a rational foundation for early detection approaches. We have performed comprehensive genomic analyses of PanINs, IPMNs, and associated invasive carcinomas, highlighting several unique features of initiation and progression of pancreatic neoplasms. We show that early-stage precursor lesions contain multiple independent clones, each with distinct mutations, indicating their polyclonal origin. In addition, we identify convergent evolution of tumor suppressor gene loss at later stages of tumorigenesis, as well as subclonal complexity of driver gene mutations and mutations in specific genes limited to invasive cancers. Taken together, these data challenge the traditional monoclonal origin of pancreatic tumors, highlight distinct evolutionary features of precancerous lesions, and transform our understanding of the clonal evolution of pancreatic neoplasia. Citation Format: Laura D. Wood. Clonal evolution and progression of pancreatic cancer precursor lesions [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Advances in Science and Clinical Care; 2019 Sept 6-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(24 Suppl):Abstract nr I06.
Deportations Near the Schoolyard: Examining Immigration Enforcement and Racial/Ethnic Gaps in Educational Outcomes:

With increased tensions and political rhetoric surrounding immigration enforcement in the United States, schools are facing greater challenges in ensuring support for their students of immigrant an...
Preoperative expectations and early postoperative met expectations of extremity orthopaedic surgery.

Abstract Background Preoperative patient expectations and met expectations are likely associated with the outcome of treatment. However, there is a lack of data regarding the preoperative expectations and early postoperative met expectations of patients undergoing extremity orthopaedic surgery. The purpose of this study was to identify the predictors of early postoperative met expectations in a cohort of patients undergoing extremity orthopaedic surgery and to assess the relationship between patient expectations and patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures. We hypothesized that patients with higher preoperative expectation scores and higher postoperative met expectation scores would have better early postoperative outcomes. Methods Four hundred thirty-five patients age seventeen and older who underwent extremity orthopaedic surgery at one institution were prospectively enrolled in this study. Each patient completed a preoperative questionnaire that included an assessment of demographics, pain, function, general health, treatment expectations, activity level, and Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) computer adaptive testing. Expectations were evaluated using the Expectations Domain of the Musculoskeletal Outcomes Data Evaluation and Management System (MODEMS) questionnaire. Patients completed a follow-up questionnaire two weeks after surgery that also assessed MODEMS met expectations and satisfaction (Surgical Satisfaction Questionnaire (SSQ-8)). Results The mean preoperative expectation score was 86.95 ± 16.59, and the mean postoperative met expectation score was 55.02 ± 27.63 (0–100 scale with 100 representing the highest level of expectations). Greater met expectations were significantly associated with white race (p = 0.025), college degree (p = 0.011), and higher income (p = 0.002). Greater met expectations were also significantly associated with greater postoperative physical function, social satisfaction, activity level, and subjective improvement, as well as lower pain interference, joint pain, body pain, fatigue, anxiety, and depression (p Conclusion Greater preoperative expectations are associated with better activity and less pain two weeks after surgery. Met expectations of extremity orthopaedic surgery were associated with postoperative physical function, social satisfaction, activity, pain, anxiety, depression, and subjective improvement. These results may have implications for preoperative counseling and risk factor modification.
Separate Realities: Being Wuhanese and American Throughout COVID-19

Navigating the coronavirus pandemic as a Chinese-American college student and journalist in the U.S. with roots in Wuhan was full of surprises. In particular, the first months of the pandemic showed me the importance of being able to empathize and connect with experiences outside of our own realities. The delayed response to coronavirus in the US was exacerbated by an inability to listen to the voices of other nations experiencing the crisis prior to its landfall in the US. By othering Chinese-Americans, we lost precious time in responding to the pandemic and exposed a deep-seated indifference to diverse voices in our society. In my own experiences as an American university student reporting on the realities of my family’s hometown in Wuhan, I observed first hand the inability of my fellow Americans to recognize the Chinese experience with coronavirus as indicative of our own future, and the refusal to learn from Asian strategies against the spread of coronavirus. In an interconnected world that requires collaborative solutions, COVID-19 has emphasized the dangers of U.S. cultural isolationism, systemic racism, hubris and the uncompassionate responses that are the result.
Executive control in dual language learning preschoolers: The association between Hot and cool executive control and science achievement

Abstract The number of Dual Language Learners (DLLs) in the United States is rapidly increasing, with over 25% of the preschoolers speaking a language other than English at home leading to a need to examine skills that contribute to their achievement. Executive Control (EC), or the ability to regulate attention, affect, and behavior effectively, is one skill that is particularly important for preschool children to develop. EC has been examined for monolingual children as a single construct, and as two related constructs, Cool Executive Control (CEC) and Hot Executive Control (HEC), and is associated with later academic outcomes. The purpose of this study was to extend the EC research to DLL preschoolers, determine if EC is a one or two factor construct in a sample of DLLs, and examine if the construct relates to DLL children’s science achievement. Structural equation modeling was used with a sample of 181 DLL children enrolled in Head Start. In line with previous research on monolingual Head Start children, EC emerged as two distinct latent factors, CEC and HEC. This study also examined the association between concurrent CEC, HEC, and science achievement. CEC was positively associated with DLLs’ science achievement, whereas HEC was not. These findings stress the importance of measuring the two dimensions of DLLs’ EC separately as they differentially relate to science achievement.
Maximising the contribution of renewables in a utility energy mix

Solar and wind energy sources present meaningful challenges for utility operators. These energy sources are subject to random exposure to cloud cover and variable wind conditions. Predicting cloud and wind conditions is fraught with uncertainty. Thus solar and wind power sources present important considerations of reliability. This paper develops and discusses a generalised methodology to incorporate renewables like solar and wind into the traditional energy mix for electric utilities in light of the reliability challenges they present. Solar and wind cannot reliably displace fossil fuel or nuclear power fully in the energy mix at present. However, pumped storage facilities retain the capacity to provide sufficient storage to stabilise renewable generation and assure reliability of service utilising currently available technology. As a result pumped storage capacity is the demand stabilisation method applied within the simulation set forth. The method presented also enables a utility to examine and model variance within the general shape of the demand for electricity through the simulation.
How to align arthropod legs

How to align leg segments between the four groups of arthropods (insects, crustaceans, myriapods, and chelicerates) has tantalized researchers for over a century. By comparing the loss-of-function phenotypes of leg patterning genes in diverged arthropod taxa, including a crustacean, insects, and arachnids, arthropod legs can be aligned in a one-to-one fashion. By comparing the expression of pannier and aurucan, the proximal leg segments can be aligned. A model is proposed wherein insects and myriapods incorporated the proximal leg region into the body wall, which moved an ancestral exite (for example, a gill) on the proximal leg into the body wall, where it invaginated independently in each lineage to form tracheae. For chelicerates with seven leg segments, it appears that one proximal leg segment was incorporated into the body wall. According to this model, the chelicerate exopod and the crustacean exopod emerge from different leg segments, and are therefore proposed to have arisen independently. A framework for how to align arthropod appendages now opens up a powerful system for studying the origins of novel structures, the plasticity of developmental fields across vast phylogenetic distances, and the convergent evolution of shared ancestral developmental fields.
Organization and Transcription of Nitrogen Fixation Genes in the Cyanobacterium Anabaena

The mechanisms for protection of nitrogen fixation enzymes from inactivation by oxygen appear to be as richly varied in the cyanobacteria as they are in the bacteria. An extra challenge to the cyanobacteria is provided by one property they all share: photosynthetic evolution of oxygen in the light. For many species of cyanobacteria, both unicellular and filamentous, this feature means that nitrogen fixation is principally a laboratory phenomenon, made possible by experimental inhibition of photosystem II and continuous removal of oxygen. Under these circumstances nif gene expression is formally regulated like that of Klebsiella; repressed by either oxygen or combined nitrogen (ammonia, nitrate, urea or amino acids). For other species, capable of differentiating heterocysts at regular intervals along filaments, aerobic nitrogen fixation is accomplished by restricting such activity to the anaerobic internal milieu of the heterocyst1. In such species, both differentiation and nif gene expression are repressed by combined nitrogen sources. Finally, some unicellular and filamentous cyanobacterial species have recently been shown to fix nitrogen under aerobic conditions without the benefit of morphologically evident structures, such as heterocyst walls, to protect against oxygen2,3. These species are particularly puzzling because, unlike Azotobacter which can fix nitrogen aerobically by consuming oxygen through vigorous respiration, the cyanobacteria evolve oxygen photosynthetically.
Approach to Human-Centered, Evidence-Driven Adaptive Design (AHEAD) for Health Care Interventions: a Proposed Framework

Human-centered design (HCD), an empathy-driven approach to innovation that focuses on user needs, offers promise for the rapid design of health care interventions that are acceptable to patients, clinicians, and other stakeholders. Reviews of HCD in healthcare, however, note a need for greater rigor, suggesting an opportunity for integration of elements from traditional research and HCD. A strategy that combines HCD principles with evidence-grounded health services research (HSR) methods has the potential to strengthen the innovation process and outcomes. In this paper, we review the strengths and limitations of HCD and HSR methods for intervention design, and propose a novel Approach to Human-centered, Evidence-driven Adaptive Design (AHEAD) framework. AHEAD offers a practical guide for the design of creative, evidence-based, pragmatic solutions to modern healthcare challenges.
Feeling out of (existential) place: Existential isolation and nonnormative group membership:

Literature devoted to understanding the experiences of individuals who do not fit the cultural mold—those who belong to minority, stigmatized, or underrepresented groups—demonstrates that nonnormat...
Modeling aqueous multivalent polyelectrolytes systems with polyelectrolyte NRTL model

Abstract Thermodynamic modeling of aqueous polyelectrolyte systems is of great interest in many industrial applications and biological systems. Recently a Polyelectrolyte Nonrandom Two-Liquid activity coefficient model was proposed for aqueous monovalent polyelectrolyte systems. Integrating Manning’s counterion condensation theory, Pitzer-Debye-Huckel theory, and electrolyte Nonrandom Two-Liquid theory, the model accounts for the solution nonideality derived from long-range electrostatic polyion-ion and ion-ion interactions as well as short-range van der Waals molecule–molecule, molecule-ion, and ion-ion interactions. This work extends the model for aqueous multivalent polyelectrolyte systems and shows satisfactory agreement between the model results and the available literature data on thermodynamic properties of varieties of multivalent polyelectrolyte systems.
A Causal Deep Learning Framework for Classifying Phonemes in Cochlear Implants

Speech intelligibility in cochlear implant (CI) users degrades considerably in listening environments with reverberation and noise. Previous research in automatic speech recognition (ASR) has shown that phoneme-based speech enhancement algorithms improve ASR system performance in reverberant environments as compared to a global model. However, phoneme-specific speech processing has not yet been implemented in CIs. In this paper, we propose a causal deep learning framework for classifying phonemes using features extracted at the time-frequency resolution of a CI processor. We trained and tested long short-term memory networks to classify phonemes and manner of articulation in anechoic and reverberant conditions. The results showed that CI-inspired features provide slightly higher levels of performance than traditional ASR features. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to provide a classification framework with the potential to categorize phonetic units in real-time in a CI.
Aspects of teaching online during COVID-19 that I want to retain when returning to a “normal” classroom environment

For ten years I have been teaching graduate level acoustics courses simultaneously to 15–20 resident students and 20–25 distance education students. Prior to COVID-19, I live-streamed my lectures from a specially equipped multimedia classroom, but my attention during any given class period was primarily focused on the resident students sitting in the classroom. Any interaction with the 5–8 distance students attending my “live” lectures was limited to sporadic short questions posted to a chat window. During COVID-19, I have been teaching entirely online from my home and all 25-30 students (both resident and distance) who attend “live” class meetings participate in the same way: online through Zoom. As I reflect on 2.5 semesters of teaching acoustics to both resident and distant graduate students entirely online, there are several positive aspects of my online interactions with students that I hope to retain when I return to a “normal” classroom environment. In this presentation I will share several of the ways I successfully engaged and interacted with students while teaching online, both during and outside of class meetings. I will also discuss possible challenges of bringing some of those positive online interactions back into a “normal” classroom setting.
Credibility in an Age of Algorithms

Evidence law has a “credibility” problem. Artificial intelligence creators will soon be marketing tools for assessing credibility in the courtroom. Yet, although credibility is a vital concept in the U.S. legal system, there is deep ambiguity within the law about its function. American jurisprudence assumes that impeachment evidence tells us about a witness’s propensity for truthfulness. Yet this same jurisprudence focuses fact-finders on external qualities that are probative of a witness’s worthiness of belief but not of the risk that they will lie. Without a clear understanding of what credibility in the legal system is or should be, the terms of engagement will be set by the creators of algorithms in accordance with their interests. This article focuses on the two main paradigms within current credibility jurisprudence as a guide to thinking about how algorithms might be brought to bear on legal credibility. It does this by analogy to two existing algorithmic products. One is the U.S. credit scoring system. The other is China’s experiment with a “social credit” scoring system. These examples reflect the actual and purported function of credibility in the law in ways that are revealing both for current practice and as we contemplate the credibility of the future.
An analytic solution to the electric analog simulation of the regenerative heat exchanger with time-varying fluid inlet temperatures

Direct simulation on an electric analog of heat transfer problems, has been extensively used, for obtaining approximate solutions. The electric simulation is based on discrete space continuous time differential equations, using electric capacitances and resistances with special devices for simulating convective terms and boundary conditions. (See ref. [16] in the text). In this paper, an analytic solution of the discretized space continuous time differential equations, describing the performance of the periodic-flow regenerative heat exchanger, is presented. With this method the cyclic periodic operation and the starting-up periods of the regenerator, having arbitrary fluid inlet and initial matrix temperatures, can be determined. Several cases with constant inlet fluid temperatures are given and the results are in a good agreement with those previously reported in the literature; the computations for the case of a starting-up period having linearly varying fluid inlet temperature are also presented, which compares well with the results given in a previous paper. Using the present method Hausen's simplified theory is tested and it is found to be justifiable.
Constructing a community response to violence

Abstract After the massacre at Columbine High School, community members across the country convened to discuss how better to understand the warning signs, how to intervene at the right time—how to protect our children. What role do institutions of higher education have during such times of community crisis? What is the role of a school of social work? This paper is a case study of action taken by one school for social work toward developing a community response to violence through interdisciplinary outreach and the empowerment of local community members.
Modularization to Support Multiple Brand Platforms

Methods to determine acceptable architecture for multiple platforms supporting multiple brands must represent both platform cost saving commonization as well as revenue enhancing brand distinctions. Functional architecting methods determine modularization based upon functional concerns. Brand identity is additionally determined by sensory aesthetics. We introduce three architecting rules to maintain brand identity in platforms. A dominant theme must be ensured on each product of a brand, and this must be transferred to each product’s specifications and aesthetics. Elements critical to brand identity must be made common across all products in a brand. For any platform, brand specific elements must be maintained unique on each product variant. The set of elements not identified as a brand carrier can be made common to a platform. A matrix representation of each platform and its supported brand variants is useful as an architecting tool.
Comparisons of the four Miller Range nakhlites, MIL 03346, 090030, 090032 and 090136: Textural and compositional observations of primary and secondary mineral assemblages

Abstract– Petrological and geochemical analyses of Miller Range (MIL) 03346 indicate that this meteorite originated from the same augitic cumulate layer(s) as the nakhlite Martian meteorites, but underwent rapid cooling prior to complete crystallization. As with the other nakhlites, MIL 03346 contains a secondary alteration assemblage, in this case consisting of iddingsite-like alteration veins in olivine phenocrysts, Fe-oxide alteration veins associated with the mesostasis, and Ca- and K,Fe-sulfate veins. We compared the textural and mineralogical compositions of MIL 090030, 090032, and 090136 with MIL 03346, focusing on the composition and Raman spectra of the alteration assemblages. These observations indicate that the meteorites are paired, and that the preterrestrial olivine-bound alteration assemblages were produced by weakly acidic brine. Although these alteration assemblages resemble similar assemblages in Nakhla, the absence of siderite and halite in the Miller Range nakhlites indicates that the parental alteration brine was comparatively HCO3− depleted, and less concentrated, than that which altered Nakhla. This indicates that the Miller Range nakhlite alteration brine experienced a separate evolutionary pathway to that which altered Nakhla, and therefore represents a separate branch of the Lafayette-Nakhla evaporation sequence. Thin-sections cut from the internal portions of these meteorites (away from any fusion crust or terrestrially exposed edge), contain little Ca-sulfate (identified as gypsum), and no jarosite, whereas thin-sections with terrestrially exposed edges have much higher sulfate abundances. These observations suggest that at least the majority of sulfate within the Miller Range nakhlites is terrestrially derived.
The 'dark' side of sedation: 12 years of office-based pediatric deep sedation for electroretinography in the dark.

Summary Objectives: Analyze pediatric ERG data for adverse events, interventions, and outcomes of propofol sedations performed in near-complete darkness. Aim: To demonstrate that deep sedation with propofol for ERG can be performed efficiently and safely in children in near-total darkness. Background: Full-field electroretinography (ERG) is a valuable tool for the diagnosis of vision loss in children. The ERG measures the electrical activity of the retina. In children, ERG quality significantly improves with deep sedation by allowing easier eye electrode placement and decreasing motion artifacts. As this procedure must be performed in darkness, administering sedation imposes unique challenges. Methods and materials: ERGs are performed outside of the operating room in our hospital’s electrophysiology suite. IVs are placed, and patients are allowed to adapt to complete darkness. An anesthesiologist then administers propofol sedation in the dark with the aid of a red-filter light source and monitor light shields. Data were collected on 379 patients (411 ERGs) performed from 1996 to 2008. These records were reviewed and analyzed for demographic, medical, and anesthetic data. Results: Propofol sedation resulted in an ERG completion rate of 99.5%. During sedation, 8.5% (35) of patients experienced minor respiratory complications such as airway obstruction that resulted in an oxygen saturation <90%. A total of 9.7% (40) of patients required minor airway interventions such as a chin lift. Conclusions: We demonstrated that pediatric sedation is a safe, efficient, and a cost-effective method for measuring ERGs in a challenging environment. The incidence of minor complications is low and appears similar to other studies of propofol sedation.
SH-mobile - low power application processor for cellular [3G cellular phones]

Renesas Technology Corp. gains world wide support in the field of application processors for cellular phones (SH-mobile), where various performance demanding applications must be handled with very low power consumption. Techniques of the SH-mobile to reduce leakage current, such as a partial power shut down mechanism and a methodology of multi-threshold transistors are introduced. Also advantages of the SH-mobile architecture, such as dual CPU core, large internal memory, and various media accelerators, are described from a low power consumption point of view.
The Optical Proper Motions of HH 7-11 and Cepheus E

A key ingredient in understanding the dynamics of stellar outflows is their proper motion. We have used optical images in the [S II] emission at 6717/6731 A and the red Digitized Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (DSS) plates to determine the proper motion of the HH 7–11 system and the optical knot of Cep E (HH 377). The DSS plate measurements span nearly 37 years for both HH 7–11 and HH 377 and have a wide field of view, which allows an accurate determination of the proper motions despite their relatively low angular resolution. The optical images, with higher angular resolution, cover a shorter period, 7 and 4 years, respectively, for HH 7–11 and HH 377 and have been used to complement the DSS measurements. From the DSS plates we have found that HH 377 has a proper motion of 0031 ± 0003 yr-1 with P.A. = 206°; i.e., it is moving away from IRAS 230111+63, which at a distance of 730 pc corresponds to a tangential velocity of 107 ± 14 km s-1. The values obtained from the optical images are consistent with these measurements. Similarly, the proper motions of HH 7–11 range from 0015 ± 0009 yr-1 (HH 9) to 0044 ± 0007 yr-1 (HH 11), and the flow is moving away from SVS 13 with mean P.A. ~ 136°. At a distance of 330 pc, these motions correspond to tangential velocities of ~25–70 km s-1, i.e., comparable to the original values obtained by Herbig & Jones (1983). The measurements from the optical CCD [S II] images are again consistent with these motions, although in detail there are some differences, particularly for HH 7 and HH 10.
Modeling Landforms as Self-Organized, Hierarchical Dynamical Systems

Landforms result from self-organization, by which local nonlinear, dissipative interactions between the fast- and small-scale constituents of a system give rise to emergence of a larger-scale, slower evolving form. Landscapes are ordered in a temporal hierarchy in which a range of levels characterized by discrete, separated time scales are connected by self-organization but do not dynamically interact. The relationship between these two hypotheses and their implications for modeling are explored here using three properties of self-organized systems: emergence of order, in which the number of variables decreases; time-scale separation, in which the time scale characterizing the reaction to perturbations increases; and dynamical asymmetry, in which dynamics of the self-organized form becomes abstracted and slaves the constituent dynamics. These three properties of self-organization form the basis of a new modeling methodology, hierarchical modeling. Models are constructed at levels in a hierarchy corresponding to emergent, self-organized forms, patterns or behaviors of the landscape. Hierarchical modeling is compared theoretically to two more traditional, end-member methodologies employed in geomorphology: reductionism, which uses detailed dynamics at the fundamental scale, and universality, which treats the slowly varying dynamics or steady state common amongst diverse systems. Hierarchical modeling incorporates the acquisition of physical insight into model construction across a range of temporal scales, whereas insight is required only at the scale of fundamental constituents for reductionism and at the longest scales for universality. Hierarchical modeling potentially provides improved predictability because the resulting models contain neither too many variables and processes (as in reductionism), which can lead to numerical and conceptual errors, nor too few variables and processes (as in universality), which permits only a partial representation of the dynamics of a landscape. These general arguments are illustrated by consideration of bedforms, hillslopes, rivers, patterned ground and the nearshore.
The Economics of Immigration

This literature review concerns the impact of immigration on the economy of the host country focusing on the experience of the United States. The emphasis is on the period from the 1970s to the 1990s. The author shows that research earlier in this period generally concluded that the economic effects of immigration were positive but that more recent research on later migrations have generally concluded that immigration may be having an adverse effect on the earnings of native unskilled workers and be placing an increased burden on welfare programs. The importance of such economic analysis for the formulation of appropriate migration policies is stressed.
A Neglected Option: The Contributions of State Responsibility for Genocide to Transitional Justice

Despite the pervasive involvement of government bureaucracies in perpetrating genocide and other atrocities, the international community’s efforts to assist societies emerging from these horrors have relied primarily on establishing the guilt of individuals in criminal tribunals, rather than addressing the wrongs committed by governments through other means. The International Court of Justice diverged from this approach to transitional justice when it decided in 2007 that states themselves can be held civilly responsible for committing genocide. Characterizing the decision as reviving the concept of collective guilt in contravention of accepted principles of transitional justice, some warned that holding states responsible for mass atrocity would trigger renewed conflict and prevent peace in societies attempting to recover from violent conflict or mass atrocity. This Article challenges the notion that state responsibility for genocide is incompatible with transitional justice. The jurisprudence of international criminal tribunals reveals that despite the tribunals’ mandate to determine the guilt only of individuals, group dynamics play a significant underlying role in prosecutions and convictions. Moreover, holding states responsible for committing genocide contributes to accountability and truth-telling, the professed goals of transitional justice, while criminal trials come up short. When atrocities are committed through the systematic, coordinated actions of a state, contemplating accountability only in relation to the offenses of individuals is imprecise and incomplete. In order to establish meaningful accountability and reveal the truth about a genocide, the state institutions that urged, organized, and facilitated the crimes committed by individuals should be acknowledged and held responsible on their own.
Computer simulation of electrophoretic separation process

A mathematical model for three-dimensional laminar steady flow of an incompressible viscous neutrally charged carrier fluid mixed with an electrically charged fluid is presented. All magnetic fields are neglected. Thermally induced buoyancy is incorporated via Boussinesq approximation while including Joule heating effects. Numerical results demonstrate the detrimental effects of numerical dissipation on the accuracy of the solution. Bending of a stream of charged particles under the influence of an electric field and an electrohydrodynamic instability are demonstrated. >
Relationships between seed yield and seed protein in determinate and indeterminate soybean populations

The development of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars with high seed protein has been hampered by the inverse relationship between seed yield and seed protein concentration. Determinate and indeterminate near-isolines of soybean are usually similar in seed protein but differ in growth type. This study was conducted to determine if relationships between seed yield and seed protein differed in populations of these two plant types. Determinate and indeterminate progenies were identified in two crosses between high-protein indeterminate breeding lines and determinate strains with average seed protein. The F₄-derived progenies were evaluated for 2 yr in three-replicate yield tests at West Lafayette, IN. Seed protein and oil concentration were determined on seed from individual entries in each replication. Mean seed protein concentrations were similar for the two plant types in each cross. Regression of seed protein on seed yield was not significant among determinate progenies in either cross. In contrast, negative slopes of regression lines were significant when seed protein was regressed on seed yield for indeterminate progenies in each cross. The three highest yielding determinate entries from one cross were similar in yield to the determinate cultivar Charleston and varied from 449 to 478 g kg⁻¹ seed protein compared with Charleston with 420 g kg⁻¹ protein. In the second cross, the three highest yielding determinate progenies were similar in yield to Charleston; two of these had higher seed protein than Charleston. The three highest yielding indeterminate lines in both crosses were similar in yield to the indeterminate check cultivars Edison and Flyer and varied in seed protein from 418 to 435 g kg⁻¹ compared with 414 g kg⁻¹ protein for Edison and 418 g kg⁻¹ for Flyer. The data demonstrate that in these two crosses, determinate progenies were a better source of selections that combined high seed yield with high seed protein than were indeterminate progenies. Journal Paper no. 14736 of the Purdue Univ. Agric. Res. Programs.
Transition threshold optimization for a rule based automotive cruise control

This paper presents a novel approach to fuel efficient vehicle speed control. Motivated by potential fuel economy improvements through periodic time-varying cruise control, a finite state machine structure is designed to control transitions between discrete states of acceleration, constant speed, and deceleration. The scheme accounts for changes in road grade, reduces fuel consumption, maintains drivability, and is easy to calibrate and implement. A method for optimizing the thresholds that control transitions between the states of the finite state machine is introduced and demonstrated. Results from simulation and vehicle testing are presented for a test route, demonstrating up to a 5.47% dynamic fuel consumption improvement potential in vehicle testing.
More than a dance: the production of sexual health risk in the exotic dance clubs in Baltimore, USA.

Abstract Women who exchange sex for money, drugs, or goods are disproportionately infected with HIV and have high rates of illicit drug use. A growing body of research has underscored the primacy of environmental factors in shaping individual behaviors. HIV/STI rates among sex workers are influenced by environmental factors such as the physical (e.g., brothel) and economic (e.g., increased pay for unsafe sex) context in which sex work occurs. Exotic dance clubs (EDCs) could be a risk environment that is epidemiologically significant to the transmission of HIV/STIs among vulnerable women, but it is a context that has received scant research attention. This study examines the nature of the physical, social, and economic risk environments in promoting drug and sexual risk behaviors. Structured observations and semi-structured qualitative interviews (N = 40) were conducted with club dancers, doormen, managers, and bartenders from May through August, 2009. Data were analyzed inductively using the constant comparative method common to grounded theory methods. Atlas-ti was used for data analysis. Dancers began working in exotic dance clubs primarily because of financial need and lack of employment opportunities, and to a lesser extent, the need to support illicit drug habits. The interviews illuminated the extent to which the EDCs’ physical (e.g., secluded areas for lap dances), economic (e.g., high earnings from dancers selling sex), and social (e.g., prevailing social norms condoning sex work) environments facilitated dancers’ engaging in sex work. Drug use and alcohol use were reported as coping mechanisms in response to these stressful working conditions and often escalated sexual risk behaviors. The study illuminated characteristics of the environment that should be targeted for interventions.
Effects of the biologically produced polymer alginic acid on macroscopic and microscopic calcite dissolution rates.

Dissolution of carbonate minerals has significant environmental effects. Microorganisms affect carbonate dissolution rates by producing extracellular metabolites, including complex polysaccharides such as alginic acid. Using a combined atomic force microscopy (AFM)/flow-through reactor apparatus, we investigated the effects of alginic acid on calcite dissolution. Macroscopic dissolution rates, derived from the aqueous metal ion concentrations, are 10-5.5 mol m-2 s-1 for 5 < pH < 12 in the absence of alginic acid compared to 10-4.8 mol m-2 s-1 in its presence. The AFM images demonstrate that alginic acid preferentially attacks the obtuse steps of dissolution pits on the calcite surface. In pure water, the obtuse and acute steps retreat at similar rates, and the pits are nearly isotropic except under highly acidic conditions. In alginic acid, the acute step retreat rate is nearly unchanged in comparison to water, whereas the obtuse step retreat rate increases with decreasing pH values. As a result, the pits...