cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When is a “wait and see” approach to invasive species justified?

Abstract Predictions of damages and damages that might be avoided from invasive species control policies are marred by uncertainty that has both economic and ecological roots. Public policies directed at invasive species typically lag their detection. One possible explanation is the coupling of uncertainty with political and economic commitments creates an incentive to delay a policy response in order to gain more information on how damaging the invasion will be – a “wait and see” approach. We investigate whether this rationale is justified by identifying invasion characteristics that require the wait and see approach often adopted by lawmakers and government agencies. The model shows that the source of uncertainty and degree of policy irreversibility matter and allows the classification of invasive species with a low rate of spread and low levels of uncertainty as those where policies can be optimally timed in the future.
Spontaneous Changes in Hemodynamics in Uncomplicated Acute Myocardial Infarction: a Prospective Echocardiographic Study:

Spontaneous changes in heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD), and left ven tricular end-systolic dimension (LVESD) over a 95-minute period were evaluated in 13 patients with uncomplicated myocardial infarction within 48 hours of infarction. The patients were on no medication at the time of their study. ECGs, blood pressures, and echocardiograms were recorded every 1 minute for 5 minutes (control period) and 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes (study period) after the control measurements.The mean control LVEDD was 57.4 ± 10.0 mm; the standard deviation (SD) across the control values was 0.9 mm. The mean LVEDD during the 90-minute study period was 57.5 ± 9.7 mm; the SD across the 90-minute study period values was 1.4 mm. The mean control LVESD was 48.3 ± 11.4 mm; the SD across the control value was 1.0 mm. The mean LVESD during the 90-minute study period was 48.9 ± 11.0 mm; the SD across the 90-minute study period was 1.7 mm. No sig...
GENERAL AND SPECIALIZED MEDIA ROUTINELY EMPLOYED FOR PRIMARY ISOLATION OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENS OF FISHES

There are a number of significant diseases among cultured and free-ranging freshwater fishes that have a bacterial etiology; these represent a variety of gram-negative and gram-positive genera. Confirmatory diagnosis of these diseases involves primary isolation of the causative bacterium on bacteriologic media. Frequently used "general" bacteriologic media simply provide the essential nutrients for growth. For most of the major pathogens, however, there are differential and/or selective media that facilitate primary recovery. Some specialized media are available as "ready-to-use" from suppliers, while others must be prepared. Differential media employ various types of indicator systems, such as pH indicators, that allow diagnosticians to observe assimilation of selected substrates. An advantage to the use of differential media for primary isolation is that they hasten bacterial characterization by yielding the appropriate positive or negative result for a particular substrate, often leading to a presumptive identification. Selective media also incorporate agent(s) that inhibit the growth of contaminants typically encountered with samples from aquatic environments. Media that incorporate differential and/or selective components are ideally based on characters that are unique to the targeted bacterium, and their use can reduce the time associated with diagnosis and facilitate early intervention in affected fish populations. In this review, the concepts of general and differential/selective bacteriologic media and their use and development for fish pathogens are discussed. The media routinely employed for primary isolation of the significant bacterial pathogens of fishes are presented.
Indicators of fatigue and of prolonged weaning from mechanical ventilation in surgical patients.

Indicators of weaning success have been tested primarily in patients who have been ventilated for short periods of time, and they may not be as accurate in cases where support has been required for longer than a few days. In patients requiring longer periods of support it is difficult to estimate the likelihood of successful liberation. Therefore we evaluated established weaning indices for their accuracy in surgical patients who required ≥ 72 hours of mechanical ventilation. Surgical patients who required mechanical ventilation for ≥ 72 hours were prospectively followed (over 6 months). We obtained standard indices of ventilatory function daily once patients were ready to wean. These indices included the respiratory rate/tidal volume ratio (RSBI), the maximal inspiratory pressure, and the minute ventilation. The duration of weaning and explicitly defined episodes of fatigue were the outcomes of interest. Statistical analyses evaluated the multiple factors that might influence the duration of weaning. Ninety-five patients (66% trauma; 34% surgery) survived to begin weaning, and 93% were liberated. The median duration of mechanical ventilation prior to weaning was 4 days (range 3–16 days), and the median duration of weaning was 3 days (range 0–56 days). Fatigue occurred in 36 patients and was not reliably predicted by any of the weaning measurements. However, a RSBI of >105 on the first day of weaning was associated with prolonged weaning. By multivariate analysis, an RSBI of >105 on the first day of weaning predicted prolonged weaning (hazard ratio 1.9; p= 0.03). After 72 hours of mechanical ventilation, clinical fatigue and successful liberation are not reliably predicted by standard indices of respiratory muscle strength and reserve. However, an RSBI of >105 observed once the patient is ready to wean is associated with prolonged weaning.
The Fit Between Theory and Data in Respondent-Driven Sampling: Response to Heimer

., thisissue). As Heimer states, Respondent-Driven Sam-pling (RDS) is “an innovative and powerful method-ology,” thus, we welcome this opportunity to furtherclarify the theoretical basis and applications of RDS.Like any other probability sampling method,RDS is based on a statistical theory of the samplingprocess. Such theory provides the means to calcu-late population estimators of minimal or zero bias,and estimates of the variability of those estimatorsin the form of conﬁdence intervals or standard er-rors. This theory also constrains the contexts in whichsampling can validly take place, because necessaryinformation required by the statistical theory must beattainable, and data structures must have the formpresumed by the statistical theory. Consequently,evaluating an application of a sampling method mustassess the ﬁt between the requirements of the sam-pling method’s statistical theory and the data fromwhich research conclusions are derived. To the ex-tent that the assumptions of the statistical theory areviolated, conﬁdence on the validity and reliability ofestimators is correspondingly reduced. This is the fo-cus of Heimer’s comments. He repeatedly expressesconcerns that we failed to address what he sees asdiscrepancies between the data reported in our arti-cle and the requirements of the RDS method. These
Electrical properties of vitreous As2(Se,Te)3 before and after annealing

Abstract Detailed measurements of the electrical conductivity versus temperature were performed on vitreous As 2 (Se,Te) 3 alloys before and after annealing at 100°C. The ln σ versus 1/ T plots showed a slight departure from linearity with the slope decreasing continuously with decreasing temperature. Hall effect measurements also showed a non linear dependence of the ln R H on 1/ T , where R H the Hall coefficient. All the alloys examined showed annealing effects which result in a decrease of the electrical conductivity and a small increase of the activation energy. It was concluded that vitreous semiconductors obtained by quenching from the melt show annealing effects similar to those found in amorphous layers prepared by evaporation on a cold substrate, though in the latter case the effects are more pronounced.
Evolution and thickness of the lithosphere beneath coastal California

Many of the tectonic features of the California Coast Ranges are directly related to the northward migration of the Mendocino triple junction along the western edge of North America during the past 20 to 30 m.y. At the triple junction, the western edge of the North American plate slides off the (relative) northward-moving and subducting Gorda plate, leaving the thin western edge in direct contact with asthenosphere upwelling to fill the space vacated by the underlying Gorda plate. Two-dimensional, time-dependent thermal modeling of this process, constrained by teleseismic delay studies, is used to construct a map of lithospheric thickness of coastal California. Among the implications of this map are that (1) the high heat flow in the Coast Ranges can be almost entirely accounted for by the asthenospheric upwelling associated with the migrating Mendocino triple junction; (2) the general elevation and the late Cenozoic volcanism in the California Coast Ranges are responses to a zone of unusually thin (20 to 45 km) lithosphere that extends southward behind the Mendocino triple junction; and (3) the course of some segments of the San Andreas fault (in both central and southern California) appear to deviate from a deeper, more fundamental, transform boundary separating the Pacific and North American plates.
Transverse-longitudinal coherence function of a sound field for line-of-sight propagation in a turbulent atmosphere

Using the narrow-angle and Markov approximations, a formula for the transverse-longitudinal coherence function of a sound field propagating in a turbulent atmosphere with temperature and wind velocity fluctuations is derived. This function, which applies to observation points that are arbitrarily located in space, generalizes the transverse coherence function (coherence when the observation points are in a plane perpendicular to the sound propagation path), which has been studied extensively. The new result is expressed in terms of the transverse coherence function and the extinction coefficient of the mean sound field. The transverse-longitudinal coherence function of a plane sound wave is then calculated and studied in detail for the Gaussian and von Karman spectra of temperature and wind velocity fluctuations. It is shown, for relatively small propagation distances, that the magnitude of the coherence function decreases in the longitudinal direction but remains almost constant in the transverse directi...
Influence of temperature on Pythium splendens--induced root disease on carambola, Averrhoa carambola.

A series of glasshouse and incubator studies were conducted to investigate the role played by Pythium splendens in a decline disorder of carambola, Averrhoa carambola. Plants, 4–6 months old, were grown in native calcareous soil either infested or not infested with the pathogen. Isolates recovered from atemoya, carambola and passion fruit grew optimally at 30°C, and significantly (P < 0.05) increased root necrosis and reduced root, shoot and total biomass of carambola. Temperature had a profound impact on the latter relationships. Two or more times more necrosis developed at 10 and 15°C than at 25 and 30°C. Total biomass accumulations were over four times greater at 30°C than at 10°C , and were always lower in soil infested with P. splendens. When biomass totals from infested and noninfested soil were compared, relative values were lowest at 15 and 20°C and were almost two times greater at 30°C than at 20°C. Root infection by P. splendens was greatest at 15 and 20°C, far below the species' optimum for growth, and at 30°C was over nine times lower than at 15 and 20°C. This is the first detailed report of P. splendens as a pathogen of carambola.
Inference propagation in emitter, system hierarchies

Emitter and system hierarchies are represented by inference nets and propositional relationships. Emitters are the primitive objects of the domain and systems consist of relationships among emitters. Evidence gathered concerning the identification of emitters must be used to classify both emitters and systems. Evidential reasoning and inference nets are used to to combine information at each level. Methods of direct and indirect transfer of evidence between levels are presented.
Medial Versus Lateral Frontal Lobe Contributions to Voluntary Saccade Control as Revealed by the Study of Patients with Frontal Lobe Degeneration

Deficits in the ability to suppress automatic behaviors lead to impaired decision making, aberrant motor behavior, and impaired social function in humans with frontal lobe neurodegeneration. We have studied patients with different patterns of frontal lobe dysfunction resulting from frontotemporal lobar degeneration or Alzheimer's disease, investigating their ability to perform visually guided saccades and smooth pursuit eye movements and to suppress visually guided saccades on the antisaccade task. Patients with clinical syndromes associated with dorsal frontal lobe damage had normal visually guided saccades but were impaired relative to other patients and control subjects in smooth pursuit eye movements and on the antisaccade task. The percentage of correct antisaccade responses was correlated with neuropsychological measures of frontal lobe function and with estimates of frontal lobe gray matter volume based on analyses of structural magnetic resonance images. After controlling for age, gender, cognitive status, and potential interactions between disease group and oculomotor function, an unbiased voxel-based morphometric analysis identified the volume of a segment of the right frontal eye field (FEF) as positively correlated with antisaccade performance (less volume equaled lower percentage of correct responses) but not with either pursuit performance or antisaccade or visually guided saccade latency or gain. In contrast, the volume of the presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and a portion of the supplementary eye fields correlated with antisaccade latency (less volume equaled shorter latency) but not with the percentage of correct responses. These results suggest that integrity of the presupplementary motion area/ supplementary eye fields is critical for supervisory processes that slow the onset of saccades, facilitating voluntary saccade targeting decisions that rely on the FEF.
Monitoring the Rio Grande valley cotton stalk destruction program with satellite imagery

Abstract Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) stalk destruction after harvest is a cultural practice used in the Rio Grande Valley (RGV) to minimize boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boheman) damage without the use of chemicals. Consistent application of this practice could reduce insecticide usage substantially and thus minimize environmental hazards. A cooperative program between the USDA‐ARS at Weslaco, Texas and the University of Texas at Austin has found that 20 m SPOT satellite imagery can be used for monitoring the cotton past control program in the RGV area. This satellite monitoring program could be part of an ecologically sound management strategy for boll weevil control for the RGV Cotton and Grain Producers Association. Such a cotton pest control program could increase cotton production profits and decrease detrimental impact on the environment and general public.
Establishment of a cell line from the EHS tumor: biosynthesis of basement membrane constituents and characterization of a hybrid proteoglycan containing heparan and chondroitin sulfate chains.

Abstract We have established a continuous cell line from the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) tumor, a transplantable murine neoplasm that has been extensively utilized to investigate basement membrane constituents. The EHS-derived cells, designated BAM cells, have been subcultured for over 40 passages and have maintained phenotypic and biological properties of the parent EHS tumor cells. BAM cells have retained an epithelioid morphology and the ability to induce EHS-like tumors in mice. Biochemical and immunochemical studies demonstrated that BAM cells synthesize laminin A and B chains, collagen type IV, entactin and the basement membrane specific heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Interestingly, the proteoglycan synthesized by BAM cells was a hybrid molecule containing 2–3 heparan sulfate chains of 25–35 kDa and 1 chondroitin sulfate chain of ≈ 17 kDa attached to a 400-kDa protein core. This cell line will be useful to investigations concerning biosynthesis of basement membrane constituents and will be a valuable source of extracellular matrix for testing cellular properties such as attachment, locomotion and differentiation.
Current transport in bistable granular structures

Abstract Electrical breakdown in GaAs Schottky diodes creates a granular filamentary structure of submicron dimensions between the contacts. The filament exhibits very fast (
Special Issue on Religion and Macromarketing: Journal of Macromarketing, 2016

Macromarketing addresses the interplay of markets, marketing, and society (Dixon 2002; Layton 2007; Shultz 2007; Wilkie 2006). Previously authors have examined marketing systems, market competition, marketing efficiencies and inefficiencies in allocating resources, socioeconomic development, market transition, ethics and distributive justice, marketing history, globalization, , consumer vulnerability, environmental degradation/renewal/sustainability, consumer and societal well-being, and quality of life. This special issue of the Journal of Macromarketing will reflect upon the intersection of religion and marketing from a macromarketing perspective.
Photometric Study of the Near Critical Contact System, GSC 3355 0394

GSC 3355 0394 has an EB-type light curve, which is dominated by hot and cool spot activities. It displays night-to-night variations in light-curve shapes. The period study yields six new times of minimum light and the first precision ephemeris, HJD T{sub min}I = 2, 454, 408.9547 {+-} 0.0017 + 0.4621603 {+-} 0.0000008d*E. VR{sub c}I{sub c} standard magnitudes are presented. BVRI Wilson synthetic light-curve solutions are calculated for both a Mode 4 (V1010 Oph-type, semidetached, more massive component filling its Roche lobe) configuration and a Mode 3, contact configuration (fill-out 100% or critical contact). The critical contact is the lowest residual solution. Four major spot regions are needed to model this binary, at least one is evidently a stream spot.
Modeling money demand under the profit-sharing banking scheme: Some evidence on policy invariance and long-run stability

This paper extends the literature on profit-sharing banking systems by modeling money demand behavior in Iran. We estimate demand for M1 and profit-sharing deposits over the period 1966–2001. We focus on whether the estimated money demand equations are policy invariant in addition to being temporally stable in the short and long run. Our empirical results persistently suggest that the demand equation for profit-sharing deposits is particularly stable and policy invariant in Iran despite numerous policy and non-policy shocks. These results lend support to the profit-sharing banking system and suggest that profit-sharing monetary aggregates are a credible instrument for monetary policy-making.
Bulk graphite nozzle recession—an analysis based on the carbon-steam reaction

Abstract Bulk graphite gasification rates (Zone I) have been measured between 1123–1323 K at H 2 O H 2 ratios which encompass those found in the exhaust gases resulting from the firing of a typical aluminized solid propellant. These Zone I rates are extrapolated on an Arrhenius plot to a temperature (≈3200 K) which is thought to exist at the surface of a graphite nozzle through which propellant combustion gases pass. The extrapolated rate is higher than that predicted for Zone III kinetics or found experimentally by other investigators. It is concluded that graphite recession under rocket motor conditions is in the intermediate region between Zones II and III. That is, gasification occurs not only at the exterior graphite surface but also in pores close to the exterior surface.
Process Control with Learning

We study the control of a production process which moves at a random time from an in-control state to an out-of-control state where an increased number of defective units is produced. After each unit is produced, a decision maker has three choices: continue production, invest in routine maintenance that restores the process to control, and invest in a more expensive learn maintenance that, in addition, may decrease the tendency of the process to go out of control. The optimal policy structure is shown to be of the control-limit type with the property that learning is not optimal if the tendency of the process to go out of control is small enough. If there is no opportunity to inspect the process's output, an optimal policy can be interpreted as a fixed production run. For this case an exact algorithm is developed. When the process's output is inspected, an optimal policy can be interpreted as a random production run. Approximation techniques are presented for this case. The fixed production run model is a...
Late pregnancy and rat choriocarcinoma cells inhibit nocturnal prolactin surges and serotonin-induced prolactin release.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of hormonal secretion by trophoblast cells on serotonin-induced release of PRL in both pregnant and nonpregnant rats. In the first experiment, three compounds that effectively lead to stimulation of serotonin receptors were injected ip or intraarterially between 0900-1200 h on day 8 or 16 of pregnancy. These included the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (20 mg/kg BW); a releasor of serotonin, fenfluramine (10 mg/kg BW); and a serotonin S2 receptor agonist, DOI (2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl-2-aminopropane-HCl; 500 micrograms/kg BW). When injected on day 8, these treatments significantly (P less than 0.01) increased the level of plasma PRL within 30 min after the injection. However, on day 16 the same treatments could not induce any change in the plasma PRL level. In the second experiment, rat choriocarcinoma (Rcho) cells, which secrete placental lactogen I in vivo, were injected beneath the kidney capsule on day 1 of pregnancy. Control pregn...
Judgment of short time intervals while performing mathematical tasks

Ornstein (1969) suggested that the apparent duration of a time interval depended upon the memory storage size. This experiment tests this theory by studying duration estimates made while performing different types of information processing. Twenty Ss, introductory psychology students, served in each of the 30 conditions of the experiment. The six time intervals estimated by the method of reproduction were of lengths of 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 sec, and the five intervening tasks were doing nothing, reading numbers, adding, multiplying, and adding and multiplying in a random order. The results show that fewer items were output in the three arithmetic conditions, as compared with the reading condition, and also show that the duration estimates were shorter for these three conditions. Estimates of duration are related to amount of output, and also appear to be related to the type of processing done to produce this output.
Performance of TCP traffic and ABR congestion control mechanisms

This paper presents a performance investigation of TCP traffic carried over ATM networks when the available bit rate (ABR) congestion control mechanism is exercised at the ATM layer. Two ABR schemes are investigated; the EFCI marking scheme and the relative rate marking scheme. The joint effect of the ABR mechanism with the early packet discard (EPD) mechanism is also considered. The focus of this study is to evaluate these schemes based on the effective throughput experienced by end users, taking the effect of retransmissions into account. Simulation results are obtained for a multihop switch configuration. Various aspects regarding the synergy of the TCP and ABR flow control mechanisms are presented.
Interconnection of Primary Lightning Arrester Ground and the Grounded Neutral of the Secondary Main

This investigation of the relative merits of various possible transformer connections and protective devices was the result of statistical data secured, over a long period of years, by the Commonwealth Edison Company of Chicago regarding the number and types of distribution transformer failures during lightning storms.* It refers to standard, 60 cycle, overhead, power and lighting distribution systems having 4,000-volt, four-wire primaries and three-wire, 230-volt, three-phase power and 115-230-volt lighting secondary mains. Five spans of standard pole line construction were exposed to transient potentials of steep wave front, the latter being induced by the sudden charging of the well insulated artificial clould suspended over the line. The cloud was charged to potentials, up to 150 kv., by means of a surge generator. Measurements of potentials, ranging as high as 40 kv. in some instances which were induced upon various portions of the distribution system were made by means of ionized sphere gaps and the cathode-ray oscillograph. Some of the important conclusions reached as the result of this investigation are: 1. The value of an experimental wood pole distribution line with an insulated artificial cloud charged by means of a surge generator was definitely established for lightning protective investigations involving induced as well as direct stroke potentials. 2. The practicability and economy of studying, by means of such laboratory equipment, the operation of various transformer, lightning arrester and ground connections, when exposed to surges approximating those of lightning, were demonstrated. 3.
Soluble and Processable Phosphonate Sensing Star Molecularly Imprinted Polymers

Soluble molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were prepared by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization followed by ring-closing metathesis (RCM). The polymerization was done in the presence of a template to generate a processable star MIP. The core of the star polymer was a dithiobenzoate-substituted tris(β-diketonate)europium(III) complex. The tris(β-diketonate)europium(III) complex served as a polymerization substrate for the three-armed RAFT-mediated star polymer and as a luminescent binding site for dicrotophos, an organophosphonate pesticide. The star arms were AB block copolymers. Block A was either 1-but-3-enyl-4-vinylbenzene or a mixture of 1-but-3-enyl-4-vinylbenzene and styrene. Block B was styrene or methyl methacrylate. The but-3-enyls of block A were reacted by RCM with a second generation Grubbs catalyst to give an intramolecularly cross-linked core. The intramolecularly cross-linked MIP was soluble in common organic solvents. The 30% cross-linked soluble and p...
Developmental changes and control of xanthine dehydrogenases in developing chicks

Abstract Developmental changes in xanthine dehydrogenase activity of liver, kidney, pancreas, and duodenum have been described. Activity is high in the kidney before hatching, but nevertheless there is a significant increase at hatching. Activities in the liver and duodenum increase sharply at hatching and activity in the pancreas increases subsequent to hatching. Injection of pituitary extracts into developing eggs on days 16, 17, and 18 results in a precocious increase in liver xanthine dehydrogenase activity observed on day 19. The agent responsible has not yet been identified. The increase in pancreatic xanthine dehydrogenase is dependent upon feeding after hatching whereas activity in other tissues studied is not. Apparently the act of feeding itself or some component in the diet induces this response. These studies indicate that at least three different control mechanisms for xanthine dehydrogenase are present in chicks.
Retroperitoneal lipoblastoma: A discussion of current management ☆

Retroperitoneal lipoblastomas are rare tumors found in young pediatric patients. Despite their large size at presentation, complete resection is usually achieved with minimal complications. Diagnosis is typically made after pathologic examination of the operative specimen, and cytogenetic analysis may be a key component in differentiating lipoblastoma from other lipomatous tumors. We present one such case of a large, retroperitoneal lipoblastoma and discuss the management of this uncommon entity.
Inhibition of stromal cell-derived factor-1α further impairs diabetic wound healing

Objective Impaired diabetic wound healing is associated with abnormal stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α production, decreased angiogenesis, and chronic inflammation. Lentiviral-mediated overexpression of SDF-1α can correct the impairments in angiogenesis and healing in diabetic wounds. We hypothesized that SDF-1α is a critical component of the normal wound-healing response and that inhibition of SDF-1α would further delay the wound-healing process. Methods dB/Db diabetic mice and Db/+ nondiabetic mice were wounded with an 8-mm punch biopsy and the wounds treated with a lentiviral vector containing either the green fluorescent protein (GFP) or SDF-1α inhibitor transgene. The inhibitor transgene is a mutant form of SDF-1α that binds, but does not activate, the CXCR4 receptor. Computerized planimetry was used to measure wound size daily. Wounds were analyzed at 3 and 7 days by histology and for production of inflammatory markers using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The effect of the SDF-1α inhibitor on cellular migration was also assessed. Results Inhibition of SDF-1α resulted in a significant decrease in the rate of diabetic wound healing, (3.8 vs 6.5 cm 2 /day in GFP-treated wounds; P = .04), and also impaired the early phase of nondiabetic wound healing. SDF-1α inhibition resulted in fewer small-caliber vessels, less granulation tissue formation, and increased proinflammatory gene expression of interleukin-6 and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 in the diabetic wounds. Conclusions The relative level of SDF-1α in the wound plays a key role in the wound-healing response. Alterations in the wound level of SDF-1α, as seen in diabetes or by SDF-1α inhibition, impair healing by decreasing cellular migration and angiogenesis, leading to increased production of inflammatory cytokines and inflammation. Inhibition of SDF-1α further impairs diabetic wound healing.
On the aerodynamic heating of an oscillating surface

The energy equation for the laminar flow of an incompressible, viscous fluid induced by the axial oscillation of an infinite flat plate is solved by the Laplace transformation technique. Temperature oscillations of the fluid at steady periodic state are analyzed for all Prandtl numbers. It is shown that the oscillation of the plate could change both the fluid temperature and the heat transfer rate appreciably. Results may also be applicable for a compressible viscous fluid.
SAG/ROC2 E3 ligase regulates skin carcinogenesis by stage-dependent targeting of c-Jun/AP1 and IκB-α/NF-κB

Sensitive to apoptosis gene (SAG)/regulator of cullins-2–Skp1-cullin–F-box protein (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase regulates cellular functions through ubiquitination and degradation of protein substrates. We report that, when expressed in mouse epidermis driven by the K14 promoter, SAG inhibited TPA-induced c-Jun levels and activator protein-1 (AP-1) activity in both in vitro primary culture, in vivo transgenic mice, and an AP-1– luciferase reporter mouse model. After AP-1 inactivation, epidermal proliferation induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)-anthracene/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate at the early stage of carcinogenesis was substantially inhibited. Later stage tumor formation was also substantially inhibited with prolonged latency and reduced frequency of tumor formation. Interestingly, SAG expression increased tumor size, not because of accelerated proliferation, but caused by reduced apoptosis resulting, at least in part, from nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation. Thus, SAG, in a manner depending on the availability of F-box proteins, demonstrated early-stage suppression of tumor formation by promoting c-Jun degradation, thereby inhibiting AP-1, and later-stage enhancement of tumor growth, by promoting inhibitor of κBα degradation to activate NF-κB and inhibit apoptosis.
Perceived Strategies and Activities for Successful Later Aging.

This study investigated perceived strategies and activities for successful later aging. Participants were 242 members of the Terman Study of the Gifted who responded to an open-ended question concerning how they make the most of their aging years. Data were collected in 1996 and 1999, when the participants were average ages of 84 and 86. Longitudinal analyses examined changes over time and cross-sectional analyses examined correlates of strategies and activities. Results showed that strategies emphasized emotion regulation and adaptation. Activities emphasized family involvement, social relationships, leisure, productive and intellectual activity, and health maintenance. Reports of emotion regulation and adaptation increased over time and mention of an intellectual orientation declined over time. Variations in activity mention were found according to gender, age, self-rated health, health limitations, and life satisfaction. History of higher-level occupations was related to more productive activities. Results are discussed in terms of the challenges of later aging.
OntoMiner: bootstrapping ontologies from overlapping domain specific web sites

In this paper, we present automated techniques for bootstrapping and populating specialized domain ontologies by organizing and mining a set of relevant overlapping Web sites provided by the user. We develop algorithms that detect and utilize HTML regularities in the Web documents to turn them into hierarchical semantic structures encoded as XML. Next, we present tree-mining algorithms that identify key domain concepts and their taxonomical relationships. We also extract semi-structured concept instances annotated with their labels whenever they are available. Experimental evaluation for the News, Travel, and Shopping domains indicates that our algorithms can bootstrap and populate domain specific ontologies with high precision and recall.
A modular fuel cell with hybrid energy storage

A modular fuel cell system has many advantages: (a.) it is fault tolerant under fuel cell and/or converter fault conditions, (b.) it is capable of supplying partial load power if one or more of the one stack section is damaged, and (c.) it distributes heat more evenly throughout the cell while maximizing the power delivered from each stack section. By introducing modular dc-dc converter interfacing with high-power energy storage devices, a fuel cell system can be tailored to provide time sustainable responses to sudden high power load demands. A design example is presented, where a dc-dc converter interfaces a 1-kW, three-section fuel cell stack with a supercapacitor/lithium-ion hybrid energy storage bank. Three different current-boosting arrangements are considered: (i.) a supercapacitor bank, (ii.) a lithium-ion bank, and (iii.) a hybrid bank. The current-boosting time sustainability of these modular fuel cell systems with hybrid energy storage is analyzed.
Student Comparisons of Educational Experiences at the Two-Year College and the University: A Preliminary Study.

Student evaluations of instruction were obtained from two groups. Students in the first group were “reverse transfer” students (N = 97) who completed their freshman year at a university and then transferred to a two‐year college for their sophomore year. Students in the second group were “early transfer” students (N = 78) who completed their freshman year at a two‐year college and then transferred to a university. All students had one year of attendance at a two‐year college and one year at a university. The purpose of the study was to analyze the ratings of both groups of students with regard to their academic experiences at the university and at the two‐year college. An adaptation of the Student Instructional Report (SIR) was used to obtain ratings on overall college experiences from all students at the end of their sophomore year. The findings revealed: (1) considerable similarity of ratings given to the two‐year college and the university, (2) differences between ratings of early transfer and reverse ...
Measurement of spontaneous-emission enhancement near the one-dimensional photonic band edge of semiconductor heterostructures

We present results of an experimental investigation into alteration of the spontaneous emission spectrum of GaAs from within one-dimensional photonic band gap (PBG) structures. The PBG samples are multilayer AlAs/${\mathrm{Al}}_{0.2}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.8}$As/GaAs p-i-n light-emitting diodes, with layers arranged as a distributed Bragg reflector. The emission spectra normal to the layers are measured, and we use a simple method to model the power spectrum of spontaneous emission from within the structures. We find that the emitted power is enhanced by a factor of 3.5 at the frequencies near the photonic band edge. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Evidence for a Niemann-pick C (NPC) gene family: identification and characterization of NPC1L1.

Abstract Niemann–Pick type C1 (NPC1) disease is caused by defects in the NPC1 protein, which result in perturbation of subcellular cholesterol transport. To identify related proteins that may be involved in subcellular cholesterol trafficking, the expressed sequence tag (EST) database was searched to find homologues of human NPC1. A short, weakly similar EST was identified and used to obtain a full-length human cDNA of about 5 kb and two alternatively spliced transcripts. The gene, named NPC1L1, was mapped to chromosome 7p13, contained 20 exons, including an unusually large 1526-bp exon 2, and spanned approximately 29 kb. In contrast to NPC1, the NPC1L1 putative promoter region contained a sterol-regulatory element. The predicted protein shared 42% identity and 51% similarity with NPC1. Interestingly, NPC1L1 contains the conserved amino-terminal “NPC1 domain” and the putative sterol-sensing domain, providing strong evidence that it is related to human NPC1 and suggesting that these may comprise a new family of NPC1-related proteins. However, the two differ with respect to their putative intracellular targeting signals. Collectively, these data suggest that NPC1L1 and NPC1 form part of a family of related proteins that may have similar functions at different subcellular locations, perhaps at sequential steps of the same cholesterol transport pathway.
Quadratic Programming with M-Matrices

In this paper, we study the problem of quadratic programming with M-matrices. We describe (1) an effective algorithm for the case where the variables are subject to a lower bound constraint, and (2) an analogous algorithm for the case where the variables are subject to lower and upper bounds constraints. We demonstrate the special monotone behavior of the iterate and gradient vectors. The result on the gradient vector is new. It leads us to consider a simple updating procedure which preserves the monotonicity of both vectors. The procedure uses the fact that an M-matrix has a non-negative inverse. Two new algorithms are then constructed by incorporating this updating procedure into the two given algorithms. We give numerical examples which show that the new methods can be more efficient than the original ones.
Extracting inter-particle forces in opaque granular materials: Beyond photoelasticity

This paper presents the first example of inter-particle force inference in real granular materials using an improved version of the methodology known as the Granular Element Method (GEM). GEM combines experimental imaging techniques with equations governing particle behavior to allow force inference in cohesionless materials with grains of arbitrary shape, texture, and opacity. This novel capability serves as a useful tool for experimentally characterizing granular materials, and provides a new means for investigating force networks. In addition to an experimental example, this paper presents a precise mathematical formulation of the inverse problem involving the governing equations and illustrates solution strategies.
Gerchberg’s extrapolation algorithm in two dimensions

Gerchberg's 1-D iterative extrapolation algorithm for bandlimited signals is generalized to two dimensions in two distinct ways. One generalization requires knowledge of the entire spectral pupil of the bandlimited image. The second requires only knowledge of two 1-D intervals formed by the vertical and horizontal projections of the pupil. For real bandlimited images of the low-pass type, this corresponds to knowing only the maximum x and y spatial frequencies of the image. The utilization of information of the known portion of the image in the extrapolation process is discussed for both algorithms. The second algorithm, reformulated discretely, is placed in closed form.
Optical studies of supramolecular tubular structures generated by taper-shaped side groups in the columnar hexagonal phase

Birefringence measurements in the columnar hexagonal phase (Φ h ) and turbidity measurements in the high temperature isotropic phase (I) have been performed on a polymethacrylate (12-AG-4EO-PMA) having taper-shaped side groups; the same measurements wer also performed on a self-assembling monomeric precursor (12-AG-4EO-OH). We found that the optical retardation increases strongly with decreasing temperature in the Φ h -I phase transition temperature T Φh1 from above
Review of noncancer risk assessment: Applications of benchmark dose methods

The overall goal of this project is to evaluate and compare risk assessment methods traditionally used for noncancer health risks and to compare them with new approaches. These methods include the ...
Separation of Growth Promoting Activity from Horse Serum by Dialysis.

SummaryA method for separation of a fraction from horse serum which does not react in tests for protein and which is capable of substituting for whole serum in tissue culture medium has been described. When this fraction was used as a supplement in synthetic medium, cell growth was obtained which compared favorably with controls grown in serum supplemented medium.
Pulsed Doppler velocity patterns produced by arterial anastomoses.

Abstract Centerstream velocity waveforms produced by end-to-end and end-to-side anastomoses constructed in the dog illeofemoral arterial system were studied with a 20 MHz pulsed Doppler velocimeter combined with spectral analysis. Flow disturbance was identified by changes in spectral width during the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle. Measurement of the maximum frequency and the spectral width at peak systole was used to quantify the magnitude of flow disturbance at varying locations proximal and distal to the anastomoses. Disruption of the normal laminar flow pattern observed in the unoperated dog artery was evident distal to both anastomotic configurations. An increase in spectral width reflecting disturbed flow was maximal during the deceleration phase of systole. Flow disturbance was localized to a zone within one diameter distal to the anastomosis and dissipated rapidly downstream. The velocity spectrum changes observed downstream of an anastomosis resemble the flow disturbances produced by low grade, nonpressure reducing arterial stenoses. This study suggests that spectral analysis of pulsed Doppler waveforms is a potentially useful method of anastomosis assessment both to rule out major flow disruption produced by technical error, and to provide insight into the role of turbulence in the development of anastomotic intimal hyperplasia.
Secondary forest succession in a tropical dry forest: patterns of development across a 50-year chronosequence in lowland Bolivia

Stand structure, species richness and population structures of tree species were characterized in 12 stands representing 50 y of succession following slash-and-burn agriculture in a tropical dry forest in lowland Bolivia. Estimates of tree species richness, canopy cover and basal area reached or surpassed 75% of mature forest levels in the 5-, 8-, and 23-y-old stands respectively. Total stem density of the 50-y-old stand was almost twice that of the mature forest stand. This rapid recovery may be due to a high percentage of sprouting tree species, potentially high seed fall into abandoned fields, or the disturbance history of the mature stand. The even-aged size-class structures, dominance of long-lived pioneers, and presence of charcoal and pottery shards in soils of the mature forest stand suggest it formed after a severe disturbance, possibly fire of anthropogenic origin.
Wireless multi-channel single unit recording in freely moving and vocalizing primates

The ability to record well-isolated action potentials from individual neurons in naturally behaving animals is crucial for understanding neural mechanisms underlying natural behaviors. Traditional neurophysiology techniques, however, require the animal to be restrained which often restricts natural behavior. An example is the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a highly vocal New World primate species, used in our laboratory to study the neural correlates of vocal production and sensory feedback. When restrained by traditional neurophysiological techniques marmoset vocal behavior is severely inhibited. Tethered recording systems, while proven effective in rodents pose limitations in arboreal animals such as the marmoset that typically roam in a three-dimensional environment. To overcome these obstacles, we have developed a wireless neural recording technique that is capable of collecting single-unit data from chronically implanted multi-electrodes in freely moving marmosets. A lightweight, low power and low noise wireless transmitter (headstage) is attached to a multi-electrode array placed in the premotor cortex of the marmoset. The wireless headstage is capable of transmitting 15 channels of neural data with signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) comparable to a tethered system. To minimize radio-frequency (RF) and electro-magnetic interference (EMI), the experiments were conducted within a custom designed RF/EMI and acoustically shielded chamber. The individual electrodes of the multi-electrode array were periodically advanced to densely sample the cortical layers. We recorded single-unit data over a period of several months from the frontal cortex of two marmosets. These recordings demonstrate the feasibility of using our wireless recording method to study single neuron activity in freely roaming primates.
Photoisomerization and photodimerization in self-assembled monolayers of cis- and trans-4-cyano-4'-(10-mercaptodecoxy)stilbene on gold

Thin films of cis-4-cyano-4‘-(10-mercaptodecoxy)stilbene (1) and trans-4-cyano-4‘-(10-mercaptodecoxy)stilbene (2) on quartz or self-assembled monolayers of these substrates on optically transparent gold undergo photoisomerization and photodimerization reactions when irradiated with >350 nm visible light. The quantum yield for cyclodimerization in a monolayer of 1 is Φ = 1.0 ± 0.5 × 10-6, whereas that observed in the solid-state thin film was Φcis→trans = 4 ± 1 × 10-3 and Φcis→dimer = 6 ± 2 × 10-4. Two photodimers are isolated by irradiation of melts of the derivatives cis-4-cyano-4‘-(10-(acetylthio)decoxy)stilbene (3) and trans-4-cyano-4‘-(10-(acetylthio)decoxy)stilbene (4). Irradiation of 3 resulted in photoisomerization to 4 as well as dimerization, whereas irradiation of 4 resulted only in photodimerization. A monolayer of 1 on gold blocks the electrochemical oxidation of decamethylferrocene (DMFc) dissolved in CH3CN in the potential region from −0.5 to +0.5 V vs Ag wire. After scanning between −0.5 an...
Stereochemical studies of the skipped-polyol polyene macrolide class: NMR studies of a tetraformylal derivative of mycoticin A and B.

Abstract The tetraformylal derivative of mycoticin A and B 2 has been prepared in high yield from the natural products 1 . 2D COSY NMR and NOEDS experiments allow assignment of all nonequivalent hydrogens in 2 . NOE difference experiments shed light on the relative stereochemistry and conformation of the skipped-polyol portion of the macrolide ring. Importantly, an anti-configuration of the diol subunit at C 21 -C 23 has been revealed.