cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human ecstasy (MDMA) polydrug users have altered brain activation during semantic processing

Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]) polydrug users have verbal memory performance that is statistically significantly lower than that of control subjects. Studies have correlated long-term MDMA use with altered brain activation in regions that play a role in verbal memory. The aim of our study was to examine the association of lifetime ecstasy use with semantic memory performance and brain activation in ecstasy polydrug users. A total of 23 abstinent ecstasy polydrug users (age = 24.57 years) and 11 controls (age = 22.36 years) performed a two-part functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) semantic encoding and recognition task. To isolate brain regions activated during each semantic task, we created statistical activation maps in which brain activation was greater for word stimuli than for non-word stimuli (corrected p < 0.05). During the encoding phase, ecstasy polydrug users had greater activation during semantic encoding bilaterally in language processing regions, including Brodmann areas 7, 39, and 40. Of this bilateral activation, signal intensity with a peak T in the right superior parietal lobe was correlated with lifetime ecstasy use (r s = 0.43, p = 0.042). Behavioral performance did not differ between groups. These findings demonstrate that ecstasy polydrug users have increased brain activation during semantic processing. This increase in brain activation in the absence of behavioral deficits suggests that ecstasy polydrug users have reduced cortical efficiency during semantic encoding, possibly secondary to MDMA-induced 5-HT neurotoxicity. Although pre-existing differences cannot be ruled out, this suggests the possibility of a compensatory mechanism allowing ecstasy polydrug users to perform equivalently to controls, providing additional support for an association of altered cerebral neurophysiology with MDMA exposure.
Evaluation of two-summand adders implemented in ECDL CMOS differential logic

Four different adders were implemented using a CMOS differential logic, enable/disable differential CMOS logic (ECDL). The authors discuss the design and implementation of several common addition algorithms using ECDL. These adders have the self-timed characteristic. Comparisons are made among these algorithms in terms of delay and area. The actual implementation was done with MOSIS 3- mu m scalable process. Evaluations are performed in terms of area and delay. One conclusion that can be made is that the carry-skip adder seems to have the best speed/area combined performance. A first-order modeling method is used to estimate the area and speed of different implementations. >
Image model representation and line-by-line recursive restoration

A new one dimensionally causal state-space image representation is developed and employed in deriving several line-by-line recursive restoration procedures for images degraded by blur and additive noise. The optimal and two practical suboptimal restoration schemes-strip restoration and constrained optimal restoration-are included.
Rate of decline in blood lactate after cycling exercise in endurance-trained and -untrained subjects.

The purpose of this study was to compare the rate of decline in blood lactate (La) levels in nine trained men [maximal O2 consumption (VO2max) 65.5 +/- 3.3 ml.kg-1.min-1] and eight untrained men (VO2max 42.2 +/- 2.8 ml.kg-1.min-1) during passive recovery from a 3-min exercise bout. Trained and untrained subjects cycled at 85 and 80% VO2max, respectively, to produce similar peak blood La concentrations. Twenty samples of arterialized venous blood were drawn from a heated hand vein during 60 min of recovery and analyzed in an automated La analyzer. The data were then fitted to a biexponential function, which closely described the observed data (r = 0.97-0.98). There was no difference in the coefficient expressing the rate of decline in blood La for trained and untrained groups (0.0587 +/- 0.0111 vs. 0.0579 +/- 0.0100, respectively). However, trained subjects demonstrated a faster time-to-peak La (P = 0.01), indicative of a faster efflux of La from muscle to blood. Thus the rate of decline in blood La after exercise does not appear to be affected by training. The faster decline previously reported for trained subjects may be due to the use of a linear rather than a biexponential curve fit.
Explaining the Religion Gap in Support for Radical Right Parties in Europe

Across Europe populist radical right (PRR) parties advertise themselves as defenders of Christian identity and values, but they do not seem to strongly attract religious Christian voters. This article tests a general framework for understanding this religion gap in 13 countries. Findings extend earlier research on religiosity and radical right attitudes, provide insight on East-West differences in the PRR phenomenon, and lend conditional support to the notion of a “vaccine effect” suggested by prior research.
Vitamin Requirements of the Larval Mosquito, Culex pipiens

When thiamine, nicotinic acid, pyridoxine, or calcium pantothenate was singly omitted from an adequate, fully-defined, aseptic dietary medium, newly-hatched larvae were unable to grow beyond the 2nd instar. In the absence of riboflavin, folic acid, biotin or choline, a few larvae developed to pupae, but most died as 3rd or 4th instars. Minimal concentrations of the essential vitamins required initially in the medium for optimal growth were established and compared with similar data in the literature for another mosquito.
Enumeration of virus particles by electron micrography.

SummaryA method has been devised for counting virus particles in a suspension by means of the electron microscope. Studies on formolized purified swine influenza virus showed that the particles could be sedimented with a uniform distribution on a collodion membrane in the ultracentrifuge as revealed by electron micrographs of the particles on the membrane. The findings showed a close correlation with the dilution factor and with the number of particles calculated from chemical and physical data obtained with the virus.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations.

SUMMARY Disseminated intravascular coagulation, although an uncommon diagnosis on a general medical service, is one of the most common, acquired disorders of coagulation. With more aggressive therapy of critically ill patients it is also a diagnosis which is increasing in frequency. Recent advances in our understanding of the underlying causes for DIC and its pathophysiology have led to the establishment of diagnostic criteria and guidelines for the management of patients. Hemorrhage and thrombosis are the major criteria for initiation of therapy, and heparin is the most efficacious approach when correction of underlying causes is inadequate. Frequent monitoring of patients on heparin therapy can improve the benefit-to-risk ratio for this disorder.
Pathogen transport in groundwater systems: contrasts with traditional solute transport

Water quality affects many aspects of water availability, from precluding use to societal perceptions of fit-for-purpose. Pathogen source and transport processes are drivers of water quality because they have been responsible for numerous outbreaks resulting in large economic losses due to illness and, in some cases, loss of life. Outbreaks result from very small exposure (e.g., less than 20 viruses) from very strong sources (e.g., trillions of viruses shed by a single infected individual). Thus, unlike solute contaminants, an acute exposure to a very small amount of contaminated water can cause immediate adverse health effects. Similarly, pathogens are larger than solutes. Thus, interactions with surfaces and settling become important even as processes important for solutes such as diffusion become less important. These differences are articulated in “Colloid Filtration Theory”, a separate branch of pore-scale transport. Consequently, understanding pathogen processes requires changes in how groundwater systems are typically characterized, where the focus is on the leading edges of plumes and preferential flow paths, even if such features move only a very small fraction of the aquifer flow. Moreover, the relatively short survival times of pathogens in the subsurface require greater attention to very fast (<10 year) flow paths. By better understanding the differences between pathogen and solute transport mechanisms discussed here, a more encompassing view of water quality and source water protection is attained. With this more holistic view and theoretical understanding, better evaluations can be made regarding drinking water vulnerability and the relation between groundwater and human health.
Vessel Detection on Cerebral Angiograms Using Convolutional Neural Networks

Blood-vessel segmentation in cerebral angiograms is a valuable tool for medical diagnosis. However, manual blood-vessel segmentation is a time consuming process that requires high levels of expertise. The automatic detection of blood vessels can not only improve efficiency but also allow for the development of automatic diagnosis systems. Vessel detection can be approached as a binary classification problem, identifying each pixel as a vessel or non-vessel. In this paper, we use deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for vessel segmentation. The network is tested on a cerebral angiogram dataset. The results show the effectiveness of deep learning approach resulting in an accuracy of 95%.
An Exact and Fast Computation of Discrete Fourier Transform for Polar and Spherical Grid

Numerous applied problems of two-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D imaging are formulated in continuous domain. They place great emphasis on obtaining and manipulating the Fourier transform in polar and spherical coordinates. However, the translation of continuum ideas with the discrete sampled data on a Cartesian grid is problematic. There exists no exact and fast solution to the problem of obtaining discrete Fourier transform for polar and spherical grids in the literature. In this paper, we develop exact algorithms to the above problem for 2-D and 3-D, which involve only 1-D equispaced fast Fourier transform with no interpolation or approximation at any stage. The result of the proposed approach leads to a fast solution with very high accuracy. We describe the computational procedure to obtain the solution in both 2-D and 3-D, which includes fast forward and inverse transforms. We find the nested multilevel matrix structure of the inverse process, and we propose a hybrid grid and use a preconditioned conjugate gradient method that exhibits a drastic improvement in the condition number.
Automatic computation of impulse response seismograms of Rayleigh waves for mixed paths

A program has been devised to compute theoretical seismograms of Rayleigh waves for a given epicenter and a given station entirely automatically on an electronic computer. The earth's surface is divided into three regions; continents, Pacific Ocean, and oceans other than the Pacific. Allowance can be made for differences in structure in these regions. This simple division seems satisfactory at present for Rayleigh waves of periods longer than 35 sec.
An Introduction to the Tropical Pacific and Types of Pacific Islands

The Pacific accounts for about 46% of the Earth’s water surface and about one-third of its total surface area, making it larger than all of Earth’s land area combined. The tropical portions are dotted with thousands of islands that despite their geographic position differ considerably climatically. A west-to-east decrease in rainfall is particularly notable during a typical year, amidst seasonal shifts in the trade wind-driven Intertropical Convergence Zones. Additional changes are superimposed by the El Nino Southern Oscillation, which has the effect of moving the rainfall and warm water from west to east, periodically imposing disruptive floods in relatively dry climates, and droughts in areas that are normally wet. Likewise, occasional but destructive cyclonic storm tracks are common north and south of the equator. Islands in the tropical northwestern Pacific are particularly vulnerable to typhoons. High volcanic islands exhibit a distinct climate compared with low coralline islands and this is reflected in the vegetation found on each. Coral reefs are typical of most tropical islands in the Pacific, but they differ in form that includes fringing, barrier and atoll reefs. A brief description of geological processes that control reef formation and reef islands is also given.
Anthelmintics in Dermatology

Permethrin and ivermectin are among the most commonly used topical agents for scabies. Permethrin topical 5% cream is the first-line treatment, and should be applied to the entire skin surface from the neck-down. Most practitioners advise patients to apply the entire tube of 30 g at bedtime and leave it in place all night. In the morning patients should wash all bedding and clothing in hot water and then bathe. For all scabies infestations, this process should be repeated 1 week later at the very least; additional weekly applications are frequently necessary for “Norwegian”/crusted scabies [1, 2]. Permethrin is generally well tolerated, occasionally associated with mild skin irritation, and exists as a treatment option for pregnant women [3, 4].
In-Depth Comparison of Lysine-Based Antibody-Drug Conjugates Prepared on Solid Support Versus in Solution.

Antibody drug conjugates are a rapidly growing form of targeted chemotherapeutics. As companies and researchers move to develop new antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) candidates, high-throughput methods will become increasingly common. Here we use advanced characterization techniques to assess two trastuzumab-DM1 (T-DM1) ADCs; one produced using Protein A immobilization and the other produced in solution. Following determination of payload site and distribution with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS), thermal stability, heat-induced aggregation, tertiary structure, and binding affinity were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Raman spectroscopy, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), respectively. Small differences in the thermal stability of the CH2 domain of the antibody as well as aggregation onset temperatures were observed from DSC and DLS, respectively. However, no significant differences in secondary and tertiary structure were observed with Raman spectroscopy, or binding affinity as measured by ITC. Lysine-based ADC conjugation produces an innately heterogeneous population that can generate significant variability in the results of sensitive characterization techniques. Characterization of these ADCs indicated nominal differences in thermal stability but not in tertiary structure or binding affinity. Our results lead us to conclude that lysine-based ADCs synthesized following Protein A immobilization, common in small-scale conjugations, are highly similar to equivalent ADCs produced in larger scale, solution-based methods.
"It just goes to kill Ticos": national market regulation and the political ecology of farmers' pesticide use in Costa Rica

This paper addresses pesticide residues on vegetables in developing countries through the specific case of Costa Rica. Pesticide residues are often very high on vegetables in developing countries, generally considerably higher than in industrialized countries. Using a political ecology approach, I combine qualitative and quantitative primary data with secondary data to answer two questions. Why do farmers use pesticides in a manner that results in high levels of residues on vegetables? And, how do markets with unequal regulatory strength affect farmers' pesticides use, and, by inference, the resulting exposure of different populations fed by different market segments? While usually attributed to farmer ignorance, I argue that the pesticide residue problem arises from a triad of causes: higher efficacy of more residual and toxic pesticides, combined with many vegetables' biological trait of consecutive harvests, and a volatile vegetable market upon which farm household reproduction depends. With high input costs and low farm gate prices, farmers in markets with minimal regulation will use more residual and toxic pesticides. Using the idea of a double standard, I show that lax regulation in the open national market means that farmers are less cautious about residues on national market produce than export produce, and that some export farmers use the open national market as an outlet for their produce when they use highly residual pesticides. Uneven regulations between North and South are manifested in farmer's management decisions, and lead to the injustice of higher residues in developing country vegetables. Keywords: pesticide residues; pesticide use; uneven regulation; Costa Rica; developing countries; national market vegetables; export vegetables; environmental injustice
#13ReasonsWhy Health Professionals and Educators are Tweeting: A Systematic Analysis of Uses and Perceptions of Show Content and Learning Outcomes.

This study is a content analysis of health professionals’ and educators’ tweets about a popular Netflix show that depicts teen suicide: 13 Reasons Why. A content analysis of 740 tweets was conducte...
When helping helps: exploring health benefits of cancer survivors participating in for-cause physical activity events.

Over 15.5 million Americans live with cancer and 5-year survival rates have risen to 69%. Evidence supports important health benefits of regular physical activity for cancer survivors, including increased strength and quality of life, and reduced fatigue, recurrence, and mortality. However, physical activity participation among cancer survivors remains low. Cancer organizations provide various resources and support for cancer survivors, including emotional, instrumental, informational, and appraisal support. Many cancer organizations, like the LIVESTRONG Foundation, support the cancer community by sponsoring and hosting for-cause physical activity events, providing opportunities for anyone (including cancer survivors) to “help”/support those living with cancer. The concept of helping others has been positively related with wellbeing, physical activity, and multiple health behaviors for those helping. However, the role of helping others has not been examined in the context of being physically active to help others or its relationship with overall physical activity and quality of life among those helping. Therefore, we developed a path model to examine relationships between cancer survivors’ (1) desire to help others with cancer, (2) physically active LIVESTRONG participation to help others, (3) regular physical activity engagement, and (4) quality of life. In 2010, 3257 cancer survivors responded to an online survey sent to all people involved with the LIVESTRONG organization at any level. The hypothesized path model was tested using path analysis (Mplus 8). After list-wise deletion of missing responses, our final sample size was 3122 (61.8% female, mean age: 48.2 years [SD = 12.7]). Results indicated that the model yielded perfect fit indexes. Controlling for age, sex, income, and survivorship length, desire to help was positively related with physically active LIVESTRONG participation (β = .11, p < .001), which was positively related with regular physical activity (β = .30, p < .001), and regular physical activity was positively related with quality of life (β = .194, p < .001). Results suggest that cancer survivors can benefit from participating in for-cause physical activity events, including more regular physical activity. Researchers need to further investigate the role of helping others when examining health behaviors and outcomes, and cancer organizations should continue encouraging cancer survivors to help others by participating in physical activity events.
Solidarity and cost management: Swiss citizens' reasons for priorities regarding health insurance coverage.

CONTEXT Approaches to priority-setting for scarce resources have shifted to public deliberation as trade-offs become more difficult. We report results of a qualitative analysis of public deliberation in Switzerland, a country with high health-care costs, an individual health insurance mandate and a strong tradition of direct democracy with frequent votes related to health care. METHODS We adapted the Choosing Healthplans All Together (CHAT) tool, an exercise developed to transform complex health-care allocation decisions into easily understandable choices, for use in Switzerland. We conducted focus groups in twelve Swiss cities, recruiting from a range of socio-economic backgrounds in the three language regions. FINDINGS Participants developed strategic arguments based on the importance of basic coverage for all, and of cost-benefit evaluation. They also expressed arguments relying on a principle of solidarity, in particular the importance of protection for vulnerable groups, and on the importance of medical care. They struggled with the place of personal responsibility in coverage decisions. In commenting on the exercise, participants found the degree of consensus despite differing opinions surprising and valuable. CONCLUSION The Swiss population is particularly attentive to the costs of health care and means of reducing these costs. Swiss citizens are capable of making trade-offs and setting priorities for complex health issues.
Case Study of the St. Paul Companies' Virtual Office for the Risk Control Division

The St. Paul Companies has successfully implemented a virtual office (VO) working environment for their U.S. distributed construction risk control and commercial risk control employees over the past six years. The program goals of operating more cost effectively, increasing contact of the risk control specialists with their customers, and reducing office space costs for The St. Paul Companies have been met. There are many good practices that have been developed over the six years of offering the program, and more refinements and changes planned. As the communications and computer technologies advance, facilitation of working from remote sites improves. While it is easier for employees to work from remote sites, maintaining the boundaries between work and personal lives is more challenging. Improving the VO employees and corporate employees understanding of the others working conditions is necessary to improve relationships and the acceptance of change. The concept of VO work is well established within the organization, and the demand for it is growing.
Use of Non-Directed (Screening) Arrays in the Evaluation of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Breast Patients

Early detection of breast cancer by screening is the only means for long-term survival. In the United States, breast cancer screening recommendations for asymptomatic women include breast self-examination every month beginning at age 20, clinical breast examination every 3 years between ages 20-40 and every year thereafter, and mammography every 1-2 years between ages 40-49 and every year thereafter [1]. Results of several large breast cancer screening studies over the past 30 years have shown up to a 30% relative reduction in mortality but less than a 1% absolute reduction [2]. Whether efforts to increase breast cancer screening during the past decade will reduce mortality should be apparent over the next several years.
Atypical causes of cholestasis

Cholestatic liver disease consists of a variety of disorders. Primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis are the most commonly recognized cholestatic liver disease in the adult population, while biliary atresia and Alagille syndrome are commonly recognized in the pediatric population. In infants, the causes are usually congenital or inherited. Even though jaundice is a hallmark of cholestasis, it is not always seen in adult patients with chronic liver disease. Patients can have "silent" progressive cholestatic liver disease for years prior to development of symptoms such as jaundice and pruritus. In this review, we will discuss some of the atypical causes of cholestatic liver disease such as benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis, progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, Alagille Syndrome, biliary atresia, total parenteral nutrition induced cholestasis and cholestasis secondary to drug induced liver injury.
Physiological Influences upon the Dynamics of Surface Maps During ST-T: Effects of Varied Heart Rate

The rapid improvement of electronics and of data processing facilitates the use of the complex procedure of mapping of the dynamics of the cardiac electric field for clinical purposes. The interest of physicians in these electrocardiographic mapping investigations increases more and more, because this method belongs to the noninvasive ones and allows frequently repeated overall field recordings without any serious impairment of the patient. This is of importance in the clinical investigation of such diseases, in which a continuous supervision of the cardiac functions of the patient is needed, for example the recent myocardial infarction (Selwyn et al., 1978), or an exact localization of disturbances in the cardiac excitation pathways as for example ventricular preexcitations or conduction defects (Preda et al., 1978). It also improves the diagnoses which utilize follow up studies of the dynamics of the cardiac performance during exercise tests especially in ischaemic heart diseases (Block et al., 1978; Fox, 1979). Empirical methods for this purpose have been developed in the form of the Ecg-ST-T-mapping (Fox et al., 1978).
A Characterization of the Multivariate Geometric Distribution

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the multivariate negative binomial distribution, which was introduced by Bates and Neyman who derived a number of properties of this distribution. The chapter also presents the derivation of a characterization theorem for the p-variate geometric distribution. It presents a characterization theorem based on a regression property. It focuses on functions that depend either on all p variables t1, t2, …, tp or only on a part of these variables.
Changes in Health Care Costs and Mortality Associated With Transitional Care Management Services After a Discharge Among Medicare Beneficiaries.

Importance Medicare adopted transitional care management (TCM) payment codes in 2013 to encourage clinicians to furnish TCM services after beneficiaries were discharged to the community from medical facilities. To bill for the 30-day service, a care team member must communicate with the beneficiary or the caregiver within 2 business days after the discharge and the clinician must provide an office visit within 14 days. Objective To investigate whether the receipt of TCM services was associated with the subsequent health care costs and mortality of the beneficiaries in the month after the service was provided. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cohort analysis of all Medicare fee-for-service claims for the period of January 1, 2013, through December 31, 2015, for 18 756 707 Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries with discharges eligible for subsequent TCM services. Discharges from a hospital, an inpatient psychiatric facility, a long-term care hospital, a skilled nursing facility, an inpatient rehabilitation facility, or an outpatient facility for an observational stay were included. Data analysis was performed from July 2016 to March 2018. Exposure Furnishing of TCM services for the 30 days following an eligible discharge for Medicare beneficiaries as reflected in Medicare fee-for-service claims. Main Outcomes and Measures Total Medicare (Parts A, B, and D) health care costs and mortality in the 31 to 60 days after discharge, which is 30 days beyond the potential period for which the beneficiary could receive TCM services. Health care costs and mortality were adjusted for beneficiary age, sex, risk score, dual eligibility for Medicare and Medicaid, type of eligible discharge, year of discharge, and whether the eligible discharge to the community included home health care. Results Of 18 756 707 eligible Medicare beneficiaries during the study period, 43.9% were male and had a mean (SD) age of 72.5 (13.8) years. Transitional care management services were billed following eligible discharges in 3.1% of cases in 2013, 5.5% in 2014, and 7.0% in 2015. The adjusted total Medicare costs ($3358; 95% CI, $3324-$3392 vs $3033; 95% CI, $3001-$3065;P Conclusions and Relevance Despite the apparent benefits of TCM services for Medicare beneficiaries, the use of this service remains low. An assessment should be made of interventions that can increase the appropriate use of this service.
Occupational lead exposure. Effects on saccadic eye movements

Quantitative measures of saccadic eye movements were examined in 52 lead exposed autobody shop workers and 52 age matched controls with no history of occupational lead exposure. Three characteristics of saccadic eye movements were studied: 1) saccade accuracy; 2) number of overshoots; and 3) maximum velocity. The results indicated that workers exposed to inorganic lead showed a decrease in saccade accuracy and an increase in overshoots compared with controls. Saccade maximum velocity was lower in lead exposed workers than in controls but the difference was just short of statistical significance. Correlations between measures of saccadic eye movements and indicators of lead absorption—blood lead (Pb-B) and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels-were analyzed in the lead exposed workers. Saccade accuracy was negatively correlated with both Pb-B and ZPP levels. The number of overshoots was not correlated with either Pb-B or ZPP levels. Saccade maximum velocity was not correlated with Pb-B, however, there was a significant negative correlation with ZPP. Age effects observed in the control group were disrupted in lead exposed workers. In addition, saccadic eye movements in younger workers (below 30 years old) were more affected by exposure to inorganic lead than were saccadic eye movements in older workers (50 years and older). It is proposed that these findings are consistent with a relatively rapid buildup of metabolically active lead burden observed in the study group. The data suggest that quantitative assessment of eye movements may be an important tool for studying subclinical central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction due to inorganic lead exposure.
The development and implementation of a 12-month simulation-based learning curriculum for pediatric emergency medicine fellows utilizing debriefing with good judgment and rapid cycle deliberate practice

There are currently training gaps, primarily procedural and teamwork skills, for pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) fellows. Simulation-based learning (SBL) has been suggested as an educational modality to help fill those gaps. However, there is little evidence suggesting how to do so. The objective of this project is to develop and implement an SBL curriculum for PEM fellows with established curriculum development processes and instructional design strategies to improve PEM fellowship training. We developed a 12-month longitudinal SBL curriculum focused on needs assessment, instructional strategies, and evaluation. The curriculum development process led us to combine the instructional strategies of debriefing with good judgment, rapid cycle deliberate practice, and task-training to improve core PEM skills such as procedural competence, crisis resource management, and managing complex medical and traumatic emergencies. Using multiple approaches, we measured outcomes related to learners (attendance, performance, critical procedure opportunities), instructor performance, and program structure. Eight/Eight (100%) PEM fellows participated in this curriculum from July 2015 to June 2017 with an overall attendance rate of 68%. Learners self-reported high satisfaction (4.4/5, SD = 0.5) and perceived educational value (4.9/5, SD = 0.38) with the curriculum and overall program structure. Learners had numerous opportunities to practice critical procedures such as airway management (20 opportunities), defibrillator use (ten opportunities), and others (ten opportunities). Learner Debriefing Assessment for Simulation in Healthcare (short version) scores had mean scores greater than 5.8/7 (SD = 0.89) across all six elements. This longitudinal SBL curriculum combining debriefing with good judgment and rapid cycle deliberate practice can be a feasible method of reducing current training gaps (specifically with critical procedure opportunities) in PEM fellowship training. More work is needed to quantify the training gap reduction and to refine the curriculum.
FeatSNP: An Interactive Database for Brain-Specific Epigenetic Annotation of Human SNPs.

FeatSNP is an online tool and a curated database for exploring 81 million common SNPs’ potential functional impact on the human brain. FeatSNP uses the brain transcriptomes of the human population to improve functional annotation of human SNPs by integrating transcription factor binding prediction, public eQTL information, and brain-specific epigenetic landscape, as well as information of Topologically Associating Domains(TADs). FeatSNP supports both single and batched SNP searching, and its unique interactive user interface enables users to explore the functional annotations and generate publication-quality visualization results. FeatSNP is freely available on the internet at FeatSNP.org with all major web browsers supported.
Phenotypic changes induced by interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-3 in an immature T-lymphocytic leukemia are associated with regulated expression of IL-2 receptor beta chain and of protein tyrosine kinases LCK and LYN.

We have previously reported the establishment of an interleukin-3 (IL- 3)-dependent and phenotypically myeloid cell line (TALL-103/3), obtained by culturing cells from an immature T-lymphoblastic leukemia in the presence of IL-3. These cells differentiated into a T-lymphoid cell line (TALL-103/2) upon removal of IL-3 and incubation in IL-2. Despite the different phenotype, the two cell lines remained karyotypically and genotypically identical. Here, we have analyzed the phenotypic changes and the signaling events induced by these two lymphokines in TALL-103/3 cells by switching them to temporary growth in IL-2 and returning them to IL-3. All four sublines obtained (the myeloid in IL-3 and the lymphoid in IL-2) expressed RNA for CD3, IL-2 receptor (R) alpha, and T-cell receptor (TCR)-gamma and -delta chains. However, cells cultured in IL-3 failed to express detectable levels of the IL-2R beta chain at both the protein and RNA levels, whereas cells exposed to IL-2 always expressed IL-2R beta. In parallel with the changes in IL-2R beta expression, the SRC-like protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) p56 LCK could not be detected in IL-3-dependent cells, but was abundant in the IL-2-dependent cells and underwent markedly increased autophosphorylation in response to IL-2. In contrast, p53/p56 LYN was highly expressed in IL-3-dependent cells, and greatly decreased when these cells were switched to growth in IL-2. LYN kinase autophosphorylation modestly increased in response to IL-3. None of the other kinases in the SRC family that were tested underwent increased autophosphorylation after lymphokine stimulation, indicating the specificity of IL-2 for LCK and of IL-3 for LYN. The TALL-103 cell lines provide a unique system to study the interaction between lymphokines and SRC-family PTKs in signal transduction pathways leading to hematopoietic cell differentiation.
Art as Techné and Production: Rational Methods for Producing Effects

This Chapter tracks changes in the term and concept of art around four themes. First, the techne sense dominated for over two thousand years, from the initial use of techne itself by the Greeks, through its translation into ars by the Romans—a total period stretching from roughly 500 BCE to 1800 CE. Second, the use of art to mean only aesthetic “creative self-expression,” has existed only since the late nineteenth century and was the result of Romantic-era rhetoric advocating intuition and passion over rational scientific progress. This modern meaning is both hopelessly mystical (e.g., deep rumination over “what is art?”) and perpetuates negative gender stereotypes (art is feminine while science and technology are masculine). Third, the techne sense of art is central to understanding modern patent systems. And fourth, this techne sense of art provides the basis for any serious understanding of Production, and thus properly belongs as one of the meta-methods while also being foundational to understanding the means of innovation.
Large-scale behavior of a particle system with mean-field interaction: Traveling wave solutions

We use probabilistic methods to study properties of mean-field models, arising as large-scale limits of certain particle systems with mean-field interaction. The underlying particle system is such that $n$ particles move forward on the real line. Specifically, each particle "jumps forward" at some time points, with the instantaneous rate of jumps given by a decreasing function of the particle's location quantile within the overall distribution of particle locations. A mean-field model describes the evolution of the particles' distribution, when $n$ is large. It is essentially a solution to an integro-differential equation within a certain class. Our main results concern the existence and uniqueness of -- and attraction to -- mean-field models which are traveling waves, under general conditions on the jump-rate function and the jump-size distribution.
A systematic literature review of recommendations for referral to specialty care for patients with epilepsy.

Abstract Objective In epilepsy, patients who receive appropriate care receive treatment that differs substantially from those that do not. Given the need for a more detailed assessment of the role of specialty referral in the care of patients with epilepsy, this systematic literature review identified epilepsy care guidelines and recommendations that specifically address when and why people with epilepsy should be referred to specialty care. Methods This study identified recent (in the last 10 years) publications that made best-practice recommendations for referring people with epilepsy to a neurologist or epileptologist. We searched six databases in December 2018: MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Library, ProQuest, Web of Science, CINAHL (Ebsco), Scopus (Elsevier). Search terms included “Epilepsy” OR “Seizures,” “Guideline” OR “Practice Parameter,” and “Referral.” Results The 15 full-text articles identified included formal guidelines, summaries of these guidelines, or professional commentary that builds upon existing guidelines. Most of these publications came from the U.K and its National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Overall, the included recommendations for referral varied considerably both for new-onset and refractory epilepsy. Although these recommendations were not consistent, it is reasonable to refer patients following the failure of 2 anti-seizure medication (ASM) trials. Significance Guidelines and informal recommendations are not consistent regarding best practices for specialty care referral for patients with epilepsy. These guidelines and recommendations should consider the context of care in real-world settings and suggest pragmatic approaches that optimize seizure control and functioning.
Effect of Incorporating a Diurethane Monomethacrylate Monomer into Acrylic Latexes

A diurethane monomethacrylate monomer, 3,12-dioxo-2,13-dioxa-4,11-diazapentadecan-15-yl methacrylate (DODODAMA) was synthesized, purified, and incorporated into homogeneous latexes. DODODAMA was co...
Parameter Specification in Bayesian CFA: An Exploration of Multivariate and Separation Strategy Priors

The impact of parameter and prior specifications on Bayesian SEM estimates is examined through two simulation studies. The model of focus was a CFA. Simulation conditions for Study 1 included varyi...
Multilingualism: Understanding Linguistic Diversity

Prologue 1. The Diversity of Languages 2. Interpreting Language Diversity 3. Multilingual Abilities 4. The Emergence and Measurement of Multilingualism 5. The Consequences of Babel: Lingua Francas 6. The Consequences of Babel: Translation 7. Keeping Languages Pure 8. Languages and Identities in Transition 9. Endangered Languages and the Will to Survive 10. Linguistic Intervention and the "New" Ecology of Language Epilogue Bibliography Index.
Dispensing with Ontological Levels: an Illustration

Does metaphysics, or does it not, need ontological levels? Should metaphysics endorse the thesis that things of some kinds are ontologically more fundamental than things of some other kinds? Must it be a datum of metaphysics that entities of certain kinds are ontologically grounded in entities of certain other kinds? Must it be a feature of any adequate metaphysical theory that it awards a special ontological status to entities of certain kinds and denies this special status to entities of other kinds? There are two ways to approach these questions (or this question — for the four questions I have asked are essentially the same question). I’ll call them, tendentiously perhaps, the Bad Way and the Good Way. This is the Bad Way:
Difficult mask ventilation: does it matter?

Summary We discuss the relevance of finding a patient’s lungs difficult to ventilate by facemask during the course of anaesthetic induction. In particular, we discuss the issue of whether it is advisable or unnecessary to check the ability to ventilate by facemask before administering a neuromuscular blocking agent. In the light of advances in supraglottic airway technology it has become possible to insert these devices very soon after induction and in a wider variety of patients. Similarly, the development of videolaryngoscopes and rapidly acting drugs such as rocuronium have raised the possibility of earlier, and possibly more successful, tracheal intubation, with the potential result that mask ventilation becomes redundant. However, we conclude by reaffirming its value in airway management strategies.
Selection or Influence? Institutional Investors and Acquisition Targets

This paper shows that the positive correlation between the presence of institutional investors and a firm’s likelihood of being acquired is due to ownership endogeneity, i.e., due to the fact that institutions are better informed investors. After controlling for this ownership endogeneity, the presence of institutional investors reduces the probability of being acquired. There is also evidence that mutual funds or funds with high turnover rates are more likely to benefit from selective disclosure prior to Regulation Fair Disclosure. The presence of public pension funds increases the announcement premium that targets receive.
Media, Ethics of

Ethics of media may seem to be an oxymoron, particularly to anyone who has felt misused by media. But “media” refers to a diffuse collection of corporations. These include for-profit and not-for-profit companies and companies that take as their primary description one of three basic thrusts: news/information, persuasion in the form of public relations or advertising, and entertainment. Each kind of company has its own social function and the resulting moral responsibilities. “Media” also include two major divisions in medium – print and electronic – that impact on their capabilities and methodologies, though not necessarily on their responsibilities. Broadcasting live events, for example, raises questions of appropriateness of material for the audience as well as questions of privacy for the individuals involved. These two areas encompass ethical issues for news coverage by print media as well, but they rarely require the split-second decision making required in “live” broadcast coverage. Sometimes, charges of unethical behavior are based on a misunderstanding of the specific media role rather than on actual malfeasance; other times, lowered expectations of a particular medium derail the analysis needed. As different kinds of media have different social functions, understanding those functions is vital to making judgments concerning the ethics of practitioners' actions. In any profession, acting in a morally acceptable way means meeting one's moral obligations and not causing unnecessary harm in the process–for example, by recognizing the special problem of enforcement in media ethics and realizing that blurred distinctions create hybrid moral problems. Keywords: free speech; public relations; information agents; public information; officers; self-governance; harm; privacy; invasion of privacy; codes of ethics; watchdog groups; medium; US First Amendment
Improvement of Negative Bias Stress Stability in Mg 0.03 Zn 0.97 O Thin-Film Transistors

A small amount of Mg is introduced into ZnO to form the ternary compound Mg0.03Zn0.97O (MZO), which serves as the channel layer of thin-film transistors (TFTs). The MZO TFT shows smaller subthreshold swing of 0.57 V/decade and much better negative bias stress (NBS) stability, which shifts only by −1.21 V in the threshold voltage over its ZnO TFT counterpart (subthreshold swing of 0.79 V/decade; −3.56 V shifts in the threshold voltage after NBS). The superior stability against NBS is mainly attributed to the reduction of donor-like defects associated with ionized oxygen vacancies in the MZO TFT channel.
A political economic analysis of congressional voting patterns on NAFTA

This paper delves into the question of the determinants of Congressional voting on NAFTA. It uses a logit model to examine both House and Senate votes and is able to use district specific estimates in the former. It finds only very limited support for the thesis that narrowly defined employment gainers and losers were important determinants of Congressional voting patterns, though some substantial support that districts that were highly agricultural or already possessed a substantial Hispanic population and skilled labor force and had the most to gain from the general effects of NAFTA lead to a positive effect on the probability that a member of the House would vote affirmatively. Contributions from labor unions lowered the likelihood of affirmative votes. Political partisanship and ideological positions apparently had little effect on the votes. A Representative's political capital had a marginally significant effect on the probability on an affirmative vote, but it performed positively in the Senate and negatively in the House.
Planar faults in the L12, lattice Stability and structure

Abstract The stability of various planar faults on the {111} and {100} planes of A3B alloys having the L12 structure is investigated using two methods. First, the crystallography of the faulted lattice is examined for indications of which types of faults are expected to be stable on the basis of symmetry. It is shown that superlattice intrinsic stacking fault, SISF, on the (111) plane with a fault vector, f, of 1/3[121] must always be stable. These same considerations show that the antiphase boundary, APB, can be stable with a fault vector of 1/2[110] +f′ where f′ lies along [112]. Similarly the complex stacking fault, CSF, con be stable with a fault vector of 1/6[211] + f′, whore f′ lies along [211]. In both cases f′ may be zero. Thus the prediction of the hard sphere model for the SISF is correct, but it is not necessarily correct for the APB and CSF. Secondly, the γ surfaces (i.e. the dependence of fault energy on displacement) for the {111} and {100} planes are calculated using a series of central for...
Carbon–Carbon & Carbon–Heteroatom Activation

Activation involves binding of the intact CC or CX bond to the metal followed by CC or CX bond cleavage. Both aspects are considered here. The activation of CC bonds is facilitated by an enforced close approach of the CC bond to the metal or by the presence of a strong driving force such as a strained ring starting material or aromatization during the reaction. The reactivity order is: sp–sp > sp2–sp2 > sp3–sp3. The activation of CX bonds occurs by a number of mechanistic pathways depending on the system. Halocarbon complexes of type RXM are often intermediates and can be isolated in favorable cases. Keywords: alkyl; halocarbon; strain; chelation; catalysis