cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Si-doping in GaAs grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy using tertiarybutylarsine and tetraethylsilane

Abstract We have developed a much safer metalorganic chemical vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) process with all liquid phase organic precursors without using hazardous gases including doping sources. In this study, the silicon doping in GaAs grown using tetraethylsilane with tertiarybutylarsine has been investigated. Excellent controllability and reproducibility of n-type doping level from 1 × 10 17 to 6 × 10 18 cm -3 with low carbon incorporation are confirmed. The carrier concentration increases with increasing growth temperature and decreases with increasing V/III ratio. In addition, we applied the MOVPE process with all liquid sources for the fabrication of the GaAs solar cell, and obtained good cell performance of over the conversion efficiency of 20%.
Energy analyzers: A study of their ultimate capabilities

Abstract A treatment and equation are developed whereby the maximum attainable resolution and transmission of an energy analyzer may be obtained without regard for specific electrode configuration employed to achieve focussing.
Distributed evaluation functions for fault tolerant multi-rover systems

The ability to evolve fault tolerant control strategies for large collections of agents is critical to the successful application of evolutionary strategies to domains where failures are common. Furthermore, while evolutionary algorithms have been highly successful in discovering single-agent control strategies, extending such algorithms to multi-agent domains has proven to be difficult. In this paper we present a method for shaping evaluation functions for agents that provide control strategies that are both tolerant to different types of failures and lead to coordinated behavior in a multi-agent setting. This method neither relies on a centralized strategy (susceptible to single points of failures) nor a distributed strategy where each agent uses a system wide evaluation function (severe credit assignment problem). In a multi-rover problem, we show that agents using our agent-specific evaluation perform up to 500% better than agents using the system evaluation. In addition we show that agents are still able to maintain a high level of performance when up to 60% of the agents fail due to actuator, communication or controller faults.
Reply [to “Comment on ‘Maxwell, electromagnetism, and fluid flow in resistive media’” by Glenn Brown]

Glenn Brown takes issue with my statement, “It is hoped that Maxwell's contribution to the foundations of fluids in porous media will receive due attention, and that his novel approach will lead to new insights.” He considers that, because Maxwell did not explicitly develop his theory for fluid flow in porous media, his ideas should not be treated as a contribution in that area. Brown contends that doing so is a disservice to Darcy, and is revisionist. Brown and I differ in the way we perceive science. He looks at the material I have presented from an ideological perspective of upholding Darcy's position in history. On the other hand, I do not question Darcy's valid contribution. Rather, I presented some of Maxwell's fascinating ideas that are relevant to the study of fluid flow in porous media, published in the same year Darcy published his seminal work. I have shown that the relevance of Maxwell's ideas to flow in porous media has gone unnoticed in the literature. Scientists are fallible human beings, and important ideas and thoughts are occasionally overlooked.When, on a rare occasion, we chance upon such an oversight, it is part of our scientific enterprise to bring the finding to the attention of the scientific community. It is up to the community to judge the historical significance of the new information.
deBruijn-like sequences and the irregular chromatic number of paths and cycles

A deBruijn sequence of orderk, or a k-deBruijn sequence, over an alphabet A is a sequence of length |A|^k in which the last element is considered adjacent to the first and every possible k-tuple from A appears exactly once as a string of k-consecutive elements in the sequence. We will say that a cyclic sequence is deBruijn-like if for some k, each of the consecutive k-element substrings is distinct. A vertex coloring @g:V(G)->[k] of a graph G is said to be proper if no pair of adjacent vertices in G receive the same color. Let C(v;@g) denote the multiset of colors assigned by a coloring @g to the neighbors of vertex v. A proper coloring @g of G is irregular if @g(u)=@g(v) implies that C(u;@g) C(v;@g). The minimum number of colors needed to irregularly color G is called the irregular chromatic number of G. The notion of the irregular chromatic number pairs nicely with other parameters aimed at distinguishing the vertices of a graph. In this paper, we demonstrate a connection between the irregular chromatic number of cycles and the existence of certain deBruijn-like sequences. We then determine the exact irregular chromatic number of C"n and P"n for n>=3, thus verifying two conjectures given by Okamoto, Radcliffe and Zhang.
Baryogenesis from an earlier phase transition

We explore the possibility that the observed baryon asymmetry of the Universe is the result of an earlier phase transition in which an extended gauge sector breaks down into the $SU(3{)}_{C}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}SU(2{)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1{)}_{Y}$ of the standard model. Our proto-typical example is the topflavor model, in which there is a separate $SU(2{)}_{1}$ for the third generation from the $SU(2{)}_{2}$ felt by the first two generations. We show that the breakdown of $SU(2{)}_{1}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}SU(2{)}_{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}SU(2{)}_{L}$ results in lepton number being asymmetrically distributed throughout the three families, and provided the SM electroweak phase transition is not strongly first order, results in a nonzero baryon number, which for parameter choices that can be explored at the LHC may explain the observed baryon asymmetry.
The Effect of Preoperative MRI on Mastectomy Rates in Breast Cancer Patients.

Background: Currently, there are two primary surgical options for the treatment of early stage breast cancer: modified radical mastectomy and breast conserving surgery (BCS) with post-surgical radiation. Numerous studies have shown that there is no survival difference between the two surgical treatments, however, in recent years, there is data to suggest that mastectomy rates have been on the rise. While many factors undoubtedly influence surgical management decisions in breast cancer patients, the effect of routine use of preoperative breast MRI may be a contributor to the rise in mastectomy rates. Methods: Breast cancer patients who were treated surgically and received a preoperative MRI were identified using a database from the University of Chicago Department of Radiology, which contains information on over 4200 patients who have received breast MRI since 2002. These patients were cross-referenced with data from the University of Chicago Cancer Registry, which contains information regarding type of surgical treatment, surgeon, stage of cancer at time of diagnosis and surgical stage for all breast cancer patients treated at the University of Chicago Hospitals from 2000-2007. Annual mastectomy rates from 2000-2007 were calculated and compared using Pearson9s Chi Square test. Annual mastectomy rates were stratified by mean age at diagnosis and stage of disease. Mastectomy rates prior to routine use of preoperative MRI (2000-2002) and after routine use of preoperative MRI (2005-2007) were calculated for breast cancer patients under 45 and over 45 years of age and rates were compared using Fisher9s exact test. Results: A total of 1,404 patients received surgical treatment for a new diagnosis of breast cancer between 2000 and 2007 at the University of Chicago Hospitals. Results to date indicate that mastectomy rates across all years are not significantly different (p = 0.315). Results also indicate that the mean age at diagnosis of patients who receive mastectomy as the initial surgical treatment for their breast cancer is higher than those who receive BCS from 2000-2002, but is lower than those who receive BCS from 2003-2007. In addition, breast cancer patients under the age of 45 have higher rates of mastectomy since the routine use of preoperative MRI which trends toward statistical significance (p = 0.0598). Conclusion: These preliminary results indicate that overall mastectomy rates at the University of Chicago Hospitals are not increasing in concordance with the increased use of preoperative MRI testing, but that younger breast cancer patients may have higher rates of mastectomy in the MRI era. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 4019.
Effect of human anti-gamma-globulin antibodies on human lymphocytes.

Addition of rheumatoid factor to cultures of human lymphocytes preincubated with substimulating amounts of rabbit anti-human lymphocyte antibody caused stimulation, while addition to lymphocytes preincubated with anti-HL-A or anti-human γ-chain antiserum had no effect. Neither was there any stimulatory effect on adding pepsin agglutinator, i.e. an antibody to the pepsin site of γG, to lymphocytes preincubated with pepsin-digested γG from anti-lymphocyte or anti-HL-A antiserum. The different results obtained in the various systems may partly be due to differences in the distribution of antigens on the lymphocyte membrane and partly to the lack of heterospecificity of pepsin agglutinator.
Delayering in a US Army R&D organization

Delayering has spread to the public sector with the US Army going to a team‐based structure in one of its R&D organizations. This organization has wrestled with many issues concerning team effectiveness, quality management, and customer satisfaction during this delayering process. Beginning with eight management levels, the organization went to three levels and later back to five levels. Summarizes their experience, including data from an employee survey conducted after the delayering to assess satisfaction with the new structure and to help in improving the overall effectiveness of the organization.
Breast malignancy in children

In 25 years, 18 patients with breast cancer were treated at St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 16 were female and 2 were male. The patients presented with primary malignancy (2), metastatic disease (13), or secondary malignancy (3). One of the females with primary breast malignancy had alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. She was treated with wide excision and is currently receiving chemotherapy. The other patient presented with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the right breast. After biopsy, she was treated with chemotherapy. Of 13 patients with metastatic disease, the primary lesion was rhabdomyosarcoma in nine. One patient each had non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, neuroblastoma, and signet-cell adenocarcinoma. All patients with metastatic disease to the breast died of the disease. Three females presented with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast after treatment for Hodgkin's disease. Two underwent mastectomy and are alive without evidence of disease. One patient refused therapy and died of the second malignancy. We conclude that (1) breast malignancies had three distinctly different presentations in our patients, (2) the breasts of pediatric oncology patients should be carefully and routinely examined for metastatic disease, and (3) metastatic disease in the breast of a child is a manifestation of disseminated disease and is associated with an extremely poor prognosis.
A Modified Technique to Study Leaf Epidermis in Triticeae

A rapid modified method is described to study stomata and other epidermal features without elaborate processing. The preparations are semipermanent and permit spatial relationship studies of both leaf surfaces from the same field. The cleared preparations are optically sectioned with brightfield or Nomarski interference contrast techniques without staining for contrast. The technique permits superior tissue resolution, clarity, minimal distortion of sections, and preservation of trichomes. The method is applicable to all species of Triticeae.
Tumor-induced anorexia in the Wistar rat

The transplantable Leydig cell tumor of Wistar rats, LTW(m), caused decreased food consumption and weight loss in the host within 2 weeks of implantation. The tumor was small, did not metastasize, and did not affect several parameters of biochemical function. When the tumors were removed, increases in food intake and body weight occurred within 72 hours and were sustained. Reimplantation of tumors caused anorexia to recur. Parabiotic pairs of rats with tumor in one partner also experienced weight loss. Those rats in parabiosis with tumor-bearing rats gained less weight than those in parabiosis with control rats. These observations suggest that the LTW(m) tumor causes anorexia and that this anorexia is mediated by a circulating substance.
Hosts or habitats: What drives the spatial distribution of mosquitoes?

Understanding the factors that influence the distribution of vectors is critical to assess the risk of disease transmission across landscapes. For mosquitoes, existing spatial models use only habitat elements (hydrologic and floristic) to predict the distribution of disease vectors within the landscape, ignoring the potential importance of the distribution of hosts. We tested the hypothesis that the distribution of hosts would better explain the spatial distribution of mosquitoes than habitat variables using Information Theory and Poisson Regression. We analyzed the abundance of ectotherm-biting mosquitoes and their hosts from 37 points over a 28-km2 area in Tuskegee National Forest, Alabama, USA. We compared models built using information regarding habitat, hosts, or both for their ability to explain the abundance of Culex peccator and Culex territans, two mosquito species that specialize on reptiles and amphibians. Models built using both host and habitat information were the best models for both specie...
Education in cancer prevention for primary care clinicians

In response to increased public interest in cancer prevention and rapidly escalating health care costs, the National Cancer Institute supported the development of cancer prevention courses for health professionals. A multidisciplinary group of physicians, behavioral scientists, and educators developed, field-tested, revised, and evaluated a 12-module, 24-classroom-hour clinical preventive oncology course for primary care physicians. A rationale for education in cancer prevention is presented, the new clinical discipline of preventive oncology is defined, and contributory disciplines are identified. A curriculum based upon detailed learning objectives is described, short-term evaluation data are presented, and a methodology for incorporating a didactic course into a residency program is suggested. The positive reception given to this course by residents warrants optimism concerning application of a biopsychosocial or self-regulative model rather than the traditional biomedical one to clinical medicine and its teaching.
Acyclic Probabilistic Social Decision Functions

Social decision functions that incorporate elements of chance are often employed when equity considerations are of importance. The papers main result shows that in this extended framework acyclicity of the social preference relation implies the existence of at least one individual who has the ability to randomly veto a critical number of pairs of alternatives.
19F NMR study of 1-halo-F-adamantanes

An ‘anomalous’ variation of β-fluorine chemical shifts with respect to the inductive effect in the 19F NMR of a series of 1-halo-F-adamantanes is reported. These fluorine chemical shifts are similar to the hydrogen chemical shift anomaly found in the corresponding hydrocarbon halides. Whereas the γ-hydrogen chemical shifts can be rationalized by the inductive effect, the γ-fluorine chemical shifts have the same ‘anomalous’ variation as found in the β-fluorine chemical shifts.
Long-Acting Methods of Contraception

A healthy, multiparous 23-year-old woman requests advice about contraception. Her last child was conceived while she was using oral contraceptives, which she took irregularly. She wants no more children and desires a highly effective and long-acting method of contraception. She is sexually active in a monogamous relationship and was treated for gonococcal cervicitis at the age of 16 years. She has normal menses. Findings on pelvic examination are normal. What contraceptive methods are appropriate for her?
Platelet adhesion to collagen under flow conditions in diabetes mellitus

Since vascular complications in diabetes mellitus are attributed in part to blood platelets, our study tested the hypothesis that adhesion of platelets to collagen is enhanced in diabetic subjects. Platelet adhesion kinetics to type I collagen in the presence of plasma were evaluated by a new continuous-flow, micro-adhesion assay combined with resistive-particle counting to detect the loss of single platelets between 0.3 and 2.3 sec. Adhesion was also studied in a magnesium-containing Krebs-Ringer buffer to help assess whether the platelets themselves might be abnormal. We did not observe any differences in adhesion kinetics to collagen between the insulin-dependent (type I), the non-insulin dependent (type II) diabetics and the control subjects for platelets suspended in plasma or in washed platelets (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that platelet adhesiveness to type I collagen is not enhanced in diabetic subjects and is unlikely to contribute to the development of vascular complications.
Representing the applications and compositions of design patterns in UML

Design patterns capture the distilled experience of expert designers. The compositions of design patterns may reuse design experience and solve a set of problems. Design patterns and their compositions are usually modeled using UML. When a design pattern is applied or composed with other patterns, the pattern-related information may be lost because UML does not track this information. Thus, it is hard for a designer to identify a design pattern when it is applied or composed. The benefits of design patterns are compromised because the designers cannot communicate with each other in terms of the design patterns they use when the design patterns are applied or composed. In this paper, we present notations to explicitly represent each pattern in the applications and compositions of design patterns. The notations allow us to maintain pattern-related information. Thus, a design pattern is identifiable and traceable from its application and composition with others.
Current directions in research on autism.

One of the most active areas of current research in the field of developmental disorders is autism. Since the NIH State of the Science conference, held in 1995 (Bristol et al. [1996] J. Autism Dev. Disorders 26:121-154), funding opportunities for comprehensive research programs addressing genetic, neurobiological, and behavioral aspects of this complex disorder have grown exponentially. Although we are far from having a complete understanding of the causes and deficits that define autism, significant progress has been made over the past few years. In this review, we summarize recent developments across a number of different areas of research in the field of autism, including diagnosis; defining the phenotypic features in individuals with autism; genetic bases; and neurobiological deficits.
Phylogeny of frogs as inferred from primarily larval characters (Amphibia: Anura) ☆

Abstract This paper presents larval evidence and evaluates its contribution to the discussion of frog phylogeny; 136 larval characters, 6 reproductive biology characters, and 14 adult morphology characters were scored for 81 frog and 4 caudate species. More than 90% of the data matrix entries represent original data derived from personal direct examination of specimens. Some larval characters are described for the first time and many others have not been assessed for specific taxa or in a broad phylogenetic context before. Homoplasy appears common in this and other amphibian morphological data sets. The data supported and confirmed various well-known clades, among others the Anura, Bufonidae, Ceratophryinae, Discoglossidae, Dendrobatidae, Hyperoliidae, Microhylidae, South American microhylids, Phyllomedusinae, Pseudinae, Pipoidea, Pipidae, and Scoptanura. The Ascaphidae was sister group to all other anurans and the Pipoidea was placed more basally than in some previous analyses. The Eurasian pelobatids formed a clade, whereas Spea and Pelodytes did not group robustly with them. Pelobatoid frogs emerged as a paraphyletic “transitional” assemblage including Heleophryne. The resolution of basal neobatrachian splits remained labile, although some subclades within the Neobatrachia were robustly supported. The “Hylidae” was paraphyletic, and hyline species were paraphyletic with respect to the Pseudinae. Hemisus clearly was in a clade with the Hyperoliidae and is proposed to be included in that family. Scaphiophryne was confirmed as basal taxon within the Microhylidae. Compared to the larval stages of the most recent common ancestor of anurans, members of the Scoptanura (microhylids except scaphiophrynines) have accumulated the highest number of apomorphic character states in anuran evolution.
A Diagnostic Model of Teaching Improvement

In this paper we have outlined a model for instructional improvement which stresses working directly with university faculty members on their teaching skills. Integral to the workings of the model is the constructive combination of educational technology and human resources. An example of how the model is implemented with a faculty member illustrates its feasibility.
Shaping Our Judicial System for the Rest of the Century and Beyond: The Souter Confirmation Process

(1992). Shaping Our Judicial System for the Rest of the Century and Beyond: The Souter Confirmation Process. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 149-154.
The form of velate astrocytes in the cerebellar cortex of monkey and rat: high voltage electron microscopy of rapid Golgi preparations.

High voltage electron microscopy of Golgi preparations vividly displays the veil-like appendages on certain protoplasmic astrocytes. These appendages are extremely thin sheets of cytoplasm or plasmalemmal films expanding from the larger processes of the cells. Because of the prominence of this structural feature, reminiscent of the appearance of astrocytes in tissue culture, we designate these cells as velate astrocytes, in order to distinguish them from those protoplasmic astrocytes that lack such appendages. In the cerebellar cortex, velate astrocytes are represented by two types of neuroglial cell: (1) the Golgi epithelial cell and (2) the common astrocyte of the granular layer. The first type not only gives rise to the Bergmann fibers, but also envelops the Purkinje cell and all of its processes. The second type divides up the granular layer into gross compartments containing individual glomeruli and single or clustered granule cells. The probable significance of this compartmentation is discussed.
Sensitivity of alternative testing for pancreaticobiliary cancer: a 10-y review of the literature.

Abstract Background Biliary strictures present a diagnostic challenge to differentiate benign disease from hepatopancreaticobiliary (HPB) malignancies. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography cytology is commonly performed in these patients; however, its sensitivity for diagnosis of HPB malignancy is poor (41.6%). Many adjunctive tests have been investigated to improve the sensitivity of HPB biopsies. To determine the best tests available, however, we reviewed the literature and performed a comparative analysis of all recently investigated tests and their sensitivities. Methods A PubMed search identified articles published between 2003 and 2014, describing alternate methods for diagnosing HPB malignancies, reported sensitivity, final pathology, and had data available online. Meta-analysis was conducted for tests with multiple articles. Tests with the highest sensitivity and specificities were reported. Results A total of 77 studies were identified. Meta-analysis was performed on the sensitivity of EUS-FNA (74.2%), fluorescence in situ hybridization (54.2%), immunostain of insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding Protein 3 (IMP3; 80.4%), IMP3 + cytology (86.4%), K homology domain containing protein overexpressed in cancer (KOC; 85.9%), S100P (77.8%), serum CA19-9 (69.3%), and K-ras mutations (47.0%) to detect malignancy. Ultimately, 12 tests were identified with superior sensitivity (85.3%–100%) and specificities (81.6%–100%) including stricture scrapping, brush sectioning, IMP3 stain + cytology, IMP3+S100A4, bile carcinoembryonic cell adhesion molecule 6 protein (±CA19-9), bile micro RNA (miRNA)-135b, serum miRNA-RNU2-1f, serum miRNA-21 (+CA19-9), peripheral blood mononuclear cells miRNA-27a-3p (+CA19-9), serum miRNA-16 + miRNA-196a (+CA19-9), peripheral blood mononuclear cells mRNAs h-TERT + CK20 + CEA + C-MET. Conclusions We recommend immunostaining with a panel of IMP3+KOC + S100A4 + cytology to achieve maximum sensitivity and specificity from HPB biopsies. One biliary protein (carcinoembryonic cell adhesion molecule 6) and several RNAs (bile and blood) offer exceptional sensitivity and specificity and should be tested prospectively in larger populations. Overall, this review identifies several tests to improve the sensitivity of diagnostic algorithms to identify HPB malignancies.
Gas chromatographic measurements of hydrothermal emanations at Yellowstone National Park

Abstract Over 100 gas samples from Yellowstone National Park have been analyzed by gas chromatography. The gases emitted by the thermal features are categorized according to the type of spring. The source of methane is discussed in terms of presently available information, and it is concluded that additional isotope analyses are essential to establish the source of this gas. The non-reactive gases are treated by a Rayleigh distillation process which gives a strong correlation between argon and all of the other non-reactive gases although the correlation with helium is not as well defined as for the other gases. This is interpreted to indicate a predominantly atmospheric origin for these gases.
Feasibility of single-view coded source neutron transmission tomography

In a simulation experiment, we study the feasibility of single-view coded source neutron transmission tomography for imaging water density in fuel cells at the NIST neutron imaging facility. In standard two-dimensional transmission tomography, one reconstructs a spatially varying attenuation image based on many projections or views of an object. Here, we consider the limiting case where only one view is available. Rather than parallel beam sources, the projection data are produced by multiple pinhole sources. For a high-count case where the object is near the sources and the object magnification is approximately 200, and attenuation varies very smoothly in the object, we demonstrate that a penalized maximum likelihood method yields a reconstruction of attenuation that has a fractional root-mean-square prediction error of 5.8%. We determine the regularization parameter in the penalized likelihood method using a statistical learning method called two-fold cross-validation. As the object-to-source distance increases and object magnification in the detector plane decreases, the quality of the reconstruction deteriorates. At the NIST neutron imaging facility, the object magnification in a single-view coded source neutron imaging experiment would be only about 4. Due to this low magnification, even for the favorable case considered where attenuation varies very smoothly and we observe high-count projection data, we conclude that single-view coded source neutron transmission tomography is not a promising method for quantifying the spatial distribution of water in a fuel cell. (Contributions by staff of NIST, an agency of the US Government, are not subject to copyright.)
Feasibility Assessment of a Kalman Filter Approach to Fault Detection and Fault-Tolerance in a Highly Unstable System: The RIT Heart Pump

The purpose of this project is to assess the feasibility of a Kalman Filter approach for fault detection in a highly unstable system, specifically a heart pump that is currently under development at RIT. Simulations and experimental work were completed to determine the effects of possible position sensor fault conditions on the system; that information was then used in conjunction with a pair of Kalman filters to create a method of detecting faults and providing fault-tolerant operation. The estimator system was designed and tested using SIMULINK™. The simulations showed the filters were able to calculate and remove bias caused by any type of position sensor error, provided the estimated plant model is nearly identical to the actual plant model. Sensitivity analysis showed that the fault detection/fault-tolerance method is extremely sensitive to discrepancies between the estimated plant model and actual pump behavior. Consequently, it is considered unfeasible for implementation on a real system. Experimental results confirmed these findings, demonstrating the drawbacks of model-based fault detection and tolerance methods.© 2009 ASME
Flavin-mediated photoreactions in artificial systems: a possible model for the blue-light photoreceptor pigment in living systems.

Abstract— The photoreduction of cytochrome c and the photostimulation of oxygen uptake were studied in solutions of flavin and cytochrome as a possible model system for similar photoreactions which have been observed in vivo. Light causes the photoreduction of the flavin. Under aerobic conditions the photoreduced flavin reacts with oxygen to form the superoxide anion which in turn can reduce cytochrome c. Dismutation of the superoxide anions forms hydrogen peroxide which mediates the dark oxidation of the photoreduced cytochrome. Superoxide formation and dismutation also account for the light-induced oxygen uptake. Action spectra confirm the role of flavin in the photoreduction of cytochrome c and the photostimulation of oxygen uptake. Under anaerobic conditions the photoreduced flavin reduces cytochrome c directly. In the presence of an electron donor only catalytic amounts of flavin are required. In the absence of an added electron donor flavin itself can act as the electron donor if substrate amounts are present. Azide inhibits all of these flavin-mediated photoresponses. Azide also inhibits the photoreduction of cytochrome b which occurs in the mycelium of Newospora.
Worry: An electrocortical analysis

Abstract Worry has been described as uncontrollable verbally-mediated analytic cognitive activity, or thoughts, concerning future events. To date, worry and the treatment of worry have been assessed primarily by self-report of cognitive activity. The current study assessed worriers and nonworriers during worry and a brief relaxation treatment using EEG alpha and beta measures. Worry was found to be associated with high, overall cortical activation as well as relatively greater left hemisphere activation. Progressive relaxation was associated with attenuation of worriers' left hemisphere asymmetric EEG activation. EEG alpha measures indicated less activation during and after progressive muscular relaxation than during a self-relaxation condition. Implications for theory and assessment of cognitive anxiety are discussed.
Thermal analysis of an internally-cooled metal-cutting tool

Abstract A method is presented for determining the temperature distributions at the tool-chip interface and at the tool-work interface of a single-point cutting tool. The method is used for both uncooled and internally-cooled orthogonal cutting tools under conditions ranging from the case when the tool has no wear on the flank surface to the case when the tool has a relatively large amount of flank wear. The mathematical model uses superposition of heat sources along the tool-chip interface to simulate the frictional heat generation. A similar distribution of heat sinks in the body of the tool produces a constant temperature surface at the underside of the cutting insert. This represents conditions found in internally-cooled tools where the heat removal process is sufficient to maintain a nearly uniform temperature along that surface. Results of the analyses demonstrate that the internal cooling process will result in significant temperature reductions along the rake face and along the flank face of the tool in a large number of cutting operations.
The fallacy of the term whiplash injury.

Abstract From 5,710 accidents in which injury occurred, 144 cases of cervical injury were recorded in which a whiplash phenomenon was experienced at the time of accident impact. Accident patterns and severity of injury are discussed.
On a certain class of dose-response relations: A theorem and its corollary

Abstract A rule is derived for drawing inferences concerning the connections between certain dose-response relations describing drug-modified behavior of living systems and the associated interaction of drug with molecular receptor. In deriving the rule, we assume constancy of thermodynamic activity of the drug throughout the several phases of the living system, under conditions of equilibrium with respect to the drug. We further assume the commonly existing condition that we do not know the functional relation between drug-induced change in observable behavior and the number of receptors occupied by drug; but we claim that even when such functional relations are known, they must conform to the theorem on which our rule is based. Two examples from the literature are examined for conformity to the rule.
Africanists' Contributions to POlitical Science

in its ability to draw logically valid inferences from the data (e.g., Wallerstein 2000). In short, all comparative political analysis is inherently conditional, and thus provisional. The best we can do is to ensure that our analytical instruments are as clearly specified as possible. Such problems notwithstanding, comparative politics has evolved and continues to do so, albeit in a different manner than initially anticipated. Earlier Africanist contributions to the field and
Comparative in vitro cytotoxic effects of taxol and its major human metabolite 6α-hydroxytaxol

Taxol is metabolized by the liver microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme system into its principal metabolite 6α-hydroxytaxol (6HT). In the present in vitro studies 6HT was compared to taxol with respect to its effects on tubulin depolymerization, mitotic arrest, clonogenic survival and apoptosis in HL-60 cells. 6HT was generated by incubating taxol with human liver microsomes in a NADPH-generating system. HL-60 cells were incubated for 24 h with either taxol or 6HT, washed and placed in drug-free suspension or cultured for colony growth in agarose. For the suspension and colony culture growth of the cells, the IC50 concentrations of 6HT were 500±46 and 350±37 nM, while those of taxol were 3.2±0.2 and 2.8±0.5 nM, respectively. Immediately after a 24-h exposure of HL-60 cells to 50 nM taxol, electrophoresis of genomic DNA from HL-60 cells revealed an internucleosomal DNA fragmentation ‘ladder’. In addition, 39% of the cells were arrested in mitosis and 16% showed the morphologic features of apoptosis. In contrast, an identical treatment with 6HT resulted in the mitotic arrest of only 2.8% of the cells, with 4.0% displaying apoptosis (P<0.01); internucleosomal DNA fragmentation was not observed. 6HT was also significantly less effective than taxol in inhibiting the temperature-induced depolymerization of microtubules in a cell-free system. However, at equipotent concentrations, the effect of 6HT on tubulin depolymerization, mitotic arrest or apoptosis was similar to that of taxol. In addition, at concentrations of taxol or 6HT at or below their IC50, there was little tubulin depolymerization, mitotic arrest or apoptosis. The results presented here show that the biotransformation of taxol to 6HT substantially detoxifies taxol.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF EGO PSYCHOLOGY FOR THE CONCEPT OF MINIMAL BRAIN DYSFUNCTION IN CHILDREN

The concept of minimal brain dysfunction in children (e.g., Bax and Mac Keith, 1963; Clements, 1966; Knobloch and Pasamanick, 1959; Paine, 1962) currently is generating considerable interest. Though the conceptualizations are far from uniform, the term is now generally used to describe and define “children of near average, average, or above average general intelligence with certain learning or behavioral disabilities ranging from mild to severe, which are associated with deviations of function of the central nervous system. These deviations may manifest themselves by various combinations of impairment in perception, conceptualization, language, memory, and control of attention, impulse, or motor function” (Clements, 1966, pp.
Cultural Competence for Everyone: A Shift in Perspectives

As our country becomes increasingly diverse and our globalization movements bring more people from around the world together, it may well be time to rethink and reorganize our concept of culture, c...
Electric field effects on quasi-coherent energy transfer

Abstract The effect of an external electric field on the rate of electronic excitation energy transfer in a model molecular crystal system is shown to depend on the nature of the site-to-site transfer and on whether the directional coherence is limited by phonon scattering or by defect scattering processes.
Whether to Adopt Statements on Homosexuality in Two Denominations: A Research Note

Some of the most contentious issues in American religion today concern homosexuality. In 1998, we asked 2,300 clergy in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) and the Episcopal Church whether their denomination should adopt official statements on homosexuality. A year later, we asked the same question of 1,600 church members in 60 of those clergy’s congregations. In this research note, we analyze the attitudes of clergy and church members about beginning the process to compose formal denominational statements on homosexuality. We find great differences between the two denominations, reflecting established conflict in the Episcopal Church and a lack thereof in the ELCA. The attitudes of both clergy and church members, shaped by denominational context, reflect their general attitudes toward gay rights and the public involvement of the denomination. Clergy exhibit particular concern about how a denominational statement might affect their own congregation, and church members take significant cues from their clergy.
Evidence for three types of human cytotoxic lymphocyte

Natural killer (NK) cells lyse a broad spectrum of tumor-cell lines and virus-infected cells, they are MHC unrestricted and they are detectable in unimmunized subjects: cytotoxic T cells (CTL) have fine antigen specificity, are MHC restricted and are usually detectable only after they multiply on exposure to antigen. Here Lewis Lanier and Joseph Phillips argue that these functional criteria do not adequately distinguish types of cytotoxic cell. They propose a classification based on recognition structure, which identifies three distinct effector cells.
Responsible Leadership Outcomes Via Stakeholder CSR Values: Testing a Values-Centered Model of Transformational Leadership

A values-centered leadership model comprised of leader stakeholder and economic values, follower values congruence, and responsible leadership outcomes was tested using data from 122 organizational leaders and 458 of their direct reports. Alleviating same-source bias concerns in leadership survey research, follower ratings of leadership style and follower ratings of values congruence and responsible leadership outcomes were collected from separate sources via the split-sample methodology. Results of structural equation modeling analyses demonstrated that leader stakeholder values predicted transformational leadership, whereas leader economic values were associated with transactional leadership. Follower values congruence was strongly associated with transformational leadership, unrelated to transactional leadership, and partially mediated the relationships between transformational leadership and both follower organizational citizenship behaviors and follower beliefs in the stakeholder view of corporate social responsibility. Implications for responsible leadership and transformational leadership theory, practice, and future research are discussed.
Occlusion of a hepatic artery to portal vein fistula with bucrylate

A 49-year-old woman with cirrhosis and portal hypertension was evaluated for a portal-systemic shunt procedure following recurrent variceal hemorrhage. The preoperative visceral angiogram demonstrated a hepatic arterial to portal venous fistula, presumably a complication of a previous liver biopsy. The fistula was successfully closed using isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Bucrylate) delivered through a flow-directed, calibrated-leak balloon microcatheter.
Characterization of fibronectin assembly by platelets adherent to adsorbed laminin-111

Summary. Background: Various types of laminin (LN) are ubiquitous components of basement membrane and exposed to blood upon localized damage of vascular endothelial cells. Fibronectin is a plasma protein that is insolubilized into fibrils in a regulated fashion by, for example, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-stimulated fibroblasts or platelets spread on supportive adhesive ligands. Objective: To study assembly of plasma fibronectin by LPA-activated platelets adherent to LN-111 via α6β1 integrin. Results: Platelets adherent to LN-111-bound plasma fibronectin or its N-terminal 70 kD fragment in fibrillar arrays at the periphery of spread platelets under static but not shear conditions. Formation of fibronectin arrays under static conditions was inhibited by co-incubation with the N-terminal 70 kD fragment or with a 49-amino acid peptide that binds to the N-terminal region of fibronectin. Approximately 7000 fibronectin dimers bound per adherent platelet with a Kd of 50 nm. Bound 70 kD fragment was readily solubilized with deoxycholate (DOC), whereas bound fibronectin became progressively insoluble. Bound 70 kD fragment became resistant to DOC extraction after treatment with a cell-impermeable, reducible crosslinker. Crosslinked 70 kD fragment was found in a high molecular weight complex. As with fibroblasts, signaling molecules modulating actin cytoskeletal organization controlled expression of binding sites for the N-terminal 70 kD region of fibronectin on adherent platelets. Conclusions: These results indicate that platelets adherent to LN-111 via α6β1 support subsequent assembly of fibronectin, but possibly only under conditions of intermittent or stagnant blood flow.
Eikenella corrodens: A new pathogen

Abstract Oral infections that result from trauma or dental manipulation are often thought to be of minor importance to the practicing clinician. The majority of oral infections respond well to treatment with the common antibiotics without the need for laboratory culture and sensitivity. There are instances, becoming increasingly frequent, when this form of simple therapy is no longer as efficacious as it has been thought to be. Some exotic infections are frequently recalcitrant to treatment. These infections are usually caused by ubiquitous organisms, such as Eikenella corrodens . We are presenting several of our cases that were caused by this organism, as well as a review of some aspects of its microbiology, in order to attract the attention and interest of our colleagues in dental practice to this increasingly frequent problem.
Effect of procainamide on left ventricular performance in patients with primary myocardial disease.

The effect of procainamide (P) on left ventricular function as measured by the systolic time intervals (STI) was studied in 14 patients with primary myocardial disease. P, 7.5 mg/kg body weight, was given intravenously at a rate of 100 mg per minute. Administration of P produced a decrease in left ventricular performance as manifest by a significant prolongation of the pre-ejection period corrected for heart rate (PEPI) and an increase of the PEP to the left ventricular ejection time (LVET) ratio. The peak effect on PEPI and PEP/LVET occurred at 2 minutes after P administration (Δ PEPI + 14±1.9 ms,p<0.001, Δ PEP/LVET + 0.052±0.007,p<0.001) with values returning towards baseline by 60 min. In 6 of the patients P blood levels were measured simultaneously with the STI measurements. Changes in PEPI and PEP/LVET directly parallel changes of P blood levels. It is concluded that P given intravenously at the usual therapeutic doses decreases left ventricular performance in patients with primary myocardial disease. These changes in left ventricular performance directly parallel procainamide blood levels.
EVALUATION OF MULTIPLE CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE CORONARY THROMBUS

Coronary angiography is often employed for the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome; however, little data exists on its accuracy for this diagnosis. We evaluated five angiographic characteristics: Ambrose morphology; spherical, ovid or irregular filling defect; abrupt vessel cutoff; intraluminal
Artifactually Increased Serum Bicarbonate Values in Two Horses and a Calf with Severe Rhabdomyolysis

Extremely high bicarbonate (HCO3-) and anion gap values were measured in two horses and a calf using the Hitachi 911 automated serum biochemistry analyzer. All three animals had severe muscle disease as evidenced by markedly increased aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase activities. Laboratory error was suspected as the source of the increased HCO3- because values calculated from blood gas analysis were normal. It was hypothesized that increased serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and pyruvate concentration overwhelmed the oxamate LDH inhibitor in the enzymatic HCO3- assay, resulting in consumption of NADH and falsely elevated spectrophotometric reading. Serum LDH activity was markedly increased in all three patients. In an attempt to reproduce this interference in vitro, LDH and pyruvate were added to normal bovine serum. Bicarbonate concentration was artifactually increased in a linear, dose-response relationship proportional to the amount of LDH activity in the sample; addition of pyruvate augmented this increase. It was concluded that increased serum LDH activity and pyruvate concentration secondary to severe muscle disease can result in artifactual increases in serum HCO3- values obtained by routine enzymatic assay.
P02.197. Self help intervention to decrease stress and increase mindfulness: a pilot trial

Purpose The Stress Management and Resiliency Training (SMART) program has shown efficacy for reducing anxiety and perceived stress and increasing resilience and quality of life. SMART has traditionally consisted of an in-person training session with an instructor and follow up teleconferences over 12-24 weeks. The purpose of this study was to assess whether self-directed SMART training using only written material would have efficacy.
Transformational learning in leadership and management positions

This article summarizes the research and criticisms regarding transformational learning and how it might be adapted as a competency trait in the area of management and leadership development. In addition, it explores areas where research is lacking regarding transformational learning for individual development and suggests methods to operationalize transformational learning competencies.