cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Techniques and Modern Considerations

Extracorporeal life support encompasses various techniques that support patients with severe cardiac and/or pulmonary failure. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is provided for stabilization of salvageable patients when death is imminent and other treatment options are not available. Advancements in ECMO technology have improved its safety and portability, which has led to a dramatic increase in its use. ECMO is an extension of cardiopulmonary bypass technique that has been routinely used in cardiac surgery. Today, ECMO is applied in multiple different scenarios, but more clinical research is needed to establish practice guidelines.
Cross-correlation of Planck CMB lensing with DESI-like LRGs

Author(s): Kitanidis, E; White, M | Abstract: Cross-correlations between the lensing of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and other tracers of large-scale structure provide a unique way to reconstruct the growth of dark matter, break degeneracies between cosmology and galaxy physics, and test theories of modified gravity. We detect a cross-correlation between Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI)-like luminous red galaxies (LRGs) selected from DECam Legacy Survey imaging and CMB lensing maps reconstructed with the Planck satellite at a significance of S/N = 27.2 over scales lmin = 30, lmax = 1000. To correct for magnification bias, we determine the slope of the LRG cumulative magnitude function at the faint limit as s = 0.999 ± 0.015, and find corresponding corrections of the order of a few per cent for $C^{\kappa g}_{\ell }, C^{gg}_{\ell }$ across the scales of interest. We fit the large-scale galaxy bias at the effective redshift of the cross-correlation zeff ≈ 0.68 using two different bias evolution agnostic models: a HaloFit times linear bias model where the bias evolution is folded into the clustering-based estimation of the redshift kernel, and a Lagrangian perturbation theory model of the clustering evaluated at zeff. We also determine the error on the bias from uncertainty in the redshift distribution; within this error, the two methods show excellent agreement with each other and with DESI survey expectations.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

The purpose of the current study was to examine the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms among young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), child and parent-related demographic and clinical correlates of ADHD symptoms, and the relationships between co-occurring mental health problems and ADHD symptoms. Data for this cross-sectional study came from 979 toddlers and preschoolers, ages 1.5-5 years, with ASD. The primary outcome, ADHD symptoms, was measured using the Child Behavior Check List 1.5-5 (CBCL). Additional information from the medical record included demographics, parenting stress, and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule Second Edition. Descriptive and bivariate (ANOVA, Chi-Square) statistics and multivariate, multinomial regression analyses were used to examine demographic and clinical differences between low, moderate, and high ADHD symptom groups, as defined by 2 ADHD-related subscales. There were 418 (43%) children in the low ADHD symptom group, 294 (30%) in the moderate ADHD symptom group, and 267 (27%) in the high ADHD symptom group. Those with high ADHD symptoms were less likely to be Black or Hispanic and less likely to have parents with a graduate-level education compared to those with low ADHD symptoms. Parenting stress and all CBCL DSM-oriented subscales were positively associated with increasing ADHD symptoms. Among young children with ASD, ADHD symptoms were highly prevalent. The presence of ADHD symptoms was associated with increasing parenting stress and greater levels of other psychopathologies. These data suggest that young children with ASD should be evaluated for ADHD, and mental health as a whole. LAY SUMMARY: We investigated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in toddlers and preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from a large sample with diverse race and socioeconomic background. In our study, we found that ADHD symptoms are highly prevalent in young children with ASD and are associated with increasing parenting stress and greater level of other psychopathologies, both internalizing and externalizing problems.
LENARD: Lightweight ENsemble LeARner for MeDium-term Electricity Consumption Prediction

In this work, we propose a lightweight ensemble learner for individual house level electricity consumption prediction. We first implement five different prediction algorithms: ARIMA, Holt-Winters, TESLA, LSTM and Persistence. Among single prediction algorithms, LSTM performs best with 0.0195 MSE value on average. Then, we combine these predictions using neural network based ensemble learner which improves performance of best algorithm (LSTM) on average by 72.84% and by up to 99.13%. Finally, we apply pruning to the weights of our ensemble network to decrease the computational cost of our model. Applying pruning leads to 10.9% less error and 27% fewer number of parameters. We show that our pruned ensemble learner outperforms state-of-the-art ensemble methods.
A Few Inconvenient Truths About Michael Crichton’s State of Fear: Lawyers, Causes and Science

Although Crichton has lost the battle regarding global warming, his characterization of lawyers and law practice remains unchallenged. This article challenges his damning portrait of lawyers as know-nothing, self-aggrandizing manipulators of various social and environmental causes. A more nuanced examination of “cause lawyering” reveals that lawyers are not part of a vast conspiracy to grab power through the causes for which many work; in fact, the rules of professional responsibility as well as the structure of “cause lawyering” limit their power and influence. Regardless, lawyers are nonetheless vital, and generally principled, participants in the debates and causes that inform environmental (and other scientific) policy-making in a democratic society.
Pulmonary Structure and Function

The lung and respiratory system arise early in gestation and give rise to an anatomic structure that allows for normal physiologic function. During lung development, disruption can affect normal anatomy and, ultimately, physiology. Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and BPD are prime examples of how disruption of normal developmental anatomy can have a significant impact on normal lung physiology. It is important to understand how the developing lung and thorax can have effects on pediatric lung disease and normal lung physiology; in that, much of how pediatric lung disease differs from adult lung disease has its roots in developmental anatomy and physiology. It must be appreciated that lung physiology in children differs from adults mainly because lung and chest wall compliance in children is different from adults. Furthermore, understanding how the forces of respiratory system compliance and airways resistance impede ventilation is critical because disease states only augment the factors that impede normal ventilation. This is augmented in children who have smaller airways and more compliant chest walls. Finally, understanding how gas exchange at the acinar level is affected by ventilation (or inadequate ventilation) allows for a better understanding of why patients with lung disease have respiratory insufficiency or failure.
2021 Chitranjan S. Ranawat Award: Intraosseous vancomycin reduces periprosthetic joint infection in primary total knee arthroplasty at 90-day follow-up.

Aims Infection complicating primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a common reason for revision surgery, hospital readmission, patient morbidity, and mortality. Increasing incidence of methicilli...
The Fallacies of the Standard Western Approach

The Standard Western Approach cannot be salvaged for world theatre history because it is predicated on three historiographic fallacies. First is the fallacy of the mainstream, which involves both ethnocentrism and presentism, and leads to the fallacious belief that there is a mainstream of theatre history that runs directly through Europe. Second is the fallacy of the East-West dichotomy. By dividing the world into a pair of ostensibly equivalent units, it seeks to draw a line between “us” and “them,” implicitly serving to glorify the Western “us.” (A newer dichotomy draws a no less dubious line between the West and “the world.”) Third is the fallacy of progressivism, which holds that theatre history is marked by an ineluctable progress from ritual, song, and dance, to the civilized theatre of spoken dialogue and naturalism—a progress to which “non-Western” theatre is seen as being largely irrelevant, and therefore excusably marginalized or ignored.
Aerodynamic analysis of hummingbird-like hovering flight.

Flapping wing micro aerial vehicles are studied as the substitute for fixed and rotary wing micro aerial vehicles because of the advantages such as agility, maneuverability, and employability in confined environments. Hummingbird's sustainable hovering capability inspires many researchers to develop micro aerial vehicles with similar dynamics. In this research, a wing of a ruby-throated hummingbird is modeled as an insect wing using membrane and stiffeners. The effect of flexibility on the aerodynamic performance of a wing in hovering flight has been studied numerically by using a Fluid-Structure Interaction scheme at a Reynolds Number of 3000. Different wings have been developed by using different positions and thicknesses of the stiffeners. The chordwise and spanwise flexural stiffnesses of all the wings modeled in this work are comparable to insects of similar span and chord length. When the position of the stiffener is varied, the best-performing wing has an average lift coefficient of 0.51. Subsequently, the average lift coefficient is increased to 0.56 when the appropriate thickness of the stiffeners is chosen. The best flexible wing outperforms its rigid counterpart and produces lift and power economy comparable to a real hummingbird's wing. That is, the average lift coefficient and power economy of 0.56 and 0.88 for the best flexible wing as compared to 0.61 and 1.07 for the hummingbird's wing. It can be concluded that a simple manufacturable flexible wing design based on appropriate positioning and thickness of stiffeners can serve as a potential candidate for bio-inspired flapping-wing Micro Aerial Vehicles.
COSMO's “motor theory” is not the motor theory of Liberman, Cooper, and Mattingly

Abstract The sensorimotor model of speech proposed in the target article has considerable value. The Bayesian implementation captures the probabilistic nature of between-person communicative interactions involving speech and the integrality of the speech perception and production systems. In the context of a simulation of between-person communication, this integrality fosters emergence of some aspects of existing phonological systems, including the tendency for vowel systems to reflect a dispersion principle, and of phonological systems to exploit the nonlinearity of the articulation-to-acoustic mapping. However, the article fails as a test between theories of speech perception because the modelers conflated two goals: one to test COSMO against subparts of itself, and another to test COSMO against existing motor and auditory theories. For the first goal, findings show that the full model performs better than the motor and auditory subcomponents. However, for the second goal, the testing fails at least with respect to the motor theory of speech perception, because that theory is not the same as the model's motor subset.
Input market surplus: The case of imperfect competition

Abstract This note establishes the exact relationship among input and output market Marshallian surpluses and input-user industry profit when said industry is imperfectly competitive. The results are useful both for valuing an input price change and for estimating the degree of competition in the user industry.
Hölder Regularity of Integrated Density of States for the Almost Mathieu Operator in a Perturbative Regime

Consider the Almost Mathieu operator Hλ= λ cos 2π(kω +θ)+Δ on the lattice. It is shown that for large λ, the integrated density of states is Holder continuous of exponent κ < \(\frac{1}{2}\). This result gives a precise version in the perturbative regime of recent work by M. Goldstein and W. Schlag on Holder regularity of the integrated density of states for 1D quasi-periodic lattice Schrodinger operators, assuming positivity of the Lyapunov exponent (and proven by different means). Our approach provides also a new way to control Green's functions, in the spirit of the author's work in KAM theory. It is by no means restricted to the cosine-potential and extends to band operators.
"Growth friendly" spine surgery: management options for the young child with scoliosis

The natural history of early onset scoliosis is dismal and associated with poor pulmonary function and increased mortality. Although limited in situ fusion may be appropriate for certain types of congenital scoliosis deformities, spinal deformity that affects young children often requires a "growth friendly" surgical approach that allows for curve control while maintaining growth of the spine and thorax. Growth-friendly surgical management of early onset scoliosis can follow a distraction-based (ie, growth rods, vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib [Synthes, West Chester, PA]), guided-growth (ie, Luque trolley technique, Shilla technique), or compression-based (ie, tethers, staples) strategy.
Causes and Sources of Waste in the Printing Industry in Ghana: A Study of Printing Houses in the Cities of Accra and Kumasi

This study was undertaken in the summer of 2006 to identify the causes of waste in the printing houses in two major cities in Ghana, namely, Accra and Kumasi. The scope of the study was limited to printing houses operating in the above cities only. The relevant literature on offset lithographic printing, the categories and causes of waste, and its effects on the environment were reviewed. The method used in gathering data for the study consisted of questionnaires that were sent out to fifty-five printing houses in Accra and Kumasi. Forty-seven printing houses responded to the questionnaires. The data were thoroughly analyzed and, where necessary, presented in tables. Finally, findings are discussed, implications outlined, recommendations and areas of future research proposed, and conclusion drawn.
Indentation Crack Initiation and Propagation in Tempered Glass

Indentation crack initiation and propagation in tempered glass surfaces are examined and the results compared to those in annealed and in ion-exchange-strengthened glasses. The presence of surface compression due to tempering inhibits median crack initiation during the loading cycle of the indentation and depresses the radial crack initiation load during unloading. However, the extent of lateral cracking is enhanced in tempered glass surfaces. In situ crack propagation experiments reveal that the compressive stress tends to weakly stabilize crack extension prior to failure. The degree of crack stabilization is considerably lower than expected from a theoretical analysis.
Antiarrhythmic effects of disulfiram on epinephrine-induced cardiac arrhythmias in rabbits exposed to trichloroethylene

Abstract The effects of disulfiram and its major metabolites, diethyldithiocarbamate and carbon disulfide, on epinephrine-induced cardiac arrhythmias in rabbits exposed to trichloroethylene were examined. Disulfiram (1 g ≅ 1.35 mmole/kg, po) was given 24 and 6 hr prior to a 1-hr exposure to 6000 ppm trichloroethylene. Disulfiram or its metabolites, diethyldithiocarbamate and carbon disulfide (1.35 mmol/kg, ip), were administered (at similar time intervals) to rabbits exposed for 1 hr to 9000 ppm trichloroethylene. Blood levels of trichloroethylene and its metabolites, trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic acid, were measured at time periods ranging from 7.5 min of exposure to 30 min postexposure. The metabolism of trichloroethylene was inhibited in all treatment groups as indicated by significantly lower blood levels of trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic acid following exposure to 6000 or 9000 ppm trichloroethylene but only rabbits exposed to 6000 ppm trichloroethylene showed significant increases in trichloroethylene blood levels when treated with disulfiram. When challenged with 0.5 to 3.0 μg/kg epinephrine, the disulfiram treatment prevented the epinephrine-induced arrhythmias resulting from exposure to 6000 ppm trichloroethylene. All treatment groups in the first 30 min of exposure to 9000 ppm trichloroethylene exhibited an increased percentage of animals responding with arrhythmias compared to controls. Thirty to sixty minutes of exposure resulted in a significant decrease in the percentage of animals responding with arrhythmias in the disulfiram- and diethyldithiocarbamate-treated groups. Disulfiram, but not diethyldithiocarbamate or carbon disulfide, showed a strong trend toward reducing the percentage of animals responding with arrhythmias after 60 min of exposure to 9000 ppm trichloroethylene. These experiments indicate that disulfiram exhibits a cardioprotective activity not related to its effects on TRI metabolism.
Structure of magnetic order in Pauli limited unconventional superconductors

We analyze the magnetic structure of the antiferromagnetic order induced in Pauli limited $d$-wave superconductors by Zeeman coupling to magnetic field. We determine the phase diagram in the $H$-$T$ plane and find that the magnetic phase, which is stabilized at low temperatures and just below the upper critical field, can have two realizations depending primarily on the shape of the underlying Fermi surface. The double-$\mathbit{Q}$ magnetic ordering may persist over the entire coexistence range. Alternatively, there may exist a weak first order transition from a double-$\mathbit{Q}$ structure at lower fields to a single-$\mathbit{Q}$ modulation at higher fields. Together with the calculations of the NMR line shape these results suggest the second scenario as a serious candidate for describing the superconducting state of CeCoIn${}_{5}$.
Pt Alloy and Intermetallic Phases with V, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Cu: Synthesis As Nanomaterials and Possible Applications As Fuel Cell Catalysts

Nanomaterials as catalysts for fuel cells are not only highly desirable, but necessary to reach the high reaction rates (or power densities) demanded by many applications. The exploration of catalyst materials beyond Pt metal, such as Pt containing alloys and intermetallics, immediately leads to significant synthetic challenges to prepare nanoparticles with controlled composition, structure, and morphology. To facilitate a comprehensive study of these materials, a generalized synthetic approach is desirable. This requires an in-depth understanding and control of relevant factors that thermodynamically and kinetically define the synthesis process. Once synthesized, electrochemical activities of these materials can then be studied to aid in designing the next steps in further optimizing the catalyst activity. In this work, we have been able to demonstrate synthesis of several phases (both alloy and ordered intermetallics for binary Pt−V/Mn/Cr/Ni/Cu systems) that rarely, if ever, have been synthesized as nan...
Mechanical Characterization of Thin Film Materials with Nanoindentation Measurements and FE Analysis

The quantitative study of mechanical properties at nanoscale is motivated by the increasing demand for miniaturization of engineering and electronic components, development of nanostructured materials, thin film technology, and surface science. There are only a few existing, or projected, technologies for conducting such measurements at nanoscale structures, and nanoindentation is the leading candidate. Finite elements (FE) provide a numerical method to calculate the indentation problem. In this article, the mechanical properties of a thin film material system, namely thermally oxidized silicon grown on silicon substrate, SiO2/Si, is characterized with nanoindentation measurements and calculated via FE analysis. Infinite elements in FE nanoindentation analysis are employed to allow for actual specimen size simulation and produce accurate results. It is concluded that the nanoindentation measurements coupled with the proposed FE analysis provide precise mechanical characterization of the tested thin films....
Democracy and Economic Growth: How Regional Context Influences Regime Effects

There is ongoing controversy as to whether political democracy inhibits or facilitates national economic growth. It is argued here that the answer to this question depends greatly on the regional political context within which democracy functions. In regions where social groups clamour for redistribution, as in Latin America, democracy may lead to populism and poor economic performance. Similarly, in regions where state elites are generally committed to promoting rapid industrialization, as in parts of Asia, democratic pressures may impede effective economic policy. However, in regions where patrimonialism is chronic, as in Sub-Saharan Africa, democracy may provide a useful mechanism for evicting grossly corrupt politicians and may therefore facilitate higher rates of economic growth. These regional arguments are tested statistically here and show that democratic governance constrains growth in Latin America and Asia yet facilitates growth in Africa. Sensitivity analyses indicate that these findings are fairly robust.
Combined conduction, convection, gas radiation and particles radiation in MHD diffusers

Abstract Heat transfer in MHD diffusers, by conduction, convection, gas radiation, and slag particles radiation, is analyzed by simultaneously solving the radiation transport equation and a set of quasi-threedimensional gasdynamic equations. Carbon dioxide, water vapor, and potassium atoms are considered to be the principal gases participating in gas radiation. The non-grey radiation transport equation is solved by invoking the P 1 approximation. The absorption coefficients for CO 2 and H 2 O are evaluated from the exponential wide-band model and for K atoms from certain correlations. The efficiency factors for extinction and scattering by particles are calculated from Mie theory. For a reference diffuser geometry appropriate for a 1700 MW thermal MHD plant, the heat transfer by convection is found to be 25 MW, and the radiative heat transfer varies from 44 to 79 MW, depending on the rate of ash carryover into the channel. Results reveal that the heat transfer is sensitive to the ash carryover into the channel, slag particle size spectrum, electrical conductivity of ash, gas composition, and wall emissivity. It is observed that, because of multiple scattering, the particles shield the short wavelength radiation emitted by potassium atoms.
Tryptic inhibitory activity in wild and cultivated crucifers

Abstract Tryptic inhibitory activity was detected in all species and cultivars of crucifers examined. When comparing the three groups of crucifers tested [(i) foliage of cultivated crucifers, (ii) foliage of wild crucifers and (iii) storage organs of cultivated crucifers], the foliage of cultivated crucifers contained significantly higher levels of tryptic inhibitory activity than the other two groups.
Electrochemically Fabricated Polyaniline Nanoframework Electrode Junctions that Function as Resistive Sensors

In this paper, we demonstrate a template-free, site-specific, and scalable electrochemical method for the fabrication of individually addressable polyaniline nanoframework electrode junctions in a parallel-oriented array. These polyaniline nanoframeworks, which are composed of numerous intercrossing polyaniline nanowires that have uniform diameters ranging from 40 to 80 nm, can be used for the chemical sensing of HCl and NH_3 gases and ethanol vapor and for sensing the pH of aqueous NaCl solutions.
Energy constraints on rice production in the developing world: an environmental perspective

Traditional, labor‐intensive, capital intensive and experimental methods of agricultural production are analyzed in terms of cultural energy input and yield potential. Comparative energy efficiencies are computed and assessed for both primary and auxiliary agricultural operations. Specific environmental planning strategies are suggested for implementation based on energy limitations and land constraints. It is concluded that both labor‐intensive and capital‐intensive technologies can be further refined and implemented to produce an optimal mix of labor and machinery to minimize energy use and environmental deterioration.
Paradigm Busters or Poor Cousins? University-Based Research Units Working on Gender Reform in South Africa

South Africa’s postdemocracy period has seen profound shifts for gender research units, both in funding, and their relationships with government and their universities. Being almost entirely donor funded, but academically located, these units have to occupy the uncomfortable space at the intersection of academic freedom, acceptable outputs, and available funding. This article examines how these units negotiate these different (and often competing) agendas and evaluates how the current environment affects their ability to influence legislative reform and policy development. This article argues that these researchers and research units have been forced into an elite cluster, which struggle to negotiate the tension between survival, inclusion, and reform. It is further argued that the instability of the funding environment, and the consequently frenetic institutional context, not only cripples these units’ ability to strategically engage in gender transformation, but also works against strong relationships among women’s movement organizations, or a coordinated and unified gender movement more broadly.
Constrained Finite Strip Method for Thin-Walled Members with General End Boundary Conditions

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to provide the theoretical background and illustrate the capabilities of the constrained finite strip method (cFSM) for thin-walled members with general end boundary conditions. Based on the conventional finite strip method (FSM), cFSM provides a mechanical methodology to separate the deformations of a thin-walled member into those consistent with global, distortional, local, and other (e.g., shear and transverse extension) modes. For elastic buckling analysis, this enables isolation of any given mode (modal decomposition) or quantitative measures of the interactions within a given general eigenmode (modal identification). Existing cFSM is only applicable to simply supported end boundary conditions. In this paper, FSM is first extended to general end boundary conditions, including simply–simply, clamped–clamped, simply–clamped, clamped–guided, and clamped–free. Next, with the conventional FSM for general end boundary conditions in place, the derivation of the constra...
Method of an enhanced self-amplified spontaneous emission for x-ray free electron lasers

We describe a technique by which an energy modulation of electrons via interaction with a laser pulse in a wiggler magnet is used for a significant increase of the electron peak current prior to entering a long self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) free electron laser undulator. This results in a reduction of the gain length for the SASE process and a modification of the structure of the output x-ray radiation. It also temporally links the output x-ray pulse to the initial laser pulse, thus providing an opportunity for accurate synchronization between the laser pump pulse and x-ray probe pulse for pump-probe experiments.
Carbon fiber reinforced hafnium carbide composite

Hafnium carbide is proposed as a structural material for aerospace applications at ultra high temperatures. The chemical vapor deposition technique was used as a method to produce monolithic hafnium carbide (HfC) and tantalum carbide (TaC). The microstructure of HfC and TaC were studied using analytical techniques. The addition of tantalum carbide (TaC) in the HfC matrix was studied to improve the microstructure. The microstructure of HfC, TaC and co-deposited hafnium carbide-tantalum carbide (HfC/TaC) were comparable and consisted of large columnar grains. Two major problems associated with HfC, TaC, and HfC/TaC as a monolithic are lack of damage tolerance (toughness) and insufficient strength at very high temperatures. A carbon fiber reinforced HfC matrix composite has been developed to promote graceful failure using a pyrolytic graphite interface between the reinforcement and the matrix. The advantages of using carbon fiber reinforcement with a pyrolytic graphite interface are reflected in superior strain capability reaching up to 2%. The tensile strength of the composite was 26 MPa and needs further improvement. Heat treatment of the composite showed that HfC did not undergo any phase transformations and that the phases comprising composite were are thermochemically compatible.
The effect of drying method on ordinary Portland cement surfaces during the early stages of hydration

During the early stages of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) hydration, ettringite, calcium hydroxide and C–S–H form on the OPC surface while nanoscale pits are formed in the exposed surface areas. In order to study these features using high resolution electron microscopy, samples must be appropriately dried to remove unbound water. The work reported here compares the effects of freeze-drying to drying by solvent exchange using four different solvents on the surface features of OPC after four hours of hydration in order to determine whether the solvent exchange process produces nanoscale changes in the surface features that can be detected using high resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A quantitative image analysis of secondary electron SEM images was performed and the results analyzed using small sample statistics. They suggest that all of the solvent exchange methods damage the OPC surface and produce surface structures not seen in the freeze-dried samples. Caution is therefore warranted in the use of solvent exchange in the preparation of samples for the study of the dissolution of OPC surfaces.
The technology of air power during the great war

Abstract This paper traces the technological advancement in military aviation during the First World War. The quality of aircraft, tactics, photography and weaponry is examined by the author to demonstrate the rapid improvement in aerial combat throughout the war years. The author postulates that the increasing reliance on technology in the field of military aviation fostered the positive and optimistic outlook on technology now held by 20 th Century man. In other words, the war experience is perceived as the borderline between the ambivalence toward technology characteristic of 19 th Century culture and the 20 th Century confidence in contemporary technology.
Stem cells in human reproduction.

Human stemcell researchhasmovedat a rapidpace since pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESC) were first derived from the inner cell mass of IVF preimplantation embryos (Thomson et al. 1998). This breakthrough generated much excitement amongst the scientific, medical, and general communities as the potential of hESC and their derivatives for novel cell-based therapies was anticipated. Immune rejection, teratoma formation, and ethical issues associated with hESC concurrently fuelled adult stem cell research, despite the more restricted differentiation repertoire of the latter. The recent discovery that mature tissue cells can be induced to a pluripotent state (induced pluripotent cells, iPS cells) with the introduction of up to four transcription factors (Takahashi et al. 2007) was heralded as a major step forward in stem cell research as iPS cells offer an endless supply of compatible cells for regenerative medicine purposes. Stem cells are defined by three main properties that distinguish them from their more differentiated progeny; self-renewal or ability to replace themselves, differentiation into one or more lineages, and high proliferative potential. Other features of adult stem cells are their rarity in tissues and their relative proliferative quiescence compared to their daughter transit amplifying cells. The microenvironment or stem cell niche is a crucial regulator of adult stem cell function in maintaining tissue homeostasis and initiating stem cell proliferation in response to tissue damage (Li & Xie 2005). Much research has focused on directing the differentiation of hESC into desired cell types for the study of developmental processes that cannot otherwise be studied in early human development. Protocols for deriving somatic lineages, cardiomyocytes, pancreatic, neuronal, and hematopoietic lineages, hepatocytes, and germ cells to name a few, have been developed. In this Focus Issue, Golos et al. (2010) summarize current knowledge on differentiating hESC into extraembryonic lineages, in particular trophectoderm and the various trophoblast lineages, as models for the study of early human placental development. This important advance overcomes ethical restrictions on the use of human embryos for in vitro studies and the limitations of studying mouse trophoblast differentiation which differs
Genomic approaches to elucidation of the Fhit pathway in worms and yeast: Rosetta Stone and synthetic lethals

Genomic approaches to elucidation of the Fhit pathway in worms and yeast: Rosetta Stone and synthetic lethals
A SUBMILLIMETER MAPPING SURVEY OF HERBIG AeBe STARS

We have acquired submillimeter observations of 33 fields containing 37 Herbig Ae/Be (HAEBE) stars or potential HAEBE stars, including SCUBA maps of all but two of these stars. Nine target stars show extended dust emission. The other 18 are unresolved, suggesting that the dust envelopes or disks around these stars are less than a few arcseconds in angular size. In several cases, we find that the strongest submillimeter emission originates from younger, heavily embedded sources rather than from the HAEBE star, which means that previous models must be viewed with caution. These new data, in combination with far-infrared flux measurements available in the literature, yield spectral energy distributions (SEDs) from far-infrared to millimeter wavelengths for all the observed objects. Isothermal fits to these SEDs demonstrate excellent fits, in most cases, to the flux densities longward of 100 μm. We find that a smaller proportion of B-type stars than A- and F-type stars are surrounded by circumstellar disks, suggesting that disks around B stars dissipate on shorter timescales than those around later spectral types. Our models also reveal that the mass of the circumstellar material and the value of β are correlated, with low masses corresponding to low values of β. Since low values of β imply large grain sizes, our results suggest that a large fraction of the mass in low-β sources is locked up in very large grains. Several of the isolated HAEBE stars have disks with very flat submillimeter SEDs. These disks may be on the verge of forming planetary systems.
Innovative Approaches to Territorial Disputes: Using Principles of Riparian Conflict Management

Many belligerents in ethno-territorial conflicts claim they have an absolute right to contested space, operate on a zero-sum basis, and use maximalist negotiation strategies. This article draws on ongoing fieldwork that examines ethno-territorial conflict and focuses on the transition from rights-based to needs-based negotiations over sites of worship, parading routes, and national borders. These three sites represent different scales and expressions of spatial conflict, including accommodations for Jewish and Muslim worshipers in the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron/al-Khalil, West Bank, the terms and conditions agreed to for sectarian parading in the town of Derry/Londonderry, Northern Ireland, and the return and subsequent lease of land on the Israeli–Jordanian border. In each case, negotiated arrangements allow for the belligerents to meet their minimal territorial needs, even as the broader dynamics of the conflict persist. Central to these arrangements is a shared recognition that space is a mutable...
Some Comments on the Jacobson Conjecture

Noetherian rings with Krull dimension one are shown to have closed left ideals in the J-adic topology. The radical of these rings also satisfies the AR property.
A convenient method for the determination of carbon in marine “net zooplankton”

Abstract Measurements of carbon in marine “net zooplankton” were made by use of a Leco 70 Second TC-12 Automatic Carbon Determinator. The instrument employs high-temperature (ca. 1600°C), dry-combustion and thermal-conductivity detection of the purified carbon-dioxide combustion product and oxygen carrier gas mixtures. The methodology developed in this study is convenient and rapid (ca. 70 sec per freeze-dried sample), with a mean error ( ±2σ/ x ·100 ) of ±4.4% at the 3 mg-C level and ±7.4% at the 10 mg-C level when benzoic acid is used as a standard, and ±9.2% at the 5 mg-C level and ±6.0% at the 10 mg-C level when casein is used as the standard. The technique was applied to the “splash zone” marine copepod Tigriopus californicus to obtain an average value of 38.6% C by weight. Concentrated samples of “net zooplankton” of varying size fractions were collected in the Monterey upwelling region over an eight-month period. Values up to 2000 mg-C/m2 ocean surface (0–200 m) were observed in a seasonal cycle doubly peaked for some size fractions but not for others.
OBSERVATION OF GUIDED LONGITUDINAL ACOUSTIC MODES IN HARD SUPPORTED LAYERS

We report experimental as well as theoretical evidence for the occurrence of a high-frequency acoustic excitation, identified as a longitudinal guided mode, in elastically hard films supported on a soft substrate. While existence criteria related to the transverse and longitudinal sound velocities in the film and substrate argue for strong decay channels into the substrate, the excitation is evident as a clear peak in the Brillouin light scattering spectra. A Green's function formalism accounts for the existence of this excitation and provides insight into its properties as illustrated for diamond-like-carbon layers deposited on silicon.
“They Shall Not Pass” Opposition to Public Leisure and State Park Planning in Connecticut and on Long Island

Estate owners in Greens Farms in Westport, Connecticut, and on the North Shore of Long Island doggedly fought inclusive, state-sponsored public recreation in the 1910s and 1920s. Private land-use goals shaped localism and, in turn, exploited home rule governance to control public land use. This study of local politics in the New York metropolis contributes to the ongoing regionalization of urban history. These home rule fights against state parks reveal the extent to which elite local interests systematically exploited ineffective county government to block Progressive-era regionalism. For all the interest shared by urban historians on the topic of real estate, there is surprisingly little cross-jurisdictional analysis on the competing pressures of local and regional property interests on city planning decisions. The empowerment of private property interests in local government in Westport and on the North Shore illuminate the potential for seeing the emergence of greater New York in a new light.
Recovery of immunocompetence of bone marrow and spleen following sublethal irradiation.

SummaryThe rates of recovery of mouse spleen and marrow cells after sublethal irradiation were studied. Cells from donors given 500 R were transferred to lethally-irradiated recipients at various times after donor irradiation. Donor spleen cells were given with sheep erythrocyte antigen (SRBC), while donor marrow cells were given with normal thymus cells and SRBC. The recovery rates of cellular proliferative ability, hematopoiesis (by 59Fe incorporation) and immunocompetence (by antibody formation to SRBC) were measured. The cellular proliferative ability and hematopoietic recovery were parallel; marrow cells had recovered by day 11 after irradiation (following an “overshoot”) while spleen cells had also recovered by day 11 but without overshoot. The marrow and spleen recovery rates of immunocompetence were markedly different, however. By day 11, marrow immunocompetence had reached normal levels while spleen immunocompetence was only 3.4% of normal.
Short- and Long-Term Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder with Fluvoxamine

AbstractTwenty-eight patients with DSM-III-R diagnosis of obsessive-comulsive disorders completed a 10-week doutle-blind placebo controlled trial of a serotonergic uptake blocker, fluvoxamine. Six patients (43%) improved more than 35% in the fluvoxamine group, whereas only one (7%) patient improved in the placebo group. Analysis of the chane scores on the Yale-Brown Scale for O&D show significantly greater improvement with fluvoxamine than with placebo (Wilcoxon's test p = 0.025). Twenty-one of these atients then particiated in an open triaf with fluvoxamine for a period of two to twelve months. Twelve patients (57%) showed improvement. Seven of nine patients relapsed within a few days to weeks of discontinuation of fluvoxamine. Fluvoxamine in the open phase is found to be safe, effective, and well tolerated but the frequency and rapidity of relapse even after prolonged treatment is a concern.
New Concepts in Standing Advanced Diagnostic Equine Imaging

This article addresses the clinical application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) as applied to the standing equine patient. This discussion includes the logistics, advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of imaging a standing horse. In addition, a brief review is given of the physics of these modalities as applied in clinical practice, and the currently available hardware and software required by these techniques for image acquisition and artifact reduction. The appropriate selection of clinical cases for standing MRI and CT is reviewed, focusing on cases that are capable of undergoing standing surgeries following lesion diagnosis.
A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of melatonin on breast cancer survivors: impact on sleep, mood, and hot flashes

The purpose is to examine the effects of melatonin supplementation on sleep, mood, and hot flashes in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 95 postmenopausal women with a prior history of stage 0–III breast cancer, who had completed active cancer treatment (including hormonal therapy) were randomly assigned 1:1 to either 3 mg oral melatonin (n = 48) or placebo daily (n = 47) for 4 months. Sleep, mood, and hot flashes were assessed at baseline and 4 months via self-administered questionnaire using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression (CES-D), and the North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG) hot flash diary, respectively. Eighty-six women (91 %) completed the study and provided pre- and post-questionnaires. At baseline, 52 % of participants reported poor sleep in the month prior to enrollment. Compared to subjects on placebo, subjects randomized to melatonin experienced significantly greater improvements in subjective sleep quality as measured by the PSQI, including domains on sleep quality, daytime dysfunction and total score. For example, the mean change in PSQI score was −0.1 in the placebo group compared to −1.9 in the melatonin group (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in measures of depression or hot flashes. Sleep disturbances are common among breast cancer survivors, even after completion of active cancer treatment. This is the first randomized placebo-controlled study among breast cancer survivors to demonstrate that melatonin was associated with an improvement in subjective sleep quality, without any significant adverse effects.
Solution of free-boundary problems using finite-element/Newton methods and locally refined grids: Application to analysis of solidification microstructure

A new method is presented for the solution of free-boundary problems using Lagrangian finite element approximations defined on locally refined grids. The formulation allows for direct transition from coarse to fine grids without introducing non-conforming basis functions. The calculation of elemental stiffness matrices and residual vectors are unaffected by changes in the refinement level, which are accounted for in the loading of elemental data to the global stiffness matrix and residual vector. This technique for local mesh refinement is combined with recently developed mapping methods and Newton's method to form an efficient algorithm for the solution of free-boundary problems, as demonstrated here by sample calculations of cellular interfacial microstructure during directional solidification of a binary alloy.
Quantum trajectory dynamics in arbitrary coordinates

The quantum trajectory approach is generalized to arbitrary coordinate systems, including curvilinear coordinates. This allows one to perform an approximate quantum trajectory propagation, which scales favorably with system size, in the same framework as standard quantum wave packet dynamics. The trajectory formulation is implemented in Jacobi coordinates for a nonrotating triatomic molecule. Wave packet reaction probabilities are computed for the O( 3 P) + H 2 → OH + H reaction using the approximate quantum potential. The latter is defined by the nonclassical component of the momentum operator expanded in terms of linear and exponential functions. Unlike earlier implementations with linear functions, the introduction of the exponential function provides an accurate description of asymptotic dynamics for this system and gives good agreement of approximate reaction probabilities with accurate quantum calculations.
Role of Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Adult Heart or Lung Transplant Recipients

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the role of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) in adult heart or lung transplant recipients.DATA SOURCES:Pertinent literature was identified via a MEDLINE search (1966–July 2004).DATA SYNTHESIS:Pulmonary hypertension leading to right ventricular failure and ischemic reperfusion injury are complications following heart or lung transplant, respectively. A study of 16 heart transplant patients showed improvement in hemodynamic parameters and preservation of right ventricular function, but no improvement in mortality using iNO. Studies of lung transplant patients showed no benefit of iNO on mechanical ventilation duration, hospital length of stay, or mortality, but some studies indicate an improvement in hemodynamic parameters.CONCLUSIONS:iNO shows hemodynamic benefits in early postoperative heart transplant patients with preexisting pulmonary hypertension, and variable hemodynamic benefits in lung transplant recipients. Currently, morbidity and mortality data are not favorable for either indica...
Crown reconfiguration and trunk stress in deciduous trees

In light of the risk of litigation following damage related to tree failure in urban and suburban settings, more empirical data related to tree risk assessment are needed. We measured drag and drag...