cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sprawl, Squatters, and Sustainable Cities: Can Archaeological Data Shed Light on Modern Urban Issues?

Ancient cities as documented by archaeologists and historians have considerable relevance for a broader understanding of modern cities and general processes of urbanization. This article reviews three themes that illustrate such relevance: sprawl, squatter settlements and urban sustainability. Archaeology's potential for illuminating these and other topics, however, remains largely unrealized because we have failed to develop the concepts and methods required to analyse such processes in the past. The following aspects are examined for each of the three themes: the modern situation, the potential insights that archaeology could contribute, and what archaeologists would need to do to produce those insights. The author then discusses some of the benefits that would accrue from increased communication between archaeologists and other scholars of urbanism.
Performance of spin-component-scaled Møller-Plesset theory (SCS-MP2) for potential energy curves of noncovalent interactions.

An examination of the performance of density-fitted, spin-component-scaled, second-order Moller–Plesset theory (SCS-MP2), SCS-MP2 with parameters optimized for nucleic acids (SCSN-MP2), and their local-correlation variants, SCS-LMP2 and SCSN-LMP2, is presented for the sandwich and T-shaped benzene dimers, the methane–benzene and H2S–benzene complexes, and the methane dimer over entire potential energy curves. These are compared to benchmark-quality estimates of the complete-basis-set limit for coupled-cluster theory through perturbative triple excitations, CCSD(T)/CBS. With the exception of the methane dimer, SCSN-LMP2/CBS tends to outperform SCS-LMP2/CBS with maximum relative errors of 6 and 18%, respectively, at the optimal CCSD(T)/CBS intermolecular distances. For the methane dimer, errors for SCS(N)-(L)MP2/CBS remain in the 0.2–0.3 kcal mol−1 range, corresponding to a larger relative error of 40–50%. Although the local MP2 methods perform very similarly to their conventional counterparts when aug-cc-pVTZ or larger basis sets are used, in the absence of counterpoise correction the local approximation becomes significantly worse for the aug-cc-pVDZ basis set. The changes due to local correlation approximations for the aug-cc-pVDZ basis are reduced when diffuse functions are neglected for hydrogen atoms.
Emerging landscape of oncogenic signatures across human cancers

Cancer therapy is challenged by the diversity of molecular implementations of oncogenic processes and by the resulting variation in therapeutic responses. Projects such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) provide molecular tumor maps in unprecedented detail. The interpretation of these maps remains a major challenge. Here we distilled thousands of genetic and epigenetic features altered in cancers to ~500 selected functional events (SFEs). Using this simplified description, we derived a hierarchical classification of 3,299 TCGA tumors from 12 cancer types. The top classes are dominated by either mutations (M class) or copy number changes (C class). This distinction is clearest at the extremes of genomic instability, indicating the presence of different oncogenic processes. The full hierarchy shows functional event patterns characteristic of multiple cross-tissue groups of tumors, termed oncogenic signature classes. Targetable functional events in a tumor class are suggestive of class-specific combination therapy. These results may assist in the definition of clinical trials to match actionable oncogenic signatures with personalized therapies.
Worldwide Spread of Tetramorium lucayanum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

ABSTRACT Tetramorium lucayanum Wheeler, described from the Bahamas, was long thought to be of West Indian origin. This species, however, is actually originally from Africa, and has been transported to the West Indies and elsewhere through human commerce. To examine the worldwide spread of T. lucayanum, I compiled and mapped specimen records from > 75 sites. I documented the earliest known T. lucayanum records for 22 geographic areas (countries and West Indies Islands), including 3 for which I found no previously published records: Gambia, Tortola, and Vieques. Tetramorium lucayanum has widely scattered records from 12 tropical African countries, primarily from forested sites. Exotic records of T. lucayanum come from 7 West Indies islands, Brazil, and greenhouses in Ireland and Italy. All outdoor records of T. lucayanum are from tropical sites, except for 2 subtropical records, both from urban Nassau, the capital of the Bahamas (25.1 °N): the original type locale and my new record from the local zoo, 2.5 k...
A dynamical neural network model for motor cortical activity during movement: population coding of movement trajectories

As a dynamical model for motor cortical activity during hand movement we consider an artificial neural network that consists of extensively interconnected neuron-like units and performs the neuronal population vector operations. Local geometrical parameters of a desired curve are introduced into the network as an external input. The output of the model is a time-dependent direction and length of the neuronal population vector which is calculated as a sum of the activity of directionally tuned neurons in the ensemble. The main feature of the model is that dynamical behavior of the neuronal population vector is the result of connections between directionally tuned neurons rather than being imposed externally. The dynamics is governed by a system of coupled nonlinear differential equations. Connections between neurons are assigned in the simplest and most common way so as to fulfill basic requirements stemming from experimental findings concerning the directional tuning of individual neurons and the stabilization of the neuronal population vector, as well as from previous theoretical studies. The dynamical behavior of the model reveals a close similarity with the experimentally observed dynamics of the neuronal population vector. Specifically, in the framework of the model it is possible to describe a geometrical curve in terms of the time series of the population vector. A correlation between the dynamical behavior of the direction and the length of the population vector entails a dependence of the "neural velocity" on the curvature of the tracing trajectory that corresponds well to the experimentally measured covariation between tangential velocity and curvature in drawing tasks.
Uterine progesterone receptor expression, conceptus development, and ovarian function in pigs treated with RU 486 during early pregnancy

Establishment of pregnancy in the pig depends on down-regulation of progesterone receptor (PGR) in the uterine luminal and glandular epithelium during the first week after breeding. The present study evaluated the regulation of endometrial PGR by progesterone and the possible role of endometrial tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 11 (TNFSF11) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NFKB) activation in PGR expression. Mature, cycling gilts were inseminated (Day 0) and assigned to either untreated control (n = 9) or one of two treatments that employed RU 486 to block progesterone action either before (treatment 1 [T1]) or after (treatment 2 [T2]) the initiation of PGR down-regulation. The T1 gilts were treated with RU 486 (400 mg/day) on Days 3-5 of pregnancy (n = 9), and T2 gilts were treated with RU 486 on Days 6 and 7 of pregnancy (n = 9). Uteri and ovaries were collected on Day 8 or 12 of gestation. The diameter of the conceptuses in T1 gilts was approximately half that in controls by Day 8, and normal conceptuses were not collected from any T1 gilts on Day 12. Endometrial PGR mRNA was more abundant in T1 and T2 gilts compared with control gilts. The PGR-B protein decreased from Day 8 to Day 12 in the luminal epithelium and, to some extent, in superficial glandular epithelium in control and T2 gilts. In T1 gilts, the PGR-B protein remained elevated (i.e., failed to undergo down-regulation) on Day 12. Blocking PGR action early in the cycle (i.e., on or before Day 5), therefore, prevented normal conceptus development, caused elevated PGR mRNA, and prevented the decrease in PGR protein that typically occurs in pigs. We could not confirm a role for NFKB activation in PGR down-regulation, because pigs with extreme differences in PGR and TNFSF11 expression (T1 and controls) had similar NFKB activation on Day 8. Activated NFKB within the luminal epithelium and glandular epithelium (both superficial and deep) was observed in T2 and control pigs on Day 12 when elongating conceptuses (presumably releasing interleukin 1 beta to activate NFKB) were recovered. Gilts treated with RU 486 had greater ovarian follicular growth and greater plasma estradiol concentrations. We conclude that the mechanisms controlling PGR down-regulation are progesterone-dependent and occur between Day 3 and Day 6 of pregnancy. NFKB activation did not appear to have a role in PGR down-regulation within the period that we studied. Blocking progesterone action after Day 6 did not reverse the process of PGR down-regulation, nor did it appear to affect the development of conceptuses collected on Day 12.
Comparison of the effects of sodium salicylate, disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and polyoxyethylene−23−lauryl ether as adjuvants for the rectal absorption of sodium cefoxitin

Sodium salicylate, disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and polyoxyethylene−23-lauryl ether (POE) significantly enhanced the absorption of cefoxitin from the rectum but with the following differences. (1) The effectiveness of salicylate or EDTA was enhanced by sodium chloride, whereas the activity of POE was not. (2) Although the ratios of plasma cefoxitin peak values to cefoxitin dose were constant with POE or EDTA, the peak to dose ratios with salicylate decreased with increasing cefoxitin concentration. (3) Phlorizin and 4, 4′-diisothiocyanostilbene−2, 2′-disulfonic acid (DIDS) inhibited the effectiveness of salicylate, but did not influence the adjuvant action of either POE or EDTA. (4) Although treatment with salicylate resulted in slightly less protein release than treatment with NaCl, both POE and EDTA increased the release of protein from the rectal mucosa. It appears that the effects of salicylate occur at the protein fraction of the rectal mucosa through a saturable process whereas the adjuvant action of POE and EDTA appears to involve some irreversible disruption of the membrane.
Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Regulation of HIV-1 Gene Expression

Control of HIV-1 gene expression depends on two viral regulatory proteins, Tat and Rev. Tat stimulates transcription elongation by directing the cellular transcriptional elongation factor P-TEFb to nascent RNA polymerases. Rev is required for the transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of the unspliced and incompletely spliced mRNAs that encode the structural proteins of the virus. Molecular studies of both proteins have revealed how they interact with the cellular machinery to control transcription from the viral LTR and regulate the levels of spliced and unspliced mRNAs. The regulatory feedback mechanisms driven by HIV-1 Tat and Rev ensure that HIV-1 transcription proceeds through distinct phases. In cells that are not fully activated, limiting levels of Tat and Rev act as potent blocks to premature virus production.
Legislative Support for Growth Management in the Rocky Mountains: An Exploration of Attitudes in Idaho

Abstract Rapid growth in the largely rural Western Mountain states has created many of the same concerns that have led to support for managed growth in other areas of the country. However, the literature exploring support for growth management has focused mostly on urban and suburban areas. This paper begins to build a more rural-based framework for understanding the support for growth management, by presenting the results of a survey of state legislators in one of the rapidly growing Mountain states—Idaho. Analysis of two sets of independent variables investigates whether legislative support for growth management is driven more by objective factors such as actual changing demographics, or by perceptual factors such as quality of life ratings. The results indicate that both objective characteristics—growth rate and region of residence—and perceptual factors—the level of concern about such problems as water pollution and the availability of affordable housing—are important predictors of legislative support...
Experimental evidence for neutral community dynamics governing an insect assemblage

The high levels of species diversity observed within many biological communities are captivating, yet the mechanisms that may maintain such diversity remain elusive. Many of the phenotypic differences observed among species cause interspecific trade- offs that ultimately act to maintain diversity through niche-based coexistence. In contrast, neutral community theory argues that phenotypic differences among species do not contribute to maintaining species diversity because species are ecologically equivalent. Here we provide experimental and observational field evidence that two phylogenetically very distant Enallagma species appear to be ecologically equivalent to one another. Experimental abundance manipulations showed that each species gains no demographic advantage at low relative abundance, whereas manipulations of total Enallagma abundance resulted in large increases in per capita mortality and large decreases in growth for both species. Moreover, demographic rates and relative abundances of multiple Enallagma species were uncorrelated with major environmental gradients in an observational study of 20 natural lakes. These are the expected patterns if species are ecologically equivalent. However, these results do not imply that all damselflies in these lakes are ecologically identical. Previous experimental results have demonstrated the operation of strong coexistence mechanisms maintaining Enallagma and its sister-genus Ischnura in these littoral food webs. Combined with a simple theoretical model we present, these results taken together show how both neutral and niche dynamics can jointly structure communities.
Policing the Contemporary City: Fixing Broken Windows or Shoring Up Neo-Liberalism?

Two principal models exist for reforming contemporary police departments: community policing and broken windows (or order maintenance) policing. Although the two types of reforms share some commona...
Whole genome expression profiling reveals a significant role for immune function in human abdominal aortic aneurysms

Abdominal aortic aneurysms are a common disorder with an incompletely understood etiology. We used Illumina and Affymetrix microarray platforms to generate global gene expression profiles for both aneurysmal (AAA) and non-aneurysmal abdominal aorta, and identified genes that were significantly differentially expressed between cases and controls. Affymetrix and Illumina arrays included 18,057 genes in common; 11,542 (64%) of these genes were considered to be expressed in either aneurysmal or normal abdominal aorta. There were 3,274 differentially expressed genes with a false discovery rate (FDR) ≤ 0.05. Many of these genes were not previously known to be involved in AAA, including SOST and RUNX3, which were confirmed using Q-RT-PCR (Pearson correlation coefficient for microarray and Q-RT-PCR data = 0.89; p-values for differences in expression between AAA and controls for SOST: 4.87 × 10-4 and for RUNX3: 4.33 × 10-5). Analysis of biological pathways, including Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), indicated extreme overrepresentation of immune related categories. The enriched categories included the GO category Immune Response (GO:0006955; FDR = 2.1 × 10-14), and the KEGG pathways natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity (hsa04650; FDR = 5.9 × 10-6) and leukocyte transendothelial migration (hsa04670; FDR = 1.1 × 10-5). Previous studies have provided evidence for the involvement of the immune system in AAA. The current expression analysis extends these findings by demonstrating broad coordinate gene expression in immunological pathways. A large number of genes involved in immune function were differentially expressed in AAA, and the pathway analysis gave these results a biological context. The data provide valuable insight for future studies to dissect the pathogenesis of human AAA. These pathways might also be used as targets for the development of therapeutic agents for AAA.
Now is the time.

This is a commentary on the major challenges facing taxonomy in the twentyfirst century, based on the author's experiences lobbying for the field over the years.
Life Design: A Paradigm for Career Intervention in the 21st Century

A new paradigm is implicit within the constructivist and narrative methods for career intervention that have emerged in the 21st century. This article makes that general pattern explicit by abstracting its key elements from the specific instances that substantiate the new conceptual model. The paradigm for life design interventions constructs career through small stories, reconstructs the stories into a life portrait, and coconstructs intentions that advance the career story into a new episode.
Stem Cell Approaches for the Treatment of Renal Failure

The inadequacy of current treatment modalities and insufficiency of donor organs for cadaveric transplantation have driven a search for improved methods of dealing with renal failure. The rising concept of cell-based therapeutics has provided a framework around which new approaches are being generated, and its combination with advances in stem cell research stands to bring both fields to clinical fruition. This budding partnership is presently in its very early stages, but an examination of the cell-based therapies currently under development clearly shows the magnitude of the role that stem cells will ultimately play. The issue over reports of unexpected plasticity in adult stem cell differentiation remains a focus of debate, and evidence for bone marrow-derived stem cell contributions to renal repair has been challenged. The search for adult renal stem cells, which could have a considerable impact on much of the work discussed here, appears to be narrowing. The use of embryonic tissue in research continues to provide valuable insights but will be the subject of intense societal scrutiny and debate before it reaches the stage of clinical application. Embryonic stem (ES) cells, with their ability to generate all, or nearly all, of the cell types in the adult body and a possible source of cells genetically identical to the donor, hold great promise but face ethical and political hurdles for human use. Immunoisolation of heterologous cells by encapsulation creates opportunities for their safe use as a component of implanted or ex vivo devices.
MnTMPyP, a superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetic, decreases inflammatory indices in ischemic acute kidney injury

This study investigates the effect of a superoxide dismutase mimetic, MnTMPyP, on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in acute renal ischemia–reperfusion (IR). Male Sprague–Dawley rats underwent bilateral clamping of the renal arteries for 45 min followed by 1, 4, or 24 h of reperfusion. A subset of animals was treated with MnTMPyP (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline. Porcine proximal tubular epithelial cells were ATP-depleted for 4 h followed by recovery for 2 h. Cytokines were analyzed by ELISA, and ED1+ macrophages and CD8+ T lymphocytes by immunohistochemistry. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA. MnTMPyP attenuated the IR-mediated increase in serum creatinine and circulating levels of interleukin (IL)-2 following 24 h of reperfusion. Furthermore, treatment attenuated increases in tissue levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-13. MnTMPyP partially prevented the IR-induced infiltration of ED1+ macrophages and CD8+ T lymphocytes in the kidney. ATP depletion–recovery of porcine proximal tubular epithelial cells resulted in decreased IL-6 and IL-10 levels, and MnTMPyP partially restored these cytokines. These results show that MnTMPyP is partially effective in reducing inflammation associated with renal IR and that reactive oxygen species play a role in modulating both pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways in acute kidney injury.
Lake sturgeon population characteristics in Rainy Lake, Minnesota and Ontario

Summary Rainy Lake contains a native population of lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens that has been largely unstudied. The aims of this study were to document the population characteristics of lake sturgeon in Rainy Lake and to relate environmental factors to year-class strength for this population. Gill-netting efforts throughout the study resulted in the capture of 322 lake sturgeon, including 50 recaptures. Lake sturgeon in Rainy Lake was relatively plump and fast growing compared with a 32-population summary. Population samples were dominated by lake sturgeon between 110 and 150 cm total length. Age– structure analysis of the samples indicated few younger (<10 years) lake sturgeon, but the smallest gill net mesh size used for sampling was 102 mm (bar measure) and would not retain small sturgeon. Few lake sturgeon older than age 50 years were captured, and maximum age of sampled fish was 59 years. Few correlations existed between lake sturgeon yearclass indices and both annual and monthly climate variables, except that mean June air temperature was positively correlated with year-class strength. Analysis of Rainy Lake water elevation and resulting lake sturgeon year-class strength indices across years yielded consistent but weak negative correlations between late April and early June, when spawning of lake sturgeon occurs. The baseline data collected in this study should allow Rainy Lake biologists to establish more specific research questions in the future.
THE RELATIONSHIPS OF HEART RATE TO CIRCULATION DURING HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.

Summary The effects of the heart rate on cardiac output and systemic arterial pressure were studied, in dogs, during acute hemorrhagic shock and following blood replacement. Maximal cardiac output and pressure after acute blood loss were always found to occur at a slower ventricular rate than the spontaneous atrial rate. When the heart rate during shock and recovery was maintained constant at 130 to 140, by electrical pacing, the rises in cardiac output and arterial pressure that followed blood replacement were significantly greater than when a rapid ventricular rate, comparable to the atrial rate, was permitted.
Sensory processing in schizophrenia: missing and avoiding information

The possible coexistence of supersensitivity and overinhibition (Schizophrenia: Origins, Processes, Treatment and Outcome (1993) 335-350) in schizophrenia was studied using the Adult Sensory Profile as a measure of Dunn's (Infants Young Children 9 (1997) 23-25) model of sensory processing. The quadrant model describes sensory sensitivity, sensation avoiding, low registration and sensation seeking as behavioral responses to sensation. Individuals with schizophrenia (N = 27), bipolar disorder (N = 30) and mentally healthy controls (N = 29) were compared using the Adult Sensory Profile. When compared to the mentally healthy group, the results indicated that both the schizophrenia group and the bipolar disorder group had higher scores on sensation avoiding. The schizophrenia group also had higher scores on low registration and lower scores on sensation seeking than the mentally health group. There were no differences between the schizophrenia and bipolar disorder group. According to the findings of this study, individuals with schizophrenia tend to miss available sensory stimuli. When stimuli are indeed detected, they are often avoided.
The changing market for PhD graduates

In this panel session Dr. James F. Gibbons, Dean of Engineering at Stanford University, Dr. John Carruthers, Intel Corporation, and Dr. Al Moye, Hewlett-Packard Corporation, give their views on the changing market for PhD graduates. As session chairman and organizer, the author reviews some of the past history and current forces that are impacting the market for PhD graduates.
Epicardial motion and deformation estimation from coronary artery bifurcation points

A special problem in nonrigid motion analysis, the problem of estimating the motion and deformation of the human heart, is addressed. The research has been conducted on the left ventricle 3-D data of the bifurcation points, obtained within the period of one cardiac cycle. The process of the motion analysis is divided into three phases: global motion estimation, global motion compensation, and local deformation estimation. The global motion of the left ventricle is determined using the estimated principal axes over successive time instants. Upon compensation for the global motion, the local deformation is analyzed utilizing the correspondence of individual bifurcation points over the period of the cardiac cycle via tensor analysis. Finally, in order to better understand the complex nature of the left ventricle movement, several scientific visualization techniques are exploited to view the dynamic deformation of the left ventricle surface. >
Evaluation of a modified progestin-Select Synch estrous-synchronization protocol in beef cows and heifers

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a modified long-term progestin-Select Synch estrous-synchronization protocol in beef cows and heifers. Experiment 1 evaluated the effect of reducing the interval from progesterone insert (CIDR) removal to gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) administration in 72 postpartum cows. Treatment (TRT) 1 cows received a CIDR from d 0 to 14, GnRH on d 26, and prostaglandin F2α (PG) on d 33. Cows in TRT 2 received a CIDR from d 10 to 24, GnRH on d 26, and PG on d 33. Cows assigned to TRT 2 exhibited a shorter (P 0.10) among treatments. In Exp. 2, beef heifers (n = 64) and cows (n = 74) received progestin from d 0 to 14, GnRH on d 16, and PG on d 23. Cows and heifers in their respective groups were evenly divided to receive either CIDR or melengestrol acetate as the progestin source. Cows receiving CIDR exhibited increased estrous response and AI pregnancy rate (P 0.10) among progestin treatments. Final pregnancy rate was similar (P = 0.12) for cows receiving CIDR compared with those receiving melengestrol acetate. Regardless of progestin source, heifers exhibited similar (P > 0.10) estrous response, mean interval to estrus following PG, AI conception rate, and final pregnancy rate.
Plant–soil relationships of the invasive annual grass Taeniatherum caput-medusae: a reciprocal transplant experiment

The annual grass Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski (medusahead) is highly invasive on rangelands of the western United States. It originates from the Mediterranean basin and was introduced accidentally into North America in the late 1800s. To increase our knowledge of the soil factors that may contribute to its invasiveness, we conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment. Seed sources used were from an invasive population in northeastern California, USA and from a native population in southern France. Four soils were used: two from northeastern California, invaded (USI) and non-invaded (USN) by T. caput-medusae; two from southern France, with T. caput-medusae occupied (FR+) and a similar soil presently unoccupied (FR-) by T. caput-medusae. Treatments were control and autoclaved. Seeds were sown in containers (six replicates) for each soil and treatment combination of the reciprocal planting matrix and allowed to grow for 60 days. Following harvest, above-ground and below-ground tissue was dried and weight recorded separately. Above-ground tissue was analyzed for nutrient concentrations and various soil nutrient pools were quantified. Above-ground mass of T. caput-medusae was greatest in the USN soil and least in the FR- soil. Growth was affected by significant seed source x soil and treatment x soil interactions. French seed produced larger plants than did US seed when grown in the USN soil. For the USI soil, plant growth was significantly greater in the autoclaved soil than control. Availability of soil Fe, Mn, and ortho-P were significant predictors of plant growth as shown by stepwise regression. Moreover, the positive effect on growth of T. caput-medusae, due to autoclaving of USI soil, may be partially a consequence of elevated nutrient availability. Our data also suggests that US seed may have evolved a greater ability to uptake Mn from soil than French seed. Elevated soil nutrient availability in our western United States study area is a potential factor explaining the invasiveness of T. caput-medusae.
Autonomic dysfunction in primary sleep disorders

The autonomic nervous system plays an important role in the coordination of many important physiologic functions during sleep. Many patients with untreated sleep disorders will describe symptoms of autonomic impairment, and a majority of patients with autonomic impairment have some form of sleep disorder. This article will explore possible explanations for this connection, as well as review the current literature on autonomic impairment in common primary sleep disorders including obstructive sleep apnea, insomnia, restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movement disorder, narcolepsy, and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder.
Management Practices of Growers Using High Tunnels in the Central Great Plains of the United States

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. survey, hoophouse, vegetable, flower, organic, protected agriculture SUMMARY. A survey was conducted of 81 growers managing 185 high tunnels in Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, and Iowa to collect information about their high tunnel management practices. The survey was administered from 2005 to 2007 using internet-based and written forms. The average respondent had 4 years of high tunnel experience. The oldest tunnel still in use was 15 years old. Twenty-five percent of respondents grew crops in their high tunnels year-round. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), pepper (Capsicum spp.), leafy greens, and flowers were the most common crops. Organic soil amendments were used exclusively by 35% of growers, and in combination with conventional fertilizers by an additional 50% of growers. The summary of management practices is of interest to growers and the industries and university research and extension scientists who serve them. Growers typically reported satisfaction with their high tunnels. Growers with more than one high tunnel had often added tunnels following the success of crop production in an initial tunnel. Labor for crop maintenance was the main limiting factor reported by growers as preventing expanded high tunnel production.
Sheet forming in polymer matrix composites

Abstract: Key objectives in sheet forming are reduced cost per component, increased production and continuous stepwise processing. Thermoplastic sheet forming turns a flat composite laminate into a structural shape when dies or diaphragms press the laminate while the thermoplastic is liquid. The matrix flows and the fibres move as the laminate adopts its new shape. Designers must accept larger variances in fibre placement than present in other processes. Stretch-broken carbon fibres have renewed interest in sheet forming. Advanced thermoplastics made via in situ ring-opening polymerization might reduce processing time because low-viscosity precursors form high molecular weight chains during thermal processing.
Visiting on the Air: Radio Homemakers and the Professionalization of Domesticity

An unusual kind of community existed between early twentieth-century women radio broadcasters in the American Mid-west – known as radio homemakers – and their listeners, one that depended on mutual trust. Radio homemakers established this trust via the concept of “visiting,” where the broadcasters used the familiar notion of informal social interaction to establish an ostensibly intimate relationship with their audience. Through playing with their listeners' understanding of visiting, radio homemakers made public the professionalization of domestic work that emerged from the Progressive Era's home economics movement. Because their shows primarily addressed domesticity, radio homemakers linked the conventions of domestic work to modernity through the technology of radio, drawing attention to women's frequently invisible household work.
Simulation of Femto-Satellite Heat Transfer

The time dependent temperature of a femto-satellite configuration based on assembled silicon wafers in low earth orbit is calculated using the radiation heat transfer equations. The results show that due to the low thermal mass of the system, the satellite will experience changes in temperature greater than 100 K from direct sunlight to being in eclipse. Calculation of the available solar power without attitude control shows the system will have about 100 mW available power. This power usage will slightly decrease the temperature swings in the system. I. Introduction Continued progress in micro- and nano-technology has renewed interest in satellite configurations built around micro- and nano-systems. 1 Recent progress in guidance systems 2 and propulsion systems, 3-5 as well as sustained experience in using micro-systems in the space environment 6-8 has demonstrated that these technologies are approaching the maturity required for integration into space systems. Proposed configurations for femto-satellites (satellites with a mass of less than 0.1 kg) use the approach of integrating micro-systems at the wafer level, and then integrating multiple wafers into a single spacecraft. A potential challenge in using these systems is thermal management. The small mass of the satellite will lead to large thermal transients as the satellite moves in and out of direct sunlight. On-board power usage will also be higher on a specific mass basis, indicating that power usage may play a role in stabilizing the temperature swings. The current work simulates the unsteady heat transfer to obtain an estimate for the temperature range in these systems.
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy of the Knee Joint Following Menisectomy

A 20-year old woman visited our hospital in October 1987. She complained of intermittent pain, flexion contracture, and locking of the rigth knee. Physical examination rivealed tenderness, a pathological plica, and a positive McMurray's test, but radiograph demonstrated no abnormalities. The lateral meniscectomy and resection of the plica were performed at arthrotomy in December 1987.Postoperatively the knee pain and contracture persisted despite early ambulation, physical therapy, and non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Radiograph 3 months after surgery demonstrated patchy osteoporosis of the distal femur, patella, and proxymal tibia. Physical examination revealed diffuse tenderness, swollen, warm, contracture, and skin atrophy of the affected knee. Results of laboratory investigation were normal or negative. The patient was diagnosed reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the knee following meniscectomy and resection of the plica, treated by kindly physical examination and steroidal drugs. The sympyoms were relieved gradually after the treatment. To date 22 weeks following surgery, the patient returned to a Bialy life without disability. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy must be an unusual complication following meniscectomy.
Quilts: Moral Economies and Matrilineages

Across time and culture, women connect generations through traditions. Women often bequeath family mementos to succeeding women. Quilts made by women commemorate, illustrate, or express important e...
Continuums of precarity: refugee youth transitions in American high schools

This article examines how the pre-migratory experiences of 90 Bhutanese, Burmese, and Iraqi refugee youth shape their aspirations, needs and capabilities as they transition to postsecondary educati...
Application of Three-tire Structure in Medical Insurance Accounts Subsidiary Module

According to the problem of extensibility and maintainability in Medical Insurance System, we put forward the solving plan of Three-tire Structure. By layering logically we reduce the coupling of the program. By usage of Component Technology we can make program components modified under binary conditions. By load balancing technology we can improve the performance of the system effectively. The result of application in Balance Sub module of Medical Insurance System has proved that application of Three - Tire Structure, incorporated with Component Technology, can solve the problem of extensibility and maintainability in Medical Insurance System effectively.
Cell-type specific connectivity accounts for diverse in vivo functional roles of inhibitory neurons in V1

Inhibitory neurons have a large diversity [1], however functional roles of diverse subtypes have not been elucidated. We aim to help systematically addressing this question using large scale modeling and coarse graining between scales. Mesoscopic models of in vivo activity starting from structure have only recently become feasible making use of development of cortical column models [2], knowledge of connectivity [3,4], scalable simulation tools [NEST] and robust population statistic techniques [5]. Vasoactive intestinal peptide-positive (VIP+) interneurons are one of the major inhibitory cell types in the cortex [1], and their excitability has been found to be associated with various endogenous factors such as brain states and top-down signals. Zhang et al. [6] recently found that top-down signals originated in the cingulate (Cg) strongly innervate VIP + interneurons of V1, indicating the critical role of VIP+ cells in attentional gain modulation. We studied their effect on top-down signals using both analytical and computational models. Using a coarse-grained firing rate model for the cell types in the superficial layers we found that the reported cell-type specific connectivity allows top-down inputs to VIP+ interneurons to effectively disinhibit pyramidal cell activity. Due to the limitations of the firing rate model, we utilized large scale computational models to investigate mechanisms underlying attentional gain modulation in an entire network. Specifically, we adopted the multiple column model proposed by Wagatsuma et al. [4] and modified them by incorporating three inhibitory cell types into the superficial layers of the model. In our model we considered parvalbumin-positive (PV+), SST+ and VIP+ inhibitory cells. We also constructed the data-driven cell-type specific intercolumnar connections between columns. Our model was capable of reproducing multiplicative gain modulation (see Figure ​Figure1),1), and our simulation results suggest that non-specific activation of VIP cells is sufficient for generating multiplicative gain modulation. Figure 1 Simulated tuning curve for pyramidal neurons as a function of top-down inputs to VIP cells. These inputs allow a multiplicative gain modulation of the bottom-up input. We also note that PV+ cell-mediating inhibition across columns is critical for regulating the responses over small spatial scales: e.g. induced by non-preferred stimulus (orientation). SST+ cell mediate inhibition across columns and allow contextual visual processing in V1.
Comparative scrapie activity of brain material and cerebrospinal fluid from scrapie-affected rats.

SUMMARY Clinical scrapie was produced with a 10 − 6 dilution of scrapie brain material but no scrapie was produced with a 10 − 2 dilution of scrapie cerebrospinal fluid used as inoculum. This result and that of an associated electron microscopical observation are discussed.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Infants and Children

Abstract It is generally quoted that “kids are not little adults.” This is very true for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in infants and children because it is significantly different compared to that in adults. Because drug disposition is governed by multiple processes involved in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, all these processes are different in infants and children compared to adults. This makes TDM different and challenging in this population. For example, infants have a lower plasma protein concentration and reduced protein binding, making the free fraction of highly protein-bound drugs higher compared to that in adults. Generally, infants and young children have high metabolic capacity that makes, on a weight basis, higher drug doses in this population than adults. In addition, TDM in infants and children may be analytically challenging due to frequently encountered difficult blood draws, limited sample volume, and a higher rate of hemolysis and sample clotting.
Risk Factors Associated with Hospital-Acquired Venous Thromboembolism in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Introduction: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) patients is associated with central venous catheter (CVC) use. However, risk factors for VTE development in PICU patients with CVCs are not well established. The impact of Hospital-Acquired VTE in the PICU on clinical outcomes needs to be studied in large multicenter databases to identify subjects that may benefit from screening and/or prophylaxis. Method: With IRB approval, the Virtual Pediatric Systems, LLC database was interrogated for children Results: Among 143,524 subjects, the median age was 2.8 (0.47-10.31) years and 55% were male. Almost half (44%) of the subjects were post-operative. The median PIM2 score was -4.11. VTE-prior was observed in 2498 patients (1.78%) and VTE-PICU in 1741 (1.2%). The incidence of VTE-PICU were 852 (1.7%) in patients ≤ 1 year old, 560 (0.9%) in patients 1-12 years old, and 303 (1.1%) in patients ≥ 13 years old (p 21 days) and several primary diagnosis categories: cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, infectious, neurologic, oncologic, genetic, and orthopedic. Multivariate analysis showed increased risk of VTE with cardiovascular diagnosis, infectious disease diagnosis, and LOS > 3 d (Table 1). The odds increased with increasing LOS: 7 d 21 d (20.73 [17.29-24.87]). Mortality rates were 7.1% (VTE-none), 7.2% (VTE-prior), and 10.1% (VTE-PICU) (p Conclusion: This large, multicenter database study identified several variables that are independently associated with diagnosis of VTE during PICU care of critically ill children with a CVC. Children with primary cardiovascular or infectious diseases, and those with PICU LOS >3 days may represent specific populations that may benefit from VTE screening and/or prophylaxis. Hospital-Acquired VTE in PICU was independently associated with death in our database. Additional analysis of this database, including adding specific diagnoses and secondary diagnoses, may further refine risk factors for Hospital-Acquired VTE among PICU patients with a CVC. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The Harm in Kratom

A case of severe hepatic toxicity associated with the use of kratom, a plant derivative increasingly used as a psychostimulant, is discussed.
Day ahead optimization of an electric vehicle fleet providing ancillary services in the Los Angeles Air Force Base vehicle-to-grid demonstration

Abstract The Los Angeles Air Force Base Electric Vehicle Demonstration is a currently ongoing vehicle-to-grid demonstration project with the objective of minimizing the cost of operation of a fleet of approximately 30 electric vehicles (EVs) through participation in the California Independent System Operator (CAISO) frequency regulation market. To accomplish this, a hierarchical control system has been developed to optimize, plan, and control the charging, market bidding, and response to grid system operator control of the EVs. This paper presents an overview of the day-ahead optimization model component of the hierarchy. The model is a mixed integer linear program that optimizes daily EV charging and regulation capacity bids strategies in order to minimize operation costs and maximize ancillary service revenue. A deterministic approach is used due to several practical concerns of the demonstration project, including model complexity and the availability and uncertainty of input data in day-ahead decision making, and the limited size of the fleet. The model includes additional user-defined parameters to tune model behavior to better match real-world conditions and minimize the risks of uncertainty. The paper conducts scenario analysis to explore the impact of these parameters on high level model behavior and resulting bid strategy. The parameters explored include hourly regulation prices, local load conditions leading to retail demand charges, forced symmetry constraints for regulation bids, SOC penalty values to reserve higher states-of-charge in vehicles, and expected regulation resource utilization while providing reserves. These analyses show significant sensitivity in the frequency regulation bidding strategy to the regulation utilization, as well as large differences in the regulation prices between regulation up (discharging capacity) and regulation down (charging capacity). Results also suggest enforcing symmetry in regulation appears to have significant impacts in regulation revenue when there is large relative disparities between prices in the up and down direction. Finally, imposing a small cost on low SOC values significantly impacts the fleet-wide average SOC, making the system more resilient to uncertainty in the mobility demands gathered at the time of making day ahead decisions.
Printed, metallic thermoelectric generators integrated with pipe insulation for powering wireless sensors

Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT), coupled with advanced analytics, is poised to revolutionize manufacturing maintenance and efficiency. However, a practical route to powering these many IoT devices remains unclear. In this work, flexible thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are fabricated from low cost, screen printed silver and nickel inks before being integrated into a novel form factor device based on commercial steam pipe insulation. Through optimization of internal resistances and total device design, this 420-junction TEG device produces 308 µW of power at a temperature difference of 127 K. This is sufficient to power a temperature sensing circuit with wireless communication capabilities. In this report we demonstrate that, after an initial 4 h of charging, this TEG can power a standard RFduino microcontroller for 10 min while sending temperature readings every 30 s via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) to a cell phone. Additional optimization and scaling could further increase system efficiency and provide a viable route to powering an industrial wireless sensing network (WSN).
The influence of genetic diversity on neonatal respiratory syncytial virus disease

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the number one cause of lower respiratory infections in children. Although most children are infected with RSV in their first year of life, 40% have severe disease suggesting a genetic component in addition to age. This collaborative project aims to identify genetic determinants associated with RSV infectivity during the neonatal period. Recombinant inbred strains of mice such as the BXD family have been extensively typed for both genetic polymorphisms (5 million variants) and a wide range of phenotypes, including influenza and other pathogens. Here, we infected different BXD strains with RSV at five days of age and evaluated pulmonary viral load. We show a difference in viral burden in the lungs of neonatal mice between different BXD strains, suggesting a role for genetic variation in RSV infectivity. Therefore, we have a novel system to identify genetic loci involved in the development of RSV disease. These results will be critical in the development of specific antivirals and vaccines against RSV.