cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond Surrealism: Georges Limbour

It is curious that the formal Surrealist movement produced almost no fiction of any importance. Partly this was because of the quite personal animadversion of Breton for the novel as a form, for "all that partakes of anecdote." Like Val?ry he refused to write that the Marquise went out at five o'clock. The trouble with novelists, he offered in the first Manifesto, was "the circumstantial and uselessly particular character of their profusion of references, which leads me to think they are amusing themselves at my expense." The documentary, that is the mime tic, was rejected in favor of the oneiric. Yet for whatever reason his own Nadja, like Aragon's Le Paysan de Paris, was unable to break through reportage and memoir to the creation of a genuinely imaginative narrative, one that would relate not only "what happened," either outside or inside the author's head, but what might be, and what existed only after its construction by the creative imagination. This achievement was left to a later wave of writers only peripherally connected to the Surrealist movement or not connected to it at all: Borges, Calvino, Cort?zar, Limbour, and Julien Gracq. The peculiarity of this tendency (it is not a school, and its members are hardly in communication with one another at all) is that the realistic revolution in technique is not repudiated, but neither does the writer limit himself to description of the real world. Instead the documentary method is used as a base for extrapolation into the fantastic and artificial, for the creation of synthetic worlds which may then be inhabited, like the worlds of Magritte and Paul Delvaux. This might in the true sense of the word be termed a "fiction," and in fact Borges calls his tales Ficciones. Limbour was born in Courbevoie in 1900 and was thus only a little younger than the main body of Surrealists. His early association with the movement was due more to a misunderstanding than anything else. He is mentioned three times in the first Manifesto (1924), and his poems of this period somewhat resemble those of Apollinaire. The difference of opinion was over whether one ought to write for a readership, however small, and in general over the question of com municability and coherence. A split also developed between the political activists and the advocates of art-for-art. By 1929 the movement had become increasingly politicized, and increasingly under the domination of Breton's ego. Limbour stood accused of "complacence toward literature," and Breton definitely threw him overboard in the second Manifesto, along with Artaud, Soupault, Vitrac, and the painter Andr? Masson. Limbour later wrote two books on Masson, one in collaboration with Michel Leiris. The interest in Masson's "anecdotal" but frac
Computer-Assisted diagnosis for quantitative image-based analysis of crohn's disease in CT enterography

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory disease that can cause a wide variety of symptoms and is increasing in prevalence. We developed a computer-assisted diagnosis (CADx) scheme for quantitative image-based analysis of Crohn's disease in CT enterography (CTE). The CADx scheme extracts regions of interest automatically from CTE data, analyzes the small bowel automatically by use of mural features, and uses a support vector machine to predict the presence of active Crohn's disease. For pilot evaluation, two radiologists diagnosed the CTE data of 54 patients with known or suspected Crohn's disease. An unblinded gastroenterologist established the truth about the patients. The CADx scheme was then trained with the CTE data of 46 patients where the radiologists agreed on their diagnosis, and it was tested with the 8 difficult cases where the radiologists disagreed on their diagnosis. A bootstrapping analysis of the per-patient performance of the CADx scheme in predicting the presence of active Crohn's disease yielded an area under receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.92±0.05. The result indicates that the CADx scheme could provide a useful decision-making tool for CTE.
Hydrogen shutting pathways in thermal hydroliquefaction: Solvent-induced scission of coal model compound structures

It has been demonstrated that donor solvents play a key role in the scission of thermal stable bonds in coal model compounds and therefore it has been speculated that they will improve liquefaction efficiencies. The authors have been studying the transfer of hydrogen from dihydroarene donor solvents to arene model compounds to quantify the barriers of competing hydrogen transfer mechanisms. Hydrogen can be transferred between arene rings by a variety of pathways. The specific hydrogen transfer pathway or pathways can be predicted given an understanding of the thermochemistry of the reactants intermediates and products. The individual pathways that contribute to strong bond scission have been shown to be dependent on the dihydroarene donor and the arene acceptor. In this paper they quantify the hydrogen pathways between the solvent components anthracene and phenanthrene. In addition, they describe reaction conditions requiring consideration of an additional hydrogen transfer pathway: a multi-step nonipso hydrogen transfer to coal model compounds to evaluate the hydrogen transfer steps to cleave strong diarylmethane bonds in coal structures.
Scientific method in practice

As the gateway to scientific thinking, an understanding of the scientific method is essential for success and productivity in science. This book is the first synthesis of the practice and the philosophy of the scientific method. It will enable scientists to be better scientists by offering them a deeper understanding of the underpinnings of the scientific method, thereby leading to more productive research and experimentation. It will also give scientists a more accurate perspective on the rationality of the scientific approach and its role in society. Beginning with a discussion of today's 'science wars' and science's presuppositions, the book then explores deductive and inductive logic, probability, statistics, and parsimony, and concludes with an examination of science's powers and limits, and a look at science education. Topics relevant to a variety of disciplines are treated, and clarifying figures, case studies, and chapter summaries enhance the pedagogy. This adeptly executed, comprehensive, yet pragmatic work yields a new synergy suitable for scientists and instructors, and graduate students and advanced undergraduates.
Simulation Experiments with Late Quaternary Carbon Storage in Mid‐Latitude Forest Communities

The assumption was tested that forest biomass in communities on the modern landscape is equivalent to that in similar communities on the late-Quaternary landscape. Forest carbon storage dynamics during the past 16,000 years were derived from a mathematical model of forest processes and individual tree species behavior. Modern pollen and climate data sets provided pollen-climate transfer functions to generate model driving variables from fossil pollen records. Climate variables were estimated from fossil pollen stratigraphies in Tennessee, Ohio, and Michigan. Only simulated early postglacial warming produced the large carbon gains one would expect in mixed deciduous-coniferous forests from unglaciated regions. The simulated mid-Holocene warming generated little carbon storage response by temperate deciduous forests and large carbon gains in northern hardwood-conifer forests, unlike the linear relationship expected when equivalence is assumed between modern and prehistoric forests. Late-glacial, mid-latitude forests may have contained more biomass than would be expected from equivalent forests on the modern landscape. Simulations of alternate hypotheses to explain the enhanced late-glacial cannot distinguish effects of reduced seasonal temperature extremes from effects of changing species' temperature tolerances. 84 references, 5 figures, 2 tables.
Cookies along trust-boundaries (CAT): accurate and deployable flood protection

Packet floods targeting a victim's incoming bandwidth are notoriously difficult to defend against. While a number of solutions have been proposed, such as network capabilities, third-party traffic scrubbing, and overlay-based protection, most suffer from drawbacks that limit their applicability in practice. We propose CAT, a new network-based flood protection scheme. In CAT, all flows must perform a three-way handshake with an in-network element to obtain permission to send data. The three-way handshake dissuades source spoofing and establishes a unique handle for the flow, which can then be used for revocation by the receiver. CAT offers the protection qualities of network capabilities, and yet does not require major architectural changes.
cross-network open provisioning intelligent network (COPIN) for bandwidth transaction services in the next generation Internet

Bandwidth transaction service is emerging as a network resource management service among IP network service providers and operators. This paper presents the design of an IP-based transaction-oriented services architecture, called COPIN (cross-network open provisioning intelligent network), which supports protocols that allow open interfaces and dynamic provisioning across IP QoS interconnections.
Antarctic ice growth before and after the Eocene‐Oligocene transition: New estimates from clumped isotope paleothermometry

Across the Eocene-Oligocene transition, the oxygen isotopic composition (δ18O) of benthic and planktonic foraminifera increased by over 1‰. This shift is thought to represent a combination of global cooling and the growth of a large ice sheet on the Antarctic continent. To determine the contribution of each of these factors to the total change in δ18O, we measured the clumped isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifera tests from Ocean Drilling Program Site 689 in the Southern Ocean. Near-surface temperatures were ~12°C in the intervals 0–1.5 Myr before and 1–2 Myr after the major (Oi-1) transition, in agreement with estimates made using other proxies at nearby sites. Temperatures cooled by 0.4 ± 1.1°C between these intervals, indicating that the long-term change in δ18O seen in planktonic foraminifera at this site is predominantly due to changes in ice volume. A larger instantaneous cooling may have occurred during Oi-1 but is not captured in this study due to sampling resolution. The corresponding change in the isotopic composition of seawater (δ18Osw) is 0.75 ± 0.23‰, which is within the range of previous estimates, and represents global ice growth equivalent to roughly ~110–120% of the volume of the modern Antarctic ice sheet or ~80–90 m of eustatic sea level change.
CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE PANCREAS IN HEALTHY DOGS AND IN DOGS WITH ACUTE PANCREATITIS

Pancreatitis is the most frequent disease affecting the exocrine pancreas in dogs and reliable diagnostic techniques for predicting fatal complications are lacking. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) improves detection of tissue perfusion as well as organ lesion vascular pattern. Objectives of this prospective case control study were to compare perfusion characteristics and enhancement patterns of the pancreas in healthy dogs and dogs with pancreatitis using CEUS. Ten healthy dogs and eight dogs with pancreatitis were selected based on physical examination, abdominal ultrasound, and blood analysis findings. A CEUS study of the pancreas was performed for each dog and two observers who were aware of clinical status used advanced ultrasound quantification software to analyze time-intensity curves. Perfusion patterns were compared between healthy and affected dogs. In dogs with acute pancreatitis, mean pixel and peak intensity of the pancreatic parenchyma was significantly higher than that of normal dogs (P = 0.05) in between 6 and 60 s (P = <0.0001-0.046). This corresponds to a 311% increase in mean pixel intensity in dogs with acute pancreatitis compared to healthy dogs. Wash-in rates were greater and had a consistently steeper slope to peak in dogs with pancreatitis as opposed to healthy dogs. All dogs with pancreatitis showed a decrease in pixel intensity 10-15 days after the initial examination (P = 0.011) and their times to peak values were prolonged compared to the initial exam. Findings from the current study supported the use of CEUS for diagnosing pancreatitis, pancreatic necrosis, and disease monitoring following therapy in dogs.
Effects of niacin, statin, and fenofibrate on circulating proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 Levels in patients with dyslipidemia

Recent trials demonstrated substantial improvement in lipid parameters with inhibition of proprotein convertase subtilisin-like/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). Although statins and fibrates have been reported to increase plasma PCSK9 levels, the effect of niacin on PCSK9 is unknown. We investigated the impact of niacin, atorvastatin, and fenofibrate on PCSK9 levels in 3 distinct studies. A statin-only study randomized 74 hypercholesterolemic patients to placebo, atorvastatin 10 mg/day, or atorvastatin 80 mg/day for 16 weeks. A dose-related increase in PCSK9 was noted such that atorvastatin 80 mg increased PCSK9 by a mean +27% (95% confidence interval [CI] +12 to +42), confirming the effect of statin therapy on raising PCSK9. A second study randomized 70 patients with carotid atherosclerosis to simvastatin 20 mg/day, simvastatin 80 mg/day, or simvastatin 20 mg/extended-release (ER) niacin 2 g/day. PCSK9 levels were increased with statin therapy, but decreased with the simvastatin 20 mg/ER niacin combination (mean −13%, CI −3 to −23). A final study involved 19 dyslipidemic participants on atorvastatin 10 mg with serial addition of fenofibric acid 135 mg followed by ER niacin 2 g/day. Fenofibric acid led to a +23% (CI +10 to +36, p = 0.001) increase in PCSK9; the addition of niacin resulted in a subsequent −17% decrease (CI −19 to −5, p = 0.004). A positive association was noted between change in PCSK9 and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (r = 0.62, p = 0.006) with the addition of niacin. In conclusion, niacin therapy offsets the increase in PCSK9 levels noted with statin and fibrate therapy. A portion of the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction seen with niacin therapy may be due to reduction in PCSK9.
Ribonuclease and high salt sensitivity of the ribonucleoprotein complex formed by the human LINE-1 retrotransposon

P40 is encoded by the first open reading frame of the human LINE-1 retrotransposon and is found in a large cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, the p40 RNP-complex, in association with LINE-1 RNA(s) in human teratocarcinoma cell lines. We report here investigations on the stability of the p40 RNP-complex against various nucleases and high salt (0.5 M NaCl) treatment. The results indicate that (1) the p40 RNP-complex is dissociated after ribonuclease or high salt treatment, (2) DNase I does not disrupt the complex, (3) after dissociation of the complex, p40 maintain protein-protein interactions but in smaller complexes, and (4) p40 is not associated with the LINE-1 RNA(s) after high salt treatment. These observations suggest that the RNA molecule(s) is(are) essential for the stability of the large p40 complex and that the complex has a structure which allows various nucleases to reach the RNA. These features are distinct from those of typical virus and virus-like particles of retroviruses and other retrotransposons, respectively. Together with the fact that no significant sequence homology exists between p40 and the gag and gag-like proteins, it is likely that the p40 RNP-complex is structurally different from the typical virus and virus-like particles.
SU‐GG‐J‐67: Detection of Gold Fluorescence X‐Rays for the In‐Vivo Quantification of Gold Concentration During Gold Nanoparticle‐Aided Radiation Therapy (GNRT)

Purpose: To determine the concentration of gold(Au)nanoparticles presented within the tumor during in vivo demonstration of tumordose enhancement by detectinggoldfluorescence x‐rays. Method and Materials:Goldnanoparticle solution of 1% by weight in saline was prepared using commercially available goldnanoparticles with 1.9 nm core diameter. A cylindrical sample container (2.5 cm in diameter and 5.0 cm in height) was irradiated with 110 kVp and 200 mA x‐rays from conventional radiotherapy simulator for 40 seconds with 1 cm × 1 cm x‐ray beam at 85 cm source‐to‐surface distance (SSD) and spectrum was obtained using either Si‐PIN or CdTe photodiodedetector using a container‐to‐detector geometry to minimize unwanted photons entering the detector.Results: The spectrum collected using the Si detector successfully captured the AuLα and Lβfluorescence lines at 9.7 and 11.4 keV, respectively, well above the background. AuK lines could not be measured with Si‐PIN photodiode due to Si‐PIN detection inefficiency above 60 keV. To capture the AuK lines, CdTe photodiodedetector was employed which has high detection efficiency for energy range of AuK lines. The spectrum collected using CdTe detector clearly showed the AuKα2, Kα1, and Kβ lines corresponding to energies of 67.0, 68.8, and 77.9 keV, respectively. Conclusion: The magnitude of obtained Kαfluorescence signal (i.e. greater than 50% above all background scattering) is very encouraging considering the tested gold concentration. With more sophisticated geometry to minimize scattered photons reaching the detector,Aufluorescence output from K lines can be used to measure even lower concentrations of goldnanoparticles.Fluorescence output as a function of Au concentration can be developed to accurately measure goldnanoparticle concentration.
Steady-state analysis of strongly colored multiplicative noise in a dye laser.

A new Langevin equation for dye-laser fluctuations below and near threshold is used to obtain the intensity distribution function in closed form. The effect of strongly colored multiplicative pump noise is incorporated by means of an ansatz of Hanggi et al [Ph.ys. Rev. A 32, 695 (1985)] for an effective diffusion coefficient at steady states. Excellent agreement with the measurements of Lett, Short, and Mandel [Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 341 (1984)] is obtained. I. INTRODUCTION Recent work on dye-laser noise has emphasized the simultaneous presence of additive quantum noise and multiplicative pump noise. Moreover, it has become apparent that the pump noise is not white but colored with a relatively long correlation time. Two experimental approaches have been used to characterize the noise parameters. Steady-state measurements of the normalized variance of the intensity fluctuations and the intensity autocorrelation function, ' and the first-passage-time technique have been used ' to determine these parameters. These measurements have produced refinements in the theoretical description of laser noise in terms of an augmented semiclassical laser model. The time evolution of the complex laser field is described by a Langevin equation containing both additive (spontaneous emission) noise ' and multiplicative (pump) noise. " ' When additive white noise and strongly colored pump noise are simultaneously present it is necessary to perform numerical Monte Carlo simulations in order to deduce the predictions of the theory for comparison with measurements. In this paper we will show that a detailed analysis of the steady-state measurements is possible which avoids time consuming simulations. This is possible because (a) we obtain a novel Langevin equation solely in terms of the laser intensity, which we prove fully describes the behavior of the intensity below, near, and somewhat above threshold, and (b) for steady state we invoke and justify the ansatz of Hanggi et at'. ' for treating Langevin equations containing strongly colored noise. Lett, Short, and Mandel observed a peak in the normalized variance of the intensity fluctuations as a function of mean intensity. They used the Monte Carlo procedure of Sancho et al. ' as applied to the laser problem by Dixit and Sahni, to fit their measurements. We have used our Langevin equation to obtain the steady-state probability distribution for the intensity with which we have also fit their data. This procedure is far simpler to implement than the Monte Carlo simulations. The agreement obtained among measurements, simulations, and our theory strongly supports both the Langevin intensity equation and the ansatz of Hanggi et al. ' for colored noise in steady-state situations.
Polypeptide sequencing by a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer computer system: II—characterization of complex mixtures of oligopeptides as trimethylsilylated polyamino alcohols

Complex mixtures of O-trimethylsilylated polyamino alcohols, which have been generated by either acid or enzymatic hydrolysis of polypeptides and subsequent derivatization, are completely characterized by a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer computer system. These peptide derivatives possess excellent gas chromatographic properties; a wide range of derivatives from di- to hexapeptides may be separated in a single chromatographic experiment. The identification of these compounds, either manually or with the assistance of the computer, is based on three sets of data which are automatically generated after the g.c.m.s. computer experiment: (1) mass spectra, which exhibit sequence-determining ions of high abundance; (2) selected ion records, which allow efficient location of peptide derivatives in the gas chromatogram as well as resolution of incompletely separated fractions; (3) retention indices, which can be calculated from values which have been assigned to each amino acid residue.
Derivation and implementation of a semantic GIS data model informed by principles of cognition

Abstract The purpose of this research is to develop a new kind of semantic GIS data model that is better able to represent users’ conceptual models of geographic domains than the conventional vector and raster data models. To this end, I look to the principles of cognition, how humans represent geographic information in their minds, to inform the development of this semantic data model. A three-stage methodology for the derivation and implementation of the semantic data model is presented. First, a conceptual framework of geographic cognition is developed. This framework incorporates principles of cognitive categorization and ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ information processing. Second, by replacing those elements of cognition with their database representation counterparts, often drawing from the object-oriented modeling paradigm, a semantic data model is derived. Finally, a prototype implementation of the semantic data model is presented using the Java programming language and the object-oriented database Poet as a development platform. This implementation utilizes a rule-based approach for representing categorical information and for the extraction of semantic entities from observational data.
Human S-Antigen: Presence of Multiple Immunogenic and Immunopathogenic Sites in the Lewis Rat

To identify the immunogenic and immunopathogenic sites present in human S-Antigen (S-Ag), 40 overlapping peptides that span the whole length of the S-Ag molecule were synthesized and tested in the Lewis rat model of experimental autoimmune uveitis. The most pathogenic sequences were 180-200, 340-360 and 350-370. Ten peptide sequences were identified that induced visible inflammation in the eye. A total of 23 peptides gave an in-vitro proliferative response following immunization in animals. The ability to generate an immune response was not linked to the pathogenic capacity of the sequence. The most pathogenic sequence, 340-360, was only weakly proliferative. Peptide 180-200 and peptide 340-360 gave higher T-cell proliferative responses, but these were lower than the maximal proliferative response observed with non-pathogenic sequences. In animals immunized with whole S-Ag, the majority of the determinants did not elicit a proliferative response, indicating that in S-Ag, the majority of the immunogenic determinants are cryptic and are not presented by the APC located in the lymph nodes.
The 1H nuclear spin–lattice and spin–spin relaxation times at BEarth of some liquids associated with environmental spills

Assessing the extent of an environmental spill is the first step in soil remediation. Near-surface nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging is proposed as a possible technique for in situ imaging the extent of a spill because of the hydrogen or proton NMR signal associated with the most commonly spilled liquids. Before such a technique is developed, the available signal needs to be assessed. The hydrogen spin–lattice and spin–spin relaxation times of the spilled liquids are the best indicator of the signal. These relaxation times were measured for a variety of hydrocarbons that might be associated with spills. The relaxation times are measured at the Earth’s magnetic field, as these times are field dependent and a near-surface MRI will most likely operate at this magnetic field. With the exception of the more viscous hydrocarbons such as diesel fuel and motor oil, the lower viscosity liquids possess relaxation time values which should yield a good NMR signal from a near-surface MRI operating at the Earth’s magnetic field.
Vibrational dephasing of the Si ? H stretching mode in liquid trichlorosilane

The Raman signal from the v1 mode of trichlorosilane has been examined by dilution in several solvents. Temperature studies were also conducted and include data from the disordered solid phase of the neat sample. The results of these studies show that (a) the v1 fundamental is involved in a dephasing process process controlled by the intramolecular potential function; (b) the neat liquid has a longer dephasing time than in any of the solvents, indicating memory retention as an intermolecular process. Additionally, environmental effects (broadening) are pronounced and appear to be related to the dipole moment of the solvent. The theoretical model proposed by Rothschild1 is used to strengthen the interpretive case offered for the dephasing mechanistic process of the fundamental.
Effects of Temperature and Size on Ammonia Excretion by Fasted Golden Shiners

Abstract The golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas is the major species of baitfish raised and sold in the United States. They are shipped in trucks from large farms to distributors up to 2,500 km distant. The costs associated with shipping could be greatly reduced if truck loading were increased, but higher densities of fish elevate ammonia concentrations to detrimental levels. In our work, we have simulated live hauling conditions to measure the ammonia excretion rates of golden shiners at 15, 20, and 25°C. The experiments were conducted for 24 h in three recirculating systems after fingerling golden shiners were fasted and acclimated for 2 d. The experiment was repeated four times using different lots and sizes of golden shiners. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in the hourly ammonia excretion rates (HER) between two lots of same-size golden shiners. The hourly ammonia excretion rates were inversely proportional to fish weight and increased with temperature. The average ...
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 237

The available nuclear structure information for all nuclei with mass number A=237 is presented. Various decay and reaction data are evaluated and compared. Adopted data, levels, spin, parity and configuration assignments are given.
The effect of heating rates on low temperature hexane air combustion

Abstract Combustion of hydrocarbon fuels is traditionally separated into slow reaction, cool flame, and ignition regimes based on pressure and temperature. Standard tests, such as the ASTM E659, are used to determine the lowest temperature required to ignite a specific fuel mixed with air at atmospheric pressure. It is expected that the initial pressure and the rate at which the mixture is heated also influences the limiting temperature and the type of combustion. This study investigates the effect of heating rate, between 4 and 15 K/min, and initial pressure, in the range of 25–100 kPa, on ignition of n -hexane air mixtures. Mixtures with equivalence ratio ranging from Φ = 0.6 to Φ = 1.2 were investigated. The problem is also modeled computationally using an extension of Semenov’s classical autoignition theory with a detailed chemical mechanism. Experiments and simulations both show that in the same reactor either a slow reaction or an ignition event can take place depending on the heating rate. Analysis of the detailed chemistry demonstrates that a mixture which approaches the ignition region slowly undergoes a significant modification of its composition. This change in composition induces a progressive shift of the explosion limit until the mixture is no longer flammable. A mixture that approaches the ignition region sufficiently rapidly undergoes only a moderate amount of thermal decomposition and explodes quite violently.
Listening to Mozart enhances spatial-temporal reasoning: towards a neurophysiological basis

Abstract Motivated by predictions of a structured neuronal model of the cortex, we performed a behavioral experiment which showed that listening to a Mozart piano sonata produced significant short-term enhancement of spatial-temporal reasoning in college students. Here we present results from an experiment which replicates these findings, and shows that (i) ‘repetitive’ music does not enhance reasoning; (ii) a taped short story does not enhance reasoning; and (iii) short-term memory is not enhanced. We propose experiments designed to explore the neurophysiological bases of this causal enhancement of spatial-temporal reasoning by music, and begin to search for quantitative measures of further higher ognitive effects of music.
SELF-ORGANIZED PHASE SEGREGATION IN A DRIVEN FLOW OF DISSIMILAR PARTICLES MIXTURES

Self-organized patterns in an immiscible fluid mixture of dissimilar particles driven from a source at the bottom are examined as a function of hydrostatic pressure bias by a Monte Carlo computer simulation. As the upward pressure bias competes with sedimentation due to gravity, a multi-phase system emerges: a dissociating solid phase from the source is separated from a migrating gas phase towards the top by an interface of mixed (bi-continuous) phase. Scaling of solid-to-gas phase with the altitude is nonuniversal and depends on both the range of the height/depth and the magnitude of the pressure bias. Onset of phase separation and layering is pronounced at low bias range.
Immunochemical studies of yellowjacket venom proteins

Abstract The major proteins of yellowjacket venoms have been isolated and characterized immunochemically. They consist of hyaluronidase, phospholipase, and antigen 5. Venoms from three species of yellowjacket were studied, Vespula yermanirca, V. muculifrons, and V. vulgaris . The phospholipases could be isolated in good yield only when affinity chromatography was used to minimize limited proteolysis. A kallikrein-like peptidase was found present in the yellowjacket venom. Phospholipases from these three species were immunochemically indistinguishable from each other, as were their antigen 5s. Sera from individuals sensitive to yellowjacket venom contained IgE and IgG specific for antigen 5 and phospholipase
Luminescence characteristics of caffeine and theophylline

Abstract The luminescence properties of solutions of caffeine and theophylline in methanol are observed. The effects of the solvent pH, the presence of a heavy atom and the matrix or substrate on the fluorescence and phosphorescence properties of the compounds are evaluated. Caffeine and theophylline fluorescence can be observed at room temperature from dilute methanolic solutions and strong phosphorescence is observed at low temperature when the matrix is in a polycrystalline state. Acidic and basic media cause spectral changes and reduce the intensity of the low temperature phosphorescence. Iodide is a good heavy-atom enhancer of both the low temperature and room temperature phosphorescence of caffeine and theophylline. The intensity of the phosphorescence at room temperature and when spotted on filter paper depends on the type of filter paper and the pH of the spotting solution and/or the pH of the wet surface at the moment of spotting. Theophylline is more sensitive than caffeine to the microenvironment. Under the appropriate experimental conditions, both low temperature and room temperature phosphorescence could be used as analytical tools for the determination of caffeine and theophylline.
Proposing an Interdisciplinary, Communication-Focused Agenda for Cancer and Aging Researchers.

Cancer is mainly a disease of older people. Costs for cancer prevention and control are rising due to increased life expectancy and the large cohort of aging “baby boomers.” An effective strategy for better understanding processes related to cancer and aging across the entire cancer continuum (i.e., from prevention through to end-of-life care) is to approach this challenge collaboratively. Communication-focused research is an area of collaborative study for cancer and aging researchers that would provide evidence regarding the most effective means for reaching older adults with messages about cancer prevention, control, and quality of life issues. Specifically we recommend research that is guided by multidisciplinary communication frameworks, involves health care providers, incorporates an intergenerational and family-centered approach into designing and implementing empirical studies, and creates culturally appropriate messaging through community-engaged research.
Preparation and Characterization of Demethylated Lignin-Polyethylenimine Adhesives

Petrochemical-based adhesives such as urea-formaldehyde and phenol-formaldehyde resins are predominant wood adhesives. In this study, a new wood adhesive from lignin was developed and characterized. The new adhesive consisted of demethylated kraft lignin (DKL), a byproduct in the production of dimethyl sulfoxide from kraft lignin, and a polyethylenimine (PEI). Lap-shear specimens bonded with this new DKL-PEI adhesive system had very high shear strength and were very water-resistant. The effects of the preparation time, the curing conditions, the total solids content of the adhesive, the DKL/PEI weight ratio and the molecular weight of PEI on the shear strength and water-resistance of the resulting lap-shear specimens were studied in detail. Investigation on the curing chemistry of this new adhesive revealed that phenolic hydroxyl groups were oxidized to form quinones that further reacted with PEI. It was proposed that the curing mechanisms of this DKL-PEI adhesive were similar to the quinone-tanning proce...
Some specific cellular effects of electrically injected silver and gold ions

Abstract We have shown that silver anodes are bacteriostatic in vitro at nominal current densities as low as 10 nA/mm 2 . Even antibiotic resistant strains are quite susceptible to the injected silver. Staphylococcus aureus , treated with a silver anode, showed-abnormal mesosomes, and in E. Coli , induced protein production (β-galactosidase) is blocked by the silver. These observations suggest that the action occurs on the cell membrane. In vivo experiments, completed thus far, show that the silver anode effect can be clinically useful in the treatment of localized infections in animals and man. In experiments on rabbits with an induced form of rheumatoid arthritis, gold ions were injected directly into the inflammed joint by means of a gold wire anode and μA direct current. Results to date suggest that the proliferation of synovial cells and/or their subsequent invasion into the joint surfaces can be significantly reduced with this technique. The mechanism of action is not known.
The effect of pectinase on the bubble fractionation of invertase from α-amylase

Fermentation broth normally contains many extracellular enzymes of industrial interest. To separate such enzymes on-line could be useful in reducing the cost of recovery as well as in keeping their yield at a maxi­mum level by minimizing enzyme degradation from broth proteases (either the desired enzymes or the proteases could be removed selec­tively or both removed together and then separated). Several large-scale separation methods are candidates for such on-line recovery such as ultrafiltration, precipitation, and two-phase partitioning. Another promising technique for on-line recovery is adsorptive bubble fractiona­tion, the subject of this study. Bubble fractionation, like ultrafiltration, does not require contaminating additives and can complement ultrafil­tration by preconcentrating the enzymes using the gases normally pre­sent in a fermentation process. A mixture of enzymes in an aqueous bubble solution can, in principle, be separated by adjusting the pH of that solution to the isoelectric point (pI) of each enzyme as long as the enzymes have different pls. The model system investigated here is com­prised of three enzyme separations and the problem is posed as the effect of pectinase (a charged enzyme) on the bubble fractionation of invertase (a relatively hydrophilic enzyme) from α-amylase (a relatively hydrophobic enzyme).
Implications of polychronous neuronal groups for the continuity of mind

Is conceptual space continuous? The answer to this question depends on how concepts are represented in the brain. Vector space representations, which ground conceptual states in the instantaneous firing rates of neurons, have successfully captured cognitive dynamics in a broad range of domains. There is a growing body of evidence, however, that conceptual information is encoded in spatiotemporal patterns of neural spikes, sometimes called polychronous neuronal groups (PNGs). The use of PNGs to represent conceptual states, rather than employing a continuous vector space, introduces new challenges, including issues of temporally extended representations, meaning through symbol grounding, compositionality, and representational similarity. In this article, we explore how PNGs support discontinuous transitions between concepts. While the continuous dynamics of vector space approaches require such transitions to activate intermediate and blended concepts, PNGs offer the means to change the activation of concepts discretely, introducing a form of conceptual dynamics unavailable to vector space models.
Comorbidity between DSM-IV drug use disorders and major depression: results of a national survey of adults.

Abstract This study describes detailed patterns of comorbidity between Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. [ DSM-IV ]; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) drug use disorders and major depression in the United States for 1992. Data were derived from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (NLAES), a national probability survey consisting of 42,862 respondents, 18 years old and older, residing in the contiguous United States. The sampling design included oversampling of Blacks and young adults (18–29 years old). Comorbidity rates and associations between DSM-IV drug use disorders (i.e., prescription drugs, sedatives, tranquilizers, amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, and hallucinogens) and major depression were expressed as odds ratios with confidence intervals adjusted for the complex design characteristics of the NLAES. Comorbidity analyses were presented by gender, ethnicity, and age for past-year, prior-to-past-year, and lifetime diagnoses. The results showed that virtually all odds ratios were significantly greater than 1, demonstrating that comorbidity of a variety of drug use disorders and major depression is pervasive in the general population. Diagnostic and subgroup variations in comorbidity were noted. As expected, the association between drug dependence and major depression was greater than the association between abuse and major depression. The association between abuse and major depression was greater for women than men for prescription drugs, sedatives, tranquilizers, and amphetamines, but not for cocaine or hallucinogens. Men generally demonstrated stronger relations between drug dependence and major depression. Implications of the results are discussed in terms of professional help seeking, the self-medication hypothesis, and differential social-control theory.
Low-Cycle Fatigue of Two Nickel-Base Alloys by Thermal-Stress Cycling

Cast DCM and cast Udimet 500, two nickel-base alloys, were tested in a thermal-stress-cycling device of the Coffin type. The strains induced by the thermal stresses were analyzed in several ways in an attempt to relate the plastic strains to cyclic life. The plastic strains were too small to permit calculating them with sufficient accuracy to correlate with cyclic life. It was found, however, that stress range did correlate reasonably well with the number of cycles to failure.
Reinforcement learning, conditioning, and the brain: Successes and challenges

The field of reinforcement learning has greatly influenced the neuroscientific study of conditioning. This article provides an introduction to reinforcement learning followed by an examination of the successes and challenges using reinforcement learning to understand the neural bases of conditioning. Successes reviewed include (1) the mapping of positive and negative prediction errors to the firing of dopamine neurons and neurons in the lateral habenula, respectively; (2) the mapping of model-based and model-free reinforcement learning to associative and sensorimotor cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuits, respectively; and (3) the mapping of actor and critic to the dorsal and ventral striatum, respectively. Challenges reviewed consist of several behavioral and neural findings that are at odds with standard reinforcement-learning models, including, among others, evidence for hyperbolic discounting and adaptive coding. The article suggests ways of reconciling reinforcement-learning models with many of the challenging findings, and highlights the need for further theoretical developments where necessary. Additional information related to this study may be downloaded from http://cabn.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.
Learning and generalization

Generalization begins where learning ends. We provide degrees of freedom argument in support of this statement. We then investigate the fundamental question of pattern recognition - the problem of correctly labeling samples given m labeled samples in a partially supervised, partially unsupervised learning environment. Let R* be the probability of classification error based on m=∞ labeled samples. We describe some joint work with Vittorio Castelli on the twoclass problem with n=∞ unlabeled samples drawn from an identifiable family of distributions. We show that the first labeled sample reduces the probability of error from 1/2 to 2 R *(1 - R *). Thus the remainder of the labeled samples reduces the probability of error by at most a factor of two. In this sense, one half of the classification information is contained in the first labeled sample. (The resemblance with the same answer for the nearest-neighbor probability of error is purely coincidental.)
Prototype mode index lens for heat-assisted magnetic recording

Mode index lenses for light delivery as part of as optical recording system were designed and tested. The measured spot size is 2.2 micron at the exit.
Can insiders bail themselves out before private renegotiation

Abstract This study examines insider trading for a sample of firms that announce a workout agreement, controlling for both successful and unsuccessful workout attempts. I find that insider trading activity is related to the outcome of the workout proposal. Managers tend to bail out (sell shares) of firms that are unsuccessful in the workout process while they purchase shares prior to the workout announcements if the firms are ultimately successful in their workout. In addition, the evidence suggests managerial trading behavior is related to the workout market reaction. When a workout announcement is preceded by insider buying (selling), the stock price reaction is positive (negative). Overall, the evidence presented in this article is consistent with the notion that insider transactions convey private information to the stock market about a financially distressed firm.
Gastric-type mucin and TFF-peptide expression in Barrett's oesophagus is disturbed during increased expression of MUC2.

Aims: Barrett's oesophagus constitutes metaplastic epithelium, often diagnosed by mucin histochemistry. We determined the mucins and trefoil factor family (TFF)-peptides that were expressed in Barrett's oesophagus, in order to study changes in protein expression in early stages of Barrett's oesophagus development. Methods and results: Biopsy specimens of 71 Barrett's oesophagus patients were collected, and sections were stained for secretory mucins by histochemistry. Immunohistochemistry was performed for secretory mucins (MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B, MUC6), TFFs (TFF1, TFF2, TFF3), and proliferation (Ki67). Protein expression in the tissue was measured semiquantitatively. MUC5AC and TFF1 showed high levels and strong colocalization in the surface epithelium, whereas MUC6, MUC5B and TFF3 were found in the deeper glandular structures. TFF2 was found in both surface and glandular epithelium. The co-ordinate expression patterns of these six markers were similar to gastric antrum epithelium. MUC2 expression was ubiquitously associated with goblet cells within intestinal metaplasia, occurring in 68% of patients, and was correlated with increasing proliferation in the epithelium. Conclusions: Virtually all cells in Barrett's oesophagus epithelium displayed a secretory phenotype, demonstrating a co-ordinate gastric-type MUC and TFF expression. When MUC2 expression was more pronounced, the expression patterns of the other MUCs and the TFFs were increasingly disturbed. MUC2 expression may constitute a marker for early change in the phenotype of Barrett's oesophagus as a precancerous lesion.
The effect of chronic nitric oxide synthase inhibition on blood pressure and heart rate in unrestrained pregnant rats as recorded by radiotelemetry

Abstract Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of chronic nitric oxide synthase inhibition on heart rate and intravascular blood pressure in unrestrained pregnant rats as recorded by radiotelemetry. Study Design: Heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were monitored beginning with day 6 of pregnancy and until 1 week post partum with a radiotelemetric device. On day 10 of pregnancy osmotic minipumps were implanted subcutaneously and loaded to continuously deliver N G -nitro-L -arginine methyl ester (50 mg/d per rat, n=6 animals) or vehicle (control group, n=6 animals). Results: Blood pressure in the animals treated with N G -nitro-L -arginine methyl ester significantly increased compared with that in the control group and heart rate significantly decreased immediately after nitric oxide synthase blockade. Blood pressure then trended downward as gestation progressed, until the difference between the control group and the group treated with N G -nitro-L -arginine methyl ester became nonsignificant after day 17. Refractoriness to nitric oxide synthase blockade was especially evident in the diastolic pressure. Systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures in the rats treated with N G -nitro-L -arginine methyl ester were again significantly higher than those in the control group immediately after delivery and remained so despite a lower heart rate until the experiment was ended on postpartum day 6. Conclusions: Radiotelemetry can be used to monitor heart rate and intra-arterial blood pressure in unstressed, unrestrained animals. Chronic inhibition of nitric oxide does not cause sustained hypertension throughout pregnancy. Nitric oxide does not appear to be the only factor responsible for the vascular changes in pregnancy. The factors responsible for the refractoriness to nitric oxide synthase blockade are specific to pregnancy and disappear immediately after delivery. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:159-64.)