cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporary Suspension brings about the Cooperative Evolution in the Hawk-Dove Game : Temporary Suspension in the Hawk-Dove Game

The Hawk-Dove (HD) game has been well studied as one of the public good games. The HD game deals with cooperative ad competitive conflict between players and that model therefore attracted attention of researchers. In the public good game, the cost or benefit of players is determined by the relation between any two players. The classical games appear to result in an extinction of cooperators due to the fact that population of defector strategy increases. Defectors get high payoffs when they locate around cooperators. Here, we constructed a new spatial hawk-dove model introducing temporary suspension when agents execute the best takes over update strategy. We examined how cooperators survived without facing any extinctions. We showed that temporary suspension in respect with the strategy update succeeded in generating the survival of cooperators.
Morality and Metaphysics

In this book, Charles Larmore develops an account of morality, freedom, and reason that rejects the naturalistic metaphysics shaping much of modern thought. Reason, Larmore argues, is responsiveness to reasons, and reasons themselves are essentially normative in character, consisting in the way that physical and psychological facts - facts about the world of nature - count in favor of possibilities of thought and action that we can take up. Moral judgments are true or false in virtue of the moral reasons there are. We need therefore a more comprehensive metaphysics that recognizes a normative dimension to reality as well. Though taking its point of departure in the analysis of moral judgment, this book branches widely into related topics such as freedom and the causal order of the world, textual interpretation, the nature of the self, self-knowledge, and the concept of duties to ourselves.
Understanding the complexity of domestic violence service delivery through the lived experiences of domestic violence advocates

This qualitative research explored the lived experiences of domestic violence advocates to better understand the elements involved in domestic violence service delivery in the United States, focusi...
Formal Research Mentorship of Medical Students in Radiation Oncology: A 15-Year Experience.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) At our institution, students receive formal research mentorship by radiation oncology faculty mentors through structured research programs, such as the Medical Student Summer Research Program (MSSRP) and radiation oncology research elective, as well as in extracurricular research time. In this analysis, we report the research productivity of students who engaged in formal radiation oncology mentorship over the past 15 years. MATERIALS/METHODS We compiled a database of all publications, consisting of abstracts (including oral and poster presentations) and manuscripts, co-authored by 58 students from 2005 to 2020. We searched radiation oncology faculty curriculum vitae as well as PubMed to identify publications with student authors. The means, medians, ranges, and interquartile ranges (IQR) of co-authorships and first authorships were calculated for the overall cohort and compared for male versus female students as well as students who matched into radiation oncology and those who matched into other fields. RESULTS Among all 58 students, 106 unique abstracts and 70 unique manuscripts were identified. Of the 58 students, 54 (93.1%) published at least one abstract or manuscript. The mean number of abstract co-authorships per student was 3.07 (median 2, range 0-25, IQR 0-4), and the mean number of manuscript co-authorships per student was 2.22 (median 1, range 0-18, IQR 1-3). There were no significant differences in research output between male and female students. However, the students who matched into radiation oncology published more co-author manuscripts (mean 3.67, median 3, IQR 1-5) than those who matched into other fields (mean 1.63, median 1, IQR 1-2), P = 0.014. They also published more first-author manuscripts (mean 1.62, median 2, IQR 0-3) than those who matched into other fields (mean 0.53, median 0, IQR 0-1), P = 0.006. Among the 51 students who have graduated, the top three specialties that students matched into were radiation oncology with 21 (41.2%) students, internal medicine with 9 (17.6%) students, and radiology with 6 (11.8%) students. CONCLUSION In this 15-year analysis, students mentored by radiation oncology faculty are successful with high research productivity. The results of this analysis lay the groundwork for further implementation of formal medical student research mentorship programs, which will in turn allow for more research on the benefits of mentorship. Further research is warranted to assess whether skills gained from student-directed research translate into residency and beyond.
Evaluation of intermolecular interactions required for thermostability of a recombinant adenovirus within a film matrix.

Abstract Thermostability of vaccines and biologic drugs are key to increasing global access to a variety of life-saving agents. In this report, we characterize interactions between a novel zwitterionic surfactant and adenovirus serotype 5 which allow the virus to remain stable at room temperature in a thin film matrix. Complexity of the adenovirus capsid and the polydispersity of the surfactant required use of a variety of techniques to achieve this goal. The CMC of the surfactant in Tris buffer (pH 6.5) was estimated to be 0.7–1.17 × 10−4 M by the pyrene 1:3 ratio method. TEM images depict micelle formation around virus capsids. An estimated Kd of the virus-surfactant interaction of 2.25 × 10−9 M was determined by isothermal titration calorimetry. Associated data suggest that this interaction may be thermodynamically favorable and entropically driven. A competitive saturation study and TEM images indicate that the surfactant also binds to hexon proteins on the virus capsid. Taken together, these data support the working hypothesis that the surfactant is capable of forming micelles in the solid and liquid state and that it forms a protective coating around the virus by binding to hexon proteins on the virus capsid during the film forming process.
Performance evaluation of optical burst switching with assembled burst traffic input

This paper studies loss performance of optical burst switching (OBS) with assembled burst traffic input by exploring the characteristics of assembled burst traffic. We analyze the smoothing effect of assembly algorithms, which changes the statistical properties of packet flows, and and that assembly algorithms smooth the short range burstiness in packet traffic and thus enhance the loss performance in OBS. Based on the characteristics of such assembled burst traffic, an accurate loss model for OBS is provided, which works much better than traditional loss models in packet switching networks.
Domain Decomposition and Model Reduction of Systems with Local Nonlinearities

The goal of this paper is to combine balanced truncation model reduction and domain decomposition to derive reduced order models with guaranteed error bounds for systems of discretized partial differential equations (PDEs) with a spatially localized nonlinearities. Domain decomposition techniques are used to divide the problem into linear subproblems and small nonlinear subproblems. Balanced truncation is applied to the linear subproblems with inputs and outputs determined by the original in- and outputs as well as the interface conditions between the sub-problems. The potential of this approach is demonstrated for a model problem.
Biogenetic-type synthesis of polyketides. Part X : Synthesis and reactions of hepta and nona-β-carbonyl chains as substrate models

Abstract A method for the synthesis of extended poly-β-carbonyl chains has been developed in which control of cyclization and reductive sequences paralleling those of nature are made possible. The symmetrical ketone 7 becomes the key compound in these studies which incidentally led to the preparation and characterization of 23 , a derivative of penta-acetic acid.
Influence of complex structure on the biodegradation of iron-citrate complexes

The biodegradation of iron-citrate complexes depends on the structure of the complex formed between the metal and citric acid. Ferric iron formed a bidentate complex with citric acid, [Fe(III) (OH)2 cit]2- involving two carboxylic acid groups, and was degraded at the rate of 86 μM h-1. In contrast, ferrous iron formed a tridentate complex with citric acid, [Fe(II) cit]-, involving two carboxylic acid groups and the hydroxyl group, and was resistant to biodegradation. However, oxidation and hydrolysis of the ferrous iron resulted in the formation of a tridentate ferric-citrate complex, [Fe(III)OH cit]-, which was further hydrolyzed to a bidentate complex, [Fe(III)(OH)2 cit]2-, that was readily degraded. The rate of degradation of the ferrous-citrate complex depended on the rate of its conversion to the more hydrolyzed form of the ferric-citrate complex. Bacteria accelerated the conversion much more than did chemical oxidation and hydrolysis.
Nitrate and colloid transport through coarse Hanford sediments under steady state, variably saturated flow

[1] At the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Reservation, colloid-facilitated transport is a potential mechanism for accelerated movement of radionuclides like Cs-137. Here we investigate the transport of colloids through Hanford sediments under steady state, unsaturated flow conditions. We isolated colloids from Hanford sediments by dispersion and sedimentation and determined colloid breakthrough curves in packed sediment columns. A column system was developed with which we could control volumetric water contents with accuracy better than 0.01 effective saturation and the water potentials to better than 0.06 cm-H2O. Inflow and outflow boundary conditions had to be meticulously controlled to ensure uniformity of water contents and water potentials inside the column. Colloid breakthrough curves were determined under a series of water contents ranging from 0.2 to 1.0 effective saturation. Colloids were mobile under all water saturations, but the total amount of colloids transported decreased with decreasing water saturation. Colloid behavior was described with the mobile-immobile model concept, including first-order deposition from the mobile phase only.
I Love You but I’ve Never Met You: Autobiographical Intimacy and Voice

The conditions creating autobiographical intimacy are sharply individualized and, contra Paul de Man, not specular. That is, the intimacy we feel with autobiographers is not a kind of mirroring of writers and readers, nor are readers confusing themselves with the autobiographer in a process of identification. My responses to the writings of St. Augustine, Margery Kempe, Rousseau, Mill, Conrad, Woolf, Menchu, and Elizabeth Gilbert reveal relationships between autobiographical narrators/protagonists/writers and one reader that preserve distinctions between the two. Although the conditions provoking autobiographical intimacy vary widely among readers, a common factor is a positive, empathetic, or sympathetic response on the part of readers to the voice of an autobiographical narrator. I adduce Anne Karpf’s discussion of the importance of voice in human relationships and review the uses of voice in commentary on autobiographical writing since the late 1970s, citing the work of Linda S. Coleman, Patsy S. Daniels, Elizabeth C. Goldsmith, Ivan Kreilkamp, Susan Sniader Lanser, Philippe Lejeune, Robert Lyons, Jo Malin, and Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson.
Estimating porosity with ground-penetrating radar reflection tomography: A controlled 3-D experiment at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site

[1] To evaluate the uncertainty of water-saturated sediment velocity and porosity estimates derived from surface-based, ground-penetrating radar reflection tomography, we conducted a controlled field experiment at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site (BHRS). The BHRS is an experimental well field located near Boise, Idaho. The experimental data set consisted of 3-D multioffset radar acquired on an orthogonal 20 × 30 m surface grid that encompassed a set of 13 boreholes. Experimental control included (1) 1-D vertical velocity functions determined from traveltime inversion of vertical radar profiles (VRP) and (2) neutron porosity logs. We estimated the porosity distribution in the saturated zone using both the Topp and Complex Refractive Index Method (CRIM) equations and found the CRIM estimates in better agreement with the neutron logs. We found that when averaged over the length of the borehole, surface-derived velocity measurements were within 5% of the VRP velocities and that the porosity differed from the neutron log by less than 0.05. The uncertainty, however, is scale dependent. We found that the standard deviation of differences between ground-penetrating-radar-derived and neutron-log-derived porosity values was as high as 0.06 at an averaging length of 0.25 m but decreased to less than 0.02 at length scale of 11 m. Additionally, we used the 3-D porosity distribution to identify a relatively high-porosity anomaly (i.e., local sedimentary body) within a lower-porosity unit and verified the presence of the anomaly using the neutron porosity logs. Since the reflection tomography approach requires only surface data, it can provide rapid assessment of bulk hydrologic properties, identify meter-scale anomalies of hydrologic significance, and may provide input for other higher-resolution measurement methods.
Photoaffinity labels for characterizing drug interaction sites of P-glycoprotein.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses P-glycoprotein drug-binding data that suggest the existence of multiple drug-binding sites and overlapping sites within the P-glycoprotein structure. P-Glycoprotein is encoded by a family of two closely linked genes (MDR1 and MDR2) on chromosome 7 in humans, three genes in Chinese hamsters ( pgpl , pgp2 , and pgp3 ), and three genes in mice ( mdrl , mdr2 , and mdr3 , or mdr1b , mdr2 , and mdr1a , respectively). The kinetic results present in the chapter suggests the presence of a binding site for vinblastine, verapamil, cyclosporin A, phenothiazines and related agents; a second binding site for dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers; a third site for the calcium channel blockers bepridil and prenylamine, megestrol acetate, a synthetic congener of progesterone; and a fourth binding site for I-AAP. Therefore, the substrates for P-glycoprotein interact competitively and allosterically for binding to this protein. This transport is temperature and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) dependent; it occurs against concentration gradients and follows Michaelis–Menten kinetics.
A conversation with William Gould

William Gould is President of StataCorp. He was born in Burbank, California, on January 21, 1952. He received a B.A. in economics from UCLA in 1974 and a C.Phil. in economics from UCLA in 1977, after initially majoring in physics and then engineering. He studied economics in the Ph.D. program at UCLA and was simultaneously a Research Fellow at The Rand Corporation. He did not turn in his dissertation in labor economics before becoming a Senior Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research in Stanford, California, in 1977. In 1979, he become a Senior Economist at Unicon Research Corporation in Los Angeles, a company that he helped to found. He cofounded and served as Vice-President of Computing Resource Center in 1982, the company that went on to develop Stata. Bill became President of CRC in 1990 and, in 1993, CRC was renamed StataCorp. Copyright 2005 by StataCorp LP.
Formation of Methane by Bacterial Extracts

The oxidation of ethanol to acetate by cultures of Methunobacillus omelianskii was found by Barker to be dependent upon carbon dioxide (1) ; using C140Z, Stadtman and Barker demonstrated conclusively that carbon dioxide was the precursor of methane (2). Recently Johns and Barker have reported hydrogen formation from ethanol by resting cells of M. omelianskii in the absence of carbon dioxide (3). The mechanism of carbon dioxide reduction to methane by M. omelianslcii as well as the mechanism of methane formation by other organisms is unknown. Current knowledge of the nutrition and fermentative patterns of the methane bacteria has been reviewed by Barker (4). The present communication is concerned with the formation of methane by cell-free extracts of &!f. omeliunskii; a brief report of some of these findings has appeared (5).
Odor- and context-dependent modulation of mitral cell activity in behaving rats

The projections and odor responses of mammalian olfactory receptor neurons, as well as the physiology of the bulb's principal neurons—the mitral cells (MCs)—are known from studies in slices and anesthetized animals. In behaving rats trained to discriminate between two odors associated with different reinforcers, we examined MC responses following alternated odor−reinforcer pairings. Whereas only 11% of the recorded MCs showed changes in odor-selective firing rate during the odor-sampling phase, 94% of MCs modulated activity during specific behaviors surrounding odor sampling. These cell- and odor-selective responses were not primary sensory responses; rather, they depended (reversibly) on the predictive value of each odor. MC activity thus depends critically on efferent influences linked to the animal's experience and behavior.
Leveraging modeling approaches: reaction networks and rules.

We have witnessed an explosive growth in research involving mathematical models and computer simulations of intracellular molecular interactions, ranging from metabolic pathways to signaling and gene regulatory networks. Many software tools have been developed to aid in the study of such biological systems, some of which have a wealth of features for model building and visualization, and powerful capabilities for simulation and data analysis. Novel high-resolution and/or high-throughput experimental techniques have led to an abundance of qualitative and quantitative data related to the spatiotemporal distribution of molecules and complexes, their interactions kinetics, and functional modifications. Based on this information, computational biology researchers are attempting to build larger and more detailed models. However, this has proved to be a major challenge. Traditionally, modeling tools require the explicit specification of all molecular species and interactions in a model, which can quickly become a major limitation in the case of complex networks – the number of ways biomolecules can combine to form multimolecular complexes can be combinatorially large. Recently, a new breed of software tools has been created to address the problems faced when building models marked by combinatorial complexity. These have a different approach for model specification, using reaction rules and species patterns. Here we compare the traditional modeling approach with the new rule-based methods. We make a case for combining the capabilities of conventional simulation software with the unique features and flexibility of a rule-based approach in a single software platform for building models of molecular interaction networks.
Thermal Interface Materials From Vertically Aligned Polymer Nanotube Arrays

A number of studies have reported enhancing the thermal conductivity of semi-crystalline polymers through mechanical stretching, but practical application of this process has proven difficult. Here we demonstrate the application of enhanced thermal conductivity in a purely amorphous polymer for a thermal interface material (TIM) without conductive fillers. Many polymer-based TIMs contain carbon fillers to enhance the thermal conductivity, however the TIMs reported herein are comprised solely of polymer nanotubes. The conjugated polymer polythiophene (Pth) is electropolymerized in nanotemplates to produce arrays of vertically aligned nanotubes, which adhere well to opposing substrates through van der Waals forces. We find that the total thermal resistances of the Pth-TIMs are a strong function of height with some dependence on bonding pressure, yet independent of applied pressure after bonding. Photoacoustic measurements show that the total thermal resistance of the TIMs ranges from 9.8 ± 3.8 to 155 ± 32 mm2-K/W depending on the array height and bonding pressure. Estimates of the component resistances indicate that the majority of the resistance is in the contact between the nanotube free tips and the opposing quartz substrate. These Pth-TIMs demonstrate that enhanced thermal conductivity polymers can be suitable for heat transfer materials without thermally conductive fillers.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Oliver Nelson and quality protein maize.

MAIZE is the leading livestock food in North America. In much of the world, particularly Latin America and parts of Africa and Asia, it is the basic cereal in human diets. Yet, its deficiency as the sole source of protein has been recognized for years. Native Americans seemingly knew this, for they
Changes in visual fields associated with web reduction in the spider family uloboridae.

When visual fields of the primitive orb-weaver, Waitkera waitkerensis, are reconstructed using measurements taken from intact lenses and cross and longitudinal sections of the prosoma, they show that this species has complete visual surveillance, but that none of the visual fields of its eight eyes overlap. The more advanced orb-weaver, Uloborus glomosus, also has eight eyes, but each eye has a greater visual angle, giving this species a complex pattern of overlapping visual fields. Uloborids that spin reduced webs are characterized by reduction or loss of the four anterior eyes and other carapace modifications necessary for them to effectively monitor and manipulate their reduced webs. The eyes of these uloborids have greater visual angles than those of orb-weavers, resulting primarily from perimetric expansion of their retinal hemispheres. Additionally, the axes of their visual fields are more ventrally directed due to greater dorsal than ventral retinal expansion and to ventral redirection of the entire eye. Consequently, even though the anterior lateral eyes of the triangle-weaver Hyptiotes cavatus lack retinae, the species' six functional eyes permit complete visual surveillance and exhibit visual overlap. The single-line-weaver, Miagrammopes animotus, has lost its four anterior eyes, and with them much of the anterior vision and all of the visual overlap found in the other species. However, changes similar to those of H. cavatus permit this species to retain most if its dorsal and ventral visual surveillance. Thus, ocular changes act in consort to maintain relatively complete visual surveillance in the face of eye loss and other major carapace modifications necessary for the operation of reduced webs.
Almost arcwise connectivity in unicoherent continua

Abstract K.R. Kellum has proved that a continuum is an almost continuous image of the interval [0, 1] if and only if it is an almost Peano continuum. Hence, a continuum is an almost continuous image of [0, 1] if it has a dense arc component. Our principal result is that any almost arcwise connected, semi-hereditarily unicoherent, metric continuum with only countably many arc components has a dense arc component. An example is given to show that this is not true for unicoherent continua in general. It is also shown that any semi-hereditarily unicoherent continuum with only countably many arc components has at most one dense arc component, and if it has a dense arc component, then every other arc component is nowhere dense. This generalizes results of Fugate and Mohler for λ-dendroids.
Cell survival promoted by the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway by transcription-dependent and -independent mechanisms.

A mechanism by which the Ras–mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway mediates growth factor–dependent cell survival was characterized. The MAPK-activated kinases, the Rsks, catalyzed the phosphorylation of the pro-apoptotic protein BAD at serine 112 both in vitro and in vivo. The Rsk-induced phosphorylation of BAD at serine 112 suppressed BAD-mediated apoptosis in neurons. Rsks also are known to phosphorylate the transcription factor CREB (cAMP response element–binding protein) at serine 133. Activated CREB promoted cell survival, and inhibition of CREB phosphorylation at serine 133 triggered apoptosis. These findings suggest that the MAPK signaling pathway promotes cell survival by a dual mechanism comprising the posttranslational modification and inactivation of a component of the cell death machinery and the increased transcription of pro-survival genes.
Proton polarization for 12C(d, p)13C reaction near Ed = 3.0 MeV☆

Abstract The proton polarization has been measured as a function of angle for the 12 C(d, p) 13 C g.s. reaction from 30° to 120° (lab) in 15° intervals for deuteron energies 3.07 MeV and 3.25 MeV and at 30° for 2.90 MeV. Polarizations as large as 60% have been found. Angular distributions of the polarization at the two energies are significantly different indicating the interference of stripping and compound nucleus contributions. A carbon polarimeter with solid state detectors is described in some detail.
The number and nature of α,β-unsaturated amino acids in subtilin

Abstract In subtilin, a peptide produced by Bacillus subtilis , there are present three α,β-unsaturated amino acids, namely, two residues of dehydroalanine and one residue of β-methyldehydroalanine (dehydrobutyrine). Subtilin and nisin, a polypeptide produced by Streptococcus lactis , thus have in common not only the COOH-terminal sequence dehydroalanyllysine but also the number and nature of α,β-unsaturated amino acids.
Extra copies of chromosome 2 are a recurring aberration in ALK-negative lymphomas with anaplastic morphology

The purpose of this study was to evaluate fluorescence in situ hybridization abnormalities of the 2p23 anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene loci in lymphomas with anaplastic morphology. We studied 24 anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL) classified by World Health Organization criteria [17 primary nodal/systemic (10 ALK+, 7 ALK-), seven primary cutaneous], and 17 additional non-Hodgkin's lymphomas [one ALK+ B-lineage lymphoma, 14 ALK- diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (seven anaplastic variants, five nonanaplastic, two secondary CD30+), two follicular lymphomas]. ALK- lymphomas with anaplastic morphology showed extra nonrearranged anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene loci (P=0.004) due to trisomy 2 irrespective of the following factors: B or T/null phenotype (P=0.315), diagnostic categories of systemic or cutaneous ALCL or the above-mentioned B-cell lymphomas (P=0.131), and CD30 positivity by immunohistochemistry (P=1.000). Trisomy 2 was absent in all ALK+ lymphomas (P=0.009), which showed rearranged ALK gene loci (P<0.001). Whether trisomy 2 is a primary or secondary event that leads to ALK- lymphomas cannot be determined from this study. Its presence in secondary B-cell lymphomas suggests that trisomy 2 may be a secondary cytogenetic aberration in lymphomas in general. Further investigation of this finding is necessary to further our understanding of the heterogeneous group of ALK- lymphomas.
Mycoplasmosis and upper respiratory tract disease of tortoises: A review and update

Abstract Tortoise mycoplasmosis is one of the most extensively characterized infectious diseases of chelonians. A 1989 outbreak of upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) in free-ranging Agassiz's desert tortoises ( Gopherus agassizii ) brought together an investigative team of researchers, diagnosticians, pathologists, immunologists and clinicians from multiple institutions and agencies. Electron microscopic studies of affected tortoises revealed a microorganism in close association with the nasal mucosa that subsequently was identified as a new species, Mycoplasma agassizii . Over the next 24 years, a second causative agent, Mycoplasma testudineum , was discovered, the geographic distribution and host range of tortoise mycoplasmosis were expanded, diagnostic tests were developed and refined for antibody and pathogen detection, transmission studies confirmed the pathogenicity of the original M. agassizii isolate, clinical (and subclinical) disease and laboratory abnormalities were characterized, many extrinsic and predisposing factors were found to play a role in morbidity and mortality associated with mycoplasmal infection, and social behavior was implicated in disease transmission. The translation of scientific research into management decisions has sometimes led to undesirable outcomes, such as euthanasia of clinically healthy tortoises. In this article, we review and assess current research on tortoise mycoplasmosis, arguably the most important chronic infectious disease of wild and captive North American and European tortoises, and update the implications for management and conservation of tortoises in the wild.
Analysis of quality improvement efforts in preventing glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.

Abstract Objective To report and analyze quality improvement (QI) efforts that are aimed at increasing adherence to preventive guidelines for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP). Methods We performed a PubMed literature search for full-length articles in English between 1966 and 2013, describing approaches for improving the quality of GIOP care. We reviewed articles using a structured approach and abstracted information on the patient population, study design, QI intervention, and primary outcome measures. A descriptive analysis was then performed. Results Literature search identified 661 articles; 38 were screened by abstract, 10 were identified for full review, and 7 were included. Two non-randomized, uncontrolled studies of system changes showed significant improvements in GIOP prevention: one increased concomitant prescriptions of glucocorticoids and calcium (37–49%, p p p = 0.001) and improve GIOP-related habits. Five articles described education-based interventions, including 3 randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Two non-significant RCTs focused on physicians, but one directed towards pharmacists and patients did increase calcium supplementation in the intervention vs. control arm (55.7% vs. 31.6%, p Conclusion None of the interventions produced robust changes, with overall adherence to GIOP guidelines remaining low. System-based interventions appeared more effective than education-based interventions, but a diverse array of factors likely needs to be addressed, requiring more randomized controlled trials and greater standardization of outcome measures.
Mating in the red-sided garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis: differential effects on male and female sexual behavior

Female red-sided garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis, become unattractive to most males after mating in the field and in the laboratory. Male red-sided garter snakes vary in their latencies to court attractive females following copulation, with courtship resuming in minutes to hours. Unsuccessful males in mating balls disperse from mating pairs, but are not residually inhibited from courting attractive females. These patterns of behavior indicate that males have evolved mechanisms to maximize opportunities for copulation with several females, while females mate only once per season.
Acceleration in iterative imbased on the above performance, age restoration by manipulation of gain parameter

One of the major disadvantages of the standard iterative image restoration is its linear rate of convergence. In this paper it is shown that for natural scenes and uniform space invariant distortion, we can attain acceleration in the iteration process. It has been shown here that, for standard iterative restoration, if we choose the gain parameter close to but less than its upper limit and then after some iterations reduce it to exactly half of its upper limit, a close estimation of the original image can be obtained in that particular iteration itself. This is due to the fact that the iterative step vectors get closer to the original image vector as the iteration progresses, with a linear rate of convergence. The advantage of using this approach is that the iteration process can be accelerated in any desired iteration. Reducing the gain parameter in an early stage of the iteration process can save processing time at the cost of accuracy. On the other hand, if we choose to reduce the gain parameter after an increased number of iterations, we can obtain a more accurate result using more processing time. This is a result of the fact that the angle between the iterative step vector and the original image vector approaches zero as we increase the number of iterations.
Mammalian cell toxicity and bacterial mutagenicity of nitrosoimidazoles

Abstract It is currently believed that the biological activity of such therapeutic 5-nitroimidazoles as metronidazole is mediated by a short-lived, highly toxic species that arises from nitro group reduction. We found that the 5-nitroimidazole, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-5-nitroimidazole (5-NO 2 ), is at least 1000-fold less cytotoxic for CHO cells and mutagenic for Ames tester strain TA100 than its homologous nitroso compound, 1-methy1-4-phenyl-5-nitrosoimidazole (5-NO). Such evidence, along with previous work showing a similar relative bactericidal potency of these compounds, is consistent with the labile nitrosoimidazole being a biologically active species of the nitroimidazole, and indicates that mammalian cells are very susceptible to such an active form. The high potency of both 5-NO and 1-methyl-4-nitroso-5-phenylimidazole (4-NO), in contrast to the lack of potency of 1-methyl-4-nitro-5-phenylimidazole (4-NO 2 ) relative to 5-NO 2 , is additional evidence to support the suggestion that the activity of a nitro-imidazole is determined mainly by the ease with which it is reduced.
Motor neuron morphology estimation for its classification in the Drosophila brain

Type-specific dendritic arborization patterns dictate synaptic connectivity and are fundamental determinants of neuronal function. We exploit the morphological stereotypy and relative simplicity of the Drosophila nervous system to model the diverse dendritic morphologies of individual motor neurons (MNs) to understand underlying principles of synaptic connectivity in a motor circuit. The genetic tractability of Drosophila allows us to label single MNs with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and serially reconstruct identifiable MNs in 3D with confocal microscopy. Our computational approach aims at the robust segmentation of the MN volumes and the simultaneous partitioning into their compartments, namely the soma, axon and dendrites. We use the idea of co-segmentation, where every image along the z-axis (depth) is clustered using information from ‘neighboring’ depths. As appearance we use a 3D extension of Haar features and for the shape we define an implicit representation of the segmentation domain.
PRODUCTION OF HEAVY LEPTONS IN PROTON-PROTON COLLISIONS AND THE PARTON MODEL

Searches for leptons heavier than the muon may be conducted in hadron-hadron collisions: $p+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{L}^{+}+{L}^{\ensuremath{-}}+\mathrm{hadrons}$. We apply the parton model to this process to calculate the correlations and to estimate the cross sections for the decay products of the heavy leptons.
Langmuir−Blodgett Films of Known Layered Solids: Preparation and Structural Properties of Octadecylphosphonate Bilayers with Divalent Metals and Characterization of a Magnetic Langmuir−Blodgett Film

Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) films of a series of divalent metal octadecylphosphonates have been prepared and characterized. The films are each shown to be LB analogs of known solid-state metal phosphonates possessing 2-dimensional ionic−covalent metal phosphonate layers. The metal phosphonate layers crystallize during the LB deposition process. Films were characterized with XPS, X-ray diffraction, ellipsometry, attenuated total reflectance FTIR, and, in the case of the manganese film, SQUID magnetometry. Octadecylphosphonate films with Mn2+, Mg2+, and Cd2+ form with the stoichiometry M(O3PC17H37)·H2O and have metal phosphonate bonding consistent with the analogous M(O3PR)·H2O layered solids. The Ca2+ film forms as Ca(HO3PC18H37)2, which is also a known solid-state phase. Magnetic measurements reveal that the manganese octadecylphosphonate film undergoes a magnetic ordering transition at 13.5 K resulting in a “weak ferromagnet”. The behavior is similar to that of the known layered solid-state manganese alkylpho...
In-situ X-ray diffraction study of the crystallization kinetics of mesoporous titania films

In this work, we examine the kinetics of titania crystallization in periodic templated mesoporous thin films with a goal of understanding the relationship between atomic-scale crystallization and nanometer-scale structural change. The anatase crystallization proceeds via a surface-nucleation mechanism that rapidly produces relatively large titania grains. The activation energy for this process is about 210 ± 40 kJ/mol. As the crystallization proceeds, the periodic mesoscale order changes as the particles begin to impinge on the pore volume. The activation energy for this nanoscale restructuring is approximately 140 ± 30 kJ/mol, on the same order of magnitude as that observed for the crystallization. By studying the competition between these two processes, we are able to define the optimal conditions for kinetically controlled crystallization of the mesoporous material without appreciable change in the nanometer-scale structure. The grain growth behavior in the wall structure is also examined and is found ...
A Design Environment for Addressing Architecutre and Compiler Interactions

Abstract Often a computer architecture is designed and implemented without determining whether its associated compilers will actually use all of the architecture's features. A more effective machine can result when the interactions between an architecture and a compiler are addressed. This paper presents an environment that integrates the tasks of translating a source program to machine instructions for a proposed architecture, imitating the execution of these instructions and collecting measurements. The environment, which is easily retargeted and quickly collects detailed measurements, facilitates experimentation with a proposed architecture and a compiler.
Interphases in the Adhesive Bonding of Fluoropolymers

Abstract Strong and durable adhesive bonds may be made between polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and either cyanoacrylate (CA) or epoxy adhesives, if the PTFE surface is modified by the use of a “primer” such as triphenylphosphine (TPP) or diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM). The primer mixes with the PTFE surface, and the modified surface is then capable of forming an interphase, tens to hundreds of nanometers thick, where interpenetration of the adhesive and adherend occurs. Using CA adhesives, PTFE/CA/PTFE block compression shear bond strength (ASTM D4501-85) of over 10 MPa can be achieved, with failure occurring cohesively. Initial work with epoxy adhesives indicates that the use of DDM primer gives adhesive bonds comparable in strength with those produced by modification of the fluoropolymer surface by sodium naphthalenide.
K-mappings and Regression trees

We describe a method for learning a piecewise affine approximation to a mapping f : R d → R p given a labeled training set of examples {x1, ..., xn} = X ⊂ R d and targets {y1 = f (x1), ..., yn = f (xn)} = Y ⊂ R p . The method first trains a binary subdivision tree that splits across hyperplanes in X corresponding to high variance directions in Y .A f ixed number K of affine regressors of rank q are then trained via a K-means like iterative algorithm, where each leaf must vote on its best fit mapping, and each mapping is updated as the best fit for the collection of leaves that chose it.
Gas-phase chemistry of re-entry.

R of missiles is often accompanied by the hightemperature oxidation of the missile cover. The temperature at the surface of the missile is controlled by the ablation temperature of the heat shield. However, the temperature is higher in the boundary layer and at the stagnation point and may rise to 7000°K or more. Cooling occurs in the wake by diffusion and turbulent mixing until ambient temperature is reached; even in the far wake, however, chemically active species can be present. In a re-entry vehicle it is desired to have minimum heatshield weight and low observability. Carbon, graphite, carbon-phenolic, graphite-phenolic, and silica-phenolic result in low heat-shield weights, but have very high ablation temperatures. On the other hand, some low-temperature heat shields are more difficult to detect, but the weight required is considered excessive. Although there are many types of possible coatings, we shall restrict our discussion to materials that contain carbon. The purpose of this discussion is not to review comprehensively all possible reactions, but rather to examine the broad outline of typical combustions in terms of classes of reactions. Addition polymers such as polyformaldehyde and polytetrafluoroethylene are typical low-temperature ablators. They decompose at about 250°-650°C by "unzipping" to fragments of low molecular weight, principally their monomers. These fragments then enter the boundary layer and are oxidized. Typical high-temperature ablators are pyrolytic graphite and carbonand graphite-phenolic resins. The latter char at temperatures above 250°C with the release of gaseous material, but the heat-shield surface temperature may exceed 3000° K during peak heating. In the following sections we shall first discuss some general considerations; these are followed by considerations of cleanair chemistry, graphite combustion, hydrocarbon combustion, and fluorocarbon combustion. For simplicity in all of these systems, the effects of impurities will be ignored. However, it should be realized that trace impurities can greatly alter the chemistry. For example, only parts per million of alkali metals can markedly enhance the electron concentration and thus increase the possibility of detection by radar. The chemistry of sodium in re-entry has been discussed by Bortner.
A Large Scale Evolutionary Analysis of the Internet Autonomous System Network

In this paper we present a large scale longitudinal analysis of the ASN network particularly studying evolution of its size, degree distribution and clustering. The analyzed ASN snapshot encompasses information collected and from a variety of sources over the course of five years. The study reveals several interesting trends about the evolutionary state of the ASN.
Development of narrow-band fluorescence index for the detection of aflatoxin contaminated corn

Aflatoxin is produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus when the fungus invades developing corn kernels. Because of its potent toxicity, the levels of aflatoxin are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the US, allowing 20 ppb (parts per billion) limits in food, and feed intended for interstate commerce. Currently, aflatoxin detection and quantification methods are based on analytical tests. These tests require the destruction of samples, can be costly and time consuming, and often rely on less than desirable sampling techniques. Thus, the ability to detect aflatoxin in a rapid, non-invasive way is crucial to the corn industry in particular. This paper described how narrow-band fluorescence indices were developed for aflatoxin contamination detection based on single corn kernel samples. The indices were based on two bands extracted from full wavelength fluorescence hyperspectral imagery. The two band results were later applied to two large sample experiments with 25 g and 1 kg of corn per sample. The detection accuracies were 85% and 95% when 100 ppb threshold was used. Since the data acquisition period is significantly lower for several image bands than for full wavelength hyperspectral data, this study would be helpful in the development of real-time detection instrumentation for the corn industry.
Numerical Simulation of Thermal Flying-Height Control Sliders to Dynamically Minimize Flying Height Variations

Thermal flying-height control (TFC) sliders have been used for active flying height control of hard disk drives. It is of particular interest to investigate if TFC sliders can be used to minimize both repeatable and nonrepeatable flying height variations. To that end, the power input to the heater must be dynamically optimized at each time step in order to minimize changes in flying height. In the current study, a numerical procedure is implemented to simulate the time dependent response of a TFC slider to changes of the heater element power input. The dynamic Reynolds equation and slider equilibrium equations are solved simultaneously to determine the dynamic change in flying height as a function of time. The change of thermal protrusion as a result of the optimized power input to the heater is computed using a TFC slider finite element model. The reduction of flying height variation is studied using past and present flying height histories and optimization of the power input to the heater. It is shown that the dynamic approach can be successfully used to minimize both repeatable and nonrepeatable flying height changes at the hard disk interface.
Overview of TREC-1

The first Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-1) was held in early November 1992 and was attended by about 100 people working in the 25 participating groups. The goal of the conference was to bring research groups together to discuss their work on a new large test collection. There was a large variety of retrieval techniques reported on, including methods using automatic thesaurii, sophisticated term weighting, natural language techniques, relevance feedback, and advanced pattern matching. As results had been run through a common evaluation package, groups were able to compare the effectiveness of different techniques, and discuss how differences among the systems affected performance.
Muscle Relaxation: Evidence for an Intrafibrillar Restoring Force in Vertebrate Striated Muscle

Observations of contracting muscle fibrils in cultured cells indicate that the force which restores the resting length of the sarcomere comes from the contractile elements themselves and not from external elasticity, as is now generally accepted. In light of biochemical studies on the contraction-relaxation cycle, it is postulated that the elongating force is one of internal elasticity in the sarcomere, which arises during contraction from the distortion of bonds between filaments and/or structural proteins. This mechanism of restoration may serve to establish optimal sarcomere length for production of maximum contractile force, and in cardiac muscle this mechanism may be a factor in ventricular filling.
Countermeasures for mobile agent security

Security is an important issue for the widespread deployment of applications based on software agent technology. It is generally agreed that without the proper countermeasures in place, use of agent-based applications will be severely impeded. However, not all applications require the same set of countermeasures, nor can they depend entirely on the agent system to provide them. Instead, countermeasures are applied commensurate with the anticipated threat profile and intended security objectives for the application. While countermeasures typically include any action, device, procedure, technique, or other measure that reduces the vulnerability of or threat to a system, our focus here is specifically on technical mechanisms, as opposed to procedural or non-technical measures. Such countermeasures can be integrated directly into an agent system, or incorporated into the design of an agent to supplement the capabilities of an underlying agent system. This paper gives an overview of the threats associated with software agent systems and their technical countermeasures, including the strengths and weaknesses of the techniques involved. Emphasis is on mobile software agents, since they typically face a more severe set of threats than do static agents and, therefore, demand more rigorous countermeasures.