cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applications of holographic on-chip microscopy (Conference Presentation)

My research focuses on the use of computation/algorithms to create new optical microscopy, sensing, and diagnostic techniques, significantly improving existing tools for probing micro- and nano-objects while also simplifying the designs of these analysis tools. In this presentation, I will introduce a set of computational microscopes which use lens-free on-chip imaging to replace traditional lenses with holographic reconstruction algorithms. Basically, 3D images of specimens are reconstructed from their “shadows” providing considerably improved field-of-view (FOV) and depth-of-field, thus enabling large sample volumes to be rapidly imaged, even at nanoscale. These new computational microscopes routinely generate <1–2 billion pixels (giga-pixels), where even single viruses can be detected with a FOV that is <100 fold wider than other techniques. At the heart of this leapfrog performance lie self-assembled liquid nano-lenses that are computationally imaged on a chip. The field-of-view of these computational microscopes is equal to the active-area of the sensor-array, easily reaching, for example, <20 mm^2 or <10 cm^2 by employing state-of-the-art CMOS or CCD imaging chips, respectively. In addition to this remarkable increase in throughput, another major benefit of this technology is that it lends itself to field-portable and cost-effective designs which easily integrate with smartphones to conduct giga-pixel tele-pathology and microscopy even in resource-poor and remote settings where traditional techniques are difficult to implement and sustain, thus opening the door to various telemedicine applications in global health. Through the development of similar computational imagers, I will also report the discovery of new 3D swimming patterns observed in human and animal sperm. One of this newly discovered and extremely rare motion is in the form of “chiral ribbons” where the planar swings of the sperm head occur on an osculating plane creating in some cases a helical ribbon and in some others a twisted ribbon. Shedding light onto the statistics and biophysics of various micro-swimmers’ 3D motion, these results provide an important example of how biomedical imaging significantly benefits from emerging computational algorithms/theories, revolutionizing existing tools for observing various micro- and nano-scale phenomena in innovative, high-throughput, and yet cost-effective ways.
Factors Affecting the Inland and Orographic Enhancement of Lake-Effect Precipitation over the Tug Hill Plateau

AbstractThe factors affecting the inland and orographic enhancement of lake-effect precipitation are poorly understood, yet critical for operational forecasting. Here we use nine cool seasons (16 N...
1996 Initiatives to Integrate Technology into Community Oriented Policing – 20 Years Later

Although the use of technology to improve community policing effectiveness has gained attention over the last decade, mainly due to the rise in the use of social media, it is far from new; already in 1996, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) organized a series of five regional conferences that focused on how technology can enhance community policing. Despite a very in-depth dedication to the topic, the conferences failed to consider how to pair the technological innovations with the ideas of buying hearts and minds of the public from the emotional angle. This chapter overviews the foci of the conferences and contrasts the decades old goals with state of police community relations 20 years later.
Effect of magnetic field on the dielectric strength of gaseous cooling media for superconducting applications

The influence of magnetic field on the dielectric strength of cryogenic helium is discussed. The effect of magnetic field that is perpendicular to the electric field, as encountered in high-temperature superconducting (HTS) power cables, on the dielectric aspects was investigated. Experiments measuring the breakdown strength of helium gas with and without the magnetic field were performed, and the results were further analyzed based on the developed models. The experimental results showed no significant effect of the magnetic field on the dielectric strength of gaseous helium.
You gotta keep a sense of humor

A Peace Corps physician working in Eastern Africa relates in his latest online journal entry some humorous anecdotes about his experiences there. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Mode of Expression

The main significance of this section primarily resides with the fact that at least in a majority of the heritable cases of male sterility, the genetic factors act with remarkable precision as to the exact stage and mode of breakdown in normal processes of pollen development. On purely arbitrary grounds we may discuss the cytological aspects of this phenomenon under four separate divisions of the entire syndrome of developmental stages involved.
Development, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Esophagus

Esophageal embryonic development and anatomic features play an important role in both normal function and common pathology of the esophagus. The embryonic endoderm provides the scaffolding for the future esophagus, which will ultimately connect the pharynx to the stomach. The developed esophagus has close anatomic relationships with the cervical spine, thoracic aorta, left atrium, and diagphragmatic haitus—relationships associated with esophageal pathology. Esophageal musculature is composed of an external layer of longitudinal fibers and an internal layer of circular fibers which provide peristaltic force; the backflow of food and acidic gastric contents is prevented at the level of two high-pressure regions: the upper and the lower esophageal sphincters. Microscopically, the esophageal wall is composed of four layers: internal mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propria, and adventitia. The esophagus has a segmental arterial supply without dedicated vasculature. Venous drainage is notable for being a portal-caval connection susceptible to portal hypertension. Esophageal innervation occurs via the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, as well as the intrinsic enteric nervous system.
Adaptive State Estimation Over Lossy Sensor Networks Fully Accounting for End-To-End Distortion

This paper investigates state estimation with wireless sensors communicating over unreliable bandwidth-limited networks. Specifically, we consider so-called smart sensors equipped with simple processing units, which enable predictive coding at the sensor side, to meet the bandwidth constraint. While predictive coding significantly reduces the bit-rate by removing temporal redundancies, it exacerbates the impact of packet loss, due to error propagation through the prediction loop, potentially causing significant degradation of the reconstructed signal. To fully account for and control the conflict between coding efficiency and robustness to packet loss, we propose a coding approach that explicitly optimizes the tradeoff between rate and end-to-end distortion (EED). The proposed method determines optimal switching decisions between available coding modes, offering different compression-robustness operating points, based on EED that is optimally estimated at the encoder (sensor), in order to realize the best rate-distortion tradeoff. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves considerable gains in signal-to-noise ratio for state estimation over lossy sensor networks.
Emergency Department Management

When clinicians encounter patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) in the emergency department (ED) setting, challenges include managing acute self-injurious and suicidal behavior, intoxication, anger, interpersonal hypersensitivity, diagnostic confusion, and requests for medication changes. It is imperative to approach the BPD patient in an active, genuinely concerned manner while keeping one’s emotional reactions in check. Determining interpersonal stressors may help the provider expeditiously locate the trigger point for the crisis and can improve the safety risk assessment, which must be guided by the principle of acute-on-chronic risk. Psycho-education about BPD assists the patient in understanding their reactions and provides a useful framework for identifying which interventions are likely to be helpful (psychosocial) or not (medications). Communication with colleagues, the patient’s social supports, and outpatient providers is paramount in reaching the most appropriate disposition.
Novel Risk Factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Family Members of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Survivors.

Objectives:Family members of ICU survivors report long-term psychologic symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. We describe patient- and family-member risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among family members of survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome.Design:Prospectiv
Biographical Prototypes: Reimagining Recognition and Disability in Design

This paper aims to elevate stories of design by people with disabilities. In particular, we draw from counter-storytelling practices to build a corpus of stories that prioritize disabled people as contributors to professional design practice. Across a series of workshops with disabled activists, designers, and developers, we developed the concept of biographical prototypes: under-recognized first-person accounts of design materialized through prototyping practices. We describe how the creation of such prototypes helps position disabled people as central contributors to the design profession. The artifacts engendered an expanded sense of coalition among workshop participants while prompting reflection on tensions between recognition and obligation. We end by reflecting on how the prototypes-and the practices that produced them-complement a growing number of design activities around disability that reveal complexities around structural forms of discrimination and the generative role that personal accounts may play in their revision.
Rates and Orders of Reactions

In this chapter, you will learn how to determine the rate of reactions, rate constants, and orders of reactions from balanced chemical equations and the rate law. There are clear descriptions of the zero- and first-order rate processes. You will use respective equations and C-t plots to determine the drug initial concentrations, rate constants, half-lives, shelf-lives, and drug concentrations at specified time intervals. You will understand the difference between the rate of reaction of a first-order process and the first-order rate constant, and you will learn how to use the leading coefficient and the input of first-order equation to compare the elimination profile of different drugs.
Antibiotic use and association with bacterial resistance in a hospital in Southern Brazil

Introduction. The increased production of new drugs is parallel with the bacterial adaptation to adverse conditions. There are several factors that have been pointed out as the cause of this, such as: globalization; the abusive use of antibiotics; and the arbitrary prescription of these drugs. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate antimicrobial usage with antibiotic resistance in 2012 and 2013 at a university hospital in Southern Brazil. Material and Methods. This study was performed at the University Hospital Dr. Miguel Riet Correa Jr. in Rio Grande/RS, Brazil. The data were collected between January 2012 and December 2013, using data from the medical clinic and two intensive care units. Results. Were observed, 385 and 464 cases of bacterial infections, during the years of 2012 and 2013, respectively. Acinetobacter baumannii , Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most prevalent species. The total antibiotic consumption in the University Hospital (HU-FURG) in this period was 3.865 units/dose, with 1.995 units/dose in the year 2012 and 1.870 units/dose in the year 2013. Relationships between the rates of main resistant pathogens isolated and the annual consumption of the corresponding antibiotic (carbapenems, cephalosporins, sulfonamides and other β-lactams) were observed; however, they did not show significant positive associations in increased resistance associated with increased consumption. Conclusion. This study reveals the need for the dissemination and feedback of these data to clinicians and decision-makers at the hospital, as it may be crucial to improve policies on prescribing antibiotics and to implement effective infection control.
Long-term pain relief following percutaneous steroid treatment of spinal synovial cysts: a population-based cohort study.

Fletcher-Sandersjoo et al present a retrospective cohort study of 38 patients with symptomatic facet synovial cysts who were treated with intra-articular corticosteroid injection.1 Seventy-nine percent of patients received short-term pain relief and almost a third of patients had sustained relief and were able to avoid spinal surgery during long-term follow-up (median 11 years). The authors did not perform synovial cyst rupture as part of their intervention. Percutaneous rupture of lumbar facet joint synovial cysts has been described in a number of retrospective studies.2–8 Technical success can be achieved in almost all patients using proper image guidance and appropriate technique. Traditionally, fluoroscopy has been used for needle placement as it is widely available, inexpensive, and provides real time procedural guidance. CT imaging provides significant advantages over fluoroscopy for accessing degenerated facet joints that develop synovial cysts as cross-sectional imaging can reveal an approach to osteophytic …
Polishing the Gold Standard: The Role of Orbital Choice in CCSD(T) Vibrational Frequency Prediction.

While CCSD(T) with spin-restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) orbitals has long been lauded for its ability to accurately describe closed-shell interactions, the performance of CCSD(T) on open-shell species is much more erratic, especially when using a spin-unrestricted HF (UHF) reference. Previous studies have shown improved treatment of open-shell systems when a non-HF set of molecular orbitals, like Brueckner or Kohn-Sham density functional theory (DFT) orbitals, is used as a reference. Inspired by the success of regularized orbital-optimized second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory (κ-OOMP2) orbitals as reference orbitals for MP3, we investigate the use of κ-OOMP2 orbitals and various DFT orbitals as reference orbitals for CCSD(T) calculations of the corrected ground-state harmonic vibrational frequencies of a set of 36 closed-shell (29 neutrals, 6 cations, 1 anion) and 59 open-shell diatomic species (38 neutrals, 15 cations, 6 anions). The aug-cc-pwCVTZ basis set is used for all calculations. The use of κ-OOMP2 orbitals in this context alleviates difficult cases observed for both UHF orbitals and OOMP2 orbitals. Removing two multireference systems and 12 systems with ambiguous experimental data leaves a pruned data set. Overall performance on the pruned data set highlights CCSD(T) with a B97 orbital reference (CCSD(T):B97), CCSD(T) with a κ-OOMP2 orbital reference (CCSD(T):κ-OOMP2), and CCSD(T) with a B97M-rV orbital reference (CCSD(T):B97M-rV) with RMSDs of 8.48 cm-1, and 8.50 cm-1, and 8.75 cm-1 respectively, outperforming CCSD(T):UHF by nearly a factor of 5. Moreover, the performance on the closed- and open-shell subsets shows these methods are able to treat open-shell and closed-shell systems with comparable accuracy and robustness. CCSD(T) with RHF orbitals is seen to improve upon UHF for the closed-shell species, while spatial symmetry breaking in a number of restricted open-shell HF (ROHF) references leads CCSD(T) with ROHF reference orbitals to exhibit the poorest statistical performance of all methods surveyed for open-shell species. The use of κ-OOMP2 orbitals has also proven useful in diagnosing multireference character that can hinder the reliability of CCSD(T).
Illuminating Racial Inequity in Diabetes Control: Differences Based on Gender and Geography

The objective of this study is to describe racial differences in type 2 diabetes mellitus “diabetes” control among the adults in the USA, and to examine attributes that may exacerbate racial differences. Secondary analyses of data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) collected in years 2012–2014 in the USA. Study sample was limited to White or African American patients aged 25 or older and living with diabetes (n = 4106). Outcome measure, poor diabetes control, was based on lab values for HbA1c (> 7%). Covariates include demographics, insurance, comorbid conditions, and continuity of care and location (urban vs. rural). Overall, African Americans have 33% higher odds of poor diabetes control compared with Whites. Adjusted probability of poor diabetes control was 48% overall, 65% for African American women and 69% for African Americans living in rural areas. African Americans continue to have poorer diabetes control compared to Whites. This difference is exacerbated for African American women, and for all African Americans living in rural areas. Policy should include concentrated screening and treatment resources for African Americans in rural settings.
Development and Validation of HSCAPS-1: A Clinical Decision Support Tool for Diagnosis of Hidradenitis Suppurativa over Cutaneous Abscess.

Background A clinical decision support tool may improve recognition of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) and reduce diagnosis delay. Objective To develop and initially validate a clinical decision support to predict diagnosis of HS and distinguish it from cutaneous abscess of the axilla, groin, perineum, and buttock. Methods This was a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis between January 2012 and June 2017 (development set) and July 2017 and March 2019 (validation set). We used an electronic records sample of 56 million patients from the Explorys database to identify patients with an ambulatory visit associated with either HS or cutaneous of the axilla, groin, perineum, and buttock. The outcome was predicted probability of HS diagnosis. Results Development set included 7,974 patients with mean age of 41.4 years, who were predominantly female (66%) and white (62%). Validation set included 1,560 patients with similar demographic composition. Factors which were stronger independent predictors of HS included female sex (OR 2.17 [95% CI 1.96-2.40]); African American race (1.28 [95% CI 1.15-1.44]); increasing BMI (OR 1.05 [95% CI 1.05-1.06)]; history of acne (OR 3.46 [95% CI 2.83-4.23]); Down syndrome (OR 5.35 [95% CI 2.03-14.12]); and prescription for at least 7 opioid medications in the past year (OR 1.05 [95% CI 0.83-1.33]). Up to age 45 years, increasing age was a stronger predictor of HS diagnosis. The simplified model showed good discrimination (c-statistic 0.746 [SE 0.013]) and moderate calibration (calibration intercept -0.260 [SE 0.055]; calibration slope 1.142 [SE 0.076]). Conclusion This clinical decision support tool shows good performance in predicting diagnosis of HS and distinguishing it from cutaneous abscess that involves the axilla, groin, perineum, and buttock.
An early warning sign of critical transition in the Antarctic ice sheet – a data-driven tool for a spatiotemporal tipping point

Abstract. Our recently developed tool, called Directed Affinity Segmentation (DAS), was originally designed for the data-driven discovery of coherent sets in fluidic systems. Here we interpret that it can also be used to indicate early warning signs of critical transitions in ice shelves as seen from remote sensing data. We apply a directed spectral clustering methodology, including an asymmetric affinity matrix and the associated directed graph Laplacian, to reprocess the ice velocity data and remote sensing satellite images of the Larsen C ice shelf. Our tool has enabled the simulated prediction of historical events from historical data and fault lines responsible for the critical transitions leading to the breakup of the Larsen C ice shelf crack, which resulted in the A-68 iceberg. Such benchmarking of methods, using data from the past to forecast events that are now also in the past, is sometimes called post-casting, analogous to forecasting into the future. Our method indicated the coming crisis months before the actual occurrence.
The Cross-Field Theory of Alternating-Current Machines

It is the purpose of this paper to show how analysis by the cross-field theory may be used to obtain accurate, purely numerical methods of calculating performance characteristics of alternating-current machines. Methods of calculation are derived and sample calculations are given for the single-phase induction motor and the repulsion motor.
Updated profiles of everyday executive function in youth with Down syndrome using the BRIEF-2

Background Executive function difficulties in youth with Down syndrome (DS) are well recognised using informant-report measures. However, the profile of relative challenges and strengths has not yet been evaluated using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition (BRIEF-2), which includes a new internal factor structure. Method Using the BRIEF-2, profiles of everyday parent-reported executive function (EF) were evaluated in youth with DS (n = 34) and compared with age-based and sex-based norms. EF profiles were also compared across raters (parent vs. teacher, n = 20) and relative to mental age-matched typically developing controls (ns = 19 in each group). Results Although within-group differences were not revealed on indexes, significant differences were found among BRIEF-2 scales. Across raters, teachers reported significantly more difficulties than parents. Compared with mental age-matched typically developing controls, the DS group was rated more poorly on some but not all BRIEF-2 scales. Conclusions At the scale, but not the index level, the BRIEF-2 identifies a variegated EF profile in children with DS. For several of the scales, significant differences were noted relative to both chronological age expectations (using norms) and mental-age expectations (using a developmentally matched comparison group). At the scale level, the BRIEF-2 continues to be a sensitive tool for identifying executive function difficulties as well as profiles of relative strengths and weaknesses in children with DS.
Thermal conductivity tensor of β-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazoctane (β-HMX) as a function of pressure and temperature

We have used reverse non-equilibrium molecular dynamics ( RNEMD) simulations to determine the full thermal conductivity tensor for the monoclinic high explosive crystal β-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazoctane ( β-HMX). In order to do so for the monoclinic crystal, four directions for heat propagation are used. Effects of the temperature and pressure are investigated between 200 and 500 K and 0 and 5 GPa, respectively, which approximately covers the range where the β polymorph is stable. Simulations are carried out with the Smith–Bharadwaj non-reactive empirical potential [Smith and Bharadwaj, J. Phys. Chem. B 103, 3570 (1999)], which is known to reproduce well the thermo-elastic properties of HMX. Our results indicate that the thermal conductivity, κ, is highly anisotropic, with 36% difference between the two extreme values at 300 K and 0 GPa. A simple function is used to interpolate κ in the pressure-temperature regime considered in this study, which can be used in continuum models. The results from RNEMD simulations compare well with available experimental results from the literature and allow the determination of κ for any direction and temperature and pressure within or around the fitting interval.
Respiratory Aerosol Emissions from Vocalization: Age and Sex Differences Are Explained by Volume and Exhaled CO2

Evidence suggests that airborne transmission of infectious respiratory aerosol plays an important role for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This work characterized respiratory aerosol emissions from a panel o...
Low Recurrence Rate in Treating Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia with Triple Freeze‐Thaw Cycles

Background Cryoablation is an alternative to radiofrequency ablation in treating atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). However, its long-term effectiveness is in question when compared to radiofrequency ablation. We reviewed the results of cryoablation in children with AVNRT at our institute. Methods We performed a retrospective single-center chart review of consecutive patients ≤18 years of age with AVNRT who underwent cryoablation between January 2007 and August 2009. During cryoablation, a 6-mm-tip cryocatheter was used with temperature set to −80°C. Test lesions were performed at the presumed slow pathway location based on combined anatomic and electrophysiologic approach. If successful, ablation was then continued with triple freeze-thaw cycles (FTC) of 4 minutes each. Results A total of 53 patients (age range: 6.1–18.4 years, mean: 13.6 years, median: 13.2 years) underwent slow pathway modification with cryoablation. Acute success was achieved in 51 (96.2%) cases. Transient atrioventricular block was seen in 19 cases. The block occurred during FTC in eight patients (15%). The number of FTC was three in 47 (92.2%) patients. Less than three FTC were given in two patients due to transient heart block and four FTC were given in two patients with suspected catheter movement. Procedure duration was 177 ± 56 minutes; fluoroscopic time was 14 ± 11 minutes. Mean follow-up was 30.7 ± 10 (range 12–52, median 31) months. Recurrence of supraventricular tachycardia was seen in only one (1.96%) patient. Conclusions Triple FTC cryoablation lesions resulted in a low recurrence rate comparable to RF ablation in treating AVNRT without increased complications.
The impact of international migration on real wages: another look.

Abstract This paper examines the issue of how emigration alters real wages in the source country. The analysis is carried out first using the two-class framework developed by Rivera-Batiz (1984) and then by means of a simple model of scale economies and imperfect competition. Our results indicate that, within these contexts, real wages are likely to decline in response to emigration if (1) the migrants possess a large fraction of physical or human capital that they take with them when migration occurs, or (2) emigration reduces the scale of operation of domestic firms. Our conclusions are compared to those of Quibria (1989).
On the annihilator of energy-momentum spectra in quantum field theory

It is shown that in a quantum field theory the annihilator of energy-momentum spectra has empty interior.
Muon Polarization in K μ 3 0 Decay

An experiment to measure the polarization of muons from ${{K}_{\ensuremath{\mu}3}}^{0}$ decay was carried out at the Bevatron with counter techniques. All three components of the polarization were measured. The time-reversal-violating component transverse to the decay plane was found to be $〈{{P}_{T}}^{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}〉=\ensuremath{-}0.005\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.019$, which is consistent with $T$ invariance. The result for the form-factor ratio $\ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{{f}_{\ensuremath{-}}}{{f}_{+}}$ was $\mathrm{Re}\ensuremath{\xi}=\ensuremath{-}{{1.81}_{\ensuremath{-}0.26}}^{+0.50}$, $\mathrm{Im}\ensuremath{\xi}=\ensuremath{-}0.02\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08$, $\mathrm{Arg}(\ensuremath{\xi})\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\pi}=(0.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.6)\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$, if $\ensuremath{\xi}$ is assumed to be independent of ${q}^{2}$. If $\ensuremath{\xi}$ is not too strongly dependent on ${q}^{2}$, this result still holds true for $\ensuremath{\xi}$ at ${q}^{2}\ensuremath{\cong}2.65{{m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{2}$, the average ${q}^{2}$ selected by our apparatus.
Medical school-based teaching kitchen improves HbA1c, blood pressure, and cholesterol for patients with type 2 diabetes: Results from a novel randomized controlled trial

Abstract Aims A medical school-based teaching kitchen sought to establish proof-of-principle for its hands-on Mediterranean diet (MD)-based cooking and nutrition curriculum for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods This pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) allocated 27 patients with T2D between the control and GCCM arms. Mixed effects linear regression with repeated measures was used to investigate differences from baseline to 6 months. The primary and secondary endpoints were HbA1c −0.3% (−27mmol/mol) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) −10mmHg and a 25% improved responses in dietary habits and attitudes and competencies in healthy nutrition. Results Compared to the control group, the GCCM group had superior HbA1c reduction (−0.4% vs. −0.3%, p =0.575) that was not statistically significant. There were significantly greater reductions in the GCCM vs. control group for DBP (−4 vs. 7mmHg, p =0.037) and total cholesterol (−14 vs. 17mg/dL, p =0.044). There was a greater proportion increase though not significant of GCCM subjects compared to controls who mostly believed they could eat correct portions (18% vs. −11%, p =0.124), and who used nutrition panels to make food choices (34% vs. 0%, p =0.745). Conclusion This is the first known RCT demonstrating improved biometrics using a novel MD-based hands on cooking and nutrition curriculum for patients with T2D. These results suggest subsequent clinical trials are warranted on the grounds of documented feasibility and clinical efficacy.
Taking Responsibility as Consumers and Citizens: Individual Responses to Environmental Crises

How should people respond to the realization that their actions are bound up in the causal processes that cause such environmental problems as resource depletion and climate change? Should they take responsibility as consumers primarily, engaging in practices of green consumerism as a remedy, aiming to extricate themselves from contributing toward acknowledged problems? Should they instead, as others have claimed, engage primarily in political activities designed to bring about collective rather than individual solutions to such problems? What, ultimately, should each of us do, in either or both of these domains in order to satisfactorily discharge our responsibilities? This question concerns two distinct problems that come together around this imperative of individual action: 1) the empirical consideration of whether consumer or citizen activism constitutes a more effective means of bringing about the desired ends; and 2) the normative entailment of acknowledging our complicity in larger states of affairs like environmental crises. Drawing on the respective scholarly literatures of social movement theory and practice and moral responsibility theory, I shall defend a view of what individual responsibility for such problems entails and how persons might discharge these responsibilities. In so doing, I shall attempt to explicate the roles played by differentiated past contributions to the problem, differential capacity to remedy it, different levels of knowledge and intentionality, and various sorts of co-benefits play in determining and discharging one’s responsibilities.
Opportunities to improve cervical cancer screening in the United States.

Cervical cancer screening is considered a public health success story in the United States. In contrast to developing countries where cervical cancer is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity, the widespread adoption of Pap smear screening since the 1960s in the United States has led to an estimated 50 percent reduction in the incidence of cervical cancer. Yet with still 12,000 new cases of and 4,000 deaths from cervical cancer each year (American Cancer Society 2010), the U.S. screening program is far from perfect. In this issue of The Milbank Quarterly, Habbema and colleagues provide a cross-national case study of cervical cancer prevention efforts in both the United States and the Netherlands, describing the evolution of divergent cervical cancer–screening policies and comparing time trends of screening practice and disease mortality in the two countries. Reporting similar mortality rates but a three- to fourfold higher Pap smear testing rate in the United States, the case study lends support to the suspicion that cervical cancer screening in this country is overly aggressive and inefficient. The case study draws attention to several key priorities for strengthening cervical cancer programs that are generalizable to other preventive health efforts in the United States and beyond.
Defeating the self-defeat argument for phenomenal conservativism

Michael Huemer has argued for the justification principle known as phenomenal conservativism by employing a transcendental argument that claims all attempts to reject phenomenal conservativism ultimately are doomed to self-defeat. My contribution presents two independent arguments against the self-defeat argument for phenomenal conservativism after briefly presenting Huemer’s account of phenomenal conservativism and the justification for the self-defeat argument. My first argument suggests some ways that philosophers may reject Huemer’s premise that all justified beliefs are formed on the basis of seemings. In the second argument I contend that phenomenal conservativism is not a well-motivated account of internal justification, which is a further reason to reject the self-defeat argument. Consequently, the self-defeat argument fails to show that rejecting phenomenal conservativism inevitably leads one to a self-defeating position.
Realizing Rights: Fulfilling Humanity's Promise to Itself

Rights. It presents an opportunity to reassert the central importance of international human rights standards in achieving a more just and sustainable future. Recent trends in realizing the promise of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights have not been positive. Due in significant part to national and global responses to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, human rights in this decade have been marginalized and in some cases undermined. But further deterioration can be halted and progress resumed, first by reclaiming and then reinvigorating the message of human rights. I can think of no better way of doing so than by reaffirming the Universal Declaration’s vision of rights and responsibilities as a “common standard of achievement” for all peoples and all nations.
Culture of Chicken Granulosa Cells from Small Yellow Follicles : A Suitable Culture System

In the chicken ovary, one small yellow follicle (SYF) is selected daily to enter the hierarchy and ovulates a few days later. Cellular changes that occur in these follicles may provide an understanding of the mechanism of follicular selection. It was reported that granulosa cells isolated from SYF undergo apoptosis within 6 h in suspension culture. In this study, a culture method in which granulosa cells from SYF remain viable in vitro for 24 h is reported. Granulosa layers were isolated from SYF (Gr-SYF) and from the largest preovulatory follicle (Gr-F1) and dispersed in collagenase (1.5 mg/ml) for 15 min. Cells (1×106/500μl for Gr-SYF and 2×105/500μl for Gr-F1) were cultured either in 24 well plates in an incubator with 5% CO2/95% O2 at 39°C or in suspension in falcon tubes and incubated in water bath at 37C, for 0, 6, 12 and 24 h. Theca cell explants (8 mm diameter) were cultured in 1 ml of the same medium for 6 and 12 h. Cell proliferation (n=6) at 6, 12 and 24 h, DNA integrity and membrane permeability (n=4) were determined by a colorimetric assay, gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry, respectively. Proliferation increased in Gr-SYF cultured in a plate at 12 and 24 h whereas it did not change in Gr-F1 cells at any time of culture. DNA fragmentation was observed in Gr-SYF cultured in suspension at 12 h and theca cells at 6 and 12 h but not in Gr-SYF cultured in the plate. Cell permeability and DNA stainability (indicative of apoptosis) were only increased in Gr-SYF cultured in suspension. In conclusion, we have identified culture conditions that will allow the culture of granulosa cells obtained from SYF, the stage prior to selection.
An international marketing perspective of Canadian tourists' shopping behaviour: Minot (North Dakota):

Since the devaluation of the Canadian dollar, tourism profits in the US border towns have seen a worrying decline. This paper examines the historical causes of this decline, with particular reference to the cross-border town, Minot, in North Dakota, and suggests ways in which a radical and thoroughgoing reappraisal of policy, both through the CVB and Chambers of Commerce, could improve the fortunes of this formerly very prosperous large town by targeted marketing and carefully considered tourist benefits.
Recursive Construction of Optimal Self-Concordant Barriers for Homogeneous Cones

We give a recursive formula for optimal dual barrier functions on homogeneous cones. This is done in a way similar to the primal construction of Guler and Tuncel (Math. Program. 81(1):55---76, 1998) by means of the dual Siegel cone construction of Rothaus (Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 64:85---86, 1958). We use invariance of the primal barrier function with respect to a transitive subgroup of automorphisms and the properties of the duality mapping, which is a bijection between the primal and the dual cones. We give simple direct proofs of self-concordance of the primal optimal barrier and provide an alternative expression for the dual universal barrier function.
Imipramine reduces the local inflammatory response to carrageenin

Imipramine was administered chronically to LEW/N, outbred and F344/N rats which were then exposed to the aseptic irritant carrageenin in order to determine whether the decreased hypothalamic expression of CRH m-RNA previously shown to be associated with imipramine affects peripheral immune processes. Both LEW/N and outbred but not F344/N rats had vigorous inflammatory responses to carrageenin, and imipramine was associated with significant decreases in the local cellular inflammatory response to carrageenin. Imipramine was also associated with changes in the expression of peripheral blood cell MHC class II expression in LEW/N and outbred rats. These results suggest that at doses comparable to those used clinically imipramine has significant effects on response to an inflammatory stimulus.
Building Evidence of Validity: The Relation Between Work Values, Interests, Personality, and Personal Values

The current study used work values components (WVC) to examine the relationship between work values, vocational interests, personality, and personal values. Most intercorrelations between work valu...
Circadian Variations of Prostaglandins in the Rabbit Aqueous Humor

ABSTRACT Forty-eight young adult New Zealand albino rabbits were entrained to a daily 12-hr light and 12-hr dark cycle. Under a constant dark environment, rabbits were sacrificed at 4-hr intervals,...
EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC FIELDS ON WATER-DROPLET COALESCENCE

Abstract Growth of incipient precipitation particles by collision and coalescence with cloud droplets is one of the primary mechanisms of natural rain. Comparison of previous research shows wide divergence between various theoretical and laboratory values of collision efficiency and coalescence efficiency. In an effort to obtain additional laboratory measurements of droplet coalescence, high-speed photographs were taken of colliding droplets at the breakup point in a Rayleigh jet. With 700-micron diam droplets, less than 30 per cent of the collisions result in coalescence under no field condition. At fields of about 40 v per cm, the coalescence was about 100 per cent under all conditions of field.
The Struggle Over Marshall and the Politics of Constitutional History

A struggle is underway over the legacy of John Marshall. For some time a number of political scientists (Mendelson 1982; Wolfe 1986; Clinton 1989; Goldstein 1991) have been waging a battle to rescue Marshall from those who presumably have been claiming that the great Chief Justice not only established the precedent for judicial review but also established the precedent of the activist use of judicial power-with activist in this context referring to result-oriented decisionmaking that is not supported by a fair reading of the constitutional text.' There are important differences separating these writers but they share a belief that Marshall's decisions reflected a commitment to a careful reading of the constitutional text (as opposed to conceptions of natural law or a judge's extraconstitutional policy preferences) and that this practice is to be preferred over what is presumed to be a more modem and less legitimate notion, traced to the turn-of-the-century Court, that judicial decisions should be based on more abstract and atextual conceptions of political morality. There is much to be admired in the work produced by these scholars. They have contributed to our understanding that Marshall viewed the Constitution as positive law and not as a gateway to decisions based on natural justice (see also Snowiss 1990). They have also helped remind political scientists that it is often misleading to characterize SupremeCourt decisionmaking as governed by the justices' idiosyncratic policy preferences. A careful reading of texts and contexts often uncovers a process that more closely resembles principled (albeit politically charged) acts of interpretation than unrestrained acts of legislation.2
Non-convolution Operators with Oscillating Kernels That Map Ḃ0,11 into Itself and Map Lp into Itself

Here we consider the kernels Ω1(y, u) = K(y, u)ei|y−u|a for a > 1. We show that the operators Tƒ(y) = ∫ (Ω1(y + 12, u) − Ω1(y, u))ƒ(u) du map B(Rn) into itself. We also show that the operators ∫(Ω1(y, u)) ƒ(u) du map Lp into itself for p > 1.
Multiple-gap tunneling structure observed for the high- T c superconductors: Charging effects as possible cause

We have observed a tunneling structure for systems of the type Ag-barrier-metal particles-barrier-Ag, which shows gap structure and multiple-conductance peaks as a function of voltage which closely resembles the point-contact tunneling characteristics reported for the high-${T}_{c}$ superconductors. These data suggest that the appearance of multiple conductance peaks is not due to an intrinsic multiplicity of gaps in the high-${T}_{c}$ superconductors but to charging effects related to the granularity of the material.
The elementary particle base masses

The authors empirically based contention that there exists an integral mass system for the principal baryons and the electron is put into a theoretical framework. This framework predicts a neutrally charged lepton which must correspond to the neutrino, generates very accurate base masses for the major leptons, mesons, and baryons and extremely accurate mass splitting for the principal octet of baryons. In addition, it predicts a totally new class of super heavy particles the lightest of which would have a mass greater than 38 GeV.
Communicating Hydrocephalus in Metachromatic Leukodystrophy

This child was developmentally normal until approximately 1 year of age, then regressed. When first evaluated at 2 years of age, she had developed spastic quadriparesis with decreased vision and verbal communication. A magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral diffuse signal abnormalities involving the splenium of the corpus callosum and the deep and periventricular white matter of the bilateral frontal and parietallobes,withrelativesparingofthesubcorticalwhitematter(Figs1 and 2). Her mother reported a similar clinical course for the patient’s brother that resulted in his death at about 3 years of age without a diagnosis. Extensive metabolic testing was undertaken and arylsulfatase-A deficiency was found. Analysis of the arylsulfatase-A gene revealed a previously described disease causing homozygous mutation [c.G364A (gene 513, EX2), p.G122s)]. The girl’s mother was confirmed to be an obligate carrier, but the father was not available for testing. The patient subsequently experienced severe neurological regression. Spinal magnetic resonance imaging was undertaken due to additional development of severe scoliosis. It revealed moderate to severe thoracolumbar levoscoliosis and an incidental finding of marked lateral ventricle enlargement with complete effacement of subarachnoid spaces around the temporal lobes. No spinal canal stenosis or spinal cord abnormalities were noted. A computed tomography scan of the brain was performed to confirm the partially imaged intracranial findings. It showed severe enlargement of the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles that was out of portion tothe degree of volume loss with dilatation of the anterior third ventricle (Fig 3). Other than intermittent fussiness and vomiting, there were no other clinical findings attributable to development of hydrocephalus. There were no clinical or radiologic findings to suggest tumor, infection, or hemorrhage as the etiology of hydrocephalus. A ventriculoperitoneal shunt was considered but not placed because of the child’s extremely poor prognosis after risks, benefits, and alternatives were discussed with the family.
Business and religion in the American 1920s

Illustrations Acknowledments Introduction Business Enthroned The Church and Business Religion as Business Business Adapts and Benefits Business as Religion: God and Man Business as Religion: Social Redemption Conclusion Note on Method Bibliography Index
Computer-Aided Control of Sheet Metal Forming Processes

A computer software package has been developed which is capable of predicting the success or the failure of formed sheet metal parts at the design or blueprint stage. One of the important features of the software system is that it provides a quick graphic representation of the computed major and minor strains at all the nodal points of the formed part. The computed strains are then directly superimposed on the forming limit diagrams appropriate for the particular material. With this information on hand, a design engineer may either proceed with the particular design and manufacturing method or make changes in process variables, i.e., geometry, material, loading method, boundary conditions, die design, etc., until a satisfactory condition is established. Major elements of the analysis code consist of programs to describe constitutive equations from the data base obtained for various materials, programs to computer a forming limit diagram as well as information regarding the forming limit diagram which is based on shop experience, and finally two sets of finite element analysis codes. In order to illustrate the key features of the software system, several examples are outlined, some representing real parts and others hypothetical. Some of the areas of improvements in the computer-aided predictive method are also outlined.
Communication and Collaboration Between Home and School for Students with ADD

Identifies areas appropriate for collaborative efforts and how collaboration can be used effectively for students with ADD