cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and outcomes of pediatric in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the United States: an analysis of the Kids' Inpatient Database*.

Objective: Population-based data on pediatric in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the United States are scarce. Singlecenter studies and voluntary registries may skew the estimated prevalence and outcomes. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and outcomes of pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation on a national scale. Design: A retrospective analysis of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project 2006 Kids’ Inpatient Database was performed. Sample weighting was employed to produce national estimates. Setting: Three thousand seven hundred thirty-nine hospitals in 38 states participating with the Kids’ Inpatient Database. Patients: All patients <20 yrs of age hospitalized in participating institutions in 2006. Measurements and Main Results: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed in 5,807 (95% confidence interval 5259–6355) children with prevalence of 0.77 per 1,000 admissions. Most patients (68%) were <1 yr old, and 44% were female. On multivariable analysis, cardiopulmonary resuscitation was associated with respiratory failure (odds ratio 41.5, 95% confidence interval 35.4–48.8), myocarditis (odds ratio 36.6, 95% confidence interval 21.9–61.0), acute renal failure (odds ratio 21.6, 95% confidence interval 17.5–26.7), heart failure (odds ratio 3.8, 95% confidence interval 3.0–4.8), and cardiomyopathy (odds ratio 3.8, 95% confidence interval 3.2–4.7). Overall mortality was 51.8% and greater among patients 1 yr (68%) vs. <1 yr (44%) (odds ratio 2.7, 95% confidence interval 2.3–3.2). Factors associated with mortality among patients receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation on multivariable analysis included acute renal failure (odds ratio 1.5, 95% confidence interval 1.1–1.9), hepatic insufficiency (odds ratio 1.5, 95% confidence interval 1.01–2.4), sepsis (odds ratio 1.2, 95% confidence interval 1.01–1.4), and congenital heart disease (odds ratio 1.2, 95% confidence interval 1.01–1.5). Conclusions: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is performed in approximately one in 1,300 pediatric hospitalizations. Approximately half of patients receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation do not survive to discharge. Independent risk factors for mortality after receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation included congenital heart disease, age 1 yr, acute renal failure, hepatic insufficiency, and sepsis. (Crit Care Med 2012; 00:0–0) KEY W ORDS : cardiopulmonary resuscitation; epidemiology; factual databases; heart arrest; pediatrics; resuscitation
The impact of drug coverage on COX-2 inhibitor use in Medicare.

ABSTRACT: Passage of the Medicare drug benefit legislation has renewed attention to the relationship between drug coverage and medication use. This study assesses the impact of drug coverage on COX...
A randomized double-blind study of carbamazepine in the treatment of cocaine abuse.

A 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose outpatient study of carbamazepine (400 mg and 800 mg) in the treatment of cocaine dependence was performed. Data were analyzed with respect to both treatment condition and carbamazepine serum levels. Outcome variables included subject retention, cocaine urinalysis, self-reported cocaine use, cocaine craving, patient and clinical global impressions, the Drug Impairment Rating Scale for Cocaine, and side effects. Compared with placebo, the 400 mg treatment condition exhibited a greater decrease in the rate of positive cocaine urinalyses and a reduction in intensity and duration of craving over the course of the study. Higher serum carbamazepine levels were associated with a lower rate of positive cocaine urinalysis, fewer days of self-reported cocaine use, briefer craving episodes, and greater subject interval retention. The clinical and methodologic implications of these findings and of the study design are discussed. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1997) 62, 89–105; doi:
Genomic characterization of remission in juvenile idiopathic arthritis

The attainment of remission has become an important end point for clinical trials in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), although we do not yet have a full understanding of what remission is at the cell and molecular level. Two independent cohorts of patients with JIA and healthy child controls were studied. RNA was prepared separately from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and granulocytes to identify differentially expressed genes using whole genome microarrays. Expression profiling results for selected genes were confirmed by quantitative, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We found that remission in JIA induced by either methotrexate (MTX) or MTX plus a TNF inhibitor (etanercept, Et) (MTX + Et) is characterized by numerous differences in gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in granulocytes compared with healthy control children; that is, remission is not a restoration of immunologic normalcy. Network analysis of the differentially expressed genes demonstrated that the steroid hormone receptor superfamily member hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) is a hub in several of the gene networks that distinguished children with arthritis from controls. Confocal microscopy revealed that HNF4a is present in both T lymphocytes and granulocytes, suggesting a previously unsuspected role for this transcription factor in regulating leukocyte function and therapeutic response in JIA. These findings provide a framework from which to understand therapeutic response in JIA and, furthermore, may be used to develop strategies to increase the frequency with which remission is achieved in adult forms of rheumatoid arthritis.
Three-dimensional flow structures and vorticity control in fish-like swimming

We employ a three-dimensional, nonlinear inviscid numerical method, in conjunction with experimental data from live fish and from a fish-like robotic mechanism, to establish the three-dimensional features of the flow around a fish-like body swimming in a straight line, and to identify the principal mechanisms of vorticity control employed in fish-like swimming. The computations contain no structural model for the fish and hence no recoil correction. First, we show the near-body flow structure produced by the travelling-wave undulations of the bodies of a tuna and a giant danio. As revealed in cross-sectional planes, for tuna the flow contains dominant features resembling the flow around a two-dimensional oscillating plate over most of the length of the fish body. For the giant danio, on the other hand, a mixed longitudinal–transverse structure appears along the hind part of the body. We also investigate the interaction of the body-generated vortices with the oscillating caudal fin and with tail-generated vorticity. Two distinct vorticity interaction modes are identified: the first mode results in high thrust and is generated by constructive pairing of body-generated vorticity with same-sign tail-generated vorticity, resulting in the formation of a strong thrust wake; the second corresponds to high propulsive efficiency and is generated by destructive pairing of body-generated vorticity with opposite-sign tail-generated vorticity, resulting in the formation of a weak thrust wake.
Parallel Pair-HMM SNP Detection

I. MOTIVATION: Due to the massive amounts of data generated from each instrument run, next generation sequencing technologies have presented researchers with unique analytical challenges which require innovative, computationally efficient statistical solutions. Here we present a parallel implementation of a probabilistic Pair-Hidden Markov Model for base calling and SNP detection in next generation sequencing data. Our approach incorporates multiple sources of error into the base calling procedure which leads to more accurate results. In addition, our approach applies a likelihood ratio test that provides researchers with straight-forward SNP calling cutoffs based on a p-value cutoff or a false discovery control. II. RESULTS: We have developed GNUMAP-SNP, which is a highly accurate approach for the identification of SNPs in next generation sequencing data. By utilizing a novel probabilistic Pair-Hidden Markov Model, GNUMAP-SNP effectively accounts for uncertainty in the read calls as well as read mapping in an unbiased fashion. Our results show that GNUMAP-SNP has both high sensitivity and high specificity throughout the genome, which is especially true in repeat regions or in areas with low read coverage. In addition, we propose a statistical framework that accounts for the background noise using straightforward statistical cutoffs which filters out false-positive results. The parallel implementation of SNP calling achieves near linear speedup on distributed memory or shared memory platforms. III. AVAILABILITY: GNUMAP-SNP is available as a module in the GNUMAP probabilistic read mapping software. GNUMAP is freely available for download at: http://dna.cs.byu.edu/gnumap/.
A Simple Model of Plate Generation from Mantle Flow

SUMMARY A simple model of non-Newtoniancreepingﬂow is used to evaluate classes of rheologieswhichallow viscous mantle ﬂow to becomeplate-like. The model describes shallow-layerlithosphericmotion driven by sources and sinks. The sources represent spreading ridges while the sinks rep-resent subduction zones; the sources and sinks thus also prescribe the poloidal component ofthe surface ﬂow ﬁeld. The toroidal (strike-slip) component of the ﬂow ﬁeld is found via thesolution of the Stokes equation with non-Newtonian rheology. As a ﬁrst basic investigation ofthe model, the horizontal divergence from the two-dimensional rectangular velocity ﬁeld ofOlson & Bercovici (1991) is used for the source-sink ﬁeld. The degree to which the inducedﬂuid ﬂow reproducesthe rectangularplate is used to measure the success of differentrheologiesin generating plate-like ﬂows. Results indicate that power-law rheologies, even in the limit ofvery high power-law indexν, can only produce modest plate-like ﬂow. For example, the ratioof toroidal to poloidal kinetic energy for a source-sink ﬁeld derived from a square plate is atbest 0.65, whereas a perfect square plate has a ratio of 1.0. Moreover, the power-law rheologyappears to reach an asymptotic limit in its ability to produce plate-like behavior. This impliesthat plate tectonics is unlikely to arise from a power-law rheology even in the limit of very highν. A class of rheologies that yield signiﬁcantly more promisi ng results arise from the Carreaupseudo-plastic rheology with the power-law index taken to be ν < 0. One rheology in thisclass is the continuum model for stick-slip, earthquake behavior of Whitehead & Gans (1974),which is essentially the Carreau equation with ν = −1. This class of rheologies, referred to asthe stick-slip rheologies, induces a toroidal to poloidal kinetic energy ratio for a square plates’ssource-sink function which can be as high as0.9. The viscosity (or strength) distribution forthis class of rheologies also appears more plate-like, showing fairly uniform high viscosity re-gions (pseudo-plates) and sharply deﬁned low viscosity zones (pseudo-margins). In contrast,even the most nonlinear power-law rheology produces spatially varying high viscosity regionsand relatively smooth low viscosity margins. The greater success of the stick-slip rheologiesin producing plates is attributed to a self-lubricating mechanism in which the transfer of mo-mentum from regions of high shear to low shear is inhibited. In contrast, even in the limit ofinﬁnite power-law index, a power-law rheology can retard but never prohibit momentum trans-fer. This feature is essential to the sharpening of velocity proﬁles into plate-like proﬁles, whichis illustrated with a simple boundary-layertheory.Key words: Plate tectonics, mantle convection, non-Newtonian ﬂow, toroidal-poloidal cou-pling.
Roles of Listeria monocytogenes virulence factors in survival: virulence factors distinct from listeriolysin are needed for the organism to survive an early neutrophil-mediated host defense mechanism.

Avirulent mutant strains of Listeria monocytogenes which fail to produce phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, or which produce reduced amounts of hemolytic listeriolysin O, are incapable of causing progressive infection in normal mice. However, both strains can grow progressively in mice that have been rendered incapable of focusing neutrophils at sites of infection as a result of being treated with monoclonal antibody 5C6, specific for the type 3 complement receptor of myelomonocytic cells. In 5C6-treated mice, phospholipase C-negative and listeriolysin-defective mutant strains of L. monocytogenes, like the wild-type strain, give rise in the liver to large numbers of discrete foci of infected hepatocytes that retain their morphological integrity during the first 24 h, despite their large bacterial burden. In normal mice, in contrast, sites of infection in the liver are indicated by discrete focal accumulations of neutrophils that occupy the space originally occupied by infected hepatocytes. It is apparent that in normal mice neutrophils function to lyse infected hepatocytes and thereby to release L. monocytogenes for ingestion and killing by neutrophils themselves and by macrophages. However, whereas a proportion of wild-type organisms survive this early mechanism of defense to give rise to progressive infection, the phospholipase C-negative organisms are totally eliminated. On the basis of these and other results, it is suggested that virulence factors other than listeriolysin are needed by L. monocytogenes to counteract the early neutrophil-mediated mechanism of defense. Listeriolysin, itself, is an intrinsic virulence factor that allows L. monocytogenes to survive and multiply in a proportion of the fixed phagocytes of the liver (permissive phagocytes) and which enables the organism to go on to infect and replicate in adjacent hepatocytes. It was found that a mutant strain of L. monocytogenes incapable of producing any listeriolysin was incapable of establishing progressive infection, even in 5C6-treated mice. Images
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Association with Na+/H+ Exchanger Regulatory Factor Potentiates Receptor Activity

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a potent mitogen for many cell types. The PDGF receptor (PDGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that mediates the mitogenic effects of PDGF by binding to and/or phosphorylating a variety of intracellular signaling proteins upon PDGF-induced receptor dimerization. We show here that the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger regulatory factor (NHERF; also known as EBP50), a protein not previously known to interact with the PDGFR, binds to the PDGFR carboxyl terminus (PDGFR-CT) with high affinity via a PDZ (PSD-95/Dlg/Z0-1 homology) domain-mediated interaction and potentiates PDGFR autophosphorylation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in cells. A point-mutated version of the PDGFR, with the terminal leucine changed to alanine (L1106A), cannot bind NHERF in vitro and is markedly impaired relative to the wild-type receptor with regard to PDGF-induced autophosphorylation and activation of ERK in cells. NHERF potentiation of PDGFR signaling depends on the capacity of NHERF to oligomerize. NHERF oligomerizes in vitro when bound with PDGFR-CT, and a truncated version of the first NHERF PDZ domain that can bind PDGFR-CT but which does not oligomerize reduces PDGFR tyrosine kinase activity when transiently overexpressed in cells. PDGFR activity in cells can also be regulated in a NHERF-dependent fashion by stimulation of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor, a known cellular binding partner for NHERF. These findings reveal that NHERF can directly bind to the PDGFR and potentiate PDGFR activity, thus elucidating both a novel mechanism by which PDGFR activity can be regulated and a new cellular role for the PDZ domain-containing adapter protein NHERF.
A novel approach to expression recognition from non-frontal face images

Non-frontal view facial expression recognition is important in many scenarios where the frontal view face images may not be available. However, few work on this issue has been done in the past several years because of its technical challenges and the lack of appropriate databases. Recently, a 3D facial expression database (BU-3DFE database) is collected by Yin et al. [10] and has attracted some researchers to study this issue. Based on the BU-3DFE database, in this paper we propose a novel approach to expression recognition from non-frontal view facial images. The novelty of the proposed method lies in recognizing the multi-view expressions under the unified Bayes theoretical framework, where the recognition problem can be formulated as an optimization problem of minimizing an upper bound of Bayes error. We also propose a close-form solution method based on the power iteration approach and rank-one update (ROU) technique to find the optimal solutions of the proposed method. Extensive experiments on BU-3DFE database with 100 subjects and 5 yaw rotation view angles demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.
Barriers to Physician Adherence to Evidence-Based Monitoring Guidelines in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

The authors conclude that resource barriers, lack of familiarity, and lack of agreement restrict adoption of evidence-based chronic myelogenous leukemia guidelines, but efforts to facilitate use are not desired.
Accurate Transient Simulation of Interconnects Characterized by Band-Limited Data With Propagation Delay Enforcement in a Modified Nodal Analysis Framework

A numerical-convolution-based approach has been proposed for the accurate transient simulation of interconnects characterized by band-limited (b.l.) frequency-domain (f.d.) data and terminated by arbitrary equivalent circuits. Propagation delay is enforced in the transient results by obtaining causal impulse responses from b.l.f.d. data, extracting the propagation delays from them, and enforcing the delays in the causal impulse responses. Causal impulse responses are obtained through a new minimum- phase/all-pass decomposition of the frequency data. In this decomposition, a new form for the all-pass component has been proposed that preserves the sign of the original frequency response in the reconstructed response, unlike the prior approaches, leading to an accurate transient result. Arbitrary terminations are conveniently handled by integrating the numerical convolution in a modified nodal analysis (MNA) framework, a framework used by commercial circuit simulators, through a new transient simulation formulation. Numerical results demonstrating the accuracy and capability of the proposed procedure have been presented.
Role of Nuclear Receptor SHP in Metabolism and Cancer

Small heterodimer partner (SHP, NR0B2) is a unique member of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily that contains the dimerization and ligand-binding domain found in other family members, but lacks the conserved DNA-binding domain. The ability of SHP to bind directly to multiple NRs is crucial for its physiological function as a transcriptional inhibitor of gene expression. A wide variety of interacting partners for SHP have been identified, indicating the potential for SHP to regulate an array of genes in different biological pathways. In this review, we summarize studies concerning the structure and target genes of SHP and discuss recent progress in understanding the function of SHP in bile acid, cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, and drug metabolism. In addition, we review the regulatory role of SHP in microRNA (miRNA) regulation, liver fibrosis and cancer progression. The fact that SHP controls a complex set of genes in multiple metabolic pathways suggests the intriguing possibility of developing new therapeutics for metabolic diseases, including fatty liver, dyslipidemia and obesity, by regulating SHP with small molecules. To achieve this goal, more progress regarding SHP ligands and protein structure will be required. Besides its metabolic regulatory function, studies by us and other groups provide strong evidence that SHP plays a critical role in the development of cancer, particularly liver and breast cancer. An increased understanding of the fundamental mechanisms by which SHP regulates the development of cancers will be critical in applying knowledge of SHP in diagnostic, therapeutic or preventive strategies for specific cancers. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Translating nuclear receptors from health to disease.
Peak-gain-bounded design of constrained controllable damping in vibrating structures

This paper concerns the design of mechanical vibration suppression systems with controllable mechanical damping. For such systems, the paper illustrates techniques for both linear and nonlinear damping design, which place an upper bound on the peak gain from the structural disturbances to response performance outputs. The technique is an extension of many Lyapunov-based damping techniques in the open literature on semiactive systems. Presently, such techniques admit performance measures which depend only on the system state. This paper discusses theoretical extensions to those methods to accommodate performance measures which are explicitly dependent on the external disturbance and control forces. The theory is illustrated via simulation of a base-excited structure equipped with viscous, semiactive, or regenerative damping systems, with the objective of minimizing the peak gain from the base acceleration amplitude to the vector of inter-story drifts and structural accelerations.
Self-confidence of anglers in identification of freshwater sport fish

Although several studies have focused on how well anglers identify species using replicas and pictures, there has been no study assessing the confidence that can be placed in angler's ability to identify recreationally important fish. Understanding factors associated with low self-confidence will be useful in tailoring education programmes to improve self-confidence in identifying common species. The purposes of this assessment were to quantify the confidence of recreational anglers to identify 13 commonly encountered warm water fish species and to relate self-confidence to species availability and angler experience. Significant variation was observed in anglers self- confidence among species and levels of self-declared skill, with greater confidence associated with greater skill and with greater exposure. This study of angler self-confidence strongly highlights the need for educational programmes that target lower skilled anglers and the importance of teaching all anglers about less common species, regardless of skill level.
Behavioral Genetics and Aggressive Behavior in Childhood

Behavioral genetics has contributed to the study of psychopathology in three ways: (1) It has provided a theory of the genetic and environmental origins of individual differences in behavioral pathology, (2) devised methods that can disentangle the influence of nature and nurture, and (3) produced data that converge on the conclusion that hereditary influences are important in psychopathology. The new subdiscipline of developmental behavioral genetics is particularly relevant to the field of developmental psychopathology because its focus is on genetic change as well as continuity during development (Plomin, 1986a). The purpose of this chapter is to introduce developmental behavioral genetics, using aggressive behavior in childhood as an example of this approach.
RESPONSIBLE OPIOID PRESCRIBING: A PHYSICIAN'S GUIDE

This concise book offers physicians effective strategies for reducing the risk of addiction, abuse, and diversion of opioids that they prescribe for their patients in pain. Written by pain medicine...
Thermophilic and Thermotolerant Molds and Actinomycetes of Mushroom Compost During Peak Heating

(1964). Thermophilic and Thermotolerant Molds and Actinomycetes of Mushroom Compost During Peak Heating. Mycologia: Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 267-284.
Shortening and [Ca2+] dynamics of left ventricular myocytes isolated from exercise-trained rats.

The effects of run endurance training and fura 2 loading on the contractile function and Ca2+ regulation of rat left ventricular myocytes were examined. In myocytes not loaded with fura 2, the maximal extent of myocyte shortening was reduced with training under our pacing conditions [0.5 Hz at 2.0 and 0.75 mM external Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]o)], although training had no effect on the temporal characteristics. The “light” loading of myocytes with fura 2 markedly suppressed (∼50%) maximal shortening in the sedentary and trained groups, although the temporal characteristics of myocyte shortening were significantly prolonged in the trained group. No discernible differences in the dynamic characteristics of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]) transient were detected at 2.0 mM [Ca2+]o, although peak [Ca2+] and rate of [Ca2+] rise during caffeine contracture were greater in the trained state at 0.75 mM [Ca2+]o. We conclude that training induced a diminished myocyte contractile function under the con...
Ultrastructural study of eosinophils from patients with the hypereosinophilic syndrome: a morphological basis of hypodense eosinophils

We investigated the ultrastructural characteristics and the granule major basic protein (MBP) content of hypodense eosinophils from patients with the hypereosinophilic syndrome who had at least 90% hypodense eosinophils in their peripheral blood and compared these cells to normodense eosinophils from normal persons. The hypodense cells (density less than 1.082) contained significantly less MBP than normodense (density greater than 1.082) eosinophils (P less than .001) as measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Electron microscopic examination demonstrated a mean of 25.0 +/- 4.4 (X +/- 1 SD) granules per hypodense cell, compared to 30.6 +/- 8.4 granules per cell in the normodense group (P less than .1). The most striking difference between the hypodense and normodense eosinophils was the small individual granule size (X = .14 +/- .05 v .26 +/- .05 micron 2, respectively, P less than .001), and the smaller total granule area (3.2 +/- 1.8 vs 7.7 +/- 3.1 micron 2, respectively, P less than .001). Because the cytoplasmic areas were similar in the two groups, the mean percent area of cytoplasm occupied by granules was significantly lower in the hypodense group (P less than .001). The finding of consistently smaller granules in the presence of equal or fewer granules per cell in the hypodense eosinophils may explain the lower MBP content and thus provide a morphologic basis for the low density of eosinophils in patients with the hypereosinophilic syndrome.
Surviving organizational change.

Modern health care organizations are constantly undergoing change to keep up with technology, new federal regulations, new information, changes in personnel, budgetary problems, and a myriad of other factors. People are spending fewer days in the hospital than ever before. Businesses are taking a more active role in the health care their employees receive. Sage, chief executive officer (CEO) of Memorial Health Care System in South Bend, Indiana, states, ?Health care reform is here. And it's going to continue regardless of what happens in Washington.?
High Power 467nm Passively-Locked Signal-Resonant Sum Frequency Laser

Sum frequency mixing between the intracavity field of a diode-pumped neodymium laser and a GaAlAs diode using KTP is an attractive technique for generating output wavelengths in the blue region of the spectrum.1,2 Specific advantages of this approach include the absence of the mode-hopping noise typically observed in intracavity-doubled lasers, the attractive material properties of KTP and the wide temperature and wavelength acceptance of the noncritically phase- matched sum frequency interaction. Signal-resonant sum frequency generation3 can be used to generate visible light at optical efficiencies that are comparable to those of devices based on direct second harmonic generation.
Social media generation in urban China: A study of social media use and addiction among adolescents, by Hanyun Huang

In her 2014 book Social Media Generation in Urban China – a Study of Social Media Use and Addiction among Adolescents, Dr Hanyun Huang introduces the concept of “social media addiction” and paints ...
Inhibition of Autophagy with 3-Methyladenine Synergistically Enhances Cellular Apoptosis Induced by the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor PCI 24781 in Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Cells

Background: Autophagy represents a potential mechanism of cellular survival in settings of external stressors, such as starvation and exposure to cytotoxic drugs. Driven by the formation of autophagosomes, which digest nonessential cellular components during stress, autogphagy may be pharmacologically inhibited by 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an inhibitor of autophagosome formation. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACI) block cancer cell proliferation by mechanisms that involve epigenetic gene regulation leading to cell growth arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis. Previous investigators have demonstrated synergistic cellular killing by a combination of HDACI and autophagy inhibitors in leukemia cell lines (Carew et al., Blood. 2007). Methods: We investigated whether a similar effect was possible in lymphoma. Specifically, we studied the combination of the pan-HDACI PCI-24781 and 3-MA in three lymphoma cell lines—Ramos (Burkitt’s lymphoma), Jeko, and Granta (both mantle cell lymphoma lines). Cells were cultured in RPMI (Invitrogen) and were incubated for 48 hours with 3-MA (1 mM and 2 mM), PCI-24781 (0.125 uM, 0.25 uM, 0.5 uM) and combinations of both agents. Apoptosis was determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) using AnnexinV-FITC/propidium iodide (AnnexinV + /PI + ) staining. Western blots were performed to assess markers of apoptosis—beclin-1 and LC3B isoform I to II conversion. Results: In all three cell lines, treatment with PCI-24781 resulted in a dose-dependent increase in apoptosis. Our previous studies have shown that the IC70 (dose to achieve 70% AnnexinV + /PI + ) was 1uM for PCI-24781 in the Ramos cell line. When 3-MA was combined with 0.25 uM PCI-24781, apoptosis increased from 13% to 35%. Similarly, 3-MA increased apoptosis from 8% to 18% and from 30% to 50% when added to PCI 24781 0.125 uM and 0.5 uM, respectively. Similar, albeit less striking, trends were seen in Jeko and Granta cells. Synergy was determined in Ramos cells by the combination index (CI) using isobolograms (CalcuSyn software). Moderate synergy was seen at PCI concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 uM and a 3-MA concentration of 2 mM, with a CI of approximately 0.7. Immunoblots were analyzed for markers of autophagy—beclin-1 and LC3B isoforms I and II. Combined 3-MA and PCI-24781 reduced Beclin-1 expression as well as the conversion of LC3B isoform I to II in cells treated with the PCI-24781and 3-MA combination, as compared to cells treated with PCI-24781 alone, suggesting that inhibition of autophagy is responsible for the synergistic increase in apoptosis. This reduction was most prominent at 6 hours, indicating that autophagy inhibition is a relatively early event in this model. We conclude that inhibition of autophagy with 3-MA represents a novel approach to synergistically enhance cellular apoptosis induced by HDACI in lymphoma cells. Clinical studies taking advantage of this novel biology are warranted.
Treatment of AML in First Remission (CR1) with Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) Using Unrelated Donors (UD).

Introduction/Methods: A key component of improving the success rate of allogeneic HSCT for AML in CR1 is to reduce non-relapse mortality (NRM), which, if excessive, will deny the benefit of the graft-versus-leukemia effect. UD HSCT has traditionally been associated with high NRM rates. We reported previously on the significant reduction of NRM using the conditioning regimen of fludarabine 40mg/m 2 , IV busulfan 130 mg/m 2 for 4 days and thymoglobulin. Here we analyze the outcomes of all patients (n=37) with AML in CR1 treated with this regimen and UD HSCT in our institution from January 2002 to December 2007. High-resolution allele level HLA typing was performed for all donorrecipient pairs for HLA-A, -B, -C, DRB1 and DQB1; up to one mismatch was allowed (9/10). Median follow up is 30 months (range, 9–72). Results: Median age was 48 years (range, 13–68); 30% (n=11) were older than 54 years and 51% (n=19) were male. Eleven patients (30%) had secondary AML. Prognostic cytogenetics classification was poor and intermediate in 53% and 47% of the cases, respectively. Stem cell source was bone marrow (BM) in 68% (n=25) and peripheral blood (PB) in 32% (n=12). Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis was tacrolimus and mini-methotrexate with and without pentostatin (1 or 1.5 mg/m 2 on days 8, 15, 22 and 30) in 46% (n=17) and 54% of the cases (n=20), respectively. Donor-recipient HLA match was 9/10 and 10/10 in 14% and 86% of the cases. Median infused total nucleated and CD34+ cells was 3.72 x 10 8 (range, 0.57 – 11.78) and 3.77 x 10 6 (range, 0.45 – 12.4), respectively. Median time to neutrophil and platelet engraftment was 12 days (range, 8–18) and 14 days (range, 8–101), respectively. All but one patient engrafted. Grade II–IV acute (a) GVHD rate was 13% (n=2) and 50% (n=10) for patients that received and not received pentostatin-based prophylaxis. Grade III–IV aGVHD rate was 0% versus 15% (n=3) for patients receiving and not receiving pentostatin. Chronic GVHD was diagnosed in 55% (n=18) of all patients (extensive in 10). 100-day and 3-year NRM rate was 11% (n=4) and 20% (n=4), respectively, and was due to engraftment failure (n=1) and aGVHD (n=3). Eight patients (22%) have relapsed, and 8 (22%) have died (4 of relapse, and 4 of NRM causes). Relapse rate was 18% (3/17) and 25% (5/20) for patients that received and not received pentostatin as part of GVHD prophylaxis. Actuarial 3-year event-free and overall survival (figure) is 68% and 78%, respectively. Actuarial 3-year overall survival for patients receiving BM and PB is 80% and 75%, respectively. Conclusion: Long-term disease control can be achieved in a significant fraction of high-risk AML patients undergoing UD transplants as described in this abstract. Use of pentostatin in this context deserves further prospective evaluation.
The Method of Four Russians

As we’ve seen throughout this text, solving a linear system of GF(2) equations lies at the heart of many cryptanalytic techniques. Some examples include stream cipher cryptanalysis via the XL algorithm and its many variants [22, 23, 24, 25, 66, 67, 69, 79, 134, 82]; the algebraic attacks on the HFE public-key cryptosystem and Quartz [65, 111, 78, 72, 77, 68, 70]; cryptanalysis of QUAD [42]; and solving the matrix square root (provably NP-Hard for matrices over the boolean semiring) with the XL algorithm [155].
Discovery of VU6005649, a CNS Penetrant mGlu7/8 Receptor PAM Derived from a Series of Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines

Herein, we report the structure–activity relationships within a series of mGlu7 PAMs based on a pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine core with excellent CNS penetration (Kps > 1 and Kp,uus > 1). Analogues in this series proved to display a range of Group III mGlu receptor selectivity, but VU6005649 emerged as the first dual mGlu7/8 PAM, filling a void in the Group III mGlu receptor PAM toolbox and demonstrating in vivo efficacy in a mouse contextual fear conditioning model.
The Motto and the Enigma: Rhetoric and Knowledge in the Sixth Day

This chapter considers the rhetorical devices of the Decameron as well as the many ways in which Boccaccio establishes a meaningful connection between rhetoric and knowledge. Rhetoric can be epistemic, and in this regard, the characteristics and formal features of the motto, or witty reply, in the Sixth Day of the Decameron show how this metaphorical tool can be considered not only a structuring device of Boccaccio’s discourse, but also a ‘veil,’ a poetical strategy which is able to both conceal and to reveal philosophical knowledge.
Evidence for 1:1:1 Transfusion Support and Importance of a Hemorrhage Protocol

A massive transfusion protocol or hemorrhage protocol is a protocol which defines a standard set of RBC, plasma, and platelet units to be issued and transfused to a massively bleeding patient. The advantage of a protocol is that it provides an automatic process for getting blood products to patients as fast as possible, with the need for only brief, concise, and clear communication between clinicians and the blood bank.
Leading and Managing Change: Systems Improvement

Change management is a structured, proactive, coordinated approach to transition individuals and organizations from a current state to a desired future state to achieve lasting change. As such, change is viewed not as an event, but rather, as a planned process that occurs within a specified period of time. A successful change management initiative is usually guided by a strong model or framework that anticipates and mitigates resistance along the way and outlines a stepwise, gradual process of transition.
Antimicrotubule Agents That Bind Covalently to Tubulin

The binding of most microtubule inhibitors (MTI) is reversible. Most of these inhibit the polymerization of tubulin to microtubules (MT), but an important group promotes polymerization and stabilizes MT. A subset of MTI are not reversible due to covalent adduct formation with tubulin. Some of these agents are quite specific in the amino acid residue targeted for reaction, while others are less specific, though still targeting MT function in cells. Almost all reactive MTI cause loss of MT, but one reactive agent is known that stabilizes MT. Many reactive MTI target cysteines in tubulin, especially in β-tubulin, although MTI are known that target lysine and other residues. Reactive MTI include organic, inorganic, natural, and synthetic compounds, environmental toxicants as well as potential therapeutics.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW GENERATION OF EVACUATED COMPOUND PARABOLIC CONCENTRATORS

ABSTRACT The integrated Compound Parabolic Concentrator (ICPC) evacuated tubular collector has the potential to become the general purpose solar thermal collector for the future. To date it has remained a highly successful experimental concept which has demonstrated that very efficient high temperature performance from fixed non-tracking concentrators is a technical reality. Several initiatives are now underway with the objectives of overcoming the remaining technical and practical barriers. One of these uses a large diameter (125mm) borosilicate glass tube with a specially configured internal shaped mirror CPC coupled to a U-tube absorber. Another is scaled to be compatible with the use of presently available fluorescent glass tubing and production tooling.
Young Women's Perspectives About the Contraceptive Counseling Received During Their Emergency Contraception Visit.

Abstract Objectives Research aimed at understanding women's experiences accessing emergency contraception (EC) services and the extent to which providers support women's autonomous contraceptive decision making is limited. This study explores young women's experiences with contraceptive counseling when accessing EC at family planning specialty clinics that serve young adult and adolescent patients. Methods We conducted 22 in-depth telephone interviews with women ages 15–25 years who had recently accessed EC at two San Francisco Bay Area youth-serving clinics about their thoughts and experiences using and accessing contraception. We analyzed transcripts thematically, using inductive qualitative analytic methods to identify patterns across the interviews. Results Most respondents described their recent clinic visit to access EC positively. Specifically, they expressed appreciation about receiving comprehensive information about other methods of contraception without pressure, judgment, or the expectation that they adopt a particular method. They also pointed to the influence of prior health care experiences in which they felt pressured or judged, leading them to avoid accessing future reproductive health services. Conclusions We found that young women seeking EC appreciated learning about other contraceptive methods, but do not want to feel pressured to adopt a method in addition to EC. Findings highlight the importance of respecting young women's contraceptive decisions for building and maintaining provider trust and suggest that contraceptive counseling approaches that prioritize specific methods may reduce some young women's trust in providers and use of reproductive health services.
The Use of Angular Correlations to Extract Three-Dimensional Structural Information from X-Ray Solution Scattering

In this chapter we focus on scattering from non-crystalline solutions of molecules or nanoparticles in which the scattering objects are rotationally disordered.
Direct Cavo-Pulmonary Stent Mounted Right Ventricular Assist Device

Purpose Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction following LVAD placement can limit the benefits of LVAD therapy. Distinct anatomical and hemodynamic characteristics of RV limits the use of current LVAD as an RVAD, signifying the clinical need for dedicated RVAD technology. Methods RVAD delivery system is designed to deploy through percutaneous access to SVC and direct puncture of RPA. The design includes three separate self-expandable open stents linked in series, top stent anchored to the direct puncture from SVC to RPA, middle cage stent freely located at right atrium to prevent right atrial wall suction, and the bottom stent fixed to IVC to assure RVAD positional stability. The top stent incorporates pump and isolation/maintenance system connected to a pacemaker-size controller that is wirelessly powered. Results 2D cross-sectional CT image shows proximity between SVC and RPA. Based on this structural relationship, RVAD that pumps blood from SVC to RPA was designed and performance for each component was tested in a mock circulatory system. Prototypes were created using 3D printers with either Polylactic Acid (PLA) or watertight material, resin. Both simulation and benchtop experiment study showed excellent performance particularly for RVAD use by providing high-volume/low-pressure (5L/min at 30 mmHg). A gear driven valve having holding torque of 15 N·mm could successfully isolate system by making zero flowrates. Both pump and isolation/maintenance system were synchronously controlled by wireless power delivery system with total power consumption less than 5W. Conclusion Our proposed delivery system exploits the unique relations of blood vessels around the heart to allow endovascularly implantable RVAD device.
Assessment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Outcomes for Hispanic Women Living in the Rio Grande Valley.

Introduction:Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among women living along the U.S.–Mexico border are approximately twice that of the general population of pregnant U.S. women. This study compared o...
Measuring Phosphorus Release in Laboratory Microcosms for Water Quality Assessment

Phosphorus (P) is a critical limiting nutrient in agroecosystems requiring careful management to reduce transport risk to aquatic environments. Routine laboratory measures of P bioavailability are based on chemical extractions performed on dried samples under oxidizing conditions. While useful, these tests are limited with respect to characterizing P release under prolonged water saturation. Labile orthophosphate bound to oxidized iron and other metals can rapidly desorb to solution in reducing environments, increasing P mobilization risk to surface runoff and groundwater. To better quantify P desorption potential and mobility during extended saturation, a laboratory microcosm method was developed based on repeated sampling of porewater and overlying floodwater over time. The method is useful for quantifying P release potential from soils and sediments varying in physicochemical properties and can improve site-specific P mitigation efforts by better characterizing P release risk in hydrologically active areas. Advantages of the method include its ability to simulate in situ dynamics, simplicity, low cost, and flexibility.
Cellular Uptake and Clearance of Oxidatively-modified Apolipoprotein E3 by Cerebral Cortex Endothelial Cells.

Apolipoprotein E3 (apoE3) plays a critical role in the metabolism of lipoproteins and lowers plasma lipid levels by serving as a ligand for the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) family of proteins and by promoting macrophage cholesterol efflux. The current study examines the effect of acrolein (an endogenously generated metabolite and an environmental pollutant) modification on the structure and function of apoE3. Acrolein modification was confirmed in Western blots by reactivity with acrolein–lysine-specific antibody and by the presence of oligomeric species due to cross-linking. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed modification of 10 out of 12 lysines in apoE3, with Ne-(3-methylpyridinium)-lysine being the predominant form of modification, and Lys75 being a ‘hot spot’ in terms of susceptibility to oxidation. Circular dichroism spectroscopy showed no major change in overall secondary structure compared to unmodified apoE3. Reconstituted high density lipoprotein (HDL) bearing acrolein modified apoE3 showed loss of binding to soluble LDLr; however, incubation with mouse endothelioma bEnd.3 cells showed that it was internalized. Incubation with excess LDL did not abolish cellular uptake of acrolein modified apoE3, suggesting alternative mechanism(s) not involving LDLr. Incubation with anti-CD36 antibody did not show a decrease in internalization while incubation with anti- lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX1) showed partial internalization. However, incubation with anti-scavenger receptor class B type I (SRB1) antibody abolished internalization of acrolein modified apoE3. Taken together, our studies suggest that acrolein modification of apoE3 at lysine residues leads to increase in net negative charge, and as a consequence, results in clearance by LOX1 and SRB1 on endothelial cells. Overall, oxidative modification of apoE3 likely impairs its role in regulating plasma cholesterol homeostasis, eventually leading to lipid disorders.
Accuracy of Intraocular Lens Power Calculation Using Anterior Chamber Depth from Two Devices with Barrett Universal II Formula.

Purpose. To compare the preoperative measurements of the anterior chamber depth (ACD) by the IOLMaster and Catalys; additionally, to compare the accuracy of the IOL power calculated by the Barrett Universal II formula using the two different measurements. Setting. University of California, Irvine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute in Irvine, California. Design. Retrospective comparative study. Methods. This study included 144 eyes of 90 patients with a mean age of 72.0 years (range 40.8 to 92.1 years) that underwent femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery using Catalys. Preoperative measurements of ACD were taken by the IOLMaster and Catalys. Manifest refraction and refractive spherical equivalent were measured 1 month postoperatively. Expected refractive results were compared with actual postoperative refractive results. Results. The correlation between the ACD values from the two devices was good (r = 0.80). The Catalys ACD measurements yielded a larger ACD compared to the IOLMaster, with a mean difference of 0.22 mm ( ). The correlation between the postoperative and predicted RSE of the implanted IOL power was excellent (r = 0.96). There was no statistically significant difference between the mean absolute error derived from the IOLMaster, 0.37 diopter (D) ± 0.34 (SD), and the Catalys, 0.37 ± 0.35 D ( ). Conclusions. The Catalys biometry yielded a significantly larger ACD value than the IOLMaster. This difference in ACD value, however, did not reflect in a statistically significant difference in IOL power calculation and refractive prediction error using the Barrett Universal II Formula.