cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differences in reversal learning between two inbred mouse strains

DBA/2J and C56BL/6J mice were given original learning and 11 reversals of a spatial discrimination habit. The former strain required fewer trials to shift from incorrect to correct responding after a reversal and made fewer errors on reversals. These data suggest that (1) genetic characteristics contribute to differences in reversal learning, and (2) generalizations concerning phyletic differences in reversal learning may be premature prior to testing of diverse strains within species.
Modeling of supersolidus liquid phase sintering. I: Capillary force

Prealloyed powders subjected to supersolidus liquid phase sintering (SLPS) exhibit partial melting. A liquid phase forms along the grain boundaries, at the interparticle neck region, or on the particle surface. Densification involves an increase in the liquid volume fraction along with simultaneous coalescence of the particles. A two-particle model is developed that takes into account an increasing liquid content with coalescence, as well as a shape change of the merging particles (initially spher-ical). The variation in capillary force with processing parameters such as temperature and liquid volume fraction give improved predictions over prior models. The model predicts that the capillary force is affected strongly by the amount of liquid phase, wetting angle, and the shape of the coa-lescing particles.
Bid‐dependent generation of oxygen radicals promotes death receptor activation–induced apoptosis in murine hepatocytes

Activation of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 or Fas leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species, which are important to the cytotoxic effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) or Fas ligand. However, how these radicals are generated following receptor ligation is not clear. Using primary hepatocytes, we found that TNF-alpha or anti-Fas antibody-induced burst of oxygen radicals was mainly derived from the mitochondria. We discovered that Bid--a pro-death Bcl-2 family protein activated by ligated death receptors--was the main intracellular molecule signaling the generation of the radicals by targeting to the mitochondria and that the majority of oxygen radical production was dependent on Bid. Reactive oxygen species contributed to cell death and caspase activation by promoting FLICE-inhibitory protein degradation and mitochondrial release of cytochrome c. For the latter part, the oxygen radicals did not affect Bak oligomerization but instead promoted mitochondrial cristae reorganization and membrane lipid peroxidation. Antioxidants could reverse these changes and therefore protect against TNF-alpha or anti-Fas-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, our studies established the signaling pathway from death receptor engagement to oxygen radical generation and determined the mechanism by which reactive oxygen species contributed to hepatocyte apoptosis following death receptor activation.
The management of chronic hypoventilation.

1990;98;474-480 Chest D A Strumpf, R P Millman and N S Hill The management of chronic hypoventilation. http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/98/2/474.citation can be found online on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services ) ISSN:0012-3692 http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml ( without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. reserved. No part of this article or PDF may be reproduced or distributed Chest Physicians, 3300 Dundee Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. All rights of been published monthly since 1935. Copyright1990by the American College is the official journal of the American College of Chest Physicians. It has Chest
Asymptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis diagnosed by magnetic resonance angiography

We reviewed 1440 MRA studies to identify patients with middle cerebral artery stenosis (MCAS). We identified 99 cases, and after reviewing the clinical records, classified 28 as asymptomatic MCAS (AMCAS), a prevalence of 2%. Suspected stroke was the most frequent indication for MRA. Follow-up was available for 21, mean 46.7 months (range 2.4–75.6 months). One stroke occurred in the AMCAS territory (5%), other strokes in five patients (24%). There were five deaths in patients with MCAS; age >69 ( P =0.045) was the only associated risk factor. This study suggests that patients in whom MRA is performed and shows AMCAS may be at increased risk of strokes in any vascular distribution or of death.
The effect of RNA upon the removal of RNase by phenol treatment.

Abstract A small point is made in this article which nevertheless needs to be known to properly interpret certain experiments; namely, that RNA itself protects pancreatic ribonuclease from reagents employed to achieve its removal. Although it has been suggested that phenol treatment alone does not quantitatively remove ribonuclease activity from preparations of RNA derived from crude homogenates (1,2), it has not been previously recognized that one of the factors responsible for the incomplete removal of nuclease is the presence of RNA. Owing to this circumstance (i.e., the differential removal of nuclease in the presence and absence of RNA), control tubes, set up for the purpose of judging how well nuclease had been removed from the system, may give totally misleading results. This phenomenon is not common to all ribonucleases, since under the conditions employed, RNA does not prevent the complete removal of T1 nuclease by phenol treatment.
Surfactant induced colloidal growth and selective electrophoretic deposition of one-dimensional Te nanocrystals

Abstract Te nanorods mixed with Te nanoparticles were synthesized through a facile room temperature colloidal method in the presence of triethanolamine, acting as a surfactant. With quantities of triethanolamine≤3.0 mL, the nanorod-to-nanoparticle ratio increased as a function of the amount of triethanolamine while with 3.0 mL or more, only nanoparticles formed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements confirmed that this surfactant-dependent growth was induced by the selective liganding of OH and C–C–O groups in triethanolamine. This selective liganding facilitated the selective assembly of Te nanorods through room-temperature electrophoretic deposition.
Engineering Novel Diagnostic Modalities and Implantable Cytomimetic Nanomaterials for Next-Generation Medicine

Abstract The advent of 21st century medicine will be based on a comprehensive approach to achieving the highly sensitive and specific detection of diseases, as well as the development of novel materials and devices based on biotic-abiotic interfacing as interventional modalities. Novel technologies that enable early identification of physiological changes will serve as a gateway tool for the proper treatment of these disorders. Toward the realization of these technologies, microfabrication and nanofabrication methods have been applied to biomedical systems that allow scientists to interact with cellular and molecular systems on their native size scales. Future enabling systems will build on the foundation composed of such devices. With respect to the envisioned fruition of biofunctional nanomaterials and systems, foundational studies of biological systems and molecules, as well as their interfacing with biocompatible materials, have produced a domain of components that can be integrated and engineered toward eventual cytomimetic materials for transplantation. In addition, the potential underscoring of their future applications in nanoscale medicine is based on the ability to engineer and design intelligent membrane/protein self-assembling and organization phenomena that are typically found in nature into these artificial composite systems. These devices will provide a powerful suite of solutions with broad applicabilities in nanomedicine, for example, (1) the use of concomitant protein functionality toward energy production and the powering of medical implants and (2) replacement of damaged cells (e.g., heart and neuron) with implantable biologically intelligent engineered materials. This work will examine key advances in the areas of diagnostics and synthetic biology that have led to visionary contributions to next-generation medicine. Furthermore, we present 2 devices that will contribute to the realization of compelling biosensing and biofunctional material technologies. These systems include advanced diagnostic platforms for whole-cell detection, as well as copolymeric materials that have been functionalized by the coupled activity of their embedded membrane proteins. They are envisioned to successfully bridge the gap between foundational scientific progress and the realization of rapid point-of-care disease assessment and biofunctional devices with higher-order behavior.
Applications of MIMD machines

Abstract Parallel processing via the application of MIMD machines offers the promise of high performance, and experience with parallel processing is accumulating rapidly. This paper briefly surveys recent results from three classes of MIMD machines— shared memory systems, non-shared memory systems, and a dataflow system. This data confirms that rapid progress is being made in the application of MIMD machines and that parallel processing can yield high performance. It also confirms that major research issues remain to be addressed.
Polychlorinated biphenyls a toxicological review

Abstract Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of compounds which have, for nearly 60 years, been used as insulating fluids, hydraulic and lubricating fl This report discusses the chemical and physical properties of PCBs, their biological disposition, and their reported toxicologic effects including carc It is concluded that there are significant adverse effects of PCBs when administered to animals under laboratory conditions. However, with the exceptio
Physiological alcohol dependence as a "specifier" of risk for medical problems and relapse liability in DSM-IV.

Objective: This study tested the ability of DSM-IV physiological alcohol dependence to predict multiple indices of medical problems and relapse behavior. It also tested the ability of three additional variables--DSM-IV nonphysiological dependence, an alternative dichotomous criterion for coding physiological dependence and a dimensional measure of physiological dependence--to predict medical problems and relapse behavior in alcoholism. Method: A heterogeneous group of 365 patients was recruited from eight addictions treatment programs in the northeastern United States. A multidimensional assessment battery able to diagnose the presence of physiological dependence according to each of three systems--the criteria of DSM-IV, alternative dichotomous criteria and a dimensional scale-- was administered about 2 weeks after admission, and 241 subjects were reinterviewed 6 months later. The three systems were compared for their ability to predict a variety of external measures of medical complications and relapse ...
Unicondylar Knee Retrieval Analysis

Unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA) is considered an alternative to total knee arthroplasty for patients who have arthritis limited to one compartment of the knee. This study examined surface damage of 3 contemporary UKA designs that were retrieved at revision surgery. Two of the UKA designs were fixed bearing and one was mobile bearing. Demographic information was collected, as well as information about the implants used at revision surgery. Articular surface damage was greater in the fixed-bearing designs as compared to the mobile bearing, although the mobile-bearing implants had significantly shorter length of implantation. Backside damage was also graded for the mobile bearing and when combined with articular wear resulted in overall damage scores higher than both fixed-bearing designs. The fixed-bearing designs showed delamination and surface deformation, whereas the mobile bearing had no evidence of these damage modes. However, mobile-bearing components showed other types of wear, and significant wear damage was present on the bearing surfaces of the mobile-bearing implants despite a short time of implantation. At the time of conversion to a total knee arthroplasty, more than 50% of cases required the use of stems, augments, or constrained inserts for the tibial reconstruction. In conclusion, wear modes differed among UKA prosthesis designs. Revision of a UKA to a total knee arthroplasty remains complex with the tibial preparation more complicated than in the primary setting.
Expression of nopaline synthesis in tumorous and regenerant tobacco crown galls

Tissues formed in liquid cultures of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Wisconsin 38) crown galls incited byAgrobacterium tumefaciens C58 were of three types: unorganized callus, organized teratoma, and organized normal appearing. These tissues contained 400±12, 410±17, and 614±53 μg nopaline/g fresh weight, respectively. Using [14C]arginine, methods were developed for measuring in vivo nopaline biosynthetic rates. Tissues were incubated in a low concentration (i.e., 3 μM) of [14C]arginine to minimize disruption of the internal pool (approximately 140 μM free arginine). Radioactivity in the tissue was assayed and the specific radioactivity of free arginine, the precursor of nopaline, was determined. The linear rate of incorporation of radioactivity into nopaline was used to calculate the following biosynthetic rates (expressed as microgram nopaline per gram fresh weight per 24 h): callus, 14; teratoma, 21; normal appearing, 24. These results show conclusively that normal appearing tissues obtained from crown gall tumors can synthesize nopaline. Abnormal growth and opine biosynthesis, therfore, can be expressed independently.
Predicting homework time management at the secondary school level: A multilevel analysis

Abstract The purpose of this study is to test empirical models of variables posited to predict homework time management at the secondary school level. Student- and class-level predictors of homework time management were analyzed in a survey of 1895 students from 111 classes. Most of the variance in homework time management occurred at the student level, with parent education appearing as the only significant predictor at the class level. At the student level, the variation in homework time management was positively associated with self-reported grade, adult-oriented reasons for doing homework, learning-oriented reasons for doing homework, and student initiative in arranging the homework environment.
Chemical and isotopic characterization of size‐fractionated organic matter from cryoturbated tundra soils, northern Alaska

[1] Recent studies indicate a second layer of organic matter often accumulates in the lower active layer and upper permafrost in arctic tundra soils as a result of cryoturbation. In this study, cryoturbated organic matter was characterized using a combination of physical size fractionation and modern analytical techniques for elemental composition (C and N), stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N), radiocarbon content (Δ14C), and molecular fingerprinting (pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, Py-GC/MS). The results indicated that cryoturbated organic matter could be highly bioavailable. Soil organic matter (SOM) associated with fine sand particles was considered to be the organic carbon pool most sensitive to the changing climate. More organic matter is stabilized on clay minerals in arctic tundra soils compared to those in temperate and tropical soils. The bioavailable soluble organic matter extracted from cryoturbated soil was found to have significant long-term effects on carbon cycling. The similar molecular composition between cryoturbated and surface soil organic matter suggests that the vegetation cover has not significantly changed since the early Holocene. Furthermore, the SOM quality in moist acidic tundra was found to be higher than that of wet nonacidic tundra. With thawing permafrost and a deepening of the active layer, cryotrubated organic matter could reenter the biogeochemical cycles in the Arctic, resulting in a positive feedback to climate change.
Dispersion and Refractive Index of Nitrogen Measured as Functions of Pressure by Displacement Interferometry

The Lorentz-Lorenz relation has never been satisfactorily checked by experiment for pressures above atmospheric, because of a lack of trustworthy data on the refractive indices of pure gases as functions of pressure. Such data would also be particularly valuable in the study of polar molecules on account of Maxwell's law connecting the refractive index with the dielectric constant. Due, however, to the difference between optical and electrical frequencies the refractive index must be reduced to zero frequency before Maxwell's law can be applied. This necessitates a precise knowledge of dispersion which is not available for many pure gases. In the present paper a method of measuring simultaneously the dispersion and refractive index of a gas is discussed. The method is justified on theoretical and experimental grounds and applied in a practical way to the measurement of dispersion and refractive index of nitrogen over a range of pressures and at two different temperatures with a high degree of precision.
Changing Teacher Behavior through Staff Development: Implementing the Teaching and Content Standards in Science.

For the last five years, the Center for Precollege Programs of the New Jersey Institute of Technology has operated the Urban Elementary Outreach Program, a staff development program intended to bring improved math and science education to the elementary schools of Newark, New Jersey. Teachers in urban settings have been hampered in their efforts to provide enriching, student-centered and constructivist science and math teaching (Huinker, 1996). The Outreach Program has attempted to provide teachers with sustained support through training and direct classroom assistance in an effort to develop a sense of self-efficacy (Bandura, 1982) in relation to desired teaching and student behaviors that are part of a standards-based learning experience. Traditional training approaches for teachers are supplemented by weekly classroom visits by graduate assistants, who both model standards-based science teaching and assist the teacher in assuming effective instructional methods. The combination of workshops, orientations, newsletters, and weekly classroom visits make up a staff development program of two years in duration for teacher participants. Through this intensive program, we intend to change teaching behaviors in the many complex ways identified in the National Science Education Standards.
Psychodrama and sociodrama in primary and secondary education

Students need practice in decision making and problem solving, and sociodrama can provide this practice in a safe, nonthreatening context. It helps them to become aware of the typical ways they solve problems, and it increases both social and personal awareness. It may promote acceptance, cooperation, and cohesiveness in the classroom. Students readily adapt to this kind of activity and find it both enjoyable and stimulating. It is recommended as a useful method in the classroom and guidance and counseling setting for helping students understand their own behavior and the behavior of others.
Bubbles and braided jets in galaxies with compact radio nuclei

Narrow-band H-alpha CCD images showing ionized gas in organized kiloparsec-scale structures in three galaxies with low-level active nuclei are presented. The edge-on spiral NGC 3079 contains an apparent loop structure which corresponds to previously reported nonthermal radio emission along the minor axis. The optical emission probably results from interaction between the ejected plasma and the ISM in the disk and halo. The S0 galaxy NGC 3998 exhibits an S-shaped structure centered on the nucleus, with no other evidence for spiral structure. In the spiral galaxy NGC 4258, the presence of continuum-free emission-line arms which coincide with the nonthermal radio arms is confirmed. The morphology of the arms suggests the presence of two double-sided jets which braid or wrap around one another and which bifurcate on both sides. It is concluded that the optical and radio emission in NGC 3079 and in NGC 4258 are related, and it is suggested that both are powered by a plasma which flows from the active nucleus and dissipates kinetic energy in the surrounding ISM.
Mechanical properties improvement of PM 400 series stainless steels via nickel addition

Abstract PM 409L and 434L grades of stainless steels have recently been selected at the optimum materials for automotive exhaust system applications, such as flanges and HEGO bosses. These applications are much more demanding than the most current PM stainless steel applications in terms of mechanical properties, weldability, and resistance to corrosion and thermal fatigue. Also important for these applications are elevated temperature mechanical strength, impact strength and resistance to stress relaxation at elevated temperatures. Significant improvements in both the room and elevated temperature mechanical stregths of these PM materials can be achieved by alloying with small amounts of nickel. The benefits of this approach are found to be significant in the case of 409L and moderate in the case of 434L.
TGF-β2, a Protective Intestinal Cytokine, Is Abundant in Maternal Human Milk and Human-Derived Fortifiers but Not in Donor Human Milk

Abstract Objective: This study compared cytokines (in particular transforming growth factor [TGF]-β2) and lactoferrin in maternal human milk (MHM), human-derived milk fortifier (HDMF), and donor human milk (DHM). Materials and Methods: MHM was randomly collected from breastfeeding mothers who had no infectious illness at the time of milk expression. HDMF and DHM were products derived from human milk processed by Holder pasteurization. MHM samples were collected at different times (early/late) and gestations (preterm/term). Lactoferrin was analyzed by western blotting, and cytokines were quantified using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Significance was determined using analysis of variance. Results: In the 164 samples analyzed, TGF-β2 concentrations in HDMF and preterm MHM (at all collection times) were fivefold higher than in DHM (p<0.05). Early preterm MHM had levels of interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-18, 11-fold higher than DHM (p<0.05). IL-6 in DHM was 0.3% of the content found in MHM. IL-18 ...
A Human Oriented Logic for Automatic Theorem-Proving

A deductive system is described which combines aspects of resolution (e.g. unification and the use of Skolem functions) with that of natural deduction and whose performance compares favorably with the best predicate calculus theorem provers.
Comparison of child interview and parent reports of children's eating disordered behaviors.

Abstract Self-report questionnaires of child eating behavior have demonstrated poor agreement with child interview methods and parent report. However, no study has investigated the relationship between child interview and parent report. Therefore, we compared results from a diagnostic interview, the Eating Disorder Examination adapted for Children (ChEDE) to those from a questionnaire, the Adolescent Version of the Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns-parent version (QEWP-P), in a nontreatment sample of overweight and normal weight children. Both instruments were administered to 88 overweight (BMI≥85th percentile) and 79 normal weight (BMI
Tumour necrosis factor-α in murine autoimmune 'lupus' nephritis

The (NZB x NZW)F1 hybrid mouse develops a severe autoimmune disease similar to systemic lupus erythematosus in humans. Both the human and murine form of the disease show strong associations with alleles of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene products. The severe form of the disease found in F1 mice is due, in part, to dominant NZW gene(s) mapping with the H-2 complex (the murine MHC). Here we present evidence that the tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) gene, which is located within the H-2 complex (the murine major histocompatibility complex), could be involved in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis in F1 mice. Thus, a restriction fragment length polymorphism in the TNF-alpha gene correlates with the reduced levels of TNF-alpha produced by NZW mice. Furthermore, replacement therapy with recombinant TNF-alpha induces a significant delay in the development of the nephritis.
Dodecane reforming over nickel-based monolith catalysts

Abstract Autothermal reforming (ATR) of n-dodecane was systematically investigated with O/C = 0.6 and H2O/C = 2.0 over nickel-based catalysts supported on cordierite monoliths. Both nickel supported on monolith (Ni/monolith) and nickel supported on cerium–zirconium oxide (CZO) loaded on monolith (Ni/CZO/monolith) were tested for ATR activity. The influence of nickel weight loading (0–16 wt%) on ATR product yields was examined. Experimental results showed that 2 wt% Ni/CZO/monolith was an optimal composition for ATR. The roles of Ni and CZO were determined by comparing n-dodecane conversion, oxygen conversion, the extent of reforming, and product yields (i.e., CO, CO2, and H2). The reaction studies indicated that nickel catalyzed the conversion of n-dodecane by POX and SR, yielding a hydrogen rich effluent, whereas CZO alone catalyzed the conversion of n-dodecane though catalytic oxidation and cracking, yielding an effluent rich in smaller hydrocarbon species. Nickel supported on CZO showed the greatest hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide yields of the catalysts studied. ATR, partial oxidation (POX), steam reforming (SR), and the influence of reaction temperature on ATR were studied separately and compared at similar conditions over 2 wt% Ni/monolith and 2 wt% Ni/CZO/monolith to elucidate the primary reforming reactions. An n-dodecane ATR reaction schematic is postulated, and the influences of homogeneous activity and oxygen conversion are discussed. It is proposed that POX, homogeneous cracking, and oxidative cracking are the major routes for n-dodecane conversion during ATR, whereas POX of n-dodecane and SR of smaller hydrocarbons are the primary routes to reforming products (i.e., H2, CO, and CO2).
Institution-Building Lessons from USAID's Agricultural Faculty Development Projects in Nigeria

This paper evaluates the impacts of USAID projects to assist in developing agricultural faculties at Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), the University of Ife (UNIFE), and the University of Nigeria (UN). Earlier evaluations of these projects have not given adequate attention to the social, cultural, political, and infra structural constraints that faced both Nigerian and American administrators of these university projects (Jaeger, Johnston et al., Gamble et al., Wilcock and McDowell, Lele), the exception being a recent one by Idachaba.
Polymerase chain reaction compatibility of adhesive transfer tape based microfluidic platforms

Laser patterned adhesive transfer tapes are a rapid, versatile, and low cost option to fabricate microfluidic platforms. In this work, we examined the compatibility with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of different types of adhesive tape materials patterned with a CO2 laser cutter. Acrylic, polyimide, and silicone-based tapes were considered. We performed a systematic study on off-the-shelf adhesive tapes with respect to fluid handling, PCR inhibition, reagent loss, and on-chip PCR reaction. A novel microfluidic PCR approach was implemented that combines the advantages of previously reported systems. It uses a thermal gradient from a single heating element and the thermocycling was carried out by passing the reaction mixture back and forth in a microfluidic channel strategically placed along the thermal gradient. Only the silicone-based tapes were compatible with on-chip PCR. The overall fabrication process takes less than 30 min, uses only off-the-shelf finished or semi-finished materials, and is amenable to large-scale reel-to-reel processing.
Spatio-temporal monitoring using contours in large-scale wireless sensor networks

This paper presents algorithms for efficiently detecting the variation of a distributed signal over space and time using large scale wireless sensor networks. The proposed algorithms use contours for estimating the spatial distribution of a signal. A contour tracking algorithm is proposed to efficiently monitor the variations of the contours with time. Use of contours reduces the communication cost by reducing the participation of sensor nodes for the monitoring tasks. The proposed schemes use multi-sensor collaboration techniques and non-uniform contour levels to reduce the error in reconstructing the signal distribution. Results from computer simulations are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed schemes.
Barriers to pelvic floor physical therapy utilization for treatment of female urinary incontinence.

Objective The purpose of this study was to estimate the effect of insurance status on pelvic floor physical therapy (PFPT) nonparticipation for the treatment of urinary incontinence. Study Design A cross-sectional study of women referred to PFPT for urinary incontinence between January 2009 and June 2010 was conducted. A telephone questionnaire was administered. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for nonparticipation. Results Thirty-three percent of women with private insurance and 17% with other insurance were PFPT nonparticipants. On multiple logistic regression, women with Medicare were more likely to participate in PFPT (odds ratio [OR], 0.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01–0.72). Risk factors for nonparticipation included insurance noncoverage (OR, 103.85; 95% CI, 6.21–infinity) and a negative perception regarding the benefit of PFPT (OR, 5.07; 95% CI, 2.16–12.49). Conclusion Among women who were referred to PFPT for urinary incontinence, insurance noncoverage and negative patient perception of efficacy were risk factors for nonparticipation, although having Medicare was protective. Improving patient education and insurance coverage for PFPT may increase usage.
Optimal Patent Policy with Endogenous Cross-Border Acquisitions

The issue of optimal patent protection is of great importance since the inclusion of the trade related aspects of intellectual property rights accord into the purview of the World Trade Organization. Hitherto, the literature has focused on the optimal patent regimes from the perspective of developed and/or developing nations assuming that firms in different countries operate independently. We investigate the interaction between optimal patent regimes and cross-border mergers in a North–South framework. In this scenario, we show that forming cross-border mergers increase welfare and reduce the optimal patent length in both regions by reducing competition in the Southern market. As a result, world welfare under mergers Pareto-dominate both the world welfare obtained without mergers and with patent harmonization. Thus, cross-border mergers constitute an effective way of increasing world welfare.
With All, and for the Good of All: The Emergence of Popular Nationalism in the Cuban Communities of the United States, 1848-1898

Cuban-Americans are beginning to understand their long-standing roots and traditions in the United States that reach back over a century prior to 1959. This is the first book-length confirmation of those beginnings, and its places the Cuban hero and revolutionary thinker Jose Marti within the political and socioeconomic realities of the Cuban communities in the United States of that era. By clarifying Marti’s relationship with those communities, Gerald E. Poyo provides a detailed portrait of the exile centers and their role in the growth and consolidation of nineteenth-century Cuban nationalism. Poyo differentiates between the development of nationalist sentiment among liberal elites and popular groups and reveals how these distinct strains influenced the thought and conduct of Marti and the successful Cuban revolution of the 1890s.
Rural Employment and Rural-Urban Population Shifts: Discussion

The topic under discussion directs our attention to a major demographic shift unparalleled in moder history. We should note that Western Europe, Canada, and several developing countries are also attempting to deal with urban-to-rural migration and/or declining rates of rural-to-urban movements. So, we are observing a cross-cultural phenomenon of migratory decision making which is constrained by economic realities. Edward's paper addresses the applicability of economic models to the problems associated with rural employment and population shifts. His assertion that "we should sort on the cause and notice the effect" assumes that we have identified the problem, specified a conceptual model, and can properly measure the relationship between cause and effect. In reality, we often fail in one or more of these efforts. I prefer a problem-oriented focus which forces us to examine alternative dimensions of both cause and effect. From Dillman' s paper, I infer that the persistent value placed on rural over urban amenities has finally been recognized by corporate decision makers. Consequently, an increasing number of manufacturing plants are located in rural areas where production costs are lower, workers happier, and profits higher. By way of division of labor, I will be directing the balance of my comments to Hoch's paper. Hoch's topic was challenging, his concluding hypothesis stimulating, but his approach may be most useful in pointing to some limitations of data and modeling. I was frustrated in trying to come to grips with the theoretical underpinnings of his approach. While his paper reflects intimate familiarity with the broader issues, I fear that sufficient guidelines have not been provided to enable the reader to identify effectively and evaluate the basic information flowing from his analysis.
Safety verification of conflict resolution manoeuvres

We address the problem of generating provably-safe conflict resolution maneuvers for aircraft in uncertain environments. We assume that a maneuver is composed of a sequence of flight modes, which are segments of constant heading, of constant bank angle, or of constant airspeed. Each of these flight modes has associated to it the kinematics of the aircraft, and hence the maneuver is a hybrid system. While the flight modes are defined ahead of time, their sequencing and parameter values do not necessarily have to be. We present an algorithm for generating provably safe maneuvers, which is based on a general procedure for designing controllers for hybrid systems. The result is a maneuver, proven to be safe within the limits of the models used, which is a familiar sequence of commands easily executable by the flight management systems. The maneuvers may be viewed as protocols, or "rules of the road", and are well-defined for each conflict scenario. We present results for two example maneuvers.
Implicit Personality Theory in the Classroom: An Integrative Approach:

In an attempt to increase students' awareness of their own implicit theories of personality, students in a Psychology of Personality course were asked to complete an 18-item questionnaire dealing with various issues in personality. The instructor completed the questionnaire four times, each time taking the role of a prototypical figure in personality theory (Skinner, Freud, Rogers, and Glasser). Student responses were compared to the prototypes as a vehicle for discussing the class's perspective on issues discussed in the course.
Shared Retronasal Identifications of Vapor-phase 18-Carbon Fatty Acids

The long-chain 18-carbon fatty acids linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids, retronasally in vapor phase, are discriminated from blanks and each other. However, ability to linguistically identify them was unknown. To explore this, a Focus Group and then Check-All-That-Apply measures gave 9 identifiers for the 3 fatty acids plus phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) and geraniol. Next, par ticipants selected 1 of the 9 identifiers from a computer-based display. It was found that the modal identification for linoleic acid was 23% “Rubbery” (next 18% “Oily” and “New Plastic”), oleic acid was 21% Oily (next 19% Rubbery), and stearic acid was 43% Rubbery (next 22% New Plastic), but linoleic acid received ~40% food-related identifiers. Geraniol was 96% “Lemon,” and PEA was 67% “Flowers.” Identifications for fatty acids differed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) from those for geraniol for most participants (86%) and from those for PEA for 59% of participants. Stearic acid identifications differed significantly from those for linoleic and oleic acids for 32% of participants. However, identification for linoleic acid differed significantly from those for oleic acid for only 14% of participants. Overall, retronasal vapor-phase stearic acid was identified differently from other 18-carbon fatty acids by a substantial minority of participants, but linoleic and oleic acids were not, suggesting that these 2 vapor-phase 18-carbon fatty acids can be identified retronasally as a group but not separately.
Patients at a paediatric out-patient clinic. A study with particular reference to psychological and social background factors. II. Earlier contacts with the health service, social background, parents' morbidity, general discussion and recommendations.

. Psychological factors were considered by the examining physicians to play an important part in 5.2% of approximately 4000 initial visits to a paediatric clinic. These cases are compared with a matched control group representing the cases where the physicians judged that psychological factors were not involved. As compared with the controls, then a considerably larger proportion of the patients with symptoms associated with psychological factors had a previous history of contacts with child psychiatrists or attendence at the paediatric clinic for problems of a psychological nature. Their parents, the mothers in particular, had a higher frequency of registered sickness for mental-nervous disorders and their families had more frequently been the subject of special social inquiries or assistance. To a large extent the examining paediatrician was unaware of these background conditions. With a better case history and proper follow-up one could probably reduce the number of X-ray examinations, consultations and laboratory tests. Further training and better contacts would be facilitated if members of a children's psychiatric team were stationed within the paediatric clinic
Ovarian serous cystadenofibromas associated with a low-grade serous carcinoma of the peritoneum

Ovarian serous cystadenofibromas are benign neoplasms that sometimes have focal areas of borderline serous tumor and rarely have been associated with epithelial proliferations in the peritoneum, resembling implants. We are reporting 2 cases of ovarian serous cystadenofibromas with serous peritoneal lesions of higher grade than the ovarian tumor: 1 case had a serous carcinoma and another 1 a serous borderline tumor.
CLASSICAL GROUND STATE SPIN CONFIGURATIONS IN THE CORUNDUM LATTICE

Abstract By means of the Luttinger-Tisza method, it is proven that a simple coplanar spiral always constitutes the classical ground state of the Heisenberg exchange Hamiltonian in magnetic corundum-type structures (i.e. Cr 2 O 3 and α-Fe 2 O 3 ). This proof is shown to be independent of the values of the various exchange interactions. It therefore follows that the treatment of mixed systems in terms of averaged interactions cannot yield any other result. This conclusion is discussed in connection with the conical spirals observed by Cox, Takei and Shirane in the system Fe 2 x Cr 2-2 x O 3 .
Cross-linking of the beta-glucan receptor on human monocytes results in interleukin-1 receptor antagonist but not interleukin-1 production

The j3-glucan receptor, found on monocytes and neutrophils, binds glucose polymers derived from fungi. Ligands for the receptor have various immunomodulatory effects, including increased microbicidal killing activity. We have investigated the effect of @-glucans on the production of interleukin-I (IL-I ) and its naturally occurring inhibitor, the IL-I receptor antagonist (IL-I Ra). Particulate j3-glucan induced IL-I Ra production from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) but did not stimulate IL-lj3 synthesis or gene expression in these same cells. Monomeric (soluble) j3-glucan did not induce IL-I Ra production. However, when preincubated with PBMC, monomeric @-glucan HE /3-GLUCAN RECEPTOR is a trypsin-sensitive reT ceptor on monocytes and other cells to which bind glucose polymers derived from fungi.' Activities associated with the 0-glucan receptor include the opsonin-independent clearance of yeast and fungi, the release of lysosomal enzymes, and the production of leukotrienes from human monocytes?.3 Ligands for the 6-glucan receptor have immunomodulatory activities. For example, lentinan, a p-glucan derived from the Japanese mushroom Lentinus edodes, has antitumor activity in animals," stimulates interleukin- 1 (IL-1) activity in human monocyte^,^ and augments the in vivo generation of alloreactive cytotoxic T cek6 Ongoing clinical trials suggest that p-glucan receptor ligands enhance nonspecific resistance to infection. IL-1 is implicated in a number of disease states such as septic shock, rheumatoid arthritis, and leukemia.' A naturally occumng IL- 1 inhibitor, the IL- 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) can reduce or prevent a variety of diseases in animals and the effects of IL-1 in vitro.' A potential mechanism of action of immunomodulators may be to modify the balance between IL-1 and IL-1Ra. Therefore, we studied the effect of particulate and soluble 0-glucans derived from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the production of IL- 1 Ra and IL- 1 ,8 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). We demonstrate that 0-glucans exert a differential effect on cytokine production and that the ability of a p-glucan to cross-link its receptor is related to cytokine production.
Huntington's Disease

Huntington's disease (HD) is the most common inherited neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by uncontrolled excessive motor movements and cognitive and emotional deficits. The mutation responsible for HD leads to an abnormally long polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion in the huntingtin (Htt) protein, which confers one or more toxic functions to mutant Htt leading to neurodegeneration. The polyQ expansion makes Htt prone to aggregate and accumulate, and manipulations that mitigate protein misfolding or facilitate the clearance of misfolded proteins tend to slow disease progression in HD models. This article will focus on HD and the evidence that it is a conformational disease.
Expression and function of cell surface galactosyltransferase

Revue generale traitant de la classification biochimique des β 1-4 galactosyltransferases, de leurs polymorphismes et de leurs structures moleculaires. Etude de leur expression et de leurs fonctions dans les interactions cellules-cellules ou cellules-matrices, pendant les fertilisations chez la souris, la preimplantation embryonnaire, l'implantation, la migration cellulaire, les periodes de croissances de cellules normales, neoplasiques et metastasiques chez l'homme
Nanolithographic Manipulated Cutting of Aligned Metal Oxide Nanowires

Controlling the characteristics of nanowires in order to later construct nanoarchitecture and nanocomponents for nanodevice and nanosensor applications is essential. Metal oxide nanowires are aligned using the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique to uniaxially compress the nanowires. A surfactant monolayer of metal oxide nanowires is fabricated, and then compressed on an aqueous subphase. The compression yields an array of aligned nanowires, which is transferred to a planar substrate. Cutting areas of the array are defined by electron beam nanolithography. After an etching process, it is shown that the metal oxide nanowires have been successfully cut. With further refinement of this technique, the nanowires can be used to construct basic building blocks of nanodevices and nanosensors.
Algebraic Design and Implementation of Protograph Codes using Non-Commuting Permutation Matrices

Random lifts of graphs, or equivalently, random permutation matrices, have been used to construct good families of codes known as protograph codes. An algebraic analog of this approach was recently presented using voltage graphs, and it was shown that many existing algebraic constructions of graph-based codes that use commuting permutation matrices may be seen as special cases of voltage graph codes. Voltage graphs are graphs that have an element of a finite group assigned to each edge, and the assignment determines a specific lift of the graph. In this paper we discuss how assignments of permutation group elements to the edges of a base graph affect the properties of the lifted graph and corresponding codes, and present a construction method of LDPC code ensembles based on non-commuting permutation matrices. We also show encoder and decoder implementations for these codes.
Multiply-Constrained Semantic Search in the Remote Associates Test.

Many important problems require consideration of multiple constraints, such as choosing a job based on salary, location, and responsibilities. We used the Remote Associates Test to study how people solve such multiply-constrained problems by asking participants to make guesses as they came to mind. We evaluated how people generated these guesses by using Latent Semantic Analysis to measure the similarity between the guesses, cues, and answers. We found that people use two systematic strategies to solve multiply-constrained problems: (a) people produce guesses primarily on the basis of just one of the three cues at a time; and (b) people adopt a local search strategy—they make new guesses based in part on their previous guesses. These results inform how people combine constraints to search through and retrieve semantic information from memory.
Salivary Actinomyces naeslundii Genospecies 2 and Lactobacillus casei Levels Predict Pregnancy Outcomes

Background: Gravida's poor periodontal health is emerging as a modifiable independent risk factor for preterm delivery and low birth weight. Methods: To test the hypothesis that oral bacteria other than periodontal pathogens are also associated with pregnancy outcomes, specific oral bacterial levels measured during pregnancy were evaluated in relation to gestational age and birth weight while controlling for demographic, medical, and dental variables. The study population consisted of 297 predominantly African- American women who were pregnant for the first time. The salivary bacterial levels evaluated were Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus sanguinus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Actinomyces naeslundii genospecies (gsp) 1 and 2, total streptococci, and total cultivable organisms. Results: For 1 unit increase in log10 A. naeslundii gsp 2 levels, there was a 60 gm decrease in birth weight (β = −59.7 g; SE = 29.1; P = 0.04), and a 0.17 week decrease in gestational...