cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
β3: A new member of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene family is expressed in brain

Abstract Screening of a rat brain cDNA library with a radiolabeled probe made from an alpha 3 cDNA (Boulter, J., Evans, K., Goldman, D., Martin, G., Treco, D., Heinemanns, S., and Patrick, J. (1986) Nature 319, 368-374) resulted in the isolation of a clone whose sequence encodes a protein, beta 3, which is homologous (40-55% amino acid sequence identity) to previously described neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits. The encoded protein has structural features found in other nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits. Two cysteine residues that correspond to cysteins 128 and 142 of the Torpedo nAChR alpha subunit are present in beta 3. Absent from beta 3 are 2 adjacent cysteine residues that correspond to cysteines 192 and 193 of the Torpedo subunit. In situ hybridization histochemistry, performed using probes derived from beta 3 cDNAs, demonstrated that the beta 3 gene is expressed in the brain. Thus, beta 3 is the fifth member of the nAChR gene family that is expressed in the brain. The pattern of beta 3 gene expression partially overlaps with that of the neuronal nAChR subunit genes alpha 3, alpha 4, or beta 2. These results lead us to propose that the beta 3 gene encodes a neuronal nAChR subunit.
Learning by producing diagrams

When done well, diagrams can support comprehension, inference, and learning. How about the case when learners create their own diagrams instead of just view them? Though novices typically enjoy and have some natural facility at creating spatial representations, they can easily create flawed representations. They need feedback to help them make their diagrammatic understanding more like that of experts. In this talk, I present three models of feedback. A global model where students simply see a correct diagram after they create their own; a social model where students receive feedback from one another while creating their diagrams; and, an automated model where the feedback is tightly coupled to the learner's own diagram. I will describe the learning benefits of having students generate their own diagrams, and how different types of feedback help maximize those benefits.
VP Ellipsis and Semantic Identity

While it is generally agreed that an elliptical Verb Phrase must be identical to its antecedent, the precise formulation of the identity condition is controversial. I present a semantic identity condition on VP ellipsis: the elided VP must have the same meaning as its antecedent. I argue that a semantic identity condition is superior to a syntactic condition on both empirical and theoretical grounds. In addition, I show that the proposed condition differs significantly from previously proposed semantic conditions, in that other approaches do not take into account the dynamic nature of semantic representation. Comments University of Pennsylvania Department of Computer and Information Science Technical Report No. MSCIS-93-04. This technical report is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/cis_reports/414 VP Ellipsis and Semantic Identity MS-CIS-93-04 LINC LAB 243
Paresthesias, Weakness, Seizures, and Hypophosphatemia in Patients Receiving Hyperalimentation

Unusual complications during parenteral hyperalimentation of three starved individuals are reported. The patients all developed hypophosphatemia (mean serum phosphate of 0.3 mg per 100, ml) and muscular weakness. Two of the 3 patients had paresthesias, convulsions, and coma. One patient died in coma. The reaction was probably recognized earlier in the other patients. The symptoms began 4 to 7 days after the beginning of large caloric infusions in these starved humans. Hyperosmolar, uremic, and ketoacidotic coma have been excluded as causes for the symptoms described. Observation of patients with severe chronic weight loss for weakness, paresthesias, or lowered serum inorganic phosphorus may be of value in early detection of this problem. Slow initial rates of infusion may prevent fatal reactions in susceptible individuals. With the onset of paresthesias the caloric intake should be reduced.
Design and development of a facility for compressible dynamic stall studies of a rapidly pitching airfoil

A facility for the study of dynamic stall of an airfoil undergoing a transient ramp-type pitching motion is described. The facility can produce pitch rates of 3600 degrees /s to an angle of attack of 60 degrees by using a specially designed hydraulic drive with feedback control. The ramp motion generator can also generate arbitrary motion of the airfoil and thus can simulate an arbitrary aircraft maneuver. A unique airfoil support system allows unobstructed flow visualization including the complete airfoil contour, thus permitting the use of nonintrusive optical diagnostic methods for flow measurement close to the surface as well as simultaneous far-field measurements. Schlieren pictures obtained during the study reveal the instantaneous density gradients associated with dynamic stall, even under conditions of very low Mach numbers. >
A SiO/sub x/ resistor load SRAM process for ASIC applications

A silicon oxide film that has been heavily doped with phosphorus and silicon by ion implantation through a capping polysilicon layer has been studied for use as a high-resistance load device in a static random-access memory (SRAM). The fabrication process needs the addition of only one extra mask, for the ion implantation, in the standard CMOS process. The resistance per square micrometer is more than 1 T Omega under 5-V bias. The temperature dependence of this resistor is significantly improved in comparison with the lightly-doped polysilicon resistor which is widely used in SRAMs. An estimated breakdown lifetime in the actual working current density range is more than 100 years at temperatures up to 140 degrees C. >
Radical Thought from Marx, Nietzsche, and Freud, Through Foucault, to the Present: Comments on Steven Lukes’ ‘In Defense of False Consciousness’

In his essay “In Defense of ‘False Consciousness’” and book, Power: A Radical View, Steven Lukes mounts a forceful defense of the idea of false consciousness; however, Lukes presents false consciousness and the notion of truth regimes as mutually exclusive. In this essay, I suggest that there are important family resemblances between the theory of ideology in the Marxian tradition, especially as developed by the Frankfurt School, and the critique of truth regimes rooted in the Nietzschean tradition of genealogy, especially as developed by Foucault – family resemblances that make it counter-productive to argue that one theory would make us reject the other. The task is not to defend one theory at the expense of the other, but to explore the intricate relationship between the two in order to sharpen our own critical interventions. That is the goal of this essay, drawing on the radical thought of Marx, Nietzsche, Freud, and Foucault. In addition, I go further and call for resistance, not simply to this or that way of being governed, but resistance to truth. The task, as I see it, is to unmask and enlighten, but then to shed the tools we have used before those very beliefs become oppressive themselves.
Prevalence of Abnormal Liver Function Tests in Celiac Disease and the Effect of a Gluten-Free Diet in the US Population

Prevalence of Abnormal Liver Function Tests in Celiac Disease and the Effect of a Gluten-Free Diet in the US Population
“We Are Your Books”: Augustine, the Bible, and the Practice of Authority

Although Augustine's posthumous influence on Christianity is immense and wide ranging, the authority he exercises among his contemporaries is far more modest and contextual. Subsequent generations overestimate Augustine's actual authority largely because we approach him as readers of a written, monological corpus that has consolidated his power. In his own context, however, Augustine's authority as preacher and bishop lay in complex social dynamics that are dialogical, mutually responsive, and limiting. Although we can no longer hear Augustine as those in his congregation did, we can work to develop hermeneutical practices that retrieve differences in the way written and spoken words generate distinct patterns of authority. Not only is Augustine aware of such differences, but in his practice of exegesis and preaching, the authority of scripture itself functions variously within a range of written and verbal registers. His treatment of the psalms especially emphasizes their status as a living voice inviting the hearer into dialogue with the divine other. An amplified sense of how authority operates in Augustine's work: (1) contributes to historical studies that argue the exercise of episcopal power in the late fourth, early fifth centuries was in fact quite restricted; (2) coheres with theoretical studies that insist the nature of religious power is constituted by multidirectional social and symbolic relations; and (3) comports with theological studies that regard divine revelation as lying not solely in the biblical text but also in the very communicative processes where that text comes to life.
Geometry of Upper Cretaceous bentonite beds: Implications about volcanic source areas and paleowind patterns, western interior, United States

Four bentonite beds near the Cenomanian-Turonian Stage boundary (ca. 90 Ma) can be traced through much of the western interior of the United States. Isopach maps constructed for these bentonite beds indicate that volcanic source areas were positioned both northwest and southwest of the central U.S. western interior basin and also indicate both easterly and southeasterly paleowind directions. Volcanism of this age has not been reported previously in the southern source area.
Ionic Overlayers on Corrugated Surfaces III: Dynamics in the Fluid Phase

Using molecular dynamics simulation, we have studied the dynamics in the fluid phase of ionic overlayers on corrugated substrates. This is a good model to probe the dynamics of intercalants inside the galleries of intercalated systems. We have calculated the diffusion constant from the incoherent dynamic structure factor, de Genne oscillations in the q-dependence of the Rayleigh peak width and dispersion of Brillouin peaks have been obtained from the coherent dynamic structure factor. These results are compared with neutron scattering measurements in stage-2 RbC24 and earlier simulation results.
Volume-outcome relationships in pediatric intensive care units.

Context. Pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) have expanded nationally, yet few studies have examined the potential impact of regionalization and no study has demonstrated whether a relationship between patient volume and outcome exists in these units. Documentation of an inverse relationship between volume and outcome has important implications for regionalization of care. Objectives. This study examines relationships between the volume of patients and other unit characteristics on patient outcomes in PICUs. Specifically, we investigate whether an increase in patient volume improves mortality risk and reduces length of stay. Design and Setting. A prospective multicenter cohort design was used with 16 PICUs. All of the units participated in the Pediatric Critical Care Study Group. Participants. Data were collected on 11 106 consecutive admissions to the 16 units over a 12-month period beginning in January 1993. Main Outcome Measures. Risk-adjusted mortality and length of stay were examined in multivariate analyses. The multivariate models used the Pediatric Risk of Mortality score and other clinical measures as independent variables to risk-adjust for illness severity and case-mix differences. Results. The average patient volume across the 16 PICUs was 863 with a standard deviation of 341. We found significant effects of patient volume on both risk-adjusted mortality and patient length of stay. A 100-patient increase in PICU volume decreased risk-adjusted mortality (adjusted odds ratio: .95; 95% confidence interval: .91–.99), and reduced length of stay (incident rate ratio: .98; 95% confidence interval: .975–.985). Other PICU characteristics, such as fellowship training program, university hospital affiliation, number of PICU beds, and children9s hospital affiliation, had no effect on risk-adjusted mortality or patient length of stay. Conclusions. The volume of patients in PICUs is inversely related to risk-adjusted mortality and patient length of stay. A further understanding of this relationship is needed to develop effective regionalization and referral policies for critically ill children.
Analysis of coccidian oocyst populations by means of flow cytometry.

Flow cytometry was employed as a tool to analyze and characterize batches of oocysts from laboratory and field isolates of Eimeria spp. from chickens and to propagate sub-populations of batches of oocysts. Oocyst batches were cleaned of debris by a combination of salt flotation, washing and treatment with dilute sodium hypochlorite (1.5% aqueous). Oocyst size and shape were registered by forward-angle light scatter with the argon laser excitation set at 488 nm at 300 mW. Sub-populations of oocysts were collected by map gating and used for microscopy or for propagation. The profile of particle size was characteristic for each species. Propagation of sub-populations of oocysts of specified sizes resulted in cultures of coccidia that were pure species or nearly pure species. The small size of E. mills caused difficulty in separation from the remaining fine debris. This technique was useful for studying the variation in oocyst size within populations and characterization of field isolates of mixed species. Propagation of pure species from mixed isolates by bit-map gating had the same limitations as micromanipulation because of the overlapping size of Eimeria spp. Chancaerization is further limited by the lack of suitable size/shape standards for flow cytometry-Key words. Cell sorter. Eimeria spp., oocyst shape, oocyst size.
Aldosterone reverses potassium-induced food aversions in adrenalectomized rats

Young adult male rats were individually housed and given a standard ration (66 ml) of a liquid diet (Nutrament) each day. The animals were divided into 7 groups: five groups were bilaterally adrenalectomized (ADX) and given one of 5 doses of aldosterone and/or dexamethasone by continuous, osmotic minipump infusions. The remaining two groups served as intact and sham operated controls. Each of the seven groups were subdivided into 3 dietary groups: a basal potassium dietary group, a moderately potassium-supplemented dietary group, and a highly potassium-supplemented dietary group. All rats with intact adrenals as well as those ADX rats given basal or 10 X basal aldosterone treatment consumed all of their allotted 66 ml of diet each day, independent of the level of potassium supplementation. ADX rats given little or no aldosterone treatment that were given access to the moderately or highly supplemented diets became anorexic, eating little or none of the diet. These data are discussed with reference to the factors controlling the intake of ADX rats.
Evidence for water rings in the hexahydrated sulfate dianion from IR spectroscopy.

Whereas isolated SO42- is unstable, hydrated clusters of this dianion have been formed and investigated using a variety of different methods. Several structures of [SO4(H2O)6]2- have been proposed that account for its high stability in the gas phase. Zhou et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 2006, 125, 111102] recently reported infrared spectra of [SO4(H2O)n]2- in the 540−1850 cm-1 region and assigned the spectrum of the hexahydrated ion to a Td symmetry structure in which all six water molecules donate two hydrogen bonds to the sulfate core. Here, an infrared spectrum of this ion in the hydrogen stretch region (2620−3840 cm-1) and B3LYP/AUG-cc-pVDZ calculations indicate that a significant population of these ions correspond to lower symmetry structures containing water rings in which each water molecule donates hydrogen bonds to both the sulfate dianion and a neighboring water molecule. These calculations indicate that inter-water hydrogen bonds are slightly favored over additional solvation of the dianion core. These...
Verification of the pulse height tally in MCNP 5

Abstract Pulse height tallies are commonly used in Monte Carlo codes to predict detailed measured photon spectra for spectrometry purposes. The pulse height tally is unique among the various tallies in MCNP. Unlike flux or current tallies, which are calculated as soon as the particle exits or collides in the cell, the entire set of tracks for a history must be completed before the pulse height tally can be made. The objective of this work was to verify the pulse height tally and prepare to verify the new MCNP 5 variance reduction features with the pulse height tally. In this paper, we give details to the analytic solution of the pulse height distribution using a modification to Shuttleworth’s fictitious elements, report MCNP 5 results for the pulse height tally, energy deposited and current tallies for the problem.
Anónimos: An LP-Based Approach for Anonymizing Weighted Social Network Graphs

The increasing popularity of social networks has initiated a fertile research area in information extraction and data mining. Anonymization of these social graphs is important to facilitate publishing these data sets for analysis by external entities. Prior work has concentrated mostly on node identity anonymization and structural anonymization. But with the growing interest in analyzing social networks as a weighted network, edge weight anonymization is also gaining importance. We present Anonimos, a Linear Programming-based technique for anonymization of edge weights that preserves linear properties of graphs. Such properties form the foundation of many important graph-theoretic algorithms such as shortest paths problem, k-nearest neighbors, minimum cost spanning tree, and maximizing information spread. As a proof of concept, we apply Anonimos to the shortest paths problem and its extensions, prove the correctness, analyze complexity, and experimentally evaluate it using real social network data sets. Our experiments demonstrate that Anonimos anonymizes the weights, improves k-anonymity of the weights, and also scrambles the relative ordering of the edges sorted by weights, thereby providing robust and effective anonymization of the sensitive edge-weights. We also demonstrate the composability of different models generated using Anonimos, a property that allows a single anonymized graph to preserve multiple linear properties.
Comparison of 3 Tesla proton MR spectroscopy, MR perfusion and MR diffusion for distinguishing glioma recurrence from posttreatment effects.

Purpose: To compare 3 Tesla (3T) multi-voxel and single-voxel proton MR spectroscopy (MRS), dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion MRI (DSC), and diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) for distinguishing recurrent glioma from postradiation injury. Materials and Methods: We reviewed all 3T MRS, DSC and DWI studies performed for suspicion of malignant glioma recurrence between October 2006 and December 2008. Maximum Cho/NAA and Cho/Cr peak-area and peak-height ratios were recorded for both multi-voxel and single-voxel MRS. Maximum cerebral blood volume (CBV) and minimum apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were normalized to white matter. Histopathology and clinical-radiologic follow-up served as reference standards. Receiver operating characteristic curves for each parameter were compared. Results: Forty lesions were classified as glioma recurrence (n = 30) or posttreatment effect (n = 10). Diagnostic performance was similar for CBV ratio (AUC = 0.917, P < 0.001), multi-voxel Cho/Cr peak-area (AUC = 0.913, P = 0.002), and multi-voxel Cho/NAA peak-height (AUC = 0.913, P = 0.002), while ADC ratio (AUC = 0.726, P = 0.035) did not appear to perform as well. Single-voxel MRS parameters did not reliably distinguish tumor recurrence from posttreatment effects. Conclusion: A 3T DSC and multi-voxel MRS Cho/Cr peak-area and Cho/NAA peak-height appear to outperform DWI for distinguishing glioma recurrence from posttreatment effects. Single-voxel MRS parameters do not appear to distinguish glioma recurrence from posttreatment effects reliably, and therefore should not be used in place of multi-voxel MRS. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:56-63. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Careers in the next millennium: directions for future research

Abstract Researchers have tended to focus on idealized models of careers that no longer accurately describe most workers (Arthur & Rousseau 1996; DeFillippi & Arthur 1996). The purpose of this article is to go beyond these models and examine careers in new ways. We suggest that the career patterns implemented by individuals will be influenced by two major factors: (1) transferability of competencies and (2) level of internal work values. Based on this differentiation, we propose a model of career types and examine the implications of this model for researchers, managers, and workers.
Computer science: Digital dawn

Thomas Misa ponders a history of computing that focuses firmly on John von Neumann and the 'Princeton crowd'.
Effects of weight training on quality of life in recent breast cancer survivors: the Weight Training for Breast Cancer Survivors (WTBS) study.

BACKGROUND Aerobic exercise training has been shown to have beneficial effects on quality of life (QOL) in breast cancer survivors. However, the effects of weight training on psychological benefits are unknown. We sought to examine the effects of weight training on changes in QOL and depressive symptoms in recent breast cancer survivors. METHODS A convenience sample of 86 survivors (4-36 months posttreatment) was randomized into treatment and control groups. The primary outcomes were changes in QOL (CARES short form) and depressive symptoms (CES-D) between baseline and month 6 in this randomized controlled trial. RESULTS Over 6 months the physical global QOL score improved in the treatment group compared with the control group (Standardized Difference = 0.62, P = .006). The psychosocial global score also improved significantly in the treatment group compared with the control group (Standardized Difference = 0.52, P = .02). There were no changes in CES-D scores. Increases in upper body strength were correlated with improvements in physical global score (r = 0.32; P <.01) and psychosocial global score (r = 0.30; P <.01). Increases in lean mass were also correlated with improvements in physical global score (r = 0.23; P <.05) and psychosocial global score (r = 0.24; P <.05). CONCLUSION Twice-weekly weight training for recent breast cancer survivors may result in improved QOL, in part via changes in body composition and strength. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
A clinical definition of HIV-associated disease

Summary Identification of the aetiologic retrovirus of AIDS has greatly expanded our knowledge of the direct effects of HIV on organ systems; the rapid accumulation of information contributed by many different investigators has prompted the development of several different classification or categorization schemes for the manifestations of HIV infection. A recently published classification system formulated by the CDC with a panel of expert consultants has a number of advantages which make it useful for clinical as well as public health purposes. Use of an appropriate classification system can be a valuable tool for promoting the growth of knowledge about HIV.
Next steps in emotional availability research.

(2000). Next steps in emotional availability research. Attachment & Human Development: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 242-248.
Kinetic studies of the lipid requirement of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase.

The lipid requirement of cytochromec oxidase was reinvestigated using both acetone and phospholipase A to deplete mitochondria of lipid. Removal of lipid resulted in a decrease in both the apparentK m for cytochromec and apparentV max when compared to control mitochondria. Addition of phospholipid to the assay mixture reactivated the enzyme. For both treatments theK m returned to the control value. With phospholipase A treated mitochondria theV max increased to near the control value, while acetone extracted mitochondria could be restored to aV max of 1/2 that of the control. Detergent does not substitute for phospholipid and inhibits the reactivation with phospholipid.
The effect of cross-link distributions in axially-ordered, cross-linked networks

Cross-linking between the constituent chains of biopolymers has a marked effect on their materials' properties. In certain of these materials, such as fibrillar collagen, increases in cross-linking lead to an increase in the melting temperature. Fibrillar collagen is an axially-ordered network of cross-linked polymer chains exhibiting a broadened denaturation transition, which has been explained in terms of the successive denaturation with temperature of multiple species. We model axially-ordered, cross-linked materials as stiff chains with distinct arrangements of cross-link-forming sites. Simulations suggest that systems composed of chains with identical arrangements of cross-link-forming sites exhibit critical behavior. In contrast, systems composed of non-identical chains undergo a crossover. This model suggests that the arrangement of cross-link-forming sites may contribute to the broadening of the denaturation transition in fibrillar collagen.
Periodic nonlinear waves on a half-line

Nontrivial solutions of the equationutt=uxx−g(u) which are 2π-periodic int and which decay asx → ∞ are shown to exist ifg(a)=0 andg′(0)>1. Breather-like solutions, which also decay asx →–∞, can be interpreted as homoclinic solutions in thex-dynamics; their existence is still in question for generalg.
High performance liquid chromatographic determination of phenacemide in biological fluids

Abstract A sensitive and reliable high performance liquid chromatographic procedure has been developed for the quantitation of phenacemide in plasma or urine. After simple extraction of the drug with ethylacetate from alkalinized samples and evaporation to dryness, the reconstituted extract was chromatographed using a C8 reversed phase analytical column with UV detection at 254 nm. Regression analyses for the calibration plots obtained on 3 different days for the drug concentrations ranging 1–15 mcg/ml indicated excellent linearity (r >0.999) and reproducibility (CV 0.01). The mean recovery of spiked phenacemide in plasma and urine from the lower limit of quantitation (1 mcg/ml) to 15 mcg/ml was 97.9 and 96.3%, respectively and their respective CV was 3.53 and 2.58%. The method was applied to monitor the plasma vs. time profile of the drug following a single bolus IV dose of 12 mg/kg in a dog.
CSR in South America: Fostering the Dialogue

Little attention has been given by researchers to the participant progress reporting database established by the UNGC to function as a transparent and easily accessible repository of program information and ready source of best practices for the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives of the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC) participants across the globe. The purpose of this paper is to assess the current database utilization practices of Compact participant organizations in the South American Region and identify steps that can be taken to enrich the dialogue and exchange of best practices among member organizations. For purposes of this study, only those South American countries with Company and Small and Mid‐Size Enterprise (SME) members were included. Due to the rapid rate of change in UNGC membership, the analysis was limited to the documents and links posted on the database as of September 10, 2006. Data analysis was done by country, followed by a detailed analysis of the reporting pract...
Development of a Directional Gamma Ray Detector for in-Core Fuel Motion Monitoring

In-core detectors should have wide application in the reactor safety program. A detector development program has been underway at Argonne National Laboratory to provide in-core detectors which are either neutron or gamma sensitive. The present paper describes one of the detectors under consideration for in-core fuel motion monitoring. It is gamma sensitive and has been tested in the core region of the Argonne Research Reactor (CP-5). The detector performed well over a 5-week period and yielded a directional discrimination factor, front to back, of 10 to 1, in good agreement with earlier tests conducted using a low power reactor and a radium source.
Is your nursing home a battlefield

Nursing aides are the unsung heroines and heroes of long term care. They provide needed physical care and emotional support to the most vulnerable population: elderly individuals who have physical and cognitive impairments. And for this valuable service, they receive very little reward: low pay and few thanks. Not only that, but they are often blamed by a resident’s family when a resident they care for is not perfectly dressed and groomed, and by nursing home administration when the resident loses weight, develops pressure ulcers, or falls. In addition, theymust often battle with a resident who rejects their care, as is described in an excellent article by Morgan et al.1 No wonder there is a high turnover of nursing aides. This battle may not be seen by others because it occurs most often in residents’ rooms,1 but it is detrimental for both nursing aides and residents. In addition to possible injuries, it leads to frustration, nervousness, fear, and distress in nursing aides and decreased quality of life in residents. Imagine the degree of stress that makes residents defend themselves by slapping, squeezing, punching, hitting, and shoving the nursing aide. What is most discouraging is that most nursing aides in Canada reported that they believe that they cannot control, change, or modify this situation. Most of them continued the battle so as to provide care and only a few of them used some strategies that could defuse the situation: by leaving and trying later, or discontinuing the caregiving task.1 The article describes the situation in Canadian nursing homes, but the same condition may occur in some US nursing homes. It is time to stop tolerating this battle between residents and nursing aides. There are several possible steps to implement as part of the culture change that may decrease the number of battle incidents. These steps include the following:
Targeting simian virus 40 T antigen to the osteoclast in transgenic mice causes osteoclast tumors and transformation and apoptosis of osteoclasts.

Osteoclasts are terminally differentiated cells that express tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) at a higher level than other normal cells. Therefore, in an attempt to develop immortalized osteoclasts, we produced two lines of transgenic mice in which expression of the simian virus 40 T antigen oncogene was targeted to osteoclasts using the TRAP gene promoter. Osteoclasts were increased in number in bones from both lines. More than 50% of them appeared morphologically transformed, 2-5% were mitotic, but, unexpectedly, 5% were apoptotic. Osteoclast tumors were observed occasionally in one line of mice (line 4), and sheets of TRAP-positive cells (tumorlets) developed in most mice in both lines. Although cells isolated from these tumorlets formed multinucleated TRAP-positive cells that resorbed bone in vitro, to date we have been unable to develop an immortalized osteoclast cell line from them. Osteoclasts from one line (line 5) had reduced ruffled border formation and a higher level of T-antigen expr...
Simmel on Acceleration, Boredom, and Extreme Aesthesia

By focusing on the unique velocity and over-stimulation of metropolitan life, Georg Simmel pioneered an interpretation of cultural boredom that has had a significant impact on contemporary social theory by viewing it through the modern experience of time-pressure and social acceleration. This paper explores Simmel's account of boredom by showing how-in the frenzy of modern life-it has become increasingly difficult to qualitatively distinguish which choices and commitments actually matter to us. Furthermore, this emotional indifference invariably pushes us towards more excessive and risky behavior, towards, what I call, "extreme aeshesia." Insofar as novel experiences quickly become routine in the technological age, it appears that only extreme sensations and experiences can break the spell of boredom, allowing us to momentarily feel strongly for something.
Effect of chlorpromazine on permeability of the toad bladder.

Abstract In concentrations between 2 × 10 −5 and 2 × 10 −4 M, chlorpromazine stimulates active sodium transport by the urinary bladder of the toad, Bufo marinus . The rise in sodium transport is associated with an increase in oxygen consumption and a fall in direct current electrical resistance. Chlorpromazine impairs vasopressin-induced osmotic water flow across the membrane; this impairment is associated with an irreversible increased permeability to solute. It is postulated that chlorpromazine alters membrane permeability. When osmotic water flow is subsequently induced, the integrity of the drug-treated cell membranes is grossly disrupted.
The effect of oxidation heat treatment on porcelain bond strength in selected base metal alloys

Base metal alloys have been widely used for fixed partial dentures in the past decade. The oxidation heat treatment (degassing) of these alloys is a controversial step to prepare the metal surface for bonding porcelain. This study evaluated the effect of oxidation heat treatment on the porcelain bond strength of base metal alloys and investigated composition changes that may have occurred during this process.
Rarefaction-singular shock dynamics for conserved volume gravity driven particle-laden thin film

We employ a recently proposed model [Murisic et al., “Dynamics of particle settling and resuspension in viscous liquids,” J. Fluid. Mech. 717, 203–231 (2013)] to study a finite-volume, particle-laden thin film flowing under gravity on an incline. For negatively buoyant particles with concentration above a critical value and buoyant particles, the particles accumulate at the front of the flow forming a particle-rich ridge, whose similarity solution is of the rarefaction-singular shock type. We investigate the structure in detail and find that the particle/fluid front advances linearly to the leading order with time to the one-third power as predicted by the Huppert solution [H. E. Huppert, “Flow and instability of a viscous current down a slope,” Nature 300, 427–419 (1982)] for clear fluid (i.e., in the absence of particles). We also explore a deviation from this law when the particle concentration is high. Several experiments are carried out with both buoyant and negatively buoyant particles whose results qualitatively agree with the theoretics.
Poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis and inhibition of DNA synthesis in Chinese hamster cells treated with methylating agents and thymidine.

Abstract A possible role of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis in modulating the response of V79 cells to DNA damage induced by N -methyl- N ′-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) was investigated. Inhibition of [ 3 H]thymidine (dThd) incorporation into DNA and lowering of NAD + levels in intact cells were employed as parameters of DNA-synthesis inhibition and poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis, respectively. Dose responses of these parameters were studied in cells 2 and 24 h after treatment with the methylating agents in medium with or without dThd. The initial inhibition of DNA synthesis was uniformly associated with stimulation of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis whether the cells were treated with MNNG or MMS, incubated with or without 20 μM dThd which did not inhibit poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis, or incubated with 3 mM dThd which did inhibit the latter synthesis. By contrast, the DNA-synthesis inhibition detected 24 h after treatment with MNNG was not associated with poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis. These data suggest that (i) the mechanism of this later inhibition of DNA synthesis is different from that of the initial inhibition, (ii) DNA-synthesis inhibition does not stimulate poly(ADP-ribose synthesis, and (iii) single-strand breaks, resulting from N -methylation of the DNA, stimulate poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis, which may produce the initial inhibition of DNA synthesis. The initial inhibition of DNA synthesis was not uniformly associated with mutagenesis and dThd facilitation of MNNG-induced cytotoxicity and mutagenesis. This indicates that O -methylation of DNA does not stimulate poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis. Our data suggest that, in V79 cells treated with methylating agents, poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis is stimulated by single-strand breaks, inhibits DNA synthesis, and thereby serves to allow time for repair of the DNA prior to replication.
How far upstream or downstream is corticotropin-releasing hormone in the overall process of parturition in rhesus monkeys?

Plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone concentration has been shown to rise during the last third of gestation in several primate species. The profile of this rise has been most carefully determined in human pregnancy, in which the corticotropin-releasing hormone rise occurs early in women who eventually have preterm labor and late in women who have postterm delivery.1 Plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone measurements in nonhuman primate models are much more sparse.2,3 We have used cross-sectional data to demonstrate a progressive rise in maternal corticotropin-releasing hormone in the plasma during late gestation in the pregnant rhesus monkey.4 No good longitudinal study has been done in the same animal model for a substantial portion of pregnancy. This deficiency is a matter of concern because the reproductive endocrinology literature is replete with evaluations of other hormones in pregnancy for which critical features of time-trend changes are masked in cross-sectional data. The role played by corticotropin-releasing hormone binding protein in different primate species also remains to be evaluated. We have attempted to determine whether the changes in estrogen that occur in late gestation play a major role in regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone physiology. Initiation of premature delivery by the infusion of androstenedione to pregnant rhesus monkeys5 results in increased maternal plasma estrogen accompanied by an increase in message for corticotropin-releasing hormone in the placenta.6 Further work is necessary to determine the exact role played by corticotropin-releasing hormone in the causal sequence of events that unfold in late gestation finally leading to parturition.
Teaching Business Communication to Japanese Students

Abstract Instructing business communication classes comprising individuals who are not native-English speakers poses special problems. Our experiences in working with different groups of Japanese students as they attempted to integrate into the American culture and learn the elements of communicating in business situations caused us to completely restructure our classes to accommodate the Japanese students. We found that we learned as much about communicating as the students did. We became aware that cultural differences can cause problems in business-letter writing, especially in the areas of word use, spelling, sentence structure, and syntax. We had to develop supplementary materials to reinforce these communication skills and to provide opportunities for additional student practice.
From organic molecules in space to the origins of life and back

Abstract Delivery of organic molecules much simpler than building blocks of biological structures may have been sufficient to initiate the process of chemical evolution leading to the first forms of life. By defining the simplest protocellular systems, it is possible to deduce what organic molecules were likely to be necessary for this process. Some of these molecules were building blocks of protocellular structures which self-assembed from amphiphilic compounds into vesicles and other structures, such as micelles and multilayers. There must also have been relatively simple mechanisms by which amino acids or their precursors were incorporated into simple peptides. At some point this process became compartmented in vesicles, which would require the emergence of cellular transport and metabolism. Energy required for these processes may have been provided by the coupling of the transmembrane proton gradient to the synthesis of high energy compounds, such as thioesters, or by carbon disproportionation reactions, starting with sugars. If these conjectures are correct, it follows that the first forms of life emerged as self-contained molecular systems, rather than as macromolecules that somehow incorporated the basic properties associated with the living state.
CMOS design near the limit of scaling

Beginning with a brief review of CMOS scaling trends from 1 µm to 0.1 µm, this paper examines the fundamental factors that will ultimately limit CMOS scaling and considers the design issues near the limit of scaling. The fundamental limiting factors are electron thermal energy, tunneling leakage through gate oxide, and 2D electrostatic scale length. Both the standby power and the active power of a processor chip will increase precipitously below the 0.1-µm or 100-nm technology generation. To extend CMOS scaling to the shortest channel length possible while still gaining significant performance benefit, an optimized, vertically and laterally nonuniform doping design (superhalo) is presented. It is projected that room-temperature CMOS will be scaled to 20-nm channel length with the superhalo profile. Low-temperature CMOS allows additional design space to further extend CMOS scaling to near 10 nm.
Studies on the biosynthesis of glyco-sphingolipids in cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells: characterization and acceptor specificities of N-acetylneuraminyl- and N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases.

— The pathway of biosynthesis of N-acetylgalactosamine-containing gangliosides in mouse neuroblastoma has been studied using NB41A cells grown in monolayer tissue culture. Cell-free enzyme preparations catalyzed the transfer of NeuNAc from CMP-NeuNAc to lactosylceramide (GL-2a), to form GM3. Asialo-GM2 was neither an acceptor nor a competitive inhibitor of the sialyltransferase (CMP-NeuNAc: GL-2a N-acetylneuraminyltransferase, EC 2.4.99.-) under a variety of experimental conditions. Enzyme preparations also contained an N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (UDP-GalNAc. GM3N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.-) which catalyzed the conversion of GM3 to GM2. No significant transfer of N-acetylgalactosamine to GL-2a could be demonstrated. The results of the glycosyltransferase assays support the concept that the first NeuNAc of brain gangliosides is introduced into GL-2a. The present data suggests that the occurrence of asialo-GM2 in NB41A cells under some culture conditions is a consequence of the catabolism of higher gangliosides.
Precipitation Rates in the Tropics Based on the Q1-Budget Method: 1 June 1984–31 May 1987

The 'apparent' heat source method (Q1 budget) is used to compute the total derivative of dry static energy from 30 deg N to 30 deg S for the period June 1, 1984-May 31, 1987. The dataset is produced from the ECMWF global analyses and consists of twice-daily values of temperature, geopotential height, horizontal wind components, and vertical velocity at increments of 2.5 x 2.5 deg lat/long at seven pressure levels. Vertically integrated values of ds/dt, which are equal to total diabatic heating, Q1, are combined with estimates of net columnar radiation and surface sensible heat exchange to compute mean monthly precipitation rates, P0, as the residual in the Q1 budget. The accuracy of these P0 values is thoroughly examined, and it is suggested that the technique produces reliable estimates of precipitation over tropical oceanic areas on a monthly basis. Time series of mean monthly P0 for several geographic regions of the Southern Hemisphere tropics and the equatorial western Pacific (TOGA-COARE region) reveal that (1) the South Pacific convergence zone has the highest precipitation rates in the Southern Hemisphere; (2) a clear and distinct seasonal cycle is prominent in all regions; and (3) the 1986-87 ENSO event is easily identified, particularly in the TOGA-COARE region.
Measurement of polydispersity of ultra‐narrow polymer fractions by thermal field‐flow fractionation

In this paper we demonstrate that the polydispersity µ = Mw/MN of narrow polymer fractions can be readily obtained by measuring band broadening and its velocity dependence in a thermal field–flow fractionation (thermal FFF) system. The thermal FFF method is shown to be more accurate than size exclusion chromatography for the determination of polymer polydispersities due to the simpler band dispersion function and the higher selectivity inherent to the technique. The polydispersities of a series of four narrow polystyrene samples prepared by anionic polymerization were consequently determined by thermal FFF and found to be much smaller (1.003–1.006) than the ceiling values (1.06) suggested by the suppliers. As part of this investigation, an experimental study of band dispersion in thermal FFF is used to examine current theory. The data show nonequilibrium to be the dominant factor, whereas relaxation effects are insignificant at lower flow rates and can be subdued at higher flow rates. A high correlation between nonequilibrium theory and experiment allows for the estimation of diffusion coefficients from plate height–velocity data.
Characterization Of MOCVD Films

The far infrared reflectance technique has been used to characterize ZnTe and CdTe films grown using Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) on GaAs substrates. Carrier concentrations, derived from the reflectance measurements, decreased with increasing ZnTe film thickness as a result of the large lattice mismatch between ZnTe and GaAs. This mismatch produces a high strain, high dislocation region near the interface. The uniformity of CdTe films grown on GaAs substrates in two different types of reactors are compared. The thickness and carrier concentration is found to be far more uniform for films grown in a vertical flow, rotating susceptor reactor than for films grown in a conventional linear flow reactor.
Crystalline texture of injection-molded nylon 6

Injection-molded specimens of nylon 6 were examined by x-ray diffraction as a function of depth in three characteristic directions. A skin and a core were always found to be present which differed in the degree of crystalline perfection and crystal modification. While the core of pure nylon 6 was found to be not oriented, the core of specimens containing nucleating agents was found to contain a typical texture of the monoclinic modification of nylon 6 in which the distribution probability of the a* and c* axes resembles ellipsoids with three unequal axes. A model explaining this texture as due to degenerated (deformed) spherulites is proposed. With a transcrystalline nylon 6 specimen the direction of the fastest growth in the unit cell (which forms the radius of spherulites) is found to be close to the a axis.