cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Note on Discina

A description is given for the genus Discina and 6 species, including 1 species and 1 variety which are described as new. Keys to the species recognized from North America are included, as are comm...
An analysis of influencing factors and intervention strategies for infants of 0-3 years with the tendency to hyperactivity

Objective To explore the influencing factors and early prevention for infants of 0-3 years with the tendency to hyperactivity. Methods Materials of 267 infants with the tendency to hyperactivity from Early Learning Centre of Women and Children's Hospital were retrospectively collected as research subjects. 133 infants were allocated to intervention group, and 134 infants were allocated to control group. The intervention group received early pull of main and collateral channels, early parent-child reading and parent-child guided comprehensive education. Results 1The main reasons included accumulation of minor hypoxemia, abnormalities of umbilical cord, abnormalities of amniotic water,and minor infections, as well as insufficient early education. The correlation reached up to 70.78%. 2When the total amount of harmful factors, abnormal reflection and abnormal behaviour reached(7.90 ±0.87), the development quotient was(87.69±7.49), which was highly correlated with the tendency to hyperactivity. 3Infants' development quotient, emotion and behaviour after intervention were significantly different from those in control group(P0.01). Conclusion The tendency to hyperactivity is closely correlated with the accumulation of all kinds of minor harmful factors during perinatal period, as well as insufficient early education. Those harmful factors seem to be minor, have normal indices via medical tests and are deemed unharmful to children's mental and physical health by the general public. Early interventions such as pull of main and collateral channels, early parent-child reading and parent-child guided comprehensive education have favorable preventive effects on the tendency to hyperactivity.
Disorders of the Eyelids and Pupils

Ptosis is most commonly caused by a lesion of the oculomotor nerve, oculosympathetic nerves, or neuromuscular junction. Soft tissue disorders in older adults are important causes of ptosis. Blepharospasm produces tight closure of the eyelids, and can be differentiated from eyelid-opening apraxia by finding sustained contraction of the orbicularis oculi.
Double-Heterojunction Nanorod Light-Emitting Diodes with High Efficiencies at High Brightness Using Self-Assembled Monolayers

Size-tunable, narrow-bandwidth emission, low threshold voltage, and high external quantum efficiency (EQE) make quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QD-LEDs) promising in next-generation display and lighting technologies. However, the maximum efficiencies are often observed in a relatively low-current, low-brightness regime, and the efficiency droop leads to less-than-ideal performance at high-luminance conditions useful for many applications. Here, we examine solution-processed, double-heterojunction nanorod (DHNR)-LEDs with self-assembled monolayer (SAM) modified indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes. The SAMs can modify the surface and the work function of ITO, facilitate hole transport into the device, and therefore improve charge balance in DHNR-LEDs. Extremely bright DHNR-LEDs with maximum luminance over 100 000 cd/m2 are demonstrated. Furthermore, maximum efficiencies appear at high luminance conditions that can be achieved at very low bias and current density (e.g., 3.1 V and 53 mA/cm2 at ∼10 000 cd/m2,...
ULTRASONOGRAPHY, AN EFFECTIVE TOOL IN DIAGNOSING PLANTAR FASCIITIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF DIAGNOSTIC TRIALS.

Background Plantar fasciitis (PF) is the most common cause of heel pain that affects 10% of the general population, whether living an athletic or sedentary lifestyle. The most frequent mechanism of injury is an inflammatory response that is caused by repetitive micro trauma. Many techniques are available to diagnose PF, including the use of ultrasonography (US). Purpose The purpose of this study is to systematically review and appraise previously published articles published between the years 2000 and 2015 that evaluated the effectiveness of using US in the process of diagnosing PF, as compared to alternative diagnostic methods. Methods A total of eight databases were searched to systematically review scholarly (peer reviewed) diagnostic and intervention articles pertaining to the ability of US to diagnose PF. Results Using specific key words the preliminary search yielded 264 articles, 10 of which were deemed relevant for inclusion in the study. Two raters independently scored each article using the 15 point modified QUADAS scale. Discussion Six studies compared the diagnostic efficacy of US to another diagnostic technique to diagnose PF, and four studies focused on comparing baseline assessment of plantar fascia before subsequent intervention. The most notable US outcomes measured were plantar fascia thickness, enthesopathy, and hypoechogenicity. Conclusion US was found to be accurate and reliable compared to alternative reference standards like MRI in the diagnosis of PF. The general advantages of US (e.g. cost efficient, ease of administration, non-invasive, limited contraindications) make it a superior diagnostic modality in the diagnosis of PF. US should be considered in rehabilitation clinics to effectively diagnose PF and to accurately monitor improvement in the disease process following rehabilitation interventions. Level of evidence 1A.
Wonder as a tool to engage preservice elementary teachers in science learning and teaching

This exploratory project considers the use of wonder as a pedagogical tool with preservice elementary teachers (PSETs). An ongoing vexation facing science teacher educators is helping future elementary teachers overcome anxiety and negative associations with science due to their own school science experiences, while simultaneously encouraging innovative and ambitious teaching practice. Utilizing wonder as a pedagogical tool for emotional and aesthetic engagement with science holds promise as an entry point to connect future teachers with meaningful science content and practice. The link between wonder and science is well-articulated by successful scientists throughout history, and yet is rarely employed explicitly within elementary or teacher education science learning contexts. Forging a pedagogy of wonder demands connection to the emotive embodiment of science as a uniquely human process that nurtures our intense need to know. This qualitative case study is an effort to better understand if utilizing pedagogy intentionally focused on wonder could impact PSETs’ perceptions of science and scientific thinking. This paper describes the key findings that emerged while utilizing pedagogy steeped in wonder with PSETs, and the degree to which engaging with wonder impacted their perceptions of science and their future science teaching. This research supports the critical role that wonder could play in changing PSETs’ relationship with science and assisting them in the development of the pedagogical courage necessary to envision possibilities beyond their past experiences.
Learning styles of Computer Science I students

We conducted a study to investigate how learning styles related to the introductory Computer Science I course: the learning styles of the student population that took the course; course completion rates as they related to learning styles; relationship between the final grade in the course and learning styles; and the correlation between project and assignment completion rates and learning styles. We found that students in the course preferred active, sensing, visual and sequential learning styles. There was no significant difference in the course completion rates along any dimension that could not be explained based on prior preparation. Reflective and intuitive learners earned better grades in the course than active and sensing learners. While male students earned better grades than female students and traditionally represented students earned better grades than underrepresented students, these differences may be attributable to differences in prior preparation. In this context, SAT scores were found to be better predictors of student grades in Computer Science I than high school GPA. Programming projects in the course favored reflective students whereas online assignments favored sensing and sequential learners — unsurprising, since the design of these course instruments were congruent with the definition of these learning styles. It is hoped that this study provides insight into the types of course activities that might be incorporated into Computer Science I to accommodate the different learning styles of students.
Case and the Event Structure of Nominalizations

This article explores the distribution of morphological case in Spanish nominalizations and shows that there is a connection between morphological case and event structure. Most nominals govern gen...
Warum sich das europäische Staatsmodell in Lateinamerika nicht durchsetzte

Sud- und Mittelamerika wurden uber mehrere hundert Jahre hinweg, langer als irgendeine andere ausereuropaische Region, von Europa aus regiert. Das macht es verstandlich, warum auch nach Entlassung groser Teile des Subkontinents in die Unabhangigkeit zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts die meisten Staatsfuhrer und Intellektuellen weiterhin ihre Augen nach Europa richteten, um sich Rat zu holen, wie die politische Ordnung in den jungen Staaten zu gestalten sei. Die Ideen und Prinzipien, welche die politische Entwicklung in den letzten zwei Jahrhunderten auf dem alten Kontinent gepragt haben —Nationalismus und Demokratie, Gewaltenteilung und Grundrechtsschutz, Rechtsstaatlichkeit und Wohlfahrtsstaat —, sind ebenso zu einem festen Bestandteil der politischen Kultur der Lander Lateinamerikas geworden. Man kann deren jungere politische Geschichte und aktuelle Situation nicht begreifen, ohne standig auf Ideenstromungen und Institutionen Bezug zu nehmen, die aus der europaischen Staatslehre und -praxis entlehnt sind. Dies ist die eine Seite des politischen Prozesses. Daneben gibt es aber noch eine zweite Seite, die diesem Eindruck einer getreuen Kopie des europaischen Staatsmodells diametral entgegengesetzt ist und dessen effektive Durchsetzung bis heute erfolgreich verhindert hat. Stichwortartig last sich dieses Gegenmodell durch die Pravalenz partikularistischer und klientelistischer Orientierungsmuster gegenuber abstrakten Normen, die Betonung personlicher Beziehungen und Bindungen gegenuber einer rein sachlichen Betrachtungsweise charakterisieren.
Self-organizing moral systems: Beyond social contract theory

This essay examines two different modes of reasoning about justice: an individual mode in which each individual judges what we all ought to do and a social mode in which we seek to reconcile our judgments of justice so that we can share common rules of justice. Social contract theory has traditionally emphasized the second, reconciliation mode, devising a central plan (the contract) to do so. However, I argue that because we disagree not only in our judgments of justice but also about the degree of reconciliation justice calls for, the social contract presupposes a single, controversial, answer to the proper degree of reconciliation. In place of the social contract’s ‘top-down’ approach, this article explores the idea of self-organizing moral systems, in which each individual, acting on her own views of justice (including the importance of reconciliation), responds to the decisions of others, forming systems of shared justice. Several basic agent-based models are explored to begin to understand the dynami...
van der Waals Graphene Kirigami Heterostructure for Strain-Controlled Thermal Transparency.

Programming thermal transport across interfaces by engineering strain is of critical importance for exploring mechanical controllable and thermal manageable devices with multifunctionalities. Here, we report a van der Waals heterostructure that is composed of bilayer graphene kirigami with diverse layer cut patterns and assembly organizations and show that the thermal flow intensity across the van der Waals interfaces, named as thermal transparency, could be continuously regulated by applying an external in-plane tensile strain. The density of atomic interactions across the interfaces and the distribution of delocalized phonon modes in each graphene kirigami are elucidated to understand the underlying thermal transport mechanism and are also incorporated into a theoretical model for quantitative predictions of thermal conductance under mechanical strain. A proof-of-conceptual van der Waals graphene kirigami heterostructure by design is proposed and validated through extensive full-scale atomistic simulati...
Effect of desiccation on shut-in benefits in removing water blockage in tight water-wet cores

Abstract Water blockage is a type of formation damage that occurs because of capillary discontinuity at the interface between high-capillarity matrix and low-capillarity fracture. This water blockage causes a reduction in oil relative permeability and the need for higher drawdown to allow flowback after hydraulic fracturing. To remove this blockage, shut-in is believed to be effective because it dissipates the water blockage from the matrix-fracture interface deeper into the matrix through capillary imbibition. However, field data demonstrates mixed results – Some field data report shut-in as beneficial, whereas others detrimental. This paper investigates desiccation as one of the main reasons for the mixed shut-in implications. From the perspective of multiphase flow in porous media, our history-matched core-scale model reveals that shut-in can offer some benefits in desiccated water-wet cores but cause further damage in non-desiccated ones. Regardless of the desiccation, our simulation results show that immediate flowback can help ensure high oil relative permeability and remove the trapped water at the matrix-fracture interface more quickly. In a desiccated core, both immediate flowback and shut-in result in the same maximum regained oil relative permeability; however, in a non-desiccated core, immediate flowback results in a higher maximum regained oil relative permeability than shut-in.
Peptide:MHCII Tetramer-Based Cell Enrichment for the Study of Epitope-Specific CD4+ T Cells

Epitope-specific CD4+ T cells can be labeled in complex cell mixtures from secondary lymphoid organs with fluorophore-labeled peptide:major histocompatibility complex class II (p:MHCII) tetramers and then detected by flow cytometry. Magnetic enrichment of tetramer-bound cells before flow cytometry increases the sensitivity of detection to the point where epitope-specific cells can be studied even when very rare at early and late times after the host has been exposed to the epitope. This method is very useful for studying polyclonal epitope-specific CD4+ T cells under physiological conditions. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Timing of surgery following neoadjuvant chemoradiation in rectal cancer: a retrospective analysis from an academic medical center.

Background Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) has been shown to achieve decreased local recurrence (LR) with lower toxicity in rectal cancer patients, but data confirming the optimal timing of surgery following this therapy is less robust. Methods The University of Iowa Cancer Registry was queried to identify all patients with stages II-III rectal cancer who received nCRT and surgery from 2000 through 2012. Primary endpoints were time interval to surgery (TI), and overall survival (OS). Secondary endpoints included pathologic outcomes, perioperative morbidities and postoperative complications. Patient characteristics and treatment regimens were compared. Univariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to study the association between TI and OS. Associations of TI with secondary endpoints were tested using Chi-square tests of association. Results Eighty-seven patients presented with stages II-III rectal cancer. Mean TI was 9.92 weeks. There was no significant association between TI and OS when comparing <8 to ≥8 weeks (P=0.23) or when considering the interval as a continuous variable (P=0.85). Increased LOS [median 7.00 days, P=0.05, HR 1.03 (1.00-1.06)] did correlate with worse survival outcomes. Delaying surgery beyond 8 weeks was associated with increased risk for wound infection (P=0.05). Conclusions OS was not influenced by longer intervals between nCRT and surgery. Delaying surgery beyond 8 weeks was associated with increased risk for wound infection.
Elastic-plastic Crack Growth Along Ductile/Ductile Interfaces

An analytical study is performed of the stress and deformation fields near the tip of a crack that grows quasi-statically along an interface between two generally dissimilar ductile materials. The materials are modeled as homogeneous, isotropic, incompressible, elastic-ideally plastic Prandtl-Reuss-Mises, and the analysis is carried out within a small-displacement-gradient formulation. The case of anti-plane shear deformations is considered first. We derive near-tip solutions for the full range of the ratio of the two materials’ yield stresses, and show that a near-tip family of solutions exists for each set of material properties; the implication is that far-field loading and geometrical conditions determine which specific near-tip solution governs in a particular problem. As a by-product of this analysis, we derive a new solution family for anti-plane shear crack growth in homogeneous material, one limiting member of which is the familiar Chitaley and McClintock (1971) solution. We also analyze the case of plane strain crack growth under applied tensile loading. Here, we account for curvature of inter-sector boundaries, in an attempt to obtain a complete set of solutions. When the material properties are identical, the solution family of Drugan and Chen (1989) for homogeneous material crack growth, which has an undetermined parameter in the near-tip field, is recovered. As the ratio of the two materials’ yield strengths, ĸ, deviates from unity, the near-tip solution structure is found to change, but the near-tip fields are shown to continue to possess a free parameter for a substantial range of ĸ. Below this range, a second solution structure develops for which the near-tip free parameter has a restricted range of freedom. Finally, a third near-tip solution structure develops for sufficiently low ĸ, for which there are no free parameters. The implications of these results appear to be that as the plastic yield strength mismatch of the two materials becomes larger, far-field loading and geometry have increasingly weaker effects on the leading-order near-tip fields, until finally a mismatch level is reached beyond which far-field conditions no longer affect the leading-order fields. However, conclusions are complicated by the fact that the analysis also implies the radius of validity of the leading-order fields to decrease continuously with increasing yield strength mismatch (beyond a certain level), so that below some ¯k value, it will become necessary to retain more than one term to describe the physical near-tip fields. Although not specifically explored here, our analysis also allows comparison of the effects of changing elastic and plastic properties of the two materials on crack growth propensity, so that perhaps this analysis could assist in the optimization of interfacial fracture properties.
Unconventional T Cells in the Pancreatic Tumor Microenvironment: Thinking Outside the Box

Summary: Unlike conventional MHC-reactive T cells, unconventional T cells have emerged as an abundant component of the human immune system because of their role in tumor immunology. In this issue of Cancer Discovery, Hundeyin and colleagues have identified a population of unconventional T cells in pancreatic tumors that can reprogram the immune evasive components of the tumor to promote immunogenicity and thus are critical for the development of novel cell-based therapy in pancreatic cancer. See related article by Hundeyin et al., p. 1288.
Adipocytes as Anticancer Drug Delivery Depot

Summary Tumor-associated adipocytes promote tumor growth by providing energy and causing chronic inflammation. Here, we have exploited the lipid metabolism to engineer adipocytes that serve as a depot to deliver cancer therapeutics at the tumor site. Rumenic acid (RA), as an anticancer fatty acid, and a doxorubicin prodrug (pDox) with a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-cleavable linker, are encapsulated in adipocytes to deliver therapeutics in a tumor-specific bioresponsive manner. After intratumoral or postsurgical administration, lipolysis releases the RA and pDox that is activated by intracellular ROS-responsive conversion, subsequently promoting antitumor efficacy. Furthermore, downregulation of PD-L1 expression is observed in tumor cells, favoring the emergence of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-mediated immune responses.
Theranostic small interfering RNA nanoparticles in cancer precision nanomedicine

Due to their ability to effectively downregulate the expression of target genes, small interfering RNA (siRNA) have emerged as promising candidates for precision medicine in cancer. Although some siRNA-based treatments have advanced to clinical trials, challenges such as poor stability during circulation, and less than optimal pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of siRNA in vivo present barriers to the systemic delivery of siRNA. In recent years, theranostic nanomedicine integrating siRNA delivery has attracted significant attention for precision medicine. Theranostic nanomedicine takes advantage of the high capacity of nanoplatforms to ferry cargo with imaging and therapeutic capabilities. These theranostic nanoplatforms have the potential to play a major role in gene specific treatments. Here we have reviewed recent advances in the use of theranostic nanoplatforms to deliver siRNA, and discussed the opportunities as well as challenges associated with this exciting technology. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants.
Stress Fractures of the Calcaneus, Sesamoids, and Metatarsals

Stress fractures of the calcaneus, sesamoids, and metatarsals occur infrequently in athletes but are seen most commonly in running and jumping sports. As with stress injuries elsewhere, the initial presenting symptom is pain, usually well localized to the area of osseous involvement. Clinical examination revealing localized tenderness and swelling should alert the examiner to the possibility of stress reaction or fracture. Within the first 2–3 weeks of symptoms, standard radiographs may be normal, but more sensitive modalities such as bone scan and MRI will be positive within days of the onset of symptoms. Treatment of all of these fractures should commence with cessation of the pain producing activity combined with restricted weight bearing, often in a cast or fracture brace. While virtually all calcaneal and metatarsal shaft fractures will heal and allow the athlete to resume their previous level of activity, sesamoid and proximal fifth metatarsal stress fractures may show delayed healing or progress to nonunion. In these circumstances, surgical intervention may be warranted. Many stress fractures in the foot can be prevented by pursuing a prudent training regimen and using footwear that evenly distributes the weight-bearing forces across the foot.
Pharmacological Manipulation of Kv7 Channels as a New Therapeutic Tool for Multiple Brain Disorders

K v 7 ("M-type," KCNQ) K+ currents, play dominant roles in controlling neuronal excitability. They act as a "brake" against hyperexcitable states in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Pharmacological augmentation of M current has been developed for controlling epileptic seizures, although current pharmacological tools are uneven in practical usefulness. Lately, however, M-current "opener" compounds have been suggested to be efficacious in preventing brain damage after multiple types of insults/diseases, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, drug addiction and mood disorders. In this review, we will discuss what is known to date on these efforts and identify gaps in our knowledge regarding the link between M current and therapeutic potential for these disorders. We will outline the preclinical experiments that are yet to be performed to demonstrate the likelihood of success of this approach in human trials. Finally, we also address multiple pharmacological tools available to manipulate different K v 7 subunits and the relevant evidence for translational application in the clinical use for disorders of the central nervous system and multiple types of brain insults. We feel there to be great potential for manipulation of K v 7 channels as a novel therapeutic mode of intervention in the clinic, and that the paucity of existing therapies obligates us to perform further research, so that patients can soon benefit from such therapeutic approaches.
Immunopathology of galectin-3: an increasingly promising target in COVID-19

The pandemic brought on by the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) has become a global health crisis, with over 22 million confirmed cases and 777,000 fatalities due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reported worldwide. The major cause of fatality in infected patients, now referred to as the "Cytokine Storm Syndrome" (CSS), is a direct result of aberrant immune activation following SARS-CoV2 infection and results in excess release of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and IL-6, by macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells. Single cell analysis has also shown significantly elevated levels of galectin 3 (Gal-3) in macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells in patients with severe COVID-19 as compared to mild disease. Inhibition of Gal-3 reduces the release of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α from macrophages in vitro, and as such may hold promise in reducing the incidence of CSS. In addition, Gal-3 inhibition shows promise in reducing transforming growth factor s (TGF-s) mediated pulmonary fibrosis, likely to be a major consequence in survivors of severe COVID-19. Finally, a key domain in the spike protein of SARS-CoV2 has been shown to bind N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), a process that may be essential to cell entry by the virus. This Neu5Ac-binding domain shares striking morphological, sequence, and functional similarities with human Gal-3. Here we provide an updated review of the literature linking Gal-3 to COVID-19 pathogenesis. Dually targeting galectins and the Neu5Ac-binding domain of SARS-CoV2 shows tentative promise in several stages of the disease: preventing viral entry, modulating the host immune response, and reducing the post-infectious incidence of pulmonary fibrosis.
Mechanisms of neuroinflammation in epilepsy linked to HHV-6 infection

Over the past decade there has been growing interest in elucidating the role of neuroinflammation in seizure generation. Several preclinical studies have revealed that infection with neurotropic viruses such as HHV-6 can trigger an inflammatory cascade involving infected CNS cells. These findings are corroborated by clinical studies, that have shown an association with HHV-6 infection and different epilepsy syndromes and have detected HHV-6 viral DNA in saliva, blood, CSF and resected epileptogenic tissue from children and adults with seizures and chronic epilepsy. In this focused review we will analyze main clinical associations that link HHV-6 infection with seizures and proposed pathogenic mechanisms by which infection with HHV-6 can lead to a proinflammatory milieu contributing to seizure generation and in some instances later development of epilepsy.
Imaging nad(H) redox alterations in cryopreserved alveolar macrophages from ozone-exposed mice and the impact of nutrient starvation during long lag times

Employing the optical redox imaging technique, we previously identified a significant redox shift of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD and the reduced form NADH) in freshly isolated alveolar macrophages (AM) from ozone-exposed mice. The goal here was twofold: (a) to determine the NAD(H) redox shift in cryopreserved AM isolated from ozone-exposed mice and (b) to investigate whether there is a difference in the redox status between cryopreserved and freshly isolated AM. We found: (i) AM from ozone-exposed mice were in a more oxidized redox state compared to that from filtered air (FA)-exposed mice, consistent with the results obtained from freshly isolated mouse AM; (ii) under FA exposure, there was no significant NAD(H) redox difference between fresh AM that had been placed on ice for 2.5 h and cryopreserved AM; however, under ozone exposure, fresh AM were more oxidized than cryopreserved AM; (iii) via the use of nutrient starvation and replenishment and H2O2-induced oxidative stress of an AM cell line, we showed that this redox difference between cryopreserved and freshly isolated AM is likely the result of the double "hit", i.e., the ozone-induced oxidative stress plus nutrient starvation that prevented freshly isolated AM from a full recovery after being on ice for a prolonged time period. The cryopreservation technique we developed eliminates/minimizes the effects of oxidative stress and nutrient starvation on cells. This method can be adopted to preserve lung macrophages from animal models or clinical patients for further investigations.
Student perceptions of an academic introductory pharmacy practice experience.

Abstract Background and purpose Many pharmacists have found a career in academia to be meaningful and fulfilling, and pharmacy schools have traditionally utilized academic advanced pharmacy practice experiences to prepare their students to enter into this field. This article describes the design, implementation, and perceptions of an academic introductory pharmacy practice experience (IPPE). Educational activity and setting Eighteen second professional year students and six third professional year students completed the IPPE between 2017 and 2019. Throughout these experiences, students engaged in teaching activities, developed presentation skills, and were educated on various aspects of life in academia. IPPE students completed evaluations of the preceptor and rotation using a standardized evaluation form. Findings Collective student feedback indicated that IPPE students found the rotation to be a positive and meaningful experience, with highlights including opportunities to expand their understanding of careers in academia and to challenge themselves to develop and refine their teaching skills. Summary The successful implementation of this academic IPPE may provide an impetus for other pharmacy schools to develop similar rotations. Challenges associated with precepting such a rotation should be noted, and a quantitative assessment of the rotation can be considered for future offerings. This initiative demonstrated that an academic IPPE can provide students early in their pharmacy education meaningful insight into the teaching and learning process and assist with associated skill development.
Changes in polyamide 11 microstructure and chemistry during selective laser sintering

Abstract A polyamide 11/carbon black (PA11/CB) SLS nanocomposite printing powder was characterized throughout a laser area energy density (AN) range to elucidate significant changes to the PA11 microstructure and chemistry during the SLS printing process. We will show that there are specific microstructural changes that occur in PA11, some gradual and others more striking, between the as received PA11/CB powder and printed parts. The melting temperature (Tm), percent crystallinity (Xc), lamellae thickness (lc) and dhkl spacing of PA11 were all shown to change significantly upon printing, whereas the molecular weight was shown to have a rather gradual increase as a function of AN. These results imply that the printing conditions used result in an irreversible change in PA11 polymer microstructure and chemistry. The use of DSC, XRD, FTIR and molecular weight analysis provides a more complete picture of the changes due to the SLS printing process and can help optimize the printing parameters to create high-quality printed parts.
Dynamical Systems Analysis of an Aerodynamic Decelerator: Bifurcation to Divergence and Flutter

The prediction of a circular decelerator’s behavior during the initial phase of the opening process is an important technical barrier for researchers in the airdrop community. As a parachute is expected to open successfully at higher speeds and lower altitudes, the ability to predict the stability of the initial interaction between the decelerator and the flow field becomes crucial. A stability analysis of a mathematically rigorous model for this process would predict which conditions would result in various types of stable and unstable behavior. The analysis would provide details about the shape of the canopy just prior to the inflation process. Currently, all models of the opening process (Steeves, 1989; Ross, 1971; Purvis, 1982) apply only after the decelerator has attained some assumed initial shape.
Agency, Autonomy, and Action: Rethinking Arendt's Conception of Action in the Context of Genetic Technologies

In The Future of Human Nature, Habermas (2003) argues that the recognition of human beings as genetically designed could interfere with our conceptions of autonomy and selfdetermination - in essence making it impossible to conceive of ourselves as the “authors of our own life stories” (Habermas 2003, 25). Like many critics of genetic research, he worries that genetic technologies might thereby undermine the distinctively human capacity for autonomous political action. In this paper, I argue that fears about the loss of autonomy are misplaced - resting not simply on an overly deterministic understanding of genetics, but, more importantly, on an overly deterministic conception of political action. Turning to the works of Hannah Arendt, I suggest that action is never autonomous; nonetheless it can be an expression of freedom. Arendt’s work, which recognizes that we are never fully free from the constraints of biology, offers a way to think about action as deeply conditioned yet never fully constrained. In this way, her works help move us beyond critiques of autonomy and toward other, more pressing, concerns raised by genetic technologies.
Characterization of the 4 S and 5 S Forms of the Estradiol Receptor Protein and Their Interaction with Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Abstract The cytoplasmic 4 S receptor protein that specifically binds the steroid hormone 17β-estradiol has been studied in soluble extracts of rat uterine tissue at physiological ionic strengths. After labeling the protein with [3H]estradiol, two related interactions of the receptor with other macromolecular components have been detected and characterized by DNA-cellulose chromatography and sucrose gradient sedimentation. In a reaction requiring the presence of both hormone and DNA-cellulose, the receptor binds a second subunit (Subunit X), increasing its sedimentation rate from 4 S to 5 S. Concomitantly, this 5 S complex binds to DNA. From gel permeation and sedimentation behavior, the molecular weights of the 4 S and 5 S receptor proteins are estimated as 60,000 and 105,000, respectively. Although the strong tendency of these receptors to adsorb to surfaces necessitates the use of carrier proteins as protective agents, essentially identical results have been obtained whether bovine serum albumin, lysozyme, or insulin is used for this purpose. These interactions proceed rapidly at high temperatures, but only slowly at 4°. At 4°, the 4 S to 5 S conversion is second order in extract concentration and rate-limiting, and the 5 S form of receptor binds rapidly to DNA. At low ionic strength, the 4 S form of the receptor can also bind to DNA-cellulose, but it elutes at 0.21 m NaCl while the 5 S receptor remains bound. The X subunit of the 5 S receptor does not itself bind estradiol; it appears to be capable of binding to DNA independently of the receptor, and is present in both target and non-target tissues of the rat. These in vitro results parallel the hormone- and temperature-dependent 4 S to 5 S conversion and nuclear migration observed for the estradiol receptor protein in vivo. We suggest that this nuclear migration results simply from the increased DNA affinity of the 5 S form of receptor, and that the true nuclear binding sites for this receptor are therefore at least partially composed of DNA.
A concept oriented freshman introductory course utilizing multimedia presentations and group laboratory experience

A freshman level electrical engineering class has become an attractive solution to a wide array of problems in undergraduate education. Such courses are a relatively recent phenomenon, and there are no "standard" freshman level courses with established content and proven effectiveness. Since these courses are designed to address a diverse list of problems including lack of visibility, introduction to design, poor high school preparation and lack of motivation, it is natural to expect that an equally diverse array of solutions have arisen. The specific course described in this paper was designed to play a role of orientation and connection in the curriculum at a time when the nature of electrical engineering practice is rapidly evolving. The course provides a coherent introduction to electrical engineering to help attract students to an exciting field that is currently in great demand. It also provides a framework for later core courses in a traditional curriculum.
Radioactively-Powered Rising Lightcurves of Type Ia Supernovae

The rising luminosity of the recent, nearby supernova 2011fe shows a quadratic dependencewith time during the first ≈ 0.5-4 days. In addition, the composite lightcurves formed from stacking together many Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) show a similar power-law index of 1.8±0.2 with time. I explore what range of power-law rises are possible due to the presence of radioactive material near the surface of the exploding white dwarf (WD). I summarize what constraints such a model places on the structure of the progenitor and the distribution and velocity of ejecta. My main conclusion is that the rise of SN 2011fe requires a mass fraction X_(56) ≈ 3×10^(-2) of ^(56)Ni (or some other heating source like ^(48)Cr) distributed between a depth of ≈ 4×10^(-3) -0.1M_⊙ below the WD’s surface. Radioactive elements this shallow are not found in simulations of a single C/O detonation. Scenarios that may produce this material include helium-shell burning during a double-detonation ignition, a gravitationally confined detonation, and a subset of deflagration to detonation transition models. In general, the power-law rise can differ from quadratic depending on the details of the event, so comparisons of this work with observed bolometric rises of SNe Ia would place strong constraints on the distribution of shallow radioactive material, providing important clues for identifying the elusive progenitors of SNe Ia.
Statistical Constraints and Verification

Statistical constraints have been introduced to UML models to describe their most salient aspects, allowing a natural expression of what is usually the case while tolerating exceptions. They are defined using well-known statistical constructs in terms of OCL collections. They offer more freedom and flexibility than the standard logical quantifiers ('exists' and 'forAll'). This is achieved in a way that is mathematically well formed so that such constraints can be interpreted and verified at run time when a system (represented by a UML model) has been deployed. To make the constraints intelligible to non-IT people, a grammar has been defined that supports more than one syntactic style. The syntax of OCL is supported in addition to other styles that are more accessible to persons without mathematical or computer-science training, and the styles can be mixed. The paper shows examples of statistical constraints, particularly in cases where application systems are being extended by the addition of new capabilities and a new software package for business-to-business (B2B) trading on the Internet. The scenarios involve setting up routing and transformations using a message broker with verification on both extracted and sample data. There are also examples of limiting the complexity of transformations by constraining their definitions.
Sizes and distributions of intrinsic neurons incorporating tritiated GABA in monkey sensory-motor cortex

Neurons accumulating [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were identified autoradiographically in frozen and plastic sections after injection of the material in the monkey somatic sensory (areas 3, 1, and 2), motor (area 4), and parietal (area 5) cortex following intravenous administration of a GABA transaminase inhibitor, amino-oxyacetic acid. Two general forms of labeled cells are recognized: those with large diameter (15- to 20-micrometer) somata, probably corresponding to the basket cells of Golgi studies, and those with small diameter (6- to 12-micrometer) somata, probably corresponding to several other types. The sizes and laminar distributions of labeled cells in the cytoarchitectonic fields of the first somatic sensory are (SI) are similar. In these areas, the greatest concentrations of labeled cells are in layer II, in layer IV, and in the superficial stratum of layer IV. In area 5, there are many fewer labeled cells in layer IV. In area 4, the labeled cells are larger and distributed more homogeneously, though there are fewer in layer VI. The large labeled cell type is concentrated in layers III and V of all areas. The smaller labeled types are found in all other layers, including layer I. In layer IV, they form approximately 40% of the total small-celled neuronal population.
Manic-depressive illness in children: treatment with lithium carbonate.

A behavior questionnaire was used retrospectively in 21 manic-depressive children to quantitate manic-depressive behaviors before and after treatment with lithium carbonate. The study children were matched with 21 control children for age, race, sex, and socioeconomic status. The study children had significantly more seizures, relatives with psychotic disorders, allergies, food sensitivities, headaches, and abnormal behaviors in all categories measured. During treatment, manic-depressive children had a statistically significant reduction in disturbed behavior. This behavior, however, was still significantly more disturbed than normal control children. (J Child Neurol 1986;1:364-368)
Basic Neurochemistry, 6th Edition

Basic Neurochemistry, 6th Edition Editors: George J. Siegel, Bernard W. Agranoff, R. Wayne Albers, Stephen K. Fisher, and Michael D. Uhler Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 1999 Reviewed by Glyn Dawson, Ph.D., Department of Pediatrics, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Using CAMEL ratings to evaluate regulator effectiveness at commercial banks

This study uses the capital adequacy component of the CAMEL rating system to assess whether regulators in the 1980s influenced inadequately capitalized banks to improve their capital. Using a measure of regulatory pressure that is based on publicly available information, I find that inadequately capitalized banks responded to regulators' demands for greater capital. This conclusion is consistent with that reached by Keeley (1988). Yet, a measure of regulatory pressure based on confidential capital adequacy ratings reveals that capital regulation at national banks was less effective than at state-chartered banks. This result strengthens a conclusion reached by Gilbert (1991).
Modeling the Thermal Conductivity and Phonon Transport in Nanoparticle Composites Using Monte Carlo Simulation

This paper presents a Monte Carlo simulation scheme to study the phonon transport and the thermal conductivity of nanocomposites. Special attention has been paid to the implementation of periodic boundary condition in Monte Carlo simulation. The scheme is applied to study the thermal conductivity of silicon germanium (Si-Ge) nanocomposites, which are of great interest for high-efficiency thermoelectric material development. The Monte Carlo simulation was first validated by successfully reproducing the results of (two-dimensional) nanowire composites using the deterministic solution of the phonon Boltzmann transport equation reported earlier and the experimental thermal conductivity of bulk germanium, and then the validated simulation method was used to study (three-dimensional) nanoparticle composites, where Si nanoparticles are embedded in Ge host. The size effects of phonon transport in nanoparticle composites were studied, and the results show that the thermal conductivity of nanoparticle composites can be lower than that of the minimum alloy value, which is of great interest to thermoelectric energy conversion. It was also found that randomly distributed nanopaticles in nanocomposites rendered the thermal conductivity values close to that of periodic aligned patterns. We show that interfacial area per unit volume is a useful parameter to correlate the size effect of thermal conductivity in nanocomposites. The key for the thermal conductivity reduction is to have a high interface density where nanoparticle composites can have a much higher interface density than the simple ID stacks, such as superlattices. Thus, nanocomposites further benefit the enhancement of thermoelectric performance in terms of thermal conductivity reduction. The thermal conductivity values calculated by this work qualitatively agrees with a recent experimental measurement of Si-Ge nanocomposites.
You got a free upgrade? What about me? The consequences of unearned preferential treatment

Abstract Airline companies often spontaneously provide unexpected upgrades to please their customers. However, this practice may have negative outcomes for customers nearby who do not receive an upgrade. This study was designed to understand the impact of unexpected upgrades on potential travelers in terms of envy and perceptions of unfairness by focusing on individuals who did not receive an unexpected upgrade. By utilizing a scenario method, this study found practical results for airline companies, as well as other tourism and hospitality industries. Providing another traveler with a high-value upgrade, such as a move from economy to first class, significantly increased participants' envy. More specifically, participants with high social comparison orientations had higher levels of envy and perceived unfairness than individuals with low social comparison orientations. Furthermore, the influence of the level or value of the upgrade on envy differed based on the closeness of the relationship between the participant and the recipient of the unexpected upgrade. Participants' feelings of envy were consistently high when a stranger received an unexpected upgrade, regardless of its value. Comparably, when a friend received a high-value upgrade, participants showed as high a level of envy as when a stranger received such an upgrade. However, when a friend received a low-value upgrade, they did not report feeling envious. Further discussion and implications are provided in the main body of this paper.
Studies on the Biology and Control of Sod Webworms in California.

The most serious annually recurring pests of bluegrass and bent grass lawns in California are larvae of the genus Crambus popularly known as sod webworms or lawn moths. When present in sufficient numbers these worms are capable of producing large brown areas in a lawn or may even kill it entirely. Their persistent attacks often lead to the replacement of the finer lawn grasses with coarser species or with some other type of ground cover.