cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analytical modeling of viscoelastic dampers for structural and vibration control

Different approaches to the mathematical modeling of viscoelastic dampers are addressed and their theoretical basis and performance are compared. The standard mechanical model (SMM) comprising linear springs and dashpots is shown to accurately describe the broad-band rheological behavior of common viscoelastic dampers and be more efficient than other models such as the fractional derivative model and the modified power law. The SMM renders a Prony series expression for the modulus and compliance functions in the time domain, and the remarkable mathematical efficiency associated with the exponential basis functions of a Prony series greatly facilitates model calibration and interconversion. While cumbersome, nonlinear regression is usually required for other models, a simple collocation or least-squares method can be used to fit the SMM to available experimental data. The model allows viscoelastic material functions to be readily determined either directly from the experimental data or through interconversion from a function established in another domain. Numerical examples on two common viscoelastic dampers demonstrate the advantages of the SMM over fractional derivative and power-law models. Detailed computational procedures for fitting and interconversion are discussed and illustrated. Published experimental data from a viscoelastic liquid damper and a viscoelastic solid damper are used in the examples.
Linear optics with projective measurements for fun and profit

The technique of projective measurements in linear optics can provide apparent, efficient nonlinear interaction between photons, which is technically problematic otherwise. We present an application of such a technique to prepare large photon-number path entanglement. Large photon-number path entanglement is an important resource for Heisenberg-limited optical interferometry, where the sensitivity of phase measurements can be improved beyond the usual shot-noise limit. A similar technique can also be applied to signal the presence of a single photon without destroying it. We further show how to build a quantum repeater for long-distance quantum communication.
Tuning mechanical properties of mesoporous silicas using associating homopolymers/ block copolymer blends as templates

Ordered mesoporous films are synthesized from the vapor-phase condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate within preformed amphiphilic template films consisting of a blend of poly(ethylene oxide)-b-po...
Determination of Tetracycline Antibiotics by Alternating-Current Polarography

A method for the analysis of tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and oxytetracycline by alternating-current polarography was developed. The method agrees favorably with microbiological assays and was shown to be applicable to medicinals containing these antibiotics. It was more sensitive and faster than direct-current polarography. Qualitative and quantitative determination of oxytetracycline in the presence of chlortetracycline appears to be possible. The effect of pH and degradation of these antibiotics on polarographic response in comparison to biological activity are discussed.
Effects of temperature change on the stability of thermophilic fermentation of swine manure

Etude experimentale de l'effet d'une elevation progressive de la temperature de 55 a 60°C sur les performances d'un digesteur de fumier de porcin
Evaluation of Small-Scale Aquaculture With Intra-Rural Household Trade as an Alternative Enterprise for Limited Resource Farmers: The Case of Rwanda

Abstract The competitive position of small-scale fish production, compared with other activities, was assessed in terms of its net returns above costs, protein, and welfare effects on Rwandan households. The purpose was to determine whether small-scale fish culture made the best use of land. Fish culture was compared with sweet potato, irish potato, cassava, taro, sorghum, maize, red beans, soybeans, and cabbage production. Whole farm enterprise budgeting and quantitative systems for business (QSB) techniques were applied to analyse pond records and data collected through personal interviews with 267 farmers. Results indicated that small-scale aquaculture was the most expensive way of producing protein after cassava. Soybean was the cheapest source of protein for rural farm households. With trade, small-scale aquaculture was competitive with the other enterprises for the use of scarce resources. Tilapia production was the most promising enterprise for augmenting, within the farming system, the rural farm household's welfare in a subsistence economy like Rwanda.
Allocating forage to fall-calving cow-calf pairs strip-grazing stockpiled tall fescue

In a 2-yr study, we evaluated the effect of different forage allocations on the performance of lactating beef cows and their calves grazing stockpiled tall fescue. Allocations of stockpiled tall fescue at 2.25, 3.00, 3.75, and 4.50% of cow-calf pair BW/d were set as experimental treatments. Conventional hay-feeding was also evaluated as a comparison to grazing stockpiled tall fescue. The experiment had a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and was divided into 3 phases each year. From early December to late February (phase 1) of each year, cows and calves grazed stockpiled tall fescue or were fed hay in the treatments described above. Immediately after phase 1, cows and calves were commingled and managed as a single group until weaning in April (phase 2) so that residual effects could be documented. Residual effects on cows were measured after the calves were weaned in April until mid-July (phase 3). During phase 1 of both years, apparent DMI of cow-calf pairs allocated stockpiled tall fescue at 4.50% of BW/d was 31% greater (P 0.40). Calf ADG in phase 1 increased linearly (P < 0.01) with forage allocation (y = 0.063x + 0.513; R 2 = 0.91). However, calf gain per hectare decreased linearly (P < 0.01) as stockpiled tall fescue allocations increased (y = -26.5x + 212; R 2 = 0.97) such that gain per hectare for cow-calf pairs allocated stockpiled tall fescue at 4.50% BW/d was nearly 40% less (P < 0.01) than for those allocated 2.25% of BW/d. Allocating cow-calf pairs stockpiled tall fescue at 2.25% of BW/d likely optimizes its use; because cow body condition is easily regained in the subsequent spring and summer months, less forage is used during winter, and calf gain per hectare is maximized.
Hyperspectral data noise characterization using principle component analysis: application to the atmospheric infrared sounder

Exploiting the inherent redundancy in hyperspectral observations, Principle Component Analysis (PCA) is a simple yet very powerful tool not only for noise filtering and lossy compression, but also for the characterization of sensor noise and other variable artifacts using Earth scene data. Our approach for dependent set PCA of radiance spectra from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on NASA Aqua is presented. Aspects of the analyses include 1) estimation of NEDT and comparisons to values derived from on-board blackbodies, 2) estimation of the signal dependence of NEDN, 3) estimation of the spectrally correlated component of NEDT, 4) investigation of non-Gaussian noise behavior, and 5) inspection of individual PCs. The results are generally consistent with results obtained pre-launch and on-orbit using blackbody and space view data. Specific findings include: 1) PCA estimates of AIRS spectrally random and spectrally correlated NEDN compare well with estimates computed from blackbody and space views, 2) the signal dependence of AIRS NEDN is accurately parameterized in terms of scene radiance, 3) examination of the reconstruction error allows non-Gaussian phenomenon such as popping to be characterized, and 4) inspection of the PCs and filtered spectra is a powerful technique for diagnosing variable artifacts in hyperspectral data.
Canine reduction in adult M. mulatta

Abstract A technique of reducing the size of fully erupted canine teeth in male M. mulatta has been used to prevent these teeth from inflicting penetrating wounds on other animals during evoked fighting. Partial pulpotomy in combination with amalgam capping appears to be preferable to simple grinding and exposure. No alimentary or social changes were noted in 7 males subjected to this procedure.
Longest cycles in threshold graphs

Abstract The length of a longest cycle in a threshold graph is obtained in terms of a largest matching in a specially structured bipartite graph. It can be computed in linear time. As a corollary, Hamiltonian threshold graphs are characterized. This characterization yields Golumbic's characterization and sharpens Minty's characterization. It is also shown that a threshold graph has cycles of length 3, …, l where l is the length of a longest cycle.
Relative weight and blood pressure in four Chicago epidemiologic studies.

Because systolic blood pressure rises more sharply with age than diastolic blood pressure, leading to an increasing prevalence with advancing age of elevated systolic blood pressure without elevated diastolic pressure, i.e. so-called pure systolic hypertension, the question arises as to whether or not pure systolic hypertension has its own etiology and pathogenesis. Since pure systolic hypertension is characterized by a widened pulse pressure, the present report examined the association between relative weight and pulse pressure, both cross-sectionally and prospectively, in addition, to the association between relative weight and the level of blood pressure, in four Chicago epidemiologic studies. The positive association between relative weight and the level of blood pressure in these studies, in both cross-sectional and prospective analyses, reaffirms the finding in previous studies of a positive association between weight and blood pressure and the prevalence and incidence of hypertension. However, the results of these studies did not generally support the hypothesis that relative weight is related to pulse pressure, and thus possibly to pure systolic hypertension.
Tritium removal from TFTR

Abstract Continued operation of the tokamak fusion test reactor (TFFR) with a mixture of deuterium and tritium fueling has permitted the opportunity to measure the retention of tritium in the graphite limiter and to investigate the use of discharge cleaning techniques and venting to remove the tritium. The tritium was introduced into TFTR by neutral beam injection and by gas puffing. The limiter is subject to erosion and codeposition. While short term retention was high, the retention averaged over the 1993–1995 D-T campaign was 52 ± 15%. The tritium removal techniques resulted in lowering the in-vessel inventory from 16.4 kCi (1 Ci = 2.076 × 1019 tritium atoms and 10 kCi = 1.04 g) at the end of 1995 operation to 7.2 kCi at the start of the 1996 experimental program.
Functionally Graded Adhesives for Composite Joints

Adhesives with functionally graded material properties are being considered for use in adhesively bonded joints to reduce the peel stress concentrations located near adherend discontinuities. Several practical concerns impede the actual use of such adhesives. These include increased manufacturing complications, alterations to the grading due to adhesive flow during manufacturing, and whether changing the loading conditions significantly impact the effectiveness of the grading. An analytical study is conducted to address these three concerns. An enhanced joint finite element, which uses an analytical formulation to obtain exact shape functions, is used to model the joint. Furthermore, proof of concept testing is conducted to show the potential advantages of functionally graded adhesives. In this study, grading is achieved by strategically placing glass beads within the adhesive layer at different densities along the joint.
Multiplicative Groups of Galois Extensions

Abstract Suppose that K is Galois over k with group G, and suppose that F1 ... Fn are maximal among the intermediate subfields. Then it is shown that if G=Dp, p an odd prime, then K*/F1* ... F*n is a subgroup of F*/k* · (F*)p where F is the unique proper Galois subfield. One then deduces that if G contains two dihedral groups Dp and Dq, p ≠ q and both odd, then K* = F*1 ... F*n. These results are derived from calculations involving modules over the integral group ring Z [G].
The Effects of Accommodations on Adolescents’ Self-Efficacy and Test Performance:

This study examined the effects of testing accommodations on eighth-grade students’ performance on large-scale achievement tests and also on their attitudes and reactions to the tests. Findings revealed significant differences in the ways students with and without disabilities experienced testing and how testing accommodations affected students’ attitudes toward and beliefs about the tests. Results suggested that (a) students with disabilities had significantly lower test-related self-efficacy than students without disabilities, (b) self-efficacy was positively correlated with test performance for all students, and (c) accommodations improved the test performance of all students and exerted a differential boost for students with disabilities on test-related self-efficacy and motivation. These findings suggest that testing accommodations may have a positive effect on students’ test performance by improving test-related self-efficacy and motivation, especially for students with learning disabilities. The im...
Converting enzyme inhibition and blood pressure reactivity to psychological stressors.

There is considerable interest in blood pressure reactivity to psychological stressors. Because the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin system are so responsive to stressors and are themselves the targets of many antihypertensive medications, many investigators have wondered if such medications decrease the blood pressure response to stressful stimuli. We studied 25 normotensive and 21 hypertensive men in a double-blind crossover study during which they received either placebo for 4 days or captopril (25 mg b.i.d.) for 4 days while they were hospitalized in a clinical research center. Patients were studied at resting baseline, while performing a mathematics task, and while reading out loud a disturbing newspaper article. Although captopril lowered the resting blood pressure levels, it had no effect on the amplitude of reactivity to stressors.
Seedling density modifies the growth responses of yellow birch maternal families to elevated carbon dioxide

We studied seedling growth responses to ambient and elevated CO2 (350 and 700 μL L−1) of three maternal families of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), raised both individually and in high-density stands. Seedlings in competitive, dense stands exhibited markedly lower average CO2-induced growth enhancements than individually grown plants (16% vs. 49%). Maternal families differed in their growth responses to elevated CO2. However, differences among families were contingent upon density; families which exhibited the greatest CO2-induced growth at low density exhibited the least CO2-responsiveness at high density. These data are discussed in two separate contexts; the reliability of estimates of the CO2 fertilization potential of forest species based solely on individually grown plants, and the potential evolutionary consequences of rising CO2 on regenerating forest tree populations.
Differential suppression of hyperglycemic, feeding, and neuroendocrine responses in anorexia

We have used the anorexia shown by rats given hypertonic saline to drink to investigate central mechanisms that can inhibit feeding. Rats dehydrated in this manner for 3 or 5 days showed a severe attenuation of the compensatory feeding observed after an overnight fast compared with control euhydrated rats or rats whose food was restricted to match the intake of anorexic rats. Food intake after injections of 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) was also significantly decreased in dehydrated animals compared with that after a 2-DG injection given before dehydration. However, all the dehydrated animals demonstrated a robust eating response after water was returned whether they had received injection of 2-DG or vehicle. Despite a profound reduction in 2-DG-induced feeding, other glucoregulatory responses to 2-DG remained intact in dehydrated animals. After 2-DG injection, corticosterone secretion and blood glucose were significantly elevated from preinjection values whether or not animals were dehydrated. Thus the mechanisms responsible for anorexia in dehydrated animals specifically target stimulatory feeding pathways but leave intact other counterregulatory glucometabolic motor events.
Minority Governments in Parliamentary Democracies: The Rationality of Nonwinning Cabinet Solutions

Minority cabinets account for about 35% of all governments in 15 parliamentary democracies since 1945. Conventional explanations associate minority government formation with political crises, instability, polarization, factionalization, and failures of interparty bargaining. Such explanations are tested and found lacking in empirical support. Instead, minority governments are explained as rational solutions under specified conditions. Minority cabinets form when even oppositional parties can influence parliamentary legislation, and when government participation is likely to be a liability in future elections. This rationalist explanation receives substantial empirical support in tests against competing hypotheses. The results suggest important modifications to theories of government and coalition formation.
How Shelterin Protects Mammalian Telomeres

The genomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotic organelles are usually circular as are most plasmids and viral genomes. In contrast, the nuclear genomes of eukaryotes are organized on linear chromosomes, which require mechanisms to protect and replicate DNA ends. Eukaryotes navigate these problems with the advent of telomeres, protective nucleoprotein complexes at the ends of linear chromosomes, and telomerase, the enzyme that maintains the DNA in these structures. Mammalian telomeres contain a specific protein complex, shelterin, that functions to protect chromosome ends from all aspects of the DNA damage response and regulates telomere maintenance by telomerase. Recent experiments, discussed here, have revealed how shelterin represses the ATM and ATR kinase signaling pathways and hides chromosome ends from nonhomologous end joining and homology-directed repair.
Measurement of urinary canine S100A8/A9 and S100A12 concentrations as candidate biomarkers of lower urinary tract neoplasia in dogs

Members of the S100 family of calcium-binding proteins (S100A8, A9, and A12; calgranulins) have been associated with inflammation and cancer in human beings. Proteins S100A8 and A9 were overexpressed in human patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and prostate carcinoma (PCA), suggesting their potential as biomarkers for diagnosing and/or predicting the progression of such neoplasms. Calgranulins have not been studied in dogs with TCC or PCA. Established in-house immunoassays were validated and found suitable for measuring S100A8/A9 and S100A12 in canine urine samples to allow the study of the role of these biomarkers in dogs with TCC or PCA. Urinary calgranulin concentrations were not affected by blood contamination (e.g., due to cystocentesis), and should be normalized against urine specific gravity or urinary creatinine concentration. Urinary calgranulin concentrations were significantly increased in 11 dogs with TCC or PCA (untreated) compared to 42 healthy dogs, and the ratio between S100A8/A9 and S100A12 was significantly higher in 11 dogs with TCC or PCA than in 10 dogs diagnosed with a urinary tract infection, suggesting that calgranulins are potential biomarkers for TCC or PCA in canine patients. The clinical utility of measuring urinary calgranulins in dogs with suspected TCC or PCA warrants further investigation.
Conceptual and Moral Disputes About Futile and Useful Treatments

A series of cases have crystallized disputes about when medical treatments are useful or futile, and consequently about the doctor-patient relationship, resource allocation, communication, empathy, relief of suffering, autonomy, undertreatment, overtreatment, paternalism and palliative care. It is helpful to understand that utility and futility are complimentary concepts and that judgments about whether treatments are useful or futile in the contested cases have common features. They are: (1) grounded in medical science, (2) value laden, (3) at or near the threshold of utility, and (4) burdensome. No schema for line-drawing escapes borderline cases and we should focus upon justification of the empirical, ethical and evaluative components underlying these judgments, rather than make an arbitrary decision about whether doctors, patients or societal consensus should be the final arbiter.
On the traffic behavior of distributed wireless mesh networks

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are formed by self-organized wireless nodes that use multi-hop wireless relaying. These networks are useable in a variety of situations ranging from fixed residential broadband networking based on rooftop wireless mesh nodes to emergency response networks for handling large scale disasters. Quick deployability, minimal configuration, broadband communication, and easiness of reconfigurability are the major characteristics that make WMNs a suitable choice for emergency applications. There exist several open research issues in using such WMNs for emergency response applications. One example is the deployment strategy which must be in accordance with the principal application and its topological requirements. We, in this paper, present a hybrid distributed wireless networking architecture, extreme networking system (ENS), and present large set of performance observations collected from a real distributed hybrid wireless mesh network used for supporting a medical emergency response application. We present the traffic behavior observed in our network when a client server medical emergency response application is employed. The performance observations on real-traffic scenarios for emergency response application underlines the need for focusing further research on topology control, reliability, service availability, and distributed management.
Design of a robust nonlinear observer for constrained systems

In control applications, a full knowledge of the state variables is generally required for the computation of the control signals. This often translates into using an observer to estimate the state variables that are not readily available through measurements. The focus of this work is to develop a nonlinear robust observer for constrained systems whose dynamics are governed by a set of highly nonlinear differential-algebraic (D-A) equations. For fairly complicated and nonlinear constraint equations, the substitution method is not feasible to eliminate the superfluous coordinates. Therefore, the D-A form of the equations of motion of the system has to be dealt with in the design of the observer. The current study presents a general procedure for developing a robust nonlinear observer capable of accurately estimating all the state variables of a constrained system, including the superfluous ones. To assess the performance of the proposed observer, the multi-body dynamics of a piston/connecting-rod/cranksha...
Social dominance and motivational variables in rats

White rats’ social dominance patterns were observed in a straight runway dominance apparatus. The results indicate that the dominance pattern is stable only if other conditions are equal. If the motivational level is unequal, the rat with the higher level of motivation dominates in the situation.
Industrial Legacy Matters: Implications for the Development and Use of Indices of Regional Competitiveness

This article addresses the usefulness of indices of regional competitiveness in guiding economic development strategies for communities with different industrial legacies. Growth models for employment and per capita income are estimated for 151 metropolitan areas in the Southern United States. The explanatory variables for regional growth include measures of New Economy inputs (innovation, human capital, and entrepreneurial environment) and industry structure (composition, size, age, and diversity). The findings indicate that metro growth rates in per capita income are associated primarily with New Economy inputs whereas employment growth rates are related primarily to industry structure characteristics. In addition, interaction terms between the policy and structure variables indicate that policy inferences from indices of competitiveness should vary by city type. For example, increases in knowledge workers and entrepreneurial environment are more positively associated with income growth rates in the sma...
Nitric oxide gamma band emission in an aurora

Emission of the NO gamma (1,0) band at 2150 A has been observed by a rocket-borne spectrophotometer in an IBC II(+) aurora. The nu-prime progression of the gamma-system does not appear in the spectrum. The observed emission rate of the 2150 A feature increases relative to N2(+) first negative band emission with increasing altitude. We suggest radiative recombination of NO(+) ions with electrons as a possible excitation mechanism compatible with the data.
A Cooperative Interaction between Soy Protein and Its Isoflavone-Enriched Fraction Lowers Hepatic Lipids in Male Obese Zucker Rats and Reduces Blood Platelet Sensitivity in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

Soy protein diets lower plasma cholesterol in hyperlipoproteinemic human subjects, as well as in animal models. We fed 7-wk-old male obese (fa/fa) and lean Zucker rats a modified AIN-76 diet (20 g protein/kg diet) containing casein (C), low isoflavone soy protein (38 mg isoflavones/kg diet; LI), or high isoflavone soy protein (578 mg isoflavones/kg diet; HI) for 70 d. In obese rats, plasma total cholesterol was 21 and 29% lower in the LI and HI groups, respectively, than in the C group (P: </= 0.004). Liver weight and liver triglyceride and cholesteryl ester concentrations were 27, 33 and 46% lower, respectively, in the LI group than in the C group (P: < 0.003). These liver measurements were 23, 24 and 57% lower, respectively, in the HI group than in the LI group (P: < 0.05). In a complementary study, 5-wk-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed the same C, LI and HI diets for 42 d. Thrombin-mediated platelet serotonin release in vitro was 13% lower in the HI group than in the C group (P: = 0.003). In a third study, 7-wk-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a modified AIN-76 control diet or a high fat casein-based atherogenic diet (140 g fat, 12 g cholesterol, and 2 g cholic acid/kg diet) with or without a soy isoflavones extract (983 mg isoflavones/kg diet) for 63 d. Addition of the isoflavones extract to the atherogenic diet lowered the liver triglyceride concentration by 33% relative to the atherogenic diet without isoflavones (P: = 0.0001). Our studies suggest that the hypocholesterolemic mechanism of dietary soy protein involves a cooperative interaction between the protein and isoflavone-enriched fraction that lowers hepatic lipid concentrations. We speculate that modulation of liver and plasma lipid homeostasis can also lower blood platelet sensitivity.
Project Selection with Strategic Communication and Further Investigations

An uninformed principal …rst elicits soft information from privately informed agents regarding the quality of their projects and then may engage in further evaluation of the proposals. The principal’s ability to acquire further information crowds out soft information and may even worsen organizational performance. Further, the impact of further investigations on the
An economic analysis of alternative cropping systems for east-central Nebraska

Thirteen cropping systems were analyzed with respect to profitability and risk for east-central Nebraska. The systems were developed from 1) a four-year rotation containing a small grain, 2) two row crop rotations, 3) three continuous cropped alternatives, and 4) combinations of continuous cropped alternatives. Three systems were developed from the four-year rotation including two alternative treatments of inorganic chemicals as well as an organic alternative. Eight years of experimental yields, historical prices, and estimated costs were combined to estimate net returns for each of the thirteen systems. Risk was analyzed as net return variability using statistical characteristics of the net return series. The stability component of rotation risk was separated from the diversification component. We found rotations to have higher average net returns than continuously cropped systems. Different chemical treatments (including organic) had little impact on profitability. Rotations had lower return variability than most continuous crops. The organic treatment did not decrease variability of returns compared to other chemical systems.
RGD and YIGSR synthetic peptides facilitate cellular adhesion identical to that of laminin and fibronectin but alter the physiology of neonatal cardiac myocytes

In the mammalian heart, the extracellular matrix plays an important role in regulating cell behavior and adaptation to mechanical stress. In cell culture, a significant number of cells detach in re...
Eigenfoot decomposition of plantar pressure images and case study of feature prediction of two modalities

The registration of plantar pressure images is a widely used technique to support human gait analysis. In plantar pressure images, most of the time conventionally derived features are used for further processing. Recently, automatic feature extraction based on PCA and kPCA is being used, to increase the information that can be extracted from this data. In this paper, we describe our work flow and a case study on the application of predicting two pressure features and a non-pressure feature out of the automatically derived PCA features. This includes the normalization of the pressure images, the PCA based feature extraction, and building and testing the regression model based on a linear and kernel SVM.
Dogeared Hate: Yilmaz Arslan’s Brudermord/Fratricide (2005), a new type of Heimatfilm

This paper focuses on the Heimat (home) metaphor of the Pit Bull bitch in Yilmaz Arslan's Brudermord/Fratricide (2005), a film about Turkish migrants in Germany. Updating the genre for a world of fluid boundaries, this is a Heimatfilm of the German margin. Arslan's film self- reflexively posits transnational Heimat film as a possible bridge between "Others", as a means to facilitate conversations which might decrease the violence of the present dog eat dog world of the margin the film portrays.
Covert distributivity in algebraic event semantics

This is the first in a pair of papers that aim to provide a comprehensive analysis of the semantic phenomenon of distributivity in natural language. This paper investigates and formalizes different sources of covert distributivity. Apart from lexical distributivity effects, which are modeled by meaning postulates, phrasal distributivity is captured via two covert operators: (i) a D operator distributing over atoms only (Link 1987), and (ii) a cover-based Part operator, which can also distribute over nonatomic pluralities under contextual licensing (Schwarzschild 1996). The resulting theory surpasses accounts in which nonatomic distributivity is freely available, or not available at all; furthermore, it correctly predicts differences between lexical and phrasal nonatomic distributivity. D and Part are reformulated in Neo-Davidsonian algebraic event semantics, so that they apply to event predicates and make the sum event available for further modification by arguments and adjuncts. This paves the way for an account of the context-dependency of distributivity phenomena under for -adverbials, which improves on theories that predict indefinites to either always or never covary with for -adverbials. The paper and its companion include an explicit proposal for the compositional process in event semantics. BibTeX info
Role of the gubernaculum and intraabdominal pressure in the process of testicular descent.

AbstractIn an attempt to more accurately define the role of the gubernaculum in the descent of the testis, a series of microsurgical procedures was performed in the newborn rat and the incidence of testicular descent was noted 4 weeks later. When the proximal attachment of the gubernaculum to the testis/epididymis was severed, descent occurred in 17 of 17 (100 per cent) of the testes. When the distal attachment of the gubernaculum to the scrotum was severed, 0 of 10 (0 per cent) of the testes descended. When the entire gubernaculum was removed, 0 of 18 (0 per cent) of the testes descended. When the gubernaculum on 1 side and the testis on the contralateral side were both excised, the solitary testis descended into the contralateral hemiscrotum in 34 of 45 (76 per cent) animals. When 1 testis was excised and only the attachment between the contralateral testis and its gubernaculums was severed, the solitary testis was capable of descending into either hemiscrotum. When 1 gubernaculum was completely excised...
Explanatory Reductionism in Behavior Analysis.

Radical behaviorism asserts the validity of a purely functional analytic approach to the science of behavior. Reliable, general functional relations between environmental and behavioral variables constitute behavior-analytic explanations, behavior principles. Temporal gaps exist between the terms in these relations, ranging on the order of seconds (e.g., in the case of delayed matching-to-sample performance) to hours, days, and years (e.g., in the case of the lasting effects of classical and operant conditioning). Those temporal gaps almost seem like badges of honor to radical behaviorists; they are compared to the spatial gaps over which celestial bodies exert their influence. Not only is it unnecessary for radical behaviorists to fill the gaps with brain events (or cognitive events), it is suspected that it might be misleading, or perhaps impossible, to do so. As graduate students several of us memorized word for word this quote from Wittgenstein: I saw this man years ago: now I see him again, I recognize him, I remember his name. And why does there have to be a cause of this remembering in my nervous system? Why must something or other, whatever it may be, be stored up there in any form? Why must a trace have been left behind? Why should there not be a psychological regularity to which no physiological regularity corresponds? If this overturns our concept of causality then it is time it was overturned. (cited in Malcolm, 1977, p. 166)
Let the Numbers Talk: A Look into the Use of Benford Analysis as a Method of Detecting Data Fraud

Benford’s law states that the leading digit of naturally occurring numbers follow a specific distribution, where lower leading digits (i.e. 1, 2, or 3) are more common than higher leading digits. C...
Summary of Findings and Recommendations for Future Research

This book opened by questioning whether current methods used to calculate rates of return to investments in schooling were useful for guiding government investments in education. In particular, the argument was made in Chapter 1 that such methods were of little use because they essentially calculated rates of returns to additional years of schooling rather than rates of return to government investments in school quality. Chapter 2 presented a method for calculating rates of return to government investments in school quality, based on combining the impact of such investments on the attainment of cognitive skills by students with the impact of those skills on the incomes of workers. Yet Chapter 2 also pointed out that rates of return to investments in school quality, even when accurate, could well be deficient for purposes of doing cost-benefit analyses of these investments because parents may respond to improvements in school quality by sending their children to school for longer periods of time. Thus, the most useful approach is to calculate the net present discounted value of school improvements and then to choose those investments with the highest value per government dollar spent. The remainder of the book applied this method using data from the 1988–89 Ghana Living Standards Survey.
A Real-World Analysis of Kerberos Password Security.

Kerberos is a distributed authentication system that many organizations use to handle domain-wide password security. Although it has been known for quite some time that Kerberos is vulnerable to brute-force password searches, there has so far been little analysis of the scope and extent of this vulnerability. This paper discusses the nature of this weakness in detail and attempts to quantify the severity of the danger it poses to existing Kerberized installations. The results of a controlled experiment, in which a large number of passwords from a Kerberos realm were broken o -line and subjected to analysis, will be presented. The author explores possible strategies for repairing this security hole, the most viable of which is the use of Kerberos V5 preauthentication coupled with a secure password authentication protocol such as SRP,
Tragedy, History, and the Form of Philosophy in Either/Or

Kierkegaard’s essay “The Tragic in Ancient Drama Reflected in the Tragic in Modern Drama,” makes two basic claims of far-reaching consequences for the theory of the tragedy and for philosophy more generally. The first is the claim that the essence of tragedy in all its historical manifestations consists in the representation of an irreducible contradiction between two qualitatively distinct principles: substantial determinants and individual agency. The second is Kierkegaard’s contention that, within this essence, the difference between the genre’s ancient and its modern forms rests on the different relations to that contradiction, on whether it is accepted as an objective fact or as a reflexive possibility. In the present article I elucidate Kierkegaard’s argument in terms of these two claims and point to some of their larger implications. With respect to the first, I show that it introduces a significant challenge to the conception of historical time on which our category of modernity depends. As concerns the second, I argue that it constitutes an engagement with what Kant calls as the modality of judgments (whether an object is possible, actual, or necessary), which Kierkegaard here attacks in the version given to it by the young F.W.J. Schelling. Kierkegaard’s rejection of Schelling’s argument on this point goes to the heart of the idealist project and ultimately questions what the form of philosophy should be.
A Review of Liquid-Hydrogen Safety for Research Equipment

This discussion is limited to the review of safety practices for high-energy physics research equipment filled with liquid hydrogen or deuterium. This equipment includes bubble chambers and targets, whose capacities vary from 10 to 1400 liters. A 12-ft-diameter bubble chamber is now under construction and a 14-ft-diameter chamber has been proposed.
Frontal Lobe Function and Pain in the Elderly

We review the literature on pain and aging and conclude that evidence supports a hypothesis that right frontal cortex contributes to the mediation of the chronic pain experience in elderly persons with chronic pain syndromes. Evidence for the right frontal pain hypothesis comes from clinical, neurocognitive, and neuroimaging studies, which implicate right inferior and orbitofrontal cortex in (1) the persistent pain experience, (2) negative emotional states, (3) retrieval of negative emotional and autobiographical memories, (4) regulation of autonomic arousal, and (5) regulation of attentional and pain functions of the anterior cingulate region. Right frontal dysfunction is also implicated in the effects of cognitive aging. If right frontal neurocognitive systems are affected in cognitively impaired elderly, and if (by hypothesis) the right frontal cortex also plays a major role in the experience of chronic pain, then cognitively impaired elderly with right frontal dysfunction should be protected to some extent from persistent pain syndromes. Available evidence supports this proposition.
How MHD Transformed the Theory of Geomagnetism

Summary. The main magnetic field on the Earth is generated by, and has been maintained throughout Earth’s history by, a fluid dynamo operating in the Earth’s electrically conducting core. The author gives his personal view of how understanding of this ‘geodynamo’ grew during his lifetime, and he includes recollections of some of the scientists involved. The remarkable evolution of the subject from simple applications of electromagnetic theory to today’s sophisticated magnetohydrodynamic theory is outlined. The importance of Coriolis forces in core MHD is not fully appreciated even today, but it transforms MHD into an essentially different subject that is briefly reviewed here. Proposals are made to give it its own special name.
Reflections on Software Agility and Agile Methods: Challenges, Dilemmas, and the Way Ahead

What are the drivers for the burgeoning interest in agile methods? Have these drivers stimulated a similar rethinking on other fronts? What have we discovered? In this paper. I take a reflective stance in order to look at these larger issues and patterns. This stepping back is informed primarily by involvement in a mudti-year research project on Quality Software Development @ Internet Speed and ongoing research on diffusion theory and the practices of technology adoption. I suggest the shift toward agile models and methods signals a larger transformation in the workplace toward the organization of the 21st century. This transition state is “between paradigms” and turbulent, marked by relentless change and volatility. The transition is a work in progress and by no means complete.
Lymphoma: Differential Diagnosis of Mediastinal Masses and Response

Recommendations for the clinical use of [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography ([18F]-FDG PET/CT) imaging have become available [1] and the imaging technique has been incorporated into the management algorithms recommended by the National Comprehensive Cancer Center Network (NCCN) [2]. Procedures and practice guidelines have been published by the Society of Nuclear Medicine (SNM) and the American College of Radiology (ACR) [3, 4, 5]. Recommendations in National Cancer Institute (NCI) clinical trials are also available [6]. For patients with lymphoma, consensus recommendations for assessing response have been published by the imaging subcommittee of the International Harmonization Project, including criteria for interpretation [7]. Response criteria for lymphoma have been revised based on PET/CT imaging, eliminating the “complete remission unconfirmed (CRu)” category [8].
The Burden of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in the United States: Disability-Adjusted Life Years.

Abstract Objective To quantify the burden of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) as defined by nonfatal health loss and premature mortality among a large sample of participants over a 44-year period, and estimate the national burden of SCI in the United States for the year 2010. Design Longitudinal. Setting National SCI Model Systems and Shriners Hospitals. Participants Individuals (N=51,226) were categorized by neurologic level of injury as cervical (n=28,178) or thoracic and below (n=23,048). Main Outcome Measures The burden of SCI was calculated in years lost due to premature mortality (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD), and disability-adjusted life years (DALY). Results For those with cervical level injuries, the overall YLLs and YLDs were 253,745 and 445,709, respectively, for an estimated total of 699,454 DALYs. For those with thoracic and below level injuries, the overall YLLs and YLDs were 153,885 and 213,160, respectively, for an estimated total of 367,045 DALYs. Proportionally adjusted DALYs attributable to SCI in 2010 were 445,911. Conclusions SCIs accounted for over 1 million years of healthy life lost in a national sample over a 44-year span. We estimated that 445,911 DALYs resulted from SCIs in the US in 2010 alone, placing the national burden of SCIs above other impactful conditions such as human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Future investigations may employ DALYs to monitor trends in SCI burden in response to innovations in SCI care and identify subgroups of persons with SCIs for whom tailored interventions might improve DALYs.
Flexible, Skin Coupled Microphone Array for Point of Care Vascular Access Monitoring

Point-of-care screening for hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction requires tools that are objective and efficient. Listening for bruits during physical exam is a subjective examination which can detect stenosis (vascular narrowing) when properly performed. Phonoangiograms (PAGs)—mathematical analysis of bruits—increases the objectivity and sensitivity and permits quantification of stenosis location and degree of stenosis (DOS). This work describes a flexible and body-conformal multi-channel sensor and associated signal processing methods for automated DOS characterization of vascular access. The sensor used an array of thin-film PVDF microphones integrated on polyimide to record bruits at multiple sites along a vascular access. Nonlinear signal processing was used to extract spectral features, and cardiac cycle segmentation was used to improve sensitivity. PAG signal processing algorithms to detect stenosis location and severity are also presented. Experimental results using microphone arrays on a vascular access phantom demonstrated that stenotic lesions were detected within 1 cm of the actual location and graded to three levels (mild, moderate, or severe). Additional PAG features were also used to define a simple binary classifier aimed at patients with failing vascular accesses. The classifier achieved 90% accuracy, 92% specificity, and 91% sensitivity at detecting stenosis greater than 50%. These results suggest that point-of-care screening using microphone arrays can identify at-risk patients using automated signal analysis.
Helical magnetic ordering in Sr ( Co 1 − x Ni x ) 2 As 2

${\mathrm{SrCo}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ is a peculiar itinerant magnetic system that does not order magnetically, but inelastic neutron-scattering experiments observe the same stripe-type antiferromagnetic (AF) fluctuations found in many of the Fe-based superconductors along with evidence of magnetic frustration. Here we present results from neutron diffraction measurements on single crystals of $\mathrm{Sr}{({\mathrm{Co}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ni}}_{x})}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ that show the development of long-range AF order with Ni doping. However, the AF order is not stripe type. Rather, the magnetic structure consists of ferromagnetically aligned (FM) layers (with moments laying in the layer) that are AF arranged along $\mathbf{c}$ with an incommensurate propagation vector of (0 0 $\ensuremath{\tau}$), i.e., a helix. Using high-energy x-ray diffraction, we find no evidence for a temperature-induced structural phase transition that would indicate a collinear AF order. This finding supports a picture of competing FM and AF interactions within the square transition-metal layers due to flat-band magnetic instabilities. However, the composition dependence of the propagation vector suggests that far more subtle Fermi surface and orbital effects control the interlayer magnetic correlations.
Cervical internal carotid artery tortuosity: A morphologic analysis of patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Background and purposeCervical internal carotid artery (ICA) tortuosity is thought to impede distal catheterization during attempted mechanical thrombectomy in patients with acute ischemic stroke. ...
When will Black children be well? Interrupting anti-Black violence in early childhood classrooms and schools:

We demonstrate that Black children are not faring well in early childhood settings and suggest ways educators can work toward ensuring that Black children thrive and flourish in schools. Five types...