cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential habitat use by the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) and Dreissena spp. in coastal habitats of eastern Lake Michigan

Abstract Shoreline modifications in Lake Michigan drowned river mouth (DRM) lakes can indirectly create habitats for the invasive round goby ( Neogobius melanostomus ) and dreissenid mussels ( Dreissena spp.), possibly resulting in their proliferation. To test this hypothesis, we sampled round gobies and dreissenids in Lake Michigan nearshore waters at pierheads and at adjacent DRM lake habitats containing natural and hardened shoreline features. Dreissenids were sampled by SCUBA diving and collecting specimens by hand, while round gobies were sampled using overnight replicate baited minnow traps. Round goby overall catch per unit effort (CPUE, number/trap night) was significantly higher at pierheads compared to the two DRM lake habitats; however, there was no significant difference in CPUE between the natural and the hardened DRM lake habitats. Similarly, dreissenid density was significantly higher at pierheads compared to natural DRM habitats; however, there was no significant difference between the hardened and the natural DRM lake habitats. We did not find any differences in the mean size or age of round goby among habitats. Stomach content analysis showed that soft-bodied prey comprised a larger portion of the round goby diet at pierheads, suggesting that round goby show preference for soft-bodied prey. Our results suggest that the current level of shoreline modification at DRM lake habitats may not be sufficient to evoke a biological response akin to what we found at pierheads; however, given continued shoreline hardening, DRM lake habitats will likely facilitate the proliferation of these invasive species.
"Off-label" stent therapy 2-year comparison of drug-eluting versus bare-metal stents.

Objective The aim was to compare 2-year outcomes with the routine use of drug-eluting stents (DES) (>75% “off-label”) with a comparable group treated with bare-metal stents (BMS). Background Safety concerns >1 year from implantation have been raised about DES used “off-label.” There are limited data comparing DES and BMS in “off-label” patients. Methods Clinical outcomes (nonfatal myocardial infarction [MI], all-cause mortality) were assessed in 1,164 consecutive patients who received BMS in the year before introduction of DES at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center and 1,285 consecutive patients who received DES after it became our routine choice. “On-label” stent use was defined as treatment for a single de novo lesion Results At 2 years, the hazard ratio for DES compared with BMS for nonfatal MI or death was 0.77 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.62 to 0.95), for all-cause mortality 0.71 (0.54 to 0.92), and stent thrombosis (ST) 0.97 (0.49 to 1.91). “On-label” stent procedures were associated with lower risk of MI, death, and ST than “off-label” stent procedures. For “off-label” stent procedures, the hazard ratio for DES compared with BMS for nonfatal MI or death was 0.78 (95% CI 0.62 to 0.98), all-cause mortality 0.72 (0.54 to 0.94), and ST 0.91 (0.46 to 1.80). The hazard of nonfatal MI or death was similar or lower for DES than BMS in high-risk subgroups, including renal failure and recent MI. Conclusions The routine clinical use of drug-eluting stents for “off-label” indications was associated with lower nonfatal MI and death at 2 years than in a comparable group of patients treated with BMS.
Generalized equations and their solutions, Part I: Basic theory

We consider a class of “generalized equations,” involving point-to-set mappings, which formulate the problems of linear and nonlinear programming and of complementarity, among others. Solution sets of such generalized equations are shown to be stable under certain hypotheses; in particular a general form of the implicit function theorem is proved for such problems. An application to linear generalized equations is given at the end of the paper; this covers linear and convex quadratic programming and the positive semidefinite linear complementarity problem. The general nonlinear programming problem is treated in Part II of the paper, using the methods developed here.
Barbara Strudler Wallston: Pioneer of Contemporary Feminist Psychology, 1943–1987

The death of Barbara Strudler Wallston on January 3, 1987, brought to a sudden end the rich and diverse life of a complex personality, who combined scholarship, leadership, and advocacy with a zest for living. A highly productive scholar, inspiring teacher, and feminist leader who loved dancing and music, Barbara Wallston translated her compassion for disadvantaged individuals and commitment to social justice into direct and constructive action. In her too brief 15-year career, she generated more than 70 publications and 94 professional presentations spanning such areas as health, gender, sex roles, sexuality, and social issues. Her extraordinary leadership and scholarly achievements led to her election to Fellow in recognition of “outstanding and sustained national contributions” in five APA divisions. In 1986 she was awarded Division 35's Carolyn Wood Sherif Memorial Lectureship for contributions that continue to enrich and inform the lives of her colleagues, students, and friends, and that have earned her recognition as a pioneer in contemporary feminist psychology.
Redefining Nature: Ecology, Culture and Domestication

Redefining Nature: Ecology, Culture and Domestication. Roy Ellen and Katsuyoshi Fukui. eds. Oxford: Oxford International Publishers Ltd., 1996.664 pp.
Intelligent robotic die polishing system through fuzzy neural networks and multi-sensor fusion

Traditional die polishing is a labor intensive field requiring skilled machinists. A robotic die polishing system was designed and demonstrated conceptually in the Computer Integrated Manufacturing Laboratory of the Pennsylvania State University. Multiple vision sensors are employed to capture the images of the die texture for the robotic die polishing system. For each vision sensor, a multiple net invariant network (MNIN) model is employed to accommodate orientation changes and achieve shift invariance. And the multiple decisions from different MNIN models are fused together by using a trained ANN. Due to slow convergence of the ANN, fuzzy modeling is used to accelerate the training speed. The proposed system not only discerns patterns and create strategies for polishing rough-machined dies that initially have a range of unpredictable surface finishes due to machining variations including differences from tool changes and spindle vibrations, but also is capable of fusing multiple sensory information.
Influence of Hc1 on the irreversibility line in YBa2Cu3O7 thin films.

The irreversibility line of a type-II superconductor separates the H-T plane into a region above the line where the critical current is zero and the magnetic properties are reversible, and a region below where a critical current is observed and the magnetic properties are irreversible. Although there is great controversy over the various models proposed to explain these observations, they all depend on the existence of magnetic-flux quanta in the sample. This implies that the irreversibility line cannot cross ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{c}1}$(T). In bulk samples, assuming that the observed functional forms are maintained, this would be expected to occur much too close to ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ to be observed. However, for films thinner than the London penetration depth, when the field is applied parallel to the film surface, ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{c}1}$ can be greatly enhanced. We report the results of measurements of the irreversibility line in thin ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ films that clearly show deviation from the power-law behavior observed for bulk samples. This deviation is in good agreement with calculations of the enhanced ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{c}1}$, which can be as large as several tesla for films thinner than \ensuremath{\sim}250 \AA{}.
Nitrification of Aspartate by Aspergillus flavus

Abstract Heterotrophic conversion of l-aspartic acid to nitrification products by Aspergillus flavus was studied in a replacement incubation system. Numerous amino acids supported nitrification; aspartate and glutamate were about equivalent as the best sources of nitrate. Addition of sodium bicarbonate to the incubation system substantially enhanced nitrate formation for all nitrifiable amino acids except aspartic acid, but the basis for the bicarbonate effect is obscure. The yield of nitrate from l-aspartate was not approached by forms of aspartic acid resulting from substitution on the beta carbon, the amino nitrogen, or the gamma carboxyl group or by aspartate presented as the d-configuration. There was no relationship between nitrate formation and the occurrence of such possible intermediates as nitrite, bound hydroxylamine, ammonia, aspergillic acid, and beta-nitropropionic acid. Uniformly labeled 14C-l-aspartate that was nitrified in replacement incubation led to no accumulation of label in possible nitrification products in the culture filtrate. Label was found in components of the mycelium after acid hydrolysis, with heaviest accumulation in what appeared to be glucosamine and an unidentified compound, possibly acetylglucosamine. Detectable label was redistributed into serine, glycine, and threonine.
Post-operative renal function following nephrectomy as part of en bloc resection of retroperitoneal sarcoma (RPS)

Background and Objectives Although resection of RPS with en bloc nephrectomy confers the potential benefit of improved locoregional tumor control, little has been published about the long-term post-operative renal function of these patients. Methods Retrospective review of 54 patients undergoing nephrectomy for RPS was performed. Clinicopathologic and treatment characteristics, pre- and post-operative creatinine (Cr) values, and estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) were recorded. The primary outcome measure was progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage. Results Median preoperative eGFR was 85 ml/min. Post-nephrectomy, median nadir eGFR was 44 ml/min, rebounding to 62 ml/min at median follow-up of 50 months. Of 49 patients with preoperative eGFR ≥60 ml/min (CKD stage 1,2), 51% preserved eGFR ≥60 postoperatively, whereas 49% progressed to CKD stage 3 (eGFR 30–59). Independent risk factors for progression of CKD stage were age and preoperative eGFR. Eleven patients died of recurrent disease, whereas no patient died of end stage renal disease (ESRD) or required dialysis. Conclusions Although progression of CKD stage occurs in nearly one-half of patients followed for more than 4 years after nephrectomy for RPS, no patient progressed to ESRD or had a limitation in systemic therapy options, even with progression to CKD stage 3. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:98–102. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chinese Femininity and Social Control: Gender-Role Socialization and the State

This paper employs four classics of women's instructive literature and legal cases from late imperial China to analyze (1) the formation and development of Chinese femininity, and (2) the connection between gender-role socialization and the social control of women. I conclude that neither Chinese culture nor Confucianism is sufficient to explain Chinese women's subordination. The Chinese patrimonial state, with its centralized propaganda and coercive legal control, also played an active part in forming Chinese notions of femininity and enforcing women's subordinate status.
Bumetanide enhances phenobarbital efficacy in a neonatal seizure model.

Objectives High levels of expression of the Na+-K+-2Cl− (NKCC1) cotransporter in immature neurons cause the accumulation of intracellular chloride and, therefore, a depolarized Cl− equilibrium potential (ECl). This results in the outward flux of Cl− through GABAA channels, the opposite direction compared with mature neurons, in which GABAA receptor activation is inhibitory because Cl− flows into the cell. This outward flow of Cl− in neonatal neurons is excitatory and contributes to a greater seizure propensity and poor electroencephalographic response to GABAergic anticonvulsants such as phenobarbital and benzodiazepines. Blocking the NKCC1 transporter with bumetanide prevents outward Cl− flux and causes a more negative GABA equilibrium potential (EGABA) in immature neurons. We therefore tested whether bumetanide enhances the anticonvulsant action of phenobarbital in the neonatal brain Methods Recurrent seizures were induced in the intact hippocampal preparation in vitro by continuous 5-hour exposure to low-Mg2+ solution. The anticonvulsant efficacy of phenobarbital, bumetanide, and the combination of these drugs was studied Results Phenobarbital failed to abolish or depress recurrent seizures in 70% of hippocampi. In contrast, phenobarbital in combination with bumetanide abolished seizures in 70% of hippocampi and significantly reduced the frequency, duration, and power of seizures in the remaining 30% Interpretation Thus, alteration of Cl− transport by bumetanide enables the anticonvulsant action of phenobarbital in immature brain. This is a mechanistic demonstration of rational anticonvulsant polypharmacy. The combination of these agents may comprise an effective therapy for early-life seizures. Ann Neurol 2007
Cross Cultural Training for Expatriate Hotel Managers: An Exploratory Study

Expatriate managers are regularly used to start up and manage international hotels in China. This paper looks at the cross cultural training (CCT) given to expatriate hotel managers in China to help adjust to living and working in a foreign environment. The findings show that even though there is a substantial amount spent on expatriate managers' compensation, the amount of CCT that is actually occurring is limited because CCT is undervalued.
Tritiation and characterization of several biologically active nightshade alkaloids

The tritiation of the nightshade alkaloids dihydrocapsaicin, atropine and nicotine is described.
SMALL IS DIFFERENT

Investigations of variations of physical and chemical properties of clusters as a function of size allow systematic explorations of evolutionary patterns of materials properties from the molecular scale to the condensed phase regimes. Using classical and quantum molecular dynamics simulations we discuss the dynamics of cluster collisions with surfaces leading to shock formation, dielectrons and sodium solvation in water clusters, size-evolutionary patterns of metallization of sodium-fluoride clusters, and the energetics of metal alloy clusters.
Determination of drill paths for percutaneous cochlear access accounting for target positioning error

In cochlear implant surgery an electrode array is permanently implanted to stimulate the auditory nerve and allow deaf people to hear. Current surgical techniques require wide excavation of the mastoid region of the temporal bone and one to three hours time to avoid damage to vital structures. Recently a far less invasive approach has been proposed-percutaneous cochlear access, in which a single hole is drilled from skull surface to the cochlea. The drill path is determined by attaching a fiducial system to the patient's skull and then choosing, on a pre-operative CT, an entry point and a target point. The drill is advanced to the target, the electrodes placed through the hole, and a stimulator implanted at the surface of the skull. The major challenge is the determination of a safe and effective drill path, which with high probability avoids specific vital structures-the facial nerve, the ossicles, and the external ear canal-and arrives at the basal turn of the cochlea. These four features lie within a few millimeters of each other, the drill is one millimeter in diameter, and errors in the determination of the target position are on the order of 0.5mm root-mean square. Thus, path selection is both difficult and critical to the success of the surgery. This paper presents a method for finding optimally safe and effective paths while accounting for target positioning error.
Navier-Stokes calculations using Cartesian grids. I - Laminar flows

A finite-volume formulation for the Navier-Stokes equations using Cartesian grids is used to study flows past airfoils. In addition to the solution of the complete equations, solutions for two simplified versions of the governing equations were obtained and compared with those using body-fitted grids. Results are presented for two airfoil sections, NACA 0012 and RAE 2822, for a range of Mach numbers, angles of attack, and Reynolds numbers. It is shown that the results are highly dependent on the smoothness of the surface grid. Without such smoothness, the skin friction and pressure converge to nonuniform distributions. On the other hand, when surface cells with smoothly varying areas are used, the results compared favorably with calculations employing body-fitted grids.
On the probability of correct selection for large k populations, with application to microarray data.

One frontier of modem statistical research is the problems arising from data sets with extremely large k (>1000) populations, e.g. microarray and neuroimaging data. For many such problems the focus shifts from testing for significance to selecting, filtering, or screening. Classical Ranking and Selection Methodology (RSM) studied the probability of correct selection (PCS). PCS is the probability that the "best" (t = 1) of k populations is truly selected, according to some specified criteria of best. This paper extends and adapts two selection goals from the RSM literature that are suitable for large k problems (d-best and G-best selection). It is then shown how estimation of PCS for selecting multiple (t > 1) populations with d-best and G-best selection can be implemented to provide a useful measure of the quality of a given selection. A simulation study and the application of the proposed method to a benchmark microarray data set show it is an effective and versatile tool for assessing the probability that a particular gene selection or gene filtering step truly obtains the best genes. Moreover, the proposed method is fully general and may be applied to any such extremely large k problem.
CD4+ CD44v.low cells are unique peripheral precursors that are distinct from recent thymic emigrants and stem cell-like memory cells

CD4(+) CD44(v.low) cells are peripheral precursor T cells that inhibit lymphopenia by generating a large CD4(+) T cell pool containing balanced numbers of naive, memory, and regulatory Foxp3(+) cells with a diverse TCR repertoire. Recent thymic emigrants (RTE) and stem cell-like memory T cells (T(SCM)) can also replenish a T cell pool. In this study we formally test whether CD44(v.low) cells are the same population as RTE and T(SCM). Our data show that, in contrast to RTE, CD44(v.low) cells express high levels of CD45RB and low levels of CD24. Moreover, CD44(v.low) cells isolated from mice devoid of RTE retain their capacity to repopulate lymphopenic mice with naive and memory cells and Foxp3(+) Tregs. In addition, CD44(v.low) cells do not express IL-2Rβ, Sca-1, and CXCR3, the phenotypic hallmarks of T(SCM). Overall, these data demonstrate that CD44(v.low) cells are neither RTE nor T(SCM).
On the Generalization of Displacement-Based Laminate Theories

A review and generalization of the displacement-based two-dimensional plate theories is presented. The classical and shear deformation single-layer theories up to the third-order are presented in a single theory through tracers. The layer-wise laminate theory developed by the author is reviewed. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the accuracy of the layer-wise theory by comparison with the analytical solution of the 3-D elasticity theory.
Heart and vessels: function during exercise and response to training

T he horse is often considered one of, if not the, premier athletic mammalian species. However, depending upon the criterion used there are other distinct (and sometimes surprising) contenders for that title. For example, as seen in Figure 1, compared with the Thoroughbred race horse (65 km/h, 40 miles/h), the cheetah can achieve speeds in excess of 70 miles/h (120 km/h) and several species of antelope as well as the blackbuck, gnu and ostrich are all faster than the horse (fastest human ~27 miles/h, 43 km/h). The fastest horses ever clocked are Quarter Horses which may reach speeds of 50-55 miles/h (90 km/h).1 Because body length determines the distance that individual muscles shorten, it might be more appropriate to judge athletic ability in terms of speed relative to body length.2 From this perspective, the Merriam kangaroo rat is superlative, achieving 110 body lengths per second which is three times faster than the cheetah (32 length/s) and an order of magnitude faster than the horse (~10 length/s). Within humans, the aerobic capacity or maximal oxygen uptake ( · VO2max) is considered an excellent (though by no means the sole) indicator of performance for running events over 1 minute in duration. Across the spectrum of terrestrial mammalian species, aerobic capacity increases over five orders of magnitude as a function of body size from approximately 0.001 L/min in the 2-g Etruscan shrew (world’s smallest mammal) to in excess of 80 L/min in the elite Thoroughbred race horse. Whereas it is possible that a large rapidly walking ele-
Research on the quality of parent‐provider communication in paediatric care: implications and recommendations

This narrative review of the correlates of effective parent-provider communication and relevant interventions indicates that effective parent-provider communication is associated with parental satisfaction with care, adherence to treatment recommendations, and enhanced discussion of psychosocial concerns. Moreover, interventions designed to improve parent-provider communication resulted in more discussion of psychosocial concerns, better recall of information from the visit, and improved parent-provider communication. Recommendations for the development of more effective studies of parent-provider communication and relevant interventions in paediatric primary care include the need for theoretical models to help guide research, the development of reliable and valid self-report measures of communication, the assessment of clinically relevant correlates of parent-provider communication, and the study of children's roles in communication with their paediatricians. Read and do likewise!
Survival of mouse skin isografts from leukemic donors.

Breyere and Williams (1964) have reported partial and complete rejection of skin isografts from leukemic donors transplanted to nonleukemic recipients. The present studies were performed to determine if the same phenomenon could be demonstrated with other leukemia viruses in different inbred mouse strains. Inbred mice which were inoculated with either 334-C leukemia virus or Friend virus served as donors of skin isografts after development of leukemia. Skin grafts were transplanted to either normal mice or immunized mice which had received injections of 334-C leukemia cells or Friend virus prior to skin grafting. All mice had control isografts. Results showed nearly 100% survival of control isografts. An almost identical percentage of grafts from 334-C leukemic donors survived in normal recipients (88.4%) as in immunized donors (87.5%). However, skin from mice with Friend leukemia was rejected in a higher percentage of immunized mice (50%) than non-immunized mice (30%). No takes of skin from leukemic donors were observed in a mouse strain naturally immune to induction of Friend leukemia. Results in the Friend leukemia system support Breyere's concept of an immunologic mechanism of syngenic skin graft rejection, whereas those in the 334-C leukemia system do not. Possible explanations for the conflicting data from the 334-C leukemia studies are discussed.
Enthalpy determination of order in poly(vinyl chloride)

Abstract Enthalpy measurements by means of solution microcalorimetry were obtained on a PVC resin in the temperature range 37-110°C. Enthalpy measurements above Tg detect a heat of fusion of about 1.5 cal/g of polymer and thereby demonstrate the presence of a soluble ordered structure in PVC. Enthalpy measurements on samples quenched and slow-cooled from within the temperature interval 37-220°C confirm the value of 1.5 cal/g for the heat of fusion as well as demonstrate a broad melting range of 130-200°C.
MYPT1 Protein Isoforms Are Differentially Phosphorylated by Protein Kinase G

Smooth muscle relaxation in response to NO signaling is due, in part, to a Ca2+-independent activation of myosin light chain (MLC) phosphatase by protein kinase G Iα (PKGIα). MLC phosphatase is a trimeric complex of a 20-kDa subunit, a 38-kDa catalytic subunit, and a 110–133-kDa myosin-targeting subunit (MYPT1). Alternative mRNA splicing produces four MYPT1 isoforms, differing by the presence or absence of a central insert and leucine zipper (LZ). The LZ domain of MYPT1 has been shown to be important for PKGIα-mediated activation of MLC phosphatase activity, and changes in LZ+ MYPT1 isoform expression result in changes in the sensitivity of smooth muscle to NO-mediated relaxation. Furthermore, PKGIα has been demonstrated to phosphorylate Ser-694 of MYPT1, but phosphorylation at this site does not always accompany cGMP-mediated smooth muscle relaxation. This study was designed to determine whether MYPT1 isoforms are differentially phosphorylated by PKGIα. The results demonstrate that purified LZ+ MYPT1 fragments are rapidly phosphorylated by PKGIα at Ser-667 and Ser-694, whereas fragments lacking the LZ domain are poor PKGIα substrates. Mutation of Ser-667 and Ser-694 to Ala and/or Asp showed that Ser-667 phosphorylation is more rapid than Ser-694 phosphorylation, suggesting that Ser-667 may play an important role in the activation of MLC phosphatase. These results demonstrate that MYPT1 isoform expression is important for determining the heterogeneous response of vascular beds to NO and NO-based vasodilators, thereby playing a central role in the regulation of vascular tone in health and disease.
A robust transportation signal control problem accounting for traffic dynamics

Transportation system analysis must rely on predictions of the future that, by their very nature, contain substantial uncertainty. Future demand, demographics, and network capacities are only a few of the parameters that must be accounted for in both the planning and every day operations of transportation networks. While many repercussions of uncertainty exist, a primary concern in traffic operations is to develop efficient traffic signal designs that satisfy certain measures of short term future system performance while accounting for the different possible realizations of traffic state. As a result,uncertainty has to be incorporated in the design of traffic signal systems. Current dynamic traffic equilibrium models accounting for signal design, however, are not suitable for quantifying network performance over the range of possible scenarios and in analyzing the robust performance of the system. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new approach-robust system optimal signal control model; a supply-side within day operational transportation model where future transportation demand is assumed to be uncertain. A robust dynamic system optimal model with an embedded cell transmission model is formulated. Numerical analysis are performed on a test network to illustrate the benefits of accounting for uncertainty and robustness.
Bispectral Index Monitoring During the Administration of Neuromuscular Blocking Agents in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Patient

Bispectral index (BIS) values were prospectively recorded in pediatric intensive care unit patients receiving continuous infusion of a neuromuscular blocking agent. Sedation was provided by a continuous infusion of midazolam or propofol. The BIS number was recorded by a bedside computer every 10 seconds but was concealed from health care workers. BIS values were recorded for 476 hours (161 893 BIS values) in 12 patients. The BIS number was 50 to 70, 57% of the time; ≤49, 35% of the time; and ≥71, 8% of the time. When supplemental doses of sedatives were administered, the BIS number was >70, 64% of the time; 50 to 70, 31% of the time; and ≤49, 5% of the time. Oversedation was more likely with propofol than midazolam. During the use of neuromuscular blocking agents, oversedation is a common occurrence. Physiologic parameters are not an accurate means of assessing the depth of sedation.
Classification of patterns using a self-organizing neural network

Abstract The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of Fukushima's neocognitron model when it is applied to complex imagery. In his original report, Fukushima demonstrated that this system could discriminate between simple alphabetical characters represented in fields of 16 × 16 pixels, and that shift invariance can be achieved through a proper choice of design parameters. The present work describes results for expanded neocognitron architectures operating on complex images of 128 × 128 pixels. These neural network systems were simulated on a VAX-8600 minicomputer. Wire frame models of three different vehicles were used to test the properties which Fukushima had demonstrated. The expanded neocognitron systems were able to classify these objects and to identify their critical features. After training, each object was placed at different positions in the plane, and the neocognitron's shift invariance property was tested. With complex ( 128 × 128 ) imagery, it was difficult to achieve proper classification and maintain shift invariance using only a few levels. In another experiment, the neocognitron trained on polar transforms of objects in the training set. Objects in the training set were rotated, and polar transforms of the rotated images were submitted as input. In this manner, the neocognitron's shift invariance was exploited to recognize rotated imagery. These investigations gave insight into the role of various model parameters and their proper values, as well as demonstrating the model's applicability to complex images.
Serum leptin levels are higher but are not independently associated with severity or mortality in the multiple organ dysfunction/systemic inflammatory response syndrome: a matched case control and a longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE Hypercatabolism and immune dysfunction are closely associated with the development of systemic inflammatory response–multiple organ dysfunction (SIRS/MODS) in critical illness. It remains unclear however, whether leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone whose levels are influenced by several cytokines and which regulates immune function, food-intake and energy expenditure is independently related to the development of and/or severity and mortality from SIRS/MODS. DESIGN and PATIENTS To assess the role of leptin in SIRS/MODS we performed a matched case control and a longitudinal study (14 days) in 35 critically ill patients with SIRS/MODS and 35 matched controls. RESULTS Baseline leptin levels were positively associated with body mass index (BMI) and TNF-α (P < 0·01) in patients and with IGF-1 and IL-6 levels (P < 0·05) in controls. Furthermore, leptin levels exhibited a progressive increase from the first to the last day of the study and although baseline levels were not different, peak leptin levels as well as leptin levels on the last day of the study were significantly higher in cases than in controls (P < 0·05). TNF-α levels, IL-6 and cortisol levels were also higher, whereas IGF-1 levels were lower in cases (P < 0·05). To assess whether leptin levels are independently associated with SIRS/MODS we performed multivariate logistic regression analysis which revealed that leptin up-regulation in cases is mediated by elevated TNF-α and cortisol levels. Finally, there was no independent association between leptin and survival in this group of critically ill patients. CONCLUSION We conclude that cytokines and cortisol upregulate leptin levels, which may contribute to the development of the hypercatabolism, wasting and immune dysfunction but leptin levels are not independently associated with severity or mortality of patients with systemic inflammatory response–multiple organ dysfunction .
Bromodeoxyuridine induces chromosomal fragile sited in the canine genome

Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 3 clinically normal domestic dogs were cultured for bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) induction of fragile site expression. BrdU induced fragile site expression in cells from all 3 dogs. The mean percent of cells with fragile sites and the mean number of fragile sites per cel were significantly increaed in all BrdU incubated cultures compared to control cultures. The frequency of BrdU fragile site expression did not vary significantly among the dogs. Lymphocytes from all 3 dogs expressed BrdU induced autosomal fragile sites. Two BrdU induced fragile sites were identified on the long arm of chromosome 1, one of which was close to or coincident with a previously identified folate sensitive fragile site on this canine chromosome. Lymphocytes from the 2 female dogs also expressed BrdU induced fragile sites on the X chromosome, but BrdU failed to induce fragile sites on the X chromosome from the one male dog in the study. The 2 BrdU-induced fragile sites identified on the long arm of the X chromosome were close to, or coincident with 2 previously described folate-sensitive common fragile sited on the canine X chromosome. This is the fist report of induction of BrdU-inducible fragile sites in the genome of the domestic dog. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Computer simulation of a [110] edge dislocation intersecting a σ11 〈101〉 {131} grain boundary in aluminum

The interactions of dislocations with grain boundaries are fundamental unit processes of crystal plasticity, and a detailed knowledge of these processes is crucial to the quantitative understanding of mechanical behavior of materials. There have been many atomistic studies of dislocations and grain boundaries (GBs) in metals, with relatively few efforts focused on the interaction of matrix dislocations with GBs. Typical problems include simulations of extrinsic GB dislocations or interactions of dislocations lying parallel to a GB, which exploit symmetry along the dislocation line for application of periodic boundary conditions. In an attempt to investigate the more general dislocation-GB interaction configurations, in the present work the authors perform an atomistic simulation of an edge dislocation intersecting a symmetric tilt GB out of the boundary plane, a problem that requires 3D geometry.
The Changing Nature of Islamic Studies and American Religious History (Part1

Le present article est divise en deux parties pour aborder les deux questions suivantes : Quelle est la nature de la croissance recente de la production academique dans l'histoire religieuse americaine musulmane ? Quel est l'impact de tels ouvrages sur les categories descriptives normatives utilisees a la fois dans les etudes islamiques et dans l'histoire religieuse americaine ? Cette recherche se fait dans le cadre d'un contexte tres realiste : les Etats-Unis comptent environ six millions de musulmans tandis que les conversions et l'immigration ne cessent de grandir.
Vapor Pressure of Heptane from the Triple Point to the Critical Point

We have used a metal ebulliometer to make measurements of the vapor pressures of heptane. Measurements spanned the temperature range from 335 K to 503 K, and measured pressures ranged from 30 kPa to 1597 kPa. The sample purity was determined by chromatographic analysis, and the measured pressures were adjusted for the presence of the impurities found. The adjusted results were found to be in good agreement with the best available data from the literature, and a reliable vapor pressure curve could be established for temperatures up to the critical point (540.13 K). We have also used thermodynamic calculations and published thermal data to extend the vapor pressures down to the triple point (182.603 K). We estimate that our vapor pressure curve has an uncertainty of 0.2% to 0.3% in the vicinity of the triple point, decreasing to 0.03% to 0.05% in the range 300 K to 400 K, and increasing to about 0.1% at 500 K. The calculated critical pressure was found to be (2739.7 ± 2.5(1σ)) kPa.
Axonal Transport of Dopamine-β -Hydroxylase by Human Sural Nerves in vitro

Dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity accumulated above a ligature on biopsy samples of normal human sural nerves incubated in vitro. The rate of accumulation indicated that this enzyme was transported distally at a velocity of 2 millimeters per hour. Axoplasmic transport of dopamine-β-hydroxylase was greatly reduced in sural nerves from a few patients with peripheral neuropathies.
Lymphokine-mediated fusion and migration inhibition of alveolar macrophages.

Abstract Guinea pigs were shown to produce a lymphokine termed macrophage fusion factor (MFF) which mediated the fusion of 70–80% of guinea pig or rabbit alveolar macrophages, but not guinea pig peritoneal macrophages. In the conventional migration inhibitory factor (MIF) assay, guinea pig aveolar macrophages were inhibited in their migration and large numbers of giant cells were present. There appeared to be a correlation between the titer of MFF and migration inhibition of alveolar macrophages but not with MIF titer as expressed on the peritoneal macrophage. Guinea pig MFF production was erratic and its absence from lymphokine supernatant fluids correlated with an absence of migration inhibitory activity for the alveolar macrophage. Guinea pig MIF production was more constant and high titers were invariably present. Rabbit crude lymphokine supernatant fluids containing MFF also inhibited the migration of their alveolar macrophages when measured at 24 and 48 hr during the MIF assay. Extensive numbers of giant cells were observed in the cell fan whenever migration inhibition was present. α- l -Fucose, which is known to block the receptor sites of MIF, failed to block giant cell formation in either the MFF or the MIF assay and also failed to block migration inhibition of the alveolar macrophages. The results suggest that lymphokines other than MIF can inhibit the migration of alveolar macrophages in the standard MIF assay and that the lymphokine responsible for migration inhibition and fusion of alveolar macrophages is the same lymphokine, MFF.
Virus-induced diabetes mellitus: autoimmunity and polyendocrine disease prevented by immunosuppression.

Autoantibodies to cytoplasmic and surface antigens on pancreatic islet cells have been found in many newly diagnosed cases of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)1–9. Various autoantibodies (for example, against islet cells, adrenals, thyroid, gastric mucosa and intrinsic factor) have also been found in patients with polyendocrine disease1,2,8,9. What triggers the production of these antibodies and their importance in the pathogenesis of these diseases are still unclear. Recently, we found in an animal model for studing polyendocrine disease10 that reovirus type 1 (reo-1) infected cells in both the pancreas and pituitary, and produced a disease characterized by hyperglycaemia and retarded growth10. Moreover, autoantibodies that reacted with antigens in pancreatic islets, the anterior pituitary and gastric mucosa were found, one of which reacted with insulin and another with growth hormone (GH). Using recombinant viruses11 we showed that the S1 gene segment from reo-1 was required for the induction of auto-antibodies to GH. We report here our search for additional autoantibodies, especially against surface antigens, and our efforts to evaluate the pathological contributions of the lytic effect of the virus on cells compared with the immunopathological response of the host. Our experiments showed that reo-1 induced autoantibodies that reacted with antigens on the surface of islet cells, thymocytes and a GH-producing cell line. In addition, we found that treatment with immunosuppressive agents depressed autoantibody production and prevented development of the polyendocrine disease.
Maintenance strategies and physical affection as predictors of love, liking, and satisfaction in marriage

The purpose of this research effort is to examine five relational maintenance strategies and two measures of physical affection as predictors of love, liking, and satisfaction in marriage. The sample consisted of 200 married couples. Results indicate that perceptions of the partners’ use of maintenance strategies and respondents’ own satisfaction with physical affection were strong predictors of love, liking, and satisfaction. Moreover, the variables differed in their relative predictive ability of the relational characteristics.
Properties of Confined and Sheared Rhodamine B Films Studied by SFA−FECO Spectroscopy

We have used a surface forces apparatus and multiple beam interferometry to measure the absorbance of thin films of rhodamine B in water/ethylene glycol solutions while applying and measuring normal and lateral (shear) forces. Both normal and shear forces induced changes in the absorption spectra indicating a change in molecular alignment, and rhodamine−rhodamine and rhodamine−surface interactions. We also measured differences in the absorbance spectra in different regions of the contact indicating, as expected, that the stresses are not uniform throughout the contact area. We also observed crystallization (solidification) parallel to the shearing direction.
Basic education and youth socialization in the armed forces.

The military establishment has often been successful in giving basic education to young men from deprived backgrounds with whom the public school system failed—dramatically so in its Project 100,000. This paper analyzes some of elements of military life and training, its skill structure, cultural climate, and social context, to determine if there are lessons to be drawn by civilian society.
Factor Mobility, Net Migration, Growth and the Lot of the Poorest Quintile in Developing Countries

This article examines the impact of factor mobility and migration on per capita gross domestic product (GDP) growth and the welfare of the poorest quintile in developing countries. Based on data from the World Bank and using a sample of 46 developing economies, we found that the per capita GDP growth is linearly dependent upon net migration, infrastructure investment, the level of educational attainment, the percentage of rural and urban population with sanitation and water services, the possible effect of improved health and investment. The regression results also show that the share of the poorest quintile in national consumption or income is a linear function of the level of urbanisation, the level of educational attainment, infrastructure investment and investment. These results could assist policy makers in developing countries identify areas in which budgets need to be reallocated to stimulate economic growth.
Do skull base lesions and their surgical treatment cause epileptic seizures

Abstract Objectives Few reports exist on the risk of seizures with skull base lesions and their surgical treatment. Patients and methods All patients referred for surgery of a skull base lesion at George Washington University Hospital from January 1998 to August 1999 were reviewed. After excluding patients with other risk factors 136 patients were included. Results No seizures were reported before or after surgery, but 59 patients (43%) were taking anticonvulsants. Only 17 (12.5%) had EEG. Four of these showed no abnormalities, 2 were abnormal without sharp waves and 11 had sharp waves (an increase compared to the general population). Most sharp waves affected the temporal lobe on the side of surgery. All EEGs were performed less than 4 months after surgery. Conclusion This study does not indicate that seizures are common in this patient group, but there was an increased amount of epileptiform activity on EEG and many patients were taking AED. A prospective study with systematic patient interviews, pre- and post-surgical EEG and a longer follow up is needed.
A test of differences in the literature history of four historical accounts of the quantum mechanics problem

This paper examines four historical accounts of the quantum mechanics problem in physics. The purpose is to describe the litrature used by the histories quantitatively using frequency of date of publication. Additionally, one of the histories was tested against the other three to determine differences. A Moments Test and a t Test were employed. The results indicated the literature history of quantum mechanics, when plotted as a function of frequency of publication date is non-normal, negatively skewed, and is platykurtic. The test for difference between the one history and the cumulative histories was non-significant. Interpretations of the results are discussed.
Laboratory Investigation of the Impact of Lateral Spreading on Buoyancy Flux in a River Plume

AbstractThe relationship between lateral spreading and mixing in stratified gravity currents is investigated by comparing laterally confined and unconfined currents in a series of laboratory experiments. The vertical turbulent buoyancy flux is determined using a control volume approach with velocity and density fields derived from combined particle image velocimetry (PIV) and planar-laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF). Lateral spreading is determined in the unconfined experiments based on plan-view imaging using the optical thickness method (OTM). The authors find that lateral spreading dramatically modifies the plume structure; the spreading plume layer consists of approximately linear density and velocity profiles that extend to the surface, whereas the channelized plume profiles are uniform near the surface. Lateral spreading decreases the average plume density relative to laterally confined currents with similar inflow conditions. However, the local turbulent buoyancy flux in the spreading experiments i...
A ring-disk study of the effect of trace chloride ion on the anodic behavior of gold in 0.2 M H2SO4

Summary The adsorption of chloride on gold electrodes in 0.2 M H2SO4 was studied. Chloride ion is adsorbed on gold electrodes in the potential region −0.2 V ≦ED≦+1.8 V. Adsorbed chloride causes an increase in the amount of soluble gold produced during the anodic and cathodic parts of a potential cycle at the electrode. Isopotential points indicate that adsorbed chloride exists in two different states on a gold surface. Approximately 2.2×10−7 M chloride is present in the supporting electrolyte as a trace impurity.
Use of Dipole Moment as a Parameter in Drug–Receptor Interaction and Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship Studies

The theoretical basis for using dipole moment as a free-energy related parameter in studying drug-receptor interaction and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) is presented. Over 300 group dipole moments for aromatic substituents were compiled using the dipole moments of monosubstituted benzene derivatives. Examples in the literature of using dipole moment in QSAR studies are also presented.
Nonenzymatic reduction of ferric leghemoglobin.

Abstract Ferric leghemoglobin isolated from soybean root nodules was reduced nonenzymatically to ferrous leghemoglobin in vitro at pH 5.2 using either 1.0 mM NADH or NADPH as the reductant. In the pH range of 5.2 to 7.0, the highest rates of reduction occurred below pH 6.5 with a maximum rate observed at pH 5.2. Rates of nonenzymatic ferric leghemoglobin reduction above pH 6.5 or at reduced-pyridine nucleotide concentrations below 0.4 mM were insignificant. Oxygen was required for the nonenzymatic reduction. Inhibition of ferric leghemoglobin reduction by superoxide dismutas and catalase indicated that superoxide and hydrogen peroxide may be intermediates in the reaction.