cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring atmospheric convection with physically sound nonlinear low-order models

Abstract Building physically sound low-order models of atmospheric dynamics is discussed. As an example, the issue of convective rolls vs cells in the atmospheric boundary layer resulting from the interplay of buoyancy and shear was explored using a nonlinear low-order model of 3D Rayleigh–Benard convection with shear, with results comparable with observations. For moderate values of buoyancy, the shear alone proved capable of controlling the occurrence of rolls or cells, though the whole picture depended on both buoyancy and shear.
Synapse: A Clinical Trial Examining the Impact of Actively Engaging the Aging Mind

A fundamental challenge and responsibility for modern science is to progress toward understanding neuroprotective factors that will support and optimize cognitive aging. The present chapter describes the scientifically driven efforts of our research group to this end. We do this in three ways beginning with a review of the latest findings regarding the neurocognitive declines that are part of the normal aging process. Next, we present the Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition (STAC; Annu Rev Psychol 60:173–196, 2009), which describes a model for how the brain adapts to the neural deterioration that occurs as a natural part of the aging process. Finally, we introduce a program of research designed using the tenets of the STAC model to investigate how engaging in cognitively and socially stimulating activities may promote the neurocognitive health of seniors long term.
Enteral and parenteral feedings: Guidelines and Recommendations

The clinician is confronted with many options in choosing appropriate nutritional support for a patient. Several major issues emerge. 1. Supplemental nutritional support is appropriate in patients who will not be able to take oral calories for more than 7 days. Individuals with preexisting deficits due to lifestyle or disease should have support started more promptly. 2. The use of TPN as a preoperative adjunct in surgical patients appears to be beneficial only to those with severe malnutrition. 3. In the vast majority of patients, the enteral route is preferred. Total parenteral nutrition appears to be beneficial in those with inadequate absorptive capacity, fistula, acute hepatic/renal failure, inflammatory bowel disease, and as an adjunct to cancer therapy. 4. Complications associated with enteral and parenteral nutrition delivery can be minimized by careful attention to detail and adequate monitoring of responses. 5. An exciting area beyond the scope of this monograph is the emergence of the field of "Nutritional Pharmacology" where one manipulates the patient's diet to achieve a desired physiologic result, just as one will change antibiotics or pressors. This will provide an additional tool to the clinician in the treatment of critically ill patients.
Geographic information system tools for the analysis of commercial level multi-pass corn stover harvesting systems

Renewable fuel production is essential to improve the energy independence of the United States. Cellulosic ethanol is renewable fuel that is gaining traction in the commercial fuels industry. This fuel can be made from agricultural residues and dedicated energy crops widely available in the Midwestern United States. The biofuels industry is already moving to meet these federal biofuels mandates and to establish sustainable biomass feedstock supply chains. Two companies have scheduled to build dedicated cellulosic ethanol refineries in Iowa. This initial phase of a biofuels supply chain is currently in its infancy and will require significant efficiency improvements and enhancement to current methods to ensure profitability. The resulting harvest costs, transportation costs and material quality all have significant impact on the cellulosic ethanol industry. The objective of the first chapter of this thesis was to determine the best method for semi-automated and large scale analysis of machinery management parameters. Electronic data logging of GPS position and CAN messages provides the timing and operational status needed for calculation of machinery management terms. Additional information like fuel rate, engine speed, hydraulic flow, or specific implement parameters can also be captured. This data enables detailed performance evaluation. GIS software was used to query the dataset. Appropriate spatial selections and parameter filters were defined for each performance parameter. This ensured measurement of productivity terms in conformance to ASABE Machinery Management Standards. The objective of the second chapter was to quantify and provide detailed information on the performance of corn stover collection equipment during industrial scale harvest operations. Current equipment developed for the hay and forage industry can be used to
Preparation and Characterization of A Binuclear Iron(III)-Hydroxo-µ-Hydroxyperoxy Complex[(PH3PO)4(HO)FeIII(HOOH)FeIII (OH)(OPPh3)4](C104)4

The combination of [FeII(OPPh3)4](C104)2 with H2O2, m-ClC6H4C(O)OOH, Me3COOH, PhIO, PhI(OAc)2, Bu4N(IO4), O3, or NaOCl in anhydrous acetonitrile results in the formation of the binuclear complex [(Ph3PO)4(HO)FeIII(HOOH)FeIII(OH)(OPPh3)4](C104)4, 1. The same material is produced from the addition of H2O2to [FeIII(Ph3P0)4](C104)3in aceto-nitrile. The complex has been charactrized by elemental analysis; electronic, vibrational, and ESR spectroscopy; solid- and solution-phase magnetic susceptibility measurements; and electrochemistry. A mechanism is proposed for the formation of 1, and for its reactivity with halide ions.
The Effect of Inlet Subcooling on Two-Phase Flow Dynamic Instabilities In-Tube Boiling Systems

In this work, two-phase flow boiling instabilities in vertical and horizontal system are presented. The stead-state system pressure-drop characteristics are determined by a numerical solution of the governing equations as derived from the Drift-Flux model. The transient characteristics of the two-phase flow are obtained for various parameters and the results are presented in tabular form. The numerical solutions are determined using an explicit finite difference scheme. A satisfactory agreement between the theory and experiments is obtained
Inpatient Glycemic Management of the Pregnant Patient.

There is a rising prevalence of type 1 diabetes (T1DM), type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and gestational diabetes (GDM) in pregnancy. Reaching and maintaining glycemic targets during and after this time are important for both the health of the mother and her baby. Based on recently published guidelines from various societies, we review the diagnosis of diabetes in pregnancy, types of therapies available to maintain euglycemia, important keys to management of T1DM, T2DM, and GDM, and strategies for reaching inpatient glycemic targets during the peripartum period. Care for pregnant patients with T1DM is especially challenging, and providers should be aware of the varying insulin requirements at different stages of pregnancy and how to reduce hypoglycemia and avoid diabetic ketoacidosis. Insulin sensitivity fluctuates throughout pregnancy due to physiologic changes, especially during labor and delivery and immediately post-partum. We review recommendations regarding how to manage this dynamic time and present our own institution’s inpatient management protocol. Finally, we review management of diabetes post-partum, including medications, breast-feeding, and continued monitoring and screening. With the collaborative efforts of the patient and an interdisciplinary team and in-depth knowledge of the most up-to-date management principles, it is possible to achieve euglycemia during this critical time of a mother and baby’s life.
Group B streptococci.

Publisher Summary The original Lancefield group B streptococcal reference strains are isolated chiefly from cases of bovine mastitis, but human disease caused by group B streptococci (GBS) have emerged as an important cause of neonatal disease, surpassing Escherichia coli as the leading cause of serious infections. GBS are non-motile, facultative anaerobic Gram-positive cocci that form small, grey-white colonies on solid medium and chains or diplococci in broth. Definitive identification of GBS depends upon demonstration of the group B carbohydrate antigen by immunological methods. More recently, while co-ordinated prevention strategies have been partially successful in reducing the impact of neonatal disease, invasive GBS disease in non-pregnant adults has been increasingly recognized. Ongoing investigative efforts are directed to elucidating the patho physiology and optimizing the prevention of GBS disease. Other biochemical characteristics of GBS include the failure to hydrolyze bile esculin agar, the ability to sodium hippurate broth, and the production of an orange pigment during anaerobic growth.
Targeting Biology in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Chemotherapy nonspecifically affects all cells undergoing DNA replication and has severe side effects. Understanding of the biology of non-Hodgkin lymphomas has led to development of drugs that target specific lymphoma cell functions and tumor microenvironment. Targeted agents used in combination with chemotherapy pave the way to a chemotherapy-free world. These drugs target multiple oncogenic pathways and modulate the immune system, with better outcomes. Such combinations should be administered only in clinical trials. Incorporating studies of the biology and genetics of these tumors into therapeutic studies may lead to a chemotherapy-free world with improved outcomes and reduced toxicities.
Medication Efficacy and Side Effects in Older Asthmatics

The older adult asthmatic population is increasing, as is the complexity of asthma treatments. This segment of asthmatics has been understudied, and modalities of therapy are affected by the aging process and comorbid diseases. Corticosteroids are the mainstay of emergency care and of chronic persistent asthma care. Inhaled bronchodilators have proven effective both in the acute setting and as an add-on therapy for chronic control. Leukotriene inhibitors have value especially where inhaler techniques are problematic. Theophylline has bronchodilator and potentially anti-inflammatory effects but requires close monitoring of drug levels. Specific allergen immunotherapy using both subcutaneous and sublingual routes of administration may have value in disease modification but requires further evaluation in the older adult. Biological therapies are available for severe asthma but require further controlled studies in older adults. Complementary medical methodologies are commonly used by patients but not adequately evaluated for efficacy or safety in older adults. Vaccines and good adherence measures are essential due to the polypharmacy and comorbidities inherent to an older adult population.
What Makes Them Persist? Expectancy-Value Beliefs and the Math Participation, Performance, and Preparedness of Hispanic Youth:

This study examined the longitudinal associations of Hispanic youths’ 9th-grade math expectancy-values and their subsequent participation (course taking and advanced course taking), performance, an...
Optimal Vehicle Speed and Gear Position Control for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles

For a connected and autonomous vehicle (CAV), co-optimization of vehicle speed and powertrain operation maximizes the fuel benefits. For an internal combustion engine based vehicle (ICV), the transmission gear position can be optimized to adapt to anticipated future vehicle speed and power demand. It is necessary to consider drivability when optimizing the gear shift to ensure a satisfactory acceleration capability and to avoid the shift busyness. This work proposes a first-of-its-kind real-time implementable optimal control strategy to optimize vehicle speed and gear position simultaneously for ICVs while considering both fuel efficiency and drivability. The control strategy is developed upon a unified CAV framework so that it is widely applicable to various CAV applications. The optimal control problem is formulated and simplified to a mixed integer programming problem with a convex quadratic objective function and linear constraints. An efficient numerical solver is applied to obtain the optimal solutions for an eco-drive application in a model predictive control (MPC) fashion. The control is real-time implementable with an average computational time of 0.33 seconds and maximum computational time of 0.79 seconds. Results from simulation and experiment show that by co-optimizing vehicle speed and gear position, the target vehicle can achieve 16% fuel benefits compared to a baseline vehicle with constant speed cruising control. In addition, experimental results show that the optimal control can also significantly reduce emissions.
1973 The red queen hypothesis

Abstract Motivated by observations of extinction rates in the fossil record, Leigh Van Valen (1973) came up with a high-level theory of evolution he called the Red Queen hypothesis. This theory was designed to explain evolution of interacting species in a common environment. In this theory Van Valen argues that the beneficial evolutionary changes in one species will have negative consequences for other species. Accordingly, those negatively impacted species will respond with their own evolutionary changes which, to some extent, will negate the previous beneficial changes. This will lead to a stochastically constant flux in the evolutionary process that at some levels, like the extinction rates of taxa, will suggest constancy over sufficiently long periods of time.
Legal, Environmental, Operational, and Safety Challenges in Urban Areas

Small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS) are sparking a revolution in the way that information about the urban environment is collected. As the popularity and capability of sUAS continue to grow, the availability of high-resolution data will also surge. Advancements in power sources, global positioning systems, on-board sensors, and sUAS hardware means they can fly farther, faster, carry larger payloads, and capture imagery at an increasingly fine resolution. However, the rapid evolution of these technologies generates a variety of legal, environmental, operational, and safety challengers in the urban landscape. The purpose of this chapter is to detail these constraints on sUAS operation. This includes an overview of the operational and legal guidelines developed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the Part 107 rules for operating sUAS, as well as the many challenges inherent to safe operation in different landscapes.
Ortwin Renn, Frank Ulmer, and Anna Deckert (eds.). The Role of Public Participation in Energy Transitions

This book is intended to address major energy transitions toward renewable energy and energy conservation via stakeholder and affected public support for mobilization. As David Orr aptly states we need to address “national energy concerns, which risks we as a society accept, which we avoid, who decides and by what process (Orr 1979, 1027).” The book has two parts. Part one provides a conceptual approach to stakeholder and citizen involvement toward a transitional process. Part two contains empirical case studies for participation and involvement for energy polity transition—primarily focused on Germany’s “Energiewende” (new energy transition policy).
Trade ornaments as indicators of social changes resulting from indirect effects of colonialism in northeastern Taiwan

Abstract Long-lasting indirect impacts on Indigenous peoples in the periphery of colonial control are poorly understood, especially in East Asia. Trade ornaments from Kiwulan (1350–1850 CE) in northeastern Taiwan show indirect impacts of European colonial activities on local societies. The diversity of ornaments was greater during the period of European presence compared to previous periods, and their spatial distribution was more clustered in the residential area. The change reflects an increased use of ornaments and an uneven distribution of ornaments in a pericolonial context. This may hint at increased social inequality resulting from European colonial influence. Trade ornaments give insights into the increased social inequality stimulated by a European colonial presence, and show the agency of Indigenous people to incorporate ornaments into their social system.
Recent Development in Therapeutic Cardiac Patches.

For the past decades, heart diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide. In the adult mammalian heart, damaged cardiomyocytes will be replaced by non-contractile fibrotic scar tissues due to the poor regenerative ability of heart, causing heart failure subsequently. The development of tissue engineering has launched a new medical innovation for heart regeneration. As one of the most outstanding technology, cardiac patches hold the potential to restore cardiac function clinically. Consisted of two components: therapeutic ingredients and substrate scaffolds, the fabrication of cardiac patches requires both advanced bioactive molecules and biomaterials. In this review, we will present the most state-of-the-art cardiac patches and analysis their compositional details. The therapeutic ingredients will be discussed from cell sources to bioactive molecules. In the meanwhile, the recent advances to obtain scaffold biomaterials will be highlighted, including synthetic and natural materials. Also, we have focused on the challenges and potential strategies to fabricate clinically applicable cardiac patches.
Correction to: A comparison of the Grass strobe and new LED photic stimulator for paediatric electroretinogram recordings.

In the original article, Table 1 was published incorrectly in which GR2 scotopic 6th column value should be 580 instead of 880. The correct version of Table 1 is provided in this correction.
Simulation as an Educational Tool in the Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit.

This review highlights the use of simulation as an educational tool in the highly specialized pediatric cardiac intensive care unit (PCICU). Healthcare simulation is used in high acuity medical environments to test healthcare systems. Healthcare simulation can improve team training, patient safety, and improve medical decision-making. Complex physiologies in the PCICU demand effective teamwork to consistently deliver high-quality patient care. Simulation-based PCICU learning objectives depend on a structured cognitive load framework to account for individual learner abilities, team constructs, and healthcare resources. PCICU simulation programs are strengthened by utilizing traditional education theory, with careful consideration of complex physiologies, interprofessional personnel, and center-specific resources. Virtual platforms should continue to evolve to provide additional, more convenient venues for individual learners and teams. Healthcare systems should frequently intersect with simulation educators to create relevant learning objectives that will contribute to patient safety, improve team performance, and patient outcomes.
Fundamental frequency-dependent changes in vowel-evoked envelope following responses

Abstract Scalp-recorded envelope following responses (EFRs) provide a non-invasive method to assess the encoding of the fundamental frequency (f0) of voice that is important for speech understanding. It is well-known that EFRs are influenced by voice f0. However, this effect of f0 has not been examined independent of concomitant changes in spectra or neural generators. We evaluated the effect of voice f0 on EFRs while controlling for vowel formant characteristics and potentially avoiding significant changes in dominant neural generators using a small f0 range. EFRs were elicited by a male-spoken vowel /u/ (average f0 = 100.4 Hz) and its lowered f0 version (average f0 = 91.9 Hz) with closely matched formant characteristics. Vowels were presented to each ear of 17 young adults with normal hearing. EFRs were simultaneously recorded between the vertex and the nape, and the vertex and the ipsilateral mastoid—the two most common electrode montages used for EFRs. Our results indicate that when vowel formant characteristics are matched, an increase in f0 by 8.5 Hz reduces EFR amplitude by 25 nV, phase coherence by 0.05 and signal-to-noise ratio by 3.5 dB, on average. The reduction in EFR characteristics was similar across ears of stimulation and the two montages used. These findings will help parse the influence of f0 or stimulus spectra on EFRs when both co-vary.
Patterns of School Victimization and Problem Behaviors: Longitudinal Associations with Socioeconomic Well-Being and Criminal Justice Involvement

Middle school victimization and problem behaviors often co-occur, but little is known about patterns of co-occurrence, or how long effects persist into adulthood. Drawing on general strain theory, this study aimed to identify sex-specific profiles of victimization and problem behaviors during middle school, and their association with socioeconomic, violence, and criminal justice outcomes in young adulthood. Latent class analyses was conducted on data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth–1997, including subsamples of seventh grade females (n = 529) and males (n = 494). Two classes were identified for females: (1) low-risk and (2) high-risk; these classes were associated with outcomes in the hypothesized directions. For males, however, there were three groups: (1) low-risk, which reported low rates of victimization and problem behaviors; (2) victimized, with high victimization but low rates of problem behaviors; and (3) high-risk, with high rates of both victimization and problem behaviors. Interestingly, victimized males had socioeconomic and criminal justice outcomes similar to low-risk males, but rates of assault comparable to high-risk males. For example, victimized males were five times more likely to obtain a college degree than high-risk males (27.1% versus 4.6%) and three times less likely to live in poverty (9.5% versus 25.9%), but only slightly less likely to commit assault (41.7% versus 59.8%). However, there was alarming over-representation of Black youth in the high-risk groups. Findings emphasize the urgency with which schools and community agencies need to address victimization and problem behaviors among adolescents, but simultaneously target structural racism.
Trends in Stress Throughout Pregnancy and Postpartum Period During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Longitudinal Study Using Ecological Momentary Assessment and Data From the Postpartum Mothers Mobile Study.

Background: Stress is associated with adverse birth and postpartum health outcomes. Few studies have longitudinally explored racial differences in maternal stress in a birthing population in the United States during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: This study aimed to do the following: (1) assess changes in reported stress before, during, and after initial emergency declarations (eg, stay-at-home orders) were in place due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and (2) assess Black-White differences in reported stress in a pregnant and postpartum population from Southwestern Pennsylvania. Methods: We leveraged data from the ongoing Postpartum Mothers Mobile Study (PMOMS), which surveys participants in real time throughout the pregnancy and postpartum periods via ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and smartphone technology. We analyzed data from a subset of PMOMS participants (n=85) who were either Black or White, and who submitted EMA responses regarding stress between November 1, 2019, and August 31, 2020, the time frame of this study. We divided data into four phases based on significant events during the COVID-19 pandemic: “pre” phase (baseline), “early” phase (first case of COVID-19 reported in United States), “during” phase (stay-at-home orders), and “post” phase (stay-at-home orders eased). We assessed mean stress levels at each phase using linear mixed-effects models and post hoc contrasts based on the models. Results: Overall mean stress (0=not at all to 4=a lot) during the pre phase was 0.8 for Black and White participants (range for Black participants: 0-3.9; range for White participants: 0-2.8). There was an increase of 0.3 points (t5649=5.2, P<.001) in the during phase as compared with the pre phase, and an increase of 0.2 points (t5649=3.1, P=.002) in the post phase compared with the pre phase (n=85). No difference was found between Black and White participants in the change in mean stress from the pre phase to the during phase (overall change predicted for the regression coefficient=–0.02, P=.87). There was a significant difference between Black and White participants in the change in mean stress from the during phase to the post phase (overall change predicted for the regression coefficient=0.4, P<.001). Conclusions: There was an overall increase in mean stress levels in this subset of pregnant and postpartum participants during the same time as the emergency declarations/stay-at-home orders in the United States. Compared to baseline, mean stress levels remained elevated when stay-at-home orders eased. We found no significant difference in the mean stress levels by race. Given that stress is associated with adverse birth outcomes and postpartum health, stress induced by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may have adverse implications for birthing populations in the United States.
Masked Tardive Dyskinesia in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Era.

The universal donning of masks during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic led to a decreased ability to read people's facial expressions. In this context, it is prudent to think about how diagnoses can be missed or worsened by the practice of mandatory masking. Here, we report the case of an adolescent white male who presented with new-onset agitation, akathisia, and orofacial dyskinesia in the context of chronic stimulant use for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and antipsychotic use for oppositional defiant disorder.
Breakthrough Science: Hypoxia-Inducible Factors, Oxygen Sensing, and Disorders of Hematopoiesis.

Abstract Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) were discovered as activators of erythropoietin gene transcription in response to reduced O2 availability. O2-dependent hydroxylation of HIFs on proline and asparagine residues regulates protein stability and transcription activity, respectively. Mutations in genes encoding components of the oxygen sensing pathway cause familial erythrocytosis. Several small molecule inhibitors of HIF prolyl hydroxylases are currently in clinical trials as erythropoiesis stimulating agents. HIFs are overexpressed in bone marrow neoplasms, and the development of HIF inhibitors may improve outcome in these disorders.
Landscape genomics of Sphaeralcea ambigua in the Mojave Desert: a multivariate, spatially-explicit approach to guide ecological restoration

Local adaptation influences plant species’ responses to climate change and their performance in ecological restoration. Fine-scale physiological or phenological adaptations that direct demographic processes may drive intraspecific variability when baseline environmental conditions change. Landscape genomics characterize adaptive differentiation by identifying environmental drivers of adaptive genetic variability and mapping the associated landscape patterns. We applied such an approach to Sphaeralcea ambigua, an important restoration plant in the arid southwestern United States, by analyzing variation at 153 amplified fragment length polymorphism loci in the context of environmental gradients separating 47 Mojave Desert populations. We identified 37 potentially adaptive loci through a combination of genome scan approaches. We then used a generalized dissimilarity model (GDM) to relate variability in potentially adaptive loci with spatial gradients in temperature, precipitation, and topography. We identified non-linear thresholds in loci frequencies driven by summer maximum temperature and water stress, along with continuous variation corresponding to temperature seasonality. Two GDM-based approaches for mapping predicted patterns of local adaptation are compared. Additionally, we assess uncertainty in spatial interpolations through a novel spatial bootstrapping approach. Our study presents robust, accessible methods for deriving spatially-explicit models of adaptive genetic variability in non-model species that will inform climate change modelling and ecological restoration.
The Tax Lawyer as Gatekeeper

The modern tax lawyer has many different roles. She serves as advisor, advocate, engineer, endorser, insurer, and, at times, even adversary. In addition, as concerns about tax abuse and an eroding tax base have grown, legislators and the Internal Revenue Service have increasingly relied on tax lawyers to provide various quasi-gatekeeping functions. As constructed, however, this role is neither precise nor consistent. In many respects it muddles the roles of the tax lawyer, causes undue client conflicts, and merely serves as an obstacle to the sound and efficient provision of legal advice while failing to deter significant amounts of wrongdoing. This Article argues that in the prelitigation phase of a tax lawyer’s representation, the tax lawyer is well suited to perform a gatekeeping function and should do so. The current legal rules governing taxpayers and their advisors comprise a labyrinth of procedures and controls that ineffectively regulate the modern tax system. Although the tax lawyer is certainly vested with a number of quasi-gatekeeper responsibilities, her duties often either over-effect or under-effect an ideal gatekeeper model. Within the proper framework, however, the tax lawyer is well positioned to perform the gatekeeping tasks of guidance, compliance monitoring, and misconduct prevention. These gatekeeping functions are consistent with the long-standing professional responsibilities of a lawyer, and a sound gatekeeping system could also help reconcile the otherwise conflicting duties tax lawyers face. This Article explores various modifications and refinements that must be made to the legislative and regulatory regime governing the behaviors of tax lawyers and taxpayers in order to fully realize the benefits of the tax lawyer‘s gatekeeping potential. Specifically, the proposed gatekeeping structure seeks to eliminate some of the ineffective and overly adversarial elements of the system, raise the standards for tax legality and penalty protection between tax lawyers and taxpayers, and augment the tax lawyer’s due diligence responsibilities.
Introduction of exogenous molecules into the cytoplasm of Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae by controlled sonication.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a method for introduction of exogenous macromolecules into the cytoplasm of living D. discoideum amoebae. The most general purpose of the method is to extend molecular studies of cellular constituents from the test tube to the living cell, and to provide a link between the disciplines of cell biology and biochemistry. Thus, the biochemical characteristics of macromolecules predicted from their behavior in dilute solution in vitro can be examined intracellularly, and the functions of specific macrornolecules hypothesized from their structure and molecular interactions in vitro can be critically tested. The distributions of macromolecules in living cells may be observed, and the intracellular concentrations of potential secondary messenger molecules such as free calcium ions and protons that may modulate the structure and activity of cellular constituents may be examined. These measurements can be correlated both temporally and spatially with ongoing cellular activities including development and movement to elucidate the molecular mechanisms mediating and regulating such processes. A number of methods for introducing macromolecules into living cells are described. It is difficult to microinject D. discoideum , and only small numbers of cells can be microinjected in a short period of time.
How Weak is A Closed Unbounded Ultrafilter

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the weakness of closed unbounded ultrafilter and gives a detailed review of Radin forcing.
Going Wireless: A Critical Exploration of Wireless and Mobile Technologies for Composition Teachers and Researchers, Amy C. Kimme Hea, ed.

Amy Kimme Hea has pulled together strong articles that discuss issues associated with wireless and mobile technologies. The 2009 copyright masks the slow pace of print publishing, with citations on...
Induction electrohydrodynamic pumping-selecting an optimum working fluid

An induction electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pump in a horizontal configuration was built. Different dielectric fluids were compared to establish which produced the best pumping performance. Experimental results show that pumping performance depends on fluid properties, primarily fluid viscosity and electrical conductivity. Pumping velocities as high as 35 cm/s with doped, 100 p.p.m., n-hexane were achieved. This improvement makes induction EHD pumping attractive for certain industrial applications. >
Costs and Benefits of Methadone Treatment in DATOS-Part 2: Gender Differences for Discharged and Continuing Patients

Abstract Greater economic benefits have been associated with longer lengths of stay in methadone treatment. Little is known about whether the costs and benefits of methadone treatment differ for women and men. This paper examines the costs of outpatient methadone treatment (OMT) in NIDA's Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Studies (DATOS) for women and men, and estimates the economic benefits from avoided crime costs during and after treatment. Women and men are also grouped according to length of time in treatment and costs are examined for discharged patients (patients with less than 1 year of treatment in their index DATOS OMT program) and continuing patients (patients who remained in their index treatment for at least 1 year). It was hypothesized that methadone treatment benefits in the form of costs of crime to society before, during, and after treatment would differ by gender, and crime cost savings would be greater for both women and men who remained in treatment for 365 days or longer. Subjects were 144...
Output-boundary regulation for nonminimum-phase systems

This article seeks to bound the effects of disturbances on the output by considering an output-boundary regulation (OBR) problem. If a-priori (preview) information of the disturbance is available, feedforward approaches can overcome limits of feedback methods for nonminimum-phase systems. The main contribution of this article is to develop a feedforward-based control approach for nonminimum-phase systems when the disturbance is not known a-priori. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed approach is quantified by providing the acceptable disturbance for a given output-error bound. The method is illustrated with simulation results for a benchmark flexible structure example.
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rabbits. A major encephalitogenic determinant within residues 1-44 of myelin basic protein.

Summary Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis could be induced in rabbits by injection in Freund's complete adjuvant of either peptide 1–44 or peptide 45–87 of rabbit myelin basic protein. In order to localize the encephalitogenic determinant present in peptide 1–44, several smaller derivative peptides were prepared and examined. Peptic peptide 15–44 and thrombic peptide 1–31 were as active as peptide 1–44, whereas peptic peptides 1–14 and 18–38 and BrCN peptide 22–44 were virtually inactive. Weak activity was shown by BrCN peptide 1–21. These results provide evidence that a major encephalitogenic determinant present in peptide 1–44 lies within sequence 15–31. The encephalitogenic activity of peptide 15–44 was essentially destroyed by oxidation of methionine-21 to methionine sulfoxide; methylation of Met-21, on the other hand, appeared to be relatively ineffective in eliminating the encephalitogenicity of peptide 1–44.
Predictors of Unprotected Sex Among Female Sex Workers in Madagascar: Comparing Semen Biomarkers and Self-Reported Data

Research on the determinants of condom use and condom non-use generally has relied on self-reported data with questionable validity. We identified predictors of recent, unprotected sex among 331 female sex workers in Madagascar using two outcome measures: self-reports of unprotected sex within the past 48 h and detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a biological marker of recent semen exposure. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that self-reported unprotected sex was associated with three factors: younger age, having a sipa (emotional partner) in the prior seven days, and no current use of hormonal contraception. The sole factor related to having PSA detected was prevalent chlamydial infection (adjusted odds ratio, 4.5; 95% confidence interval, 2.0–10.1). Differences in predictors identified suggest that determinants of unprotected sex, based on self-reported behaviors, might not correlate well with risk of semen exposure. Caution must be taken when interpreting self-reported sexual behavior measures or when adjusting for them in analyses evaluating interventions for the prevention of HIV/STIs.
Observation and prediction for the heat equation, III

Dirichlet and Neumann data suffices. The pair (p), 9) cannot be specified arbitrarily, but we adopt the viewpoint that, in observation of an ongoing process, any consistency conditions are automatically satisfied; thus, we may assume that the observed pair (p), #) lies in the admissible manifold& and the existence of a solution to the triple (l)-(3), is not at issue. We are concerned here with the well-posedness of the observation/prediction problem; i.e., to show that the map: (v, $) t+ uT is well defined and continuous, using
Teaching Geography Across the Curriculum

The infusion of geography, particularly with history and/or social studies, is a means of calling attention to the force and significance of geography. Such a hove, says this writer, can only improve American education.
Micromachined membrane particle filters

Abstract Particle membrane filters (8×8 mm2) with circular, hexagonal and rectangular through holes are designed, fabricated and tested. By varying hole dimensions from 6 to 12 μm, opening factors from 4 to 45% are achieved. In order to improve the filter robustness, a composite silicon nitride/Parylene membrane technology is developed, and the burst pressure of the filters is increased more than 4 times. More importantly, fluid dynamic performance of the filters is also studied by both experiments and numerical simulations. It is found that the gaseous flow through the filters depends strongly on opening factors, and the measured pressure drops are much lower than that from numerical calculation using the Navier–Stokes equation. Interestingly, surface velocity slip can only account for a minor part of the discrepancy. This suggests that a very interesting topic for micro fluid mechanics research is identified.
Language and Philosophy: Studies in Method

These essays are intended to illustrate various ways in which ideas about language may be used to clarify philosophic problems. They contain careful interpretations and criticisms of theories of language.
Brain Activation Profiles During the Early Stages of Reading Acquisition

In the present study, we demonstrate for the first time the presence of an aberrant brain mechanism for reading in children who have just started acquiring reading skills. Children who, at the end of kindergarten, are found to be at risk for developing reading problems display markedly different activation profiles than children who have, at this stage, already mastered important prereading skills. This aberrant profile is characterized by the lack of engagement of the left-hemisphere superior temporal region, an area normally involved in converting print into sound, and an increase in activation in the corresponding right-hemisphere region. This finding is consistent with current cognitive models of reading acquisition and dyslexia, pointing to the critical role of phonologic awareness skills in learning to read.
High Cumulative Doses of Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin Are Not Associated with Cardiac Toxicity in Patients with Gynecologic Malignancies

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the cardiac safety of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) in patients receiving high cumulative doses of PLD. Material
Amino acid and protein oxidation in cardiovascular disease

Substantial evidence suggests that oxidative events contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic heart disease. For example, animal model data and numerous in vitro studies point to specific pathways as participants in disease initiation and progression. Moreover, recent clinical studies demonstrate clinical utility in monitoring systemic levels of protein-bound nitrotyrosine as a predictor of risk for coronary artery disease, atherosclerotic burden, and response to statin therapy. However, a definitive cause-and-effect relationship between oxidation and atherosclerosis has yet to be established, and multiple recent large prospective "antioxidant" intervention trials have failed to significantly impact upon disease risk and progression. In this review we highlight why such failures should not be taken as an indictment of the "Oxidation Hypothesis." Emphasis will be placed on discussion of molecular markers whose structures convey information about oxidation pathways leading to their formation, and which appear to be mechanistically linked to the disease process. Only through rational design of targeted interventions aimed at suppressing distinct oxidation pathways, with concomitant monitoring of antioxidant efficacy in human clinical studies, will answers to the role of oxidation in the pathogenesis of human atherosclerosis be defined.
The Supreme Court and the Decline of State Power

. . The epoch of federalism is over. .... It is insufficiently positive in character; it does not provide for sufficient rapidity of action; it inhibits the emergence of the necessary standards of uniformity; it relies upon compacts and compromises which take insufficient account of the urgent category of time; it leaves the backward areas a restraint, at once parasitic and poisonous, on those which seek to move forward; at least, its psychological results, especially in an age of crisis, are depressing to a democracy that needs the drama of positive achievement to retain its faith.2
InP quantum dots: Electronic structure, surface effects, and the redshifted emission

We present pseudopotential plane-wave electronic-structure calculations on InP quantum dots in an effort to understand quantum confinement and surface effects and to identify the origin of the long-lived and redshifted luminescence. We find that (i) unlike the case in small GaAs dots, the lowest unoccupied state of InP dots is the ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{1c}$-derived direct state rather than the ${X}_{1c}$-derived indirect state and (ii) unlike the prediction of $\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathbf{p}$ models, the highest occupied state in InP dots has a $1sd$-type envelope function rather than a (dipole-forbidden) $1pf$ envelope function. Thus explanations (i) and (ii) to the long-lived redshifted emission in terms of an orbitally forbidden character can be excluded. Furthermore, (iii) fully passivated InP dots have no surface states in the gap. However, (iv) removal of the anion-site passivation leads to a P dangling bond (DB) state just above the valence band, which will act as a trap for photogenerated holes. Similarly, (v) removal of the cation-site passivation leads to an In dangling-bond state below the conduction band. While the energy of the In DB state depends only weakly on quantum size, its radiative lifetime increases with quantum size. The calculated $\ensuremath{\sim}300\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{meV}$ redshift and the $\ensuremath{\sim}18$ times longer radiative lifetime relative to the dot-interior transition for the 26-\AA{} dot with an In DB are in good agreement with the observations of full-luminescence experiments for unetched InP dots. Yet, (vi) this type of redshift due to surface defect is inconsistent with that measured in selective excitation for HF-etched InP dots. (vii) The latter type of (``resonant'') redshift is compatible with the calculated screened singlet-triplet splitting in InP dots, suggesting that the slow emitting state seen in selective excitation could be a triplet state.
The hidden injury of class in Korean-American language brokers’ lives

Moving beyond the cultural clash model that treats intergenerational relationships as unidirectional, this study, based on in-depth interviews with working-class bilingual Korean children from Los Angeles, finds that they actively assume class-specific language brokering work to ensure family survival. However, because class remains as the invisible social force in America, children who learned about parental financial and legal problems through language brokering work maintained the hidden injury of class. The findings indicate that normative notions of carefree childhood, racialized class, and essentialized Korean culture, which uniformly uphold quintessential middle-class values, can impart a buried sense of inadequacy and desire among socially excluded working-class children.
Creation of bathymetric maps using satellite imagery

Coastal bathymetry near Camp Pendleton, California was measured using wave motion as observed by the WorldView-2 commercial satellite imaging system. The linear finite depth dispersion relation for surface gravity waves was used to determine nearshore ocean depth from successive images acquired of the coastal area. Principal component transformations of co-registered 8-color multispectral images were found to very effectively highlight wave crests in the surf zone. Time sequential principal component images then contain both spatial and temporal information. From these change detection images, wave celerity could be determined and depth inversion could be performed. For waves farther from shore, the principal component transformation no longer highlighted wave crests, but crests could be resolved within a single RGB composite image with equalization enhancement. The wavelength of a wave above a point of known depth was measured. The wave period method was used to determine depth for other waves in the propagation direction of this wave. Depth calculations using these methods compared favorably to reference bathymetry. The spatial resolution for this method of determining depth is higher and perhaps more accurate than the reference bathymetry used in this study, particularly in the surf zone.
Investigation of Damaged 12-Year Old Prestressed Concrete Box Beams

An investigation was conducted of unexpected damage to a pair of three-span continuous-spread prestressed box beam bridges after 12 years of service. Routine inspection had revealed cracks in the box beams near the piers and abutments. An investigation was conducted to assess the condition of the beams in the bridges as well as their as-built properties and remaining strength. The investigation showed that the beams were built in accordance with the design drawings and specifications. One beam was tested under a combination of flexure and shear. These tests showed that the effective prestress was lower than standard design estimates. Measurable slip of the strands initiated as shear or flexure-shear cracks developed; however, the bond strength was sufficient for the strands to fail by fracture. The measured ultimate strength exceeded the analytical estimates by 7 to 9%. The conclusion of the investigation is that the cracks in the beams developed from a combination of conditions created by the design, detailing, and production of the beams.