cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of Body Weight, Weight Management Strategies, and Depressive Symptoms Among US College Students

Abstract Objective: To determine if inaccurate body weight perception predicts unhealthy weight management strategies and to determine the extent to which inaccurate body weight perception is associated with depressive symptoms among US college students. Participants: Randomly selected male and female college students in the United States (N = 97,357). Methods: Data were from the 2006 National College Health Assessment. Analyses were conducted on students’ body weight perceptions, weight loss strategies, and feelings of depression. Results: Females with an inflated body weight perception were significantly more likely to engage in unhealthy weight management strategies and report depressive symptoms than were females with an accurate body weight perception. Conclusions: College women are concerned with weight and will take action to lose weight. Colleges may need to focus more on interventions targeting both diet and physical activity while also promoting positive body image.
Folk Psychology and the Gauntlet of Irrealism

Jonathan A. Waskan is an Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. He holds appointments with the UIUC Department of Philosophy and the UIUC Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology. He received his degree in 1999 from Washington University’s Philosophy-NeurosciencePsychology program. He has published in Cognitive Science, Connection Science, and International Studies in Philosophy.
A Laguerre series approach to the calculation of wave properties for surfaces of inhomogeneous elastic materials

Abstract We present a new numerical method for calculating the properties of waves on surfaces of inhomogeneous elastic materials of any anisotropy. The method uses the wave equation with the elastic moduli and mass density assumed to be functions of position. The displacement field is expanded in a series of Laguerre functions and, with the use of orthonormality, the solution of the wave equation is reduced to an eigenvalue problem. We have developed the necessary formulas to apply the method to elastic half-spaces in which the inhomogeneity in the elastic moduli and the density is a function of depth, and present dispersion curves and displacement fields for waves with shear horizontal and sagittal plane polarization propagating on the surfaces of cubic materials. The convergence properties of the method appear to be excellent, and the details for its application, a discussion of its limitations, and suggestions for its extension are also presented.
Cenozoic Antarctic cryosphere evolution: Tales from deep-sea sedimentary records

Antarctica and the Southern Ocean system evolved in the Cenozoic, but the details of this complex evolution are just beginning to emerge via high-resolution investigations of globally distributed marine sedimentary sequences. Here we review the recent progress in defining the orbital-scale evolution of the Antarctic/Southern Ocean system, with particular attention paid to new high-resolution multi-proxy records generated across intervals of abrupt Antarctic ice growth in the Paleogene and early Neogene. This more detailed perspective has allowed researchers to assess the processes and feedbacks involved in the Cenozoic evolution of the Antarctic cryosphere, absent potential complication of the paleoceanographic record by a substantial Northern Hemisphere ice volume signal. In this paper, we review the new tools being used to examine these high-resolution records, assess lead-lag relationships between ice volume, temperature, and carbon cycling during intervals of abrupt Antarctic ice growth, and consider the resulting implications for the global climate system. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Founding of Walter Reed General Hospital and the Beginning of Modern Institutional Army Medical Care in the United States

When Walter Reed United States Army General Hospital opened its doors in 1909, the Spanish-American War had been over for a decade, World War I was in the unforeseeable future, and army hospital admission rates were steadily decreasing. The story of the founding of Walter Reed, which remained one of the flagship military health institutions in the United States until its 2011 closure, is a story about the complexities of the turn of the twentieth century. Broad historical factors—heightened imperial ambitions, a drive to modernize the army and its medical services, and a growing acceptance of hospitals as ideal places for treatment—explain why the institution was so urgently fought for and ultimately won funding at the particular moment it did. The justifications put forth for the establishment of Walter Reed indicate that the provision of publicly funded medical care for soldiers has been predicated not only on a sense of humanitarian commitment to those who serve, but on principles of military efficiency, thrift, pragmatism, and international competition. On a more general level, the story of Walter Reed’s founding demonstrates a Progressive Era shift in health services for U.S. soldiers—from temporary, makeshift hospitals to permanent institutions with expansive goals.
Prime risks: the politics of pain and suffering in Spanish crisis cinema

AbstractThis essay analyzes recent Spanish cinema that addresses the economic crisis, taking particular note of the ways that physical vulnerability is utilized as a metaphor for political and social precarity. I focus on three films in particular in order to highlight the metaphors of contemporary vulnerability to the Crisis: Chispa de la vida (2012), 5 metros cuadrados (2012) and Los ultimos dias (2012). By repeatedly exposing their protagonists to lasting physical damage, debility and death, these films underscore the metaphor that is already at work and present in the signification of political vulnerability. Tracing these ties, this essay seeks to locate the impulse behind the metaphors of physical vulnerability produced within recent “crisis cinema” in Spain and to understand what happens to the fantasy of collective vulnerability and community when facing the duress of contemporary precarity.
Lanthanum-based concentration and microrespirometric detection of microbes in water

Rapid concentration and detection of microorganisms, particularly pathogens, are important but remain a challenge. In this research, lanthanum chloride (LaCl(3)) was used to concentrate E. coli in water and the results were compared with those obtained using traditional flocculants, such as ferric sulfate and aluminum sulfate. A turbidimetric assay and a microrespirometric assay were employed to enumerate the bacteria in water samples by monitoring the absorbance of bacteria and the oxygen-based fluorescence intensity, respectively. The microrespirometric method requires less time than the turbidimetric assay. Both assays could linearly enumerate the bacteria at the concentration range from 10(1) to 10(9)cells/mL. Based on the turbidimetric assay, the relative concentration efficiencies of the three flocculants were 75% (LaCl(3)), 40% (FeCl(3)) and 33% (Al(2)(SO(4))(3)), while for the microrespirometric assay, the concentration efficiencies were 85% (LaCl(3)), 34% (FeCl(3)) and 32% (Al(2)(SO(4))(3)). The microbial recovery rates, defined as the ratio of cell number in the sediment after coagulation/flocculation to that of the controls, were 94% (LaCl(3)), 69% (FeCl(3)) and 51% (Al(2)(SO(4))(3)) from the turbidimetric assay. The results demonstrate that compared with traditional flocculants, LaCl(3) has higher relative concentration and recovery efficiencies and thus possesses the potential for microbial concentration in water samples.
Further characterization of rabbit immunoglobulin allotype Ab9.

Abstract The immunoglobulins of the rabbit bear genetically controlled intraspecies antigenic specifities called allotypes. Recently a new allotypic specificity controlled by the “b” locus, Ab9, has been identified. The present report illustrates that rabbit immunoglobulin allotype Ab9 has many properties in common with the other well characterized “b” locus allotypes, Ab4, Ab5 and Ab6. It is located on the L chain of rabbit IgG and is also present on IgM. Antisera to Ab9 will stimulate blast tranformation in vitro when added to lymphocytes obtained from Ab9 rabbits.
Effect of the Tall Fescue Endophyte on Plant Response to Environmental Stress

The objective of this study was to evaluate endophyte-free (EF) and endophyte-infected (EI) tall fescue plants from one clone for morphological and physiological responses to flooding, N rates (11, 73, and 220 mg N pot −1 ), and −0.03, −0.05 and −0.50 MPa drought stress in the greenhouse. Plants were grown in a synthetic mixture of the following by volume: Cecil sandy clay loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludult) (33%), sand (16%), peat moss (17%), perlite (17%), and vermiculite (17%). There are positive benefits derived from association of an endophyte with tall fescue resulting in growth stimulation, improved survival, and drought tolerance to the host plant that could be important in plant competition
Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Is Activated Differently by Excess NO and by YC-1: Resonance Raman Spectroscopic Evidence

Modulation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) activity by nitric oxide (NO) involves two distinct steps. Low level activation of sGC is achieved by the stoichiometric binding of NO (1-NO) to the heme cofactor, while much higher activation is achieved by the binding of additional NO (xsNO) at a non-heme site. Addition of the allosteric activator YC-1 to the 1-NO form leads to activity comparable to xsNO state. In this study the mechanisms of sGC activation were investigated using electronic absorption and resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopic methods. RR spectroscopy confirmed that the 1-NO form contains 5-coordinate NO-heme and showed that the addition of NO to the 1-NO form has no significant effect on the spectrum. In contrast, addition of YC-1 to either the 1-NO or xsNO forms alters the RR spectrum significantly, indicating a protein-induced change in the heme geometry. This change in the heme geometry was also observed when BAY 41-2272 was added to the xsNO form. Bands assigned to bending and stretching motions of the vinyl and propionate substituents change intensity in a pattern suggesting altered tilting of the pyrrole rings to which they are attached. In addition, the N-O stretching frequency increases, with no change in the Fe-NO frequency, an effect modeled via DFT calculations as resulting from a small opening of the Fe-N-O angle. These spectral differences demonstrate different mechanisms of activation by synthetic activators, such as YC-1 and BAY 41-2272, and excess NO.
LOSS OF GIBBERELLINS BY LEACHING FROM STEMS AND FOLIAGE OF CHRYSANTHEMUM MORIFOLIUM 'PRINCESS ANNE'

A B S T R A C T Structurally complex metabolites such as carbohydrates, organic acids, and amino acids are leached from plants by rain and dew. Applied GA3 (1 mg/ml) absorbed by a 5-cm stem segment of Chrysanthemum morifolium and translocated to a single attached leaf was leached from the leaf with distilled water. To detect endogenous gibberellins in plant leachates, Chrysanthemum morifolium 'Princess Anne' plants were leached under 8-hr and 18-hr photoperiods. The leachates were collected and ect acted at pH 8.2 with methylene chloride P- remove inh bitors and at pH 3.0 to remove gibberellins. The extract containing the gibberellins was fractionated on a silica gel column by an eluting phase of 0 to 100% ethyl acetate-n-hexane solutions. The presence of gibberel. lin-like substances was confirmed by their elution pattern from the "lica gel column and by two bioassays, the lettuce hypocotyl and the Rumex bioassays. The results suiggest that substances similar to GA1 3 and GA5 were leached from plants growing under an 18-hr photoperiod. The leachate from plants growing under an 8-hr photoperiod contained 'Abberellin-like substances similar to GA,_3 and GA6.
nab-Paclitaxel Plus Gemcitabine Regimen for Pancreatic Cancer.

Regimen Name: nab-P + G Origin of Names: The regimen is named for the 2 medications in the regimen: nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine.
Mantle and gully associations along the walls of Dao and Harmakhis Valles, Mars

[1] Evaluation of high-resolution images allows a systematic characterization of the walls of Dao and Harmakhis Valles, Mars. Variations in wall morphology are classified into three archetypes (exposed, mantled, and incised). Gullies are exposed by removal of semi-competent mantling deposits, suggesting progressive development of feature-types in an idealized sequence from i) mantled walls, to ii) incised mantle, and eventually iii) walls that display exposed gullies. Analysis of latitude, elevation, and wall orientation of 420 representative sample sites reveals spatial patterns that display preferential clustering of the two end member morphologies: exposed gullies are favored at lower latitude, higher elevation, and on east facing walls; mantled walls are more prevalent at higher latitude, lower elevation, and on south and southwest facing walls. These morphologies and their patterns are consistent with the hypothesis that gullies emerge from beneath an ice-rich mantle that is degrading in response to local variations in total solar insolation.
Co-creation of service recovery: Utilitarian and hedonic value and post-recovery responses

Abstract Based on the literature on customer value and service dominant (S-D) logic, this study suggests that hedonic and utilitarian value derived from co-creation of a service recovery contribute to perceived equity and affect toward the service recovery, which, in turn, enhance customers’ repurchase intentions. A scenario-based survey approach was used to collect data from U.S. consumers ( N =330). Results show that utilitarian value enhances both equity and affect toward the service recovery while hedonic value contributes only to equity. In addition, the findings reveal that both equity and affect toward the recovery are positively associated with repurchase intentions.
Scaling of transient hydrodynamic interactions in concentrated suspensions

The mean-square displacemenf (Δr 2 (τ)) of particles in concentrated suspensions is measured at times sufficiently short to observe the transient nature of hydrodynamic interactions. For all volume fractions O, the velocity autocorrelation function decays as a power law R(τ)∼τ -3/2 . A remarkable scaling with O is observed for the time-dependent self-diffusion coefficient D s (τ)=(Δr 2 (τ))/6τ: If D s (τ) is scaled by its asymptotic value and if time is scaled by a viscous time inversely proportional to the shear viscosity of the suspension
Mechanism of adenosine production by isolated rat heart mitochondria

Abstract Adenosine production by isolated rat heart mitochondria was examined and was observed to be dependent on an active adenine nucleotide transporter and a functional 5′-nucleotidase. It was found that mitochondria do not transport adenosine. These results suggest that mitochondria provide AMP for an extramitochondrial 5′-nucleotidase and this was verified by direct measurement of extramitochondrial levels of AMP and adenosine. A possible role for mitochondria in myocardial adenosine production is discussed.
Another materialist rhetoric

This paper argues for a new materialism. Rhetorical studies can achieve a new materialism by emphasizing how rhetoric traverses a governing apparatus as a technology of deliberation. As such, rhetoric makes possible the ability to judge and plan reality in order to police a population. To achieve this new materialism, I argue that rhetorical studies will need to abandon a logic of representation for a logic of articulation to better account for how rhetorical practices distribute different elements into a functioning network of power.
Pre-gilbertian conceptions of terrestrial magnetism

Abstract It is now well known that William Gilbert, in his De Magnete of 1600, first suggested that the earth behaves as a great magnet. By their very nature, however, such explicit statements tend, in retrospect, to be emphasised at the expense of less explicit antecedent ideas and experiments, with the result that, in the example under consideration here, the impression has sometimes been given that before Gilbert there was not the slightest suspicion that the earth exerts influence on the magnetic needle. In fact, Gilbert's conclusion represented the culmination of many centuries of thought and experimentation on the subject. This essay traces the main steps in the evolutionary process from the idea that magnetic ‘virtue’ derived from the heave, through the gradual realisation that magnetism is closely associated with the earth, up to the time of Gilbert's definite statement.
Effects of thyroid hormone on plasma adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate production in man.

Thyroid hormone may nonspecifically modulate cAMP production and end-organ responsiveness to diverse hormonal stimuli. This hypothesis was tested in 18 hyperthyroid, 16 euthyroid, and 8 hypothyroid human subjects by measurement of cAMP in plasma and urine both in the basal state and following stimulation by epinephrine, parathyroid hormone, and glucagon—hormones known to act through cAMP. Supine fasting plasma cAMP (PcAMP) concentrations (mean ± SEM) were minimally elevated in the hyperthyroid patients (23.5 ± 1.3 nM, p < 0.001) when compared with the euthyroid (17.1 ± 0.6 nM) or hypothyroid (20.5 ± 1.7 nM) groups. Infusion of propranolol over 45 min failed to lower basal PcAMP concentrations in 5 hyperthyroid subjects. Epinephrine infusions (0.05 μg/kg/min) caused an exaggerated peak PcAMP response (58.7 ± 5.7 nM) in 5 hyperthyroid patients and a diminished response (27.3 ± 3.2 nM) in 5 hypothyroid patients when compared with 5 euthyroid subjects (42.3 ± 2.6 nM, p < 0.05). Administration of parathyroid hormone, 200 units intravenously, also caused significant differences in urinary cAMP excretion (μmole/hr) in the hyperthyroid (11.37 ± 0.96, p < 0.005) and hypothyroid patients (2.4 ± 0.58, p < 0.001) when compared to the euthyroid group (6.59 ± 0.74). Glucagon (1 mg intravenously) caused an enhanced peak PcAMP response in the hyperthyroid patients (514 ± 34 nM) compared with the euthyroid (240 ± 29 nM) or hypothyroid (223 ± 28 nM) groups (p < 0.005). The PcAMP disappearance half-time following the peak response to glucagon was similar in all three groups, indicating that plasma sampling is probably a valid indicator of cAMP production. These studies demonstrate that thyroid hormone may modulate the response of multiple hormonal effects mediated by cAMP. The findings suggest a further cellular mode of action of thyroid hormone which may account for a number of the metabolic disturbances observed in patients with thyroid disease.
Presidential preferences for inflation versus unemployment

The notion that unemployment and inflation are determined by policy set to optimize a given objective function is fairly well established. This paper attempts to estimate the parameters of a quadratic loss function from the revealed preferences of policy makers. The results suggest that policy makers' preferences do not conform to the party cleavage model. Rather, policy makers, regardless of party, are more likely to adopt a balanced view toward inflation and unemployment.
Compilation for interprocessor communication in clock-skewed parallel processing system

An interprocessor communication strategy for the application of clock-skewed parallel processing (CSPP) to fine-grain DSP systems is proposed. The strategy is a combination of a synchronous multiprocessor architecture, an associated interprocessor communication architecture, and a multiprocessor compiler which considers the interprocessor communication to be a scheduling constraint. The resulting synchronous multiprocessor implementations are realized deterministically without a semaphore mechanism, and are also rate-optimal and processor-optimal. >
Lidocaine via lontophoresis in laceration repair: A preliminary safety study

Abstract Iontophoresis is a painless technique for topical anesthesia that uses an electric field to drive charged ions across an epithelial surface. The safety of this technique for laceration repair has never been demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of iontophoretic fields on rapidly proliferating cells involved in laceration wound healing. The study was a prospective single-blinded animal study using a guinea pig model. Twelve guinea pigs each received four induced, uncontaminated lacerations. Each guinea pig was randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups (4 guinea pigs in each group). One group received lidocaine via iontophoresis, one group received injected lidocaine, and one group received half iontophoresis and half injected lidocaine. After anesthetic treatment, wounds were then repaired in a standard fashion. The wounds were examined grossly on a daily basis and on day 10 the incised skin containing the laceration was examined by a pathologist blinded to the treatment group. A total of 48 wounds were assessed for wound healing, 24 of which received lidocaine via iontophoresis and 24 lidocaine via injection. The power of the study to determine a 40% difference between the two groups was 0.8. There was significantly more granuloma and granulation tissue formation in the iontophoresis group than in the injected lidocaine control group ( P = .0004, Fisher's exact test). There were no statistically significant differences in degree of inflammation between the two groups (lidocaine via injection v lidocaine via iontophoresis) measured by amount of dermal fibrosis ( P = .14, Fisher's exact test), giant cell formation ( P = .21, Fisher's exact test), and presence of acute and/or chronic inflammation ( P = .17, Wilcoxon's rank sum test). Wound healing proceeded normally with 100% in both groups having normal scar formation and healing at day 10. In conclusion, iontophoresis appears to be a safe method of anesthesia delivery in this guinea pig model with lacerations. Increased granuloma and granulation tissue formation may indicate an enhancement of wound healing via iontophoresis.
Enhancing graph production skills via programmed instruction: An experimental analysis of the effect of guided-practice on data-based graph production

A computer-based graphing simulator used tutorial modules to teach 61 undergraduate college students how to create cumulative graphs from sets of data. One group was required to complete the steps of constructing an appropriate graph within a computer-provided graphical workspace, while the other group did not have graphic construction requirements during the tutorial, but could optionally construct the graph within the workspace. Following the tutorial instruction, each student was given three blank sheets of graph paper, a pencil, two sets of data, and the requirement of physically constructing graphs based on the given data. Students who were required to actively complete graph construction steps during their tutorial subsequently produced graphs from the new data that were significantly better than those students who had the option of practicing in the workspace. Results suggest that the presence of response contingencies within the graphical workspace increases subsequent graph construction performance. The efficiencies possible with electronic instruction are discussed.
Effect of atomic layer deposited ultra thin HfO2 and Al2O3 interfacial layers on the performance of dye sensitized solar cells

Abstract The objective of this work was to investigate the improvement in performance of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) by depositing ultra thin metal oxides (hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ) and aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 )) on mesoporous TiO 2 photoelectrode using atomic layer deposition (ALD) method. Different thicknesses of HfO 2 and Al 2 O 3 layers (5, 10 and 20 ALD cycles) were deposited on the mesoporous TiO 2 surface prior to dye loading process used for fabrication of DSSCs. It was observed that the ALD deposition of ultrathin oxides significantly improved the performance of DSSCs and that the improvement in the DSSC performance depends on the thickness of the deposited HfO 2 and Al 2 O 3 films. Compared to a reference DSSC the incorporation of a HfO 2 layer resulted in 69% improvement (from 4.2 to 7.1%) in the efficiency of the cell and incorporation of Al 2 O 3 (20 cycles) resulted in 19% improvement (from 4.2 to 5.0%) in the efficiency of the cell. These results suggest that ultrathin metal oxide layers affect the density and the distribution of interface states at the TiO 2 /organic dye and TiO 2 /liquid electrolyte interfaces and hence can be utilized to treat these interfaces in DSSCs.
Managing the power resources of sensor networks with performance considerations

A power management algorithm that schedules the time off intervals for nodes in sensor networks while maintaining network connectivity is proposed. The scheduling problem is formally formulated as a combinatorial optimization problem and is shown to be intractable. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared to an optimum integer linear programming formulation. It is shown that its performance is very close to the optimum solutions for small instances. The experimental results also show that the proposed heuristic performs better than the ASAP and the sleep and listen component of the S-MAC protocol in terms of delay, throughput and energy savings.
Race and prognosis after myocardial infarction. Results of the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) phase II trial.

BACKGROUNDTo better understand the role of race/ethnicity in survival after acute myocardial infarction, we compared clinical and laboratory data, response to thrombolytic therapy, and clinical outcome in 2885 patients participating in the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Phase II (TIMI II) Trial among three groups of patients (2564 whites, 174 blacks, and 147 Hispanics).METHODS AND RESULTSDifferences were found in baseline characteristics among the three groups including (1) age (mean age for whites, 57.2 years; blacks, 54.8 years; Hispanics, 52.8 years; P < .001), (2) sex (percentage of women for whites, 17.6; blacks, 28.7; Hispanics, 14.3; P < .001), and (3) risk factor prevalence: current smoking (percent for whites, 49.4; blacks, 62.1; Hispanics, 55.1; P < .003), history of hypertension (percent for whites, 36.6; blacks, 55.7; Hispanics, 39.5; P < .001), and diabetes mellitus (percent for whites, 11.9; blacks, 22.4; Hispanics, 19.7; P < .001). Changes in hemostatic factors 5 hours after infusion...
Poutine: A correlation estimator for ergodic stationary signals

In this work, we present POUTINE, a novel estimator of the auto-correlation function (or more generally, the cross-correlation function) of ergodic stationary signals, an important task in a variety of applications. This estimator sparsely and non-adaptively samples the process via Bernoulli selection, generalizing the classical estimator in a natural way, and offering significant sampling reductions while sacrificing a modest degree of accuracy. Both the mean and variance of our estimator are explicitly analyzed, and in particular, we show that POUTINE gives an unbiased estimate of the classical estimator, which in turn gives an unbiased estimate of the underlying second-order statistics of interest. Furthermore, we show that POUTINE is a consistent estimator with variance approaching zero asymptotically. We demonstrate favorable performance of this approach for a simple stochastic process.
Adaptation of Leishmania to In Vitro Cultivation at 37 C

SYNOPSIS Promastigotes of Leishmania donovani 3S grown in Tobie's modified medium (Tm) at 25 C multiplied at 37 C after short periods of growth at 32 and 35 C. Only inocula from logarithmic phase cultures grew when placed at 32 C. Amastigotes placed at 32, 35, or 37 C became promastigotes but did not multiply upon transfer. The shortest period required for adaptation of 3S promastigotes to 37 C was 44 days (∽66 generations requiring 18 serial transfers). Addition of chick embryo extract to the medium was unnecessary for growth at elevated temperatures. Promastigotes of the Khartoum strain could not be acclimated to temperatures above 35 C. The long-lasting nature of the adaptation was indicated by (a) ability of 37 C-acclimated promastigotes to grow at this temperature after 14 serial transfers (∽100 generations) at 25 C, and (b) immediate growth of promastigotes at 37 C in cultures inoculated with homogenized hamster spleen previously infected with 37 C acclimated cells. The ability of the temperature-adapted promastigotes to grow at 37 C was lost after 30 serial transfers (224 generations) at 25 C. Since sexual reproduction has not been demonstrated in Leishmania, it was impossible to ascertain whether acclimation was a consequence of mutation or represented a dauermodification.
The Ebola virus journey into the host cell

Ebola and Marburg filoviruses are enveloped viruses causing severe hemorrhagic fevers in humans and non-human primates. To date, there is no vaccine or effective antiviral therapy against these highly pathogenic viruses. The development of new drugs highly depends on the elucidation of the entire life cycle of the virus. Virus entry in the host cell is the first step of infection as it allows the virus to deliver its genome into the cell cytoplasm and initiate replication. Although only one viral protein, the viral glycoprotein (GP), is responsible for tropism and fusion of the viral membrane with the cell membrane, virus entry is far more complex than it seems. Upon infection, GP interacts with a multitude of cellular proteins to adhere to the host cell surface and promote the internalization of the virus particle in intracellular vesicles. The virus is then transported and trafficked in order to gain access to specific cellular compartments containing proteins necessary for the activation of the GP fusion activity. The catalysis of the fusion of the viral membrane with the cellular membrane represents the final step in entry and the beginning of virus replication. In recent years, several research groups have greatly contributed to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of filovirus entry by the identification of cellular factors involved in infection. This review mostly focuses on these new findings by tracing the journey of the filovirus particle before and after it enters the host cell.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Synthetic and Biological Apatites

Infrared (IR) spectroscopy has been widely used to characterize the mineral phase in physiologically calcified tissues. These and other ultrastructural studies1,2,3 have shown this material to be a poorly crystalline, carbonate containing analogue of the naturally occurring mineral hydroxyapatite, HA, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. The IR spectram of calcified tissues are characterized by absorbances attributable to water, the organic matrix, and from phosphate and carbonate constituents of the mineral. By monitoring the changes in the ν1, ν3 phosphate contour, a region accessible with detectors used on FT-IR microscopes4, important information can be elucidated about the crystal size and perfection (crystallinity) as well as changes in the molecular environment of the mineral as it matures in vitro and in vivo.4,5 Recently, Fourier transform infrared microscopy (FT-IRMS) has been applied to the characterization of mineralized tissues.6,7,8,9 FT-IRMS provides a method to probe heterogenous biological mineralized tissues with minimal sample preparation at spatial resolution to 10μm. This method provides a more detailed analysis of the spatial variations in the molecular environment of calcified tissues, as well as providing information about the protein conformation10 and orientation of the organic matrix6 at a resolution comparable to the size of significant biological structures. Although earlier IR analyses have identified the mineral phase in bones11,12, teeth13, tendon6, calcified cartilage14, and certain dystrophic calcifications15 as apatitic, detailed analyses of the underlying components in the phosphate and carbonate bands reveal that there are significant site dependent variations in parameters such as crystallinity and acidic phosphate content, which are not deducible from the raw absorbance spectra.
Observations on Component Infant Mortality and Burn-In Effectiveness

The following concepts are discussed: burn-in effectiveness, component failure distributions, early life distribution, early life failures, infant mortality.
Tactum: A Skin-Centric Approach to Digital Design and Fabrication

Skin-based input has become an increasingly viable interaction model for user interfaces, however it has yet to be explored outside the domain of mobile computing. In this paper, we examine skin as an interactive input surface for gestural 3D modeling-to-fabrication systems. When used as both the input surface and base canvas for digital design, skin-input can enable non-experts users to intuitively create precise forms around highly complex physical contexts: our own bodies. In this paper, we outline design considerations when creating interfaces for such systems. We then discuss interaction techniques for three different modes of skin-centric modeling: direct, parametric, and generative. We also present Tactum, a new fabrication-aware design system that captures a user's skin-centric gestures for 3D modeling directly on the body. Lastly, we show sample artifacts generated with our system, and share a set of observations from design professionals.
Electric field-induced optical path change profiling using a Pohl interferometer

We describe an optical technique using the principles of a Pohl interferometer and divergent laser beams for measuring optical path changes in the spaces between interdigital electrodes. We present experimental results of the electric-field-induced optical path changes in an electrode space using a LiNbO 3 sample.
Gender and Sexual Economics Do Women View Sex as a Female Commodity

In the study reported here, data from implicit and behavioral choice measures did not support sexual economics theory’s (SET’s) central tenet that women view female sexuality as a commodity. Instead, men endorsed sexual exchange more than women did, which supports the idea that SET is a vestige of patriarchy. Further, men’s sexual advice, more than women’s, enforced the sexual double standard (i.e., men encouraged men more than women to have casual sex)—a gender difference that was mediated by hostile sexism, but also by men’s greater implicit investment in sexual economics. That is, men were more likely to suppress female sexuality because they resisted female empowerment and automatically associated sex with money more than women did. It appears that women are not invested in sexual economics, but rather, men are invested in patriarchy, even when it means raising the price of sexual relations.
Superresolution localization of single functional IP3R channels utilizing Ca2+ flux as a readout.

The subcellular localization of membrane Ca2+ channels is crucial for their functioning, but is difficult to study because channels may be distributed more closely than the resolution of conventional microscopy is able to detect. We describe a technique, stochastic channel Ca2+ nanoscale resolution (SCCaNR), employing Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dyes to localize stochastic openings and closings of single Ca2+-permeable channels within <50 nm, and apply it to examine the clustered arrangement of inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) channels underlying local Ca2+ puffs. Fluorescence signals (blips) arising from single functional IP3Rs are almost immotile (diffusion coefficient <0.003 μm2 s−1), as are puff sites over prolonged periods, suggesting that the architecture of this signaling system is stable and not subject to rapid, dynamic rearrangement. However, rapid stepwise changes in centroid position of fluorescence are evident within the durations of individual puffs. These apparent movements likely result from asynchronous gating of IP3Rs distributed within clusters that have an overall diameter of ∼400 nm, indicating that the nanoscale architecture of IP3R clusters is important in shaping local Ca2+ signals. We anticipate that SCCaNR will complement superresolution techniques such as PALM and STORM for studies of Ca2+ channels as it obviates the need for photoswitchable labels and provides functional as well as spatial information.
Self‐organized trail systems in groups of humans

We have developed an experimental platform for studying the trail systems that spontaneously emerge when people are motivated to take advantage of the trails left by others. In this virtual environment, the participants' task is to reach randomly selected destinations while minimizing travel costs. The travel cost of every patch in the environment is inversely related to the number of times the patch was visited by others. The resulting trail systems are a compromise between people going to their destinations and going where many people have previously traveled. We compare the results from our group experiments to the Active Walker model of pedestrian motion from biophysics. The Active Walker model accounted for deviations of trails from the beeline paths, the gradual merging of trails over time, and the influences of scale and configuration of destinations on trail systems, as well as correctly predicting the approximate spatial distribution of people's steps. Two deviations of the model from empirically obtained results were corrected by (1) incorporating a distance metric sensitive to canonical horizontal and vertical axes, and (2) increasing the influence of a trail's travel cost on an agent's route as the agent approaches its destination. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 11: 43–50, 2006
Chemical stability and electrochemical characteristics of FeS microcrystals as the cathode material of rechargeable lithium batteries

Carbon precursor coated iron monosulphide (CP@FeS) microcrystals are synthesized by a facile one-pot solvothermal reaction of FeSO4 and two moles of Na2S with sucrose as the carbon source, and evaluated as the cathode material of rechargeable lithium batteries. The results show that the obtained CP@FeS microcrystals consist of two FeS phases and contain a small amount of sulphur. In storage, FeS transforms into Fe3S4, which is further oxidized by oxygen in air to release elemental sulphur. Interestingly, such transformation and oxidation are found to affect only the first discharge voltage profile with negligible impact on the specific capacity and cycling performance of a Li/FeS battery. It is shown that the cyclability of the Li/FeS battery is greatly affected by the electrolyte solvent and charging cutoff voltage. In this paper, we discuss the chemical stability and redox mechanism of the FeS cathode material, and investigate the factors that affect the cycling performance of Li/FeS batteries.
Modeling of advanced tasking in Ada-95: a Petri net perspective

The Ada language has been designed to support development of concurrent and distributed software. While the Ada-83 standard defined the basic mechanisms of rendezvous-based tasking, the Ada-95 standard significantly extended this capability with the introduction of several advanced tasking constructs. We present and discuss formal models of these key tasking constructs using the Petri net model. The new constructs considered are the asynchronous transfer of control, protected objects, and the requeue statement. By modeling these advanced Ada tasking constructs with Petri nets, we obtain "executable" models of the constructs that are complementary to earlier work in net-based modeling of Ada tasking, both in terms of defining precise behavior for tasking semantics, and also in terms of providing support for automated analysis of concurrent software.
Encapsulation of Urease in Molybdenum Trioxide Sol-Gel

Molybdenum trioxide sol-gel matrices were tested for their ability to host biomaterials in their structures without adversely affecting the activity of the encapsulated biomolecules. The sol-gel composites were prepared at room temperature; the urease was added during the hydrolysis step to ensure proper encapsulation in the pore structure of the sol. Phosphate buffer solution was added during this stage to maintain the pH value of the sol in the bio-compatible range. The activity of incorporated urease was tested by exposing composite sol-gel material to standard urea test solutions and measuring the amount of gaseous ammonia (released by the reaction of urea with water in the presence of urease) using an ammonia electrode. The concentration of urea solutions ranged from 1mM to 10mM. An electronic olfactory system (EOS 835) was also employed to detect the presence of gaseous ammonia. Gas sensing tests were done to verify the sensitivity of the matrix to ammonia. Microstructural analysis was carried out by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that urease retained its activity inside molybdenum trioxide sol-gels that are sensitive to ammonia. These hybrid nanoporous composites are useful in the field of biosensors and fuel cells.
Three-dimensional sequence analysis of a subsurface carbonate ramp, Mississippian Appalachian foreland basin, West Virginia, USA

Well-cuttings, wireline logs and limited core and outcrop data were used to generate a regional, three-dimensional sequence framework for Upper Mississippian (Chesterian), Greenbrier Group carbonates in the Appalachian foreland basin, West Virginia, USA. The resulting maps were used to document the stratigraphic response of the basin to tectonics and to glacio-eustasy during the transition into ice-house conditions. The ramp facies include inner ramp red beds and aeolianites, lagoonal muddy carbonates, mid-ramp ooid and skeletal grainstone shoal complexes, and outer ramp wackestone–mudstone, that grades downslope into laminated silty lime mudstone. The facies make up fourth-order sequences, a few metres to over 90 m (300 ft) thick. The sequences are bounded along the ramp margin by lowstand sandstones and calcareous siltstones. On the ramp, sequence boundaries are overlain by thin transgressive siliciclastics and aeolianites, and only a few are calichified. Maximum flooding surfaces on the outer ramp lie beneath deeper water facies that overlie lowstand to transgressive siliciclastic or carbonate units. On the shallow ramp, maximum flooding surfaces overlie siliciclastic-prone transgressive systems tracts, that are overlain by highstand carbonates with significant grainstone units interlayered with lagoonal lime mudstones. The fourth-order sequences are the major mappable subsurface units; they are bundled into weak composite sequences which are bounded by red beds. In spite of differential subsidence rates across the foreland basin (1 to 3 cm/k.y. up to 25 cm/k.y.), eustatic sea-level changes controlled regional sequence development. Thrust-load induced differential subsidence of fault-blocks, coupled with in-plane stress, controlled the rapid basinward thickening of the depositional wedge, whose thickness and facies were influenced by subtle structures such as arches trending at high angles as well as parallel to the margin.
Hypoglycemia in Patients Treated With Linezolid

Hypoglycemia was not previously known to be a linezolid-associated adverse reaction. A case report describing symptomatic hypoglycemia in a linezolid recipient prompted a review of the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System, which demonstrated a relationship between linezolid and hypoglycemia. A warning with this information was added to the linezolid package insert.
The Interpretation of Visual Motion

This book uses the methodology of artificial intelligence to investigate the phenomena of visual motion perception: how the visual system constructs descriptions of the environment in terms of objects, their three-dimensional shape, and their motion through space, on the basis of the changing image that reaches the eye. The author has analyzed the computations performed in the course of visual motion analysis. Workable schemes able to perform certain tasks performed by the visual system have been constructed and used as vehicles for investigating the problems faced by the visual system and its methods for solving them.Two major problems are treated: first, the correspondence problem, which concerns the identification of image elements that represent the same object at different times, thereby maintaining the perceptual identity of the object in motion or in change. The second problem is the three-dimensional interpretation of the changing image once a correspondence has been established.The author's computational approach to visual theory makes the work unique, and it should be of interest to psychologists working in visual perception and readers interested in cognitive studies in general, as well as computer scientists interested in machine vision, theoretical neurophysiologists, and philosophers of science.
Strategically Leveraging Learning Space to Create Partnership Opportunities

The Management & Economics Library at Purdue University began a major physical and conceptual renovation four years ago. The conceptual renovation involves a rethinking of library faculty and staff roles and responsibilities based on the library's and university's strategic directives. The LearnLab space is being used as a springboard to create new partnerships, to implement our new roles, and to transform the perspective of an academic library's present capability. This article will highlight the variety of opportunities that have arisen by leveraging the LearnLab space.
All-dielectric metasurfaces

In this talk, I will discuss our recent efforts to develop purely dielectric metamaterials possessing low absorption loss at optical frequencies. I will discuss implementations ranging from wavefront control to high Q-factor resonances.
Differential regulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 gene transcription by tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 alpha in dermal microvascular endothelial cells

As part of the inflammatory response, the localization of leukocytes depends to an important degree on cytokine-induced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) on endothelial cells (EC). We have previously shown that VCAM-1 expression is induced on human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC) by both tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF- alpha) and interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), whereas on human dermal microvascular EC (HDMEC) only TNF alpha results in VCAM-1 expression. To explore molecular mechanisms responsible for these contrasting patterns of VCAM-1 induction in HUVEC versus HDMEC, we performed transcriptional activation studies with VCAM-1-based reporter constructs and in vitro binding assays using two adjacent NF-kappa B binding sequences of the VCAM-1 promoter as a DNA probe. Previous studies have established that these NF-kappa B motifs are required for cytokine-induced VCAM-1 transcription, and may further mediate cell- specific VCAM-1 gene activation by cytokines. The findings reported here demonstrate a significant HDMEC-specific attenuation of VCAM-1 gene transcription in response to IL-1 alpha, but not TNF alpha. An upstream VCAM-1 gene regulatory region distinct from the NF-kappa B sites appears to function as an IL-1 alpha-mediated transcriptional repressor within HDMEC. This repressor region conveys IL-1 alpha- dependent, but not TNF alpha-dependent, inhibition of transcription driven by a heterologous cytokine response element and promoter.