cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Superoxide dismutase: "positive" spectrophotometric assays.

Abstract O 2 − is known to react with heme peroxidases, yielding the relatively inactive oxyperoxidase or compound III. The rate of peroxidation of dianisidine by horse radish peroxidase should, therefore, be inhibited by a source of O 2 − , and this inhibition should be relieved by superoxide dismutase. This was the case, and superoxide dismutases thus increased the rate of peroxidation of dianisidine in the presence of an enzymic or a photochemical flux of O 2 − . This increased rate of peroxidation, followed spectrophotometrically, provided the basis for assays which were sensitive, convenient, and precise.
Pre-main sequence stellar evolution with mass loss

Pre-main sequence /T Tauri/ stellar evolution, discussing mass loss rates and star formation by interstellar cloud violent hydrodynamic compression
Boundary layer transition due to isolated three-dimensional roughness on airfoil leading edge

The motivation for the current study was to increase our understanding of Re k,crit and the transition region caused by large leading-edge roughness.
Simultaneous magnetic resonance gadolinium-enhanced 2D perfusion and 3D angiographic imaging

A method was implemented and tested that allows the simultaneous acquisition of magnetic resonance 2D slice selective perfusion and 3D angiographic data during a single bolus injection of a contrast agent. High quality contrast-enhanced perfusion images and angiograms of the lung, kidney and heart were obtained in healthy volunteers. Combined perfusion and angiography provided additional information with an acceptable increase in acquisition time. No image artifacts were attributed to the technique. The combined information may be useful in detecting, as well as characterizing, vascular abnormalities.
Contrasting behavior of intermediate-range order structures in jadeite glass and melt

Structures of jadeite glasses and melt are studied by the multi-angle energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction technique under high pressures and temperatures. The temperature dependence of X-ray structure factors, S(Q), is obtained at experimental conditions from 4.5 GPa and 300 K to 6.3 GPa and 2173 K. When the glass sample is heated at high pressures, the first sharp diffraction peak (FSDP) in the structure factor becomes sharper and shifts to higher-Q with increasing temperature to 473 K. At higher temperatures to 873 K, both shape and position of the FSDP change only slightly. The structure factor of jadeite melt at 2173 K and 6.3 GPa clearly differs from that of the glass at 873 K (just below melting). The FSDP of the melt is broader and located at lower-Q (corresponding to higher real-space atomic distance). In addition, a small peak (second sharp diffraction peak – SSDP) appears in the S(Q) of the melt between 3.0 and 3.2 A � 1 , which is known to be a sign for change of short-range ordering. Although the pressure drops to 3.7 GPa upon quenching from the melt, the quenched glass exhibits densified features in the structure factor, with the FSDP located at a higher-Q than that of glass before melting at 873 K and 5.3 GPa. This implies that the intermediate-range order structure of the quenched glass (300 K, 3.7 GPa) is more densified by thermally-induced modification, although this quenched glass does not show clear SSDP in its S(Q). Similar to previous studies, the glass decompressed to ambient condition remains denser than the glass before compression and heating. The FSDP position changes from 2.02 A � 1 in the starting mate
Carpe Diem: time to seize the opportunity for cancer prevention.

INTRODUCTIONIn his plea for increased resources to implement cancer prevention strategies, Graham Colditz, MD, states that half or more of cancers in the U.S. and other high-income countries are pr...
Message Expression Effects in Online Social Communication

Framed within the O-S-R-O-R (Orientations-Stimulus-Reasoning-Orientations-Response) communication mediation framework, this study examines the bi-directional effects of personal message expression on individuals' cognitive elaboration, message learning, and attitudes when exposed to social campaign messages in blogs (anti-drunk driving). Findings from an online-based experiment, expression of personal message (yes and no), and perceived homophily to message audiences (yes and no) revealed that expressing personal messages significantly affects the amount of cognitive effort expended by individuals and message learnt, but only slightly affects their attitudes. The role of perceived homophily varies; significantly affecting cognitive effort but with no significant effects on learning and attitude. Findings show that even though influence on individual attitudes is insignificant, simultaneously receiving and expressing a message online as compared to being mere receivers of messages may impact thinking and l...
Molecular architecture of araban, galactoglucan and welan

Abstract The debranched plant polysaccharide araban exhibits fat mimic properties. Among the Rhizobium family of bacterial polysaccharides, a galactoglucan, having a disaccharide repeating unit, is equally effective in root nodulation as the complex succinoglycan and similar polysaccharides having branched octasaccharide repeating units. The branched polymer welan, belonging to the gellan family of polysaccharides, has excellent affinity for calcium and shows very high viscosity in aqueous solution up to 130°C. The three-dimensional structures of these polymers have been determined to varying degrees by using X-ray diffraction and computer modeling methods. The structural details help to understand the molecular basis of the functional properties of these polysaccharides.
Comparison of 3-Particle Correlation Methods

Abstract Three-particle azimuthal correlations can be used to explore the away-side structure of jets in heavy ion collisions. The combinatorial background in such measurements has angular structure similar to the signal. This paper discusses two different techniques for subtracting the backgrounds. A simple simulation model is used for illustration. A brief review of the current experimental results is also given.
Note on the paper by T. Andersen entitled “the differential equations of the Voigt functions” (JQSRT 19, 169 (1978))

Abstract Solutions in terms of quadratures are presented for two differential equations defining the Voigt function.
Aggregation and equilibrium with multinomial logit models

Abstract The problem of predicting the market share (or the usage) of a given product with disaggregate discrete choice models can be decomposed into two components: aggregation and equilibrium. The aggregation issue is rooted in the distribution of the choice model's explanatory variables across the population, while the equilibrium problem stems from the dependence of some of the explanatory variables on the alternatives' usage. This paper outlines the problem and suggests a mathematical programming formulation for it. This program is shown to have the same solution as the simultaneous aggregation/equilibrium problem, and thus solving the program also solves this problem. The paper also includes a description of an algorithm for minimizing the aggregation/equilibrium program and a simple example which illustrates the formulation and the algorithm. The focus of the paper is on multinomial logit models and on the area of travel demand, but the results are extended to a general class of random utility models and to other problems.
Effect of Body Mass Index on Outcomes After Cardiac Surgery: Is There an Obesity Paradox?

Background Numerous studies have documented an obesity paradox in which overweight and obese people with cardiovascular disease have a better prognosis compared with patients with normal body mass index (BMI). This study sought to quantify the effect of BMI on clinical outcomes after cardiac surgery and investigate the obesity paradox. Methods A concurrent cohort study of 2,440 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery (coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG], valve, or CABG and valve surgery) from January 2004 to December 2008 was carried out. The patients were divided into three groups on the basis of BMI: normal weight (BMI 18.5 to 24.9; n=556; 23%), overweight (BMI 25.0 to 29.9; n=965; 39%), and obese (BMI ≥ 30; n=919; 38%). Multivariable analyses and propensity score matching were used to compare the early and late clinical outcomes among the different BMI groups. Results Overweight patients had a lower operative mortality (odds ratio, 0.4; 95% confidence interval, 0.2 to 0.9; p = 0.031) compared with normal BMI patients. Obese patients had a comparable risk for operative mortality (odds ratio, 0.8; 95% confidence interval, 0.4 to 1.6; p = 0.47) compared with normal-weight patients. Actuarial 5-year survival was better for the overweight (hazard ratio, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.4 to 0.8; p = 0.002) and comparable for the obese (hazard ratio, 0.9; 95% confidence interval, 0.5 to 1.4; p = 0.49) groups compared with the normal-weight patients. Conclusions Overweight patients have better early hospital outcomes and improved survival after cardiac surgery compared with normal BMI patients, supporting the obesity paradox.
ALTERED ONCOGENES IN UV-TRANSFORMED C3H 10T1/2 MOUSE CELLS : IDENTIFICATION OF MUTATED H-RAS ALLELE(S)

Ultraviolet (UV) light will transform mammalian cells in culture to a phenotype which is characteristic of in vivo neoplasia. The UV-transformed C3H 10T1/2 mouse cell lines, TU-2 and TU-3, were analysed to determine the molecular mechanisms which may account for their phenotype, and to determine the types of mutations induced by UV light. DNA-transfection assays indicated that the transformed phenotype of TU-2 could not be transferred to non-transformed recipient cells. Therefore, studies were initiated to determine the mutagenic effects of UV light with respect to cellular oncogenes. Northern blot analysis indicated that five of the oncogenes analysed (erb-A, erb-B, mos, myb, and N-ras) were not expressed at detectable levels. The steady-state mRNA levels of fos, K-ras, abl, sis, and src oncogenes were similar in the C3H 10T1/2 and TU-2 cells. The mRNA levels of three oncogenes, raf, myc and H-ras, were 1.5-2.0-fold greater in the TU-2 cells compared to C3H 10T1/2. Southern blot analysis of HpaII restriction digested TU-2 DNA indicated that the H-ras oncogene has undergone methylation changes. More extensive analyses of the H-ras locus in TU-2 demonstrated a deletion of the 3' end of the gene, that may involve two separate mutated alleles. This type of damage is consistent with the lesions associated with sister chromatid exchange. While the H-ras locus in the other UV-transformed line, TU-3, showed methylation changes, there were no large genetic mutations detected by Southern blot analysis. These results suggest that UV-irradiation in vitro induces endogenous DNA damage that includes methylation changes and large genomic alterations. Further analysis will be necessary to determine the extent to which each may be involved in cell transformation.
Optical Properties and Structure of Crazes in Transparent Glassy Polymers

IT has been known for about a year that a large fraction of what appear to be planar reflective cracks in transparent polymers such as polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, and polycarbonate are not true cracks at all but rather are thin, abruptly bounded regions of material having different optical properties from the bulk polymer1. This material connects to the surrounding bulk polymer so that the pseudo-crack (henceforth termed a craze) will bear a tensile load in contrast to the true crack. Furthermore, such things as growth-rates under stress and ability to ‘heal’ under heat are quite different for the craze and the crack. Nevertheless, crazing produces stress heterogeneities, and for this reason at least is a precursor of cracking and fracture.
Holonomy, the Quantum Adiabatic Theorem, and Berry's Phase

It is shown that the "geometrical phase factor" recently found by Berry in his study of the quantum adiabatic theorem is precisely the holonomy in a Hermitian line bundle since the adiabatic theorem naturally defines a connection in such a bundle. This not only takes the mystery out of Berry's phase factor and provides calculational simple formulas, but makes a connection between Berry's work and that of Thouless et al. This connection allows the author to use Berry's ideas to interpret the integers of Thouless et al. in terms of eigenvalue degeneracies.
Some muffin-tin calculations of electrical resistivity in molten palladium

Abstract Calculations of the electrical resistivity of liquid Pd are presented, based upon a number of muffin-tin potentials with the effect of neighbours and exchange-correlation treated in some approximations of current interest. The T-matrix extension of the Ziman theory is used and the electronic density of states is treated in the single-site approximation. Comparisons are then made with recent experimental work on liquid Pd.
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF RUBBER-MODIFIED ASPHALT

The performance of rubber (from used tires) as an asphalt cement modifier was evaluated by performing experiments on the shear-flow properties and creep-rupture behavior of modified asphalt cements. Results indicate that various asphalt/rubber samples exhibit shear-thickening, Newtonian, and shear-thinning behavior depending on the shear rate. The shear viscosity, linear viscoelastic functions, elasticity, and creep resistance of asphalt cement increased with the addition of rubber. These increases indicate that the addition of rubber will improve the low temperature properties of asphalt cement, and that such modifications are necessary to reduce the tendency of asphaltic-paving materials to crack in cold climates and to increase the life cycle of the road.
The Eye of the Beholder: Romantic Goals and Impression Biases

Four experiments investigated the effects of romantic goals on task and social impression formation. The clouded judgment hypothesis holds that romantic goals encourage positive biases on less relationship-relevant dimensions (e.g., task competence). The default positivity hypothesis holds that romantic goals encourage positivity biases on relationship-relevant dimensions in the absence of relevant information. The selective accuracy hypothesis posits that romantic goals encourage accuracy regarding relationship-relevant attributes (e.g., social competence) when relevant information is available. In four studies, male and female perceivers evaluated opposite-sex targets whom they expected to date (romantic goals) or to meet for nonromantic interaction (baseline). Videotaped targets displayed competence or incompetence on task (Experiments 1 and 2) or social (Experiments 3 and 4) dimensions. All three hypotheses were supported.
State initiatives to support school-based health centers: A national survey

The survey of state representatives revealed a substantial expansion in the number of school-based health centers and a significant increase in state funding for the centers in the 18 months since the initial survey of states. Although the degree of involvement varies state governments have fast become leading players in the development of school-based health centers. With older state initiatives in school-based health centers expanding and additional states piloting new efforts state governments have undertaken the development of service standards staffing guidelines long-term financing strategies and quality assurance guidelines. In addition states have begun to invest in the development of state level offices to provide technical assistance to operating centers as well as support communities in conducting needs assessments and other planning activities. With the emerging role of the states governors legislators and state agency officials have also emerged as key decision makers in program policy formation and development. (excerpt)
Luminal fluid tonicity regulates airway ciliary beating by altering membrane stretch and intracellular calcium.

The coordinated, directional beating of airway cilia drives airway mucociliary clearance. Here we explore the hypothesis that airway surface liquid osmolarity is a key regulator of ciliary beating. Cilia in freshly isolated human and murine airways visualized with streaming video-microscopy exhibited a reciprocal dependence on a physiological range of luminal fluid osmolarities, across the entire range of ciliary activity (0–20 beats per sec). Increasing osmolarity slowed or completely abrogated, while lower osmolarity dramatically stimulated ciliary beating. In parallel, epithelial cell height and importantly, intracellular calcium levels (as judged by fluorescence imaging) also changed. Moreover, ciliary beating was stimulated by isosmotic solutions containing membrane permeant osmolytes, suggesting that cell size and membrane stretch (governed by apical fluid tonicity), rather than osmolarity itself, contribute to the activation. These findings shed light on the pathophysiology of diseases of mucociliary clearance such as cystic fibrosis and other chronic inflammatory lung diseases. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Resistance of layered superclean superconductors at low temperatures

The low-energy excitation spectrum is found for a layered superconductor vortex with a small number of impurities inside the vortex core. All levels are found to be correlated. This leads to the strong enhancement of conductivity in superclean layered superconductors.
Dear part‐time student: Higher education is beginning to love you

Although the Office for Enrollment Policy and Educational Research at the University of Cincinnati predicts a 13.6 percent decline in part-time degree students at four-year schools in academic year 1976-77,1 the number of part-time students will remain approximately half of the full-time enrollments and will be of continuing significance to the health and wealth of higher education. The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) predicts a 4.5 percent overall increase in enrollments, however, and no matter what the actual percent of decrease in part-time enrollments in 1976-77, the fact remains that the total degree enrollments for part-time students in institutions of higher education has varied only from a slight half of the total in 1964 to over half in 1974 and is projected to continue until 1984 at over half to two thirds of the total.2 Their numbers are such that they should not be ignored. What is this phenomenon-the part-time student-and what does it mean for higher education in the United States?
Type VII collagen specifically binds fibronectin via a unique subdomain within the collagenous triple helix

Type VII collagen is the major component of anchoring fibrils, structures within basement membranes beneath stratified squamous epithelium thought to mediate the adherence of the epidermis to the dermis of human skin. Type VII collagen has affinity for fibronectin. The interaction between type VII collagen and fibronectin is mediated through the collagen-binding domain on the amino terminus of fibronectin. Heretofore, the domain on the type VII collagen molecule that binds to fibronectin was not known. In this study, we mapped the binding site of fibronectin to a specific subdomain of the triple helical collagenous region of type VII collagen, immediately adjacent to the small carboxyl terminal non-collagenous domain. This fibronectin-binding site within the type VII collagen molecule lies between nucleotide residues 615 and 1161.
Neurology at a Crossroads: Opportunities and Challenges

Neurology was once derided as a field known for the diagnostic skills of its practitioners but also for its inability to offer effective treatments for a majority of patients. Today, neurologists have an increasing number of available therapeutic options, many of which substantially improve physical well-being and quality of life. Rapid and transformative advances in understanding the underlying neurobiology of the diseases neurologists treat and in development of increasingly targeted and effective therapies are altering the course and outcome of many diseases. Several examples include recognition of autoantibody-mediated diseases1; availability of oral and parenteral new drugs to treat multiple sclerosis based on increased knowledge of the condition’s fundamental immunopathogenesis2; deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease; intravenous thrombolysis and intra-arterial therapy for treatment of acute ischemic stroke; and the development of neurological intensive care units.
Taxonomic revision of Old World members of the feather louse genus Columbicola (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera), including descriptions of eight new species

The feather louse genus Columbicola Ewing is revised and divided into 24 species groups, with descriptions and illustrations provided for the 19 Old World species groups. Eight new species are described; these species and their respective type hosts are: C. browni ex Columba arquatrix Temminck, C. arnoldi ex Macropygia nigrirostris Salvadori, C. galei ex Gymnophaps albertisii Salvadori, C. palmai ex Leucosarcia melanoleuca (Latham), C. mendesi ex Ducula concinna (Wallace), C. reedi ex Ptilinopus magnificus (Temminck), C. davisae ex Treron curvirostra nipalensis (Hodgson), and C. wecksteini ex Ptilinopus rivoli (Prevost). Columbicola juliusriemeri Eichler and Mrosek and C. longiceps sikoraae Eichler are removed from synonymy and recognized as valid species. Columbicola longisetaceus (Piaget) is placed as a junior synonym of C. columbae (L.), C. fradeorum Tendeiro as a junior synonym of C. mjoebergi Eichler, and C. meinertzhageni parvus Tendeiro as a junior synonym of C. meinertzhageni Tendeiro. We provide ...
Observation of strong-strong and other beam-beam effects in RHIC

RHIC is currently the only hadron collider in which strong-strong beam-beam effects can be seen. For the first time, coherent beam-beam modes were observed in a bunched beam hadron collider. Other beam-beam effects in RHIC were observed in operation and in dedicated experiments with gold ions, deuterons and protons. Observations include measurements of beam-beam induced tune shifts, lifetime and emittance growth measurements with and without beam-beam interaction, and background rates as a function of tunes. During ramps unequal radio frequencies in the two rings cause the crossing points to move longitudinally. Thus bunches experience beam-beam interactions only in intervals and the tunes are modulated. In this article we summarize the most important beam-beam observations made so far.
Optical microangiography provides an ability to monitor responses of cerebral microcirculation to hypoxia and hyperoxia in mice

In vivo imaging of microcirculation can improve our fundamental understanding of cerebral microhemodynamics under various physiological challenges, such as hypoxia and hyperoxia. However, existing techniques often involve the use of invasive procedures or exogenous contrast agents, which would inevitably perturb the intrinsic physiologic responses of microcirculation being investigated. We report ultrahigh sensitive optical microangiography (OMAG) for label-free monitoring of microcirculation responses challenged by oxygen inhalation. For the first time, we demonstrate that OMAG is capable of showing the impact of acute hypoxia and hyperoxia on microhemodynamic activities, including the passive and active modulation of microvascular density and flux regulation, within capillary and noncapillary vessels in rodents in vivo. The ability of OMAG to functionally image the intact microcirculation promises future applications for studying cerebral diseases.
The effects of managerial ownership on international and business diversification: Balancing incentives and risks

Research has examined the effects of managerial share ownership on business diversification, typically from the incentive alignment perspective. Yet, share ownership also shifts risk to managers (the efficient managerial contracting perspective). Furthermore, the effects of managerial ownership on international diversification are unexplored. We examine how managerial ownership influences both international and business diversification in light of the trade-off between incentive alignment and risk bearing. Based on the differing risk profiles of the two types of diversification, we argue that incentive contracts with higher levels of managerial ownership will be inefficient, i.e., counter to shareholder interests—reducing international diversification and increasing business diversification. Our findings support our arguments for international diversification. We find no significant effect for business diversification after accounting for endogeneity and serial correlation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carrier trapping by defect clusters in neutron‐irradiated silicon

The annealing of the carrier trapping in two types of neutron-irradiated n-type silicon is studied in the temperature range between 400 and 900 °C. These annealing data are correlated with those reported previously by the present authors for defects visible by transmission electron microscopy in the same material. This correlation provides the first direct evidence that the large (2.0 to 4.0 nm) visible defect clusters act as carrier traps as well as lattice strain centers. This conclusion is further justified by the observation by several previous investigators that all of the primary defects and their simple associations in irradiated silicon anneal at temperatures below the range studied in the present experiments. Die Erholung des Ladungstragereinfangs in zwei Typen neutronenbestrahlten n-leitenden Siliziums wurde im Temperaturbereich zwischen 400 und 900 °C untersucht. Die Erholungsdaten werden mit fruheren Ergebnissen der Autoren korreliert, die durch Beobachtung der im Elektronenmikroskop sichtbaren Fehlstellen im selben Material erhalten wurden. Daraus ergibt sich der erste direkte Beweis dafur, das die grosen (2,0 bis 4,0 nm) sichtbaren Fehlstellenagglomerate sowohl als Ladungstragerhaftstellen als auch als Spannungszentren wirken. Diese Folgerung wird zusatzlich durch die Beobachtung mehrerer fruherer Autoren gerechtfertigt, das samtliche primare Fehlstellen und deren einfache Agglomerate in bestrahltem Silizium bei Temperaturen ausheilen, die unter dem hier untersuchten Temperaturbereich liegen.
Instantons and the Large N_c Limit of QCD

We summarize our current understanding of instantons in the large N_c limit of QCD. We also present some recent results from simulations of the instanton liquid in QCD for N_c>3.
The global epidemiology of resistance to ciprofloxacin and the changing nature of antibiotic resistance: a 10 year perspective

Many studies have examined the in-vitro activity of ciprofloxacin. The results are for the most part encouraging but we must guard against complacency. Levels of ciprofloxacin resistance vary geographically, while some predictably difficult-to-treat organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii present challenges globally. The emergence of resistance in species previously exquisitely sensitive to ciprofloxacin, such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, in countries associated with 'pirate' production and indiscriminate use of antimicrobials represents a major challenge. Ciprofloxacin continues to show excellent activity against Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catharralis. In general, ciprofloxacin shows good activity against Enterobacteriaceae although the emergence of reduced susceptibility and, sometimes, quinolone resistance in multi-resistant isolates should be noted.
The Chemistry of Comets

Comets appear to represent a population of rather homogeneous objects. In particular, the original size distribution peaks at a mean diameter of the order of 10 km. Cometary dust grains appear to be made of clusters of extremely fine particles (0.1-1.0 micron) sintered by heat at a variable degree during their perihelion passages. The brightness laws of comets appear to be derived only by the sublimation of water ice or at least of gas hydrates of the clathrate type. Pristine nuclei are likely to be radially undifferentiated; only their crustal surface must be outgassed and sintered by the heat of perihelion passages. Comet Halley is confirmed to be in the same general class as the bright comets of the 1970s. With an organic fraction of 33 percent in the cometary dust, the carbon of Comet Halley is close to cosmic abundances.
An automated sampler for collection of atmospheric trace gas samples for stable isotope analyses

Research focused on the isotopic composition of CO2 exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere has been historically constrained by the need for personnel to be present at remote field sites for sample collection. In practice, this has limited sampling frequency and duration, and potentially even biases sampling events to fair weather periods. We have developed an automated sampling system that can be installed and used for unattended collection of 100-ml air samples in remote areas. The sampler was designed with the primary goal of collecting samples for analysis of CO2 concentration and its isotopic composition in ecosystem-atmosphere flux research, but several other potential applications are also discussed. Laboratory tests examined potential artifacts associated with sampler components. These tests included evaluation of potential isotopic exchange between atmospheric CO2 and sampler component materials and the effects of sample exposure to these materials for up to 5 days and under a wide range of temperatures (10–50 ◦ C). Some of the rejected component materials influenced either CO 2 mole fraction or CO2 isotopic content. Exposure of air at subambient CO2 concentrations to all sampler components in an intact system for 5 days resulted in a [CO2] value that was 0.9mol mol −1 higher than for an equivalent sample collected by the sampler but not stored. Associated exposure-induced errors in δ 13 Co f CO 2 were generally small, ranging between 0.03 and 0.17‰ for 0 day versus 5 days exposure, respectively. These error values were within the sampling precision associated with a PreCon continuous flow mass spectrometer analysis. A more substantial exposure-induced error was observed for δ 18 Oi n CO 2 (0.29 and 0.88‰, respectively). The potential for isotopic exchange between CO2 and sampler components increased under a combination of elevated temperature and multiple-day storage treatments. These errors were small and of similar magnitude between 10 and 40 ◦ C, but unacceptably large at 50 ◦ C. Finally, we compared Keeling plots created with samples collected by the sampler with those collected simultaneously by a manual method and found no detectable differences between the two approaches. Based on these results, we conclude that sampler induced isotopic exchange for air samples held up to 5 days between 10 and 40 ◦ C is largely within the overall precision limits of a PreCon continuous flow mass spectrometer measurement. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Toxicity of sediments containing atrazine and carbofuran to larvae of the midge Chironomus tentans

Field and laboratory tests were conducted to determine the 10-d toxicity of atrazine and carbofuran to larvae of the midge Chironomus tentans. The pesticides were first spiked onto a clean control sediment, and the midges were exposed to atrazine, carbofuran, or mixtures of both compounds. Laboratory toxicity tests with carbofuran yielded LC50s of 20.5 μg/kg bound to sediment and 11.8 μg/L dissolved in interstitial water. Slight but statistically significant toxicity was detected at the highest tested concentration of atrazine (9,000 μg/kg, bound). Toxic interaction between the two pesticides was assessed using all possible combinations of four concentrations of both pesticides spiked onto clean sediments. Analysis of variance was used to determine if greater than or less than additive effects occurred when both pesticides were present. No toxic interaction between atrazine and carbofuran was detected. Based on laboratory findings, it was predicted that edge-of-field runoff could be toxic to midge larvae if concentrations of carbofuran exceeded 5 μg/kg. To test these predictions, actual edge-of-field runoff was collected from a cornfield receiving atrazine and carbofuran at recommended rates and the suspended sediments used in a toxicity test. Edge-of-field runoff containing carbofuran at 186 μg/kg was acutely toxic to midge larvae.
Nurses' health: work and family influences.

Nurses represent the largest group of professional caregivers. Concurrently, most are also informal caregivers for family members, including children, parents, spouses, and other relatives. The impact of these caregiving roles, individually and in combination, has important implications for the health of nurses. This article focuses on nurses’ health, emphasizing the influence of their work and family lives on physical and psychosocial dimensions of health. In this article, the terms ‘‘work’’ and ‘‘employment’’ are used interchangeably to refer to nurses’ paid employment, while recognizing that unpaid household and family caregiving is also valuable work. The focus will be on registered nurses and on nurses who are women, though some references to gender differences in nurses’ health are made. The purpose is to review and summarize published research to identify major work and family influences on health. This review is based on citations identified through a search of Medline and CINAHL from 1990 onward on the topics of nurses, employment, and health. In addition to citations identified directly through this search, other studies referenced in the primary citations were included if they met the following criteria. Only studies published in English and conducted in the United States and Canada were included because the health care environments of other countries may differ substantially from those in North America. Only studies in which nurses’ health was discussed as an outcome were included; thus the considerable literature on job satisfaction and recruitment and retention of nurses was excluded.
Federal Initiatives and Sex Education: The Impact on Rural United States

Overall, there is much that is yet unknown in rural sex education initiatives. Federal programs connected with NCLB attempt to measure AYP in numerous areas, but sex education is not among them. However, sex education is defined quite narrowly within existing legislation, including AFLA, Title V, and CBAE, as “abstinence-only-until-marriage” and fiscal incentives are given to school districts for following these guidelines. In rural areas, where issues of size, poverty, financial distress, geography, local control, enrollment decline, and rapid ethnic diversification are at the forefront, it should come as no surprise that rural districts often require this money for survival. From there, however, the path becomes less clear in relation to sex education. It is unclear what is being taught and who is doing the teaching. In addition, the narrow definition of abstinence-only-until-marriage ignores sexual agency in students and involves a heteronormative metanarrative that often associates queer with disease. Due to the lack of research in this area, it begs further questions of the field of rural sex education, such as: Who is teaching? What is being taught? Is there a curriculum? How are queer issues handled? How do students and teachers make sense of abstinence-only-until-marriage in a way that is inclusive (or not)?
Update on clinical trials targeting vascular endothelial growth factor in cancer.

PURPOSE: The clinical trials of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors are discussed. SUMMARY: The recent approval of bevacizumab (a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor) for the treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer heralds a new era in cancer therapy as bevacizumab is the first dedicated antiangiogenic agent available for routine use. Many other agents designed to target VEGF are in development, including other antibodies targeting the receptor or ligand, soluble receptors, and small-molecule inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinase function. While some agents are still in the preclinical stages of testing, clinical trials have been done or are ongoing with many VEGF inhibitors. Some of the clinical data are very encouraging, although the development of this class of agents has been hindered in some cases by the lack of dose limiting toxicity and the lack of an accurate understanding of the dose-response relationship. Future efforts will be aimed at elucidating the mechanisms underlying resistance and activity, and optimizing the use of these agents alone and in combination with other modalities in clinical practice. Establishing the relative merits of the different anti-VEGF strategies is another area of intense effort. CONCLUSION: The current data on VEGF inhibitors are encouraging in regard to the treatment of cancer and should continue to be studied in relationship to other antiangiogenic agents.
Muir-Torre Syndrome

Muir-Torre syndrome (MTS) is a rare autosomal-dominant genodermatosis characterized by sebaceous neoplasms and one or more visceral malignancies. Sebaceous tumors include sebaceous adenoma and carcinoma, which may be solitary or multiple. Visceral malignancies most often arise in the colorectum and endometrium. Because a subset of patients with phenotypic MTS will have germline mutations in the DNA mismatch repair genes hMSH2 and hMLH1, MTS is considered a phenotypic subtype of Lynch syndrome (also known as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome), in which inherited defects in DNA mismatch repair genes result in microsatellite instability. Pathologists have an important role in the early detection and initial diagnosis of MTS: identification of at-risk individuals allows appropriate screening and surveillance for visceral malignancies, thereby reducing morbidity and mortality. Herein, we describe the clinicopathologic features of MTS.
Consumer Choice Model For Forecasting Demand And Designing Incentives For Solar Technology

In this paper, we develop a model for the adoption of solar photovoltaic technology by residential consumers. In particular, we assume consumers purchase these solar panels according to a discrete choice model. The technology adoption process is reinforced by network externalities such as imitating customer behavior and cost improvements through learning-by-doing. Using this model, we develop a framework for policy makers to find optimal subsidies in order to achieve a desired adoption target with minimum cost for the system. We discuss the structure of the optimal subsidy policy and how the overall system cost changes with the adoption target. Furthermore, we validate the model through an empirical study of the German solar market, where we estimate the model parameters, generate adoption forecasts and demonstrate how to solve the policy design problem. We use this framework to show that the current policies in Germany are not efficient. In particular, our study suggests that their subsidies should be higher in the near future and the gradual phase-out of the subsidies should occur faster.
Poetry as Deep Intelligence: A Qualitative Approach for the Organizational Behavior Classroom.

In this article, the authors argue that poetry provides a valuable if overlooked resource to the organizational behavior professor. The authors describe a workshop designed to evoke students’ innat...
Nonmyeloablative Bone Marrow Transplantation of BXSB Lupus Mice Using Fully Matched Allogeneic Donor Cells from Green Fluorescent Protein Transgenic Mice

Male BXSB mice, a mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus, were given bone marrow transplants (BMT) at 20 wk of age using MHC-matched donor cells and nonmyeloablative conditioning (550 cGy irradiation). Transplanted mice and irradiation controls were followed for a period of 20 wk. Mice transgenic for green fluorescent protein were used as donors to allow tracking of donor cells and a determination of chimerism. Radiation controls had reduced renal pathology at 10 wk posttransplant, but not at 20 wk compared with untreated mice, while nonmyeloablative BMT mice had significantly reduced pathology at both time intervals. The monocytosis characteristic of older BXSB mice was also reduced by BMT, but the treatment did not prevent production of Ab to dsDNA. A stable chimerism of 24-40% donor CD45-positive cells was achieved in spleen and bone marrow, and there was no evidence of clinical graft vs host disease. Donor cells were detected in most recipient organs, notably the thymus and renal glomeruli. The results suggest that complete depletion of mature lymphocytes or of progenitor stem cells is not required to control lupus nephritis in BXSB mice.
Television news and contentiousness: An exploratory study of visual and verbal content in news about the president

This study analyzed contentiousness in nightly television network news stories involving the President. A content analysis examined ten days of nightly network news. Verbal contentiousness was foun...
Relative Solubility of Corundum, Gibbsite, Boehmite, and Diaspore at Standard State Conditions1

The solubilities of HCl-treated samples of corundum, gibbsite, boehmite, and diaspore in aqueous solutions at 298 K and one atmosphere pressure were determined from undersaturated and supersaturated initial conditions. Solution characteristics at apparent equilibrium were measured and used to calculate equilibrium constants (Kr) for mineral dissolution reactions: $$\begin{array}{l} A{l_2}{O_3}\left( {corundum} \right) + 3{H^ + } = A{l^3} + 1.5\,{H_2}O,\\ Al{\left( {OH} \right)_3}\left( {gibbsite} \right) + 3{H^ + } = A{l^3} + 3\,{H_2}O,\\ and\\ AlOOH\left( {boehmite\,or\,diaspore} \right) + 3{H^ + } = A{l^3} + 2{H_2}O, \end{array}$$ Assuming solid phase and water activities of unity, log Kr = 3pH - pAl3+ for all three equations. The calculated log Kr values were: 9.01 ± 0.05 (corundum), 7.76 ± 0.14 (gibbsite), 7.49 ± 0.09 (boehmite), and 6.75 ± 0.24 (diaspore), indicating that the relative thermodynamic stabilities under the experimental conditions were: corundum < gibbsite < boehmite < diaspore. The gibbsite value agreed well with that determined independently by another research group using acid-treated subsamples of the same source mineral (7.70 ± 0.02). The calculated Gibbs free energies of formation (kJ/mole) were: -1587.4 ± 2.1 (corundum), -1156.7 ± 1.6 (gibbsite), -921.0 ± 1.5 (boehmite), and -925.1 ± 2.0 (diaspore). The Δ G f o values of the acid-treated minerals were 1.8 to 12.4 kJ/mole more negative than values recently compiled for untreated mineral samples. This result is attributed to the removal of reactive surface coatings that isolated the bulk mineral phases from the solution phase.
The limits and relationships of the acanthomorph teleosts

The phylogenetic status of the speciose euteleostean assemblage, the Acanthomorpha, is investigated. For the purposes of cladistic analysis attention is centred upon an examination of euteleostean buccal ligament systems, the occipital and ethmoid regions of the neurocranium, and the posttemporal/neurocranial association. In this study four derived morphological features are identified which support the monophyly of the Acanthomorpha, and the previously ‘problematical’ genus Polymixia is determined to be the sistergroup of all the remaining acanthomorphs. The phylogenetic integrity of the sistergroup of the entire Acanthomorpha, the Myctophiformes (sensu Rosen, 1973), is attested by the presence of four derived features, and the monophyly of its major subdivisions (the Myctophidae and Neoscopelidae) is resolved. Additional problems of euteleostean systematics and systematic methodology are discussed.
Space-charge modified transients in polyimide

A simple quantitative model for the metal-PI-metal system was used to calculate space-charge modified conduction transients in PI (polyimide). Experimental data from PI samples containing controlled ion content are compared with numerically computed current-time transients. The calculated transients model the gross trends observed in experimental data. The effect of mobile ions is to change the shape of the current transient, but the steady current is not strongly dependent on ionic concentration. It is concluded that a detailed analysis of the formation of space-charge during electrical measurements is critical to the understanding of transient phenomena in insulating polymers. >
A New Distributed Algorithm for Even Coverage and Improved Lifetime in a Sensor Network

In "area-sensing" applications of sensor networks, such as surveillance or target tracking, each sensor node has a sensing radius within which it can monitor events. Coverage problems in sensor networks have largely focused on such applications, where the goal of good coverage is one of ensuring that each point in the region of interest is within the sensing radius of at least one node. On the other hand, in "spot-sensing" applications, each node makes a measurement (such as temperature or humidity) at the precise location of the node and there is no concept of a sensing radius. In this paper, we introduce a new coverage problem that is more meaningful to spot-sensing applications. In such cases, good coverage usually implies even coverage across points in the region. We borrow from the field of economics and adapt a well-accepted measure of inequality, the Gini index, to develop a metric for the evenness of coverage by a sensor network. Based on mathematical results on the expected distances between neighboring nodes, we present a new distributed algorithm, called EvenCover, for each node to determine if and when it should sleep or sense. We prove that the expected Gini index is 1 - 1radic2 ap 0.293 when the spatial distribution of sensing nodes is given by a Poisson random process. On the other hand, when the sensing nodes are perfectly evenly distributed, we show that the Gini index has a lower bound of 0.2. These two results serve as points of reference to evaluate the coverage achieved by the EvenCover algorithm. We present a thorough simulation-based comparison of EvenCover against other distributed algorithms showing that it achieves better evenness and significantly increased lifetime. In addition, we discover that evenness of coverage permits a graceful degradation of the network as nodes exhaust their energy resources.
ECOMORPHOLOGY OF PARASITE ATTACHMENT: EXPERIMENTS WITH FEATHER LICE

The host specificity of some parasites can be reinforced by morphological specialization for attachment to mobile hosts. For example, ectoparasites with adaptations for attaching to hosts of a particular size might not be able to remain attached to larger or smaller hosts. This hypothesis is suggested by the positive correlation documented between the body sizes of many parasites and their hosts. We adopted an ecomorphological approach to test the attachment hypothesis. We tested the ability of host-specific feather lice (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) to attach to 6 novel species of pigeons and doves that vary in size by nearly 2 orders of magnitude. Surprisingly, Rock Pigeon lice (Columbicola columbae) remained attached equally well to all 6 novel host species. We tested the relative importance of 3 factors that could facilitate louse attachment: whole-body insertion, tarsal claw use, and mandible use. Insertion, per se, was not necessary for attachment. However, insertion on coarse feathers of large hosts allowed lice to access feather barbules with their mandibles. Mandible use was a key component of attachment regardless of feather size. Attachment constraints do not appear to reinforce host specificity in this system.