cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy input to the lower thermosphere

The asymmetry in solar heat input to the upper atmosphere at the solstice, and the asymmetry in atomic oxygen production, are largely compensated by a large scale wind system towards the winter polar region. At magnetically disturbed times, atmospheric composition at high winter latitudes changes in such a way as to indicate that polar region heating by magnetic variations, energetic particle inputs, and current systems is more intense than solar heating at low latitudes, thus leading to a reversal of the normal pattern of upper atmospheric circulation. Uncertainties in the intensity of solar radiation responsible for upper atmospheric heating and oxygen dissociation, and uncertainties in the degree of oxygen dissociation in the upper atmosphere, are such that the average rates of eddy mixing may be significantly lower than frequently assumed for the lower thermosphere.
Impact of high-lignin fermentation byproduct on soils with contrasting organic carbon content.

Agricultural biomass is a potential renewable biofuel that may partially replace nonrenewable fossil fuels. Corn stover is rich in cellulose and hemicellulose, both of which can be converted to sugars and fermented to ethanol. This fermentation process results in a high-lignin fermentation byproduct (HLFB) that could be converted to energy products or used as a soil amendment. We had two objectives: (i) to determine whether HLFB (0.1, 1.0, or 10 kg m -2 ) could improve soil properties in two soils with contrasting levels of soil organic carbon (SOC); and (ii) to assess the impact of HLFB on crop growth. These goals were addressed with separate experiments. In the soil experiment, two soils were amended with HLFB or ground corn (Zea mays L.) stover and then incubated in pots for 118 d. Flux of CO 2 was monitored and soil properties were measured after incubation. In the plant experiment, corn and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] were grown in pots, without amendment or amended with 1.0 kg m -2 corn stover or 1.0 kg m -2 HLFB. The soil experiment indicated that the addition of 10 kg m -2 HLFB increased CO 2 emission, humic acid concentration, and water-stable aggregates, and decreased bulk density (D b ). No adverse impacts on crop growth were measured when HLFB was applied at a rate of 1.0 kg m -2 . Much of the HLFB may be used by the energy industry, but perhaps a percentage could be returned to the field to reduce the impact of corn stover removal on soil C.
Hemangiopericytoma of the urinary bladder: A case report and review of the literature

A case of hemangiopericytoma arising in the urinary bladder is presented. Initial symptoms included hematuria and frequency of urination. Hemangiopericytoma is a vascular tumor of pericyte origin which occurs primarily in several organs and can be benign or malignant. Reports in the literature of genitourinary system involvement are reviewed. It is concluded that genitourinary tumors of this type should be considered malignant and treated aggressively.
A numerical study of the western Cosmonaut polynya in a coupled ocean-sea ice model

[1] Employing results from a 0.4°, 40-level fully global, coupled ocean–sea ice model, we investigated the role of physical processes emanating from atmosphere, ocean, and ice in the initiation, maintenance, and termination of a sensible heat polynya with a focus on the western Cosmonaut polynya that occurred during May–July 1999. The Cosmonaut polynya first appeared in early May 1999 in the form of an ice-free embayment, transformed into an enclosed polynya on 5–9 July, and disappeared by late July, when the ice from the surrounding regions began to encircle the embayment. Except for the differences in ice concentrations, the time of appearance, size, and shape of the Cosmonaut polynya simulated by the model are in approximate agreement with the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) observations. Between May and July 1999 the Cosmonaut Sea experienced two synoptic storms, both lasting ∼5 days. Followed by the passage of the first storm on 12–19 June, there was a remarkable growth in the size of the embayment by 21 × 103 km2. Associated with this, the sea surface temperature (SST) rose by 0.15°C, the upward heat flux jumped from 5 to 94 W m−2, and a net freshwater flux into the ocean increased by 2 cm d−1. By running the model simulation with a 20% wind speed increase, it is demonstrated that the twofold increase in SST and upward heat flux increased the embayment area by 15 × 103 km2 and decreased the ice concentration by approximately 10% from the control run. A similar, but somewhat weaker wind event that took place on 30 June to 10 July had less influence on the embayment area although the upward heat flux (65 W m−2) was comparable to the first event. By examining the vertical displacement of the −1.6°C isotherm depth prior to, during, and after these two storms, we demonstrate that the impetus provided by these storms was able to raise the −1.6°C isotherm depth by 30 m through wind-driven mixing, making sufficient oceanic heat input from beneath the mixed layer available to prevent freezing and/or delay ice formation while ice in the adjacent regions continued to grow. A sudden shift in the ice drift direction from southwest to northeast (3 July) followed by the second storm, accompanied by large air-sea temperature differences, caused the enclosure of the embayment, subsequent formation of the polynya, and its termination.
Extracting ore texture information using image analysis

AbstractKnowledge of ore texture and particle composition information is of vital importance to mineral processing engineers, especially to quantify mineral liberation. A great deal of information on the distribution of mineral in particles can be obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) based techniques, such as a mineral liberation analyser (MLA) and quantitative evaluation of minerals by scanning electron microscopy (QEMScan). However, there is no reliable method at present that interprets two-dimensional data to obtain three-dimensional texture and thus predict mineral liberation quantitatively. Researchers have proposed models in one-, two- and three-dimension to evaluate the extent of liberation in comminuted particles. They have quantified ore texture information in terms of descriptors, such as covariance function, proximity function and linear intercept length distribution. However, measurement of such quantities is difficult in practice and hence analytical functions have been used for suc...
Evaluation of Automated Versus Manual Immature Granulocyte Counts

Objective: Immature granulocyte (IG) count is the latest addition to the automated leukocyte differential generated by the Sysmex analyzers. The objective of this study was to assess the reliability of the automated IG counts. Methods: Automated IG percentages were compared with the corresponding manual IG percentages of 418 blood specimens. The data were divided into five groups. The difference between individual automated IG percentages and corresponding manual IG percentages was plotted and the number of outliers, based on Rumke’s published 95% confidence limits, was determined for each group. Results: Of 418 automated IG percentages, 392 were within 95% confidence limits, with 26 outliers. More than half of the outliers carried also the “blast” flag, prompting a smear review. A significant difference between manual and automated IG percentage was noted when the manual IG count was greater than 10%. Conclusion: Automated and manual IG percentages compared fairly well with each other. We concluded that automated IG counts less than or equal to 10% may be considered reportable without a smear review.
One parent or two? The intertwining of American marriage and fertility patterns.

Marriage and fertility in the United States have become less firmly entwined as more women bear children without marrying and more couples with children divorce. Today a sizeable number of children are expected to spend a portion of their childhood in one-parent households. Despite the trends in illegitimacy and divorce, the actual effect of out-of-wedlock childbearing on the living arrangements of children has not been fully explicated. Using the National Survey of Family Growth Cycle III, this paper estimates the probability that children aged 0–13 in 1982 are living in two-parent households, controlling for their mothers' marital statuses at their births. We find that marital status at birth is an important predictor of household structure at later ages for both white and black populations; however, the childhood environment is actually quite elastic as women marry, divorce, remarry, and redivorce.
Anchoring and steering gaussian quadrature for positive definite strong moment functionals

Algorithms for the construction of block-formed orthogonal Laurent polynomial sequences and corresponding Gaussian quadratures associated with positive definite strong moment functionals are introduced and compared. Cost estimates and numerical examples are included.
Searching the Medical Literature on the Internet

for finding basic biomedical research and clinical science information. Produced by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and spanning 1966 to the present, it contains more than 11 million citations from 4,300 journals worldwide. Each citation includes a number of fields, including author, title, journal title, medical subject headings (MeSHs), and abstract. More than 70% of the citations include an abstract, but MEDLINE currently does not include the full text of journal articles. MEDLINE is available a number of ways: through fee-based vendors, through a variety of Web interfaces either free or for a fee, and directly from the NLM. The NLM offers MEDLINE through 2 interfaces, Internet Grateful Med (IGM) and PubMed. IGM at igm.nlm.nih.gov offers access to a number of databases, including MEDLINE [F1]. IGM users can conduct searches in a variety of AIDS databases, HealthSTAR (which focuses on health care delivery and administration), BIOETHICSLINE (which focuses on the ethical aspects of health care), and a number of other databases. IGM will be retired in phases in the coming months, to 6. Bertina RM. Molecular risk factors for thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 1999;82:601-609.
Performance analysis of an admission controller for CPU- and I/O-intensive applications in self-managing computer systems

With rapid advances in processing power, network bandwidth, and storage capacity, computer systems are increasingly becoming extremely complex. Consequently, it becomes expensive and difficult for human beings to manually manage complex computer systems. This problem can be effectively tackled by self-managing computer systems, which are intended to meet high performance requirements in a dynamic computing environment. In this paper, we develop a performance model for self-manage computer systems under dynamic workload conditions, where both CPU- and I/O-intensive applications are running in the systems. In particular, we design in this paper a 2-dimenssional Markov chain model with two different arrival and service rate of CPU- and I/O-intensive jobs. Importantly, two serving probabilities with respect to CPU-and I/O intensive jobs are derived. To validate the analytical model, we developed an adaptive admission controller in which the model is incorporated. Experimental results demonstratively show that the controller is capable of achieving high performance for computer systems under workloads exhibiting high variability.
Enantioselective Synthesis of 2-Deoxy- and 2,3-Dideoxyhexoses

The enantioselective syntheses of C-6 O-TBS- and N-Cbz-protected 2-deoxy- and 2,3-dideoxysugars have been achieved in 6−8 steps from furfural. A combination of chemo-, regio-, and diastereoselective oxidation and reduction reactions produced deoxysugars with various C-6 substitution. A key development of this route was the use of o-nitrobenzenesulfonylhydrazide (NBSH) as a diimide precursor. These overall procedures allow for the synthesis of eight deoxysugars in either enantiomeric form.
On the application of polyelectrolyte limiting laws to the helix-coil transition of DNA. V. Ionic effects on renaturation kinetics.

The bimolecular rate constant k2 for the association of complementary polynucleotide strands has been observed to increase strongly with increasing ionic strength—in fact, proportional to its third or fourth power. This effect is here interpreted quantitatively by means of polyelectrolyte theory starting with the Wetmur–Davidson postulate of a pre-equilibrium between separated strands and aligned segments close to one another but unbonded. The correct form, a power dependence of k2 on ionic strength, is predicted. Comparison of the theoretical exponent with data allows the conclusion that each of the two single-stranded segments in the aligned but unbonded configuration consists of about 13–16 nucletides (not to be confused with the much smaller number of bonded base pairs in the nucleus), and that this number, denoted by Q, is possibly correlated either with a minimum length for duplex stability or with the persistence length of a single polynucleotide strand. It is suggested that experimental determination of the dependence of Q on (G+C)-content may distinguish between these possibilities. It is also suggested that addition of sufficient amounts of divalent metal ions such as Mg2+, Ca2+, or Co2+ may reverse the dependence of k2 on ionic strength; under these conditions, k2 is predicted to decrease with about the first power of ionic strength. At fixed ionic strength, k2 should increase with increasing concentration of divalent metal ion, and, in fact, the published observation that the formation of poly(A)·2 poly(U) from poly(A)·poly(U) and poly(U) is second order in Mg2+ concentration is here correctly predicted from a priori molecular considerations. Finally, published association rate data for oligonucleotides are discussed in the present theoretical context.
The coadsorption of H and O on the W(110) plane

Abstract The coadsorption of O and H on a W(110) plane has been studied by thermal desorption, work function and XPS measurements. Attainable coverages depend on adsorption order. For H preadsorption, O coverage decreases linearly from O/W=0.56 at H/W=0 to 0 at H/W=0.95. For O precoverage H decreases nonlinearly, reaching 0 at O/W=0.35. Whether pre- or post-adsorbed, O decreases the peak desorption temperatures of H 2 to 400 K from their values of 560 to 450 K (depending on coverage) for H/W(110). This provides a rough estimate of Δ H for desorption of H 2 , namely 23 kcal/mol at high O coverage and 28 kcal/mol of H 2 at low O coverage. These values should be compared with ΔH=34 kcal/mol of H at low H coverage and 30 kcal/mol at high coverage on clean W(110). For O post-adsorption work function increases are similar to those on clean W(110). However, for H post-adsorption complex behavior is seen and differs for O/W(110) layers prepared and kept at 90 K and those annealed at 600 K, suggesting differences in H binding. The importance of these differences disappears at H 2 desorption temperatures, since desorption behavior is independent of adsorption order or surface pretreatment. No evidence for OH or H 2 O formation under any conditions was found. Sticking coefficients of O on H precovered W(110) decrease linearly with O coverage, instead of showing a plateau as on clean W(110), suggesting that H decreases the lifetime of O 2 precursors.
Massive Steam Injection on an MS6001B Gas Turbine in Cogeneration Service

A recent field test has completed the qualification of the MS6001B combustion system for operation on gas fuel with steam injection for NOx control to 25 ppmvd. Recently, dry operation on gas fuel at 25 ppmvd has been achieved on the MS6001. To meet the immediate need for running at the 25 ppmvd NOx level, increased steam injection was investigated. Laboratory testing on a single MS6001 combustor indicated the potential for achieving NOx levels as low as 25 ppmvd through the use of steam injection. This paper describes the lab testing and the field test of the MS6001B, and includes data on emissions, steam flow requirements, and dynamic pressure levels. The MS6001B is now available at 25 ppmvd NOx with steam injection on gas wherever this level is required. This system provides an easy retrofit to those gas fired, steam injected units where installation of the dry 25 ppmvd NOx system is not immediately feasible.Copyright © 1992 by ASME
Increase in Collagen Level by Diphenylhydantoin as Possible Mechanism of Drug-Induced Gingival Hyperplasia

(1971). Increase in Collagen Level by Diphenylhydantoin as Possible Mechanism of Drug-Induced Gingival Hyperplasia. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 39-46.
Calculation of molecular quadrupole moments and a demonstration of the importance of overlap densities in the theory of polyatomic molecules

A computational method for calculating quadrupole moments from molecular wave functions in a Slater orbital basis set is described. Using both IEHT and CNDO wave functions quadrupole moments for a series of polyatomic molecules are calculated. They are compared with experimental results and the IEHT wave functions are found to give agreement with experiment while CNDO wave functions do not. The importance of bicentric densities (overlap densities) in the calculation of multipole moments is shown. This is followed by a discussion of the usefulness of these wave functions for a quantitative characterization of the electronic structure of large molecules.
An improved embedding of binary trees in a square reconfigurable array with spanning optical buses

This paper improves on the embedding of binary trees in a non-square Reconfigurable Array with Spanning Optical Buses (or RASOB), which was presented in [1]. Specifically, a binary tree of N2 - 1 nodes is embedded in a square N × N RASOB to achieve an optimal expansion cost, while maintaining an optimal dilation cost of 1. Such an embedding also leads to the embedding of a larger binary tree having 2k · N2 - 1 nodes, which achieves optimal load-balance and an optimal dilation cost of 1.
Damage detection of beams using operational deflection shapes

This work is an in-depth study of a boundary effect detection (BED) method for pinpointing locations of small damages in beams using operational deflection shapes (ODSs) measured by a scanning laser vibrometer. The BED method requires no model or historical data for locating structural damage. It works by decomposing a measured ODS into central and boundary-layer solutions using a sliding-window least-squares curve-fitting technique. For high-order ODSs of an intact beam, boundary-layer solutions are non-zero only at structural boundaries. For a damaged beam, its boundary-layer solutions are non-zero at the original boundaries and damage locations because damage introduces new boundaries. At a damage location, the boundary-layer solution of slope changes sign, and the boundary-layer solution of displacement peaks up or dimples down. The theoretical background is shown in detail. Noise and different types of damage are simulated to show how they affect damage locating curves. Experiments are performed on several different beams with different types of damage, including surface slots, edge slots, surface holes, internal holes, and fatigue cracks. Experimental results show that this damage detection method is sensitive and reliable for locating small damages in beams.
In Vivo Transfection and Detection of Gene Expression of Stem Cells Preloaded with DNA-carrying Microbubbles.

Stem cells can be loaded with DNA-carrying microbubbles, administered and transfected in vivo with ultrasound, and remain alive to express the gene of interest in vivo.
Re-Evaluating Angelomorphism In Irenaeus: The Case of Proof of the Apostolic Preaching 10

Several recent studies have shown that the existence of angelomorphism in a second-century theologian suggests the presence of, or at least a susceptibility to, binitarianism. This article revisits the opinion of Dom Emmanuel Lanne that Irenaeus identifies the Son and Holy Spirit with Cherubim and Seraphim in Proof of the Apostolic Preaching 10. I contend that Lanne’s interpretation does not fit the rest of Irenaeus’ thought and is not permitted by the grammatical construction of Prf 10 itself. Furthermore, instead of suggesting a binitarian orientation, a proper reading of Prf 10 suggests a non-subordinationist, hierarchical conception of the trinitarian relations.
Rat alpha-fetoprotein: In vitroproduction of four molecular variants by clonal cell lines

Abstract Mass and six clonal cultures derived from Morris hepatoma 7777 by standard tissue culture techniques synthesize and secrete alpha-fetoprotein in vitro . During serial passage, the alpha-fetoprotein which accumulates in the media of these cultures contains two concanavalin A-affinity molecular variants. Each of the concanavalin A-affinity molecular variants shows two electrophoretic variants. Mass and clonal cell populations of hepatoma cells continue to secrete in vitro four molecular variants of rat alpha-fetoprotein known to occur in vivo . These results demonstrate for the first time that individual hepatoma cells have the potential to synthesize four molecular variants of alpha-fetoprotein and that this phenotypic property is maintained during serial subculture in vitro .
Optimal Trajectories for Quadratic Variational Processes Via Invariant Imbedding.

Consider minimizing the integral $$I = \int_0^T {[\dot w^2 + g(y)w^2 ] dy}$$ where $$w = w(y), \dot w = dw/dy, w(T) = 1, w(0) = free$$ ForT sufficiently small, it is shown that $$w_{opt} = x(t,T), 0 \leqslant t \leqslant T$$ where the functionx, viewed as a function ofT, is a solution of the Cauchy problem $$\begin{gathered} x_T (t,T) = r(T)x(t,T), T \geqslant t \hfill \\ x(t,t) = 1 \hfill \\\end{gathered}$$ and the auxiliary functionr satisfies the Riccati system $$\begin{gathered} r_T = ---g(T) + r^2 , T \geqslant 0 \hfill \\ r(0) = 0 \hfill \\\end{gathered}$$ In the derivation of the Cauchy problem, no use is made of Euler equations, dynamic programming, or Pontryagin's maximum principle. Only ordinary differential equations are employed. The Cauchy problem provides a one-sweep integration procedure; it is intimately connected with the theory of the second variation.
Using Markov models and innovation-diffusion as a tool for predicting digital library access and distribution

This paper, discusses a general approach to predicting data access rates and user access patterns for planning distribution capacities and for monitoring data usage. The approach uses a steady-state Markov model to describe user activities and innovation-diffusion to describe the rate at which a naive population adopts accessing data from a digital library.
Assessment of Visual Acuity Via a Telephone Interview

• We compared the visual acuity of 89 patients obtained via a telephone interview with visual acuity elicited from the same patients in an ophthalmologist's office. Agreement within one line of vision between the telephone interview, in which patients used a modified Rosenbaum near card with attached patch, and the clinic near vision test was observed in 91% of eyes, while agreement within one line of vision between the telephone interview and clinic distance vision test was found in 86% of eyes. We conclude that testing visual acuity via a telephone interview is a potentially useful approach to assessment of visual acuity and prevalence of visual impairment in the larger population.
A Fuzzy Driver on the Handling Track

Maneuvering a car around a handling track in minimum time is a challenging task for a driver. The car at high speed is a complex nonlinear Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output dynamic system. A driver must spend many hours learning the skills necessary to control this system proficiently. This complex task is a good test for fuzzy logic control, supporting the premise: humans control complex systems using simple rules. A few fuzzy driving rules are devised to operate on the same inputs and outputs a human driver would use. These rules are encoded in a fuzzy rule base and used to control the system. The resulting fuzzy handling controller is demonstrated in a simulation. A single set of rules is shown to perform well on many different track geometries, illustrating the robustness of the system to a changing environment.
Trichouria caused by ovarian teratoma with carcinoid elements.

Ovarian teratomas are challenging because they most often occur in younger women in whom fertility is desired. Benign cystic teratoma is the most common histological type. Less common are malignant lesions. If invasion into the bladder occurs, diagnosis may be suspected if trichouria is detected. While cases of ovarian teratoma invading the bladder have been reported in the literature, to our knowledge there has never been a report of an ovarian teratoma with carcinoid elements.
Finite Element Modeling of Stress Evolution in Sn Films due to Growth of the Cu6Sn5 Intermetallic Compound

We use finite element simulations to quantitatively evaluate different mechanisms for the generation of stress in Sn films due to growth of the Cu6Sn5 intermetallic phase at the Cu-Sn interface. We find that elastic and plastic behavior alone are not sufficient to reproduce the experimentally measured stress evolution. However, when grain boundary diffusion is included, the model results agree well with experimental observations. Examination of conditions necessary to produce the observed stresses provides insight into potential strategies for minimizing stress generation and thus mitigating Sn whisker growth.
A platform for manipulation and examination of the acoustic guitar: The Chameleon Guitar

Abstract A platform for manipulation and examination the acoustic guitar is presented, based on a novel guitar design – the Chameleon Guitar – featuring a replaceable acoustic resonator functioning as the soundboard of the instrument. The goal of the design process is to create a tone as sonically close to that of a traditional guitar as possible, while maintaining an easily replaceable soundboard. An iterative, data driven approach was used, each design step coming under examination from one or more measurement tools: finite-element method, acoustic impulse testing, and laser vibrometry. Ideal resonator geometry, bridge location, and piezoelectric sensor positions were determined. The finished instrument was then examined with laser vibrometry to confirm earlier results, evaluate the behavior and chosen sensor positions for various tonewoods, and examine the acoustic effects of adding sensors and wax finish. The conclusions drawn are diverse and point to the significance of attention to detail in each step of instrument construction. For example, when changing instrument material from one softwood to another, ideal locations for piezoelectric sensors are subject to change. We conclude that detailed acoustic analysis can significantly aid in the construction of new instruments by quantifying the impact of instrument geometry and material properties.
Growth Functions of Finitely Generated Algebras

Definition 1. Let A be a vector space over F equipped with an additional associative binary operation from A × A to A, denoted here by · (i.e. if x and y are any two elements of A, x ·y is the product of x and y). Then A is an algebra over F (an F -algebra) if the following hold for all elements x, y, and z in A, and all elements a and b in F : • (x + y) · z = x · z + y · z • x · (y + z) = x · y + x · z • (ax) · (by) = (ab) · (xy).
Numerical methods used in the significant structure theory of liquids

Abstract A method for calculating thermodynamic properties of pure liquids according to the significant structure theory of liquids is presented. This involves an iterative method for finding a common tangent at two points on a complex surface. Also, a generalization of Gauss's regula falsi method is developed to solve sets of nonlinear equations.
Double Contacts for Improved Performance of Graphene Transistors

A new double-contact geometry for graphene devices is studied and compared to traditional top contacts. Double contacts consist of metal below and above the graphene in a sandwich-type configuration. Four-probe structures were tested for both single-layer [chemical-vapor-deposition (CVD)-grown] graphene and bilayer (mechanically exfoliated) graphene, with both showing a decrease in contact resistance of at least 40% and an increase in transconductance greater than 20%. CVD-grown single-layer graphene transistors exhibited contact resistance as low as 260 Ω·μm, with an average of 320 Ω·μm. This new geometry can help minimize the impact of contacts on graphene device performance.
Respect and Admiration: Evidence for Configural Information Integration of Achieved and Ascribed Characteristics

Participants estimated their respect and admiration for persons described by their age, level of education, and income. When provided with one item of information, participants gave increasing respect to older, more educated, and wealthier persons. When provided with all three items of information, participants combined education and income information in accordance with algebraic models, admiring most those persons who have achieved both the highest education and the largest income. However, information about age did not combine algebraically with education and income. Instead, participants gave increments of respect to younger persons in the higher education and income brackets, indicating that some configural integration process occurs when age is involved. These results are discussed according to their implications for other achieved and ascribed characteristics.
Delamination buckling of cylindrical shells under axial compression

Abstract A model is developed for the study of delamination buckling of axially loaded cylindrical shells. Delamination is assumed to exist before load application, it spans the entire circumference, and it lies on the contact surface of neighboring laminae. The mathematical model employs Donnell-type kinematic relations and linearly elastic material behavior. Furthermore, each lamina is assumed isotropic, and the emphasis is on studying the effect of delamination size and position on the critical load. Two sets of boundary conditions are used with the model: simply supported and clamped. The study reveals several important conclusions. Among them, one may list the following: (a) the critical load is primarily controlled by the position of the delamination from the reference surface, provided that the delamination is not very close to the boundaries; and (b) for long delaminations (relative to the cylinder length), the critical load is not appreciably affected by the boundary conditions.
Evidence of strong sequential band filling at interface islands in asymmetric coupled quantum wells

Abstract We report the observation of relative saturation among excitonic emission peaks at different sets of interface islands in growth-interrupted asymmetric-coupled quantum well GaAs/Al0.2Ga0.8As structures. The saturation is due to sequential filling of excitonic states at different sets of interface islands. In contrast to free excitonic states, the small total area density of excitonic states at the interface islands makes their filling observable at much lower excitation levels. As a result of the relative saturation, an effective blue shift of the apparent excitonic emission peak at the islands, with a magnitude as large as ∼6.1 meV is observed when the excitation intensity increases from ∼1.6 to ∼215 W cm−2. The highest intensity required to observe the effective blue shift is about two orders of magnitude lower than that needed to observe a similar effect in a free excitonic emission peak.
Carbonitriding at 1050 °C in a Glow-discharge Plasma

Carbonitriding is often preferred to carburizing because nitrogen bearing cases exhibit greater hardenability, and thus small parts made of lowcarbon steels may be oil quenched. The results reported here demonstrate that the techniques developed for highrate, hightemperature plasma carburizing may be applied to carbonitriding with comparable success. The process conditions, however, must be adjusted to ensure that neither the carbon nor the nitrogen are lost in the later stages of the carbonitriding cycle. This requires that a carbon/nitrogen plasma be maintained during both the carbonitriding and diffusion stages, and while the workpiece is cooled to < 600 °C.
Injuries in high school sports

A two-year study was made of injuries received in high school sports. Athletic trainers were placed in four high schools to conduct the investigation. Injuries occurred in women's sports at a rate of 22 per 100 participants; men's injuries occurred at a rate of 39 per 100 participants. Football and wrestling accounted for the highest injury rates; tennis and swimming accounted for the lowest rates for both sexes.
For the Record: The Evidence on Year-Round Education

(1998). For the Record: The Evidence on Year-Round Education. Kappa Delta Pi Record: Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 84-88.
Success factors and evaluation in conservation education programmes

(1997). Success factors and evaluation in conservation education programmes. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 204-221.
An analysis of the ‘friends and neighbours’ effect in an Irish urban constituency

The literature on the ‘friends and neighbours’ effect on voting behaviour has focused almost exclusively on the analysis of predominantly rural constituencies. This paper examines the influence of a ‘friends and neighbours’ type of voting in Dublin West, in the 1981 General Election. Dublin West is an urban constituency, and this analysis suggests that a ‘friends and neighbours’ analysis offers some insights into the basis of electoral support for individual candidates in an urban context.
Punishment for Criminal Attempts: A Legal Perspective on the Problem of Moral Luck

(2008). Punishment for Criminal Attempts: A Legal Perspective on the Problem of Moral Luck. Canadian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 51-83.
Securing Java code: heuristics and an evaluation of static analysis tools

A secure coding standard for Java does not exist. Even if a standard did exist, it is not known how well static analysis tools could enforce it. In this work, we show how well eight static analysis tools can identify violations of a comprehensive collection of coding heuristics for increasing the quality and security of Java SE code. A new taxonomy for correlating coding heuristics with the design principles they help to achieve is also described. The taxonomy aims to make understanding, applying, and remembering both principles and heuristics easier. A significant number of secure coding violations, some of which make attacks possible, were not identified by any tool. Even if all eight tools were combined into a single tool, more than half of the violations included in the study would not be identified.
Photoelectron yield of silicate and graphite grains

The photoelectric yields of small silicate and graphite grains are calculated as a function of incident photon wavelength for the purpose of modeling interstellar grains. The large surface-to-volume ratio of a small grain is expected to result in an increased photoelectric yield when compared with a bulk sample of the same material. The ratio of grain yield to bulk yield is calculated from the Mie solution for the fields inside a spherical particle and from assumptions regarding the electron emission process. Absolute photoelectron yields are calculated from published bulk yields for wavelengths of 900–1500 A. Results are presented for grain radii of 100 and 1000 A. These results should be useful for future investigations of photoelectric emission from interstellar grains.
Effect of epinephrine on phosphorylase and glycogen levels in the rat uterus.

An intraperitoneal injection of eipinephrine into spayed rats, treated with estradiol benzoate 48 hr before, decreased uterine phosphorylase α (active) activity and glycogen concentration slightly within 5 min and to a minimum within 30–60 min. The restoration of enzyme activity occurred abruptly between the 2nd and 3rd hr, but the recovery of glycogen was gradual and was attained approximately at the 8th hour. Spayed rats were treated with estradiol and epinephrine concurrently, and with additional epinephrine at intervals for 6 hr. Others received only estradiol or no treatment. Epinephrine inhibited the effects of estradiol to increase uterine weight, phosphorylase a activity and glycogen deposition. Epinephrine also produced uterine vasoconstriction. Interruption of the uterine blood supply in estrogenprimed rats for 10 min caused a decrease in phosphorylase a activity and in glycogen concentration similar to that observed 15 min after treatment with epinephrine. From these observations and others, it...
Neural network principles for theoretical psychology

Neural networks are an increasingly important tool for the mechanistic understanding ofpsy­ chological phenomena. Three commonly used principles in neural-network design (associative learning, competition, and opponent processing) are outlined here, and two examples of their use in behavior-modeling architectures are discussed. One example relates to an instance of reinforce­ ment learning; that is, of an organism controlling its environment to maximize positive rein­ forcement or to minimize negative reinforcement. The other example relates to some characteristic deviations from reinforcement learning that occur in people or monkeys with frontal-lobe damage.
Interleukin (IL)-15 in combination with IL-2, fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 ligand and anti-CD3 significantly enhances umbilical cord blood natural killer (NK) cell and NK-cell subset expansion and NK function

AbstractBackground aims. Interleukin (IL)-15 and fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT-3) are crucial factors for the development of human and murine natural killer (NK) cells. Previously, we have demonstrated significant ex vivo expansion and activation of unrelated cord blood (UCB) NK cells with an antibody/cytokine cocktail consisting of anti-CD3 + IL-2 + IL-12 + IL-7 and anti-CD3 + IL-2 + IL-12 + IL-18. Methods. In the current experiments, we investigated the effects of short-term culture with anti-CD3 + IL-2 + FLT-3 + IL-15 on cord blood (CB) NK cell and NK-cell subset expansion and function. CB mononuclear cells were cultured for 48 h in AIM-V media or AIM-V + IL-2 (5 ng/mL) + anti-CD3 (50 ng/mL) + FLT-3 (50 ng/mL) ± escalating doses of IL-15 (1, 10 or 100 ng/mL). Flow cytometric analysis was performed using various fluorescent-conjugated monoclonal antibodies. In vitro cytotoxicity was determined with a standard europium assay against K562 and Daudi cells. Results. There was a 4.8-fold significant increa...
Identification of Liver Cancer-Specific Aptamers Using Whole Live Cells

Liver cancer is the third most deadly cancers in the world. Unfortunately, there is no effective treatment. One of the major problems is that most cancers are diagnosed in the later stage, when surgical resection is not feasible. Thus, accurate early diagnosis would significantly improve the clinical outcome of liver cancer. Currently, there are no effective molecular probes to recognize biomarkers that are specific for liver cancer. The objective of our current study is to identify liver cancer cell-specific molecular probes that could be used for liver cancer recognition and diagnosis. We applied a newly developed cell-SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment) method for the generation of molecular probes for specific recognition of liver cancer cells. The cell-SELEX uses whole live cells as targets to select aptamers (designed DNA/RNA) for cell recognition. In generating aptamers for liver cancer recognition, two liver cell lines were used: a liver cancer cell line BNL 1ME A.7R.1 (MEAR) and a noncancer cell line, BNL CL.2 (BNL). Both cell lines were originally derived from Balb/cJ mice. Through multiple rounds of selection using BNL as a control, we have identified a panel of aptamers that specifically recognize the cancer cell line MEAR with Kd in the nanomolar range. We have also demonstrated that some of the selective aptamers could specifically bind liver cancer cells in a mouse model. There are two major new results (compared with our reported cell-SELEX methodology) in addition to the generation of aptamers specifically for liver cancer. The first one is that our current study demonstrates that cell-based aptamer selection can select specific aptamers for multiple cell lines, even for two cell lines with minor differences (MEAR cell is derived from BNL by chemical inducement); and the second result is that cell-SELEX can be used for adhesive cells and thus open the door for solid tumor selection and investigation. The newly generated cancer-specific aptamers hold great promise as molecular probes for cancer early diagnosis and basic mechanism studies.
Smooth mesh interpolation with cubic patches

Abstract An algorithm for the local interpolation of a mesh of cubic curves with 3- and 4-sided facets by a piecewise cubic C 1 surface is stated and illustrated by an implementation. Precise necessary and sufficient conditions for oriented tangent-plane continuity between adjacent patches are derived, and the explicit constructions are characterized by the degree of the three scalar weight functions that relate the versal to the two transversal derivatives. The algorithm fully exploits the possibility of reparametrization by choosing all three weight functions nonconstant and not just degree-raising polynomials. The construction is local and consists mainly of averaging. The only systems to be solved are linear and of size 2 × 2. The algorithm guarantees interpolating surfaces without cusps and has a simple, implemented extension to n -sided facets.
Neighborhood design and active aging

This qualitative analysis of focus groups describes how neighborhood design encourages active aging. Nine focus groups were conducted in 2002 and 2003 with residents (N=60) aged 55 and over living in Portland, OR, USA. Content analysis revealed that local shopping and services, traffic and pedestrian infrastructure, neighborhood attractiveness, and public transportation influence activity among older adults. This information will be useful for making policy recommendations relating to land use planning and transportation, to assist in senior-friendly developments and neighborhood improvements, and to design effective senior health interventions with an emphasis on neighborhood design influences.
Performance of a 100 kW wind turbine with a Variable Ratio Gearbox

A Variable Ratio Gearbox (VRG) can be used in the drivetrain of a small to medium-size wind turbine to improve aerodynamic efficiency. Currently, all commercially-available wind turbines operate using a fixed-gear ratio between the turbine rotor and electrical generator. A VRG allows wind turbines, with a constant-speed generator, to discretely vary rotor speed and to achieve greater aerodynamic efficiency. The authors’ previous results demonstrate the viability of the VRG design. This research quantifies the gain in efficiency for a VRG-enabled wind turbine based on wind data from representing all seven wind classifications. A method is also presented to identify turbine sites that provide the VRG with the greatest opportunities to increase production. The overall findings suggest that the VRG can benefit all wind turbines, irrespective of wind class, with some wind profiles in the study experiencing gains greater than 10%.
The attrition game: Initial resources, initial contests and the exit of candidates during the US presidential primary season

In contests for the presidential nominations from the Democratic and Republican parties in the United States, the duration of candidacies determines both the winning candidate (i.e., the one who outlasts his or her opponents) and the amount of intraparty conflict before the nomination is bestowed. This article analyses how strategic considerations lead some candidates to exit the race more quickly than others. Factors which could shape such strategic considerations include initial candidate assets and characteristics (national poll standings, fund-raising totals and occupational background), initial contest outcomes (Iowa and New Hampshire) and structural variables (proportional representation delegate distribution rules, party, front-loaded calendar). Results from a duration model indicate that poll standings, money (in a curvilinear pattern), New Hampshire and Iowa results, occupational backgrounds and the front-loading of the primary calendar shaped the length of candidacies for presidential contestants from 1980 to 2004. Candidates lacking in initial assets or early victories leave the nomination race in a process most resembling a game of attrition.
Blurred Boundaries: The Therapeutics and Politics of Medical Marijuana

For 5 millennia, Cannabis sativa has been used throughout the world medically, recreationally, and spiritually. From the mid-19th century to the 1930s, American physicians prescribed it for a plethora of indications, until the federal government started imposing restrictions on its use, culminating in 1970 with the US Congress classifying it as a Schedule I substance, illegal, and without medical value. Simultaneous with this prohibition, marijuana became the United States' most widely used illicit recreational drug, a substance generally regarded as pleasurable and relaxing without the addictive dangers of opioids or stimulants. Meanwhile, cannabis never lost its cachet in alternative medicine circles, going mainstream in 1995 when California became the first of 16 states to date to legalize its medical use, despite the federal ban. Little about cannabis is straightforward. Its main active ingredient, δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, was not isolated until 1964, and not until the 1990s were the far-reaching modulatory activities of the endocannabinoid system in the human body appreciated. This system's elucidation raises the possibility of many promising pharmaceutical applications, even as draconian federal restrictions that hamstring research show no signs of softening. Recreational use continues unabated, despite growing evidence of marijuana's addictive potential, particularly in the young, and its propensity for inducing and exacerbating psychotic illness in the susceptible. Public approval drives medical marijuana legalization efforts without the scientific data normally required to justify a new medication's introduction. This article explores each of these controversies, with the intent of educating physicians to decide for themselves whether marijuana is panacea, scourge, or both. PubMed searches were conducted using the following keywords: medical marijuana, medical cannabis, endocannabinoid system, CB1 receptors, CB2 receptors, THC, cannabidiol, nabilone, dronabinol, nabiximols, rimonabant, marijuana legislation, marijuana abuse, marijuana dependence, and marijuana and schizophrenia. Bibliographies were hand searched for additional references relevant to clarifying the relationships between medical and recreational marijuana use and abuse.
Réintroduire le soi dans la subjectivité

A travers des elements d’histoire et d’epistemologie de la geographie et des sciences sociales, l’auteur pose et eclaire la question du choix fait par les geographes anglophones actuels de recourir (majoritairement) a la notion de sujet (subject) plutot qu’a celle de soi (self). Apres avoir rappele l’interet relativement ancien d’une partie de la geographie pour la subjectivite, mais aussi la necessite aujourd’hui largement admise de prendre en compte cette derniere pour mieux comprendre les transformations territoriales, l’auteur souligne combien la question de l’autonomie de l’individu a pu donner lieu a des conceptions divergentes finalement cristallisees par les notions de soi et de sujet. L’auteur se demande alors si en parlant de sujet (subject), les geographes qui font ce choix ne font pas aussi celui d’une conception appauvrissante de la subjectivite.