cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sodium channel expression and assembly during development of retinal ganglion cells

Abstract Acquisition of functional Na + channels is a critical event in the development of a neuron because it allows the generation of conducted action potentials. a subunit mRNA is first detected in developing rat retina at 1% of its maximum level on embryonic day 15, 4 days after the first ganglion cells are formed. a subunit protein is detected in the axons of the ganglion cells at this time, but β1 subunits, β2 subunits, and high affinity saxitoxin binding sites are not detected until after birth. There is an approximately coordinate increase in α subunit mRNA, α, β1, and β2 subunit protein, assembled complexes of α, β1, and β2 subunits, and high affinity saxitoxin binding sites between postnatal days 7 and 21. Expression of α subunit genes is an early event in ganglion cell differentiation, and both gene transcription and posttranslational assembly are separate, ratelimiting steps in development of Na + channels.
Radiographic features of hand and wrist surgery excluding arthroplasties

The normal and abnormal radiographic appearances of various hand and wrist surgical procedures have been presented. It is hoped that increased familiarity with these procedures and their radiographic features will lead to more meaningful radiographic interpretations by consulting radiologists.
Perceptions of smoking risk as a function of smoking status.

Perceptions of the health risks associated with smoking in comparison with not smoking were assessed for the self and the “typical smoker” among four groups of adults: current, former and nonsmokers in the community, and smokers who had joined cessation clinics to help them quit. Comparisons across groups indicated that risk perceptions differed as a function of smoking status. Clinic attendees reported the highest smoking risk and the greatest perceived benefit of not smoking, and community smokers reported the lowest of each. In addition, community smokers were the only group to exhibit an “optimistic bias” (i.e., a perception that they were less vulnerable to health risk than was the typical smoker). Results from this cross-sectional study suggest that the decision to engage in and to stop risky behaviors is related to the perceptions of the health risk associated with those behaviors.
The trust region subproblem with non-intersecting linear constraints

This paper studies an extended trust region subproblem (eTRS) in which the trust region intersects the unit ball with $$m$$ m linear inequality constraints. When $$m=0,\,m = 1$$ m = 0 , m = 1 , or $$m = 2$$ m = 2 and the linear constraints are parallel, it is known that the eTRS optimal value equals the optimal value of a particular convex relaxation, which is solvable in polynomial time. However, it is also known that, when $$m \ge 2$$ m ? 2 and at least two of the linear constraints intersect within the ball, i.e., some feasible point of the eTRS satisfies both linear constraints at equality, then the same convex relaxation may admit a gap with eTRS. This paper shows that the convex relaxation has no gap for arbitrary $$m$$ m as long as the linear constraints are non-intersecting.
Three-Dimensional Visualization Approach to Illustrating Esthetic Concepts for Highway Design

Realistic and dynamic visual models were developed that can be used in a teaching context for illustrating concepts that affect the appearance and fit of a highway alignment. The models consist of short video clips of the highway taken from the perspective of a vehicle's windscreen. These video images of the roadway are coupled with graphs showing the corresponding vertical and horizontal alignment of the roadway. The users of these models can simulate a drive over the selected highway segment and visually assess the appearance and continuity of the alignment. They can then study the accompanying alignment graphs to evaluate how different combinations of vertical and horizontal elements affect the appearance and continuity of the alignment. Each of the video clips was selected to illustrate either a good or bad example of a specific concept affecting alignment design. Some of the concepts illustrated include the coordination of vertical and horizontal alignment and consistency in alignment development. The video clips were developed using images and data from the Connecticut Department of Transportation's photologging system.
Experience with Flamingo: a distributed, object-oriented user interface system

The Flamingo Window Management System is based on a remote method invocation mechanism that provides separate processes running in a heterogeneous, distributed computing environment with complete access to Flamingo's objects and methods. This object-oriented interface has made Flamingo a kernel window manager into which device drivers, graphics libraries, window managers and user interfaces can be dynamically loaded. This paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of Flamingo's system architecture, and introduces a new architecture which will provide a network-wide object space with object protection, migration, and garbage collection.
Enumerations of ordered trees

We deal with the class T"n of ordered trees with n edges. Several enumeration problems concerning T"n and some of its combinatorial properties are studied. Closed-form expressions for the following enumerations are given: (1) the number of trees in T"n with k leaves, (2) the number of nodes in T"n with d children, (3) the number of trees in T"n with root degree r, and (4) the number of nodes in T"n on level l with d children.
Analysis of Current-Potential Hysteresis during Electrodeposition of Copper with Additives

Two models are described for cyclic voltammetry during electrodeposition of copper from an acid sulfate bath containing the additives polyethylene glycol (PEG), chloride ions and mercapto-1-propanesulfonate (MPSA). The same bath may be used for superfilling of cavities during fabrication of copper on-chip metallization. Experimental current-potential scans show a characteristic hysteresis in solutions with all three additives, which demonstrates the presence of both activated and inhibited kinetics. Both models assume that deposition is inhibited by a PEG-chloride adsorbed surface complex, as established previously. One model further hypothesizes that PEG is incorporated into grain boundaries in the copper at the same fractional coverage found on the external surface. The second model neglects PEG incorporation, but assumes that adsorbing MPSA directly displaces PEG from the surface. Both models predict hysteresis quantitatively similar to experiments, without the use of'fitting parameters. The competitive adsorption model is favored because, unlike the PEG incorporation model, it yields realistic predictions of carbon and sulfur concentrations in the deposit.
Curvature wavefront sensing performance evaluation for active correction of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST)

The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) uses a novel, three-mirror, modified Paul-Baker design, with an 8.4-meter primary mirror, a 3.4-m secondary, and a 5.0-m tertiary, along with three refractive corrector lenses to produce a flat focal plane with a field of view of 9.6 square degrees. In order to maintain image quality during operation, the deformations and rigid body motions of the three large mirrors must be actively controlled to minimize optical aberrations, which arise primarily from forces due to gravity and thermal expansion. We describe the methodology for measuring the telescope aberrations using a set of curvature wavefront sensors located in the four corners of the LSST camera focal plane. We present a comprehensive analysis of the wavefront sensing system, including the availability of reference stars, demonstrating that this system will perform to the specifications required to meet the LSST performance goals.
THE PHLOEM OF ETAPTERIS LECLERCQII AND BOTRYOPTERIS TRIDENTATA

The phloem of Etapteris leclercqii and Botryopteris tridentata petioles is described from Lower Pennsylvanian coal balls. Petioles of B. tridentata are characterized in transverse section by an omega-shaped xylem trace, a phloem zone which extends from 2-10 cells in width, and 2-parted cortex. Etapteris leclercqii petioles exhibit a 4-9 cell-wide phloem zone surrounding the central clepsydroid xylem mass, and a 3-parted cortex. In both taxa a 1-2 cell layer parenchyma sheath separates the xylem from the extra-xylary tissues. The phloem of both species consists of sieve elements that average about 20 ,um in diam by 200 ,m in length in Botryopteris, and 100 Am in length in Etapteris, with horizontal-slightly oblique end walls. In transmitted light, the radial walls of the sieve elements form an irregular reticulate pattern enclosing elliptical lighter areas. With the scanning electron microscope, these areas appear as horizontal-slightly oblique furrows on the cell wall, with many small indentations lining the furrows. These indentations, because of their regular occurrence and size (from a few fractions of a micron up to 1.0 Atm in diam), are interpreted as sieve pores, and the elliptical areas that enclose them as sieve areas. The phloem of E. leclercqii and B. tridentata is compared with that described for other fossil genera and with that of extant ferns.
Splendid Vices? Augustine For and Against Pagan Virtues

Augustine is notorious for his claim that the so-called virtues of pagans are not genuine virtues at all. Bayle refers to this claim when he describes the sort of virtue that one ought to be willing to attribute to atheists:
Two-dimensional time-dependent simulation of contaminant transport from a landfill

Abstract A numerical model to simulate solute transport in flowing groundwater is developed using finite-difference solutions to the groundwater flow equation and the solute transport equation. The use of the model is illustrated by its application to a problem of groundwater contamination in a waste-disposal area in Miami, Florida. The model integrates the effects of several factors that controlled changes in iron concentrations, and successfully reproduced the record of contamination observed during a one-year period. The model was found to be insensitive to chemical parameters, but sensitive to an aquifer dispersion coefficient and the groundwater flow velocity. This implies that there can be sites where the chemical attenuation can be approximated without a significant impact on results.
ALLOZYME DIVERSITY AND GENETIC IDENTITY IN SCHIEDEA AND ALSINIDENDRON (CARYOPHYLLACEAE: ALSINOIDEAE) IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

Genetic diversity of allozymes, genetic identity based on allozyme variability, and phylogenetic relationships were studied with respect to breeding system diversity, population size, and island age in 20 of the 29 species of Schiedea and Alsinidendron (Caryophyllaceae: Alsinoideae), a monophyletic lineage endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Average levels of genetic variability in Schiedea and Alsinidendron were comparable to or higher than those found in other Hawaiian lineages for which equivalent data are available [Bidens, Tetramolopium, and the silversword alliance (Asteraceae: Madiinae)] and similar to average values for species of dicots. Allozyme variability was strongly dependent on breeding system, which varies widely in the Hawaiian Alsinoideae. Species with autogamous breeding systems showed very low variability, measured as the number of alleles per locus, percent polymorphic loci, and mean heterozygosity per locus. Outcrossing hermaphroditic and dimorphic species (those with gynodioecious, subdioecious, and dioecious breeding systems) showed significantly higher genetic variability. Small population size was associated with lower values for all measures of genetic variability. Nearly half of the species occurring in small populations are also autogamous; thus, both factors may have influenced levels of genetic variability in these species. Founder effect was apparent in one species (Schiedea adamantis), which occurs in a single large population, has a gynodioecious breeding system but a very low genetic variability. Island age appeared to have little effect on genetic variability. Slightly lower values of genetic variability for species occurring on Kaua'i and O'ahu result primarily from the occurrence of autogamous Alsinidendron species on those islands. Values for Nei's genetic identity for different species pairs were 0.201-0.942, a far greater range than in Bidens, the silversword alliance, and Tetramolopium. Using UPGMA clustering, there was only moderate support for relationships detected through cladistic analysis. Nei's unbiased genetic identity (I) was greatest among species with outcrossing breeding systems, which for the most part clustered together. Nei's genetic identities for self-fertilizing species were low, indicating that these species are less similar to one another and to outcrossing species, regardless of their affinities based on cladistic analysis. Parsimony analysis of allele frequency data supported two clades also found in phylogenetic analyses using morphological and molecular data. Clades recognized in parsimony analysis of allele frequencies were those lineages containing selfing species, indicating that conditions favoring fixation of alleles occurred in ancestral species. In contrast, maintenance of high genetic diversity in outcrossing species interferes with recognition of phylogenetic relationships using allozyme variability.
Determination of Absolute Configuration of Secondary Alcohols Using Thin-Layer Chromatography

A new implementation of the competing enantioselective conversion (CEC) method was developed to qualitatively determine the absolute configuration of enantioenriched secondary alcohols using thin-layer chromatography. The entire process for the method requires approximately 60 min and utilizes micromole quantities of the secondary alcohol being tested. A number of synthetically relevant secondary alcohols are presented. Additionally, 1H NMR spectroscopy was conducted on all samples to provide evidence of reaction conversion that supports the qualitative method presented herein.
Vacuolar H+-ATPase 69-Kilodalton Catalytic Subunit cDNA from Developing Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Ovules

This study investigates the molecular events of vacuole ontogeny in rapidly elongated cotton plant cells. Within the DNA coding region, the cotton and carrot cDNA clones exhibit 82.2% nucleotide sequence homology; at the amino acid level cotton and carrot catalytic subunits exhibited 95.7% identity and 2.1% amino acid similarity. When aligned with the analogous sequences from yeast, the cotton protein shared only 60.5% amino acid identity and 12.7% similarity. 10 refs., 1 tab.
Analysis of leukocytes recruited to the pancreas by diabetogenic T cell clones.

Abstract To investigate host leukocytes recruited to the pancreas by diabetogenic T cells, we administered islet-specific CD4+T cell clones to 2-week-old nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice and examined the resulting pancreatic infiltrate by flow cytometry. Two different Vβ4+CD4+T cell clones, BDC 2.5 and BDC 6.9, were found to recruit a heterogeneous T cell population as determined by staining with a panel of anti-TCR Vβ monoclonal antibodies. The majority of the diabetes-initiating, Vβ4+T cell clones migrated to the spleen whereas only 5–8% of the T cell population infiltrating the pancreas was Vβ4+. Anti-IL-2 receptor staining indicated that fewer than 10% of the total population of infiltrating lymphocytes within the pancreas were in a highly activated state. We have further found that normal splenic T cells from the NOD mouse proliferate poorly to IL-2in vitro,yet secrete IFN-γ in response to IL-2 stimulation. These results suggest that the recruited host T cells in our disease transfer system are not directly pathogenic but, rather, are responding to the small numbers of inflammatory T cell clones by providing cytokines that facilitate the disease process.
Evidence for interstellar SiC in the Murray carbonaceous meteorite

Silicon carbide has been identified in two separates from the Murray carbonaceous chondrite that are enriched 20,000-fold in isotopically anomalous neon and xenon. The SiC is present in the form of crystalline grains 0.1-1 micron in size. Cubic and 111-plane-twinned cubic are the most common ordered polytypes observed so far. The anomalous isotopic composition of its carbon, nitrogen, and silicon indicates a presolar origin, probably in the atmospheres of red giants. An additional silicon- and oxygen-rich phase shows large isotropic anomalies in nitrogen and silicon, also associated with a presolar origin.
Large area thin film Si module

Abstract An initial efficiency of 14.1% ( J sc =13.6 mA/cm 2 , V oc =1.392 V, FF=74.3%) has been achieved for a-Si/transparent interlayer/poly Si solar cell (total area of 1 cm 2 ). Both a-Si and crystalline Si films were fabricated by plasma chemical deposition at low temperature. The short circuit current was enhanced by the introduction of a transparent intermediate layer. An initial aperture efficiency of 11.7% has been achieved for 910×455 mm 2 a-Si/poly Si integrated solar cell submodule, where the laser-scribing techniques were applied for series interconnections. The results of our first run of 266 submodules in our pilot plant showed the average efficiency of 11.2%, which is applicable for mass production.
A method of adjusting pH without introducing extraneous captions on anions

Hydroxyl ions were effectively added to a Sc/sub 2/O/sub 3/ in water solution without adding cations. Hydroxyl-form anion resin beads were used. The procedure should work well with salts which hydrolyze at the equivalence point as long as the akion resin has a stronger affinity for the salt's anion thas it does for hydroxyl ions. (T.R.H.)
Disjoining pressure for nonuniform thin films

The effect of the attractive forces originating from van der Waals interactions on the dynamics of thin films $(\ensuremath{\leqslant}\ensuremath{\sim}100\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ is often approximated in fluid dynamics as the disjoining pressure between two unbounded parallel interfaces. However, it is known that this concept of the disjoining pressure, as a force per unit area between parallel interfaces, cannot generally be extended to films of nonuniform thickness. In this paper, we derive a formula for the disjoining pressure for a film of nonuniform thickness by minimizing the total Helmholtz free energy for a thin film residing on a solid substrate. Comparing to the augmented Young-Laplace equation, the disjoining pressure for a thin film of small slope on a flat substrate is shown to take the form $\ensuremath{\Pi}=\ensuremath{-}\frac{{A}_{123}(4\ensuremath{-}3{h}_{x}^{2}+3h{h}_{xx})}{24\ensuremath{\pi}{h}^{3}}$, where ${A}_{123}$ is the Hamaker constant for phases 1 and 3 interacting through phase 2; $h$, ${h}_{x}$, and ${h}_{xx}$ are the local film thickness, slope and second order derivative, respectively. For the limiting case of parallel interfaces (e.g., ${h}_{x}={h}_{xx}\ensuremath{\equiv}0$), the disjoining pressure reduces to $\ensuremath{\Pi}=\ensuremath{-}\frac{{A}_{123}}{6\ensuremath{\pi}{h}^{3}}$ in agreement with the classical Lifshitz expression for the van der Waals force. The derivation can be readily extended to more general nonuniform films by constructing tangential planes at both interfaces of the films. Because of steric effects that prevent molecules from overlapping each other, the molecular size cannot be neglected when applying the mesoscopic concept of the disjoining pressure to films of thickness comparable to molecular scales.
The Role of Energy-Releasing Kinetics in NOx Formation: Fuel-Lean, Jet-Stirred CO-Air Combustion

Abstract Oxides of nitrogen concentrations, temperatures and mass flow rates near reactor blowout have been measured for chemically rate-limited, fuel-lean combustion of carbon monoxide with moist air in a jet-stirred reactor at 0.5 and 1 atmosphere. Comparisons with predictions obtained by modeling the jet-stirred reactor as a micromixed perfectly stirred reactor are used to examine the detailed influences of energy-releasing kinetic processes on NOx formation. Reaction radical intermediates and, in particular, oxygen atoms are shown to play a key role in this influence. For fuel-lean combustion, under conditions of intense turbulence and backmixing, super-equilibrium concentrations of oxygen atoms cause N2 O to act as an important intermediate leading to NOx formation. Measurements indicating the influence of finite mixing on experimental reactor performance and NOx emissions are presented as well.
Diamond Technology: An Overview - Invited Paper

In this paper an overview of diamond technology and its future prospects are presented. Technological problems facing the technology and how it can be addressed will be discussed
Simplified GMSA for yukawa mixtures

Recently, we obtained mean spherical approximation (MSA) numerical solutions for hard-core, one-Yukawa binary mixtures. Based on the MSA energy equation of state, we present here a generalized mean spherical approximation (GMSA) procedure which improves the MSA radial distribution functions (RDF) by approaching thermodynamic consistency. This self-contained method keeps an essentially analytic mathematical formulation.
The effect of short-chain branch structure on the properties of low-density polyethylene

In order to determine the effect of the molecular structure of short side branches in lowdensity polyethylene upon the physical properties of the resin, a study was carried out in which small amounts of various comonomers were added to an otherwise relatively unbranched polymer. It was found that linear short side branches have about the same effect in decreasing stiffness and increasing toughness as the natural short-chain branches of polyethylene have. However, branches containing a tert-butyl group increased resin toughness more than linear branches while decreasing stiffness by about the same amount. Thus, by adding a small amount of branched, short side branches, it is possible to obtain an optimum balance of physical properties not obtainable from low-density ethylene homopolymer.
From A to Google: How Technology Is Impacting Information and Leadership

The current article explores the way that information is increasingly spreading at rapid speeds. By examining both positive and negative examples of the rapid proliferation of information, the author explores why leaders need to be cognizant of the impact this can have on leadership. Additionally, the article acknowledges that each piece of information created in the digital world leaves a small bit of data. By considering these small pieces of data as a whole, the newly termed big data is still emerging as a powerful tool. The article ends by examining how leaders can become more aware of the various potentials and pitfalls big data has to offer.
Activation of hormone-sensitive lipase from human adipose tissue by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase

Abstract Lipase activation requiring cyclic-3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate and ATP was demonstrated in crude fractions of human adipose tissue homogenates. Activation was totally blocked by addition of the specific protein kinase inhibitor. Levels of endogenous protein kinase were adequate to support clear-cut activation but in partially purified preparations addition of exogenous (rabbit muscle) kinase further enhanced activation. When tissue was treated with epinephrine prior to homogenization the degree of activation in partially purified fractions was distinctly reduced. The mechanism of activation of hormone-sensitive lipase in human adipose tissue is thus shown, like that in rat adipose tissue, to be linked to a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.
Recommendation: National Conference on Training Clinical Child Psychologists

The final recommendations adopted by the National Conference on Training Clinical Child Psychologists hem at Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, on May 15-18, 1985, are presented. Recommendations are for three levels of training: academic, internship, and postdoctoral/continuing education.
Explicit streamline method for steady flows of non-Newtonian matter: history-dependence and free surfaces

A new finite-difference method involving a streamline coordinate is developed for analyzing two-dimensional steady non-Newtonian flows with history dependence. The boundary of the material is partially free and partially confined. The proposed method is neither the method of stream function nor the use of convected reference frame. It simply regards streamline as an independent coordinate, thereby retaining the merits of both the Eulerian and Lagrangian schemes. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated in examples of several models' matter steadily discharging from a slit into a free space.
Homology theory of lattice fermion doubling

Abstract I give a general discussion of the phenomenon of spectrum degeneracy in transcribing continuum field equations to the lattice, using concepts of homology theory. This leads to a topological understanding of the problems in transcribing the Dirac equation and a unified treatment of the many lattice fermion schemes in the literature. The connection between spectrum degeneracy and chiral symmetry is explained geometrically without appealing to quantum effects such as anomalies.
Modeling and Control of High-Velocity Oxygen-Fuel (HVOF) Thermal Spray: A Tutorial Review

This work provides a tutorial overview of recent research efforts in modeling and control of the high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray process. Initially, the modeling of the HVOF thermal spray, including combustion, gas dynamics, particle in-flight behavior, and coating microstructure evolution is reviewed. The influence of the process operating conditions as predicted by the fundamental models on particle characteristics and coating microstructure is then discussed and compared with experimental observations. Finally, the issues of measurement and automatic control are discussed and comments on potential future research efforts are made.
Effect of hepatic vagotomy and/or coeliac ganglionectomy on the delayed eating response to insulin and 2DG injection in rats.

Abstract The eating response that occurs following recovery from the effects of insulin or 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) injection was examined in rats with hepatic vagotomy and/or coeliac ganglionectomy. Rats were deprived of food and injected with either saline (1 ml/kg), regular insulin (3 U/kg) or 2DG (200 mg/kg). Plasma glucose was measured periodically over the next 6 hr and then food was returned and intakes were measured over the next 2 hr. Rats increased food intake 6–8 hr after insulin or 2DG injection compared to the saline (control) condition. Nerve section did not affect the plasma glucose or food intake responses to insulin or 2DG injection. The results indicate that the innervation of the liver via the vagus nerve or coeliac ganglion is not involved in the delayed eating response to insulin and 2DG injection.
The Effects of External Compression on Venous Blood Flow and Tissue Deformation in the Lower Leg

External pneumatic compression of the lower legs is effective as prophylaxis against deep vein thrombosis. In a typical application, inflatable cuffs are wrapped around the patient's legs and periodically inflated to prevent stasis, accelerate venous blood flow, and enhance fibrinolysis. The purpose of this study was to examine the stress distribution within the tissues, and the corresponding venous blood flow and intravascular shear stress with different external compression modalities. A two-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) was used to determine venous collapse as a function of internal (venous) pressure and the magnitude and spatial distribution of external (surface) pressure. Using the one-dimensional equations governing flow in a collapsible tube and the relations for venous collapse from the FEA, blood flow resulting from external compression was simulated. Tests were conducted to compare circumferentially symmetric (C) and asymmetric (A) compression and to examine distributions of pressure along the limb. Results show that A compression produces greater vessel collapse and generates larger blood flow velocities and shear stresses than C compression. The differences between axially uniform and graded-sequential compression are less marked than previously found, with uniform compression providing slightly greater peak flow velocities and shear stresses. The major advantage of graded-sequential compression is found at midcalf. Strains at the lumenal border are approximately 20 percent at an external pressure of 50 mmHg (6650 Pa) with all compression modalities.
A sublattice of the Leech lattice

Abstract In this paper a rank 12 even lattice C is constructed which is type 3 (if v ϵ C then (v, v) ⩾ 6), and which has the following maximality property: C ⊕ C + 3 · Λ24 can be embedded in the Leech lattice Λ24, and is a maximal type 3 sublattice of Λ24. The construction uses properties of the binary and ternary Golay codes.
Lutein, zeaxanthin, meso-zeaxanthin content in egg yolk and their absence in fish and seafood

Abstract Lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) are carotenoids that are selectively taken up into the macula of the eye where they may protect against age-related macular degeneration. Meso -zeaxanthin (MZ) is also found in the macula, but is derived from L. It has been reported that MZ was found in certain fish and seafood. However, concentrations were not quantitated. MZ is used as an ingredient in poultry feed in Mexico but not in the United States (US). The purpose of this work was to quantify MZ in fish, seafood, and egg in efforts to determine dietary contributions to its presence in the macula. Fish, seafood and eggs from California, Illinois, Massachusetts and Mexico were analyzed for L, Z, and MZ using reverse- and chiral normal-phase HPLC. For all fish and seafoods, L, Z, and MZ were not detected. In eggs from the US, L + Z levels ranged from 1.0 to 1.6 mg/100 g yolk with L levels being 1.3–1.6 times higher than that of Z. One egg (California) contained a small amount of MZ (0.01 mg/100 g yolk). Carotenoid concentrations were significantly higher in Mexican eggs ( p
Global Chronic Disease Research Training for Fellows Perspectives, Challenges, and Opportunities

The growing interest in global chronic disease research is not matched by workforce capacity at present.1 The dearth of researchers with global chronic disease backgrounds and training has led to the creation of novel funding opportunities for young researchers, particularly fellows. As 2 cardiology fellows in global cardiovascular disease research training through the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) Fogarty International Clinical Research Fellows’ (FICR-F) program, we have a unique perspective on the challenges and opportunities in this area. Here, we present our perspective on potential funding pathways, areas of interest germane to global cardiovascular disease research, the importance of an overseas training component, forms of “home” institutional support that can be helpful, and personal challenges and opportunities that merit consideration. Global chronic disease research has garnered attention recently with several widely publicized reports describing its scope and importance.1–3 The creation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by the United Nations in 2000 led to a groundswell of interest in pursuing data-driven research and goal-directed programs toward global development.4 Three of the MDGs have direct health targets: reduce child mortality; improve maternal health; and combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases. The other MDGs have indirect effects on health through development. Since the creation and subsequent adoption of the MDGs by various global government, nongovernment, and research organizations, some have argued for the specific inclusion of chronic diseases in the MDGs, given their prevalence.5 Publications from the World Health Organization, the Global Alliance for Chronic Disease, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) have outlined the rationale for such global health research, particularly in chronic diseases.1,6–8 These organizations argue that global chronic disease research has the potential to blunt the economic impact of an unchecked epidemic of chronic diseases.3,9 …
Central and peripheral fibrogenic and neurogenic sarcoma of the oral regions.

Abstract Sixty-three instances of fibrosarcoma and neurogenic sarcoma of the oral regions are reviewed and two cases are presented. Twenty peripheral oral fibrosarcomas and twenty-four fibrosarcomas central in the mandible displayed a predilection for males and were more often encountered during the third through fifth decades of life. Peripheral fibrosarcoma enjoyed a more favorable 5-year survival rate than did central fibrosarcoma. No sex predilection occurred, and most patients were afflicted in the third through fifth decades of life. A meaningful analysis of survival rates could not be made for oral neurogenic sarcoma. A propensity for neurogenic sarcoma of the inferior alveolar nerve to proliferate for great distances along the nerve trunk was noted.
Introducing evidence-based practices into substance abuse treatment using organization development methods

Background: Dissemination of evidence-based practices (EBPs) in addiction settings is a national priority. We tested Organization Development (OD) methods for dissemination. Methods: Using OD in two addiction treatment programs we developed an organization-specific treatment plan using employee work teams with the goals of changes in organizational policies and procedures and improvement in practitioner skills. Results: OD was effectively applied, but EBPs were premature for these addiction programs because they first needed to address more fundamental aspects of client-clinician interaction and agency treatment philosophy. Conclusion: The OD approach in addiction treatment is complementary to other technology transfer efforts by being: (a) “organization-centered,” engaging practitioners at all levels; (b) “needs-focused,” addressing concerns of the particular organization; (c) flexible in its responsiveness to readiness for change; and (d) relatively affordable. However, before absorbing EBPs, substance ...
Sex guilt and preferences for illegal drugs among drug abusers.

This study investigated the relationship between sex guilt and drug preferences. Seventy polydrug users completed a drug preferences inventory and the Mosher Forced-Choice Sex Guilt Subscale. Results indicated that individuals who prefer sedatives are higher in sex guilt than either individuals who prefer stimulants or individuals with no definite preferences.
Human Herpesvirus 7 U21 Downregulates Classical and Nonclassical Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules from the Cell Surface

Herpesviruses have evolved numerous strategies to evade detection by the immune system. Notably, most of the herpesviruses interfere with viral antigen presentation to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) by removing class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules from the infected cell surface. Clearly, since the herpesviruses have evolved an extensive array of mechanisms to remove class I MHC molecules from the cell surface, this strategy serves them well. However, class I MHC molecules often serve as inhibitory ligands for NK cells, so viral downregulation of all class I MHC molecules should leave the infected cell open to NK cell attack. Some viruses solve this problem by selectively downregulating certain class I MHC products, leaving other class I products at the cell surface to serve as inhibitory NK cell ligands. Here, we show that human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) U21 binds to and downregulates all of the human class I MHC gene products, as well as the murine class I molecule H-2K b . HHV-7-infected cells must therefore possess other means of escaping NK cell detection.
Instrumentation For High-Energy Infrared Laser Diagnostics

Over the past four years the technology involved in the construction of large, high power, short pulse CO2 laser/amplifier systems has advanced to the point where 10 kJ systems are currently in the construction phase and 100 kJ systems are being seriously considered for future development. The main emphasis of these machines has been toward laser-fusion studies. This application has led to many unique requirements on the laser systems themselves and to sophisticated interfacing problems and solutions between the laser devices and the fusion target devices. For these reasons, the problem of adequate IR diagnostic techniques and devices has been an important one and will continue to be so during the future development of the laser fusion program.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Variation in Root Architecture Among Switchgrass Cultivars Impacts Root Decomposition Rates

Abstract Roots regulate soil carbon (C) input, but fine root decomposition rates and root impacts on soil organic C turnover (SOC) are uncertain. This uncertainty is, partly, caused by the heterogeneity of root systems, which vary in diameter distributions and tissue chemistry. Here, we evaluated how root diameter distributions affect root and SOC decomposition. Roots from eight Panicum virgatum (switchgrass) cultivars were analyzed for root diameter size-class distribution and C:N ratio. Roots from each cultivar were mixed with C 3 soil according to five root diameter treatments: (1) 0–0.5 mm, (2) 0.5–1 mm, (3) 1–2.5 mm, (4) a 1:1:1 mixture of roots from each diameter size class, and (5) a mixture combining diameter classes in proportions representing measured size distributions for each cultivar. All treatments were incubated for 90 days under laboratory conditions. Respired CO 2 was measured throughout and the microbial community structure was measured at termination of the experiment. Carbon-13 isotope techniques were used to partition respiration into root-derived C versus native SOC-derived C. Results indicated: (1) specific root length differed among the cultivars, (2) root decomposition rates within the three size classes varied by cultivar, but were not correlated with cultivar differences in root C:N ratios, (3) root diameter size class affected root and SOC decomposition, and (4) mixing roots of different diameters did not lead to synergistic increases in decomposition. We conclude that intraspecific variation in root architecture is significant and that fine root diameter size class distribution is an important trait for shaping decomposition processes.
An INSPIRED game programming academy for high school students

The demand for computing professionals is growing, but the number of college freshmen selecting computing majors has declined in recent years. Many organizations host academies that attempt to engage students in computing at an early age by exposing them to fun applications. Lamar University's Increasing Student Participation in Computing Program has developed a high school computing academy that uses game programming as an engaging hands-on approach to teach kids computing concepts. The game programming platform is freely downloaded and so is easily accessible to teachers and students. A formal assessment of the 2011 academy found that the high school participants experienced a significant increase in knowledge and interest in computing. This paper describes how the academy is organized, taught and assessed. The paper also has pointers to a website from which the instructional and assessment materials for the academy can be freely downloaded. The intent of the paper is to provide all of the information that is needed for others to host such academies and further promote the effort to increase participation in computing.
Influences of metal cations on the determination of the α-oxocarboxylates as the methyl esters of the O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)oximes by gas chromatography: the importance of accounting for matrix effects

The α-oxocarboxylates (α-ketocarboxylates) and the corresponding α-oxoacids (α-ketoacids) have been reported as disinfection byproducts of ozonation of potable water supplies. In this analytical method, the oxo moiety is derivatized with O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)oxylamine (PFBOA) to form an oxime which is then extracted into tert-butyl methyl ether. The carboxylic acid moiety is esterified (methylated) with diazomethane. In this study, five analytes were investigated: oxoethanoate (glyoxylate), 2-oxopropanoate (pyruvate), 2-oxobutanoate (2-ketobutyrate), 2-oxopentanoate (2-ketovalerate), and oxopropanedioate (ketomalonate, mesoxalate). The influence of Lewis acid metal cations in the water matrix was evaluated for the gas chromatographic method commonly used for the quantitation of these analytes at concentrations ≤150 ng mL−1. Tested metals included Ca(II), Mg(II), Fe(III), Cu(II) and Zn(II). At typical concentrations, calcium, in particular, can have profound impact, especially on oxoethanoate quantitation. Oxopropanoate experiences an increase in recovery in the presence of metal cations. 2-Oxobutanoate and 2-oxopentanoate are the most resistant to these effects, but 2-oxopentanoate shows increased recoveries at higher concentrations when assayed in the presence of calcium ion. Oxopropanedioate generally shows poorer precision and recovery when determined in solutions containing metal ions. This investigation demonstrates the significance of metal effects in the quantitative determination of these analytes and further emphasizes the importance of thorough matrix characterization and careful recovery studies with fortified (spiked) samples and blanks.
Scoliosis in children with Chiari I-related syringomyelia.

Objective To study the relationship between scoliosis and Chiari I malformation, with reference to the possible role of cranio-vertebral decompression in preventing the need for scoliosis correction.
Hypercharged copper, hypocharged oxygen, and high-temperature superconductivity

Hypocharged oxygen, and not hypercharged Cu+3 is shown to be the generator of high-temperature superconductivity. Models based on Cu+2$ARLRCu+3 charge-fluctuations (such as t-J models), are ruled out experimentally. Experimental evidence indicates that the holes of the hypocharged oxygen in the charge-reservoir regions contribute primarily to the superconductivity,contrary to most current models of high- temperature superconductivity, which are based on superconductivity originating in the cuprate-planes. The data suggest that a successful theory of high-temperature superconductivity will be BCS-like and will pair holes through the polarization field, perhaps electronic as well as vibrational polarization.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Clues to the Foundations of Numerical Cognitive Impairments: Evidence From Genetic Disorders

Several neurodevelopmental disorders of known genetic etiology generate phenotypes that share the characteristic of numerical and mathematical cognitive impairments. This article reviews some of the main findings that suggest a possible key role that spatial and temporal information processing impairments may play in the atypical development of numerical cognitive competence. The question of what neural substrate might underlie these impairments is also addressed, as are the challenges for interpreting neural structure/cognitive function mapping in atypically developing populations.
Multimodal interaction techniques for the virtual workbench

The present study investigated the differential levels of effectiveness of various interaction techniques on a simple rotation and translation task on the virtual workbench. Manipulation time and number of collisions were measured for subjects using four device sets (unimanual glove, bimanual glove, unimanual stick, and bimanual stick). Participants were also asked to subjectively judge each device's effectiveness. Performance results indicated a main effect for device but not for number of hands. Subjective results supported these findings, as users expressed a preference for the stick(s).
Seasonal Variations in Modern Speleothem Calcite Growth in Central Texas, U.S.A.

Variations in growth rates of speleothem calcite have been hypothesized to reflect changes in a range of paleoenvironmental variables, including atmospheric temperature and precipitation, drip-water composition, and the rate of soil CO2 delivery to the subsurface. To test these hypotheses, we quantified growth rates of modern speleothem calcite on artificial substrates and monitored concurrent environmental conditions in three caves across the Edwards Plateau in central Texas. Within each of two caves, different drip sites exhibit similar annual cycles in calcite growth rates, even though there are large differences between the mean growth rates at the sites. The growth-rate cycles inversely correlate to seasonal changes in regional air temperature outside the caves, with near-zero growth rates during the warmest summer months, and peak growth rates in fall through spring. Drip sites from caves 130 km apart exhibit similar temporal patterns in calcite growth rate, indicating a controlling mechanism on at least this distance. The seasonal variations in calcite growth rate can be accounted for by a primary control by regional temperature effects on ventilation of cave-air CO2 concentrations and/or drip-water CO2 contents. In contrast, site-to-site differences in the magnitude of calcite growth rates within an individual cave appear to be controlled principally by differences in drip rate. A secondary control by drip rate on the growth rate temporal variations is suggested by interannual variations. No calcite growth was observed in the third cave, which has relatively high values of and small seasonal changes in cave-air CO2. These results indicate that growth-rate variations in ancient speleothems may serve as a paleoenvironmental proxy with seasonal resolution. By applying this approach of monitoring the modern system, speleothem growth rate and geochemical proxies for paleoenvironmental change may be evaluated and calibrated.
Reoperative Retroperitoneal Surgery

Although RPLND is both a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure, it must be performed with therapeutic intent. Adequacy of initial RPLND is a prognostic variable for clinical outcome. Effective cisplatin-based chemotherapy will not reliably compensate for suboptimal initial surgery. Many patients undergoing either primary RPLND or PC-RPLND will have unresected extratemplate disease if modified templates are used. Anatomic mapping studies, which provided the basis for modified templates, have significant limitations. Teratomatous elements are often found in the retroperitoneum of patients requiring reoperative surgery, which can be performed with acceptable morbidity in tertiary centers with experienced surgeons. The integration of chemotherapy and reoperative surgery can result in survival rates of almost 70% in patients with retroperitoneal relapse after initial suboptimal RPLND.