cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ways to Fight OCNs: Law-Enforcement Services

It was not until January of 1997 that the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, Chapter 22, defined “offences in the area of economic activity.” The definition was included in the chapter sections of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and comprised a structure of crimes, the majority of which were relevant to the developed market economy.
Measuring knowledge worker productivity

The structure of the economy continues to change; where once they are dependent on the productivity of a manual workforce, companies increasingly depend on the productivity of knowledge workers. Today, knowledge workers account for more than two‐thirds of the workforce, and thus should be the focus of strategic plans to improve productivity. Currently there are no universally accepted methods to measure knowledge worker productivity, or even generally accepted categories. This paper provides a taxonomy of knowledge worker productivity measurements, and identifies a number of productivity dimensions that are used to categorize the findings of previous research. Also describes the relative density of discussions along these dimensions and identifies critical areas for future research.
Genetic Control of Yeast Mannan Structure BIOCHEMICAL BASIS FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE SOMATIC ANTIGEN

Abstract Analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae X2180 phosphomannan, with a mannose to phosphate ratio of 38, has shown that it contains phosphorylated side chains with the structure [see PDF for equation] This unit apparently arises in the mannan by the addition of α(1→3)-linked mannose units to existing mannosylphosphorylmannotriose side chains from the action of an α(1→3)mannosyltransferase. It is postulated that the immunochemical difference between S. cerevisiae X2180 and strain 4484-24D (Antalis, C., Fogel, S., and Ballou, C. E. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 4655–4659) results from the presence or absence of this single enzyme. In its absence, the mannosylphosphate groups that are added to mannotriose side chains through the action of a mannosylphosphate transferase act as characteristic antigenic determinants in the 4484-24D mannan. However, in strain X2180, or in the hybrid diploid obtained by a cross of X2180 with 4484-24D, these mannosylphosphate groups are converted to α(1→3)-mannobiosylphosphate groups. In the resulting mannan, the various terminal α(1→3)-linked mannobiose units confer on the molecule a new immunological specificity.
Perception of Brand Equity

Brand equity is the perception that a brand delivers on its promise of benefits. It exists in the hearts and minds of consumers; it moderates the impact of brand-related information and can produce positive marketplace outcomes. Brand equity is built by developing strong, positive, and unique associations for a brand. Keywords: brand equity; promise of benefits; intangible asset; marketplace outcomes; brand value
Epigenetic Modification of Mitochondrial DNA in the Development of Diabetic Retinopathy

In the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, retinal mitochondria become dysfunctional, initiating the apoptotic machinery, and capillary cell apoptosis precedes the development of retinal histopathology associated with diabetic retinopathy.1–3 Mammalian mitochondria are equipped with their own double-stranded circular DNA (mtDNA), and its two strands are separated by a noncoding regulatory region, the displacement loop (D-loop), which contains essential transcription and replication elements.4 Due to lack of supporting histones, and close proximity to the superoxide-generating electron transport chain (ETC), mtDNA is prone to oxidative damage.5,6 Our previous studies7–10 have shown that diabetes damages retinal mtDNA and reduces its transcription and biogenesis, and the damage is more extensive at the D-loop than at the other regions of the mtDNA. Mitochondrial DNA encodes 37 genes, and 13 of these genes make proteins essential in the ETC system for oxidative phosphorylation.11 In diabetic retinopathy, the transcription of mtDNA-encoded NADH dehydrogenase 1 and 6 (ND1 and ND6) of complex I and cytochrome b (Cytb) of complex III of the ETC system becomes subnormal,8,9 and the activity of the complex III is compromised, fueling into a self-perpetuating cycle of superoxide accumulation.8,12 Recent studies13,14 have shown that diabetic environment favors methylation of CpG dinucleotides forming 5-methylcytosine (5mC). DNA methylation is catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) and is commonly associated with gene silencing.15 The Dnmts themselves are redox-sensitive enzymes, and superoxide can enhance DNA methylation via deprotonating the cytosine molecule and accelerating the reaction of DNA with the S-adenosyl-L-methionine.16 In diabetes, the activity of retinal Dnmt is increased, and the mtDNA replication enzyme, polymerase γ-1 (POLG1), is hypermethylated and its binding at the D-loop is impaired, resulting in decreased mtDNA biogenesis.10,17 Although mtDNA represents <1% of the total cellular DNA, it has ∼440 CpG sites, and methylation of mtDNA has been shown to regulate mitochondria copy numbers18 and is associated with chronic diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and cancer.19 Dnmt1, the major enzyme responsible for maintenance of DNA methylation patterns, has a mitochondrial targeting sequence, and D-loop methylation in colorectal cancer is associated with altered expression of mtDNA-encoded ND2.20 How diabetes affects methylation of retinal mtDNA remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of mtDNA hypermethylation in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Using retinal endothelial cells, we investigated the effect of hyperglycemia on methylation of mtDNA, especially its D-loop region. The specific role of Dnmt1 in the regulation of mtDNA methylation and its transcription was evaluated by using Dnmt1-small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfected endothelial cells. The results were confirmed in the retinal microvasculature from human donors with documented diabetic retinopathy.
Experimental staphylococcal mastitis in the mouse. A morphometric study of early changes in mammary gland structure.

Abstract The changes occurring in mouse mammary gland structure 6 and 12 h. after intramammary inoculation of a virulent strain of Staphylococcus aureus are described using morphometric analysis. At 12 h. after inoculation there was an increase in interacinar tissue, and a decrease in epithelial area and secretory cell area compared with the involution controls. There were also changes in the organelles of the secretory cell in inoculated mice which were consistent with accelerated involution.
Quasilocal critical nature of cooperative paramagnetic fluctuations in CaRuO 3 metal

We report the observation of cooperative paramagnetic fluctuations of ${\mathrm{Ru}}^{4+}$ spins that coexist with the non-Fermi-liquid state in ${\mathrm{CaRuO}}_{3}$ perovskite below $T\ensuremath{\simeq}21$ K. Detailed electrical, magnetic, and neutron scattering measurements reveal that the ${\mathrm{Ru}}^{4+}$ ions reside in magnetic-field-independent random domains with dynamic properties that are reminiscent of the cooperative paramagnetic fluctuations. The linear ($E/T$) scaling of the dynamic susceptibilities and divergence of the mean relaxation time as $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ K suggest a quasilocal critical nature of the spin fluctuations. We argue that the non-Fermi-liquid behavior arises due to the quantum critical nature of the cooperative paramagnetic fluctuations in ${\mathrm{CaRuO}}_{3}$.
Bilateral endogenous endophthalmitis caused by HACEK microorganism.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report a case of bilateral endogenous endophthalmitis caused by a HACEK group organism ( Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans ). METHODS: An 85-year-old Caucasian female presented with bilateral light perception visual acuity, anterior chamber cells, hypopyon, posterior synechiae, and no red reflex. RESULTS: The patient underwent bilateral vitrectomy, with topical, intravitreal, and systemic antibiotics. Vitreous cultures revealed gram-negative cocco bacilli consistent with Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans . At final follow-up, visual acuity was 20/25 RE and 20/40 LE. CONCLUSIONS: Prompt diagnosis and treatment of HACEK [ Hemophilus sp. ( parainfluenzae, aphrophilus, paraphrophilus ), Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corodens, and Kingella kingae ] group bacterial endophthalmitis can yield good results.
Effects of ethanol on flash-evoked potentials of rats: lack of antagonism by naltrexone

Abstract The present study examined the effects of ethanol and naltrexone hydrochloride (a nonselective opiate receptor antagonist) on flash-evoked potentials recorded from both the visual cortex (VC) and the superior colliculus (SC) of chronically implanted hooded rats. There were four treatment conditions administered on separate days: Either saline or naltrexone (10 mg/kg; volume of 1.0 ml/kg) was given 10 min before either saline or ethanol (2.0 g/kg; 20% ethanol solution in a volume of 1.26 ml/100 g). Evoked potentials were recorded 15 min after the intraperitoneal injections were completed. Animals were tested at 23.1°C room temperature. In the VC, ethanol significantly decreased the amplitude of components N1, P3, and N3, whereas it increased the amplitude of P2. Components P1 and N2 were unaffected by ethanol treatment. The SC components P3 and N4 were reduced in amplitude by ethanol, but component P1 was not altered. Latencies of all components in both structures were increased by ethanol. Naltrexone alone did not significantly affect the potentials, nor did naltrexone pretreatment significantly alter the effects of ethanol on the potentials. Naltrexone produced a modest hypothermia of about 0.25°C, whereas ethanol resulted in hypothermia of about 1.0°C. Ethanol, either alone or in combination with naltrexone, significantly reduced body movement during the evoked-potential recording sessions. The results indicate that endogenous opioid systems do not play a major role in the acute effects of ethanol on flash-evoked potentials recorded from primary areas of the visual system.
Surf zone characterization from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle imagery

We investigate the issues and methods for estimating nearshore bathymetry based on wave celerity measurements obtained using time series imagery from small unmanned aircraft systems (SUAS). In contrast to time series imagery from fixed cameras or from larger aircraft, SUAS data are usually short, gappy in time, and unsteady in aim in high frequency ways that are not reflected by the filtered navigation metadata. These issues were first investigated using fixed camera proxy data that have been intentionally degraded to mimic these problems. It has been found that records as short as 50 s or less can yield good bathymetry results. Gaps in records associated with inadvertent look-away during unsteady flight would normally prevent use of the required standard Fast Fourier Transform methods. However, we found that a full Fourier Transform could be implemented on the remaining valid record segments and was effective if at least 50% of total record length remained intact. Errors in image geo-navigation were stabilized based on fixed ground fiducials within a required land portion of the image. The elements of a future method that could remove this requirement were then outlined. Two test SUAS data runs were analyzed and compared to survey ground truth data. A 54-s data run at Eglin Air Force Base on the Gulf of Mexico yielded a good bathymetry product that compared well with survey data (standard deviation of 0.51 m in depths ranging from 0 to 4 m). A shorter (30.5 s) record from Silver Strand Beach (near Coronado) on the US west coast provided a good approximation of the surveyed bathymetry but was excessively deep offshore and had larger errors (1.19 m for true depths ranging from 0 to 6 m), consistent with the short record length. Seventy-three percent of the bathymetry estimates lay within 1 m of the truth for most of the nearshore.
To detect the looped Bloch bands of Bose–Einstein condensates in optical lattices

Abstract A loop structure was predicted to exist in the Bloch bands of Bose–Einstein condensates in optical lattices recently in [Phys. Rev. A 61 (2000) 023402]. We discuss how to detect experimentally the looped band with an accelerating optical lattice through extensive and realistic numerical simulations. We find that the loop can be detected through observing either nonlinear Landau–Zener tunneling or destruction of Bloch oscillations.
A note on Eaton and Gersovitz's model of borrowing

Abstract Eaton and Gersovitz's model of borrowing with default risk was re-estimated using data from 1977 and 1981. The results of the re-estimation indicated that the developing countries were less credit constrained in the late seventies/early eighties than in the early dseventies. However, the model did not describe the later sample period as well as the earlier sample period. One reason for the reduced explanatory power of their model is that the model does not incorporate many of the changes that occured in the world economy after 1974 and does not reflect the current structure of indebtedness of the developing countries.
Direct Numerical Simulations of the Flow Past a Cylinder Moving With Sinusoidal and Nonsinusoidal Profiles

We perform direct numerical simulations of the flow past a circular cylinder undergoing a one -degree-of-freedom transverse oscillation. The displacement follows a sine function raised to an arbitrary integer power ranging from 1 to 8. When the displacement power is above 2, we have multifrequency oscillation, and the number of Fourier components in the oscillation increases with the power, but they are either odd or even multiples of the input (argument) frequency of the displacement function. We study the responses of the nondimensional lift and drag under these different oscillation profiles and the transfer of nondimensional mechanical energy due to the oscillation, and their trends as the power (hence the number of Fourier components in the oscillation) increases. For odd powers, the energy is transferred to the cylinder; whereas for even powers, it is transferred to the flow. A unity power (harmonic oscillation) corresponds to the maximum energy transfer to the cylinder, which can explain the occurrence of this profile in the case when the cylinder is free to oscillate due to the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) phenomenon. The lift exhibits a mean value only with even powers above 2. The results show that the lift is driven to a large extent by the acceleration of the oscillation rather than its velocity. This should be considered when modeling the fluid-structure coupling in reduced-order VIV model.
Dithiocarbamate treatment of chronic cadmium intoxication in mice.

Abstract The dithiocarbamate analogs, N- benzyl -N- dithiocarboxy - D - glucamine (BDCG) and N-cyclohexyl-N-(2-hydroxy-3-sulfonatopropyl) dithiocarbamate (CAPSO-DTC), were evaluated as cadmium (Cd) antagonists in mice which had received repetitive injections of Cd to effect accumulation of substantial levels of metallothionein-bound Cd in kidneys and livers. BDCG was highly effective in lowering whole body Cd stores and renal Cd concentrations. While the percent of renal Cd mobilized decreased with increasing Cd concentrations, the total amount of Cd mobilized increased. CAPSO-DTC was also effective in reducing whole body Cd levels, but appeared to have less affinity for renal Cd than did BDCG. Treatment of Cd-laden mice with BDCG provoked only a modest elevation of serum creatinine levels, suggesting that the complex of Cd with BDCG may be less nephrotoxic than the complex of Cd with EDTA or dimercaprol. The log of the percent reduction of renal Cd by BDCG was found to be a linear function of the pretreatment renal Cd concentration, and reductions of whole body Cd burdens correlated closely with reductions of liver and kidney Cd concentrations. It was suggested that a Cd complexing agent of the dithiocarbamate class may have ultimate application in a provocative methodology to estimate body or organ Cd stores based upon the amount of Cd excreted following a standard dose of the chelator.
High H2 Storage of Hexagonal Metal−Organic Frameworks from First-Principles-Based Grand Canonical Monte Carlo Simulations

Stimulated by the recent report by Yaghi and co-workers of hexagonal metal−organic frameworks (MOF) exhibiting reversible binding of up to 7.5 wt % at 77 K and 70 bar for MOF-177 (called here IRMOF-2-24), we have predicted additional trigonal organic linkers, including IRMOF-2-60, which we calculate to bind 9.7 wt % H2 storage at 77 K and 70 bar, the highest known value for 77 K. These calculations are based on grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations using force fields that match accurate quantum mechanical calculations on the binding of H2 to prototypical systems. These calculations were validated by comparison to the experimental loading curve for IRMOF-2-24 at 77K. We then used the theory to predict the effect of doping Li into the hexagonal MOFs, which leads to substantial H2 density even at ambient temperatures. For example, IRMOF-2-96-Li leads to 6.0 wt % H2 storage at 273 K and 100 bar, the first material to attain the 2010 DOE target.
The Calculus of consent: A Wicksellian retrospective

The Calculus of Consent, with its prescient subtitle 'Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy', initiated the study of constitutional political economy by introducing the conceptual distinction between constitutional and postconstitutional levels of collective choice. From this perspective particular policy outcomes are treated as being more or less a 'natural' product of people pursuing their interests through political processes, as this pursuit is shaped and constrained by constitutional rules. Undesirable or inefficient outcomes, then, call for constitutional remedy and not for exhortation to do better, to elect more qualified officials, to be less human, or to follow other similar nostrums.
Hyperuricemia in health and disease.

Abstract Besides gout, this review has considered a wide range of conditions associated with hyperuricemia. Renal stones and other renal disease seem to be far less important considerations in asymptomatic hyperuricemia than in gout. It is noteworthy, too, that gouty arthritis never develops in most persons with hyperuricemia. Among the most important correlates of hyperuricemia are hyperlipidemia, obesity, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and hypertension. Evidence suggests that these conditions form a constellation. Prophylaxis against these concomitants of hyperuricemia, with advice to lose weight and quit smoking, would seem to be as important as hypouricemic therapy in both gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemia. Abnormal liver function test results are seen in hyperuricemia, but the basis for these is uncertain. Unusually high mean serum uric acid levels in certain ethnic groups, and an increased prevalence of blood-group B in hyperuricemic persons, emphasize the role of heredity in the control of serum uric acid, but environmental factors seem to have greater influence. Genetically determined PRT enzyme deficiency is a rare cause of hyperuricemia and gout. It remains to be discovered whether any other enzyme defects lie at the root of primary gout. Interesting neurologic and psychiatric disorders are rarely associated with hyperuricemia, and an important question for future research is whether there is a link between the determinants of these neuromental effects and the increased drive and ambition that seem to be associated with hyperuricemia. A neglected relation of hyperuricemia is the spectrum of ophthalmologic conditions with which it may be associated or which it may actually induce. It is clear that hyperuricemia has implications far beyond mere gouty arthritis and that it involves a large part of the field of general medicine itself.
High-speed solidification of several eutectic alloys

Abstract Samples of Ag-Cu, Zn-Al, Al-CuAl2, Al-Al3Ni and Mg-γ(MgAl) eutectic alloys have been directionally solidified at speeds up to 2 × 10−1 cm/sec. The resulting microstructures were analyzed by electron microscopy to determine the dependence of interphase spacing λ on growth rate v. Data are consistent with the relation λαμ −1 2 predicted by theory. A simplified thermal analysis is used to estimate the maximum attainable rate of directional solidification.
Improved vector quantization scheme for grayscale image compression

This paper proposes an improved image coding scheme based on vector quantization. It is well known that the image quality of a VQ-compressed image is poor when a small-sized codebook is used. In order to solve this problem, the mean value of the image block is taken as an alternative block encoding rule to improve the image quality in the proposed scheme. To cut down the storage cost of compressed codes, a two-stage lossless coding approach including the linear prediction technique and the Huffman coding technique is employed in the proposed scheme. The results show that the proposed scheme achieves better image qualities than vector quantization while keeping low bit rates.
Potential of fructooligosaccharide prebiotics in alternative and nonconventional poultry production systems

Fructooligosaccharide and inulin prebiotics are carbohydrate-based polymers derived from natural sources that can be utilized by certain gastrointestinal tract bacteria but not by the host animal. They are attractive as feed additives for nonconventional poultry production systems because they select for beneficial microorganisms that are thought to promote nutritional benefits to the bird and potentially limit foodborne pathogen establishment. There have been numerous studies conducted with prebiotic supplements to assess their impact in humans, animals, and conventionally raised poultry but only limited research has been conducted with birds grown under nonconventional production conditions. Much remains unknown about the specific mechanism(s) associated with their impact on the host as well as the gastrointestinal tract microflora. Utilization of several recently developed approaches such as microbiome and metabolomic analyses should offer more insight on how dietary prebiotic additives influence the development of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota and these subsequent changes correspond with alterations in a bird's physiology as it matures. As more detailed and precise studies are done with nonconventional poultry, it is likely that structurally distinct prebiotics will influence not only the gastrointestinal tract microbiota differently, but potentially interact directly and/or indirectly with the bird host in distinguishable patterns as well. These functions will be important to delineate if further applications are to be developed for specific prebiotics in nonconventional poultry production systems.
A FORK IN THE ROAD TO HIGH SCHOOL COMPLETION: EXPLORING ADOLESCENT FATHERS’ EDUCATIONAL PATHS

Early childbearing frequently disrupts development and reduces prospects of realizing one’s human capital potential. Using life course and risk and resiliency perspectives, we explored factors associated with the educational paths of adolescent fathers who (a) continued and completed high school, (b) dropped out of high school but returned, and (c) dropped out of high school and stayed out. Using the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88), resampling methods were employed to compare individual, familial, and community risk and protective factors in these three groups. Differences were found among fathers as their educational paths diverged from school completion. Overall, our findings suggest that labeling all adolescent fathers as “at-risk” misrepresents them as a homogenous group and ignores the variability of behaviors and experiences affecting their educational progress.
Lower eyelid full-thickness vertical lengthening.

Two cases of lower eyelid retraction caused by loss of full-thickness eyelid components were successfully treated with a tarsal-confunctival flap and skin graft procedure. One patient also had upper eyelid retraction, which was decreased by excising Muller's muscle and recessing the levator aponeurosis simultaneously with the lower eyelid surgery.
Ray tracing in 3-D media by parameterized shooting

Summary A new ray-bending method is presented for tracing rays in a 3-D isotropic medium. Ray paths are iteratively updated by integrating the ray equation along the approximate ray path. the improved path is expressed in terms of the path integrals along the approximate path. the new updating procedure achieves similar or superior performance with often significantly less operation counts than other bending methods. the method further speeds up convergence by tracing the low-frequency smooth components of the ray path with coarse grids and the high frequency components with fine grids.
Applications of the quadratic Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker band-theory method to complex lattices

The quadratic Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker band-theory method is generalized to treat crystals with many atoms per unit cell. It is applied to palladium hydride with the NaCl structure and a test case in which two niobium atoms are placed on the sites of a CsCl lattice. We demonstrate that this is a fast and reliable band-theory method for compounds.
Evaluation criteria for scaffolding in learner-centered tools

Learner-centered design (LCD) is a design approach for developing software that supports learners (i.e., work novices) to do and learn new work tasks. For our LCD process, we are focusing on evaluating scaffolding, i.e., features that support the doing (and in turn, the learning) of a task in a "learning by doing" fashion. To evaluate the role of scaffolding features on a learner's developing understanding, we present a set of evaluation criteria for distilling richer evaluation data about scaffolding. We will use these criteria to evaluate Symphony, a LCD tool for students learning the science inquiry process.
Acylcarnitines activate proinflammatory signaling pathways

Incomplete β-oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria is a feature of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Previous studies revealed that plasma concentrations of medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines (by-products of incomplete β-oxidation) are elevated in T2DM and insulin resistance. In a previous study, we reported that mixed d,l isomers of C12- or C14-carnitine induced an NF-κB-luciferase reporter gene in RAW 264.7 cells, suggesting potential activation of proinflammatory pathways. Here, we determined whether the physiologically relevant l-acylcarnitines activate classical proinflammatory signaling pathways and if these outcomes involve pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-associated pathways. Acylcarnitines induced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in a chain length-dependent manner in RAW 264.7 cells. l-C14 carnitine (5–25 μM), used as a representative acylcarnitine, stimulated the expression and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, l-C14 carnitine induced phosphorylation of JNK and ERK, common downstream components of many proinflammatory signaling pathways including PRRs. Knockdown of MyD88, a key cofactor in PRR signaling and inflammation, blunted the proinflammatory effects of acylcarnitine. While these results point to potential involvement of PRRs, l-C14 carnitine promoted IL-8 secretion from human epithelial cells (HCT-116) lacking Toll-like receptors (TLR)2 and -4, and did not activate reporter constructs in TLR overexpression cell models. Thus, acylcarnitines have the potential to activate inflammation, but the specific molecular and tissue target(s) involved remain to be identified.
Carcinosarcoma of the lung.

A case of primary carcinosarcoma of lung is described and the literature is reviewed. The histogenesis of this rare tumor is discussed.
Concept for an all-digital satellite communications earth terminal

Current DoD requirements call for a single Enterprise Terminal supporting up to 48/96 (threshold/objective) transmit and 56/112 (threshold/objective) receive communications carriers, not considering future expansion. The number of links supported by an Enterprise Terminal dictates aggregate servicing capacity. A single Teleport/standardized tactical entry point (STEP) site can consist of five or more terminals operating in several frequency bands. Each carrier requires individual converter and modem chains, which are linked to the antennas with a complex switch matrix subsystem. This architecture results in severe size, weight, and power (SWAP) constraints that limit expansion to support objective capacity and connectivity requirements within available facility space and infrastructure.
Projective Imagery in Shakespeare

Abstract In a passage in Hamlet, the hero describes the changing imagery he sees in a cloud. The projection of definite shapes onto an amorphous stimulus strongly suggests a parallel to the Rorschach test. These responses are interpreted as though they occurred on a regular Rorschach protocol. Thus analyzed, they show the breakthrough of Oedipal impulses at a crucial turning point of the play.
Ultraviolet four-wave mixing and phase conjugation with metastable color-center states in diamond

We report the observation of cw four-wave mixing and phase conjugation in the UV on the N3 color-center resonance in diamond. Using a jitter-free technique, the nearly degenerate four-wave mixing spectrum has been measured and the ultranarrow, 250-Hz-wide resonance analyzed to understand the metastable-state decay process responsible for the low quantum efficiency and large nonlinear susceptibility of this aggregated nitrogen structure. The results establish the existence and lifetime of a new excited state of the defect.
On parametric stabilization of uncertain singularly perturbed systems

We use a matrix-valued Lyapunov function for the investigation of the absolute parametric stability of uncertain singularly perturbed systems. In this case, a system may be stable even if its subsystems are unstable. We establish sufficient conditions for absolute parametric stability and determine the domain of this stability in the parameter space.
Optimal design of non‐Newtonian, micro‐scale viscous pumps for biomedical devices

The present paper addresses the numerical optimization of geometrical parameters of non-Newtonian micro-scale viscous pumps for biomedical devices. The objective is to maximize the mass flow rate per unit of shaft power consumed by the rotor when an external pressure load is applied along the channel that houses the rotor. Two geometric parameters are considered in the optimization process: (i) the height of the channel that houses the rotor (H) and (ii), the eccentricity (epsilon) of the rotor. Three different micro-scale viscous pump configurations were tested: a straight-housed pump (I-shaped housing) and two curved housed pumps (L- and U-shaped housings). The stress-strain constitutive law is modeled by a power-law relation. The results show that the geometric optimization of micro-scale viscous pumps is critical since the mass flow rate propelled by the rotor is highly dependent on epsilon and H. Numerical simulations indicate that mass flow rate is maximized when epsilon approximately 0, namely when the rotor is placed at a distance of 0.05 radii from the lower wall. The results also show that micro-scale viscous pumps with curved housing provide higher mass flow rate per unit of shaft power consumed when compared with straight-housed pumps. The results are presented in terms optimized dimensions of all three configurations (i.e., H(opt) and epsilon(opt)) and for values of the power-law index varying between 0.5 (shear thinning fluids) and 1.5 (shear-thickening fluids).
Reply to Vidmar

the results relating jury verdicts to the content and processes of their deliberations. Based on a detailed analysis of the nature of the mock jury deliberations we found that verdicts depended on how thoroughly the jury dealt with the legally necessary conditions for punitive damages as stated in the judge's instructions. There was a striking negative relationship between the extent to which a jury considered the necessary conditions for punitive damages and the decision to award such damages: 100% of juries which failed to discuss explicitly even one of the legal conditions voted to award punitive damages, while only 44% of juries that explicitly discussed all of the conditions made the same decision. Unfortunately, many of the juries did not thoroughly consider the legal elements for their decision as stated in the judge's instructions. Our finding relating the proportion of "Yes, liable" verdicts to the reported thoroughness of deliberations was reinforced when we examined jurors' written postdeliberation explanations for their verdicts. The extent to which individual jurors referred to the instructions when justifying their verdicts was strongly, and negatively, correlated with "Yes" verdicts (r = -.43, p < .001). Furthermore, there was remarkably poor recall of the instructions on punitive damages.
Parenchyma cell growth in potato tubers II. Cell divisions vs. cell enlargement

Initial swelling and early tuber enlargement are the result of cell enlargement at a rate surpassing addition of new storage cells. New phloem strands are added by procambial activity. New storage cells are formed marginal to the phloem strands. Frequency of divisions in these new cells rapidly decreases. Tubers in which mitotic processes are compapratively restricted in early stages of development are slow growers; i.e., cell enlargement proceeds with fewer cells present. Tubers in which more phloem strands and associated cells have been added in early growth are rapid growers and contain more enlarging cells. Reduction in mitotic rate concurrently with increased cell enlargement progresses radially from each phloem strand in young tubers. Cell divisions are rare in all young storage tissues by the time a tuber has attained a size of 30 to 40 g, except in the immediate sites of “eye” buds. Some cell divisions are nececssary for phloem strands to keep pace with tuber enlargement, and also for formation of phellogen. Volumetric increase in these highly localized areas accounts for a small percentage of the increase in tuber volume resulting from enlargement of cells.
Hierarchical structure in LCP/PET blends

The structural hierarchy in injection molded blends of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and a commercial liquid crystal polymer (LCP), two immiscible polymers, was characterized at various blend compositions. The macroscopic core and skin have a gradient structure and are subdivided into ordered and disordered layers. The sublayers consist of rodlike domains at 25% LCP. The domains become thinner, longer, and more fibril-like with increasing LCP concentration. The interconnection between the LCP domains also becomes more significant at higher LCP concentrations. The highest degree of orientation in the injection direction is at the mold surface and the lowest at the sample center. The LCP orientation reflects the elongational and fountain flow in the mold and increases with increasing LCP concentration. Schematic structural models were used to illustrate the levels of structure in these blends. A minimum exists in the tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact strength with varying blend composition at approximately 50% LCP. The tensile strength of the LCP-rich blends is significantly lowered by the presence of a weldline or an angle between the stress and orientation directions. The unique mechanical properties of the LCP depend on the formation of a highly oriented and highly connected hierarchical structure that does not exist in blends with 75% or less LCP.
Death Anxiety: An Empirical Test of a Blended Self Report and Projective Measurement Model:

Data from a sample of 392 adults (M age=34.3) were used to empirically establish a blended psychometric and projective measurement model of overt and covert death anxiety. Two equally plausible measurement models were derived. Based on a randomly selected sample of 196, both a two-factor model, Overt Death Anxiety-Self and Covert Death Anxiety, and a three-factor, Overt Death Anxiety-Self, Overt Death Anxiety-Other, and Covert Death Anxiety, fit the data. Data from a second randomly selected subsample of 196 adults was also consistent with a two-factor measurement model, as well as a three-factor model. On the basis of parsimony, the two-factor model of death anxiety was retained for both the development and cross validation samples. Those data substantiate a view of death anxiety which suggests that is best defined in terms of its conscious (overt) and unconscious (covert) components. These components are in varying degrees interrelated and reflect the dynamic nature of death anxiety in adulthood.
Effect of exercise on left and right ventricular ejection fraction and wall motion

Abstract Objective: We evaluated the diagnostic value of response of left and right ventricular ejection fraction and wall motion to exercise using electron beam computed tomography. Methods and results: We attempted to determine the value of exercise electron beam computed tomography for detecting coronary artery disease, including evaluation of the right ventricular ejection fraction and wall motion abnormalities. A study of 35 patients undergoing electron beam tomography exercise cine studies and coronary artery angiography for the evaluation of chest pain was performed. Of the 18 patients with significant coronary disease (≥50% luminal diameter stenosis in at least one coronary artery), 17 (94%) had failure to increase global left ventricular ejection fraction with exercise. Fourteen of 18 (78%) developed a wall motion abnormality during peak exercise, and eight (44%) developed a regional right ventricular wall motion abnormality during peak exercise. Of the 17 patients without obstructive disease, 14 (82%) had a increase in ejection fraction ≥5% and none had an abnormal response in left ventricular wall motion during peak exercise (specificity=100%). The change in right ventricular ejection fraction with exercise was not a significant predictor of obstructive coronary disease in this study ( P =NS). Using different criteria during stress to predict coronary disease, the accuracy was 89% (31/35) using an increase of Conclusion: Our study suggests that exercise electron beam computed tomography appears to be a useful tool for the detection of coronary disease. A increase of
Expressing contract monitors as patterns of communication

We present a new approach to contract semantics which expresses myriad monitoring strategies using a small core of foundational communication primitives. This approach allows multiple existing contract monitoring approaches, ranging from Findler and Felleisen’s original model of higher-order contracts to semi-eager, parallel, or asynchronous monitors, to be expressed in a single language built on well-understood constructs. We prove that this approach accurately simulates the original semantics of higher-order contracts. A straightforward implementation in Racket demonstrates the practicality of our approach which not only enriches existing Racket monitoring strategies, but also support a new style of monitoring in which collections of contracts collaborate to establish a global invariant.
Theory of problem solving: A branch of artificial intelligence

A mathematical model is given for the concepts of problem and solution, and related to activities in other branches of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Three techniques are described for guiding the search for the solution of a given problem: to wit, the branch and bound or A*technique of Hart, Nilsson, and Raphael [1]; the Geneva Problem Solver (GPS) of Simon, Newell, and Shaw [2]; and the constraint satisfaction techniques developed by various authors. Of these, the first technique has been investigated with respect to the efficiency of search as a function of the accuracy of the bound. The results of these investigations are discussed. The first two techniques are dependent for their success in search reduction on the identification of certain functions (the bound in A*) and sets ("differences" in the GPS). The logical and algebraic techniques for their identification are indicated. The third technique so far has been applied to special classes of problems and includes some method of search reduction. The concepts are illustrated by a set of mathematical puzzles. Two-person perfect information games have been discussed in extended form. Search strategies for winning moves have been discussed from a perspective similar to that discussed earlier.
A global perspective on forest decline

—,;Carbon dioxide, the major plant food, is on the rise, but forests on both sides of the Atlantic are known to be declining, and industrial pollution is widely suspected to be the principal cause. However, significant contemporary forest declines also are occurring in several Pacific forests, in areas completely unaffected by industrial pollution. This paper focuses on researched forest declines in the Pacific area (New Zealand, Japan, and the Hawaiian and Galapagos islands), where canopy dieback was found to be a natural aspect of forest dynamics. It then summarizes characteristics of forest decline in central Europe (Czechoslovakia and Germany), where decline relates mostly to anthropogenic causes. Commonalities among the natural causes in the Pacific and anthropogenic causes in the European forests are emphasized through recognition of a third factor complex, the demographic component, which so far has been largely neglected in the European forest decline research. The natural cause complexes identified as demographic, disturbance, and biotic components are placed into a causal hierarchy theory based on cohort senescence. It is suggested that this may serve as a framework for comparative ecosystem research of forest declines at the global level, which includes a consideration of ongoing biotic impoverishment and climate change.
Absorption and distribution of cadmium in metallothionein-I transgenic mice.

Abstract Metallothionein-I transgenic (MT-TG) mice have higher concentrations of MT in the stomach (10×), small intestine (4×), large intestine (6×), liver (15×), and kidney (5×) than control mice. The purpose of the present study was to use MT-TG mice to determine whether increased concentrations of MT affect cadmium (Cd) absorption and distribution. A single dose of 109 Cd was given to control and MT-TG mice orally (0.3–300 μmol/kg, 200 μCi/kg) or intravenously (0.03–10 μmol/kg, 20 μCi/kg). Cd concentrations in 15 tissues were quantified 7 days later. Higher MT concentrations in tissues of MT-TG mice had no appreciable effects on the concentration of Cd in tissues compared to controls. An exception to this was the MT-TG mice given the highest dose of Cd (300 μmol Cd/kg, po), which had twice the tissue Cd concentration of controls. Approximately 60% of the Cd administered iv was retained in the tissues; retention of Cd in MT-TG mice was similar to that in controls. In both control and MT-TG mice only 0.1–0.3% of Cd administered po was retained, except for 1–3% at the higher doses (100 and 300 μmol/kg). Cd administered iv distributed mainly to the liver (70%) and kidney (10%) and was independent of dose. In contrast, when administered po, distribution of Cd to the liver increased from 40 to 75% of the dose, whereas distribution to kidney decreased from 30 to 7% as doses were increased from 0.3 to 300 μmol/kg. No difference in pattern of Cd distribution to various organs was observed between control and MT-TG mice. These data indicate that higher concentrations of MT in MT-TG mice do not appear to inhibit the gastrointestinal absorption of Cd nor alter the organ distribution of Cd.
Prediction of a body’s structural impedance and scattering properties using correlation of random noise

This paper derives a method to estimate the structural or surface impedance matrix (or equivalently the inverse of the structural Green's function) for an elastic body by placing it in an encompassing and spatially random noise field and cross-correlating pressure and normal velocity measurements taken on its surface. A numerical experiment is presented that utilizes a cross-correlation method to determine the structural impedance matrix for an infinite cylindrical shell excited by a spatially random noise field. It is shown that the correlation method produces the exact analytic form of the structural impedance matrix. Furthermore, using standard impedance formulations of the scattered and incident pressure fields at the object surface that are based on the equivalent source method and using this estimated structural impedance, a prediction of the scattered acoustic field at any position outside of the object can be made for any given incident field. An example is presented for a point (line) source near a cylindrical shell and when compared with the analytical result, excellent agreement is found between the scattered fields at a radius close to the shell.
Long-time decay of the solutions of the Davey—Stewartson II equations

Using the method of inverse scattering, the sup-norms of the solutions of the Davey—Stewartson II equations are shown to decay in the order of 1/¦t¦ as ¦t¦ goes to infinity. In the focusing case this result is obtained for small initial data, whereas in the defocusing case it is obtained for general initial data.
Note---Relaxing the Loyalty Condition in the Colombo/Morrison Model

This note derives the Colombo/Morrison 'hard-core loyal/potential switcher' model without assuming the existence of either hard-core loyals or potential switchers. We only assume that the relative probability of buying a product other than what one purchased previously is independent of this previous purchase. This result significantly extends the applicability of the Colombo/Morrison model.
POLARIZATION OF TRITONS SCATTERED FROM $sup 4$He.

Absolute values for triton polarizations have been measured for the first time. We suggest an analyzer for polarized tritons with energies of 7 MeV and higher. A scattered beam of 10-MeV tritons with a polarization of 88% from a cross section of greater than 600 mb/sr is reported.
Mechanism of inhibition of hepatic protein synthesis in rats by the carcinogen, methylazoxymethanol acetate.

Abstract Treatment of rats with the carcinogen, methylazoxymethanol acetate, results in a rapid, marked inhibition of hepatic protein synthesis and disaggregation of polysomes. Studies were undertaken to learn the mechanism by which this carcinogen induces these effects in rat liver. The data show that the inhibition of endogenous protein synthesis is not due to an effect on the high speed supernatant ‘factors’ but rather at the level of the polysome, and that both free and membrane-bound polysomes are affected. Poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis by native ribosomal subunits is greater in preparations isolated from rats treated with carcinogen than it is in controls. Moreover, the native ribosomal subunit fraction from treated livers in response to added rabbit globin mRNA is able to synthesize a protein similar in molecular weight to globin. These studies show that methylazoxymethanol acetate does not induce significant alterations of ribosomal subunits or of initiation factors and suggest that the inhibition of protein synthesis and disaggregation of polysomes may be the results of an alteration of cytoplasmic mRNA, or its association with ribosomes.