cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Men's health status during pregnancy and early fatherhood

The findings in this study of 147 men agreed with earlier research that health status declines over the first 8 months of fatherhood. The study extends previous work in that causes of this decline were tested. Empirical respecified models predicting health perception during pregnancy, early postpartum 1, 4, and 8 months were able to predict from 20 to 60% of the variance. These models were substantively more powerful than the hypothesized theoretical model that was tested, which explained from 12 to 38% of the variance. At all time periods there was a link between negative life events and a direct or indirect predictor of health perception. Other variables that consistently entered the models with either direct or indirect links were self-esteem, mastery, and either depression or anxiety. The empirical respecified models showed moderate to strong predictive power and provide a base for future model testing and subsequent intervention studies.
Creating, detecting and locating ultracold molecules in a surface trap

Ultracold molecules have been produced by photoassociation of Cs atoms trapped in a mirror magneto-optical trap. The molecules were detected by resonantly enhanced multi-photon ionization followed by time-of-flight mass spectroscopy. The time-of-flight ofatomic and molecular ions was investigated in the presence of a dc bias voltageapplied to the conducting mirror. This technique provides a new tool for determining the distance between the cold molecules and the mirror surface.
Connectivity, security, and performance of an NGI testbed for medical imaging applications

Tele-medical imaging applications require low cost, and high- speed backbone wide area networks (WAN) to carry large amount of imaging data for rapid turn around interpretation. Current low cost commercially available WAN is too slow for medical imaging applications, while high speed WAN is too costly. Internet2 or Next Generation Internet (NGI) emerges as a good candidate for tele-medical imaging applications because of its high speed and low cost. This paper describes the beginning of a three-year project on exploring the possibility of using NGI for medical imaging applications. Connectivity of a private ATM to the Internet2 is first discussed, followed by methods of preserving data integrity in the public networks. Two medical imaging applications in telemammography and interactive teaching of breast imaging are presented. A preliminary plan on methods of evaluating the performance of the NGI is followed.
An application of an homogenization method to a model of diffusion in glassy polymers

The sorption of gases in polymers below their glass-transition temperature Tg is known in many cases to be described by the “dual sorption” theory, according to which the gas is held in accordance with both the Langmuir and Henry's laws. Based on this theory, expressions for the “effective diffusion coefficient” in the glassy polymers have been obtained by investigators in the past, notably by Paul and Koros.2 The present analysis regards the glassy polymers as inhomogeneous with regions on which the gas sorption follows the Langmuir law. Assuming that the linear dimensions of these regions, which are often referred to as “microvoids” (although they are not space filled by vacuum), are small compared to the macroscopic length of interest but large compared to the mean free path of the penetrant gas molecules, we derive a rigorous relation between the average flux and the concentration gradient in the polymer and show that this relation can be expressed in terms of an “effective diffusion coefficient” Deff which depends on the details of the microstructure, i.e., the size, shape and spatial distribution of the “microvoids.” This expression for Deff is shown to reduce to that of Paul and Koros2 in two situations: (1) when the “voids” consist of slabs running parallel to the concentration gradient, and (2) when the “voids” are spherical and the temperature of the polymer is not too different from Tg. The results of the present study lead to an alternative procedure for interpreting the experimental data on sorption and permeation which may have some advantages over the procedure currently employed. Finally, the analysis presented here is also applicable to polymers containing adsorptive fillers.
Electrochemical Formation of Au Clusters in Polyaniline

The reduction of chloroaurate and the incorporation of Au clusters in polyaniline, PANI, films have been investigated. The chloroaurate complex is generated at the electrode surface during Cl- doping of Au/PANI. FTIR and UV/vis data indicate that chloroaurate interacts with PANI and that its reduction to metallic Au occurs preferentially at the nitrogen linkages. The voltammetric and XPS results show that the uptake of both protons and anions is suppressed by the formation of Au clusters due to this interaction. The ability to reduce chloroaurate in PANI films is also demonstrated for Pt electrodes coated with PANI in solutions containing KAuCl4. The preliminary results indicate that Au cluster size distribution remains fairly constant regardless of the method used.
Activation of SRC kinases signals induction of posterior capsule opacification.

Purpose Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is a complication of cataract surgery resulting from the proliferation, migration, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelial cells that remain associated with the lens capsule. These changes cause a loss of vision. The authors developed a chick embryo lens capsular bag model to study mechanisms involved in the onset of PCO. Because Src family kinases (SFKs) signal cell proliferation, migration, and EMT, the authors examined whether the inhibition of SFKs can prevent PCO. Methods After mock cataract surgery, chick lens capsular bags were pinned to a culture dish and grown in the presence or absence of the SFK inhibitor PP1. Cell movement was followed by photomicroscopy. Progression of proliferation and EMT in the PCO cultures was determined by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining. Results As occurs in PCO, lens cells in this model proliferated, migrated across the posterior capsule, and expressed EMT markers, alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), and fibronectin (FN). Lens cells treated with PP1 maintained an epithelial phenotype, accumulated cadherin junctions, and did not migrate to the posterior capsule, increase proliferation, or express EMT markers. Therefore, exposure to PP1 prevented PCO. Short-term inhibition of SFKs was sufficient to prevent EMT, but longer inhibition was necessary to prevent lens cell migration. Conclusions Progression of PCO involved early activation of SFKs. Lens cell migration preceded EMT, and each of these two events required activation of an SFK signaling pathway. Suppression of SFK activation blocked PCO, suggesting SFKs as a therapeutic target for the prevention of PCO.
The Study of the Fundamentals of Lubrication with the Aid of Large Metal Crystals

Summary Experiments have been conducted with the aid of single crystals of copper which show that the chemical properties of the unit crystal and the processes of friction and wear depend on the crystal face exposed at the surface. The chemical reactions studied included oxidation, wetting, and corrosion. Static friction between bare copper crystals from which all oxide had been removed was found to vary by a factor of four, depending on the face exposed at the surface. When a single crystal was corroded by hot oils it was found that some faces became very rough while others remained very smooth, and this relative smoothness of the surface was shown to affect wear through a film of lead very greatly. The chemical attack of the metals by lubricants and the process of wear between metals was affected greatly by the presence of oxygen in the surrounding atmosphere.
Distribution of 5 s RNA in HeLa cells.

Extracts of HeLa cell cytoplasm were found to contain 5 s RNA as an integral part of the larger ribosomal subunit. The 5 s RNA and 28 s ribosomal RNA have been shown to exist in a 1:1 molar ratio in all cytoplasmic structures containing the larger ribosomal subunit (the 60 s ribosomal subunit, the 74 s ribosome, and the polyribosomes). The 50 s ribosomal precursor particle in the HeLa cell nucleus also contains 5 and 28 s RNA in a 1:1 molar ratio. Kinetic measurements of the relative labeling of 5 and 28 s RNA with radioactive uridine suggest a pool of 5 s RNA in the HeLa cell nucleus. Direct measurement of the 5 s RNA content of the nucleus indicates that the pool contains 20 to 25% of the total 5 s RNA in the HeLa cell.
Corroboration of a multiscale approach with all atom calculations in analysis of dislocation nucleation from surface steps

We present a comparative study of the influence of atomic-scale surface steps on dislocation nucleation at crystal surfaces based on an all atom method and a hierarchal multiscale approach. The multiscale approach is based on the variational boundary integral formulation of the Peiersl–Nabarro dislocation model in which interatomic layer potentials derived from atomic calculations of generalized stacking fault energy surfaces are incorporated. We have studied nucleation of screw dislocations in two bcc material systems, molybdenum and tantalum, subjected to simple shear stress. Compared to dislocation nucleation from perfectly flat surfaces, the presence of atomic scale surface steps rapidly reduces the critical stress for dislocation nucleation by almost an order of magnitude as the step height increases. In addition, they may influence the slip planes on which dislocation nucleation occurs. The results of the all atom method and the multiscale approach are in good agreement, even for steps with height o...
Lymphangiosarcoma (Stewart-Treves syndrome) in postmastectomy patients

Stewart-Treves syndrome (STS) is a rare but aggressive upper extremity lymphangiosarcoma in postmastectomy patients. Unfamiliarity with this disease and the innocuous appearance of the tumor often lead to delayed diagnosis. A comprehensive search of the databases at a single tertiary-care academic institution revealed only 3 cases of STS in the last 63 years. The latency time between breast cancer treatment and diagnosis of STS was 11 to 21 years. Survival after diagnosis of STS ranged from 8 to 15 months. One patient underwent radical surgery. The extensive lymphangiosarcoma in the other 2 patients precluded surgical resection and they underwent chemotherapy. All patients had adjuvant radiation therapy at the time of the original breast cancer resection. This report includes a discussion of the epidemiology, etiology, presentation, treatment, and prognosis of STS.
Using benchmarks and metrics to evaluate project delivery of Environmental restoration programs

The United States is in the middle of a large environmental restoration effort that is hampered by a lack of knowledge on how to measure the performance of the project delivery process. This study evaluates one environmental restoration program's ability to deliver projects: the Environmental Management Program (EMP), a federally sponsored program managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Project performance metrics are compiled and used to measure two types of program improvements made in project delivery: trend improvements over time, and the ability to reach established benchmarks. The benchmarks come from both agency guidance and construction industry benchmarks. The metrics measure the program's ability to accurately estimate the required resources (time and money) to accomplish the project, estimate the cost to operate and maintain the project, and meet the customers' design requirements. To build the metrics, estimates from the project planning documents are compared against the actual results. Currently, the Corps of Engineers has established some benchmarks and does evaluate projects for design success, but the benchmarks do not include all aspects of project delivery and are not universally applied. Analysis of the metrics shows that the Corps has made improvements in the delivery of projects, but some major components of the process should be improved. Establishing benchmarks would provide the Corps with information to improve the project delivery of the EMP and other environmental restoration programs across the country. This study provides an example of applying business principles to a governmental program.
Evidence for the exclusive expression of functional homomeric α7 nAChRs in hypothalamic histaminergic tuberomammillary neurons in rats.

Abstract Hypothalamic histaminergic tuberomammillary (TM) neurons in rats express high densities of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) whose Ca 2+ permeability, kinetic and pharmacological properties are similar to those of heterologous homomeric α7 nAChRs. However, native α7 nAChR subunits can co-assemble with β or α5 nAChR subunits to form functional heteromeric α7-containing α7β or α7α5 nAChRs with kinetics and pharmacology similar to those of α7 homomers. Therefore, although TM nAChRs have been used as an ex vivo model of functional α7 homomers, the molecular makeup of TM nAChRs has not been determined and the expression of functional α7-containing heteromers in TM neurons has not been excluded. To determine the profile of TM nAChR subunit transcripts, we have conducted single-cell qRT-PCR experiments using acutely dissociated TM neurons in rats. TM neurons were found to express transcripts of only principal α3, α6 and α7 nAChR subunits. Transcripts of other known mammalian neuronal subunits (α2, α4–5, α9–10, β2–4) were not detected. In the absence of β and α5 subunits, the expression of functional α7-containing heteromers in TM neurons is highly unlikely because principal α3, α6 and α7 nAChR subunits alone are not known to form functional heteromeric nAChRs. These results support the exclusive expression of native functional α7 homomers in rat TM neurons and introduce these neurons as a unique reliable source of native functional homomeric α7 nAChRs suitable for ex vivo and in vitro pharmacological assays in developing selective α7 nAChR agents.
The Role of Process Evaluation in the Training of Facilitators for an Adolescent Health Education Program

: This article reports on the process evaluation of the training of facilitators for the Adolescent Social Action Program, a health education program in Albuquerque, New Mexico that trained college students and adult volunteers to work with middle school students. From the process evaluation data collected throughout a four-year period (1995–1998), data relevant to training are described: facilitator characteristics, facilitator training, curriculum implementation, and use of the program's model designed to promote critical thinking and dialogue. Results indicated that, though most facilitators reported the training was sufficient to enable them to implement the curriculum, they did not completely do so, especially as groups reached their final sessions. Facilitators covered the core curriculum content, but often failed to follow through with the more abstract activities. The need to perform and report the process evaluation in time to provide ample opportunity for trainers and curriculum designers to make appropriate adjustments is discussed.
Applications of semiconducting diamond and related materials

Diamond and related materials have rather unique properties rendering them not only with commensurately unique applications, but also with unique synthesis and processing requirements. The unique properties, when properly exploited, can lead to enabling new applications. The special processing requirements and the unique applications are addressed.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The determination of the helium abundance in main-sequence B stars

It is pointed out that the abundances of deuterium, helium, and lithium provide fundamental constraints on cosmological models. The central question is related to the compatibility of the observed abundances with big bang models of primordial nucleosynthesis, taking into account a modification by subsequent nuclear processing in stars or a modification of standard models. The present paper has the objective to assess critically the feasibility of deriving accurate helium abundances from measurements of the photospheric lines in main-sequence B-type stars. A method is established for assigning atmospheric parameters to main-sequence stars with spectral types in the range (approximately) B1-B5. It is found that an analysis of stars in distant anticenter H II regions and clusters offer an alternative method which seems capable of determining relative abundances with more than the requisite accuracy.
Using comparative effectiveness design to improve the generalizability of bipolar treatment trials data: Contrasting LiTMUS baseline data with pre-existing placebo controlled trials

Abstract Background Efficacy-based double-blind placebo controlled trials were conducted to establish efficacy and safety for FDA approval. Such designs allowed and encouraged the use of exclusion criteria to improve assay sensitivity and internal validity. The LiTMUS trial increased the representation of real-world individuals with bipolar disorder despite the acknowledgment that this compromises assay sensitivity. Method To maximize generalizability, LiTMUS used broad inclusion and narrow exclusion criteria: participants experiencing mood symptoms of sufficient intensity (at least with a CGI-BP ≥3) that would warrant a change in treatment, and that lithium treatment would be a reasonable therapeutic option if they were randomized to it. At baseline demographic, illness, clinical, and treatment characteristics were collected. The LiTMUS study design and baseline sociodemographic data were compared to previous efficacy studies. Results As compared to the previous bipolar disorder efficacy studies, LiTMUS participants were of similar age, gender, weight and illness severity; however LiTMUS participants were more racially and ethnically representative of the general population, had a greater number of mood episodes in the past 12 months, more Axis I/II comorbidity, a greater number of prior suicide attempts, and higher functional capacity. Conclusions LiTMUS was a comparative effectiveness trial that had broad inclusion and minimal exclusion criteria that produced a more representative sample comprised of real-world participants. This design enables the results of the LiTMUS study to be a more representative of real world pharmacotherapuetic outcomes. Limitations Limitations include possible selection bias, paucity of sociodemographic data in efficacy trials, and lack of a placebo.
Exploring Culture and Diversity for Hispanics in Restaurant Online Recruitment Efforts

ABSTRACT All business firms are now competing in the global marketplace for the best employee talent available. One stratagem in this effort for suitable employees is utilization of the World Wide Web. Restaurant firms have followed suit and are attempting to attract the best possible employment candidates worldwide. In as much as web site interactions are multidimensional, these companies attempt to demonstrate their inclusive character and varied cultural perspectives as the employer of choice. Restaurant firms identify themselves as equal opportunity employers; however, the lack of multicultural development, as depicted on their web sites, does not reflect this commitment. To study this issue, a content analysis was conducted on the 100 most prominent restaurant firms in the nation. The bounds of this group are based on corporate sales; hence, they are the largest restaurant firms in the nation. Although diversity is broadly constructed to include all minorities, this study will be investigating Hispan...
Digestion in aged horses—Revisited

Research on digestion in aged (>20 yrs old) Quarterhorse and Thoroughbred horses in the mid-1980’s revealed that the population studied at that time had reduced apparent digestion of protein, phosphorus and fiber relative to younger horses fed pelleted alfalfa.1 The digestive profile of the aged horses was very similar to that reported for horses which had had 90% resection of the large colon2,3. In two subsequent digestion trials on aged horses conducted in New Jersey in the 1990’s the reductions of digestibility in especially protein were not as apparent. In trial 1, conducted in 1990, eight light horse mares > 19 years old were used in a simple crossover design to compare digestibility of a commercial textured sweet feed (OM) and one formulated specifically for aged horses (ES). The grains were fed in amounts calculated to provide 50% of the mare’s recommended caloric requirements (NRC, 1989) for maintenance, the rest of the ration being provided as long stem hay. The mares were adapted to the rations for 2 weeks and then subjected to a standard 5 day digestion trial, during which intake was recorded and all feces were collected and weighed, with subsamples taken for nutrient analyses at a commercial laboratory (DHIA, Ithaca, NY). There were differences in apparent digestibility between the two rations. Protein, calcium and phosphorus intakes were higher in ES fed horses than on the OM. Mares on the OM were, as previously reported in aged horses, in low to negative phosphorus balance (-8.1%±4.3) but were in positive balance on the ES (13.3 ±4.4). Calcium apparent digestion was also higher in ES fed horses (OM: 10±6; ES: 33±4, p<.05). Crude protein apparent digestion in OM fed mares was lower (OM: 63.9±1.0 vs ES: 71.5±0.7, p<.05) however it was still within the normal range of protein apparent digestion reported for horses. The differences between the two rations were probably due to the higher protein, calcium and phosphorus intake in the ES ration (Table 1).
Responses to Jealousy Situations That Evoke Uncertainty in Married and Dating Relationships

This study examined jealousy situations among married versus dating relationships, the uncertainty jealousy induced, and communicative responses. Participants (N = 155) described situations, and analytic inductive procedures identified 9 jealousy situations. Comparisons indicate the Presence of Attractive Romantic Alternative and Choice of a Non-Romantic Other situations are most common among dating partners, whereas Choice of a Non-Romantic Other and Never Experienced Jealousy are most common among married couples. Dating partners experienced greater partner uncertainty following jealous situations. Situations differed in production of partner and relational uncertainty, satisfaction, and impact on other aspects of life.
Thermoelectric Temperature Control of Instrumentation -- A Sample Design

Current technology has produced high-performance semiconductor thermoelectric modules that can be a design option for temperature control of electronics and instrumentation. It seems reasonable that their advantages would be helpful to electronics and process control designers who may not be aware of the tremendous advances in the state-of-the-art of thermoelectrics. When dc current is available, thermoelectrics can be used for active bimodal control. This paper describes their fundamental operation, derives some performance relationships, and presents computation techniques for their integration into a system. An example is given where thermoelectrics were used to temperature control the SIMS II Strapdown Inertial Navigator designed by the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory. Test results showed that temperature control of the gyros and accelerometers was achieved to ±0.1°F in ambients between -20°F and 120°F. A worst hot-case coefficient of performance of 0.56 was measured where a 240-watt load at 79°F was moved across a 50°F gradient using 425 watts of thermoelectric power.
Synthesis of quasi-oriented α-MoO3 nanobelts and nanoplatelets on TiO2 coated glass

We report on a new method to produce quasi-oriented α-MoO3 nanobelts on TiO2 coated glass substrates. Using a simple yet efficient wet-chemical method with subsequent calcination, various morphologies of α-MoO3 including oriented nanobelts, rods and platelets were produced. The crystal morphology can be controlled by changing the substrate and/or the process parameters. Some applications of the resulting structures were demonstrated by coating them with TiO2 and carbon. The photocatalytic activity of the TiO2 coated α-MoO3 nanobelts was several times higher than that of the smooth TiO2 coatings prepared on soda-lime glass. A very thin layer (20–30 nm) of carbon coated on nanobelts by sputtering resulted in a highly light absorbing film with an average reflectivity of 4%, while fluorosilane coated nanobelts showed superhydrophobic properties.
Causal Attributions Across the Adult Life Span: The Influence of Social Schemas, Life Context, and Domain Specificity

Causal attribution tasks involving negative relationship situations reveal age differences in attributional responding, including a greater degree of dispositional attributions on the part of older adults. However, we also find variability in these age differences as a function of the particular content domain in question. This may be accounted for by individual differences in the content of social schematic beliefs evoked by certain situations. Accordingly, age and/or generational differences were demonstrated in the frequency of different schemas produced for different social dilemmas. The relevance and strength of the social schemas that have been elicited in these types of situations may be important factors in understanding when adults will engage in complex, in-depth reasoning about a situation and when they will rely on automatically activated social rules leading to dispositional attributions. A new method of measuring age/cohort differences in schematicity is described that will be used to examine the relationship between social schematicity and attributional processing. Language: en
Cell-mediated immune responsiveness to cardiac extracts by peripheral blood leukocytes from patients after myocardial infarction or open-heart surgery

A microdroplet in vitro procedure measuring migration inhibition was utilized to assess cell-mediated immune reactions by peripheral blood leukocytes from patients after myocardial infarction or cardiac surgery. The antigen preparations were derived from human cardiac tissue. Whereas whole-cell extracts and human myoglobin preparations had little effect on migration, mitochondrial preparations markedly inhibited the migration of blood leukocytes from a majority of the patients. Inhibition of migration appeared to reflect development of cell-mediated immunity to heart antigens after myocardial infarction or surgery. These results extend observations of anticardiac immune development in patients following cardiac injury. Two patients demonstrated a direct relationship between enhanced migration inhibition and clinical disease. It is likely that autoreactive responses to cardiac tissue may be involved and influence subsequent physiological events following initial cardiac infarction or surgery.
Numerical calculation of Coulomb wave functions for repulsive Coulomb fields

Abstract A description of the numerical calculation of Coulomb functions used in scattering and reaction calculations is given. A table of Coulomb functions for selected values of Coulomb parameter η over the range of 1 to 25 is also presented.
Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption during experimental meningitis

Increased permeability of the blood-brain (B-B) barrier is observed during meningitis. Preventing B-B barrier alterations is important because adverse neurological outcomes are correlated with breeches in barrier integrity. It was hypothesized that pathological production of nitric oxide (NO) contributes to B-B barrier disruption during meningitis in the rat. Experimental meningitis was induced by intracisternal (i.c.) administration of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or vehicle. Groups of rats were concomitantly infused intravenously (i.v.) with saline or the NO synthase inhibitor, aminoguanidine (AG). Eight h after i.c. dosing, B-B barrier alterations were quantitated pharmacokinetically using [14C]sucrose. Serum and regional brain tissues were obtained 0–30 min after tracer dosing and sucrose influx transfer coefficients ( Kin (app)) were calculated from the brain tissue data. Compared to the control groups (i.c. vehicle/i.v. saline), the Kin (app) of the i.c. LPS/i.v. saline group increased 1.6–2.1-fold in various brain regions, thus confirming previous observations of increased [14C]sucrose barrier penetration during meningeal inflammation. Remarkably, i.v. administration of AG to i.c. LPS-treated rats significantly inhibited meningeal NO synthesis and decreased Kin (app) permeability alterations in the B-B barrier, compared to i.c. LPS/i.v. saline-treated rats. Regional brain Kin (app) estimates in the i.c. LPS/i.v. AG group were similar to control groups (i.c. vehicle/i.v. AG and i.c. vehicle/i.v. saline). In conclusion, these data suggest the general concept that excessive NO production during neuroinflammatory diseases contributes to disruption of the blood-brain barrier.
Generic approach for hardening state machines against strong adversaries

Most of the countermeasures against active fault injection attacks focus on securing the datapath of the cryptographic circuits. However, control unit security thus far has been neglected except for a few scattered references and there is not much work done to secure finite state machines (FSMs) against advanced attackers. In this study, the authors propose a novel methodology to remove the vulnerability of control units against active fault attacks. As an initial step, the authors describe an observation which states that because of the non-uniform behaviour of the FSM variables (i.e. state registers, inputs etc.), a direct implementation of non-linear codes for FSM security will not work. Hence, securing FSMs using non-linear codes is an important and difficult problem that requires additional effort. The authors' solution to this problem is built around two ideas. The authors first provide an arithmetic state machine construction for which the robustness of the applied non-linear error detection scheme can be easily measured. This formulation also dramatically simplifies the predictor design. Next, the authors use randomised embedding to achieve unpredictability and uniformity. This two-pronged technique provides a generic solution applicable to any FSM. Consequently, the resulting FSMs will be robust even against very advanced attackers.
Public School Choice and Student Mobility in Metropolitan Phoenix.

Arizona's interdistrict open enrollment and charter schools laws allow families to send their children to the public schools of their choice. We assessed how public school choice affected elementary school enrollments in 27 metropolitan Phoenix school districts. Student mobility rates varied widely between districts and by location. The higher mobility rates of small urban districts were driven by the movement of students to and from other districts within the metropolitan area. Larger suburban districts had higher rates of district-to-charter school movement and charter school-to-district movement. Neither form of public school choice changed existing patterns of between-district racial stratification.
Management of Sepsis

Severe sepsis remains a common cause of death in surgical patients. Eradication of the septic source and supportive care has long been the mainstay of treatment. In recent years, however, early goal-directed therapy, tighter glucose control, administration of drotrecogin alfa (activated), and steroid replacement have produced improved morbidity and mortality. In the future, a better understanding of the pathophysiology of sepsis and clinical studies may further improve outcomes from severe sepsis.
Quality of life of younger breast cancer survivors: Persistence of problems and sense of well-being

Objective Ten years after diagnosis, women diagnosed with breast cancer at age 50 or younger were assessed to determine whether quality of life (QOL) problems found at five years persisted. We predicted that QOL in the physical and social domains would be poorer, but improvements would be found in the psychological domain. Methods We re-interviewed 312 women, who had been interviewed at their five year anniversary and remained cancer free, on their QOL in three domains (physical, social, and psychological). Comparisons between their 5- and 10-year reports were performed using paired t-tests for numeric variables and McNemar's test for categorical variables. Multiple regression analysis was used to model change from 5 to 10 years in each QOL domain, given the level of QOL at 5 years. Results The women's mean age was 55, 60% were college graduates, 79% had a partner, and 27% were non-Euro-American. Ten years after diagnosis they reported poorer general health (p<0.0001) and physical well-being (p = 0.001), less sexual activity (p = 0.009), and more chronic conditions (p<0.0001) than at 5 years. Relationships were found between: (1) the number of chronic conditions at 5 years and decreased physical, social, and psychological well-being at 10 years; and (2) a smaller social network at 5 years and poorer social functioning at 10 years. Conclusions Certain aspects of both physical and social QOL worsened over time. The remaining question is whether these changes can be attributed to the late effects of treatment or to normal effects of aging. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent Work on Kantian Maxims I: Established Approaches

Maxims play a crucial role in Kant’s ethical philosophy, but there is significant disagreement about what maxims are. In this two-part essay, I survey eight different views of Kantian maxims, presenting their strengths, and their weaknesses. Part I: Established Approaches, begins with Rudiger Bubner’s view that Kant took maxims to be what ordinary people of today take them to be, namely pithily expressed precepts of morality or prudence. Next comes the position, most associated with Rudiger Bittner and Otfried Hoffe, that maxims are Lebensregeln, or ‘life-rules’– quite general rules for how to conduct oneself based on equally general outlooks on how the world is. These first two interpretations make sense of Kant’s claim, made in his anthropological and pedagogical writings, that we have to learn how to act on maxims, but they become less plausible in light of Kant’s probable view that people always act on maxims – after all, how can people learn how to act on something they always act on anyway? The next two views, each advanced, at different times, by Onora O’Neill, make better sense of the fact that people always act on maxims, for they hold that maxims are intentions – either specific intentions, such as ‘to open the door’, or general intentions, such as ‘to make guests feel welcome’– and it is perfectly sensible to claim that people always act on intentions. However, they face the same problem as the two previous views, which is that if people always act on maxims, what sense does it make to say they also have to learn how to act on them? Henry Allison, the main representative of the fifth view, claims, on the basis of Kant’s doctrine of the ‘highest maxim’, that maxims are principles organized hierarchically, such that an agent endorses one maxim because she endorses a more general maxim. Unfortunately for Allison, there is little direct textual support for his claim that maxims are organized hierarchically.
Characterization of an AM404 analogue, N-(3-hydroxyphenyl)arachidonoylamide, as a substrate and inactivator of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase.

N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)arachidonoylamide (AM404) is an inhibitor of endocannabinoid inactivation that has been used in cellular and animal studies. AM404 is a derivative of arachidonic acid and has been reported to inhibit arachidonate oxygenation by prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-1 and -2 (PGHS-1 and -2, respectively). While examining the structural requirements for inhibition of PGHS, we discovered that the meta isomer of AM404, N-(3-hydroxyphenyl)arachidonoylamide (3-HPAA), is a substrate for purified PGHS. PGHS-2 efficiently oxygenated 3-HPAA to prostaglandin and hydroxyeicosatetraenoate products. No oxidation of the phenolamide moiety was observed. 3-HPAA appeared to be converted by PGHS-1 in a similar manner; however, conversion was less efficient than that by PGHS-2. PGHS-2 was selectively, dose-dependently, and irreversibly inactivated in the presence of 3-HPAA. Complete inactivation of PGHS-2 was achieved with 10 μM 3-HPAA. Preliminary characterization revealed that 3-HPAA inactivation did not r...
Effect of Moniliformis moniliformis density on distribution within the definitive host population (Rattus norvegicus).

Abstract The population dynamics of Moniliformis moniliformis was studied in ‘free-ranging’ laboratory rats, Rattus norvegicus, presented with different relative density levels of M. moniliformis in cockroaches, Periplaneta americana. Changes in selected population parameters of the negative binomial distribution were evaluated as indicators of changes in aggregation. A significant increase in the degree of aggregation of parasites occurred as a result of the increase in relative density of infective stages available to the rats. This increase in aggregation was due to the increase in over-dispersion that occurred in female rats only. The degree of aggregation in females was found to be significantly higher than that in males at both treatment levels. The best indicators of the degree of aggregation were found to be the ratio of the variance to the relative density and the ratio of the log-variance to log-relative density. Changes in k were not correlated with changes in over-dispersion or the relative density.
Slow changes of tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in dopaminergic brain neurons after neurotoxin lesioning: a model for neuron aging

Abstract Slow neuron regression develops during the adult phase of life in select brain systems of mammals. We describe a model in adult rats that resolves several phases in a slow atrophic process that differentially influences levels of mRNA and protein for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Responses of striatal dopaminergic markers to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions in rats indicated that the striatal terminals maintained TH protein, despite >3-fold loss of TH mRNA in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) cell bodies whose axons project to the striatum. The loss of TH mRNA/cell was progressive up to 9 months, whereas SNC cell body shrinkage stabilized by 3 months post-lesioning. Consideration of possible mechanisms in protein turnover motivated a search for PEST motifs in the TH of rats and other vertebrates that could be a point of regulation by altering the rate of TH protein turnover.
Riparian vegetation and channel change in response to river regulation : a comparative study of regulated and unregulated streams in the Green River Basin, USA

The effects of river damming on geomorphic processes and riparian vegetation were evaluated through field studies along the regulated Green River and the free-flowing Yampa River in northwestern Colorado, USA. GIS analysis of historical photographs, hydrologic and sediment records, and measurement of channel planform indicate that fluvial processes and riparian vegetation of the two meandering stream reaches examined were similar prior to regulation which began in 1962. Riparian plant species composition and canopy coverage were measured during 1994 in 36, 0.01 ha plots along each the Green River in Browns Park and the Yampa River in Deerlodge Park. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) of the vegetation data indicates distinctive vegetation differences between Browns Park and Deerlodge Park. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicates that plant community composition is controlled largely by fluvial processes at Deerlodge Park, but that soil chemical rather than flow related factors play a more important role in structuring plant communities in Browns Park. Vegetation patterns reflect a dichotomy in moisture conditions across the floodplain on the Green River in Browns Park: marshes with anaerobic soils supporting wetland species (Salix exigua, Eleocharis palustris, Schoenoplectus pungens, and Juncus nodosus) and terraces having xeric soil conditions and supporting communities dominated by desert species (Seriphidium tridentatum, Sarcobatus vermiculatus, and Sporobolus airoides). In contrast, vegetation along the Yampa River is characterized by a continuum of species distributed along a gradual environmental gradient from the active channel (ruderal species such as Xanthium struminarium and early successional species such as S. exigua, Populus deltoides subsp. wislizenii, and Tamarix ramossissima) to high floodplain surfaces characterized by Populus forests and meadow communities. GIS analyses indicate that the channel form at Browns Park has undergone a complex series of morphologic changes since regulation began, while the channel at Deerlodge Park has remained in a state of relative quasi-equilibrium with discharge and sediment regimes. The Green River has undergone three stages of channel change which have involved the transformation of the historically deep, meandering Green River to a shallow, braided channel over the 37 years since construction of Flaming Gorge Dam. The probable long-term effects of channel and hydrologic changes at Browns Park include the eventual replacement of Populus-dominated riparian forest by drought tolerant desert shrublands, and the enlargement of in-channel fluvial marshes. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereochemical Control of Skeletal Diversity

Substrates having appendages that pre-encode skeletal information (σ-elements) can be converted into products having distinct skeletons using a common set of reaction conditions. The sequential use of the Ugi 4CC-IMDA reaction, followed by allylation, hydrolysis, and acylation of a chiral amino alcohol appendage (σ-element), leads to substrates for a ROM/RCM or RCM reaction. The stereochemistry of the σ-element and not its constitution controls the outcome of the pathway selected. This work illustrates the potential of linking stereochemical control to the challenging problem of skeletal diversity.
Quantitative technetium-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scanning in children

Abstract Objectives To develop a method for assessing absolute renal function (as well as morphology) in children, using gamma camera imaging of intravenously injected technetium-99m (99mTc) dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA). Methods Forty-five children (ages 1 week to 10 years; mean, 2.0 years) were imaged using a planar technique in which not only the appearance but the absolute amount of intravenously administered 99mTc DMSA taken up by the kidneys was calculated for each child and compared with contemporaneous determinations of creatinine clearance. Results There was a close correlation between the absolute DMSA uptake and creatinine clearance ( r = 0.752). Conclusions Renal function in children, expressed as creatinine clearance, can be accurately estimated by measuring absolute DMSA uptake with planar gamma camera imaging using 99mTc DMSA.
Synovial Sarcoma: From Genetics to Genetic-based Animal Modeling

Synovial sarcomas are highly aggressive mesenchymal cancers that show modest response to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy, suggesting a definite need for improved biotargeted agents. Progress has been hampered by the lack of insight into pathogenesis of this deadly disease. The presence of a specific diagnostic t(X;18) translocation leading to expression of the unique SYT-SSX fusion protein in effectively all cases of synovial sarcoma suggests a role in the etiology. Other nonspecific anomalies such as overexpression of Bcl-2, HER-2/neu, and EGFR have been reported, but their role in the pathogenesis remains unclear. Using gene targeting, we recently generated mice conditionally expressing the human SYT-SSX2 fusion gene from mouse endogenous ROSA26 promoter in chosen tissue types in the presence of Cre recombinase. These mice develop synovial sarcoma when SYT-SSX2 is expressed within myoblasts, thereby identifying a source of this enigmatic tumor and establishing a mouse model of this disease that recapitulates the clinical, histologic, immunohistochemical, and transcriptional profile of human synovial sarcomas. We review the genetics of synovial sarcoma and discuss the usefulness of genetics-based mouse models as a valuable research tool in the hunt for key molecular determinants of this lethal disease as well as a preclinical platform for designing and evaluating novel treatment strategies.
Secondary metal-ligand cationic subunits {ML}n+ as structural determinants in the oxovanadium/phenylphosphonate/{ML}n+ system, where {ML} is a Cu2+/organonitrogen moiety

The hydrothermal reactions of CuSO4·5H2O, Na3VO4, phenylphosphonic acid and the appropriate organonitrogen ligand yield a series of materials of the oxovanadium/phenylphosphonate/Cu(II)–ligand family. The structural influences of the organonitrogen ligand are most pronounced in the dimensionality of the material. Thus, [{Cu(phen)}VO(O3PC6H5)2]·0.5 H2O (1) is one-dimensional; [{Cu2(bpytrz)(H2O)}VO(O3PC6H5)2(HO3PC6H5)] (2) (bpytrz = 3,5-di-2-pyridyl-1,2,4-triazolate) is two-dimensional, and [{Cu(4,4′-bpy)}0.5VO2(O3PC6H5)] (3) is three-dimensional. When the phenylphosphonate component is replaced by phenyl-1,2-diphosphonate, the three-dimensional material [{Cu(4,4′-bpy)}VO2(HO3PC6H4PO3)] (4) is obtained. In contrast to the structure of 3 which exhibits a three-dimensional Cu–V–P–O substructure which encapsulates the {Cu2(bpy)}4+ unit, 4 exhibits the more common “pillared” layer structure with Cu–V–P–O networks buttressed by the 4,4′-bipyridyl groups. When the starting materials that gave 4 are reacted at 200 °C rather than 120 °C, the copper phase [{Cu(4,4′-bpy)0.5}{Cu(H2O)}(O3PC6H4PO3)]·H2O (5) is obtained. Compound 5 exhibits a “pillared” layer structure with a Cu–P–O network exhibiting embedded binuclear copper(II) sites.
An easy proof of the Rogers-Ramanujan identities

Abstract A proof of the Rogers-Ramanujan identities is presented which is brief, elementary, and well motivated; the “easy” proof of whose existence Hardy and Wright had despaired. A multisum generalization of the Rogers-Ramanujan identities is shown to be a simple consequence of this proof.