cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Electron Temperature and Coronal Heating in the Fast Solar Wind Constrained by in-situ Observations

The electron temperature profile in the polar coronal hole inferred by the ionic charge state data of the fast wind exhibits a local maximum of ~ 1.5 × 106 K. This indicates the existence of electron heating in the source region of the fast solar wind. In this paper, a two-fluid solar wind model, which incorporates additional ‘mechanical’ heating, is used to investigate the heating of the electrons in the coronal hole. We find that the classical collision-dominated description for the electron conduction heat flux is not valid and needs to be severely limited in order for the electron temperatures predicted by the model to agree with constraints supplied by both the solar wind ionic charge state data and the solar wind plasma properties observed at 1 AU. The corresponding constraints on the coronal electron heating will also be discussed.
Living Better With Dementia: Strengths-Based Social Work Practice and Dementia Care

This article first argues that quality of life is possible despite the onset of dementia in late life. It also demonstrates how core concepts of social work practice, such as family systems theory, the strengths perspective, and use of self, can be applied to practice with dementia-affected persons. In addition, it provides practical suggestions for supporting care partners in nurturing "we-ness", focusing on what remains rather than was is lost, and remaining authentic. When strengths-based social work practice is integrated into dementia care protocols, wellbeing can increase. As a result, the more than 40 million persons worldwide who are affected by dementia do not have to resign themselves to the despair, devastation and inevitable demise of quality of life that dominate perception of the illness.
Layout design dependence of NBTI for I/O p-MOSFET

Every VLSI product has some distributions of I/O p-MOSFET design with respect to the channel lengths and widths. For reliability evaluation the most vulnerable design is to be chosen. To do this there is a need to investigate a layout dependence of NBTI for I/O pMOSFET being the most weak among all others types of logic transistors. The study has resulted in the right choice of the transistors for NBTI routing testing, process optimization to improve the NBTI and to find the right spec for the product qualification.
Female Germ Unit: Organization, Isolation, and Function

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on megagametophytes and examines the female germ unit from four new perspectives: (1) the ultrastructure and cytochemistry of megagametophyte development and cellularization, (2) the organization and function of the female germ unit in reproduction, (3) the isolation and characterization of embryo sacs and their component cells, and (4) the involvement of the cytoskeleton in megagametophyte development and function. The development of the megagametophyte is divided into two connected developmental phases: (1) megasporogenesis, which entails the formation and maturation of the initial products of meiosis, followed by (2) megagametogenesis, which begins with the mitotic division of the meiotic products and continues through the cellularization and maturation of the megagametophyte. The female germ unit is comprised of the egg, two synergids, and the central cell. As such, it constitutes the minimum number of cells required to (1) receive the pollen tube, (2) cause the discharge of the sperm into the receptive portion of the female gametophyte, and (3) undergo double fertilization.
Addiction Research Centres and the Nurturing of Creativity; The Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo

The Research Institute on Addictions (RIA) was established in 1970 as a research component of the New York State Department of Mental Hygiene. After three decades of serving as a research component of New York State agencies concerned with alcohol and substance abuse, RIA was legislatively transferred to the University at Buffalo in 1999. Today, RIA's cadre of senior research scientists are engaged individually and collaboratively on a multitude of addictions-related studies. The majority of the Institute's ongoing research studies relate to one or more of the following seven broad research domains: causes and consequences of alcohol, marijuana and other drug use; biological and neuroscience; gambling behavior; gender-related studies; dissemination and professional training; treatment; and youth, families and relationships. In this paper, an overview of the structure of the Institute is provided, along with a description of the organizational and scientific culture at RIA. Further information about the Institute, its scientists and its activities can be found at http://www.ria.buffalo.edu.
Variability of lipid measurements: relevance for the clinician

Decreasing the large test variability associated with measurements of blood cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)- and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol is likely to improve the classification of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk and allow improved monitoring of lipid-lowering treatments. However, improving test precision will benefit the clinician only if (a) the analytical test variability is high relative to the biological test variability and (b) detecting subtle responses to diet or drug therapy is clinically important. Improving HDL- and LDL-cholesterol test precision can be expected to increase the clinical usefulness of these measurements because values for HDL- and LDL-cholesterol correlate closely with CHD risk; are associated with small, yet clinically important, changes in response to diet and (or) drug therapy; and have substantial analytical test variability relative to biological variability. On the other hand, measurements of both blood cholesterol and triglyceride have high biological relative to analytical variability, and do not correlate as closely with CHD risk. Therefore, further improvements in precision for these measurements are less likely to be useful to the clinician.
Late Holocene flooding in the Ecuadorian rain forest

SUMMARY 1. The stratigraphy, radiocarbon chronology, sedimentary pigment, and cation records of sediment cores from four lakes in the Ecuadorian rain forest show that regional flooding occurred from about 1300 to 800 ‘BP. Each core contains a stratum of alluvial clay, silt and sand overlain by lacustrine deposits of peat, gyttja or clayey gyttja. Radiocarbon dates show that the onset and termination of the alluvial event was synchronous across the sites. Short-term, possibly regional, flooding occurred at each of the sites at least once since the major flood. 2. A core from Anangucocha, a black-water lake, records the geoche- mical signature of white-water incursion during this flooding interval. Sedimentary pigments show that aquatic production at Anangucocha was low during the lotic interval but rose sharply and remained high within the modern lake period. 3. The Amazon's dynamic river system may have been an important force in promoting and maintaining high floral and faunal diversity.
Dual-process architecture for reasoning in design innovation problems

This paper presents a dual-process architecture for reasoning in design innovation problems. The architecture includes (i) a uniform mechanism to create various associations among concepts and (ii) a procedure to construct rule-based reasoning flows through abstraction of associated concepts. Three reasoning procedures are discussed based on the architecture. Two case studies show that the dual-process architecture can be utilized for various innovation-related tasks, like searching the solution space search beyond the capabilities of statistical methods and identifying hints to improve the novelty of designs, hence exiting fixation.
Media and the Chinese Public: A Survey of the Beijing Media Audience; Preface

The primary purpose of this issue of Chinese Sociology and Anthropology is to make available an extensive survey of the Beijing media audience carried out in 1982 by the Beijing Journalism Association. This poll is the first large-scale media survey in China based on scientific sampling. Indeed, it is the most comprehensive survey research project in China on any subject. There is simply no other resource currently available that provides information remotely comparable in breadth and detail concerning the habits, preferences, and opinions of the Chinese media audience.
Common Property Resource Theory and the Kuhl Irrigation Systems of Himachal Pradesh, India

This article analyzes the differential stresses of increasing nonfarm employment on 39 gravity flow irrigation systems (kuhls) in Himachal Pradesh, India. By fragmenting common dependence on agriculture, increasing nonfarm employment has created stresses within kuhl regimes which manifest as declining participation, increased conflict, and the declining legitimacy of customary rules and authority structures. However, these effects are not evenly distributed across all kuhl regimes. To explain how and why some kuhl regimes have persisted without changing, most have transformed and endure, and a few have collapsed and are now managed by the state irrigation department, I use insights from current theories of common property resource systems to guide the development of an inductively derived explanatory framework. I demonstrate how the relative degree of differentiation of the regime members and the extent of members' reliance on kuhl water interact to influence the degree and nature of stress on kuhl regime...
A Fundamental Equation for Calculation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Ethanol

A formulation for the thermodynamic properties of ethanol (C2H5OH) in the liquid, vapor, and saturation states is presented. The formulation is valid for single-phase and saturation states from 250 to 650 K at pressures up to 280 MPa. The formulation includes a fundamental equation and ancillary functions for the estimation of saturation properties. The experimental data used to determine the fundamental equation include pressure-density-temperature, ideal gas heat capacity, speed of sound, and vapor pressure. Saturation values computed from the ancillary functions were used to ensure thermodynamic consistency at the vapor-liquid phase boundary. Comparisons between experimental data and values computed using the fundamental equation are given to verify the uncertainties in the calculated properties. The formulation presented may be used to compute densities to within ±0.2%, heat capacities to within ±3%, and speed of sound to within ±1%. Saturation values of the vapor pressure and saturation densities are represented to within ±0.5%, except near the critical point.
Insulation of a G protein-coupled receptor on the plasmalemmal surface of the pancreatic acinar cell.

Receptor desensitization is a key process for the protection of the cell from continuous or repeated exposure to high concentrations of an agonist. Well-established mechanisms for desensitization of guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors include phosphorylation, sequestration/internalization, and down-regulation. In this work, we have examined some mechanisms for desensitization of the cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor which is native to the pancreatic acinar cell, and have found the predominant mechanism to be distinct from these recognized processes. Upon fluorescent agonist occupancy of the native receptor, it becomes "insulated" from the effects of acid washing and becomes immobilized on the surface of the plasma membrane in a time- and temperature-dependent manner. This localization was assessed by ultrastructural studies using a colloidal gold conjugate of CCK, and lateral mobility of the receptor was assessed using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Of note, recent application of the same morphologic techniques to a CCK receptor-bearing Chinese hamster ovary cell line demonstrated prominent internalization via the clathrin-dependent endocytic pathway, as well as entry into caveolae (Roettger, B.F., R.U. Rentsch, D. Pinon, E. Holicky, E. Hadac, J.M. Larkin, and L.J. Miller, 1995, J. Cell Biol. 128: 1029-1041). These organelles are not observed to represent prominent compartments for the same receptor to traverse in the acinar cell, although fluorescent insulin is clearly internalized in these cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis. In this work, the rate of lateral mobility of the CCK receptor is observed to be similar in both cell types (1-3 x 10(-10) cm2/s), while the fate of the agonist-occupied receptor is quite distinct in each cell. This supports the unique nature of desensitization processes which occur in a cell-specific manner. A plasmalemmal site of insulation of this important receptor on the pancreatic acinar cell could be particularly effective to protect the cell from processes which might initiate pancreatitis, while providing for the rapid resensitization of this receptor to ensure appropriate pancreatic secretion to aid in nutrient assimilation for the organism.
Collision of two light quanta

The recombination of free electrons and free positrons and its connection with the Compton effect have been treated by Dirac before the experimental discovery of the positron. In the present note are given analogous calculations for the production of positron electron pairs as a result of the collision of two light quanta. The angular distribution of the ejected pairs is calculated for different polarizations, and formulas are given for the angular distribution of photons due to recombination. The results are applied to the collision of high energy photons of cosmic radiation with the temperature radiation of interstellar space. The effect on the absorption of such quanta is found to be negligibly small.
Background and overview of a symposium to update the biology of atherosclerosis and its implications for treatment strategies.

A sponsored by AtheroGenics, Inc., was held in Atlanta, Georgia, in March 2002, with the intent of bringing together a group of distinguished experts in the field to review the state of the art of atherosclerosis from its basic biology through new treatment strategies. The proceedings of the symposium documented in this supplement to The American Journal of Cardiology provide a basis for understanding the development of a new therapeutic agent being tested in clinical trials. The symposium begins with a thorough review of our current understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, with a focus on inflammation and its relation to oxidative stress. This is followed by a description of the present status and future potential of newer diagnostic modalities for atherosclerosis, such as serum markers and imaging techniques. The focus then shifts to current treatment strategies, both medical and interventional, for clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis. Of particular concern are issues of restenosis after angioplasty and new approaches to its prevention, such as coated stents. All of this sets the stage for introducing a new scientific platform for developing and implementing innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at these clinical problems.
The formation of ternary complexes by diphosphopyridine nucleotide-dependent dehydrogenases.

Abstract Formation of abortive ternary complexes between enzyme, coenzyme, and substrate has been demonstrated for several pyridine nucleotide-dependent dehydrogenases by measuring the quenching of protein fluorescence. Evidence is presented suggesting the participation of a ternary complex consisting of lactate dehydrogenase, DPN + , and pyruvate in the phenomenon of substrate inhibition observed with lactate dehydrogenases. This complex is more readily formed with the H-type LDH than with the M-type enzyme under identical conditions. The ternary complex of LDH-DPN + -pyruvate can be formed at physiological levels of pyruvate. Information concerning the structure of the ternary complex has been derived from its absorption and fluorescence spectra, as well as from its kinetic and chemical properties. The pyridine ring in the complex appears to be in the reduced form, similar to that found in DPNH. The ternary complex can be precipitated with ammonium sulfate. Denaturation of the enzyme results in a product which is easily oxidized. Evidence is presented indicating that this product consists of DPN which is covalently bonded to pyruvate. Similar products can be obtained with analogs of DPN, but the reaction for lactate dehydrogenase is specific for pyruvate. Related ternary complexes have been observed from malate dehydrogenase, glutamic dehydrogenase, and alcohol dehydrogenase. The significance of ternary complex formation is discussed in relation to the reaction mechanism of pyridine nucleotide-linked dehydrogenases.
Hybrid fillers of lignin and carbon black for lowering of viscoelastic loss in rubber compounds

Abstract This study investigates novel hybrid fillers for lowering of viscoelastic dissipation in rubber compounds by exploiting non-covalent interactions between lignin and carbon black (CB). Lignin is naturally occurring three-dimensional amorphous polymer consisting of phenyl propane units with hydroxyl, methoxy, and carbonyl substitutions and is capable of producing non-covalent interactions via π–π stacking with CB particles. The hybrid fillers are obtained by precipitating lignin from solutions onto carbon black particles. The fractal nature similar to CB particles and the presence of lignin coating layers on CB particles are confirmed by electron microscopy images. The coating layers are promoted by strong π–π interactions as revealed from Raman spectroscopy and 1 H spin-lattice relaxation data and supported by a drop in zeta potential values. The hybrid fillers show much less networking than CB and reduce the viscoelastic dissipation in model rubber compounds by as much as 10% in comparison to the compounds of only CB.
Gene regulation: piecing together the puzzle of enhancer evolution.

Summary The sequences of some gene regulatory elements diverge considerably, even between closely related species. A detailed analysis of the fast-evolving sparkling enhancer in Drosophila now identifies key compensatory mechanisms and ‘grammar' elements that are critical for maintaining functional integrity.
The Effect of Extended‐Release Metoprolol Succinate on C‐Reactive Protein Levels in Persons With Hypertension

The objective of this study was to determine whether 3 months of treatment with extended-release metoprolol succinate would reduce C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Seventy-five patients aged 30–65 years with uncontrolled hypertension were treated with extended-release metoprolol at 25–50 mg, titrated up to 100–200 mg daily. CRP was evaluated at baseline and at 1 and 3 months. In the 61 hypertensive patients who completed the study, CRP decreased from 6.2±7.5 mg/L at baseline to 5.4±7.0 mg/L (p=0.03) at 1 month and showed no further change at 3 months (5.6±6.5 mg/L; p=0.13). The 13 patients who received 200 mg of extended-release metoprolol had a 32% decline in CRP from 7.0±9.0 mg/L to 4.8±6.6 mg/L (−2.2 mg/L) (p=0.005) over the 3-month period, whereas lower doses did not reduce CRP (p>0.05). Age, race, sex, and change in blood pressure were not related to the reduction in CRP in multivariate analysis. If CRP evolves into a confirmed modifiable risk factor, a β blocker such as metoprolol may be a useful addition to pharmacotherapy options.
Thermal Characteristic Analyses of NC Machine Spindle System

This paper used finite element method to analyze thermal characteristics of numerical control (NC) machine spindle system, and studied the steady temperature field and the transient temperature field of the machine tool and the thermal deformation of the spindle at 3000 rpm. General finite element analysis software ANSYS is used for analysis. Through the analysis of the temperature field and thermal deformation of the spindle system, this paper finally obtained the deformation situation of the spindle system in thermal load. By changing the boundary conditions of the spindle system to analyze the heat distortion of the spindle system and the results showed that assembling a cooling jacket in front of the spindle box can signally reduce the thermal error of the spindle system.
Uncertainty Analysis in Nuclear Criticality Safety Computations

Uncertainty analysis is imperative for criticality risk assessments when using computational methods to predict the multiplication factor (keff ) for fissionable material systems. For the validation of criticality safety computer codes, code accuracy and precision are determined by the computational bias and uncertainty in the bias to account for experimental, computational and model uncertainties. For the application of criticality safety computer codes in the criticality safety design of fissionable material systems, a minimum margin of subcriticality (MMS) must be included to provide additional assurance of subcriticality for any unquantified or unknown uncertainties [1]. Because of a substantial impact of the MMS on nuclear fuel cycle operations, recently increasing interests in reducing the MMS make the uncertainty analysis in criticality safety computations more risk-significant. This paper provides an overview of two most popular keff uncertainty analysis methods for Monte Carlo neutron transport based criticality safety computations: (1) sampling-based methods, and (2) analytical methods. Examples are given to demonstrate their usage for the code validation against benchmark experiments and for the criticality safety design evaluation.© 2010 ASME
On the thickness of graphs of given degree

Abstract The results presented here refer to the determination of the thickness of a graph, that is, the minimum number of planar subgraphs into which the graph can be decomposed. A useful general, preliminary result obtained here is Theorem 8: a planar graph has a planar representation for any arbitrary placement of its nodes in the plane. It is then proved that if we have positive integers D and T, such that any graph of degree at most D has thickness at most T, the following hold. Theorem 9: Any graph of degree d has thickness at most T roof { (d + 1) D } . Theorem 10: Any graph of degree d can always be embedded in a regular graph G° of any degree ƒ ⩾ d . Corollary 5: Any graph of degree d has thickness at most roof ( d 2 ). Theorem 12: With D and T defined as above, we have D ⩽ 4T − 2; Corollary 6: If T = 2, then D ⩽ 6. We further conjecture that, indeed, the thickness of any graph of degree not exceeding 6 is never more than 2; and that, more generally, T = roof { (D + 2) 4 )} . Since the design and fabrication of VLSI computer chips is essentially a concrete representation of the planar decomposition of a graph, all these results are of direct practical interest.
Beyond the individual: A consideration of context for the development of aggression

Historically, the focus for research on children's aggression primarily has been on the characteristics of aggressors with a relatively recent interest in the characteristics of the victims of aggression as well. The present paper urges for the examination of aggression at multiple levels of social complexity particularly in terms of relationships and groups. A conceptual framework for engaging in this analysis is offered and a selective review of research is provided to demonstrate the utility of considering broader contextual factors in the study of children's aggression.
Dynamic imaging of contrast-enhanced coronary vessels with a magnetization prepared rotated stripe keyhole acquisition.

Purpose To evaluate dynamic coronary imaging based on a magnetization prepared contrast-enhanced (CE) rotated stripe keyhole acquisition scheme. Materials and Methods Background suppression of long T1 tissue was used so that the k-space would be selectively dominated by the contribution of the CE vessel. The phase-encoding axis was then adjusted parallel to the long axis of the vessel to sample the significant power spectrum of the vessel. The performance of this approach was evaluated by means of computer simulations and experimental studies on phantoms and a pig model instrumented with an intracoronary catheter for infusion of contrast media. Results Computer simulations and phantom studies demonstrated that by rotating the gradient axes to match the k-space pattern of the frequency spectrum, one can reduce the keyhole band to 20% of the full k-space while preserving the structure's lumen width and sharpness. In vivo studies validated those findings, and dynamic angiograms of the CE coronary arteries were obtained as rapidly as 140 msec per image, with an in-plane spatial resolution of 1.5 mm. Conclusion With efficient background suppression, a rotated stripes keyhole acquisition can efficiently acquire the significant k-space of a CE vessel, and provide improved vessel definition with a reduced acquisition matrices scheme. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ultraviolet and ionizing radiation enhance the growth of BCCs and trichoblastomas in patched heterozygous knockout mice.

Basal cell carcinomas, the commonest human skin cancers, consistently have abnormalities of the hedgehog signaling pathway and often have PTCH gene mutations. We report here that Ptch +/- mice develop primordial follicular neoplasms resembling human trichoblastomas, and that exposure to ultraviolet radiation or ionizing radiation results in an increase in the number and size of these tumors and a shift in their histologic features so that they more closely resem- ble human basal cell carcinoma. The mouse basal cell carcinomas and trichoblastoma-like tumors resemble human basal cell carcinomas in their loss of normal hemidesmosomal components, presence of p53 mutations, frequent loss of the normal remaining Ptch allele, and activation of hedgehog target gene transcription. The Ptch mutant mice provide the first mouse model, to our knowledge, of ultraviolet and ionizing radiation-induced basal cell carcinoma-like tumors, and also demonstrate that Ptch inactivation and hedgehog target gene activation are essential for basal cell carcinoma tumorigenesis.
Enhanced cooling of hydrogen atoms by lithium atoms

We present calculated scattering lengths for collisions between various isotopic forms of lithium and hydrogen atoms interacting via singlet and triplet molecular states of LiH. We demonstrate that one bound triplet level is supported for each isotopomer ${}^{7}\mathrm{LiH}$, ${}^{6}\mathrm{LiH}$, ${}^{7}\mathrm{LiD}$, and ${}^{6}\mathrm{LiD}$. We obtain large calculated triplet scattering lengths that are stable against uncertainties in the potential. We present elastic and momentum transfer cross sections, and the corresponding rate coefficients, for hydrogen atoms colliding with ${}^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ atoms. We suggest that enhanced cooling of trapped atomic hydrogen by ${}^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ atoms is feasible.
Generating sound workflow views for correct provenance analysis

Workflow views abstract groups of tasks in a workflow into high level composite tasks, in order to reuse subworkflows and facilitate provenance analysis. However, unless a view is carefully designed, it may not preserve the dataflow between tasks in the workflow, that is, it may not be sound. Unsound views can be misleading and cause incorrect provenance analysis.This article studies the problem of efficiently identifying and correcting unsound workflow views with minimal changes, and constructing minimal sound and elucidative workflow views with a set of user-specified relevant tasks. In particular, two related problems are investigated. First, given a workflow view, we wish to split each unsound composite task into the minimal number of tasks, such that the resulting view is sound. Second, given a workflow and a set of user specified relevant tasks, we generate a sound view, such that each composite task contains at most one relevant task, and the total number of tasks is minimized. We prove that both problems are NP-hard by reduction from independent set. We then propose two local optimality conditions (weak and strong) for each problem, and design polynomial time algorithms for both problems to meet these conditions. Experiments show that our proposed algorithms are reasonably effective and efficient. The proposed techniques are useful for view analysis/construction for not only workflows, but general networks as well.
FORMATION OF ALPHA CLUSTERS IN EVEN-EVEN NUCLEI

A study is made of alpha decay of even-even nuclei of mass number less than about 120, in which transition probabilities to the 0+ and 2+ states are of the same order and those to 4+ and higher states are much smaller. An attempt is made to explain the observed probabilities on the basis of probabilities of formation of alpha clusters of different angular momenta in the nuclear surface. (T.F.H.) )C>s1/sup > /r proton energies from 2.6 to 5.0 Mev. Resonances were observed at proton energies of 2.743, 2.87, 3.105, 3.20, 3.78, in N>s1/sup > / 10.092, 10.21, 10.428, 10.52, 11.05, 11.240, 11.30, and 11.39 Mev, respectively. Single-level dispersion theory analysis indicates assignments J>s up >> /1>s+/ sup />s+/sup )/1>s/sup ,/>s+/sup ,/ 1>s-/sup ,/>s+/sup ,/>s-/sup ,/>s-/sup ,/nd 1>s+/sup ,/espectively, for these states. An alysis of previously published C>s1/ sup >(/p)C>s1/sup > /ta at lower energies confirms the assignments 1>s-/sup ,/>s+/ sup ,/>s-/sup ,/>s-/sup ,/nd 1>s+/sup /r the states at 8.05, 8.61, 8.75, 8.90, and 8.98 Mev. A resonance at 4.265 Mev corresponding to the known narrow state at 11.504 Mev was not found in the elastic scattering data although it was found to be strong in C>s1/sup >(/p)C>s1/sup >>./ (auth)
Biomimetic novelty detection

In the crowded rain forest, how do animals locate camouflaged prey that resemble the environment, such as walking sticks? Birds will observe the suspected stick over a period of time to determine if its behavior matches that of a tree. If the stick's behavior exceeds normal tree behavior, such as moving faster than the other branches, the bird will determine that it is actually a walking stick and not a tree branch. Once this determination is made, they will prey on the insect. Studying this natural process of novelty detection, present in a variety of animals from birds to turkey vultures, can be beneficial for numerous human applications. The spatiotemporal novelty detector will be developed using self-referencing matched filters to go beyond auto-regression. This algorithm is more than the usual change detector for it will detect a novelty behavior that exceeds its predicted value based on past data, e.g. the bird who identifies a walking stick in the forest. A scalar model is presented; however, the application can be expanded to multiple modalities for more detailed applications. Some of these applications include gas pipeline leak detection, persistent surveillance, and the creation of a smart sensor web.
Ice Movement and Shoreline Modification, Lake Champlain, Vermont

Measurements and observations of ice movements and shoreline modifications were made in 1968 on Lake Champlain, with detailed study on Shelburne Bay, near Burlington, Vermont. These investigations showed that distinctive ice movements on Shelburne Bay were caused by lake level rises, ice and snow ablation, and ice temperature fluctuations during the period of complete ice cover, and by wind action during ice breakup. Measured ice expansion and contraction movements can be approximated by theoretically considering the ice cover as a uniformly heated plate. Exact agreement between the observed and calculated values was not found, however, due to the complicating effects of snowfalls during ice contractions and varying lengths of the period of temperature increases during ice expansions. Shoreline modification, in particular ice rampart formation, is very limited on Lake Champlain due to the continuous snow cover, the development of numerous pressure ridges, the relatively short period of partial open water, and the weakened condition of the ice during ice breakup. Factors controlling ice-sediment interactions on Shelburne Bay are particle size, steepness of bottom slope, and shoreline configuration. Fine particle size, gentle bottom slope, and shoreline embayments together are associated with unrestricted ice movements and only minor ice ramparts. Relatively straight shorelines with intermediate particle size and bottom slope are most favorable for ice ramparts. Shoreline convexities with relatively steep bottom slope and coarse particle size favor pressure ridges.
Opening up decision making: making sense of entrepreneur and reseller business‐to‐business strategies

Purpose – Aims to map business‐to‐business strategic actions to illustrate how manufacturers and resellers of new fast moving consumer goods interact when responding to environmental feedback to their decisions and to assess the effectiveness of alternative implemented decisions in assisting organizational growth.Design/methodology/approach – This report presents a detailed example of causal mapping analysis for a manufacturing entrepreneurial case study; the example covers processes linking events, decisions, and activities in business start‐up, growth, and failure of the enterprise.Findings – For the case study illustrating the mapping approach, between the start‐up to the demise stages a shift does occur in the number of decision areas judged very good to very bad; for example, product design decisions shift from very good to remarkably good to very bad among the three stages. Pricing strategy was judged very bad consistently across the three stages.Research limitations/implications – For research on e...
Climatic influences on profile concavity and river incision

[1] Longitudinal profiles of alluvial and bedrock rivers are typically concave up, and the precise shape of their concavity is known to integrate tectonic, climatic, and channel grain size distribution factors. We isolate climatic/hydrologic effects on profile concavity through a spatial analysis of large watersheds with mixed bedrock-alluvial trunk channels spanning a steep climatic/hydrologic gradient in a tectonically stable landscape. Forty watersheds on the eastern American high plains were selected to minimize variability in base level, relief, vegetation, rock type, and drainage area. We calculate stream concavity by two complementary methods: an area-normalized stream concavity index (SCI) and θ, the slope of a line regressed through log-log plot of channel slope and basin area. The SCI and θ covary. More importantly, a positive correlation exists between profile concavity and climatic/hydrologic factors such as precipitation intensity and peak annual discharge; however, modeled profile steepness has no correlation to climate or watershed hydrology. We conclude that in tectonically stable settings, higher-intensity rainfall and greater mean annual precipitation lead to more concave profiles. We do not have data to know if the concavity changes reflect primarily bedrock or alluvial (grain size) processes, but generally, a doubling of rainfall intensity on the high plains leads to a tripling in concavity manifest as tens of meters of incision. Such climatically influenced profile concavity could explain some of the often-cited late Cenozoic incision and increase in local relief for the high plains and Rocky Mountains traditionally ascribed to tectonics.
SYNTHESIS OF (4.5.5.5)FENESTRANE AND A (4.4.5.5)FENESTRANE DERIVATIVE

Abstract The synthesis of tetracyclo[5.4.1.0 4,12 .0 9.12 ]dodecan-6-one 12 via an intramolelecular photocycloaddition, its reduction to the hydrocarbon 13 and its ring-contraction to tetracyclo-[4.4.1.0 3,11 .0 9,11 ]undecane derivative 16 is described.
Influence of intermittent pneumatic compression devices on non-invasive blood pressure measurement of the ankle.

Background It is rapidly becoming the standard of care to employ the perioperative use of intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) devices on the lower leg to prevent the development of deep venous thrombosis. There are instances when the anesthesiologist must apply a blood pressure cuff to the ankle in order to obtain a blood pressure reading. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of IPC devices on non-invasive blood pressure measurements of the ankle.
Amino acid starvation in an Escherichia coli auxotroph IV. The incorporation of [14C]leucine into cell fractions and its transfer between them

Abstract A leucine-proline double auxotroph of Escherichia coli K-12 was starved of proline and allowed to incorporate [ 14 C]leucine. The labeled cells were reincubated in the absence of any amino acid, in the presence of non-radioactive leucine, or in the presence of proline. In each case the cells were harvested, lysed by sonic oscillation, and fractionated centrifugally and chemically. [ 14 C]Leucine was determined in a liquid scintillation spectrometer. 1. 1. [ 14 C]Leucine entered all cell fractions during proline starvation, even in 3 min at 0°, and about 100 times faster at 37°. 2. 2. On reincubation of the labeled cells with non-radioactive leucine during continued proline starvation, the bulk of the incorporated [ 14 C]leucine exchanged freely with the medium. Most of the counts associated with ribosomal protein were shifted out of that fraction, apparently into soluble protein. The latter behaved as an endproduct in that it never lost counts. 3. 3. On reincubation with proline in the absence of leucine about one-quarter of the counts in ribosomal protein were shifted into soluble protein, without any loss of counts from the acid-soluble pool. This is interpreted as representing the completion of those nascent protein molecules which required proline residues, and their removal from the templates. 4. 4. The findings are discussed in relation to the stepwise mechanisms of protein synthesis in E. coli .
An atomic and probabilistic perspective on twin nucleation in Mg

We discuss the nucleation of deformation twins in Mg from a fundamental perspective. Atomistic simulations reveal twinning mechanisms and suggest that twin nucleation most likely occurs at grain boundaries (GBs). We observe twin nucleation from symmetrical tilt grain boundaries using molecular dynamics and reveal that the nucleation pathway depends on the tilt angle and the GB defect state. In particular, twin nucleation is preferred at GBs with low misorientation angles, in agreement with electron back-scattering diffraction (EBSD) analyses. A probabilistic description of twin nucleation is then proposed with the aim of linking atomic-scale information with meso-scale EBSD statistical analyses.
The stability of Fe-Mg chlorites in hydrothermal solutions: I. Results of experimental investigations

Abstract Three natural chlorites have been equilibrated with kaolinite (±quartz±gibbsite±hematite) in aqueous MgCl2 or NaCl solutions at saturated vapor conditions (PV=PH2O). The compositions of the chlorites, (Fe0.603+Fe5.432+Mg2.30Al2.98Mn0.05Ca0.03Zn0.01□0.60)(Si5.63Al2.37)O20(OH)16, (Al2.33Fe1.002+Fe0.143+Ca0.02Mn0.01Ni0.02Cr0.01Mg8.40□0.07)(Si5.66Al2.34)O20(OH)16 and (Si5.26Al2.74)(Al1.94Ti0.28Fe6.162+Fe0.563+Mn0.05Mg2.05Ca0.31P0.19V0.01□0.46)O20(OH)16 were determined from X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Mossbauer spectroscopy. The experiments were conducted in sealed bottles (LDPE or PTFE) or Teflon-lined (PTFE) reaction vessels, and the starting solution compositions were constructed such that equilibrium boundaries were approached from high and low values of log a Mg 2+ 0.5 a H + , log a Na + a H + and log a SiO aq . The attainment of stable equilibrium is indicated by the reversibility of fluid-mineral equilibria, agreement of results obtained in the different aqueous media, and the variance of the 6-component system, MgO–Al2O3–SiO2-Fe2O3–FeO–H2O. To fully reflect the complexity of the equilibria being investigated, a number of reactions (with corresponding equilibrium constants) have been used to model the behavior of each chlorite under isothermal, isobaric conditions. These solution equilibration data also validate the applicability of solubility product conventions to chlorite solubility data and thus contradict the general presumption that the behaviors of complex layer silicates in aqueous solutions are not amenable to the law of mass action.
The effects of oral micronized progesterone on smoked cocaine self-administration in women

Abstract There are currently no FDA-approved pharmacotherapies for cocaine abuse. Converging preclinical and clinical evidence indicates that progesterone may have potential as a treatment for cocaine-abusing women, who represent a growing portion of cocaine users. We have previously shown that oral progesterone reduced the positive subjective effects of cocaine in female cocaine users during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, when endogenous progesterone levels were low. To extend these findings, the present study assessed the effects of oral progesterone (150 mg BID) administered during the follicular phase on smoked cocaine self-administration in women relative to the normal follicular and luteal phases. Healthy, non-treatment seeking female cocaine smokers (N = 10) underwent three 4-day inpatient stays, during: 1) a normal follicular phase; 2) a normal luteal phase; and 3) a follicular phase when oral progesterone was administered. During each stay, participants completed 4 self-administration sessions in which they first smoked a “sample” dose of cocaine (0, 12, 25 or 50 mg) and then had 5 opportunities at 14-minute intervals to self-administer that dose at a cost of $5 per dose. Expected cocaine dose effects on self-administration, subjective effects, and cardiovascular effects were observed. However, there was no effect of oral progesterone administration or menstrual cycle phase on cocaine self-administration. Thus, oral progesterone was not effective in reducing cocaine use in women under the current conditions. However, based on previous literature, further research assessing the role of oral progesterone for the treatment of cocaine dependence in women is warranted.
Occulting ozone observatory ability to discover and locate single and multiple Earth-like planets in habitable zones

We present a study of the Occulting Ozone Observatory performance in observations of potential Earth-like planets around nearby solar-like stars. We use Monte Carlo techniques to simulate planetary systems and with assumptions about the signal-to-noise performance of the instrument we determine the significance of planetary system parameter determinations--for example, can we conclude that a particular planet's semi-major axis (SMA) is in the star's habitable zone? In addition to studying the dependence of the SMA determination on the number of observations and detections, we present results on the ability to disentangle and analyze the data from two-planet systems.
The mechanism of the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids catalyzed by hematin compounds.

Abstract The mechanism of linoleate oxidation in the presence of the catalysts hemin, cytochrome c, hemoglobin, and catalase was the subject of this investigation. Catalytic activity decreased in the order: cytochrome c > hemin > hemoglobin > catalase. Kinetically, the oxidation of colloidal linoleate followed the relationship: d o 2 dt = K ( hematin catalyst ) 1 2 The linoleate peroxides resulting from hemin-catalyzed linoleate oxidation were characterized by production of carbonyl compounds. The hemin-catalyzed oxidation of methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, and methyl linolenate was zero order. Induction periods decreased and reaction rates increased as the reactivity of the fatty acid esters increased. The postulated mechanism of linoleate-oxidation initiation involves a direct reaction of linoleate peroxide with hematin catalysts. Propagation may take place in a manner similar to autocatalytic linoleate oxidation. The termination reaction probably involves interaction of linoleate peroxide radicals and hematin compounds.
"Small-tufted" ganglion cells and two visual systems for the detection of object motion in rabbit retina.

Small-tufted (ST) ganglion cells of rabbit retina are divided into eight types based upon morphology, branching pattern, level of dendritic stratification, and quantitative dimensional analysis. Only one of these types has been previously characterized in Golgi preparations, and four may be discerned in the work of others. Given their small dendritic-field size, and assuming uniform mosaics of each across the retina, ST cells comprise about 45% of all rabbit ganglion cells, and are therefore of major functional significance. Four ST cells occur as two paramorphic (a/b) pairs, and thus belong to class III, as previously defined. Four branch in sublaminae a and b of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and therefore belong to class IV. ST cells have small cell bodies 10–15 μm in diameter, small axons 0.7–1.3 μm in diameter, and small dendritic-field diameters, 40–110 μm in mid-visual streak. The dendrites of ST cells are highly branched, and bear spines and appendages of varying length, but vary from type to type. Class III.2 cells and class III.3 cells are partly bistratified. Class IV small-tufted cells differ characteristically in multiple features of dendritic branching and stratification. Class III small-tufted cells apparently have concentric (ON-center and OFF-center) receptive fields and may have “sluggish-transient” (class III.2) and “sluggish-sustained” (class III.3) physiology. Class IV cells include the “local-edge-detector” (LED) (class IVst1), and are all expected to give ON–OFF responses to small, centered, slowly moving visual stimuli. Based upon systematic variation in dendritic-field size across the retina, ST cells may be divided into two groups. In this “universal prey” species, they may belong to two systems of motion detection, typified by ON–OFF directionally selective and LED ganglion cells, respectively, specialized for detection of rapid motion at the horizon for land-based predators, and slow motion for airborne predators.
Modifying Science Activities and Materials to Enhance Instruction for Students with Learning and Behavioral Problems

Most science educators report a willingness to teach students with learning and behavioral differences; however, they often also indicate having limited information about how to make the science cl...
Full-scale evaluation of an integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) process for enhanced nitrogen removal

One of the two trains of the 37,000 m 3 /d Annapolis, Maryland step aeration activated sludge treatment plant was modified for single-sludge anoxic-aerobic operation, and then fixed-film media were integrated into the aerobic zone to enhance nitrification. Rope-like Ringlace media was selected for integration, and 30,000 meters were installed in a volume of 475 m 3 for a pilot demonstration. The purpose of the integrated fixed-film media was to upgrade the short hydraulic retention time (HRT) basin (6 hrs nominal) for efficient, year-round nitrogen removal without construction to increase basin volume. An engineering study had concluded that upgrading the facility for year round complete nitrification, without nitrogen removal, would cost US$24 million. The modified train was operated for 12 months, six in the plug-flow MLE configuration, and six in a step-feed configuration. The integrated Ringlace media increased the nitrification rate per unit volume to 225% of that observed in the control section, attaining a value of 1.75 kg/d NH 3 -N per linear meter at 15°C. The media also increased denitrification in the aerobic media section to the extent that between 30 and 88% of the nitrates formed in the section were denitrified within it, permitting a potential 25% or more reduction in the volume of the anoxic zone. An IFAS retrofit design was developed which incorporated step-feed operation, and reduced the projected construction cost to US$9.2 million.