cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Chronology of the Middle Paleolithic of the Levant

In 1980, following the first conference on the “Prehistory of the Levant” (Cauvin and Sanlaville 1981), we (the author and B. Vandermeersch) realized that the accepted Middle Paleolithic chronology was too short and the ordering of sites and industries was not well-founded. We therefore initiated a joint project to re-excavate and date key cave sites, including Kebara, Qafzeh, and Hayonim, with the hope of establishing a more sound chronology for the Levantine Mousterian. This volume contains many of the contributions that have been made to this on-going project. By now, the difficulties in establishing the chronology of the Middle Paleolithic assemblages in the Levant are fairly well-known. The earlier chronological model was based on the European concept that prevailed through the 1960s, namely, that the Mousterian industries date solely to the Last Glacial Age. Different opinions first emerged in Western Europe when assemblages bearing Mousterian characteristics were securely dated to the Penultimate Glacial cycle (or Riss III in the French Alpine-based time scale). In addition, dates from the MSA sequence in East and South Africa indicated a similar tendency towards increasing antiquity. However, the major shift began when new radiometric dating techniques became available (e.g., Aitken 1990). These included thermoluminescence (TL), electron spin resonance (ESR), Uranium series, and amino acid racemization (AAR). Middle Paleolithic sites of the Levant (Figure 1) have produced numerous assemblages since the inception of systematic excavations in the 1920s. In the 1930s, both Garrod and Neuville used French terminology to define the industries. Garrod recognized the inadequacy of this terminology which, at her time, distinguished between Levalloisian and Mousterian industries based on the proliferation of classical Levallois products in one entity and retouched pieces in the other. Her subdivision (Garrod and Bate 1937) into two stratified entities named Lower and Upper Levalloiso-Mousterian was employed by others for many years.
Surfing Electrons in Quantum Computers

I take this opportunity of writing a piece of science for my friend Manuel G. Velarde to discuss things dear to his heart: surfing of electrons on acoustic waves. It has been claimed recently, but not by him, that transport of electrons by surf could be used to carry quantum information in quantum computers. This is physically impossible because this would require to maintain the quantum coherence linked to localisation, a coherence decaying very fastly in the real world.
Condensation of aldehydes with amides

Salicylaldehyde-amide condensations always produced the salicylidene-monoamides and the highest yield was always obtained in the presence of pyridine.7 The 5-chlorosalicylaldehyde and the 3 ∶ 5-dichlorosalicylaldehyde gave the best yield usually when heated alone; the product was almost always the-bis in the case of the latter, and generally so in the case of the former. The condensations with cinnamamide gave a quicker and a higher yield, it being quantitative in the case of the dichlorosalicylaldehyde. As before a temperature slightly higher than that of the water-bath produced generally a better yield in the last two amide condensations.
The Use of Prostate Specific Antigen, Clinical Stage and Gleason Score to Predict Pathological Stage in Men with Localized Prostate Cancer

Clinical stage, Gleason score and serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels are used separately to predict pathological stage in patients with localized prostate cancer. Because the degree of tumor differentiation has a profound influence on the expression of serum PSA, serum PSA levels alone do not reflect tumor burden accurately. To overcome this obstacle we tested these 3 variables alone and in combinations as predictors of final pathological stage in 703 men with clinically localized prostate cancer at our institution. All patients were assigned a clinical stage by 1 urologist. The Gleason score was determined from preoperative needle biopsy and serum PSA levels were measured on an ambulatory basis. Final pathological stage was determined to be either organ confined, established capsular penetration, seminal vesicle involvement or lymph node involvement. Logistic regression analysis with the likelihood ratio chi-square test determined that serum PSA, Gleason score and clinical stage all predicted final pathological stage well. The results were improved with combinations of the 3 variables (serum PSA, Gleason score and clinical stage) and the combination provided the best separation. From these analyses probability plots and nomograms have been constructed to assist urologists in the preoperative prediction of final pathological stage for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer.
The perfect lawn: exploring neighborhood socio-cultural drivers for insect pollinator habitat

In the United States, residential yards are typically overlooked for biodiversity conservation, yet they account for a significant portion of urban green space. Yard vegetation can serve as valuable habitat patches for insect pollinator populations in cities, providing important foraging and nesting resources. Based on long-term native bee sampling data, we investigate the social and cultural drivers shaping front yard vegetation composition and configuration at two study sites with consistently low native bee species diversity and abundance. We employ quantitative remote sensing approaches with analysis of qualitative interview data to examine residential vegetation patterns and analyze the socio-cultural relationships between people and vegetation. Data analyses reveal both study sites have lower levels of vegetation composition and complexity, resulting in reduced habitat resources. We find neighborhood public-facing landscaping is shaped by various socio-cultural influences: aesthetics, norms, reference-group behavior, institutions, socioeconomics, and identity. Front yard land-use and decision-making practices are particularly meaning laden, as these spaces are often perceived as visible representations of longstanding neighborhood identity and contiguous common areas to be managed to a “perfect lawn” ideal. The quantitative and qualitative data are used to characterize the two study sites and inform future urban conservation and development efforts salient to citizen stakeholders.
Development of empirical models for chloride binding in cementitious systems containing admixed chlorides

Abstract The binding of admixed chlorides in the concrete can delay the corrosion of reinforcing steel and extend the service life of reinforced concrete structures. Although extensive research has been conducted to study the chloride binding capacity of cementitious systems subject to external chlorides, there is little information available on the chloride binding capacity of cementitious systems containing admixed chlorides. In this paper, the chloride binding capacity of several cementitious systems containing ordinary portland cement (OPC), Type C and F fly ashes, slag, and silica fume with different replacement levels is studied using acid-soluble, water-soluble, and pore-pressed testing procedures. In addition, the influence of water-to-binder ratio and admixed chloride levels on the percentages of bound chlorides is explored and discussed. The experimental results indicate that, on average, the concentration of pore-pressed chlorides is significantly lower than the concentration of water-soluble chlorides. Furthermore, the estimated bound chlorides using the pore-pressed chlorides are significantly higher than the bound chloride estimated using water-soluble chlorides. Results show that the Langmuir isotherm can be used to explain the relationship between free and bound chlorides in OPC paste samples containing admixed chlorides. Results of this study also suggest that chloride testing procedures can be very influential in quantifying the concentration of bound chlorides. Therefore, there is a need to standardize the process used for measuring the chlorides in cementitious systems for assessing chloride binding.
Anomalous variations of spectral linewidth in internal excitonic quantum transitions of ultrafast resonantly excited single-walled carbon nanotubes

How the exciton fine structure and spectral linewidth in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) evolve after ultrafast photoexcitation is critical for both understanding the fundamental optoelectronic properties and the development of nanophotonic functional devices. Yet, studies so far have mostly detected a subset of excitons near the Brillouin-zone center due to symmetry and momentum restrictions of the interband optical probes used, such as photoluminescence and absorption. Here we use ultrafast terahertz spectroscopy to probe the excitonic spectral linewidth associated with internal quantum transition across the entire momentum $K$ space in resonantly excited semiconducting SWNTs. The lowest-lying intraexcitonic transition surprisingly sharpens at both high pump fluence and initial times immediately following the photoexcitation. We attribute these anomalous variations in the spectral linewidth to the role of the dark state $1s(g)$ that influences the lifetime broadening of the bright state $1s(u)$, consistent with the temperature-dependent dephasing time with a crossover temperature set by the internal quantum level spacing of excitons.
Current Status of Antiepileptic Drugs as Preventive Migraine Therapy.

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are an important class of agents used in the treatment of migraine, a neurological disorder that imparts significant socioeconomic burden. It is important for neurologists to understand the rationale for AEDs in migraine-preventive treatment, as well as each agent’s efficacy and tolerability profile, in order to best determine clinical care. This article specifically provides the following: (1) a review of the mechanism of action, efficacy, and tolerability of topiramate and divalproex sodium/sodium valproate, the most widely used AEDs for migraine prevention, (2) a discussion on emerging evidence regarding the efficacy of zonisamide and levetiracetam, and (3) comments on gabapentin, pregabalin, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, and lamotrigine, AEDs which have insufficient evidence for use in migraine prevention. The potential role for new extended-release formulations of topiramate in migraine prevention is discussed. There is substantial evidence supporting the use of AEDs in migraine prevention. Specific agents should be chosen based on their efficacy and tolerability profiles. Further studies are needed to determine the efficacy of the newer AEDs, zonisamide and levetiracetam, in migraine prevention and to clarify the role of gabapentinoids in headache management.
Let’s Don’t Start Here

Claims from various writers about potential purposes of the university-based business school put us in an odd quandary. (1) One belief is that business schools should be engaged in the systematic discovery of knowledge through a scientific method. (2) Another belief is that a scientific method is insufficient to provide an understanding of central phenomena because a portion of those phenomena will not be understood through those means. (3) Therefore, the business school should more appropriately be viewed as a professional school. (4) Business is not a profession; therefore, logically a business school is not a professional school. (5) Although it may not be a profession, business and management act like a profession.
Entrepreneurship in an Amateur World: The Gaelic Athletic Association in Ireland

AbstractThe Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) is unusual in the world of contemporary sport. While at the organizational level it is wholly corporate and follows standard global models of maximizin...
Translocation, trophic transfer, accumulation and depuration of polystyrene microplastics in Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas

Abstract In recent years, reports of plastic debris in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of fish have been well documented in the scientific literature. This, in turn, increased concerns regarding human health exposure to microplastics through the consumption of contaminated fish. Most of the available research regarding microplastic toxicity has focused on marine organisms through direct feeding or waterborne exposures at the individual level. However, little is known about the trophic transfer of microplastics through the aquatic food chain. Freshwater zooplankton Daphnia magna (hereafter Daphnia), and the fathead minnow Pimephales promelas (FHM), are well-known model species used in standard toxicological studies and ecological risk assessments that provide a simple model for trophic transfer. The aim of this study was to assess the tissue translocation, trophic transfer, and depuration of two concentrations (20 and 2000-part ml−1) of 6 μm polystyrene (PS) microplastics particles between Daphnia and FHM. Bioconcentration factors (BCF) and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) were determined. Fluorescent microscopy was used to determine the number of particles in the water media and within the organs of both species. Throughout the five days of exposure, PS particles were only found within the GI tract of both species. The BCF for Daphnia was 0.034 ± 0.005 for the low concentration and 0.026 ± 0.006 for the high concentration. The BAF for FHM was 0.094 ± 0.037 for the low concentration and 0.205 ± 0.051 for the high concentration. Between 72 and 96 h after exposure all microplastic particles were depurated from both species. The presence of food had a significant effect on the depuration of microplastic particles from Daphnia but not for FHM. Based on the low BCF and BAF values for both species, rapid depuration rates, and null translocation of microplastic particles to organs and tissues from the GI tract, there is a low probability that microplastics will bioconcentrate and bioaccumulate under environmental conditions.
Falling for debt: Giannina Braschi, the Latinx avant-garde, and financial terrorism in the United States of Banana

Puerto Rican writer Giannina Braschi’s 2011 novel, The United States of Banana, although brilliant and insightful, has been largely under-examined by literary critics. This may be partially attributed to the complexity of her writing and her predilection for utilizing a dizzying array of avant-garde literary techniques at the service of her trenchant critiques of social issues. In this essay I combine scholarship on the avant-garde with research on the economic devastation wrought by the 2008 market crash to examine Braschi’s dense, profound novel. I argue that amid her strategic use of avant-garde techniques, Braschi links post-9/11 fears of terrorism with the daily suffering that stems from a changing, debt-ridden economy to offer a scathing critique of neoliberal economic and social reforms.
RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY INJURY FOLLOWING ATRIAL FLUTTER ABLATION: A RARE COMPLICATION

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) is the first line treatment of typical atrial flutter as it is very effective with a low risk of complications. Despite close anatomic proximity of RCA with cavotricuspid isthmus, right coronary artery (RCA) occlusion is a rarely reported
Exploring outcomes and characteristics of myasthenia gravis: Rationale, aims and design of registry - The EXPLORE-MG registry.

Abstract Objectives Though much information exists about the diagnosis, treatment, and epidemiology of myasthenia gravis (MG), a comprehensive data registry and biorepository is critical to better understand disease mechanisms, treatment outcomes, and the impact of treatment strategies. We aimed to design and implement the “Exploring Outcomes and Characteristics of Myasthenia Gravis (EXPLORE-MG) Registry” to address these knowledge gaps. Methods A web-based, non-interventional, longitudinal, observational disease and outcomes registry was developed; incorporating NIH recommended common data elements for the study of MG. Individuals diagnosed with MG based on prespecified criteria were eligible to participate. The registry was further strengthened by a complementary biorepository. An interim analysis was completed on registry data collected through data-lock in 2017. Results A total of 232 MG patients, followed at the Yale MG Clinic from 2011 to 2017, were enrolled, which included 2142 total visit entries. Of the 232 MG patients (mean age 60 years, range 17–99; female:male, 1.04:1), 165 were acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive, 20 were muscle-specific kinase antibody-positive, and 47 were seronegative. This cohort consisted of 64 patients with ocular disease, 168 patients with generalized disease, and 65 patients post-thymectomy, including 20 with thymoma-associated MG. Conclusions Identification of key clinical features that may predict treatment responsiveness or provide insight into patient outcomes is essential to improve patient care. As current research focuses on the development of patient-tailored, targeted-treatment regimens, this registry can help provide important clinical and epidemiological data from a large contemporary patient cohort with long-term follow-up. Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03792659
Drug Therapy for Vagally-Mediated Atrial Fibrillation and Sympatho-Vagal Balance in the Genesis of Atrial Fibrillation: A Review of the Current Literature.

Objective The presence of both sympathetic activation-mediated triggers and parasympathetic activation-mediated substrates are required to initiate and maintain some forms of atrial fibrillation (AF). AF predominantly precipitated by parasympathetic stimulation is known as vagally-mediated AF (VM-AF). The role of novel drugs and molecular targeted gene therapy that modulate the autonomic nervous system are therapeutic options in this unique population with VM-AF. Here, we review the role of the sympatho-vagal balance in the genesis of AF and consider drug therapy for VM-AF. Methods In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement, literature search was conducted using the keywords "vagal", "vagal nerve", "vagus", "vagus nerve", and "atrial fibrillation". Retrieved citations were first screened independently by 2 reviewers for inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results A total of 14 studies and 3 practice guidelines from 1986-2017 were included. Only two clinical investigations evaluated the effectiveness of disopyramide and sotalol in human subjects with VM-AF. The potential role of antiarrhythmic drugs has been studied in animal models. Conclusions Growing evidence suggests that the autonomic nervous system is integral in the development of VM-AF. Novel medications and genetic targets are undergoing investigation with promising results.
BITs and Bonds: The International Law and Economics of Sovereign Debt

Recent jurisdictional decisions suggest that sovereign debt will be subject to bilateral investment treaties (BITs) for the foreseeable future. This Article demonstrates that applying BITs to sovereign bonds threatens to undermine the core economic function of those treaties by encouraging inefficient State and creditor behavior. It further argues that this dilemma can be resolved through an interpretative approach that leads to the equal treatment of like creditors.
Regression multiple imputation for missing data analysis

Iterative multiple imputation is a popular technique for missing data analysis. It updates the parameter estimators iteratively using multiple imputation method. This technique is convenient and flexible. However, the parameter estimators do not converge point-wise and are not efficient for finite imputation size m. In this paper, we propose a regression multiple imputation method. It uses the parameter estimators obtained from multiple imputation method to estimate the parameter estimators based on expectation maximization algorithm. We show that the resulting estimators are asymptotically efficient and converge point-wise for small m values, when the iteration k of the iterative multiple imputation goes to infinity. We evaluate the performance of the new proposed methods through simulation studies. A real data analysis is also conducted to illustrate the new method.
Why We Need Business Communication Theories

This theory lays out the need for strong theory in the field of business communication. A set of strong, widely recognized theories can improve the field in many ways. Theory helps improve research in the field by giving us a uniting scaffold that we can build upon. The chapter also describes how such a set of theories can help the field’s reputation, cohesiveness, pedagogy, and application.
IIoT based Augmented Reality for Factory Data Collection and Visualization

Abstract In Industry 4.0, machine data acquisition plays an important role in improving overall performance on the factory floor by monitoring processes, providing feedback, and integrating the information with other machines. Leveraging these hidden data instantaneously to reduce machine downtime could also minimize efforts in determining the causes of maintenance issues. This paper explores a novel method of bringing the factory floor data into an Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) environment and visualizing real-time machine analytics through Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR) based smart devices. The factory floor data from selective machines at a Volvo Group plant was integrated with IIoT and visualized in real-time through the use of AR-enabled devices such as an iPad and a HoloLens headset. The configuration process for the server and IIoT environment was automated through a software solution, and the performance and feasibility of spatial anchors were evaluated by testing accuracy, triggering times, and latency of data. The results displayed promising applications of AR/MR on factory floors for real-time machine data visualization and associated troubleshooting.
Critical design elements in online courses

Course design influences online student performance and engagement. A total of 222 instructors and instructional designers responded to Martin et al.’s Online Course Design Elements instrument to e...
Spectral discrimination using infinite leaf reflectance and simulated canopy reflectance

An important application of hyperspectral remote sensing is monitoring the diversity of plant species and functional types, which correlate with differences of leaf chemical constituents. Diffuse r...
Consumer Health Informatics and Telehealth

After reading this chapter you should know the answers to these questions: What factors contribute to the increasing pressure for lay people to actively participate in health care? How does direct access to health information technologies assist patients in participating in their own health care? Critically appraise the informatics requirements for successful telehealth. How can lay people determine the value of a telehealth innovation such as a healthrelated Web site or an on-line disease management service?
Localization of the placenta with radioactive iodinated serum albumin.

Abstract 1.1. The tracer method of placenta localization is a valuable tool and is safe for mother and fetus. 2.2. The failure of RISA to cross the placental barrier is demonstrated. 3.3. The detectable I 131 in the fetus is not bound to serum protein.
Block Towers: Co-construction of Proof

In previous chapters, we observed elementary school students working to make sense of the towers problems by building representations, formulating conjectures, and defending their solutions in discussions with classmates and researchers. In this chapter, we observe a cohort of high school juniors as they engage in explorations and constructions in the towers problem. During this session, the students found and generalized formulas for solutions to the original towers problem (building towers when selecting from two colors of Unifix cubes) and extensions (with more than two colors of cubes), using methods including controlling for variables, justification by cases, and inductive reasoning.
Decisions about life-sustaining measures in children: in whose best interests?

UNLABELLED As the community of physicians and nurses dedicated to the care of critically ill children has gained ever more well-developed skill sets, the decision to either continue or forego life-sustaining measures has become less time-sensitive. As a result, there is greater opportunity for careful consideration and discussion. The core principle in making decisions about whether to continue or forego life-sustaining measures is the best interests of the child. However, there are many clinical situations wherein factors other than the child's best interests may influence treatment decisions. The present report seeks to examine the notion that in the arena of paediatric critical care medicine, the decision-making process regarding life-sustaining measures may place insufficient priority upon the child's best interests. We examine actual, de-identified clinical situations, encountered in the critical care arena in two categories: (i) cases that challenge the imperative to act in the child's best interests, and (ii) cases that compromise the ability of parents and caregivers to use child-centred, best-interests approaches to decision-making. Clarity surrounding the implications of a clinical decision for the patient is essential. Decisions that are not focused squarely on the child's best interests may compromise the delivery of optimally ethical end-of-life care. CONCLUSION The cases and analysis may benefit parents and caregivers as they struggle with the difficult ethical issues that accompany decisions to continue or forego life-sustaining measures in children.
Thallium: Organometallic Chemistry

The organometallic chemistry of thallium(I) is dominated by cyclopentadienyl complexes. These may be polymeric through bridging Cp arrangements or oligomeric as a result of Tl⋯Tl contacts. ThCp complexes are easily prepared and are highly useful Cp-transfer agents. There are two known Tl(I) organometallics with direct TlC σ-bonds; one is monomeric and the other is tetrameric due to Tl⋯Tl contact. A variety of Tl(I) π-complexes are recognized. Bonding in the latter tends to be fairly weak. Two R2TlTlR2 dimers (R = silyl group) are known, but no such Tl(II) complexes are known for carbon ligands. The chemistry of organothallium(III) compounds is more extensive, encompassing such species as R3Tl, R2TlX, RTlX2 (X = anionic ligand), and complexes of these species with additional ligands. A wide array of X-ray crystal structures for Tl(III) complexes reveals monomeric, oligomeric, and polymeric arrangements, with bridging ligands being very common. Thallium compounds are highly toxic and should be handled with great care. Volatile Tl species are of use in the chemical-vapor deposition of superconducting phases. Finally, Tl(III) salts are fairly important reagents in organic syntheses, especially in oxidations and in ring expansion and contraction reactions. Keywords: cyclopentadienyl complexes; metal–metal bonds; metal toxicity; organic synthesis; thallium; X-ray crystallography
A Family of Rat CRMP Genes Is Differentially Expressed in the Nervous System

Members of the collapsin/semaphorin family play an important role in creating the complex pattern of neuronal connectivity. Inhibition of growth cone motility by chick collapsin is mediated by the intraneuronal protein CRMP-62. We have now isolated four rat sequences that are highly related to chick CRMP-62. All four genes are expressed exclusively in the nervous system and primarily during development. Rat CRMP-2/TOAD-64 is most closely related to chick CRMP-62 and is the most widely expressed CRMP within the nervous system. Rat CRMP-1 and CRMP-4/rUlip are expressed during discrete periods of neuronal development and are not found in the adult nervous system. Rat CRMP-3 has a distinct distribution, being expressed transiently in developing spinal cord and selectively in the postnatal cerebellum. The differential expression of these genes suggests that CRMPs may transduce signals from different semaphorins and that semaphorins may regulate the plasticity of the adult nervous system.
Follicle vascularity coordinates corpus luteum blood flow and progesterone production

Colour Doppler ultrasonography was used to compare the ability of preovulatory follicle (POF) blood flow and its dimensions to predict the size, blood flow and progesterone production capability of the subsequent corpus luteum (CL). Cows (n=30) were submitted to a synchronisation protocol. Follicles ≥7mm were measured and follicular wall blood flow evaluated every 12h for approximately 3.5 days until ovulation. After ovulation, cows were scanned daily for 8 days and similar parameters were evaluated for the CL. Blood samples were collected and plasma progesterone concentrations quantified. All parameters were positively correlated. Correlation values ranged from 0.26 to 0.74 on data normalised to ovulation and from 0.31 to 0.74 on data normalised to maximum values. Correlations between calculated ratios of both POF and CL in data normalised to ovulation and to maximum values ranged from moderate (0.57) to strong (0.87). Significant (P<0.0001) linear regression analyses were seen in all comparisons. In conclusion, higher correlations were observed between the dimensions of POF and/or CL and blood flow of both structures, as well as POF and/or CL blood flow with plasma progesterone concentrations of the resultant CL. These findings indicate that follicle vascularity coordinates CL blood flow and progesterone production in synchronised beef cows.
Translucent Colony Form of the Gram-Negative, Levan-Producing Bacterium, Aerobacter levanicum

A spontaneously occurring variation of Aerobacter levanicum, affecting the appearance of colonies on sucrose agar (opaque to translucent colony form), has been observed and studied. This appears to be a mutation that is accompanied by a significant increase in levansucrase (EC 2.4.1.10) activity, in levan production, and by a change in some of the properties of levansucrase.
End-member river water composition in the acidified Adirondack Region, Northern New York, USA

Abstract Study region From its headwaters in the Adirondacks to its confluence with the St. Lawrence River, the Raquette flows across acidic crystalline rock, a marble dominated metasedimentary sequence, and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks with increasing capacity to neutralize acidity. Although its drainage basin is largely forested and has a limited population, seventeen hydroelectric reservoirs occur along its mid to lower reaches. Study focus The goal of the study was to document the geochemistry of Raquette River waters during discharge events. The river was sampled for 69 elements and 7 anions, along its length during stormflow associated with Tropical Storm Irene. One year later the same sites were sampled during a drought with a flow-duration percentage was 98.65. New hydrological insights for the region Samples collected during average discharge volumes documented chemical gradients corresponding to bedrock spatial distribution. These trends were muted during both stormflow and baseflow, and imply that other factors influence water chemistry during high and low-flow events. Our study documents an example of event river chemistry responding less to extremes of flow or variation in underlying geology than anticipated. During the stormflow sampling one sample had elevated specific conductance (160.4 μS cm−1) and pH (8.21). This data, anomalous geochemistry, and images from Google Earth suggest that the river chemistry is sporadically impacted by discharge from a dolostone quarry located 6 km upstream during runoff events.
Combined Pharmacologic/Nonpharmacologic Intervention in Individuals at High Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Pro pharmacologic therapy

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes continues to grow, and it is predicted that, unless effective prevention and control measures are implemented, the global prevalence of the disease will exceed 366 million by 2030 (1). Type 2 diabetes is associated with considerable morbidity, excess mortality, and substantial costs (2–4). A recent statement issued by the American Diabetes Association estimates that in the U.S., the cost of diabetes in 2007 was $174 million. However, the actual national burden is likely to exceed this figure because it does not include the social costs of intangibles such as care provided by nonpaid caregivers. Overall costs are expected to increase further because of the projected rise in the proportion of the population over the age of 65 years. Therefore, if successful, early intervention to delay or prevent the development of diabetes offers enormous potential benefit to individuals, health care systems, and society. Current diagnostic criteria for overt diabetes include a fasting plasma glucose concentration of ≥126 mg/dl or a 2-h postchallenge plasma glucose concentration of ≥200 mg/dl during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (5). The term “pre-diabetes” has recently been adopted to describe conditions in which blood glucose levels are elevated, but not above the American Diabetes Association–defined level for diabetes; it includes the presence of impaired fasting glucose (fasting plasma glucose concentration of 100–125 mg/dl) and/or impaired glucose tolerance (a 2-h post-challenge plasma glucose concentration of 140–199 mg/dl) (6). Most individuals with pre-diabetes will eventually develop overt diabetes. In the American Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), the annual rate of development of diabetes in subjects who had impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose was ∼10% (7). There is evidence that microvascular disease typically associated with diabetes is also observed in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (8). A recent analysis …
Morphea in Adults and Children Cohort III Nested Case-Control Study—The Clinical Significance of Autoantibodies in Morphea

Importance Small studies have implicated the association of specific autoantibodies with morphea subtype or severity, but no large-scale studies have been conducted. This prospective case-control study confirmed the presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) and other autoantibodies in morphea but found they are of limited significance. Objective To determine the prevalence of ANAs, extractable nuclear antigens such as antihistone antibodies (AHAs), and anti–single-stranded DNA antibodies (ssDNA abs) in patients with morphea vs a healthy control population and their association with clinical measures of morphea severity. Design, Setting, and Participants Nested case-control study, conducted at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, and University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston. Study participants included individuals enrolled in the Morphea in Adults and Children (MAC) cohort and Scleroderma Family Registry and DNA Repository. Main Outcomes and Measures Prevalence of ANAs, AHAs, ssDNA abs in patients with morphea vs matched controls and association of the presence of autoantibodies with clinical indicators of morphea severity. Results The prevalence of ANAs, AHAs, and ssDNA abs in patients with morphea was 34%, 12%, and 8%, respectively. Antinuclear antibodies and AHAs, but not ssDNA abs, were present more frequently in cases than in controls. There was no difference in ANA prevalence among morphea subtypes. Among patients with linear morphea, the presence of autoantibodies was associated with clinical indicators of severe morphea including functional limitation (ssDNA ab, P = .005; and AHA, P = .006), extensive body surface area involvement (ssDNA ab, P = .01; and ANA, P = .005), and higher skin scores (ANA, P = .004). The presence of autoantibodies was not associated with clinical measures of morphea activity. Conclusions and Relevance Our results demonstrate that ANAs and AHAs are more prevalent among patients with morphea but are of limited clinical utility except in linear morphea, where their presence, although infrequent, is associated with greater lesion burden and functional impairment.
Influence of nitrogen on atrazine and 2, 4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid mineralization in blackwater and redwater forested wetland soils

Microcosms were used to determine the influence of N additions on active bacterial and fungal biomass, atrazine and dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) mineralization at 5, 10 and 15 weeks in soils from blackwater and redwater wetland forest ecosystems in the northern Florida Panhandle. Active bacterial and fungal biomass was determined by staining techniques combined with direct microscopy. Atrazine and 2,4-D mineralization were measured radiometrically. Treatments were: soil type, (blackwater or redwater forested wetland soils) and N additions (soils amended with the equivalent of 0, 200 or 400 kg N ha–1 as NH4NO3). Redwater soils contained higher concentrations of C, total N, P, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, B and Zn than blackwater soils. After N addition and 15 weeks of incubation, active bacterial biomass in redwater soils was lower when N was added. Active bacterial biomass in blackwater soils was lower when 400 kg N ha–1, but not when 200 kg N ha–1, was added. Active fungal biomass in blackwater soils was higher when 400 kg N ha–1, but not when 200 kg N ha–1, was added. Active fungal biomass in redwater soils was lower when 200 kg N ha–1, but not when 400 kg N ha–1, was added. After 15 weeks of incubation 2,4-D degradation was higher in redwater wetland soils than in blackwater soils. After 10 and 15 weeks of incubation the addition of 200 or 400 kg N ha–1 decreased both atrazine and 2,4-D degradation in redwater soils. The addition of 400 kg N ha–1 decreased 2,4-D degradation but not atrazine degradation in blackwater soils after 10 and 15 weeks of incubation. High concentrations of N in surface runoff and groundwater resulting from agricultural operations may have resulted in the accumulation of N in many wetland soils. Large amounts of N accumulating in wetlands may decrease mineralization of toxic agricultural pesticides.
ADVANCES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTION IN PROSTHETIC JOINT IMPLANTS

Abstract The widespread use and dramatic success of prosthetic joint implant surgery (arthroplasty) has greatly improved the quality of life for many individuals suffering from degenerative, arthritic, or injured joints. However, in a number of cases, recipients experience discomfort at the arthroplasty site that can signal biomechanical failure, or periprosthetic infection of the joint, or both. In fact, infection remains a devastating obstacle, preventing arthroplasty from being an almost perfect medical procedure. Existing tests for the diagnosis of infection in orthopedics are disappointing because of the relatively high frequency of false negative results. To overcome this shortcoming, and to reduce the number of infected revision arthroplasties, a methodology based on molecular biology has been established. The method allows the rapid, sensitive, and accurate diagnosis of orthopedic infections, and should aid the clinician with treatment regimens, surgical decisions, and overall patient management in the growing arthroplasty population.
A model of cyclic transcriptomic behavior in the cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142

Systems biology attempts to reconcile large amounts of disparate data with existing knowledge to provide models of functioning biological systems. The cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142 is an excellent candidate for such systems biology studies because: (i) it displays tight functional regulation between photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation; (ii) it has robust cyclic patterns at the genetic, protein and metabolomic levels; and (iii) it has potential applications for bioenergy production and carbon sequestration. We have represented the transcriptomic data from Cyanothece 51142 under diurnal light/dark cycles as a high-level functional abstraction and describe development of a predictive in silico model of diurnal and circadian behavior in terms of regulatory and metabolic processes in this organism. We show that incorporating network topology into the model improves performance in terms of our ability to explain the behavior of the system under new conditions. The model presented robustly describes transcriptomic behavior of Cyanothece 51142 under different cyclic and non-cyclic growth conditions, and represents a significant advance in the understanding of gene regulation in this important organism.
Racial classification and the modern census in South Africa, 1911-1996

Abstract The South African government has previously used racial classification as a tool in its official state policies to control its population. In this essay, we examine the role racial classification and stratification has played in South Africa’s modern censuses. We define the modern period as between 1911 and 1996. We show how racial identity is part of the collective identity in South Africa. Racial identity is part of the government’s sense of what it means to be a South African, and, the population transfigured and imagined in this racialised context is what appears as race. The modern South African census illustrates how important race can be in a political context.
Retinoic acid treatment induces type X collagen gene expression in cultured chick chondrocytes

The vitamin A derivative retinoic acid (RA) is widely thought to be involved in cartilage development, but its precise roles and mechanisms of action in this complex process remain unclear. We have tested the hypothesis that RA is involved in chondrocyte maturation during endochondral ossification and, in particular, is an inducer of maturation-associated traits such as type X collagen and alkaline phosphatase. Immature chondrocytes isolated from the caudal region of Day 19 chick embryo sterna were seeded in secondary monolayer cultures and treated either with a high dose (100 nM) or with physiological doses (10-35 nM) of RA for up to 3 days. We found that after an initial lag of about 24 h, physiological doses of RA indeed induced type X collagen gene expression in the immature cells. This induction was not accompanied by obvious changes in expression of the type II collagen and large aggregating proteoglycan core protein genes. As revealed by immunocytochemistry, 30-35% of the cells in cultures treated with RA for 3 days were engaged in type X collagen production. Interestingly, these cells were relatively similar in size to chondrocytes in which no type X collagen was detected, suggesting that chondrocytes can initiate type X collagen production independent of cell hypertrophy. RA treatment also led to increased alkaline phosphatase activity occurring as early as 24 h after the start of treatment. The data in this study indicate that RA may have a role in endochondral ossification as an inducer/promoter of maturation-associated traits during chondrocyte maturation.
College Students Say Mike Tyson Innocent of Rape

110 students in a southern university were asked to write down whether they considered Mike Tyson guilty or innocent of rape of the beauty contestant for which he was convicted. Ten had no opinion, but of those who did, 80 thought him innocent and only 20 thought him guilty. Then, after seeing the film "Mike Tyson: The Movie" which showed his background as a juvenile delinquent and mentioned his problems with women, the only students who changed judgments from innocent to guilty were 25 white women. All male students and all 15 black students continued to consider him innocent.
Binding of enantiomers of trans-7,8-dihydroxy-anti-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-benzo[a]pyrene to polynucleotides.

Abstract DNA covalent binding studies with enantiomers of trans-7,8-dihydroxy- anti-9,10-epoxy- 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-benzo [a] pyrene (anti-BPDE) have been carried out by means of spectroscopic techniques (UV, CD, and fluorescence). Synthetic polynucleotides are employed to investigate binding differences between the G · C and A · T base pairs and to elucidate the bases for the stereoselective covalent binding of DNA toward anti-BPDE. The results indicate that of all the polynucleotides studied, only poly(dA-dT) · poly(dA-dT) exhibits predominant intercalative covalent binding towards (+)-anti-BPDE and suffers the least covalent modification. Only minor intercalative covalent contributions are found in alternating polymer poly(dA-dC) · poly(dG-dT). These observations parallel the DNA physical binding results of anti-BPDE and its hydrolysis products. They support the hypothesis that intercalative covalent adducts derive from intercalative physical binding while the external covalent adducts derive from exte...
Application of size-exclusion chromatography to the analysis of shrimp for sulfonamide residues

The determination of several sulfonamide residues from shrimp tissue using size-exclusion chromatography is presented. Shrimp tissue is extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracted solution is evaporated to dryness and the re-dissolved residue is applied to a chromatographic column containing Sephadex LH-20 gel. Cleanup is performed using this size-exclusion procedure. Determination is accomplished utilizing liquid chromatography. Elution of the sulfonamides from a phenyl column is performed with a methanol: acetic acid: counter-ion mobile phase. Recovery of sulfonamide residues from shrimp range from 70 to 100%.
Recovery patterns and lifestyle changes after coronary angioplasty: The patient's perspective

Abstract BACKGROUND: Progression of coronary atherosclerosis remains a significant problem after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), requiring patients to make ongoing modifications in their coronary risk factors and lifestyle. OBJECTIVE: To examine patients' reactions to suggested lifestyle changes, to identify barriers and facilitators to risk reduction, to identify sources of health information, and to elicit suggestions for nursing interventions to aid in long-term recovery. DESIGN: Qualitative study using 2-hour, tape-recorded focus group sessions. Participants were enrolled in one of seven groups (4 to 9 members each). SAMPLE: Forty-five patients (26 men, 19 women) who had undergone PTCA 3 to 18 months earlier were recruited from a university-affiliated midwestern medical center. RESULTS: Using a constant-comparative method for data analysis, six major themes emerged. Positive themes included seeking control from successful changes made; compromise with medical recommendations to maintain quality of life; and acceptance of the uncertain nature of their disease. Negative themes included powerlessness to stop disease progression; frustration with enacting lifestyle changes; and concerns about the uncertainty of the future. Specific barriers and facilitators for risk reduction were readily identified. Though patients had few suggestions for nursing interventions, the most predominant requests were for newsletters, “hot lines,” and a video library. CONCLUSION: These results provide insight into the experiences of the relatively understudied PTCA population. Patients were making at least some of their necessary lifestyle changes, though often with some difficulty. Nurses have an excellent opportunity to expand their focus and provide guidance and support to patients as they adopt a heart-healthy lifestyle.
Global context, local objects, and cultural frontiers: unsettling South Africa's national history in four moves

Contested cultural spaces characteristic of colonial South Africa persisted through the twentieth century. Material evidence of cross-cultural encounters in South Africa reveals the long-term viability and productive elasticity of the concept of frontier as a space of cross-cultural encounter. An analysis of four objects that date from the eighteenth to the twentieth century demonstrates the significance of African and Asian agency, even in settler-focused historical narratives. This approach also establishes points of comparison that challenge exceptionalist readings of South Africa?s national history.