cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parasitic heating effects in high frame rate laser imaging experiments

The number of applications using high frame rate imaging in combustion research has grown rapidly in recent years. Enabled by continuous improvements in laser power, a wide range of diagnostics have been developed to measure velocity, species concentration, and temperature. Growing attention is focused on measurements near surfaces, e.g., to gain better insight into transient boundary layer flows in internal combustion engines. During such experiments, laser light is used to illuminate the gas phase region above the surface, but often the laser beam is terminated into the surface directly. Thus, laser operation at several kilohertz and power levels in the range of 10–100 W raise concerns about heating the surface and altering the conditions in the gas phase. In other words, the non-intrusive properties of laser diagnostics might not be guaranteed under such conditions. We have investigated the effect of heating by high repetition rate lasers by measuring the temperature of an exposed metal surface with an infrared sensor and by various simulation approaches. The current results show a modest but noticeable influence of laser heating.
Correlation between mRNA and protein abundance in Desulfovibrio vulgaris: A multiple regression to identify sources of variations

Parallel profiling of mRNA and protein on a global scale and integrative analysis of these two data types could provide additional insights into the metabolic mechanisms underlying complex biological systems. However, because mRNA and protein abundance are affected by many cellular and physical processes, there have been conflicting results on their correlation. Using whole-genome microarray and LC-MS/MS proteomic data collected from Desulfovibrio vulgaris grown under three different conditions, we systematically investigate the relationship between mRNA and protein abundance by a multiple regression approach, in which some of the key covariates that may affect mRNA-protein relationship were included. The results showed that mRNA abundance alone can explain only 20-28% of the total variation of protein abundance, suggesting mRNA-protein correlation can not be determined by mRNA abundance alone. Among various covariates, analytic variation of protein abundance is the major source for the variation of mRNA-protein correlation, which contributes to 34-44% of the total variation of mRNA-protein correlation. The cellular functional category of genes/proteins contributes 10-15% of the total variation of mRNA-protein correlation, with a more pronounced correlation of the two properties was observed for "central intermediary metabolism" and "energy metabolism" categories. In addition, protein stability also contributes 5% of the total variation of mRNA-protein correlation. The study presents the first quantitative analysis of the contributions of various biochemical and physical sources to the correlation of mRNA and protein abundance in D. vulgaris.
Chemical Screens against a Reconstituted Multiprotein Complex: Myricetin Blocks DnaJ Regulation of DnaK through an Allosteric Mechanism

Summary DnaK is a molecular chaperone responsible for multiple aspects of bacterial proteostasis. The intrinsically slow ATPase activity of DnaK is stimulated by its co-chaperone, DnaJ, and these proteins often work in concert. To identify inhibitors we screened plant-derived extracts against a reconstituted mixture of DnaK and DnaJ. This approach resulted in the identification of flavonoids, including myricetin, which inhibited activity by up to 75%. Interestingly, myricetin prevented DnaJ-mediated stimulation of ATPase activity, with minimal impact on either DnaK's intrinsic turnover rate or its stimulation by another co-chaperone, GrpE. Using NMR, we found that myricetin binds DnaK at an unanticipated site between the IB and IIB subdomains and that it allosterically blocked binding of DnaK to DnaJ. Together, these results highlight a "gray box" screening approach, which might facilitate the identification of inhibitors of other protein-protein interactions.
Control of bacterial growth by temperature and organic matter in the Western Arctic

Abstract Temperature is thought to have a disproportionate role in controlling bacterial growth in perennially cold waters like the Western Arctic Ocean. One impact of temperature is that bacteria in cold waters may require more dissolved organic material (DOM) in order to approach growth rates observed at higher temperatures (the Wiebe–Pomeroy hypothesis). To explore these issues, this study examined the effect of DOM additions and temperatures shifts on bacterial assemblages during short (2 h) and long (up to 10 days) incubations. We found that the temperature response for bacterial assemblages in the Western Arctic was similar to that observed in temperate waters; the Q 10 values for leucine and thymidine incorporation were 3.1±2.6 and 1.9±0.56, respectively, not significantly different from values observed in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. In contrast to what would be predicted from the Wiebe–Pomeroy hypothesis, the impact of DOM additions on leucine incorporation either was the same or greater at higher, not lower temperatures. Increasing the incubation temperature did stimulate leucine incorporation more quickly than did DOM additions, but DOM seems as important as temperature in controlling bacterial growth. Leucine incorporation rates per cell (an index of community growth rates) observed in these experiments varied greatly and approached rates observed in waters warmer by 25 °C. These results suggest that the role of temperature in controlling bacterial growth in the Western Arctic is similar to that in low-latitude ocean.
Dietary self‐selection for vitamins and lipid by larvae of the corn earworm, Heliothis zea

Last instar larvae of the corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), require lipid and certain vitamins in their diet in order to complete larval development. When experimental larvae were offered two nutritionally incomplete diets, each lacking a different one of the requirements, they invariably ate from both diets, self-selecting a mixture that was nutritionally superior to either diet alone.
Non-linear adaptive robust control of electro-hydraulic systems driven by double-rod actuators

This paper studies the high performance robust motion control of electro-hydraulic servo-systems driven by double-rod hydraulic actuators. The dynamics of hydraulic systems are highly non-linear and the system may be subjected to non-smooth and discontinuous non-linearities due to directional change of valve opening, friction and valve overlap. Aside from the non-linear nature of hydraulic dynamics, hydraulic servosystems also have large extent of model uncertainties. To address these challenging issues, the recently proposed adaptive robust control (ARC) is applied and a discontinuous projection based ARC controller is constructed. The resulting controller is able to take into account the effect of the parameter variations of the inertia load and the cylinder hydraulic parameters as well as the uncertain non-linearities such as the uncompensated friction forces and external disturbances. Non-differentiability of the inherent non-linearities associated with hydraulic dynamics is carefully examined and add...
Computational analysis for an advanced transport configuration with engine nacelle

A small-disturbance transonic analysis code is used to calculate the flow-field effects of adding an engine nacelle to a wing/body configuration. Analyses are performed on an advanced transport configuration with and without engine nacelles. Two nacelle shapes are analyzed and the effects of the nacelle installation on pressure distributions are compared with experimental results obtained by shifting the nacelle longitudinally and vertically relative to the wing. Effects of varying the nacelle installation yaw angle are also analyzed and compared with experimental data. These comparisons show that the analysis code is adequately sensitive to variations in nacelle shape, longitudinal and vertical location beneath the wing, and the nacelle installation yaw angle. Results indicate that the code can be used as an effective guide during the design process.
Biomechanical Measurements of Forearm Pronosupination With Common Methods of Immobilization

Purpose To define the pronosupination arc for various types of forearm immobilization. We hypothesized that these methods of immobilization offer control of forearm pronosupination proportional to the loss of elbow motion, and that the Muenster cast may offer the most practical method of limiting forearm motion without eliminating elbow motion. Methods We enrolled 15 subjects in the study. We took measurements using computerized biometrics with the elbow free of immobilization and in a long-arm cast, a Muenster cast, a removable splint set to 90° elbow flexion, and a splint set to allow elbow flexion permissible by the Muenster cast. We recorded measurements for pronation and supination arcs. Results We obtained average pronosupination arcs for the unrestricted elbow (189°), long arm cast (11°), Muenster cast (35°), removable splint set to 90° (124°), and splint set to the flexion-extension arc of the Muenster cast (139°). We found statistically significant differences for pronation and supination for all comparisons between immobilization methods, with the exception of the splints compared with each other. The least motion was found in the long-arm cast, whereas the Muenster cast offered the only option allowing minimal pronosupination without strict elbow immobilization. Conclusions The Muenster cast offers reasonable immobilization of the forearm without fully immobilizing the elbow. The long-arm cast option offers significantly more forearm stability at the cost of any elbow motion. The 2 splints tested do not effectively immobilize the forearm compared with the other modalities tested. Clinical relevance This study provides good biomechanical support for using a Muenster cast when limiting forearm rotation is desirable.
Characterization of micron‐sized Fe,Ni metal grains in fine‐grained rims in the Y‐791198 CM2 carbonaceous chondrite: Implications for asteroidal and preaccretionary models for aqueous alteration

The presence of apparently unaltered, micron-sized Fe,Ni metal grains, juxtaposed against hydrated fine-grained rim materials in the CM2 chondrite Yamato (Y-) 791198 has been cited as unequivocal evidence of preaccretionary alteration. We have examined the occurrence, composition, and textural characteristics of 60 Fe,Ni metal grains located in fine-grained rims in Y-791198 using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron microprobe analysis. In addition, three metal grains, prepared by focused ion beam (FIB) sample preparation techniques were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The metal grains are heterogeneously distributed within the rims. Electron microprobe analyses show that all the metal grains are kamacite with minor element contents (P, Cr, and Co) that lie either within or close to the range for other CM2 metal grains. X-ray maps obtained by electron microprobe show S, P, and/or Ca enrichments on the outermost parts of many of the metal grains. Z-contrast STEM imaging of FIB-prepared Fe,Ni metal grains show the presence of a small amount of a lower Z secondary phase on the surface of the grains and within indentations on the grain surfaces. Energy-filtered TEM (EFTEM) compositional mapping shows that these pits are enriched in oxygen and depleted in Fe relative to the metal. These observations are consistent with pitting corrosion of the metal on the edges of the grains and we suggest may be the result of the formation of Fe(OH)2, a common oxidation product of Fe metal. The presence of such a layer could have inhibited further alteration of the metal grains. These findings are consistent with alteration by an alkaline fluid as suggested by Zolensky et al. (1989), but the location of this alteration remains unconstrained, because Y-791198 was recovered from Antarctica and therefore may have experienced incipient terrestrial alteration. However, we infer that the extremely low degree of oxidation of the metal is inconsistent with weathering in Antarctica and that alteration in an extraterrestrial environment is more probable. Although the presence of unaltered or incipiently altered metal grains in these fine-grained rims could be interpreted as evidence for preaccretionary alteration, we suggest an alternative model in which metal alteration was inhibited by alkaline fluids on the asteroidal parent body.
Competition between bacteriophage f2 RNA and bacteriophage T4 messenger RNA.

Abstract In an Escherichia coli cell-free protein synthesis assay, mRNA isolated from cells late after infection by phage T4 out-competes bacteriophage f2 RNA. Addition of a saturating or subsaturating amount of T4 mRNA inhibits translation of f2 RNA, while even an excess of f2 RNA has no effect on translation of T4 mRNA. Peptide mapping of reaction products labeled with formyl-[ 35 S]-methionyl-tRNA was used to quantitate f2 and T4 protein products synthesized in the same reaction. We suggest that messenger RNA competition might be one mechanism by which T4 superinfection of cells infected with phage f2 blocks translation of f2 RNA and possibly host mRNA.
THE PROCESS OF REGENERATION IN HYDROIDS

Summary 1. In the hydroids in general, and Tubularia and Corymorpha in particular, the stimulus for regeneration involves two factors: (1) removal of dominance exerted by either the fully formed hydranth or a regenerating hydranth, and (2) the presence of a gradient of oxygen at a localized region of the stem or a mass of cells isolated from the stem. 2. Dominance, or the inhibitory effect of a regenerating region, can be explained either on the basis of electrical differences in potential which produce chemical inhibition, or as the competition of regions of the stem for hypothetical substances circulating in the stem and necessary for regeneration. As yet no single experiment has decided between these two explanations of dominance and both should be subjects for investigation. 3. The regional differences in rate of regeneration are correlated with regional differences in the rate of oxygen consumption of the stem, and the rate of regeneration can be varied by varying the oxygen consumption of the stem. These regional differences in oxygen consumption are due to differences in the resting stem and are not caused by the regional differences in regeneration. 4. Since the stimulus for regeneration can be traced to an oxygen gradient, which results in an oxygen consumption gradient in the tissues, there is little value in speaking of an organizer in hydranth formation. Any agent which will bring about the above conditions will be an organizer. It is, therefore, possible to speak of the following as organizers: (1) oxygen locally applied, (2) tissues that have a higher oxygen consumption than the surroundings, and, perhaps, (3) respiratory catalysts, when their effects are investigated. On the whole, it would be better to speak of the coenosarc as organizing itself in response to a stimulus. The manner in which the tissue responds by cell movements and change in form is, of course, entirely unknown.
The role of tubulin polymerization during spindle elongation in vitro.

Abstract We describe the effect of exogenous tubulin on reactivation of anaphase spindle elongation in isolated diatom spindies. In the absence of tubulin, spindle elongation is limited to the equivalent of the microtubule overlap zone, but in the presence of tubulin spindle elongation is several times the length of the overlap zone. Biotinylated neurotubulin is incorporated into the overlap zone and around the poles. Before spindles have elongated by the equivalent of the overlap zone, there are two regions of incorporated tubulin flanking this zone. After further elongation, there is one broad zone of incorporated tubulin in the spindle midzone. Spindle elongation and the pattern of tubulin incorporation into the midzone, but not the poles, are ATP-dependent and vanadate-sensitive. These results suggest that tubulin adds onto the ends of microtubules in the overlap zone, which then slide through the midzone as the spindle elongates.
The importance of questioning scientific assumptions: some lessons from f element chemistry.

As scientists, we know that we should constantly question the assumptions upon which our research is based. We also know that we do not do this often enough. The recent results in f element chemistry described here should serve to remind us not to take the traditional boundaries of any area of chemistry for granted including topics as fundamental as redox chemistry and bond-length generalizations. New ways of doing reductive chemistry in the f element area as well as the synthesis of “long bond organometallics” that have unconventional bond distances and reactivity demonstrate how the “rules” in this area, thought to be true for decades, have been recently overturned. The synthetic chemistry that made these advances possible has generated additional unexpected opportunities in f element chemistry that are also described here. Overall, these results should stimulate researchers in all areas to challenge their assumptions.
Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding recoverin from human retina.

Abstract In the process of photoreceptor signal transduction, light initiates an enzymatic cascade that leads to hydrolysis of cyclic GMP (cGMP) and closure of cGMP-gated sodium-calcium channels resulting in photoreceptor hyperpolarization. Recoverin is a calcium-binding protein that is thought to reverse the effects of light on cGMP levels by activating guanylate cyclase. Guanylate cyclase produces cGMP to overcome the cGMP-hydrolysing effect of phosphodiesterase, and reopens the sodium-calcium channels in photoreceptor outer segments. We have cloned and sequenced a cDNA encoding recoverin in human retina. The human nucleotide sequence is 88% identical to the bovine sequence, and contains a 600-base pair (bp) open reading frame encoding 200 amino acids. In situ hybridization of cultured Y79 human retinoblastoma cells with a radioactive recoverin cDNA probe showed intense, specific labeling of the cytoplasm, indicating the presence of mRNA encoding recoverin. Direct sequencing of a Y79 retinoblastoma cDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product confirmed the presence of recoverin in this human cell line.
Transcriptomic comparison of the retina in two mouse models of diabetes

Mouse models of type I diabetes offer the potential to combine genetic approaches with other pharmacological or physiological manipulations to investigate the pathophysiology and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Type I diabetes is induced in mice through chemical toxins or can arise spontaneously from genetic mutations. Both models are associated with retinal vascular and neuronal changes. Retinal transcriptomic responses in C57BL/6J mice treated with streptozotocin and Ins2Akita/+ were compared after 3 months of hyperglycemia. Specific gene expression changes suggest a neurovascular inflammatory response in diabetic retinopathy. Genes common to the two models may represent the response of the retina to hyperglycemia, while changes unique to each model may represent time-dependent disease progression differences in the various models. Further investigation of the commonalities and differences between mouse models of type I diabetes may define cause and effect events in early diabetic retinopathy disease progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12177-009-9045-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Use of concurrent chemotherapy, accelerated fractionation radiation, and surgery for patients with esophageal carcinoma

BACKGROUND The results of a Phase II study of concurrent chemotherapy and accelerated fractionation radiation therapy followed by surgical resection for patients with both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus are presented. Pretreatment and postinduction staging were correlated with pathologic findings at surgery to assess the role of surgical resection and the predictive value of noninvasive staging techniques. METHODS Patients received 2 induction courses with 4-day continuous intravenous infusions of cisplatin (20 mg/m2/day) and 5-fluorouracil (1000 mg/m2/day) beginning on Day 1 and Day 21, concurrent with a split course of accelerated fractionation radiation (1.5 grays [Gy] twice daily, to a total dose of 45 Gy). All patients were subsequently referred for surgical resection. A single, identical postoperative course of chemotherapy and 24 Gy accelerated fractionation radiation was planned for patients with residual tumor at surgery. RESULTS Seventy-four patients were entered on this study; 72 patients were considered eligible and evaluable. Induction toxicity included nausea (85%), increased dysphagia (90%), neutropenia (<1000/mm3) (43%), thrombocytopenia (<20,000/mm3) (10%), and reversible nephrotoxicity (8%). Sixty-seven patients (93%) underwent surgery, and 65 (90%) were found to have resectable tumors. Twelve of these patients (18%) died perioperatively, and 18 (27%) had no residual pathologic evidence of disease. Resolution of symptoms and normalization of radiographic studies, endoscopy, or esophageal ultrasound did not identify pathologic complete responders accurately. No patient completing induction therapy and surgery experienced a locoregional recurrence. The Kaplan-Meier 4-year projected recurrence free and overall survival rates were 49% and 44%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Although this regimen is feasible, there was significant preoperative toxicity and perioperative mortality. Nonetheless, the recurrence free and overall survival rates were encouraging. However, no staging tool can predict a pathologic complete response after induction therapy accurately, suggesting a continued need for surgical resection. Cancer 1997; 80:1011-20. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Correlation of MRI with arthroscopy for the evaluation of the subscapularis tendon: a musculoskeletal division’s experience

Objective To determine the accuracy of MR imaging for the evaluation of the subscapularis tendon as well as define imaging findings that will increase accuracy.
Higher temperatures: Theoretical models

Abstract The prospect of obtaining high-temperature superconductivity utilizing an excitonic mechanism rather than the conventional phonon mechanism will be reviewed in the light of recent progress in both theory and experiment. The importance of systems of restricted geometry and precisely defined structure will be stressed. Experiments currently underway to obtain precise values for the coupling constants of well-defined molecular systems will be described together with progress in the chemical synthesis of several macromolecular systems.
Pricing decisions for product recovery facilities in a multi-criteria setting using genetic algorithms

Independent and small scale product recovery facilities (PRFs) often struggle to achieve profits when faced with inconsistent inflows of discarded products, varying demand patterns for recovered components, and stringent environmental regulations. Inconsistent inflows coupled with the varying demand cause undue fluctuations in inventory levels and frequently affect costs involved in product recovery operations. An effective pricing strategy can stabilize the fluctuations in demand and consequently can allow PRFs to control inventory levels. This research determines the prices of reusable and recyclable components and acquisition price of discarded products that allow PRFs to simultaneously maximize their financial returns and minimize the product recovery costs. Genetic algorithms and analytic hierarchy process are employed to solve this multi-criteria decision making problem.
When are relative variograms useful in geostatistics

The relative variogram has been employed as a tool for correcting a simple kind of nonstationarity, namely that in which local variance is proportional to local mean squared. In the past, this has been linked in a vague way to the lognormal distribution, although if {Zt; t ∈ D}is strongly stationary and normal over a domain D,then clearly {exp (Zt); t ∈ D}will stillbe stationary, but lognormal. The appropriate link is made in this article through a universal transformation principle. More general situations are considered, leading to the use of a “scaled variogram.”
5.3 S RNA is a discrete cleavage product from the 5′-terminus of 18 S RNA of rat liver ribosomes

Abstract A 5.3 S RNA species observed in urea-gel electrophoretic analysis of the RNA of the small ribosomal subunit of rat liver has been identified from its sequence as the 5′-terminal 133–134 base fragment of 18 S RNA. Presumably it is cleaved by an endogenous endonuclease when the ribosomal subunits are dissociated, because it usually is not observed in 18 S RNA obtained by direct extraction of cells or tissues.
Crack propagation in wedged double cantilevered beam specimens

Abstract A closed form analytical solution of crack propagation in double cantilevered beam specimens opened at a constant rate has been found. Hamilton's principle for non-conservative systems was applied to describe the crack motion, under the assumption of a Bernoulli-Euler beam. The criterion of crack propagation is a critical bending moment at the crack tip. The calculations of beam motion take into account wave effects in the Bernoulli-Euler theory of elastic beams. The beam shape during the crack motion is found with a similarity transformation and expressed by Fresnel integrals. The boundary conditions satisfied are the fixed ones of zero bending moment and constant beam opening rate at the load end of the specimen and the moving ones of zero deflection and zero slope of the deflected beam at the tip of the moving crack. The fracture represents a moving critical bending moment. The analytical results show that the specific fracture surface energy is a unique function of the ratio of the crack length squared to the time subsequent to loading and this is computed from the recorded time-dependence of the crack length.
Fragility: The Next Wave in Critical Infrastructure Protection

In North America today, we are about to embark on a significant effort to repair, or even upgrade, many aspects of our infrastructure. Many of these efforts are linked to economic recovery packages. Others are based on sheer need. The challenge for decision makers and planners involves ensuring that scarce economic resources are put to their best use. Understanding the concept of fragility plays a pivotal part in reaching that understanding.Fragility, like many other systems—particularly Information Technology (IT ) systems—works on the concept of subjects and objects. Subjects are those entities that seek to exploit the services (or capacity) offered by the object. Objects, on the other hand, are those entities that deliver some good or service to the overall system. Of course, something may act as the object in one pairing and the subject in another pairing—they are not exclusive in nature. This article is available in Journal of Strategic Security: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol2/iss2/4 91 Fragility: The Next Wave in Critical Infrastructure Protection
Murine platelets are not regulated by O-linked β -N-acetylglucosamine

It is generally appreciated that platelets derived from diabetic patients display increased responsiveness to low levels of agonists. O-GlcNAcylation has been linked to hyperglycemia-related effects in other tissues; therefore we examined this modification in platelets to determine if O-GlcNAcylation affects platelet function. This post-translational modification consists of an N-acetylglucosamine attached to serine and/or threonine residues. We examined O-GlcNAc levels in platelets from a hyperglycemic murine model of Type I diabetes with known hypersensitivity to agonists and a Type II diabetes model (ob/ob) lacking detectable alterations in the aggregation profile. Neither model showed marked increases in protein O-GlcNAcylation. Treatment of platelets with multiple O-GlcNAcase inhibitors led to O-GlcNAc accumulation on multiple platelet proteins. However, the inhibitor-induced accumulation of this modification does not correlate with any gross alterations in platelet aggregation. These data suggest that while the modification occurs in platelets, their activity is not globally sensitive to O-GlcNAc levels.
Coagulation of Colloidal Silica by Calcium Ions, Mechanism, and Effect of Particle Size

Abstract It is found that the critical concentration of calcium ion in solution required to coagulate colloidal silica, increases with decreasing particle size. The effect was studied with particles from 4 to 130 nm in average diameter in the pH range 8.1 to 9.5 and was most marked at lower pH. By careful control of conditions, larger particles in a mixture can be preferentially coagulated and separated from smaller ones. For coagulation, a critical number of calcium ions must be absorbed per square nanometer of silica surface, independent of particle size; but to attain this degree of adsorption, a higher concentration of calcium must be maintained in solution when the particles are smaller. On the silica surface, which already contains negative charges, each adsorbed calcium ion liberates only one hydrogen ion, creating one additional negative charge on the surface, so that each adsorbed calcium ion retains one positive charge. On the more highly curved surface of smaller particles, each calcium ion, adsorbed outside the particle surface, is repelled by its neighbors with a resultant force away from the surface so that a higher concentration of calcium in solution is required to maintain the critical concentration of adsorbed calcium for coagulation. Coagulation is probably due to attraction between surfaces bearing a mosaic of positive and negative sites.
Trademarks of Faith: "Chabad and Chanukah in America"

Americans familiar with the Brooklyn-based Chabad Hasidic movement know the group primarily through its public Jewish ritual and outreach campaigns, from the ‘‘mitzvah tanks’’ in American cities, to its star-studded telethons and photo-ops with political leaders. Perhaps the group’s best known public campaign is the giant Chanukah menorah lightings it sponsors and the associated media coverage. While some of these lightings are geared towards local crowds, others are staged media events, televised live on public and cable channels, and more recently, streamed on Chabad-affiliated web sites. Starting in 1989, Chabad simultaneously linked international Chanukah menorah lightings with real-time reporting in their televised Chanukah Live spectaculars. Many ‘‘outside’’ photographers have documented Chabad’s Chanukah celebrations as tourists, and others, such as Mal Warshaw in the 1970s, Yaakov Agam in the 1980s, and Frederic Brenner in the 1990s turned to Chabad’s Chanukah events as artists. One of the photographs Brenner reproduced in large-scale format in his Diaspora: Homelands in Exile album (2003) and in a two-page foldout in the Jews/America/A Representation album (1996), is a black-andwhite panoramic shot of the interior of the Chabad World Headquarters during the 1993 Chanukah season (Figure 1). Entitled Chanukah Live!, this photograph records the spectacle of Chabad’s embrace of modern technology for the annual televised Chanukah extravaganza. Taken in the last months of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson’s life, the ‘‘Rebbe,’’ as his Hasidim reverentially call him, dominates an otherwise empty room through a refracted image on seven monitors in preparation for the Chanukah Live! broadcast in December of 1993. Loudspeakers, hanging cables, electric tape, exposed air conditioner ducts, vents, and still fans riddle the ceiling and hasty banners advertise the upcoming holiday media event on the
Lipid resuscitation: development in basic research and application to clinical practice

It has been nearly 15 years since the effectiveness of intravenous lipid emulsion in resuscitation from bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest was reported by Weinberg et al. [1]. Despite the outstanding novelty and originality of this finding, it was not until a 2006 case report of a patient resuscitated with lipid emulsion after bupivacaine-induced refractory dysrhythmia and cardiac arrest that its clinical effectiveness was acknowledged [2]. This event was followed by a large number of case reports that showed the effectiveness of lipid emulsion for treating the central nervous system as well as cardiac toxicity induced by various kinds of local anesthetics [3–8]. Treatment with intravenous lipid emulsion has been incorporated into practice advisories of the Association of Anesthesiologists of Great Britain and Ireland, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine [9], and endorsed by the American Heart Association Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) guidelines [10] (Table 1). In response to widespread interest, numerous studies have been undertaken using various animal models [8]. Notably, most of the animal experiments have been focused on examining the effect of lipid on local anesthetic-induced cardiac toxicity, not central nervous system toxicity, probably because of the primary concern of resuscitation and the entirely different animal models required for studying these two types of toxicity. Animals under mechanical ventilation with oxygen are needed to examine the effect of lipid emulsion on cardiac toxicity of local anesthetics while eliminating the influence of hypoxia induced by sedation and convulsions preceding circulatory collapse [11–14]. In contrast, awake, spontaneously breathing animals are needed to observe its effect on the central nervous system toxicity [15]. Randomized clinical trials are no longer ethically defensible for studying local anesthetic toxicity. Moreover, clinical data from healthy volunteers given nontoxic doses of bupivacaine would not precisely reflect the condition at the onset of the toxic effects [16].
Effects of tactile stimulation and gross motor movement on cognitive learning: A test of Montessori's muscular movement theory in the college classroom

A considerable amount of research has been dedicated to understanding the relationship between teacher behaviors in the classroom and student learning. Three theories (i.e., arousal theory, depth‐of‐processing theory, and muscular movement theory) have been proposed to explain increases in cognitive learning. Both arousal theory and depth‐of‐processing have been empirically tested. The purpose of the present investigation was to test the viability of muscular movement theory. A field experiment was conducted to determine if the use of tactile stimulation in conjunction with gross motor movement exercises would increase cognitive learning (i.e., examination scores) of college students. The results of the study support the hypothesis.
The comprehensive teacher institute: Successes and pitfalls of an innovative teacher preparation program

Abstract Several researchers (Goodlad, 1990; Kagan, 1992; Grant and Secada, 1991) recommend that teacher preparation programs implement reforms to help prospective teachers acquire knowledge, skills, and experiences that are necessary to become effective teachers. These reforms include: (a) provide more resources, (b) increase faculty responsibility, (c) enhance the link between theory and practice, (d) facilitate opportunities for extensive interaction with pupils within a classroom context, and (e) provide opportunities for the prospective teachers to reflect upon their beliefs and practices about classroom teaching and the teaching profession. To accomplish these goals, universities must enhance both the structure and content of the teacher preparation programs. This paper presents preliminary evaluation results of the Comprehensive Teacher Institute (CTI), an innovative teacher preparation program that incorporates the reforms described above. The CTI won the 1992 Christa McAuliffe Showcase for Excell...
An Electrical Analogue of the Vocal Organs

IN connexion with correspondence which recently has appeared in the columns of NATURE relating to the physical characteristics of vowel-sounds, the following account may be of interest of an apparatus believed to be novel, which is conveniently capable of the artificial production of many speech-sounds. It is well known that Helmholtz succeeded in imitating vowels by combinations of tuning forks, and Miller by combinations of organ pipes. Others, notably Scripture, have constructed apparatus wherein the transient oscillations of air in resonant cavities were excited by series of puffs of air, in close physical imitation of the action of the human vocal organs. It seems hitherto to have been overlooked that a functional copy of the vocal organs can be devised which depends upon the production of audio-frequency oscillations in electrical circuits.
Germ cell differentiation in mouse adrenal glands

Abstract The differentiation of germ cells in the adrenal glands of 26 male and female Swiss albino mice was studied in sequential stages of development, from day 12 1/2 of intrauterine life to postnatal day 21; the study was performed by means of high-resolution light microscopy and electron microscopy. In 12 1/2- and 13-day-old embryos, the ectopic cells had morphologic characteristics typical of primordial germ cells, whereas in 14- and 15-day-old fetuses they were identifiable as oogonia. In male and female fetuses from day 17 to term, all ectopic germinal elements entered meiotic prophase, reached diplotene, and differentiated into oocytes in perfect adherence to mouse ovarian timetables. In the postnatal animals, females as well as males, all oocytes progressed through the postmeiotic phase of growth just as they normally do in ovarian follicles, and, in the 2- and 3-week-old animals, they displayed features identical to those exhibited by oocytes in large antral follicles, including a zona pellucida. Germinal elements were no longer seen in the adrenals of animals older than 3 weeks. Our study shows that mammalian germ cells are capable of developing even outside the gonads, and that in ectopic sites they all differentiate as oocytes irrespective of their genetic sex.
Templates for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II: artefacts can produce an apparent preference for denatured DNA over native DNA.

Abstract Three artefacts have been identified which can reverse the preference of wheat germ RNA Polymerase II for native over heat-denatured calf thymus DNA. Self-absorption during liquid scintillation counting, contamination of DNA with RNase, and the use of UTP-limiting substrate containing less UTP than ATP, CTP, or GTP all decrease measured enzyme activity on native DNA. Eliminating these effects causes a 20-fold increase in the ratio of synthesis on native DNA to synthesis on heat-denatured DNA.
On fluid flow and aerosol impaction in inertial impactors

Abstract In this paper an analysis is presented showing the conditions necessary for obtaining the ideal impactor behavior, i.e., an aerosol impactor that would collect all particles larger than a certain critical cutoff size while allowing smaller particles to pass through. It is shown that such ideal behavior is obtained if, in the impaction region, the component of fluid velocity normal to the impaction plate is a function only of the normal distance from the plate. Furthermore, it is shown that this condition is obtained in the case of the plane stagnation flow. Consequently, the impaction of particles in the stagnation region of a real impactor would closely follow this ideal behavior provided the viscous boundary layer effect resulting from the finite size of the impactor nozzle is small.
ZnCdO/ZnO hetero- and quantum well structures for light-emitting applications

Molecular-beam epitaxial growth far from thermal equilibrium allows us to overcome the standard solubility limit and to alloy ZnO with CdO in strict wurtzite phase up to mole fractions of several 10%. In this way, a band-gap range extending from 3.3 eV down to 2.3 eV can be covered. Strong improvement of the crystalline quality indicated by a rocking curve width of only 45 arc sec is achieved when growing the ternary on ZnO substrates. Despite very low growth temperatures (~150 °C), layer-by-layer growth indicated and controlled by RHEED oscillations is accomplished. This enables us the fabrication of atomically smooth heterointerfaces and well-defined quantum well structures exhibiting prominent band-gap related light emission in the whole composition range. Post-growth annealing increases the radiative efficiency up to two orders of magnitude and demonstrates thermal stability of the structures with respect to phase separation even up to temperatures of about 500°C. Low-energy shifts of the photoluminescence features reaching the order of 1 eV as well as a dramatic increase of the lifetime from the sub-ns to the 100-μs time-scale uncover the presence of huge polarization-induced electric fields of some 10 8 V/m in ZnCdO/ZnO single quantum well structures. Carrier injection by moderate optical excitation in the 10 kW/cm 2 screens these fields and recovers practically the bare quantum-confined energy transitions. On appropriately designed structures, laser action from the UV down to the green wavelength range is observed under optical pumping. The threshold at low temperature is only 60 kW/cm 2 and increases only moderately up to room temperatures. All these findings make ZnO-based heterostructures a promising alternative to group-III-nitrides for opto-electronic applications in the short-wavelength range.
Role of Key Aromatic Residues in the Ligand-binding Domain of α7 Nicotinic Receptors in the Agonist Action of β-Amyloid

Soluble β-amyloid (Aβ) resides in certain regions of the brain at or near picomolar concentration, rising in level during the prodromic stage of Alzheimer disease. Recently, we identified the homomeric α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR) as one possible functional target for picomolar Aβ. This study was aimed at addressing which residues in α7-nAChRs potentially interact with Aβ to regulate the presynaptic function of this receptor. Site-directed mutagenesis was carried out to study the key aromatic residues in the mouse α7-nAChR agonist-binding pocket. Mutations of tyrosine188 resulted in a decrease in activation of presynaptic α7-nAChRs by ACh and Aβ but with no change in response to nicotine, indicating the critical role of Tyr-188 in presynaptic regulation by Aβ. Coimmunoprecipitation additionally revealed direct binding of Aβ to α7-nAChRs and to the Tyr-188 mutant receptor. In contrast, mutations of Tyr-195 in α7-nAChR led to decreased activation by nicotine without apparent effects on ACh- or Aβ-induced responses. Agonist-induced responses of Tyr-93 mutant α7-nAChRs indicated possible interactions of nicotine and Aβ with its hydroxyl group, but there was no change in presynaptic responses after mutation of Trp-149. All of the mutants were shown to be expressed on the plasma membrane using cell surface labeling. Together, these results directly demonstrate an essential role for the aromatic residue Tyr-188 as a key component in the agonist binding domain for the activation of α7-nAChRs by Aβ.
Evaluation of large deviation probabilities via importance sampling

Error probability is the fundamental performance measure for most communications and detection systems, and many of these can be classified as probabilities of the "large deviation type". Practical examples include very diverse applications, including buffer overflow or cell loss probabilities in queuing systems, near/far bit error rates for a DS-SSMA communications system and ruin probabilities for insurance company investment policy, just to name a few. In this paper we examine the of estimation of very small large deviations probabilities via the Monte Carlo technique commonly known as importance sampling. A new theoretical result on the optimization of the importance sampling technique is presented. >
Mixed-valence transition metal complex based integral architecture for molecular computing (I): Attachment of linker molecule to silicon (100) - 2×1 surface

Based on density functional theory, we have calculated and analyzed the electrical characteristics of silicon (100) - 2×1 surfaces. The calculation results show that the sulfur atom establishes a Schottky-like contact when it is used to tethering the surface and the molecule. In contrast to the Si – S linkage, a direct Si – C linkage does not build up a barrier between the molecule and the surface of silicon. This type of contact is a Ohmic-like contact. The origin of the characteristics of the contacts is analyzed. A basic rule for designing the electrical characteristics of the molecule - surface of silicon is presented.
Desmoid tumors complicating Familial Adenomatous Polyposis: a meta-analysis mutation spectrum of affected individuals

Desmoid tumors are a group of benign, invasive, solid tumors that are relatively rare in the general population, but can occur in up to 21 % of patients with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP). They can be difficult to treat and have high rates of recurrence even after resection. Our goal with this study was to identify the genetic mutations that put certain patients with FAP at high risk for desmoid tumors and could be future targets for research. We performed a search in Pubmed, Ovid Medline and Embase to identify subjects with desmoid tumors and FAP. As a reference group for APC mutations in the unselected FAP population, we used the UMD-APC database referenced in the Orphanet portal which includes APC mutation data on 2040 individuals with FAP. Mutations were able to be broken down into 7 regions based on previously published data. Mutations in the APC gene from codons 1310 to 2011 were the most common region encompassing 48 % of published desmoid cases and 40 % of the reference population. It had a slightly elevated odds ratio of 1.4 that was statistically significant along with codon region 543-713 that had an odds ratio of 2.0. Using a combination of p-value and CI, the remaining 5 regions did not meet statistical significance as either the p >0.05 or the CI included 1.0. The most common point mutation found was codon 1309 (13.1 %), but it was also the most commonly found mutation in our reference population (12.9 %) and had an odds ratio of 1.0. There is an increased risk for desmoid tumors in individuals with APC mutations between codons 543-713 and 1310-2011 when compared to a reference population. These patients may benefit from further study to develop surveillance protocols that could improve outcomes.
Analog VLSI long-term dynamic storage

We present a scalable and modular VLSI architecture for long-term, large-scale dynamic analog storage. The analog values are quantized locally and refreshed autonomously on a 2-D memory bank of capacitors, with direct read/write access in both digital and analog formats. Quantization is performed on-chip in a multiplexed arrangement, using a linear bank of bi-directional bit-serial A/D/A (analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog) converters. The technique of partial incremental refresh is used to assure long-term memory retention in the presence of noise and quantization errors. Results are included on a fabricated CMOS chip with 128 memory cells and with integrated A/D/A quantizers, demonstrating stable memory operation at 8-bit effective analog resolution over a time interval exceeding 10/sup 9/ refresh cycles (several days).
An Extension and Novel Solution to the (l, d)-Motif Challenge Problem

The (l,d )-motif challenge problem, as introduced by Pevzner and Sze (12), is a mathematical abstraction of the DNA functional site discovery task. Here we expand the (l,d )-motif problem to more accurately model this task and present a novel algorithm to solve this extended problem. This algorithm is guaranteed to find all (l,d )-motifs in a set of input sequences with unbounded support and length. We demonstrate the performance of the algorithm on publicly available datasets and show that the algorithm deterministically enumerates the optimal motifs.