cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Goal‐Setting and Organization Achievement in Educational Administration

Too frequently in our discussions, we school administrators show an interest in administration as a “way of doing things” or as a means towards greater efficiency. Unless we become more interested in the theory of administration and in the setting of clearly defined goals, we are likely to find that, whilst more and more administrators show an interest in learning their craft, our schools will suffer as teachers continue to develop an attitude that is more concerned with the maintenance of the institution for its own sake than with the provision of a service to education as a whole.
Acoustics in physical education settings: the learning roadblock

Background: The audibility of teachers and peers is an essential factor in determining the academic performance of school children. However, acoustic conditions in most classrooms are less than optimal and have been viewed as ‘hostile listening environments’ that undermine the learning of children in school. While research has shown that typical classrooms may be acoustically challenging, the acoustic conditions in physical education settings are without a doubt more challenging than in the typical classroom. To date, researchers in physical education have sparingly focused on the way acoustics affect physical education settings. Aims: The focus of this research effort was to measure noise levels in elementary-, middle- and high-school physical education settings and compare them to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) guidelines (30 dBA) and American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards (40 dBA). Documentation of these ambient noise levels may give greater understanding to the...
A case study in speech criticism: The Nixon‐Truman analog

(1968). A case study in speech criticism: The Nixon‐Truman analog. Speech Monographs: Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 435-450.
Experimental evaluation of a balsa sandwich core with improved shear properties

End grain balsa is widely used as a core material in sandwich structures, especially in marine applications where the shear properties are of major importance. In a recent study, a new balsa core structure that better utilizes the anisotropy of balsa was designed and numerically analyzed. An improved shear stiffness was predicted with this new core. In the present study, manufacturing methods for this core were developed and more extensive experiments were performed to verify the improvement in shear stiffness as well as to evaluate the shear strength.
Extracting the basic structure of scientific literature

Much of the periodical literature within scientific disciplines is characterized by overlap in content among journals and by scatter of content areas across journals. This obscures the inherent structure that may exist within the literature of a discipline, creating problems for authors seeking suitable publication outlets, for editors wishing to establish coverage policy, and for fibraries wishing to be selective but representative in acquiring journals for a discipline. Four factor analytic studies were done on samples of the periodical literature of physics in an attempt to define its inherent structure. The first study resulted in 10 factors interpreted as journal groups within physics. The remaining three studies resulted in factors that define relatively homogeneous topical or content areas. The consistency of results across the analyses justified the conclusion that factor analysis methods are applicable to defining the structure of the literature of science.
Inhibition of the Ca pump of intact red blood cells by t-butyl hydroperoxide: importance of glutathione peroxidase

Incubation of human red blood cells (RBCs) with t-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) resulted in inhibition of the Ca-pump ATPase. This was demonstrated using an assay of the Ca-pump ATPase activity in intact RBCs. In this assay, activity of the Ca-pump ATPase is expressed as the rate constant of the initial loss of ATP in RBCs exposed to Ca and A23187. Pseudo-first-order rate constants (Ca-pump ATPase rate constants) were lower in the presence of tBHP versus controls. Incubation of RBCs with tBHP resulted in both a time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of the Ca-pump ATPase (IC50 approximately 1 mM). Incubation of RBCs with tBHP also resulted in decreased oxyhemoglobin, increased methemoglobin and increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). GSH levels were significantly lower in the presence of tBHP. GSH fell from a control value of 2.2 mmol/l RBC to 0.46 mmol/l RBC after incubation with 0.25 mM tBHP for 15 min. Both butylated hydroxytoluene and stobadine prevented the formation of TBARS and were partially effective in protecting the Ca-pump ATPase from tBHP-induced inhibition. Dithiothreitol was completely effective in preventing the tBHP-induced formation of TBARS as well as inhibition of the Ca-pump ATPase. However, when added after exposure to tBHP, dithiothreitol was unable to restore Ca-pump ATPase activity completely. An activity of dithiothreitol independent of enzymic thiol group reduction was apparent. In the presence of mercaptosuccinate, a potent inhibitor of glutathione peroxidase, the ability of dithiothreitol to protect the Ca-pump ATPase from tBHP-induced inhibition was abolished. Therefore, protection by dithiothreitol may be afforded by its ability to replenish GSH from oxidized glutathione, thus allowing glutathione peroxidase to metabolize tBHP. These results may be interpreted to suggest that inhibition of the Ca-pump ATPase in intact RBCs occurs as a result of tBHP-induced oxidant stress and subsequent lipid peroxidation which can be prevented by certain antioxidants including butylated hydroxytoluene, stobadine, and thiol-containing compounds such as dithiothreitol. These findings provide further insight into the mode of action of hydroperoxides and certain reactive oxygen species that have been implicated in oxidative stress associated with various pathological conditions. The importance of the GSH/glutathione peroxidase system in metabolizing organic hydroperoxides is also demonstrated.
Comparative effects of valproate and the new experimental anticonvulsant drug α-ethyl-α-methyl-thiobutyrolactone on selected metabolite levels in the plasma, livers, and brains of infant mice

Summary: The newly discovered anticonvulsant drug, α-ethyl-α-methylthiobutyrolactone (α-EMTBL), is as effective as valproate (VPA) in blocking seizures induced by convulsant compounds and maximal electric shock in adult mice. Other data have suggested that α-EMTBL might be less toxic than VPA and longer acting. We compared the effects of a single therapeutic dose of the two drugs on levels of key metabolites in the blood, liver, and brain of normal suckling infant mice. Unlike VPA, α-EMTBL had no adverse effects on selected aspects of liver carbohydrate, fat (ketogenesis), coenzyme A (CoA), carnitine, or amino acid metabolism. In contrast to VPA, α-EMTBL did not alter concentrations of neurotransmitter amino acids in brain. Coupled with the impressive anticonvulsant activity of α-EMTBL in adult mice and its lack of acute hepatotoxicity in infant mice, our findings support further study of α-EMTBL as a potential adjunct to the relatively limited armamentarium of effective anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) for clinical use.
On the impact toughness of Fe-40Al-based B2 aluminides

Abstract Charpy impact tests were conducted in the temperature range 300–973 K on polycrystalline, large-grained Fe–40Al, Fe–40Al-0.6C, and Fe–40Al–0.7C–0.5B alloys that were in the extruded and low-temperature annealed condition. For purpose of comparison, wrought 1045 steel was also similarly tested. At room temperature, the alloy containing carbon and boron exhibited twice the impact resistance of binary Fe–40Al. Impact resistance for all three FeAl-based alloys increased with temperature initially but then exhibited a substantial decrease with further increases in temperature. Fracture mode in the binary FeAl alloy was intergranular at all temperatures whereas in the C-containing alloy, and the C+B alloy, there was some evidence of transgranular cleavage at room temperature; at 973 K a substantial amount of transgranular cleavage was evident. Tensile tests were conducted at a variety of strain rates at room temperature and at 973 K to help understand the impact response observed.
Multiple sequence versions of the Oxytricha fallax 81-MAC alternate processing family.

The 81-MAC family consists of three sizes of macronuclear chromosomes in Oxytricha fallax. Clones of these and of micronuclcar homologs have been classified according to DNA sequence into three highly homologous (95.9–97.9%), but distinct versions. Version A is represented by a micronuclear clone and by clones of two different-sized macronuclear chromosomes, showing that alternate processing of micronuclear DNA is responsible for the variety of sizes of macronuclcar chromosomes. Three Internal Eliminated Sequences (IES's) are demonstrated in Version A micronuclcar DNA. Two have been sequenced and show short, flanking direct repeats but no inverted terminal repeats. Version C micronuclear DNA has interruptions in the macronuclear homology which correspond closely to the Version A IES's. Whether they are true IES's is unknown because no Version C macronuclear DNA has been demonstrated. Version C micronuclear DNA may be “macronuclear-homologous” but “micronucleus-limited” and not “macronucleusdestined.” Version B is represented by macronuclear DNA clones, but no micronuclear clones. Vegetative micronuclear aneuploidy is suggested. The possible role of micronuclear defects in somatic karyonidai senescence is discussed in light of the precise macronuclear chromosome copy controls demonstrated within the 81-MAC family. These controls apparently operate throughout karyonidai life to mairitain 1) a constant absolute amount of 81-MAC sequences in the macronuclcus and 2) a constant sioichiometry within the family, both according to version and chromosome size.
Examining presence and lightweight messaging in a social television experience

We report on a field evaluation of a prototype social television system (Social TV) that incorporates lightweight messaging as well as ambient awareness of user presence on the system. This evaluation was conducted over a two-week period and involved the participation of ten households. Participants appreciated the ability to see their buddies' presence on the system, the ability to see or suggest the programs they were currently watching, and the ability to send short messages to one another. The presence facilities available in Social TV also allowed participants to learn more about one another's TV viewing habits and preferences, and fostered a sense of connectedness between them. However, they also felt constrained by the limitations of the communication options available to them and demanded free-form text or voice chat to be able to fully express themselves.
Obsessive compulsive disorder in two black ethnic groups: Incidence in an urban dermatology clinic☆

Abstract Recent epidemiological data indicate that the incidence rate for African- Americans and non African-Americans is roughly equivalent for panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and generalized anxiety disorder. Despite these findings, few African-Americans present for treatment for OCD in psychiatric settings. Our hypothesis was that African-Americans with OCD may initially seek treatment from dermatologists. Dermatology clinic patients who presented with one of several chronic pruritic conditions were randomly screened. Fifteen percent were found to suffer with undiagnosed OCD and an additional 11% were found to suffer with either panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Thoughts on cooperation between psychiatry and dermatology in identifying and treating patients with anxiety disorders are discussed.
A thermodynamic analysis of mitotic spindle equilibrium at active metaphase.

The mitotic apparatus of first-division metaphase eggs of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis was observed by means of polarization microscopy under controlled temperature conditions. Eggs were fertilized and grown at two temperature extremes in order to produce two different sizes of available spindle pool. Slow division time allowed successive samples of such cells to be observed at the same point in metaphase but at different equilibrium temperatures, yielding curves of metaphase equilibrium birefringence vs. observational temperature. Using the plateau value of birefringence at higher temperatures as a measure of total available spindle pool and the observed birefringence at lower temperatures as a measure of polymerized material at equilibrium, the spindle protein association was evaluated according to the method of Inoue. Both pool conditions produced linear van't Hoff functions. Analysis of these functions yielded enthalpy and entropy changes of +55–65 kcal/mol and +197–233 entropy units (eu), respectively. These values for active mitotic metaphase are quite comparable to those obtained by Inoue and co-workers for arrested meiotic metaphase cells. When other equilibrium treatments were considered, the best fit to the experimental data was still that of Inoue, a treatment which theoretically involves first-order polymerization and dissociation kinetics. Treatment of metaphase cells with D2O by direct immersion drove the equilibrium to completion regardless of temperature, attaining or exceeding a birefringence value equal to the cell's characteristic pool size; perfusion with D2O appeared to erase the original temperature-determined pool size differences for the two growth conditions, attaining a maximum value characteristic of the larger pool condition. These data confirm Inoue's earlier contention that D2O treatment can modify the available spindle pool.
Rapid and effective labeling of brain tissue using TAT-conjugated CdS∶Mn/ZnS quantum dots

TAT (a cell penetrating peptide)-conjugated CdS∶Mn/ZnS quantum dots (Qdots), intra-arterially delivered to a rat brain, rapidly (within a few minutes) labeled the brain tissue without manipulating the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Qdot loading was sufficiently high that it allowed a gross fluorescent visualization of the whole rat brain using a low power hand-held UV lamp. Histological data clearly showed that TAT-conjugated Qdots migrated beyond the endothelial cell line and reached the brain parenchyma. Qdots without TAT did not label the brain tissue confirming the fact that TAT peptide was necessary to overcome the BBB. The present study clearly demonstrated the possibility of delivering a large amount of Qdot-based imaging agents to the brain tissue.
Survival and recurrence in patients with splanchnic vein thromboses.

Background & Aims Hepatic, splenic, portal, and mesenteric veins are confluent elements within the splanchnic system. It is therefore unclear whether thromboses of isolated segments represent unique entities. We compared etiologies, recurrence, and survival of patients with thromboses of different splanchnic venous segments. Methods An inception cohort of individuals was identified with first lifetime incident of splanchnic vein thrombosis between 1980 and 2000. We performed a case-controlled comparison of recurrent thrombosis and survival data with those of patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Results The study (832 patients; mean age, 53 ± 17 years; 42% women) included patients with isolated portal (n = 329), mesenteric (n = 76), splenic (n = 62), and hepatic (n = 45) vein thrombosis and patients with multisegment involvement (n = 320). Malignancy (27%) and cirrhosis (24%) were the most common etiologies. Recurrence-free survival 10 years after splanchnic vein thrombosis (76%) was comparable with that after DVT (68%) and not improved by anticoagulant therapy. Hormone therapy was the only independent predictor of recurrence (hazard ratio [HR], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09–4.45; P = .03). Major bleeding was 6.9/100 patient-years. Gastroesophageal varices (HR, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.72–4.03; P P = .003) were independent predictors of bleeding. The 10-year survival rate of patients with splanchnic vein thrombosis (60%) was lower than that of patients with DVT (68%, P P Conclusions Splanchnic vein thrombosis depends on the pathology of the organ supplied. On the basis of the low rate of recurrence and substantial rate of major hemorrhage, prolonged anticoagulant therapy does not appear to be justified.
A comparison of the diversity of Jivaroan Gardens with that of the tropical forest

The proposition that tropical polycultural gardens simulate the structure and dynamics of the surrounding forest is examined in the light of research on Jivaroan manioc cultivation. Garden transects were used to measure the diversity of intercropped species and of locally recognized varieties of manioc. Huambisa and Aguaruna Jivaro gardens have much lower species diversities than the surrounding forest, even though crop compositions reflect the age, topography, and soil type of the swiddens. Furthermore, the number of manioc varieties is far greater than that of all other crop species combined. It is argued that a pure stand of Jivaroan manioc can itself be considered a polycrop of distinct cultivars with differing branching patterns, leaf shapes, and growth periods.
Metabolic myopathy produced by dinitrofluorobenzene inhibition of creatine phosphokinase

A previously developed animal model of exercise-induced muscle contractures, which utilized intra-aortic injection of iodoacetate (IOA) to inhibit the second stage glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, showed histological evidence of selective type II muscle fiber involvement with sparing of the type I muscle fibers. A new model has been developed using dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) as a selective inhibitor of creatine phosphokinase in a similar, but slightly modified distal aortic injection protocol. Two hours after the injection of a dinitrofluorobenzene solution of 2.22 mg/kg body weight, spontaneous electrically-silent contracture developed in the injected lower extremity, involving principally the soleus muscle. Histologically, selective damage was apparent in the type I muscle fibers, with sparing of the type II muscle fibers. The contrast in findings associated with iodoacetate inhibition of glycolysis or with DNFB inhibition of the phosphocreatine shuttle suggests that type I and type II fibers have markedly different usable pools of readily available ATP: type II fibers must rely on the minute-by-minute replenishment of the usable pool of ATP from glycolysis, while type I fibers must regenerate the usable pool of ATP from phosphocreatine through a creatine phosphokinase-mediated process.
A multidimensional approach to relationships between live and non-live sound sources in mixed works

Mixed works combining live performance with non-live sound sources projected over loudspeakers are commonplace in the field of electroacoustic music. A peculiarity of the mixed-work experience is that only some of the sound sources are seen, while many others may be heard. Consequently, a perceptual dissonance often arises between visual and aural stimuli, drawing particular attention to the relationship between the live and non-live components. Such a heightened perceptual focus on relations suggests the need for an analytical framework and terminology. This paper proposes a multidimensional framework of relations between live and non-live component pairs in mixed works, which can both serve as a model and foundation for analysis as well as provide composers with pathways of relations available under certain conditions.
Can the stem cell mobilization technique influence CD34+ cell collection efficiency of leukapheresis procedures in patients with hematologic malignancies?

A total of 415 leukaphereses in 201 patients stimulated with growth factor (GF; n = 119) or chemotherapy-GF (n = 296) were studied to determine CD34+ cell collection efficiency (CE). The pre-apheresis leukocyte count was 1-93 x 10(9)/l (median 20), and peripheral blood CD34 count (PBCD34) was 1-1104/microl (median 19). The total number of CD34+ cells collected was 4-6531 x 10(6) (median 151); corresponding to 0.1-111.4 x 10(6) (median 2.3) per kg. There was strong correlation between PBCD34 and the number of CD34+ cells collected (r = 0.9; P or = 20 (P < 0.0001). In all, 61% of the apheresis procedures performed after chemotherapy-GF occurred when leukocytes were < 20 compared to 21% of those performed after GF alone (P < 0.0001). We conclude that mobilizing patients with the combination of chemotherapy and GF rather than GF alone leads to leukapheresis being performed when the leukocyte count is low -- in a range that results in optimum CD34+ cell CE. Autologous stem cells should be mobilized with chemotherapy-GF rather than GF alone whenever possible.
Structural, optical, and electrical properties of PbSe nanocrystal solids treated thermally or with simple amines.

We describe the structural, optical, and electrical properties of films of spin-cast, oleate-capped PbSe nanocrystals that are treated thermally or chemically in solutions of hydrazine, methylamine, or pyridine to produce electronically coupled nanocrystal solids. Postdeposition heat treatments trigger nanocrystal sintering at ∼200 °C, before a substantial fraction of the oleate capping group evaporates or pyrolyzes. The sintered nanocrystal films have a large hole density and are highly conductive. Most of the amine treatments preserve the size of the nanocrystals and remove much of the oleate, decreasing the separation between nanocrystals and yielding conductive films. X-ray scattering, X-ray photoelectron and optical spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and field-effect transistor electrical measurements are used to compare the impact of these chemical treatments. We find that the concentration of amines adsorbed to the NC films is very low in all cases. Treatments in hydrazine in acetonitrile remove on...
Hypercalcemia induced by prostaglandin E2 in thyroparathyroidectomized but not intact rats.

Abstract Prostaglandin E2 was infused into the thoracic aorta of thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) and intact rats. Circulating calcium increased significantly in the TPTX group by 30 minutes and reached an increment of 1.5 ± 0.21 mg/dl ( x ± SE, p by 90 minutes. No calcium increments were observed in the intact rats. It is postulated that prior failures to demonstrate hypercalcemia during PGE2 infusion may have been due to calcitonin counterregulation.
Do differences in early hemodynamic performance of current generation biologic aortic valves predict outcomes 1 year following surgery

Objective Small early postoperative hemodynamic differences were noted in a randomized comparison of 3 current-generation bioprosthetic aortic valves. Whether these differences persist and influence clinical outcomes 1 year following implantation is unknown. Methods Three hundred adults with severe aortic stenosis undergoing valve replacement were randomized to receive the Epic (St Jude, St Paul, Minn) (n = 99), Magna (Edwards LifeSciences Inc, Irvine, Calif) (n = 100), or Mitroflow (Sorin Biomedica Spa, Saluggio, Italy) (n = 101) bioprostheses. Hemodynamic valve performance was examined by echocardiography at 1 year, and clinical outcomes were assessed in 241 patients (79 Epic, 77 Magna, and 85 Mitroflow; P = .437). Results Mean age was 75 ± 8 years and 164 were men (68%). Between dismissal and 1 year there were 9 deaths (3.7%) (Epic: 3.7%, Magna: 5.0%, and Mitroflow: 2.3%; P = .654), 6 episodes of heart failure (2.5%) (Epic: 1.3%, Magna: 1.3%, and Mitroflow: 5.8%; P = .265), 27 instances of atrial fibrillation/flutter (11.2%) (Epic: 8.1%, Magna: 11.0%, and Mitroflow: 7.9%; P = .577) and no strokes/transient ischemic attacks. One-year echocardiography demonstrated small hemodynamic differences between Epic, Magna, and Mitroflow bioprostheses in mean gradient (15.2 ± 5.5, 12.3 ± 4.3, and 16.2 ± 5.7 mm Hg, respectively; P 2 /m 2 , respectively; P = .015). Several early trends persisted when stratifying data by echocardiographic annulus diameter, universal annulus size, and implant size, particularly with annular size ≥23 mm. Overall left ventricular mass index regression between dismissal and 1 year was −16.5 ± 28.1 g/m 2 , and was similar among groups ( P = .262). There were no aortic valve reoperations. Conclusions Despite midterm persistence of small hemodynamic differences amongst current-generation porcine and pericardial aortic valves, our prospective randomized comparison reveals that clinical outcomes and mass regression are equivalent between devices at 1 year. These encouraging trends must continue to be assessed during longitudinal follow-up.
Repair of deoxyribonucleic acid lesions caused by adriamycin and ellipticine.

Abstract The intercalating agents adriamycin and ellipticine caused DNA single and double strand breaks and DNA-protein crosslinks in mammalian cells. Ellipticine caused a much higher frequency of each of these lesions than adriamycin, at equitoxic doses. However, adriamycin-induced DNA effects were slowly and incompletely repaired over 24 hr after drug removal while the effects of ellipticine were virtually completely repaired within 30 min. Repair of ellipticine-induced lesions was observed only if cells were diluted (~100-fold) after drug treatment, suggesting that significant amounts of drug may have been sequestered in the cellular membranes. Cell dilution did not alter the effects of adriamycin. Removal of the DNA lesions was temperature dependent. Finally, the similarity in the rates of repair for DNA single and double strand breaks and DNA-protein crosslinks supports the hypothesis that they are functionally related.
Tilings in Lee metric

Gravier et al. proved [S. Gravier, M. Mollard, Ch. Payan, On the existence of three-dimensional tiling in the Lee metric, European J. Combin. 19 (1998) 567-572] that there is no tiling of the three-dimensional space R^3 with Lee spheres of radius at least 2. In particular, this verifies the Golomb-Welch conjecture for n=3. Spacapan, [S. Spacapan, Non-existence of face-to-face four-dimensional tiling in the Lee metric, European J. Combin. 28 (2007) 127-133], using a computer-based proof, showed that the statement is true for R^4 as well. In this paper we introduce a new method that will allow us not only to provide a short proof for the four-dimensional case but also to extend the result to R^5. In addition, we provide a new proof for the three-dimensional case, just to show the power of our method, although the original one is more elegant. The main ingredient of our proof is the non-existence of the perfect Lee 2-error correcting code over Z of block size n=3,4,5.
Which Dominates? The Relative Importance of Work–Family Organizational Support and General Organizational Context on Employee Outcomes

Abstract Recent research has examined the influence of organizational work–family context on employee outcomes. However, this construct has not been investigated in concert with broader indicants of organizational context. Thus, it remains unexplored whether work–family context accounts for unique variance in employee outcomes or whether its potential effects are confounded by, or better explained by, general organizational context. This study used dominance analysis to investigate the relative effects of general organizational context and work–family context on several important employee outcomes. Results indicate that work–family context is important in explaining variance in work–family specific outcomes such as work-to-family conflict. However, work–family context fails to explain unique variance in job satisfaction and affective commitment when studied alongside three broader indicants of general organization context (perceived organizational support, perceived fair interpersonal treatment, and trust). These findings have implications for both research and practice.
On “Measurement as Scientific Method in Economics”

One thing existed that neither he nor the government knew about at that time. That was the secret military treaty, made in 1892 between France and Russia, in which it was laid down that mobilization of the two countries was a declaration of war against Germany. This meant that, if a war broke out, Great Britain was committed to obligations of armed force far beyond Germany. (Continued) Port Washington, New York
Co-localization of glycine and gaba immunoreactivity in interneurons in Macaca monkey cerebellar cortex

Previous work demonstrates that the cerebellum uses glycine as a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter [Ottersen OP, Davanger S, Storm-Mathisen J (1987) Glycine-like immunoreactivity in the cerebellum of rat and Senegalese baboon, Papio papio: a comparison with the distribution of GABA-like immunoreactivity and with [3H]glycine and [3H]GABA uptake. Exp Brain Res 66(1):211-221; Ottersen OP, Storm-Mathisen J, Somogyi P (1988) Colocalization of glycine-like and GABA-like immunoreactivities in Golgi cell terminals in the rat cerebellum: a postembedding light and electron microscopic study. Brain Res 450(1-2):342-353; Dieudonne S (1995) Glycinergic synaptic currents in Golgi cells of the rat cerebellum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:1441-1445; Dumoulin A, Triller A, Dieudonne S (2001) IPSC kinetics at identified GABAergic and mixed GABAergic and glycinergic synapses onto cerebellar Golgi cells. J Neurosci 21(16):6045-6057; Dugue GP, Dumoulin A, Triller A, Dieudonne S (2005) Target-dependent use of coreleased inhibitory transmitters at central synapses. J Neurosci 25(28):6490-6498; Zeilhofer HU, Studler B, Arabadzisz D, Schweizer C, Ahmadi S, Layh B, Bosl MR, Fritschy JM (2005) Glycinergic neurons expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein in bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice. J Comp Neurol 482(2):123-141]. In the rat cerebellum glycine is not released by itself but is released together with GABA by Lugaro cells onto Golgi cells [Dumoulin A, Triller A, Dieudonne S (2001) IPSC kinetics at identified GABAergic and mixed GABAergic and glycinergic synapses onto cerebellar Golgi cells. J Neurosci 21(16):6045-6057] and by Golgi cells onto unipolar brush and granule cells [Dugue GP, Dumoulin A, Triller A, Dieudonne S (2005) Target-dependent use of coreleased inhibitory transmitters at central synapses. J Neurosci 25(28):6490-6498]. Here we report, from immunolabeling evidence in Macaca cerebellum, that interneurons in the granular cell layer are glycine+ at a density of 120 cells/linear mm. Their morphology indicates that they include Golgi and Lugaro cell types with the majority containing both glycine and GABA or glutamic acid decarboxylase. These data are consistent with the proposal that, as in the rat cerebellum, these granular cell layer interneurons corelease glycine and GABA in the primate cerebellum. The patterns of labeling for glycine and GABA within Golgi and Lugaro cells also indicate that there are biochemical sub-types which are morphologically similar. Further, we find that glycine, GABA and glutamic acid decarboxylase identified candelabrum cells adjacent to the Purkinje cells which is the first time that this interneuron has been reported in primate cerebellar cortex. We propose that candelabrum cells, like the majority of Golgi and Lugaro cells, release both glycine and GABA.
Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Injury in Type 2 Diabetes and Potential Effects of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibition.

BACKGROUND Cardiovascular (CV) disease is the major cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The pathogenesis of CV disease in T2DM is complex and multifactorial and involves direct and indirect injury to the vasculature and heart. The impact of intensive glucose-lowering therapy with antihyperglycemic agents on CV outcomes is not clear, and questions remain as to which glucose-lowering agents may be beneficial to CV health in patients with T2DM. PURPOSE This review discusses findings regarding the known mechanisms of CV injury in T2DM and current knowledge regarding the potential cardioprotective effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors are relatively new antihyperglycemic agents. Their main mechanism of action is to inhibit the degradation of the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide by DPP-4. By increasing levels of glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose-dependent insulin secretion is enhanced, glucagon secretion is suppressed, and the rate of gastric emptying is decreased. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 also degrades other substances that are important in the regulation of CV function and inflammation. Animal studies, small observational studies in humans, and analyses of clinical trial data suggest that DPP-4 inhibitors may have beneficial CV effects. Recent prospectively designed CV outcomes trials with saxagliptin and alogliptin in patients with T2DM and high CV risk presented evidence that these DPP-4 inhibitors neither increased nor decreased adverse CV outcomes in this select patient population. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors are promising therapies for the treatment of T2DM. Able to improve glycemic control without the risk of weight gain or hypoglycemia, they provide a safe alternative to sulfonylureas and are an effective adjunct to metformin. To date, this class of drugs seems to be at least neutral in terms of CV effects. Time will tell if these findings translate into a benefit for our patients.
Effects of idebenone on mitogen-induced proliferation of human lymphocytes

In vitro effect of idebenone on human lymphocytes isolated from old and young donors was determined. The effects of drug were the same with the old and young donors cells. At concentrations of 2 microg/ml (6 microM) or less in the culture medium, idebenone showed no effect on phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced proliferation and protein synthesis, or on cell viability measured by Trypan Blue exclusion. Concentrations of 25 and 50 microg/ml showed dose-dependent suppression of the proliferation and protein synthesis which was associated with significant cytotoxicity. At concentrations of 8-10 microg/ml the compound appears to have just detectable effect on lymphocyte viability or ability to respond to PHA stimulation. It seems clear that such in vivo concentrations which would be associated with lymphopenia and immunologic suppression are not achieved with therapeutic doses of idebenone. The pattern of protein bands observed on fluorograms of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels of cells incubated with [(3)H]leucine and [(35)S]methionine was similar in control and idebenone-treated samples, consistent with a slight, nonspecific inhibitory effect on protein synthesis in cultures with higher doses of the compound. At these concentrations, idebenone induced a slight, but detectable, enhancement of the intracellular stress proteins, HSP70 and HSP90.
Demonstration of a unique viral structure: the molluscum viral colony sac

Using scanning electron microscopy to study molluscum contagiosum lesions, it has been possible to demonstrate a unique, well defined sac enclosing the virion colony of each infected keratinocyte. This confirms the presence of a structure demonstrated over 50 years ago by micro-dissection, but ignored since it is not seen on either light or transmission electron microscopy. It is postulated that this sac, of unknown origin, favours replication of the virions by providing a site that is both anatomically and immunologically privileged. Such relatively unimpeded growth of the virions results in an enlarged cell in which the cytoplasm and nucleus are compressed into a thin outer shell. In the aggregate, this produces a tumour of virus-packed cells rather than a tumour composed of virus-induced cell hyperplasia.
Determination of Water Loss Mechanism in Amine Terminous Amino Acids Using Laser Mass Spectrometry

The water loss process in Laser Mass Spectrometry of amine terminal amino acids was studied. Water loss is proposed to occur via a thermal decomposition mechanism for a protonated amino acid forming a protonated lactam ring. The magnitude of the water loss peak is correlated with the stability of the protonated lactam ring. Semi-empirical MNDO calculations of the heat of reaction of a protonated amino acid forming a protonated lactam ring and water support the correlation. The substrate (matrix) appears to have little effect on the process; results are essentially the same with the use of different substrates and sample preparation methods.
Propagation of Solar Disturbances: Theories and Models

Recent theoretical developments and construction of several models for the propagation of solar disturbances from the Sun and their continuation throughout heliospheric space are discussed. Emphasis centers on physical mechanisms as well as mathematical techniques (i. e., analytical and numerical methods). This outline will lead to a discussion of the present state-of-art of theoretically-based modeling efforts in this area. It is shown that the fundamental theory for the study of propagation of disturbances in heliospheric space is centered around the self-consistent analysis of wave and mass motion within the context of magnetohydrodynamics in which the small-scale structures will be modified by kinetic effects. Finally, brief mention is made of some interesting problems for which attention is needed for advancement of our understanding the physics of large-scale propagation of solar disturbances in heliospheric space.
Solid State 2H NMR Studies of the Disordering of Raft-Like Domains by n-3 PUFA

The health benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) contained in fish oils continue to be investigated intensively in pre-clinical and clinical studies. The major bioactive components are docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) with 22 carbons and 6 double bonds and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5) with 20 carbons and 5 double bonds. An emerging hypothesis is that n-3 PUFA are incorporated into membrane phospholipids and modify the structure and organization of lipid rafts, thus affecting cell signaling. We used solid-state 2H NMR spectroscopy to compare molecular organization in mixtures of 1-palmitoyl-2-docosahexaenoylphosphatidylcholine (PDPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-eicosapentaenoylphosphatidylcholine (PEPC) with the raft-stabilizing molecules sphingomyelin (SM) and cholesterol. Spectra for PDPC-d31 and PEPC-d31, analogs of PDPC and PEPC with a perdeuterated palmitoyl sn-1 chain, revealed that DHA and EPA incorporate into raft-like domains enriched in SM and cholesterol. Greater incorporation was seen for DHA than EPA. We used PSM-d31, an analog of SM with a perdeuterated N-palmitoyl chain, as a probe to directly investigate molecular order within raft-like domains. Our initial experiments looked at mixtures of (POPC) with SM and cholesterol as a control. In POPC/SM (1:1 mol) mixtures, the 2H NMR spectra revealed segregation into POPC-rich (less ordered) and SM-rich (more ordered) domains that are nano-scale in size and contain < 180 lipids. When cholesterol (1:1:1 mol) was added, both domains became more ordered and greater mixing of POPC and SM was observed. These results will be discussed together with the results from experiments on PSM-d31 in mixtures with DHA- and EPA-containing phospholipids and cholesterol.
A Note on the Regional Impact of Military Retirees

Retirees are increasingly viewed as a growth industry. One aspect of military spending that has not been investigated is the impact on state economies of military pension payments. Using an input-output model, the total economic activity and jobs impacts of military pensions are determined for each state.
Binding energies of acceptors in GaAs- Al x Ga 1 − x As quantum wells

We present a variational calculation of acceptor binding energies in a GaAs-${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}$ quantum well. The calculation includes the coupling of the top four valence bands of both materials in the multiband effective-mass approximation. Because the quantum-well potential reduces the bulk symmetry, the bulk ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{8}$ acceptor ground state splits into ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{6}$ and ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{7}$ states. The ground-state energies in both symmetries have been calculated for three barrier heights as functions of well width. These calculations for barrier heights corresponding to $x=0.3$ are in excellent agreement with the available experimental data.
A method for determination of the horizontal stereotaxic plane in Macaca mulatta

Abstract A method for correcting the horizontal stereotaxic plane in M. mulatta is described. It is based upon easily noted and reproducible motor responses obtainable upon electrical stimulation along a vertical track in the medial brain stem at the frontal zero level.
Prenatal diagnosis of holoprosencephaly with ethmocephaly via 3‐dimensional sonography

We present the prenatal 3-dimensional (3D) sonographic findings in a case of holoprosencephaly with ethmocephaly at 32 weeks' gestation. The sonographic diagnosis was based on the intracranial findings of a single ventricle and bulb-shaped appearance of the thalami and facial abnormalities, including hypotelorism with proboscis. Chromosome study of the fetus revealed a normal female karyotype (46,XX). Postmortem examination confirmed the 3D sonographic findings. This case demonstrates that the use of 3D sonography improves the imaging and the understanding of the condition of the intracranial abnormalities and the facial anomalies. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 34:306–308, 2006
Superstrength aluninum alloys

Abstract The stress-strain characteristics of alloys of aluminum are determined in part by the strain-induced constitutional instabilites of these materials. Increases in the effective work hardening rates and in the strengths attaine can be achieved by a continuous cyclical thermomechanical treatment of these alloys. Application of this treatment allows increases in the ultimate tensile strength that is 40% to 100% above the ultimate tensile strength of the normal full hard temper of such alloys as 3003 and 5052.
Applications of a Recurrence for the Bernoulli Numbers

Abstract We give an easy proof of a recently published recurrence for the Bernoulli numbers and we present some applications of the recurrence. One of the applications is a simple proof of the well-known Staudt-Clausen Theorem. Proofs are also given for theorems of Carlitz, Frobenius, and Ramanujan. An analogous recurrence for Genocchi numbers is proved and applications are given. In particular, theorems of Lehmer, Ramanujan, and Kummer are proved and, in some cases, extended.
Pore diffusivities in deactivated unimodal and bimodal coal liquefaction catalysts

Abstract This work investigated coke induced physical changes in pore geometry and intraparticle diffusivities of deactivated unimodal and bimodal catalysts withdrawn from a 4 ton/day direct coal liquefaction ebullated bed reactor. Porosimetry, surface area, equilibrium adsorption, and pore diffusivity measurements were performed on fresh, spent, and regenerated catalysts. Equilibrium adsorption experiments showed the loss in adsorption sites in the spent catalysts to be significantly greater than indicated by the decrease in overall BET surface areas. Pore diffusivity measurements performed using solute adsorption from a finite bath surrounding the catalyst particles yielded pore diffusivities two orders of magnitude lower than would be expected based on the measured average pore characteristics of the spent catalysts. This observation was postulated to result from a nonuniform radial distribution of coke deposits within the spent catalyst particles. A mathematical diffusion model incorporating the nonuniform coke deposition aspect of the deactivation process was formulated and used to simulate experimental diffusional uptake experiments. The model yielded results in satisfactory agreement with experimental measurements and provided a reasonable rationalization for the low diffusivities in the spent catalysts using physically realistic parameter values.
Comparison of numeric techniques in the analysis of cleft palate dental arch form change.

Abstract Objective: Quantitative descriptions of form (size and shape) changes are significant to the understanding of the development, treatment planning, and prognosis of patients born with cleft lip and palate. This study compared the results of traditional dental arch form change measurements, such as width, depth, perimeter, and area, with four numeric methods: finite element scaling analysis, macroelement method, Euclidean distance matrix analysis, and conventional least-squares and resistant-fit theta rho Procrustes analyses. Design: Using tooth cusp landmarks on maxillary study casts, form change measurements of a male with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate at ages 2, 5, and 6 years were made comparing each age to the next older. Results and Conclusions: With the exception of the 2- to 5-year resistant-fit analysis, all numeric methods: 1) provide comparable results, 2) provide more detailed descriptions than do traditional methods, and 3) provide results that correlate well with the reporte...
Strength development in magnesium oxychloride and other cements

Abstract Measurements of compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and microhardness were made on magnesium oxychloride cement systems having a wide range of porosity. Analysis of the plots of log mechanical property versus porosity gave expressions interrelating mechanical properties which were independent of porosity. Comparison of these results with those of the portland cement system show that magnesium oxychloride cement paste has a higher value of modulus of elasticity and microhardness over the porosity range studied. Microhardness of magnesium oxychloride cement paste is also greater than that for all gypsum plaster preparations in the porosity range studied. Mechanical behaviour of magnesium oxychloride cement compacts is improved when heated in water at 85°C. It appears that this heat treatment results in formation of a porous body consisting mainly of Mg(OH) 2 . Among the systems magnesium oxychloride, portland cement, gypsum and magnesium hydroxide, it appears that magnesium hydroxide forms the strongest bodies.
Binding and endocytosis of glycoproteins by isolated chicken hepatocytes.

The binding and endocytosis of glycoproteins containing different terminal sugars by isolated chicken hepatocytes were studied. At 2 degrees C, where there is no endocytosis, the hepatocyte surface bound 30 800 GlcNAc44-AI-BSA molecules [a bovine serum albumin (BSA) derivative which contains 44 residues of N-octylglucosamine (GlcNAc)] [Lee, Y.C., Stowell, C.P., & Krantz, M.J. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 3956-3963] and 32 900 asialoagalactoorosomucoid (AGOR) molecules per cell with estimated dissociation constants of 5 X 10(-10) and 4 X 10(-9) M, respectively. In the presence of digitonin or Triton X-100, each hepatocyte bound 7-18 times more ligand than in the absence of these detergents. Bound 125I-AGOR could be dissociated from the cell surface by 5.5 X 10(-5) M GlcNAc44-AI-BSA with a t 1/2 of 30 min, while GlcNAc (10 mM) or ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (4 mM) could dissociate over 98% of the surface-bound radioactivity within 10 min. Several neoglycoproteins inhibited the binding of 125I-AGOR, requiring for 50% inhibition 2.1 X 10(-9), 4.0 X 10(-7), 1.6 X 10(-6), and 2 X 10(-6) M for GlcNAc44-, Glc37-, Man43-, and L-Fuc28-AI-BSA, respectively. The bound AGOR and neoglycoproteins were internalized and degraded at 37 degrees C. [125I]Iodide was the only labeled degradation product found. When the hepatocytes were exposed to 250 nM AGOR at 37 degrees C, ca. 100 000 molecules of AGOR were associated with the cell surface at the steady state of endocytosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)