cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complex convolutions via Fermat number transforms

An approach is described for computing complex convolutions modulo a Fermat number. It is shown that this technique is particularly efficient when the complex convolution is computed by means of Fermat Number Transforms and leads to improved implementation of complex digital filters.
A simple and accurate resonance expansion for the electromagnetic field scattered by a Lossy Dielectric Sphere

A simple and accurate resonance expansion for the space-frequency representation of the electromagnetic field scattered by a homogeneous dielectric sphere with loss is discussed. Results are presented which establish the accuracy of the resonance expansion by comparing with the corresponding Mie series.
Host-Plant Selection by Schistocerca americana (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

The preference of Schistocerca americana (Drury) for 40 potential host plants relative to bahiagrass, Paspalum notatum , was determined in two-choice and fourchoice tests. Although highly polyphagous, S. americana demonstrated clear preference and nonpreference for certain species. Host selection by small nymphs (instars 3 and 4), large nymphs (instal's 5 and 6), and adults was highly correlated. Host selection by spring-generation grasshoppers was highly correlated with summer-generation host preference. The presence of alternate hosts, especially nonpreferred species, resulted in modified host-selection behavior wherein grasshoppers were more discriminating in fourchoice tests than two-choice tests.
Infants remember the order of words in a spoken sentence

Abstract The ability to remember sequential order information is an important component in the learning and mastery of many complex cognitive skills. Notably, it is critical for learning language. This study investigated whether infants are capable of remembering the order of words in an English sentence and, especially, whether the structure afforded by natural sentential prosody enhances their ability to do so. This study compares 2-montholds' abilities to detect changes in word order, after a 2-min delay, for sequences spoken as a well-formed sentence versus as two unrelated, but well-formed, sentential fragments. The results indicate that infants exposed to the single sentences were able to detect changes in word order. By comparison, infants exposed to the sentential fragments showed no tendency to detect the same word order changes. Thus, even at two months of age, infants are able to remember the order of spoken words when they are embedded within the coherent prosodic structure of a single well-formed sentence.
Genes for human U3 small nucleolar RNA contain highly conserved flanking sequences

Six human genomic clones containing sequences homologous to the U3 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) were isolated and characterized. Four of these clones were real U3 snRNA genes because they were transcribed in frog oocytes and the DNA sequences corresponding to the U3 snRNA were identical to the U3 snRNA of HeLa cells. The nucleotide sequences of four true U3 snRNA genes, 537 nucleotides on the 5'-flanking region and 340 nucleotides on the 3'-flanking region, were found to be identical. In addition, the restriction patterns, upto 2 kb on the 5' side and 2.2 kb on the 3' side, appeared to be same. All the isolated U3 clones, containing 15-20 kb of genomic DNA, contained only one U3 snRNA gene, indicating that the human U3 snRNA genes are several kilobases apart. One of the U3 clones contained a full-length U3 pseudogene. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA with cloned U3 DNA as probe indicated that human DNA contains two families of U3 genes which differ in their flanking sequences. In the 5' flanking region of human U3 snRNA genes, homology to U-gene promoter element, an octamer motif, the 'U3 box', SP1 binding sites and a consensus 3' box in the 3' flanking region, were observed. These data show that the genomic organization and the sequence motifs that control transcription of human nucleolar U3 snRNA genes are similar to those of human U1 and U2 snRNA genes and suggest common mechanism(s) in the evolution of snRNA genes.
Computerized adaptive tutorials to improve and assess problem-solving skills

Recent research studies have reported on how novices and experts differ in storing, organizing, and retrieving subject matter knowledge and on how they apply their knowledge to solve new problems. These findings have been integrated and implemented in a computer environment to help novices improve their problem-solving skills. An outline of this implementation and the manner in which it is used in an undergraduate hydraulic engineering course are presented. Student feedback on the educational value of this approach as well as data to demonstrate the improvement in their problem-solving abilities are also included. Preliminary evidence supporting the validity of computerized assessment of problem-solving skills is also included.
Differential suppression of interferon-γ-induced Ia antigen expression on cultured rat astroglia and microglia by second messengers

Abstract The roles of intracellular second messengers in interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-induced Ia antigen (Ag) expression by astroglia and microglia were examined. Ia Ag on both glia types was induced by IFN-γ. Reagents known to increase intracellular cAMP or activate intracellular protein kinase C (PKC) reduced IFN-γ-induced Ia Ag expression by astroglia. In contrast, increasing intracellular cAMP had no suppressive effect on Ia Ag expression by microglia. These results indicate (1) cAMP and PKC negatively regulate IFN-γ-induced Ia expression on astroglia, and (2) Ia expression is regulated differentially in astroglia vs. microglia. These findings may explain the frequent observation of Ia + microglia (or macrophages) but not astroglia in various neurodegenerative diseases.
Hemispheric asymmetries in the identification of band-pass filtered letters

Processing of band-pass filtered letters in the left versus right cerebral hemispheres (LH vs. RH) was examined. The present experiments constituted a partial replication of a study in which Peterzell, Harvey, and Hardyck (1989) found no hemispheric differences in accuracy or reaction time (RT) as a function of spatial frequency. However, methodological limitations of their study (e.g., the possibility that subjects were engaged in a detection, not identification, task) may have obscured possible hemispheric differences. We addressed these problems in the present study, obtaining significant hemisphere × spatial frequency interactions for RT andd′, with RH advantages at low frequencies and LH advantages at high frequencies; however, these effects were not large in magnitude and were often restricted to particular dependent variables, stimulus sizes, and so forth. Hemispheric differences in response bias were also found.
Coalitional strategy-proofness in economies with single-dipped preferences and the assignment of an indivisible object

We study two allocation models. In the first model, we consider the problem of allocating an infinitely divisible commodity among agents with single-dipped preferences. In the second model, a degenerate case of the first one, we study the allocation of an indivisible object to a group of agents. Our main result is the characterization of the class of Pareto optimal and coalitionally strategy-proof allocation rules. Alternatively, this class of rules, which largely consists of serially dictatorial components, can be characterized by Pareto optimality, strategy-proofness, and weak non-bossiness (in terms of welfare). Furthermore, we study properties of fairness such as anonymity and no-envy. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D63, D71.
Regulation of myocardial contractility: Insights from transgenic mice

Myocardial contraction occurs when calcium (Ca2+) is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, binding troponin C and allowing actin and myosin to cross link. Ca2+ release and uptake is closely regulated by G protein-coupled β-adrenergic receptors through the action of the second messenger cAMP. An increase in cAMP level leads to phosphorylation of key regulatory proteins affecting intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. The β-adrenergic receptors themselves are regulated by a set of specific kinases, termed the G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs). The study of this complex system in vivo has recently been advanced by the development of transgenic and gene-targeted (knockout) mouse models. Combining transgenic technology with sophisticated physiological measurements of cardiac hemodynamics is an extremely powerful approach to the study of myocardial contractility and its regulation. This review focuses on several recent transgenic mouse models that have increased our understanding of the regulation of cardiac contractility.
Evaluation of Salt Bridge Structure and Energetics in Peptides Using Explicit, Implicit, and Hybrid Solvation Models.

Replica exchange or parallel tempering molecular dynamics (REMD) is widely used to enhance the exploration of free energy landscapes for complex molecular systems. However its application to large systems is hampered by the scaling of the number of required replicas with an increasing system size. We recently proposed an improved REMD method where the exchange probabilities were calculated using a hybrid explicit/implicit solvent model. We previously tested this hybrid solvent REMD approach on alanine polypeptides of 1, 3, and 10 residues and obtained very good agreement with fully solvated REMD simulations while significantly reducing the number of replicas required. In this study we continue evaluating the applicability of the hybrid solvent REMD method through comparing the free energy of formation of ion pairs using model peptides. In accord with other studies, pure GB simulations resulted in overstabilized salt bridges, whereas the hybrid models produced free energy profiles in close agreement with f...
Intermolecular Electron-Transfer Reactions Involving Hydrazines

The self-exchange electron-transfer (ET) rate constant k22 for 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylferrocene was determined by NMR line broadening to be 8.5(±0.8) × 106 M-1 s-1 (25 °C, CD3CN/0.09 M Et4NBF4) and k11 for the bis-N,N-bicyclic hydrazine, 9,9‘-bi-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, to be 8.7(0.5) × 103 M-1 s-1 (25 °C, CH2Cl2). These self-exchange rate constants are used to analyze cross reactions of these molecules with hydrazines, ferrocenes, and tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) using Marcus theory. Cross-reaction rate constants for eight reactions are reported. Included are six cross-reactions between methylferrocenes and four cyclic hydrazines, one hydrazine, hydrazine−reaction, and the reduction of TMPD+ by a cyclic hydrazine. These are the first cross-reaction rate constants reported for hydrazine−hydrazine and hydrazine−TMPD+ ET reactions. The cross-reaction rate constants are used to test the application of Marcus theory to hydrazine ET reactions and to extract estimates of hydrazine self-exchange ET rate...
The development of state and local injury surveillance systems

Most local injury control programs address injury problems identified by national data, which do not always identify specific local injury problems. Injury problems and trends vary greatly between communities; therefore, specific information is needed to characterize community problems and to target injury control measures. Local injury surveillance data are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of various state and local injury control measures. This report discusses the rationale and attributes of surveillance systems for injuries, evaluates existing sources for injury surveillance data, describes several injury surveillance systems, and suggests alternative data sources and models for state- or community-based injury surveillance systems.
Effect of Alacreatine on the Rat

IN an earlier communication we reported that rats fed a diet containing 2 per cent of DL-α-guanidinopropionic acid (alacreatine) develop weakness during a 6-week period1. In subsequent work we have been unable to demonstrate either a defect in creatine metabolism in these animals or improvement of the weakness by creatine administration. Because of an odour which suggested the presence of a sulphur-containing compound in the alacreatine preparation further experiments were done with highly purified odourless alacreatine. None of the animals receiving the purified alacreatine became weak. It thus appears that the weakness was not caused by alacreatine, but by an impurity. The impurity has not been identified. However, various isothiourea and guanidine derivatives are known to be toxic in acute dose2 and such compounds could have been present in the original preparations of alacreatine.
Implications of revision total elbow arthroplasty on blood transfusion

Hypothesis We hypothesize that there is a greater rate of blood transfusions following revision total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) as compared with primary TEA, with lower preoperative hemoglobins and longer operative times being significant risk factors. Materials and methods The results of 193 operations (172 patients) between January 2000 and December 2004 were retrospectively reviewed. Excluded were patients with primary impairment of platelet or coagulation function or with chronic liver impairment. Univariate and χ2 analyses were used to determine which risk factors were predictive of transfusion. Results The transfusion rate was 7.8% for revision arthroplasties and 1.0% after primary procedures (P Discussion The need for blood transfusion after revision elbow arthroplasty is statistically greater than that after primary procedures. Furthermore, revision surgery, increased operative and anesthesia times, lower preoperative hemoglobin level, and decreased body mass index increase the risk of requiring a transfusion. Patients undergoing revision surgeries with preoperative hemoglobin levels of less than 10 g/dL are especially at risk of transfusion, and the proper precautions should be enacted during the perioperative period.
Void growth in a viscous metal

Abstract An investigation is made of void growth in a viscous metal. First, the effective viscosity μ and expansion viscosity κ of a viscous body containing spherical voids is estimated. Then the growth of a typical void embedded in a compressible viscous body with μ and κ is studied. The analytical tool used in this study is a combination of Eshelby's equivalent inclusion method and Mori-Tanaka's back stress analysis. By Mori-Tanaka's back stress analysis the interaction among voids which is enhanced at larger volumn fractions of void can be taken into account in our analysis.
The Relationships Between Academic Self-Efficacy, Computer Self-Efficacy, Prior Experience, and Satisfaction With Online Learning

This study investigated the relationships between academic self-efficacy (ASE), computer self-efficacy (CSE), prior experience, and satisfaction with online learning and explored how ASE, CSE, and satisfaction vary with age and gender. One hundred and three graduate students enrolled in purely online courses in January 2014 at a university in the midwestern United States participated in the survey. Scales with known reliability were used to measure ASE, CSE, and satisfaction. The study showed a significant positive correlation among all the variables except CSE and satisfaction. Regression analysis showed ASE to be most predictive of satisfaction with online learning. Females had a higher mean ASE than males, and participants aged thirty-five years and above had a higher mean CSE than younger participants.
For the Love of Words: Fostering Word Consciousness in Young Readers.

Recent descriptions of comprehensive vocabulary programs identify fostering word consciousness (getting students really interested in and excited about words) as a crucial component of effective programs. This article defines word consciousness, explains why it is important and how it fits into the curriculum, describes a six-part framework designed to act as a scaffold as teachers design word consciousness activities for their classrooms, and provides examples of each of these six types of word-consciousness activities. تعين الأوصاف المؤخرة لبرامج مفردات شمولية تنمية وعي الكلمة (جعل الطلاب مهتمين بالكلمات ومتحمسين لها) كمكون حاسم لبرامج فعالة. وتعرف هذه المقالة وعي الكلمة وتشرح سبب أهميته ومكانه المناسب في المنهاج الدراسي وتصف أيضا إطارا من ستة أجزاء مصمما ليلعب دور السقالة بينما يصمم الأساتذة أنشطة وعي الكلمة لصفوفهم وتقدم أمثلة لكل أنواع أنشطة وعي الكلمة الست على حدة. 在最近有关广泛词汇学习训练课程的描述中，培养语词意识（使学生真正对语词产生兴趣）被确认为高效能课程中不可或缺的学习部份。本文为语词意识作出定义，解释其重要性及如何使其纳入课程教学中。本文描述一个由六部份组成的框架以协助教师设计语词意识的课室教学活动，并为该框架内的每一部份提供语词意识教学活动实例，以供教师参考。 Des descriptions recentes de programmes du vocabulaire general ont indique que le renforcement de la conscience du mot (conduire les eleves a s'interesser vraiment et a etre passionnes par les mots) est une composante cruciale des programmes efficaces. Cet article decrit la conscience du mot, explique pourquoi elle est importante et comment elle s'introduit dans les programmes, decrit un plan en six parties concu pour aider les enseignants a planifier des activites de conscience du mot dans leur classe, et apporte des exemples de chacun de ces six types d'activites relatifs a la conscience du mot. В последнее время в описаниях комплексных программ по развитию словарного запаса основным мерилом их эффективности признается формирование взаимоотношений школьников со словом и пробуждение у них интереса к слову. В данной статье дается определение лексического сознания, аргументируется его важность и объясняется, как вписать его развитие в учебный план – через шестичастную базовую схему, созданную в помощь учителю для становления лексического сознания учащихся. Предложены примеры заданий для каждого из шести этапов работы со словом. Recientes descripciones de programas de vocabulario comprensivo identifican el promover la conciencia sobre la palabra (haciendo que los estudiantes sientan gran interes y entusiasmo por las palabras) como un componente crucial de un programa efectivo. Este articulo define lo que es tener conciencia de la palabra, explica por que es importante y como encaja en el curriculo, describe un marco de seis partes disenado para actuar como una estructura base sobre la cual los maestros pueden disenar actividades de conciencia de palabras para sus salones de clase, y provee ejemplos de cada uno de estos seis tipos de actividades sobre la conciencia de palabras.
The activities of some lysosomal hydrolases in the development of the cement gland in Xenopus laevis

The hydrolases B-glucuronidase, B-galactosidase and N-acetyl-B-D-glucosaminidase were examined in Xenopus laevis for their pH optima, sedimentability by differential centrifugation and optimal incubation temperatures for their assays. Enzyme activities were enriched in the 20,000 × g fraction of tissue homogenates, and all three of the enzymes exhibited acid pH optima, supporting the assumption that these are lysosomal enzymes in X. laevis. Total and specific activities of B-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-B-D-glucosaminidase were significantly higher in homogenates from regressing cement glands compared with those from preregressing glands. Cement gland regression, then is, apparently accompanied by lysosomal activation.
Building Bridges and Bonds: Generating Social Capital in Secular and Faith-Based Poverty-to-Work Programs

Is there a difference between the social capital developed in faith-based and secular poverty-to-work programs? Comparative field research investigating five faith-based and secular poverty-to-work programs in southeastern America finds that values expressed by a secular non-profit organization and two faith-based programs correspond with more activities that develop social capital than the programs run by a for-profit organization and a reinvented government agency. In all the programs this social capital is both 'bridging,' by crossing barriers of race, gender, and class, and 'bonding' by tying participants and staff into at least a temporary supportive community. The programs see that this social capital is effective in supporting low-income persons through the transition to full-time employment. In addition, the faith-based programs seek to extend the social capital by developing long-term ties between clients and local religious congregations. This paper also specifies how social capital is developed in these programs.
TNF-α production in the skin

Upregulation of TNF-alpha is a key early response to ultraviolet B (UVB) by keratinocytes (KCs), and represents an important component of the inflammatory cascade in skin. UVB irradiation induces TNF-alpha expression in both KCs and dermal fibroblasts, with TNF-alpha mRNA induction seen as early as 1.5 h after UVB. We previously reported that the effects are wavelength-specific: TNF-alpha expression and secretion are induced by UVB (290-320 nm), but not by UVA (320-400 nm). Moreover, we found that IL-1alpha, a cytokine also present in irradiated skin, substantially and synergistically enhances the induction of TNF-alpha by UVB, and the induction of TNF-alpha by this combination of UVB with IL-1alpha is mediated through increased TNF-alpha gene transcription. We investigated the molecular mechanism for UVB-induction of the TNF-alpha gene with a series of TNF-alpha promoter constructs, ranging from 1.2 kbp (from -1179 to +1 with respect to the TNF-alpha transcription initiation site) down to 0.1 kbp (-109 to +1), each driving expression of a CAT reporter. Our results showed a persistent nine to tenfold increase of CAT activity in all TNF-alpha promoter/reporter constructs in response to UVB (30 mJ/cm(2)) exposure. These results indicate the presence of UVB-responsive cis-element(s) located between -109 and +1 of the TNF-alpha promoter, a region that contains a putative AP-1 site and a putative NFkB site. UVB-induction was abolished when the TNF-alpha promoter was mutated by one base pair at the AP-1 binding site. Cells treated with SP600125, an AP-1 inhibitor that inhibits JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), also showed suppression of the 0.1 kbp TNF-alpha promoter/reporter construct. The authentic endogenous gene in untransfected cells was also blocked by the inhibitor. Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay indicated new complexes from UVB-treated nuclear extracts and anti-phospho-c-Jun, a regulatory component of the AP-1 transcription factor, creating a supershift indicating increased phosphorylation of c-Jun and hence higher AP-1 activity. Keratinocyte-derived TNF-alpha is a component of the early induction phase of the inflammatory cascade.
Unchanging boundaries: the reconstruction of Skopje and the politics of heritage

This study discusses the politics of urban planning and heritage in the city of Skopje, Macedonia. I compare three phases of urban reconstruction under three political systems: the inter-war Kingdom of Serbs Croats and Slovenes, the communist regime and present-day ‘democracy’. I show that the ambiguous marginalisation of Ottoman heritage has been a continuous practice, despite today’s reading of communist planning as ‘open’. Through a discussion of Yugoslav politics towards religious and national ‘minorities’, I show that Ottoman heritage has been preserved only insofar as it fits within the state’s definition of power. I specifically detail how the construction of ‘European’, ‘secular’ public space has worked as a tool through which state/nation building established new hierarchies of power. I show how this is reflected most clearly in the specific politics of heritage by discussing the creation, regulation and management of ‘Carsija’, the ‘old Turkish’ neighbourhood of Skopje.
Modeling of Z-source converter for renewable energy integration

In this paper, switching modulation schemes for Z-source converters used for renewable energy integration are investigated. Both dc-dc converters and dc-ac converters are discussed. Input/output voltage relationships for the two types of converters (half-bridge dc-dc and three-phase three-bridge dc-ac) are analyzed based on circuit analysis. The two converters are built and simulated in PSCAD. Simulation results give validation of the analysis results.
Estimation of Origin-Destination Matrices: Relationship Between Practical and Theoretical Considerations

A comprehensive overview of the entire class of formulations and most recognized solutions for estimating origin-destination (O-D) demand tables is presented. Specifically, trip distribution formulations are compared with less-known synthetic O-D estimation solution techniques. It is demonstrated that the trip distribution gravity model is nothing but a subset of the maximum-likelihood solution to the synthetic O-D problem. Finally, a numerical solution to the maximum-likelihood synthetic O-D problem is proposed that overcomes the shortcomings of the state-of-practice formulations. The proposed solution, which has been implemented in QUEENsOD software, does not require flow continuity at the network nodes, as is the case for most formulations. The latest version of QUEENSOD can be shown to yield results consistent with standard equation solvers (Excel and MATLAB) and with exhaustive enumeration, for small networks, for which all three methods are feasible. However, QUEENSOD has also been applied to networ...
Measurement of Synovial Fluid Volume Using Urea

Summary Objective To examine the utility of using urea concentrations for determining Synovial Fluid (SF) joint volume in effused and non-effused joints. Methods Knee joint SF was aspirated from 159 human study participants with symptomatic osteoarthritis of at least one knee either directly (165 knees) or by lavage (110 knees). Serum was obtained immediately prior to SF aspiration. Participants were asked to rate individual knee pain, aching or stiffness. SF and serum urea levels were determined using a specific enzymatic method run on an automated CMA600 analyzer. Cell counts were performed on direct SF aspirates when volume permitted. The formula for calculating SF joint volume was as follows: V j = C D ( V I )/( C − C D ) with V j =volume of SF in entire joint, C D =concentration of urea in diluted (lavage) SF, V I =volume of saline injected into joint, and C =concentration of urea in undiluted (neat) SF derived below where C =0.897( C S ) and C s =concentration of urea in serum. Results There was an excellent correlation ( r 2 =0.8588) between SF and serum urea in the direct aspirates with a ratio of 0.897 (SF/serum). Neither urea levels nor the SF/serum ratio showed any correlation with Kellgren Lawrence (KL) grade, or cell count. While urea levels increased with age there was no change in the ratio. Intraarticular SF volumes calculated for the lavaged knees ranged from 0.555 to 71.71ml with a median volume of 3.048ml. There was no correlation of SF volume to KL grade but there was a positive correlation ( P =0.001) between SF volume and self-reported individual knee pain. Conclusion Our urea results for direct aspirates indicate an equilibrium state between serum and SF with regard to the water fraction. This equilibrium exists regardless of disease status (KL grade), inflammation (cell count), or age, making it possible to calculate intraarticular volume of lavaged joints based upon this urea method. Most of the joint volumes we calculated fell within the previously reported range for normal knees of 0.5–4.0ml. The positive correlation between SF volume and knee symptoms reinforces the clinical utility of this method for quantifying SF volume.
Part V: Clinical Applications of Psoralens, and Related Materials: Methoxsalen in Ultraviolet Carcinogenesis in the Mouse

The involvement of ultraviolet light in the induction of skin cancer has been established in both man and animals. Roffo (1) in 1934 demonstrated that prolonged exposure of albino rats to sunlight would result in a high incidence of tumors in the exposed areas. Many other investigators have shown that ultraviolet irradiation will result in a high incidence of skin tumors in animals, Findlay (2), Blum (3, 4), Rusch and associates (5), Kelner and Taft (6), Griffin and coworkers (7-10). The carcinogenicity of ultraviolet light has also been established by Rogers (11, 12) by the rapid in vitro induction of pulmonary adenomas in fetal mouse lung exposed to short wave length ultraviolet. The evidence is also overwhelming that a large percentage of skin cancer in man is caused by prolonged exposure to sunlight. Macdonald (13) has reported that skin cancer is more prevalent in areas of high sun intensity. The tumors appear on the exposed surfaces of the body and fair complexioned individuals are more susceptible than dark skinned peoples or than individuals who undergo normal pigmentation and tanning.
The effect of hydroxylamine on the metabolism of glutamine and asparagine.

Abstract The inhibition of growth of Lactobacillus arabinosus and Proteus vulgaris by hydroxylamine was studied. The effect of minimal inhibiting doses of the amine can be reversed by ammonia or glutamine and to a lesser extent by asparagine in L. arabinosus and by asparagine, ammonia, and glutamine in Proteus vulgaris . It is suggested that hydroxylamine in low concentration interferes with the utilization of glutamine, asparagine, and ammonia; in high concentrations it probably blocks other metabolic pathways as well.
State-space supervisory control of reconfigurable discrete event systems

The discrete event theory of supervisory and state feedback control offers many advatages for implementing supervisory systems. Algorithmic concepts have been introduced to ensure that the supervising algorithms are correct and meet the specifications. In the current methodology, it is, in general, assumed that the supervisory specifications are invariant during the operation of the system or, at least, until a given supervisory task is completed. However, there are many practical applications where the supervising specifications need to be updated in real time. For example, when dealing with complex processes, the tasks of supervisory systems analysis and synthesis can be facilitated by partitioning the controlled Discrete-Event System (DES) into several subprocesses. This partitioning is based on operational or physical considerations and a unique supervisor is assigned to control each subprocess at a given instant of time. When a decision maker at a higher level of hierarchy decides to change the super...
Continued Fraction Digit Averages and Maclaurin’s Inequalities

A classical result of Khinchin says that for almost all real numbers α, the geometric mean of the first n digits a_i(α) in the continued fraction expansion of α converges to a number K ≈ 2.6854520… (Khinchin’s constant) as n → ∞. On the other hand, for almost all α, the arithmetic mean of the first n continued fraction digits ai(α) approaches infinity as n → ∞. There is a sequence of refinements of the AM-GM inequality, Maclaurin’s inequalities, relating the 1/kth powers of the kth elementary symmetric means of n numbers for 1 ≤ k ≤ n. On the left end (when k = n), we have the geometric mean, and on the right end (k = 1), we have the arithmetic mean. We analyze what happens to the means of continued fraction digits of a typical real number in the limit as one moves f(n) steps away from either extreme. We prove sufficient conditions on f(n) to ensure divergence when one moves f(n) steps away from the arithmetic mean and convergence when one moves f(n) steps away from the geometric mean. We show for almost all α and appropriate k as a function of n that S(α, n, k)^(1/k) is of order log (n/k). For typical α, we find the limit for f(n) = cn, 0 < c < 1. We also study the limiting behavior of such means for quadratic irrational α, providing rigorous results, as well as numerically supported conjectures.
A simple and sensitive one-dimensional NMR technique for correlation of proton and carbon chemical shifts

Dans les cas ou seulement un nombre limite de resonances de 13 C doit etre correle, l'experience de transfert de population selectif decouple qui est simple, de haute sensibilite et a haute resolution, se revele adequate
Social Control of Learned Avoidance and Some Evolutionary Implications

The effects of avoidance training and of social stimulation were studied in 42 rats assigned as littermates to one of 4 experimental groups or to a group of stimulus Ss. Avoidance-trained Ss received one brief escape conditioning experience in which reinforcement was initiated by Ss' exploratory behavior. Using time spent by Ss in different regions of the test chamber, it was possible to demonstrate effects of both factors, with a reduction of avoidance in the presence of a second animal. This phenomenon can be demonstrated in a test situation having common properties with natural environments. The social reduction of stress and of fear and avoidance which may accompany it is analyzed with respect to potential adaptive functions. It is proposed that this effect has been a major factor in the maintenance and further evolution of social cohesion in many species, including man.
A Monte Carlo program for the investigation of scattering effects in uniform-field magnetic ß-spectrometers

Abstract A Monte Carlo computer code which approximates the scattering and transmission of charged particles in a homogeneous sector field magnetic spectrometer is described. Program operation, including the function of required subroutines, is discussed. A comparison of calculated and experimental results yields reasonably good aggreement, with single surface scattering events contributing to the transmission at the level of 1%.
Design of a Mobile Ad Hoc Network Communication App for Disaster Recovery

The utility of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) during disaster recovery is well-known. Dynamic networks offer particular advantages in post-disaster circumstances, permitting first-responders to prioritize the use of humanitarian and repair resources in emergency situations caused by extreme weather such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, and snow storms. Real-time data and information sharing, using a mobile app, has been expanded from the individual point-to-point communication or 'hot-spots' to dynamically built, with virtual hub-and-spoke topology, mobile ad hoc networks. The MANET approach, supported by a mobile app, makes the disaster recovery more efficient, both in monitoring the scope of the damage and in coordinating appropriate recovery and relief missions. The integrated approach of a mobile app and MANETs can ultimately save lives and reduce the time needed for critical service to be restored.
Error resilient MRF message passing architecture for stereo matching

Message passing based inference algorithms have immense importance in real-world applications. In this paper, error resilience of a message passing based Markov random field (MRF) stereo matching architecture is explored and enhanced through application of algorithmic noise tolerance (ANT) in order to cope with nanometer imperfections in post-silicon devices. We first explore the inherent robustness of iteration based MRF inference algorithms. Analysis and simulations show that for a 20-bit architecture, small errors (e ≤ 1024) are tolerable, while large errors (e ≥ 4096) degrade the performance significantly. Based on these error characteristics, we propose an ANT architecture to effectively compensate for large magnitude circuit errors. Introducing timing errors via voltage over scaling (VQS), experimental results show that the proposed ANT based hardware can tolerate an error rate of 21.3 %, with performance degradation of only 0.47% at a gate complexity overhead of 44.7%, compared to an errorfree full precision hardware with an energy savings of 41 %.
Expression cloning and characterization of a novel adipocyte long chain fatty acid transport protein: Schaffer JE, Lodish HF. Cell 1994; 79: 427–436

Abstract Long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) are an important energy substrate used by cardiac myocytes and other cells, but the mechanism whereby these molecules cross the plasma membrane is poorly understood. We used an expression cloning strategy and a cDNA library from 3T3-L1 adipocytes to identify a cDNA that, when expressed in cultured cells, augments uptake of LCFAs. This cDNA encodes a novel 646 amino acid fatty acid transport protein (FATP) with six predicted membrane spanning regions and that is integrally associated with membranes. Immunocytochemistry and subcellular fractionation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes show that FATP is localized to the plasma membrane. We propose that FATP is a plasma membrane transporter for LCFAs.
Bounds for eigenvalues of a class of unbounded, nonsymmetric operators

A method is presented for generating a sequence of lower and upper bounds for the eigenvalues of the problem (i) Tu-λSu = 0, where T and S belong to a class of unbounded and nonsymmetric operators in a separable Hilbert space. Sufficient conditions are derived for the convergence of the sequence of bounds to the eigenvalues of (i), and the applicability of the method is illustrated by approximating the smallest eigenvalue of a non-selfadjoint differential eigenvalue problem.
Implications of the stability and radiative time constant of Triton's atmosphere

This paper examines both Triton's atmospheric escape rates and radiative timescales. We first calculate the range of plausible atmospheric escape rates and examine the implications of these escape fluxes. If even modest hydrodynamic escape is occurring, escape rates can exceed the ion pickup rates predicted by Delitsky, et al. (1989). This process is expected to develop a torus of gas in orbit around Neptune. If Triton's escape flux exceeds ∼ 1010 cm−2 sec−1, a substantial amount of ancient icy surface topography may have been lost to escape. We also calculate the radiative timescale in Triton's atmosphere as a function of surface temperature, atmospheric pressure, and composition. It is shown that if N2 obtains saturation vapor pressure equilibrium, then diurnal variations will be negligible. If N2 is far from saturation or if only CH4 is present, then both diurnal and seasonal effects may be expected. Recent observations indicate the presence of decadal-timescale atmospheric variations. Radiative timescale constraints imply that if these observations are correct, then the present atmospheric pressure is unlikely to much exceed ≈100 mb.
Simultaneous transport of water and reacting solutes through multilayered soils under transient unsaturated flow conditions

Abstract A one-dimensional unsteady-state numerical model for the simultaneous movement of water and multisolutes through multilayered soil systems under unsaturated flow conditions is presented. The multilayered system is represented as a series of homogeneous layers and a two-step implicit finite-difference method was used to solve the resulting set of flow equations. The solute equation was solved by the Crank-Nicolson method. For illustrative purposes one of the multisolute systems considered was an ammoniacal agricultural fertilization problem in which the sequential chemical reaction of ammonium going to nitrite, going to nitrate was described by first-order kinetics with linear adsorption of ammonium. In addition, a nonlinear adosption isotherm was used to illustrate the effects of single solute adsorption in a multilayer sequence. Of considerable interest to those involved in the disposal of wastes on land, is the effect of the layering sequence (coarse-fine-coarse vs. fine-coarse-fine) on the final outlet concentration. The pressure based model considers both infiltration, redistribution and evaporation. Cubic spline functions are used to define the soil hydraulic properties.
Arossella Anderson, 1993: What is the Type Species (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha)?

Arossella ANDERSON, 1993, a subjective senior synonym of Galkinia ROSS and NEWMAN, 1995, is reevaluated in view of its similarity to Hiroa ROSS and NEWMAN, 1973 and to other genera of coral-inhabiting barnacles in the Pyrgomatinae. Based on details revealed by scanning electron microscopy, its supposed synonymy with Galkinia is rejected as stemming from incomplete information and false premises. The type species of Arossella, purportedly“Nobia projectum”, is an unnamed species from the Great Barrier Reef of Australia for which Arossella lynnae n. sp. is proposed.The opercular plates of Paranobia kuri (HOEK, 1913), purportedly“calcified”or“fused”together and therefore inseparable, are in fact readily separable. They are remarkably similar to those of certain species of Pyrgoma LEACH, 1817, to which it is reassigned.Creusia angustiradiata BROCH, 1931 has long been considered a subjective junior synonym of Galkinia indica (ANNANDALE, 1924). However, the tubiferous wall of the former species differs dramatically from the solid wall of the latter and, consequently, the two species are recognized as distinct herein.
APPLICATION OF INTERPOLATED CELL MAPPING TO AN ANALYSIS OF THE LORENZ EQUATIONS

The Lyapunov exponents of the Lorenz equations are calculated using interpolated cell mapping. The effects of mapping time step and cell size on accuracy and computation time are analyzed, leading to the identification of optimal cell size and time step values. A higher order interpolation method for interpolated cell mapping is described. The accuracy and computation time of this method are compared to numerical integration for calculating the basins of attraction of the Lorenz equations and the dimension of the basin boundaries. Regions of state space with high levels of deformation are shown to exist where the basin boundaries are most dense.
Committee on Physics of Soil‐Moisture, 1939–40: (Soil‐porosity in relation to gaseous‐ and water‐movement)

The following-members constitute the Committee: Dr. F. J. Alway, University of Minnesota, University Farm, St. Paul, Minnesota; Dr. L. D. Baver, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Dr. G. B. Bodman, University of California, Berkeley, California; Dr. Richard Bradfield, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Mr. S. J. Buchanan, U. S. Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi; Dr. T. F. Buehrer, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Dr. I. A. Denison, National Bureau of Standards, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.; Dr. Willard Gardner, Utah Experiment Station, Logan, Utah; Dr. Glennon Gilboy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Dr. O. W. Israelsen, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah; Dr. L. B. Olmstead, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.; Dr. F. J. Yeihmeyer, University of California, Davis, California; Mr. E. A. Willis, Bureau of Public Roads, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.; Dr. N. E. Edlefsen (Chairman), University of California, Davis, California. The annual report of the Committee is intended to be a symposium on a particular aspect of the physics of soil-moisture. L. D. Baver was invited to prepare a paper that could form the nucleus of the report. It was felt that this would stimulate discussion. His paper was sent to each member of the Committee and to a selected list of investigators with a request for their comments, opinions, and criticisms together with references to pertinent data. Dr. Baver's paper as well as most of the discussion following the paper is published verbatim without being edited in any way by the Chairman. In a few of the replies, the discussion was part of a letter, and in these cases, the Chairman has taken the liberty of telling what the investigator said.
The factorial validity of the Irrational Beliefs Test: A psychometric investigation

The modification of irrational beliefs has become a major strategy of cognitive-behavioral clinicians treating affective disorders. The purpose of such procedures is to change cognitions which mediate emotional disorders. The assessment of cognitive dysfunctions lags behind implementation procedures in terms of validation and normative research. The present study reports a factor validation of the Irrational Beliefs Test which has been previously used in laboratory and therapy analogue research. The data from 897 subjects was subjected to a principle component analysis. The results essentially replicated the factor structure of irrational beliefs revealed in the original test construction. The major exception was the absence of frustration reactivity factor. The scoring procedure was modified to best represent items factor loadings, and descriptive statistics for factor-derived subscales were determined. Additional analyses showed the psychometric homogeneity and stability of subscales show marginally adequate reliability for group research but insufficient reliability for individual clinical decision making. The implications for future research on the assessment, function, and modification of irrational beliefs are discussed.
Are thiazolidinediones associated with an increased risk of heart failure and cardiovascular death

Are thiazolidinediones associated with an increased risk of heart failure and cardiovascular death?
Synthesis of band and model Hamiltonian theory for cerium and light actinide systems

Abstract Parameters entering a model Hamiltonian theory of the magnetic ordering and and excitation behavior of monopnictides of Ce and Pu have been obtained starting from self-consistent electronic structures of these compounds. These parameters are in excellent agreement with phenomenological parameters giving the magnetic structural behavior of CeBi and CeSb. Preliminary results for PuSb are reported.
Permeability Reduction Mechanisms Involved in In-Situ Gelation of a Polyacrylamide/ Chromium (VI)/Thiourea System

In this paper an investigation of the in-situ gelation of a polyacrylamide/chromium(VI)/thiourea system under flow conditions in unconsolidated sandpacks is presented. High flow resistance was observed in a localized section of the sandpacks that was consistent with deep-bed filtration mechanisms. A method to measure the size of aggregates in gel solution is also presented. Results from this method showed that the gel aggregates grow with reaction time and distance traveled through the sandpack, supporting the conclusion that filtration is a dominant factor in the in-situ gelation process under flow conditions.
Automated Wafer Analysis using Wafer Map Autocorrelation

A complete wafer map contains information sufficient to discriminate certain prober errors, parametric errors, and point defect errors even without the full measured data set. Autocorrelation of the wafer map allows a simple automated analysis system to provide immediate feedback to the operator of known errors, allowing immediate retest in case of wafer probing errors and providing information to process engineers about possible manufacturing errors. The author provides a description of an algorithm which has proven useful in increasing measured yield and differentiating point defect errors from more traditional process errors.
An evolutionary‐based inverse approach for the identification of non‐linear heat generation rates in living tissues using a localized meshless method

Purpose – This paper aims to develop and describe an improved process for determining the rate of heat generation in living tissue.Design/methodology/approach – Previous work by the authors on solving the bioheat equation has been updated to include a new localized meshless method which will create a more robust and computationally efficient technique. Inclusion of this technique will allow for the solution of more complex and realistic geometries, which are typical of living tissue. Additionally, the unknown heat generation rates are found through genetic algorithm optimization.Findings – The localized technique showed superior accuracy and significant savings in memory and processor time. The computational efficiency of the newly proposed meshless solver allows the optimization process to be carried to a higher level, leading to more accurate solutions for the inverse technique. Several example cases are presented to demonstrate these conclusions.Research limitations/implications – This work includes on...