cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of certain anti-anemic substances upon serum cholinesterase activity.

Summary and ConclusionsThe incubation of liver extracts or pteroyl glutamic acid with certain dog blood sera caused an increase in the cholinesterase activity of the sera. From such experiments it was estimated that 1 mg of pteroyl glutamic acid was roughly equal to 1 ± 0.5 U.S.P. unit of the liver extracts examined, in cholinesterase activity potentiating power.The administration of liver extracts and pteroyl glutamic acid to dogs in which the serum cholinesterase had been greatly depleted by diisopropyl-fluorophosphate injections, caused more rapid regeneration of this enzyme activity than was observed in untreated control animals.
Optimal problem-solving search : all-or-none solutions

Abstract Optimal algorithms are derived for satisficing problem-solving search, that is, search where the goal is to reach any solution, no distinction being made among different solutions. This task is quite different from search for best solutions or shortest path solutions. Constraints may be placed on the order in which sites may be searched. This paper treats satisficing searches through partially ordered search spaces where there are multiple alternative goals.
Wind-aided flame spread over charring and non-charrring solids: An experimental investigation

This paper presents the results of a detailed experimental investigation on laminar forced flow wind-aided flame spread over wood (with external radiation) and PMMA in the ceiling configuration. The speed of propagation of the pyrolysis front and flame front and the production rates of major chemical species are measured as a function of time. The objectives are to study the dependence of the flame and pyrolysis front speeds on the free stream velocity and the oxygen mass fraction and to infer the local fuel pyrolysis rates from the measured production rates of major chemical species. Several important conclusions are derived from this study: (i) In the configuration studied, the pyrolysis front and the flame front, for both wood and PMMA, were found to be much closer to each other than predicted by the theoretical models. This is also true for the pyrolysis front and the flame front speeds regardless of the free stream velocity and/or the oxygen mass fraction. (ii) The pyrolysis front and the flame front speeds for both wood and PMMA vary nearly linearly with the free stream velocity as predicted by the theoretical models. With oxygen mass fraction they vary as Y o ∞ 1.1 for wood and Y o ∞ 1.4 for PMMA. (iii) Species measurements show that the pyrolysis mass flux becomes almost constant with the downstream distance from the leading edge for both wood and PMMA. This is in disagreement with Emmons' steady boundary layer burning theory, where the mass flux decays as x −0.5 . Clearly, a steady state is not achieved in the entire burning zone. Nevertheless, the flame spread rate is predicted well by models that use Emmons' solution in the burning zone. This indicates that the flame spread rate depends primarily on local heating of the solid by the flame tip in the adjacent preheat zone.
The other side of scavenger receptors: pattern recognition for host defense

Scavenger receptors bind modified lipoproteins and may play an important role both in normal and in pathological lipid metabolism. A number of different classes of scavenger receptors have been identified and several of these are multiligand receptors. Studies, both in vitro and in vivo, have indicated that at least some of these scavenger receptors may serve as pattern recognition receptors because they are able to bind a wide variety of pathogens. As a consequence, they may play key roles in innate immunity and host defense.
The p-hydroxycinnamyl compounds of Siam Benzoin gum

Abstract Siam Benzoin gum and coniferyl benzoate isolated from the gum were reduced with lithium aluminium hydride. In addition to the anticipated coniferyl alcohol, p -coumaryl alcohol was isolated from the phenolic fraction and it was found that the benzoate in Siam Benzoin gum contains 15 per cent p -coumaryl alcohol; sinapyl and caffeyl alcohol were shown to be absent. By use of a lithium aluminum hydride reduction coniferyl alcohol can be obtained directly from Siam Benzoin gum, whereas attempted saponification only results in polymerization of the benzoate ester.
Alpha- 40 Ca optical potentials: Density dependent interactions

A linear density dependent effective nucleon-nucleon interaction is used in a folding model to analyze 166 MeV $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle elastic scattering data from $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$. A phenomenological imaginary potential is added to the real potential generated by the model. The density dependence used is insufficient to fit the experimental angular distribution quantitatively. We point out the nature of the change in the optical potential required to achieve better results.
Role of the carboxyl group in intestinal amino acid transport

Abstract No transport against a concentration gradient occurred using the hamster everted small intestine in vitro if the COOH group of an α-amino acid was replaced by CH2OH, CH3, CO·C6H5, or CONHOH. Transport apparently occurred when the replacing group was CO·NH2. Evidence is presented that in these cases deamination or transamination (producing the free amino acid) probably preceded transinestinal transport of the compound. [2-14C]Glycine methyl ester hydrochloride, purified to free it of glycine, was not transported by everted intestinal sacs from hamster, rat or chinchilla. There was thus no appreciable esterase activity under these conditions. Three phosphonic acid analogues (RCHNH2·PO3H2) did not inhibit amino acid movement (suggesting PO3H2 cannot replace COOH). A sulfonic acid analogue (RCHNH2·SO3H) was not completely stable under these conditions; it was not transported, and was not a transport inhibitor. Aminoiminomethane sulfinic acid also did not inhibit transport. Carboxylic acid alone, and amines plus carboxylic acids, were not effective inhibitors of amino acid transport. An −SO3− or a second COO− group on the amino acid converted a transported molecule into one that was not transported and also did not inhibit amino acid movement.
Ordering kinetics of a conserved binary mixture with a nematic liquid crystal component

Abstract A numerical study on the phase separation and ordering kinetics of a binary mixture of a nematic liquid crystal and a flexible polymer modeled with a Ginzburg–Landau free energy is presented. The system couples a generalized Cahn–Hilliard equation, which incorporates the nematic elastic energy as well as mixing, with a de Gennes–Prost evolution equation for the liquid crystal’s director field. The effects of the liquid crystal micro-structure on the phase separation and morphology dynamics during spinodal decomposition is investigated numerically in two dimensions. It is found that the orientational distortion of the director field induced by interfacial anchoring dramatically affects both the morphology, the ordering kinetics of the binary mixture, and the coarsening rate.
Combining fishing and acoustic monitoring data to evaluate the distribution and movements of spotted ratfish Hydrolagus colliei

Direct and indirect methods have been used to describe patterns of movement of fishes, but few studies have compared these methods simultaneously. We used 20 years of trawl survey data and 1 year of acoustic telemetry data to evaluate the vertical and horizontal movement patterns of spotted ratfish Hydrolagus colliei in Puget Sound, WA, USA. Densities of large ratfish (≥30 cm) were higher at the deepest depths trawled (70 m) during daylight hours, whereas densities were similar across depth zones (to 10 m) at night. Acoustic tracking of ratfish showed distinct diel patterns of movement and activity level; ratfish moved into shallow, nearshore habitats at night from deeper, offshore habitats during the day and made ~3 times more moves at night than day in shallow habitats. Broader spatial patterns depended on where ratfish were tagged: one tag group remained in one general location with few excursions, whereas a second tag group moved within a 20-km band with some individuals moving >90 km. These data will help inform food web models’ abilities to quantify interspecific interactions between ratfish and other components of their community.
ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOR OF AMPLITUDES FOR MESON PHOTOPRODUCTION.

The asymptotic behavior of amplitudes for meson photoproduction off fermions is investigated in a simple perturbative model. It is found that a fixed power behavior and hence a fixed $J$-plane pole may occur even if the produced meson is "composite." The implications of this result are discussed.
Surface Anesthetic Effect of Compound Lidocaine Cream in Children Undergoing Ptosis Operation and General Anesthesia

Surface Anesthetic Effect of Compound Lidocaine Cream in Children Undergoing Ptosis Operation and General Anesthesia
The Concept of Data Utility in Health Risk Assessment: A Multi-Disciplinary Perspective

ABSTRACT Human and ecological health risk assessments and the decisions that stem from them require the acquisition and analysis of data. In agencies that are responsible for health risk decision-making, data (and/or opinions/judgments) are obtained from sources such as scientific literature, analytical and process measurements, expert elicitation, inspection findings, and public and private research institutions. Although the particulars of conducting health risk assessments of given disciplines may be dramatically different, a common concern is the subjective nature of judging data utility. Often risk assessors are limited to available data that may not be completely appropriate to address the question being asked. Data utility refers to the ability of available data to support a risk-based decision for a particular risk assessment. This article familiarizes the audience with the concept of data utility and is intended to raise the awareness of data collectors (e.g., researchers), risk assessors, and ri...
Biological functions of entactin

Biological functions of entactin. Entactin is a sulfated multidomain glycoprotein component of basement membranes. The molecule consists of 1217 amino acids which are organized into two terminal globular domains linked by a rod-like structure largely composed of four EGF- and one thyroglobulin-like cysteine-rich homology repeats. Entactin binds to laminin, collagen IV, fibrinogen, and fibronectin. In the parietal endoderm M1536-B3 cell line, the laminin-entactin complex is formed intracellularly and transported in membrane enclosed vesicles to the extracellular compartment. Transfection of human choriocarcinoma JAR cells, which do not synthesize entactin, with entactin cDNA results in the synthesis and insertion of entactin into the extracellular matrix where it becomes associated with laminin and collagen IV. Indirect immunofluorescent staining also reveals that entactin colocalizes with fibronectin in the extracellular matrix of the embryonal carcinoma-derived 4CQ cell line. These observations suggest that entactin plays an important role in the assembly and properties of diverse extracellular matrices. In addition, entactin binds to immobilized fibrinogen, and more specifically, to the Aα and Bβ chains. The binding of radiolabeled entactin to immobilized fibrinogen is not dependent on metal ions, and is inhibited by antibodies against either fibrinogen or entactin, soluble fibrinogen, and unlabeled entactin. This interaction combined with the chemotactic and phagocytic promoting activities of entactin may be important in hemostasis and wound healing.
Reservoir Facies Architecture in a Micro-Tidal Barrier System, Frio Formation, Texas Gulf Coast: ABSTRACT

Barrier-bar sand bodies are a complex mosaic of barrier-core, shoreface, inlet-fill, tidal-delta, and back-barrier facies. In addition, sandbody stratigraphy and internal depositional architecture are determined by the progradational, aggradational, or transgressive origin of the barrier complex. The Frio barrier/strandplain system of the middle Texas Gulf Coast has produced more than 3 billion bbl of oil. Examination of the Greta, Glasscock, and 41-A sands in West Ranch field illustrates the variability of barrier reservoirs. Each reservoir is a mosaic of variably interconnected compartments having sheet, tab, pod, or channel geometries. Conventional facies analysis (isolith and log-pattern mapping and limited core examination) combined with semiquantitative delineation of hydrocarbon-saturation distribution using resistivity logs defined the facies components of each reservoir. The 41-A sand consists of juxtaposed progradational barrier-core, inlet-fill, and flood tidal-delta units. The Glasscock sand is largely a transgressive barrier-flat and washoverfan deposit. The Greta sand is a complex of aggradational barrier-core and inlet-fill facies. Productive attributes of each reservoir are influenced by its facies architecture and attendant relative permeabilities. Natural water drive is ineffective in the volumetrically restricted transgressive Glasscock reservoir. Permeability distribution in the 41-A reservoir is facies defined. Erratic injection response, irregular oil-water contact advance, and variable water/oil ratios observed during the productive history of individual reservoirs document localized facies effects on fluid flow. Spatial variation of the gas/oil ratio may also reflect facies distribution. End_of_Article - Last_Page 478------------
Yellowstone fossil forests: New evidence for burial in place

Evidence from stratigraphic relationships and petrographic analyses indicates that most upright tree stumps at Specimen Ridge in Yellowstone National Park were buried in place. These stumps are commonly rooted in a fine-grained tuffaceous sandstone that shows no petrographic evidence of being deposited by current action; in fact, most sandstones have textures resembling immature soils. Conglomerates that overlie these root-zone sandstones flow around and bury the vertical trunks. Trees were apparently killed in place by either mudflows or rising lake waters, giving rise to discontinuous, localized clusters of preserved trees in a given stratigraphic interval. However, the episodic nature of mudflow sedimentation indicates that these stacked clusters are likely remnants of successive forests with enough time between them to allow for incipient soil development.
Susceptibility to retinal light damage in transgenic rats with rhodopsin mutations.

PURPOSE. To determine relative light-induced retinal damage susceptibility in transgenic rats expressing mutations in the Nor C-terminal region of rhodopsin. METHODS. Heterozygous transgenic rats, including P23H sublines 2 and 3 and S334ter sublines 4 and 9, were reared in dim cyclic light or in darkness before visible light exposure starting at various times of the day or night. Before exposure to light, some rats were given the synthetic antioxidant dimethylthiourea (DMTU). At various times after intense light treatment, rats were killed for determinations of rhodopsin and retinal DNA recovery, DNA fragmentation patterns, and Northern blot analysis of retinal heme oxygenase (HO)-1 and interphotoreceptor retinol binding protein (IRBP). Rod outer segments (ROSs) were isolated for Western blot analysis of rhodopsin using N- and C- terminal–specific monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS. All rats incurred greater photoreceptor cell damage from exposure to light starting at 1 AM than from exposure at 5 PM. Among cyclic-light–reared rats, P23H line 3 animals were more susceptible to light-induced damage than P23H line 2 animals. S334ter rats exhibited retinal light damage profiles similar to those in normal rats. Dark-rearing potentiated retinal damage by light. However, dark-rearing alone prolonged photoreceptor cell life in P23H rats, but had no such effect in S334ter animals. DMTU pretreatment was effective in preventing or reducing light-induced retinal damage in all transgenic rats. S334ter rat ROSs contained the truncated form of rhodopsin. Intense light exposure resulted in DNA ladders typical of apoptotic cell death and the simultaneous induction of retinal HO-1 mRNA and reduced expression of IRBP. CONCLUSIONS. Light-induced retinal damage in transgenic rats depends on the time of day of exposure to light, prior light-or dark-rearing environment, and the relative level of transgene expression. Retinal light damage leads to apoptotic visual cell loss and appears to result from oxidative stress. These results suggest that reduced environmental lighting and/or antioxidant treatment may delay retinal degenerations arising from
Ostracism increases social susceptibility

Ostracism, the act of ignoring and excluding, is a universally applied tactic of social control. Individuals who detect ostracism often change their behaviors to be readmitted into the group, even if it means becoming excessively socially susceptible to influence. We tested whether ostracized individuals are more socially susceptible to a subsequent influence attempt. In this study, 65 undergraduates were randomly assigned to a 2 (Inclusion or Ostracism)×3 (Compliance tactic: foot‐in‐the door, target request only, door‐in‐the‐face) between‐participants design. The participants played Cyberball and were either included or ostracized, and then they were approached with a request to donate money. Despite no differences between the three tactics, ostracism increased compliance across all request types. Our discussion focuses on the implications for ostracism‐induced social susceptibility. This material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0519209 awarded to the third a...
Multicultural Perspectives in the Classroom: Professional Preparation for Educational Paraprofessionals.

Abstract This paper examines the role of paraprofessionals in education. Paraprofessionals often represent the closest linking of language and culture between the community and the school and often take lead responsibility for teaching second language learners. Their cultural and linguistic knowledge could enrich classroom discourse. Yet their lack of professional education creates a situation where children, often with the greatest needs, are served by the adults in the classroom with the least preparation. The author suggests the creation of a professional career ladder leading to full teaching certification for the educational paraprofessional.
A 13C NMR of metal carbonyl derivative having quadrupolar nuclei (Mn, Co, Re and Ir)

The room and low temperature 13C NMR spectra of (PhCCPh))Co2(CO)6, C6H5CH2Mn(CO)6, Re2(CO)10, Re(CO)5 Br and (η-C5H5)Ir(CO)2 have been studied. The application of “thermal coupling” in the case of the first row metal carbonyl derivatives was found to be useful for clarification of the spectra.
Importance of diffuse scattering phenomena in moth-eye arrays for broadband infrared applications

Moth-eye (ME) arrays with varying aspect ratios and profile heights were fabricated in Si using a general colloidal lithography and reactive ion etching technique. Antireflective (AR) properties of the arrays were rigorously assessed from the near to far infrared (λ=2-50 μm) using transmission and reflection measurements via dispersive and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and modeled using an effective medium approximation (EMA). Infrared transmission of low aspect ratio structures (~2) matched the EMA model, indicating that the most important factor for AR at higher wavelengths is structure height. High aspect ratio structures (>6) were highly transmissive (>90% of theoretical maximum) over a large bandwidth in the mid-infrared (20-50 μm). Specular reflectance, total transmission, and diffuse reflectance (DR) measurements indicate that ME structures do not reach the theoretical maximum at near-infrared wavelengths due to DR and forward scattering phenomena. Ultimately, correlating optical performance with feature geometry (pitch, profile, height, etc.) over multiple length scales allows intelligent design of ME structures for broadband applications.
Kirchheimer Italian Style: Catch-All Parties or Catch-All Blocs

In this article, I use the Italian case to demonstrate that Kirchheimer’s catch-all thesis can be applied in various ways. Unlike parties in many European nations, Italian parties did not undergo a catch-all transformation in the post-war period. However, after the parties and party system were dramatically reformed in the 1990s, some catch-all characteristics — with clarifications — in Italy are in evidence. Specifically, an important distinction needs to be made between what Kirchheimer called a ‘catch-all party’ and what we may refer to as a ‘catch-all bloc’. The catch-all party is a single party that aims to capture as much of the vote as it can, oftentimes by converging its policy preferences on the centre political space. The catch-all bloc is a group of individual parties, catch-all or not, that agrees in advance to collaborate, and behaves, collectively, as a catch-all party. This important distinction helps us understand changes in the Italian party system over time and shows that Kirchheimer’s i...
Double Jeopardy: Testing the Effects of Multiple Basic Skill Deficiencies on Successful Remediation

Prior research has established that the depth and breadth of remedial need in basic skills (math and English) exhibited by a student at college entry are strongly and negatively associated with the likelihood of achieving college-level competency in those subjects (i.e., successful remediation). This well-documented finding is built upon a body of work employing either simple bivariate analyses or regression analyses that assume additive effects. Yet, there are reasons to suspect that multiple basic skill deficiencies, rather than exhibiting additive effects alone, may exhibit a negative multiplicative interaction effect on the likelihood of successful remediation. In this research, I test the hypothesis that the negative effect of math deficiency increases in magnitude with decreasing English competency. Although the data support this hypothesis, I find that this interaction does not have substantive importance in the face of the powerful direct effect of math deficiency on the likelihood of successful remediation in math.
Determination of226Ra and uranium in fish samples from waters of the Grand Canyon by alpha spectroscopy without electrodeposition

A previous paper reported the application of a method for determining226Ra by α-spectroscopy. This paper presents important improvements which permit the determination of226Ra in the presence of large amounts of Ca. The method was applied to the analysis of226Ra and U isotopes in fish samples from the waters of the Grand Canyon.226Ra ranged from 0.05 Bq kg−1 /1.4 pCi kg−1/ to 0.17 Bq k−1 /4.7 pCi kg−1/.238U values ranged from 0.13 Bq kg−1 /3.5 pCi kg−1/ to 0.52 Bq kg−1 /14 pCi kg−1/ and234U values were between 0.23 Bq kg−1 /6.2 pCi kg−1/ and 12 Bq kg−1/ /326. pCi kg−1/.
Development of a large-scale HPLC-based purification for the urease from Staphylococcus leei and determination of subunit structure.

Abstract Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus species, related to but distinct from the genetic homology group containing Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus xylosus, and Staphylococcus saphrophyticus, were isolated from biopsy material obtained from a cluster of patients in Korea suffering from gastritis. The prototype isolate, Staphylococcus leei, has high urease activity that is similar with respect to a low Km value and acid resistance of the urease found in the stomach adapted pathogen, Helicobacter pylori. S. leei is remarkably resistant to lysis and only a small fraction of the cells are broken using sonication, a French press, Niro homogenizer, or a Gaulin mill. In the present report, we describe an efficient cell lysis procedure for S. leei using three passes through a Dynomill with 0.5 mm glass beads that results in lysis of more than 95% of the cells. We also developed an efficient and large-scale purification procedure for the S. leei urease using a BioCAD HPLC Workstation using Q-Sepharose, Poros HP2, Sephacryl S-300, and hydroxyapatite chromatography. The urease of S. leei was purified 98-fold to a specific activity of 731 U/mg. The urease protein is composed of three subunits, α (65 kDa), β (21 kDa), and γ (12 kDa), and in situ enzyme assay and molecular sieve chromatography indicate that multiple high molecular weight forms are present, including an apparent pentamer of 1:1:1 αβγ-heterotrimers of 480 kDa. This purification procedure was used to purify 16 mg of enzyme from 120-liters of cell culture. This improved lysis and purification procedure will make it possible to obtain sufficient quantities of urease for use as an antigen in ELISA assays to carry out studies to determine the incidence and demographic prevalence of gastritis due to S. leei.
Multidimensional scaling for matching low-resolution facial images

Face recognition performance degrades considerably when the input images are of poor resolution as is often the case for images taken by surveillance cameras or from a large distance. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for the recognition of low resolution images using multidimensional scaling. From a resolution point of view, the scenario yielding the best performance is when both the probe and gallery images are of high enough resolution to discriminate across different subjects. The proposed method embeds the low resolution images in an Euclidean space such that the distances between them in the transformed space approximates the best distances had both the images been of high resolution. The mapping is learned from high resolution training images and their corresponding low resolution images using iterative majorization algorithm. Extensive evaluation of the proposed approach on different datasets like PIE and FRGC with resolution as low as 7 × 6 pixels illustrates the usefulness of the method. We show that the proposed approach significantly improves the matching performance as compared to performing standard matching in the low-resolution domain. Performance comparison with different super-resolution techniques which obtains higher-resolution images prior to recognition further signifies the effectiveness of our approach.
Laser-Induced Forward Transfer Direct-Write of Miniature Sensor and Microbattery Systems

Direct-Write techniques have the potential to revolutionize the way miniature sensor devices and microbattery systems are designed and fabricated. The Naval Research Laboratory has developed an advanced laser-based forward transfer process for direct writing novel structures and devices comprising of metals, ceramics, polymers and composites under ambient conditions on both ceramic and plastic substrates. Using this forward transfer technique, we have demonstrated the ability to rapidly prototype various types of physical and chemical sensor devices, and microbatteries. The laser forward transfer process is computer controlled which allows the design of the devices to be easily modified and adapted to any specific application. Furthermore, the same process enables the fabrication of complete sensor or power-source systems by incorporating the passive electronic components required for sensor readout or power management. Examples are provided of various types of miniature sensors, and prototype alkaline and Li-ion microbatteries fabricated using this technique.
The effects of human activities on natural radiation exposure: Health and regulatory implications

A decade ago, interest in "enhanced" natural radiation was focused primarily on localized industrial activities, e.g., uranium, radium, thorium and phosphate production. Recognition that all human activities influence natural radiation exposure, and that indoor radon exposure is particularly sensitive to such activities (building construction practices, occupant life-styles) has added a new dimension to the problem. Public health assessments must address the problem of high individual risks of lung cancer as well as substantial population risks that are only minimally ameliorated by reduction of high exposures. In the United States, Federal, State, and local government agencies are collaborating with the private sector in developing the information needed for public guidance. Voluntary standards relating to building construction practices are likely to be developed.
Diversity in the use of electronic mail: a preliminary inquiry

This paper describes a series of interviews that examine the ways that professional office workers use electronic mail to manage their daily work. The purpose is to generate hypotheses for future research. A number of implications for the design of flexible mail systems are discussed.Two principal claims are made. First, the use of electronic mail is strikingly diverse, although not infinitely so. Individuals vary both in objective measures of mail use and in preferred strategies for managing work electronically. Feelings of control are similarly diverse and are related to the size of the user's inbox, numbers of folders, and subscriptions to distribution lists. This diversity implies that one's own experiences with electronic mail are unlikely to provide sufficient understanding of other's uses of mail. Mail designers should thus seek flexible primitives that capture the important dimensions of use and provide flexibility for a wide range of users.The second claim is that electronic mail is more than just a communication system. Users archive messages for subject retrieval, prioritize messages to sequence work activities, and delegate tasks via mail. A taxonomy of work management is proposed in which mail is used for information management, time management, and task management activities. Directions for future research are suggested.
Making quality a fundamental part of strategy

Abstract All that is known about strategy and strategic planning indicates that quality is a major factor in gaining competitive advantage. It is cost effective, profitable, promotes corporate longevity and builds an important company value system. The authors argue that is too important a factor to be left solely to quality control personnel or planners and is a fundamental part of the chief executive's responsibility for the development of strategy.
Factors Controlling the Stability of Colloid-Stabilized Emulsions: II. A Model for the Rheological Properties of Colloid-Laden Interfaces

Abstract Colloidal particles stabilize emulsions both by providing steric hindrance to drop-drop coalescence and by modifying the rheological properties of the interfacial region. The effectiveness of colloidal particles in stabilizing emulsions depends in part on the ability of these particles to reside at the oil-water interface in a state of mechanical equilibrium. We present a constitutive equation to describe the rheological properties of fluid-fluid interfaces containing colloidal particles. It is shown that in addition to providing steric hindrance to drop-drop coalescence, the adsorption of particles at the oil-water interface also affects the rheological properties of the interfacial region. At sufficiently high concentrations of particles, the colloid laden interface will exhibit viscoelastic behavior. Viscoelastic interfaces affect emulsion stability by retarding the rate of film drainage between coalescing emulsion droplets and by increasing the energy required to displace particles from the contact region between droplets (i.e., by increasing the magnitude of steric hindrance).
Bone regrowth after partial amputation for diabetes.

To The Editor: I enjoyed seeing "Factors Associated with Bone Regrowth Following Diabetes-Related Partial Amputation of the Foot" (81-A: 1561-1565, Nov. 1999), by Armstrong et al., as these common procedures deserve more attention within the orthopaedic community. More information would help me to better utilize the information in this article, however. The extensive statistical analysis would be more meaningful with clarification of the amputation sites, patient selection, and postoperative measures. I wonder if the authors have information regarding which metatarsals were amputated. Did amputations of the second or third metatarsal fare worse than those of the fourth or fifth metatarsal? How did these authors perform "an isolated partial amputation of a ray"? Did all patients have a plantar ulcer before surgery? Did all patients have excision of the plantar skin with primary closure, or did some have simple debridement of the infected bone …
Lack of Correlation Between β-Lactamase Production and Susceptibility to Cefamandole or Cefoxitin Among Spontaneous Mutants of Enterobacteriaceae

A large number of cultures of gram-negative bacteria were examined for their susceptibility to various concentrations of cefamandole, cefoxitin, carbenicillin, and nalidixic acid. Heterogeneity of susceptibility was demonstrated in individual cultures to all of these antibiotics. Resistant clones isolated from cefamandole or cefoxitin plates were examined for β-lactamase production. Approximately 13% of 262 resistant clones acquired the ability to produce a β-lactamase. Examination of the substrate profile of the β-lactamases from some of these clones revealed no change in the specific activity of these enzymes for cefamandole, cephaloridine, or compound 87/312 as compared with their parental enzymes. This study clearly shows that some resistant clones do not produce β-lactamases, whereas some susceptible strains produced significant amounts of these enzymes. We conclude from these findings that little correlation exists between β-lactamase production and decreased susceptibility to cefamandole or cefoxitin. The results suggest the possibility that characteristics other than β-lactamase production may be responsible for resistance in Enterobacteriaceae .
Enabling alternating phase shifted mask designs for a full logic gate level

The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors lists F2 (157 nm exposure wavelength) optical lithography and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) next generation lithography as the two most feasible lithography solutions for the 70 nm technology node. It is very likely that both of these lithography solutions will be late, forcing ArF (193 nm exposure wavelength) lithography to operate at unprecedented resolution levels. Lithographically, alternating phase shifted masks (altPSM) can achieve the resolution required to manufacture 70 nm logic products with ArF lithography equipment [P. Schiavone, F. Lalanne, and A. Prola, "Clear field alternating PSM for 193 nm lithography," Proc. SPIE 3679, 582-589 (1999) and M. Fritz et al., "Application of chromeless phase-shift masks to sub-100 nm SOI CMOS transistor fabrication," Proc. SPIE 4000, 388-407 (2000)], but technical and logistical challenges associated with the broad implementation of altPSM require novel and invasive EDA solutions which have caused the industry to shy away from altPSM in the past. Since the resolution capabilities of altPSM are well understood in the lithography community, this paper will focus on the challenges facing altPSM implementation for the polysilicon gate level and will present the results of a detailed altPSM design feasibility study done at IBM for the 180 nm technology node. While the 70 nm technology node will push resolution harder then ever before, the design rules, EDA tools, and layout methodologies developed in the past lay the foundation for our attack on this challenging technology node.
Modeling the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere of the south coast air basin of California. 2. HOx radical production.

The production of HO x radicals in the South Coast Air Basin of California is investigated during the smog episode of September 9, 1993 using the California Institute of Technology (CIT) air-quality model. Sources of HO x (hydroxyl, hydroperoxy, and organic peroxy radicals) incorporated into the associated gas-phase chemical mechanism include the combination of excited-state singlet oxygen (formed from ozone (03) photolysis (h)) with water, the photolysis of nitrous acid, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and carbonyl compounds (formaldehyde (HCHO) or higher aldehydes and ketones), the consumption of aldehydes and alkenes (ALK) by the nitrate radical, and the consumption of alkenes by O 3 and the oxygen atom (0). At a given time or location for surface cells and vertical averages, each route of HO x formation may be the greatest contributor to overall formation except HCHO-hv, H 2 O 2 -hv, and ALK-0, the latter two of which are insignificant pathways in general. The contribution of the ALK-O 3 pathway is dependent on the stoichiometric yield of OH, but this pathway, at least for the studied smog episode, may not be as generally significant as previous research suggests. Future emissions scenarios yield lower total HO x production rates and a shift in the relative importance of individual pathways.
Gain margin analysis of distributed feedback lasers for both transverse electric and magnetic modes

A theoretical analysis of the gain margin with both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes in distributed feedback (DFB) lasers of second-order gratings and various structural parameters is presented. Though the dominant mode is usually a TE mode, one of the TM modes often becomes the secondary mode with the second lowest threshold and seriously affects the single-mode characteristics of DFB lasers. To design DFB lasers with a large gain margin, proper amounts of facet reflectivity for both polarizations and control of the spatial phase of the grating at the facet are required. >
APS at 125: a look back at the founding of the American Physiological Society

Early efforts in physiological research in the United States were produced by lone investigators working in laboratories funded by their own medical practices. In Europe, however, Claude Bernard an...
Biochemical markers for alcoholism: sensitivity problems

A panel of blood tests, purportedly markers for alcohol abuse, were examined in 543 relatively healthy alcoholics entering ambulatory rehabilitation treatment. Individual tests were too low in sensitivity: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase was abnormally high in only 49%, then mean corpuscular volume (45%), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) (25%), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) (28%), and blood alcohol (21%). HDLC was of low sensitivity, generally unaffected by liver disease, and related to quantitation of recent alcohol consumed. Combining seven markers, 82% of males and 71% females had at least one abnormally high value. Histories of heavy recent drinking, positive blood alcohol levels on admission, and manifest liver disease on physical examination or by hyperbilirubinemia were associated with high sensitivities of individual and pooled markers. The biochemical markers studied can be useful to suggest alcohol abuse, especially in some populations of drivers. In other populations of alcoholics, especially with intermittent alcohol or recent abstinence, their sensitivities were so low as to discourage extensive reliance on their use. The diagnosis of alcoholism continues to depend on clinical history of alcohol-related problems, including social, familial, legal, medical, psychological, and economic.
A sensitive restriction fragment length polymorphism method to detect CAA-->AAA mutations at codon 61 of Ha-ras.

A rapid and sensitive assay was developed to detect CAA-->AAA mutations at codon 61 of Ha-ras. The region surrounding codon 61 was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using one primer containing a mismatch at the second position of codon 60. Using this primer creates an Msel restriction enzyme site if codon 61 carries the C.G-->A.T transversion. An aliquot of the second PCR primer was 5'-end-labeled with 32P to increase the sensitivity of detection of the PCR product. After cleavage with Msel, DNA was electrophoresed on a nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel, and the products were visualized by autoradiography. The sensitivity of this assay was such that the mutation could be detected when present in only one of 200 alleles. DNA samples from spontaneous Crl:CD-1(ICR)BR mouse liver tumors were analyzed using this method. Nine of 38 samples contained the mutation, and in one of those nine, the mutation had not been previously detected by either direct sequencing of tumor DNA or by sequencing the DNA from NIH 3T3 cells transfected with the tumor DNA.
Laser-induced structural modifications in glass using a femtosecond laser and a CO2 laser

In this paper, we present the investigation results on laser-induced structural modifications in a BK7 glass sample (OHARA, S-BSL7) by use of a femtosecond laser and a CO2 laser system. A femtosecond fiber laser system (wavelength: 1.06 μm, pulse duration: 250 fs) generates 1 MHz ultrashort laser pulses with a pulse energy up to 2 μJ, and a CO2 laser system generates CW (continuous wave) laser beam with a wavelength of 10.6 μm. Both laser beams were simultaneously irradiated on a BK7 glass substrate (30 mm × 5 mm × 0.7 mm thick). The structural modifications regions were created by translating the glass sample perpendicular to the laser axis with a distance of 1 mm and a scan speed of 0.1 mm/s. The dependence of structural modifications on the laser energy of femtosecond laser pulses and the power of CO2 laser beam were investigated. The results have demonstrated that the refractive index change region with the width of 3 μm was created with simultaneously irradiation of two laser beams although the structural modification regions, which were produced with only femtosecond laser pulses, were surface ablation. And the surface ablation regions were changed to the refractive index change regions as the energy of CO2 laser beam increase to more than 2W.
Medical Practice Guidelines as Malpractice Safe Harbors: Illusion or Deceit?

American medicine has long sought to control the standard of care that physicians are expected to provide to their patients. One effort to insulate the standard of care from external interference, called a "safe harbors" approach, would enable physicians to avoid liability for malpractice if they adhered to medical practice guidelines. The idea is to eliminate the "battle of experts" and reduce defensive medicine by requiring judges and juries to accept guidelines as conclusive evidence of the standard of care. Yet current efforts to improve the guideline development process, including the use of evidence-based guidelines, are unlikely to be able to overcome the shortcomings that led a similar safe harbors initiative to fail in the early 1990s. Moreover, there is no adequate justification for conferring this degree of self-regulatory power on the medical profession.
Ranking using multiple document types in desktop search

A typical desktop environment contains many document types (email, presentations, web pages, pdfs, etc.) each with different metadata. Predicting which types of documents a user is looking for in the context of a given query is a crucial part of providing effective desktop search. The problem is similar to selecting resources in distributed IR, but there are some important differences. In this paper, we quantify the impact of type prediction in producing a merged ranking for desktop search and introduce a new prediction method that exploits type-specific metadata. In addition, we show that type prediction performance and search effectiveness can be further enhanced by combining existing methods of type prediction using discriminative learning models. Our experiments employ pseudo-desktop collections and a human computation game for acquiring realistic and reusable queries.
Lineage-Specific Evolution of the Complex Nup160 Hybrid Incompatibility Between Drosophila melanogaster and Its Sister Species

Two genes encoding protein components of the nuclear pore complex Nup160 and Nup96 cause lethality in F2-like hybrid genotypes between Drosophila simulans and Drosophila melanogaster. In particular, D. simulans Nup160 and Nup96 each cause inviability when hemizygous or homozygous in species hybrids that are also hemizygous (or homozygous) for the D. melanogaster X chromosome. The hybrid lethality of Nup160, however, is genetically complex, depending on one or more unknown additional factors in the autosomal background. Here we study the genetics and evolution of Nup160-mediated hybrid lethality in three ways. First, we test for variability in Nup160-mediated hybrid lethality within and among the three species of the D. simulans clade— D. simulans, D. sechellia, and D. mauritiana. We show that the hybrid lethality of Nup160 is fixed in D. simulans and D. sechellia but absent in D. mauritiana. Second, we explore how the hybrid lethality of Nup160 depends on other loci in the autosomal background. We find that D. simulans Nup160-mediated hybrid lethality does not depend on the presence of D. melanogaster Nup96, and we find that D. simulans and D. mauritiana are functionally differentiated at Nup160 as well as at other autosomal factor(s). Finally, we use population genetics data to show that Nup160 has experienced histories of recurrent positive selection both before and after the split of the three D. simulans clade species ∼240,000 years ago. Our genetic results suggest that a hybrid lethal Nup160 allele evolved before the split of the three D. simulans clade species, whereas the other autosomal factor(s) evolved more recently.
Unilateral Action and Presidential Power: A Theory

In this article, the authors explore a basis for presidential power that has gone largely unappreciated to this point but that has become so pivotal to presidential leadership that it virtually defines what is distinctively modern about the modern presidency. This is the president's formal capacity to act unilaterally and thus to make law on his own. The purpose of the article is to outline a theory of this aspect of presidential power. The authors argue that the president's powers of unilateral action are a force in American politics precisely because they are not specified in the Constitution. They derive their strength and resilience from the ambiguity of the contract. The authors also argue that presidents have incentives to push this ambiguity relentlessly to expand their own powers—and that, for reasons rooted in the nature of their institutions, neither Congress nor the courts are likely to stop them.
Enhancement of Heat Transfer by an Electric Field for a Drop Translating at Intermediate Reynolds Number

The enhancement of heat transfer by an electric field to a spherical droplet translating at intermediate Reynolds number is numerically investigated using a finite volume method. Two heat transfer limits are considered. The first limit is the external problem where the bulk of the resistance is assumed to be in the continuous phase. Results show that the external Nusselt number significantly increases with electric field strength at all Reynolds numbers. Also, the drag coefficient increases with electric field strength. The enhancement in heat transfer is higher with lower ratio of viscosity of the dispersed phase to the viscosity of the continuous phase. The second heat transfer limit is the internal problem where the bulk of the resistance is assumed to be in the dispersed phase