cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-Consistent Multiple-Quark-Scattering Analysis of Consistency Relations among pp , p p ¯ , π p , and π π Cross Sections

The self-consistent multiple-quark-scattering (SCMQS) picture that was previously used to analyze and account for the details of the $\mathrm{pp}$ differential cross section at high energy is here extended to a comprehensive analysis of high-energy hadron scattering according to a set of consistency relations among $\mathrm{pp}$, $p\overline{p}$, $\ensuremath{\pi}p$, and $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ scattering cross sections and the form factors of $p$ and $\ensuremath{\pi}$. The consistency relations are a consequence of the SCMQS picture and the composite $S{U}_{3}$-quark model which has been suggested on non-group-theoretical grounds by the results of the SCMQS analysis of $\mathrm{pp}$ scattering, which also indicate very small pointlike quarks. The essence of the consistency relations is illustrated with the first-order single-quark-scattering analysis, and then they are analyzed according to the generalized higher-order SCMQS treatment. Results of the higher-order SCMQS analysis of $\ensuremath{\pi}p$ scattering indicate that the pion radius and the inverse diffraction width for $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ diffraction are significantly smaller than indicated by the previously reported results of the single-scattering treatment. We obtain here ${{r}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{E}\ensuremath{\cong}0.36\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.12$ F and ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{\cong}4.8$ ${(\mathrm{B}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, respectively, for the pion charge radius and the inverse diffraction width for $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ scattering. Our results also indicate that the pion form factor falls off rapidly at high momentum transfer. Multiple-scattering effects and the interferences among them are seen to be very important characteristics of high-energy hadron-scattering phenomena.
Morality and the limits of societal values in health care allocation.

In this paper, we consider whether there is a clear moral justification for the proposal that societal value preferences (SVPs) should be included in Cost Effectiveness Analyses (CEA) of health care resource allocations. We argue, first, that proponents of the use of SVPs need to be clear about the relationship between these values and moral principles. In particular, once moral principles are accepted as ruling out some SVPs (such as those that are irrational or revealing prejudice), an account is required of why we need to appeal to SVPs rather than moral principles to determine a just division of health care resources. Secondly, we consider whether an independent moral justification might underwrite the use of SVPs. In various places in the literature the notions of representation, presumed consent and democratic decision making appear to be invoked as candidates for fulfilling this justificatory role. We discuss some problems with each of these justifications in the hope of eliciting a more comprehensive proposal from the proponents of SVPs. We conclude that, although a number of interesting proposals have been made, no compelling justification for including SVPs in CEA has yet been systematically articulated.
An Attempt To Develop An "Intelligent" Lens Design Program

We are developing a lens design program intended to operate without user intervention, and to improve its performance with repeated usage. The methodology and current status will be discussed in this paper.
Potentiation by choline of basal and electrically evoked acetylcholine release, as studied using a novel device which both stimulates and perfuses rat corpus striatum

We examined the release of acetylcholine (ACh) and dopamine (DA) using a novel probe through which striatal neurons could be both superfused and stimulated electrically in both anesthetized and freely moving awake animals. Optimal stimulation parameters for eliciting ACh release from cholinergic neurons differed from those required for eliciting DA release from dopaminergic terminals: at 0.6 ms pulse duration, 20 Hz and 200 microA, ACh release increased to 357 +/- 30% (P < 0.01) of baseline and was blocked by the addition of tetrodotoxin (TTX). Pulse durations of 2.0 ms or greater were required to increase DA release. Unlike ACh release, DA release showed no frequency dependence above 5 Hz. The maximal evoked releases of ACh and DA were 556 +/- 94% (P < 0.01) and 254 +/- 38% (P < 0.05) of baseline, respectively. Peripheral administration of choline (Ch) chloride (30-120 mg/kg) to anesthetized animals caused dose-related (r = 0.994, P < 0.01) increases in ACh release; basal release rose from 117 +/- 7% to 141 +/- 5% of initial baseline levels (P < 0.05) and electrically evoked ACh release rose from 386 +/- 38% to 600 +/- 34% (P < 0.01) in rats given 120 mg/kg. However, Ch failed to affect basal or evoked DA release although neostigmine (10 microM) significantly elevated basal DA release (from 36.7 fmol/10 min to 71.5 fmol/10 min; P < 0.05). In awake animals, Ch (120 mg/kg) also elevated both basal (from 106 +/- 7% to 154 +/- 17%; P < 0.05) and electrically evoked (from 146 +/- 13 to 262 +/- 16%; P < 0.01) ACh release.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS).
Localization in rat skin transplants of purified 125I-labeled xenogeneic histocompatibility antibody.

It is shown that appropriate xenogeneic rabbit and horse antiserum, as well as allogeneic rat serum, can serve as sources from which /sup 125/I-labeled antibody to a strong histocompatibility antigen expressed on Fischer-344 strain rat cells can be prepared. After iv administration all three types of antibody would localize preferentially in F-344 skin grafts made 4 days earlier on Buffalo strain rats. After 24 hr, /sup 125/I localization ranged from 10 to 20 percent of the injected dose on F-344 skin grafts averaging 0.3 g weight on 150 to 190-g Buffalo rats. The horse serum used as an antibody source was a commercially available antirat-lymphocyte serum. Prior ip administration of two or three doses of 0.5 ml of this serum largely blocked uptake by F-344 skin grafts of both the /sup 125/I-labeled alloantibody and the /sup 125/I-labeled xenogeneic histocompatibility antibody prepared from this horse antiserum.
Fractures of the atrophic, edentulous maxilla during Le Fort I osteotomy

The incidence of unfavorable fractures of the maxilla during Le Fort I osteotomy was compared between patients with atrophic, edentulous maxillae and patients with normal dentate maxillae. Unfavorable fractures frequently occurred in atrophic, edentulous maxillae. The most common maxillary fracture involved the junction of the horizontal plate of the palatine bone and posterior part of the maxilla. Prevention strategies and treatment options are discussed.
Modeling Light Propagation Through Bragg Reflection Gratings With an AdaptedMonte Carlo Method

Conventional Monte Carlo light propagation methods use Fresnel reflection coefficients to determine the probability that a photon reflects when reaching an interface. However, in structures, where the wave nature of light is important, such as Bragg reflection gratings, Fresnel coefficients cannot be used due to interference effects. The reflection coefficients for such structures can be calculated by applying wave equations for each wavelength to be simulated in the structure. These reflection coefficients are then used in the Monte Carlo simulation to model light propagation through interference-producing media. A number of Bragg gratings are modeled as an example and the results of the simulation are corroborated by analytic calculations.
The Wrong Stuff: Chinese Rooms and the Nature of Understanding

Searle's Chinese Room argument is a general argument that proves that machines do not have mental states in virtue of their programming. I claim that the argument expresses powerful but mistaken intuitions about understanding and the first person point of view. A distinction is drawn between a competence sense and a performance sense of ‘understanding texts’. It is argued that the Chinese Room intuition looks for a special experience (performance) of comprehension, whereas artificial intelligence is attempting to explain the knowledge (competence) required to understand texts. Moreover, a dilemma is sketched for the argument: either Searle hasn't identified the appropriate subject of understanding or he may understand after all. Finally, I question the underlying assumption that the general definition of mental states requires a projectable-by-us first person point of view.
Inhibiting inhibitory pathways in human γδ T cells.

In this issue of Blood , Gertner-Dardenne et al show that B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) functions as an inhibitory receptor on γδ T cells and suggest that disruption of this inhibitory pathway in tumor-reactive γδ T cells may result in enhanced antitumor responses.[1][1]-[2][2] Unlike
An improved technique for exfoliating and dispersing nanoclay particles into polymer matrices using supercritical carbon dioxide

An environmentally benign process, which uses supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2) as a processing aid, is developed in this work to help exfoliate and disperse nanoclay into the polymer matrices. The process relies on rapid expansion of the clay followed by direct injection into the extruder where the mixture is dispersed into the polymer melt. Results from the mechanical properties, rheological studies, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) show that this method represents a significant improvement relative to direct melt blending in single or twin-screw extruders or other methods using sc-CO2. The greatest mechanical property response was a result of directly injecting pre-mixed sc-CO2 and nanoclay into the polypropylene melt during extrusion. It was observed that for concentrations as high as 6.6 wt% (limited only by present process capabilities), XRD peaks were eliminated, suggesting a high degree of exfoliation. Mechanical properties such as modulus increased by as much as 54%. The terminal region of the dynamic mechanical spectrum was similar to that of the base polymer, contrary to what is frequently reported in the literature.
Diagnosis: psychiatric and psychoanalytic perspectives

In summary, I have reviewed in broad outline the field of descriptive psychiatry and pointed out some of the newer post-Kraepelinian areas of interest, such as the borderline concept; genetics, including pharmacogenetics; the issue of categorization and dimensionality; and the newer aspects of the DSM-III, such as the multiaxial diagnosis and the introduction of diagnostic criteria for the mental disorders. In addition, I have reviewed some aspects of the psychoanalytic movement and its influence on the way patients are assessed. I attempted to offer some speculation about why the psychoanalyst has been considered a so-called poor diagnostician by the psychiatric community, and then attempted to point out why the psychoanalyst is probably the most accurate of all diagnosticians in the true sense of the word--knowing throughout. Finally, I pointed to two Horneyan concepts in what might be called the beginning of a diagnostic psychoanalytic nosology. The first is the concept of vicious cycle diagnosis, and the second the diagnosis of underlying alienation in patients with varied clinical typologies and mental disorders. I have omitted, by focusing on pathology, what might be the most important of all issues for the analyst: diagnosis of the constructive forces. We also need to develop a classification of constructive forces, and more technical attention should be focused on their identification and nurturance.
Reliability and Validity of a Modified Bristol Stool Form Scale for Children

Objectives This study sought to: evaluate the ability of children to reliably use a modified Bristol Stool Form Scale for Children (mBSFS-C), evaluate criterion-related validity of the mBSFS-C, and identify the lower age limit for mBSFS-C use. Study design The mBSFS-C comprises 5 stool form types described and depicted in drawings. Children 3 to 18 years old rated stool form for 10 stool photographs. Because of low reliability when stool form descriptors were not read aloud (n = 119), a subsequent sample of children (n = 191) rated photographs with descriptors read. Results Intraclass correlation coefficients for descriptor-unread versus -read samples were 0.62 and 0.79, respectively. Children were increasingly reliable with age. Percentage of correct ratings varied with stool form type, but generally increased with age. With descriptors unread, children 8 years and older demonstrated acceptable interobserver reliability, with >78% of ratings correct. With descriptors read, children 6 years and older demonstrated acceptable reliability, with >80% of ratings correct. Conclusions The mBSFS-C is reliable and valid for use by children, with age 6 years being the lower limit for scale use with descriptors read and age 8 years being the lower limit without descriptors read. We anticipate that the mBSFS-C can be effectively used in pediatric clinical and research settings.
Potential for biological control of field bindweed in California's coastal vineyards

Abstract The possibility of using biological control against field bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis L., was studied in four vineyards along the California coast. Field bindweed is a dominant member of the weed community and the principal plant pest in these vineyards. There is considerable insect and mite damage to its foliage during late summer and autumn, but the stress this places on the weed is unknown. The most significant natural enemies of field bindweed are defoliating caterpillars, Bedellia somnulentella Zeller, Chaetocnema confinis Crotch, and spider mites. Non of the natural enemies present appeared to be suitable as biological control agents. However, some arthropods, such as Noctuelia floralis (Huebner), associated with field bindweed in Mediterranean Europe and Pakistan, could be useful in the California grape agroecosystem, once cleared for importation and release in North America. Others, unsuitable to release in California because of feeding on closely related native plants, may be of value in other parts of the world where no such conflicts of interest exist. It would be feasible to use biological control against field bindweed in California's coastal vineyards and, perhaps, also in orchards under present systems of cultivation. Its effectiveness could be enhanced by certain changes in growing practices, particularly the acceptance of some weed growth, and by changes in existing pest controls. Biological control of field bindweed should be considered in the development of pest management programs for such crops in California and wherever this plant is a serious pest.
Irrigation induced surface cooling in the context of modern and increased greenhouse gas forcing

There is evidence that expected warming trends from increased greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing have been locally ‘masked’ by irrigation induced cooling, and it is uncertain how the magnitude of this irrigation masking effect will change in the future. Using an irrigation dataset integrated into a global general circulation model, we investigate the equilibrium magnitude of irrigation induced cooling under modern (Year 2000) and increased (A1B Scenario, Year 2050) GHG forcing, using modern irrigation rates in both scenarios. For the modern scenario, the cooling is largest over North America, India, the Middle East, and East Asia. Under increased GHG forcing, this cooling effect largely disappears over North America, remains relatively unchanged over India, and intensifies over parts of China and the Middle East. For North America, irrigation significantly increases precipitation under modern GHG forcing; this precipitation enhancement largely disappears under A1B forcing, reducing total latent heat fluxes and the overall irrigation cooling effect. Over India, irrigation rates are high enough to keep pace with increased evaporative demand from the increased GHG forcing and the magnitude of the cooling is maintained. Over China, GHG forcing reduces precipitation and shifts the region to a drier evaporative regime, leading to a relatively increased impact of additional water from irrigation on the surface energy balance. Irrigation enhances precipitation in the Middle East under increased GHG forcing, increasing total latent heat fluxes and enhancing the irrigation cooling effect. Ultimately, the extent to which irrigation will continue to compensate for the warming from increased GHG forcing will primarily depend on changes in the background evaporative regime, secondary irrigation effects (e.g. clouds, precipitation), and the ability of societies to maintain (or increase) current irrigation rates.
Resonance Raman spectra of the neutral and anionic radical semiquinones of flavin adenine dinucleotide in glucose oxidase revisited

Flavin radical semiquinones are intermediates in important physiological processes. Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy is an important tool to determine the interactions between these radical intermediates and their protein environment that regulate their reactivity and role in the reaction mechanisms. RR spectra of flavin radical semiquinones have been available for several flavoproteins, and those in the glucose oxidase (GO) seem significantly different from all the other available data. Since GO is often used not only as a standard for flavin-containing proteins but also in biotechnological applications, we decided to reexamine the RR spectra of the neutral and anionic radical semiquinone forms of the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor in this enzyme. The new data show that the vibrational wavenumbers of the neutral and anionic radical semiquinone forms of FAD in GO are very similar to those in other flavoproteins. The discrepancies that were observed earlier seem related to contributions of the FAD in different redox and protonation states. We also obtained the first RR spectra of the oxidized FAD cofactor in GO. Analysis of the vibrations of the oxidized FAD and its anionic radical semiquinone in GO in H2O and D2O solutions indicates that the subtle differences between these spectra in GO and in other flavoproteins are related to the weak hydrogen-bonding environment of the FAD cofactor in GO. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural Damage Detection Using Time Domain Periodogram Analysis

Before the advent of computers, scientists used time domain periodogram analysis (TDPA) for analysis of phenomena described by time-dependent parameters. Famous examples of this approach include investigations of periodicities in Sun activity, analysis of annual rings of trees and deposits of clays in large lakes, both of which are indicators of climate variations. These periodicities found by TDPA were later confirmed using modern Fourier transform-based methods. Since the advent of the computer era and the fast Fourier transform, TDPA has been almost completely abandoned. In this work, we develop a computer-based TDPA algorithm and demonstrate its' utility for determining the existence (Level 1) of structural damage. First, the TDPA is compared to a frequency domain periodogram analysis for synthetic signals with well-defined statistical properties. This comparison elucidates the features of the TDPA algorithm. Next, a damage existence `feature' is identified from the TDPA and is shown to be a reliable ...
Asteroid impact tsunami of 2880 March 16

SUMMARY NASA scientists have given a 1.1-km diameter asteroid (1950 DA) a 0.0 to 0.3 per cent probability of colliding with the Earth in the year 2880. This article examines a scenario where 1950 DA strikes the sea 600 km east of the United States coast. Travelling at 17.8 km s−1, the asteroid would blow a cavity 19 km in diameter and as deep as the ocean (5 km) at the impact site. Tsunami waves hundreds of metres high would follow as the transient impact cavity collapses. The tsunami disperses quickly; but because the waves are so large initially, destructive energy carries basin-wide. Within two hours of the scenario impact, 100-m waves make landfall from Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras. Within 12 hours, 20-m waves arrive in Europe and Africa. Water velocity at the deep ocean floor exceeds 1 m s−1 to 800-km distance, strong enough to leave a widespread tsunami signature in the sedimentary record.
Solitary Wave Runup on Plane Slopes

This study deals with the runup of solitary waves on a uniform plane beach connected to an open ocean of constant depth. The waves are nonbreaking during the runup process. A nonlinear solution to the classical shallow water equation, that describes the wave characteristics on the beach, is obtained analytically by using a hodograph transformation. It was found that the nonlinear theory agreed well with experimental results. The maximum runup predicted by the nonlinear theory is larger than that predicted earlier and the correction is on the order of the offshore relative wave height for a given slope. This correction for nonbreaking waves on beaches decreases as the beach slope steepens.
Determination of mouse liver 5-methyltetrahydrofolate concentration and polyglutamate forms

Abstract The concentration and polyglutamate status of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in mouse liver tissue extracts has been determined by enzymatic conversion to methylenetetrahydrofolate and subsequent entrapment of this confactor form into a ternary complex with Lactobacillus casei thymidylate synthase and tritiated 5-fluorodexyuridylate. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate was oxidized to methylenetetrahydrofolate using the reverse reaction of methylenetrahydrofolate reductase with menadione as the ultimate electron acceptor. Reference 5-methylterahydrofolate could be quantitatively recovered from tissue extracts by this method. The polyglutamate status of enzymatically converted and complexed tissue 5-methyltetrahydrofolate was determine electrophoretically. Unlabeled 5-fluorodeoxyuridylate was used to remove endogenous methylenetetrahydrofolate prior to enzymatic oxidation of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and subsequent electrophoretic analysis. In this manner, the 5-methyltetrahydrofolate polyglutamate pool alone could be labeled and visualized. There were no observable differences in the polyglumate distribution of endogenous methylenetetrahydrofolate versus 5-methyltetrahydrofolate polyglutamates of normal mouse liver tissue.
Fractionated radiosurgery for brain metastases in 43 patients with breast carcinoma.

About 15% of metastatic breast carcinoma patients are diagnosed with brain metastases. Historically, the majority are treated with palliative external whole-brain radiation with a median survival of 4 months. We examined stereotactic radiosurgery's effect on treatment outcome in such patients. Four hundred and fifty four consecutive patients with brain metastases were treated with stereotactic radiosurgery at Staten Island University Hospital, NY, between 1991 and 1999. The medical records of 60 women with histologically confirmed breast cancer were retrospectively reviewed. Forty-three patients (71%) received fractionated radiosurgery (4×600cGy) and form the core of this report. Sixty five percentage had been previously unsuccessfully treated by whole-brain radiation or had recurrence after craniotomy. Survival was calculated by the Kaplan–Meier method. The median age at diagnosis of brain metastases was 52 years, with median interval of 49 months following the diagnosis of tumor primary. Median survival from brain diagnosis reached 13.6 months. Overall median survival from radiosurgery treatment was 7.5 months. Fifteen patients with one or two brain lesions survived a median of 11.5 months. For the fractionated cohort of patients 1- and 2-year actuarial survival was 28.2% and 12.8%, respectively. Three patients are alive at 32, 34 and 64 months, respectively. We conclude that fractionated radiosurgery improves survival of patients with brain metastases from breast cancer, especially those with small lesions, good functional status and no other metastatic disease. These patients should be encouraged to consider radiosurgery, possibly before WBRT. Considering our 7.5 months overall survival including patients with multiple metastases, and patients with progressive brain metastases despite extensive standard therapy and often systemic disease, these results suggest that radiosurgery could benefit breast cancer patients with brain metastases and extend life.
WHO SHOULD MANAGE THE HIGH PLAINS AQUIFER? THE IRRIGATORS' PERSPECTIVE

ABSTRACT: A state-local partnership exists in Colorado and Kansas with respect to management of the High Plains aquifer. This paper examines 330 irrigators' attitudes about the locus-of-control for different management activities in the High Plains-Ogallala region. Local control was preferred by most irrigators. The local district was most supported for 19 active management activities, whereas the state was favored for eight specific activities, primarily research efforts and water rights administration. Eight activities that had the potential for restricting water use were rejected in that irrigators indicated that no agency should be involved. Kansas and Colorado exhibited statistically significant preference differences for only five management options. A significantly higher percentage of those irrigators who preferred local control believed in sustainable management of the aquifer and aggressive groundwater management, and that their district served their interests.
Cause and effect relationship between myocardial mast cell number and matrix metalloproteinase activity

The objectives of this study were to investigate the temporal response of left ventricular (LV) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and collagen volume fraction (CVF) induced by an aortocaval fistula and the role of cardiac mast cells in regulating MMP activity. LV tissue was analyzed for MMP activity, CVF, and mast cell number in rats euthanized at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 14, 21, 35, and 56 days. Additional rats treated with the mast cell membrane-stabilizing drug cromolyn sodium were euthanized 1, 2, and 3 days postfistula. Marked increases in MMP activity occurred rapidly and remained significantly elevated for 5 days before returning toward normal. A significant decrease in CVF occurred by day 5, but thereafter CVF rebounded to normal or above normal values. The number of myocardial mast cells also significantly increased postfistula, and there was a close association between mast cell density and MMP activity. Cromolyn treatment prevented the increase in mast cell number and MMP activity. Thus it is concluded that cardiac mast cells play a major role in the regulation of MMP activity.
Image Segmentation and Analysis of Flexion-Extension Radiographs of Cervical Spines

We present a new analysis tool for cervical flexion-extension radiographs based on machine vision and computerized image processing. The method is based on semiautomatic image segmentation leading to detection of common landmarks such as the spinolaminar (SL) line or contour lines of the implanted anterior cervical plates. The technique allows for visualization of the local curvature of these landmarks during flexion-extension experiments. In addition to changes in the curvature of the SL line, it has been found that the cervical plates also deform during flexion-extension examination. While extension radiographs reveal larger curvature changes in the SL line, flexion radiographs on the other hand tend to generate larger curvature changes in the implanted cervical plates. Furthermore, while some lordosis is always present in the cervical plates by design, it actually decreases during extension and increases during flexion. Possible causes of this unexpected finding are also discussed. The described analysis may lead to a more precise interpretation of flexion-extension radiographs, allowing diagnosis of spinal instability and/or pseudoarthrosis in already seemingly fused spines.
What Constrains or Facilitates Divestitures of Formerly Acquired Firms? The Effects of Organizational Inertia:

This study examined behavioral explanations for the divestitures of formerly acquired units, particularly organizational inertia. It was argued that characteristics of parent firms and divested units reduce the like- lihood of divesting a poorly performing unit. Conversely, it was also argued that change of key personnel and effective governance mechanisms increase the likelihood of such divestitures. Importantly, the results show that with age and size combined, appointment of new outside directors and divestiture experience (among other variables) moderated the effects on the likelihood of firms divesting units they had previously acquired. Implications for future theory development and management practice are also discussed.
Insecticide resistance in house flies from caged-layer poultry facilities

The frequency of resistance of eight strains of house flies, Musca domestica L., collected from caged-layer poultry facilities across New York state, to nine insecticides (dimethoate, tetrachlorvinphos, permethrin, cyfluthrin, pyrethrins, methomyl, fipronil, spinosad and cyromazine) was measured relative to a laboratory susceptible strain. Percentage survival was evaluated at five diagnostic concentrations: susceptible strain LC99, 3 × LC99, 10 × LC99, 30 × LC99 and 100 × LC99. The highest levels of resistance were noted for tetrachlorvinphos, permethrin and cyfluthrin. There was substantial variation in the levels of resistance to the different insecticides from one facility to another, independent of their geographical location. There was very little cross-resistance detected in these populations to either fipronil or spinosad. Overall, there was a good correlation between insecticide use histories and the levels of resistance. The apparent isolation of fly populations within poultry facilities suggests that there are good opportunities for the implementation of successful resistance management strategies at these facilities. Differences between these results and those of a resistance survey on New York dairy farms in 1987 are discussed. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
An interactive graphics environment for architectural energy simulation

An interactive computer graphics system has been developed for the architecture profession which provides a “design environment” for the evaluation of building energy consumption. The system includes an integrated set of graphic input tools which generate the geometric and attribute data necessary for the determination of thermal load in buildings. In addition, a comprehensive set of graphical output routines has been created to allow the designer to visually interpret the results of alternative design strategies.
Homeostatic regulation of dopaminergic neurons without dopamine

An astonishing number of psychomotor disorders stem from alterations of the function of brain neurons that release or respond to the neurotransmitter dopamine. Synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine, dopamine is implicated in drug abuse, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Tourette's syndrome, dystonia, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease (PD), where the control of internally generated movement or thought is disturbed (1). In PD, dopaminergic neurons in a region of the mesencephalon, the substantia nigra pars compacta, stop releasing dopamine and eventually die, leading to the emergence of bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity (2). The neural adaptations in target structures, like the striatum, that accompany the gradual loss of dopaminergic neurons and the symptoms of the disease are beginning to be understood. But what happens to the dopaminergic neurons that remain? How do they respond to falling levels of dopamine? The prevailing view is that dopamine release and the activity of dopaminergic neurons is controlled by homeostatic mechanisms (3). That is, activity is regulated to maintain an optimal basal level of dopamine in target structures by feedback mechanisms that sense dopamine. The work by Robinson et al. (4) in this issue of PNAS challenges the completeness of this view. The authors show that dopaminergic neurons that do not release dopamine exhibit normal activity patterns in awake, behaving mice. This finding suggests that, although dopamine may be important, other signaling factors must control the activity patterns of dopaminergic neurons. The existence of other homeostatic signals has fundamental implications not only for our understanding of the compensations in early-stage PD but also for mechanisms contributing to other dopaminergic disorders like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and drug abuse. A …
Pharmacobezoar: A Rare Complication After Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis for Ulcerative Colitis

34-year-old woman underwent a proctocolectomy with ileal J-pouch–anal anastomosis for refractory ulcerative colitis in 2002. She did experience frequent episodes of pouchitis treated with antibiotics and was given medications for abdominal discomfort. HyoMax-SR 0.375 mg (sustained-release hyoscyamine; Aristos Pharmaceuticals, Shampur-Kadamtali, Dhaka) was ordered to treat intestinal spasms. The patient ingested 1 tablet twice a day for 1 year before consulting us for lower abdominal pain, frequent liquid stools, and incontinence. She denied the use of any other medications during that time period. Her physical exam was unremarkable. The patient declined a digital rectal examination because of discomfort. Computed tomography showed an abnormally distended ileal pouch containing numerous pill fragments (Figure A). Under general anesthesia, no significant anastomotic stricture was detected, but undigested capsules were palpated in the pouch. A pouchoscopy confirmed the presence of a large amount of retained pills (Figure B). Mild inflammation of the mucosa was apparent without any ulcers. The pills were extracted transanally by using a ring forceps. A Roth foreign body retrieval net (US Endoscopy, Mentor, OH) was used to remove the pills located more proximally in the pouch. A total of 575 pills were extracted (Figure C). Biopsies from the ileal pouch showed chronic nonspecific pouchitis. During the early postoperative period, her abdominal pain and incontinence had resolved. The stool consistency improved, and the patient could empty her pouch spontaneously. She was advised to discontinue the use of hyoscyamine. Hyoscyamine is an anticholinergic/antispasmodic that inhibits gastrointestinal propulsive motility and decreases gastric acid secretion. The outer shell of the sustained-release tablet is made of a cellulosebased matrix shell with small micropores. This allows for a slow, sustained release of the active drug. The shell might not be completely absorbed and can be excreted in the stool. The mechanism leading to the selective impaction of the pills in the ileal pouch remains unclear. A functional obstruction combined with the effects of this medication on intestinal motility might explain the findings.
"Go [expletive] a girl for me": Bivalent Meaning, Cultural Miscues and Verbal Play in Ukrainian Migrant Labor Stories

Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, migrant labor has become an increasingly important source of income for workers in the southwest Zakarpattia region of Ukraine. This article explores how locally constructed meanings of migrant labor emerge through bilingual verbal play in narratives focused on cultural differences between Zakarpattia villagers' life at home and the situations and people they encounter abroad. In my analysis of jokes and humorous narratives about migrant labor gathered in the field I focus on narrators' use of bivalent and near-bivalent words and phrases as a resource for the expression and representation of the complex relationship of villagers toward their position in the post-socialist cultural, linguistic, and economic landscape.
Detection of parallelism in a computer program by grammatical means

A context sensitive grammar (CSG) is developed which selects the balanced tree most suitable for parallel execution. Also, a new parsing algorithm for this grammar has been considered. The grammar detects parallelism in arithmetic expressions by considering boundaries between subexpressions. The grammar can be extended to include all kinds of associative operators. The algorithm is an extension of LR parser which constructs a balanced binary parse tree to process on parallel machine. >
Magnetically enhanced mechanical and creep properties of a structural epoxy

The current investigation presents the benefit influence of the magnetic processing of a structural epoxy system via moderate permanent magnetic field. During the curing process of a liquid-crystalline epoxy resin, a magnetic field of 0.5 Tesla was applied, and the mechanical properties of the cured resin were investigated using nanoindentation and nanocreep tests. Compared to samples processed without magnetic field under the same thermal conditions, the magnetically processed samples show an improvement in their modulus, hardness and creep resistance. The two-dimensional stretching of both main chains and the crosslinks of the amorphous epoxy - due to the applied magnetic field - is shown to improve the properties along both the parallel and lateral directions of the applied field.
Speech Recognition Impairments in Patients with Intractable Right Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Summary: Purpose: To evaluate speech recognition in patients with focal intractable epilepsy and surgical resections in the nondominant (right) hemisphere. Methods: Speech recognition was tested prospectively, under different listening conditions, in 22 patients with right temporal lobe (11 patients) or extra‐temporal lobe epilepsy. All were lefthemisphere dominant for language on preoperative intracarotid sodium amobarbital testing. Results: All patients demonstrated normal auditory recognition of words and environmental sounds before and after surgery. However, when real-world listening conditions were simulated by using acoustically degraded (filtered) words, patients with temporal lobe epilepsy performed significantly worse than patients with frontal or parietooccipital lobe epilepsy before and after surgery (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Patients with intractable right temporal lobe epilepsy are at risk for speech recognition impairments in realworld listening environments, independent of surgery. The impact of speech recognition difficulties on verbal communication, coupled with the prevalence of adverse listening environments, underscores the importance of testing speech recognition under different listening conditions in patients with intractable
Produsage in a/synchronous learner-led e-learning

Creating a successful produsage environment for a required course taught via e-learning requires analyzing various factors: the learning context, learner-led education in required classes, the structure of the class, and reflections and evaluations of each semester's iteration of the course. Taking a produsage perspective, this paper analyzes the long-term development of a required graduate-level course in information organization. The course is examined closely to show how its materials, assignments, technology, instruction, and culture contribute to a learner-led produsage environment and lasting knowledge creation. The analysis leads to implications for course design and working with learners to create knowledge that may be applied in multiple settings.
Controlling the false discovery rate with constraints: the Newman-Keuls test revisited.

The Newman-Keuls (NK) procedure for testing all pairwise comparisons among a set of treatment means, introduced by Newman (1939) and in a slightly different form by Keuls (1952) was proposed as a reasonable way to alleviate the inflation of error rates when a large number of means are compared. It was proposed before the concepts of different types of multiple error rates were introduced by Tukey (1952a, b; 1953). Although it was popular in the 1950s and 1960s, once control of the familywise error rate (FWER) was accepted generally as an appropriate criterion in multiple testing, and it was realized that the NK procedure does not control the FWER at the nominal level at which it is performed, the procedure gradually fell out of favor. Recently, a more liberal criterion, control of the false discovery rate (FDR), has been proposed as more appropriate in some situations than FWER control. This paper notes that the NK procedure and a nonparametric extension controls the FWER within any set of homogeneous treatments. It proves that the extended procedure controls the FDR when there are well-separated clusters of homogeneous means and between-cluster test statistics are independent, and extensive simulation provides strong evidence that the original procedure controls the FDR under the same conditions and some dependent conditions when the clusters are not well-separated. Thus, the test has two desirable error-controlling properties, providing a compromise between FDR control with no subgroup FWER control and global FWER control. Yekutieli (2002) developed an FDR-controlling procedure for testing all pairwise differences among means, without any FWER-controlling criteria when there is more than one cluster. The empirical example in Yekutieli's paper was used to compare the Benjamini-Hochberg (1995) method with apparent FDR control in this context, Yekutieli's proposed method with proven FDR control, the Newman-Keuls method that controls FWER within equal clusters with apparent FDR control, and several methods that control FWER globally. The Newman-Keuls is shown to be intermediate in number of rejections to the FWER-controlling methods and the FDR-controlling methods in this example, although it is not always more conservative than the other FDR-controlling methods.
Axial Velocity Solution for a Spinning-up Rigid Body Subject to Constant Body-Fixed Forces and Moments

An approximate closed-form analytical solution is derived for the axial velocity of a spinning, axisymmetric or nearly-axisymmetric rigid body subject to constant body-fixed forces and moments about three axes. The analytical solution is approximate due to the assumption that two of the Euler angles are small. Numerical simulations shows that the solutions are highly accurate when applied to typical motion of a spacecraft such as the Galileo.
The application of continuous thermal conditions in blood banking.

A system is described which enables the performance of immunohematologic studies without removal from a warm environment. This is accomplished through the use of a warm compartment containing all necessary equipment and materials to perform and complete the procedure at 37 C. The major advantages of this methodology include the elimination of effects from cold antibodies and enhancement of warm antibody specificity. A modification is proposed which enables thermal conditions to be introduced at the end stage of immune antibody studies in which agglutination is observed. The proposed system appears to be free of false negative or positive interference.
Anovulatory luteal cycles in primates

Abstract The short-term therapy with gonadotropins and inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis was administered to 12 adult cycling cynomolgus monkeys to study morphology and functions of anovulatory luteinized follicles. In Group 1, five monkeys (6 cycles) received human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG 10 I.U. FSH/10 I.U. LH per 1 kg) on cycle day (c.d.) 5 and 6. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG 50 I.U. per 1 kg) and hMG (5 I.U. LH and 5 I.U. FSH per 1 kg) were given at 12:00 on c.d. 7. Indomethacin (15 mg/kg) was injected at 16:30 on c.d. 7 and 08:30 on c.d. 8. Ovarian biopsy was obtained in 2 cycles. In Group 2, 7 monkeys (33 cycles) received single injection of hCG (50 I.U./ kg) and hMG (5 I.U. FSH/5 I.U. LH/kg) four to one days before the expected ovulation. Two doses of Naproxen-sodium were given orally 4 and 20 hours later. After treatment, females were kept with males for 5 to 7 days. Laparotomy was performed one week after treatment. Ovarian biopsy was obtained in 5 cycles. Treatment in the midfollicular phase caused premature luteinization of the follicles and suppression of ovulation in all cycles. Histological studies revealed presence of luteinized follicles. Serum progesterone was elevated. Luteal phase averaged 13.6 days (vs. 15.8 days in ovulatory cycles). Treatment in the late follicular phase resulted in luteinization of the dominant follicle and inhibition of ovulation in 20 (61%) cycles. Luteal phase lasted 17.1 days. Serum progesterone was elevated to low or midluteal values. Gross evidence of ovulation was present in 13 (39%) cycles. One pregnancy occurred. All monkeys returned to regular, ovulatory cycles after the experiments were terminated.
Diagnostic Classification Decisions as a Function of Referral Information

Educational decision makers (n = 224) participated in a computer-simulated decision-making experience designed to ascertain the extent to which referral information biased classification decisions. Subjects were randomly assigned to 16 different conditions that varied on the basis of the referred child's sex, socioeconomic status, physical attractiveness, and nature of referral problem. Subjects accessed test data, all of which reported performance in the normal range. Only the nature of the referral problem was found to be influential in the simulated decisions. A referred child was more likely to be diagnosed as emotionally disturbed when the referral statement of the problem was listed as behavioral rather than academic. Subjects ignored standardized test information indicative of average performance, and retained the stereotype created by the referral information. The results are discussed with regard to implications for assessment of children and future research.
Detection of atmospheric rivers: Evaluation and application of an algorithm for global studies

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are narrow, elongated, synoptic jets of water vapor that play important roles in the global water cycle and regional weather/hydrology. A technique is developed for objective detection of ARs on the global domain based on characteristics of the integrated water vapor transport (IVT). AR detection involves thresholding 6-hourly fields of ERA-Interim IVT based on the 85th percentile specific to each season and grid cell and a fixed lower limit of 100 kg m−1 s−1 and checking for the geometry requirements of length >2000 km, length/width ratio >2, and other considerations indicative of AR conditions. Output of the detection includes the AR shape, axis, landfall location, and basic statistics of each detected AR. The performance of the technique is evaluated by comparison to AR detection in the western North America, Britain, and East Antarctica with three independently conducted studies using different techniques, with over ~90% agreement in AR dates. Among the parameters tested, AR detection shows the largest sensitivity to the length criterion in terms of changes in the resulting statistical distribution of AR intensity and geometry. Global distributions of key AR characteristics are examined, and the results highlight the global footprints of ARs and their potential importance on global and regional scales. Also examined are seasonal dependence of AR frequency and precipitation and their modulation by four prominent modes of large-scale climate variability. The results are in broad consistency with previous studies that focused on landfalling ARs in the west coasts of North America and Europe.