cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Baf60c drives glycolytic metabolism in the muscle and improves systemic glucose homeostasis through Deptor-mediated Akt activation

It has been thought that a switch by the muscle from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis is associated with the development of insulin resistance. Jiandie Lin and colleagues now show that transgenic mice that undergo this switch, due to modest overexpression of Baf60c, are actually more glucose tolerant and insulin sensitive compared to wild-type mice when both are placed on a high-fat diet, suggesting the switch is actually an adaptive process.
Parametric versus nonparametrics: two alternative methodologies

This article compares parametric and nonparametric approaches to statistical inference. It considers their advantages and disadvantages, and their areas of applicability. Although there is no clear comprehensive conclusion, the article finds that in simple problems in which Wilcoxon type tests and estimators apply, they may be recommended as the methods of choice.
Path-Counting Formulas for Generalized Kinship Coefficients and Condensed Identity Coefficients

An important computation on pedigree data is the calculation of condensed identity coefficients, which provide a complete description of the degree of relatedness of two individuals. The applications of condensed identity coefficients range from genetic counseling to disease tracking. Condensed identity coefficients can be computed using linear combinations of generalized kinship coefficients for two, three, four individuals, and two pairs of individuals and there are recursive formulas for computing those generalized kinship coefficients (Karigl, 1981). Path-counting formulas have been proposed for the (generalized) kinship coefficients for two (three) individuals but there have been no path-counting formulas for the other generalized kinship coefficients. It has also been shown that the computation of the (generalized) kinship coefficients for two (three) individuals using path-counting formulas is efficient for large pedigrees, together with path encoding schemes tailored for pedigree graphs. In this paper, we propose a framework for deriving path-counting formulas for generalized kinship coefficients. Then, we present the path-counting formulas for all generalized kinship coefficients for which there are recursive formulas and which are sufficient for computing condensed identity coefficients. We also perform experiments to compare the efficiency of our method with the recursive method for computing condensed identity coefficients on large pedigrees.
Abstract 2219: Mechanism of trancriptional repression by EWS/FLI in Ewing's sarcoma

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Objective: Ewing's sarcoma is a highly aggressive bone-associated malignancy affecting children and young adults with most cases harboring a somatic translocation that encodes the EWS/FLI oncoprotein. EWS/FLI is an aberrant transcription factor. Most studies indicate that EWS/FLI functions as a transcriptional activator. However, recent genome-wide transcriptional studies have raised the possibility that EWS/FLI may also repress target genes, although the mechanistic basis for this repression is unknown. We sought to test the hypothesis that EWS/FLI functions as a direct transcriptional repressor at some genetic loci, and that transcriptional repression is required for the oncogenic function of EWS/FLI. Furthermore, we sought to define relevant domains and corepressors that are involved in this activity. Methods: RNAi based microarray combined with genome-wide ChIP-Chip analyses were used to identify direct repressed target genes of EWS/FLI. Soft agar and xenograft tumor formation assays were performed to assess oncogenic transformation. Deletion mutants of EWS/FLI were constructed and used to map the repression domain. Co-immunoprecipitations were performed to validate the interaction of EWS/FLI with transcriptional co-repressors. Luciferase reporter assays and gel shift assays were utilized to characterize the binding site for EWS/FLI at repressed gene promoters. Results: We identified a subset of EWS/FLI-repressed target genes that are directly bound by the protein. Using these target genes, we identified domains in EWS/FLI necessary and sufficient for repression. Interestingly, these repression domains are also necessary for oncogenic transformation. We identified two HDACs that are involved in this repression, and identified a likely candidate transcriptional repression complex that binds EWS/FLI and contributes to its repressive function. Finally, we found that transcriptional repression is absolutely required for the oncogenic function of EWS/FLI, as two downregulated targets function as suppressors of Ewing's sarcoma oncogenesis. Conclusion: Transcriptional deregulation by EWS/FLI is a key oncogenic event in Ewing's sarcoma pathogenesis. Our data demonstrated that, in addition to transcriptional activation, EWS/FLI mediated transcriptional repression is also critical in Ewing's sarcoma oncogenesis. This is the first time that a detailed molecular mechanism of EWS/FLI mediated direct repression is reported, and has important implications for therapeutic targeting of EWS/FLI in Ewing's sarcoma. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2219. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2219
Biological aerosol detection with combined passive-active infrared measurements

A data collection experiment was performed in November of 2003 to measure aerosol signatures using multiple sensors, all operating in the long-wave infrared. The purpose of this data collection experiment was to determine whether combining passive hyperspectral and LIDAR measurements can substantially improve biological aerosol detection performance. Controlled releases of dry aerosols, including road dust, egg albumin and two strains of Bacillus Subtilis var. Niger (BG) spores were performed using the ECBC/ARTEMIS open-path aerosol test chamber located in the Edgewood Area of Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD. The chamber provides a ~ 20' path without optical windows. Ground truth devices included 3 aerodynamic particle sizers, an optical particle size spectrometer, 6 nephelometers and a high-volume particle sampler. Two sensors were used to make measurements during the test: the AIRIS long-wave infrared imaging spectrometer and the FAL CO2 LIDAR. The AIRIS and FAL data sets were analyzed for detection performance relative to the ground truth. In this paper we present experimental results from the individual sensors as well as results from passive-active sensor fusion. The sensor performance is presented in the form of receiver operating characteristic curves.
Relationship of sexual maturation rate to response of oriental fruit fly strains (Diptera: Tephritidae) to methyl eugenol.

Laboratory-reared and wild, fruit-reared adults of the Oriental fruit fly,Dacus dorsalis Hendel, were tested for response to methyl eugenol at various ages. Virgin laboratory (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 days old) and wild (7, 11, 15, 19, and 23 days old) flies were released into an outdoor field cage and trapped over a two-day period. Response of males increased with age as ca. 32% and 22% of laboratory and wild males responded at 2 and 7 days of age, respectively, while ca. 93% of both strains responded at 10 and 23 days of age, respectively. These correspond approximately to the ages at which they reach sexual maturity. Female response did not increase with age and fluctuated between 15% and 29% for the laboratory strain and 10% and 45% for the wild strain. The age-related response profiles, when integrated with sexual maturation curves, indicate that one of the major reasons the male-annihilation technique is effective is because methyl eugenol is able to attract 40–50% of male flies prior to the onset of sexual maturation.
Recent Development in Wilmington-Long Beach Unit Oil Field: ABSTRACT

The Wilmington oil field is a broad, asymmetrical, anticlinal structure broken by a series of transverse normal faults which divide the producing zones into more than 50 separate pools. The seven producing zones in the field range in age from middle Miocene (Topanga) to early Pliocene (Repetto). Since the discovery of the field in 1936, cumulative production of the Wilmington oil field reached an estimated 1.049 billion barrels of oil at the end of 1965. Current daily production (exclusive of the Long Beach Unit) is approximately 102,000 BOPD, of which 65,000 barrels is estimated to result from salt-water injection. As of December 31, 1965, total cumulative salt-water injection in the Wilmington oil field was 1.2 billion barrels. Land subsidence has been arrested in most f the field except for a 4-square-mile area at the center of the bowl, where maximum subsidence has been reduced to approximately 0.2 feet per year. Development of the Long Beach Unit (East Wilmington) started on July 16, 1965, when Thums Long Beach Company, under the terms of its contract with the City of Long Beach, spudded its first well, J-146, on the City's newly built Pier J site. By the end of 1965, Thums completed 24 wells (5 are water injectors) from Pier J and was producing approximately 11,000 BOPD. Geologic information from the recently completed wells confirms in general the structural interpretation based on the 1954 seismic survey and core holes drilled in 1962. Some horizontal lithologic changes are evident. It is estimated that 1,000 production and injection wells ultimately may be required to develop the estimated 1.2 billion barrels of oil reserves under a water-injection pressure-maintenance program during a 35 year period. These wells will be drilled from the harbor's Pier J locations and from four drill-site islands. The Long Beach Unit may reach a peak production of nearly 200,000 BOPD by 1970. End_of_Article - Last_Page 649------------
Turning points in software development

My intent in this commentary was not to describe every paper related to software development in the 38-year publication history of the Journal, nor to claim that they were all significant. There are many more papers that fit in the sequences described. There are also other important topics that have not been mentioned—for example, the papers describing the methodologies and economic benefits of software reuse. This journal does represent the ebb and flow of ideas as practiced by dedicated professionals whose careers are devoted to the effective and efficient production of software. Along the way it recorded key turning-point ideas that were expanded and modified and that still play a crucial role in how we build software.
Geophysical response of slackwater and sandy terrace deposits near Savanna, Northwestern Illinois

Low-permeability clayey and silty river terrace deposits are an important component in protecting underlying aquifers from contamination by agrochemicals and other contaminants. Such deposits also record deglaciation dynamics, meltwater drainage and local climatic variations. In this study, conducted over Mississippi River terraces near Savanna, Illinois, clayey slackwater terrace deposits and sandy terrace deposits are examined using resistivity soundings, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profiles and direct-push conductivity logs. The clayey terrace deposits are characterized by low resistivity (10–35 ohm-m) and slow GPR wave velocity (0.07 m/ns), whereas non-clayey terrace deposits exhibit much higher resistivity (169–1,762 ohm-m) and faster GPR wave velocities (0.15 m/ns). Sandy and clayey terrace deposits may thus be differentiated and mapped on the basis of their geophysical response. Models based on resistivity soundings provide reasonably accurate estimates of the thickness of clayey slackwater deposits, but fail to reveal thin sands embedded in the clayey deposits. In some cases, the full thickness of the slackwater deposits was also not revealed. GPR profiles, however, imaged these embedded shallow sands and possibly imaged deeper sands below the base of the slackwater deposits, giving more accurate estimates of thickness. GPR also accurately resolved the thickness and character of sandy terrace deposits. Direct-push conductivity logs provide both accurate estimates of the thickness of clayey slackwater terrace deposits and a means of identifying thin embedded sands. In summary, resistivity soundings image these deposits at the lowest resolution with one-dimensional models, whereas GPR provides much higher resolution showing detailed layering within the upper several meters. Direct-push conductivity logs provide the highest resolution, but are invasive and only reveal stratigraphy at one location.
Presence of a Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Lipid Anchor on Rose Arabinogalactan Proteins

Arabinogalactan proteins constitute a class of plant cell surface proteoglycans with widespread occurrence and suggested functions in various aspects of plant growth and development, including cell proliferation, expansion, marking, and death. Previous investigations of subcellular fractions from suspension-cultured cells of "Paul's Scarlet" rose (Rosa sp.) have revealed extensive structural similarity between some soluble arabinogalactan proteins from the cell wall space and some plasma membrane-associated arabinogalactan proteins, thus inspiring the present investigation of the mechanism through which these inherently water-soluble molecules are held on the plasma membrane. Several lines of evidence gained through a combination of methods including reversed-phase chromatography, treatment with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, and chemical structural analysis now show that some rose arabinogalactan proteins carry a ceramide class glycosylphosphatidylinositol lipid anchor. The predominant form of the ceramide is composed of tetracosanoic acid and 4-hydroxysphinganine. Plasma membrane vesicles readily shed arabinogalactan proteins by an inherent mechanism that appears to involve a phospholipase. This finding has significance toward understanding the biosynthesis, localization, and function of arabinogalactan proteins and toward stimulating other studies that may expand the currently very short list of higher plant proteins found to carry such membrane lipid anchors.
Histiocytosis disorders in Northeast Egypt: epidemiology and survival studies (a 5-year study)

Abstract Histiocytosis disorders include a wide group of disorders characterized by monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cell infiltration of different tissues. There are few clinico-epidemiologic studies of such disease. Our study was designed to look at the clinico-epidemiological features and outcome of patients with histiocytosis disorders in Northeast Egypt. Twenty-seven cases with histiocytosis disorders accrued over a 5-year period were analyzed and classified as having unifocal, multifocal, or multisystem disease. They were 14 males and 13 females. Twenty-two patients representing 81·5% of cases were more than two years of age while 5 patients (18·5%) were less than 2 years. Lymphadenopathy was the commonest presentation (55·55%) followed by bone lesions (44·44%). Involvement was unifocal in 12, multifocal in 10, and multisystem in 5 cases. The histological features were relatively uniform regardless of the clinical severity, and consisted of Langerhans cells, eosinophils, histiocytes, plasma cell...
Range and Energy of Interaction at Infinite Dilution in Aqueous Solutions of Alcohols and Hydrocarbons

Infinitely dilute hydrocarbon/water and alcohol/water systems were examined, with the objective to gather information about the size of the volume which is affected by the presence of a solute molecule and the interaction energy parameter between solute and solvent. First, an expression for the local composition at infinite dilution was obtained on the basis of the Kirkwood−Buff theory of solution. Second, equations for the activity coefficients at infinite dilution were derived using a modified Flory−Huggins equation for the excess free energy. In this modified expression, the molar fractions in the volume fractions were replaced by the local compositions provided by the first step. Finally, an additional expression for the local molar fraction was selected, which was coupled with that obtained on the basis of the Kirkwood−Buff approach. Experimental data regarding the activity coefficient at infinite dilution combined with the above equations allowed to obtain the values of the correlation volume (volum...
The Wireless World Web

Technologies developed during the last decade have undoubtedly changed the face of the computing world. The Internet explosion and the progress in network operation and deployment have made the single, isolated computer completely obsolete. The device of tomorrow will be neither the portable computer we now have nor the mobile phone we use every day, but a combination of the two, fitting in a child's palm and perpetually connected to the whole world. The need for geographical freedom has prompted discussions about mobile protocols and a mobile Internet infrastructure. The mobile IP (Internet protocol) working group hosted by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has worked actively since 1996 on defining an alternative to mobile IP through a routing support allowing IP nodes to roam seamlessly among IP subnetworks while using either IPv4 or iPv6. The paper discusses the emergent technologies.
American Burkitt's lymphoma in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Abstract The case of a western Pennsylvania girl with an American Burkitt's lymphoma is presented. There was jaw involvement. A description of the clinical course of the lymphoma and the histologic findings and a brief review of the literature are included. Several common and uncommon characteristics of this case are discussed.
Phase transformation in quenched mesomorphic isotactic polypropylene

Abstract The transformation of mesomorphic phase to α-monoclinic crystal phase in quenched isotactic polypropylene has been investigated by TEM, DSC and time-resolved SAXS and WAXD methods. It is found that even though the initial appearance of the cluster structure in mesomorphic i-PP seems to support the model of a multi-step process for polymer crystallization, results indicate that the transformation is not spontaneous. In the cluster domains, a significant fraction of chain segments must undergo a reorganization process in order to establish the correct registration of helical hands for crystallization. In addition, a fraction of the ordered chains with correct registration of helical hands should also serve as primary nuclei to initiate crystallization. However, the entire cluster domains should not be considered as ‘precursors’. The growth process via secondary nucleation eventually transforms the cluster structure to the lamellar structure.
Arberella (Poaceae: Bambusoideae): A new genus from tropical America

Arberella, a new genus of bambusoid grasses, is established, based on the newly described species,A. dressiert. Also belonging to this new genus are the taxa originally namedOlyra flaccida andRaddia costa-ricensis and several new species from Panama and Brazil which will be described later. The new genus is presented in a key to the genera of the tribe Olyreae, of which it is a member, and a key is given to the three species treated in this paper.
A lateral approach for screw repair in lag fashion of spiral third metacarpal and metatarsal medial condylar fractures in horses.

Objective— To describe a lateral approach for screw fixation in lag fashion of simple spiral medial condylar fractures of the third metacarpus/metatarsus (MC3/MT3). Study Design— Case series. Animals— Thoroughbred racehorses (n=9). Methods— Nondisplaced medial MC3/MT3 condylar fractures (3 thoracic, 6 pelvic limbs), with mean length 126 mm (range, 91–151 mm) were repaired by internal fixation, under general anesthesia, using multiple 4.5 mm cortical screws inserted in lag fashion from the lateral aspect of the limb, using radiographic or fluoroscopic guidance. Horses were recovered from anesthesia in half-limb casts; 7 unassisted and 2 using a rope-recovery system. Horses had 2 months box rest, 1 month in-hand walking, and follow-up radiographic examination at 3 months. Results— Horses recovered uneventfully from anesthesia. Five horses raced; 1 returned to training, was persistently lame, and was retired to stud; 2 were retired directly to stud; and 1 horse was lost to follow-up. Conclusions— MC3/MT3 medial condylar fractures were successfully repaired by screws inserted n lag fashion form the lateral aspect. Clinical Relevance— Use of a lateral approach to medial condylar MC3/MT3 fractures allows screw insertion perpendicular to the fracture plane without interference with palmar/plantar soft tissue structures or from the splint bones. Although repair was performed under general anesthesia, the technique should be adaptable to application in standing horses.
Brief announcement: strong detection of misconfigurations

A growing body of knowledge about misconfigurations and their effects on modern network routing protocols has been accumulated by network researchers and practitioners. The focus in identifying these anomalies and their effects has been on the particular and on short-term practicalities. To our knowledge, nobody has asked the broader and harder question: given a protocol P, what misconfigurations can be detected and how? Are there classes of misconfigurations that cannot be detected, and can these somehow be identified.We present preliminary results in our attempt to address this issue. We first classify detection methods into what we call weak detection and strong detection. A weak detection method is one that, given a node's state, checks specific properties that should hold when the protocol is being correctly implemented. It may however fail to identify a detectable misconfiguration because it did not verify the appropriate property. Strong detection methods must, in contrast, detect any misconfiguration that is detectable by any property.Our work investigates such strong detection techniques for different routing protocols. We present preliminary results and demonstrate an O(|V|3) algorithm that implements strong detection on the Distance Vector protocol.
Preoperative radiation therapy in stage I. Endometrial adenocarcinoma II. final report of a clinical trial

From 1968 to 1975 105 patients with adenocarcinoma of the endometrium, FIGO clinical Stage I, were randomly allocated to receive, prior to hysterectomy, either a single implant with Heyman capsules and/ or tandem and ovoids, or external megavoltage irradiation. There were no significant differences between the two study arms with respect to distribution of age, uterine size, obesity, frequency of diverticular disease, or histologic grade. Complications were graded rigorously to assure recording all possible treatment related complications and to minimize under-reporting of complications not obviously or directly attributable to the radiation. Fifty-five patients received intracavity irradiation and experienced 5 - and 10-year actuarial disease-free survivals of 80% and 67%, respectively, as compared to 70% and 59% for 50 patients who received external beam. There were only 4 recurrences in the intracavitary group versus 14 in the external beam group. One half of the recurrences in each group were in the pelvis. Major complications occurred with equal frequency in both groups, but minor complications were much more frequent in the external beam group. The differences in survival, recurrences and minor complications were statistically significant, with P values of 0.023, 0.03, and less than 0.02, respectively. With the techniques utilized here, intracavitary radiation is thus seen to be superior to external beam irradiation in terms of higher disease-free survival, lower frequency of recurrence and fewer complications.
Differential roles of GABA(A) receptor subtypes in benzodiazepine-induced enhancement of brain-stimulation reward

Benzodiazepines such as diazepam are widely prescribed as anxiolytics and sleep aids. Continued use of benzodiazepines, however, can lead to addiction in vulnerable individuals. Here, we investigate the neural mechanisms of the behavioral effects of benzodiazepines using the intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) test, a procedure with which the reward-enhancing effects of these drugs can be measured. Benzodiazepines bind nonselectively to several different GABAA receptor subtypes. To elucidate the α subunit(s) responsible for the reward-enhancing effects of benzodiazepines, we examined mice carrying a histidine-to-arginine point mutation in the α1, α2, or α3 subunit, which renders the targeted subunit nonresponsive to diazepam, other benzodiazepines and zolpidem. In wild-type and α1-point-mutated mice, diazepam caused a dose-dependent reduction in ICSS thresholds (reflecting a reward-enhancing effect) that is comparable to the reduction observed following cocaine administration. This effect was abolished in α2- and α3-point-mutant mice, suggesting that these subunits are necessary for the reward-enhancing action of diazepam. α2 Subunits appear to be particularly important, since diazepam increased ICSS thresholds (reflecting an aversive-like effect) in α2-point-mutant animals. Zolpidem, an α1-preferring benzodiazepine-site agonist, had no reward-enhancing effects in any genotype. Our findings implicate α2 and α3 subunit containing GABAA receptors as key mediators of the reward-related effects of benzodiazepines. This finding has important implications for the development of new medications that retain the therapeutic effects of benzodiazepines but lack abuse liability.
Nitrosamine carcinogenicity: a quantitative Hansch-Taft structure-activity relationship.

Abstract Statistically significant correlations have been demonstrated between carcinogenic activity, water-hexane partition coefficients and electronic factors for an extensive series of N-nitroso compounds. Electronic factors were expressed by the Taft σ ∗ values of substituents on the carbon atoms alpha to the N-nitroso group. Such correlations indicate that transport of the carcinogen to its active site has an important effect on its potency. The correlations also implicate reactivity at the α-carbon in the determination of carcinogenic activity and point out various structural types which do not follow the general rule.
Isolation and characterization of calcium oxalate crystal growth inhibitors from human urine.

Abstract Four acidic polypeptides which inhibit the growth of calcium oxalate crystals have been isolated from normal human urine, and two of these have been characterized with respect to their amino acid and carbohydrate compositions. SDS-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of either of the two latter inhibitors revealed one prominent band that migrated with an apparent molecular weight of 17,500 daltons. γ-Carboxyglutamate is present in these inhibitors, and they contain a total of more than 25% glutamic and aspartic acids and less than 10% of basic amino acids.
Performance analysis of CSMA and BTMA protocols in multihop networks: (I). Single channel case

Abstract Busy tone multiple access protocols have been used in multihop networks to reduce the effect of the hidden terminal problem. Due to complexity, the performance of these protocols for large networks has not been analyzed. In this paper, using a Markov chain model and an approximation, we are able to analyze and evaluate the throughput performance of the non-persistent CSMA protocol, the conservative busy tone multiple access (C-BTMA) protocol and the ideal destination-based busy tone multiple access (ID-BTMA) protocol for large networks. The throughput comparison of the protocols is given. The results show that in a large multihop network, the BTMA protocols have a better performance than the non-persistent CSMA protocol and the ID-BTMA protocol has a better performance than the C-BTMA protocol at light channel loads.
Computer-managed inferential statistical analysis of EEG data

Much of the neuroelectrical/psychophysiologic research of the past has involved the use of “group-type” statistics. Often, this has resulted in large variances that make it difficult, if not impossible, to find significant differences. Using the INNOVATE technique of single-subject design, we are able to consistently demonstrate significant differences in EEG spectra related to experimental and clinical effects previously masked.
Interaction of nonionic PEO-PPO diblock copolymers with lipid bilayers.

The relationship between the molecular architecture of a series of poly(ethylene oxide)−b-poly(propylene oxide) (PEO−PPO) diblock copolymers and the nature of their interactions with lipid bilayers has been studied using small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The number of molecular repeat units in the hydrophobic PPO block has been found to be a critical determinant of the nature of diblock copolymer−lipid bilayer association. For dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC)-based biomembrane structures, polymers whose PPO chain length approximates that of the acyl chains of the lipid bilayer yield highly ordered, expanded lamellar structures consistent with well-integrated (into the lipid bilayer) PPO blocks. Shorter diblock copolymers produce mixed lamellar and nonlamellar mesophases. The thermotropic phase behavior of the polymer-doped membrane systems is highly influenced by the presence and molecular architecture of the diblock copolymer...
The investigation of the degradation mechanism from the kinetic parameters of dehydrochlorinated polyvinyl chloride decomposition

Kinetic theory in regards to the basic understanding of reaction order as it relates to polymer degradation is discussed. This new theory is then tested by determining the kinetic parameters for dehydrochlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) using thermogravimetric analysis. Four different mechanisms of degradation were deduced from four sets of kinetic parameters. The calculated kinetic parameters were apparent reaction order, apparent activation energy, and apparent frequency factor as determined by the original Freeman and Carroll model. The four regions/mechanisms attained by the theory from the data are in order of appearance: final dehydrochlorination; random chain scission; cyclization; coke degradation. The data indicate transition regions between the individual regions where two mechanisms are competing with one another. Also, a method for obtaining the optimal heating rate from a set of heating rates is discussed.
Lateral ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow: optimization of evaluation with two-dimensional MR imaging.

PURPOSE: To compare, in a cadaveric model, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques with differing contrast and spatial resolution properties in the evaluation of disruption of the lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL) at the elbow. MATERIALS AND METHODS: LUCL tears were surgically created in eight of 28 cadaveric elbow specimens. All specimens underwent 1.5-T MR imaging with the following pulse sequences: T1-weighted spin echo (SE), intermediate-weighted fast SE, fat-suppressed T2-weighted fast SE, gradient-recalled echo (GRE) with high spatial resolution, intermediate-weighted fast SE with high spatial resolution, and fat-suppressed T1-weighted SE with intraarticular administration of gadopentetate dimeglumine (MR arthrography). All images were obtained in the oblique coronal plane. Two radiologists independently graded the LUCL with separate and side-by-side assessment. RESULTS: Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve were as follows for readers A and B, respectively: T1-weighted S...
1442 REGIONAL CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW (rCBF) IN THE IMMATURE RAT

7-day old rats (15 g body weight) were injected subcutaneously with iodo-[1C] antipyrine (5 μ Ci). After a variable period, each pup was decapitated and arterial blood collected for scintillation counting. Brains were immediately removed and either prepared for isotopic counting or frozen for autoradiography. The brain: blood partition coefficient was determined (0.944 ± .066 ml/g (mean ± S.E.)). Both cerebral hemispheric blood flow (CHBF) and rCBF were calculated according to a formula derived from the Fick equation. CHBF equaled 66 ± 4 ml/100 g/min (mean ± S.E.), a value midway between reported 1-day old rat CBF and adult rat CBF. Auto-radiograms were of sufficient quality to permit microdensitometric readings of a minimum of 11 structures. rCBF ranged from 20 ml/100 g/min in subcortial white matter to 71 ml/100 g/min in the brain stem. Immature rat rCBF, as a proportion of adult rat rCBF, was greatest in brain stem. Other 7 day old rats underwent right common carotid artery ligation and subsequent exposure to an 8% O2 environment. Right hemispheric flow was reduced to less than 5% of left hemispheric flow. This reduction was greatest in the distribution of the right middle cerebral artery. Vascular columns perpendicular to the pial surface, corresponding to columns seen metabolically and histopathologically, were not found. Thus, we have developed a relatively simple means of measuring rCBF in the immature rat and we have used it to study a model of cerebral hypoxia-ischemia.
Fluid and material diffusion coefficient determinations from sediment cores

Analytic procedures for the determination of diffusion coefficients within a sediment column from observations of introduced radioactive tracers are derived and applied to the measurements of Luedtke & Bender (1979) .
Hatchability of Eggs Held in Plastic Bags at Two Temperatures

Abstract WHEN holding hatching eggs, the storage temperature plays an important role in determining hatchability. Landauer (1961) reviewed the literature and reported that storage temperatures in the range of 10–15.6°C. were optimal for hatchability of chicken eggs. Other authors (McDonald, 1960; Funk and Foward, 1960; and Krueger et al., 1962) have contributed further evidence that the best temperature lies within this range. By storing eggs in plastic bags, hatchability losses are reduced (Becker, 1964; Becker et al., 1964; Proudfoot, 1964, 1965). The loss of gases from the egg across the shell and shell membrane into the open air is greater at a higher temperature (e.g., CO2; Cotterill et al., 1958). Therefore, the differences between the hatchabilities of eggs kept in closed containers and of eggs held unpackaged might be greater at higher temperatures because of the greater gaseous exchange. Proudfoot (1964) held White Leghorn eggs at 23.3–25.6°C. for 7, …
Hepatobiliary elimination of trovafloxacin and metabolites following single oral doses in healthy volunteers.

Trovafloxacin, a fluoronaphthyridone derivative related to fluoroquinolones, has significant activity against gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens, including penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, anaerobes and atypical organisms, good tissue penetration and a long elimination half-life. Following oral administration, less than 10% of the dose is renally eliminated as unchanged drug. Hepatobiliary elimination of trovafloxacin was examined by comparing the time course and bile and serum concentrations of trovafloxacin and its metabolites following oral administration to three patients with in-dwelling nasobiliary catheters or T-tubes. Following a single 200 mg oral dose, the mean maximum plasma trovafloxacin concentration was 2.0+/-0.4 mg/l, the area under the concentration-time curve 22.0+/-5.5 mg x h/l and the elimination half-life 8.5 h. Values in bile for the same subjects were 27.8+/-9.6 mg/l, 327.7+/-142.9 mg x h/l and 10.7 h. Corresponding values for the N-acetyl metabolite in bile were 3.8+/-3.4 mg/l, 35.3+/-29.8 mg x h/l and 8.3 h. The mean bile : serum ratio of trovafloxacin was 14:9 and consistent with biliary elimination. Serum concentrations of trovafloxacin in this study were similar to those reported in healthy volunteers. Bile concentrations of trovafloxacin substantially exceeded those of the N-acetyl metabolite, suggesting efficient clearance of the metabolite or that hepatic metabolism of trovafloxacin is not extensive.
Viscoelastic properties of amorphous boron trioxide

Abstract Creep compliance measurements have been made on low moisture and bubble-free amorphous boron trioxide, B2O3, over the temperature range from 250°C to 320°C in an attempt to determine the existence and form of molecular moieties in the material. No polymeric modes were found to be present in the retardation spectrum, L(τ), which was calculated from the recoverable compliance measurements. Based on the shape of L(τ) and the presence of liquid flow, it is concluded that boron trioxide behaves similarly to a low molecular weight glass former or a tightly cross-linked, but labile, network. Additional evidence is given that appears to rule out the existence of a network.
Racial/Ethnic Self-Labeling in Relation to Group Socialization and Identity in African-Descended Individuals:

This study explored the relationship of racial/ethnic labels to racial socialization and racial identity in a sample of 123 college students of African descent. Logistic regression analyses reveale...
Calculation of Interlaminar Stress Concentration in Composite Laminates

A new method for analyzing the free edge stress field in composite laminates is developed based on a perturbation and assumed stress approach. Convergence of the interlaminar shear stress in angle-ply laminates is studied.
On the relevant transform and the relevant component of an ideal

Abstract If I is an ideal in a Noetherian ring R , then the relevant transform of I and the relevant component of I have been used in an auxiliary role in several papers in the literature. However, these two concepts are of interest in their own right, so in this paper we derive a number of their properties and give some additional applications of them.
Injury and health among toddlers in vulnerable families.

BACKGROUND: Injury is consistently a leading cause of death for young children, and social stressors can increase injury risk. We investigated the incidence of injury and developmental and health outcomes among children up to 3 years of age in a cohort of vulnerable families. METHODS: The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study is a longitudinal cohort of approximately 5,000 families across the United States, which deliberately oversamples unwed couples and lower income families. Data from interviews with mothers conducted shortly after birth and follow-up surveys at 1 year and 3 years were used for this analysis. Multivariate regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors for injury. RESULTS: Three-year follow-up data on injury were complete for 3,153 families. Three hundred nineteen children (10.2%) were injured in the first year and 386 (12.4%) in the third year. Eighty-one children suffered injuries noted in both survey periods. Children injured in the first year were twice as likely to have been reinjured in the third year, and previous injury was the strongest predictor of subsequent injury (OR, 1.96; 95% confidence interval, 1.41-2.71; p Language: en
Adaptive Boundaries in Multi-Resolution Simulations

Biomolecular simulations generally require a compromise between forcefield resolution and computational efficiency. Methods that combine multiple levels of resolution promise to extend the ability of simulations to handle bigger systems and more complex processes.We have developed an explicit/continuum solvent model that is able to reproduce the effects of explicit biomolecular solvation while only including a fraction of the molecules that would otherwise be required. We are extending this approach as a general multi-resolution model where both solvent and other, more complex, molecules change representation as they move across the boundaries of the explicit and continuum domains.This model includes: (1) new boundary methods that accurately reproduce thermodynamic and kinetic properties in the explicit region exactly, within statistical error, as if they were taken from large, fully explicit simulations; (2) adaptive boundaries that spatially alter the level of detail in response to an evolving molecular environment; and (3) a grand canonical control of molecular components, relaxing the density of chemical species as the simulation progresses (important for studies in crystallization, assembly, etc.).Our current work is aimed at surmounting a considerable challenge facing all multi-resolution models: transferability to new systems and arbitrary geometries. Overcoming this challenge will be essential in making these multi-resolution models ready to be used ‘out of the box’ for a range of problems in biophysics.
High Affinity Radiopharmaceuticals Based Upon Lansoprazole for PET Imaging of Aggregated Tau in Alzheimer’s Disease and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: Synthesis, Preclinical Evaluation, and Lead Selection

Abnormally aggregated tau is the hallmark pathology of tauopathy neurodegenerative disorders and is a target for development of both diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies across the tauopathy disease spectrum. Development of carbon-11- or fluorine-18-labeled radiotracers with appropriate affinity and specificity for tau would allow noninvasive quantification of tau burden using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. We have synthesized [18F]lansoprazole, [11C]N-methyl lansoprazole, and [18F]N-methyl lansoprazole and identified them as high affinity radiotracers for tau with low to subnanomolar binding affinities. Herein, we report radiosyntheses and extensive preclinical evaluation with the aim of selecting a lead radiotracer for translation into human PET imaging trials. We demonstrate that [18F]N-methyl lansoprazole, on account of the favorable half-life of fluorine-18 and its rapid brain entry in nonhuman primates, favorable kinetics, low white matter binding, and selectivity for binding to ...
Blends of PVA and PGLA: control of the permeability and degradability of hydrogels by blending

Abstract Blends of poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyglycolic acid-co-lactic acid (1:1), PGLA, were shown by DSC and electron microscopy to be miscible when the PVA content was 70wt-% or greater. The permeability coefficients of naltrexone, naltrexone hydrochloride, cytochrome C, myoglobin and somatotropin in PVA and PVA-PGLA blends ( 80:20 and 40:60 ) were measured. The permeability was proportional to the water content of the blends, which increased monotonically with the PVA content. Controlled release of myoglobin and cytochrome C from spheres coated with a PVA-PGLA (80:20) blend was achieved. The rate of hydrolytic chain scission of PGLA was relatively insensitive to the water content of immiscible blends, but increased exponentially after the blends became miscible.
A Preliminary Study of the Structure of $b\bar bg$ Events using Z0 Decays

The structure of three-jet events has been studied using hadronic Z0 decays recorded in the SLD experiment at SLAC. Three-jet final states were selected and the CCD-based vertex detector was used to identify two of the jets as . The remaining jet in each event was tagged as a gluon jet, and distributions of the gluon energy and polar angle with respect to the electron beam were examined and were compared with perturbative QCD predictions. These distributions are potentially sensitive to an anomalous b chromomagnetic moment κ. We compare our data with theoretical predictions including such a moment and discuss limits on the value of κ.
Interactive 3-D Image Display And Analysis

A comprehensive software package, called ANALYZE, has been developed (1) which permits detailed investigation and evaluation of 3-D and 4-D biomedical images. The software is written entirely in "C" and runs on standard UNIX workstations. The software architecture permits systematic enhancements and upgrades which has fostered development of a readily expandible package. ANALYZE can be used with 3-D imaging modalities based on x-ray computed tomography, radionuclide emission tomography, ultrasound tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The ANALYZE package features integrated, complimentary tools for fully interactive display, manipulation and measurement of multi-dimensional image data. It provides an effective shell for custom software prototyping and turnkey applications. This paper provides a general description of this software with illustrations of its use, and provides specific details on the interactive volume rendering display module used for 3-D display.
Kinetic studies of the electrolytic reduction of carbon dioxide on the mercury electrode

Abstract The reduction of CO2 to HCOOH has been studied for the Hg electrode in neutral and acidic aqueous solutions in the potential range between −0.8 and −1.9 V(sce). In the neutral pH range all the current is consumed in the production of formic acid, while in acid solutions both HCOOH and H2 are produced. Steady-state polarization curves, cathodic galvanostatic charging curves. current-efficiency measurements, reaction orders with respect to CO2 partial pressure, and double-layer variation have been used to determine possible reaction pathways. In neutral solutions the mechanism may be described by a direct reduction of CO2 in which two consecutive charge-transfer steps occur. In acidic solutions the above process occurs in parallel with the reduction of H3O+ ions. The H atoms formed react in a branching mechanism either with H3 O+ ions and electrons to yield H2, or with CO2 to yield eventually HCOOH.
Kinetics of C6H5 radical reactions with 2-methylpropane, 2,3-dimethylbutane and 2,3,4-trimethylpentane

The absolute bimolecular rate constants for the reactions of C6H5 with 2-methylpropane, 2,3-dimethylbutane and 2,3,4-trimethylpentane have been measured by cavity ringdown spectrometry at temperatures between 290 and 500 K. For 2-methylpropane, additional measurements were performed with the pulsed laser photolysis/mass spectrometry, extending the temperature range to 972 K. The reactions were found to be dominated by the abstraction of a tertiary C–H bond from the molecular reactant, resulting in the production of a tertiary
Propofol decreases early postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing thyroid and parathyroid operations.

As the practice of parathyroid and thyroid surgery shifts toward short stay and outpatient treatment, the occurrence and management of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) increases in importance due to its potential to delay discharge. PONV also may contribute negatively to the patient’s experience and thus their level of satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to determine whether anesthetic technique based on propofol decreases the incidence of PONV and, consequently, improves patient satisfaction with their care. A prospective, randomized trial included patients undergoing thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy under general anesthetic with (75 patients) or without (73 patients) propofol. Occurrences of nausea, vomiting, and the resultant treatment were tracked during the perioperative period. Repeated questionnaires at multiple time points determined patient expectations and experiences related to PONV after their operation. Statistical analyses compared differences between the propofol and non-propofol groups. PONV was significantly less likely in the propofol group at the early time points (in the operating room and postanesthesia care unit) but not at later time points (postoperative day 1 or 2). Patients were largely satisfied with different aspects of their management despite the specifics of their anesthetic regimen. A propofol-based anesthetic decreases PONV immediately after the operation but this influence does not persist throughout the episode of care or significantly contribute to patient perceptions of satisfaction.