cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disaggregating the effect on profits in manufacturing industries of having imperfectly competitive consumers and suppliers

Abstract Casting the American economy as a network of economic exchange relations between firms in sectors, industries are those sectors engaged in manufacturing and are here analyzed as network positions. The structure of an industry's dollar transactions with suppliers is demonstrated to affect industry profits in a manner distinct from that in which its structure of transactions with consumers affects profits. For the 335 four-digit SIC manufacturing industries corresponding to unique sectors of the 1967 Input-Output Study, price-cost margins corrected for interindustry differences in capital requirements are regressed over four-firm concentration ratios and various structural indicators of imperfect competition among suppliers versus consumers. The structural indicators are computed from dollar flow coefficients among 492 sectors of the 1967 Input-Output Study. Only one type of product flows from an industry to its consumers, who have no trouble seeing the value of collusion despite the multiple sectors in which their own products are sold; however, products from different sectors may flow to the industry without creating the competition among suppliers that prompts collusion. Industry profits are constrained by suppliers to the extent that firms in the industry purchase supplies from few separate sectors as product markets. In contrast, industry profits are constrained by consumers to the extent that firms in the industry sell to a small number of oligopolistic sectors.
Selection of Major Locating Surface for Improving Chucking Accuracy

Two different types of surfaces are available as a major locating surface for the chucking of a cylindrical workpiece in turning operation — a flat surface and a cylindrical surface. No systematic study on the selection of a major locating surface has been reported while an appropriate selection considering the geometry of jaws and workpieces results in the significant improvement in the positioning accuracy and repeatability of a range of chucked workpieces. This research covers the most common clamping situation where a cylindrical workpiece is overhung clamped and machined with more than one set-up for finishing. In general, a workpiece with a lower length to diameter ratio should be clamped using an end face as a major locator while using a cylindrical surface can produce better positioning accuracy and repeatability for workpieces with higher length to diameter ratio. Recent studies have demonstrated the benefits of hard turning over abrasive machining processes in terms of surface integrity. A strong need currently exists for improving chucking accuracy since it work a major bottleneck in the implement finish hard turning for the production of precision, load-carrying mechanical components, such as bearings and shafts. This paper presents part of a systematic study on improving chucking accuracy for the implementation of finish hard turning, focusing on the development of criteria on the selection of a major locating surface. First, an analysis on the factors affecting the positioning accuracy for each locating surface is carried out. Then the criteria and guidelines for the selection of a major locating surface were constructed. Finally, systematic experiments were carried out to test the criteria and guidelines. The results showed that the positioning accuracy of the chucked workpieces improved significantly when following the guidelines developed in this study.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A longitudinal analysis of the union wage premium for US workers

Estimates of the union wage premium for US workers are presented based on longitudinal data from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Our results indicate that the long-term private-sector union wage premium for men has remained fairly steady at nearly 22% over the period 1990 to 2010. For women, the wage premium exhibits greater volatility, although no clear downward trend, and is approximately one-half of the male premium.
Hysteresis controller based maximum power point tracking energy harvesting system for microbial fuel cells

Abstract Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a new approach to accomplish simultaneous waste treatment and alternative energy production. An MFC employs exoelectrogenic bacteria to directly convert biodegradable substrates to electricity. The electricity production from MFCs can be maximized at a certain operating condition, which is defined as the maximum power point (MPP). However, it is difficult to maintain an MFC at its MPP during operation, because the power output from MFCs fluctuates constantly due to the changes of microbial activities or environmental conditions. This study developed a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique using digitally controlled potentiometers for hysteresis controller based energy harvesting system. Results with lab scale MFC reactors have shown that the system can track the MPP and maintain the maximum energy harvesting in real-time, suggesting that the proposed system can capture the most available energy from MFCs at the most efficient operating point.
Angle-Closure Glaucoma in Nanophthalmos

Two patients had nanophthalmos with uveal effusion and angle-closure glaucoma. They were treated with a method based on the use of the laser, not only to perform iridotomy but to shrink the iris stroma, which appears to open the anterior chamber angle even without iridotomy. Additionally, we introduced three factors that may be diagnostic of nanophthalmos.
An iterated logarithm law for families of Brownian paths

If n is large, a plot of log n independent Brownian paths over [0, n] is nearly certain to give the appearance of a shaded region having square root boundaries.
Microbiology: loading the type III cannon.

Many pathogenic bacteria possess a secretion machine that shoots noxious proteins into host cells. But the ammunition is larger than the bore of the bacterial gun, so how is it fed into the machine?
Experimental evaluation of software development tools for safety-critical real-time systems

Since the early years of computing, programmers, systems analysts, and software engineers have sought ways to improve development process efficiency. Software development tools are programs that help developers create other programs and automate mundane operations while bringing the level of abstraction closer to the application engineer. In practice, software development tools have been in wide use among safety-critical system developers. Typical application areas include space, aviation, automotive, nuclear, railroad, medical, and military. While their use is widespread in safety-critical systems, the tools do not always assure the safe behavior of their respective products. This study examines the assumptions, practices, and criteria for assessing software development tools for building safety-critical real-time systems. Experiments were designed for an avionics testbed and conducted on six industry-strength tools to assess their functionality, usability, efficiency, and traceability. The results some light on possible improvements in the tool evaluation process that can lead to potential tool qualification for safety-critical real-time systems.
Observations On the Feeding Behavior of Cardisoma Guanhumi (Latreille) in Southern Florida1)

[Ernahrung und Frasstatigkeit der Florida Land-Krabbe Cardisoma guanhumi (Latreille) wurden untersucht. In einem Gebiet mit vielen tropischen Pflanzenarten frassen die Krabben Blatter, Fruchte und Blumen von 35 Pflanzenarten. Von den einheimischen Pflanzen Floridas wurden gefressen: Ficus, Schinus, Borrichia, Algen und Graser; besonders bevorzugt wurden Mangrovebaumblatter (Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa und Conocarpus erecta). Ferner wurde Aas von Fischen und anderen Krabben verzehrt. Meistens finden die Krabben ihre Nahrung innerhalb eines weniger als 2 m im Radius messenden Umkreises um ihren Bau. Zum Aufsuchen und Erkennen der Nahrung dienen sowohl der Gesichts- als auch der Gehorsinn. Mehrere Verhaltensweisen beim Futterholen werden beschrieben., Ernahrung und Frasstatigkeit der Florida Land-Krabbe Cardisoma guanhumi (Latreille) wurden untersucht. In einem Gebiet mit vielen tropischen Pflanzenarten frassen die Krabben Blatter, Fruchte und Blumen von 35 Pflanzenarten. Von den einheimischen Pflanzen Floridas wurden gefressen: Ficus, Schinus, Borrichia, Algen und Graser; besonders bevorzugt wurden Mangrovebaumblatter (Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa und Conocarpus erecta). Ferner wurde Aas von Fischen und anderen Krabben verzehrt. Meistens finden die Krabben ihre Nahrung innerhalb eines weniger als 2 m im Radius messenden Umkreises um ihren Bau. Zum Aufsuchen und Erkennen der Nahrung dienen sowohl der Gesichts- als auch der Gehorsinn. Mehrere Verhaltensweisen beim Futterholen werden beschrieben.]
English and emerging advertising in Russia

Abstract: This paper focuses on the role of English in the emerging advertising market in Russia. A brief overview of the advertising industry in Russia is presented, and the current attitudes of the Russian audience and institutions toward advertisements and foreignisms are demonstrated. Multiple language mixing, predominantely of English and Russian, is observed in three types of TV advertisements: social, service, and commercials. In TV commercials code-switching and code-mixing are a dominant feature, as 76 percent use English or an English-Russian mix. A correspondence exists between the type of product, and the language choice for the brand name: names of the Western products are presented totally in English, while Russian goods employ both languages in naming and labeling. Results indicate that there is a preference for using English names and the Roman script for a variety of products, such as electronic appliances, cars, personal care, laundry and household products. Abundance of English usage in the commercials can be explained by utilitarian reasons, as Western firms promote their brand names and logo in English all over the world, and by social reasons, as English signals novelty, prestige, and high quality products.
A note on hypothesis testing in LAV multiple regression: a small sample comparison

We compare three approaches for assessing the significance of coefficients in least absolute value (LAV) multiple regression. The three test procedures studied are the Wald, likelihood ratio (LR), and Lagrange multiplier (LM) tests. Empirical levels of significance and power for the three test procedures are compared based on Monte Carlo simulation. This paper extends previous studies that concentrated only on simple regression. Further, the performance of overall goodness-of-fit tests for multiple regression is also examined, and a more extensive examination of the power of the tests is performed. The results of the study suggest that the LR and LM tests are preferable to the Wald test for this situation.
Intracranial MR angiography: Application of magnetization transfer contrast and fat saturation to short gradient-echo, velocity-compensated sequences

To circumvent artifacts related to saturation, turbulence, and data processing in three-dimensional (3D) time-of-flight (TOF) magnetic resonance (MR) angiography, the authors used a high-resolution (256 x 512), short, asymmetric velocity-compensated gradient-echo sequence, magnetization transfer contrast (MTC) between all excitation pulses to suppress brain parenchyma signal, and frequency-offset fat saturation (FS) to suppress fat signal. Signal intensity and blood-background contrast was measured in several regions of interest on conventional 3D TOF MR images, MTC images, and those with MTC and FS in seven volunteers. One patient each with an arteriovenous malformation, an aneurysm, and stenosis in the intracranial vascular system underwent the protocols with an echo time (TE) of 5 msec and then a TE of 8 msec. Use of the 5-msec-TE sequence with MTC and FS led to reduced problems associated with signal void in areas of fast flow in patients. In volunteers and patients, vascular visualization was superio...
A new model for high-resolution polarimetic SAR clutter data

A new “product” clutter model is proposed for fitting the cumulative distribution function of high- resolution SAR data. Results shown in this paper indicate that this new clutter model fits the measured clutter data more accurately than the traditional product clutter models.
Unilateral Approach for Bilateral Decompression with MIS TLIF

n their article, “Unilateral Approach for Bilateral Foramen Decompression in Minimally Invasive Transforaminal InterI body Fusion,” Lin and Chiang retrospectively analyzed 48 patients (52 levels) who underwent minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) with bilateral neural foraminal decompression from a unilateral approach. This procedure was done in patients with bilateral radiculopathy resulting from bilateral foraminal stenosis as seen on magnetic resonance imaging. The procedure was performed similar to a minimally invasive laminectomy, with medial angulation of the tubular retractor and undercutting of the lamina. However, in addition to the laminectomy, the contralateral inferior articulating process of the superior level was resected. As stated by the authors, “Through the corridor createdbyunroofing the contralateral lamina and resecting the inferior articular process, the soft tissue and the bony stenosing pathologies . within the contralateral foramen wereexcised sequentially”until the contralateral exitingnerve root was adequately decompressed. The particular strengths of this article are its documentation of statistically significantly improved patient outcomes (as measured by 36-item short-form health survey and visual analog scores) and the radiographic parameters of the spinal canal, ipsilateral neural foramen, and contralateral neural foramen cross-sectional area (CSA). Specifically, the average CSA of the spinal canal, ipsilateral neural foramen, and contralateral neural foramen increased from 1.03 cm to 2.17 cm, 0.75 cm to 1.32 cm, and 0.80 cm to 1.36 cm.
A generalization for optimized phase retrieval algorithms

In this work, we demonstrate an improved method for iterative phase retrieval with application to coherent diffractive imaging. By introducing additional operations inside the support term of existing iterated projection algorithms, we demonstrate improved convergence speed, higher success rate and, in some cases, improved reconstruction quality. New algorithms take a particularly simple form with the introduction of a generalized projection-based reflector. Numerical simulations verify that these new algorithms surpass the current standards without adding complexity to the reconstruction process. Thus the introduction of this new class of algorithms offers a new array of methods for efficiently deconvolving intricate data.
Freezing of a binary alloy saturating a packed bed of spheres

The phenomenon of solidificatio n of a binary alloy (water and ammonium chloride) saturating a packed bed of spheres is investigated experimentally. The system is cooled through its top surface. The effect of heating the bottom surface of the system simultaneously with cooling its top surface is also examined. Three distinct regions were observed in the bed of spheres during the freezing process. A solid region adjacent to the cold top surface, a mixed phase region (commonly termed the "mush'' or "mushy zone") consisting of a mixture of solidified alloy and liquid, and a liquid region. The mixed-phase region separated the solid and liquid regions and was of significant extent. The temperature distribution in the solid and in the mixed-phase regions was practically linear. Increasing the initial concentration of the system or heating the bottom wall had the effect of retarding the rate of solidification. Interestingly , remelting was observed at the solid/mush and mush/liquid interfaces. A comparison of the experimental results to a simple analytical model that neglected the presence of convection had reasonable success in the solid and mushy regions and no success in the liquid region, except at early times, when convection was not dominant. In addition, the theoretical model did not predict accurately the growth of the solid/mush and mush/liquid interfaces during the time when remelting occurred. However, if rough estimates of the growth rates are desired, the analytical model may be used to provide those estimates.
Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Contents of Oat Groats and Hulls

ABSTRACT Research was initiated to measure antioxidant activity of extracts from oat (Avena sativa L.) groats and hulls and the concentrations of phenolic substances that may contribute to antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of four cultivars was evaluated by an in vitro assay that measures the inhibition of coupled autoxidation of linoleic acid and β-carotene. Total phenolic content was determined using Folin and Ciocalteau's phenol reagent and was expressed as gallic acid equivalents. Phenolic compounds were separated by reversed-phase HPLC and detected at 290 nm. Peaks were identified by comparing retention times and spectra with known standards and verified with internal standards. Groats had significantly higher antioxidant activity than hulls. For two cultivars, total phenolic content was similar in groats and hulls, whereas one cultivar had higher and another lower total phenolic content in groats than hulls. Ten phenolic compounds were separated and identified in extra...
Abundance, distribution, and origin of 60Fe in the solar protoplanetary disk

Abstract Meteorites contain relict decay products of short-lived radionuclides that were present in the protoplanetary disk when asteroids and planets formed. Several studies reported a high abundance of 60Fe (t1/2=2.62±0.04 Myr) in chondrites (60Fe/56Fe∼6×10−7), suggesting that planetary materials incorporated fresh products of stellar nucleosynthesis ejected by one or several massive stars that exploded in the vicinity of the newborn Sun. We measured 58Fe/54Fe and 60Ni/58Ni isotope ratios in whole rocks and constituents of differentiated achondrites (ureilites, aubrites, HEDs, and angrites), unequilibrated ordinary chondrites Semarkona (LL3.0) and NWA 5717 (ungrouped petrologic type 3.05), metal-rich carbonaceous chondrite Gujba (CBa), and several other meteorites (CV, EL H, LL chondrites; IIIAB, IVA, IVB iron meteorites). We derive from these measurements a much lower initial 60Fe/56Fe ratio of (11.5±2.6)×10−9 and conclude that 60Fe was homogeneously distributed among planetary bodies. This low ratio is consistent with derivation of 60Fe from galactic background (60Fe/56Fe≈2.8×10−7 in the interstellar medium from γ-ray observations) and can be reconciled with high 26Al/27Al∼5×10−5 in chondrites if solar material was contaminated through winds by outer layers of one or several massive stars (e.g., a Wolf–Rayet star) rich in 26Al and poor in 60Fe. We present the first chronological application of the 60Fe–60Ni decay system to establish the time of core formation on Vesta at 3.7 − 1.7 + 2.5 Myr after condensation of calcium–aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs).
High-temperature thermal and electrical conductivities of diamond and diamond films

The thermal and electrical conductivities of natural diamond and of diamond films were measured between room temperature and 1000 c. Natural type IIa diamond, which is the purest diamond, was found to have a room temperature thermal conductivity of 24-25 W/cm-K which drops to 4-5 w/cm-K at 1000 C. Two diamond films (2 mm thick) grown by microwave plasma CVD were found to have thermal conductivities that fell exactly on the curve for the natural type IIa diamond. The electrical resistivity of both insulating natural diamond and good-quality diamond films is around 1016(Omega) -cm, which has been shown to be the apparatus limited value. The resistivity decreases with increasing temperature to a value of 105 to 107(Omega) -cm at 1000 C. the best diamond films have electrical resistivities two orders of magnitude greater than that for natural diamond over the whole temperature range. These conductivity results, which are determined by the impurities and defects in the sample, thus indicate that the best diamond films currently being synthesized are as pure or purer than the best natural diamonds.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Aphasics' Sentence Repetition Behavior as a Function of Grammaticality

Summary Twenty aphasics repeated grammatical and ungrammatical sentences. Ungrammatical sentences were characterized by violations of syntactic and/or semantic structure. Aphasics repeated accurately more grammatical than ungrammatical sentences. Ungrammatical sentences with violations of syntactic structure were repeated less accurately than those with preserved syntax. Aphasics' repetition errors were classified as: incorrect repetition, inappropriate correction, morphological error, lexical deletion and substitution responses. Repetition errors appeared to result from performance deficits, such as reduced retention span and physiological limitations of the speech musculature. Results suggest that aphasics are to some extent guided by a greater residual linguistic knowledge or competence than might be inferred from their spontaneous production.
A factor analytic examination of the Achievement Goal Questionnaire-revised supports a three-factor model.

Summary.—The literature in achievement goals includes mixed results as to the factor structure of achievement goal measures, particularly the Achievement Goal Questionnaire–Revised (AGQ–R). In a sample of 1,496 undergraduate students (600 men, 891 women, 5 unreported sex; M age = 20.6 yr., SD = 3.2), the AGQ–R was subjected to an exploratory factor analysis that suggested three factors. Then, in a different sample of 1,125 undergraduate students (270 men, 750 women, 5 unreported sex; M age = 21.7 yr., SD = 5.4), the measure was subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis, in which a three-factor solution, again, showed the best fit to the observed data. The implications of these results for the measurement of achievement goals are discussed.
Modal damping measurement for damage detection

This paper describes the application of arrays of surface-bonded piezoelements to determine modal damping characteristics of a tested structure. This information may be used for structural damage detection or structural dynamics evaluation. Any array element can be used as a sender, to generate a mechanical signal sweeping the frequency range of interest. Thus induced mechanical vibrations can be picked up either by the sender, or by another transducer. Modal characteristics, and in particular damping levels, are obtained using standard modal analysis methods from the resulting frequency transfer function. Since structural or material damage is frequently associated with changes in damping, the method described in this paper can be applied for structural health monitoring. It is expected that the approach presented will be particularly useful for testing light-weight and micro-structures.
Differentiation of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) accessions based on chemical constitution using Curie-point pyrolysis-mass spectrometry-pattern recognition

Abstract Curie-point pyrolysis-mass spectrometry, in combination with multivariate pattern recognition methodology (Py-MS-PR), is shown to be an effective method for differentiating accessions of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) based on the chemical constitution of plant latex. Three standard multivariate statistical programs — hierarchical cluster analysis, factor analysis, and principal component analysis — correctly classified pyrolysis-mass spectra as either E. esula or E. cyparissias. In addition, different accessions of E. esula corresponding to three different populations (Mandan, ND; Cambridge, ID; and Baker, OR), were classified by this method. The features (m/z) responsible for each differentiation/classification were identified using Fuzzy c-Varieties Pattern Recognition (FCV). The results of this study were compared to results obtained in an earlier study using Curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography-pattern recognition (Py-GC-PR) to differentiate/classify the same set of leafy spurge plants. Results from both techniques (Py-MS-PR and Py-GC-PR) elucidated various biotypes of leafy spurge, demonstrating the applicability of both methods for differentiating/ classifying this troublesome weed.
Nonlinear self-filtering of noisy images via dynamical stochastic resonance

From night vision and objects overwhelmed by sunlight to jammed signals and those that are purposely encrypted, detecting low-level or hidden signals is a fundamental problem in imaging. Here, we develop and exploit a new type of stochastic resonance, in which nonlinear coupling allows signals to grow at the expense of noise, to recover noise-hidden images propagating in a self-focusing medium. The growth rate is derived analytically by treating the signal–noise interaction as a photonic beam–plasma instability and matches experimentally measured resonances in coupling strength, noise statistics and modal content of the signal. This is the first observation of nonlinear intensity exchange between coherent and spatially incoherent light and the first demonstration of spatial coherence resonance for a dynamically evolving signal. The results suggest a general method of reconstructing images through seeded instability and confirm information limits predicted, but not yet observed, in nonlinear communications systems. By exploiting stochastic resonance — in which nonlinear coupling allows signals to grow at the expense of noise — scientists show that they can recover noise-hidden images propagating in a self-focusing medium. The findings pave the way for a variety of nonlinear instability-driven imaging techniques.
Influence of foraging behavior and host spatial distribution on the localized spread of the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis

Management programs for invasive species are often developed at a regional or national level, but physical intervention generally takes place over relatively small areas occupied by newly founded, isolated populations. The ability to predict how local habitat variation affects the expansion of such newly founded populations is essential for efficiently targeting resources to slow the spread of an invasive species. We assembled a coupled map lattice model that simulates the local spread of newly founded colonies of the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire), a devastating forest insect pest of ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees. Using this model, we investigated the spread of A. planipennis in environments with different Fraxinus spp. distributions, and explored the consequences of ovipositional foraging behavior on the local spread of A. planipennis. Simulations indicate that increased larval density, resulting from lower host tree density or higher initial population sizes, can increase the spread rate during the first few years after colonization by increasing a density-dependent developmental rate and via host resource depletion. Both the radial spread rate and population size were greatly influenced by ovipositional foraging behavior. Two known behaviors of ovipositing A. planipennis females, attraction towards areas with high ash tree density and attraction to stressed trees, had opposing effects on spread. Results from this model illustrate the significant influence of resource distribution and foraging behavior on localized spread, and the importance of these factors when formulating strategies to monitor and manage invasive pests.
Determine the equilibrium mechanical properties of articular cartilage from the short-term indentation response

Indentation testing is widely used to evaluate the mechanical properties of articular cartilage. However, most curve-fitting solutions for indentation analysis require the deformation data of cartilage at the equilibrium state, which often takes the tissue hours to reach. The lengthy testing time reduces the efficiency of indentation, increases the chance of tissue deterioration, and prevents in vivo applications. To overcome these limitations, a novel technique based on principal component analysis (PCA) was developed in this study, which can predict the full indentation creep curve based on the first few minutes' deformation history and the principal components. The accuracy of this technique was confirmed using the indentation data from 40 temporomandibular joint condylar cartilage samples and 17 bovine knee joint samples. The mechanical properties determined by biphasic curve-fitting using predicted and experimental data are in good agreement, with the difference between the two less than 5%. For TMJ and knee cartilages, it is found that any number of full tests beyond eight will not lead to any increase larger than 1% in the accuracy, indicating a low sample number required for prediction. In addition, the principal components of indentation creep curves are consistent for the same type of cartilage tested with identical protocols, but significantly different between two distinct cartilages. Therefore PCA may also represent a new method to compare the mechanical behaviors of different cartilages, as it avoids the assumptions associated with mechanical constitutive models and relies purely on the experimental data.
A tag-based approach for the design and composition of information processing applications

In the realm of component-based software systems, pursuers of the holy grail of automated application composition face many significant challenges. In this paper we argue that, while the general problem of automated composition in response to high-level goal statements is indeed very difficult to solve, we can realize composition in a restricted context, supporting varying degrees of manual to automated assembly for specific types of applications. We propose a novel paradigm for composition in flow-based information processing systems, where application design and component development are facilitated by the pervasive use of faceted, tag-based descriptions of processing goals, of component capabilities, and of structural patterns of families of application. The facets and tags represent different dimensions of both data and processing, where each facet is modeled as a finite set of tags that are defined in a controlled folksonomy. All data flowing through the system, as well as the functional capabilities of components are described using tags. A customized AI planner is used to automatically build an application, in the form of a flow of components, given a high-level goal specification in the form of a set of tags. End-users use an automatically populated faceted search and navigation mechanism to construct these high-level goals. We also propose a novel software engineering methodology to design and develop a set of reusable, well-described components that can be assembled into a variety of applications. With examples from a case study in the Financial Services domain, we demonstrate that composition using a faceted, tag-based application design is not only possible, but also extremely useful in helping end-users create situational applications from a wide variety of available components.
Wireless Handheld Devices and the Web

PDA access to the World-Wide Web pose a variety of difficulties for users. The small screen quickly renders Web pages confusing and cumbersome to peruse. Inputting information by pen is time consuming and error-prone. The download time for Web material to radio linked devices is still much slower than landline connections. The standard browsing process of downloading entire pages just to find the links to pursue next is thus poor for the context of wireless PDAs.
Foreign Capital and Urban Congestion in Emerging Markets

Traditional literature emphasizes the role of foreign capital, especially foreign direct investment (FDI) in explaining the high growth rates that many emerging economies have enjoyed during 1990s and 2000s. The present paper accepts this conventional wisdom but argues that the FDI has also created problems of urban sprawl and congestion that would not be so intense if economic development had primarily come from domestic sources. This is because the FDI is typically concentrated in urban areas that abound in manufacturing and it neglects the rural areas where agriculture predominates. The paper suggests that a small tax on foreign capital tends to mitigate the side effects of foreign investment.
Temporal Competence for Transformation of Lycopersicon esculentum (L. Mill.) Cotyledons by Agrobacterium tumefaciens: Relation to Wound-Healing and Soluble Plant Factors

Des etudes realisees sur la transformation par Agrobacterium tumefaciens de nombreuses especes ont montre qu'il existe une periode specifique au cours de laquelle apparaissent les tumeurs. Cette periode de competence de la transformation a ete determinee chez des cotyledons de tomate. L'influence de differents facteurs pouvant perturber cette periode a ete etudiee. La coloration par la safranine a permis de montrer la formation d'une barriere d'infection directement impliquee dans cette periode de competence
Enterprise Knowledge Clouds: Next Generation KM Systems?

We are witnessing the emergence of the global, dependable and efficient infrastructure of cloud computing. We assess the current state of the Enterprise Knowledge Management field and project the possible emergence of Enterprise Knowledge Clouds. We give some architectural views, discuss briefly the underlying technologies and describe roughly related applications. We conclude with possible developments in the next five to fifteen years.
Public survey and survival data do not support recommendations to discontinue prostate-specific antigen screening in men at age 75.

Objectives To evaluate the US Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation to discontinue prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening at age 75. Methods Public survey: A cohort of 340 patients was surveyed at our PSA screening clinic and stratified by awareness of the recommendation and education level. Age ( Results Approximately 78% of men surveyed disagreed with the USPSTF recommendation. The number of men who disagreed was not significantly different between awareness groups ( P = .962). Awareness of new screening guidelines showed a significant difference ( P = .006) between education groups. Age ≥ 75 years was predictive of high-risk disease based on D'Amico's criteria (odds ratio=2.72, P = .003). Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses showed an association of men aged ≥ 75 years with higher rate of PSA recurrence, distant metastasis, and disease specific death compared with the age groups of P Conclusions Men presenting to our PSA screening clinic disagreed with discontinuation of screening at age 75. Men aged ≥ 75 years had higher risk disease and poorer survival. The USPSTF recommendation was supported neither by public opinion nor disease risk and survival results.
Test Anxiety Among College Students With Specific Reading Disability (Dyslexia) Nonverbal Ability and Working Memory as Predictors

Test anxiety and its correlates were examined with college students with and without specific reading disability (RD; n = 50 in each group). Results indicated that college students with RD reported higher test anxiety than did those without RD, and the magnitude of these differences was in the medium range on two test anxiety scales. Relative to college students without RD, up to 5 times as many college students with RD reported clinically significant test anxiety. College students with RD reported significantly higher cognitively based test anxiety than physically based test anxiety. Reading skills, verbal ability, and processing speed were not correlated with test anxiety. General intelligence, nonverbal ability, and working memory were negatively correlated with test anxiety, and the magnitude of these correlations was medium to large. When these three cognitive constructs were considered together in multiple regression analyses, only working memory and nonverbal ability emerged as significant predictors and varied based on the test anxiety measure. Implications for assessment and intervention are discussed.
Naming vs knowing faces in primary progressive aphasia A tale of 2 hemispheres

Objectives: This study examines the anatomical correlates of naming vs recognizing faces using a novel measure that utilizes culturally relevant and age-appropriate items, the Northwestern University Famous Faces (NUFFACE) Test, in primary progressive aphasia (PPA), a syndrome characterized by progressive language deficits and associated with cortical atrophy in areas important for word and object representations. Methods: NUFFACE Test performance of 27 controls (mean age 62.3 years) was compared with that of 30 patients with PPA (mean age 62 years). Associations between NUFFACE Test performance and cortical thickness measures were quantified within the PPA group. Results: Patients with PPA displayed significant impairment on the NUFFACE Test, demonstrating that it is a useful measure of famous-face identification for individuals with relatively young-onset dementias. Despite widespread distribution of atrophy in the PPA group, face naming impairments were correlated with atrophy of the left anterior temporal lobe while face recognition impairments were correlated with bitemporal atrophy. Conclusions: In addition to their clinical relevance for highlighting the distinction between face naming and recognition impairments in individuals with young-onset dementia, these findings add new insights into the dissociable clinico-anatomical substrates of lexical retrieval and object knowledge.
Bilayer free-standing beam splitter for Fourier transform infrared spectrometry

We describe the design, fabrication, testing, and performance of a two-layer free-standing beam splitter for use in far-infrared Fourier transform infrared spectrometers. This bilayer beam splitter, consisting of a low-index polymer layer in combination with a high-index semiconductor layer, has an efficiency that is higher than that of the best combination of four single-layer Mylar beam splitters currently in use for spectrometry from 50 to 550 cm−1.
The influence of insurance, race, and gender on emergency department disposition.

Objectives: To examine the influence of insurance, race, and gender on the likelihood of hospitalization among trauma patients. Methods: Statewide hospital discharge and emergency department (ED) visit data collected between 1996 and 2000 were merged to examine factors that influence hospitalization among patients who sustained an injury. Multivariate logistic regression was used to model the likelihood of hospitalization as a function of patient, injury, and hospital characteristics. Results: Of 1,512,611 patients who presented to an ED in South Carolina for treatment of a traumatic injury during the five-year study period, 8% were hospitalized and 92% were treated and released. One fourth (26%) of the study population was uninsured. Insurance, race, and gender were significant predictors of hospitalization despite controlling for injury severity, comorbidities, age, trauma center level, place of residence, and year of injury. Regardless of injury severity, uninsured patients were significantly less likely to be hospitalized compared with privately insured patients (odds ratio [OR] 0.63, 99% CI = 0.62 to 0.65). Among those mildly to moderately injured, patients covered by Medicare or other government insurance policies were significantly more likely to be admitted compared with those with private coverage (OR 1.46, 99% CI = 1.41 to 1.52; OR 1.56, 99% CI = 1.36 to 1.78). Finally, among those mildly injured, African American females were significantly less likely to be admitted compared with white females (OR 0.63, 99% CI = 0.61 to 0.65). Conclusions: These results suggest that the disposition of trauma patients from the ED may be influenced by insurance and demographic characteristics in addition to the patient's clinical condition.
Thermally active 4×4 non-blocking switch for networks-on-chip

We demonstrate power penalty measurements through two output ports of a 4times4 nonblocking switch designed for networks-on-chip. We use integrated metal heaters to tune individual rings, and observe how the device scales with data rate.
Empirically supported treatments in pediatric psychology: procedure-related pain.

Objective: To use the Chambless criteria for empirically supported treatments and determine if any interventions for procedure-related pain in children and adolescents can be designated as “well established,” “probably efficacious,” or “promising.” Methods: The Chambless criteria were applied to 13 treatment outcome studies identified by a comprehensive literature review. Results: A detailed summary is provided for each study, including the following information: citation, subjects, diagnostic criteria, baseline, experimental design, assessment measures, treatment protocol, outcome, and follow-up. Conclusions: Cognitive behavioral therapy is a “well-established treatment” for procedure-related pain in children and adolescents. Treatment includes breathing exercises and other forms of relaxation and distraction, imagery and other forms of cognitive coping skills, filmed modeling, reinforcement/incentive, behavioral rehearsal, and active coaching by a psychologist, parent, and/or medical staff member. I discuss future challenges for biobehavioral research and practice in the area of procedure-related pain.
High pressure enhancement of enzymes: A review

While most current applications of high pressure (HP) are for inactivating deleterious enzymes, there is evidence that high pressure can induce stabilization and activation of some enzymes. Various other strategies have been employed to enhance enzyme stability, including; genetic engineering, immobilization, and operating in non-aqueous media. While each of these strategies has provided varying degrees of stability or activity enhancement, the application of high pressure may be a complementary, synergistic, or an additive enzyme enhancement technique. Over 25 enzymes that have exhibited high pressure stabilization and/or activation were compiled. Each enzyme discussed responds differently to high pressure depending on the pressure range, temperature, source, solvent or media, and substrate. Possible mechanisms for pressure-induced stabilization and activation are discussed and compared with current enzyme enhancement techniques. The compiled evidence of high pressure enzyme enhancement in this review indicates that pressure is an effective reaction parameter with potential for greater utilization in enzyme catalysis.
Ocean science proposals: 1989 Report on the Triennial Oversight Review of the Ocean Sciences Research Section of the National Science Foundation

The 1989 review committee for the National Science Foundation Ocean Sciences Research Section (OSRS) assembled statistical comparisons of funding patterns for 5 fiscal years (FY 1984–FY 1988) and reviewed in detail 80 individual proposal files. The success rates of research proposals varied greatly among programs, with Chemical Oceanography at 48% Physical Oceanography at 46%, Marine Geology and Geophysics at 37%, and Biological Oceanography at 28%. The success rates of male and female Principal Investigators (PIs) were equal. The numbers of female PIs in ocean sciences are low but clearly growing. New PIs no more than 5 years from award of their Ph.D. had lower success rates than older PIs in Biological Oceanography but not in the other three programs. Review panels can be shown to have a strong influence on the ultimate fate of proposals in OSRS. In virtually all cases examined, this influence of the panel was appropriate and scientifically well justified. The funding decisions of NSF program managers in Ocean Sciences were understandable and well documented—the review committee would challenge only a small fraction of all decisions. The review process appears to be functioning well at all levels to identify and promote excellence in ocean sciences research.
Integrating lecture capture as a teaching strategy to improve student presentation skills through self-assessment

As digital natives from the ‘wired’ Net Generation permeate today’s classrooms, and educators adapt to students’ digital expectations, exploring the pedagogical use of educational technology is essential for today’s faculty. Student competency in oral communication and presentation skills transcends disciplines in higher education, as does the need for students to self-assess their performance for self-regulated learning. This study compared the self-perceptions of undergraduate communication/journalism and nursing students who used lecture capture technology for critiquing and analyzing their presentation skills with self-perceptions of students who did not use lecture capture technology. Findings revealed students in both groups lacked self-confidence and competence in presentation skills. Of significance, students using lecture capture technology were more likely to apply what they learned from the self-assessment when developing future presentations. It is suggested that faculty focus on presentation ...
Cation Self-Diffusion in Polycrystalline Y2O3 and Er2O3

A tracer sectioning technique was used to measure cation self-diffusion coefficients in fully dense polycrystalline YaO3 and Er2Os under oxidizing conditions. The results are described by the relations for Y2O3 (1400° to 1670°C), and for Er2O3 (1400° to 1700°C). The greater activation energy for erbium diffusion in erbia may be partly attributable to a mass effect.
Low-resolution sequencing of Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1T: chromosome II is a true chromosome.

The photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1T has two chromosomes, CI (~3.0 Mb) and CII (~0.9 Mb). In this study a low-redundancy sequencing strategy was adopted to analyse 23 out of 47 cosmids from an ordered CII library. The sum of the lengths of these 23 cosmid inserts was ~495 kb, which comprised ~417 kb of unique DNA. A total of 1145 sequencing runs was carried out, with each run generating 559±268 bases of sequence to give ~640 kb of total sequence. After editing, ~2.8% bases per run were estimated to be ambiguous. After the removal of vector and Escherichia coli sequences, the remaining ~ 565 kb of R. sphaeroides sequences were assembled, generating ~291 kb of unique sequences. BLASTX analysis of these unique sequences suggested that ~131 kb (45% of the unique sequence) had matches to either known genes, or database ORFs of hypothetical or unknown function (dORFs). A total of 144 strong matches to the database was found; 101 of these matches represented genes encoding a wide variety of functions, e.g. amino acid biosynthesis, photosynthesis, nutrient transport, and various regulatory functions. Two rRNA operons (rrnB and rrnC) and five tRNAs were also identified. The remaining 160 kb of DNA sequence which did not yield database matches was then analysed using CODONPREFERENCE from the GCG package. This analysis suggested that 122 kb (42% of the total unique DNA sequence) could encode putative ORFs (ports), with the remaining 38 kb (13%) possibly representing non-coding intergenic DNA. From the data so far obtained, CII does not appear to be specialized for encoding any particular metabolic function, physiological state or growth condition. These data suggest that CII contains genes which are functionally as diverse as those found on any other bacterial chromosome and also contains sequences (pORFs) which may prove to be unique to this organism.
Time-dependent Long's equation

Abstract. Long's equation describes steady-state two-dimensional stratified flow over terrain. Its numerical solutions under various approximations were investigated by many authors. Special attention was paid to the properties of the gravity waves that are predicted to be generated as a result. In this paper we derive a time-dependent generalization of this equation and investigate analytically its solutions under some simplifications. These results might be useful in the experimental analysis of gravity waves over topography and their impact on atmospheric modeling.