cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
4×4 B-Type KdV Hierarchies

Based on nontrival splittings of the sl(4,C) loop algebra,five families of new soliton hierarchies are constructed.These splittings come from a uniform method of constructing splittings by a linear operator B from the positive Lie subalgebra to the negative Lie subalgebra.The author classifies all the possibilities of the linear operator B and shows that there are five families of 4×4 B-type KdV hierarchies.And the author gives the Hamiltonian structures of these hierarchies via the Adler-Konstant-Symes theory and constructs the Backlund transformations by the loop group method.
Optimizing Design and Execution of Linear Reconstructions on the Face.

BACKGROUND Linear closure (LC) is the most common reconstructive design for cutaneous defects. Successful performance of a LC is dependent on both appropriate surgical planning and technical execution. OBJECTIVE To review the design and execution of LCs on the face. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic evaluation of LCs is provided to guide a logical approach for the repair of cutaneous facial defects. RESULTS Reproducibly excellent aesthetic and functional results may be achieved with strategies that reduce incisional tension, preserve free margin position, and restore skin contour. Cosmetic unit borders and relaxed skin tension lines may be used to further camouflage facial scars. A comprehensive knowledge of facial anatomy, biomechanical properties of the skin, and incisional tension vectors facilitates correct preoperative planning and intraoperative technique. CONCLUSION Proper design and execution of LCs allow for enhanced cosmesis and permit the cutaneous surgeon to progress to more technically advanced surgical procedures such as cutaneous flaps.
Cities and classical societies (3000 BCE–500 CE)

In 113 CE, when she was nearly seventy years old, the historian, poet, and scholar Ban Zhao accompanied her son to his new position in a rural district away from Luoyang, the eastern capital of Han dynasty China. Recounting the trip in a poem, she tells of her uneasiness and sadness as they pass through small fields and rundown villages, and writes: Secretly I sigh for the Capital City I love, (but) To cling to one's native place characterizes a small nature, As the histories have taught us. She pulls herself out of this mood by pouring a cup of wine and thinking about the philosopher Confucius, who had lived in a “decadent, chaotic age,” but had urged “truth and virtue, honor and merit,” and at the end of the poem writes stirringly that “Muscles stretched, head uplifted, we tread onward to the vision … and turn not back.” Ban Zhao's love for the city was shared by her brother Ban Gu, also a historian, poet, and scholar, who wrote an ode in praise of Luoyang that became a classic of Chinese literature. Poets and scholars living at the other end of Eurasia in the cities around the Mediterranean shared this preference for urban life, especially those in Rome, the largest city in the world at the time Ban Zhao was writing. Here as well, educated urban residents generally saw the city as a place of rational behavior and the good life, and viewed themselves as more advanced and sophisticated than rural folk. They were more “civilized,” a word that comes from the Latin adjective civilis , meaning of or pertaining to citizens, and the origin as well of the English words “civic” and “civil.” The opposite opinion could also be found, however. In much of the Old Testament—and in some Greek, Roman, and Christian works—cities are portrayed as dens of iniquity and materialism, autocratic hierarchies ruled by tyrannical despots. Only by escaping to the pastoral countryside or to the wilderness could a person escape oppression and live a moral and pious life. Ban Gu himself expresses this opinion in a poem about the Western Han capital Changan, which he criticizes for wastefulness and extravagance.
A Novel Hybrid CFH/CFHR1–3 Gene in Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Abstract 4644 Background: Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is an ultra-rare disease characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA), thrombocytopenia and renal failure in the absence of Shiga toxin exposure. Dysregulation of the alternative pathway by mutations in complement regulatory proteins or antibodies to these proteins have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disorder. Aims: We report the late onset of aHUS in association with heterozygous deletion of two genes, CFHR1 and CFHR3 , and a mutation in CFH , c.497G>T, p.Arg166Leu. The latter mutation has not previously been reported with aHUS. Methods: A 20-year-old female whose past history was unremarkable with the exception of a spontaneous abortion 3 months earlier, presented to an emergency room with abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea three days after eating raw fish. Within 4 days of hospitalization she developed MAHA, thrombocytopenia and renal failure. Studies were negative for Shiga toxin and showed an ADAMTS13 level of 40%. A diagnosis of aHUS was made. Treatment was initiated with daily plasma exchange (PE) which was increased to twice daily for 6 weeks. Response was poor. After discontinuing PE, the patient was treated on an IRB-approved compassionate-use protocol with eculizumab 900 mg weekly for four weeks followed by 1200 mg every two weeks. Results: The patient responded slowly to eculizumab. PK values of eculizumab were sub-therapeutic at week 4. On week 5, she was switched to the maintenance dose of 1200 mg every two weeks, which resulted in a rapid normalization of her platelet count and LDH, with further improvement of her renal function and normalization of her mental status. The patient is doing well on continued eculizumab treatment. Genetic testing revealed a known copy-number variation (CNV), hemizygosity for CFHR1 and CFHR3 , and a mutation in short consensus repeat (SCR) 3 of CFH, p.Arg166Leu. Summary/Conclusions: This patient presented with aHUS unresponsive to PE, but responsive to eculizumab treatment. Genetic testing of complement regulatory genes identified a known CNV and a mutation in CFH, p.Arg166Leu. This mutation lies in SCR3 of CFH, a region of the protein important for fluid-phase regulation of the C3 convertase. Although it has been seen in a rare case of dense deposit disease, it has not has not been reported with aHUS. This patient9s poor response to PE suggests that additional genetic factors may be present in this patient that affected the course of disorder. Her slow response to eculizumab may have been due to third spacing of the drug secondary to hypoalbuminemia with anasarca as documented sub-therapeutic levels were present on week 4. When the dose was increased to 1200 mg every two weeks, the patient rapidly improved with resolution of the aHUS. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Trends in Electrical Injury, 1992-2002

This paper updates an earlier report by the authors that studied electrical injuries from 1992 to 1998. The previous information is expanded and supplemented with fatal and nonfatal injury rates and trends through 2002. Injury numbers and rates were used to compare and trend electrical injury experience for various groups and categories. This information allowed identification of at-risk groups that could most benefit from effective electrical safety interventions. The data presented in this paper are derived from the U.S. Labor Department's Bureau of Labor Statistics' census of fatal occupational injuries (CFOI), survey of occupational illnesses and injuries (SOII) and current population survey (CPS). Between 1992 and 2002, 3,378 workers died from on-the-job electrical injuries. Electricity remained the sixth leading cause of injury-related occupational death. From 1999 through 2002, 4.7% of all occupational deaths were caused by electricity, down from 5.2% in the 1992 to 1998 time period. The cause of death was listed as electrocution in 99.1% of fatal cases. Contact with overhead power lines was involved in 42% of all on-the-job electrical deaths. The construction industry accounted for 47% of all electrical deaths between 1992 and 2002, but showed overall improvement from 1995 through 2002 by reducing its electrical fatality rate from 2.2 to 1.5 per 100,000 workers. An additional 46,598 workers were nonfatally injured by electricity. Contact with electric current of machine, tool, appliance, or light fixture and contact with wiring, transformers, or other electrical components accounted for 36% and 34% of nonfatal electrical injuries, respectively. Contact with underground, buried power lines was involved with 1% of fatal injuries and 2% of nonfatal injuries. NIOSH research aimed at evaluating commercially available overhead power line proximity warning alarms is described. This research is expected to be the initial step for eventual development of a performance standard for such systems
What Kind of Is-Ought Gap is There and What Kind Ought There Be?

Some philosophers think that there is a gap between is and ought which necessarily makes normative enquiry a different kind of thing than empirical science. This position gains support from our ability to explicate our inferential practices in a way that makes it impermissible to move from descriptive premises to a normative conclusion. But we can also explicate them in a way that allows such moves. So there is no categorical answer as to whether there is or is not a gap. The question of an is-ought gap is a practical and strategic matter rather than a logical one, and it may properly be answered in different ways for different questions or at different times.
Eye Tracking for Dynamic, User-Driven Workflows

Researchers at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico, are engaged in the empirical study of human-information interaction in high-consequence national security environments. This focus emerged from our longstanding interactions with military and civilian intelligence analysts working across a broad array of domains, from signals intelligence to cybersecurity to geospatial imagery analysis. In this paper, we discuss how several years’ of work with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery analysts revealed the limitations of eye tracking systems for capturing gaze events in the dynamic, user-driven problem-solving strategies characteristic of geospatial analytic workflows. We also explain the need for eye tracking systems capable of supporting inductive study of dynamic, user-driven problem-solving strategies characteristic of geospatial analytic workflows. We then discuss an ongoing project in which we are leveraging some of the unique properties of SAR image products to develop a prototype eyetracking data collection and analysis system that will support inductive studies of visual workflows in SAR image analysis environments.
A Convex Hull‐Based New Metric for Quantification of Bladder Wall Irregularity in Pediatric Patients With Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract

Objectives Early identification and quantification of bladder damage in pediatric patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) is crucial to guiding effective treatment and may affect the eventual clinical outcome, including progression of renal disease. We have developed a novel approach based on the convex hull to calculate bladder wall trabecularity in pediatric patients with CAKUT. The objective of this study was to test whether our approach can accurately predict bladder wall irregularity. Methods Twenty pediatric patients, half with renal compromise and CAKUT and half with normal renal function, were evaluated. We applied the convex hull approach to calculate T, a metric proposed to reflect the degree of trabeculation/bladder wall irregularity, in this set of patients. Results The average T value was roughly 3 times higher for diseased than healthy patients (0.14 [95% confidence interval, 0.10–0.17] versus 0.05 [95% confidence interval, 0.03–0.07] for normal bladders). This disparity was statistically significant (P < .01). Conclusions We have demonstrated that a convex hull-based procedure can measure bladder wall irregularity. Because bladder damage is a reversible precursor to irreversible renal parenchymal damage, applying such a measure to at-risk pediatric patients can help guide prompt interventions to avert disease progression.
The role of appraisal in dysphoric affect reactivity to positive laboratory films and daily life events in depression.

Hedonic deficits are linked to protracted dysphoric affect (DA) in depression, a disorder characterised by emotion context insensitivity (ECI). Recent findings from daily life studies contradict th...
Rural education finance and achievement among southern black belt school districts

The state of Tennessee is part of the United States that houses a special set of school districts known as the Black Belt. Named for the black fertile land, utilized for the agricultural industry for hundreds of years in the south, these school districts have the lowest levels of achievement among the one hundred and thirty six school districts in Tennessee. The purpose of this study is to identify just how extensive these achievement discrepancies are between Black Belt school students and non-Black Belt school students by answering the following research question: are Black Belt school students disproportionately scoring lower on college admittance exams (ACT) than students in non-Black Belt school districts? The data for this study was gathered from the Tennessee Report Card for Education over a period of ten years. Pooled time series cross-sectional regression analysis was the datatesting device employed in the study. The findings suggest that Black Belt students are disproportionately scoring lower on college admittance exams compared to non-Black Belt students. Policymakers need to use caution when generalizing this study because it only represents those Black Belt school districts in Tennessee.
Carrier Dynamics, Optical Gain, and Lasing with Colloidal Quantum Wells

The most recent class of semiconductor nanocrystal to be synthesized colloidally is the quantum well, in which carriers are confined quantum mechanically in only one dimension. Electrons and holes in colloidal quantum wells undergo different dynamics than in either colloidal quantum dots or epitaxially grown quantum wells, providing new opportunities for applications. The opportunities presented by cadmium chalcogenide nanoplatelets are particularly exciting, because they can be grown with control over their thickness down to the single atomic layer and with all nanoplatelets in an ensemble having the same thickness. This Feature Article reviews the relaxation and recombination dynamics of electrons and holes, which are tightly bound into excitons, in nanoplatelets. These dynamics are favorable for optical gain and lasing, and this Article reviews the progress that has been made toward practical realization of nanoplatelet lasers, including the demonstration of low thresholds for room-temperature gain and...
Value of Fetal MRI in the Era of Fetal Therapy for Management of Abnormalities Involving the Chest, Abdomen, or Pelvis.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to present illustrative cases highlighting the value of fetal MRI as a problem-solving tool in evaluating anomalies of the fetal chest, abdomen, and pelvis...
Standard metabolic rates of early life stages of the diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin), an estuarine turtle, suggest correlates between life history changes and the metabolic economy of hatchlings.

Abstract I estimated standard metabolic rates (SMR) using measurements of oxygen consumption rates of embryos and unfed, resting hatchlings of the diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) three times during embryonic development and twice during the early post-hatching period. The highest observed SMRs occurred during mid to late embryonic development and the early post-hatching period when hatchlings were still reliant on yolk reserves provided by the mother. Hatchlings that were reliant on yolk displayed per capita SMR 135 % higher than when measured 25 calendar days later after they became reliant on exogenous resources. The magnitude of the difference in hatchling SMR between yolk-reliant and exogenously feeding stages was much greater than that attributed to costs of digestion (specific dynamic action) observed in another emydid turtle, suggesting that processing of the yolk was not solely responsible for the observed difference. The pre-feeding period of yolk reliance of hatchlings corresponds with the period of dispersal from the nesting site, suggesting that elevated SMR during this period could facilitate dispersal activities. Thus, I hypothesize that the reduction in SMR after the development of feeding behaviors may reflect an energy optimization strategy in which a high metabolic expenditure in support of development and growth of the embryo and dispersal of the hatchling is followed by a substantial reduction in metabolic expenditure coincident with the individual becoming reliant on exogenous resources following yolk depletion.
Coastal vulnerability assessment of Cape Hatteras National Seashore (CAHA) to sea-level rise

2 Introduction 2 Data Ranking 3 Cape Hatteras National Seashore 3 Methodology 4 Geologic Variables 4 Physical Process Variables 5 Coastal Vulnerability Index 5 Results 6 Discussion 6 Conclusions 7 References 7 List of Figures and Tables 9 0056628
Kierkegaard’s Fear and Trembling: An Experiment in the Self-Recognition of Evil

‘‘If it were only so simple! If only there were evil people somewhere insidiously committing evil deeds, and it were necessary only to separate them from the rest of us and destroy them. But the line dividing good and evil cuts through the heart of every human being. And who is willing to destroy a piece of his own heart?’’ – Alexsandr Solzenitzyn Can we recognize evil in ourselves, and if so, how is such self-recognition possible? These questions lie at the foundations of the history of philosophy1 and motivate contemporary philosophical, political, and theological attempts to address the reality of evil in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.2 In this paper, I will argue that this discourse on the self-recognition of evil can be elucidated through a close reading of Soren Kierkegaard’s work, Fear and T rembling.3 I will interpret this text as a philosophicoliterary experiment in the self-recognition of the moral agent.4 While it is true that this experiment does not always consciously thematize the problem of the self-recognition of evil as Iw i ll describe it, I will argue that beneath the text’s surface, Kierkegaard, in the guise of Johannes de Silentio, constructs a hermeneutical reflection on the possibility of recognizing evil in the self. I will show that this reflection confronts the reader with two different ff and conflicting explanatory accounts of how the self-recognition of evil occurs. The first account maintains that an agent can recognize evil acts of will insofar as he is aware that he is sacrificing egoistic gain for the sake of duty. Hence, on this ‘‘oppositional’’ account, given an opposition between selfish motive and moral motive, it is possible for an agent to comprehend his true motivations for willing an action, thereby allowing him to choose in a self-transparent manner.5 By contrast, the second account maintains that this oppositional account fails to acknowledge the possibility that motivation, even when apprehended in opposition to moral duty, is not an immediate datum of consciousness, but is rather susceptibl et o self-deception. Such self-deception would entail that an agent’s real motive for an action need not be 77
Does Culture Matter? Assessing Response Biases in Cross-National Survey Research

Survey research is fraught with serious response tendencies. This study examines the extent and impact of three important response tendencies: socially desirable responding, yea-saying, and nay-saying, in cross-national research. From a survey of 5569 respondents across 15 countries, the study finds evidence of substantial differences across countries. Socially desirable responding is highest in Singapore and Italy, yea-saying is highest in Brazil and India, and nay-saying is highest in Netherlands and Japan. These response tendencies lead to erroneous conclusions about innovativeness based on surveys as compared to that based on market penetration of new products, over-reporting or under-reporting of innovative traits and over-reporting of adoption of new products. Overall, negatively valenced items show the least susceptibility to these response tendencies, can help predict both actual penetration at the aggregate level as well as individual probabilities of adoption, and should be included in cross-national surveys.
Vapor-screen technique applied to a delta-wing aircraft

Recently, the vapor-screen technique has been applied to a delta-wing aircraft (F-106B) during both subsonic 1-g and transonic high-g flights. Selected subsonic vapor-screen images are presented which show the benefits of digital enhancement. Among the major findings are that multiple, corotating vortices exist up to 20-deg angle of attack, and the measured flight core location is not well predicted by theory. Planned extensions for this work are also discussed.
Modeling and Control of Combustion Phasing in Dual-Fuel Compression Ignition Engines

Dual fuel engines can achieve high efficiencies and low emissions but also can encounter high cylinder-to-cylinder variations on multi-cylinder engines. In order to avoid these variations, they require a more complex method for combustion phasing control such as model-based control. Since the combustion process in these engines is complex, typical models of the system are complex as well and there is a need for simpler, computationally efficient, control-oriented models of the dual fuel combustion process. In this paper, a mean-value combustion phasing model is designed and calibrated and two control strategies are proposed. Combustion phasing is predicted using a knock integral model, burn duration model and a Wiebe function and this model is used in both an adaptive closed loop controller and an open loop controller. These two control methodologies are tested and compared in simulations. Both control strategies are able to reach steady state in 5 cycles after a transient and have steady state errors in CA50 that are less than 0.1 crank angle degree (CAD) with the adaptive control strategy and less than 1.5 CAD with the model-based feedforward control method.
Measuring Bias against Female Political Leadership

Much research examining gender bias in politics analyzes responses to explicit survey questions asking individuals whether they prefer male over female leaders or agree that male political leaders are superior. Drawing insights from the measurement of other types of prejudice, this article explores the methodological shortcomings of a widely used question of this type. Analyzing the results of two surveys—one national and one state-level—I compare response patterns to a standard, highly explicit question that is frequently administered by the Pew Research Center with those for a modestly altered item that employs multiple strategies to reduce social desirability bias. Compared with the alternative measure, the conventional item seriously underreports prejudice against women leaders. Moreover, the underreporting of bias is especially prevalent among individuals belonging to groups that are strong advocates of gender equality.
A Generalized Singularity Subtraction Method for Evaluating Layered Medium Green's Functions

A novel spectral-domain singularity subtraction technique for accelerating the convergence of Sommerfeld integral tails is proposed for planar stratified media that include a perfect electrically conducting layer. Numerical results show that the extension avoids catastrophic cancellation in the spatial domain between the analytically computed and the numerically integrated terms, yields a rapidly decaying spectral tail, and enables accurate calculation of the Green's functions.
INTERACTION OF ALTERATIONS IN BIOGENIC AMINE METABOLISM WITH THE DESPAIR RESPONSE TO PEER SEPARATION IN RHESUS MONKEYS

ABSTRACT The “despair” response of rhesus monkeys to social separation resembles, and may serve as an animal model of, some forms of human depression. Pretreatment of monkeys with low doses of drugs which alter the activity of catecholamine but not indolamine biosynthetic enzymes can significantly alter the magnitude of the despair response. This indicates that an interaction between social separation and otherwise insignificant alterations in catecholamine metabolism may occur and partially determine the nature of the behavioral response to social separation in primates. Similar social behavioral-biochemical interactions could be important factors in human depression.
Prize and Reward Alternatives to Intellectual Property

This chapter surveys the literature on alternatives to intellectual property, focusing especially on alternatives to patent law, but with some attention as well to copyright. It does not consider the question whether intellectual property rights are justified, but assumes that absent some form of governmental innovation, inventions and works of authorship might be underproduced relative to the social optimum. The chapter thus considers how institutions besides traditional property rights compare relative to one another and to traditional intellectual property systems. The chapter considers only briefly the possibility that government itself might produce inventions and works of authorship or that government might indirectly produce these by funding research. A considerable literature already exists on governmental peer review and research administration, and so these mechanisms are considered only insofar as they compare to the institutions that are the primary focus of this chapter, prize and reward systems.
Toward Postquantum Security for Embedded Cores

Firmware authenticity is a key factor in the proper function and security assurance of a platform built with embedded microcontroller cores. With the need for PQC-secure cryptographic algorithms to continue to assure this authenticity, Intel is investigating possibilities currently under consideration in various standardization processes. Our priority in this selection is and will always be security. Regarding performance, we are specifically focusing on the capabilities of platforms' embedded cores to execute PQC algorithms and looking for algorithms that have parameters allowing flexibility in fitting their execution to the capabilities of both current and planned embedded cores.
The independence of Spanish America

Preface to the English edition Introduction 1. Spanish America 2. Revolution in the Spanish World 3. The Birth of Representative Government 4. Civil War in America 5. Independence Conclusion.
In Their Own Words: A Companion Robot for Detecting the Emotional State of Persons with Parkinson’s Disease

In typical human interactions emotional states are communicated via a variety of modalities such as auditory (through speech), visual (through facial expressions) and kinesthetic (through gestures). However, one or more modalities might be compromised in some situations, as in the case of facial masking in Parkinson’s disease (PD). In these cases, we need to focus the communication and detection of emotions on the reliable modalities, by inferring emotions from what is being said, and compensate for the modalities that are problematic, by having another agent (e.g., a robot) provide the missing facial expressions. We describe the initial development stage of a robot companion that can assist the communication and detection of emotions in interactions where some modalities are totally or partially compromised. Such is the case for people living with Parkinson’s disease.
The Health Professions’ Continuum Cleft

The continuum of health professions is interrupted by a natural and unavoidable gap that separates conventional from complementary and alternative health care and that may aptly be called the continuum cleft. The cleft occurs as a consequence of the development of professional silos during the professionalization process and of the emergence of professional cysts related to the efforts of some professions to insulate their patients from the perceived risks imposed by other professions. The continuum cleft can cause costly and potentially hazardous compromises to the continuity of care for >73 million Americans annually. Interprofessional educational experiences derived from collaboration in the health sciences among Oregon's uniquely diverse educational institutions may provide some guidelines for mending the continuum cleft.
Electric Transmission System Fault Identification Using Artificial Neural Networks

Electric transmission systems are complex mesh networks that direct large amounts of energy from the point of generation to the point of consumption. Electric faults can cripple a system as power flows must be directed around the fault therefore leading to numerous potential issues such as overloading, customer service interruptions, or cascading failures. Therefore, identifying the classification and location of these faults as quickly and efficiently as possible is crucial. This work aims to utilize artificial neural networks to determine fault type and location based on measured voltages and currents. Eventually, once developed, this solution could be utilized for fault detection and classification on several transmission circuit topologies as well as with different fault types and resistances.
Open Reduction and Decompression of Atlantoaxial Subluxation with Basilar Impression Due to Grisel Syndrome Using the Cervical Management Base Unit.

Background Intraoperative manipulation of the craniocervical junction with the Cervical Management Base Unit (CMBU) has been used as an adjunct for achieving optimal anatomic alignment during instrumented fusion procedures in a variety of disease settings. Here, we present our experience using the CMBU as a supplement to achieving a successful reduction and fixation of a reducible craniocervical subluxation with associated basilar impression/medullary compression in the setting of Grisel syndrome. Case Description Under fluoroscopy and neuromonitoring guidance, the elevator and axial translation mechanisms of the CMBU safely allowed for presurgical assessment of reducibility and facilitated complete reduction of the deformity with restitution of a normal atlantodental interval, spinolaminar line, and clivoaxial angle. Magnetic resonance imaging acquired 1 month after surgery and antibiotic therapy showed resolution of a large epidural abscess in the region of the dens and no evidence of residual neural impingement. Upright plain films at 9 months showed maintenance of the desired craniocervical alignment. Conclusions Intraoperative manipulation of the craniocervical junction using the CMBU, when implemented under fluoroscopy and neuromonitoring, can safely facilitate an enduring anatomic correction of craniocervical deformity in the setting of Grisel syndrome. The dynamic utility of the CMBU for translation of the head and neck obviated the need to apply forces directly to hardware-bone interfaces, and its utility may extend to craniocervical disorders of other etiologies, especially those of a reducible nature and in the setting of poor bone quality and joint laxity.
Membrane Permeant Inhibitor of Myosin Light Chain Kinase Worsens Survival in Murine Polymicrobial Sepsis.

ABSTRACT Sepsis-induced intestinal hyperpermeability is mediated by disruption of the epithelial tight junction, which is closely associated with the peri-junctional actin-myosin ring. Genetic deletion of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) reverses intestinal hyperpermeability and improves survival in a murine model of intra-abdominal sepsis. In an attempt to determine whether these findings could be translated using a more clinically relevant strategy, this study aimed to determine if pharmacologic inhibition of MLCK using the membrane permeant inhibitor of MLCK (PIK) improved gut barrier function and survival following sepsis. C57BL/6 mice underwent cecal ligation and puncture to induce sepsis and were then randomized to receive either PIK or vehicle. Unexpectedly, PIK significantly worsened 7-day survival following sepsis (24% vs. 62%). The three pathways of intestinal permeability were then interrogated by orally gavaging septic mice with creatinine (6A), FD-4 (28A), and rhodamine70 (120A) and assaying their appearance in the bloodstream. PIK led to increased permeability in the leak pathway with higher levels of FD-4 in the bloodstream compared to septic mice given vehicle. In contrast, no differences were detected in the pore or unrestricted pathways of permeability. Examination of jejunal tight junctions for potential mechanisms underlying increased leak permeability revealed that mice that received PIK had increased phosphorylated MLC without alterations in occludin, ZO-1, or JAM-A. PIK administration was not associated with significant differences in systemic or peritoneal bacterial burden, cytokines, splenic or Peyer's Patches immune cells or intestinal integrity. These results demonstrate that pharmacologic inhibition of MLCK unexpectedly increases mortality, associated with worsened intestinal permeability through the leak pathway, and suggest caution is required in targeting the gut barrier as a potential therapy in sepsis.
Therapeutic Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest

A 63-year-old man was at home watching television when his roommate noticed him gurgle and lose consciousness. He started cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and called emergency medical services. The initial rhythm was ventricular fibrillation (VF). A perfusing rhythm was obtained within 15 minutes, but there were repeated episodes of VF requiring multiple defibrillations and repeated episodes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. With restoration of circulation, he was not responsive. Initial ECG revealed inferior ST-segment elevations. In the emergency department, he required further defibrillations and was then taken for primary coronary intervention. Emergency medical personnel started intravenous iced saline, and ice packs were placed while he was in the emergency department and remained in place during cardiac catheterization. A stent was placed in a thrombotic right coronary artery. On arrival at the cardiac intensive care unit, surface cooling pads were placed, and he received therapeutic hypothermia (TH) for 24 hours, at which point he was rewarmed. He initially remained comatose, but by day 5, he was awake, alert, and interactive. He was discharged home. A 54-year-old woman was found unresponsive by coworkers. It was not clear how long she had been down. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was started, and an automated external defibrillator recommended no shock. Emergency medical personnel identified asystole as the initial rhythm. After 25 minutes of advanced cardiac life support, a perfusing rhythm was obtained. There were no ischemic changes on the ECG. She was unresponsive on arrival at the emergency department. Computed tomographs of the head and pulmonary arteries were normal. She received TH for 24 hours and, when rewarmed, had no change in her mental status by day 5. Magnetic resonance imaging did not reveal any major abnormalities, but she had incomplete recovery of brainstem reflexes and bilaterally absent sensory stimulatory evoked potentials. After extensive discussions with her family, continued support …
Variability in the identification of lymphovascular space invasion for early stage cervical cancer.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the inter- and intra-rater variability of lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) in early stage cervical cancer. Methods We identified invasive cervical cancer tissue samples from radical hysterectomies in our institutional pathology database. The cases were stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) and immunostains (CD-31 and D2-40). They were evaluated for the presence of LVSI by 6 pathologists on 3 separate occasions: with H&E staining only, then with H&E and immunostained specimens, and finally using a shared written criterion for diagnosis of LVSI. With 80 cases, a two-sided 95% confidence interval for the Kappa of 0.7 with a precision of 0.1 on each side was estimated. Results Stage distribution was: IA 10%, IB 85%, and IIA 5%. The majority of cases were squamous cell carcinoma (55%), followed by adenocarcinoma (39%) and adenosquamous or other histology (6%). The mean inter-rater Kappa was 0.41 (95% CI: 0.37–0.45) for H&E. Usage of immunohistochemistry made a statistically significant improvement in the mean Kappa, but it still remained low: 0.52 (p = 0.02). Adding evaluation criteria for LVSI did not significantly increase the mean Kappa: 0.49 (p = 0.16). The mean intra-rater variability of H&E staining alone compared with H&E staining plus immunostaining was 0.53 (range: 0.43–0.64). The mean Kappa comparing H&E staining and H&E staining with criteria was 0.50 (range: 0.40–0.59). Conclusions We noted high inter- and intra-rater variability in the diagnosis of LVSI underscoring the challenges of LVSI diagnosis. Considering the significance assigned to LVSI and its implication for treatment, comprehensive guidelines with regards to determination of LVSI status are of paramount importance.
Reading the Early American Legal Profession: A Study of the First American Law Review

This note seeks to demonstrate the ripeness of early American legal periodicals as a subject of further inquiry by reading the American Law Journal (1808-1817), the first American law review, as a reflection of the changing nature of the legal profession at a crucial time in American history. Close analysis of the content and editorial choices of the Journal suggests that the Journal both reflects and addresses three early nineteenth century professional needs: the need to practice in a variety of jurisdictions and areas of law; the need to give voice and content to the emerging idea of a professional self-consciousness, which some scholars suggest developed only later in the century; and the need to respond to the internationalization of American legal and political affairs, which undercuts the arguments of many legal historians that the period marked an increasing tendency in American jurisprudence to look inward. The few scholars who have attempted to paint a picture of legal affairs in this transformative period have typically focused on the dockets of particular jurisdictions while overlooking legal periodicals. But such sources can more accurately portray the state of the national legal profession given that a journal editor, unconstrained by state or regional boundaries, can incorporate cases and sources from a wide range of jurisdictions and on a varied array of topics. Furthermore, the fact that periodicals are necessarily dependent on a subscriber base suggests that such editors had to touch on issues of interest to subscribers from all across the country in order to stay afloat.
Planning Concrete Dam Construction Control Surveys

The planning and development of survey controls for construction of a high double curvature concrete arch dam, Marrow Point Dam, Colorado, are reviewed. The planning involves the phases of reconnaissance, site investigation, and preconstruction layouts, to fit the structure and its appurtenances to rough terrain as required to satisfy the intent of the designers and then serve the needs of the builder for construction operations. Methods and procedures developed by the Bureau of Reclamation over a period of years implement planning of control and construction surveys and establish tolerances for the geometric layout of this type of structure. The operations were aided by the use of electronic computer facilities for adjustment of triangulation and level nets, and other computations, with resulting cost reductions, and increased accuracy and efficiency.
Transfer of chimeric plasmids among Salmonella typhimurium strains by P22 transduction

Salmonella typhimurium bacteriophage P22 transduced plasmids having P22 sequences inserted in the vector pBR322 with high frequency. Analysis of the structure of the transducing particle DNA and the transduced plasmids indicates that this plasmid transduction involves two homologous recombination events. In the donor cell, a single recombination between the phage and the homologous sequences on the plasmid inserted the plasmid into the phage chromosome, which was then packaged by headfuls into P22 particles. The transducing particle DNA contained duplications of the region of homology flanking the integrated plasmid vector sequences and lacked some phage genes. When these defective phage genomes containing the inserted plasmid infected a recipient cell, recombination between the duplicated regions regenerated the plasmid. A useful consequence of this sequence of events was that genetic markers in the region of homology were readily transferred from phage to plasmid. Plasmid transduction required homology between the phage and the plasmid, but did not depend on the presence of any specific P22 sequence in the plasmid. When the infecting P22 carried a DNA sequence homologous to the ampicillin resistance region of pBR322, the vector plasmid having no P22 insert could be transduced. P22-mediated transduction is a useful way to transfer chimeric plasmids, since most S. typhimurium strains are poorly transformed by plasmid DNA.
The Influence of National Culture, History and Institution on Strategic Management in Chinese Firms: A Complexity Based Perspective

China has become the driving engine for the world economy and presents many opportunities for foreign firms. Although much research effort has been devoted to studying strategic management in Chinese organisations, China is still one of the least studied countries. This paper takes a new approach - complexity view - to examining the strategic management in Chinese organisations. It aims to explain why Chinese managers behave differently to their Western counterparts. To do so, literature on the complexity studies is firstly reviewed and synthesised. This paper then examines how institutional and cultural settings and Chinese history influence the strategic management in Chinese organisations. Finally, several managerial implications based on the results of this paper are suggested.
Blood volume restitution after hemorrhage in the newborn lamb

Blood volume restitution after hemorrhage was investigated in lambs in the first week of life. Two groups of nonsplenectomized lambs were bled 10 and 20% of their blood volume at 2%/min while being suspended horizontally in a sling with their legs dependent, and a third group was bled 20% while lying down. Blood pressure fell 8% in the lambs bled both 10 and 20% while lying down and 44% in those bled 20% while being suspended. Blood volume was completely restored in all three groups by 5 h after the hemorrhage, the rate of restitution being equal among the groups. The initial phase of restitution was slower when the lambs were bled while lying down. Vasopressin levels were increased only in the lambs bled 20% of their blood volume while being suspended. Plasma renin activity increased similarly in all groups. Hemorrhage increased plasma glucose but did not change plasma protein and serum osmolality. We conclude that lambs bled up to 20% of blood volume restitute relatively quickly at a rate independent of the volume shed. The position of the animal affects the degree of hypotension, the levels of vasopressin, and the rate of the initial phase of volume restoration.
Dog secretin: Sequence and biologic activity

Abstract Secretin was purified from the first 50 cm of proximal intestine of a single dog. The purification sequence included extraction in acid-ethanol, differential precipitation with acetone, Sephadex gel filtration and three successive HPLC steps. Dog secretin has the following sequence: HSDGTFTSELSRL E SARLQRLLQGLV. The underlined amino acid represents a substitution of Glu for Asp at position 15 from the NH2-terminus of pig secretin. Dog secretin is equal in potency to pig secretin in stimulating pancreatic ductal flow in a rat bioassay system.
Maximal sustained energy budgets in humans and animals

Why are sustained energy budgets of humans and other vertebrates limited to not more than about seven times resting metabolic rate? The answer to this question has potential applications to growth rates, foraging ecology, biogeography, plant metabolism, burn patients and sports medicine.
Potentiation by chronic ethanol treatment of the mitochondrial permeability transition.

Mitochondria isolated from rats chronically fed ethanol were more sensitive to induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) by a variety of agents than mitochondria isolated from isocalorically matched controls. The agents utilized have been implicated in both necrotic (Ca(2+)) and apoptotic (ceramide, GD3 ganglioside, and Bax) forms of cell killing and help promote pore opening by differing mechanisms. In each case it was found that concentrations of the inducing agents which promoted little or no pore opening in mitochondria isolated from pair matched controls produced massive MTP opening in mitochondria from chronically ethanol fed rats as evidenced by swelling. In all cases induction of the MPT was prevented by the presence of cyclosporin A.
Modeled intermittency risk for small streams in the Upper Colorado River Basin under climate change

Summary Longer, drier summers projected for arid and semi-arid regions of western North America under climate change are likely to have enormous consequences for water resources and river-dependent ecosystems. Many climate change scenarios for this region involve decreases in mean annual streamflow, late-summer precipitation and late-summer streamflow in the coming decades. Intermittent streams are already common in this region, and it is likely that minimum flows will decrease and some perennial streams will shift to intermittent flow under climate-driven changes in timing and magnitude of precipitation and runoff, combined with increases in temperature. To understand current intermittency among streams and analyze the potential for streams to shift from perennial to intermittent under a warmer climate, we analyzed historic flow records from streams in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB). Approximately two-thirds of 115 gaged stream reaches included in our analysis are currently perennial and the rest have some degree of intermittency. Dry years with combinations of high temperatures and low precipitation were associated with more zero-flow days. Mean annual flow was positively related to minimum flows, suggesting that potential future declines in mean annual flows will correspond with declines in minimum flows. The most important landscape variables for predicting low flow metrics were precipitation, percent snow, potential evapotranspiration, soils, and drainage area. Perennial streams in the UCRB that have high minimum-flow variability and low mean flows are likely to be most susceptible to increasing streamflow intermittency in the future.
Plasma sheet polytropic index as inferred from the FPE measurements

It is shown here that a four-cell convection pattern imposed on the magnetosphere by the solar wind during northward IMF conditions can be distorted into a wrapped two-cell convection pattern which is similar to the empirical distorted two-cell convection patterns deduced by Heppner and Maynard (1987). The convection distortions are caused by the anisotropic reflections of Alfven waves due to the anisotropic and nonuniform ionospheric conductance. The distributions of the resulting field-aligned currents in the model are characteristically consistent with observed current distributions, including the NBZ currents during northward IMF.
Vinylogous sulfonates as radical acceptors for the stereoselective synthesis of cyclic ethers

Abstract Treatment of the E -vinylogous sulfonates 1a-g with tris(trimethylsilyl)silane and triethylborane, in the presence of air, at room temperature furnished the cyclic ethers 2/3a-g in 34–99% yield with ≥8: 1 cis -diastereoselectivity.