cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of the Phospholipid Profile of E. coli by TLC with Thionine as Spot-Test Reagent. Recognition of Cardiolipin, Phosphatidylglycerol, Phosphatidylethanolamine, and N-Acyl Phosphatidylethanolamine

Thin layer chromatography with thionine as spot-test reagent is a new analytical method affording a more complete phospholipid profile of E. coli than has hitherto been available. This profile can be readily compared with mammalian profiles (in this study, canine cardiac muscle). The distinguishing properties of thionine affirms the presence of the major E. coli phospholipids cardiolipin (CL), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and facilitates recognition of the previously undetected N -acyl phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) as a minor, novel component.Further comparison of the E. coli and canine phospholipid profiles reveals the absence of choline lipids (i.e. sphingomyelin (SM) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), and the alkenyl PC species in E. coli . In contrast, normal mammalian cardiac muscle contains uniquely high levels of CL and the alkenyl species of PE and PC, and a lesser amount of SM. NAPE was produced only as a consequence of in-vitro incubation of canine heart homogenate.
Standard and Reduced Radiation Dose Liver CT Images: Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction versus Model-based Iterative Reconstruction—Comparison of Findings and Image Quality

Model-based iterative reconstruction may allow substantial radiation dose reduction in portal venous phase liver CT without compromising depiction of clinically relevant findings and with acceptable or improved image quality.
Nonlinear structural dynamic analysis using a modified modal method

The procedure for predicting the nonlinear dynamic response of structural components subjected to a step loading is presented. The procedure is a modified modal method that involves a change of dependent variables from the unknown nodal degrees of freedom of the finite element model of the structure to a smaller set of generalized coordinates. This change of dependent variables uses a combination of the nonlinear static solution and some selected vibration mode shapes. The vibration mode shapes correspond to the eigenvectors obtained by solving a standard free vibration eigenvalue problem wherein the stiffness matrix is expanded about the nonlinear static solution. A strategy is also presented for determining which and how many vibration mode shapes to include in the transformation. The effect of inaccurate representation of the spatial distribution of the applied load on the nonlinear dynamic response is discussed for two classes of structural behavior. Application of the procedure to structures which exhibit a stiffening behavior and to those with a softening behavior is presented.
Exposure of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium to a Protective Monoclonal IgA Triggers Exopolysaccharide Production via a Diguanylate Cyclase-Dependent Pathway

Sal4 is a monoclonal polymeric IgA antibody directed against the O antigen (O-Ag) of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), which is sufficient to protect mice against intestinal infections from S. Typhimurium. We recently reported that the exposure of S. Typhimurium to Sal4 results in the immediate loss of flagellum-based motility, in alterations to the outer membrane (OM) integrity, and in the concomitant appearance of a mucoid phenotype that is reminiscent of cells in the earliest stages of biofilm formation. We demonstrate here that prolonged (>4 h) exposure of S. Typhimurium to Sal4 at 37°C (but not at ambient temperature [25°C]) results in measurable exopolysaccharide (EPS) accumulation and biofilm formation on both borosilicate glass surfaces and polystyrene microtiter plates. The polysaccharide produced by S. Typhimurium in response to Sal4 contains cellulose, in addition to O-Ag capsule and colanic acid. EPS production was dependent on YeaJ, a proposed inner membrane-localized diguanylate cyclase (DGC) and a known regulator of cellulose biosynthesis. An S. Typhimurium ΔyeaJ strain was unable to produce cellulose or form a biofilm in response to Sal4. Conversely, the overexpression of yeaJ in S. Typhimurium enhanced Sal4-induced biofilm formation and resulted in increased intracellular levels of cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) compared to that of a wild-type control; this strongly suggests that YeaJ is indeed a functional DGC. Based on these data, we speculate that Sal4, by virtue of its ability to associate with the O-Ag and to induce OM stress, renders S. Typhimurium avirulent by triggering a c-di-GMP-dependent signaling pathway via YeaJ that leads to the suppression of bacterial motility while simultaneously stimulating EPS production.
Bilinear diffusion quantum Monte Carlo methods.

The standard method of quantum Monte Carlo for the solution of the Schrodinger equation in configuration space can be described quite generally as devising a random walk that generates—at least asymptotically— populations of random walkers whose probability density is proportional to the wave function of the system being studied. While, in principle, the energy eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian can be calculated with high accuracy, estimators of operators that do not commute the Hamiltonian cannot. Bilinear quantum Monte Carlo ~BQMC! is an alternative in which the square of the wave function is sampled in a somewhat indirect way. More specifically, one uses a pair of walkers at positions x and y and introduces stochastic dynamics to sample f i(x)t(x, y)f j( y), where f i(x) and f j( y) are eigenfunctions of ~possibly different! Hamiltonians, and t(x, y) is a kernel that correlates positions x and y. Using different Hamiltonians permits the accurate computation of small energy differences. We review the conceptual basis of BQMC, discuss qualitatively and analytically the problem of the fluctuations in the branching, and present partial solutions to that problem. Finally we exhibit numerical results for some model systems including harmonic oscillators and the hydrogen and helium atoms. Further research will be necessary to make this a practical and generally applicable scheme.
An adenovirus early region 1A protein is required for maximal viral DNA replication in growth-arrested human cells

Two closely related adenovirus early region 1A proteins are expressed in transformed cells. The smaller of these, which is 243 amino acids in length, is required for the transformation of primary rat cells and for the transformation of immortalized rat cells to anchorage-independent growth. This protein is not required for productive infection of exponentially growing HeLa cells but is required for maximal replication in growth (G0)-arrested human lung fibroblasts (WI-38 cells). To determine the function of this protein in viral replication in these G0-arrested cells, we compared viral early mRNA, early protein, and late protein synthesis after infection with wild type or a mutant which does not express the protein. No differences were found. However, viral DNA synthesis by the mutant was delayed and decreased to 20 to 30% that of wild type in these cells. Viral DNA synthesis was much less defective in growing WI-38 cells, and in the transformed human HeLa cell line it occurred at wild-type levels. Furthermore, the mutant which can express only the 243-amino-acid early region 1A protein induced cellular DNA synthesis in G0-arrested rat cells to the same level as wild-type virus. A mutant which can express only the 289-amino-acid early region 1A protein induced less cellular DNA synthesis in G0-arrested rat cells. We propose that the early region 1A 243-amino-acid protein alters the physiology of arrested permissive cells to allow maximal viral DNA replication. In nonpermissive rodent cells, the 243-amino-acid protein drives G0-arrested cells into S phase. This activity is probably important for the immortalization of primary cells.
Crafting an Architectural Blueprint: Principles of Design for Ethnographic Research

The purpose of this article is to enrich our conceptual understanding of ethnography through principles of design by offering a blueprint for ethnographic ways of knowing. Drawing on published ethnographic research, this article develops and defines principles of design that help facilitate the process and product of ethnographic research. Through the metaphor of an architectural blueprint, we consider the epistemological value of identifying foundational principles supporting ethnographic research and writing. The architectural blueprint offers a foundation for creating, writing, revising, teaching, and evaluating ethnographic scholarship. The article closes with a discussion of the utility of the metaphor as well as how other metaphors that currently guide ethnographic research could be used in tandem with the blueprint metaphor.
It’s Raining Liquids: RNA Tunes Viscoelasticity and Dynamics of Membraneless Organelles

Paradigm-shifting advances have revealed that diverse membraneless organelles originate via liquid-liquid phase separation, but how their distinct structural and functional milieux are specified is not understood. Recent work elucidates that RNA governs the biophysical characteristics of liquid droplets formed by RNA-binding proteins with low-complexity domains and can decelerate pathogenic fibrillogenesis.
DC polarization characteristics of XLPE and EPR insulation subjected to water treeing

Polarization currents obtained at a low dc field for two different brands of XLPE and EPR insulation subjected to water treeing were correlated with the corresponding time to breakdown characteristics of these materials. It is shown that although the RC time constant and the area under the polarization current curve changed consistently with the aging time for all three materials tested, the consistency and the diagnostic value of the information they provide about imminent insulation failure depends on the type of material.
Improved concept models for straight thin-walled columns with box cross section

This paper focuses on developing improved concept models for straight thin-walled box sectional columns which can better predict the peak crushing force that occurs during crashworthiness analyses. We develop a nonlinear translational spring based on previous research and apply such a spring element to build the enhanced concept models. The work presented in this article is developed on the basis of the publication of the author (Liu and Day, 2006b) and has been applied in a crashworthiness design issue, which is presented by the author in another paper (Liu, 2008).
LADY BEETLES AS POTENTIAL PREDATORS OF THE ROOT WEEVIL DIAPREPES ABBREVIATUS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN FLORIDA CITRUS

Abstract Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) is a major pest of Florida citrus. Adult females lay eggs in masses sealed between leaves in the citrus canopy, and recently-hatched neonate larvae drop to the soil and feed on roots. The coccinellid species, Cycloneda sanguinea (L.), Harmoniaaxyridis Pallas, and Olla v-nigrum Mulsant, are generalist predators that consume a wide range of citrus pests, although they have not been observed preying on Diaprepes. We conducted experiments to determine whether these species would feed on Diaprepes egg masses and neonate larvae, and how an exclusive or partial diet of Diaprepes eggs would influence their development. The three predators responded very similarly in our tests. In laboratory assays, coccinellid larvae and adults readily consumed exposed Diaprepes eggs and neonates less than 48 h old; and coccinellid larvae preyed on 40% of intact egg masses laid between wax paper strips or citrus leaves, whereas adults preyed on 8.7%. In a greenhouse assay,coccinellid larvae loc...
Goals Based Investing, the KISS Principle, and the Case for New Financial Instruments

There are two approaches to solving investment management challenges. The first (or traditional/mainstream) approach takes existing assets and tries to develop a robust analytic approach based on current theory to develop an appropriate investment solution. Life-cycle investing for retirement is a good example. However, the theory is much more elegant than practice because assets are not suited for a wide range of potential goals, and hence this approach tends to be error-prone, complex, expensive and leave investors with a lot of risk. This then makes the problem well beyond the scope of the average investor or even the advisor. The second approach, described here as the KISS (Keep it Simple and Straightforward) approach, takes a very different tack. It recognizes that with goals-based investing (GBI) each goal is unique. Rather than tweaking the investment solution with ever more complex approaches, it focuses instead on creating goal-appropriate financial instruments, which then trivialize the investment problem (and eliminate previously mentioned challenges). The trick of course would be to establish adequate demand and supply of these instruments to make this approach reasonable and sensible. We use a very simple example of saving for a child’s college to articulate a new instrument that could be a useful addition to the investor’s portfolio tool kit, and if well designed, could reduce the decision to just how much to save (and require just basic multiplication), thereby establishing demand. We also focus on who might be willing to supply such instruments. Using the framework developed, the paper concludes with a broader discussion of other financial instruments for other goals, including saving for retirement. In short, given the typically common nature of all GBI, these innovative instruments will typically be interest-only real bonds (indexed to the appropriate inflation index), that have a forward start date and pay coupons for the period required for the respective goal.
ID: 212: Guanylate-Binding Proteins (GBPs): Large cytokine-induced GTPases that regulate the cytoskeleton

Guanylate-Binding Proteins (GBPs) are a family of pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced GTPases. These proteins have been best studied for their anti-microbial activities against pathogens sensitive to IFN- γ . However, GBPs have a number of significant functions not directly related to their antimicrobial activities. One of these is regulation of the cytoskeleton. Integrins, TNF- α , and PDGF all promote rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, in part through the activation of the master cytoskeleton regulator Rac. mGBP-2 inhibits these rearrangements by inhibiting their ability to activate Rac. The inhibition of Rac is accompanied by the binding of mGBP-2 to the catalytic subunit of PI3-K and inhibiting its function. mGBP-2 also protects cells from killing by the cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drug, paclitaxel. Paclitaxel is proposed to kill cells by inhibiting the dynamic instability of microtubules. Cells can be protected from paclitaxel by restoration of this dynamic instability. Forced expression of the human ortholog of mGBP-2, hGBP-1, also protects tumor cells from killing by paclitaxel. hGBP-1 mRNA is expressed at greater than 2-fold higher levels than in benign ovaries in only 11–13% of new ovarian tumors. This number was at least 70% for tumors that recurred after a therapeutic regime containing a taxane. While the mechanism(s) by which hGBP-1 protects cells from paclitaxel is still under investigation, one possibility is that this occurs through hGBP-1-mediated alterations in cytoskeletal dynamics.
Neither Order nor Chaos: The Legal Structure of Sovereign Debt Workouts

Despite continuing academic debate over the relative merits of "statutory" versus contractual approaches to improving the process for sovereign debt restructuring, policymakers have converged around a contractual approach that includes voluntary inclusion of collective action clauses in sovereign debt contracts and the development of codes to regularize the expectations of market actors as to how workouts will proceed. This article explains the revealed preference of policymakers by reference to the multiplicity of sometimes conflicting aims of the official sector; concern that self-contained statutory reforms may result in diminished capital flows to emerging markets; continuing uncertainty as to the causes of financial crises; and the fact that policymakers' reputations are more likely to suffer from negative short-term effects resulting from reduced capital flows to many emerging markets than benefit from a smooth workout of a specific sovereign's debt in the future. Thus policymakers have pursued their goal of facilitating sovereign workouts without a default and without substantial commitments of official resources by opting for an incremental, flexible approach. The official sector sees the current situation as one characterized neither by chaos nor by comprehensive rules, and prefers to keep things that way. The article ends by noting the challenges that the Argentine default in 2001 and subsequent contentious, unproductive workout negotiations may pose to both the positive and normative aspects of official sector views.
Business Manners: An Informal Look:

A number of top executives feel that many of their organization's problems are rooted in a lack of proper business etiquette and protocol. Based on an informal inquiry as to the social courtesy displayed by a group of business students, this thinking may well have some merit.
APPLICATION OF EXTENDED KALMAN FILTER IN A METERING POPPET VALVE SYSTEM

This work focuses on an accurate Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) estimator, which is applied to a forced-feedback metering poppet valve system (FFMPVS). The EKF estimator is used to estimate the position and velocity of the main poppet valve, position and velocity of the pilot poppet valve and pressures within the pilot stage of the valve. The EKF estimator takes advantage of its recursive optimal state estimation to estimate the states of this metering poppet valve by using one pressure signal measurement. The results from the EKF are compared with the simulation results from the model and also compared with the states which can be measured from the physical system set up in the lab. It is shown that the EKF estimator tracks the states accurately for both the steady-state and transient performance. The EKF estimator has robustness to parameter variations. It is shown specifically that the EKF estimator has robustness to an example of model uncertainty, variations in the spring stiffness parameter.
Control of Separated Boundary Layer by Means of Micro - Actuated Delta Wings

Active control of separated flows is one of the most challenging tasks in fluid dynamics research. This paper reports preliminary results of our investigation of active control of boundary layer separation by m eans of independently deployed and dynamically contr olled micro actuated delta winglet . The winglet is simulated computationally in a specially designed wind tu nnel. Varying flow area causes a large reci rculation bubble on the lower flat wall of the tunnel . The winglet was positioned at the minimum area section and was actuated with a frequency of 1 rad/sec . The resulting flow is highly three -dimensional. Analysis of components of vorticity vector indicates that the winglet has a positive effect on the reci rculation zone. Further investigation is needed to determine the optimal usage of this separation control method .
No Easy Victories, the Difficulties of Defying the Empire

Dying Empire: U.S. Imperialism and Global Resistance (Rethinking Globalizations Series) Francis Shor, Abingdon, Routledge, 2010, xi + 194 pp., index, £80.00, ISBN 978-0-415-77822-0 (hardback); £24....
Consideration on the establishment of public health hotline 12320 in the new period

This paper studies the successful experience of public health hotline 12320 in different areas,analyzes the establishment status,service contents and management pattern of hotline 12320 under the background of the new healthcare reform and the framework of "the 12th Five-Year Plan" for health development,and provides the development strategies on hotline 12320 establishment in the new period.
Acceleration of reactivation of reduced bovine pancreatic ribonuclease by a microsomal system from rat liver

Prior studies to this article by Anfinsen, Epstein, and Goldberger established that the time required for synthesizing a chain of protein such as ribonuclease in the tissues of higher organisms would be approximately two minutes. Here, the three researchers noted that an enzyme system in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells that catalyzed the disulfide interchange reaction and which, when added to solutions of reduced ribonuclease, catalyzed the rapid formation of the native disulfide pairing in a period less than two minutes. Subsequent studies would find that such motile proteins as staphylococcal nuclease or myoglobin could undergo virtually complete renaturation in only a few seconds or less.
Validation of Maturity Offset in the Fels Longitudinal Study

Sex-specific equations for predicting maturity offset, time before or after peak height velocity (PHV), were evaluated in 63 girls and 74 boys from the Fels Longitudinal Study. Serially measured heights (0.1 cm), sitting heights (0.1 cm), weights (0.1 kg), and estimated leg lengths (0.1 cm) from 8 to 18 years were used. Predicted age at PHV (years) was calculated as the difference between chronological age (CA) and maturity offset. Actual age at PHV for each child was derived with a triple logistic model (Bock-Thissen-du Toit). Mean predicted maturity offset was negative and lowest at 8 years and increased linearly with increasing CA. Predicted ages at PHV increased linearly with CA from 8 to 18 years in girls and from 8 to 13 years in boys; predictions varied within relatively narrow limits from 12 to 15 years and then increased to 18 years in boys. Differences between predicted and actual ages at PHV among youth of contrasting maturity status were significant across the age range in both sexes. Dependence of predicted age at PHV upon CA at prediction and on actual age at PHV limits its utility as an indicator of maturity timing and in sport talent programs.
Efficient Time and Space Integrations of Stokes Fundamental Solutions — Applications to a Direct Time Domain BEM for Elastodynamics

The numerical treatment of the fundamental singular solutions of the Stokes’ state of quiescent past and their implementation within the framework of a 3-D time domain BEM formulation for linear elastodynamics is discussed. Of particular interest are simplified time and space integrations of the above fundamental solutions. The accuracy as well as the efficiency of such computations are tested through comparison studies against other more computationally intense BEM techniques.
Infinite Gaussian mixture models for robust decision fusion of hyperspectral imagery and full waveform LiDAR data

In this work, we propose a multi-sensor decision fusion approach which effectively combines hyperspectral data with full waveform LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data for robust geospatial image classification. The proposed approach provides a platform to exploit the most relevant information provided by these two remote sensing modalities. The hyperspectral data and full waveform LiDAR data are classified via a multi-classifier system, following which a decision fusion system based on logarithmic opinion pools (LOGP) is employed. The “base” classifier employed here is the infinite Gaussian mixture model (IGMM) based classifier which can capture the potentially multi-modal statistical structure of hyperspectral data and full waveform LiDAR data very well. As a preprocessing step, we use Local Fisher's Discriminant Analysis (LFDA) for dimensionality reduction since we expect it to preserve the non-Gaussian, potentially multi-modal structure of the hyperspectral data in the lower dimensional subspace. We compared our proposed multi-classifier based decision fusion method with a feature fusion scheme (the traditional way to do such analysis) which stacks the hyperspectral data and LiDAR waveform data and invokes a single classifier on this extended data cube. The results of our experiments show that the proposed IGMM-LOGP algorithm achieves a promising classification performance and works better than traditional feature fusion.
Self-reported and observed feeding practices of Rhode Island Head Start teachers: Knowing what not to do.

Abstract Purpose Through their feeding practices, adult caregivers play an important role in shaping children's eating behaviors. However, the feeding practices of child care teachers have received little attention. The purpose of this study was to compare child care teachers' self-reported feeding practices and observed feeding practices during a preschool meal. Methods Rhode Island Head Start teachers (n = 85) were observed during breakfast and lunch where feeding practices were coded using a tool adapted from the Environmental Policy Assessment and Observation (EPAO) tool. Teachers completed a questionnaire adapted from the EPAO Self-Report to capture self-reported feeding practices. Agreement between reported and observed was compared by percent agreement. Results Teachers were predominantly White (89%) and female (98%). There was a higher level of agreement among self-reported and observed controlling feeding practices (78.8–97.6% agreement) compared to healthful feeding practices (11.8–20.0% agreement). Conclusions Although self-report measures are typically used to capture feeding practices, there are inconsistencies between self-report and observation measures. The inconsistencies found among healthful self-reported and observed feeding practices have implications for future research protocols, measurement refinement, and training of child care teachers.
A Comparison of Plate Versus Screw Fixation for Segmental Scaphoid Fractures: A Biomechanical Study.

Background: Volar locking plate fixation may offer several advantages over headless screw fixation for scaphoid nonunion, or segmental or comminuted fractures: (1) increased surface area for bony h...
Effects of procalcitonin-guided treatment on antibiotic use and need for mechanical ventilation in patients with acute asthma exacerbation: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Abstract Objective The primary outcome was to determine whether serum procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy can reduce antibiotic exposure in patients with an acute exacerbation of asthma presenting to the primary care facility or emergency department, or during hospital admission. The secondary outcome was the need for mechanical ventilation. Methods An extensive literature search was performed to identify randomized controlled clinical trials (published in English) that compared serum procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy versus antibiotic use according to physician's discretion for adult participants with mild, moderate, or severe acute asthma exacerbations. Results Four randomized controlled trials evaluating 457 patients were included in this meta-analysis, with significant homogeneity observed among these studies. Procalcitonin-based protocols decreased antibiotic prescriptions (relative risk 0.58, 95% confidence interval 0.50–0.67). The conclusion regarding the difference between the two groups in the need for mechanical ventilation (relative risk 1.10, 95% confidence interval 0.62–1.94) was guarded due to inadequate power and the potential for type II error. The overall quality of evidence was also limited by the lack of double-blinding. Conclusions These data suggest a potential benefit for the use of serum procalcitonin in guiding antibiotic therapy in patients with an acute asthma exacerbation and advocates the need for more randomized controlled trials.
Are preoperative sestamibi scans useful for identifying ectopic parathyroid glands in patients with expected multigland parathyroid disease

Abstract Background The role of preoperative localization studies in patients with hyperparathyroidism and expected multigland disease remains poorly defined. Our study investigates the usefulness of obtaining preoperative sestamibi scans and ultrasonography of the neck in identifying ectopic glands in this group of patients. Methods Under Institutional Review Board approval, we performed a retrospective review of patients who underwent operation for secondary hyperparathyroidism, tertiary hyperparathyroidism, lithium-induced hyperparathyroidism, and multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome at a tertiary institution between 2004 and 2015. We reviewed patient demographics, laboratory, radiology, pathology, and operative reports. Results Of 2,975 parathyroidectomies performed during this period, 154 operations were performed in 149 patients who met the criteria. Of the 149 patients, 82 (55.0%) had secondary, 31 (20.8%) had tertiary, 23 (15.4%) had lithium-induced HPT, and 13 (10.1%) had multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome; 86 ectopic glands were identified in 64 patients (43.0%). Sensitivity for identification of ectopic glands was 29% for sestamibi scan and 7% for ultrasonography, while 89% of mediastinal glands were localized by sestamibi scans and thoracotomy, thoracoscopy, or sternotomy occurred in 4.7% of patients. Conclusion We found a greater rate of preoperative localization of ectopic glands than reported previously. Because the sensitivity of sestamibi for identification of ectopic glands is 23.0%, the implication of missing mediastinal glands warrants preoperative imaging.
Biomarker discovery for disease status and symptom severity in children with autism

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by social impairments and repetitive behaviors, and affects 1 in 68 US children. Despite ASD's societal impact, its disease mechanisms remain poorly understood. Recent preclinical ASD biomarker discovery research has implicated the neuropeptides oxytocin (OXT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), and their receptors, OXTR and AVPR1A, in animal models. Efforts to translate these findings to individuals with ASD have typically involved evaluating single neuropeptide measures as biomarkers of ASD and/or behavioral functioning. Given that ASD is a heterogeneous disorder, and unidimensional ASD biomarker studies have been challenging to reproduce, here we employed a multidimensional neuropeptide biomarker analysis to more powerfully interrogate disease status and symptom severity in a well characterized child cohort comprised of ASD patients and neurotypical controls. These blood-based neuropeptide measures, considered as a whole, correctly predicted disease status for 57 out of 68 (i.e., 84%) participants. Further analysis revealed that a composite measure of OXTR and AVPR1A gene expression was the key driver of group classification, and that children with ASD had lower neuropeptide receptor mRNA levels compared to controls. Lower neuropeptide receptor mRNA levels also predicted greater symptom severity for core ASD features (i.e., social impairments and stereotyped behaviors), but were unrelated to intellectual impairment, an associated feature of ASD. Findings from this research highlight the value of assessing multiple related biological measures, and their relative contributions, in the same study, and suggest that low blood neuropeptide receptor availability may be a promising biomarker of disease presence and symptom severity in ASD.
A mixed-methods investigation into the perspectives on mental health and professional treatment among former system youth with mood disorders

Research has shown that how people think about their health (or illnesses) shapes their help-seeking behavior. In this mixed-methods study, we employed a simultaneous concurrent design to explore the perceptions of mental illness among an understudied population: marginalized young adults. Participants were 60 young adults (ages 18-25) who had experienced mood disorders and used multiple public systems of care during their childhoods. Semistructured interviews were conducted to understand participants' illness and treatment experiences during the transition to adulthood. A team of analysts used constant comparison to develop a codebook of the qualitative themes, and quantitative data were examined using SAS 9.3. Findings suggest that some theoretical categories identified in past illness-perceptions frameworks are salient to marginalized young adults (e.g., identity, management-or control-of symptoms), but both the developmental transition to adulthood and experiences with public systems of care add nuanced variations to illness and treatment perceptions. Our study demonstrates that young adults possess a set of beliefs and emotions about their mental health and help-seeking options that need to be better understood to improve engagement and quality of mental health care for this population. Implications for practice, research, and policy are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Review of Fabrication Methods, Physical Properties, and Applications of Nanostructured Copper Oxides Formed via Electrochemical Oxidation.

Typically, anodic oxidation of metals results in the formation of hexagonally arranged nanoporous or nanotubular oxide, with a specific oxidation state of the transition metal. Recently, the majority of transition metals have been anodized; however, the formation of copper oxides by electrochemical oxidation is yet unexplored and offers numerous, unique properties and applications. Nanowires formed by copper electrochemical oxidation are crystalline and composed of cuprous (CuO) or cupric oxide (Cu2O), bringing varied physical and chemical properties to the nanostructured morphology and different band gaps: 1.44 and 2.22 eV, respectively. According to its Pourbaix (potential-pH) diagram, the passivity of copper occurs at ambient and alkaline pH. In order to grow oxide nanostructures on copper, alkaline electrolytes like NaOH and KOH are used. To date, no systemic study has yet been reported on the influence of the operating conditions, such as the type of electrolyte, its temperature, and applied potential, on the morphology of the grown nanostructures. However, the numerous reports gathered in this paper will provide a certain view on the matter. After passivation, the formed nanostructures can be also post-treated. Post-treatments employ calcinations or chemical reactions, including the chemical reduction of the grown oxides. Nanostructures made of CuO or Cu2O have a broad range of potential applications. On one hand, with the use of surface morphology, the wetting contact angle is tuned. On the other hand, the chemical composition (pure Cu2O) and high surface area make such materials attractive for renewable energy harvesting, including water splitting. While compared to other fabrication techniques, self-organized anodization is a facile, easy to scale-up, time-efficient approach, providing high-aspect ratio one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures. Despite these advantages, there are still numerous challenges that have to be faced, including the strict control of the chemical composition and morphology of the grown nanostructures, their uniformity, and understanding the mechanism of their growth.
Learning to Teach Elementary Mathematics: Ecological Elements of a Field Experience

Three elements of the ecology of a mathematics methodsfield experience were particularly important topromoting a shift in locus of authority thatprecipitated reflective thinking among the preserviceteachers: (a) an inquiry perspective, (b) the cohortgroup, and (c) school-university collaboration. Thearticle describes these three aspects of the ecologyof the field experience and provides the perspectivesof the mentor teacher, preservice teacher, and teachereducator. Also included are new challenges andproblems that arose with each aspect.
Inhibition of Influenza Virus Replication by 2-Deoxy-2,3-Dehydro-N-Trifluoroacetylneuraminic Acid (Fana)

Myxoviruses and paramyxoviruses are unique among animal viruses by virtue of their possession of a virus-coded enzyme (neuraminidase) which Is capable of liberating free N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (NANA) from a variety of sialoprotein and sialolipid substrates. Although the precise role of neuraminidase In myxovirus replication had not been defined, numerous attempts were made over a period of more than 3 decades to inhibit Influenza virus replication by the use of neuraminidase inhibitors. A variety of compounds have been shown to Inhibit neuraminidase activity in vitro including polyanions such as congo red and trypan red, dextran sulfate etc., sulfhydryl reagents, concanavalin A, oxamic acid derivatives, and benzimidazole derivatives but neuraminidase inhibition by these compounds is either nonspecific or requires very high concentrations of inhibitor.
Tobin MJ: Principles and Practice of Mechanical Ventilation, 2nd Ed.

In this second edition, the chapters are organized into 15 general areas including the diverse topics from the physical and physiologic principles to the history of mechanical ventilation, ethics and economics. Each chapter is formatted as a “state of the art” review; a summary of scientific knowledge on the subject along with an exhaustive list of original references. This comprehensive account of acute respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation covers in detail underlying physiologic principles and corresponding management of patients, including conventional and unconventional modes of ventilation, specific settings, artificial airways, monitoring, adjunctive treatments and complications. To the extent possible in a conventional textbook format, each chapter is reasonably up to date. Among 70 chapters, 24 are completely new, reflecting recent issues in the field including mechanical ventilation in acute lung injury, noninvasive ventilation, sleep and speech. Particularly enjoyable are passionate accounts written by the editor himself: indications for mechanical ventilation, monitoring and weaning. The book is also an elemental resource for researchers as each of the experts exposes critical knowledge gaps that need to be filled in future studies.
Reflectionless measures for Calderón-Zygmund operators I: general theory

We study the properties of reflectionless measures for an s-dimensional Calderon-Zygmund operator T acting in Rd, where s ∈ (0, d). Roughly speaking, these are measures μ for which Tμ(1) is constant on the support of the measure. In this series of papers, we develop the basic theory of reflectionless measures, and describe the relationship between the description of reflectionless measures and certain well-known problems in harmonic analysis and geometric measure theory.
Digital Data Divide Database

This note presents a descriptive analysis of data from the so-called "Digital Data Divide Database", which estimates the world’s technological hardware capacity to telecommunicate information between 1986 and 2017. The database provides both the number of telecommunication subscriptions and the bandwidth capacity for 168 countries.
Oceanic Radiance and Imaging: FLIP Support for September '08 Experiment

Abstract : The long-term goal of this work was to expand the capabilities of R/P FLIP by installing a new starboard boom to match the capabilities of the existing port boom. In addition to the long-term goal, the objectives of this work were to undertake a sea trial of the new starboard boom prior to its use in the RaDyO Santa Barbara Channel Experiment in September 2008, and to provide tug, and other support for towing and mooring FLIP.
Psychometric Properties of the 12-Item World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0) in Adult Patients with Motor Disabilities

To explore the psychometric properties of the Greek version of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0–12 item) in adult patients suffering from motor disabilities. The questionnaire of WHODAS 2.0–12 item was officially translated and cross-culturally adapted into Greek (WHODAS 2.0–12Gr).136 adult patients with motor disabilities included in the present observational study. A reliability study was carried out to explore WHODAS 2.0–12Gr’s internal consistency (Cronbach’s a), repeatability (Pearson’s r) and test retest test-retest reliability between the WHODAS 2.0–12Gr outcomes of day-1 and day-8 [intra-class correlation coefficients with 95% confidence intervals (ICC 95%CI)], and the convergent validity (item-total correlation) of the questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to explore the construct validity of the WHODAS 2.0–12Gr, while the concurrent validity of the questionnaire was testing against the Greek Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form Health Survey version 1.0 (SF-36v1.0-Gr). Reliability properties: WHODAS 2.0–12Gr Cronbach’s a was 0.814 (p < 0.001), Pearson’s r value was 0.980 (p < 0.001) and ICC (95%CI) was 0.990 (0.985–0.993) (p < 0.001). Validity properties: Pearson’s r values of item-total correlation were ranged from 0.376 to 0.736. EFA extracted a 3-factor model. Regarding concurrent validity, the significant correlations between the WHODAS 2.0–12Gr and the SF36v1.0-Gr ranged from −0.169 to −0.720. WHODAS 2.0–12Gr showed significant high to excellent reliability and significant weak to strong validity properties. Overall, it can be suggested that WHODAS 2.0–12Gr could be a reliable and valid tool for assessing patients with motor disabilities.
Impacts of Ternary-Pumped Storage Hydropower on U.S. Western Interconenction with Extremely High Renewable Penetrations

In recent years, ternary pumped storage hydropower (T-PSH), as one of the advanced PSH technologies, has attracted more attention from the industry. The interest is because of the capability of providing fast power support for the future electric grid with high penetration of renewable energy (RE). This paper focuses on studying the impact of T-PSH on frequency response of the U.S. Western Interconnection under different penetration levels of RE, which are from 20% to 80%. The detailed model of T-PSH is developed and implemented in the Western Interconnection grid model based on the GE Positive Sequence Load Flow (PSLF) platform, which can capture the unique dynamics of hydraulic short-circuit (HSC) mode and fast mode switching of T-PSH. To reveal the dynamic benefit from T-PSH, the frequency response of the Western Interconnection has been compared with and without T-PSH. In addition, a new solution is discussed that uses T-PSH to improve system stability issues caused by high RE penetration.
Rwanda Ecological Sanitation Latrine Design

This project focuses on sustainable waste sanitation technology and was developed by a partnership between Virginia Tech and NGO Fondazione Marcegaglia Onlus based in Rilima Rwanda. Rilima, Rwanda is a rural, agricultural town in eastern Rwanda. As a post-genocide resettlement town, their infrastructure was not built for sustainability, specifically for waste management, and is in failing condition. This design project aims to create a sustainable waste management solution that is tailored to the community's livelihood-farming. Through the use of composting toilets, families can safely reuse their waste in a meaningful way. The design features an innovative user design to make the structure socially acceptable, improves air ventilation to eliminate odors and insects, and an easily accessible compartment to remove and transport the waste off-site to compost safely. Through prototype testing, the latrine design triples the airflow through the superstructure compared to current latrine ventilation designs. Further testing on the user experience is currently being conducted on a latrine constructed in community land in Rilima. The first latrine was successfully built in December 2018 and is still undergoing testing. During the testing phase, the design team is working to improve the usability of the design and determine how or if the design needs to be modified for rapid replication. After this testing period ends, the design will go through a final refinement for use in households across Rilima.
Weedy Rice From South Korea Arose From Two Distinct De-domestication Events

Agro-ecosystems are dominated by crop plants and the weedy species that thrive under agricultural conditions. Weedy crop relatives are some of the most difficult weeds to manage and can dramatically reduce crop yields when left unchecked. Weedy rice has resulted from multiple de-domestication events from crop rice in different rice growing regions. Interestingly, both South Korea and the United States harbor weedy rice populations that share ancestry with indica cultivars and temperate japonica cultivars. Here we compare weedy rice populations from South Korea and the United States on order to identify if they are the result of the same de-domestication events. We find that weedy rice populations in South Korea are genetically distinct from weedy rice found in the USA and are therefore the result of two unique de-domestication events. Low levels of genetic diversity among Korean weedy rice accessions (haplotype diversity = 0.0188 and 0.0324) indicate recent de-domestication events from crop relatives.
Early Covert Appearance of Marginal Zone B Cells in Salivary Glands of Sjögren's Syndrome-Susceptible Mice: Initiators of Subsequent Overt Clinical Disease.

The C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mouse model has been extensively studied to define the underlying cellular and molecular bioprocesses critical in the onset of primary Sjogren's Syndrome (pSS), a human systemic autoimmune disease characterized clinically as the loss of lacrimal and salivary gland functions leading to dry eye and dry mouth pathologies. This mouse model, together with several gene knockout mouse models of SS, has indicated that B lymphocytes, especially marginal zone B (MZB) cells, are necessary for development and onset of clinical manifestations despite the fact that destruction of the lacrimal and salivary gland cells involves a classical T cell-mediated autoimmune response. Because migrations and functions of MZB cells are difficult to study in vivo, we have carried out ex vivo investigations that use temporal global RNA transcriptomic analyses to profile autoimmunity as it develops within the salivary glands of C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mice. Temporal profiles indicate the appearance of Notch2-positive cells within the salivary glands of these SS-susceptible mice concomitant with the early-phase appearance of lymphocytic foci (LF). Data presented here identify cellular bioprocesses occurring during early immune cell migrations into the salivary glands and suggest MZB cells are recruited to the exocrine glands by the upregulated Cxcl13 chemokine where they recognize complement (C')-decorated antigens via their sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and B cell (BC) receptors. Based on known MZB cell behavior and mobility, we propose that MZB cells activated in the salivary glands migrate to splenic follicular zones to present antigens to follicular macrophages and dendritic cells that, in turn, promote a subsequent systemic cell-mediated and autoantibody-mediated autoimmune T cell response that targets exocrine gland cells and functions. Overall, this study uses the power of transcriptomic analyses to provide greater insight into several molecular events defining cellular bioprocesses underlying SS that can be modelled and more thoroughly studied at the cellular level.