cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recovery of butanol from fermentation broth by gas stripping

Abstract This is an overview of the butanol (usually called acetone butanol ethanol, ABE) fermentation in various types of reactor systems and recovery by gas stripping. Gas stripping is a simple technique which does not require expensive apparatus, does not harm the culture, does not remove nutrients and reaction intermediates and reduces butanol toxicity (inhibition). As a result of butanol removal by gas stripping, concentrated sugar solutions can be used to produce butanol/ABE. Compared to sugar utilization of 30 gl −1 in a control batch reactor, sugar utilization of 199 gl −1 has been reported with 69.7 gl −1 solvent production. In fed-batch reactors concentrated sugar solutions (350 gl −1 ) have been used. Additionally, the process of ABE production results in concentrated product streams containing 9.1–120 gl −1 butanol/ABE. In the integrated ABE production and recovery systems, selectivities of 4–30.5 have been reported.
Genomic Consequences of Ecological Speciation in Astyanax Cavefish

The cave environment is consistently radically different than the surface environment because it lacks light, and animals adapting to cave life are subject to strong selective forces much different than those experienced by their ancestors who evolved in the presence of light. As such, their divergence from surface ancestors and eventual speciation is likely to be driven by the shift in ecology. We report here that hybrids between cave and surface Astyanax mexicanus fishes produce offspring with allelic frequencies that differ significantly from Mendelian expectations both for transmission ratios and for independent assortment of unlinked markers. Comparison of allelic content of DNA from fin clips and sperm pools show that the transmission ratio distortion likely occurs during spermatogenesis. Departures from expectations of independent assortment are essentially epistatic phenomena generating linkage disequilibrium. A novel analysis of the epistatic interactions reveals an apparent network of interactions among genes known or suspected to be involved in cave adaptation, implying that the epistasis arose as a "by product" of the divergence due to cave adaptation.
TICA : a system for the extraction of data from analytical chemical text

Abstract Postma, G.J., Van der Linden, B., Smits, J.R.M. and Kateman, G., 1990. TICA: A system for the extraction of data from analytical chemical text. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems , 9: 65–74. A system for the extraction of factual and methodological data from abstract-like texts on analytical chemical methods is described. The system consists of a parser/interpreter (which performs a parallel analysis based on requests) and a frame-based reasoning system (script-applier). The current domain is inorganic redox titrimetry. Some results are given and the system is discussed.
Conductance fluctuations in ultra-short-channel Si MOSFETS

Abstract Conductance fluctuations with gate voltage near threshold are observed at temperature up to 10K in metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) with wide (44 μm) but short (≤0.15 μm) channels. The reproducible variations are consistent with the universal conductance fluctuations predicted by Lee and Stone.
"The Fist in the Face of God": Heavy Metal Music and Decentralized Cultural Diffusion

The purpose of this paper is to explain the timing and location of the diffusion of heavy metal music. We use data from an Internet archive to measure the population-adjusted rate of metal band foundings in 150 countries for the 1991–2008 period. We hypothesize that growth in “digital capacity” (Internet and personal computer use) catalyzed the diffusion of metal music. We include time-varying controls for gross national income, political regime, global economic integration, and degree of metal penetration of countries sharing a land or maritime border with each country. We find that digital capacity is positively associated with heavy metal band foundings, but, net of all controls, the effect is much stronger for countries with no history of metal music prior to 1990. Hence, our results indicate that increasing global digital capacity may be a stronger catalyst for between-country than for within-country diffusion of cultural products.
Effect of concanavalin A on nephrotic peripheral blood mononuclear cells mediated increased 35sulfate uptake in rat glomerular basement membrane.

ABSTRACT. We have previously shown a significant increase in 35sulfate uptake in rat glomerular basement membrane (GBM) when glomeruli were cocultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with idiopathic minimal lesion nephrotic syndrome (IMLNS) in relapse, but an uptake not different than normal controls if glomeruli were incubated with PBMC of patients in remission. In the present study we examined 35sulfate uptake by GBM after PBMC from 12 IMLNS patients in remission were stimulated with Concanavalin A (Con A) (10 µg/ml of culture media). There was a significant increase in 35sulfate GBM uptake when glomeruli were cocultured with Con A-stimulated IMLNS PBMC (geometric mean), 331 cpm/mg dry glomerular weight) as compared to glomeruli cocultured with IMLNS PBMC (geometric mean, 200) (p = 0.048); glomeruli alone stimulated with Con A (geometric mean, 182) (p = 0.008) or glomeruli alone (geometric mean, 146) (p = 0.002). No significant differences were seen between the groups when glomeruli were cocultured with PBMC from 12 normal adults. These data show that Con A stimulated PBMC from IMLNS patients in remission alter the sulfate metabolism of rat GBM. The stimulation of PBMC with Con A reproduces the increase in 35sulfate uptake observed when glomeruli are cocultured with PBMC from IMLNS in relapse. Sulfated compounds in the GBM may play a role in glomerular permeability. Since stimulated nephrotic PBMC alter the metabolism of GBM sulfated compounds, these findings may have pathogenic significance.
Alterations in norepinephrine, serotonin, c-AMP, and transsynaptic induction of tyrosine hydroxylase after spinal cord transection in the rat.

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity and the concentrations of norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), and cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate (c-AMP) were measured in the heart, adrenals, and brain stem of paraplegic rats. Following spinal cord transection NE concentration in the heart dropped to 30% within 24 hours and that of 5-HT decreased to 60% of control. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity and c-AMP levels in the brain stem were elevated while NE concentration remained low. At seven days, however, NE and 5-HT levels were higher than in controls while TH activity and c-AMP concentration dropped to control levels. The increase in TH activity in the brain stem may be due to curtailed end-product feedback inhibition and to reduced receptor activation. The sustained induction of the adrenal TH is probably a consequence of a continual stimulation of splanchnic nerves.
Interactions of quinidine and quinine and (+)- and (-)-pindolol with the organic cation/proton antiporter in renal brush border membrane vesicles.

L'elimination renale de cations organiques comme le (+) et le (-) pindolol, la quinine et la quinidine a ete etudiee au niveau de l'antiport cation/proton dans les vesicules membranaires de la bordure en brosse renale. Cette interaction a ete etudiee au niveau de sa stereoselectivite
Deposition and adhesion of spores of Fusarium culmorum on hydrilla.

Fusarium culmorum is a pathogen of the submerged aquatic weed Hydrilla verticillata. The deposition and attachment of macroconidia and chlamydospores of F. culmorum in water was investigated using assays with glass slides and hydrilla shoots. The number of spores deposited on leaves along the length of hydrilla shoots in test tubes did not vary significantly with depth. Macroconidia and chlamydospores deposited on the leaf did not become attached to the surface for several hours. Two-week-old macroconidia required 3 h for attachment and 6-week-old chlamydospores required 7 h. Pretreatment of macroconidia in hydrilla extract induced production of an adhesive substance from the tips of the macroconidia, which attached to glass slides and hydrilla leaves. The adhesive substance was induced after incubation for l min in hydrilla extract, and the adhesive capacity declined after 20 min of incubation. Macroconidia that adhered to glass slides began to break free after 3 h. Co-incubation of macroconidia in hydri...
High-energy Nd:YAG laser ignition of coals

One of the main purposes of the present study is to explore the use of laser radiation to initiate and support combustion of coals. Within this context, some experiments were conducted to study the interaction of the Nd-Yag laser radiation with four different coals. Laser intensities ranging from 0.5 X 103 to 1.5 X 104 W/cm2 at 1.064 micrometers wavelength and the pulse duration of 5 ms were used. For laser intensities less than 800 W/cm2, no ignition was observed for all coals. For laser intensities above this value, two ignition mechanisms were observed: the surface ignition followed by the gas phase ignition when Wyoming subbituminous, Indian lignite and North Dakota lignite coals were used. For the same range of the laser intensities, however, only the gas phase ignition was observed when Pittsburgh bituminous coal was used. It was also noted that a significant amount of the external laser radiations were absorbed by the pyrolysis products during the early stages of the ignition period.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A tautology is a tautology (or is it

Depuis ces dix dernieres annees, les discussions concernant les tautologies conversationnelles se sont focalisees sur l'opposition entre semantique et pragmatique, l'approche pragmatique analysant le mecanisme tautologique comme etant independant de la langue contrairement a l'approche semantique. L'A. propose un modele pour l'interpretation de certains enonces tautologiques, les tautologies profondes, base sur les traits logiques des langues. Il montre, a travers des exemples en neerlandais/anglais que ces tautologies profondes peuvent etre traduites sans perte de sens et de forme.
The Personality Typology of Black College Students: Evidence for a Characteristic Cognitive Style?

This study examined the distributions across personality types (as assessed by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) of two samples of black college students (ns = 315 and 447) in comparison to norming data from two manuals. Major differences were found between the black and white samples with regard to the proportions classified as Extroversion-Intuition-Feeling-Perception (ENFP) and Introversion-Sensing-Thinking-Judging (ISTJ). Much higher proportions of the black samples were also clustered at the sensing pole of the perceptual dimension. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the existence of a unique black "cognitive style."
Electron Density as a Descriptor of Thermal Molecular Size

A quantitative relationship is developed between repulsive intermolecular potential surfaces and molecular electron density contours, using the helium atom as a probe. For a variety of small neutral molecules and anions, the molecular surface consistent with approach of a helium atom at a temperature of 298 K is identified with the electron density contour at 0.0033 ± 0.0005 au. This gives a prescription for molecular size and shape that is expected to be useful for cavities in solution and other applications.
Exporting America: Why Corporate Greed Is Shipping American Jobs Overseas/The Lexus and the Olive Tree

This article presents reviews of the books “Exporting America: Why Corporate Greed Is Shipping American Jobs Overseas,” By Lou Dobbs and “The Lexus and the Olive Tree,” by Thomas L. Friedman.
Twin photons entangled in polarization and angular momentum

Quantum states of twin photons entangled in angular momentum and polarization provide new degrees of freedom to researchers in quantum information and imaging. This work discuss these states and also emphasizes differences between two proposed models for twin photons entangled in angular momentum. Answers to the presented questions would contribute to a better understanding of this nonlinear process.
Ordinal performance measures for strategy and control: Application to the U.S. airline industry

Abstract Deregulation brings with it uncertainty about a firm's strategic position in an industry and the necessity for many firms to undertake for the first time industry analysis to ascertain the firm's position. Commonly used approaches to industry analysis rely on the availability of accurate data. The determination of competitive position requires substantial amounts of comparable data on all direct and potential competitors. Yet it is often the case in deregulated industries that data for industry analysis, once supplied by the regulators, are of poor quality or are very costly (or both). Further, traditional industry analyses tend to deal in absolute performance levels and either neglect direct comparative evaluations or require inordinate computational efforts to achieve it. The material presented in this chapter provides motivation for the use of relatively inexpensive, very robust ordinal data for use in strategic analysis. Traditional concepts of risk and return are extended to formulate ordinal measures of risk and return and to develop the notion of strategic risk-return positions for firms. Illustrations are drawn from data on the U.S. airline industry before, during, and after deregulation.
High-speed synchrotron X-ray phase contrast imaging for analysis of low-Z composite microstructure

Abstract The study of high performance composites such as plastic-bonded explosives under extreme conditions often requires innovative experimental techniques. Here, static synchrotron X-ray phase-contrast imaging (PCI) of simulated explosive materials has been performed at high speed in an effort to determine feasibility of imaging material response to dynamic, high-strain rate events (10 2 –10 7 s −1 ). The microstructure of pristine materials, idealized composites and simulated explosive composites has been characterized with synchrotron PCI at the Advanced Photon Source. High spatial resolution (2 μm) of the microstructure was achieved with 5 μs exposures, and features such as interfaces, cracks, voids, and bubbles were clearly observed. The likelihood of obtaining sufficient phase information at even faster exposures (e.g., 0.2–0.5 μs) is shown to be high.
Debris Evolution and Lifetime Following an Orbital Breakup

Nomenclature A = projected area of the spacecraft d = distance traveled through the cloud E' loss in energy due to heat and light Me = empirical function of the collision velocity Mi = mass of ith object ra/ = mass of /th particle (fragment) N = number of fragments of mass m and greater «/ = number of particles moving at a velocity Q = energy for the spread of fragments V = volume of cloud Vj = velocity of /th object Krel = relative velocity at collision v/ = velocity of /th paticle vr velocity of spacecraft in the cloud p density of particles in the cloud
JET INJECTION OF LOCAL ANESTHESIA FOR BONE MARROW ASPIRATIONS

Jet injection of anesthesia has been employed for dental procedures and is said to be associated with less pain than needle and syringe techniques. To determine its usefulness for bone marrow aspirations, the Syrijet-Mark II was used to deliver 0.35cc of 2% zylocaine at 2600 psi to the posterior iliac crest in 50 aspirations on 27 subjects, ages 4-17, with leukemia. A comparison was made with prior marrow aspirations using 25g needle and 2-3 cc of 2% zylocaine to skin and periosteum. In this group, the periosteal depth (skin to bone) was 3-15mm (mean 7). Skin wheals varied from 0-10mm (mean 4.7). In 22/50 procedures (44%), no pain was felt; in 22/50 slight pain (44%) was felt but less than with needle injection; in 6/50 (12%), pain equivalent to the needle technique occurred and in none was more pain felt. On insertion of the bone marrow needle through skin in 41/50 procedures (82%), no pain was felt and in 9/50 (18%), mild pain only. On insertion of the needle through periosteum into bone, no pain or significantly less pain than with needle injection was felt in 31/50 procedures (62%); equivalent pain occurred in 16/50 (32%); and more pain in 3/50 (6%). In only 4/50 patients (8%), was the non-jet technique preferred. Skin wheal size and periosteal depth had no relationship to patient response. Jet injection of anesthesia is rapid and effectively relieves the pain of marrow aspirations.
Continuous and Discrete Time: Scientific Possibilities 1

Abstract This paper presents a philosophical and scientifically informed assessment of the continuity of time. It provides experimental evidence for the continuity of psychological time and evaluates the view that physical and psychological time may be continuous. It then offers a potential problem for the continuity of physical time, which adds plausibility to the possibility that only psychological time is continuous. The main contributions of the paper are that it provides an adequate and up to date interpretation of traditional philosophical views concerning the continuity of time, and that it argues for a reliabilist account of the epistemology of the mathematical continuum.
Self-Assembly of Monolayers of Submicron Sized Particles on Thin Liquid Films

In this paper, we present a technique for freezing monolayers of micron and sub-micron sized particles onto the surface of a flexible thin film after the self-assembly of a particle monolayer on fluid-liquid interfaces has been improved by the process we have developed where an electric field is applied in the direction normal to the interface. Particles smaller than about 10 microns do not self-assemble under the action of lateral capillary forces alone since capillary forces amongst them are small compared to Brownian forces. We have overcome this problem by applying an electric field in the direction normal to the interface which gives rise to dipoledipole and capillary forces which cause the particles to arrange in a triangular pattern. The technique involves assembling the monolayer on the interface between a UV-curable resin and another liquid by applying an electric field, and then curing the resin by applying UV light. The monolayer becomes embedded on the surface of the solidified resin film.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Experience with the use of Latnensk siliceous fireclays

Using semiacid Latnensk clay LT1PK and LT2PK it is possible to produce refractories meeting the requirements of GOST 4873–49. The articles were distinguished by excellent slag resistance, and satisfactory thermal-shock resistance, and can be used by the consumer together with firebrick, for those applications including conditions of molten metal and slag action. The production technology developed by the All-Union Institute and the Novomoskov Firebrick Factory for semiacid products specifies the firing of semiacid clay LT2PK in a rotary kiln, and semidry pressing of the articles from bodies containing average quantities of nonplastics.
Multiple tobacco use and increased nicotine dependence among people with disabilities

Abstract Background People with disabilities (PWD) are at greatest risk for tobacco use compared to people without disabilities. However, little is known about the use of multiple types of tobacco by PWD. Objective/Hypothesis The purpose of this study was to examine nicotine dependence among a sample of PWD who use multiple types tobacco products. We hypothesized that individuals who used multiple forms of tobacco would have higher levels of nicotine dependence. Methods A tobacco survey was administered to clients who use tobacco and receive services from an organization that provides independent living services to PWD. The self-report brief survey included measures of nicotine dependence and items indicating the types of tobacco products participants used. A total of 113 male and female participants with disabilities (mean age = 51.7, SD = 10.1) participated in the study. Results Multiple tobacco use was reported by 16.8% of the participants and was significantly associated with nicotine dependence. Compared to single tobacco product users, multiple tobacco users were more likely to use tobacco within the first 30 min of waking, believe tobacco the first thing in the morning would be the most difficult to give up, and find it hard to not use tobacco in prohibited locations. Conclusions The use of multiple types of tobacco products among PWD disability is relatively common and is associated with greater nicotine dependence. Tobacco cessation interventions targeting PWD should consider the addressing unique challenges of preventing different types of tobacco products.
In defense of linear quadrature rules

Abstract It is shown that appropiate linear quadrature rules can handle integrands with singularities at or near the end points more effectively than the nonlinear methods proposed by Werner and Wuytack. A special 10 point Gauss rule gives good results. A method with exponential convergence gives high accuracy with a moderate number of nodes. Both procedures were implemented on a programmable hand calculator.
Meaning Making, Uncertainty Reduction, and Autobiographical Memory: A Replication and Reinterpretation of the TALE Questionnaire

The present research was guided by two primary goals: 1) replicate the empirical structure of the Thinking about Life Experiences (TALE) questionnaire (Bluck, Alea, Habermas, & Rubin, 2005); and 2) explore how the functions of autobiographical memory may interact and support one another. Toward the second goal, it is suggested that the potential functions of autobiographical memory may be understood from an existential framework that is grounded by two principles: humans are driven by a need for meaning and meaning is found in relation to others and other things in the world. In this pursuit of meaning making, and a desire to know what to expect from the world, humans seek to create a coherent set of relations among the various existential elements in their lives (Heine, Proulx, & Vohs, 2006); accordingly, humans strive to reduce uncertainty about the world and their place in it. As such, the TALE was reinterpreted using a relational framework and a 28-item self-report measure was developed. Participants completed the TALE and the reinterpreted TALE (RTALE). The results provide some support for the 3-factor structure of the TALE. The proposed 4-factor structure of the RTALE was supported.
The Kalashnikov Age

When Charles Taylor invaded Liberia, he unleashed the most deadly combat system of the current epoch–the adolescent human male equipped with an AK-47 assault rifle.
Identification and management of emotional patients

Abstract The problems of patients can seriously interfere with prosthodontic care. The dentist must become more perceptive of patients' feelings and more adept at finding out their wishes. Treatment must be carefully planned in advance, and clear channels of communication must be established. The preparation of the patient for treatment must include emotional preparation as well as tissue preparation. The treatment plan must be discussed in detail with the patient in order to reach a mutual agreement of objectives before treatment is begun. In this way, a successful conclusion is possible for patients with emotional problems.
Calculation of Characteristic Values for Periodic Potentials

Section II reviews the general properties of the solutions of differential equations with periodic coefficients, the socalled Hill and Mathieu equations. In Section III asymptotic formulae for the eigenvalues of the Mathieu equation in the oscillatory region (Eq. (9)) are obtained by applying the Schr\"odinger perturbation theory to the problem of the physical pendulum. Section IV applies the W. K. B. method to the Hill equations. Implicit equations for the eigenvalues are obtained (\textsection{}9, Eq. (28), (30) \textsection{}10). They are valid for $El{V}_{max}$. In the introduction (Section I) a group of physical problems are mentioned, to which the results may be applied.
New model of action for mood stabilizers: phosphoproteome from rat pre-frontal cortex synaptoneurosomal preparations.

Background Mitochondrial short and long-range movements are necessary to generate the energy needed for synaptic signaling and plasticity. Therefore, an effective mechanism to transport and anchor mitochondria to pre- and post-synaptic terminals is as important as functional mitochondria in neuronal firing. Mitochondrial movement range is regulated by phosphorylation of cytoskeletal and motor proteins in addition to changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. Movement direction is regulated by serotonin and dopamine levels. However, data on mitochondrial movement defects and their involvement in defective signaling and neuroplasticity in relationship with mood disorders is scarce. We have previously reported the effects of lithium, valproate and a new antipsychotic, paliperidone on protein expression levels at the synaptic level. Hypothesis Mitochondrial function defects have recently been implicated in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. We postulate that mood stabilizer treatment has a profound effect on mitochondrial function, synaptic plasticity, mitochondrial migration and direction of movement. Methods Synaptoneurosomal preparations from rat pre-frontal cortex were obtained after 28 daily intraperitoneal injections of lithium, valproate and paliperidone. Phosphorylated proteins were identified using 2D-DIGE and nano LC-ESI tandem mass spectrometry. Results Lithium, valproate and paliperidone had a substantial and common effect on the phosphorylation state of specific actin, tubulin and myosin isoforms as well as other proteins associated with neurofilaments. Furthermore, different subunits from complex III and V of the electron transfer chain were heavily phosphorylated by treatment with these drugs indicating selective phosphorylation. Conclusions Mood stabilizers have an effect on mitochondrial function, mitochondrial movement and the direction of this movement. The implications of these findings will contribute to novel insights regarding clinical treatment and the mode of action of these drugs.
Conductivity of ionic liquid-derived polymers with internal gold nanoparticle conduits

The transport properties of self-supporting Au nanoparticle–ionic liquid-derived polymer composites were characterized. Topographic AFM images confirm the perforated lamellar composite architecture determined by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and further show that the in situ synthesized Au nanoparticles are localized within the hydrophilic (water) domains of the structure. At low Au nanoparticle content, the images reveal incomplete packing of spherical particles (i.e., voids) within these columns. The confinement and organization of the Au nanoparticles within the hydrophilic columns give rise to a large manifold of optical resonances in the near-IR region. The bulk composite conductivity, Rb, was determined by ac electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for samples prepared with increasing Au3+ content over a frequency range of 10 Hz to 1 MHz. A 100-fold increase was observed in the bulk conductivity at room temperature for composites prepared with the highest amount of Au3+ (1.58 ± 0.065 µmol) versus the no Au composite, with the former reaching a value of 1.3 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 25 °C. The temperature dependence of the conductivity recorded over this range was well-modeled by the Arrhenius equation. EIS studies on samples containing the highest Au nanoparticle content over a broader range of frequencies (2 × 10−2 Hz to 5 × 105 Hz) identified a low frequency component ascribed to electronic conduction. Electronic conduction due to aggregated Au nanoparticles was further confirmed by dc conductivity measurements. This work identifies a nanostructured composite that exhibits both ionic transport through the polymeric ionic liquid and electronic conduction from the organized encapsulated columns of Au nanoparticles.
Species richness at continental scales is dominated by ecological limits

AbstractExplaining variation in species richness among provinces and other large geographic regions remains one of the most challenging problems at the intersection of ecology and evolution. Here we argue that empirical evidence supports a model whereby ecological factors associated with resource availability regulate species richness at continental scales. Any large-scale predictive model for biological diversity must explain three robust patterns in the natural world. First, species richness for evolutionary biotas is highly correlated with resource-associated surrogate variables, including area, temperature, and productivity. Second, species richness across epochal timescales is largely stationary in time. Third, the dynamics of diversity exhibit clear and predictable responses to mass extinctions, key innovations, and other perturbations. Collectively, these patterns are readily explained by a model in which species richness is regulated by diversity-dependent feedback mechanisms. We argue that many p...
Atomism, Lynceus, and the Fate of Seventeenth-Century Microscopy

Recent scholarship, focusing on the rapid decline of microscopy after the late 1680's, has shown that the limitations of microscopy and the ambivalent meaning of its findings led to a wide-spread sense of frustration with the new instrument. The present article tries to connect this fall from favor with the microscope's equally surprising but hitherto little noticed late rise to prominence. The crucial point is that when the microscope, more than a decade after the telescope, finally managed to arouse the interest of natural philosophers, it did so as a corpuscularian tool, and as such it came to share the difficult fate of seventeenth-century corpuscularianism. The essay ends with the claim that the fall of microscopy was not only due to the failure of microscopy to corroborate corpuscularianism, but also to the changing definition of natural philosophy in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries and to the separation of the domains of living matter (to which the microscope found itself confined) from a physica whose recent mathematical framework excluded the organic world.
Tuberculosis: An Update

1. Rosalind S. Abernathy, MD* 1. 2. *Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Pediatric Consultant, Tuberculosis, Arkansas State Department of Health, Little Rock, AR. 1. The majority of tuberculosis cases in children are from high-risk populations, that is, African-Americans, Hispanics, immigrants, and those living in poverty and in the inner cities. 2. The only acceptable tuberculin skin test is the intradermal Mantoux test with purified protein derivative (PPD), and three levels of positivity now are accepted. Children exposed to active disease who have findings suggestive of tuberculosis or who have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are positive at 5 to 9 mm; other high-risk groups are positive at 10 mm. 3. Diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis depends on a high index of suspicion coupled with suggestive epidemiologic data, tuberculin skin test results, and chest radiographic findings. Cultures are not routinely positive, and results are available only after treatment must be started. 4. Treatment is a uniform 6-month course of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide for 2 months followed by 4 months of isoniazid and rifampin daily or twice weekly. Additional drugs are needed in cases of drug resistance. 5. Chemoprophylaxis for all children who have a positive tuberculin reaction will prevent future disease. Despite the availability of effective antituberculosis drugs since 1952, tuberculosis remains an important cause of morbidity, mortality, and health care cost in the United States. Tuberculosis case rates declined at a rate of 6% annually for more than 20 years until 1985 when they leveled off (Fig. 1⇓). Factors responsible for this include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; immigration of individuals from countries where tuberculosis rates are 10 to 30 times that of the United States; transmission of disease in hospitals, homeless shelters, and prisons; and poverty, overcrowded living, and poor access to medical care. While all this was occurring, funds for tuberculosis control by public health programs declined. Fortunately, the number of cases reported annually has decreased by 8.7% in the past 2 years, probably …
Car-sickness in Twins

SUMMARY Monozygotic twins were concordant for car-sickness about 21/2 times as often as dizygotic twins. Car-sickness was about five times as frequent in the twins when one or both parents had been car-sick during childhood as when neither parent had been car-sick. The results in twins and in family incidence point to a genetic basis for car-sickness in children. RESUME Mal des transports chez les jumeaux Les jumeaux monozygotes sont concordants pour les malaises en voiture environ deux fois et demi plus souvent que les jumeaux dizygotes. Chez les jumeaux avec l'un ou les deux parents ayant eu des malaises semblables durant l'enfance, le mal des transports en voiture est environ cinq fois plus frequent que lorsqu'aucun des parents n'avait de malaise. Les resultats chez les jumeaux et le caractere familial sont en faveur d'une base genetique au mal des transports chez l'enfant. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Autokrankheit bei Zwillingen Monozygote Zwillinge hatten ungefahr 21/2 mal so haufig gemeinsam die Autokrankheit wie dizygote Zwillinge. Die Autokrankheit war bei den Zwillingen etwa funf mal haufiger, deren einer oder beide Eltern wahrend ihrer Kindheit unter Reiseubelkeit gelitten hatten. Die Ergebnisse bei den Zwillingen und die Familienhaungkeit weisen auf eine genetische Grundlage der Autokrankheit im Kindesalter hin. RESUMEN Mareo de caches en gemelos Los gemelos monozigotos eran concordantes en el mareo de coche con una frecuencia de alrededor dos veces y media mas que en gemelos dizigotos. El mareo de coche era alrededor de 4 veces mas frecuente en gemelos en los que uno o ambos progenitores habian padecido tambien dicho mareo en su infancia, en comparacion con aquellos cuyos progenitores no lo habian padecido. Los resultados de la incidencia en gemelos y en sus familiares apuntan hacia una base genetica del mareo de coche en ninos.
Effects of halothane on intraoperative scalp-recorded somatosensory evoked potentials to posterior tibial nerve stimulation in man

Abstract Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were monitored in 116 patients receiving halothane anesthesia during spinal fusion surgery. Whereas it has been generally assumed that the use of halogenated inhalational anesthetics should be avoided with SEP monitoring because of their purported deleterious effects on scalp-recorded sensory responses, we found that reproducible SEPs were obtained throughout the surgical procedure in 91% of the cases we monitored while using halothane at concentrations of 0.25–2.0%. In those cases in which halothane was delivered continuously at 0.5%, reproducible evoked responses were recorded in 96% (75 of 78) of the patients. Our data demonstrated 3 major effects of halothane on the SEP: (a) a small but significant decrease in the average amplitude of the first two components (N 25 and P 30 ), (b) a significant increase in the average latency of the late positive component (P 53 ) of the wave form, and (c) occasional obliteration of components N 25 , N 40 , P 53 , and N 71 ,but never of P 30 . These effects did not, in most cases, interfere with our ability to obtain clinically useful recordings. Our results suggest that in many instances the use of halothane anesthesia can be combined successfully with the recording of intraoperative SEPs.
Ceramic matrix technologies for composites and their widespread enabling supporting implementation

Advanced materials such as ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are an enabling technology for the implementation of many advanced engineering designs (for example, advanced, low emission, low fuel consumption gas turbines). However, an often overlooked critical aspect of this enabling technology role for CMCs are the enabling supporting technologies of standards, design codes and data bases that provide the tools to allow engineers to benchmark, design with and analyse CMCs for the advanced designs. In this paper, the current states of standards, design codes and data bases for CMCs are reviewed in light of their role as supporting enabling technologies. Potential advances and impediments to continued developments of these enabling supporting technologies are discussed.
Is Your Hospital Safe? Disruptive Behavior and Workplace Bullying

The author defines disruptive behavior; distinguishes among disruptive, impaired, and incompetent behavior; describes the prevalence of disruptive behavior; and identifies some recommendations to prevent and resolve disruptive behavior in hospitals. The proactive prevention and management of workplace bullying have implications on managing costs, quality, and satisfaction in hospitals among patients, families, staff, and physicians. The author describes an evidence-based framework and recommends that hospital administrators use it to design an organizational approach to promoting a work environment that is psychologically and physiologically safe and that enables staff to focus on delivering high-quality, cost-effective, and satisfying care.
A new axiomatization of portfolio theory

Abstract An axiomatization proposed by Coombs 1974 is shown to be insufficient for the representation of gambles in a risk × expected value space as described by Portfolio Theory. A new axiom system is given which is necessary and sufficient for this representation, and which implies the old axiomatization.
Perception of electronic display colours as a function of retinal illuminance

Abstract Colour-naming data were objected from four colour-normal observers to determine the nature of the changes in colour appearance that can occur with changes in illuminance for spectral and nonspectral stimuli comparable to those used in electronic displays. Test stimuli were presented as one degree, foveal flashes of one second duration in Maxwellian view. The retinal illuminance of the nine test stimuli varied from −1.0 to 4.0 log trolands (0.01-1 147fL). Shifts in perceived colour were observed with changes in stimulus intensity. At low illuminance levels, the stimuli appeared desaturated, with black and white responses dominating chromatic responses. At higher retinal illuminances, the stimuli were more saturated, although perceived colour was not constant with changing light levels. In general, blue and yellow responses increased at a faster rate relative to red and green responses with increasing illuminance. The data have important implications for the use of colour on electronic displays.
Effect of ethanol on the amount and enzyme activities of hepatic rough and smooth microsomal membranes.

Abstract To study the effect of chronic ethanol administration on the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum, rough and smooth microsomal membranes were separated from the liver of female rats pair-fed a nutritionally adequate diet with 36% of total calories either as ethanol or carbohydrate (controls). 6 weeks of ethanol feeding increased protein and phospholipid contents in smooth but not in rough microsomes. Cytochrome P-450 also increased mainly in smooth microsomes. In controls, the activity of the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system was distributed about equally among the subfractions, whereas after ethanol feeding, it increased mainly in smooth microsomes. Catalase activity after ethanol feeding did not increase; when expressed per mg of microsomal protein, it decreased in smooth microsomes. A reduction of dietary fat content from 35 to 10% of total calories did not influence the effect of ethanol on the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum.
On a generalization of Ramsey numbers

Given the integers l"1, k"1, l"2, k"2, r, which satisfy the condition l"1, l"2 >= r >= k"1, k"2 > 0, we define m = N (l"1, k"1; l"2, k"2; r) as the smallest integer with the following property: if S is a set containing m points and the r-subsets of S are partitioned arbitrarily into two classes, then for i = 1 or 2 there exists an l"i subset of S each of whose k"i-subsets lies in some r-subset of the i^t^h class. The integers defined in this way form a collection of which the usual Ramsey numbers are a special case: i.e., the Ramsey number N(l"1, l"2; r) is represented as N(l"1, r; l"2, r; r). We derive two major results concerning the values of these generalized Ramsey numbers. If k"1 + k"2 = r + 1 then N(l"1, k"1; l"2, k"2; r) = l"1 + l"2 - k"1 - k"2 + 1, corresponding to the ''pigeonhole principle''. For k"1 + k"2 =< r, we show that N(l"1, k"1; l"2, k"2; r) = max (l"1, l"2). The next interesting case occurs for k"1 + k"2 = r + 2, where we show that there are constants c"1 and c"2 such that for sufficiently large l, 2^c"1^l < N(l, k"1; l, k"1; r) < 2^c"2^l.
New pharmacological models needed to care for dying patients at home.

Collis and Al-Qurainy’s review of care of the dying patient in the communityuseful, but other problems, such as those of drug prescription, need to be dealt with too.1 With the best will, especially in rural areas, delays in meeting the needs …
Long-term evaluation of root resorption occurring during orthodontic treatment

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the long-term status of teeth that had undergone root resorption during active orthodontic treatment. A total of 100 patients who exhibited root resorption during appliance therapy were recalled at a mean period of 14.1 years (SD 0.4) after treatment. At those examinations full-mouth sets of periapical radiographs were taken and tooth mobility evaluated. Pretreatment, posttreatment, and long-term periapical radiographs were examined and compared for changes in root length and contour with time. At each stage scores were given on a scale from 0 to 4, depending on the degree of resorption. The maxillary incisors were affected more frequently and to a greater degree than the rest of the teeth during active treatment. The long-term evaluation showed no apparent changes after appliance removal except remodeling of rough and sharp edges. Hypermobility was observed in only two instances.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new cardiotonic vasodilator agent, 349U85, in normal subjects.

Objective To assess the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of single oral doses of a new vasodilator-cardiotonic agent, 349U85 hydrochloride [6-piperidino-2(lH)-quinolinone hydrochloride], in healthy male subjects. Methods This randomized, parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose escalation trial was conducted at a university-based clinical research center among 27 healthy male subjects. Data measurements used in the study included cardiac index, supine and standing blood pressure, 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography, and 12-lead electrocardiography. Results Doses from 2 mg to 250 mg were well tolerated. Cardiac index, supine heart rate, and orthostatic hypotension, indicators of inotropic, chronotropic, and vasodilator effects, respectively, correlated to plasma concentrations of 349U85 and of its metabolite, 661U88. Results suggest that 349U85 may be more responsible for inotropic effects, whereas 661U88 may be more responsible for vasodilatory and chronotropic effects. These results are consistent with the preclinical pharmacologic profile for these two compounds. Headache, orthostatic dizziness, and hypotension tended to occur more frequently at higher doses and were temporally related to drug administration. Pharmacokinetic analyses indicate nonlinearity of 349U85 and 661U88, suggestive of saturation of metabolism and large interindividual variability in maximum plasma drug concentration and area under the plasma concentration—time curve. The source of the variability is not known. The time to maximum distribution was approximately 0.7 hours for both 349U85 and 661U88; the terminal elimination half-life was 1 hour for 349U85 and 3 hours for 661U88. Holter monitoring revealed asymptomatic increases in ventricular and supraventricular ectopic activity in some volunteers; ectopy appeared to be related to the dose of 349U85 and generally occurred at higher doses. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1994) 55, 55–63; doi:10.1038/clpt.1994.10
Recent Experience with Bacillemia Due to Gram- Negative Organisms

longed hospitalization. The rising incidence of bacillemia due to gram-negative organisms appeared to be due largely to an increasing number of hospital-associated cases, which had a higher rate of mortality and were infected with bacilli resistant to more antibiotics. Isolates from blood cultures of 15 patients had transferable R factors. Appropriate antibiotic therapy was associated with decreased mortality. Bacillemia commonly arose from skin infections and clinically inapparent infections in patients with leukemia or lymphoma, from the urinary tract in recipients of renal transplants, and from perforation and obstruction by the tumor mass in patients with carcinoma.
Ultrasound measurement of aortic diameters in rodent models of aneurysm disease

Abstract Background. This investigation was undertaken to evaluate transabdominal ultrasound (US) measurements of aortic diameters in rats and mice as a complementary method to video microscopy (VM), the current standard for assessing the diameter of rodent aortas. Methods. Aortic diameters were measured in 64 rats (n = 132 sets) and 12 mice (n = 36 sets) following experimental induction of aortic aneurysms. Diameters were measured at the renal vein, midinfrarenal aorta, and aortic bifurcation. Results. In the rat, anteroposterior (AP) US measurements were closely correlated with transverse VM measurements, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.66 to 0.77 (P Conclusion. Noninvasive aortic US measurements throughout the course of a rodent study of aneurysmal disease provide a practical alternative to VM for the repeated determinations of aortic diameters.
Sepsis: Current Dogma and New Perspectives

Sepsis, a clinical syndrome occurring in patients following infection or injury, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current immunological mechanisms do not explain the basis of cellular dysfunction and organ failure, the ultimate cause of death. Here we review current dogma and argue that it is time to delineate novel immunometabolic and neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the altered cellular bioenergetics and failure of epithelial and endothelial barriers that produce organ dysfunction and death. These mechanisms might hold the key to future therapeutic strategies.
A classification of ordinals up to Borel isomorphism

We consider the Borel structures on ordinals generated by their order topologies and provide a complete classification of all ordinals up to Borel isomorphism in ZFC. We also consider the same classification problem in the context of AD and give a partial answer for ordinals � !2.