cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genome-wide association of sleep and circadian phenotypes

Numerous studies suggest genetic influences on sleepiness and circadian rhythms. The Sleep Heart Health Study collected questionnaire data on sleep habits and sleepiness from 2848 Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort participants. More than 700 participants were genotyped using the Affymetrix 100K SNP GeneChip, providing a unique opportunity to assess genetic linkage and association of these traits. Sleepiness (defined as the Epworth Sleepiness Scale score), usual bedtime and usual sleep duration were assessed by self-completion questionnaire. Standardized residual measures adjusted for age, sex and BMI were analyzed. Multipoint variance components linkage analysis was performed. Association of SNPs to sleep phenotypes was analyzed with both population-based and family-based association tests, with analysis limited to 70,987 autosomal SNPs with minor allele frequency ≥10%, call rate ≥80%, and no significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p ≥ 0.001). Heritability of sleepiness was 0.29, bedtime 0.22, and sleep duration 0.17. Both genotype and sleep phenotype data were available for 749 subjects. Linkage analysis revealed five linkage peaks of LOD >2: four to usual bedtime, one to sleep duration. These peaks include several candidate sleep-related genes, including CSNK2A2, encoding a known component of the circadian molecular clock, and PROK2, encoding a putative transmitter of the behavioral circadian rhythm from the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Association tests identified an association of usual bedtime with a non-synonymous coding SNP in NPSR1 that has been shown to encode a gain of function mutation of the neuropeptide S receptor, whose endogenous ligand is a potent promoter of wakefulness. Each copy of the minor allele of this SNP was associated with a 15 minute later mean bedtime. The lowest p value was for association of sleepiness with a SNP located in an intron of PDE4D, which encodes a cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase widely expressed in human brain. Full association results are posted at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gap/cgi-bin/study.cgi?id=phs000007 . This analysis confirms prior reports of significant heritability of sleepiness, usual bedtime, and usual sleep duration. Several genetic loci with suggestive linkage to these traits are identified, including linkage peaks containing circadian clock-related genes. Association tests identify NPSR1 and PDE4D as possible mediators of bedtime and sleepiness.
Comment on "New Observations of Dielectric Breakdown in Air Induced by a Focused Nd 3 + Glass Laser with Various Pulse Widths"

The paper by Wang and Davis deals with a number of distinct aspects of laser-induced air breakdown. In this comment, each of these is discussed in detail and it is clearly demonstrated that many of their results, presented as new, form the subject of a number of earlier publications by the authors and others.
ANATOMICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND BIOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE C3 PATHWAY IN VERBASCUM THAPSUS L.

SUMMARY Anatomical, physiological and biochemical characteristics of Verbascum thapsus demonstrate that this species is a C3 carbon fixation type rather than C4 as suggested by Parkhurst (1976). Leaf anatomy, net photosynthesis rate, carbon dioxide compensation point, photorespiration rate, temperature optimum for photosynthesis and ratio of ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase to phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity for V. thapsus are all typical of C3 rather than C4 species. The data presented illustrate the danger of assuming a species is either C3or C4 based on a single characteristic. Parkhurst (1976) predicted that optimum photosynthesis for V. thapsus would occur at high temperature and would increase faster than transpiration with increased temperature. Our data are contrary to these predictions.
The synthesis and properties of tetrafunctional epoxy resins

N,N,N′,N′-tetraglycidyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenylalkane epoxy resins with alkyl substituents on the methylene carbon were synthesized and characterized. The thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of these resins when cured with diaminodiphenylsulfone were compared with those of the cured unsubstituted epoxy resin. Although the resins have similar structures, the cured resin from the unsubstituted epoxy has the higher polymer decomposition temperature and glass transition temperature. The substituted epoxy resins have higher dynamic Young's moduli and loss moduli.
Spinal monoamine and opiate systems partly mediate the antinociceptive effects produced by glutamate at brainstem sites.

Abstract The administration of the excitatory amino acid glutamate into the periaqueductal gray (PAG) or ventromedial medulla (VM) resulted in a reliable, short lasting elevation in the tail flick and hot plate response latencies in rats. The prior intrathecal administration of methysergide (30 μg) or phentolamine (30 μg) into the lumbar space produced a significant antagonism of the elevated tail flick reflex latencies evoked by glutamate given into the PAG and VM. Intrathecal naloxone (10 μg) significantly antagonized the effects on tail flick produced by VM, but not PAG, injections of glutamate. No intrathecal treatment significantly antagonized the effects of intracerebral glutamate on the supraspinally organized hot plate response. These results indicate that the excitation of glutamate-receptor linked systems in the PAG and VM exert a powerful antireflexive effect on spinal processing by the activation of spinopetal monoamine pathways, but that their mechanisms do not totally overlap as the VM systems also directly or indirectly activate a naloxone sensitive link in the spinal cord. The failure to antagonize the supraspinally organized hot plate response by intrathecal antagonists indicates that aside from an effect (if any) on spinal sensory processing, these brainstem systems may also act at the supraspinal level to actively modulate the animal's response to an otherwise aversive somatic stimulus.
Granular cell odontogenic cyst: A unicystic ameloblastoma with late recurrence as follicular ameloblastoma

This report is a follow-up of the original case of granular cell odontogenic cyst described by Gold and Christ in 1970. The lesion, originally treated by enucleation in 1965, recurred 18 years later as a follicular ameloblastoma with prominent plexiform and acanthomatous histologic patterns. No histologic evidence of granular cells was noted in the recurrent lesion. The recurrent ameloblastoma was treated by marginal resection of the body of the mandible and immediate reconstruction with an iliac bone graft. The anatomic restoration was excellent, and there is no recurrence 5 years postoperatively. This case supports the view that the granular cell odontogenic cyst is a unicystic (monocystic) granular cell ameloblastoma, and that the presence of granular cells in ameloblastoma is not a permanent feature and may be of little value as a prognostic indicator of aggressiveness.
Two-Step Self-Assembly of Liposome-Multidomain Peptide Nanofiber Hydrogel for Time-Controlled Release

Progress in self-assembly and supramolecular chemistry has been directed toward obtaining macromolecular assemblies with higher degrees of complexity, simulating the highly structured environment in natural systems. One approach to this type of complexity are multistep, multicomponent, self-assembling systems that allow approaches comparable to traditional multistep synthetic organic chemistry; however, only a few examples of this approach have appeared in the literature. Our previous work demonstrated nanofibrous mimics of the extracellular matrix. Here we demonstrate the ability to create a unique hydrogel, developed by stepwise self-assembly of multidomain peptide fibers and liposomes. The two-component system allows for controlled release of bioactive factors at multiple time points. The individual components of the self-assembled gel and the composite hydrogel were characterized by TEM, SEM, and rheometry, demonstrating that peptide nanofibers and lipid vesicles both retain their structural integrity in the composite gel. The rheological robustness of the hydrogel is shown to be largely unaffected by the presence of liposomes. Release studies from the composite gels loaded with different growth factors EGF, MCP-1, and PlGF-1 showed delay and prolongation of release by liposomes entrapped in the hydrogel compared to more rapid release from the hydrogel alone. This bimodal release system may have utility in systems where timed cascades of biological signals may be valuable, such as in tissue regeneration.
467 INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE (IVH) BEFORE AND AFTER INTENSIVE CARE

The introduction of intensive care techniques into a traditional nursery was associated with an increase in the incidence of IVH complicating HMD in autopsy material (30% vs 56%). To investigate this further two groups of 50 infants each were studied: group A before and group B after intensive care techniques were introduced. The difference between groups A and B was statistically evaluated by using t-test for mean values and z-test for proportions. Sex, incidence of twinning, maternal complications, type of delivery, blood pH and temperature on admission were similar in both groups. Groups A and B differed in a number of other parameters (birth weight, gestational age, apgar scores, proportion of outborn referrals, number of cardiac arrests responsive to therapy, age at death, and use of respirator and/or alkaline therapy). Among the variables that were different between the groups only two (low birth weight and amount of alkali) correlated with the presence or absence of IVH. When those two factors were accounted for by way of a stepwise multivariate discriminant analysis method no differences in the incidence of IVH were found between the groups. It is concluded that intensive care was not responsible for the increased incidence of IVH.
1-hydroxy-1-phosphono-2-(trimethylarsonium-1-yl)ethanephosphonate monohydrate

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C5H15AsO7P2·H2O, hydrogen-bonded sheets are formed which contain bis­phospho­nate(1−) groups and water mol­ecules alternating with trimethyl­arsonium groups.
Gliadin proteins in the developing wheat seed

In extracts of developing seeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cultivars Scout 66, Cheyenne, Nugaines and INIA 66R) examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, gliadin proteins appeared at 12-15 days post-anthesis with mobilities covering nearly the whole range found with mature seeds. Some differences among extractants [2M dimethylformamide (DMF); 2M urea; 60% ethanol; the aluminium lactate-lactic acid electrophoresis buffer, pH 3.2] in both intensity and occurrence of specific bands were observed. With immature seeds, 60% ethanol extracts produced a maximum number of bands and least background colour, but DMF and urea extracts showed bands from 12- to 15-day seeds at least as well as 60% ethanol extracts despite more background colour. Aluminium lactate buffer extracts occasionally yielded bands not found with other extractants, but gave poor extraction from immature seeds and relatively heavy background staining with mature seeds, especially in the w-gliadin (lowest mobility) region. A quantitative sodium dodecyl sulphate-electrophoresis procedure1 was used to follow the formation of proteins in various molecular weight ranges (cv. Scout 66 only). At 12-18 days post-anthesis, synthesis of protein of molecular weight 30 000-37 000 accelerated, consistent with the onset and acceleration of formation of α-, β-, and some y-gliadins. Protein in a band of 44 000 molecular weight formed in similar fashion. In other molecular weight ranges, gliadin bands could not be positively identified because of the complexity of the banding pattern of the total protein.
Formation of dislocation loops in iron by self-ion irradiations at 40K☆

This letter reports on the first observation of dislocation loops formed in iron by bombardment with self-ions. The irradiations were performed with 50 and 100 keV self-ions to maximum ion doses of 8 x 10/sup 13/ ions cm/sup -2/ in-situ in the High-Voltage Electron Microscope (HVEM) - Tandem accelerator facility at Argonne National Labs. During the irradiation and subsequent examination, the specimen temperature was maintained at 40 K (below stage I recovery in iron) to minimize the thermal rearrangement-of the defects. The microscope was operated at 200 kV to prevent the creation of additional Frenkel pairs; the threshold voltage for Frenkel pair production in iron is about 30 kV. These observations revealed that at low temperatures (40K) dislocation loops can be formed from displacement cascades generated by self-ion irradiation, but only at ion doses exceeding those of previous studies. It is thought that these dislocation loops are formed in iron, not from the direct collapse of individual displacement cascades as has been found in several other metals after both room temperature and low temperature, < 40 K, irradiations, but from the spatial overlap of cascades, as first suggested by. The relationship between the defect density and the ion dose ismore » not understood. A model of single overlap of cascades would require the loop density to vary as the square of the ion dose. However, the measured defect density was found to be proportional to ion dose to the 3/2 power. Further experiments are planned to investigate this relationship.« less
Surgical treatment of extraarticular elbow contracture.

Abstract The problem of the contracted elbow is well-recognized for the circumstances under which it develops and the difficulty of operative and non-operative treatment. Earlier studies report this problem in an unfavorable manner; however, current studies suggest that posttraumatic stiffness of the elbow, particularly when the articular surface is left intact, may be treated reliably. The authors present a specific surgical approach to the elbow that has posttraumatic motion limitation described as extrinsic, that is, primarily attributable to contracture of the capsule and periarticular soft tissues. The limited surgical exposure termed the column procedure allows anterior capsular exposure through an interval in the brachioradialis and extensor carpi radialis longus. Using this procedure the authors report the treatment of 38 elbows (38 patients) with sufficient followup to accurately describe the postoperative course. At a mean of 3.5 years after surgery the total postoperative arc of motion improved from approximately 50 degrees to approximately 90 degrees. There were minimal complications. A static adjustable splint rather than physical therapy is used postoperatively. It is concluded that newer surgical techniques with carefully described programs can be successful in the majority of patients undergoing surgical release for extrinsic contracture of the elbow.
Surface characterization of Co/CNx granular films fabricated by nanolamination

Cobalt–carbon thin films proposed for use as granular magnetic media are generally prepared by co-deposition sputtering. An alternative method is nanolamination of the component layers (media and matrix) followed by annealing. We have produced and characterized thin-film granular structures prepared from nanolaminate layers of Co and CNx. For the as-deposited samples, only metallic cobalt is observed with XPS and a constant nitrogen concentration of x ∼ 0.15 was measured for the carbon nitride layers. The annealed films have oxidized cobalt in the very near surface region. Atomic force microscopy measurements show that the surface of the film roughens significantly upon annealing, with the RMS roughness increasing from 0.2 to 1.0 nm. Thus, it appears that the nanostructural evolution caused by the annealing process, which gives rise to grain formation, also degrades the smooth surface of the CNx capping layer and exposes some of the cobalt to ambient. The potential implications of these observations on tribological performance are explored. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of a climate departure index to the study of freeze dates and growing season length in the south‐eastern United States

A climate departure index (CDI) is utilized to study the variability of last spring-freeze dates, first autumn-freeze dates, and growing season length in the south-eastern United States for the period 1911–1986. The CDI is useful for determining how ‘normal’ or ‘unusual’ a particular year is compared to the long-term situation for the region under consideration. This study shows that when distinct long-term climatic trends exist for the climatic element under study, the CDI should be calculated using residuals from a trend line rather than simply comparing individual yearly values to the long-term average. With respect to last spring-freeze and first autumn-freeze dates and growing season length in south-eastern United States, the CDI analysis illustrates that a period of rather ‘normal’ conditions occurred during the late 1950s to early 1970s. Slightly higher CDI values for the 1980s, which implies a greater occurrence of extreme events (i.e. greater climatic variability), is not unprecedented given the high CDI values earlier in the century. The decade of the 1940s especially experienced a greater frequency of unusual last spring-freeze dates and first-autumn-freeze dates (either extra early or late) as well as larger variations in growing season length.
Thermal stresses in planetary elastic lithospheres

The role of thermal stresses in the tectonics of the moon is reexamined in this paper. A model is used that considers a spherical elastic shell overlying a fluid core. It is shown that the thermal stresses generated by temperature changes within the shell usually dominate over the thermal contraction or expansion of the core. During the entire evolution of the moon the cooling of the lithosphere is likely to have dominated the cooling of the interior and the result would be tensional lithospheric thermal stresses. However, during the recent evolution of the moon the change in the near surface thermal stresses is compressional. It is argued that the surface compressional features on Mercury are not due to the thermal contraction of the interior
Automated fingerprint identification system (AFIS) benchmarking using the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Database 4

The recent growth in the number of products that use fingerprint matching technology has spawned a need for appropriate evaluation methods. We propose a set of benchmarks based on NIST Special Database 4 to support the evaluation of fingerprint matching technology. The approach used to develop the benchmark parameters and performance measurement methods are discussed. Benchmark parameters were established with members of the law enforcement community. Characteristics that typically affect fingerprint matching algorithm performance are observed and measured. Variation of matcher performance due to these characteristics, and others, indicates a need for standard data (NIST Special Database 4) when comparing algorithm performance. Benchmark parameter measurements using the United Kingdom Home Office HO-39 fingerprint matching algorithm and a Sun SPARC 10 are provided. Analysis of benchmark results provides insight into matcher performance. An example demonstrates how the benchmarks may be used. >
On Critchfield's proposal: student concerns and recommendations

This is the published version, reproduced here with the publisher's permission. This article is also available electronically from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3359848/.
PATHOGENESIS OF EXPERIMENTAL CHOLERA : PREPARATION AND ISOLATION OF CHOLERAGEN AND CHOLERAGENOID

Choleragen, a diarrheagenic protein enterotoxin elaborated by Vibrio cholerae, has been isolated from the supernate of fermenter cultures by steps involving ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE cellulose, Sephadex G-75, and Agarose A-5m chromatography. The resulting product appears to be pure according to immunoelectrophoretic, disc electrophoretic, ultracentrifugal, and immunologic criteria. Sephadex gel filtration and membrane filtration studies suggest a molecular size of 61,000. The isolated product is highly active in inducing experimental cholera in infant and adult rabbit models. It also elicits, in small dosage, an increased vascular permeability in skin. These observations indicate that choleragenicity and increased vascular permeability are intimately associated phenomena and may be manifestations of the same basic mechanism. An additional, antigenically identical, protein has also been isolated by the same procedures. The latter substance, termed "choleragenoid", lacks the permeability effect and choleragenicity of the choleragen moiety. Its size (estimated from Sephadex gel filtration at 42,000) is smaller than that of choleragen and it also differs in charge. Choleragenoid may prove useful as a nontoxic immunogen to protect against pathologic effects of V. cholerae infection.
Assertion-Based Microarchitecture Design for Improved Fault Tolerance

Protection against transient faults is an important constraint in high-performance processor design. One strategy for achieving efficient reliability is to apply targeted fault checking/masking techniques to different units within an overall reliability regimen. In this spirit, we propose a novel class of targeted fault checks that verify the functioning of the microarchitecture itself, as opposed to the broader challenge of verifying overall architectural correctness of a running program. That is, the checks focus on verifying the mechanics of executing the program. Long term, discriminating between machinery and state may lead to highly efficient reliability solutions with high coverage. The key idea is to identify and exploit opportunities to assert microarchitectural "truths". We explore two examples, Register Name Authentication (RNA) for the rename unit and Timestamp-Based Assertion Checking (TAC) for the issue unit of a contemporary out-of-order superscalar processor. Thousands of fault injection experiments show that RNA and TAC microarchitectural assertions detect most unmasked faults for which they are designed.
Subscriber based smart antenna for wireless mobile networks: design, algorithm, and field test results

The use of smart antennas has recently been considered for wireless mobile networks such as third generation (3G) wireless systems. Until now, smart antenna designs and algorithms have almost exclusively been focused on base stations. In this paper, we present a novel smart antenna technology specially designed for mobile terminals to receive and transmit desired signals, called herein subscriber based smart antenna (SBSA). The SBSA can provide multiple directional beams as well as an omni beam. Its algorithm is based on a history of measurements from the individual beams, which can reflect a dominant angle of arrival at a mobile terminal The SBSA is low-cost and easy to implement. A series of field tests were conducted over a real cdma2000/spl reg/ network using cdma2000 phones equipped with InterDigitals Trident SBSA9 in order to validate algorithm assumptions and provide potential SBSA benefits. The results show that the SBSA can provide up to 3 dB link gain over traditional omni antennas, which theoretically translates to 50% coverage improvement as well as increased capacity and data rates. In addition, an SBSA equipped mobile requires up to about 2 dB less transmit power than a traditional omni antenna equipped mobile.
LMS based condition monitoring of electrolytic capacitor

Electrolytic capacitors are very important element of any static converters. It is responsible for frequent breakdowns of many static converters and drive systems. To set a predictive maintenance, adaptive filter modeling based method is presented. Signature of changes in capacitance and ESR will reflect in capacitor ripple voltage because of aging; and these changes are monitored using this adaptive filter modeling to predict the future status of the capacitor using only the input current of the system
An index to quantify an individual's scientific research output

I propose the index h, defined as the number of papers with citation number ≥h, as a useful index to characterize the scientific output of a researcher.
Dynamic stability analysis of composite plates including delaminations using a higher order theory and transformation matrix approach

Abstract A refined higher order shear deformation theory is used to investigate the dynamic instability associated with composite plates with delamination that are subject to dynamic compressive loads. Both transverse shear and rotary inertia effects are taken into account. The theory is capable of modeling the independent displacement field above and below the delamination. All stress free boundary conditions at free surfaces as well as delamination interfaces are satisfied by this theory. The procedure is implemented using the finite element method. Delamination is modeled through the multi-point constraint approach using the transformation matrix technique. For validation purposes, the natural frequencies and the critical buckling loads are computed and compared with three-dimensional NASTRAN results and available experimental data. The effect of delamination on the critical buckling load and the first two instability regions is investigated for various loading conditions and plate thickness. As expected, the natural frequencies and the critical buckling load of the plates with delaminations decrease with increase in delamination length. Increase in delamination length also causes instability regions to be shifted to lower parametric resonance frequencies. The effect of edge delamination on the static and dynamic stability as well as of delamination growth is investigated.
The tapered antenna and its application to the junction problem for thin wires

When electrically thin conductors of different cross sectional size meet, the continuity of current is assured by Kirchhoff's current law. Additional conditions must be imposed on the derivatives of the currents or the charges per unit length. The nature of the required conditions is determined from an analysis of the tapered antenna.
Streptococcal sensitivity in chronic glomerulonephritis.

Abstract By the leucocyte migration-inhibition test, sensitivity to streptococcal membranes has been found in 46% of cases of chronic proliferative glomerulonephritis with, in some cases, cross-reactivity to glomerular basement membrane. Non-proliferative glomerular diseases and control cases did not show such sensitivity.
Designing undergraduate-level organic chemistry instructional problems: Seven ideas from a problem-solving study of practicing synthetic organic chemists

The development of curricular problems based on the practice of synthetic organic chemistry has not been explored in the literature. Such problems have broadly been hypothesized to promote student persistence and interest in STEM fields. This study reports seven ideas about how practice-based problems can be developed for sophomore-level organic chemistry courses; these ideas are the result of an investigation of the problem-solving experiences of eight practicing synthetic organic chemists.
Comparison of the ultrastructure of the cremasteric muscle-scrotal interface in normal and cryptorchid rats following division of the neonatal genitofemoral nerve

The gubernaculum, innervated by the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve, plays an important role in inguinoscrotal testicular descent. Cremaster muscle develops within the gubernaculum, and it has been demonstrated that an intact nerve is essential for gubernacular migration and scrotal pouch formation. In this electron microscopy study, we investigated the relationship between the gubernaculum, cremaster muscle, and the developing scrotum in normal rats and rats rendered cryptorchid by genitofemoral nerve division. In 12 neonatal rats, the genitofemural nerve was divided unilaterally. Rats were sacrificed at 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, and 18 days (n = 2 for each group), and sagittal sections through the cremaster muscle-scrotal interface evaluated with transmission electron microscopy. These were compared to non-operated control animals sacrificed at 0, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, and 18 days (n = 2 for each group). We observed the following changes in the cremaster muscle of the operated group compared to unoperated controls: (1) an increase in the number of immature muscle fibers; (2) variable muscle fiber size; (3) disorganization of internal structures; and (4) vacuolization within the muscle fibers. There were no demonstrable ultrastructural interface or scrotal ligament differences between the operated and unoperated specimens. This study suggests that architecturally normal early gubernacular and cremaster muscle growth is dependent on an intact genitofemoral nerve. The poor scrotal growth seen without genitofemoral nerve input may be due to attachment of the scrotal ligament in an ectopic location in combination with abnormal cremaster muscle development. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Modeling Technology Transfer in Health Information Systems: Learning From the Experience of Chad

Health information systems are complex combinations of methods of organization and computer technologies. They are idiosyncratic to each country. Chad's design of a national information system followed a process that can serve as a model for sustainable technology transfer--using consensual decision making and reinforcing administrative reforms while providing strong Ministry leadership and using technical assistance.
Critical chemotactic collapse

A Keller-Segel model describes macroscopic dynamics of bacterial colonies and biological cells as well as dynamics of a gas of self-gravitating Brownian particles. Bacteria secret chemical which attracts other bacteria so that they move towards chemical gradient creating nonlocal attraction between bacteria. If bacterial (or Brownian particle) density exceeds a critical value then the density collapses (blows up) in a finite time which corresponds to bacterial aggregation or gravitational collapse. Collapse in the Keller-Segel model has striking qualitative similarities with a nonlinear Schrodinger equation including critical collapse in two dimensions and supercritical collapse in three dimensions. A self-similar solution near blow up point is studied in the critical two-dimensional case and it has a form of a rescaled steady state solution which contains a critical number of bacteria. Time dependence of scaling of that solution has square root scaling law with logarithmic modification.
Beleuchtung und Produktion

Die Deutlichkeit und Schnelligkeit, mit der wir unsere Arbeit und Umgebung sehen und unterscheiden konnen, bestimmt die Sicherheit und Geschwindigkeit, mit der wir arbeiten. Eine Flut von Licht ubt einen anregenden, belebenden Einflus aus. Die Umgebung erscheint durch sie freundlicher, und die allgemeine Einstellung des Arbeiters seiner Arbeit, seiner Umgebung und sogar dem Leben gegenuber wird durch sie sicherlich gunstig beeinflust. In allen diesen Beziehungen spielen Licht und Beleuchtung eine grose Rolle. Die wirkungsvollste Beleuchtung ist jene, die grose Sicherheit, Bestimmtheit, Geschwindigkeit und Behaglichkeit bei der Arbeit ermoglicht. Dieser Zustand wird wahrscheinlich dann erreicht, wenn die wichtigsten Charakteristiken, also Qualitat und Intensitat des im Freien herrschenden Tageslichtes, auch auf die Raumbeleuchtung ubertragen werden. Es gibt auch noch andere Faktoren, wie Streuung und Verteilung des Lichtes und Helligkeit der Umgebung, die berucksichtigt werden mussen.
Formulating Secondary-Level Reading Interventions

Recent advances concerning emerging/beginning reading skills, positive behavioral support (PBS), and three-tiered schoolwide prevention models combined with federal mandates (i.e., IDEA and No Child Left Behind) have stimulated interest in providing early and intensive instructional intervention services to children at risk for reading and behavior problems. New measures for identifying students as early as kindergarten who are not acquiring early basic literacy skills make this possible. However, questions regarding exactly how to formulate, deliver, sustain, and manage secondary-level interventions remain to be addressed. This paper describes first-year, first-grade findings for students participating in secondary-level interventions (i.e., small-group reading instruction) in a randomized trial of the efficacy of secondary and tertiary reading and behavior interventions under way at the Center for Early Intervention in Reading and Behavior, University of Kansas. The formulation of the experimental secon...
Early Failure of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafts: An Albumin Cross-Linked Glutaraldehyde (BioGlue) Related Complication

Bioglue which constitutes albumin cross linked with glutaraldehyde (ACLG) produced by Cryolife, Inc, Kennesaw, GA was introduced as a better alternative to GRF glue with less tissue necrosis. We report a case of a 69-year-old male who developed stenosis of his saphenous vein and internal thoracic artery bypass grafts, requiring re-do coronary artery bypass grafting. Both fibrotic narrowing were in close proximity to the site of Bioglue application and appears to be a reaction to the glue. The advent of ACLG has facilitated surgery; however, this case highlights a potential side effect, emphasizing the judicious use of this hemostatic agent in patients.
Effects of X-ray irradiation on GIDL in MOSFETs

The effect of X-ray irradiation on the gate-induced drain leakage (GIDL) is shown to be mostly due to the electrostatic effect of the trapped positive charge in n-channel MOSFETs. In p-channel MOSFETs, in addition, irradiation increases the interface-state-assisted tunneling component of the GIDL. In both n- and p-channel MOSFETs, a forming gas anneal at 400 degrees C completely removes all effects of irradiation on the GIDL. >
Supersymmetric framework for a dynamical fermion mass hierarchy.

We propose a new framework for constructing supersymmetric theories of flavor, in which flavor symmetry breaking is triggered by the dynamical breakdown of supersymmetry at low energies. All mass scales in our scheme are generated from the supersymmetry-breaking scale ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{\mathrm{SSB}}\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{7}$ GeV through radiative corrections. We assume a spontaneously broken flavor symmetry and the Froggatt-Nielsen mechanism for generating the fermion Yukawa couplings. Supersymmetry breaking radiatively induces a vacuum expectation value for a scalar field, which generates invariant masses for the Froggatt-Nielsen fields at ${M}_{F}\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{4}$ GeV. "Flavon" fields $\ensuremath{\phi}$, which spontaneously break the flavor symmetry, naturally acquire negative squared masses due to two-loop diagrams involving the Froggatt-Nielsen fields, and acquire vacuum expectation values of order $〈\ensuremath{\phi}〉\ensuremath{\approx}\frac{{M}_{F}}{16{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}}$. The fermion mass hierarchy arises in our framework as a power series in the ratio $\frac{〈\ensuremath{\phi}〉}{{M}_{F}}\ensuremath{\approx}\frac{1}{16{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}}$.
Intercalation and stitching of graphite oxide with diaminoalkanes.

The intercalation reaction of graphite oxide with diaminoalkanes, with the general formula H2N(CH2)nNH2 (n = 4−10), was studied as a method for synthesizing pillared graphite with tailored interlayer spacing. Interlayer spacings from 0.8 to 1.0 nm were tailored by varying the size of the intercalant from (CH2)4 to (CH2)10. X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy were used to confirm intercalation, and the frequency of the CH2 stretch confirmed that the intercalants are in a disordered state, with an important contribution from the gauche conformer. Sequential intercalation of diaminoalkanes followed by dodecylamine demonstrated the inability of these “stitched” systems to undergo expansion along the c-direction, indicative of cross-linking. Finally, the reaction of graphite oxide with diaminoalkanes under reflux and for extended periods (>72 h) resulted in the chemical reduction of the graphite oxide to a disordered graphitic structure.
Epidemic Hypertension in Sub-Saharan Africa

The article “Hypertension in Sub-Saharan Africa” by Addo et al has documented both the high prevalence of hypertension, especially in urban areas, and poor control of hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa.1 In 1992, we reported the high prevalence of hypertensive disease in a population sample from Benin, Nigeria and the strong association with higher socioeconomic class and body weight.2 Previous reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) and other groups have warned of the growing epidemic of hypertension and vascular disease and, most important, the need for both population-based approaches to reduce the epidemic, including the reduction of salt in the diet and treatment of BP using inexpensive drug therapies.3,4 There is a need for better data on the prevalence of hypertension and risk factors related to both hypertension and vascular disease in sub-Saharan Africa. The most important imperative at the present time is to effectively blunt this growing epidemic of vascular disease. This epidemic of vascular disease is following the path characteristic of many other countries and especially in the United States, with initial high rates of hypertension and vascular disease among the upper socioeconomic groups and then explosive epidemics of both hypertension and vascular disease among lower income populations, especially the black population in the United States.5 The key variables that drive the epidemics are the greater use of processed foods, higher intake of calories, decreased physical activity leading to weight gain, and the reduction of foods high in potassium.6 The epidemic, as noted, has begun in the upper social classes and in urban …
Changes in bioactive prolactin-like activity in plasma and its relationship to incubation behavior in breeding ring doves.

Abstract Previous radioimmunoassay (RIA) data indicate that plasma prolactin (PRL) is elevated during the late incubation and the early posthatching periods of the ring dove breeding cycle. Although these changes are temporally associated with changes in PRL-dependent crop sac growth, the precise relationship between immunoreactive and bioactive PRL has not been directly examined. To investigate this question and to further explore the relationship between sitting behavior and PRL secretion, we used rat Nb2 lymphoma cell proliferation to estimate the concentration of bioactive PRL-like activity (PLA) in the plasma of breeding ring doves. Serial dilutions of dove pituitary homogenate and dove plasma stimulated mitogenic responses that were parallel to those observed with purified ovine PRL. Changes in plasma PLA during the breeding cycle closely resembled changes in PRL that have been previously reported by RIA, although the relative changes in PLA were more pronounced. In both sexes, PLA remained at basal levels prior to egg laying and during early incubation (Day 4–5) but then abruptly increased to reach peak values near the time of hatching (Day 14–15). Activity remained high for 3–4 days after hatching, declined gradually thereafter, and returned to baseline values by Posthatching Days 14–17. Plasma PLA levels of birds sampled at the end of incubation were correlated with those of their breeding partners. In the majority of pairs, females had higher PLA levels than their mates at this stage even though no significant overall sex differences in PLA levels were observed. Plasma PLA declined precipitously in birds that were nest deprived on the last day of the incubation period. Nevertheless, plasma PLA levels of normally breeding birds at the end of incubation were not correlated with the average time spent in the nest during the incubation period. However, day-to-day variability in time spent in the nest correlated negatively with plasma PLA in incubating males, and females exhibited a similar trend that approached significance. These data suggest (1) that published RIA estimates of PRL are reasonably accurate reflections of changes in bioactive PLA in dove plasma and (2) that while sitting duration itself is not strongly related to plasma PLA, large day-to-day fluctuations in nest occupation time are associated with reduced PLA levels in incubating doves.
Empowering Parents to Prevent Unintentional Childhood Injuries

On average, 33 children die each day in the United States— about 12 000 children a year— because of unintentional childhood injuries. Another 9 million children are treated in emergency departments for unintentional injuries each year. To address this issue, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control has launched a new initiative focused on parents: Protect the Ones You Love: Child Injuries Are Preventable. As trusted sources of health information, physicians and health care providers can use the initiative and the related ancillary materials to inform parents and caregivers about lifestyle changes that reduce the risk and potential harmful outcomes of an injury to a child or other family member.
The Viscoelastic Fracture and Indentation of Sea Ice

The fracture of sea ice is modeled using a viscoelastic fictitious crack (cohesive zone) model. The sea ice is modeled as a linear viscoelastic material. The fictitious crack model is implemented via the weight function method. The impact of assuming viscoelastic behavior in the bulk as opposed to elastic behavior is studied. The model is applied to large scale in-situ sea ice fracture tests. Two coupled influences are back-calculated: the shape of the size-independent rate-independent stress separation curve, and the relevant creep compliance function. Next, the high pressure zones that arise during ice-structure indentation are examined. The influences of scale and indentation speed on the formation of these high pressure zones are explored. Line-like and localized high pressure contact zones are modeled via quasi-brittle hollow cylinder and hollow sphere idealizations, respectively. For both simultaneous and non-simultaneous contact, the critical lengths of stable cracking that may occur prior to flaking and flexural failure are strongly linked to the current level of specific pressure parameters for both line-like and localized high pressure zones. The stability aspects of the in-plane cracking, and the link between the maximum possible crack lengths and the relative magnitudes of the local and far-field pressures help explain the transitions observed within the realms of ductile, intermittent, and brittle crushing.
Amikacin Pharmacokinetics in Morbidly Obese Patients

The pharmacokinetics of single-dose amikacin sulfate was studied in seven morbidly obese patients to determine the fraction of fat weight (FW) that, when added to ideal body weight (IBW), will normalize the volume of distribution. Seven patients (mean total body weight of 166.5 kg) were each given a 1,250-g intravenous injection of amikacin. Amikacin serum levels over eight hours were measured by radioimmunoassay. A correction factor (CF) of 0.38 was found to normalize the patients' volume of distribution (Varea) to 0.26 liters/kg, when added to the patients' IBW. There was no significant difference between peak amikacin levels predicted using the actual Varea and using the Varea plus the CF. Predictions using the actual Varea and those using Varea estimated by ideal body weight were significantly different. In morbidly obese patients, peak amikacin serum levels can be predicted best when a volume of distribution based on IBW plus a correction factor of 38% of FW is used.
Data Re-Identification: Prioritize Privacy

In our October 2012 Report, "Privacy and progress in whole genome sequencing" ([ 1 ][1]), the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues ("Bioethics Commission") called for a consistent floor of privacy protections across state lines covering genomic data, regardless of how the data were obtained. The need for this consistent approach to privacy protections is now more urgent than ever in light of recent advances that demonstrate the limits of genomic deidentification ("Identifying personal genomes by surname inference," M. Gymrek et al. , Reports, 18 January, p. [321][2]), which challenge obtaining the benefits of genomic data sharing ("The complexities of genomic identifiability," L. L. Rodriguez et al. , Policy Forum, 18 January, p. [275][3]). The promise of genomic technologies will not be realized if individuals are unwilling to share their sensitive data with the research community because of privacy concerns, or if those who share their data later discover that their privacy was invaded without their informed consent. The decline in scientists' abilities to keep personal data "deidentified" threatens to further erode public confidence around the privacy of unique genomic data. A "deidentified" genome has become a spectrum of possibilities for re-identification, rather than an absolute protection against privacy invasion. It therefore is incumbent on clinicians and researchers to obtain informed consent before any whole-genome sequencing and to develop and enforce appropriate limits on access to and use of all genomic data. In addition to strengthening consent and security standards, we need to streamline and strengthen laws governing the collection and use of whole-genome sequence data. 1. [↵][4] Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, Privacy and progress in whole genome sequencing (2012); . [1]: #ref-1 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1229566 [3]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1234593 [4]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text"
Should the cost of care for patients with glioblastoma influence treatment decisions

This article presents the case of a patient with recurrent glioblastoma who questions whether he can or should pay for treatment with bevacizumab. There are differing views on the physician’s role in dealing with cost and cost-effectiveness issues for patients, but it is becoming increasingly unreal
Estimation of wind farm energy storage capacity for short-term power dispatch

For the short-term power dispatch of wind farm,an estimation method based on the normal distribution is proposed for the capacity of wind farm energy storage system.By comparing the historic data of wind power output and power grid dispatch,the normal distribution parameters of power deviations within the sampling interval are analyzed by statistical method.The energy storage economic factor is proposed to evaluate the energy storage effect.With the long-term statistical data of the wind speed,actual wind output and wind output forecast of a midsize wind farm in Xinjiang as the samples,its required energy storage capacity is estimated.Simulative results show that,the obtained energy storage capacity is less than 10 % of the wind power capacity and meets the dispatch requirements,which verifies the economics and feasibility of the proposed method.
Real-time Data Acquisition of Pipeline Based on VB6.0

Analyzed the construction of the data acquisition system of pipelines and the property of MSComm Control,then introduced the method to realize the data acquisition of pipelines using MSComm Control based on Visual Basic6.0.It has been used in Xinjiang oilfield and proved to be fine.