cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructure of Mammalian Oocytes and Ova

PIP: The complex ultrastructural changes of mammalian oocytes are presented. The follicular oocyte can be divided into 3 descriptive stages. First is the quiescent stage in which the majority of cytoplasmic organelles are concentrated in a crescentric basophilic juxtanuclear area (the Balbiani Vitelline body),. Second is the maturative stage, in which the follicle cells undergo mitoses and secrete the liquor folliculi. In this stage, the most salient changes in the oocyte are the development of microvilli, completion of the first meiotic division and changes in the structural organization of the cytoplasm. Third is the preovulatory stage in which the most prominent changes are the relationship between the oocyte and the cumulus cells. The changes that occur in the fallopian tubes before and after sperm penetration are described from mouse reproductive tracts fixed in situ by vascular perfusion. Shortly before sperm penetration the spaces between the cumulus and corona cells and the surface of the ovum widens and the cytoplasmic "bridges" are broken.
Communication Difficulty and Relevant Interventions in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Implications for Neuroplasticity

Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) represents a critical point for controlling cognitive decline. Patterns of communication difficulty have been observed in patients with MCI and warrant examination and management. The present systematic review examined (1) characteristics of communication difficulty in MCI by focusing on two domains: expressive and receptive communication, and (2) cognitive interventions that addressed communication difficulties in individuals with MCI. Of the 28 observational studies we reviewed, expressive and receptive communications were generally impaired in individuals with MCI, compared to their healthy counterparts. However, only one of seven interventions effectively improved communication related outcomes. We finished the paper with a discussion about how neuroplasticity influences communication abilities in individuals with MCI to inform the future development of interventions for communication difficulty.
Superconductors and nonsuperconductors in Nd2-χCeχCuO4

Abstract Results are presented on the chemical composition and structure of the n-type superconductors Nd 2-χ Ce χ CuO 4 . Electron diffraction and high resolution electron microscopy indicate that there are three slightly different structures, two of which are modulated versions of the first. By matching both the images and diffraction patterns it is shown that the modulations are due to small displacements of the cations, possibly a charge density wave, not simply ordering of the Ce or oxygen vacancies, although oxygen stoichiometry may be the driving force for the modulations. Both types of phases occur in materials which are superconducting, and those which are not. Microanalysis indicates that the Ce content of the superconducting specimens after reduction is slightly smaller at 0.16 rather than 0.19, and the cation stoichiometry is not detectably different between the modulation and unmodulated materials.
The American Conception of Higher Education and the Formal Incorporation of Intercollegiate Sport

When examined cross-culturally, the formal incorporation of sport by American colleges and universities is rather unique. Although higher education in the United States is largely the result of European influences, only in America has sport become an official responsibility of the educational organization. The openness of the “charter” of higher education was the primary factor in the formal incorporation of sport responsibilities within American institutions. Without an agreed upon understanding of the role of American higher education, the business-minded leadership of its colleges and universities was allowed to use sport as a survival mechanism in response to financial and enrollment exigencies.
Time scale analysis and control of Wind Energy Conversion Systems

This paper presents a control method to design low-order optimal controllers for a high-order Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators (PMSG). Based on the nature of the WECS which consists of different time-scale (slow and fast) dynamics, the WECS is decoupled into slow and fast subsystems using time-scale analysis. Separate low-order optimal controllers are then designed for the slow and fast subsystems based on the Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) theory. The reduced-order optimal control of separate subsystems is compared with the high-order optimal control of the original system to show the superiority of the proposed method in terms of separation of dynamics and reduced computational effort.
Review of Salt Tectonics in Relation to the Disposal of Radioactive Wastes in Salt Formations

The plastic deformation of salt formations is reviewed to evaluate the possibility of diapiric processes affecting salt beds used for radioactive waste disposal. In a geological sense, rock salt is characterized by a marked mobility as a result of its ability to deform under relatively low stresses. Examples are known of salt formations deformed by tectonic forces, but the typical diapiric processes are essentially due to gravitational forces. In the initial phase, salt deformation is caused by differential loading of the salt bed; only after salt flowage has resulted in thickening of the low pressure zones of the salt bed does the density difference between salt and sediment contribute to the deforming stress. Salt diapirs are usually large structures, and to furnish the necessary large volume of salt, a mother bed of great initial thickness must be presumed. No minimum depth seems to exist for the plastic deformation of salt; however, the plasticity of salt increases with depth as a result of the increasing temperature. The rate of salt deformation is critical in relation to the required containment time for plutonium-contaminated waste. A few authors maintain that diapiric processes proceed at a catastrophic rate, but the geologic literature indicates that most geologists believe salt diapirism to be a relatively slow process and geologic evidence seems to support strongly the majority view. It can be concluded that, in the final stage of salt intrusion, rates of diapir growth as high as a few millimeters per year are possible, and in the initial phase of plastic deformation of the salt bed, flow rates should be markedly lower. In relation to the safety of radioactive waste containment, the risk of excessive deformation can be kept acceptably low if the disposal formation meets the following requirements: (1) bedded salt located in a geologically stable area; (2) subhorizontal salt beds exposed to very limited differential loading; (3) thickness of the salt beds of the order of 100 to 300 m; and (4) depth of the salt beds between 300 and 700 m.
,,Location-based Services“ – Personalisierung mobiler Dienste durch Verortung

Im Zeitalter der Informationsgesellschaft, so wurde postuliert, spielten raumliche Distanzen keine Rolle mehr und unsere raumliche Mobilitat nahme ab. Die Mobilitat in den letzten Jahren, speziell die Freizeitmobilitat, hat hingegen zugenommen. Die Bereitstellung ortsbezogener Dienste – ,,Location-based Services“ – unterstutzt und fordert dieses Verhalten.
Performing Substitute Teaching.

Formal education is both a right and an obligation bestowed on young people in most all nations of the world. Teachers (adults) and students (youth) form a co-present dyadic contract that must be maintained within the classroom. Substitute teachers fill a role in sustaining the integrity of this teacher-student link, whenever teachers are absent. This article describes one ethnographer’s quest to use strategies from performative ethnography to better function as a substitute teacher and, more generally, to adapt techniques from auto-ethnography to find a purpose while doing subbing in public schools of a Borderlands county in the Southwest.
Fetal response to antigenic stimulus. II. Antibody production by the fetal lamb.

The fetal lamb in utero is able to form large amounts of specific antibody in response to antigenic stimulus as early as the 66th to 70th day of the 150 day gestation period. Among the several antigens employed, the fetal lamb responded earliest, and with the highest titers, to bacteriophage φX. Slightly less effective as an antigen was horse ferritin, while ovalbumin proved to be a weak antigen, especially in younger fetuses. Ineffective in stimulating an antibody response at any time during fetal or early neonatal life were diphtheria toxoid, Salmonella typhosa , and BCG. Thus, it may not be feasible to fix precisely the time of onset of immunologic responsiveness in a species, inasmuch as it appears to differ so greatly from one antigen to another. The quantity of antibody found 10 days after φX immunization was not significantly different in fetuses injected at 60 to 120 days of gestation. The earliest anti-phage antibody produced by the lamb fetus is a macroglobulin sensitive to the action of 2-mercaptoethanol. Only in older fetuses with longer lasting stimuli were appreciable amounts of 7S γ-globulin antibodies formed. The conformity of these observations to theories on the ontogenesis of the immune response is discussed.
Conceptual Integration in Counterfactuals

Conceptual integration - "blending" - is a general cognitive operation used to construct meaning. It is dynamic, supple, and active in the moment of thinking. It interacts with other general cognitive operations. It yields products that frequently become entrenched in conceptual structure and grammar. It often performs new blending on its entrenched products. It is easy to detect in spectacular cases but it is for the most part a routine, workaday process that escapes detection except on technical analysis. It is not reserved for special purposes, and is not especially costly. In this article, we demonstrate those principles at work in counterfactuals.
HuR Suppresses Fas Expression and Correlates with Patient Outcome in Liver Cancer.

Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) show resistance to chemotherapy and have blunt response to apoptotic stimuli. HCC cell lines express low levels of the Fas death receptor and are resistant to FasL stimulation, whereas immortalized hepatocytes are sensitive. The variable Fas transcript levels and consistently low Fas protein in HCC cells suggest posttranscriptional regulation of Fas expression. The 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of Fas mRNA was found to interact with the ribonucleoprotein Human Antigen R (HuR) to block mRNA translation. Silencing of HuR in HCC cells increased the levels of cell surface Fas and sensitized HCC cells to FasL. Two AU-rich domains within the 3′-UTR of Fas mRNA were identified as putative HuR-binding sites and were found to mediate the translational regulation in reporter assay. Hydrodynamic transfection of HuR plasmid into mice induced downregulation of Fas expression in livers and established functional resistance to the killing effects of Fas agonist. Human HCC tumor tissues showed significantly higher overall and cytoplasmic HuR staining compared with normal liver tissues, and the high HuR staining score correlated with worse survival of patients with early-stage HCC. Combined, the protumorigenic ribonucleoprotein HuR blocks the translation of Fas mRNA and effectively prevents Fas-mediated apoptosis in HCC, suggesting that targeting HuR would sensitize cells to apoptotic stimuli and reverse tumorigenic properties. Implications: Demonstrating how death receptor signaling pathways are altered during progression of HCC will enable the development of better methods to restore this potent apoptosis mechanism. Mol Cancer Res; 13(5); 809–18. ©2015 AACR.
Hand written digit recognition using BKS combination of neural network classifiers

The problem of recognition of handwritten segmented digits irrespective of their size or stroke width is considered. A new approach of combining several different multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network classifiers operating on the same image is developed. The classification decisions made by individual MLPs are combined through a method called "behavior-knowledge space" (BKS). The BKS method relies on the behavior of the classifiers on the training set. The pseudo-Zernike moments extracted from the normalized and thinned image of the digit within its bounding circle are used as features. The approach is tested on 3000 digits using three classifiers and a hard error rate of 1.37% is obtained. This is a reduction of almost 50% compared to a single MLP network classifier. The results are also compared to an alternative method of combining the classifiers. >
Location of cellular adhesions to solid substrata.

Abstract Micromanipulation and time lapse cinemicrography were used to locate the adhesions to glass and polystyrene formed in culture by a variety of different cell types. These adhesions were observed to be confined to relatively narrow areas near the cell margins, principally in the vicinity of ruffling activity. During mitosis and after certain treatments, cell-substratum adhesion was found to be restricted to many tiny points connected to the cell body by narrow, nearly invisible retraction fibers. The relationship of these phenomena to cell locomotion, contact inhibition, and contact retraction is discussed.
Waterproofing Crops: Effective Flooding Survival Strategies

Extremes in water availability (droughts and floods) have increased in frequency and intensity over the past 50 years in farming regions throughout the world. In the United States, losses in crop production due to flooding were second to drought in many of the past 12 years, with these two abiotic
Population genetics of goldspotted oak borer, Agrilus auroguttatus Schaeffer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae): investigating the origin of an invasive pest of native oaks in California

The goldspotted oak borer, Agrilus auroguttatus Schaeffer, is an invasive woodborer in California USA that is native to oak woodlands across southern Arizona USA. Developing a classical biological control program for this pest in southern California is a high priority due to the continuing ecological and economic damage caused by this insect since its recent introduction into the area. In an attempt to determine the area of origin for this invasive beetle, analyses of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase and ribosomal nuclear D2 domain of the 28S gene regions were undertaken and provided insight into the phylogeographic relationship between and within populations of A. auroguttatus in Arizona and California. The area of origin for the invasive population of goldspotted oak borer in California was not determined conclusively, although our molecular data suggests the Dragoon Mountains in Cochise Co., Arizona as a possible source for the California population of A. auroguttatus. Results also confirmed that individuals collected from populations across southern Arizona and California are all A. auroguttatus, and are not part of a cryptic species complex comprised of the morphologically similar A. coxalis. Future surveys for natural enemies of A. auroguttatus will focus on the Dragoon Mountains as a potential source for co-evolved enemies for use in a classical biological control program against this invasive woodborer in southern California.
H1- and H2-histamine receptor-mediated vasodilation varies with aging in humans.

Introduction Aging is associated with alterations in the responses to several important vasoactive drugs. We have investigated histamine-mediated venodilation across the adult age range using the human hand vein compliance technique. Histamine produces dilation in human veins by activating both H1- and H2-receptors. Methods Full dose-response curves to histamine were constructed in 16 healthy volunteers (mean age, 47 ± 20 years; age range, 21 to 80 years) by infusing histamine (2 to 136 ng/min) into dorsal hand veins preconstricted with the α-adrenergic selective agonist phenylephrine. Results Histamine was an efficacious venodilator across the age range; the average maximal response (Emax) was 122 ± 45% and the geometric mean ED50 (the dose producing half-maximal response) was 16.6 ng/min for all subjects. Dose-response curves to histamine were repeated after infusion of the H2-selective antagonist cimetidine at a dose sufficient to completely block the H2-mediated response (49 μg/min). Cimetidine did not inhibit the Emax in the elderly as much as it did in the young subjects. The Emax to histamine in the presence of cimetidine plotted against age showed a significant relationship (r = 0.62, p = 0.02). Conclusions These results suggest that, although the overall histamine-induced venodilation is conserved in aging, there is a loss of the signal transduction pathway activated by way of H2-receptors but no loss in function of H1-receptors. Consequently, these results suggest differential changes in function of H1-versus H2-histamine receptors with aging. Because H1-receptors are coupled to endothelial-derived relaxing factor release and because H2-receptors activate cyclic adenosine monophosphate in smooth muscle, the results are compatible with hypothesis that there are specific changes in these signal transduction pathways with aging. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1995) 58, 73–80; doi: 10.1016/0009-9236(95)90074-8
Controls on segmentation and morphology along the back‐arc Eastern Lau Spreading Center and Valu Fa Ridge

Back-arc spreading centers increasingly depart from mid-ocean ridge (MOR) characteristics with proximity to the arc volcanic front. The close association of these departures with slab-derived materials in erupted lavas suggests that subduction-related chemical effects are their primary cause. The Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC) and Valu Fa Ridge (VFR) are type examples of this process. Together they constitute a first-order spreading center in the Lau back-arc basin that progressively converges on the Tofua arc volcanic front from north to south. Here we use ship multibeam and deep-towed side-scan sonar data to examine variations in axial morphology and volcanism at the second- and third-order segment scale along these ridges and develop a model for the processes that control them. Closest to the arc, VFR, and the southern segment of the ELSC shoal toward second-order segment ends, in contrast to MORs. Northward and beyond ~70 km from the arc, the axis becomes abruptly deeper and flatter and no longer shoals toward second-order segment ends. At VFR, along-axis topographic highs correlate with the location of arc volcanoes along slab flow lines. These correlations are weaker along the southernmost ELSC segment and absent along ELSC segments farther north. The observations show a modulation of back-arc segmentation with arc proximity that rapidly diminishes with distance. They support a model of the mantle wedge with a strongly hydrous domain within ~70 km of the arc within which the arc and ridge interact and a much less hydrous domain farther from the arc without evident arc-ridge interactions.
Metternich and the Slavs1

On April 11, 1848, Frantisek Palacký—the “Bohemian of Slavic stock,” as he described himself—wrote his famous reply to the Committee of Fifty at the Frankfurt National Assembly. In explaining why an Austrian Slav could not participate in a German parliament, he stressed the need for Austria's separate existence and also warned that the splitting up of the Austrian empire into a group of small republics would result in the establishment of a universal Russian monarchy. “Truly,” he exclaimed, “if the Austrian empire had not already been long in existence, we would have to hurry and create it in the interest of Europe and in the interest of humanity itself.” Yet, he went on to ask, why did this state, which nature and history had given the task of shielding Europe, appear so helpless in the face of storm and crisis? Why? Because for all too long Austria, in her disastrous blindness, had failed to admit the very legal and moral grounds for its existence: the fundamental principle of complete equality of rights and consideration for its nationalities. Palacky singled out the person he held responsible for this failure: Metternich! “Metternich,” he wrote, “did not fall just because he was the worst foe of freedom but also because he was the most irreconcilable enemy of all Slavic nationalities in Austria.”2
Absorption-Corrected Spectral Studies of the Lucigenin Chemiluminescence Reaction

With a spectrometer based on two multichannel detectors, luminescence and absorption spectra are acquired simultaneously during the reaction between lucigenin and H2O2 in a basic solution. Alterations in the fluorescence and chemiluminescence spectral contours occur during the reaction, due to time-dependent inner filter effects caused by the changing absorption of the emission radiation by reactants, intermediates, or products. The spectrometer uses the measured absorbances and appropriate equations for automatic correction of luminescence spectra for inner filter effects. The corrected spectra demonstrate that the primary fluorescent product of the reaction, N-methyl acridone, is not the primary chemiluminescent emitting species.
Lack of Canonical E6 and E7 Open Reading Frames in Bird Papillomaviruses: Fringilla coelebs Papillomavirus and Psittacus erithacus timneh Papillomavirus

Determination and analyses of the complete sequence of Fringilla coelebs papillomavirus and Psittacus erithacus timneh papillomavirus indicate that they represent a distinct and distant lineage of papillomaviruses. The lack of canonical E6-E7 open reading frames suggests that they serve adaptive functions during papillomavirus evolution.
Multi-Frequency Synthetic Thinned Array Antenna for the Hurricane Imaging Radiometer

A C-band four-frequency resonant stacked-patch array antenna is developed for synthetic thinned aperture radiometer measurements of hurricane force wind speeds. This antenna is being integrated into an aircraft instrument referred to as the Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD). Details of the antenna design are presented along with antenna performance tests and laboratory measurements using a full-scale prototype array with a subset model of the HIRAD instrument.
Simulating the reciprocal interaction of forest landscape structure and southern pine beetle herbivory using LANDIS

The reciprocal interaction of landscape structure and ecological processes is a cornerstone of modern landscape ecology. We use a simulation model to show how landscape structure and herbivory interact to influence outbreaks of southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann) in a landscape representative of the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA. We use LANDIS and its biological disturbance agent module to simulate the effects of landscape composition (proportion of landscape in host area) and host aggregation on the size and severity of insect outbreaks and the persistence of the host species, Table Mountain Pine (Pinus pungens Lamb.). We find that landscape composition is less important in the modeled landscapes than host aggregation in structuring the severity of insect outbreaks. Also, simulated southern pine beetle outbreaks over time tend to decrease the aggregation of host species on the landscape by fragmenting large patches into smaller ones, thereby reducing the severity of future outbreaks. Persistence of Table Mountain pine decreases throughout all simulations regardless of landscape structure. The results of this study indicate that when considering alternative restoration strategies for insect-affected landscapes, it is necessary to consider the patterns of hosts on the landscape as well as the landscape composition.
Reflections on phonetic convergence: Speech perception does not mirror speech production

Since the beginnings of speech research, the issue of variability has been a central topic in the field. Until recently, solutions to this problem have focused mainly on resolving linguistic forms from variable acoustic realizations, with little systematic consideration of talker variability or social settings. However, acoustic-phonetic variability within and between talkers does not arise by chance – such variation is attributable to a variety of causes including talker physiology, dialect, affect, and social/situational factors. Studies of conversational interaction demonstrate the influence of situational factors on many aspects of spoken communication. In particular, interacting talkers converge and diverge in acoustic-phonetic form over the course of a single conversational setting. Although phonetic convergence likely reflects a close connection between speech perception and production, it is not an automatic consequence of priming mechanisms or a mirror neuron system. In studies of the neural activity associated with speech perception, it is increasingly clear that utterances are processed in separate dorsal and ventral cortical streams, one that is part of the self-regulation of spoken utterances, and another that is part of conceptual understanding. Links between perception and production appear to be part of the self-regulatory system that participates in speech production control monitoring, which makes this system a likely candidate for talker control of acoustic-phonetic variability. Whether talkers converge or diverge depends on multiple aspects of the social setting, which have a much greater influence on the form of phonetic expression than automatic links or mirror mechanisms.
Duration of Heart Failure Influences the Outcomes After Mechanical Circulatory Support

s S81 97% at 2 years and 88% at 4 years. Postoperative survival was 7.6 years (95% CI 7.1 8.1, maximum 9.2). Five patients were transplanted (mean 4.7 years) and 29 (23%) patients died. Conclusion: We describe the largest series of patients with extended survival on CF LVAD support, with mean survival of 7.6 years. This unique cohort had relatively few readmissions per year and excellent NYHA functional class from 6 months through 4 years. Future study will hope to identify factors that predict long term success.
Mechanistic studies in tackified acrylic emulsion pressure sensitive adhesives

Twenty-three wt % aqueous tackifier dispersion based on glycerol ester abietic acid (Tg 5 64°C, Mw 5 940) was added to emulsion polymer 50/32/15/3 poly(2- ethyl hexyl acrylate-co-vinyl acetate-co-dioctyl maleate-co-acrylic acid) pressure sensi- tive adhesive (PSA). From these latices, 25 mm thick films were cast. The films were dried at 25°C for 24 h or at 121°C for 5 min. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of the films included measuring elastic modulus (G9) and damping factor (tan d). Under the above drying conditions, the films did not produce significant differences in their DMA and PSA properties as measured by loop tack, peel, and shear holding power. DMA of the tackified acrylic film showed thermodynamic miscibility between the tackifier and polymer regardless of the drying conditions. Microgels formed during emulsion poly- merization of the acrylic PSA brought inherent weakness to the tackified film proper- ties. In the neat acrylic PSA film, these discrete networks entangled with the un- crosslinked chains while in the tackified film, these networks could not form entangle- ments due to the increased molecular weight between entanglements for the uncrosslinked chains. This lack of network entanglements caused shear holding power of the tackified acrylic PSA film to be 43 lower than that of the neat acrylic PSA film. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 76: 1965-1976, 2000
A branch and bound network approach to the canonical constrained entropy problem

In this paper, we present a branch and bound algorithm for solving the constrained entropy mathematical programming problem. Unlike other methods for solving this problem, our method solves more general problems with inequality constraints. The advantage of the proposed technique is that the relaxed problem solved at each node is a singly constrained network problem. The disadvantage is that the relaxed problem has twice as many variables as the original problem. An application to regional planning is given, and an example problem is solved.
New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes

Abstract This paper documents a series of methodological innovations that are relevant to macroevolutionary studies. The new methods are applied to updated faunal and body mass data sets for North American fossil mammals, documenting several key trends across the late Cretaceous and Cenozoic. The methods are (1) A maximum likelihood formulation of appearance event ordination. The reformulated criterion involves generating a maximally likely hypothesized relative ordering of first and last appearances (i.e., an age range chart). The criterion takes faunal occurrences, stratigraphic relationships, and the sampling probability of individual genera and species into account. (2) A nonparametric temporal interpolation method called “shrink-wrapping” that makes it possible to employ the greatest possible number of tie points without violating monotonicity or allowing abrupt changes in slopes. The new calibration method is used in computing provisional definitions of boundaries among North American land mammal ag...
A Comparative Historical Analysis of War Time Procedural Protections and Presidential Powers: From the Civil War to the War on Terror

This article analyzes and compares procedural rules governing military trials from the American Revolution to the War on Terror. It discusses and analyzes Presidential power during war time, particularly in light of recent Supreme Court cases concerning detainees held in Guantanamo Bay.
How to Guard Orthogonal Polygons: Diagonal Graphs and Vertex Covers

We extend and unify most known results about guarding orthogonal polygons by introducing the same-sign diagonal graphs of a convex quadrangulation and applying results about vertex covers for graphs. Our approach also yields new theorems and often guarantees two disjoint vertex guard sets of relatively small cardinality. For instance, an orthogonal polygon on n vertices has two disjoint vertex guard sets of cardinality at most $$\lfloor n/4\rfloor $$?n/4?. We give new proofs of Aggarwal's one-hole theorem and the orthogonal fortress theorem. We prove that an orthogonal polygon with n vertices and any number of holes can be protected by at most $$\lfloor (17n-8)/52\rfloor $$?(17n-8)/52? vertex guards, improving the best known bound of $$\lfloor n/3\rfloor $$?n/3?. Also, an orthogonal polygon with n vertices and h holes can be protected by $$\lfloor (n+2h)/3\rfloor $$?(n+2h)/3? guarded guards, which is best possible when $$n\ge 16h$$n?16h. Moreover, for orthogonal fortresses with n vertices, $$\lfloor (n+6)/3\rfloor $$?(n+6)/3? guarded guards are always sufficient and sometimes necessary.
Trade Liberalization, after School Education and Economic Growth: A New Evidence from Pakistan

This study is aimed to examine relationship between after school education and economic growth, and between trade liberalization and economic growth using time series data for Pakistan from 1972 to 2012. On one side trade liberalization destruct the economic growth and on the other side after school education plays vital role to improve economic growth in Pakistan. This study uses three education levels (college, professional colleges and university education) and health expenditure as helping variable. Johanson Cointegraation shows that there is long run negative relationship between trade liberalization and economic growth in Pakistan. Also, it shows long run positive relationship between all three education levels and economic growth, health expenditure and economic growth. The short run results validate the long run relationships checked by error correction model. Finally, the study recommends that the education policy may implement in a way to extend its benefits to poor masses. This may be achieved through improvements in managerial and planning skills at district and provincial levels. Rise in budgets share of education may be utilized on long run projects, capacity development and availability of technical experts. On the trade side, imports of consumer durables must be reduced and exports must be enhanced through switching from agriculture to manufacturing and services sectors.
Sintering Phenomena on Initial Stage in Pulsed Current Sintering

Discharge and sintering phenomena are investigated by measuring current and voltage in pulsed electric current sintering. Fine Al powders under 10μm in particle size and coarse Al powders over 100μm are used. A BN die and a graphite die are used and a graphite punch is used for each die. With BN die and fine Al powders, no current flows until voltage attains 24V. At this voltage a large current over 600A suddenly flows. Some large pores produced by melting and evaporating are observed in the specimen. Discharge occurs when a BN die is used. This discharge can occur in the range of resistivity 10kΩ-1MΩ. The coarse powders can be sintered without discharge. When fine Al powders are sintered using a graphite die, the current and voltage increase simultaneously at the starting stage of sintering. The current depends on the resistivity of powders. The powder compact is sintered from the surface, and then the center region is sintered later. A current almost flows through the graphite die except for fine Al powders. The coarse Al powders can be sintered homogeneously because of current flows through the powders. No discharge occurs with graphite die, and the temperature rises by joule heating.
Is There a Need for Axillary Dissection in Breast Cancer

The involvement of axillary nodes remains a significant prognostic factor in breast cancer. However, management has changed from complete surgical staging to sentinel lymph node biopsies. Although little controversy exists regarding patients with negative sentinel lymph node biopsies, some remains regarding what to do with patients with small volume of axillary disease. This article focuses on the examination of recent evidence in management of the axilla. It focuses on both the prognostic and therapeutic information gleaned from isolated tumor cells and micrometastatic disease and on the use of completion axillary lymph node dissections or axillary radiation in preventing regional recurrence.
Study on relationship between occupancy of fine grain and impact toughness of P92 steel welding seam

P92 steel is welded in order to research the influence facters of toughness on the welded joint.The side organization of sample is observed by metallographic microscope before the weld metal is impacted.The ratio of fine grain and coarse grain is defined. The relationship between occupancy of fine grain and impact toughness is researched.The results show that the toughness of the weld is sensitive to the grain size and the higher the occupancy of fine grain in weld metal is the impact toughness are higher.This phenomenon is analyzed and discussed by effects of grain boundaries on dislocation motion in metal.The impact toughness of P92 steel welded joints will be improved by welding procedure which can reduce the grain size.
Data organization and visualization using self-sorting map

This paper presents the Self-Sorting Map (SSM), a novel algorithm for organizing and visualizing data. Given a set of data items and a dissimilarity measure between each pair of them, the SSM places each item into a unique cell of a structured layout, where the most related items are placed together and the unrelated ones are spread apart. The algorithm nicely integrates ideas from dimension reduction techniques, sorting algorithms, and data clustering approaches. Instead of solving the continuous optimizing problem as other dimension reduction approaches do, the SSM transforms it into a discrete labeling problem. As a result, it can organize a set of data into a structured layout without overlapping, providing a simple and intuitive presentation. Experiments on different types of data show that the SSM can be applied to a variety of applications, ranging from visualizing semantic relatedness between articles to organizing image search results based on visual similarities. Our current SSM implementation using Java is fast enough for interactively organizing datasets with hundreds of entries.
CORR Insights(®): Dedicated Perioperative Hip Fracture Comanagement Programs are Cost-effective in High-volume Centers: An Economic Analysis.

H ip fractures are common, and treating patients with them is challenging because the patients often are older and medically complicated. New payment models initiated by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (which encourages bundled payments and the formation of accountable care organizations) focuses on high-cost procedures [2, 7]. The systems used to provide care for patients with diverse diagnoses, including hip fracture, also vary; this would appear to offer a meaningful opportunity to improve both outcomes and costs [5]. With total treatment costs estimated at more than USD 12 billion, hip fracture care in the United States certainly represents a worthwhile topic for further evaluation. Swart and colleagues performed an economic analysis to determine the cost-effectiveness of a comanaged model of care for geriatric patients with hip fracture. The prevalent ‘‘traditional’’ model of hip fracture care in the United States is one in which the medical physician provides preoperative clearance with variable postoperative followup care for the patient with a hip fracture on the orthopaedic surgical service [5, 9]. A small percentage of hospitals have adopted an organized medical comanagement model to improve both patient reported outcomes and process measures for patients with a hip fracture. Although the topic has been reasonably well-studied, most reports to this point involve retrospective analyses that may be subject to various types of bias [1–4]. While some studies have looked at the economics of these models, and although these reports generally suggest the models are cost-effective, these analyses only represent the study of program performance at individual hospitals [2, 7, 8]. As such, the value of the comanaged hip fracture programs remains controversial. This CORR Insights is a commentary on the article ‘‘Dedicated Perioperative Hip Fracture Comanagement Programs are Cost-effective in High-volume Centers: An Economic Analysis’’ by Swart and colleagues available at: DOI: 10.1007/s11999-015-4494-4. The author certifies that he, or any member of his immediate family, has no funding or commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/ licensing arrangements, etc) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of CORR or the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. This CORR Insights comment refers to the article available at DOI: 10.1007/s11999-0154494-4. S. L. Kates MD (&) Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 665, Rochester, NY 14620, USA e-mail: stephen_kates@urmc.rochester.edu CORR Insights Published online: 1 September 2015 The Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons1 2015
[Establishment and application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection].

Objective To develop a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for rapid diagnosing of Legionella pneumophila in the Pathogen Detection Department(PDD) or in small-scale laboratory. Methods Five primers (2 Inner Primers, 2 Outer Primers and a Loop Primer) for the LAMP test were designed by targeting the mip gene of Lpneumophila and reaction system of LAMP reaction was optimized. 12 strains of L.pneumophila, 45 local strains, 6 non-L.pneumophila strains, 11 other strains and 59 environmental water samples were analyzed to evaluate the specificity and sensibility of the LAMP amplification. At the same time, the results of the LAMP were also compared with biochemical culture and quantitative PCR methods. Results The amplification products of L.pneumophila turned green by visual inspection and had ladder-like pattern on the gel, but non-L.pneumophila and other products from the strains remained orange by visual examination and had no band on the gel. The detection rate of LAMP was higher than the biochemical culture and the real-time PCR methods. Reaction time of the LAMP method was only 1.5 h and the detection limit of LAMP assay was 5 cfu/reaction. In addition, the LAMP results could be determined only by visual inspection. Conclusion LAMP assay targeting the mip gene of L.pneumophila appeared to be rapid, specific, and sensitive for the detection of L.pneumophila. This method not only reduced the dependence of complicated equipment but also had a potential for wider use in the PDD, small-scale laboratory, emergency motor vehicle or for field survey. Key words: Legionella pneumophila; Loop-mediated isothermal amplification; Establishment and application
Phylogenetic Tree Comparison

Researchers often want to conduct statistical tests of competing hypotheses about genealogical relationships. Alternative tree topologies form a set of hypotheses that partially overlap with each other in a complex manner. This leads to difficult forms of the statistical problem of multiple tests. Furthermore, choosing an appropriate null distribution in tree testing is often difficult. Many methods for conducting statistical tests on topological hypotheses have been proposed. These approaches subtly differ in the questions they address and how they account for the manner in which the candidate set of alternative trees was generated. This article reviews the current statistical approaches to comparing topological hypotheses and discusses their appropriateness in a range of scenarios.
Realization of a gain with electromagnetically induced transparency system using non-degenerate Zeeman sublevels in 87Rb

Abstract Previously, we had proposed an optically-pumped five-level Gain EIT (GEIT) system, which has a transparency dip superimposed on a gain profile and exhibits a negative dispersion suitable for the white-light-cavity signal-recycling (WLC-SR) scheme of the interferometric gravitational wave detector (Zhou et al., 2015). Using this system as the negative dispersion medium (NDM) in the WLC-SR, we get an enhancement in the quantum noise (QN) limited sensitivity-bandwidth product by a factor of ∼ 18 . Here, we show how to realize this GEIT system in a realistic platform, using non-degenerate Zeeman sublevels in cold Rb atoms, employing anomalous dispersion at 795 nm. Using the Caves model for a phase insensitive linear amplifier, we show that an enhancement of the sensitivity-bandwidth product by a factor of ∼ 17 is possible for potentially realizable experimental parameters. While the current LIGO apparatus uses light at 1064 nm, a future embodiment thereof may operate at a wavelength that is consistent with the wavelength considered here.
Predicting Salt Permeability Coefficients in Highly Swollen, Highly Charged Ion Exchange Membranes

This study presents a framework for predicting salt permeability coefficients in ion exchange membranes in contact with an aqueous salt solution. The model, based on the solution–diffusion mechanism, was tested using experimental salt permeability data for a series of commercial ion exchange membranes. Equilibrium salt partition coefficients were calculated using a thermodynamic framework (i.e., Donnan theory), incorporating Manning’s counterion condensation theory to calculate ion activity coefficients in the membrane phase and the Pitzer model to calculate ion activity coefficients in the solution phase. The model predicted NaCl partition coefficients in a cation exchange membrane and two anion exchange membranes, as well as MgCl2 partition coefficients in a cation exchange membrane, remarkably well at higher external salt concentrations (>0.1 M) and reasonably well at lower external salt concentrations (<0.1 M) with no adjustable parameters. Membrane ion diffusion coefficients were calculated using a c...
STUDIES ON HUMAN ANTIBODIES : VI. SELECTIVE VARIATIONS IN SUBGROUP COMPOSITION AND GENETIC MARKERS

The composition of various isolated antibodies was determined by quantitative analyses for heavy chain subgroups and light chain types. Certain antibodies such as anti-tetanus toxoid and anti-A isoagglutinins were predominantly of the major γG1-type. However, a high preponderance of molecules of the minor γG2-subgroup was found for antibodies to dextran, levan, and teichoic acid. These findings explain some unusual features previously noted for anti-dextrans such as weak PCA reactions and lack of Gm antigens. Studies of several isolated antibodies from single heterozygous individuals showed a selective absence of genetic markers in certain antibodies and their presence in others. The "allelic exclusion" principle was clearly evident in the isolated antibodies of two different individuals. Large differences in the ratio of kappa to lambda light chains were observed for the same type of antibody from different individuals. Subfractionation of dextran antibodies by affinity for specific glycosidic linkage or combining site size produced marked changes in the ratios. The isomaltohexaose eluates of the dextran antibodies from two subjects were primarily kappa and the isomaltotriose eluates were predominantly lambda. The one anti-levan antibody studied was uniquely homogeneous, consisting exclusively of γG2-heavy chains and kappa light chains. By these criteria as well as others, it closely resembled myeloma proteins.
Eslicarbazepine Acetate: A New Improvement on a Classic Drug Family for the Treatment of Partial-Onset Seizures.

Eslicarbazepine acetate is a new anti-epileptic drug belonging to the dibenzazepine carboxamide family that is currently approved as adjunctive therapy and monotherapy for partial-onset (focal) seizures. The drug enhances slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels and subsequently reduces the activity of rapidly firing neurons. Eslicarbazepine acetate has few, but some, drug–drug interactions. It is a weak enzyme inducer and it inhibits cytochrome P450 2C19, but it affects a smaller assortment of enzymes than carbamazepine. Clinical studies using eslicarbazepine acetate as adjunctive treatment or monotherapy have demonstrated its efficacy in patients with refractory or newly diagnosed focal seizures. The drug is generally well tolerated, and the most common side effects include dizziness, headache, and diplopia. One of the greatest strengths of eslicarbazepine acetate is its ability to be administered only once per day. Eslicarbazepine acetate has many advantages over older anti-epileptic drugs, and it should be strongly considered when treating patients with partial-onset epilepsy.