cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incorporating Experimental Research into the Instructional Development Process: A Study of Psychomotor Practice in a Mediated Instructional Program.

Two versions of an instructional program designed to teach student nurses to perform intravenous infusions—a no-practice version and a more costly version involving individual practice with simulated arms—were developed using systematic development procedures. Effectiveness of the two versions was compared during field testing in two separate research studies, one conducted with students who had had prior training on a task (venipuncture) with several similarities to an infusion and one with students with no such prior training. In both studies, students using each version attained mean posttest scores above 80% in performing the infusion on a live subject and near 90% on the cognitive test. Surprisingly, there were no significant differences in effectiveness of the practice and no-practice versions in either study. The results indicate that experimental research incorporated into the development process can yield valuable information that enables program developers to make informed, data-based decisions about potential components of an instructional program.
The meanings of smoking among Chinese American and Taiwanese American college students.

Smoking on college campuses in the United States has increased at an alarming rate since the early 1980s. Smoking rates differ according to students' culture/ethnicity and are linked to levels of acculturation. Little is known concerning the determinants of smoking in college populations. To develop effective smoking interventions targeting college smoking, an understanding of why these populations are taking up tobacco is vital. The meanings with which adolescents imbue smoking have been related to smoking behaviors in adolescent populations. Meanings of particular behaviors are strongly influenced by cultural background and acculturation. Meanings of smoking have not yet been investigated in culturally diverse college-aged populations. This in-depth qualitative investigation examined the meanings of smoking among Chinese and Taiwanese students, who are among the fastest growing populations on U.S. college campuses. These groups were selected to attempt to trace why Asian American students are at higher risk for increased smoking prevalence than any other ethnic group. Personal, functional, and socially relevant meanings emerged as powerful factors that direct smoking behaviors. Because smoking is not accepted as readily in the United States as it is in China and Taiwan, subjects reported experiencing a profound shift in social norms after immigration, which led to a change in meanings of smoking. These changes in meanings precipitated changes in smoking behavior. Smokers reported reducing tobacco use or quitting altogether. Implications of these findings as they relate to patterns of smoking in Chinese American and Taiwanese American populations are discussed.
Personality disorder correlates of late and early onset depression

OBJECTIVE: To compare the lifetime personality dysfunction of geriatric patients having late and early onset of major depression. DESIGN: Group comparisons. SETTING: Inpatient geriatric psychiatry unit and hospital-based geriatric psychiatry outpatient clinic. PATIENTS: Volunteer sample of recovered elderly depressives with history of early onset of major depression (age 60) (n = 14). MAJOR OUTCOME MEASURE: Personality Disorder Examination, containing diagnostic and dimensional scores for DSM-III-R personality disorders. RESULTS: The two groups had similar demographic profiles and levels of depression after treatment. Early onset subjects had significantly higher mean dimensional scores in the avoidant, dependent, and not otherwise specified NOS personality disorders, and higher dimensional scores with a trend toward significance in 6 additional personality disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Early onset geriatric depressives may have more lifetime personality dysfunction than late onset subjects. Greater personality dysfunction in early onset subjects may reflect postdepressive changes, predisposition, or a low grade depressive subtype.
Decision centric identification and rank ordering of security metrics

A network has several attributes which play a role in determining the security of the network and its robustness to external threats. These attributes are related to security through a complex nonlinear function which is generally unknown to the network management personnel. Since the network security is an explicit function of these attributes, the managers do not realize when the value of a certain attribute has become critical to the point of threatening network security. In this paper we take a theoretically rigorous approach to quantifying the effect each of the individual attributes has on the network. By using ideas from probability and decision theory, we can order the significant factors determining network security. This is similar to dimensionality reduction which is commonly employed for model based identification methods. Based on our analysis we can come up with critical coefficients which must be maintained by the administrator if the network is to remain secure to external threats. We show how the mathematical framework leads to the prediction of network's security health, and how real world data can be used to substantiate these claims. Paper concludes by validating our results on a list of compromised machine and determining if our identified metrics played the significant role in the infection.
Projective modules over rings of global sections of flasque sheaves

We consider a quasi-compact ringed space (X,) for which the sheaf is flasque and locally Serre. We prove that for such a space the functor of global sections Γ defines an equivalence of the category of locally free left -modules of finite rank and the category of projective finitely generated Γ()-modules. Then we give a condition on an open covering U of X sufficient for every -module which is free on U to be free. If U satisfies this condition and besides is flaque and Serre on U then it follows that Γ() is also Serre. As an application we obtain a proof of Vorst's theorem that the face ring of an arbitrary finite complex is Serre.
An endogenous digitalis-like factor derived from the adrenal gland: studies of adrenal tissue from various sources.

Abstract We have previously reported that the adrenal gland is the probable origin of the digitalis-like immunoreactive material (DLI) present in the plasma of rats and other species which have never received cardiac glycoside drugs. The present study demonstrates that adrenal glands removed from rats and then chopped release an immunoreactive digitalis-like material into a serum-free minimal incubation medium. HPLC studies indicated that this immunoreactivity was not homogeneous. Since such material may be a mammalian steroidal ligand for the glycoside receptor on the sodium pump, we investigated whether release of this material could be inhibited by antagonizing the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone through the addition of aminoglutethimide (AG) to the incubation medium. Our observations indicate that this manipulation successfully inhibited pregnenolone production during both of our 2-h serial incubation periods. However, in neither incubation period was AG able to inhibit the release of DLI in...
Power of Screening Models for Developing Flexible Design Strategies in Hydropower Projects: Case Study of Ethiopia

AbstractLong-term price changes in water resources benefits may greatly affect a project’s value, however the traditional approach to river basin planning has not been able to take full account of these uncertainties. Additionally, the relatively recent approach of adaptive management does not provide much systematic guidance for planners. This paper proposes an approach that allows planners of river basins to incorporate flexibility into the design to enable them to increase the expected value of these projects by avoiding untimely elements, taking advantage of favorable opportunities. This paper considers the application of a midfidelity screening model to identify flexible design opportunities and strategies. Such a model is adopted to explore the impacts of future electricity price uncertainty on a proposed system of hydroelectric dams in Ethiopia. Using possible price paths developed from a binomial lattice model calibrated on price variability, the screening model is used to (1) identify the most fl...
Measuring the generality of nanotechnologies and its potential economic implications

Technologies that have applications in a large number of sectors (general) have a more significant positive impact on economic activity in comparison to technologies that have applications in a few sectors (focused). The former are referred to in the economic literature as General Purpose Technologies (GPTs). Using patent data I conclude that nanotechnologies show one of the main characteristics of a GPT, high Generality, and I show the progression of their generality over the time period 1980–2008. A metric for generality is applied to compare nanotechnologies with other technologies previously identified as GPTs. The measurements show that ‘Nanotechnologies’ have a higher average Generality than semiconductors, and that the level of Generality of nanotechnologies has remained fairly constant for more than two decades. Technologies such as ‘Carbon Nanotubes’, and ‘Nanoparticles’ have a higher Generality than ‘Quantum Dots’. ‘Self-assembly’ appears to have transformed from a focused technology to a general purpose one. The choice of classification system used to calculate the Generality is relevant for the analysis of time trends. A high level of Generality in nanotechnologies is important to nanotech-intensive firms because it translates into a larger potential range of applications of their innovations. On the other hand, it also increases the possibility of competition from rivals that were previously developing focused technologies.
Technical aspects of repair of juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms using the Zenith fenestrated endovascular stent graft

Fenestrated endovascular aortic repair has been used with increasing frequency to treat complex aortic aneurysms. The Zenith fenestrated stent graft system (Cook Medical Inc, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia) was approved for commercial use in the United States in April 2012, offering a custom-made design with up to three fenestrations to treat short-neck infrarenal and juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms. This report and the Video presentation (online only) summarize the preoperative planning, stent graft design, and technique of implantation of a Zenith fenestrated stent graft using a totally percutaneous approach in an 80-year-old female patient with a 6-cm juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm. The patient was dismissed home the next day without complications, and a computed tomography angiography at 12 months showed no endoleak or stent graft complications.
Guided behavior rehearsal

Abstract Guided behavior rehearsal is a method for training individuals with a general lack of interpersonal skills. Central to the program is the peer model (a non-professional trained guide) who has facility in the area in which the patient has the most difficulty. The guide models appropriate behavior of the patient in the relevant troublesome social situations. The entire program centers on the desensitization paradigm, utilizing in vivo desensitization and imaginal desensitization, together with modeling, positive reinforcement, behavior rehearsal and assertive training. Office sessions with the therapist are interspersed among those with the model.
Drug-induced brain monoamine depletion and its behavioral correlates in Caiman sclerops.

Abstract 1. 1. Monoamine-depleting drugs were administered to the crocodilian Caiman sclerops , and their effect on brain concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) was observed. Physical activity was also quantitated following injection of the drugs. 2. 2. Treatment with reserpine caused progressive depletion of all the monoamiines but did not significantly affect activity levels. 3. 3. Parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) caused progressive depletion of 5-HT and DA. Physical activity was significantly increased on the third day following PCPA but was significantly reduced by the seventh day. 4. 4. In animals pretreated with desmethylimipramine, 6-hydroxydopamine caused significant depletion of DA without any significant alteration of other monoamine concentrations. Activity was significantly reduced.
Improvement of metal properties by ion implantation

Abstract Ion implantation is being investigated as a technique for the beneficial modification of surface-sensitive and life-limiting properties of metals including resistance to wear and fatigue. Ion implantation is a process of accelerating ions to high velocities and directing them into the near-surface regions of materials ( e.g. alloys) to produce in essence a different material (alloy) in the near-surface region. Ion implantation can produce a graded alloy from the surface to the unchanged underlying bulk alloys so that both the surface and the bulk alloys can be independently optimized. The implanted layer is typically hundreds to thousands of angstroms deep with implanted atom concentrations of up to fifty atomic per cent or more. The sliding-wear rate between various steel alloys was significantly reduced by implanting one of the surfaces with selected elemental species such as nitrogen, carbon and titanium. Experiments were conducted on a number of materials including stainless steel, too steel, bearing alloys and silicon nitride. The implantation technique has also been reported to increase fatigue lifetimes in low-carbon steel by a factor of 50–100. Experimentation is now being directed towards other materials of major technological interest such as titanium alloys. The effect of ion implantation on (1) the wear and fatigue properties and (2) the microstructural characteristics of implanted materials with selected examples is discussed.
Determination of an empirical model for the prediction of penetration hole diameter in thin plates from hypervelocity impact

Abstract The purpose of this work is to identify an empirical relationship that describes the size of the hole created in a thin plate from a hypervelocity impact in terms of the material properties and geometry of both the projectile and target. A multivariable power series was selected as the form of the mathematical model to develop this empirical relationship. Material properties and geometry of both the projectile and target were selected as the independent variables of this model to predict the hole diameters in targets. Comparison with historical equations reveals that these new models are more accurate predictors of target hole diameters. This statement is based on a one-to-one comparison of the equations using both the data utilized in developing the new models and “new”, independent data.
Comment on “Revisiting the 1872 Owens Valley, California, Earthquake” by Susan E. Hough and Kate Hutton

Hough and Hutton (2008) have reconsidered macroseismic observations and geologic observations for the 1872 Owens Valley, California, earthquake. Their preferred moment magnitude M is 7.8–7.9, and they suggest that the 1872 Owens Valley earthquake was larger than the 1906 San Francisco M 7.8 earthquake. Hough and Hutton (2008) also concluded that M 7.5–8.0 earthquakes can occur over much of California. I disagree with these conclusions and the interpretation and analysis of the macroseismic observations on which they are based. Hough and Hutton’s (2008) estimate of M for the 1872 event is biased high because they assumed an intensity attenuation model that does not account for the significant effects of the Sierra Nevada. They then lowered their M estimate considerably, from M 8.5–9 to M 7.8–7.9, by reassigning modified Mercalli intensities (MMI) using revised criteria that they characterized as “conservatively as reasonably possible.” Bakun (2006b) analyzed an edited version of Toppozada et al. ’s (1981) MMI assignments for the 1872 event wherein MMI assignments based on …
Contingent vs. noncontingent EMG feedback and hand temperature in relation to anxiety and locus of control.

This study was designed to measure the effects of contingent and noncontingent EMG feedback on hand temperature, anxiety, and locus of control. Two groups of six subjects each were selected on the basis of high test-anxiety scores. The groups participated in a reverse design study in which Group 1 received five sessions of contingent EMG feedback followed by five sessions of noncontingent feedback. Group 2 received noncontingent feedback followed by contingent feedback. Results indicate a significant order of treatment effect. Subjects who received contingent feedback first produced lower EMG readings, lower test-anxiety scores, and higher hand temperatures during noncontingent feedback sessions. Receiving noncontingent feedback first may actually have interfered with utilizing contingent feedback.
A mixed finite difference-galerkin procedure for two-dimensional convection in a square box

Abstract A mixed finite difference-Galerkin method is used to solve the problem of thermal convection in a two-dimensional horizontal square box heated from below. The Galerkin procedure is applied in the horizontal direction ; finite differencing is used in the vertical direction. The numerical features of such an approach are compared, theoretically, with those of usual finite difference and Galerkin methods. Specific numerical analytical performance data are given for the mixed finite difference-Galerkin procedure for several values of Prandtl number, and over a range of Rayleigh numbers.
Building to Grid (B2G) at the California Smart Grid Center

In 2009–2010, the California Energy Commission (CEC) funded the University of California Berkeley Building to Grid (B2G) test bed project to create a research facility that can examine aspects of electrical and other energy usage to determine total energy flows by functional use. CSUS shadowed the B2G project and documented the research test bed creation at Cory Hall on the UC Berkeley campus. The hybrid wired and wireless network topology employed in this test bed is generating a very large volume of tagged data that relates electrical energy consumption to time of day and ultimately to the building function consuming that energy. Much of this data is available under the Berkeley sMAP system which will be briefly introduced. Lastly this paper will discuss parts of the translation of the UCB methodology to future CSUS building to grid research.
Deforestation and cattle production in the Ozark mountains of Arkansas: the case of Searcy County.

Abstract The Ozark mountains of north central Arkansas have historically been a marginal economic area for standard capitalist means of production. The region has experienced short-term economic booms based on cotton (1880–1900) and lumbering (1900–1920). However, both booms were unsustainable because they were based on environmentally destructive practices. Although still one of the poorest regions in the U.S., the area is experiencing increased income levels from low wage manufacturing, tourism associated with the Buffalo National River, and increased cattle production. Increased cattle production, however, follows past patterns in terms of its lack of long term viability and environmentally destructive practices. Small and medium-scale farmers/ranchers are converting forest lands to pasture lands at an increasing rate. A previous study of the area found that much of the land conversion is taking place on the most environmentally sensitive lands, those with slopes exceeding seven degrees. This current study examines the economic forces that underlie the conversion of forest to pasture lands. The study area is Searcy County, Arkansas. Data from the U.S. Department of Commerce, and interviews with ranchers, farmers, bankers, agricultural extension agents, and agriculture related businesses are utilized. The study seeks to understand the responses of local ranchers and farmers to changing macro-economic conditions and the reasons why they have chosen to increase cattle production with resulting conversion of significant amounts of forested lands to pasture. Current practices may be unsustainable in the long run from both an economic and environmental perspective.
Private Representation in Washington: Surveying the Structure of Influence

Despite the significance of interest representation to theories of law and politics, the social organization of interest representation has not received systematic empirical analysis. Based on interviews with 776 individuals engaged in the representation of private interests concerning national policies on agriculture, energy, health, and labor, this article reports some findings concerning the social and political characteristics of representatives, the nature of their work and their relationships with client organizations. Three models of the social organization of interest representation are developed and examined: a model based on substantive expertise, an institutional targets model, and a client-based model. The findings indicate that representation is predominately organized around client interests Although lawyers constitute a significant and distinctive group among representatives, they are neither as numerous nor as active in policy making as is commonly assumed. The analysis suggests that representatives are not likely to exercise influence in the policy-making process that is autonomous from client organizations.
DNA fingerprint variation in horses

Abstract SNAP and (TG)10 minisatellite probes were used to investigate DNA fingerprint variability in four horse breeds (Andalusian, Morgan, Quarterhorse and Thoroughbred) to augment the efficacy of the classical red blood cell and biochemical polymorphism typing and expand existing applications. Statistically significant differences in the frequencies of specific DNA fragments were observed between the four breeds. The combined estimated mean probabilities for two unrelated individuals of the same breed to share an identical fingerprint, using the Hinfl restriction enzyme with the two probes in each breed varied between 8.7 × 10 in Andalusians to 7.3 × 10‐10 in Thoroughbreds with a mean average of 5.5 × 10‐12. These probabilities, although good enough to exclude the entire horse population, were several orders of magnitude lower than reported probabilities in humans. This systematic analysis of different horse breeds with a standard technique (length of run, stringency washing, probes, etc.) was undertak...
Situating fat suits: Blackface, drag, and the politics of performance

(2005). Situating fat suits: Blackface, drag, and the politics of performance. Women & Performance: a journal of feminist theory: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 231-242.
A STATISTICAL THEORY OF METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS AND PREDICTIONS

Abstract A statistical theory of synoptic-scale measurements and predictions is developed and presented with the aid of numerical examples. In place of standard meteorological variables which are important in classical theory, there are a priori probability distributions of these variables in the present theory. The probabilities are for measured and predicted values to differ from hypothetically true values by specified amounts. These differences generally must be regarded as minimal because complexities of atmospheric phenomena cannot be completely observed or encompassed in prediction procedures. The minimum-error, maximum-probability distributions are Gaussian with standard deviations dependent on observation-network densities. Classical kinematic and dynamic equations are used in prediction to transform initial probability distributions into final ones. The procedure is very similar to procedures of quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics, as is illustrated by a numerical example. It is shown tha...
Relationships Between Predicted Difference for Milk Production Traits and Buck Designation in Dairy Goats

A total of 3344 summary records were used from purebred and American registered bucks for the Alpine, LaMancha, Nubian, Saanen, and Toggenburg breeds to study associations of Predicted Difference for milk yield, milk fat yield, and fat percentage with buck designation. Designations are combinations of stars (0 or 1) based on pedigree performance and pluses (0, 1, or 2) based on progeny performance. The model used for analysis generally included registration (purebred or American), star, linear plus, quadratic plus, and two-way interactions. Effects of registration for milk production traits were not significant. The effect of star was positive for milk in Alpines and fat percentage in Nubians but negative for fat percentage in Alpines. The linear effect of plus was positive for milk and fat in Alpines and Nubians and for fat percentage in Saanens but negative for fat percentage in Toggenburgs. The quadratic effect of plus was negative for milk in Alpines, LaManchas, and Nubians, for fat in Alpines and Nubians, and for fat percentage in Saanens. There was interaction of star with linear plus for fat in Nubians and Toggenburgs and for fat percentage in Saanens. There was also interaction of star with quadratic plus for milk in Nubians and Saanens, for fat in Nubians and Toggenburgs, and for fat percentage in Saanens. Other two-way interactions were not significant, except registration with star for fat in Nubians.
Unsiting Nuclear Power Plants: Decommissioning Risks and Their Land Use Context*

Nuclear power plant siting provided the first significant public opportunity to examine nuclear safety and to affect nuclear policy. These discussions were prompted and fueled by perceptions of nuclear risk. Now, as we begin the process of nuclear decommissioning, we are finding that power plant removal—unsiting–is also likely to attract public interest. This paper presents a preliminary survey of how we are likely to react to this emerging theme, applying these findings within a land use context to see if it is likely to produce issues salient to the public. In so doing it also examines how these issues could affect decommissioning timing and type. It suggests that the most likely prospect is that power plants will remain on the landscape long after they are closed.
Characteristics of glucocorticoid binding to mouse liver cytosol

Abstract Mouse liver cytosol contains a protein which binds the synthetic glucocorticoid, triamcinolone acetonide. Binding was analyzed by the charcoal assay and sucrose density gradient techniques. Sucrose density gradient analysis under low ionic strength conditions revealed a 7.4 S peak of binding activity. This binding was altered to 4 S under high ionic strength conditions. Mouse serum did not bind triamcinolone acetonide. Cytosol binding was of high affinity ( K D = 3.7 × 10 −9 M) and the concentrations of sites was 3 × 10 −13 mol/mg protein. Competitive binding analysis revealed a glucocorticoid preference which was very similar to that of the AtT-20 mouse pituitary tumor cell line glucocorticoid receptor. The degradation of cytosol binding at 37°C was slowed by the presence of sodium molybdate. This effect was not due to a measurable change in the dissociation rate of the receptor or to the sodium component of the molybdate. These studies show that mouse liver cytosol contains a glucocorticoid receptor with properties very similar to those of the AtT-20 cell glucocorticoid receptor.
Ecosystem metabolism along a colonization gradient of eelgrass (Zostera marina) measured by eddy correlation

The Virginia coastal bays experienced local extinction of eelgrass (Zostera marina) during the early 1930s, and restoration beginning in 2001 has generated an ecosystem state change from bare to vegetated sediments. Oxygen fluxes were measured seasonally using the eddy correlation technique at three sites representing different stages of seagrass colonization: unvegetated (bare), 5 yr, and 11 yr since seeding. Derived seasonal ecosystem respiration (R) and gross primary production (GPP) increased up to 10-fold and 25-fold, respectively, with meadow age. Although hourly oxygen (O2) fluxes were highly correlated with light at the vegetated sites, no identifiable trends with light were observed at the bare site. The light compensation point where O2 production and respiration are in balance increased from 46 µmol photons m−2 s−1 to 257 µmol photons m−2 s−1 and 63 µmol photons m−2 s−1 to 472 µmol photons m−2 s−1 at the 5 yr and 11 yr seagrass sites, respectively, with increasing seasonal temperatures from 12.3°C to 27.9°C and 9.3°C to 30.5°C, respectively. This suggests that more light, and thus more O2 production, is required to offset increasing respiration with both temperature and meadow age. Photosynthesis—irradiance curves generated from hourly O2 fluxes throughout the seasons were used to estimate annual net ecosystem metabolism (NEM). Annual NEM rates at the bare, 5 yr, and 11 yr sites were −7.6, 8.6, and −7.0 mol O2 m−2 yr−1, respectively. Although the system went through a period of net autotrophy during early stages of colonization, the ecosystem state change from unvegetated sediments to dense seagrass meadows changed the magnitude of both GPP and R, but not the overall metabolic balance of the system.
Results of long-term ursodiol treatment for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis

OBJECTIVE: When ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is used for the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis, it has been associated with biochemical improvement, histological stability, reduced risk of esophageal varices, and increased survival free of transplantation. There is limited information available about the long-term outcome of these patients with primary biliary cirrhosis on UDCA treatment. To address this, we reviewed the long-term results from patients enrolled in our original randomized study with up to 12 yr of follow-up. METHODS: From April 1988 to March 1992, a total of 180 patients were enrolled into a randomized, controlled trial evaluating UDCA (n = 89) versus placebo (n = 91). When the randomized portion of the study concluded in May 1992, patients were switched to active medication and followed for up to an additional 8 yr. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients originally assigned to UDCA and 42 patients originally assigned to placebo have died or undergone transplantation. The patients who died or were transplanted were more histologically advanced at entry (p < 0.001). Seventy-six of the remaining 110 patients return for regular follow-up; mailed questionnaires were returned by an additional 25 patients, and nine patients have been lost to follow-up. Twenty-two of the 76 patients we follow have normal liver tests (ALP, bilirubin, and AST). Patients with normal liver tests had significantly lower levels of ALP and AST at baseline (p < 0.05), but did not differ in histological stage or total bilirubin from those with persistently abnormal tests. CONCLUSIONS: UDCA appears to be of most benefit when instituted in early stage disease. Although a substantial percentage of patients will achieve biochemical normalization on UDCA alone, there is a continued need for therapeutic options for others who have less complete biochemical responses.
ELASTIC SCATTERING OF ALPHA PARTICLES

An extensive study of elastic scattering of medium-energy alpha particles at fixed angles has been made for 28 nuclides ranging from Ni to Pu. The sharp-cutoff model is used to evaluate interaction radii, ${R}_{A\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, and a simple graphical method has been developed for these evaluations. A least squares fit to the experimental data of the form ${R}_{A\ensuremath{\alpha}}={r}_{0}{A}^{\frac{1}{3}}+b$ gives ${r}_{0}=(1.414\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.042)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm, $b=(2.19\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.20)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm. The internal consistency of the data is much higher than the stated over-all errors (standard deviations) indicate; the average departure from the least squares curve is 0.75%. The dependence of interaction radius upon scattering angle is slight over the range of angles studied. Significant differences in interaction radius are seen between Pb and Bi and between ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}$ and ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}$, among others. Small changes in either neutron or proton configuration influence the detailed structure of the curves of cross section versus energy, especially in the region of a closed neutron or proton shell. The angular and energy dependence of the structure in cross section curves is qualitatively discussed in terms of the sharp-cutoff model. A modification of this theory is used to estimate the cross section for an ellipsoidally distorted nucleus.
Portfolio investment flows to Asia and Latin America: Pull, push or market sentiment?

Abstract This study investigates the relative importance of “pull” and “push” factors in determining portfolio investment flows to Asian and Latin American economies. The market's attitude toward risk is included as a “push” factor. The study finds that factors that pull and push foreign portfolio investment (PI) differ between Asian and Latin American economies. PI in Asia was dominantly pushed by investors’ appetite for risk and other external factors while favorable domestic economic conditions had a negligible role in attracting portfolio investors. On the other hand, PI in Latin American economies was somewhat pulled by strong economic growth, and also pushed by foreign financial factors but not by the market's risk appetite. Based on these findings, the study concludes that PI to Asia is “hot” money since it is vulnerable to swings of global market mood and external factors, and thus can be unstable, volatile and speculative.
Relative toxicity of the components of the original formulation of Roundup® to five North American anurans

Abstract The responses of five North American frog species that were exposed in an aqueous system to the original formulation of Roundup® were compared. Carefully designed and un-confounded laboratory toxicity tests are crucial for accurate assessment of potential risks from the original formulation of Roundup® to North American amphibians in aquatic environments. The formulated mixture of this herbicide as well as its components, isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate and the surfactant MON 0818 (containing polyethoxylated tallowamine (POEA)) were separately tested in 96h acute toxicity tests with Gosner stage 25 larval anurans. Rana pipiens, R. clamitans, R. catesbeiana, Bufo fowleri, and Hyla chrysoscelis were reared from egg masses and exposed to a series of 11 concentrations of the original formulation of Roundup ® herbicide, nine concentrations of MON 0818 and three concentrations of IPA salt of glyphosate in static (non-renewal) aqueous laboratory tests. LC50 values are expressed as glyphosate acid equivalents (ae) or as mg/L for MON 0818 concentrations for comparison between the formulation and components. R. pipiens was the most sensitive of five species with 96h-LC50 values for formulation tests, for the five species, ranging from 1.80 to 4.22 mg ae/L, and MON 0818 exposures with 96h-LC50 values ranging from 0.68 to 1.32 mg/L. No significant mortality was observed during exposures of 96 h for any of the five species exposed to glyphosate IPA salt at concentrations up to 100 times the predicted environmental concentration (PEC). These results agree with previous studies which have noted that the surfactant MON 0818 containing POEA contributes the majority of the toxicity to the herbicide formulations for fish, aquatic invertebrates, and amphibians. These study results suggest that anurans are among the most sensitive species, and emphasize the importance of testing the herbicide formulation in addition to its separate components to accurately characterize the toxicity and potential risk of the formulation.
Calculation of capillary jet

The Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) framework coupled with some boundary tracking techniques is proven to be an effective method for simulation of free-surface flows. In this paper, a special ALE framework is derived with clarification of three velocities, the notion of mesh-frozen and field-frozen, and the notion of tentatively inertial coordinates. A weighted integral ALE governing equations are formulated on generic coordinates and discretized with a finite element method and linear implicit time scheme. The system is solved with a discrete operator splitting technique and superposition-based logistic parallelization. The formulation and implementation are verified through several fixed-geometry problems and a reasonably good parallel performance is observed. Capillary jet flow is the main problem of the paper and the numerical techniques for boundary tracking are elaborated, which include an indirect boundary tracking of flux method and an iterative direct boundary tracking method. Also, a high-order compact scheme for dynamic boundary condition and a squeeze technique for kinematic boundary condition are adopted. The axisymmetric jet breakup is studied in detail and numerical results match with the published data very well. Numerical accuracy and sensitivity are studied, including effects of element type, time scheme, compact scheme, and boundary tracking techniques. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A TECHNIQUE FOR GROWING PLANTS UNDER STERILE CONDITIONS

In a study of albinism in corn, Spoehr (3) succeeded in raising albino seedlings to maturity, by feeding them sucrose solution through the cut ends of leaves. In our laboratory a similar attempt on an albino strain obtained from Everett (2), proved unsuccessful, the seedlings showing very slow growth, and dying at a height of about six inches. Since the appearance of the plants indicated an inadequate carbon supply, and it was desired to eliminate the laborious task of changing the nutrient solution daily, a modification of the sterile flask-culture technique (4) was attempted. For such studies the strain used is especially useful since the seed pigmentation indicates albinos, permitting their selection before germination. The apparatus, assembled, is illustrated in figure 1. The air pump and bubble-lift pump served to circulate the culture solution and to provide atmosphere circulation as well. Adequate air sterilization was provided by the Koby air filter, a patented device obtained from the Koby Corporation, Boston, Massachusetts. For a seed bed a short, wide length of Pyrex tubing was filled with washed gravel, and the ends enclosed in cotton gauze. The corn root soon penetrated this to the level of the nutrient solution, making unnecessary the cascading of nutrient over the gravel, which was the original purpose of the bubble-lift pump. The seeds were sterilized by immersion for 15 minutes in a 1/1000 solution of AgN03, and then rinsed three times in sterile water.
Disulfide-bonded multimers of proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) are present in normal synovial fluids ☆

Abstract Background The proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) gene encodes for a mucin-like O-linked glycosylated protein with several names, including lubricin and superficial zone protein. The objective of this study was to analyze PRG4 in normal bovine calf and steer synovial fluids for evidence of native multimers formed by intermolecular disulfide bonds. Methods A combination of mucin biochemical techniques, with antibodies to both terminal domains and the mucin-like domain of PRG4, were used for analyses. Results Multimers were present in both calf and steer fluids, and reduction and alkylation converts the multimeric complex (likely dimeric) into monomeric subunits. Tandem mass spectrometry analyses supported the Western blot data and identified PRG4 in the reduced ∼ 345 kDa monomeric form. Interestingly, ∼ 70 kDa fragments released upon reduction contained peptides from both the N and C terminal regions, which most likely represent fragments of a sparsely glycosylated PRG4 population that are disulfide-linked to extensively glycosylated, intact monomers. Conclusions The analyses described here have demonstrated the presence of native disulfide-bonded multimers of PRG4 in normal bovine synovial fluids. General significance These structures are similar to those described for multimerization of mucins in general. Such multimerization and proteolytic cleavage of PRG4 may have functional significance in joint health and disease.
Student pharmacists' attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine.

Abstract Objectives To explore student pharmacists' attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and examine factors shaping students' attitudes. Design Descriptive, exploratory, nonexperimental study. Setting Electronic survey of student pharmacists between March and October 2011. Participants 887 student pharmacists in 10 U.S. colleges/schools of pharmacy. Intervention Cross-sectional survey. Main outcome measures Student pharmacists' attitudes regarding CAM using the attitudes toward CAM scale (15 items), attitudes toward specific CAM therapies (13 items), influence of factors (e.g., coursework, personal experience) on attitudes (18 items), and demographic characteristics (15 items). Results Mean (±SD) score on the attitudes toward CAM scale was 52.57± (of a possible 75; higher score indicated more favorable attitudes). Students agreed that a patient's health beliefs should be integrated in the patient care process (4.39± [of 5]) and that knowledge about CAM would be required in future pharmacy practice (4.05 ± 0.83). Scores on the attitudes toward CAM scale varied by gender (women higher than men, P = 0.001), race/ethnicity (nonwhite higher than white, P P P P Conclusion Student pharmacists hold generally favorable views of CAM, and both personal and educational factors shape their views. These results provide insight into factors shaping future pharmacists' perceptions of CAM. Additional research is needed to examine how attitudes influence future pharmacists' confidence and willingness to talk to patients about CAM.
Efficiency for Recovering Encephalitozoon intestinalis Spores from Waters by Centrifugation and Immunofluorescence Microscopy

Microsporidia are obligate intracellular protozoal parasites that infect a wide range of vertebrae and invertebrate hosts include humans [13]. Spores are the infective stage and are common in the environment [13]. Microsporidia has been recognized as an emerging opportunistic pathogen of humans [10] and has been put on the Drinking Water Contaminant List and Occurrence Priorities List of The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Surface waters used for drinking water supply are a potential source of spores contamination [8] and waterborne transmission is possible [5]. Encephalitozoon intestinalis, one of the species that infect both humans and animals, had been founded in tertiary effluent, surface water and ground water [5] and irrigation water [11]. At temperatures from 10 to 30C, E. intestinalis spores have the potential to remain infective in the environment long enough to become widely dispersed [9]. Detection of waterborne spores is essential for evaluation of the prevalence of microsporidia in waters and the risk of waterborne transmission to humans. Unfortunately, a standard method is currently not available and relatively simple methods are limited for detection of microsporidian spores from water. The objective of this investigation was to determine the recovery rates of E. intestinalis spores from spiked water samples by centrifugations and fluorescence microscopy.
Academic and affective factors contributing to degree completion of doctoral students in educational administration

Abstract Little published research exists on doctoral attrition, retention, and completion of degree programs. This study sought to examine the factors, both quantitative and qualitative, that may serve to predict at the time of admission which doctoral students in the field of educational administration will be most likely to persist to degree conferral. The study was conducted in two phases. First, independent variables such as GRE scores, age, undergraduate GPA, masters degree GPA, type of institution from which baccalaureate and masters' degrees were earned, undergraduate major, graduate major, and completion of the Specialist in Education degree were subjected to regression analysis to determine which factor(s) or combinations of factors best predicted program completion. Second, a survey instrument was administered to 152 doctoral students who began a program of study during the years 1986 to 2000 at a medium‐sized midwestern university to assess their perceptions of the reasons for success (graduat...
Double-tiered capacitive shuttling method for balancing series-connected batteries

The auto industry is progressing towards hybrid and fully electric vehicles in their future car models. These vehicles need a power plant that is reliable during the lifetime of the car. Battery capacity imbalances stemming from the cell manufacturer, ensuing driving environment, and operational usage affect voltage levels, which must follow adherence to strict limits to ensure the safety of the driver. A variation on an existing method of using a capacitor to shuttle charge from one battery to another to balance series strings of batteries is proposed in this paper. The advancement shown in this paper is to bridge every two balancing capacitors with an additional capacitor, allowing for a balance time that is drastically reduced when compared to the original method. Simulation using an idealized model shows a substantial improvement in balancing time using the new topology.
Wood and bark anatomy of the African species of Gnetum

Quantitative and qualitative data are given for the two African species of Gnetum (Gnetum section Gnetum subsection Micrognemones). These species are lianoid and lack the fibre-tracheids of G. gnemon but have about the same vessel element and tracheid length as in that species. Vessel diameter is related to stem age and organography. Tori are clearly present in tracheary elements of the African Gnetum species, a first report for the genus. In these two species, origin of the lateral meristem, which produces vascular tissue and cambia, can be traced directly and indirectly to cortical parenchyma. A second kind of meristematic action, newly reported for Gnetum, is produced by proliferation of axial parenchyma, fragmenting secondary xylem. Both presence of tori and site of origin of lateral meristematic activity in Gnetum contrast with corresponding conditions in Welwitschia.
The electrical conductivity of human cerebrospinal fluid at body temperature

The electrical conductivity of human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from seven patients was measured at both room temperature (25/spl deg/C) and body temperature (37/spl deg/C). Across the frequency range of 10 Hz-10 kHz, room temperature conductivity was 1.45 S/m, but body temperature conductivity was 1.79 S/m, approximately 23% higher. Modelers of electrical sources in the human brain have underestimated human CSF conductivity by as much as 44% for nearly two decades, and this should be corrected to increase the accuracy of source localization models.
Transient Cortical Stimulation To Alter Swallowing Physiology

Abstract Older adults are disproportionately affected by swallowing impairment, or dysphagia, a condition that can lead to increased morbidity and death. Delayed initiation of swallowing is a commo...