cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acidic esters of orthophosphoric acid as selective extractants for metallic cations—tracer studies

Abstract The extraction of Sc(III), Y(III), La(III), Pm(III), Tm(III), and Am(III) into solutions of (GO)PO(OH) 2 and (GO) 2 PO(OH) in toluene as carrier solvent from aqueous mineral acid phases has been investigated as a function of solvent concentration in the organic phase, hydrogen ion concentration in the aqueous phase, the nature of G, and the position of M(III) in the periodic table, using the radioactive-tracer technique. The distribution ratio, K , defined for a given radioactive nuclide as its concentration in the organic phase divided by its concentration in the aqueous phase, has been found, for all of the M(III) examples studied, to have an inverse third-power dependency upon the hydrogen ion concentration in the aqueous phase in both the (GO)PO(OH) 2 and (GO) 2 PO(OH) systems. The solvent dependencies have been found to be direct first-power in the (GO)PO(OH) 2 systems and direct third-power in (GO) 2 PO(OH) systems. Since the (GO) 2 PO(OH) solvents have been shown to be dimeric, the extracted species is postulated as M III {H[(GO) 2 PO 2 ] 2 } 3 . The (GO)PO(OH) 2 solvents have been shown to be polymeric. A postulated “dimer” mechanism of extraction suggests that the extracted species is M III {H[(GO)PO 3 H] 2 } 3 . However, an alternative suggested “infinite polymer” mechanism of extraction seems equally likely. Specifically, solvents in which G is 2-ethyl hexyl, symbolized as EH, and para (1,1,3,3-tetramethyl butyl)phenyl, symbolized as Oo, have been investigated. In both the (GO)PO(OH) 2 and (GO) 2 PO(OH) systems the Oo solvent shows a higher K than the EH solvent. In the Oo systems, the K S (an empirical stability constant) for the di-ester is higher than that for the mono-ester for each of the members of the vertical group Sc, Y, La, Ac. In the EH systems, the K S for the di-ester is the larger for Sc by a factor of approximately 30 and the smaller for Ac by a factor of approximately 10 −5 . In all of the systems that K (and K S ) values are compressed toward the bottom of the group in the vertical group, Sc, Y, La, Ac, i.e. the ratio of the K (or K S ) of oneelement to that of the element immediately below it decreases downward.
Direct analysis of semivolatile organic compounds in air by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization is employed for direct air analysis, without ion source modification, by using the sheath gas as the sample transport agent. A simple modification of the sheath gas inlet line allows introduction of gaseous samples into a commercial atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source. Optimization and testing of this novel air sampling method are described and detection of semivolatile compounds is shown. The analytical performance of the technique is established with methyl salicylate, including a limit of quantification of 100 pptr, a limit of detection of 50 pptr, a linear response from 100 pptr to 20 ppb, and rise and fall times of 12 and 20 s, respectively. Using reagent ion monitoring, it is shown that the protonated methanol dimer is the principal CI reagent ion leading to protonated dimethyl methylphosphonate, while the monomer is mainly responsible for protonating methyl salicylate. Since the formation of the CI reagent (methanol clusters) can be controlled by...
Magnetic superlattices: molecular beam epitaxial growth and properties of artificially and naturally-layered structures

In this review we discuss examples of MBE (molecular beam epitaxial) growth of a variety of magnetic superlattices. We take this term as inclusive of both artificially-layered, periodic structures (i.e. magnetic multilayers) and natural superlattices (chemically-ordered intermetallic alloys with atomic layering along one or more crystallographic directions). Both types of structures exhibit a variety of novel phenomena which may be exploited in future information storage technologies. MBE growth enables mechanisms of these phenomena to be probed by providing structures with selected growth orientation. Also, it allows in situ characterization of surface and film structure, interface chemistry and film growth modes. Furthermore, kinetic limitations in ordering of natural superlattices can be often be avoided by MBE growth. Recent key developments are reviewed including MBE growth of permalloy/Au(111) and permalloy/Ag(111) multilayers exhibiting low-field giant magnetoresistance, the discovery of a new natural superlattice: hcp Co 3 Pt, the demonstration of high-performance magneto-optical recording in partially-ordered CoPt 3 media and enhanced magneto-optical Kerr rotation and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in spontaneously-ordered Fe-Pt alloy films
Age-associated B cells: are they the key to understanding why autoimmune diseases are more prevalent in women?

“A significant body of research suggests roles for sex hormones as well as genetic factors in the development and/or progression of autoimmunity.”
Interfaces in solutions of randomly charged rods

Abstract We study the interfacial properties of systems containing like-charged rods with charge fluctuations along their length. We show that it is possible to describe clusters of rods in terms of the sum of a bulk free energy and a surface free energy. It is not obvious that this is valid for electrostatic systems, since the interactions are long-ranged, and the effective interactions between rods are not pairwise-additive.
Essential role of EDHF in the initiation and maintenance of adrenergic vasomotion in rat mesenteric arteries.

The possible roles of endothelial intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), nitric oxide (NO), arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites, and Ca2+-activated K+ (KCa) channels in adrenergically induced va...
The measurement of turbulence intensities using real-time laser-Doppler velocimetry

A technique by which the effect of the random phase fluctuations or Doppler ambiguity can be removed from measurements of turbulence intensities by the laser-Doppler velocimeter is proposed. Because the ambiguity is often much broader band than the turbulence, it is proposed that a sequence of low-pass filters at frequencies above those of the turbulence be used in the measurement of turbulence intensities. The true turbulence intensity is given by the extrapolation of these measurements to zero frequency.
Remark on Ito's Diffusion in Multidimensional Scattering with Sign-Indefinite Potentials

This paper extends some results of Denisov and Kupin (Int Math Res Not, doi: 10.1093/imrn/rnr131 , 2011) to the case of sign–indefinite potentials by applying methods developed in Denisov (J Funct Anal 254:2186–2226, 2008). This enables us to prove the presence of a.c. spectrum for the generic coupling constant.
Diversity and the Duke BME PhD Program: Then, Now and Moving Forward

Parable of the Star Fish: One morning a man was walking on a nearly deserted beach when he came upon a boy surrounded by thousands of starfish. As eagerly as he could, the youngster was picking them up and throwing them back into the ocean. Puzzled, the man asked, ‘‘Little boy, what are you doing?’’ The man continued, ‘‘Son, there are thousands of starfish and only one of you. What difference can you make?’’ Holding a starfish in his hand, the boy turned to the man, and gently tossing the starfish into the water he said, ‘‘Made a difference to that one!’’ (Source unknown) Experience tells me that there are four stages of institutional change: opposition, indifference, accommodation, and incorporation. We see this over and over again in the evolution of companies, universities, associations and professional societies. I’ve been around long enough to recall when opposition to minority participation was the norm; however, American universities have moved into overall accommodation of diversity with pockets of open incorporation (varsity sports), a healthy dose of indifference (not my problem), and stubborn elements of opposition (the individual rights movement). By being willing to strike a colorblind posture, universities are willing to accommodate difference as long as the essential characteristics of this difference are largely indistinguishable from the majority; i.e., the doors are opened but the overall enterprise remains unaltered. 4 Apropos to the starfish parable,
On simultaneous blazing of triangular groove diffraction gratings

Numerical results for plane-wave scattering from a perfectly conducting diffraction grating with triangular groove profile show that simultaneous blazing with 100% efficiency in both polarizations is obtainable in a Littrow arrangement. The range of angles of incidence, for which such simultaneous blazing occurs, is considerably narrower than that obtainable with a rectangular groove profile.
Professional water resources education for the future...Are we ready

: Water resources professionals are being increasingly called upon to address complex problems which require the interaction of several individuals operating as a planning or implementation team. Education for water resources professionals must move to meet the demands of this mode of operation. To best prepare the student, educational programs must focus not only on technical competence but must also incorporate concepts of cooperative problem solving with individuals from a diversity of backgrounds as a part of the curriculum. Among strategies which may work are academic requirements outside of the technical specialty, modification of existing course materials, and inclusion of outside faculty as a part of departmental curriculum preparation.
The radioisotope skeletal survey.

The radionuclides presently available for bone imaging include Sr87m, Sr85, and F18. With any of these, the entire skeleton can be surveyed for localized bone disease by profile scanning, whole body counting, rectilinear scanning, or with the Mark II whole body scanner and positron scintillation camera. Whole body counting and profile scanning rapidly eliminate normal areas and focus attention on suspicious sites which must then be studied with a conventional scantier. Rectilinear scanning requires considerable time. The Mark II whole body scanner can survey the skeleton rapidly but not so accurately as the positron scintillation camera. The positron camera is accurate but slow. The ideal method for accurately and rapidly surveying the entire skeleton would utilize F18 as the radioactive agent and a large-crystal positron scintillation camera as the imaging device.
Interferon-γ Production by Neutrophils during Bacterial Pneumonia in Mice

Rationale: Neutrophils are usually the first circulating leukocytes to respond during bacterial pneumonia. Their expression of oxidants, proteases, and other mediators present in granules is well documented, but their ability to produce mediators through transcription and translation after migration to an inflammatory site has been appreciated only more recently. Interferon (IFN)-γ is a cytokine with many functions important in host defense and immunity.Objectives: To examine the expression and function of IFN-γ in bacterial pneumonias.Methods: IFN-γ mRNA and protein were measured in digests of mouse lungs with 24-hour bacterial pneumonia. Bacterial clearance was studied with IFN-γ–deficient mice.Measurements and Main Results: Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus each induce expression of IFN-γ mRNA and protein by neutrophils by 24 hours. Only neutrophils that have migrated into pneumonic tissue produce IFN-γ. Deficiency of Hck/Fgr/Lyn, Rac2, or gp91phox prevents IFN-γ production. IFN-γ enha...
Lung Masses in a 70-Year-Old Man

(CHEST 2005; 127:1433–1436) A 70-year-old man presented with progressive mild dyspnea on exertion, cough, and low-grade fevers. He had a long history of atrial fibrillation, recurrent despite multiple cardioversions, and antiarrhythmics, and was currently rate controlled with amiodarone, 200 mg po tid. He also had a history of coronary artery disease documented by coronary angiography, asthma, and prior transurethral resection of prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia. He was a lifelong nonsmoker with no occupational exposures. Physical examination revealed an elderly man in no acute distress. Heart rate was 82 beats/min, BP was 150/80 mm Hg, respiratory rate was 16 breaths/ min, and temperature was 37.1°C. Auscultation of the chest revealed mildly diminished breath sounds with otherwise normal lungs. The remainder of the physical examination was normal. Laboratory data were unremarkable, with a normal CBC, serum chemistry and liver function test results, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The chest radiograph (not shown) demonstrated a hazy mass at the peripheral aspect of the right lung base. The cardiac size was normal. CT scan of the thorax revealed subcarinal lymph node enlargement (Fig 1) and masses in the left upper, left lower, right lower, and right middle lobes (Fig 2), each approximately 1 cm in size. There was focal ground-glass opacity in the azygoesophageal recess (Fig 3). At bronchoscopy, there was no evidence of endobronchial lesions. Bronchial washings were negative for acid-fast bacilli and fungi, with rare atypical keratinizing squamous cells.
Genetic structure of redback salamander Plethodon cinereus populations in continuous and fragmented forests

Fragmentation of natural habitats is increasing dramatically, yet its effects on the distribution of genetic variation in wild populations remain largely unknown. In this study, two woodland populations of the redback salamander Plethodon cinereus in Connecticut, USA, were contrasted using molecular and morphological markers. One population was from a landscape fragmented for 300 yr by human activities and another from a nearby, undisturbed landscape. Genetic differentiation, based on molecular markers, was marginally greater in the fragmented population than in the contiguous population, and, within the fragmented population, was greater among subpopulations lacking historical forest connections. Genetic divergence between subpopulations was also weakly related to geographic distance in the population occupying continuous forest, but not in the population occupying fragmented forest. Fragmentation enhanced morphotype diversity within populations of P. cinereus, whereas levels of molecular genetic diversity within subpopulations were apparently unaffected.
Abstract 3070: Activated EGFR and PPARδ regulate MUC1 expression in human uterine and pancreatic cancer cell lines

The high molecular weight, transmembrane mucin, MUC1 is expressed at high levels in many epithelial tumors including endometrial and pancreatic cancers. Aberrant glcosylation and overexpression of MUC1 make tumor cells poorly adherent, protect tumor cells from the host immune system, promote metastases from primary sites and enhance resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. MUC1 has three distinct domains: an extracellular domain (ECD) composed of a tandem repeat region rich in serine, threonine and proline; a transmembrane domain (TM) and; a short cytoplasmic tail domain (CT) involved in a variety of signal transduction events. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR/erbB) family members regulate cell growth and survival in both normal and cancer cells. MUC1 interacts with erbB receptors and also affects downstream signaling pathways in a EGFR-ligand dependent manner. We previously demonstrated that the Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ≤ (PPARδ) agonist rosiglitazone severely inhibits progesterone stimulated MUC1 expression (Wang et al. 2010. Mol. Endocrinol. 24: 1368-1379). Two independent approaches were used to determine if rosiglitazone as well as EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, AG1478 reduced MUC1 expression in a high MUC1-expressing cell line, HES; the uterine adenocarcinoma cell line, HEC-1A; and in the human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines, HPAFII and CAPAN2. EGFR activation by Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) stimulated MUC1 protein expression (1.5-2 fold) in both uterine and pancreatic cancer cells. The PPARδ agonist, rosiglitatzone, markedly (> 90%) reduced EGFR-driven MUC1 expression detected by antibodies directed against the MUC1 ECD and CT. Preliminary studies indicate that rosiglitazone effects on EGFR-driven MUC1 expression is indirect. Furthermore, rosiglitazone treatments enhanced EGFR degradation via the lysosomal degradation pathway in the presence of EGF-family ligands in both uterine and pancreatic cancer cell lines. A combination of biochemical and molecular biological assays have been used to identify the transcriptional and signal transduction pathways activated by EGFR, leading to increased MUC1 expression and the impact of AG1478 and rosiglitazone on these events. Understanding the molecular basis of how these agents reduce MUC1 expression may offer novel therapeutic avenues to improve cancer chemotherapies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3070. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3070
Simulation of Plasticity in Nanocrystalline Silicon

Molecular dynamics investigation of plasticity in a model nanocrystalline silicon system demonstrates that inelastic deformation localizes in intergranular regions. The carriers of plasticity in these regions are atomic environments, which can be described as high-density liquid-like amorphous silicon. During fully developed flow, plasticity is confined to system-spanning intergranular zones of easy flow. As an active flow zone rotates out of the plane of maximum resolved shear stress during deformation to large strain, new zones of easy flow are formed. Compatibility of the microstructure is accommodated by processes such as grain rotation and formation of new grains. Nano-scale voids or cracks may form if stress concentrations emerge which cannot be relaxed by a mechanism that simultaneously preserves microstructural compatibility.
An N-Terminal EF Hand-like Motif Modulates Ion Transport by Pmr1, the Yeast Golgi Ca2+/Mn2+-ATPase†

Pmr1, a novel member of the family of P-type ATPases, localizes to the Golgi compartment in yeast where it provides Ca2+ and Mn2+ for a variety of normal secretory processes. We have previously characterized Ca2+ transport in isolated Golgi vesicles, and described an expression system for the analysis of Pmr1 mutants in a yeast strain devoid of background Ca2+ pump activity [Sorin, A., Rosas, G., and Rao, R. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 9895−9901]. Here we show, using recombinant bacterial fusions, that an N-terminal EF hand-like motif in Pmr1 binds Ca2+. Increasing disruptions of this motif led to progressive loss of pump function; thus, the single point mutations D51A and D53A retained pump activity but with drastic reductions in the affinity for Ca2+ transport, while the double mutant was largely unable to exit the endoplasmic reticulum. In-frame deletions of the Ca2+-binding motif resulted in complete loss of function. Interestingly, the single point mutations conferred differential affinities for trans...
Interactions between benzylamiloride and fura-2: studies in vitro and in cardiac myocytes.

Abstract Amiloride derivatives are commonly used inhibitors of Na + /H + - and Na + /Ca 2+ -exchange. Because they are fluorescent molecules the use of benzylamiloride (BZA), an inhibitor of Na + /Ca 2+ exchange, in conjunction with Fura-2, a commonly used fluorescent Ca 2+ indicator, might complicate interpretation of fluorescence data obtained. In vitro data show that BZA decreases the Fura-2 fluorescence at all useful wavelengths in a concentration-dependent manner. The Fura-2 ratio 340/380 (used to estimate intracellular Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] in )) also decreased with increasing BZA concentrations. The Stern–Volmer relation suggests that this phenomenon is due to either static or dynamic quenching. Varying temperatures from 4 to 37°C did not alter Stern–Volmer constants, consistent instead with fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The in situ relevance of these interactions was evaluated in adult rat cardiac myocytes which exhibit Na + /Ca 2+ exchange reflected by rapid [Ca 2+ ] in increase following Na + removal. Pretreatment with BZA ≥ 25 μM decreased the magnitude of Fura-2 changes induced by Na + removal. Analysis of the individual Fura-2 useful wavelengths indicated that ≥ 25 μM BZA altered the Fura-2 signal in a manner consistent with the quenching effects noted in vitro. Together, these data show that BZA interacts with Fura-2 in vitro and in situ and suggest caution when interpreting Fura-2 fluorescence data derived in conjunction with BZA.
Terrain following and mapping of arbitrary surfaces using high- precision proximity data

Many robotic operations, e.g. , mapping, scanning, feature following, etc. , require accurate surface following of arbitrary targets. A versatile surface-following and mapping system using a very high precision "eye-in-hand" proximity sensor, designed to provide hardware, software, and application independence, modular development, and upward expandability, is presented. These goals are met by a full a priori specification of the hardware and software interfaces; a modular system architecture; and a hierarchical surface-data analysis method, permitting application-specific tuning at each conceptual level of topological abstraction. This surface-following system was fully designed and implemented independent of any specific robotic host and then successfully integrated with and demonstrated on two very dissimilar real-time robotic systems. Presented in detail are the hardware and software architectures, the mapping and terrain forecasting algorithms, and the applications' environments and task requirements.
The mucosa mediates tachyphylaxis to leukotrienes C4, D4 and E4 in guinea pig trachea

Abstract Effects of mucosal abrasion on tracheal smooth muscle leukotriene C4, D4 and E4 tachyphylaxis and on histamine contractions before and after four leukotriene exposures were studied. In intact trachea, leukotriene C4 and E4 second exposure contractions were greater than first. Subsequent contractions showed tachyphylaxis. Leukotriene D4 contractions exhibited progressive tachyphylaxis. Mucosal abrasion potentiated initial leukotriene C4 and D contractions and eliminated leukotriene C4, D4 and E4 tachyphylaxis. Four leukotriene (10−8 M) exposures reduced histamine (10−4 M) responses in intact but not abraded preparations. Thus leukotriene C4, D4 and E4 release non-specific inhibitor(s) from tracheal mucosa.
Fixation of Radioactive Colchicine by Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Cells

IN this communication we wish to report briefly some results on the fixation of radioactive colchicine by the cells of the ascitic form of Ehrlich carcinoma, which is one of a number of tumours used by us in our work with radioactive colchicine.
Process Window Derivation With an Application to Optical Media Manufacturing

This paper derives the process window from quantitative process models. Multidimensional clipping algorithms are developed that operate on half-spaces defined from the quality specifications. The resulting polytope is difficult to directly interpret. To support interactive tuning and optimization of manufacturing processes, three types of graphical matrices are presented to the decision maker: (1) the function matrix describes the relations between the process parameters and the manufactured part quality attributes; (2) the process space illustrates the feasible processing space constrained by the product quality specifications; (3) the performance space provides the feasible region of the part quality attributes and the Pareto Optimal set corresponding to the processing space. Optimization of optical media manufacturing is presented to demonstrate the use of the process window to locate a feasible solution and proceed to a desired trade-off of multiple quality attributes.
The Transformative Potential of a Study in Mexico Program for U.S. Teachers

This article reports findings of a Study in Mexico program and its potential for transforming teacher beliefs and observations about schooling in Mexico. This particular program has been in existence for 17 years; however, findings for this study are limited to data collected during two consecutive summers. The study was qualitative in design, and data collection included interviews, focus groups, and analysis of assignments. Five major themes emerged from the data, each of which supported the hypothesis that this 2-week Study in Mexico program can serve as a catalyst for transforming teachers' beliefs about Mexican schools, thereby validating the potential of this program.
Life-sciences research opportunities in commercial suborbital space flight

Abstract Commercial suborbital space flights will reach altitudes above 100 km, with 3–5 min of weightlessness bracketed by high-g launch and landing phases. The proposed frequency of these flights, and the large passenger population, present interesting opportunities for researchers in the life sciences. The characteristics of suborbital flight are between those of parabolic and orbital flights, opening up new scientific possibilities and easing the burden for obtaining access to 0 g . There are several areas where these flights might be used for research in the life sciences: (1) operational research: preparation for “real” space flight, such as rehearsal of medical procedures, (2) applied research—to answer questions relevant to long-term space flight; (3) passenger health and safety—effects on passengers, relevant to screening and training; (4) basic research in physiological mechanisms—to address issues of fundamental science. We describe possible projects in each of these categories. One in particular spans several areas. Based on the anticipated suborbital flight profiles, observations from parabolic flight, and the wide range of fitness and experience levels of suborbital passengers, sensorimotor disturbances such as motion sickness and disorientation are major concerns. Protocols for pre-flight adaptation of sensorimotor responses might help to alleviate some of these problems, based on results from research in the initial flights. This would improve the passenger experience and add to the knowledge base relevant to space flight more generally.
Identification of RNA Cargoes by Antibody-Positioned RNA Amplification

The interactions between various RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and the RNA transcripts they bind strongly influence posttranscriptional control of gene expression in vertebrates. The hundreds of vertebrate RBPs that have been identified within the genome, often with multiple RNA recognition motifs, are capable of recognizing specific target RNA sequences mediating the maturation, movement, and translational state of their RNA cargoes. To identify the cargoes associated with a specific RBP, we have developed a technique called antibody-positioned RNA amplification (APRA), which positions an oligonucleotide with a degenerate priming sequence in proximity to the RNAs sequestered by a specific RBP. The conjugation of the priming oligonucleotide to the antibody by itself does not interfere with the antibody's intrinsic affinity for the target RBP epitope, thus enabling RNA targets to be reverse-transcribed and amplified via a T7 bacteriophage RNA polymerase promoter sequence located upstream of the degenerate priming sequence in the oligonucleotide. By identifying the mRNA transcripts associated with the RBP in situ, we may be able to ascertain the significance of their temporal expression and physiological activities within the vast transcriptional networks regulating functional responses to stimuli.
Solvents from biorenewable sources: ionic liquids based on fructose.

Fructose has been used as the starting material for the preparation of a new class of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). These liquids exhibit tunable solvent properties much like conventional imidazole-based RTILs. They have been applied as recyclable solvents for the Heck reaction of aryl iodides.
The effect of perceived stress on the relationship between perfectionism and burnout in coaches

The effects of perceived stress (PS) on the relationship between adaptive and maladaptive forms of perfectionism and burnout were examined. Smith's (1986)stress appraisal model and Kelley, Eklund, and Ritter-Taylor's (1999) model of coach burnout were used to test two models of burnout in a sample of college coaches (N=177). The results indicated that there is an indirect effect of self-evaluative perfectionism (i.e., maladaptive form of perfectionism) on burnout through PS as well as a significant direct link to burnout, accounting for 56% of its variance. In contrast, conscientious perfectionism (CP) (i.e., adaptive perfectionism) did not directly impact burnout, nor was there an indirect effect through PS. Based on Lazarus's (1999) ideas about stress appraisal, the results suggested that maladaptive forms of perfectionism resulted in more threatening perceptions of stress, thus, potentially leading to the experience of burnout. However, adaptive forms of perfectionism did not seem to result in increased appraisals of stress or result in burnout. The results did indicate a significant correlation between the two forms of perfectionism, which may explain why CP did not significantly impact PS or burnout.
Stress state, thickness and delayed failure

The susceptibility of 43240 steel to delayed failure under hydrogen exposure is quite sensitive to macroscopic stress state and specimen thickness in bending tests. It was demonstrated that specimen design and loading will have significant effects on the apparent compatibility of the material with an aggressive environment. Any study designed to determine material compatibility must include a multi-level test program before safe, efficient materials selection can be made. (FS)
Inclusion: How the Scene Has Changed

One of the first early intervention programs developed in the 1970s at Peabody College used an inclusive approach by combining infants, toddlers, and preschool-age children with and without disabil...
THE INTERPRETATION OF COERCIVE COMMUNICATION: THE EFFECTS OF MODE OF INFLUENCE, POWERFUL SPEECH, AND SPEAKER AUTHORITY

Social systems devise rules for member conduct and often specify punitive action for nonconformity. However, confronting and signaling the intent to punish a rule violator may be an inherently face‐threatening and volatile situation. As such, in this paper we seek to add to the research aimed at minimizing the negative effects of confrontation. We conducted an experiment to examine the impact of linguistic cues and coercive potential on message categorization and on receiver perceptions of threat and face‐sensitivity. Results suggest that threats might be considered a special class of warnings, distinguishable by a speaker‐based locus of punishment Locus of punishment did not, however, impact perceptions of having been warned. These findings thus call into question the assumed parallelism between researcher conceptualizations of threats and warnings and those of typical language‐users. Additionally, targets reported feeling less threatened and perceived more face‐sensitivity, in cases when the speaker was not the source of punishment. Perceptions of threat were decreased when disclaimers were employed and where the message originated from a peer rather than an authority. Power of speech had an impact in ambiguous situations. Implications for researchers and practitioners are discussed.
Antagonism of cadmium-induced pulmonary toxicity by WR2721

Abstract Rats exposed to aerosols of cadmium oxide (⩾ 60 μg l for 30 min) develop severe and frequently fatal pulmonary edema. Electron muscopic examination of lung tissue revealed a progressive destruction of type I alveolar epithelial cells preceding death due to edema. Pre-exposure treatment of rats with a radioprotective agent, WR2721 (S-2-aminopropylamino)ethyl phosphorothioic acid hydrate) reduced edema formation, as measured by leakage of serum protein into the air spaces, and acute mortality.
Macrotransport processes: Brownian tracers as stochastic averagers in effective medium theories of heterogeneous media

Macrotransport processes (generalized Taylor dispersion phenomena) constitute coarse-grained descriptions of comparable convective-diffusive-reactive microtransport processes, the latter supposed governed by microscale linear constitutive equations and boundary conditions, but characterized by spatially nonuniform phenomenological coefficients. Following a brief review of existing applications of the theory, we focus-by way of background information- upon the original (and now classical) Taylor-Aris dispersion problem, involving the combined convective and molecular diffusive transport of a point-size Brownian solute “molecule” (tracer) suspended in a Poiseuille solvent flow within a circular tube. A series of elementary generalizations of this prototype problem to chromatographic-like solute transport processes in tubes is used to illustrate some novel statistical-physical features. These examples emphasize the fact that a solute molecule may, on average, move axially down the tube at a different mean velocity (either larger or smaller) than that of a solvent molecule. Moreover, this solute molecule may suffer axial dispersion about its mean velocity at a rate greatly exceeding that attributable to its axial molecular diffusion alone. Such “Chromatographic anomalies” represent novel macroscale non-linearities originating from physicochemical interactions between spatially inhomogeneous convective-diffusive-reactive microtransport processes.
Experienced workers may sacrifice peak torso kinematics/kinetics for enhanced balance/stability during repetitive lifting

Work-related low back disorders (WRLBDs) are widely recognized problems, and work experience, while often considered important, has an unclear role with respect to modifying WRLBD risks. For example, some studies have shown that peak torso kinematics/kinetics are higher among experienced workers, suggesting a counterintuitive higher risk. To better understand the movement strategies of experienced workers, additional analyses were conducted using data from a prior study, to assess whole body balance and torso movement stability of 6 experienced workers vs. 6 novices during repetitive lifts/lowers. Dynamic balance and torso movement stability were quantified using peak linear/angular momenta and largest Lyapunov exponent (LLE) of torso flexion/extension, respectively. Peak horizontal linear momenta, all angular momenta, and LLEs were lower among experienced workers, suggestive of superior balance maintenance and more stable torso flexion/extension. Thus, experienced workers seem to sacrifice peak torso kinematics/kinetics to obtain better balance maintenance and torso movement stability, whereas the opposite strategies were evident among novices. These findings highlight that movement strategies can be modified by work experience and have potential implications/applications for worker training or work method analyses.
Faculty Perceptions of Shared Governance in California Community Colleges.

After a 5‐year study and review, the first serious reform of the California Master Plan for Higher Education came about with the passage of AB 1725 in 1988. This legislation codified the ultimate control, authority, and responsibility of the State Board of Governors and the local governing boards, and it increased the governance activities and responsibilities of the faculty through the actions of the Academic Senates. This study was designed to ascertain the faculty's perceptions of (a) a working definition of shared governance, (b) the division of responsibilities between faculty and administrators in a shared governance setting, (c) the shared governance environment at their respective colleges, (d) the combinations of governing bodies possessing final decision‐making power in selected areas, and (e) the influences of selected institutional and demographic variables on faculty opinions. Faculty responses indicate a general trend toward a strong faculty involvement in all aspects of institutional decisi...
Latitude and local time variations of topside magnetic field‐aligned ion drifts at solar minimum

[1] The movement of ions along terrestrial magnetic field lines frequently causes the redistribution of ionization between northern and southern hemispheres. This behavior is known as interhemispheric transport and is an important source of coupling between the ion and neutral gases in the upper atmosphere. The Communications/Navigation Outage Forecast System (C/NOFS) satellite and the Coupled Ion Neutral Dynamics Investigation (CINDI) provide an opportunity to directly measure ion velocities and ion densities in the topside ionosphere, facilitating the study of the field-aligned ion motions near the equator. Using data from 2008 and 2009, the field-aligned ion velocities shows the presence of and variations in the interhemispheric transport during this extreme solar minimum. Solar local time and corrected magnetic latitude variations in field-aligned plasma transport at equinox and solstice are examined for a fixed longitude region and the consistency or the observed trends are compared to the expected behavior of F region neutral winds.
Altering central nervous system physiology with a defective herpes simplex virus vector expressing the glucose transporter gene.

Abstract Because of their postmitotic nature, neurons are difficult subjects for gene transfer. To circumvent this, we have used a defective herpes simplex virus vector to overexpress the rat brain glucose transporter (GT) gene under the control of the human cytomegalovirus ie1 promoter. This vector, designated vIE1GT, was propagated using a herpes simplex virus type 1 temperature-sensitive mutant, ts756. GT expressed from vIE1GT was readily immunoprecipitated from membrane fractions of vIE1GT-infected Vero cells. By using indirect double immunofluorescence techniques, vIE1GT was shown to be capable of enhancing GT expression in cultured hippocampal neurons and glia. Glucose transport in such vIE1GT-infected cultures was increased approximately 2-fold relative to controls. The efficacy of this system in vivo was then tested by microinjection of vIE1GT into adult rat hippocampus. When examined 2 days later, GT expression from vIE1GT was demonstrated in hippocampal neurons by in situ hybridization; a small but significant increase in glucose transport was detected in tissue immediately surrounding the injection site by 2-deoxy[14C]glucose uptake and autoradiography. Such injections did not cause marked cytopathology. Thus, this approach can be used to alter central nervous system physiology in vitro and in vivo.
Obesity-Related Hypertension: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management

The prevalence of obesity, including childhood obesity, is increasing worldwide. Weight gain is associated with increases in arterial pressure, and it has been estimated that 60-70% of hypertension in adults is attributable to adiposity. Centrally located body fat, associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, is a more potent determinant of blood pressure elevation than peripheral body fat. Obesity-related hypertension may be a distinct hypertensive phenotype with distinct genetic determinants. Mechanisms of obesity-related hypertension include insulin resistance, sodium retention, increased sympathetic nervous system activity, activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, and altered vascular function. In overweight individuals, weight loss results in a reduction of blood pressure, however, this effect may be attenuated in the long term. An increasing number of community-based programs (including school programs and worksite programs) are being developed for the prevention and treatment of obesity. Assessment and treatment of the obese hypertensive patient should address overall cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. There are no compelling clinical trial data to indicate that any one class of antihypertensive agents is superior to others, and in general the principles of pharmacotherapy for obese hypertensive patients are not different from nonobese patients. Future research directions might include: (i) development of effective, culturally sensitive strategies for the prevention and treatment of obesity; (ii) clinical trials to identify the most effective drug therapies for reducing CVD in obese, hypertensive patients; (iii) continued search for the genetic determinants of the obese, hypertensive phenotype.
α- and γ-Protocadherins Negatively Regulate PYK2

Genetic studies demonstrate that γ-protocadherins (PCDH-γ) are required for the survival and synaptic connectivity in neuronal subpopulations of the central nervous system. However, the intracellular signaling mechanisms for PCDH-γ are poorly understood. Here, we show that PCDH-γ binds two tyrosine kinases, PYK2 and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and interaction with PCDH-γ inhibits kinase activity. Consistent with this, PYK2 activity is abnormally up-regulated in the Pcdh-γ-deficient neurons. Overexpression of PYK2 induces apoptosis in the chicken spinal cord. Thus, negative regulation of PYK2 activity by PCDH could contribute to the survival of subsets of neurons. Surprisingly, we found that PCDH-α interacts similarly with PYK2 and FAK despite containing a distinct cytoplasmic domain. In neural tissue, PCDH-γ, together with PCDH-α, forms functional complexes with PYK2 and/or FAK. Therefore, the identification of common intracellular effectors for PCDH-γ and PCDH-α suggests that dozens of protocadherins generated by Pcdh-α and Pcdh-γ gene clusters can converge different extracellular signals into common intracellular pathways.
Laparoscopic cytoreductive nephrectomy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

The theme of laparoscopy, which has been strongly stated in the mini-review section, continues here with a paper from the Cleveland Clinic on a series of patients who had a laparoscopic nephrectomy as part of a cytoreductive strategy before immunotherapy for metatastic renal cancer. They found it safe and helpful in patients with tumours of <15 cm which do not have local invasion or caval thrombus. Prostate cancer continues to occupy much time and interest. Papers this month from Canada, USA, Malaysia and Scotland assess the variation in PSA doubling time in untreated prostate cancer, the role of bone scintigraphy in patients with biochemical recurrence, the association between age and stage or grade, and the much-vexed question of biopsy technique. There are also three papers on superficial bladder cancer, evaluating the difference between tumours in young and elderly patients, intravesical epirubicin to prevent recurrence, and the use of the holmium laser to treat recurrent tumours. OBJECTIVE To critically analyse the results of laparoscopic cytoreductive surgery for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), as phase III evidence supports cytoreductive nephrectomy before immunotherapy, and there is an overall shift towards minimally invasive renal surgery for this disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS Since October 2000, 22 patients were treated by laparoscopic cytoreductive nephrectomy for metastatic RCC (group 1). All patients had radiological evidence of metastatic disease, with biopsy confirmation in 10. To put the results into perspective, 25 consecutive contemporary patients with large organ-confined nonmetastatic RCC (>7 cm, clinical stage T2) undergoing laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (group 2) were compared retrospectively. The baseline demographics were comparable between the groups. RESULTS The mean tumour size was 8 cm in group 1 and 9.6 cm in group 2 (P = 0.07). Variables during and after surgery were comparable between the groups, with a mean operative duration of 3.1 vs 3.2 h (P = 0.82), blood loss of 285 vs 308 mL (P = 0.79), complications in two vs eight (P = 0.08), morphine sulphate equivalent requirements of 51.7 vs 44.1 mg (P = 0.1) and a median length of hospital stay of 1.7 vs 1.6 days (P = 0.68). In group 1 the median (range) time to immunotherapy was 35 (13–136) days. CONCLUSIONS Laparoscopic cytoreductive nephrectomy is safe and effective in selected patients. Currently the procedure is offered to candidates eligible for immunotherapy and with tumours of ≤ 15 cm, and no evidence of adjacent organ invasion or inferior vena caval thrombus. Significant perihilar adenopathy and numerous parasitic vessels can increase the complexity of the surgery. Adequate laparoscopic experience is necessary.
Charge and Spin Order on the Triangular Lattice: Na x CoO 2 at x = 0.5

The nature of electronic states due to strong correlation and geometric frustration on the triangular lattice is investigated in connection to the unconventional insulating state of ${\mathrm{Na}}_{x}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{2}$ at $x=0.5$. We study an extended Hubbard model using a spatially unrestricted Gutzwiller approximation. We find a new class of charge and spin ordered states at $x=1/3$ and $x=0.5$ where antiferromagnetic (AFM) frustration is alleviated via weak charge inhomogeneity. At $x=0.5$, we show that the $\sqrt{3}a\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2a$ off-plane Na dopant order induces weak $\sqrt{3}a\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1a$ charge order in the Co layer. The symmetry breaking enables successive $\sqrt{3}a\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1a$ AFM and $2a\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2a$ charge- or spin-ordering transitions at low temperatures. The Fermi surface is truncated by the $2a\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2a$ hexagonal zone boundary into small electron and hole pockets. We study the phase structure and compare to recent experiments.
Lipopolysaccharide priming amplifies lung macrophage tumor necrosis factor production in response to air particles.

Elevated concentrations of ambient air particles can result in increased mortality and morbidity, especially in people with preexisting pulmonary disease. We postulate that in the inflammatory milieu of diseased lungs, alveolar macrophages (AMs) may be primed for enhanced responses to stimuli such as inhaled air particles. To test this hypothesis in vitro, we first cultured normal AMs with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We then incubated the cells with particle suspensions (urban air particles (UAP, Washington, D.C.), residual oil fly ash (ROFA), concentrated respirable-size (PM2.5) air particles (CAPs), and inert TiO2) and compared rat and human AM production of the critical proinflammatory mediator, tumor necrosis factor (TNF). LPS priming amplified TNF production by both rat and human AMs in response to UAP and CAPs but not inert TiO2. There were also differences observed between rat and human AM responses to particle suspensions. Striking changes seen only in rat were cytotoxic effects of ROFA and diminished particle uptake in response to LPS priming. The potency of CAPs samples (which are collected on separate days) varied when comparing one day's sample with another. When centrifuged, the majority of bioactivity seen in particle suspensions (TNF release) remained within the pelleted fraction while the supernatant showed minimal bioactivity. The data suggest that AMs activated by extant pulmonary inflammation may promote further inflammation by an enhanced cytokine response to inhaled ambient air particles.