cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Canine Intraspinal Meningiomas: Imaging Features, Histopathologic Classification, and Long‐Term Outcome in 34 Dogs

Background: Meningioma is the most common primary intraspinal nervous system tumor in dogs. Clinical findings, clinicopathologic data, and treatment of these tumors have been reported sporadically, but little information is available regarding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, histologic tumor grade, or efficacy of radiation therapy as an adjunct to cytoreductive surgery. Animals: Dogs with histologically confirmed intraspinal meningiomas (n = 34). Methods: A retrospective study of dogs with intraspinal meningiomas between 1984 and 2006 was carried out. Signalment, historical information, physical examination, clinicopathologic data, radiation therapy protocols, surgery reports, and all available images were reviewed. All tumors were histologically classified and graded as defined by the international World Health Organization classification scheme for central nervous system tumors. Results: Intraspinal mengiomas in dogs are most common in the cervical spinal cord but can be found throughout the neuraxis. Location is correlated with histologic grade, with grade I tumors more likely to be in the cervical region than grade II tumors. Myelography generally shows an intradural extramedullary compressive lesion. On magnetic resonance imaging, the masses are strongly and uniformly contrast enhancing and a dural tail often is present. CSF analysis usually shows increased protein concentration with mild to moderate mixed pleocytosis. Surgical resection is an effective means of improving neurologic status, and adjunctive radiation therapy may lead to an improved outcome. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Biopsy is necessary for definitive diagnosis, but imaging and CSF analysis can suggest a diagnosis of meningioma. Treatment of meningiomas with surgery and radiation therapy can result in a fair to excellent prognosis.
The Effectiveness of DIBELS Oral Reading Fluency for Predicting Reading Comprehension of High- and Low-Income Students.

Correlations and sequential analyses between performance on Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills–Oral Reading Fluency (DORF) and reading achievement on the Stanford Achievement Test–Tenth Edition (SAT-10) during 2003–2004 were examined for high- and low-income children. Participants were 215 third graders, 112 above and 103 below proficiency benchmarks for DORF. For below benchmark students, DORF scores strongly predicted SAT-10 comprehension. For above benchmark students (a) DORF scores predicted comprehension for high- but not low-income students; (b) statistically significant differences in reading fluency, comprehension, and vocabulary existed between high- and low-income students; (c) reading vocabulary equally predicted comprehension for students of differing economic backgrounds; and (d) reading fluency did not predict comprehension for low-income students beyond what was accounted for by vocabulary.
Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase by epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and nerve growth factor in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells.

Abstract Epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and nerve growth factor (NGF), which stimulate the phosphorylation of proteins on tyrosine in PC12 cells, initiate these modifications through ligand-specific cell surface receptors that contain the causative tyrosine kinases. One apparent substrate for these enzymes is phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase), an enzyme that phosphorylates the D-3 position of the inositol ring and associates with several protein tyrosine kinases, as indicated by the fact that it is immunoprecipitated from EGF-, bFGF-, and NGF-stimulated PC12 cells by an anti-phosphotyrosine antibody. All three growth factors increase immunoprecipitable PI 3-kinase activity after 2 min of addition at concentrations able to stimulate either mitogenic or neurotrophic responses in PC12 cells. The level of stimulation of PI 3-kinase activity by EGF, bFGF, and NGF is 15- to 20-fold, 2- to 3-fold, and 8- to 10-fold, respectively. Moreover, tyrosine phosphorylation of PI 3-kinase was detected in EGF-, bFGF-, and NGF-stimulated PC12 cells, and the amount of the phosphorylation correlated with the level of stimulation of enzyme activity. In contrast, phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase, which produces the inositol phospholipids cleaved by phospholipase C-gamma to yield diacylglycerol and inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate, is not affected by these growth factors. The pattern of stimulation of PI 3-kinase does not correlate with the induction of neurite outgrowth but rather with the mitotic responses, suggesting that PI 3-kinase and its products may be more important for signaling in cell division than in trophic processes. However, the levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate do not coincide with the stimulation of [3H]thymidine incorporation by these growth factors, rendering its role in mitotic functions, at least in PC12 cells, also uncertain.
Coherent radar imaging of overspread targets using high-resolution phase-coded and frequency-coded waveforms

The use of pulse compression waveforms such as binary phase codes and frequency coded signals enables a high level of resolution required for Earth-based planetary mapping. The ambiguity function is a useful tool that reveals the resolution that can be attained when using a specific waveform. We derived a general expression for the ambiguity function for these random signals to show the resolution for both waveforms. In addition, the expected level of signal self-noise for binary phase codes was determined. The resolutions in delay and Doppler are obtained from the expressions. The resulting plots of derived expected values of ambiguity functions for the random waveforms are given. In addition, plots of the derived expressions for the mean square and variance of the ambiguity functions are also shown for binary phase codes. These show sidelobe behavior (signal self-noise) in delay and Doppler. The square of the mean of the ambiguity functions for each waveform is then convolved with a Gaussian scattering function that models the overspread characteristics of the planet Mars to demonstrate the comparably similar resulting images with negligible spreading. The system parameters required to obtain the images with specified resolutions are compared to show the advantages or disadvantages of using each waveform.
Dissolved PCB congener distribution in generator column solutions

Abstract A generator column technique previously used to study the solubility of sparingly soluble compounds, has been employed in this study to prepare high throughput aqueous PCB solutions for use in treatability studies. In the present study, Aroclor 1242 mixture was used to load the generator column. The total PCB concentration and the PCB congener distribution pattern in the effluent changed with time, with lower chlorinated congeners eluting faster than the higher chlorinated ones. Collection of over 300 bed volumes of effluent from two such generator columns provided PCB solutions which showed 75–90% similarity to the original Aroclor 1242 congener distribution. In this paper, the observed distribution of PCB congeners in the generator column effluent with time is presented and discussed. A reasonable prediction of effluent PCB concentration from the generator column was possible using Raoult's Law for ideal solutions.
A Spectral Filtering Procedure for Eddy-Resolving Simulations with a Spectral Element Ocean Model

The numerical simulation of turbulent oceanic flows is susceptible to the appearance of instabilities associated with the misrepresentation of nonlinear interactions among small-scale motions. Specialized filters and differencing schemes have been successfully used in the past to suppress the growth of these instabilities in finite-difference ocean models. Here, we introduce a new filtering procedure designed to control the growth of nonlinear instabilities in the spectral element solution of nonlinear oceanic flows. The new procedure involves two separate steps. First, a spectral filter is applied to the vorticity and divergence fields to damp oscillations in high-gradient regions and to restore spectral accuracy away from them. Second, the associated velocity field is computed from a set of Poisson equations, and its boundary conditions and interelement continuity are restored. This two-step strategy avoids the loss ofC0continuity and the weakening of Dirichlet boundary conditions that can result when the filter is directly applied to the velocity field.The behavior of the filter is investigated numerically on the canonical problem of the double-gyre wind-driven circulation in a rectangular basin using a spectral element shallow water model. The parameters of the simulation are chosen to produce mesoscale eddies. The filter is able to stabilize the simulation even at coarse resolution and to recover the “correct” statistical behavior with as few as two grid points per Rossby deformation radius. Finally, a simulation of the wind-driven circulation in the North Atlantic Ocean is performed to illustrate the effectiveness of the filter in realistic settings.
STRUCTURE OF PHOTOSYSTEM I AND PHOTOSYSTEM II OF PLANT CHLOROPLASTS

— The action of Triton X-100 upon photosynthetic membranes which are devoid of carotenoids produces a small Photosystem I particle (HP700 particle) which is active in N ADP photoreduction and has a [Chl]/[P700] ratio of 30. The properties of the HP700 particle indicate that it is a reaction center complex which is served by an accessory complex containing the additional light-harvesting chlorophyll of Photosystem I as well as the cytochromes and plastoquinone. When Photosystem II particles obtained by the action of Triton X-100 are further washed with a solution 0.5 M in sucrose and 0.05 M in Tris buffer (pH 8.0), chlorophyll-containing material is released. After centrifugation, the supernatant contains about 1 per cent of the chlorophyll and contains three types of particles which can be separated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. One of these particles, designated TSF-2b, has the same pigment composition as the original Photosystem II fragment, contains cytochrome 559, and shows Photosystem II activity (DCMU-sensitive diphenylcarbazide-supported photoreduction of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol). The other two particles (TSF-2a and TSF-2a′) have a [Chl a]/[Chl b] ratio of 8, have a low concentration of xanthophylls, and show a [Chl]/[Cyt 5591 ratio of about 20. Only the TSF-2a particle is active in the Photosystem II reaction described above. On the basis of these data, it is proposed that the Photosystem II unit consists of a reaction center complex which contains Chl a, Cyt 559, and an acceptor for the photochemical reaction. The reaction center complex would be served by an accessory complex which contains the light-harvesting pigments, Chl a. Chi b, and xanthophyils.
High-throughput analysis of intraclonal variability of glycoprotein sialylation.

Development of recombinant Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells producing therapeutic proteins requires analyzing the quality, such as sialic acid content, of proteins produced by many cell clones. In order to perform these analyses, high-throughput methods are required. Conventional methods for quantifying sialic acid, however, require protein purification, which is time consuming and cannot be used for high-throughput analysis. Here we used a high-throughput method (HTM) that we recently developed to analyze the intraclonal variability of 24 CHO cell subclones. The sialic acid content varied significantly from 1 to 70 mg sialic acid/g protein, and the concentration of total proteins secreted by the cells varied from 41 to 214 mg/L. In addition, the sialic acid content was negatively correlated with total protein concentration. This trend agrees with previous theoretical and experimental studies. Overall, the HTM can finish these analyses in 15 minutes, while conventional methods used in previous studies will require at least 24 days. Thus, the HTM can significantly accelerate the analyses of clonal and intraclonal variability in cell line development © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
Synthesis of the cis-decahydroquinoline ring system via an INOC reaction of a 1-acyldihydropyridine

Abstract The intramolecular nitrile oxide cycloaddition (INOC) reaction has been utilized in the synthesis of the cis -decahydroquinoline ring system.
Private provision of public goods can be efficient

Economists have long believed that private provision of public goods will be inefficient, though recently some have argued that altruism may mitigate the inefficiencies. Without altruism, agents contribute to the point where marginal cost equals their private marginal benefits. With altruism, they contribute more and hence are closer to the point where marginal cost and total marginal benefits are equated. In an earlier paper (Bagnoli and Lipman, 1989), we showed that private provision need not be inefficient. In a very natural model of private provision without altruism, we showed that the set of (undominated perfect) equilibrium outcomes is identical to the core. Here we consider the effect of altruism on private provision. Altruism essentially creates more public goods because the well-being of others becomes a public good. We show that our model of private provision still has efficient equilibria under a wide variety of circumstances. Interestingly, the equilibria may be inefficient when agents are concerned about the effect of private provision on the distribution of wealth. Intuitively, the game we consider is a very powerful instrument for efficient private provision, but must be supported by other instruments if the set of public goods is expanded too far.
Extracellular matrix regulation of metalloproteinase and antiproteinase in human heart fibroblast cells

Following myocardial infarction, extracellular matrix (ECM) is disrupted, which leads to the generation of collagen- and elastin-derived peptides (CDPs and EDPs, respectively). To investigate whether ECM-derived peptides (i.e., CDPs and EDPs) induce extracellular proteinases in human heart fibroblast (HHF) cells, we isolated CDP and EDP using gelfiltration and antibody affinity column chromatography. The CDP and EDP were characterized by their intrinsic fluorescence due to cross-link structure (pyridinoline and desmosine, respectively) and by immunoblot analysis using anti-desmosine antibody. Neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G were identified using selective chromogenic substrates and by their specific inhibition with α1-proteinase inhibitor and α1-antichymotrypsin, respectively. Elastase and cathepsin G were elevated in the infarcted tissue. Selective inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) by a higher concentration of tetracycline or doxycycline in zymographic gels elicited an inhibition constant (IC50) of 278 ± 10 μM and indicated that majority of MMP in the infarcted tissue is from fibroblast cells. The HHF proliferation was measured using an acid-phosphatase assay. The EDP and CDP induce HHF cell proliferation. After EDP treatment phenotypic (formation of pseudopodia) changes were observed in HHF cells. To measure whether phenotypic changes by EDP or CDP are associated with MMP and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) expression in HHF cells, we measured MMP and TIMP expression by zymographic and Northern blot (mRNA) analyses. The expression of MMP and TIMP were upregulated at both the protein and gene transcription levels. These results suggested that during ischemic cardiomyopathy, initially neutrophil proteinase activates latent myocardial MMP which can degrade ECM, which continuously degrades if not controlled by TIMP, leading to ventricular dilatation and dysfunction. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Ability To Replicate in Macrophages Is Conserved between Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

Yersinia pestis, the agent of plague, has arisen from a less virulent pathogen, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, by a rapid evolutionary process. Although Y. pestis displays a large number of virulence phenotypes, it is not yet clear which of these phenotypes descended from Y. pseudotuberculosis and which were acquired independently. Y. pestis is known to replicate in macrophages, but there is no consensus in the literature on whether Y. pseudotuberculosis shares this property. We investigated whether the ability to replicate in macrophages is common to Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis or is a unique phenotype of Y. pestis. We also examined whether a chromosomal type III secretion system (TTSS) found in Y. pestis is present in Y. pseudotuberculosis and whether this system is important for replication of Yersinia in macrophages. A number of Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis strains of different biovars and serogroups, respectively, were tested for the ability to replicate in primary murine macrophages. Two Y. pestis strains (EV766 and KIM10+) and three Y. pseudotuberculosis strains (IP2790c, IP2515c, and IP2666c) were able to replicate in macrophages with similar efficiencies. Only one of six strains tested, the Y. pseudotuberculosis YPIII(p−) strain, was defective for intracellular replication. Thus, the ability to replicate in macrophages is conserved in Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis. Our results also indicate that a homologous TTSS is present on the chromosomes of Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis and that this secretion system is not required for replication of these bacteria in macrophages.
The linear process mixture model

We consider a likelihood framework for analyzing multivariate time series as mixtures of independent linear processes. We propose a flexible, Newton algorithm for estimating impulse response functions associated with independent linear processes and an EM-based finite mixture model to handle intermittent regimes. Simulations and application to EEG are also provided.
Analysis of radiation from uniform and combined Ag planar wire arrays

Experiments with Ag, uniform and combined, single and multi-planar wire arrays (PWAs) are presented. Mo has been extensively studied in previous years and has shown to have high electron temperature (1400 eV) and energy output (25 kJ), which is of interest for future applications of inertial confinement fusion. Preliminary results on Ag single PWAs have shown promising results of even higher temperatures and energies, indicating the importance of future studies. All experiments were performed on the Zebra generator at UNR. A set of diagnostics included fast, filtered x-ray diodes; a Ni bolometer; laser shadowgraphy and streak setups; time-gated and time-integrated x-ray pinhole cameras; and time-integrated spatially resolved (TISR) and time-gated spatially-integrated (TGSI) x-ray spectrometers. The acquisition of spatial and temporal gradients in L-shell plasmas of very high mid-Z elements is of interest. In particular, the understanding of the time evolution of these plasmas is a critical next step of research. Implosion dynamics were analyzed with the wire ablation dynamics model. Non-LTE kinetic modeling was utilized to derive plasma electron temperature and density of L-shell Mo and Ag, which includes a new updated model of Ag presented for the first time. Further applications to pulse shaping and possible changes in opacity effects with different mixtures of Ag and Mo are also discussed. In result, the first analysis and comparison of L-shell Ag uniform and combined PWAs was accomplished.
Reactions of formaldehyde on W(100) and W(100)-(5 × 1)C

Abstract The reactions of formaldehyde on W(100) and W(100)-(5 × 1)C surfaces were studied by temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS). The clean W(100) surface was very reactive, completely decomposing formaldehyde upon adsorption at 300 K. The W(100) surface passivated by either adsorbed CO(β) or adsorbed carbon adsorbed formaldehyde nondissociately which reacted to form methane and methanol. Methane was formed from adsorbed methoxy groups complexed with hydrogen. The reactions of formaldehyde on W(100) and W(100)-(5 × 1)C were found to be very similar to the reactions of methanol. Two differences that were observed were (i) methyl formate was a major reaction product from the reactions of H 2 CO on a carbide surface, but only a minor product from CH 3 OH, and (ii) there was a second reaction pathway leading to methane formation from H 2 CO that was not observed for CH 3 OH. These differences have been attributed to lateral interactions among adsorbed species on the surface.
Intensity moments by path integral techniques for wave propagation through random media, with application to sound in the ocean

A theory is developed which describes intensity moments for wave propagation through random media. It is shown using the path integral technique that these moments are significantly different from those of a Rayleigh distribution in certain asymptotic regions. The path integral approach is extended to inhomogeneous, anisotropic media possessing a strong deterministic velocity profile. The behavior of the corrections to Rayleigh statistics is examined, and it is shown that the important characteristics can be attributed to a local micropath focusing function. The correction factor gamma is a micropath focusing parameter defined in terms of medium fluctuations. The value of gamma is calculated for three ocean acoustic experiments, using internal waves as the medium fluctuations. It is found that all three experiments show excellent agreement as to the relative values of the intensity moments. The full curved ray is found to yield results that are significantly different from the straight-line approximations. It is noted that these methods are applicable to a variety of experimental situations, including atmospheric optics and radio waves through plasmas.
Dynamic Assessment and Its Use With Underserved Gifted and Talented Populations

A relatively new, nontraditional approach to assessing cognitive ability is to instruct students on how to perform on certain tasks and then measure their progress in learning to solve similar prob...
Exterior products, elementary symmetric functions, and the Fischer determinant inequality

Abstract If n and k are positive integers such that k H n, the n × n positive semidefinite Hermitian matrices, then det A ⩽ det A[k]det A(k) for k, 1 ⩽ k E k(A) = det A[k] det A(k) — det A that is based on certain geometric invariants. This analysis leads to various expansion formulas and a matrix theoretic refinement and extension of the Fischer inequality. In particular, for each k such that 1 ⩽ k H n, then ψ0, k(A) = det A, ψk, k(A) = det A[k]det A(k), and ψi, k(A) ⩽ ψi+1, k(A) for each i such that 0 ⩽ i ⩽ k − 1. As we demonstrate, the matrix functions ψ0, k, ψ1, k, …, ψk, k are closely related to the various Laplace expansion formulas for the determinant function. For example, the inequality ψ0, k(A) ⩽ ψ1, k(A), A ∈ H n, translates into det A ⩽ ( 1 k )∑ k i, j=1 (−1) i+j a ij det A(i|j) , where A = [aij] and A(i|j) denotes A with row i and column j deleted. As a bonus we obtain inequalities for the higher order differences of the sequences ψ0, k(A), ψ1, k(A), …, ψk, k(A) where A ∈ H n. Specifically, we define the difference operator ∇ according to ∇xi = xi − xi+1, and show that if A ∈ H n and q + t ⩽ k, then (−1)q ∇qψt, k(A) ⩾ 0.
Stereoselective synthesis of farnesylphosphoryl β-d-arabinofuranose

Abstract Decaprenylphosphoryl β- d -arabinofuranose (DPA) is a key arabinose donor in mycobacteria. In an effort to establish a practical synthetic scheme for DPA, the synthesis of nerylphosphoryl and farnesylphosphoryl β- d -arabinofuranoses has been developed. The products were obtained by coupling of a suitably protected β- d -arabinofuranosyl phosphate intermediate with activated forms of the C10 nerol and C15 trans,trans-farnesol and subsequent deprotection.
Damage mechanics of electromigration induced failure

Electromigration is a major road block in the pursuit of nanoelectronics and next generation power electronics. The current density in the state-of-the-art microelectronics solder joints is about 10 3 A/cm 2 . In the next generation nanoelectronics solder joints this current density is expected to increase by an order of magnitude, at least. In this paper, a new damage mechanics formulation is implemented in a general finite element procedure and used for simulation of solder joints electromigration induced failure. Nonlinear viscoplastic time-dependent nature of the material and current crowding effects are taken into account in the formulation. The model is verified against test data. � 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Nonverbal behavior, verbal behavior, resumé credentials, and selection interview outcomes.

Chez 80 etudiants en psychologie assistant a des entretiens simules est examine l'impact respectif du comportement non verbal, du comportement verbal et des titres (niveau educatif et experience professionnelle) de l'interviewe sur les evaluations des sujets
Comments on Chang and Torr's “dual properties of space time under an alternative Lorentz transformation”. comparison of Ether theory predictions with the result of a recent optical experiment

The dual properties of spacetime suggested by Chang and Torr are here analysed. The predictions of their ether theory are compared with the results of a recent optical experiment, which makes use of two crossed telescopes and a mirror, designed to detect the deviations of first order in v/c produced by the ether wind on the direction of starlight. If the observed deviations are due to experimental errors, special relativity is confirmed. If they are a real effect, most ether theories may be confirmed provided that the corresponding ether frame is assumed to be at rest with the sun.
Individual psychopathology relative to reports of unwanted sexual experiences as predictor of a bulimic eating pattern.

Objective The goal of this study was to determine whether family and individual psychopathology mediate the relationship between unwanted sexual experiences and bulimic eating behavior. Method: Sixty-one women diagnosed with bulimia nervosa and 92 women students and university staff who had never met critia for an eating disorder completed standardized questionnaires on eating behavior, sexual abuse, individual psychopathology, and family psychopathology. Results: Linear regression showed bulimic eating behavior to be significantly related to sexual abuse (β = .40; p < .0001; R2 = 8.9%). However, multiple regression analyses with family and individual psychopathology as independent variables in addition to sexual abuse showed only individual psychopathology to predict significantly abnormal eating behavior (β = .53, p < .0001; overall R2 = 49.6%). Specifically, depressive symptoms, suicidality, and impulsive behavior, but not substance abuse, were the components of individual psychopathology most directly associated with bulimia. Discussion: The findings suggest that the primary focus in treatment should not be the traumatic events themselves, but their long-term consequences for the individual. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 21: 229–236, 1997.
“Is Anybody Listening?” Questioning the Local Bond Between LPFM Programmers and Their Audience

In an effort to promote localism in U.S. broadcasting, the Federal Communications Commission began licensing Low-Power FM (LPFM) radio in January 2000. FCC rules require that LPFM stations are noncommercial, locally owned and operated, and broadcast at power of 100 watts or less, with signals that travel three to five miles. This article focuses on LPFM programmers’ statements of uncertainty about audience constitution and presence. Given that the establishment of LPFM service rides on the argument that, due to consolidation, there is a need for local stations to produce locally originated programming, serving unique community interests, it is striking to hear programmers reveal they are unsure if any community members are tuning in. In addition to raising questions about prevailing expectations for a form of radio imagined to be the essence of American broadcasting, their comments support claims made by scholars of media policy about the need to reconceptualize localism dur ing a period of media convergence.
Critical source area controls on water quality in an agricultural watershed located in the Chesapeake basin.

The importance of agricultural land use activities for supplying nutrients (N, P) to the Chesapeake Bay is examined and nutrient sources for a typical agricultural hill-land watershed within the Chesapeake Basin are identified and assessed. Based on up to 30 years of experimental and monitoring data, the outflow, N, and P exported from this Pennsylvania watershed is examined in terms of critical source areas. Most of the surface runoff and P export occurs from areas near the stream. About 90% of the algal-available P exported in outflow was generated during the largest 7 storms/year. In contrast, nearly all the nitrate (NO3) exported originated as subsurface flow entering the soil or ground water some distance from the stream, and mostly occurred during nonstorm flow periods. The NO3 export observed over the long term corresponds to the N excess computed by N balance obtained by farmer survey for agricultural land. By combining land use, hydrologic processes, watershed position, soil P status, and N balance information for agricultural land, the major source areas for P and N are predictable and identifiable. We apply these ideas and techniques to our research watershed and present the results as an example of this approach.
Identification and characterization of oriLyt, a lytic origin of DNA replication of Epstein-Barr virus

We have identified a cis-acting element of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that mediates viral DNA replication during the lytic phase of this virus's life cycle. This lytic origin of DNA replication, termed oriLyt, is complex in structure in that it contains multiple regions that are required for replication and additional DNA sequences that increase replication. One of the required regions of oriLyt can be functionally substituted by a transcriptional enhancing element. DNA replication mediated by oriLyt depends on EBV DNA polymerase and yields a concatemeric molecule. A vector, which contains both oriP (the EBV plasmid origin of replication) and oriLyt, can be maintained as a plasmid in latently EBV-infected cells and can be amplified 100- to 1000-fold in cells in which the lytic phase of the viral life cycle is induced.
The In-Crowd Algorithm for Fast Basis Pursuit Denoising

We introduce a fast method, the “in-crowd” algorithm, for finding the exact solution to basis pursuit denoising problems. The in-crowd algorithm discovers a sequence of subspaces guaranteed to arrive at the support set of the final solution of l1 -regularized least squares problems. We provide theorems showing that the in-crowd algorithm always converges to the correct global solution to basis pursuit denoising problems. We show empirically that the in-crowd algorithm is faster than the best alternative solvers (homotopy, fixed point continuation and spectral projected gradient for l1 minimization) on certain well- and ill-conditioned sparse problems with more than 1000 unknowns. We compare the in-crowd algorithm's performance in high- and low-noise regimes, demonstrate its performance on more dense problems, and derive expressions giving its computational complexity.
Neoadjuvant Paclitaxel, Ifosfamide, and Cisplatin Chemotherapy for Metastatic Penile Cancer: A Phase II Study

Purpose Men with penile squamous cell carcinoma and regional lymph node involvement have a low probability of survival with lymphadenectomy alone. A multimodal approach to treatment is desirable for such patients. We performed a phase II study of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with the objective of determining the response rate, time to progression (TTP), and overall survival (OS) among patients with bulky adenopathy. Patients and Methods Eligible patients had stage N2 or N3 (stage III or stage IV) penile cancer without distant metastases. Neoadjuvant treatment (four courses every 3-4 weeks) consisted of paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 administered over 3 hours on day 1; ifosfamide 1,200 mg/m2 on days 1 to 3; and cisplatin 25 mg/m2 on days 1 to 3. Clinical and pathologic responses were assessed, and patient groups were compared for TTP and OS. Results Thirty men received chemotherapy of whom 15 (50.0%) had an objective response and 22 (73.3%) subsequently underwent surgery. Three patients had no remaining tumor on histopa...
Issues in clinical trials of biological agents

Summary Biological agents have pointed out directions for future research, although none yet are therapies to be employed in the clinic. To date we have administered them at pharmacological; even industrial-strength doses, without demonstrating the desired cell- or disease-specific effects. There are many issues specific to the clinical development of biological agents which distinguish them from pharmaceutical products. Most are immunologically active; early trials are performed in patients with disease, rather than normal volunteers. This poses multiple challenges: access to an appropriate patient population, as well as effecting immunomodulation without interfering with normal immune surveillance. Species-specificity of the agent may limit the use of preclinical animal models, and the duration of toxicology studies. Immunogenicity may preclude regular re-administration, necessitating prolonged benefit after single or limited treatment courses. Parenteral administration requires more careful monitoring, limits access to the agent, is associated with more expense, and may contribute to the high observed placebo response following treatment with biological agents. Requirements, and our expectations, for clinical benefit are therefore higher with these products than with traditional pharmaceuticals. Despite a scientific rationale and the use of biological markers, it is unlikely that development of a biological agent for the treatment of a chronic auto-immune disease can progress significantly faster than for a traditional pharmaceutical product. It is therefore important, particularly in the treatment of chronic RA, to develop a careful and rational step-by-step clinical development programme and to define the goals of the therapy: anti-inflammatory or symptom modification versus disease modification. Some biological agents may be expensive but safe NSAIDs. Others may treat disease flares. After ‘induction therapy', utilizing a biological agent, followed by ‘maintenance therapy' with a traditional DMARD agent, we may envisage ‘combination chemotherapy', employing multiple biological products targeting different specific immunological aspects of the disease. We must therefore develop biological agents utilizing rigorous clinical trial principles, and follow suggested guidelines.
Comparison of riparian evapotranspiration estimates based on a water balance approach and sap flow measurements

Estimates of evapotranspiration (ET) from riparian vegetation along a 122 m reach of the San Pedro River using both a water balance approach and by scaling up sap flow measurements are compared. A sensitivity analysis was performed on the components of the water balance to assess the effects of measurement errors on estimates of ET using this method. It was concluded that by reducing the error in three key components to less than 5%, riparian ET could be estimated to an accuracy of 20-25% using the water balance method. The analysis also indicated that random measurement errors up to 10% in the water balance measurements would explain the difference between the water balance and sap flow ET estimates. Demonstrating agreement given reasonable error bounds provides confidence in the accuracy of both methods.
Public Justification of Intimate Partner Violence A Review of the Literature

Understanding the extent to which the general public justifies intimate partner violence (IPV) is necessarily to explain perpetration, victimization, and response to this behavior. This article provides a literature review of quantitative studies measuring IPV justification among the general population. Key word searching of two databases plus bibliographies, and the web yielded 23 studies that provided comparable measures of IPV justification. Results are summarized for the prevalence of IPV justification identified for each country including differences in justification based on the initiating event (e.g., burning food and infidelity), sociodemographic differences in justification and differences across countries. No study identified a zero prevalence of IPV justification and percentages varied considerably across and within countries. Females tended to report a higher rate of IPV justification than males and younger respondents tended to report a higher rate IPV justification than their older counterparts. Further research is needed to understand IPV justification within and across nations as well as to explore the impact this has on IPV prevalence and policy.
Sequential detection of targets in multichannel systems

It is supposed that there is a multichannel sensor system which performs sequential detection of a target. Sequential detection is done by implementing a generalized Wald's sequential probability ratio test, which is based on the maximum-likelihood ratio statistic and allows one to fix the false-alarm rate and the rate of missed detections at specified levels. We present the asymptotic performance of this sequential detection procedure and show that it is asymptotically optimal in the sense of minimizing the expected sample size when the probabilities of erroneous decisions are small. We do not assume that the observations are independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.). The first-order asymptotic optimality result holds for general statistical models that are not confined to the restrictive i.i.d. assumption. However, for i.i.d. and quasi-i.i.d. cases, where the log-likelihood ratios can be represented in the form of sums of random walks and slowly changing sequences, we obtain much stronger results. Specifically, using the nonlinear renewal theory we are able to obtain both tight expressions for the error probabilities and higher order approximations for the average sample size up to a vanishing term. The performance of the multichannel sequential detection algorithm is illustrated by an example of detection of a deterministic signal in correlated (colored) Gaussian noise. In this example, we provide both the results of theoretical analysis and the results of a Monte Carlo experiment. These results allow us to conclude that the use of the sequential detection algorithm substantially reduces the required resources of the system compared to the best nonsequential algorithm.
Ethical and epistemic dilemmas in knowledge production: Addressing their intersection in collaborative, community-based research

Collaborative community-based research can bring a range of benefits to universities, communities, and the public more broadly. A distinct virtue of collaborative community-based research is that it makes the ethical–epistemic intersections and challenges in research a focal point of its methodology. This makes collaborative community-based research well positioned to address various forms of ‘epistemic injustice’ (Fricker, 2007) that demean certain people and groups as knowers and exclude them from knowledge production. In this article, we examine the ethical and epistemic advantages and challenges of collaborative community-based research in light of the concept of epistemic injustice. We argue that collaborative community-based research can help provide an institutional response to epistemic injustices often embedded within processes of knowledge production.
Surfactant effects on the water‐stable aggregation of wettable soils from the continental USA

Surfactants may affect soil structure differently depending upon the soil or the quality of rainfall or irrigation water. This study examined whether the water-stable aggregation of 11 wettable soils was affected by surfactants and the water in which the soils were sieved. The study also examined whether the wettable soils’ water drop penetration time (WDPT) was affected by surfactants, water drop quality, and elapsed time since the surfactants were applied. Two nonionic surfactants and a surfactant-free water control were sprayed (by misting) upon air-dry soil, then WDPT was measured 1 and 72 h thereafter. Subsequently, this treated soil was slowly wetted with an aerosol to its water content at a matric potential of 3 kPa, then immediately sieved for 600 s in water that contained either appreciable or few electrolytes. Water-stable aggregation, quantified as mean weight diameter (MWD), varied widely among soils, ranging from 0.10 to 1.36 mm. The MWDs were affected (at p = 0.06) by surfactant treatments, depending upon the soil but not sieving water quality. Surfactants affected the MWD of an Adkins loamy sand and Feltham sand, two of the three coarsest textured soils. Although WDPTs never exceeded 5 s, depending upon the soil WDPTs were affected by surfactant treatments but not by water drop quality. After surfactant application, WDPTs generally decreased with time for three soils but increased with time for one soil. Findings suggested that surfactants interacted (1) with clay mineralogy to affect MWD and (2) with soluble calcium to affect WDPT for certain soils. Surfactant treatments but not water quality affected bothMWDand WDPT for some but not all of 11 wettable, US soils.
Dietary Antioxidants Inhibit Development of Fatty Streak Lesions in the LDL Receptor–Deficient Mouse

Abstract—Oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) promotes atherogenesis. Although pharmacological antioxidants such as probucol inhibit both LDL oxidation and atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic animals, the effects of natural antioxidants such as vitamin E are inconclusive. To further determine the effects of supplemental dietary antioxidants in vivo, we evaluated whether combined dietary antioxidants (0.1% vitamin E, 0.5% β-carotene, and 0.05% vitamin C) inhibit LDL oxidation and fatty streak lesion development in homozygous LDL receptor–null (LDLR−/−) mice fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet. An additional group of mice were fed black tea, which has been shown to inhibit LDL oxidation in vitro. After receiving a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet for 8 weeks, the combined antioxidant–supplemented (antioxidant) group (n=18), tea group (n=19), and control group (n=17) had equivalent plasma cholesterol levels. LDL oxidation, as measured by the lag phase of conjugated diene formation, was markedly inhibited in...
Home-Based Service Delivery: Introducing Family Counselors in Training to the Home as a Therapeutic Milieu

The provision of family counseling services in home- and communitybased settings is becoming an increasingly common and viable option for many human service organizations, either as the primary mode of service delivery or as part of a continuum of services. This article discusses the importance of providing family counselors in training with an introduction to home-based service delivery and provides methods for helping students to explore the home as a therapeutic milieu.
Critical Incident Stress and the Child Homicide Investigator

This study focuses on the homicide investigator and the death encounter. The authors examined the effects of critical incident stress on the death investigator who has been exposed to the murder of a child. The participants in the study (N = 67) were all actively involved in the difficult business of investigating death by homicide. Included were detectives, criminalists, and personnel from the medical examiner's office. It was found that these investigators experienced significantly higher levels of stress when compared with ordinary adults. In addition, it was determined that exposure to traumatic stimuli at the crime scene involving the death of a child was the most significant predictor variable of stress. The potential effectiveness of critical incident stress management in mediating the effects of this exposure is discussed, and recommendations made for the care and support of death investigators as well as directions for further inquiry.
The Identities of Two Pseudoscorpion Species (Arachnida) Described from Guyana by L. di Caporiacco

Summary The type specimens of the two pseudoscorpion species described by di Caporiacco (1947) from Guyana (former British Guyana) are studied in detail. Geogarypus incertus di Caporiacco, 1947 is considered a valid species and its type locality is clarified as Guyana, Upper Demerara—Berbice region, upper Demerara valley, near Kurupukari. Paratemnus guianensis di Caporiacco, 1947 is considered ajunior subjective synonym of Paratemnoides nidificator (Balzan, 1888) (syn. nov.). Lectotypes are designated for Paratemnoides minor (Balzan, 1892) and Paratemnoides nidificator. Geogarypus incertus and Paratemnoides nidificator are new additions to the fauna of French Guiana.
Single-Capacitor Active-Feedback Compensation for Small-Capacitive-Load Three-Stage Amplifiers

This brief presents a single-capacitor active-feedback compensation (SCAFC) scheme for three-stage internal amplifiers driving small capacitive loads. The proposed SCAFC scheme can stabilize the three-stage amplifier by using only a single small-value compensation capacitor, thereby significantly reducing the amplifier implementation area. With the small-value compensation capacitor, the wide gain-bandwidth product (GBW) of the SCAFC amplifier can also be achieved under low-power conditions. Implemented in a standard 0.35-mum CMOS process, the proposed three-stage SCAFC amplifier achieves over 100-dB dc gain, 9.6-MHz GBW, and 6.1-V/mus average slew rate, by only dissipating 90 muW at 1.5 V and using a 1-pF compensation capacitor, when driving a 500-kOmega // 20-pF load. The proposed SCAFC amplifier experimentally improves both bandwidth-to-power and slew-rate-to-power efficiencies by more than 14 times and 9 times, respectively, as compared to a conventional three-stage nested-Miller-compensated amplifier.
Modification of the in vitro response to phytohemagglutinin of mouse spleen cells by amyloidogenic agents.

SummaryThe in vitro response to PHA by mouse spleen cells is diminished by treatment of animals with complete Freund adjuvant (0.25 ml ip) or azocasein (daily sc injection of 0.3 ml of 10% solution). The altered response appears, in part, due to prior in vivo activation of PHA-responsive cells by azocasein or CFA. Azocasein has some mitogenic activity when incubated with normal cells in vitro.