cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Periodic and chaotic flapping of insectile wings

Insects use flight muscles attached at the base of the wings to produce impressive wing flapping frequencies. The maximum power output of these flight muscles is insufficient to maintain such wing oscillations unless there is good elastic storage of energy in the insect flight system. Here, we explore the intrinsic self-oscillatory behavior of an insectile wing model, consisting of two rigid wings connected at their base by an elastic torsional spring. We study the wings behavior as a function of the total energy and spring stiffness. Three types of behavior are identified: end-over-end rotation, chaotic motion, and periodic flapping. Interestingly, the region of periodic flapping decreases as energy increases but is favored as stiffness increases. These findings are consistent with the fact that insect wings and flight muscles are stiff. They further imply that, by adjusting their muscle stiffness to the energy level at which they are operating, insects can maintain periodic flapping mechanically for a range of operating conditions.
Combining liquid inertia with pressure recovery from bubble expansion for enhanced flow boiling

In this paper, we demonstrate using liquid inertia force in a taper gap microchannel geometry to provide a high level of heat dissipation capacity accompanied by a high heat transfer coefficient and low pressure drop during flow boiling. The high mass flux increases liquid inertia force and promotes vapor removal from the manifold, thereby increasing critical heat flux (CHF) and heat transfer coefficient. The tapered gap above the microchannels provides an increasing cross-sectional area in the flow direction. This gap allows bubbles to emerge from microchannels and expand within the gap along the flow direction. The bubble evaporation and expansion in tapered gap causes pressure recovery and reduces the total pressure drop. The pressure recovery increases with the increased evaporation rate at higher heat fluxes. Using a 6% taper and a moderately high inlet liquid flow Reynolds number of 1095, we have reached a CHF of 1.07 kW/cm2 with a heat transfer coefficient of 295 kW/m2 °C and a pressure drop of 30 kPa.
The role of ergonomics in designing for manufacturability and humans in general in advanced manufacturing technology: Preparing the American workforce for global competition beyond the year 2000

Abstract This position paper identifies and ranks research needs associated with integrating humans in Advanced Manufacturing Technology (AMT). The contents presented here are based on a workshop sponsored by the National Science Foundation (Division of Design and Manufacturing) and held in Cincinnati, Ohio on November 18 and 19, 1993. The purposes of the workshop were several: (a) to identify the role of humans (workers) in Advance Manufacturing Technology (AMT) and what specifically needs to be done to prepare the American workforce for global competition beyond the year 2000; (b) to identify research and practice issues involving the human element in manufacturing, particularly when applying “Designing for Manufacturability” (DFM) concepts to product design; (c) to identify research and practice issues involved in developing products, particularly consumer products, that are more usable, safer, reliable, and economical; and (d) to provide the National Science Foundation with a listing and ranking of research priorities involving the human element in Advance Manufacturing Technology. The research needs resulting from the interactive discussion are grouped under 5 categories: (1) Design for manufacturing; (2) Cost-benefits and productivity; (3) Preparing companies for emerging technologies; (4) Human issues, and (5) Training. Research issues and needs within each category are ranked in order of importance. It is hoped that the National Science Foundation will use this list in developing future research funding priorities.
The association between parent–child conflict and adolescent conduct problems over time: Results from a longitudinal adoption study.

A handful of prior adoption studies have confirmed that the cross-sectional relationship between child conduct problems and parent/child conflict is at least partially shared environmental in origin. However, as the direction of causation between parenting and delinquency remains unclear, this relationship could be better explained by the adolescent's propensity to elicit conflictive parenting, a phenomenon referred to as an evocative gene-environment correlation. The current study thus examined the prospective relationship between conduct problems and parent-child conflict in a sample of adoptive families. Participants included 672 adolescents in 405 adoptive families assessed at two time points roughly 4 years apart. Results indicated that parent-child conflict predicts the development of conduct problems, whereas conduct problems do not predict increases in parent-child conflict. Such findings suggest that evocative gene-environment correlations are highly unlikely as an explanation of prior shared environmental effects during adolescence. Moreover, because the adolescents in this study do not share genes with their adoptive parents, the association between conduct problems and parent-child conflict is indicative of shared environmental mediation in particular. Implications of our findings are discussed.
Relationship between Formal Education and Cognitive Functioning: A Historical Perspective.

The influence of educational level on the intellectual performance of elderly individuals has been noted both in terms of intra‐ and inter‐generational differences. A number of studies are consistent in demonstrating that even at advanced ages, test scores are at least partially correlated with educational level. Thus, the relatively lower educational status of older cohorts could for several different reasons account for at least part of the apparent decline in intellectual functioning with age. For example, the average number of years of education is different today than it was 50 years ago. In addition, the comparability of the same levels ‘of education obtained at different points in time is questionable since even the content has changed. The fact that the opportunity to continue one's education exists as a realistic option is another distinguishing feature between today's high school graduates and those of 50 years ago. Thus, what may appear to be age differences may actually be a result of sociocul...
Momentary Maximizing and Optimal Foraging Theories of Performance on Concurrent VR Schedules

Optimal foraging theory proposes that animals obtain the highest rate of reinforcers for the least effort and momentary maximizing theory proposes that animals make the response that at that instant is most likely to be reinforced. While each theory may account for matching on concurrent schedules, the data supporting each theory are weak. Two experiments assessed these theories by considering concurrent choice as consisting of two pairs of stay and switch schedules. Symmetrical arrangements, which are equivalent to standard concurrent schedules, maintained behavior described by the generalized matching law. Weighted arrangements, in which the programmed rate of earning reinforcers was always greater at one alternative, maintained behavior that was biased towards the weighted alternative, yet the bias was less than that predicted by optimal foraging theory. Asymmetrical arrangements, in which the stay and switch schedules operating at an alternative are the same, maintained behavior that favored one alternative, even though momentary maximizing predicted indifference. The generalized matching law poorly described each rat's pooled data from all conditions but these data were described by an equation based on the stay and switch reinforcers earned per-visit and included elements of optimal foraging and momentary maximizing theories of choice.
Solubility controls on aluminum in drinking water at relatively low and high pH.

Abstract Potential control of soluble aluminum in drinking water by formation of solids other than Al(OH) 3 was examined. At pHs below 6.0, Al +3 solids containing sulfate, silica or potassium are thermodynamically favored versus amorphous Al(OH) 3 ; however, in this work no evidence could be obtained that solids other than Al(OH) 3 would form in practice. At pHs above 9, aluminum and magnesium were discovered to form complex solid phases of approximate composition AlMg 2 (OH) 7 , AlMg 2 SiO 2 (OH) 7 or Al(SiO 2 ) 2 (OH) 3 dependent on circumstance. Formation of these solids provide a mechanistic explanation for enhancements to precipitative softening obtained in practice by dosing Al +3 salts; that is, improved flocculation/settling and removal of silica from water that interferes with calcium precipitation. The solids also maintain residual aluminum below regulatory guidelines at high pH >9.5.
Lateral forces exerted on abutment teeth by partial dentures

Lateral horizontal forces applied to the buccal and lingual surfaces of partial denture abutment teeth were measured intraorally during swallowing and masti­ cation. Strain gauges mounted on simu­ lated clasp arms which contacted the abutment teeth were used to measure lateral force. During testing procedures, the five subjects performed exercises which involved undirected chewing of cotton, carrot and peanut boluses and directed swallowing of saliva. Amplitude, frequency and duration of forces were considered in the evaluation of forces. When computed on a daily basis, forces exerted on abutment teeth during swal­ lowing were almost twice that exerted during mastication.
The Little “c” Catholic Organization: Ecumentalism and The Moral Order of Work

Catholic, “Big C,” is the institution formed in the 1st century AD from an amalgamation of Christian sects. “Little c”, catholic, is the church founders' pluralistic philosophy of inclusiveness-universal acceptance. We propose the struggle between “Big C” and “Little c” is emblematic of how an organization and organization theory confront ethical dilemmas. “Big C” organizations and organization theorists adjudicate hot, emotive issues through the cool, obfuscating language of high priests seeking resolution through participative decision-making. Alternatively, “little c” organizations and organization theory emphasize collective analysis that seeks mutual understanding through perspective sharing and praxis. In this paper we explore the dialectics of catholicsim (Big C and Little c) and critical postmodern theory (Big CT and little ct) through a dialogue between a neophyte practitioner and an erudite critical theorist seeking solutions for the ethical dilemma of international sweatshops. We conclude by re...
Controls and Health Management Technologies for Intelligent Aerospace Propulsion Systems

With the increased emphasis on aircraft safety, enhanced performance and affordability, and the need to reduce the environmental impact of aircraft, there are many new challenges being faced by the designers of aircraft propulsion systems. The Controls and Dynamics Technology Branch at NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) Glenn Research Center (GRC) in Cleveland, Ohio, is leading and participating in various projects in partnership with other organizations within GRC and across NASA, the U.S. aerospace industry, and academia to develop advanced controls and health management technologies that will help meet these challenges through the concept of an Intelligent Engine. The key enabling technologies for an Intelligent Engine are the increased efficiencies of components through active control, advanced diagnostics and prognostics integrated with intelligent engine control to enhance component life, and distributed control with smart sensors and actuators in an adaptive fault tolerant architecture. This paper describes the current activities of the Controls and Dynamics Technology Branch in the areas of active component control and propulsion system intelligent control, and presents some recent analytical and experimental results in these areas.
Vitamin K and mineralization

Vitamin K-dependent formation of the Ca 2+ -binding amino acid γ -carboxyglutamate is an important post-translational modification of proteins found in mineralized tissues. These and other carboxylated proteins, such as the one in kidney cortex, may have regulatory functions in calcium metabolism.
Trabecular Cells Express the TGF-β2 Gene and Secrete the Cytokine

We investigated whether trabecular cells contain TGF-beta 2 mRNA and whether they synthesize this cytokine. By using a primer pair for TGF-beta 2 and the highly specific and sensitive techniques of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, a single amplified sequence was obtained from cultured trabecular cells and tissue samples of trabecular meshwork, corneal epithelium, iris and ciliary body ex vivo from fresh porcine eyes. Regression analysis with standard DNA size markers indicated that the products were of the anticipated size of 310 base pairs. Southern hybridization further confirmed that all of the products were specific for TGF-beta 2. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a specific antibody against TGF-beta 2 revealed that this cytokine was secreted by cultured trabecular cells in the conditioned medium. The TGF-beta 2 produced by trabecular cells was in a latent form, and no intrinsically active protein was detected. The results suggest that TGF-beta 2 has an autocrine and/or paracrine action in the trabecular meshwork system, and that trabecular cells could contribute to the presence of TGF-beta 2 in their microenvironment as well as in aqueous humor. It is hypothesized that abnormal changes in the production of TGF-beta s by trabecular cells and/or in the activation of these growth modulators contribute to the excess accumulation of extracellular matrix components in the aqueous outflow system as observed in aging and glaucomatous eyes.
Stable interactions between the transmembrane domains of the adenosine A2A receptor

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) must properly insert and fold in the membrane to adopt a stable native structure and become biologically active. The interactions between transmembrane (TM) helices are believed to play a major role in these processes. Previous studies in our group showed that specific interactions between TM helices occur, leading to an increase in helical content, especially in weakly helical TM domains, suggesting that helix-helix interactions in addition to helix-lipid interactions facilitate helix formation. They also demonstrated that TM peptides interact in a similar fashion in micelles and lipid vesicles, as they exhibit relatively similar thermal stability and alpha-helicity inserted in SDS micelles to that observed in liposomes. In this study, we perform an analysis of pairwise interactions between peptides corresponding to the seven TM domains of the human A(2A) receptor (A(2A)R). We used a combination of Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurement and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy to detect and analyze these interactions in detergent micelles. We found that strong and specific interactions occur in only seven of the 28 possible peptide pairs. Furthermore, not all interactions, identified by FRET, lead to a change in helicity. Our results identify stabilizing contacts that are likely related to the stability of the receptor and that are consistent with what is known about the three-dimensional structure and stability of rhodopsin and the beta(2) adrenergic receptor.
Hydraulic conductivity ofNitella cells using the intracellular perfusion technique

The hydraulic conductivity of the intracellularly-perfused internodal cell ofNitella flexilis was measured by establishing and maintaining osmotic and hydrostatic pressure gradients between the inside and the outside of the cell. The osmotic filtration coefficient (L PD ) determined at zero hydrostatic pressure difference varied between 1.55 and 2.32×10−5 cm/sec/atm. Under internal perfusion conditions no polarity between endosmotic and exosmotic flow was observed. The overall hydrostatic filtration coefficient (L P ) was determined with a step change in hydrostatic pressure up to 0.2 atm, while the osmotic pressure difference was maintained at zero.L P was considerably greater than theL PD , i.e., 14.1 to 19.2×10−5 cm/sec/atm. Theoverall L P of such internodes, which showed protoplasmic streaming and action potentials was the same as that of the isolated cell walls, the latter being 13.2 to 19.9×10−5 cm/sec/atm. Some of these results are consistent with previous results onNitella using different techniques. The situation inNitella where at abnormallylow internal pressure the barrier to hydrostatic pressure-driven water flow does not reside in the plasmalemma but in an in-series structure is comparable to that in the squid axon where the normal internal pressure is close to zero. An interpretation is offered for the finding in the alga that athigh internal pressures the plasmalemma becomes the rate-limiting structure for hydrostatic pressure-driven water flow. It is suggested that the internal pressure pushes a large fraction of the plasmalemma against skeletal nonporous regions of the cell wall. This suggestion entailing a pressure-dependent cell wall-plasmalemma juxtaposition was also deployed in interpreting previous observations in plant cells on water flow polarity (i.e., observations showing that exosmotic rates are less than endosmotic).
Comparison of activity monitors to estimate energy cost of treadmill exercise.

Purpose: To evaluate the validity of five physical activity monitors available for research: the CSA, the TriTrac-R3D, the RT3, the SenseWear Armband, and the BioTrainer-Pro. Methods: A total of 10 healthy men and 11 healthy women performed 10 min of treadmill walking at 54, 80, and 107 m.min -1 and treadmill running at 134, 161, 188, and 214 m.min -1 . The CSA, TriTrac-R3D, RT3, and BioTrainer-Pro accelerometers were placed side by side bilaterally at the waist in the axillary position, and the SenseWear Armband monitors were placed bilaterally on the posterior portion of each arm in the mid-humeral position. Simultaneous measurements of body motion and indirect calorimetry were continuously recorded during all exercise. Data were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA and pairwise Bonferroni-adjusted estimated marginal means. Results: There was no significant difference in the mean energy expenditure (EE) recorded bilaterally by any of the monitors (P > 0.05) at any treadmill speed. The SenseWear Armband, the TriTrac-R3D, and the RT3 had significant increases in mean EE across all walking and running speeds (P 0.10) in mean EE recorded by either monitor for speeds above 161 m.min -1 . In general, all monitors overestimated EE at most treadmill speeds when compared with indirect calorimetry (P < 0.001), except for the CSA which underestimated EE at the lowest and highest speeds. Conclusion: The CSA was the best estimate of total EE at walking and jogging speeds, the TriTrac-R3D was the best estimate of total EE at running speeds, and the SenseWear Armband was the best estimate of total EE at most speeds.
IT HRM practices: best practices vs. configurations

The management of information technology (IT) professionals is an important managerial concern. The way that IT organizations manage their IT professionals is essentially manifested in their implementation of human resource management (HRM) practices, such as those related to career development, pay, and job security. Ferratt et al. (2005) describe two contrasting modes of theorizing about how HRM practices should be combined to yield desired outcomes: universalistic (or "best-practices") and configurational. They call for an examination of the assumptions underlying these modes of theorizing. Our examination yields the following proposition: The complex configurational mode of theorizing has value in explaining a success criterion (such as turnover) beyond that of the simple universalistic mode. We collected data from members of a national professional organization of IT employees on a number of IT HRM practices and a success criterion. Analysis of variance allows us to test the proposition. The independent variables are the IT HRM practices plus a profile variable representing various configurations of practices. A significant profile variable indicates that the variance in the success criterion explained by configurations is significantly greater than the variance explained by the individual IT HRM practices acting independently, thereby supporting an inference of synergism in combining the practices. The results of these tests, when completed, will be used to suggest directions for managing IT professionals and future IT HRM theory development and testing.
LIGHT-INDUCED VOLUME CHANGES IN SPINACH CHLOROPLASTS

A light-dependent mechanism that results in a slow, high-amplitude swelling of spinach chloroplasts in vitro has been discovered. The swelling is readily observed by optical and gravimetric methods, and by the use of an electronic particle counter; all show a 100 per cent increase of chloroplast volume in the light with an approximately 10-minute half-time. The existence of an osmotic mechanism for chloroplast swelling in the dark is confirmed. The volume of illuminated chloroplasts versus NaCl concentration represents the addition of osmotic and light effects. The action of light is enhanced by electron flow cofactors, such as phenazine methosulfate (PMS). However, neither conditions for ATP hydrolysis or synthesis nor NH4Cl influence the time course and extent of swelling. Hence, high-amplitude chloroplast swelling is light- (or electron flow), but not energy-dependent. A remarkable inhibitory effect of inorganic phosphate on chloroplast swelling is observed in the light, but not in the dark. Another action of light on chloroplasts is known to result in a shrinkage of chloroplasts which is rapid, reversible, energy-dependent, and requires phosphate. Thus phosphate determines the action of light on chloroplast volume. Since shrinkage is reversible, but swelling is not, it may be that they reflect physiological and deteriorative processes, respectively. Chloroplasts and mitochondria appear to control their volume by similar mechanisms.
TRANSPORT OF HEAT, CO2 AND O2 BY THE ATLANTIC'S THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION

We estimate transport of heat, CO 2 and O 2 by the Atlantic’s thermohaline circulation using an approach based on differences in the chemical and physical characteristics of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW), and the northward return flow across the equator. The characteristics of the return-flow waters are constrained by imposing conservation of phosphate in the North Atlantic as a whole. Based on a total equatorial return flow of 13 x 10 6 m 3 s -1 , we find that the Atlantic north of the equator is a source of 7.7 ± 1.4 x 10 14 W to the atmosphere, a sink of 0.51 ± 0.21 x 10 14 mol of O 2 , and preindustrially was a sink of 0.33 ± 0.15 x 10 14 mol of CO 2 . Uptake of O 2 and CO 2 by the North Atlantic is driven mainly by thermal, as opposed to biological processes.
Review of styrene and styrene oxide long-term animal studies

AbstractEleven long-term toxicity studies were reviewed on styrene and five on styrene oxide in an effort to evaluate the potential carcinogenic activity of these chemicals in animals. The styrene studies included inhalation exposure (rats, mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits), intragastric gavage (rats and mice), drinking water (rats), and intraperitoneal injection (rats), while styrene oxide exposure was via intragastric gavage (rats and mice) or skin painting (mice). Each study was reviewed and evaluated for details and adequacy of design, adequacy of reported data, and interpretation. The results of this review are1. There was no convincing evidence of carcinogenic activity of styrene in animals, although many of the studies were considered inadequate.2. Styrene oxide was carcinogenic to the forestomach of both sexes of rats and mice after gavage exposure and was associated with an increase in liver neoplasms in male mice in one study. No carcinogenic activity was observed in mice after dermal exposure (sk...
Treatment response assessment of breast masses on dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance scans using fuzzy c-means clustering and level set segmentation

The goal of this study was to develop an automated method to segment breast masses on dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance (MR) scans and to evaluate its potential for estimating tumor volume on pre- and postchemotherapy images and tumor change in response to treatment. A radiologist experienced in interpreting breast MR scans defined a cuboid volume of interest (VOI) enclosing the mass in the MR volume at one time point within the sequence of DCE-MR scans. The corresponding VOIs over the entire time sequence were then automatically extracted. A new 3D VOI representing the local pharmacokinetic activities in the VOI was generated from the 4D VOI sequence by summarizing the temporal intensity enhancement curve of each voxel with its standard deviation. The method then used the fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering algorithm followed by morphological filtering for initial mass segmentation. The initial segmentation was refined by the 3D level set (LS) method. The velocity field of the LS method was formulated in terms of the mean curvature which guaranteed the smoothness of the surface, the Sobel edge information which attracted the zero LS to the desired mass margin, and the FCM membership function which improved segmentation accuracy. The method was evaluated on 50 DCE-MR scans of 25 patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Each patient had pre- and postchemotherapy DCE-MR scans on a 1.5 T magnet. The in-plane pixel size ranged from 0.546 to 0.703 mm and the slice thickness ranged from 2.5 to 4.5 mm. The flip angle was 15 degrees, repetition time ranged from 5.98 to 6.7 ms, and echo time ranged from 1.2 to 1.3 ms. Computer segmentation was applied to the coronal T1-weighted images. For comparison, the same radiologist who marked the VOI also manually segmented the mass on each slice. The performance of the automated method was quantified using an overlap measure, defined as the ratio of the intersection of the computer and the manual segmentation volumes to the manual segmentation volume. Pre- and postchemotherapy masses had overlap measures of 0.81 +/- 0.13 (mean +/- s.d.) and 0.71 +/- 0.22, respectively. The percentage volume reduction (PVR) estimated by computer and the radiologist were 55.5 +/- 43.0% (mean +/- s.d.) and 57.8 +/- 51.3%, respectively. Paired Student's t test indicated that the difference between the mean PVRs estimated by computer and the radiologist did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.641). The automated mass segmentation method may have the potential to assist physicians in monitoring volume change in breast masses in response to treatment.
Development of manipulatory skills and the deployment of attention

Abstract Two independent tasks, object manipulation and auditory-visual matching, were used to examine the relationship between developing manual action skills and attention to intermodal object properties in 3.5- and 5.5-month-olds. Although handling skills improved with age, with older infants demonstrating more varied manipulation, there were no age differences for the matching task. When grouped by handling skills, a significant interaction between skill and event type was found for the two age groups combined and for 5.5-month-olds alone. Auditory-visual matching of social events did not vary with handling skills, whereas auditory-visualmatching of object events did. Infants at higher skill levels responded similarly to social and object events, whereas less skilled infants' matching preferences were weaker for object events. These findings indicate that infants increase their attention to auditory and visual properties of objects as this information becomes useful for guiding new actions. This effect is independent of age due to considerable individual variability in the development of object handling skills.
Learning from relevant documents in large scale routing retrieval

The normal practice of selecting relevant documents for training routing queries is to either use all relevants or the 'best n' of them after a (retrieval) ranking operation with respect to each query, Using all relevants can introduce noise and ambiguities in training because documents can be long with many irrelevant portions. Using only the 'best n' risks leaving out documents that do not resemble a query. Based on a method of segmenting documents into more uniform size subdocuments, a better approach is to use the top ranked subdocument of every relevant. An alternative selection strategy is based on document properties without ranking. We found experimentally that short relevant documents are the quality items for training. Beginning portions of longer relevants are also useful. Using both types provides a strategy that is effective and efficient.
Investigation of geochemical interactions of carbon dioxide and carbonate formation in the Northwest McGregor oil field after enhanced oil recovery and CO2 storage

Abstract The Plains CO 2 Reduction Partnership, one of the seven U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships, is conducting a carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) huff ‘n’ puff (HnP) project in the Northwest McGregor oil field in North Dakota to determine the effects CO 2 has on the productivity of the reservoir, wellbore integrity, and the carbonate formation into which the CO 2 was injected. This paper outlines the approach and current observations derived from numerical modeling and laboratory simulations of potential geochemical reactions to evaluate the short-term risks for operations (e.g., porosity and permeability decrease) and long-term implications for CO 2 storage via mineralization. The integration of data obtained during mineralogical analyses, fluid sampling, and laboratory experiments proved to be a key for the better understanding of the dynamic geochemical processes that happen in the reservoir after CO 2 injection and was necessary for successful completion of the numerical modeling. Results of the numerical modeling suggest that the already acidic and highly saline environment (pH 2 injection, especially in the near term, which correlates with the postinjection field geochemical analyses.
Educational objectives for residency training in urology

A description of the development of educational objectives for urologic residency training is presented. The purpose of these objectives is to define the knowledge and skills expected of urology residents at the completion of their training. Twenty-six urologists from residency programs throughout the country, one resident, and one medical educator formed a task force for the Society of University Urologists to write these objectives. During a one-year period, fifty-five sets of objectives were drafted, reviewed, and revised into the present form. Discussion of the methodological problems and implications for residents and program directors are included.
Models for monitoring wind farm power

Different models for monitoring wind farm power output are considered. Data mining and evolutionary computation are integrated for building the models for prediction and monitoring. Different models using wind speed as input to predict the total power output of a wind farm are compared and analyzed. The k-nearest neighbor model, combined with the principal component analysis approach, outperforms other models studied in this research. However, this model performs poorly when the conditions of the wind farm are abnormal. The latter implies that the original data contains many noisy points that need to be filtered. An evolutionary computation algorithm is used to build a nonlinear parametric model to monitor the wind farm performance. This model filters the outliers according to the residual approach and control charts. The k-nearest neighbor model produces good performance for the wind farm operating in normal conditions.
Ovarian carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, and pregnancy.

Abstract A 31-year-old G1 P0 patient with a history of infertility presented with light spotting and cramping at the end of her first trimester. An ultrasonogram at 19 weeks gestation revealed an intrauterine gestation of 21 weeks, a large leiomyoma, and a 8.9 × 6.8 cm complex left ovarian mass. At 35 weeks gestation she had an emergency cesarean section and left salpingo-oophorectomy due to a presumed ruptured ovarian mass. The ovarian mass was diagnosed as a serous cystadenocarcinoma. An exploratory laparotomy with a total abdominal hysterectomy, a right salpingo-oophorectomy, omental biopsy, and periaortic node sampling at 9 weeks postpartum revealed a diagnosis of stage IC ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma and a stage IA secretory endometrial adenocarcinoma. Adjunctive 32 P therapy was successfully administered and at this time the patient has had no recurrence.
The world and business computing in 2051

Abstract This paper projects the future of information technology within the context of the business and social environment in the mid 21st century. Some time in the next two decades we will enter our fourth industrial era, fueled by evolution in power, genetics, space exploration and information technologies. Unlike other industrial revolutions, this will be attended by widespread consolidations in industries as diverse as utility, retail, pharmaceuticals as well as the government. The trade wing of the UN, the United Nations Trade Organization (UNTO) is established to deal with global issues. The UNTO passes a number of resolutions including # 1/10 which deals with a uniform system of personal identification for all individuals. Due to free trade facilitated by electronic bureaucracies and global transportation grids, GNP growth rates triple. However, the consolidations will lead to the disappearance of clerical, administrative and management employees, leaving only the top management and highly skilled professionals. These changes will result in companies outsourcing all their routine processing to transaction and data centres. Employees will work from well equipped IT centres. The internet is in its third incarnation and is supported by a comprehensive web intelligence to answer all possible questions. Other technological changes include Terahertz computers, Personal identification Devices (PID), AI chips and hierarchical databases with relational interfaces. The cornucopia resulting from progress will lead to a more enlightened society. However, the stress of change will result in an increased degree of philosophical inquiry.
Sexual orientation, income, and non-pecuniary economic outcomes: new evidence from young lesbians in Australia

Although there is a growing international literature examining the relationship between sexual orientation and income or wages, there is far less evidence on whether sexual minorities experience systematically different non-pecuniary economic outcomes. I use confidential representative data on over 9,000 young Australian women age 22–27 with information on self-reported sexual orientation, income, and non-pecuniary economic outcomes such as: workplace harassment, job search difficulty, work stress, and job satisfaction. After controlling for demographic and work characteristics, I find that in comparison to heterosexual women the young lesbians in my sample: (1) have lower personal incomes; (2) have significantly higher odds of reporting distressing harassment at work, difficulty finding a job, losing a job, and decreased income; and (3) are significantly more dissatisfied with and report more stress about economic aspects of their lives (e.g. work, career, money). Differentials for non-economic aspects of life are generally smaller. These results for young lesbians in Australia suggest that lesbians are not a universally “privileged” minority and highlight the need for more research into lifecycle variations into both pecuniary and non-pecuniary aspects of economic well-being.
Osmoregulation in an alkaline salt lake insect Ephydra (Hydropyrus/hians Say (Diptera: Ephydridae) in relation to water chemistry

Larvae of the alkali fly Ephydra hians, from Mono Lake (California), were exposed to osmotic concentrations ranging from distilled water to over 6000 mOsm of either alkaline Mono Lake water, or non-alkaline sea water/sodium chloride solutions. Larvae were capable of both hyper- and hypo-osmotic regulation of haemolymph osmolality (at around 300mOsm) in Mono Lake water, but this ability was less effective in sea water/sodium chloride. In addition, higher mortality rates in sea water/sodium chloride suggest larvae are less tolerant of this chloride-dominated water chemistry. Pm-acclimation of larvae in sea water/sodium chloride did not improve survival in higher concentrations of this solution relative to larvae acclimated to Mono Lake water. At and above 200 g/l total dissolved solids (about 4800 mOsm) of Mono Lake water, larval survival is severely reduced, in association with osmotic dehydration. Sodium and chloride are the major haemolymph osmolytes, comprising about 70% of the total osmotic concentration. The results suggest that this species is alkali-adapted, and that restriction in habitat distribution from non-alkaline chloride waters and salinities above 200 g/l has a physiological basis.
Quantitative photoacoustic tomography assisted by diffuse optical tomography: A simulation study

We present a new method that can enhance quantitative recovery of optical absorption coefficient in heterogeneous media from photoacoustic data by considering inhomogeneous scattering coefficient distribution provided by diffuse optical tomography.
Marcion’s Antitheses and the Isagogic Genre

According to early Christian heresiologists, the Antitheses articulated Marcion’s fundamental convictions based on the separation of the God of the Hebrew Bible from the God of the Christ. While scholars have long stressed the importance of this separation for Marcion’s theology, the genre of the Antitheses , the primary vehicle for this belief, remains problematic. This article proposes that Marcion’s Antitheses ought to be categorized as isagogic, a genre utilized primarily for preliminary instruction. A survey of the salient characteristics of isagogic texts reveals that in form, content, audience, and function, the Antitheses (as described by Marcion’s opponents) align nicely with this genre. Identifying the Antitheses as an isagogic text offers insight into Marcion’s composition and deployment of this work for his evangelic campaign; by leading the reader into a Marcionite interpretation of the scriptures, the Antitheses fostered the catechetical indoctrination and continual growth in the rudiments of his faith.
The de Haas-van Alphen effect in calcium

The results of a detailed investigation of the de Haas-van Alphen effect in calcium are presented. The data, taken for the two major crystallographic planes in magnetic fields up to 36 kG and temperatures down to 0.1 K, indicate that the Fermi surface consists of a multiconnected monsterlike hole sheet in the first band and lens-shaped electron sheets in the second band. This indicates a Fermi surface geometry much more nearly free electron like than previously believed, and analysis in terms of a multi-OPW local pseudopotential model yields good agreement with the data.
Cerebral diffusion and T2: MRI predictors of acute mountain sickness during sustained high-altitude hypoxia

Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides a sensitive indicator of cerebral hypoxia. We investigated if apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and transverse relaxation (T2) predict symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS), or merely indicate the AMS phenotype irrespective of symptoms. Fourteen normal subjects were studied in two groups; unambiguous AMS and no-AMS at 3,800 m altitude (intermediate AMS scores were excluded). T2 relaxation was estimated from a T2 index of T2-weighted signal normalized by cerebrospinal fluid signal. Measurements were made in normoxia and repeated after 2 days sustained hypoxia (AMS group symptomatic and no-AMS group asymptomatic) and after 7 days hypoxia (both groups asymptomatic). Decreased ADC directly predicted AMS symptoms (P<0.05). Apparent diffusion coefficient increased in asymptomatic subjects, or as symptoms abated with acclimatization. This pattern was similar in basal ganglia, white matter, and gray matter. Corpus callosum behaved differently; restricted diffusion was absent (or rapidly reversed) in the splenium, and was sustained in the genu. In symptomatic subjects, T2,index decreased after 2 days hypoxia and further decreased after 7 days. In asymptomatic subjects, T2,index initially increased after 2 days, but decreased after 7 days. T2,index changes were not predictive of AMS symptoms. These findings indicate that restricted diffusion, an indicator of diminished cerebral energy status, directly predicts symptoms of AMS in humans at altitude.
Deformation Localization in Constrained Layers of Metallic Glasses: A Parametric Modeling Analysis

Abstract Localized plastic deformation known as shear banding is a prominent feature in metallic glasses. In this study we perform parametric three-dimensional finite element analyses, using primarily a thin layer of metallic glass on top of a cylindrical base, to study how physical constraint can affect this localized form of deformation and the corresponding macroscopic stress–strain response. Random perturbation points are added to the metallic glass model to facilitate the formation of shear bands. The modeling result suggests that the mechanical behavior of metallic glasses can be significantly influenced by the geometrical confinement. Under nominally uniaxial compressive loading, a lower thickness-to-diameter ratio results in higher plastic flow stresses. Shear bands tend to concentrate in regions away from the interface with the base material. The findings provide a mechanistic rationale for experimental observations based on the micropillar compression test. The deformation pattern in a multilayered metallic glass structure is also examined.
Catheterization of the coronary arteries of intact dog.

Abstract Catheterization of the coronary arteries in the intact animal has been successfully accomplished in 12 animals. “Wedged” pressures have values similar to those observed in the arteriolar end of peripheral capillaries. “Free” pressures in the coronary artery are essentially the same as in the larger arteries. Catheters have remained in these vessels for periods exceeding 3 hours without producing evidence of injury. It is not, however, a procedure without danger. Potential applications of this technique to further understanding of cardiac dynamics have been illustrated by preliminary data from experimental work now in progress.
Iron is not required in the lactoferrin stimulation of thymidine incorporation into the DNA of rat crypt enterocytes.

ABSTRACT: Lactoferrin has been identified as a factor in human colostrum that accounts for increased incorporation of thymidine into the DNA in an in vitro rat crypt enterocyte bioassay. We have examined lacatoferrin-stimulated thymidine incorporation by comparing the effects of ironfree lactoferrin (apolactoferrin) with those of iron-saturated lactoferrin (diferric lactoferrin) under conditions that inhibit the transfer of iron between these iron-binding proteins in the bioassay system. In addition, we have compared the dose-response relationships of diferric lactoferrin and apolactoferrin. The results demonstrated that lactoferrin, independent of iron-binding states, promoted the incorporation of thymidine into the DNA of rat crypt enterocytes. These observations suggest a previously unreported nutritional role for lactoferrin that is independent of its iron-binding capacity.
Exploring the Resurrection Faith With College Students

WHEN one searches for the meaning and validity of the belief that Christ rose from the dead, is the enterprise "exploration into God"? Or is it exploration into futility? A friend of Morton S. Enslin answered that the problems surrounding the resurrection are deep waters in which he had fished for years without getting a nibble.' College students who seriously examine and compare the New Testament accounts2 sometimes become as skeptical concerning the historical foundations of the resurrec-
Postural requirements for limb action as rate-limiting variables in kitten motor development

The authors seeks to establish a case for two points she feels have received little or no attention in basic neuroscience literature pertaining to the development of sensorimotor systems. (1) Developing animals possess the ability to generate coordinated motor actions prior to the ages they are typically observed if posture (and other task-specific) requirements are adequately addressed. (2) Neural maturation of descending neural pathways is necessary but not sufficient to account for processes that determine how and when motor skills emerge during early development. >
Moral Theology with the Saints

The article explores the way that the lives of the saints, and the church's remembrance and veneration of them provide a practical setting for moral reflection, for drawing near to God amid the ordinary, and for living graced and virtuous lives. It reviews recent developments in a theology of sanctity and inquires about the difference that the saints make to moral reasoning. Finally, it considers the life of Venerable Solanus Casey, O.F.M. Cap. as an extended example of the article's thesis.
Behavior of Uranium oxides and oxyfluorides exposed to moisture and 244Cm alpha radiation

Alpha radiolysis studies have been performed on uranium oxides and oxyfluorides (UO3, U3O8, and UO2F2) to evaluate the long-term storage characteristics of 233U. These uranium compounds (using 238U as the surrogate for 233U) were subjected to relatively high alpha radiation doses (235–634 MGy) by doping with 244Cm. The typical irradiation time for these samples was about 1.5 years, which would be equivalent to more than 50 years irradiation by a 233U sample. Both dry and wet (up to 10 wt% water) samples were examined in an effort to identify the gas pressure and composition changes that occurred as a result of radiolysis. This study shows that several competing reactions occur during radiolysis with the net effect of generating only very low pressures of hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide from water, nitrate, and carbon impurities, respectively. In the absence of nitrate impurities, no pressures greater than 1000 Torr are generated. Usually, however, the oxygen in the air atmosphere over the oxides is...