cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Positive Outcome Expectancies and Smoking Behavior: The Role of Expectancy Accessibility

This study examined the association between smoking outcome expectancy accessibility and smoking behavior. Daily smokers completed a smoking expectancy accessibility task in which they made timed judgments to a series of positive consequences of smoking either after 6 hr deprivation or within 10 min of smoking. Participants then completed a questionnaire battery that contained assessments of smoking behavior and smoking outcome expectancies. Results of hierarchical regression analyses showed that expectancy accessibility was associated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day even when controlling for corresponding questionnaire measures of smoking expectancies. Moreover, smoking expectancy accessibility predicted urge to smoke ratings following exposure to a smoking cue after controlling for the effects of deprivation. Findings suggest that smoking expectancy accessibility may play a central role in smoking behavior and that individual differences in this attribute may be assessed directly through reaction time assessment.
Complete coastal mapping with airborne lidar

Eight years of SHOALS (Scanning Hydrographic Operational Airborne Lidar Survey) operations have proven that airborne lidar is an ideal tool for rapidly measuring shallow water depths and nearshore land elevations. SHOALS has produced high-density measurements of the coastal zone, enabling coastal engineers and scientists to quantify volumes of navigation channel shoaling, track movement of sand placed for beach nourishment, aid in coral reef mapping, and provide depths and navigation hazard locations for nautical charting. SHOALS success in producing valuable data for an ever-widening range of coastal applications has culminated in the development of the next-generation of airborne lidar sensors. SHOALS-1000 will be an integrated system including a bathymetric lidar component, a topographic lidar component, and a digital imagery capability. The bathymetric component will operate at a rate of 1,000 Hz, while the topographic component will operate at 10,000 Hz. SHOALS-1000 will collect data exceeding IHO Order 1 requirements and will easily mobilize in most photogrammetric aircraft of opportunity. Current SHOALS data processing schemes are automated for the system based on the expertise gained through eight years of evaluating lidar returns from the SHOALS system.
Pitfalls in CT diagnosis of appendicitis: pictorial essay.

Summary Despite the high diagnostic accuracy of CT for appendicitis, numerous pitfalls exist that may result in a misdiagnosis. This pictorial review outlines the potential pitfalls in the CT diagnosis of appendicitis that includes atypical position of the appendix and coexisting pathologies. Various mimickers of appendicitis and clinical dilemmas will be highlighted. Upon completion, the reviewer should have an improved ability to recognise appendicitis mimickers and identify equivocal or atypical findings.
On the effect of phase transformations on saline ice compliance

To obtain a better understanding of the compliance of saline ice, we developed a simple conceptual model of a process that presumably takes place in saline ice. Using elastic models, we assessed the role that phase transformations might play when brine is sealed into small cells during crystal growth. Cooling of a sealed brine cell, leading to the precipitation of ice, provides a mechanism for the accumulation of “large” localized stresses. Based on our analysis, this mechanism has the potential to be a significant source for the nucleation of dislocations, and can conceivably make a significant contribution to the greater compliance (softness) of saline ice relative to non-saline ice. The results of this model are consistent with the observation that laboratory-grown saline crystals sometimes display extensive differences in mechanical behavior that appear to be due to variations in the growth and storage conditions experienced by the crystals.
Regulatory management: Government as a regulated industry

This article looks at the various forms of regulatory management that the US Office of Management and Budget uses to sontrol the national regulatory agenda. Tracing the evaluation of the strong central the national regulatory manangement role, the author looks at the key executive orders on regulatory review and planning and the requirements for a unified regulatory agenda and paperwork control. These four management areas -- review, planning, agenda publication, and paperwork oversight -- put federal agencies in OMB’s oversight web. More accustomed to bring the regulators, the agencies are now a regulated “Industry” themselves.
Why and How to Fill an Unfilled Proposition

There are two major semantic theories of proper names: Semantic Descriptivism and Direct Reference. According to Semantic Descriptivism, the semantic content of a proper name N for a speaker S is identical to the semantic content of a definite description “the F” that the speaker associates with the name. According to Direct Reference, the semantic content of a proper name is identical to its referent. Semantic Descriptivism suffers from a number of drawbacks first pointed out by Donnellan (1970) and Kripke (1972). Direct Reference faces difficulties of its own, most importantly the problem of empty names. The most promising Directly Referential solution to this problem is the Unfilled Proposition view, according to which utterances of sentences containing empty names semantically express unfilled propositions. But this view faces the problem of accounting for the intuition that negative existentials involving empty names are true. The most promising way of dealing with this problem within Unfilled Proposition theory is to suppose (i) that utterances of sentences may be used to pragmatically convey propositions they do not semantically express, and (ii) that the proposition pragmatically conveyed by a speaker S's utterance of a sentence containing an empty name N (where “the F” is a definite description S associates with N) is identical to the proposition semantically expressed by an utterance of the sentence obtained by replacing N with “the F”. Call this view “Pragmatic Descriptivism”. With respect to the problem of negative existentials, Pragmatic Descriptivists can insist that, although an utterance of “Santa does not exist” is literally neither true nor false, our taking it to be true may be explained as the result of our having confused the unfilled proposition it semantically expresses with the clearly true descriptive proposition it pragmatically conveys. Despite its theoretical virtues, Pragmatic Descriptivism has recently come under fire. Everett (2003), in particular, has advanced four different lines of criticism, to which Adams and Dietrich (2004) have responded in some detail. In this article, I have two main aims. The first is to argue that Adams and Dietrich's replies to Everett's criticisms (with one exception) are ineffective. I conclude that there is no acceptable strategy for solving the problem of empty names within Direct Reference theory. The second is to argue that there is a promising alternative to Semantic Descriptivism and Direct Reference that requires us to fill unfilled propositions with names, thereby solving the problem of empty names.
Function of MglA, a 22-kilodalton protein essential for gliding in Myxococcus xanthus.

Abstract Single mutations in the mglA gene in Myxococcus xanthus render cells incapable of gliding. The mglA strains are unique in that all other nonmotile strains of M. xanthus isolated are the result of at least two independent mutations in separate motility system genes. Translational fusions of trpE, or of lacZ, to mglA were constructed, and the resulting fusion polypeptides were used to generate antibodies. Antibodies specific to MglA protein were purified. Antibody-tagged MglA was found localized to the cytoplasm of M. xanthus cells both by fractionation of cell extracts and by electron microscopy of thin sections of whole cells. Four of the five mglA missense mutants tested failed to produce detectable levels of the MglA antigen in whole cell extracts. Nonmotile double mutants (A-S-), which have one mutation in a gene of system A and one mutation in a gene of system S, have the same phenotype as null mglA mutants but produce wild-type levels of MglA protein. MglA protein is conserved in all strains of myxobacteria tested. The amino acid sequence of MglA protein includes three sequence motifs characteristic of GDP/GTP-binding proteins. On the basis of its genetic properties, intracellular location, and amino acid sequence, it is argued that MglA protein is a regulator in the sequence of functions leading to cell movement.
Annexin V staining during reperfusion detects cardiomyocytes with unique properties

With the use of markers of sarcolemmal membrane permeability, cardiomyocyte models of ischemic injury have primarily addressed necrotic death during ischemia. In the present study, we used annexin ...
Configuration for a multichannel Fabry-Pérot spectroheliograph

Abstract A simple confifuration is suggested for a multichannel Fabry—Perot Spectroheliograph.
Spanish and English Proficiency in the Linguistic Encoding of Mental States in Narrative Retellings

Abstract The present study investigated whether differences existed among 28 sequential bilingual children, ages 9–11 years, with varied English proficiency, in their clausal and nonclausal choices for encoding subjective concepts in narratives in both Spanish and English. The subjective categories examined were perceptual action, psychological action, and private state reports. Despite a significant difference in age between the two proficiency groups, results present evidence for similar patterns of ability and variability in the syntactic encoding of subjective categories. Both proficiency groups expressed private state reports most frequently across languages; however, English language use might have influenced the proportion of subjectivity category use. Furthermore, differences between proficiency groups were not found for a measure of clausal complexity, but differences in clause type usage and aspects of nonclausal complexity were attributed to the language of retelling. Patterns of performance reinforce the importance of assessing children in both Spanish and English.
RFID-based Tag-Along Displays for Incident Command System Workflow Management

In the extreme environment of the Emergency Operations Center, an important role of technology is to support the natural activities of users. Biological-related emergency incidents make special demands on users' ability to process displayed information, including information about what tasks must be done to comply with procedural workflows. Observations of Emergency Operations Centers suggest that migratory displays that tag along with moving workers may fit the task demands better than static workstations in some situations. We describe an example system, called EVEST, which uses RFID technology to drive migratory displays that provide workflow, alert and situational awareness information that is specific to the user and the user's work role. The goal of the EVEST system is to increase the efficiency of computer-human communications by utilizing the same procedures and cues that are already used for efficient human-human communication.
Community Centered Organizational Leadership: Challenges for Practice:

Food for the Hungry/Kenya (FH/K), a nongovernmental development organization, has been working to establish a leaderful organizational culture characterized by shared leadership roles and responsibilities, a strong organizational identity centered in a shared vision, and a healthy sense of community. Key to their success has been the efforts of a director who expertly practices transformational and servant leadership. This paper describes the organizational characteristics and conditions that have facilitated shared leadership and community-building in FH/K, and discusses the organizational challenges that need to be met for this approach to be sustained.
The costs of a Medicare prescription drug benefit.

ABSTRACT: This paper describes a preliminary cost estimate, prepared by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), of President Clinton's 1999 prescription drug benefit proposal. The CBO estimated that the new benefit would increase net Medicare outlays by $136 billion between 2002 and 2009, although these estimates are highly uncertain. Because the proposal included an annual cap on the amount of the benefit, it did not require consideration of an important effect of a more comprehensive benefit: higher prices for some drugs. Estimates of future proposals for a Medicare prescription drug benefit may require consideration of that pricing effect.
Unsupervised Word Segmentation for Sesotho Using Adaptor Grammars

This paper describes a variety of non-parametric Bayesian models of word segmentation based on Adaptor Grammars that model different aspects of the input and incorporate different kinds of prior knowledge, and applies them to the Bantu language Sesotho. While we find overall word segmentation accuracies lower than these models achieve on English, we also find some interesting differences in which factors contribute to better word segmentation. Specifically, we found little improvement to word segmentation accuracy when we modeled contextual dependencies, while modeling morphological structure did improve segmentation accuracy.
On models for business failure data

It is pointed out in this paper that Lomax's hyperbolic function is a special case of both Compound Gamma and Compound Weibull distributions, and both of these distributions provide better models for Lomax's business failure data than his hyperbolic and exponential functions. Since his exponential function fails to yield a valid distribution function, a necessary condition is established to remedy this drawback. In the light of this result, his exponential function is modified in several ways. It is further shown that a natural complement of Lomax's exponential function does not suffer from this drawback.
E-Cigarette or Drug-Delivery Device? Regulating Novel Nicotine Products

The FDA intends to regulate e-cigarettes as tobacco products, since the courts blocked it from treating them as drug-delivery devices. Until the FDA asserts its new authority over tobacco, concentrated nicotine products may be sold to consumers, raising safety concerns.
Femtochemistry of the reaction: IHgI*→[IHg…I]‡*→HgI+I

Femtochemistry of the reaction IHgI^*→[IHg…I]^(‡*)→HgI+I is reported. We observe femtosecond decays with an oscillatory modulation. These observations are related to the reaction trajectories on the global PES, which involve a symmetric stretch, an antisymmetric stretch and a bend.
Finding a Way out of a Corner: Reply to Comments on “Climate Science in a Postmodern World”

[1] It was never my intention to claim that postmodernism wasthe explanation for the climate change debate. Rather, I was trying to provide a somewhat different perspective on this controversial topic in hopes of broadening the discussion and lowering the volume. I am well aware of the scenario that Hapke lays out; in fact, one could describe similar scenarios for other issues where science intersects with public policy and where people hold strong opinions, such as evolution and creationism, the development of new energy resources, and the safety of genetically modified organisms. The key statement in Hapke's comment is that “similar messages are being heard daily by millions of people, and…[apparently] many believe them.” What we as scientists have not done but need to do is gain a better understanding of why so many people believe these messages. Only then will we be able to figure out an effective response to them. My observation about the pervasiveness of postmodernism in modern society was meant to be a small contribution toward gaining that understanding.
GPO micropublishing: An historical review and critical analysis

Abstract Government documents constitute a substantial segment of the receipts of most depository libraries. The volume of documents and their varying formats are therefore a concern to library administrators, technical and public service librarians, as well as documents librarians. The Government Printing Office's recent microfiche distribution program results in part from an attempt to implement the Depository Library Act of 1962 and in part from GPO's interest in containing its costs. The authors discuss the ambiguities in the law, a present cause of confusion and self-contradiction. An extended historical discussion provides a perspective for the reader. Following that, there is a review of the specific events leading up to the present microfiche program, and an examination of the ramifications GPO's pre- and post-microfiche activities have had and will have on library acquisition and servicing procedures. The authors maintain that the law itself needs rewriting, but primarily focus on specific concerns for implementation of the present program because the larger matter of legislation cannot properly be addressed here.
Effect of root injury on the invasion of peach roots by isolates of Clitocybe tabescens.

Injured and uninjured roots of peach trees in the field were inoculated with several isolates ofClitocybe tabescens. After 2 years, most of the isolates had infected the injured roots, whereas only a few isolates infected the uninjured roots. The fungus usually was more extensively distributed in the injured roots.
Spatially resolved organic analysis of the allende meteorite

The distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in the Allende meteorite has been probed with two-step laser desorption/laser multiphoton ionization mass spectrometry. This method allows direct in situ analysis with a spatial resolution of 1 square millimeter or better of selected organic molecules. Spectra from freshly fractured interior surfaces of the meteorite show that PAH concentrations are locally high compared to the average concentrations found by wet chemical analysis of pulverized samples. The data suggest that the PAHs are primarily associated with the fine-grained matrix, where the organic polymer occurs. In addition, highly substituted PAH skeletons were observed. Interiors of individual chondrules were devoid of PAHs at our detection limit(about 0.05 parts per million).
Finger-writing with Smartwatch: A Case for Finger and Hand Gesture Recognition using Smartwatch

Smartwatch is becoming one of the most popular wearable device with many major smartphone manufacturers such as Samsung and Apple releasing their smartwatches recently. Apart from the fitness applications, the smartwatch provides a rich user interface that has enabled many applications like instant messaging and email. Since the smartwatch is worn on the wrist, it introduces a unique opportunity to understand user's arm, hand and possibly finger movements using its accelerometer and gyroscope sensors. Although user's arm and hand gestures are likely to be identified with ease using the smartwatch sensors, it is not clear how much of user's finger gestures can be recognized. In this paper, we show that motion energy measured at the smartwatch is sufficient to uniquely identify user's hand and finger gestures. We identify essential features of accelerometer and gyroscope data that reflect the movements of tendons (passing through the wrist) when performing a finger or a hand gesture. With these features, we build a classifier that can uniquely identify 37 (13 finger, 14 hand and 10 arm) gestures with an accuracy of 98\%. We further extend our gesture recognition to identify the characters written by the user with her index finger on a surface, and show that such finger-writing can also be accurately recognized with nearly 95% accuracy. Our presented results will enable many novel applications like remote control and finger-writing-based input to devices using smartwatch.
Charting histone modifications and the functional organization of mammalian genomes

A succession of technological advances over the past decade have enabled researchers to chart maps of histone modifications and related chromatin structures with increasing accuracy, comprehensiveness and throughput. The resulting data sets highlight the interplay between chromatin and genome function, dynamic variations in chromatin structure across cellular conditions, and emerging roles for large-scale domains and higher-ordered chromatin organization. Here we review a selection of recent studies that have probed histone modifications and successive layers of chromatin structure in mammalian genomes, the patterns that have been identified and future directions for research.
Benchmarking the perioperative process: What have we learned?

Summary Initial efforts to benchmark the perioperative process were hampered by a lack of universal definitions for procedural times. This obstacle was overcome by publication of the Procedural Times Glossary by the AACD. Using this glossary, several benchmarking studies have disclosed that rapid and slow procedural times exist in all types of institutions. The parts of OR processes that are controlled solely by anesthesiologists contribute only a small portion to overall OR times. However, joint efforts by anesthesiologists, surgeons, and OR nurses can lead to dramatic reductions in procedural times. In particular, repetition of similar procedures that are performed by the same set of anesthesiologists, OR nurses, and surgeons can lead to very short nonsurgical times. However, addressing the nonsurgical times alone will not improve overall OR performance unless a concomitant reduction in surgical times also occurs.
Purification and Characterization of a Lectin from the Seeds of Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus)

A lectin (ACL) was purified from the seeds of Amaranthus cruentus using affinity chromatography on fetuin-agarose. Apparent homogeneity of the lectin was demonstrated by SDS-PAGE, chromatography on Sephadex G100 and immunoprecipitation. The lectin was a dimer with an estimated molecular weight of 66,000 and a subunit molecular weight of 35,000. ACL-mediated agglutination was inhibited by D-GalNAc and fetuin. Thirty other carbohydrates were non-hibitory. ACL contained 2.2% neutral carbohydrate and relatively high levels of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine and glycine. The purified lectin was relatively heat labile retaining approximately 10% of its original activity (titer) after 5 min at 70°C and after just 1 min at 100°C.
Association between self-reported physical activity and vascular reactivity in postmenopausal women

Abstract Short-term exercise training has been associated with improved endothelial-dependent vasodilation, but the impact of long-term habitual physical activity on vascular reactivity is not established. We studied the correlation between self-reported, habitual physical activity and vasoreactivity in non-smoking, non-diabetic, postmenopausal women ( n =34, mean age 65.6±7.4 years). Vasoreactivity was evaluated by the percentage and absolute change in brachial artery diameter in response to reactive hyperemia induced by occlusion-release, and in response to cold pressor testing (CPT). Habitual physical activity was assessed by a standardized questionnaire based on participant recall. Our results indicate that 64.7% of the women were exercising-to-sweat ≥1×/week, 4.8 flights of stairs were climbed/day, 5.0 city blocks were walked/day and 29.4% participated in moderately physically demanding daily activity. There was a significant association between the number of city blocks walked daily and exercising-to-sweat ≥1×/week with brachial artery percentage and absolute change to CPT ( P P P =n.s.), but this did not reach statistical significance. Stepwise, multivariate analysis adjusting for body mass index and HDL-cholesterol eliminated the association between physical activity and brachial reactivity in response to CPT, suggesting that physical activity may affect vasoreactivity via these mechanisms. This study suggests that moderate levels of self-reported physical activity are associated with a greater brachial reactivity in response to CPT and supports the recommendation that moderate intensity physical activity may be cardioprotective in postmenopausal women.
DISTORTION COORDINATE FOR FIVE-COORDINATED TIN. A MODEL FOR NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION. SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE OF HYPERVALENT ANIONIC (CYANOETHYLENEDITHIOLATO)STANNATES

Abstract Reactions of Ph3SnCl and RSnCl3 (R = Me, n-Bu) with R4 N+Cl− and disodium maleonitriledithiolate, Na2(mnt), yield the monostannole [((CN)2C2S2)SnPh3][Me4N] (1) and the new distannoles [((CN)2C2S2)2,SnR][Et4N] [R = Me (2), n-Bu (3)]. X-ray analysis reveals the geometries of 1 as trigonal bipyramidal and 2 and 3 as square pyramidal. The tristannole [((CN)2C2S2)3Sn][Et4N][Na] (4) results from Sn-C bond cleavage of PhSnCl3 in a hydrolysis reaction with Na2(mnt) and Et4N+ Cl−. The geometrical data on organotin complexes containing ring unsaturation, 1-3, and related anionic five-coordinated tin compounds show that the distortion coordinate expressing solid-state nonrigidity is the Berry pseudorotational coordinate. As a result of this work, one is able for the first time to compare structural principles for five-coordinated compounds established for other main-group 14 and 15 elements. Their significance in reaction mechanisms is discussed. Stannole 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group Cc with...
Petroleum availability in disrupted markets

Abstract Econometric and linear programming models have been used to evaluate petroleum availability during scenarios representing severe disruptions of crude oil from the Persian Gulf region. The associated effects of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, International Energy Agency sharing agreements, increased fuel demand required to mobilize US military forces, and other important issues are considered. Results for the different scenarios in 1990 are presented for world crude oil demand, crude oil supplies to the USA and US output of refined product categories.
Sevoflurane anesthesia decreases cardiac vagal activity and heart rate variability

We evaluated cardiac vagal activity during sevoflurane anesthesia in neurosurgical patients. Heart rate variability was determined by power spectral analysis and entropy with the patient awake and during sevoflurane anesthesia. High frequency power (0.15–0.50 Hz) and heart rate entropy decreased during sevoflurane and these effects were significantly correlated (r = 0.71 ± 0.12, P < 0.05). The results confirm that cardiac vagal activity was the primary determinant of heart rate variability, which was attenuated by sevoflurane.
Shape-selective isopropylation of naphthalene. Reactivity of 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene on dealuminated mordenites

Shape-selective isopropylation of naphthalene over a hydrogen-mordenite (HM) catalyst is an effective route for the production of 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene (2,6-DIPN). Our previous work on naphthalene isopropylation has shown that 2,6-DIPN selectivity is substantially increased by HM dealumination. An assessment of 2,6-DIPN reactivity on the catalyst would be useful in understanding factors that control product selectivity. We measured 2,6-DIPN reactivity on three HM catalysts (SiO2/AI2O3 ratio 14, 38 and 74), under propylene pressure, in batch reactor tests at 200°C. The propylene pressure was varied to give propylene to 2,6-DIPN mole ratios of 4.0, 1.0 and 0.5. On HM14 and HM38 catalysts, 2,6-DIPN conversions were 12–27%, mostly to higher alkylates. Some isomerization of 2,6-DIPN occurred at the lowest propylene pressure, but was suppressed by increasing the propylene pressure. 2,6-DIPN is nearly unreactive on dealuminated mordenite (HM74). These results reveal that the high selectivity toward 2,6-DIPN in the isopropylation of naphthalene is partly attributable to the low reactivity of 2,6-DIPN on dealuminated mordenites.
Effects of diflubenzuron and penfluron on viability of house fly eggs.

14C-labeled diflubenzuron or penfluron injected into female Musca domestica L. was deposited without degradation in the flies’ eggs; as a result, hatch and F1 emergence were reduced. Eggs containing 10 pg/egg of either compound hatched normally but eggs containing ca. 680 pg/egg of diflubenzuron or 370 pg/egg of penfluron did not hatch. At equal doses, more penfluron than diflubenzuron was deposited in eggs, but the residues of both compounds increased with the dose and decreased in successive egg batches. The practical usefulness of this type of reproduction inhibitor apparently depends not only on its intrinsic activity but also on its metabolic and excretion charactetics.
Sixty second-look procedures indicated primarily by rise in serial carcinoembryonic antigen.

Abstract Recurrent tumor was present at second-look operations in 56 of 60 patients (93.3%) reoperated upon during the past 7 years solely because serial carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) values rose. Recurrent tumor was later identified in three of the remaining four patients; the fourth had severe liver disease and was undergoing hepatotoxic chemotherapy. Twenty-two patients were evaluated retrospectively; 38 patients entered in a protocol are termed prospective patients (60.5%). Delay between rise in CEA and reoperation in retrospective patients with unresectable tumor was 7 months, in contrast to 3.5 months in those with resectable tumor; while delay in prospective patients with unresectable tumor was 4.5 months and in those with resectable tumor only 1.5 months. Groups were similar according to Dukes' classification: B-7, C-14, D-1 (retrospective); B-10, C-26, D-2 (prospective). Serial CEA determinations every 6 weeks for the first 24 months detected recurrent tumor in 93.3% of patients. Incidence of resectable tumors increased when delay between rise in CEA and reoperation was shortened. Twenty-one patients (35%) remain disease-free, the longest time more than 7 years. One additional negative second-look patient is apparently free of tumor. No operative death has occurred, and major operative morbidity remains low (
Eutrophication stresses U.S. estuaries

A 31 July NOAA report on estuarine eutrophication, or nutrient pollution, indicates moderate to high level nutrient-related impacts in 64 of 99 U.S. estuaries that had adequate data for evaluation. Lead author Suzanne Bricker of NOAA's Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment said that most problems in the estuaries are related to human activities. The report, completed in partnership with the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, calls for improved management, monitoring, research, and communication efforts. The report, “Effects of Nutrient Enrichment in the Nation's Estuaries,” is available at the Web site: http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/publications/eutroupdate/
Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies of Iniferter Photopolymerizations

An investigation of the rate behavior of bulk photopolymerizations of methacrylates initiated by p-xylylenebis(N,N-diethyl dithiocarbamate) (XDT) is presented. Kinetic studies of photopolymerizations of monomethacrylates and dimethacrylates were performed by differential scanning calorimetry. A comparison of the polymerization rate behavior between the iniferter polymerizations and the conventional radical polymerizations is presented to propose a mechanism for the kinetics of the iniferter polymerization. The iniferter polymerization mechanism involves two termination pathways: (1) carbon−carbon radical combination and (2) carbon−dithiocarbamyl (DTC) radical termination. At lower conversions, when the viscosity of the polymerizing system is lower and thus diffusional resistance to termination is low, path 1 is the significant termination mechanism. As the viscosity increases with further conversion, path 2 begins to dominate termination. Therefore, the characteristic autoacceleration effect observed in ...
prp4 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a mutant deficient in pre-mRNA splicing isolated using genes containing artificial introns

We have generated a bank of temperature-sensitive (ts) Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutant strains. About 150 of these mutants were transformed with a ura4 gene containing an artificial intron. We screened these ts mutants for mutants deficient in splicing of the ura4 intron. With this approach three mutants were isolated which have a general defect in the splicing process. Two of these mutants fall into the prp1 complementation group and one defines a new complementation group, prp4.
Tests of the extended R-matrix theory of nuclear reactions☆

Abstract The extended R-matrix theory of nuclear reactions is a generalization of the R-matrix formalism that makes it possible to calculate the collision matrix from the compound nucleus eignestates provided by any nuclear structure calculation. In addition, optical potentials for each channel may be used to represent the nonresonant part of the collision matrix. To test the extended R-matrix formalism (ERF) it was applied to simple, soluble, two channel, S-wave scattering models. The ERF was found to be superior to the standard R-matrix formalism (SRF). Like the SRF, the ERF results are very sensitive to the choice of the channel radius parameters. In addition the ERF is plagued by the formalism (XF) completely eliminates the dependence on the matching radius. The XF is found to give fairly good results in our model calculations and reduces the false resonance difficulty. However, the XF has the drawback of being sensitive to a set of boundary condition parameters whose values will be somewhat ambiguous in practical calculations. This shortcoming is eliminated in the modified X-matrix formalism (MXF) which is found to give excellent results for our two channel model and shows no false resonances. We conclude that the MXF is the version of choice among the various versions of the ERF.
Characterization of a dCTP Transport Activity Reconstituted from Human Mitochondria

A protein fraction of mitochondria from human acute lymphocytic leukemia cells, which could be reconstituted into proteoliposomes to have dCTP transport activity, has been partially purified by hydroxyapatite and blue Sepharose chromatography. The dCTP transport activity in proteoliposomes was time-dependent and could be activated by Ca2+ and to a lesser extent by Mg2+. None of the other divalent cations tested could activate the transport activity. The Km value of dCTP in the presence of Ca2+ was shown to be 3 microM. dCDP but not dCMP or dCyd could inhibit the transport activity. Other deoxynucleoside triphosphates could also inhibit the uptake of dCTP with the potency dGTP = dATP > TTP. Although ATP could competitively inhibit dCTP uptake with a Ki value of 8 microM, the reconstituted dCTP uptake activity was not sensitive to the ATP/ADP carrier inhibitor atractyloside or the sulfhydryl reagent N-ethylmaleimide. This suggests that the dCTP transport system studied is not the same as the ATP/ADP carrier. In conclusion, these studies describe the first functionally reconstituted mitochondrial carrier that displays an efficient transport activity for dCTP.
Drinking by Black and White Women: Results from a National Survey

This paper explores whether differences in rates of abstaining and heavier drinking in black and white women can be attributed primarily to differences in socio-economic or marital status. Data for the analysis are based on personal interviews with national probability samples of 1,224 black and 1,034 white women in the United States. The descriptive findings show that blacks are more likely to be abstainers and less likely to be heavier drinkers than whites and that there are major black-white differences in abstention and heavier drinking according to age, marital status, and employment status. A log-linear analysis indicates that race, independent of other social factors, is the strongest predictor of being a drinker versus an abstainer and of being a heavier drinker. Among whites, being single, employed, and of high income status are significant determinants of drinking versus abstaining; age (youthfulness) is the only variable needed to account for heavier drinking. In the black female sample, youthfulness, employment, and the interaction of employment and income predict drinking; while the interaction between marital status, age, and employment status is necessary to explain heavier drinking. The differences in black-white causal models illustrate the need to adopt a bi-cultural perspective to understand black women's drinking behavior.
Respiratory Patterns Associated with Hemoglobin Desaturation During Sleep in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Respiration during sleep was monitored in ten patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and related to measures of hemoglobin saturation and intrathoracic pressure (ITP) or abdominal wall movement. Seven of the ten patients showed episodic hemoglobin desaturation of at least 5 percent during sleep. Two distinct patient groups could be distinguished on the basis of ITP measurements and breathing patterns. Desaturation was associated with reduced negative ITP or respiratory movement in three patients and with increased negative ITP or respiratory movement in four patients. These data suggest that desaturation may result from at least two distinct mechanisms, involving reduced respiratory effort in one group and increased upper airway occlusion in the other. Desaturation associated with reduced respiratory effort was primarily REM-sleep related and consisted of a few sustained episodes. Desaturation episodes associated with upper airway occlusion occurred in all stages of sleep and were very frequent and of short duration.
Load balancing in IP networks using generalized destination-based multipath routing

Intradomain traffic engineering (TE) has become an indispensable tool for Internet service providers (ISPs) to optimize network performance and utilize network resources efficiently. Various explicit routing TE methods were recently proposed and have been able to achieve high network performance. However, explicit routing has high complexity and requires large ternary content addressable memories (TCAMs) in the routers. Moreover, it is costly to deploy explicit routing in IP networks. In this paper, we present an approach, called generalized destination-based multipath routing (GDMR), to achieve the same high performance as explicit routing. The main contribution of this paper is that we prove that an arbitrary explicit routing can be converted to a loop-free destination-based routing without any performance penalty for a given traffic matrix. We present a systematic approach including a heuristic algorithm to realize GDMR. Extensive evaluation demonstrates the effectiveness and robustness of GDMR.
Atomic Force Microscopy Study of β-Substituted-T7 Oligothiophene Films on Mica: Mechanical Properties and Humidity-Dependent Phases

The structural and mechanical properties of Langmuir-Blodgett monolayer and multilayer films of 3",4""-didecyl-5,2'; 5',2"; 5",2'''; 5''',2""; 5"",2'''''; 5''''',2"""-heptathiophene-4'''-acetic acid on mica have been studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) as a function of humidity, temperature, and applied force. The molecules orient with the carboxylic acid group pointing toward the mica surface and expose the alkyl side chains to the air interface. As the load applied by the AFM tip increases, the film is compressed easily from an initial height of 2 to 1.2 nm. After compression the films can support much higher loads without loss of height. The state of aggregation of the molecules was found to be sensitive to the environmental humidity, which induced reversible changes. Annealing the samples with monolayer or multilayer films resulted in irreversible changes when the temperature exceeded approximately 100 degrees C.
The integrated effects of angiotensin II.

In recent years, a prodigious amount of information has been gathered regarding the relationship between vascular biology and the mechanisms underlying cardiovascular disease. Activation of elements of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) appear to play an important role in the development and progression of conditions such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, and heart failure. Indeed, converging lines of evidence indicate that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) regulates a delicate balance among a multitude of factors responsible for vascular tone, cellular growth promotion and inhibition, and pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. Because angiotensin II inhibits fibronectin, stimulates expression of plasminogen activator inhibitors, and degrades bradykinin, thereby impairing production of nitric oxide, ACE and the RAS are also involved in thrombosis and fibrinolysis. The favorable effects of ACE inhibition on endothelial function and, potentially, on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are believed to result not only from angiotensin II suppression but also its consequent bradykinin preservation and nitric oxide production.
An algebraic RNG-based turbulence model for three-dimensional turbomachinery flows

An algebraic eddy viscosity turbulence model based on Renormalization Group (RNG) theory for complex three-dimensional turbomachinery flows is presented. Modifications are made to the baseline RNG model for wakes and separated flows. The model has several advantages over popular algebraic models most notably its lack of empirically determined coefficients. The model is used to compute the mean flow in a low speed axial compressor rotor. The agreement with blade boundary layer and radial flow experimental data is very good and shows improvement over the Baldwin-Lomax model. The development of the tip leakage vortex is also well predicted. The computed wake decay also compares favorably with recent experimental data.
The external validity of MMPI-2 research conducted using college samples disproportionately represented by psychology majors

Psychology researchers have relied extensively on undergraduate college participants in their study of human behavior. Concern has been raised about the disproportionate representation of psychology majors among participants included in samples drawn from psychology department subject pools. In particular, MMPI researchers have relied extensively on college samples without reference to participant major. The present study compared the MMPI-2 profiles of 72 psychology majors with 425 college students specializing in other areas (e.g., social work, nursing, occupational therapy, physical therapy, criminal justice, communication disorders, biology, natural science, chemistry, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, mathematics, and others). Psychology majors did not differ from comparison students on any of the MMPI-2 validity or clinical scales. Significant gender by college major interaction effects were not found. These profile symmetries provided assurance that efforts to control potential college major effects in published MMPI-2 research are unwarranted.
Antithrombotics in atrial fibrillation and coronary disease

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia and approximately 18-45% of AF patients have concomitant coronary artery disease (CAD). Several studies have demonstrated that oral anticoagulation is the mainstay of therapy for stroke prevention in AF. Similarly, antiplatelet therapy including aspirin and P2Y12 inhibitor is recommended in the management of acute coronary syndrome and stable CAD. Despite the high prevalence of CAD with AF, practice guidelines are scarce on the appropriate antithrombotic regimen due to lack of large-scale randomized clinical trials. The use of direct thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors for stroke prevention in AF has also complicated the possible combinations of antithrombotic therapies. This review aims to discuss the available evidence regarding aspirin as an antithrombotic strategy, the role of novel anticoagulants and the specific clinical situations where aspirin may be beneficial in patients with AF and CAD.
Parallel algorithms for planar dominance counting

Abstract Given n points in the plane the planar dominance counting problem is to determine for each point the number of points dominated by it. Point p is said to dominate point q if x(q)x(p) and y(q)y(p), when x(p) and y(p) are the x− and y-coordinate of p, respectively. We present two CREW PRAM parallel algorithms for the problem, one running in O(log n loglog n) time and and the other in O(lognloglogn/logloglogn) time both using O(n) processors. Some applicationsare also given.
A prospective study of plasma fish oil levels and incidence of myocardial infarction in U.S. male physicians

Objectives. This study evaluated whether increased intake of fish oils (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids) might reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. Background.Observational and clinical studies have suggested that increased intake of fish oils, as reflected in plasma levels of fish oils, may reduce the risk of myocardial infarction. Methods.A nested case-control study was conducted among the 14,916 participants in the Physicians' Health Study with a sample of plasma before randomization. Each participant with myocardial infarction occurring during the first 5 years of follow-up was matched by smoking status and age with a randomly chosen control participant who had not developed coronary heart disease. Results.Mean levels of fish oils (with 95% confidence interval [CI] for paired differences and p values) in case and control participants, expressed as present of total fatty acids, were, for eicosapentaenoic acid, 0.26 versus 0.25 (95% CI - 0.03 to 0.05, p = 0.70) in cholesterol esters and 0.56 versus 0.54 (95% CI -0.04 to 0.09, p = 0.44) in phospholipids, and for docosahexaenoic acid, 0.23 versus 0.24 (95% CI -0.07 to 0.04, p = 0.64) in cholesterol esters and 2.22 versus 2.14 (95% CI -0.10 to 0.27, p = 0.36) in phospholipids. Results adjusted for major cardiovascular risk factors showed a very similar lack of association between fish oil levels and the incidence of myocardial infarction. Conclusions.These results indicate no beneficial effect of increased fish oil consumption on the incidence of a first myocardial infarction. However, the effect of very high levels of fish oils could not be evaluated.
Estimation of bioaerosol risk of infection to residents adjacent to a land applied biosolids site using an empirically derived transport model.

ABSTRACT J.P. BROOKS, B.D. TANNER, C.P. GERBA, C.N. HAAS AND I.L. PEPPER. 2004. Aim: The purpose of this study was to develop an empirically derived transport model, which could be used topredict downwind concentrations of viruses and bacteria during land application of liquid biosolids andsubsequently assess microbial risk associated with this practice.Methods and Results: To develop the model, coliphage MS-2 and Escherichia coli were aerosolized after additionto water within a biosolids spray application truck, and bioaerosols were collected at discrete downwind distancesranging from 2 to 70 m. Although coliphage were routinely detected, E. coli did not frequently surviveaerosolization. Data on aerosolized coliphage was then used to generate a virus transport model. Risks of infectionwere calculated for various ranges of human virus concentrations that could be found in biosolids.Conclusions: A conservative estimate at 30AE5 m (assumed to be nearest adjacent residences) downwind, resulted inrisks of infection of 1 : 100 000, to the more realistic 1 : 10 000 000 per exposure. Conservative annual risks werecalculated to be no more than 7 : 100 000 where as a more realistic risk was no greater than 7 : 10 000 000. Overall,the viral risk to residences adjacent to land application sites appears to be low, both for one time and annualprobabilities of infection.Signiﬁcance and Impact of the Study: This study demonstrated a simple approach towards modelling viralpathogens aerosolized from land applied liquid biosolids, and offers insight into the associated viral risk.Keywords: aerosol, biosolids, coliphage, pathogen, risk, sludge.