cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drugs and Trials: Lessons From Plato

t l t e An article appears in the medical literature reporting a previously unrecognized side effect of a drug. It may be the unexpected appearance of a rare complication such as osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients who are treated with bisphosphonates. On other occasions, it is an increased frequency of a well-recognized adverse event such as hyperkalemia in conjunction with the use of aldosterone antagonists. Usually, the assessment of risk occurs in medical journals. The new information is incorporated into practice and clinicians adjust their prescription of the drug based on their interpretation of the needs of each patient. However, more often than we care to admit, reports of an adverse event are accompanied by evidence of misconduct either by physicians prescribing the drug or the pharmaceutical company that manufactures the drug. Suddenly, the affair is prominently featured on the front pages of The New York Times and plays out in the public arena. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) weighs in, “black box” warnings are published, drug use is severely restricted or banned, legal proceedings are started, and sanctions are imposed. Finally, the dust settles and physicians who are prescribing the drug appropriately in clinical practice or in research trials look up and find that they can no longer prescribe an agent that they judge to be useful for their patients. Rosiglitazone is a prominent example of a recent drug in which this sorry tale unfolded in the lay media and medical press. It followed shortly after the rofecoxib fiasco that came to light in 2004. I have been involved with clinical trials of rosiglitazone as the principal investigator of an ongoing randomized clinical trial in patients with resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) that was getting underway at about the same time as the publication of a meta-analysis of the safety outcomes of trials of rosiglitazone in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Novel Therapies for Resistant FSGS Trial (FONT) (DK70341; NCT00193648) is designed to test antifibrotic therapies that may attenuate the progressive decline in renal function in patients with FSGS
A regularity condition at the boundary for solutions of quasilinear elliptic equations

In this paper we are concerned with the behavior at the boundary of weak solutions of the Dirichlet problem for quasilinear elliptic equations of second order in an open set O ~ IR". The main result is that a bounded weak solution is continuous at a boundary point of f2 provided that the complement of f2 in a neighborhood of this point is sufficiently " thick" when measured by an appropriate capacity. In the case of Laplace's equation this condition reduces to that considered by WIENER [W1], [W2"]. The equations considered are of the general divergence structure type
A “Know It All” with a “Pet Peeve” Meets “Underdogs” Who “Let Her Have It” Producing Low-Waged Women Workers in a Welfare-to-Work Training Program

While welfare-to-workprograms are put in place and organized by state structures, they occur locally. The program practices designed to ready women receiving welfare benefits for employment are largely negotiated between trainers and trainees meeting together at program sites. In this article, the author draws from the ethnographic data she collected as a participant-observer in a nursing assistant welfare-to-worktraining program and focuses on the informal use of formal class time that the nurse trainer established to address trainee workobstacles. The author’s analysis shows linkages between the trainers and the trainees in terms of their social locations, the problems of workthey faced, and the methods of negotiation they used to meet and resist program goals. The ethnographic data reveal how the trainer and trainees process administrative and subjugated logics, particularly so that “mothering” and “sistering” are used to screen poor women in and out of employment and prepare them for low-waged jobs in...
pH-dependent Intraluminal Organization of Mucin Granules in Live Human Mucous/Goblet Cells

To study the mechanism of gel-forming mucin packaging within mucin granules, we generated human mucous/goblet cells stably expressing a recombinant MUC5AC domain fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP). The fusion protein, named SHGFP-MUC5AC/CK, accumulated in the granules together with native MUC5AC. Inhibition of protein synthesis or disorganization of the Golgi complex did not result in diminished intragranular SHGFP-MUC5AC/CK signals, consistent with long-term storage of the fusion protein. However, SHGFP-MUC5AC/CK was rapidly discharged from the granules upon incubation of the cells with ATP, an established mucin secretagogue. Several criteria indicated that SHGFP-MUC5AC/CK was not covalently linked to endogenous MUC5AC. Analysis of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching suggested that the intragranular SHGFP-MUC5AC/CK mobile fraction and mobility were significantly lower than in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. Incubation of the cells with bafilomycin A1, a specific inhibitor of the vacuolar H+-ATPase, did not alter the fusion protein mobility, although it significantly increased (approximately 20%) the intragranular SHGFP-MUC5AC/CK mobile fraction. In addition, the granules in bafilomycin-incubated cells typically exhibited a heterogeneous intraluminal distribution of the fluorescent fusion protein. These results are consistent with a model of mucin granule intraluminal organization with two phases: a mobile phase in which secretory proteins diffuse as in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen but at a lower rate and an immobile phase or matrix in which proteins are immobilized by noncovalent pH-dependent interactions. An intraluminal acidic pH, maintained by the vacuolar H+-ATPase, is one of the critical factors for secretory protein binding to the immobile phase and also for its organization.
Medullary reticular formation activity during ingestion and rejection in the awake rat.

The consummatory components of ingestion and rejection, organized in the caudal brainstem, include licking, swallowing, and the oral phase of rejection (gaping). Studies employing electrical-stimulation induced motor activity have localized interneurons controlling these complex motor patterns to the medullary reticular formation (RF), but the characteristics of these neurons during more naturally induced behavior are unknown. The purpose of the present study was to record the activity profiles of RF neurons during licking, swallowing, and oral rejection in response to gustatory stimulation. Two-hundred and two neurons recorded from awake, freely moving rats were broadly classified as orally related (67%) or non-orally related (33%). Orally related neurons included a large number that were rhythmically active during licking (n=76; 38%). These "lick-rhythmic" neurons were widely distributed in the RF, but were concentrated in the caudal medullary reticular formation adjacent to the hypoglossal nucleus (Probst's region) and further rostral in the intermediate zone (IRt) of the RF. An analysis of autocorrelations determined that lick-rhythmic neurons in these regions were more closely coupled to licking than to lick-rhythmic neurons more lateral in the parvocellular RF (PCRt). In addition to neurons with weak lick-rhythmic activity, the PCRt also contained a disproportionate number of neurons with orosensory or mixed oro-sensorimotor properties. These data provide evidence for functional specialization within different regions of the medullary RF. A high proportion of lick-rhythmic neurons also showed differential activity associated with swallowing (41%) and/or gaping (75%), further suggesting that the different components of ingestion and rejection share brainstem substrates instead of being produced by unique subsets of interneurons.
New crosslinking reactions of heat stable polymers

In earlier papers [1–3] a method was proposed for the crosslinking of various polyaromatics (polyquinolines, polyamides and polyquinoxalines) by incorporating a certain amount of biphenylene units into the chain. The mechanical properties of the crosslinked polymers were investigated; it is shown that Tg is higher when the biphenylene content is increased. The crosslinked polymers are characterized by high glass transition temperatures or even by the disappearance of Tg and by high values of the dynamic elastic modulus.
AN INVESTIGATION OF STUDENTS' CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING IN RELATED SOPHOMORE TO GRADUATE-LEVEL ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS COURSES

Interviews were conducted with students from a sophomore-level mechanics of materials class, a sophomore/junior-level structures class, a senior-level steel design class and a graduate-level advanced steel design class to investigate students' conceptual understanding of bending and normal stress. The graduate students generally demonstrated higher computational skill and confidence but they were not significantly different from the sophomores in terms of conceptual understanding. Interestingly, the seniors showed markedly lower confidence in their ability to solve the problems posed in the interviews. Common difficulties include a conceptual definition of stress and reasoning involving the normal stresses developed under bending.
Molecular diversity of PBAN family peptides from fire ants.

The PBAN/Pyrokinin peptide family is a major neuropeptide family characterized with a common FXPRLamide in the C-termini. These peptides are ubiquitously distributed in the Insecta and are involved in many essential endocrinal functions, e.g., pheromone production. Previous work demonstrated the localization of PBAN in the fire ant central nervous system, and identified a new family of PBAN from the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. In this study, we identified five more PBAN/Pyrokinin genes from S. geminata, S. richteri, S. pergandii, S. carolinensis, and a hybrid of S. invicta and S. richteri. The gene sequences were used to determine the phylogenetic relationships of these species and hybrid, which compared well to the morphologically defined fire ant subgroup complexes. The putative PBAN and other peptides were determined from the amino acid sequences of the PBAN/pyrokinin genes. We summarized all known insect PBAN family neuropeptides, and for the first time constructed a phylogenetic tree based on the full amino acid sequences translated from representative PBAN cDNAs. The PBAN/pyrokinin gene is well conserved in Insecta and probably extends into the Arthropod phylum; however, translated pre-propeptides may vary and functional diversity may be retained, lost, or modified during the evolutionary process. Published 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Circumnuclear Star Formation in the Spiral Galaxy NGC 3310

The star-forming properties of the circumnuclear ring in the starburst spiral galaxy NGC 3310 have been studied in B, I, J, H, and K bands using images from KPNO and from the HST archives. The colors and magnitudes of the star-forming regions indicate ages less than 10 Myr and masses of 104 to 105 M⊙ for the largest clumps. The luminosity distribution function of the diffuse circumnuclear clusters has a slope of about -2, which is typical of results both in circumnuclear rings and in the main disks of other galaxies. There are 17 candidate super star clusters (SSCs), primarily in the innermost southern spiral arm. The broad wavelength coverage allows a determination of reddening in the vicinity of the SSCs, which appears to be small. The locations of the SSCs in the circumnuclear ring and in an inner spiral are coincident with radio continuum and emission peaks, and may be the result of a suspected cannibalization of a dwarf galaxy in the last 10 Myr.
Career development, collective efficacy, and individual task performance

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test the hypothesis that perceived collective efficacy would mediate the effects of self‐efficacy on individual task performance.Design/methodology/approach – An assessment center design with 147 participants in 49 three‐person groups was used.Findings – It is found that for individuals working on an assigned group goal, perception of the group's collective efficacy, rather than self‐efficacy, has a direct influence on task performance.Research limitations/implications – Future researchers should examine the extent to which cognitive intelligence influences collective efficacy effects.Practical implications – The research suggests that perceptions of collective efficacy and team support may influence early career developmental task performance.Originality/value – This paper found that collective efficacy might be more important than individual efficacy in predicting individual task performance in some circumstances.
The effects of different iodide availabilities on thyroid function during development in Japanese quail

Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) were used to study the effects of different egg iodide (I) availabilities on thyroid function during development. Low (less than 50 micrograms 1/kg feed in the maternal diet) and high (1200 micrograms 1/kg feed) I availability were compared to control levels (800 micrograms 1/kg feed), a standard supplementation for game bird feed. We measured thyroid gland content of I, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), plasma concentrations of T3 and T4, hepatic 5' monodeiodinase (5'-D) activity, and the response of the thyroid gland to thyrotrophin (TSH) stimulation. Embryos, on day 14 of the 16.5-17 day incubation period, and 1-day chicks were used for most studies but thyroid gland hormone content and plasma hormone concentrations were determined for more stages. With high I, thyroidal I content was elevated but thyroidal T4 and T3 were not different from controls. Plasma T3 and T4, the thyroid gland response to TSH stimulation, and hepatic 5'-D activity did not differ between control and high I. Reduced body weight occurred with high I. In general, thyroid gland weight was not altered, but some high I birds exhibited thyroid hypertrophy and altered thyroid gland function. With low I availability, thyroid gland contents of I and T4 were reduced but thyroidal T3 content was maintained. The thyroid gland response to TSH stimulation, plasma thyroid hormone concentrations, and the developmental patterns of plasma thyroid hormones, hepatic 5'-D activity, body weight and thyroid weight were not different between control and low I groups. Developing Japanese quail exhibit excellent ability to adjust thyroid function over a wide range of I availabilities. Regulation appears to occur at the level of thyroid hormone synthesis in the thyroid gland, which allows most aspects of thyroid dynamics to remain unchanged in the maintenance of circulating thyroid hormone concentrations.
More Than Afterthoughts and Details: Maintenance and Booster Effects as Critical Elements of Intervention Research

The set of studies in this special section bring into relief the importance of due attention to maintenance effects and use of boosters as critical components of intervention planning and evaluation, requiring theoretical and analytic forethought and direction. While some trends can be identified across these included reports and the other few studies of boosters in child psychopathology intervention, the main implication of work to date is to highlight the need to consider maintenance and booster effects analyses as more than afterthoughts of technical interest primarily. In addition, this collection of studies includes treatment and prevention efforts focused on a shared topic, which is rare in child psychopathology topical collections. This juxtaposition helps illuminate some of the many considerations that could influence how maintenance effects and booster contributions might be tested. It is hoped that further work will occur that builds on these exemplary efforts.
Bend–Stretch Fermi Resonance in[formula]as Observed in the Two-Photon Absorption Spectroscopy of the 3p[formula]Rydberg State of NO2

Abstract Ionization-detected two-photon absorption spectroscopy has been used to resolve highly excited vibrational levels of the 3 p σ Rydberg state of NO 2 . Rotational assignments establish the exact positions of selected vibrational states, enabling the calculation of harmonic frequencies, anharmonic constants, and the cubic force constant, k 122 . Experimental results agree well with new CCSD(T)/[4 s 3 p 2 d 1 f ] ab initio calculations including Fermi resonance effects. It is shown that this system yields new information on[formula]relating both to the most elementary type of bend–stretch Fermi resonance between (100) and (02 0 0), and to that coupling sets of higher vibrational states such as (110)–(03 1 0), (04 2 0)–(12 2 0), and (04 0 0)–(12 0 0)–(200). Experimental values for Fermi matrix elements are consistent with values obtained by theory. From this consistency it is concluded that three-vibrational state mixing in the (04 0 0)–(12 0 0)–(200) case can be well approximated in terms of two-state interactions.
Disk-integrated bolometric Bond albedos and rotational light curves of saturnian satellites from Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer

Abstract We present values from the Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) of four fundamental disk-integrated spectrophotometric properties (bolometric Bond albedo, solar phase curve, phase integral, and geometric albedo at 7–15 different wavelengths in the λ = 0.35–5.1 μm range) for five mid-sized saturnian icy satellites: Rhea, Dione, Tethys, Mimas, and Enceladus. These values, which include data from the period 2004–2008 and add to past VIMS phase curves, include opposition surge effects at down to fractions of a degree in solar phase angle for several moons and extend to over double the solar phase angle coverage of the Voyager mission. We also present new rotational light curves for Rhea and Dione at 7 near-infrared bands not previously available in ground-based or spacecraft studies. The bolometric Bond albedos we derive are as follows: 0.48 ± 0.09 (Rhea), 0.52 ± 0.08 (Dione), 0.61 ± 0.09 (Tethys), 0.67 ± 0.10 (Mimas), and 0.85 ± 0.11 (Enceladus). We also provide breakdowns of the major photometric quantities in both leading and trailing hemispheres. These refined parameters can be used to construct future bolometric Bond albedo maps that will contribute to surface composition identification studies, as well as models of volatile transport and sublimation. Through such applications, these data will help to determine the physical properties of surface particles, how the E-ring affects the inner saturnian moons, what is responsible for the dark albedo patterns seen on Tethys, and if these moons (e.g., Dione) are geologically active.
Invited Commentary: Fostering Resilience Among Native American Youth Through Therapeutic Intervention

This article offers a comprehensive overview and understanding of the needs of Native American Youth for researchers, educators, and practitioners based on current research and practice. Strengths and protective factors are discussed in terms of Native strengths in context, the strengths and resilience of Native ways, Indigenous ways of knowing, the relationship between cultural identity and the tribal nation, the importance of family, the roles of the wisdom keepers, spiritual ways, and communication styles. Contextual influences are explored in terms of the relationship between history and healing from intergenerational grief and trauma, the influence of acculturation, as well as current social, economic, and political issues that affect Native youth. Implications for research and therapeutic intervention are explored in terms of healing from historical trauma and oppression. The authors offer an overview of common presenting issues and recommendations, practical tribally-specific interventions, and reflections on what it means to work from a social justice and client/community advocacy perspective with a focus on providing effective therapeutic, culturally-based interventions with Native children and adolescents that promote resilience and foster positive development with this population.
Dynamic CCD pixel depletion edge model and the effects on dark current production

The depletion edge in Charge-Coupled Devices (CCD) pixels is dependent upon the amount of signal charge located within the depletion region. A model is presented that describes the movement of the depletion edge with increasing signal charge. This dynamic depletion edge is shown to have an effect on the amount of dark current produced by some pixels. Modeling the dark current behavior of pixels both with and without impurities over an entire imager demonstrates that this moving depletion edge has a significant effect on a subset of the pixels. Dark current collected by these pixels is shown to behave nonlinearly with respect to exposure time and additionally the dark current is affected by the presence of illumination. The model successfully predicts unexplained aspects of dark current behavior previously observed in some CCD sensors.
Characterization of a single crystal cubic Prussian blue Co8(tacn)8(CN)12 cluster by ion trap and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry with microelectrospray ionization

A single crystal of Co8(tacn)8(CN)12 has been characterized by microelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The spectra obtained by use of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR), ion trap and quadrupole mass spectrometers show the +4, +3, and +2 charge states of the cluster. With the aid of a 9.4 tesla FT-ICR mass spectrometer it was possible to resolve the isotope pattern for each individual charge state. The data collected suggest that microelectrospray renders spectra which are more specific to the intact molecule, whereas more fragmentation is induced under normal electrospray conditions. The present data suggest that microelectrospray is a powerful tool for characterization of Prussian blue complexes.
Single- and multiple-electron-loss-cross-section measurements from 20-MeV Fe 4+ on thin gaseous targets

Single- and multiple-electron-loss cross sections have been measured with 20-MeV ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{4+}$ on thin He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, C${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$, C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, CH${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$, C${\mathrm{F}}_{4}$, and S${\mathrm{F}}_{6}$ gaseous targets; cross-section-per-atom data for each system are presented. Cross-section-per-atom data from targets with approximately the same average atomic number indicate that both "nonadditivity" and "density" effects, depending on the final charge state of the ion, play roles in electronloss processes during projectile interactions with molecular targets. A modified Bohr formula is developed which reproduces single-electron-loss-per-atom data for atomic targets.
KINETIN AS TRIGGER FOR MITOSIS IN MATURE ENDOMITOTIC PLANT CELLS

Abstract Pea root callus tissue cultivated for many months on a nutrient medium containing yeast extract and the auxin, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, is predominantly composed of dividing cells of the tetraploid chromosome number even though the initial tissues cultured from the root were known to consist in part of cells of the diploid chromosome number. In experiments designed to determine the basis for what appeared to be cell selection by the nutrient medium, 1-mm thick segments of 60 hr germinating seedling roots of the garden pea, Pisum sativum , excised 10–11 mm behind the root tip, were cultivated on a synthetic nutrient medium in which the yeast extract was replaced by a mixture of vitamins, amino acids, amides and urea. On such a medium, callus tissues developed, but only diploid cell mitoses were observed. Upon the addition of 1 ppm kinetin (6-furfurylaminopurine) to the synthetic medium, the number of cells in mitosis approximately doubled and a very high percentage of dividing cells possessed the tetraploid chromosome number. Lower concentrations of kinetin were proportionately less effective in stimulating mitosis and in bringing tetraploid cells into mitosis. From these studies it has been concluded that kinetin specifically triggers mitosis in mature pea root tissue cells which have undergone DNA- and chromosome-doubling by endomitotic reduplication before kinetin treatment. This conclusion is based on the following lines of evidence: ( a ) After 2 days of kinetin treatment, the tetraploid cells which enter mitosis showed diplochromosomes, indicating that chromosome doubling had been endomitotic; ( b ) Tetraploid mitoses were largely localized in mature cortical cells of the root while most diploid mitoses occurred in tissues of the central cylinder; ( c ) One-mm root tips cultured for up to 7 days in 1 ppm kinetin showed no tetraploid mitoses, which is expected since few or no endomitotically doubled cells are likely to occur in the apical meristem of the root. Certain experiments in which adenine sulfate or adenosine was fed the mature pea root segments together with kinetin suggest that an interaction between adenine and kinetin does occur in which adenine reverses in part the effect of kinetin on induction of mitoses in mature endomitotic cells.
The automation of spinal non-manual signals in American Sign Language

American Sign Language (ASL) is the first language of the Deaf in the United States. The most effective method for communication between the Deaf and Hearing is certified ASL interpreters, however interpreters are not always available. In this case, the use of a translator producing 3D animations of ASL could improve communication, however the characterization of ASL for automated 3D animation is still an open question. The goal of this research is to determine how and when non-manual signals are used in ASL sentences, and develop a methodology to portray them as 3D animations.
Asymmetries at e + e - colliders for new quarks in E 6 theories

We examine the forward-backward, left-right, and azimuthal asymmetries of quark pairs produced ine+e− annihilation as a probe of possible new physics resulting fromE6 theories. The values of these asymmetries are compared for the production ofE6-exotic, mirror, and fourth generation quarks. Our results show that asymmetries provide an excellent method for distinguishing between these possible types of new quarks.
Toward Universal Human Rights and the Rule of Law: The Permanent International Criminal Court

(1999). Toward Universal Human Rights and the Rule of Law: The Permanent International Criminal Court. Australian Journal of International Affairs: Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 95-111.
Thermally responsive membrane-based microbiological sensing component for early detection of membrane biofouling

Abstract Early detection of bacteria in water treatment is desired to mitigate system biofouling and potential human health impacts. This research involved the development of an antibody-based sensor, which was attached to a hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) modified cellulose acetate ultrafiltration membrane surface, to target bacteria. HPC was chosen because it collapses above and expands below a lower critical solution temperature (43 °C), thus allowing temperature modulation. The membrane had a high target recovery efficiency (10–18%) in both single bacterium and complex samples (simulated by adding organics and competitive organisms). Sensor recovery was decreased (to 5–7%) following temperature activation (above 50 °C) due to adverse impacts of temperature on the antibody. The membrane was able to be regenerated (with 0.1 M NaOH) and reused three consecutive times. The thermally responsive sensing membrane developed from this work was specifically developed to detect biofoulants in membrane-based water treatment processes. However, it could be adapted to address a range of environmental detection concerns, such as pathogen detection.
Substance P presynaptically depresses the transmission of sensory input to bronchopulmonary neurons in the guinea pig nucleus tractus solitarii

Substance P modulates the reflex regulation of respiratory function by its actions both peripherally and in the CNS, particularly in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), the first central site for synaptic contact of the lung and airway afferent fibres. There is considerable evidence that the actions of substance P in the NTS augment respiratory reflex output, but the precise effects on synaptic transmission have not yet been determined. Therefore, we determined the effects of substance P on synaptic transmission at the first central synapses by using whole-cell voltage clamping in an NTS slice preparation. Studies were performed on second-order neurons in the slice anatomically identified as receiving monosynaptic input from sensory nerves in the lungs and airways. This was done by the fluorescent labelling of terminal boutons after 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetra-methylindocarbo-cyanine perchlorate (DiI) was applied via tracheal instillation. Substance P (1.0, 0.3 and 0.1 μM) significantly decreased the amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs) evoked by stimulation of the tractus solitarius, in a concentration-dependent manner. The decrease was accompanied by an increase in the paired-pulse ratio of two consecutive eEPSCs, and a decrease in the frequency, but not the amplitude, of spontaneous EPSCs and miniature EPSCs, findings consistent with a presynaptic site of action. The effects were consistently and significantly attenuated by a neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist (SR140333, 3 μM). The data suggest a new site of action for substance P in the NTS (NK1 receptors on the central terminals of sensory fibres) and a new mechanism (depression of synaptic transmission) for regulating respiratory reflex function.
Significance levels for studies with correlated test statistics

When testing large numbers of null hypotheses, one needs to assess the evidence against the global null hypothesis that none of the hypotheses is false. Such evidence typically is based on the test statistic of the largest magnitude, whose statistical significance is evaluated by permuting the sample units to simulate its null distribution. Efron (2007) has noted that correlation among the test statistics can induce substantial interstudy variation in the shapes of their histograms, which may cause misleading tail counts. Here, we show that permutation-based estimates of the overall significance level also can be misleading when the test statistics are correlated. We propose that such estimates be conditioned on a simple measure of the spread of the observed histogram, and we provide a method for obtaining conditional significance levels. We justify this conditioning using the conditionality principle described by Cox and Hinkley (1974). Application of the method to gene expression data illustrates the circumstances when conditional significance levels are needed.
Development of a Telecommunications Engineering Technology Program for the information age

Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) implemented a new Telecommunications Engineering Technology program with two options, Technical and Management, in August 1989 in the School of Engineering Technology. The program is an interdisciplinary program that uses courses from four different RIT colleges. This program provides a Bachelor of Science degree after five years and includes fifteen months of cooperative work experience, which occur in the last three years. The two options share a common lower division program. This two-year program is a common program for the electrical engineering technology, computer engineering technology, and telecommunications engineering technology RIT programs. This program is described with reference to laboratory development, specialized laboratories, funding sources, enrollments, and distance learning courses. >
A Methodology for Developing High Fidelity Communication Models for Large-Scale Applications Targeted on Multicore Systems

Resource sharing and implementation of software stack for emerging multicore processors introduce performance and scaling challenges for large-scale scientific applications, particularly on systems with thousands of processing elements. Traditional performance optimization, tuning and modeling techniques that rely on uniform representation of computation and communication requirements are only partially useful due to the complexity of applications and underlying systems and software architecture. In this paper, we propose a workload modeling methodology that allows application developers to capture and represent hierarchical decomposition and distribution of their applications thereby allowing them to explore and identify optimal mapping of a workload on a target system. We demonstrate the proposed methodology on a Teraflops-scale fusion application that is developed using message-passing (MPI) programming paradigm. Using our analysis and projection results, we obtain insight into the performance characteristics of the application on a quad-core system and also identify optimal mapping on a Teraflops-scale platform.
Dialogue-based human-robot interaction for space construction teams

This paper describes a human-robot interaction that uses dialogues as a basis for the operation of multiple robots in space construction. The dialogues, which are conducted by the operator and a community of software agents, consist of explicit and implicit queries and responses regarding the state of the robots and their environment. A dialogue enables a high-level but active role for the operator in resource management and task planning for space construction missions with multiple robots. The dynamic nature of such a scenario will be challenging for the operator, but a dialogue interaction provides valid, up-to-date information about robot capabilities that make up the tools that the operator may use to solve problems creatively. This interaction enables the management of large teams of multiple robots through methods that are natural for the operator. Experiments demonstrate the utility of this method of robot operation, and point out some of the challenges that remain for future research.
A linear time approximation scheme for computing geometric maximum k-star

Facility dispersion seeks to locate the facilities as far away from each other as possible, which has attracted a multitude of research attention recently due to the pressing need on dispersing facilities in various scenarios. In this paper, as a facility dispersion problem, the geometric maximum k-star problem is considered. Given a set P of n points in the Euclidean plane, a k-star is defined as selecting k points from P and linking k ? 1 points to the center point. The maximum k-star problem asks to compute a k-star on P with the maximum total length over its k ? 1 edges. A linear time approximation scheme is proposed for this problem. It approximates the maximum k-star within a factor of $${(1+\epsilon)}$$ in $${O(n+1/\epsilon^4 \log 1/\epsilon)}$$ time for any $${\epsilon >0 }$$ . To the best of the authors' knowledge, this work presents the first linear time approximation scheme on the facility dispersion problems.
A simple and objective method for reproducible resting state network (RSN) detection in fMRI.

Spatial Independent Component Analysis (ICA) decomposes the time by space functional MRI (fMRI) matrix into a set of 1-D basis time courses and their associated 3-D spatial maps that are optimized for mutual independence. When applied to resting state fMRI (rsfMRI), ICA produces several spatial independent components (ICs) that seem to have biological relevance - the so-called resting state networks (RSNs). The ICA problem is well posed when the true data generating process follows a linear mixture of ICs model in terms of the identifiability of the mixing matrix. However, the contrast function used for promoting mutual independence in ICA is dependent on the finite amount of observed data and is potentially non-convex with multiple local minima. Hence, each run of ICA could produce potentially different IC estimates even for the same data. One technique to deal with this run-to-run variability of ICA was proposed by [1] in their algorithm RAICAR which allows for the selection of only those ICs that have a high run-to-run reproducibility. We propose an enhancement to the original RAICAR algorithm that enables us to assign reproducibility -values to each IC and allows for an objective assessment of both within subject and across subjects reproducibility. We call the resulting algorithm RAICAR-N (N stands for null hypothesis test), and we have applied it to publicly available human rsfMRI data (http://www.nitrc.org). Our reproducibility analyses indicated that many of the published RSNs in rsfMRI literature are highly reproducible. However, we found several other RSNs that are highly reproducible but not frequently listed in the literature.
Design of surface-wave band-gaps for planar integrated circuits using multiple periodic metallic patch arrays

In recent years, there has been significant interest in complete surface-wave elimination (meaning in all-possible directions) with the use of periodic elements in integrated circuit structures. This paper presents the theory for guided surface-wave and leaky-waves of a multi-layer dielectric substrate with multiple planar periodic metallic patch arrays. This paper demonstrates that the use of multiple planar periodic patch arrays enlarges the surface-wave band-gap in all directions and provide more design flexibility as compared to a single planar periodic array. Several design examples are given. Design rules to obtain modeless (omnidirectional band-gap) substrates for integrated circuits are outlined.
Interhemisphere Imitation in Split-Brain Monkeys

Abstract Three experienced split-brain monkeys were taught a visual pattern discrimination in one eye hemisphere. After several hundred over-learning trials, the opposite untrained eye hemisphere was allowed to observe 40 perfect trials. Subsequently, ten test trials in which every response was reinforced were delivered exclusively to the untrained hemisphere. Two monkeys performed perfectly while another required 40 additional observation trials before a perfect score was realized. The results are consistent with the view that errors during acquisition training need not be a necessary condition for visual discrimination learning and suggest that learning through observation may be more efficient than trial and error learning in some situations.
Remorse and neutralization among violent male offenders

Expression of remorse by an offender to his or her victim represents healing in the aftermath of a crime. Thus, it is important to consider what may influence or impede remorse. This article analyzes interviews with 27 men who committed serious violent crimes to examine their talk about victims, responsibility, and remorse. Most of the men excused or justified their crimes using cultural discourses about violence and blameworthy victims. They spoke of feeling sorry for themselves, not for their victims. Men who expressed remorse perceived their victims as morally blameless. They humanized their victims, and their victims humanized them.
Service-level control and management for future network applications

The paper is on generic service-level management tools that enable the reconfiguration of a distributed network application whenever there are resource-level changes or failures in the underlying network sub-systems. We present a formal model-based approach for monitoring compliance and adapting the system in response. In our model, the management entity maintains policy scripts and rules to coordinate the application-level reconfigurations and adaptations in response to the changes/outages in the underlying network services. The paper presents a case study of rate-adaptive video multicast over IP-based infrastructure networks, to demonstrate the usefulness of our management model. The model offers an end-to-end framework for the development of Future Internet applications.
Parallel placement for field-programmable gate arrays

Placement and routing are the most time-consuming processes in automatically synthesizing and configuring circuits for field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). In this paper, we use the negotiation-based paradigm to parallelize placement. Our new FPGA placer, NAP (Negotiated Analytical Placement), uses an analytical technique for coarse placement and the negotiation paradigm for detailed placement. We describe the serial algorithm and report results. We also report findings related to parallelizing NAP under a multicast networking and multi-threaded operating system environment; the parallel placer is tolerant to multicast packet loss as well as out-of-order packet delivery. Our parallel placer exhibits little performance degradation while attaining speedups of 2 using 3 processors.
High-Performance Nanowire Electronics and Photonics on Glass and Plastic Substrates

The merger of nanoscale building blocks with flexible and/or low cost substrates could enable the development of high-performance electronic and photonic devices with the potential to impact a broad spectrum of applications. Here we demonstrate that high-quality, single-crystal nanowires can be assembled onto inexpensive glass and flexible plastic substrates to create basic transistor and light-emitting diode devices. In our approach, the high-temperature synthesis of single-crystal nanowires is separated from ambient-temperature solution-based assembly to enable the fabrication of single-crystal-like devices on virtually any substrate. Silicon nanowire field-effect transistors were assembled on glass and plastic substrates and display device parameters rivaling those of single-crystal silicon and exceeding those of state-of-the-art amorphous silicon and organic transistors currently used for flexible electronics on plastic substrates. Nanowire transistor devices have been configured as low-threshold logi...
Improving evolvability through novelty search and self-adaptation

A challenge for current evolutionary algorithms is to yield highly evolvable representations like those in nature. Such evolvability in natural evolution is encouraged through selection: Lineages better at molding to new niches are less susceptible to extinction. Similar selection pressure is not generally present in evolutionary algorithms; however, the first hypothesis in this paper is that novelty search, a recent evolutionary technique, also selects for evolvability because it rewards lineages able to continually radiate new behaviors. Results in experiments in a maze-navigation domain in this paper support that novelty search finds more evolvable representations than regular fitness-based search. However, though novelty search outperforms fitness-based search in a second biped locomotion experiment, it proves no more evolvable than fitness-based search because delicately balanced behaviors are more fragile in that domain. The second hypothesis is that such fragility can be mitigated through self-adaption, whereby genomes influence their own reproduction. Further experiments in fragile domains with novelty search and self-adaption indeed demonstrate increased evolvability, while, interestingly, adding self-adaptation to fitness-based search decreases evolvability. Thus, selecting for novelty may often facilitate evolvability when representations are not overly fragile; furthermore, achieving the potential of self-adaptation may often critically depend upon the reward scheme driving evolution.
Congenital portacaval shunt: CT demonstration.

The CT findings of a congenital portacaval shunt are presented, and the literature on this unusual anomaly is reviewed.
Factors Influencing Illinois Farmland Values

A hedonic model of Illinois farmland values is estimated using county-level cross-section time-series data. Explanatory variables include land productivity, parcel size, improvements, distances to Chicago and other large cities, an urban‐rural index, livestock production through swine operation scale and farm density measures, population density, income, and inflation. The inclusion of spatial and serial correlation components substantially improves the model fit. Farmland values decline with parcel size, ruralness, distance to Chicago and large cities, and swine farm density, and increase with soil productivity, population density, and personal income.
Membrane-substrate interface: Phospholipid bilayers at chemically and topographically structured surfaces

The surface-assisted fusion, rupture, and spreading of vesicles and hydration-induced spreading of lipids onto chemically and topographically structured surfaces gives rise to lipid structures useful for modeling many physical-chemical properties of lipid bilayers. Chemically structured surfaces produce a lipid structure revealing template-induced assembly of coexisting lipid phases, which reflect the underlying pattern of surface energy, wettability, and chemistry. In a construct derived using photochemically patterned molecular monolayers, the author found a spontaneous separation of fluid bilayer regions from the fluid monolayer regions by a controllable transition region or moat. The coexisting bilayer/monolayer morphologies derived from single vesicular sources are particularly attractive for the study of a range of leaflet-dependent biophysical phenomena and offer a new self-assembly strategy for synthesizing large-scale arrays of functional bilayer specific substructures including ion-channels and membrane-proteins. The uses of topologically patterned surfaces similarly provide new models to design complex three-dimensional membrane topographies and curvatures. These platforms promise fundamental biophysical studies of curvature-dependent membrane processes as well as useful bioanalytical devices for molecular separations within fluid amphiphilic membrane environments. Some future directions enabled by lipid self-assembly at structured surfaces are also discussed.