cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prebake and post-exposure bake effects on the dissolution of AZ-PF

We have performed experiments to study the kinetics of dissolution of the positive chemically amplified resist AZ-PF (Hoechst AG). The resist dissolution in exposed regions was shown to have non-linear time dependence, with a delay time strongly dependent on prebake and post- exposure bake conditions. Effect of the presence of a low-solubility surface layer on patterning of submicron features as well as on roughness of the developed film has been demonstrated.
Adaptive control of a micromachined continuous-membrane deformable mirror for aberration compensation

The nonlinear response and strong coupling of control channels in micromachined membrane deformable mirror (MMDM) devices make it difficult for one to control the MMDM to obtain the desired mirror surface shapes. A closed-loop adaptive control algorithm is developed for a continuous-surface MMDM used for aberration compensation. The algorithm iteratively adjusts the control voltages of all electrodes to reduce the variance of the optical wave front measured with a Hartmann–Shack wave-front sensor. Zernike polynomials are used to represent the mirror surface shape as well as the optical wave front. An adaptive experimental system to compensate for the wave-front aberrations of a model eye has been built in which the developed adaptive mirror-control algorithm is used to control a deformable mirror with 19 active channels. The experimental results show that the algorithm can adaptively update control voltages to generate an optimum continuous mirror surface profile, compensating for the aberrations within the operating range of the deformable mirror.
Born in Bondage: Growing Up Enslaved in the Antebellum South

Each time a child was born in bondage, the system of slavery began anew. Although raised by their parents or by surrogates in the slave community, children were ultimately subject to the rule of their owners. Following the life cycle of a child from birth through youth to young adulthood, Marie Jenkins Schwartz explores the daunting world of slave children, a world governed by the dual authority of parent and owner, each with conflicting agendas. Despite the constant threats and the necessity of submission to the slave owner, slave families managed to pass on essential lessons about enduring bondage with human dignity. The author counters the commonly held vision of paternalistic slave-holder who determines the life and welfare of his passive chattel, showing instead how slaves struggled to give their children a sense of self and belonging that denied the owner complete control. This book gives us an unsurpassed look at what it meant to grow up as a slave in the ante-bellum South. Schwartz recreates the experiences of these bound but resilient young people as they learned to negotiate between acts of submission and selfhood, between the worlds of commodity and community.
Designing smartphone apps for at risk populations: domestic violence survivors and user experience

This poster session discusses the interface design for a smartphone app interface intended to empower domestic violence survivors by giving them greater control over geolocation services. User experience and feedback from local domestic violence representatives and administrators were critical to the final interface design. The three main features of the app to be discussed are: a scan feature to check for and notify users of apps using geolocation services; a feature that would completely disable geolocation services; and an option to receive a pop-up notification any time an app attempts to use geolocation services.
Structural and electronic properties of boron nitride thin films containing silicon

The incorporation of silicon into boron nitride films (BN:Si) has been achieved during ion beam assisted deposition growth. A gradual change from cubic boron nitride (c-BN) to hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) was observed with increasing silicon concentration. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, field emission, and field emission electron energy distribution experiments indicated that the observed electron transport and emission were due to hopping conduction between localized states in a band at the Fermi level for the undoped c-BN films and at the band tails of the valence band maximum for the BN:Si films. A negative electron affinity was observed for undoped c-BN films; this phenomenon disappeared upon silicon doping due to the transformation to h-BN. No shift of the Fermi level was observed in any BN:Si film; thus, n-type doping can be excluded.
Preparation of LaCoO3 catalytic thin film by the sol–gel process and its NO decomposition characteristics

LaCoO 3 and LaMnO 3 gel films were deposited by dip-coating technique on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) substrate using the precursor solution prepared from La(O-i-C 3 H 7 ) 3 , Co(CH 3 COO) 2 or Mn(O-i-C 3 H 7 ) 2 , 2-methoxyethanol, and polyethylene glycol. By heat-treating the gel films, electrochemical cells, LaCoO 3 YSZ LaCoO 3 were fabricated. The effect of polyethylene glycol on the microstructure evolution of LaCoO 3 and LaMnO 3 thin films was investigated and NO decomposition characteristics of LaCoO 3 powders and the electrochemical cells were investigated at 600-800°C. In the absence of oxygen, the LaCoO 3 powder was active both in decomposition of NO and reduction of NO by C 2 H 4 . It was found that they lost their catalytic activity in the presence of 2% oxygen. By applying a direct current to LaCoO 3 /YSZ/LaCoO 3 electrochemical cell, a good NO conversion rate could be obtained at relatively low current value even if excess oxygen is included in the reaction gas mixture.
An evaluation of environmental impact assessment in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE) is undergoing extremely rapid economic growth and experiencing a related increase in infrastructure and industrial development. If not managed properly, this growth can lead to significant impacts on the natural environment. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) practice in Abu Dhabi is approximately 10 years old. During the period, the number of EIAs conducted each year has increased considerably. This research activity evaluates the performance of the system as documented in legislation, relevant documents and current practices. The current system is compared with evaluation criteria from Christopher Wood. The analysis reveals that the Abu Dhabi process is strong in its legal basis, coverage, screening, scoping and review of the report. Areas that need improvement include better specification of alternatives in design, integration of EIAs into final decision-making, monitoring of the overall process, public consultation and ongoing impact monitoring. A discussion of...
Eruptive Flow Response In a Multi-Component Driven System By An Interacting Lattice Gas Simulation

Abstract An interacting lattice gas model is used to study flow of immiscible components A and B (molecular weights M A and M B , M A M B ) by Monte Carlo simulations. Concentration gradients and hydrostatic pressure bias (H) drive these constituents from their source at the bottom against gravitational sedimentation in an effective medium. Response of their flux densities ( j A , j B ) to the hydrostatic bias H are examined. If both constituents are released with equal probabilities (a non-interacting source), their flux densities respond linearly to bias with j A > j B except at the extreme bias H → 1 where j A → j B . Flow response becomes complex if the constituents from their source are released according to their current lattice concentrations (an interacting source): a crossover occurs from j A > j B at low bias ( H ≤ 0.4 ) to j B > j A at higher bias ( H > 0.4 ) . Constituent with the lower molecular weight (A) responds linearly on increasing the bias except at very high bias ( H ≥ 0.8 ) where the response becomes negative. The heavier component (B) responds non-linearly: a high response at low values of H is followed by a linear response before the onset of eruptive response at high range of H. The volatility parameter diverges as eruption occurs at H → 1 .
Cognitive theory applied to the treatment of delusions of schizophrenia

This article reviews theory regarding cognitive interventions in schizophrenia, focusing particularly on the treatment of delusions. The cognitive theory of psychopathology is first introduced and the specific goals of cognitive therapy are then presented. A range of philosophical and etiologic perspectives on the nature of delusions are explored, including the cognitive perspective. Specific stages and techniques of therapy are discussed with theoretical underpinnings and suggestions for incorporation in advanced practice psychiatric nursing.
Independent component analysis applied to diffusion tensor MRI

The accuracy of the outcome in a diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) experiment depends on the acquisition scheme as well as the postprocessing methods used. In the present study, the DTI results acquired after applying different combinations of diffusion-weighted (DW) gradient orientations were initially compared. Then, spatially independent component analysis (ICA) was applied to the T(2) and DW images. In all cases a single component was detected that was similar to the map of the trace of the diffusion tensor, but contained a reduced amount of noise. Furthermore, when no correction for eddy current artifacts was used in the image acquisition scheme, the effects of eddy currents were separated by ICA into independent components. After these components were removed, conventional estimation of the diffusion tensor was performed on the modified data. No artifact was contained in the final rotationally invariant scalar quantities that describe the intrinsic diffusion properties. Additionally, independent components that mapped major white matter fiber tracts in the human brain were identified. Finally, the noise included in the original T(2) and DW images was also separated by ICA into independent components. These components were subsequently removed and a reduction of noise in the final DTI results was achieved.
MRI of a cervical extradural cavernous hemangioma

A cervical location for an extradural cavernous hemangioma is exceedingly rare. We present the MRI findings of such a case in a 19-year-old female.
Conditions that alter intracellular cAMP levels affect expression of the cAMP phosphodiesterase gene in Dictyostelium.

Abstract We examined expression of the Dictyostelium cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) gene under conditions that alter intracellular cAMP levels during in vitro differentiation of wild-type strain V12M2 and a sporogenous derivative, HB200. In control cultures, cellular PDE activity peaked at 6 hr and declined by 8 hr, while secreted PDE activity continued to increase through 8 hr. Lowering intracellular cAMP levels with caffeine or progesterone increased cellular and secreted PDE activities 2-fold, increased stalk cell differentiation, and inhibited spore differentiation. In contrast, exposure to 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP; a membrane-permeable cAMP analog) or ammonia (which promotes intracellular cAMP accumulation in V12M2 and HB200 cells) lowered PDE activities by as much as 45%, decreased stalk cell differentiation, and increased spore differentiation. Simultaneous exposure to 8-Br-cAMP and caffeine gave intermediate PDE activities as would be expected if 8-Br-cAMP entered the cell and bypassed the caffeine-mediated block to adenylate cyclase activation. In all cases, we observed commensurate changes in developmental PDE transcript levels. The developmental time course of expression was not significantly altered by these treatments. These results suggest that the magnitude of PDE gene expression is negatively regulated by intracellular cAMP levels and provide evidence for one of the earliest changes in gene expression that is consistent with cell-type specificity. These results are discussed in terms of a bistable switch employing intracellular cAMP as a regulator of cell fate.
Meso- and microscale sea-ice motion in the East Siberian Sea as determined from ERS-1 SAR Data

Synthetic aperture radar- (SAR-)derived ice-motion vectors and SAR interferometry were used to study the sea-ice conditions in the region between the coast and 75° N (~ 560 km) in the East Siberian Sea in the vicinity of the Kolyma River. ERS-1 SAR data were acquired between 24 December 1993 and 30 March 1994 during the 3 day repeat Ice Phase of the satellite. The time series of the ice-motion vector fields revealed rapid (3 day) changes in the direction and displacement of the pack ice. Longer-term (≥ 1 month) trends also emerged which were related to changes in large-scale atmospheric circulation. On the basis of this time series, three sea-ice zones were identified: the near-shore, stationary-ice zone; a transitional-ice zone;and the pack-ice zone. Three 3 day interval and one 9 day interval interferometric sets (amplitude, correlation and phase diagrams) were generated for the end of December, the begining of February and mid-March. They revealed that the stationary-ice zone adjacent to the coast is in constant motion, primarily by lateral displacement, bending, tilting and rotation induced by atmospheric/oceanic forcing. The interferogram patterns change through time as the sea ice becomes thicker and a network of cracks becomes established in the ice cover. It was found that the major features in the interferograms were spatially correlated with sea-ice deformation features (cracks and ridges) and major discontinuities in ice thickness.
Impact of late post-traumatic seizures on physical health and functioning for individuals with brain injury within the community.

Primary objective: To better characterize, describe and highlight issues that individuals with TBI and active LPTS may face in their daily lives.Design: Prospective multi-centre mixed method qualitative and quantitative interview.Participants: Twenty-five individuals, 5–13 years post-injury, who had reported having LPTS and TBI.Measures: Disability Rating Scale (DRS); Supervision Rating Scale (SRS); Glasgow Outcome Scale–Extended (GOS-E); Perceived Stress Scale (PSS); Craig Handicap Assessment Reporting Technique-Short Form (CHART-SF) sub-scales: Physical Independence, Cognitive Independence, Mobility, Occupation, Social Integration; and Craig Hospital Inventory of Environmental Factors (CHIEF); and qualitative interview questions pertaining to management of the seizure disorder and its effect on the individual's health, function, community integration and participation.Results: Data are presented regarding seizure activity and management; return to driving post-seizure; coping and participation; and stan...
Cloud Radiative Forcing of the Low-Latitude Tropospheric Circulation: Linear Calculations

Abstract The role of clouds for low-latitude atmospheric circulations is examined in a linearized calculation forced by diabatic heating rates. A comparison of the circulation calculated from total diabatic heating, obtained from reanalysis data, with observed fields determines which aspects of the calculation are realistic and which are not. The role of clouds is quantified by the circulation calculated from atmospheric cloud radiative forcing, which, in turn, has been calculated with the National Center for Atmospheric Research radiative transfer model using cloud properties observed in the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project. In general, cloud radiative forcing contributes about 20% to the magnitude of low-latitude circulations. It typically reinforces the circulation that is driven by convective latent heating. Cloud radiative forcing tends to have a stronger influence in the lower troposphere than at upper levels. It influences local circulations more than remote ones. In particular, cl...
Regulation of the IL-23 and IL-12 balance by Stat3 signaling in the tumor microenvironment.

SUMMARY Interactions between tumor and immune cells either enhance or inhibit cancer progression. We show here that Stat3 signaling within the tumor microenvironment induces a procarcinogenic cytokine, IL-23, while inhibiting a central anticarcinogenic cytokine, IL-12, thereby shifting the balance of tumor immunity toward carcinogenesis. Stat3 induces expression of IL-23, which is mainly produced by tumor-associated macrophages, via direct transcriptional activation of the IL-23/p19 gene. Furthermore, Stat3 inhibits NF-kB/cRel-dependent IL-12/p35 gene expression in tumor-associated dendritic cells. Tumor-associated regulatory T cells (Tregs) express IL-23 receptor, which activates Stat3 in this cell type, leading to upregulation of the Treg-specific transcription factor Foxp3 and the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. These results demonstrate that Stat3 promotes IL-23-mediated procarcinogenic immune responses while inhibiting IL-12-dependent antitumor immunity.
Beamforming and imaging with the BYU/NRAO L-band 19-element phased array feed

An experimental 19-element L-band phased array feed was installed on the Green Bank 20-Meter Telescope in October 2007 and July 2008 to measure sensitivity and effciency and demonstrate signal processing algorithms for array calibration, multiple beam formation, imaging, and adaptive spatial filtering methods for interference mitigation. System noise performance was characterized using a warm absorber/cold sky Y-factor setup. The peak beam aperture effciency was 69% and the minimum beam equivalent system temperature was 66K. With a single reflector pointing, a high sensitivity image of a field of view approximately two half-power beamwidths in diameter can be produced. Measured figures of merit compare well to numerical simulations, indicating that complicating effects such as mutual coupling are understood well enough to enable the next phase of array feed development to proceed on firm grounds.
Adaptation to the fitness costs of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli

Policies aimed at alleviating the growing problem of drugresistant pathogens by restricting antimicrobial usage implicitly assume that resistance reduces the Darwinian fitness of pathogens in the a...
Distributed compression of correlated real sequences using random projections

Recent developments in compressed sensing have shown that if a signal can be compressed in some basis, then it can be reconstructed in such basis from a certain number of random projections. Distributed compressed sensing, where several correlated signals are compressed in a distributed manner, has also been proposed in the literature. By allowing additional distortion, successful recovery in distributed compressed sensing can be achieved even if the projections are corrupted by noise. We extend this result by showing that in addition to sparsity, it is possible to exploit prior knowledge existing in the correlation between the signals of interest to significantly improve reconstruction performance. This is done in a fashion resembling distributed coding of digital sources.
Coprocessor Computing with FPGA and GPU

Specialized secondary processing units, such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and graphics processing units (GPUs), attempt to tackle the time consuming applications containing high computational requirements. In order to achieve acceleration, FPGAs allow a customizable architecture and Nvidia GPUs offer up to 16 cores with 128 stream processors. The following research presents the experiences of designing integer and floating-point based algorithms for Xilinx FPGAs and programming on NVIDIA graphics card. For test case applications, an encryption function and a sorting algorithm were investigated. The implementation of an encryption algorithm depicts the performance results of an integer application composed of bit operations and a simple sort algorithm tests the effects of a floating-point application containing large numbers of multiple independent sorting instructions.
The Flow Behavior of a Biofluid in a Separated and Reattached Flow Region

The flow behavior of human blood in a separated and reattached flow region is investigated. Hemorheological data that account for the yield stress and shear-thinning non-Newtonian characteristics of blood are used. The governing mass and momentum conservation equations along with the Herschel–Bulkley constitutive equation are solved numerically using a finite-difference scheme. Two inflow velocity profiles are considered, uniform and fully developed (fd) ones. A parametric study is performed to reveal the impact of inflow velocity profile, upstream flow restriction, and rheology on the recirculation strength and reattachment characteristics of the flow field. Uniform inflow conditions result in larger relative recirculation intensity, in comparison with the fd ones, only for a moderate upstream flow restriction. The separated flow region size in the case of a fd inflow is always larger than the one observed for uniform inflow. Larger separated flow regions with stronger flow recirculation, are predicted by the Newtonian (N) model in comparison with the yield shear-thinning (HB) model for all studied inflow and upstream restriction conditions. The separated flow region size displays a stronger dependency on the inflow velocity profile and upstream flow restriction, in comparison with the observed dependency on the used hemorheological model.
The Relation Between Attachment to Opposite Sex Parents and Attachment to Romantic Partners

This study examined the relation between attachment to opposite sex parents and attachment to romantic partners. Previous research has indicated that attachments to parents closely resemble attachments to romantic partners (Hazan & Shaver, 1987). However, little research has examined whether attachment to the mother or father is more predictive of attachment to romantic partners, and whether this varies by gender. The present study surveyed 236 college students about their attachment to parents, as well as romantic partners. We hypothesized that attachment to opposite sex parents would be significantly related to attachment with romantic partners. Results indicated that those who exhibit trust, communication, or alienation with opposite sex parents show significant positive correlations with fearful attachment styles to romantic partners. Furthermore, attachments to same sex parents showed similar results. This study can provide an important contribution to the understanding of how trust, communication, and alienation from parents influences adult romantic relationships.
Botnets: big and bigger

Researchers design honeynet computer networks specifically to be attacked. The hosts that comprise a honeynet and serve as attack targets are called honeypots. Researchers configure them to capture a variety of useful data about computer attacks without compromising other computers. Moreover, honeynet researchers strive to implement data capture and control in such a way that intruders are unaware that their actions are being monitored. Although honeynet technology is relatively new, it is developing rapidly. Honeynets have already proven themselves to be useful sources of information. In this article, I'll describe an attack on a honeypot that occurred in March 2003 during the onset and peak activity of several worms that targeted vulnerable hosts running Windows file sharing. We incorporated the compromised honeypot into a large botnet that attackers used to initiate distributed denial-of-service (DDOS) attacks against several Internet sites. I explain the structure of such botnets, their use by computer attackers, and the threat they pose to Internet sites.
Path-based protection for surviving double-link failures in mesh-restorable optical networks

We consider path-based protection methods for two-link failures in mesh optical networks. Two link-disjoint backup paths are pre-computed for each source and destination node pair. We identify the scenarios where the backup paths can share their wavelengths without violating 100% restoration guarantee (backup multiplexing). We use integer programming to optimize the total capacity requirement for both dedicated-and shared-path protection schemes. Our results indicate that backup multiplexing significantly improves the efficiency of total capacity utilization. For the randomly generated demand sets, the shared-path scheme provides up to 37.5% saving in total capacity utilization over dedicated-path scheme. Backup multiplexing provides more saving for the demand set that has connection requests distributed more evenly. For the double link failure recovery methods, path-based methods are more efficient in capacity utilization than link-based methods. Dedicated-path scheme performs better than shared-link scheme in total capacity utilization on average.
Assessment of cardiac function in marathon runners by graphic noninvasive techniques.

The volume overload type of heart often observed in endurance athletes, was simulate a diseased heart. We used a battery of noninvasive graphic techniques, i.e., echocardiogram, apexcardiogram, carotid pulse, electrocardiogram, vectorcardiogram, phonocardiogram, systolic time intervals, and treadmill stress testing in 12 professional marathon runners, mean age 33.8 +/- 11.1. Twenty nonathletes matched for age, height, sex, and weight served as a control group. Left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic dimension in marathon runners averaged 5.53 +/- 0.5 cm compared to 4.81 +/- 0.04 cm in nonathletes (p less than 0.001), LV end-diastolic volume was 172.69 +/- 43.3 ml compared to 113.57 +/- 30.41 ml in nonathletes (p less than 0.001), stroke volume was 122.27 +/- 32.8 ml compared to 78.42 +/- 20.44 ml in non-athletes (p less than 0.001), the thickness of the posterior LV wall was 1.0 +/- 0.2 cm compared to 0.7 +/- 0.1 cm in nonathletes (p less than 0.001), and LV mass was significantly increased, 212.43 +/- 55.8 g compared to 123.48 +/- 24.54 g in non-athletes (p less than 0.01). Left atrium and aortic root were also relatively larger in athletes (p less than 0.01). Right ventricular end-diastolic dimension was enlarged in marathon runners (2.02 +/- 0.65 cm). No statistically significant differences were noted in ejection fraction, percentage of internal diameter shortening (% delta D) and PEP/LVET. The carotid tracing had a bisferiens pulse in five marathon runners. The apexcardiogram showed a bifid systolic thrust in three and absence of abnormal A wave. These abnormalities were related to the overload type of heart as proven by echocardiogram. "Early repolarization syndrome" (abnormal RS-T segment elevation) and notched T waves in ECG had a counterpart a semilunar configuration in the VCG. Three athletes met ECG criteria and one met VCG criteria of LVH. The treadmill exercise ECG was negative in all 12 athletes. Biventricular enlargement and increased left ventricular mass are present in the marathon runner's heart. Myocardial contractility at rest was, however, not statistically different from nonathletes.
Selective serial concatenation of turbo codes

A serial concatenation scheme consisting of a Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) outer code and a turbo inner code is proposed. We first establish that only a small number of bit positions at the turbo decoder output are likely to be in error at high signal-to-noise ratios. A double-error correcting BCH outer code is used to protect these particular error prone bits. Simulation results for an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel show that the bit-error rate (BER) floor of the turbo code can be lowered by using this serial concatenation scheme. The proposed technique offers higher throughput efficiency and lower complexity than other serial concatenation schemes.
Upstream open reading frames cause widespread reduction of protein expression and are polymorphic among humans

Upstream ORFs (uORFs) are mRNA elements defined by a start codon in the 5′ UTR that is out-of-frame with the main coding sequence. Although uORFs are present in approximately half of human and mouse transcripts, no study has investigated their global impact on protein expression. Here, we report that uORFs correlate with significantly reduced protein expression of the downstream ORF, based on analysis of 11,649 matched mRNA and protein measurements from 4 published mammalian studies. Using reporter constructs to test 25 selected uORFs, we estimate that uORFs typically reduce protein expression by 30–80%, with a modest impact on mRNA levels. We additionally identify polymorphisms that alter uORF presence in 509 human genes. Finally, we report that 5 uORF-altering mutations, detected within genes previously linked to human diseases, dramatically silence expression of the downstream protein. Together, our results suggest that uORFs influence the protein expression of thousands of mammalian genes and that variation in these elements can influence human phenotype and disease.
Constraint-induced movement therapy

Constraint-induced movement therapy improves outcome after chronic stroke, conforms experimental observations of neuronal plasticity, and proves the efficacy of intensive occupational therapy. More acutely instituted constraint-induced movement therapy has both practical and theoretic risks and benefits that deserve further careful evaluation.
An efficient approach for removal of universal noise using Adaptive Based Switching Bilateral Filter

This paper, deals with an Adaptive based Switching Bilateral Filter for removing universal noise in highly corrupted image. In contrast with the previous approach where blurring occurs while filtering the entire image without considering the uncorrupted pixels, which is reduced here by using Adaptive Median Filter with binary vector (BV). Operation carries in three stages. At first an Adaptive Median Filter is used to identify the corrupted pixels to remove the mixed impulses. At the second stage, the edge is preserved by using edge detector and the noise detector is to classify the noisy pixels, whether it is impulse noise or Gaussian noise. The noise detector has a high noise detection rate and high classification rate. In the third stage, the Switching Bilateral Filter (SBF) with sorted quadrant median vector (SQMV) scheme for removing universal noise and also restores the output image. The proposed Adaptive based Switching Bilateral Filter achieves high peak signal-to-noise ratio and great image quality by effectively removing universal noise.
Neurocranial form: Differentiating Four Ethnic Populations Using a Simple CT Scan Measure

Measurements of the cranial vault were obtained at the frontal and occipital poles, using computerized tomographic scans of 192 White, American Indian, Black and Oriental subjects. Significant differences were found in relation to the skull distance measurement (SDM) at the occipital pole for those subjects whose occipital SDM was greater than the frontal SDM (F less than O), as compared to other subjects who displayed equal frontal-occipital SDM (F = O) or frontal greater than occipital (F greater than O) SDM. With respect to these three relationships between frontal and occipital SDM, most American Indian subjects displayed the F = O pattern, most Black subjects the F less than O pattern and most Orientals the F greater than O pattern. White subjects distributed themselves equally among the three patterns. The importance of this new measurement is considered in relation to various areas of current neurological, psychological and anthropological investigations.
Thermal Desorption Studies of Isotopically-Labeled Oxygen from La2CuO4+δ

Isotopically-labeled oxygen enrichment and thermal desorption mass spectroscopy (TDMS) have been combined to study interstitial oxygen desorption from superconducting La2CuO4+δ(δ ≤ 0.032). Single crystal samples of magnetic, insulating La2CuO4.00 were annealed at 860K under 1-3 kbar oxygen pressure for 12-100 hours to yield hole-doped, superconducting La2CuO4+δ samples with 35K <Tc <40K. Whereas no TDMS signals were observed for the insulator, rapid bursts (FWHM < 0.5 sec) of molecular oxygen were observed above 350K while heating the superconductor at less than 1 K sec{-1} in high vacuum. A kinetic model is proposed in which the interstitial oxygen diffuses to internal grain boundaries and defects during heating, thereby inducing stress in the lattice as it attempts to revert to the LaCuO4.00 crystal structure. This stress is relieved by lattice fracture at grain boundaries during the TDMS experiment, releasing the trapped oxygen from the sample as micro-cracks are formed. In addition, the facile oxygen exchange between interstitial and latticeoxygen sites has been discovered by TDMS and weight gain measurements from isotopically-enriched crystals, supporting thestructural model of Chaillout, et al. in which the interstitial oxygen atom dimerizes with a lattice oxygen ion.
OVERVIEW ON SURFACE MICROSTRUCTURING BY PHOTODESORPTION ETCHING OF CHLORINATED SILICON**Supported: NSF-DMR-87-05680 and MSC-NSF-DMR-88-18558-AO2.

Abstract Developing a mechanistic interpretation of complex dynamical chemical systems such as halogen photoetching requires correlated microscopic data on the kinetics, dynamics, surface composition and microstructure of prototypical and real surfaces. This overview is concerned especially with two important variables which significantly influence the microetching mechanisms and structures; (I) the role of electronic point defects induced by substitutional doping in producing site-specific reactions and, (II) the quantum mechanical enhancement of chemical reaction induced by uv-radiation at low fluences and temperatures. From uv-photoetching and photodesorption studies of heavily doped Si(100) and Si(111) with chlorine beams at low laser fluences, the mechanisms of photostimulated desorption is analyzed based primarily on the kinetics of chemisorption and surface layer microanalysis obtained from core-level photoemission. These results are coupled with time-of-flight dynamical measurements on the energetics of the photodesorption process to provide a more unified understanding of anisotropic photon-stimulated microetching. Substantial alterations of the etching mechanisms occur when selective surface molecular processes are driven quantum mechanically by low level photon radiation rather than thermally. This is clearly reflected in the dynamical mechanisms for photodesorption which become strongly site- and atomic process-selective illustrated by the energetics of the processes. Creation and transport of charged carriers, especially at high doping levels by photoionization coupled with field-induced charge transport, introduces new reaction channels into the surface chemistry leading to resultant changes in the microstructure on an atomic scale. The results from the kinetics, velocity dynamics and film composition measurements are combined in terms of the dependency of chlorine adsorption on doping at high carrier levels and low laser fluences, to provide an improved interpretation of the anisotropic microetching in terms of field-promoted electron-hole activation.
Psychological Distress Is Associated with Greater Perceived Disability and Pain in Patients Presenting to a Shoulder Clinic

Background: Shoulder disorders are a common cause of disability and pain. The Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) is a frequently employed and previously validated measure of shoulder pain and disability. Although the SPADI has high reliability and construct validity, greater differences between individual patients are often observed than would be expected on the basis of diagnosis and pathophysiology alone. This study aims to determine how psychological factors (namely depression, catastrophic thinking, and self-efficacy) affect pain and perceived disability in the shoulder. Methods: A cohort of 139 patients completed a sociodemographic survey and elements from the SPADI, Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), and Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale (PHQ-2). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the association of psychosocial factors, demographic characteristics, and specific diagnosis with shoulder pain and disability. Results: The SPADI score showed medium correlation with the PCS (r = 0.43; p 0.05) with the SPADI. Conclusions: Catastrophic thinking and decreased self-efficacy are associated with greater shoulder pain and disability. Our data support the notion that patient-to-patient variation in symptom intensity and magnitude of disability is more strongly related to psychological distress than to the specific shoulder diagnosis. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Limited Disclosure and Locality in Graphs

Incremental design with information flow goals. Designers of secure systems would like to be able to work incrementally. Having designed a fragment of a system--and checked that it establishes some security goal--they would like to be able to design additional portions and combine them. It is, however, very difficult to ensure that the resulting composite system still establishes the security goals that the initial fragment was found to have.
CONFOUNDED DELAY-OF-KR DESIGN REVISITED: REPLY TO BILODEAU.

In response to Bilodeau's critique of a previous experiment three points are made: (1) relatively small ns and multiple Es are within the logic of scientific inference, (2) when you replicate you replicate, (3) there is a misunderstanding of the role of a research note in the scientific literature. The Dyal experiment then is a positive replication of Greenspoon and Foreman and thus contrasts with Bilodeau and Ryan's failure to replicate.
MECHANICAL MODELS FOR CELL MOVEMENT - LOCOMOTION, TRANSLOCATION, MIGRATION

This paper provides a detailed stochastic analysis of leucocyte cell movement based on the dynamics of a rigid body. The cell's behavior is studied in two relevant anisotropic environments displaying adhesion mediated movement (haptotaxis) and stimulus mediated movement (chemotaxis). This behavior is modeled by diffusion processes on three successively longer time scales, termed locomotion, translocation, and migration.
Calcium in Acute Pancreatic Necrosis.

ConclusionsAs much as 1732 mg of calcium may be present in the lesions of acute pancreatic necrosis. A moderate fall in serum calcium levels in acute pancreatic necrosis may occur between the 3rd and 11th days of illness.
The Space Layout of Automobile Sun Visor

The article introduces the structure of automobile sun visor,its functions,the requirements to its performance and the layout of sun visor.Based on the product development of SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile Co.,Ltd.,the article also expounds and analyzes a case of the layout of the typical MPV car's sun visor.
Nerve Grafting in Peripheral Nerve Repair

Experiments with irradiated nerve homografts in animals have suggested the possibility of using irradiated homografts in human beings when the size of the nerve defect resulting from injury makes end-to-end suturing impossible. Implementation of this type of procedure in 25 patients is reported, and remaining problems are discussed.
From the bottom-up: New York City teacher evaluation and the narration of mediated institutional assault

ABSTRACTFollowing the trend of consequential accountability in US public education, New York City introduced a teacher evaluation program during the 2013–2014 school year that linked teachers’ individual performance ratings with their students’ exam scores. As this program systemically alters the nature of teacher–student relationships by transforming students into the means to an end (teachers’ professional viability), this study investigated the implementation of this accountability program from the point of view of the teachers – those who were the subject of this new policy. This study of 15 teachers’ narratives from 3 distinct schools illuminates a social-organizational process that I refer to as mediated institutional assault – a perceived attack on the teachers’ sense of personhood and moral agency perpetrated by mediating figures whose actions were facilitated by bureaucratic policies and institutionally coordinated tools of control. Thus, this study reveals that the consequence of this new mode o...
Amphiphilic BODIPY-Hydroporphyrin Energy Transfer Arrays with Broadly Tunable Absorption and Deep Red/Near-Infrared Emission in Aqueous Micelles

BODIPY-hydroporphyrin energy transfer arrays allow for development of a family of fluorophores featuring a common excitation band at 500 nm, tunable excitation band in the deep red/near-infrared window, and tunable emission. Their biomedical applications are contingent upon retaining their optical properties in an aqueous environment. Amphiphilic arrays containing PEG-substituted BODIPY and chlorins or bacteriochlorins were prepared and their optical and fluorescence properties were determined in organic solvents and aqueous surfactants. The first series of arrays contains BODIPYs with PEG substituents attached to the boron, whereas in the second series, PEG substituents are attached to the aryl at the meso positions of BODIPY. For both series of arrays, excitation of BODIPY at 500 nm results in efficient energy transfer to and bright emission of hydroporphyrin in the deep-red (640–660 nm) or near-infrared (740–760 nm) spectral windows. In aqueous solution of nonionic surfactants (Triton X-100 and Tween 2...
Variability in coronary artery anatomy affects consistency of cardiac damage after myocardial infarction in mice

In the present study, we demonstrate that left coronary artery diversity in mice is one of the primary causes of variable myocardial infarction size and cardiac functional parameters in the left co...
Chemoselective and Diastereoconvergent Cu(II)-Catalyzed Aerobic Endoperoxidation of Polycarbonyls.

The diastereoconvergent synthesis of spirocyclic endoperoxides using a Meldrum’s acid scaffold has been accomplished by employing readily available feedstock chemicals. Site selective C–H oxidation of the bis(β-dicarbonyl) substrates was performed using elemental oxygen as the stoichiometric oxidant and a commercial Cu(II) catalyst. Sequential hydrogenolysis and ionic reduction of these endoperoxides provided fully substituted tetrahydrofurans in high yields and diastereoselectivity.
Reasoning about Fairness in Access to Higher Education

Recently, China has introduced significant fees for college entrance, which has some of the country’s Communists worried. They wonder whether China is going the American way. The following is a stylized version of a conversation the author had with a Chinese social scientist who was also a member of the Chinese communist party.
The Speech of Strangers: The Tale of the Andalusi Phoenix

Several medieval Iberian authors, including the twelfth-century Andalusi author Al-Saraqusṭi and the fifteenth-century Catalan author Anselm de Turmeda (as well as the fourteenth-century Kalonymous ben Kalonymous, a product of the Judeo-Andalsui tradition), chose imaginative fiction as the critical space in which to bring together sometimes competing currents of thought regarding not only the possibility of animal speech but also the larger issues of which it was a by-product—namely, the differences between animals and humans, and the role of each in the created universe. In these Iberian works, the phoenix is the vehicle by which a series of Persian and Islamic religious and popular traditions are brought into dialogue with varying philosophic notions of the nature of animals and men in the material world.
Physical Education Teachers’ Awareness and Understanding of Concussions, and Concussion Policies and Protocols

Purpose: Our primary aim was to determine physical educators’ current level of understanding of concussion symptoms and response guidelines. Method: Participants included 404 in-service physical ed...
Multi-Dimensional Measurements of Combustion Species in Flame Tube and Sector Gas Turbine Combustors

The higher temperature and pressure cycles of future aviation gas turbine combustors challenge designers to produce combustors that minimize their environmental impact while maintaining high operation efficiency. The development of low emissions combustors includes the reduction of unburned hydrocarbons, smoke, and particulates, as well as the reduction of oxides of nitrogen (NO(x)). In order to better understand and control the mechanisms that produce emissions, tools are needed to aid the development of combustor hardware. Current methods of measuring species within gas turbine combustors use extractive sampling of combustion gases to determine major species concentrations and to infer the bulk flame temperature. These methods cannot be used to measure unstable combustion products and have poor spatial and temporal resolution. The intrusive nature of gas sampling may also disturb the flow structure within a combustor. Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) is an optical technique for the measurement of combustion species. In addition to its non-intrusive nature, PLIF offers these advantages over gas sampling: high spatial resolution, high temporal resolution, the ability to measure unstable species, and the potential to measure combustion temperature. This thesis considers PLIF for in-situ visualization of combustion species as a tool for the design and evaluation of gas turbine combustor subcomponents. This work constitutes the first application of PLIF to the severe environment found in liquid-fueled, aviation gas turbine combustors. Technical and applied challenges are discussed. PLIF of OH was used to observe the flame structure within the post flame zone of a flame tube combustor, and within the flame zone of a sector combustor, for a variety of fuel injector configurations. OH was selected for measurement because it is a major combustion intermediate, playing a key role in the chemistry of combustion, and because its presence within the flame zone can serve as a qualitative marker of flame temperature. All images were taken in the environment of actual engines during flight, using actual jet fuel. The results of the PLIF study led directly to the modification of a fuel injector.
Reversible hierarchical structure induced by solvation and temperature modulation in an ionic liquid-based random bottlebrush copolymer

A solvent and temperature responsive random copolymer having a polyacrylate backbone with emanating ionic liquid side chains of 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-(2-carboxyethyl)-3-imidazolium bromide grafted poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM) possessing bottlebrush architecture is synthesized. The bottlebrush copolymer is prepared using an uncommon route that exploits the co-assembly of two amphiphilic ionic liquid acryloyl-based monomers in 30% (w/w) water to form a lyotropic mesophase followed by photo-initiated free radical polymerization. The copolymer adopts a temperature-invariant 2D hexagonal structure as determined by SAXS in the dehydrated (de-swollen) state. The absence of thermoresponsivity is attributed to a combination of confinement coupled with insufficient solvation of the grafted PNIPAM chains. In a water-swollen state (hydrogel), loss in long range translational ordering is observed while short range temperature-dependent ordering dominates. Below the LCST of PNIPAM (<40 °C), disassociated nanoscale discoidal assemblies predominate, as determined by SAXS. At temperatures above the LCST, the particles condense to form thicker circular discs of similar diameter. Polarized optical microscopy shows the formation of 1-D liquid-crystalline fibrillar structures spanning the meso- to micro-length scales. The assembly and disassembly are fully reversible with temperature cycling. This work demonstrates the possibility of achieving self-organization over multiple length scales (panoscopic) to create complex structures from modular components using an external stimulus to control construction.
The Pope and the Capital Juror

In a significant change to Catholic Church doctrine, Pope Francis recently declared that capital punishment is impermissible under all circumstances. Counterintuitively, the Pope’s pronouncement might make capital punishment less popular but more prevalent in the United States. This Essay anticipates this possible dynamic and, in so doing, explores how “death qualification” of capital juries can insulate the administration of the death penalty when community morality evolves away from capital punishment.