cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interannual variability and trends in the Middle Atlantic Bight cold pool

The Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) exhibits one of the largest seasonal cycles of temperature in the global ocean. During the summer, the water column is strongly stratified with warm surface waters separated from much colder bottom waters by a strong, shallow thermocline. The bottom water that remains cold in the summer months is referred to as the ‘cold pool’. The cold pool is formed as the stratification sets up in late spring and it remains until fall mixing breaks down the seasonal thermocline with each passing storm; it usually breaks down in September or October. The cold pool is an important feature of the MAB as it influences the surrounding waters, the intensity of storms, and fish assemblages over the MAB. We use various data sources to explore interannual variability and long-term climatic trends in summer stratification and cold pool source water. Annual trawls conducted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Services (NOAA NMFS) provide temperature and salinity measurements consistently from 1980 to the present. Slocum gliders have been regularly deployed along New Jersey shelf since 2003 and collect data for various organizations such as Rutgers University and the Environmental Protection Agency. NOAA's National Data Buoy Center provides several buoys in the region that have been collecting data since the early 1980's. A better understanding of the cold pool can lead to a better understanding of ocean and storm interactions in the MAB and of potential climate change impacts on the region.
Disruption of aromatase homeostasis as the cause of a multiplicity of ailments: A comprehensive review

Human health is beset with a legion of ailments, which is exacerbated by lifestyle errors. Out of the numerous enzymes in human body, aromatase, a cytochrome P450 enzyme is particularly very critical. Occurring at the crossroads of multiple signalling pathways, its homeostasis is vital for optimal health. Unfortunately, medications, hormone therapy, chemical additives in food, and endocrine-disrupting personal care products are oscillating the aromatase concentration beyond the permissible level. As this enzyme converts androgens (C19) into estrogens (C18), its agitation has different outcomes in different genders and age groups. Some common pathologies associated with aromatase disruption include breast cancer, prostate cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, osteoporosis, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, pituitary cancer, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, male hypogonadism, and transgender issues. Several drugs, cosmetics and pesticides act as the activators and suppressors of this enzyme. This carefully-compiled critical review is expected to increase public awareness regarding the threats resultant of the perturbations of this enzyme and to motivate researchers for further investigation of this field.
The anand parameters of aging resistant doped solder alloys

Due to growing environmental concerns, lead-free solder materials are being widely used in electronic assemblies. The Anand viscoplastic constitutive model is frequently used to represent mechanical behavior of lead-free solder materials in finite element simulations. However, prior experimental results have demonstrated that properties of lead-free solder materials degrade over time when exposed to isothermal aging. These aging-induced degradations are more severe in harsh environments (e.g. high temperature). Our previous studies have revealed that dopants in SAC (Sn-Ag-Cu) alloys can be successfully used to reduce, and in some cases prevent, aging-induced degradations. In the present study, we have explored the mechanical properties of a new lead-free doped SAC solder alloy referred to as SAC_Q (commercially known as CYCLOMAX). SAC_Q has been recommended for high-reliability applications by its vendor. Uniaxial samples were prepared for the alloy, and some samples were aged in an oven at T = 100 °C for 3 months. Uniaxial tensile tests were performed with the doped alloy of both non-aged and aged microstructures. Testing conditions included three different strain rates (0.001, 0.0001 and 0.00001 sec−1) and five different test temperatures (25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 °C). Tensile test results for the doped alloy, before and after aging, were compared with those of standard SAC305. Anand parameters of the doped alloy for the various aging conditions were determined from the stress-strain test results. A good correlation was found between Anand model predictions and the experimentally obtained results. A microstructure study has revealed that the Bismuth (Bi) present as a dopant in the SAC_Q alloy plays an important role to make the alloy relatively insensitive to aging-induced degradations.
Define the Outcome (Worksheet D)

The goal of this chapter is to clearly define and substantiate the outcome and related measures that will be used to operationalize the concepts described in PIO MM for the study. Worksheet D should be completed for each measure before moving on to the next chapter. This chapter provides an example of completed worksheets based on a fictitious study of home visiting program outcomes of individuals receiving brief family home visiting services compared to those receiving long term visits. Upon completion of Worksheet D, the reader will have defined the measures for identified PIO MM concepts including population characteristics, problem, intervention, and context; substantiated the psychometrics of the measures, and described the data collection process for each measure. This information, together with the information from Worksheets B and C enables the description of the study purpose and sets the stage for launching the study.
In defense of digital commoning

This article is a reply to ‘The illusion of the digital commons’, an idea introduced by Ossewaarde and Reijers. Their criticism challenges those of us arguing that digital commons are emancipatory, exhibiting post-capitalist dynamics. From the perspective of the digital commoner as well as that of the scholar who studies commoning practices, my thesis is that digital commoning is not grounded in a-political principles as the authors claim. But rather it introduces a political platform upon which various progressive movements are converging.
18F-florbetapir Positron Emission Tomography-determined Cerebral β-Amyloid Deposition and Neurocognitive Performance after Cardiac Surgery.

Background:Amyloid deposition is a potential contributor to postoperative cognitive dysfunction. The authors hypothesized that 6-week global cortical amyloid burden, determined by 18F-florbetapir positron emission tomography, would be greater in those patients manifesting cognitive dysfunction at 6
A one hour teaching intervention can improve end-of-life care

Abstract Background It is not known if standard nursing actions are tailored to patient preferences for comfort measures during End of Life (EOL) care. Objectives Determine the effect of a brief teaching intervention on student care of EOL patients. Design Pre-test/post-test intervention design. Settings Two large public universities and one smaller private Catholic institution (all in the United States [U.S.]). Participants 471 nursing students attending class as part of their required nursing curriculum. Methods A previously developed aggressiveness of nursing care scale was modified to determine students' behavioral intentions for the care of the EOL patient before and after a standardized lecture. The lecture was designed to help students recognize that nursing care priorities for the EOL patient may need to be different than for other patients in order to provide the best quality of remaining life. Results Nursing students prior to the lecture had aggressiveness of care scores similar to those of experienced staff nurses, and were more likely to provide more aggressive care to younger patients without DNR orders than to older patients with a DNR order. Following the lecture, aggressiveness of nursing care scores decreased significantly for all EOL patients, and students reported similar behavioral intentions for all EOL patients, regardless of patient age or code status. Student age was marginally related to change in behavior following the lecture. Prior experience in caring for a dying patient or relative did not have a significant effect on aggressiveness of care scores before or after the lecture. Conclusions This study demonstrates the effectiveness of a brief teaching intervention to help student nurses take patient preferences and needs into consideration when selecting nursing interventions for the EOL patient.
Correlation between chromatographi and diffusional behavior of substances in beds of pore controlled glass

Abstract Chromatography and diffusion experiments were performed with columns and suspensions of grains of pore-controlled glass 620 A pore diameter. The elution positions of tobacco mosaic virus and of benzyl alcohol coincide with the actual void volume and the total fluid volume of the column. A spherical virus (MS2) of 260 A diameter eluted at a normalized elution volume of ke = 0.44 and its peak position shifted only very slightly over a wide range of elution rates. The diffusional uptake of virus (MS2) by the porous glass grains from a well stirred suspension indicated that the total pore volume of the glass was accessible to the virus. It took approximately 30 sec for one half of the ultimated amount of virus to penetrate the glass. In the light of these results it is very unlikely that a volume exclusion of uniform and controlle pore size display elution spectra similary to those of gel columns, it is also unlikely that volume exclusion governs the elution spectrum in steric chromatography on gels.
Millennials in the Housing Market: The Transition to Ownership in Challenging Contexts

In the context of rising housing costs, volatile housing markets and changing family structures, I examine the transition to ownership of young adults, and specifically the ownership paths of the M...
Judicial Decision Making About Expert Testimony in the Aftermath of Daubert and Kumho

ABSTRACT The Supreme Court's decision in Daubert clarified the standards for the admissibility of expert evidence. Judges were called upon to evaluate the reliability of expert evidence, particularly the reliability of scientific evidence. The Court's decision in Kumho extended the reliability evaluation to nonscientific evidence. In the aftermath of these decisions, it was unclear how courts would evaluate expert reliability and whether these decisions would reduce the number of experts admitted to testify. This research investigated the effects of these decisions on expert testimony admissibility by coding appellate court opinions. Analyses revealed that there was little change in the rates of admission of expert testimony in appellate courts. Consistent with Daubert, the Federal Rules of Evidence were the most influential in judges' decision making about expert testimony. Appellate courts appear to be evaluating the reliability of expert testimony as part of their admission decisions under the Rules, b...
Broad-Winged Hawk Nesting Behavior in Forested Landscapes of Pennsylvania

Broad-winged Hawks (Buteo platypterus) concentrate in large numbers during migration but several sources suggest regional declines in eastern North America may be occurring, perhaps due to increasing human development, natural resource exploitation, and suburbanization of forests. To better understand the natural history of this secretive nesting species, we used both direct field observations and video cameras to study the nesting ecology of Broad-winged Hawks in three geographic regions of Pennsylvania, each with varying degrees of forest fragmentation. We recorded adult nest attendance, prey deliveries, and nest material deliveries from incubation through fledging. During 891 hr of observation during the nestling period, adult hawks were absent from the nest >72% of the time. Of the time at least one adult was present at the nest during the nestling stage, 77% was spent standing and sheltering, 21% feeding young, and 1% consuming food. Both adults were present at the nest 16% of the total prey delivered. Prey deliveries were more frequent during the first 3 wk of the nestling period than during the last 2 wk of the nestling period, but did not vary by time of day. The most frequently delivered nesting material was deciduous sprigs, which made up 55% of deliveries. Nest materials were delivered from incubation until the young were 4 wk old, but delivery rates varied significantly by nesting stage and nestling age. The absence of adults at the nests during nestling and fledgling periods may leave young vulnerable to predators. Although our sample size of nests in fragmented forests was too small for statistical analysis, the relationship between forest fragmentation and Broad-winged Hawk nesting ecology warrants further investigation.
Learning about Culture Together: Enhancing Educators Cultural Competence through Collaborative Teacher Study Groups.

We describe the impact of an African American history centred collaborative teacher study group (CTSG) professional development experience on the cultural competence of 20 secondary Social Studies ...
Using conjoint constitution to understand responses to slow-moving environmental change: the case of mountain pine beetle in north-central Colorado

A growing body of work exists on the social implications of forest insect disturbances. However, although increasingly explored, there remains a need to further understand social responses to large...
Composability Applications for Test System Development

The demand for low cost high quality products is continuing to grow in the marketplace. Technology and the advent of robotic engineering have paved the way to reduce cost of manufacturing, and, yet, the cost of test and its resulting test equipment is still high. How, then, do we approach the problem of reducing the cost of test and, at the same time, streamline the assembly and test flow? The answer lies in establishing a Composable Test Architecture, which utilizes common test methods (CTM) for testing functions and defines composable test systems to test those functions. Most products can be decomposed into key functions, encapsulated within a system utilizing a modular open system architecture. Specific modular systems can then be selected and composed into a more complex product, such as a smartphone, to satisfy the user's needs without losing any of its core functionality. Thus, the modular product can also be called a composable system, to which common test methods can be applied and subsequent composable test systems aligned to the modular product can be developed. By defining a standard methodology for testing each composable system in a product, the cost of test can be reduced by reusing those CTMs for new product development. The end result is the establishment of a composable test library that includes 1) the CTMs which define the test methodology, or “how to test”, for each composable system, and 2) the corresponding composable test equipment used to test the composable system. Composable test equipment is comprised of a standardized set of test instruments performing a standard list of test measurements. As the end product is built up, the same set of test instruments and measurements can be utilized at the next level of assembly to ensure the final product still meets requirements. This paper discusses the principles behind composable systems and how that can be leveraged to build composable test equipment. The conclusion will demonstrate how implementing a composable test architecture can shorten the test equipment development cycle and streamline test in the factory.
Considering non-power generation uses of coal in the United States

Abstract The economics of alternatives to coal combustion, coupled with concerns about coal's significant role in climate change emissions and air pollution, have put intense downward pressure on coal markets, especially in the United States. As coal power generation in much of the world is declining (China being the largest exception), there is renewed interest in how to sustainably, and effectively, use coal without combusting it. A non-exhaustive review of various possible uses for coal across the chemical and material sectors, is provided. Advanced materials and chemicals derived from coal may offer attractive avenues for further research and development that could lay the groundwork for future manufacturing and processing. However, many current applications suffer from being either uneconomic or producing high levels of emissions across their lifecycle.
Water Oxidation Catalyst cis-[Ru(bpy)(5,5′-dcbpy)(H2O)2]2+ and Its Stabilization in Metal–Organic Framework

The realization of artificial photosynthesis requires the design of fast and durable water oxidation catalysts that can be incorporated into future sunlight-to-chemical-fuels assemblies. Here we re...
Hunting Co-operation in the Middle Predator in Three Species Food Chain Model

We proposed a three-species food chain model with hunting co-operation among the middle predator. In this model, third species prey on the middle species and the middle prey on the first species. The hunting cooperation among the middle predator affects interestingly on the numbers of both the predators and the prey. We examined the linear stability of the model theoretically and numerically. We conducted the two-parameter numerical analysis to check the long-term behavior and the change in the number of species with respect to hunting co-operation. Our findings supported the postulates from the two species food chain model with hunting co-operation.
On Secure Network Coding for Two Unicast Sessions: Studying Butterflies

This paper considers a class of wireline networks, derived from the well-known butterfly network, over which two independent unicast sessions take place simultaneously. The main objectives are to understand when network coding type of operations are beneficial with and without security considerations and to derive the gains that cooperation among sources and sinks can bring. Towards these goals, the capacity region of the butterfly network with arbitrary edge capacities is first derived. It is then shown that no rate can be guaranteed over this network under security considerations, when an eavesdropper wiretaps any one link. Four variations of the butterfly network, such as the case of co-located sources, are analyzed and their secure and non-secure capacity regions are characterized.
Perceived threat of COVID-19 among sexual minority and heterosexual women

The coronavirus that causes COVID-19 is a novel virus that has infected millions of people around the world In this work, we studied whether women's appraisal of the threat of COVID-19 in the United States varied as a function of sexual identity, and if so, why? Using an online survey that was fielded in early May 2020, we collected data on perceived threat of COVID-19 from 493 cisgender women living in the United States We used a novel assessment of perceived threat of COVID-19 (alpha = 89) and also examined demographic, health, and exposure variables as potential predictors and mediators of perceived threat As expected, results showed that lesbian (n = 141) and bisexual (n = 155) women regarded COVID-19 as a more serious threat (microheterosexual = 10 7, microlesbian = 12 0, microbisexual = 12 5) than did heterosexual women (n = 197) The magnitude of the difference between sexual minority and heterosexual women was attenuated to some degree by measures of exposure Network exposure explained differences fully for lesbian women, but only partially for bisexual women For employed women, workplace environment (rather than network exposure) fully explained difference for lesbian women Differences in perceived threat as a function of sexual identity remained significant for bisexual women regardless of predictors We conclude that sexual minority women perceived the COVID-19 pandemic as a greater threat than did heterosexual women, and that this was partially associated with their exposure to COVID-19 Beyond this, however, much remains to be learned about factors underlying and resulting from women's views of the COVID-19 pandemic (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved) Impact Statement Public Significance Statement-We found that lesbian and bisexual women in the United States have more direct and indirect exposure to COVID-19 through their personal networks and workplace environments than do heterosexual women This exposure partially explained why lesbian and bisexual women perceive COVID-19 as a greater threat than do heterosexual women, and these findings suggest that lesbian and bisexual women may differ from heterosexual women in how they experience the COVID-19 pandemic (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
A fast convolution-based method for peridynamic transient diffusion in arbitrary domains

Abstract We introduce a fast convolution-based method (FCBM) for solving linear and a certain class of nonlinear peridynamic (PD) transient diffusion problems in 1D, 2D, and 3D. The method exploits the convolutional structure of the PD diffusion operator to compute it efficiently by using the fast Fourier transform (FFT). A new “embedded constraint” (EC) strategy allows using the Fourier transform on irregular domains and imposing arbitrary nonlocal boundary conditions. The complexity of the new method is O ( N log 2 N ) , compared with O ( N 2 ) for the conventional peridynamic meshfree or finite element solvers of the same problem. We find quadratic convergence rates in terms of spatial discretization to the exact nonlocal solutions in 1D and 2D problems. Numerical tests show substantial efficiency gains when using the FCBM-EC method compared to the meshfree discretization method for problems with a larger number of nodes inside the nonlocal region. Further speedup is achieved with Matlab’s intrinsic FFT functions for computations on GPUs or multiple CPUs. An example in 3D with over 1 billion degrees of freedom over tens of thousands of time-steps, is solved by the new method on a single CPU in a matter of days. The same problem would have required over a century to complete with the commonly used meshfree discretization.
Martin Luther King’s Beloved Community and European Trumpism

The national Martin Luther King narrative of celebration has become so commodified as to shield from our sight the complex depths of King’s true greatness. He was more transformative than we have come to embrace, in his Pan-Africanism, his battles against European and American colonialism and racial subordination, his defiance of Cold War opposition to Black internationally oriented thinking and action, in insisting that his profound vision of the Beloved Community should become a non-utopian, non-violent, realized system of national and global governance, in his strong support of international human rights. His global authority had become widespread before his assassination in 1968, and he had become a contemporary bulwark of the Black International Tradition. The importance of this study of King lies in his early confrontation with the “roots of Trumpism” and his vision of the Beloved Community. His global authority emerged during his early leadership years in the American Civil Rights Movement, where he simultaneously confronted the American roots of Trumpism and the incoming European alt-rights demands against civil rights and for a subordinating White Atlantic public order. His authority spread to Europe accompanied by the influence of the norms of the Beloved Community, with one culminating point in his being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, following epochal sermons on both sides of the Berlin Wall from where his principles lodged themselves into European freedom narratives. Invocations of his authority and norms of the Beloved Community continued through documented and discussed European invocations of King’s principles, and citations and holdings of his principles were brought into international law in opinions of the European Court of Human Rights. European invocations grew from expressed peoples’ need for King’s Dream from his historic 1963 March on Washington oration, and for his principles of non-violence and of agape love. The composite manifestations of King’s global authority in Europe thus were awaiting the appearance in Europe of President Trump’s 2016 election victory, along with continental manifestations of European Trumpism. King’s authority was mobilized in European resistance struggles against the spread of Trumpism. His European authority perseveres to battle the aggressive alt-right Trumpist demands for the post-colonial racial subordination of vulnerable peoples of color, demands which seek a White Atlantic public order to succeed the dominance of Empire to support white dominance. And from the Beloved Community came collective European realizations that a Kingian Dream was essential to those resistance struggles, for both vulnerable peoples and the European Union to be liberated from the stifling suppression of human values trailing in the wake of Trumpism.
The Effect of Amiloride on Proteinuria in Patients with Proteinuric Kidney Disease.

Introduction Proteinuric kidney diseases share an aggressive clinical course of developing end-stage renal disease. However, the treatment is limited. Amiloride, an epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) inhibitor, was reported to reduce proteinuria in animal studies and case reports independent of ENaC inhibition. We hypothesized that amiloride not triamterene (an analog of amiloride) would reduce proteinuria in the patients with proteinuric kidney disease. Methods Patients with proteinuria >1.0 g/day and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) >30 mL/min/1.73 m2 on a maximum tolerable dose of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers were randomized to receive amiloride 5 mg twice daily or triamterene 50 mg twice daily for 8 weeks, followed by 4 weeks of washout, and then crossed over to the other drug for 8 weeks. The primary outcome was 24-h urine protein reduction. Secondary outcomes were changes in body weight, blood pressure (BP), serum potassium, and eGFR. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance. Results A total of 12 patients completed the study. Amiloride reduced 24-h urine protein by 38.7% (p = 0.002) and decreased systolic BP by 12.3 mm Hg (p = 0.04). Interestingly, triamterene reduced 24 h urine protein as well, by 32.8% (p = 0.02). Triamterene lowered eGFR by 9.0 mL/min/1.73 m2 (p = 0.007), but it was reversible. The average weight change was insignificant in both groups (p = 0.40 and 0.34 respectively). Three patients withdrew the study due to hyperkalemia. Conclusions Both amiloride and triamterene significantly reduced proteinuria in patients with proteinuric kidney disease. The anti-proteinuric effect was additive to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) blockade, given all patients were on RAAS blockade. Hyperkalemia was a safety concern. Larger trials might be needed to examine the antiproteinuric effects of ENaC inhibitors.
Effects of Parenting by Lying in Childhood on Adult Lying, Internalizing Behaviors, and Relationship Quality

Parenting by lying is a phenomenon in which parents lie to their children, usually for a positive goal, and has been the subject of new parenting research. This study tested the associations between parenting by lying in childhood, lying to parents in young adulthood, and parent–child relationship quality. Secondly, we examined the mechanisms through which these constructs were all related to internalizing behaviors in young adulthood, specifically—stress, anxiety and depressive symptoms. Young adult participants between the ages of 18 and 24 (N = 206) responded to questions about parenting strategies experienced in childhood, their current adult functioning, lying to parents, and parent–child relationship quality. Results indicate that parenting by lying in childhood was significantly associated with lower quality relationships with parents during young adulthood. Additionally, we found that double mediation models (lying to parents and quality of parent–child relationships) were best fitting the data in explaining the exploratory mechanisms (indirect pathways) through which parenting by lying was associated with internalizing behaviors (stress responses, anxiety, and depressive symptoms) in young adulthood. Based on all the findings, a review of parenting by lying in childhood as a common parenting strategy, and further research is highly encouraged. Other implications are discussed.
Sudden Onset of Severe Left-Sided Abdominal Pain

A 65-year-old obese male presents to the emergency department with sudden onset of severe left-sided abdominal pain that radiates to the left flank and back. The pain began 2 h ago and started while he was watching television. He has never had the pain before. He denies any nausea or vomiting, changes in bowel habits, or bloody/black stools. Past history is significant for COPD and well-controlled hypertension. He does not drink alcohol but has smoked 1 pack per day for 35 years. On physical exam, BP is 90/60 mmHg, heart rate is 120 bpm, RR is 24, and he is afebrile. He appears to be in moderate distress secondary to pain and has diaphoresis. The lungs are clear bilaterally to auscultation without rales or rhonchi. Cardiac exam reveals a regular rate and rhythm without murmurs, rubs, or gallops. His abdomen appears pale and is moderately tender to palpation diffusely but worse in the mid-abdomen and in the left lower quadrant. He has no rebound or guarding. A palpable tender pulsatile mass is felt in the midline just above the umbilicus. Rectal exam reveals no blood, stool, or masses. Femoral, popliteal, and pedal pulses are 1+ bilaterally. Laboratory examination reveals a hemoglobin of 10.1 g/dL (normal 12.3–15.7 g/dL), hematocrit of 30.3 % (37–46 %), and WBC of 11 × 103/μL (4.1–10.9 × 103/μL). His AST and ALT are 30 u/L (5–35 u/L) and 45 u/L (7–56 u/L), respectively. The patient’s lipase is 50 u/L (7–60 u/L) and amylase is 62 u/L (30–110 u/L).
Toward Improved Selectivity in Cancer Chemotherapy: The Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Award Lecture

Abstract Approaches to improving the selectivity of drugs for the treatment of patients with cancer are discussed, with emphasis on folate antagonists as prototype compounds. The use of metabolites (leucovorin, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate) as “rescue” agents following methotrexate treatment with appropriate monitoring of blood levels of methotrexate has led to the safe use of this antimetabolite in high doses and an improved therapeutic index for the use of this drug in some human cancers. The use of methotrexate in conjunction with fluorouracil administration is sequence dependent in experimental tumor models and is being tested in human tumors. New folate antagonists, designed to inhibit thymidylate synthetase per se or as facilitators of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine 5′-monophosphate binding to this enzyme are also discussed. The potential for selectivity using nonclassical folate antagonists is also illustrated; in addition to Baker9s antifol (triazinate), a triazine folate antagonist, now in clinical trial, several 2,4-diaminoquinazolines were found to be potent exhibitors of DNA synthesis in human leukemic leukocytes. Drug resistance to antineoplastic agents continues to be an important clinical problem. By using resistance to methotrexate as an example, exploitation of drug-resistant mutants by design of specific inhibitors is possible. A strategy for the prevention of drug resistance is advanced, based on data derived from experimental systems. It is concluded that large doses of drugs used in intermittent fashion and sequentially in combination may be the best strategy to avoid this problem. An example of this strategy is Adriamycin-cyclophosphamide-Oncovin-methotrexate-1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine, a five-drug sequential combination used to treat diffuse histiocytic lymphoma.
Pi-/Pi+ ratio from deuterium in photoproduction at 500-1000 Mev

The ratio of charged pions photoproduced from deuterium has been studied using the brems-strahlung photon beam from the electron synchrotron at the California Institute of Technology. The ratio yields of negative and positive pions gives directly the ratio of the cross sections of the two processes, γ+p=n+π+, and γ+n=p+ π-, assuming deuteron structure effects to be negligible.
Continuous self-calibration canceling drive-induced errors in MEMS vibratory gyroscopes

We report a system for simultaneous rate readout and drift cancellation for MEMS vibratory gyroscopes without significantly affecting the sensor noise or bandwidth. The drift cancellation is accomplished by periodically reversing polarity of the gyroscope's forcing voltage. As opposed to the state-of-the-art methods, our self-calibration does not interrupt normal gyroscope operation nor require a symmetric sensor. The proposed here self-calibration has enabled a five-fold reduction of the output drift (rate random walk) for ADXRS800 iMEMS gyroscope with a quadruple mass architecture.
Should molluscum be treated

Major textbooks of pediatrics1-7 and dermatology8-11 as well as special editions on pediatric dermatology12 suggest that molluscum contagiosum requires treatment in infants and children. Pricking the surface of the lesion and expressing the contents is the most frequently recommended therapy1,4-7,9,11 but curettage is also frequently suggested.2-4,6,7,10 Podophyllin, Cantharone, trichloroacetic acid, benzoyl peroxide gels, phenol, glacial acetic acid, liquid nitrogen cryotherapy, surgical excision, oral tetracycline, and thiosemicarbazol are suggested in one or another of these references as alternative measures.
A Balance between B Cell Receptor and Inhibitory Receptor Signaling Controls Plasma Cell Differentiation by Maintaining Optimal Ets1 Levels

Signaling through the BCR can drive B cell activation and contribute to B cell differentiation into Ab-secreting plasma cells. The positive BCR signal is counterbalanced by a number of membrane-localized inhibitory receptors that limit B cell activation and plasma cell differentiation. Deficiencies in these negative signaling pathways may cause autoantibody generation and autoimmune disease in both animal models and human patients. We have previously shown that the transcription factor Ets1 can restrain B cell differentiation into plasma cells. In this study, we tested the roles of the BCR and inhibitory receptors in controlling the expression of Ets1 in mouse B cells. We found that Ets1 is downregulated in B cells by BCR or TLR signaling through a pathway dependent on PI3K, Btk, IKK2, and JNK. Deficiencies in inhibitory pathways, such as a loss of the tyrosine kinase Lyn, the phosphatase Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP1) or membrane receptors CD22 and/or Siglec-G, result in enhanced BCR signaling and decreased Ets1 expression. Restoring Ets1 expression in Lyn- or SHP1-deficient B cells inhibits their enhanced plasma cell differentiation. Our findings indicate that downregulation of Ets1 occurs in response to B cell activation via either BCR or TLR signaling, thereby allowing B cell differentiation and that the maintenance of Ets1 expression is an important function of the inhibitory Lyn → CD22/SiglecG → SHP1 pathway in B cells.
The Electra KrF laser program

Electra is a repetitively pulsed, electron-beam pumped, Krypton Fluoride (KrF) laser that will develop the technologies that can meet the Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE) requirements for durability, efficiency, and cost. Electra will have a 30 cm/spl times/30 cm optical aperture, an output of 400-900 Joules, and run at 5 Hz. The main amplifier will be pumped with two 30 cm/spl times/100 cm e-beams, each with V=500 kV, I=110 kA, and t=100 nsec (flat top). The components that need to be developed are: a durable and efficient pulsed power system; a durable electron beam emitter; a long life, transparent pressure foil structure (hibachi); a laser gas recirculator; and long life optical windows. The technologies developed on Electra will be directly scalable to a full size fusion power plant beam line. We have built a first generation pulsed power system that can produce the necessary pulsed power parameters and repetition rate. This system has operated at 5 Hz for 90000 shots (e.g. five hours), which is more than ample to develop the laser components. This paper gives an overview of the Electra program, and then concentrate on the results of our research on electron beam generation, transport, and deposition. This includes evaluation of various cathode and hibachi structures, as well as KrF laser modeling.
Using fire tests for quantitative risk analysis

Fires can be considered a causal chain-of-events in which the growth and spread of fire may cause damage and injury if it is rapid enough to overcome the barriers placed in its way. Fire tests for fire resistance of the barriers can be used in a quantitative risk assessment. The fire growth and spread is modeled in a state transition model (STM). The fire barriers are presented as part of the fire protection model (FPM). which is based on a portion of the National Fire Prevention Association (NFPA) decision tree. An emergency equivalent network is introduced to couple the fire growth model (FGM) and the FPM so that the spread of fire beyond the room of origin can be computed. An example is presented in which a specific building floor plan is analyzed to obtain the shortest expected time for fire to spread between two points. To obtain the probability and time for each link in the network, data from the results of fire tests were used. These results were found to be lacking, and new standards giving better data are advocated.
Dependence of polymerase chain reaction product inactivation protocols on amplicon length and sequence composition.

Specific diagnostic test results generated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) depend upon control of amplicon contamination in the clinical laboratory. We compared photochemical (isopsoralen [IP]) and enzymatic (uracil N-glycosylase [UNG]) methods for their ability to prevent carryover of amplicons generated from genomic targets of five viruses. PCR products (amplicons) (herpes simplex virus, 342 bp; cytomegalovirus, 250 bp; Epstein-Barr virus, 240 bp) exposed to UV light in the presence of various concentrations of IP compound 10 (IP-10) resulted in apparent increased molecular sizes of the products, as indicated by migration patterns after gel electrophoresis, and were predictive of inactivation by the agent. For amplicons of or = 240 bp; however, this treatment did not inactivate the two amplicons of < or = 100 bp, regardless of the G + C content of the product. Larger products were inactivated efficiently by both methods, regardless of their G + C contents. We concluded that both IP and UNG effectively inactivated PCR amplicons but not short amplicons of < or = 100 bp. We recommend that with the adoption of PCR technology in clinical laboratories, primers should be designed to produce amplicons of at least 240 to 350 bp (depending on G + C content) and that at least one effective method of controlling carryover contamination should be incorporated into each PCR protocol.
Gaston Labat, John Lundy, Emery Rovenstine, and the Mayo Clinic: the spread of regional anesthesia in America between the world wars

Abstract The spread of regional anesthesia in America was greatly facilitated by the work of Gaston Labat. Recruited to work at the Mayo Clinic, Dr. Labat there published his seminal textbook, Regional Anesthesia, in which he laid out his techniques to the next generation of physician specialists, notably John Lundy, Ralph Waters, and Emery Rovenstine. It was Rovenstine who was responsible for creating the specialty of anesthesiology in the 1920s and 1930s. John Lundy continued Labat's work at the Mayo Clinic when Labat left for Bellevue Hospital in New York. There, while teaching, Labat further developed and refined his techniques for delivering regional anesthesia.
Current-voltage characteristics of thin-film SOI MOSFET's in strong inversion

A simple analytic model for the steady-state current-voltage characteristics of strongly inverted silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFET's is developed. The model, simplified by a key approximation that the inversion charge density is described well by a linear function of the Surface potential, clearly shows the dependence of the drain current on the device parameters and on the terminal voltages, including the back-gate (substrate) bias. The analysis is supported by measurements of current-voltage characteristics of thin-film (laser-recrystallized) SOI MOSFET's. The dependence of carrier mobility on the terminal voltages, especially the back-gate bias, is analyzed and shown to underlie discrepancies between the theoretical (constant mobility) and experimental results at high gate voltages. The mobility dependence on the back-gate bias enhances the strong influence of the back gate on the drain current, especially when the device is saturated.
Phospholipase C-δ1 Expression Is Linked to Proliferation, DNA Synthesis, and Cyclin E Levels

We previously reported that phospholipase C-δ1 (PLC-δ1) accumulates in the nucleus at the G1/S transition, which is largely dependent on its binding to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (Stallings, J. D., Tall, E. G., Pentyala, S., and Rebecchi, M. J. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 22060-22069 ). Here, using small interfering RNA (siRNA) that specifically targets rat PLC-δ1, we investigated whether this enzyme plays a role in cell cycle control. Inhibiting expression of PLC-δ1 significantly decreased proliferation of rat C6 glioma cells and altered S phase progression. [3H]Thymidine labeling and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis indicated that the rates of G1/S transition and DNA synthesis were enhanced. On the other hand, knockdown cultures released from the G1/S boundary were slower to reach full G2/M DNA content, consistent with a delay in S phase. The levels of cyclin E, a key regulator of the G1/S transition and DNA synthesis, were elevated in asynchronous cultures as well as those blocked at the G1/S boundary. Epifluorescence imaging showed that transient expression of human phospholipase C-δ1, resistant to these siRNA, suppressed expression of cyclin E at the G1/S boundary despite treatment of cultures with rat-specific siRNA. Although whole cell levels of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate were unchanged, suppression of PLC-δ1 led to a significant rise in the nuclear levels of this phospholipid at the G1/S boundary. These results support a role for PLC-δ1 and nuclear phospholipid metabolism in regulating cell cycle progression.
Tab adhesive in a composite compression specimen

Determination of the compressive strength of a composite depends on many experimental parameters. One of them is the adhesive used to bond the tabs to the compression specimen. Experimental results show that the compressive strength has no significant change when different adhesives with different moduli are used. The compressive strength was also shown to be independent of adhesive thickness in a composite compression specimen. A finite element analysis was utilized in this study to investigate the effect of tab adhesive properties, i.e., the modulus and thickness of the adhesive layer, on the compressive strength. The stress distributions along the adhesive layer and stress concentrations at the tab tip of a composite compression specimen are presented. The analytical prediction coincides with the limited experimental data.
Evaporation of the fragrance component, cinnamyl alcohol, using simultaneous TG–DTA

Abstract The thermal behavior of cinnamyl alcohol, which is used in the perfume industry to create a sweet, balsamic and hyacinth-like fragrance, was examined with a simultaneous thermogravimetric–differential thermal analysis (TG–DTA) unit. The sample was subjected to a controlled rising temperature regime under a regulated purge gas flow rate. The evaporation rates and coefficient of evaporation were calculated from TG–DTG data. From the DTG curve, it was found that the evaporation of cinnamyl alcohol is a zero-order process. The activation energy and enthalpy of vaporization for the evaporation process were determined by the use of the Arrhenius and Clausius–Clapeyron equations, respectively. The enthalpy value was calculated to be 68.10±0.84 kJ, while the energy of activation was found to be 66.34±0.84 kJ. The Langmuir equation was applied to the evaporation data, enabling the vapor pressure curves to be determined.
In situ fluorescence monitoring of immobilizedClostridium acetobutylicum

The NAD(P)H-dependent culture fluorescence of immobilizedClostridium acetobutylicum was followed during a three-part fermentation involving product formation on minimal and nitrogen-free media. The fluorescence signal, together with a knowledge of the metabolic pathways ofCl. acetobutylicum, provices information on the state and intracellular activities of the immobilized bacteria not readily found by other methods.
The deep computing messaging framework: generalized scalable message passing on the blue gene/P supercomputer

We present the architecture of the Deep Computing Messaging Framework (DCMF), a message passing runtime designed for the Blue Gene/P machine and other HPC architectures. DCMF has been designed to easily support several programming paradigms such as the Message Passing Interface (MPI), Aggregate Remote Memory Copy Interface (ARMCI), Charm++, and others. This support is made possible as DCMF provides an application programming interface (API) with active messages and non-blocking collectives. DCMF is being open sourced and has a layered component based architecture with multiple levels of abstraction, allowing the members of the community to contribute new components to its design at the various layers. The DCMF runtime can be extended to other architectures through the development of architecture specific implementations of interface classes. The production DCMF runtime on Blue Gene/P takes advantage of the direct memory access (DMA) hardware to offload message passing work and achieve good overlap of computation and communication. We take advantage of the fact that the Blue Gene/P node is a symmetric multi-processor with four cache-coherent cores and use multi-threading to optimize the performance on the collective network. We also present a performance evaluation of the DCMF runtime on Blue Gene/P and show that it delivers performance close to hardware limits.
Adsorption of pentachlorophenol by natural soils

Abstract The adsorption of pentachlorophenol, a listed hazardous substance, by natural soils was investigated at pH values of 4, 7, and 10 using various soils collected from the surface horizon. The effects of soil properties, such as organic carbon and fines content, were also studied and were found to have a significant positive correlation with the amount of solute adsorbed. Although soil properties strongly influence the process, the pH of the soil‐water system was found to be a primary factor which determines the affinity of solute for the soil particle surface. Pentachlorophenol, a weak organic acid, is transformed to pentachlorophenate ion at pH higher than pKa and adsorption is reduced. The anionic form of the molecule was found to be much more hydrophilic than the neutral form resulting in a two orders of magnitude reduction of the adsorption capacity as the pH was elevated from 4 to 10. The presence of cosolvents had a negative effect on the process leading to substantial reductions in the adsor...