cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Going to the Chapel? Same-Sex Marriage Bans in the United States, 1973–2000

This article analyzes state-level same-sex marriage bans from 1973 to 2000 focusing on the relative impact of the political opportunity structure, citizen ideology, and interest organization strength on this particular policy change. Results suggest that all of these factors must be considered together to discern the relative importance of each, and that it is important to understand how these factors interact to produce policy change. Specifically, results show that interest organizations on both sides of the same-sex marriage debate, citizen ideology, and previous policy environments all influenced the adoption of these bans. While no support for political mediation arguments was found, when interest organizations on both sides of this issue were mobilized, supporters of bans were more important to legislative decisions than were non-supporters.
Optimization and evaluation of main liquid rocket propulsion systems for advanced earth-to-orbit shuttles

A computerized preliminary design system is used to evaluate potential main liquid-rocket propulsion systems for advanced technology winged single-stage-to-orbit launch vehicles. Evaluated are trade-offs between ascent flight trajectory performance and flight vehicle sizing driven by engine mass and propellant requirements. Numerous mission, flight, and vehicle-related requirements and constraints are satisfied in the design process. With the design system, five dual-mode propulsion system concepts are compared to a baseline hydrogen and oxygen system in terms of the changes in vehicle dry mass and gross mass.
Dyspnea in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Systematic Review

Abstract Context Little is known about the treatment and correlates of dyspnea in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Objectives The objective of this systematic review was to summarize the literature regarding the treatment and correlates of dyspnea in IPF. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE, and all Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews were searched for publications that evaluated treatment or correlates of dyspnea in IPF. Reference lists and recent review articles also were searched. Results The heterogeneity of included studies did not permit meta-analysis. Dyspnea improved in studies of sildenafil, pulmonary rehabilitation, and prednisone with colchicine. Additional studies of these three treatments, however, found discordant results. One study suggested that assisted ventilation delivered by facemask improved exertional dyspnea. Oxygen and opioids improve dyspnea in other chronic lung diseases, but data in IPF are limited. Correlates of dyspnea included functional and physiological measures and comorbid diseases. Conclusion Sildenafil and pulmonary rehabilitation should be considered as potential therapies for dyspnea in selected patients with IPF. Supplemental oxygen and opioids may be additional potential therapies; however, the evidence supporting their use is weak. Additional research should focus on the management of functional status and comorbidities as potential treatments for dyspnea.
Gene conversion in the CYP11B2 gene encoding P450c11AS is associated with, but does not cause, the syndrome of corticosterone methyloxidase II deficiency

Cytochrome P450c11AS (aldosterone synthase) has 11 beta-hydroxylase, 18-hydroxylase, and 18-oxidase activities and is expressed solely in the adrenal zona glomerulosa. Corticosterone methyloxidase II (CMOII) deficiency denotes a rare disorder of adrenal steroidogenesis in which only the 18-oxidase activity of P450c11AS is disrupted, while the 11 beta-hydroxylase and 18-hydroxylase activities persist. Such patients have elevated serum concentrations of corticosterone and 18-hydroxycorticosterone and very low or unmeasurable concentrations of aldosterone, often resulting in a clinical salt-losing crisis in infancy. One pair of point mutations, Arg181-->Trp and Val386-->Ala, has been previously characterized to cause this disorder in an inbred Iranian Jewish population. We have sought mutations causing CMOII deficiency in outbred populations. In three of four unrelated P450c11AS alleles from two unrelated patients with CMOII deficiency, we found a gene conversion event in which exons 3 and 4 of the CYP11B2 gene encoding P450c11AS were changed to the sequence of the nearby CYP11B1 gene, which encodes the related enzyme P450c11 beta. This conversion resulted in a mutant P450c11AS protein carrying three changes: Asp141-->Glu, Lys151-->Asn, and Ile246-->Thr. We built seven vectors expressing P450c11AS carrying each mutation singly, each of the three possible pairs of mutations, and the triple mutation as found in the proband. The activities of both the normal P450c11AS and the various mutants in transfected nonsteroidogenic COS-1 cells were very low, but their activities in steroidogenic MA-10 and JEG-3 cells were 10- to 20-fold higher. In these systems all of the mutants retained normal 18-oxidase activity, indicating that the detected gene conversion event is associated with but does not cause CMOII deficiency. None of the four CYP11B2 alleles in these two patients bore other identifiable mutations. These patients might have mutations in the promoters or other noncoding regions, or mutations in genes other than CYP11B2 may cause the syndrome of CMOII deficiency.
Early chronic low-level lead exposure produces glomerular hypertrophy in young C57BL/6J mice

Early chronic lead exposure continues to pose serious health risks for children, particularly those living in lower socioeconomic environments. This study examined effects on developing glomeruli in young C57BL/6J mice exposed to low (30 ppm), higher (330 ppm) or no lead via dams' drinking water from birth to sacrifice on post-natal day 28. Low-level lead exposed mice [BLL mean (SD); 3.19 (0.70) μg/dL] had an increase in glomerular volume but no change in podocyte number compared to control mice [0.03 (0.01) μg/dL]. Higher-level lead exposed mice [14.68 (2.74) μg/dL] had no change in either glomerular volume or podocyte number. The increase in glomerular volume was explained by increases in glomerular capillary and mesangial volumes with no change in podocyte volume. Early chronic lead exposure yielding very low blood lead levels alters glomerular development in pre-adolescent animals.
Role-Related Conflicts, Strains and Stresses of Older-Adult College Students

Abstract The negative effects of role conflict, role strain and stress among non-traditional-aged college students are widely assumed but little studied. This paper examines how role conflict and role strain in older-adult students affect stress and, in turn, how strain, conflict and stress affect academically important outcomes such as depression, perceived value of college, grades, subsequent course load and retention. Data come from 355 students age 25 or older at a large, comprehensive, open-admissions, urban university. Regression analyses, controlling for demographics and self-efficacy, show that while older-adult students report wide-ranging role strain and conflict, only a few of these strains and conflicts promote stress. In particular, financial strains, work conflicts and university-caused strains are the main stressors. While stress does not affect any of the academic outcomes, role conflicts and role strains do have an effect. In addition, universities and colleges can do little to improve th...
Linkages between animal and human health sentinel data

In order to identify priorities for building integrated surveillance systems that effectively model and predict human risk of zoonotic diseases, there is a need for improved understanding of the practical options for linking surveillance data of animals and humans. We conducted an analysis of the literature and characterized the linkage between animal and human health data. We discuss the findings in relation to zoonotic surveillance and the linkage of human and animal data. The Canary Database, an online bibliographic database of animal-sentinel studies was searched and articles were classified according to four linkage categories. 465 studies were identified and assigned to linkage categories involving: descriptive, analytic, molecular, or no human outcomes of human and animal health. Descriptive linkage was the most common, whereby both animal and human health outcomes were presented, but without quantitative linkage between the two. Rarely, analytic linkage was utilized in which animal data was used to quantitatively predict human risk. The other two categories included molecular linkage, and no human outcomes, which present health outcomes in animals but not humans. We found limited use of animal data to quantitatively predict human risk and listed the methods from the literature that performed analytic linkage. The lack of analytic linkage in the literature might not be solely related to technological barriers including access to electronic database, statistical software packages, and Geographical Information System (GIS). Rather, the problem might be from a lack of understanding by researchers of the importance of animal data as a 'sentinel' for human health. Researchers performing zoonotic surveillance should be aware of the value of animal-sentinel approaches for predicting human risk and consider analytic methods for linking animal and human data. Qualitative work needs to be done in order to examine researchers' decisions in linkage strategies between animal and human data.
Environmental Site Assessment for a Massachusetts Bay Deepwater 0il Terminal

The selection of candidate deepwater petroleum terminal sites from an area bounded by Boston Harbor on the south and the New Hampshire border on the north was the object of this investigation. Four zones in the study area were defined, and one site in each area was selected for environmental evaluation. Three additional sites further offshore were also included. Sites have been ranked on the basis of available information and recommendations for ancillary actions have been made.
Atmosphere-Surface Exchange Measurements

The exchange of various trace species and energy at the earth's surface plays an important role in climate, ecology, and human health and welfare. Surface exchange measurements can be difficult to obtain yet are important to understand physical processes, assess environmental and global change impacts, and develop robust parameterizations of atmospheric processes. The physics and turbulent structure of the atmospheric boundary layer are reviewed as they contribute to dry surface exchange rates (fluxes). Micrometeorological, budget, and enclosure techniques used to measure or estimate surface fluxes are described, along with their respective advantages and limitations. Various measurement issues (such as site characteristics, sampling considerations, sensor attributes, and flow distortion) impact on the ability to obtain representative surface-based and airborne flux data.
Mysteries of HIV: challenges for therapy and prevention

A number of problems still surround infection by the human immunodeficiency virus and the pathogenesis of AIDS. Solutions to the problems would provide valuable information for the development of antiviral therapy and a vaccine.
American and Soviet discussions of the foundations of cybernetics and general systems theory

Since 1981 scientists in the United Slates and the Soviet Union have been meeting to discuss the foundations of cybernetics and general systems theory in their two countries. Several different methods of communication have been tried and a wide range of topics have been covered. Most of the conversations have focused on issues involving epistemology, methodology, and management. The discussions have turned up several differences in approach. A few of the differences suggest new avenues for research. Two ideas may help to shed light on theoretical approaches in the two countries and on differences between the two societies. The two ideas are “cognitive efficiency” and “collective intelligence”.
Tevatron direct photon results

Tevatron direct photon results since DIS98 are reviewed. Two new CDF measurements are discussed, the Run Ib inclusive photon cross section and the photon+muon cross section. Comparisons with the latest NLO QCD calculations are presented.
Monte Carlo studies of liquid semiconductor surfaces: Si and Ge.

We study the liquid-vapor interface of Si and Ge, and of Si doped with impurities, using the empirical Stillinger-Weber two- and three-body potentials. The surface tension of the pure elements is calculated by use of a direct evaluation of the free energy required to create the surface. For Si, both the surface tension and its temperature derivative are in good agreement with experiment. To within numerical accuracy, the free surfaces of both Si and Ge have a monotonically decreasing density, with a 10%-90% surface width of \ensuremath{\sim}2.2 A\r{} in both cases. When large and small model impurities are introduced into pure liquid Si, they are found in the simulations to migrate, respectively, towards the surface and away from the surface. This behavior is consistent with the interpretation that impurities with atoms larger than Si tend to lower the surface tension.
Diurnal cycle of ascus maturation of Taphrina deformans.

THE DEVELOPMENT of the ascus of Taphrina deformans (Fcl) Tul. from ascogenous cell to mature ascus has been reported in part by Dangeard (1895), Ikeno (1903), Eftimiu (1927) and Martin (1940) but these writers record no cyclic phenomena associated with its development, and Martin, in commenting on an earlier abstract by the writer (1940) seems to infer that no diurnal cycle of development exists. In numerous specimen slides examined bv the writer, several phases of ascus development could usually be found, but usually one phase predominated, and young ascospores in the process of differentiation were not found. Illustrations by Atkinson (1894) also indicate the uniformity of the asci in a given collection of several members of the genus Taphrina. This situation suggested to the writer that T. deformans might show a diurnal cycle of ascus development and that such stages as the differentiation of the ascospores might occur at night when they are less likely to be collected. The diurnal cycle of T. deformans was studied by observations of sections of infected leaves collected at different times throughout the day, by counting the spores caught on slides which were exposed periodically in infected trees, and by inducing spore discharge from infected leaves which were collected at different times of the day. These three independent methods of studying the diurnal cycle have given results in substantial agreement with each other. For material young naturally infected leaves from ornamental peach trees growing in Berkeley were used. The two periods of study started soon after the first asci matured, and extended from March 23 to May 1 in 1939, and from April 8 to April 10 in 1940. MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ASCUS.For observations on the morphological development of the ascus, small pieces of infected leaves were fixed in formalin-acetic-alcohol and sectioned either free-hand or with the microtome, mostly by the former method. In 1939, sections were made from thirty-nine leaf samples collected as several periods from March 23 to April 30. In 1940, sections were obtained from thirty-five leaf samples collected in groups of five at about four-hour intervals from 8 P.M. on April 8, to 4 P.M. on April 9. From this material the morphological cycle was established. Many of these collections, especially those in 1939, were too old to be of value and some experience was necessary in choosing samples old enough to be forming asci but not so old as to be practically inactive so far as the cycle was concerned. For microscopic observation the free-hand sections were stained with acid fuchsin and the microtome sections with Haidenhain's haematoxylin or triple stain.
Berry and Kohn's Operating Room Technique

An indispensible text for perioperative nurses and surgical technologists, this book offers comprehensive coverage of surgical principles and techniques with thorough consideration of the most current advances. The book emphasizes teamwork and role delineation, patient and occupational safety, legal accountability, and consideration for the patient's physiological and psychological needs.
Pancreastatin and bovine parathyroid cell secretion.

Summary Chromogranin A (CgA) is an acidic glycoprotein found in secretory granules of multiple peptidergic tissues and cosecreted with the resident peptide hormones. Pancreastatin is an amidated, biologically active peptide whose sequence is contained within CgA. We investigated the effect of the C-terminal fragment of bovine pancreastatin (bP 32–47 ) on bovine parathyroid cell secretion. bP 32–47 amide inhibited low-calcium-stimulated PTH secretion by 44% and chromogranin A (CgA) secretion by 33%. We were able to identify a pancreastatin-like peptide as a very minor component of the endogenous breakdown peptides from CgA. However, using several approaches, we were unable to detect pancreastatin in secretory granule extracts or in incubation media. We conclude that although exogenous bovine pancreastatin has inhibitory effects on secretion, detectable pancreastatin is not secreted under normal incubation conditions. Based on our current data, we would question the physiologic importance of pancreastatin in bovine parathyroid glands.
Adapting sensing and transmission times to improve throughput in cognitive radios ad hoc networks

Cognitive radios (CRs) can dynamically reconfigure their transmission and/or reception parameters. In a cognitive radio ad hoc network (CRAHN) setting, such reconfiguration is challenging due to the lack of centralized control and fixed infrastructure. In this paper, we propose a method to improve the throughput of secondary users (SUs) in a CRAHN by dynamically adapting their sensing and transmission times. First, we conduct a designed experiment on five CR parameters in the ns-2 network simulator with extensions to support CRAHNs. A statistical analysis of the resulting data attributes the contribution of each parameter, and interactions among them, to SU throughput. Based on these results, we propose for each SU to measure its instantaneous throughput and adapt its sensing and transmission times according to the predicted throughput. Simulation results demonstrate that SUs achieve higher throughput by adapting their sensing and transmission times than by using default static values for these parameters.
The 123 keV K, L and M shell particle parameters in 154Gd

Abstract The K, L and M shell particle parameters of the 123 keV transition in 154 Gd were carefully measured under five controlled experimental conditions in order to deduce the possible effects which could alter the γ-e and γ-γ directional correlations. The results show that the correlations are sensitive to the preparation, chemical composition and physical environment of the source; and that when careful experimental procedures are employed, the K, L and M shell parameters are found to be normal. An explanation is offered for the contradictory results obtained by other investigators using Eu oxide and Eu chloride sources.
Nonpoint Source Pollution and Present Values: A Contingent Valuation Study of Lake Mendota

A split sample contingent valuation survey was conducted to estimate the aggregate willingness to pay of a group of Wisconsin residents for improving the water quality of a popular recreational lake. Extensive limnological research specific to the lake allowed for a thorough understanding of the relationship between pollutant loading and water quality response, thus making the lake an excellent candidate for a contingent valuation study. Results show that the water quality improvement will provide positive net benefits to the public and that payment time horizon has a significant effect on valuation statements.
Toxic air contaminants in urban atmospheres: Experience in California☆

Abstract In addition to the criteria gaseous and particulate air pollutants which have been the subject of intensive regulation for many years in the U.S., there exists in the atmosphere of cities and surrounding areas a number of trace toxic contaminants which are of increasing public health and regulatory concern. In California, these Toxic Air Contaminants (TACs) are assessed and regulated by a multi-step process required by legislation. Risk assessment for chemicals which are considered potential TACs involves the gathering and analysis of information on emissions, exposures, toxicology, and epidemiology by two California Agencies, the Air Resources Board and Department of Health Services (now linked by the California Environmental Protection Agency) and an independent Scientific Review Panel. Eighteen chemicals have been designated as TACs since the process started in 1982, including perchloroethylene, formaldehyde, vinyl chloride, and 1,3-butadiene which are mentioned in some detail in this review. Future challenges for risk assessment and management are posed by such issues as gross mixtures, for example, from products of incomplete combustion; transport and deposition out of the originating air basin; contributions of natural sources to ambient levels; and the impact of the list of 189 hazardous air pollutants in the 1990 U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments on California's TAC identification-regulation process. The issues involved in a vigorous pursuit of risk reduction from TACs are discussed based upon experience in California.
Fatigue crack growth in interstitially hardened AISI 316L stainless steel

Abstract Fatigue crack growth in interstitially hardened 316L stainless steel has been investigated in air and 0.6 M NaCl. Large compressive residual stresses introduced by “colossal” carbon supersaturation resulting from low temperature carburization increase the fatigue crack growth threshold from 8 MPa √m to 10 MPa √m, and retard the crack growth rate by a factor of two in the low stress intensity range. Fractography revealed no observable difference between the fracture surfaces of the bulk material and the hardened layer, either in air or the corrosive environment.
Through-silicon-via-induced obstacle-aware clock tree synthesis for 3D ICs

In this paper, we present an obstacle-aware clock tree synthesis method for through-silicon-via (TSV)-based 3D ICs. A unique aspect of this problem lies in the fact that various types of TSVs become obstacles during 3D clock routing including signal, power/ground, and clock TSVs. Some of these TSVs become placement obstacles, i.e., they interfere with clock buffers and clock TSVs; while other TSVs become routing obstacles, i.e., clock wires cannot route through them. Thus, the key is to perform TSV-induced obstacle-aware 3D clock routing under the following goals: (1) clock TSVs and clock buffers are located while avoiding overlap with placement obstacles; (2) clock wires are routed while avoiding routing obstacles; and (3) clock skew and slew constraints are satisfied. Related experiments show that our TSV-obstacle-aware clock tree does not sacrifice wirelength or clock power too much while avoiding various TSV-induced obstacles.
From counting risk to making risk count: Boundary-work in risk management

Abstract For two decades, risk management has been gaining ground in banking. In light of the recent financial crisis, several commentators concluded that the continuing expansion of risk measurement is dysfunctional ( Power, 2009 , Taleb, 2007 ). This paper asks whether the expansion of measurement-based risk management in banking is as inevitable and as dangerous as Power and others speculate. Based on two detailed case studies and 53 additional interviews with risk-management staff at five other major banks over 2001–2010, this paper shows that relentless risk measurement is contingent on what I call the “calculative culture” ( Mikes, 2009a ). While the risk functions of some organizations have a culture of quantitative enthusiasm and are dedicated to risk measurement, others, with a culture of quantitative scepticism, take a different path, focusing instead on risk envisionment, aiming to provide top management with alternative future scenarios and with expert opinions on emerging risk issues. In order to explain the dynamics of these alternative plots, I show that risk experts engage in various kinds of boundary-work ( Gieryn, 1983 , 1999), sometimes to expand and sometimes to limit areas of activity, legitimacy, authority, and responsibility.
Hypnosis and learning.

(1961). Hypnosis and learning. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 223-232.
Autism in Angelman syndrome: implications for autism research

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by severe mental retardation, ataxia, and a happy/sociable disposition. Maternally, but not paternally, derived defects, such as duplications, within the AS critical region result in autistic symptomatology, suggesting that the UBE3A gene might be implicated in the causation of autism. This study examined the prevalence of autism in AS in 19 children representing three known molecular classes of AS. Children were studied over the course of 1 year. Forty-two percent of this population, eight of 19 children, met criteria for autism according to the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS). Parents of children who were diagnosed with autism according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-IV criteria as well as the ADOS - Generic, Module 1 (ADOS-G) were administered the Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised (ADI-R). Data from the ADI-R were convergent with data from the ADOS-G in all cases. Children with comorbid autism and AS scored lower on measures of language, adaptive behavior, and cognition, and demonstrated a slower rate of improvement over the course of the study. Furthermore, they demonstrated deficits in communication and socialization that mirror those observed in children with idiopathic autism. The study highlights the phenotypic overlap between autism and AS and increases the probability that dysregulation of UBE3A may play a role in the causation of autism.
Surface-potential-based compact modeling of dynamically depleted SOI MOSFETs

Abstract We present a complete surface-potential-based compact model of dynamically depleted (DD) SOI MOSFETs. The surface potential equation of DD-SOI MOSFETs was reconditioned to avoid the unphysical behaviors near the flat-band voltage. In order to capture the dynamic depletion effect, the coupling equation for the front and back surface potentials was reformulated to include the back gate effect, which is not available in other surface-potential-based DD-SOI compact models. The new formulation of surface potential and coupling equations was verified by comparing with numerical computations combining the Pao–Sah double integral based formulation and the exact coupling equation. To obtain explicit expressions for the terminal charges and drain current, a new symmetric linearization method has been proposed. The complete model, PSP-SOI DD is implemented in the context of the PSP and PSP-SOI PD models and includes all the secondary effects, floating body simulation capability, etc. The new model has been extensively verified with 2D TCAD simulation results and accurately captures the manifestation of the dynamic depletion effect observed in the device characteristics.
Recommendations for mobility in children with spinal cord injury.

Background: Mobility is an important aspect of the rehabilitation of children with spinal cord injury (SCI), is a necessary component of life, and is critical in a child’s development. Depending upon the individual’s age and degree of neurological impairment, the nature of mobility may vary. Objectives: The objective of this article is to establish recommendations surrounding the selection of mobility for children with SCI. Methods: Extensive literature review and multidisciplinary peer review. Results: Types of mobility including power, manual, upright, and community are discussed, and recommendations are made based on medical necessity, neurological level, ASIA Impairment Scale score, and developmental considerations and challenges. Conclusion: Mobility is critical for proper development to occur in the pediatric population, and it may be challenging to make recommendations for mobility in children with SCI. It is essential for clinicians providing care to children with SCI to address mobility in a comprehensive and longitudinal manner across the children’s environments. Key words: mobility, pediatric, spinal cord injury
Students with Disabilities and Online Learning: A Cross-Institutional Study of Perceived Satisfaction with Accessibility Compliance and Services

Abstract Distance education has grown significantly over the past two decades, and the need to evaluate and enforce online course federal accessibility standards is gaining momentum among educators, students, and legislators. The purpose of this study was to determine if students with disabilities, who are enrolled in online courses, certifications, and degree programs, are satisfied with their respective institutions’ accessibility and compliance services and with their ability to be academically successful in an online learning environment. The results of the study indicated that students with a disability perceive their disability to have a negative impact on their ability to succeed in online courses; however, the majority reported that their requests for accommodations were met. Recommendations on how institutions can take steps toward meeting all accessibility standards without sacrificing rigor and dynamic online course design are provided.
Atypical subtrochanteric femoral fractures in patients with skeletal malignant involvement treated with intravenous bisphosphonates.

Background: Atypical subtrochanteric femoral fractures have been identified as a potential complication of long-term bisphosphonate therapy for the treatment of osteoporosis. Patients with skeletal malignant involvement, who receive much higher cumulative doses of bisphosphonates than do patients with osteoporosis, may be at higher risk for the development of these fractures. Methods: A retrospective review of the imaging studies and case notes was done for patients with skeletal malignant involvement who received a minimum of twenty-four doses of intravenous bisphosphonates between 2004 and 2007 and were followed until death or the time of the latest review. Patients were classified as having an atypical subtrochanteric femoral fracture if they had a transverse subtrochanteric fracture following low-energy trauma or an impending fracture, together with radiographic findings of diffuse diaphyseal cortical thickening and cortical beaking at the subtrochanteric area. Results: In the study cohort of 327 patients, we identified four patients who developed an atypical subtrochanteric femoral fracture. All four patients were female, three had breast cancer, and one had myeloma. There was no significant difference between patients who developed an atypical subtrochanteric femoral fracture and those who did not with regard to the doses of intravenous bisphosphonates or the duration of treatment. Conclusions: The prevalence of atypical subtrochanteric femoral fractures in patients with skeletal malignant involvement who are managed with high doses of intravenous bisphosphonates is low. All patients in our study who had development of these fractures had prodromal symptoms of thigh pain. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Characteristics of Lake Mead, Arizona-Nevada.

Abstract Lake Mead was formed in the 1930s by the construction of Hoover Dam on the Colorado River. Hoover Dam was one of the first multipurpose dams constructed by the federal government. Lake Mead is the largest reservoir in the United States by volume (3.5479 × 1010 m3 at full pool) and is second only to Lake Powell in surface area (637.05 km2). Water from Lake Mead is used for municipal and industrial purposes and irrigation water by approximately 25,000,000 people. The Colorado River provides approximately 97% of the inflow, with the remainder coming primarily from Las Vegas Wash and the Virgin and Muddy rivers. Flow in Las Vegas Wash more than doubled over the past 30 years as a result of the rapid population growth in Las Vegas. Lake surface elevations have dropped by about 40 m since 1999 as a result of extended drought and increasing water demands brought about by population growth. This elevation change impacted water quality and recreation and is just one of many management challenges facing th...
Deregulation of epidermal stem cell niche contributes to pathogenesis of nonhealing venous ulcers

The epidermis is maintained by epidermal stem cells (ESCs) that reside in distinct niches and contribute to homeostasis and wound closure. Keratinocytes at the nonhealing edges of venous ulcers (VUs) are healing-incompetent, hyperproliferative, and nonmigratory, suggesting deregulation of ESCs. To date, genes which regulate ESC niches have been studied in mice only. Utilizing microarray analysis of VU nonhealing edges, we identified changes in expression of genes harboring regulation of ESCs and their fate. In a prospective clinical study of 10 VUs, we confirmed suppression of the bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR) and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) as well as inhibitors of DNA-binding proteins 2 and 4 (ID2 and ID4). We also found decreased levels of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), nuclear presence of β-catenin, and overexpression of its transcriptional target, c-myc, indicating activation of the Wnt pathway. Additionally, we found down-regulation of leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains protein 1 (LRIG1), a gene important for maintaining ESCs in a quiescent state, and absence of keratin 15 (K15), a marker of the basal stem cell compartment suggesting local depletion of ESCs. Our study shows that loss of genes important for regulation of ESCs and their fate along with activation of β-catenin and c-myc in the VU may contribute to ESC deprivation and a hyperproliferative, nonmigratory healing incapable wound edge.
Performance analysis of feed-forward equalizers based on passive and active delay cells for multi-Gb/s optical fiber links

In this paper, two 9-taps FFE structures using different delay cell approaches are implemented and analyzed. The first FFE uses passive delay cells based on an artificial transmission line implemented using an inductor-capacitor (LC) ladder, and the second FFE uses active delay cells implemented with differential pairs incorporating an active inductive peaking technique.
Sea ice observed at enhanced resolution by spaceborne scatterometers

Spaceborne scatterometers such as the Seasat-A (SASS) and the ERS-1 Active Microwave Instrument scatterometers measure the radar backscatter of the Earth's surface at a resolution of approximately 50 km. While adequate for studying winds over the ocean, the low resolution limits the utility of the scatterometer data for land and ice studies. However, by using a resolution enhancement algorithm the authors have been able to produce a time series of enhanced resolution radar backscatter of sea ice in the southern polar region. The images dramatically reveal seasonal change in the sea ice. Large-scale circulation and mixing patterns are evident and the ice edge is readily discernible. Comparisons between Ku-band (SASS) images and C-band (ERS-1) images are made. The authors' results suggest that scatterometer data coupled with the resolution enhancement technique are useful in sea ice studies. The frequent, multiple-incidence angle revisits may provide the capability to map ice age and snow cover. >
Coprecipitation of acid cheese whey and tannery waste and recovery of protein

Combining acid cottage cheese whey and the lime-sulfide effluent from tannery unhairing processes spontaneously coprecipitates the whey proteins with the large peptides and proteins of the tannery waste. The flocculation of the denatured protein material also carries down the hide pigments, excess lime, and the casein fines from the whey. The clear supernatant contains lactose, sulfur in various states of oxidation, free amino acids, peptides, and ammonium salts, but no detectable macromolecular proteins. The recovered solid products, which contain more than 20% of the original nitrogen, appear to have a good balance of essential amino acids although actual composition varies with the composition of the raw wastes. Feed supplements may possibly be obtained by this method from two presently wasted industrial effluents.
β-catenin at the centrosome: discrete pools of β-catenin communicate during mitosis and may co-ordinate centrosome functions and cell cycle progression

Beta-catenin is a multifunctional protein with critical roles in cell-cell adhesion, Wnt-signaling and the centrosome cycle. Whereas the roles of β-catenin in cell-cell adhesion and Wnt-signaling have been studied extensively, the mechanism(s) involving β-catenin in centrosome functions are poorly understood. β-Catenin localizes to centrosomes and promotes mitotic progression. NIMA-related protein kinase 2 (Nek2), which stimulates centrosome separation, binds to and phosphorylates β-catenin. β-Catenin interacting proteins involved in Wnt signaling such as adenomatous polyposis coli, Axin, and GSK3β, are also localized at centrosomes and play roles in promoting mitotic progression. Additionally, proteins associated with cell-cell adhesion sites, such as dynein, regulate mitotic spindle positioning. These roles of proteins at the cell cortex and Wnt signaling that involve β-catenin indicate a cross-talk between different sub-cellular sites in the cell at mitosis, and that different pools of β-catenin may co-ordinate centrosome functions and cell cycle progression.
Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio Predicts Change in Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Normotensive Persons: A 7.5-Year Prospective Study

Background The relationship between urinary albumin excretion and blood pressure (BP) has been found to be positive in hypertensive and normotensive subjects. It is not known, in a normotensive and nondiabetic sample, whether elevated urinary albumin levels predict future increases in BP. Methods In this prospective study, we followed a cohort of 108 individuals who were initially free of hypertension and diabetes for an average of 7.7 years. Urinary albumin excretion was determined at baseline by radioimmunoassay in a 24-h collection. Ambulatory BP monitoring was used to assess BP at baseline and at 7.5-year follow-up. Regression models were used to evaluate the relationship of baseline urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio to baseline BP and average rate of change in BP before and after controlling for several potential confounding variables. Results Baseline albumin-to-creatinine ratio was not associated with baseline ambulatory BP, but was positively associated with change in ambulatory BP. Before and after controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, age, body mass index at baseline, and change in body mass index, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio was found to be a significant independent predictor of change in awake and sleep systolic and diastolic BPs (all P Conclusions In healthy normotensive individuals, the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio predicts change in ambulatory BPs 7.5 years later. This finding suggests that urinary albumin excretion may be an important marker for processes that increase BP over time.
TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS: FROM DISCOVERY TO IMMUNITY

There is a renewed enthusiasm for therapeutic vaccination as a viable treatment for patients with cancer. Early tumor vaccines were comprised of whole tumor cells, fragments of tumor cells, or protein lysate from tumor cells. Limited results with these approaches led investigators to begin developing the next generation of cancer vaccines based on defined tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Defining and characterizing TAAs for human cancer, development of new approaches for identifying TAAs, and novel strategies to deliver the antigens as potent therapeutic vaccines have all been the focus of intense research in the past decade and will continue to be the focus for decades to come.
Increased Incidence of Fractures in Recipients of Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation

Purpose The number of long-term survivors after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) for malignant and nonmalignant disorders is increasing, and late effects are gaining importance. Osteoporosis and fractures can worsen the quality of life of HSCT survivors, but the burden of the disease is unknown.
Continuum kinetic model for simulating low-collisionality regimes in plasmas

Continuum kinetic models, such as Maxwell-Boltzmann, present a viable alternative to particle-in-cell (PIC) models because they can be cast in conservation form and are not susceptible to noise. By treating the associated phase space distribution function as a continuous incompressible fluid occupying a volume of position-velocity space, evolution of the distribution function is determined by solving a 6-D advection equation. In cases where collision terms are negligible, the Boltzmann model is reduced to a Vlasov model. A 4th-order accurate continuum kinetic Vlasov model has been developed in one spatial and one velocity dimension to address the challenges associated with solving a hyperbolic governing equation in multidimensional phase space. The governing equation is cast in conservation law form and solved with a finite volume representation. Adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) is used to allow for efficient use of computational resources while maintaining desired levels of resolution. Consequently, with AMR the model is able to capture the fine structures that develop in the distribution function as it evolves in time, while using low resolution in the tail of the distribution function. The model is tested on several plasma instability problems including: the two-stream instability and the beam-plasma instability. The model demonstrates conservation of mass in that the total integral of the distribution function is preserved, as well as the conservation of energy. Model extension into two and three spatial dimensions is discussed.
Census of the Delta State University woody plant community and its implications for ecosystem health

Abstract. Native plant communities support a diverse biota of invertebrates, birds, and other wildlife, and are therefore essential to the health of ecosystems. Agriculture and urban development have eliminated most native plant communities through forest clearing and introduction of exotic, invasive plants. Prior to European settlement, bottomland hardwood forests prevailed along broad floodplains within the lower Mississippi alluvial valley. Dominant taxa included Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. (bald cypress), Quercus spp. (oaks), Carya spp. (hickories), Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash), Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum), Celtis laevigata (sugarberry), Ulmus spp. (elms), and Nyssa spp. (gums). Much of this forested area, however, has been cleared and used for agricultural purposes or urban development. Bottomland hardwood forests, situated along the Mississippi River, are associated with the Mississippi Flyway, a bird migration route heavily utilized by migratory waterfowl, songbirds, and shorebirds f...
A123 Systems: Power, Safety, Life

A123 Systems, the largest manufacturer of lithium ion batteries in North America, is producing and selling batteries for electric vehicles in China and electric buses in Europe and America. It just opened two plants in Michigan, partially funded by a grant from America's stimulus fund. At the same time, the company is expanding its business in large, grid stabilization systems, in California, Chile and New York. The simultaneous pressures of these two businesses, plus dozens of potential deals pending, are testing the company's management skills, cash reserves and abilities to execute.Learning Objective: To teach renewable energy options and energy storage.
THE COCKROACH DCMD NEURONE II. DYNAMICS OF RESPONSE HABITUATION AND CONVERGENCE OF SPECTRAL INPUTS

SUMMARY 1. The projections and response properties of a bilateral pair of large visual interneurones in the cockroach Periplaneta are described. The cells are shown to be analogous to the DCMD neurones of locust (Rowell, 1971a). 2. The organization of the afferent input to the cockroach DCMD was explored by examining the response to different types of visual stimuli. The afferent input is organized into an array of parallel channels. Response habitutation occurs within each channel independently of habituation in other channels. 3. The dynamics of habituation and recovery from habituation were examined. A simple model based on these data is proposed that can predict the DCMD response to repetitive stimuli having a wide range of interstimulus intervals. The relation of this model to models of synaptic depression is discussed. 4. Both u.v.-sensitive and green-sensitive photoreceptors in the eye provide input to the DCMD, but this cell remains unable to detect colour.
Is estrogen receptor negative breast cancer risk associated with a fast life history strategy

Risk factors for breast cancer are often confusing and contradictory. Discrepancies are likely due to different subtypes having divergent risk factors. An important distinction between breast cancer subtypes is hormone-receptor status. Compared to women diagnosed with estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer, those with estrogen receptor negative (ER−) tumors are usually diagnosed at a younger age and have a higher mortality [1]. Few studies have attempted to explain ‘why’ breast cancer subtypes have different risk factors.
Computational study of anomalous reduction potentials for hydrogen evolution catalyzed by cobalt dithiolene complexes.

The design of efficient hydrogen-evolving catalysts based on earth-abundant materials is important for developing alternative renewable energy sources. A series of four hydrogen-evolving cobalt dithiolene complexes in acetonitrile–water solvent is studied with computational methods. Co(mnt)2 (mnt = maleonitrile-2,3-dithiolate) has been shown experimentally to be the least active electrocatalyst (i.e., to produce H2 at the most negative potential) in this series, even though it has the most strongly electron-withdrawing substituents and the least negative CoIII/II reduction potential. The calculations provide an explanation for this anomalous behavior in terms of protonation of the sulfur atoms on the dithiolene ligands after the initial CoIII/II reduction. One fewer sulfur atom is protonated in the CoII(mnt)2 complex than in the other three complexes in the series. As a result, the subsequent CoII/I reduction step occurs at the most negative potential for Co(mnt)2. According to the proposed mechanism, the...