cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Network Services in Systems Network Architecture

This paper discusses the services provided by a systems network architecture (SNA) network and design aspects related to these services. Both the basic transmission services and higher level network services are discussed. The first section describes the structure of SNA. The second section describes SNA's transmission services and sketches in the other aspects of SNA's structure. The next section describes services provided to users and managers of the network and the distribution of these services throughout the various nodes of the network. A concluding section discusses several potential extensions.
Evaluation of a Diffusion Strategy for School-Based Hypertension Education

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of hypertension (HBP) education within a population of sixth grade students (n = 1204) and their parents (n = 1446). The "3Rs and HBP" curriculum attempts to diffuse the HBP information from teachers, to pupils and then to parents using the sixth grade son/daughter as a "health messenger." This curriculum was tested with and without a home blood pressure measurement component versus controls in 21 schools randomly assigned to the three conditions. Postintervention data were collected from students at school and from their parents at home interviews. Students were compared for knowledge, blood pressure measurement skill, and home diffusion activities. Parents were compared for knowledge, risk factor reduction, blood pressure, care-seeking, and compliance behaviors. Student self-esteem and family interactions were investigated as possible intervening variables in the diffusion process. Student knowledge, BP measurement skills, and diffusion to parents was increased by the 3Rs and HBP curriculum with the home component. Parental effects beyond the diffusion process were limited to knowledge improvement in certain groups. Family interaction (level and style) was found to be a significant intervening variable in the diffusion process.
Project Monitoring and Evaluation in Agriculture

Because of the need to monitor the implementation of agricultural projects and to evaluate their achievements, these activities are now a routine part of project appraisal. This book details the concepts of monitoring and evaluation of agricultural and rural development projects. In the early 1980s, several international agricultural development agencies recognized the problems in formulating effective agricultural monitoring and evaluation systems. This book reflects the progress that has been made in developing effective systems and the consensus regarding concepts and definitions for those systems. Examples of actual monitoring and evaluation problems are interspersed in the text to illustrate significant points. This book does not deal with monitoring and evaluation of national programs and policies. Evaluating the effectiveness of national agrarian reform policy represents a different issue and is not covered. Those in the developing world responsible for the design and implementation of monitoring and evaluation systems are the primary intended audience.
Structure of DNA oligonucleotides

The solution conformations of two DNA octanucleotides, (GGAATTCC)·(GGAATTCC) and (AAAGCTTT)·(AAAGCTTT), have been investigated by theoretical calculations of NMR shifts. The calculations of proton chemical shifts have been made, taking into consideration the ring current effects and the atomic magnetic anisotropies of the bases. The computed shielding constants for B-DNA, alternating B-DNA, the Levitt propeller-twisted model and the Dickerson propeller-twist model (based on crystallographic data) have been compared with experimentally available shifts. For the (AAAGCTTT)·(AAAGCTTT) double helix the experimental data are available only for the exchangeable protons HN1 and HN3; thus a complete and detailed evaluation is impossible for this system. For (GGAATTCC)·(GGAATTCC) the results indicate that the A·T pairs are propeller twisted a la Levitt and Dickerson.
Inpatient hemodialysis without anticoagulation in adults.

Background. Anticoagulation use during hemodialysis (HD) is standard practice but issues related to an increased risk of hemorrhage associated with inpatients make this a concern. Methods. An anticoagulation-free protocol in which (i) the dialysis circuit is aggressively primed with normal saline (NS) in an attempt to flush it of all air, (ii) blood flow during the HD treatment is maximized to up to 400 mL/min, (iii) the dialysis circuit is flushed every 15 min with 100 mL of NS, and (iv) the use of bloodlines that lack a blood–air interface was developed and used for all adult inpatient HD treatments at Rush University Medical Center. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rate of HD circuit clotting using this approach and to determine if factors such as access type, blood flow, arterial and venous bloodline pressures, the need for reversing the arterial and venous access lines for low blood flow or high venous or arterial bloodline pressures, or the amount of net ultrafiltration were associated with HD circuit clotting. Patients were excluded from analysis if they were on a heparin drip, clopidogrel, warfarin or direct thrombin inhibitors. We reviewed 400 HD treatments in 400 adult patients from 12/12 to 10/13. Results. The HD access in these patients consisted of catheters in 45%, native AV fistulas in 40% and grafts in 15% of the patients. The average blood flow in the treatments was 378 ± 46 mL/min. In 5% of the treatments, the arterial and venous bloodlines were reversed. Only 4 of the 400 (1%) of the treatments clotted the dialysis circuit. Factors associated with clotting were lower achieved blood flows (225 ± 50 mL/min versus 379 ± 44 mL/min), higher arterial bloodline pressures (−198 ± 24 mmHg versus −151 ± 45 mmHg) and reversal of arterial and venous access lines. Conclusion. Our anticoagulation-free protocol allows inpatient HD to be performed in adults across all access types and with essentially no circuit clotting.
Accounting for network effects in neuronal responses using L1 regularized point process models

Activity of a neuron, even in the early sensory areas, is not simply a function of its local receptive field or tuning properties, but depends on global context of the stimulus, as well as the neural context. This suggests the activity of the surrounding neurons and global brain states can exert considerable influence on the activity of a neuron. In this paper we implemented an L1 regularized point process model to assess the contribution of multiple factors to the firing rate of many individual units recorded simultaneously from V1 with a 96-electrode "Utah" array. We found that the spikes of surrounding neurons indeed provide strong predictions of a neuron's response, in addition to the neuron's receptive field transfer function. We also found that the same spikes could be accounted for with the local field potentials, a surrogate measure of global network states. This work shows that accounting for network fluctuations can improve estimates of single trial firing rate and stimulus-response transfer functions.
Steric contributions to CO binding in heme proteins: A density functional analysis of FeCO vibrations and deformability

Non-local Density Functional Theory (DFT) is applied to the calculation of geometry and vibrational frequencies of FeII(porphine)(imidazole)(CO), a model for CO adducts of heme proteins. Bond distances and angles are in agreement with crystallographic data, and frequencies are correctly calculated for C–O and Fe–C stretching and for Fe–C-O bending. This last mode is actually the out-of-phase combination of Fe–C–O bending and Fe–C tilting coordinates, which are heavily mixed because of a large bend–tilt interaction force constant. The in-phase combination is predicted at a very low frequency, 73 cm-1, and to have a low infrared intensity; attempts to detect it in far-IR spectra via 13C18O isotope sensitivity have been unsuccessful. The stretch–bend interaction lowers the energy required for FeCO distortion. A soft potential may account for the wide range of crystallographically determined Fe–C–O displacements and orientations in myoglobin (Mb). The minimum energy path for displacement of the O atom from the heme normal was calculated by relaxing the structure while constraining only the O atom displacement from the heme normal. Energies of 0.2 to 3.5 kcal mol-1 are required for the range of reported displacement, 0.3–1.3 A. However, vibrational spectroscopy limits the allowable displacement to the low end of this range. The O atom displacement is computed via DFT to be 0.6 A for a 7 ° angle of the C–O stretching IR dipole relative to the heme normal, the maximum value compatible with IR polarization measurements on MbCO. FeCO distortion is predicted to diminish both νCO and νFeC, thereby producing deviations from the well-established backbonding correlation; the scatter of the data permits a maximum displacement of 0.5 A. This displacement would cost about 1.6 kcal mol-1 of steric energy. A small distortion energy is consistent with the CO affinity changes produced by mutations of the distal histidine residue in Mb. Taking the leucine mutant as reference, we estimate the 1.6 kcal mol-1 affinity loss in the wild-type protein to be the resultant of a 0.0–1.6 kcal steric inhibition, a 0.5 kcal mol-1 attraction of the distal histidine sidechain for the bound CO [weak H-bond], and a 0.5–2.1 kcal mol-1 attraction of the same side-chain for a water molecule in the deoxy protein. The observed 2.3 kcal mol-1O2 affinity increase in the wild-type protein relative to the leucine mutant then implies a 2.8–4.4 kcal mol-1 attraction of the histidine sidechain for bound O2, consistent with a substantial H-bond interaction with the distal histidine. Thus steric inhibition can account for only a minor fraction of the discrimination factor against CO and in favor of O2 which is produced by the heme–myoglobin interaction.
Myocardial Oxygen Consumption in Acute Experimental Cardiac Depression

Myocardial oxygen consumption (MV·o2) during drug-induced cardiac depression was measured in 8 anesthetized, open chest dogs in which myocardial wall tension was controlled. The right side of the heart was bypassed and myocardial contractility was reduced with procaine HCl, propranolol, or pronethalol. MV·o2 consistently fell during cardiac depression (avg = 1.52 ml/min per 100 g left ventricle or - 11.6%). These reductions occurred despite small increases in developed tension. Changes in the tension-time index, contractile element work, and contractile element power did not correlate invariably with ΔMV·o2, while reductions in velocity of the contractile elements at isotension, maximum left ventricular dp/dt, and the extent of shortening of the contractile elements and circumferential fibers were associated in every experiment with the reductions in MV·o2. The finding that negative inotropic influences are associated with a reduction in myocardial energy utilization, when considered with earlier observat...
Fine-needle aspiration cytological features of Cherubism

Cherubism is a rare benign, non-neoplastic condition characterized by facial alteration due to symmetrically expansion of bilateral mandibles and maxillas. A fine-needle aspiration of a right cheek mass was performed in a 17-year-old teenager who was previously diagnosed Cherubism. The smears showed moderate cellularity with spindle cells mixed with multinucleated giant cells of osteoclast type. The cells appeared bland with normal nuclear/cytoplasm ratio. The nuclei were round or oval with smooth nuclear membranes and fine, evenly distributed chromatin. These cytologic features were considered consistent with but not diagnostic of Cherubism. Clinical correlations are needed in distinguishing Cherubism from other lesions containing giant cells. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:188–189. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Conclusion and Implications

Firms in developing countries are making greater efforts to harness science and technology in their pursuit of competitive advantages. Expanding international flows of information and highly educated people suggests an emerging trend of global science and technology-based enterprises. This global context has been increasingly facilitating firms in development countries to advance their competitive positions. It, thus, requires new approaches to international cooperation and competition. More and more developing countries are aware of the role of science and technology in sustaining their economic development. It is critical to develop necessary domestic capabilities in niche markets where they can be competitive.
A mechanistic understanding of ageing revealed by studying the young.

A main focus within biomedical research is to understand how adverse environmental conditions experienced during early development affects lifelong health (Barker 1992). Within this context, extensive research in rodent models and humans has shown that intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) caused by nutrient restriction during early development is often followed by post‐natal ‘catch‐up’ growth when access to food resources improves. However, this accelerated growth rate seems to come at a cost, as metabolic and endocrine processes that are programmed during this time cause later‐life onset of diseases such as obesity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease (reviewed in Crespi & Denver 2005). In this issue Molecular Ecology, Geiger et al. (2012) asked what are the costs of catch‐up growth in nutrient‐restricted king penguin chicks (Fig. 1) by measuring lengths of telomeres, the protective DNA sequences at the end of chromosomes, before and after catch‐up growth, as the amount and rate of telomere sequence loss over time has been associated with reduced lifespan in both model and nonmodel organisms (see reviews of Costantini et al. 2010; Haussmann & Marchetto 2010). Geiger et al. (2011) found that chicks entering the post‐winter growth season at a smaller size exhibited increased growth rates (i.e. catch‐up growth) at the cost of increased oxidative stress and reduced telomere lengths compared with the chicks entering the growth period at a larger size. Furthermore, chicks that did not survive had drastically shorter telomere lengths and reduced antioxidant capacities at the beginning of the growth period than all other chicks, thereby directly associating telomere length to mortality. These results suggest that while catch‐up growth allows smaller chicks to head off into the world on equal footing with chicks that hatched at a larger size, it likely comes at the cost of a shortened lifespan. Thus, this study provides a mechanism that supports the antagonistic pleiotropy theory of senescence (Promislow 2004). [Figure: see text]
Explaining the Rent–OER Inflation Divergence, 1999–2007

U.S. Rent inflation has often greatly exceeded Owners' Equivalent Rent (OER) Inflation. Why? Critics believe that the Bureau of Labor Statistics is making a faulty utilities adjustment to OER and that the Federal Reserve Board should focus only on Rent inflation. Both beliefs are misguided. Herein we decompose the historical Rent–OER inflation differential into its various determinants. The utilities adjustment, which is necessary, sometimes contributed, but is no smoking gun. The main culprit was an economically interesting pattern of differential rent inflation across locales within cities, one common to many cities. Surprisingly, rent control also played a role.
Phytotoxicity, accumulation and transport of silver nanoparticles by Arabidopsis thaliana

The widespread availability of nano-enabled products in the global market may lead to the release of a substantial amount of engineered nanoparticles in the environment, which frequently display drastically different physiochemical properties than their bulk counterparts. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact of citrate-stabilised silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the plant Arabidopsis thaliana at three levels, physiological phytotoxicity, cellular accumulation and subcellular transport of AgNPs. The monodisperse AgNPs of three different sizes (20, 40 and 80 nm) aggregated into much larger sizes after mixing with quarter-strength Hoagland solution and became polydisperse. Immersion in AgNP suspension inhibited seedling root elongation and demonstrated a linear dose–response relationship within the tested concentration range. The phytotoxic effect of AgNPs could not be fully explained by the released silver ions. Plants exposed to AgNP suspensions bioaccumulated higher silver content than plants exposed to AgNO3 solutions (Ag + representative), indicating AgNP uptake by plants. AgNP toxicity was size and concentration dependent. AgNPs accumulated progressively in this sequence: border cells, root cap, columella and columella initials. AgNPs were apoplastically transported in the cell wall and found aggregated at plasmodesmata. In all the three levels studied, AgNP impacts differed from equivalent dosages of AgNO3.
A systematic technique using 3-dimensional ultrasound provides a simple and reproducible mode to evaluate the corpus callosum

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate a rapid 3-dimensional ultrasound-assisted technique for evaluation of the corpus callosum as an integral part of the anatomic survey. STUDY DESIGN: Transabdominal 3-dimensioal gray scale and power Doppler volumes of the fetal brain were acquired in 102 consecutive healthy fetuses at 20-23 postmenstrual weeks. Offline analysis was performed by 2 of the authors using a systematic approach of "volume manipulation." Diagnostic-quality visualization of the corpus callosum and the pericallosal arteries on the median plane was recorded by the 2 examiners independently. RESULTS: The median plane was easily obtained in all cases. Diagnostic-quality images of the corpus callosum were recorded in 93.1% and 99.0% and of the pericallosal arteries in 94.4% and 95.5% of the cases, by the 2 examiners, respectively. CONCLUSION: Three-dimensional ultrasound enables a rapid and easy evaluation of the corpus callosum that may facilitate its inclusion as an integral part of the routine anatomic survey.
BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND PERINATAL EXPOSURE TO ABUSED DRUGS

Use of illicit and licit drugs during pregnancy is a major public health concern, as it can have adverse effects on the developing fetus. Infants born of women addicted to narcotics, cocaine, alcohol, or polydrugs often undergo a characteristic withdrawal syndrome and may have physical, behavioral, and/or neurological abnormalities. As it is not feasible to ascertain whether these functional changes in human infants are produced by abused substance(s) per se or by a combination of complex socioeconomic factors and polydrug use, researchers in recent years have developed and utilized various innovative animal models to assess drug-induced alterations and their biological mechanisms during the developmental period under a controlled environment. To promote interdisciplinary communications as well as to assess the progress and the future needs in this area, the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) held a technical review at which biomedical researchers discussed their current findings in various physiological systems. This report summarizes the major findings and the methodological and experimental issues discussed at the conference. The meeting was held in Washington, DC, on May 25 and 26, 1994. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
“They Like Me, They Like Me Not”: Popularity and Adolescents’ Perceptions of Acceptance Predicting Social Functioning Over Time

This study examined the dual roles of adolescents' perceptions of social acceptance and sociometric popularity in predicting relative changes over time in adolescents' social functioning. Observational, self-report, and peer report data were obtained from 164 adolescents who were interviewed at age 13 years and then again at age 14 years, as well as their same-sex close friends. Adolescents who felt positively about their own social standing fared well over time, regardless of their level of sociometric popularity. Further, low popularity was particularly problematic for adolescents who failed to see themselves as fitting in. Results suggest that during adolescence, when it becomes increasingly possible for teens to choose their own social niches, it is possible to be socially successful without being broadly popular.
Insertional Inactivation of Branched-Chain α-Keto Acid Dehydrogenase in Staphylococcus aureus Leads to Decreased Branched-Chain Membrane Fatty Acid Content and Increased Susceptibility to Certain Stresses

Staphylococcus aureus is a major community and nosocomial pathogen. Its ability to withstand multiple stress conditions and quickly develop resistance to antibiotics complicates the control of staphylococcal infections. Adaptation to lower temperatures is a key for the survival of bacterial species outside the host. Branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BKD) is an enzyme complex that catalyzes the early stages of branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA) production. In this study, BKD was inactivated, resulting in reduced levels of BCFAs in the membrane of S. aureus. Growth of the BKD-inactivated mutant was progressively more impaired than that of wild-type S. aureus with decreasing temperature, to the point that the mutant could not grow at 12°C. The growth of the mutant was markedly stimulated by the inclusion of 2-methylbutyrate in the growth medium at all temperatures tested. 2-Methylbutyrate is a precursor of odd-numbered anteiso fatty acids and bypasses BKD. Interestingly, growth of wild-type S. aureus was also stimulated by including 2-methylbutyrate in the medium, especially at lower temperatures. The anteiso fatty acid content of the BKD-inactivated mutant was restored by the inclusion of 2-methylbutyrate in the medium. Fluorescence polarization measurements indicated that the membrane of the BKD-inactivated mutant was significantly less fluid than that of wild-type S. aureus. Consistent with this result, the mutant showed decreased toluene tolerance that could be increased by the inclusion of 2-methylbutyrate in the medium. The BKD-inactivated mutant was more susceptible to alkaline pH and oxidative stress conditions. Inactivation of the BKD enzyme complex in S. aureus also led to a reduction in adherence of the mutant to eukaryotic cells and its survival in a mouse host. In addition, the mutant offers a tool to study the role of membrane fluidity in the interaction of S. aureus with antimicrobial substances.
Polycystic ovary syndrome in globalizing India: An ecosocial perspective on an emerging lifestyle disease

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder linked to type II diabetes and the leading cause of female infertility worldwide. Despite being considered a "lifestyle" disease, PCOS has received scant attention in the social science literature. In India, media accounts citing prominent doctors have expressed concern that the syndrome affects a growing number of urban middle-class Indian women. The general public, doctors, and afflicted women all attribute the condition to stress, lifestyle changes, "Westernization," modernization, and disrupted circadian rhythms. These factors are associated with changes in diets, gender roles, and aspirations since 1991, when the introduction of neoliberal reforms opened up the country to processes of globalization. Women with PCOS have come to be seen as living embodiments of the biosocial stresses associated with modern urban middle-class living, and discourse about PCOS serves as commentary indexing anxieties about social and political-economic shifts in the country. In this paper, based on ethnographic fieldwork in Mumbai, India, with 141 participants from 2012 to 2014, we point to local understanding of PCOS as corresponding to an ecosocial perspective that highlights the structural vulnerabilities of urban middle-class women. Whereas most research on structural vulnerabilities and health has centered on economically and otherwise disadvantaged groups, we use PCOS as a case study to draw attention to the rise of lifestyle disorders linked to the impact of globalization and the pressures of "modern" identities and aspirations among middle-class populations.
The National Cancer Institute's cancer information service: a new generation of service and research to the nation.

ABSTRACT The National Cancer Institute (NCI), the nation's leading agency for cancer information and research, mandated by the U.S. Congress to provide accurate, up-to-date information about cancer to all segments of the U.S. population, established the Cancer Information Service (CIS) on July 1, 1975. Using a two-pronged approach, the telephone information service and education programs for the public and health professionals, the CIS was designed to maximize its reach. In 1982, the CIS implemented three tools: the Call Record Form to record data about each call to the service, a national user survey, and a system of national test calls. These resulted in a rich data source and an infrastructure that allowed collaborative health communications research with the CIS to emerge later in the decade. As the CIS embarks on a new generation of service to the nation, it is now characterized by three vital components that advance the NCI's overall mission of cancer prevention and control: a Partnership Program, M...
Successful Treatment of Extensively Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Peritoneal Dialysis Peritonitis with Intraperitoneal Polymyxin B and Ampicillin-Sulbactam

OBJECTIVE:To describe a case of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Acinetobacter baumannii peritoneal dialysis (PD)–associated peritonitis successfully treated with combination antibiotics, including intraperitoneal polymyxin B, with retention of the catheter.CASE SUMMARY:A 54-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease receiving chronic PD and recent antibiotic and hospital exposure presented with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. She was found to have XDR A. baumannii PD peritonitis. Treatment was initiated with intravenous and intraperitoneal ampicillin-sulbactam, followed by the addition of intraperitoneal polymyxin B based on susceptibilities. The patient recovered without the need for catheter removal or switch to hemodialysis.DISCUSSION:The frequency of XDR A. baumannii as a nosocomial pathogen is increasing, and polymyxins are being used more often as part of combination therapy for infections caused by this organism. Neither XDR A. baumannii PD peritonitis nor the use of intraperitoneal polymyx...
Acceleration Strategies for Gaussian Mean-Shift Image Segmentation

Gaussian mean-shift (GMS) is a clustering algorithm that has been shown to produce good image segmentations (where each pixel is represented as a feature vector with spatial and range components). GMS operates by defining a Gaussian kernel density estimate for the data and clustering together points that converge to the same mode under a fixed-point iterative scheme. However, the algorithm is slow, since its complexity is O(kN2), where N is the number of pixels and k the average number of iterations per pixel. We study four acceleration strategies for GMS based on the spatial structure of images and on the fact that GMS is an expectation-maximisation (EM) algorithm: spatial discretisation, spatial neighbourhood, sparse EM and EM-Newton algorithm. We show that the spatial discretisation strategy can accelerate GMS by one to two orders of magnitude while achieving essentially the same segmentation; and that the other strategies attain speedups of less than an order of magnitude.
Recovery and Purification of 10-oxo-trans-8-decenoic Acid Enzymatically Produced Using a Crude Homogenate of Agaricus bisporus

A two-step method was developed to recover 10-oxo-trans-8-decenoic acid (ODA) at 85% purity using GRAS solvents that may be used either at laboratory or industrial scale. ODA was recovered from an aqueous reaction broth via extraction with ethyl acetate followed by evaporation. The residue was dissolved in hot hexane and subsequently crystallized at 5 °C. Optimal recovery of ODA from the reaction broth was optimized by determining the partition coefficient between phosphate buffer (range pH 2.0 to 7.5) and ethyl acetate. The intrinsic partition coefficients were 75.38 and 1.43 for the undissociated and dissociated forms, respectively. To obtain a good recovery, the optimal pH was determined to be 3.0. Purification was optimized by determining the solubility curve of ODA in hexane as a function of temperature. The solubility of ODA in hexane decreased from 0.7 mg/mL at 50 °C to 0.05 mg/ mL at 10 °C. The solubility at intermediate temperatures followed a linear van't Hoff model, indicating an approximately constant enthalpy of solution. Even when the solubility of ODA in hexane is relatively low, the temperature-solubility profile was adequate to recrystallize ODA.
Plastic deformation, vacancy diffusion, and vacancy delocalization in bcc 3He.

resulting relations between strain rate and stress, at a given temperature, are accounted for in terms of dislocation climb and vacancy diffusion in the solid He. The temperature dependence of the strain rate at a given stress indicates that a nonclassical mechanism underlies the deformation pro­ cess. The vacancy diffusion coefficient in bee 3He, as a function of temperature, is deduced from these results, and an energy bandwidth for delocalized vacancies of 0.24 ±0.05 K is obtained through a fit to theoretical predictions. I. INTRODUCTION The study of defects in solid helium is motivated large­ ly by the possibility that any defect in a quantum solid may become a delocalized excitation which can move with little hindrance through the crystal. In this context, there have been many theoretical investigations l - 4 of such ef­ fects as they apply to impurity atoms, vacancies, and dislocations in solid helium. Much of the earlier experi­ mental work, however, has been carried out for the case of impurity atoms, typically small concentrations of 3He in 4He. In this case the motion of the 3He impurity can be studied by NMR techniques s ,6 and its delocalized nature has been fairly well established. 6 Experimental studies of the behavior of other defects in quantum solids have fol­ lowed more recently and in some of these plastic deforma­ tion has played a major role. 7 - 12
Cramer-Rao lower bound for estimating quadrupole resonance signals in non-Gaussian noise

Quadrupole resonance (QR) technology for the detection of explosives is of crucial importance in an increasing number of applications. For landmine detection, where the detection system cannot be shielded, QR has proven to be highly effective if the QR sensor is not exposed to radio-frequency interference (RFI). However, strong non-Gaussian RFI in the field is unavoidable. A statistical model of such non-Gaussian RFI noise is given in this letter. In addition, the asymptotic Cramer-Rao lower bound for estimating a deterministic QR signal in this non-Gaussian noise is presented. The performance of several convenient estimators is compared to this bound.
Secondary Metabolic Pathway-Targeted Metabolomics

This chapter provides step-by-step methods for building secondary metabolic pathway-targeted molecular networks to assess microbial natural product biosynthesis at a systems level and to aid in downstream natural product discovery efforts. Methods described include high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based comparative metabolomics, pathway-targeted tandem MS (MS/MS) molecular networking, and isotopic labeling for the elucidation of natural products encoded by orphan biosynthetic pathways. The metabolomics network workflow covers the following six points: (1) method development, (2) bacterial culture growth and organic extraction, (3) HRMS data acquisition and analysis, (4) pathway-targeted MS/MS data acquisition, (5) mass spectral network building, and (6) network enhancement. This chapter opens with a discussion on the practical considerations of natural product extraction, chromatographic processing, and enhanced detection of the analytes of interest within complex organic mixtures using liquid chromatography (LC)-HRMS. Next, we discuss the utilization of a chemometric platform, focusing on Agilent Mass Profiler Professional software, to run MS-based differential analysis between sample groups and controls to acquire a unique set of molecular features that are dependent on the presence of a secondary metabolic pathway. Using this unique list of molecular features, the chapter then details targeted MS/MS acquisition for subsequent pathway-dependent network clustering through the online Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GnPS) platform. Genetic information, ionization intensities, isotopic labeling, and additional experimental data can be mapped onto the pathway-dependent network, facilitating systems biosynthesis analyses. The finished product will provide a working molecular network to assess experimental perturbations and guide novel natural product discoveries.
The Fundamental Limit on the Resolution Density of Heterodyne Laser Radar Systems

In this paper we develop a theory, using a heterodyne range detection scheme, showing that there is a fundamental limit on the resolution density that can be achieved in the range and spatial resolution of a LADAR system.
Spacecraft and Constellation Design for a Continuous Responsive Imaging System in Space

Natural disasters and military conflicts have demonstrated the ongoing need for high resolution imagery with nearly continuous coverage on short notice. Current satellite systems do not meet this need because they suffer from low resolution (high altitude orbits and/or small optics) or intermittent coverage (low orbits). The Continuous Responsive Imaging System in Space (CRISIS) optimizes the trade between resolution and coverage by utilizing a constellation of small, inexpensive, rapidly deployable Earth observation satellites. Initial mission analysis has demonstrated that a constellation of eight satellites at 600 km altitude evenly distributed throughout two perpendicular planes can satisfy resolution and responsiveness requirements simultaneously. Total development cost for the entire system is comparable to that of a single traditional commercial Earth-observing satellite and the individual CRISIS spacecraft are within the mass and volume limits of low-cost launch vehicles such as the Pegasus XL or Falcon 1e. This configuration was selected from a trade space of 1350 different architectures using a parameterized model implemented in Matlab and Satellite Toolkit.
Theoretical investigation of the rubicordifolin cascade.

The results of a theoretical investigation on the complex cascade reaction leading to the natural product rubicordifolin are reported. These computations analyze the discrete transformations that are required during the conversion of the vinyl naphthoquinone starting material into the natural product, including two pseudopericyclic cyclizations as well as a diastereoselective, hetero-Diels−Alder reaction.
The Cultural Characteristics and Mating-Type Behavior in Podoscypha Multizonata and P. Ravenelii

1. Heim, P. 1947. etudes sur la localisation des pigments carotiniens chez les Champignons. Rev. Mycol. (Paris) 12: 104-125. 2. Fiasson, J. L. 1968. Les Carotenoides des Basidiomycetes, survol chimiotaxinomique. These specialite, Lyon. 84 pp. 3. --, N. Arpin, Ph. Lebreton, and M. P. Bouchez. 1969. Sur l'analyse qualitative et quantitative des carotenoides naturels. Chim. Analytique 51: 227-236. 4. Eagle, K. 1950. Uber das Pigment von Anthurus aseroeformis Mac Alpine Planta 38: 233-243. 5. Turian, G. 1955. Identification du lycopene dans le receptacle fructifere du gasteromycete Anthurus aseroiformis [sic]. Compt. Rend. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 241: 764-765. 6. Engel, H., and I. Friederichesen. 1958. Die Carotinoid von Mutinus caninus Huds. Arch. Microbiol. 31: 28-32.
36 FEVER, LYMPHADENOPATHY AND EOSINOPHILIA

A 41-year-old female with recurrent furuncles was started on trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) 22 days prior to hospital admission. The medication was discontinued secondary to a pruritic rash involving her neck and arms. She was admitted to the hospital six days later with a widespread morbilliform rash, high fevers, exudative tonsillitis, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, and severe facial swelling. Initially, the patient had a leukocytosis of 21,400/μL with 10% atypical lymphocytes, mild renal insufficiency and elevated transaminases. A throat culture was negative for group A streptococcus. Monospot was negative and EBV titers were consistent with previous infection. Hepatitis panel and HIV were negative. CRP was 12.5 mg/dL and ESR was 8 mm/hr. During her hospitalization, the leukocytosis peaked to 51,500/μL with 18% eosinophils. Skin biopsy was consistent with drug eruption. The patient was diagnosed with drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome secondary to the TMP/SMX and was started on high dose corticosteroids. She slowly improved but required a prolonged taper. Her rash progressed to diffuse erythroderma and resolved with desquamation and scaling. The facial edema resolved by discharge two weeks later and the leukocytosis, eosinophilia, renal insufficiency, and transaminases improved. DRESS syndrome is a severe form of drug hypersensitivity. It is characterized by skin rash, fever, lymphadenopathy, and multiorgan involvement. Hematologic abnormalities, particularly eosinophilia and atypical lymphocytosis, are also frequently seen. It usually begins within eight weeks of initiation of therapy and its clinical manifestations may progress in spite of discontinuing the culprit medication. The clinical manifestations are very similar to those of an infectious process; hence, its diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion.
The Altar Not Destroyed in Deuteronomy 16.21

Deuteronomy 16.21–17.1 articulates three cultic laws establishing norms for worship. Interacting with recent Pentateuchal scholarship, this study examines Deut. 16.21–17.1 with an eye to issues in the text. An initial observation is that the literary unit does not cohere well with the surrounding laws in Deuteronomy. To address the problem of context, the study extends to comparable cultic laws elsewhere in Deuteronomy and in Exodus (Exod. 34.13; Deut. 7.5; 12.2–3). The comparison sheds greater light on Deut. 16.21–17.1 and suggests a dating of the text to the middle of the Second Temple period. Such dating, in turn, explains why this literary unit fits uneasily into its context of Deut. 16.18–18.22. The conclusion focuses on the altar in Deut. 16.21 as a reflection of changing perspectives on cultic worship expressed within the book of Deuteronomy.
Human colonic epithelial cells express galanin-1 receptors, which when activated cause Cl− secretion

Galanin is a peptide hormone widely expressed in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Within the GI tract galanin is present in enteric nerve terminals where it is known to modulate intestinal motility by altering smooth muscle contraction. Recent studies also show that galanin can alter intestinal short-circuit current (Isc) but with differing results observed in rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, and pigs. In contrast, nothing is known about the ability of galanin to alter ion transport in human intestinal epithelial tissues. By RT-PCR, we determined that these tissues express only the galanin-1 receptor (Gal1-R) subtype. To evaluate Gal1-R pharmacology and physiology, we studied T84 cells. Gal1-R expressed by these cells bound galanin rapidly (half time 1-2 min) and with high affinity (inhibitor constant 0.7 +/- 0.2 nM). T84 cells were then studied in a modified Ussing chamber and alterations in Isc, a measure of all ion movement across the tissue, were determined. Maximal increases in Isc were observed in a concentration-dependent manner around 2 min after stimulation with peptide, with 1 microM galanin causing Isc to rise more than eightfold and return to baseline occurring within 10 min. The increase in galanin-induced Isc was shown by 125I efflux studies to be due to Cl- secretion, which occurred independently of alterations in cAMP and phospholipase C. Rather, Cl- secretion is mediated via a Ca2+-dependent, pertussis toxin-sensitive mechanism. These data suggest that galanin released by enteric nerves may act as a secretagogue in the human colon by activating Gal1-R.
Assessing the difficulty and time cost of de-identification in clinical narratives.

Objective: To characterize the difficulty confronting investigators in removing protected health information (PHI) from cross-discipline, free-text clinical notes, an important challenge to clinical informatics research as recalibrated by the introduction of the US Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and similar regulations. Methods: Randomized selection of clinical narratives from complete admissions written by diverse providers, reviewed using a two-tiered rater system and simple automated regular expression tools. For manual review, two independent reviewers used simple search and replace algorithms and visual scanning to find PHI as defined by HIPAA, followed by an independent second review to detect any missed PHI. Simple automated review was also performed for the “easy” PHI that are number- or date-based. Results: From 262 notes, 2074 PHI, or 7.9 ± 6.1 per note, were found. The average recall (or sensitivity) was 95.9% while precision was 99.6% for single reviewers. Agreement between individual reviewers was strong (ICC = 0.99), although some asymmetry in errors was seen between reviewers (p = 0.001). The automated technique had better recall (98.5%) but worse precision (88.4%) for its subset of identifiers. Manually de-identifying a note took 87.3 ± 61 seconds on average. Conclusions: Manual de-identification of free-text notes is tedious and time-consuming, but even simple PHI is difficult to automatically identify with the exactitude required under HIPAA.
Elastic Scattering of C 12 Ions from Fe, Ni, Ag 107 , In, and Ta

The angular distributions of ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ ions elastically scattered from Fe, Ni, ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{107}$, In, and Ta have been measured at an energy of 124.5 MeV. The experimental data were analyzed using a parameterized phaseshift analysis. Very good agreement with experiment was obtained. Precise values for absorption radii, surface parameters, and total reaction cross section could be extracted.
Multimodal interaction in ambient intelligence environments using speech, localization and robotics

An Ambient Intelligence Environment is meant to sense and respond to the presence of people, using its embedded technology. In order to effectively sense the activities and intentions of its inhabitants, such an environment needs to utilize information captured from multiple sensors and modalities. By doing so, the interaction becomes more natural as well as accurate and robust. We have focused on 3 aspects of such an environment, using speech, localization and robotics. Speech is one of the most natural forms of communication for humans. Therefore, it can be used as one of the main information sources for deriving the intentions and needs of a person. In our work, we have extended the traditional speech recognition paradigm by introducing 3 dimensional visual articulation information for recognizing spoken words. The development of our system included the capture of a novel dataset, implementation and extended testing under a variety of audio-visual noise types, demonstrating the usefulness of 3D visual information for this task. Additionally, person localization and identification is of paramount importance in a smart environment, since by knowing each person's location, her/is actions can be derived and abnormal patterns can be recognized. Our implementation conducts person identification by means of RFID. Furthermore, three types of input are combined for multi-person localization, namely, skeletal tracking, audio localization and RFID signal strength. The system was deployed and tested in our simulated assistive apartment exhibiting high accuracy. Finally, every domestic environment changes dynamically over time, creating the need for altering the position, orientation and type of sensors used within it. In our approach, we developed a framework of sensor bearing robots with the ability to relocate automatically to compensate for such a dynamic environment. Their positioning is done in such a way so as to maximize coverage. Navigation is carried out using visual information and autonomous placement uses a decentralized algorithm.
Development and Psychometric Analysis of a Tool to Evaluate Confederates

Abstract Background Confederates defined as an individual other than the (standardized/simulated) patient who is scripted in a simulation to provide realism, additional challenges, or additional information for the participant are considered important for the success of simulation encounters; however, these support people are only as good as the quality of their contribution to the overall educational experience. Assessment of confederates is important in the establishment of consistent and high-quality educational experiences. The Actions, Communication, and Teaching in Simulation tool is a single-factor, five-item measure, utilizing a seven-point behaviorally anchored scale rating structure developed to tap into important attributes of confederates' role portrayal in simulation encounters. The assessed items include acting, verbal, and nonverbal characterization; flexibility and adaptability; use of props and attire; and interactions with participants and other confederates. Methods Eight experts compiled an inventory of attributes and skills thought important for confederates to possess and, or acquire. Content and face validity established using an iterative process were utilized to review and modify each version of the measure until it was felt that the included items correctly measured the construct. Following this, psychometric evaluation of the tool was undertaken. Results Nine experts reviewed and scored seven confederate performances, 58 cases were included in the final analysis. Initial reliability of the tool was established with findings of 0.91 Cronbach's alpha. Internal consistency was good with all total item correlations above 0.50. Conclusion The results of this study provide initial evidence to support the validity and reliability of a tool to measure confederate's contribution to simulation-based learning. It is the first of its kind to be published and establishes a convention for assessing and ultimately improving confederate performances.
Political Advocacy in the Context of “Show Me Your Papers”: How Do Human Service Administrators Respond to Policy Upheaval?

ABSTRACTThis study focuses on the political advocacy of human service administrators following implementation of a highly restrictive state immigration law. It tests hypotheses to assess whether factors associated with the political advocacy of human service administrators generally are also associated with advocacy at a time of policy crisis. Findings suggest that few human service administrators engaged in immigration-related advocacy, and that those who did advocate were those most likely to perceive organizational benefit for doing so. The findings raise questions about the conditions under which human service administrators will advocate for social benefit in an organizational or individual role.