cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study of crystallization of endogenous surfactant in Eudragit NE30D-Free films and its influence on drug-release properties of controlled-release diphenhydramine HCI pellets coated with Eudragit NE30D

This study investigates the crystallization of the endogenous surfactant nonoxynol 100 in Eudragit NE30D-free films during storage and the influences of nonoxynol 100 on the dissolution of diphenhydramine hydrochloric acid (HCL) pellets coated with Eudragit NE30D before and after aging at ambient conditions. Polarizing light microscopy showed that when Eudragit NE30D-free films were stored at ambient conditions, off-white, flower-shaped crystals formed and increased in the polymer film as storage time increased. Also, x-ray diffraction showed polymer crystals in the aged free film. Thermogravimetric analysis showed no evidence of combined volatile molecules with the polymer molecules, and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) data suggested the same chemical composition of the polymer before and after phase separation. Further, from normal light microscopy, the appearance of the melting droplets in the polymer film indicated that the polymer molecules did not form the crystals. After the extraction of nonoxynol 100 by water, the free film formed by the water-extracted Eudragit NE30D was found free of the crystals after aging at the same conditions. The combination of the thermogravimetric analysis, FTIR, and microscopy showed that the origin of the crystals in dry Eudragit NE30D-free films came from nonoxynol 100, and not from the polymer molecules themselves. Monitoring by differential scanning calorimeter, it was found that the rates of crystallization of nonoxynol 100 were faster when the films were stored at 30°C and 40°C than when stored at ambient conditions and 45°C. When stored at −5°C, the crystallization rate was nearly zero. As the temperature got closer to melting temperature, the crystallization rate was very low because the system was in a thermodynamically disfavored state. The rate gradually increased and finally passed through a maximum as the crystallization temperature decreased. As the temperature kept decreasing, the crystallization rate became small again and eventually stopped because the system turned into a kinetically disfavored state. Because the phase transition of nonoxynol 100 in Eudragit NE30D occurred at ambient conditions, its influence on the dissolution of diphenhydramine HCL pellets coated with Eudragit NE30D was studied. Three different levels of nonoxynol 100 were used in Eudragit NE30D dispersions to make 3 different batches of Eudragit NE30D film-coated, controlled-release diphenhydramine HCL pellets. The results showed the dissolution rate increased as the level of nonoxynol 100 increased in the coating formula. Compared to the commonly used water-soluble additive human peripheral mononuclear cell, nonoxynol 100 was more effective in enhancing the dissolution of diphenhydramine HCL from pellets coated with Eudragit NE30D. Further study showed that the phase separation of the surfactant during aging tends to stabilize or slightly increase dissolution rates at higher surfactant levels.
Urban Development and a Socialist Pro-Growth Coalition in Shanghai

The author analyzes pro-growth coalitions in Shanghai, China, a socialist society, and identifies two dimensions in coalition building: the political dimension and the economic dimension. Concepts of regime theory work well with the economic dimension but differ from the political dimension of urban governance of the city. So regime theory, which is developed based on experiences in the United States, may partly be applied in the socialist context. The study reveals features of the socialist pro-growth coalition in Shanghai in the transitional era: a regimecharacter ized by a strong local government followed by cooperative nonpublic sectors with excluded community organizations.
Risk Factors for Development of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcal Bloodstream Infection in Patients with Cancer Who Are Colonized with Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) is a common nosocomial isolate, especially among patients with cancer. VRE infections have substantial attributable mortality among patients with cancer. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for developing bloodstream infection with VRE in patients with cancer who are colonized with VRE. VRE colonization was prospectively identified in 197 patients with cancer during 4-year period, of whom 179 (91%) had complete records for evaluation. Of these 179 patients, 24 (13.4%) developed hospital-acquired VRE bloodstream infections. Risk factors for VRE bloodstream infection included vancomycin use (relative risk [RR], 1.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25-3.14), diabetes mellitus (RR, 3.91; 95% CI, 1.20-12.77), gastrointestinal procedures (RR, 4.56; 95% CI, 1.05-19.7), and acute renal failure (RR, 3.10; 95% CI, 1.07-8.93). Strategies for preventing VRE bloodstream infection in VRE-colonized patients with cancer should include limiting vancomycin use and, perhaps, gastrointestinal procedures.
Durable-Goods Monopoly, Increasing Marginal Cost and Depreciation

This paper combines increasing marginal cost and depreciation in a continuous-time model of a durable-goods monopolist. In contrast to the case of increasing marginal cost but no depreciation (analysed by Kahn) and the case of depreciation with constant marginal cost (analysed by Bond and Samuelson), steady-state output in this model is less than in the competitive case. A turnpike result shows that choice of a long enough time horizon can make the equilibrium path of output in a finite-horizon game arbitrarily close to the path of the infinite-horizon game.
Sparse deconvolution of ultrasound NDE echoes accounting for pulse variance

In this paper, we propose a new method of the material reflectivity function (MRF) recovery based on an RF measurement model in which the ultrasound signal is expressed as a sequence of parametric model echoes whose shapes are allowed to vary in accordance with the spectral characteristics of the measuring transducer. We then utilize the Model Based Estimation Pursuit (MBEP) to concurrently estimate the reflectivity and spectral parameters of the echo from the local data. We tested MBEP in comparison with a sparse deconvolution method, the l1-regularized Least Squares Deconvolution (l1-LSD) via a series of simulated RF data containing varying pulses. The restored MRFs are compared against the ground truths using the correlation match index (CMI) metric. MBEP not only provides more accurate recovery of MRFs but also reveals the frequency dependent attenuation as evident in the pulse spectrum. The l1-LSD, however, due to its inflexibility with varying pulses, fails to recover the true scatterers. Further, compared to l1-LSD, the MBEP provides about 25% improvement in CMI and is about 10 times computationally faster.
Long-term management of immunosuppression after pediatric liver transplantation: is minimization or withdrawal desirable or possible or both?

Purpose of Review—The aim of this review is to review available data regarding the risks and benefits of indefinite immunosuppression versus attempted immunosuppression withdrawal for children who have undergone liver transplantation. Recent Findings—Emerging data suggest that conventional immunosuppression practices may well be responsible for a substantial proportion of the long-term mortality and morbidity burden borne by pediatric liver transplant recipients. The cumulative risk of chronic kidney disease, infection, malignancy, and cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia appear to threaten the health and well-being of children more than that of acute or chronic allograft rejection. In parallel, single center experiences have suggested that gradual immunosuppression withdrawal can be done safely with higher success rates in pediatric compared to adult liver transplant recipients. The coalescence of these two data streams has engendered substantial interest in systematic exploration of the safety and efficacy of immunosuppression withdrawal in conjunction with a vigorous scientific effort to elucidate an immunologic signature predictive of succesful withdrawal. Summary—There is a concerted effort within the transplant community to identify biomarkers that can accurately predict the success of immunosuppression withdrawal after liver transplantation. Freedom from lifelong immunosuppression is likely to yield considerable benefit, particularly for children who face the longest lifetime horizons.
Optimal mapping of feedforward neural networks onto multiple bus architectures

This paper addresses the problem of mapping a feedforward ANN onto a multiple bus system, MBS, with p processors and b buses so as to minimize the total execution time. We model the computational requirements of ANN by an m-partite graph called FFCG and show that the mapping problem can be reduced to that of optimally mapping a single (arbitrary) computational layer (c-layer) to the MBS. We present an algorithm which assigns the nodes of a given c-layer to processors such that the computation lower bound [N/sup l//p]t/sub p//sup l/ and the communication lower bound [N/sup l//b]t/sub c/, are achieved simultaneously, where N/sup l/ is the number of nodes in the mapped c-layer, and t/sub p//sup l/ and t/sub c/, are the computation and communication times, respectively, associated with a node in the layer. When computation and communication are not overlapped, we show that the optimal number of processors needed is either 1 or p, depending on the ratio t/sub p//sup l//t/sub c/. We show how the total execution time can be reduced by overlapping computation and communication. In that case, we show that the optimal number of processors needed is either 1 or (t/sub p//sup l//t/sub c/)b. We show that there is a unique arrangement of interfaces such that the total number of interfaces is minimum and the optimal time is reached. Finally, we compare the relative merits of the hypercube and the MBS and show the superiority of the latter in simulating an ANN.
Death due to munchausen syndrome: a case of idiopathic recurrent right ventricular failure and a review of the literature.

Factitious disorders are rare, identified in less than 1% of patients evaluated by the consultation-liaison psychiatry service in tertiary care centers. These disorders involve falsification of psychologic or physical signs or symptoms; induction of injury or disease associatedwith identified deception; and presentations of oneself as ill, injured, or impaired. Unlike with malingering, there is no obvious external reward. Despite recent attempts at improved classification, factitious disorders continue to be underrecognized and underdiagnosed in general medical patients. Munchausen syndrome accounts for approximately 10% of all factitious illnesses in hospital settings and represents its most persistent and extreme form. This disorder can be associated with high morbidity and medical expenditures but it rarely results in a patient's death. We describe the case of a young woman with Munchausen syndrome who presented to multiple secondary and tertiary care facilities with recurrent right ventricular failure, ascribed to air emboli, who died of her self-injurious behavior. We also review the literature on fatalities associated with factitious illness. 2014. From Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Send correspondence and reprint requests toMuthiahVaduganathan,M.D., M.P.H., Department ofMedicine,MassachusettsGeneralHospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, GRB 740, Boston, MA 02114; e-mail: muthu@md.northwestern.edu & 2014 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Case Report
A Systematic Review of Barriers and Facilitators to Minority Research Participation Among African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islanders.

To assess the experienced or perceived barriers and facilitators to health research participation for major US racial/ethnic minority populations, we conducted a systematic review of qualitative and quantitative studies from a search on PubMed and Web of Science from January 2000 to December 2011. With 44 articles included in the review, we found distinct and shared barriers and facilitators. Despite different expressions of mistrust, all groups represented in these studies were willing to participate for altruistic reasons embedded in cultural and community priorities. Greater comparative understanding of barriers and facilitators to racial/ethnic minorities' research participation can improve population-specific recruitment and retention strategies and could better inform future large-scale prospective quantitative and in-depth ethnographic studies.
Coupled fluid-structure finite element modeling of the aortic valve and root

The objective was to develop a three-dimensional coupled fluid-structure computational model of the aortic valve and root. The long-term goal is to develop a framework for quantitative noninvasive evaluation, and design of new therapeutic treatment options for aortic valve and root disease. A 3-D geometric model was developed based on MR images of normal human valves, including normal variations in collagen fiber orientation and leaflet thickness. The aortic root and leaflets were modeled with linear elastic material properties. A dynamic analysis was performed using the LS-DYNA explicit finite element package. A complete opening/closing cycle of the aortic valve was successfully simulated. Leaflet motion was consistent with that seen in intact hearts. Thus, we have developed the most advanced 3-D coupled fluid-structure finite element model of the aortic valve and root to date. Our ultimate goal is to apply such models to evaluate disease severity, determine optimal timing for intervention, and guide surgical techniques.
Correlation of nonlinear distortion in digital phased arrays: measurement and mitigation

In a digital array, each receiver performs analog-to-digital-conversion (ADC), with the resulting digital data later combined via digital beamforming techniques. Since ADC is performed prior to beamforming, it is thus theoretically possible to enhance the dynamic-range (DR) of the individual receivers through post-ADC array integration gain. In practice, however, DR enhancement is limited by correlation of the nonlinearities (from receiver to receiver). Worse still, little published data exists on this subject (i.e. suitable for quantitatively assessing the correlation coefficients). This makes it difficult to predict how much DR enhancement will be achieved on real digital. arrays. This paper describes the results of recent experiments involving a, four-channel digital receiver system. The system was used to measure the correlation (between receivers) of different types of nonlinear distortion. The measurements quantitatively demonstrate that some nonlinearities are highly correlated. Next, the system was used to evaluate a recently proposed method for decorrelating nonlinear distortion in digital arrays. The measurements show that the mitigation technique is successful in decorrelating some nonlinear signal components.
Properties of Selected Oklahoma Lakes in Relation to Remote Sensing of Suspended Sediment

ABSTRACT Suspended solids and algal populations were characterized in 16 south central Oklahoma lakes to relate their properties to the spectral reflectances recorded by satellites. The average concentrations of natural suspended solids in the lakes ranged from 7 to 190 g/m3. Ash content increased from about 65 to 90 percent as suspended solids concentrations increased. Mean particle diameter, determined by photon correlation spectroscopy on samples with more than 40 g/m3 of suspended solids, ranged from 400 to 2,000 nm. Nutrient concentrations were low; dissolved inorganic nitrogen was less than 0.4 g/m3, and water-soluble phosphorus was less than 25 mg/m3. Algal populations were also low, with chlorophyll a concentrations averaging 6 mg/m3 and rarely exceeding 20 mg/m3. Reflectances in the satellite spectral bands varied only slightly in response to changes in visual color and particle size of suspended solids in the turbid lakes. The relatively low chlorophyll concentrations could not be detected in th...
The interaction of the chaperonin tailless complex polypeptide 1 (TCP1) ring complex (TRiC) with ribosome-bound nascent chains examined using photo-cross-linking.

The eukaryotic chaperonin tailless complex polypeptide 1 (TCP1) ring complex (TRiC) (also called chaperonin containing TCP1 [CCT]) is a hetero-oligomeric complex that facilitates the proper folding of many cellular proteins. To better understand the manner in which TRiC interacts with newly translated polypeptides, we examined its association with nascent chains using a photo-cross-linking approach. To this end, a series of ribosome-bound nascent chains of defined lengths was prepared using truncated mRNAs. Photoactivatable probes were incorporated into these 35S- labeled nascent chains during translation. Upon photolysis, TRiC was cross-linked to ribosome-bound polypeptides exposing at least 50–90 amino acids outside the ribosomal exit channel, indicating that the chaperonin associates with much shorter nascent chains than indicated by previous studies. Cross-links were observed for nascent chains of the cytosolic proteins actin, luciferase, and enolase, but not to ribosome-bound preprolactin. The pattern of cross-links became more complex as the nascent chain increased in length. These results suggest a chain length–dependent increase in the number of TRiC subunits involved in the interaction that is consistent with the idea that the substrate participates in subunit-specific contacts with the chaperonin. Both ribosome isolation by centrifugation through sucrose cushions and immunoprecipitation with anti-puromycin antibodies demonstrated that the photoadducts form on ribosome-bound polypeptides. Our results indicate that TRiC/CCT associates with the translating polypeptide shortly after it emerges from the ribosome and suggest a close association between the chaperonin and the translational apparatus.
Visual Imagery as a Prose-Learning Process*:

The viability of visual imagery as a prose-learning process was evaluated in two experiments with elementary school children. In the first experiment, it was found that when a passage was presented at a normal rate, the effect of imagery instructions on substance recall was relatively greater under listening than under reading conditions. This finding was replicated in the second experiment, in which it was also found that reported imagery generation was more frequent in listening than in reading conditions when a faster presentation rate was employed. Possible interpretations of the results with respect to a “compatibility” hypothesis are offered.
Feasting at Home

While there is a considerable amount of information available relating to feasting in small-scale societies lacking permanent institutions of political authority (e.g., Kahn 1986; Kan 1989; Young 1971), and on how feasting could lead to the development of these institutions (Clark and Blake 1994; Hayden 1996), relatively few studies have focused on the role of feasting in complex societies whose members potentially had more varied options for signaling social status and prestige. In this paper, I examine archaeological evidence from the Late to Terminal Classic period Maya settlement in the Copan valley, Honduras (Figure 8.1) to determine how feasting may have figured in the politics of complex societies in Mesoamerica. I begin with a discussion of what is known of Mesoamerican feasting practices based on the ethnohistoric documentation, including the sixteenth-century writings on the Maya of Diego de Landa, Bishop of Yucatan (Tozzer 1941; see Restall and Chuchiak 2002), and the sixteenth-century compilation of information on Aztec culture known as the Florentine Codex (Sahagun 1953-1982). I then move to a consideration of the ceramic and architectural data recovered from several elite patio groups in the Copan valley. After assessing vessel functions and reviewing the Copan assemblage’s functional groupings, the chapter concludes with a discussion of the spatial distribution of these groupings in the elite compounds as they
Serum Antibiotic Concentrations Pre- and Postcardiopulmonary Bypass

Serum concentrations of cephalothin or kanamycin, or both, were determined in 53 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Conventional doses of these antibiotics did not provide serum levels above the accepted minimum inhibitory concentrations in children. Adults had adequate serum antibiotic concentrations only when the antimicrobials were administered within 4 h of beginning cardiopulmonary bypass. The impact of these variations upon the occurrence of infectious endocarditis could not be appraised since no cases of infective endocarditis were seen during a 4-month postoperative period.
Coexistence of stability and dynamics: an exploratory study of duality property of organisational routine

Traditional views about organisational routine regard routine as a source of inertia, inflexibility, and even mindlessness. This study sets out to investigate the duality property of organisational routine by proposing that organisational routine embodies both stability and dynamics due to its structure and agency elements, and explore the reasonableness of this duality based on the theory of system dynamics. Furthermore, organisational learning model is employed to examine the change mechanisms of organisational routine. It is believed that organisational learning at different levels tends to impact different aspects of organisational routine. The study ends with implications for future research and practice.
Cutaneous manifestations of category A bioweapons.

The 2001 anthrax attacks on the United States brought bioterrorism to the forefront of the medical community. Because many bioterrorist agents produce cutaneous disease, dermatologists will likely be first responders during a future attack. Despite this, many dermatologists are not adequately prepared to deal with a bioterrorism attack. It is critical that all first responders be able to recognize symptoms of bioterrorism-related disease and prepared to respond to a bioterrorist attack to minimize threats to public health. This article reviews the diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by potential biowarfare agents that produce cutaneous manifestations, and also provides information regarding reporting and containment of possible bioterrorism-related diseases.
Ruptured Splenic Artery Aneurysm: Rare Cause of Shock Diagnosed with Bedside Ultrasound

Splenic artery aneurysm rupture is rare and potentially fatal. It has largely been reported in pregnant patients and typically not diagnosed until laparotomy. This case reports a constellation of clinical and sonographic findings that may lead clinicians to rapidly diagnose ruptured splenic artery aneurysm at the bedside. We also propose a rapid, but systematic sonographic approach to patients with atraumatic hemoperitoneum causing shock. It is yet another demonstration of the utility of bedside ultrasound in critically ill patients, specifically with undifferentiated shock.
For Argument's Sake

This paper explores the significance of "arguendo" arguments in legal reasoning. By drawing parallels to everyday conflict — where different integrity norms obtain, and "arguendo" arguments seem morally repugnant — I try to suggest that law should think twice about allowing parties to take factually inconsistent positions.
Surplus of Graphs and the Lovász Local Lemma

The Surplus is a game-theoretic graph parameter. To illustrate it in a special case, suppose that two players, called Maker and Breaker, are playing on an n×n chessboard, and alternately mark previously unmarked little squares. Maker uses (say) mark X and Breaker uses (say) O, exactly like in Tic-Tac-Toe; Maker’s goal is to achieve a large lead in some line, where a “line” means either a row or a column. Let \( \frac{n} {2} + \Delta \) denote the maximum number of Xs (“Maker’s mark”) in some line at the end of a play; then the difference \( \left( {\frac{n} {2} + \Delta } \right) - \left( {\frac{n} {2} - \Delta } \right) = 2\Delta \) is Maker’s lead; Maker wants to maximize Δ = Δ(n). Since Δ = Δ = Δ(n) can be a half-integer (it happens when n is odd), and it is customary to work with integral graph parameters (like chromatic number), I prefer to call 2Δ = 2Δ(n) the Surplus of the n×n board (and refer to Δ = Δ(n) as the half-surplus). That is, the Surplus is the maximum terminal lead that Maker can always achieve against a perfect opponent. (In other words, Surplus is a game-theoretic one-sided discrepancy concept.)
Reform the Gift Tax Annual Exclusion to Raise Revenue

In this article, Professor Crawford proposes limiting the gift tax annual exclusion to outright transfers and transfers in trust that will be included in the beneficiary’s gross estate. The proposal is made as a part of the Shelf Project, a collaboration among tax professionals to develop proposals to raise revenue. The Shelf Project is intended to raise revenue without a VAT or a rate hike in ways that will improve the fairness, efficiency, and rationality of the tax system. An overview of the Shelf Project is found in “How to Raise $1 Trillion Without a VAT or a Rate Hike,’” Tax Notes, July 5, 2010, p. 101, Doc 2010-13081, or 2010 TNT 129-4. Congress enacted its first Shelf Project in March, 2010. Shelf Project proposals follow the format of a congressional tax committee report in explaining current law, what is wrong with it, and how to fix it.
The Tax Structure of Interest Rates: An Illusion?

The tax structure of interest rates, an observed downward sloping relationship between tax rates implied by relative municipal and taxable yields and time to maturity, remains a longstanding anomaly in financial economics. A recently published theory suggests that under simple conditions, in a world of interest rate uncertainty, relative yields can produce downward biased estimates of implied tax rates and incorrectly stated tax equivalent yields. Using numerical modeling techniques, I test this “Tax Structure Illusion” and find that a bias indeed exists and generally increases with maturity and interest rate volatility.
Historical Drama in Muscovite Justice: The Case of the Extorted Deed

(1957). Historical Drama in Muscovite Justice: The Case of the Extorted Deed. Canadian Slavonic Papers: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 38-46.
An Aquatic Macrophyte Affecting Nuisance Chironomid Midges in a Warm-Water Lake

A quantitative and qualitative comparison of chironomid midge production was made between a portion of a residential-recreational lake kept free of aquatic macrophytes and a portion containing dense stands of aquatic weeds. Throughout this investigation, midge larval density and adult emergence were greater in the weed-free portions of the lake, with Tanytarsus spp. most prevalent from April through June. Midge populations in the weedless portions began declining in July and continued to do so through October, Possibly due to predation by Procladius , the predominant midge during this time. Midge production in the weed-infested parts of the lake was lower and it showed more diversity than the vegetation-free portions. The low production of midges may have been due to the macrophytes acting as a physical barrier or elaborating biologically active chemicals, thus interfering with midge survival and development of some species and not of others.
Using a Computer Algebra System to Solve for Maxima and Minima

The availability of computer algebra systems (CAS's) such as Derive, MACSYMA, Maple, Mathematica, and SMP are influencing the way we teach calculus. New approaches to old problems are being initiated at colleges and universities world? wide. In this note we use the CAS software Mathematica to solve some typical optimization problems from freshman calculus. Our purpose is to demonstrate how the availability of CAS alters our approach and treatment of computations. As a first example, consider minimizing the distance from the point (6,3) to the parabola y = x2. This requires minimizing the objective function fix) =
The Inhibition of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor

SummaryAnalogs of EACA were capable of inhibiting the in vitro activity of macro-phage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). The most active analog of EACA in terms of MIF inhibition had four methyl groups separating an acetylated amino group from a free carboxyl group. This compound, acetylated 5-amino valeric acid, was capable of inhibiting completely MIF activity in vitro at a concentration of less than 10−6M without demonstrating any appreciable anti-tryptic activity, even at 10−3M. Anti-tryptically active EACA did not inhibit MIF except at very high concentrations (10−2M). Further, the most purified preparations of MIF obtained from aqueous extracts of thymus that we have studied contained no significant proteolytic activity upon denatured hemoglobin at pH 3-8. Therefore, we do not correlate anti-tryptic with anti-MIF activity in vitro.
Effect of Kidney on Blood Regeneration in Pernicious Anemia.

The experiments of Whipple and Robscheit-Robbins1 have given rise to an extensive knowledge of the effects of various articles of diet on the regeneration of blood in dogs rendered chronically anemic by repeated bleeding. The most important application of this fundamental work to the therapy of anemia was made by Minot and Murphy,2 who reported extraordinarily good results from the administration of liver in pernicious anemia. These results have been abundantly confirmed. The use of liver in the diet has become so general that it is frequently difficult for patients to obtain it, so much so that it is necessary to investigate the therapeutic effects of other foods which Whipple and Robscheit-Robbins have found to be effective, particularly kidney and apricots, both of which caused active regeneration in the anemic dogs.In this paper are reported observations on the course of blood regeneration in two cases of pernicious anemia who were fed diets containing 250 gm. of kidney daily. The diets contained no r...
Overview of geothermal energy conversion systems: Reservoir-wells-piping-plant-reinjection

Geothermal energy stands alongside the other major renewable sources of energy – solar, wind, and hydro – with a very important distinction: geothermal energy performs regardless of time of day or weather conditions, providing reliable power around the clock, year in and year out. This chapter provides a road map for the ensuing chapters that deal specifically with the details of geothermal energy conversion into electricity. We describe here the arc of the life of the geofluid, explain the processes needed, starting from the reservoir, and end with the disposal of the geofluid after the energy has been extracted to make electricity. The presentation is primarily qualitative and descriptive, leaving the more quantitative aspects to a later chapter. It includes simple diagrams and photographs selected to illustrate the processes and equipment used in geothermal power plants.
A Dialogue on Constitutional and Statutory Interpretation

This dialogue addresses oft-discussed questions of statutory and constitutional interpretation. The topics include the reasons for treating statutory text as determinative, the arguments for not treating legislative history as authoritative evidence of statutory meaning or legislative intent, the permissibility of excising absurd results and/or scrivener’s errors from a statute’s scope, the proper method of interpreting often-technical legal texts, and the differences between statutory and constitutional interpretation (with emphasis on the proper role for The Federalist in constitutional adjudication).
Criticality and Connectivity in Macromolecular Charge Complexation

We examine the role of molecular connectivity and architecture on the complexation of ionic macromolecules (polyelectrolytes) of finite size. A unified framework is developed and applied to evaluate the electrostatic correlation free energy for point-like, rod-like, and coil-like molecules. That framework is generalized to molecules of variable fractal dimensions, including dendrimers. Analytical expressions for the free energy, correlation length, and osmotic pressure are derived, thereby enabling consideration of the effects of charge connectivity, fractal dimension, and backbone stiffness on the complexation behavior of a wide range of polyelectrolytes. Results are presented for regions in the immediate vicinity of the critical region and far from it. A transparent and explicit expression for the coexistence curve is derived in order to facilitate analysis of experimentally observed phase diagrams.
Small-signal stability verification issues for transmission systems with distributed renewables

High penetrations of distributed renewables can dramatically increase uncertainty in the transmission system, making small-signal stability verification far more challenging. In this paper, we examine the impact of generating 30% of the power in the IEEE 118 bus test network with 118 distributed renewable sources, and show the inadequacy of sampling approaches to stability analysis. We show that multipoint local optimization can find less stable scenarios that are easily missed by sampling. In addition, we show that stability verification (or certification) is computationally tractable, but as yet, only by linearizing and dimension-reducing the parametric variation.
Effect of Solution Ionic Strength on the pKa of the Nitroxide pH EPR Probe 2,2,3,4,5,5-Hexamethylimidazolidin-1-oxyl.

Spin probe and spin labeling Electron Paramagnetic Resonance methods are indispensable research tools for solving a wide range of bioanalytical problems—from measuring microviscosity and polarity of phase-separated liquids to oxygen concentrations in tissues. One of the emerging uses of spin probes are the studies of proton transfer-related and surface electrostatic phenomena. The latter Electron Paramagnetic Resonance methods rely on molecular probes containing an additional functionality capable of reversible ionization (protonation, in particular) in the immediate proximity to an Electron Paramagnetic Resonance-active reporter group, such as (N–O•) for nitroxides. The consequent formation of protonated and nonprotonated nitroxide species with different magnetic parameters (A iso, g iso) could be readily distinguished by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance. Bioanalytical Electron Paramagnetic Resonance studies employing pH-sensitive paramagnetic probes typically involve determination of the equilibrium constant (pK a) between the protonated and nonprotonated forms of the nitroxide. However, any chemical equilibrium involving charged species, such as ionization of acids and bases, and so the reversible protonation of the nitroxide, is known to be affected by an ionic strength of the solution. Currently, only scarce data for the effect of the solution ionic strength on the experimental pK a’s of the ionizable nitroxides can be found in the literature. Here we have carried out a series of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance titration experiments for aqueous solutions of 2,2,3,4,5,5-hexamethylimidazolidin-1-oxyl (HMI) nitroxide known for one of the largest differences in the isotropic nitrogen hyperfine coupling constant A iso between the protonated and nonprotonated forms. Electrolyte concentration was varied over an exceptionally large range (i.e., from 0.05 to 5.0 M) to elucidate the effect of ionic strength on the ionization constant of this pH-sensitive Electron Paramagnetic Resonance probe and the data were compared to the Debye–Huckel limiting law. Effects of the ionic strength on the magnetic parameters of the ionizable nitroxides are also discussed.
Web-Based Simulation Games for the Integration of Engineering and Business Fundamentals.

This paper describes a web-based suite of simulation games that have the purpose to enhance the chemical engineering curriculum with business-oriented decisions. Two simulation cases are discussed whose teaching topics include closing material and energy balances, importance of recycle streams, price-volume relationship in a dynamic market, impact of plant scale on capital, operating, and unit costs, and benefits vs. risks of pioneer plants.
Counting the Homeless: S-Night in New Orleans

S-Night in New Orleans was similar to that in other cities. Perhaps because New Orleans is the smallest and most geographically compact of the five cities, the S-Night enumeration was more complete in that more "decoys" were enumerated in New Orleans than in the other cities. Still, even here, the census counted only 19 of the 29 teams of decoys (65.5%). As elsewhere, the teams also observed numerous (evidently) homeless people who were never seen, approached, or counted by the census. Finally, among the homeless persons the authors interviewed the following morning, not one who had spent the night out-of-doors reported having been enumerated. The count of homeless persons in shelters appears to have been reasonably complete in New Orleans (within some limits), but the count of street people was flawed.
Deduction and definability in infinite statistical systems

Classical accounts of intertheoretic reduction involve two pieces: first, the new terms of the higher-level theory must be definable from the terms of the lower-level theory, and second, the claims of the higher-level theory must be deducible from the lower-level theory along with these definitions. The status of each of these pieces becomes controversial when the alleged reduction involves an infinite limit, as in statistical mechanics. Can one define features of or deduce the behavior of an infinite idealized system from a theory describing only finite systems? In this paper, I change the subject in order to consider the motivations behind the definability and deducibility requirements. The classical accounts of intertheoretic reduction are appealing because when the definability and deducibility requirements are satisfied there is a sense in which the reduced theory is forced upon us by the reducing theory and the reduced theory contains no more information or structure than the reducing theory. I will show that, likewise, there is a precise sense in which in statistical mechanics the properties of infinite limiting systems are forced upon us by the properties of finite systems, and the properties of infinite systems contain no information beyond the properties of finite systems.
Investigating Limiting Factors in Stretchable All-Carbon Transistors for Reliable Stretchable Electronics.

Stretchable form factors enable electronic devices to conform to irregular 3D structures, including soft and moving entities. Intrinsically stretchable devices have potential advantages of high surface coverage of active devices, improved durability, and reduced processing costs. This work describes intrinsically stretchable transistors composed of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) electrodes and semiconductors and a dielectric that consists of a nonpolar elastomer. The use of a nonpolar elastomer dielectric enabled hysteresis-free device characteristics. Compared to devices on SiO2 dielectrics, stretchable devices with nonpolar dielectrics showed lower mobility in ambient conditions because of the absence of doping from water. The effect of a SWNT band gap on device characteristics was investigated by using different SWNT sources as the semiconductor. Large-band-gap SWNTs exhibited trap-limited behavior caused by the low capacitance of the dielectric. In contrast, high-current devices based on SWNTs w...
Fibronectin in Layer-by-Layer Assembled Films Switches Tumor Cells between 2D and 3D Morphology

Tumor cells showing a 3D morphology and in coculture with endothelial cells are a valuable in vitro model for studying cell–cell interactions and for the development of pharmaceuticals. Here, we found that HepG2 cells, unlike endothelial cells, show differences in adhesion to fibronectin alone, or in combination with poly(allylamine hydrochloride). This response allowed us to engineer micropatterned heterotypic cultures of the two cell types using microfluidics to pattern cell adhesion. The resulting cocultures exhibit spatially encoded and physiologically relevant cell function. Further, we found that the protrusive, migratory and 3D morphological responses of HepG2 are synergistically modulated by the constituents of the hybrid extracellular matrix. Treating the hybrid material with the cross-linking enzyme transglutaminase inhibited 3D morphogenesis of tumor cells. Our results extend previous work on the role of fibronectin in layer-by-layer assembled films, and demonstrate that cell-specific differenc...
How Informative Are Self-Reported Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms? An Examination of the Agreement Between the Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale V1.1 and Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Investigator Symptom Rating Scale.

Abstract Objectives: Assess agreement between self-ratings via the adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Self-Report Scale (ASRS)-v1.1 Symptom Checklist and clinician ratings via the adult ADHD Investigator Symptom Rating Scale (AISRS) expanded version using DSM-5 adult ADHD patients (referred sample) and ADHD controls (recruited from a primary care physician practice). Methods: The ASRS v1.1 Symptom Checklist was administered to measure self-reported ADHD symptoms and impairment, the Adult ADHD Clinical Diagnostic Scale v1.2 was used to establish an adult ADHD diagnosis and the childhood and adult/current sections of the scale were used to provide scores to measure symptoms of childhood ADHD and recent symptoms of adult ADHD, the AISRS to measure ADHD current symptom severity. Results: Participants (n = 299; range 18–58), of which 171 were ADHD+ and 128 ADHD−. ASRS and AISRS total scores and individual subsections examining inattention, hyperactivity, emotional dysfunction (EF), and emoti...
A Unified Analytical Solution for Bipolar, Unipolar, and Multistep SHE Converters

In this paper, a unified analytical approach is presented for solving a set of transcendental equations commonly encountered in Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE). Traditionally numerical solutions are used that require an initial value and a valid value of modulation index m. Not only the initial value but also an invalid m will affect convergence. Such difficulties are not associated with analytical solution. The solution set will determine the range of m valid for that modulation. The analytical approach is also suitable for real-time applications where a microcontroller/microprocessor can be programmed for the application making it attractive for low cost application. In the proposed approach, the transcendental equations are converted to power-sum non-linear polynomials using Chebyshev expansion. These non-linear polynomials have been simplified using a successive polynomial extraction method and lead to a solution set for elementary functions. These have been formulated for the three types of modulation for a 4th order system with contiguous harmonic elimination that eliminates up to ninth harmonic. The solution trajectories as a function of m have been presented and valid range of m values has been determined. Simulation results verify the harmonic cancellations.
Cell-Based System for Identification of Olfactory Receptors

The discovery and characterization of odorant receptors (ORs) beginning in the early 1990s have opened up the ability to study olfaction from a molecular perspective. Hundreds of OR genes that differ between organisms exist, and each gene codes for a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that can be activated by a large variety of odorants. Thus, the process of deorphaning, or identifying the cognate ligand(s) for each receptor, is critical for understanding how smells are perceived. This chapter reviews the usage of heterologous systems and associated accessory proteins for expressing ORs in vitro, notably the luciferase assay system for high-throughput OR screening. This in vitro method of characterizing ORs is also compared to ex vivo preparations, with a discussion of advantages and drawbacks of each supported by experimental evidence.
Surveys: Question Wording and Response Categories

A large literature provides the basis for recommendations about how to improve the reliability and validity of standardized measurement, whether in survey interviews or in other contexts. Building on an analysis of question characteristics and the decisions required when writing questions, this article summarizes implications of relevant research. We present illustrations of revisions that apply guidelines for improving question.
Influence of Methods of River Sediment Extraction on the Results of Selected Ecotoxicological Tests

River sediments are contaminated with a wide range of substances from the water environment. Such contaminants may be buried for a long time and then gradually released into the environment. For this reason, attention must be paid to their load. Ecotoxicological tests are usually used to assess toxic and genotoxic effects of sediments; the sediment extracts are adjusted for these purposes. The aim of this article is to assess the effect of three common methods of sediment extraction on results of three selected standardized ecotoxicological tests. The samples were prepared by shaking with water, Soxhlet extraction with dichloromethane (DCM) or extraction with DCM under sonication. Toxicity was tested using the acute immobilisation test on water flees (Daphnia magna) and the test based on inhibition of growth of the Sinapsis alba root. The SOS-chromotest was used as a genotoxicity test. The experiments performed show that the selected method of extraction can significantly influence the results of ecotoxicological tests.
Discovering Interpretable Medical Workflow Models

Medical workflow discovery and analysis can help teams better understand their practice and potentially improve patient outcomes. In the past, medical experts designed hand-made workflow models for this purpose. These models usually needed iterative revision for the experts to reach consensus. Actual practice, however, often deviates from a perceived ideal workflow model. Automatic workflow discovery algorithms have recently been proposed to learn a workflow model from observed activity or event traces. These algorithms, however, can produce spaghetti-like graphical models, with many branches and loops. Although model interpretability is an initial requirement of medical process analysis, it is often difficult or impossible for medical experts to extract knowledge from these chaotic models. We present an algorithm for discovering interpretable medical workflow models that addresses these limitations. We show our preliminary results and evaluate our approach on a real-world medical process.