cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Malignancy in Renal Transplant Recipients Exposed to Cyclophosphamide Prior to Transplantation for the Treatment of Native Glomerular Disease.

Study objective To evaluate the risk of posttransplantation malignancy in renal transplant recipients exposed to pretransplantation cyclophosphamide for the treatment of glomerular nephropathy (GN). Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Tertiary academic medical center. Patients Six hundred adult renal transplant recipients were transplanted between 1993 and 2014; 54 patients were exposed to pretransplantation cyclophosphamide for treatment of GN (GN-CYC group), and 546 patients with polycystic kidney disease were not exposed to pretransplantation cyclophosphamide (PKD group). Measurement and main results Data were collected retrospectively from electronic medical records. The primary outcome was occurrence of posttransplantation malignancy. During a median follow-up of 5.5 years, 130 patients developed malignancy (incidence rate 3.5 events per 100 person-yrs). Exposure to cyclophosphamide before transplantation was significantly associated with malignancy after transplantation (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 2.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16-4.22, p=0.02), specifically skin cancer (aHR 2.24, 95% CI 1.09-4.60, p=0.03). Malignancy risk in the GN-CYC group was higher in the setting of lymphocyte-depleting induction (alemtuzumab; aHR 4.53, 95% CI 0.99-20.72, p=0.05) compared with basiliximab induction. Incidences of death-censored graft loss and mortality were similar between the GN-CYC and PKD groups. Conclusion In our observational study, renal transplant recipients exposed to pretransplantation cyclophosphamide appeared to have a higher risk of developing a malignancy compared with unexposed renal transplant recipients. Further investigation into the impact of pretransplantation immunosuppression on malignancy, particularly the compounded effect with lymphocyte-depleting induction, is warranted.
Space-brain: The negative effects of space exposure on the central nervous system

Journey to Mars will be a large milestone for all humankind. Throughout history, we have learned lessons about the health dangers associated with exploratory voyages to expand our frontiers. Travelling through deep space, the final frontier, is planned for the 2030s by NASA. The lessons learned from the adverse health effects of space exposure have been encountered from previous, less-lengthy missions. Prolonged multiyear deep space travel to Mars could be encumbered by significant adverse health effects, which could critically affect the safety of the mission and its voyagers. In this review, we discuss the health effects of the central nervous system by space exposure. The negative effects from space radiation and microgravity have been detailed. Future aims and recommendations for the safety of the voyagers have been discussed. With proper planning and anticipation, the mission to Mars can be done safely and securely.
Innovations in MedFT: Pioneering New Frontiers!

The principal advantages for pioneering new territory lay in both the creativity for courageous individuals and opportunities for those who follow. The West was settled on inspiration (and perspiration) fueled by a desire for a better way, a better life, and a more hopeful future. Likewise, the development of medical family therapy (MedFT) grew from a need in healthcare for a more collaborative, relationally based, and systemic system. Today, it is finding its place. Much like pioneering settlers, MedFTs have moved from the most populated areas to those in need of more development. With each step, there is continued learning and growing appreciation for each setting’s unique population, needs, diverse cultures, and resources. In McDaniel, Hepworth, and Doherty’s (1992) early primer, primary care was described as an ideal environment for MedFT. Over the years, this scope and attention has evolved to include secondary and tertiary care settings. This book attempts to serve as a learning tool for new and experienced professionals wanting to develop as MedFTs and who wish to expand into new territories for which they were not formally trained.
“I didn’t raise a d#@k!” How parents perceive and address gendered bullying with children

This is an exploratory study that uses a critical feminist approach to examine how parents perceive and respond to gendered bullying with children. Past research conceptualizes bullying from a femi...
Penetrating trauma in children on the United States-Mexico border: Hispanic ethnicity is not a risk factor.

Abstract Introduction The United States-Mexico border is perceived as dangerous by the media and current political leaders. Hispanic ethnicity, low socioeconomic status, male gender and adolescent age have previously been identified as risk factors for penetrating trauma (PT). Methods A retrospective review of PT was performed in a border region. Children 0–17 years old, admitted to the region’s only level I trauma center between 2001 and 2016 were included. Standardized morbidity ratio was used to compare observed to expected morbidity. Results There were 417 PT admissions. 197 (47%) were non-accidental, 34 (8%) suicide attempts and 186 (45%) accidental. There were 12 homicides, 7 suicides and no accidental deaths. The region contains over 280,000 children, thus yielding a homicide rate of 0.26 per 100,000. The U.S. pediatric homicide rate was 2.6–4.0 over this period. Adolescents 13–17 years old accounted for 237 (57%) admissions, 152 (78%) of non-accidental admissions and 12 (63%) deaths. Most admissions (N = 321, 77%) and 15 of the deaths (79%) were males. Non-accidental injuries were more frequent in ZIP codes associated with low incomes. Hispanic patients accounted for 173 (88%) of non-accidental trauma. However, 40 (20%) non-accidental injuries occurred in Mexico and 157 (80%) injuries occurred in an 82% Hispanic region. Therefore, the standardized morbidity ratio for Hispanic ethnicity was 1.048 (CL 0.8–1.2, P = 0.6). Conclusion On the United States-Mexico border, the pediatric homicide rate was less than 1/10 the national average. Male adolescents are at risk for non-accidental PT. In a Hispanic majority population, Hispanic ethnicity was not a risk factor for PT. It is possible that economic disparity, rather than race/ethnicity, is a risk factor for PT.
Depth-Profiling Studies of Glasses and Ceramics by Ion Beam Techniques

Various ion beam techniques are currently in use to measure the elemental concentration profile as a function of depth in a solid. At low energies, i.e. ≲ 10keV, the techniques include sputter-induced photon spectrometry (SIPS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and ion scattering spectrometry (ISS). When the primary ion energy increases to several MeV, the accelerator-based techniques such as Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), elastic recoil detection (ERD) and resonant nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) are very useful for depth profiling. Examples of the application of these techniques to study glass and ceramic materials are given in this report and the relative merits of the techniques are discussed.
Guide to Digitalis Therapy: Second of Two Parts

The high incidence of digitalis intoxication in patients with pulmonary, renal, hepatic or thyroid diseases points up the need for physicians to be especially careful when giving digitalis to these patients. Keeping in mind the many factors influencing the response to digitalis and regulating the dosage accordingly will go a long way toward preventing toxic effects. The danger of treating digitalis-induced arrhythmias with electric discharge is emphasized.
Patients’ perspectives on engaging in their healthcare while hospitalised

Aims and objectives To examine patients' experiences and preferences for engaging in their healthcare while hospitalised. Background Promoting patient engagement or involvement in healthcare has become an important component of contemporary, consumer-oriented approaches to quality care. Previous research on patient engagement highlights that preferences for engagement are not assessed while hospitalised, leading to patient role confusion and frustration. Methods Semistructured interviews were conducted with patients from January-March 2017 to examine their experiences and preferences for engaging in their care while hospitalised on medical-surgical units in the United States. Inductive thematic analysis was used to uncover the themes from the interview transcriptions. The reporting of research findings followed the COREQ checklist. Results Seventeen patients, eight male and nine female, aged between 19-83 years old were interviewed. Patients had a difficult time articulating how they participated in their care while hospitalised, with the majority stating there were few decisions to be made. Many patients felt that decisions were made prior to or during hospitalisation for them. Patients described their engagement through the following themes: sharing the subjective, involvement of family, information-gathering, constraints, "I let them take care of me," and variability. Conclusions Engagement is a dual responsibility of both nurses and patients. Patients' experiences highlight that engagement preferences and experiences are not universal between patients, speaking to the importance of assessing patient preferences for engagement in health care upon hospital admission. Relevance to clinical practice The articulation of what patients actually experience in the hospital setting contributes to improve nursing practice by offering insight into what is important to the patient and how best to engage with them in their care. The constraints that patients reported facing related to their healthcare engagement should be used to inform the delivery of future engagement interventions in the acute care setting.
Diffusive tunneling in an isobaric but non-isothermal fuel-pusher mixture

The hydrodynamic mix of fusion fuel and inert pusher can simultaneously generate smaller fuel pockets and finer pusher layers that separate them. Smaller fuel pockets have greater local Knudsen numbers, which tend to exacerbate the Knudsen layer reactivity reduction. A thinner pusher layer separating the neighboring fuel pockets, on the other hand, can enable the diffusive tunneling of Gamow fuel ions through the pusher layer and hence alleviate the Knudsen layer reactivity degradation. Here, the diffusive tunneling phenomenon describes a random walk process by which the Gamow fuel ions from one fuel pocket can traverse the inert pusher layer to join a neighboring fuel pocket without losing much of their energy. This is made possible by the much slower collisional slowing down rate compared with the pitch angle scattering rate of light fuel ions with heavier pusher ions. In an isobaric target mixture where fuel and pusher segments can have distinct temperatures, due to their different compressibilities, the temperature effect on the critical pusher layer areal density below which diffusive tunneling can occur, which is a property of the hydrodynamic mix, is understood by computing the ion charge state distribution using a collisional radiative model. This information is fed into the collisionality evaluation, enabling a parametric scan of the diffusive tunneling physics in terms of the target pressure, fuel, and pusher temperatures. It is found that when the gold pusher layer has a temperature above 1 keV, the variation of the pusher temperature has little effect on the critical areal mass density below which diffusive tunneling can occur. If the pusher layer is 1 keV or below, the critical areal mass density rises sharply, indicating that for a stronger fuel-pusher temperature disparity, the onset of diffusive tunneling will be at an earlier stage of the hydrodynamic mix when the fuel-pusher mixing structures are of less reduced size.The hydrodynamic mix of fusion fuel and inert pusher can simultaneously generate smaller fuel pockets and finer pusher layers that separate them. Smaller fuel pockets have greater local Knudsen numbers, which tend to exacerbate the Knudsen layer reactivity reduction. A thinner pusher layer separating the neighboring fuel pockets, on the other hand, can enable the diffusive tunneling of Gamow fuel ions through the pusher layer and hence alleviate the Knudsen layer reactivity degradation. Here, the diffusive tunneling phenomenon describes a random walk process by which the Gamow fuel ions from one fuel pocket can traverse the inert pusher layer to join a neighboring fuel pocket without losing much of their energy. This is made possible by the much slower collisional slowing down rate compared with the pitch angle scattering rate of light fuel ions with heavier pusher ions. In an isobaric target mixture where fuel and pusher segments can have distinct temperatures, due to their different compressibilities, t...
An Evaluation of the Incidence of Nephrotoxicity After a Loading Dose of Vancomycin in Patients With Severe Renal Impairment.

Abstract Background Loading doses of vancomycin assist in the rapid achievement of target trough concentrations. Patients with renal dysfunction have been excluded from studies evaluating loading doses. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate nephrotoxicity related to initial vancomycin dose in patients with severe renal dysfunction. Methods A retrospective cohort study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of a large, academic health system. Adults were included if they received intravenous vancomycin in the emergency department and presented with creatinine clearance 20 mg/kg) vs. low (≤20 mg/kg) dose of vancomycin. Secondary outcomes included dialysis, vancomycin concentrations, length of stay, in-hospital mortality, and a composite outcome of nephrotoxicity or dialysis. Results Of the 927 patients included in the analysis, nephrotoxicity occurred in 7.2% and 13.8% of patients in the high- and low-dose groups, respectively (p Conclusion These data suggest that vancomycin loading doses do not increase nephrotoxicity compared with lower doses in patients with severe renal dysfunction. These patients should be included in future studies relating to vancomycin loading doses.
Hegemonía estadounidense y cambio de régimen en América Latina

We contribute to the extensive literature on international influences on democratization and democratic breakdowns by conceptualizing hegemonic mechanisms of regime change and assessing them empirically. Our findings are based on a multi-methods approach and highlight the varying importance of hegemonic influences in post-1945 Latin America. We argue that us support for democratization was consistent in the wave of transitions to democracy that began in Latin America in 1978 and that it was decisive in many of these transitions. While past work has attributed responsibility to the us for the waves of democratic breakdowns from 1948 to 1956 and 1964 to 1976, an examination of the 27 breakdowns from 1945 to 2010 gives reason to doubt this interpretation. Future research could use these conceptual and methodological tools to explore the role of other powers in waves of democracy and authoritarianism.
Metal-catalysed radical carbonylation reactions

A review of metal-catalysed carbonylation reactions involving single-electron transfer mechanisms and organic radical intermediates is presented, emphasizing new avenues to carbonyl compounds that are enabled by this approach. Catalyst-induced, oxidant-induced, and photo-induced radical carbonylations are discussed, as are atom-transfer carbonylation chain processes. Collectively, this body of carbonylative coupling chemistry complements more traditional precious metal-based catalytic systems that engage in substrate carbonylation by two-electron pathways.
Restoring Function to the Injured Human Spinal Cord

A brief primer on spinal cord injury.-The behavioral catastrophe is rooted in injury to white matter.-The scar as a barrier to regeneration.-Treating the acute and chronic injury:historical perspective.-Concerning behavioral models for spinal cord injury in animals.-Axonal regeneration.-Treatment possibilities of the new biology.-Biologically produced electrical fields: physiological spoken here.-Endogenous voltages and the reaction of the neuron to injury.-The responses of isolated nerve fibers in culture to applied DC voltages:Historical perspective.-Enhancing spinal cord regeneration in situ with applied electrical fields.-Recovery of the CTM reflex in spinal injured guinea pigs after exposure to applied extracellular voltages.-From a laboratory tool to a clinical application.- and other chapters
Luminescence dynamics and enhancement of the UV and visible emissions of Tm3+ in LiYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ upconverting nanoparticles

To maximize the intrinsic luminescence efficiency of the higher energy emissions of Tm3+ in LiYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ upconverting nanoparticles, we investigated a specific range of Tm3+ dopant concentrations. Reported to be optimized at 25% Yb3+, 0.5% Tm3+, due to the multitude of Tm3+-to-Tm3+ interactions, the Tm3+ concentration commonly used may not be suitable for strong UV and visible emissions. Thus, we varied the concentration of Tm3+ in LiYF4 nanoparticles between 0.08 and 0.55% to elucidate the effect of moderate changes of the dopant concentration on the UV, visible and NIR emissions. We determined a new optimized concentration of 0.24% Tm3+ for maximal UV and visible emissions (nominally 0.2%). An extensive analysis of the luminescence spectra in the UV, visible and NIR regions and decay time measurements provides evidence for new luminescence mechanisms involving cross-relaxation pathways from the UV-emitting states of Tm3+. Furthermore, we performed studies on an azobenzene derivative to demonstrate the substantial enhancement of the UV emissions by the newly optimized composition as evidenced by an increase in the degree of trans–cis photoisomerization.
Drawing and Dialogue: Youth’s Experiences With the “Face” of Diabetes:

Objective:The purpose of this qualitative pilot study was to evaluate drawing, narration, color use, and meaning through discussion to increase insight surrounding youth’s lived experience with typ...
Cardiovascular surgery in Turner syndrome - early outcome and long-term follow-up.

Background Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in patients with Turner syndrome (TS), and cardiovascular surgery is frequently required for management of these patients. TS is associated with medical comorbidities than can complicate the care of this patient population. Aim To describe the cardiovascular surgical outcomes of patients with TS. Methods A retrospective case series was compiled of 51 consecutive TS patients who had at least one cardiovascular surgery at Mayo Clinic Rochester from 1977-2017. The baseline clinical data of these patients were reviewed including demographics, medical comorbidities, congenital heart disease history, and medications. Echocardiographic reports were analyzed in detail. Operative reports and surgical hospital courses were reviewed. Long-term mortality was determined using medical records and the Social Security Death Index. Survival analysis was performed with the Kaplan Meier method. Results The cohort comprised 51 TS patients, average age at the time of surgery at Mayo Clinic was 28 (8-41) years, and 23 (45%) patients were under the age of 18. At the time of first Mayo Clinic surgery, 18 (35%) patients had previously undergone cardiac surgery at another institution. The most common procedures were repair of aortic coarctation in 14 (28%) patients, aortic valve replacement in 6 (12%) patients, and composite aortic root/ascending aorta replacement in 7 (14%) patients, with 7 patients undergoing repair of more than one lesion. Aortic dissection required operative intervention in 5 patients. After initial Mayo Clinic surgery, subsequent operations were required in 6 (13%) patients. Average hospital length of stay was 6 ± 2 d. There were 4 (8%) early surgical deaths. Freedom from death was 97% and 89% at 10 and 20 years, and the freedom from reoperation was 93% and 81% at 10 and 20 years. Conclusion Cardiovascular surgery is associated with 8% early mortality given the medical complexity of TS patients. Those who survive to dismissal have good survival. Later cardiovascular reoperations are not rare.
LIPOPROTEINS OF BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the lipoproteins of biological fluids. The interstitial fluid is in contact with cell membranes and its apolipoprotein and lipoprotein composition directly influences cholesterol transport and metabolism of the cell. A marked redistribution of the plasma lipoproteins takes place as a result of cholesterol feeding. VLDL and IDL become the major lipoprotein fractions, while HDL decreases to one-third of its control value. These data indicate that in the cholesterol-fed dogs, more than 90% of the cholesterol is carried in lipoprotein particles, which are at least five times bigger than the HDL particle. HDL carries more than 90% of the cholesterol in control animals. The chapter presents a comparison of lymph to plasma ratios, or L/P ratios, of total proteins and cholesterol in control and cholesterol-fed animals. When whole plasma and lymph lipoproteins were studied by agarose electrophoresis, it became apparent that in the peripheral lymph, all plasma lipoproteins are present. Both plasma and lymph of control dogs had mainly a migrating lipoproteins but distinctly detectable β and pre-β bands. In the cholesterol-fed plasma and lymph, a marked decrease was observed in the migrating lipoproteins with a concomitant increase in the β and pre-β migrating lipoproteins.
Making It Work: Legal Foundations for Administrative Reform of California's Housing Framework

Since 1980, California has had an ambitious planning framework on the books to make local governments accommodate their fair share of “regional housing need” “for all income levels.” The framework relied, however, on a rickety and complicated conveyor belt for converting regional housing targets into actual production. Superintending the conveyor belt was an administrative entity, the Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD), whose rules had no legal effect, and whose judgments about the adequacy of a local government’s housing plan received virtually no deference from the courts. This paper contends that HCD’s position has been fundamentally transformed by a series of individually modest but complementary bills enacted from 2017-2019. HCD now has authority to strengthen, simplify, and supplement the conveyor belt in ways that would have been (legally speaking) unimaginable just a few years ago. We argue (1) that HCD may adopt the “expected yield” definition of site capacity, which would more than the double the amount of zoned capacity that local governments must provide; (2) that HCD may promulgate metrics and standards for whether the supply of housing within a local government’s territory is substantially constrained; and (3) that HCD may insist, as a condition of housing-plan approval, that poorly performing local governments adopt major, substantive reforms to local development processes, regulations, and fees. Though it’s doubtful that the department could mandate particular constraint-mitigation measures, such as ministerial permitting, the department could incentive their adoption by announcing compliance safe harbors. Our objective in this paper is to lay the legal foundation for such departmental initiatives, not to say how they should be carried out. In future work, we plan to offer more concrete policy recommendations, and to relate our recommendations to evidence of local-government and HCD practice in the writing and reviewing of housing plans.
Pain Outcomes with an Elliptical Regimen (POWER) Study: Identifying the Proper Dosage of Exercise for Therapeutic Effect in Persons with Chronic Back Pain.

Background context Exercise therapy for low back pain has long been prescribed as one of the initial remedies for back pain. Traditional therapy is completed under a therapist's supervision and consists of lumbar stabilization, aerobic exercise and stretching exercises. Recent studies have explored treating back pain with aerobic exercise such as walking which can be done anywhere and without supervision which is lower cost and easily administered. Purpose To assess a therapeutic dosage of aerobic exercise that is associated with pain reduction in persons experiencing low back pain. Study design Case series. Participant description Sixteen patients entered the study and twelve patients completed the study (mean ± SD: age 51 ± 11 years; weight 89.2 ± 16 kg). Subjects were included if they were ages 18-65, had chronic back pain lasting for more than 3 months and a score of greater than 30% on the Oswestry Low Back Disability Questionnaire. Methods Subjects underwent a six-week exercise program using the elliptical trainer three times each week. Exercise duration was steadily increased each week for the length of the study. The total cumulative amount of work that coincided with significant reductions in chronic low back pain was then identified. Results At 4 weeks, pain scores were significantly reduced from baseline (3.2 vs 4.7, p<0.0001). This significant pain reduction corresponded to an average of 30.8 Kcal/kg of body mass in cumulative work performed. Pain was significantly reduced by 21% and 32% on the Oswestry Questionnaire and the PROMIS 29 respectively. Conclusions These pilot findings suggest that approximately 30.8 kcal/Kg of accumulated physiological work is a therapeutic "dosage" of exercise needed for significant reduction in chronic back pain. Clinicians can begin to use this benchmark for their oversight of rehabilitation programs to determine if an exercise program has been sufficiently intense and long enough in duration for managing their patients with chronic low back pain.
Controlling the Release of Hydrogen Peroxide from Catechol-Based Adhesive Using Silica Nanoparticle

Catechol-based bioadhesives generate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a byproduct during the curing process. H2O2 can have both beneficial and deleterious effects on biological systems depending on its concentration. To control the amount of H2O2 released from catechol-containing polyethylene glycol-based adhesive (PEG-DA), adhesive was formulated with silica nanoparticles (SiNP) prepared with increased porosity and acid treatment to increase Si-OH surface content. These SiNP demonstrated increased surface area, which promoted interaction with catechol and resulted in increased cure rate, bulk mechanical properties and adhesive properties of PEG-DA. Most importantly, SiNP demonstrated a 50% reduction in the released H2O2 while improving the cell viability and proliferation of three primary cell types, including rat dermal fibroblasts, human epidermal keratinocytes, and human tenocytes. Additionally, SiNP degraded into soluble Si, which also contributed to increased cell proliferation. Incorporation of porous and acid-treated SiNP can be a useful approach to simultaneously modulate the concentration of H2O2 while increasing the adhesive performance of catechol-based adhesives.
Critical Spacing for Agency and Empowerment Habitation.

Agency and empowerment in the art classroom can exist at the epitome of how a student explores and defines her-/him-/themself, and then voices that recognition. Merriam-Webster (“Agency,” n.d.) def...
Argumentative writing as a tool to develop conceptual and epistemic knowledge in a college chemistry course designed for non-science majors

This study used a quasi-experimental design to examine the effects of argumentative writing on non-science majors’ conceptual understanding and the growth of their writing skills over a semester. T...
Frequency and Predictors of Traumatic Encephalopathy Syndrome in a Prospective Cohort of Retired Professional Athletes

Traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (TES) is proposed to represent the long-term impact of repetitive head-injury exposure and the clinical manifestation of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of TES in a cohort of retired professional contact sport athletes, compare the frequency of TES to clinical consensus diagnoses, and identify predictors that increase the likelihood of TES diagnosis. Participants were 85 retired professional contact sport athletes from a prospective cohort at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and the University of Texas at Dallas. Participants ranged in age from 23 to 79 (M = 55.95, SD = 13.82) and obtained 7 to 19 years of education (M = 16.08, SD = 1.03). Retirees were either non-Hispanic white (n = 62) or African-American (n = 23). Retired athletes underwent a standard clinical evaluation, which included a clinical interview, neurological exam, neuroimaging, neuropsychological testing, and consensus diagnosis of normal, mild cognitive impairment, or dementia. TES criteria were applied to all 85 athletes, and frequencies of diagnoses were compared. Fourteen predictors of TES diagnosis were evaluated using binary logistic regressions, and included demographic, neuropsychological, depression symptoms, and head-injury exposure variables. A high frequency (56%) of TES was observed among this cohort of retired athletes, but 54% of those meeting criteria for TES were diagnosed as cognitively normal via consensus diagnosis. Games played in the National Football League (OR = 0.993, p = 0.087), number of concussions (OR = 1.020, p = 0.532), number of concussions with loss of consciousness (OR = 1.141 p = 0.188), and years playing professionally (OR = 0.976, p = 0.627) were not associated with TES diagnosis. Degree of depressive symptomatology, as measured by the total score on the Beck Depression Inventory-II, was the only predictor of TES diagnosis (OR = 1.297, p < 0.001). Our results add to previous findings underscoring the risk for false positive diagnosis, highlight the limitations of the TES criteria in clinical and research settings, and question the relationship between TES and head-injury exposure. Future research is needed to examine depression in retired professional athletes.
A CTOD-Based Mixed-Mode Fracture Criterion

This paper presents a mixed-mode fracture criterion that uses the crack-tip opening displacement (CTOD) at a fixed distance behind the crack tip as the fracture parameter. This criterion is developed based on a detailed analysis of crack kinking in arbitrary directions. In essence, the proposed criterion states that crack growth occurs when the current CTOD reaches a critical value and the direction of crack growth is the direction that causes either the opening or the shearing CTOD component at the new crack tip to be the absolute maximum. Under linearly elastic conditions, it is shown that this criterion is equivalent to several commonly accepted mixed-mode criteria and predicts that crack growth will occur in a locally Mode I manner. Under elastic-plastic conditions, the mixed-mode CTOD criterion predicts that crack growth will be along either a local Mode I or a local Mode II direction. The prediction of the abrupt transition from Mode I-dominated crack growth to Mode II-dominated crack is in good agreement with the observation of the mixed-mode fracture test results from the Arcan specimens. Alternative forms or extensions of this criterion are also discussed.
Roedderite A new mineral from the Indarch meteorite.

Chemical and mineralogical composition of roedderite found in Indarch meteorite, presenting electron probe analysis and X-ray diffraction pattern optical data
Objectivity for Sciences from Below

It is an epistemological mistake to conflate the motivation of research by social values or interests with an inevitable deterioration of its reliability and predictive powers. After all, corporate, imperial, or military interests and motives don’t make weapons less reliable at killing; nor do environmental or health concerns in themselves damage the reliability of research they motivate. Only in some cases, but not all, do social values and interests have that effect. The social justice movements have produced a standpoint methodology more competent to maximize objectivity. The need for standpoint’s “strong objectivity” arises when research communities lack diversity and are isolated from pro-democratic social tendencies. Research that starts off questioning nature and social relations from the daily lives of economically and politically vulnerable groups can increase its reliability and predictive power. Such research insists on the conventional goals of fairness to the data and to its severest critics. It retains central commitments of the conventional notion of objectivity while escaping its limitations.
Noble Metal (Pt, Rh, Pd) Promoted Fe-ZSM-5 for Selective Catalytic Oxidation of Ammonia to N2 at Low Temperatures

We have reported previously the excellent performance of Fe-exchanged ZSM-5 for selective catalytic oxidation (SCO) of ammonia to nitrogen at high temperatures (e.g., 400-500 °C). The present work indicates that the reaction temperature can be decreased to 250-350 °C when a small amount of noble metal (Pt, Rh or Pd) is added (by both doping and ion exchange) to the Fe-ZSM-5. The SCO activity follows the order: Pt/Fe-ZSM-5 > Rh/Fe-ZSM-5 > Pd/Fe-ZSM-5. The noble metal promoted Fe-ZSM-5 catalysts also show higher activity for NH3 oxidation than Ce-exchanged Fe-ZSM-5 at low temperatures. On the Pt promoted Fe-ZSM-5, near 100% of NH3 conversion is obtained at 250 °C at a high space velocity (GHSV = 2.3 × 105 h-1) and nitrogen is the main product. The presence of H2O and SO2 decreases the SCO performance only slightly. This catalyst is a good candidate for solving the ammonia slip problem that plagues the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with ammonia in power plants.
Investigation of polysaccharide adsorption on protein conditioning films by attenuated total reflection infrared spectrometry. I: Germanium surfaces

The formation of a biofilm at an aqueous/solid interface is preceded by the adsorption of organic macromolecules, typically proteins or glycoproteins. Adherent bacteria often produce extracellular polysaccharides that serve to anchor the cells to the conditioned substrate. In an effort to gain a better understanding of the interaction of polysaccharides with proteins, the initial fouling process was modeled using proteins (albumin, β-lactoglobulin, and myoglobin) to establish a conditioning film and polysaccharides (alginic acid and dextran) similar in composition to those produced by adherent bacteria. Kinetic studies of polymer adsorption and desorption were conducted in situ by attenuated total reflection infrared spectrometry. Each protein adsorbed tenaciously to the surface of a germanium internal reflection element. Alginic acid adsorption was enhanced in the presence of the protein conditioning film independent of the identity of the protein. Dextran, a neutral polysaccharide, was excluded from the conditioned substrate and was l retained to a greater extent on bare Ge than on the protein conditioning film. Dextran desorbed from the protein films at a rate three to four times greater than alginic acid. Differences in adsorption and desorption phenomena between the polysaccharides were attributed to differences in sugar composition.
Continued Synthesis of Bacterial DNA After Infection by Bacteriophage T4

Abstract Early in infection by bacteriophage T4, before replication has commenced, one can detect the presence of newly synthesized DNA which cosediments with parental phage DNA on sucrose gradients. As shown earlier (R. E. Murray and C. K. Mathews, 1969), some of this represents covalent attachment of new material to parental phage DNA molecules. However, as shown herein, most of it is bacterial DNA, which is synthesized after infection and presumably degraded to T4 DNA-sized pieces. The small amount of phage-specific DNA synthesis which occurs is apparently a repair process, for its extent is greatly increased if the phage are irradiated with ultraviolet light prior to infection. Analysis by means of pulse labeling with [3H]thymidine and DNA-DNA hybridization shows that host DNA synthesis continues at a significant rate (40 to 80% of the preinfection rate) as late as 10 min after infection at 37 C. Very early in infection this is primarily replicative synthesis, but later a repair process predominates. Presumably this represents attempted repair of damage being inflicted on host DNA by phage-coded nucleases.
Adapting a Feedforward Heteroassociative Network to Hodgkin-Huxley Dynamics

Using the original McCulloch-Pitts notion of simple on and off spike coding in lieu of rate coding, an Anderson-Kohonen artificial neural network (ANN) associative memory model was ported to a neuronal network with Hodgkin-Huxley dynamics. In the ANN, the use of 0/1 (no-spike/spike) units introduced a cross-talk term that had to be compensated by introducing balanced feedforward inhibition. The resulting ANN showed good capacity and fair selectivity (rejection of unknown input vectors). Translation to the Hodgkin-Huxley model resulted in a network that was functional but not at all robust. Evaluation of the weaknesses of this network revealed that it functioned far better using spike timing, rather than spike occurrence, as the code. The algorithm requires a novel learning algorithm for feedforward inhibition that could be sought physiologically.
Democracy and the Rule of Law in Classical Athens: Essays on Law, Society, and Politics

This volume brings together essays on Athenian law by Edward M. Harris, who challenges much of the recent scholarship on this topic. Presenting a balanced analysis of the legal system in ancient Athens, Harris stresses the importance of substantive issues and their contribution to our understanding of different types of legal procedures. He combines careful philological analysis with close attention to the political and social contexts of individual statutes. Collectively, the essays in this volume demonstrate the relationship between law and politics, the nature of the economy, the position of women, and the role of the legal system in Athenian society. They also show that the Athenians were more sophisticated in their approach to legal issues than has been assumed in the modern scholarship on this topic.
Microgermination of Bacillus cereus Spores

The biphasic nature of germination curves of individual Bacillus cereus T spores was further characterized by assessing the effects of temperature, concentration of germinants, and some inorganic cations on microgermination. Temperature was shown to affect both phases of microgermination as well as the microlag period, whereas the concentration of l-alanine and supplementation with adenosine exerted a significant effect only on the microlag period. The germination curves of individual spores induced by inosine were also biphasic and resembled those of spores induced by l-alanine. High concentrations (0.1 m or higher) of calcium and other inorganic cations prolonged both phases of microgermination, particularly the second phase, and had a less pronounced effect on the microlag period. The second phase of microgermination was completely inhibited when spores were germinated either in the presence of 0.3 m CaCl(2) or at a temperature of 43 C; this inhibition was reversible. Observations on the germination of spore suspensions (kinetics of the release of dipicolinic acid and mucopeptides, loss of heat resistance, increase in stainability, decrease in turbidity and refractility) were interpreted on the basis of the biphasic nature of microgermination. Dye uptake by individual spores during germination appeared also to be a biphasic process.
The Camel's Nose is in the Tent: Rules, Theories and Slippery Slopes

The authors provide a general theory for understanding and evaluating slippery slope arguments (SSAs) and their associated slippery slope events (SSEs). The central feature of the theory is a structure of discussion within which all arguments take place. The structure is multi-layered, consisting of decisions, rules, theories,and research programs. Each layer influences and shapes the layer beneath: rules influences decisions, theories influence the choice of rules, and research programs influence the choice of theories. In this structure, SSAs take the form of meta-arguments, as they purport to predict the future development of arguments in this structure. Evaluating such arguments requires having knowledge of the specific content of the structure of discussion itself. The Article then presents four viable types of slippery slope argument, draws attention to four different factors that (other things equal) tend to incxrease the likelihood of slippery slopes, and explores a variety of strategies for coping with slippery slopes.
Intrinsicality and Hyperintensionality

The standard counterexamples to David Lewis’s account of intrinsicality involve two sorts of properties: identity properties and necessary properties. Proponents of the account have attempted to deflect these counterexamples in a number of ways. This paper argues that none of these moves are legitimate. Furthermore, this paper argues that no account along the lines of Lewis’s can succeed, for an adequate account of intrinsicality must be sensitive to hyperintensional distinctions among properties.
Predicting finite-temperature properties of crystalline carbon dioxide from first principles with quantitative accuracy

Molecular crystal structures, thermodynamics, and mechanical properties can vary substantially with temperature, and predicting these temperature-dependencies correctly is important for many practical applications in the pharmaceutical industry and other fields. However, most electronic structure predictions of molecular crystal properties neglect temperature and/or thermal expansion, leading to potentially erroneous results. Here, we demonstrate that by combining large basis set second-order Moller–Plesset (MP2) or even coupled cluster singles, doubles, and perturbative triples (CCSD(T)) electronic structure calculations with a quasiharmonic treatment of thermal expansion, experimentally observable properties such as the unit cell volume, heat capacity, enthalpy, entropy, sublimation point and bulk modulus of phase I crystalline carbon dioxide can be predicted in excellent agreement with experiment over a broad range of temperatures. These results point toward a promising future for ab initio prediction of molecular crystal properties at real-world temperatures and pressures.
Determination of propagation constants of transmission lines using 1-port TDR measurements

The propagation constants of transmission lines were measured from 1-port TDR measurements. Since the TDR measurement is a 1-port measurement, error can be smaller than 2-port measurement techniques. Moreover, the available frequency is determined by the rise time of the TDR step pulse unlike TRL methods. The propagation constant of a lossy transmission line was extracted from DC to 10 GHz. Simulation of the lossy transmission line using the extracted propagation constant shows good agreement with TDR measurement, demonstrating the accuracy of the TDR measurement technique.
Exploring Paradigms in Postpartum Depression Research: The Need for Feminist Pragmatism

Postpartum depression (PPD) is an important area of women's health research internationally and across disciplines. There is no guiding paradigm, however, to ensure that PPD research results translate to women on a global level. This commentary builds on the work of Doucet, Letourneau, and Stoppard (2010) to determine a “best fit” paradigm with which to guide PPD research. Postpositivism, critical theory, constructivism, and pragmatism are combined with a feminist ideology and critiqued as potential guiding paradigms for PPD research. After thorough examination, I conclude the need for further use of a feminist pragmatist paradigm in PPD research.
Study of chemically-etched Bi2Sr2−xCa1+xCu2O8+δ surfaces

Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are used to characterize the surfaces of polycrystalline Bi 2 Sr 2− x Ca 1+ x Cu 2 O 8+δ thin films which have been chemically etched in a solution of Br 2 in absolute ethanol. XPS measurements from individual grains (∼1 mm 2 ) are obtained, and the spectra presented here are comparable to spectra in the literature obtained from single crystals cleaved in vacuum. XPS valence band spectra show a clear Fermi edge, indicating that the room temperature conductivity near the surface is metallic. This is the first report of a detectable Fermi edge from a high temperature superconductor surface which has been treated in vacuum.
Science Teachers' Beliefs and Practices: Issues, Implications and Research Agenda

This project analyses the prevalence and social construction of science in the everyday activities of multicultural, multilingual children in one urban community. Using cross-setting ethnographic fieldwork (i.e. home, museum, school, community), we developed an ecologically grounded interview protocol and analytical scheme for gauging students' understandings of and identification with science. Focal participants in an ethnographic study rated the frequency of the activities in which they participated, and then they reflected on how these activities connected to scientific knowledge, practices, and tools through an interview task protocol called the Science Activity Task (SAT). The SAT analysis found that children participated in scientific practices and saw science in their home, media, and community activities as well as in school activities. Children participated in scientific practices in their everyday school activities, such as measuring, building and designing, experimenting, and observing. The ana...
Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in organic red wine using different winemaking techniques.

: Wine phenolic composition depends on the grapes used to make wine and on vinification conditions. The occurrence of these biological compounds has stimulated numerous studies focused on understanding the mechanisms that influence their concentrations in wine. This article studied the effect of different vinification techniques on the antioxidant activity and on the phenolic compounds of red wine made from the variety of Monastrell grapes obtained by organic culture. To this purpose, 3 different vinification procedures were carried out: vinification after prolonged maceration, vinification with the addition of enological enzymes, and traditional vinification procedures (used as control).The results showed similar values of antioxidant activity in all 3 types of wine elaborated and found no differences in the concentrations of the different types of phenolic compounds in wine made with the 3 different methods. The evolution of antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds tested in wines during 3 mo of storage showed a similar pattern. Organic wine has acquired an important role in the economic world and its important, working in oenology to research in this field.
Internal Switch Gates Phosphatase Activity of VSP

Voltage regulation is responsible for a host of processes in the cell from muscle contraction to neuronal action potentials. In the Ciona intestinalis voltage-sensing phosphatase (Ci-VSP)1, voltage is responsible for controlling lipid phosphatase activity. How this happens is still not known. To address this, we have solved seven crystal structures of the cytosolic fragment of Ci-VSP. The structures reveal three active site conformations, one where the active site is blocked, one where the active site is open and one where the active site is bound with substrate. These three conformations show that the active site is gated. Activity assays on structure-based mutants show that the gate is involved in catalytic turnover as well as substrate specificity. A residue from the C2 domain that lines the active site in Ci-VSP, but not in the homologous phosphatase PTEN, also contributes to selectivity. A potential interaction between the segment of the protein that gates the active site and the inter-domain linker between the voltage sensing domain and the phosphatase suggests a model for coupling the voltage sensor to activity. The results indicate that voltage regulates enzyme activity by gating the active site.1. Murata, Y., et al, (2005) Nature 435, 1239-1243.