cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver homogenate in the assaying of promutagens in Chinese hamster ovary cells

Seven promutagens belonging to two chemical classes--polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (benzo[a]pyrene, dimethyl benz[a]anthracene, 3-methylcholanthrene, fluoranthene) and alkyl nitrosamines (dimethyl, diethyl, and dibutyl nitrosamine)--were studied in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Findings of practical importance in the use of Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver homogenate (S9) in the CHO/hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) mutation assay were made. Our novel findings are (1) the inclusion of CaCl2 in the S9 cofactor mixture dramatically decreased the cytotoxicity of S9, and (2) different S9 optimum concentrations were observed for structurally similar promutagens. The inclusion of CaCl2 in the S9 cofactor mixture and the testing of each chemical of unknown S9 requirement at several S9 concentrations are therefore recommended for assaying promutagens in the CHO/HGPRT mutation assay.
Confronting Multidrug Resistance: A Role for Each of Us

SCIENTIFIC journals, an Institute of Medicine study, newspapers, and magazines report the reappearance of "old" pathogens as major clinical problems worldwide. 1-3 In particular, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium falciparum have been cited. In fact, this reemergence includes a diverse group of infectious organisms that have a common feature— multidrug resistance. Soon after penicillin was introduced into clinical practice, physicians became keenly aware that the bacteria being attacked, namely the staphylococci, were not going to succumb easily to this antibiotic and, in retrospect, to many others. Their "resistance" was linked to a gene that coded for an enzyme, penicillinase, which destroyed penicillin. To complicate matters, the gene was not carried on the chromosome, as was expected, but instead, resided on a self-replicating extrachromosomal DNA unit—what we now call a plasmid. Plasmids are not novel elements limited to only certain bacteria. They are common components of the total genetic composition of most,
Ecological Consequences of Shifting the Timing of Burning Tallgrass Prairie

In the Kansas Flint Hills, grassland burning is conducted during a relatively narrow window because management recommendations for the past 40 years have been to burn only in late spring. Widespread prescribed burning within this restricted time frame frequently creates smoke management issues downwind. A potential remedy for the concentrated smoke production in late spring is to expand burning to times earlier in the year. Yet, previous research suggested that burning in winter or early spring reduces plant productivity and cattle weight gain while increasing the proportion of undesirable plant species. In order to better understand the ecological consequences of burning at different times of the year, plant production and species abundance were measured for 20 years on ungrazed watersheds burned annually in autumn, winter, or spring. We found that there were no significant differences in total grass production among the burns on either upland or lowland topographic positions, although spring burned watersheds had higher grass culm production and lower forb biomass than autumn and winter burned watersheds. Burning in autumn or winter broadened the window of grass productivity response to precipitation, which reduces susceptibility to mid-season drought. Burning in autumn or winter also increased the phenological range of species by promoting cool-season graminoids without a concomitant decrease in warm-season grasses, potentially widening the seasonal window of high-quality forage. Incorporating autumn and winter burns into the overall portfolio of tallgrass prairie management should increase the flexibility in managing grasslands, promote biodiversity, and minimize air quality issues caused by en masse late-spring burning with little negative consequences for cattle production.
Variational principles and spatially-homogeneous universes, including rotation

The validity of imposing spatial homogeneity on the variations in the usual action principle for Einstein's equations is studied. It is proved that with this procedure the standard and ADM Lagrangians give correct Einstein equations if and only if the space belongs to Class A of Ellis and MacCallum [1], i.e., the structure constants of the simply transitive group satisfy Cfgf=0. The possibility of overcoming this difficulty in the Class B spaces is examined.
Retrospective and perspective on the occasion of receiving the SSIBs Distinguished Research Award

Abstract Upon receiving this honor from the Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior, I was asked to reflect on my life and science. The outcome is below. Last night I asked 2 of my kids who live in the Bay Area what I should do with this piece that I've been asked to write — I had already droned through 8 single spaced pages, and they had turned into an extraordinary and very happy memory lane for me, with vivid images of the people who were in the lab, their contributions to the direction(s) the lab took and their quirks. It was clear that this was going to stretch out to be a book (I'd only arrived at the early 80s in the lab in 8 pages), probably of vital interest only to me. They suggested that I cut the piece into 3 parts – each easy and breezy – that told of my beginnings, with the science as it was, the functional lab and what I thought was novel about it, with the science as it was then, and other parts of academia, as they were for me. ‘The big picture, Mom.’ Here's my attempt.
Leadership Education Across Disciplines: The Social Science Perspective

The current article makes a distinction between pedagogical delivery and “disciplinary foundations” in our approaches to leadership studies. Although the liberal arts are helpful in the delivery of leadership content in the classroom, it is argued that the content, at its core, remains a social science enterprise. Therefore, leadership programs should help students understand how leadership works as a social phenomenon. The current article shows how the McDonough curriculum moves students beyond leadership training (with its focus on skill building), using a social science–based working definition of leadership. Leadership education provides the opportunity to organize the curriculum using the social science lenses. By moving the focus away from the leader and examining instead the complex interaction of multiple components, a deeper understanding of how leadership works under different contexts, influenced by a variety of societal norms and values can be obtained.
The effect of carbon tetrachloride treatment on urine flow rate of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

Abstract Urine flow rate (UFR) of rainbow trout was measured as an assessment of water balance after treatment with a single ip dose of CCl4 (2.0 ml/kg). CCl4 produced an oliguria or anuria as early as 1 hr post-treatment and a significant reduction in the 24-hr urine output. UFR for control fish appeared to follow a diurnal pattern. Additionally, CCl4-treated fish had a significant increase in relative wet body weight that was negatively correlated to UFR. The rainbow trout normally excretes a hypoosmotic urine; therefore, an increase in urine osmolality and a slight proteinuria further suggested that treated fish had suffered an alteration in renal homeostasis. Histological examination of kidney tissue at 24 hr post-treatment revealed early, localized pathological changes; however, extensive morphological damage was absent. The early oliguria and the lack of demonstrable renal histopathological changes in CCl4-treated rainbow trout suggest that the reduction in UFR was not the result of a direct toxic effect on the kidney.
The effect of methadone on the behavioral and neuroendocrine responses of manic patients

In a double-blind, crossover design, 10 mg of methadone or an inert placebo were administered intramuscularly to nine acutely manic patients in identical experimental sessions separated by 1 day. Standardized behavioral observations, self-ratings of mood and affect, and blood samples for prolactin and cortisol were obtained at baseline and 30, 60, and 120 minutes after the administration of methadone or placebo. Methadone decreased symptoms of euphoria, elation, and grandiosity in these manics. There was a significant rise in prolactin, peaking at 60 minutes, and a significant decrease in cortisol, maximal at 120 minutes following methadone administration. There appeared to be a correlational consistency between the subduing effects of methadone on behavior and its effect upon prolactin and cortisol secretion. These findings, together with data from previous studies of our own and others, suggest that a potentially important interrelationship may exist between the central endogenous opioid peptide systems, various neuroendocrine regulatory factors, and the pathophysiology of affective disorder.
Ajmalin, a Rauwolfia alkaloid for the treatment of digitoxic arrhythmias.

Abstract Ajmalin is an effective drug for the treatment of serious digitalis-toxic cardiac arrhythmias. The mortality rate in the ajmalin-treated animals was 10 per cent. The mortality rate in a control series was 50 per cent.
Problems in geometrically exact modeling of highly flexible beams

Abstract Because the deformed beam geometry often is the most important information for applications of highly flexible beams, a geometrically exact beam theory needs to be displacement-based in order to directly and exactly describe any greatly deformed geometry. Main challenges in geometrically exact beam modeling are how to describe a beam's large reference-line deformation and cross-sectional rotations without singularity and how to derive objective directional strains in terms of global displacements and rotations that contain elastic deformation and rigid-body movement. By comparing with a geometrically exact displacement-based beam theory this paper shows that theoretical and numerical problems of other geometrically nonlinear beam theories are mainly caused by: (1) use of independent variables to account for bending-shear rotations, (2) use of problematic energy-based Green–Lagrange strains in order to have objective strain measures, and/or (3) use of strain-based formulations in order not to use problematic Green–Lagrange strains. The theoretical problems include inconsistent governing equations from energy- and momentum-based formulations, inexistence of material property matrices for the chosen strain and stress measures, and non-directional stresses. The numerical problems include shear locking in finite-element analysis, the need of internal nodes and hence more degrees of freedom in finite-element modeling, singularity of mathematics-based rotational variables, deformed geometry being obtained by approximate post-processing numerical integration, and difficult to match secondary (force) variables with deformed conditions.
Protein Engineering Strategies for Designing More Stable Hemoglobin-based Blood Substitutes

Over the past five years our laboratory has been using rational, comparative, and random combinatorial mutagenesis strategies to optimize the alpha and beta subunits of recombinant human hemoglobin (Hb) for efficient O2 transport, greater stability, and minimum interference with vascular activity. In each approach, mammalian myoglobin (Mb) has been used as a prototype to develop experimental methodologies and to study the stereochemical mechanisms that govern O2 affinity, discrimination against CO, rates of ligand binding, auto- and chemically induced oxidation, resistance to hemin loss, and stability to globin denaturation. Multiple replacements in the distal portion of the heme pocket have been designed rationally to lower oxygen affinity and at the same time inhibit oxidative side reactions. The P50 values are adjusted by altering electrostatic and steric interactions between the bound ligand and residues at the Leu(B10), His(E7), and Va(E11) positions. Large apolar residues (Leu, Phe, Trp) at the B10 and E11 positions inhibit NO-induced and autooxidation in both myoglobin and hemoglobin by excluding oxidants and proton donors from the immediate vicinity of the bound ligand. Similar strategies appear to have evolved in a number of animal myoglobins and hemoglobins which have unusual amino acids at the E7, B10, and E11 positions. Random combinatorial mutagenesis techniques have been developed to insert new amino acid combinations near the bound ligand in sperm whale Mb. The objective is to obtain "unnatural" distal pocket structures that enhance O2 transport and resistance to oxidation by alternative mechanisms.
Some relationships between the physical properties of various 3-acyloxymethyl prodrugs of phenytoin to structure: potential in vivo performance implications

Physicochemical properties of neutral N-acyloxyalkyl derivatives of phenytoin in aqueous, organic solvents and simulated intestinal fluid were evaluated. Based on the hypothesis that these low melting prodrugs may have improved physical properties such as solubility and dissolution rate in gastrointestinal fluid, an enhanced bioavailability of these prodrugs may be observed relative to phenytoin. Melting points, aqueous solubilities, and octanol–water (Poct) and cylcohexane–water (Pcyc) partition coefficients of phenytoin and its prodrugs were determined. A simulated intestinal bile salts–lecithin mixture (SIBLM) was also prepared to possibly mimic the intestinal fluid content. Solubility and dissolution rates of phenytoin and its prodrugs were conducted in aqueous buffer and SIBLM. Apparent micelle–water partition coefficients (Kapp) were calculated by using the aqueous and SIBLM equilibrium solubility data. These properties were qualitatively or quantitatively correlated to the alkyl chain length of the prodrugs. The melting points and aqueous solubilities of all the prodrugs were lower than that of the parent compound, phenytoin. The apparent micelle–water partition coefficient increased with an increase in chain length but unlike the octanol–water and cyclohexane–water partition coefficients the relationship was complex. There was a disproportionate increase in the interaction between the micelle and the prodrug with the prodrugs with alkyl groups larger than four carbons. In SIBLM, the solubilities and dissolution rates were increased to a greater extent for the prodrugs than that for phenytoin. The implications are that the bioavailability of phenytoin from these prodrugs may be comparable to or higher than that of phenytoin despite having lower aqueous solubilties, especially after a meal inducing bile flow.
Ultrasonically modulated x-ray phase contrast and vibration potential imaging methods

We show that the radiation pressure exerted by a beam of ultrasound can be used for contrast enhancement in high resolution x-ray imaging of tissue. Interfacial features of objects are highlighted as a result of both the displacement introduced by the ultrasound and the inherent sensitivity of x-ray phase contrast imaging to density variations. The potential of the method is demonstrated by imaging various tumor phantoms and tumors from mice. The directionality of the acoustic radiation force and its localization in space permits the imaging of ultrasound-selected tissue volumes. In a related effort we report progress on development of an imaging technique using and electrokinetic effect known as the ultrasonic vibration potential. The ultrasonic vibration potential refers to the voltage generated when ultrasound traverses a colloidal or ionic fluid. The theory of imaging based on the vibration potential is reviewed, and an expression given that describes the signal from an arbitrary object. The experimental apparatus consists of a pair of parallel plates connected to the irradiated body, a low noise preamplifier, a radio frequency lock-in amplifier, translation stages for the ultrasonic transducer that generates the ultrasound, and a computer for data storage and image formation. Experiments are reported where bursts of ultrasound are directed onto colloidal silica objects placed within inert bodies.
A subcutaneous or subfascial jejunostomy is beneficial in the surgical management of extrahepatic bile duct cancers.

Abstract Background. Extrahepatic bile duct cancers are rare tumors with a dismal prognosis. Even after a resection, obstructive cholestasis and other biliary complications are the rule. To facilitate retrograde access to the biliary tree for treatment of such biliary complications, a modified Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy is constructed such that the afferent limb is brought up as a subcutaneous or subfascial jejunostomy (SJ). The safety and utility of construction of an SJ was evaluated in patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Methods. From 1985 to 1997, 24 patients with extrahepatic bile duct cancers received an SJ as part of their management. Demographic data, operative data, tumor characteristics, and postoperative courses were retrospectively reviewed. All but 3 patients were followed to the time of death. Results. The average age of the patients was 62 ± 9 years. The tumor was resected in 17 patients. Major complications occurred in 5 patients (21%). There was 1 operative death (4%). None of the complications could be attributed to construction of the SJ, although 1 patient had a soft tissue infection at the site of the percutaneous access of the SJ. Frequent dilatations of biliary strictures were required in 5 patients, and 1 patient eventually required insertion of an internal biliary stent. These procedures could all be accomplished through the SJ. Conclusions. The SJ is a technically simple and safe addition to the management of resectable and unresectable extrahepatic bile duct cancers, particularly proximal lesions. The procedure facilitates brachytherapy if indicated, and it allows convenient management of postoperative biliary complications, including recurrent strictures. (Surgery 2000;127:506–11.)
Seasonal Infection of the Weed Dyer's Woad by a Puccinia sp. Rust Used for Biocontrol, and Effects of Temperature on Basidiospore Production.

ABSTRACT Potted dyer's woad rosettes exposed to natural rust inoculum at field sites became infected when exposed from late April through early July, depending upon the location. The latent period between exposure and symptom expression varied from 9 to 54 weeks. The length of this latent period was unrelated to either the age of plants at exposure or the exposure period itself. The age of rosettes at the time of exposure did not affect the incidence of infection. Fall infection of potted rosettes occurred, but the incidence was low. When naturalized stands of woad were inoculated with teliosori, either fresh or dried, the incidence of infection was 58 to 76%, compared with 2 to 7% incidence in noninoculated plants. Basidiospores were readily produced from intact teliosori when suspended over water agar, with the highest rate of production between 3 and 6 h of incubation, at 10 to 20°C. The optimum temperature for basidiospore production over a 24-h period was 15°C, but they were produced at temperatures ...
Modeling of vanadium redox battery by field analysis and neural network approach

The vanadium redox flow battery is well-suited for renewable energy applications. This paper studies VRB use within a microgrid system from a practical perspective. A reduced order circuit model of the VRB was introduced. Experimental field data are collected to estimate the key parameters of the VRB system. Methods of predicting major parasitic losses are proposed. Loss models include the circulation pumps and the HVAC system that regulates the environment of the VRB enclosure. The HVAC system can draw a significant amount of the VRB power considerably impacting its overall efficiency, but this is usually ignored by other theoretical models.
10nm three-dimensional CD-SEM metrology

The shape and dimensions of a challenging pattern have been measured using a model-based library scanning electron microscope (MBL SEM) technique. The sample consisted of a 4-line repeating pattern. Lines were narrow (10 nm), asymmetric (different edge angles and significant rounding on one corner but not the other), and situated in a complex neighborhood, with neighboring lines as little as 10 nm or as much as 28 nm distant. The shape cross-section determined by this method was compared to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and critical dimension small angle x-ray scattering (CD-SAXS) measurements of the same sample with good agreement. A recently-developed image composition method was used to obtain sharp SEM images, in which blur from vibration and drift were minimized. A Monte Carlo SEM simulator (JMONSEL) produced a model-based library that was interpolated to produce the best match to measured SEM images. Three geometrical and instrument parameterizations were tried. The first was a trapezoidal geometry. In the second one corner was significantly rounded. In the last, the electron beam was permitted to arrive with stray tilt. At each stage, the fit to the data improved by a statistically significant amount, demonstrating that the measurement remained sensitive to the new parameter. Because the measured values represent the average unit cell, the associated repeatabilities are at the tenths of a nanometer level, similar to scatterometry and other area-averaging techniques, but the SEM’s native high spatial resolution also permitted observation of defects and other local departures from the average.
EFFECTS OF DROUGHT AND PROLONGED WINTER ON TOWNSEND'S GROUND SQUIRREL DEMOGRAPHY IN SHRUBSTEPPE HABITATS

During a mark–recapture study of Townsend’s ground squirrels (Spermophilus townsendii) on 20 sites in the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area, Idaho, in 1991 through 1994, 4407 animals were marked in 17639 capture events. This study of differences in population dynamics of Townsend’s ground squirrels among habitats spanned a drought near the extreme of the 130-yr record, followed by prolonged winter conditions. Townsend’s ground squirrels have a short active season (≈4 mo) in which to reproduce and store fat for overwintering. Their food consists largely of succulent grasses and forbs in this dry shrubsteppe and grassland habitat. The drought in the latter half of the 1992 active season produced early drying of Sandberg’s bluegrass (Poa secunda) and was associated with low adult and juvenile body masses prior to immergence into estivation/hibernation. The following prolonged winter was associated with late emergence of females in 1993. Early-season body masses of adults were low in 1993 r...
On the convergence of some projection methods with perturbation

Abstract We provide a general theorem for the convergence of some projection methods with perturbation under Zabrejko—Nguen-type assumptions. Our results extend and improve several situations already in the literature.
Bright light does not alter muscarinic receptor binding parameters.

Abstract Seasonal Affective Disorders (SADs) are disorders of mood characterized by recurrent episodes of illness with a fixed relationship to season. Winter depression is characterized by recurrent onset of depresion in the fall or winter followed by spontaneous recovery in the spring. This syndrome is responsive to treatment with bright light. The pathophysiology of depressive disorders may involve central muscarinic mechanisms. This possibility led to a series of physiological studies. The authors now report that contrary to expectation, treatment with bright light did not decrease the density of muscarinic receptors in either the hypothalamus or striatum.
A solid-state switch containing an electrochemically switchable bistable poly[n]rotaxane

Electrochemically switchable bistable main-chain poly[n]rotaxanes have been synthesised using a threading-followed-by-stoppering approach and were incorporated into solid-state, molecular switch tunnel junction devices. In contrast to single-station poly[n]rotaxanes of similar structure, the bistable polymers do not fold into compact conformations held together by donor–acceptor interactions between alternating stacked π-electron rich and π-electron deficient aromatic systems. Films of the poly[n]rotaxane were incorporated into the devices by spin-coating, and their thickness was easily controlled. The switching functionality was characterised both (1) in solution by cyclic voltammetry and (2) in devices containing either two metal electrodes or one metal and one silicon electrode. Devices with one silicon electrode displayed hysteretic responses with applied voltage, allowing the devices to be switched between two conductance states, whereas devices containing two metal electrodes did not exhibit switching behaviour. The electrochemically switchable bistable poly[n]rotaxanes offer significant advantages in synthetic efficiency and ease of device fabrication as compared to bistable small-molecule [2]rotaxanes.
The cheeks of ornithischian dinosaurs

Except in a couple of very primitive genera the cheek teeth of ornithischians are inset with a lateral space that was roofed by the overhanging maxilla and floored by the massive dentary. This lateral space was delimited by cheeks and the mouth was small. The cheek muscles were not homologous to the Musculus buccinatoris of mammals, but the function was the same, to prevent the loss of food from the sides of the jaws during chewing. The evolution of self-sharpening cheek teeth and of cheeks enabled ornithischians to eat much more resistant plant material and resulted in ornithischians replacing prosauropods as the ‘small to medium sized’ terrestrial herbivores (up to 10 m).
Recombination and positive selection contributed to the evolution of Listeria monocytogenes lineages III and IV, two distinct and well supported uncommon L. monocytogenes lineages

Listeriamonocytogenes lineages III and IV represent two uncommon lineages of the human and animal pathogen L. monocytogenes, characterized by occurrence of unusual phenotypic and genetic characteristics that differentiate them from the common lineages I and II. To gain further insights into the evolution of lineages III and IV, we amplified and sequenced housekeeping genes (i.e., gap, prs, purM, ribC, and sigB), internalin genes (i.e., inlA, inlB, inlC, inlG, inlC2, inlD, inlE, inlF, and inlH) and the virulence gene cluster containing prfA, plcA, hly, mpl, actA, and plcB for lineages III (n = 7) and IV (n = 4) isolates. Phylogenetic analyses of the sequences obtained along with previously reported sequence data for 40 isolates representing lineages I (n = 18), II (n = 21), and III (n = 1), showed that lineages III and IV represent divergent and monophyletic lineages. The virulence gene cluster as well as the inlAB operon were present in all isolates, with inlF absent from all lineages III and IV isolates. While all lineage IV isolates contained only inlC (in addition to inlAB), lineage III isolates showed considerable diversity with regard to internalin gene presence, including presence of (i) only inlC (n = 2), (ii) inlC and inlGC2DE (n = 3), (iii) only inlGC2DE (n = 2), and (iv) inlC and inlC2DE (n = 1). In addition to evidence for horizontal gene transfer events, among lineages III and IV isolates, in prs, actA, plcB, mpl, inlA, inlB, inlG, inlD, and inlE, we also found significant evidence for positive selection in the hly promoter region and, along the lineages III and IV branches, for actA (including in sites recognized for interactions with proteins involved in actin tail polymerization). In conclusion, lineages III and IV represent two distinct monophyletic groups with contributions of intragenic recombination to the evolution of their internalin genes as well as contributions of positive selection to evolution of the virulence genes island.
Evaluation of inductively heated ferromagnetic alloy implants for therapeutic interstitial hyperthermia

Ferromagnetic alloys heated by magnetic induction have been investigated as interstitial hyperthermia delivery implants for over a decade, utilizing low Curie temperatures to provide thermal self-regulation. The minimally invasive method is attractive for fractionated thermal treatment of tumors which are not easily heated by focused microwave or ultrasound techniques. Past analyses of ferromagnetic seeds by other authors depict poor experimental correlation with theoretical heating predictions. Improvements in computer hardware and commercially available finite element analysis software have simplified the analysis of inductively heated thermal seeds considerably. This manuscript examines end effects of finite length implants and nonlinear magnetic material properties to account for previous inconsistencies. Two alloys, Ni-28 wt% Cu (NiCu) and Pd-6.15 wt% Co (PdCo), were used for comparison of theoretical and experimental calorimetric results. Length to diameter (L/d) ratios of over 20 for cylindrical seeds are necessary for minimization of end effects. Magnetic properties tested for alloys of NiCu and PdCo illustrate considerable nonlinearity of these materials in field strength ranges used for induction heating. Field strength dependent magnetic permeabilities and calorimetric data illustrate that more detailed material information must be included to accurately estimate induction power loss for these implants.
Polarization properties of multilayers in the EUV and soft x ray

The calculated performance of multilayer interference structures used as reflection linear polarizers and transmission phase retarders as a function of photon energy range in the EUV/soft-x-ray is considered, as is the effect of certain imperfections on performance. These devices most effectively produce linear and circular polarization over at least the 50 to several hundred eV range. The degree of linear polarization produced with reflection polarizers is quite high and increases with energy, although throughput decreases with increasing energy. The amount of phase shift produced by transmission retarders is very sensitive to structural imperfections and decreases rapidly with increasing energy over this range.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Internal-wave-mediated shoreward transport of cyprids, megalopae, and gammarids and correlated longshore differences in the settling rate of intertidal barnacles

The hypothesis that cyprids are transported shoreward in the convergence zone (slick) over internal waves, was tested by comparing cyprid abundances in the near-surface water (depth <20 cm) of the convergence and divergence zones over internal waves. If the hypothesis is correct, then abundances of cyprids in slicks should be significantly higher than abundances in the water between slicks. On three of four sampling dates in two different locations in the San Juan Archipelago, the cyprids of Balanus glandula and Semibalanus cariosus were significantly and as much as 13-fold more abundant in the convergence zones. Other invertebrates, the megalopae of Lophopanopeus bellus belhts and Pugettia spp. and gammarid amphipods, were also at times significantly more abundant in the convergence zones. These data agree with prediction, suggesting that cyprids and other larvae can be transported shoreward by internal waves. Internal waves have the potential not only to carry larvae shoreward, but they also may deposit larvae in different amounts along a shore. We made a preliminary test of this hypothesis in Park Bay. We followed surface drifters transported by internal waves and found that most drifters were carried into the bay's southern end. In areas where surface drifters were frequently carried by internal waves, barnacle settling rate in the intertidal was significantly and ≈ 10-fold greater than in areas where surface drifters were seldom transported by internal waves. These data suggest that settling rate of intertidal barnacles along a shoreline was related to the pattern of transport of the cyprids by internal waves.
For Distinguished Contributions to Psychophysiology: Emanuel Donchin

At the Thirty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, the award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychophysiology was presented to Emanuel Donchin by Michael G. H. Coles, on behalf of the Society's Awards Committee. The following is the text of the citation given at the meeting on October 8, 1994.
Abstract 2953: Inhibition of calmodulin enhances TRA-8-induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells .

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Current chemotherapy and radiotherapy are not curative for pancreatic cancer. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand or agonist antibodies for death receptor 4/5 have been shown to be a promising cancer therapy. TRA-8, a humanized activating antibody for the death receptor 5 (DR5), is a potent apoptosis-inducing reagent for cancer cells. However, several pancreatic cell lines are resistant to TRA-8-induced apoptosis. We have previously demonstrated that calmodulin (CaM) antagonists enhance the Fas death receptor-mediated apoptosis pathway. Therefore, we investigated whether inhibition of CaM might affect DR5-induced apoptotic signaling in pancreatic cancer cells. We found that CaM antagonists, trifluoperazine (TFP) and tamoxifen (TMX), dose dependently enhanced TRA-8-induced apoptosis of the TRA-8-resistant PANC-1 pancreatic cells. Consistently, TFP and TMX increased TRA-8-induced activation of caspase 8, caspase 9 and caspase 3. Pretreatment of PANC-1 with Z-IETD-FMK, the caspase-8 inhibitor, decreased TFP-enhanced apoptosis by 2 fold, and markedly decreased caspase 3 activation. Immunoprecipitation analysis of the DR5-induced death inducing signaling complex (DISC) identified the interaction of CaM with DR5. Activation of DR-5 by TRA-8 increased the recruitment of CaM into the DISC, which was inhibited by TFP. In addition, TFP decreased the recruitment of the adaptor protein, FADD, and other DISC proteins that regulate cell survival, including Src and the caspase-8 inhibitory protein FLIP. Collectively, these results support an important role for CaM in DR5-induced DISC formation, thus regulating DR5-mediated survival and apoptotic signaling in pancreatic cancer cells. In summary, we have demonstrated that CaM antagonists sensitize pancreatic cancer cell to TRA 8-induced apoptosis, and that CaM binding to DR5 regulates DR5-induced DISC formation. Defining the function of CaM in regulating DR5-induced signaling pathways may lead to novel therapeutic strategies including the use of CaM antagonists with TRA-8 as combination therapy for pancreatic cancer. Citation Format: Kaiyu Yuan, Tong Zhou, Jay McDonald, Yabing Chen. Inhibition of calmodulin enhances TRA-8-induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells . [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2953. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2953
Musicians crossing musical instrument gender stereotypes: a study of computer-mediated communication

This study examined computer-mediated communication (CMC) – blogs and responses to YouTube postings – to better understand how CMCs reflect adolescents' attitudes towards musicians playing instruments that cross gender stereotypes. Employing purposive sampling, we used specific search terms, such as ‘girl drummer’, to identify a sample of 32 English-language blogs addressing boys' and girls' instrument choices. The texts of these blogs were analysed and coded according to emergent themes. Online participants used CMCs to provide mutual support, seek out role models, highlight the relationship between physical appearance and playing a specific instrument, comment on the performance of musicians of the opposite sex, examine the relationship between music genre and musicians' gender, and debate sexual orientation issues related to instrument choice. Our results show that the web can be a supportive place for these instrumentalists as well as a place that replicates the harassment they may experience in person.
Economic Development and Regional Inequality: Origins of the Brazilian Case

I. Emergence of the disparity, 244. — II. Differences in rates of regional export growth, 245. — III. Some questions, 248. — IV. Earlier explanations, 249. — V. An interpretation of the decline of Brazilian sugar and cotton exports, 252. — VI. Land and imperfect factor reallocation, 255. — VII. The exchange-rate mechanism under imperfect factor reallocation, 255. — VIII. Currency-area effects and regional divergence, 258. — IX. Conclusions, 260.
Accurate design of solder joints for passive alignment of a vertical emitting laser to a planar polymeric waveguide via a 45-degree mirror

We investigate a self-aligning method used to couple a vertical emitting laser (flip-chip) to a planar single-mode waveguide through a 45° mirror based upon solder self-alignment. The alignment tolerances to achieve targeted coupling loss of 3.5dB or better were determined for all axes by modeling the optical behavior of the vertical waveguide/45° mirror interconnect. Simulation models for optical design are carried out using commercial software "FullWAVE" from Rsoft, Inc. The design and optimization of the joint's parameters are performed using a public-domain software "Surface Evolver" for surface energy minimization in conjunction with GE proprietary Six Sigma regression and optimization tools. The parameters that were considered for the models included the misalignment along all axes, solder volume, the height of the joints, the radius of the metallization pads, the initial placement error, and the solder reflow time. It has been assumed that intermetallic growth at the solder/metallization/air triple line does not couple with the self-alignment process in order to simplify this problem. The study shows that, given good control over noise parameters such as vibration and reflow temperature fluctuations, solder self-alignment can be harnessed to achieve the targeted coupled efficiency.
Lineage Depth and Family Solidarity: Is There a Link Between Them?

Using waves 1 and 2 of the National Survey of Family and Households, we explore whether membership in four- or higher- order-generation lineages is associated with any unique features of various dimensions of family solidarity. Competing scenarios were developed. The results reveal a disconnection between major dimensions of solidarity: Compared to being in three- or two-generation lineages, being in four-generation lineages is associated with higher frequency of face-to-face contact, communication, and exchanges of help with relatives. Such associational and functional solidarities, however, do not automatically translate into stronger normative or affectual solidarities.
Impact of gas-phase mechanisms on Weather Research Forecasting Model with Chemistry (WRF/Chem) predictions: Mechanism implementation and comparative evaluation

[1] Gas-phase mechanisms provide important oxidant and gaseous precursors for secondary aerosol formation. Different gas-phase mechanisms may lead to different predictions of gases, aerosols, and aerosol direct and indirect effects. In this study, WRF/Chem-MADRID simulations are conducted over the continental United States for July 2001, with three different gas-phase mechanisms, a default one (i.e., CBM-Z) and two newly implemented ones (i.e., CB05 and SAPRC-99). Simulation results are evaluated against available surface observations, satellite data, and reanalysis data. The model with these three gas-phase mechanisms gives similar predictions of most meteorological variables in terms of spatial distribution and statistics, but large differences exist in shortwave radiation and temperature and relative humidity at 2 m at individual sites under cloudy conditions, indicating the importance of aerosol semi-direct and indirect effects on these variables. Large biases exist in the simulated wind speed at 10 m, cloud water path, cloud optical thickness, and precipitation, due to uncertainties in current cloud microphysics and surface layer parameterizations. Simulations with all three gas-phase mechanisms well reproduce surface concentrations of O3, CO, NO2, and PM2.5, and column NO2. Larger biases exist in the surface concentrations of nitrate and organic matter (OM) and in the spatial distribution of column CO, tropospheric ozone residual, and aerosol optical depth, due to uncertainties in primary OM emissions, limitations in model representations of chemical transport, and radiative processes. Different gas-phase mechanisms lead to different predictions of mass concentrations of O3 (up to 5 ppb), PM2.5 (up to 0.5 μg m−3), secondary inorganic PM2.5 species (up to 1.1 μg m−3), organic PM (up to 1.8 μg m−3), and number concentration of PM2.5 (up to 2 × 104 cm−3). Differences in aerosol mass and number concentrations further lead to sizeable differences in simulated cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) due to the feedback mechanisms among H2SO4 vapor, PM2.5 number, CCN, and CDNC through gas-phase chemistry, new particle formation via homogeneous nucleation, aerosol growth, and aerosol activation by cloud droplets. This study illustrates the important impact of gas-phase mechanisms on chemical and aerosol predictions, their subsequent effects on meteorological predictions, and a need for an accurate representation of such feedbacks through various atmospheric processes in the model. The online-coupled models that simulate feedbacks between meteorological variables and chemical species may provide more accurate representations of the real atmosphere for regulatory applications and can be applied to simulate chemistry-climate feedbacks over a longer period of time.
Enhancement of Entanglement Between Coupled Quantum Dots in a Cavity Driven by Modulating Field

We show that by modulating the field driving a cavity with two coupled quantum dots in the presence of cavity and dot decays, can periodically generate much larger entanglement than the maximum steady-state value.
Synthesis and Structure of Li[(C_5H_4)CH_2CH_2(TACN-^iPr_2)]. A Lithium Complex Supported by a Cp/TACN-^iPr_2 Ligand

The new ligand (C_5H_5)CH_2CH_2(TACN-^iPr_2) (TACN-^iPr_2 = 4,7-diisopropyl-1,4,7-triaza-1-cyclononyl) has been prepared and structurally characterized as its lithium complex, Li[(C_5H_4)CH_2CH_2(TACN-^iPr_2)]. The method of preparation employed nucleophilic addition of the lithium amide complex [Li(TACN-^iPr_2)]_2 to spiro[2.4]hepta-4,6-diene. The crystal structure of [Li(TACN-^iPr_2)]_2 is also presented.
The relationship between pregnancy intention and preconception health behaviors

Abstract Objective To describe smoking, heavy drinking, and folic acid supplementation in preconception women and determine if the likelihood of healthy preconception behaviors differs by whether and when women intend future pregnancy. Methods Analysis was based on 35,351 nonpregnant women who participated in the 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System who were of reproductive age (18–44 years), sexually active, and capable of future pregnancy. The association between future pregnancy intention and preconception behaviors was determined adjusting for diabetes, weight category, age group, race/ethnicity, marital status, education, income, and children living in household. Results Eighty percent of women were non-smokers, 94.3% were non-heavy drinkers, and 42.6% were daily folic acid users. In adjusted analysis, only the odds of folic acid supplementation remained higher in women intending pregnancy in the next 12 months (adjusted odds ratio, 1.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.21–2.04) compared with women not intending future pregnancy. Women intending pregnancy later or ambivalent about future pregnancy were no more likely to be engaging in healthy preconception behaviors than women not intending future pregnancy. Conclusion Women intending pregnancy within 12 months were more likely to use folic acid, but pregnancy intention was not associated with preconception smoking or heavy drinking.
High‐Performance Hybrid Supercapacitor Enabled by a High‐Rate Si‐based Anode

A hybrid supercapacitor constructed of a Si-based anode and a porous carbon cathode is demonstrated with both high power and energy densities. Boron-doping is employed to improve the rate capability of the Si-based anode (B-Si/SiO2/C). At a high current density of 6.4 A/g, B-Si/SiO2/C delivers a capacity of 685 mAh/g, 2.4 times that of the undoped Si/SiO2/C. Benefiting from the high rate performance along with low working voltage, high capacity, and good cycling stability of B-Si/SiO2/C, the hybrid supercapacitor exhibits a high energy density of 128 Wh/kg at 1229 W/kg. Even when power density increases to the level of a conventional supercapacitor (9704 W/kg), 89 Wh/kg can be obtained, the highest values of any hybrid supercapacitor to date. Long cycling life (capacity retention of 70% after 6000 cycles) and low self-discharge rate (voltage retention of 82% after 50 hours) are also achieved. This work opens an avenue for development of high-performance hybrid supercapacitors using high-performance Si-based anodes.
Orientation and position effects of mirror-image reversal discrimination of triangles by young children.

The effects of orientation, obliqueness and position in a triad on mirror-image reversal discrimination by 5- and 6-yr.-old Ss were assessed. Discrimination was facilitated when the triangles were in an upright position, e.g., the horizontal line was at the bottom of the figure. Within a triad of triangles position had a significant effect. The reversed triangle was more distinct when the two identical triangles were beside each other. Obliqueness did not influence mirror-image reversal discrimination.
Microbial metabolism of N-Phenyl-1-naphthylamine in soil, soil suspensions, and aquatic ecosystems

Abstract N-Phenyl-1-naphthylamine (PNA) was degraded and mineralized in nonsterile aquatic and terrestrial samples. Degradation in unsupplemented sewage and lake water was detected in 3 to 6 days with half-lives of 5 and 10 days, respectively. In sewage and lake water supplemented with a readily degradable carbon source, degradation began in 1 and 5 days with half-lives of 2 and 8 days, respectively. Sewage samples converted between 20 and 30% of labeled [ 14 C]-PNA to 14 CO 2 in 35 days while lake water samples reached 10% conversion to 14 CO 2 in 12 days. Soil samples and soil suspensions converted from 15 to 35% of [ 14 C]-PnA to 14 CO 2 in 11 days. PNA was microbiologically converted in lake water to two products that were tentatively identified by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy as dihydroxy and N-acetyl derivatives.
A presentation of longstanding toxoplasmosis chorioretinitis.

Abstract Background Toxoplasmosis gondii is the most common cause of focal necrotizing retinitis in healthy individuals. This case report describes a presentation of toxoplasmosis chorioretintis and reviews the current management options. Case Report A 10-year-old Hispanic girl presented with complaints of decreased vision in her right eye for 3 weeks. The patient had presumed ocular toxoplasmosis chorioretinitis with secondary granulomatous panuveitis. She was treated successfully with Bactrim ® (Roche Laboratories, Nutley, New Jersey) and topical steroids and cylcoplegics. Conclusion Ocular toxoplasmosis is a self-limiting disease in immunocompetent individuals; however, proper diagnosis and early intervention improves visual outcome.