cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hospitalized smokers' expectancies for electronic cigarettes versus tobacco cigarettes

Abstract Introduction The objectives of the current study were to compare hospitalized smokers' expectancies for electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) against their expectancies for tobacco cigarettes and evaluate relationships between e-cigarette expectancies and intention to use e-cigarettes. Methods Analysis of baseline data from a one-year longitudinal observational study. The setting was a tertiary care academic center hospital in the Southeastern U.S. Participants were 958 hospitalized tobacco cigarette smokers. A questionnaire of e-cigarette expectancies based on the Brief Smoking Consequences Questionnaire—Adult (BSCQ-A) was developed and administered along with the original, tobacco-specific, BSCQ-A. Intention to use e-cigarettes was assessed with a single 10-point Likert scale item. Results Participants reported significantly weaker expectancies for e-cigarettes relative to tobacco cigarettes on all 10 BSCQ-A scales. Participants held sizably weaker expectancies that e-cigarettes pose health risks (p Conclusions Hospitalized tobacco smokers expect fewer negative and positive outcomes from e-cigarettes versus tobacco cigarettes. This suggests that e-cigarettes might be viable though imperfect substitutes for tobacco cigarettes.
Sociable killers: understanding social relationships in an online first-person shooter game

Online video games can be seen as medium for the formation and maintenance of social relationships. In this paper, we explore what social relationships mean under the context of online First-Person Shooter (FPS) games, how these relationships influence game experience, and how players manage them. We combine qualitative interview and quantitative game log data, and find that despite the gap between the non-persistent game world and potentially persistent social relationships, a diversity of social relationships emerge and they play a central role in the enjoyment of online FPS games. We report the forms, development, and impact of such relationships, and discuss our findings in light of design implications and comparison with other game genres.
Environmental Controls on Soil and Whole-ecosystem Respiration from a Tallgrass Prairie

Environmental controls on C cycling in terrestrial ecosystems are difficult to define, because (i) C fluxes from plant vs. microbial activity are difficult to separate, and (ii) controlling variables are often inter-correlated. We investigated temporal and spatial determinants of soil respiration and whole-ecosystem respiration using nighttime exposure of static chambers to alkali absorption during 2 yr on a tallgrass prairie in northeastern Kansas. Soil respiration (mg CO 2 -C m -2 h -1 ) was positively related to soil organic C (SOC, kg m -2 0.1 m -1 ) through linear regression [CO 2 -C = -44 + (40 SOC), r 2 = 0.71]. Temporal variations in respiration were related to soil temperature, water-filled pore space (WFPS), and a plant growth rate function, with a combined R 2 of 0.76 for soil respiration and of 0.84 for whole-ecosystem respiration. Temporal variograms suggested that both soil and whole-ecosystem respiration became increasingly dissimilar the longer the time between measurements up to 30 d, while dissimilarity in soil temperature and WFPS leveled between 10 and 20 d of separation. A plant growth rate function was an important variable that controlled whole-ecosystem respiration, as well as soil respiration. The ratio of soil respiration to whole-ecosystem respiration was =0.4 during maximum plant growth (July) and approached a value of 1 during minimal plant growth (November to March). We conclude that whole-ecosystem respiration is under similar environmental controls as soil respiration, the main variables being soil organic C, soil temperature, WFPS, and plant growth rate, which all control the supply of readily mineralizable substrates.
Risk factors for delayed postpolypectomy bleeding: how to minimize your patients’ risk

Purpose Secondary bleeding after colonoscopic polypectomy is a serious complication. Most studies show polyp size, location, and shape to be important risk factors but other factors may allow refinement of risk. The aim of this study is to look for other factors associated with delayed postpolypectomy bleeding.
Ventilatory and timing parameters in normal horses at rest up to age one year

Summary The purpose of the study was to document the developmental changes in the ventilatory and timing parameters associated with quiet breathing at rest in awake, standing horses during the first year post partum. Tidal volume (VT), breathing frequency, airflow, mechanical timing intervals and minute ventilation (VE) were measured serially in foals age 24 h-1 year. In the growing foal, VE increased due to a progressive rise in VT, in spite of a pronounced decrease in respiratory frequency. When normalised to body weight (bwt), VE7kg declined with maturation in a curvilinear fashion, from mean ± s.d. 848 ± 231 ml/min/kg in the 24 h-old foal, to 155 ± 15 ml/kg/min in the 1-year-old foal. Tidal volume normalised to bwt remained relatively constant during the study period, with the exception that at age 3 weeks and from 2–6 months, VT/kg was significantly lower than the value recorded at age 1 week. The decrease in frequency resulted from prolongation of both inspiratory (TI) and expiratory (TIE) time but there was a disproportionately larger increase in TE compared to TI, which resulted in a significantly lower ratio of TI/TE in older foals. The allometric equation relating VT to bwt suggested that lung growth in the horse is dysanaptic, with increases in overall body size exceeding lung growth in the maturing foal during the first year post partum.
Spray freezer and pressurized counterwasher for freeze desalination

Abstract Crystallizer and wash column research is described, relating to the CRYSTALEXtm process of freeze desalination. A high capacity crystallizer, the spray freezer, uses jet impact to obtain high evaporation rates in a fine, homogeneous spray of feed and Freon-114. Platelets of 150 μ diameter grow in less than one second without dendrites. Another configuration, the hybrid freezer, includes a stirred pool and generates 200 μ platelets at a 2° F driving force. The low Freon residue in the slurry is then separated out by a hydrocyclone which provides an enriched ice fraction for the wash column. The performance of the column is regulated by the force balance across the ice plug. Friction and compaction are the predominant factors which determine the range of stable operation.
Experience Preferences as Mediators of the Wildlife Related Recreation Participation: Place Attachment Relationship

The human dimensions literature challenges the notion that settings are simply features and attributes that can be manipulated to satisfy public demand; instead, people view specific recreation settings as unique kinds of places. Land managers provide recreation experience opportunities, but most conventional management frameworks do not allow managers to address the personal attachment of people to places. This study examined the relationships among activity participation, recreation experience preferences (REP), and setting and place attachment. Study data was obtained from a visitor study conducted in 2000–2001 at U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Waterfowl Production Areas in Minnesota. We used structural equation modeling to explore whether recreation experience preferences mediate the relationship between types and frequencies of recreation participation and place attachment at Minnesota's Waterfowl Production Areas. Results offer empirical evidence that recreational experience preferences associated wit...
MicroRNA miR-137 regulates neuronal maturation by targeting ubiquitin ligase Mind Bomb-1

The maturation of young neurons is regulated by complex mechanisms and dysregulation of this process is frequently found in neurodevepmental disorders. MicroRNAs have been implicated in several steps of neuronal maturation including dendritic and axonal growth, spine development, and synaptogenesis. We demonstrate that one brain-enriched microRNA, miR-137, has a significant role in regulating neuronal maturation. Overexpression of miR-137 inhibits dendritic morphogenesis, phenotypic maturation, and spine development both in brain and cultured primary neurons. On the other hand, a reduction in miR-137 had opposite effects. We further show that miR-137 targets the Mind bomb one (Mib1) protein through the conserved target site located in the 3' untranslated region of Mib1 messenger RNA. Mib1 is an ubiquitin ligase known to be important for neurodevelopment. We show that exogenously expressed Mib1 could partially rescue the phenotypes associated with miR-137 overexpression. These results demonstrate a novel miRNA-mediated mechanism involving miR-137 and Mib1 that function to regulate neuronal maturation and dendritic morphogenesis during development.
Sedimentary hydrocarbons from a subtropical marine estuary

Petrogenic, pyrogenic, and biogenic hydrocarbons were determined in sediments from 48 sites around Charlotte Harbor, a relatively undeveloped subtropical marine estuary along the south-west coast of Florida. Hydrocarbon concentrations generally ranged from 1 to 5 μg g−1, which are lower than hydrocarbon values reported for most temperature estuarine sediments, but agree well with values reported for sediments from more highly impacted subtropical estuarine systems. Little evidence of petrogenic or pyrogenic inputs was observed except for certain “hot spots” associated with marina, land development and industrial activities. Sediments collected during the summer showed enhanced hydrocarbon concentrations over winter samples, reflecting increased biogenic input from both marine and terrestrial sources. Data obtained in this, and similar, studies suggests that in these subtropical areas, a steady state is established between hydrocarbon inputs and microbial degradation.
Height, weight and body mass index values of mid-19th century New York legislative officers.

Abstract Previous studies of mid-19th century American heights and body mass index values have used potentially unrepresentative groups—students in military academies, prisoners, and African Americans. This paper uses an alternative source with heights and weights of ordinary people employed in a wide variety of occupations. The results reveal the operation of the antebellum paradox in that average heights declined between men born circa 1820 and those born circa 1840. Average weights also declined for adult males, suggesting a decline in mid-19th century nutritional status.
Melting, flow, and thermal expansion characteristics of some dental and commercial waxes.

Melting, flow, and thermal expansion characteristics of dental and commercial waxes have been investigated. The data—listed in tables and plotted on graphs—are necessary in order to discover the pertinent properties of waxes that would be suitable in designing dental impression materials.
Image reconstruction by deterministic compressed sensing with chirp matrices

A recently proposed approach for compressed sensing, or compressive sampling, with deterministic measurement matrices made of chirps is applied to images that possess varying degrees of sparsity in their wavelet representations. The "fast reconstruction" algorithm enabled by this deterministic sampling scheme as developed by Applebaum et al. [1] produces accurate results, but its speed is hampered when the degree of sparsity is not sufficiently high. This paper proposes an efficient reconstruction algorithm that utilizes discrete chirp-Fourier transform (DCFT) and updated linear least squares solutions and is suitable for medical images, which have good sparsity properties. Several experiments show the proposed algorithm is effective in both reconstruction fidelity and speed.
Subnuclear redistribution of DNA species in confluent and growing mammalian cells

About 20 to 25 percent of the nuclear DNA from cultured cells of the African green monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops, consists of a homogeneous, highly repetitive fraction designated C. aethiops component α DNA. Use of in situ hybridization techniques reveals component α at the centromeres of chromosomes from both diploid and heteroploid African green monkey kidney (AGMK) tissue culture cells. — Component α DNA comprises 47 percent of the nucleolar DNA in actively growing primary AGMK cells, but only 31 percent of the nucleolar DNA in confluent cells which show density-dependent growth inhibition. Further, there is a pronounced shift of both main band and component αDNA from euchromatin to heterochromatin when growing cells attain confluency. Thus, the relative subnuclear distributions of component α and main band DNA's are different in growing and confluent cells. — In situ hybridization techniques indicate that component α sequences aggregate in clumps in nuclei of growing cells and show a diffuse distribution in nuclei of confluent cells. This suggests that centromeric regions of the various chromosomes or groups of chromosomes aggregate and disaggregate reversibly as the culture changes from density-dependent growth inhibition to active cell division. — Hypotonic citrate treatment of primary AGMK cells causes nucleoli of confluent cells to disperse: this dispersion following citrate treatment was not seen in growing AGMK cells or in confluent or growing heteroploid cells. Similarly, this nucleolar dispersion was seen in confluent diploid mouse and human cells but not in growing diploid cells or in confluent or growing heteroploid cells.
Loss of p130 Accelerates Tumor Development in a Mouse Model for Human Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma

Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is a neuroendocrine subtype of lung cancer. While SCLC patients often initially respond to therapy, tumors nearly always recur, resulting in a 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. A mouse model has been developed based on the fact that the RB and p53 tumor suppressor genes are mutated in more than 90% of human SCLCs. Emerging evidence in patients and mouse models suggests that p130, a gene related to RB, may act as a tumor suppressor in SCLC cells. To test this idea, we used conditional mutant mice to delete p130 in combination with Rb and p53 in adult lung epithelial cells. We found that loss of p130 resulted in increased proliferation and significant acceleration of SCLC development in this triple knockout mouse model. The histopathological features of the triple mutant mouse tumors closely resembled that of human SCLC. Genome-wide expression profiling experiments further showed that Rb/p53/p130 mutant mouse tumors were similar to human SCLC. These findings indicate that p130 plays a key tumor suppressor role in SCLC. Rb/p53/p130 mutant mice provide a novel pre-clinical mouse model to identify novel therapeutic targets against SCLC.
EPL technology development

The imaging concept of electron projection lithography (EPL) with a silicon stencil reticle is explained. A silicon membrane thickness of 1-2 micrometers is suitable for the reticle. A scattering contrast of greater than 99 percent is expected. Nikon is developing EPL tool as EB stepper. Sub- field size is 0.25 mm square and deflection length is 5mm on wafer. The wafer is exposed with a sub-field by sub-field bias by the deflection control of the electron beam. The basic system configuration of EB stepper is introduced. Examples of error budgets of CD variations and Overlay/Stitching accuracy for 65nm technology node are shown. The latest data of electron optics and vacuum compatible stages for EB stepper are introduced. 70nm patterns are resolved in the entire sub-field. The status of infrastructure of technology related to EPL reticle and data post processing software are explained.
The Adenovirus E4-6/7 Protein Directs Nuclear Localization of E2F-4 via an Arginine-Rich Motif

E2F transcription factors are key participants in the regulation of proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation in mammalian cells. E2Fs are negatively regulated by members of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) family. During adenovirus (Ad) infection, viral proteins that displace pRb family members from E2Fs and recruit E2F complexes to viral and cellular promoter regions are expressed. This recruitment of E2F involves the induction of stable E2F binding to inverted E2F binding sites in the Ad E2a and cellular E2F-1 promoters and induces both viral and cellular gene expression. E2F-4 has abundant E2F activity within cells, and the majority of E2F-4 in asynchronous cells is found in the cytoplasm. Upon expression of the adenovirus E4-6/7 protein, a significant portion of E2F-4 is translocated to the nucleus, and its activity constitutes the majority of Ad-induced nuclear E2F DNA binding activity. This redirection of E2F-4 from cytoplasm to the nucleus requires an N-terminal arginine-rich nuclear localization sequence within E4-6/7. The directed targeting of E4-6/7 to the nucleus is important for the function of this protein in the context of viral infection. This function of E4-6/7 has a redundant component as well as nonredundant components in cooperation with the adenovirus E1A oncoproteins to deregulate and usurp host cell E2F function.
Partial and total diversion of inferior vena cava into left atrium to produce chronic cyanosis in dogs.

Abstract 1. 1. Three operative techniques to produce chronic cyanosis in dogs are described and the results compared. 2. 2. There were no significant differences among the survival rates with these techniques. 3. 3. Partial diversion of inferior vena cava to left atrium produced chronic cyanosis in only 38% of the surviving animals. 4. 4. Following direct anastomosis of inferior vena cava to left atrium, 71% of survivors were cyanotic but secondary stenosis of the shunt occurred in the remaining 29%. 5. 5. With the graphite-benzalkonium-heparin treated Dacron grafts between the inferior vena cava and the left atrium, all surviving dogs were deeply cyanotic and secondary stenosis of the graft was not found at autopsy. This technique seems to be the method of choice. 6. 6. The importance of prolonged intensive chemotherapy is emphasized because bacterial endocarditis was the main cause of late death in the period followed. 7. 7. A mild metabolic acidosis with compensatory respiratory alkalosis was found in the cyanosed dogs.
Measuring What Matters in Cerebral Palsy: A Breadth of Important Domains and Outcome Measures

Abstract Vargus-Adams JN, Martin LK. Measuring what matters in cerebral palsy: a breadth of important domains and outcome measures. Objective To establish domains of importance for evaluating therapeutic effects in childhood cerebral palsy (CP) and the best means of evaluating those domains. Design Delphi iterative survey. Setting Tertiary pediatric hospital with assessments conducted via mail or Internet. Participants Youth with CP (n=21), parents of children with CP (n=23), and medical professionals (n=39). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Identification of "the things you find most important to consider when you evaluate the effects of an intervention for yourself/your child/your patient with cerebral palsy" as domains of concern, followed by the best outcome measures to assess each of the domains, including preference rankings of those measures. Results Eight domains of importance were identified: impairment, general health, gross motor skills, self-care/fine motor skills, speech/communication, integration/participation, quality of life, and caregiver issues. All domains were viewed as important with no clear demarcation to allow reduction in number. Only quality of life emerged as being most important. Medical professionals suggested 10 to 27 different outcome measures for assessing each domain. Few of these measures, including the Gross Motor Function Measure and the Cerebral Palsy Quality of Life Questionnaire, were broadly endorsed by the medical professionals. Conclusions Parents, youth, and medical professionals identify a wide range of arenas that they would like to see impacted by interventions for CP. These arenas can be consolidated into 8 domains. Although many outcome measures are available to evaluate these domains, few of the measures are widely preferred. Further work may determine optimal assessment strategies and provide guidance for therapeutic decisions.
Seismic Reflection and Aeromagnetic Surveys of the Great Salt Lake, Utah

Seismic reflection surveys of the Great Salt Lake, Utah, have provided continuous profiles for more than 750 km (450 mi) using air-gun and sparker sources. Useful penetration to as much as 1,220 m (4,000 ft) has been obtained in an average water depth of 6 m (20 ft). The data were deconvolved, processed, and displayed using a computer graphics system. In addition, a total-field aeromagnetic survey, flown at a terrain clearance of 152 m (500 ft), provided 750 km (450 mi) of corresponding profile coverage. Interpretation of the seismic data indicates that the Tertiary and Quaternary sediments of the Great Salt Lake were deposited in north-trending basins characterized by gently east-dipping beds over most of the west and central areas. Rapid subsidence and secondary folding occurred adjacent to north-trending normal fault zones along the east side of the lake. Buried anticlines and faults along the east side suggest a pre–late Tertiary period of deformation characterized by normal faulting and basin development. The total thickness of Tertiary and Quaternary sediments ranges from ∼488 m (1,600 ft) in the north to more than 3,658 m (10,000 ft) in the south. The Quaternary sediments alone range in thickness from at least 152 m (500 ft) in the north to more than 396 m (1,300 ft) in the south. Interbedded volcanic rocks, probably basalt of late Tertiary age, occur as shallow flows beneath the northern portion of the lake. West of Promontory Point, restricted basins of Quaternary origin contain ∼8 m (25 ft) of unconsolidated mud and silt overlying 213 m (700 ft) of inter-bedded mirabilite, silt, and clay. In several locations along the causeway, the mirabilite has flowed into near-surface diapiric folds and small domes. This sequence suggests restricted deposition during cool climate near the end of Pleistocene time, followed by a rapid increase in mean annual temperature with widespread deposition of mud and clay.
Robot-assisted upper-limb rehabilitation platform

This work presents a robotic platform for upper-limb rehabilitation robotics. It integrates devices for human multi-sensorial feedback for engaging and immersive therapies. Its modular software design and architecture allows the implementation of advanced control algorithms for effective and customized rehabilitations. A flexible communication infrastructure allows straightforward devices integration and system expandability.
Propagation of the Mutual Coherence Function Through Random Media

In this paper an approximate solution is given for the development of the ensemble-averaged mutual-coherence function {Γ(x1,x2,τ)} as it propagates through statistically homogeneous and isotropic random media. Only small-angle scattering about the principal propagation direction z is considered and it is assumed that {Γ(x1,x2,τ)} is a function of [(x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2]1/2, z1 − z2, and z1. Under these conditions, it is possible to solve the governing equations using an iteration procedure. The solution is valid for long path lengths. The results are compared to the results given in Chernov, and Tatarski under those conditions where it is appropriate to do so.
Flashlight Coverage State News on National Broadcasts

Content analysis of the early evening national newscasts on ABC, CBS, and NBC from July 1985 to June 1987 reveals that the New Federalism has failed to focus national media attention on state issue...
Site-directed mutagenesis of catalytic residues of influenza virus neuraminidase as an aid to drug design

The neuraminidase of influenza virus is a surface glycoprotein that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycosidic linkages between terminal sialic acids and adjacent sugar moieties. Neuraminidase function is critical for the spread of virus to new cells, and if the enzyme activity is inhibited, then virus infection is abrogated. The neuraminidase active site is conserved in all influenza type-A and type-B isolates, which makes it an excellent target for drug design. To determine the potential for resistance to develop against neuraminidase inhibitors, we have constructed mutations in seven of the conserved active-site residues of a type B (B/Lee/40) neuraminidase and analyzed the effect of the altered side chains on enzyme activity. There is a reduction in kcat in all our mutants. A transition-state analogue inhibitor shows variation in Ki with the mutant neuraminidases, allowing interpretation of the effects of mutation in terms of transition-state binding and product release. The results show that Tyr409 is the most critical residue for enzyme activity, but that Asp149, Arg223, Glu275 and Arg374 also play important roles in enzyme catalysis. Based on the pH profile of neuraminidase activity of the D149E mutant protein, we conclude that Asp149 is not a proton donor, but is involved in stabilizing the transition state. If designed inhibitors are targeted to these residues where mutations are highly deleterious, particularly Tyr409, Glu275 and Asp149, the virus is unlikely to generate resistance to the drug.
Degradable Poly(ethylene oxide) hydrogels formed by crosslinking with tert-butylperoxybenzoate

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO, number-average molecular weight: 2,000,000) was crosslinked by reaction with t-butylperoxybenzoate in the melt. Upon swelling in water, the resulting hydrogels were acidic and suggested clear evidence of spontaneous hydrolysis that continued over periods of several weeks to give clear and low-viscosity aqueous solutions of PEO oligomers. In contrast, in neutral media the gels did not show any signs of hydrolysis. As shown by UV, IR, and size exclusion chromatographic analysis, the PEO hydrolysis products consist of benzoic acid and hydroxyl- and carboxyl end-functionalized low-molecular-weight PEOs. This is consistent with the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of acetal-, orthoester-, and similar end-functionalized PEOs formed by radical coupling of various PEO radicals with benzoate, alkoxy, and other radicals. Titration of the hydrolysis mixtures indicated that the total molar amount of acid exceeds that of the maximum amount of benzoic acid produced during gel formation. However, the amount of benzoic acid equaled this maximum amount. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 520–527, 2003
Market impact of announcements of joint ventures between U.S. firms and eastern and central European countries: early evidence

The world economies are undergoing major changes. The 1992 program for a barrier-free market in the European Community is getting closer to a reality In the Americas, with the signing of a major trade agreement between Canada and the U.S., and the likelihood of a broader free trade agreement among Canada, Mexico, and the U.S.l, a new economic bloc is slowly shaping up. In Asia, Australia and most other parts of the world, economic deregulations are being continued and industries previously controlled by governments are being rapidly privatized.’ Similar, though far more dramatic, changes are also occurring in Eastern and Central Europe. Presently, the countries in this region are in the midst of radical transformation from centrally planned to market-oriented economies. These changes have created new opportunities for export, cooperative trade, and various forms of direct foreign investment. These opportunities have come about at a time when firms in the worlds major markets-U.S., Western Europe and Asia-have been facing intense competition in both domestic and international markets. The increased competition has forced many firms in these markets to devise means to take advantage of the new opportunities all over the globe.3 The U.S. firms have historically been active in trade and investment throughout the world. Recently, however, Europe seems to have become the “world” in the minds of many U.S. businessmen, Because of the anticipated economic integration of the European Community in 1992 and the possible protectionist measures against firms from other economic blocs, many U.S. firms have already taken measures to position themselves as insiders rather than as mere exporters in
Cellular origins of the transient inward current in cardiac myocytes. Role of fluctuations and waves of elevated intracellular calcium.

Activation of the transient inward current (ITI) by a rise in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) is believed to be responsible for generating triggered cardiac arrhythmias. In this study, the cellular basis of the rise in [Ca2+]i that activates ITI and aftercontractions in single rat ventricular myocytes was examined. [Ca2+]i was measured both indirectly by cell contraction and directly with fura-2. Under conditions that caused steady-state [Ca2+]i to increase (i.e., calcium overload) membrane repolarization after a voltage-clamp depolarization resulted in the appearance of ITI that was similar in many respects to that observed in multicellular preparations. This ITI occurred at the same time that [Ca2+]i spontaneously increased and preceded the aftercontraction by 60-90 msec. However, ITI recorded from a single cell was variable in time course and amplitude (unlike that observed in multicellular preparations). Examination of cell contraction and digital imaging of fura-2 fluorescence showed that ITI was often associated with propagating regions of increased [Ca2+]i, which arose from discrete sites of origin within the cell. Apparently synchronous aftercontractions could also be associated with multiple propagating waves of [Ca2+]i. The variation in the time course and amplitude of ITI in single cells appeared to be due to changes in the location and number of sites of origin for the waves of [Ca2+]i. After the first aftercontraction and ITI, desynchronization of the sites of origin of increased [Ca2+]i occurred, and this resulted in a decrease in the amplitude of ITI and an increase in its duration. We conclude that the variability seen in single cells arises from changes in the pattern of spontaneous Ca2+ release. Such phenomena will seriously complicate interpretation of multicellular data, even when [Ca2+]i is measured directly.
Nonadiabatic control of Bose-Einstein condensation in optical traps

We show that the nonequilibrium atomic phase-space density (degeneracy) of a Bose gas confined in the off-resonant optical trap can be manipulated by means of the breathing modes of the atomic oscillations in the trap. This new phenomenon opens a possibility to control the onset of the Bose-Einstein condensation in the atomic cloud loaded in an optical trap. The effect arises from the instability of squeezing oscillations of atomic phase-space distribution, initiated by the nonadiabatic change of the optical potential. The manipulation of the degree of degeneracy of the atomic distribution is achieved by means of dynamical control of the squeezing parameters. The physical consequences of the proposed mechanism are discussed.
‘Lazy’ in nature: ant colony time budgets show high ‘inactivity’ in the field as well as in the lab

Social insect colonies are models for complex systems with sophisticated, efficient, and robust allocation of workers to necessary tasks. Despite this, it is commonly reported that many workers appear inactive. Could this be an artifact resulting from the simplified laboratory conditions in most studies? Here, we test whether the time allocated to different behavioral states differs between field and laboratory colonies of Temnothorax rugatulus ants. Our results show no difference in colony time budgets between laboratory and field observations for any of the observed behaviors, including ‘inactivity’. This suggests that, on the timescale of a few months, laboratory conditions do not impact task allocation at the colony level. We thus provide support for a previously untested assumption of laboratory studies on division of labor in ants. High levels of inactivity, common in social insects, thus appear to not be a laboratory artifact, but rather a naturally occurring trait.
Computational modeling to evaluate helical electrode designs

Finite element models of helical electrodes were utilized in conjunction with nerve fiber models to determine the efficacy of various changes in helical electrode design in improving nerve fiber recruitment. It was determined that an increase in the helical overlap angle does not facilitate recruitment of smaller diameter nerve fibers. The simulations led to some strategies that could potentially improve the electrode design.
Insulating states of correlated electrons

The insulating states of three model systems, the two-chain Hubbard model, the two-layer two-dimensional Hubbard model, and the two-dimensional symmetric periodic Anderson model are discussed. All of these systems at half-filling have a charge gap but they can exhibit various types of spin gaps ranging from a vanishing spin gap in systems with strong antiferromagnetic correlations to a spin gap which is equal to the charge gap in the band-insulator regime. The interchain, interplane, or Anderson model f-d hybridization plays a key role in determining the spin-to-charge gap ratio and the nature of the insulating state.
Antisense Oligonucleotides Targeted against Protein Kinase Cβ and CβII Block 1,25-(OH)2D3-induced Differentiation

Abstract It is now recognized that protein kinase C (PKC) plays a critical role in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3(1,25-(OH)2D3) promotion of HL-60 cell differentiation. In this study, the effects of phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotides directed against PKCα, PKCβ, PKCβI, and PKCβII on HL-60 promyelocyte cell differentiation and proliferation were examined. Cellular differentiation was determined by nonspecific esterase activity, nitro blue tetrazolium reduction, and CD14 surface antigen expression. Differentiation promoted by 1,25-(OH)2D3 (20 nm for 48 h) was inhibited similarly in cells treated with PKCβ antisense (30 μm) 24 h prior to or at the same time as hormone treatment (86 ± 9% inhibition; n = 4versus 82 ± 8% inhibition; n = 4 (mean ± S.E.), respectively). In contrast, cells treated with PKCβ antisense 24 h after 1,25-(OH)2D3were unaffected and fully differentiated. PKCα antisense did not block 1,25-(OH)2D3 promotion of HL-60 cell differentiation. Next, the ability of PKCβI- and PKCβII-specific antisense oligonucleotides to block 1,25-(OH)2D3 promotion of cell differentiation was examined. PKCβII antisense (30 μm) completely blocked CD14 expression induced by 1,25-(OH)2D3, whereas PKCβI antisense had little effect. Interestingly, PKCβII antisense blocked differentiation by 87 ± 7% (n = 2, mean ± S.D.) but had no effect on 1,25-(OH)2D3inhibition of cellular proliferation. These results indicate that the effects of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on HL-60 cell differentiation and proliferation can be dissociated by blocking PKCβII expression.
Effect of multi-shot X-ray exposures in IFE armor materials

As part of the High Average Power Laser (HAPL) program the performance of tungsten as an armor material is being studied. While the armor would be exposed to neutrons, x-rays and ions within an inertial fusion energy (IFE) power plant, the thermomechanical effects are believed to dominate. Using a pulsed x-ray source, long-term exposures of tungsten have been completed at fluences that are of interest for the IFE application. Modeling is used in conjunction with experiments on the XAPPER x-ray damage facility in an effort to recreate the effects that would be expected in an operating IFE power plant. X-ray exposures have been completed for a variety of x-ray fluences and number of shots. Analysis of the samples suggests that surface roughening has a threshold that is very close to the fluences that reproduce the peak temperatures expected in an IFE armor material.
MODEL-INDEPENDENT ANALYSIS OF PYRENE PHOTOKINETICS IN SDS MICELLES

In this report, the dependence of pyrene photokinetics on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelle concentration is investigated via dynamic multidimensional fluorescence measurements. First, complex quantum yield matrices were constructed from steady-state spectra and multiple wavelength phase/modulation data. These matrices were then subjected to rank analysis in order to determine the number of spectrally distinct pyrene components. The consensus of these results is that there are three spectrally distinguishable pyrene components. Then, the emission spectra of the pyrene components, their relative initial concentrations, and the photokinetic transfer matrix, which describes their decay and interaction, are estimated without model assumptions. The characteristics of the fluorescence spectra and their dependence on the SDS concentration identify the three components as pyrene excimer, aggregates, and monomers. The results also indicate that pyrene decay kinetics in SDS micelles vary substantially with the S...
Fewer than 10: Oligodactyly-Diagnoses and patterns of malformation

Oligodactyly, or the absence of one or more fingers, is a common finding in congenital anomalies of the upper limb. The specific diagnoses associated with oligodactyly can be grouped into several developmental patterns, each with a spectrum of limb involvement and potential for associated anomalies. These conditions include symbrachydactyly, ulnar dysplasia, amnion disruption sequence, cleft hand, and radial dysplasia. This article reviews the major causes of oligodactyly and presents the etiology, genetics, and spectrum of presentation. Copyright © 2002 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand
PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLE INTERSECTION-UNION TESTS FOR MULTIPLE ENDPOINTS IN COMBINATION THERAPY TRIALS

We consider intersection-union tests involving multiple endpoints in a combination drug trial, for which we control the familywise error rate in the strong sense using closed testing methods. Bonferroni-Holm, Simes-Hommel, and Resampling-Based methods all are considered in this context. Familywise error rate control heuristics are developed and evaluated using a simulation study that is specifically tailored to the intersection-union setting. Both Resampling-Based and Simes-Hommel uniformly outperform the Bonferroni-Holm. Using simulations of power, the choice of Simes-Hommel versus Resampling-Based is seen to depend on the particular alternative of interest. Because it is simpler and has generally good power, we recommend the Simes-Hommel intersection-union tests. The techniques are illustrated using real data from a clinical trial to evaluate a combination asthma therapy. * This research was performed while the first author was Research Fellow at GlaxoWellcome Inc.
Defending "Identity and the Writer": A. S. Byatt's Delineation of the Proper "Function of Criticism at the Present Time"

Extending Louise Yelin's study of Possession, the author argues that all of A. S. Byatt's work is marked by a "return of the Arnoldian repressed" (40). More specifically, she claims that Byatt uses a refigured Arnoldian humanism to critique postwar literary criticism. Through repeatedly privileging the role of the author and diminishing the power of the critic, Byatt restores what she believes to be the proper "Function of Criticism at the Present Time".
Isolation and partial characterization of wheat γ-gliadin

Abstract The γ-gliadin component of the gluten protein from Ponca wheat flour was isolated and its properties were investigated. The γ-gliadin was separated from the whole gliadin complex and then purified by a combination of ion-exchange chromatography and continuous-flow paper-curtain electrophoresis. Even after reduction and alkylation of its disulfide bonds, γ-gliadin remained a single electrophoretic component and its molecular weight measured by ultracentrifugation was unaltered. End-group analysis indicated that it consists of a single polypeptide chain.
Use of Food Pantries is Associated with Household Food Insecurity in Ohio

ABSTRACT Households receiving food from emergency food providers, including food pantries, soup kitchens, and shelters, are vulnerable to food insecurity and hunger. The objective of this study was to (1) examine the household food security status of Ohio food pantry users; and (2) compare the household food security status between food pantry users/food pantry using-households for a variety of characteristics, including living in rural and non-rural counties, living in Appalachian and non-Appalachian counties of Ohio, having children present and without children present, as well as having older adults present to not having older adults present. The study design was a cross-sectional survey of Ohio food pantry users in the State of Ohio and included a convenience sample of 6217 food pantry–using households from 82/88 Ohio counties using Household Food Security Status (6-item household food security survey module). Eight hundred ninety (14.3%) households were food secure, and 2210 (35.5%) and 3117 (50.1%) ...
The yeast microtubule cytoskeleton: genetic approaches to structure and function.

The particular qualities of yeast are a combination of intrinsic properties, such as rapid growth rate, stable haploid and diploid cell types, and low genomic complexity; and extrinsic properties, in particular the tremendous amount of genetic, morphological, and biochemical information that has amassed in decades of research. This article will attempt to describe recent work on the yeast microtubule cytoskeleton that makes use of these advantages, to recognize limitations of the yeast system where they exist, and to identify questions concerning microtubule function that have not yet been addressed
Auditory sensitivity and tone-sequence reproduction in oral contraceptive users and nonusers.

Summary.-In two stages spannlng a single academic year, 10 women using oral contraceptives and 11 not using oral contraceptives were tested on their auditory threshold sensitivity to six frequencies (250, 750, 1500, 3000, 6000, and 8000 Hz) as a function of phases of the menstrual cycle. 11 women (5 users and 6 nonusers) were also tested on their ability to reproduce successively longer tone sequences. Results showed that there was little variation due to phase of the menstrual cycle, with the exception that oral contraceptive users showed lower relative thresholds at low frequencies during the postmenstrual phase. Over-all, oral contraceptive users had hgher absolute and relative thresholds than nonusers, except at 3000 Hz. Although not statistically significant, results on the tone-reproduction test showed an enhanced ability to reproduce tones during the premenstrual phase for women using oral contraceptives. Results are discussed in relation to previous findings. A growing concern with the psychological effects of the human menstrual cycle has been seen in recent years. For example, significant differences across the menstrual cycle have been found for galvanic skin response, heart rate, and blood pressure (Rosenberg, 1980); for subjective estimation of time intervals (Kopell, Lunde, Clayton, & Moos, 1969); and for EEG (Becker, Creutzfeldt, Schwibbe, & Wuttke, 1982). Given these and other physiological changes associated with the menstrual cycle, it is reasonable to expect sensory and perceptual variations as well. Parlee (1983) summarized much of the earlier research that showed sensitivity on a number of sensory dimensions to be lowest around ovulation. Of interest to the present study is the fact that a number of reports (but not all; see below) have shown cyclic variations in auditory performance (Mehta, Mazumbar, Pathak, & Skandhan, 1977; Parlee, 1983; Tobias, 1965), with the largest departures from the mean occurring near menstruation and ovulation. Relatively little work has been done on the relationships among phases of the menstrual cycle, hormone therapy (i.e., oral contraceptive use), and basic perceptual abilities. In their study of EEG and physiological changes over the menstrual cycle, Becker, et al. (1982) found that typical changes in mean alpha frequencies were not present in women using oral contraceptives (OCs). Wong and Tong (1974) found that, although both OC users and nonusers showed fluctuations in temporal discrimination over the menstrual cycle, over-all sensitivity was greater among the former. Swanson and
Secondary electron emission characteristics of oxidized beryllium cathodes

Oxidized beryllium surfaces are used in a number of microwave crossed-field amplifier (CFA) tubes as secondary electron emission cold cathodes. During operation the cathode surface is subjected to electron and ion bombardment in a complex process which produces both erosion and replenishment of the oxide surface, in addition to a significant build-up of amorphous carbon. The result is a general degradation of tube performance. Special techniques were developed to opoen an evacuated tub and transfer the cathode to a UHV surface analysis system with minimal contamination from the atmosphere. Three CFA tubes with various histories of operation were examined and measurements from made of the secondary electron emission (delta), first crossover, voltage at delta maximum, and the surface chemical composition by AES at several points on each cathode. Significant differences were found which reflected their number of hour of operation, as well as variations in manufacturing procedures. A generalized linear cofrrelation between secondary electron emission and the surface carbon atomic fraction was obtained when the data for all the tubes was combined and analyzed. The deleterious effects of carbon in operated CFA tubes were confirmed and suggest that reduction of potential sources of carbon contamination in the tube during manufacture, processing, and operation should improve overall performance.
Substance and Identity-Dependence

Abstract The notion of substance has become rather important in recent metaphysical discussions, but there is no consensus on how it is to be understood. In this paper discuss the idea that substance can be defined in terms of identity-dependence. Giving special attention to the work of E.J. Lowe, who is the main advocate of this position, I clarify how the identity-dependence approach ought to be understood and defend it against an objection having to do with dependence on God. then bring forward difficulties having to do with mereological essentialism and necessity of origins. These difficulties are much more powerful, but it is possible to revise the identity-dependence approach in a way that avoids them.
Interstate Variations in Teenage Fertility

The extremely wide variation among states in adolescent childbearing is examined using indicators that represent high or low modernity, i.e., percent urban, percent fundamentalism, percent black, and region (South-non-South); the intermediate variables of factors affecting exposure to intercourse (percent married females 15 to 19); and the deliberate fertility control factor of induced abortion (the state abortion-to-live birth ratio). Eighty-six percent of the variance among states in the 1974 teenage fertility rates (females 15 to 19) is explained, with region the most powerful single indicator of fertility, followed by percent married and state abortion ratio.