cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of multigrid and adaptive grid embedding to the two‐dimensional flux‐split euler equations

A numerical algorithm is presented for solving the two-dimensional flux-split Euler equations using a multigrid method with adaptive grid embedding. The method uses an unstructured data set along with a system of pointers for communication on the irregularly shaped grid topologies. An explicit two-stage time-advancement scheme is implemented. A multigrid algorithm is used to provide grid level communication and to accelerate the convergence of the solution to steady state. Results are presented for a NACA 0012 aerofoil in a free stream with a Mach number of 0.85 and an angle of attack of 1.0 degree. Excellent resolution of the shock structures is obtained with the adaptive grid embedding method with significantly fewer grid points than the comparable structured grid.
Three cognitive dimensions.

A logical space developed by Oppenheim to differentiate and locate publications was used to construct a self-report questionnaire. Factor analysis of responses to the questionnaire gave reason to suppose that Oppenheim's dimensional scheme may provide a basis for cognitive styles each corresponding to a different dimension.
Discrimination of outer membrane proteins using a K-nearest neighbor method

Identification of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) from genome is an important task. This paper presents a k-nearest neighbor (K-NN) method for discriminating outer membrane proteins (OMPs). The method makes predictions based on a weighted Euclidean distance that is computed from residue composition. The method achieves 89.1% accuracy with 0.668 MCC (Matthews correlation coefficient) in discriminating OMPs and non-OMPs. The performance of the method is improved by including homologous information into the calculation of residue composition. The final method achieves an accuracy of 96.1%, with 0.873 MCC, 87.5% sensitivity, and 98.2% specificity. Comparisons with multiple recently published methods show that the method proposed in this study outperforms the others.
Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope Observations of the Magellanic Clouds

We present wide-field far-ultraviolet (FUV; 1300–1800 A) images of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds (LMC, SMC). These data were obtained by the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UIT) during the Astro-1 (1990 December 1–10) and Astro-2 (1995 March 2–18) missions; the images provide an extensive FUV mosaic of the SMC and contain numerous regions in the LMC, covering a wide range of stellar densities and current star formation activity. A total of 47 LMC/Lucke-Hodge and 37 SMC/Hodge OB associations are completely or partially included in the observed fields. FUV data can identify the hottest OB stars more easily than can optical photometry, and these stars dominate the ionizing flux, which is correlated to the observed Hα flux of the associated H II regions. Of the H II regions in the catalog of Davies, Elliott, & Meaburn (DEM), the UIT fields completely or partially include 102 DEM regions in the LMC and 74 DEM regions in the SMC. We present a catalog of FUV magnitudes derived from point-spread function photometry for 37,333 stars in the LMC (the UIT FUV magnitudes for 11,306 stars in the SMC were presented recently by Cornett et al.), with a completeness limit of mUV ≈ 15 mag and a detection limit of mUV ≈ 17.5. The average uncertainty in the photometry is ~0.1 mag. The full catalog with astrometric positions, photometry, and other information is also available from publicly accessible astronomical data archives. We divide the catalog into field stars and stars that are in DEM regions. We analyze each of these two sets of stars independently, comparing the composite UV luminosity function of our data with UV magnitudes derived from stellar evolution and atmosphere models in order to derive the underlying stellar formation parameters. We find a most probable initial mass function (IMF) slope for the LMC field stars of Γ = -1.80 ± 0.09. The statistical significance of this single slope for the LMC field stars is extremely high, though we also find some evidence for a field star IMF slope of Γ ~ -1.4, roughly equal to the Salpeter slope. However, in the case of the stars in the DEM regions (the stars in all the regions were analyzed together as a single group), we find three IMF slopes of roughly equal likelihood: Γ = -1.0, -1.6, and -2.0. No typical age for the field stars is found in our data for time periods up to a continuous star formation age of 500 Myr, which is the maximum age consistent with the completeness limit magnitude of the catalog's luminosity function. The best age for the collection of cluster stars was found to be t0 = 3.4 ± 1.9 Myr; this is consistent with the age expected for a collection of OB stars from many different clusters.
Using Adaptive Step-Size Least Mean Squares (ASLMS) for Estimating Low-Frequency Electromechanical Modes in Power Systems

Information about the stability of heavily interconnected power systems is found in low-frequency electromechanical modes. This research complements model-based and measurement-based approaches to mode estimation typically requiring much computation and ringdown from a disturbance, respectively. This paper discusses an adaptive step-size least mean square algorithm (ASLMS) for estimating the electromechanical modes near real time in which the step size (mu) is adaptively controlled to improve the convergence time of the estimates compared to the LMS. A simple gradient vector (gamma) and a small positive constant (rho) are introduced for controlled adaptation of mu. The improvement in convergence performance of the frequency and damping estimates when compared to the LMS estimates is shown by applying the ASLMS to simulated data containing a stationary mode from a 19-machine test model and ambient power system data, while using an initial weight vector from previous ASLMS, LMS and block processing algorithm estimates
Lightning on Saturn possible

Evidence of lightning on Saturn is ‘promising and suggestive,’ according to a member of the Voyager 1 plasma wave experiment team. Two sets of signals that sound like ‘whistlers’—the long high-pitched sounds in the upper atmosphere that accompany lightning—were detected by Voyager. In addition, lightning may be present within Saturn's rings. Further analysis is required to confirm the evidence, however.
Social Services Fatigue in Domestic Violence Service Provision Facilities

Findings presented here draw upon 9 months of ethnographic research in three domestic violence service provision facilities as a means to articulate the key elements of social services fatigue, a phenomenon resulting from residents’ need to (1) document progress toward self-sufficiency, (2) use particular language and behavior in the presence of staff as a means to demonstrate this progress, (3) actively engage with staff and advocate volunteers, at least some of whom are victim-survivors of domestic violence themselves, and (4) quickly learn that these elements constitute conditions of service provision. It concludes by exploring the practical implications of recognizing social services fatigue as a problem.
Review: group interventions may improve coping, quality of life, and social support in patients with arthritic conditions, but more research is needed.

Savelkoul M, de Witte L, Post M. Stimulating active coping in patients with rheumatic diseases: a systematic review of controlled group intervention studies. Patient Educ Couns 2003;50:133–43.. [OpenUrl][1][PubMed][2][Web of Science][3] Q In patients with arthritic conditions, what are the effects of group interventions that teach active coping strategies? ### ![Graphic][4] Data sources: Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (Issue 4, 1999), Medline (1966 to August 2000), EMBASE/Excerpta Medica (1984 to August 2000), PsycINFO (1967 to August 2000), Social Sciences Citation Index (1995 to June 2000), Current Contents (1998 to August 2000), and several other bibliographic databases; bibliographies of relevant studies, research reports, conference proceedings, and dissertations; and experts. ### ![Graphic][5] Study selection and assessment: randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or non-randomised controlled trials in any language that examined interventions in patients, the majority of whom had chronic rheumatic disease affecting the joints; examined group interventions related to teaching patients active coping with problems in general (eg, stresses of daily life); included control groups that received standard medical care or placebo; and measured outcomes including ⩾1 of coping, social support, or quality of life. … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DPatient%2Beducation%2Band%2Bcounseling%26rft.stitle%253DPatient%2BEduc%2BCouns%26rft.aulast%253DSavelkoul%26rft.auinit1%253DM.%26rft.volume%253D50%26rft.issue%253D2%26rft.spage%253D133%26rft.epage%253D143%26rft.atitle%253DStimulating%2Bactive%2Bcoping%2Bin%2Bpatients%2Bwith%2Brheumatic%2Bdiseases%253A%2Ba%2Bsystematic%2Breview%2Bof%2Bcontrolled%2Bgroup%2Bintervention%2Bstudies.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12781928%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=12781928&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febnurs%2F7%2F2%2F51.atom [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000183596500004&link_type=ISI [4]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [5]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif
Model complexes of the active site in peptide deformylase: a new family of mononuclear N2S-M(II) complexes.

A new tridentate N2Sthiolate ligand, PATH, has been prepared and includes a sterically hindered aliphatic thiolate donor as a cysteine mimic. PATH was employed in the synthesis of the monomeric com...
Unilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia and recovery with thiamine in Wernicke syndrome.

ABSTRACT : Internuclear ophthalmoplegia is usually caused by multiple sclerosis, tumors, or vascular lesions of the brain stem. We report a patient with Wernicke syndrome who presented with a right-sided internuclear ophthalmoplegia. He recovered completely with intravenous thiamine (vitamin B1. There were no lesions in the magnetic resonance image (MRI) of the brain, suggesting a derangement at the cellular level as the cause.
Effects of Added Clay on the Properties of Freeze-Casted Composites of Silica Nanoparticles

An experimental study was performed to investigate the effects of added clay particles on the structure and properties of porous, freeze-dried composites produced from silica nanoparticles. The sol–gel transition of the silica suspension arrests the sedimentation of the dense clay platelets to produce a gel, containing large clay particles dispersed throughout. No chemical additives other than sodium chloride were needed to cause the gelation. Dry composites were obtained by subjecting the gelled suspensions to rapid freezing in one of the following ways: submersion in liquid nitrogen or liquid propane, or exposure to low-temperature refrigeration. Frozen samples were then sublimated under vacuum to remove the water. Scanning electron microscope images of the dried composites showed a porous material whose pore sizes decrease with an increasing rate of freezing. The dependence on freeze rate suggests that the porous structure is the result of ice formation. Addition of the clay particles significantly increases the rate of gel formation. Furthermore, the strength of the clay/nanoparticle composites, as measured by normal compression tests, was substantially greater than that of a similar material made with only silica nanoparticles. Finally, BET surface area analysis shows a decreasing surface area with increasing volume fraction of clay at a constant volume fraction of silica.
On the Distribution of the Number of Successes in Independent Trials

Let S be the number of successes in n independent trials, and let p i denote the probability of success in the jth trial, j = 1, 2, …, n (Poisson trials). We consider the problem of finding the maximum and the minimum of Eg(S), the expected value of a given real-valued function of S, when ES = np is fixed. It is well known that the maximum of the variance of S is attained when p 1 = p 2 = … = p n = p This can be interpreted as showing that the variability in the number of successes is highest when the successes are equally probable (Bernoulli trials). This interpretation is further supported by the following two theorems, proved in this paper. If b and c are two integers, 0 ≦,b≦np≦c≦n, the probability P(b ≦S ≦ c) attains its minimum if and only if p 1 = p 2 = … = p n = p, unless b = 0 and c = n (Theorem 5, a corollary of Theorem 4, which gives the maximum and the minimum of P(S ≦ cc)). If g is a strictly convex function, Eg(S) attains its maximum if and only if p 1 = p 2 = … = p n = p (Theorem 3). These results are obtained with the help of two theorems concerning the extrema of the expected value of an arbitrary function g(S) under the condition ES = np. Theorem 1 gives necessary conditions for the maximum and the minimum of Eg(S). Theorem 2 gives a partial characterization of the set of points at which an extremum is attained. Corollary 2.1 states that the maximum and the minimum are attained when p 1, p 2, …, p n take on, at most, three different values, only one of which is distinct from 0 and 1. Applications of Theorems 3 and 5 to problems of estimation and testing are pointed out in Section 5.
Organic compounds in the Murchison and Allende carbonaceous chondrites studied by photoionization mass spectrometry

— Organic compounds in the Murchison (C2M) and Allende (CV3) carbonaceous chondrites were analyzed by photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry; thermal (25–850 °C) and stimulated (7 keV Ar+) desorption were combined with either nonresonant single-photon ionization using 118 nm light or resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization (selective for aromatic compounds) using 266 nm light. Samples weighing only 1–10 mg were sufficient for sensitive quantitative analysis of aromatic compounds using thermal desorption. The detection limits for phenanthrene and pyrene using 118 nm light were determined to be 0.8 and 1.4 picomoles, respectively, and the concentrations of these compounds (including their isomers anthracene and fluoranthene) in the Murchison meteorite were determined to be 9 and 12 μg/g, respectively, in good agreement with previously published values. Thermal-desorption (–75–500 °C) field-ionization mass spectra (activated foil-type ionizing source and magnetic sector mass analyzer) of 20–40 mg of the same meteorite material were obtained to verify that the 118 nm photoionization mass spectra were not affected by photofragmentation or photodecomposition and were representative of the organic material extracted by thermal desorption. Photoionization mass spectrometry is a useful technique for studying small quantities (< 1 nanomole) of organic matter in terrestrial and extraterrestrial samples. The present study aims to provide the background and analytical methods necessary for application to new and unsolved cosmochemical problems. Some potential applications are discussed.
Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: pathogenesis, management, and current surgical approaches. A review.

Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is an important cause of cervical myelopathy that results from bony ossification of the cervical or thoracic posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL). It has been estimated that nearly 25% of patients with cervical myelopathy will have features of OPLL. Patients commonly present in their mid-40s or 50s with clinical evidence of myelopathy. On MR and CT imaging, this can be seen as areas of ossification that commonly coalesce behind the cervical vertebral bodies, leading to direct ventral compression of the cord. While MR imaging will commonly demonstrate associated changes in the soft tissue, CT scanning will better define areas of ossification. This can also provide the clinician with evidence of possible dural ossification. The surgical management of OPLL remains a challenge to spine surgeons. Surgical alternatives include anterior, posterior, or circumferential decompression and/or stabilization. Anterior cervical stabilization options include cer...
THE ROLLING HORIZON SCHEME OF TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL

A comparison is made between the rolling horizon strategy of traffic signal control at an isolated intersection and the strategy of switching the signal when a queue vanishes. It is shown that the former strategy has some undesirable consequences.
Off-angle iris correction using a biological model

This work implements an eye model to simulate corneal refraction effects. Using this model, ray tracing is performed to calculate transforms to remove refractive effects in off-angle iris images when reprojected to a frontal view. The correction process is used as a preprocessing step for off-angle iris images for input to a commercial matcher. With this method, a match score distribution mean improvement of 11.65% for 30 degree images, 44.94% for 40 degree images, and 146.1% improvement for 50 degree images is observed versus match score distributions with unmodified images.
Primate Mother-Son “Incest”

The reports that primates almost never mount or copulate with their mothers now appear to be incorrect. Young males and females have occasionally been observed mounting their mothers; males sometimes intromit and thrust. There are good reasons to believe that such mother-son sexual activity has some function other than reproduction. (1) The males involved are either immature or adolescent; fully mature males almost never mount their mothers. (2) Sexual encounters of mother and son differ markedly from normal mating behavior. (3) The male or female offspring is most likely to mount when upset. (4) The mother is frequently, perhaps usually, anestrus when mounted by the son. Mounting of the mother may serve two functions, the reduction of stress and the same ontogenetic function as the mounting of immature peers. Whether primate consanguineous mating is common or rare is relevant to the furious debate about the incidence of human incest and whether nuclear family incest barriers are a function of genetic pre...
The effect of bed diameter on near-wall hydrodynamics in scale-model circulating fluidized beds

Previous research has shown that the diameter of a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) has a significant effect on the heat transfer rates to peripheral walls, a phenomenon important for the application of CFBs as combustors and boilers. In order to better understand the effect of bed diameter on heat transfer, two laboratory-sized scale models were built and run at room temperature. The two units were of the same height and were run at the same operating conditions with the same particles; the only difference was that the diameter of the second unit was 50% larger than that of the first. The two scale models are designed to simulate the hydrodynamic behavior in full-sized pressurized CFB combustors that are 14.3 m tall with diameters of 0.33 and 0.50 m, respectively. To compare the effect of bed diameter on hydrodynamics, the solid-fraction profiles and the fraction of the wall covered by clusters of particles were measured. The coverage of the wall by clusters was determined by analyzing images of visual data recorded with a digital high-speed video camera through the transparent bed wall. The results show that distinctly different solid-fraction profiles exist in the different-sized beds and that a 50% increase in bed diameter can nearly double the fraction of the wall covered by clusters. In addition, statistical analysis of time-resolved measurements of the wall coverage by clusters indicates that the presence of clusters follows a spatial Poisson process, i.e. the arrival of a cluster is an event that is independent from the arrival of other clusters.
Shift of the baryon acoustic oscillation scale: A simple physical picture

A shift of the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) scale to smaller values than predicted by linear theory was observed in simulations. In this paper, we try to provide an intuitive physical understanding of why this shift occurs, explaining in more pedagogical detail earlier perturbation theory calculations. We find that the shift is mainly due to the following physical effect. A measurement of the BAO scale is more sensitive to regions with long wavelength overdensities than underdensities, because (due to non-linear growth and bias) these overdense regions contain larger fluctuations and more tracers and hence contribute more to the total correlation function. In overdense regions the BAO scale shrinks because such regions locally behave as positively curved closed universes, and hence a smaller scale than predicted by linear theory is measured in the total correlation function. Other effects which also contribute to the shift are briefly discussed. We provide approximate analytic expressions for the non-linear shift including a brief discussion of biased tracers and explain why reconstruction should entirely reverse the shift. Our expressions and findings are in agreement with simulation results, and confirm that non-linear shifts should not be problematic for next-generation BAO measurements.
The gravity of “sunrise”

(1977). The gravity of “sunrise”. Quarterly Review of Film Studies: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 356-387.
EFFECT OF POSTNATAL EXPOSURE OF CIMETIDINE ON BLOOD TESTOSTERONE LEVEL AND HEPATIC MICROSOMAL TESTOSTERONE HYDROXYLATION ACTIVITY IN THE RAT

Cimetidine (CIM), a potent anti-ulcer drug, is known to have an anti-androgenic effect, presumably through competitive binding to the dihydrotestosterone receptor. CIM given to men can cause hypoandrogenemia and sexual dysfunction. A single injection of CIM (160 mg/kg) to SD rats 3 days old significantly delayed the increase of body and testes weights. The blood testosterone levels were 30, 90, and 100 mg/dl at 4,6 and 8 weeks after treatment, respectively. These levels were 5 to 7 times lower than those in non-treated rats at corresponding times. Developmental expression of hepatic microsomal testosterone 16α-hydroxylase, which is known to be a malespecific activity and is imprinted by neonatal testosterone, was not significantly affected by this experiment. Treatment of adult male rats with CIM (160 mg/kg/day) for 5 days decreased testosterone levels to one-forth those of nontreated rats. The testosterone metabolites formed by hepatic microsomes from CIM treated adult rats were analyzed by thin layer chromatography; only formation of 16α-hydroxytestosterone was inhibited. CIM in vitro was a better inhibitor of 16α-hydroxylase than of other hydroxylases. Direct binding of CIM or its metabolites to the cytochrome P-450 isozyme specific for 16α-hydroxylation is presumed to be the mechanism of inhibition.
A study of fiber systems within the spinal cord of the domestic pig that subserve pain

A total of 21 domestic pigs were used in a study of spinal cord fiber systems which subserve a pain response in the pig. Distribution of fiber systems were determined by the placement of various lesions into the spinal cord and examining the animal for its ability to give a complete pain response. The Swank-Davenport modification of the Marchi technique for staining degenerating myelnated fibers was used to determine the pattern of trajectory of myelinated fibers along the spinal cord. Lesions were made at the cervical level in three animals and resulting pattern of degenerating fibers was compared with those of the other animals in which the lesions had been placed at lower thoracic levels. In most animals the lesions were limited to a single site on the spinal cord, but in six animals staggered, bilateral hemisections were made to determine whether or not these fiber systems are as diffuse in the pig as has been reported for the cat. The spinal cord fiber systems which subserve a pain response in the pig are located generally within the ventrolateral quadrant of the spinal cord. It was found that only a small portion of one lateral funiculus just ventral to the dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts, if left intact, was sufficient for the elicitation of a pain response from either rear limb. The results presented here indicate that the fiber systems in the spinal cord of the pig which subserve pain responses are more diffuse than in carnivora or in primates.
Optimum quantizer performance for a class of non-Gaussian memoryless sources

The performance of optimum quantizers subject to an entropy constraint is studied for a wide class of memoryless sources. For a general distortion criterion, necessary conditions are developed for optimality and a recursive algorithm is described for obtaining the optimum quantizer. Under a mean-square error criterion, the performance of entropy encoded uniform quantization of memoryless Gaussian sources is well-known to be within 0.255 bits/sample of the rate-distortion bound at relatively high rates. Despite claims to the contrary, it is demonstrated that similar performance can be expected for a wide range of memoryless sources. Indeed, for the cases considered, the worst case performance is observed to be less than 0.3 bits/sample from the rate-distortion bound, and in most cases this disparity is less at Iow rates.
Biochemical Properties of the Ligand-binding 20-kDa Subunit of the -Glucan Receptors on Human Mononuclear Phagocytes

β-Glucan receptors are present on mammalian leukocytes and initiate phagocytosis of particulate yeast β-glucans, such as zymosan particles. Human monocytes and U937 cells express two membrane proteins of 180 and 160 kDa, each of which binds particulate yeast glucan through a 20-kDa polypeptide constituent. In this report, the structural composition of the two β-glucan receptors and the biochemical properties of their polypeptide constituents were examined. The 180-kDa receptor was composed of three disulfide-linked polypeptides of 95, 60, and 20 kDa, whereas the 160-kDa receptor was a multimer of two polypeptides of 27 and 20 kDa. Unlike other receptor constituents, the 20-kDa polypeptide was nonglycosylated and focused at two distinct isoelectric points. Immunoblots of the focused polypeptides showed the two 20-kDa variants and the 95-kDa subunit to be constitutively tyrosine-phosphorylated, a feature not previously reported for receptors on human mononuclear phagocytes. Dephosphorylation of the receptor proteins resulted in the loss of antigenic phosphotyrosine without affecting the antigenicity of either 20-kDa variant for the anti-idiotypic antibody to β-glucan receptors. Separate analysis of the 160-kDa receptor showed it contained both variants of the 20-kDa polypeptide. Thus, the 20-kDa subunit constituent of the two β-glucan receptors is a functionally and chemically unique polypeptide with apparent microheterogeneity in its primary structure.
Chiral symmetry breaking in lattice QCD at finite temperature

Abstract A hamiltonian with continuous chiral symmetries is formulated using Kogut-Susskind fermions in lattice QCD. The finite temperature chiral symmetry breaking transition is discussed at strong coupling. Current algebra relation is derived for the mass of the Goldstone bosons. The effective hamiltonian is shown to reproduce a lattice version of the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model.
STRAIN, PERSONALITY TRAITS, AND DELINQUENCY: EXTENDING GENERAL STRAIN THEORY

Although Agnew's (1992) general strain theory (GST) has secured a fair degree of support since its introduction, researchers have had trouble explaining why some individuals are more likely than others to react to strain with delinquency. This study uses data from the National Survey of Children to address this issue. Drawing on Agnew (1997) and the psychological research on personality traits, it is predicted that juveniles high in negative emotionality and low in constraint will be more likely to react to strain with delinquency. Data support this prediction.
Congressional Apportionment in Tennessee, 1796-1941

The story of Congressional apportionment in Tennessee reveals the extent to which the population of the several districts has been equal or unequal and the degree to which the political parties have had proportionate representation under the various apportionment acts. It further furnishes an analysis of the factors that have produced inequalities in population representation and party representation whenever they have been found to exist. It may illustrate trends in the story of Congressional apportionment in the country as a whole. The Tennessee story must be viewed as a part of the larger national story. Concerning the apportionment of representatives the Supreme Court has said, "Power to apportion representatives after this enumeration is nowhere found among the express powers given to Congress, but it has always been acted upon as irresistibly flowing from the duty positively enjoined by the Constitution." 1 Congress has enacted an apportionment law soon after the completion of each decennial census, in every instance but one. It was not until 1929 that an apportionment act was passed on the basis of the census of 1920. The apportionment act passed following the seventh census provided for an automatic apportionment after each succeeding census.2 The Secretary of the Interior certified the apportionment according to the law of 1861, but this apportionment was replaced by one enacted in 1862.3 The apportionment act of 19294 provides for an automatic apportioning of representatives unless Congress directs that the apportionment prepared by the President as provided in the act shall not become effective.
Sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of Neoproterozoic and Cambrian units across a craton-margin hinge zone, southeastern California, and implications for the early evolution of the Cordilleran margin

Abstract Neoproterozoic–basal Cambrian strata exposed in eastern California represent the deposits of a craton-margin hinge zone that formed in response to the fragmentation of the Neoproterozoic supercontinent, Rodinia. One unresolved question regarding the late Neoproterozoic stratigraphy in the southwestern United States has been the interpretation of paleotectonic affinity for rocks deposited above the glaciogenic Kingston Peak Formation. Of central concern has been attempts to identify the position in this stratigraphy, where rift-related sediments give way to passive-margin deposits. Subsidence analyses suggest that rifting occurred near the start of the Cambrian, perhaps coincident with the feldspathic middle member Wood Canyon Formation. It rests on a disconformity that represents the base of the Sauk Supersequence and would likely represent the break-up unconformity in subsidence analysis models. Middle member Wood Canyon and overlying Lower–Middle Cambrian strata extend far into the craton. Detailed sedimentary facies and sequence stratigraphic analysis of post-Kingston Peak, pre-middle Wood Canyon rocks indicate that depositional facies in this succession (distal alluvial through shallow subtidal) are similar to units deposited on the stable craton. Further, these pre-Sauk units, which can be divided into multiple, principally eustatically driven depositional sequences are correlated across long distances and even lap onto the edge of the stable craton. We suggest the Kingston Peak Formation is the principal rift-generated deposit and the overlying thick, predominantly siliciclastic, section represents the basal deposits of the Cordilleran passive margin. Kingston Peak strata consist of thick, coarse diamictites interbedded with turbidites; such facies are unique in the overall stratigraphy but are similar to other known rift deposits. Although the age of the Kingston Peak Formation is not well constrained and may be as young as ∼590 Ma, it may correlate with the Rapitan–Sturtian glaciation (∼720 Ma), which would place middle Wood Canyon strata some 150 Ma younger than the start of rifting.
Performance validation of an irradiance redistribution guide

Science Applications International Corporation has used a unique nonimaging-optical global optimization computer code, NICOS, to design an innovative secondary concentrator for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). NICOS allows for the optimal design of such devices to achieve a variety of irradiance distributions on a desired target. The case of interest to NREL called for a uniform irradiance of concentrated sunlight over a relatively large area and at a reasonable working distance from the exit of the device. Because the irradiance at the nominal focal point of NREL's High-Flux Solar Furnace (HFSF) was reshaped from a near- Gaussian distribution to a nearly uniform one, the designs generated have been called irradiance redistribution guides (IRG). A design featuring reentrant optics was selected for fabrication and testing. This IRG has been fabricated and tested at the HFSF to compare predicted and measured performance. The IRG's performance is close to the theoretical predictions. Much of the performance difference can be explained by discrepancies between the actual HFSF performance relative to that assumed in the NICOS predictions. This IRG will be useful for applications in which uniform solar concentration at moderate flux is required. In general, the design methodology and resulting devices can provide a new way to satisfy diverse flux tailoring needs.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Neisseria sicca peritonitis in a patient maintained on chronic peritoneal dialysis

Neisseria sicca, previously classified as a “nonpathogenic” organism, has now been recognized as a cause of many infections, including endocarditis and meningitis. However, it has not been reported as a cause of peritonitis. We present a case of documentedN. sicca peritonitis immediately following an episode ofStaphylococcus aureus peritonitis in a pediatric chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) patient.N. sicca should be considered as a possible pathogen in CPD-associated peritonitis.
Models for Evaluating Services at Community Mental Health Centers

Models for evaluating mental health treatment include the organizational model, the care-process model, the consumer-evaluation model, the efficacy model, and the community-impact model. Although organizational data (such as type of programs, number of personnel, amount of available funds, and quality of practitioners' training) are most frequently used to assess mental health centers, the author discusses the data generated by each of the other models. He also examines the advantages and disadvantages of applying such data to the evaluation of mental health services.
The dielectric constant of SPC/E water

Abstract Constant temperature molecular dynamics ( N , V , T ensemble) calculations are performed on 216 SPC/E water molecules at temperatures T =298 and 373 K and density 1 g/cm 3 , using the reaction field method. The calculated values for the static dielectric constant are ϵ 0 =70.7±0.8 at T =298 K and ϵ 0 =51±0.35 at T =373 K, which are in satisfactory agreement with experiment. We have also calculated the temperature dependence of the Kirkwood g K factor. The calculated g K factor decreases with temperature, also in agreement with experiment.
MISSION DESIGN FOR DEEP SPACE 1 : A LOW-THRUST TECHNOLOGY VALIDATION MISSION

Abstract Deep Space 1 (DS1), currently scheduled for launch in July or August 1998, is the first mission of NASA's New Millennium program, chartered to flight validate high-risk, advanced technologies important for future space and Earth science programs. DS1's payload of technologies will be rigorously exercised during the two-year mission. Several features of the project present unique or unusual opportunities and challenges in the design of the mission that are likely to be encountered in future missions. The principal mission-driving technology is solar electric propulsion (SEP); this will be the first mission to rely on SEP as the primary source of propulsion. Another important technology for the mission design is the autonomous on-board navigation system, which requires frequent (at least weekly) intervals of several hours during which it collects visible images of distant asteroids and stars for its use in orbit determination and maneuver planning. The mission design accommodates the needs of these and other technologies for operational use and for acquiring sufficient validation data to assess their viability for future missions. DS1's mission profile includes encounters with an asteroid and a comet.
Buying environment characteristics in the context of e‐service

Purpose – This study aims to examine how buying environment characteristics, which are not directly associated with price or product information, are related to overall e‐satisfaction; and how e‐satisfaction and e‐loyalty are interrelated.Design/methodology/approach – A convenience sample of 366 female and male college students from three universities (East coast, Midwest and West coast) participated. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling via LISREL 8.0 were conducted.Findings – The findings showed that, of the six dimensions of buying environment characteristics, convenience, web appearance and entertainment value had a direct effect on e‐satisfaction. In addition, the study found a significant positive relationship between e‐satisfaction and e‐loyalty.Research limitations/implications – Generalizing the results is limited by the use of a convenience sample of college students. To generalize the findings, more diversified random samples across gender a...
Men and Horses: Circus Studs, Sporting Males and the Performance of Purity in Fin-de-Siècle France

As the modern domain of sport put pressure on the corporeal manifestations of class, gender and race, French sports enthusiasts of the fin-de-siecle promoted equestrianism for producing, if not for revealing, true French manhood. Such manhood was also projected onto the thoroughbred horse, but in a contradictory way since the thoroughbred could refer both to a superior, pure race – an aristocracy – and to a superiority achieved through scientific engineering or training – a bourgeoisie. The attempts to promote equestrianism, for competition or the circus, like efforts to lay claim to the thoroughbred, moreover, implicated both aristocrats and bourgeois in a performative dynamic of bodily display that worked against the normative masculinity riding was said to promote. In the face of such risks of exhibitionism, however, the performance of men and horses together helped to refashion the meaning of virility, as of male spectacle.
A GLM approach to step-stress accelerated life testing with interval censoring

Abstract In this paper, we present a statistical inference procedure for the step-stress accelerated life testing (SSALT) model with Weibull failure time distribution and interval censoring via the formulation of generalized linear model (GLM). The likelihood function of an interval censored SSALT is in general too complicated to obtain analytical results. However, by transforming the failure time to an exponential distribution and using a binomial random variable for failure counts occurred in inspection intervals, a GLM formulation with a complementary log–log link function can be constructed. The estimations of the regression coefficients used for the Weibull scale parameter are obtained through the iterative weighted least square (IWLS) method, and the shape parameter is updated by a direct maximum likelihood (ML) estimation. The confidence intervals for these parameters are estimated through bootstrapping. The application of the proposed GLM approach is demonstrated by an industrial example.
Confidence Intervals for Estimation of the Concentration and Brightness of Multiple Diffusing Species

Understanding the effects of myofibroblasts on the electrical and mechanical functions of the heart is important to understanding the long-term consequences of cardiac fibrosis and myocardial infarction, but the effects are difficult to quantify. Cardiac fibroblasts convert from their quiescent state to the larger and contractile myofibroblasts phenotype under conditions of hypertension and following myocardial infarction. The excess fibrous connective tissue produced by myofibroblasts stiffens heart muscle and the presence of the MFs disrupts the normal pattern of electrical excitation of the cardiomyoctyes. In a model tissue system we have developed in our laboratories (engineered heart tissues, EHTs), overgrowth of myofibroblasts leads to an increase in average (tonic) contractile stress and, eventually, a shut-down of periodic or twitch contractile stress. To understand how myofibroblast/cardiomyoctye interactions relate to conduction and contraction changes in EHTs, a series of coupled mechanical and electrophysiological simulations and experiments were performed.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Late Tertiary floral assemblage from upland gravel deposits of the southern Maryland Coastal Plain

A diverse flora has been discovered in a dark clay lens in upland gravel in southern Maryland near Brandywine. More than 49 taxa have been identified in the assemblage, which includes leaves, seeds, fruits, pollen, and a Taxodium (bald cypress) trunk. The vegetation is dominated by deciduous trees and vines. Four taxa are now absent from North America but survive elsewhere; one is extinct. A late Miocene age and warm-temperate climate are inferred from the flora. The clay lens probably represents a cutoff distributary in the extensive braided stream system that covered the area and is unique in Maryland. Similar dark clays have been described from Miocene sands and gravels in New Jersey. The Brandywine flora is the first direct evidence of the Miocene age of part of the fluvial upland deposits of Maryland. On the basis of the age inferred from the flora, the Brandywine deposit is correlated with the St. Marys Formation or the Eastover Formation, which are upper Miocene shelly marine units south and southeast of Brandywine.
Liquid phase PVT data, excess volume data, constant volume excess thermodynamic functions, and thermal pressures for ten binary mixtures

Abstract Liquid phase PVT data were obtained at 0°C, 45°C, and 90°C for pressures from 1–217.7 atm for various binary mixtures for the systems benzene—acetone, carbontetrachloride—acetone, acetonitrile—carbontetrachloride, toluene—acetonitrile, and ethanol—toluene. Excess volume data were obtained at 45°C for the same systems as well as for mixtures of toluene—nitroethane, toluene—acetone, acetonitrile—benzene, nitromethane—benzene, and ethanol—benzene Constant volume thermodynamic excess functions U E V , H E V , A E V , G E V , and TS E V were computed for each of the ten systems and are presented. It was found that mole fraction averages of each of these excess functions agree almost exactly with experimental values. Thermal pressures were also calculated for each of the ten systems and found to agree within 1–3% with mole fraction averages.
Vagus Nerve Stimulation in the Treatment of Refractory Epilepsy

Many patients with epilepsy suffer from persistent seizures despite maximal anti-epileptic drug therapy. Chronic, intermittent vagus nerve stimulation has been proven to be an effective option for many patients suffering from refractory seizures who are not candidates for surgical resection. Although only a small minority of patients will be entirely seizure-free, vagus nerve stimulation, as an adjunct to medical therapy, may result in significant improvements in quality of life. Vagus nerve stimulation is generally well-tolerated, as device implantation is associated with a low rate of perioperative complications, and the majority of side effects are stimulation-dependent and thus reversible.
Depression, suicidal preoccupation, and rational thinking.

Etude mettant a l'epreuve aupres de 201 etudiants l'hypothese d'une association entre la pensee irrationnelle et la depression et d'une correlation independante de la premiere, entre les preoccupations suicidaires et la tendance aux idees irrationnelles
Transepithelial potential and short-circuit current across the isolated skin ofGillichthys mirabilis (Teleostei: Gobiidae), acclimated to 5% and 100% seawater

Skin samples taken from the scaleless and well-vascularized area of the lower jaw were used in a modified Ussing chamber to test for electrogenic ion transport. In the absence of electrochemical gradients the skin developed a transepithelial potential (TEP) of 10–30 mV, serosa-positive, with a short-circuit current (SCC) of 13.7±3 or 20.8±7 μamp/cm2 for fish acclimated to 5% or 100% sea water, respectively. Iodoacetamide +2,4-dinitrophenol, ouabain, or acetazolamide rapidly inhibited the TEP and SCC when perfused on the serosal side, but had little effect when added to the mucosal side. Sodium-, potassium-, or chloride-free Ringer, on both sides, reversibly reduced the TEP and SCC to near zero. The results indicate active ion transport acrossGillichthys skin and suggest a functional chloride excreting pump in the skin of seawater-adapted fish.
Exposures of field‐grown lettuce to geothermal air pollution — photosynthetic and stomatal responses

Abstract Field‐grown lettuce was exposed in‐situ to a facsimile geothermal gas mixture (15 CO2: 1 H2S: 1 CH4: 2 N2 parts by volume added to air). The objective was to determine the effects of geothermal air pollution on photosynthesis and stomatal diffusion resistance during a three‐hour period of exposure. The question was to what degree the extra CO2 might compensate for the phytotoxic effect of H2S during an exposure analogous to fumigation by a typical geothermal power plant plume. The apparent mean values indicate a stimulation of photosynthesis and a relaxation of stomatal resistance at low concentrations. There is no significant depression of photosynthesis until exposure concentrations approach 75 ppm CO2: 5 ppm H2S added to air. The normal variation in photosynthesis is so high (coefficient of variation .5) that it is necessary to take many samples to establish a mean, and this should be considered in designing future experiments.
Error control in wireless sensor networks: a cross layer analysis

Error control is of significant importance for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) because of their severe energy constraints and the low power communication requirements. In this paper, a cross-layer methodology for the analysis of error control schemes in WSNs is presented such that the effects of multi-hop routing and the broadcast nature of the wireless channel are investigated. More specifically, the cross-layer effects of routing, medium access, and physical layers are considered. This analysis enables a comprehensive comparison of forward error correction (FEC) codes, automatic repeat request (ARQ), and hybrid ARQ schemes in WSNs. The validation results show that the developed framework closely follows simulation results. Hybrid ARQ and FEC schemes improve the error resiliency of communication compared to ARQ. In a multi-hop network, this improvement can be exploited by constructing longer hops (hop length extension), which can be achieved through channel-aware routing protocols, or by reducing the transmit power (transmit power control). The results of our analysis reveal that for hybrid ARQ schemes and certain FEC codes, the hop length extension decreases both the energy consumption and the end-to-end latency subject to a target packet error rate (PER) compared to ARQ. This decrease in end-to-end latency is crucial for delay sensitive, real-time applications, where both hybrid ARQ and FEC codes are strong candidates. We also show that the advantages of FEC codes are even more pronounced as the network density increases. On the other hand, transmit power control results in significant savings in energy consumption at the cost of increased latency for certain FEC codes. The results of our analysis also indicate the cases where ARQ outperforms FEC codes for various end-to-end distance and target PER values.