cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Apocynin Exerts Dose-Dependent Cardioprotective Effects by Attenuating Reactive Oxygen Species in Ischemia/Reperfusion: A Recent Study

Ischemia/reperfusion results in cardiac contractile dysfunction and cell death partly due to increased reactive oxygen species and decreased endothelial-derived nitric oxide bioavailability. Ischemia/reperfusion injury is initiated in part by endothelial dysfunction, which occurs within 5 min of reperfusion. NADPH oxidase normally produces reactive oxygen species to facilitate cell signalling and differentiation; however, excessive release of such species following ischemia exacerbates cell death. Thus, administration of an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, may preserve cardiac function and reduce infarct size following ischemia. Apocynin dose-dependently (40 \(\mu\)M, 400 \(\mu\)M and 1 mM) attenuated leukocyte superoxide release by 87 ± 7%. Apocynin was also given to isolated perfused hearts after ischemia, with infarct size decreasing to 39 ± 7% (40 \(\mu\)M), 28 ± 4% (400 \(\mu\)M; p < 0.01) and 29 ± 6% (1 mM; p < 0.01), versus the control’s 46 ± 2%. This decrease correlated with improved final post-reperfusion left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, which decreased from 60 ± 5% in control hearts to 56 ± 5% (40 \(\mu\)M), 43 ± 4% (400 \(\mu\)M; p < 0.01) and 48 ± 5% (1 mM; p < 0.05), compared to baseline. Functionally, apocynin (13.7 mg/kg, I.V.) significantly reduced H2O2 by nearly four-fold and increased endothelial-derived nitric oxide bioavailability by nearly four-fold during reperfusion compared to controls (p < 0.01), which was confirmed in in vivo rat hind limb ischemia/reperfusion models. These results suggest that apocynin attenuates ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac contractile dysfunction and infarct size by inhibiting reactive oxygen species release from NADPH oxidase.
Prediction of chemo-response for serous ovarian cancer using DNA methylation patterns with deep machine learning (AI)

Objectives: Patients with high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) that do not respond to initial chemotherapy have a poor prognosis. DNA methylation has been implicated in epigenetic regulation of chemotherapy response. We hypothesize that processing genomic data from HGSC patients with deep learning algorithms will improve the prediction performance of chemo-response. Our aims are to build a prediction model of chemo-response using deep machine learning (AI) and DNA methylation data, and to compare the performance of this model with models built with more traditional methods of statistical learning. Methods: Chemotherapy response was defined as progression-free survival (PFS) greater than 6 months (N=45). Non-response to chemotherapy was defined as stable or progressive disease during initial therapy, or recurrence within 6 months after completion of therapy (N=36). DNA was extracted from 81 patients with HGSC at the University of Iowa and methylation status was performed with IlluminaEPIC arrays. A prediction model of chemo-response using MetylNet, open source, deep learning (AI) network was created. This model was compared to a model built with lasso, a statistical learning regression method that includes k-fold cross validation. The performance on both models were measured with area under the curve (AUC) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: The AUC of the AI prediction model was 62.5% with a 95% CI of 33.9%, 91.1%. With a sensitivity of 90%, the calculated negative predictive value was 85.7%. The performance of the lasso model, measured in AUC, was 80% with a 95% CI of 72%, 89%. CIs of both AUCs’ models overlapped. Conclusions: Performance of neither model was superior, however the lasso method had more precise 95% confidence intervals. This pilot study shows that is possible to build prediction models of chemo-response with DNA methylation patterns using AI algorithms. To improve the performance of AI models we will need to increase sample size and optimize hyperparameter selection. The best model would ultimately require an independent data set for validation.
Energy Charge and Protein Synthesis CONTROL OF AMINOACYL TRANSFER RIBONUCLEIC ACID SYNTHETASES

Abstract The histidyl transfer RNA synthetase of Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 is inhibited by ADP and AMP, and consequently is responsive to energy charge. The arginyl-, valyl-, and lysyl-tRNA synthetases from Salmonella are also inhibited by ADP and AMP. Reduced inhibition of a mutant histidyl-tRNA synthetase adds support to the idea that the greater inhibition of the wild type enzyme is not fortuitous, but is maintained to serve a physiological function. By affecting the activity of the various aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, energy charge could regulate the site of the charged tRNA pool and thus control the rate of protein synthesis.
An algorithm for boundary discovery in wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of a large number of nodes networked via wireless links. In many WSN settings, sensor nodes are deployed in an ad hoc manner. One important issue in this context is to detect the boundary of the deployed network to ensure that the sensor nodes cover the target area. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm that can be used to discover the boundary of a randomly deployed WSN. The algorithm does not require the sensor nodes to be equipped with positioning devices and is scalable for large number of nodes. Simulation experiments are developed to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms for different network topologies. The simulation results show that the algorithm detects the boundary nodes of the network with high accuracy.
Latin American Economic Integration

The first half of 1980 has proven to be very eventful in the area of Latin American integration. The Andean Common Market (ANCOM) and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), in all out efforts to survive, are moving ahead towards meeting their prescribed goals and objectives. The Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA) however, has undergone a radical transformation; it is being replaced by a new organization, the Latin American Integration Association (LAI A). This new organization will focus its effort on continuing those policies which have proven successful under LAFTA, while deemphasizing those policies which have failed under the LAFTA framework. In many of the member countries comprising these groups, however, domestic political considerations may have a negative impact on their ability to contribute to the group's goals. This is especially true in Bolivia and Ecuador, where elections are scheduled for the near future.
Darwin's Hummingbirds

Island ecosystems are great places to view evolution in action. In their Perspective, Altshuler and Clark discuss studies on the islands of the Lesser Antilles (Temeles and Kress) that reveal a striking morphological coevolution of the beaks of male and female hummingbirds and the Heliconia flowers on which they feed.
Synthesis of [7-14C]bergapten

Bergapten (1) is a furocoumarin natural product and currently employed to treat skin disorders. Since past attempts to radiolabel 1 with (14) C were limited to only its 5-methoxy group, a synthesis of the required ring [7-(14) C]1 is now described. The literature reported precursor 4-methoxy-6-hydroxybenzofuran-5-carboxaldehyde (3) was Wittig reacted with stabilized [carbonyl-(14) C]methoxycarbonylmethylenetriphenylphosphorane (4) to obtain [7-(14) C]1 in 47% radiochemical yield, with the desired product being characterized by thin-layer chromatography, HPLC, m.p. and proton NMR.
McCulloch–Pitts Neurons

The ‘McCulloch–Pitts neuron’ is an abstraction of the computational functions of a biological neuron. This model ‘neuron’ has two states, on or off, it sums activation from other neurons, and it enters the on-state when the sum of its inputs exceeds a threshold. Networks composed of such abstract “neurons” can compute any finite logical expression. Keywords: theoretical neuroscience; neural networks; theory of computation; history of neuroscience; logic; computational neuroscience
Diurnal stream habitat use of juvenile Atlantic salmon, brown trout and rainbow trout in winter

Abstract The diurnal winter habitat of three species of juvenile salmonids was examined in a tributary of Skaneateles Lake, NY to compare habitat differences among species and to determine if species/age classes were selecting specific habitats. A total of 792 observations were made on the depth, velocity, substrate and cover (amount and type) used by sympatric subyearling Atlantic salmon, subyearling brown trout and subyearling and yearling rainbow trout. Subyearling Atlantic salmon occurred in shallower areas with faster velocities and less cover than the other salmonid groups. Subyearling salmon was also the only group associated with substrate of a size larger than the average size substrate in the study reach during both winters. Subyearling brown trout exhibited a preference for vegetative cover. Compared with available habitat, yearling rainbow trout were the most selective in their habitat use. All salmonid groups were associated with more substrate cover in 2002 under high flow conditions. Differences in the winter habitat use of these salmonid groups have important management implications in terms of both habitat protection and habitat enhancement.
AFM Investigation of Avian Influenza Viruses

The present paper describes a direct label-free diagnostic method that uses atomic force microscopy (AFM) to identify avian influenza virus strains through their electrical properties. In this method, a single virus particle is sandwiched between a rigid, conductive substrate and a conductive AFM tip (radius ∼ 8nm). Electrical characterization is achieved by probing the complex impedance spectrum of the sandwiched virus while mechanical characterization is achieved through nanoindentation. A total of three virus strains (inactivated) with different combinations of glycoprotein subtypes (H2N2, H3N5 and H4N6) were tested. Results from the electrical characterization indicate that the impedance spectra of different virus strains are indeed different. While the average electrical capacitance of a virus particle is about 17pF, the variation from one strain to another can be as high as 70%. A COMSOL Multiphysics™ simulation was carried out to estimate the electrical properties of the glycoproteins on the virus particle by comparing the simulated capacitance to the experimentally obtained values. The result indicates that the electrical conductivity of the glycoproteins is in the range of 9 to 14 mS and the dielectric constant value is around 2. The present results strongly suggest the possibility of using AFM as a diagnostic tool for direct recognition of avian influenza virus strains.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Plasma Thyrotropin, Thyroxine, and Triiodothyronine Relationships in Man

The physiologic relationships of plasma TSH, T4 and T3 levels measured every 20 min in seven healthy young men and one healthy young woman have been investigated. A nocturnal TSH surge was observed in all subjects on both nights of the 36-48 h baseline observation period. In males the maximum plasma TSH value occurred at 2300 h. The mean peak TSH level was 2.0 +/- 0.3 (se) muU/ml compared with a mean of 1.3 +/- 0.9 muU/ml for the entire baseline records of the 8 subjects. The effect of iv infusion of 32-1000 mug of somatostatin (SRIF) for 1 1/2-3 h was investigated in four of the male subjects during 2 or 4 consecutive nights following the control period. Temporal relationships between the hormonal fluctuations observed throughout the control period and during the nights of SRIF infusion were investigated using time series analysis and Student's t test. Rapid fluctuations of plasma T4 and T3 concentration were noted, even when corrected for changes in total protein concentration, with an average coefficient of variation of 10% for T3 and 12% for T4. No increment of plasma T4 or T3 followed the nocturnal TSH surge nor were the rapid fluctuations of the thyroid hormones altered by the TSH surge. SRIF infusion commencing at 2300 h suppressed the elevated TSH levels (P is less than 0.01) while similar infusions begun at 2100 h blocked the expected nocturnal TSH rise observed during control periods in male subjects. Plasma T4 and T3 levels were not significantly affected by the administration of SRIF. The relationship of the rapid plasma T4 and T3 variations to postural changes was investigated in four euthyroid male subjects. Serum levels of TSH, T4 and T3 and total protein were determined at 15 min intervals while postural changes were carefully monitored. The ratios of T4 and T3 to total protein were relatively stable (3-4% coefficient of variation) when the subjects were kept in a supine and motionless position. A 50 mug bolus infusion of T4 raised the basal T4 level by only 1-2 mug/dl. The data suggest that short-term fluctuation of plasma T4 and T3 result from changes in protein concentration due to hemodynamic responses to alteration of posture and physical activity and not to pulsatile secretion of T4 and T3.
Fluid Flow in Axial Reentrant Grooves with Application to Heat Pipes

The fully developed laminar flow within a reentrant groove has been analyzed using a finite element model. A parametric analysis was carried out to determine the Poiseuille number Po = fRe, the dimensionless mean velocity v ∗ , and the dimensionless volumetric flow rate ˙ V ∗ as functions of the geometry of the reentrant groove (groove height 1.0 < ‐ H ∗ < 4.0, slot half-width 0.05 < W ∗ /2 < 0.9, and fillet radius 0.0 < R ∗ < ‐ 1.0), and the liquid‐vapor shear stress (0.0 < −τ ∗ lv < 2.5). The case in which the meniscus recedes into the reentrant groove was examined and could be a result of evaporator dryout or insufficient liquid fill amount. The cross-sectional area of the liquid in the groove, A ∗ , the meniscus radius R ∗, and the aforementioned flow variables were calculated as functions of the meniscus contact angle (0 < ‐ φ < ‐ 40 deg) and the meniscus attachment point (0.0 < H∗ l < ‐ 2.75). Finally, the results of the numerical model were used to determine the capillary limit of a low-temperature heat pipe with two different working fluids, water and ethanol, for a range of meniscus contact angles.
Evaluating the Economic Significance of Polymetallic Sulfides Deposits

The current economic significance of ocean ridge polymetallic sulfide deposits is evaluated. Present and future sources of demand and supply for the contained metals are considered along with the potential for and conditions likely to foster substitution away from their use and the implications of technical change for production costs over time. Estimates of future value are discounted into present terms. International legal and political parameters are examined. The deposits appear to have negligible present resource value, but knowledge about them is valuable in itself.
Selective extraction of histones with sodium chloride and urea

Abstract Dispersed chromatin from chicken erythrocyte nuclei was treated with increasing concentrations of NaCl and of urea. The resulting preparations were fractionated into dissociated proteins and partially depleted nucleohistone. Both dissociated and remaining histones were characterized by disc electrophoresis. Fractions F2b and F2a2 are extracted selectively but not quantitatively by 0.2 M NaCl in 4 M urea. 0.3 M NaCl in 8 M urea extracts F2b, F2a2, F2a1, and F3 almost completely without removing F1 and F2c.
Resistance of potato tubers to Erwinia carotovora and formation of rishitin and phytuberin in infected tissue

Abstract Rishitin and phytuberin were present in the rotted tissue of potato tubers inoculated with Erwinia carotovora (varieties atroseptica and carotovora) and incubated in air. When tubers were wounded and inoculated with E. carotovora var. atroseptica differences were found between the extent of rotting of maincrop cultivars but there was no correlation between the extent of rotting of the different cultivars and the concentrations of rishitin and phytuberin formed. In tubers of any one cultivar the least extensive rots contained the highest levels of rishitin, and there was some evidence that this compound may contribute to resistance of tubers. Five other terpenoid compounds, in addition to rishitin and phytuberin, were formed in the rots of the eight cultivars studied.
Catalytic preparation of narrow pore size distribution mesoporous carbon

The carbon deposited during the catalytic decomposition of CH4 over Ni, Co or Fe particles, at temperatures between 500 and 780 °C, was investigated by N2 adsorption, TEM and XPS. A much larger amount of carbon was formed on Ni than on Co or Fe. The pore size distribution curves indicate that the carbon deposited on the three metals has most of the pores in the 3–4 nm range. The proportion of pores in that range decreases on Ni, but increases on Co or Fe with reaction time. During the CH4 decomposition over Ni at 500 °C, two kinds of carbon were identified: 1) nanotube carbon (with the smallest inner diameter of about 3 nm) and 2) mesoporous carbon. At high temperatures, almost only the mesoporous carbon with a narrow pore size distribution around 3.5 nm could be observed. It is likely that the nanotubes are the precursors of the mesoporous carbon, because the inner diameter of the smaller ones is almost equal to the size of the pores, and the nanotubes are no longer present at high temperatures.
Design and deployment of a Multi-Agent System on a hardware prototype

In this paper, a design and deployment of a Multi-Agent System (MAS) for a power system reconfiguration, restoration and load shedding is realized. The designed MAS is based on the human Immune System (IS) behavior in which different cells interact in order to heal the body. The proposed MAS is able to detect and isolate faults, reconfigure and restore power to the healthy loads and perform load shedding when necessary. The MAS system is implemented in microcontroller hardware and deployed on a power system testbed. The prototype is based on a shipboard power system and it is built for real time testing and development of Multi-agent systems. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed MAS is very effective and promising in solving complex problems in power systems in general and specifically shipboard power systems.
Ballistic electron waveguide adder

We analyze a quantum network, constructed with ballistic electron waveguides, which can add one-bit binary numbers. We consider two different adder networks, one constructed with Hadamard gates and the other constructed with $\sqrt{\mathrm{NOT}}$ gates. Reflection of electron probability at the gates causes a loss in fidelity of the overall calculation. A fidelity requirement for the implementation of individual rotation gates corresponding to a probability $pg1∕2$ of completing the addition successfully is found.
Examining the tradeoff between residential broadband service coverage and network connectivity using a bi‐objective facility location model*

The spatial distribution of current telecommunication infrastructures has led to the inequality of broadband access in residential areas. Addressing such inequality requires the consideration of many criteria that are often conflicting. In this paper, we focus on two important factors using a bi-objective model that maximizes the overall broadband coverage and the services quality as measured by network connectivity. This model is applied to the DSL services in Fairfield County, Ohio. We explore the tradeoffs among different facility location scenarios and discuss their implications to the location of residential broadband services. Resumen La distribucion espacial de la infraestructura de telecomunicaciones actual ha conllevado una desigualdad en el acceso a banda ancha en areas residenciales. El tratar dicha desigualdad requiere el considerar muchos criterios que a menudo estan en conflicto. En este articulo nos centramos en dos factores importantes utilizando un modelo biobjetivo que maximiza la cobertura en general de banda ancha y la calidad de servicios medidos mediante la conectividad de red. Este modelo se aplica a servicios de DSL en el condado de Fairfield, Ohio. Exploramos las ventajas relativas entre diferentes escenarios de localizacion de servicios y discutimos sus implicaciones en la localizacion de servicios residenciales de banda ancha.
Periclase solid solutions containing Li+1 and R+3 ions

Recent work on phase equilibria diagrams has shown that periclase can take R+3 (Cr+3, Al+3, and Fe+3) in solid solution at elevated temperatures. In order to retain electrical neutrality, 2R+3 and a vacancy replaces 3Mg+2 in the periclase lattices. When Li+1 is added to MgO/R2O3 compositions, one Li+1 and one R+3 replaces 2 Mg+2 to form a solid solution which is stable at room temperature. These periclase solid solutions are more stable under conditions of temperature fluctuations and hydration than periclase/R2O3 solid solutions without lithia.
Isolation of Chinese hamster ovary cells with reduced poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity.

Abstract The biological function of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in DNA repair, cell-cycle regulation and cellular differentiation has yet to be defined. Isolation of cells which are deficient in poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis would greatly facilitate the determination of the biological role of this enzyme. A method is described for isolating Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells deficient in the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity by direct screening of colonies for enzyme activity. Colonies with decreased production of poly(ADP-ribose) are recovered from nylon replicas for further analysis. Using this method we have isolated a series of CHO cells which have 50% or less poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity. These mutants have normal generation times and are 20% more sensitive to the effects of DNA (m)ethylating agents than the parental cell. However, these mutants display normal sensitivity to γ-rays.
Proposed Role for a Combination of Citric Acid and Ascorbic Acid in the Production of Dietary Iron Overload: A Fundamental Cause of Disease

This paper presents a review of the significant body of literature liking dietary iron overload, not only to heart disease, but also to cancer, diabetes, osteoporosis, arthritis, and possibly other disorders. Following an analysis of our understanding of the mechanistic role iron plays in oxidative damage, an interpretation of the fact that plasma concentrations of several antioxidants are decreased in the presence of disease is offered. Evaluation of (1) age-related dietary trends over time and (2) factors involved in iron absorption leads to the hypothesis that the combination of citric acid and ascorbic acid (a synergistic pair of strong enhancers) is instrumental in causing a deleterious increase in iron load in aging populations. Iron overload may be the most important common etiologic factor in the development of the diseases mentioned; therefore, the synergistic combination of citric and ascorbic acids may play a major role in our worsening disease statistics. Evidence to support this hypothesis and possible experiments to test it are included. This combination needs further study, particularly because the iron overload produced may be correctable.
Primary processes in photosynthesis: Insitu ESR studies on the light induced oxidized and triplet state of reaction center bacteriochlorophyll

Summary ESR studies at liquid helium temperatures have been conducted on chromatophore and subchromatophore preparations from Chromatium D. If the primary electron acceptor of reaction center bacteriochlorophyll is chemically in a reduced state before illumination, the light activated exited state bacteriochlorophyll is prevented from undergoing oxidation. This is evidenced under these conditions by the absence of the familiar g ≅ 2 signal. Instead, a new ESR spectrum is generated in the light. This is comprised of both absorption and emission bands. The oxidation-reduction potential dependence and kinetics of the ESR changes, activated by laser pulses, suggest the signals represent bacteriochlorophyll in the triplet state. This state could be a primary intermediate in the early light activated transitions of photosynthesis.
The use of loan sales and standby letters of credit by commercial banks

Abstract This paper examines the incentives banks have to engage in ‘off balance sheet’ activities such as commercial loan sales and the issuance of standby letters of credit (SLCs). I show that loan sales and loans backed by SLCs have payoff characteristics similar to secured debt. Like secured debt, off balance sheet activities permit banks to sell a portion of the cash flows associated with new investment oppurtunities. This ability permits banks to invest in loans with positive net present values that they would pass up if restricted to deposit financing. An examination of the risk premium on large certificates of deposit provides evidence consistent with the model.
Ground motion scaling methods for different site conditions and structure characteristics

Non-linear dynamic time-history analyses conducted as part of a performance-based seismic design approach often require that the ground motion records are scaled to a specified level of seismic intensity. Recent research has demonstrated that certain ground motion scaling methods can introduce a large scatter in the estimated seismic demands. The resulting demand estimates may be biased, leading to designs with significant uncertainty and unknown margins of safety, unless a relatively large ensemble of ground motion records is used. This paper investigates the effectiveness of seven ground motion scaling methods in reducing the scatter in estimated peak lateral displacement demands. Non-linear single-degree-of-freedom systems and non-linear multi-degree-of-freedom systems are considered with different site conditions (site soil profile and epicentral distance) and structural characteristics (yield strength, period, and hysteretic behavior). It is shown that scaling methods that work well for ground motions representative of stiff soil and far-field conditions lose their effectiveness for soft soil and near-field conditions for a wide range of structural characteristics. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coordination of multiple memory systems

On the basis of lesions of different brain areas, several neural systems appear to be important for processing information regarding different types of learning and memory. This paper examines the development of pharmacological and neurochemical approaches to multiple memory systems from past studies of modulation of memory formation. The findings suggest that peripheral neuroendocrine mechanisms that regulate memory processing may target their actions toward those neural systems most engaged in the processing of learning and memory. In addition, measurements of acetylcholine release in different memory systems reveals extensive interactions between memory systems, some cooperative and some competitive. These results imply that many neural systems, often characterized as relatively independent, may in fact interact extensively, blurring the dependencies of different memory tasks on specific neural systems.
Do preschool teachers consider inferences for book discussions

This study examined whether or not preschool teachers attended to instances requiring inference‐making in story books. Thirty‐one preschool teachers were asked to read three fictional story books and to identify parts of the story that would be difficult for young children to interpret. Additionally, they were asked to construct questions that they would ask three to five year olds about the stories during classroom book reading. As expected, in many instances, teachers did not identify the need for inference‐making as a part of the stories that would require explanation, and did not generate analytical questions about inferences to be directed at young children. Results indicated that there were no differences between types of teacher responses on the basis of educational level or years of teaching experience. The outcomes are discussed in terms of young children’s cognitive and language abilities and suggest that preschool teachers need to be made aware of young children’s limited understandings of non‐...
Molecular size of the acting species of tryptophanase

Abstract The tryptophanase enzyme from Bacillus alvei which carries out both α, β-elimination and β-replacement reactions was subjected to centrifugation at 37°C on linear sucrose gradients containing complete reaction mixtures including substrate. The reaction proceeded during the course of sedimentation. After fractionation of the gradients the amount of product present was determined and revealed that the tetrameric form of the enzyme is responsible for both types of activities and that the dimer is inactive in both reactions, regardless of the substrate used. When tryptophan was used as the substrate, the presence of the three products indole, pyruvate, and ammonia was determined. It was found that during the course of the reaction indole, probably at a later time than are pyruvate and ammonia which apparently are released simultaneously. It was also found that cellulose nitrate tubes reversibly bind large amounts of indole.
Studies of the kinetics of amino acid transport, incorporation into protein and oxidation in kidney-cortex slices

Abstract The present report describes an approach to the study of the steady-state kinetics of amino acid transport and protein synthesis in rat-kidney-cortex slices, using multi-compartment models. The following conclusions seem justified from the data presented: 1. 1. Using inulin and the non-metabolizable amino acid, α-aminoisobutyric acid, amino acid uptake could be characterized by a three-compartment “parallel” model representing the medium, extracellular space and intracellular space. Appropriate influx and efflux rate constants were calculated. 2. 2. 2,4-Dinitrophenol and incubation at 27° significantly effected the rate of efflux of α-aminoisobutyric acid from the intracellular space, as well as the rate of influx, suggesting that efflux phenomena are metabolically linked. 3. 3. Kinetic studies of combined transport and protein synthesis with glycine and l -lysine indicated that equilibration of exogenous amino acid with the intracellular pool need not occur before incorporation into protein takes place. 4. 4. The kinetics of 14 CO 2 evolution from labeled l -lysine indicated that the rate of amino acid oxidation reflected the buildup of the intracellular lysine pool. 5. 5. The results suggest that the mathematical approach, used in the analysis of the experimental data, provides means of quantitating and understanding membrane phenomena and the relationship between rates of membrane transfer and subsequent intracellular utilization.
Regulatory states of adenylate cyclase in RL-PR-C cloned rat hepatocytes

Abstract The adenylate cyclase of cloned differentiated rat hepatocytes (RL-PR-C) is regulated by cholera toxin, guanine nucleotides and fluoride. The activation of hepatic adenylate cyclase by cholera toxin was additive with that by GTP and synergistic with that by epinephrine. In contrast, when membranes were exposed to cholera toxin in the presence of Gpp(NH)p or fluoride, the response was the same as to these agents in the absence of cholera toxin. Cholera toxin-activated membranes were responsive only to epinephrine and GTP, while fluoride-activated membranes responded somewhat to all other agents, and Gpp(NH)p-activated membranes responded to no other agents. These data suggest that responsiveness of hepatic adenylate cyclase to cholera toxin, fluoride and Gpp(NH)p cannot be expressed simultaneously. A model is presented to explain these observations which invokes multiple state of adenylate cyclase, each being sensitive to, or brought about by, a different regulatory agent.
Shrink-Fit: A Framework for Flexible Accelerator Sizing

RTL design complexity discouraged adoption of reconfigurable logic in general purpose systems, impeding opportunities for performance and energy improvements. Recent improvements to HLS compilers simplify RTL design and are easing this barrier. A new challenge will emerge: managing reconfigurable resources between multiple applications with custom hardware designs. In this paper, we propose a method to "shrink-fit" accelerators within widely varying fabric budgets. Shrink-fit automatically shrinks existing accelerator designs within small fabric budgets and grows designs to increase performance when larger budgets are available. Our method takes advantage of current accelerator design techniques and introduces a novel architectural approach based on fine-grained virtualization. We evaluate shrink-fit using a synthesized implementation of an IDCT for decoding JPEGs and show the IDCT accelerator can shrink by a factor of 16x with minimal performance and area overheads. Using shrink-fit, application designers can achieve the benefits of hardware acceleration with single RTL designs on FPGAs large and small.
Learning temporal clusters with synaptic facilitation and lateral inhibition

Short-term synaptic plasticity has been proposed as a way for cortical neurons to process temporal information. We present a model network that uses short-term plasticity to implement a temporal clustering algorithm. The model's facilitory synapses learn temporal signals drawn from mixtures of nonlinear processes. Units in the model correspond to populations of cortical pyramidal cells arranged in columns; each column consists of neurons with similar spatiotemporal receptive fields. Clustering is based on mutual inhibition similar to Kohonen's SOMs. A generalized expectation maximization (GEM) algorithm, guaranteed to increase model likelihood with each iteration, learns the synaptic parameters.
Mussel adhesive protein provides cohesive matrix for collagen type-1α

Understanding the interactions between collagen and adhesive mussel foot proteins (mfps) can lead to improved medical and dental adhesives, particularly for collagen-rich tissues. Here we investigated interactions between collagen type-1, the most abundant load-bearing animal protein, and mussel foot protein-3 (mfp-3) using a quartz crystal microbalance and surface forces apparatus (SFA). Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic variants of mfp-3 were exploited to probe the nature of the interaction between the protein and collagen. Our chief findings are: 1) mfp-3 is an effective chaperone for tropocollagen adsorption to TiO2 and mica surfaces; 2) at pH 3, collagen addition between two mfp-3 films (Wc = 5.4 ± 0.2 mJ/m(2)) increased their cohesion by nearly 35%; 3) oxidation of Dopa in mfp-3 by periodate did not abolish the adhesion between collagen and mfp-3 films, and 4) collagen bridging between both hydrophilic and hydrophobic mfp-3 variant films is equally robust, suggesting that hydrophobic interactions play a minor role. Extensive H-bonding, π-cation and electrostatic interactions are more plausible to explain the reversible bridging of mfp-3 films by collagen.
QoS provisioning in wireless networks

The next-generation wireless networks such as the fourth generation (4G) cellular systems are targeted at supporting various applications such as voice, data, and multimedia over packet-switched networks. Providing quality of service (QoS) guarantees for these applications is an important objective in the design of the next-generation wireless networks. In this paper, we overview the issues and techniques in QoS provisioning for wireless networks, and present some of our recent results in this area. Specifically, we survey the results in five sub-areas, namely, network services models, traffic specification, packet scheduling for wireless transmission, call admission control in wireless networks, and wireless channel characterization. For each sub-area, we address the particular issues, review major approaches and mechanisms, and discuss the trade-offs of the approaches. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protection of cardiomyocytes by pinacidil during metabolic inhibition and hyperkalemia

Abstract The objective of this study is to understand the mechanism underlying the cardioprotective effects of pinacidil, an ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP) opener. We examined the effects of 10 μM pinacidil in cultured chicken cardiomyocytes. Pinacidil caused a concentration-dependent delay in metabolic inhibition-induced increase in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and creatine phosphokinase release, and this action was antagonized by glyburide, a KATP blocker. Neither verapamil, an L-type Ca2+ channel blocker, nor bepridil, a Na+–Ca2+ exchange inhibitor, affected the time course of increase in [Ca2+]i induced by metabolic inhibition. Pinacidil did not have an effect on the amplitude of K+-induced increase in [Ca2+]i, but accelerated the rate of decline following peak stimulation. In contrast, glyburide reduced the amplitude of K+-induced increase in [Ca2+]i and prolonged the rate of decline. These results provide direct evidence that pinacidil protects cardiomyocytes from metabolic inhibition-induced injury by cyanide (CN) through a delay in the onset of increase in [Ca2+]i, rather than by inhibition of the L-type Ca2+-channels or by alteration of Na+–Ca2+ exchange.
Can Stellar Dynamics Explain the Metallicity Distributions of Presolar Grains

The majority of presolar circumstellar SiC and Al2O3 grains found in meteorites are inferred to have originated in asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars that were more metal-rich than the Sun despite being much older than the Sun. We test the suggestion of Clayton that this reflects the overwhelming diffusion of AGB stars from the more metal-rich inner Galaxy to the protosolar cloud. Weighting the orbital diffusion model of Wielen, Fuchs, & Dettbarn to take into account the higher density of AGB stars and molecular clouds in the inner Galaxy, we find that most parent stars of presolar grains should have diffused to the presolar cloud from their birthplaces at smaller Galactocentric radii. However, the majority of these stars are expected to have had subsolar metallicities, in conflict with the grain data. The self-consistency of the diffusion model is discussed in the context of stellar abundance data in the solar neighborhood. The disagreement between the model predictions and the observations might indicate that the inferred metallicities of presolar grain parent stars are wrong, that the adopted diffusion parameters are incorrect, and/or that stellar orbital diffusion is not the correct explanation for the grain data.
A form and function concept of occlusion and the maxillomandibular relationship.

Summary A fixed retruded positional concept for the mandible is traceable historically to early dental prosthodontic attempts to obtain duplicable interocclusal records. The original method, derived for relating the maxillary and mandibular jaws for edentulous patients, later gained acceptance as a physiologic entity for patients with teeth as well as for those who were edentulous. Ultimately, static centric relation led to entirely reproducible systems, involving all mandibular movements, which endeavored to match occlusal contacts with a fixed condylar envelope of motion. A fixed or static interpretation of centric relation has become the common touchstone for virtually all the subspecialties of dentistry, regardless of the relative matching and spatial relationships of the jaws, and, as such, misdirects diagnosis and treatment. An attempt has been made to demonstrate that the temporomandibular articulation has a wide range of adaptability as well as a remodeling capacity and that it assumes its position as a result of the interplay of intercuspation of teeth and the neuromusculature. A dynamic concept of centric relation is presented as a quasifixed position of temporary duration which exists in the form of an equilibrium established by the balance of the neuromusculature and ligaments. The adoption of a dynamic or alterable concept of centric relation allows for diagnosis and treatment which is rational in theory and workable in fact.
Approaching a Sociology of Fethullah Gülen

Fethullah Gulen is Turkey’s most famous, influential, and controversial faith-based communitarian leader. Collectively known as “the Gulen movement” (GM), individuals inspired by Gulen’s charismatic teachings control organizations that span the world. Led by “aksiyon insanlari” (people of action), the GM has accumulated tremendous social influence in education, media, trade, and allegedly, in unelected state office. Responding to those critical of its power, GM actors claim to be nothing more than “selfless,” “service oriented” advocates for interfaith and intercultural dialogue. The effort of this introduction to this special issue of Sociology of Islam is to situate the GM in its Turkish context. As a collective actor, the GM creates subjects and impacts societies. The social norms and communitarian social structure that are reproduced in the GM network engender identities, regulate desires, and determine social, economic, and political outcomes in Turkey and around the world. In this way, the GM constitutes a source of social power, and thus warrants academic scrutiny. In an attempt to fill a void in the literature on the impact of the GM’s collective mobilization, the contributing authors to this special issue of Sociology of Islam hope to contribute to the sociological investigation of Turkey’s GM in particular, and to the interactions between Islam and modern socio-political organization in general.
The occurrence of ectodermal dysplasia and corneal dysplasia in one family

Summary 1. A family has been studied whose members showed ectodermal dysplasia and corneal dystrophy (Groenouw type 1), either singly or in combination. 2. By carefully studying the total body surface for the capacity to sweat, a number of otherwise normal individuals have been shown to be affected. 3. By the techniques employed, ectodermal dysplasia was shown to be transmitted as a dominant gene and expressivity is sex-affected. 4. The corneal dysplasia was also transmitted as a dominant gene. This condition is neither sex-linked nor sexaffected.
Missing data: implications for analysis.

Missing data are a ubiquitous problem that complicates he statistical analysis of data arising from studies in nutriion. The reasons why missing data are so problematic are at east two-fold. First, standard statistical techniques (e.g., t ests, chi-square tests, linear regression) assume that all ubjects have complete information on all the relevant varibles involved in the analysis. Indeed, as many of our eaders can confirm, the standard presentation of statistical ethods in introductory and intermediate-level courses in tatistics implicitly assumes there are no missing data, hereby conveniently sweeping this problem under the proerbial rug. The second and closely related reason why issing data are problematic has to do with how they are andled in analyses implemented by many standard statisical software packages. With few exceptions, the default ption for handling missing data in most statistical software rograms is to exclude them entirely from the analysis. That s, only individuals with complete information on the releant variables are included in the analysis, with all others eing excluded. This default option is commonly referred to s “listwise deletion” or “casewise deletion” and the subseuent analysis is sometimes referred to as a “complete case nalysis.” On the surface, this default option is remarkably imple and has the apparently desirable effect of producing reduced dataset that is ostensibly free of the problems of issing data and therefore amenable to analysis using conentional techniques. However, there are two direct consequences of listwise eletion that are problematic. First, listwise deletion can esult in a very significant loss of information. For example, uppose that the analysis of interest involves a regression nalysis with 10 predictor variables and each of these preictors has a relatively small probability of being missing, ay 5% chance of being missing. Furthermore, if the hances that data on one of the predictors are missing is
Stress relief cracking in MnMoNi and MnMoNiCr pressure vessel steels

Abstract A constant displacement stress relaxation test at 615 °C on notched bars which were given a prior treatment to simulate a heat-affected zone in a welded joint was used to characterize the susceptibility to stress relief cracking (SRC) of various heats of two types of commercial pressure vessel steels, SA 533-B and SA 508-2. The susceptibility of the former steel was quite variable, and that of the latter was uniformly high. It is shown that the SRC susceptibility of these steels can be rationalized in terms of their impurity and chromium concentrations. The susceptibility increases linearly with a composition parameter which contains both impurity elements and chromium. The physical basis for this is discussed.
Enthalpy of solution of californium oxychloride; calculation of the standard enthalpy of formation of CfOCl

Abstract The enthalpy of solution of CfOCl in 1.022 mol dm −3 HCl was measured on the 0.4–1.5 mg scale, and the standard enthalpy of formation at 298 K for this compound was calculated. The CfOCl was prepared by heating in air at 280–320°C the solid hydrated trichloride, obtained by slow evaporation of Cf(III) in HCl solution. X-ray powder diffraction analysis confirmed the material to be the expected oxychloride, which exhibits the PbFCl-type tetragonal structure. Dissolutions of the oxychloride were made at 25.0°C in an isoperibol solution microcalorimeter. Enthalpy of solution values were calculated according to the equation: CfOCl (cr) +2HCl (sln) →CfCl 3(sln) +H 2 O (sln) . The Δ f H 0 (CfOCl (cr) ) was determined to be −920±7 kJ mol −1 . Interpolation within Δ f H 0 (AnOCl (cr) ), where An=U, Pu, Am, Cm, and Cf, as a function of An(III) ionic radius yielded Δ f H 0 (BkOCl (cr) )=−944±10 kJ mol −1 .
Information Management in the Southeast Atlantic Coastal Ocean Observing System: A Regional Approach

There is an enormous volume of real-time and delayed-mode data available from sensors and instruments measuring and monitoring the ocean and coastal waters of the southeastern United States. The management of these widely distributed data requires a sophisticated system that can organize, retrieve, aggregate, document and disseminate data and derived information for a variety of purposes and applications. The Southeast Atlantic Coastal Ocean Observing System (SEA-COOS) has implemented an information management (IM) program to enable the integration and interfacing of the observation, modeling, and user application components of SEACOOS. The primary components of the IM system are the data inputs, the multiple functions and processes applied to the data, the products and tools derived from the data, and documentation describing all of the above. The SEACOOS experience has identified important requirements for a regionally-based IM system. Key to the success of the IM program is the development of standards to ensure consistency and quality of data and information, and development of appropriate interfaces for delivery of a variety of applications to an equally diverse variety of users. Primary areas of development are data transport; data format, naming conventions and quality control; visualization, and metadata. Essential also is a communications structure and networked problem-solving team. Sufficient resources are also critical to insure reliability including redundancy of personnel expertise and equipment. Rather than including IM as an afterthought, it must be incorporated and sustained through sound up-front planning. Finally, the temptation to defer documentation of progress, processes, and protocols must be resisted, so that successes and efficiencies can be gained through shared accomplishments and problem solving