cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Information Infrastructrure and Development in the USA: the Role of Government

This paper addresses the role of government in the construction of the National Information Infrastructure (NII) by reviewing the relevant literature, presenting the historical case of the railroad and drawing on information gathered from in-depth interviews. Striking a balance between government leadership and free open market competition to ensure universal service as the NII continues to develop. While government has many choices to coerce compliance for the provision of universal service, it neither owns nor directly controls the companies providing service. On the other hand, while free open market competition has the potential to reduce prices, lower costs and facilitate innovation, it fails to attend to disadvantaged populations. Copyright 1995 by Oxford University Press.
Back to basics: Incomplete knowledge of Differential Object Marking in Spanish heritage speakers*

The obligatory use of the preposition a with animate, specific direct objects in Spanish (Juan conoce a Maria “Juan knows Maria”) is a well-known instance of Differential Object Marking (DOM; Torrego, 1998; Leonetti, 2004). Recent studies have documented the loss and/or incomplete acquisition of several grammatical features in Spanish heritage speakers (Silva-Corvalan, 1994; Montrul, 2002), including DOM (Montrul, 2004a). This study assesses the extent of incomplete knowledge of DOM in Spanish heritage speakers raised in the United States by comparing it with knowledge of DOM in fully competent native speakers. Experiment 1 examined whether omission of a affected grammatical competence, as measured by the linguistic behavior of 67 heritage speakers and 22 monolingual speakers in an oral production task and in a written acceptability judgment task. Experiment 2 followed up on the results of the acceptability judgment task with 13 monolingual speakers and 69 heritage speakers, and examined whether problems with DOM generalize to other instances of structural and inherent dative case, including ditransitive verbs and gustar-type psychological verbs. Results of the two experiments confirmed that heritage speakers' recognition and production of DOM is probabilistic, even for speakers with advanced proficiency in Spanish. This suggests that many heritage speakers' grammars may not actually instantiate inherent case. We argue that language loss under reduced input conditions in childhood is, in this case, like “going back to basics”: it leads to simplification of the grammar by letting go of the non-core options, while retaining the core functional structure.
Looking Back and Looking Ahead as the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Turns Thirty-Five: The Role of Public Disclosure of Lending Data in a Time of Financial Crisis

This article examines the history of the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) and makes proposals for improving it to help prevent another economic crisis. Passed in 1975, HMDA requires most lenders to disclose information about their home mortgage loans, including the number of home mortgage applications it received; the purpose of each application; the type of loan; the decision on the application; the race, gender, and income of the loan applicant/borrower; the location of the loan and the median income and racial composition of the neighborhood; and the interest rate on the loan. HMDA was originally conceived of as a tool to detect and prevent redlining. It was later expanded to cover lending discrimination and reverse redlining. However, Congress and the Federal Reserve have not required lenders to disclose enough information to permit HMDA to do its job. The pending financial reform legislation would expand HMDA's mission to detect and prevent predatory lending, but once again, the legislation does not require lenders to disclose sufficient information to accomplish its goal. The article proposes several types of information that should be added to the legislation, including, most importantly, the applicant's housing debt/income ratio and overall debt/income ratio.
The young child coughs and gasps the spirit pellet to treat bronchitis curative effect obscrvation

Goal: Discusses the young child to cough and gasp the spirit pellet in to treat in the young child bronchitis the effect. Method: Stochastically divides into two groups this courtyard outpatient service 124 examples bronchitises trouble, the treatment group 62 examples, takes orally the young child to cough and gasp the spirit. The comparison group 62 examples, take orally the brown mixture, two group of anti- infection brings down a fever and so on the treatment basically is same. Finally: Treatment group total effectiveness 98%, The comparison group total effectiveness 82%, has the remarkable difference after statistics processing. Conclusion: The young child coughs and gasps the spirit pellet to use in the child bronchitis curativc effect surpassing the brown mixture.
Where are articles by candidates for academic promotion published

Background Publication is an important factor in academic promotion. The purpose of this study was to describe the journals in which articles by a sample of tenure-track family practice faculty members in university-based programs were published. Methods Publication information about family practice candidates for academic promotion during the 1988-89 academic year was solicited from program chairmen; an 80% response rate was achieved. Results The candidates for faculty promotion had 393 articles published in 131 journals. The Journal of Family Practice published 93 articles, 24% of the total; nearly half of all the candidates had articles published in this journal. Five family practice journals published 35% of the articles. The 36 physician faculty members had 274 articles published in 77 journals. Five major family practice journals accounted for 46% of these articles. The Journal of Family Practice published the greatest number of the articles (32%). The eight nominees with PhD or EdD degrees had 104 articles published in 58 journals. Academic Medicine published the greatest number of these articles (12%). Only 8% of the articles were published in the five major family practice journals. Although PhD and EdD faculty had more articles published, more of the journals were nonrefereed and nonmedical journals; very few were family practice journals. Conclusions Overall, the works of family practice faculty are published in a wide range of journals. With an increasing number of journals, the decision of where to submit manuscripts will become even more complex. Furthermore, the greater the number of journals, the greater the need for family practice faculty to produce quality research.
Is it the egg or the endometrium? Elevated progesterone on day of trigger is not associated with embryo ploidy nor decreased success rates in subsequent embryo transfer cycles

The purpose of our study was to determine if progesterone (P4) values on day of trigger affect certain cycle outcome parameters, ploidy status of embryos, as well as pregnancy outcomes in the subsequent first frozen embryo transfer cycle. Two hundred thirty-eight patients undergoing pre-gestational screening and freeze all protocol at our fertility center from 2013 to 2014 were included. Excluded patients were those whom had cancelled cycles prior to egg retrieval as well as cycles utilizing donor eggs. Once patients were identified as eligible for this study, frozen serum from the day of trigger was identified and analyzed using the Siemens Immulite 2000. Number of eggs retrieved, number of available embryos for biopsy, and number of euploid/aneuploid embryos were analyzed. The first frozen embryo transfer cycle was linked to the initial egg retrieval and outcomes including pregnancy rates, and live birth/ongoing pregnancy rates were calculated and analyzed. A discriminatory P4 value of 1.5 ng/ml was set. Group A had P4 values of less than 1.5 ng/ml and group B had P4 values greater than or equal to 1.5 ng/ml. T tests and chi-squared tests were used for statistical analysis. Group A had an average trigger P4 value of 0.87 +/− 0.3 and group B had an average trigger P4 of 2.1 +/− 0.8. Table 1 shows the baseline characteristics of both group A and group B. The only significant difference between the two groups was total gonadotropin dosage (IU) with a p value of 0.02 and estradiol (pg/ml) at trigger, also with a p value of 0.02 (Table 1). Number of eggs retrieved, number of embryos biopsied, number euploid/aneuploid, and non-diagnosis embryos were all non-significant. Chi-square analysis was used to compare pregnancy rates between the two groups after the first frozen embryo transfer cycle. Group A had a pregnancy rate of 72 % and Group B had a pregnancy rate of 66.7 %, which was not significant. Ongoing pregnancy/live birth rates were 65.6 % in group A and 66.67 % in group B, also not significant (Table 2). P4 values on day of trigger do not affect number of eggs retrieved and number of chromosomally normal embryos available for transfer in a subsequent embryo transfer cycle. Elevated P4 values (≥1.5 ng/ml) also do not affect pregnancy rates or live birth/ongoing pregnancy rates in the first subsequent frozen embryo transfer cycle.
The effects of exercising on an unstable surface on the gait and balance ability of normal adults

[Purpose] This study aimed to examine that therapeutic efficacy of an unstable surface on balance and gait ability in normal individuals. [Subjects and Methods] Forty subjects participated in the experiment and were randomly assigned to an experimental group of 20 subjects and a control group of 20 subjects. The experimental group performed balance exercise on an Aero-Step device (Aero-Step XL, TOGU, Prien-Bachham, Germany). The control group performed balance exercise on rigid ground. All subjects performed balance training 30 minutes a day, 5 days a week, for 4 weeks. After the intervention, balance measuring equipment (Good Balance, Metitur, Jyvaskyla, Finland) was used to quantitatively measure balance ability. [Results] Significant differences in post-training gains in the variables of static balance, dynamic balance, and velocity were observed between the experimental group and the control group. [Conclusion] Unstable surface training aimed at improving balance ability is considered to have a positive effect.
The Impact of Rendered Protein Meal Oxidation Level on Shelf-Life, Sensory Characteristics, and Acceptability in Extruded Pet Food.

Pet foods are expected to have a shelf-life for 12 months or more. Sensory analysis can be used to determine changes in products and to estimate products’ shelf-life. The objectives of this study were to (1) investigate how increasing levels of oxidation in rendered protein meals used to produce extruded pet food affected the sensory properties and (2) determine the effect of shelf-life on pet owners’ acceptability of extruded pet food diet formulated without the use of preservative. Pet food diets contained beef meat bone meal (BMBM) and chicken byproduct meal (CBPM) in which the oxidation was retarded with ethoxyquin, mixed tocopherols, or none at all, and then extruded into dry pet foods. These samples represented low, medium, and high oxidation levels, respectively. Samples were stored for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months at ambient temperature. Each time point, samples were evaluated by six highly trained descriptive panelists for sensory attributes related to oxidation. Samples without preservatives were chosen for the acceptability test, since the differences in sensory characteristics over storage time were more distinguishable in those samples. Pet owners evaluated samples for aroma, appearance and overall liking. Descriptive sensory analysis detected significant changes in oxidized-related sensory characteristics over storage time. However, the differences for CBPM samples were more pronounced and directional. The consumer study showed no differences in pet owners’ acceptability for BMBM samples. However, the noticeable increase in aroma characteristics (rancid aroma 0.33–4.21) in CBPM samples over storage time did have a negative effect on consumer’s liking (overall liking 5.52–4.95).
Joachim Dyck Ticht-Kunst: Deutsche Barockpoetik und rhetorische Tradition. Bad Homburg vor der Höhe: Berlin, Zürich: Max Gehlen, 1966.

(1968). Joachim Dyck Ticht-Kunst: Deutsche Barockpoetik und rhetorische Tradition. Bad Homburg vor der Hohe. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 147-148.
Privilege, Confidentiality, and Patient Privacy: Status 1980

The principle of patient privacy has evolved from the Hippocratic Oath to current medical ethics guidelines and to legal protections for doctor-patient communications. Privilege statutes now abound in the United States with considerable difference from state jurisdiction to state jurisdiction. Recently several bills have been introduced to establish a federal standard for patient privacy. These bills are critically examined—particularly in regard to the conflict between the need to keep doctor-patient interactions private and the demand by law enforcement agencies for information. The federal bills lean towards the latter at the expense of the protection of confidentiality and therefore should not be adopted. The narrowness of the scope of the proposed laws is reflected in a comparison with a proposed model privacy act.
Effect of Distributed Rod and String Flexibility on Formation Dynamic Stability

We study the effect of distributed elasticity on the dynamics of an orbiting formation. The paradigm considered in the paper, namely two bodies connected by one spring in formation with a separated free-flying body, represents a prototype system for a variety of possible problems. Conclusions are derived on the system’s stability, as well as on the system performance under closed-loop control.
Contrasting Strategies of Gamogenesis in Northern and Southern Populations of Cladocera

In the northern United States, winter constitutes the chief environmental stress for Cladocera, which anticipate this by entering an intensive and coordinated period of gamogenesis in autumn. Hatching of the resulting resting eggs in spring reestablishes those populations that had died back over winter. At extreme conditions, few or no species remain active over winter, but in pro- gressively milder winter conditions southward, more and more species not only remain active after autumnal gamogenesis but even continue some parthenogenetic reproduction throughout the winter. Toward the south the period of autumnal gamogenesis of these "northern" species becomes gradually less intensive and coordinated and eventually is virtually eliminated. Instead, gamogenesis now tends to occur in spring in Louisiana-Mississippi and Florida, suggesting a shift in the season of major stress for these species from winter to summer. Many of these "northern" species tend to die out in summer or at least become greatly reduced in numbers, possibly because of too high temperatures. Other species, which are mostly very small, tend to take over these water bodies in summer. As they have chiefly southern distributions, they are referred to collectively as "southern" species. They tend to become gamogenetic in autumn, and over winter they either disappear completely or else are reduced to very low numbers. Thus, water bodies in Florida and the near-coastal region of the Gulf of Mexico tend to be occupied seasonally by two quite different assemblages of Cladocera, a "northern" assemblage in winter, spring, and early summer, which tends to become gamogenetic in spring, and a "southern" assem- blage in summer and autumn which tends to become gamogenetic in autumn. Gamogenesis in the south, whether in spring or autumn, is not so well coordinated as autumnal gamogenesis in the north, and with few exceptions it is sporadic and not intensive. The data trends suggest, however, that for natural populations in the south gamogenesis among "northern" species peaks in April to mid-May and among "southern" species in October-November. For the strictly vernal species, gamogenesis tends to occur in March. Still farther south in the tropics, gamogenesis occurs very irregularly at low levels of intensity and seemingly without coordination among species and unrelated to any particular season. The resting eggs produced thereby are regarded as insurance against low-probability events that could otherwise eliminate the populations and as a means of continually introducing new genotypes into the popula- tions, thereby facilitating short-term adaptation and long-term evolution. Not all the taxa in the southern United States could be given definitive names, as there are many taxonomic uncertainties. Quite a few of the taxa are obviously undescribed, and others are uncertainly equivalent to taxa from elsewhere bearing the same names. There is reason to believe that more north-south species pairs exist than the two already known.
Lockridge family histories: looking for the raintree

AbstractNovelist Ross Lockridge, Jr., killed himself months after the publication of his highly publicized novel, Raintree County. Why? This article seeks an answer in the writer’s conflicted relationship to History: of his country, of his family (including his father, the best-known historian in his home state of Indiana), of his own grand ambitions. Lockridge had crafted a fictional hero, Johnny Shawnessy, who sought to ‘hear the words before the words become History.’ For the writer himself – and, subsequently, for his children, who carry on the family quest to reveal historical truth – History has proved a harder burden to overcome.
Willis–Ekbom Disease, Periodic Limb Movements of Sleep, and Cardiovascular Disease: Putative Mechanisms and Implications for Long-Term Treatment

Multiple studies have demonstrated an association between Willis–Ekbom disease (WED) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the underlying causal relationship(s) mediating this association remain to be fully defined. In particular, it may be speculated that WED (or its associated periodic limb movements of sleep) is causal to CVD, that a common pathogenic feature or intermediate risk factor is causal to both WED and CVD, or that clinical or subclinical CVD is causal to WED. In this chapter, we discuss evidence in favor and against each of these possible directions of causality.
Metagenomic analysis of microbial communities yields insight into impacts of nanoparticle design

Next-generation DNA sequencing and metagenomic analysis provide powerful tools for the environmentally friendly design of nanoparticles. Herein we demonstrate this approach using a model community of environmental microbes (that is, wastewater-activated sludge) dosed with gold nanoparticles of varying surface coatings and morphologies. Metagenomic analysis was highly sensitive in detecting the microbial community response to gold nanospheres and nanorods with either cetyltrimethylammonium bromide or polyacrylic acid surface coatings. We observed that the gold-nanoparticle morphology imposes a stronger force in shaping the microbial community structure than does the surface coating. Trends were consistent in terms of the compositions of both taxonomic and functional genes, which include antibiotic resistance genes, metal resistance genes and gene-transfer elements associated with cell stress that are relevant to public health. Given that nanoparticle morphology remained constant, the potential influence of gold dissolution was minimal. Surface coating governed the nanoparticle partitioning between the bioparticulate and aqueous phases.
Role of comprehensive care in Fontan survivors: A multidisciplinary team approach

Abstract The current standard management strategy for patients born with single ventricle heart disease includes a series of palliative surgeries, culminating in the Fontan operation. With the recognition that survivors of Fontan palliation are at risk for developing a wide breadth of complications, spanning multiple different organ systems, interest in developing multidisciplinary teams dedicated to the care of these patients has emerged. The key element of this approach is the recognition that the care paradigm in which Fontan patients simply see their cardiologist annually for an echocardiogram is no longer adequate or appropriate. Leaving behind the passive, reactive approach, screening for pathology in the early stages will likely afford an opportunity for intervention in some cases, or at minimum closer surveillance in situations where therapies lag behind diagnostic testing. A multidisciplinary standardized approach to screening and evaluation by subspecialists is critical in surveillance and management of Fontan associated multisystem aberrations.
Antipodes: In Search of the Southern Continent

In Antipodes, Avan Judd Stallard examines the long-held European belief that a continent, usually known as the Antipodes or Terra Australis (“south-land”), stretched across much of the southern hem...
Neurointervention and the Otolaryngologist: Head and Neck Surgeon

The intersection of head and neck surgery and neurointervention is long-standing. This chapter reviews the role of endovascular procedures in preoperative tumor embolization, endovascular treatment of epistaxis, temporary and permanent vessel occlusion, treatment of carotid blowout syndrome, and the treatment of iatrogenic vessel injuries to the head and neck. Presentations, indications for treatments, treatment options, and technical aspects of treatment are reviewed.
G2, G3 and associated quantum chemical models for accurate theoretical thermochemistry

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews G2 and G3 theories that are composite techniques for the accurate prediction of experimental thermochemical data for molecules. It discusses the components of G2 and G3 theories as well as approximate versions such as G2(MP2), G3(MP2), and G3(MP3). Additional methods such as extended G3 theory (G3X) as well as scaled G3 theory (G3S) are also discussed. G3 theory was designed to correct some of the deficiencies of G2 theory for systems such as halogen-containing molecules, unsaturated hydrocarbons, etc. It also contains important physical effects such as core-valence correlation and spin-orbit contributions that were not included in G2 theory. G3 theory is computationally less demanding than G2 theory though it is significantly more accurate. The methods are assessed on the comprehensive G2/97 and G3/99 test sets of experimental energies (heats of formation, ionization energies, electron affinities and proton affinities) that it has been assembled. The most accurate method, G3X, has a mean absolute deviation of 0.95 kcal/mol from the experiment for the 376 energies in the G3/99 test set. Some illustrative applications of the methods to resolve experimental data for other systems are also discussed.
Social Continuity and Social Discontinuity: Social Work and, in, Against and Separate from Society

The burden of this paper is to clarify social continuity and social discontinuity. Social continuity is related to individuality-groupness (the I-G effect) and its related logic is demonstrated further by a rejection of social discontinuity, i.e. individualism. The most immediate occasion for this paper is the publication of an excellent and lucid discussion of "Alternative Stances on the Relationship of Social Work to Society" (Cowger, 1977) in which the author presents four conceptualizations of society and social work, their possible relationships to each other, and the advantages and disadvantages of each. It would be difficult to overstate the importance of thoughtful discussions about individualism, of which Cowger's is an example. A less immediately inspired reason for this article is my own work in this field (Falck 1976, 1977, 1978), largely having to do with how the social and psychological aspects of the concept person ("the individual") and the social network fit together. My own most consistent theoretical guidelines have come from and continue to come from symbolic interactionism and from psychoanalytic object relations theory. Before I make explicit another option (in addition to Cowger's four) I shall summarize Cowger's alternatives with their advantages and disadvantages as listed by Cowger himself. I shall then introduce a fifth and what I believe to be a more preferable one which is superior to the others in that it repairs what I believe to be a conceptual and attitudinal deficit, highly endemic to Western thought on the subject of individual and group (or society). It leads *Regenstein Professor of Social Sciences, The Menninger Foundation, Topeka, Kansas; Professor-designate, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
Evolution of Carbonic Anhydrase in Primates and Other Mammals

The carbonic anhydrases are especially well suited for studies on molecular evolution for a variety of reasons: (1) In many mammals, two isozymes of carbonic anhydrase which appear to be products of two closely linked genes are present in the red cells. (2) They are able to incorporate mutational changes at relatively rapid rates. (3) They can be readily isolated in pure form from hemolysates. (4) They appear to be involved in a variety of important physiological functions where their specific catalytic role is the interconversion of CO2 and HCO 3 - . For reviews, see Lindskog et al. (1971) and Tashian and Carter (1976).
'It's Like You Do It Without Knowing That You're Doing It': Practitioner Experiences with ACT Implementation.

Using a case study approach, this study explores the experiences of providers at three organizations identified by county mental health executives as exemplar programs that have received continued and competitive funding to deliver assertive community treatment (ACT) in a large urban county in California. Interviews were conducted with 37 participants including program directors (n = 4), frontline staff (n = 31), and county mental health executives (n = 2). Frontline provider perspectives reveal that, in many ways, teams appear to be working within an ACT model in the absence of detailed explicit knowledge about ACT’s core components, frequent or in-depth conversations about ACT, or awareness of fidelity monitoring. Integration of program director and county executive perspectives illustrates how inner and outer contextual information can explain these on-the-ground ACT implementation experiences. This study illustrates the nuanced ways that frontline staff might understand and define evidence-based practice (EBP) use and has implications for studying EBP implementation.
Understanding School Mathematics in Terms of Linear Measure and Discrete Real Additive Groups

In this chapter, I describe a capstone course developed for secondary teachers. Its content represents my mathematical perspective on school mathematics, aimed at conceptual coherence. It centrally features the real number line, with its geometric and arithmetic structures. It starts with linear measurement, expressed through division with remainder (DwR), which leads directly to place value and modular congruence. Abstract algebra enters through the study of discrete additive groups of real numbers, from which multiplicative arithmetic and commensurability (irrationality) naturally emerge; DwR is the foundation of this development. Brief treatments of polynomial algebra and combinatorics then culminate in Discrete Calculus, the natural generalization of the “pattern generalization” activities in school mathematics. Finally, I present and discuss some problem-solving designs, which are intended to cultivate important mathematical practices in the course.
Observations on the Neurosecretory System of Portunid Crabs

A study has been made of the inclusions found in living and fixed nerve cells in the central nervous systems of two genera of portunid crabs, Callinectes and Carcinus. In order to discover if any of the types of inclusions found in neuro- secretory cells is unique to these cells, and therefore, by inference, directly associated with the production, Iransport or storage of hormonally active substances, the inclusions of nerve cells whose endocrine function is not in doubt have been compared with inclusions of other nerve cells in the eyestalk, brain and thoracic ganglion.
Dual Porosity/Single Permeability Poromechanics Response of an Inclined Wellbore with No-Flow Outer Boundary

This work presents an analytical solution to calculate the poroelastic coupled time-dependent response of stress and pore pressure for a naturally or hydraulically fractured formation, displaying a single effective permeability. Fractures are the only active phase in transporting the fluid, and interaction between pore space and fracture network will be limited to the poromechanical response. This problem appears in many engineering applications, such as early time flowback after hydraulic fracturing, and temporary drilling fluid losses while perforating through a network of fractures (wellbore breathing). The solution is developed within the framework of Berryman (J. Eng. Mech. 128(8):840–847, 2002) constitutive model for dual porosity media. The present work proposes a solution for an inclined wellbore, subjected to three-dimensional in-situ state of stress, and drilled in a fractured porous medium which displays a no-flow outer boundary. The former and latter aspects represent the main deviation from the problem solved by Abousleiman and Nguyen (J. Eng. Mech. 131(11):1170–1183, 2005), with whose work the proposed solution is compared with. Finally, a wellbore breathing analysis is performed to show a possible application of the developed solution.
Using developmental relationships in mentoring to support novice principals as leaders of learning

Mentoring is an established method of supporting principals as they begin their careers; however, early studies focus on how a veteran principal supports a novice principal in acquiring the skills ...
Ferrocene Acidity and C–H Bond Dissociation Energy via Experiment and Theory#

The gas-phase acidity of ferrocene (ΔH°acid(1) = 391.5 ± 1.3 kcal mol–1) and electron affinity of the ferrocenyl radical (EA(1r) = 1.74 ± 0.08 eV) were measured in a Fourier transform mass spectrom...
Workup and Management of Immune-Mediated Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Toxicities That Develop During Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Treatment.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of a wide range of cancer types, including hepatocellular carcinoma. Workup and management of immune‐mediated hepatitis, pancreatitis, or cholangitis that develops during immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment can be challenging. Immune‐mediated hepatitis can be particularly challenging if patients have underlying viral hepatitis or autoimmune hepatitis. Patients with positive hepatitis B virus DNA should be referred to a hepatologist for antiviral therapy prior to immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. With untreated hepatitis C virus (HCV) and elevated liver enzymes, a liver biopsy should be obtained to differentiate between HCV infection and immune‐mediated hepatitis due to anti‐programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) therapy. If autoimmune serologies are negative, then this supports a case of immune‐mediated hepatitis secondary to anti‐PD‐1 therapy, rather than autoimmune hepatitis. In this case, an empiric steroid therapy is reasonable; however, if the patient does not respond to steroid therapy in 3–5 days, then liver biopsy should be pursued. The incidence of immune checkpoint‐induced pancreatitis is low, but when it does occur, diagnosis is not straightforward. Although routine monitoring of pancreatic enzymes is not generally recommended, when pancreatitis is suspected, serum levels of amylase and lipase should be checked. Once confirmed, a steroid or other immunosuppressant (if steroids are contraindicated) should be administered along with close monitoring, and a slow tapering dosage once the pancreatitis is under control. Patients should then be monitored for recurrent pancreatitis. Finally, immune therapy‐related cholangitis involves elevated bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase and, once diagnosed, is managed in the same way as immune‐mediated hepatitis.
The Impact of Sexual Assault on Sexual Function: Strategies for Treatment and Prevention

Sexual victimization is a pervasive problem associated with immediate and long-term psychopathology. Ample evidence indicate that sexual victimization is also associated with negative sexual health outcomes including orgasm difficulties, inhibited arousal or desire, fear of sex, negative attitudes about sex, and engaging in risky sexual behaviors (Leonard & Follette, Annual Review of Sex Research, 13, 346–388, 2002; Lutfey et al., Fertility and Sterility, 90, 957–64, 2008; Rellini & Meston, Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36, 67–77, 2007). Although there is little disagreement that sexual assault is associated with negative mental health sequelae, the treatment of sexual dysfunction is subject to considerable debate. As such, the aim of this chapter is to identify the key findings and gaps in the literature regarding the treatment and prevention of sexual dysfunction and discuss strategies for intervention. The chapter begins with a brief overview of the prevalence rates of sexual assault and sexual dysfunction disorders, followed by an examination of evidence-based treatments of sexual dysfunction including best practices for assessment and intervention.
An ExbD Disordered Domain Peptide Inhibits TonB System Activity

ABSTRACT The TonB system energizes transport of essential nutrients, such as iron siderophores, across unenergized outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. The integral cytoplasmic membrane proteins of the TonB system--ExbB, ExbD, and TonB--transduce the protonmotive force of the cytoplasmic membrane to TonB-dependent outer membrane transporters for active transport. ExbD protein is anchored in the cytoplasmic membrane, with the majority of it occupying the periplasm. We previously identified a conserved motif within a periplasmic disordered domain that is essential for TonB system function. Here we demonstrated that export of a peptide derived from that motif into the periplasm prevented TonB system function and inhibited all known ExbD interactions in vivo. Formaldehyde crosslinking captured the ExbD peptide in multiple ExbD and TonB complexes. Furthermore, peptides with mutations in the conserved motif not only had significantly reduced ability to inhibit TonB system activity, but they also altered interactions with ExbD and TonB, indicating the specificity of the interaction. Conserved motif peptide interactions with ExbD and TonB mostly occurred between Stage II and Stage III of the TonB energy transduction cycle, a transition that is characterized by the use of protonmotive force. Taken together, the data suggest that the ExbD disordered domain motif has multiple interactions with TonB and ExbD during between Stage II and III of the TonB energization cycle. Because of the essentiality of the motif, it may be a potential template for design of novel antibiotics that target the TonB system. IMPORTANCE Gram-negative bacteria are intrinsically antibiotic-resistant due to the diffusion barrier posed by their outer membranes. The TonB system allows them to circumvent this barrier for their own nutritional needs, including iron. The ability of bacteria to acquire iron is a virulence factor for many Gram-negative pathogens. However, no antibiotics currently target the TonB system. Because TonB and ExbD must interact productively in the periplasm for transport across the outer membrane, they constitute attractive targets for potential antibiotic development where chemical characteristics need not accommodate the need to cross the hydrophobic cytoplasmic membrane. Here we show that a small ExbD-derived peptide can interfere with the TonB-ExbD interaction to inhibit the TonB system in vivo.
Pion Squeeze-Out and Flow at 1.15 GeV/Nucleon Au+Au

Attaining a better understanding of the hadronic gas phase of nuclear matter has been one of the principal goals of studying heavy-ion reactions in the GeV/nucleon range. In-plane transverse flow is understood as preferential emission of particles on the projectile side or the target side of the reaction plane for velocities higher than or lower than the center of mass velocity respectively. Flow of nucleons has been seen as a signature of the compression generated during the early stage of a heavy-ion collision. The magnitude of the flow can be used to infer the compressibility of nuclear matter at high temperatures and pressures. Squeeze-out, on the other hand, is defined as a preferential emission of particles out of the reaction plane for center-of-mass rapidities. For nucleons, squeeze-out is also understood as an expression of the compression during the early stages of the reaction. It is also natural to use pion production as a probe of the hot, dense stage of a reaction, as the pions are produced during these early phases [1,2]. The pions, however, may behave differently than the nucleons, as they are mesons and not baryons and thus interact differently with the surrounding matter. The nucleons mostly experience elastic N-N collisions, while pions generally have inelastic interactions. Also, pions are produced particles and thus may respond differently to the pressure gradients within the nuclear matter. The pions are produced mostly in the dense, high pressure region which is characterized by radial expansion. The nucleons in the pressure gradient region exhibit the maximum flow.
Improving Primary Care Follow-Up Rates for Youth in Foster Care

Background: Children and adolescents in foster care are at increased risk for poor health outcomes (Kools & Kennedy, 2003; Kools, Paul, Jones, Monasterio, & Norbeck, 2013). In the Fostering Health guidelines, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends more frequent primary care follow-up so providers can better identify emerging needs, monitor overall health status, and serve as stable advocates for their vulnerable patients (Szilagyi et al., 2015). Aim: A quality improvement project was conducted to assist local pediatric providers in complying with AAP recommendations by improving their …
Humiliation and Violence in Kenyan History

This chapter examines aspects of the history of interpersonal violence, humiliation, and racialized power dynamics in twentieth century Kenya. Colonial Kenya was a racial hierarchy, with whites (settlers, administrators, and missionaries) at the top, Africans at the bottom. Whites used various tools to protect their status, including the humiliation of Africans through violence and through words. Drawing on a set of political tracts, autobiographies, and novels written by Gikuyu men since 1950s, I demonstrate how humiliation and violence were central to their experience of colonialism and postcolonialism. Moreover, while the result of humiliation can be deeply isolating, for these men it also served as the basis of new understandings of race and racial solidarity, and thus for political action.
Risk for Significant Kidney Function Decline After Acute Kidney Injury in Adults With Hematologic Malignancy.

Introduction Acute kidney injury (AKI) affects 30% of adults hospitalized with hematologic malignancy. Little is known about the long-term impact on kidney outcomes in this population despite the close relationship between kidney function and malignancy treatment eligibility. The purpose of this population-based cohort study was to determine the effect of AKI on kidney function in the year following a new diagnosis of acute leukemia or lymphoma. Methods Participants were adults hospitalized within 3 weeks of malignancy diagnosis. Baseline kidney function was determined and AKI diagnosed using standardized criteria. Cox proportional hazard modeling examined the relationship between AKI and a ≥30% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from baseline in the 1 year following hospitalization as the primary endpoint. Results AKI occurred in 33% of 1064 participants, with 70% of episodes occurring within 48 hours of hospitalization, and significantly increased risk for a ≥ 30% decline in eGFR (hazard ratio [HR] 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.2–3.5) and incident chronic kidney disease (HR 2.2, 95% CI 1.7–2.8). AKI remained a significant predictor of eGFR decline in subgroup and multivariable analyses (adjusted HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.4–2.7). A ≥ 30% decline in eGFR increased the risk for death within 1 year in participants with AKI (HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.3–3.3). Conclusion Results aid in identifying individuals at highest risk for poor outcomes and highlight the need for research involving interventions that preserve kidney function from the time of initial hospitalization with a hematologic malignancy into the postdischarge period.
Pathology of retinal involvement in pseudophakia

An eye with clinically successful anterior chamberlens implantation following cataract surgery was removed at autopsy after death in accordance with the wishes of a grateful patient. It was offered for corneal transplantation, and rejected for this purpose. The eye was examined pathologically. In addition to diffuse loss of corneal endothelium, a diffuse uveitis, and a reactive membrane with macrophages on the implant, a special granulomatous surface-cyclitis associated with reactive shrinkage of the vitreous, a peripheral break of the retina, and an early stage of pseudophakic macular edema were also found.
Field Measurement of Milking Vacuum Using Flow Simulation

Many dairy veterinarians offer milking equipment evaluation to their clients as part of their routine services. While these services have usually been initiated largely for mastitis control reasons, improving milking performance is becoming a more important (and marketable) justification for these services, especially as dairies grow larger. Milking performance can be improved with proper vacuum settings and proper equipment configurations. Much progress has been made in the past few years to simplify equipment evaluation and to clarify the analysis of the results. This paper discusses the routine field use of an artificial, portable flow simulator to measure claw outlet vacuum.9,10
Sex-Based Outcomes of Surgical Myectomy for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: An Analysis t from The National Readmission Database

Abstract: Background There is a paucity of data on sex differences in outcomes after surgical myectomy (SM) for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Methods Patients who received SM for HCM during October 1st, 2015-December 31st, 2018, were identified from the United States National Readmission Database. The primary endpoint of this study was in-hospital mortality. The secondary endpoints were major bleeding, acute kidney injury (AKI), new pacemaker implantation, severe disability surrogates (non-home discharge and need for mechanical ventilation), resources utilization surrogates (length of stay and cost of hospitalization), and 30-day outcomes (readmission rate, mortality, and new pacemaker insertion). Results A total of 3,031 patients were included in the current analysis. Using propensity score matching, two well-matched cohorts were compared (Females=1170 and Males=1127). Females had higher requirement for new pacemaker insertion compared to males (10.9% vs 6.8%, p=0.029), higher non-home discharges (13.8% vs 7.9%; p Conclusions Among the HCM cohort who received SM, significant sex-based differences in the outcomes were observed. Females had higher new pacemaker insertion, higher non-home discharge, and higher 30-day readmission compared to males.
RECOVERY OF VIRUS FROM THE BLOOD OF RATS WITH INDUCED LEUKAEMIA

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a method for obtaining pellets of relatively pure virus particles from the blood of rats with leukemia induced with the Moloney agent. Evidence has been presented indicating that the particles are infectious and that they are in fact the Moloney agent. Recently anelectron microscopic study of tissues and organs of mice and rats with lymphoid leukemia induced with the Moloney agent was completed. This study revealed, first, that as with the Friend agent, large numbers of characteristic particles are present in the megakaryocytes of the spleen and bone marrow of infected animals; second, that approximately 20 per cent of the platelets of peripheral blood contain characteristic particles, and, third, that in platelet pellets many characteristic particles occur, lying free in the plasma between the platelets. This last observation led to attempts to concentrate virus from the blood plasma of rats with advanced leukaemia. The techniques employed and the results obtained from these attempts form the basis of the chapter.
X-Parameters: Characterization, Modeling, and Design of Nonlinear RF and Microwave Components

This is the definitive guide to X-parameters, written by the original inventors and developers of this powerful new paradigm for nonlinear RF and microwave components and systems. Learn how to use X-parameters to overcome intricate problems in nonlinear RF and microwave engineering. The general theory behind X-parameters is carefully and intuitively introduced, and then simplified down to specific, practical cases, providing you with useful approximations that will greatly reduce the complexity of measuring, modeling and designing for nonlinear regimes of operation. Containing real-world case studies, definitions of standard symbols and notation, detailed derivations within the appendices, and exercises with solutions, this is the definitive stand-alone reference for researchers, engineers, scientists and students looking to remain on the cutting-edge of RF and microwave engineering.
Resolution of optical isomers by high-pressure liquid chromatography: The separation of benzo[a]pyrene trans-diol derivatives

The optical isomers of (±)r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene and its synthetic precursor (±)r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene were resolved as their di-(−)menthoxyacetates using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Saponification of the resolved diesters yielded the corresponding enantiomers. The specific rotation, CD spectra, and ORD curves are reported. The resolution of these optical isomers permits detailed studies on the enzymatic intermediates and the mechanism of benzo[a]pyrene activation to its carcinogenic form. The method is of general usefulness for the resolution of optical isomers.