cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ELECTRON ACCELERATION IN CONTRACTING MAGNETIC ISLANDS DURING SOLAR FLARES

Electron acceleration in solar flares is well known to be efficient at generating energetic particles that produce the observed bremsstrahlung X-ray spectra. One mechanism proposed to explain the observations is electron acceleration within contracting magnetic islands formed by magnetic reconnection in the flare current sheet. In a previous study, a numerical magnetohydrodynamic simulation of an eruptive solar flare was analyzed to estimate the associated electron acceleration due to island contraction. That analysis used a simple analytical model for the island structure and assumed conservation of the adiabatic invariants of particle motion. In this paper, we perform the first-ever rigorous integration of the guiding-center orbits of electrons in a modeled flare. An initially isotropic distribution of particles is seeded in a contracting island from the simulated eruption, and the subsequent evolution of these particles is followed using guiding-center theory. We find that the distribution function becomes increasingly anisotropic over time as the electrons' energy increases by up to a factor of five, in general agreement with the previous study. In addition, we show that the energized particles are concentrated on the Sunward side of the island, adjacent to the reconnection X-point in the flare current sheet. Furthermore, our analysis demonstrates that the electron energy gain is dominated by betatron acceleration in the compressed, strengthened magnetic field of the contracting island. Fermi acceleration by the shortened field lines of the island also contributes to the energy gain, but it is less effective than the betatron process.
Is strategy variability advantageous? It depends on grade and type of strategy☆

Abstract No research to date has examined whether variability in mathematics strategy use is linked to higher performance or whether there are long-term benefits to students who use a broad variety of strategies. The goal of the present study was to examine the relationship between strategy variability and student competency in mathematics. Longitudinal data were collected from 241 second and fourth graders on their variability in strategy use, fluency, and end-of-year mathematics competency scores. Results indicated that strategy variability dropped significantly as students progressed from the second to the fourth grade. Strategy variability positively predicted mathematics achievement in the second grade but negatively predicted achievement in the fourth grade. Students who were more fluent in the second grade showed less strategy diversity in the fourth grade. Higher strategy variability in the second grade was correlated with higher fluency in the fourth grade. The study indicates that early variability in strategy use is linked to positive outcomes in later years.
The association between Tai Chi exercise and safe driving performance among older adults: An observational study

Background Age-related cognitive and physical decline can impair safe driving performance. Tai Chi exercise benefits cognitive and physical function and may influence safe driving performance in older adults. The primary aim of this observational study was to compare cognitive processes and physical function related to safe driving performance among older adult Tai Chi practitioners to normative reference values. Secondary aims were to examine relationships between Tai Chi exercise habits, cognitive processes, and physical function related to safe driving performance and to explore potential predictors of safe driving performance.
FERC v. Barclays Bank PLC Shines a Light on CFTC and FERC Jurisdiction

The jurisdiction of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”) and Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) over energy derivatives has been a source of uncertainty for over a decade. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, though potentially clarifying FERC’s and the CFTC’s jurisdiction over energy derivatives, did not resolve this conflict. A recent case, FERC v. Barclays Bank PLC, provides insight into this question. This article evaluates the jurisdictional boundary between the two agencies and the insight provided by the FERC v. Barclays case.
Identification of 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome via Newborn Screening for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency.

Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), the most common cause of DiGeorge syndrome, is quite variable. Neonatal diagnosis traditionally relies on recognition of classic features and cytogenetic testing, but many patients come to attention only following identification of later onset conditions, such as hypernasal speech due to palatal insufficiency and developmental and behavioral differences including speech delay, autism, and learning disabilities that would benefit from early interventions. Newborn screening (NBS) for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is now identifying infants with 22q11.2DS due to T cell lymphopenia. Here, we report findings in such neonates, underscoring the efficacy of early diagnosis. A retrospective chart review of 1350 patients with 22q11.2DS evaluated at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia identified 11 newborns with a positive NBS for SCID. Five out of 11 would have been diagnosed with 22q11.2DS without NBS, whereas early identification of 22q11.2DS in 6/11 led to the diagnosis of significant associated features including hypocalcemia, congenital heart disease (CHD), and gastroesophageal reflux disease that may have gone unrecognized and therefore untreated. Our findings support rapidly screening infants with a positive NBS for SCID, but without SCID, for 22q11.2DS even when typically associated features such as CHD are absent, particularly when B cells and NK cells are normal. Moreover, direct NBS for 22q11.2DS using multiplex qPCR would be equally, if not more, beneficial, as early identification of 22q11.2DS will obviate a protracted diagnostic odyssey while providing an opportunity for timely assessment and interventions as needed, even in the absence of T cell lymphopenia.
MODULARITY Applied to SMART HOME

Reducing energy demand in the residential sector is an important problem worldwide. This study is focused on the awareness of residents to energy conservation, potential of reducing energy and the implementation of a solution in the field of Intelligent House. This paper presents a newly designed integrated wireless modular monitoring system that supports real-time data acquisition from multiple wireless sensing units.
Enter the Digital: Emergent Materiality and the Digitization of Literary Texts: The Novel as a Case Study

The study has two main parts: the first one reviews the current scholarship and theories about the materiality of text in print and digital form exemplified in the works of Johanna Drucker, Jerome McGann, Matthew Kirschenbaum, G. Thomas Tanselle and D. F. McKenzie and then presents a hybrid model of materiality that is comprehensive and practical. This model is designed to make the most use of the capacities of the digital medium and it stems from an understanding of the material repercussions of the migration from print to digital. The second part elaborates on the elements of the codex book and overviews the history of the novel genre. This is to prepare a basis for a prototype for digitizing novels, called iNovel. The last part of the study presents a detailed description of the prototype and its different tools. This prototype serves as a realization of the theoretical model described earlier. L’etude comporte deux principaux volets: le premier examine l’erudition et les theories actuelles au sujet de la materialite du texte imprime et numerique illustres dans les travaux de Johanna Drucker, Jerome McGann, Matthew Kirschenbaum, G. Thomas Tanselle et D. F. McKenzie, et presente ensuite un modele hybride de materialite a la fois complet et pratique. Ce modele est concu pour exploiter au maximum les capacites du medium numerique et il decoule de la comprehension des repercussions materielles de la migration de l’imprime au numerique. Le deuxieme volet decrit les elements du livre codex et fait un survol de l’histoire du roman. Cela a pour but de preparer une base pour un prototype de numerisation de romans, appele iNovel. La derniere partie de l’etude presente une description detaillee du prototype et des ses differents outils. Ce prototype sert de realisation du modele theorique decrit plus haut. Mots-cles: Textualite numerique; Numerisation; Materialite; Romans numeriques
Low-cost 3D ultrasound with any probe: A sensor-based approach

Volumetric 3D ultrasound captures a region of interest more completely than cross-sectional 2D imaging, but 3D implementation has been limited. Mechanical wobbler and matrix-array probes can do 3D imaging, but these probes tend to be bulky and/or expensive, and precise orientation of the image with respect to the patient is not measured. In this work, we present a method of acquiring volumetric 3D ultrasound images with known patient orientation by utilizing a low-cost sensor. This method enables 3D imaging with any 2D imaging probe; this versatile and practical approach may increase the clinical utilization of 3D ultrasound.
What are the appropriate methodological standards for international comparisons of health data

International comparisons of health systems are frequently used to inform national health policy debates. These comparisons can be used to gauge areas of strength and weakness in a health system, and to find potential solutions from abroad that can be applied locally. But such comparisons are methodologically fraught and, if not carefully performed and used, can be misleading. In a recent IJHPR article, Baruch Levi has raised concerns about the use of international comparisons of self-reported health data in health policy debates in Israel. Self-reported health is one of the most robust and frequently used measures of health, and the OECD uses a commonly accepted measure specification, which has five response categories. Israel’s survey question, unlike the OECD measure specification, includes only four response categories. While this may be a valid method when applied over time as a scale within Israel, it creates problems for international comparison. To improve comparability, Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics could revise the survey question. However, revising the question would introduce a “break” in the data series that interrupts comparisons within Israel over time. Israeli policymakers therefore face a decision about priorities: is it more important to them to be able to track health status within Israel over time, or to be able to make meaningful comparisons to other countries? If the priority were international comparisons and the Israel survey was revised, a small study could be conducted among a sample of Israeli respondents to enable crosswalking of self-reported health responses from the four-point scale to the five-point scale. If the Central Bureau of Statistics does not revise its survey, the OECD should examine whether a stronger caveat is possible for its comparisons.
Asset accumulation among low-income rural families: Assessing financial capital as a component of community capitals

AbstractUsing data from a 2012–2013 empirical study, this article examines financial practices and attitudes toward accumulation of assets among low-income rural families in a county in Mississippi. It dissects “asset accumulation” as an often-ignored facet of the financial component of the Community Capitals Framework. The analysis also examines financial capital creation strategies used by local institutions. The article presents a new theoretical framework for understanding and predicting asset accumulation processes among low-income rural families and resulting community progress. Findings show asset accumulation among low-income rural women and families is hindered by a number of individual and institutional factors. However, a culture of fiscal household responsibility and asset accumulation can be created among women and low-income families. When this occurs, community financial capital as a multiplier effect can be anticipated, which will temporally increase other forms of community capital and pr...
Review and theory symbiosis: An introspective retrospective

This paper presents a polylithic framework of review and theory development (RTD) papers. Based upon a reflective analysis of review papers that I have written, read, and/or reviewed, I build a framework suggesting four types of RTD papers: organizing reviews, assessing reviews, specific-theorizing reviews, and broad-theorizing reviews. The four types vary according to the research focus and research objectives, with research focus ranging from primarily description to the identification of gaps, and research objective ranging from primarily synthesizing to primarily theorizing. The framework and accompanying discussion are intended to provide scholars a perspective of the different ways that theory development and review papers intersect. The paper proposes criteria to help evaluate the quality of RTD papers and provides suggestions to authors on how to craft RTD papers.
Narcotic use in pregnancy.

The history, prevalence, and epidemiology of narcotic use in pregnancy is reviewed. Topics covered include diagnosis, work-up, and management of pregnancy in the opioid-dependent woman with special attention to intrapartum and postpartum problems of the mother and child, the neonatal abstinence syndrome, human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity, breast-feeding, and long-term sequelae. The role of methadone is explored thoroughly.
Neuroprotectants in Honghua: glucose attenuates retinal ischemic damage.

PURPOSE This study examined the neuroprotective properties of Honghua, an extract of safflower used as an herbal medicine in China, in several experimental models of retinal ischemia. METHODS Honghua and other agents were tested (1) in the ex vivo chick embryo retina assay (CER) for anti-excitotoxin efficacy and against simulated ischemia (30 min glucose/oxygen deprivation); and (2) in the in vivo adult rat retina dye-photothrombosis assay. Active components of Honghua were purified by conventional chromatographic techniques. RESULTS In the CER, Honghua protected against excitotoxicity of glutamate, N-methyl-D-aspartate, kainate, and quisqualate, and against neuronal degeneration caused by simulated ischemia. Honghua more potently protected against simulated ischemia than against the agonists. In the in vivo adult rat retina, ischemic damage was reduced greatly by intravitreal injection of Honghua. An approximately 100-fold purification of an active principle was achieved chromatographically. The purest fractions were rich in glucose, so the effects of glucose in the ischemia models were determined. Many neuroprotective effects of Honghua were mimicked by pure solutions of equivalent glucose concentration. Glucose (> 3.2 mmol/l) in the CER-ischemia assay provided protection. Glucose did not protect against the lesions induced by direct application of the excitotoxic agonists. Intravitreal injection of glucose provided highly significant neuroprotection in the adult rat retina dye-photothrombosis model. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that retinal excitotoxic damage in vivo can occur secondary to depletion of cellular energy reserves, and therefore may be prevented by simple procedures that maintain the availability of energy sources.
Germanna’s Treasure Trove of History: A Journey of Discovery

If you heard that there was an Enchanted Castle and a 300-year-old fort called Fort Germanna in some woods across the street from your community college, would you want to go to see them? Well, of course! This was my situation when I began working as an English instructor at Germanna Community College (GCC)’s Locust Grove Campus in the fall of 1993. At that time, like almost all the faculty, staff, and students, I had no idea of the rich and fascinating local history of our campus – or that it would soon become my overriding passion, lead to many student activities, and blossom into an ongoing series of events with local community groups that continues to flourish today. Perhaps this learning journey may serve to encourage other campuses in the VCCS to embrace more fully their own local history – as a source of pride, passion, and community involvement.
Using Information on Spatial Variability of Small Estuaries in Designing Large-Scale Estuarine Monitoring Programs

In the early 1990s, EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) documented the ecological condition of the overall population of small estuaries along the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States. However, the Program did not provide detailed information on the condition of individual estuaries less than 260 km2 in surface area, a group of estuaries of concern to environmental managers. To address the needs of environmental managers, when EMAP returned to the region in summer 1997, it included a study of the spatial variability of ecological indicators within individual small estuaries. At 127 probability-based sites in 10 estuaries, EMAP measured a variety of parameters of water quality and sediments, including dissolved oxygen (DO), nutrients, grain size of sediments, contaminants in sediments, and community structures of benthic macroinvertebrates. From this information the ecological condition (e.g., percent area with DO concentrations below 5mg L−1) for each estuary, along with 90% confidence interval, was determined. The width of the confidence interval was then recalculated for sample sizes ranging from two stations to the total number of stations sampled in that estuary. Confidence interval widths were then plotted against sample size. These plots can be useful in designing future regional monitoring programs with a goal of describing conditions in individual systems as well as broad geographic regions. Results illustrate that beyond five stations per estuary, the reduction in the width of the confidence interval with increasing sampling intensity is relatively small; however, individual program managers need to determine "how small is small enough."
Health Promotion and Clinical Sociology

The causes of disease always have been categorized as biological phenomena. However, disease has another dimension—it is mediated and modified by social activity and the cultural environment. During the nineteenth century, medicine developed as a social science, principles of public health and social medicine were clarified, and three basic themes were identified: The health of people is a matter of direct social concern; social and economic conditions have an important effect on health and disease and must be subject to scientific investigation, and steps must be taken to promote health and combat disease; every member of the community is entitled to health protection, just as every person is entitled to the protection of liberty and property.
A phase II study of thalidomide in advanced metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Objectives: To evaluate the toxicityand activity of thalidomide in patientswith advanced metastatic renal cell cancerand to measure changes of one angiogenicfactor, vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)165, with therapy.
DEPRESSION AND LONELINESS IN RURAL OLDER ADULTS LIVING ALONE

In designing interventions it is important to understand loneliness as explained by rural older adults from diverse cultures living alone. This mixed methods study of older adults living alone in subsidized housing in rural Florida included qualitative interviews and quantitative measures of depression (CES-D), health literacy (REALM-SV), and screening for cognitive impairment (Mini-Cog). Participants were asked open-ended questions about their experience of living alone. Thematic analysis was conducted to construct an explanatory matrix. Participants’ age was M =71.5, SD = 6 with low education (M = 8.6, SD = 4.2) and low health literacy (Realm-SV M = 2.9, SD = 2.86). Over ¼ of the sample (n =11) screened positive for cognitive impairment while 15% (n = 6) were depressed (CES-D score >15/60). However, 92% indicated that they were content living alone. Findings help to deepen our understanding of the mental health of an underserved group of rural older adults.
Social Justice Through the Lens of the Cross: A Case for a Biblical Foundation of Social Work

The profession of social work esteems the value of social justice, as social workers promote the well-being of society and the rights every individual holds. Although social justice is a core value of social work, it is necessary to address the foundation of social justice within its secular context, and questioning the “why” behind social justice calls for a deeper understanding of social work. Using the “Inside-Out” apologetic approach demonstrates how the secular grounding of social work neglects to provide the foundation required to make claims on the necessity of social justice. A Christian foundation, however, offers the grounding needed to support the values and mission of social work, and it is valuable to support a Christian understanding of social work.
Waveguide· in acrylate phoiopolymerlzable monomer systems

Polymeric optical waveguide technology is being developed for circuit and device applications using Poiyguide, an acrylate photopolymerlzable monomer combined with cellulose acetate butyrate and polyvinyl acetate binders. The emphasis is on creating a technology base for passive guide devices, combined with holographic diffraction gratings, capitalizing on the unique material properties and multiple processing options. The photopolymerizable formulation is cast onto 50-ium Mylar polyester film in 30-60-cm widths with a 12- /tm protective cover layer placed on top, permitting the material to be rolled up for storage and later use. The photopolymerlzable formulation is cast in thicknesses, after final drying, of from 5 to 100 μηι. To create the waveguides, the photopolymerizable surface is directly laminated onto a pho- toi iBiographie mask followed by exposure to broadband 350-450-nm radiation. A permanent waveguide region of higher refractive index is ere- ated by the internal diffusion of the monomer into the exposing region. Waveguide exposure is typically 2-7 mW/cm2 and 10-100 mj/cm2. On total polymerization of the entire film with broadband radiation from 500 to 2000 mj/cm2, a waveguide region of high index of refraction remains.
Evolving Public Views On The Likelihood Of Violence From People With Mental Illness: Stigma And Its Consequences.

Highly publicized acts of violence routinely spark reactions that place blame on the perpetrator’s presumed mental illness. Despite solid evidence that people with mental illness are unlikely to be...
Association of provider experience and clinical outcomes in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes receiving hypomethylating agents.

Population level survival of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) treated with hypomethylating agents (HMA) is inferior to clinical trials. Using SEER-Medicare data, we identified 2086 MDS...
Factors Affecting the Diagnostic Yield of Frame-Based Stereotactic Intracranial Biopsies.

Objective Frame-based stereotactic biopsy (FSB) remains the “gold standard” for obtaining diagnostic samples of intracranial lesions to guide therapy. Nevertheless, diagnostic yield is highly variable. This study aims to provide an analysis of diagnostic yield, surgical complications, and factors associated with obtaining nondiagnostic samples in a contemporary FSB series. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted of all adult patients with imaging-documented lesions undergoing FSB at our institution between 2013 and 2018. Diagnostic accuracy, lesion characteristics associated with nondiagnostic biopsy, and surgical complications were evaluated. A biopsy was considered nondiagnostic if all frozen samples and the final pathology yielded normal brain tissue or nonspecific reactive tissue unless the “reactive” pathology was consistent with radiation injury from prior therapy. Results Our search identified 198 FSB patients. Mean (standard deviation) age was 62 ± 17 years, and 44.2% were female. Median procedure time was 32 minutes. A definitive histologic diagnosis was established in 187 cases (94.4% diagnostic yield). Mean lesion diameter was 31.9 ± 16.8 mm. Multivariable logistic regression revealed only lesion diameter to be significantly associated with diagnostic result (odds ratio for nondiagnostic result: 0.94 per mm diameter decrease, 95% confidence interval 0.87–0.99, P = 0.028). On univariable analysis, diagnosis of central nervous system lymphoma appeared to increase the risk of a nondiagnostic biopsy (P = 0.025), but this association disappeared when controlling for lesion size and steroid administration before biopsy. Eight patients (4.0%) developed postoperative hemorrhagic complications, 3 of whom required reoperation, and another expired. Conclusions This study demonstrates that diagnostic yield from contemporary FSB is high and depends predominantly on lesion size.
Flagging Bacteria with Radiolabeled d-Amino Acids.

Carbon-11 labeled d-alanine allows detection of live bacteria in vivo by positron emission tomography.
Chapter 13 – Nitrogen

Nitrogen constitutes approximately 78% of the earth’s atmosphere, but as a result of the strong triple bond in N2 molecules, the element is comparatively unreactive. One of the most important nitrogen compounds, ammonia, is produced by reaction of the elements under strenuous conditions. Moreover, there is an extensive chemistry in which liquid ammonia is the solvent. Hydrazine and its derivatives have been used as rocket fuels. Most oxides of nitrogen react with water to produce acids, but N2O, formally the anhydride of hyponitrous acid (H2N2O2) does not. Nitric acid is by far the most important of the nitrogen-containing acids, and ammonium nitrate is a widely used fertilizer. Nitric acid is also used in the preparation of a wide variety of nitro compounds including nitrocellulose and other propellants.
Variation in Covid-19 Cases Across New York City

Abstract The number of confirmed COVID-19 cases, relative to population size, has varied greatly throughout the United States and even within the same city. In different zip codes in New York City, the epicentre of the epidemic, the number of cases per 100,000 residents has ranged from 437 to 4227, a 1:10 ratio. To guide policy decisions regarding containment and reopening of the economy, schools and other institutions, it is vital to identify the factors that drive this large variation. This paper reports on a statistical study of incidence variation by zip code across New York City. Among many socio-economic and demographic measures considered, the average household size emerges as the single most important explanatory variable: an increase in average household size by one member increases the zip code incidence rate, in our final model specification, by at least 876 cases, 23% of the range of incidence rates, at a 95% confidence level. The percentage of the population above the age of 65, the percentage below the poverty line, and their interaction term are also strongly positively associated with zip code incidence rates, In terms of ethnic/racial characteristics, the percentages of African Americans, Hispanics and Asians within the population, are significantly associated, but the magnitude of the impact is considerably smaller. (The proportion of Asians within a zip code has a negative association.) These significant associations may be explained by comorbidities, known to be more (less) prevalent among the black and Hispanic (Asian) population segments. In turn, the increased prevalence of these comorbidities among the black and Hispanic population, is, in large part, the result of poorer dietary habits and more limited access to healthcare, themselves driven by lower incomes Contrary to popular belief, population density, per se, does not have a significantly positive impact. Indeed, population density and zip code incidence rate are negatively correlated, with a -33% correlation coefficient. Our model specification is based on a well-established epidemiologic model that explains the effects of household sizes on R0, the basic reproductive number of an epidemic. Our findings support implemented and proposed policies to quarantine pre-acute and post-acute patients, as well as nursing home admission policies
Surveillance patterns of cervical cancer patients treated with conization alone.

Objectives To determine surveillance patterns of stage I cervical cancer after cervical conization. Methods A 25-question electronic survey was sent to members of the Society of Gynecologic Oncology. Provider demographics, surveillance during year 1, years 1–3, and >3 years after cervical conization, use of pelvic examination, cytology, Human papillomavirus testing, colposcopy, and endocervical curettage were queried. Data were analyzed. Results 239/1175 (20.1%) responses were collected over a 5-week study period. All providers identified as gynecologic oncologists. During year 1, 66.7% of providers perform pelvic examination and 37.1% perform cytology every 3 months. During years 1–3, 61.6% perform pelvic examination and 46% perform cytology every 6 months. At >3 years, 54.4% perform pelvic examination every 6 months and 43% perform annual pelvic examination. 66.7% of respondents perform cytology annually, and 51.9% perform annual Human papilloma virus testing. 85% of providers do not offer routine colposcopy and 60% do not offer endocervical curettage at any point during 5-year follow-up. 76.3% of respondents screen patients for Human papilloma virus vaccination. Conclusions To date, there are no specific surveillance guidelines for patients with stage I cervical cancer treated with cervical conization. The most common surveillance practice reported is pelvic examination with or without cytology every 3 months in year 1 and every 6 months thereafter. However, wide variation exists in visit frequency, cytology, and Human papillomavirus testing, and there is a clear trend away from using colposcopy and endocervical curettage. These disparate surveillance practices indicate a need for well-defined, uniform surveillance guidelines.
Third-Person Perceptions and Calls for Censorship of Flat Earth Videos on YouTube

Calls for censorship have been made in response to the proliferation of flat Earth videos on YouTube, but these videos are likely convincing to very few. Instead, people may worry these videos are brainwashing others. That individuals believe other people will be more influenced by media messages than themselves is called third-person perception (TPP), and the consequences from those perceptions, such as calls for censorship, are called third-person effects (TPE). Here, we conduct three studies that examine the flat Earth phenomenon using TPP and TPE as a theoretical framework. We first measured participants’ own perceptions of the convincingness of flat Earth arguments presented in YouTube videos and compared these to participants’ perceptions of how convincing others might find the arguments. Instead of merely looking at ratings of one’s self vs. a general ‘other,’ however, we asked people to consider a variety of identity groups who differ based on political party, religiosity, educational attainment, and area of residence (e.g., rural, urban). We found that participants’ religiosity and political party were the strongest predictors of TPP across the different identity groups. In our second and third pre-registered studies, we found support for our first study’s conclusions, and we found mixed evidence for whether TPP predict support for censoring YouTube among the public.
Can the Law Change Preferences

In this article, we analyze whether, as some have claimed, the criminal and civil law alters fundamental preferences and conclude that it does not. Scholars have recently challenged the claim in classical deterrence theory that law influences behavior only through the expected sanction imposed. Some go farther and argue that law may also “shape preferences,” changing people’s fundamental wants and values. We first clarify this preference-shaping claim by elaborating the structure of rational choice theory generally and “preference” in particular. We then investigate three mechanisms of legal influence suggested by the preference-shaping literature: (1) the “serious harm” mechanism; (2) the “social norm” mechanism; and (3) the “self-improvement” mechanism. We then argue that each of these mechanisms operates by changing the agent’s beliefs about the attributes or consequences of her choice options rather than by changing her preferences.
Avulsion fracture of the proximal fibula (arcuate sign) in a young woman.

A 20-year-old woman presented to our primary care clinic for right knee pain 2 weeks after she was struck on her right side by a car travelling 10 mph (16 kph). She was seen in an emergency department after the accident and diagnosed with right superior and inferior pubic rami fractures but did not
Pomegranate structured C@pSi/rGO composite as high performance anode materials of lithium-ion batteries

Abstract A novel anode materials composed of pomegranate structured carbon @ porous silicon/reduced graphene oxide composite (C@pSi/rGO) was prepared by a facile high temperature pyrolysis and freeze drying technology. In this pomegranate-like composite, porous silicon is equivalent to pomegranate seeds providing sufficient specific capacity, the coated carbon layer is equivalent to pulp which can inhibit the volume expansion and improve electrical conductivity of silicon, and the outermost graphene is equivalent to the inner diaphragm and the outer fruit shell, which can accelerate the ion and electron transport and buffer the volume change of the inner silicon again, so that the cycling stability and rate performance of the material can be effectively improved. As a result, the initial discharge capacity of the C@pSi/rGO composite electrode is 825.7 mAh g−1, after 100 cycles, the reversible capacity of the C@pSi/rGO composite electrode can be maintained at 746 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.4 A/g with a capacity retention up to 90.4%. However, for the pure porous silicon pSi electrode without carbon coating and graphene recombination, the initial discharge capacity is 769.4 mAh g−1 with almost 0% capacity retention after 30 cycles. Under the dual action of carbon coating and graphene composite, the performance of porous silicon electrode has been significantly improved, which will provide a new idea for the development of high performance silicon carbon anode materials.
Settler masculinity and labour: the post-pioneer era gender order and New Zealand’s Great Strike of 1913

In the two and half decades before World War One, a new settler gender order began to emerge. In one aspect of that shift, the man-alone masculine ideal of the pioneer era, though still culturally ...
‘Functionally Equivalent’: How Daily Fantasy Sport Ended American Legal Debates on Sports Gambling

The United States has a complex history of gambling. Modern sport, fantasy sport, and daily fantasy sport (DFS) has complicated legal and moral views on gambling. Modern sport provided a means for ...
Opioid Use after Pediatric Urologic Surgery: Is It Really Needed?

Abstract Objectives To identify factors associated with opioid use after pediatric urologic surgery, use this data to educate our patients and colleagues on decreasing post-operative opioid use, and assess the effectiveness of this approach. Methods From 1/2018 - 12/2019, a written questionnaire asking which pain medications were used after surgery was given to patients’ families before routine post-operative appointments. A retrospective review of the surveys and patient charts was performed. Demographic factors were compared between patients who did and did not use opioids with Fisher's exact and t tests. Midway through the study, the results were presented to the urology department in an attempt to reduce opioid use over the next year. The number of opioid prescriptions and patients who used opioids after surgery in 2018 versus 2019 was compared. Results 1001 patients were included with a mean age of 5 years, 96% male. Patients used a mean of 4.5 doses of opioids and 83% had leftover opioids. Factors significantly associated with not using opioids included age less than 3, penile, and endoscopic surgery. Between 2018 and 2019–despite no significant difference in patient age, gender, or procedure type–the number of patients who were prescribed (61% vs 34%, P Conclusion After pediatric urologic surgery, many patients do not need opioid prescriptions. Reviewing our own opioid use practices and providing education within our department allowed us to significantly decrease the number of opioids prescribed and used after surgery.
Sketch-based Community Detection via Representative Node Sampling

This paper proposes a sketch-based approach to the community detection problem which clusters the full graph through the use of an informative and concise sketch. The reduced sketch is built through an effective sampling approach which selects few nodes that best represent the complete graph and operates on a pairwise node similarity measure based on the average commute time. After sampling, the proposed algorithm clusters the nodes in the sketch, and then infers the cluster membership of the remaining nodes in the full graph based on their aggregate similarity to nodes in the partitioned sketch. By sampling nodes with strong representation power, our approach can improve the success rates over full graph clustering. In challenging cases with large node degree variation, our approach not only maintains competitive accuracy with full graph clustering despite using a small sketch, but also outperforms existing sampling methods. The use of a small sketch allows considerable storage savings, and computational and timing improvements for further analysis such as clustering and visualization. We provide numerical results on synthetic data based on the homogeneous, heterogeneous and degree corrected versions of the stochastic block model, as well as experimental results on real-world data.
Research Techniques Made Simple: Studying Circular RNA in Skin Diseases

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a unique class of covalently closed, single-stranded RNAs. High-throughput sequencing has uncovered the abundance and complexity of circRNAs. Changes in levels of circRNAs correlate with diverse disease states, including many skin diseases. CircRNAs can function as microRNA inhibitors, protein interactors, or mRNAs. Although circRNAs do have unique topological features, they share many similarities, including primary sequence, with their linear orthologs, so carefully controlled experiments are required to detect and study them. Here, we summarize some protocols used in the identification, validation, and characterization of circRNAs. We also discuss ways to repress and overexpress specific circRNAs to assess potential unique functions for these molecules. These techniques may be useful in exploring how circRNAs contribute to skin disease.
A case of nevoid follicular mucinosis in a child.

Nevoid follicular mucinosis is a new diagnosis initially described by Tadini et al1 in 2013 to represent a lesion with the Blaschkoid appearance of an epidermal nevus that exhibits follicular mucinosis (FM), or a pattern of mucin deposition within hair follicles, on histopathology. Such a presentation is quite rare, and to date, no other cases of nevoid FM have been reported. We describe herein a second case of a child with nevoid FM.
On the notion of measurability

сЕгАл И кУНцЕ ОпРЕДЕльУт Иж МЕРИМУУ ФУНкцИУ кАк Ё лЕМЕНт НАИМЕНьшЕгО клАссА ж АМкНУтОгО пО ОтНОшЕНИУ к ОпЕРАц ИИ пОтОЧЕЧНОгО пРЕДЕ лА пОслЕДОВАтЕльНОстЕ И стУпЕНЧАтых ФУНкцИИ. ОДНАкО ОБыЧН О ИжМЕРИМАь ФУНкцИь ОпРЕДЕльЕтсь кАк тАк Аь, Дль кОтОРОИ пРООБР Аж ОткРытОгО МНОжЕстВА ьВльЕтсь ИжМЕРИМыМ. В РАБОтЕ ДОкАжыВАЕтсь, ЧтО пРИ НЕкОтОРых РАжУМНых ОгРАНИЧЕНИьх ЁтИ ДВА пОНьтИь ЁкВИВАлЕНтН ы. А ИМЕННО, ДОкАжАНО, ЧтО ИжМЕРИМ Ость пО сЕгАлУ-кУНцЕ ВлЕЧЕт О БыЧНУУ ИжМЕРИМОсть, Е слИ пРОстРАНстВО сОВЕРш ЕННО НОРМАльНО. кРОМЕ тОгО, ЕслИ пРОст РАНстВО УДОВлЕтВОРь Ет ВтОРОИ АксИОМЕ сЧЕтНОстИ, тО ИжМЕРИМОсть В ОБыЧНОМ сМыслЕ И В сМы слЕ сЕгАлА-кУНцЕ ЁкВИ ВАлЕНтНы.
Further Evidence of the Reliability and Validity of the Multidimensional Anxiety

The psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) were examined in adolescent psychiatric inpatient samples. In Study 1 (n = 287), confirmatory factor analyses provided satisfactory fit for the four-factor (comparative fit index; CFI = 0.856) and higher-order (CFI = 0.854) solutions. Using parcels as items, the fit of the four-factor model was improved substantially (CFI = 0.935). Next, in the bifactor analyses, support was attained for a model that included a general factor and four domain specific subfactors. In Study 2 (n = 195 inpatient youths), the MASC showed good scale reliability and concurrent validity. Results of the receiver operating characteristic curve and binary logistic regression analyses provided adequate evidence for discriminative validity. In Study 3 (n = 40), test–retest reliability of scores on the MASC-10 scale over a 3-week period was adequate (r tt = 0.83, p < 0.001) for children ages 8 to 11 years.
Fine Structure of the Coat and Nucleoid Material of Fowlpox Virus

Hyde, James M. (University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson), Lanelle G. Gafford, and Charles C. Randall. Fine structure of the coat and nucleoid material of fowlpox virus. J. Bacteriol. 89: 1557–1569. 1965.—Several morphological forms characteristic of the poxvirus group were demonstrated for fowlpox virus with neutral phosphotungstic acid (PTA). Viral particles (purified from viral inclusion bodies) stained with uranyl acetate (UA) and shadowed with platinum were shown to have an external knobby surface not evident with PTA. The external coat of freshly purified viral particles seemed intact, but as the preparation aged, it appeared to unwind, resulting in twisted “rope-like” structures. This process was facilitated by use of 1% trypsin, and three dense fibrils were identified with UA within the partially detached viral coat. Studies with alkaline PTA ( p H 9) were interpreted as revealing a complex nucleoid, but solutions above this p H damaged the particles. The morphology of the nucleoid was better depicted in ultrathin sections of whole virus which, when stained with UA, revealed dense coiled threads. Treatment of virus with sodium lauryl sulfate exposed an underlying coat consisting of small subunits approximately 40 A in diameter. Of great interest was the demonstration that the detergent removed strands of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from the virus without destroying the contour of the particle. The origin of the strands was definitely the fine uranophilic, coiled threads of the nucleoid, which probably represent the DNA molecule(s). That the extracted material was largely DNA was proved by digestion with deoxyribonuclease and resistance to ribonuclease and trypsin. These studies illustrate how a variety of electron microscopic techniques may be utilized alone or in combination to reveal hitherto undescribed fine structure of viral particles. Images
Activated phase II metabolites: comparison of alkylation by 1-O-acyl glucuronides and acyl sulfates.

1-0-acyl glucuronides are reactive Phase II metabolites which can alkylate chemical nucleophiles. Industrial sulfate ester mixed anhydrides have been reported to be active acylating agents. This study was undertaken in order to establish that sulfate ester mixed anhydrides of clinically useful drugs could be synthesized, purified, and characterized as reactive chemical species. Their ability to alkylate 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine (NBP) and their stability in aqueous solution was compared with 1-0-acyl glucuronide conjugates of the same drugs. Synthesis of the 1-0-acyl glucuronides of the hypolipidemic agent, clofibric acid, and the nonsteroidal antiiflammatory drugs flufenamic acid and indomethacin were catalyzed by immobilized microsomal rabbit liver UDP-glucuronyltransferase. Potassium salts of the sulfate ester mixed anhydrides of these drugs were synthesized chemically by temperature-controlled reaction with chlorosulfonic acid in anhydrous pyridine. Half-lives at pH 2.0, 6.0, 7.4, and 10.0 were determined for each compound. The reactivity of the acyl glucuronides and sulfate ester mixed anhydrides towards the standard chemical nucleophile, 4-(p-nitrobenzyl pyridine (NBP), was measured using a spectrophotometric assay at several substrate concentrations. Acyl sulfate ester mixed anhydrides were shown to be 3–20 times more reactive towards NBP than their corresponding 1-0-acyl glucuronides. For both glucuronides and sulfate esters, relative reactivitiy towards NBP was: clofibric acid > indomethacin > flufenamic acid. This behavior paralleled the hydrolytic instability of the compounds.
Adaptive intrusion detection with data mining

A major constraint of an anomaly-based intrusion detection system (IDS) lies in its inability to adapt to distinguish these changes from intrusive behavior. To overcome these obstacles, the normal profile must be updated at regular intervals. The naive approach of exhaustively recomputing the normal profile is often not viable and can incorporate patterns of intrusive behavior as normal. We address technical issues and present an adaptive data mining framework for anomaly detection. We employ a sliding window approach and use only the audit data inside that sliding window to update the profile. Instead of performing an exhaustive update, we use some heuristics to decide when to update. Experimental results using real network traffic data (containing simulated intrusion attacks) demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
Inhibition of ligand binding to thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 receptors by diethylpyrocarbonate. Protection by receptor ligands and reversal by hydroxylamine.

The potential of histidines to modulate the binding of agonists and antagonists to human platelet thromboxane A2 (TXA2) receptors was investigated. TXA2 receptors were purified from crude platelet membranes via affinity and wheat germ lectin chromatography. Radioligand binding studies were conducted using the TXA2, mimetic [125I]BOP (I-BOP = [1S-(lα,2β(5Z),3α(1E,3R∗),4α)]-7-[3-(3-hydroxy -4-(4′-iodophenoxy)-1-butenyl)7-oxabicyclo-[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl]-5-heptenoic acid) and the TXA, receptor antagonist [125I]SAP (I-SAP = 7-[(1R,2S,3S,5R)-6,6-dimethyl-3-(4-iodobenzenesulfonylamino)-bicyclo-[3.1.1] hept-2-yl]-(5Z)-heptenoic acid). The histidine modifying reagent diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) produced a concentration (30–100 μM) dependent inhibition of binding of both [125I]BOP and [125I]SAP. DEPC treatment significantly (P < 0.05, N = 6) decreased the affinity of the receptor for [125I]SAP (Kd = 2.4 ± 0.4 and 5.4 ± 0.4 nM, control and DEPC, respectively) without significantly decreasing the Bmax. The effects of DEPC were reversed by hydroxylamine. The inhibition of [125I]BOP and [125I]SAP binding produced by DEPC was reduced significantly by prior incubation of the purified receptors with the TXA2 receptor agonist U-46619 or the TXA2 receptor antagonist SO 29548. The results strongly support the notion that one or more histidines reside in a domain that can modulate ligand binding to the TXA2 receptor.
Detuning penalties for 10 Gb/s through a WDM cross-connect with 100 GHz spacing

Detuning measurements of 10 Gb/s NRZ data through three hops of a WDM system with 100 GHz spacing have been presented. Random misalignment of WDM components' center frequencies have been included in the experiment. The three-hop detuning bandwidth was measured to be 25 GHz. Along with the variation of insertion loss with respect to optical frequency of each passband, the misalignment of successive passbands contributes to the reduction of end-to-end available bandwidth.