cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regional labor markets: A simple analysis

One of the f i r s t tasks of a regional analyst or planner, when he begins to study an area, is to glean as much information as possible from readily available sources . At this stage, the goal is not to obtain precise guides for policy but s imply to t ry and grasp the basic forces at work within the area. Then, once a sense of direction is acquired, further research may concentrate on specific problems. The Census of Population is often used as a s tar t ing point for the study of employment. This source provides an enumerat ion, at the state level, of the labor force c ross -c lass i f ied by industry and occupation. The industr ia l c lass i fications of employment have been used extensively in regional studies. For example, the relat ive frequency of employment by industry may be computed and the important products of the state, weighted by their respective employments , identified. Also, this distr ibution may be compared to its national counterpart and "export, " or specialized industr ies , denoted. However, the distr ibution of the labor force by occupation is seldom used for analysis . Often, the resea rcher is content to simply describe its character is t ics and makes no attempt to analyze their cause or implicat ions. It is unfortunate that the occupational distr ibution of the labor force is not analyzed more extensively because it appears to more closely approximate the theoret ical s t ructure of the labor market than does, say, the industr ia l classif icat ion. It seems more sensible to speak of the supply function of b r icklayers than the conglomerate "supply" of labor to the construction industry. Likewise, the character is t ics of the demand functions of f i rms in an area for engineers are more appealing than the demand of one industry for all types of labor. This paper provides a s imple method of comparing the occupational labor markets between regions. It identifies either supply or demand as being dominant in determining the differences in the occupational distribution of the labor force in one area relat ive to another.
Effects of colchicine on collagenase in cultures of rheumatoid synovium

Rheumatoid synovium, cultured in vitro in media not enriched with serum, synthesized and released a specific collagenase. This enzyme appeared in measurable quantities only after three or more days of culture. Enzyme activity correlated well with hydroxyproline content in the culture media, indicating that extracellular matrix collagen in synovial explants was being degraded. Collagenase activity was found to be 2 to 10 times greater when colchicine (0.1 μg/ml) was added to the culture media. This stimulation of enzyme was dependent upon cells which could metabolize glucose and synthesize RNA; it was not dependent upon continued addition of colchicine to fresh culture media. Colchicine was found to depress 14CO2 production from glucose-6-14C, whereas lactate formation and 14CO2 evolution from glucose-1-14C were less markedly depressed. Mitotic figures were not seen in cells of tissue cultures in the absence of serum, nor was mitotic arrest observed in colchicine-treated tissue. The effect of colchicine was not mediated by decreased degradation of the enzyme in culture nor by stimulation of release of stored enzyme, but was associated with an increase in radioactive leucine incorporation into several proteins synthesized by the cell, including collagenase.
Cyclic AMP promotes growth and secretion in human polycystic kidney epithelial cells.

Cyclic AMP promotes growth and secretion in human polycystic kidney epithelial cells. Background Progressive cyst enlargement, the hallmark of autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and autosomal-recessive (ARPKD) polycystic kidney disease, precedes the eventual decline of function in these conditions. The expansion of individual cysts in ADPKD is determined to a major extent by mural epithelial cell proliferation and transepithelial fluid secretion. This study determined if common receptor-mediated agonists and an anonymous lipid stimulate the production of 3′ 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) in mural epithelial cells from the two major types of human cystic diseases. Methods cAMP responses to maximally effective concentrations of renal agonists were determined together with measurements of transepithelial anion current and cellular proliferation and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK 1/2) expression in primary cultures of epithelial cells from human ADPKD and ARPKD cysts. Results The rank orders of responses to ligands for ADPKD and ARPKD cells were identical: epinephrine > desmopressin (DDAVP) ≈ arginine vasopressin (AVP) > adenosine > prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) > parathyroid hormone (PTH). cAMP concentrations elevated by epinephrine, DDAVP, adenosine, and PGE 2 were diminished by receptor-specific inhibitors. Pools of cyst fluid collected individually from 16 of 19 ADPKD kidneys increased, to varying degrees, cAMP levels in ADPKD and ARPKD cells. PGE 2 , β-adrenergic and AVP antagonists partially inhibited cAMP accmulation in response to fluids from three kidneys, but a large portion of the endogenous activity was attributed to yet-to-be identified bioactive lipid, designated cyst activating factor (CAF). CAF stimulated cAMP production in ADPKD and ARPKD cells, activated ERK 1/2 , and increased cellular proliferation in ADPKD cells. CAF increased positive short circuit current (I SC ) in polarized ADPKD and T-84 monolayers, indicating stimulation of net anion secretion. Conclusion Endogenous adenylyl cyclase agonists promote cell proliferation and electrolyte secretion of human ADPKD and ARPKD cells in vitro. We suggest that increased levels of cAMP may accelerate cyst growth and overall renal enlargement in patients with PKD.
THE SUBURBAN MOVEMENT TO LIMIT GROWTH: REASONS FOR SUPPORT IN ORANGE COUNTY

Several studies have shown that suburban residents favor growth controls. It is usually argued that high-status residents and those living in growing comniunities want limited growth. This paper examines an alternative perspective; support for growth limits broadly found among individuals who perceive community problems. Specific reasons for wanting limited growth, however, vary in importance among different social group. These hypotheses are confirmed by 1,009 Orange County, California residents. Support for growth limits is strongest among those who perceive rapid growth, are dissatisfied with c i t y government, and perceive service problems. Environniental reasoris for wanting limited growth are mentioned most frequently. These concerns are especially noted by the high-status residents and nonfiscal conservatives. Economic reasons for limited growth are stated by a large minority, and are especially of interest to the lowstatus residents and fiscal conservatives. The results indicate public concerns vary among social groups comprising the citizen support for suburban growth limits. The implications for suburban policy formation and implementation are discussed.
Pathologic assessment of myocardial cell necrosis and apoptosis after ischemia and reperfusion with molecular and morphological markers.

The present work illustrates the critical subcellular changes in the rat heart after 10-30 min of left coronary artery (LCA) occlusion and 120 min of reperfusion with a combination of several staining techniques. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) to detect non-injured myocytes, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and terminal deoxynucleotide nick-end labeling (TUNEL) to detect necrotic and apoptotic cells were employed and electron microscopy (EM) was used to validate these changes. After 20 min of LCA occlusion, myocytes began to undergo necrosis whilst after 10 min occlusion, no myocyte underwent irreversible cell injury in the risk area. After 30 min of LCA occlusion and 120 min reperfusion, 36.3, 26.6 and 25% cells were normal, necrotic, and reversibly injured, respectively; the remaining 12.8% cells were apoptotic. Necrotic cells were strongly positive with HRP and negative for TTC and TUNEL. TUNEL-positive or apoptotic cells were slightly HRP-positive, indicating altered cell membrane permeability. Reversibly-injured myocytes were TTC-, HRP- and TUNEL-negative. These changes were more accurately defined in the 100- microm thick sections than in the traditional slices. It is concluded that: (1) TTC-staining of 100- microm thick sections is far superior and accurate for the detection of ischemic changes with shorter period of ischemia (10 min); (2) the combination of TTC-staining, HRP reaction and TUNEL method is excellent for demarcation of early ischemic changes; (3) TTC-negativity in ischemia less than 20 min does not indicate necrosis but only represents reversible changes; (4) the apoptosis is absent in early ischemia of 20 min with or without reperfusion at a time when sufficient ATP is present, and appears only after 30 min of coronary ligation and reperfusion; and (5) the apoptotic cells lose membrane integrity accompanied by decreased glycocalyx thickness and cell swelling as opposed to commonly known characteristics of apoptotic cells.
The comparability of three Wechsler adult intelligence scales in a college sample

Three Wechsler adult intelligence scales were administered in a counterbalanced design to 72 randomly selected undergraduates between the ages of 18 and 23. The comparability of the WAIS-R, WAIS, and WBII was evaluated by testing the equality of means, variances, and covariances, utilizing subtest scaled scores and IQs. Results indicated that the three scales were not parallel due to their failure to meet one or more of the criteria. Generally, the subtest scaled scores exhibited less similarity across the three scales than the IQ estimates because most of the 11 subtests failed two or more of the criteria, while the 3 IQs failed only one. Implications of the results for clinical practice and psychometric research were specified.
Upland contribution of sediment and runoff during extreme drought: A study of the 1947-1956 drought in the Blackland Prairie, Texas

summary The 1950s drought severely impacted a 1.1 million km 2 area in the central US. This drought, along with the famous 1930s drought, was among the most severe of the 20th century for large areas and is the drought of record for water supply planning in Texas. At the USDA-ARS Riesel Watersheds during the drought, average annual rainfall was reduced 27%, which produced 75% less runoff and 35% less sediment yield. Rainfall intensity during the drought was, however, typically greater than for the non-drought period. Based on long-term data from the Riesel Watersheds, the mean, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentile values of sediment yields on days with measureable soil loss were larger for the drought than non-drought periods. These results reflect the increase in rainfall intensity during the drought but more importantly the increased efficiency of drought rainfall to dislodge and transport sediment, which is attributed to the combined effects of reduced vegetative cover and increased soil erodibility. The potential for high sediment yields during drought periods illustrates the need to consider this landscape vulnerability in long-term planning and assessment and the importance of long-term monitoring to predict water supply impacts. This is especially evident in Texas, which is expected to experience a dramatic increase in population and water demand this century, with a corresponding decrease in reservoir storage capacity due to sedimentation.
A high pressure, high temperature study of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitro ethylene

We report a synchrotron energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction study of the novel high explosive 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene at high pressures and high temperatures. Pressure was generated using a Paris–Edinburgh cell to employ larger sample volumes. High temperatures were created using a resistive graphite cylinder surrounding the sample. The PT phase diagram was explored in the 3.3 GPa pressure range and in the ∼ 400°C temperature range. We believe that the sample commenced in the α-phase and then ended up in an amorphous phase when the temperature increased beyond 280°C near 2 GPa, which we believe to be the γ-phase. Further pressure and temperature cycling suggests that the sample transformed reversibly into and out of the amorphous phase near the phase line.
Sustained release of matrix metalloproteinase-3 to trabecular meshwork cells using biodegradable PLGA microparticles.

Accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) materials in the trabecular meshwork (TM) is believed to be a contributing factor to intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation, a risk factor/cause of primary open angle glaucoma, a major blinding disease. Matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) is one of the proteinases that can effectively degrade ECM elements such as fibronectin, and MMP-3 delivery to the TM represents a promising approach for IOP reduction and treatment of glaucoma. In this study, we tested the feasibility of using polymeric microparticles to achieve a slow and sustained release of active MMP-3 to cultured human TM cells. β-Casein, with molecular weight (24 kDa) and hydrophobicity similar to those of the active MMP-3 fragment (19.2 kDa), was first employed as a model for initial testing. β-casein was encapsulated into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles using a double emulsion procedure at an encapsulation efficiency of approximately 45%. The PLGA microparticles were chosen given their ...
Yield responses of crops to changes in environment and management practices: Model sensitivity analysis. I. Maize

YIELD, a parametric crop production model, employs climatic data to calculate actual and potential yield for various crops and includes formulations for specific crop and growth stage effects. The objective was to demonstrate the sensitivity of YIELD for grain corn (maize) to changes in various environmental and decision-making inputs. Five temperature, five solar radiation, six relative humidity regimes, five water application schemes, and four irrigation frequencies were included in this study. The effects of different soil types and wind regimes on crop water requirements were investigated. The model output includes crop yield, water use efficiency, and management efficiency. Among the results, yield decreased on the average by 3.9% per one degree (C) increase in air temperature. A 1% change in solar radiation resulted in an average of 1% change in yield. Similar changes in relative humidity caused a yield change of about 0.8%.
Katalyseforscher, vereinigt Euch!

Auf Katalyse bauen zahlreiche f r die Menschen n tzliche chemische Verfahren auf, und sie vermittelt jede Menge an f r lebende Organismen essenziellen Reaktionen. Daher berrascht es nicht, dass Katalyseforschung schon seit ber hundert Jahren durch die Vergabe von Nobel-Preisen – allein vier in den letzten elf Jahren – gew rdigt wurde. Trotzdem ist sie heute keine genuine wissenschaftliche Disziplin. Daher sind Fokus und Inhalt bei der Vermittlung von Katalysethemen an Studenten der Lebenswissenschaften erheblich anders als bei Chemieund Chemieingenieurstudenten. Des Weiteren werden die neueren Nobel-Preistr ger mit Katalysethemen h ufig als „Synthesechemiker“ bezeichnet. Auch viele Katalysearbeiten in der Angewandten Chemie sind als „Synthesearbeiten“ klassifiziert. Nat rlich kann man argumentieren, dass die Katalyse etwa so breit ist wie Chemie, Biochemie, Chemieingenieurwesen und Materialwissenschaften zusammen und dass man deshalb homogene und heterogene Katalyse (oder genauer Bio-, Organo-, Metall-, Elektro-, Photound Oberfl chenkatalyse) besser separat betrachtet. Wir behaupten: Im Gegenteil, die Katalyse ist ein koh rentes Gebiet, das von einer besseren Kommunikation zwischen den Forschern verschiedener Teildisziplinen erheblich profitieren w rde.
Secretin-, glucagon-, and insulin-induced effects on bile flow and metabolism of isolated perfused canine and porcine liver

Abstract Isolated perfused canine and porcine livers were administered the choleretic hormones secretin, glucagon, and insulin to determine whether they would modify bile flow and composition in vitro as well as in vivo . Insulin did not produce volume or compositional changes in any of the doses tested, although decreases in plasma glucose and potassium were observed. These results support the hypothesis that insulin choleresis is mediated by extrahepatic processes, such as cholinergic innervation. Glucagon (0.1 mg/20 min) induced a choleresis in the porcine livers; however, the composition of the bile did not reflect the chloride enrichment seen in vivo . Glucagon-induced increases in pyruvate consumption, glucose levels, and potassium were accompanied by decreases in portal venous pressure. Secretin promoted a bicarbonate-enriched choleresis in both species; chloride concentrations were significantly decreased as compared to control and in vivo values. Thus, all of the hormones tested exhibited different choleretic behavior in vitro than they did in vivo . These results support the theory that glucagon and secretin act hepatically to produce choleresis but that the composition of the bile may be modified by extrahepatic factors. Insulin choleresis is apparently mediated exclusively by extrahepatic means.
Insect allergy in children.

Purpose of reviewSome aspects of insect sting allergy are unique in children. This review will identify and update the published data that exist pertaining specifically to insect allergy in children.Recent findingsChildren have a different pattern of insect sting allergy than adults. Honeybee allerg
Spin dependence of P/sub 3/2/ and P/sub 1/2/ autodetaching levels of Ar/sup -/ populated by electron capture

The relative populations of the M/sub J/ magnetic substates of Ar/sup -/ formed by electron capture from O/sup -/, H/sup -/, and D/sup -/ are analyzed in terms of the M/sub L/ populations. The analysis correlated a dip in the J = 3/2, M/sub J/ = 1/2 population with a peak in the J = 3/2, M/sub J/ = 3/2 population. Above 2.5-keV incident-ion energy the populations formed by capture from H/sup -/ are in accord with the hypothesis in spin independence in the formation of the states, but 10% departures are noted below 2.5 keV.
Use of the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire as a Diagnostic Tool in Women with Chronic Pelvic Pain

Abstract Study Objective To estimate the usefulness of the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) pain descriptors in the diagnostic evaluation of chronic pelvic pain. Design Retrospective cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Setting University-based center specializing in chronic pelvic pain. Patients Three hundred thirty-one consecutively evaluated women with chronic pelvic pain who had data sufficient for evaluation. Interventions The relationships between MPQ pain descriptors and subsequent diagnoses were evaluated using odds ratios, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. Measurements and Main Results The most common diagnoses were endometriosis, interstitial cystitis and painful bladder syndrome, and irritable bowel syndrome. Seventy-one percent of the patients had more than one diagnosis. Relative risks for pain descriptors as diagnostic tools for specific diagnoses were most significant, with “cramping” for endometriosis (4.0), “cramping” for interstitial cystitis and painful bladder syndrome (2.0), “sickening” for irritable bowel syndrome (1.5), and “aching” for abdominal myofascial pain syndrome (4.27). Conclusion Several of the MPQ descriptors had high negative predictive values but not high positive predictive values, which suggests that they have diagnostic usefulness in excluding but not predicting pelvic pain–related diagnoses. This was especially the case with cramping as an MPQ descriptor in women with endometriosis. However, overall the MPQ descriptors were not robust as diagnostic tools, which suggests that inclusion of the MPQ descriptors in the evaluation of women with chronic pelvic pain is of limited diagnostic value.
Energy dependence of one- and two-particle transfer reactions in the system16O+90Zr

The energy dependence of the one- and two-particle transfer reactions90Zr(16O,17O)89Zr,90Zr(16O,15N)91Nb and90Zr(16O,14C)92Mo was studied at bombarding energies of 80MeV, 138.2 MeV and 194.4 MeV. A comparison with one-step DWBA calculations shows good agreement for the one-particle transfers over the whole energy range. For the two-proton transfer reaction (16O,14C) the discrepancies between experiment and theory are large with an exponential decrease towards higher energies. Current theories are unable to describe this behavior.
Carbon Nanotube Pullout, Interfacial Properties, and Toughening in Ceramic Nanocomposites: Mechanistic Insights from Single Fiber Pullout Analysis

While debonding and subsequent pullout at fiber-matrix interfaces can improve fracture toughness in ceramic nanocomposites, the magnitudes of these contributions are currently the subject of ongoing debate. To provide quantitative insight into these mechanisms, ceramic matrix nanocomposites were fabricated with a polymer-derived ceramic matrix, using multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) that exhibit relatively long pullout lengths. In situ micromechanical pullout tests on individual MWCNTs were used to directly measure the strength of the fiber-matrix interface. Similar pullout lengths were also observed in bulk and thin film composites, where the fracture toughness of the composite films was measured and found to be higher than that of the matrix material. The interfacial properties from the micromechanical test and the pullout lengths from the composite films were then used to estimate the energy release rates for fiber debonding and pullout. Based on the observed MWCNT and composite failure mechanisms, these results are discussed in terms of their relation to previous estimates of toughening in MWCNT-ceramic nanocomposites, and in terms of design possibilities for further fracture toughness improvements.
Unsteady behavior of a reattaching shear layer

A detailed investigation of the unsteadiness in a reattaching, turbulent shear layer is reported. Laser-Doppler velocimeter measurements were conditionally sampled on the basis of instantaneous flow direction near reattachment. Conditions of abnormally short reattachment and abnormally long reattachment were considered. Ensemble-averaging of measurements made during these conditions was used to obtain mean velocities and Rreynolds stresses. In the mean flow, conditional streamlines show a global change in flow pattern which correlates with wall-flow direction. This motion can loosely be described as a 'flapping' of the shear layer. Tuft probes show that the flow direction reversals occur quite randomly and are shortlived. Streses shown also vary with the change in flow pattern. Yet, the global'flapping' motion does not appear to contribute significantly to the stress in the flow. A second type of unsteady motion was identified. Spectral analysis of both wall static pressure and streamwise velocity shows that most of the energy in the flow resides in frequencies that are significantly lower than that of the turbulence. The dominant frequency is at a Strouhal number equal to 0.2, which is the characteristic frequency of roll-up and pairing of vortical structure seen in free shear layers. It is conjectured that the 'flapping' is a disorder of the roll-up and pairing process occurring in the shear layer.
Ethylene binding changes in apple and morning glory during ripening and senescence

Ethylene binding sites were measured during fruit ripening and morning glory flower senescence. Little change in ethylene binding was noted during these developmental stages, except a slight decline during the later stages of fruit ripening or flower senescence. The concentration of ethylene required to achieve 50% saturation of the binding sites was 0.14 μl/liter for both apple pulp and morning glory flowers. Ethylene binding sites were calculated to be 3.2×10−11 moles/kg and 3.8×10−9 moles/kg in apple and morning glory, respectively. It does not appear that changes seen in ethylene sensitivity during fruit ripening can be readily ascribed to changes in the number of ethylene binding sites in the tissue.
A Reconsideration of John Stuart Mill's Account of Political Violence

The received view that John Stuart Mill opposed the use of violence to attain desirable political goals has been undermined by authors stressing Mill's defence of revolutionary causes during his lifetime and his efforts to outline a justificatory theory of political violence. In light of this scholarship, claims of Mill's ostensible ‘gradualism’ with regard to the appropriate methods and pace of social progress may merit reassessment. At the same time Mill's account appears to sanction violence that respects criteria of justice but not of expediency and vice versa, making it untenable as a cogent guide for carrying out or evaluating acts of violence. That this tension is analogous to tensions elsewhere in Mill's writings provides more evidence for the view that his theoretical project was a systematic one, and raises new questions about his philosophical enterprise.
Financial constraints on investments and credit policy in Korea

Abstract The Korean financial system has been characterised by government interference and a chronic shortage of funds. Since the 1960s the government has promoted the financing of large, chaebol-affiliated firms. Towards the end of the 1980s, the government changed its focus from large firms to small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This study assesses the impact of this change in government policy on the financing constraints of different types of Korean firms. Using data on 198 Korean firms for the period 1991–1997, we estimate several specifications of a dynamic investment model to assess the financing constraints of Korean firms. We find that Korean firms suffered from informational asymmetries and severe financing constraints during this period, and that these imperfections differ across firms. Our findings suggest that the government’s change in focus towards SMEs has been successful in the sense that it has reduced financing constraints for these type of firms. We also find some evidence that firms with concentrated ownership are more financially constrained than firms with dispersed ownership.
Direct sums and direct products of finite-dimensional modules over path algebras

Abstract The algebras in this paper are over the associative algebras R obtained from extended Coxeter-Dynkin quivers with no oriented cycles. The finite-dimensional indecomposable R -modules can, in principle, be described. Taking direct products and direct sums, respectively, of finite-dimensional R -modules over an infinite indexing set are two natural ways of getting infinite-dimensional R -modules. The latter are the infinite-dimensional pure-projective modules and direct summands of the former are the pure-injective modules. The focus in this paper is on these two classes of infinite-dimensional modules. Every module is a submodule of a pure-injective module and a quotient of a pure-projective module. When is an extension of a pure-injective module by a pure-injective module pure-injective? This question is answered in this paper. The answer is analogous to the answer of the corresponding question for pure-projective modules. The structures of some quotients of direct products of finite-dimensional modules are also obtained.
Information and strategyproofness in joint project selection

Abstract We introduce the following multi-activity public goods problem with excludables. A group of agents with limited budgets is to select a subset of new technologies to be developed. Each technology has a known cost and may provide different returns, which are private information, to the agents. Agents coordinate their activities through a central administrator. Once purchased, technologies are used freely by all contributors. Through examining information provided to the agents and the administrator, we create a bounded rationality environment and provide a strategyproof selection and cost allocation mechanism under a particular decision criterion.
Anharmonic self-energies of phonons in silicon

We have carried out a realistic ab initio calculation of the contribution of cubic anharmonicity to the inverse lifetime \ensuremath{\Gamma} and the frequency shift \ensuremath{\Delta} of phonons in silicon. The cubic coupling constants for phonons throughout the Brillouin zone are obtained from an anharmonic Keating-type lattice-dynamical model, which has been fit to a database of results from local-density-approximation frozen-phonon and elastic-modulus calculations. \ensuremath{\Gamma} and \ensuremath{\Delta} have been calculated as a function of temperature T and wave vector. Our results agree reasonably well with experiment, but indicate the need for retention for quartic and higher-order terms, especially at high T.
Primary causes of death after permanent prostate brachytherapy.

Purpose: Toevaluatethe primary causes of death in low-risk (low-risk), intermediate-risk (intermediate-risk), and high-risk (high-risk) patients undergoing permanent prostate brachytherapy with or without supplemental therapies. Methods and Materials: From April 1995 through November 2004, a total of 1,354 consecutive patients underwent prostate brachytherapy. All patients underwent brachytherapy >3 years before analysis. Of the patients, 532 (39.3%) received androgen deprivation therapy and 703 (51.9%) received supplemental radiation therapy. The median follow-up was 5.4 years. Multiple parameters were evaluated as predictors of cause-specific, biochemical progression‐free, and overall survival. Results: The 10-year cause-specific survival was 97.0% (99.7%, 99.0%, and 90.1% for low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk patients). Overall survival was 76.7% (82.5%, 78.3%, and 67.6% for low-, intermediate-, and highrisk patients, respectively). The cumulative death rate for cardiovascular disease was 11.5% (8.7%, 9.3%, and 19.8% for low-, intermediate-, and high-risk patients). The death rate from second malignancies (nonprostate cancer) was 7.2% and was not substantially different when stratified by risk group. Death from all other causes was 6.5% for the entire cohort but 1.3%, 5.0%, and 10.8% for low-, intermediate-, and high-risk patients. In multivariate analysis, death from prostate cancer was best predicted by Gleason score and risk group, whereas death from cardiovascular disease, nonprostate cancer, and all other causes were most closely related to patient age and tobacco use. Conclusions: Although cardiovascular mortality was the predominant cause of death, prostate cancer was responsible for approximately 10% of all deaths. In particular, overall survival was poorest in the high-risk group. Although high-risk patients were most likely to die of prostate cancer, the divergence in overall survival between high-risk and lower-risk patients primarily resulted from an excess of cardiovascular deaths. Changes in lifestyle to improve cardiovascular health may improve overall survival in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. 2008 Elsevier Inc. Prostate cancer, Primary causes of death, Brachytherapy, ADT.
Molecular biology in ophthalmology : A review of principles and recent advances

Molecular biology is a young scientific discipline that has already had a profound impact on biomedical science, including basic and clinical eye research. In the coming years, molecular advances will increasingly influence aspects of diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy in clinical ophthalmology. Our current understanding of ocular pathophysiology and classification of eye disease will be advanced and challenged by new discoveries in molecular biology. A knowledge of genotype can clarify apparent phenotype. At the present time, diagnostic tests in ophthalmology for both acquired and inherited diseases are being revolutionized by molecular technology. The molecular genetics of ocular disease is currently the subject of intense investigation using techniques of gene mapping and isolation. Rapid progress in understanding the molecular basis of eye diseases will advance the treatment of these conditions, including the potential for gene therapy.
P4B-3 Displacement Estimation Using a Slant Correlation Coefficient Filter for Large Strains

In myocardial strain imaging at frame rates less than 100 Hz, large peak systolic strains can cause significant peak hopping. To reduce this effect, slant spatial filtering of correlation coefficients was applied. This method was implemented based on the spatial distribution of the correlation coefficients. Simulations using RF signals generated with large strains from 7% to 10% were implemented to verify the algorithm. Results show that peak hopping was eliminated for strains up to 8%, strongly suggesting that peak hopping can be greatly reduced using a slant correlation filter.
Bonding of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene to Styrene-Butadiene Rubber

Abstract The adhesion between a sulfur-vulcanized SBR and polyethylenes (PE) of various molecular weights has been determined using a T-peel geometry. When the viscosity average molecular weight of the polyethylene exceeds about 700 k, bonding is sufficient to cause rubber tear during peeling. In contrast, with PE of Mv≈147k, joint strength is reduced by more than an order of magnitude and fracture proceeds between the SBR and PE. It is hypothesized that the high bond strength with the ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is due to the formation of entrapped tangles between chains of the two adherends. Consistent with this, SBR-UHMWPE bonds are not disrupted after extensive swelling in toluene.
Assessment of Disruptive Behavior Disorders: Tools and Recommendations

Distinguishing between disruptive and normative behavior is a challenging task. How to best assess for disruptive behavior in children and adolescents is a significant question encountered by many professionals. The purpose of this review is to summarize the existing research regarding reliable and valid tools for assessing disruptive behavior disorders. Following a summary of these various tools available to clinicians, recommendations for the assessment of disruptive behavior disorders are suggested. These recommendations include ideal situations where comprehensive assessments may be conducted as well as situations where resources may be limited. Clinicians must conduct as thorough of an assessment as feasible so that accurate diagnoses and recommendations may be made to inform treatment.
Gender differences in trauma history and symptoms as predictors of relapse to alcohol and drug use

The objective of this study was to determine whether there are gender-specific associations between trauma exposure and alcohol or drug relapse in alcohol-dependent adults. Participants were 51 men (n = 24) and women (n = 27) with alcohol dependence, 22 (43.1%) of whom relapsed during study participation. Severity of childhood trauma; number of lifetime events evoking fear, helplessness, or horror; and current trauma symptoms all predicted relapse in women, but not in men. These findings highlight the importance of assessing trauma history and providing treatment of trauma-related symptoms for individuals with alcohol and drug dependence, and for women in particular.
Temperature-driven shifts in a host-parasite interaction drive nonlinear changes in disease risk

Climate change may shift the timing and consequences of interspecific interactions, including those important to disease spread. Because hosts and pathogens may respond differentially to climate shifts, however, predicting the net effects on disease patterns remains challenging. Here, we used field data to guide a series of laboratory experiments that systematically evaluated the effects of temperature on the full infection process, including survival, penetration, establishment, persistence, and virulence of a highly pathogenic trematode (Ribeiroia ondatrae), and the development and survival of its amphibian host. Our results revealed nonlinearities in pathology as a function of temperature, which likely resulted from changes in both host and parasite processes. Both hosts and parasites responded strongly to temperature; hosts accelerated development while parasites showed enhanced host penetration but reduced establishment (encystment) and survival outside the host. While there were no differences in host survival among treatments, we observed a mid-temperature peak in parasite-induced deformities (63% at 20 °C), with the lowest frequency of deformities (12%) occurring at the highest temperature (26 °C). This nonlinear effect could result from temperature-driven changes in parasite burden owing to shifts in host penetration and/or clearance, reductions in host vulnerability owing to faster development, or both. Furthermore, despite strong temperature-driven changes in parasite penetration, survival, and establishment, the opposing nature of these effects lead to no difference in tadpole parasite burdens shortly after infection. These findings suggest that temperature-driven changes to the disease process may not be easily observable from comparison of parasite burdens alone, but multi-tiered experiments quantifying the responses of hosts, parasites and their interactions can enhance our ability to predict temperature-driven changes to disease risk. Climate-driven changes to disease patterns will therefore depend on underlying shifts in host and parasite development rates and the timing of their interactions.
Mental malfunction and memory maintenance mechanisms.

Abstract Dreams appear to be generated in the process of reinforcing memory circuits of the brain, as circuits are activated by self-generated electrical slow waves, with dream contents reflecting information stored in activated circuits. Illusory dreams and other healthy delirious states appear to occur when activated memory circuits are incompetent, containing synapses whose efficacies deviate from their ‘dedicated' values. Organic delirium and some other mental disorders may have their basis in brain pathologies that alter reinforcing slow waves, causing synaptic efficacies to depart from dedicated values. Activation of these incompetent circuits leads to recall of faulty memories – a substrate for delirium. In treatment of organic delirium by electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), the electric shock temporarily suppresses abnormal slow-wave regimes, allowing remedial reinforcement regimes to resume. These restore dedicated synaptic efficacies, temporarily alleviating the delirium. The action of ECT shocks appears to parallel closely that of cardiac defibrillating shocks. Greater than normal amounts of circuit reinforcement protect sensory circuitry in fatal familial insomnia, and cognitive circuitry in encephalitis lethargica .
Power system reliability analysis considering protection failures

This paper describes power system reliability evaluation including protection system failures. A modified protection system reliability model including two major protection failure modes is established. Protection system failure is the main cause of cascading outages. The mechanism and scheme of protection system have been analyzed on their contribution to the cascading outages after a fault occurs. A nonsequential Monte Carlo simulation approach is used to implement the stochastic properties of component contingency and protection system failure. The whole procedure is verified in the WSCC-9 bus system. BIP (bus isolation probability), LOLP (loss of load probability), and newly introduced EPL (expected power loss) are calculated to demonstrate the vulnerability of a power system under cascading outages.
Brain Anatomical Structure Segmentation by Hybrid Discriminative/Generative Models

In this paper, a hybrid discriminative/generative model for brain anatomical structure segmentation is proposed. The learning aspect of the approach is emphasized. In the discriminative appearance models, various cues such as intensity and curvatures are combined to locally capture the complex appearances of different anatomical structures. A probabilistic boosting tree (PBT) framework is adopted to learn multiclass discriminative models that combine hundreds of features across different scales. On the generative model side, both global and local shape models are used to capture the shape information about each anatomical structure. The parameters to combine the discriminative appearance and generative shape models are also automatically learned. Thus, low-level and high-level information is learned and integrated in a hybrid model. Segmentations are obtained by minimizing an energy function associated with the proposed hybrid model. Finally, a grid-face structure is designed to explicitly represent the 3-D region topology. This representation handles an arbitrary number of regions and facilitates fast surface evolution. Our system was trained and tested on a set of 3-D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumes and the results obtained are encouraging.
The influence of instructional climates on time spent in management tasks and physical activity of 2nd-grade students during physical education:

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of two physical education (PE) instructional climates (mastery, performance) on the percentage of time students spent in a) moderate-to-vigorous...
The Covenant Transformed: The Jeremiad Tradition and the War of 1812

In his essay, “From the Covenant to the Revival”, Perry Miller suggested that after the Revolution America's traditional concept of the Covenant between Jehovah and His people gradually changed. No longer did a calamity bring abject self-debasement and pleas for mercy in the face of well-deserved punishment. No more would Americans look upon a crisis in their national affairs as an occasion for jeremiads, for confessing their sins and begging relief from the retribution they merited. Miller wrote,A theology which for almost two centuries had assumed that men would persistently sin, and so would have to be recurrently summoned to communal repentance, had for the first time identified its basic conception with a specific political action. Then, for the first time in the lite of the conception, the cause was totally gained. Did not a startling inference follow: these people must have reformed themselves completely, must now dwell on a pinnacle of virtuousness?
A Preliminary Report on the Injurious Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate in Chicks

Abstract SODIUM bicarbonate is quite generally used throughout the New England States as a mild laxative for chicks. This “soda flush” is used particularly for chicks of coccidiosis age, and also for chicks at any age over a week. Afflicted chicks from flocks given the soda flush have been sent into our diagnostic laboratory. These chicks repeatedly show damaged kidneys with accumulations of urates in these organs and over other parts of the viscera such as is commonly observed in visceral gout. A practical study, of which this is a preliminary report, is being made to find out if the feeding of sodium bicarbonate is responsible for this type of kidney injury. So far as we can determine there is no reference in current literature on work done on this problem. * The use of sodium bicarbonate has apparently come about from the efforts of poultrymen to find an inexpensive mild flush. . . .
Renal Function Recovery in Chronic Dialysis Patients

Renal function recovery (RFR) from acute kidney injury requiring dialysis occurs at a high frequency. RFR from chronic dialysis, on the other hand, is an uncommon but well-recognized phenomenon, occurring at a rate of 1.0-2.4% according to data from large observational studies. The underlying etiology of renal failure is the single most important predicting factor of RFR in chronic dialysis patients. The disease types with the highest RFR rates are atheroembolic renal disease, systemic autoimmune disease, renovascular diseases, and scleroderma. The disease types with the lowest RFR rates are diabetic nephropathy and cystic kidney disease. Initial dialysis modality does not appear to influence RFR. Careful observation and history taking are needed to recognize the often nonspecific clinical and laboratory signs of RFR. When RFR is suspected in a chronic dialysis patient, a 24-hour urine urea and creatinine clearance should be measured. Based on the renal clearance, along with other clinical factors, the dialysis prescription may be gradually reduced until a complete discontinuation of dialysis. After RFR from maintenance dialysis, patients require close follow-up in an office setting for chronic kidney disease management.
Risk factors for recurrence of clinical signs associated with thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation in dogs: 229 cases (1994-2000).

Objective—To assess risk factors for recurrence of clinical signs associated with thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease (IVDD) in dogs that had decompressive laminectomy without attempted prophylactic treatment of other disk spaces. Design—Retrospective study. Animals—229 dogs. Procedure—Medical records of dogs that had decompressive laminectomy without prophylactic fenestration for a first episode of IVDD and were available for follow-up were reviewed. Information on 7 clinical and 8 radiographic potential risk factors were recorded. Results—Clinical signs associated with recurrence of IVDD developed in 44 (19.2%) dogs. Ninety-six percent of recurrences developed within 3 years after surgery. Recurrence developed in 25% of Dachshunds and 15% of dogs of other breeds combined. Number of opacified disks was a significant risk factor for recurrence. Risk increased with number of opacified disks in an almost linear manner; each opacified disk increased risk by 1.4 times. Dogs with 5 or 6 opacified disks a...
Turbulent premixed combustion: Flamelet structure and its effect on turbulent burning velocities

Abstract This review paper addresses the following question: what is the structure of flamelets within premixed turbulent combustion and how does this structure affect the turbulent burning velocity? We also ask: how accurately can new models predict the flamelet structure as well as the values of turbulent burning velocity? Flamelet structure is defined to include the following quantities: reaction layer surface area per unit volume (Σ), the brush thickness (δT) and the stretch factor (I0). One equation that is commonly used to relate these flamelet structure parameters to the burning velocity ST is S T S L 0 = I 0 ∫ - ∞ ∞ Σ d η = I 0 Σ max δ T . Recent results obtained using laser imaging methods and direct numerical simulation (DNS) are reviewed in order to demonstrate the relationships between ST, Σ, I0 and δT. η is the direction normal to the brush. Measurements of Σ show that the wrinkling process is not local but has a “memory” of wrinkling that occurs elsewhere. The stretch factor I0 depends on differential diffusion (Markstein number) even at large turbulence intensities. Thus the concepts associated with the theory of flame stretch have been found to be valid even for highly turbulent flames. Thin flamelets exist for nearly all cases for which images of the reaction zone have been obtained. Evidence of “non-flamelet” behavior is sparse. DNS now can successfully predict realistic values of turbulent burning velocity for laboratory-scale Reynolds numbers and for the realistic geometries of Bunsen and V-flames using complex chemistry and no empirical constants. Large eddy simulations (LES) also have predicted reasonable values of ST, but some empirical constants are required. A number of current research issues are discussed.