cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction of Light with a Plant Canopy

The Kubelka–Munk (K–M) theory has been applied to light interaction with leaves stacked in a laboratory spectrophotometer. The theory can also be applied to an actual field plant canopy. The K–M theory is a two-parameter generalization of the one-parameter Bouguer–Lambert, or Beer’s law, relation. The older theory accounts for transmittance of a medium but not for reflectance. The K–M theory, however, yields a theoretical value both for reflectance and transmittance. The K–M theory is applied in this paper to the reflectance and transmittance of stacked mature cotton leaves over the spectral range 0.5–2.5 μ. The standard deviation between theory and experiment, after known biases are calculated and removed from the data, is about 1%—a discrepancy well within experimental error. A procedure is developed to apply the K–M theory to an actual plant canopy. The method involves regression analysis to light flux measurements within a plant canopy. Differential coefficients are derived for use in both stacked-leaf and canopy applications.
HOW AND WHEN ADVERTISING CAN INFLUENCE MEMORY FOR CONSUMER EXPERIENCE

Recent "paradigm shifting" research in consumer behavior dealing with reconstructive memory processes suggests that advertising can exert a powerful retroactive effect on how consumers remember their past experiences with a product. Building on this stream of research, we have executed three studies that incorporate the use of false cues with the aim of shedding new light on how post-experience advertising exerts influence on recollection. Our first experiment investigates an important but yet unexplored issue to advertisers who are perhaps reticent about embracing this paradigm: Does the false cue fundamentally change how consumers process information? After finding that when the false information goes undetected it is processed in a similar manner as more "truthful" cues, we use this paradigm to shed light on the pictorial versus verbal information debate in advertising. We discuss the implications of our findings for those interested in managing consumer experience and for advertising researchers seeki...
Meteorites—A journey through space and time by Alex Bevan and John de Laeter

Book Review: Meteorites—A Journey Through Space and Time, Alex Bevan, John de Laeter. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA (2002).
The Role of Affect in Marketing

Abstract There has been considerable growth in the study of the role played by affect in marketing in the past 15 years. This article assesses the current state of knowledge on affect, as it pertains to marketing functions, activities, and strategy. The goal is to provide a broad assessment of the role played by affect in marketing from academic literature. In addition, measurement issues related with the study of affect in marketing are discussed. The article ends with a critical analysis of state of knowledge, and from this analysis, 15 directions for future research in the recommended areas.
Unsaturated bis(phosphido)-bridged heterobimetallic polyhydrides via dihydrogen activation

Hydrogenation (1 atm) of (PCy2)2Re(μ-PCy2)2M(1,5-COD) (M = Rh, Ir; Cy = cyclohexyl; COD = cyclooctadiene), (PCy2)2Re(μ-PCy2)2Rh(DMPE) (DMPE = [Me2PCH2]2), [(PCy2)2ReH(μ-PCy2)2Rh(DMPE)]BF4 and (PCy2)2ReH(μ-PCy2)2Pd-(PPh3) proceeds stepwise with initial additions of H2 across the Re = P multiple bonds to give ReH(PCy2H) moieties. Further addition of H2 occurs only for M = Rh. The DMPE complex gives the tetrahydride (PCy2H)2ReH3(μ-PCy2)2RhH(DMPE), which loses PCy2H at 80 °C to give (PCy2H)ReH4(μ-PCy2)2Rh(DMPE). Hydrogenation of the COD complex affords the stable hexahydride (PCy2H)ReH5(μ-PCy2)2RhH(PCy2H) via the cyclooctenyl complex. (PCy2)2ReH(μ-PCy2)2Rh(η3-C8H13). While the hexahydride is an active homogeneous catalyst precursor for the hydrogenation of alkenes, dienes, and alkynes, attempts to activate the Re center for C-H bond activation have not yet been successful. 31P and 1H DNMR spectroscopy have been used to investigate the solution dynamics of the heterobimetallic polyhydrides, and several X-ray diffraction studies serve to define the solid state structures.
Competition/cooperation in worksite smoking cessation using nicotine gum☆

Abstract Worksite competitions have shown promise in facilitating smoking cessation among employees, but the effectiveness of the competition component itself has not been determined. A multicomponent behavioral treatment and maintenance program plus nicotine gum were provided to competition and no-competition conditions at two large worksites. At 1-year follow-up, 100% of subjects were contacted and measurement of expired carbon monoxide validated abstinence. Recruitment rates were significantly higher in the competition group (2% of smokers) than the no-competition group (0.6% of smokers, P P P P P P
Economic sanctions as a response to terrorism

(1980). Economic sanctions as a response to terrorism. Journal of Strategic Studies: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 89-98.
The impact of project-based service learning in a native American community on Student Performance in Civil Engineering Capstone Design

Three educational institutions in South Dakota are collaborating to develop pre-engineering courses to increase the enrollment and success of students transferring from Oglala Lakota College (OLC) to 4-year bachelor degree programs in science and engineering at South Dakota School of Mines and Technology (SDSMT) and South Dakota State University through a grant from the National Science Foundation Tribal Colleges and Universities Program (TCUP). Activities of this grant have led to a partnership with the native-led Thunder Valley Community Development Corporation (TVCDC) and have provided significant opportunities for students at OLC and SDSMT in the areas of civil engineering and sustainability. The most recent opportunity includes incorporating TVCDC's plans for an 800-person net-zero regenerative community on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation into the Capstone Design course at SDSMT. The project includes sustainable design objectives in wastewater treatment, rainwater harvesting, and the use of straw bale and compressed earth walls as renewable building materials for phase I of the planned community. Four teams of students working on the regenerative community and four teams of students working on a more traditional capstone design project completed proposals and their first progress reports during the Fall 2012 semester. The Comprehensive Assessment of Team-Member Effectiveness (CATME) instrument was administered twice during the semester to evaluate team functioning. A comparison of the data for the two capstone projects is presented. Results from these surveys indicate students working on the regenerative community project were more positive and consistent with the behavioral and satisfaction categories within the peer evaluation survey.
Reversible Hypopituitarism in Patients with Large Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas

Detailed pituitary function studies were conducted on 26 patients with large nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas before and 2-3 months after transsphenoidal adenomectomy. Basal serum PRL, GH, TSH, LH, FSH, and ACTH levels were measured, and dynamic studies of their secretion were made. Preoperatively, GH deficiency was found in all 26 patients (100%), hypogonadism in 25 patients (96%), hypothyroidism in 21 patients (81%), and adrenal insufficiency in 16 patients (62%). Serum PRL levels were low (1.5-4 ng/ml) in 5 patients, normal (5-20 ng/ml) in 9 patients, and mildly elevated (21-53 ng/ml) in the remaining 12 patients. After selective adenomectomy, variable improvement in pituitary function occurred in 17 patients, worsening in 1 patient, and persistence of hypopituitarism in 8 patients. After surgery, normal thyroid function was documented in 12 of the 21 patients (57%) who were hypothyroid preoperatively. Similarly, 6 of the 16 patients (38%) with adrenal insufficiency recovered normal adrenal function, and 8 of the 25 patients (32%) with hypogonadism recovered normal gonadal function. GH deficiency persisted in all but 4 patients (15%). Serum PRL levels decreased in all patients, and only 5 had midly elevated levels after surgery. The presence of a normal or mildly elevated serum PRL level before surgery in these patients was of value in predicting possible recovery of pituitary function after surgery; none of the 5 patients with low preoperative serum PRL levels had any improvement in pituitary function after surgery. A rise in serum TSH levels after TRH administration before surgery also was helpful in predicting possible recovery from hypopituitarism. Most patients who had a rise in serum TSH level in response to TRH stimulation preoperatively recovered some pituitary function after adenomectomy. In contrast, no improvement in pituitary function occurred in patients who had blunted responses to TRH preoperatively. Improvement in pituitary function occurred more often in patients with tumors measuring 25 mm or less than in those with larger tumors. In conclusion, significant improvement in pituitary function may occur after surgical adenomectomy for nonsecreting pituitary tumors. A rise in serum TSH levels in response to TRH stimulation preoperatively suggested the presence of viable pituitary tissue in these patients with hypopituitarism. The presence of a normal or mildly elevated serum PRL level before surgery also suggested the presence of functioning pituitary lactotrophs. These observations suggest that compression of the portal circulation is a possible mechanism for hypopituitarism in this setting.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Native American studies and the white man's burden

Murray L. Wax and Robert W. Buchanan, eds. Solving “The Indian Problem “: The White Man's Burdensome Business. New York: New Viewpoints. Franklin Watts, Inc., 1975. 237 pp. Selected reading and index. $12.50.
Dietary fat saturation, mortality and heart and lung morphology of rats

Rats of both sexes were fed diets containing 21% (wt) fat as beef tallow (BT), safflower oil (SO), or a 60:40 BT:SO mix (M). Some of each group were killed at 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 months of age. Death by 15 months was significantly (P<.001) greater in SO rats than in other groups. Mortality in SO females was significantly (P<.005) greater than in SO males. A trend for longer life existed in M compared to BT rats. Platelet aggregation microscopically visible in the alveoli of SO males and thrombi in the pulmonary arteries of SO females suggest that death in these animals may have been related to dietary linoleate. Excessive production of prostaglandins may have induced platelet aggregation and possibly interfered with normal immune responses. Myocardial stellate scars were seen earlier in M males than in other groups. Areas of massive infarction and subsequent fibrosis of the heart were present in BT rats and M males at 15 months but not until 18 months in M females.
Leveling the Playing Field: Strategies for Inclusion

(2011). Leveling the Playing Field: Strategies for Inclusion. Strategies: Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 24-27.
Measuring Degrees of Successful Implementation: Achieving Policy Versus Statutory Goals

The Oregon Community Corrections Act was passed in 1977, partly due to the need to relieve overcrowding in the state's prisons. Our research was undertaken to determine whether degrees of successful achievement of the goals of the Act are due to the way in which community corrections legislation is being implemented-and, specifically, to determine if the roles of street-level bureaucrats and modifications of the program during implementation are the keys to successful achievement of goals. In Oregon, we found that there is wide variation from county to county in the way the legislation is being imple mented and the degree to which goals are being achieved. Even though not all specific statutory goals are being achieved, the general policy goals are being met. The more successful counties have reached a higher level of implementation in individual and county efforts than the least successful counties. In addition, the former are more likely to have a "fixer" active in getting the program established and ma...
Role of PPAR-γ on the pathogenesis and vascular changes in glycerol-induced acute renal failure

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma), a nuclear transcription factor, modulates angiotensin II (AII) or thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2)) response in the vasculature via transcriptional regulation of their gene or receptor expression. Increased AII or TxA(2) vasoconstriction and deteriorating renal function observed in glycerol-induced acute renal failure (ARF) may be attributed to a down-regulated PPAR-gamma expression/activity probably via an increased free radical generation. In this study, we investigated the effect of PPAR-gamma induction in glycerol-induced ARF by examining renal vascular reactivity to AII and TxA(2) and by renal expression/activity of PPAR-gamma. Vascular responses to AII or U46619, a TxA(2) mimetic were determined in rat isolated perfused kidney following induction of ARF with glycerol (50%, v/v, i.m.). Extent of renal damage and function were assessed with or without pre-treatment with ciglitazone (9 nmol kg(-1) x 21 days), a PPAR-gamma inducer. In ARF, vasoconstriction was enhanced to AII (three-fold; p<0.05) and U46619 (82%; p<0.05). Ciglitazone reduced AII and U46619 vasoconstriction by 59+/-1% (p<0.05) and 56+/-1% (p<0.05), respectively. Ciglitazone reduced proteinuria (38+/-3%) which was two-fold higher in ARF. Similarly, ciglitazone enhanced Na(+) excretion by 1.5 times while reducing BUN by 49+/-6%. On the contrary, ciglitazone did not change plasma creatinine which was significantly higher in ARF rats. Ciglitazone reduced free radical generation by 30+/-3% while elevating nitrite excretion approximately 2-fold. PPAR-gamma expression and activity were significantly lower in ARF rats and ciglitazone enhanced PPAR-gamma protein expression and activity by 45+/-3% and 52+/-4%, respectively. Data from this study suggest that reduced PPAR-gamma expression and activity may be involved in the pathology of glycerol-induced ARF and induction of PPAR-gamma by ciglitazone confers protection through reduced AII and TxA(2) vasoconstriction and/or enhanced renal function via reducing free radical generation.
Control of the Green Peach Aphid and Its Effect on the Incidence of Potato Leaf Roll Virus

Although several insecticides provided excellent control of Myzus persicae (Sulzer), none prevented the occurrence of potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) infection duro ing 4 yr of experimentation. There appeared to be no correlation between populations of apterous aphids in treated plots during a given year and the occurrence of PLRV infection in tubers from the plots. The overall incidence of PLRV infection was highest in years of the greatest aphid populations but appeared to be correlated with the numbers of winged aphids as indicated by catches in Moericke traps.
The creep behavior of discontinuously reinforced metal-matrix composites

Discontinuously reinforced metal-matrix composites (MMCs) have extensive potential for use in structural applications at elevated temperatures. However, any use at high temperatures will require a detailed understanding of the creep characteristics of the MMCs and especially the dependence of the measured creep rates on the magnitudes of the applied stress and the testing temperatures. This report examines these characteristics with special reference to the well-documented creep behavior of conventional solid-solution alloys. It is shown that creep of these MMCs is controlled by deformation in the matrix alloys and this deformation may be interpreted using a similar approach to that already developed for the creep of solid solution alloys. However, additional parameters must be considered in analyzing the creep of MMCs, including the possible presence of a threshold stress and the potential for load transfer and additional substructural strengthening.
A comparison of CABAC throughput for HEVC/H.265 VS. AVC/H.264

The CABAC entropy coding engine is a well known throughput bottleneck in the AVC/H.264 video codec. It was redesigned to achieve higher throughput for the latest video coding standard HEVC/H.265. Various improvements were made including reduction in context coded bins, reduction in total bins and grouping of bypass bins. This paper discusses and quantifies the impact of these techniques and introduces a new metric called Bjontegaard delta cycles (BD-cycle) to compare the CABAC throughput of HEVC vs. AVC. BD-cycle uses the Bjontegaard delta measurement method to compute the average difference between the cycles vs. bit-rate curves of HEVC and AVC. This metric is useful for estimating the throughput of an HEVC CABAC engine from an existing AVC CABAC design for a given bit-rate. Under the common conditions set by the JCT-VC standardization body, HEVC CABAC has an average BD-cycle reduction of 31.1% for all intra, 24.3% for low delay, and 25.9% for random ac-cess, when processing up to 8 bypass bins per cycle.
Are you in the text?: The “literary performative” in postmodernist fiction

Based upon Austin's foundational concept of the performative, speech acts in which to say is to do, the concept “literary performative” describes statements in second person fiction which are actualized when read by any reader. The concept of the “literary performative” is tested with textual moments in three postmodernist works: John Barth's short prose piece “Life‐Story” Jay McInerney's Bright Lights, Big City; and Halo Calvino's If on a winter's night a traveler. Naming, chronological discrepancies, and the encoding of gender are all shown to interfere with the execution of literary performatives. Yet botched performances effect the duplicitous stance of recognizing oneself as playing with the boundaries between “reality” and “literature”: the postmodernist project.
WHO urges action on drug resistant tuberculosis.

The World Health Organization has called on governments to intensify efforts to counter the growing epidemic of multidrug resistant tuberculosis. It wants them to commit more funds for new drugs and diagnostics and to boost capacity for treatment. Multidrug resistant tuberculosis is implicated in 5% of new cases, a WHO report says. Almost 490 000 cases were identified in 2006, out of a total of nine million new cases of tuberculosis. “Tuberculosis drug resistance needs a frontal assault. If countries and the international community fail to address it aggressively now we will lose this battle,” said Mario Raviglione, director of WHO’s Stop TB campaign. Paul Dunn, WHO coordinator for drug resistance and tuberculosis-HIV, told the BMJ that he was concerned that “the level of awareness of tuberculosis programmes by public health officials and …
Fabrication and patterning of Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O superconducting thin films on LaAlO3 substrates

High critical transition temperature (high Tc) superconducting thin films of Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O (TlCaBaCuO) were fabricated on LaAlO3 substrates in an rf magnetron sputtering system. As-deposited thin films were sintered and annealed in a thallium rich ambient to obtain superconductivity with a zero resistance critical temperature (Tc) at 103 K. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that the thin films were highly c-axis oriented with both Tl2Ca2Ba2Cu3O (2223) and Tl2CalBa2Cu2Ox (2122) phases present. A wet chemical etching process was used for patterning the as-deposited TlCaBaCuO thin films. Linewidths as small as 25 m were patterned using standard photolithography and wet chemical etching techniques. A ring resonator designed for a center frequency of 30 GHz has been fabricated.
Quantitative sensory testing: high sensitivity in small fiber neuropathy with normal NCS/EMG.

Abstract We evaluated the diagnostic sensitivity of quantitative sensory testing (QST), using the CASE IV system, in 14 patients with clinically diagnosed small-fiber neuropathy and normal traditional electrodiagnostic studies. All patients had at least 1 abnormal threshold, 13 patients had abnormal heat-pain thresholds, 8 had abnormal cold thresholds, and 7 had abnormal vibration thresholds. QST is therefore highly effective in documenting dysfunction in small fiber neuropathy patients.
Protective Factors in Children and Adolescents Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence: An Empirical Research Review

The current paper provides an empirical literature review of protective factors for children and adolescents exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV). Twenty-one empirical studies were reviewed for the empirical review. A critique of methodology used in the studies is presented. The role of race, age, and gender on protective factors is explored. Finally, implications for future social work practice, policy, and research with children and adolescents exposed to IPV are addressed.
Urothelial carcinoma with prominent squamous differentiation in the setting of neurogenic bladder: role of human papillomavirus infection

Squamous cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder are rare in the Western world; the majority of cases are reported in countries endemic to Schistosoma parasitic infections. Unlike squamous tumors of the uterine cervix or oropharynx, the human papillomavirus (HPV) is not commonly associated with bladder squamous cell carcinomas. We report on two cases of HPV-positive urothelial carcinomas of the urinary bladder with extensive squamous differentiation showing the typical basaloid, poorly differentiated morphology of HPV-associated tumors. These occurred in patients with neurogenic bladders who had long-standing histories of self-catheterization with tumors that tested positive for HPV by in situ hybridization. A retrospective review of our institutional database revealed four additional patients with bladder tumors showing squamous differentiation arising in the setting of neurogenic bladder. Review of these cases showed the more common well-differentiated keratinizing appearance of squamous cell carcinomas of the bladder. These tumors showed only patchy positivity for p16 immunohistochemical stain (not the diffuse strong staining seen in HPV-positive tumors), and the one tested case was negative for HPV by in situ hybridization. HPV infection and neurogenic bladder have been independently associated with increased risk of developing carcinoma in the urinary bladder; however, this is the first report of squamous tumors arising in the setting of concurrent neurogenic bladder and HPV infection. The morphology of these tumors is similar to that of other high-risk HPV-associated squamous carcinomas with a basaloid, poorly differentiated appearance and little to no keratin formation.
Africa Adorned: Body Image and Symbols of Physical Beauty

African concepts of beauty and adornments of the body reflect a celebration of life in the face of death. They are derived from ancient times and the sense of man as a biological animal, within the context of life with other beasts. Among these, man is the only one who is born naked without nature's protections and adornment, such as fur, stripes, or feathers. The body is therefore an asset which must be guarded and covered and yet be expressive of strength as well as sexual desire, so as to attract a mate. Beauty, as a source of self-regard in African cultures is also often achieved through empathic identification with animals. Primordial African attitudes to life and death and symbols of beauty apparently influenced Freud's fourth instinct theory conceptions of Eros and Thanotos, as well as Erich Fromm's ideas about life-loving and death-loving societies, as illustrated in selected quotations from their writings.
Controllability of nearly nonnegative linear systems using positive controls

A general result for the controllability of linear systems using positive controls was given by Saperstone and Yorke [1]. These results are applied to systems with nearly nonnegative matrices and a theorem is developed which delineates the geometry of the reachable set.
Procreation and punishment.

This article highlights the case of David Oakley convicted in the Wisconsin Supreme Court for intentionally failing to financially support his nine children. Oakley was sentenced by Judge Jon Wilcox to 3 years of imprisonment followed by 5 years of probation during which he was prohibited from having more children unless he could demonstrates the ability to support them and his current children. Wilcox concluded that Oakleys probation was reasonably designed to rehabilitate him and to protect society and his children from additional harm. This indicates that the law considers it a serious crime to intentionally refuse give support pay to children. In contrast Justices Ann Walsh Bradley and Diane Sykes wrote dissents on Oakley that the sentence was unconstitutional. Bradley expressed fear that Oakley might demand abortion for a pregnant female partner. Instead she recommended that the convicted be required to work two full time jobs and have his wages intercepted. The legal and social contexts for these opinions are explored.
Joint optimization of scalar and tree-structured quantization of wavelet image decompositions

Wavelet image decompositions generate a tree-structured set of coefficients, providing an hierarchical data-structure for representing images. While early wavelet-based algorithms for image compression concentrated on optimal quantization of wavelet coefficients, several recent researchers have proposed approaches which couple coefficient quantization (either scalar or vector-based) with various strategies for quantizing the tree itself. This paper proposes an image compression algorithm based on optimal bit rate allocation between scalar and tree-structured quantizers. A predictive approach to representing the pruned tree structure is presented, and the entropy of this representation is included in the optimal allocation problem. The algorithm couples Lagrangian optimization of scalar quantizers with a marginal analysis approach for optimizing the tree structure, and achieves excellent coding efficiency in the rate-distortion sense. >
A Systems Approach to Training Potential Communication Partners of People With Aphasia

Abstract Experts have recommended communication partner training as an effective method of improving skills of communication partners and supporting communication of people with aphasia (Simmons-Ma...
Measurement of gas composition at the center of a porous pellet during adsorption and catalytic reaction under dynamic conditions

Gas composition is measured at the center of one-dimensional porous platinum/alumina pellets during carbon monoxide adsorption and catalytic oxidation. The apparatus is based on a single-pellet diffusion reactor that has been modified to allow continuous gas analysis and miniaturized in order to reduce the time constants of gas flow and mixing. Analysis of the CO adsorption response demonstrates that the centerplane volume and sample leak perturb the system only slightly and in a manner that can be accounted for during data analysis. A detailed kinetic model described previously is able to predict the qualitative features of the external concentration responses during carbon monoxide oxidation. However, the model is not able to predict major features of the responses measured at the pellet center, demostrating that the reactor is able to provide stricter tests of kinetic models than reactors in which only external compositions can be measured.
Alterations in grooming activity and syntax in heterozygous SERT and BDNF knockout mice: The utility of behavior-recognition tools to characterize mutant mouse phenotypes

Serotonin transporter (SERT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are key modulators of molecular signaling, cognition and behavior. Although SERT and BDNF mutant mouse phenotypes have been extensively characterized, little is known about their self-grooming behavior. Grooming represents an important behavioral domain sensitive to environmental stimuli and is increasingly used as a model for repetitive behavioral syndromes, such as autism and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The present study used heterozygous ((+/-)) SERT and BDNF male mutant mice on a C57BL/6J background and assessed their spontaneous self-grooming behavior applying both manual and automated techniques. Overall, SERT(+/-) mice displayed a general increase in grooming behavior, as indicated by more grooming bouts and more transitions between specific grooming stages. SERT(+/-) mice also aborted more grooming bouts, but showed generally unaltered activity levels in the observation chamber. In contrast, BDNF(+/-) mice displayed a global reduction in grooming activity, with fewer bouts and transitions between specific grooming stages, altered grooming syntax, as well as hypolocomotion and increased turning behavior. Finally, grooming data collected by manual and automated methods (HomeCageScan) significantly correlated in our experiments, confirming the utility of automated high-throughput quantification of grooming behaviors in various genetic mouse models with increased or decreased grooming phenotypes. Taken together, these findings indicate that mouse self-grooming behavior is a reliable behavioral biomarker of genetic deficits in SERT and BDNF pathways, and can be reliably measured using automated behavior-recognition technology.
Cloud Particle Phase Determination with the AVHRR.

An accurate determination of cloud particle phase is required for the retrieval of other cloud properties from satellite and for radiative flux calculations in climate models. The physical principles underlying phase determination using the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) satellite sensor are described for daytime and nighttime, cold cloud and warm cloud conditions. It is demonstrated that the spectral properties of cloud particles provide necessary, but not sufficient, information for phase determination, because the relationship between the cloud and surface temperatures is also important. Algorithms based on these principles are presented and tested. Validation with lidar and aircraft data from two Arctic field experiments shows the procedures to be accurate in identifying the phase of homogeneous water and ice clouds, though optically thin, mixed-phase, and multilayer clouds are problematic.
Bubble nucleation in polymeric liquids. II. theoretical considerations

A theory based on classical nucleation theory is developed for bubble nucleation in polymer solutions. The theory requires information on solubility, diffusivity, concentration, surface tension, temperature, and degree of supersaturation. The effects of supersaturation and of the presence of large molecules in a liquid mixture on the free energy of bubble formation are included in the theoretical development. A semiempirical equation for the determination of bubble nucleation rate is developed, with the aid of experimental results reported in part I of this series. Using the experimental data, computer simulations of bubble nucleation in polymer solutions are performed. The consumptions of the volatile component in a liquid mixture, due to bubble nucleation and subsequent growth, and the variation of bubble nucleation rate during the expansion process are included in the simulation of the bubble nucleation process.
Inclusion fluorescent-antibody test as a screening assay for detection of antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae

A study was conducted to determine the ability of the inclusion immunofluorescence assay (inclusion IFA) to act as a screening test to detect samples with antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae; microimmunofluorescence (MIF) was used as the "gold standard." In addition, the inclusion IFA was compared using HEp-2 cells infected with either C. pneumoniae CM-1 or Chlamydia trachomatis serovar E. A total of 331 serum samples representing a range of MIF titers were evaluated. The sensitivities of the inclusion IFA for detecting samples with C. pneumoniae MIF titers of > or = 16 were 96.9 and 74.8% with C. pneumoniae- and C. trachomatis-infected cells, respectively. For samples with an elevated C. pneumoniae MIF titer of > or = 512, the sensitivities of the C. pneumoniae- and C. trachomatis-based inclusion IFA were 97.0 and 8.8%, respectively. These results suggest that the inclusion IFA is not a genus-specific test, as evidenced by the failure of the C. trachomatis-infected cells to detect a significant number of samples with C. pneumoniae antibodies. Samples that had elevated C. pneumoniae inclusion IFA and MIF titers but that were found negative (titer, or = 16) or elevated (> or = 512) MIF titers, its specificity ranged from 53.4 to 77.1%. In conclusion, the inclusion IFA with C. pneumoniae-infected cells was best suited as a sensitive screening test for identifying specimens with elevated MIF titers (those associated with a possible acute infection with C. pneumoniae).
Outcomes after the use of gastrostomy tubes in patients whose head and neck cancer was managed with radiation therapy.

Background The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of continued oral intake and duration of gastrostomy tube placement on posttreatment nutritional outcomes in patients being irradiated for head and neck cancer. Methods Factors associated with continued oral intake and its association with posttreatment outcomes were analyzed. Results Patients with no oral intake (39.6% of 91) were more likely to have laryngeal tumors, advanced disease, and pretreatment gastrostomy tube placement. Of the 55 patients whose gastrostomy tubes had been removed, those with continued oral intake and shorter gastrostomy tube placement were more likely to maintain their weight and report eating scores in the higher-functioning category, but have more restricted diets. Observed survival was significantly better for the continued-oral-intake group (p = .001). Conclusion The beneficial effects of continued oral intake and shorter gastrostomy tube placement on posttreatment outcomes shown in this study suggest that clinicians involved in these patients' care should emphasize oral intake during treatment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Application of implicit self-tuning fuzzy control to nonlinear systems

The scope of this paper is to design an implicit self-tuning fuzzy controller suitable for a class of nonlinear systems. The approach of parametric fuzzy modeling is used to decompose the nonlinear input-output mappings of a physical system in a universe of discourse constituted by linear models. The control objective, given in terms of an optimal control policy, is achieved through linear control techniques applied to each one of these model components. A fuzzy controller infers a composite control action based on the control laws designated for the individual linear models. A direct adaptive algorithm is introduced to identify online the control parameters. The performance of the self-tuner along with its adaptability against parametric variations is tested in simulation studies for an open-loop unstable nonlinear system. >
Applicability conditions for plans with loops: Computability results and algorithms

The utility of including loops in plans has been long recognized by the planning community. Loops in a plan help increase both its applicability and the compactness of its representation. However, progress in finding such plans has been limited largely due to lack of methods for reasoning about the correctness and safety properties of loops of actions. We present novel algorithms for determining the applicability and progress made by a general class of loops of actions. These methods can be used for directing the search for plans with loops towards greater applicability while guaranteeing termination, as well as in post-processing of computed plans to precisely characterize their applicability. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of these algorithms. We also discuss the factors which can make the problem of determining applicability conditions for plans with loops incomputable.
The Art and Science of Marketing a Marketing Department

Marketing departments quite often are not geared to market themselves properly. The article explains why marketing departments have difficulty developing effective marketing strategies for themselves. The authors present an outline for developing a plan for a market-oriented product, and the article presents an overall marketing plan which can be used by any marketing department.
PET/CT Imaging of Chemokine Receptor CCR5 in Vascular Injury Model Using Targeted Nanoparticle

Inflammation plays important roles at all stages of atherosclerosis. Chemokine systems have major effects on the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis by controlling the trafficking of inflammatory cells in vivo through interaction with their receptors. Chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) has been reported to be an active participant in the late stage of atherosclerosis and has the potential as a prognostic biomarker for plaque stability. However, its diagnostic potential has not yet been explored. The purpose of this study was to develop a targeted nanoparticle for sensitive and specific PET/CT imaging of the CCR5 receptor in an apolipoprotein E knock-out (ApoE−/−) mouse vascular injury model. Methods: The d-Ala1-peptide T-amide (DAPTA) peptide was selected as a targeting ligand for the CCR5 receptor. Through controlled conjugation and polymerization, a biocompatible poly(methyl methacrylate)-core/polyethylene glycol-shell amphiphilic comblike nanoparticle was prepared and labeled with 64Cu for CCR5 imaging in the ApoE−/− wire-injury model. Immunohistochemistry, histology, and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were performed to assess the disease progression and upregulation of CCR5 receptor. Results: The 64Cu-DOTA-DAPTA tracer showed specific PET imaging of CCR5 in the ApoE−/− mice. The targeted 64Cu-DOTA-DAPTA-comb nanoparticles showed extended blood signal and optimized biodistribution. The tracer uptake analysis showed significantly higher accumulations at the injury lesions than those acquired from the sham-operated sites. The competitive PET receptor blocking studies confirmed the CCR5 receptor–specific uptake. The assessment of 64Cu-DOTA-DAPTA-comb in C57BL/6 mice and 64Cu-DOTA-comb in ApoE−/− mice verified low nonspecific nanoparticle uptake. Histology, immunohistochemistry, and RT-PCR analyses verified the upregulation of CCR5 in the progressive atherosclerosis model. Conclusion: This work provides a nanoplatform for sensitive and specific detection of CCR5’s physiologic functions in an animal atherosclerosis model.
INTESTINAL EXCRETION OF A WILD BIRD-ORIGIN H3N8 LOW PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS IN MALLARDS (ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS)

Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and other dabbling ducks in the genus Anas are an important component of the wild bird reservoir for avian influenza (AI) virus; these viruses are maintained in migratory duck populations through a fecal-oral transmission route. We provide a detailed characterization of intestinal viral shedding in Mallards infected with a wild bird-origin low pathogenic (LP) AI virus. Five of eight, 1-mo-old Mallards inoculated with a high dose of an H3N8 LP AI virus became infected as determined by reisolation and seroconversion. Infected birds excreted high concentrations of virus for up to 14 days postinoculation (DPI) without exhibiting overt clinical signs of disease. The pattern of viral shedding was relatively consistent between individual birds, with peak shedding on 2-3 DPI and a progressive decline over the remainder of infection. Detection of viral shedding varied depending on sample type (excrement sample or cloacal swab) and diagnostic test (virus isolation or real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction). Our data provide detailed insights into the intestinal excretion of an H3N8 LP AI virus in Mallards and the performance of diagnostic assays commonly used in wild bird surveillance. Such information is valuable for estimating potential risks for spillover of LP AI viruses from Mallards to domestic animals, developing accurate transmission models for Mallard populations and facilitating the interpretation and comparison of surveillance results from different studies.
Depositional setting and cyclic development of the lower part of the Witteberg Group (Mid- to Upper Devonian), Cape Supergroup, Western Cape, South Africa

Mid- to Upper Devonian strata of the lower Witteberg Group in the Cape Fold Belt of South Africa comprise three principal facies deposited in the shoreface and contiguous inner shelfalong a storm-dominated coastal zone. Weakly burrowed mudrock with variable minor proportions of wave-rippled sandstone (linsen, flasers, hummocky cross stratification [HCSJ) (facies 1) accumulated in the inner shelf below, near, and just above storm wave base. Very fine- and fine-grained sandstone that displays flat and wavy lamination and HCS, as well as compound wave-ripple lamination (facies 2), was deposited in the lower shoreface above fair-weather wave base. Fine- to coarse-grained sandstone containing cross-lamination, anisotropic HCS, and compound wave-ripple lamination (facies 3) formed in the mid to upper shoreface. Regionally, lower Witteberg strata change from proportionally more facies 2 and 3 at proximal (northern) sites to mostly facies 1 at distal (southern) sites. The lower Witteberg Group consists of approximately 40 shallowing-upward facies sequences (parasequences) whose average thickness is approximately 12 m. These are grouped into progradational parasequence sets of up to 10 parasequences each for a total of approximately 3.5 parasequence sets in the lower Witteberg. The lowest parasequence set extends from the base of the Karoopoort Formation (top of underlying Bokkeveld Group) and culminates at the top of the Blinkberg Formation in the Witteberg Group, and approximately 2.5 parasequence sets make up the overlying Swartruggens Formation. The characteristics and stratigraphic architecture of the lower Witteberg Group are consequences of the interaction oftwo different orders of global sea-level fluctuation. The lower Witteberg parasequences had a periodicity between 250 and 300 ka, within the Milankovitch range, and their character and mean thickness are very similar to cyclic patterns recorded in contemporaneous Givetian—Frasnian siliciclastic and carbonate strata on four other continents. The progradational parasequence sets had a mean recurrence interval in the order of 3.0 Ma and can be correlated with specific third-order fluctuations of global sea-level proposed for contemporaneous Upper Devonian strata in Euramerica. This reinforces assignment of the age of the lower Witteberg as extending from the mid-Givetian Stage to the end of the Frasnian Stage.
Evo-Devo: Variations on Ancestral Themes

Most animals evolved from a common ancestor, Urbilateria, which already had in place the developmental genetic networks for shaping body plans. Comparative genomics has revealed rather unexpectedly that many of the genes present in bilaterian animal ancestors were lost by individual phyla during evolution. Reconstruction of the archetypal developmental genomic tool-kit present in Urbilateria will help to elucidate the contribution of gene loss and developmental constraints to the evolution of animal body plans.
Overview of image security techniques with applications in multimedia systems

The growth of networked multimedia system has created a need for the copyright protection of digital images and video. Copyright protection involves the authentication of image content and/or ownership. This can be used to identify illegal copies of an image. One approach is to mark an image by adding an invisible structure known as a digital watermark to the image. Techniques of incorporating such a watermark into digital images include spatial-domain techniques, transform-domain algorithms and sub-band filtering approaches.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Au/Ti and Au/Ni-Cr Metallization of CVD Diamond Substrates for Multichip Module Applications

Multichip Modules (MCMs) have recently received widespread attention in the electronics industry. Owing to its high thermal conductivity, CVD diamond holds great promise for solving thermal management problems in MCMs. Also, large diameter free standing diamond substrates have recently become available. It is thus necessary to develop a reliable metallization for diamond substrates. As Au does not adhere to diamond, refractory metals, viz., Ti, W and Mo have been used as glue layers, as they form carbides above 800 °C. Since CVD diamond looses its properties at these temperatures, there is a need to obtain adherent metallizations at much lower temperatures. In the work reported here, tenaciously adherent Au/Ti and Au/Ni80-Cr20 metallization systems were sputter deposited on CVD diamond substrates for potential use as interconnects in MCMs. The adhesion values obtained by Sebastian V stud pull tester were in the range of 12 Kpsi, with post-deposition anneal temperature as low as 150 °C. The key to good adhesion was preconditioning of the diamond surface using in-situ sputter-etch technique. The effect of post-deposition annealing (up to 450 °C) on the interdiffusion of Au with the underlying metals was studied using AES, EDX, Optical Microscopy and sheet resistance measurements. Results indicate mixing of C from diamond with refractory metals at low temperatures which may be contributing to strong adhesion.
Remote Sensing of Forests Over Time

Forest change happens constantly at different spatial scales. At the individual tree level, the biochemical and biophysical properties may vary according to environmental conditions; physical appearance such as colour and size may change due to phenology or human disturbance. At the stand level, the structure of forest canopies may change in terms of horizontal measures of canopy closure and gap size and shape and vertical measures of number of layers of understorey, height of each storey, etc. At the watershed level, forest ecosystem change can be evaluated by different landscape measurements such as fragmentation indices, matrix and corridor structure and system complexity. Changes at even larger scales are usually caused by human-induced environmental changes and climate changes.
Experimental Testing of Bend-Twist Coupled Composite Shafts

Bend-twist coupling is a property of certain specially designed composite beams that when subjected to loading conditions that would normally result in pure bending, undergo both bending and twisting. This phenomenon is called bend-twist coupling. To fully characterize the degree of bend-twist coupling in the beam, shear center per unit length (e y /L) must be determined. This paper proposes an experimental method for quantifying e y /L. The specific method for manufacturing these composite shafts is detailed. A special apparatus was constructed to load the tip of a cantilever sample with an adjustable torque. Digital image correlation (DIC) was used to measure tip rotation and deflection. From these measurements shear center values were determined. Repeating this process for different shaft lengths and orientations allows for a final e y /L measurement. Techniques are provided to reduce the various uncertainties in these measurements. The experiment utilizes three dimensional DIC, a rigid boundary condition such as a vice to simulate a cantilever condition, and an adjustable moment arm on which to load the specimen. The special case of a cylindrical carbon fiber beam is presented here, but the experimental methods can be generalized to tapered beams, non-circular cross-sections, and other orthotropic materials. The results are compared against finite element and analytical predictions. The final average experimental e y /L for all four shafts is 8 % higher than what the analytical method and FEA predict.