cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Daily parenting engagement among new mothers and fathers: the role of romantic attachment in dual-earner families.

We investigated the association of prenatal assessments of mothers’ and fathers’ self-reported romantic attachment anxiety and avoidance with the time mothers and fathers reported in proximity-focused and exploration-focused engagement with their infants at nine months postpartum. Our sample of 136 dual-earner couples came from a larger longitudinal study of the transition to parenthood. Time in proximity-focused (interactions that emphasize physical or emotional connection) and exploration-focused (activities that stimulate and build knowledge of the world) engagement on work and nonworkdays were measured using time diaries. Using Actor-Partner Interdependence Models, we found significant across partner associations between romantic attachment and parental engagement. In particular, analyses revealed interesting interactions: fathers higher in avoidance spent more time in exploration-focused engagement on workdays when mothers were more anxious, whereas mothers higher in anxiety spent more time in proximity-focused engagement on nonworkdays when fathers were more avoidant. Moreover, fathers demonstrated a compensatory pattern of engagement in response to mother’s greater attachment anxiety or avoidance. Findings support the utility of studying romantic attachment within a family system and extend the literature on correlates of early parental engagement. Keywords: self-reported romantic attachment, parent engagement, time diaries, transition to parenthood, family systems
Some Issues Relating to the Optimal Design of Bus Routes

The following is mostly a discussion of some issues relating to the design of minimum cost bus routes serving a multiple origin-multiple destination trip distribution. The main difficulty in determining any “optimal” routing originates from the fact that the objective function total cost is a nonconvex function of the assignment; the higher the demand for trips on a route, the better is the service that one can provide. One consequence of this is that a square grid of straight line bus routes is not likely to be an optimal geometry even under highly idealized conditions. “Good” geometries are more likely to focus routes onto a single street and past a common junction.
Alive and Well in the U.S. Senate: Parties in the Committee Setting

Despite strong theoretical justification, the intersection of the two central organizing features of the U.S. Senate, parties and committees, has received little scholarly attention. This article focuses on that nexus by exploring party-based voting in three Senate committees during the 1980s. Drawing from previous research, several hypotheses are developed that guide expectations about party conflict, unity, and success in the Armed Services, Energy, and Labor committees. Party leadership, committee membership, and policy agendas are found to be important explanations for the patterns of partisanship that emerge in roll call voting in those committees. Because of the size of Senate committees and small partisan margins that often exist, party leadership strategy also is found to influence the ultimate success of the majority party. The differentiated committee system, it is argued, offers diverse opportunities for party influence in the Senate.
Chipping and Segmentation of Target of Interest from Low- Resolution Electro-Optical Data †

This paper mainly discusses the chipping and segmentation of target-of-interest (TOI) from lowresolution gray-scale electro-optical (EO) data, which is acquired by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) hovering above the city. As the processing for automatic target recognition, chipping and segmentation of TOI consist of the following two steps: regional chipping and target segmentation. Regional chipping is dedicated to obtaining the minimal region surrounding the TOI so that it can be accurately and efficiently recognized. Target segmentation is dedicated to isolating a TOI from the background and is implemented using the diffusion algorithm. The whole work is accomplished in MATLAB and is critically assessed using the given EO data.
A spray-processable, low bandgap, and ambipolar donor-acceptor conjugated polymer.

Combining a strong donor, tris(dodecyloxy)phenyl)-dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole, with a strong acceptor, 4,8-dithien-2-yl-2λ4δ2-benzo[1,2-c;4,5-c′]bis[1,2,5]thiadiazole, has yielded the lowest bandgap, soluble, spray-processable polymer to date. The polymer has access to four different redox states and shows ambipolar behavior in OFETs. Multiple techniques, including transmission/absorption spectroscopy on SWCNTs and reflectance spectroscopy on gold were used to accurately estimate the optical bandgap at 0.5−0.6 eV, which correlates well to theoretical calculations.
Glyburide increases the secretion, tissue uptake, and action of insulin in conscious normal dogs

Abstract The action of glyburide on glucose homeostasis involves pancreatic and extrapancreatic mechanisms. The relative importance of each of these processes in the hypoglycemic response to sustained administration of glyburide is unknown. In addition, the effect of this drug on the hepatic extraction of insulin is controversial. This investigation uses direct techniques in conscious normal dogs to examine the impact of glyburide therapy (2.5 mg twice daily for 4 weeks) on glucose homeostasis. Preparatory surgery included placement of Doppler flow probes on hepatic vessels and insertion of catheters in carotid artery, portal vein, hepatic vein, and renal vein. After recovery from surgery, animals underwent an intravenous glucose tolerance test ([IGTT] 0.3 g · kg −1 intravenous glucose bolus) and an insulin infusion clamp test ([IICT] 2 mU · kg −1 · min −1 intravenous insulin during 150 minutes) followed by glyburide therapy. After 4 weeks, the IGTT and IICT were repeated. Glyburide increased the insulin secretory response during the late phase of the IGTT and augmented glucose clearance during the IICT. Hepatic extraction of insulin was also stimulated by glyburide. We conclude that the hypoglycemic action of long-term glyburide administration involves stimulation of both insulin secretion by the pancreas and glucose disposal by peripheral tissues. In addition, glyburide augments the extraction of insulin by the liver, and such an effect might prevent the development of sustained high levels of insulin in blood perfusing peripheral tissues.
Thermal Annealing of Radiation Induced Defects: A Diffusion-Limited Process?

Annealing of defects in bulk fused silicas suggests the rate-limiting step is diffusion of molecular species. Evidence that similar processes occur in MOS devices is presented. A systematic dependence on gate size is shown.
The effect of Velten's mood-induction procedure for depression on hand movement and head-down posture

The purpose of the present study was to extend the behavioral criteria of Velten's mood-induction procedure for depression. Nonverbal behaviors (hand movements and head-down position) associated with clinical depression were measured both before and after a subject read either negative self-referential statements (N=14) or neutral statements (N=12). The measures were unobtrusively obtained by video recordings of the subject's behavior during a standardized interview with an experimenter. The reading of negative self-referential statements led to a significant decrease in the use of hand illustrators and a marginal increase in the use of head-down postures. No significant changes occurred in the control group. The results support the notion that Velten's procedure for depression does alter behavior in a manner similar to the clinical state of depression.
F1: Accelerating the Optimization of Aggregate Continuous Queries

Data Stream Management Systems performing on-line analytics rely on the efficient execution of large numbers of Aggregate Continuous Queries (ACQs). The state-of-the-art WeaveShare optimizer uses the Weavability concept in order to selectively combine ACQs for partial aggregation and produce high quality execution plans. However, WeaveShare does not scale well with the number of ACQs. In this paper we propose a novel closed formula, F1, that accelerates Weavability calculations, and thus allows WeaveShare to achieve exceptional scalability in systems with heavy workloads. In general, F1 can reduce the computation time of any technique that combines partial aggregations within composite slides of multiple ACQs. We theoretically analyze the Bit Set approach currently used by WeaveShare and show that F1 is superior in both time and space complexities. We show that F1 performs 1062 times less operations compared to Bit Set to produce the same execution plan for the same input. We experimentally show that F1 executes up to 60,000 times faster and can handle 1,000,000 ACQs in a setting where the limit for the current technique is 550.
A Developmental Review of Response Time Data that Support a Cognitive Components Model of Reading

The present article provides a review of numerous studies that measured response times for cognitive tasks related to six components of the reading process. The component processes were single-letter recognition, multi-letter unit identification, word and pseudoword identification, semantic access/concept activation, phrase and sentence comprehension, and text comprehension. The response time data are presented in tables and summarized in the text. The data provide support for a componential view of reading.
Clinical Relevance of Lung Water Measurement with the Thermal-Dye Dilution Technique

The quantification of extravascular lung water, the morphologic correlate of pulmonary edema, is not possible with routine clinical studies [96, 97]. The early accumulation of interstitial edema as well as small changes in the water content of the lungs when edema is established are not reliably detected or quantified with the chest radiograph or blood gas measurements. It is nevertheless desirable to quantify pulmonary edema since the accumulation of extravascular water is a basic pathologic manifestation of pulmonary injury.
Computational Earth Science: Big Data Transformed Into Insight

More than ever in the history of science, researchers have at their fingertips an unprecedented wealth of data from continuously orbiting satellites, weather monitoring instruments, ecological observatories, seismic stations, moored buoys, floats, and even model simulations and forecasts. With just an internet connection, scientists and engineers can access atmospheric and oceanic gridded data and time series observations, seismographs from around the world, minute-by-minute conditions of the near-Earth space environment, and other data streams that provide information on events across local, regional, and global scales. These data sets have become essential for monitoring and understanding the associated impacts of geological and environmental phenomena on society.
Rate of Growth of Ice at an Aluminium-Water Interface

As part of an investigation of the way in which water freezes on solid surfaces, we have measured the dependence on temperature of the velocity of a freezing front advancing across an aluminium–water interface. We find that at least two distinct modes of growth occur and that the appearance of one or the other or both depends on the amount of super-cooling and on the manner of nucleation. For one of these, the orientation of the c-axis is nearly perpendicular to the interface and the structure is multiply branched (Fig. 1B). For the other, the c-axis makes a much smaller angle with the interface and the structure is that of tightly bound feathers (Fig. 1A). The branched structure dominates at lower temperatures, choking off whatever feathered structure may start. At temperatures close to 0° C, the converse is true and the growth becomes predominantly feathered. Fig. 1 is a photograph of a sample in which both types of growth were nucleated at a temperature such that their growth rates were nearly equal.
Short communication: A dynamic graphical interface for visualizing projected, measured, and reconstructed surface water elevations on the earth's largest lakes

There is a growing need within the international water research and water resources management community, and the general public, for easy access to time-series of projected, measured, and reconstructed marine and freshwater coastal surface water elevations. There is also a need for effectively communicating variability among different surface water elevation data sets, as well as the intrinsic uncertainties in surface water elevation forecasts. Here, we introduce an interactive web-based interface, the Great Lakes Water Level Dashboard (GLWLD), designed to address this need for the North American Laurentian Great Lakes, the largest assemblage of unfrozen fresh surface water bodies on planet Earth, and one with a coastline of over 16,000 km (roughly 10,000 miles). The GLWLD is a Flash-based tool that can simultaneously display time-series of measured monthly and annual water level data and seasonal forecasts for each of the Great Lakes, reconstructed lake levels from paleoclimate research, and decadal lake level projections under alternative climate scenarios. By employing a suite of novel data transfer, processing, and visualization tools, the GLWLD allows users to seamlessly transition not only between alternate displays of Great Lakes water levels over different temporal scales, but between different data sets and forecasts as well. Furthermore, the unique GLWLD interface can help users understand the extent to which decisions regarding the use of the lakes depend on an appreciation of uncertainty and variability within, and between, different sources of Great Lakes water level information.
Managing collection development in university libraries that utilize librarians with dual-responsibility assignments☆

Abstract Heavy work loads, lack of administrative support, and innate difficulties in the work of collection building, lead many collection development librarians who have part-time or dual-responsibility assignments to feel that something is inherently wrong with this way of organizing and staffing collection development. While there are many difficulties associated with part-time assignments, they can be corrected by developing effective organizations for collection development, selecting librarians who are suited to this kind of work, and improving the management of collection development. This paper examines these problems and discusses specific actions that will reduce or eliminate them.
The application of case-based reasoning to the software development process

Abstract This paper, supported by a commercial case-based reasoning tool, demonstrates a method by which case based reasoning can be applied to the business software development process. Requirements definition, effort estimation, software design, and troubleshooting, and maintenance processes are discussed in terms of candidacy for CBR technology. Proper planning for an adequate support infrastructure is stressed as well as clear expectation setting through ongoing training. CBR is explored as a mechanism for improving productivity and quality problems currently afflicting the corporate software development field.
Spin-resolved photoemission study of photohole lifetimes in ferromagnetic gadolinium

High-resolution spin-resolved photoemission is used to probe the decay channels available to a photohole created in a Gd(0001) surface state. The photoemission linewidths show that at low temperatures, the lifetime of a majority-spin hole is predominantly limited by electron-phonon scattering and that of a minority-spin hole by electron-magnon scattering. With increasing temperature this state shows both spin-mixing behavior reflecting the exchange of magnons and a reduced exchange splitting.
Amphipod predation by the infaunal polychaete, Nephtys incisa

Survival of the tubicolous amphipodAmpelisca abdita in a sediment toxicity test was negatively correlated with the presence of indigenousNephtys incisa. The gut contents ofN. incisa held in uncontaminated sediment included identifiable portions of the amphipods.A. abdita andMicrodeutopus gryllotalpa. Although most nephtyid polychaete worms are active predators,Nephtys incisa has been considered a nonselective deposit-feeder. We coclude thatN. incisa will prey upon amphipods under laboratory conditions. This predation may be a factor in the exclusion of surface-dwelling amphipods from theNephtys-Nucula community common in southern New England.
The Robbins problem: computer proofs and human proofs

Discusses the relationship between computer proof and human proof. These issues are discussed both in general and specifically regarding the recent solution of the Robbins problem via a proof generated by computer. The Robbins problem was a long‐standing open problem about axioms for Boolean algebra. One point of this paper is to show that the proof of the Robbins conjecture, generated by a computer, can be filled in and understood by human beings. We accomplish this aim in the present paper by presenting a notational reformulation of Boolean algebra and the Robbins problem. The notational/linguistic issue developed here is of cybernetic, linguistic and semiotic interest. It is our contention that mathematics can behave non‐trivially under change of notation. Change of notation can be as significant as change of language. In the present case the change of language afforded by an appropriate change of notation makes a mathematical domain accessible to human beings that has heretofore been only accessible to computers.
The Arab Regimes and the Palestinian Revolution, 1967-71

Three more or less well-defined groupings gradually evolved among the Arab countries as they faced the consequences of the Six Day War and redefined their future policies and their attitudes towards the Palestine problem. The first grouping consisted of the UAR, Jordan and regimes close to Cairo, such as the Sudan and Iraq (then under the rule of Abdul Rahman Arif). It had as its overriding objective the recovery of the Israeli-occupied territories, and was willing to envisage political solutions to this effect and to compromise on issues that had been fundamental to the Arab position since the establishment of the Jewish State in 1948, including the recognition of Israel and the conclusion of a definitive peace. These governments were naturally reluctant to destabilize the situation or reinforce Israeli feelings of insecurity and motivations for territorial annexation by adopting intransigent postures. Consequently, they did not look with favour upon a strong, militant Palestinian movement with irredentist aspirations, though they could not directly disavow it because of its popular support. Other Arab countries that adhered to this position were Lebanon, Tunisia and Morocco. As the commandos gained strength and popularity, and the prospects of a political solution faded during 1968, the UAR came to see in the Palestinians a welcome partner in the military confrontation that was developing and granted the commandos material aid, training facilities and use of its radio stations. The UAR also came down on the side of the resistance in the several crises that later developed with Jordan and Lebanon, a position dictated not only by Cairo's interest in maintaining the viability of the guerrillas but also by its obligations as leader of the progressive camp towards an ideologically kindred movement. The fedayeen realized early on, however, that this alliance was doomed to be
Tube collapse analysis using finite elements

Abstract We deal with a method for the analysis of collapse problems in pipes, using a finite elements computer program. We must take into account large displacements, elasto-plastic behaviour with hardening, and collapse mechanism. We do a comparison with experimental data on a given straight pipe and good agreement is obtained with an analysis using shell type elements (ovalization of the cross-section, and plastic collapse behaviour). A comparison with a modelling of beam-type element is done and the results are correct until 15% of plastic strain. The computer program uses a global plastic yield and an updated Lagrangian analysis with a very simple shell type element.
A Central Stellar Remnant in Puppis A

ROSAT observations of a feature in the center of the Puppis A supernova remnant suggest that it is the stellar remnant of the supernova. This feature has been known since Einstein HRI observations, but convincing evidence that it is unresolved has become available only through observations from the ROSAT HRI. The source has no optical counterpart to limiting magnitude B 25.0, R 23.6, nor is there an obvious radio counterpart to a limit of 0.75 mJy at 1.4 GHz. Timing analysis of the X-ray data has indicated neither pulsations nor variability on long time scales. We suggest that this source is the cooling neutron-star remnant of the Puppis A progenitor. The ~3700 yr age of the supernova remnant would make this the youngest known neutron star cooling via thermal processes. Assuming it originated at the center of expansion, located 6' to the northeast, requires the stellar remnant to have a transverse velocity ~1000 km s-1. The stellar remnant's velocity is directed roughly opposite to the average proper motion of the fast, oxygen-rich knots, believed to be fragments of the progenitor's outer core, which suggests an anisotropic explosion and recoil of a newly formed neutron star.
Cigarette smoke: Stimulatory effect on metabolism of 3,4-benzpyrene by enzymes in rat lung

Abstract The enzymatic hydroxylation of 3,4-benzpyrene (BP) by lung was increased 34% and 186% in rats exposed to cigarette smoke for 2 or 4 hours, respectively. Induction of BP-hydroxylase in lung by cigarette smoke was completely blocked by actinomycin D or puromycin. An increase in BP-hydroxylase activity was also observed in various organs of pregnant rats exposed to cigarette smoke 5 hours daily for 3 days. The most marked increases were observed in the lung (12-fold) and placenta (4-fold), although increases were also observed in the intestine and in maternal and fetal liver.
Divalent thulium. Thulium di-iodide

The preparation and identification of a divalent thulium compound, TmI/ sub 2/, is reported. Lattice constants for the hexagonal structures of TmI/sub 2/ and YbI/sub 2/ are: TmI/sub 2/, a/sub 0/ = 4.520 plus or minus 0.003 A, c/sub 0/ = 6.967 plus or minus 0.006 A; and of YbI/sub 2/, a/sub 0/ = 4.503 plus or minus 0.003 A, c/sub 0/ = 6.972 plus or minus 0.004 A. (auth)
LOCAL LAGRANGIAN APPROXIMATIONS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF THE DENSITY DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION IN LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE

We examine local Lagrangian approximations for the gravitational evolution of the density distribution function. In these approximations, the final density at a Lagrangian point q at a time t is taken to be a function only of t and of the initial density at the same Lagrangian point. A general expression is given for the evolved density distribution function for such approximations, and we show that the vertex generating function for a local Lagrangian mapping applied to an initially Gaussian density field bears a simple relation to the mapping itself. Using this result, we design a local Lagrangian mapping which reproduces nearly exactly the hierarchical amplitudes given by perturbation theory for gravitational evolution. When extended to smoothed density fields and applied to Gaussian initial conditions, this mapping produces a final density distribution function in excellent agreement with full numerical simulations of gravitational clustering. We also examine the application of these local Lagrangian approximations to non-Gaussian initial conditions.
Site and mechanics of failure in normal and dystrophin-deficient skeletal muscle.

Partial or complete tearing of skeletal muscle occurs both in acute muscle injury and in some pathological muscle conditions. Despite the impact of such tearing on normal muscle function, few studies have examined the site or mechanism of muscle injury at cellular or subcellular levels of organization. The present study determines the ultrastructural location and mechanical conditions of tensile failure in normal mouse extensor digitorum longus muscles. All of these muscles failed near a myotendinous junction (MTJ), but within the muscle fibers, in a transverse plane coincident with the edge of an A-band. The breaking stress averaged 5.71 × 105 N/m2 for muscles stimulated tetanically during lengthening, and 5.01 × 105 N/m2 for unstimulated muscles. Breaking strain averaged 135%, and showed no dependence on the state of activation of the muscle. The energy absorbed by each muscle averaged 362.5 mJ/g in unstimulated muscle, and 613.2 mJ/g in the stimulated samples. In addition to the failure properties of normal muscle, the effect of dystrophin deficiency on the site and conditions of failure was determined using muscle from mdx mice, which lack dystrophin. The absence of dystrophin had no detectable effect on the stress, strain, or energy absorbed, regardless of the state of muscle activation. Unstimulated mdx muscle failed in the plane of an A-band, but tetanic stimulation produced failure in the reticular lamina of the tendon, just external to the MTJ, in 75% of the fibers in the mdx muscles. Although dystrophin's cytoplasmic location makes it unlikely that this unique mode of failure is due directly to the absence of the protein, failure in the reticular lamina may result from a difference in load distribution that accompanies the response of mdx muscle to dystrophin deficiency.© 1995 John Wiley &Sons, Inc.
A unique instructional tool for visualizing equipotentials and its use in an introductory fields course

Charge Master, an IBM PC-compatible software package that aids in visualizing equipotentials produced by systems of point charges, is described. It accomplishes this via an educational game and an option that plots equipotentials. An assignment designed to accompany the software and its use in an introductory EM fields course are also described. The software has been well received by students. >
Goals and Strategies of a Problem-based Learning Facilitator

This paper describes an analysis of facilitation of a student-centered problem-based learning group. The focus of this analysis was to understand the goals and strategies of an expert facilitator in support of collaborative learning. This was accomplished through interaction analysis using video data and stimulated recall to examine two PBL group meetings. In this paper, we examine how specific strategies were used to support the PBL goals of help ing students construct causal explanations, reason effectively, and become self-directed learners while maintaining a student-centered learning process. Being able to articulate these strategies is an important step in helping others learn the art of PBL facilitation.
Using focused regression for accurate time-constrained scaling of scientific applications

Many large-scale clusters now have hundreds of thousands of processors, and processor counts will be over one million within a few years. Computational scientists must scale their applications to exploit these new clusters. Time-constrained scaling, which is often used, tries to hold total execution time constant while increasing the problem size along with the processor count. However, complex interactions between parameters, the processor count, and execution time complicate determining the input parameters that achieve this goal. In this paper we develop a novel gray-box, focused regression-based approach that assists the computational scientist with maintaining constant run time on increasing processor counts. Combining application-level information from a small set of training runs, our approach allows prediction of the input parameters that result in similar per-processor execution time at larger scales. Our experimental validation across seven applications showed that median prediction errors are less than 13%.
An economic and outcomes assessment of first-line monotherapy in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia within managed care.

ABSTRACTObjective: To evaluate the resource consumption and outcomes associated with first-line monotherapy for community-acquired pneumonia, focusing specifically on the use of erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and levofloxacin.Study design: Retrospective managed care database analysis.Patients and methods: Subjects included patients within a managed care setting over 18 years of age with an initial diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia from January 1995 to April 2002. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were used to examine associations with treatment success rates and direct medical costs between antibiotic treatments after controlling for patient demographics and pneumonia risk factors.Main results: Overall, treatment success rates were high (95.8%), the use of second antibiotics was uncommon (2.3%), and hospitalizations were infrequent (2.0%) among the 1952 subjects studied. After controlling for patient characteristics and risk factors, significantly lower total costs we...
Zernike Annular Polynomials and Optical Aberrations of Systems with Annular Pupils

Zernike annular polynomials that represent orthogonal andbalanced aberrations suitable for systems with annular pupilsare described. Their numbering scheme is the same asfor Zernike circle polynomials. Expressions for standard deviationof primary and balanced primary aberrations are given.
Identifying and addressing barriers to African American and non-African American families' discussions about preemptive living related kidney transplantation.

ContextEthnic/racial minority and nonminority families' perceived barriers to discussing preemptive living related kidney transplantation (LRKT) and their views on the potential value of health car...
Microwave phase comparators for large antenna arrays

Three instruments are described which are useful in equalizing path lengths in large antenna arrays. With each instrument the difference in length between two paths is measured directly, thereby avoiding many of the difficulties in measuring very long paths. A gas discharge tube, used as a modulated reflector, is placed at each of two antenna elements of an array. A null in the detected modulation occurs when the paths leading to the reflectors are equalized in length. The accuracy, limited by instability of the discharge tubes, is about 3\deg in phase at a wavelength of 10 cm. With the most sensitive instrument, this accuracy is maintained when there is a two-way loss of as much as 100 dB between each reflector and the receiver terminal of the array.
Phanerozoic Marine Communities

Marine paleocommunities are time-averaged assemblages of primarily skeletal remains. Nonetheless, they do represent the communities from which they were derived. Patterns of change in marine communities reflect the major changes in faunal composition and ecospace utilization for the whole marine biota. Although species turnover is frequent, marine shelf community types persist for long intervals of time. Reef communities show great fluctuation in importance superimposed on two phases of long-term development of complexity. Community composition has been strongly influenced by an onshore to offshore displacement of faunal types through time. The onshore origins of new faunal types contrasts with the higher rates of evolutionary turnover in offshore settings. Attributes of community structure such as succession and trophic grouping can be monitored at points in the fossil record but no continuity of trends is yet well established. The elaboration of predatory life habits and the development of both active infaunal and multilayered epifaunal modes of life (tiering) characterize the changes in community structure during the Phanerozoic. Emergent properties of communities and coordinated patterns of evolutionary change (coevolution?) suggest that communities are more than epiphenomena even though their basic distribution is always dictated by adaptive responses along environmental gradients.
Re: Magnetic monopoles

It might be of some interest to note that following Vestine's suggestion, we had incorporated the magnetic monopole (g00) as a variable in our geomagnetic field modeling programs several years ago and sometimes turn it on (allow it to assume a nonzero value) to help test our analyses. As we reported at the Bergen meeting in 1966, its value tends to hover about the level which we guess to be the accuracy of the coefficients desired and has been as low as 1 nT from the models run using only POGO data We have also tested using the recent Magsat data and find g00 now about 3 nT for the earth. Ignoring the real possibility that we are only determining a noise figure, is there a chance that the sum of all monopoles in the earth could add up to an observable g00?
THE EFFECT OF PARENTERAL TESTOSTERONE REPLACEMENT ON PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN IN HYPOGONADAL MEN WITH ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION

AbstractPurpose: Parenteral testosterone supplementation is a common treatment for erectile dysfunction in hypogonadal men. Despite its frequent use, the effect of testosterone on prostate specific antigen (PSA) in these patients has not been documented previously. In this study we determined the effect of parenteral testosterone replacement on PSA and PSA velocity in a group of men being treated for erectile dysfunction.Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 48 patients (mean age 65.9) was performed and 2 study groups were identified. Group 1 consisted of 27 patients with a serum PSA level before and after initiating testosterone replacement therapy, and group 2 consisted of 27 men with a minimum of 3 PSA measurements (intervals of 6 months or greater) while on testosterone replacement. Each man had erectile dysfunction, a normal digital rectal examination and a low or low-normal total serum testosterone level before initiating therapy. Testosterone replacement was discontinued if no subjecti...
Are Our Babies Hungry? Food Insecurity Among Infants in Urban Clinics

Background. Food insecurity (FI) is common, but studies in families with infants are rare. Objectives. To determine prevalence of FI, assess the effect public benefits have on FI, assess strategies to stretch nutritional resources (eg, using generic formula), and investigate FI’s relationship to anthropometric measurements. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was completed. FI was classified using the US Department of Agriculture’s 6-item indicator set. Results. A convenience sample of 144 infant caregivers was surveyed. Thirty-one percent endorsed FI. FI was more common among those receiving WIC and SNAP (39% vs 22%; P < .05). Fifteen percent stretched infant formula (27% FI vs 9% food secure; P < .01), 58% would not use generic formula, and 50% believed that generic and brand name formulas were not equivalent. There was no significant association between FI and anthropometric measurements. Conclusions. FI and formula stretching were common, even among families receiving public benefits. Many families were...
Dystrophic calcification in the heel pad

Abstract We present a hitherto unreported condition of an acute onset dystrophic calcification in the heel pad presenting as acute plantar fasciitis. A review of English literature has revealed reports of acute calcification in the rotator cuff, around the elbow, metacarpo-phalangeal joints, subacromial bursae and in the ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist, but we have been unable to identify the heel pad as a site of dystrophic calcification in our literature search. Acute calcification should therefore be borne in mind when dealing with cases of heel pain with unusual presentation.
Studies of confined high-pressure discharges in an electrothermal capillary

Experimental measurements and numerical analyses for a series of capillary discharge tests are reported. The tests are conducted in a high-pressure vessel with an instrumented polyethylene-lined capillary that injects into a small, constant-volume and pressure-instrumented chamber. A sequence of tests in which the capillary radius is varied by a factor of 5 and in which the capillary power dissipation levels are varied is discussed. The results obtained show that significant radial temperature gradients can be expected at high power levels or for low flow rates from the capillary. The results show that the use of blackbody heat fluxes based on the plasma core temperature should not be used to estimate wall heat fluxes in an electrothermal chemical system. >
Archaeology and the Methodology of Science, by Jane H. Kelley and Marsha P. Hanen, University of New Mexico Press, Albu­querque

The one book every graduate student in archaeology should read to understand how archaeology can be scientific - the one book collaboratively written by an experienced, intelligent archaeologist (Kelley) and a mature, respected philosopher of science (Hanen), both authors seasoned teachers who can distance themselves from the' fads and personalized controversies of their respective fields.
Nericell: rich monitoring of road and traffic conditions using mobile smartphones

We consider the problem of monitoring road and traffic conditions in a city. Prior work in this area has required the deployment of dedicated sensors on vehicles and/or on the roadside, or the tracking of mobile phones by service providers. Furthermore, prior work has largely focused on the developed world, with its relatively simple traffic flow patterns. In fact, traffic flow in cities of the developing regions, which comprise much of the world, tends to be much more complex owing to varied road conditions (e.g., potholed roads), chaotic traffic (e.g., a lot of braking and honking), and a heterogeneous mix of vehicles (2-wheelers, 3-wheelers, cars, buses, etc.).To monitor road and traffic conditions in such a setting, we present Nericell, a system that performs rich sensing by piggybacking on smartphones that users carry with them in normal course. In this paper, we focus specifically on the sensing component, which uses the accelerometer, microphone, GSM radio, and/or GPS sensors in these phones to detect potholes, bumps, braking, and honking. Nericell addresses several challenges including virtually reorienting the accelerometer on a phone that is at an arbitrary orientation, and performing honk detection and localization in an energy efficient manner. We also touch upon the idea of triggered sensing, where dissimilar sensors are used in tandem to conserve energy. We evaluate the effectiveness of the sensing functions in Nericell based on experiments conducted on the roads of Bangalore, with promising results.
Limit on the Temporal Variation of the Fine-Structure Constant Using Atomic Dysprosium

Over 8 months, we monitored transition frequencies between nearly degenerate, opposite-parity levels in two isotopes of atomic dysprosium (Dy). These frequencies are sensitive to variation of the fine-structure constant ($\ensuremath{\alpha}$) due to relativistic corrections of opposite sign for the opposite-parity levels. In this unique system, in contrast to atomic-clock comparisons, the difference of the electronic energies of the opposite-parity levels can be monitored directly utilizing a rf electric-dipole transition between them. Our measurements show that the frequency variation of the 3.1-MHz transition in $^{163}\mathrm{Dy}$ and the 235-MHz transition in $^{162}\mathrm{Dy}$ are $9.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6.7\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Hz}/\mathrm{yr}$ and $\ensuremath{-}0.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6.5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Hz}/\mathrm{yr}$, respectively. These results provide a rate of fractional variation of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ of $(\ensuremath{-}2.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.6)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}\text{ }{\mathrm{yr}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ($1\ensuremath{\sigma}$) without assumptions on constancy of other fundamental constants, indicating absence of significant variation at the present level of sensitivity.
Differences in Prevalence of Prescription Opiate Misuse Among Rural and Urban Probationers

We compared the prevalence of prescription opiate misuse among 2 cohorts of felony probationers (N = 1525). Multiple logistic regression was utilized to determine the independent correlates of prescription opiate misuse among rural (n = 782) and urban (n = 743) probationers participating in an HIV-intervention study. After adjustment for differences in demographic and drug use characteristics, rural participants were almost five times more likely than their urban counterparts to have misused prescription opiates. The prevalence of prescription opiate misuse was significantly higher among the rural probationers; however, given the paucity of illicit opiates and relatively recent emergence of prescription opiates in rural areas, rural substance abuse treatment may be ill-prepared to treat prescription opiate misuse.
Phase synthesis using coupled PLLs

We present the detailed design and measurement results for a phase synthesizer using coupled phase locked loops (PLLs) suitable for analog beam forming. It is shown that this architecture achieves a phase shift of plusmn180deg, which is a significant improvement over conventional coupled-PLLs which are limited to plusmn90deg. A two-PLL system has been implemented using off the shelf components. The system synchronizes at 25 MHz and generates a steady-state phase difference in the range plusmn180deg using an adjustable DC control current.
Checking program profiles

Execution profiles have become increasingly important for guiding code optimization. However, little has been done to develop ways to check automatically that a profile does, in fact, reflect the actual execution behavior of a program. We describe a framework that uses program monitoring techniques in a way that allows the automatic checking of a wide variety of profile data. We also describe our experiences with using an instance of this framework to check edge profiles. The profile checker uncovered profiling anomalies that were previously unknown and that would have been very difficult to identify using existing techniques.
Criticality Analysis of MOX and LEU Assemblies for Transport and Storage at the Balakovo Nuclear Power Plant

Criticality of low-enriched-uranium (LEU) and mixed-oxide (MOX) assemblies at the VVER-1000-type Balakovo nuclear power plant is investigated. Effective multiplication factors for fresh fuel assemblies on the railroad platform, fresh fuel assemblies in the within-plant fuel transportation vehicle, and fresh fuel assemblies in the spent fuel storage pool are calculated. If there is no absorber between the units, the configurations with all MOX assemblies result in higher effective multiplication factors than the configurations with all LEU assemblies when the system is dry. When the systems are flooded, the configurations with all LEU assemblies result in higher effective multiplication factors. For normal operating conditions, effective multiplication factors for all configurations are below the presumed upper subcritical limit of 0.95. For an accident condition of a fully loaded within-plant fuel transportation vehicle that is 'flooded' with low-density water (possibly from a fire suppression system), the presumed upper subcritical limit is exceeded by configurations containing either LEU or a combination of LEU and MOX assemblies.
Can one hear shape

The question “Can one hear the shape of a drum” has been asked in several contexts before (e.g., by Bers and Kac). It is a pictorial way of asking if the eigenvalues of the Laplacian on a given domain completely characterize its shape, in other words, if the spectrum is a complete shape descriptor (which it is not in general). Since the spectrum contains geometrical information and since it is an isometry invariant and therefore independent of the object's representation, parametrization, spatial position, and optionally of its size, it is well suited to be used as a fingerprint (Shape-DNA) in contemporary computer graphics applications like database retrieval, quality assessment, and shape matching in fields like CAD, engineering or medicine. We will explain why isometry invariance is so important and point out future directions of research. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mechanical and biocompatible characterizations of a readily available multilayer vascular graft.

There is always a considerable clinical need for vascular grafts. Considering the availability, physical and mechanical properties, and regenerative potential, we have developed and characterized readily available, strong, and compliant multilayer grafts that support cell culture and ingrowth. The grafts were made from heterogeneous materials and structures, including a thin, dense, nanofibrous core composed of poly-e-caprolactone (PCL), and a thick, porous, hydrogel sleeve composed of genipin-crosslinked collagen-chitosan (GCC). Because the difference in physicochemical properties between PCL and GCC caused layer separation, the layer adhesion was identified as a determinant to graft property and integrity under physiological conditions. Thus, strategies to modify the layer interface, including increasing porosity of the PCL surface, decreasing hydrophobicity, and increasing interlayer crosslinking, were developed. Results from microscopic images showed that increasing PCL porosity was characterized by improved layer adhesion. The resultant graft was characterized by high compliance (4.5%), and desired permeability (528 mL/cm(2)/min), burst strength (695 mmHg), and suture strength (2.38 N) for readily grafting. Results also showed that PCL mainly contributed to the graft mechanical properties, whereas GCC reduced the water permeability. In addition to their complementary contributions to physical and mechanical properties, the distinct graft layers also provided layer-specific structures for seeding and culture of vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells in vitro. Acellular graft constructs were readily used to replace abdominal aorta of rabbits, resulting in rapid cell ingrowth and flow reperfusion. The multilayer constructs capable of sustaining physiological conditions and promoting cellular activities could serve as a platform for future development of regenerative vascular grafts.
Applying Mastery Learning to Athletic Training Education

Objective: Historical and current athletic training education literature rarely references any educational theory or instructional model. This article reviews research related to mastery learning a...
Theory of Commensurate-Incommensurate Phase Transitions in W(001)

A theoretical model is proposed to explain the commensurate-incommensurate phase transitions on the W(001) surface. The incommensurate phase on W(001) arises from the coupling of the in-plane distortions with the component of displacement normal to the surface. Near the commensurate-incommensurate transition, the surface is composed of domains with in-plane displacements forming a c(2 × 2) structure and walls separating the domains in which the surface atom displacements have mixed in-plane and out-of-plane components. The H adsorption can increase the coupling of the two distortion modes, so enhancing the incommensurate phase. This can account for the observed LEED data on H/W(001). Finally, finite temperature effects are also studied, enabling a theoretical prediction for the entire phase diagram. The general model used in the present approach can also be applied to the study of commensurate-in-commensurate phase transitions on other surfaces and chemisorption systems.