cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Xylella fastidiosa causes transcriptional shifts that precede tylose formation and starch depletion in xylem.

Pierce's disease (PD) in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is caused by the bacterial pathogen Xylella fastidiosa. X. fastidiosa is limited to the xylem tissue and following infection induces extensive plant-derived xylem blockages, primarily in the form of tyloses. Tylose-mediated vessel occlusions are a hallmark of PD, particularly in susceptible V. vinifera. We temporally monitored tylose development over the course of the disease to link symptom severity to the level of tylose occlusion and the presence/absence of the bacterial pathogen at fine-scale resolution. The majority of vessels containing tyloses were devoid of bacterial cells, indicating that direct, localized perception of X. fastidiosa was not a primary cause of tylose formation. In addition, we used X-ray computed microtomography and machine-learning to determine that X. fastidiosa induces significant starch depletion in xylem ray parenchyma cells. This suggests that a signalling mechanism emanating from the vessels colonized by bacteria enables a systemic response to X. fastidiosa infection. To understand the transcriptional changes underlying these phenotypes, we integrated global transcriptomics into the phenotypes we tracked over the disease spectrum. Differential gene expression analysis revealed that considerable transcriptomic reprogramming occurred during early PD before symptom appearance. Specifically, we determined that many genes associated with tylose formation (ethylene signalling and cell wall biogenesis) and drought stress were up-regulated during both Phase I and Phase II of PD. On the contrary, several genes related to photosynthesis and carbon fixation were down-regulated during both phases. These responses correlate with significant starch depletion observed in ray cells and tylose synthesis in vessels.
Characteristics, Treatments, and Outcomes of Tibial Plateau Nonunions: A Systematic Review.

Abstract Background Due to the rare incidence of tibial plateau nonunions, current studies are limited to small sample sizes and patient demographics. The aim of this systematic review is to quantify and report patient and fracture traits, possible risk factors, and treatment outcomes of tibial plateau nonunions. Methods PubMed, Clinical Key, and MEDLINE were searched for articles published prior to August 2020 in accordance to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). The authors used varying combinations of the following terms to identify relevant articles: “tibial,” “plateau,” “nonunion,” “non-union.” Studies were assessed for patient demographics, pre-revision nonunion characteristics, treatment, and post-revision outcomes. Results Eight studies were included, yielding 31 tibial plateau nonunions (21 males, 10 females). The majority of nonunions were associated with high energy trauma (52.2%) and were Schatzker class VI (54.8%). Schatzker class I and II nonunions were not attributed to neglect, contradicting previous suggestions. Time to union was 4.0 months, the most common treatments being autologous bone grafting (76.7%) and revision plating (63.3%). Conclusion This study demonstrates the effectiveness of autologous bone grafts and revision plating for tibial plateau nonunions. Physicians may use these findings to guide decision making in the event of high energy plateau nonunions. Lastly, various limitations exist within the current literature, emphasizing the need for standardized reporting measures.
Grid-Based Redistribution Layers Within 3-D Power Networks

Although CMOS scaling has slowed, the demand for greater performance and heterogeneous integration has only increased. Three-dimensional integrated circuits (ICs), which exploit the vertical dimension, extend scaling while providing a platform for heterogeneous integration and greater performance. The redistribution layer (RDL) is a critical component in the power delivery system within heterogeneous 3-D systems, where each layer is individually designed, optimized, and fabricated. A circuit model of the power/ground (P/G) RDL is described considering different through-silicon-via (TSV) fabrication methods and stacking topologies. A grid-based RDL is proposed to support higher current and fewer P/G TSVs. By utilizing a grid-based RDL, five times more current is supported without a significant voltage drop as compared with a direct point-to-point (P2P) RDL. The grid-based RDL also supports a nonuniform TSV distribution, alleviating area constraints. In one case study, a grid-based RDL with 20 unevenly distributed TSVs exhibits a 9.8% lower voltage drop than a P2P RDL with 50 uniformly distributed TSVs.
Nonconvex, Fully Distributed Optimization based CAV Platooning Control under Nonlinear Vehicle Dynamics

CAV platooning technology has received considerable attention in the past few years, driven by the next generation smart transportation systems. Unlike most of the existing platooning methods that focus on linear vehicle dynamics of CAVs, this paper considers nonlinear vehicle dynamics and develops fully distributed optimization based CAV platooning control schemes via the model predictive control (MPC) approach for a possibly heterogeneous CAV platoon. The nonlinear vehicle dynamics leads to several major difficulties in distributed algorithm development and control analysis and design. Specifically, the underlying MPC optimization problem is nonconvex and densely coupled. Further, the closed loop dynamics becomes a time-varying nonlinear system subject to external perturbations, making closed loop stability analysis rather complicated. To overcome these difficulties, we formulate the underlying MPC optimization problem as a locally coupled, albeit nonconvex, optimization problem and develop a sequential convex programming based fully distributed scheme for a general MPC horizon. Such a scheme can be effectively implemented for real-time computing using operator splitting methods. To analyze the closed loop stability, we apply various tools from global implicit function theorems, stability of linear time-varying systems, and Lyapunov theory for input-to-state stability to show that the closed loop system is locally input-to-state stable uniformly in all small coefficients pertaining to the nonlinear dynamics. Numerical tests on homogeneous and heterogeneous CAV platoons demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed fully distributed schemes and CAV platooning control.
Inducing moral elevation in veterans with PTSD: An experimental investigation using a mixed methods approach:

Moral elevation is a positive emotion described as feeling inspired by others’ virtuous actions. Elevation has several psychosocial benefits, some of which may be relevant to trauma-related distres...
The Economics of the Publishing and Information Industries: The Search for Yield in a Disintermediated World

Introduction Chapter 1: The Legal and Economic Foundation of Intellectual Property and Copyrights Chapter 2: Money Never Sleeps: The Search for Yield in a Disintermediated World Chapter 3: Major Marketing and Economic Theories and Issues Impacting the Newspaper, Magazine, and Book Publishing Industries Chapter 4: The Economics of the Newspaper Industry Chapter 5: The Economics of the Magazine Industry Chapter 6: The Economics of the Book Publishing Industry Chapter 7: The Information Industries Chapter 8: Disruption in the Book and Information Industries: the Impact of the Kirtsaeng Decision on Trade, Educational, Scholarly, and Information Industry Publishers Bibliography Index
Zwittermicin A-producing strains of Bacillus cereus from diverse soils

Bacillus cereus UW85 produces a novel aminopolyol antibiotic, zwittermicin A, that contributes to the ability of UW85 to suppress damping-off of alfalfa caused by Phytophthora medicaginis. UW85 produces a second antibiotic, provisionally designated antibiotic B, which also contributes to suppression of damping-off but has not been structurally defined yet and is less potent than zwittermicin A. The purpose of this study was to isolate genetically diverse strains of B. cereus that produce zwittermicin A and suppress disease. We found that most isolates of B. cereus that were sensitive to phage P7 or inhibited the growth of Erwinia herbicola produced zwittermicin A; therefore, phage typing and E. herbicola inhibition provided indirect, but rapid screening tests for identification of zwittermicin A-producing isolates. We used these tests to screen a collection of 4,307 B. cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis isolates obtained from bacterial stock collections and from diverse soils collected in Honduras, Panama, Australia, The Netherlands, and the United States. A subset of the isolates screened by the P7 sensitivity and E. herbicola inhibition tests were assayed directly for production of zwittermicin A, leading to the identification of 57 isolates that produced zwittermicin A; 41 of these isolates also produced antibiotic B. Eight isolates produced antibiotic B but not zwittermicin A. The assay for phage P7 sensitivity was particularly useful because of its simplicity and rapidity and because 22 of the 23 P7-sensitive isolates tested produced zwittermicin A. However, not all zwittermicin A-producing isolates were sensitive to P7, and the more labor-intensive E. herbicola inhibition assay identified a larger proportion of the zwittermicin A producers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Understanding E-commerce Through Genre Theory: The Case of The Car-Buying Process

There is a dearth of theory-based guidance for organizations making decisions about electronic commerce and about enhancing their business processes through the use of new media, particularly the World Wide Web (Web). Genre theory provides a useful scaffold for generating such guidance. Communication genres are generic responses to recurring situations. Examples include a business letter, a meeting or a memo (Yates and Orlikowski 1992). In this paper, we apply genre theory to evaluate the business processes involved in buying a car. From this analysis, we hypothesize changes in the business process and in buyer/seller satisfaction that result from electronically mediated genre of communication.
Peer Resource Consulting: Redesigning a New Future

The current case describes a young woman with diabetes mellitus who developed end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and many other devastating complications related to her primary illness. Her experience illustrates many ways in which complicated illness can interrupt life's plans, dashing any dreams that she or her family might have for the future. Yet her story also illustrates the important role that a trained Peer Resource Consultant (PRC) can play in helping to better understand chronic illness, face and grieve losses, and even design new plans and create new dreams for the future. The discussion that follows includes several perspectives that offer poignant insight into the difficult situations characterized by the young diabetic with ESRD.
Using behavioral skills training and video rehearsal to teach blackjack skills

A behavioral skills training procedure that consisted of video instructions, video rehearsal, and video testing was used to teach 4 recreational gamblers a specific skill in playing blackjack (sometimes called card counting). A multiple baseline design was used to evaluate intervention effects on card-counting accuracy and chips won or lost across participants. Before training, no participant counted cards accurately. Each participant completed all phases of the training protocol, counting cards fluently with 100% accuracy during changing speed criterion training exercises. Generalization probes were conducted while participants played blackjack in a mock casino following each training phase. Afterwards, all 4 participants were able to count cards while they played blackjack. In conjunction with count accuracy, total winnings were tracked to determine the monetary advantages associated with counting cards. After losing money during baseline, 3 of 4 participants won a substantial amount of money playing blackjack after the intervention.
Circularity error evaluation: Theory and algorithm

Many procedures for the evaluation of circularity error based on different criteria have been developed. The procedures that are based on the minimum radial separation criterion are either too complex or lack an algorithmic approach to find optimal solution. This paper presents an optimization-based technique to find the value of circularity error based on the minimum radial separation criterion. The problem is formulated as a nonlinear optimization problem. Based on the developed necessary and sufficient conditions a generalized nonlinear optimization procedure is presented. The performance of the developed procedure is analyzed for different size problems generated using a simulation program. Results indicate that the procedure is accurate and very efficient in solving large size real life problems.
Effects of intra-PVN injections of d- and l-norephedrine on feeding in rats.

Abstract Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) is thought to inhibit feeding by activation of α1-adrenergic receptors within the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVN). Systemic injections of the PPA component enantiomers, d- and l-norephedrine (NEP), result in differential suppression of feeding (l-NEP more potent than d-NEP). Whether the norephedrine racemates induce differential anorexia subsequent to injection into the PVN is unknown. In the present study, adult male rats received intra-PVN injections of the d- and l-norephedrine enantiomers (0, 80, 160, and 240 nmol). Significantly greater anorexia was obtained for l-NEP relative to d-NEP. These results document a stereospecific effect of the norephedrine enantiomers within the PVN in inhibiting food intake and suggest that the interaction of these enantiomers with PVN α1-adrenoceptors may mediate the similar difference in potency noted for systemic injections of d- and l-norephedrine.
Nuclear clusterin/XIP8, an x-ray-induced Ku70-binding protein that signals cell death

Clusterin [CLU, a.k.a. TRPM-2, SGP-2, or ionizing radiation (IR)-induced protein-8 (XIP8)] was implicated in apoptosis, tissue injury, and aging. Its function remains elusive. We reisolated CLU/XIP8 by yeast two-hybrid analyses using as bait the DNA double-strand break repair protein Ku70. We show that a delayed (2–3 days), low-dose (0.02–10 Gy) IR-inducible nuclear CLU/XIP8 protein coimmunoprecipitated and colocalized (by confocal microscopy) in vivo with Ku70/Ku80, a DNA damage sensor and key double-strand break repair protein, in human MCF-7:WS8 breast cancer cells. Overexpression of nuclear CLU/XIP8 or its minimal Ku70 binding domain (120 aa of CLU/XIP8 C terminus) in nonirradiated MCF-7:WS8 cells dramatically reduced cell growth and colony-forming ability concomitant with increased G1 cell cycle checkpoint arrest and increased cell death. Enhanced expression and accumulation of nuclear CLU/XIP8-Ku70/Ku80 complexes appears to be an important cell death signal after IR exposure.
A kinetic model for dynamic embrittlement

A kinetic model is offered here to describe the intergranular cracking occurring in polycrystalline materials as the result of stress-induced grain boundary penetration of a surface-adsorbed embrittling element. This stress-driven inward diffusion of an embrittling species causes a reduction in the cohesive strength of the grain boundary and leads to what we call dynamic embrittlement. The theoretical analysis shows that in the case of an elastic–plastic stress field, embrittling atoms diffuse into the stressed boundary, and they eventually reach a maximum concentration in the region of the maximum tensile stress ahead of the crack tip. This result is applied to the case of sulfur-induced cracking in a MnMoNiCr steel, coupled with a fracture criterion in which the stress for decohesion is inversely related to the concentration of the embrittling element. The crack growth rate is calculated as a function of the applied stress, the temperature, and the diffusivity of sulfur, and it is shown to be consistent with the experimental data. It is concluded that dynamic embrittlement is the rate-controlling mechanism of the cracking of this steel (i.e., stress-relief cracking) in a range of applied stress intensity which corresponds to brittle intergranular fracture. Ein kinetisches Modell zur Beschreibung der interkristallinen Risbildung in polykristallinen Substanzen infolge des spannungsinduzierten Eindringens eines an der Oberflache adsorbierten versprodenden Elements in die Korngrenze wird vorgeschlagen. Dieses Einwartsdiffundieren eines versprodenden Elements infolge von Spannungen reduziert die Kohasion an der Korngrenze und fuhrt zu der Erscheinung, die wir dynamisches Versproden nennen. Fur ein elastisch–plastisches Spannungsfeld zeigt die Theorie, das die versprodenden Atome in die gespannte Grenze diffundieren und ein Konzentrationsmaximum in dem Gebiet maximaler Zugspannung uber der Spitze des Risses erreichen. Dieses Ergebnis wird auf den Fall von schwefelinduzierten Rissen in einem MnMoNiCr-Stahl angewendet, zusammen mit einem Bruchkriterium, in dem die Dekohasionsspannung mit der inversen Konzentration des versprodenden Elements verknupft ist. Das Riswachstum wird als Funktion der anliegenden Spannung, der Temperatur und des Diffusionsvermogens von Schwefel in Ubereinstimmung mit experimentellen Ergebnissen berechnet. Daraus schliest man, das die dynamische Versprodung in diesem Stahl den Regelmechanismus fur das Riswachstum darstellt fur Spannungsintensitaten, die sprodem Korngrenzenbruch entsprechen.
Managing Yaupon in the Post Oak Savannah

Yaupon can be effectively managed during March or June, with individual plant treatments of triclopyr and diesel, which can be an effective tool for restoring fragmented grassland savannahs. DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v28i3_cathey
Long-term epidural analgesia for pregnancy-induced intercostal neuralgia

Intercostal neuralgia is one of many possible neurological disorders associated with pregnancy. A woman presented in the 34th week of her 4th pregnancy with progressing right-sided pain and hypoesthesia in the ribs, right upper quadrant of the abdomen, and mid-thoracic area of her back. With a clinical diagnosis of pregnancy-related intercostal neuralgia, we inserted an epidural catheter at T8 for ambulatory pain management. A continuous infusion of bupivacaine was titrated by concentration and rate until adequate analgesia was obtained. The final effective dose consisted of 0.125% bupivacaine at 6 ml/h with a patient-controlled bolus dose of 2 ml every 30 min as needed (4-6 boluses per 24-h period). This allowed the patient to continue to work full-time and perform daily activities with minimal discomfort. The epidural infusion was continued until the patient went into spontaneous labor 28 days after the initial clinical visit. A full-term infant was delivered without incident. No major complications occurred such as local anesthetic toxicity, hypotension, motor weakness, or infection. Minor complications included disconnection of the catheter cap and accidental dislodgment, which required placement of a second epidural catheter. For this patient, an appropriately placed chronic epidural catheter and a titrated continuous infusion of bupivacaine provided adequate and safe analgesia for pregnancy-associated intercostal neuralgia.
Migration and Cognitive Representations of Hypertension in African Immigrant Women

The purpose of this study was to use the Self-Regulation Model on African immigrant women, to determine the association of migration and residence in the United States with cognitive representations and dietary behavior, and also to explore migration stress and blood pressure (BP) in them. Participants included a convenience sample of 91 Nigerian immigrant women (NIW) and 38 African American women (AAW). Data collection instruments were the Acculturative Stress Scale and the Women’s and Men’s Hypertension Experiences and Emerging Lifestyle Survey of 2008-2009. Descriptive t test and ANOVA statistics were used to analyze study variables comparing groups and NIW duration of residency in the United States. Knowledge of Hypertension and Cognitive Representation of Hypertension were significantly increased in the NIW by years of residency. Migration stress had no significant relationship with BP level. A longitudinal study initiated on immigrants’ arrival in the United States is recommended to understand the t...
Exhibiting library collections online: Omeka in context

Purpose – This case study describes Indiana University Libraries' use of Omeka for online exhibits of digital collections. Design/methodology/approach – Omeka is placed in the context of other online exhibit tools being used by galleries, libraries, archives, and museums (GLAM). Findings – Omeka provides many benefits for different types of digital library collection exhibits and different levels of technical expertise but is currently limited in the ability to manage multiple exhibits of separate digital collections. Originality/value – Describing Omeka in the context of other online exhibit tools shows the need for this kind of evaluation to improve these tools for the GLAM community.
DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN UPPER AND LOWER URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN CHILDREN: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

In order to differentiate lower from upper urinary tract infection (UTI) we have studied 40 children with clinical, haematological and bacteriological findings suggestive of UTI. The methods used included quantitative measurement of C reactive protein (CrP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and antibody coating of urinary bacteria (ACB) using a polyvalent FITC-labelled antiserum. 6 out of 8 children presenting with fever, back pain and leucocytosis had CrP values >2.Omg/100ml and elevated ESR. In one child ESR only was elevated, in another child only CrP was above normal. ACB was demonstrated in the urinary sediment of one patient. In the remaining 32 children CrP was ≤2.Omg/100ml and ESR was elevated in 12 patients. These children were considered as having lower UTI by clinical and haematological findings. ACB were found in 3 patients with lower UTI. Antibiotic treatment of the patients with suggested upper UTI resulted in normalisation of CrP and ESR as well as of the clinical condition after 10 days. These results suggest that elevated ESR and CrP are indicative of upper UTI and should be treated. ACB was of no value in our study to differentiate upper from lower UTI.
Is Spin Conserved in Heavy Metal Systems? Experimental and Theoretical Studies of the Reaction of Re+with Methane†

A guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer is used to study the reactions of atomic 187Re+ with CH4 and CD4 and collision-induced dissociation (CID) of ReCH4+ with Xe. These studies examine the activation of methane by Re+ in a low-pressure environment free of ligand supports or other reactive species. In the bimolecular reaction, ReCH2+ is efficiently produced in a slightly endothermic process and is the only ionic product observed at low energies, whereas at higher energies, ReH+ dominates the product spectrum. Other products observed include ReC+, ReCH+, and ReCH3+. Modeling of these endothermic reactions yields 0 K bond dissociation energies in eV of D0(Re+−C) = 5.12 ± 0.04, D0(Re+−CH) = 5.84 ± 0.06, D0(Re+−CH2) = 4.14 ± 0.06, D0(Re+−CH3) = 2.22 ± 0.13. Analysis of the behavior of the cross sections suggests that formation of ReH+, ReCH2+, and ReCH3+ occurs via an H−Re+−CH3 intermediate. CID of ReCH4+ reveals a bond energy of 0.53 ± 0.15 eV for Re+−CH4. The experimental bond energies compare favorably...
Spinoza on Having a False Idea

Naturalism pervades Spinoza’s doctrines of The Ethics, but the contours of it often bewilder us. In this light, I consider the account of falsity, or having a false idea, as presented by Spinoza in Proposition thirty_five of the Second Part, its demonstration, and the subsequent note. Based on my interpretation I argue for the claim that his account has coherence and makes sense. Further, I examine the significance of what Spinoza says about falsity for comprehension of his philosophy overall, especially as regards its contrasts with the philosophy of Descartes.
Designing Madrid, 1985-1997

Abstract The Plan General de Ordenacion Urbano de Madrid (PGOUM) of 1985 is a crucial watershed in the planning processes in Madrid. This essay is particularly interested in how the tension between spatial production and consumption played out during a period in which consumption-based strategies of urban growth and design began to supplant the last stand for a radical modernist-based use of urban planning. In Madrid a consumption-based urban boosterism approach to the planning process was inexorably hegemonic but vigorously resisted in certain sectors. Examining how graphic design figured into urban planning battles offers an interesting example of the synergies between capital, the production and consumption of space and cultural creation. Graphic design becomes a crucial element in the process of reshaping the image of Madrid, of re-presenting the city as a modern or post-modern European metropolis. The PGOUM was perhaps Spain’s last great attempt at rational modernist urban planning with an emphasis on social justice. The resistance to capital once played out on the center stage of planning was replaced with slick images, portraying a city of consumption and growth.
Quantum spin nematics: Moment-free magnetism.

Treating antiferromagnetism as a spin superfluid, we discuss the possibility of moment-free magnetism. Specifically we show that large quantum fluctuations induce an anisotropy in Heisenberg spiral structures, driving a biaxial-uniaxial transition to a spin nematic; this state is characterized by tensor spin order and a gapless Goldstone mode of spin-pair excitations. Experimental signatures and realizations of this phenomena are suggested.
Mapping of Class I and Class II Odorant Receptors to Glomerular Domains by Two Distinct Types of Olfactory Sensory Neurons in the Mouse

The repertoire of approximately 1200 odorant receptors (ORs) is mapped onto the array of approximately 1800 glomeruli in the mouse olfactory bulb (OB). The spatial organization of this array is influenced by the ORs. Here we show that glomerular mapping to broad domains in the dorsal OB is determined by two types of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), which reside in the dorsal olfactory epithelium. The OSN types express either class I or class II OR genes. Axons from the two OSN types segregate already within the olfactory nerve and form distinct domains of glomeruli in the OB. These class-specific anatomical domains correlate with known functional odorant response domains. However, axonal segregation and domain formation are not determined by the class of the expressed OR protein. Thus, the two OSN types are determinants of axonal wiring, operate at a higher level than ORs, and contribute to the functional organization of the glomerular array.
Diastolic dysfunction after mediastinal irradiation

Background Mediastinal irradiation is known to cause cardiac disease, but its effect on left ventricular diastolic function is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of diastolic dysfunction and its association with prognosis in asymptomatic patients after mediastinal irradiation. Methods We recruited 294 patients who had received at least 35 Gy to the mediastinum for treatment of Hodgkin disease. Each patient underwent resting echocardiography, stress echocardiography, and nuclear scintigraphy. Survival free from cardiac events was determined during 3.2 years of follow-up. Results The mean age of the included patients was 42 years, and 49% were male. Adequate measurements of diastolic function were obtained in 282 (97%) patients. Diastolic dysfunction was considered mild in 26 (9%) and moderate in 14 (5%). Exercise-induced ischemia was more common in patients with diastolic dysfunction (23%) than those with normal diastolic function (11%, P = .008). After adjustment for patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and radiation history, patients with diastolic dysfunction had worse event-free survival than patients with normal function (hazard ratio 1.66, 95% CI 1.06-2.4). Conclusions There is a high prevalence of diastolic dysfunction in asymptomatic patients after mediastinal irradiation, and the presence of diastolic dysfunction is associated with stress-induced ischemia and a worse prognosis. Screening with Doppler echocardiography may be helpful in identifying patients at risk for subsequent cardiac events.
Heritability of Morphology in Brook Trout with Variable Life Histories

Distinct morphological variation is often associated with variation in life histories within and among populations of both plants and animals. In this study, we examined the heritability of morphology in three hatchery strains of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), which were historically or are currently used for stocking and supplementation of both migratory and resident ecotypes in the upper Great Lakes region. In a common garden experiment, significant variation in body morphology was observed within and across populations sampled at three time periods. The most notable differences among strains were differences in dorso-ventral body depth and the shape of the caudal peduncle, with some differences in the anterior-posterior placement of the dorsal and ventral fins. Variation with and among 70 half-sib families indicates that heritabilities of morphology and body size were significant at most developmental time points both within and across strains. Heritabilities for morphological characters within strains ranged from 0 to 0.95 across time points. Significant within-strain heritabilities for length ranged from 0 to 0.93 across time points and for weight ranged from 0 to 0.88. Significant additive genetic variation exists within and across hatchery brook trout strains for morphology and size, indicating that these traits are capable of responding to natural or artificial selection.
Bacterial diversity in agroecosystems

All life forms rely on bacterial processes for their survival. Bacterial diversity is greater than the diversity of any other group of organisms. Bacteria are responsible for diverse metabolic functions that affect soil and plant health. Nutrient cycling, organic matter formation and decomposition, soil structure formation, and plant growth promotion are among the beneficial functions that bacteria perform. Deleterious effects include plant disease promotion. As bacterial functioning is critical to soil and plant health, the objective of this manuscript was to explore bacterial diversity and bioindication in agroecosystems. Microbial research has generally involved studying bacteria that are culturable. However, it is estimated that only a small portion of all bacteria are culturable, a vast portion of soil bacterial communities remains unstudied. With molecular techniques, more information can be obtained about those bacteria that are contributing to ecosystem functioning and are viable, but not culturable. Enhancing knowledge of soil bacterial functioning and diversity will aid in the development of sustainable agroecosystems.
Turkey's Place in the Europe of the 21st Century

A prominent American geographer comments on a paepr in this issue devoted to Turkey's possible, albeit problematic, membership in the European Union. In conjunction with a critique of Samuel Huntington's thesis on the clash of civilizations, the author discusses the creative tension between the two visions of the EU as either a loose association of cooperating states or a closely knit federation (both in light of Turkey's intended accession). Neither of these positions, he points out, addresses concerns that Turkey's membership in the EU would unduly attenuate the idea of Europe, rendering the EU ineffective and potentially meaningless. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: O10, O18, Z13. 12 references.
A study of the ability of pure secondary organic aerosol to act as cloud condensation nuclei

Abstract Submicron atmospheric particles that serve as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) at low super-saturations are important for quantifying the effect of aerosols on cloud properties and global climate. In this study, we investigate experimentally the ability of model submicron aerosols consisting of pure organic species to become CCN at typical atmospheric supersaturations. The CCN activity of glutaric acid, adipic acid and dyoctylphthalate (DOP) aerosols was determined by producing a nearly monodisperse distribution of submicron particles and comparing total CCN concentrations to total number concentrations. The measurements were performed using a Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer in combination with a cloud condensation nuclei counter at supersaturations of 0.30 and 1.0%. The uncertainty in the measurements was determined by using NaCl and (NH4)2SO4 aerosols; the results indicated that activation diameters could be measured within an error of ± 16%. Adipic acid and glutaric acid aerosols served as CCN at both supersaturations and their behavior is in fair agreement with Kohler theory. On the other hand, DOP aerosol as large as 0.15 μm in diameter, did not become activated, even at supersaturations as high as 1.2%. These results indicate that the CCN activity of hygroscopic organic aerosols may be comparable to that of some inorganic aerosols.
An 'omics approach towards CHO cell engineering

Chinese hamster ovarian cells (CHO) cells have been extensively utilized for industrial production of bio- pharmaceutical products, such as monoclonal antibodies, human growth hormones, cytokines, and blood-products. Recent advances in recombinant DNA technology have resulted in the bioengineering of CHO cells that have robust gene amplification systems and can also be adapted to grow in suspension cultures. In parallel, recent advances in tech- niques and tools for decoding the CHO cell genome, tran- scriptome, proteome, and glycome have led to new areas of study for better understanding the metabolic pathways in CHO cells with the long-term goal of developing new biologics. This review paper discusses the recent advances in bioengineering strategies in CHO cell lines and the impact of the knowledge gained by CHO cell genomics, trans- criptomics, and glycomics on the future of CHO-cell engineering.
The Problem of the Psychological Validity of Componential Analyses1

WHAT is the purpose of a componential analysis of a terminology? In initial formulations (see Goodenough 1956, and Lounsbury 1956) this purpose was stated clearly: it was a semantic analysis, an analysis of meaning; and, furthermore, not any and all kinds of meaning, but meaning of a particular kind. The kind of meaning which componential analysis aimed to expose was, first of all, intensional or definitional meaning: that is to say, the minimal information about the object to which a term referred, either sufficient to justify the utterance of the term in reference, or necessary to infer from its use. It did not aim to reveal extensional meaning (merely a listing of individual referent objects, such as particular people, episodes of illness, potatoes, etc.) nor connotational meaning (which, in an arbitrarily restricted domain, the semantic differential technique of Osgood and his associates aimed to reveal). Furthermore--and this restriction is central to the argument of this paper-the aim of componential analysis was to discover the intensional meaning of terms for their native users. In other words, it was supposed to make statements about concepts in the native's "cognitive world." The methodological promise of componential analysis, and a large part of the reason for its popularity, lay precisely in its claim to be a systematic, reliable technique for revealing what words mean to the people who use them, not merely in the domain of kinship, but in any other lexical domain with a taxonomic structure.2 In some recent papers (e.g. Burling 1964a, and Lounsbury 1964a) and in discussion among practitioners of the art, however, a drawing-in-of-horns has begun. The claim that a componential analysis represents a native speaker's cognitive world is now often avoided (see Burling 1964a, 1964b; Frake 1964; Hammel 1964; Hymes 1964; Lounsbury 1964a). One reason for this shyness has been, I think, the traditional lack of interest of anthropologists in testing the validity of hypotheses by experimental research methods. One major intent of this paper is to demonstrate that the validity of a hypothesis about native cognitive worlds can be tested empirically. (For another attempt along these lines of empirical testing, see Romney and D'Andrade 1964.) Another reason for avoiding the psychological issue seems to be a reluctance to recognize the implications either of accepting or of rejecting an interest in native "cognition." Let us consider the implications of rejecting an interest in native cognition
Comparison of Selection Methods for the Development of White‐Seeded Lines from Red × White Soft Winter Wheat Crosses

There has been increasing interest in developing soft white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars for areas that have traditionally grown only soft red winter wheat. To develop white wheat segregates in a red wheat breeding program requires deliberate breeding decisions. The objectives of this study were to assess differences in agronomic, disease, and milling and baking quality traits between red and white progeny in 11 red x white crosses and to determine the optimal time and method for identifying white segregates from red x white crosses. Red and white progeny from the 11 populations were evaluated in replicated experiments at three locations in 2005-2006. White progeny produced significantly (p < 0.05) lower grain yields than red progeny in two of five environments studied. Deoxynivalenol level was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in white than in red progeny in the three environments in which it was measured. Flour yield, flour lactic acid solvent retention capacity, and softness equivalent were significantly (p < 0.05) lower for white progeny than for red progeny. To determine the optimal generation for selection of white lines, early-generation bulk selection was compared with single seed descent in three populations at two locations. Although there were significant (p < 0.05) differences between selection methods within populations, neither breeding method was consistently superior across the three populations. Simulated selection of superior white lines based on agronomic and milling and baking quality showed no significant differences between the selection methods.
A Comparative Study of NIR Diffuse Reflectance of Cottons Grouped According to Fiber Cross-Sectional Dimensions. Part II: Optical Path Simulations

In Part I of this series, a model was proposed to predict the comparative NIR reflectance of cottons grouped according to cross-sectional dimensions. The critical assumption in the model is that total fiber length in the diffuse reflectance optical path is constant among cottons of the same perimeter. This paper introduces an alternative assumption: that the volume of solid cellulose (i.e., mass) in the diffuse reflectance optical path is constant for cottons of the same perimeter. Optical path simulations are used to predict the consequences of either assumption. One method of simulation is based on diffuse reflectance calculations and the other on relating diffuse reflectance to diffuse transmittance. In the diffuse reflectance calculations, 13 variables are included in the simulation model. Relating reflectance to transmittance is justified because sample weights for the latter can be selected a priori to produce either a constant total fiber length or a constant volume of solid cellulose in the optical path. The simulations support the premise that the critical assumption in the comparative reflectance model is correct. The study goes further to produce diagnostic criteria from the simulation results for testing the assumptions.
Techniques for high sensitivity, high selectivity analysis for trace constituents of nucleic acids

Abstract A highly sensitive and specific method of analysis is required for identification or quantification of minor constituents of nucleic acids. A discrete ion detector coupled to a multichannel analyzer has proved useful for recording the weak signals often found in high resolution or metastable ion measurements. A comparison is made of results obtained using the discrete ion detector and the conventional analog amplifier detector.
On that peculiar practice of promising

T. M. Scanlon has alleged that the social practice of promising fails to capture the sense in which when I break my promise I have wronged the promisee in particular. I suggest the practice of promising requires the promisee to have a normatively significant status, a status with interpersonal authority with respect to the promisor, and so be at risk of a particular harm made possible by the social practice of promising. This formulation of the social practice account avoids Scanlon’s concern without collapsing into what Elinor Mason has recently referred to as deflationism about promising.
There is one group of genus two

Abstract The genus of a finite group is the minimum genus over all surfaces containing an imbedded Cayley graph for the group. It is shown that there is exactly one group of genus two.
Case report: Histoplasmosis as a cause of pleural effusion in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Disseminated histoplasmosis is an increasingly important opportunistic infection in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We report the first case of histoplasmosis as a cause of pleural effusion in a patient with AIDS. Recognition of the typical intracellular yeast on a Wright-Giemsa stained smear of the pleural fluid cells allowed prompt initiation of amphotericin B.
Premature menopause and low back pain A population-based study

The association between premature menopause and low back pain was examined among 5325 women surveyed in the second National Health and Nutrition Examination survey. Nearly 49% of the women were postmenopausal. In a multiple logistic regression model that included age, postmenopausal women were approximately twice as likely to report low back pain compared to premenopausal women (odds ratio = 2.1; 95% confidence interval: 1.4-3.0). Among postmenopausal women, significant positive trends in low back pain were observed with decreasing age at menopause (P = 0.005) and increasing years since menopause (P = 0.004). The prevalence odds ratio for women who had their menopause before the age of 30 was 3.2 (1.8-5.4); and for women who had their menopause for 15 or more years the odds ratio was 3.0 (1.7-5.3). These findings suggest that premature menopause is associated with low back pain. Further studies appear warranted to confirm these findings, assess possible explanations, and examine the circumstances in which premature menopause occurs.
Parameterization of a rate-dependent model of shock-induced plasticity for copper, nickel, and aluminum

Abstract A mechanistic model of shock-wave-induced viscoplasticity is parameterized for three polycrystalline metals: Cu, Ni, and Al. The model is also extended to higher stress wave amplitudes by incorporating homogeneous dislocation nucleation within the constitutive framework. Steady shock waves are simulated to demonstrate the model and compare results to experimental data. Stress wave amplitudes of up to 30 GPa have been simulated in each metal; these stress waves generate strain rates of up to ∼1010 s−1 in the shock front. Model results compare favorably with experimental velocity profiles, dynamic stress–strain curves, the Swegle-Grady scaling law, and non-invasive measurements of shear strength in the shocked state. Furthermore, simulated stress-strain-rate profiles exhibit points of self-intersection (loops) because the mobile and immobile dislocation densities have been assigned as internal state variables. Such loops, which have been observed in experiments, are not captured by flow functions that are based on a single monotonically-increasing internal state variable. Finally, the model of 6061-T6 Al alloy is revisited to ammend a prior conclusion regarding shear strength in the shocked state and the onset of homogeneous dislocation nucleation.
Transcendence and Aging: The Secular Insights of Erikson and Maslow

This article explores the relationship of Erik Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory and Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs to the needs of older persons for continued spiritual development. Both Erikson and Maslow added the spiritual concept transcendence to their theoretical formulations in their own later years. Tornstam's postulations regarding gereotranscendence, built upon Erikson's eighth stage is also examined.
Changes in Ribonucleic Acid Fractions During Maturation of Mimosa Epicotyl Tissues

Total RNA and DNA of mimosa epicotyl tissues were extracted and the RNA fractionated into specific soluble RNAs (sRNAs) at different times during late germination. Epicotyls collected at each time contained qualitatively comparable meristematic and developing tissues, while mature tissues increased. Quantitative ratios of total RNA to DNA and total sRNAs to approximated ribosomal RNA (rRNA) varied consistently during development. Terminal nucleosides of sRNA did not vary in any consistent pattern through development. On the other hand, regular changes in quantitative ratios of specific sRNA groups were observed during development.
Enhancement of electrosorption rates using low-amplitude, high-frequency, pulsed electrical potential

Abstract The influence of low-amplitude, high-frequency, pulsed electrical potential on ion transport in mesoporous carbon electrodes has been investigated. Mesoporous carbon electrodes of approximately 10-nm average pore size were synthesized based on a soft-template method. The carbon electrodes were used in capacitive deionization experiments with salt solutions consisting of a mixture of ions of concentrations ranging from 5000 ppm to 10,000 ppm to investigate the effect of a pulsed potential on the ion removal rate. Higher rates of sorption and regeneration were observed when the pulsed potential was superimposed on a direct current (DC) offset of 1.2 V that is typically applied in capacitive deionization (CDI). The rate of ion sorption in CDI experiments was dependant on the amplitude and frequency of the pulsed potential. Conductivity measurements showed enhancement in transport rates due to the pulsed potential up to 130%. The effect was stronger during regeneration. Neutron imaging, a visualization technique, was also employed to quantify the diffusion of ions through mesoporous carbon electrodes under different conditions. Sequences of neutron images showed enhanced transport of gadolinium ions under the influence of pulsed potential. From the concentration histories of gadolinium ions inside the carbon electrodes, the effective diffusion coefficient of gadolinium ions was estimated at 8.3 ± 0.4 × 10−11 m2/s at 1.2 V DC and 1.1 × 10−10 m2/s at 1.2 V DC with pulsed potential added.
Bio-inspired rough terrain contact patch perception

We present a new bio-inspired system for automatically finding foot-scale curved surface patches in rough rocky terrain. These patches are intended to provide a reasonable set of choices for higher-level footfall selection algorithms, and are pre-filtered for several attributes—including location, curvature, and normal—that we observed humans to prefer. Input is from a 640 × 480 depth camera augmented with a 9-DoF inertial measurement unit to sense the direction of gravity. The system is capable of finding approximately 700 patches/second on commodity hardware, though the intention is not to find as many patches as possible but to reasonably sample upcoming terrain with quality patches. Sixty recordings of human subjects traversing rocky trails were analyzed to give a baseline for target patch properties. While the presented system is not designed to select a single foothold, it does find a set of patches for possible footholds which are statistically similar to the patches humans select.