cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Practical implications in engineering education Who is supposed to do what

In recent years, the engineering education community has invested significant energy and resources in the creation of a rigorous empirical knowledge base to support the transformation of engineering education practice. In this work, we address the specific question: When researchers identify practical implications in their research publications, what specific actions are they suggesting be done, and who is expected to take these actions? We answer this question by identifying "implication for action" sentences in a sample of sixteen articles across two issues of the Journal of Engineering Education. We find that the actions offered are infrequently cognitive (15% in our dataset) and frequently related to courses (83% in our dataset); and the identification of an actor happens just under half of the time (43% in our dataset). We discuss these results through a pragmatic perspective and a critical perspective.
Preliminary mesh checking for structural analysis

The purpose of this work is to provide tools for checking the nodes and elements of a Finite Element Model for Structural Analysis.All the checks related to single elements (warping and stretch factor, interior angles) can be performed on the whole model with APL scalar functions (without any loop).Operations that involve comparison between elements (such as checking for coincident nodes and coincident elements) require a non-trivial approach. A simple algorithm for recursive space-splitting is described, along with performance considerations for large models.Graphic output obtained using the Graphics Support Library of RTPC and an interface to Interleaf Workstation Publishing System are also provided.
Gas and Liquid Transport at the Microscale

Traditional fluid mechanics edifies the lack of difference between liquid and gas flows when certain similarity parameters—most prominently the Reynolds number—are matched. This may or may not be the case for flows in nano- or microdevices. The customary continuum, Navier-Stokes modeling, is ordinarily applicable for both air and water flowing in macrodevices. Even for common fluids, such as air or water, such modeling is bound to fail at sufficiently small scales, but the onset for such failure is different for the two forms of matter. Moreover, when the no-slip, quasi-equilibrium Navier-Stokes system is no longer applicable, the alternative modeling schemes are different for gases and liquids. For dilute gases, statistical methods are applied, and the Boltzmann equation is the cornerstone of such approaches. For liquid flows, the dense nature of the matter precludes the use of the kinetic theory of gases, and numerically intensive molecular dynamics simulations are the only alternative rooted in the fir...
Enhanced immunogenicity, mortality protection, and reduced viral brain invasion by alum adjuvant with an H5N1 split-virion vaccine in the ferret.

Background Pre-pandemic development of an inactivated, split-virion avian influenza vaccine is challenged by the lack of pre-existing immunity and the reduced immunogenicity of some H5 hemagglutinins compared to that of seasonal influenza vaccines. Identification of an acceptable effective adjuvant is needed to improve immunogenicity of a split-virion avian influenza vaccine. Methods and Findings Ferrets (N = 118) were vaccinated twice with a split-virion vaccine preparation of A/Vietnam/1203/2004 or saline either 21 days apart (unadjuvanted: 1.9 µg, 7.5 µg, 30 µg, or saline), or 28 days apart (unadjuvanted: 22.5 µg, or alum-adjuvanted: 22.5 or 7.5 µg). Vaccinated animals were challenged intranasally 21 or 28 days later with 106 EID50 of the homologous strain. Immunogenicity was measured by hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization assays. Morbidity was assessed by observed behavior, weight loss, temperature, cytopenias, histopathology, and viral load. No serum antibodies were detected after vaccination with unadjuvanted vaccine, whereas alum-adjuvanted vaccination induced a robust antibody response. Survival after unadjuvanted dose regimens of 30 µg, 7.5 µg and 1.9 µg (21-day intervals) was 64%, 43%, and 43%, respectively, yet survivors experienced weight loss, fever and thrombocytopenia. Survival after unadjuvanted dose regimen of 22.5 µg (28-day intervals) was 0%, suggesting important differences in intervals in this model. In contrast to unadjuvanted survivors, either dose of alum-adjuvanted vaccine resulted in 93% survival with minimal morbidity and without fever or weight loss. The rarity of brain inflammation in alum-adjuvanted survivors, compared to high levels in unadjuvanted vaccine survivors, suggested that improved protection associated with the alum adjuvant was due to markedly reduced early viral invasion of the ferret brain. Conclusion Alum adjuvant significantly improves efficacy of an H5N1 split-virion vaccine in the ferret model as measured by immunogenicity, mortality, morbidity, and brain invasion.
Radical mechanisms in adenosylcobalamin-dependent enzymes

Adenolsylcobalamin-dependent enzymes catalyze free radical mediated reactions of their substrates. Stereochemical methods have been used to establish the nature of the primary radical initiation step in ribonucleoside triphosphate reductase. Kinetic isotope effects have been used to establish a kinetic coupling between cobalt-carbon bond cleavage and hydrogen atom abstraction from the substrate. Isotope effects have also been used to identify rate-limiting steps with wild type and mutant forms of the enzymes and in model reactions to assess tunneling contributions to hydrogen atom transfer steps. Computational methods have been employed to explore the pathways for functional group migration in the radical pathways. Analogs of substrates and of adenosylcobalamin have been used to explore the fidelity of the enzyme active sites and the radical pathways.
Acute and prolonged hypoxia attenuate endothelial nitric oxide production in rat pulmonary arteries by different mechanisms

Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension complicates many primary respiratory and cardiac conditions. To define the potential role of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) further in both the acute and chronic forms of this disorder, we determined the effects of acute changes in O2 in vitro and prolonged variations in O2 in vivo on endothelial NO production in rat main pulmonary arteries. NO production was assessed by measuring segment cyclic GMP synthesis, which was dependent on the presence of the endothelium and on NO synthase and soluble guanylate cyclase activity. With an acute decrease in pO2 in vitro from 150 to 40 mm Hg, basal endothelial NO production was attenuated by 52%. NO production stimulated by acetylcholine (ACh) or A23187, however, was not altered, suggesting that the underlying mechanism involves acute changes in endothelial intracellular calcium homeostasis or in the production or action of a local activator of endothelial NO synthase. Although prolonged hypoxia in vivo (7 days) also caused a 52% decrease in basal endothelial NO production, ACh- and A23187-stimulated production were diminished as well, by 69 and 73%, respectively; the attenuation in NO production was evident when tested at high pO2 in vitro, was not altered by exogenous L-arginine, and was reversed by 3 days of normoxic recovery, indicating that the chronic process may involve diminished availability of cofactor(s) required for NO synthase activity. Parallel studies of aortic segments showed that these effects are specific to the pulmonary endothelium. Thus, both acute and prolonged hypoxia selectively attenuate pulmonary endothelial NO production by different mechanisms.
Neonatal Infant Skin: Development, Structure and Function

Abstract Full term neonatal skin is well prepared to immediately protect the infant from water loss, light, irritants, and infectious agents and provide innate immunity, tactile discrimination, thermal regulation and acid mantle formation. The functions are conferred by three major layers, the outermost stratum corneum, viable epidermis and dermis, and specialized cells within them. Herein, we describe the current “state-of-the-science” regarding the function and structure of neonatal skin, both for healthy full term infants and those born prematurely, and the adaptive changes that occur after birth. There is a particular emphasis on the stratum corneum (SC) because preserving the integrity of this layer is essential to insuring protection. The key gaps in the understanding of premature skin barrier development and the areas for future research will be discussed.
Granitic pegmatites: an assessment of current concepts and directions for the future

Abstract Although many explanations have been proposed for the internal zonation of granitic pegmatites, the most widely accepted model is attributed to R.H. Jahns. Jahns and Burnham [Jahns, R.H., Burnham, C.W., 1969. Experimental studies of pegmatite genesis: I. A model for the derivation and crystallization of granitic pegmatites. Econ. Geol. 64, 843–864] said that pegmatites owe their distinctive textural and zonal characteristics to the buoyant separation of aqueous vapor from silicate melt, giving rise to K-rich pegmatitic upper portions and Na-rich aplitic lower zones of individual pegmatites. Jahns and Tuttle [Janhs, R.H., Tuttle, O.F., 1963. Layered pegmatite–aplite intrusives. Spec. Pap.-Miner. Soc. Am. 1, 78–92] cited experiments as confirmation of this effect, but several experimental studies contradict the partitioning behavior that was the premise of Jahns' model. More recent work indicates that pegmatite-forming melts should cool quickly, or in any case, more quickly than crystallization can keep pace with. The distinctive textural and zonal features of pegmatites have been replicated in experiments that employ constitutional zone refining of melts that are substantially undercooled before crystallization commences. Melt boundary layers formed by this process would represent the last silicate liquids to crystallize in pegmatites, which explains the tendency in pegmatites for abrupt transitions from simple to evolved mineral and rock compositions. The sources of pegmatite-forming melts and of the causes of regional zonation within pegmatite groups represent important directions for future research.
Measuring productivity of the phase I postanesthesia care unit.

Most of the costs of operating a PACU are for the salaries of the nurses.Therefore, the only way to significantly decrease costs of a PACU, without decreasing salaries, is to increase labor productivity. This article discusses the benefits of measuring labor productivity of the PACU. Approaches that a nurse manager of a phase I PACU can use to increase productivity are considered. One way to measure of PACU's productivity is described, which uses data that some PACUs already collect for billing purposes. The measure of productivity considers heterogeneity in nursing requirements among patients (ie, patient acuity). Measuring productivity in this manner encourages hospital managers to maintain quality, in part by following ASPAN standards.
Relapsing Fever in California. IV. Cross-Immunity : Susceptibility of Sierra Golden Mantle Ground Squirrels.

In a previous paper1 I gave the results of cross-immunity tests between three California strains (L N, L C and G C) of spirochetes of relapsing fever. The strains are of human origin and as judged by these tests are probably identical. Spirochaeta novyi appears to belongto a different group. However, because of the fact that three of eleven mice hyperimmunized with strain L N were completely protected against S. novyi, the possibility was recognized that there may be some relationship between the latter and these California strains. In common with several other investigators I expressed the opinion that this test is not wholly reliable for the differentiation of species or of groups of relapsing fever spirochetes. Since those studies were completed, several strains have been isolated in California by Miss D. Beck, not only in the region of Lake Tahoe but about 100 miles to the north at Lake Almanar in Plumas County and about 350 miles to the south near Big Bear Lake. The following strains have been studied by me: strain 334 (Tamarack squirrel, Plumas County) ; strains L C, L N and GC2 (human strains, Lake Tahoe); strain Gray (human), and strains 26, 162 and 163 (chipmunks, Big Bear Lake). My work with these strains, while not causing me to modify my opinion concerning the reliability of cross-immunity tests, has led me to believe that by proper management of the technic relationships between strains can be shown which by haphazard methods would not become evident. My interest in attempting a comparison of the immunologic properties of these newer California strains has been aroused by the findings of Nicolle and his co-workers in Morocco and Tunis, particularly because of their unequivocal and repeatedly stated belief in the individual specificity of the spirochetes of relapsing fever. Nicolle, Anderson and Laigret,3 owing to their failure to obtain cross-immunity
From Frege to Wittgenstein: Perspectives on Early Analytic Philosophy

Analytic philosophy - arguably the most important philosophical movement in the 20th century - has gained a new historical self-consciousness, particularly about it's own origins. The period between 1880 and 1930 saw the most important work of its founding figures (Frege, Russell, Moore, Wittgenstein) take root and flourish. The fifteen previously-unpublished essays in this collection explore different facets of this period, with an emphasis on the vital intellectual relationship between Frege and the early Wittgenstein.
Effects of Feeding Selenium-Enriched Alfalfa Hay on Immunity and Health of Weaned Beef Calves

Previously, we reported that feeding selenium (Se)-enriched forage improves antibody titers in mature beef cows, and whole-blood Se concentrations and growth rates in weaned beef calves. Our current objective was to test whether beef calves fed Se-enriched alfalfa hay during the transition period between weaning and movement to a feedlot also have improved immune responses and slaughter weights. Recently weaned beef calves (n = 60) were fed an alfalfa-hay-based diet for 7 weeks, which was harvested from fields fertilized with sodium selenate at 0, 22.5, 45.0, or 89.9 g Se/ha. All calves were immunized with J-5 Escherichia coli bacterin. Serum was collected for antibody titers 2 weeks after the third immunization. Whole-blood neutrophils collected at 6 or 7 weeks were evaluated for total antioxidant potential, bacterial killing activity, and expression of genes associated with selenoproteins and innate immunity. Calves fed the highest versus the lowest level of Se-enriched alfalfa hay had higher antibody titers (P = 0.02), thioredoxin reductase-2 mRNA levels (P = 0.07), and a greater neutrophil total antioxidant potential (P = 0.10), whereas mRNA levels of interleukin-8 receptor (P = 0.02), l-selectin (P = 0.07), and thioredoxin reductase-1 (P = 0.07) were lower. In the feedlot, calves previously fed the highest-Se forage had lower mortality (P = 0.04) and greater slaughter weights (P = 0.02). Our results suggest that, in areas with low-forage Se concentrations, feeding beef calves Se-enriched alfalfa hay during the weaning transition period improves vaccination responses and subsequent growth and survival in the feedlot.
A new fault-management method using congestion-avoidance routing for optical burst-switched networks

Optical burst switching (OBS) has been proposed as a promising technique to support high-bandwidth, bursty data traffic in the next-generation optical Internet. This study investigates a new fault-management framework for an OBS network. In an OBS network, burst-loss performance is a critical concern. In OBS, the data-burst transmission is delayed by an offset time (relative to its burst control packet (BCP), or header), and the burst follows its header without waiting for an acknowledgment for resource reservation. Thus, a burst may be lost at an intermediate node due to contention, which is generally resolved according to the local routing and bandwidth information. The routing table maintained in each OBS node is generally pre-computed and fixed to forward the data bursts. Such a static forwarding feature might have limited efficiency to resolve contentions. Moreover, a burst may be lost and the network may be congested when a network element (e.g., fiber link) fails. Therefore, for reliable burst transport, we develop dynamic routing approaches for preplanned congestion avoidance. Our goal is to proactively avoid congestion during the route-computation process, and our approach employs wavelength-channel utilization, traffic distribution, and link-distance information in the proposed objective functions for routing. Two update mechanisms for maintaining a dynamic routing table are presented to accommodate bursty data traffic. Based on our routing mechanisms, we also propose a new congestion-avoidance-and-protection (CAP) approach, which employs a primary route and a group of backup routes for each node pair against failures and congestion. The performance of the proposed protection strategy using congestion-avoidance routing is demonstrated to be promising through illustrative numerical examples.
Teacher Burnout: A Comparison of Two Cultures Using Confirmatory Factor and Item Response Models.

The present study addresses cultural differences and similarities in teacher burnout. We used the Maslach Burnout Inventory Education Survey (MBI-ES) to develop a latent model of burnout in two cultures; Jamaica W.I. teachers (N = 150) and New York City teachers (N = 150). We confirm a latent three-factor structure, using a subset of MBI-ES items that adequately fit both samples. We tested degrees of measurement invariance (model fit, reliabilities, residual variances, item thresholds, etc.) to describe and compare cultural differences. Results indicate some differences across samples at the structure and item levels. Exhaustion was a more informative construct for differentiating among teachers at moderate levels of burnout, in both cultures. However, depersonalisation was more informative at the more extreme levels of burnout among both teacher samples. Studying the influence of culture on the experience of burnout can further our understanding of burnout and potentially discover factors to prevent teacher burnout.
Local and Systemic Anaphylaxis in the Pertussis-inoculated Mouse

IT is now well known that mice injected with Bordetella pertussis vaccine plus an antigen will produce more antibodies to that antigen than mice injected with antigen alone1,2. Such mice also develop an enhanced susceptibility to anaphylactic shock1–3. However, the level of circulating antibodies in an animal as measured by agglutination, haemagglutination, or precipitin techniques appears to be unrelated to the susceptibility of that animal to systemic anaphylaxis1,2,4. The following experiment indicates that the incidence of active cutaneous anaphylaxis in the pertussis-inoculated mouse parallels the incidence of systemic anaphylaxis. Mice were sensitized with 5 billion B. pertussis organisms and 1 mg of bovine serum albumin. On the seventh day after sensitization, 10 µg bovine serum albumin in 0.05 ml. of saline and 0.05 ml. of saline were injected into separate areas of the skin of the back. Fifteen min later, 0.25 ml. of 0.5 per cent Evans blue dye was injected into a lateral tail vein. Thirty min after the dye, the animals were challenged intraperitoneally with 2 mg of bovine serum albumin. Of 50 mice challenged in this manner, 32 died of anaphylaxis within 30 min. The survivors were classified as having symptoms of anaphylaxis or as having no symptoms and were killed 30 min after challenge. All animals were then tested for active cutaneous anaphylaxis by inspecting the inner side of the skin of the back for accumulation of dye at the site of antigen injection.
The Effects of Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, and Motion Parallax on Egocentric Depth Perception

A large number of previous studies have shown that egocentric depth perception tends to be underestimated in virtual reality (VR) - objects appear smaller and farther away than they should. Various theories as to why this might occur have been investigated, but to date the cause is not fully understood. A much smaller number of studies have investigated how depth perception operates in augmented reality (AR), and some of these studies have also indicated a similar underestimation effect. In this paper we report an experiment that further investigates these effects. The experiment compared VR and AR conditions to two real-world control conditions, and studied the effect of motion parallax across all conditions. Our combined VR and AR head-mounted display (HMD) allowed us to develop very careful calibration procedures based on real-world calibration widgets, which cannot be replicated with VR-only HMDs. To our knowledge, this is the first study to directly compare VR and AR conditions as part of the same experiment.
Influence of betaine on blood metabolites of Alpine and Angora kids

Five Angora and five Alpine kids (average BW = 12.1 ± 1.6 kg and age = 120 ± 5 days) were fitted with indwelling jugular catheters to study the effect of betaine on plasma methionine and related metabolites. Betaine (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 g kg−1 BW) was administered as a single injection. Blood samples were taken −30, 0, 10, 30, 50, 70 and 90 min post-injection. Alpine kids had higher initial levels of plasma methionine than Angora kids (29.0 vs. 21.3 μM; P < 0.05). There were differences in utilization of betaine between the two goat breeds. Plasma methionine of Alpine kids increased 10 min after injection of 0.1 or 0.2 g betaine kg−1 BW (34.7 μM; P < 0.05) whereas 0.2 g betaine kg−1 BW was required to increase plasma methionine in Angora kids (23.2 μM; P < 0.10). Betaine did not affect plasma cystine or cystathionine levels although cystine was higher in Alpine kids than in Angora kids (44.4 vs. 22.9 μM; P < 0.05). Plasma s-adenosylhomocysteine and glycine were increased 30 min after injection of 0.2 g betaine kg−1 BW in both breeds (2.9 vs. 6.0 and 659 vs. 821 μM; P < 0.05 for Alpine, 2.1 vs. 5.1 and 846 vs. 920 μM; P < 0.05 for Angora, respectively). The only other amino acid that was affected was serine, which increased 70 min after betaine injection. There were no differences in plasma triglycerides between breeds (17.5 mg dl−1), and injection of betaine (0.2 g kg−1 BW) did not change its level. An overloading effect was observed with 0.5 g betaine kg−1 BW in both breeds, that led to lack of changes in methionine level. This study indicated that increased plasma methionine level may not only be due to remethylation of homocysteine, but betaine may also spare methionine by substituting for it in some metabolic processes. Betaine supplementation may have positive effects on animal production by increasing amount of methionine available for fiber, milk or meat protein synthesis; however, this needs to be further investigated.
Formate-induced destabilization of the Cu(1 1 0) surface

Abstract Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images show that adsorbed formate has a profound affect on the step edges of Cu(1 1 0) surfaces at room temperature. For low exposures, the presence of formate enhances step fluctuations as confirmed by a correlation function analysis. For formate coverages approaching 0.5 monolayers, drastic restructuring of step edges is observed. Quantum chemical calculations help to explain this behavior.
Sentence processing in language-impaired children under conditions of filtering and time compression

Nineteen language-impaired (LI) and 20 language-normal (LN) children participated in an on-line word-monitoring task. Words were presented in lists and in sentences readily comprehended by younger children. The sentences were unaltered, tow-pass filtered, and time- compressed. Both groups had shorter mean response times (MRTs), but lower accuracy, for words in sentences than words in lists. The LI children had significantly longer MRTs under sentence conditions and lower accuracy overall than the LN children. Filtering had an adverse effect upon accuracy and MRT for both subject groups. Time compression did not, suggesting that the reduction in high-frequency information and the rate of presentation exert different effects. Subject differences in attention, as well as in linguistic competence and motor control, may have influenced word-monitoring performance.
Reservoir stimulation of dirty sandstones

Approximately 80% of the world's sandstones can be classified as dirty. However, dirty sandstones contain only 15% of the world's oil fields. Most oil fields have been discovered in clean sandstones. Differences in success ratios between clean and dirty sandstones suggest either that (1) dirty sandstones do not contain recoverable hydrocarbons (particularly oil), or (2) hydrocarbons are more difficult to extract from dirty sandstones than clean sandstones. Commercial quantities of hydrocarbons have been discovered in dirty sandstones. This strongly suggests that their hydrocarbon potential is good. However, detailed studies of the composition of dirty sandstones indicate that they are highly susceptible to formation damage during both drilling and stimulation. Care and attention to rock mineralogy and fluid composition can minimize or prevent formation damage in dirty sandstone reservoirs. With properly designed stimulation procedures, 80% of the world's sandstones become highly prospective and good exploration targets. 10 references.
Student Goals for Out-of-School Learning Activities

This study used a goal-oriented motivation framework. The goals that high school-age adolescents held for their out-of-school learning activities were investigated. Two different approaches to goals were examined: (a) goal setting-the process of specifying desired outcomes and a self-regulated learning strategy, and (b) goal content -the life aims that people have that direct their behavior. Sixty-six students were interviewed. Few of the adolescents used goal-setting techniques effectively; only eight had a plan or series of subgoals necessary for achieving their major goal. Goal content categories that were mentioned most often were affective (feel good), self-assertive (competition), and integrative (social). The two specific goals mentioned most often were belongingness and superiority. However, when students ranked their goals by importance, affective and cognitive goals were equally common. Implications for schooling are discussed.
An examination of the validity of the Subjective Vitality Questionnaire

Abstract The concept of group vitality was developed over 30 years ago to assist in understanding of power relations between language groups. However, vitality has also been an important consideration when attempting to understand intergroup relations more generally. Vitality researchers distinguish subjective vitality from objective vitality. This study focuses on subjective vitality. Specifically, the paper examines the validity of the Subjective Vitality Questionnaire (SVQ), the instrument frequently utilised to quantitatively assess vitality perceptions. Data collected in the USA from three ethnic groups (African Americans, Asian Americans and Hispanic Americans) who rated the vitalities of Caucasian, African, and Hispanic Americans, were analysed using both first-order confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory factor analysis. Both types of analysis failed to uncover the underlying factor structure of status, demography, and institutional support proposed by vitality researchers. Although the fact...
Psychological treatment of anabolic-androgenic steroid-dependent individuals

Abstract Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of the sex hormone testosterone. Anabolic refers to the “growth-promoting” effect while androgenic refers to the “masculinizing” effect. It is becoming more evident that nonathletes as well as abusing AAS. Although the abuse of alcohol and other drugs contribute significantly to current chemical use problems in American society, AAS abuse is one of the fastest growing “new drug” problems facing secondary and higher education institutes of learning. The purpose of this discussion is to present working hypotheses regarding the psychological treatment of AAS dependent individuals. The treatment approach presented incorporates the approaches used with eating disorders, substance abuse/dependence, and narcissistic personality disorders. This paper considers some of the preliminary considerations for the first phase of treatment, some pitfalls to avoid, and therapist characteristics, as well as treatment modalities that might be helpful in the treatment of AAS-dependent individuals.
Phase control of MoxN films via chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Polycrystalline single phase ( γ -Mo 2 N and δ -MoN) and two phase ( γ -Mo 2 N+ δ -MoN) films have been deposited via chemical vapor deposition on prepared 50 μ m thick polycrystalline Ti substrates using both molybdenum pentachloride (MoCl 5 ) and molybdenum hexacarbonyl (Mo(CO) 6 ), diluted in either N 2 or Ar, and anhydrous ammonia (NH 3 ) in a cold-wall, vertical pancake-style reactor. X-ray diffraction data showed that polycrystalline, single phase γ -Mo 2 N films were deposited between 400–450°C with the MoCl 5 precursor and between 350–500°C with the Mo(CO) 6 precursor. Above these respective temperatures and up to 700°C, a two-phase mixture of γ -Mo 2 N and δ -MoN was observed. At 700°C, single phase δ -MoN films were deposited by employing the Mo(CO) 6 precursor and 1.5 slm of NH 3 ; however, a two phase mixture of ≈95 at.% δ -MoN and ≈5 at.% γ -Mo 2 N was observed in films prepared using the MoCl 5 precursor. Regardless of the precursor, decreases in the NH 3 flow rate were matched by decreases in δ -MoN percentages at each temperature where δ -MoN was present. Increasing in the deposition rate also resulted in decreasing δ -MoN percentages at each deposition temperature. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) indicated that the porous microstructure of the films were dependent on both the deposition temperature and the precursor employed. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) data indicated that films deposited at and above 400°C with the MoCl 5 precursor did not contain detectable levels of chlorine. Higher carbon levels were detected in films deposited with the Mo(CO) 6 precursor than with the MoCl 5 precursor.
Separated-Form Equations of Motion of Controlled Flexible Multibody Systems

This paper introduces a method leading to separated-form formulation of dynamic equations of multibody systems subject to control. The algorithm is derived from the virtual work principle and includes the moving base effects. The elastic members are treated as Euler-Bernoulli beams. Equations of motion are expanded using generalized coordinate partitioning and a Jacobian matrix expansion. The formulation of each physical term is separated, i.e., the inertia matrix, nonlinear coupling vector, generalized force vector and base motion-induced terms are established individually. The formulation is implemented on a workstation using MAPLE. Nonlinear and linearized equations with control are generated in FORTRAN format. The control design adopts second-order models directly. Several examples including a spin-up cantilever beam, an elastic vehicle with active suspensions and an elastic slider-crank mechanism are given. Numerical results for nonlinear and linear spin-up beam models are proveded. Simulation for the active vehicle model using second-order control theory is presented
CNS effects of peripherally administered brain peptides.

Abstract Acceptance of enkephalins and endorphins into the family of brain peptides involves recognition that these endogenous opiates should share the general properties, including multiple and independent effects, previously described for neuropeptides. Several peptides first isolated by their pituitary-mediated endocrine effects, for example, are known to initiate CNS actions even in hypophysectomized animals. It was reasonable to expect, therefore, that the new opiate peptides would have effects not limited to the centrally induced analgesia by which they were originally identified, but, like the other brain peptides, would have additional CNS actions. Our concept that the multiple actions of peptides can be independent of each other is supported by evidence that even though peripheral administration of the brain opiates is essentially ineffective in producing analgesia, other actions of these peptides, such as changes in behavior, can be observed after administration by this route. Considerable evidence is accumulating in support of this concept of dissociation. The mechanisms by which the central effects of the peptides are exerted after systemic injection remain to be clarified, but analysis of their actions represents a new approach to understanding the performance of the brain. Studies already suggest a possible role of the brain peptides in the diagnosis and treatment of some mental and neurological disorders as well as in optimizing normal CNS functions.
Comparison of Microsatellites Versus Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in a Genome Linkage Screen for Prostate Cancer–Susceptibility Loci

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers among men and has long been recognized to occur in familial clusters. Brothers and sons of affected men have a 2-3-fold increased risk of developing prostate cancer. However, identification of genetic susceptibility loci for prostate cancer has been extremely difficult. Although the suggestion of linkage has been reported for many chromosomes, the most promising regions have been difficult to replicate. In this study, we compare genome linkage scans using microsatellites with those using single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), performed in 467 men with prostate cancer from 167 families. For the microsatellites, the ABI Prism Linkage Mapping Set version 2, with 402 microsatellite markers, was used, and, for the SNPs, the Early Access Affymetrix Mapping 10K array was used. Our results show that the presence of linkage disequilibrium (LD) among SNPs can lead to inflated LOD scores, and this seems to be an artifact due to the assumption of linkage equilibrium that is required by the current genetic-linkage software. After excluding SNPs with high LD, we found a number of new LOD-score peaks with values of at least 2.0 that were not found by the microsatellite markers: chromosome 8, with a maximum model-free LOD score of 2.2; chromosome 2, with a LOD score of 2.1; chromosome 6, with a LOD score of 4.2; and chromosome 12, with a LOD score of 3.9. The LOD scores for chromosomes 6 and 12 are difficult to interpret, because they occurred only at the extreme ends of the chromosomes. The greatest gain provided by the SNP markers was a large increase in the linkage information content, with an average information content of 61% for the SNPs, versus an average of 41% for the microsatellite markers. The strengths and weaknesses of microsatellite versus SNP markers are illustrated by the results of our genome linkage scans.
Aberration estimation using EUV mask roughness

We present a method to extract aberrations from through-focus aerial images of mask roughness on an Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) lithography mask. The algorithm uses a phase recovery algorithm based on the Weak Object Transfer Function to recover the phase and amplitude of the roughness, while considering aberrations and partially coherent illumination. Using the self-consistency of the recovered object, aberrations, and measured images as a metric, we optimize over the space of aberrations to estimate aberrations. Partially coherent illumination is needed to allow the effects of the object field and aberrations to be separated. We apply the algorithm to the EUV aerial image microscope, SHARP, using a parameterized ray tracing model to calculate the aberrations from a lower dimensional parameter space.
Time-Binding Communication: Transmission and Decadence of Tradition

This article sketches a theory of time-binding communication, which is to say communication that unifies widely separated times much as space-binding communication unifies widely separated places. Drawing from the work of Harold Innis, it first describes the function and character of time-binding communication as a means to social continuity. Then, following Alasdair MacIntyre and Michael Oakshott, it explains the nature and necessary circumstances of this sort of time-binding communication, or tradition. It discusses the character, consequences, and causes of decadence—radical discontinuity—as these have been described by Richard Weaver, C. E. M. Joad, and Jacques Barzun. Finally, it turns to David Lowenthal's notion of the past as a ‘foreign country’ in an effort to explain the relations between modernity and both tradition and decadence, as well as the geography of tradition and decadence in the modern world.
Excitons and Phonons in II-VI Compound Semiconductor Superlattices

emitting and electro- optical switching applications in the visible, especially theblue portion of the spectrum.An important issue to face with epitaxy of II -VI heterostructures is thelarge lattice mismatch which is generally present. Perfect lattice matching doesnot appear to be feasible without the use of quarternary materials. In order to
THE PERSONAL PRODUCTIVITY AND USE OF TECHNOLOGY OF LOUISIANA DIETITIANS

Use of technology can improve dietitians' productivity; however, if technophobia is experienced, productivity is negatively affected. The purpose of this survey was to assess Louisiana dietitians' use of technology for improving their personal productivity. A pretested questionnaire concerning technology use and availability, interest in continuing education in the use of technology, and computer anxiety was mailed to a random sample of 200 of the 808 dietitians in Louisiana. Of the surveys returned (43%), 86% were usable. The dietitians reported high personal productivity with 71 (83%) “usually” using their time effectively and efficiently. Overall technology use was only 31.2 ± 9.9 points on a 64-point scale. Dietitians who used more technology reported higher productivity than those who used less (p < 0.05). Phone answering machines (58%), computers (44%), word processing programs (37%), facsimile machines (30%), and pagers (24%) were the most regularly used technology. Respondents scored an average of 71.59 ± 8.94 points on the Computer Anxiety Index, significantly different from the norm of 60.25 ± 18.50 points for other groups (p < 0.01). This finding indicates that Louisiana dietitians experience moderate computer anxiety. Dietitians not working were more computer anxious than those who worked full-time (p < 0.05). Technology use and computer anxiety were inversely related (r = -0.37). In order to work effectively, dietitians need to justify, obtain, and regularly use technological advances. Educators and employers need to provide technology training in a supportive environment.
A Method for Securing Repeated Liver Biopsies from the Chicken and its Use in Glycogen Determination

Abstract LIVER biopsy can serve as both a quantitative and qualitative technique in physiological research. Repeated liver biopsy sampling has been reported for sheep (Dick, 1944), humans (Clay and Dickinson, 1949) and cattle (Whitehair et al., 1952). With small animals the limiting factor of the liver biopsy technique is the necessity of using many animals rather than taking a biopsy from the same animal after each experimental treatment. Also, repeated biopsies with small animals have been limited because of hemorrhaging at the site of the biopsies with resultant mortality. It has been reported that a single liver biopsy of the chicken can be obtained with moderate success (Roncalli, 1964). The purpose of the present study was to determine if repeated liver biopsies could be obtained from chickens and to ascertain the influence of anaesthetics such as ethyl ether or chloroform on the level of glycogen in the chicken liver. EXPERIMENTAL General. . . .
Cloning, Expression, and Fatty Acid Regulation of the Human Δ-5 Desaturase

Arachidonic (20:4(n-6)), eicosapentaenoic (20:5(n-3)), and docosahexaenoic (22:6(n-3)) acids are major components of brain and retina phospholipids, substrates for eicosanoid production, and regulators of nuclear transcription factors. One of the two rate-limiting steps in the production of these polyenoic fatty acids is the desaturation of 20:3(n-6) and 20:4(n-3) by Δ-5 desaturase. This report describes the cloning and expression of the human Δ-5 desaturase, and it compares the structural characteristics and nutritional regulation of the Δ-5 and Δ-6 desaturases. The open reading frame of the human Δ-5 desaturase encodes a 444-amino acid peptide which is identical in size to the Δ-6 desaturase and which shares 61% identity with the human Δ-6 desaturase. The Δ-5 desaturase contains two membrane-spanning domains, three histidine-rich regions, and a cytochrome b5 domain that all align perfectly with the same domains located in the Δ-6 desaturase. Expression of the open reading frame in Chinese hamster ovary cells instilled the ability to convert 20:3(n-6) to 20:4(n-6). Northern analysis revealed that many human tissues including skeletal muscle, lung, placenta, kidney, and pancreas expressed Δ-5 desaturase mRNA, but Δ-5 desaturase was most abundant in the liver, brain, and heart. However, in all tissues, the abundance of Δ-5 desaturase mRNA was much lower than that observed for the Δ-6 desaturase. When rats were fed a diet containing 10% safflower oil or menhaden fish oil, the level of hepatic mRNA for Δ-5 and Δ-6 desaturase was only 25% of that found in the liver of rats fed a fat-free diet or a diet containing triolein. Finally, a BLAST and Genemap search of the human genome revealed that the Δ-5 and Δ-6 desaturase genes reside in reverse orientation on chromosome 11 and that they are separated by
Reciprocal Effects of Policy Preferences, Party Loyalties and the Vote

Past studies have offered diverse estimates of the role of policy preferences, party loyalties, candidate personalities and other factors in voting decisions. Most have postulated recursive (that is, one-way) causal relationships among the central variables. This study specifies a non-recursive simultaneous equation model and estimates its parameters for the 1972 and 1976 elections using CPS data. The estimates differ markedly from those of simple recursive models. Policy preferences appear to have much more influence on voting decisions, and party attachments much less, than was previously thought. Candidate evaluations strongly affect voters' perceptions of closeness to candidates on policy issues. Party identification may be influenced by short-term factors. Differences between 1972 and 1976 reflect the issue-oriented McGovern candidacy. Simultaneous equation models offer no cure-all; in the absence of accepted theory many specifications are open to controversy. But future research must take account of reciprocal causal paths.
Estrogen Synthetase (Aromatase) Activity in Primary Culture of Human Term Placental Cells: Effects of Cell Preparation, Growth Medium, and Serum on Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate Response*

The establishment of human term trophoblast cells in culture is dependent on the method of cell preparation, growth medium used, and presence of serum. Using freshly isolated term placental cells, we investigated 1) the effects of two different methods of removal of nontrophoblast cells and two culture media on trophoblast aromatase specific activity, cellular morphology, and hCG secretion over 72 h; and 2) the sensitivity of these hormonal parameters to cAMP added 24 h after the initiation of culture. Under conditions in which aromatase is responsive to cAMP, we studied the effect of removing serum after 24 h in culture with serum. After trypsin digestion of placental villi, isolated trophoblast cells were either treated with ammonium chloride (A) or purified on Percoll density gradients (P) and then grown in monolayer culture with medium 199 plus 10% fetal bovine serum (M) or Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) plus 20% fetal bovine serum (D). Regardless of the method of treatment or growth medium...
Socialization Mediators of the Relation between Socioeconomic Status and Child Conduct Problems

The goal was to examine processes in socialization that might account for an observed relation between early socioeconomic status and later child behavior problems. A representative sample of 585 children (n = 51 from the lowest socioeconomic class) was followed from preschool to grade 3. Socioeconomic status assessed in preschool significantly predicted teacher-rated externalizing problems and peer-rated aggressive behavior in kindergarten and grades 1, 2, and 3. Socioeconomic status was significantly negatively correlated with 8 factors in the child's socialization and social context, including harsh discipline, lack of maternal warmth, exposure to aggressive adult models, maternal aggressive values, family life stressors, mother's lack of social support, peer group instability, and lack of cognitive stimulation. These factors, in turn, significantly predicted teacher-rated externalizing problems and peer-nominated aggression and accounted for over half of the total effect of socioeconomic status on these outcomes. These findings suggest that part of the effect of socioeconomic status on children's aggressive development may be mediated by status-related socializing experiences.
Phosgene formation from adsorption of carbon tetrachloride on oxygen modified Ir(111)

Abstract The production of phosgene was observed when a pure carbon tetrachloride molecular beam was impinged on an oxygen modified Ir(111) surface. We propose a mechanism involving the partial surface decomposition of the CCl 4 molecule to CCl 2 which subsequently reacts with adsorbed oxygen to form phosgene. Phosgene formation was maximized at an oxygen surface coverage of approximately 0.3 ML. Increasing the surface temperature resulted in a decrease in formation of COCl 2 , as competing reactions became important, especially the rapid and more complete decomposition of CCl 4 on the surface prior to reaction with oxygen.
Dopamine synthesis in rat striatum: Mobilization of tyrosine from non-dopaminergic cells

Unilateral nigrostriatal lesions in rats that almost totally depleted striatal dopamine had no effect on striatal levels of dopamine's precursor, tyrosine, nor on those of leucine. Since prolonged electrical stimulation of the slices markedly depletes them of tyrosine (1, 2) we conclude that tyrosine can be mobilized from non-dopaminergic striatal cells to augment dopamine release.
Temporal and spatial variation in residential soil metal concentrations: Implications for exposure assessments

Abstract Understanding temporal and spatial variation in soil chemicals is critical in exposure assessments. We measured eight metals in subsamples, duplicates (∼0.3 m), and repeat soil samples taken 1–6 years after initial sampling (∼5 m). We estimated variance components (VCs) of metal concentrations using nested analyses accounting for sampling area, land use and soil type, and calculated coefficients of variation (CVs) for repeat sample pairs. Total variance for all metals was similar, but VCs were proportioned differently by metal and sample type. Spatial variation explained the majority of variance in duplicate samples. CVs of metal concentrations were not significantly different over the long time interval, but repeat samples had larger VCs for unexplained error. Sampling area and land use were important for Ba and Mn, and Pb and Hg, respectively. Results suggest metals are stable over long times and suitable for exposure assessments, but that individual metal behavior should be considered.