cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of an Instrument to Assess Parents' Excessive Web-Based Searches for Information Pertaining to Their Children's Health: The "Children's Health Internet Research, Parental Inventory" (CHIRPI).

Background: People often search the internet to obtain health-related information not only for themselves but also for family members and, in particular, their children. However, for a minority of parents, such searches may become excessive and distressing. Little is known about excessive web-based searching by parents for information regarding their children’s health. Objective: This study aimed to develop and validate an instrument designed to assess parents' web-based health information searching behavior, the Children’s Health Internet Research, Parental Inventory (CHIRPI). Methods: A pilot survey was used to establish the instrument (21 items). CHIRPI was validated online in a second sample (372/384, 96.9% mothers; mean age 32.7 years, SD 5.8). Item analyses, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and correlations with parents’ perception of their children’s health-related vulnerability (Child Vulnerability Scale, CVS), parental health anxiety (modified short Health Anxiety Inventory, mSHAI), and parental cyberchondria (Cyberchondria Severity Scale, CSS-15) were calculated. A subset of participants (n=73) provided retest data after 4 weeks. CHIRPI scores (total scores and subscale scores) of parents with a chronically ill child and parents who perceived their child to be vulnerable (CVS+; CVS>10) were compared with 2×2 analyses of variances (ANOVAs) with the factors Child’s Health Status (chronically ill vs healthy) and perceived vulnerability (CVS+ vs CVS−). Results: CHIRPI’s internal consistency was standardized alpha=.89. The EFA identified three subscales: Symptom Focus (standardized alpha=.87), Implementing Advice (standardized alpha=.74) and Distress (standardized alpha=.89). The retest reliability of CHIRPI was measured as rtt=0.78. CHIRPI correlated strongly with CSS-15 (r=0.66) and mSHAI (r=0.39). The ANOVAs comparing the CHIRPI total score and the subscale scores for parents having a chronically ill child and parents perceiving their child as vulnerable revealed the main effects for perceiving one’s child as vulnerable but not for having a chronically ill child. No interactions were found. This pattern was observed for the CHIRPI total score (η2=0.053) and each subscale (Symptom Focus η2=0.012; Distress η2=0.113; and Implementing Advice η2=0.018). Conclusions: The psychometric properties of CHIRPI are excellent. Correlations with mSHAI and CSS-15 indicate its validity. CHIRPI appears to be differentially sensitive to excessive searches owing to parents perceiving their child’s health to be vulnerable rather than to higher informational needs of parents with chronically ill children. Therefore, it may help to identify parents who search excessively for web-based health information. CHIRPI (and, in particular, the Distress subscale) seems to capture a pattern of factors related to anxious health-related cognitions, emotions, and behaviors of parents, which is also applied to their children.
The Many, the Wise, and the Marginalized: The Endoxic Method and The Second Sex

In this article, I propose that Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex instantiates a version of the endoxic method, a philosophical strategy practiced originally by Aristotle. After summarizing the methodological principles and the philosophical benefits of Aristotle's method, I argue that Beauvoir improves upon Aristotle's endoxic practice through her heightened focus on the endoxa of minority groups, in this case women. Despite this improvement, Beauvoir replicates some of Aristotle's mistakes with her exclusive focus on the experiences of white French women. I address problems of epistemological bias that arise with the endoxic method, and I hypothesize strategies to manage these biases. I conclude that the endoxic method offers a promising resource for feminist philosophers if we retrofit the method to include an intersectional lens and a practice of epistemic humility. My reading of the endoxic method complements feminist scholarship that reads The Second Sex as a phenomenological investigation. Thus, I suggest that future research exploring the relationship between the endoxic method and phenomenology could generate important insights regarding feminist methodologies and social activism.
Flexible inkjet-printed Patch antenna array on mesoporous PET substrate for 5G applications with stable RF performance after mechanical stress cycling

In this paper, an inkjet-printed 2-element patch antenna array was printed on silica coated porous polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with compatible silver ink formulation. Printing on mesoporous surface with optimized drop spacing (18 μm) provided the advantages of eliminating the coffee ring effect, resulting in low surface roughness/waviness of printed ink and good adhesion of ink to the substrate for better mechanical reliability. Control over the flow of dispensed ink allowed printing well-defined structure boundaries with thickness of ~1.6 μm in a single pass. By using laser sintering, high conductivity of printed ink (~ 0.3 times of bulk silver, 2.07 × 107 S/m) was obtained, minimizing the ohmic losses. A reliable printed structure was achieved by optimizing the sintering process to maintain flexibility among nanoparticle connections, as well as an optimal level of organic binders in the ink to preserve its adhesion with the porous substrate. This structure maintained its structural and performance integrity after mechanical stress cycling.The printed antenna system, after sintering at different laser powers, was subjected to tensile bending for 500 cycles over a 2.5 mm radius mandrel applying a bending strain of ~3.74%. The S 11 performance of the antenna was measured in flat (reference plane) and bent positions. The printed antenna pattern laser sintered at 150 mW laser power with scanning speed of 10 mm/sec. underwent minimal shift in resonance frequency (40 MHz shift) and minimal change in return loss measurements of 0.21 ± 0.01 dB (at resonance frequency) compared to its initial measurements. Overly high-power laser sintered structures showed high damages and degraded performance due to crack formation in printed ink.
Transitioning to telehealth neuropsychology service: considerations across adult and pediatric care settings.

Objectives: In response to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, traditional, in-person neuropsychological assessment services paused in most settings. Neuropsychologists have sought to establish new guidelines and care models using telehealth neuropsychology (teleNP) services. The need to adapt to remote technology became the most difficult challenge to date for existing practice models. Results: Primary considerations for transitioning to teleNP include scope and limitations of the telehealth modality, informed consent for telehealth services, patient privacy and confidentiality, test security, and validity of telehealth assessments. Given timelines for fully re-opening clinical settings, access to traditional models of neuropsychological care remains unclear. These considerations will remain relevant even upon return to an in-office practice, as many assessment models will likely continue with teleNP to some extent. Specialists will need to consider the unique needs of their populations in ensuring quality care, as diagnostic differences and patient age will impact participation in teleNP. Conclusions: As the COVID-19 pandemic lingers, teleNP presents an opportunity as well as a challenge for neuropsychologists looking to provide patient care in the context of social distancing and stay-at-home restrictions. In this transformative time, the field of neuropsychology has opportunities to advance beyond traditional settings and focus on alternative delivery of patient care.
Carbon Emission Permit Price Volatility Reduction via Financial Options

We develop a stylized model to investigate the impact of financial options on reducing carbon permit price volatility under a cap-and-trade system. The existence of an option market provides a mechanism to hedge the uncertainty of future spot prices and is a stimulus for investment in carbon emission abatement technologies. We show that both the spot price level and the price volatility of carbon permits can be reduced via the trading of financial options, while achieving the emission reduction target. We also show that introducing financial options in a banking environment offers more flexibility to risk management in carbon permit trading.
Favorable morphology and electronic conductivity of functional sublayers for highly efficient water splitting electrodes

Abstract Low electronic conductivities and improper morphologies of anode electrodes greatly limit the reaction area, catalyst utilization and efficiency in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers. In this study, conductive sublayers with different conductivities and morphologies were introduced into anode electrodes in membrane-based water electrolyzers. In-situ and ex-situ investigation results showed that conductive sublayers (Au mesh and carbon nanotube (CNT) film) augmented the sheet conductivity of anode electrodes by up to 4000 times (from 2000 to 0.5 ohm square−1), and the ohmic resistance of water electrolyzers was reduced to 1/3 when inserting conductive sublayers. In addition, CNT film provided a higher electrochemical active area than Au mesh, because of favorable morphologies (large porosity and surface area) of CNT fibers on CNT films. Therefore, the current density of water splitting was increased by 3 times (from 4.55 mA cm−2 to 14.83 mA cm−2) at 2.5 V compared to a conventional anode electrode. Visualizations on bubble dynamics showed improved performances with conductive sublayers; this was mainly due to greatly increased number of reaction sites, highly spread reaction area (from 50 to 1000 um), and reduced activation overpotential. Thus, a balance between high electronic conductivity and nanoporous morphology is essential to the anode electrode for larger reaction sites and areas in highly efficient water electrolyzers.
Negative Attitudes, Self-efficacy, and Relapse Management Mediate Long-Term Adherence to Exercise in Patients With Heart Failure.

BACKGROUND Exercise is safe and provides considerable benefits for patients with heart failure (HF) including improved function, quality of life, and symptoms. However, patients with HF have difficulty initiating and adhering to an exercise regimen. To improve adherence, our team developed Heart Failure Exercise and Resistance Training (HEART) Camp, a multicomponent, theory-driven intervention that was efficacious in a randomized controlled trial of long-term adherence to exercise in patients with HF. Identifying active components of efficacious interventions is a priority. PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to use mediation analysis to determine which interventional components accounted for long-term adherence to exercise in patients with HF. METHODS This study included 204 patients with HF enrolled in a randomized controlled trial. Instruments measuring interventional components were completed at baseline, 6, 12, and 18 months. Hierarchical linear models generated slope estimates to be used as predictors in logistic regression models. Significant variables were tested for indirect effects using path analyses with 1,000 bootstrapped estimates. RESULTS Significant mediation effects were observed for the interventional components of negative attitudes (β NA = 0.368, s.e. = 0.062, p < .001), self-efficacy (β SE = 0.190, s.e. = 0.047, p < .001), and relapse management (β RM = 0.243, s.e. = 0.076, p = .001). CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight improving attitudes, self-efficacy, and managing relapse as key interventional components to improve long-term adherence to exercise in patients with HF. Future interventions targeting adherence to exercise in patients with HF and other chronic illnesses should consider the incorporation of these active components.
Pharmacokinetics of thiamine (vitamin B1) in adult horses after administration of three single intravenous doses.

Thiamine is a vital co-factor for several anti-inflammatory and antioxidant processes that are critical for mitigation of sepsis-associated inflammation, but pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis has not been reported in horses. We hypothesized that IV thiamine hydrochloride (TH) at increasing dosages would result in corresponding increases in plasma thiamine concentrations without causing adverse effects. A randomized cross-over study was performed in 9 healthy horses that each received TH at 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg IV. Blood was collected immediately prior to drug administration and at several time points thereafter. High-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry was used to quantify thiamine concentrations at each time point. Non-compartmental PK methods showed that IV TH resulted in supraphysiologic plasma concentrations with a short half-life (0.77-1.12 h) and no adverse clinical signs were observed. The terminal rate constant decreased as the dosage increased (p < .0001) and clearance significantly decreased at the 20 mg/kg dosage (p = .0011). The area under the curve (AUC) increased in a non-linear fashion. These findings suggest that thiamine follows non-linear elimination kinetics in horses, which is likely due to saturation of renal elimination. Future studies are needed to identify therapeutic plasma concentrations and develop thiamine dosing recommendations for horses.
Constrained matrix factorization for financial data clustering

Financial time series analysis is crucial to a successful assets allocation. Applying a matrix factorization technique can generate genuine grouping knowledge for the allocation of assets according to their association with a number of underlying bases. A constrained nonnegative matrix factorization NSMF is proposed to incorporate three penalties in order to compute a solution which can maximize between-base disjointness and volatility difference. A series of quantitative measures are designed for evaluation of bases and their volatility. Different types of real data are used in the experiments and compared regarding clustering consistency. Experimental analysis of historical prices of US blue chip stocks indicates that NSMF is superior to agglomerative clustering and independent component analysis and NSMF can extract bases with a higher discrepancy of volatility. The non-stochasticity constraint increases the dissimilarity of bases and it governs basis deviation over smoothness and sparseness. The clustering results of bases and persistent pairs, which are gained from NSMF, can consolidate our understanding of financial data properties and they provide meaningful knowledge in the construction of a well risk-balanced and diversified portfolio.
Finding Symbolic Bug Patterns in Sensor Networks

This paper presents a failure diagnosis algorithm for summarizing and generalizing patterns that lead to instances of anomalous behavior in sensor networks. Often multiple seemingly different event patterns lead to the same type of failure manifestation. A hidden relationship exists, in those patterns, among event attributes that is somehow responsible for the failure. For example, in some system, a message might always get corrupted if the sender is more than two hops away from the receiver (which is a distance relationship) irrespective of the senderId and receiverId. To uncover such failure-causing relationships, we present a new symbolic pattern extraction technique that identifies and symbolically expresses relationships correlated with anomalous behavior. Symbolic pattern extraction is a new concept in sensor network debugging that is unique in its ability to generalize over patterns that involve different combinations of nodes or message exchanges by extracting their common relationship. As a proof of concept, we provide synthetic traffic scenarios where we show that applying symbolic pattern extraction can uncover more complex bug patterns that are crucial to the understanding of real causes of problems. We also use symbolic pattern extraction to diagnose a real bug and show that it generates much fewer and more accurate patterns compared to previous approaches.
Polyribosomes of Escherichia coli RE-FORMATION DURING RECOVERY FROM GLUCOSE STARVATION

Abstract Polysomes formed upon refeeding glucose-starved cells consist of pre-existing 70 S ribosomes and newly synthesized messenger ribonucleic acid. The re-formation process, which appears to consist of a sequential attachment of ribosomes to newly synthesized messenger RNA, is completed in 2½ to 3½ min at 37° and is accompanied by an increase in the rate of protein synthesis. Polysome formation, but not messenger RNA-ribosome binding, is inhibited by chloramphenicol.
Spontaneous rupture of a gastrointestinal stromal tumour associated with life-threatening nontraumatic hemoperitoneum.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are the commonest mesenchymal tumours of the digestive tract, with an incidence estimated between 10 and 20/106 people annually.1 GISTs are characterized by overexpression in the tyrosine kinase receptor through mutations of c-kit or PDGFRA genes.1 The stomach is the most frequent site of GIST occurrence.1,2 Because of their high vascularity, GISTs are frequently associated with gastrointestinal bleeding1 and have been associated with severe gastrointestinal hemorrhage requiring either embolization or emergency surgery.3,4 Life-threatening hemoperitoneum due to GIST rupture has not been described except after percutaneous diagnostic biopsy and in patients receiving imatinib mesylate treatment.1 We describe a case in which life-threatening GIST rupture was associated with nontraumatic hemoperitoneum.
Construction of heteroplasmic mice containing two mitochondrial DNA genotypes by micromanipulation of single-cell embryos.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the construction of heteroplasmic mice containing two mitochondrial DNA genotypes by micromanipulation of single-cell embryos. Mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy can be artificially created in mice by using a combination of methods developed for altering the nuclear genotype of mouse embryos. Although difficult, the procedures are feasible for any laboratory experienced in transgenic mouse production. Artificial heteroplasmic mice differ from naturally occurring heteroplasmic animals in having multiple sequence differences in their mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes, making it easy to distinguish the rate of segregation from mutation. Studies with these animals suggest that several unexpected events can occur during mtDNA segregation and selection in mammals. Heteroplasmy appears important in the creation of normal variation within the mtDNA of a mammalian species and for the phenotypic variation seen in individuals with mixtures of normal and defective mtDNA genotypes. To examine the segregation rate of mtDNA genomes in mammals, there is a development of techniques to produce mice containing two genetically distinct, functional mitochondria within individual cells of the animals. The methods may also be useful for creating mice containing in vitro modified mtDNA.
Endogenous antigen processing drives the primary CD4 + T cell response to influenza

By convention, CD4+ T lymphocytes recognize foreign and self peptides derived from internalized antigens in combination with major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. Alternative pathways of epitope production have been identified, but their contributions to host defense have not been established. We show here in a mouse infection model that the CD4+ T cell response to influenza, critical for durable protection from the virus, is driven principally by unconventional processing of antigen synthesized within the infected antigen-presenting cell, not by classical processing of endocytosed virions or material from infected cells. Investigation of the cellular components involved, including the H2-M molecular chaperone, the proteasome and γ-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase revealed considerable heterogeneity in the generation of individual epitopes, an arrangement that ensures peptide diversity and broad CD4+ T cell engagement. These results could fundamentally revise strategies for rational vaccine design and may lead to key insights into the induction of autoimmune and anti-tumor responses.
Expression and function of the C5a receptor in rat alveolar epithelial cells.

Although alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) form an important barrier for host defenses in the lung, there is limited information about ways in which AEC can directly participate in the lung inflammatory response. In the current studies, primary cultures of rat AEC (RAEC) have been shown to specifically bind recombinant rat C5a at high affinity and in a saturable manner. This binding was enhanced in a time-dependent manner by pre-exposure of RAEC to LPS, IL-6, or TNF-α, the increased binding of C5a being associated with increased levels of mRNA for the C5a receptor (C5aR). Exposure of RAEC to C5a also caused increased expression of mRNA for C5aR. As compared with exposure of RAEC to LPS or to C5a alone, exposure to the combination caused enhanced production of TNF-α, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1, as well as increased intracellular levels of IL-1β. These data indicate that RAEC, when activated, have enhanced binding of C5a in association with increased mRNA for C5aR. The functional outcome is enhanced release of proinflammatory mediators. These data underscore the phlogistic potential of RAEC and the ability of C5a to enhance the phlogistic responses of RAEC.
Critical Assessment of the Electrical Breakdown Process in Dielectric Fluids

The phenomenon of electrical breakdown in insulating liquids has been investigated extensively for decades by many researchers all over the world. Several theories have been advanced, based on more or less limited experimental evidence. Also attempts were made to apply to liquids concepts derived for the breakdown of solids and gases. In the last decade the advent of very high speed electrooptical tools has made it possible to elucidate this process in much more detail than was previously possible. It has become possible to show that at least three stages are involved in the development of the ultimate breakdown. In this paper a brief review of the early work will be presented. Then the more recent experimental results are summarized, and finally a comprehensive model of the breakdown process is proposed.
Risk-based airport selection for runway safety assessments through the development and application of systems-driven prioritization methodologies

A runway incursion is the erroneous presence of an aircraft or other object on the runway. Runway incursions are rare precursors to aviation accidents and result from a variety of complex factors. Current quantitative methods are inadequate for analysis, forecasting, and understanding the risk profiles of airports. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) biennially employs runway safety action teams (RSATs) to evaluate airports with the aim of reducing runway incursions. This manuscript describes the development of a decision-making tool that combines systems methodologies to help the FAA select airports at which employing RSATs would be the most beneficial for the reduction of collision risk. These methodologies include hierarchical Bayesian modeling (HBM) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP).
Peroxide optrode based on micellar-mediated chemiluminescence reaction of luminol

Abstract Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was used to overcome the pH mismatch of the luminol (5-amino-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione ) chemiluminescence reaction when coupled to the glucose/glucose oxidase reaction at neutral pH. The results demonstrate the feasibility of conducting both reactions simultaneously and efficiently at pH 7.5–8.5. The incorporation of the CTAB micellar system in the coupled luminol/enzymatic reaction allows quantification of glucose in the 3 × 10−7−3 × 10−4 M range. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for 5 replicates of 5 × 10−5 M glucose was 3.8%. Also, hydrogen peroxide was quantified in the 1.2 × 10−4−2.4 × 10−8 M range with RSD 2.6%. The micellar-mediated luminol reaction was applied successfully to the determination of glucose in blood serum. Excellent agreement with reported results by standard assays was obtained.
Exact Cumulative Probabilities for the Multinomial Distribution

This article describes a FORTRAN program that computes exact cumulative probabilities for the multinomial distribution. Two recursive routines eliminate the need for factorial expressions and provide for efficient calculation.
Comparative leukotoxicities of Pasteurella haemolytica isolates from domestic sheep and free-ranging bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis).

Twenty-eight isolates of Pasteurella haemolytica from domestic sheep (n = 14 isolates) and bighorn sheep (n = 14 isolates) were evaluated for leucotoxicity against peripheral blood neutrophils of bighorn sheep by adding bacterial culture supernatants to bighorn sheep neutrophils in vitro. Leukotoxic isolates of P. haemolytica, defined as causing >50% neutrophil death as measured by release of lactate dehydrogenase into culture supernatants, were identified from eight of 14 domestic sheep isolates and from 0 of 14 bighorn sheep isolates. The in vitro assay of isolates of P. haemolytica may provide a valid predictive measure of strain virulence of P. haemolytica, and of potential pneumonic episodes in bighorn sheep populations.
Testing Hypotheses about Regression Parameters, When the Error Term Is Heteroscedastic

The paper considers methods for testing H 0 : β 1 =... = β p = 0, where β 1 .....β p are the slope parameters in a linear regression model with an emphasis on p = 2. It is known that even when the usual error term is normal, but heteroscedastic, control over the probability of a type 1 error can be poor when using the conventional F test in conjunction with the least squares estimator. When the error term is nonnormal, the situation gets worse. Another practical problem is that power can be poor under even slight departures from normality. LIU and SINGH (1997) describe a general bootstrap method for making inferences about parameters in a multivariate setting that is based on the general notion of depth. This paper studies the small-sample properties of their method when applied to the problem at hand. It is found that there is a practical advantage to using Tukey's depth versus the Mahalanobis depth when using a particular robust estimator. When using the ordinary least squares estimator, the method improves upon the conventional F test, but practical problems remain when the sample size is less than 60. In simulations, using Tukey's depth with the robust estimator gave the best results, in terms of type I errors, among the five methods studied.
Pulse radiolysis with circular dichroism detection

Abstract The coupling of time-resolved circular dichroism (TRCD) to pulse radiolysis is described. The spectrometer has a time resolution of ∼ 100 ns and spectral range of 320–700 nm. The technique was utilized to monitor the reduction of ferricytochrome c in neutral aqueous solution by the carbon dioxide anion.
Treatment of opioid-induced constipation with oral naloxone: a pilot study.

Opioids cause constipation by binding to specific opioid receptors in the enteric and central nervous systems. First-pass glucuronidation limits systemic bioavailability of oral naloxone. This study was designed to determine if oral naloxone could reverse opioid-induced constipation without precipitating abstinence or recrudescence of pain in opioid-dependent individuals. Concentrations of unmetabolized and total naloxone, including naloxone glucuronide, were measured by radioimmunoassay. A dose-related increase in symptoms of laxation resulted in all three opioid-dependent patients studied that paralleled the increase in active and total naloxone plasma levels. Withdrawal symptoms occurred with plasma naloxone area under the plasma concentration-time curves above 550 ng.min/ml and with dosing intervals less than 3 hours. Peak plasma levels did not predict withdrawal. Oral naloxone ameliorates opioid-induced constipation in opioid-dependent persons. Titration of dose to a maximum of 12 mg at least 6 hours apart may be needed to avoid adverse reactions.
Rescue of the Catalytic Activity of an H42A Mutant of Horseradish Peroxidase by Exogenous Imidazoles

His-42 plays a critical role in the H2O2-dependent catalytic turnover of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). This is clearly illustrated by the finding that an H42A mutation decreases the rate of Compound I formation by a factor of approximately10(6). As shown here, the addition of 2-substituted imidazoles partially rescues both the rate of formation of Compound I and the peroxidase activity of the H42A mutant. 2-Substituted imidazoles are the most effective because they do not coordinate to the iron. In contrast to native HRP, which exhibits a parabolic pH profile, and the H42A mutant, for which the activity increases linearly with increasing pH, the activity of the H42A mutant in the presence of 1,2-dimethylimidazole (pKa = 8.0) exhibits a sigmoidal pH dependence with a midpoint at pH 8.0 +/- 0.2. Similar results are obtained with 2-methylimidazole. These results establish that the free base forms of these imidazoles facilitate HRP turnover. The spectroscopic binding constants for 1, 2-dimethylimidazole and 2-methylimidazole are Kd = 2.9 +/- 1.3 and 2. 5 +/- 0.2 M, respectively. When cyanide is bound to the heme, the Kd for 1,2-dimethylimidazole is 0.17 M. This >10-fold decrease in Kd may reflect hydrogen bonding of the protonated imidazole to the iron-coordinated cyanide. The log of the rate of Compound I formation exhibits a linear dependence on the molecular volume of the imidazoles used to rescue the activity. If the rates are corrected for differences in the size of the imidazoles, the log of the rates is linearly related to the pKa of the imidazoles. This Bronsted analysis predicts that approximately 60% of a positive charge develops on the imidazole in the transition state of Compound I formation. The results confirm the acid-base role of the distal histidine, demonstrate that exogenous histidines can function as surrogates for the missing histidine in the H42A mutant, and provide a transition state model of relevance to the formation of Compound I in the native protein.
Geological similarity byQ analysis

Mineral resource assessment using areal, or unit regional, value approach estimates the variety of commodities likely to occur in a region by comparing its geology with that of regions already well developed and known to produce a variety of commodities. It is, therefore, essential to be able to discern regions which are similar in geology. The data used for this purpose are derived by point-counting geological maps of the regions to be evaluated; one aspect of this data is the presence-absence (i.e., 0–1 data)of 65 standardized rocktypes. It is then necessary to compare geological data from both the developed and undeveloped regions to determine which of the regions are geologically similar. The initial data consists of a matrix (A)of Cregions by Rrock types and all relations (λ)among Cand Rmay be expressed as λ ⊂ C × R.We may then use Atkin's Qanalysis to determine the structure of these relations. Postmultiplying Aby its transpose and subtracting a suitably dimensioned unit matrix yields an output matrix KC (R; λ)which expresses the relations among regions in terms of their rock types. This output matrix comprises qconnectivities among regions; its diagonal elements (denoted\(\hat q\))are the number of rock types, minus one, in each region. The offdiagonal elements (\(\check{q} \))are the number of rock types (minus one)which are common to each pair. Similarities of regions in terms of their rock types are then found by using tables of equivalences in which the values of\(\hat q\)are the dimensions of simplicies representing each region; the rock types are the apicies of the simplicies and similarities are the shared edges and faces of the simplicies. The largest number of shared apicies equals\(\check{q} \).Examples of the application of Qanalysis to a comparison of the geology of the 10 counties in New Hampshire and the 50 states of the U.S.A. and Puerto Rico illustrate the procedure. Qanalysis supplies an algebraic language and an equivalent geometry to express the relations among regions in terms of their rock types.
Ready, Fire, Aim: Explaining an Entrepreneurial Strategy for New Products

Considers cases of new product launches where market analysis suggests that the product will fail but when pushed through by an entrepreneur proves to be a commercial success. Describes the process of product introduction to fill unrecognized needs as Ready‐Fire‐Aim, since the market can only be appreciated after the launch. Concludes that product champions must be in a corporate culture that allows risk, and should be prepared to risk their job on a risky venture.
Catalytic reduction of nitric oxide with carbon monoxide by rare earth oxides

Abstract An experimental study of the relative catalytic activities of rare earth oxides for reducing nitric oxide in the presence of carbon monoxide is reported. The tests were conducted at atmospheric pressure with nitric oxide and carbon monoxide concentrations in the range of about 0.002–0.04 atm at temperatures from 200 to 475°C to permit comparisons to automobile exhaust conditions. Cerium dioxide was found to be the most active catalyst among the rare earth oxides examined with activity being similar to that of platinum and palladium catalysts tested under similar conditions. The second most active of the rare earth oxides was praseodymium oxide, while the most active of the noble metal catalysts tested was ruthenium. A dual-site-model empirical equation is presented for correlation of the experimental data for the cerium oxide catalyst.
On the decoupling of finite singularities from the question of asymptotic completeness in two body quantum systems

Abstract Let V be a multiplication operator, whose negative part, V−(V− ⩽ 0) obeys − Δ + (1 + ϵ)V− ⩾ −c for some ϵ, c > 0. Let W = Vχ where χ is the characteristic function of the exterior of a ball. Our main result asserts that the scattering for − Δ + V is complete if and only if that for − Δ + W is complete. Our technical estimates exploit Wiener integrals and the Feynman-Kac formula. We also make an application to acoustical scattering.
The amorphous contribution to the modulus of a semi-crystalline polymer

The amorphous contribution to the Young's modulus of a semi-crystalline polymer is calculated for two morphologies: the spherulite and the stacked lamellae structure. Four types of amorphous chains are considered: bridges (or tie molecules); cilia; loops; and floating, unattached chains. The statistics of a polymer chain between two, infinite, impenetrable, parallel walls are used in the modulus calculation. It is found that for each type of amorphous chain, the Young's modulus is greater in the stacked lamellae structure than in the spherulite. The Young's modulus of a cilium, loop and floating chain all increase with increasing chain contour length while the Young's modulus of a bridge passes through a minimum value. The behavior of the Young's modulus as a function of temperature is analogous. These results are discussed in terms of the relative importance of crystalline lamellar impenetrability and the inherent elastic nature of the amorphous chains, in the Young's modulus behavior.
Growth factor‐responsive progenitors in the postnatal mammalian retina

It is thought that the adult mammalian retina lacks the regenerative capacity of fish and amphibians retina because it does not harbor a progenitor population. However, recent observations suggest that another derivative of the optic neuroepithelium, the ciliary body, contains a mitotically quiescent population of neural progenitors that proliferate in the presence of growth factors and demonstrate properties of neural stem cells. Examination of the hypothesis that similar mitotically quiescent and growth factor-responsive progenitors may exist in the postnatal retina revealed a population of cells located in the periphery of the retina that displayed proliferative responsiveness to growth factors and possessed potential to support neurogenesis. Given their marginal position and neural properties and potential, these cells may represent a residual population of retinal progenitors, analogous to those found in the ciliary marginal zone of fish and amphibians. Their progressive decrease in proliferative potential and number in postnatal stages suggests a temporal decline in regulatory signaling that supports their maintenance during retinal neurogenesis.
SU-GG-J-98: Functional Lung Preservation Using Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography and Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy for Lung Cancer

Purpose: The goal of this work is to reduce irradiation to functional lung using the four‐dimensional computed tomography (4D CT) derived images. The proposed technique is incorporated into intensity‐modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) to minimize radiation damage to healthy lung and pulmonary toxicity. Method and Materials: Fifteen patients with non‐small‐ cell lungcancer(NSCLC) were selected for this study. A BSpline deformable registration was employed to map each tissue element across the 4D CT data set to establish the correspondence of each voxel. Based on the changes in voxel intensities of each patient, functional image set was generated using pairs between expiration phase and other phases using the equalized histogram technique which equalizes the lung volume under each pixel intensity bin. All functional images were imported into the treatment planning system. The highly functional lung volumes formed by the percentile functional volumes were chosen to be the regions of interest (ROIs) for avoidance in IMRTtreatment planning. Two IMRT plans with (fIMRT) and without (aIMRT) the functional image constraint were created and dose distributions including dose volume histograms (DVHs) and dose function histograms (DFHs) and other dosimetric parameters for the planning target volume (PTV) and critical structures in both plans were computed and compared. Results: Compared to aIMRT, the mean dose in fIMRT at 90 and 50 percentile levels were reduced by 2.5 Gy and 4.3 Gy, respectively. The mean reductions in the percentage of irradiated volume of 5 Gy (V5) and 20 Gy (V20) were significantly reduced from that of fIMRT. Conclusion: The dynamic functional images derived from 4D CT was used to guide IMRT planning and it was shown to be effective in preserving normal lung function for NSCLCcancer patients.
Computer-aided diagnosis of small pulmonary nodules

Computer-aided methods are now being developed for the detection and characterization of pulmonary nodules found in CT images, based on techniques from computer vision, image processing, and pattern classification. With the increasing resolution of modern CT scanners, computer methods provide continually improving accuracy, reproducibility, and utility in analyzing the larger numbers of images acquired in a lung screening exam or diagnostic study. This article describes the fundamental tools and issues involved in computer-aided nodule detection and characterization, as we move from two-dimensional toward three-dimensional automated methods. In particular, we focus on the new domain of "small" pulmonary nodules.
Recovering Soil Distributions from Seismic Data using Laboratory Velocity Measurements

Imaging the shallow subsurface is a problem central to many environmental and engineering applications. Recent advances in laboratory measurement techniques have provided high quality compressional velocity (Vp) and shear velocity (Vs) data for soils at low pressures that can be used to improve interpretation of field data. This paper presents a new approach for constraining interpretation of seismic velocity data in terms of subsurface soil distribution, intended for application to environmental and engineering problems. An inversion code has been developed to obtain the soil distribution in the shallow sub-surface from Vp and Vs data. The code minimizes the misfit between the observed (simulated field) Vp, Vs pairs of data in the region of interest and velocities for known soil composition as determined by second-order curve fits to laboratory velocity-pressure data for soils. The paper shows how laboratory data can be used to infer lithology from simulated field data for two near-surface examples. The ...
Health Across Borders: Addressing Mixtec Health in a Binational Context

Two years of fieldwork with Mixtec families in California has underscored the importance of a binational perspective in addressing the health care needs of California's immigrant and migrant farmworkers. My fieldwork with these transnational farm workers and their migrant/immigrant communities focuses on the clinical health care systems utilized by Mixtec migrants in Ixpantepec Nieves, Oaxaca, and North County San Diego, California. Utilization patterns and access to health care is better understood by observing the ways in which migrants interface with systems in both California and Mexico. Ethnographic and survey methodologies have proved to be beneficial in understanding the entire gamut of conditions affecting access and utilization of health care services for Mixtec Families. In this article I examine the benefits of doing binational research with Mixtec families and the implications of this type of method for policy questions addressing the clinical health care needs of immigrant and migrant communi...
The sea lamprey has a primordial accessory olfactory system

A dual olfactory system, represented by two anatomically distinct but spatially proximate chemosensory epithelia that project to separate areas of the forebrain, is known in several classes of tetrapods. Lungfish are the earliest evolving vertebrates known to have this dual system, comprising a main olfactory and a vomeronasal system (VNO). Lampreys, a group of jawless vertebrates, have a single nasal capsule containing two anatomically distinct epithelia, the main (MOE) and the accessory olfactory epithelia (AOE). We speculated that lamprey AOE projects to specific telencephalic regions as a precursor to the tetrapod vomeronasal system. To test this hypothesis, we characterized the neural circuits and molecular profiles of the accessory olfactory epithelium in the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Neural tract-tracing revealed direct and reciprocal connections with the dorsomedial telencephalic neuropil (DTN) which in turn projects directly to the dorsal pallium and the rostral hypothalamus. High-throughput sequencing demonstrated that the main and the accessory olfactory epithelia have virtually identical profiles of expressed genes. Real time quantitative PCR confirmed expression of representatives of all 3 chemoreceptor gene families identified in the sea lamprey genome. Anatomical and molecular evidence shows that the sea lamprey has a primordial accessory olfactory system that may serve a chemosensory function.
Memory phenotype CD8+ T cells with innate function selectively develop in the absence of active Itk.

T cells with a memory-like phenotype and possessing innate immune function have been previously identified as CD8+CD44hi cells. These cells rapidly secrete IFN-γ upon stimulation with IL-12/IL-18 and are involved in innate responses to infection with Listeria monocytogenes. The signals regulating these cells are unclear. The Tec kinase Itk regulates T cell activation and we report here that a majority of the CD8+ T cells in Itk null mice have a phenotype of CD44hi similar to memory-like innate T cells. These cells are observed in mice carrying an Itk mutant lacking the kinase domain, indicating that active Tec kinase signaling suppresses their presence. These cells carry preformed message for and are able to rapidly produce IFN-γ upon stimulation in vitro with IL-12/IL-18, and endow Itk null mice the ability to effectively respond to infection with L. monocytogenes or exposure to lipopolysaccharides by secretion of IFN-γ. Transfer of these cells rescues the ability of IFN-γ null mice to reduce bacterial burden following L. monocytogenes infection, indicating that these cells are functional CD8+CD44hi T cells previously detected in vivo. These results indicate that active signals from Tec kinases regulate the development of memory-like CD8+ T cells with innate function.
NEW DATA ON THE VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION OF H(2S) ATOMS PRODUCED BY DISSOCIATIVE EXCITATION OF H .

New structure has been observed in the time-of-flight distribution of $\mathrm{H}(2S)$ atoms produced by electron bombardment of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$. The observed time-of-flight peaks are so located as to agree with the interpretation that the dissociative excitation proceeds predominantly through predissociation of intermediate bound states.
Cerebral dwarfism: Association of braindy sfunction with growth retardation

The clinical, neurologic, and endocrine investigations of 10 children with cerebral dysfunction and growth retardation are presented. The neurologic abnormalities include mental retardation in all children with evidence of cerebral damage in one or more of the following: neurologic examination, dysrhythmia on electroencephalography, or cerebral atrophy on pneumoencephalography. Severe microcephaly was found in six of the 10 children; growth retardation was associated with delayed skeletal maturation in all. The rise in serum immunoreactive human growth hormone (IRHGH) after arginine and insulin stimulation tests was found to be blunted in three patients; in five only the response to arginine was blunted. There was no significant increase in serum IRHGH concentration during deep sleep in five patients. Two children had a low circadian variation of plasma cortisol levels and a low rise in urinary 17-ketogenic steroids (17-KGS) during a metyrapone test. It was concluded that there was an abnormality in hypothalamic function, associated with prenatal or perinatal cerebral anoxia, resulting in a deficiency of some of the hypothalamic-releasing factors.
Oltre la tradizione del romanzo storico ad argomento risorgimentale: La riscrittura di donna e nazione ne Il sorriso dell’ignoto marinaio di Vincenzo Consolo:

Fin dalla sua pubblicazione presso la casa editrice Einaudi nel 1976, Il sorriso dell’ignoto marinaio di Vincenzo Consolo e stato oggetto di una pressoche costante attenzione da parte della comunit...
Food, sex and the hunger for distinction

Abstract Consumer preferences are often influenced by the distinctiveness of the options involved, but do needs for distinctiveness display motivational reward properties? Four studies suggest that they do. Activating needs for distinctiveness impacts the desirability of other, seemingly unrelated rewards, and reciprocally, preferences for distinctiveness are impacted by the presence of seemingly unrelated reward stimuli. Further, these cross-domain spillover effects were moderated by sensitivity to the general reward system and satiated by even seemingly unrelated intervening rewards. These findings shed light on the nature of distinctiveness and its implications for consumer behavior.
New Trichoptera Records from Arkansas and Missouri

Analysis of about 69,000 Trichoptera from Arkansas and Missouri resulted in identification of six species previously unknown from Arkansas (i.e., Agraylea costello, Neotrichia collata, Orthotrichia curta, Oxyethira glasa, O. pescadori, Neureclipsis piersoni) and three species previously unknown from Missouri (i.e., Cheumatopsyche mollala, Hydroptila broweri, H. poirrieri). Of those species, Agraylea costello, Hydroptila poirrieri, Orthotrichia curta, Oxyethira pescadori, and Neureclipsis piersoni represent new records for the Interior Highlands. Males possibly representing Ceraclea enodis, not previously recorded from the Interior Highlands, were found in both states. An undescribed species of Neophylax (family Uenoidae) from Saline Co., AR, is discussed. Informative distributional information is provided for an additional 61 species known from the Interior Highlands.