cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biologic variables and prognosis in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast

SUMMARY Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast is a heterogeneous group of lesions with diverse malignant potential. It is the most rapidly growing subgroup within the breast cancer family with more than 42 000 new cases diagnosed in the USA during 2000. Most new cases are nonpalpable and discovered mammographically. Treatment is controversial and ranges from excision only, to excision with radiation therapy, to mastectomy. Prospective randomized trials reveal an approximate 50% reduction in local recurrence rate overall, but the published prospective data do not allow the selection of subgroups in whom the benefit from radiation therapy is so small that its risks outweigh its benefits. Nonrandomized single-facility series suggest that nuclear grade, comedonecrosis, tumour size and margin width are all important factors in predicting local recurrence and that one or more of these factors could be used to select subgroups of patients who do not benefit sufficiently from radiation therapy to merit its use. When conservative treatment fails, approximately 50% of all local recurrences are invasive breast cancer. In spite of this, the mortality rate following invasive local recurrence is relatively low, about 12% with 8 years of actuarial follow-up. When all patients with ductal carcinoma in situ are considered, the overall mortality from breast cancer is extremely low, only about 1–2%. Genetic changes routinely precede morphologic evidence of malignant transformation. Medicine must learn how to recognize these genetic changes, exploit them, and in the future, prevent them.
RaceBaitR Talks #HistoryByHillary, Queerness

Steven W. Thrasher and genderqueer activist Hari Ziyad on calling out hypocrisy and fighting racism without engaging racists.
Book Review: Video Revolutions: On the History of a Medium, by Michael Z. NewmanVideo Revolutions: On the History of a Medium. NewmanMichael Z.New York: Columbia University Press, 2014. 160 pp. $9 pbk. $8.99 ebk.

Video Revolutions: On the History of a Medium. Michael Z. Newman. New York: Columbia University Press, 2014. 160 pp. $9 pbk. $8.99 ebk.Michael Z. Newman's Video Revolutions is physically a delightful book, pocket-sized with front dimensions similar to the proportions of a Sony Betamax videocassette. A television scholar at the University of Wisconsin, Newman explores how our thinking about video as a category has evolved over the last three quarters of a century. Devoting a chapter to each of three historical phases of this evolution, the author argues that the way that we think about video has not been determined by its actual capabilities as a technological medium, but by its status as a cultural force. Thus, video is "more than a progression of material formats: cameras, transmitters and receivers, tapes and discs, decks that record and play them, digital files, apps and interfaces." Instead, over its history, video has been used to indicate many things: television itself, a revolutionary alternative to television, the democratization of media production, a threat to the artistry of the cinema, and so on.The first two phases Newman identifies are easy to contrast: in the 1940s and 1950s, the terms video and television were used interchangeably to describe broadcast television. Then, in a 180° reversal, from the 1960s through the 1990s, the term video came to indicate an alternative to broadcast television. Thus, in the earlier of these phases, descriptions of broadcast television talked of "video cameras, video stations, video sets, video studios, video personalities, video programs, video technique, and video audiences." At the time, video was contrasted with radio, with the term indicating that it offered a clear improvement over this earlier media form as it offered a visual component. Even the fact that video was not as visually impressive as film was not a drawback, as this was thought to be more than compensated for by the intimacy and spontaneity of live television broadcasting-which compared favorably with the conveyor-belt production of scripted works coming from Hollywood. Newman argues that the positive image of video at this time was an expression of "hope for a new technology growing alongside hopes for postwar society." In contrast, by the 1960s, the utopian hopes people had had for television a decade earlier had dissolved, while the growing availability of video recorders and cameras suggested that new interactive media experiences were possible, ones that could free the public from the monotony of broadcast television's fixed schedules. …
Crossing and Transforming Occupational and Household Gendered Divisions of Labor Reviewing Literatures and Deconstructing Divisions

In this chapter, I review and critique social research which explores micro-practices of gender transgressions and macro-level transformations of occupational and household divisions of labor. Today, “crossing over,” even blurring of hegemonic gendered occupational and relational boundaries occurs more frequently. Yet, it remains a problematic and complex social phenomenon even in the 21st century, particularly with respect to highly sex-typed forms of paid and unpaid work. This review of literatures examines occupational gender crossing and sex segregation studies as well as parallel research on gender violations and/or sex segregation in the division of household labor and marital breadwinning. Literature findings are organized around three discursive fields: sexuality, skill and competence, and inequality. Finally, a critique is offered of the centrality of micro-practices in reproducing sex-segregation, heteronormative and patriarchical bias embedded in these bodies of research as well as related less...
Cerebrovascular disease associated with maintenance hemodialysis

血液透析に伴う脳梗塞の臨床像を脳出血と比較し検討した. 対象は脳梗塞9例 (平均発症年齢66.3歳, 平均透析期間77.2か月) で, 比較対照群として脳出血21例 (同63.1歳, 56.0か月) を用いた. 脳梗塞群の臨床像を脳出血群と比較すると, (1) 脳梗塞の急性期の死亡率は低い (22.2%), (2) 脳梗塞では心疾患歴が高い, といった特徴が挙げられる. 脳梗塞の臨床病型の特徴として, (1) 頭蓋内主幹動脈に血栓性あるいは塞栓性の閉塞が起こりやすく, 中等大から広範囲に及ぶ梗塞巣が出現しやすい. 一方, ラクナ梗塞は少ない. (2) 多様な発現機序に基づいた脳梗塞がみられる. (3) 血行力学的な灌流障害に基づく脳梗塞の頻度が高い. とくに, 血液透析患者では血行力学的な機序に基づく脳梗塞が発現しやすい.
Adequacy Evaluation of Bulk Power Systems via Combination of Monte Carlo Simulation and Artificial Immune Recognition System

Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is very useful in adequacy evaluation of complex power systems. However, it may be time-consuming when power flow analysis is needed to determine the status of each system state. In this study, we combine Monte Carlo simulation and artificial immune recognition system (AIRS), an effective classifier for imbalanced data set, in order to expedite the state evaluation process. An IEEE Reliability Test System is used for the simulation study. Numerical studies are conducted to show the effectiveness of the proposed method in approximating the loss of load probability (LOLP) with and without incorporating transmission line outages.
Lateral variation of attenuation of P and S waves beneath the United States

Abstract New observations of the differential attenuation of long period S waves, measured using a spectral ratio technique, and a re-examination of reported attenuation measurements for P waves indicate significant lateral variations in attenuation beneath the United States. High attentuation is observed at stations between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada-Cascade ranges and in the northeast United States. Low attenuation is seen at stations in the central and eastern parts of the country and along the Pacific coast. Relative magnitudes of S - and P -differential attenuation are consistent with P -wave absorption being due entirely to losses in shear. A large azimuthal dependence for near-source attenuation is suggested for an earthquake on a mid-ocean ridge.
Teaching students to become effective educators through an academic elective course

Abstract Introduction 2013 CAPE outcomes and 2016 ACPE accreditation standards state student graduates should be “able to educate all audiences by determining the most effective and enduring ways to impart information and assess learning”. Rationale and objective The purpose of this article is to describe the implementation of a professional elective that achieves this outcome and improves students’ abilities to teach, communicate, and conduct peer and self-assessment. The Learn to Teach course is a 2-credit hour elective offered to second professional year pharmacy students over an 11-week quarter. Methods Quantitative and qualitative data was collected from 2010 to 2015 and included students’ overall course grades, grades on the formal presentation, and student course evaluations. Peer and self-assessment scores were compared to faculty scores to see if there was any correlation. Results 116 students have participated in the elective course from 2010 to 2015, 64% of which completed a course evaluation. The mean grade achieved in the course was 93.5%. The mean faculty formal presentation grade for the course was 90.9% and the mean peer assessment grade was 96.2%. The peer and faculty presentation grades showed a 23.8% correlation. Overall, students strongly agreed/agreed that the course objectives were clear (average score of 3.79/4) and course assessments correlated with the course objectives (average score of 3.81/4). Conclusion The academic elective has been well received and successfully completed by professional students over the last several years. The skills taught in this academic elective course are applicable to a variety of future pharmacy careers.
Communicating Context to the Crowd for Complex Writing Tasks

Crowd work is typically limited to simple, context-free tasks because they are easy to describe and understand. In contrast, complex tasks require communication between the requester and workers to achieve mutual understanding, which can be more work than it is worth. This paper explores the notion of structured communication: using structured microtasks to support communication in the domain of complex writing. Our studies compare a variety of communication mechanisms with respect to the costs to the requester in providing information and the value of that information to workers while performing the task. We find that different mechanisms are effective at different stages of writing. For early drafts, asking the requester to state the biggest problem in the current write-up is valuable and low cost, while later it is more useful for the worker if the requester highlights the text that needs to be improved. These findings can be used to enable richer, more interactive crowd work than what currently seems possible. We incorporate the findings in a workflow for crowdsourcing written content using appropriately timed mechanisms for communicating with the crowd.
The Aesthetics of Embodied Life

At least since the Enlightenment, aesthetics has suffered from what Gadamer calls a “subjectivism” that relegates aesthetics to a theory of judgments based on feeling, where feelings are regarded as non-cognitive, non-rational, and private. I argue, to the contrary, that aesthetics lies at the heart of our capacity for meaningful experience. Aesthetics concerns the patterns, images, feelings, qualities, and emotions by which meaning is possible for us in every aspect of our lives. Empirical research from cognitive science reinforces this picture of the pervasiveness of aesthetic conditions that emerge from the nature of our bodies, our brains, and the structured environments we inhabit. Following Dewey, I then suggest that the arts constitute exemplary achievements of human meaning-making, which is a process that draws on all of the aesthetic dimensions that make up our mundane experience. Consequently, in any adequate account of mind, thought, language, or values, aesthetics moves from the periphery to center stage as the key to our capacity for meaning, imagination, and creativity.
Children’s Engagement with the Natural World as a Ground for Healing

This chapter examines children’s affinity for the natural world, benefits for children from contact with nature, and how programs for ecological restoration and caring for plants and animals can promote young people’s resilience and recovery after conflict and disasters. Masten (2001, p. 228) defines resilience in childhood as ‘good outcomes in spite of threats to adaptation or development’. It is not a special attribute that makes some children invulnerable to adversity, but what Masten calls the ‘ordinary magic’ that happens when children manage to find essential resources for healthy development even in difficult circumstances. The literature on resilience has emphasized the importance of caring social relationships and supportive institutions like effective schools, not recognizing that children can draw strength and healing from the natural world as well. Most of the literature on helping children affected by war and natural disasters also neglects this potential. This chapter demonstrates the value of children’s relationships with nature and the importance of integrating healing green spaces into programs to help children recover after disasters and conflict.
Using CHFR expression to predict response and survival after first line treatment with carboplatin-paclitaxel in NSCLC.

10625 Background: The identification of resistance mechanisms for conventional chemotherapy in lung cancer is of fundamental importance not only for personalization of chemotherapy but also for the...
Sequestration from Protease Adaptor Confers Differential Stability to Protease Substrate

According to the N-end rule, the N-terminal residue of a protein determines its stability. In bacteria, the adaptor ClpS mediates proteolysis by delivering substrates bearing specific N-terminal residues to the protease ClpAP. We now report that the Salmonella adaptor ClpS binds to the N terminus of the regulatory protein PhoP, resulting in PhoP degradation by ClpAP. We establish that the PhoP-activated protein MgtC protects PhoP from degradation by outcompeting ClpS for binding to PhoP. MgtC appears to act exclusively on PhoP, as it did not alter the stability of a different ClpS-dependent ClpAP substrate. Removal of five N-terminal residues rendered PhoP stability independent of both the clpS and mgtC genes. By preserving PhoP protein levels, MgtC enables normal temporal transcription of PhoP-activated genes. The identified mechanism provides a simple means to spare specific substrates from an adaptor-dependent protease.
Inflammatory features of frontal fibrosing alopecia.

INTRODUCTION Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is a cicatricial alopecia typically occurring in postmenopausal women. The etiology and pathophysiology of FFA is poorly understood but thought to be immune mediated. This study aims to further explore the extent of fibrosis and the inflammatory microenvironment by characterizing Langerhans cells (LCs), helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and B cells near hair follicles in FFA. METHODS Eleven paraffin-embedded tissues from patients with a clinical and histopathologic diagnosis of FFA were selected for immunohistochemical studies using CD3, CD4, CD8, CD1a and CD20. The lymphocytes and LCs were counted around involved follicles. The CD4/CD8 T-lymphocyte ratios were calculated and compared to the CD4/CD8 T-lymphocyte ratios in uninvolved areas. RESULTS On histopathologic review, at least 35% of follicles in each case were affected by the disease with concentric perifollicular fibrosis and a perifollicular lichenoid lymphocytic infiltrate around the infundibuloisthmic portion of the hair follicle. There was an increase of perifollicular LCs (mean of 18, SD of 5.5) and intrafollicular LCs (mean of 14, SD of 4.3) in involved follicles compared to uninvolved follicles (P < .0001). The involved follicles also showed a relative decrease in the CD4/CD8 ratio indicating increased numbers of CD8+ T cells; a finding distinct from the CD4-predominant population in uninvolved follicles (P < .0001). CONCLUSION The inflammatory features of FFA show a CD8-biased T-cell infiltrate with increased numbers of LCs in the infundibuloisthmic region. The increased LCs may represent an aberrant immune reaction promoting a CD8+ T-cell response.
COMPARATIVE COOPERATIVE LEARNING MODEL OF JIGSAW II TYPE AND NHT TYPE IN SOCIAL ARITHMETIC LEARNING AT GRADE VII STUDENTS OF SMP NEGERI I MAKASSAR

This research is quasi experiment which is aimed to know whether there is difference of learning result of social arithmetic of students taught by cooperative learning model type Jigsaw II and result of learning of social arithmetic of student taught by using cooperative learning model of NHT type on Students of Class VII of SMP Negeri I Makassar. The result of the research shows that: (1) the learning result of the students taught by using cooperative learning type Jigsaw II model reaches 100% learning completeness, the students get the value with the average score of 84.67, (2) the students' learning result which is taught by using the model NHT type cooperative learning reaches completeness 100% of students get grades with an average score of 78.67, (3) student activity both taught using cooperative learning model type Jigsaw II even NHT during meetings in a certain time is effective, (4) Cooperative students on both cooperative types used in effective learning, and (5) student responses to positive learning. Likewise, the results of inferential statistical analysis indicate that there are significant differences between the scores of student learning outcomes taught by cooperative learning model type Jigsaw II and score of student learning outcomes are taught with NHT type for social arithmetic subject, so from the results of this study can be concluded that the model Cooperative learning type jigsaw II and type of NHT differ significantly, and can be used as one of the learning model that can improve student learning outcomes, especially for the material of arithmetic of socio-students at grade VII SMP and equal
Utility scale interface for renewables and storage using a power electronic transformer with back-to-back MMCs: A novel control scheme

The utility-scale renewables, PV and wind, are already approaching grid parity. To further enhance their penetration rapidly requires additional cost reduction and increased efficiency. There are other applications in utility-scale energy storage systems and in substations with power ratings in MW range for rapid charging of multiple electric vehicles. Towards this goal, one approach to interface with grid voltages of up to 34.5 kV is to use Power Electronic Transformers (PETs) consisting of back-to-back MMCs (Modular Multilevel Converters) and a high-frequency transformer. The control in such systems is challenging because of the lack of significant energy storage in the dc link between the two MMCs, unlike those in applications such as HVDC transmission and medium-voltage motor drives. Constraints on the modulation scheme under such conditions are pointed out and a novel control scheme is proposed in this paper that results in a ripple-free voltage dc link voltage, but controllable, between the two MMCs, reduced ripple in the capacitor voltages in each MMC module, and low THD in the ac currents at the terminals of the MMCs. Using this control scheme, the operation at controllable power factor and under unbalanced grid conditions is investigated and the simulation results are presented.
Identification of a Unique Inhibitor-Binding Site on Choline Kinase α.

Choline kinase α (ChoKα) is an enzyme that is upregulated in many types of cancer and has been shown to be tumorigenic. As such, it makes a promising target for inhibiting tumor growth. Though there have been several inhibitors synthesized for ChoKα, not all of them demonstrate the same efficacy in vivo, though the reasons behind this difference in potency are not clear. One particular inhibitor, designated TCD-717, has recently completed phase I clinical trials. Cell culture and in vitro studies support the powerful inhibitory effect TCD-717 has on ChoKα, but an examination of the inhibitor’s interaction with the ChoKα enzyme has been missing prior to this work. Here we detail the 2.35 A structure of ChoKα in complex with TCD-717. Examination of this structure in conjunction with kinetic assays reveals that TCD-717 does not bind directly in the choline pocket as do previously characterized ChoKα inhibitors, but rather in a proximal but novel location near the surface of the enzyme. The unique binding site identified for TCD-717 lends insight for the future design of more potent in vivo inhibitors for ChoKα.
Long-term terrestrial carbon dynamics in the Midwestern United States during 1850-2015: Roles of land use and cover change and agricultural management.

To meet the increasing food and biofuel demand, the Midwestern United States has become one of the most intensively human-disturbed hotspots, characterized by widespread cropland expansion and various management practices. However, the role of human activities in the carbon (C) cycling across managed landscape remains far from certain. In this study, based on state- and national census, field experiments, and model simulation, we comprehensively examined long-term carbon storage change in response to land use and cover change (LUCC) and agricultural management in the Midwest from 1850 to 2015. We also quantified estimation uncertainties related to key parameter values. Model estimation showed LUCC led to a reduction of 1.35 Pg (with a range of 1.3-1.4 Pg) in vegetation C pool of the Midwest, yet agricultural management barely affected vegetation C change. In comparison, LUCC reduced SOC by 4.5 Pg (3.1 to 6.2 Pg), while agricultural management practices increased SOC stock by 0.9 Pg. Moreover, we found 45% of the study area was characterized by continuously decreasing SOC caused by LUCC, and SOC in 13% and 31% of the area was fully and partially recovered, respectively, since 1850. Agricultural management was estimated to increase the area of full recovery and partial recovery by 8.5% and 1.1%. Our results imply that LUCC plays an essential role in regional C balance, and more importantly, sustainable land management can be beneficial for strengthening C sequestration of the agroecosystems in the Midwestern US, which may serve as an important contributor to C sinks in the US.
The 1970s: Spaceflight and Historically Interpreting the In-Between Decade

This chapter examines the recent spate of scholarly interest in the 1970s as a crucial period of twentieth-century change, not only in the US and Europe but globally. The purposes are twofold. One is to delineate how period theoretical works described and explained this change, and subsequently how historiography framed its accounts of the transition from the 1960s to the 1980s. The second is to argue that whether seen in terms of political economy, culture or individual-identity making, spaceflight was intimately bound up with the reconfigurations of the 1970s. The consequence is to highlight the intellectual stakes for historians generally and specialists in space history in characterizing and interpreting the 1970s and after.
Electrolyzed water : A new technology for food decontamination -A review

Summary Electrolyzed water (EW) has attracted much recent attention as a high- performance, new technology for potential use in the food industry. However, this is the first review which examines the potential of the an- timicrobial effect of electrolyzed water solutions in many different food models such as vegetable, fruits, meat, poultry, fish, and other products. Production, theoretical of the chemical reactions in the production of EW, theories of disinfectant effect of EW and advantage of using EW would be reviewed. The purpose of this review is to introduce simple information about the use of this new technology in the field of food disinfection, for both readers and food industry.
Benchmark Critical Experiments on High-Enriched Uranyl Nitrate Solution Systems

Seventy-six benchmark critical conditions are reported. Both material and geometry properties are so well determined as to reduce greatly any contribution to a theoretical/experimental discrepancy attributable to the experiment. The program uses uranyl nitrate solution with the uranium enriched to 93.17% /sup 235/U. The concentration ranges from 54.89 to 369.96 g U/l. Unreflected experiments are reported, as well as measurements within thick-walled cubical reflector shells composed of such common materials as concrete and plastic. For experiments using a single tank, the diameter of the tank ranged from 27.88 to 50.69 cm, and arrays of up to 16 cylinders have containers of two diameters: 16.12 and 21.12 cm. Containers composed of aluminum or stainless steel are studied. For all these parameters, the critical heights range from 17.13 to 110.20 cm.
Glutaredoxin 1 overexpression inhibits JNK activity and ameliorates myocyte apoptosis and progression to heart failure in Galphaq overexpressing transgenic mice

Background Glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1), an antioxidant enzyme, plays an important role in protecting cells from oxidative stress and apoptosis, events associated with myocardial remodeling and failure. Transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of Gαq develop a dilated cardiomyopathy. In the present study, we examined the effects of Grx1 on myocardial remodeling and failure and the underlying mechanism. Methods Gαq mice were cross-bred with transgenic mice having overexpression of Grx1, and the resulting mice were followed 20 weeks by echocardiography (n=7-21 per group). Exercise stress test was performed on a motorized treadmill at 20 weeks. Results In Gαq mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice, left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic dimension (EDD) was increased and LV fractional shortening (FS) was decreased at 4 weeks, and progressively deteriorated through 20 weeks. Grx1 overexpression in Gαq mice had no effect on EDD or FS at 4 weeks, but attenuated the subsequent changes in EDD and FS over weeks 12 through 20. At 20 weeks, maximal exercise capacity was decreased by 40% in Gαq mice (273±36 vs. 456±38 meters in WT, P Conclusion In Gαq mice, Grx1 overexpression had no effect on the initial phenotype of LV dilation and dysfunction but prevented the subsequent progressive remodeling and heart failure via suppression of oxidative stress, JNK activity and myocyte apoptosis. The findings indicate that Grx1 may be a potential therapeutic target for adverse LV remodeling and progression to failure.
Steady-state measurements of thermal transport across highly conductive interfaces

Abstract Interfaces play a critical role in heat dissipation for electronics packaging applications, thermoelectric energy conversion, data center cooling and renewable energy systems architectures. They are particularly influential as device length scales are reduced; in some cases, interfaces are fast becoming the dominant thermal resistors between heat source(s) and heat sink(s). Thus, the need to decrease interfacial thermal resistances (RT) with the use of novel, highly thermally conductive materials (i.e. thermal interface materials, or TIMs) is paramount for the success of next-generation electronics and energy systems. Despite significant progress in the areas of materials synthesis and development, current thermal characterization techniques are not capable of reliably quantifying the resistance to heat flow across high-performance interfaces (i.e. RT less than 1 mm2 K/W). In this work, we develop a new steady-state, miniaturized heat meter bar apparatus capable of measuring RT between 0.1 mm2 K/W and 1 mm2 K/W with less than 10% uncertainty using infrared microscopy. Additionally, we demonstrate a related technique that permits the measurement of TIM thermal conductivity and thermal contact resistance (RC) simultaneously with RT for bonded TIMs having RT between 0.1 mm2 K/W and 1 mm2 K/W. This work is expected to further the development of next-generation TIMs for use in high power density devices.
Second trimester uterocervical angle and spontaneous preterm birth in twins.

Objective: To determine if there is an association between uterocervical angle (UCA) and spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) < 37 weeks for women with twins.Materials and methods: Retrospective cohort...
Social Distancing, Quarantine, and Isolation

Breaking up physical contact is the most effective way of breaking the transmission chain of infection. Measures used to reduce contact and minimize exposure are known as social distancing. Several social distancing measures have been successfully practiced throughout history and in modern medicine, including placing in isolation the infected individuals with an active illness and placing in quarantine individuals potentially exposed to the infective agent. Other measures include shelter-in-place, cordon sanitaire, or protective sequestration. Each of those measures comes with complex legal, ethical, and logistical challenges, but also mental health challenges associated with isolation and uncertainty. Taking psychological aspects of social distancing into account when planning and implementing social distancing and taking measures to reduce perceived isolation and to address uncertainties may pay off short-term, by motivating participation and enhancing adherence, as well as long-term, by lowering the incidence of PTSD, anxiety, depression, or substance abuse.
REDD1 Activates a ROS-Generating Feedback Loop in the Retina of Diabetic Mice.

Purpose The present study was designed to evaluate the role of the stress response protein REDD1 in diabetes-induced oxidative stress and retinal pathology. Methods Wild-type and REDD1-deficient mice were administered streptozotocin to induce diabetes. Some mice received the antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC). Visual function was assessed by virtual optometry. Retinas were analyzed by Western blotting. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed by 2,7-dichlorofluoroscein. Similar analyses were performed on R28 retinal cells in culture exposed to hyperglycemic conditions, NAC, and/or the exogenous ROS source hydrogen peroxide. Results In the retina of diabetic mice, REDD1 expression and ROS were increased. In cells in culture, hyperglycemic conditions enhanced REDD1 expression, ROS levels, and the mitochondrial membrane potential. However, similar effects were not observed in the retina of diabetic mice or cells lacking REDD1. In the retina of diabetic mice and cells exposed to hyperglycemic conditions, NAC normalized ROS and prevented an increase in REDD1 expression. Diabetic mice receiving NAC also exhibited improved contrast sensitivity as compared to diabetic controls. Hydrogen peroxide addition to culture medium increased REDD1 expression and attenuated Akt/GSK3 phosphorylation in a REDD1-dependent manner. In REDD1-deficient cells exposed to hyperglycemic conditions, expression of a dominant negative Akt or constitutively active GSK3 increased the mitochondrial membrane potential and promoted ROS. Conclusions The findings provide new insight into the mechanism whereby diabetes-induced hyperglycemia causes oxidative stress and visual dysfunction. Specifically, hyperglycemia-induced REDD1 activates a ROS-generating feedback loop that includes Akt/GSK3. Thus, therapeutic approaches targeting REDD1 expression and ROS may be beneficial for preventing diabetes-induced visual dysfunction.
Three-wavelength LED CW imager for breast cancer imaging

This article describes our newly developed three-wavelength (λ=730nm, 805nm and 850nm) light emitting diode (LED) CW imager. Analog averaging is employed. The signal to noise ratio is better than 0.1% when measuring a breast model (μa = 0.04/cm, μs = 8/cm), which corresponds to 4×10−4 Hz−1/2 optical density (OD) error. It was known that cancer has more blood concentration and de-oxygenation than normal tissue, which is the principle of breast cancer detection using NIR spectroscopy. The result of cuff ischemia in the human leg demonstrates the in vivo oxy-hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin measurement. Phantom test was carried out, and indicates good localization of heterogeneity. The spatial FWHM is about ±1cm, in the depth of 2cm, with 3cm source and detector separation. Some results of clinical breast cancer studies will be presented.
The Post is Female

This paper examines the long-standing post-apocalyptic tradition of male posthuman representation throughout the timeline of the apocalyptic genre, from the time of the medieval knight up to the age of the modern superhero. As this paper argues, the gender dynamics in most posthumanfictions traditionally emphasizes male ability and female inability. Despite this, there is emerging contemporary young adult literature that is giving voice to the self-actualized—instead of the sexually awakened—female posthuman. In doing so, this young adult series explores the importance of representing the genders equally in terms of their ability to prevent apocalypse and fight to save their world.
Robotic Ventral Mesh Rectopexy

Robotic approach to ventral mesh rectopexy overcomes the technical challenges of low pelvic dissection and suturing in a confined space. Improved visualization can lead to decreased blood loss, fewer complications, lower conversation rates, decreased learning curve, and better functional results. In this chapter we review the operative technique for robotic ventral mesh rectopexy.
Comparison of Electromagnetic Antenna Chu Limit and Q of Gravitational Radiators

Direct observations by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) since 2015 have corroborated general relativity predictions of gravitational-wave phenomena. Following this, an analytic expression has been found for the Q of gravitational quadrupole radiators, where Q was shown to be a function of the physical size of the gravitational-wave source. This new result is similar to the electromagnetic Chu limit, where the Q of electrically-small antennas is limited by the physical size of an antenna. In this paper, initial observations and comparisons are made between gravitational Q and electromagnetic Q over a range of physical parameters. The results illustrate a number of similarities and differences between gravitational Q and electromagnetic Q.
Where to from here: Fostering agency across landscapes

This culminating article synthesizes the collection of articles to discuss conceptualizations of student agency across contexts. Themes that exist across the collection of articles include agency a...
Multi point pure pursuit

We propose a modification to the popular pure pursuit algorithm for path following of car like platforms in which multiple look-ahead points along the target path are aggregated to form a spatially filtered steering command. Our approach enables complex following behaviors while avoiding such as oscillatory behavior observed in approaches with a single look-ahead point.
Cost of Childhood Chest Pain Evaluation is Higher in Emergency Departments with Fewer Pediatric Resources

Purpose: Chest pain is a common chief complaint in children presenting to emergency departments and pediatric cardiologists. Despite the low incidence of cardiac pathology in children with chest pain, costly evaluations with uncertain benefits persist. The purpose of this study is to assess resource utilization across hospitals with varying levels of pediatric resources and compare clinical outcomes. Our hypothesis is that hospitals with fewer pediatric resources will generate higher costs without increased rates of specific diagnoses. Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of emergency department …
Regulation of mTORC1 by Upstream Stimuli

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionary conserved Ser/Thr protein kinase that senses multiple upstream stimuli to control cell growth, metabolism, and autophagy. mTOR is the catalytic subunit of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1). A significant amount of research has uncovered the signaling pathways regulated by mTORC1, and the involvement of these signaling cascades in human diseases like cancer, diabetes, and ageing. Here, we review advances in mTORC1 regulation by upstream stimuli. We specifically focus on how growth factors, amino acids, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), phosphorylation, and small GTPases regulate mTORC1 activity and signaling.
Outcomes of Ambulatory Axillary Intraaortic Balloon Pump as a Bridge to Heart Transplantation

Background The axillary intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) is frequently used in selected patients for circulatory support as a bridge to heart transplantation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of axillary intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) support for heart transplant candidates. Methods The study investigators collected data on 133 patients who underwent axillary IABP support as a bridge to transplantation from July 2009 to April 2019. Of these patients, 94 (70.7%) underwent IABP insertion with surgical axillary grafts, and 39 (29.3%) underwent percutaneous IABP insertion. The outcomes of interest included ambulatory data, IABP-related complications, and successful heart transplantation with this type of support. Results The overall preoperative ejection fraction was 20.3% ± 8.0%. The median duration of axillary IABP support was 21days, with 131patients (98.5%) mobilizing with the device. Hemodynamic variables significantly improved after the axillary IABP support was placed. Overall, 122 patients (91.7%) were successfully bridged to heart transplantation. Six patients (4.5%) required escalation to further mechanical support. Two patients (1.5%) died while awaiting transplantation. Four patients (3.0%) experienced a stroke during axillary IABP support (3 before transplantation and1 after transplantation). Two of the 3 patients with a stroke diagnosis before transplantation recovered and eventually underwent heart transplantation. Conclusions With axillary IABP support, most patients were able to ambulate and undergo physical rehabilitation while waiting for heart transplantation. This study demonstrates that axillary IABP results in a high success rate of bridge to transplantation and a low number of complications. Thus, an ambulatory axillary IABP provided efficient and safe support for selected patients as a bridge to heart transplantation.
The formation and evolution of the Moon’s crust inferred from the Sm-Nd isotopic systematics of highlands rocks

Abstract Ages determined for magnesian and ferroan anorthosite crustal rock suites overlap, suggesting they formed contemporaneously about 4.3–4.5 Ga. A notable exception is the Sm-Nd age previously determined on Mg-suite gabbronorite 67667 which is at least 100 Ma younger than the youngest ferroan anorthosite. New chronologic measurements of 67667 presented here yield concordant Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr mineral isochron ages of 4349 ± 31 Ma and 4368 ± 67 Ma, suggesting the sample is older than previous estimates. Furthermore, a whole rock Sm-Nd isochron of Mg-suite rocks from the Apollo 14, 15, 16, and 17 landing sites yields an age of 4348 ± 25 Ma, indicating that Mg-suite magmatism was widespread and roughly contemporaneous on the lunar nearside. Analysis of Sm-Nd internal isochron ages confirms that Mg-suite magmatism was restricted to a period between about 4.33 and 4.35 Ga at the Apollo 14, 15, 16, and 17 landing sites and was synchronous with magmatism at the Apollo 16 site associated with the ferroan anorthosite suite between 4.35 and 4.37 Ga. Magnesian- and ferroan anorthosite suite rocks with ages younger than ∼4.33 Ga appear to have experienced slow cooling in the deep lunar interior, so that the ages record when the samples cooled below the closure temperature of the Sm-Nd isotopic system and not the time they crystallized. The ages determined for Mg-suite and ferroan anorthosite suite rocks are concordant with the age determined for the formation of urKREEP of 4350 ± 34 Ma using the Sm-Nd isotopic systematics of 67667 and measurements completed on norite 78238, troctolite 76535, KREEP basalt 15386, and gabbronorite NWA 773. Crystallization ages of Mg-suite and FAS are also concordant with the average of 146Sm-142Nd ages previously determined for the formation of the mare basalt source region of 4333 ± 30 Ma. The similarity of ages for Mg-suite magmatism, ferroan anorthosite suite magmatism, urKREEP formation, and formation of the mare basalt source regions implies the processes that produced these rocks were petrogenetically linked. It also implies that both early-stage and late-stage lunar magma ocean cumulates formed over a relatively short duration of
Risk to the Surgeonanesthetist: Drug Abuse Among Health Professionals

SUMMARY The specter of chemical dependency among health professionals is not unique to anesthesiologists. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons must be aware of the risk of substance abuse in their specialty as well. Only with an understanding of the underlying causes of chemical dependency, knowledge of the signs of addiction, and modes of treatment and recovery can the oral surgeon be prepared to react and respond to drug abuse in his or her environment.
Isoperimetric profiles and random walks on some groups defined by piecewise actions

We study the isoperimetric and spectral profiles of certain families of finitely generated groups defined via actions on labelled Schreier graphs and simple gluing of such. In one of our simplest constructions—the pocket-extension of a group G—this leads to the study of certain finitely generated subgroups of the full permutation group $${\mathbb {S}}(G\cup \{*\})$$ . Some sharp estimates are obtained while many challenging questions remain.
Unsaturated Fatty Acids Stimulate Tumor Growth through Stabilization of β-Catenin

Cancer cells alter their metabolism to adapt for their uncontrolled proliferation. One of such alterations leads to accumulation of free fatty acids (FAs), which facilitate proliferation of some cancer cells through a mechanism yet to be identified. Here we report that excess unsaturated FAs block degradation of β-catenin, the aberrant accumulation of which triggers development of various cancers. Interestingly, unsaturated FAs stabilize β-catenin through a mechanism independent from that mediated by Wnt, a protein known to block degradation of β-catenin. Unlike Wnt, unsaturated FAs do not affect ubiquitination of β-catenin. Instead, the lipids block degradation of ubiquitinated β-catenin through Fas-associated factor 1 (FAF1), a protein known to facilitate degradation of β-catenin through its interaction with the protein. We now show that FAF1 directly binds to unsaturated FAs. This interaction triggers polymerization of FAF1, causing dissociation of the protein from β-catenin and consequently stabilizat...
Mesh topology construction for interconnected wireless LANs

A wireless mesh network extends wireless local area network systems, which are widely implemented today to provide hot spot coverage, by implementing a reliable meshed network that serves to interconnect the access points managing each wireless local area network. The 802.11s working group has been formed recently to recommend an extended service set (ESS) that enables wider area communications among distributed clients, each of which has access to an IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN (WLAN). Such coverage can be provided by the implementation of a mesh backbone network that serves to interconnect the WLAN access points (APs). In this paper, we present a scalable, fully distributed topology control algorithm for constructing such a mesh backbone network of access points. Multi-hop communications among distant client stations take place in accordance with a routing algorithm that uses the mesh backbone to establish inter-WLAN routes. The presented topology construction algorithm and its employment by the presented routing mechanism are shown to improve the asynchronous, distributed and stable operation of the network. We prove that the topology construction and control algorithm introduced in this paper is highly scalable and efficient. The implementation complexity of the required communications control (and its associated overhead) and its temporal convergence features are independent of the number of network nodes.
Cloning and characterization of a calcium channel alpha 1 subunit from Drosophila melanogaster with similarity to the rat brain type D isoform

We report the complete sequence of a calcium channel alpha 1 subunit cDNA cloned from a Drosophila head cDNA library. This cDNA encodes a deduced protein containing 2516 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 276,493. The deduced protein shares many features with vertebrate homologs, including four repeat structures, each containing six transmembrane domains, a conserved ion selectivity filter region between transmembrane domains 5 and 6, and an EF hand in the carboxy tail. The Drosophila subunit has unusually long initial amino and terminal carboxy tails. The region corresponding to the last transmembrane domain (IVS6) and the adjacent cytoplasmic domain has been postulated to form a phenylalkylamine-binding site in vertebrate calcium channels. This region is conserved in the Drosophila sequence, while domains thought to be involved in dihydropyridine binding show numerous changes. The Drosophila subunit exhibits 78.3% sequence similarity to the rat brain type D calcium channel alpha 1 subunit, and so has been designated as a Drosophila melanogaster calcium channel alpha 1 type D subunit (Dmca1D). In situ hybridization shows that Dmca1D is highly expressed in the embryonic nervous system. Northern analysis shows that Dmca1D cDNA hybridizes to three size classes of mRNA (9.5, 10.2, and 12.5 kb) in heads, but only two classes (9.5 and 12.5 kb) in bodies and legs. PCR analysis suggests that the Dmca1D message undergoes alternative splicing with more heterogeneity appearing in head and embryonic extracts than in bodies and legs.
Studies of meiosis in vitro: I. In vitro culture of meiotic cells

Abstract A method has been described for the in vitro culture of meiotic cells derived from various species of liliaceous plants. Only some of the species tested are suitable for the method. Using such species, meiotic cells may be explanted at zygonema and cultured through the meiotic cycle. If explanted at leptonema, segregation abnormalities arise but synapsis and crossing over remain normal.
Chemical reaction metaphor in distributed learning environments

This paper presents an application of Chemical Reaction Metaphor (CRM) in agent-based distributed learning systems. The suitability of using CRM to model multi-agent systems is justified by CRM's capacity in catching dynamic features of multi-agent systems in an e-learning environment. A case study in course material updating demonstrates how the CRM based language, Gamma language, can be used to specify the architecture of the learning environment. Finally, a discussion on the implementation of Gamma language in a distributed system is given.
Measurement of gravitational acceleration by dropping atoms

Laser-cooling of atoms and atom-trapping are finding increasing application in many areas of science1. One important use of laser-cooled atoms is in atom interferometers2. In these devices, an atom is placed into a superposition of two or more spatially separated atomic states; these states are each described by a quantum-mechanical phase term, which will interfere with one another if they are brought back together at a later time. Atom interferometers have been shown to be very precise inertial sensors for acceleration3,4, rotation5 and for the measurement of the fine structure constant6. Here we use an atom interferometer based on a fountain of laser-cooled atoms to measure g, the acceleration of gravity. Through detailed investigation and elimination of systematic effects that may affect the accuracy ofthe measurement, we achieve an absolute uncertainty of Δg/g ≈ 3 × 10−9, representing a million-fold increase in absoluteaccuracy compared with previous atom-interferometer experiments7. We also compare our measurement with the value of g obtained at the same laboratory site using a Michelson interferometer gravimeter (a modern equivalent of Galileo's ‘leaning tower’ experiment in Pisa). We show that the macroscopic glass object used in this instrument falls with the same acceleration, to within 7 parts in 109, as a quantum-mechanical caesium atom.