cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Base rates of WAIS‐R subtest scatter as a guide for clinical and neuropsychological assessment

Data from the WAIS-R standardization sample (N = 1880, ages 16-74) were analyzed to determine normal base rates of subtest scatter and to discover whether the amount of scatter is related significantly to various stratification variables. Two indices of scatter were computed for the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scales: range (highest minus lowest scaled score) and number of subtests that deviated significantly from a person's own mean. ANOVAs conducted with the range statistic showed that scatter on all three WAIS-R IQ scales was related significantly to education level; that Blacks had less scatter than Whites on the Verbal and Full Scale; and that females had less scatter than males on the Verbal scale. Base rate normative tables of subtest scatter were presented for five different levels of Full Scale IQ. Implications of these tables for clinical and neuropsychological assessment were discussed.
Was that last colonoscopy really negative? A surprising cause of rectal bleeding in a 75-year-old man.

Question: A 75-year-old man was referred for an outpatient colonoscopy to evaluate recent onset of bright red blood per rectum. Before the procedure, he presented to his primary care physician reporting constipation for 1 month alternating with intermittent loose, maroon-colored stools and associated rectal tenesmus. He had no nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, bloating, fever, chills, weight loss, or decreased appetite. Of note, he underwent colonoscopy 3 years earlier with a different provider, and recalled that it was normal; the report from that examination was not available. His medical history was significant for hypothyroidism, peripheral vascular disease, and history of a left lower extremity deep vein thrombosis for which he was not currently on any anticoagulation. There was no family history of colorectal cancer or polyps. Physical examination was normal. Laboratory data at the time of his presentation was notable for hemoglobin of 13.1 g/dL. At colonoscopy, 30 polyps of varying sizes were discovered, primarily confined to the left side of the colon. Several of the largest polyps (20 –35 mm) were in the rectum (Figure A) and sigmoid (Figure B) and seemed to be friable, explaining the clinical symptom of rectal bleeding. Polypectomy was performed on 3 large polyps in the rectum, and smaller polyps from the remainder of the colon were biopsied. Histopathologic examination provided an etiology of the polyps (Figure C). Based on the clinical history and endoscopic and histologic images, what is the most likely diagnosis? See the GASTROENTEROLOGY web site (www.gastrojournal.org) for more information on submitting your favorite image to Clinical Challenges and Images in GI.
Pseudoreversion substitution at large-subunit residue 54 influences the CO2/O2 specificity of chloroplast ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant 31-4E lacks ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco;EC 4.1.1.39) holoenzyme due to a mutation in the chloroplast rbcL gene. This mutation causes a glycine54-to-aspartate substitution within the N-terminal domain of the Rubisco large subunit. In the present study, photosynthesis-competent revertants were selected to determine whether other amino acid substitutions might complement the primary defect. Revertants were found to arise from only true reversion or either of two forms of pseudoreversion affecting residue 54. One pseudorevertant has a glycine54-to-alanine substitution that decreases the accumulation of holoenzyme, but the purified Rubisco has near-normal kinetic properties. The other pseudorevertant has a glycine54-to-valine substitution that causes an even greater decrease in holoenzyme accumulation. Rubisco purified from this strain was found to have an 83% decrease in the Vmax of carboxylation and an 18% decrease in the CO2/O2 specificity factor. These results indicate that small increases in the size of amino acid side chains can influence Rubisco assembly or stability. Even though such changes occur far from the active site, they also play a significant role in determining Rubisco catalytic efficiency.
Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy versus mediastinoscopy in the staging of non-small cell lung cancer: a cost effective analysis

Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy versus mediastinoscopy in the staging of non-small cell lung cancer: a cost effective analysis
The effect of diethylstilbestrol on the respiration of cat heart.

Abstract Diethylstilbestrol inhibited the endogenous respiration of cat heart slices. Added substrate did not influence the inhibitory effect of diethylstilbestrol on slice respiration. Diethylstilbestrol inhibited the following enzyme systems using cat heart homogenates: malic dehydrogenase, fumarate substituted in the malic system, succinoxidase, and oxalacetate systems. These systems are listed in the order of decreasing sensitivity toward the inhibitor. Increased concentration of homogenate decreased the inhibitory effect of diethylstilbestrol on the malic dehydrogenase system. Excess cytochrome c did not alter the inhibitory effect of diethylstilbestrol on the malic dehydrogenase system.
Hydrogenase: Properties and applications

Abstract Hydrogenase is an enzyme which reversibly activates molecular hydrogen and has potential applications in the production of hydrogen by solar energy. This review describes methods employed for assay of the enzyme, the biological role of hydrogenase in normal cellular metabolism and growth, and the properties of the enzyme. Although hydrogenases isolated from different organisms differ in molecular weight, subunit composition, iron and sulphur content, thermal and oxygen stability, they are all iron-sulphur proteins which cleave hydrogen heterolytically to form a hydride and a proton. The review also describes various systems being developed for the biophotolysis of water to produce hydrogen, and the role of hydrogenase in these systems.
Selection of spontaneous mutants by inositol starvation in yeast

A new method for the routine isolation of mutations of spontaneous origin in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is reported. The technique is based on the observation that inositol auxotrophs die when deprived of inositol. However, if marromolecular synthesis is inhibited, most of the cells survive. Appropriate manipulation of inositol requiring mutants can threfore result in the selective survival of cells possesing mutations which affect macromolecular synthesis. Since reversion to inositol prototrophy can be a major source of interference in efficient selection, a haploid double mutant strain has been constructed which reverts to inositol prototrophy with a frequency estimated to be several orders of magnitude lower than the expected frequency of single, spontaneous mutational events. Using this strain, enrichment in excess of 10000 fold has been obtained for various classes of auxotrophic mutants. Spontaneous temperature sensitive mutants have also been obtained.
Atypical responses to morphine in mice: A possible relationship to anorexia nervosa?

Abstract According to our previously proposed auto-addiction hypothesis of chronic anorexia nervosa, patients become addicted to an initial period of dieting through endogenous opioid mediated mechanisms. Morphine causes hyperactivity and anorexia in the mouse, symptoms of anorexia nervosa but responses opposite to those of most species including rats and normal human subjects. This suggests that the atypical opioid systems in the mouse may resemble those of the chronic anorexia nervosa patient in contrast to those of most species including the normal human. Characterization of this atypical opioid system may be useful in understanding the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa.
FORWARD PROGRESS OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY INTO THE EARLY FATHER–CHILD RELATIONSHIP: INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE ON VERY YOUNG CHILDREN AND THEIR FATHERS

Research on fathering and the father-child relationship has made substantial progress in the most recent 15 years since the last special issue of the Infant Mental Health Journal on fathers and young children. This special issue on fathers and young children contains a series of papers exemplifying this progress, including advances in methodology-more direct assessment and more observational measures-in addition to the increasing dynamic complexity of the conceptual models used to study fathers, the diversity of fathers studied, and the growth of programs to support early father involvement. In assessing the current state of the field, special attention is given to contributions made by the papers contained in this special issue, and two critical areas for continued progress are addressed: (1) methodological and measurement development that specifically address fathers and fathering relationships and (2) cross-cultural and ecologically valid research examining the diversity of models of fathering.
A study of the allocation behavior of C++ programs

Abstract The object-oriented programming (OOP) language systems tend to perform object creation and deletion prolifically. An empirical study has shown that C++ programs can have 10 times more memory allocation and deallocation than comparable C programs. However, the allocation behavior of C++ programs is rarely reported. This paper attempts to locate where the dynamic memory allocations are coming from and report an empirical study of the allocation behavior of C++ programs. Firstly, this paper summarizes the hypothesis of situations that invoke the dynamic memory management explicitly and implicitly. They are: constructors, copy constructors, overloading assignment operator=, type conversions and application-specific member functions. Secondly, the development of a source code level tracing tool is reported as a procedure to investigate the hypothesis. Most of the five C++ programs traced are real-world applications. Thirdly, allocation patterns, object size and age distribution are summarized. Among other things, we found that objects tend to have a very short life-span, and most of them are created through constructors and copy constructors. With these findings, we may improve the performance of dynamic memory management through, a profile-based strategy or reusing objects.
Considerations in image analysis as applied to investigations of the ITZ in concrete

Abstract A number of considerations are discussed with regard to the study of the Interfacial transition zone (ITZ) in concrete by image analysis of backscatter SEM images. These include selection and sampling of the concrete, selection of individual aggregates for the ITZ measurements, and design and positioning of individual sampling units around the chosen aggregates. Emphasis is placed on the importance of analyzing the lateral variation in properties around the aggregate as well as variation in mean composition with distance from the aggregate. Statistical considerations that can be applied to the interpretations of the results are illustrated.
Effect of complex formation on drug absorption. IV. Role of intragastric diffusion in the absorption of free and caffeine-complexed salicylic acid from the rat stomach.

The effect of complex formation on salicylic acid absorption from the rat stomach has been determined under conditions where the drug solution in the stomach was either stirred by means of a microstirrer or left unstirred. Complexation of part of the salicylic acid with caffeine resulted in a significant decrease in the over-all salicylic acid absorption rate under both conditions. Stirring had no significant effect on the absorption rate of salicylic acid, nor did it affect the absorption rate of salicylic acid in the presence of caffeine. This indicates that diffusion of salicylic acid and/or of the salicylic acid-caffeine complex to the absorbing membranes is not the ratelimiting step in the gastric absorption of salicylic acid under the experimental conditions. It appears, therefore, that the decreased absorption rate of salicylic acid in the presence of caffeine is due to the decreased thermodynamic activity of salicylic acid resulting from complex formation, with the complex being either unabsorbed or more slowly absorbed than free salicylic acid.
Subjective and psychophysiologic insomnia: An examination of sleep tendency and personality

The goal of this study was to compare insomniacs with and without objective verification, on the basis of sleep parameters, personality, and performance. An insomniac complaint group was subclassified as objective insomniac (OI) or subjective insomniac (SI) and compared to a non-complaint group. Groups did not differ on night sleep variables or daytime sleep latency measures; rather, a consistent sleep tendency was revealed for all three groups. The poorer the previous night of sleep, the longer the daytime sleep latencies. Groups differed on subjective measures of conscious state during the day. SIs inaccurately estimated sleep/wake state in comparison to objective measures on the MSLT, whereas OIs were accurate in their estimations. Personality scores showed trends that suggested greater neuroticism for SIs and introversion for OIs. Results demonstrated subjective tendencies and related personality types that may help in the understanding of the complaint of insomnia with and without objective findings.
On the use of liquid scintillation counting of51Cr and14C in the twin tracer method of measuring assimilation efficiency.

Calow and Fletcher (1972) calculated assimilation efficiency from the ratio of an assimilated radiotracer (14C) to a non-assimilated tracer (51Cr) in food and feces. Wightman (1975) improved the efficiency of their technique by using liquid scintillation to count both isotopes simultaneously, but stated incorrectly that it was not necessary to convert counts per minute (CPM) to disintegrations per minute (DPM). Unless the CPM data are corrected for quenching and converted to DPM prior to calculation of assimilation efficiency, a significant error may be introduced.
Identification of viable myocardium with contrast echocardiography in patients with poor left ventricular systolic function caused by recent or remote myocardial infarction.

We hypothesized that viable myocardium can be identified in patients with poor left ventricular (LV) systolic function caused by recent or prior infarction using myocardial contrast echocardiography. Accordingly, 39 patients with reduced LV ejection fraction (range 0.10 to 0.40) and recent (n = 30) or remote (n = 9) myocardial infarction were studied. Echocardiography was performed at baseline and at 1 month to assess regional function (1 = normal, 5 = dyskinesia) in 12 segments/patient; the segments were also scored for contrast effect (1 = homogenous, 0.5 = partial, 0 = none) during contrast echocardiography performed in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Four patients had unsuccessful angioplasty of occluded arteries and were treated medically, 9 were treated medically because of noncritical coronary stenoses (<80%), and 26 underwent revascularization (16 angioplasty and 10 bypass operation). Twelve segments could not be visualized (2 each in 6 patients), and 30 segments continued to be subserved by totally occluded arteries because of unsuccessful angioplasty in 4 patients. Of the remaining 426 segments, 186 (44%) demonstrated baseline wall motion scores of ≥3. The best correlate of 1-month wall motion score in these segments was the contrast score (ρ = −0.62), with better 1-month function noted in segments with more contrast. The overall perfusion status of LV myocardium also correlated (ρ = −0.59) with global LV systolic function at 1 month. We conclude that myocardial contrast echocardiography can be used during cardiac catheterization to define myocardial segments that are viable in patients with poor LV systolic function caused by recent or remote myocardial infarction.
Test of a Bonding/Association Theory of Adolescent Drug Use

A theoretical model of adolescent drug use is developed which integrates propositions derived from social control and differential association theories. The path model includes parental attachment, religious attachment, educational attachment, conventional values, and drug-using friends as precursors of drug use. For a sample of 2,626 adolescents from the southwestern United States, the model explains 34 percent of the variation in self-reported lifetime alcohol use, 27 percent in lifetime cigarette use, 42 percent in lifetime marijuana use, 26 percent in lifetime use of amphetamines and depressants, and 50 percent in overall lifetime drug use. The best single predictor of drug use is association with drug-using friends. The processes leading to involvement with drugs appear to be very similar across drug types. Adolescent drug use is widespread in America. Numerous recent authors suggest that involvement in such behavior has become a national concern, whether the substance is tobacco (Grunberg and Baum 1984; Humble et al. 1985; Lichtenstein 1982), alcohol (Barnes 1984; Pandina et al. 1984; Wechsler et al. 1984), marijuana (Hendin et al. 1981; Smith et al. 1982; Smith 1984), or other drugs (McDermott 1984; Marcos and Bahr 1985; Weidman 1983). Macdonald (1984) refers to adolescent drug use as a national disaster because of the high proportion of adolescents who use drugs and the negative consequences associated with use. By the time they are seniors in high school, over 90 percent of American adolescents have tried alcohol *Paper presented at the 1985 meeting of the Pacific Sociological Association. We acknowledge the cooperation of the schools that participated in this project, particularly the students who completed the questionnaires. We are grateful to Grant Rose and Tom Martin for computer assistance, to two anonymous referees for their suggestions, and to Norene Petersen and Brenda Johnson for clerical assistance. Address correspondence to Anastasios C. Marcos, Department of Sociology, 800 SWKT, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602.
A study of the devitrification of Pd82Si18 over a wide temperature range

Abstract Measurements of the crystallization kinetics of amorphous Pd 82 Si 18 with electrical resistivity and differential scanning calorimetry have been made in the temperature range 548–691K. The crystallization has been shown to occur simultaneously from the sample surface and on pre-existing nuclei in the bulk. A numerical model has been developed to simulate the growth kinetics associated with this morphology, and values for the growth velocity, and numbers of surface and volume nuclei have been obtained. It is demonstrated that failure to account properly for the morphology of the growth leads to a nonlinear artifact in the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami analysis of the kinetics. Assuming an Arrhenius temperature dependence for the growth velocity, a decreasing activation energy with decreasing temperature is found; this is in agreement with recent results for isoconfigurational atomic transport in the same system. Auger measurements indicate that silicon segregates to the surface of the sample and oxidizes to form SiO 2 , leaving behind elemental palladium.
Beyond CONSORT: Need for Improved Reporting Standards for Clinical Trials

of 3 pills a day for a 5-year treatment period. The counts for the boxes could be near the number of subjects randomized if they include the number receiving any of the assigned treatments, or near 0 if they include only the number of subjects perfectly compliant during the 5-year course of treatment. There are no withdrawals (fifth tier of boxes) from trials after randomization under the intention-to-treat analysis construct. The primary analysis in any report should be one in which persons, their outcomes and events, and related followup data are counted to the assigned treatment, regardless of a person’s course of treatment, level of compliance with the assigned treatment, or evaluability. There is no point in randomizing persons to treatment if the assignment is ameliorated or ignored in the analysis. This is not to say that other less stringent analyses should not be performed or reported, but rather that they are not informative in the absence of the primary analysis. Withdrawn or withdrawal in the context of trials is best reserved for use as a technical term in relation to analysis. 6 Its
Can sharing affect liking? Online taste performances, feedback, and subsequent media preferences

An experiment tested whether online sharing improves attitudes toward media content.Participants shared their taste publicly or privately, and received feedback.Negative feedback reduced liking of content shared publicly or privately.Publicly expressed attitudes were strengthened for frequent sharers.Effects of negative and positive feedback were evident one week later. Web users share media content with each other in order to express tastes and manage impressions. This study examines this growing intersection between mass media use and computer-mediated communication. The consequences of these online taste performances for an individual's subsequent media preferences and media consumption were unknown. The identity shift framework is applied to explain how the display of tastes can alter later preferences. Specifically, an experiment tested for changes in attitudes toward media content after computer-mediated sharing, to examine how attitudes might change as a result of impression management. Taste performances were expected to result in identity shift due to mechanisms of publicness and feedback. A 2i?3 (publicnessi?feedback) between-subjects experiment tested these predictions. Participants evaluated and shared artistic photographs. Public sharing led to stronger attitudes among individuals who frequently displayed their tastes online but to weaker attitudes among individuals who rarely shared. Negative feedback consistently weakened attitudes toward shared photos, an effect that persisted for a week. Positive feedback yielded a sleeper effect on the appeal of alternative photos. The results have implications for creators, distributors, and marketers of media content, as well as for social media platforms where media content is shared.
Pulsed laser‐induced thermal desorption from surfaces: Instrumentation and procedures

Instrumentation and procedures for performing pulsed laser‐induced thermal desorption experiments are described. The influence of various instrumental parameters on the measured desorption signals is discussed. Proper conditioning of the desorption flux is shown to be a critical factor for obtaining desorption signals undistorted by the finite pumping speed of the apparatus. Instrumental effects are illustrated using data for pulsed laser desorption of CO from clean copper surfaces.
Marketing a panic: media coverage of novel psychoactive drugs (NPDs) and its relationship with legal changes

Recent social and legal responses to novel psychoactive drugs (NPDs) have been attributed to media panics rather than these substance’s actual harms. NPDs, including botanical substances new to Western markets such as Salvia divinorum, newly synthesized analogues such as synthetic cannabinoids and “bath salts,” and new ways of administering drugs, such as combining prescription cough syrup with soda (“purple drank”) have been the target of various forms of legislation at the state and/or federal level. We systematically examine print media coverage of NPDs in the U. S. between 2005 and 2013 to determine whether media attention was temporally associated with legislative change. Results indicate that each drug had a brief window during which it was the focus of sensationalistic reporting. In addition, federal legislation banning synthetic cannabinoids and “bath salts” appear to be closely linked to media reporting as spikes in coverage both preceded and followed the bans.
Interactions Between Automatic Postural Adjustments and Anticipatory Postural Patterns Accompanying Voluntary Movement

In order to examine interactions between centrally initiated postural activity preceding voluntary arm movements and compensatory postural activity, we studied patterns of postural muscle activity preceding a vigorous bilateral reach and grasp task or triggered by support surface motion. The reaching task required movement onset to be coincident with a predictable stimulus, and in some trials a brief backward platform perturbation was timed to occur before, during, or after the reach onset. Centrally initiated anticipatory postural activity was subject-specific and was very often absent when perturbation-induced postural activity was elicited just prior to movement onset. Likewise, compensatory postural activity patterns elicited by the platform perturbation did not occur when they would have coincided with the anticipatory postural activity. These data support the idea that the central neural processes which determine the specific activation pattern of the supporting limb musculature are influenced by both the intended dynamic outcome and the current dynamic status of the body.
Cyano Metabolite as a Biomarker of Nitrofurazone in Channel Catfish

The use of nitrofuran drugs in food-producing animals continues to attract international concern as a food safety issue. Methods for monitoring nitrofuran residues have been directed to the intact side chain of tissue-bound metabolites. Semicarbazide, the side chain of nitrofurazone (NFZ), can enter food products from non-NFZ sources, suggesting the need for an alternative biomarker for confirmatory purposes. We characterized a cyano derivative as a major metabolite of NFZ in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). The depletion of cyano metabolite was examined in the muscle of channel catfish after oral dosing (10 mg of NFZ/kg of body weight). Parent NFZ was rapidly eliminated in muscle, with a half-life of 6.3 h. The cyano metabolite was detected for up to 2 weeks, with an elimination half-life of 81 h. The cyano metabolite represents an alternative biomarker for confirming the use of NFZ in channel catfish.
Quantum and classical game strategies

A Comment on the Letter by David A. Meyer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 1052 (1999). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
The Effects of Environmental Context on Elderly Depression

This article examines the impact of environmental context (social networks and neighborhood characteristics) on the distress process. Both personal history and environmental variables are used to e...
Leakage and water exchange characterization of gadofosveset in the myocardium.

Abstract Purpose To determine the compartmentalization of the blood pool agent gadofosveset and the effect of its transient binding to albumin on the quantification of steady-state fractional myocardial blood volume (fMBV). Methods Myocardial vascular fraction measurements were simulated assuming the limiting cases (slow or fast) of two-compartment water exchange for different contrast agent injection concentrations, binding fractions, bound and free relaxivities, and true cardiac vascular fractions. fMBV was measured in five healthy volunteers (4 males, 1 female, average age 33) at 1.5 T after administration of five injections of gadofosveset. The measurements in the volunteers were retrospectively compared to measurements of fMBV after three serial injections of the ultra-small, paramagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) blood pool agent ferumoxytol in an experimental animal. The true fMBV and exchange rate of water protons in both human and animal data sets was determined by chi square minimization. Results Simulations showed an error in the measurement of fMBV due to partial binding of gadofosveset of less than 30%. Measured fMBV values over-estimate simulation predictions, and approach cardiac extracellular volume (22%), which suggests that the intravascular assumption may not be appropriate for the myocardium, although it may apply to more distal perfusion beds. In comparison, fMBV measured with ferumoxytol (5%, with slow water proton exchange across vascular wall) agree with published values of myocardial vascular fraction. Further comparison between myocardium relaxation rates induced by gadofosveset and by other extracellular and intravascular contrast agents showed that gadofosveset behaves like an extracellular contrast agent. Conclusions The distribution of the volunteer data indicates that a three-compartment model, with slow water exchange of gadofosveset and water protons between the vascular and interstitial compartments, and fast water exchange between the interstitium and the myocytes, is appropriate. The ferumoxytol measurements indicate that this USPIO is an intravascular contrast agent that can be used to quantify myocardial blood volume, with the appropriate correction for water exchange using a two-compartment water exchange model.
Convective weather avoidance with uncertain weather forecasts

This paper describes simulations of an automated planning system that routes flights around airspace impacted by forecasted convective weather. If the system predicts that a flight will enter a weather-impacted airspace within a predefined time horizon, it generates a new route. Because the forecasts are uncertain, the system periodically generates, using updates of the weather forecasts and radar tracks, new reroutes. The simulations included convective weather in the northeastern quadrant of the United States over a 24-hr period. Multiple simulations investigated the system performance as the planning horizon and planning frequency varied. As the planning horizon and frequency increased, the system successfully routed more traffic around weather but with more route changes. For a planning horizon of 20 to 120 minutes and a planning frequency of four cycles per hour, the reroutes increased flight time by 3.3% and avoided 79% of the weather-impacted airspaces that were detected. Most flights required one to three reroutes to pass by a weather-impacted airspace, while the worst case flights required six reroutes.
Foreign Language and International Business: The MIBS Program after Ten Years

This paper reviews the progress of the Master in International Business Studies program at the University of South Carolina after ten years. After a brief description of the unique interdisciplinary business-area studies-foreign language curriculum of MIBS, the paper focuses on the role that foreign language components play in the professional development of MIBS students and graduates. Based on a survey of 271 program graduates (60% of the alumni), it is shown that approximately 93% of graduates take positions with firms involved in international business. Some 75% find that their initial position has international responsibilities. Some 70.1% of the respondents rated their foreign language ability as very important or important in obtaining their initial position, and 61.6% rated language skills as very important or important in performing their duties.
Can anomalous diffusion describe depositional fluvial profiles

[1] Diffusion models have been widely applied to describe fluvial long profiles. However, aggrading rivers simulated in laboratory experiments typically display much less profile curvature than a diffusion model would predict, whether aggradation is driven by subsidence or by base-level rise. Here we explore the possibility that this is due to nonclassical or non-Fickian, anomalous sediment transport in braided networks, which are known to have fractal planform geometry. We solve a fractional diffusion equation for a steady state aggrading fluvial profile for fractional exponents in the spatial derivative α in the range 1.1 < α + 1 < 2. The domain is bounded at both ends, and a constant sediment sink forces extraction of all of the imposed, constant sediment supply. We assume the fractional behavior is expressed solely by a nonlocal sediment flux term. Using the right-hand Caputo fractional derivative, we are able to construct a fractional diffusion equation that admits an analytical fluvial profile closely matching the laboratory-scale physical observations. We show that this solution is also in good agreement with a Monte Carlo simulation obtained using step lengths drawn from a Levy probability density. However, despite the clear nonlocal behavior, we are unable to establish a direct physical link between the power law statistics of the fluvial transport system and the mathematical ingredients in a fractional diffusion model. In general, we expect the fractional behavior to be most pronounced when the length scale of significant downstream sediment extraction is comparable to the scale range of the fractal channel pattern behavior. This is typically the case for laboratory experiments but not at field scales, which could explain why anomalously flat fluvial long profiles have not been reported from the field. Applying fractional calculus to depositional river profiles, at any scale, exposes problems in applying fractional calculus posed by the bounded domain and the presence of a distributed sink associated with sediment extraction. With present understanding, the benefit of fractional calculus, which is its ability to capture effects of power law statistics in the underlying dynamics, comes at a significant cost in terms of flexibility to handle other physical effects such as complex domains, boundary conditions, and source terms.
Cytotoxic Amides from the Octocoral Telesto riisei

Two new acyl derivatives of β-phenylethylamine, N-(2-phenylethyl)-9-oxohexadecacarboxamide (1) and N-(2-phenylethyl)-9-hydroxyhexadecacarboxamide (2), and two new tetrahydroxysterols, cholestane-3β...
Investigations of laser desorption from modified surfaces of ionic single crystals

Wide band gap insulators irradiated with UV and/or IR pulsed lasers have been shown to yield neutrals, photoinduced electrons, and energetic positive ions suggesting occupied electronic defect states in the band gap. We explore the consequences of applying a variety of stimuli, which can generate defects on single crystal surfaces of inorganic ionic crystals. The stimuli include electron beam irradiation, a second laser beam, mechanical treatment, and thermal treatment. Our experiments on a wide variety of ionic crystals find that a common theme evolves where these stimuli generate sites that strongly interact with the probing laser beam. Such interactions lead to dramatic decrease in the laser intensities needed for ejection of ions, neutrals, as well as eventual plume formation, and result in increased vulnerability of the materials to the laser radiation.
Abrasion Resistance of Early-Opening-to-Traffic Portland Cement Concrete Pavements

The research investigation presented herein is intended to study the abrasion resistance early-opening-to-traffic portland cement concrete pavements also known as fast-track concrete. The selected matrices are examined using two categories of opening-to-traffic times (6 and 8 h). Type III portland cement and three different cement factors with and without an accelerating admixture were used. The trial mixtures are examined for plastic properties (slump, air content, bleeding, setting times, and adiabatic temperature), bulk characteristics (demolded unit weight and compressive strength), and resistance to abrasion. Depth of wear and rate of deterioration as functions of matrix proportions, opening-time categories, and testing age (up to 20 min or 0.12 in., whichever is reached first) are determined. The influence of other parameters such as cement factor, curing age, and accelerating admixture on resistance to wear of the selected matrices are discussed. Other properties, namely rate of abrasion, relative gain of abrasion, coefficient of variation, and abrasion index, are examined. Finally, the relationship between the abrasion resistance (depth of wear) and bulk characteristic (compressive strength) at both opening and maturity ages are investigated. The findings of this investigation shall benefit highway agencies and municipalities by providing abrasion resistance data on a wide range of matrix constituents and proportions that may be used for fast-track concrete construction.
Workability of 1045 spheroidized steel under superimposed hydrostatic pressure

Workability tests were performed on spheroidized {dy1045} steel to investigate the variation of forming limits due to the suppression of void growth under superimposed hydrostatic pressure. Results showed that increasing pressure enhances formability, as expressed by the increasing intercept and decreasing slope of the forming-limit line. A continuum mechanical model based on the growth and coalescence of voids under externally applied pressure is proposed that ex-plains the experimental results.
Perceptual, Attitudinal, and Behavioral Outcomes of Organization–Public Engagement on Corporate Social Networking Sites

This study proposes and tests a conceptual model that not only measures public engagement with corporate pages on social networking sites, but also evaluates the influence of such engagement on important perceptual, relational, and behavioral outcomes. Study results provide empirical evidence of the positive effects of public engagement on perceived corporate authenticity, organizational transparency, organization–public relationships, and public advocacy. Findings underscore the importance of public engagement via social media on enhancing perceived corporate transparency and authenticity, and thereby cultivating strong relationships. Additionally, organization–public relationships emerged as a deciding factor driving the effects of public engagement on advocacy behaviors.
Determination of coenzyme Q10 in human breast milk by high-performance liquid chromatography

An isocratic HPLC method was developed for the determination of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in human breast milk. After a single-step liquid–liquid extraction, the milk extract was injected directly into the HPLC system. The analytical method is based on pre-column inline treatment of CoQ10. Chromatographic separation of CoQ10 and coenzyme Q9 (CoQ9) internal standard was achieved using a reversed-phase Microsorb-MV C18 analytical column. CoQ10 and CoQ9 were monitored by an electrochemical detector (ECD). An excellent linearity (r = 0.999) was observed for CoQ10 in the concentration range 0.06–2.5 µmol L−1 in breast milk. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 60 nmol L−1. Coefficients of variations (CVs) for intra-day and inter-day assay precisions were less than 5%. A total of 194 breast milk samples were analyzed for the CoQ10 concentration; the mean value was 0.32 ± 0.21 µmol L−1. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of inbreeding on male mating ability inDrosophila melanogaster.

A set of experiments designed to measure the effect of rapid inbreeding on three components of male mating ability — competitive mating ability, mating rate and fertility — inD. melanogaster were conducted. A drastic reduction in competitive mating ability and mating rate was observed at a rather low level of inbreeding (F = 0.25), but the effect of further inbreeding was small. The results with respect to the effect of inbreeding on sperm quantity and quality were ambiguous due to an unsatisfactory experimental design.
Molecular regulation of prostaglandin synthesis: Implications for endocrine systems

Abstract A wide array of prostanoids, which includes prostaglandins D 2 , E 2 , F 2α , I 2 , and thromboxane A 2 , has been known to exert regulatory effects in many endocrine systems for over 3 decades. More recently, however, molecular biological techniques have uncovered new findings that have brought about radical changes in our thinking about prostaglandin pharmacology and physiology. Two separate forms of cyclooxygenase (COX), a constitutive and an inducible form, have been identified. These two forms arise from separate genes whose expression is regulated differently. Moreover, genes for different receptor types and sub-types of prostanoid receptors have also been cloned. The various prostanoid receptor types and subtypes are coupled to transduction systems that cause alterations in intracellular calcium and cAMP concentrations. As importantly, new sites of inhibitory action for corticosteroids and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in the COX-2 synthetic pathway have been uncovered that decrease COX-2 mRNA levels and enzyme mass. Most of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs are more effective in inhibiting activity of COX-1 compared with COX-2. This carries important clinical relevance, because COX-1 is proposed to play a role in normal physiologic processes rather than in mediating inflammation, which may explain the undesirable side effects of some of these drugs. Possible implications of these new developments on regulation of bone resorption as a representative endocrine system are considered.
Anxiety, depression, and pain: differences by primary cancer.

Goals of work Disease-related cancer pain is a multidimensional phenomenon. Psychological factors that may alter pain perception in cancer patients have not been well studied. The study purpose was to explore differences in pain, anxiety, and depression by type of primary cancer.
Interleukin 7 induces tcr gene rearrangement in adult marrow-resident murine precursor T cells

Abstract Rearrangement of the T cell antigen receptor genes is a complex, highly regulated process. To gain a better understanding of the extracellular factors involved in the regulation of TCR β and γ and gene rearrangement in adult murine bone marrow-resident precursor T cells, several cytokines were tested for their ability to induce gene recombination. A selected population of C58/J bone marrow cells (Thy llow, CD3−, CD8−, B220−) that is enriched for pre-T cell activity was propagated in vitro in medium supplemented with IL-3 and mast cell growth factor (MGF, also referred to as stem cell factor, Steele factor and c-kit ligand). These cytokines were required for the maintenance of pre-T cell activity in culture, but had no effect on TCR gene expression. Several additional cytokines were added to the culture medium. Of all those tested, only IL-7 induced complete rearrangement of the TCR7 locus. Complete rearrangement of the TCR β locus was not induced under any of the culture conditions analysed here. The bone marrow cells cultured in IL-3, MGF and IL-7 did not begin to express mature T cell proteins and maintained their in vivo progenitor potential. Furthermore. IL-7 cultured bone marrow cells were capable of differentiation in vivo into all phenotypic subpopulations of T cells, without an apparent bias toward the γλ lineage. The data presented here suggest that TCR γ gene rearrangement in adult pre-T cells is regulated by IL-7, but that the TCR β locus requires additional or alternative signals for the induction of complete rearrangement
Cross subsidies in overhead application

Abstract The problem with conventional costing in multiproduct manufacturing is that volume-related allocation bases used to apply overhead to products fail to correspond with the unique resource demands of each of a firm's many products. This paper compares overhead applied in a conventional cost system with that applied in a two-stage, activity-based system to illustrate how cross-subsidies occur (where a high-volume product subsidizes a low-volume and complex product). The sensitivity of cross-subsidies to volume and product diversity is addressed. Both volume diversity and product diversity distort product costs in conventional costing; whereas, activity-based costing generally provides more accurate costs. The paper also shows that in conventional cost systems, departmental overhead rates do not necessarily yield more accurate product costs than plant-wide rates. The conditions necessary for advantageous use of departmental rates are discussed. In addition, cost behavior analysis and the dual rate method, both subjects of managerial accounting for decades, can be applied to function as a two-stage, activity-based cost system.
Nuclear Medicine Imaging With Pressurized Multiwire Proportional Chambers

The pressurized xenon-filled multi-wire proportional chamber (MWPC) is an imaging detector with high intrinsic spatial resolution and good uniformity of response. We describe the design and operation of a 20 x 20 cm2 MWPC with a mass of 0.14 g/cm2 of xenon, maintained at 60 psi absolute. Electromagnetic delay-lines are used to obtain position information. Imaging studies have been performed using a Nuclear Chicago low-energy high-resolution collimator. The intrinsic resolution of the system was determined for 60 keV and 140 keV photons using bar phantoms, and was found to be 1 mm and 2 mm respectively. The Modulation Transfer Function for 140 keV is down to 70 percent response at 1.4 cycles per cm. Stopping-power is about 65 percent for 1-125 and 10 percent for Tc-99m. The distribution of thyroid hormones in the rat was clearly demonstrated. Picker thyroid phantoms filled with 1-125 and TC-99m were imaged with good detail. Preliminary 1-125 thyroid studies in humans have shown a promising potential. Other studies in rats have included liver/spleen imaging with Tc-99m-sulfur colloid and skeletal imaging with Tc-99m-polyphosphate. The excellent spatial resolution of the detector, together with the addition of higher efficiency collimators and operation at higher pressures realize a system with characteristics that are adequate for clinical use. These components are now being incorporated in a 30 x 30 cm2 MWPC.
A PARALLEL SCHEDULING ALGORITHM FOR TREE STRUCTURED INTERCONNECTION NETWORKS

Global parallel scheduling is a new approach for runtime load balancing. In parallel scheduling, all processors cooperate together to schedule work. Parallel scheduling accurately balances the load by using global load information. As an alternative strategy to the commonly used dynamic scheduling, it provides a high-quality, low-overhead load balancing. This paper presents a parallel scheduling algorithm for interconnection networks of the tree topology. This algorithm minimizes communications and maximize locality.
Butchering, sharing, and the archaeological record

Abstract Richard Gould has recently advocated certain methodological positions he considers to be appropriate to the field of archaeology. These positions have been placed in critical contrast to propositions which this author allegedly advocates with regard to archaeological method and theory. This paper seeks to correct Gould's representation of this author's views and to place in a broader perspective the suggestions which he has offered to the field for consideration.
Vision Servo System for High-Voltage-Live-Working Robot

This paper presents a vision servo system for high-voltage-live-working robot, which consists of image acquisition subsystem, image processing subsystem and robot control subsystem. It uses binocular stereo camera which mounted on the hand of robot to get the image of the working scene, and then uses binocular stereo vision algorithms together with target tracking algorithm to get the 3-Dimensions information of the power equipment. The robot control subsystem receives the 3-Dimensions information, and then guide the robot moving to the target location to implement the high-voltage-work. The proposed system can implement the high-voltage-work without Human involvement and improve works level of automation and efficiency.
The philosophical basis for the use of probabilities in safety assessments

Abstract The axiomatic theory of probability is analogous to the theory of moving objects based on relations such as Newton's second law, F = ma . Each theory purports to describe the behavior of physical objects, and each has been validated by countless observations and experiments. In this sense, the probability of coming up heads is just as intrinsic a property of a real coin as is its mass. In contrast to the established validity of the axiomatic approach, the major weakness of the subjectivistic (Bayesian) approach to probability is the questionable connection between its conclusions and the real world.