cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applications of Integration

Mathematics consists in discovering and describing certain objects and structures. It is essentially impossible to give an all-encompassing description of these. Hence, instead of such a definition, we simply state that the objects of study of mathematics as we know it are those which you will find described in the mathematical journals of the past two centuries, and leave it at that. There are many reasons for studying these objects, among which are aesthetic reasons (some people like them), and practical reasons (some mathematics can be applied).
The Thalamic Intralaminar Nuclei and the Cerebral Cortex

The use of the term “intralaminar nuclei” or “nuclei of the internal medullary lamina” dates back to Vogt (1909) and Friedemann (1911). According to its literal definition, the term “intralaminar nuclei” refers to the nuclear structures which lie within the internal medullary lamina of the thalamus. However, in its most common use, this term indicates the nuclear structures which are topographically related to three distinct regions of the thalamus of mammals. The first, the central medial nucleus (CeM), is located at the midline between the internal medullary laminae of the two sides. The second is located laterally in the anterior part of each internal medullary lamina, and includes the paracentral (Pc) and central lateral (CL) nuclei. The third expands posteriorly in a splitting of the internal medullary lamina and includes the posterior intralaminar, centre median (CM), and parafascicular (Pf) nuclei, which are commonly designated as the CM-Pf complex in the species in which they can both be identified (see Section 2).
Quasisoft X-Ray Sources: Unusual States of Stellar-Mass Objects, or Intermediate Mass Black Holes?

Chandra observations of nearby galaxies have revealed a number of X-ray sources characterized by high luminosities ($L_X > \sim10^{36}$ erg s$^{-1}$) and $k T$ in the range $100 - 350$ eV. These ``quasisoft X-ray sources'' (QSSs) are harder than luminous supersoft X-ray sources (SSSs), whose characteristic temperatures are tens of eV, but, with little or no emission above 2 keV, they are significantly softer than most canonical X-ray sources. They are likely to include a range of physical systems; some may be common systems in unusual states: neutron stars or stellar-mass black holes (BHs), or SNRs. Others may be accreting BHs of intermediate mass. We have analyzed {\it Chandra} data from $19 $ near-by galaxies to identify QSSs with sufficiently high count rates to allow spectral fits. Six of these galaxies have been studied in great detail; in these we find 89 SSSs and 122 QSSs. In this paper we present spectra for QSSs those with more than 50 counts. We also use data from six of these galaxies to study the broadband spectral distributions of QSSs and to compare them with those of other X-ray sources. Since QSSs in the Milky Way are likely to be missed by our selection procedures, we discuss other signatures by which they can be found. If some of the QSSs for which we have spectra are accreting BHs, the lower bounds for the BH mass range from roughly $30 M_\odot$ to $1000 M_\odot$.
Effects of Dietary Compounds on α-Hydroxylation of N-Nitrosopyrrolidine and N′-Nitrosonornicotine in Rat Target Tissues

Male F344 rats were pretreated with various dietary compounds, and the effects of pretreatment on the in vitro α-hydroxylation of N -nitrosopyrrolidine or N′ -nitrosonornicotine were determined in assays with liver microsomes or cultured esophagus, respectively. Dietary compounds included phenols, cinnamic acids, coumarins, indoles, and isothiocyanates. Pretreatments were carried out either by administering the compound by gavage 2 hr prior to sacrifice (acute protocol) or by adding the compound to the diet for 2 weeks (chronic protocol). Acute pretreatment with benzyl isothiocyanate, allyl isothiocyanate, phenethyl isothiocyanate, phenyl isocyanate, and benzyl thiocyanate but not sodium thiocyanate inhibited formation of α-hydroxylation products of both nitrosamines. When the chronic pretreatment protocol was used, only phenyl isothiocyanate and sodium thiocyanate inhibited formation of α-hydroxylation products of both nitrosamines. Pretreatments with butylated hydroxyanisole, p -methoxyphenol, or N -acetylcysteine had little, if any, effect on the α-hydroxylation of N -nitrosopyrrolidine or N′ -nitrosonornicotine. Chronic pretreatment with p -hydroxycinnamic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid, coumarin, umbelliferone, limetine, indole, indole-3-carbinol, indole-3-acetonitrile, and l-tryptophan induced activity for the α-hydroxylation of N -nitrosopyrrolidine. The results of this study indicate that isothiocyanates are possible candidates for further study as potential inhibitors of carcinogenesis by N -nitrosopyrrolidine and N′ -nitrosonornicotine.
Changes in Volatile Compounds of γ-Irradiated Fresh Cilantro Leaves during Cold Storage

Consumption of salsas and dishes containing cilantro has been linked to several recent outbreaks of food-borne illness due to contamination with human pathogens. Ionizing irradiation can effectively eliminate food-borne pathogens from various vegetables including cilantro. However, the effect of irradiation on aroma of fresh cilantro is unknown. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of irradiation on volatile compounds of fresh cilantro leaves. Fresh cilantro leaves (Coriandrum sativum L) were irradiated with 0, 1, 2, or 3 kGy gamma radiation and then stored at 3 degrees C up to 14 days. Volatile compounds were extracted using solid-phase microextraction (SPME), followed by gas chromatographic separation and mass spectra detection at 0, 3, 7, and 14 days after irradiation. Most of the volatile compounds identified were aldehydes. Decanal and (E)-2-decenal were the most abundant compounds, accounting for more than 80% of the total amount of identified compounds. The amounts of linalool, dodecanal, and (E)-2-dodecenal in irradiated samples were significantly lower than those in nonirradiated samples at day 14. However, the most abundant compounds [decanal and (E)-2-decenal] were not consistently affected by irradiation. During storage at 3 degrees C, the amount of most aldehydes peaked at 3 days and then decreased afterward. Our results suggest irradiation of fresh cilantro for safety enhancement at doses up to 3 kGy had minimal effect on volatile compounds compared with the losses that occurred during storage.
Can the Mummy Speak? Manifest Destiny, Ventriloquism, and the Silence of the Ancient Egyptian Body

In the spring of 1826, Peale’s American Museum and Gallery of Fine Arts displayed before curious visitors the first Egyptian mummy in New York City. 1 True to its name, the American Museum was an e...
Composite models of the baryons and electromagnetic decays

Abstract Using a variety of models, the possible electromagnetic decays of the baryon resonances with known quantum numbers are estimated. The results suggest that in many cases the radiative transitions will compete strongly enough with the strong decays to permit their observation. It is also observed that such experiments can be quite fruitful in selecting between models and helping determine the structure of the particles.
The view of surgery department chairs on part time faculty in academic practice: results of a national survey.

Background Reduced resident work hours sparked debate regarding lifestyle of clinical faculty. We hypothesized surgery department chairs would not be supportive of part-time clinical faculty (PTF) and would be reluctant to grant requests to reduce total institutional commitment (TIC) or total professional effort. Method A 16-question survey was mailed to 202 surgery chairs requesting department demographics, and perception of PTF. Chairs were given the option of identifying themselves. PTF referred to full-time equivalent clinicians who reduce their TIC for personal/family reasons and did not include clinicians with research or teaching commitments limiting clinical responsibilities. Results A total of 112 of 186 (61.2%) delivered surveys were returned. Of these, 48.2% of respondents indicated clinicians had requested reduced TIC and 40.2% of departments had PTF. Only 1 chair was unable to grant a request to reduce TIC. A total of 42.8% of respondents indicated that PTF receive reduced salary-linked benefits but (58.9%) no change in either academic status or (52.7%) eligibility for promotion/tenure. The percentage of women faculty was 12.0% in departments with PTF and 10.5% in departments without PTF. A total of 42.8% of chairs agreed facilitating PTF would improve faculty retention versus 24.1% who disagreed (P < .0001). When compared with departments without PTF, chairs with PTF were more supportive that facilitating PTF would improve faculty retention (53.3% vs 32.7%, P < .001) and would be beneficial to their departments (57.8% vs 22.4%, P < .001). Sixty-two percent of respondents volunteered their names and contact information for follow-up. Conclusions Contrary to our hypothesis, surgery department chairs appear to be supportive of PTF and were interested in discussing this further.
Improving Fault Tolerance of Network-on-Chip Links via Minimal Redundancy and Reconfiguration

We propose to partition links in a network-on-chip into multiple segments and use spare wires at the level of each segment to address permanent errors due to manufacturing or wear out defects. Because different segments of the spare wires address different errors from different segments, the proposed reconfigurable link structure can tolerate a larger number of errors with a reduced number of spare wires. The proposed self-repairing segmented link structure is implemented and simulated in Verilog and verified on a Virtex 5 FPGA. Experimental results on area, power consumption, delay, and reliability show that the optimal link is achieved when the link is partitioned into two segments.
Observation of quasi two-dimensional nematic order in a system of rigid rods

Phospholipid tubules were suspended on the surface of an aqueous solution. At low density, a rarefied nematic phase with weak orientational order was observed. At high density the tubules phase separated into a well ordered high density phase and an isotropic phase with virtually no tubules present. Results are compared to theories for two-dimensional ordering of hard rods
Pilot trial evaluating maternal docosahexaenoic acid consumption during pregnancy: Decreased postpartum depressive symptomatology

Abstract Objective Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6, n-3) is a major structural component of neural tissue critical to neurotransmission and mood regulation. Poor maternal dietary intake coupled with accelerated maternal-fetal transfer of DHA compound risk for maternal deficiency. The objective of this investigation was to determine if maternal DHA supplementation is efficacious in reducing symptoms of postpartum depression. Methods This pilot investigation was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled investigation of the role of DHA in preventing risk for postpartum depression. Women were assigned to: i) Placebo (no DHA, corn oil capsule), ii) DHA (300 mg DHA, fish oil capsule). Capsules were consumed from 24 to 40 weeks gestation (1 capsule 5 days/week). Forty-two participants were recruited (n = 20, intervention; n = 22, placebo). Maternal DHA status and depressive symptoms were followed from 24 to 40 weeks gestation using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS) from 2 weeks to 6 months postpartum. Results PDSS total scores were significantly lower (p = 0.016; 46.03 ± 2.17, intervention vs. 52.11 ± 2.4, placebo) in the intervention group with less anxiety/insecurity (p = 0.03), emotional lability (p = 0.04) and loss of self (p = 0.02). Conclusions Women in the DHA intervention group had fewer symptoms of postpartum depression compared to the placebo group. These results support the notion that the consumption of DHA by pregnant women can be efficacious in preventing depressive symptoms and highlight a need for further larger-scale investigations using the PDSS in tandem with a diagnostic evaluation.
Infertility in transgenic mice overexpressing the bovine growth hormone gene: disruption of the neuroendocrine control of prolactin secretion during pregnancy.

Transgenic female mice overexpressing the bovine growth hormone (bGH) gene with the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) promoter exhibit severe reproductive deficits. Although these animals ovulate and conceive normally, pregnancy is arrested due to luteal failure, leading to the loss of embryos during early gestation. The results of replacement therapy suggested that luteal failure was secondary to prolactin (PRL) deficiency. The objective of this study was to examine the neuroendocrine control of PRL secretion during early pregnancy in PEPCKbGH-1 transgenic mice. Normal and transgenic littermates were killed by decapitation on Day 7 postcoitum (p.c.) at 1500, 1800, or 2100 h, i.e., the period including the expected diurnal PRL surge in pregnant mice. In normal females, plasma PRL levels were significantly elevated at 1800 h when compared to the levels measured at 1500 or 2100 h, but no temporal variation in PRL levels was found in transgenic mice. In normal females, the content of dopamine in the median eminence was reduced at 1800 h, i.e., at the time of the PRL surge. In contrast, no temporal changes were detected in the median eminence dopamine content in transgenic mice. Twice-daily injections of domperidone, a dopamine receptor blocker, increased the incidence of pregnancy in transgenic females. After treatment with aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor NSD-1015 on Day 7 p.c., plasma levels of PRL were similarly elevated in transgenic and normal females. However, the accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in the medial basal hypothalamus after this treatment was significantly smaller in transgenic than in normal females.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The market structure of the US aluminum industry

Abstract New competition from abroad has recently challenged the US aluminum industry. Prices declined and firms faced losses where they previously realized profits. Perhaps these phenomena represent structural change in an industry that previously enjoyed market power. Alternatively, perhaps the industry had already lost its market power, at least since the 1950s, when Reynolds and Kaiser broke Alcoa's dominant-firm status. If so, the recent losses may reflect heightened global competition in an already competitive market. We estimate market power in the US aluminum industry over 1965–1988 and find evidence that the industry was competitive over this period.
An ESR and X-ray diffraction study of a first-order phase transition in CdPS3

Abstract The ESR spectra of Mn +2 doped single crystals of CdPS 3 indicate a first-order phase transition (monoclinic to orthorhombic) at ca. 260 K. This is confirmed directly by an X-ray diffraction examination of the doped and undoped crystals at various temperatures.
Transient motion of liquid plugs with yield stress in human airways

The airway closure due to capillary instability [1] occurs in lung diseases such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, or emphysema. The reopening process involves displacement of plugs constituted from mucus, a non-Newtonian fluid with a yield stress, in the airways. In this work the transient propagation of mucus plugs in a 2D channel is studied numerically, assuming that the mucus is a Bingham fluid. The governing equations are discretized by a spectral element formulation and the free surface is resolved with an Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) approach [2]. The constitutive equation for a Bingham fluid is implemented through a regularized constitutive equation. According to the numerical results, the yield stress behavior of the plug modifies the plug shape, the pattern of the streamlines and the distribution of stresses in the plug domain and along the walls in a significant way. The distribution along the walls is a major factor in studying cell injuries.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Observability of radiation-pressure shot noise in optomechanical systems

We present a theoretical study of an experiment designed to detect radiation-pressure shot noise in an optomechanical system. Our model consists of a coherently driven optical cavity mode that is coupled to a mechanical oscillator. We examine the cross-correlation between two quadratures of the output field from the cavity. We determine under which circumstances radiation-pressure shot noise can be detected by a measurement of this cross-correlation. This is done in the general case of nonzero detuning between the frequency of the drive and the cavity resonance frequency. We study the qualitative features of the different contributions to the cross-correlator and provide quantitative figures of merit for the relative importance of the radiation-pressure shot noise contribution to other contributions. We also propose a modified setup of this experiment relevant to the ``membrane-in-the-middle'' geometry, which potentially can avoid the problems of static bistability and classical noise in the drive.
Invariance principle for inertial-scale behavior of scalar fields in Kolmogorov-type turbulence

Abstract We prove limit theorems for small-scale pair dispersion in synthetic velocity fields with power-law spatial spectra and wavenumber dependent correlation times. These limit theorems are related to a family of generalized Richardson’s laws with a limiting case corresponding to Richardson’s t3- and 4/3-laws. We also characterize a regime of positive dissipation of passive scalars.
Insertion of an Osmium Nitride into Boron−Carbon Bonds

When arylboranes react with the osmium(VI) nitrido complex [{HB(pz)3}Os(N)Cl2], they do not just bind to the nitrogen atom. A B−C bond is cleaved, and the phenyl and boryl units are separately bound to nitrogen in the product (e.g. 1; X=Ph; Y=Ph, OBPh2). Subsequent hydrolysis leads to cleavage of the B−N bond and generation of the anilido species [{HB(pz)3}Os(NHPh)Cl2]. pz=pyrazolyl.
The Genetic Basis of Complex Strabismus

Members of my research laboratory combine clinical, genetic, and molecular biologic approaches to the study of congenital strabismus. Strabismus, which is misalignment of the eyes, affects 2-4% of the population and causes loss of binocular vision and amblyopia (vision loss in a structurally normal eye). The cause of strabismus when it occurs in the absence of structural brain abnormalities is generally unknown. In the last decade, we have focused our research studies on understanding the genetic etiology of a series of complex strabismus syndromes in which eye movement in at least one direction is limited or paralyzed. We are discovering that these disorders result from mutations in genes necessary for the normal development and connectivity of brainstem ocular motoneurons, including PHOX2A, SALL4, KIF21A, ROBO3, and HOXA1, and we now refer to these syndromes as the "congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders," or CCDD.
Stresses and displacements around a circular tunnel in a three-layer medium—II Similitude relations for a general linear non-homogeneous model finite element analyses of stress and displacement fields for some combined loading conditions comparison of plane stress and plane strain solutions

Abstract The principle of similitude is applied to the distributions of stresses and displacements around a circular opening located in a continuous linear non-homogeneous material. The distributions for some combined loads on a three-layer medium, obtained using the ‘finite element’ technique, are found to be in agreement with the postulates set forth in the similitude relationships. The stress and displacement fields under the plane stress and plane strain hypotheses are compared for two values of the ratio E 1 / E 2 , viz. 2 and 10.
Methanol/CO2 phase behavior in supercritical fluid chromatography and extraction

Abstract Mixed mobile phases have often been used improperly in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Phase separation is unavoidable at certain conditions where conventional SFC and SFE are performed, resulting in inhomogeneous mobile phases. We describe here a relatively rapid and accurate approach to determining transition pressures at different temperatures and modifier concentrations. There is close agreement between the experimental values determined in this work and those published by others for methanol and carbon dioxide. The results have been used to test the predictions of several common methods for estimating the critical pressures of mixtures. The methods failed to predict the critical pressure to within 20 atm between approximately 4–20 mol % of modifier. Chromatographic performance was shown to be severely degraded when the pressure in the column is below the gas-liquid transition pressure. The effect of pressure drop in the column on phase behavior is discussed.
Human origins: Shadows of early migrations.

Analysis of ancient nuclear DNA, recovered from 40,000-year-old remains in the Denisova Cave, Siberia, hints at the multifaceted interaction of human populations following their migration out of Africa. See Article p.1053 Anatomically modern humans were in Africa from some point after 200,000 years ago and reached Eurasia rather later. Meanwhile, archaic hominins — including the Neanderthals — had been in Eurasia from at least 230,000 years ago and disappear from the fossil record only about 30,000 years ago. The genome of a female archaic hominin from Denisova Cave in southern Siberia has now been sequenced from DNA extracted from a finger bone. The group to which this 'Denisovan' individual belonged shares a common origin with Neanderthals and, although it was not involved in the putative gene flow from Neanderthals into Eurasians, it contributed 4–6% of the genomes of present-day Melanesians. In addition, the morphology of a tooth with a mitochondrial genome very similar to that of the finger bone suggests that these hominins are evolutionarily distinct from both Neanderthals and modern humans.
A new diagnostic problem : isolation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains with aberrant biochemical properties

Over a five-year period (1995-1999) the Microbial Diseases Laboratory received 34 strains of E. coli O157:H7 each with a single aberrant biochemical property. In addition, 27 O157 strains with negative or delayed motility were noted during the same time period. These observations suggest that there may be an increased likelihood to misdiagnose O157:H7 infections using commercial systems in the future due to increasing phenotypic variability.
Proton-transfer reactions between nitroalkanes and hydroxide ion under non-steady-state conditions. Apparent and real kinetic isotope effects.

The kinetics of the proton-transfer reactions between 1-nitro-1-(4-nitrophenyl)ethane (NNPEH(D)) and hydroxide ion in water/acetonitrile (50/50 vol %) were studied at temperatures ranging from 289 to 319 K. The equilibrium constants for the reactions are large under these conditions, ensuring that the back reaction is not significant. The extent of reaction/time profiles during the first half-lives are compared with theoretical data for the simple single-step mechanism and a 2-step mechanism involving initial donor/acceptor complex formation followed by unimolecular proton transfer and dissociation of ions. In all cases, the profiles for the reactions of both NNPEH and NNPED deviate significantly from those expected for the simple single-step mechanism. Excellent fits of experimental data with theoretical data for the complex mechanism, in the pre-steady-state time period, were observed in all cases. At all base concentrations (0.5 to 5.0 mM) and at all temperatures the apparent kinetic isotope effects (K...
Corroboration, Explanation, Evolving Probability, Simplicity and a Sharpened Razor

My aim is to discuss (degrees of) corroboration, explanatory power, and complexity, and the relationships between them, and to suggest a new form of Ockham's razor which is applicable in particular to practical statistical problems. It will be found necessary to distinguish between two meanings of 'explanatory power' but nearly unique explicata will be suggested in terms of probability. These explicata will be derived from reasonable desiderata or axioms. Corroboration, explanatory power, and complexity can be expressed in terms of one another, and probability can be defined in terms of them, but I believe that the best practical method for estimating any of these things is to make judgments about all of them, and perhaps other things as well, and then to make deductions and modify the judgments in the light of inconsistencies that emerge. Among the conclusions are (a) (degree of) corroboration can be identified with 'weight of evidence' (in a sense not to be confused with the sense in which it was used, for example, by Popper, 1959), where the identification preserves all ordering relations (inequalities) between degrees of corroboration; (b) the explanatory power in the 'weak sense' of a hypothesis H, for explaining evidence E, namely the explanatory power that is unaffected by cluttering up H with irrelevancies, can be identified with the amount of mutual information between H and E; (c) the explanatory power in the strong sense, that is affected by the cluttering mentioned, can be obtained by subtracting from the weak explanatory power a term proportional to the information in H; (d) the complexity of a proposition can be identified with the amount of information in it, that is, minus the logarithm of its probability; (e) a sharpened form of 'Ockham's razor' is proposed which is that if our primary purpose is explanation we should select the hypothesis (among those we know) which has the maximum strong explanatory power; (f) this improvement of Ockham's razor can be applied to the estimation of statistical parameters. It will typically give rise to interval estimates, but it would give point estimates if weak explanatory power Received 27.xii.67
Ab initio study of the insertion reaction of Mg into a C-F bond of tetrafluoroethylene

Abstract Theoretical calculations using self-consistent field and Moller-Plesset perturbation theory through second-order (MP2) have been carried out on the gas-phase Mg + C 2 F 4 → C 2 F 3 MgF reaction. Optimized geometries for the transition state and product have been determined along with relative energies and vibrational frequencies. The intrinsic reaction coordinate has been calculated from the transition state toward reactants and products. The activation energy is calculated to be 19.0 kcal mol − and the reaction is exothermic by 63.2kcalmol − , calculated at the MP2/6-31G ∗ //SCF/6-31G ∗ level.
West nile virus infection decreases fecundity of Culex tarsalis females

Abstract West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV) persistently infects many mosquito tissues, and it has been associated with cytopathological changes in midgut muscles and salivary glands. However, the effects of WNV infection on mosquito fitness (survival and reproduction) are not known. We conducted a life table study of individually housed female Culex tarsalis Coquillett. After an initial bloodmeal from a WNV-infected or uninfected chicken, mosquitoes were provided sucrose and offered weekly opportunities to feed on a hanging blood drop. WNV transmission status was determined by testing the remaining blood drop for virus after mosquito feeding. Dead mosquitoes and eggs were collected daily. Mosquito legs and bodies were tested for WNV, and eggs were counted and allowed to hatch. Two replicates of this experiment were performed, with a total of 62 mosquitoes that fed on a WNV-infected chicken (of which 21 became infected) and 43 mosquitoes that fed on an uninfected chicken. Fecundi...
The Lactic Acid Fermentation of Streptococci under Aerobic Conditions

Summary Under strictly aerobic conditions, obtained by vigorous and complete aeration, the percentage of lactic acid produced per unit of glucose fermented by streptococci is substantially lower than under anaerobic conditions. This appears to be true of strains representing the various important divisions of the streptococci and does not seem to be limited to any particular group or species.
'Uncrunching' time: medical schools' use of social media for faculty development.

Purpose : The difficulty of attracting attendance for in-person events is a problem common to all faculty development efforts. Social media holds the potential to disseminate information asynchronously while building a community through quick, easy-to-use formats. The authors sought to document creative uses of social media for faculty development in academic medical centers. Method : In December 2011, the first author (P.S.C.) examined the websites of all 154 accredited medical schools in the United States and Canada for pages relevant to faculty development. The most popular social media sites and searched for accounts maintained by faculty developers in academic medicine were also visited. Several months later, in February 2012, a second investigator (C.W.S.) validated these data via an independent review. Results : Twenty-two (22) medical schools (14.3%) employed at least one social media technology in support of faculty development. In total, 40 instances of social media tools were identified the most popular platforms being Facebook (nine institutions), Twitter (eight institutions), and blogs (eight institutions). Four medical schools, in particular, have developed integrated strategies to engage faculty in online communities. Conclusions : Although relatively few medical schools have embraced social media to promote faculty development, the present range of such uses demonstrates the flexibility and affordability of the tools. The most popular tools incorporate well into faculty members’ existing use of technology and require minimal additional effort. Additional research into the benefits of engaging faculty through social media may help overcome hesitation to invest in new technologies. Keywords : faculty development; social networking; collaboration; Web 2.0; time demands (Published: 27 June 2013) Citation: Med Educ Online 2013, 18 : 20995 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/meo.v18i0.20995
Variable post‐zygotic isolation in Drosophila melanogaster/D. simulans hybrids

The study of hybrid inviability reveals cryptic divergence between the genetic interactions that maintain stable phenotypes in the pure species. We characterized the effects of natural variation on the penetrance of hybrid inviability phenotypes in crosses between Drosophila melanogaster and two species of the D. simulans subcomplex, D. simulans and D. sechellia. Using a panel of wild-caught lines, we studied the levels of genetic variance present in D. simulans and D. sechellia affecting prezygotic and post-zygotic isolation in hybridizations with D. melanogaster females. We observed extensive variability in the viability of hybrid individuals, dependent on the genotype of the parents, suggesting that intraspecific natural variation manifests directly in hybrid phenotypes. Furthermore, we found that genetic background significantly affects the penetrance of a well-studied determinant of hybrid inviability: the interaction between Hmrmel-Lhrsim. Our results suggest that hybrid inviability--and reproductive isolation generally--can be modified by polymorphisms at multiple loci segregating within the parental species. Just as the penetrance of most mutant phenotypes can be modified by the genetic background within the pure species, the penetrance of hybrid inviability phenotypes is highly influenced by the parental genotypes.
Thin-layer chromatograhy and spectrophotometry of α-ketoacid hydrazones

Abstract Thin-layer chromatography has been applied to the dinitrophenylhydrazones of α-ketoacids. Rapid, effective separations are obtained, and have been used in obtaining spectrophotometric data on the dinitrophenylhydrazones of pyruvic acid and the branched-chain ketoacids including the two isomers of pyruvic acid and ketoleucine. A method is derived for calculating the relative amounts of each of the isomer dinitrophenylhydrazones of ketoleucine in a mixture of the two. a methd is described for determiniing the individual branched-chain ketoacids which could be applied to following the blood levels in maple-syrup urine disease.
Developmental cytology of chromatophores in the red‐spotted newt

The cytology of pigment-bearing cells is followed in the integument of the red-spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens Rafinesque, with observations beginning in the late embryo and continuing through to the adult. Dermal melanophores appear in late tailbud stages, and dermal xanthophores differentiate prior to hatching. In young larvae, both become widely and evenly distributed in the dorsal skin, but in older larvae a pattern develops so that melanophores are absent from certain circumscribed lateral regions designated as melanophore voids. Iridophores differentiate and accumulate among the xanthophores which have remained in the voids. Those xanthophores then are transformed into proerythrophores; that is, their form is altered from stellate to punctate, their nuclei change from fusiform to ovoid, and their pterinosomes are largely replaced by lipid droplets. In some of the voids, the proerythrophores migrate into the epidermis to become the erythrophores of the red spots. The remaining voids cease to exist when their proerythrophores disappear and are replaced by dermal melanophores. At the same time, some dermal melanophores accumulate to form dorsal black spots, and a morphologically different type of melanophore differentiates within the epidermis. In the interspot regions of the eft, xanthophores hypertrophy and pack the dermis, giving an orange color to the skin. In the interspot regions of the adult newt, xanthophores with fewer organelles produce a yellow color on the ventral surface, and, in combination with melanophores and iridophores, produce a greenish color in the dorsum.
Assessing mothers' attitudes about the physician's role in child health promotion.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed maternal attitudes about the physician's role in child health promotion. METHODS: Home interviews were conducted with 200 Massachusetts mothers (with one child age 2 to 3 years) enrolled in a health maintenance organization. RESULTS: Mothers chose growth and nutrition, physical development, and illness as the most important topics and felt that providers have the ability to prevent problems and to help. Psychosocial and safety issues were less important, although mothers felt susceptible to these issues and believed they greatly affected children's health. CONCLUSIONS: On all issues, mothers believed physicians were more effective in helping families after, not before, problems arose. The Health Belief Model provided insight into attitudes and possible interventions.
The APEX Quantitative Proteomics Tool: Generating protein quantitation estimates from LC-MS/MS proteomics results

Mass spectrometry (MS) based label-free protein quantitation has mainly focused on analysis of ion peak heights and peptide spectral counts. Most analyses of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) data begin with an enzymatic digestion of a complex protein mixture to generate smaller peptides that can be separated and identified by an MS/MS instrument. Peptide spectral counting techniques attempt to quantify protein abundance by counting the number of detected tryptic peptides and their corresponding MS spectra. However, spectral counting is confounded by the fact that peptide physicochemical properties severely affect MS detection resulting in each peptide having a different detection probability. Lu et al. (2007) described a modified spectral counting technique, Absolute Protein Expression (APEX), which improves on basic spectral counting methods by including a correction factor for each protein (called O i value) that accounts for variable peptide detection by MS techniques. The technique uses machine learning classification to derive peptide detection probabilities that are used to predict the number of tryptic peptides expected to be detected for one molecule of a particular protein (O i ). This predicted spectral count is compared to the protein's observed MS total spectral count during APEX computation of protein abundances. The APEX Quantitative Proteomics Tool, introduced here, is a free open source Java application that supports the APEX protein quantitation technique. The APEX tool uses data from standard tandem mass spectrometry proteomics experiments and provides computational support for APEX protein abundance quantitation through a set of graphical user interfaces that partition thparameter controls for the various processing tasks. The tool also provides a Z-score analysis for identification of significant differential protein expression, a utility to assess APEX classifier performance via cross validation, and a utility to merge multiple APEX results into a standardized format in preparation for further statistical analysis. The APEX Quantitative Proteomics Tool provides a simple means to quickly derive hundreds to thousands of protein abundance values from standard liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry proteomics datasets. The APEX tool provides a straightforward intuitive interface design overlaying a highly customizable computational workflow to produce protein abundance values from LC-MS/MS datasets.
Neurocognitive Status of HIV-infected Children at Age Three Years 264

This retrospective study delineates outcome status at age three by AIDS defining diagnosis for children with perinatally acquired HIV infection, and determines whether prenatal drug exposure and preterm birth are related to outcome status. The study sample consists of HIV-infected children who were attended by the Special Immunology Service and who had at least one developmental evaluation (Bayley or McCarthy Scales)during the study period(February 1991-May 1995). We selected a limited age range to determine neurocognitive outcome,(3 years +/- 6 months), distinguished outcome by AIDS defining illness (LIP and non-LIP, and incorporated mortality into a definition of extremely poor outcome status. We hypothesized that prenatal drug exposure and low birthweight would negatively impact outcome. Seventy-four children met the CDC criteria for diagnosis of HIV infection; 48 had AIDS (1987 AIDS surveillance case definition); 16 had LIP AIDS. All had receeived antiretroviral treatment. Twelve children were not available for testing within the age limit selected for study and were excluded. Twelve additional children died before they could be tested at age 3. The remaining 50 children all received neurocognitive testing at age 3 (+ 6 months). The majority were functioning within broadly normal limits on neurocognitive testing at age three (DQ >70). However, 53% of the children with a diagnosis of AIDS had neurocognitive test scores <70. Children who had LIP AIDS were less likely to score in that range than those with non-LIP AIDS, although more likely than HIV+ children who did not have AIDS (p=.009). Extremely poor outcome, as defined by the lower limit of the Bayley or McCarthy test (<50) or death by age three, occurred exclusively among those with a diagnosis of non-LIP AIDS. Lower birthweight was associated with extremely poor outcome status, although prenatal drug exposure was not. Outcome studies of HIV-infected children are a reflection of the survival of those less affected with the disease.
The Intersystem: Internetworking for Space Systems

This paper is a description of the Intersystem, which is a mechanism for internetworking among existing and planned military satellite communication systems. The communication systems interconnected with this mechanism are called member systems, and the interconnected set of communication systems is called the Intersystem. The Intersystem is implemented with higher layer protocols that impose a common organization on the different signaling conventions, so that end users of different systems can communicate with each other. The Intersystem provides its coordination of member system access and resource requests with Intersystem Resource Controllers (IRCs), which are processors that implement the Intersystem protocols and have interfaces to the member systems' own access and resource control mechanisms. The IRCs are connected to each other to form the IRC Subnetwork. Terminals request services from the IRC Subnetwork using the Intersystem Access Control Protocols, and the IRC Subnetwork responses to the requests are coordinated using the RCRC (Resource Controller to Resource Controller) Protocols.
Bladder calcifications after photodynamic therapy: analysis of a rare complication.

Abstract Objectives We analyzed bladder calcifications occurring after photodynamic therapy administered for the treatment of superficial bladder cancer, a finding not previously reported after this treatment. Methods Bladder biopsies from 20 patients undergoing photodynamic therapy were evaluated. Bladder calcifications were identified in 2 patients and analyzed for composition. Results One patient had diffuse microcrystalline deposition in two biopsies composed of calcium oxalate monohydrate A. A second patient had a focal stone at a healing biopsy site composed of monoclinic calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (brushite) (66%), calcium oxalate (25%), hydroxyapatite (6%), and protein (3%). Conclusions Rare calcium oxalate and brushite calcifications were identified after photodynamic therapy and presumed to occur because of tissue injury associated with treatment.
A direct projection from the retina to the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus demonstrated by anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in monkey, cat and rat

The anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to re-examine the retinal projection to the superior colliculus in the monkey, cat and rat. By a somewhat novel application of the HRP in which the enzyme is deposited intravitreally in two or three sequential installments at 24 h intervals and by modifications that increase the sensitivity of the tetramethylbenzidine reaction procedure, we have successfully mapped the distribution of a significant number of retinal ganglion cell axons below the stratum opticum in the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus. Although the deep retinotectal axons project to the contralateral colliculus in all animals used, such axons can be followed as well, but in lesser numbers, to the ipsilateral intermediate gray layer in the cat and even moreso in the monkey. The deep retinotectal axons here demonstrated may mediate the short latency responses of deep tectal neurons observed in earlier physiological studies and can no longer be considered as inconsequential to the visuo-oculomotor functions of the deep collicular layers.
Firing silicon carbide refractories in a nitrogen atmosphere

During the firing of specimens of silicon carbide and silicon in a nitrogen atmosphere at 1200–1400°C, the silicon is converted almost completely to silicon nitride. The content of impurities of SiO2 and Si varies from 1.7 to 1%, and from 2.8 to 0.5% respectively.
Comparison of continuously infused 5-fluorouracil with bolus injection in treatment of patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma

In a randomized series of 70 patients with with colo rectal adenocarcinoma, a comparison of systemic 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy administered as a continuous 120-hours infusion vs. intravenous bolus injection daily for 5 days demonstrated superiority of prolonged intravenous infusion. The most striking advantage of prolonged infusion of 5-FU was the absence of myelotoxicity. Fifteen of the 34 patients treated with infusion and 8 of the 36 patients treated by bolus injection developed objective tumor responses. The difference in response rate at least in part is explainable by unequal distribution of patients with different characteristics between the two treatment groups.
THE ISSUE OF ITEM AND TEST VARIANCE FOR CRITERION‐REFERENCED TESTS: A CLARIFICATION

This note contends that item or score variability is an unnecessary characteristic of criterion-referenced tests as they have been traditionally conceived, namely, as measures of well defined classes of examinee behaviors.
Outflows in the Orion Nebula: HH 540 from the Beehive Proplyd*

We present Hubble Space Telescope Advanced Camera for Surveys images of the giant proplyd 181-826 in the southern Orion Nebula. This object exhibits a variety of known proplyd properties—an optically visible central star, a silhouette disk, a bright proplyd ionization front, and a bipolar microjet emerging along the disk axis that powers a larger Herbig-Haro flow. The proplyd ionization front is remarkable because of its large size (a radius of about 800 AU) and because of its corrugated structure consisting of a set of coaxial rings with the same orientation as the embedded silhouette disk. The rings are centered on the disk/jet axis, and we discuss possible mechanisms for their formation. The silhouette disk has an outer radius of about 160 AU, and its axis is inclined by an angle of about 60° with respect to our line of sight. A prominent reflection nebula protrudes along the disk axis toward the south, marking the base of the approaching outflow, and a faint knot on the north side of the disk indicates that the nebula is bipolar. Fabry-Perot images reveal a high-velocity blueshifted jet with a mass-loss rate of about 10-8 M⊙ yr-1 emerging along the disk axis. It has a velocity (corrected for the outflow inclination angle) of about 160 km s-1 and can be traced for about 1' toward the south. A chain of three lower velocity blueshifted bow shocks, collectively known as HH 540, extend several arcminutes south of 181-826 along the same axis, tracing a large-scale outflow powered by this jet.
Individual and situational determinants of the use of deadly force: A simulation

The study of police use of deadly force is a complicated issue because of the scarcity of observed high-risk encounters in the field. The present research explores police shooting behavior in both life-threatening and non-life-threatening situations in a simulated environment. The results suggest that officers’ characteristics, such as race and gender, are not associated with officer shooting behavior. The one exception is that officers with less police experience show more restraint than veteran officers in responding to non-life threatening situations. Suspect demographics, such as race, gender, and age, show inconsistent relationships with officer shooting behavior. One consistent finding is that officers who show poor judgment, slow response, or poor marksmanship suffer a high casualty rate in reacting to life-threatening situations involving multiple suspects.
The 3D video processing method in the stereoscopic camera for mobile devices

In recent years, 3D TVs and the 3D video contents are widely exploited for many people. Due to these developments, many people will want to shoot the 3D contents with the stereoscopic camera, and share these contents by uploading them to the UCC website. However, some people can experience the visual discomfort and fatigue when they are watching the 3D video. In the manufacturing process of low-price stereoscopic camera, the mechanical misalignment could occur, and this can cause severe visual discomfort. Therefore, the 3D video signal obtained from these stereoscopic cameras should be modified by the camera calibration process. Also, the calibrated 3D video signal will be played on various handheld 3D display devices, so that these devices will need the 3D video format converter even for any kind of 3D displays. In our works, the calibration method and the 3D video format converters for any kind 3D displays were applied to our imaging system.