cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A numerical investigation of vapor intrusion--the dynamic response of contaminant vapors to rainfall events.

The U.S. government and various agencies have published guidelines for field investigation of vapor intrusion, most of which suggest soil gas sampling as an integral part of the investigation. Contaminant soil gas data are often relatively more stable than indoor air vapor concentration measurements, but meteorological conditions might influence soil gas values. Although a few field and numerical studies have considered some temporal effects on soil gas vapor transport, a full explanation of the contaminant vapor concentration response to rainfall events is not available. This manuscript seeks to demonstrate the effects on soil vapor transport during and after different rainfall events, by applying a coupled numerical model of fluid flow and vapor transport. Both a single rainfall event and seasonal rainfall events were modeled. For the single rainfall event models, the vapor response process could be divided into three steps: namely, infiltration, water redistribution, and establishment of a water lens atop the groundwater source. In the infiltration step, rainfall intensity was found to determine the speed of the wetting front and wash-out effect on the vapor. The passage of the wetting front led to an increase of the vapor concentration in both the infiltration and water redistribution steps and this effect is noted at soil probes located 1 m below the ground surface. When the mixing of groundwater with infiltrated water was not allowed, a clean water lens accumulated above the groundwater source and led to a capping effect which can reduce diffusion rates of contaminant from the source. Seasonal rainfall with short time intervals involved superposition of the individual rainfall events. This modeling results indicated that for relatively deeper soil that the infiltration wetting front could not flood, the effects were damped out in less than a month after rain; while in the long term (years), possible formation of a water lens played a larger role in determining the vapor intrusion risk. In addition, soil organic carbon retarded the transport process, and damped the contaminant concentration fluctuations.
Examination of a CYP2E1 repeat polymorphism in a monkey model of alcohol abuse.

Background: Cytochrome P-450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is involved in alcohol metabolism, and the expression of this enzyme displays wide phenotypic variability in humans. It has been proposed that some of this variability in expression may be a consequence of the size of a repeat polymorphism in the 5″ regulatory region of the gene and that the polymorphism may segregate with alcoholism. This study examined whether the repeat polymorphism exists in macaque monkeys and whether it associates with excessive alcohol consumption in this animal model. Methods: Ten outbred cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) that displayed a voluntary alcohol consumption ranging from 1.0 to 3.6 g/kg/day were genotyped for a CYP2E1 repeat polymorphism. This polymorphism has been documented in the region from −2519 base pair (bp) to −1953 bp of the human CYP2E1 gene 5″ distal promoter. Results: Individual polymerase chain reaction amplification of genomic DNA from each of the 10 monkey samples revealed a single band of approximately 400 bp in the region corresponding to the human CYP2E1 polymorphism. Polymerase chain reaction amplicons from the 10 individuals were sequenced, and each one generated a 370 bp sequence that is 90% identical to the human gene sequence. However, unlike human alleles that contain five to eight repeats, the cynomolgus monkey is homozygous for a single copy of the repeat most closely resembling repeat 8 (88% identical) in the human gene. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that the CYP2E1 distal promoter region in monkeys is very similar to the human sequence yet lacks the extensive repeated DNA found in humans. This includes the rare repeats 3 and 4, which have been postulated to play a role in transcription regulation and to associate with alcohol abuse liability in humans. These data suggest that the CYP2E1 polymorphism arose late in evolution and that the regulation of the gene by this genetic region is not associated with a heavy alcohol drinking phenotype in the cynomolgus monkey.
Nullification and the Political, Legal, and Quasi-Legal Constitutions

In the midst of the nullification crisis, southern states sympathetic to South Carolina’s position on the tariff rejected the doctrine of nullification. They did so because nullification rejected interpretive pluralism and discursive practices associated with political constitutionalism. Rather, Calhounian nullification and state interpretive supremacy reflected elements of legal constitutionalism but refashioned into a quasi-legal constitutionalism, which served state supremacy and minoritarianism. Scrutinizing nullification’s rejection provides insight into the role of federalism in constitutional politics, including contemporary state expressions of constitutional dissent. State officials who suggest constitutional infidelity to advance policy concerns mistake an inclusive dialogic tradition with a rejected authority to dictate constitutional policy to the nation.
International adoption: A case review of Korean children

In contrast to the controversial transracial adoption of African American children by Caucasian families in the U.S., international, transracial adoption of Asian children has not received much scientific or societal attention. There has been a steady increase in this unnoticed minority group, made up largely of Korean children. This paper reviews the developmental characteristics of post-adoption adjustments among Korean adoptees and discusses the dynamics of their positive adjustments. Sociopolitical issues of international adoptions are also addressed.
The Speed and Origin of the H I Spiral Pattern in M81

A study of the pattern speeds of disk galaxies is under way using integrated forms of the continuity equation that relate the pattern speed to the velocity and surface density of the pattern tracer. Integration removes the unobservable sky-plane velocities and allows averaging to improve accuracy and spatial resolution. This approach assumes the disk is flat and the pattern rigid but makes no assumption about the dynamics. The method relies on the nonaxisymmetric nature of the velocity field and brightness distribution of a spiral. The speeds of nonrigid patterns may be approximated by the same equations in regions where the shear is small. The method is used to determine the speed of the H I spiral pattern in M81 using intensity and velocity maps from the VLA. The mean pattern speed is 23.4 ± 2.3 km s-1 kpc-1. If the pattern rotates rigidly then corotation is at a radius of 8.4 kpc, the outer Lindblad resonance (OLR) is within the spiral at 12.6 kpc, and the inner Lindblad resonance (ILR) is in the central hydrogen hole and well inside the inner limit of spiral structure. The pattern speed may be lower in the northern half of M81 than the southern, in which case the present high symmetry of M81 is accidental. This lower speed could be explained by the lower H I content in the south arm. Reapplication of the method without the assumption of rigidity shows that the pattern is shearing at a rate of 2.3 km s-1 kpc-2, which is consistent with swing amplification owing to a recent close passage of M82 and NGC 3077. The pattern and the material have nearly the same speed from a radius of about 9 kpc outward. This means there is no OLR in the observed H I galaxy and explains the lack of asymmetric photometric gradients across the arms. The timescale for winding of the pattern and the period of the orbit of NGC 3077 are roughly the same; periodic reamplification of the pattern by a close passage of NGC 3077 can remove the winding dilemma. The rate of shear, the velocity field of the south arm, and the very small amount of interarm H I are inconsistent with a nearly rigid density wave. The models most similar to M81 are the shearing gas models. Stochastic models give similar morphologies but make no prediction about velocities.
Delayed synapse elimination in mouse levator palpebrae superioris muscle

At birth, synaptic sites in developing rodent muscles are innervated by numerous motor axons. During subsequent weeks, this multiple innervation disappears as one terminal strengthens and all the others are eliminated. Experimental perturbations that alter neuromuscular activity affect the rate of synaptic refinement with more activity accelerating the time to single innervation and neuromuscular blockade retarding it. But it remains unclear whether patterns of muscle use (driven by endogenous neuronal activity) contribute to the rate of synapse elimination. For this reason we examined the timing of supernumerary nerve terminal elimination at synapses in extraocular muscles (EOMs), a specialized set of muscles that control eye movements. On the basis of their exceptionally high patterns of activity, we hypothesized that synaptic refinement would be greatly accelerated at these synapses. We found, however, that rates of synaptic refinement were only modestly accelerated in rectus and oblique EOMs compared with synapses in somite-derived skeletal muscle. In contrast to these results, we observed a dramatic delay in the elimination of supernumerary nerve terminals from synapses in the levator palpebrae superioris (LPS) muscle, a specialized EOM that initiates and maintains eye-lid elevation. In mice, natural eye-opening occurs at the end of the second postnatal week of development. Thus, while synapse elimination is occurring in most EOMs and somite-derived skeletal muscles it appears dramatically delayed in a set of specialized eyelid muscles that remain immobile during early postnatal development.
Laboratory and field measurements with a fiber optic soil moisture sensor

A novel design of a fiber-optic soil moisture sensor is described together with its performance under laboratory and field conditions. The sensor utilizes total internal reflection of light in a right-angled glass prism. The sensor-head can be buried at any depth below the soil surface and is linked to a remotely operated light source. The sensor is tested for several days of continuous operation using different soil types and drying conditions.
A new genus and two new species of Choniostomatidae (Copepoda) parasitic on two deep sea isopods

The systematic position of the little-deformed parasitic copepod family Nicothoidae to the much deformed family Choniostomatidae has been disputed for many years. The new genus Diexanthema gen. nov., based on Diexanthema desistoma sp. nov. and Diexanthema bathydiaita sp. nov. discovered on two deep-sea asellote isopod species, clearly links the family Nicothoidae (via male Diexanthema) to the family Choniostomatidae (via female Diexanthema). Based upon the extreme sexual dimorphism of this new genus, it is suggested that the family Nicothoidae be dissolved and its members placed within the family Choniostomatidae. It is concluded that the differences seen between these two parasitic groups is probably due more to host adaptations than reflecting any phylogenetic trend that is evolutionarily significant. It is felt that the deep-sea environment may serve as a refugium for archaic copepod forms which may possibly offer additional clues and insights into the phylogeny of the parasitic copepoda. This investigation suggests that the life history and parasite/host relationships of Diexanthema desistoma are quite complicated and well geared to the life history of its isopod host, Chelator insignis.
Early function concepts: their development and relation to certain mathematical and logical abilities.

Cognition of functions (i.e., y = f(x)) has been identified as an achievement of early childhood. To investigate the development of function concepts and their relation to mathematical and logical abilities typically acquired during the age period of 5-7 years, 72 children in this age range were tested on nonnumerical function tasks (functions as exchange of properties, functions as displacement of positions, and functions as preservation of structure), numerical tasks (number conservation and arithmetic problems), and aspects of logical reasoning (class inclusion, class vicariance, and seriation). Orderly developmental trends were found in function task performance, with younger children manifesting limited success through trial-and-error strategies and older children achieving substantial success with anticipatory strategies. Moreover, certain function abilities were associated with the numerical domain, whereas others were associated with the logical domain. The findings are consistent with the developmental model of Piaget et al. according to which cognition of functions lays the groundwork for reversible operations, but also suggest that this development occurs through parallel processes within separate conceptual domains.
Evidence for a Radical Mechanism in Peroxidase-Catalyzed Coupling. I. Steady-State Experiments with Various Peroxidases

Abstract Biosynthesis of thyroxine in the thyroid gland involves a reaction between two diiodotyrosyl residues within the same molecule of thyroglobulin, a large, thyroid-specific glycoprotein. This reaction, generally referred to as the coupling reaction, is catalyzed in the thyroid by the heme-containing glycoprotein enzyme, thyroid peroxidase, also a thyroid-specific protein. The coupling reaction is, however, not specific for thyroid peroxidase; it is also efficiently catalyzed by other heme-containing peroxidases. Peroxidase-catalyzed coupling may also occur between a monoiodotyrosyl and a diiodotyrosyl residue in thyroglobulin to form the more potent thyroid hormone, 3′,3,5-triiodothyronine. Under most conditions, thyroxine formation in the thyroid is greatly favored over that of 3′,3,5-triiodothyronine. Two mechanisms have been proposed for the coupling reaction, a radical mechanism and an ionic mechanism. In this, and in the following paper, we present evidence favoring a radical mechanism. This view is based primarily on the observation that peroxidase-catalyzed coupling is markedly stimulated by substoichiometric concentrations of free diiodotyrosine (DIT). Evidence obtained in this and in the following paper leads us to conclude that the stimulatory effect of DIT on coupling involves peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of the added DIT to a radical form. We propose that this stimulation involves a radical chain propagation mechanism. This implies that peroxidase-catalyzed coupling in the absence of DIT must also be a radical-mediated reaction.
Bone cross-sectional geometry in adolescents and young women with anorexia nervosa: a hip structural analysis study

Introduction Better characterization of bone geometry in adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) may improve understanding of skeletal deficits in this population. Our objective was to determine whether hip cross-sectional geometry and bone strength were altered in adolescents with AN.
Leaching of lead from ceramics.

The amount of lead leached from various glazed ceramic was determined by extraction with 5% acetic acid for one hour at 85°C. All commercial ceramic items, both domestic and imported, were below the FDA standard of 7 mg/liter lead in the extractant. On the other hand, almost 60% of the domestic homemade ceramic items exceeded FDA standards. Comparison with previous studies show significant reduction in lead leaching from commercial ceramic containers. However, homemade ceramic items continue to pose a potential hazard of excessive lead release.
J-Integral Estimation With the Stiffness Gradient Method for Power Law Hardening Materials

A simplified method for determining the J-integral for elastic-plastic conditions using the stiffness gradient method is described. Power law hardening material is shown to simplify the J-integral estimation, rendering elastic and fully plastic J solution terms. Numerical results are obtained for an interior complete circumferential crack in a pipe and compared to the analogous EPRI handbook solution. Because the stiffness gradient method is based on external displacement and forces, and not directly dependent on the stresses, it is sufficient to use relatively coarse finite element meshes to determine the J-integral instead of highly refined and costly meshes required in most conventional J-integral computations.
Using X-ray micro-tomography and pore-scale modeling to quantify sediment mixing and fluid flow in a developing streambed.

[1] X-ray micro-tomography (XMT), image processing, and lattice Boltzmann (LB) methods were combined to observe sediment mixing, subsurface structure, and patterns of hydrogeological properties associated with bed sediment transport. Transport and mixing of sand and spherical glass beads were observed in a laboratory flume, beginning from a well-defined layered initial condition. Cores were obtained from the streambed at four different times, and each core was scanned by XMT in order to assess the evolution of spatial patterns within the bed. Image analysis clearly revealed the propagation of a sediment mixing front that began at the bed surface. The image data were used as boundary conditions in 3D LB simulation of pore fluid flow, showing that sediment sorting produced strong vertical gradients in permeability near the streambed surface. This new methodological approach offers potential for greatly improved characterization of mixing and transport of fine sediments in a wide variety of aquatic systems.
The thermal chemistry of model organosulfur compounds on gallium arsenide (110)

Abstract Organothiols and related organosulfur compounds hold promise for use as self-assembled ultra-thin electron beam resists, II–VI material growth precursors, and monolayer passivation layers. We report the results of temperature-programmed reaction and desorption (TPR/D) studies of the surface chemistry of three model organosulfur compounds, CH3SH, (CH3S)2 and (CH3)2S, on the (110) face of gallium arsenide. Our measurements indicate that each of these species interacts strongly with the GaAs(110) surface. The first monolayer of CH3SH desorbs at ∼300 K, with a desorption wave peak temperature (extrapolated to the zero coverage limit) corresponding to a desorption activation energy of 0.81 eV. This value is high compared to ∼110 K for the second layer, suggesting a chemical interaction between the thiol and the surface, despite the fact that the monolayer feature in the TPR/D spectra exhibits first-order kinetics, and the molecule is observed to desorb intact. The behavior of (CH3S)2 is markedly different; the disulfide decomposes upon adsorption (or during the TPR/D temperature ramp) and desorbs predominantly as (CH3)2S at ∼500 K, perhaps as the result of a concerted associative/dissociative desorption process that leaves sulfur at the surface. This result is also evidence that adsorbed CH3SH and (CH3)2S do not assume equivalent surface-bound forms and supports the idea that the hydrogen atom of the thiol remains in close association with the adsorbed parent molecule, while the disulfide undergoes dissociative adsorption. Finally, our results indicate that (CH3)2S, like CH3SH, molecularly adsorbs/desorbs. The desorption activation energy, extrapolated to zero coverage, is 0.79 eV, consistent with a strong adsorbate–substrate interaction. The similarity of this value to that for CH3SH suggests that a specific sulfur–surface interaction dominates the desorption kinetics at low coverage. In the monolayer regime, with increasing exposure, the monolayer desorption feature in the TPR/D spectra broadens and exhibits strong asymmetry, and ultimately develops a lower temperature feature, indicating complex kinetics consistent with coverage-dependent phase behavior. Finally, by comparison of the measured desorption energies of the organosulfur compounds with those of the alkyl halides, for which the adsorption on GaAs(110) has been extensively investigated, an estimation of the chemical and physical contributions to the molecule–surface interaction is obtained. Our analysis suggests that both types of interactions play important roles in the adsorption energetics.
Effectiveness of cisplatin, paclitaxel, and suramin against human malignant mesothelioma xenografts in athymic nude mice.

Background and Objectives: Malignant mesothelioma has a poor prognosis and is refractory to many agents. The antitumor effectiveness of cisplatin, paclitaxel, and suramin as single agents and in combination was evaluated in vivo against four lines of human pleural malignant mesothelioma xenografts in athymic nude mice, including one epithelial type and three fibrosarcomatous. Methods After growth of tumors occurred by day 54 or 55, mice were randomized in groups of four each to receive either cisplatin 4 mg/kg intraperitoneally weekly ×5, or paclitaxel (Taxol) 12.5 mg/kg subcutaneously daily 5 days/week for 3 consecutive weeks, or suramin 60 mg/kg intraperitoneally daily ×4,versus controls treated with normal saline. Results Cisplatin was very effective against one line and also to a lesser degree against another line. Paclitaxel showed antitumor effects similar to cisplatin, being very effective in one line, and also showed good activity in another line. Suramin was basically inactive in all four lines. Following the results obtained with these single agents, it was decided to evaluate the combination of cisplatin and paclitaxel, which resulted in more pronounced antitumor effect in all four cell lines. Conclusions These results indicate that the combination of cisplatin and paclitaxel is superior to each agent alone in this model, and that it deserves to be evaluated in patients with malignant mesothelioma. J. Surg. Oncol. 1998;67:104–111. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Over the Waterfall in a Barrel - MSIT Adventures in Scrum

This paper describes how a large, traditional & globally distributed IT organization is responding to the grassroots introduction of agile methodologies into a strongly waterfall based development culture.
Observational evidence on the origin of ions upstream of the Earth's bow shock

The kinematic formalism described by Schwartz et al. (1983) is used to quantitatively compare the zeroth order predicted energies for four different source hypotheses for ions detected upstream of the earth's bow shock with previously published observations of upstream field-aligned beams and gyrating ion events. Specular reflection of a fraction of the incident solar wind is found to be the most credible explanation of gyrating ion events observed upstream of shocks ranging from quasi-parallel to nearly perpendicular. The recent hypothesis that field-aligned beams are the result of leakage from the magnetosheath of ions which were originally specularly reflected at quasi-perpendicular portions of the shock provides good agreement with observed energies of many field-aligned beams. Only magnetic moment conserving reflection of solar wind ions is capable of accounting for two very energetic beam events.
Hutcheson and Hume on the Color of Virtue

Commentators have long debated whether Hutcheson's account of the moral sense, or Hume's account of moral judgment, can be classified as "subjectivist," "emotivist," "non-cognitivist," or "anti-realist." I myself have come to think that their accounts cannot usefully be described in these twentieth century terms, but I will not try to defend that suspicion here.11 will try instead to place their accounts of moral perception and moral judgment in an eighteenth century context, and to address a more narrow and, I think, better-defined question of interpretation, one raised not only by scholars of Hutcheson and Hume, but by contemporary philosophers seeking instruction or inspiration from their eighteenth century predecessors. Is there, according to Hutcheson and Hume, an illuminating comparison to be made between virtue (or its recognition) and the secondary qualities (or their recognition)? My aim in this paper is to show that there is. The first three sections of my paper deal with Hutcheson. The first is a very brief sketch of Hutcheson's account of the moral sense, designed to show that Hutcheson modeled his account of moral perception on the Lockean account of the perception of secondary qualities.2 In the second section I examine an interpretive proposal recently developed by David Fate Norton.3 According to Norton, Hutcheson treats virtue and vice as objective accompaniments, or "concomitants," of objective circumstances. And Hutcheson qualifies as a
Annexin A7 trafficking to alveolar type II cell surface: Possible roles for protein insertion into membranes and lamellar body secretion

Abstract A role for annexin A7 (A7) is postulated in the obligatory fusion between lamellar bodies and the plasma membrane during surfactant secretion in alveolar type II cells. This study investigated if surfactant secretagogues increase cell surface A7, which could support A7 insertion into plasma membrane as annexin proteins reportedly lack membrane penetration ability. In vivo trafficking of A7 to cell surface was determined by immuno-staining after non-permeabilizing fixation of alveolar type II cells. Stimulation with various secretagogues increased protein kinase-dependent staining for A7 and ABCA3 in comparison to control cells. Biotin-labeling of surface proteins showed ~ 4% of total A7 in control cells, which increased ~ 3–4 folds in stimulated type II cells. Increased cell surface A7 was also observed by protein cross-linking studies showing ~ 70 kDa A7-adduct in the membranes but not in the cytosol fraction of PMA- or A23187-stimulated cells. In vitro phosphorylation increased the Ca 2 + -dependent binding of recombinant A7 to lung plasma membranes; and subsequent cross-linking showed increased levels of ~ 70 kDa A7-adduct. PMA-stimulation of type II cells increased A7 trafficking to lipid rafts suggesting that the latter are involved in A7 trafficking to the cell surface. However, in vitro membrane insertion of recombinant A7 and its tryptophan mutants as determined by fluorescence quenching with doxylPC suggested only shallow membrane insertion by A7. Together, our studies support in vivo association between surfactant secretion and cell surface A7 occurring by insertion into plasma membrane and by fusion of A7 containing lamellar bodies.
Pectoralis myofascial flap during salvage laryngectomy prevents pharyngocutaneous fistula.

Abstract Objective To determine the rate of pharyngocutaneous fistula after salvage laryngectomy and assess if pectoralis myofascial flap reinforcement over primary pharyngeal closure prevents pharyngocutaneous fistula. Study Design Case series with chart review. Setting Tertiary-care public hospital. Subjects and Methods This study included 43 patients undergoing total laryngectomy between 2003 and 2008. Pectoralis myofascial flap reinforcement of the pharyngeal closure during salvage laryngectomy was performed on patients after June 2006. The main outcome measure was pharyngocutaneous fistula after primary laryngectomy, salvage laryngectomy, and salvage laryngectomy with pectoralis flap reinforcement. Results Of the 43 patients, 26 were treated with primary total laryngectomy while 17 received salvage laryngectomy. Seven of 26 patients (27%) undergoing primary total laryngectomy developed pharyngocutaneous fistula. All patients in this group were closed primarily with no flap reinforcement. For salvage laryngectomy, four of seven patients (57%) with primary pharyngeal closure developed pharyngocutaneous fistula; however, none of 10 patients (0%) undergoing salvage laryngectomy with pectoralis myofascial flap reinforcement developed fistula (P Conclusions With pectoralis myofascial flap reinforcement, pharyngocutaneous fistula rate after salvage laryngectomy dropped to 0 percent in this study (0%-23%; 95% CI). This is a simple, reliable technique that prevents postoperative pharyngocutaneous fistula and its associated morbidity after salvage laryngectomy.
The Effect of Maternal Body Mass Index on Perinatal Outcomes in Women with Diabetes

Objective To determine the effect of increasing maternal obesity, including superobesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 50 kg/m 2 ), on perinatal outcomes in women with diabetes. Study Design Retrospective cohort study of birth records for all live-born nonanomalous singleton infants ≥ 37 weeks' gestation born to Missouri residents with diabetes from 2000 to 2006. Women with either pregestational or gestational diabetes were included. Results There were 14,595 births to women with diabetes meeting study criteria, including 7,082 women with a BMI > 30 kg/m 2 (48.5%). Compared with normal-weight women with diabetes, increasing BMI category, especially superobesity, was associated with a significantly increased risk for preeclampsia (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 3.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.5, 5.2) and macrosomia (aRR 3.0, 95% CI 1.8, 5.40). The majority of nulliparous obese women with diabetes delivered via cesarean including 50.5% of obese, 61.4% of morbidly obese, and 69.8% of superobese women. The incidence of primary elective cesarean among nulliparous women with diabetes increased significantly with increasing maternal BMI with over 33% of morbidly obese and 39% of superobese women with diabetes delivering electively by cesarean. Conclusion Increasing maternal obesity in women with diabetes is significantly associated with higher risks of perinatal complications, especially cesarean delivery.
Sensor And Actuator Location In Motion Control Of Flexible Structures

Abstract In this paper, a methodology is proposed for determination of actuator and sensor locations in motion control of flexible structures which can be used before a control strategy is developed. The proposed approach relies on certain quantitative measures of degree of controllability and observability based on the controllability and observability gramians. These criteria are arrived at by considering the energies of the input and the output under conditions of transient as well as persistent disturbances. Proposed optimality criteria for the sensor and actuator locations provide a balance between the importance of the lower order and the higher order modes. Since for flexible structures closed form solutions for the gramians can be found, the method is not computationally intensive, requiring only determination of eigenvalues of corresponding gramians at each step of optimization. These eigenvalues can be obtained in closed form when the structural damping is small and natural frequencies are distinct and well spaced. In that case force actuators and velocity sensors are found to be collocated. The method is illustrated for a simply supported beam and a rectangular plate.
Emergency evaluation of adolescents

Psychiatric emergencies faced by adolescents are often linked to developmental issues such as separating from parents, establishing attachments to peers, and developing autonomy. in a vulnerable adolescent, a stressful developmental event may trigger a pathological response-acute anxiety, depression with or without suicidal ideation or behavior, severe conduct disturbance, a first psychotic episode, or explosive or violent behavior-that requires emergency psychiatric treatment. The basic components of an emergency psychiatric evaluation of an adolescent include initial observation of the patient, taking a history, interviewing the patient and others accompanying the patient, conducting a mental status examination, making a diagnosis, and planning for disposition and further treatment. Such an evaluation may be the first contact with the mental health system for many adolescents, and the intervention of a sensitive clinician may help the adolescent be more comfortable seeking mental health care in the future.
Internalization and intracellular fate of Wistaria Floribunda agglutinin in BALB/c 3T3 Fibroblasts.

Abstract The accumulation of large lysosomes in BALB/c 3T3 fibroblasts following exposure of the cells to Wistaria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) was accompanied by adsorptive endocytosis of the lectin. The internalization of WFA was examined by a double label immunofluorescence technique that could distinguish internal WFA from cell surface WFA in the same cell. The lectin bound to the plasmalemma of the cell via its saccharide binding site resulting in the aggregation into a surface cap of some lectin-receptor complexes. Lectin was internalized by a temperature-sensitive process. The lectin accumulated within the cell over a 24 h period as shown by an increase with time of the [ 125 I]WFA that could not be washed from the cells by the competitive saccharide inhibitor, lactose. The vesicles containing WFA combined with lysosomes as evidenced by (1) the localization of ferritin-WFA conjugates in vesicles having the size and morphology of lysosomes; and (2) the degradation of radiolabeled lectin to an ethanol-soluble form. Lectin treatment had no significant effect on the overall degradation of intracellular proteins in growing or serum-starved cells. It is suggested that WFA either enhances the rate of fusion of lysosomes with other lysosomes or lectin-containing endocytic vesicles or inhibits the process by which lysosomes turn over.
Ultrastructure of Unwhipped and Whipped Eeg Albumen Alone and in the Presence of Potassium Acid Tartrate and Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

Abstract The ultrastructure of egg albumen alone and in the presence of potassium acid tartrate and sodium lauryl sulfate were studied with the electron microscope before and after whipping. Unwhipped albumen without additives revealed a protein matrix exhibiting light electron density with occasional areas of concentrated proteins showing medium electron density. Potassium acid tartrate produced breakdown of the protein matrix with patches of concentrated proteins showing heavier electron density. Sodium lauryl sulfate caused the formation of highly electron dense oblong structures. A uniform surface layer approximately 20 nm in thickness was observed at the air-albumen interface in all whipped albumens. Filament-like structures with the appearance of remnants of previously intact bubble surface layers also occurred in the whipped albumens. Possible mechanisms by which potassium acid tartrate and sodium lauryl sulfate improve albumen foam stability are discussed.
Life History Variation in the Intertidal Snail Nucella Lapillus Across a Wave-Exposure Gradient

Demographic and life history characteristics of the intertidal whelk Nucella lapillus were measured across a wave—exposure gradient to quantify the variation in, and identify the ecological forces shaping, each trait. Growth rates, survivorship, size and age at maturity, fecundity, and per—offspring parental investment were estimated from marked snails during a 3—yr period. Growth rates as indicated by changes in shell length, total mass, shell mass, and body mass varied among populations from different exposure regimes. Relative to more protected sites, snails from exposed shores grew more slowly and terminated growth at a smaller size. Age at maturity did not differ between whelks from high— and low—wave—energy populations, but those on the exposed shore matured at a smaller size. Mortality rates increased with wave energy. Size—specific mortality rates indicated that the higher mortality on wave—swept shores reflected decreased survivorship of large (@> 15 mm) adults relative to similar sized individuals on more protected shores. Exposed shore snails deposited twice as many egg capsules with twice as many hatchlings emerging from each capsule. Although the hatchlings were °25% smaller, four times as many were produced, suggesting that reproductive effort was considerably greater on exposed coasts, offsetting the higher mortality rates. The ecological forces (energetic, physiological, abiotic, etc.) potentially responsible for the life history variation among populations from different wave—exposure regimes are discussed.
Spin fluctuations in the quarter-filled Hubbard ring: Significances to LiV 2 O 4

Using the quantum Monte Carlo method, we investigate the spin dynamics of itinerant electrons in the quarter-filled metallic Hubbard ring, which is aimed at the vanadium ring or chain defined along corner-sharing tetrahedra of LiV 2 O 4 . Neutron-scattering cross sections, spin susceptibilities, and spin relaxation rates are evaluated based on the model, from which we find the dramatic changes of magnetic responses and spin fluctuation with the temperature. Such results can explain the central findings in the recent inelastic neutron-scattering experiment for LiV 2 O 4 .
Immunohistochemical Expression of Molecular Markers in an Avian Model: A Potential Model for Preclinical Evaluation of Agents for Ovarian Cancer Chemoprevention

Abstract Objective. A significant obstacle confronting the evaluation of potential chemopreventive compounds in ovarian carcinoma is the absence of an animal model of spontaneous ovarian carcinogenesis. A potential model of adenocarcinoma has been described in the laying hen ( Gallus domesticus ). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of available antibodies that have been utilized in chemoprevention studies in this potential model of epithelial carcinoma. Methods. Two hundred 2-year-old hens were sacrificed at Auburn University in accordance with IUACUC guidelines. Of these hens, 8 animals were thought grossly to have ovarian carcinoma and ascites. The tumors from these 8 hens were fixed in neutral-buffered formalin and processed to paraffin blocks. Hematoxylin and eosin stains were used to document the histologic presence of adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical evaluation for expression of antigen was performed using the following antibodies: CA125, CEA, cytokeratin, EGFR, erbB-2, Ki-67, Lewis Y, p27, PCNA, Tag 72, TGF-α, Muc 1, and Muc 2. Results. Upon microscopic examination by a pathologist eight specimens were documented as adenocarcinomas. Several antibodies to antigens that are frequently expressed in human ovarian cancer were cross-reactive in the laying hen. Of these, cytokeratin AE1/AE3, pan cytokeratin, EGFR, Lewis Y, CEA, Tag 72, and erbB-2 stained the chicken carcinomas. EGFR and p185 erbB-2 stained diffusely, and cytokeratin AE1/AE3, pan cytokeratin, Lewis Y, CEA, and Tag 72 were focally positive in the tumor. The aforementioned antibodies which have been useful as surrogate endpoints in chemoprevention trials and which also stained the chicken carcinomas included PCNA, p27, and TGF-α Antibodies that were not cross-reactive include CA 125, Ki-67, Muc 1, and Muc 2. Conclusion. The data presented in this pilot study support the potential utility of an avian model of spontaneously arising adenocarcinoma in which to study chemopreventive agents. More importantly, the influence of chemoprevention protocols on the expression of relevant antigens can be determined using available antibodies that are cross-reactive in this model. Thus, changes in the phenotypic expression of surrogate endpoint biomarkers as identified by cross-reactive antibodies can aid in the development of chemoprevention trials for human ovarian cancer.
Determining Achievable Rates for Secure, Zero Divergence, Steganography

In steganography (the hiding of data into innocuous covers for secret communication) it is difficult to estimate how much data can be hidden while still remaining undetectable. To measure the inherent detectability of steganography, Cachin [1] suggested the ?-secure measure, where ? is the Kullback Leibler (K-L) divergence between the cover distribution and the distribution after hiding. At zero divergence, an optimal statistical detector can do no better than guessing; the data is undetectable. The hider's key question then is, what hiding rate can be used while maintaining zero divergence? Though work has been done on the theoretical capacity of steganography, it is often difficult to use these results in practice. We therefore examine the limits of a practical scheme known to allow embedding with zero-divergence. This scheme is independent of the embedding algorithm and therefore can be generically applied to find an achievable secure hiding rate for arbitrary cover distributions.
Hippocampal network dynamics constrain the time lag between pyramidal cells across modified environments

The hippocampus provides a spatial map of the environment. Changes in the environment alter the firing patterns of hippocampal neurons, but are presumably constrained by elements of the network dynamics. We compared the neural activity in CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus in rats running for water reward on a linear track, before and after the track length was shortened. A fraction of cells lost their place fields and new sets of cells with fields emerged, indicating distinct representation of the two tracks. Cells active in both environments shifted their place fields in a location-dependent manner, most notably at the beginning and the end of the track. Furthermore, peak firing rates and place-field sizes decreased, whereas place-field overlap and coactivity increased. Power in the theta-frequency band of the local field potentials also decreased in both CA1 and CA3, along with the coherence between the two structures. In contrast, the theta-scale (0–150 ms) time lags between cell pairs, representing distances on the tracks, were conserved, and the activity of the inhibitory neuron population was maintained across environments. We interpret these observations as reflecting the freedoms and constraints of the hippocampal network dynamics. The freedoms permit the necessary flexibility for the network to distinctly represent unique patterns, whereas the dynamics constrain the speed at which activity propagates between the cell assemblies representing the patterns.
IONIC CONDUCTIVITY OF HIGHLY IONIZED PLASMAS

When a cloud of highly ionized gas ejected by a plasma shock tube is made to travel across a constant magnetic field, an electromotive force is produced in the plasma in a direction normal to both the field and the plasma path. Using two probes facing one another this electromotive force has been measured with an oscillograph. Its maximum value was found to be proportional to the field and the probe separation. By taking the maximum probe potential for different values of the external resistance between the probes, the lowest value of the "resistivity of the plasma" as measured by a current entering and leaving it was obtained. The resistivity has been shown to be independent of the magnetic field, the collecting area, the separation and surface state of the probes. All experiments were made in hydrogen at a gas pressure between 0.5 and 5 mm Hg with a nearly critically damped current pulse of order ${10}^{4}$ amperes lasting for about 6-8 \ensuremath{\mu}sec and fields 2000 gauss.The plasma resistivity between the probes was found to be of the order 1 ohm cm at a gas pressure of a few mm of Hg. This is about 100 times larger than the electronic resistivity of a fully ionized gas for currents circulating internally. The degree of ionization is thought to be high enough for interaction between charged particles to predominate. The measured values of the plasma resistivity agree with the results obtained from theory based on ionic conduction in the plasma which is here the necessary prerequisite for maintaining the electric neutrality of the moving plasma.From the measured probe voltage the flow velocity of the plasma was derived. Its variation with gas pressure agrees with shock wave theory.
Comparison of stent versus balloon angioplasty for pulmonary vein stenosis complicating pulmonary vein isolation.

Introduction: Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is a rare but significant complication of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). Dilation and stent angioplasty have been described but not compared. Methods and Results: All percutaneous interventions for PVS complicating PVI between December 2000 and March 2007 were reviewed. Acute success, defined as post-intervention stenosis ≤30%, and long-term outcome of dilation versus stent angioplasty were compared. Freedom from restenosis was defined as freedom from repeat intervention. Overall outcome for all interventions was examined. We studied 34 patients with 55 stenotic veins followed for a mean of 25 months. Dilation was performed in 39 veins and stenting in 40 veins (16 primarily, 24 after dilation restenosis). Acute success and restenosis rates were 42% and 72% for dilation versus 95% (P < 0.001) and 33% for stenting. Time to restenosis was greater for stent angioplasty (P = 0.003). Stents ≥10 mm in diameter had lower restenosis than smaller stents. Risk factors for restenosis included small reference vessel diameter and longer time from PVI to intervention for PVS. All but two patients experienced improvement (n = 10) or resolution of symptoms (n = 22). The mean percent stenosis decreased from 82% to 21% for the entire cohort and mean flow to the lung quadrant increased from 10% to 17%. Conclusion: Stent angioplasty results in less restenosis than dilation, particularly for stents ≥10 mm. Early referral may improve long-term patency by minimizing reference vessel atrophy. Most patients with PVS post-PVI can be improved symptomatically with catheter intervention.
Simulation of Compact Explosively Driven Ferroelectric Generators

Pressure simulations have been performed for several experimental explosively driven ferroelectric generators, with 2.54-cm-diameter PZT EC-64 discs as the ferroelectric material, using the hydrodynamic code system CTH, developed by Sandia National Laboratories. An empirical relationship was found between the results of the pressure simulations and the output voltages of the experimental generators, and an algorithm was generated to convert the simulated pressure into open-circuit voltage. This empirical algorithm has been applied to simulations of different experimental ferroelectric generators, and the results show a good correlation when compared to the corresponding experimental open-circuit output voltages. The experimentally achieved output voltages normalized for a thickness range from 14 to 34 kV/cm.
Neurochemical and electrophysiological characteristics of rat striatal neurons in primary culture

Neurons maintained in dispersed primary culture offer a number of advantages as a model system and are particularly well-suited for studies of the intrinsic electrical properties of neurons by patch clamp. We have characterized the immunocytochemical and electrophysiological properties of cultured rat striatal neurons as they develop in vitro in order to compare this model system with the known properties found in vivo. We found a high abundance of cells in vitro corresponding to the principal striatal output neuron, the medium spiny neuron. Immunocytochemical studies indicate that these cells have both dopamine-1 and dopamine-2 receptors and that there is overlap in their expression within the population of neurons. Semiquantitative analysis revealed bimodal distributions of dopamine receptor expression among the population of neurons. The principal peptide neurotransmitters substance P and enkephalin were present but at reduced levels compared with adult preparations. Other striatal markers such as calbindin, calretinin, and the cannabinoid-1 receptor were abundant. An immunocytochemical survey of voltage-gated K(+) channel subunits characteristic of adult tissue demonstrated the presence in vitro of Kv1.1, Kv1.4, Kv4.2, Kv4.3, and Kvbeta1.1, which have been associated with the rapidly inactivating currents. Electrophysiological studies employing voltage clamp revealed that outward currents had a large inactivating (A-type) component characteristic of mature basal ganglia. Current clamp studies reveal complex spontaneous firing patterns in a subset of neurons, including bursting behaviors superimposed on a slow depolarization. The inward rectifying channels Kir2.1 and Kir2.3, which are specific to particular compartments in adult striatum, were present in culture.