cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constitutivism and the Self-Reflection Requirement

Constitutivists explicitly emphasize the importance of self-reflection for rational agency. Interestingly enough, there is no clear account of how and why self-reflection plays such an important role for these views. My aim in this paper is to address this underappreciated problem for constitutivist views and to determine whether constitutivist self-reflection is normatively oriented. Understanding its normative features will allow us to evaluate a potential way that constitutivism may meet its purported metaethical promise. I begin by showing why constitutivism, as exemplified by Korsgaard’s and Velleman’s respective views, takes self-reflection to be a constitutive feature of rational agency. Closer examination of this claim suggests three underappreciated problems for the constitutivist’s apparent reliance on self-reflection. First, we have no picture of the specific role that self-reflection plays. Second, it is unclear in what sense it is a requirement for full-fledged agency and, thereby, for self-constitution. Third, it is not clear whether it has any necessary normative features, even given the often cited moral normativity associated with constitutivism. In §1, I will address the first and second questions. §2 will be dedicated to considering the third question.
Nonadiabatic Photodissociation of the Hydroxymethyl Radical from the 22A State. Surface Hopping Simulations Based on a Full Nine-Dimensional Representation of the 1,2,32A Potential Energy Surfaces Coupled by Conical Intersections

The nonadiabatic photodissociation CH2OH(12A) + hv → CH2OH(2,32A) → CH2O + H or HCOH(cis or trans) + H is addressed using trajectory surface hopping dynamics on a quasi-diabatic representation, Hd, of the 1,2,32A coupled, adiabatic potential energy surfaces. We focus on dynamics originating on the 22A potential energy surface. The Hd is based exclusively on electronic structure data obtained from a multireference configuration interaction single and double excitation expansion, composed of over 67 million configuration state functions, and treats all nine internal degrees of freedom in an even-handed manner. Each simulation is based on bundles of 10000 trajectories randomly selected from harmonic Wigner distributions and propagated for up to 1 ps. The bimodal distribution in the kinetic energy release spectrum is explained in terms of direct versus quasi-statistical dissociation.
The Status of Former CSWE Ethnic Minority Doctoral Fellows in Social Work Academia

Abstract Although considerable attention has been given to the status of social work academics generally, scant attention has been given to the status of social work faculty of color. This study examines the academic status of a special group of social work faculty of color: former Council on Social Work Education Ethnic Minority Doctoral Fellows. Survey data collected from a national sample of 90 former Fellows revealed that (a) a greater percentage of Hispanic-American respondents, as compared to African-American, Asian-American, and Native-American respondents, were full and tenured professors; (b) a greater percentage of male than female respondents were tenured; (c) a vast majority of the respondents who applied were awarded promotion and tenure; (d) most of the scholarly productivity was attributed to a minority of the respondents; and (e) respondents' publication productivity was significantly related to gender and the age at which they received the doctorate. Implications for future research and m...
The Impact of Gender and Setting on Perceptions of Others' Ethics

In this article we explore how differences in gender and setting affect individuals' perceptions of others' ethics. We examine 4 hypotheses: first, that men would be perceived as more utilitarian in their ethics and women would be perceived as more formalist; second, individuals would be perceived to be more utilitarian in work settings than in nonwork settings; third, women would be more accurate in their perceptions of others' ethics; fourth, both men and women would be more accurate in their perceptions of women's ethics. Results strongly support the first, refute the second, modestly support the third, and support the fourth. Overall, the data suggest that men and women share very similar perceptions of own-gender and other-gender ethics. However, these shared perceptions are often quite inaccurate.
High-resolution impedance manometry measurement of bolus flow time in achalasia and its correlation with dysphagia.

Background We assessed whether a high-resolution impedance manometry (HRIM) metric, bolus flow time (BFT) across the esophagogastric junction (EGJ), was abnormal in achalasia patients subtyped by the Chicago Classification and compared BFT to other HRM metrics. Methods HRIM studies were performed in 60 achalasia patients (14 type I, 36 type II and 10 type III) and 15 healthy controls. Studies were analyzed with a MATLAB program to calculate BFT using a virtual HRIM sleeve. Integrated relaxation pressure (IRP) and basal end-expiratory EGJ pressure were also calculated. The relationship between BFT and dysphagia symptom scores was assessed using the impaction dysphagia questionnaire (IDQ). Key Results Median BFT was significantly lower in achalasia patients (0.5 s, range 0.0–3.5 s) compared to controls (3.5 s, range 2.0–5.0 s; p < 0.05). BFT was significantly lower in types I and II than in type III achalasia in both the supine and upright positions (p < 0.0001). BFT was the only HRIM metric significantly associated with IDQ score in both the supine (R2 = 0.20, p = 0.0046) and upright positions (R2 = 0.27, p = 0.0002). Conclusions & Inferences BFT was significantly reduced in all subtypes of achalasia and complementary to the IRP as a diagnostic discriminant in equivocal achalasia cases. Additionally, BFT had a more robust correlation with dysphagia severity compared to other metrics of EGJ function.
Cytosolic heparin inhibits muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic Ca2+ release in smooth muscle. Physiological role of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in pharmacomechanical coupling.

Abstract In order to test the physiological significance of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) in pharmacomechanical coupling, we have utilized two near-physiological systems, in which relatively high molecular weight solutes can be applied intracellularly and receptor coupling is retained: beta-escin permeabilization and reversible permeabilization. We showed that in smooth muscle permeabilized with beta-escin, one of the saponin esters, alpha 1-adrenergic (phenylephrine) and muscarinic (carbachol) agonists, as well as caffeine and InsP3, cause contractions mediated by Ca2+ release. These contractions were calmodulin-dependent and blocked by depletion of Ca2+ stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Intracellular heparin (Mr = about 5000), a blocker of InsP3 binding to its receptor and a specific inhibitor of InsP3-induced Ca2+ release in smooth muscles, inhibited the responses to the agonists and to InsP3, but not those to caffeine, nor did it block the enhanced contractile response to cytoplasmic Ca2+ induced by agonists and by GTP gamma S. Neomycin blocked Ca2+ release induced by carbachol, but not by caffeine. In reversibly permeabilized ileum smooth muscle cells, loaded with Fura-2 acid and heparin, the intracellular heparin inhibited Ca2+ release and contractions induced by carbachol in Ca2+-free, high K+ solution. Heparin did not inhibit the high K+ contractions (with 1.2 mM Ca2+) and had no significant inhibitory effects on carbachol-induced responses in the presence of extracellular Ca2+. These results, obtained under near-physiological conditions, support the conclusion that InsP3 is the major physiological messenger of the Ca2+ release component of pharmacomechanical coupling, but not of the components mediated by Ca2+ influx or by potentiation of the contractile response to Ca2+.
Approximating discrete valuation rings by regular local rings

Let k be a field of characteristic zero and let (V, n) be a discrete rank-one valuation domain containing k with V/n = k. Assume that the fraction field L of V has finite transcendence degree s over k. For every positive integer d < s, we prove that V can be realized as a directed union of regular local k-subalgebras of V of dimension d.
Survival rates and prognostic factors for infiltrating salivary duct carcinoma: Analysis of 228 cases from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database

Background The survival rates and prognostic factors for salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) are not clear.
Lean Production “with Chinese Characteristics”: A Case Study of China’s Automobile Industry

The concept of “lean production” has attracted much attention and sparked considerable debate among social scientists on work and workplace restructuring. This study seeks to engage with the lean production debate through a case study of China’s automobile industry. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in seven large auto-assembly plants in China, the article explores how lean production is implemented in the Chinese context, how it has affected workplace and workers, and what successes and problems have arisen. It finds that intensified competition and China’s specific conditions have driven automakers to adopt mixed strategies by combining certain lean techniques with the existing Fordist–Taylorist mass production system, while utilizing some effective socialist organizational practices. Despite the general move toward a lean-flexible workplace, there are notable variations in employment practices at the factory level that influence outcomes of lean production. The Chinese case provides new eviden...
Effects of Prenatal Social Stress and Maternal Dietary Fatty Acid Ratio on Infant Temperament: Does Race Matter?

Background: Infant temperament predicts a range of developmental and behavioral outcomes throughout childhood. Both maternal fatty acid intake and psychosocial stress exposures during pregnancy may influence infant temperament. Furthermore, maternal race may modify prenatal diet and stress effects. The goals of this study are to examine the joint effects of prenatal diet and stress and the modifying effects of race on infant behavior. Methods: Analyses included N=255 mother-infant dyads, primarily minorities (21% Blacks; 42% Hispanics), enrolled in an urban pregnancy cohort. Maternal prenatal stress was indexed by a negative life events (NLEs) score on the Crisis in Family Systems-Revised survey. Prenatal total daily intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (n3, n6) were estimated from a food frequency questionnaire; n3:n6 ratios were calculated. Mothers completed the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (IBQ-R), a measure of infant temperament, when the children were 6 months old. Three commonly used dimensions were derived: Orienting & Regulation, Extraversion, and Negative Affectivity.?Associations among prenatal stress, maternal n3:n6 ratio, and race/ethnicity on infant temperament, controlling for maternal education and age and child sex, were examined. Results: Among Blacks, prenatal stress effects on infant Orienting & Regulation scores were modified by maternal n3:n6 ratios (p = 0.03):?As NLEs increased, lower n3:n6 ratios predicted lower infant Orienting & Regulation scores, whereas higher n3:n6 ratios attenuated the effect of prenatal stress. There were no main or interaction effects predicting Extraversion or Negative Affectivity. Conclusions: An optimal PUFA ratio may protect the fetus from stress effects on infant behavior, particularly among Blacks. These findings may have implications for later neurodevelopment and social functioning predicted by early temperamental characteristics.
An Algebraic Theory of Actors and Its Application to a Simple Object-Based Language

The development of Simula by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard introduced a number of important programming language concepts – object which supports modularity in programming through encapsulation of data and procedures, the concept of class which organizes behavior and supports Abstract Data Types, and the concept inheritance which provides subtyping relations and reuse [6]. Peter Wegner terms programming languages which use objects as object-based languages, and reserves the term object-oriented languages for languages which also support classes and inheritance [58].
Romantic Tragedies: Listening to Remorse: assuming man's infirmities

It is my intention, if I live long enough, to add to this work the passions Remorse, Jealousy, and Revenge. Joy, Grief, and Anger, as I have already said, are generally of too transient a nature, and are too frequently the attendants of all our other passions to be made the subjects of an entire play … Of all our passions, Remorse and Jealousy appear to me to be the best for representation. Joanna Baillie, “To the Reader,” Series of Plays (1812) This chapter explores issues and problems posed by Coleridge's Remorse . Performed twenty times before the Public at Drury Lane in early 1813 and soon after in various provincial and American theaters, reviewed with some favor, and printed versions admired by Byron and Shelley, it's the only tragedy by a major writer of the period to achieve such public success. Yet, despite substantial and provocative critical reckonings in recent decades, it remains infrequently read and rarely if ever performed even in academic or coterie theaters, where productions of Shelley's The Cenci , and even of Byron's Sardanapalus and Wordsworth's Borderers have come to life. More important, crucial aspects of its dramaturgy remain largely unnoticed and unappreciated, dark poetic employments that relate not only to Coleridge's claims on our attention as a playwright at work with a theater company and as a theorist and critic of drama, but also to ongoing, intensified troubles in his life, particularly the agonizing upheavals in his relations with Sara Hutchinson and Wordsworth.
Measurement of snow interception and canopy effects on snow accumulation and melt in a mountainous maritime climate, Oregon, United States

[1] The results of a 3 year field study to observe the processes controlling snow interception by forest canopies and under canopy snow accumulation and ablation in mountain maritime climates are reported. The field study was further intended to provide data to develop and test models of forest canopy effects on beneath-canopy snowpack accumulation and melt and the plot and stand scales. Weighing lysimeters, cut-tree experiments, and manual snow surveys were deployed at a site in the Umpqua National Forest, Oregon (elevation 1200 m). A unique design for a weighing lysimeter was employed that allowed continuous measurements of snowpack evolution beneath a forest canopy to be taken at a scale unaffected by variability in canopy throughfall. Continuous observations of snowpack evolution in large clearings were made coincidentally with the canopy measurements. Large differences in snow accumulation and ablation were observed at sites beneath the forest canopy and in large clearings. These differences were not well described by simple relationships between the sites. Over the study period, approximately 60% of snowfall was intercepted by the canopy (up to a maximum of about 40 mm water equivalent). Instantaneous sublimation rates exceeded 0.5 mm per hour for short periods. However, apparent average sublimation from the intercepted snow was less than 1 mm per day and totaled approximately 100 mm per winter season. Approximately 72 and 28% of the remaining intercepted snow was removed as meltwater drip and large snow masses, respectively. Observed differences in snow interception rate and maximum snow interception capacity between Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), white fir (Abies concolor), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) were minimal.
Examining the Role of Self-Monitoring and Social Leisure in the Life Quality of Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury

The level of social leisure for the high self-monitors with spinal cord injury (SCI) was hypothesized to be related to life quality, while the level of social leisure would not be related to life quality for the low self-monitors with SCI. A total of 206 individuals with SCI who reside in community responded to the questionnaire that measured life quality, self-monitoring, and social leisure participation along with demographics. Three blocks of independent variables were entered sequentially to examine the contribution of the block to explained variance {Ii^) in life quality. Particularly, an interaction term was created as a product of self-monitori ng and social leisure in order to test the hypothesis. The findings of the study did not reveal a significant change in F(^ suggesting that the relationship of social leisure to life quality was not dependent on one's level of self-monitori ng. Instead, there was a significant main effect of social leisure participation on life quality in this sample. Implications for further research and practice are discussed.
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling and in vivo [I]/Ki accurately predict P-glycoprotein-mediated drug-drug interactions with dabigatran etexilate

Background and purpose In vitro inhibitory potency (Ki)-based predictions of P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are hampered by the substantial variability in inhibitory potency. In this study, in vivo-based [I]/Ki values were used to predict the DDI risks of a P-gp substrate dabigatran etexilate (DABE) using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling. Experimental approach A baseline PBPK model was established with digoxin, a known P-gp substrate. The Km (P-gp transport) of digoxin in the baseline PBPK model was adjusted to Kmi to fit the change of digoxin pharmacokinetics in the presence of a P-gp inhibitor. Then ‘in vivo’ [I]/Ki of this P-gp inhibitor was calculated using Kmi/Km. Baseline PBPK model was developed for DABE, and the ‘in vivo’ [I]/Ki was incorporated into this model to simulate the static effect of P-gp inhibitor on DABE pharmacokinetics. This approach was verified by comparing the observed and the simulated DABE pharmacokinetics in the presence of five different P-gp inhibitors. Key results This approach accurately predicted the effects of five P-gp inhibitors on DABE pharmacokinetics (98–133% and 89–104% for the ratios of AUC and Cmax respectively). The effects of 16 other P-gp inhibitors on the pharmacokinetics of DABE were also confidently simulated. Conclusions and implications ‘In vivo’ [I]/Ki and PBPK modelling, used in combination, can accurately predict P-gp-mediated DDIs. The described framework provides a mechanistic basis for the proper design of clinical DDI studies, as well as avoiding unnecessary clinical DDI studies.
Rating Risk after the Subprime Mortgage Crisis: A User Fee Approach for Rating Agency Accountability

This article argues that an absence of accountability and interconnections of interest between rating agencies and their debt issuer clients fostered a system of lax ratings that provided false assurances on the risk exposure of subprime mortgage-backed securities and collateralized debt obligations. It lays out an innovative, yet practical pathway for reform by suggesting how debt purchasers, the primary beneficiaries of ratings, may bear both the burdens and benefits of rating agency accountability by financing ratings through an SEC-administered user fee system in exchange for enforceable rights. The SEC user fee system would require rating agencies both to bid for the right to rate debt issues and to assume certification and mandatory reporting duties to creditors. The article suggests how empowering creditors to seek capped damages against rating agencies for gross negligence, while reserving enforcement discretion with the SEC to pursue negligence actions, would create incentives for rating agency compliance, yet pose a manageable burden.
MMPI-A performance of African and Mexican American adolescent first-time offenders.

Surnmnary.-54 African and Mexican American adolescent first-time offenders were examined with the MMPI-A to evaluate ethnic differences. Multivariate analyses by ethnicity and MMPI-A scales (validity, clinical, content, and supplementary scales) were not significant; however, there was a significant univariate dkference where African American adolescents scored significantly higher on the Repression scale than the Mexican American group. A greater percencage of within-normal-limits profiles were Mrican American (50%) than Mexican American (25%). Research and chical implications for using the MMPI-A with these groups are discussed.
[Comment on “Igneous outbursts and mass extinctions” by Robert S. White] Igneous outbursts

In his article “Igneous Outbursts and Mass Extinctions” (Eos, 70, 1480, 1989) Robert S. White shows how flood basalts may be produced and erupted rapidly. He avoids the fundamental point that at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary there is a global thin iridium-bearing layer coincident with mass extinctions of microfauna. The first-order interpretation is that global microfaunal extinctions and meteorite impact(s) were coincident within the resolution of geologic time. This is either fortuitous, or extinction caused an impact(s), or an impact(s) caused extinctions.
The simple economics of tort law: An organizing framework

Summary This note outlines a general economic approach to the law of torts. It shows that all efficient rules must define negligent behavior as inefficient behavior and must hold an individual liable when he or she is negligent and the other actor is not. The note demonstrates how familiar rules such as strict liability with a defense of contributory negligence or simple negligence fit into this framework and argues that comparative negligence can also be efficient under a constitent economic approach.
Relic-Soil on Limestone in South Wales

THE Worm's Head, part of the Nature Conservancy Gower Coast National Nature Reserve, lies at the south-western tip of the Gower Peninsula of Glamorganshire, South Wales. It is a Carboniferous limestone headland accessible only at low tide across a wave-cut limestone platform. On the southern side of the Inner Head (Ord. Surv. Grid Ref. SS 395873) is a section in Pleistocene deposits of a type recorded widely in Gower1–3, and elsewhere in southern Britain. This can be summarized from the base upwards as follows : (1) Wave-cut limestone platform; (2) raised beach of calcite-cemented limestone pebbles banked against solid limestone; the Patella beach; (3) remnants of bright red sandy clay loam, 10–18 in. thick, containing rare limestone pebbles with red weathered outer zones; (4) brown loam containing abundant angular limestone, a periglacial head deposit. The thickness of this is variable from 0 to 10 ft.; (5) dull grey-brown stony sandy loam, glacial drift containing abundant Old Red Sandstone and Carboniferous grits and sandstones; where this is preserved on the flanks of the Worm's Head, the depth averages 4–6 ft.; (6) dull, grey-brown, sandy loam, almost stoneless, similar to the matrix of horizon 5, resting variously on horizons 2, 3 or 6.
Inequalities For Electron Repulsion Integrals

Abstract We derive a number of inequalities which must be satisfied by the interelectron repulsion integral occurring in quantum mechanical calculations. These inequalities are valide for any type of basis functions or orbitals. They can be useful in testing computer programs which evaluate these integrals. Integral approximations used in semi-empirical methods should be consistent with these inequalities.
Manganese Carbonyl Nitrosyls: Comparison with Isoelectronic Iron Carbonyl Derivatives

The manganese carbonyl nitrosyls Mn(NO)(CO)4, Mn2(NO)2(CO)n (n = 7, 6, 5, 4), and Mn3(NO)3(CO)9 have been studied by density functional theory (DFT) using the B3LYP and BP86 methods for comparison of their predicted structures with those of isoelectronic iron carbonyl derivatives. DFT predicts a trigonal bipyramidal structure for Mn(NO)(CO)4 with an equatorial NO group very close to the experimental structure. The predicted lowest energy structure for Mn2(NO)2(CO)7 has two bridging NO groups in contrast to the known structure of the isoelectronic Fe2(CO)9, which has three bridging CO groups. The structures for the unsaturated binuclear Mn2(NO)2(CO)n (n = 6, 5, 4) derivatives are similar to those of the corresponding binuclear iron carbonyls Fe2(CO)n+2 derivatives but always with a preference of bridging NO groups over bridging CO groups. The trinuclear Mn3(NO)3(CO)9 is predicted to have a structure analogous to the known structure for Fe3(CO)12 but with two bridging NO groups rather than two bridging CO groups across one of the metal-metal edges of the M3 triangle. The dark red solid photolysis product of Mn(NO)(CO)4 characterized by its nu(CO) and nu(NO) frequencies approximately 45 years ago is suggested by these DFT studies not to be the originally assumed Mn2(NO)2(CO)7 analogous to Fe2(CO)9. Instead, this photolysis product appears to be Mn2(NO)2(CO)5 with a Mn(triple bond)Mn formal triple bond analogous to (eta5-C5H5)2V2(CO)5 obtained from the photolysis of (eta5-C5H5)V(CO)4.
Challenges and intriguing problems in comparative renal physiology

The comparative approach has proved important many times in understanding renal function and continues to offer possible approaches to unsolved problems today, in three general areas. 1. Quantification of glomerular ultrafiltration. In contrast to the complex capillary network in the mammalian glomerulus, the glomerulus of the superficial loopless (reptilian-type) avian nephrons consists of a single capillary loop. This structure, in an avian species where it can be approached directly, should for the first time permit accurate determinations of the pressure profiles and the capillary area involved in glomerular ultrafiltration in an animal with high arterial pressure. 2. Fluid reabsorption by proximal renal tubules. In some reptilian proximal renal tubules, isolated and perfused in vitro , isosmotic fluid reabsorption can occur at control rates when lithium replaces sodium or when some other substance replaces sodium or chloride or both in the perfusate and bathing medium simultaneously. Reabsorption at the control rates, regardless of the composition of the perfusate and bathing medium, can be at least partially inhibited by cold and cyanide, but not by blockers of Na+-K+-ATPase. It is also independent of the buffer system used, but it is reduced about 20% by removal of colloid from the peritubular fluid. During the substitutions, the surface area of the proximal tubule cells increases dramatically and might permit some insignificant force to be more effective in the reabsorptive process. Understanding the process involved in this, apparently unique coupling of solute and fluid transport, certainly would be very valuable in understanding coupled transport of solutes and water across epithelia in general. 3. Urate secretion by proximal renal tubules . Urate is the major excretory end product of nitrogen metabolism in birds, most reptiles, and a few amphibians. It undergoes net secretion by the renal tubules. It has been possible to learn much about the physiology of net secretion in reptiles and birds and this process appears to be similar to the much less significant secretory flux in some mammals. However, nothing is known about the molecular basis of the transport system and understanding these processes may provide important information for mammals as well as reptiles and birds. These are some examples of intriguing possibilities for comparative studies of renal physiology.
Cyber Defense of Space-based Assets: Verifying and Validating Defensive Designs and Implementations☆

Abstract The evolving nature of a malicious and persistent threat is unlike traditional environmental hazards to space flight missions, such as radiation. Consequently, engineering mission systems to be resilient to this new generation of threats may require extending or modifying traditional systems engineering processes and paradigms so as to effectively address the more dynamic behavior and characteristics of the intelligent adversary. This paper steps through a live deployment of a common reconnaissance attack on mission systems that have been deemed “secure” by traditional means, e.g., via compliance to the canonical IT Security Plan. The observations and lessons learned from studying a live attack in a mission context enabled us to identify and map out those critical areas that must be addressed in future systems engineering efforts. Particularly those that aim to build more resilient mission systems to the cyber adversary. In short, the simple reconnaissance demonstration presented here illustrates how a collection of “secure” machines can be assembled into an insecure system requiring that we explore cyber-defensive testing facilities, methodologies, toolsets, and how these can be linked to testing goals.
Industrial strength lithography APC

Fully automated semiconductor manufacturing, becoming a reality with the ramping of 300mm fabricators throughout the world, demands the integration of advanced process control (APC). APC is particularly critical for the lithography sector, whose performance correlates to yield and whose productivity often gates the line. We describe the implementation of a comprehensive lithography APC system at the IBM Center for Nanoelectronics, a 300mm manufacturing and development facility. The base lithography APC function encompasses closed-loop run-to-run control of exposure tool inputs to sustain the overlay and critical dimension outputs consistent with product specifications. Automation demands that no decision regarding the appropriate exposure tool run-time settings be left to human judgment. For each lot, the APC system provides optimum settings based on existing data derived from pertinent process streams. In the case where insufficient prior data exists, the APC system either invokes the appropriate combination of send ahead processing and/or pre-determined defaults. We give specific examples of the application of APC to stitched field and dose control, and quantify its technical benefits. Field matching < 0.1 ppm and critical dimension control < 2.5% is achieved among multiple exposure tools and masks.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Interaction of the uracil dipole-bound electron with closed-shell systems (Ar and N2)

A very diffuse, but spatially confined, electron trapped in a dipole–bound state of a polar molecule provides an excellent target for testing the interaction of a localized electron positioned outside the molecular frame of its host molecule with other atomic or molecular systems. In this work we use ab initio calculations to investigate systems where a dipole–bound electron attached to a uracil molecule is interacting with an N2 molecule and an Ar atom. Neither of the two systems forms a stable anion and in the aducts they form with the dipole–bound electron the electron becomes suspended between the uracil molecule and Ar or N2. Calculations are performed to determine the vertical electron detachment energies of these anions and to determine the molecular rearrangements occurring when the excess electron is removed from them.
Effects of ethanol on the dorsal raphe nucleus and its projections to the caudate putamen.

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the effects of intraperitoneal injection of ethanol on the activity of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) system and its projections to the rostral caudate putamen (CPu) and determine whether rapid tolerance to the effects of ethanol develops in this system. Adult, male, Wistar rats were used in these experiments. In experiment 1, a microdialysis procedure was used to determine (a) the effects of acute intraperitoneal administration of ethanol (1.75 and 2.5 g/kg) on the extracellular levels of 5-HT in the rostral CPu and (b) whether rapid tolerance develops to these effects. In experiment 2, firing rates of 5-HT neurons were determined in the DRN after intraperitoneal administration of 2.5 g/kg of ethanol. The results of the microdialysis experiments indicated that the 2.5-g/kg dose significantly ( P P
Raman Difference Spectroscopic Studies of the Myosin S1·MgADP·Vanadate Complex†

The Raman spectra of the nonbridging VO bonds in the myosin S1·MgADP·Vi complex, often believed to be a transition-state analogue for the phosphotransfer reaction catalyzed by myosin, and in a vanadate solution model compound have been obtained using Raman difference spectroscopic techniques. A symmetric/asymmetric pair of modes at 870 cm-1 is found for vanadate in solution while three bands are found in the myosin S1·MgADP·Vi complex at 870, 844, and 829 cm-1. Using empirical relationships that relate bond order/bond lengths to stretch frequencies, the bond order and bond length of the three nonbridging VO bonds of vanadate in solution were determined to be 1.43 vu (±0.04 vu) and 1.669 A (±0.004 A), respectively. The average bond order and bond length of the nonbridging VO bonds in the S1·MgADP·Vi complex were determined to be 1.38 vu and 1.683 A. A normal-mode analysis suggests that the VO32- moiety approaches a planar conformation in the enzymic complex. Ab initio calculations show that a water molecul...
Mate copying and cultural inheritance

I am provoked to comment on Brooks' suggestion[1xBrooks, R. Trends Ecol. Evol. 1998; 13: 45–46Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMedSee all References[1]that mate preferences `can be culturally transmitted' among guppies, because this terminology conflicts with a growing consensus among archeologists, paleoanthropologists, and linguists that this term should be equated with the use of symbols. Thus defined, cultural behavior is unique to our species[2xLindly, J.M. and Clark, G.A. Curr. Anthropol. 1990; 31: 233–240CrossrefSee all References[2]and its acquisition is one of `the major evolutionary transitions in the history of life'[3xJablonka, E. and Szathmary, E. Trends Ecol. Evol. 1995; 10: 206–211Abstract | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (31)See all References[3]. Archeological evidence and theoretical considerations support the validity of this restriction.First, the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition marks a quantum change in human behavior[4xDavidson, I. and Noble, W. Curr. Anthropol. 1989; 30: 125–155CrossrefSee all References[4], implying that `culture rather than biology drove the burst of growth'[5xHarpending, H.C. et al. Curr. Anthropol. 1993; 34: 483–496CrossrefSee all References[5]. Dramatic changes occurred in refinement and diversification of stone and bone technology, emergence of regional styles, elaboration of art, ritual disposal of the dead, and many other traits[6xSee all References[6]. Demographic increase was relieved by expansion into regions lacking essential resources, implying exchanges and standards of value.Second, all these innovations depend on the ability to communicate using symbols[7xByers, A.M. Curr. Anthropol. 1994; 35: 369–400CrossrefSee all References[7]. There is general agreement that `there can be no such thing as culture without language'[4xDavidson, I. and Noble, W. Curr. Anthropol. 1989; 30: 125–155CrossrefSee all References, 8xGoodenough, W.H. Am. Anthrop. 1990; 92: 597–612CrossrefSee all References]. `Humans can speak of the non-existent—words without known referents, sentences contradicting actual experience'[9xSee all References[9]and `we can share those thoughts with one another in ways that no other species even approaches'[10xSee all References[10]. This distinction is important because many components of our behavior, including tool production and use, emotional attachments, forms of nonverbal communication, and social organization, can be transmitted nonsymbolically[8xGoodenough, W.H. Am. Anthrop. 1990; 92: 597–612CrossrefSee all References[8].Explaining our rise to dominance and its implications requires identifying what separates us from other species. Our ability to do so is impeded by ignoring the uniquely human capacity for symbolic communication, and by designating imitation, learning, imprinting, and other nonsymbolic means of altering behavior as cultural.
Synthesis and proton conductivity of sulfonic acid functionalized zeolite BEA nanocrystals

Abstract The objective of this study is to prepare sulfonic acid functionalized zeolite BEA nanocrystals, and determine the bulk proton conductivity of this new material. Phenethyl functionalized zeolite BEA nanocrystals are synthesized using a mixture of fumed silica and phenethyltrimethoxysilane as silica sources. Contact of the phenethyl zeolite BEA nanocrystals with concentrated sulfuric acid removes the organic structure-directing agent (SDA) and simultaneously sulfonates the phenethyl moieties. Detailed characterizations of the zeolite BEA nanocrystals are performed using dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman), 29Si cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (29Si CPMAS NMR), 13C CPMAS NMR, 1H MAS NMR, thermogravimetric (TGA) analyses, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). Sulfonic acid functionalized zeolite BEA nanocrystals have proton conductivities in the range of 1.2 × 10−3–1.2 × 10−2 S/cm compared to 1.5 × 10−4 S/cm for unfunctionalizated zeolite BEA.
Selective inactivation of the ventral hippocampus attenuates cue-induced and cocaine-primed reinstatement of drug-seeking in rats.

Recent evidence suggests that the hippocampus may have a functional role in mediating relapse to cocaine-seeking behavior. Based on the importance of the ventral CA subfields in mediating reward, the present experiment determined the effects of temporary inactivation of the ventral hippocampus on reinstatement of cocaine-seeking in a rodent model of relapse. Male, Sprague–Dawley rats self-administered i.v. cocaine (0.6 mg/kg/infusion) in the presence of discrete conditioned cues (tone + light) in daily 2-h sessions for ten days. Following seven days of extinction sessions in which neither cues nor drug were available, rats underwent four reinstatement tests in a counterbalanced, within-subjects design. Bilateral microinjections of GABA receptor agonists (baclofen/muscimol—0.1/1.0 mM) into the ventral hippocampus significantly attenuated cue-induced and cocaine-primed reinstatement compared with vehicle microinjections in the same rats. In contrast, injections just outside the ventral hippocampus did not block either form of reinstatement. Furthermore, inactivation failed to affect responding for food reinforcement, baseline extinction responding, or locomotor activity. These data indicate that the ventral hippocampus plays an important role in the relapse to cocaine-seeking behavior and may interact with key limbic structures previously implicated in cocaine addiction.
Technical advances in the cytogenetic analysis of malignant tissues.

Successful cytogenetic analysis of malignant tissues using conventional techniques depends upon the presence of viable, dividing malignant cells in the sample, and the ability to obtain metaphase cells with good-quality chromosome banding. Even when these necessary conditions are met, many tumors have complex karyotypes that may be difficult to define completely or have subtle chromosomal abnormalities that are difficult to detect. Overall, determination of the karyotype of a malignant tissue is a time-consuming and labor-intensive process, and for some tumors, is associated with a significant technical failure rate
Low-profile pelvic fixation with sacral alar-iliac screws

Background In the last years, a new technique for pelvic fixation using ‘sacral alar-iliac’ screws has been proposed as an alternative to the classic ‘iliac wing’ screws and the old Galveston technique.
Simple Protocol for DNA Extraction from Archival Stained FNA Smears, Cytospins, and Thin Preparations

A high proportion of patients with lung carcinoma present at a late stage of disease or have significant comorbidities which preclude treatment by aggressive surgical approaches. Consequently, many of these patients must be diagnosed and treated based on the assessment of cytologic samples or very small biopsies. Molecular testing, now an integral part of this assessment, introduces an additional level of complexity in the triaging of limited tissue for maximal diagnostic yield. Archived and previously stained cytologic samples provide a robust source of material for molecular studies. However, optimal techniques of tissue retrieval and DNA extraction are crucial to maximize the DNA yield. In this communication, we outline our protocol for obtaining DNA from archival cytologic material. The method is simple, requires no destaining steps or extensive manipulation of the sample, and yields sufficient DNA for the standard performance of routine molecular studies.
Transport of engineered nanoparticles in saturated porous media

Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) can be released into soils as emerging groundwater contaminants because many of them show toxic effects to the ecosystems; however, their fate and transport in soils are largely unknown. The present work examined the transport behavior of two NPs, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), in saturated porous media. Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), an anionic surfactant, was used to disperse the engineered NPs to enhance their stabilities in water. The solubilized NPs were then applied to laboratory columns packed with two types of water-saturated quartz sand to obtain their breakthrough curves. The experimental results showed that the surfactant-solubilized NPs were highly mobile in the saturated porous media. The transport of CNTs in the column was similar to that of colloidal montmorillonite and their recovery rates were around 100%. Less than 15% of the AgNPs were retained in the saturated column during the breakthrough experiments. However, most of the retained AgNPs were released when a SDBS-free water pulse was used to flush the sand column. The Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory and a colloid transport model were used to simulate the fate and transport of the engineered NPs in the sand columns. The DLVO theory worked well with AgNPs, but failed to represent the interactions between CNTs and the two sand media. Predictions of the transport model matched the experimental breakthrough data of the two engineered NPs well. Our results indicate that theories and models of colloid transport in porous media may be applicable to describe the fate and behavior of engineered NPs under certain circumstances.
“Measuring Up”: A New Perspective

On October 31, 2007, Patrick Callan, Founding President of the National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education, delivered the 19th annual Louise McBee lecture at the University of Georgia (http://www.uga.edu/ihe/mcbee.html). His presentation, “American Higher Education: Public Purposes and Public Policies,” introduced the audience to the Center’s report cards on higher education, which are named “Measuring Up” (http:// measuringup.highereducation.org/). The Measuring Up reports began in 2000 as a biennial assessment on educational performance in each of the 50 U.S. states and the nation as a whole. The 2006 edition was the first to include international comparisons by state and for the nation overall. For example, the data show that my home state of Georgia falls behind Japan, Canada, and Korea in educational level of the adult population aged 25 to 34. The intent of the report card is to provide the general public with information on stateby-state performance and to promote dialogue to improve post-secondary education overall. Performance is measured in six areas:
A case of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, unresponsive type, in pregnancy.

To the Editor: We report a case of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) in a pregnant woman. We believe this is a unique case because there are few published cases of PNES and even fewer of PNES occurring in pregnant individuals.
The origin of the atmospheres of Venus and the Earth

Abstract Evidence regarding the Earth's atmosphere is reviewed and it is concluded that there are no detectable traces of the primitive solar nebula surviving in it. Evidence concerning the Venus atmosphere is analyzed and it is concluded that it probably contains of the order of 100 times the amount of nitrogen in the Earth's atmosphere and negligible amounts of water vapor. It is very difficult to see how the two atmospheres can have had a common origin, and it is proposed that the bulk of the Venus atmosphere is a remnant of of the primitive solar nebula. In order to account for the absence of primitive gases from the Earth's atmosphere, a modified form of the Darwin-Wise hypothesis is proposed, according to which the Moon is formed as a result of the Earth's rotational instability induced by formation of the iron core. During such rotational instability the primitive gases would be entirely lost. A discussion is given of the circumstances surrounding the period of rotational instability.
Time-frequency-based classification

We propose a time-frequency based pattern classification method which utilizes the joint moments of time-frequency distributions (TFDs) for features. The method is applied to a biomedical data set, and compared to a template matching scheme and to methods utilizing only temporal moments or spectral moments. Our results show that a classification algorithm which utilizes joint time-frequency information, as quantified by the joint moments of the TFD, can potentially improve performance over time or frequency-based methods alone, for classification of nonstationary time series.
Permanent storage of carbon dioxide in geological reservoirs by mineral carbonation

Anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions continue to increase rapidly despite efforts aimed at curbing the release of such gases. One potentially long-term solution for offsetting these emissions is the capture and storage of carbon dioxide. In principle, fluid or gaseous carbon dioxide can be injected into the Earth's crust and locked up as carbonate minerals through chemical reactions with calcium and magnesium ions supplied by silicate minerals. This process can lead to near-permanent and secure sequestration, but its feasibility depends on the ease and vigour of the reactions. Laboratory studies as well as natural analogues indicate that the rate of carbonate mineral formation is much higher in host rocks that are rich in magnesium- and calcium-bearing minerals. Such rocks include, for example, basalts and magnesium-rich mantle rocks that have been emplaced on the continents. Carbonate mineral precipitation could quickly clog up existing voids, presenting a challenge to this approach. However, field and laboratory observations suggest that the stress induced by rapid precipitation may lead to fracturing and subsequent increase in pore space. Future work should rigorously test the feasibility of this approach by addressing reaction kinetics, the evolution of permeability and field-scale injection methods.
Perceived Changes in Life Meaning following Bereavement

Much research has documented the negative sequelae associated with death of a loved one. The goal of the present study was to investigate the possibility, alluded to by existential and humanistic t...