cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Airborne Acoustic Perception by a Jumping Spider

Jumping spiders (Salticidae) are famous for their visually driven behaviors [1]. Here, however, we present behavioral and neurophysiological evidence that these animals also perceive and respond to airborne acoustic stimuli, even when the distance between the animal and the sound source is relatively large (∼3 m) and with stimulus amplitudes at the position of the spider of ∼65 dB sound pressure level (SPL). Behavioral experiments with the jumping spider Phidippus audax reveal that these animals respond to low-frequency sounds (80 Hz; 65 dB SPL) by freezing-a common anti-predatory behavior characteristic of an acoustic startle response. Neurophysiological recordings from auditory-sensitive neural units in the brains of these jumping spiders showed responses to low-frequency tones (80 Hz at ∼65 dB SPL)-recordings that also represent the first record of acoustically responsive neural units in the jumping spider brain. Responses persisted even when the distances between spider and stimulus source exceeded 3 m and under anechoic conditions. Thus, these spiders appear able to detect airborne sound at distances in the acoustic far-field region, beyond the near-field range often thought to bound acoustic perception in arthropods that lack tympanic ears (e.g., spiders) [2]. Furthermore, direct mechanical stimulation of hairs on the patella of the foreleg was sufficient to generate responses in neural units that also responded to airborne acoustic stimuli-evidence that these hairs likely play a role in the detection of acoustic cues. We suggest that these auditory responses enable the detection of predators and facilitate an acoustic startle response. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Lambs of god: an end of human sacrifice

Ferrando: … e si rinvenne mal spenta brace… e d’un bambino, ahime l’ossame bruciato a mezzo, fumante ancor! Uomini: Ah scellerata! Oh donna infame! Del par m’investe ira ed orror! Il Trovatore . Act I, Scene 1 In certain modern sensibilities, played upon here by Verdi's librettist Salvadore Cammarano, infant sacrifice has tended to rouse a basal sense of horror. The moral outrage has usually imputed alien rites and the evils of dreadful barbaric practices. Consider the following descriptions not about the fictions of an imaginary Iberian court, but rather of an actual historical practice.
Comparative study of 2.05 eV AIGaInP and metamorphic GalnP materials and solar cells grown by MBE and MOCVD

This work investigates 2.05 eV bandgap (Al)GaInP alloys for use as the top junction of IMM solar cells. We explore balancing alloy composition and lattice constant as two complementary variables to achieve the target bandgap in one material system. Here both MBE and MOCVD growth methods are compared to achieve this goal. The specific compositions are Ga 0.63 In 0.37 P (tensile relaxed with respect to GaAs) and (Al 0.13 Ga 0.38 ) 0.51 In 0.49 P (lattice matched to GaAs) in order to determine the relative impact of misfit and increased aluminum content, respectively. Prototype solar cell performance and defect spectroscopy (DLTS/DLOS) are used to evaluate the various alloys, and results suggest that MOCVD metamorphic Ga 0.63 In 0.37 P is promising for a high performance top cell.
Does Linguistic Style in Social Media Communications Impact Consumer Engagement? An Abstract

The rise of social media has boosted marketers’ interest in using these platforms to build relationships with customers and as potential tools for spreading word of mouth. While research has examined topics related to consumer-brand relationships on social media (de Vries et al. 2012; Labrecque 2014), the sustained use of social media platforms and their evolving nature merit additional inquiry (Kumar 2015). We extend the literature by investigating how the linguistic style of brands’ social media messages impacts consumer engagement. We look beyond the message content and investigate how the linguistic style of the message affects a consumer’s decision to interact with the brand, taking into account not only what is being said but also how it is communicated.
Rejecting phosphorus in hematitic iron ore streams: is flotation the best approach?

It is widely known that steel made from iron ore pellets high in phosphorus is brittle. Removal of phosphorus from iron ores such as hematite has proven to be difficult. The majority of research on phosphorus removal from hematite ores has been focused on flotation. The purpose of this study was to assess phosphorus distribution under current operations at an existing hematite concentrator and determine how efficient the plant is at removing phosphorus. Objectives included: (1) Perform a phosphorus balance at an operating plant to assess phosphorus distribution under current operations; (2) Determine phosphorus removal efficiency of each separating unit and (3) Perform a quantitative liberation analysis to determine max phosphorus removal by physical means. Liberation was quantitatively determined using wet high intensity magnetic separation (WHIMS) to separate iron ore from liberated apatite (and other nonmagnetic compounds). It was observed that 61.2% of the total phosphorus entering Plant F was rejected during current operations. The desliming process was the most efficient step at removing phosphorus (45.1% P removed), whereas the flotation step was much less effective (16.1% P removed). Liberation analyses indicated that the deslime thickener may have been more efficient at removing phosphorus than the flotation circuit due to the greater abundance of liberated phosphorus in the deslime thickener feed. The scavenger returns stream was identified as having a high concentration of phosphorus and a possible point of phosphorus removal. However, liberation analyses indicated that only 32.4% of the total phosphorus in the stream was liberated. Grinding the scavenger returns to 80% passing 5.2 μm increased the amount of liberated phosphorus in the stream to 70.4%.
Prolactin in Autoimmune Disease

Abstract Prolactin (PRL) has the potential to stimulate immune responses and is a cytokine. Circulating PRL is elevated above the norm in a number of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Bromocriptine, which suppresses the pituitary secretion of PRL, has been used with success to treat autoimmune illness. Successful use of PRL-suppressive treatments in selected diseases supports the contention that PRL contributes to active autoimmunity and opens up the possibility of using these relatively nontoxic drugs as adjunct therapy for immune-mediated diseases.
Characterization and evaluation of 4.5 kV 40 A SiC super-cascode device

Silicon Carbide (SiC) power devices with super-cascode structure provide a cost-effective solution for high performance medium voltage power switches. However, these SiC super-cascode devices are still in the early development stage, and limited information on the device characteristics is available. This paper presents the characterization and evaluation of a 4.5 kV, 40 A SiC super-cascode device which consists of five 1.2 kV SiC normally-on JFETs and one 20 V Silicon (Si) MOSFET in series connection. Extensive static and dynamic characterization tests were performed on the device at various test conditions. The device static characteristics, including leakage current, gate threshold voltage, I-V characteristics, and C-V characteristics, were recorded at different temperatures. The device dynamic evaluation was done using a double pulse test (DPT) circuit with an inductive load. The DPT dc bus voltage was up to 3 kV and the load current was varied from 5 A to 40 A. The device switching speed and switching energy loss at different load currents were measured. The device test results showcase its potential in medium and high voltage applications.
Lower order representations of evolving particle size distributions for rapid gas-particle mass transfer simulations during electrostatic precipitation

Abstract The range of particle sizes typically present in combustion flue gas complicates predictions of gas-particle mass transfer processes. This complexity is amplified within electrostatic precipitators where particle motion, abundance, and mass transfer characteristics are size dependent. The present study illustrates the utility of replacing explicit representations of particle size distributions in simulations of electrostatic precipitators with an equivalent loading of monodisperse aerosols of diameter chosen to reproduce the same gas-particle mass transfer characteristics. Computational times are reduced by an order of magnitude using this approach, facilitating future incorporation of multiple particle types or heterogeneous chemical kinetics.
Effect of CAPD on Renal Osteodystrophy in Unmodified Patients Moving from Hemodialysis to CAPD

The effect of one year of CAPD on bone histology was studied in seven hemodialysis patients changing to CAPD. The course of these patients was not modified by oral calcium supplements, vitamin D or parathyroid ablation. An existing pattern of dialysis osteomalacia in three patients changed in two to osteitis fibrosa. This change was associated with decreased stainable aluminum in the bone biopsies obtained during CAPD. The specific role played by CAPD in effecting this change is uncertain. Progression and development of osteitis fibrosa in these patients was not prevented by a 7.0 mg/dl calcium containing dialysis solution. The observed persistence of abnormally high parathyroid hormone levels and increasing alkaline phosphatase concentrations supports the concept that a negative calcium balance may be a critical factor in progression of osteitis fibrosa among CAPD patients.
Instructable autonomous agents

In contrast to current intelligent systems, which must be laboriously programmed for each task they are meant to perform, instructable agents can be taught new tasks and associated knowledge. This thesis presents a general theory of learning from tutorial instruction and its use to produce an instructable agent. Tutorial instruction is a particularly powerful form of instruction, because it allows the instructor to communicate whatever kind of knowledge a student needs at whatever point it is needed. To exploit this broad flexibility, however, a tutorable agent must support a full range of interaction with its instructor to learn a full range of knowledge. Thus, unlike most machine learning tasks, which target deep learning of a single kind of knowledge from a single kind of input, tutorability requires a breadth of learning from a broad range of instructional interactions. The theory of learning from tutorial instruction presented here has two parts. First, a computational model of an intelligent agent, the problem space computational model, indicates the types of knowledge that determine an agent's performance, and thus, that should be acquirable via instruction. Second, a learning technique, called situated explanation, specifies how the agent learns general knowledge from instruction. The theory is embodied by an implemented agent, Instructo-Soar, built within the Soar architecture. Instructo-Soar is able to learn hierarchies of completely new tasks, to extend task knowledge to apply in new situations, and in fact to acquire every type of knowledge it uses during task performance--control knowledge, knowledge of operators' effects, state inferences, etc.--from interactive natural language instructions. This variety of learning occurs by applying the situated explanation technique to a variety of instructional interactions involving a variety of types of instructions (commands, statements, conditionals, etc.). By taking seriously the requirements of flexible tutorial instruction, Instructo-Soar demonstrates a breadth of interaction and learning capabilities that goes beyond previous instructable systems, such as learning apprentice systems. Instructo-Soar's techniques could form the basis for future "instructable technologies" that come equipped with basic capabilities, and can be taught by novice users to perform any number of desired tasks.
La ciencia política estadounidense y el discurso de la democracia: de la teoría del estado al pluralismo

La ciencia politica americana ha sido definida por intentos para determinar los criterios de la democracia y para evaluar hasta que punto el sistema politico americano se conformo a tales criterios. Este discurso de la democracia ha sido caracterizado por dos paradigmas basicos y sucesivos: la teoria del Estado del siglo diecinueve y la teoria pluralista de la democracia, la cual, a pesar de desafios y enmiendas, todavia informa la imagen basica del sistema politico americano. Ambas teorias, sin embargo, han sido forzadas a confrontar una paradoja fundamental que dice relacion con el concepto de "pueblo", la cual ha sido endemica a la teoria politica americana desde el periodo fundacional. P ALABRAS CLAVES : sistema politico, democracia, republica, popular, gobierno, comunidad, teoria del estado, estado, pluralismo, ciencia politica americana, auto-interes, democracia mayoritaria, elites, facciones, politica de grupos de interes, liberalismo, teoria de grupos de la democracia, poliarquia, liberalismo de grupos de interes, igualdad.
Stationary phase deletions in Escherichia coli. I--Evidence for a new deletion pathway.

Abstract Deletions in the plasmid pMC874 join the promoter of the kmr (kanamycin resistance) gene coding for the enzyme aminoglycoside 3′-phosphotransferase to a promoterless lac operon downstream giving a phenotypic change from Lac−→Lac+. They differ from most deletions studied in Escherichia coli, which occur in actively dividing cells, in several important respects, as follows. (1) They occur in “resting” cells incubating on McConkey’s or minimal lactose agar and increase in number gradually over a period of 1–2 weeks. Thus, like “adaptive” mutations, they are time rather than generation dependent. (2) They are extremely rare events (frequency 1×10−11–5×10−11) in wild type cells, but their frequency is increased between 1 and 2 orders of magnitude by null recC− mutations. In these respects they differ from “adaptive” mutations which are equally frequent in recC+ and recC− cells. (3) Their frequency is not increased by mutations which stimulate log phase deletions. (4) Based on a computer search for homologies and sequencing of one deletion, it appears that they differ from log phase deletions in that they can occur in the absence of major terminal homologies (direct repeats) or intervening homologies (inverted repeats) which could stabilize a transient secondary structure and determine the deletion endpoints. Thus, they are not explained by the misaligned mutagenesis model. In conclusion, resting phase deletions occur through a totally different pathway from deletions in actively dividing cells and probably originate from unrepaired double strand breaks.
Correction for Clemons et al., "Cytosolic Delivery of Multidomain Cargos by the N Terminus of Pasteurella multocida Toxin".

Volume 86, no. 8, e00248-18, 2018, [https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00248-18][1]. Page 4: Figure 2E and F should appear as shown below. ![Figure][2] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1128/IAI.00248-18 [2]: pending:yes
Morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing fecal diversion as an adjunct to wound healing: a NSQIP comparison study

Fecal diversion for chronic, non-healing wounds improves quality of life, assists in wound healing, and helps to prepare for reconstructive surgery. While commonplace, little has been published regarding the safety of diversion in this patient subgroup. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the morbidity and mortality of fecal diversion for chronic wounds and to identify those patients with disproportionately high perioperative risk. Retrospective analyses were performed using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Project (NSQIP) database and an institutional database. The primary outcome analyzed was 30-day mortality and secondary outcomes included 30-day morbidity and readmission rate. Eight hundred fifty-nine patients were identified in the NSQIP database who underwent diversion compared to 3990 who did not. In unmatched data, there were no significant differences in substantial 30-day morbidities. In matched data, diverted patients had a significantly lower perioperative mortality. Fifty-six patients were identified in the institutional review who were diverted for non-healing wounds. Fifty percent of patients with a preoperative ejection fraction of less than 30% died within 30 days of surgery (LR 6.58, p = 0.045). The NSQIP review indicates that fecal diversion does not inherently increase 30-day perioperative morbidity or mortality. While 30-day morbidity remains high, the institutional review suggests that patients with cardiac dysfunction contribute to the majority of complications. As such, an ejection fraction less than 30% may be a relative contraindication to immediate diversion. Medical optimization and elective diversion should be considered whenever feasible. Level of Evidence: Level III, risk / prognostic study.
Derivation of DCM/CCM Boundary and Ideal Duty-Ratio Feedforward for Three-level Boost Rectifier

This paper analyzes CCM/DCM operations of three-level boost (TLB) converter and derives ideal duty-ratios for feedforward control in power factor correction (PFC) applications. The analyses are conducted for two different TLB operation modes characterized by input voltage range. Since duty-ratio feedforward is a widely used technique to improve PFC transient responses and mitigate the burden of feedback control, accurate duty-ratio computations for all possible operation modes and conduction modes are necessary. By comparing the derived duty-ratios for CCM and DCM regions, current conduction modes of TLB can be detected in real-time and proper duty-ratio feedforward with minimum duty-ratio selection can be provided. The experimental results by a 500 W prototype of TLB PFC rectifier are provided in order to verify the effectiveness of the derivations and feedforward technique.
Toward a High-Power High-Isolation Wideband Plasma Limiter

A novel circuit design for a wideband high-power limiter is presented. A two-stage topology is utilized to cascade a coplanar waveguide transmission line symmetrically loaded with shunt gas discharge tubes (self-contained plasma cell devices) and a commercial RF MEMS switch. An initial-stage integration of the design is fabricated and measured, and test results are presented. A maximum insertion loss of 0.5 dB, a return loss better than 14.5 dB, and a limiting isolation greater than 24 dB are measured over a 1–3 GHz frequency bandwidth. Relaxation and response time measurements are on the order of microseconds. The direction of further developments to the proposed design is also discussed.
Lattice strain mapping using circular Hough transform for electron diffraction disk detection.

Abstract Scanning Electron NanoDiffraction (SEND) is a powerful and versatile technique for lattice strain mapping in nano-devices and nano-materials. The measurement is based on Bragg diffraction from a local crystal volume. However, the resolution and precision of SEND are fundamentally limited by the uncertainty principle and scattering that govern electron diffraction. Here, we propose to measure lattice strain using a focused probe and circular Hough transform to locate the position of non-uniform diffraction disks. Methods for fitting a 2D lattice to the detected disks for strain calculation are described, including error analysis. We demonstrate our technique on a FinFET device for strain mapping at the spatial resolution of 1 nm and strain precision of ∼ 3 × 10 − 4 . Using this and simulations, the experimental parameters involved in data acquisition and analysis are thoroughly investigated to construct an optimum strain mapping strategy using SEND.
A Taxonomy of Brain-Behavior Relationships After Stroke.

Purpose Understanding the brain basis of language and cognitive outcomes is a major goal of aphasia research. Prior studies have not often considered the many ways that brain features can relate to...
Racial Segregation and School Poverty in the United States, 1999–2016

Research over the past decade suggests that racial segregation appears to have the largest implications for students’ achievement when linked to racial differences in exposure to school poverty. This paper provides a summary and update to prior literature describing patterns and trends of racial differences in school poverty rates from the 1998–1999 through 2015–2016 school years. We describe black-white and Hispanic-white differences in school poverty rates within U.S. school districts, metropolitan areas, states, and the nation over this nearly 20-year period. We find that while exposure to poverty in schools has risen dramatically, racial differences in exposure to school poverty have been relatively stable during this time. These average trends, however, belie meaningful variability among places. Places serving large proportions of minority students have larger but declining average racial differences in exposure to school poverty. Large school districts also have larger average racial differences in exposure and have been experiencing increases in this measure over time.
Hepatic hemangioendothelioma: CT, MR, and FDG-PET-CT in 67 patients-a bi-institutional comprehensive cancer center review.

To evaluate the imaging features of hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (HEH) on multiphasic CT, MR, and FDG-PET-CT. Bi-institutional review identified 67 adults (mean age, 47 years; 23 M/44 F) with pathologically proven HEH and pretreatment multiphasic CT (n = 67) and/or MR (n = 30) and/or FDG-PET-CT (n = 13). HEHs were multifocal in 88% (59/67). Mean size of the dominant mass was 4.1 cm (range, 1.4–19 cm). The tumors were located in the peripheral, subcapsular regions of the liver in 96% (64/67). Capsular retraction was present in 81% (54/67 cases) and tumors were coalescent in 61% (41/67). HEH demonstrated peripheral ring enhancement on arterial phase imaging in 33% (21/64) and target appearance on the portal venous phase in 69% (46/67). Persistent peripheral enhancement on the delayed phase was seen in 49% (31/63). On MR, multilayered target appearance was seen on the T2-weighted sequences in 67% (20/30) and on the diffusion-weighted sequences in 61% (11/18). Target appearance on hepatobiliary phase of MRI was seen in 57% (4/7). On pre-therapy FDG-PET-CT, increased FDG uptake above the background liver parenchyma was seen in 62% (8/13). HEHs typically manifest as multifocal, coalescent hepatic nodules in peripheral subcapsular location, with associated capsular retraction. Peripheral arterial ring enhancement and target appearance on portal venous phase are commonly seen on CT. Similarly, multilayered target appearance correlating with its histopathological composition is typically seen on multiple sequences of MR including T2-weighted, diffusion-weighted, and dynamic contrast-enhanced multiphasic MR. • Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas manifest on CT and MR as multifocal, coalescent hepatic nodules in peripheral subcapsular location, with associated capsular retraction. • Enhancement pattern on contrast-enhanced CT and MR can vary but peripheral ring enhancement on arterial phase and target appearance on portal venous phase are commonly seen. • Retrospective two-center study showed that cross-sectional imaging may help in the diagnosis.
SwapAdvisor: Pushing Deep Learning Beyond the GPU Memory Limit via Smart Swapping

It is known that deeper and wider neural networks can achieve better accuracy. But it is difficult to continue the trend to increase model size due to limited GPU memory. One promising solution is to support swapping between GPU and CPU memory. However, existing work on swapping only handle certain models and do not achieve satisfactory performance. Deep learning computation is commonly expressed as a dataflow graph which can be analyzed to improve swapping. We propose SwapAdvisor, which performs joint optimization along 3 dimensions based on a given dataflow graph: operator scheduling, memory allocation, and swap decisions. SwapAdvisor explores the vast search space using a custom-designed genetic algorithm. Evaluations using a variety of large models show that SwapAdvisor can train models up to 12 times the GPU memory limit while achieving 53-99% of the throughput of a hypothetical baseline with infinite GPU memory.
Selling-Mechanism Design for Peer-to-Peer Online Lending Platforms: Multiunit Uniform-price Dynamic Auctions vs. Posted Price

This paper studies stylized models of multi-unit uniform-price dynamic auctions and posted price, two selling mechanisms popular with peer-to-peer lending platforms, in a setup with common value and independent private signals. The models have two novel features: an "All-or-None" transaction rule (i.e., either all the units or none gets sold) and the buyers endogenously choosing if and when to submit their bids/orders. The paper shows that, relative to the posted price, the auction leads to more herding and strategic delay of bid submission, a U-shaped distribution for the number of buyers who submit bids, and a smaller transaction probability. The theoretical findings help explain the empirical regularities in the investors' dynamic bidding behavior and funding outcomes that the paper documents using data from a leading p2p online lending platform. The paper also discusses the managerial implications in designing selling mechanisms for p2p lending platforms and other related financial products.
Finding Value in NFL Draft Picks

his paper analyzes the salaries and performance of the 636 NFL draft picks in the first two round from 2006-2015 during their rookie contracts. We employ a simple metric, average cost per AV, which calculates a player’s salary divided their performance, Approximate Value (AV). Here, we find that 2nd round draft picks are a significantly better value than 1st round picks over the sample period and the cost per AV decreases by approximately $8,000 with each increasing pick. Additionally, we find that the five teams choosing the best value draft picks post a significantly larger winning percentage over the sample period than the five teams with the worst valued draft picks. Finally, we compare the differences of the NFL’s 2001 Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) and find that the CBA successfully reduced the cost of AV, but not statistically significantly so.
The Four Faces of a Free Appropriate Public Education

This article delineates the four successive dimensions of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act’s (IDEA) central obligation of “free appropriation public education” that the courts have d...
A Bayesian approach for accurate de novo transcriptome assembly

De novo transcriptome assembly from billions of RNA-seq reads is very challenging due to alternative splicing and various levels of expression, which often leads to incorrect, mis-assembled transcripts. BayesDenovo addresses this problem by using both a read-guided strategy to accurately reconstruct splicing graphs from the RNA-seq data and a Bayesian strategy to estimate, from these graphs, the probability of transcript expression without penalizing poorly expressed transcripts. Simulation and cell line benchmark studies demonstrate that BayesDenovo is very effective in reducing false positives and achieves much higher accuracy than other assemblers, especially for alternatively spliced genes and for highly or poorly expressed transcripts. Moreover, BayesDenovo is more robust on multiple replicates by assembling a larger portion of common transcripts. When applied to breast cancer data, BayesDenovo identifies phenotype-specific transcripts associated with breast cancer recurrence.
Multivariable Faulhaber-type formulas and Barnes zeta functions

Abstract A multivariable generalization of Faulhaber's formula is demonstrated and, using Barnes zeta functions, a multivariable generalization of an asymptotic formula for sums of non-integral powers of integers is shown. We also give an asymptotic formula for Barnes zeta functions.
Generating Multi-Level Linguistic Spatial Descriptions from Range Sensor Readings Using the Histogram of Forces

In this paper, we show how linguistic expressions can be generated to describe the spatial relations between a mobile robot and its environment, using readings from a ring of sonar sensors. Our work is motivated by the study of human-robot communication for novice robot users. The ultimate goal is to exploit these linguistic expressions for navigation of the mobile robot in an unknown environment, where the expressions represent the qualitative state of the robot in terms that are easily understood by humans. The notion of the histogram of forces was presented in previous work and used to generate linguistic descriptions of relative positions in digital images. Here, we demonstrate that it also permits fast processing of vector data and can be applied to a robot with range sensors moving in a dynamic environment. We introduce a new method for detecting partially and completely surrounded conditions, and we show that detailed descriptions can be obtained as well as coarse ones. Numerous examples are included, illustrating a variety of situations.
A semi-automated algorithm for quantification of vessel wall angiogenesis associated with early atherosclerosis using magnetic resonance imaging

Detection of atherosclerosis in its early stages with MRI could lead to more effective treatment of the disease. However, the changes that occur in the vessels of animals given a high cholesterol diet to induce atherosclerosis are not visually apparent with conventional MRI techniques. This paper describes a semi-automated algorithm designed to quantify enhancement of the aortic wall after administration of targeted and non-targeted contrast agents in rabbits given a high cholesterol diet. The performance of the program was evaluated on multiple slices taken from eight rabbits. No lumenal narrowing or overall non-specific contrast enhancement was detected in cholesterol-fed animals. Enhancement after administration of a nanoparticle contrast agent specifically targeted to molecules associated with the initial development of atherosclerosis was higher in the cholesterol fed rabbits, providing an early indicator of disease.
Herpes simplex virus glycoprotein gA/B: evidence that the infected Vero cell products comap and arise by proteolysis.

Abstract We recently reported (Pereira et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78:5202-5206, 1981) that herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 glycoproteins, previously designated gA and gB, could not be differentiated by a bank of independently derived type-specific and type-common monoclonal antibodies. We also reported that from lysates of infected Vero cells, all but one monoclonal antibody precipitated gA/B glycoproteins which had faster electrophoretic mobility than the corresponding infected HEp-2 cell glycoproteins and a set of three small polypeptides which we designated g(A + B) reactive polypeptides 1, 2, and 3. Antibody H368, the single exception, failed to react with the gA/B glycoproteins or related antigens accumulating in infected Vero cells. In this paper, we report the following results. (i) The high-apparent-molecular-weight gA/B glycoproteins accumulating in infected HEp-2 cells were cleaved by a proteolytic enzyme contained in Vero cell lysates to yield more rapidly migrating proteins that were indistinguishable from authentic Vero cell gA/B glycoproteins. Like its authentic counterpart, the cleaved gA/B glycoproteins failed to react with H368 monocolonal antibody. In addition, the lysate cleaved HEp-2 cell gA/B glycoproteins into g(A + B) reactive polypeptides 2 and 3. (ii) The proteolytic activity contained in the uninfected cell lysates was inhibited by N-α-p-tosyl-l-lysine chloromethyl ketone and is therefore trypsin-like. (iii) Pulse-chase experiments indicated that the cleavage of gA/B glycoproteins occurred during or soon after translation but that the accumulation of g(A + B) reactive polypeptide 1 was a consequence of a delayed processing event. (iv) Analysis of herpes simplex virus 1 × herpes simplex virus 2 recombinants indicated that the determinants of type-specific immune reactivity and electrophoretic mobility of gA/B glycoproteins and g(A + B) polypeptides map near the right terminus of herpes simplex virus 1 BamHI-G.
Organizations and Language Games

We borrow Wittgenstein's concept of ``languagegames'' to create a theory of action. Thelanguage-games framework integrates theeconomic model of rational maximizing and thesociological model of rule following. Languagegames are subject to a process of naturalselection. Strong competition creates a``tight'' evolutionary filter. When it does,agents are constrained to act as if they wererational. Traditional economic logic applies. When it does not, agents are free to chooseidiosyncratic actions. Sociologicalunderstanding is required. We combine thelanguage-games framework with the concept of``modular system.'' In a modular system, partsare grouped to minimize interaction betweengroups. The parts in one module interact withthose of another module only through relativelyformal ``interfaces.'' Large firms are modularsystems, and so is the larger social system,including the division of labor. Combining thelanguage-game framework with the idea ofmodular system helps us explain firm growth. Acharismatic leader founds an enterprise andplaces his interpretive framework in aprivileged position within it. The firm is nota modular system; it is not ``decomposable.'' Firm growth leads to a greater division oflabor within the enterprise and to a moremodular organization. Modularity helps thelarger enterprise function smoothly, even whenemployees have conflicting mental models. Success in transforming small firms to largefirms depends on finding the right modularstructure for the enterprise.
Primary Hormonal Therapy of Endometrial Cancer

This chapter discusses the treatment of endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium with hormonal therapy for the purpose of preserving the corpus and future fertility. This treatment obviously pertains to premenopausal women. An occasional postmenopausal woman who is not a candidate for surgery may benefit from similar approaches.
Epiduroscopy of the lumbosacral vertebral canal in the horse: Technique and endoscopic anatomy

Summary Reasons for performing study Back pain is a common cause of gait alterations and poor performance in horses, but the available imaging modalities are frequently insufficient to isolate the underlying pathology. In human patients, epidural endoscopy (epiduroscopy) is successfully used to diagnose and treat challenging cases of lower back pain. Endoscopy of the cervical epidural space has previously been reported in anaesthetised horses. Objectives To develop a technique for lumbosacral epiduroscopy in standing horses and to describe the endoscopic anatomy of the lumbosacral epidural space. Study design Pilot study to assess the feasibility of lumbosacral epiduroscopy in 5 horse cadavers. Methods The cadavers of 5 horses, weighing 457–694 kg (mean, 570 kg), were suspended in an upright position. Vascular dilators of increasing size were inserted between the first 2 moveable vertebrae caudal to the sacrum to create a minimally invasive approach into the epidural space. A flexible videoendoscope was introduced and advanced as far cranially as the length of the endoscope permitted. The lumbosacral epidural space underwent gross necropsy examination following the procedure. Results The endoscope was successfully inserted into the epidural space in all horses. Saline injection through the working channel of the endoscope allowed the following anatomical structures to be seen: dura mater, left and right lumbosacral spinal nerves, cauda equina, epidural fat, connective tissue and blood vessels. Using the 60 cm working length of the endoscope, the epidural space could be examined as far cranial as L3–T18, depending on the size of the horse. No gross damage to epidural neurovascular structures was observed on necropsy examination. Conclusion Lumbosacral epiduroscopy is technically feasible in standing horses and may become a valuable diagnostic tool in horses with caudal back or limb pain of unknown origin. Studies in live horses will be necessary to evaluate the safety of the procedure.
Robust non-Gaussian matched subspace detectors

We address the problem of matched subspace detection in the presence of arbitrary noise and interferents, or interfering signals that may lie in a possibly unknown subspace, but that nevertheless corrupt the measurements. A hypothesis test that is robust to interferents yet sensitive to the signal of interest is formulated. The test is applicable to a large class of noise density functions. In addition, specific expressions for the generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) detectors are derived for the class of Generalized Gaussian noise. The detectors are generalizations of the χ2, t, and F statistics used with Gaussian noise. For matched filter detection, these expressions are simpler and computationally efficient. ROC performance results based on simulation demonstrate the superior performance obtained with detectors based on the correct noise model. The results also demonstrate the improved performance robust detectors offer when interferents are present.
Relative ranking of conditions that facilitate innovation implementation in the USA

This study compared how people working in three different types of organisations in the United States (K-12 schools, higher education, and business) rank the importance of eight conditions that have been shown to facilitate the implementation of innovations. The study also sought to determine if the nature of the innovation (i.e., technology or process innovation) affected the rankings. Technology innovations are those that require the use of a new tool or product such as an innovative communications device or new piece of manufacturing equipment. Process innovations are those that require a new method or system such as a new method for performance evaluations or new budget approval process. A total of 635 participants completed an online instrument to determine their individual ranking of the eight conditions, 315 participants responded to questions specific to technology innovation while 320 responded to process specific questions. Analysis of variance was used to compare differences between the groups. Significant differences were found on five of the eight conditions in the technology sample and on seven of the eight conditions in the process sample. In addition, there were differences within groups based on the nature of the innovation. Change agents must adapt their strategies to account for the different rankings of the eight implementation conditions based on type of organisation and the nature of the innovation. The results of this study provide a framework for understanding and accounting for the group differences. This is the first study to address the prescriptive value of the eight implementation conditions.
Collection and in Vitro Maturation of Equine Oocytes from Estrus, Diestrus and Pregnant Mares

ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to evaluate oocyte collection rates and in vitro nuclear maturation rates of equine oocytes obtained during diestrus and pregnancy, and to compare these rates with maturation rates in oocytes derived from preovulatory follicles. In Experiment I, transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration of follicle was performed during estrus and diestrus in 14 mares over four consecutive cycles. Follicular aspirations during estrus were performed 24 to 27 hours after injection of 2500 IU of hCG given when the largest follicle reached 35 mm in diameter. Oocyte recovery rate from preovulatory follicles was 51% (33/65) in 49 aspiration sessions. Cumulus-oocyte complexes from preovulatory follicles were cultured for 12-15 hours in TCM199 + 10% (NCS) at 38.5°C in 5% CO2 in air, and 22/33 (67%) were in metaphase II. During diestrus, mares were treated (Group I) or not treated (Group II) daily with equine pituitary extract (EPE) during alternate cycles from days 1 to 14 after the preovulatory aspiration. Diestrous follicles were aspirated when four or more follicles greater than 12 mm in diameter were present. EPE had no effect on the number of follicles that developed during estrus or diestrus (p>0.05). Oocytes were recovered from 119 of 383 diestrous follicles (31 %)in 75 sessions. There was no difference in recovery rates between Groups I and II (p>0.05). Maturation rates for oocytes collected during diestrus, after 42 hours of culture in TCM 199 + 1 μg/ml of Estradiol and lnl/ml of EPE, were not significantly different (p>0.05) between Groups I and II (49% vs. 53%). In Experiment II, mares between 50 and 85 days of pregnancy were used as oocyte donors. The oocyte recovery rate was 53% (66/125). After in vitro maturation for 40 hours (compact COC) or 15 hours (expanded COC), 22% (7/32) and 22% (7/32), respectively, of the oocytes were in metaphase II. It was concluded that: 1) Preovulatory follicles yield a higher percentage of oocytes with a higher rate of maturation to metaphase II than follicles of diestrus and pregnant mares. 2) Diestrous follicles yielded fewer oocytes than follicles of pregnant mares but with a higher percentage of oocyte maturation. Further studies are necessary to determine if oocytes recovered from diestrous follicles and matured in vitro can be fertilized successfully.
Multiphysics modeling of a rail gun launcher

A finite element based multiphysics modeling was conducted for a rail gun launcher to predict the exit velocity of the launch object, and temperature distribution. For this modeling, electromagnetic field analysis, heat transfer analysis, thermal stress analysis, and dynamic analysis were conducted for a system consisting of two parallel rails and a moving armature. In particular, an emphasis was given to model the contact interface between rails and the armature. A contact theory was used to estimate the electric as well as thermal conductivities at the interface. Using the developed model, a parametric study was conducted to understand effects of various parameters on the exit velocity as well as the temperature distribution in the rail gun launcher.
Direction of Arrival Filters for Improved Aberration Estimation

Successful adaptive imaging requires accurate measurements of the aberration profile across the array surface. Two-dimensional spatial filters are used to obtain more accurate estimates of aberrating layers by suppressing wavefronts emanating from off-axis scatterers. Application of these filters to the rf signals of the individual elements rejects wavefronts arriving from angles other than the look direction of the array and results in an increase in element-to-element correlation. Spatial filtering reduced the amount of error in the measured aberration profiles and adaptive spatial filtering further improved the estimates. The improvements in aberration estimation obtained with these methods are verified using simulations and experiments in tissue-mimicking phantoms. The technique is applied to signals obtained from in vivo human thyroid.
Theory of Electric Wave Filters Built up of Coupled Circuit Elements

This paper is essentially a treatment of certain types of coupled circuit networks by methods similar to those used in the discussion of the properties of long lines with distributed constants. This method of treating those coupled circuit chains to which it can be applied far surpasses other methods of treatment in several important ways. First, the number of elements in the chain can be made as large as desired without complicating the problem in any way whatsoever. Second, the very method of treatment leads directly to the rational design of selective systems of a type which the older methods of treatment did not even show to exist. Third, this method of attacking the problem is much better adapted to a transient state treatment (following the methods of J. R. Carson and T. C. Fry) than the older methods of handling the coupled circuit problem. In the second section of this paper there is developed the general theory of the properties of identical circuits coupled so as to form a chain. The equations giving the current and voltage of any circuit in the chain are identical in form with those giving the current and voltage at any point of a long line with distributed constants. The propagation constant however, instead of being an algebraic function of the circuit constants and the impressed frequency as in the case for the line with distributed constants, is a transcendental function of the circuit constants and the frequency of the current being transmitted. The nature of this transcendental function is such that sharp changes occur in the characteristic curve which portrays the attenuation constant as a function of the frequency. The third section shows how, by proper termination and design, these sharp changes in the attenuation frequency characteristic can be employed to build up filter networks. The fourth section gives an application of the general theory by presenting a detailed treatment of simple series circuits magnetically coupled so as to form a chain. In this section a number of curves is presented. These curves give a visual picture of the general theory and bring out points useful in the designing of selective networks which must meet preassigned requirements. The fifth section discusses the problem of building up filters using sections of many different types. General methods of attacking this problem are given and design formulas for three different types of filter sections which may be used together in building up a filter system, are derived. Curves are given which illustrate the methods of building up desirable characteristics. The design of selective systems is put upon a rational basis.
Ergosteroids III. syntheses and biological activity of seco-steroids related to dehydroepiandrosterone

The unusual activity of some D-ring-seco estrogens led us to prepare several seco steroids related to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and to test for their ability to mimic thyroid hormone and 7-oxo-DHEA (1) as inducers of thermogenic enzymes in rats' livers. Only one, 3 beta-acetoxy-17a-oxa-androst-5-ene-7,17-dione (17), was capable of inducing both mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme. The closely related 3 beta-hydroxy-17a-oxa-androsta-5,15-diene-7,17-diones (both 14 alpha and 14 beta, 14 and 15) induce the formation of malic enzyme but not of glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. The 3 beta-propionyl ester of the above 14 alpha steroid was not active, presumably because it was not deacylated in vivo. The 16,17 dicarboxylic acid (9) produced by opening the D-ring also induced the formation of malic enzyme but not of glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. 3 beta-Acetoxyandrost-5-ene-7,16,17-trione, an intermediate in the synthesis of D-ring seco compounds enhanced the formation of both enzymes. Twelve other D-ring seco compounds were not active. Seco androstanes oxygenated at position 7 and with expanded A or B rings were not active.