cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monovalent Cation Effects on Lysine-sensitive Aspartokinase Catalytic Activity and Allosteric Regulation

Abstract The lysine-sensitive aspartokinase of Escherichia coli B has a near absolute requirement for a monovalent cation for catalytic activity. This requirement is fulfilled by either K+ or NH4+. S0.5 values for these cations are 25 mm and 7 mm, respectively. Both cations are inhibitory at high concentrations. This inhibition is more marked with NH4+ than with K+. Potassium does not alter the S0.5 value for aspartate, suggesting that the cation effects are on catalysis rather than substrate binding. Both cations antagonize inhibition by lysine and leucine. The I0.5 value for lysine is about 0.17 mm at 0.66 m KCl and is decreased to about 0.05 mm at 0.022 m KCl. There is a slight but probably real decrease in cooperativity of lysine inhibition at the lower cation concentrations.
Biological aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation

Bioaerosol Effects on Clouds Workshop;Steamboat Springs, Colorado, 5–6August 2012 Bioaerosols such as bacteria have been proposed as significant contributors to cloud ice nucleation, but too little is known about the properties and impacts of bioaerosol and other ice nuclei to make reliable conclusions about their wide-scale impact on clouds and precipitation. During late summer an international group of 40 participants met at a Steamboat Springs ski resort to share perspectives on bioaerosol sources, activity, and influence on clouds. Participants who were invited collectively spanned a broad range of expertise, including atmospheric chemistry, microbiology, micrometeorology, and cloud physics, as well as a broad range of research approaches, including laboratory measurement, field measurement, and modeling. Tours of Storm Peak Laboratory (http://www.stormpeak.dri.edu) were offered before and after the workshop.
Einstein, Bergson, and the Experiment that Failed: Intellectual Cooperation at the League of Nations

On April 6, 1922, Henri Bergson and Albert Einstein met at the Societe francaise de philosophie in Paris to discuss the meaning of relativity. In the years that followed, the philosopher and the physicist became engaged in a bitter dispute.2 It is commonly asserted that during their confrontation Bergson lost to the young physicist; as subsequent commentators have insisted, Bergson made an essential mistake because he did not understand the physics of relativity.3 Their debate exemplified the victory of "rationality" against "intuition."4 It was a key moment which demonstrated that intellectuals (like Bergson) were unable to keep up with revolutions in science. For the physicists Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont, the "historical origins" of the "Science Wars" lay in Einstein's and Bergson's fateful meeting. Since then, they have seen the malaise of le bergsonisme continuing to spread-recently reaching "Deleuze, after passing through Jankelevitch and Merleau-Ponty."5
A Nutritional Factor in Windigo Psychosis1

This paper reviews reports of windigo psychosis, in particular those cases that are “cured” before they are “full-blown,” with a view to studying evidence of an organic factor related to the development of the illness. Knowledge of biological factors related to ritual behavior in different cultures is reviewed in this context, together with examples of windigo cases and relevant information about nutrition. It is indicated that the traditional “cure” of windigo symptoms, which frequently includes the ingestion of fatty meat, particularly bear meat, indicates a positively reinforced—due to beneficial effect—curing method for this condition. Thus, such an investigation of a widespread way of curing windigo psychosis supplements our analysis of culture with an additional — extracultural — dimension.
Stem cell therapy and breast cancer treatment: review of stem cell research and potential therapeutic impact against cardiotoxicities due to breast cancer treatment.

A new problem has emerged with the ever-increasing number of breast cancer survivors. While early screening and advances in treatment have allowed these patients to overcome their cancer, these treatments often have adverse cardiovascular side effects that can produce abnormal cardiovascular function. Chemotherapeutic and radiation therapy have both been linked to cardiotoxicity; these therapeutics can cause a loss of cardiac muscle and deterioration of vascular structure that can eventually lead to heart failure (HF). This cardiomyocyte toxicity can leave the breast cancer survivor with a probable diagnosis of dilated or restrictive cardiomyopathy (DCM or RCM). While current HF standard of care can alleviate symptoms, other than heart transplantation, there is no therapy that replaces cardiac myocytes that are killed during cancer therapies. There is a need to develop novel therapeutics that can either prevent or reverse the cardiac injury caused by cancer therapeutics. These new therapeutics should promote the regeneration of lost or deteriorating myocardium. Over the last several decades the therapeutic potential of cell-based therapy has been investigated for HF patients. In this review we discuss the progress of preclinical and clinical stem cell research for the diseased heart and discuss the possibility of utilizing these novel therapies to combat cardiotoxicity observed in breast cancer survivors.
Induced junction III-nitride solar cells for wide band gap solar cells: Modeling charge transport and band bending in polarized material

III-N alloys of aluminum nitride, gallium nitride, and indium nitride are of high interest for solar cells as they span the majority of the solar spectrum from 6.2eV to 0.7eV. There are however challenges in creating conventional cells from these materials. Issues include an inability to produce high quality p-type material and polarization effects that block carrier transport in standard heterojunctions. We propose using an induced junction, a form of heterojunction, to create band bending and thus an effective p-n junction solely within n-type material. In this paper, we discuss theoretical equilibrium, transport, generation and recombination mechanisms within a III-N induced junction device. Recent experimental work with III-N material and device architectures will be added to help the model's accuracy.
Sensitivity of Model Simulations for a Coastal Cyclone

Abstract A nested global, limited-area model was used to predict the President's Day cyclone of 18-19 February 1979. Both a low (∼150 km) and a high (∼50 km) horizontal resolution version were used. The model has full physics with a planetary boundary layer, moisture, moist convective adjustment, and radiation. The low-resolution model using a global analysis for initial and boundary conditions (termed a simulation), was able to capture the general development and movement of the cyclone. Some discrepancies were noted for the intensity of upper-air features between the analyses and the model solution during the first 24 hours. The primary focus of this paper is to determine the effect of initial and boundary conditions, as well as model parameterizations on the accuracy of the predictions. The evolution of the storm is discussed with an emphasis on the quality of the numerical simulation. The impact of the initial conditions on the model solution was tested by using four different global analyses. It was ...
Assessing Irrigation-Induced Selenium and Iron in the Stream-Aquifer System of the Lower Arkansas River Valley, Colorado

Water quality data on Se and Fe have been collected since April 2003 in a study area of the lower Arkansas River valley, Colorado. Data were obtained from 19 surface water locations and from 50 ground water monitoring wells using low-flow sampling techniques. GIS mapping and statistical analysis were used to characterize the occurrence, severity, and spatial and temporal distribution of Se and Fe in the study area. Results indicate dissolved Se concentrations ranging from about 0 to 3560 µg/L with a median of about 16 µg/L in the ground water, including two significant hot spots. River concentrations range from 5.4 to 23 µg/L, often exceeding stream standards. Dissolved Fe concentrations in the wells range from about 0 to 1560 µg/L, however only about twenty percent of the samples were above the ana- lytical detection limit. Relationships were explored between Se concentrations and more- easily monitored indicators such as electrical conductivity and sulfate concentration. Statisti- cally significant non-linear relationships exist between Se and these constituents and will be tested for predictive capability.
Eosinophilic esophagitis–linked calpain 14 is an IL-13–induced protease that mediates esophageal epithelial barrier impairment

We recently identified a genome-wide genetic association of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) at 2p23 spanning the calpain 14 (CAPN14) gene, yet the causal mechanism has not been elucidated. We now show that recombinant CAPN14 cleaves a calpain-specific substrate and is inhibited by 4 classical calpain inhibitors: MDL-28170, acetyl-calpastatin, E-64, and PD151746. CAPN14 is specifically induced (>100-fold) in esophageal epithelium after IL-13 treatment. Epithelial cells overexpressing CAPN14 display impaired epithelial architecture, characterized by acantholysis, epidermal clefting, and epidermolysis. CAPN14 overexpression impairs epithelial barrier function, as demonstrated by decreased transepithelial resistance (2.1-fold) and increased FITC-dextran flux (2.6-fold). Epithelium with gene-silenced CAPN14 demonstrates increased dilated intercellular spaces (5.5-fold) and less organized basal cell layering (1.5-fold) following IL-13 treatment. Finally, CAPN14 overexpression results in loss of desmoglein 1 (DSG1) expression, whereas the IL-13-induced loss of DSG1 is normalized by CAPN14 gene silencing. Importantly, these findings were specific to CAPN14, as they were not observed with modulation of CAPN1 expression. These results, along with the potent induction of CAPN14 by IL-13 and genetic linkage of EoE to the CAPN14 gene locus, demonstrate a molecular and cellular pathway that contributes to T helper type 2 responses in mucosal epithelium.
Analysis of composite stiffened panels using 'pregnant' beam elements

The paper reviews the theoretical foundations of a new analytical model developed for the study of nonlinear interaction of local and overall instabilities of axially compressed siffened plates. It is shown: that the mixed second order field contains within itself all the essential secondary local modes liable to be triggered in the interaction; any such mode having an eigen value of the same order of magnitude as the primary local critical stress must be treated as a fundamental mode fully participating in the interaction in order that the analytical procedure is not riddled by singularities in the evaluation of the mixed second order field; and the technique of amplitude modulation is an effective substitute for accounting for a set of local modes of the same transverse description but of slightly differing wave lengths. The computational aspects are briefly touched upon and the form of an explicit potential energy function derived is shown. The results obtained using the present model are then compared with the theoretical results obtained by Koiter and Pignataro and Tvergaard for several cases. The question of optimality is examined. The results confirm the earlier finding of Tvergaard that the optimally designed panels would have the local critical stresses higher than the overall buckling ones. A comparison of the present theory against the experimental results obtained by Thompson et a1 for panels with "stocky" and "thin" stiffeners is then presented. In all cases, there is found to be very good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results.
EXAFS Analysis of Dilute Magnetic Semiconductor Thin Films Synthesized by the Ion Beam Technique

We have synthesized dilute magnetic semiconductor (DMS) thin films of CdMnTe and ZnMnSe using the ion beam technique. High doses of Mn ions (∼2–5×1016/cm 2) were implanted into single crystal CdTe and into ZnSe epilayers on GaAs, forming subsurface layers of Cdl.xMnxTe and Znl-xMnxSe alloys, respectively, with x∼0.15–0.22. Fluorescence extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements on these materials reveal that the Mn atoms in the CdMnTe and ZnMnSe layers, both as-implanted and annealed, have local environments similar to their corresponding bulk-grown DMS alloys. While the anion-cation distances (Ra-c) in the annealed samples are equivalent to those in the corresponding bulk-grown DMS, the Ra-c in the asimplanted samples are slightly larger (∼0.01A) than those in the bulk-grown DMS. This is most likely due to the implantation damage in the as-implanted materials. Our results on the Ra-c of the ion beam synthesized layers deviate significantly from Vegard's law, but are consistent with the bimodal distribution model. The EXAFS results are corroborated with results from ion beam analysis and Raman spectroscopy.
Construction and Analysis of the Post-game Operation and Management Mode Based on Service Supply China of Bird's Nest

In regard to the post-game operation and management problems of Bird's Nest,the present thesis proposes a post-game operation and management mode based on service supply chain,and constructed the corresponding theoretical framework of post-game operation and management system based on service supply chain for Bird's Nest,for the sake of service and from the perspective of system science,as well as based on the theories and approaches of management science theory,supply chain theory,service theory,complex adaptive system theory,system engineering approach,etc.In the end,the thesis also proposes some suggestions for the optimization of post-game operation and management mode of Bird's Nest after an empirical analysis of post-game operation and management mode based on service supply chain.
2011～2012 year primary and middle school students in Guangxi Longzhou County,nutritional statusAnalysis of monitoring results

Objective To understand the nutritional status of primary and middle school students in remote rural areas, to explore its influencing factors, and provide scientific basis for reasonable dietary guidance. Method Results the health detection of 15 primary school in Longzhou county and 5 junior high schools in 2011 ～ 2012 year 18612 students method of analysis, the "1995 National Student 7 ～ 22 years old, height standard weight value"evaluation. Results In 2012 the county primary and secondary students malnutrition, the total positive rate was 10.93%(2 034/18 612),the malnutrition rate higher than the national average level of students, the malnutrition rate in boys than girls x2=70.21, P0.005), middle school students higher than primary school students(x2=116.47, P0.005), urban students than rural students(x2=36.17, P0.005); excess nutrients(overweight and obesity) detection rate is low, excess nutrients(overweight and obesity) rate in boys than girls(x2=8.43, P 0.05), primary school students is higher than middle school students(x2=9.78, P0.005), urban students than rural students(x2=116.75, P0.005). Conclusion Primary and middle school students in Longzhou County malnutrition problems, should as soon as possible to take comprehensive measures, strengthen the rational nutrition dietary guidance.
The Power of Self-Directed Journals: Being a Temporary "Other" for Learning to Teach.

This case study investigates how an ESL teacher’s activity of self-directed journal writing can facilitate learning and function as a mediational tool for teacher professional development. The participant for this study is a native English speaker who taught an ESL freshman writing course in an American university. Since he had little time to consult with teaching experts, he decided to engage in his self-directed journal for reflecting on his teaching practices. A sociocultural perspective on human cognitive development is utilized as an analytical framework for tracing his development and capturing the transformative power of narrative within his developmental trajectory. Using grounded theory, his journal entries are analyzed to identify a series of stages that trace his professional development, supported by face-to-face interview data designed to co-construct an interpretation of his journal and to serve as a member check. The data analysis suggests that his journal became a powerful mediational spac...
The high plains smallpox epidemic of 1837-38.

n Friday, July 14, 1837, a young Mandan Indian died of smallpox at Fort Clark, a major fur trading post along the Upper Missouri River. That individual's death signaled the early stages of one of the most virulent, destructive, and disruptive epidemics known on the American continent. Before the disease burned out, the total death rate soared well into the tens of thousands, the Mandan tribal population dropped below the genetic survival threshold, the balance of power among Indian tribes in the upper West shifted as entire sub-bands disappeared, social structures and customs altered to meet tribal survival needs, and the widespread Upper Missouri trade system was disrupted. In the aftermath many Indian groups whose hunter class had been too severely decimated to maintain food-obtaining capabilities increased their dependence on trade goods and government annuities. Others, more nomadic and less damaged by the disease, moved farther westward into areas where game still could be procured. This polarization contributed to the conditions that led to a quarter-century of Indian wars.l Recriminations for so massive a disaster were not long in coming. Hardly had the epidemic claimed its last victim when dark hints of conspiracy and deliberate introduction of the disease began to circulate.2 Basing his work on these accounts, Hiram Martin Chittenden, published
OpenHybridSim: An open source tool for EMT and phasor domain hybrid simulation

The development of an open source tool for electromagnetic transient (EMT) and phasor domain hybrid simulation, named OpenHybridSim, is presented in this paper. The development philosophy, program structure and implementation are discussed in detail. A socket communication based interface framework allows users to integrate this tool with different EMT simulators. An interface with PSCAD is provided as an example. Besides the conventional positive sequence transient stability (TS) simulation, a three-sequence TS simulation is also developed in this tool. A multi-port three-phase Thevenin or Norton equivalent of the external system is utilized to simulate cases involving unbalanced conditions such as unsymmetrical faults. In addition to the source code and application programming interfaces (API), OpenHybridSim also provides a graphical user interface (GUI) to enhance user friendliness. The tool is tested using the IEEE 39-bus system interfaced with a VSC-HVDC system.
Theoretical and experimental determination of surface susceptibility of switchable terahertz metasurfaces

We describe experimental characterization of switchable terahertz metasurfaces using broadband ellipsometry. A theoretical framework based on generalized sheet transition conditions is developed to extract surface susceptibility as a function of frequency and applied DC bias. This will allow us to make a priori predictions of the performance of these switchable devices in device applications, enabling rational design of active components.
Sharing Insights and Strategies from the University of West Georgia

Teacher candidates need real-world experience in planning, delivering and assessing a comprehensive school physical activity program (CSPAP) so they can be prepared and confident to assist with a CSPAP in whichever school employs them after earning their degree. Physical education teacher education (PETE) programs play a significant role in helping new teachers prepare for school-wide physical activity promotion. This article describes one approach used to assist preservice health and physical education teacher candidates with the development and implementation of specific CSPAP components in a real-world setting. PETE program faculty at the University of West Georgia worked closely with teacher candidates enrolled in the student teaching internship and developed and implemented a series of lectures for teacher candidates related to the successful implementation of a CSPAP in a local school, prior to the student teaching internship. All teacher education candidates in the student teaching internship were ...
Tumor Cell Invadopodia: Invasive Protrusions that Orchestrate Metastasis.

Invadopodia are a subset of invadosomes that are implicated in the integration of signals from the tumor microenvironment to support tumor cell invasion and dissemination. Recent progress has begun to define how tumor cells regulate the plasticity necessary for invadopodia to assemble and function efficiently in the different microenvironments encountered during dissemination in vivo . Exquisite mapping by many laboratories of the pathways involved in integrating diverse invadopodium initiation signals, from growth factors, to extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell–cell contact in the tumor microenvironment, has led to insight into the molecular basis of this plasticity. Here, we integrate this new information to discuss how the invadopodium is an important conductor that orchestrates tumor cell dissemination during metastasis.
Abstract P285: Small Dose of Medium Chain Fatty Acids From Coconut Oil Does Not Enhance Thermogenesis in Overweight Adolescents

Background: Previous research has shown that consumption of medium chain triglycerides (MCT) in overweight adults can increase energy expenditure and improve weight management, but no research has been done in children. Our study tests the effects of a test oil enriched in MCT from coconut oil, on energy expenditure, satiety, and metabolic markers in overweight and obese adolescents. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double blind, crossover study in which 15 children, age 13-18 y, with a body mass index >85th percentile for age and sex, were enrolled. Two test meals were administered which contained 20 g of fat from either corn oil or an MCT-enriched baking fat (providing approximately 4.7 g of fatty acids with chain lengths ≤12C). A fasting blood sample was taken before breakfast and the thermic effect of food (TEF) was assessed using indirect calorimetry for 6 h. During the test, satiety was measured using visual analog scales (VAS) and additional blood samples were obtained from an intravenous catheter at times 30, 45, 60, 120, and 180 min post-meal for measurement of hormones and metabolites. Results: There was no significant effect of fat type, time, or fat type x time interaction on TEF, appetite and satiety, glucose, and insulin area under the curve (AUC). However, there was a significant effect of fat type on leptin (P = 0.027), triglycerides (P = 0.020), and peptide YY (P = 0.0085) whereby leptin and triglyceride concentrations were lower with corn oil consumption and peptide YY concentrations were higher. Conclusions: Our results do not suggest that this MCT-rich test oil enhances thermogenesis and satiety in children. Given that this is the only current study of its kind, more research is needed into the use of MCT as a tool in weight management in overweight and obese children.
The Digital Economy: New Markets, New Gatekeepers

This chapter reviews debates about the Internet and the new digital economy. A unique aspect of digital technology is its potential to transform not only every stage of production, distribution, and consumption, but also the very mechanisms used to coordinate and regulate the economy. A digitally mediated economy, where digital technology, data, and algorithms sit between buyers and sellers, is contrasted against more traditional ‘perfect,’ or ‘free’ market theory. The unique features of digitally mediated markets include network effects and winner-take-all dynamics, the drive to own exclusive data , and the use of secretive algorithms.
Effects of Emulsifier, Overrun and Dasher Speed on Ice Cream Microstructure and Melting Properties

Ice cream is a multiphase frozen food containing ice crystals, air cells, fat globules, and partially coalesced fat globule clusters dispersed in an unfrozen serum phase (sugars, proteins, and stabilizers). This microstructure is responsible for ice cream's melting characteristics. By varying both formulation (emulsifier content and overrun) and processing conditions (dasher speed), the effects of different microstructural elements, particularly air cells and fat globule clusters, on ice cream melt‐down properties were studied. Factors that caused an increase in shear stress within the freezer, namely increasing dasher speed and overrun, caused a decrease in air cell size and an increase in extent of fat destabilization. Increasing emulsifier content, especially of polysorbate 80, caused an increase in extent of fat destabilization. Both overrun and fat destabilization influenced drip‐through rates. Ice creams with a combination of low overrun and low fat destabilization had the highest drip‐through rates. Further, the amount of remnant foam left on the screen increased with reduced drip‐through rates. These results provide a better understanding of the effects of microstructure components and their interactions on drip‐through rate. Manipulating operating and formulation parameters in ice cream manufacture influences the microstructure (air cells, ice crystals, and fat globule clusters). This work provides guidance on which parameters have most effect on air cell size and fat globule cluster formation. Further, the structural characteristics that reduce melt‐down rate were determined. Ice cream manufacturers will use these results to tailor their products for the desired quality attributes.
The Impact of Annual Surgical Volume on Patient Outcomes in Laparoscopic Hysterectomy

Abstract Objective: An increasing proportion of hysterectomies are performed using a minimally invasive approach due to improved perioperative morbidity and recovery, compared to abdominal hysterectomy. Although metrics to assign competency in laparoscopic hysterectomy (LH) have not been determined, provider volume has been associated with patient outcomes in other surgical procedures. This study's objective was to determine the association of annual surgeon volume of LHs on patient outcomes, including surgical complications within 30 days as well as resource utilization. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of charts of all patients undergoing LHs between July 2011 and March 2014 was conducted in an academic community hospital. Patients were grouped according to the volume of their surgeons. High-volume surgeons were defined as performing >10 LHs per year; intermediate-volume surgeons did 5–10 LHs per year; and low-volume surgeons did <5 LHs per year. Results: Forty-six surgeons performed 539 LH...
A 25Gb/s APD-based burst-mode optical receiver with 2.24ns reconfiguration time in 28nm CMOS

This paper describes an avalanche photodetector (APD) based burst-mode optical receiver in 28nm CMOS with 1-tap feed forward equalization (FFE) and 2-tap decision feedback equalization (DFE) implemented in current-integrating fashion to improve the sensitivity. Integrating DC comparator and integrating amplitude comparator are proposed to replace the conventional RC low-pass filters and peak detectors, respectively, to reduce the reconfiguration time for burst-mode operation. The receiver achieves −16dBm sensitivity, 2.24ns reconfiguration time with 5dB dynamic range, and 1.37 pJ/bit energy efficiency at 25Gb/s.
Development of Delayed Posttraumatic Acute Subdural Hematoma.

Background Prior studies have shown that most patients with mild traumatic brain injury or negative computed tomography (CT) scans of the head rarely decline or require neurosurgical interventions. One common reason for a delayed decline is an intracranial hemorrhage that presents within 24–48 hours. This is typically seen in elderly patients and/or patients on antiplatelet or anticoagulation agents. We describe a case of a delayed subdural hemorrhage presenting in a young adult not on any antiplatelet or anticoagulation therapy. Case Description A 19-year-old male presented to the emergency department after being involved in a motor vehicle accident. He had a Glasgow Coma Scale of 15, and an initial CT was negative for any intracranial hemorrhage or pathology, so he was then admitted to the intensive care unit for further care. The patient received 1 dose of aspirin 325 mg the following day for treatment of blunt cerebrovascular injury. Six hours later he reported a severe headache and had an episode of emesis with a subsequent rapid neurologic decline. Repeat CT showed an acute right subdural hematoma, and he underwent an emergent right decompressive hemicraniectomy. Conclusions In rare cases, patients with negative initial head CT scans neurologically deteriorate as a result of a delayed acute subdural hematoma. We present an unusual case of a young patient on no medications with no CT findings of an intracranial injury who neurologically declined due to a delayed acute subdural hematoma.
Orbital-free density functional theory characterization of the β ′ − M g 2 A l 3 Samson phase

Nearly all intermetallic compounds in the Mg-Al phase diagram have been characterized using Kohn-Sham density functional theory (KSDFT), providing insight into their properties. Two compounds with a common chemical formula of $\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{g}}_{2}\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{l}}_{3}$, known as the \ensuremath{\beta} and \ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{'} Samson phases, remain challenging for KSDFT to interrogate due to their large unit cells containing partially occupied atomic sites and many hundreds of atoms. The much less expensive orbital-free DFT (OFDFT) is as accurate as KSDFT for Al-Mg alloys, provided one employs a nonlocal kinetic energy density functional. Here, we use nonlocal OFDFT to evaluate properties of the relatively simpler ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{g}}_{2}\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{l}}_{3}$ phase with a unit cell of 879 atoms, as a first step toward full DFT characterization of these Samson phases. We employ the virtual crystal approximation to treat the potentials associated with the partially occupied atomic sites in the ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{g}}_{2}\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{l}}_{3}$ unit cell. OFDFT lattice and elastic constants, with pair distribution functions (PDFs) of ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{g}}_{2}\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{l}}_{3}$ computed via OFDFT molecular-dynamics simulations, are consistent with available experimental data; the PDF is a prediction, as it has not yet been measured. The predicted OFDFT formation energy of ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{g}}_{2}\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{l}}_{3}$ (derived from the phonon density of states) increases with temperature, consistent with the experimental observation that this phase becomes increasingly unstable at higher temperatures. Using two common metrics of ductility (Pugh's ratio and brittleness), OFDFT-derived ideal tensile and shear strains/stresses of ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{g}}_{2}\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{l}}_{3}$ and $\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{g}}_{17}\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{l}}_{12}$ (precipitates present at Al/Mg interfaces) reveal that ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{g}}_{2}\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{l}}_{3}$ should be more ductile than $\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{g}}_{17}\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{l}}_{12}$. The superior ductility of ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{g}}_{2}\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{l}}_{3}$ suggests that welding of Al to Mg should be done at temperatures where this alloy remains stable and under Al-rich conditions to favor its formation.
A Special Case of the Γ00 Conjecture

In this paper we prove the Γ00 conjecture of van Geemen and van der Geer [8] under the additional assumption that the matrix of coefficients of the tangent has rank at most 2 (see Theorem 1 for a precise formulation). This assumption is satisfied by Jacobians (see proposition 1), and thus our result gives a characterization of the locus of Jacobians among all principally polarized abelian varieties.
Earlier detection of breast cancer: an overview.

Some 10% of women in the USA develop breast cancer during their lifetime. Many, if not most, could be cured if the cancer were to be detected when it was small and confined to the breast. This requires optimum mammography with proper equipment, meticulous attention to technical considerations, familiarity with and recognition of the early and indirect mammographic signs of malignancy, and correlation with clinical signs and symptoms. Accuracy in the detection of breast cancer is in excess of 90% when these requirements are fulfilled (McLelland 1978), but suffers significantly when any of them is neglected.
Superior Surgical Approaches to the Diencephalon: The Diencephalic and Paradiencephalic Regions

A broad spectrum of pathological lesions affects the diencephalic and paradiencephalic regions.1 From the surgical perspective each presents both a strategic and a surgical challenge.2,3 This paper will direct attention to the definition of major presenting groups of structural substrates, which may then serve as a directive toward the selection of either certain open surgical corridors or indirect surgical methodologies. It will focus upon technical maneuvers attendant to the superior operative approaches and upon surgical options at the foramen of Monro for gaining exposure of the third ventricular chamber. It will discuss the utilization of imaging-directed stereotaxy in the evaluation and management of disease processes in this region. Finally, comments will be made that are related to the current management of colloid cysts, the prototype of “classical” tumors of the third ventricular chamber.
Issues Pertaining to the Design of a User Interface Management System

We reported at the GIIT Workshop our experiences in designing and implementing a prototype Interaction Handling Package called the Abstract Interaction Handler (AIH). In keeping with the terminology that has evolved since that Workshop, this paper will refer to the AIH as a User Interface Management System (UIMS). This paper reports our experiences and realizations beyond the Seattle Workshop [GIIT83]. We have been proceeding in two directions.
Protein Kinase C and Substrate Protein F1 (47 kD, 4.5 pI): Relation to Synaptic Plasticity and Growth

The reactivity of synaptic relationships is regulated by post-translational modification of brain proteins (Routtenberg, 1982a). Information storage would occur when such molecular alterations are persistent. This hypothesis was first advanced following the discovery that training-related activation of the brain of the behaving organism selectively increased the in vitro phosphorylation of particular brain proteins (Routtenberg et al., 1975).
Interaction of a Poly(phenylene vinylene) with an Organometallic Lewis Acid Additive: Fundamentals and Application in Polymer Solar Cells

The trimeric perfluoro-o-phenylene mercury compound Hg3 and poly(2-methoxy,5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene (MEH-PPV) interact strongly in solution and the solid state. The interaction is attributed to electron donor–acceptor complex formation, where MEH-PPV is the donor, and the Lewis acid Hg3 is the acceptor. The study reported herein explores the effects of the donor–acceptor complex formation on the properties of MEH-PPV in solution and in the solid state. Addition of Hg3 to MEH-PPV solution or films leads to a distinct color change, and the change in the visible absorption spectrum and fluorescence of MEH-PPV is consistent with the formation of polymer aggregates. In the solid state, Hg3 induced aggregation is suggested to lead to formation of crystalline domains of the conjugated polymer. Transmission electron microscopy and grazing incidence X-ray scattering results support the hypothesis that the complex formation with Hg3 induces aggregation of the polymer. Transient absorption spectros...
Highly efficient transfection of human induced pluripotent stem cells using magnetic nanoparticles.

Author(s): Yamoah, Megan A; Moshref, Maryam; Sharma, Janhavi; Chen, Wei Chun; Ledford, Hannah A; Lee, Jeong Han; Chavez, Karen S; Wang, Wenying; Lopez, Javier E; Lieu, Deborah K; Sirish, Padmini; Zhang, Xiao-Dong | Abstract: PurposeThe delivery of transgenes into human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) represents an important tool in cardiac regeneration with potential for clinical applications. Gene transfection is more difficult, however, for hiPSCs and hiPSC-CMs than for somatic cells. Despite improvements in transfection and transduction, the efficiency, cytotoxicity, safety, and cost of these methods remain unsatisfactory. The objective of this study is to examine gene transfection in hiPSCs and hiPSC-CMs using magnetic nanoparticles (NPs).MethodsMagnetic NPs are unique transfection reagents that form complexes with nucleic acids by ionic interaction. The particles, loaded with nucleic acids, can be guided by a magnetic field to allow their concentration onto the surface of the cell membrane. Subsequent uptake of the loaded particles by the cells allows for high efficiency transfection of the cells with nucleic acids. We developed a new method using magnetic NPs to transfect hiPSCs and hiPSC-CMs. HiPSCs and hiPSC-CMs were cultured and analyzed using confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and patch clamp recordings to quantify the transfection efficiency and cellular function.ResultsWe compared the transfection efficiency of hiPSCs with that of human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells. We observed that the average efficiency in hiPSCs was 43%±2% compared to 62%±4% in HEK 293 cells. Further analysis of the transfected hiPSCs showed that the differentiation of hiPSCs to hiPSC-CMs was not altered by NPs. Finally, robust transfection of hiPSC-CMs with an efficiency of 18%±2% was obtained.ConclusionThe difficult-to-transfect hiPSCs and hiPSC-CMs were efficiently transfected using magnetic NPs. Our study offers a novel approach for transfection of hiPSCs and hiPSC-CMs without the need for viral vector generation.
Reach Out! Highlighting Collections and Expanding Outreach to Non-Traditional Communities across Academia

As the number of reference questions continues to decline across academic libraries, innovative models have been developed to highlight collections and reach underserved communities. This article d...
A case study of elementary teacher candidates’ preparation for a high stakes teacher performance assessment

Increased accountability demands are being placed on teacher preparation programs across the USA to demonstrate competencies of their teacher candidates. As a means of evaluating teacher candidates’ instructional effectiveness and readiness for their own classrooms, some programs are using standardized teacher performance assessments, with faculty navigating how to respond to these requirements while maintaining a focus on desired learning outcomes of methods courses. This study’s elementary teacher preparation program is located in one of the states recently requiring successful completion of the Elementary Education edTPA, which includes four tasks with one focused on mathematics (i.e., Math Task 4). A case study design was used to explore the preparation of teacher candidates (N = 51) for edTPA during a mathematics methods course emphasizing Cognitively Guided Instruction that included a simulated Math Task 4 assignment. The study specifically investigated changes in mathematical beliefs across the course and perspectives on engagement in the simulated Math Task 4. Data were collected via two belief surveys: an open-ended questionnaire and individual interviews of six participants. The quantitative findings show two important course intentions—that pedagogical beliefs would shift toward more cognitive alignment and teaching efficacy beliefs would increase—were not realized. The qualitative data provide insights into some of the struggles associated with edTPA, including pronounced anxiety and substantial misalignment with classroom placements, serving as a filter for learning and change during the course.
A Mutation in the Transcription Factor Foxp3 Drives T Helper 2 Effector Function in Regulatory T Cells.

Summary Regulatory T (Treg) cells maintain immune tolerance through the master transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), which is crucial for Treg cell function and homeostasis. We identified an IPEX (immune dysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked) syndrome patient with a FOXP3 mutation in the domain swap interface of the protein. Recapitulation of this Foxp3 variant in mice led to the development of an autoimmune syndrome consistent with an unrestrained T helper type 2 (Th2) immune response. Genomic analysis of Treg cells by RNA-sequencing, Foxp3 chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput DNA sequencing (ChIP-sequencing), and H3K27ac-HiChIP revealed a specific de-repression of the Th2 transcriptional program leading to the generation of Th2-like Treg cells that were unable to suppress extrinsic Th2 cells. Th2-like Treg cells showed increased intra-chromosomal interactions in the Th2 locus, leading to type 2 cytokine production. These findings identify a direct role for Foxp3 in suppressing Th2-like Treg cells and implicate additional pathways that could be targeted to restrain Th2 trans-differentiated Treg cells.
Assessing Activated Sludge Morphology and Oxygen Transfer Performance using Image Analysis

Abstract The morphology of the microbial communities can have dramatic impacts on not only the treatment performance, but also the energy use performance of an activated sludge process. In this research, we developed and calibrated an image analysis technique to determine key morphological parameters such as the floc diameter and the specific filament length (SFL) and discovered that the SFL has significant impacts on sludge floc size, the specific extracellular polymeric substances production, the settleability, mixed liquor viscosity, and oxygen transfer efficiency. When the SFL increased from 2.5 × 109 μm g−1 to 6.0 × 1010 μm g−1, the apparent viscosity normalized by the mixed liquor suspended solids concentration increased by 67%, and the oxygen transfer efficiency decreased by 29%. A long solids retention time (SRT) of 40 day reduced SFL, improved sludge settling performance, and improved oxygen transfer efficiency as compared to shorter SRTs of 10 and 20 day. The findings underscore the need to assess microbial morphology when quantifying the treatment performance and energy performance of activated sludge processes.
Dysfunctional microglia:neuron interactions with significant female bias in a developmental gene x environment rodent model of Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Signaling between microglia and neurons is poorly characterized in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), particularly with regards to gene and environmental (GxE) interactions early in life. This study investigated the maladaptation of microglia:neuron signaling and subsequent susceptibility to neurodegeneration using a developmental origin of adult disease (DOAD) model of AD, characterized previously. Here, we report that postnatal exposure to lead (Pb) in a transgenic (Tg) rodent model of AD resulted in significant female bias consequent to GxE interactions. Atypical, non-neuroprotective microglial phenotypes were observed months after cessation of Pb exposure, as well as evidence for neuronal compensation, that was not observed in WT mice. Specifically, microglia from Pb-exposed Tg (GxE) females exhibited atypical polarization profiles for activation earlier and more severely than males and WT mice, that persisted over time to become contextually maladaptive. By postnatal day (PND) 240, microglia from GxE females also sequestered less neurotoxic iron in the hippocampus. In the same GxE female population, measures of neuronal parameters, such as hippocampal TrkB expression, revealed evidence of disharmonious and compensatory interactions with microglia within the pathological progression. Likewise, GxE interactions resulted in female-biased, late-life changes to key synaptic proteins crucial to synapse dynamics and microglial signaling. These incongruent microglia:neuronal dynamics were observed in GxE males at later ages compared to females, and not observed in either gene- or environment-only populations. Altogether, our results support a gene x environment model of female-biased microglial susceptibility to later-life development of AD, and highlight markers for maladaptive microglia:neuron signaling and compensation.
Preliminary Testing of Main Study Hypotheses

This chapter provides a preliminary and limited test of the study hypotheses regarding the relationship between race/Hispanic origin and mortality risk. Controlling only for year of birth, African-American and Hispanic players have an elevated risk for all-cause mortality relative to non-Hispanic white players. This increased mortality risk is more robust for African-American (38%) than it is for Hispanic players (21%). Additional analyses are required before reaching any final conclusions with respect to the hypotheses. This will be addressed in Chaps. 7– 9.
Twist-Stretch Elasticity of DNA

The symmetries of the DNA double helix require a new term in its linear response to stress: the coupling between twist and stretch. Recent experiments with torsionally-constrained single molecules give the first direct measurement of this important material parameter. We extract its value from a recent experiment of Strick et al. and find rough agreement with an independent experimental estimate recently given by Marko. We also present a very simple microscopic theory predicting a value comparable to the one observed.
Prognostic Modeling of Performance Degradation in Energy Storage by Lithium-ion Batteries

Abstract For energy storage, lithium-ion batteries have been widely utilized in cell phones, electric vehicles, and many electrical and mechanical devices. Accordingly, their performance significantly affects these devices’ usage experience. This paper presents a particle filter-enabled prognostic modeling method to identify and track battery performance degradation, which exhibits strong nonlinear behavior with time-varying degradation rates. An adaptive resampling strategy has been developed to enable particles to be resampled according to the system’s variation. It further solves the particle degeneration problem associated with the standard particle filter, and reduces the number of particles required for system estimation and tracking, thereby improving the computational efficiency. To model battery capacity regeneration that the available capacity of the battery experiences sudden increases, a total variation filter is integrated with the adaptive particle filter to detect such transient performance recoveries, for improved accuracy in performance and remaining life prognosis. To evaluate the developed model, data on battery degradation provided by the NASA Ames Prognostic Center has been analyzed. The result indicates that the model can accurately track battery performance degradation, detect the points in time where performance recoveries have occurred due to capacity regeneration, and predict the battery remaining life, more reliably when compared with other commonly used techniques such as extended Kalman filter and standard particle filter.