cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trees as Reappropriated Heritage in Popular Cultures of Memorialization: The Rhetoric of Resilient (Human) Nature

While humans have long engaged with their dead in diverse ways over time and space, a popular culture of commemoration of the victims of tragedies large and small has proliferated significantly over the last two decades. This popular culture of commemoration makes intensive use of natural materials from flowers and trees to stones and water. Trees, in particular, are (re)symbolized through (re)appropriation for a contemporary popular culture of memorialization through the deployment of a rhetoric of resilient (human) nature. This rhetoric encompasses popular and organizational discourses on memorial tree symbolism, sustainable green space development, the corecovery of devastated ecosystems with human well-being and the consumption of iconic commemorabilia, all in the context of past and present meanings accorded to trees as potent cultural symbols. I argue here that this rhetoric emerges from and simultaneously constructs, paradoxically, a meeting ground where popular cultures of memorialization, consumption, and “going green” converge.
Some chemical and nutritional properties of feather protein isolates containing varying half-cystine levels.

Feather (keratinous) protein isolates containing 2.8 and 7.2% half-cystine were prepared. Solubility of the former increased to 100% between pH 6 and 12, whereas, that of the latter reached only 2.5% at pH 12. Tests showed that mixtures of sodium dodecyl sulfate and 2-mercaptoethanol were needed to completely solubilize the high half-cystine protein, and that sodium dodecyl sulfate alone or in combination with urea and/or 2-mercaptoethanol increased solubilization of the low half-cystine product. The rates of these reactions are further increased by heat. Dry heat denatured the low half-cystine isolate more readily than the high half-cystine product; moist heat denatured both at a similar rate. Gel electrophoretic properties were unique for each keratinous product. Only the low half-cystine isolate had desirable functional properties in that it formed thick, viscous mayonnaise-like emulsions and desirable foams. Functional properties of this isolate were improved dramatically by adjusting the pH from 5.0 to 8.2 or by a two-step change from pH 5.0 to 4.0 to 8.2. Apparent nitrogen digestibility of the two keratinous isolates was greater than 90% as measured by rat growth and by pepsin-HC1 digestion.
Rhodium(II)‐Catalyzed 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions

The rhodium(II)-catalyzed formation of 1,3-dipoles has played a major role in facilitating the use of the dipolar cycloaddition reaction in modern organic synthesis. This is apparent from the increasing number of applications of this chemistry for the construction of heterocyclic and natural product ring systems. This chapter initially focuses on those aspects of rhodium(II) catalysis that control dipole formation and reactivity, and concludes with a sampling of the myriad examples that exist in the literature today. As with any modern review of the chemical literature, the subject discussed in this chapter touches upon topics that are the focus of related books and articles. For example, there is a well recognized tome on the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction that is an excellent introduction to the many varieties of this transformation [1]. More specific reviews involving the use of rhodium(II) in carbonyl ylide cycloadditions [2] and intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions have also appeared [3, 4]. The use of rhodium for the creation and reaction of carbenes as electrophilic species [5, 6], their use in intramolecular carbenoid reactions [7], and the formation of ylides via the reaction with heteroatoms have also been described [8]. Reviews of rhodium(II) ligand-based chemoselectivity [9], rhodium(II)-mediated macrocyclizations [10], and asymmetric rhodium(II)–carbene transformations [11, 12] detail the multiple aspects of control and applications that make this such a powerful chemical transformation. In addition to these reviews, several books have appeared since around 1998 describing the catalytic reactions of diazo compounds [13], cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis [14], and synthetic applications of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition [15].
Factors influencing engagement into interventions for adaptation to HIV in African American women

Factors that may influence engagement into a family-ecological psychosocial intervention and a nondirective psychosocial intervention designed for HIV+ asymptomatic women were examined. Participants were 136 HIV+ African American women. Participant characteristics and therapeutic alliance were examined as possible predictors of engagement. Both participant characteristics and therapeutic alliance had some power in predicting engagement. However, fewer participant characteristics than expected were statistically significant. Statistically significant results indicate that women who had more daily hassles, more distress, more social support, and more disagreements with their spouse were more likely to engage in the intervention. The strongest predictor of engagement was therapeutic alliance, indicating the importance of the alliance between the HIV+ participant and the interventionist. The importance of these findings is discussed.
Radiation belt dynamics: The importance of wave-particle interactions

[1] The flux of energetic electrons in the Earth's outer radiation belt can vary by several orders of magnitude over time scales less than a day, in response to changes in properties of the solar wind instigated by solar activity. Variability in the radiation belts is due to an imbalance between the dominant source and loss processes, caused by a violation of one or more of the adiabatic invariants. For radiation belt electrons, non-adiabatic behavior is primarily associated with energy and momentum transfer during interactions with various magnetospheric waves. A review is presented here of recent advances in both our understanding and global modeling of such wave-particle interactions, which have led to a paradigm shift in our understanding of electron acceleration in the radiation belts; internal local acceleration, rather than radial diffusion now appears to be the dominant acceleration process during the recovery phase of magnetic storms.
Three-dimensional Displacement and Shape Measurement with a Diffraction-assisted Grid Method

The grid method is a full-field optical technique for computing surface displacements and strains of a material by analyzing the phase of grid lines patterned on the specimen. To date, most experiments using the grid method have measured only two-dimensional in-plane deformations. Here, the grid method is extended to three dimensions by using a crossed grid pattern and a diffraction grating which enables acquiring images from multiple viewing angles on a single camera. In-plane displacements and strains are computed using the conventional grid method, and the corresponding three-dimensional (3D) displacements—including out-of-plane displacements or shapes—are computed by analyzing the images collected at different viewing angles. The technique is demonstrated by measuring 3D rigid body motion, the 3D displacements of a membrane in a pressure-bulge experiment, and the out-of-plane curvature of a cylindrical specimen.
Transcription of testicular angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is initiated within the 12th intron of the somatic ACE gene.

Abstract Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a zinc-containing dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase that catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to the potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. By analyzing cDNA and genomic DNA, we have constructed a consensus sequence encoding the testis isozyme of mouse ACE. Testis ACE cDNA contains 2,435 base pairs and encodes a protein of 732 amino acids. The N-terminal 66 amino acids are unique to the testis isozyme, while the remaining 666 are identical to the carboxyl half of mouse somatic ACE. The overall conservation of amino acid sequence between the testis isozymes of the mouse, rabbit, and human is 78 to 84%. The conservation of amino acids for the N-terminal domain uniquely expressed within the testis is 63 to 67% between these species. Primer extension and RNase protection experiments show that RNA transcription of the testis ACE isozyme begins 16 or 17 bases upstream from the translation start site. A sequence element resembling a TATA box is found 25 bases 5' of the transcription start site. To create its unique isozyme of ACE, the testis begins mRNA transcription in the middle of the exonic-intronic structure of somatic ACE, within a sequence treated as an intron by somatic tissues. Testis ACE is not the result of alternative RNA splicing but seems due to the start of transcription at a unique site within the ACE gene.
Microstructures and mechanical properties of NiAl–Ni2AlHf alloys

The microstructure and mechanical properties of several Ni-Al-Hf alloys in the composition range between NiAl({beta}) and Ni{sub 2}AlHf (Heusler phase) have been studied. The volume fraction of Heusler phase, {ital V}{sub {ital f}}, in these alloys varies from about 15 to 96%. The lattice misfit between the {beta} and Heusler phases in two-phase alloys is larger than 5%, indicating no coherency between them. The yield strength increases with increasing {ital V}{sub {ital f}} at all temperatures to 1000 {degree}C. Compressive ductilities of 4 and 7% were obtained for the alloy with {ital V}{sub {ital f}} of 15% at room temperature and 500 {degree}C, respectively, but they decreased to 0% with increasing {ital V}{sub {ital f}} to 96%. The corresponding fracture mode is basically transgranular cleavage. However, all the alloys can be deformed extensively without fracture at 1000 {degree}C. The hardness of the Heusler alloy is very high (8.3 GPa) at room temperature, and it decreases gently with temperature to 600 {degree}C, followed by a rapid decrease to 1000 {degree}C. The brittleness and high hardness of the Ni{sub 2}AlHf Heusler phase at low temperatures are interpreted in terms of internal lattice distortion resulting from its crystal structure. The thermally activated processmore » of deformation takes place above 600 {degree}C, which is responsible for the rapid drop of the hardness of the alloys.« less
Parallel architectures for an iterative image restoration algorithm

Mesh of pyramids and pyramid of meshes implementations of an iterative image-restoration algorithm are proposed. These implementations are based on a single-step regularized iterative restoration algorithm. Both architectures are described as a composition of a mesh and a pyramid. They are compared in terms of area of the VLSI chip and its computation time. >
Case Management Services for the Chronically Mentally Ill

Case management services have enjoyed a rapid increase in prominence within the mental health system as a solution to a variety of social service problems. The authors discuss a successful demonstration project that used social work students as case managers for the chronically mentally ill. An exploratory design was used and the results were positive for clients, students, and the system.
An Optimal Estimator Model of Multi-Sensory Processing in Human Postural Control

We hypothesized that multi-sensory processing at the central nervous system (CNS) in human postural control can be described using an optimal estimator model. The estimates on body dynamics from multi-sensory signals contain sensory noise, transmission delays, and process disturbances. The state estimates approximate actual body movement. Erroneous estimates degrade the performance of feedback control and could cause a loss of balance if distorted severely. To test the hypothesis, we examined the frequency response of a visually-induced postural sway with stimulus frequency ranging from 0.075 to 1Hz and established an optimal estimator model. Two healthy young (33yrs ± 1) subjects stood on a force platform located 1.25m behind a projection screen with their arms crossed over their chests. They were asked to maintain an upright posture against the sinusoidal visual field stimuli. Each sinusoidal visual stimulus was generated by a projector for 200secs in pitch direction with a maximum pitch angle of 20o. Kinematics data was recorded to calculate the frequency response function of the center of mass (COM). There were three components in the modeling procedure: a biomechanical model of body and sensor dynamics, a linear feedback control model to stabilize the biomechanical model, and a state estimator to estimate body dynamic states based on multi-sensory outputs. We modeled the sensor dynamics of the semicircular canal, otolth, vision, and muscle spindles at the ankle and hip joint. We used the Kalman filter and linear quadratic regulator to determine feedback gains. Results showed that the frequency response function of a visually-induced postural sway decreased as stimulus frequency increased, and this low-pass filtering characteristic with an approximate cutoff frequency of 0.2Hz was also simulated by the postural feedback control model with optimal estimator. Low-pass filtering characteristics of the frequency response are mainly due to body and sensor dynamics, which show reduced responses for high frequency stimulus. The Kalman filter represents that the CNS utilizes redundant sensory information in a way that minimizes discrepancies between actual body dynamics and estimated body dynamics based on sensory output and an internal model. The results suggest that the CNS may make use of an internal representation of body dynamics, and can integrate sensory information in an optimal way to best estimate human postural responses.
Comparison of oxygen uptake on-kinetics calculations in heart failure.

Purpose: The analysis of oxygen (O 2 ) uptake on-kinetics during steady-rate is gaining interest in the heart failure (HF) population. The rate change in O 2 at the initiation of exercise can be assessed via nonlinear regression time constant (TC) or an algebraic equation (mean response time [MRT]). These calculations are presumed to be interchangeable, but research supporting this claim is limited. This investigation compares and contrasts two of the more commonly used O 2 uptake on-kinetic calculations. Method: Twenty-eight subjects diagnosed with compensated HF and 19 age, sex, and activity-matched controls underwent a symptom-limited exercise test and a steady-rate exercise session (6 min). Peak O 2 uptake, O 2 uptake at ventilatory threshold, the O 2 uptake TC (TC), and the O 2 uptake mean response time (MRT) were calculated for each subject. Results: O 2 uptake on-kinetics was significantly faster for the control group (P < 0.05) regardless of calculation method. There was a significant difference between the O 2 uptake TC and MRT for the HF group. All O 2 uptake on-kinetic calculations were significantly correlated with aerobic capacity. Conclusions: O 2 uptake TC and MRT values may not be interchangeable in the HF population. All O 2 uptake on-kinetic calculations did produce a significant difference between experimental and control groups and correlated with indicators of aerobic capacity. The 10-s O 2 uptake on-kinetic calculations may be preferable secondary to expired gas fluctuations associated with breath-by-breath measures. Further work is. however, needed to determine which averaged O 2 uptake on-kinetic expression is optimal given the significant difference between TC and MRT. A mechanism for this difference may be the oscillatory ventilatory expired gas pattern demonstrated by some patients with HF.
Relativistic Theory of Radiative Orbital Electron Capture

A fully relativistic treatment of the radiation accompanying nuclear capture of orbital electrons is presented. All effects of the electrostatic field surrounding the nucleus are taken into account. As a preliminary step, convenient representations for the electron Green's function and initial state wave function in a Coulomb field are derived. These forms, involving Dirac operators applied to scalar functions and free-particle angular eigenfunctions, are developed from the second-order Dirac equation. They are particularly useful for calculations since the procedures which make use of the properties of traces can be employed with them.With the aid of these representations the photon energy spectrum and polarization associated with allowed radiative $K$ capture are computed. Relativistic Coulomb corrections are shown to decrease the expected photon intensity significantly at all energies. Since their effect is not sensitively dependent on energy, the predicted shape of the spectrum is not greatly altered. The Coulomb field also influences the degree of polarization of the photons emitted, but has an appreciable effect only near the lower end of the spectrum.The influence of atomic screening on the capture from the $K$ and $L$ shells is also taken into account approximately. It is shown that screening considerably decreases the likelihood of radiative capture of all but the innermost electrons.Finally, the existing experimental evidence is reviewed and shown to agree with the theory presented. Some additional experimental tests are proposed.
Characterization of multiple 12p rearrangements in testicular germ cell tumor cell line 833K and its subclone 64CP by chromosome microdissection.

Rearrangements of chromosome arm 12p are known to be common in germ cell tumors (GCT). Previous studies, using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a whole chromosome 12 painting probe, showed unusual distributions of chromosome 12-derived chromatin in GCT cell line 833K and its cisplatin-resistant subclone, 64CP, located next to AgNOR (silver staining nucleolus organizer regions), some of which were ectopic. In this study, the ectopic stalk regions were shown by FISH to be composed of 18s and 28s rDNA, but were flanked by β-satellite DNA, which may form a barrier around the rDNA. In order to determine the specific origins of the rearranged chromosome 12 segments, three different derived chromosome 12 regions were isolated from 64CP, using chromosomal microdissection. The microdissected fragments were labeled and hybridized by FISH to normal human chromosomes. All three segments localized to distal 12p; 12p12→12pter, but with apparently different breakpoints for each segment. Furthermore, three-color FISH experiments with 12p band-specific probes demonstrated that the derivative chromosome 12 regions in 833K also originate from distal 12p (12p12→p13). These sequences now can be evaluated for degree of overlap or common breakpoints which may be of significance in the development or progression of GCT.
Evaluation of intracranial cysts by intraoperative MR

Eleven patients with intracranial cystic collections were evaluated in the open-bore intraoperative MR system. In each case, the cystic collection or the surrounding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space was injected with .02 to .5 cc of .5 mol/l gadopentetate dimeglumine. Serial imaging was performed using T1-weighted imaging. In seven patients, free communication was demonstrated between the cystic collection and the surrounding CSF spaces. In four cases, the cyst did not communicate with the CSF; two of these were drained in the intraoperative MR system with reduction in symptoms. One patient developed an aseptic meningitis 10 days after the study, which was successfully treated with steroids; no other complications were noted. We conclude that the communication of intracranial cystic collections with the cisterns and ventricles can be safely and effectively elucidated with gadolinium injection in the intraoperative MR system.
Umbral calculus, Bailey chains, and pentagonal number theorems

We revisit the umbral methods used by L. J. Rogers in his second proof of the Rogers?Ramanujan identities. We shall study how subsequent methods such as the Bailey chains and their variants arise naturally from Rogers' insights. We conclude with the introduction of multi-dimensional Bailey chains and apply them to prove some new Pentagonal Number Theorems.
The economic consequences of reduced fertilizer use: A virtual pricing approach

The virtual pricing approach is applied to perform an ex ante analysis of reduced chemical use on agricultural output, input demand and profitability. Aggregate data on Indiana agriculture spanning the 1950–86 period are used to estimate parameters of a normalized quadratic profit function using Bayesian techiques. Empirical results on the response of substitute and complementary inputs to a 15% and a 30% fertilizer restriction are obtained and the ad valorem taxes required to accomplish such restriction are calculated.
Ab initio study of the chlorine nitrate protonation reaction - Implications for loss of ClONO2 in the stratosphere

Ab initio quantum mechanical methods, including coupled-cluster theory, are used to determine the equilibrium geometries, dipole moments, and harmonic vibrational frequencies of ClONO2, NO2(+), and four isomers of protonated ClONO2. It was found that, for the equilibrium structures and harmonic frequencies of ClONO2, HOCl, and NO2(+), the highest-level theoretical predictions are consistent with the available experimental information concerning the reactions of ClONO2 and HOCl with HCl on the surface of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). The study supports a recent hypothesis that the reaction of ClONO2 on the surface of PSCs is proton catalyzed, although the mechanism is different.
Subject reactivity in direct observational assessment: A review and critical analysis

Abstract Subject reactivity presents a threat to the internal and external validity of observational research. The effect of several factors on subject reactivity were discussed. They include differential subject sets, simple reactivity to observation, participant observation. observation by coders having a history of interaction with subjects, differential rationales given to subjects, and condition-related reactivity. The relevant work was reviewed and suggestions for minimizing the effects of these potential sources of bias were made.
Effect of radiation dose and iterative reconstruction on lung lesion conspicuity at MDCT: does one size fit all?

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effect of different acquisition parameters and reconstruction algorithms in lung lesions conspicuity in chest MDCT. Methods An anthropomorphic chest phantom containing 6 models of lung disease (ground glass opacity, bronchial polyp, solid nodule, ground glass nodule, emphysema and tree-in-bud) was scanned using 80, 100 and 120kVp, with fixed mAs ranging from 10 to 110. The scans were reconstructed using filtered back projection (FBP) and iterative reconstruction (IR) algorithms. Three blinded thoracic radiologists reviewed the images and scored lesions conspicuity and overall image quality. Image noise and radiation dose parameters were recorded. Results All acquisitions with 120kVp received a score of 3 (acceptable) or higher for overall image quality. There was no significant difference between IR and FBP within each setting for overall image quality ( p >0.05), even though image noise was significantly lower using IR ( p p p Conclusion Designing protocols for specific lung pathologies using lower dose acquisition parameters is feasible, and by applying iterative reconstruction, radiologists may have better diagnostic confidence to evaluate some lesions in very low dose settings, preserving acceptable image quality.
Oxygen utilization and plankton metabolism in a Washington fjord

Abstract Oxygen utilization in the bottom waters of Dabob Bay, Washington, was measured by the time course of oxygen and compared to the metabolic activity of the net zooplankton and microplankton. Neither fraction of plankton could be neglected as unimportant and together they accounted for 70–85% of the oxygen consumption in the bay. The rate of oxygen utilization for the summer of 1973 was 1.25 μg-at O day −1 1 − , 12% higher than the rate measured 19 years earlier. At this rate, the deep waters (bottom 50 m) were responsible for the oxidation of 36% of the bay's summer primary productivity.
Analysis of Compound Postsynaptic Potentials in the Central Nervous System of the Surf Clam

Compound postsynaptic potentials, comprising graded excitatory-inhibitory sequences, are the characteristic mode of response to afferent input exhibited by a population of cells in the visceroparietal ganglion of Spisula. Experimentally induced interaction between the phases of the response indicates that the observed sequential invasion represents differences in individual component latencies, rather than the physiological resultant of two separate processes having simultaneous onset but different rates of decay. Excitation is depressed by changes in membrane conductance throughout the duration of the inhibitory phase; moreover, since similar pathways from the periphery initiate both phases, excitatory events are limited to a duration roughly equal in length to the latency for the inhibition. Within this interval repetitive volleys can evoke summation of excitatory events. The inhibitory mechanism is temporally stable, however, and dominates the membrane during repetitive trains of volleys at 1 to 100 per sec. Artificially generated increases in the membrane potential decrease the IPSP while increasing the amplitude of the EPSP. Thus, both phases of the compound response appear to result from events occurring at chemically transmitting synaptic loci. Evidence is presented that these events are driven via collaterals of the same afferent fibers. The behavioral role of these response sequences is uncertain. Analogies, in terms of some observed reflex activity in these clams, appear to exist but presently lack experimental verification.
Grain demand and consumer preference in Senegal.

Abstract Nearly 30% of Senegal's grain consumption is met by commercial imports, mainly for the urban Dakar population. Official Senegalese policy is to promote food self-sufficiency by increased domestic rice, millet and maize production. The author addresses two central issues: first, will the domestically produced rice be acceptable to the urban population?; and seond, will the urban population consume more millet and maize as a result? Using survey data collected in Dakar in 1977–1978, the author describes the grain purchasing and consumption patterns of the sample, and focuses on the implications for national food self-sufficiency.
Induction of ICAM-1 expression on human airway epithelial cells by inflammatory cytokines: effects on neutrophil-epithelial cell adhesion.

Inflammation of the human airways in diseases such as chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis with Pseudomonas endobronchial infection, and possibly asthma during late-phase reactions involves a local influx of neutrophils (PMN) that may participate in airway epithelial injury. PMN-mediated cellular injury is most efficient under conditions of PMN-target cell adhesion. PMN express adhesive glycoproteins of the CD11/CD18 family that are counter-receptors for intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), found on various cell types. We proposed that adherence by PMN to human airway epithelial cells via ICAM-1 might be an important mechanism in inflammatory airway diseases. We found that although PMN adhere poorly (< 5%) to monolayers of human tracheal epithelial cells (TEC) in primary culture, they adhere readily (45 to 50%) to an SV40-immortalized line of human TEC, designated 9HTEo-. We also found 6-fold greater surface expression of ICAM-1 on 9HTEo- compared with primary TEC. Blocking surface ICAM-1 on 9HTEo- ...
Comparison of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) and Ciliary Beat Frequency Activation by the CFTR Modulators Genistein, VRT-532, and UCCF-152 in Primary Sinonasal Epithelial Cultures

Importance Pharmacologic activation of mucociliary clearance (MCC) represents an emerging therapeutic strategy for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, even in the absence of congenital mutations of the CFTR gene. Drug discovery efforts have identified small molecules that activate the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), including potentiators under development for treatment of cystic fibrosis. Objective To evaluate the properties of CFTR modulators and their effects on ciliary beat frequency (CBF) in human sinonasal epithelium (HSNE). Design Primary HSNE cultures (wild type and F508del/F508del) were used to compare stimulation of CFTR-mediated Cl − conductance and CBF by the CFTR modulators genistein, VRT-532, and UC CF -152. Main Outcomes and Measures Increase in CFTR-dependent anion transport and CBF. Results HSNE cultures were analyzed using pharmacologic manipulation of ion transport (change in short-circuit current [∆I SC ]) and high-speed digital imaging (CBF). Activation of CFTR-dependent anion transport was significantly different among agonists ( P SC , genistein, 23.1 [1.8] μA/cm 2 > VRT-532, 8.1 [1.0] μA/cm 2 > UC CF -152, 3.4 [1.4] μA/cm 2 > control, 0.7 [0.2] μA/cm 2 ; Tukey-Kramer P CF -152 augmented CBF (under submerged conditions) significantly better (Tukey-Kramer P CF -152, 1.56 [0.06]; VRT-532, 1.38 [0.08]; control, 1.27 [0.02]). Activation of CBF was blunted in F508del/F508del HSNE cultures. Conclusions and Relevance The degree of CBF stimulation was not dependent on the magnitude of Cl − secretion, suggesting that different mechanisms of action may underlie MCC activation by these small molecule potentiators. Agents that activate both CFTR-dependent I SC and CBF are particularly attractive as therapeutics because they may address 2 independent pathways that contribute to deficient MCC in chronic rhinosinusitis.
Reliability and concurrent criterion validity of a novel technique for analyzing hip kinematics during running

AbstractExcessive frontal plane hip kinematics during running has been associated with numerous running pathologies. Traditionally, assessment of hip kinematics during running required expensive and complex equipment and procedures making objective running assessment difficult for practicing clinicians. The aim of this study was to establish the reliability and validity of a novel technique designed for clinicians that allows for objective assessment of frontal plane hip kinematics during running. Hip angles and excursions were measured using videos and jpeg images of 10 subjects (five males and five females) running. A 2-D motion analysis system and computer algorithm served as reference measures. Six raters (three licensed physical therapists and three student physical therapists) took measures on two instances. Reliability was examined using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Validity was investigated with ICCs, 95% limits of agreement (LA), and mean absolute differences (MAD) by comparing each...
Assessment strategies in the contests of male crickets, Acheta domesticus (L.)

Abstract Game theoretical models predict that the assessment of relative fighting ability and motivation is a process fundamental to resolving most contests. Demonstrations of assessment must (1) identify characters associated with fighting success and (2) establish a correlation between opponent asymmetry in these characters and the costs of fighting. Pair-wise contests between male house crickets revealed that winners were generally heavier than their opponents, although this effect varied with the degree of asymmetry in mass and the presence or absence of burrows. Prior burrow residency and initiating a fighting bout provided additional, but small advantages in fighting success. Fight winners performed a larger repertoire of agonistic tactics, more total acts, and escalated more frequently to energetically costly tactics than did their opponents. As a result, the winner's total energy expenditure usually exceeded the loser’s. In accordance with the core prediction of assessment models, the cumulative energetic costs of combat for both opponents increased with decreases in asymmetry of mass and energy expenditure rate. These results suggest that house crickets resolve contests by assessing asymmetries in both body size and their relative use of costly tactics. The relative energetic costs incurred by combatants may reliably signal relative energy reserves and contribute to the active assessment of fighting ability, rather than simply accrue as a by-product of combat.
The Virtual Water Metaphor Enhances Policy Discussions Regarding Scarce Resources

Abstract In a recent issue of Water International, three authors discuss their views of the virtual water metaphor that is used to describe the water embedded in crops that are traded in international markets. The term ‘virtual water’ was created originally to gain the attention of public officials responsible for choosing policies that influence water use in arid regions. Over time, both the terminology and the scope of the virtual water metaphor have been extended beyond the original purpose. This paper supports the view that the virtual water metaphor is helpful in encouraging public officials to consider the scarcity value (opportunity cost) of water when designing policies that influence water use. The paper proposes, also, that the policy relevance of the virtual water metaphor is found primarily in its application to issues regarding the supply of agricultural products, rather than demand. The distinction between supply and demand issues and the potential value of the virtual water metaphor in poli...
Monte Carlo Model of Stricture Formation in Esophageal Photodynamic Therapy

A Monte Carlo simulation was developed for esophageal PDT. It was tested on a photosensitized pig esophagus model and compared to a published account of stricture formation in pigs. The simulation correctly predicted the damage.
Marx's Influence on American Thinking

IN THE CURRENT ATTACK on communism as a political force, there is only the vaguest understanding in the United States of the ideas underlying communism. Karl Marx is little more than a name and a picture of a man with a bushy beard to most Americans. As to his ideas, there is a popular misconception that Marx advocated common ownership of all property and the abolition of the monogamous family. Even the educated person outside the ranks of the intellectuals has not been exposed to the ideas of one of the most influential thinkers of modern times, one probable reason being that most university teachers are afraid of accusations that they are friendly to communism. One result has been, we hold, that Americans have been much more influenced by Marx's. ideas unconsciously than if they had been allowed rationally to examine them and to think through them. Of course, some Communist ideas have become clear to many Americans, and there is widespread opposition to these ideas that have become clear. Among such ideas is Lenin's dictum that "the ends justify the means" (that is, that any technique no matter how vicious-should be used if it helps a good cause) or Stalin's "popular front" policy of seeking to gain allies among those who happen to have a few aims in common with the Communists. But most of the ideas hehind communism are the older ideas of Marx and these are seldom discussed and still more rarely opposed. Why is this? Hitler's and Mussolini's ideas (anti-semitism, glorification of the State, might is right, etc.) were widely discussed and frequently and publicly denounced in the United States, while those two gentlemen were influential in the world. Other political-economic ideas come in for widespread public discussion and denunciation or approbation-such as Townsendism, technocracy, or the New Deal. Why are not Marx's ideas similarly analyzed, discussed and criticized? It is the thesis of this article that an important reason is that many of Marx's main ideas have already been accepted uncritically by most Americans. There is no discussion and criticism because the ideas have been accepted as right and unquestionably sound. Despite the claims of Communists that Marx has had woefully little effect on Americans, and the similar claims of anti-Marxists that America does not provide a congenial
The Effect of the Interference of Traveling and Stationary Waves on Time Variations of the Large-Scale Circulation.

Abstract It is hypothesized that the interference of stationary and traveling waves of the same longitudinal can cause some of the observed time variations in the large-scale circulation. To explore this hypothesis the eight-winter average structure of a regularly occurring, westward propagating disturbance which we earlier called the “16-day wave” is further documented. Energy quantities are calculated as this 16-day wave moves in and out of phase with the stationary or time-mean wave. The resulting time variations are similar to some already reported in the literature. Eddy heat momentum transport associated with energy conversions have phase relationships between pressure levels that can be approximately predicted by a simple linear superposition of the observed stationary waves and traveling external Rossby waves. In further support of the hypothesis, cross-spectral results determined from independent data show a reasonable agreement with these predictions.
The New Information Professional

In the new future, we have to see ourselves pioneering new knowledge frontiers. We can be the physical guides, the procedural guides and the intellectual guides to knowledge resources in various formats.Cooperation is a key theme for the furure, and all information professionals are going to have to function as collaborators. Teaming and collaboration are not appropriate for every activity or every decision that needs to be made. As with an ability, we must applyy ti to the reight situation and ensuire that hte right components are in place for collaboration to create effective results
Cryopreservation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlorophyta)

Cryopreserved Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultures remained viable when frozen by cooling slowly to −55°C, then plunging into liquid nitrogen for at least 1 day of storage. High viability (>40%) was retained when cultures contained 2–10% (v/v) methanol as a cryoprotective agent prior to freezing, while dimethyl sulphoxide was ineffective. However, methanol was lethal to cells in the presence of light. Frozen cultures became non-viable within 24 h when stored at −80°C, whereas those stored below −130°C remained viable for at least several months. Highest viability was attained in cultures that were frozen and stored at a low cell density. High viability also required that frozen cultures be warmed rapidly and the cryoprotective agent removed immediately thereafter in preparation for culturing in liquid or on solid medium. Individual cell viability was determined by measurements of colony counts after cell plating and by the penetration of Evans blue dye into non-viable cells. Viability in bulk culture was co...
Dyes as biologic probes, color and dye microenvironments

Abstract The color changes of several dyes were studied in the presence of detergent micelles. Changes in the absorption maxima of the dyes and alterations in their equilibrium constants were measured in solvents of varying polarity. Similar effects were measin detergent micelles as a result of the hydrophobic microenvironment experienced by the micelle-bound dye. In addition, microenvironmental electrostatic effects were observed. The latter cause large changes in the equilibrium constants of the dyes as a result of the juxtaposition of charged functional groups in the detergent micelles.
On similarity in the atmospheric boundary layer

A similarity theory for the atmospheric boundary layer is presented. The Monin-Obukhov similarity theory for the surface layer is a particular case of this new theory, for the case of z → 0. Universal functions which are in agreement with empirical data are obtained for the stable and convective regimes.
Development and application of a technique for estimating nutrient deficiency in soft sediments

A diffusion enrichment technique is presented which allows for chemical enrichment of soft surficial and shallow subsurface sediments and subsequent measurement of O2 production. The sediment is enriched by inserting a perforated tube containing dialysis tubing filled with a nutrient/agar mixture. O2 production by surficial sediment is measured using an inverted, translucent, polyethylene chamber over the sediment. The inside of the chamber contains a collapsible bag connected to the water outside the chamber. When water overlying the sediment is withdrawn from a sampling port, it is displaced with water from outside the chamber, thus preventing contamination of water samples with pore water from below. The technique was tested by enriching near-shore sediments in a large oligotrophic lake with inorganic N and P. NHinf4/p+ additions significantly stimulated benthic primary production as measured by 02 production, whereas enrichment with POinf4/3- had no effect.
Evaluating Functional Localizers: The Case of the FFA

Functional localizers are routinely used in neuroimaging studies to test hypotheses about the function of specific brain areas. The specific tasks and stimuli used to localize particular regions vary widely from study to study even when the same cortical region is targeted. Thus, it is important to ask whether task and stimulus changes lead to differences in localization or whether localization procedures are largely immune to differences in tasks and contrasting stimuli. We present two experiments and a literature review that explore whether face localizer tasks yield differential localization in the fusiform gyrus as a function of task and contrasting stimuli. We tested standard localization tasks-passive viewing, 1-back, and 2-back memory tests--and did not find differences in localization based on task. We did, however, find differences in the extent, strength and patterns/reliabilities of the activation in the fusiform gyrus based on comparison stimuli (faces vs. houses compared to faces vs. scrambled stimuli).
Performance testing of MIL-STD-188-110B high data rate HF waveforms

The high frequency (HF) band is used primarily for maritime, military and aeronautical systems and long distance AM broadcasting. It is typically allocated to users in 1.24 kHz and 3 kHz channels. Over the last twenty years, several NATO standards and US military standards have been developed which can provide reliable communications over HF. The highest data rate currently available, with forward error correction, is 2400 bits per second (bps) and without, 4800 bps. There has been a growing need by the user community for higher data rates and this has led to the revision of MIL-STD-188-11OA. Appendix C of the revised standard, MIL-STD-188-110B (110B), defines a new family of high data rate waveforms offering from 3200 bps up to 12800 bps. This paper begins with an explanation of the design goals used for developing the new waveforms. Then, an overview of the waveforms is presented. This is followed by a variety of performance tests to determine their usefulness over HF. The paper concludes with a summary of the results.
Risk Factors for Coronal Decompensation After Posterior Spinal Instrumentation and Fusion in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

Abstract Study Design Retrospective review of multicenter data set with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients with at least 2 years of follow-up after posterior spinal instrumentation and fusion (PSIF). Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate risk factors for coronal decompensation 2 years after PSIF for AIS. Summary of Background Data Coronal decompensation is a potential complication of spinal instrumentation for AIS. This can result in problems requiring revision surgery. Methods Demographic, clinical, and radiographic measures were reviewed on 890 identified patients. Coronal decompensation was defined as a change farther away from midline from 6 weeks postoperatively to 2 years in any one of the following radiographic parameters: change in coronal balance >2 cm; change in coronal position of the lowest instrumented vertebra (LIV) >2 cm; change in thoracic trunk shift >2 cm; or change in LIV tilt angle >10°. Patients with decompensation were compared to those without. The relationship between the LIV and lowest end vertebra (LEV) was examined as an independent variable. Results Two years postoperation, 6.4% (57/890) of patients exhibited coronal decompensation. Multivariate regression revealed that decompensated patients were twice as likely to be male, have lower preoperative Risser score, and lower percentage major curve correction. The relationship between the LIV and LEV as well as quality of life surveys were not significantly different between decompensated and nondecompensated patients at 2 years. Conclusions Two years after PSIF, 6.4% of patients with AIS exhibit radiographic coronal decompensation. Although this study did not demonstrate a significant association between the relationship of LIV and LEV and decompensation 2 years postoperation, results of this study indicate that skeletal immaturity, male gender, and less correction of the major curve may be related to higher rates of coronal decompensation.
Juxtaglomerular Cells in CCl4-Treated Experimental Hypertension.

SummaryRenal and DCA hypertension was produced in rats, and blood pressure was then reduced to normal levels with CCl4 injections. The juxtaglomerular (JG) index of these Sprague-Dawley rats was determined. After CCl4 treatment of the renal hypertensive animals, no significant decline in JG granulation appeared as the blood pressure fell to normal. In the DCA hpertensive and the normotensive rats, CCl4 induced normotension was accompanied by a large increase in granulation. It is thus apparent that the blood pressure decline induced by CCl4 is not accompanied by any decrease in renal renin secretion. DCA hypertensive rats rendered normotensive by CCl4 treatment exhibit a normal blood pressure in combination with a high JG index. This paradoxical situation may be the experimental analogue of the clinical syndrome described by Bartter, and attributed by him to an unknown defect in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone secreting mechanism. Experiments published elsewhere, suggest that, in our experiments, the de...
Restoring pistil-side self-incompatibility factors recapitulates an interspecific reproductive barrier between tomato species

†‡ § SUMMARY Interspecific reproductive barriers are poorly understood, but are central to the biological species concept. The pre-zygotic barriers between red- and green-fruited species in the tomato clade of the genus Solanum provide a model to better understand these barriers in plants. Compatibility usually follows the SI x SC rule: pollen from self-compatible (SC) red-fruited species is rejected on pistils of the predominantly self-incompatible (SI) green-fruited species, but the reciprocal crosses are compatible. This suggests that the interspecific reproductive barrier may be linked to the intraspecific SI mechanism. However, pollen from the SC red-fruited species is also rejected by SC accessions of green-fruited species that lack S-RNase, a key protein expressed in pistils of SI Solanum species. Thus, multiple mechanisms may contribute to the barrier between red- and green-fruited species. We tested whether an S-RNase-dependent barrier is sufficient for rejection of pollen from red-fruited species by introducing functional S-RNase, HT-A and HT-B genes from SI species into Solanum lycopersicum (cultivated tomato). We found that expressing S-RNase in combination with either HT-A or HT-B in the pistil is sufficient to cause rejection of pollen from all four red-fruited species. Thus, redundant mechanisms must operate side by side to prevent crosses between red- and greenfruited species in the clade, underlining the complexity of interspecific pollination barriers. Our results also have implications for mating system transitions. We suggest that these transitions must occur in a specific sequence, and that the transition from SI to SC also affects interspecific compatibility.