cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of the earth's magnetic field by orienting cave salamanders ( Eurycea lucifuga )

Two groups ofEurycea lucifuga were trained to move bidirectionally within separate training corridors by alternately supplying moisture to limestone-filled compartments located at each end. Both corridors were aligned horizontally along the magnetic North-South axis of the earth. One corridor was enclosed within a cube coil which rotated the magnetic field horizontally 90° clockwise, so that the group contained in this corridor moved perpendicular to the North-South axis of the magnetic field. The other corridor was in the normal earth's field so that this second group moved parallel to the horizontal North-South component of the magnetic field. Testing involved releasing both groups in the center of a cross-shaped testing assembly made up of the two training corridors. The two groups were confined together in a release device for 60 min before release. In several tests the two groups were significantly oriented (P<0.05) along the appropriate trained axes with respect to the normal or altered magnetic field. Movements in these tests did not reflect a consistent response to any other potential source of orientation cues (P<0.001). It is concluded that cave salamanders are able to (1) perceive the earth's magnetic field and (2) exhibit a directional response with respect to a magnetic field which indicates a learned relationship to the environment.
The Cancer Cell: Dynamic Aspects and Modifications in Cell-Surface Organization

(Second of Two Parts) Cell-Surface Modifications on Cancer Cells The central importance of the cell surface in determining many features of tumor-cell behavior has served to stimulate a massive research effort to identify differences in the surface properties of normal cells and their neoplastic counterparts. This effort has been successful to the extent that an enormous catalogue of differences between normal and tumor-cell populations has been accumulated (Fig. 5).22 , 23 We now have little insight, however, into the mechanisms by which these manifold changes in surface properties arise in tumor cells and how these changes are maintained. Of more immediate importance . . .
Hemodynamic comparison of intravenous amrinone and dobutamine in patients with chronic congestive heart failure

Abstract Amrinone, a new inotropic agent, has been shown to be beneficial in patients with congestive heart failure. However, its hemodynamic effects have not been compared with those of currently useful catecholamines. In this study, the effects of intravenously administered dobutamine and amrinone were compared in eight patients with severe chronic congestive heart failure. Dobutamine was infused until a maximal increase in cardiac index was reached or undesirable effects were produced. This dose was then continued for 8 hours. After a return of hemodynamic values to baseline level, amrinone was infused at a rate of 40 μg/kg per min for 1 hour and then 10 μg/kg per min for 24 hours. Both drugs significantly improved cardiac index while simultaneously decreasing systemic vascular resistance and right atrial and pulmonary wedge pressures (p
Bounds on charged, stable superpartners from cosmic ray production

Supersymmetric models often predict a lightest superpartner (LSP) which is electrically charged and stable on the time scales of collider experiments. If such a particle were to be observed experimentally, is it possible to determine whether or not it is stable on cosmological time scales? Charged, stable particles are usually considered to be excluded by cosmological arguments coupled with terrestrial searches for anomalously heavy water molecules. But when the cosmology is significantly altered, as can happen in models with large extra dimensions, these arguments are in turn significantly weakened. In this paper we suggest an alternate way to use searches for superheavy water to constrain the lifetimes of long-lived, charged particles, independent of most cosmological assumptions. By considering supersymmetric production by cosmic rays in the upper atmosphere, we are able to use current bounds on superheavy water to constrain the mass scale of squarks and gluinos to be greater than about $230\mathrm{GeV},$ assuming a stable, charged LSP. This bound can be increased, but only by significantly increasing the size of the initial water sample tested.
Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy: Modifications in Characteristics of β-Adrenergic Receptor, Adenylate Cyclase, and Ventricular Contraction

Several modifications in characteristics of the β- adrenergic receptor-adenylate cyclase system were observed in the cardiac hypertrophy of the rat produced by chronic isoproterenol treatment. These included 1) a decreased number of β- adrenergic receptors without changes in affinity when assayed by (-).[3H]dihydroalprenolol binding, 2) a decreased ability of 5′-guanylylimidodiphosphate to inhibit displacement by isoproterenol of the bound (-)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol, 3) a decreased sensitivity and magnitude of adenylate cyclase in heart homogenates to isoproterenol stimulation coupled with decreases in basal and NaF-stimulated enzyme activity, 4) a decreased responsiveness of the incubated heart minces to isoproterenol stimulation with respect to cAMP formation, and 5) a decreased contractile force development in ventricular strips in response to isoproterenol. All of the above alterations associated with the isoproterenol-induced cardiomegaly disappeared upon regressio n of hypertrophy. Light and electron...
Nitric Oxide Inhalation Decreases Pulmonary Artery Remodeling in the Injured Lungs of Rat Pups

Vascular injury causes the muscularization of peripheral pulmonary arteries, which is more pronounced in the infant than in the adult lung. Although inhaled NO gas attenuates pulmonary artery remodeling in hypoxic rats, whether or not it protects the lung by mitigating vasoconstriction is unknown. This investigation tested whether inhaled NO decreases the muscularization of injured pulmonary arteries in rat pups by modulating vascular tone. One week after monocrotaline administration, the percentage of muscularized rat pup lung arteries was increased by >3-fold. Nevertheless, monocrotaline exposure did not cause right ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary hypertension, or vasoconstriction. In addition, it did not increase the expression of markers of inflammation (interleukin-1beta, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and E-selectin) or of platelet-mediated thrombosis (GPIbalpha). Continuous inhalation of 20 ppm NO gas prevented the neomuscularization of the pulmonary arteries in pups with lung injury. Moreover, a 3-fold increase in cell proliferation and 30% decrease in cell numbers in pulmonary arteries caused by monocrotaline exposure was prevented by NO inhalation. These data indicate that inhaled NO protects infants against pulmonary remodeling induced by lung injury by mechanisms that are independent of pulmonary tone, inflammation, or thrombosis.
Quantification of fatigue cracking in CT specimens with passive and active piezoelectric sensing

Monitoring of fatigue cracks in steel bridges is of interest to bridge owners and agencies. Monitoring of fatigue cracks has been attempted with acoustic emission using either resonant or broadband sensors. One drawback of passive sensing is that the data is limited to that caused by growing cracks. In this work, passive emission was complemented with active sensing (piezoelectric wafer active sensors) for enhanced detection capabilities. Passive and active sensing methods were described for fatigue crack monitoring on specialized compact tension specimens. The characteristics of acoustic emission were obtained to understand the correlation of acoustic emission behavior and crack growth. Crack and noise induced signals were interpreted through Swansong II Filter and waveform-based approaches, which are appropriate for data interpretation of field tests. Upon detection of crack extension, active sensing was activated to measure the crack size. Model updating techniques were employed to minimize the difference between the numerical results and experimental data. The long term objective of this research is to develop an in-service prognostic system to monitor structural health and to assess the remaining fatigue life.
A simple steam distillation method of estimating β-hydroxy-α-amino acids☆

Abstract A simple steam distillation method of estimating β-hydroxy-α-amino acids from the ammonium released by their reaction with alkaline periodate is described. It involves steam distillation with phosphate-borate buffer (pH 11.2) before and after treatments with periodic acid (to oxidize β-hydroxy-α-amino N to ammonium N) and with sodium arsenite (to reduce excess periodate), the ammonium liberated by the second distillation being determined by titration of the distillate with standard acid. The method is rapid and precise, and it gives quantitative results with serine, threonine, and other β-hydroxy-α-amino acids. When applied to protein hydrolyzates, it gives results in close agreement with those obtained by the periodate method of estimating β-hydroxy-α-amino acids proposed by Van Slyke, Hiller, and MacFadyen.
Genetic and morphologic variation within and between populations of Littorina angulifera from Florida

Abstract Differences in shell morphology and colour were found between four geographically separated populations of the mangrove periwinkle Littorina angulifera (Lamarck) from the south part of Florida. There was also a genetic divergence between the populations (at most 580 km apart) within 3 of 12 enzyme loci examined, and average genetic identity between populations was estimated to 0.988. It is suggested that gene-flow between populations is limited and that allozyme differences are due to random genetic drift, while differential selection is likely to account for the morphological differences. The genetic identities between L. angulifera and three species of the Littorina ziczac species-complex were low (0.09 to 0.18) compared to that between con-generic species generally obtained within the animal kingdom.
Observations and Ratings of Tics in School Settings

This paper describes the findings of a school-based tic assessment procedure (direct observations, teacher rating scales) for hyperactive children with comorbid tic disorder. Rates of motor tic frequency were found to be moderately stable across both days and school settings. Correlations between direct observations of tics and clinician rating scales were generally in the low to moderate range as were correlations between teacher and clinician rating scales. Overall rates of hyperactive/disruptive behaviors were not associated with rates of motor tic occurrence, and the behavioral symptoms of both disorders were also independent for specific intervals of time.
Antibiotics for the critically ill: more than just selecting appropriate initial therapy

Critically ill patients with infection provide a number of challenges to clinicians in terms of optimizing their antimicrobial treatment. Of foremost importance, initial antibiotic treatment should be selected as to provide coverage for the causative pathogens. However, the administration of those antibiotics (dosing, interval of administration, duration of infusion, route of administration) should be prescribed in a manner to ensure optimal drug delivery to the site of infection. This is a challenge given the characteristics of many infected critically ill patients (shock, elevated cardiac output in the resuscitated state, supranormal creatinine clearance, increased volume of distribution). Intensive care unit practitioners should utilize treatment strategies that strive to deliver antibiotics in an individualized manner aimed at attaining desired pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic targets. The goal of such a treatment strategy is to maximize the likelihood of curing the infection and allowing the critically ill patient the best opportunity for recovery. Effective implementation of antimicrobial optimization delivery strategies will likely require a multi-disciplinary approach including intensivists, pharmacists, and infectious disease specialists.
Two modes of electroluminescence from single‐walled carbon nanotubes

The electroluminescence from single-walled carbon nanotube field effect transistors is spectrally resolved, and shows two distinct modes of light emission. The vast majority of nanotubes have spectrally broad emission consistent with the spectrum of blackbody radiation. Much more rarely, superposed on the broad emission is a single narrow (<50 meV) peak which is consistent with expectation for electron–hole recombination. The narrow emission is strong even at lower biases and in general has greater peak intensity than the broadband emission. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Behavioral effects of the reversible dopamine antagonist flupenthixol are not potentiated by N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline in the preweanling rat

In the preweanling rat, the irreversible dopamine (DA) receptor antagonist N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) does not diminish behaviors induced by the nonselective DA agonist R(-)-propylnorapomorphine (NPA). To determine whether EEDQ was simply inactivating an insufficient percentage of DA receptor antagonist) and/or EEDQ. When given alone, flupenthixol (0.04, 0.1, and 0.4 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [IP]) produced a dose-dependent decrease in the behavioral effects induced by 1.0 mg/kg NPA. Unexpectedly, EEDQ (7.5 mg/kg, IP) did not potentiate flupenthixol's actions. This suggests that EEDQ's inability to block the NPA-induced behaviors of preweanling rats was not the result of an insufficient percentage of DA receptors being inactivated.
A DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY EVALUATION OF GOSSYPOL

In utero development was analyzed in pregnancies that resulted from matings between gossypol-treated male rats and untreated female rats, and in pregnancies in which gossypol was administered to the pregnant rat only. Gossypol treatment of males had no effect on the outcome of pregnancy. There was no significant effect on resorption, fetal growth, or malformation rate. Similarly, gossypol administered to pregnant dams at stages during organogenesis had no observable effect on pregnancy. Under the conditions of this experiment, gossypol administered to either the breeding male rat or the pregnant female rat had no demonstrable adverse effect on development in utero.
Immunogenetics of the A-E alloantigen complex

The close linkage (0.5%) between the A and E erythrocyte alloantigen loci present a special challenge in the production of locus-specific typing antisera. The objective of the investigation was to determine immunogenetically the A-E haplotypes (genetically linked combinations of A and E antigens) existing in the locally maintained individuals of the New Hampshire (NH) and White Plymouth Rock (WR) breeds. The A and E alloantigens in these populations were identified using reference antisera previously produced in White Leghorns. A total of four A-E haplotypes were identified within each of the two breeds; A2E1, A6E2, A6E4, and A8E2 in WR and A2E1, A3E7, A7E4, and A8E2 in NH. Individuals of these two brown-egg breeds were backcrossed over several generations to a line of Ancona chickens homozygous at the A and E loci. Genetic segregation occurring over four generations resulted in nonrecombinant and recombinant progeny that were immunized reciprocally with the blood of siblings to raise antibodies reactive with the individual A and E antigens of the NH and WR stocks. The antisera resulting from the within-family alloimmunizations confirmed the haplotypes deduced in the WR and NH lines from the initial tests with the A and E reference antisera.
Large scale complex network analysis using the hybrid combination of a MapReduce cluster and a highly multithreaded system

Complex networks capture interactions among entities in various application areas in a graph representation. Analyzing large scale complex networks often answers important questions—e.g. estimate the spread of epidemic diseases—but also imposes computing challenges mainly due to large volumes of data and the irregular structure of the graphs. In this paper, we aim to solve such a challenge: finding relationships in a subgraph extracted from the data. We solve this problem using three different platforms: a MapReduce cluster, a highly multithreaded system, and a hybrid system of the two. The MapReduce cluster and the highly multithreaded system reveal limitations in efficiently solving this problem, whereas the hybrid system exploits the strengths of the two in a synergistic way and solves the problem at hand. In particular, once the subgraph is extracted and loaded into memory, the hybrid system analyzes the subgraph five orders of magnitude faster than the MapReduce cluster.
Games with randomly disturbed payoffs: A new rationale for mixed-strategy equilibrium points

Equilibrium points in mixed strategies seem to be unstable, because any player can deviate without penalty from his equilibrium strategy even if he expects all other players to stick to theirs. This paper proposes a model under which most mixed-strategy equilibrium points have full stability. It is argued that for any game Г the players’ uncertainty about the other players’ exact payoffs can be modeled as a disturbed game Г*, i.e., as a game with small random fluctuations in the payoffs. Any equilibrium point in Г, whether it is in pure or in mixed strategies, can “almost always” be obtained as a limit of a pure-strategy equilibrium point in the corresponding disturbed game Г* when all disturbances go to zero. Accordingly, mixed-strategy equilibrium points are stable — even though the players may make no deliberate effort to use their pure strategies with the probability weights prescribed by their mixed equilibrium strategies — because the random fluctuations in their payoffs will make them use their pure strategies approximately with the prescribed probabilities.
Magnetization of lower crust and interpretation of regional magnetic anomalies: Example from Lofoten and Vesterålen, Norway

During the last 20 years, studies have been conducted regarding the regional, or long-wavelength, geomagnetic anomalies of the lower crust of the earth. The present paper is mainly concerned with the petrologic and geophysical interpretation of the observed features. Attention is given to magnetic mineralogy and magnetic properties of high-grade rocks from Lofoten and Vesteralen, regional geology and geophysics, field measurements and sampling, magnetic mineralogy of the lower crust, the effects of metamorphism upon magnetic mineralogy and magnetic properties of high-grade rocks, susceptibility-temperature relations and the Hopkinson effect, and petrologic sources of regional crustal magnetic anomalies.
In situ Formation of Peracetic Acid in Iron‐Catalyzed Epoxidations by Hydrogen Peroxide in the Presence of Acetic Acid

Iron complexes (tpa)Fe(OTf)2 (1) and (bpmen)Fe(OTf)2 (2) [tpa=tris-(2-pyridylmethyl)amine; bpmen=N,N′-bis-(2-pyridylmethyl)-N,N′-dimethyl-1,2-ethylenediamine] were found to catalyze the in situ formation of AcOOH from H2O2 and AcOH in the course of olefin oxidations. While oxidation of cyclooctene by H2O2 catalyzed by 1 gives nearly equimolar epoxide and cis-diol products, introduction of AcOH to the reaction greatly enhances the selectivity for epoxidation. The resulting product distribution is nearly identical to that of cyclooctene oxidation by AcOOH catalyzed by 1. The in situ generation of AcOOH from H2O2 and AcOH in epoxidation catalyzed by some iron complexes opens a possibility to attain AcOOH-type efficiency of epoxidation using H2O2 as a terminal oxidant.
Functional advantages of laparoscopic live-donor nephrectomy compared with conventional open-donor nephrectomy.

Live-donor kidney transplants accounted for only 27% of all kidney transplants performed in the United States in 1995. Prolonged hospitalization, pain, extended convalescence, and related socioeconomic concerns associated with traditional open-donor nephrectomy surgery may discourage potential donors, contributing to a low percentage of live kidney donors. To remove such disincentives, the laparoscopic live-donor nephrectomy procedure was introduced. In this study, the postdischarge course of 10 laparoscopic nephrectomy donors was compared with that of 27 open nephrectomy donors over the same time period. Laparoscopic nephrectomy donors experienced significantly shorter hospitalizations, less pain, felt able to return to work and normal routines sooner, and needed significantly less assistance during the recuperation period than did open nephrectomy donors. The laparoscopic nephrectomy procedure may decrease many of the concerns of potential donors, thus making live kidney donation more attractive and inc...
Identification of 18:3(n-3) linolenic acid, 18:3(n-6) linolenic acid and 18:2(n-6) linoleic acid in Zimbabwean browses preferred by wild black rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis) determined by GC-MS analysis

Abstract Ten browses preferred by black rhinoceroses ( Diceros bicornis ) in Zimbabwe were analyzed for the presence of two isomers of linolenic acid [18:3( n -3) and 18:3( n -6)] and 18:2( n -6) linoleic acid using GC-MS analysis. The 18:3( n -3) linolenic acid and 18:2( n -6) linoleic acid were found in varying proportions in all of the browses, while 18:3( n -6) linolenic acid was found in much smaller amounts in only some of the browses.
Retiring the State: The Politics of Pension Privatization in Latin America and Beyond

Retiring the State: The Politics of Pension Privatization in Latin America and Beyond. By Raul Madrid. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003. 336p. $65.00 cloth, $27.95 paper. Since the Pinochet regime in Chile privatized its public pension system in 1981, several Latin American countries have enacted public pension reforms, usually incorporating some structural reform or privatization. Why have some countries privatized their public pensions (Chile, Mexico, Bolivia), while others add optional private pensions (Argentina, Uruguay), create parallel systems with both public and private pensions (Colombia, Peru), or fail to enact any structural reform (Brazil)? Retiring the State will be required reading for those interested in the answer to this question.
Evangelicals in the Power Elite: Elite Cohesion Advancing a Movement

Social scientists typically examine social movements as grassroots phenomena, yet public leaders and elite actors also play important roles. This article examines their role in one contemporary social movement, American evangelicalism. Through semistructured interviews with 360 elite informants, as well as archival and ethnographic research, I explore the mechanisms through which leaders have sought to advance evangelicalism between 1976 and 2006. These public leaders founded organizations, formed networks, exercised convening power, and drew on formal and informal positions of authority to achieve movement goals. Results suggest that salient religious identity and cohesive networks have played important roles in shaping the goals and ambitions of leaders within the evangelical movement. Structural coincidence provided by governance structures at evangelical organizations, as well as evangelical programs directed toward elite constituents, have facilitated the formation of overlapping networks across soci...
Oxygen-enhanced 3D radial ultrashort echo time magnetic resonance imaging in the healthy human lung

Purpose To use 3D radial ultrashort echo time MRI to perform whole-lung oxygen-enhanced (OE) imaging in humans.
Labor analgesia for the morbidly obese parturient: an old problem—new solution

Introduction Morbid obesity is perhaps the most common nutritional disorder seen in pregnancy, and morbidly obese parturients have more pregnancy complication than normal body mass index (BMI) pregnant patients. Combined spinal epidural anesthesia (CSEA) has become a well-established alternative to epidural analgesia for labor pain in many institutions. However, due to lack of an appropriately long needle design, its advantages have not been routinely available to laboring morbidly obese patients.
Pediatrician’s Role in Children’s Oral Health: An Indiana Survey

Objectives. To evaluate Indiana pediatricians’ current practices related to oral health, knowledge of oral health prevention, and opinions on anticipatory guidance integration into their practices. Background. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) May 2003 policy statement on oral health risk assessment timing and establishment of a dental home has provided pediatricians with guidelines to assess patients’ oral health and caries risk status. Methods. A survey of 31 questions was distributed via mail to all active Indiana pediatricians (300) registered in the Indiana State Medical Association to evaluate current practices relating to oral health prevention and guidance. Results. Of the 300 distributed surveys, 138 were returned (46%). The authors found that 15% of pediatricians recognize the AAP-recommended age for a dental home as 12 months and practice this recommendation. Among the respondents, 7% believe application of fluoride should be part of a well-child visit. The majority (89%) of respondents ...
Time Course of Late Preconditioning Against Myocardial Stunning in Conscious Pigs

We have recently found in conscious pigs that a sequence of brief coronary occlusions induces severe myocardial stunning, but when the same sequence is repeated 24 hours later, the severity of stunning is markedly reduced (approximately 50%) ("late preconditioning against stunning"). As an initial step toward elucidating the mechanism and potential clinical significance of this powerful cardioprotective response, the present study was conducted to define the time course of late preconditioning against myocardial stunning. Conscious pigs underwent a sequence of ten 2-minute coronary occlusion/2-minute reperfusion cycles and then a second identical sequence at 6 hours (group I, n = 7), 12 hours (group II, n = 6), 24 hours (group III, n = 10), 3 days (group IV, n = 10), or 6 days (group V, n = 11) after the first. Systolic wall thickening (WTh) in the ischemic/reperfused region remained significantly depressed for at least 3 hours after the 10th reperfusion of the first sequence, indicating myocardial stunning. When the second sequence of coronary occlusions was performed 6 hours after the first (group I), the recovery of WTh was similar to the first. In contrast, when the second sequence was repeated 12 hours after the first (group II), the recovery of WTh was improved, though not consistently, and the total deficit of WTh decreased by 41% (P 6 hours to develop, lasts for at least 60 hours after its appearance (with the most effective protection present at 24 hours and 3 days), and disappears within 6 days after the preconditioning ischemia, a time course that is consistent with the synthesis and degradation of cardioprotective proteins. In view of its sustained duration, this endogenous cardioprotective mechanism is of potential clinical importance.
Regional variation in the utilization of carotid endarterectomy

Objective In different regions of the United States, highly variable rates have been documented for a wide range of procedures, such as prostatectomy and caesarean section. It is generally held that this variation is due to inconsistent physician practice patterns or other nonmedical considerations. Only limited research has been conducted regarding vascular surgical operations. We examined national data on the utilization of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) to determine the extent and diversity of regional variations. Methods Medicare discharge data quantified the per capita rate of CEA in 50 states and the District of Columbia in 2003. Multiple metrics pertaining to risk factors, socioeconomic status, access to care, provider density, and local health care capacity were quantified. We performed bivariate analysis, Pearson (PC) or Spearman (SC) correlations, and multiple regression modeling. Results In 2003, 83,164 CEAs were performed on 28,767,985 enrollees. CEA rates were 28.9 ± 7.8 per 10,000 (range, 5.6-44.7 per 10,000). The rate of CEA was highly correlated with the number of heart disease deaths (PC = 0.575, P Conclusion The strongest correlations for CEA were three markers associated with atherosclerotic disease: percentage of adult smokers and deaths from heart disease or stroke. Geographic variation in this vascular procedure is chiefly associated with variance in markers of disease prevalence, not physician preference or other nonmedical factors. The increased utilization of carotid stenting, accompanied by the participation of a much wider range of medical specialists, may affect this relationship in the future.
Optical, electrical, and solar energy-conversion properties of gallium arsenide nanowire-array photoanodes

Periodic arrays of n-GaAs nanowires have been grown by selective-area metal–organic chemical-vapor deposition on Si and GaAs substrates. The optical absorption characteristics of the nanowire-arrays were investigated experimentally and theoretically, and the photoelectrochemical energy-conversion properties of GaAs nanowire arrays were evaluated in contact with one-electron, reversible, redox species in non-aqueous solvents. The radial semiconductor/liquid junction in the nanowires produced near-unity external carrier-collection efficiencies for nanowire-array photoanodes in contact with nonaqueous electrolytes. These anodes exhibited overall inherent photoelectrode energy-conversion efficiencies of � 8.1% under 100 mW cm � 2 simulated Air Mass 1.5 illumination, with open-circuit photovoltages of 590 � 15 mV and short-circuit current densities of 24.6 � 2.0 mA cm � 2 . The high optical absorption, and minimal reflection, at both normal and off-normal incidence of the GaAs nanowire arrays that occupy <5% of the fractional area of the electrode can be attributed to efficient incoupling into radial nanowire guided and leaky waveguide modes. Broader context Due to the voltage requirements to produce fuels from sunlight, water, and CO2 as the inputs, two light-absorbing materials, with band gaps of 1.7 eV and 1.1 eV, respectively, are attractive as the foundation for high-efficiency articial photosynthesis. The integration of materials with 1.7 and 1.1 eV band gaps is, however, very challenging. Accordingly, a nanowire-growth strategy has been developed to integrate single crystal III–V nanowires (e.g. GaAs) with highly mismatched Si substrates. In this work, GaAs nanowire arrays grown on Si were studied using a non-destructive contact method involving non-aqueous photoelectrochemistry. The approach has allowed us to understand the interplay of nanowire growth with the optical absorption and electrical properties of such systems, and will aid in the design and optimization of nanowire-based systems for solar energy-conversion applications. Photoelectrolysis of water for the production of renewable H2 from sunlight faces a constraint in that a potential difference of 1.23 V is required thermodynamically to sustain the watersplitting reaction under standard conditions. In an integrated photoelectrochemical system for water splitting, the operating voltage produced by the light absorber should exceed the sum of
Further experience with an all-autogenous tissue policy for infrainguinal reconstruction.

Abstract Purpose: Between 1985 and 1991 a policy of strong preference for autogenous methods of infrainguinal reconstruction was followed to assess the efficacy of this strategy. Methods: A total of 585 autogenous infrainguinal reconstructions were performed on 537 limbs in 448 patients between 1985 and 1991. Thirty-eight additional revascularizations were performed with prosthetic materials and seven patients underwent primary amputation during this interval. Of the autogenous reconstructions, 74% were primary and 26% were secondary procedures, 71% were for limb salvage, and 48% were to infrapopliteal arteries. Greater saphenous vein was used for 447 bypass grafts. Other autogenous methods included bypass with lesser saphenous (21), arm (20), and composite (30) veins, endarterectomy of the common femoral (18) and superficial femoral (40) arteries, and isolated profundaplasty (9). Results: Major operative morbidity occurred in 41 patients (7%), early graft failure in 47 (8%), and death in 12 (2%). At 5 years, the overall cumulative primary patency rate was 63% and the secondary patency rate was 72%. The 5-year secondary patency rate for the subgroup in which greater saphenous vein was used was 79% and for alternative autogenous methods the rate was 49% ( p Conclusion: This experience supports continued preferential use of autogenous methods for infrainguinal reconstruction. (J VASC SURG 1993;18:41-8.)
Community health and ethical theory: implications for holistic nursing.

A conceptual shift from Enlightenment philosophies to communitarian virtues is discussed. Epidemics and preventing disease spread are used as a basis for discussing the major bioethical concepts beneficence justice, respect for autonomy, and Moskop's principle of restrictive measures. The addition of the concept of community and communitarian virtues to the ethical analysis is discussed. Holistic nurses are challenged to develop and employ morally sound rationale for ethical decisions.
Pediatric Head Injury

1. Jeff E. Schunk, MD* 2. Sara A. Schutzman, MD† 1. *Professor, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Primary Children’s Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT. 2. †Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Senior Associate Physician in Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA. * Abbreviations: BSF: : basilar skull fracture CSF: : cerebrospinal fluid CT: : computed tomography EDH: : epidural hemorrhage GCS: : Glasgow Coma Scale ICI: : intracranial injury ICP: : intracranial pressure PECARN: : Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network SAH: : subarachnoid hemorrhage SDH: : subdural hemorrhage TBI: : traumatic brain injury Recent studies have provided updated guidelines for the diagnosis of head injury and the management of patients who experience concussions. A multidisciplinary panel has recently issued new guidelines for return to play after head injury. After reading this article, readers should be able to: 1. Understand the anatomy and pathophysiology relevant to pediatric head injuries. 2. Take an appropriate history, perform an appropriate physical examination, and decide what imaging, if any, is warranted in the case of a child with a head injury. 3. Know the characteristics of the various types of intracranial injuries. 4. Understand the proper management of both minor and severe head injuries in children. Pediatric head injury is extremely common. Although the vast majority of children with head trauma have minor injuries, a small number, even among well-appearing children, will have more serious injuries with the potential for deterioration and significant sequelae. The clinician is challenged to discern which few among the many injured are at high risk for intracranial complications. Clinical symptoms are neither completely sensitive nor specific for significant injury: vomiting may be associated with intracranial injury (ICI), but most children who experience vomiting do not have a complication. Computed tomography (CT) accurately identifies ICIs requiring intervention, but also identifies minor lesions with unclear clinical importance (ie, not requiring intervention) and exposes developing brains to ionizing radiation with the associated risks. Although clinical decision rules determine which children are at highest risk and provide a useful clinical framework, they may not necessarily direct care. Additionally, in this era of reliance on imaging, it is important to remember what the clinical examination tells us regarding brain function, information that …
Localization of immunoreactive cholecystokinin precursor to amacrine cells and bipolar cells of the macaque monkey retina.

We used antisera that recognized precursors of the neuropeptide cholecystokinin extended at the carboxyl terminus in an immunocytochemical study of the macaque retina. A subpopulation of bipolar cells with long, obliquely oriented dendrites was labeled. Their axons terminated exclusively in the fifth stratum of the inner plexiform layer, where they contacted processes of amacrine and ganglion cells. Based on their morphology, these cells appeared to be the type that contacts short-wavelength cones selectively. Two types of amacrine cells were also labeled, and processes from both types formed dense plexuses in the second and fourth strata of the inner plexiform layer. The majority of their synaptic connections were with other amacrine cells, but they had more contacts with bipolar cell axons and retinal ganglion cell dendrites than any other peptidergic cells in the macaque retina. We studied extracts of macaque retina with gel- filtration chromatography and radioimmunoassays to confirm our immunohistochemical results. We found cholecystokinin octapeptide and other immunoreactive forms that were amidated at their carboxyl termini and were therefore likely to be biologically active. Unlike most other regions of the CNS, however, the retina had relatively low concentrations of amidated forms, and forms with extended carboxyl termini that are presumably their precursors were far more abundant. These findings suggest that the rate of cholecystokinin synthesis in the retina is quite high, as we would expect if the peptide were found in tonically active neurons.
Modification of nylon-polyethylene blends via in situ fiber formation

Extrusion of nylon-PE films has resulted in the successful in situ formation of high aspect ratio (possibly continuous) nylon fibers as desired. However, these fibers surprisingly provide no significant reinforcement in uncompatibilized blends. While certain compatibilizing agents appear to give properties more characteristic of a fiber reinforced system, achieving higher levels of reinforcement (approaching those anticipated for fibers containing highly oriented molecules) is judged to be difficult using current methods. Based on analysis of yield stress versus modulus, the act of drawing films appears to have the greatest potential for improving reinforcement beyond the limiting case for unmodified polymers. However, the greatest challenge in realizing this potential lies in overcoming the limited extensibility allowed by nylon under normal conditions.
Retention in methadone maintenance drug treatment for prescription-type opioid primary users compared to heroin users.

Aims To assess retention in methadone maintenance treatment for prescription-type opioid primary (PTOP) users compared to heroin users. Design and participants A retrospective cohort study was carried out to examine the association between opiate types used on 12-month retention. The study population consisted of adults admitted to one of 11 not-for-profit methadone maintenance clinics in 2004 and 2005 throughout Washington State (n = 2308). Logistic regression analyses with fixed effects for treatment agencies were conducted. Measurements Opiate use type in past 30 days: any heroin use or primary prescription opioid without heroin use. Demographics, other drugs used, self-reported medical and psychiatric concerns, social, familial and legal issues, public assistance type and housing stability were documented at intake using a comprehensive biopsychosocial instrument, the Treatment and Assessment Reports Generation Tool. Findings The odds of being retained in treatment for PTOP compared to heroin users not adjusting for other factors was 1.33 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03, 1.71). In the final logistic regression model the odds of retention for PTOP compared to heroin users was 1.25 (95% CI, 0.93, 1.67), indicating that there was no statistically significant difference in treatment retention by opiate type after adjusting for demographics, treatment agencies, other drug use, public assistance type, medical, psychiatric, social, legal and familial factors. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that PTOP can be treated at methadone maintenance treatment facilities at least as effectively as heroin users in terms of treatment retention.
Improved neural heuristics for multicast routing

Future networks must be adequately equipped to handle multipoint communication in a fast and economical manner. Services requiring such support include desktop video conferencing, tele-classrooms, distributed database applications, etc. In networks employing the asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) technology, routing a multicast is achieved by constructing a minimum cost tree that spans the source and all the destinations. When the network is modeled as a weighted, undirected graph, the problem is that of finding a minimal Steiner tree for the graph, given a set of destinations. The problem is known to be NP-complete. Consequently, several heuristics exist which provide approximate solutions to the Steiner problem in networks, We show how the random neural network (RNN) can be used to significantly improve the quality of the Steiner trees delivered by the best available heuristics which are the minimum spanning tree heuristic and the average distance heuristic. We provide an empirical comparison and find that the heuristics which are modified using the neural network yield significantly improved trees.
Effectiveness of a modified open airways curriculum.

AbstractObjective: Open Airways for Schools is an asthma education program that has proven to be effective in decreasing the number of asthma attacks in children and increasing their confidence in self-management. It is taught to 8–11 year olds in six 40-min sessions. Due to financial and scheduling constraints, many schools have difficulty implementing the program. The Tulsa Health Department created a modified version of the program, which is taught in ten 20-min sessions over lunch. The same topics are covered in a different order and fewer activities are utilized. This study aimed to pilot the effectiveness of the modified program. Methods: In both versions, a pre-questionnaire is given to participating students on the first day of the program. At the end of the program, the same questionnaire is administered to assess knowledge gained. This is a retrospective review comparing pre- and post-questionnaire data from the two versions of the program. Descriptive statistics and t-tests were used to compare...
Leading Groups To Create Healthy Culture Through Accomplishing Tasks Aligned To Strategy

This study examined the link between the consistency of self-evaluation versus peer-evaluation of managers’ skills and the level of relational stress in an organization and was based on two models: (a) the Competing Values Framework (CVF), which measures different management skills of individuals in an organization, and (b) the Healthy versus Toxic Organization Model, which focuses on the stress level in partnerships. The researchers hypothesized that the lower the stress in the organization, the more consistent the results will be between self-evaluation and peerevaluation. In an empirical analysis, the researchers found that the relationship was most visible in the area of managers’ facilitator skills. With strong facilitator skills, managers can lead their organizations effectively and stay focused on maintaining strategic alignment. The study also examined how management skills could be most effective in developing a healthy work culture.
Copyright in the Classroom: Raising Awareness Through Engagement

With the ease and availability of publishing platforms in today’s digitally driven market, the likelihood of a graduate encountering copyright issues in his or her professional career, whether it be academic or performing, has increased exponentially. For this reason, I incorporate a class session and short assignment on copyright into my graduate music research classes at the University of Houston’s Moores School of Music. This discussion includes an outline of a lesson plan on copyright, as well as a description of an in-class activity and homework assignment. The class session and activities are designed to raise student awareness of, not expertise in, copyright law and licensing.
Informational Standing: Akins and Beyond

The following is the author's description of his paper and not the actual abstract: This Article discusses informational regulation and informational standing. It outlines the rise of informational regulation as an alternative to government command-and-control and offers a discussion of why and when information might be a good regulatory tool. It also shows how the grant of legal rights to information raises a host of novel standing issues, testing the notions of injury in fact, redressability, generalized grievances, and "arguably within the zone" of statutorily protected interests. Based on a detailed analysis of Federal Election Commission v. Akins, and lower court cases, it develops guidelines for standing in informational cases, recognizing that Congress can grant informational standing when it chooses, but that the redressability and "zone" limitations call for denials of standing in some contexts.
S833, S834, and S835 Airfoils: November 2001--November 2002

A family of quiet, thick, natural-laminar-flow airfoils, the S833, S834, and S835, for 1 - 3-meter-diameter, variable-speed/variable-pitch, horizontal-axis wind turbines has been designed and analyzed theoretically. The two primary objectives of high maximum lift, relatively insensitive to roughness, and low profile drag have been achieved. The airfoils should exhibit docile stalls, which meet the design goal. The constraints on the pitching moment and the airfoils thicknesses have been satisfied.
Experimental study of the Cs diode pumped alkali laser operation with different buffer gases

Cs diode pumped alkali laser (DPAL) operation using ethane, methane, and mixtures of these hydrocarbons with the noble gases He and Ar as a buffer gas for spin–orbit relaxation was studied in this work. The best Cs DPAL performance in continuous wave operation with flowing gain medium was achieved using pure methane, pure ethane, or a mixture of ethane (minimum of 200 Torr) and He with a total buffer gas pressure of 300 Torr.
Chemiluminescence and High Speed Imaging of Reacting Film Cooling Layers

The demand for more efficient gas turbine engines results in an increase in the operating temperatures and pressures and a decrease in combustor size. These advances may result in incomplete combustion products entering the turbine section. The incomplete combustion products may react with the air intended to cool the turbine vanes. Such reactions can potentially damage an engine. Prior studies have sought to use knowledge of film cooling (i.e., nonreacting flows) to explain heat flux measurements of the reacting flows. Differences in the location of the reactions for various blowing ratios and cooling hole geometries have been neglected in these previous studies. This study reports chemiluminescence measurements of flames and correlates this to the measured heat flux to the surface. To accomplish this objective, fuel rich combustion products generated in a well-stirred reactor were flowed over a flat plate with impinging air jets. Chemiluminescence data was obtained of the flames using a high speed camera and optical filters. Additionally, temperature measurements of the flow were taken inside the test section. Three film cooling geometries were studied: normal holes, fan shaped holes, and slot. Measurements were acquired at an equivalence ratio of 1.3 at six different blowing ratios (M = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7). Images are reported and discussed with comparisons of the heat flux.