cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mentoring and Entrepreneurship: Examining the Potential for Entreneurship Education and for Aspiring New Entrepreneurs

Mentoring has been studied extensively and many positive benefits have been identified. Recently, more universities and governments have been attempting to use this powerful tool in an attempt to develop potential entrepreneurs. While a great deal of research has examined the key requirements for mentoring programs within established organizations, less is known about how the demands for effective mentoring change in the entrepreneurial context. This paper discusses effective mentoring in entrepreneurial education for both student led case competitions and networks for aspiring entrepreneurs.
Rate of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Pregnancy Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Hypertension

Objective This study aims to determine the rate of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in pregnancies complicated by chronic hypertension and to compare the adverse outcomes in chronic hypertensive pregnancies with and without GDM. Study Design A secondary analysis from a multicenter trial of low-dose aspirin for preeclampsia prevention in women with chronic hypertension. The rate of GDM was evaluated among singleton pregnancies complicated with chronic hypertension and grouped according to their GDM status. Pregnancy outcomes and rates of preterm delivery < 35 weeks and < 32 weeks, preeclampsia, indicated preterm birth, small for gestational age, abruptio placentae, and perinatal death were compared between those with and without GDM. A subgroup analysis comparing women who developed superimposed preeclampsia with and without GDM was studied. Multivariate logistic-regression analysis was used to adjust for potentially confounding factors. Results A total of 763 women met the inclusion criteria: 129 (17%) developed GDM. Parity, race, maternal baseline blood pressure, antihypertensive drug use, and assignment to low-dose aspirin were not significantly different between the groups with and without GDM. Using univariate analysis, maternal age (33 vs. 24%, p = 0.03) and body mass index (88 vs. 57%, p < 0.001) were higher in those who had GDM, whereas the rate of preterm delivery < 32 weeks (12 vs. 5%, p = 0.02) was higher among those without GDM. Using logistic-regression analysis, the rate of composite adverse outcomes (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.41-1.47) that included indicated preterm birth, small for gestational age, abruptio placentae, and perinatal death showed no significant differences.Superimposed preeclampsia developed in 34 (26%) women with GDM and in 182 (29%) without GDM. When superimposed preeclampsia was present, it developed at an earlier gestational age among the group without GDM (35 ± 5 vs. 37 ± 3 weeks, p = 0.003), and had higher rates of small for gestational age infants (18 vs. 3%, p = 0.03). After adjustment for confounders, only length of stay in neonatal intensive care unit was longer for those without GDM who developed superimposed preeclampsia (aOR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.2-0.93). Conclusion Women with chronic hypertension are at a high risk for developing GDM. Outcomes in patients with chronic hypertension and GDM are not significantly different from those with chronic hypertension only.
The birth of new neurons in the maternal brain: Hormonal regulation and functional implications

The maternal brain is remarkably plastic and exhibits multifaceted neural modifications. Neurogenesis has emerged as one of the mechanisms by which the maternal brain exhibits plasticity. This review highlights what is currently known about peripartum-associated changes in adult neurogenesis and the underlying hormonal mechanisms. We also consider the functional consequences of neurogenesis in the peripartum brain and extent to which this process may play a role in maternal care, cognitive function and postpartum mood. Finally, while most work investigating the effects of parenting on adult neurogenesis has focused on mothers, a few studies have examined fathers and these results are also discussed.
Progestational activity of 19-norprogesterone and 19-norethisterone in the rhesus monkey.

SummaryTwo 19-nor steroids have been tested for progestational activity, as measured by inhibition of uterine bleeding following estrogen-withdrawal in the rhesus monkey. 19-norprogesterone was found to be 8 to 16 times as active as progesterone when administered parenterally. Orally administered 17 α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone was active at 2.5 mg daily whereas 17 α-ethinyl testosterone was inactive in a range of dosages from 5 mg to 200 mg.
The Taiwan Exception: Implications for Contending Political Economy Paradigms

This article examines the rapid economic growth that has occurred in the Republic of China on Taiwan over the past 35 years and argues that it constitutes a significant deviation from the postulates of the two major contending paradigms for studying international political economy: dependency theory and developmentalist theory. Substantively, while the ROC case demonstrates that “growth with equity” is possible in an externally oriented, market-based economy, it also suggests that the eradication of colonial institutions, effective land reform, government-directed structural transformation, national management and regulation of foreign multinational corporations (MNCs), and a fairly equalitarian distribution of wealth all play a central role in stimulating development. Theoretically, the Taiwan “exception” implies that the dependency approach is correct in focusing on structural conditions in the domestic and international political economy. However, rather than forming a holistic and unalterable syndrome as dependency theory assumes, these factors are variables, not constants, since Taiwan's economic growth and transformation resulted from the ROC's deviation from normal dependency conditions.
On the explosion problem in a ball

In Ω ⊂ Rn we consider the explosion problem in an incompressible flow introduced in [15]. If Ω is a ball, we show that the explosion threshold can only be increased by addition of an incompressible flow. Further, for any Ω we give a new proof of the Lp−L∞ estimate for elliptic advection-diffusion problems obtained in [1]. Our proof provides an optimal estimate when Ω is a ball. Dedicated to George Papanicolaou on the occasion of his 70th birthday.
Selectivity for space and time in early areas of the auditory dorsal stream in the rhesus monkey

The respective roles of ventral and dorsal cortical processing streams are still under discussion in both vision and audition. We characterized neural responses in the caudal auditory belt cortex, an early dorsal stream region of the macaque. We found fast neural responses with elevated temporal precision as well as neurons selective to sound location. These populations were partly segregated: Neurons in a caudomedial area more precisely followed temporal stimulus structure but were less selective to spatial location. Response latencies in this area were even shorter than in primary auditory cortex. Neurons in a caudolateral area showed higher selectivity for sound source azimuth and elevation, but responses were slower and matching to temporal sound structure was poorer. In contrast to the primary area and other regions studied previously, latencies in the caudal belt neurons were not negatively correlated with best frequency. Our results suggest that two functional substreams may exist within the auditory dorsal stream.
George A. Bray, MD: Progress in Obesity-Multidisciplinary Research, Multidimensional Man.

George as a child. Who would have known then the impact he would make on the world of the science of obesity? George at the end of his tenure as executive director of Pennington Biomedical Research Center. As Mitzi watches, George receives a commemorative plaque from Dr. Claude Bouchard (executive director after George) during a 20th anniversary celebration event for Pennington Biomedical Research Center. In gratitude and acknowledgment for his work and contributions, and for always doing things the “George Bray way,” Pennington Biomedical named the walkway between the basic and clinical research buildings Bray’s “Weigh” in his honor on the occasion of his retirement from the center on 10 December 2014. George A. Bray was born 25 July 1931 in Winnetka, IL, during the peak of the Depression. He was the first child of George August and Mary H. Bray. His only sibling, Mary Elizabeth (Betsy) Bray, died secondary to rheumatic heart disease. Influenced by his mother, George developed a natural interest in education at a young age, even though one of his teachers at Hubbard Woods School in Winnetka reported that 11-year-old “George is doing good average work in all subjects” (1). Despite this inauspicious assessment, high school marked the emergence of a lifelong interest in and aptitude for science. This is clearly evidenced by his own writing in 1949 in an application for a national college scholarship program when he wrote: “Ever since I took my first science course in high school, I’ve been interested in the infinite possibilities of science.” When it came time to choose a college, George’s choice between Harvard and Brown University was based on the desire to attend one for college and the other for medical school. Choosing Brown University for undergraduate school was to have lifelong implications, as it was at …
A Novel Immunoassay Test System for Detection of Modified Allergen Residues Present in Almond-, Cashew-, Coconut-, Hazelnut-, and Soy-Based Nondairy Beverages

A growing number of plant-based milk substitutes have become commercially available, providing an array of options for consumers with dietary restrictions. Though several of these products rival cow's milk in terms of their nutritional profiles, beverages prepared with soy and tree nuts can be a significant concern to consumers because of potential contamination with food allergens. Adding to this concern is the fact that allergen residues from plant-based beverages are modified during manufacturing, thereby decreasing the sensitivity of antibody-based detection methods. Consequently, many commercially available allergen detection kits are less effective for allergens derived from nondairy milk substitutes. To address this limitation, we developed a panel of polyclonal antibodies directed against the modified proteins present in almond, cashew, coconut, hazelnut, and soy milks and incorporated them into rapid lateral flow immunoassay tests configured in both sandwich and competitive format. The tests had robust detection capabilities when used with a panel of various brand-name products, with a sensitivity of 1 ppm and selectivity values of 3 to 5 ppm in nondairy beverages. Minimal cross-reactivity to extracts prepared from common commodities was observed. The development of a highly sensitive and rapid test specifically designed to detect trace quantities of highly modified allergen residues in plant-based, dairy-free beverages will aid food manufacturers and regulatory agencies in monitoring products for these modified allergens when testing environmental and food samples.
Busy period of a single-server Poisson queueing system with splitting and batch delayed-feedback

We consider a queueing system consisting of a service station, a splitter and a delay station. There are two types of arrivals to the service station. External tasks arrive according to a Poisson process while internal tasks arrive as batches from the delay station, also according to a Poisson process but with a different parameter. There is a single server at the service station and a processor at the delay station. Splitting is immediate. Each of the two stations has a buffer as its waiting room. The service distribution is exponential. Feedbacks occur exponentially with delay and in batches of certain sizes. We consider the busy period of the server and an algorithm for computing the expected number of busy periods in the service station, which is of Takacs's renewal equation form. Some numerical examples are also offered.
Critical Care Prognosis and Outcomes in Patients with Cancer

Advances in cancer treatment and patient survival are associated with increasing number of these patients requiring intensive care. Over the last 2 decades, there has been a steady improvement in the outcomes of critically ill patients with cancer. This review provides data on the use of the intensive care unit (ICU) and short and long-term outcomes of critically ill patients with cancer, the ICU system practices that influence patients outcomes, and the role of the different clinical variables in predicting the prognosis of these patients.
Feature selection for learning versatile manipulation skills based on observed and desired trajectories

For a manipulation skill to be applicable to a wide range of scenarios, it must generalize between different objects and object configurations. Robots should therefore learn skills that adapt to features describing the objects being manipulated. Most of these object features will however be irrelevant for generalizing the skill and, hence, the robot should select a small set of relevant features for adapting the skill. We use a framework for learning versatile manipulation skills that adapt to a sparse set of object features. Skills are initially learned from demonstrations and subsequently improved using reinforcement learning. The robot also learns a meta prior over the features' relevances to guide the feature selection process. In this paper, we explore using either desired trajectories or observed trajectories for selecting the relevant features. The framework was evaluated on placing, tilting, and wiping tasks. The evaluations showed that using the desired trajectories to select the relevant features lead to better skill learning performance.
Predicting Microbial Fuel Cell Biofilm Communities and Bioreactor Performance using Artificial Neural Networks.

The complex interactions that occur in mixed-species bioelectrochemical reactors, like microbial fuel cells (MFCs), make accurate predictions of performance outcomes under untested conditions difficult. While direct correlations between any individual waste stream characteristic or microbial community structure and reactor performance have not been able to be directly established, the increase in sequencing data and readily available computational power enables the development of alternate approaches. In the current study, 33 MFCs were evaluated under a range of conditions including eight separate substrates and three different wastewaters. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) were used to establish mathematical relationships between wastewater/solution characteristics, biofilm communities, and reactor performance. ANN models that incorporated biotic interactions predicted reactor performance outcomes more accurately than those that did not. The average percent error of power density predictions was 16.01 ± ...
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Evaluation of Left Ventricular Myocardial Strain in Pulmonary Hypertension.

Rationale and Objectives We investigated the feasibility of detecting left ventricular (LV) cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) strain abnormalities using feature-tracking in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH). Materials and Methods CMR was performed in 16 patients with all groups of PH and in 13 controls. Global and regional peak circumferential strains (%) (which have been shown to be robust by CMR), peak diastolic strain rate (%/s), and dyssynchrony index (ms) were quantified with feature-tracking software. Ventricular function and volumes were calculated from CMR, and right heart pressures were measured with catheterization. Results Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was similar in patients (60.2% ± 11.0%) and controls (61.9% ± 4.5%), P = .150. Global LV peak circumferential strain was significantly different in patients compared to controls, −16.7 ± 2.8% vs −19.9 ± 1.8%, respectively (P = .001). The greatest difference in strain was seen in the LV septum, −11.6 ± 4.3% in patients vs −16.7 ± 4.0% in controls (P Conclusions Feature-tracking CMR can detect LV strain abnormalities in patients with PH and preserved or mildly depressed LVEF, with greatest abnormality in the septum. The association between septal strain and right ventricular end-diastolic volume index suggests that ventricular interdependence may be a mechanism of LV dysfunction in PH. Feature-tracking CMR may be useful for identification of LV dysfunction before LVEF significantly declines in patients with PH. The feasibility of detecting LV strain abnormalities in patients with PH shown by this study paves the way for a variety of future investigations into the applications of LV strain in this patient population.
Rodent wearable ultrasound system for wireless neural recording

Advances in minimally-invasive, distributed biological interface nodes enable possibilities for networks of sensors and actuators to connect the brain with external devices. The recent development of the neural dust sensor mote has shown that utilizing ultrasound backscatter communication enables untethered sub-mm neural recording devices. These implanted sensor motes require a wearable external ultrasound interrogation device to enable in-vivo, freely-behaving neural interface experiments. However, minimizing the complexity and size of the implanted sensors shifts the power and processing burden to the external interrogator. In this paper, we present an ultrasound backscatter interrogator that supports real-time backscatter processing in a rodent-wearable, completely wireless device. We demonstrate a generic digital encoding scheme which is intended for transmitting neural information. The system integrates a front-end ultrasonic interface ASIC with off-the-shelf components to enable a highly compact ultrasound interrogation device intended for rodent neural interface experiments but applicable to other model systems.
The contradictions of “women’s work” in digital capitalism: a “non-Western”/Chinese perspective

The global digital economy has facilitated new trends towards the feminization of labor, increasing demands for versatile, flexible, mobile, and affectively invested labor outside the traditional w...
α-γ transition in Ce. II. A detailed analysis of the Kondo volume-collapse model

The Kondo volume-collapse (KVC) model of the \ensuremath{\alpha}-\ensuremath{\gamma} transition in Ce metal is examined quantitatively using Anderson impurity Hamiltonian parameters obtained from electron spectroscopy. After the hybridization from spectroscopy is scaled by 1.12 to reproduce exactly the experimental zero-temperature susceptibility, the calculation, with no further adjustable parameters, predicts a phase boundary in good agreement with experiment. It is found that the cohesive energy contribution from the hybridization of unoccupied f states and conduction states is quantitatively important in Ce, with a value much larger than the Kondo energy. This contribution is equally large and important for La and Pr, for which the hybridization is often ignored. It is, however, almost spin independent, so that it does not contribute directly to the Kondo energy. Thus the 4f cohesive energy contribution is large in both the \ensuremath{\alpha} and \ensuremath{\gamma} phases, while only the Kondo spin fluctuation energy (and entropy) causes the \ensuremath{\alpha}-\ensuremath{\gamma} transition. This distinguishes the KVC model from the Mott transition model. The Anderson-Hamiltonian-based KVC model is also distinguished from the Kondo-Hamiltonian-based spin-only version of the KVC model in that the latter approach cannot make direct contact with spectroscopic data because charge degrees of freedom are ignored from the outset. This work provides a quantitative confirmation that a unified understanding of the high-energy spectroscopic and low-energy thermodynamic properties of Ce metal has been achieved at the quantitative level.
Tethered to the diving bell: beyond vulnerability to autonomy.

A close study of a literary memoir can help resident physicians understand the complex, inextricable relationship between a patient’s autonomy and his vulnerability. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
From Ants to Robots and Back: How Robotics Can Contribute to the Study of Collective Animal Behavior

Swarm robotics has developed partly from biological discoveries that have been made on the organization of animal societies during the last thirty years. In this article, I review some of the ways robotics contributes in return to the study of collective animal behavior. I argue that robotics can bring significant improvements in this field, from a technical, conceptual and educational point of view. I base my discussion on five observations I have made while collaborating with computer scientists: robots require a complete specification; robots are physical entities; robots implement new technologies; robots can be inadvertent sources of biological inspiration; and robots are ”cool” gadgets.
The wind work input into the global ocean revealed by a 17-year global HYbrid coordinate ocean model reanalysis

Abstract A 17-year (1999–2015) HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) reanalysis is used to calculate the wind work to the global oceanic circulation with a focus on the global integral of the wind work on the ageostrophic currents. While the wind work on the geostrophic currents estimate of the study is in good agreement with previous research, our estimation of the wind work on the ageostrophic currents (5.44 TW) is significantly larger than previous estimates. The two main reasons for this difference are: (1) the thickness of HYCOM's first vertical layer is 1 m and thus the surface ageostrophic currents are better represented than those in numerical models that use a thicker top layer; and (2) the reanalysis is forced with hourly surface stresses and thus contains wind work contributions from high frequency wind stress variations compared against previous estimates using daily wind stress.
Lala Lajpat Rai’s Classification of Nationalism: Can It Help Us to Understand Contemporary Nationalist Movements?

India has been independent for 70 years now, and it is a good time to reflect on the political philosophy that underwrote the movement that gained that independence. When we do so, we discover the origins of a political vocabulary that is still in use today, although sadly not used with the same rigor and precision with which it was used then. We also find that those who recur to Indian political thought from the pre-independence period tend to return to a single strand of that thought—the theorization of ahimsa by Mohandas K. Gandhi, as for instance in the recent essay on Indian political thought in The New York Times by Gopalkrishna Gandhi (Gandhi won’t leave India 2017). In this discussion, we hope to draw attention to some of the less well-known resources offered by pre-independence Indian philosophy and in particular the political thought of the Arya samaji Congressman, philosopher and political activist, Lajpat Rai. His political philosophy is important for understanding the theorization of and debates within the Indian independence movement; we think that it also suggests ways to think about contemporary political and revolutionary movements and merits consideration in current debates in political philosophy.
Regulatory Positions toward Advertising Puffery of the Uniform Commercial Code and the Federal Trade Commission

The author compares recent developments involving the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) on the legal treatment of puffery claims in advertising. The author offers...
Noble-metal-free NiCu/CeO2 catalysts for H2 generation from hydrous hydrazine

Abstract The development of cost effective catalysts with high activity and 100% selectivity for hydrogen generation from the decomposition of hydrous hydrazine, a promising liquid-phase hydrogen carrier, is a critical challenge for the practical application of hydrous hydrazine to fuel cell vehicles. In this study, noble-metal-free NiCu/CeO2 bimetallic catalysts were readily synthesized using one-step solution combustion synthesis (SCS). The addition of Cu to Ni/CeO2 exhibited a synergistic effect to enhance the catalytic activity for the reaction. Catalyst characterization revealed that the improvement of catalytic performance is attributed to a combination of NiCu alloying, particle size of the active component, and formation of oxygen vacancy in the CeO2 lattice. The tailored 13 wt% Ni0.5Cu0.5/CeO2 catalyst exhibited 100% H2 selectivity in the temperature range 30–70 °C and 3.2-fold higher turnover frequency (TOF) of 1450.0 h−1 at 50 °C as compared to of the Ni/CeO2. This reactivity is also superior to that of most reported non-noble metal catalysts and is even comparable to noble metal-based catalysts.
Detection of Seasonal Trends in National Donor Heart Availability Using the UNOS Dataset

Introduction Despite the widespread belief that organ availability surges around certain holidays and times during the year, to date there is no empirical data to support or refute this theory. This question is highly relevant for heart transplant candidates that have undergone LVAD implantation to potentially guide the utilization of a patient's thirty days of Status 3 time. We sought to identify any probable timing issues which may be advantageous in the listing strategies for these patients. Methods Annual, monthly, and daily heart donation rates were calculated from October 1987 through March 2017 on the national level and separately for each UNOS region; monthly rates were normalized to a 30-day period to account for differences in days of the month. Rates include all hearts recovered for donation ( Results Annual heart donation rates increased in a non-linear pattern over the study period, even after adjusting for population growth. Seasonal plots suggest a modest increase in monthly donations in the summer months. A significant seasonal pattern was detected in the national data (Fig. 1) and all regions except for region 1 using the cosinor analysis. The regions with the highest amplitude were region 7 (peak: July 20th, amplitude: 13.7%) and region 6 (peak: July 4th, amplitude: 11.1%); the amplitude is expressed as the percent change from the region-specific midline rate to account for differences in regional populations. There was no significant difference in the odds of heart donation when comparing holidays vs. non-holidays using the national data (odds ratio [95% CI]: 1.00 [0.97, 1.03], p = 0.99) or in any of the regional subsets. Conclusions During a 30-year interval, there was no observable correlation between organ availability and holidays. However, in all UNOS regions except region 1, a significant seasonality effect was observed with higher donation rates occurring during warmer weather months. These findings may add another consideration to the strategic decision making around utilization of status 3 time for LVAD recipients.
Taxonomic Status of a Florida Differentiate in the Erynnis brizo Species Group: Classical Evidence (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae)

Erynnis somnus (Lintner), a species of skipper butterfly described from peninsular Florida in 1881, was demoted to subspecies—E. brizo somnus—early in the 20th century. Erynnis brizo (Boisduval and Leconte) is in a transcontinental group of allopatric species with members that differ more from one another (especially in male genitalia) than E. brizo somnus differs from E. brizo brizo. Nevertheless, the subspecific rank of somnus is questionable. Four short but productive fieldtrips to what looked like a sizable gap between the two taxa found them geographically close, with no apparent intervening barrier, in northern Florida (where the Peninsula becomes the Panhandle) and in southeastern Georgia. Independent adult characters—size and alar ground color—covary in each taxon: somnus is smaller and darker whereas E. brizo is larger and lighter. Given these (and some subtle) differences between the taxa and their proximity, it is appropriate to consider E. somnus a species.
Opposing Observations and the Political-Economy of Malaria Vulnerability: A Community-Based Study in Bududa, Uganda

Malaria is a parasitic infection that remains a leading threat to health and development in many communities, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Bududa, Uganda, malaria represents a key threat to health and well-being. However, whether or not malaria rates are improving in the district over time represents a conundrum. By using principles of structural fieldwork and drawing on multiple data sources that include the more- and less- powerful, opposing observations emerge, where community members perceive marked increases in malaria rates over time, while official district-level data depict the opposite. World-systems analysis illuminates the reasons behind this discrepancy, along with the factors that community members use to explain the rise in malaria suffering, including environmental changes and decreased healthcare access. Overall, this research demonstrates how global economic policies and structures create unequal health impacts, placing those in Bududa at disproportionate and elevated vulnerability to malaria.
Serious Flaw of Employee Invention Ownership under the Bayh-Dole Act in Stanford v. Roche: Finding the Missing Piece of the Puzzle in the German Employee Act

In Stanford v. Roche, the Supreme Court highlighted a serious flaw of employee invention ownership under the Bayh-Dole Act (BDA). This article argues that the current BDA is incomplete without a mechanism for contractors to secure the ownership of all federally funded inventions and proposes a revision to introduce such a mechanism. Universities' failure to execute an express assignment will subject federally funded inventions to the common law ownership rules, which would not give the ownership to universities. Even with a written assignment, the different state laws and state legislations prevent contractors from securing the ownership of all federally funded inventions, thereby preventing the federal government from implementing a uniform policy. Therefore, this article proposes to adopt a mechanism for contractors to secure the ownership of federally funded inventions from the German Employee Invention Act (EIA). Because the EIA influenced the drafting of the BDA, the EIA and BDA share key features, which make it easy for the BDA to adopt an ownership transfer mechanism from the EIA. It also proposes to adopt a mechanism to protect inventors‟ rights for compensation from the EIA so that contractors can secure the ownership of federally funded inventions not only from their employees but also non-employees with just compensation through royalty sharing without a violation of the Fifth Amendment.
Incidence of Mild Cognitive Impairment, Conversion to Probable Dementia, and Mortality.

Background:Few studies have jointly estimated incidence of MCI, conversion to probable dementia, and mortality in a nationally representatie sample.Methods:We used data from six waves of the Nation...
Explaining Processes of Beliefs as Plato's Forms

This paper discusses some of the alternative ways to view Plato’s forms as beliefs that exist as processes in arguments. I present a contextual account of modal rationalism to show that there are universal ways forms are identified through their particular existences. This requires a brief sketch of skepticism and the process of a priori inference. I also use Peircean logic to explain that there are multiple ways of explaining what forms mean as internal and external representations so that they connect to attributes and modes. I discuss observation to describe that there are only certain ways forms can appear as logical items in reality because of cause and effect. Also, I consider Kant’s categories and Hegel’s logic to show that there are boundaries of universal concepts that can be connected through deeper insights into the nature of consciousness, time, and experience of dialectic.
PharmaPy: An object-oriented tool for the development of hybrid pharmaceutical flowsheets

Abstract Process design and optimization continue to provide computational challenges as the chemical engineering and process optimization communities seek to address more complex and larger scale applications. Software tools for digital design and flowsheet simulation are readily available for traditional chemical processing applications such as in commodity chemicals and hydrocarbon processing; however, tools for pharmaceutical manufacturing are much less well developed. This paper introduces, PharmaPy, a Python-based modelling platform for pharmaceutical manufacturing systems design and optimization. The versatility of the platform is demonstrated in simulation and optimization of both continuous and batch processes. The structure and features of a Python-based modeling platform, PharmaPy are presented. Illustrative examples are shown to highlight key features of the platform and framework.
GRAM STRUCTURE OF COCCI.

It has been shown1 that when B. anthracis is exposed, in aqueous suspension, to certain dyes (Gentian Violet, Acriviolet, etc.) its Gram reaction is reversed; and that this reversal is accompanied by diminution in size and loss of weight of the bacterial bodies, together with increase in weight of the supernatant fluid. The existence of an outer Gram-positive cortex and inner Gram-negative medulla seemed thus to be proven. Gram-positive cocci could not be similarly changed by exposure to these dyes and it was, therefore, assumed that the Gram reaction of cocci might rest on a different mechanism from that of B. anthracis.Experimental study running over the last 18 months, has shown, however, that exactly the same result as that produced in B. anthracis by exposure to certain dyes, may be produced in certain of the cocci by exposure to a temperature of 52° Centigrade for a period of 10 hours or so. (Figs. 1 and 2.) Aqueous suspensions of many strains of Staphylococcus aureus when treated in this way become...
Investment Climate Reforms and Job Creation in Developing Countries What Do We Know and What Should We Do

This paper reviews the literature on the role of the investment climate reforms in job creation. It finds that the current landscape of employment and private sector activity in developing countries indicates a number of potential channels through which investment climate reforms can positively affect job creation. However, rigorous empirical evidence is scarce and most of the relevant studies focus on business entry reforms with a few focusing on business taxation and investment promotion activities. Overall, there is evidence of job creation through business entry, tax reforms, and investment promotion activity in developing countries. Almost all of these evidences are from quasi-experimental studies that are significant improvements over conventional cross-country or cross-section panel data analysis. Still, various endogeneity concerns in these studies cannot be ruled out completely. In assessing job effects, future research should provide deeper insights on the gross versus net and short-run versus long-run job effects and general equilibrium effects of various investment climate reforms related to jobs, productivity, competition, and other developmental outcomes. Another critical agenda for future research is to shed light on which investment climate reforms matter most for spurring the employment and productivity growth of firms in developing countries. The World Bank Group, in partnership with development partners and client government countries, can play a significant role in bridging the current knowledge gap by integrating rigorous evaluation as an integral part of project design and implementation, and improving data quality, particularly through its information and communication technologies-led private sector development reform initiatives.
Extensible and reusable role-based object-oriented security

User-role based security (URBS) has drawn significant attention in recent years for its ability to customize security privileges according to the responsibilities of individual user roles. In object-oriented applications, the public interface of each class contains methods for all potential users of the class. URBS can be introduced to promote a strategy that controls access on a role-by-role basis, with different roles having access to specific subsets of each public interface based on their responsibilities within the application. This paper continues these efforts by investigating approaches for extensible and reusable URBS enforcement mechanisms for object-oriented systems. Such approaches should insulate software engineers from security concerns while simultaneously embedding the URBS policies into compiled applications that then behave differently based on an individual’s role. We consider generic security classes that stress uniformity, encapsulate security details, and promote software reuse. We explore exception handling as an vehicle for achieving dynamic role-based behavior. Together, generics and exception handling yield an approach that attains software reuse and software evolution.
Tracking Controller Design for a Robotic Manipulator

Abstract In this paper, a tracking controller design method for a dc motor driven robotic manipulator is presented. The reference input to be followed is a ramp function. The main difficulties are caused by the Coulomb frictions, disturbance due to the gravitational pull and the rather stiff spring effect of the link between the drive motor and the manipulator arm. The proposed design method is based on the feeding back of the delayed values of the observable variables and augmenting the system by additional integrators
Genetic Methods to Breed Salt Tolerance in Plants

Increasing demands for plant products for food, chemicals and energy will require that many of the arid and semi-arid regions of the world be used for crop production. Soil salinity is a perennial problem in arid and semi-arid areas. Crops grown in these areas are quite often irrigated and irrigation frequently compounds difficulties with soil salinity. Also, in many irrigated areas, substantial amounts of brackish water are available to augment irrigation supplies. Soil salinity and the potential use of brackish water for irrigation in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world have created a great need for salt tolerant crops.
A Note From NIDA’s Director

Addiction Science & Clinical Practice (AS&CP) is about to enter a new stage in its development. After this issue, the journal moves to a new publisher, Biomed Central, and assumes a new format as an open-access, Internet-only publication. Taking over as Editors are Richard Saitz, M.D., M.P.H., and Jeffrey Samet, M.D., M.A., M.P.H., of the Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit at Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine and School of Public Health. AS&CP was launched in 2002 with its original title, Science & Practice Perspectives. The journal was a key component of NIDA’s response to a challenge issued by the Institute of Medicine (IOM). The IOM had identified a gap between substance abuse research and practice as a major obstacle to progress and called upon the field to close it. NIDA’s new peer-reviewed journal set out to foster rich, creative exchanges between researchers and clinicians. That goal informed its every aspect— its diverse editorial board, article selection, additional features, style, design, and layout. In its 9 years under the outstanding leadership of Founding Editor David Anderson, M.S., AS&CP has proved that the field values that mission and product. Top authorities at bench and clinic have welcomed the opportunity and the challenge of imparting their knowledge across the research-practice divide, with special attention to practical implications and constructive advice. Response panels in which clinicians and researchers engage in free give and take in reaction to a particular article have been among the journal’s most distinctive and popular features. AS&CP has more subscribers than any other addiction journal, and articles have been translated into several languages. At its new home, AS&CP will be well placed to continue to advance the research-practice interchange. Drs. Saitz and Samet are experienced editors who spend every working day at the interface of the creation of new knowledge and its application. In their hands, the journal has a bright future.
(4+3) cycloaddition reactions of nitrogen-stabilized oxyallyl cations.

The use of heteroatom-substituted oxyallyl cations in (4 + 3) cycloadditions has had a tremendous impact on the development of cycloaddition chemistry. Extensive efforts have been exerted toward investigating the effect of oxygen-, sulfur-, and halogen-substituents on the reactivity of oxyallyl cations. Most recently, the use of nitrogen-stabilized oxyallyl cations has gained prominence in the area of (4 + 3) cycloadditions. The following article will provide an overview of this concept utilizing nitrogen-stabilized oxyallyl cations.
Healing corneas express embryonic fibronectin isoforms in the epithelium, subepithelial stroma, and endothelium.

Abstract The cornea is a simple, nonvascularized structure, advantageous for studying the molecular components of epithelial and stromal wound repair. Fibronectin (Fn), of uncertain source and composition, accumulates in healing corneas. We postulated that local synthesis of Fn occurs, as exogenous plasma/tear-derived Fn, which lack the embryonic EIIIA and EIIIB segments, have no consistent beneficial effect on healing. Two contrasting corneal wounds were examined by in situ hybridization: a wound of the anterior stroma, basement membrane, and epithelium (anterior excimer laser keratectomy) and a superficial wound restricted to the epithelium that preserved the basement membrane (mechanical scrape). Both wounds heal without scarring. In normal corneas, only the endothelium had detectable Fn mRNA, containing the V and EIIIB domains, sporadically and at low levels. After anterior keratectomies, extensive expression of Fn mRNA occurred in a specific distribution that changed during the phases of healing. Before re-epithelialization (days 1 and 2) V+, EIIIA+, and EIIIB+ isoforms were diffusely found in stromal cells under and adjacent to the wound. After re-epithelialization (days 3 to 42) and reconstitution of laminin in the regenerating basement membrane zone, V+, EIIIA+, and EIIIB+ isoform synthesis was largely restricted to subepithelial stromal cells at the epithelial/stromal interface. In addition, the corneal epithelial cells focally expressed Fn mRNA. The endothelium showed increased levels of V+, EIIIA+, and EIIIB+ Fn mRNA in open and recently re-epithelialized wounds. At 12 weeks after keratectomy, Fn mRNA expression returned to control levels. In contrast, scrape wounds had only a modest increase of stromal and endothelial Fn mRNA (EIIIA+, EIIIB+, and V+) during the first 7 days and no evidence of epithelial Fn synthesis. Embryonic Fn isoforms are synthesized transiently by the cornea in response to even the most superficial wounds and are likely to be relevant to corneal healing and restoration of structure without scar formation.
Design of Peptides and Proteins

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on contemporary approaches to the design of structurally defined peptides and proteins with special emphasis being given to the ways in which this approach has elucidated the structural basis for the function of a variety of natural molecules. When in their proper biological milieu, peptides and proteins assume fairly well-defined conformations, which are responsible for their biological and physical properties. The mechanisms by which these molecules adopt defined three-dimensional structures depend on their size and chemical compositions. There are a variety of strategies and approaches for protein and peptide design. Those adopted for a given problem will depend on the size and molecular characteristics of the desired target molecule. If one wishes to create a model for a small peptide (e.g., the pentapeptide hormone enkephalin), then it might be feasible to design an analog of this molecule that is locked into a biologically active conformation. The design of proteins that adopt predetermined three-dimensional structures is perhaps the most ambitious goal, and one that has been attacked only recently. The design of conformationally constrained peptides is a powerful method for elucidating the biologically active conformation of a peptide when it is bound to its receptor. The design of medium-sized peptides is beset with many of the same problems encountered in the design of small peptides. Medium-sized peptides are also very flexible and tend to lack defined conformations at room temperature in aqueous solutions.
Missing Water: Agricultural Stress and Adaptation Strategies in Response to Groundwater Depletion in India

Groundwater depletion is becoming a serious policy concern in many developing countries but little is known about the costs of groundwater depletion. I use annual deviations of depth to groundwater from 1999 to 2003 from the 1985-1995 decadal means for Indian districts, to investigate how production and sown area respond to groundwater uctuations. I nd that a 1 meter decline in groundwater in a year reduces food-grain production by 8 percent, water intensive crop production by 9 percent and cash crops by 5 percent. I also use year-to-year transitions of groundwater around a cuto value, at which cost of technology required to access groundwater exogenously increases due to physical constraints, to examine coping mechanisms. I nd that for short run shocks around this cuto , sown area for food-grains and water intensive crops falls by 7 to 8 percent, whereas there is no change for cash crops. I evaluate the e ect of the transition of 10 year means of groundwater around this cuto on exit from farming. I do not nd evidence of exit of marginal or small farmers from agriculture. mitigating e ect.
Market-based algorithms for allocating complex tasks

In this abstract we extended previous research to the allocation of complex tasks, where complex tasks need to be performed by several agents simultaneously. We proposed reaction functions to succinctly characterize the agent costs for executing complex tasks at given times and illustrated an important property of the execution times of complex tasks that minimize the team cost, which facilitates winner determination by the auctioneer.
Latent space models for dynamic networks with weighted edges

Abstract Longitudinal binary relational data can be better understood by implementing a latent space model for dynamic networks. This approach can be broadly extended to many types of weighted edges by using a link function to model the mean of the dyads, or by employing a similar strategy via data augmentation. To demonstrate this, we propose models for count dyads and for non-negative real dyads, analyzing simulated data and also both mobile phone data and world export/import data. The model parameters and latent actors’ trajectories, estimated by Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms, provide insight into the network dynamics.