cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlation of the myelogram with clinical and operative findings in lumbar disc lesions.

1. An analysis is presented of 866 patients who, during the past twelve and a half years, had myelography as part of the diagnostic study by the orthopaedic surgeons at Barnes Hospital for a lumbar intervertebral disc lesion; surgical exploration of the lumbar area was then performed. 2. At operation, 625 positive and thirty-seven negative myelograms were confirmed, giving an accuracy of 76.4 per cent. 3. Major discrepancies were noted in 150 (17.3 per cent) cases. 4. Relatively unimportant or minor discrepancies were present in fifty-four cases (6.2 per cent). 5. Six extradural and three intradural neoplasms masquerading as ruptured intervertebral disc lesions occurred in this series of 866 patients, representing an incidence of 1 per cent. Even with myelograms only two intradural tumors out of the total of nine neoplasms were diagnosed definitely before operation. 6. In cases in which operation for a lumbar disc lesion is clearly indicated on the basis of the clinical picture and lack of response to conservative treatment, a negative myelogram should not prevent the surgeon from exploring the lumbar spinal canal. 7. Myelography can be a valuable aid in diagnosis and may be very helpful in borderline cases. We now believe that myelography should routinely precede surgery for lumbar disc lesions. 8. In our opinion a lumbar myelogram should not be done when a ruptured lumbar intervertebral disc is suspected unless surgical treatment is being considered.
Sectoral Shocks and Move Unemployment

This paper develops a multisector search model in which workers choose their sectors in response to sector-specific and idiosyncratic shocks. Unemployed workers can search for work in their sector of last employment, or become "move unemployed,'' spending extra time in unemployment to reach a new sector. Sectoral shocks induce net movements of labor into relatively productive sectors, while idiosyncratic worker shocks ensure that gross intersectoral flows through unemployment are always positive, a prediction consistent with the data. I use the model to test the sectoral shifts hypothesis (Lilien (1982)) in the context of the Great Recession in which the construction sector experienced a relatively large shock. In a two-sector calibration of the model to construction and non-construction, I find that sectoral dispersion shocks have no impact on aggregate unemployment. While they increase net mobility, this increase is accomplished through a change in the composition of gross flows rather than their level. The results suggest that, a priori, we should not expect sectoral shocks to generate unemployment fluctuations.
Enhanced user-control of small molecule drug release from a poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel via azobenzene/cyclodextrin complex tethers

We present a versatile and facile method to enhance user-control of small molecule drug release from a poly(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogel using the host/guest complex formed between an azobenzene derivative guest and a β-cyclodextrin host. A model drug is formed from a short peptide containing a fluorophore and an azobenzene functional group on one terminus. Upon irradiation with UV light, azobenzene isomerization leads to decreased complex formation and an on-demand acceleration of the release rate of an entrapped model drug.
Of Uranium and Carbon: Divergence of Energy Policy in Germany and France

After the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident, Chancellor Merkel of Germany announced a complete nuclear phase-out in Germany by 2022, while President Hollande of France assured the French government of his commitment to nuclear energy. Fossil fuels, notably lignite and coal, dominated the German energy sector with 47.9% market share of total energy production in Germany; nuclear energy is the leading energy source in France with a market share of 80.9% in 2013. The difference between natural resources’ abundance in Germany and France shaped the development of energy policy in both countries. Huge lignite and coal reserves in Germany continued to sustain Germany’s growing economy, while France, lacking fossil fuel deposits, pursued nuclear energy to gain economic and energy independence after the 1973 oil crisis. Anti-nuclear movement in Germany succeeded in mass mobilization and gained major political representation in both federal and state governments through the Green Party and Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). The French anti-nuclear movement faced a strong centralized French government and failed to gain public support, and political isolation prevented any influence on French energy policy.
Simple and Rapid Block Face Alignment Methods for the Ultramicrotome

Light from the fluorescent lamp on an ultramicrotome can be reflected from a mirror located beneath the knife face so that the knife and edge can be imaged on the block face. It is well known that this image can be used to accurately align the block face to the knife edge and cutting direction. A method is described of pre-aligning the lamp, stereomicroscope, knife, and the mirror, which is fixed with respect to the knife face, so that a bright reflection of the knife face on the block face is obtained only when the block face is brought close to alignment. This initial alignment is an extremely rapid procedure, and is followed by slower, more accurate manipulation of the block and knife for precise alignment. The mirror, easily mounted to a Porter-Blum MT-2 ultramicrotome knife holder, is very simple in design and readily adaptable to any ultramicrotome. Methods to permit small movements of the block for the MT-1 and MT-2 ultramicrotomes are also described.
Sensitivity analysis of a space-based multi-band infrared imager for GEO belt debris study

Thousands of space objects in the Earth orbital-region known as the GEO belt are categorized as debris. Relatively little is known about the thousands of space debris objects. Remote sensing techniques offer the only viable opportunity to learn more about these objects. In this paper an analysis is performed for observations using a hypothetical space-based multi-band infrared instrument to measure characteristics of GEO belt space debris. The purpose of this study is to understand the limitations of such an instrument and sensing modality for studying GEO belt space debris. Although certain aspects of this study are analytical, the results are anchored with results from the NASA-WISE experiments.
The effects of recombinant porcine somatotropin on reproductive function in gilts treated during the finishing phase.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of recombinant porcine somatotropin (rpST) treatment during the finishing phase on subsequent reproductive function in crossbred gilts. Forty gilts weighing 50 kg and housed in a swine finishing facility were randomly assigned to control or rpST treatment. Four control and four rpST-treated gilts were allotted per pen. Twenty rpST-treated gilts received 6 mg of rpST.gilt-1.d-1 in 1 ml of buffered carrier and 20 control gilts received 1 ml of buffered carrier.gilt-1.d-1. Injections were administered daily at 1400 in the extensor muscle of the neck. All gilts received an 18% CP diet containing 1.2% lysine. Treatment was terminated when the average weight in each pen reached 110 kg. Gilts treated with rpST gained more weight (P less than .05) than control gilts (59.8 +/- 1.0 vs 53.5 +/- 1.0 kg). Age at puberty was not different (rpST, 182.2 +/- 3.3; control 181.4 +/- 3.1 d). Prior treatment with rpST did not significantly affect length of estrus (rpST, 1.9 +/- .1; control, 1.8 +/- .1 d) or estrous cycle length (rpST, 20.6 +/- .4; control, 20.4 +/- .4 d). Ovulation rates at second estrus were similar for rpST gilts (15.1 +/- .5) and control gilts (14.4 +/- .5). More embryos (P = .10) were recovered on d 9 to 12 of gestation from rpST-treated gilts than from control gilts (13.1 +/- .9 vs 10.7 +/- .9).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Factors Contributing to Atypical Femoral Fractures

Atypical femoral fractures (AFFs) were first recognized as unusual non-fragility stress fractures happening in elderly patients at unexpected locations in the femur. Later studies associated these AFFs with long-term use of bisphosphonates and other antiresorptive agents. A task force organized by the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research developed a case definition for AFF identification. Here, we summarize the task force recommendations, indicate the material and geometric properties of bones that are common to AFFs, identify mechanical and bone quality parameters that may be associated with AFFs, summarize potential mechanisms for these fractures, and briefly review clinical strategies to eliminate this relatively rare but important complication of treatment associated with antiresorptive agents.
Pulsed Laser Photothermal Radiometry and Photothermal Beam Deflection Spectroscopy: Determination of Thermal Diffusivities of Liquids

A comparison of the relative merits of both pulsed photothermal radiometry (PPTR) and photothermal beam deflection spectroscopy (PBDS) for the determination of thermal diffusivities of liquids is presented. Also reported are data for the thermal diffusivity of the room temperature molten salt system l-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium tetrachloroaluminate at several temperatures.
Learning and Problem Solving

From a machine-learning perspective, the most interesting aspects of the ARMS system are in the learning and performance elements. Recall that ARMS is an open-loop, explanation-based learning system (see Figure 5.1), with learning and performance elements accessing a symbolic representation of the world stored in the database.
A Fungal-Selective Cytochrome bc1 Inhibitor Impairs Virulence and Prevents the Evolution of Drug Resistance.

Summary To cause disease, a microbial pathogen must adapt to the challenges of its host environment. The leading fungal pathogen Candida albicans colonizes nutrient-poor bodily niches, withstands attack from the immune system, and tolerates treatment with azole antifungals, often evolving resistance. To discover agents that block these adaptive strategies, we screened 300,000 compounds for inhibition of azole tolerance in a drug-resistant Candida isolate. We identified a novel indazole derivative that converts azoles from fungistatic to fungicidal drugs by selective inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome bc 1 . We synthesized 103 analogs to optimize potency (half maximal inhibitory concentration 0.4 μM) and fungal selectivity (28-fold over human). In addition to reducing azole resistance, targeting cytochrome bc 1 prevents C. albicans from adapting to the nutrient-deprived macrophage phagosome and greatly curtails its virulence in mice. Inhibiting mitochondrial respiration and restricting metabolic flexibility with this synthetically tractable chemotype provides an attractive therapeutic strategy to limit both fungal virulence and drug resistance.
Liberty, Language and History

A Victorian Certificate of Nationality clearly reveals the centrality of the monarch to Britons’ concept of the nation and state. In certifying British nationality, such a document confirms that a particular individual is ‘a Subject of Her Britannic Majesty’ — not a citizen of the British nation or the United Kingdom. David Cannadine has argued that the monarch was, in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, celebrated as symbol of the nation in a more grandiose manner than ever before.1 In fact, he suggests it was during this period that the British became experts at, rather than bunglers of, royal stagings and pageantry. Given that many other European monarchies had disappeared by the early twentieth century, the British were able, as they are still, to convince themselves and others that elaborately staged royal rituals are part of a long-standing and unique British tradition — one existing since time immemorial. By so doing, says Cannadine, the British invest not only their monarchy, but also their nation with historical continuity, when, in fact, both have been recently invented or constructed.
Electrical characterization of high-k gate dielectrics

Some important issues related to the electrical characterization of high-k dielectrics will be reviewed and discussed. The problems with the conventional mobility extraction methodology for high-k gated MOSFETs will be pointed out, and an improved methodology will be demonstrated. Trapping in high-k gate dielectrics not only significantly affect electrical measurements, but also presents a serious reliability problem. Our experimental results have revealed that, in many samples, the device's operating lifetime is limited by the trapping-induced threshold shift rather than TDDB. Since some of the trapping events can occur with a very short time constant, pulsed measurements are necessary to capture these events. A novel electrical characterization technique, named the IETS (inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy), will be shown to be capable of revealing a wealth of information of a MOS structure, including phonon modes of both the electrodes and the gate dielectric, impurity bonding structures, and electronic traps.
A balance theory approach to stakeholder network and apology strategy

Abstract Apology is an important area of research in crisis communication. Scholars have largely explored apology from an organization-centric, dyadic approach. We argue that this type of research has made unrealistic assumptions about a much more complex social system and may be challenged by increasingly interconnected social reality. This paper uses Structural Balance Theory and Stakeholder Network Management Theory to develop a model and several testable propositions to guide the way organizations respond to a crisis.
Microsomal Oxidation and Insecticide Metabolism

Once in the animal body, organic insecticides are subject to metabolism by a variety of enzymes. Depending on their chemical structure, the compounds may be hydrolyzed, oxidized, conjugated with endogenous metabolites, or otherwise modified. Of particular importance are reactions mediated by the oxidative enzymes known as microsomal oxidases, so called because of their localization in the microsomal fraction of cell homogenates. Since these enzymes as a class have an extremely broad spectrum of substrates and catalyze a wide variety of biotransformations, they play a central role in the metabolism of insecticides. In fact, most of the biodegradability of current insecticides is dependent on their successful biotransformation by microsomal oxidases of various species. These enzymes are also intimately associated with the phenomena of synergism, enzyme induction, and insecticide resistance.
Culture and Educational Stress and Internalizing Symptoms Among Latino Adolescents: The Role of Ethnic Identity

ABSTRACTDiscrimination experienced by Latino youth in school has been explored in past research although the interrelatedness of culture and educational stress—the stress due to Hispanic culture not being acknowledged in school and racial tensions in school—has been less studied. The current study examines the effect of this stress on internalizing symptoms among 58 low-income Latino adolescents (Mage =13.31, 53% male) and tests whether ethnic identity moderates this association. Results show that culture and educational stress is associated with worse mental health. Further, a significant ethnic identity X stress interaction was found for somatic problems showing that youth high in ethnic identity exploration reported more somatic problems in the face of high culture and educational stress. Hence, youth who are more actively exploring their identity may be more vulnerable to the damaging context of culture and educational stress. Implications for multicultural consultation are discussed.
The Grocery Store Food Environment in Northern Greenland and Its Implications for the Health of Reproductive Age Women

The population of Greenland is diminishing and environmental and social shifts implicate food availability and the health of reproductive age women. There is little knowledge of the grocery store food environment in Greenland. To address this gap and provide baseline information the present study measured food availability in five grocery stores in northern Greenland. As well, 15 interviews were conducted with reproductive age women, three grocery store managers were interviewed and one interview was conducted with a food distribution manager. Results show few fresh fruits and vegetables are available in grocery stores and in some stores no fresh foods are available. In Kullorsuaq, the primary location for this study, the Nutrition Environment Measures Survey in Stores score in spring 2016 was (3/30) and the Freedman Grocery Store Survey Score was (11/49). Interview results highlight a need to increase communication within the food system and to tailor food distribution policies to the Arctic context with longer term planning protocols for food distribution. These findings can be used to inform future food store environment research in Greenland and for informing policies that improve healthful food availability in grocery stores in northern Greenland.
If it has lots of bells and whistles, it must be the best: how maximizers and satisficers evaluate feature-rich versus feature-poor products

Past studies have largely focused on how maximizers versus satisficers choose among multiple products within a given consideration set. By contrast, our research focuses on how and why maximizers evaluate an individual product based on a salient characteristic—the number of features that it has. Across two studies, we find that maximizers evaluate products more favorably than satisficers when they have many features (i.e., they are “feature-rich”), but not when they have few features (i.e., they are “feature-poor”). Further, we outline the process underlying this effect: Maximizers are more likely than satisficers to perceive feature-rich (vs. feature-poor) products as a means of signaling status to others. We additionally identify a boundary condition supporting this proposed theoretical process. Specifically, we demonstrate that when maximizers no longer perceive feature-rich products as status signals, they do not evaluate them more favorably than satisficers.
Comparing Two Groups of Student-Athletes: Implications for Academic and Career Advising.

In this study, we explored the career variables of goal instability, vocational identity, and career decidedness levels in two groups of student-athletes. We compared scholarship student-athletes who had been selected to participate in a summer academic-support program designed for at-risk students to scholarship athletes who were not included in the summer-support program. Both groups consisted of student-athletes from various sports with football and basketball the primary sports for the summer program participants and swimming and cross country the primary sports for student-athletes not included in the summer-support program. Results of the study indicated that no significant differences were found between the two groups of college student-athletes with regard to their goal instability, vocational identity, or career decidedness. Implications for academic and career advising as well as future research are discussed.
Is Parental Smoking Neglect of an Asthmatic Child

Repeated exposure of an asthmatic child to secondhand smoke that exacerbates her condition is a recognized example of medical neglect.
Randomized Trial to Reduce Air Particle Levels in Homes of Smokers and Children

Introduction Exposure to fine particulate matter in the home from sources such as smoking, cooking, and cleaning may put residents, especially children, at risk for detrimental health effects. A randomized clinical trial was conducted from 2011 to 2016 to determine whether real-time feedback in the home plus brief coaching of parents or guardians could reduce fine particle levels in homes with smokers and children. Design A randomized trial with two groups—intervention and control. Setting/participants A total of 298 participants from predominantly low-income households with an adult smoker and a child aged Intervention The multicomponent intervention consisted of continuous lights and brief sound alerts based on fine particle levels in real time and four brief coaching sessions using particle level graphs and motivational interviewing techniques. Motivational interviewing coaching focused on particle reduction to protect children and other occupants from elevated particle levels, especially from tobacco-related sources. Main outcome measures In-home air particle levels were measured by laser particle counters continuously in both study groups. The two outcomes were daily mean particle counts and percentage time with high particle concentrations (>15,000 particles/0.01 ft3). Linear mixed models were used to analyze the differential change in the outcomes over time by group, during 2016–2017. Results Intervention homes had significantly larger reductions than controls in daily geometric mean particle concentrations (18.8% reduction vs 6.5% reduction, p Conclusions Real-time feedback for air particle levels and brief coaching can reduce fine particle levels in homes with smokers and young children. Results set the stage for refining feedback and possible reinforcing consequences for not generating smoke-related particles. Trial registration This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT01634334.
Predictive factors for progression through the difficulty levels of Pilates exercises in patients with low back pain: a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Background The progression through the difficulty levels of Pilates exercises is a subjective criterion, that depends on the therapist's experience and ability to identify the best moment to progress to the next level. Objective To identify the factors that interfere in the progression through the difficulty levels of the Pilates exercises in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain. Methods Data from 139 patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain from a randomized controlled trial were used for statistical analysis using binary logistic regression. The dependent variable was the progression through the difficulty levels, and the independent variables were age, gender, educational level, low back pain duration, pain intensity, general disability, kinesiophobia, previous physical activity, and number of absences. Results The factors that interfered in the progression through the difficulty levels were previous physical inactivity (odds ratio [OR] = 5.14, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.53–17.31), low educational level (OR = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.12–6.10), more advanced age (OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92–0.98) and more absences (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.50–0.79). These variables explain 41% of the non-progression through the difficulty level of the exercises. Conclusion Physical inactivity, low educational level, more advanced age and greater number of absences can be interfering factors in the progression through the difficulty levels of the Pilates exercises in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain.
Molecular-Genetics of Nitrogen Assimilation into Amino Acids in Arabidopsis thaliana

In all higher plants, nitrogen is first assimilated into the amino acids glutamine and glutamate and is then subsequently channeled into the amino acids aspartate, and asparagine. These amino acids serve as nitrogen donors and/or nitrogen transport compounds in plants. The enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of these amino acids often exist as multiple isoenzymes located in distinct subcellular compartments. Using conventional biochemical approaches it has been difficult, if not impossible, to sort out the function of each distinct isoenzyme in plant metabolism.
MODELS | Kindling: A Phenomenon of Seizure-Induced Plasticity and a Model of Focal and Limbic Epilepsy

Kindling is a phenomenon of seizure-induced plasticity referring to the progressive induction of permanently increased seizure susceptibility in response to repeated evoked seizures. Kindling is induced by repeated stimulation which evokes afterdischarges (ADs), defined as high amplitude rhythmic discharges in the EEG which outlast the stimulus train. With periodic repetition of stimulation, the evoked ADs increase in duration and are accompanied by evolving behavioral seizures of increasing severity. The induction of kindling results in progressive, permanent structural and functional alterations in neural circuitry. These alterations include increased susceptibility to additional seizures, memory dysfunction, and eventually spontaneous seizures that are the defining feature of epilepsy.
Do jet fuel price movements help forecast airline fares and the demand for air travel

The paper studies the predictive content of jet fuel prices for the U.S. aviation industry through in-sample and out-of-sample forecasting exercises. Our results suggest the possibility of limited ...
FEASIBILITY AND EFFECTS OF CHAIR YOGA TO MANAGE DEMENTIA SYMPTOMS IN OLDER ADULTS

This study tested feasibility of community-dwelling older adults with dementia (mild, moderate, or moderate to severe) safely completing a chair yoga (CY) intervention. We examined effects of CY on physical function, behavioral and psychological symptoms, quality of life, and sleep quality (daytime sleepiness, nighttime sleep). Participants attended twice-weekly 45-minute CY sessions for 12 weeks (24 sessions). Instruments included a demographic and health information questionnaire, standardized assessment of physical function, psychological symptoms (depression and anxiety) and behavior symptoms (agitation), quality of life (QoL), and sleep quality. One-way repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA) compared baseline, midline (6 weeks), and post-intervention (12 weeks) scores on the measures of interest. Ten participants started the intervention, 8 completed it and provided data at all three data collection points; no adverse events were associated with CY. Most participants were diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. QoL scores increased from baseline to midline to post-intervention (34.0 ± 2.3, 35.1 ± 3.5, 35.6 ± 3.8, respectively); depression and anxiety scores improved from baseline to midline (7 ± 2.4 to 6.6 ± 3.2 and 7.25 ± 3.8 to 6.5 ± 4.2, respectively). Physical function scores did not change from baseline to midline and decreased from midline to post-intervention (8.3 ± 3.7 to 7.4 ± 3.3). The 12-week CY intervention was safe for older adults with moderate to severe levels of dementia. Although the study demonstrated feasibility of retaining participants, the small sample size limited the power to evaluate the magnitude of effects of the intervention on dementia symptoms.
Affect labeling in the age of social media.

Does tweeting your feelings change how you feel? A study of over a billion tweets shows that we tend to tweet about our feelings after they have escalated. However, such ‘affect labeling’ tweets — even though they are constrained to 140 characters — lead to rapid reductions in the intensity of our emotions.
DNA repair germline pathogenic mutation associations with treatment duration and family history in prostate cancer.

245Background: Germline mutation testing for metastatic prostate cancer patients creates a potential opportunity to personalize targeted therapies to improve treatment outcomes. The goal of this st...
PatientExploreR: an extensible application for dynamic visualization of patient clinical history from electronic health records in the OMOP common data model.

Author(s): Glicksberg, Benjamin S; Oskotsky, Boris; Thangaraj, Phyllis M; Giangreco, Nicholas; Badgeley, Marcus A; Johnson, Kipp W; Datta, Debajyoti; Rudrapatna, Vivek A; Rappoport, Nadav; Shervey, Mark M; Miotto, Riccardo; Goldstein, Theodore C; Rutenberg, Eugenia; Frazier, Remi; Lee, Nelson; Israni, Sharat; Larsen, Rick; Percha, Bethany; Li, Li; Dudley, Joel T; Tatonetti, Nicholas P; Butte, Atul J | Abstract: MotivationElectronic health records (EHRs) are quickly becoming omnipresent in healthcare, but interoperability issues and technical demands limit their use for biomedical and clinical research. Interactive and flexible software that interfaces directly with EHR data structured around a common data model (CDM) could accelerate more EHR-based research by making the data more accessible to researchers who lack computational expertise and/or domain knowledge.ResultsWe present PatientExploreR, an extensible application built on the R/Shiny framework that interfaces with a relational database of EHR data in the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership CDM format. PatientExploreR produces patient-level interactive and dynamic reports and facilitates visualization of clinical data without any programming required. It allows researchers to easily construct and export patient cohorts from the EHR for analysis with other software. This application could enable easier exploration of patient-level data for physicians and researchers. PatientExploreR can incorporate EHR data from any institution that employs the CDM for users with approved access. The software code is free and open source under the MIT license, enabling institutions to install and users to expand and modify the application for their own purposes.Availability and implementationPatientExploreR can be freely obtained from GitHub: https://github.com/BenGlicksberg/PatientExploreR. We provide instructions for how researchers with approved access to their institutional EHR can use this package. We also release an open sandbox server of synthesized patient data for users without EHR access to explore: http://patientexplorer.ucsf.edu.Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Comparative mechanisms of PAH toxicity by benzo[a]pyrene and dibenzo[def,p]chrysene in primary human bronchial epithelial cells cultured at air-liquid interface.

Abstract Current assumption for assessing carcinogenic risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is that they function through a common mechanism of action; however, recent studies demonstrate that PAHs can act through unique mechanisms potentially contributing to cancer outcomes in a non-additive manner. Using a primary human 3D bronchial epithelial culture (HBEC) model, we assessed potential differences in mechanism of toxicity for two PAHs, benzo[a]pyrene (BAP) and dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC), compared to a complex PAH mixture based on short-term biosignatures identified from transcriptional profiling. Differentiated bronchial epithelial cells were treated with BAP (100–500 μg/ml), DBC (10 μg/ml), and coal tar extract (CTE 500–1500 μg/ml, SRM1597a) for 48 h and gene expression was measured by RNA sequencing or quantitative PCR. Comparison of BAP and DBC gene signatures showed that the majority of genes (~60%) were uniquely regulated by treatment, including signaling pathways for inflammation and DNA damage by DBC and processes for cell cycle, hypoxia and oxidative stress by BAP. Specifically, BAP upregulated targets of AhR, NRF2, and KLF4, while DBC downregulated these same targets, suggesting a chemical-specific pattern in transcriptional regulation involved in antioxidant response, potentially contributing to differences in PAH potency. Other processes were regulated in common by all PAH treatments, BAP, DBC and CTE, including downregulation of genes involved in cell adhesion and reduced functional measurements of barrier integrity. This work supports prior in vivo studies and demonstrates the utility of profiling short-term biosignatures in an organotypic 3D model to identify mechanisms linked to carcinogenic risk of PAHs in humans.
Literacy Strategies and Instructional Modalities in Introductory Accounting

Students find introductory accounting courses to be challenging and the pass rate is relatively low. The traditional method of teaching the subject as a memorization of rules is insufficient in an evolving industry where graduates are expected to exhibit cross-functional skills and contribute to business intelligence. Therefore, accounting education must evolve with the profession. Cultivating disciplinary literacy can bridge the gap in accounting education as literacy is a catalyst for higher-order thinking. However, instructors often find it difficult to balance the time and efforts devoted to covering core topics and developing students’ active reading and thinking skills. This becomes even more challenging as many accounting courses are now offered in online or hybrid settings. This chapter discusses ways to optimize student learning in introductory accounting courses in different instructional settings and describes the implementation of varying approaches and strategies to develop students’ disciplinary literacy in these settings. The effectiveness of the pedagogical designs and strategies used are elaborated, as well as the importance of student motivation. As data science and technology have an increasing impact on the accounting industry, this chapter also analyzes the future trends of accounting education and the evolving literacy needs in the discipline.
PRESS-Play: Musical Engagement as a Motivating Platform for Social Interaction and Social Play in Young Children with ASD.

Musical experiences are ubiquitous in early childhood. Beyond potential benefits of musical activities for young children with typical development, there has long been interest in harnessing music ...
Polygenic Risk Score for Smoking is associated with Externalizing Psychopathology and Disinhibited Personality Traits but not Internalizing Psychopathology in Adolescence

ImportanceLarge consortia of genome wide association studies have yielded more accurate polygenic risk scores (PRS) that aggregate the small effects of many genetic variants to characterize the genetic architecture of disorders and provide a personalized measure of genetic risk. ObjectiveWe examined whether a PRS for smoking measured genetic risk for general behavioral disinhibition by estimating its associations with externalizing and internalizing psychopathology and related personality traits. We examined these associations at multiple time points in adolescence using more refined phenotypes defined by stable characteristics across time and at young ages, which reduced potential confounds associated with cumulative exposure to substances and reverse causality. MethodsRandom intercept panel models were fit to symptoms of conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD), and teacher ratings of externalizing and internalizing problems and personality traits at ages 11, 14, and 17 years-old in the Minnesota Twin Family Study (N = 3225). ResultsThe smoking PRS had strong associations with the random intercept factors for all the externalizing measures (mean standardized {beta} = .27), agreeableness ({beta}=-.22, 95% CI: -.28, -.16), and conscientiousness ({beta}=-.19, 95% CI: -.24, -.13), but was not significantly associated with the internalizing measures (mean {beta} = .06) or extraversion ({beta}=.01, 95% CI: -.05, .07). After controlling for smoking at age 17, the associations with the externalizing measures (mean {beta} = .13) and personality traits related to behavioral control (mean {beta} = -.10) remained statistically significant. Conclusions and RelevanceThe smoking PRS measures genetic influences that contribute to a spectrum of phenotypes related to behavioral disinhibition including externalizing psychopathology and normal-range personality traits related to behavioral control, but not internalizing psychopathology. Continuing to identify the correlates and delineate the mechanisms of the genetic influences associated with disinhibition could have substantial impact in mitigating a variety of public health problems (e.g., mental health, academic achievement, criminality). Key PointsO_ST_ABSQuestionC_ST_ABSDoes a polygenic risk scores (PRS) for smoking measure genetic risk for behavioral disinhibition in general? FindingsThe smoking PRS was associated with externalizing psychopathology and personality traits related to behavioral control, but not internalizing psychopathology and extraversion during adolescence, even after controlling for smoking status. MeaningThe smoking PRS measures genetic influences on behavioral disinhibition in general which is associated with a variety of important outcomes including mental health, academic success, and criminality.
He 3 ( He 3 , 2 p ) He 4 and the termination of the proton-proton chain

Following a suggestion by Fowler, Fetisov, and Kopysov, we have extended our earlier measurements of total cross section for $^{3}\mathrm{He}(^{3}\mathrm{He},2p)^{4}\mathrm{He}$ to energies as low as ${E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}=30$ KeV. The measured cross-section factors are in good agreement with the currently accepted empirical relation $S({E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.})=(5.2\ensuremath{-}2.8{E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}+1.4E_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}^{2})$ MeVb. We have also searched the energy interval $14 \mathrm{keV} l{E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}l28 \mathrm{keV}$ for a narrow resonance in $^{3}\mathrm{He}(^{3}\mathrm{He},2p)^{4}\mathrm{He}$ and the results of these measurements form the subject of this paper.[NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{3}\mathrm{He}(^{3}\mathrm{He},2p)^{4}\mathrm{He}$, ${E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}=30\ensuremath{-}150$ keV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E)$; also searched for a narrow resonance. Gas target.]
Examining HIV/AIDS complacency, substance use and sexual risk among MSM in a bathhouse setting

Men who have sex with men (MSM) continue to account for a large number of new HIV infections across the United States. While numerous studies have focused on MSM sexual risk behavior and substance ...
Hypothalamic Interaction with the Mesolimbic Dopamine System and the Regulation of Maternal Responsiveness

This chapter reviews research dealing with the neural basis of maternal behavior in rats. The major components of maternal behavior in this species are retrieval behavior, nest building, nursing behavior, and pup grooming. Retrieval behavior, which occurs when the postpartum female carries individual pups in her mouth, serves to transport the altricial pups from one location to another. This discussion classifies pup-seeking behaviors and retrieval behavior as voluntary proactive maternal responses, while nursing/crouching behavior is more of a reflexive maternal response that is closely tied to proximal pup stimulation. At parturition, the primiparous female rat shows the full complement of maternal behaviors on her first exposure to her own pups or to foster pups. In contrast, the naive virgin (nulliparous) estrous cycling female rat will not care for foster pups upon her initial exposure to them; she avoids such pups and may even attack them. This difference is very important because it shows that infant stimuli do not automatically elicit maternal responses in female rats. Important internal changes take place in the female who has just given birth, which increases maternal responsiveness or maternal motivation. Clearly, the brain circuits that are operative in the first-time mother must be different from those in the naive virgin female rat.
On the Future of School Desegregation

If interpreting history is fraught with difficulties, ambiguities, and subject to multiple interpretation, how much more likely are probes into the future like looking into a prism. Yet in the context of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Brown 1 decision, it is important to assess not only what progress has been made toward racial equality but to look forward down the paths we are taking.
Decreasing the SES math achievement gap: Initial math proficiency and home learning environments.

Abstract Many children in the U.S., particularly those from low socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds, do not develop sufficient math skills to be competitive in today's technological world. We utilized a mediation/moderation framework and the ECLS-K dataset to investigate factors that can decrease the SES-related math achievement gap in kindergarten. Starting kindergarten proficient in math and experiencing a supportive home learning environment significantly decreased SES achievement differences. Proficiency in math at the start of kindergarten accounted for the greatest decrease in the SES-math achievement gap. Findings support the importance of comprehensive and multi-contextual approaches targeted to families and schools for improving children's exposure to math-relevant experiences.
Water Quality Modelling of a Proposed Reservoir

This chapter introduces modelling techniques that have been found to be successful in evaluating future water quality conditions in proposed reservoirs. An ex…
Effect of Calcium Chelation on the Ion Content of Liver Mitochondria in Carbon Tetrachloride-poisoned Rats

Abstract When toxic doses of CCl4 were given to rats, there ensued marked accumulations of Ca++ and inorganic orthophosphate by whole liver commencing 6 hours after treatment. When these livers were homogenized in 0.25 m sucrose, the Ca++ and Pi concentrations of the mitochondria subsequently harvested were elevated several fold, reflecting the higher levels of these ions in the whole tissue. The K+ concentration usually declined in the whole tissue and decreased in the mitochondria. In these mitochondria, respiratory rate and respiratory control were markedly depressed. If, on the other hand, the liver samples were homogenized in 0.25 m sucrose containing the Ca++ chelator, ethylenediaminetetraacetate (or EGTA or DCTA), the mitochondria often contained much lower amounts of Ca++ and Pi, and the respiratory rate and respiratory control were closer to normal levels. Whether a chelator was used or not, the changes in Ca++ and K+ concentration in the whole tissue or mitochondria did not appear to be closely related to each other. The effect of the chelators on ionic composition appeared to result from the prevention of accumulation of Ca++ and Pi by the mitochondria subsequent to the homogenization of the tissue. It is concluded that the major portion of the changes in content of Ca++ of isolated liver mitochondria following CCl4 poisoning which have been reported by others occurred during the isolation of these organelles and must be considered to be artifacts of the isolation procedure. The residual chelator-resistant changes in respiratory function and ionic composition may reflect actual qualitative changes in the mitochondria extant in these organelles in vivo.
A Longitudinal Study of the Interactive Effects of Impulsivity and Anger on Adolescent Problem Behavior.

The current study examined the moderating effect of impulsivity on the relation between anger and adolescent problem behavior (substance use and delinquency). High levels of anger were associated with delinquency for impulsive, but not for nonimpulsive adolescents in cross-sectional analyses. This moderating effect was not supported for substance use. Gender-moderated links between temperament and problem behavior showed that anger predicted substance use for females only, and impulsivity was more strongly associated with delinquency for males. In prospective analyses, both anger and impulsivity predicted adolescent problem behavior, but impulsivity did not moderate the effects of anger. Overall, results provided partial support for the notion that temperament dimensions operate interactively to promote poor adjustment.
Last-branch and speculative pruning algorithms for max

Previous work in pruning algorithms for maxn multi-player game trees has produced shallow pruning and alpha-beta branch-and-bound pruning. The effectiveness of these algorithms is dependant as much on the range of terminal values found in the game tree as on the ordering of nodes. We introduce last-branch and speculative pruning techniques which can prune any constantsum multi-player game tree. Their effectiveness depends only on node-ordering within the game tree. As b grows large, these algorithms will, in the best case, reduce the branching factor of a nplayer game from b to b(n-1)/n. In Chinese Checkers these methods reduce average expansions at depth 6 from 1.2 million to 100k nodes, and in Hearts and Spades they increase the average search depth by 1-3 ply.
Identical hydrocephalic achondroplastic twins; Subsequent delivery of single sibling with same abnormalities

Abstract 1. 1. The second reported case of identical achondroplastic twins is presented. 2. 2. The same parents subsequently produced a single achondroplastic child, with the birth of a normal sibling intervening. 3. 3. All three achondroplastic dwarfs herein reported presented marked internal hydrocephalus. 4. 4. The frequency of the association between achondroplasia and hydrocephalus is discussed.
Pharmacology of Rapid-Onset Antidepressant Treatment Strategies

Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) block serotonin (5-HT) reuptake rapidly, their therapeutic action is delayed. The increase in synaptic 5-HT activates feedback mechanisms mediated by 5-HT1A (cell body) and 5-HT1B (terminal) autoreceptors, which, respectively, reduce the firing in 5-HT neurons and decrease the amount of 5-HT released per action potential resulting in attenuated 5-HT neurotransmission. Long-term treatment desensitizes the inhibitory 5-HT1 autoreceptors, and 5-HT neurotransmission is enhanced. The time course of these events is similar to the delay of clinical action. The addition of pindolol, which blocks 5-HT1A receptors, to SSRI treatment decouples the feedback inhibition of 5-HT neuron firing and accelerates and enhances the antidepressant response. The neuronal circuitry of the 5-HT and norepinephrine (NE) systems and their connections to forebrain areas believed to be involved in depression has been dissected. The firing of 5-HT neurons in the raphe nuclei is driven, at least partly, by alpha1-adrenoceptor-mediated excitatory inputs from NE neurons. Inhibitory alpha2-adrenoceptors on the NE neuroterminals form part of a feedback control mechanism. Mirtazapine, an antagonist at alpha2-adrenoceptors, does not enhance 5-HT neurotransmission directly but disinhibits the NE activation of 5-HT neurons and thereby increases 5-HT neurotransmission by a mechanism that does not require a time-dependent desensitization of receptors. These neurobiological phenomena may underlie the apparently faster onset of action of mirtazapine compared with the SSRIs.
Magnetic field-induced helical mode and topological transitions in a topological insulator nanoribbon.

Conductance oscillations periodic in Fermi energy and in magnetic flux measured in topological insulator nanoribbons reveal characteristic topological transport with quantized topological surface state subbands.
Nuclear Energy, Past, Present, and Future

“Atomic energy is capable of applications for peaceful as well as military purposes.” With this pronouncement, the Congress, in the preamble to the 1954 Atomic Energy Act, released atomic energy (nuclear energy) from its military origins. The Congress also set out a new purpose for this new energy source... to serve and improve the “general welfare” of the country. The intent of the act was clearly broad and substantial, “to provide for... a program to encourage widespread participation in the development and utilization of atomic energy for peaceful purposes.”
α-Difluoromethylornithine induces differentiation of a human embryonal carcinoma cell line in vitro

Abstract Human embryonal carcinoma cells could serve as a useful model system for analysis of early human development. A limited number of human embryonal carcinoma cell lines have been generated from in vivo tumors. We report here that α-difluoromethylornithine, a specific enzyme-activated inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase activity, can induce differentiation in human embryonal carcinoma cells. The differentiated phenotype could be distinguished from undifferentiated cells by altered cellular morphology, biochemical and cell surface antigenic properties. These results suggest that alterations in the intracellular levels of polyamines may play a role in human embryonal carcinoma cell differentiation, and possibly human embryogenesis.