cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Southern Ocean's biological pump during the Last Glacial Maximum

Ice core records from Antarctica show large (∼80 ppm) and regular climate-related changes in atmospheric CO2, with minimum values during glacial periods and maximum values during peak interglacials. The suggested role of the Southern Ocean in driving these changes is based on either the potential for increased utilization of surface nutrients or the potential for decreased ventilation of deep waters during glacial times. Several recent studies have invoked increased stratification of the Southern Ocean to explain lower glacial atmospheric CO2 levels in terms of reduced exchange of CO2 between the deep sea and the atmosphere. A northward displacement and/or substantial weakening of the westerly winds during glacial periods are implicit in the scenarios that invoke enhanced stratification. However, both circulation models and proxy results argue against a weakening of the westerlies. In fact, the mean flow of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and wind-driven upwelling during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) are thought to be at least as vigorous as those which exist today. Given these boundary conditions, we offer two (competing) scenarios for ecosystem structure and export production of the glacial Southern Ocean. The first scenario satisfies all proxy records for nutrient utilization and phytoplankton growth rate, and requires increased (relative to today) nitrate utilization south of the Antarctic Polar Front (APF) by phytoplankton other than diatoms, together with a shift in the zone of maximum diatom growth from south (interglacials) to north (glacials) of the APF. The second scenario has reduced growth of all phytoplankton species south of the APF during glacials, and a shift in the zone of maximum export production to the north of the Polar Front. The principal weakness of the first scenario is that there is little sedimentary evidence to support the increased export of particulate organic carbon required by the inferred increase in nitrate utilization south of the APF. The principal weakness of the second scenario is that it requires a change in the isotopic fractionation of nitrogen by phytoplankton growing south of the Polar Front for reasons presently unknown. The Southern Ocean's biological pump at the LGM has yet to be characterized unequivocally.
Reliability evaluations of chip interconnect in lead-free solder systems

Chip interconnect (solder to silicon) reliability is one of the critical elements in the qualification of flip-chip bumping technology. Since the interconnect materials, structures and processes vary in different bumping technologies, the strength and reliability must be evaluated for each design. As lead-free solders are used in the system, the intermetallics associated with the lead-free solders and the UBM (under bump metallurgy) has also influence on the interconnect reliability. In addition, the stress that an interconnect experiences during thermal cycling depends on the properties of the solder alloy used in the interconnect. Different solder alloys require different interconnect strengths to achieve good reliability in thermal cycling. This paper reports on a study of interconnect reliability by comparing the interconnect strength and the working stress in the interconnect during qualification and application. A simple stress model was developed to determine the interconnect stress during thermal cycling. A testing methodology was established for determining the interconnect strength. In this report, the reliability of several interconnect structures in several lead-free solder systems, including Sn/Ag, Sn/Ag/Cu and Sn/Cu solders and the Ni-Au and TiW-Cu UBMs were studied.
A survey of commercial laundry detergents – how effective are they? Part I: powders

The formulations of commercial laundry detergents are many and varied. Laundry detergents generally contain two major ingredients, surfactant and builder. Surfactants are the 'active' ingredients of a detergent. Builders are of nearly equal importance to surfactants; their main function being to complex with divalent calcium and magnesium ions making them less available and thus not interfere with the surfactant action.' The most common builders used in laundry powders are carbonates and phosphates. Carbonates are environmentally safe; although their effectiveness is debated.'
Growth and properties of ceo2 and tho2 single crystals

Abstract The growth and properties of CeO 2 and ThO 2 single crystals were studied to make these materials available for lasers and other optical components. CeO 2 and ThO 2 have been grown by the slow cooling and gradient flux techniques using 2NaF·B 2 O 3 , Li 2 Mo 2 O 7 , NaBO 2 , PbF 2 ·PbO.0.1 B 2 O 3 and mixtures of these as solvents. Two growth morphologies were found to exist which depended on flux composition. CeO 2 crystals up to 3 mm on an edge and ThO 2 crystals up to 10 mm on an edge have been grown. The u.v. absorption spectra of CeO 2 and ThO 2 were measured on pure and doped crystals. Several types of color centers (including permanent and bleachable) were found which were promoted by specific impurities. Lead substitution from fluxes and low level Ca 2+ impurities were common causes of color centers.
Spontaneous CP violation in extended technicolor models with horizontal U(2)L ⊗ U(2)R flavor symmetries (I)

Abstract The Eichten, Lane, Preskill mechanism for CP violation in extended technicolor (ETC) models is examined in models with “horizontal” U(2) L ⊗ U(2) R flavor symmetries. We identify a class of chiral perturbations which generate spontaneous CP violation when the vacuum alignment is determined by Dashen's theorem, and show that, in general, a discrete symmetry must be invoked to avoid strong CP non-conservation. CP -violating phases appearing in the electroweak and broken ETC interactions may be naturally suppressed by ratios of ETC vector boson masses.
Studies on the Mechanism of Action of Collagenase: Inhibition by Cysteine and Other Chelating Agents

Under specific conditions cysteine inhibits collagenase (Clostridiopeptidase A and B (EC 3.4.4.19)) irreversibly. Neither collagenase A or B contains cysteinyl or cystinyl residues, so that the inhibition cannot proceed either by disulfide reduction, formation, or exchange. By use of [35S]cysteine, cysteine has been shown to bind to collagenase A in the ratio of about two moles to one mole of protein, and to collagenase B in the ratio of approximately one mole to one mole of protein. After cysteine binds to the enzyme, the sulfhydryl group can no longer be titrated with p-mercuribenzoate or 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). Cysteine inhibits the low-temperature binding of collagenase to a collagen substrate (ichthyocol). Histidine inhibits the activity of collagenases A and B, but this inhibition, in contrast to that produced by cysteine, is readily reversible by dialysis against water or passage through a DEAE cellulose column. 2,3-Dimercaptopropanol also inhibits both collagenases. The order of the inhibitor efficacy on collagenase by cysteine, histidine, imidazole and 2,3-dimercaptopropanol appears to be consistent with the order of stability constants of these chelating agents with zinc. The suggestion made previously that zinc may be an intrinsic component of collagenase is thereby reinforced. Indeed preliminary experiments are reported in which the incorporation of 65Zn into collagenases A and B is demonstrated.
Comparison of isokinetic peak force and power in adults with partial and total blindness

For many populations the ability to move efficiently is compromised by an impaired muscular functioning. Strength development is necessary to overcome the effects of gravity to maintain posture and generate movement responses for mobility. The strength and power capabilities of individuals with total blindness (n = 12) were compared to those with partial vision (n = 12) to evaluate effects of vision on performance. Results indicate that (1) no significant differences were apparent between total blindness and partial vision, (2) significant sex differences were evident in each group, and (3) better performance was apparent at lower velocities. It was concluded that physical performance in individuals with blindness and partial vision are equally deficient.
Comparative results on using inductive logic programming for corpus-based parser construction

This paper presents results from recent experiments with Chill, a corpus-based parser acquisition system. Chill treats language acquisition as the learning of search-control rules within a logic program. Unlike many current corpus-based approaches that use statistical learning algorithms, Chill uses techniques from inductive logic programming (ILP) to learn relational representations. Chill is a very flexible system and has been used to learn parsers that produce syntactic parse trees, case-role analyses, and executable database queries. The reported experiments compare Chill's performance to that of a more naive application of ILP to parser acquisition. The results show that ILP techniques, as employed in Chill, are a viable alternative to statistical methods and that the control-rule framework is fundamental to Chill's success.
Number and indefinites

Singular predicative nominals in English generally require an indefinite article, while equivalent constructions in the Romance languages do not. We examine two sorts of predication constructions, primary predications and modificational predication, and show that English and Romance vary consistently in their need for overt Number. This difference is attributed to the Free Agr Parameter applied to the nominal domain, which allows Num to be missing in Romance when not semantically required, as in most predicative constructions. In post-copular primary predications, an indefinite article is required even in Romance, unless the predicate is a profession or a role. We argue that Num is required in non-role predications to avoid a theta-marking configuration, and when no Num is present, as in role predications, the noun has an eventive argument and theta marks the subject of the predication.
The Multicomposite Structure of Tendon

A revised morphological model for the crimp structure of tendon is presented. The 300-500 mu diameter tendons of the mature rat tail are comprised of from one to more than ten substructures, called fascicles, of 80-320 mu diameter. Fascicles each possess a "crimp structure" demonstrable in the polarizing microscope and neighboring fascicles within a tendon usually exhibit crimp registry. The fascicle itself is shown to be a cylindrical array of planar-zig-zag crimped 500-5000 A diameter collagen fibrils. The approximate cylindrical symmetry of the fascicle is domonstrated by SEM not equal to and polarizing optical microscopy. A method of replacing native water with other liquids of refractive index near to that of collagen is utilized to reduce or eliminate light diffusion and therby greatly improve OM observations. Small bunches of collagen fibrils removed from the tendon are shown to exhibit the simple planar zig-zag morphology described in previous literature. The planar crimping of collagen fibrils and their assemblage into cylindrically symmetric fascicles is verified by small angle X-ray diffraction.
Valuing ecosystem services: A shadow price for net primary production

Abstract We analyze the contribution of ecosystem services to GDP and use this contribution to calculate an empirical price for ecosystem services. Net primary production is used as a proxy for ecosystem services and, along with capital and labor, is used to estimate a Cobb Douglas production function from an international panel. A positive output elasticity for net primary production probably measures both marketed and nonmarketed contributions of ecosystems services. The production function is used to calculate the marginal product of net primary production, which is the shadow price for ecosystem services. The shadow price generally is greatest for developed nations, which have larger technical scalars and use less net primary production per unit output. The rate of technical substitution indicates that the quantity of capital needed to replace a unit of net primary production tends to increase with economic development, and this rate of replacement may ultimately constrain economic growth.
Change Detection in Satellite Observed Nighttime Lights: 1992-2003

NOAA's National Geophysical Data Center has developed a time series of annual global nighttime lights products at approximately 1 km resolution extending from 1992 to 2003. These products are cloud-free composites which have been processed to remove ephemeral lights from events like fires and background noise. Because the OLS has no on-board calibration an empirical approach was used to inter-calibrate the composites. In the inter-calibrated set it is possible to observe both expansions and contractions of lights. Many cities show rims of growth in lighting at their margins. The expansion of dim lighting detection into rural areas and smaller settlements occurred in many parts of the world. Contraction of lighting occurred in sections of the Former Soviet Union. More subtle declines in the brightness of lighting are detected in skyglow surrounding large cities, perhaps as the result of changes in lighting type and improvements in light fixtures.
On multivariable stability in the grain space

General existence conditions under which the stability of the individual loops of a multivariable system in a given compact and bounded gain space imply the global asymptotic stability of the multivariable system in the same space are very useful in practice, and they essentially indicate when in principle it is possible to obtain stable closed loop performance of a multivariable system by tuning every loop separately. Such conditions are particularly useful for fault tolerant control of multivariable systems. The authors give the required necessary and sufficient conditions and effectively unify all previous work on diagonal stabilizability which includes as special cases the diagonal dominance, the H-matrix, the GKK-matrix, and the decentralized integral controllability (DIC) conditions reported previously in the literature. Some application examples are included. >
Emerging SiGe HBT reliability issues for mixed-signal circuit applications

We review the emerging reliability issues associated with high-performance SiGe HBT technologies which are being increasingly deployed in a wide variety of mixed-signal circuit applications. For the purposes of this work, we define the concept of device "reliability" to be broader than its standard usage in the industry, to include all possible transistor degradation mechanisms, for all possible mixed-signal circuit designs, in any of the various intended mixed-signal applications. For instance, in addition to classical device reliability mechanisms associated with reverse emitter-base and high forward current density stress, new reliability issues for SiGe HBTs, including impact-ionization induced "mixed-mode" stress, scaling-induced breakdown voltage compression and operating point instabilities, geometrical scaling-induced low-frequency noise variations, and the impact of ionizing radiation on device and circuit reliability, are also addressed.
Application of Optical Telecom Planar Technology to Silicon-Based Microphotonics and Sensors

This paper presents the development of a microspectrometer and a surface plasmon waveguide sensor on a silicon platform derived from the expertise acquired in designing optical telecommunication components.
Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Lung Adenocarcinomas Harboring BRAF Mutations

Purpose BRAF mutations occur in non–small-cell lung cancer. Therapies targeting BRAF mutant tumors have recently been identified. We undertook this study to determine the clinical characteristics of patients with lung adenocarcinomas harboring BRAF mutations. Patients and Methods We reviewed data from consecutive patients with lung adenocarcinoma whose tumors underwent BRAF, EGFR, and KRAS mutation testing as well as fluorescence in situ hybridization for ALK rearrangements. Patient characteristics including age, sex, race, performance status, smoking history, stage, treatment history, and overall survival were collected. Results Among 697 patients with lung adenocarcinoma, BRAF mutations were present in 18 patients (3%; 95% CI, 2% to 4%). The BRAF mutations identified were V600E (50%), G469A (39%), and D594G (11%). Mutations in EGFR were present in 24%, KRAS in 25%, and ALK translocations in 6%. In contrast to patients with EGFR mutations and ALK rearrangements who were mostly never smokers, all patients...
Design and Implementation of Web-Based Open-Laboratory Management Information System

In order to improve the utilization ratio of laboratory devices, according to the actual requirements of laboratory management, a Web-based open-Laboratory Management Information System is designed and implemented based on B/S architecture and JSP + Servlet + JavaBeans mode. By this system, student users can browse introducing information, query experiment schedule, reserve open experiments, self-drafted experiments and query experiment results. Through system testing, the system is proved to improve the utilization ratio of the laboratory devices as anticipated, and it is suitable to be popularized in college laboratories.
Culture and Inequality: Identity, Ideology, and Difference in “Postascriptive Society”

How have conceptualizations of “culture” been incorporated into sociological studies of class, racial/ethnic, and gender inequality? This article first reviews the development of American scholarship on social inequalities during the past half century and the role of cultural analysis in this development. It goes on to consider culture-related responses to three central questions in the subdiscipline and closes with an examination of currently contentious issues. Likely future developments include movement toward more fluid, contextually contingent conceptualizations of class, race, and gender and an increasing prominence of analyses that explore the dynamic interplay between individual, interactional, and institutional processes of inequality.
Bears, Dreams, and the Wild Woods

My son Sean saw a bear up close once on Mount Lemmon. He saw it at our cabin, located at the edge of a forest that runs, unbroken, from the ski area down to Tucson. There are bears, coati, deer, mountain lions, and scruffy backpackers that roam up to the edges of land containing summer cabins and the little hamlet of Summerhaven. This is a story of a time when a visitor from the wild woods met an ordinary family from Tucson. Sean has since become an outdoor guide who seeks contact with rocks, trees, and living inhabitants of wild places.
Rent Control: A Tale of Two Canadian Cities

An examination of how the rental housing experiences of Vancouver and Toronto serve almost as a laboratory test of the effects of rent control legislation.
Changes in India's Property Rights Regime and the Implications for Improved Gender Parity: Evidence from Regression Discontinuity Analysis of Panel Data for 17 Indian States

In India, where rigid social norms limit women's autonomy, attempts to legislate equal rights are rarely successful. Moreover, limited data on the interaction of legal implementation and socio-economic structures makes it nearly impossible to measure the direct effect of progressive law and its indirect effect on attitudes and welfare. This paper uses regression discontinuity design to capture the effect of a law implemented at exogenous points in time across India – the Hindu Succession Amendment Act - which equalized women’s inheritance rights. Additional regression analysis allows measurement of legal reform’s indirect effect on women’s welfare. Analysis is based on two forms of data: (1) Nationally representative panel data collected across 17 Indian states from 1971 until 2006/8 by the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER)’s Rural Economic and Demographic Survey (REDS), and (2) Qualitative field research based on interviews with 850 women and their husbands in two districts of Andhra Pradesh to identify appropriate causal hypotheses and interpret the results of quantitative analysis. Whereas elite capture theory suggests legal reform of women’s traditionally-weak inheritance rights should be ineffective, preliminary findings suggest the law is effective in increasing women’s perceived ownership of household land, women’s self-reported bargaining power in the household, and women’s probability of inheriting land. The law has a very limited substantive impact on the equality of women’s land shares, but a significant welfare impact: households with an HSAA beneficiary spend more on women’s goods, medical care, and children’s education. As expected by norm-based theories of legal effectiveness, household norms are significant predictors of women’s probability of inheriting land as well as the equality of women’s land shares. However, norms’ effect runs counter to theoretical predictions: parents who support conservative norms of (son’s) care of elderly parents are significantly more likely than other parents to give daughters land and to equalize daughters land shares. Parents who maintain illiberal norms that restrict daughter’s decision-making power are more likely to give land inheritance to all children. However, elite capture theory does explain an important finding: where women organize their own interest groups, they are more likely to benefit from the HSAA. We can conclude that progressive law significantly improves women’s property rights and welfare, but its effectiveness is maximized by either working in tandem with conservative social norms, or by generating new social networks to circumvent conservative norms.
POD based Separation Control on the NACA0015 Airfoil

=1.59 reattaches the separated flow. For feedback flow control, a pressure sensor array is positioned above the airfoil and a low dimensional model based on Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) is used for flow state estimation. Including POD modes of both the unforced and open loop forced cases results in an accurate flow field reconstruction for the unforced, forced and transient flow regimes. Feedback flow control is implemented via a proportional and differential controller that introduces disturbances with a fixed frequency and varying forcing amplitude based on the instantaneous amplitudes of the POD modes. The controller response to separation and reattachment is studied.
Developing a Complete Poultry Breeding Program

Abstract The first question which should be considered in developing a complete poultry breeding program is the goal to be attained. One thing which we might work for would be the development of one or two very outstanding breeders such as a Beall or a Tancred. We probably would never be successful in obtaining this goal because Bealls and Tancreds are born and not developed. Another goal which we might work for would be the development of quite a number of breeders which would produce some very good quality stock but which would be so high priced that it could not be purchased by the average poultrymen. In developing a poultry breeding program as it is in Ohio, the object has been to improve the quality of chicks produced by large hatcheries in the state, and thus influence the quality of poultry on the thousands of better general farms. In other . . .
Research on Centroid Moving Mode of Moving Centroid Reentry Vehicles

Moving centroid control for reentry vehicles is used to realize the maneuvering control by changing the center of mass of reentry vehicles and aerodynamic trim torque,so as to adjust the flying attitude and angle of attack.The disadvantages of traditional pneumatic actuator control for reentry vehicles are overcomed including rudder surface ablation when flied at high speeds.In this paper,on the foundation of building up dynamic equations of the moving centroid,the dynamic equationgs are linearizing,and the transfer function between the displacement of moving mass in different ways of body axie and attack-angle is gained.The calculating results show that the control efficiency is variant when mass moves in different ways in whole reentry flighting phase.This researching results have important significance to increase the control efficiency of reentry vehicles.
Arthritis associated with systemic disease

The so-called variants of rheumatoid arthritis—Marie-Strumpell disease, Reiter's syndrome, colitic arthritis, psoriatic arthropathy—have certain features in common. Conditions frequently associated with these diseases include prostatitis, urethritis, ileitis, colitis, sacroiliitis, spondylitis, and ocular involvement. The anatomic basis of the overlap of certain of these diseases may be a venous circulation that drains the urethra and prostate and communicates with venous drainage of the sacroiliac and spinal joints.
Die Freisetzung lysosomaler Enzyme (LE) im ischämischen Myokard des Hundes unter Einfluß von Isoproterenol (ISO) und Methylprednisolone (MP) unter Berücksichtigung des Collateralflusses (CF)

Die Freisetzung partikelgebundener LE aus ihrer subzellularen Lokalisation wurde an einem Tiermodell (n = 14) im Fruhstadium der ischamischen Myokardschadigung nachgewiesen. Eine Korrelation zwischen CF und der Freisetzung von LE bestand (p gt; 0.01) im subendocardialen Gewebe, wo der CF 19 % des Flow des benachbarten Normalgewebes betrug. Im subepicardialen ischamischen Gewebe fand bei einem CF von 30 % eine solche Freisetzung von Enzymen nicht statt. Nach Infusion von ISO (0,05 jUg/kg – 45 min) zeigte sich eine relative Verminderung des CF im subepicardialen Gewebe von 36 % auf 22 % (n = 8). Diese relative Verminderung des CF ging mit einer Freisetzung von LE im subepicardialen Gewebe einher (p gt; 0,05). Der CF im subendocardialen Gewebe verringerte sich von 23 % auf 19 % mit einer entsprechenden Verminderung an LE (p gt; 0.01). Nach Vorbehandlung mit MP (50 mg/kg – 30 min vor Beginn der Ischamie), (n = 8), fand sich bei einem CF von 36 % keine signifikante Freisetzung von LE im subepicardialen Gewebe, wahrend das subendocardiale Gewebe bei einem CF von 21 % einen der Kontroll-gruppe entsprechenden Verlust an LE zeigte.
The Deleterious Duo of Neurodegeneration: Lysosomes and Mitochondria

Many studies have demonstrated that the accumulation of aggregate-prone proteins due to defects in cellular quality control systems contributes to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. One form of quality control within neurons is autophagy, an intracellular pathway involved in the breakdown of cytosolic constituents. Lysosomes mediate autophagy, and their dysfunction may contribute to perturbations in cellular homeostasis and affect other organelles such as mitochondria. Mitochondrial malfunction may then further perpetuate lysosomal damage and initiate inflammatory responses. Therefore, lysosomes and mitochondria share a reciprocal relationship where dysfunction in one often affects the function of the other. These consequences of lysosome and mitochondrial impairment complete a deleterious feedback loop that concludes not only in neurodegeneration but also neuroinflammation. Herein, we discuss the primary types of autophagy and their underlying mechanisms, the regulation of lysosomal biogenesis and function, and the link between lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction. We conclude this chapter by assessing the role of lysosomal dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases.
Social Endophenotypes in Mouse Models of Psychiatric Disease

Psychiatric diseases encompass some of the most complex and debilitating afflictions known to man. Common to several of these diseases, namely autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and schizophrenia, are impairments in socio-communicative behavior. These impairments have been proposed as candidate endophenotypes of disease processes, being present in prodromal and active stages of disease, as well as in undiagnosed relatives. The genetic bases for these diseases and associated socio-communicative endophenotypes make them highly amenable to study using mouse models. In this review, socio-communicative endophenotypes of two psychiatric diseases—ASDs and schizophrenia—are discussed and translated to measurable behavior in mice. Social interaction and ultrasonic vocalization behavioral paradigms serve as reliable methods for assessing social and communicative functioning in mice, respectively. Several of these paradigms will be overviewed alongside evidence of abnormalities in genetic mouse models of psychiatric disease.
Between the Lines: Diversity and NCAA Division I Athletic Department Mission Statements

Given the increasing number of student–athletes of color participating in college sports [Lapchick, R., Hoff, B., & Kaiser, C. (2010). The 2010 racial and gender report card: College sport. Orlando, FL: The Institute for Diversity in Ethics in Sport], the athletics department is rarely viewed as needing to address diversity (Unzueta & Binning, 2009); yet, diversity goes beyond numbers. With the importance of written documents to expressing a value for diversity, this study examined how NCAA Division I athletic department mission statements address diversity and how those messages compare to the university missions. Chesler and Crowfoot's (1989, Racism in higher education: An organizational analysis. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Research on Social Organization, University of Michigan) organizational analysis of racism framework was adapted to consider diversity in a broader sense, and 40 department and university mission statements were examined. The iterative content analysis produced five overarching themes...
Gender and Dialect Bias in YouTube’s Automatic Captions

This project evaluates the accuracy of YouTube’s automatically-generated captions across two genders and five dialect groups. Speakers’ dialect and gender was controlled for by using videos uploaded as part of the “accent tag challenge”, where speakers explicitly identify their language background. The results show robust differences in accuracy across both gender and dialect, with lower accuracy for 1) women and 2) speakers from Scotland. This finding builds on earlier research finding that speaker’s sociolinguistic identity may negatively impact their ability to use automatic speech recognition, and demonstrates the need for sociolinguistically-stratified validation of systems.
The Times of India: Start the Presses

Perhaps among the most popular newspapers in the world, the Times of India (TOI) was faced with developing a national strategy in a very diverse country. The paper's strategy included lowering the price of print newspapers, developing readership among India's youth, embracing active story coverage, and continuing to deliver door-to-door in metro areas. But by 2014, the cost structure required to keep newspapers on doorsteps every morning had Rahul Kansal, executive president at Bennet, Coleman & Co. Ltd. (TOI's publisher), reexamining the paper's direction. The firm's growth model had included nonmetro and digital expansion. Should TOI continue to tap into the increasingly literate and underserved Indian population to grow its print readership in metro and nonmetro areas? What effect would that decision have on TOI's digital penetration? Excerpt UVA-M-0877 Rev. Apr. 14, 2017 The Times of India: Start the Presses As newspapers around the world were trying to replace lost print revenue with new digital revenue, Rahul Kansal, executive president at Bennett, Coleman and Co. Ltd.—the publisher of the New Delhi–based Times of India (TOI)—believed print news was key to a new industry model. TOI made the decision to lower its cover price to blunt the appeal of free mobile and digital news. The paper also changed the way it covered stories—moving from passive to active voice—and gave a nod to digital content by building web and mobile-application platforms. The changes made between 2002 and 2003 paid off for the paper as its readership increased and the company prospered. Six years later, there were signs of slowing growth rates, and Kansal and his team reexamined their direction. The firm's growth model had included nonmetro and digital expansion. Given that TOI had developed a large population of consumers in the habit of reading the newspaper each day, was it time to encourage certain segments of that population to access digital content? And if TOI did so, how might the decision affect print subscriptions? How should TOI prioritize and manage its print circulation in metro and nonmetro areas? And how might that decision affect TOI's digital penetration? There was much to discuss. Newspaper History: Freedom of Expression . . .
Never truly alone, we always have our purchases: Loneliness and sex as predictors of purchase attachment and future purchase intentions

The meaning of a purchase does not end at “buy.” Past purchases can become integral to consumers' self-definition and communication of their “self” to others. Just as consumers display differential attachment tendencies for material purchases, so too should they exhibit differences in experiential purchase attachment propensities. This research examines this issue and contributes to the literature on purchase attachment by examining individual differences in material versus experiential attachment tendencies. Specifically, this work shows that loneliness increases attachment to purchases that affirm one's social self and restore a sense of connection to others; however, the type of purchase that best achieves this social affirmation goal varies as a function of the consumer's sex. Females (males) are more likely to think about their material (experiential) purchases as representative of their relationships with others; therefore, lonely females (males) are more likely to attach to material (experiential) purchases. Across 5 studies, we demonstrate this sex by loneliness interaction and investigate the perceived effectiveness of material/experiential purchases as social cues, as a mechanism underlying these effects. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these attachment patterns influence future purchase tendencies—material (experiential) attachment predicts continued spending of disposable income on material (experiential) purchases.
Regression Tree Models to Predict Winter Storm Costs

Winter maintenance can consume one-third or more of highway maintenance budgets. Tools for estimating winter maintenance costs can enhance allocation, accountability, and management of expenditures. Historical weather forecasts and associated maintenance resources are used to create statistical models to estimate county-level resources to fight a forecast snow or freezing rain event. County-level analysis allows for model refinement for slightly different business practices and areas small enough to assume uniform weather effects. The statistical models are organized as regression trees that accommodate variables for operation of winter maintenance, such as service level expectations, range of county size, and weekend and overtime events. The regression trees fit subsets of data to form families of multiple linear models. In this way, models can be refined for important categorical variables such as service level and county size. The models presented here estimate labor, equipment, and material resources required to fight a storm in counties having 87 to 1,460 lane mi to maintain. The models estimate resources, not cost. Accordingly, the models are independent of unit costs of labor, equipment, and material that change over time and vary from county to county. Unit costs for labor, material, and equipment at each county are needed to convert resource estimates to resource costs. Statewide or regional storm costs can be computed by summing county-level costs.
Patterns of math and English self-concepts as motivation for college major selection

Abstract A variable and person-centered approach was applied to understand the development of cross domain self-concepts of ability, patterns of math and English self-concepts of ability throughout adolescence, and their associations with college major. An expectancy-value perspective was integrated with dimensional comparison theory to understand how math and English self-concepts of ability relate to one another over time and within a person. Regression analysis identified a positive association of math self-concept throughout adolescence with math-related majors and a negative association of English self-concept with math-related majors. Cluster analysis classified students into six to seven patterns of varying math and English self-concepts of ability. Stereotypical gender differences were observed in cluster membership, with women overrepresented in high English clusters and males over represented in high math clusters. Cluster membership was predictive of the math-related college majors. Students who were higher in math self concept of ability relative to English were overrepresented in math intensive majors. Findings support the importance of considering intraindividual hierarchies and ipsative relationships when studying the development of self-concept of ability and academic choices.
Control and Performance of a Reconfigurable Multicopter

This paper presents a concept of a multicopter that can be reconfigured between a quadcopter, hexacopter, octocopter, and decacopter. The controls for each of the configurations are identified, and for the configurations with control redundancy, the power optimal controls are presented. A dynamic simulation model is implemented and used to compare the various configurations. The maximum useful weights of the octocopter, hexacopter, and quadcopter were 76.5%, 53.1%, and 29.7% that of the decacopter, respectively. Over a range of useful weights, the decacopter required the least power when the useful weight was greater than around 23% of its maximum, due to lower induced and profile power requirements of the lighter-loaded, slower-spinning rotors. At lower useful weights, smaller configurations required less power due to their lower empty weight. Increasing the number of rotors increased the maximum hover endurance, cruise endurance, and maximum range. Maximum moments and accelerations produced by each airc...
Tetracycline-Inactivating Enzymes.

Tetracyclines have been foundational antibacterial agents for more than 70 years. Renewed interest in tetracycline antibiotics is being driven by advancements in tetracycline synthesis and strategic scaffold modifications designed to overcome established clinical resistance mechanisms including efflux and ribosome protection. Emerging new resistance mechanisms, including enzymatic antibiotic inactivation, threaten recent progress on bringing these next generation tetracyclines to the clinic. Here we review the current state of knowledge on the structure, mechanism, and inhibition of tetracycline-inactivating enzymes.
Teaching for Wisdom Through History: Infusing Wise Thinking Skills in the School Curriculum

Shortly after Hurricane Katrina, some residents of New Orleans who remained in the city began looting stores. Many were in search of food and water and other basic necessities that were unavailable because of the destruction. Jackie Roberts, the owner of a drugstore on Canal Street, faced a dilemma: open the doors of her store and let people come in and take what they wanted, which would mean losing more money in addition to the damage the floods had already done to her store and storage facilities; or protect her store from looters with the help of a few armed friends, shooting at looters if necessary. Lee Ann Brown of Baton Rouge faced another type of dilemma. The single mother, who works two jobs, was concerned for her elderly parents, who can no longer care for themselves. After reading media accounts of what happened in some nursing homes when Hurricane Katrina hit, Brown worried that her parents would not properly be cared for in the type of nursing home she could afford. On the other hand, taking them in to live with her and her two children would exacerbate tensions in their already cramped household, and her teenage sons strongly opposed it. When the Miller family evacuated their home on Lake Pontchartrain, they were confronted with the realization that all their household pets, including two dogs, could not fit in the car that would take them out of the city to safety. They had to make a choice—leave some of the animals behind or have a family member remain with the pets until further evacuation help could be found. All three examples above depict people in extremely difficult situations; but the kinds of dilemmas they face are similar to what all of us, at any age, have to confront when choosing between our own best interests and those of others, be they strangers, close family members, or beloved pets. To solve dilemmas of this type, we need more than just knowledge or analytical thinking skills. We need wisdom.
Harvest Index of Spring Wheat as Influenced by Water Stress

Simple models to predict spring wheat yield have usually used a different procedure to predict grain yield than that of above-ground dry matter (Hanks, 1974). The prediction of grain yield has been related to predictions of water stress at different growth stages whereas the prediction of total dry matter yield has been related to total seasonal stress. The use of more complicated models to predict grain yield is justified only if there is a difference in the harvest index (ratio of grain to total dry matter yield) resulting from plant water stress.
The Association of Optically Active Ions; Ultrasonic Investigation of the Association of Bis and Tris (Orthophenanthroline) Zinc (11) d-Camphorsulfonate

Pfeiffer and Quehl1,2 discovered that the optical rotation of a solution of zinc d-camphorsulfonate vas altered by the addition of three moles of 1,10 phenanthroline. This optical anomaly and similar systems have been designated the Pfeiffer effect. In a further study, Pfeiffer and Nakatsuka3 showed that when racemic Ni (phen)3 SO4 was added to a solution of ammonium d-camphorsulfonate an instantaneous” change of optical rotation was observed which slowly changed to give an equilibrium rotation significantly different from that of the anion alone. This behavior is seemingly similar to the optical absorbance studies by Posey and Taube4 on the system Co (NH3)5 (H2O)+3 + SO 4 -2 . In this system there is an “instantaneous” change in absorbance when the ions are mixed followed by a slow change of absorbance. The mechanism for this latter reaction is the rapid formation of an outer sphere complex, the ion pair Co(NH3)5 (H2O) SO 4 + , followed by replacement of coordinated water by SO4 –2 to form the inner sphere complex. This multistep mechanism of ionic association has been shown by Eigen to have considerable generality5. In view of this mechanism the postulated mechanism for Pfeiffer activity (between unlike charged ions) is as follows.
Carbachol and nitric oxide inhibition of Na,K-ATPase activity in bovine ciliary processes.

Purpose Nitric oxide (NO) donors and cholinergic agents decrease intraocular pressure, in part because they induce a decrease in aqueous humor production. Because Na,K-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) is involved in aqueous humor formation, this study was conducted to investigate the hypothesis that NO and cholinomimetics regulate its activity in bovine ciliary processes. Methods Bovine tissue slices were incubated with agonists and antagonists in a physiological buffer in vitro. Na,K-ATPase activity was determined by assaying hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in suspended permeabilized tissue slices. Results Carbachol-induced inhibition of Na,K-ATPase activity correlated with increases in cGMP. This inhibition was abolished by the muscarinic blocker atropine, the NO inhibitor N(w)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NAME) and the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ). Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) mimicked the actions of carbachol. The SNP-induced decrease in Na,K-ATPase activity correlated with an increase in cGMP and was also abolished by ODQ. Both 8-bromo (Br)-cGMP and okadaic acid also inhibited Na,K-ATPase activity. Conclusions Carbachol-induced inhibition of Na,K-ATPase activity involves muscarinic receptor activation. That SNP mimics and L-NAME reverses carbachol's effect on Na,K-ATPase activity suggests that the actions of carbachol are mediated by NO. Carbachol's and SNP's effects on Na,K-ATPase activity involved soluble guanylate cyclase and cGMP. Inhibition of Na,K-ATPase activity by 8-Br-cGMP and okadaic acid indicates that protein phosphorylation events may mediate SNP-induced inhibition of Na,K-ATPase activity.
Ruxolitinib for Steroid-Refractory Acute Graft-Versus-Host Diseas

Background Acute graft-versus-host-disease (aGVHD) is one of the leading causes of non-relapse morbidity and mortality following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (allo-HCT). Ruxolitinib (RUX) may be a viable option for patients with steroid-refractory (SR)-aGVHD but limited data currently exists. Methods We performed retrospective chart review to identify patients treated with RUX for S-R-aGVHD 2015-2016 at our center. Primary aGVHD and overlap syndrome were included. Patients who received ≥14 days of RUX were considered evaluable for response assessment. A complete response (CR) was defined as the absence of any symptoms related to aGVHD. A partial response was defined as the improvement of at least one stage in the severity of aGVHD in one organ without deterioration in any other organ. Responses must have maintained for ≥21 days. Results Thirty-six patients were included in the analysis. None were treated on prospective trials of RUX. Demographics are described in Table 1. The median time from allo-HCT to start of RUX was 83 days (range 34-741). The median time from steroid initiation to RUX imitation was 16.5 days (range 2-280) and the median number of prior therapies for S-R-aGVHD was 2 (range 0-5). The majority of patients (72%) were initiated on 5mg BID RUX; 25% were initiated on 10mg BID; 1 patient was initiated on 5mg daily. The median duration of RUX treatment was 21.5 days (range 1-560); 67% received at least 14 days of treatment and were evaluable for response. The overall response rate was 58% with 25% obtaining a CR. RUX was well tolerated; hematologic toxicity was generally mild and not dose limiting and there were no cases of treatment-related mortality. The majority of patients discontinued due to treatment failure or clinical deterioration. Four patients discontinued for toxicity and six for issues in obtaining RUX. Overall, the estimated median overall survival (OS) was 4.9 months (95% CI 2.7-7.0). Of those who were evaluable for response, the median OS was 7.4 months (95% CI UTQ-15.9) for responders compared to 0.9 months (95% CI 0.7-1.1) for non-responders (p Conclusion In this population of high-risk, S-R-aGVHD, RUX is well tolerated and the ORR is 58% (95% CI 38%-78%) in patients receiving ≥14 days of treatment.