cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emotions and Passions in the Discipline of International Relations

The article focuses on how emotions and passions – two related but somewhat different notions – are addressed in the field of international relations. As such it makes three main points. First, the article argues that, although presupposed in mainstream international relations, because of the influence of positivism emotions and passions have tended to be overlooked. Second, it makes the point that in recent years scholars with constructivist leanings have been increasingly interested in taking emotions and passions seriously as an academic area of research. Third, and finally, the article concludes that despite the progress made in the 2000s on the understanding of emotions and passions in international relations, more work remains to be done. As such it outlines future directions of research.
Systolic aortic regurgitation: A hemodynamic challenge for the clinician

Aortic regurgitation is considered a diastolic phenomenon. We describe a case in which premature beats resulted in a left ventricular systolic pressure that was lower than the aortic pressure, and thus aortic regurgitation continued throughout the systole of the premature beat. This sequence of events was clearly demonstrated by Doppler echocardiography.
War Stories: The Search for a Usable Past in the Federal Republic of Germany

List of Illustrations Acknowledgments 1. Listening to War Stories 2. Accounting for the Past 3. Driven into Zeitgeschichte: Historians and the "Expulsion of the Germans from East-Central Europe" 4. Prisoners of Public Memory: "Homecoming 1955" 5. Heimat, Barbed Wire, and "Papa's Kino": Expellees and POWs at the Movies Epilogue Notes Bibliography Index
Mechanistic insight into the reactions of O− with aromatic compounds and the synthesis of didehydroaromatic anions in the gas phase

Abstract The gas-phase ion/molecule reactions of O − with benzene, pyridine, furan, thiophene, pyrrole, and 1,3-cyclopentadiene have been quantitatively characterized under the thermally equilibrated (298 ± 3 K) conditions attainable with the flowing afterglow technique. All atomic oxygen radical anion reactions examined were found to be fast, with reaction occurring on at least three out of four collisions. While reaction rate coefficients are the same for all aromatic compounds, the product distributions for the O − reactions are extremely sensitive to the structure and properties of the neutral. In general, four reaction channels need to be considered: H + 2 -transfer, oxide anion formation (i.e. addition of an oxygen atom and loss of a hydrogen atom), H-atom transfer (i.e. formation of HO − ), and H + -transfer. Formation of the didehydroaromatic radical anion was detected for each neutral while H-atom transfer was a minor pathway and was only found for pyrrole and 1,3-cyclopentadiene. Oxide anion formation was a major pathway for the six-membered aromatic rings. For the five-membered rings, only thiophene produced the corresponding oxide anion (as a trace product) upon reaction with O − . Proton transfer was always important where thermochemically allowed (thiophene, pyrrole, and 1,3-cyclopentadiene). The observations are interpreted with the aid of a reaction coordinate diagram detailing a series of sequential steps for O − with benzene, starting with formation of an ion/neutral complex followed by partitioning into the four reaction channels. The data are supplemented by measurements made for benzene- d 6 and pyridine- d 5 , as well as for HO − reacting with each of the neutrals. In addition to demonstrating the synthetic utility of didehydroaromatic radical anion generation by this method, this work suggests that O − and HO − can be complementary to each other as negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometric reagents for analysis of mixtures of aromatic compounds by mass spectrometry.
West syndrome: long-term prognosis and social aspects

West syndrome (WS) is commonly associated with a poor long-term outcome including a small but significant mortality, infantile spasms that are resistant to treatment, the development of other seizure types and impaired cognitive and psychosocial functioning. It is important to understand that the families of these children also experience significant psychosocial morbidity, which is usually, but not invariably, correlated with persisting seizures beyond the first or second year of life. One of the fundamental points about the prognosis of this epilepsy syndrome is that the natural history (i.e. the outcome of spasms without any medical or surgical intervention) is not known. Numerous factors have been implicated as being important in influencing the long-term prognosis of children with WS. However, the majority of these factors have been identified from retrospective and markedly heterogeneous studies, including different populations and different treatment regimes. The most important prognostic factors are generally recognised to be the underlying aetiology of the syndrome and the presence or absence of pre-existing seizures and/or developmental abnormalities. The rapidity with which the diagnosis is made and treatment started from the onset of spasms (often termed the 'treatment lag') is a possible, though controversial and as yet unproven, factor in the prognosis of WS.
Performance and robustness analysis for structured uncertainty

This paper introduces a nonconservative measure of performance for linear feedback systems in the face of structured uncertainty. This measure is based on a new matrix function, which we call the Structured Singular Value.
MPI performance analysis tools on Blue Gene/L

Applications on today?s massively parallel supercomputers are often guided with performance analysis tools toward scalable performance on thousands of processors. However, conventional tools for parallel performance analysis have serious problems due to the large data volume that needs to be handled. In this paper, we discuss the scalability issue for MPI performance analysis on Blue Gene/L, the world?s fastest supercomputing platform. First we present an experimental study of existing MPI performance tools that were ported to BG/L from other platforms. These tools can be classified into two categories: profiling tools that collect timing summaries, and tracing tools that collect a sequence of time-stamped events. Profiling tools produce small data volumes and can scale well, but tracing tools tend to scale poorly. We then describe a configurable MPI tracing tool developed for BG/L. By providing a configurable method for trace generation, the volume of trace data can be controlled, and scalability is significantly improved.
Hippocampal Dosimetry Predicts Neurocognitive Function Impairment After Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Benign or Low-Grade Adult Brain Tumors

Summary Equivalent dose in 2-Gy fractions to 40% of the bilateral hippocampi greater than 7.3 Gy is associated with long-term memory impairment. Modern intensity-modulated radiation therapy techniques can reduce the dose to the bilateral hippocampi below this dosimetric threshold. Purpose: To prospectively evaluate the association between hippocampal dose and long-term neurocognitive function (NCF) impairment for benign or low-grade adult brain tumors treated with fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT). Methods and Materials: Adult patients with benign or low-grade adult brain tumors were treated with FSRT per institutional practice. No attempt was made to spare the hippocampus. NCF testing was conducted at baseline and 18 months follow-up, on a prospective clinical trial. Regression-based standardized z scores were calculated by using similar healthy control individuals evaluated at the same testeretest interval. NCF impairment was defined as a z score �� 1.5. After delineation of the bilateral hippocampi according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group contouring atlas, doseevolume histograms were generated for the left and right hippocampi and for the composite pair. Biologically equivalent doses in 2-Gy fractions (EQD2) assuming an a/b ratio of 2 Gy were computed. Fisher’s exact test and binary logistic regression were used for univariate and multivariate analyses, respectively. Doseeresponse data were fit to a nonlinear model. Results: Of 29 patients enrolled in this trial, 18 completed both baseline and 18-month NCF testing. An EQD2 to 40% of the bilateral hippocampi >7.3 Gy was associated with impairment in Wechsler Memory Scale-III Word List (WMS-WL) delayed recall (odds ratio [OR] 19.3; p Z 0.043). The association between WMS-WL delayed recall and EQD2 to 100% of the bilateral hippocampi >0.0 Gy trended to significance (OR 14.8; p Z 0.068). Conclusion: EQD2 to 40% of the bilateral hippocampi greater than 7.3 Gy is associated with long-term impairment in list-learning delayed recall after FSRT for benign or low-grade adult brain tumors. Given that modern intensity-modulated radiotherapy techniques can reduce the dose to the bilateral hippocampi below this dosimetric threshold, patients should be enrolled
Willingness to Pay for a Climate Backstop: Liquid Fuel Producers and Direct CO₂ Air Capture

We conduct a sensitivity analysis to describe conditions under which liquid fuel producers would fund the development of a climate backstop. We estimate (1) the cost to develop competitively priced direct CO₂ air capture technology, a possible climate backstop and (2) the effect of this technology on the value of liquid fuel reserves by country and fuel. Under most assumptions, development costs exceed individual benefits. A particularly robust result is that carbon prices generate large benefits for conventional oil producers – making a climate backstop unappealing for them. Unilateral investment does become more likely under: stringent carbon policy, social discount rates, improved technical outcomes, and high price elasticity of demand for liquid fuels. Early stage investment is inexpensive and could provide a hedge against such developments, particularly for fuels on the margin, such as tar sands and gas-to-liquids. Since only a few entities benefit, free riding is not an important disincentive to investment, although uncertainty about who benefits probably is.
Photoexcited solitons and polarons in pernigraniline-base polymers.

observed by pumping into the Peierls gap were found, except the intensity of each of the features in- creased by a factor of 4. The LE features are short lived with a lifetime on the millisecond time scale and have associated short-lived infrared vibrations. The ME peak is very long lived; in addition, there are very long-lived, relatively weak infrared vibrations. The lifetime of the ME peak is measured to be greater than 24 h for temperatures below 200 K. The defect masses for long-lived and short-lived defects are estimated to be -300m, and -(5— 10)m"respectively, using the amplitude-mode formalism. Light-induced ESR studies show the long-lived 1.5 eV peak has spin while the short-lived defect has no spin. We suggest that the LE peaks originate from charged soliton-antisoliton pairs (dominated primari- ly by the bond-length order parameter u), while the ME peak originates from massive ring-torsional po- larons (with dominant ring-torsion-angle order parameters 6 and 0 p).
A graphical calculator for statistical analysis.

Abstract The graphical calculator originally developed for calculating penicillin concentrations from zone diameters in the three‐hour cylinder‐plate assay is shown to possess properties that recommend it for statistical analysis. By the introduction of two additional scales, the instrument is fitted to test data for deviation from normal distribution and to determine the mean and standard deviation from the mean of normally distributed values. Examples are included to demonstrate the advantages of graphical statistical analysis. A device for the semiautomatic plotting of data may be added if desired. The instrument is also useful in calculating values of LD 50 from suitable data.
Immediate Reproducibility of Clinical and Nonclinical Forms of Induced Ventricular Tachycardia

This prospective study assessed the immediate reproducibility of clinical and nonclinical forms of ventricular tachycardia (VT) induced by programmed ventricular stimulation. Twenty-three clinical VTs were unimorphic and previously documented and 22 nonclinical VTs (17 polymorphic and 5 unimorphic) were induced in patients with either no documented or suspected history of VT, or documented VT that had a configuration different from that of the induced VT. The stimulation protocol included 1 to 3 ventricular extrastimuli, 2 drive cycle lengths, and 2 right ventricular stimulation sites. Each VT was induced on the first attempt, then the stimulation protocol was repeated twice in the drug-free state. After the first VT induction, 21 of 23 clinical VTs (91%) and 17 of 22 nonclinical VTs (77%) were reinduced on the second attempt. After 2 VT inductions, 21 of 21 clinical VTs (100%) and 15 of 17 nonclinical VTs (88%) were reinduced on the third attempt. The reinduction rates of the clinical and nonclinical VTs were not significantly different. Among the clinical VTs, the reproducibility of the induction technique was 81% after 1 induction and 88% after 2 inductions with the same technique. These results imply that acute drug testing can be reliably performed after 2 inductions but not 1 induction of clinical VT; reproducibility is not helpful in determining whether an induced VT is clinical or nonclinical; and changes in induction technique during drug testing should be interpreted with caution because changes may occur in the absence of drugs.
Dimensional phase transitions: Spinors, gauge fields, and background gravity on a cell complex

Using the techniques of the cell complex cohomology we define interacting spinors, gauge fields, and background gravity on an arbitrary cubic or simplicial cell complex in a coordinate-free and invariant fashion.
Integrating an object-oriented data model with multilevel security

A security model is presented for object-oriented database systems. This model is a departure from the traditional security models based on the passive-object active-subject paradigm. The model is a flow model whose main elements are objects and messages. An object combines the properties of a passive information repository with those of an active agent. Messages are the main instrument of information flow. The chief advantages of the proposed model are its compatibility with the object-oriented data model and the simplicity with which security policies can be stated and enforced. >
Assessing failure mechanisms during transformation superplasticity of Ti-6Al-4V

During thermal cycling through the {alpha}/{beta} phase transformation under the action of a small external biasing stress, Ti alloys exhibit an average deformation stress exponent of unity and achieve superplastic strains. The authors report tensile experiments on Ti-6Al-4V with an applied stress of 4.5 MPa, aimed at understanding the failure processes during transformation superplasticity. The development of cavities is assessed as a function of superplastic elongation, and macroscopic neck formation is quantified at several levels of elongation by digital imaging techniques. The effects of thermal inhomogeneity on neck initiation and propagation are also elucidated experimentally.
Analysis of the human TATA binding protein promoter and identification of an Ets site critical for activity

The TATA binding protein (TBP) is a general transcription factor required for initiation by all three eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerases. Little is known about how TBP gene expression is regulated. To identify sequence elements and proteins contributing to human TBP (hTBP) gene transcription, we have characterized the promoter in two human cell lines. Multiple 5'-ends of TBP mRNA mapped throughout a 111 bp region immediately upstream of a previously reported hTBP cDNA. Upon transient transfection into cells, the hTBP 5'-flanking region was shown to contain a fairly active promoter. The cis -acting elements responsible for this promoter activity in Namalwa and HeLa cells were localized in vivo by deletion analysis. The minimal promoter defined from these experiments was a 54 bp region that encompassed all but one minor start site and contained a functional Ets protein consensus binding site, which was shown to be required for promoter activity in both cell lines. The importance of other potential elements to promoter activity was found to differ between the two cell lines. Consistent with that finding, different complexes were formed on promoter-containing DNA fragments upon incubation with nuclear extracts prepared from the different cells.
Subtraction Ictal SPECT Coregistered to MRI for Seizure Focus Localization in Partial Epilepsy

Peri-ictal single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of the brain is increasingly used in localizing the seizure focus in presurgical evaluation of patients with partial epilepsy. However, traditional side-by-side visual interpretation of ictal and interictal SPECT films is hampered by differences in slice location and tracer activity. Precise correlation of the seizure focus with a high-quality image of the underlying brain anatomy can improve the physician's understanding of seizure neurophysiology and assist in surgical planning. Computer-based methods have been developed for aligning, normalizing, and subtracting digital ictal and interictal SPECT images of the patient's brain to produce a map of the blood flow changes occurring between the seizure and resting states. These maps are then aligned with a high-resolution magnetic resonance image (MRI) of the patient's brain anatomy and fused to identify anatomical regions involved in the seizure. The purpose of this article is to review the technical components and clinical implementation of subtraction ictal SPECT, as well as to discuss recent technological advances that could extend and improve the diagnostic and localizing capacity of this method.
Can we simultaneously work toward the prevention of obesity and eating disorders in children and adolescents

Because of the growing prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents, increased attention is being directed toward its prevention. An important question is: can we simultaneously work toward the prevention of obesity and eating disorders? To address this question, we need to determine (a) if there is a need for integrated approaches; (b) if we can bridge the fields of obesity and eating disorders; (c) if we can foster the development of environments that promote healthy eating and physical activity choices and the acceptance of diverse body shapes and sizes; and (d) if we can work toward the development of interventions that have relevance to a broad spectrum of weight-related conditions and behaviors.
Synthesis of an 8-AZA-PGA Analog

Abstract The prostaglandins A1 and A2 are known to be potent antihypertensive agents. Recently we reported3 the synthesis of the 9-oxo-15-hydroxy-8-azaprost-13-enes 1. In this communication we wish to report to our knowledge the first synthesis of an 8-aza-PGA analog which serves as a prototype for the synthesis of 8-aza-PGA1 and 2.
Queering Social Studies: The Role of Social Studies in Normalizing Citizens and Sexuality in the Common Good

As LGBTQ issues gain prominence in political and social arenas directly related to social studies teaching, the field of social studies can no longer remain silent. The author argues that we need to move beyond marginal programs and an emphasis on anti-bullying measures to examine the heteronormative structures that school students in sexuality. She draws on queer theory to look critically at how the current vision statement and standards of NCSS position students to understand LGBTQ issues and persons and to recognize these as rights issues in public discourse. Although the findings are not optimistic about social studies as a field of social change and critical social understanding, there are moments of possibility in the field.
Misconceptions Tests or Misconceived Tests

It was found that taking a psychology course in high school did not improve the performance of college students in an introductory psychology class on a modified version of Vaughan's (1977) misconceptions test. However, college experience did lead to a significant, but not large, improvement. A comparison of our results with those from previous studies, along with an analysis of specific test items, indicated that perhaps the test itself is misconceived.
Baryon Structure in the Bag Theory

A relativistic quark model of the hadron based on the bag theory is presented. The bag equations for massless, Dirac fields with quark quantum numbers are solved in three space dimensions for the special case of a static spherical boundary. These solutions are quantized in an approximation which neglects zero-point fluctuations. The spectrum of lowlying baryon resonances is constructed. The only parameter of the model is fixed by the average mass of the $N(938)$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}(1236)$. The gyromagnetic ratio, axial-vector charge, and charge radius of the proton are computed and found to be 2.6, 1.09, and 1.0 fm, respectively. Refinements of the quantization procedure are discussed.
The Hoare Logic of Deterministic and Nondeterministic Monadic Recursion Schemes

The equational theory of deterministic monadic recursion schemes is known to be decidable by the result of Senizergues on the decidability of the problem of DPDA equivalence. In order to capture some properties of the domain of computation, we augment equations with certain hypotheses. This preserves the decidability of the theory, which we call simple implicational theory. The asymptotically fastest algorithm known for deciding the equational theory, and also for deciding the simple implicational theory, has a running time that is nonelementary. We therefore consider a restriction of the properties about schemes to check: instead of arbitrary equations f ≡ g between schemes, we focus on propositional Hoare assertions lprflqr, where f is a scheme and p, q are tests. Such Hoare assertions have a straightforward encoding as equations. For this subclass of program properties, we can also handle nondeterminism at the syntactic and/or at the semantic level, without increasing the complexity of the theories. We investigate the Hoare theory of monadic recursion schemes, that is, the set of valid implications whose conclusions are Hoare assertions and whose premises are of a certain simple form. We present a sound and complete Hoare-style calculus for this theory. We also show that the Hoare theory can be decided in exponential time, and that it is complete for this class.
Handbuch Geschichte der Sklaverei: Eine Globalgeschichte von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart

Michael Zeuske is widely known as a scholar of slavery in Cuba with a substantial output on that topic and related areas. However, this handbook is far more than that: it is a large, well-documente...
Family Model of Diabetes Education With a Pacific Islander Community.

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to use a community-based participatory research approach to pilot-test a family model of diabetes education conducted in participants’ homes with extended family...
Papillary Fibroelastoma: Move Over Myxoma.

Papillary fibroelastomas are small, frond-like, often stalked intracardiac tumors known for their embolic potential. In 1975, while at Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, our colleague Melvin Cheitlin and his group appear to have been the first to publish the term “papillary fibroelastoma” in a
Resilient observation selection in adversarial settings

Monitoring large areas using sensors is fundamental in a number of applications, including electric power grid, traffic networks, and sensor-based pollution control systems. However, the number of sensors that can be deployed is often limited by financial or technological constraints. This problem is further complicated by the presence of strategic adversaries, who may disable some of the deployed sensors in order to impair the operator's ability to make predictions. Assuming that the operator employs a Gaussian-process-based regression model, we formulate the problem of attack-resilient sensor placement as the problem of selecting a subset from a set of possible observations, with the goal of minimizing the uncertainty of predictions. We show that both finding an optimal resilient subset and finding an optimal attack against a given subset are NP-hard problems. Since both the design and the attack problems are computationally complex, we propose efficient heuristic algorithms for solving them and present theoretical approximability results. Finally, we show that the proposed algorithms perform exceptionally well in practice using numerical results based on real-world datasets.
Estradiol: micrograms or milligrams

Estrogen is used to induce puberty in peripubertal girls with hypogonadism. Although both synthetic and natural forms are available, along with different routes of administration, in the UK oral ethinyl estradiol and the low-dose oral contraceptive pill are commonly used as hormone replacement therapy for practical reasons. We present five peripubertal girls (aged 12.5–14.9 years) with hypogonadism (two with primary hypogonadism due to Turner syndrome and three with central (secondary) hypogonadism as part of multiple pituitary hormone deficiency) who for a variety of reasons have received milligram doses of estradiol (E2) in error for between 6 weeks and 6 months, instead of the expected microgram doses of ethinyl estradiol. Although there are no direct comparisons in peripubertal girls between synthetic and natural estrogens, all girls had vaginal bleeding whilst receiving the milligram doses and have ended up with reduced final heights, below the 9th centile in 1 and below the 2nd centile in 4. Whilst reduction in final height may be part of the underlying condition (especially in Turner syndrome) the two girls with height predictions performed prior to receiving the estrogen overdose have not achieved their predicted height. Estrogen is one of the few drugs which is available in both milligram and microgram formulations. Clinicians need to be alert to the possibility of patients receiving the wrong formulation and dosage in error. Learning points Girls with primary and secondary gonadal failure require assistance with pubertal induction. Although several different formulations and route of administration are available, for practical reasons, the majority of girls in the UK receive oral ethinyl estradiol. Estrogen preparations are available in both milligram and microgram formulations, with potential for receiving the wrong dose. Girls receiving milligram rather than microgram preparations all had vaginal bleeding and a short final height. Background In pediatric practice, there are several groups of female patients who fail to have spontaneous pubertal development. This includes those with primary gonadal failure such as Turner syndrome, or central gonadotropin deficiency secondary to hypothalamo-pituitary dysfunction, e.g. intracranial tumors and their treatment. The role of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in these patients is to i) mimic physiologic puberty, ii) enhance normal growth, iii) induce and maintain normal menstruation, iv) support normal bone maturation and calcification, v) initiate and maintain normal brain cell growth and plasticity and vi) preserve the woman's psychosexual well-being (1). Whereas in adult practice in the UK the natural estrogen 17-β estradiol is more commonly prescribed as HRT, most UK pediatric endocrinologists use ethinyl estradiol to initiate puberty on the grounds of convenience (2, 3) and also unavailability of low-dose oral natural estrogen preparations. We report five cases of iatrogenic vaginal bleeding due to incorrect prescribing of estradiol in young female hypogonadal patients.
Foreword: Federal-State Conflicts in Health Care

Debates over federalism – the proper distribution of power between the federal and state governments – are an inherent part of our legal and political history. Few areas of law implicate the federalism debate as keenly as health care. Almost by definition, the modern health care system requires federal and state authorities to coexist. The articles in this Symposium address various facets of the potential for federal-state conflicts in health care. In light of the tremendous overlap of responsibility, it is not surprising that federal and state health care authorities find themselves in conflict; indeed, the wonder may be that they do not do so more often.
Migration of Solutes in Unsaturated, Fractured Rock at Yucca Mountain: Measurements, Mechanisms, and Models

Characterization and performance assessment (PA) studies for the potential high-level nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain require an understanding of migration mechanisms and pathways of radioactive solutes. Measurements of 36Cl in samples extracted from boreholes at the site are being used in conjunction with recent infiltration estimates to calibrate a site-scale flow and solute transport model. This exercise using the flow and solute transport model, FEHM, involves testing different model formulations and two different hypotheses to explain the occurrence of elevated 36Cl in the Calico Hills unit (CHn) which indicates younger water than in the overlying Topopah Spring unit (TSw). One hypothesis suggests fast vertical transport from the surface via fractures in the TSw to the CHn. An alternative hypothesis is that the elevated 36Cl concentrations reflect rapid horizontal flow in the CHn or at the interface between the CHn and the TSw with the source being vertical percolation under spatially isolated regions of high infiltration or at outcrops of those units. Arguments in favor of and against the hypotheses are described in conjunction with the site-scale transport studies.
Naturally Occurring Atherosclerosis in Turkeys

SummaryCoronary artery and aortic atherosclerosis was studied in the Broad Breasted Bronze and Beltsville White breeds of turkeys from 1 day of age through 24 weeks of age. Serum cholesterol levels and blood pressures were reported. The usefulness of turkeys as an animal model for the study of atherosclerosis was compared to the White Carneau pigeon and squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus).
Ultrastructural studies of ascosporogenesis in Ascobolus immersus

Even though spores of Ascobolus immersus are much larger than those of any other species of the genus, ascosporogenesis in this species is basically identical to that of other species of Ascobolus. The spinelike precursors of the epispore layer are connected laterally into numerous periclinal lines. A dark band is formed above the layers of epispore and leaves a translucent zone separating the epispore from the matrix of the perisporic sac. The appearance of a translucent zone causes a fragile "exospure" similar to that found consistently in many coprophilous and pyrophilic discomycetes. Globular opaque bodies of epiplasmic origin and surrounded by amorphous electron dense granules are found in the perisporic sac and appear to be involved in ornament formation. Perisporic sac vacuoles that influence spore ornamentation in A. immersus are contrasted with those of other species of Ascobolus.
Surveillance Result of Iodized Salt in Fengxian District of Shanghai City in 2009

[Objective]To master the consumption of iodized salt in Fengxian District of Shanghai City in 2009,to ensure the implementation of the iodine deficiency prevention and control measures,and provide scientific basis for the timely and targeted preventive measures and intervention strategies.[Methods]The surveillance was based on the "National Iodine Deficiency Disease Monitoring Program","Shanghai Iodized Salt Monitoring Program".[Results]Of 360 tested samples of iodized salt in 2009,the coverage,qualified rate,consumption rate of iodized salt was 92.5%,97.7% and 90.6%,respectively.The consumption rate of un-iodized salt was 7.5%,mean iodine content was 30.9 mg/kg,the median iodine content was 30.6 mg/kg.[Conclusion]Health education should be strengthened to popularize scientific knowledge of iodine supplementation among residents;illegal salt trade should be severely forbidden to avoid the attack on salt market;supervision and surveillance of iodized salt should also be strengthened.
Conceiving of the Establishment of the Base of Woodcut Creation of Mongolian Themes

Inner Mongolia woodcut has its own unique national regional characteristics and has attracted much attention.The precondition of the establishment of the base of woodcut creation of Mongolian themes is to establish Mongolian woodcut creation system of the new era with the construction of practice base,such as the the core area of woodcut base —— workshops,exhibition hall;establish educational practice base of woodcut college,information dissemination center,art groups so as to form a solid,virtuous cycling national woodcut creation industry chain.
P-81 Thought for food: improving food on a hospice inpatient unit

As a result of concerns raised from the Liverpool Care Pathway regarding nutrition at end of life (The Independent, 2012), and the existence of cachexia in palliative patients (Holmes, 2009; Radbruch et al. 2010) St Johns Hospice commissioned an internal review of food and nutrition for patients. Food is an important part of love, life and family (Furman, 2008). The audit found that there was good quality food prepared at all times, with fresh produce used from the Hospice’s allotment where possible. However there were issues which needed to be resolved to make patient food much more accessible, individualised and tasty. These included: poor kitchen staff knowledge about special diets and nutritional value; more time being spent on staff food than patients’; staff having more meal choice than patients; food being cooked ahead for patients supper thereby reducing nutritional content and taste; little flexibility between meal times; no formal nutritional assessment of patients. Over the last year changes have included making sure choice for patients has improved to include smoothies at breakfast, three main meal choices for lunch plus individual requirements as needed, and a finger buffet supper which has had great appeal for the patients. Also food outside mealtimes has been more accepted; the role of Nutritional Support Worker has been introduced with a grant from the Foundation of Nursing Studies and these will complete simple nutritional assessments and link with an agreed dietetic service for complex patient needs. Kitchen staff will attend a local course for care home cooks, increasing knowledge and presentation skills, and dietetic training about special diets. Food is now integral in the nursing role and its increased importance has improved the patient experience in recent surveys.
Neural patterning of human induced pluripotent stem cells in 3-D cultures for studying biomolecule-directed differential cellular responses.

Abstract Introduction Appropriate neural patterning of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) is critical to generate specific neural cells/tissues and even mini-brains that are physiologically relevant to model neurological diseases. However, the capacity of signaling factors that regulate 3-D neural tissue patterning in vitro and differential responses of the resulting neural populations to various biomolecules have not yet been fully understood. Methods By tuning neural patterning of hiPSCs with small molecules targeting sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling, this study generated different 3-D neuronal cultures that were mainly comprised of either cortical glutamatergic neurons or motor neurons. Results Abundant glutamatergic neurons were observed following the treatment with an antagonist of SHH signaling, cyclopamine, while Islet-1 and HB9-expressing motor neurons were enriched by an SHH agonist, purmorphamine. In neurons derived with different neural patterning factors, whole-cell patch clamp recordings showed similar voltage-gated Na + /K + currents, depolarization-evoked action potentials and spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic currents. Moreover, these different neuronal populations exhibited differential responses to three classes of biomolecules, including (1) matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors that affect extracellular matrix remodeling; (2) N-methyl- d -aspartate that induces general neurotoxicity; and (3) amyloid β (1–42) oligomers that cause neuronal subtype-specific neurotoxicity. Conclusions This study should advance our understanding of hiPSC self-organization and neural tissue development and provide a transformative approach to establish 3-D models for neurological disease modeling and drug discovery. Statement of Significance Appropriate neural patterning of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) is critical to generate specific neural cells, tissues and even mini-brains that are physiologically relevant to model neurological diseases. However, the capability of sonic hedgehog-related small molecules to tune different neuronal subtypes in 3-D differentiation from hiPSCs and the differential cellular responses of region-specific neuronal subtypes to various biomolecules have not been fully investigated. By tuning neural patterning of hiPSCs with small molecules targeting sonic hedgehog signaling, this study provides knowledge on the differential susceptibility of region-specific neuronal subtypes derived from hiPSCs to different biomolecules in extracellular matrix remodeling and neurotoxicity. The findings are significant for understanding 3-D neural patterning of hiPSCs for the applications in brain organoid formation, neurological disease modeling, and drug discovery.
Assessment of PAXgene Fixation on Preservation of Morphology and Nucleic Acids in Microdissected Retina Tissue.

ABSTRACTAim: To compare the effect of the two fixatives on tissue morphology and utility to obtain good quality nucleic acids for molecular analysis from micro-dissected retinal samples.Methods: Enucleated specimens from New Zealand white rabbits were fixed in formalin or PAXgene fixative according to standard protocols, and then processed and embedded in paraffin for sectioning. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to assess the structural integrity of retina. Retinal tissue on slides was micro-dissected. DNA/RNA were extracted and assessed for preservation of the quality and quantity of the retinal tissue.Results: The retinal morphology was well preserved with both PAXgene and formalin fixation. The RNA yield obtained using both fixation methods was similar, but RNA from PAXgene fixed paraffin embedded (PFPE) samples had better purity than that from formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) samples. There was a twofold greater yield of DNA in PFPE compared to FFPE samples but with similar puri...
BONDSMEN AND SLAVES: SERVILE HISTORIES IN HEGEL AND NIETZSCHE

Recent readings of what is commonly known as the dialectic of master and slave have tended to focus either philosophically on concepts such as desire, reflection, and recognition or historically on the specific nature of the economic relation it evokes. In this paper I challenge that division of proper objects, arguing that Hegel's dialectic and its reception raises the question how the nature of servitude (whether that of a bondsman or that of a slave) structures not only the emergence of historical agency but also the relationship between history and philosophy. The importance of reflection in Hegel's treatment of the dialectic of lord and bondsman is both clearly stated and structural. Alexandre Kojeve's reading of this dialectic makes explicit that human history originates in it, but, unlike Hegel, Kojeve does not emphasize the product of the slave's labor. Judith Butler's reading of the dialectic in Hegel and Kojeve locates the difference between Hegel's bondsman and Kojeve's slave within the structure of servitude itself as a Foucauldian opposition between “body” and “life.” In On the Use and Abuse of History for Life, Friedrich Nietzsche differentiates between two varieties of servile work on the basis not of what is produced but instead to whom service is rendered, announcing what turns out to be a problematic familiar from both the Old and New Testaments: the impossibility of service to two masters. In a typically perspectival turn, Nietzsche shows that servitude is a condition of possibility not only of human history but also of its academic study. Self-conscious historians must thus take into account not only the dependence of their object of study upon relations of servitude but also their own place within such relations.
View dependent isosurface extraction

We propose a new approach to polygonal isosurface extraction that is based on extracting only the visible portion of the isosurface. The visibility tests are done in two phases. First, coarse visibility tests are performed in software to determine the visible cells. These tests are based on hierarchical tiles and shear-warp factorization. The second phase resolves the visible portions of the extracted triangles and is accomplished by the graphics hardware. While the latest isosurface extraction methods have effectively eliminated the search phase bottleneck, the cost of constructing and rendering the isosurface remains high. Many of today's large datasets contain very large and complex isosurfaces that can easily overwhelm even state-of-the-art graphics hardware. The proposed approach is output sensitive and is thus well suited for remote visualization applications where the extraction and rendering phases are done on a separate machines.
Evaluation of swimming performance for fish passage of longnose dace Rhinichthys cataractae using an experimental flume

The swimming performance of longnose dace Rhinichthys cataractae, the most widely distributed minnow (Cyprinidae) in North America, was assessed in relation to potential passage barriers. The study estimated passage success, maximum ascent distances and maximum sprint speed in an open-channel flume over a range of water velocities and temperatures (10·7, 15·3 and 19·3° C). Rhinichthys cataractae had high passage success (95%) in a 9·2 m flume section at mean test velocities of 39 and 64 cm s–1, but success rate dropped to 66% at 78 cm s–1. Only 20% of fish were able to ascend a 2·7 m section with a mean velocity of 122 cm s–1. Rhinichthys cataractae actively selected low-velocity pathways located along the bottom and corners of the flume at all test velocities and adopted position-holding behaviour at higher water velocities. Mean volitional sprint speed was 174 cm s–1 when fish volitionally sprinted in areas of high water velocities. Swimming performance generally increased with water temperature and fish length. Based on these results, fishways with mean velocities 100 cm s–1 within structures should be limited to short distance (<1 m) and structures with velocities ≥158 cm s–1 would probably represent movement barriers. Study results highlighted the advantages of evaluating a multitude of swimming performance metrics in an open-channel flume, which can simulate the hydraulic features of fishways and allow for behavioural observations that can facilitate the design of effective passage structures.
Comparison of Capacity Retention Rates During Cycling of Quinone-Bromide Flow Batteries

We use cyclic charge-discharge experiments to evaluate the capacity retention rates of two quinone-bromide flow batteries (QBFBs). These aqueous QBFBs use a negative electrolyte containing either anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonic acid (AQDS) or anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid (AQS) dissolved in sulfuric acid, and a positive electrolyte containing bromine and hydrobromic acid. We find that the AQS cell exhibits a significantly lower capacity retention rate than the AQDS cell. The observed AQS capacity fade is corroborated by NMR evidence that suggests the formation of hydroxylated products in the electrolyte in place of AQS. We further cycle the AQDS cell and observe a capacity fade rate extrapolating to 30% loss of active species after 5000 cycles. After about 180 cycles, bromine crossover leads to sufficient electrolyte imbalance to accelerate the capacity fade rate, indicating that the actual realization of long cycle life will require bromine rebalancing or a membrane less permeable than Nafion® to molecular bromine.
The Effect of the Number of Carries on Injury Risk and Subsequent Season's Performance Among Running Backs in the National Football League.

Background:In recent years, several studies have correlated pitch count with an increased risk for injury among baseball pitchers. However, no studies have attempted to draw a similar conclusion based on number of carries by running backs (RBs) in football.Purpose:To determine whether there is a correlation between number of carries by RBs in the National Football League (NFL) and risk of injury or worsened performance in the subsequent season.Study Design:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:The ESPN NFL statistics archives were searched from the 2004 through 2014 regular seasons. During each season, data were collected on RBs with 150 to 250 carries (group A) and 300+ carries (group B). The following data were collected for each player and compared between groups: number of carries and mean yards per carry during the regular season of interest and the subsequent season, number of games missed due to injury during the season of interest and the subsequent season, and the specific injuries resulting...
A biogeographical perspective on the variation in mouse lemur density throughout Madagascar

Madagascar is home to the smallest primates in the world, the mouse lemurs (Microcebus species). Twenty-four species of mouse lemur are currently recognised and are found in variable ecosystems, from dry forests and spiny deserts to humid forests. Due to their widespread distribution and the large number of sympatric species, mouse lemurs can be used as a model to understand the linkages among species richness, population density, and habitat. As all lemurs are threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation, this information can also be used to inform conservation management. We hypothesise that on an island-wide scale, we will find higher population densities in western dry forests than in eastern humid forests because the western dry forests exhibit lower species richness, more sympatric habitat use, and lower resource stability than the eastern humid forests. We conducted a literature review of population density estimates of known mouse lemur species, and used those data to conduct a meta-analysis and estimate overall average population density by geographic region. Our findings suggest that mouse lemur species living in western dry forest generally exhibit higher densities than those in eastern humid forests. This may be partly explained by higher habitat fragmentation in western dry forests, where species co-occur, but is likely to be a function of the magnitude and variability in seasonally available resources in each forest type. Higher seasonality results in less constant food availability and lower levels of environmental predictability, fostering species capable of coping with environmental change and maintaining high densities throughout periods of resource paucity. Our study highlights the importance of conducting Microcebus population density research that adheres to standardised methodological approaches. We point to the need for population density estimates for several species for which data are lacking. Such knowledge is important to assess the conservation status of these species, but also to enhance our ability to identify the macro-biogeographical and local ecological drivers of interspecific and intraspecific variability in population density.