cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
II. Smoking cessation in the hospital setting—a new opportunity for managed care Introduction

Managed care organisations provide a key channel for delivering smoking cessation interventions to populations. This effort has largely focused on outpatient settings, usually primary care practices. Far less attention has been paid to settings that deliver more acute medical care, despite the opportunities that these present for changing behaviour. Illness, especially a tobacco related illness, boosts a smoker's motivation to quit smoking, presumably by increasing a smoker's perceived vulnerability to the health hazards of tobacco use. Illness also brings smokers to the health care setting, where providers have an opportunity to encourage cessation. A hospital stay provides a special incentive for initiating cessation now that the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations requires US hospitals to have policies which prohibit smoking. A hospitalised smoker must abstain temporarily from tobacco use and is accessible to multiple caretakers who could provide smoking cessation assistance. Smoking interventions delivered in hospitals and other sites treating patients with chronic medical illness might be particularly effective. The value of this idea has been demonstrated over the past decade. Observational studies have shown that a hospital stay can trigger smoking cessation even in the absence of intervention, especially in patients with cardiovascular and pulmonary disease or in patients having surgery.1-5 Subsequent work has attempted to enhance this effect with smoking interventions that begin in the hospital and continue after discharge. The three papers in this section are examples of these efforts.6-8 Programs designed for patients recovering from myocardial infarction have produced the best results. These programs have doubled the smoking cessation rate of post-myocardial infarction patients. Cessation rates as high as 60–70% at one year have been reported in carefully controlled randomised clinical trials.9 10 The impressive findings from research studies can be maintained when the model program is implemented in new, “real …
Evidence for joint moment asymmetry in healthy populations during gait.

The purpose of this study was to determine the presence and prevalence of asymmetry in lower extremity joint moments within and across healthy populations during overground walking. Bilateral gait data from several studies performed at two institutions were pooled from 182 healthy, pain-free subjects. Four distinct populations were identified based on age, activity level and body mass index. Mean peak external joint moments were calculated from three to six trials of level overground walking at self-selected speed for each subject. Right and left limb moments were reclassified as “greater” or “lesser” moment for each subject to prevent obscuring absolute asymmetry due to averaging over positive and negative asymmetries across subjects. A clinically relevant asymmetry measure was calculated from the peak joint moments with an initial chosen cutoff value of 10%. Confidence intervals for the proportion of subjects with greater than 10% asymmetry between limbs were estimated based on the binomial distribution. We found a high amount of asymmetry between the limbs in healthy populations. More than half of our overall population exceeded 10% asymmetry in peak hip and knee flexion and adduction moments. Group medians exceeded 10% asymmetry for all variables in all populations. This may have important implications on gait evaluations, particularly clinical evaluations or research studies where asymmetry is used as an outcome. Additional research is necessary to determine acceptable levels of joint moment asymmetry during gait and to determine whether asymmetrical joint moments influence the development of symptomatic pathology or success of lower extremity rehabilitation.
Abstract P5-11-03: Deciphering the role of HER3-DJ-1 interaction in breast cancer

Advanced breast cancer is notorious for its aggressive nature and poor prognosis. An ablated regulation in the EGFR family receptor signaling has been linked to the development of numerous tumor types, including breast cancer. HER3 is a unique member of the EGFR family that lacks intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. However, HER3 can initiate signaling when dimerized with other family members such as HER2. HER3 overexpression is correlated with poor survival in breast cancer patients. HER3 also plays an important role in drug resistance mechanism such as in trastuzumab resistant breast cancer cell lines where it dimerize with EGFR to initiate signaling via the PI3K/Akt pathway. The identification of interaction partners of HER39s C-tail is critical to understand the signaling mechanism underpinning HER39s role in drug resistance and in progression of breast cancer. Our laboratory has identified a panel of novel HER3-interacting proteins by a combined immunoprecipitation and mass-spectrometry approach. One of the novel HER3 interacting proteins is DJ-1 which is a chaperone protein that plays an important role in the development of many cancers, including breast cancer. DJ-1 knockdown in high HER3 expressing breast cancer cell lines such as MCF-7 and MDA- MB-453 resulted in the reduction in HER3 levels as well as proteins downstream of the HER3 signaling pathway such as MAPK. We have also demonstrated that DJ-1 knockdown led to decrease in cancer cell proliferation. Studies are now in progress to determine the mechanism of regulation of HER3 by DJ-1 and the impact of DJ-1 KD in in vivo breast cancer xenograft models. These studies will help us to decipher key molecules which regulate HER3 mediated signaling and their role in breast cancer development and progression. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P5-11-03.
Diffusion of dioxygen in 1-alkenes and biphenyl in perfluoro-n-alkanes

Abstract The translational diffusion constant, D , has been measured for O 2 in the even 1-alkenes 1-C 6 H 12 to 1-C 16 H 32 and biphenyl in n -C 6 F 14 and n -C 9 F 20 . Deviations from the Stokes–Einstein relation were found; the use of D / T = A / η p gave p =0.560±0.017 for O 2 in the 1-alkenes, the same (within experimental error) as found previously for O 2 in the n -alkanes. The charge transfer (CT) transition used to detect O 2 in the 1-alkenes is at 220 nm. The D values for biphenyl in the perfluoro- n -alkanes (PFAs) are consistent with those in the n -alkanes, where p =0.718±0.004. These results suggest that O 2 has similar solute–solvent interactions in both the 1-alkenes and n -alkanes as does biphenyl in the n -alkanes and PFAs.
Miscounting Social Ills.

Social policy deliberations have become muddled by an increasing tendency among advocates for different groups to generate questionable estimates of social ills afflicting their clients. The development of social welfare policy in the US has benefited from a tradition of advocacy research— studies that measure social problems, heighten public awareness, and recommend solutions. The expanding volume and declining quality of advocacy research has spawned the use of emotive statistics— startling figures that claims document "hidden crises" and "silent epidemics". The problems such as abductions by strangers, child abuse, rape, and homelessness have been magnified by advocacy research. A 1993 New York Times Magazine cover story proclaimed "Rape Hype Betrays Feminism". The investigation of "rape-crisis feminists", Katie Roiphe remembered a poster at college announcing that one in four women had been a victim of rape. Thus, advocacy research is a thriving source of copy for the media, often providing it with two lively stories-one of hype and the other of disputation.
Design Sensitivity Analysis of Nonlinear Shell Structure With Frictionless Contact

A continuum-based shape and configuration design sensitivity analysis method for a finite deformation elastoplastic shell structure with frictionless contact has been developed. Shell elastoplasticity is treated based on the projection method that performs the return mapping on the subspace defined by the zero-normal stress condition. An incrementally objective integration scheme is used in the context of finite deformation shell analysis, wherein stress objectivity is preserved for finite rotation increments. The penalty regularization method is used to approximate the contact variational inequality. The material derivative concept is used to develop continuum based design sensitivity. The design sensitivity equation is solved without iteration at each converged load step. Numerical implementation of the proposed shape and configuration design sensitivity analysis is carried out using the meshfree method. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method is illustrated using numerical examples.© 2003 ASME
Chromosome numbers of the European seagrasses

The chromosome numbers of the five European seagrasses have been determined in material from several sites along the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea and the Mediterranean:Zostera marina L., 2n = 12;Z. noltii Hornem., 2n = 12;Posidonia oceanica (L.)Delile, 2n = 20;Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria)Aschers., 2n = 14, 2n = 28;Halophila stipulacea (Forsk.)Aschers., 2n = 18. The difference in chromosome morphology betweenZ. marina andZ. noltii supports the division of the genus into two subgenera.
Towards a behavioral ecology of ecological landscapes

Abstract Recent developments in landscape-level ecological modeling rest upon poorly understood behavioral phenomena. Surprisingly, these phenomena include animal movement and habitat selection, two areas with a long history of study in behavioral ecology. A major problem in applying traditional behavioral ecology to landscape-level ecological problems is that ecologists and behaviorists work at very different spatial scales. Thus a behavioral ecology of ecological landscapes would strive to overcome this inopportune differential in spatial scales. Such a landscape-conscious behavioral undertaking would not only establish more firmly the link between behavior and ecological systems, but also catalyze the study of basic biological phenomena of Interest to behaviorists and ecologists alike.
Periodontal aspects of fixed bridge failure

Abstract The various periodontal reasons for the failure of fixed prosthesis have been discussed, and the fundamentals of the biomechanical concept of dentistry have been emphasized in order to promote the success of fixed restorations.
On the Measurement of the Rate of Intramolecular Vibrational EnergyRedistribution via High Resolution Molecular Beam OptothermalSpectroscopy

Using frequency resolved techniques we have been able to measure the rate of intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution in a number of substituted acetylenes. The method of IVR rate determination is discussed with respect to time domain measurements. The lifetimes we have determined have been quite long, ranging from a few hundred ps to a few ns. Interesting behavior of the rate as a function of the structure of the molecule has been observed. Results show sensitivity of the IVR rate to heavy mass substitution and the possibility of chromophore determined lifetimes.
WHITE PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS' ATTITUDES TOWARD MINORITY GROUPS

)Summary.-Parish, Bryant, and Shirazi reported in 1976 that responses to the Personal Attribute Inventory showed a relationship between group membership and attitudes regarding various target groups. This study examined the attitudes of white pre-service teachers toward members of minority groups. Four inventories were administered to 55 white pre-service teachers (18 males, 37 females). These pre-service teachers perceive black Americans more negatively than they do the group to which they belong. Teachers' expectations sometimes affect the manner in which they respond to various groups of students (Meichenbaum & Bowers, 1969). Robovits and Maehr ( 197 1 ) found that undergraduate volunteer teachers initiated more interactions and directed more praise toward students who had been labeled as gifted. Brophy and Good (1970) showed that teachers initiate more interactions with students from whom rhey expect a high level of achievement. There is a tendency for teachers' prior expectations to influence the actions of that teacher toward various students even though such expectations can initially be at great variance with an individual's actual or potential ability. Implicit communication of these expectations to the student can significantly influence behavior (Rowe, 1969). Parish, Bryant, and Shirazi ( 1976b) described the. Personal Attribute Inventory as applicable to the measurement of attitudes toward a wide range of target groups. Parish, et al. (1976b) described the inventory as "consisting of 50 positive and 50 negative adjectives from Gough's Adjective Checklist." The respondent was directed to select exactly 30 of these which are the most descriptive of some target group. The score is the number of negative adjectives checked. The present study was directed toward determining the degree to which pre-service teachers held negative attitudes toward various American ethnic groups. To determine whether white pre-service teachers perceive ethnic groups other than their own less favorably than their own, four forms were administered to each of 18 white males and 37 white females. The four target groups identified for this study were white Americans, black Americans, Spanish Americans, and Indian Americans. The order of administration was counterbalanced. A repeated-measures analysis of variance (Bruning & Kintz, 1968) performed on the four ratings collected from each student was significant (F = 4.65, df = 3/162, p < .05). Means and post hoc t tests are reported in Table 1. Analysis indicates that these pre-service teachers perceive black Americans more negatively than they do the group to which they belong. Teachers who
Identification of 4-(N,N-dipropylamino)benzaldehyde as a potent, reversible inhibitor of mouse and human class I aldehyde dehydrogenase

As the physiologic roles for the different classes of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzymes are elucidated, the identification of specific, reversible inhibitors becomes of great pharmacologic interest. Previous structure-function studies identified dialkylamino substituted benzaldehyde compounds as a novel class of reversible inhibitors of class I ALDH. To examine further structural requirements for inhibition, we tested a series of 4-(N,N-dialkylamino)benzaldehyde analogs as inhibitors of propanal oxidation by mouse liver and human erythrocyte class I ALDH. 4-(N,N-dipropylamino)benzaldehyde (DPAB) was identified as the most potent, reversible inhibitor of propanal oxidation by class I ALDH in spectrophotometric enzyme assays. In kinetic studies, DPAB showed mixed-type inhibition with respect to the aldehyde substrates propanal, phenylacetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, and aldophosphamide. DPAB exhibited uncompetitive inhibition with respect to the cofactor NAD. Inhibition constants (Ki) for DPAB, estimated from Dixon plots, were 10 nM (propanal) and 77 nM (phenylacetaldehyde) for mouse ALDH and 3 nM (propanal) and 70 nM (phenylacetaldehyde) for human ALDH. These Ki values are 100-fold lower than those reported for class I specific inhibitors. At low ( 75%, whereas inhibition of benzaldehyde (32%) and phenylacetaldehyde (19%) oxidation was reduced markedly. These results indicate that DPAB exhibits potent, reversible inhibition of mouse and human class I ALDH. The degree of inhibition was highly dependent on the structure of the aldehyde substrate.
Charge retention in scaled SONOS nonvolatile semiconductor memory devices—Modeling and characterization☆

Abstract A new analytical model is developed to investigate the influence of the charge loss processes in the retention mode of the SONOS NVSM device. The model considers charge loss by the following processes: (1) electron back-tunneling from the nitride traps to the Si conduction band, (2) electron back-tunneling from the nitride traps to the Si/SiO 2 interface traps and (3) hole injection from the Si valence band to the nitride traps. An amphoteric trap charge distribution is used in this model. The new charge retention model predicts that process (1) determines the short term retention, while processes (2) and (3) determine the long term retention. Good agreement has been reached between the results of analytical calculations and the experimental retention data on both surface channel and buried channel SONOS devices.
Dietary induction of hepatic malic enzyme activity: Differentiation of the induction process

Abstract The activity of rat liver malic enzyme shows a marked increase when the animals are maintained on a restricted protein diet. Of the NADP-linked dehydrogenases tested (malic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase), the response is confined only to malic enzyme. Dietary sucrose is not required for the increase in activity, but elevated dietary levels of this disaccharide increase hepatic malic enzyme regardless of dietary protein. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity is increased by dietary sucrose provided adequate dietary protein is supplied. The specificity of the response to lowered dietary protein shown by malic enzyme suggests that the control of the hepatic enzyme is mediated by processes different from those controlling the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Liquid‐Liquid Phase Separation in Heavy‐Metal Fluoride Glass

The microstructure of heavy-metal fluoride glass of composition 28.5CdF/sub 2/. 5.0LiF.28.5AlF/sub 3/.38PbF/sub 2/ was investigated using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray techniques. Liquid-liquid phase separation was observed in crucible-cooled glass samples. The volume fraction of the dispersed glass phase increased substantially as a result of heating the sample at 309/sup 0/C for 1 h.
Analysis of random failures

Abstract The term “random failure” has been used much in recent literature to justify those few failures of electronic parts which could not readily be explained. The goal seems to have been the elimination of causes of failures until only random failures remain. The inference is that nothing can be done about these. It is the purpose of this paper to show how analysis of random failures has been used in product improvement at Remington Rand Univac. Described are some of the techniques employed in the analysis of computer sealed chassis and component part failures. The paper also points out that these same techniques can be used in evaluating components proposed for use in reliable equipment where insufficient time is available to conduct life evaluations.
Effects of phenobarbital sodium on spontaneous motor activity

Utilizing a latin square design, rats were injected with 80, 40, 20, 10, 5 and 0 (saline control) mg/kg phenobarbital sodium prior to assessing spontaneous motor activity. Activity was found to be related to drug dose by an inverted-U shaped function, with maximum activity being observed subsequent to receiving 20 mg/kg. The relationship was reliable across Ss and from replication to replication.
Phenylethynyl-pendant polyphenylquinoxalines curable by an intramolecular cycloaddition reaction†

Polyphenylquinoxalines containing 2,2′-bis(phenylethynyl)diphenylene moieties along the polymer backbone have been synthesized. As anticipated, these polymers were found to undergo a novel curing reaction consisting of an intramolecular cycloaddition (IMC) of pendant groups to a dibenzoanthracene backbone structure. The IMC reduces chain mobility, and the fused ring structure increases the glass transition temperature of the polymer. The potential of this approach to curing high-temperature polymers was demonstrated in the processing of one such polymer having an initial Tg of 215°C. Curing at 245°C with no evolution of volatiles produced a Tg of 365°C. This very significant increase in potential use temperature via a volatiles-free IMC cure provides promise for a tough phenyiquinoxaline resin system which can be used to fabricate reinforced composites that have use temperatures far exceeding processing temperatures.
Whose Story Is It, Anyway?

When I was 18 years old I went camping in the snow and, through a combination of bad decisions and worse luck, contracted hypothermia. After a long midnight hike of which I have no memory, and a few days of resting under piles of blankets, I recovered with no ill effects. It’s not much of a story, really, the way I tell it, and it doesn’t come up often. I am a newly graduated dentist and an aspiring public health practitioner. At a recent conference for student-run free clinics, I was surprised to run into an adored college friend. A fellow outing club member, he too had been on that ill-fated trip. Now, seven years hence, we smiled at each other in the Tennessee sunshine and compared stories from our respective clinics, the stress and joy of being an almost-doctor.
Two distinct subpopulations of endosomes involved in membrane recycling and transport to lysosomes

Abstract Functionally distinct subpopulations of endosomes involved in targeting internalized materials to specific intracellular destinations were resolved as two distinct peaks by free-flow electrophoresis. The less anodally shifted peak contained a population of early endosomes selectively labeled by brief exposures to endocytic tracers or by receptor-bound transferrin. Late endosomes, labeled only after longer periods of internalization, migrated more toward the anode. While both fluid phase and certain receptor-bound markers could be rapidly chased from early to late endosomes, transferrin remained in vesicles comigrating with early endosomes even after prolonged uptake. Thus early and late endosomes are kinetically related but functionally distinct: early endosomes serve as the major site of recycling membrane and surface receptors and late endosomes are involved in delivery to lysosomes. The subpopulations each contain unique polypeptides not found on the plasma membrane. Thus, endosomes cannot be derived entirely from internalized cell surface components, and may have at least partly independent biosynthetic origins.
Intractable Ascites: Surgical Management With Reduction in Secondary Hyperaldosteronism

DESPITE stringent medical therapy, including salt and water restriction and the use of diuretics, salt-poor albumin, and corticosteroids, ascites refractory to treatment develops in an occasional patient with cirrhosis. Because the development of ascites is primarily a mechanical problem, with increased hepatic-outflow vascular resistance, 1 decreased transport capacity for liver lymph, and an increased permeability of hepatic sinusoids, procedures to return ascitic fluid back into the circulatory system have been resorted to in these cases. 2 Recent success with the placement of a peritoneovenous shunt for ascites as described by Le Veen et al 3 led to the use of this shunt in the patient reported here. Studies of aldosterone secretion, not previously described with this form of treatment, were performed on this patient and indicate that this shunt markedly reduces the usual secondary hyperaldosteronism that accompanies massive ascites. Report of a Case A 65-year-old man with biopsy-proved Laennec cirrhosis
Observation of metastable erbium trihydride

Abstract The γ phase of the erbium–hydrogen system is a hexagonal trihydride that is not predicted to be stable at room temperature without an overpressure of hydrogen gas. Herein, we report the creation of both, a thin film and powder of erbium trihydride that is metastable at ambient conditions. The presence of the hexagonal γ phase was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The ratio of the total moles of hydrogen isotopes (hydrogen and deuterium) to moles of erbium, (H + D):Er, have been confirmed by elastic recoil detection (ERD)/Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS). Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) depth profiles and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed the presence of an oxide layer that may account for the metastable behavior of the thin film.
Comprehensive Off-Line, Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. Application to the Separation of Peptide Digests

The separation of the peptide digests of myoglobin and bovine serum albumin was performed with an off-line combination of two commercial, conventional HPLC columns. The first column was packed with a strong ion exchanger and eluted with a KCl gradient. The second column was packed with particles of C18-bonded silica and eluted with an acetonitrile gradient. The conditional peak capacities of the 2D separations achieved exceed 7000 under the experimental conditions investigated. This performance is achieved at the cost of an analysis time of the order of 28 hours. Possible improvements to the separation method described here are discussed.
Binding Sites for Rev and ASF/SF2 Map to a 55-Nucleotide Purine-rich Exonic Element in Equine Infectious Anemia Virus RNA*

The equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) Rev protein (ERev) negatively regulates its own synthesis by inducing alternative splicing of its mRNA. This bicistronic mRNA contains four exons; exons 1 and 2 encode Tat, and exons 3 and 4 encode Rev. When Rev is expressed, exon 3 is skipped to produce an mRNA that contains only exons 1, 2, and 4. The interaction of ERev with itscis-acting RNA response element, the RRE, is also essential for nuclear export of intron-containing viral mRNAs that encode structural and enzymatic gene products. The primary ERev binding site and the manner in which ERev interacts with RNA or cellular proteins to exert its regulatory function have not been defined. We have performedin vitro RNA binding experiments to show that recombinant ERev binds to a 55-nucleotide, purine-rich tract proximal to the 5′ splice site of exon 3. Because of its proximity to the 5′ splice site and since it contains elements related to consensus exonic splicing enhancer sequences, we asked whether cellular proteins recognize the EIAV RRE. The cellular protein, ASF/SF2, a member of the serine- and arginine-rich family of splicing factors (SR proteins) bound to repeated sequences within the 55-nucleotide RRE region. Electrophoretic mobility shift and UV cross-linking experiments indicated that ERev and SR proteins bind simultaneously to the RRE. Furthermore, in vitro protein-protein interaction studies revealed an association between ERev and SR proteins. These data suggest that EIAV Rev-induced exon skipping observed in vivo may be initiated by simultaneous binding of Rev and SR proteins to the RRE that alter the subsequent assembly or catalytic activity of the spliceosomal complex.
Secondary organic aerosol formation from multiphase oxidation of limonene by ozone: mechanistic constraints via two-dimensional heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy

Because it is doubly unsaturated, gaseous limonene and ozone reactions exhibit considerable potential for not only a large quantity of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), but also a diverse and complicated product mixture influenced by reactant conditions. We explore the chemistry of limonene ozonolysis and provide evidence that under low-NOx conditions, the endocyclic double bond is oxidized in the gas phase, while under excess ozone conditions, the residual exocyclic double bond in condensed-phase products is heterogeneously oxidized by ozone. We use regular and multinuclear-multidimensional NMR spectroscopy, in particular 1D 1H-NMR, 1H,1H-COSY (correlation spectroscopy, and 1H,13C-HSQC (heteronuclear single quantum coherence). For structural assignments we simulate 1H and 13C NMR spectra with ACDLabs online, relying representative products consistent with the postulated reaction mechanism. The 1-D 1H-NMR data allow us to quantify the extent to which the residual unsaturation is oxidized with rising ozone, confirming our hypothesis that the residual unsaturation is oxidized via heterogeneous uptake of ozone to fresh SOA particles.
Electrocapillary wave studies of different poly(dimethyl siloxane)s

The monolayer behavior of different end-functionalized poly(dimethyl siloxane)s (PDMSs) and a block copolymer, poly(dimethyl siloxane-co-ethylene oxide) (PDMS-co-EO) spread on an oligomeric poly(ethylene glycol (PEG) substrates, were studied by means of electrocapillary wave diffraction (ECWD). Over a relatively small temperature range (40-70°C), the damping constant was more dependent on temperature than on the wave vector. Different surface layer properties were observed for two PDMS: one terminated with a methyl group (PDMS-CH 3 ) and the one terminated with a hydroxy group (pDMS-OH). PDMS-OH showed a larger reduction in surface tension compared to PDMS-CH 3 because of a higher interfacial affinity with PEG, which indicated that its monolayer surface activity was weaker. A lower surface elasticity of PDMS-OH than that of PDMS-CH 3 supported that conclusion. The block copolymer showed no surface activity, since the short siloxane moiety did not repel the strong interaction between PEG and the ethylene oxide.
Public attitudes toward oral surgery: Results of a Gallup poll☆

Purpose: This article reports the results of a 1994 Gallup survey on public attitudes and experience regarding oral surgery. Patients and Methods: A telephone interview was used to address three areas of concern to both dental patients and dental professionals: surgery-related anxiety, anesthesia preferences, and preoperative information or counseling needs. Of the 1,008 adult respondents, 595 (57%) had undergone oral surgery at some time, 222 (22%) within the last 5 years. Among these patients, more than one in five (22%) had suffered anxiety levels high enough to delay them from seeking prompt treatment. An additional 31% reported moderate anxiety levels, whereas 48% reported no anxiety before oral surgery. Results: Sixty-five percent of respondents preferred an anesthetic method that would allow them to be pain-free, but conscious, and 56% percent expressed a preference for anesthesia-induced amnesia. Virtually all respondents (98%) valued receiving pretreatment information about their oral surgery procedure and the type of anesthesia to be used. A substantial majority (90%) of respondents reported overall satisfaction with their oral surgery, rating their treatment as 3 or higher on a 6-point scale. Conclusion: The characteristics patients valued most in anesthesia—wakefulness, insensibility to pain, rapid recovery, and procedure-specific amnesia—all support a growing trend toward the routine use of conscious sedation in the oral and maxillofacial surgeon's office. Patients overwhelmingly want to know all about the procedure they will have, how it will be done, and what analgesic modalities are available.
Photodegradation of DNA with fluorescent light in the presence of riboflavin, and photoprotection by flavin triplet-state quenchers.

Abstract Superoxide anion was photogenerated upon illumination of nucleic acids with fluorescent light in a solution containing phosphate buffer, pH 7.8 and riboflavin. DNA was a better reducing substrate for this reaction than was RNA. A similar riboflavin-sensitized photoreaction caused single- and double-strand scissions of supercoiled PM2 DNA as detected by electrophoresis in agarose gels. None of specific scavengers or quenchers for superoxide anion and other active oxygen species prevented the DNA strand breaks. However, among the flavin triplet-state quenchers, potassium iodide, butylated hydroxyanisole, and ferricytochrome c protected the supercoiled DNA from photodegradation; butylated hydroxytoluene, α-tocopherol, tyrosine and hemoglobin did not have any protective effect. These results indicate that triplet-state riboflavin or a derivative formed from it participate directly in the observed riboflavin-sensitized DNA photodegradation and that active oxygen species are not directly involved.
Annotations file for RDA184Page: 1Author/editor: is short title acceptable?Reproductive and Endocrine Changes in Dairy Cows Given GnRH at Different Intervals Postpartum

Contents The reproductive organs of 91 cows in the university herd were palpated at least twice per week from 12 to 53 days postpartum (PP). Based upon uterine and cervical involution and tone, ovarian condition and fluid discharge at 12 to 18 days PP they were classified as normal or abnormal. Within each group they were randomly assigned to receive either saline or 100 μg of GnRH at 12 to 18 days or 100 μg of GnRH at 22 to 28 days PP. Milk samples were taken for progesterone determinations three times per week until the first breeding or up to 90 days PP. A subset of 23 cows completed a frequent blood sampling programme at 0 h (just prior to treatment), 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 h later and every 12 h for 15 days following treatment. Values for milk and serum progesterone in samples taken during the same time period were highly correlated, r = 0.90, and were consistent with ovarian changes detected by palpation. Cows classified as normal initially continued to be normal, and GnRH had little effect. In the abnormal groups of cows at 28 days PP, 41% of the saline group and 77% of those treated with GnRH at 12 to 18 days PP had fully involuted uteri. Early treatment of abnormal cows with GnRH improved the reproductive efficiency, resulting in 95 days open compared with 129 days for saline-treated abnormals. In conclusion, treatment with GnRH was effective in hastening the return to normal of cows classified initially as abnormal, and appears to be cost effective in maintaining an optimal calving interval.
Three-tier chips stack with TSVs for backside illuminated image sensor/ADC/ISP

In this research, a new structure and process integration for backside illuminated CMOS image sensor by using thin wafer handling technology is proposed. First of all, the wafer of a 3 Mega pixel CMOS image sensor is temporary bonded to a silicon carrier wafer with thermal plastic material and ZoneBond technology. Then the CMOS wafer is thinned down to less than 5 µm for light detection from the backside. After thinning process, the backside is permanently bonded to a 500μm-thick glass carrier substrate with a transparent thermal set bonding material. After thinning, the total thickness variation of 1μm is obtained because the thermal plastic material flow during bonding process resulted in excellent thickness uniformity. The proposed backside illuminated CMOS image sensor structure and process integration are processed in wafer level, therefore enabling a low cost technology which can be manufactured using existing infrastructure. In the assembly process of CMOS image sensor stack, firstly the analog-to-digital conversion chip was stacked onto the image signal processor chip by thermal compression bonding. Optimized bonding conditions of 250 ℃/5 sec under the bonding force of 13N were chosen and determined. Subsequently, after the stack of analogto-digital conversion chip onto the image signal processor chip, the CMOS image sensor chip was bonded onto the image signal processor/analog-to-digital conversion stack. To connect all the solder bumps between CMOS image sensor and analog-to-digital conversion chip, the higher bonding force of 18N was selected. Joined-well solder joints between these two chips could be achieved. Finally, the stacked CMOS image sensor module was attached to a print circuit board by adhesive material and wire bonding was conducted to finish the electrical connectivity between CMOS image sensor stack and print circuit board.
I-I-Con: A visual communications paradigm to integrate industrial control system engineering

Abstract The process control industries have seen a great explosion in different function block programming languages over the last five years. Each of these languages is proprietary meaning that there is no ability to port one function block program to another platform. Some standards for process control symbology have been developed, but they lack the richness of graphic expression often contained in the commercial products. There are also problems with integrating the continuous-time function block languages with discrete-event languages used on programmable logic controllers (PLCs), though the integration of these two types of control are often needed in practice. I-I-Con is being designed to provide an open-systems platform for both continuous-time PID control and discrete-event PLC control using a single integrated paradigm. The I-I-Con programming language is also intended to integrate industrial control software design with coding by capitalizing on the similarity of Petri-net like diagrams which have been used both to program PLCs and to perform general systems design and engineering. Thus, the same pictures which are used to perform systems design can then be used to code the control application. Here we describe the I-I-Con project at the University of Cincinnati. We intend for the I-I-Con project to have a major impact on how industrial control systems are developed in the future. We are currently soliciting suggestions and criticisms from the industrial controls community while the project is in its formative stages.
Identification of recent hybridization between gray wolves and domesticated dogs by SNP genotyping

The ability to detect recent hybridization between dogs and wolves is important for conservation and legal actions, which often require accurate and rapid resolution of ancestry. The availability of a genetic test for dog–wolf hybrids would greatly support federal and legal enforcement efforts, particularly when the individual in question lacks prior ancestry information. We have developed a panel of 100 unlinked ancestry-informative SNP markers that can detect mixed ancestry within up to four generations of dog–wolf hybridization based on simulations of seven genealogical classes constructed following the rules of Mendelian inheritance. We establish 95 % confidence regions around the spatial clustering of each genealogical class using a tertiary plot of allele dosage and heterozygosity. The first- and second-backcrossed-generation hybrids were the most distinct from parental populations, with >90 % correctly assigned to genealogical class. In this article we provide a tool kit with population-level statistical quantification that can detect recent dog–wolf hybridization using a panel of dog–wolf ancestry-informative SNPs with divergent allele frequency distributions.
Convergence Analysis of the Incremental Cost Consensus Algorithm Under Different Communication Network Topologies in a Smart Grid

In a smart grid, effective distributed control algorithms could be embedded in distributed controllers to properly allocate electrical power among connected buses autonomously. By selecting the incremental cost of each generation unit as the consensus variable, the incremental cost consensus (ICC) algorithm is able to solve the conventional centralized economic dispatch problem in a distributed manner. The mathematical formulation of the algorithm has been presented in this paper. The results of several case studies have also been presented to show that the difference between network topologies will influence the convergence rate of the ICC algorithm.
Lack of Alterations in Thyroid Hormones Following Exposure to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether 47 during a Period of Rapid Brain Development in Mice

Thyroid alterations have been shown to occur following exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixtures, possibly indicating that disruptions in thyroid hormone levels may underlie behavior deficits observed in animals following postnatal PBDE exposure. This study determined whether acute postnatal exposure to PBDE-47 would alter thyroid hormones. Mice were dosed with PBDE-47 on postnatal day 10, and serum collected either 1, 5, or 10 days after the dose. No effect was observed on thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels at any age examined. This suggests that the neurological abnormalities reported in mice exposed to PBDE-47 are not due to acute changes in circulating thyroid hormones at these observed periods.
myc protooncogene linked to retroviral promoter, but not to enhancer, transforms embryo cells

To define conditions under which the chicken protooncogene p-myc is converted to a viral and possibly to a cellular transforming gene, we assayed transforming function of hybrid genes put together from cloned retroviral and p-myc elements and of p-myc genes isolated from spontaneous viral lymphomas. Transforming function was measured in quail embryo cells transfected with cloned myc genes. We found that only myc genes with a promoter of a retroviral long terminal repeat (LTR) located between the native p-myc promoter and the second p-myc exon have transforming function. Transforming efficiencies decreased with increasing lengths of unspliced sequences between the LTR and p-myc exon 2. p-myc DNAs with LTRs downstream of the coding region or upstream but in the opposite transcriptional orientation failed to transform embryo cells. Likewise, only those retroviral-p-myc combinations from chicken B-cell lymphomas with a LTR positioned as promoter upstream of p-myc exon 2 had transforming function. We conclude that substitution of a retroviral LTR for the promoter and for as yet poorly defined, untranscribed regulatory elements of p-myc is sufficient to convert chicken p-myc to a transforming gene. However, retroviral LTRs can only convert p-myc genes to embryo-cell-transforming genes from a limited number of positions, and not as position-independent enhancers. Further, we deduce that there are two classes of viral chicken B-cell lymphomas, those with and those without embryo-cell-transforming p-myc genes.
Path Integral Calculation of Quantum Nonadiabatic Rates in Model Condensed Phase Reactions

We present accurate path integral calculations of quantum rate constants for model nonadiabatic reactions in condensed matter. The model is described by two coupled diabatic potential surfaces interacting linearly with a bath of harmonic oscillators. The rate constant is obtained from the time integral of the flux−flux correlation function which is evaluated by the quasi-adiabatic propagator path integral method. We study the dependence of the reaction rate on friction, temperature, and exothermicity and compare with predictions of analytical theories. In particular, we observe a broad golden rule plateau as well as rate enhancement due to quantum resonances for low friction in agreement with the semiclassical analysis of Onuchic and Wolynes.
Estrogen replacement therapy and coagulation: Relationship to lipid and lipoprotein changes

Objective: To examine the relationship of estrogen-induced changes in lipids and lipoproteins with alterations in the coagulation system. Methods: Coagulation and lipid indices were measured in 31 postmenopausal women, ages 40–60 years, after a 3-month course of 0.625-mg conjugated equine estrogen. We analyzed changes in variables from baseline to 3 months using t tests for paired samples or the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. Results: Unopposed estrogen replacement therapy produced statistically significant decreases in antithrombin-III antigen (P = .006) and activity (P = .001) and total protein S (P = .003) and a significant increase in protein C antigen (P = .017). C4b-binding protein also decreased significantly from baseline to 3 months (P Conclusions: Although several estrogen-induced changes may decrease atherosclerotic potential and hypercoagulability, others may promote coagulability. These divergent effects may be manipulated pharmacologically by other estrogen compounds or by the addition of various progestins.
Reaction kinetics and optimization of the copper-catalyzed oxidation of ApoA-1M

This paper summarizes the development of an optimized Cu(II)-catalyzed oxidation process for the dimer formation of ApoA-1M, the protein component of an HDL mimic with potential efficacy in atherosclerotic plaque reduction. This oxidation represents a major processing step in the large-scale manufacture of ApoA-1M dimer. The development approach utilizes reaction kinetic modeling, design of experiment, and neural network analysis to establish a quantitative basis for specification of process operating ranges. This work is thus an example of quality by design (QbD) principles where a systematic mechanistic understanding combined with multivariate analysis is integral to process development. Operating within the defined optimum window of operation resulted in both enhanced performance and robustness for the oxidation step in the piloting and manufacturing campaigns.
Plate motion at the ridge-transform boundary of the south Cleft segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge from GPS-Acoustic data

[1] We measure the present-day plate velocity of the Juan de Fuca Ridge 25 km off-axis to be 63.6 ± 3.6 mm/a at S67.2°E ± 7.9° degrees (1-σ) relative to the Pacific plate (PA). This velocity was derived from GPS-Acoustic (GPSA) measurements in 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2003 that observed the position of a seafloor array (44°43′N,130°03′W, 2900 m depth) with a repeatability of ±4–6 mm. Three transient events at the Juan de Fuca Ridge and Blanco Transform account for ∼10% of this motion in viscoelastic modeling, suggesting that the observed GPSA-PA velocity is due primarily to steady state plate dynamics. Subtracting the modeled transient motion gives a velocity of 57.3 ± 3.9 mm/a at S72.9°E ± 12.1° degrees (1-σ), which is consistent at the 95% confidence level with the velocity calculated from the Wilson (1993) 0–0.78 Ma Euler pole. Therefore this site is interpreted to be in a region of continuous, full-rate plate motion, a robust result of this study which holds with and without correcting for transient motions. These results provide direct geodetic evidence that spreading occurs predominantly within 25 km of the axis at this intermediate spreading-rate ridge. Previously reported geodetic monitoring across the 1-km-wide axial valley from 1994–1999 and 2000–2003 shows no significant extension (Chadwell et al., 1999; Hildebrand et al., 1999; Chadwick and Stapp, 2002; W. W. Chadwick, personal communication, 2006) and seismic monitoring shows no activity. This suggests the crust between 0.5 and 25 km off-axis accommodates ∼26 mm of aseismic deformation each year through some combination of near-axis fault motion and elastic strain accumulation.
Disk-Satellite Interactions

We calculate the rate at which angular momentum and energy are transferred between a disk and a satellite which orbit the same central mass. A satellite which moves on a circular orbit exerts a torque on the disk only in the immediate vicinity of its Lindblad resonances. The direction of angular momentum transport is outward, from disk material inside the satellite's orbit to the satellite and from the satellite to disk material outside its orbit. A satellite with an eccentric orbit exerts a torque on the disk at corotation resonances as well as at Lindblad resonances. The angular momentum and energy transfer at Lindblad resonances tends to increase the satellite's orbit eccentricity whereas the transfer at corotation resonances tends to decrease it. In a Keplerian disk, to lowest order in eccentricity and in the absence of nonlinear effects, the corotation resonances dominate by a slight margin and the eccentricity damps. However, if the strongest corotation resonances saturate due to particle trapping, then the eccentricity grows. We present an illustrative application of our results to the interaction between Jupiter and the protoplanetary disk. The angular momentum transfer is shown to be so rapid that substantial changes in both the structure of the disk and the orbit of Jupiter must have taken place on a time scale of a few thousand years.