cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
0064 Making bicycle and pedestrian facility improvements a priority in your community

Statement of purpose The public health importance of providing infrastructure for use by pedestrians and bicyclists is well documented in the Built Environment literature. Bike/ped facilities encourage an environmentally friendly and healthier lifestyle that promotes fitness, mental health, and reduces obesity. Unfortunately due to funding constraints, bike/ped improvements are often either not constructed or inadequately designed to ensure safety and encourage use. This presentation will emphasise the importance of community input, partnerships, and how to work with decision makers to ensure bike/ped improvements remain a priority. Suggestions for involvement by IVP advocates and the broader public health community will be included. Methods/Approach The presentation will briefly state the importance of including ped/bike facilities in community plans to ensure safe and attractive alternative transportation and fitness/recreational options. A best practice approach will be used to demonstrate how to influence the community planning process to ensure bike/ped facilities are included and constructed . Examples of how to effectively engage IVP members and community partners as advocates for bike/ped enhancements will be presented. Also included will be success stories of how a community has incorporated bike/ped infrastructure into existing major capital improvements such as flood mitigation, corridor reconstruction, and utility easement projects thereby making them affordable. Results The presentation will highlight how a community has incorporated a process where providing safe and well-designed pedestrian and bicycle improvements are a priority and how they have been creatively funded. Conclusions Providing pedestrian and bicycle facilities not only increase the community’s public health but are an enhancement for the community itself. Through strategic communications and partnerships they can become a priority and affordable. Significance and contribution to the field Enhanced knowledge how injury and violence prevention advocates can effectively encourage inclusion of safe and affordable bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure improvements.
Deterministic Approach to the Kinetic Theory of Gases

In the so-called Bernoulli model of the kinetic theory of gases, where (1) the particles are dimensionless points, (2) they are contained in a cube container, (3) no attractive or exterior forces are acting on them, (4) there is no collision between the particles, (5) the collision against the walls of the container are according to the law of elastic reflection, we deduce from Newtonian mechanics two local probabilistic laws: a Poisson limit law and a central limit theorem. We also prove some global law of large numbers, justifying that “density” and “pressure” are constant. Finally, as a byproduct of our research, we prove the surprising super-uniformity of the typical billiard path in a square.
β-Adrenergic receptors in innervated and denervated skeletal muscle

Abstract In order to determine if the development of β-adrenergic receptors may explain the catecholamine evoked contracture of denervated mammalian skeletal muscle, the binding capacities and dissociation constants of β-adrenergic receptors of innervated and denervated rat skeletal muscle membrane preparations were determined by using [3H] dihydroalprenolol. The dissociation constants of [3H] dihydroalprenolol binding to innervated and denervated muscle microsomal suspensions were similar. The maximal number of binding sites increased from 27 pmol/g protein to 85 pmol/g protein following 25 days denervation. These results suggest that motor nerve may be involved in part, in the regulation of β-adrenergic receptors in skeletal muscle membrane preparations.
Phytophthora quercetorum sp. nov., a novel species isolated from eastern and north-central USA oak forest soils.

Abstract Isolates belonging to an undescribed Phytophthora species were frequently recovered during an oak forest soil survey of Phytophthora species in eastern and north-central USA in 2004. The species was isolated using an oak leaf baiting method from rhizosphere soil samples collected from Quercus rubra , Q. macrocarpa, and Q. phellos . This species is formally described as P. quercetorum . It is homothallic and has aplerotic oogonia and paragynous antheridia. It produces papillate sporangia (occasionally bipapillate) of ovoid-elongated shapes. Its temperature optimum for growth is ca 22.5 °C with the upper limit of ca 32.5 °C. P. quercetorum differs from the morphologically related P. quercina in producing distinct submerged colony-patterns, different growth-temperature requirements, and oogonial shapes and sizes. Phylogenetic analyses using seven nuclear loci supported P. quercetorum as a novel species within clade 4, closely related to P. arecae, P. palmivora, P. megakarya , and P. quercina .
Familial polyposis in children.

Three patients with familial polyposis in childhood have been presented. Two siblings were treated via total colectomy and ileoproctostomy with preservation of the ileocecal valve. Residual rectal polyps have remitted spontaneously. Eleven cases of carcinoma complicating familial polyposis in children have been reviewed. Carcinoma may cause death prior to the age of 16 years. Total colectomy and ileoproctostomy is the preferred treatment in childhood. The adjustment to an ileoproctostomy involves minimal postoperative morbidity and few psychological problems. The hazard of carcinoma in the retained rectum is minimal in children.
Use of serotonin selective pharmacotherapy in the treatment of alcohol dependence.

This study presents a review of existing human studies that examine the role of serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] selective agents in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Findings of abnormally low 5-HT levels in many alcohol-dependent patients led investigators to explore the use of 5-HT selective pharmacotherapy in the treatment of alcoholism. Several studies reported that the administration of 5-HT selective pharmacological agents to alcohol-dependent patients effectively reduced alcohol Intake, although results have been relatively modest. The most recent study by Kranzler et al. (Am. J. Psychiatry 152 :391-397, 1995) found no added benefit over cognitive-behavioral treatment. However, the original relationship between the presence of alcohol dependence and low 5-HT levels in the brains of patients with alcoholism was predicated on subtypes of alcohol dependence. Research has suggested that 5-HT plays an important role in some forms of alcoholism that may be genetically or developmentally mediated. Thus, additional studies are needed to determine if treatment with 5-HT selective agents is a viable therapeutic option for alcoholism, specifically in types of alcohol-dependent patients who are most likely to benefit from treatment with 5-HT selective pharmacotherapy.
The Impact of Post-Procedure Interpretation of ERCP X-Ray Films by Radiologists on Patient Care: Should It be Routine or Selective?

Abstract Background Review of ERCP x-ray films by radiologists is routine, but the utility of this practice is unproven. The aim of this study was to assess whether the routine post-procedural interpretation of ERCP films by radiologists alters patient management. Methods A retrospective analysis of 212 ERCPs followed by a prospective analysis of 112 ERCPs was performed. Comparative ductogram interpretations were categorized as: I, complete agreement; II, minor findings reported only by the radiologist; III, findings reported only by the endoscopist; and IV, major findings reported only by the radiologist that altered or should have altered management. Results In the retrospective analysis, 289 ductograms were identified, and interpretations were classified as: category I, 73%; category II, 16%; category III, 10.7%; and category IV, 0.3%. In the prospective study, interpretations of 167 ductograms were analyzed and classified as follows: category I, 84%; category II, 11%; category III, 5%; category IV, none. Conclusions Post-procedure interpretation of ERCP spot x-ray films by radiologists adds little to patient management. Selective consultation with radiologists would appear to be more appropriate than review by radiologists of ERCP spot x-ray films on a routine basis.
Stochastic wire-length and delay distributions of 3-dimensional circuits

3-D technology promises higher integration density and lower interconnection complexity and delay. At present, however, not much work on circuit applications has been done due to lack of insight into 3-D circuit architecture and performance. In this paper, we investigate the interconnect distributions of 3-D circuits. We divide the 3-D interconnects into horizontal wires and vertical wires and derive their wire-length distributions, respectively. Based on the stochastic wire-length distributions, we calculate 3-D circuit interconnect delay distribution. We show that 3-D structures effectively reduce the number of long delay nets, significantly reduce the number of repeaters needed, and dramatically improve the performance. With 3-D structures, a circuit can work at a much higher clock rate (double, even triple) than with 2-D. However, we also show that the impacts of vertical wires on chip area and interconnect delay may limit the number of device layers that we can integrate.
Mechanisms of alcohol-induced suppression of B-cell response.

Several investigators have shown that alcohol can suppress the production of antibodies by animals and humans. The studies reported here were designed to determine whether alcohol has a direct effect on the B-lymphocyte and to determine which stage of the B-cell response is inhibited by alcohol. B-lymphocyte lines specific for the antigen dinitrophenyl were used to study the effect of alcohol on the B-lymphocyte. As little as 100 mg% of alcohol inhibited the response of these pure B-cell lines to stimulation by either antigen (dinitrophenyl-Ficoll) or anti-μ antibody. Since no other cell types were present in the system the suppressive effect was on the B-cell itself. However, alcohol did not inhibit membrane depolarization induced by antigen crosslinking of immunoglobulin receptors, and it did not inhibit activation of the phosphotidyl inositol pathway by receptor crosslinking. When alcohol was added to antigen stimulated B-lymphocyte lines for varying periods during the immune response it was found that antibody production was inhibited if 150 mg% alcohol was present from 30 to 48 hr after the antigen was added to lymphocytes. Thirty six to 48 hr is the time required for a stimulated mature B-lymphocyte to enter the proliferative phase of the immune response. These data raise the possibility that low doses of alcohol can inhibit antigen induced B-cell proliferation.
Vitamin D receptor: a potential target for intervention

Epidemiologic data suggest that low exposure to vitamin D or 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) increases the risk of prostate cancer. Calcitriol, a central factor in bone and mineral metabolism, is also a potent antiproliferative agent in a wide variety of malignant cell types. We have demonstrated that calcitriol has significant antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo in prostate and squamous cell carcinoma model systems. Calcitriol, in these models, induces a significant G0/G1 arrest and modulates p21(Waf1/Cip1) and p27(Kip1), the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Calcitriol induces poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase cleavage, increases bax/bcl-2 ratio, reduces levels of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases (P-MAPKs; also known as extracellular signal-related kinase [ERK] 1/2) and phosphorylated Akt, induces caspase-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) cleavage and upregulation of MEK kinase-1, all potential markers of the apoptotic pathway. We also have demonstrated that dexamethasone (dex) potentiates the antitumor effect of calcitriol through effects on the vitamin D receptor and decreases calcitriol-induced hypercalcemia. We initiated phase 1 and phase 2 trials of calcitriol, either alone or in combination with carboplatin, paclitaxel, or dex. Data from these studies indicate that high-dose calcitriol is feasible on an intermittent schedule, the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) is unclear, and dex or paclitaxel appear to ameliorate hypercalcemia. Studies continue to define the MTD of calcitriol on this intermittent schedule, either alone or with other agents, and to evaluate the mechanisms of calcitriol effects in prostate cancer models.
Agent-based support for human/agent teams

In this paper, we present an interface agent, MokSAF, which facilitates time-critical team-planning tasks for teams of both humans and heterogeneous software agents. This agent assists in the formation of teams of humans (via other MokSAF agents) and task agents that can autonomously perform team subtasks. It provides a suitable interaction mechanism to instruct the various task agents in the team; and, by monitoring the human's progress, reallocate or modify the sub-tasks if the human fails to achieve that subtask. A military domain has been used to investigate this interface agent. The task consists of three military (human) commanders that each assemble a platoon, and plan routes so that all three platoons arrive at a given rendezvous by a specified time. An experimental study has been conducted to evaluate MokSAF and the assistance provided by one of three different task agents, and the results summarized.
Organization of the Human Gene Encoding the Epididymis-Specific EP2 Protein Variants and Its Relationship to Defensin Genes

The EP2 gene codes for at least nine message variants that are all specifically expressed in the epididymis. These variants putatively encode small secretory proteins that differ in their Nand C-termini, resulting in proteins that can have little or no sequence similarity to each other. We have isolated and sequenced the human EP2 gene to determine the molecular origin of these variants. The EP2 gene has two promoters, eight exons, and seven introns. Exons 3 and 6 encode protein sequences homologous to b-defensins, a family of antimicrobial peptides. This sequence homology and the arrangement of promoters and defensin-encoding exons suggest that the EP2 gene originated from two ancestral b-defensin genes arranged in tandem, each contributing a promoter and two exons encoding a leader sequence and a defensin peptide. The proposed evolutionary relationship between the EP2 gene and defensin genes is supported by the observation that the EP2 gene is located on chromosome 8p23 near the defensin gene cluster and is separated by 100 kilobases or less from DEFB2, the gene for b-defensin-2. While the EP2 gene transcribes b-defensin-like message variants, most of the known message variants code for nondefensin proteins or proteins containing only a partial defensin peptide sequence. We suggest that, during its evolution, the EP2 gene has acquired new functions that may be important for sperm maturation and/or storage in the epididymis. gene regulation, male reproductive tract, sperm maturation, testosterone
SLAM with Expectation Maximization for moveable object tracking

The goal of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is to compute the posterior distribution over landmark poses. Typically, this is made possible through the static world assumption - the landmarks remain in the same location throughout the mapping procedure. Some prior work has addressed this assumption by splitting maps into static and dynamic sets, or by recognizing moving landmarks and tracking them. In contrast to previous work, we apply an Expectation Maximization technique to a graph based SLAM approach and allow landmarks to be dynamic. The batch nature of this operation enables us to detect moveable landmarks and factor them out of the map. We demonstrate the performance of this algorithm with a series of experiments with moveable landmarks in a structured environment.
The Mount Sinai cesarean section reduction program: An update after 6 years

A six year follow-up evaluation of our original cesarean section reduction program is presented. While establishing obstetric practice guidelines was accomplished, two prerequisites remain critical: lowering cesarean utilization was to be accomplished without harm to mother or fetus, and a target rate was prospectively determined. The results after 6 years indicate that total cesarean rates of 10-12% can consistently be achieved without adverse outcome. Additionally, operative vaginal procedures were employed less that 3% of cases. Separate analysis of 580 breech deliveries failed to show an effect of route of delivery on mortality. This effort indicates that long-term reductions and cesarean utilization are possible with a comprehensive departmental program designed to accomplish achieving a target rate of 11%.
Psychosocial predictors of mental health in a population of elderly women. Test of an explanatory model.

The understanding of adjustment to aging calls for models that illustrate the interaction of psychosocial and health factors. The authors surveyed a group of retired Catholic sisters, examining the contributions of psychosocial f actors and religiousness to life satisfaction, psychological distress, and depression. Life satisfaction was best explained by a four-factor model that included mastery, social support, physical functioning, and religious commitment. General level of distress was best predicted by physical functioning, social support, and mastery, but not religiousness. Depression, on the other hand, was predicted by mastery, social support, and religious commitment. These data are consistent with a proposed model in which internal, external, and coping resources mediate the psychological impact of impaired functional status.
Trustworthiness of Medical Devices and Body Area Networks

Implantable and wearable medical devices (IWMDs) are commonly used for diagnosing, monitoring, and treating various medical conditions. A general trend in these medical devices is toward increased functional complexity, software programmability, and connectivity to body area networks (BANs). However, as IWMDs become more “intelligent,” they also become less trustworthy-less reliable and more prone to attacks. Various shortcomings-hardware failures, software errors, wireless attacks, malware and software exploits, and side-channel attacks-could undermine the trustworthiness of IWMDs and BANs. While these concerns have been recognized for some time, recent demonstrations of security attacks on commercial products, e.g., pacemakers and insulin pumps, have elevated medical device security from the realm of theoretical possibility to an immediate concern. The trustworthiness of IWMDs must be addressed aggressively and proactively due to the potential for catastrophic consequences. Conventional fault tolerance and information security solutions, e.g., redundancy and cryptography, that have been employed in general-purpose and embedded computing systems cannot be applied to many IWMDs due to their extreme size and power constraints and unique usage models. While several recent efforts address defense of IWMDs against specific security attacks, a holistic strategy that considers all concerns and types of threats is required. This paper discusses trustworthiness concerns in IWMDs and BANs through a comprehensive identification and analysis of potential threats and, for each threat, provides a discussion of the merits and inadequacies of current solutions.
Novel strategy to release and tag N-glycans for functional glycomics.

Functional glycomics has been impeded by the lack of inexpensive enzymatic and mild chemical methods to acquire natural glycans in significant amounts. In this study, we have developed a new strategy we term “threshing and trimming” (TaT) to quickly obtain N-glycans from glycoproteins and animal tissues. TaT employs low-cost Pronase to degrade peptides and N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) to effect oxidative decarboxylation under very mild reaction conditions to generate homogeneous aglycon moieties as nitriles or aldehydes. These aglycons can be readily conjugated with fluorescent tags for profiling and functional study. TaT is an affordable alternative to expensive specialty enzymes and strong chemical treatment and unpleasant reagents, and should further drive the functional glycomics of N-glycans.
Worldwide Spread of the Lesser Sneaking Ant, Cardiocondyla minutior (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Abstract Cardiocondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) ants are small and inconspicuous species. All Cardiocondyla are native to the Old World, but 5 species have been broadly dispersed through human commerce, achieving widespread distributions in both the Old World and the New World. Here I examine the worldwide spread of Cardiocondyla minutior. I compiled published and unpublished C. minutior specimen records from > 300 sites. I documented the earliest known C. minutior records for 56 geographic areas (countries, island groups, major Caribbean islands, and US states), including several for which I found no previously published records: Austral Islands, Barbados, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Honduras, Iles Eparses, Jamaica, Madagascar, and Mayotte. Cardiocondyla minutior appears to be originally from the Indo-Malayan region, where all its closest relatives are found. Surprisingly, there are few records of C. minutior from this region. Instead, most Old World records of C. minutior come from Pacific and I...
An Evaluation of the Conservative Dual-criterion Method for Teaching University Students to Visually Inspect Ab-design Graphs

The present study evaluated the effects of both a traditional lecture and the conservative dual-criterion (CDC) judgment aid on the ability of 6 university students to visually inspect AB-design line graphs. The traditional lecture reliably failed to improve visual inspection accuracy, whereas the CDC method substantially improved the performance of each participant.
Challenges in the Study of Adjuvant Chemoradiation After Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Inadequate preoperative staging, high rates of incomplete tumor resection, and early distant tumor dissemination make the study of adjuvant therapy in pancreatic adenocarcinoma particularly challenging. To understand the value of chemoradiation in an adjuvant study, one needs to confirm that patients accrued to the study have undergone a potentially curative resection. This is of critical importance because patients left with a positive surgical margin have a median survival of less than 12–14 months, a result that may be achieved by nonsurgical therapies.1 Surprisingly, even high-volume university-based hospitals report positive surgical margins as high as 50%.2,3 The frequency of positive surgical margins is probably much higher in lower-volume centers. Strict assessments of surgical margins with particular attention to the retroperitoneal margin (also known as the SMA margin or uncinate margin) have not been widely adopted, leading to underreporting of the true margin positive rate in some studies. Furthermore, the critical distinction between potentially curative (R1) resection and noncurative gross residual disease (R2 resection) cannot be made through pathologic examination alone. This was reflected in the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 97-04 trial, where the surgical margin status for approximately 25% of enrolled patients was not reported in the operative note or pathology report, and R1 versus R2 resection status could not be retrospectively determined.4 A similar disparity was observed in the European Study Group for Pancreatic Cancer (ESPAC-1) and Charite Onkologie (CONKO-001) trials.5,6 Although the proportion of patients having a positive surgical margin was quite low, local failure rates as a component of failure were high, ranging from 35% to 62%. These local failure rates imply that a substantial proportion of patients receiving adjuvant therapy actually had incomplete, noncurative (R2) surgical resections and the “adjuvant” therapy they received after surgery actually served as treatment for incompletely resected locally advanced disease.
Characteristics of adaptive runtime systems in HPC

The phrase "Runtime System" is somewhat broad and is used with differing meanings in differing contexts. The Java runtime and most of the MPI runtimes are focused on providing mechanisms. In contrast, adaptive runtime systems emphasize strategies, in addition to providing mechanisms. This talk will look at some characteristics that make HPC RTSs adaptive. These include dynamic load balancing, exploitation of the "principle of persistence" to learn from recent data, automatic allocation to heterogeneous processors, automatic optimization of communication, application reconfiguration via control-points, automated control and optimization of temperature/power/energy/execution-time, automated tolerance of component failures so as to maintain the rate of computational progress in presence of such failures, and adapting to memory availability. The talk will examine these characteristics, and what features are necessary and/or desirable to empower the runtime system. I will illustrate it using examples from the runtime system underlying Charm++ and Adaptive MPI.
The fate of N-nitrosodiethanolamine after oral and topical administration to rats.

Abstract 14 C-labelled N -nitrosodiethanolamine ([ 14 C]NDELA) was given to Osborne-Mendel rats at two dose levels, 0·5 or 50 mg/kg, by oral or topical administration. The excreta and tissues were analysed at various times from 4 hr to 1 wk after administration to determine the distribution of radioactivity. After oral administration, [ 14 C]NDELA was rapidly absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, distributed throughout all organs and tissues, and then excreted, mainly via the kidneys. The tissue concentration reached a peak at 8 hr, but some activity remained after 1 wk. After topical application NDELA was slowly absorbed percutaneously, but once absorbed was distributed as in the orally dosed rats. Metabolic profiles of urine and bile samples from both the orally and topically dosed rats were identical, although the quantities varied. In addition to unchanged NDELA, one metabolite was present. The dose level had little effect on the quantities of unchanged NDELA or the metabolite present.
Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus in the Adult

Summary: Status epilepticus (SE) is denned as recurrent epileptic seizures without full recovery of consciousness before the next seizure begins, or more-or-less continuous clinical and/or electrical seizure activity lasting for more than 30 min whether or not consciousness is impaired. Three presentations of SE are now recognized: recurrent generalized tonic and/or clonic seizures without full recovery of consciousness between attacks, nonconvulsive status where the patient appears to be in a prolonged “epileptic twilight state,” and continuous/repetitive focal seizure activity without alteration of consciousness. Generalized convulsive status epilepticus (GCSE) encompasses a broad spectrum of clinical presentations from repeated overt generalized tonic-clonic seizures to subtle convulsive movements in a profoundly comatose patient. Thus, GCSE is a dynamic state that is characterized by paroxysmal or continuous tonic and/or clonic motor activity, which may be symmetrical or asymmetrical and overt or subtle but which is associated with a marked impairment of consciousness and with bilateral (although frequently asymmetrical) ictal discharges on the EEG. Just as there is a progression from overt to increasingly subtle clinical manifestations of GCSE, there is also a predictable sequence of progressive EEG changes during untreated GCSE. A sequence of five patterns of ictal discharges has been observed: discrete electrographic seizures, waxing and waning, continuous, continuous with flat periods, and periodic epileptiform discharges on a relatively flat background. A patient actively having seizures or comatose who exhibits any of these patterns on EEG should be considered to be in GCSE and should be treated aggressively to stop all clinical and electrical seizure activity to prevent further neurological morbidity and mortality.
Sensitive cytologic criteria for the identification of follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma in fine-needle aspiration biopsy.

The cytologic diagnosis of follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) can be extremely challenging and may be associated with false negative diagnoses. The purpose of this study was to determine the minimal cytologic criteria needed to identify FVPTC. We examined sixty-nine fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cases, processed with Diff-Quik and Papanicolaou stains, that were either diagnostic or suspicious of FVPTC. All cases had histologic confirmation. These cases included 29 FVPTC, 18 classic papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), 17 follicular neoplasm (6 adenomas, 10 carcinomas, 1 neoplasm NOS), 2 lymphocytic thyroiditis and 3 nodular goiter. Seven of the most commonly cited cytomorphologic features, including flat syncytial sheets, nuclear enlargement, fine chromatin, nuclear grooves, nuclear pseudoinclusions, and amount of colloid and cytoplasm, were evaluated. A diffuse distribution of fine chromatin, nuclear grooves, and colloid was seen more often in FVPTC than in follicular neoplasm (p<0.01). The combination of flat/syncytial sheets, nuclear enlargement, and fine chromatin was observed in all our cases of FVPTC, and is therefore considered a sensitive marker in detecting FVPTC. Logistic regression analysis revealed colloid to be the only positive predictor in favor of FVPTC over classic PTC.
Significance of mixed features in acute mania

We studied a group of 23 manic patients to ascertain the prognostic significance of mixed affective features. Eight patients (34.8%) presented with a mixed manic state. This mixed state correlated with a longer hospitalization and significantly worse disposition outcome. In the light of previous conceptual models the authors speculate about the meaning of DSM-III defined mixed bipolar disorder.
Solutions to deconvolution equations using nonperiodic sampling

Explicit, compactly supported solutions, {vi, ϕ} i=1 m , to the deconvolution (or Bezout) equation (0.1) $$\sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {\mu _i *} \nu _{i,\Phi } = \Phi$$ are computed where ϕ is a given function in C c ∞ (Rd), and $$\mu _i = \chi _{[ - r_i ,r_j ]^d }$$ , i=1, ..., m for some set of positive numbers {ri} i=1 m such that ri/rj is poorly approximated by rationals whenever i ≠ j. The novelty of the solution technique is that it uses new results in the theory of sampling of bandlimited functions detailed in [13] to provide simple Fourier series representations for the solutions, {vi, ϕ} i=1 m , which can be easily implemented numerically. Several examples illustrating the use of sampling for solutions to variants of (0.1) are given, as well as some numerical simulations.
School's IN for Summer: An Alternative Field Experience for Elementary Science Methods Students

Field experiences are critical to teacher learning and enhance the effectiveness of methods courses; however, when methods courses are offered in the summer, traditional school-based field experiences are not possible. This article describes an alternative campus-based experience created as part of an elementary science methods course. The Summer Kids’ Inquiry Program in Science (SKIPS) provided an authentic context in which teachers had the opportunity to plan and instruct science lessons in both whole-class and small-group settings, as well as observe the teaching of their peers. This model allowed us to overcome many challenges to implementing traditional field-based experiences.
Occurrence of molds and yeasts in dairy products.

In the search for additional techniques for determining fungal populations of dairy products, 23 species of filamentous fungi and 25 species of yeasts were recovered from a variety of raw, pasteurized, and processed dairy products. The usefulness of media containing rose bengal and antibiotics is indicated. The occurrence of a number of the species found is discussed together with some of the results of physiological studies of yeasts used in species characterization.
Green Fluorescent Protein and Epitope Tag Fusion Vectors for Dictyostelium discoideum

We have constructed expression vectors for Dictyostelium discoideum which encode a green fluorescent protein (GFP) sequence upstream of a multicloning site for introduction of sequences of interest. Insertion of cDNAs into the multicloning site results in expression of fusion protein bearing an amino- or carboxyl-terminal GFP tag which can be used for fluorescent localization studies in Dictyostelium cells. A parallel construct fuses a FLAG epitope tag at the amino terminus of expressed protein. Each fusion cartridge was placed either in a G418-resistance vector allowing transactivated Ddp2-based extrachromosomal replication or in a vector allowing autonomous Ddp1-based replication. Distinct differences in expression stability were observed in the two vector types. When GFP-expressing cells were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy, significant cell-to-cell variability in expression level was observed when expression was based on the Ddp2 vector, while less cell-to-cell variation in expression level was observed when the Ddp1 backbone was used for expression.
Nitrogen selection and growth regulator applications for improving shaded turf performance

Managing turf for shaded golf course tee boxes is difficult due to few species to choose from and a lack of defined management practices. Supina bluegrass (Poa supina Schrad.) is a novel cool-season turfgrass with good shade tolerance at mowing heights above 2 cm. This study compared the suitability of supina bluegrass, Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) for golf course tees under 80% shade. Treatments included three application timings of trinexapac-ethyl [4-(cyclopropyl-α-hydroxy-methylene)-3,5-dioxo-cyclohexane-carboxylic add ethyl ester] (TE) and two N types, liquid and granular. Supina bluegrass provided the best overall turf quality among the three species tested. Liquid urea (foliar uptake) improved turf quality of creeping bentgrass while Kentucky bluegrass responded better to granular urea (root uptake). Supina bluegrass response to fertilizer type was seasonally dependent. Both monthly and bimonthly applications of TE (0.05 kg ha -1 ) significantly improved turf quality, density, and chlorophyll levels of all species, though visual effects of bimonthly applications dissipated before subsequent applications. Creeping bentgrass divot recovery was faster than for either Kentucky bluegrass or supina bluegrass. Divot recovery was not influenced by TE or N source. Supina bluegrass had significantly greater growth rates during late autumn through spring than either Kentucky or creeping bentgrass. The best turf quality was achieved using supina bluegrass, treated monthly with TE, and fertilized with granular N in the spring and liquid N in the summer and autumn.
Solving the market split problem via branch-and-cut

In 1999 some researchers put forth some small but extremely difficult 0/1 problems derived from the market split (market sharing) problem originally proposed by a researcher in 1978. These problems, offered as a challenge to the optimisation community, motivated a series of research efforts trying several competing methodologies. As part of their testing, they employed both branch-and-bound and branch-and-cut algorithms and reported that branch-and-bound performed poorly and branch-and-cut did even worse. Based on this result they concluded that 'standard approaches to integer programming are not well suited for this class of problems'. Other researchers offered similar assessments. In this note we demonstrate that current state of the art branch-and-cut methods, unavailable earlier, is able to solve these problems to optimality. Then we also solve 40 numerical problems to optimality and also find that it works quite nicely on even larger problem instances.
Competing semantics of vagueness: Many values versus super-truth

It is now a commonplace that the Law of Excluded Middle, which says that every disjunction of the form T or not-P' is true, can be distin guished from the Principle of Bivalence, which says that any statement is either true or false. Although presumably one cannot hold the Principle of Bivalence without being committed to the Law of Excluded Middle, the converse does not hold. Not everyone who works on the logic and semantics of vagueness agrees that the Principle of Bivalence should be abandoned. Among those who agree that it should be abandoned, there is disagreement about the retention of the Law of Excluded Middle. There is agreement, however, that no disjunction of form 'P or not-P' is false, a thesis which I shall call the Weakened Law of Excluded Middle. I believe that the phenomena of vagueness do not call for the rejection of the regular Law of Excluded Middle and do call for the rejection of the Principle of Bivalence. Although I shall presently offer some reasons in favor of these views, I do not expect the arguments to convince anyone who has already adopted a contrary opinion. My main purpose in this paper is to sketch further disagreements about the logic and semantics of vagueness which can divide those who agree in rejecting the Principle of Bivalence and retaining the Law of Excluded Middle. I shall, in particu lar, defend a many-value semantics as useful for dealing with vagueness and object to a semantics of supervaluations or super-truth. Just as the Law of Excluded Middle can be distinguished from the Principle of Bivalence, the Law of Noncontradiction, which says that every conjunction of the form 'P and not-P' is false, can be distinguished from what we may call the Principle of Biexclusion, which says that no statement is both true and false. Rejection of the Law of Excluded Middle goes hand-in-hand with the rejection of the Law of Noncontradiction, as does the retention of the Weakened Law of Excluded Middle with the
A naturally immunogenic virion-associated protein specific for HIV-2 and SIV

The genomic organization of HIV-1 and the family of HIV-2 and SIV viruses is similar. However, there is an open reading frame, orf-x, that is present in HIV-2 and SIV, but not in HIV-1. The extent of protein sequence conservation in orf-x between HIV-2ROD and SIVMAC suggests that this open reading frame encodes a gene that may be important for infectivity or replication. Here, we show that the orf-x products of SIVMAC and HIV-2SBL-6669 are virion-associated and that the introduction of a premature stop codon into orf-x, did not abrogate virus infectivity and replication in vitro. Antibody reactivity to the orf-x product was detected in 35 of 42 HIV-2 positive serum samples and 11 of 52 SIV seropositive monkeys. No such antibodies were detected in HIV-1 positive donors, blood donors seronegative for both HIV-2 and HIV-1, or SIV seronegative monkeys. This suggests that orf-x is dispensable for in vitro replication of SIVMAC and that the orf-x gene product of HIV-2 or its antibody can be used to distinguish HIV-2 from HIV-1 infection.
Rescaled occupation number representation and the λ-transition

The λ-transition is analyzed in the framework of quantum statistical mechanics without invoking the idea of universality. Wilson's renormalization group transformation technique is applied in what we call the rescaled occupation number representation (RONR). This reveals the role that the Bose commutation rules and the Bose distribution function play in shaping the critical behavior. The idea of RONR is a quantu, analogue of Kadanoff's spin block picture and may be adapted for condensed fermion systems as well. It is shown that the critical behavior of the λ-transition is the same as that of the ferromagnetic phase transition in two component classical spin systems to all orders of e = 4−d. This paper deals only with the temperature region T #62 Tc.
Determination of mycophenolic acid and its glucuronide metabolite in plasma.

GLC and fluorometric procedures were developed for the determination of mycophenolic acid and its principal metabolite, mycophenolic acid glucuronide, in plasma. The GLC procedure consists of extraction of the compound, silylation with trimethylsilylimidazole in carbon disulfide, and chromatography of the sample on a 2% methylphenylsilicone fluid column at 270°. The silyl derivative of lithocholic acid is used as an internal standard. The fluorescence procedure consists of an extraction followed by measurement of the fluorescence of the compound in pH 10.0 buffer, with an excitation wavelength of 350 nm. and an emission wavelength of 438 nm. The accuracy of both procedures is better than 10%.
Predictors of recurrence free survival for patients with stage II and III colon cancer

The aim of this study was to evaluate clinico-pathologic specific predictors of recurrence for stage II/III disease. Improving recurrence prediction for resected stage II/III colon cancer patients could alter surveillance strategies, providing opportunities for more informed use of chemotherapy for high risk individuals. 871 stage II and 265 stage III patients with colon cancers were included. Features studied included surgery date, age, gender, chemotherapy, tumor location, number of positive lymph nodes, tumor differentiation, and lymphovascular and perineural invasion. Time to recurrence was evaluated, using Cox’s proportional hazards models. The predictive ability of the multivariable models was evaluated using the concordance (c) index. For stage II cancer patients, estimated recurrence-free survival rates at one, three, five, and seven years following surgery were 98%, 92%, 90%, and 89%. Only T stage was significantly associated with recurrence. Estimated recurrence-free survival rates for stage III patients at one, three, five, and seven years following surgery were 94%, 78%, 70%, and 66%. Higher recurrence rates were seen in patients who didn’t receive chemotherapy (p = 0.023), with a higher number of positive nodes (p < 0.001). The c-index for the stage II model was 0.55 and 0.68 for stage III. Current clinic-pathologic information is inadequate for prediction of colon cancer recurrence after resection for stage II and IIII patients. Identification and clinical use of molecular markers to identify the earlier stage II and III colon cancer patients at elevated risk of recurrence are needed to improve prognostication of early stage colon cancers.
The Common Stock Investment Performance of Individual Investors

Using account data for over 60,000 households from a large discount brokerage firm, we analyze the common stock investment performance of individual investors from February 1991 through December 1996. The average household tilts their common stock investment toward high-beta, small, value stocks, and turns over 80 per cent of their portfolio annually. On one hand, the gross returns (before accounting for transaction costs) earned by the average household are unremarkable; the average household earned an annualized geometric mean gross return of 17.7 per cent while the value-weighted market index earned 17.1 per cent. On the other hand, the net returns earned by the average household lag reasonable benchmarks by economically and statistically significant amounts; the average household earned an annualized geometric mean net return of 15.3 per cent. The 20 per cent of households that trade most (which average at least 9.6 per cent turnover per month) earned an annualized geometric mean net return of 10.0 per cent. The poor performance of those households that trade frequently is generally consistent with the implications of recent theoretical models of investor overconfidence. Our central message is that trading is hazardous to your wealth.
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES IN PSYCHIATRIC EVALUATION OF INFANTS

Some recent developments in child psychiatry point to the need for a comprehensive, standardized method for the psychiatric evaluation of infants. The current trend is to integrate departments of child psychiatry into the ~eneral pediatric hospital setting and activity. Seeing children of all ages, including infants with developmental deviations and various disturbances of psychosomatic, behavioral, and allective nature becomes part of the psychiatrist's daily activities. Clinical work with hospitalized infants plays an important role in the teaching pro~ram for fellows in child psychiatry and for pediatric residents who rotate through such services. Efforts to impress these trainees with the crucial importance uf the period of infancy in the development of the human personality have been hampered lry the lack of a satisfactory clinical method of highlighting normal and abnormal personality traits in infancy. In planning research involvin~ infants, one also becomes acutely aware of the lack of a uniformly adopted standardized method for the psychiatric evaluation of infants, which could serve as a basis for later comparisons. The general public is becoming more aware and accepting of the existence of psychiatric diflir.ult ies and personality abnormalities in
GENETIC TESTING IN PRIMARY CARE

▪ Abstract Rapid advances in genetic research are leading to an expanding array of genetic tests. Primary care providers will increasingly be challenged to identify patients whose symptoms, physical findings, or family history indicate the need for genetic testing, and to determine how to use genetic information most effectively to improve disease prevention. In addressing these challenges, practitioners will need to consider the range of different uses of genetic testing, including diagnosis in symptomatic and asymptomatic people, risk assessment, reproductive decision-making, and population screening. They will need a set of core skills and knowledge to evaluate family history and to recognize clinical findings that indicate genetic risk. At the same time, the primary care perspective will contribute to the evaluation of appropriate uses of genetic testing. A partnership between medical genetics and primary care will help to ensure the development of effective policies, educational tools, and practice g...
Discipline-Based Views of Collaboration in Engineering Education Research Partnerships

Views on collaborative relationships vary markedly between technical and social science fields. Engineers' view of collaboration is as an isolated division of labor, in which colleagues are trusted to make decisions with little or no cooperation. Education researchers work more closely and expect to learn from each other. This paper explores what happens when people trained in different research cultures embark on collaboration. Examples of relationships characteristic of both engineering and education were found. In one case, an engineer and an educator viewed the same collaboration through the lens of their respective disciplines, each reporting characteristics of their own disciplinary cultures. What determines the character of a collaborative relationship is not the background of the researchers involved, but the degree of mutual interest in the core purpose of the project. When researchers are invested in an engineering education project, they will work together to overcome disciplinary differences. Recommendations are offered for engineers hoping to collaborate with education faculty.