cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of a home-use test to diagnose HIV infection in a sex partner: a case report

Home-use HIV tests have the potential to increase testing and may be used by sex partners to inform sexual decision-making. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an individual diagnosed with HIV using a home-use test with a sex partner. We are conducting a randomized controlled trial of home self-testing for HIV using the OraQuick ADVANCE® HIV-1/2 Antibody Test on oral fluids. In 2011, a 27-year-old, homeless, Latino man who has sex with men not enrolled in the trial (the case) reported receiving a reactive result from a diverted study kit. When interviewed by study staff, the case reported that, 11 months prior, he had unprotected anal sex with a trial subject without discussing HIV status. Afterwards, the subject asked the case if he would like to test, performed the test, and disclosed the reactive result. The case reported altering his behavior to decrease the risk of HIV transmission to subsequent partners and sought care two months later. This case demonstrates that home-use HIV tests will be used by sex partners to learn and disclose HIV status and inform sexual decision-making. It also highlights concerns regarding the absence of counseling and the potential for delayed entry into HIV care. Additional research must be done to determine under what circumstances home-use tests can be used to increase awareness of HIV status, how they impact linkage to care among persons newly diagnosed with HIV, and whether they can be safely used to increase the accuracy of serosorting.
The Influence of Childhood Physical Abuse on Adult Health Status in Sexual Minority Women: The Mediating Role of Smoking

Abstract Background Among women in the general population, childhood physical abuse (CPA) is associated with poor adult health status and engagement in health risk behaviors. Sexual minority women (SMW) are at elevated risk of CPA, have higher rates of smoking, and may be at higher risk for poorer general health. In this study, we examined the influences of CPA on health status in a diverse sample of SMW. We hypothesized that SMW with a history of CPA would report poorer health than those without such histories and that early onset of smoking—an important health risk behavior—would mediate the relationship between CPA and current health status. Methods Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the influence of CPA on early health risk behavior (i.e., age of smoking onset) and current perceived health status in a community based sample of 368 SMW. Results More than one fifth of the sample (21.5%) reported a history of CPA. One fourth of the sample was current smokers; the average age of smoking onset was 19 to 20 years old. The mean level of self-rated health status was between “fair” and “good.” When relationships were simultaneously estimated, the effect of CPA on health status was mediated by two sequential smoking factors: CPA was associated with earlier age of smoking onset, and age of smoking onset was associated with current smoker status. Being a current smoker had a negative effect on perceived health status. Implications for Practice and/or Policy These results suggest that tobacco use is an important pathway by which CPA influences current health status. Prevention and early intervention initiatives should focus on the reduction of CPA among SMW to eliminate the long-term health consequences of adverse childhood events among SMW.
Disconnected processes, mechanisms and architecture for mobile e-business

With the tremendous advances in hand-held computing and communication capabilities, rapid proliferation of mobile devices, and decreasing device costs, we are seeing a growth in mobile e-business in various consumer and business markets. In this paper, we present a novel architecture and framework for end-to-end mobile e-business applications (e.g., point of sales). The architecture takes into consideration disconnection, application context, synchronization, transactions and failure recovery modes to provide mobile users with seamless and transparent access to business transactions and business-context specific data. In our architecture, we consider a novel business process design based on state-machines and event management to handle disconnection, resource limitations and failures. We designed, implemented and deployed a system for mobile e-business on clients (e.g., PDAs and PocketPCs) integrated with private exchanges and sell-side servers. The state-machine model with failure recovery mechanisms enables handling of one-to-many and many-to-one disconnections in large mobile e-business environments. The e-business framework on mobile clients is implemented based on J2ME, Webservices, and open XML standards. A detailed performance study of commerce transactions was done on different mobile client devices with diverse computing, memory and storage capabilities. We compare the performance of a purchasing application and the middleware on various devices such as PDAs and Laptops. We demonstrated that for small devices with limited capability the performance is reasonable. For devices with more computing capability, the response time is excellent.
Frustration without competing interactions

The concept of frustration is investigated following an idea of Anderson. A simple, frustrated in Anderson's sense, nonrandom classical lattice spin system without competing interactions is discussed, which exhibits infinitely many equilibrium states at low temperature. The overlap distribution function is calculated exactly to be a delta function at zero.
Exemplary documents: a foundation for information retrieval design

Documents are generally represented for retrieval by either extracting index terms from them or by creating and selecting from an external set of candidate terms. There are many procedures for doing this, but while work continues along these dimensions, there have been relatively few attempts to change this basic process. Of particular importance is the creation of indexing schemes for retrieval systems in nonlibrary contexts. Here, the cost of developing an indexing scheme independent of the documents to be retrieved is often considered too high to implement. As a result, simple full-text retrieval or, to a lesser extent, automatic extractive or associative indexing methods are the predominant methods used in nonlibrary contexts. This paper suggests an alternative document representation method based on what we call exemplary documents. Exemplary documents are those documents that describe or exhibit the intellectual structure of a particular field of interest. In so doing, they provide both an indexing vocabulary for that area and, more importantly, a narrative context in which the indexing terms have a clearer meaning. Further, it is much easier to develop an indexing scheme by using exemplary documents than it is to do so from scratch.
Circulant decomposition: Cyclic, quasi-cyclic and LDPC codes

This paper shows that a cyclic code can be put into quasi-cyclic form by decomposing a circular parity-check matrix through column and row permutations. Such a decomposition of a circular parity-check matrix of a cyclic code produces a group of shorter cyclic or quasi-cyclic codes and leads to a new method for constructing long cyclic codes from short cyclic codes. Also in this paper, new classes of cyclic and quasi-cyclic LDPC codes are derived from cyclic Euclidean geometry LDPC codes by decomposing their circular parity-check matrices. These new LDPC codes perform well and enlarge the repertoire of cyclic and quasi-cyclic LDPC codes.
Stability and Nonlinear Evolution of Plasma Clouds via Regularized Contour Dynamics

A model is introduced of an ionospheric plasma cloud (deformable dielectric) with a piecewise-constant ion density and a diffusive-regularized boundary. The linear stability of a single-contour circular cloud is studied and a new evolution equation for modal amplitudes is obtained which has the property that the wave number of maximum amplitude decreases with time (downward cascade). Analytic expressions show that large clouds evolve more slowly and appear more dissipative.
The rules are no game: From instrumental rationality to administrative evil

Purpose – Sees to argues that administrative evil is inherent in the administrative hierarchies currently governing work organizations, and to explore the means by which instrumentally rational processes morph into administrative evil.Design/methodology/approach – A critical theory methodology for identifying and describing administrative evil is outlined.Findings – Administrative evil refers to the use of technology, professionals, and hierarchical organizational structures in ways that divorce collective actions from their moral context. The role of technical accounting expertise, manifested as various devices, facilitates “ordinary” human beings' “rational” participation in “administrative evil” through a series of technically competent and instrumentally rational decisions, facilitated by information technology.Research limitations/implications – Divorcing actions from their moral context removes a sense of personal responsibility and accountability on the part of the organizational participants and r...
Purification of an endogenous 68 kD inhibitor of calcium-activated neutral proteinase (CANP) from bovine brain: Immunoblot identification and characterization

A calcium-activated neutral proteinase (CANP)-specific endogenous inhibitor (calpastatin) was purified from bovine brain by successive column chromatography. The purified inhibitor exhibited a major band on sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with an approximate molecular weight of 68 kD. The polyclonal antisera raised to the inhibitor strongly reacted with the 68 kD protein band. Two lightly stained bands approximately 55-68 kD and 120-130 kD were also recognized by the inhibitor antiserum. The inhibitor specifically inhibited CANP activity and the half-maximal inhibition was found with 75 ng of calpastatin per 1 micrograms of CANP in a final volume of 125 microliters. Cathepsin B and papain were not inhibited by the inhibitor, while trypsin and chymotrypsin were inhibited to some extent. The inhibitor formed a complex with CANP and the inactive complex was dissociated into active fractions of enzyme and calpastatin in the presence of EGTA.
Complex discriminative stimulus properties of (+)lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in C57Bl/6J mice

Rationale The drug discrimination procedure is the most frequently used in vivo model of hallucinogen activity. Historically, most drug discrimination studies have been conducted in the rat. With the development of genetically modified mice, a powerful new tool has become available for investigating the mechanisms of drug-induced behavior. The current paper is part of an ongoing effort to determine the utility of the drug discrimination technique for evaluating hallucinogenic drugs in mice.
Stability of abelian groups in a topos of sheaves

Recall that a ring R is said to be left stable if the category R-Mod satisfies the following: for any left R-module A and any injective left R-module B, hom(A, B) = 0 implies that hom(E(A),L?) =0 where E(A) is the injective hull of A. Some examples of such rings are, all commutative rings which are either noetherian or perfect. In particular the ring .Z’ of integers is stable noetherian, that is, the category Ab of abelian groups is stable. For further details on stability the reader is referred to [7-10; 131. In this paper we are interested to investigate the notion of stability and related facts for the category AbSb y! of abelian groups in a topos of sheaves on a locale. We first show that stability is a local property (Proposition l.l), and for the smallest non-boolean locale LX = 3 we show that AbSh 3 is not stable (Example 1.2). We prove a number of propositions which lead us to the proof of Proposition 1.7 that if 0 : 9? + Jdt is an onto map of locales, then AbSh LZ? stable implies AbSh & is stable. For a T, space X, we show in Proposition 1.9 that AbSh X stable implies that X is a Ti space. For a finite g, we prove in Corollary 1 .lO that AbSh 61! is stable iff &Z? is boolean. It is shown in [4] that the ring Z, is noetherian iff .zZ has A.C.C. on its elements. In particular for .J.??= 3, Zg is a noetherian ring. Since an A E AbSh LZ? can be viewed as a module over the ring Zg, our Example 1.2 shows that a commutative noetherian ring in a topos Sh 2 is not necessarily stable.
The neonatal platelet: evaluation of platelet malonyl dialdehyde formation as an indicator of prostaglandin synthesis.

Summary. It is recognized that neonates exhibit a transient thrombocytopathy. Whether the cause of the platelet abnormality is due to a storage pool defect, or an‘aspirin-like’abnormality with inhibition of platelet prostaglandin synthesis is unclear. In an attempt to assess neonatal platelet prostaglandin synthesis, platelet rich plasma (PRP) from 10 normal control maternal–neonatal pairs was obtained contemporaneously with PRP from donors who had ingested 600 mg aspirin within 12-18 h prior to study. When platelet malonyl dialdehyde production in the presence of the sulphydryl inhibitor N-ethyl maleimide (NEM), or thrombin, was measured as an indicator of platelet prostaglandin synthesis, a significant decrease was observed in neonatal platelets (2.46 ± 0.61 and 0.90 ± 0.19 nmol/109 platelets respectively) when compared to those of the paired maternal or adult controls (3. 23 ±0.31 and 1.30 ± 0.17 nmol/109 platelets). As expected, a marked decrease in platelet malonyl dialdehyde production in response to NEM or thrombin was also seen in the platelets from the donors who had ingested aspirin (0.25±0.14 and 0.10 ± 0.09 nmol/109 platelets). When compared to the normal maternal control PRP both the neonatal and aspirin donor PRPs demonstrated abnormalities in second phase platelet aggregation in response to ADP and epinephrine, and an abnormal response to collagen. However, mutual correction and secondary irreversible aggregation was obtained when both these abnormal PRPs were mixed in varying proportions. No mutually corrective effect was seen using neonatal PRP obtained from infants where maternal documentation of aspirin ingestion was present within 48 h prior to delivery, or when normal neonatal PRP was preincu-bated with aspirin in vitro prior to mixing with PRP from donors who had recently ingested aspirin. These findings provide evidence that the neonatal platelet dysfunction cannot be attributed to an abnormality in prostaglandin synthesis or an‘aspirin-like’defect. Although platelet malonyl dialdehyde formation in response to NEM and thrombin was decreased when compared to the adult the amount synthesized by the neonatal platelet in response to external stimuli appears to be
Declining carrying capacity in the Bering Sea: Isotopic evidence from whale baleen

The Bering Sea is a rich marine ecosystem with 1995 U.S. landings of finfish and shellfish in excess of 2 × 106 tons. Recently, major declines of marine mammal and bird populations have occurred, with the question arising as to whether the causes were top down, i.e., from fishing pressure, or bottom-up, i.e., driven by climate-change effects. We assessed the latter scenario by using the inverse relationship between phytoplankton cell-growth rates and carbon isotope fractionation to compare seasonal rates of primary productivity. The isotope ratios in the long baleen plates from bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) laid down while the whales fed in the Bering and Chukchi seas were used as a proxy for the average annual isotope ratios in their zooplankton prey and, by extension, phytoplankton. Plates from 37 whales produced a continuous isotopic record from 1947-1997 and indicate that seasonal productivity was higher in 1947-1976, peaking in 1966. Since that time, average d13C values have declined by over 2.7‰ until 1997, inferring a drop in seasonal carbon fixation of ∼-40%. Alternatively, lowered isotope ratios could arise if phytoplankton stocks significantly increased over time while cell-growth rates declined. However, long-term literature estimates for phytoplankton in the Western and Eastern Pacific Ocean and Eastern Bering Sea show either no trend or a decrease over time. Archaeological samples of baleen from ca. 100 and 2,200 yr. B.P. showed average d13C values higher than any in the last five decades, implying still higher productivity in the past. The lowered carrying capacity is a likely contributor to the decline of top consumers in the region.
Employment effects of Thanksgiving timing

In the United States, the period between Thanksgiving and Christmas has long seen the most intense consumer sales and hence the most active economy. This period varies in length depending on the date of Thanksgiving. Years where it is longer see detectably larger seasonal increases in national employment figures, so that an earlier Thanksgiving appears to serve as economic stimulus in the labor market.
The Synthesis of 2-Carbomethoxy-2-carbomethoxymethyl-2,3-dihydro-4(1H)quinazolinones

The treatment of anthranilhydrazides with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate resulted in enamines that cyclized to the six-membered quinazolinones instead of the seven-membered benzodiazepines.
Planning in constraint space: Automated design of functional structures

On the path to full autonomy, robotic agents have to learn how to manipulate their environments for their benefit. In particular, the ability to design structures that are functional in overcoming challenges is imperative. The problem of automated design of functional structures (ADFS) addresses the question of whether the objects in the environment can be placed in a useful configuration. In this work, we first make the observation that the ADFS problem represents a class of problems in high dimensional, continuous spaces that can be broken down into simpler subproblems with semantically meaningful actions. Next, we propose a framework where discrete actions that induce constraints can partition the solution space effectively. Subsequently, we solve the original class of problems by searching over the available actions, where the evaluation criteria for the search is the feasibility test of the accumulated constraints. We prove that with a sound feasibility test, our algorithm is complete. Additionally, we argue that a convexity requirement on the constraints leads to significant efficiency gains. Finally, we present successful results to the ADFS problem.
In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with mood disorders: a technically oriented review.

Proton MR spectroscopy (1HMRS) has been extensively used among mood disorders patients. A review of the published literature in 1HMRS studies of mood disorders was carried out for the period 1991 to July 2006. Of 71 1HMRS studies, 77.5% were done at 1.5T and 66.2% used single voxel sequences (SVS), implying limitations of spectral resolution and anatomic coverage, respectively. In all, 47.9% of studies relied on creatine (Cr) as internal signal standard, although Cr changes were reported in major depression (MD). Most reported metabolic alterations related to mood state affected the left frontal lobe. Depressed adult and pediatric MD patients had reduced glutamate (Glu) in frontal lobe regions, which reversed with successful treatment. A consistent reduction of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) was reported in the hippocampal formation among bipolar disorder (BD) patients, along with an increment in frontal Glu. The differences in results of 1HMRS studies in mood disorders reflect heterogeneity of technical factors and subject selection. Future studies should benefit from higher spectral resolution and more extensive anatomic coverage as well as standardized data-processing protocols and subject selection criteria. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of Stink Bug-Damaged Soybean Seeds on Germination, Emergence, and Yield

Stink bug-damaged seeds from 17 soybean varieties were separated into 4 arbitrary categories depending upon the amount of visual damage to the seeds. The categories of damage were: none or check―no visual damage; light―seeds showing punctures but without shriveling of the seedcoat; moderate―seeds with some shriveling of the seedcoat; and heavy―extensive shriveling of the seedcoat. Soybean seed stained using a tetrazolium technique showed that with regard to viability the location of a stink bug puncture is probably more important than the number of punctures. One puncture in the radicle-hopocotyl axis of the seed can prevent germination. Greenhouse tests showed highly significant differences among the arbitrary categories with respect to emergence and yield. A small-plot field test using the ‘Bossier’ variety showed no significant difference in yield between the lightly damage seeds and those with no visual damage, but it showed significant decreases in yield between the light vs. moderate and moderate vs. heavy categories of stink bug-damaged seeds.
Youth-nominated support team for suicidal adolescents (version 1): A randomized controlled trial

In this study, the authors investigated the efficacy of the Youth-Nominated Support Team-Version 1 (YST-1), a psychoeducational social network intervention, with 289 suicidal, psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents (197 girls, 92 boys). Adolescents were randomly assigned to treatment-as-usual plus YST-1 or treatment-as-usual only. Assessments were completed pre- and postintervention (6 months). There were no main effects for YST-1 on suicide ideation or attempts, internalizing symptoms, or related functional impairment. Relative to other girls, however, those who received YST-1 reported greater decreases in self-reported suicidal ideation (actually treated analytic strategy) and significantly greater decreases in mood-related functional impairment reported by their parents (intent to treat and actually treated analytic strategies). This is the first randomized controlled clinical trial to investigate the efficacy of a social network intervention with suicidal youths.
Moulting tail feathers in a juvenile oviraptorisaur

The transformation of neutral hydrogen located in the intergalactic medium into an ionized state was a major event in early cosmic history. The sensitive observations now possible with the Wide Field Camera 3, installed on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in 2009, have revealed a population of galaxies at redshifts of z >7, corresponding to a period when the Universe was only about 800 million years old. In a Review, Robertson et al. discuss the picture of events in the early Universe that is emerging from analysis of the HST data and address a fundamental question in modern astrophysics: was the intense radiation from the early galaxies sufficient to induce the reionization of the Universe? Arising from Xing Xu, Xiaoting Zheng & Hailu You , 1338–1341 (2010)10.1038/nature08965 ; Xu et al. reply Xu et al.1 describe the extraordinarily preserved feathers from two subadults of the oviraptorisaur Similicaudipteryx from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning, China. The preserved tail feathers of the juvenile specimen (STM4.1) show a morphology not previously observed in any fossil feathers. The tail feathers of an older, immature specimen (STM22-6) show a typical closed pennaceous structure with a prominent, planar vane. I propose that the feathers of the tail of the juvenile specimen are not a specialized feather generation, but fossilized ‘pin feathers’ or developing feather germs.
The double bottom line: Profit and social benefit

Abstract There is an important shift in business focus in the United States that is empowering companies to not only declare their intent to be ethical firms which do good while making a profit, but also to submit proof of that commitment for annual review by outside evaluators. A new business model is providing structure for non-profits that wish to grow, for for-profits that wish to be socially responsible, and for individuals who wish to invest in companies with a commitment to corporate social responsibility and sustainability. B Lab has taken the lead in providing the models necessary for this shift to a focus on the double bottom line: profit and social benefit. It has created the legal documents for state legislatures to use to pass a new corporate structure called the ‘benefit corporation.’ In the 3 years of its existence, legislatures in 19 states and the District of Columbia have ratified the new corporate structure. Likewise, B Lab offers a performance assessment program to become a Certified B Corporation, independent of legal corporate status, which also serves as an evaluation program for benefit corporations. Additionally, it has created a ratings agency and analytics platform, the Global Impact Investing Rating System (GIIRS), to help institutional investors evaluate the impact of companies’ corporate social responsibility initiatives. This article discusses the requirements and benefits of the new models and addresses the issues that have been raised about them. It also identifies companies that are incorporating the benefit corporation structure and are becoming Certified B Corporations.
Gold Contact Inspection Using a Scanning Laser Beam

A laser scanner inspection machine was built to detect defects on printed wiring board gold contact fingers. The scanner sweeps a focused laser beam in raster fashion across the contacts at 60 scans/sec and the scattered beam is detected and electronically analyzed to yield the defects. Marking is accomplished with a relay-driven felt tip pen which marks the back of the board under the defective contact. The inspection of a board about four inches on a side can be done in a few seconds. A range of defects can be detected with this machine, including pinholes, gradual indentations, scratches, discolored gold, etc. The detection levels can be adjusted to pass imperfections which are not considered serious. This advantage makes the machine programmable in an objective manner, easily accommodating revisions in specifications. In this report, the operation of the machine is described including a detailed account of alignment procedures and electronic processing. Results of a preliminary test of the system effectiveness are discussed and it is shown that the level of detection must be empirically determined.
Electrical and Optical Properties of PECVD Amorphous Silicon Grown at Low Frequencies

The semiconducting properties of a-Si are ideally suited for making a switch to control the matrix addressing of an array of liquid crystal pixels. This investigation explores the differences between a-silicon deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition at 13.56MHz and at 60KHz. The bonded hydrogen concentration, the index of refraction and the optical band gap of a-Si have been measured. The device used to explore the field effect mobility of a-Si is an inverted staggered FET fabricated on a glass substrate with conventional photolithography.
Emission factors from wheat and Kentucky bluegrass stubble burning : Comparison of field and simulated burn experiments

Abstract Emission factors (EFs) of PM2.5, CO, elemental carbon (EC), particulate organic carbon (OC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and methoxyphenols (MPs) from post-harvest burning of wheat and Kentucky bluegrass (KBG) stubble were evaluated in a series of field burns. Integrated smoke samples were collected at ground level, upwind and downwind of the fires, and EFs were determined with the carbon balance method (validated during previous chamber experiments). These EFs were compared against EFs evaluated from previously conducted chamber burns, to determine how well the latter represent field scenarios. In general, when combustion efficiency (CE) differences were taken into account, a reasonable degree of agreement was observed between emission factors measured in the field and in the chamber, except for EC and solid+vapor phase PAHs, both from wheat burns. EC and PAHs from wheat burns were seen in higher amounts in the chamber, although the PAH data are in agreement at CEs>90%. EC overestimates might be due to a misassigned EC–OC split in the heavily loaded quartz filters from chamber burns. Poor EC and OC EF–CE correlations in KBG chamber data make the comparison with field data difficult. The particulate organic matter/OC ratios (2.1±1.3 for wheat and 1.9 for KBG) were higher than those observed during chamber experiments (1.5 for both wheat and KBG). Overestimates of EC in the chamber and possibly the condensation of oxygenated species in the field may be responsible for this difference. Though CO and CH4 EFs evaluated from ground-based samples differed from those collected on board a light aircraft, EF–CE relationships were similar. This underscores the importance of determining both the CEs and EFs simultaneously.
Diazepam and presynaptic inhibition

Abstract This investigation clarifies the influence of diazepam upon the spinal cord. Certain spinal reflex alterations previously attributed to diazepam are influences of the vehicle used. Enhancement of presynaptic inhibition is the only spinal reflex activity found to result from the administration of diazepam. Inhibitory influences of diazepam are found to be directly related to the primary afferent depolarization, with no indication of postsynaptic influence. Picrotoxin and diazepam seem to act as antagonists at the same loci responsible for primary afferent depolarization. The spinal influence of diazepam is not mediated or altered by higher CNS structures. The doses required for spinal influence are comparable to those used in studies on the higher CNS.
Transition prediction for a two‐dimensional reynolds‐averaged navier–stokes method applied to wind turbine airfoils

Boundary layer transition is significant to many flow fields that include both laminar and turbulent regions. Accurate prediction of transition onset is fundamental to the modelling of these flows. In most flow solvers based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations, transition onset must be specified manually. To overcome this weakness and to more accurately predict aerodynamic flow fields, a boundary layer transition prediction methodology is presented. This methodology, which has been applied to a Navier–Stokes solver, dynamically locates transition onset as the flow solution is converging. The prediction methodology identifies several boundary layer transition mechanisms, including Tollmien–Schlichting instability, laminar separation and turbulence contamination. Where possible, the implementation utilizes the calculated boundary layer velocity profiles to strongly couple the predicted transition locations and the flow solution. The transition prediction methodology was used to predicted transition onset for the NLF(1)-0416 and S809 single-element wind turbine airfoils. Results obtained with numerical calculations are found to agree well with experimental observations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermochemical study of glasses in the system NaAlSi3O8-KAlSi3O8-Si4O8 and the join Na1.6Al1.6Si2.4O8-K1.6Al1.6Si2.4O8

Abstract Enthalpies of solution in 2PbO · B2O3 at 981 K have been measured for glasses in the system albite-orthoclase-silica and along the join Na1.6Al1.6Si2.4O8-K1.6Al1.6Si2.4O8. The join KAlSi3O8-Si4O8 shows zero heat of mixing similar to that found previously for NaAlSi3O8-Si4O8 glasses. Albite-orthoclase glasses show negative heats of mixing symmetric about Ab50Or50 (Wn = − 2.4 ± 0.8 kcal). Negative heats of (Na, K) mixing are also found at Si (Si + Al) = 0.6. Ternary excess enthalpies of mixing in the glassy system Ab-Or-4Q are positive but rarely exceed 1 kcal mol−1. Using earlier studies of the thermodynamic properties of the crystals, the present calorimetric data and the “two-lattice” entropy model, the albite-orthoclase phase diagram is calculated in good agreement with experimental data. Attempts to calculate albite-silica and orthoclase-silica phase diagrams reveal complexities probably related to significant (but unknown) mutual solid solubility between cristobalite and alkali feldspar and to the very small heat and entropy of fusion of SiO2.
Corticosteroid secretion in the adrenal vein of the non-stressed dog exposed to cold.

THE sensitivity of the adrenalectomized animal to exposure to cold has been well documented (Hartman and Brownell, 1949), and has also been used as an assay for cortical hormones (Selye and Schenker 1938). Indirect measurements of adrenocortical function, such as adrenal size (Hartman, Brownell, and Crosby, 1931) and fall in ascorbic acid and cholesterol content of the adrenal gland (Long, 1947) have indicated adrenocortical stimulation on exposure to cold. The development of procedures for measuring cortical steroids in blood (Nelson and Samuels, 1952) and for obtaining adrenal venous blood samples from the non-stressed dog (Hume and Nelson, 1954) have made possible the present study of adrenocortical steroid secretion in the adrenal venous blood of the non-stressed dog exposed to cold. Corticosteroid secretion has been determined in the dog while surgically stressed, during convalescence, while exposed to -10° C, and when given ACTH while at room temperature or during exposure to the cold environment.
Progress toward Biomass and Coal-Derived Syngas Warm Cleanup: Proof-of-Concept Process Demonstration of Multicontaminant Removal for Biomass Application

Systems comprising multiple sorbent and catalytic beds have been developed for the warm cleanup of coal- and biomass-derived syngas. Tailored specifically for biomass application, the process described here consists of six primary unit operations: (1) a Na2CO3 bed for HCl removal, (2) two regenerable ZnO beds in parallel for bulk H2S removal, (3) a ZnO bed for H2S polishing, (4) a NiCu/SBA-16 sorbent for trace metal (e.g., AsH3) removal, (5) a steam reforming catalyst bed for tars and light hydrocarbon reformation and NH3 decomposition, and (6) a Cu-based LT-WGS catalyst bed. Simulated biomass-derived syngas containing possible inorganic contaminants (H2S, AsH3, HCl, and NH3) and hydrocarbons (methane, ethylene, benzene, and naphthalene) was used to demonstrate process effectiveness. The efficiency of the process was demonstrated for a period of 175 h, during which time no signs of deactivation were observed. However, postrun analysis revealed that small levels of sulfur slipped through the sorbent bed tr...
Measurement of Low Levels of Arsenic Exposure: A Comparison of Water and Toenail Concentrations

A study was conducted to evaluate toenail arsenic concentrations as a biologic marker of drinking water arsenic exposure. Study subjects were controls in a US population-based case-control study of nonmelanoma skin cancer, randomly selected from drivers' license records (those or = 65 years of age). Between 1994 and 1997, a total of 540 controls were interviewed and toenail samples of sufficient weight were collected from 506 (93.7%) of these. Beginning in 1995, a sample of tap water was taken from the participants' homes; a total of 217 (98.6%) water samples were obtained from the 220 subjects interviewed. Arsenic determinations were made from toenail samples using neutron activation analysis. Water samples were analyzed using hydride-generation magnet sector inductively coupled mass spectrometry. Among 208 subjects with both toenail and water measurements, the correlation (r) between water and nail arsenic was 0.65 (p < 0.001) among those with water arsenic concentrations of 1 microg/liter or higher and 0.08 (p = 0.31) among those with concentrations below 1 microg/liter (overall r = 0.46, p < 0.001). Our data suggest that toenail samples provide a useful biologic marker for quantifying low-level arsenic exposure.
Doppler-free infrared-acoustic spectroscopy using color center lasers

A single mode widely tunable color center laser has been applied to obtain Doppler-free infrared-acoustic spectra of hydrogencyanide gas. Saturated-absorption sub-Doppler spectroscopy of the R(13) and R(16) v3 HCN transitions are reported using small-volume non-resonant photoacoustic detectors.
The Association of MHC with Autoimmune Diseases: Understanding the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diabetes

The current paradigm of MHC and disease association is efficient binding of autoantigens by disease-associated MHC molecules leading to a T cell-mediated immune response and resultant autoimmune sequelae. Data presented here offer a different model for this association of MHC with autoimmune diabetes. This new explanation suggests that the association of MHC with autoimmunity results from "altered" thymic selection in which high-affinity self-reactive (potentially autoreactive) T cells escape negative selection. This model offers an explanation for the requirement of homozygous MHC class II expression in NOD mice (and in man) in susceptibility to IDDM.
The effect of temperature on the visible absorption band of iodine in several solvents

Abstract Absorption spectra of iodine in several solvents were obtained at three different temperatures. It was observed that, in all solvents, increasing the temperature led to increased absorption at wavelengths longer than the wavelength of maximum absorption, while the absorption decreased on the shorter wavelength side. The absorption curves at the different temperatures exhibited an isoabsorption point. A plot of the difference in molar absorptivity at two temperatures exhibited, for each solvent, a minimum and maximum in the shorter and longer wavelength regions respectively. A linear relationship was found to exist between the logarithm of the molar extinction coefficient and the reciprocal of the absolute temperature.
Nonlocal electron transport in the presence of high-intensity laser irradiation.

We investigate electron transport in a plasma heated by spatially modulated laser irradiation. When the heating rate is greater than the electron-electron collision rate, the thermal conductivity is reduced by a factor of 3 to 4 from the Spitzer-Haerm [Phys. Rev. 89, 977 (1953)] value for [ital K][lambda][sub [ital e]][lt]0.01 and is less affected by nonlocal heat-transport effects for [ital k][lambda][sub [ital e]][much gt]1, where [lambda][sub [ital e]] is the electron mean free path and [ital k] is the perturbation wave number. Implications for thermal filamentation will be discussed.
Relationship of epicardial fat volume to coronary plaque, severe coronary stenosis, and high-risk coronary plaque features assessed by coronary CT angiography

Abstract Background Associations of epicardial fat volume (EFV) measured on noncontrast cardiac CT (NCT) include coronary plaque, myocardial ischemia, and adverse cardiac events. Objectives This study aimed to define the relationship of EFV to coronary plaque type, severe coronary stenosis, and the presence of high-risk plaque features (HRPFs). Methods We retrospectively evaluated 402 consecutive patients, with no prior history of coronary artery disease, who underwent same day NCT and coronary CT angiography (CTA). EFV was measured on NCT with the use of validated, semiautomated software. The coronary arteries were evaluated for coronary plaque type (calcified [CP], noncalcified [NCP], or partially calcified [PCP]) and coronary stenosis severity ≥70% with the use of coronary CTA. For patients with NCP and PCP, 2 high-risk plaque features were evaluated: low-attenuation plaque and positive remodeling. Results There were 402 patients with a median age of 66 years (range, 23–92 years) of whom 226 (56%) were men. The EFV was greater in patients with CP (112 ± 55 cm 3 vs 89 ± 39 cm 3 ), PCP (110 ± 57 cm 3 vs 98 ± 45 cm 3 ), and NCP (115 ± 44 cm 3 vs EFV 100 ± 52 cm 3 ). In the 192 patients with PCP or NCP, on multivariable analysis, after adjusting for conventional cardiovascular risk factors, EFV was an independent predictor of ≥70% coronary artery stenosis (odds ratio [OR], 3.0; 95% CI, 1.3–6.6; P = 0.008), any high-risk plaque features (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 0.9–3.4; P = 0.04), and low attention plaque (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.1–5.1; P = 0.02) but not of positive remodeling. Conclusions EFV is greater in patients with CP, PCP, and NCP. In patients with NCP and PCP, EFV is significantly associated with severe coronary stenosis, high-risk plaque features, and low attenuation plaque.
Grain boundary contributions to deformation and solid-state flow in severe plastic deformation

Abstract More than 40 years ago, Professor J.C.M. Li put forth the concept of grain boundary ledges as sources for dislocations. Since then, there have been numerous confirmations of grain boundary dislocation sources, consistent with the fundamental features of interfaces, and we will demonstrate these observations in deformed metals and alloys observed in the TEM after specific levels of plastic strain. More recently, Professor Li has proposed a new mechanism for severe plastic deformation, or superplastic flow beyond the normal realm of plasticity which involves a so-called “interfacial fluid” that allows for continuous, solid-state flow accommodating large plastic strains, and even very high strain rates. Some interesting examples of severe plastic deformation illustrating these issues, and the connectedness to the incipient and normal plastic regime (the stress–strain diagram) will be presented by examining high velocity and hypervelocity impact craters in polycrystalline metals and alloys. These exhibit varying degrees of plastic strain and associated microstructures evolving from dislocation emission and interaction, and the actual plastic flow and jetting of solid-state material from the crater rims, which are shown to be arrays of adiabatic shear bands composed of dynamically recrystallized grains. The concept of an “interfacial fluid” will be examined considering dense dislocation arrays in the grain boundary phase regime utilizing the amorphous dislocation lattice concept also originated by Professor Li several decades ago.
Adherence and drug resistance: predictions for therapy outcome

We combine standard pharmacokinetics with an established model of viral replication to predict the outcome of therapy as a function of adherence to the drug regimen. We consider two types of treatm...
Point Defects in Amorphous SiO2: What Have We Learned from 30 Years of Experimentation?

Point defects in amorphous silicon dioxide (a-SiO2) have been studied for over 30 years by numerous spectroscopic techniques, including optical absorption and emission and electron spin resonance (ESR). While all of these experimental approaches have yielded valuable insights, only ESR has afforded detailed atomic-scale structural characterizations. ESR spectra of two fundamental classes of defects in a-SiO have been knon since the 1956 work of Weeks. However, many crucial detaiis such as the 29Si and 17O hyperfine structures of these centers have been provided only within the past dozen years. From these results, it is known that the so-called E′ center comprises an unpaired electron in a dangling tetrahedral orbital of a single silicon atom at the site of an oxygen vacancy; at least three variants of the E′ center have been distinguished in a-SiO2. Two additional intrinsic defect types, the nonbridging oxygen hole center and the superoxide radical, have also been identified by ESR, these being relatively more prevalent in irradiated silicas of high and low hydroxyl contents, respectively. Recent theoretical developments have proven indispensible to the modeling of the E′ centers and have yielded valuable insights on the superoxide defects.
Effect of motorized scooters on physical performance and mobility : A randomized clinical trial

Abstract Hoenig H, Pieper C, Branch LG, Cohen HJ. Effect of motorized scooters on physical performance and mobility: a randomized clinical trial. Objective To investigate the effects of providing a motorized scooter on physical performance and mobility. Design Randomized clinical trial comparing scooter users with usual care. Setting One academic and 1 Veterans Affairs medical center. Participants Ambulatory, community-dwelling outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis of the knee. Intervention Provision of a motorized scooter for 3 months. Main Outcome Measures Six-minute walk distance (6MWD) and mobility methods in diverse locations at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months, and accidents while using the scooter. Results The majority of scooter subjects (n=16/22 [72.7%]) used the scooter 4 or more days per week. The difference ± standard deviation between the 2 groups in change in 6MWD over the study period was not statistically significant (scooter users, 16.9±73.0m [55.5±239.6ft]; usual care, 17.2±72.5m [56.5±238.0ft], P =.55). Four (18.1%) scooter users reported 9 accidents. Over the study period, the proportion of persons reporting use of a scooter (provided by the study or otherwise available) increased in the scooter-users group (eg, food stores, 16.7% to 52.6%; doctor's office, 0% to 35.7%) but not the usual-care group (food stores, 9.1% to 9.5%; doctor's office, 0% to 0%). Conclusions Motorized scooters provided to ambulatory persons with arthritis were used intermittently. The greatest short-term risk from scooter usage appeared to be minor collisions.
Utilization rates of ecologically oriented instruments among clinical neuropsychologists.

The ecological validity of neuropsychological instruments has become an important topic in recent decades, as neuropsychologists are asked to address real-world outcomes with increasing frequency. Although novel instruments that tap skills required for everyday functioning have been developed, it is unclear whether these instruments are migrating from research laboratories into the applied settings of clinical neuropsychologists. The current study surveyed assessment practices of neuropsychologists with regard to their utilization of instruments designed with ecological concerns in mind. Respondents included 747 North American, doctorate-level psychologists (40% usable response rate) affiliated with Division 40 of the American Psychological Association, National Academy of Neuropsychology, or the International Neuropsychological Society. Results indicated that approximately one-third of respondents reported use of ecologically oriented instruments (EOIs), and these instruments were generally utilized with...