cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oncolytic Herpes Viral Therapy is Effective in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines

The rising incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in western countries, along with the poor prognosis offered by present-day treatment modalities, makes novel therapies for this disease necessary. Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (HSV) are replication-competent viruses that are highly effective in the treatment of a wide variety of experimental models of human malignancies. This study seeks to investigate the effectiveness of oncolytic herpes viruses in the treatment of primary HCC cell lines. Sixteen commercially available human HCC cell lines were studied. G207 is an attenuated, replication-competent, oncolytic HSV engineered to selectively replicate within cancer cells. Cell lines were tested for viral sensitivity to G207 and their ability to support viral replication using standard cytotoxicity and viral replication assays. Eleven of 16 cell lines were moderately to highly sensitive to G207 viral oncolysis. HCC cell lines additionally demonstrated the ability to support viral replication in vitro with as high as 800-fold amplification of the administered viral dose observed. G207 is cytotoxic to, and efficiently replicates within, HCC cell lines in vitro. From these data, we suggest that oncolytic HSV therapy may have a role in the treatment of HCC, and in vivo studies are warranted.
The effects of acute and chronic gamma irradiation on Lupinus albus L.—II. Effects of acute irradiation on floral development

Abstract Lupinis albus L. plants were grown from seed and irradiated at P.I. 5.32, a stage of developmment when the floral apex had produced the first floral primordia with associated bracts. Acute doses of gamma rays (a total of 16, 10, 6, 4.2 and 3.3kR over a 4-day period) produced a position effect, wih most damage at the base of the floral spike, and numerous floral abnormalities. Floral tissues were at least twice as radiosensitive as vegetative tissues. Floral abnormalities inclued: (a) a reduction in number of stamens; and (b) formation of petaloid anthers and microsporangiate petals and, to a lesser degree, fused anthers, petal-stamen fusion, non-synchronous pollen development, extra anthers, missing carpels, and altered vascular anatomy. The degree to which a flower was abnormal in morphology was reflected in the degree of altered vascular anatomy. Altered vascular anatomy and associated floral aberrations were associated with the lowest acute dose (3.3 kR) used. Two floral correlative effects in acutely irradiated lupine were: (1) suppession of long-stamen traces and persistence of compound (short-stamen and petal) bundles; and (2) delayed compound bundle splitting. Both support the concept that the apex and its derivatives interact with more mature subjacent tissues to “control” development at the shoot tip.
A survey of estimation and modeling in socio economic systems

The purpose of this paper is to present a brief survey of some modeling techniques for socio economic systems and to discuss some issues relative to the construction and use of large scale models.
A Benchmark Study: Comparison Between HETC-HEDS and Experimental Data

Experiments have been carried out at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) to obtain charge-changing cross sections and partial cross sections for fragmentation of 1.05 GeV/nucleon Fe projectiles incident on H, C, Al, Cu, and Pb nuclei. We have simulated the fragmentation experiments using the newly developed High Energy Transport Code for Human Exploration and Development in Space (HETC-HEDS) and included comparisons of fragment fluences and energy deposited as a part of code validation. We have found the results obtained from experiments to compare very well with the model when all experimental corrections are applied to the simulations.
Evolving beef export market access requirements for age and source verification

We analyze the economic impacts of changes in age and source verification requirements and associated adjustments in international trade of US beef using an equilibrium displacement model. Because the United States lags behind many countries in adopting animal traceability systems, the United States risks losing export market access. The loss of an export market the size of South Korea’s would cause a decline of US meat industry producer surplus of $1751 million over 10 years or 0.23% of its10-year cumulative discounted present value. Additionally, we find that only small increases in US beef exports would be necessary to offset direct costs associated with adoption of age and source verification.
Classical Item Analysis Using Latent Variable Modeling: A Note on a Direct Evaluation Procedure

A directly applicable latent variable modeling procedure for classical item analysis is outlined. The method allows one to point and interval estimate item difficulty, item correlations, and item-total correlations for composites consisting of categorical items. The approach is readily employed in empirical research and as a by-product permits examining the latent structure of tentative versions of multiple-component measuring instruments. The discussed procedure is straightforwardly utilized with the increasingly popular latent variable modeling software Mplus, and is illustrated on a numerical example.
Kinetics of O2(1Σg+) Reaction with H2 and an Upper Limit for OH Production

The rate coefficients for the removal of O 2 ( 1 Σ + g ) (from now on referred to as O 2 ( 1 Σ)) by H 2 were measured between 209 and 373 K by generating O 2 ( 1 Σ) via pulsed laser excitation near 762 nm. The rate coefficient was determined to be k 1 = (6.8 ′ 1.2) x 10 - 1 2 exp [-(590 ′ 52)/Τ] cm 3 molecule - 1 s - 1 . Reaction of O 2 ( 1 Σ) with O 3 yielded O( 3 P), which was detected by vacuum ultraviolet (VUV)-resonance fluorescence. O 2 ( 1 Σ) was also prepared by the interaction of O('D) with O 2 . In separate experiments, the yield for OH from the title reaction was measured to be <4 x 10 - 5 at 298 and 209 K. This upper limit was used in a one-dimensional atmospheric model to show that the contribution of this reaction to the total OH production in the atmosphere is minimal under most conditions.
Conducting needles in a dielectric as radar and infrared reflectors

It has become of recent interest to complement electromagnetic responses in intensity by the additional consideration of their polarizations. In order to affect the latter, media have been considered that contain inclusions of randomly distributed and oriented short, thin wires (needles), whose polarized scattering amplitudes can modify the well-known polarization of surface reflections that is governed simply by the so-called Fresnel coefficients. In the present study, we analytically obtain, for the case of a multiplicity of perfectly conducting wires imbedded in a dielectric, the corresponding wave scattering amplitudes and their superposition with the specularly surface-reflected wave amplitude when both are being generated by the same incident wave. This allows a calculation of the total returned-wave polarizations which we express by the real Stokes parameters.
Fracture mechanism of drawn oriented crystalline polymers

Abstract During the fracture of highly oriented drawn films and fibers of crystalline polymers, one observes a great many radicals produced by chain rupture. The description of such material by the logarithm of the time to break under applied load as a linear function of stress with the activation energy of the covalent bond seems to designate single bond rupture as the most time-consuming step in creep failure. According to the fibrous morphology of the structure, one ruptures the tie molecules which connect crystals in the direction of the fiber axis and transmit the major part of the load through the amorphous layer sandwiched between subsequent crystals. The maximum number of ruptured chains, however, is between one hundredth (nylon 6 and 66) and one thousandth (polyethylene) of the total number of tie molecules in the sample. That means that chain rupture does not occur in all amorphous layers with tie molecules but only in isolated defects of the structure where the inhomogeneity of the stress and s...
Religion and Health Among Older Mexican Americans: Exploring the Influence of Making Mandas

A manda is a religious quid pro quo whereby an older Mexican American promises to perform a religious act if the Virgin or one of the saints grants a request. The purpose of this study is to see whether making mandas is associated with health among older Mexican Americans. Findings from the study model suggest that making mandas is associated with a greater sense of personal control, and more personal control is associated, in turn, with better health.
Assessing Collaborative Capacity in a Multidimensional World

Collaborative capacity is central to long-term problem-solving success and poses a challenge for public management scholars—How does one measure collaborative capacity? The authors treat collaborat...
Hypothyroidism increases substance P concentrations in the heterotopic anterior pituitary.

The regulatory effects of thyroid hormone on adenohypophysial substance P (SP) were studied in heterotopically implanted anterior pituitaries. Three or four anterior pituitaries from 21-day-old rat pups were implanted under the renal capsule in 175- to 200-g adult rats. The donor and recipient animals were sex matched. One week after implantation, animals were thyroidectomized or sham operated. A separate group of animals received daily T4 treatment (1.5 g/100 g, ip). After 2 weeks, the native and heterotopic pituitaries were assayed for SP, TSH, PRL, and LH. Thyroidectomy resulted in a 3- to 10- fold increase in the SP concentration in both the heterotopic and native pituitaries compared to euthyroid values. T4 treatment suppressed the SP levels in the heterotopic pituitaries of the thyroidectomized rats. In contrast to the reduction of TSH concentrations in native pituitaries in thyroidectomized animals vs. controls, TSH concentrations in the heterotopic pituitaries of thyroidectomized rats were approxi...
Management of Trauma to Supporting Dental Structures

Teeth, periodontium, and supporting alveolar bone are frequently involved in trauma and account for approximately 15% of all emergency room visits. The cause of the dentoalveolar trauma varies in different demographics but generally results from falls, playground accidents, domestic violence, bicycle accidents, motor vehicle accidents, assaults, altercations, and sports injuries. Dentoalveolar injuries should be considered an emergency situation because successful management of the injury requires proper diagnosis and treatment within a limited time to achieve better outcomes.
Middle Permian (Late Guadalupian) foraminifers from Dark Canyon, Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico

Late Capitanian foraminifers are described from two cores taken by Amoco on the north side of the entrance of Dark Canyon. The Amoco #1 core (400ft) penetrates proximal forereef debris of the Tansill Formation and bottoms in massive Capitan reefal limestone. The Amoco #2 core (468ft) penetrates proximal backreef lagoonal deposits of the upper Yates Formation and the Tansill Formation. Foraminifers are very diverse and abundant in these cores. Based on the fusulinid distribution, the Codonofusiella extensa (upper part of the Yates Formation), Yabeina texana , Paradoxiella pratti and Reichelina lamarensis zones (lower and middle Tansill Formation) are present in the Amoco #2 core. Among small foraminifers, the first appearance of the genera Sengoerina and Crescentia are recorded at the base of the Y. texana Zone and they disappear at the top of the P. pratti Zone. The genus Baisalina appears at the base of the R. lamarensis Zone and disappears at the top of that zone. The Ocotillo Silt Member and upper dolomitized part of the Tansill Formation do not contain foraminifers. The Ocotillo Silt Member is present in the Amoco #2 core at a depth of from 88 to 112ft and, because of its regional dip of approximately six degrees, would possibly project below the base of the Amoco #1 core, thus correlating the Capitan and Tansill formations in the Amoco #1 core with the upper Tansill Formation of the Amoco #2 core. The lower part of the Amoco #1 core (from 110 to 370ft) contains fusulinacean species of the Paraboultonia splendens Zone. The assemblage of small foraminifers is dominated by species of nodosariids and hemigordiopsids. Four new genera and sixteen new species of foraminifers are described from both cores.
Effects of an isolate of gypsy moth, Porthetria (Lymantria) dispar, nuclear polyhedrosis virus on tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, larvae

Abstract An isolate of the gypsy moth, Porthetria (Lymantria) dispar, nuclear polyhedrosis virus infected larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, when it was fed to first instar (neonate) individuals. The virus caused unusually heavy proliferation of cytoplasmic polyhedra in the midgut cells very soon after larvae began feeding and growth was markedly reduced. However, noticeable mortality did not occur until after 25 days when most of the control larvae had begun to pupate. About 65% of the treated larvae had died by day 31 and none had pupated. Electron micrographs showed both cytoplasmic and nuclear polyhedrosis virions in diseased larvae. Those in nuclei were rod-shaped (baculovirus) and they were sparsely distributed. Polyhedra in these nuclei were often poorly formed or absent.
Optimal graph search based image segmentation for objects with complex topologies

Segmenting objects with complicated topologies in 3D images is a challenging problem in medical image processing, especially for objects with multiple interrelated surfaces. In this paper, we extend a graph search based technique to simultaneously identifying multiple interrelated surfaces for objects that have complex topologies (e.g., with tree-like structures) in 3D. We first perform a pre-segmentation on the input image to obtain basic information of the objects' topologies. Based on the initial pre-segmentation, the original image is resampled along judiciously determined directions to produce a set of vectors of voxels (called voxel columns). The resampling process utilizes medial axes to ensure that voxel columns of appropriate lengths are used to capture the sought object surfaces. Then a geometric graph is constructed whose edges connect voxels in the resampled voxel columns and enforce the smoothness constraint and separation constraint on the sought surfaces. Validation of our algorithm was performed on the segmentation of airway trees and lung vascular trees in human in-vivo CT scans. Cost functions with directional information are applied to distinguish the airway inner wall and outer wall. We succeed in extracting the outer airway wall and optimizing the location of the inner wall in all cases, while the vascular trees are optimized as well. Comparing with the pre-segmentation results, our approach captures the wall surfaces more accurately, especially across bifurcations. The statistical evaluation on a double wall phantom derived from in-vivo CT images yields highly accurate results of the wall thickness measurement on the whole tree (with mean unsigned error 0.16 ± 0.16mm).
A note on C1 equivalence

Soit B:R n ×R n ×...×R n (k fois)→R P une application k-multilineaire et soit Q:R n →R P la k-forme associee Q(x)=B(x, x, ...x). On suppose que la derivee dQ(x) a un rang p pour tout x∈Q −1 (0)/{○.}. On Suppose g:R n →R P est C k+1 et satisfait g(0)=O, dg(0)=O,…, d k g(O)=O. Alors Q+g est equivalent a Q
Comparisons of phytoplankton biomass in temperate and tropical lakes

Phytoplankton biomass is compared for 16 temperate and 5 tropical lakes that are sufficiently deep to develop seasonal stratification. The ratio of annual mean to maximum biomass averages 0.45 for tropical lakes and is significantly lower for temperate lakes (0.36). Seasonal (3-month peak) ratios of mean to maximum biomass (~0.7) do not differ for oligotrophic tropical and temperate lakes, but the ratios for temperate lakes fall below those of tropical lakes at higher trophic states. Tropical lakes of given trophic state have a higher minimum biomass than temperate lakes of the same trophic state; both temperate and tropical lakes show a strong increase in minimum biomass with increasing maximum biomass. The relative range of annual variation for temperate lakes is ~40% greater than for tropical lakes. Differences in the stability of layering and in the duration of seasonal mixing probably explain much of the difference in variability of biomass for tropical and temperate lakes that stratify.
Caenorhabditis elegans development

Developmental studies continue to be the primary focus of research on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegang and, as in the past, genetic analysis has been the principle tool for dissecting developmental phenomena. Major advances in the study of early embryogenesis, sex determination, cell lineages and cellular differentiation have resulted from the identification and characterization of new genes and the elucidation of increasingly complex pathways of genetic interactions. These genetic studies, however, are in greater measure becoming the basis of a molecular characterization of development in C el& gana Three methods are greatly facilitating these molecular studies: (1) the use of transposons and transposontagging to identify genes physically, e.g. [1,2] (Ruvkun et al., Genetics 1989, 121:501-516); (2) the use of transformation (Fire, EMBOJ 1986, 5:2673-2680) to confirm the cloning of genes and to examine their expression, and (3) the use of the nearly complete physical map of C elegans (Coulson et aL, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987, 83:7821-7825) [3] to identify genes based on their genetic map position.
Relationships of loading history and structural and material characteristics of bone: development of the mule deer calcaneus.

If a bone's morphologic organization exhibits the accumulated effects of its strain history, then the relative contributions of a given strain stimulus to a bone's development may be inferred from a bone's hierarchical organization. The artiodactyl calcaneus is a short cantilever, loaded habitually in bending, with prevalent compression in the cranial (Cr) cortex, tension in the caudal (Cd) cortex, and shear in the medial and lateral cortices (i.e., neutral axis). Artiodactyl calcanei demonstrate unusually heterogeneous structural and material organization between these cortices. This study examines potential relationships between developmental morphologic variations and the functional strain distribution of the deer calcaneus. One calcaneus was obtained from each of 36 (fetus to adult) wild deer. Predominant collagen fiber orientation (CFO), microstructural characteristics, mineral content (% ash), and geometric parameters were determined from transversely cut segments. Radiographs were examined for arched trabeculae, which may reflect tension/compression stress trajectories. Results showed that cross-sectional shape changes with age from quasi-circular to quasi-elliptical, with the long axis in the cranial–caudal direction of habitual bending. Cranial (“compression”) cortical thickness increased at a greater rate than the Cd (“tension”) cortex. Fetal bones exhibited arched trabeculae. Percent ash was not uniform (Cr > Cd), and this disparity increased with age (absolute differences: 2.5% fetuses, 4.3% adults). Subadult bones showed progressively more secondary osteons and osteocyte lacunae in the Cr cortex, but the Cd cortex tended to have more active remodeling in the subadult and adult bones. Nonuniform Cr:Cd CFO patterns first consistently appear in the subadults, and are correlated with secondary bone formation and habitual strain mode. Medial and lateral cortices in these groups exhibited elongated secondary osteons. These variations may represent “strain-mode-specific” (i.e., tension, compression, shear) adaptations. The heterogeneous organization may also be influenced by variations in longitudinal strain magnitude (highest in the Cr cortex) and principal strain direction—oblique in medial-lateral cortices (where shear strains also predominate). Other factors such as local reductions in longitudinal strain may influence the increased remodeling activity of the Cd cortex. Some structural variations, such as arched trabeculae, that are established early in ontogeny may be strongly influenced by genetic- or epigenetic-derived processes. Material variations, such as secondary osteon population densities and CFO, which appear later, may be products of extragenetic factors, including microdamage. J. Morphol. 259:281–307, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Image interpretation and object recognition in manufacturing

Some of the characteristics and peculiarities of the vision problems in the manufacturing domain are examined. Work in developing and experimenting with a framework for intelligent interpretation of images in manufacturing applications is presented. The framework encompasses the issues surrounding the knowledge representation, reasoning and control, and maintenance of consistency, and incorporates three types of knowledge: knowledge about objects, about relations, and about reasoning and problem solving. Knowledge representation in this system is described, and the issues of reasoning, control, and determining model-to-image transformations are addressed. An example that involves determining the identity, position, and orientation of a part is provided. A brief review of related work in knowledge-based image interpretation and CAD-based vision is included. >
Probabilistic analysis of a generalization of the unit-clause literal selection heuristics for the k satisfiability problem

Abstract Two algorithms for the k-satisfiability problem are presented and a probabilistic analysis is performed. The analysis is based on an instance distribution which is parametrized to simulate a variety of sample characteristics. The algorithms assign values to literals appearing in a given instance of k-satisfiability, one at a time, until a solution is found or it is discovered that further assignments cannot lead to finding a solution. One algorithm chooses the next literal from a unit clause if one exists and randomly from the set of remaining literals otherwise. The other algorithm uses a generalization of the unit-clause rule as a heuristic for selecting the next literal: at each step a literal is chosen randomly from a clause containing the least number of literals. The algorithms run in polynomial time and it is shown that they find a solution to a random instance of k-satisfiability with probability bounded below by a constant greater than zero for two different ranges of parameter values. It is also shown that the second algorithm mentioned finds a solution with probability approaching one for a wide range of parameter values.
Establishing an Islamic niche in Kazakhstan: Musylman Publishing House and its publications

There has been an increase in Muslim piety and practice in Kazakhstan since the fall of the Soviet Union. Much of this increase is due to the efforts of members of the piety movement in Kazakhstan, who preach and publish about Islam in an effort to inspire more Kazakhs to embrace a particular vision of Islam emphasizing daily prayer, modest dress and condemnation of saint and ancestor veneration. From its humble beginnings as a press primarily publishing translations of short books on Islam, Musylman Publishing House has grown to become an influential Islamic press in Kazakhstan. Building on observations at the Musylman Publishing House editorial office and interviews with its staff, this essay examines the history and publications of Musylman Publishing House. It is argued that the publishing strategy directed by Qayrat Isa, the owner and chief editor of Musylman Publishing House, has been a conscious effort to establish, expand and consolidate a publishing niche for the piety movement in Kazakhstan. The...
Development of Superconducting Undulators at the Advanced Photon Source

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory is a 1-km-circumference, 7-GeV, third generation synchrotron light source. It is the largest light source in the Western Hemisphere and attracts about 3,500 users every year from around the globe. The APS is currently preparing for a major upgrade, a goal of which is to focus on high brightness at photon energies of around 20 keV and higher. The APS is particularly well suited for this high photon energy range due to its higher-energy, 7-GeV electron beam, but it also needs new insertion devices with short periods and high fields, i.e., superconducting devices.
Effects of L-749,329, an ETA/ETB Endothelin Receptor Antagonist, in a Porcine Coronary Artery Injury Model of Vascular Restenosis

Background —Previous studies in animal models of angioplasty have suggested a role in neointimal hyperplasia for endothelins (ETs), potent vasoconstricting peptides that also exert growth-promoting effects. The present studies were undertaken to test the hypothesis that endothelin receptor blockade can reduce neointimal thickening in injured porcine coronary arteries. Methods and Results —An ET A /ET B antagonist, L-749,329, was evaluated as an inhibitor of intimal thickening in a porcine balloon/stent model of coronary artery injury. L-749,329 competitively inhibited [ 125 I]ET-1 binding to porcine ET A (IC 50 ≈0.3 nmol/L) or ET B (IC 50 ≈20 nmol/L) receptors and inhibited ET-1–stimulated signaling in cell culture. In anesthetized pigs, big ET-1–stimulated increases in systemic blood pressure were totally inhibited after intravenous infusion of L-749,329 (≥0.2 mg · kg −1 · h −1 ). In vascular injury studies, pigs were treated with vehicle or L-749,329 (1 mg · kg −1 · h −1 ) beginning 2 days before and continuing 28 days after experimental angioplasty. Left anterior descending, left circumflex, and/or right coronary arteries were injured by inflation of an angioplasty balloon wrapped with a coiled metallic stent. After 28 days, mean neointimal thickness in the L-749,329–treated group was reduced by 9.0% compared with vehicle-treated controls, but this effect was not statistically significant ( P =0.13). Conclusions —Blockade of endothelin receptors for 28 days with only a mixed ET A /ET B receptor antagonist is insufficient to substantially inhibit intimal hyperplasia after balloon/stent coronary artery injury in the pig, in contrast to results with a selective ET A antagonist. The effects of selective or mixed ET A /ET B antagonists in diseased vessels remain to be determined in this model.
International human subject research: taking stock in the wake of the Guatemala affair.

Abstract The recent unearthing of a US-funded study wherein unknowing Guatemalans were exposed to syphilis, gonorrhea, or chancroid sent shock waves throughout the scientific community. Prompted by this revelation, the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues has been convened to determine if current “standards adequately guard the health and well-being of participants in scientific studies supported by the Federal Government.” This communication revisits the statutory and regulatory framework undergirding federally sponsored human subject research and explores its continued relevance in a rapidly globalizing enterprise. The emerging patterns are daunting and disconcerting. Over half of all clinical trials registered with ClinicalTrials.gov ( http://clinicaltrials.gov/ ) (> 100,000) are presently conducted in 145 (often poorly resourced) nations under the jurisdiction of over 2000 international IRBs. Review of the operational characteristics of the Office of Human Research Protection, the relevant oversight authority, reveals it to be underfunded and understaffed and thus unable to discharge its rapidly globalizing responsibilities. A review of federally sponsored human subject research by the Presidential Commission—now underway—could not be timelier.
A radio scintillation method of estimating the small-scale structure in the ionosphere

Abstract The power spectra of the intensity fluctuations for the radio source Cygnus A were analyzed for 44 nights during the summer of 1970. When the scattering was weak, oscillations were observed in the power spectra. These oscillations are attributed to a Fresnel filtering effect. When present, these oscillations are used to calculate the velocity and to estimate the irregularity scale size and the rms electron density fluctuations for irregularities smaller than the Fresnel radius. On many occasions the power law intensity spectra for structure smaller than the Fresnel radius may be attributed to a power law electron density spectrum.
Stresses and strains in a plate bonded to a substrate: Semiconductor devices

Abstract The thermoelastic stresses in an elastic plate of finite length bonded to a rigid substrate have been calculated using the energy minimization method developed by Aleck. The strain and displacement fields have been derived and the inclination of the plate surface with respect to the interface has been given for different ratios of coefficients of thermal expansion.
Bulk deformation fatigue damage models

Abstract Bulk deformation fatigue damage models assume that the stresses and strains at the critical location of the component or structure govern the fatigue life. They allow engineering estimates of fatigue life to be made without explicitly modeling the detailed mechanisms of the fatigue process. To be successful, however, these models must reflect the physical process. Observations of fatigue cracking behavior show that fatigue damage is dependent upon the loading mode, the strain amplitude and the type of material. The cracking behaviors of AISI stainless steel 304, SAE 1045 steel and Inconel 718, tested in tension and torsion, are used to identify the development of damage in these materials for various strain levels. Damage develops either on planes of maximum shear strain or on planes of maximum tensile strain. Identification of the damage in these materials then allows estimates of the lifespan to be made for complex multiaxial loading using an appropriate bulk deformation model. Multiaxial fatigue tests results, including mean stress effects, are presented and successfully correlated with the model that incorporates the dominant or controlling damage parameter.
Clot embolic stroke in the vertebrobasilar system of rabbits: a transfemoral angiographic technique.

Previous animal models of thromboembolic stroke have focused upon the carotid artery system. An alternative approach utilizing the vertebrobasilar system in rabbits is presented here. Left vertebral artery catheterization was accomplished relatively simply in this model using transfemoral angiographic techniques. Twenty-four-hour-old clot emboli with calculated volumes in the range of 0.007–0.11 cc were delivered by this route and found to lodge at the juncture of the basilar tip and the Circle of Willis in 11 of 13 rabbits. Intra-arterial infusion of streptokinase in one animal resulted in angiographically complete clearing of clot. Certain technical advantages in this particular approach are discussed.
A study of nuclear reactor models with nonlinear reactivity feedbacks: Stability criteria and power overshoot evaluation

A theoretical method of analysis of equations describing the dynamics of nuclear reactors with nonlinear reactivity feedbacks is presented. Criteria have been derived for conditional stability of a large class of reactor models, including the evaluation of regions of permissible initial perturbations. Also, relationships have been studied between the magnitude of perturbed trajectories and that of initial functions. Specifically, a method of the reactor power overshoot evaluation has been introduced and verified against experimental data.
Clinical spectrum of venous thrombi in the Fontan patient.

Abstract Venous thrombus formation is a known complication after the Fontan procedure. To characterize the clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, treatment regimens and outcome of this disease process, we retrospectively reviewed the records of 7 patients who developed systemic venous or pulmonary arterial thrombosis after modifications of the Fontan operation. Clinical features were analyzed to identify “risk factors” that may predispose to thrombus formation.
Identification of a dominant negative form of the human estrogen receptor

Experiments were undertaken to characterize mRNAs coding for the estrogen receptor (ER) in the human breast cancer cell line T47D. We report here the isolation of cDNAs corresponding to three isoforms of this receptor in addition to a majority of wild-type clones. Sequence analysis showed that these isoforms are generated through alternative splicing. None of the alternatively spliced isoforms of ER is able to bind to an estrogen-responsive element (ERE) in a gel mobility shift assay in vitro or to activate transcription of a reporter gene containing an ERE in vivo. One isoform, ERδE3, which harbors a deletion of exon 3 encoding the second zinc finger of the DNA-binding domain, inhibits estrogen-dependent transcription activation in a dominant negative fashion when it is cotransfected with the wild-type ER and reporter plasmid. It also inhibits DNA binding of wild-type ER in a gel mobility shift assay in vitro. Since ERδE3 is not able to bind to its response element, the observed inhibitory effect probabl...
Work and Family in the 21st Century: It's about Time

L'A. presente quatre ouvrages qui analysent l'evolution de la relation entre vie professionnelle et vie familiale aux Etats-Unis. Dans leur ouvrage «Balancing Act: Motherhood, Marriage, and Employment Among American Women», publie en 1996, Daphne Spain et Suzanne M. Bianchi examinent l'impact de la vie professionnelle sur le niveau de bien-etre des femmes americaines. Le livre de John P. Robinson et de Geoffrey Godbey «Time for Life: The Surprising Ways Americans Use Their Time», paru en 1997, decrit de quelle maniere les americains emploient leur temps de loisir. Dans «The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work», Arlie Russell Hochschild rappelle que la famille est avant tout une source d'emotion et de satisfaction et que l'emploi constitue la source principale du soutien materiel pour la famille. Scott Coltrane, dans son livre «Family Man: Fatherhood, and Gender Equity», analyse les changements concernant le role des peres au sein des familles americaines.
Synthesis of carbon-nitride films using a fast-switched dual-source low energy ion beam deposition system

Thin CxNy films were deposited in UHV using alternating low energy ion beams of C+ and N+ or N2+ in the energy range of 5 to 100 eV. The ion beam deposition system is equipped with two Freeman ion sources, mass analysis and fast automated beam switching, allowing perpendicular bombardment of the target with a single ion beam at a time. The composition and density of the films were studied by ARS (in situ), XPS and RBS. The dependence of the film properties and growth mechanisms on ion energy, beam switching rate, and C-to-N arrival ratio have been investigated. The influence of the deposition parameters on the film stoichiometry is discussed. Exposure of the film to atmosphere leads to oxygen incorporation, resulting in a lowered surface concentration of nitrogen. The XPS N 1s and C Is binding energies vary in a relatively broad range indicating that several bond states may be present. The influence of the substrate material on film growth has also been studied. On Si{100}, film growth commences with the formation of an interfacial silicon nitride. No film growth was observed on gold, however deposition was possible on tantalum and molybdenum.
Natural conversations as a source of false memories in children: Implications for the testimony of young witnesses

Research on factors that can affect the accuracy of children’s autobiographical remembering has important implications for understanding the abilities of young witnesses to provide legal testimony. In this article, we review our own recent research on one factor that has much potential to induce errors in children’s event recall, namely natural memory sharing conversations with peers and parents. Our studies provide compelling evidence that not only can the content of conversations about the past intrude into later memory but that such exchanges can prompt the generation of entirely false narratives that are more detailed than true accounts of experienced events. Further, our work show that deeper and more creative participation in memory sharing dialogues can boost the damaging effects of conversationally conveyed misinformation. Implications of this collection of findings for children’s testimony are discussed.
Can laser speckle flowmetry be made a quantitative tool

The ultimate objective of laser speckle flowmetry (and a host of specific implementations such as laser speckle contrast analysis, LASCA or LSCA; laser speckle spatial contrast analysis, LSSCA; laser speckle temporal contrast analysis, LSTCA; etc.) is to infer flow velocity from the observed speckle contrast. Despite numerous demonstrations over the past 25 years of such a qualitative relationship, no convincing quantitative relationship has been proven. One reason is a persistent mathematical error that has been propagated by a host of workers; another is a misconception about the proper autocorrelation function for ordered flow. Still another hindrance has been uncertainty in the specific relationship between decorrelation time and local flow velocity. Herein we attempt to dispel some of these errors and misconceptions with the intent of turning laser speckle flowmetry into a quantitative tool. Specifically we review the underlying theory, explore the impact of various analytic models for relating measured intensity fluctuations to scatterer motion, and address some of the practical issues associated with the measurement and subsequent data processing.
Differentiation of the metameric pattern in the embryonic axis of the mouse. II. Somitomeric organization of the presomitic mesoderm

The formation of the embryonic axis is brought about by the continuous recruitment of cells from the primitive streak, and at later stages from the tail bud. Presumptive somitic cells are first incorporated into presomitic mesoderm before they emerge as metamerically arranged somites. When the presomitic mesoderm was examined in stereo with the scanning electron microscope (SEM), mesenchymal cells were found to be already organized into segmental units. These segmental units are called somitomeres because of their striking similarity to structures in the embryonic axis of the chick embryo described by Meier [16]. Cells within the somitomere are arranged in concentric whorls about a core center, bisected by a medio-lateral seam which subdivides the cell population into anterior and posterior halves. The concentric configuration of the cells is most easily observed along the medial face of the presomitic mesoderm when it is generally wedge-shaped. Even tough the units are tandemly contiguous, somitomeric interfaces are distinguished by abrupt change in cellular orientation. Despite a nearly two-fold fluctuation in the overall size of the presomitic mesoderm during embryonic development, a relatively constant number of somitomeres (six) is found in tandem sequence. Somitomeric maturation culminating in somite formation involves compaction of the cell population, more orderly alignment of cells, reduction in extracellular space, and changes in the shape of the somitomere concomitant with neurulation. Though the more mature somitomere is about 70% the size of the most recently formed somitomere at the caudal end of the presomitic mesoderm, the average size of each somitomere is adjusted proportionally to the overall length of the presomitic mesoderm. In vitro culture of the presomitic mesoderm shows a direct developmental lineage between the somitomere and the somite, suggesting that somite formation is a morphologic manifestation of a somitomeric pattern laid down at an earlier stage in development. The somitomeric pattern in the paraxial mesoderm is the earliest recognizable morphologic evidence of metamerism in the embryonic axis. This pattern is later emulated by other tissues that are topographically associated with the paraxial mesoderm.
Kinetics and mechanism of hydrogenation of furfural on Cu/SiO2 catalysts

Abstract The hydrogenation/hydrodeoxygenation of furfural was studied on a Cu/SiO 2 catalyst at 230–290 °C. Detailed kinetics, density function (DFT) calculations, and spectroscopic studies were combined to investigate this reaction. A Langmuir–Hinshelwood model was found to fit the kinetic data well and provided the parameters of physical significance. The heat of adsorption (Δ H ads ) of furfural, derived from the fitting, was found to be significantly higher than those of furfuryl alcohol and 2-methyl furan. Activation energies for the conversion of furfural and furfuryl alcohol were both about 12 kcal/mol. DFT calculations and DRIFTS provided guidance about the nature of the surface species. Accordingly, the most likely species adsorbed on the Cu surface is suggested to be a top η 1 (O)-aldehyde. DFT calculations of the reaction path show that the predicted energy barriers are of the same order as the experimental values and suggest that the hydrogenation of furfural can occur via either an alkoxide or ahydroxyalkyl intermediate.
Competence to Stand Trial Should Require Rational Understanding

Rationality is explicit in the United States Supreme Court’s Dusky standard but not in most U.S. CST standards. It is hard to imagine that the legal purposes of competency to stand trial (CST) determinations are served if a defendant’s understanding of the proceedings is irrational (e.g., delusional or psychotically confused) or if the defendant cannot consult rationally with counsel. Most insanity tests include a rationality criterion. In United States v. Timmins, the Ninth Circuit emphasized the importance of rationality in CST in an opinion that also illustrated that the district court applied the federal standard, which does not mention rationality, without considering rationality. With its recent decision in Panetti v. Quarterman, the United States Supreme Court now requires rational understanding for competence to be executed. If there had been any doubt that unqualified understanding is not invariably taken to mean rational understanding by trial and appellate courts, the legal history of Panetti now dispels this misapprehension. The time is ripe for recognition of a uniform standard of CST that requires rationality. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 39:19–30, 2011
Lobster movements in an estuary

The extent to which the American lobster, Homarus americanus (H. Milne-Edwards), utilizes estuarine habitats is poorly understood. From 1989 to 1991 we examined lobster movements in and around the Great Bay estuary, New Hampshire using tag/recapture and ultrasonic telemetry. A total of 1212 lobsters were tagged and recaptured at sites ranging from the middle of Great Bay, 23.0 km from the coast, to Isles of Shoals, 11.2 km offshore. Twenty-six lobsters equipped with ultrasonic transmitters were tracked for periods ranging from 2 weeks to >1 year. Most lobsters moved <5 km toward the coast, with those furthest inland moving the greatest distance. Lobsters with transmitters moved in a sporadic fashion, with residency in one area for 2 to 4 weeks alternating with rapid movement to a new location (mean velocity = 0.3 km d−1, 1.8 km d−1 max.). Site of release influenced distance moved, but there was no significant relationship between lobster size and distance traveled, days at large, or rate of movement. Most movement into the estuary occurred in the spring, while during the remainder of the year there was a strong tendency to move downriver, toward the coast. These seasonal migrations of estuarine lobsters may enhance their growth and survival by enabling them to avoid low salinity events in the spring and fall, and to accelerate their growth in warmer estuarine waters during the summer.
The effect of mobility-induced location errors on geographic routing in mobile ad hoc sensor networks: analysis and improvement using mobility prediction

Geographic routing has been introduced in mobile ad hoc networks and sensor networks. Under ideal settings, it has been proven to provide drastic performance improvement over strictly address centric routing schemes. While geographic routing has been shown to be correct and efficient when location information is accurate, its performance in the face of location errors is not well understood. We study the effect of inaccurate location information caused by node mobility under a rich set of scenarios and mobility models. We identify two main problems, named LLNK and LOOP, that are caused by mobility-induced location errors. Based on analysis via ns-2 simulations, we propose two mobility prediction schemes - neighbor location prediction (NLP) and destination location prediction (DLP) to mitigate these problems. Simulation results show noticeable improvement under all mobility models used in our study. Under the settings we examine, our schemes achieve up to 27 percent improvement in packet delivery and 37 percent reduction in network resource wastage, on average without incurring any additional communication or intense computation.
The influence of the reactant size on the micropyretic synthesis of NiAl intermetallic compounds

The effect of the nickel (Ni) and aluminum (Al) reactant particle size on the micropyretic synthesis of NiAl is studied in this article. A change in the low melting component (Al particle) size is noted to have a limited influence on the micropyretic synthesis conditions. However, a change in the high melting component (Ni particle) size not only influences the combustion temperature and propagation velocity, but also affects the final porosity and grain size of the synthesized products. The combustion mode is also noted to change from stable to unstable when the Ni particle size is increased. It is noted that a diffusion-type control mechanism is dominant for the rapid reaction sequence in the NiAl system. An atomistic mechanism of the Ni-Al micropyretic reaction is also proposed in this article. Following this model, analytical expressions are developed to relatc the variation of the Ni size to the NiAl formation rate with the imposed processing conditions during the micropyretic synthesis. The mechanism of the final grain formation and the grain size changes with changes in the processing variables is also discussed.
Determinants of Exercise Among Older Female Heart Attack Survivors

Despite the well-known health benefits associated with regular daily physical activity, most Americans do not engage in sufficient exercise. Of particular concern are the low levels of exercise among older women, who have a heightened risk of adverse cardiovascular events. To improve our understanding of the determinants of exercise among this particularly vulnerable population, the authors undertook face-to-face interviews with 45 women who had survived a heart attack (age range = 48-88, M = 73). Upon completion of standard qualitative analytic procedures, several themes emerged as influential in shaping exercise behavior. There were multiple and connected determinants of exercise, including cognitive factors (competing demands, perceived health maintenance), life course issues (exercise as inappropriate given traditional gender expectations, positive lifelong experiences with exercise), and social and ecological environment determinants (social support, weather-related barriers). Enhancing exercise requ...