cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cryomicroscopy of liposome sytems as simple models to study cellular freezing response

Abstract Liposomes represent an attractive model system to study the freeze/thaw-induced alterations in biological membranes primarily because liposomes may be custom-manufactured for a particular investigation. This paper has reviewed briefly the degree of flexibility possible in terms of manufacturing liposomes with desired membrane composition and intraliposomal markers. Earlier research using liposomes as a model to study the freezing response of biological cells demonstrated their usefulness in this respect. Combining these earlier results with new results obtained in our laboratory, many analogies between the responses of biological cells and liposomes have been demonstrated. These analogies are summarized in Table 3. It is significant to note that in virtually every category thus far examined the relevant cryobiological behavior of biological cells can be mimicked qualitatively (and in some cases quantitatively) by a pure lipid membrane system. This is not to say that protein components of the membrane are insignificant. They are likely to be quite important in some cases. The liposome model system offers some interesting possibilities of examining the relative importance of lipids and proteins in model systems. Cryomicroscopic observation of liposome systems represents a promising approach to an improved understanding of membrane-related phenomena which occur during freezing and thawing. Especially interesting are the observations of membrane instabilities (“popping”) which appear to be induced osmotically. Real-time observation of well-defined membrane bilayer systems subjected to computer-controlled freeze/thaw protocols should lead to valuable insights into the nature of membrane freezing injury in the future.
The dawn of the scientific epistemology: 1564–1964

Since 1964 marks the fourth centennial of Galileo's birth, it seems appropriate to present an article dealing with his place in the history of science. The author describes the seventeenth century historical setting as giving rise to modern scientific epistemology and suggests some implications of interest to science teachers.
Malware signing detection system

Software malware not only creates financial damages to corporate and individual computer users, but also invades privacy, exploits their devices and induces other significant losses. While efficient tools and technologies that control and limit malware spread across devices in the public domain are being developed, the problem is far from being resolved. We worked on a methodology that uses techniques to detect malware during in-house development and prevents malware from being released in the field. This work helps determine and handle situations where a person, authorized to access an authentic signing certificate [1] signs malware (or set of file(s)) intended to perform harmful operations, such as spreading a virus on a computer using the said certificate, and releases the malicious code publically or to a community.
A model of fibril deformation in crazes

The model description is reduced to a boundary value problem for a second-order ordinary differential equation describing the profils of fibrils. The model predicts that the static regime usually appears under moderate stresses and changes for the drawing regime when stresses increase
Mobilization of cytoplasmic CE droplets by overexpression of human macrophage cholesteryl ester hydrolase

The obligatory first step in the removal of cholesterol from foam cells is the hydrolysis of stored cholesteryl esters (CEs) to release free cholesterol (FC). Neutral cholesteryl ester hydrolase (CEH) catalyzes this hydrolysis, and limiting levels of CEH could play a role in determining the susceptibility to atherosclerosis. We have recently reported the first identification and cloning of cDNA for human macrophage CEH. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that systematically varied levels of overexpression of human macrophage CEH results in a proportional degree of reduction in cellular CE content in a cell system with known and reproducible amounts of CE accumulation. CEH expression was confirmed by demonstrating the presence of CEH mRNA and protein with an increase in CEH activity. A significant reduction in intracellular lipid droplets was observed in CEH-expressing cells, together with a decrease in cellular CE mass and a 2-fold increase in FC efflux. These results demonstrate that when human macrophage CEH is expressed in lipid-laden cells, hydrolysis and mobilization of CE (stored as lipid droplets) occur. These data establish the possibility that increased CE hydrolysis, mediated by CEH up-regulation, could represent an important mechanism to reduce the cholesterol burden of foam cells.
Energy use and savings potential for laboratory fume hoods

Fume hoods—small but essential safety devices used in laboratory environments—are highly energy-intensive, each one consuming more energy than three homes in an average U.S. climate. Increasing airflow rates in an effort to enhance safety not only elevates energy use but can in fact compromise safety by causing dangerous turbulence that can foil containment. New design strategies have been demonstrated to reduce energy use by 75%, while maintaining or enhancing safety. The energy savings potential for these hoods across the United States is $1.5 billion annually. If incorporated in new laboratory construction, high-performance fume hoods can also yield substantial first-cost savings by allowing downsizing of heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning infrastructure. However, there are material hurdles to widespread adoption of new fume hood technologies. The problems reside in regulations and standards that stipulate absolute airflow rates, rather than direct metrics of containment and safety.
Competitiveness in information technology service exports

The US service export base is expanding rapidly as firms seek to penetrate international markets in search of growth opportunities. This article explores mechanisms that a sample of 67 US-based information technology (IT) firms use to export their services to one selected market, Mexico. A correlation analysis revealed that most firms adapt and extend existing IT services for the Mexican market, and consider cultural understanding imperative to successful operations in Mexico. The results also found that firms use a variety of business arrangements (joint ventures, licensing) and a wide array of contract vehicles (time and materials, firm fixed price). © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Intracellular nucleocapsid RNA of mumps virus

Summary Intracellular nucleocapsids, virtually free of host proteins and nucleic acids, were purified from cells acutely infected with several strains of mumps virus. Viral RNA obtained from the nucleocapsids was predominantly a single 50S species, with 28S RNA occurring as a secondary peak in the RNA profile. Nucleocapsids yielded approx. 9 µg 50S RNA per 109 infected cells. The 50S RNA was partially self-complementary, indicating that mumps viral nucleocapsids include full-length plus (+) sense antigenomes. Self-annealing and competition hybridization assays with 50S RNA suggest that 28S RNA includes duplexes consisting of full-length (+) and minus (-) sense 50S RNA. Properties of the viral RNA did not vary with the method of RNA isolation, time post-infection at which nucleocapsids were harvested, nor the strain of mumps virus.
Brain 5-Hydroxytryptamine in Ozone-Exposed Rats.∗:

SummaryA significant decrease in brain 5-HT of rats exposed to 6 p.p.m. ozone for 4 hours has been demonstrated. This was an actual loss of 5-HT from the brain, not merely an apparent decrease resulting from dilution by brain edema although some edema occurred.
Ab initio model of intrinsic defects in Sc 2 O 3 for thermionic cathode systems

A defect model for Sc 2 O 3 was developed using quantum mechanical modeling and evaluated under cathode operating conditions to determine the electronic properties of Sc 2 O 3 used in cathode experiments. We find that Sc 2 O 3 can conduct well enough with a sub-ppm impurity concentration such that the limiting step of emission is not conduction through bulk Sc 2 O 3 .
Two scales in asynchronous ballistic annihilation

The kinetics of single-species annihilation, A C A ! 0, is investigated in which each particle has a fixed velocity which may be either v with equal probability, and a finite diffusivity. In one dimension, the interplay between convection and diffusion leads to a decay of the density which is proportional to t 3=4 . At long times, the reactants organize into domains of right- and left-moving particles, with the typical distance between particles in a single domain growing as t 3=4 , and the distance between domains growing as t. The probability that an arbitrary particle reacts with its nth neighbour is found to decay as n 5=2 for same-velocity pairs and as n 7=4 for C pairs. These kinetic and spatial exponents and their interrelations are obtained by scaling arguments. Our predictions are in excellent agreement with numerical simulations.
miR-185 Inhibits Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth by Targeting the DNMT1/PTEN/Akt Pathway

miRNAs have recently been implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis, although the actions and mechanisms of individual miRNAs remain incompletely understood. We examined the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of miR-185 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The expression of miR-185 is decreased in human HCC tissues compared with the nonneoplastic liver parenchyma. Quantitative RT-PCR showed a reduction of miR-185 in human HCC cells compared with primary hepatocytes. miR-185 overexpression in human HCC cells inhibited cell proliferation and invasion in vitro and prevented tumor growth in SCID mice. miR-185 overexpression inhibited DNMT1 3′ untranslated region luciferase reporter activity in HCC cells; this effect was abolished when the miR-185 binding site was mutated. miR-185 mimic or overexpression decreased the level of DNMT1 protein in HCC cells. These findings establish DNMT1 as a bona fide target of miR-185 in HCC cells. The role of DNMT1 in miR-185–induced inhibition of HCC growth was further supported by the fact that DNMT1 overexpression prevented miR-185–induced inhibition of HCC cell proliferation/invasion. miR-185 mimic or overexpression reduced PTEN promoter DNA methylation and enhanced PTEN expression, leading to the inhibition of Akt phosphorylation; these effects were partially reversed by DNMT1 overexpression. These results provide novel evidence that miR-185 inhibits HCC cell growth by targeting DNMT1, leading to PTEN induction and Akt inhibition. Thus, reactivation or induction of miR-185 may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for HCC treatment.
Comparison of 99mTcO4(-) trans-splenic portal scintigraphy with per-rectal portal scintigraphy for diagnosis of portosystemic shunts in dogs.

Objective— To evaluate trans-splenic portal scintigraphy (TSPS) and per-rectal portal scintigraphy (PRPS) for diagnosis of congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSS) in dogs, and compare these results with surgical findings. Study Design— Prospective, randomized cross over clinical trial. Animals— Dogs (n=42) with suspected CPSS. Methods— Dogs had TSPS and PRPS 48 hours apart; quantity of radionuclide administered was recorded. Three independent, blinded reviewers evaluated each scintigraphic study for study quality, shunt presence, number, and location of shunt termination (caudal vena cava, azygos vein). All dogs had exploratory celiotomy. Negative scintigraphic findings were confirmed with intraoperative mesenteric portography. Ameroid constrictors were placed on all extrahepatic CPSS, and hepatic biopsies were obtained. Results— TSPS was 100% sensitive and specific for diagnosis of CPSS and significantly (P<.05) more likely than PRPS to detect shunt number and termination. Interpretation was consistent between observers, and TSPS required significantly less radionuclide than PRPS. Conclusion— TSPS was as sensitive as PRPS for detection of shunting vessels, and consistently yielded studies of higher quality, allowing detection of shunt number and location with consistent interpretation among radiologists. Clinical Relevance— TSPS provides information about shunt number and location, which allows improved surgical planning. Because it requires significantly less radionuclide, TSPS improves safety, allows for more comprehensive patient care, and earlier surgical intervention.
Alpha‐actinin and actin in the outer retina: A double immunoelectron microscopic study

Actin has many diverse functions in the outer retina. To help elucidate its organization in this area, we have investigated the extent of its association with the actin cross-linking protein alpha-actinin. Ultrathin sections of chicken retina were double-immunolabelled with monospecific antibodies against actin and alpha-actinin. The highest relative amount of alpha-actinin to actin label was measured in the adherens junctions between the individual retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells and between the photoreceptor and Mueller cells; in the photoreceptor myoid; and in the RPE basal microvilli. The lowest amount was in the Mueller cell microvilli, the RPE apical processes, and in the photoreceptor ellipsoid. It is likely that the areas containing the highest ratio of alpha-actinin to actin labelling are where the actin filaments are most highly cross-linked into bundles and linked to the plasma membrane by alpha-actinin. Actin filaments terminate in these areas, and, except for the myoid region, they are involved in cell-cell or cell-substrate adherens junctions.
Simulation of the energy distribution of relativistic electron precipitation caused by quasi-linear interactions with EMIC waves

[1]Previous studies on electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves as a possible cause of relativistic electron precipitation (REP) mainly focus on the time evolution of the trapped electron flux. However, directly measured by balloons and many satellites is the precipitating flux as well as its dependence on both time and energy. Therefore, to better understand whether pitch angle scattering by EMIC waves is an important radiation belt electron loss mechanism and whether quasi-linear theory is a sufficient theoretical treatment, we simulate the quasi-linear wave-particle interactions for a range of parameters and generate energy spectra, laying the foundation for modeling specific events that can be compared with balloon and spacecraft observations. We show that the REP energy spectrum has a peaked structure, with a lower cutoff at the minimum resonant energy. The peak moves with time toward higher energies and the spectrum flattens. The precipitating flux, on the other hand, first rapidly increases and then gradually decreases. We also show that increasing wave frequency can lead to the occurrence of a second peak. In both single- and double-peak cases, increasing wave frequency, cold plasma density or decreasing background magnetic field strength lowers the energies of the peak(s) and causes the precipitation to increase at low energies and decrease at high energies at the start of the precipitation.
Post-fire, rainfall intensity-peak discharge relations for three mountainous watersheds in the western USA

Wildfire alters the hydrologic response of watersheds, including the peak discharges resulting from subsequent rainfall. Improving predictions of the magnitude of flooding that follows wildfire is needed because of the increase in human population at risk in the wildland–urban interface. Because this wildland–urban interface is typically in mountainous terrain, we investigated rainfall-runoff relations by measuring the maximum 30 min rainfall intensity and the unit-area peak discharge (peak discharge divided by the area burned) in three mountainous watersheds (17–26Ð 8k m 2 )a fter a wildfire. We found rainfall-runoff relations that relate the unit-area peak discharges to the maximum 30 min rainfall intensities by a power law. These rainfall-runoff relations appear to have a threshold value for the maximum 30 min rainfall intensity (around 10 mm h � 1 ) such that, above this threshold, the magnitude of the flood peaks increases more rapidly with increases in intensity. This rainfall intensity could be used to set threshold limits in rain gauges that are part of an early-warning flood system after wildfire. The maximum unit-area peak discharges from these three burned watersheds ranged from 3Ð 2t o 50 m 3 s � 1 km � 2 . These values could provide initial estimates of the upper limits of runoff that can be used to predict floods after wildfires in mountainous terrain. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Jellyfish Lake, Palau

Elemental cycling in suboxic to anoxic marine environments has received considerable attention in the past few years. The recent expeditions of the RIV Knorr to the Black Sea, for example, illustrate the interest in deciphering the geochemical processes active in such environments “Murray, 1988”. This interest has been stimulated by the recognition that the type of elemental cycling that occurs in restrictive basins such as the Black Sea also occurs in many other environments. Examples include hydrothermal systems, estuarine and marine sediments, and other water columns with restrictive circulation. In addition, evidence that widespread anoxia has occurred in oceans of the geologic past “Fischer and Arthur, 1977; Jenkyns, 1980” requires us to obtain a better understanding of geochemical processes under such conditions. We report here on preliminary geochemical measurements made in a stratified marine lake—an unusual, yet useful environment as an analog of an anoxic ocean.
To Automate or Not to Automate: On the Complexity of Network Configuration

Configuring a network is a low-level, device-specific task. Many have compared it to writing a distributed program in assembly language, reserved only for highly experienced network operators. Automation has been proposed by researchers and industry as the solution to problems in network configuration. However, there is a certain amount of resistance from the operator community against automation. On the one hand, operators do desire a way for network-wide configuration. On the other hand, they still like to have access and control to details, to ensure flexibility and for debugging. In this paper, we attempt to answer the question "How should we automate network configuration" by studying where the complexity lies in network configuration. With an operational perspective, using data from three different types of production networks, we analyze the configuration files from these networks over the span of up to two years. Our analysis shows that the majority of changes to these files are a few lines each and made frequently. We found that routing, especially its policies, constitute a significant portion of the configuration files, as well as modifications to them. We then present complexity models to measure network-wide risk, impact and duplication of routing policies in network configuration. We show that risk and impact tend to grow over time, and the duplication factor is high. Based on the results of our analysis, we propose ways to automate the complex parts of network configuration.
Transfusion-transmitted viral infections: building bridges to transfusion medicine to reduce risks and understand epidemiology and pathogenesis

ransfusion medicine is a rapidly evolving field that now interfaces with virtually every clinical discipline and with many of the basic medical and social sciences. Transfusion medicine has been heavily influenced by, and has had a major impact on, public health and political, regulatory, and legal systems around the globe. When I was a young resident in pathology and laboratory medicine at the University of California in San Francisco (UCSF) in the early 1980s, I recall first encountering what was then referred to simply as blood banking. I was struck and intrigued by the relatively primitive understanding of the molecular basis of blood groups and by the simple methods used for compatibility and infectious disease testing. At the time, infectious disease concerns were minor and revolved primarily around possible residual risk of viral hepatitis following the recent implementation of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) screening. I had just completed my MD and PhD degrees at the University of Southern California (USC), where my thesis focused on the role of feline endogenous retroviruses in embryogenesis and lymphoma. Despite large-scale viral discovery studies at UCSF, USC, and elsewhere, no convincing evidence for a human retrovirus existed at that time. Certainly no one suspected that we were already in the early stages of a major global panT demic due to a novel class of retrovirus (lentivirus) that spread efficiently by blood transfusions. And then came acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and blood banking, indeed the entire world, changed forever! Fortunately for me, I was in the right place, at the right time. Thanks to relevant training, supportive mentors, wonderful collaborators, and a home base in the epicenter of the US AIDS epidemic, I was able to participate in the early characterization of transfusion-AIDS and help develop and execute many of the studies that have advanced our understanding of infectious risks associated with blood transfusions over the past 25 years. The theme of this Cooley Lectureship is “building bridges to transfusion medicine,” referring to the success that has been achieved by application of novel approaches and findings from other fields to study transfusion complications, while at the same time deriving insights from investigations of viral infections in blood donors and recipients to develop broader understanding of the epidemiology, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of relevant infections diseases with far reaching implications beyond our field. This lecture traces the history of transfusion risk analysis, demonstrating how thoughtful and creative individuals both in academia and in industry have responded to once unimaginable challenges posed by emerging transfusion-transmitted infections which, unfortunately, we now view as routine.
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE VARIANCE AROUND THE MEAN EFFECT SIZE OF ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES: COMMENT

The recent paper by Benedetti-Cecchi (2003) makes the valuable point that the level of variance is an underappreciated ecological parameter that can and ought to be considered explicitly in experimental designs. Most experiments ignore the potential for manipulating levels of variance as a treatment, and some experiments have unfortunately used treatments that confound changes in mean effect with changes in the variance around the mean. This confounding is difficult to avoid in treatments that manipulate binomial processes, such as disturbances, because the mean and variance of a binomial distribution are intimately linked through shared parameters. However, many experimental treatments applied by ecologists allow orthogonal (independent) manipulation of mean effect sizes and the variance around the mean. I would like to point out advantages in certain experimental designs that were neglected in Benedetti-Cecchi’s article. Using regression-based experimental designs or their multifactorial counterparts, response surface experimental designs, will allow ecologists to address the questions of when variance is likely to be important and the relative importance of changes in variance and in the mean effect size. The logical foundation for a regression-based approach rests on the application of Jensen’s inequality (Jensen 1906, Smallwood 1996, Ruel and Ayres 1999). This inequality states that, when f(x) is a monotonic nonlinear function of x and x is variable, the mean value of f(x), denoted f(x), does not equal the function evaluated for the mean value of x, f(x). The sign of the inequality depends on whether the nonlinear function is convex (f(x) . f(x)) or concave (f(x) , f(x)). The magnitude of the inequality depends on the degree of
A 400 M sample/s 6b CMOS folding and interpolating ADC

A 400-Msample/s, 6-bit CMOS folding and interpolating analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is described. A low-impedance current-mode approach is adopted. Current-division interpolation incorporated within the folders allows fast operation and is compatible with low supply voltages. This interpolation scheme, together with a short aperture comparator, gives good performance for input frequencies up to one-quarter of the sampling rate without using a sample and hold. For simplicity, the ADC uses only a single clock and its complement. The device is implemented in a 0.5 /spl mu/m BiCMOS technology using only CMOS devices. The converter occupies 0.6 mm/sup 2/ and dissipates 200 mW from a 3.2 V supply.
Diagenesis in Sandstone Reservoirs of Appalachian Basin: ABSTRACT

Diagenetic processes have had an important effect on porosity in the sandstones of the Appalachian basin. The Mt. Simon and Rose Run sandstones (Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician respectively) in the deep parts of the basin are generally of low porosity mainly because of quartz and carbonate cementation rather than compaction attending pressure solution or crushing from deformation. Locally, small voids have developed as a result of dolomitization of original calcite. These sandstones, at moderate depths in southeastern Ohio, are porous particularly in the highly feldspathic parts where cementation is incomplete and solution of feldspar is appreciable. Locally, argillaceous coatings inhibited cementation but promoted pressure solution. The Tuscarora Sandstone (Lower Silurian) is generally well-cemented with quartz except in some of the very coarsest lenses. Small uncemented patches are present where argillaceous coatings or possible gas pockets prevented growth of secondary quartz. The lower part of the Williamsport (Newburg) Sandstone (Upper Silurian) has low porosity mainly because of dolomite filling pores. The upper part of the formation is quartzose with good porosity. Quartz cementation was retarded by argillaceous coatings on grains but locally anhydrite filled pores. Porosity is developed best in the quartzose phases of the Oriskany Sandstone (Lower Devonian), especially in the western part of the Appalachian basin where cementation is less complete. Primary porosity decreases eastward as the amount of cement increases. Quartz and calcite cements were available both before and after folding. Widespread leaching of carbonate is not indicated. Secondary fracture porosity is important in deformed areas particularly in the well-cemented quartz sandstones which were more brittle. The Benson sand (Upper Devonian) is commonly of silt size and has very low porosity because of argillaceous material and secondary carbonate. Porosity is good in some of the coarser fractions (very fine-grained sand) where quartz cementation is incomplete and carbonate content is low. Locally, porosity was increased by partial solution of feldspar. In the Berea Sandstone (Lower Mississippian) sericite and illite promoted pressure solution and led to considerable reduction in pore space in many areas. Porosity is relatively high, however, in the Cabin Creek and Gay-Fink trends where chlorite coatings were important in restricting quartz cementation. Solution of feldspar increased porosity in some places. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1893------------
Maternal sociodemographic characteristics and the use of the Iowa Infant Attitude Feeding Scale to describe breastfeeding initiation and duration in a population of urban, Latina mothers: a prospective cohort study

Background: The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months of age. Maternal attitudes toward infant feeding are correlated with chosen feeding method and breastfeeding duration. The Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS) has been used to assess attitudes towards breastfeeding prenatally and is predictive of breastfeeding decisions in certain population groups. Methods: In a cohort of pregnant Latina women recruited from two hospitals in the San Francisco Bay Area (n=185), we administered the IIFAS prior to delivery. Information regarding feeding choice, maternal sociodemographic information, and anthropometrics were collected at 6 months and 1 year postpartum. Analysis of predictors for breastfeeding initiation, breastfeeding at 6 and 12 months and exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression adjusting for potential confounders. Results: In our cohort of Latina mothers, breastfeeding a previous infant was associated with breastfeeding initiation (OR 8.29 [95% CI 1.00, 68.40] p = 0.05) and breastfeeding at 6 months (OR 18.34 [95% CI 2.01, 167.24] p = 0.01). College education was associated with increased exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months (OR 58.67 [95% CI 4.97, 692.08] p = 0.001) and having other children was associated with reduced breastfeeding at six months (OR 0.08 [95% CI 0.01, 0.70] p = 0.02). A higher IIFAS score was not associated with breastfeeding initiation, breastfeeding at 6 or 12 months or exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months of age. Conclusions: Initial choices about breastfeeding will likely influence future breastfeeding decisions, so breastfeeding interventions should specifically target new mothers. Mothers with other children also need additional encouragement to maintain breastfeeding until 6 months of age. The IIFAS, while predictive of breastfeeding decisions in other population groups, was not associated with feeding decisions in our population of Latina mothers.
The Cognitive Appraisal of Health Scale: Development and Psychometric Evaluation

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Cognitive Appraisal of Health Scale (CAHS). The CAHS was developed to measure multiple dimensions of primary and secondary appraisals associated with health-related events. Items were generated for primary appraisal scales of threat, harm/loss, challenge, and benign/irrelevant, and secondary appraisal coping options and resources. The CAHS was tested in a sample of 201 women with breast cancer. Following tests of item analysis, reliability, and construct and concurrent validity, the CAHS was reduced to 28 items. During factor analysis a four-factor solution explained 60% of the total variance and represented the proposed primary appraisal dimensions. Intercorrelations among primary and secondary appraisals were consistent with theory (p < 0.01). Support for concurrent validity was provided by the clinically relevant differences in appraisal by time since diagnosis. The primary appraisal scale estimates of internal consistency (theta) were all greater that .70. Findings indicated beginning support for reliability and validity of the CAHS as a measure of cognitive appraisal for health-related events.
Outcome of preimplantation genetic diagnosis of translocations.

Abstract Objective: To review 35 cases of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) of translocations with several methods, including telomeric probes. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Clinical IVF laboratory. Patient(s): Thirty-five couples with one partner carrying a chromosomal translocation. Intervention(s): PGD of translocation after polar-body or embryo biopsy. Main Outcome Measure(s): Pregnancy outcome. Result(s): Several trends were observed. First, PGD can achieve a statistically significant reduction in spontaneous abortion, from 95% to 13%. Second, the chances of achieving pregnancy are correlated with 50% or more of the embryos being chromosomally normal. Third, patients with robertsonian translocations produced fewer abnormal gametes and more pregnancies than did patients with reciprocal translocations. Fourth, a new fluorescence in situ hybridization protocol for PGD of translocations, which involves applying telomeric probes, has proved adequately reliable with a 6% average error rate. Conclusion(s): PGD of translocations achieves a statistically significant reduction in spontaneous abortion, both for polar-body and blastomere biopsy cases. Pregnancy outcome depended on the number of normal embryos available for transfer, with patients having
Viscometric Behavior of Young and Aged Erythrocytes

Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that as the individual erythrocytes lose their deformabi1ity, the suspension viscosity increases and the shear thinning property disappears (1, 2). Significant differences in erythrocyte deformability have also been demonstrated among several animal species (3, 4), The results of these studies, as well as those by others (5, 6, 7, 8), indicate that the elastic properties of the individual erythrocytes play an important role in determining the suspension viscosity of blood as well as its shear dependence (9).
That We Shall Truly Deserve the Title Of "Profession"

The founders of the Society of American Archivists faced tremendous challenges as they attempted to standardize archival practices through educational programs. They grappled with problems that still plague us. When the National Archives was founded, standardized training was seriously discussed. Samuel Flagg Bemis was appointed to chair the first SAA Committee on Education and Training. Beginning in 1939, American University offered courses in archival administration, but no attention was paid to the needs of manuscript curators. During the 1950s some archivists questioned their professional status and identity and proposed certification and rigorous SAA membership requirements. Their proposals were not implemented. Since a considerable number of archivists are trained historians, it is surprising that we have neglected to examine our own history before embarking on solutions to the lack of standardized education for archivists.
Evaluating Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation During Solid Tumor Chemotherapy: Evidence to Guide Pretreatment Hepatitis B Screening and Prophylaxis

In this issue, Paul and colleagues' meta-analysis examines the risk for HBV reactivation with and without antiviral prophylaxis and its effectiveness in adults with solid tumors and chronic or reso...
In Situ TEM Nanoindentation Studies on Stress-Induced Phase Transformations in Metallic Materials

Although abundant phase transformations are in general thermally driven processes, there are many examples wherein stresses can induce phase transformations. Numerous in situ techniques, such as in situ x-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction, have been applied to reveal phase transformations. Recently, an in situ nanoindentation technique coupled with transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the capability to directly correlating stresses with phase transformations and microstructural evolutions at a submicron length scale. Here we briefly review in situ studies on stress-induced diffusional and diffusionless phase transformations in amorphous CuZrAl alloy and NiFeGa shape memory alloy. In the amorphous CuZrAl, in situ nanoindentation studies show that the nucleation of nanocrystals (a diffusional process) occurs at ultra-low stresses manifested by a prominent stress drop. In the NiFeGa shape memory alloy, two distinctive types of martensitic (diffusionless) phase transformations accompanied by stress plateaus are observed, including a reversible gradual phase transformation at low stress levels, and an irreversible abrupt phase transition at higher stress levels.
Optimizing Preconception Health among Young Women: What Are We Missing?

Abstract Study Objective To evaluate whether receipt of specific preconception counseling topics differs between teen, young adult, and older mothers. Design, Setting, Participants, Interventions, and Main Outcome Measures A survey of 291 primarily low-income, minority mothers with young children at pediatric practices in Baltimore, Maryland was conducted. Multivariable logistic regression models generated relative odds of preconception counseling receipt comparing teens (ages 14-19 years) and young adults (ages 20-24 years) to adult women (age ≥25 years) controlling for demographic characteristics, parity, and pregnancy intention. Results Teen mothers were less than half as likely to be counseled about taking folic acid, 4 times more likely to be counseled about vaccines, and twice as likely to be counseled about mental health before pregnancy compared with adult mothers. Conclusion Adolescent preventive care might promote some aspects of preconception health, but topics related specifically to pregnancy outcomes might be missed. Because of the high rate of unplanned teen pregnancy in the United States, additional strategies to promote preconception health in this population are warranted.
Determination of the initial oxidation behavior of Zircaloy-4 by in-situ TEM

Abstract The corrosion behavior of Zircaloy-4 (Zry-4), specifically by oxidation, is a problem of great importance as this material is critical for current nuclear reactor cladding. The early formation behavior and structure of the oxide layer during oxidation was studied using in-situ TEM techniques that allowed for Zry-4 to be monitored during corrosion. These environmental exposure experiments were coupled with precession electron diffraction to identify and quantify the phases present in the samples before and after the oxidation. Following short-term, high temperature oxidation, the dominant phase was revealed to be monoclinic ZrO2 in a columnar structure. These samples oxidized in-situ contained structures that correlated well with bulk Zry-4 subjected to autoclave treatment, which were used for comparison and validation of this technique. By using in-situ TEM the effect of microstructure features, such as grain boundaries, on oxidation behavior of an alloy can be studied. The technique presented herein holds the potential to be applied any alloy system to study these effects.
38 PARENTAL PERCEPTIONS IN PHYSICAL FUNCTIONING, ROLE/SOCIAL, AND GENERAL HEALTH IN CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE.

Background Studies show that children with chronic conditions benefit from activity camps, specifically in areas of self-esteem, body image, and physical condition. Objectives To assess the parental perception of physical/behavior/health in children with acquired or congenital heart disease (CHD) following a 4-day medically supervised activity camp. Methods This study included 22 children who attended activity camp. Anonymous questionnaires were given to primary caregivers pre and post camp using the mail out/mail back method. The Child Health Questionnaire-Parent/Guardian version (CHQ-PF50) was used to measure three major areas: physical functioning, role/social, and general health perceptions. Analysis was done with nonparametric tests. Results The study group had 11 girls and 11 boys, with a mean age of 11.4 ± 2.2 years. Caucasian, 12; Hispanic. 4; Asian, 2; and other races, 4. All parents were English speakers. At the initiation of camp, the whole group showed very low scores in all three major areas and did not show important improvement after camp participation. Pre and post scores were in physical functioning (44.1 vs 41.9; 95% CI for US healthy children: 52.1-53.9-), role/social (42.4 vs 39.3; 95% CI for US healthy children: 50.3-52.1-), and general health (54.6 vs 49.8; 95% CI for US healthy children: 71.3-74.7-). There was 100% complete pre CHQ-PF50 and 38% post. Conclusions This group of children with CHD significantly scored lower than the 95% confident interval for normal US counterparts in all three major areas of interest, with no improvement after camp participation. Low parental perception of important changes can be ascribed to short length of camp activities, low parental motivation, or low interest level based on family dynamics. Additional research with a larger sample is necessary to evaluate the effects of activity camps on children with CHD.
Establishment of a method of fluorescence quantitative PCR to detect the relative expression of the cytokines TNF,IFN-γ,and IL-1 in guinea pigs

Objective To establish a method of detecting the relative expression of the cytokines TNF,IFN-γ,and IL-1 in the lungs of guinea pigs.Methods In accordance with available primers with sequences designed to detect TNF,IFN-γ,and IL-1 mRNA,a method of fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR was established.Results The relative expression of the cytokines TNF,IFN-γ,and IL-1 in the lungs of guinea pigs was determined by established methods.The melting curve for each cytokine had a single peak,and their amplification was consistent.Conclusion A method of detecting levels of mRNA expression in guinea pigs has been successfully established and has provided assisted the study of innate immunity in guinea pigs.
Particular requirements for the safety ofX-ray equipment for interventional procedures

An introduction to particular requirements for the safety of X-ray equipment interventional procedures is presented in the paper.
ION EXCHANGE PROPERTIES OF STANNIC PHOSPHATE——I. CHROMATOGRAPHIC BEHAVIOUR OF SOME CATIONS ON PAPER IMPREGNATED WITH STANNIC PHOSPHATE

The chromatographic behaviour of 28 inorganic cations on stannic phosphate paper has been investigated. Ascending development was used with 0.1 to 4 N hydrochloric, nitric, sulphuric, and perchloric acids solutions as eluents. The results obtained indicate that this method may be successfully employed for the chromatographic separations of many cations.
Algae as an electron donor promoting sulfate reduction for the bioremediation of acid rock drainage

This study assessed bioremediation of acid rock drainage in simulated permeable reactive barriers (PRB) using algae, Chlorella sorokiniana, as the sole electron donor for sulfate-reducing bacteria. Lipid extracted algae (LEA), the residues of biodiesel production, were compared with whole cell algae (WCA) as an electron donor to promote sulfate-reducing activity. Inoculated columns containing anaerobic granular sludge were fed a synthetic medium containing H2SO4 and Cu(2+). Sulfate, sulfide, Cu(2+) and pH were monitored throughout the experiment of 123d. Cu recovered in the column packing at the end of the experiment was evaluated using sequential extraction. Both WCA and LEA promoted 80% of sulfate removal (12.7mg SO4(2-) d(-1)) enabling near complete Cu removal (>99.5%) and alkalinity generation raising the effluent pH to 6.5. No noteworthy sulfate reduction, alkalinity formation and Cu(2+) removal were observed in the endogenous control. In algae amended-columns, Cu(2+) was precipitated with biogenic H2S produced by sulfate reduction. Formation of CuS was evidenced by sequential extraction and X-ray diffraction. LEA and WCA provided similar levels of electron donor based on the COD balance. The results demonstrate an innovative passive remediation system using residual algae biomass from the biodiesel industry.
Self-Study in Emotion Work: Organizing Chaos by Negotiating Private and Public Grief

AbstractIn order to improve her practice, a teacher educator explored emotions as catalysts for teaching and learning by asking the research question, “How can I support preservice teachers’ emotional intelligence (EI), as well as my own, as we negotiate the impact of strong emotions in the pedagogical environment?” Three levels of reflection (emotional, cognitive, and critical) provided a conceptual framework for organizing emotions during school violence and chaos. The year-long self-study of a small symmetrical peer-group structure provided a safe place for preservice teachers to engage in honest dialogue that allowed them to navigate professional norms. Participant frameworks and discourse analyses of transcripts revealed ways participants discursively managed (suppressed and expressed) their emotions according to the normative beliefs and expectations held about the teaching profession. Participants made connections to each other, which expanded their EI; however they also experienced disconnection f...
The Top of the Greasy Pole: Prime Ministers and The Prime Minister

After the failure of The Way We Live Now — which remained out of print from 1879 until 1941, so violent was the reaction against it — Trollope turned back to more familiar, and to what he hoped would be more congenial, scenes. But instead the result was more controversy; rather than restoring him to the good graces of the reading public, The Prime Minister (published serially November 1875–June 1876 and in four volumes in May 1876) received an explosive reception and gave Trollope the worst press he had ever had for a major work. As in the case of The Way We Live Now, however, modern opinion has reversed that of the 1870s; The Prime Minister has become a favorite subject (if not always a favorite novel) of the Pallisers’ modern critics and one of Trollope’ s most written-about works. True, only two decades ago it could be said of The Prime Minister that, as Trollope’s contemporaries had refused to read the novel, so in recent years it had been read “only by those few enthusiasts who will settle for nothing less than all of Trollope.”1 But every major study of Trollope published in, the last ten years has devoted considerable space to The Prime Minister; it has become, like The Last Chronicle of Barset, The Eustace Diamonds, and The Way We Live Now, one of those novels critics feel they cannot pass over — it is too rich, too full, too interesting.
Derivation, fitting, and implication of a compatible stem taper-volume-weight system for intensively managed, fast growing loblolly pine

Geometry-oriented methodology yielded a compatible taper-volume-weight system of models whose parameters were estimated using data from intensively managed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in the lower coastal plain of Georgia. Two segments (separated at a stem ratio of 0.60 of total height) depicted taper, volume, and weight variations of the stems as well. The taper function defines stem taper as a proportion of the diameter at breast height. The segmented volume equation was derived from integration of the taper function along the stem, and it can be readily transformed into a ratio volume equation. Likewise, the segmented weight equation was obtained from integration of the volume function and a wood density function. Data analysis showed that fertilization has significantly reduced taper (inside and outside bark) on the upper segment and augmented stem merchantable volume in this segment. However, unit-weight (green wood and bark, green wood only, and dry wood only) was not significantly different between fertilized and unfertilized trees, implying that annual fertilization did not reduce the specific gravity very much. Finally, our analysis showed no significant impacts of complete vegetation control on taper, volume or weight characteristics.
Senior Medical Student-Led Interactive Small-Group Module on Acute Fracture Management.

Abstract Introduction Medical students receive insufficient training in musculoskeletal diagnosis and management. To address this deficiency, a senior medical student at our institution designed an...