cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Landscape connectivity: A conservation application of graph theory

We use focal-species analysis to apply a graph-theoretic approach to landscape connectivity in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. In doing so we demonstrate the utility of a mathematical graph as an ecological construct with respect to habitat connectivity. Graph theory is a well established mainstay of information technology and is concerned with highly efficient network flow. It employs fast algorithms and compact data structures that are easily adapted to landscape-level focal species analysis. American mink (Mustela vison) and prothonotary warblers (Protonotaria citrea) share the same habitat but have different dispersal capabilities, and therefore provide interesting comparisons on connections in the landscape. We built graphs using GIS coverages to define habitat patches and determined the functional distance between the patches with least-cost path modeling. Using graph operations concerned with edge and node removal we found that the landscape is fundamentally connected for mink and fundamentally unconnected for prothonotary warblers. The advantage of a graph-theoretic approach over other modeling techniques is that it is a heuristic framework which can be applied with very little data and improved from the initial results. We demonstrate the use of graph theory in a metapopulation context, and suggest that graph theory as applied to conservation biology can provide leverage on applications concerned with landscape connectivity.
Isolated radial shaft fractures are more common than Galeazzi fractures.

Purpose In contrast to isolated diaphyseal fractures of the ulna (so-called night-stick fractures ), isolated fractures of the radial diaphysis generally are expected to have associated injury of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ), the so-called Galeazzi fracture . This study retrospectively reviewed isolated fractures of the radial diaphysis in a large cohort of patients to determine how often such fractures occur without DRUJ injury Methods Thirty-six patients with fracture of the radius without fracture of the ulna were followed up for at least 6 months after injury. Injury of the DRUJ was defined as more than 5 mm of ulnar-positive variance on radiographs taken before any manipulative or surgical reduction. All of the fractures were treated with plate and screw fixation (8 with autogenous bone grafting) and all healed. Patients with DRUJ injury had either temporary pinning or immobilization of the DRUJ or surgical fixation of a large ulnar styloid fracture. Patients without DRUJ injury were mobilized within 2 weeks. Results Nine patients had dislocation of the DRUJ, 4 with large ulnar styloid fractures. Among the remaining 27 patients 1 had displacement of the proximal radioulnar joint noted after surgery, leading to a secondary procedure for radial head resection. The functional results were satisfactory or excellent in all but 2 patients with functional limitations related to central nervous system injury. No patient had DRUJ dysfunction at the final follow-up evaluation. Conclusions Isolated fractures of the radial diaphysis are more common than true Galeazzi fractures. Surgeons should take great care not to overlook injury to the distal or proximal radioulnar joint in association with isolated diaphyseal fractures of the radius; however, fractures without identifiable radioulnar disruption can be treated without specific treatment of the DRUJ and with immediate mobilization. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic, Level IV.
Issues of Teacher Performance Stability are Not New: Limitations and Possibilities

Morgan, Hodge, Trepinski, and Anderson (2014) have written an article that continues to confirm what we have known for some time—teacher effects on student achievement have limited stability. In this commentary, we address the other potential contributions this work can make to inform practice, policy, and research. While illustrating Morgan et al.’s inattention to history, we take the opportunity to reframe their findings. Considering the authors’ work in the context of past and current research, we illustrate that this collective set of stable evidence should convince policymakers that it is not reasonable to assume that teachers and teaching is stable across time. Beyond this important opportunity to influence policy, we believe these findings underscore the need to build upon and expand the dependent measures we use to define and understand good teaching. After all, as we have noted (Lavigne & Good, 2014; in press) good teaching involves much more than increasing students’ scores on standardized achievement tests.
Metallic III-V (001) Surfaces: Violations of the Electron Counting Model

We describe Sb-rich reconstructions of nearly lattice-matched AlSb and GaSb (001) surfaces using scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy and first-principles electronic structure calculations. Whereas AlSb reconstructs to an insulating $c\left(4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4\right)$ surface like that of other III-V compounds, GaSb forms $c\left(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}10\right)$ and $\left(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}10\right)$ surfaces that are weakly metallic and violate the electron counting model. We attribute the differences to a competition between the energy gain from Sb-Sb bond formation and the cost from the increased surface stress (which depends on the elastic properties of the substrate).
The Effect of Castration at Various Ages Upon the Learning Ability of Male Albino Rats: II. Relearning After an Interval of One Year

1 This study was financed by a grant from The Committee for Research on Sex Problems, National Research Council, and the Thomas Welton Stanford Funds for Psychological Research. The original experiments and the first relearning tests were conducted by Commins. The present tests were conducted by Stone and Mr. M. I. Tomilin, his Research Assistant.
Myxedema psychosis: clinical and biochemical changes during recovery.

Abstract A myxedematous patient with a panpsychotic reaction is described. Results of serial psychological testing, ankle reflex measurement and urinary catecholamine and 17-OHCS determinations are presented. As the patient gradually became euthyroid, mental disturbance, ankle reflex time, and urinary excretion of catecholamines and corticosteroids also gradually decreased. Thyroid hormone improved mental functioning before exerting major peripheral effects. Abnormally high urinary excretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine was similar to that described in psychotic depression and in acute schizophrenia and was apparently related to psychological distress. Normetanephrine levels were also elevated in contrast to the findings in psychotic depression. Corticosteroid levels were quite low despite severe psychological distress, probably as an effect of prolonged hypothyroidism on the adrenal cortex.
Incentive Compatible Privacy-Preserving Distributed Classification

In this paper, we propose game-theoretic mechanisms to encourage truthful data sharing for distributed data mining. One proposed mechanism uses the classic Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) mechanism, and the other relies on the Shapley value. Neither relies on the ability to verify the data of the parties participating in the distributed data mining protocol. Instead, we incentivize truth telling based solely on the data mining result. This is especially useful for situations where privacy concerns prevent verification of the data. Under reasonable assumptions, we prove that these mechanisms are incentive compatible for distributed data mining. In addition, through extensive experimentation, we show that they are applicable in practice.
Quantitative enzymic studies in individual pituitary lobes in various endocrine states.

Malic dehydrogenase (MDH), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), glucoses-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), β-galactosidase (β-GAL), β-glucuronidase (β-GLR) and β-glucosidase (β-GLU) in anterior, intermediate and posterior lobes of the male rat pituitary in normal, gonadectomized, thyroidectomized, or adrenalectomized animals were measured (10 days postoperatively in operated animals) by sensitive microchemical methods. In normal rats, anterior and intermediate lobe levels of MDH and G6PDH were significantly greater than posterior lobe, and anterior and intermediate lobe LDH were less than in the posterior lobe. Anterior and intermediate β-GAL and β-GLR were richer than posterior lobe, and for β-GLU the anterior was greater than the posterior lobe. Following gonadectomy, MDH rose in anterior and posterior lobe, decreased in intermediate lobe; β-GLR decreased in all lobes, β-GLU increased in all lobes, and β-GAL decreased in anterior lobe. After thyroidectomy, intermediate lobe levels of LDH, G6PDH, β-GAL, β-GLR and ...
A MULTISCALE CENTRAL DIFFERENCE SCHEME APPLIED TO MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATIONS OF COMETARY ATMOSPHERES

The hyperbolic equations describing the interaction between a cometary atmosphere and the solar wind are solved through a central differencing scheme. This work will enable us to better predict conditions that robotic spacecraft will encounter on comet nucleus flyby or rendezvous missions. We are interested in studying the coma characteristics from large distances from the nucleus, where the solar wind just begins to be perturbed by the comet, to very near the nucleus. We employ a multifluid approach in which the equations governing the ions, neutrals, and electrons are coupled. We solve these equations by the use of a total variation diminishing Lax-Friedrichs solver combined with an adaptive mesh refinement technique. Magnetic fields and plasma pressure, velocity, and density profiles are calculated and compared with other models. We show that this approach is well suited to provide an accurate solution over a large computational domain, and we present results for a Halley-like comet.
Functional status influences the ability of Schwann cells to support adult rat retinal ganglion cell survival and axonal regrowth

Abstract Properties of Schwann cells (SC) within the environment of the peripheral nerve can differ depending on their state of differentiation (e.g., quiescent, proliferating or mature SCs). In the present study we have tested the efficacy of SCs in different functional states to promote adult rat retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and neurite growth. We have used culture conditions which allowed regenerating retinal axons to contact SCs (1) as quiescent SCs that had not been in contact with axons, (2) as SCs that had been proliferating in contact with neurites, and (3) as mature SCs which had myelinated axons and deposited basal lamina around the axon-SC unit. Both proliferating and mature SCs were activated, i.e., were removed from axonal contact by inducing Wallerian degeneration, 2–3 days prior to testing their ability to support neuronal survival and neurite growth. Activated SCs, (derived from either proliferating or mature SCs) supported adult rat RGC survival and axonal regrowth significantly better than quiescent SC monolayers. Conditioned media (CM) derived from corresponding SC preparations (quiescent, proliferating, or mature SCs) supported short-term survival of RGCs and neurite outgrowth on defined substrata. A dissociation of substrate adsorbable neurite-promoting and nonadsorbable neurotrophic factors could be observed. The neurite-promoting activities found in CM were trypsin and heat sensitive, suggesting that the active component(s) is protein(s). None of the CM tested was able to support adult rat RGC survival and axonal growth as effectively as activated SCs (either proliferating or mature SCs). Long-term survival (>4 days) of RGCs in explant cultures were especially dependent on RGC-neurite contact with preactivated SCs; CM derived from corresponding SCs (mature and proliferating SC-CM) were significantly less effective in supporting long-term survival. From these data we conclude that consideration must be given to the functional state of the SCs in experiments designed to utilize SCs in promoting CNS regeneration.
Recurrence of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis after seven years of remission

A staging system has been presented previously to assist in the evaluation and management of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). One of these stages is a remission stage in which patients are free from pulmonary infiltrates. It had been uncertain whether patients with ABPA in remission were at risk for recurrences. We now present a patient in whom recurrence of ABPA developed after 7 yr of remission that demonstrates that patients with ABPA are at risk for recurrences for a prolonged period of time.
Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation with boundary data

Versions of the Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation problem with boundary interpolation nodes and boundary interpolated values are investigated.
Learning to evaluate psychopathology

Summary Seventy-eight medical students were administered a film examination on entering and on completion of medical school. The film examination required students to rate a patient on some 98 descriptive statements covering a wide range of psychopathology. The 40 descriptive statements with largest t-values for differences between the first and fourth year means were used as variable in an incremental-r factor analysis. Five factors were extracted and rotated to an interpretable orthogonal structure. The factors were named (1) Favorability, (2) Mixed Psychopathology, (3) Interview Behavior, (4) Anger Dynamics, and (5) Modes of Relating to Others. These dimensions were interpreted and discussed in terms of their implications for learning to evaluate psychopathology.
The R -Method for Determining the Helium Abundance of Globular Clusters

ON the basis of calculations of evolution of Population II stars, Iben1 has shown that the ratio R of theoretical horizontal branch (HB) to red giant (RG) lifetimes (R = tHB/tRG) is a function of their helium abundance. This ratio can also be written illustration where NHB and NRG represent the number of the two kinds of stars in an individual globular cluster. Number counts can then be used to estimate the helium abundance of the cluster. With the help of a theoretical calibration2, Iben et al.3 then determined the helium content of a number of globular clusters for which observations were available4, 5. They found an average value, R≃0.9, which yielded y≃0.27–0.31, a result in good agreement with other estimates of helium abundance in globular clusters. Open image in new window
MORC2 Signaling Integrates Phosphorylation-Dependent, ATPase-Coupled Chromatin Remodeling during the DNA Damage Response

Chromatin dynamics play a central role in maintaining genome integrity, but how this is achieved remains largely unknown. Here, we report that microrchidia CW-type zinc finger 2 (MORC2), an uncharacterized protein with a derived PHD finger domain and a conserved GHKL-type ATPase module, is a physiological substrate of p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), an important integrator of extracellular signals and nuclear processes. Following DNA damage, MORC2 is phosphorylated on serine 739 in a PAK1-dependent manner, and phosphorylated MORC2 regulates its DNA-dependent ATPase activity to facilitate chromatin remodeling. Moreover, MORC2 associates with chromatin and promotes gamma-H2AX induction in a PAK1 phosphorylation-dependent manner. Consequently, cells expressing MORC2-S739A mutation displayed a reduction in DNA repair efficiency and were hypersensitive to DNA-damaging agent. These findings suggest that the PAK1-MORC2 axis is critical for orchestrating the interplay between chromatin dynamics and the maintenance of genomic integrity through sequentially integrating multiple essential enzymatic processes.
Cortisol and testosterone concentrations in wheelchair athletes during submaximal wheelchair ergometry.

It is yet unknown how upper body exercise combined with high ambient temperatures affects plasma testosterone and cortisol concentrations and furthermore, how these hormones respond to exercise in people suffering spinal cord injuries. The purpose of this study was to characterize plasma testosterone and cortisol responses to upper body exercise in wheelchair athletes (WA) compared to able-bodied individuals (AB) at two ambient temperatures. Four WA [mean age 36 (SEM 13) years, mean body mass 66.9 (SEM 11.8) kg, injury level T7-T11], matched with five AB [mean age 33.4 (SEM 8.9) years, mean body mass 72.5 (SEM 13.1) kg] exercised (cross-over design) for 20 min on a wheelchair ergometer (0.03 kg resistance.kg-1 body mass) at 25 degrees C and 32 degrees C. Blood samples were obtained before (PRE), at min 10 (MID), and min 20 (END) of exercise. No differences were found between results obtained at 25 degrees C and 32 degrees C for any physiological variable studied and therefore these data were combined. Pre-exercise testosterone concentration was lower (P < 0.05) in WA [18.3 (SEM 0.9) nmol.l-1] compared to AB [21.9 (SEM 3.6) nmol.l-1], and increased PRE to END only in WA. Cortisol concentrations were similar between groups before and during exercise, despite higher rectal temperatures in WA compared to AB, at MID [37.21 (SEM 0.14) and 37.02 (SEM 0.08) degrees C, respectively] and END [37.36 (SEM 0.16) and 37.19 (SEM 0.10) degrees C, respectively]. Plasma norepinephrine responses were similar between groups. In conclusion, there were no differences in plasma cortisol concentrations, which may have been due to the low relative exercise intensities employed. The greater exercise response in WA for plasma testosterone should be confirmed on a larger population. It could have been the result of the lower plasma testosterone concentrations at rest in our group.
Passivity analysis and passivation of feedback systems using passivity indices

Passivity indices are used to measure the excess or shortage of passivity. While most of the work in the literature focuses on stability conditions for interconnected systems using passivity indices, here we focus on passivity and passivation of the feedback interconnection of two input feed-forward output-feedback (IF-OF) passive systems. The conditions are given to determine passivity indices in feedback interconnected systems. The results can be viewed as the extension of the well-known compositional property of passivity. We also consider the passivation problem which can be used to render a non-passive plant passive using a feedback interconnected passive controller. The passivity indices of the passivated system are also determined. The results derived do not require linearity of the systems as it is commonly assumed in the literature.
Lean mass predicts hip geometry in men and women with non-insulin-requiring type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at increased risk for hip fracture despite normal bone mineral density (BMD). The contribution of body composition to hip geometry, a measure of hip strength, has not been studied in T2DM. We hypothesized that lean mass would predict hip geometry. Subjects (n=134) for this cross-sectional analysis were men and women aged 56±6yr with non–insulin-requiring T2DM. Fat and lean mass were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Abdominal fat was measured with magnetic resonance imaging. Hip geometry parameters including section modulus, cross-sectional area, and buckling ratio were estimated from DXA using validated formulae. Subjects had normal BMD, elevated body mass indices (29–41kg/m 2 ), and controlled T2DM (hemoglobin A1c: 5.1–8.3%). In bivariate analysis, lean mass was positively associated with section modulus and cross-sectional area in both sexes ( r =0.36–0.55, p
One Dimensional Thermal-Hydraulic Stability Analysis of Supercritical Fluid Cooled Reactors

A one-dimensional single-channel thermal-hydraulics model has been developed to investigate possible occurrence of density-wave instability in two U. S. Gen-IV reactors cooled by supercritical fluids, i. e., the Supercritical Water-cooled Reactor (SCWR) and Gas-cooled Fast Reactor (GFR). Water density in the SCWR core changes from 780 kg/m3 , to 90 kg/m3 , whereas the density of supercritical carbon-dioxide in the reference GFR changes from 155 kg/m3 to around 110 kg/m3 . The standard frequency domain approach with a decay ratio of induced velocity amplitude of 0.5 has been used to determine the onset of flow instability. With suitable inlet orificing, the hot channel of SCWR has been found to be stable. Sensitivity studies show that the hot channel decay ratio reaches the critical value of 0.5 when either the reactor power is raised to 118% of full power or the core flow rate is reduced to 86% of nominal flow rate. System pressure has only a moderate effect. Detailed 3-D studies, preferably with neutronic feedback, should be carried out for the SCWR design because of its sensitivity to various important parameters. The GFR reference design has been found to be very stable since the density change in the GFR core is rather small compared to that in the SCWR design.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Children's use of mental health services in different Medicaid insurance plans.

This study examined the effect of different Medicaid insurance plans on children's mental health service use through survey, claims, and encounter data collected between February 1998 and February 1999. Participants were assigned to 1 of 3 insurance plans: fee-for-service, a Health Maintenance Organization and prepaid carve-out. Logistic and stratified logistic regression were used to examine the effect of plan on service utilization, adjusting for caregiver report of need for services and psychosocial functioning. There was no difference in service use by plan controlling for demographic characteristics; however, when psychopathology and caregiver report of need for services were included in the model, the odds of using services in the Health Maintenance Organization was half of and the odds in the carve-out 29% less than the odds of using services in fee-for-service. Characteristics of the interaction between need, psychopathology, and insurance plan that may be associated with the reduction in service use are discussed.
Specifications Of Raytran Material

RAYTRAN infrared materials are formed by the chemical vapor deposition process which produces materials of unique characteristics and properties. This specification establishes optical and physical property requirements for polycrystalline zinc selenide and zinc sulfide made by this process.
The importance of spatially heterogeneous erosivity and the cumulative area distribution within a basin evolution model

Abstract Topography reflects the terrain composition and the forces to which it is exposed. The elements that control this shape are intuitive: precipitation, wind, soil composition, geologic activity, lithology, and vegetation. Each of these elements varies naturally in space. A model of basin evolution is shown to produce quantitatively different topography for different relative magnitudes of diffusive and incisive erosion processes. Spatial heterogeneities in erosivity also influence the simulated topography. The calibration of this evolution model is compared to observed topography. The calibration process ultimately hinges on quantification of the aggregation pattern of the basin through analysis of the cumulative area distribution. The effect of spatially heterogeneous erosivity is shown to be crucially important to reproduce the cumulative area distribution of observed topography.
Impact of newly diagnosed breast cancer on quality of life among Chinese women

Background Being diagnosed with breast cancer is a very stressful event that has a profound impact on multiple aspects of a patient’s daily life. Little is known about the quality of life (QOL) of Chinese women with newly diagnosed breast cancer. Methods The authors evaluated QOL in 2,236 Chinese women with newly diagnosed breast cancer who were recruited into the Shanghai Breast Cancer Survival Study between April 1, 2002 and March 31, 2004. Patients’ QOL was assessed after cancer diagnosis (median time 6.4 months; range 3.6–11.1 months) by using the General Quality of Life Inventory. Multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the associations of QOL outcomes with medical and sociodemographic factors. Results Patients showed significantly worse overall QOL and perceived health status than healthy women, reflected mainly by lower QOL scores in physical and psychological well-being domains. Completion of radiotherapy, ever use of tamoxifen, being underweight, having an increased number of chronic diseases, and low household income were significantly associated with lower overall QOL scores after adjusting for other factors. Age at diagnosis was inversely associated with physical wellbeing, positively associated with material well-being, and had minimal influence on overall QOL. Stage of disease, chemotherapy, and education were only associated with certain domains, but had no influence on overall QOL. Estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor status and type of surgery or immunotherapy did not appear to be associated with QOL. Conclusions The findings of the present study provide important information on QOL and their correlates among Chinese women with newly diagnosed breast cancer and are helpful in developing treatment strategies accordingly.
Four-dimensional x-ray attenuation model of the human heart and the coronary vasculature and its use for the assessment of cardiac CT imaging technology

Using helical, multi-detector computed tomography (CT) imaging technology operating at sub-second scanning speeds, clinicians are investigating the capabilities of CT for cardiac imaging. In this paper, we describe the application of novel modeling tools to assess CT system capability. These tools allow us to quantify the capabilities of both hardware and software algorithms for cardiac imaging. The model consists of a human thorax, a dynamic model of a human heart, and a complete physics-based, CT system model. The use of the model to predict image quality is demonstrated by varying both the reconstruction algorithm (half-scan, sector-based) and CT system parameters (axial detector resolution). The mathematical tools described provide a means to rapidly evaluate new reconstruction algorithms and CT system designs for cardiac imaging.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Risk-benefit assessment of angiotensin II receptor antagonists.

Inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system through the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors has proven very useful in the treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure (CHF) and progressive renal failure. More recently, agents that directly block the angiotensin II Type 1 (AT1) receptor – angiotensin II receptor antagonists (AIIRAs) – have been developed. These agents are thought to have a more specific mechanism of action since they do not affect other hormone systems as do the ACE inhibitors. Whether such specificity results in a different efficacy profile is still being determined. However, these drugs are extremely well-tolerated and very safe. AIIRAs are effective in the reduction of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure and compare favourably to other classes of agents. Recent results indicate that at least one AIIRA has a favourable effect on stroke in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Additional studies with other members of the class wil...
Barriers to and Facilitators of HIV–STD Behavior Change: Intrapersonal and Relationship-Based Factors:

This article draws on clinical, cognitive, and health psychology literature to explore a range of barriers to sexual risk behavior change. It is divided into 5 sections, each of which presents obst...
ANTAGONISM BETWEEN PHYSOSTIGMINE AND ATROPINE ON THE BEHAVIOR OF THE PIGEON.

The effects of physostigmine upon food-maintained operant behavior of the pigeon were investigated. Physostigmine completely suppressed responding for a period up to 180 minutes and small doses of atropine could antagonize this suppression. Neostigmine produced a similar suppression of behavior of shorter duration. Methylatropine, much less potent than atropine in antagonizing behavioral suppression by physostigmine, was more potent in antagonizing neostigmine. Nicotine produced a suppression of behavior similar to that produced by the two anticholinesterases, but neither methylatropine nor atropine antagonized this effect. These findings support the general supposition that suppression of behavior by physostigmine is in part mediated by muscarinic receptors in the central nervous system.
A novel approach to predicting P450 mediated drug metabolism. CYP2D6 catalyzed N-dealkylation reactions and qualitative metabolite predictions using a combined protein and pharmacophore model for CYP2D6.

A combined protein and pharmacophore model for cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) has been extended with a second pharmacophore in order to explain CYP2D6 catalyzed N-dealkylation reactions. A group of 14 experimentally verified N-dealkylation reactions form the basis of this second pharmacophore. The combined model can now accommodate both the usual hydroxylation and O-demethylation reactions catalyzed by CYP2D6, as well as the less common N-dealkylation reactions. The combined model now contains 72 metabolic pathways catalyzed by CYP2D6 in 51 substrates. The model was then used to predict the involvement of CYP2D6 in the metabolism of a “test set” of seven compounds. Molecular orbital calculations were used to suggest energetically favorable sites of metabolism, which were then examined using modeling techniques. The combined model correctly predicted 6 of the 8 observed metabolites. For the well-established CYP2D6 metabolic routes, the predictive value of the current combined protein and pharmacophore model ...
AOS: an anonymous overlay system for mobile ad hoc networks

Providing anonymous communications in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is an effective countermeasure against malicious traffic analysis. This paper presents AOS, an Anonymous Overlay System for MANETs, which provides provably strong source and destination anonymity under a rather strong adversary model. AOS differs significantly from previous anonymous communication systems for MANETs mainly in three aspects. First, AOS is an overlay system independent of the underlying MANET protocol stack. Second, AOS resolves the conflict between anonymous communications and secure routing in MANETs and enables providing both at the same time. Last but not least, AOS can satisfy diverse anonymity requirements with different communication and computation overhead. AOS is the first system of its kind, and its efficacy and efficiency are confirmed by detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Students with Disabilities: Opportunities and Challenges for Colleges and Universities

One of the signature human rights achievements of the twentieth century—which occurred near its close—was the expansion of rights of individuals with disabilities (or rather, as some would remind u...
Countereffects of compensatory overload and glucocorticoids in skeletal muscle: Androgen and glucocorticoid cytosol receptor binding

Male hypophysectomized rats were divided into a control group and a group that was subjected to compensatory overload of plantaris muscles for 7 days following surgical removal of synergistic musculature. These groups received daily subcutaneous injections of either cortisone acetate (CA) (100 mg/kg b.wt) or the vehicle for 7 days starting at the time the overload was initiated. Plantaris muscle weights were atrophied by 25% in CA-treated controls, were hypertrophied by 45% in the vehicle-treated overloaded group, and remained similar to vehicle-treated controls in the group receiving both treatments. Scatchard analyses of specific binding of [3H]methyltrienolone (R1881), a synthetic androgen that binds to androgen receptors, were non-linear in plantaris muscle cytosols of vehicle-treated control and overloaded groups and were resolved by a two-component binding model. The lower affinity component, which was attributed to binding of methyltrienolone to a glucocorticoid receptor, disappeared in glucocorticoid-treated rats as evidenced by linear Scatchard plots. Receptor concentrations of the androgenic component of [3H]methyltrienolone binding were unchanged by CA treatment and were significantly increased only in the vehicle-treated overloaded group. [3H]Dexamethasone cytosol binding was increased nearly 2-fold in plantaris muscles of vehicle-treated overloaded animals (64 ± 3 fmol/mg protein) as compared to those in vehicle-treated controls (32 ± 2 fmol/mg protein), but was decreased to 2 and 4 fmol/mg protein in the CA-treated controls and CA-treated overloaded groups respectively. These results show that overload and glucocorticoids have opposing actions skeletal muscle, but the overload in the presence of glucocorticoids did not stimulate an increase in androgen cytosol receptor binding.
Effect of multiple wavelengths on laser-induced damage in KH( 2−x )D x PO 4 crystals

Laser-induced damage is a key factor that constrains the ways in which optical materials are used in high-power laser systems. We study the size and density of bulk laser-induced damage sites formed during frequency tripling in a DKDP crystal. The characteristics of the damage sites formed during tripling, for which 1053, 526, and 351 nm light is simultaneously present, are compared to those of damage sites formed by 351 nm light alone. The fluence of each wavelength is calculated as a function of depth with a full 4D(x,y,z,t) frequency conversion code and compared with measured damage density and size distributions. The density of damage is found to be governed predominantly by 351 nm light with some lesser, though nonnegligible, contribution from 526 nm light. The 1053 nm light does not appear to contribute to the damage density. The morphology of the damage sites, however, is seen to be relatively insensitive to wavelength and to depend only on total fluence of all wavelengths present. The strong and negligible wavelength dependences of initiation density and damage morphology, respectively, indicate that the dominant energy deposition mechanism varies during the damaging pulse.
Temperature-Aware Delay Borrowing for Energy-Efficient Low-Voltage Link Design

This paper presents a new technique that takes advantage of the differing temperature dependences in low-voltage interconnect links and higher voltage transceivers. The link and transceiver are dynamically retimed as the system temperature changes. This delay borrowing enables the link to maintain a frequency requirement despite temperature-induced frequency variations in excess of 200%, and enables the link to operate at lower voltages than possible with a non-temperature aware link. In addition to improved tolerance of environmental variations, the proposed approach achieves energy savings of up to 40% in a commercial 65 nm technology, including the energy overhead of the temperature-aware system. Further, the delay borrowing system is shown to decrease temperature-induced delay variations by 85%.
How Cats Lap: Water Uptake by Felis catus

Animals have developed a range of drinking strategies depending on physiological and environmental constraints. Vertebrates with incomplete cheeks use their tongue to drink; the most common example is the lapping of cats and dogs. We show that the domestic cat (Felis catus) laps by a subtle mechanism based on water adhesion to the dorsal side of the tongue. A combined experimental and theoretical analysis reveals that Felis catus exploits fluid inertia to defeat gravity and pull liquid into the mouth. This competition between inertia and gravity sets the lapping frequency and yields a prediction for the dependence of frequency on animal mass. Measurements of lapping frequency across the family Felidae support this prediction, which suggests that the lapping mechanism is conserved among felines.
Closed-form stiffness matrices for higher order tetrahedral finite elements

Closed-form expressions for straight-sided isoparametric tetrahedral finite element stiffness matrices up to p-level 3 have been shown to offer significant time savings when compared to numerical integration. In this work, the development of closed-form stiffness matrices is extended to the next level of approximation, the subparametric p-level 4 element. The resulting stiffness matrices are verified, and computational efficiency was tested by comparing floating-point operations required for closed-form and numerically integrated solutions. Results showed that closed-form elements still provide time savings in stiffness matrix evaluation for all p-levels tested, with up to 61x speed gain for p-level 4 depending on the compiler used. It was also found that the compilers used could better optimize the code with closed form generated expressions for efficient execution when compared to the code for numerical integration.
Can restoring wolves aid in lynx recovery

Herein, we examine the hypothesis that relatively low densities of snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) and the imperiled status of lynx (Lynx canadensis) may be partially due to an ecological cascade caused by the extirpation of gray wolves (Canis lupus) in most of the conterminous United States decades ago. This hypothesis focuses on 2 plausible mechanisms, one involving ''mesopredator release'' of the coyote (C. latrans), which expanded its distribution and abundance continentally following the ecological extinction of wolves over the temperate portion of their geographic range. In the absence of wolves, coyotes may have affected lynx via increased predation on snowshoe hares, on which the lynx specializes, and/or by direct killing of lynx. The second mechanism involves increased browsing pressure by native and domestic ungulates following the declines in wolves. A recovery of long-absent wolf populations could potentially set off a chain of events triggering a long-term decrease in coyotes and ungulates, improved plant communities, and eventually an increase in hares and lynx. This prediction, and others that we make, are testable. Ecological implications for the lynx may be dependent upon whether wolves are allowed to achieve ecologically effective populations where they recolonize or are reintroduced in lynx habitat. We emphasize the importance of little- considered trophic and competitive interactions when attempting to recover an endangered carnivore such as the lynx. 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Potential errors in staging primary pulmonary adenocarcinomas by sublobar resection

Abstract Introduction There is increasing interest in treating patients with stage I pulmonary adenocarcinoma with sublobar resection and staging lymphadenectomy (StLN), but there is no information on the potential impact of this approach on staging. Methods A total of 241 consecutive wedge resections followed by immediate completion lobectomy (n = 225), bilobectomy (n = 3), or trisegmentectomy (n = 13) (“second specimens”) and StLN were retrieved from our database. Tumor location, size, pT, and distance to closest margin (D) in the wedge specimens were compared with the presence of residual and/or additional tumor nodules in the lung and metastatic tumor in N1 lymph nodes of the “second specimens.” Results Residual tumor (n = 14), additional tumor nodules (n = 9), and both (n = 1) were present in the lung parenchyma of 24 “second specimens.” Problems orienting residual tumor to tumor in the wedge made it difficult to accurately determine overall tumor size and final pT in some cases. In 10 of the 241 cases, metastatic tumor was present only in N1 lymph nodes in the “second specimen.” Conclusions Sublobar resections with StLN would have potentially understaged 19 (7.9%) of 241 patients (9 as pT1 or pT2 instead of pT3, 9 as pN0 instead of pN1, and 1 as pT1N0 instead of pT3N1). Preoperative positron emission tomography/computed tomography suggested the presence of more than 1 parenchymal tumor nodule and/or metastatic tumor in N1 lymph nodes of the “second specimen” in only 5 of these cases. Sublobar resections may miss additional tumor nodules and positive lymph nodes and understage a small proportion of pulmonary adenocarcinoma patients.
Stability analysis of the fast RLS adaptation algorithm

An analytical derivation is presented of the stability conditions for the fast transversal filter (FTF) implementation of the recursive least-squares (RLS) adaptive filter algorithm. It is shown that the rescue variable should be less than a threshold value that is derived. Simulation results are reported which confirm that the derived rescue variable can be used to ensure the stability of the RLS adaptation algorithm. >
Coupled vs. decoupled boundary layers in VOCALS-REx

Abstract. We analyze the extent of subtropical stratocumulus-capped boundary layer decoupling and its relation to other boundary-layer characteristics and forcings using aircraft observations from VOCALS-REx along a swath of the subtropical southeast Pacific Ocean running west 1600 km from the coast of Northern Chile. We develop two complementary and consistent measures of decoupling. The first is based on boundary layer moisture and temperature stratification in flight profiles from near the surface to above the capping inversion, and the second is based the difference between the lifted condensation level (LCL) and a mean lidar-derived cloud base measured on flight legs at 150 m altitude. Most flights took place during early-mid morning, well before the peak in insolation-induced decoupling. We find that the boundary layer is typically shallower, drier, and well mixed near the shore, and tends to deepen, decouple, and produce more drizzle further offshore to the west. Decoupling is strongly correlated to the "mixed layer cloud thickness", defined as the difference between the capping inversion height and the LCL; other factors such as wind speed, cloud droplet concentration, and inversion thermodynamic jumps have little additional explanatory power. The results are broadly consistent with the deepening-warming theory of decoupling. In the deeper boundary layers observed well offshore, there was frequently nearly 100 % boundary-layer cloud cover despite pronounced decoupling. The cloud cover was more strongly correlated to a κ parameter related to the inversion jumps of humidity and temperature, though the exact functional relation is slightly different than found in prior large-eddy simulation studies.
Boys Don't Cry and female masculinity: reclaiming a life & dismantling the politics of normative heterosexuality

–This analysis argues that Kimberly Peirce's film Boys Don't Cry can be read as a liberatory narrative that queers the centers of heteronormativity and hegemonic masculinity by privileging female masculinity and celebrating its differences from heterosexual norms. My critique emphasizes how the narrative strategically challenges heteronormativity and, in turn, “narrative's heteroideology” (Roof, 1996), in four ways: 1) by dismantling the myth of “America's heartland”; 2) by problematizing heteromasculinity; 3) by centering female masculinity; and 4) by blurring the boundaries of female masculinity. I argue that the articulation of each subversive strategy within the narratives of Boys Don't Cry can serve a liberatory function, whereby the privileged subjectivities of heterosexuality and hegemonic masculinity are dismantled and, simultaneously, female masculinity and gender fluidity are privileged and normalized. I conclude that the narrative structure of Boys Don't Cry not only privileges gender diversity...
Planning systems characteristics and planning effectiveness

The nature of the multivariate relationship between six characteristics of planning systems and three different conceptualizations of planning effectiveness is examined using canonical correlation analysis. The analysis indicates that the organizational context of planning—captured here by two key characteristics—resistance to planning and resources provided for planning—is the dominant impact on planning system effectiveness, broadly construed. While individual design elements of the planning system such as use of techniques and external orientation do influence effectiveness, the contextual dimensions appear to be overriding. Implications for further research on planning systems and directions for future extensions of this study are discussed.
The Schooling Costs of Teenage Out-of-Wedlock Childbearing: Analysis with a Within-School Propensity-Score-Matching Estimator

Teen out-of-wedlock mothers have lower education and earnings than peers who have children later. This study uses the National Educational Longitudinal Survey of 1988 (NELS) to examine the extent to which the apparent effects of out-of-wedlock teen fertility are due to pre- existing disadvantages of the young women and their families. We use a novel method that matches teen mothers to similar young women in their junior high school (that is, prior to pregnancy). We find that out-of-wedlock fertility reduces education substantially, although far less than the cross-sectional comparisons of means suggest. We further find that this effect is largest among those with the lowest probability of having a child out of wedlock.
Fault-tolerance: a methodology for implementing highly dependable systems

Dependability is defined as the trustworthiness of a system such that: reliance may be justifiably placed on the service it delivers and; the system has the ability to provide required service whenever that service is needed. The service delivered by a system is its behavior as perceived by its user(s); a user is another system (human or physical) that interacts with the dependable system. This paper will provide a discussion of fault-tolerance design and validation concepts for achieving high levels of dependability. Although fault-tolerance is most effective when designed into a system from the beginning, this paper will also consider approaches that can be effective in improving the dependability of systems developed from commercial off-the-shelf products.
Exploring the temporal lag between urban structure and function

Conventional thinking in urban remote sensing is to synchronize the dates of when satellite imagery is captured with the date a social survey, such as a population census, is collected. It's assumed that identical dates, or dates as similar as possible, are intuitively important in order to make sure that structure, the physical configuration of a city as captured by remote sensing, relates as closely as possible to function, the socio-economic characteristics of a city, as represented by population censuses. However, this type of intuitive thinking is surely flawed because the structure of a city is hardly ever in harmony with the functionality of a city, at the same time. It is much more realistic to assume that there is a temporal lag between the socio-economic demands from a city's population and the consequential physical ramifications of such demands. In other words, the tangible layout of a city, i.e. roads, houses, etc, is a result of prior decisions made by planners with respect to demands from the city's population. This paper explores this temporal lag between structure and function by comparing the physical structure of cities from satellite images at T+1 with the functionality of the socio-economic characteristics from a population census in T−1. Initial results suggest an improved “agreement” between satellite images taken after a population census, in terms of predicting population growth and predicting residential demands. Further testing is needed in order to establish a theoretical link that can be used by planners in deciding where to develop cities, how sustainable such increased development can be contained and how best to reduce overcrowding, congestion and overall social deprivation.