cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hospital fall prevention: a systematic review of implementation, components, adherence, and effectiveness

In-hospital falls are a significant clinical, legal, and regulatory problem, but information on effective fall reduction is lacking. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services no longer reimburses hospitals for in-hospital falls with trauma.1 As the U.S. population ages, fall prevention is more relevant than ever; older, frail individuals are more prone to falls, and the consequences of falls are more severe.2,3 Preventing falls in U.S. acute care hospitals poses particular challenges, given that patients are acutely ill and average only 4.9 days in the hospital.4 This compressed acuity places a greater burden on staff to keep patients safe, so results from fall prevention interventions in long-term care facilities may not apply to acute care settings. Similarly, results from the international literature, where hospital stays are longer, may not generalize to U.S. hospitals. Fall prevention programs are typically complex, involving multiple components that depend on leadership involvement and the cooperation of frontline staff from multiple disciplines. Programs may require potent monitoring strategies to ensure that staff adhere to implemented care protocols. Recent reviews provide limited evidence for acute care settings.3,5–7 It was hypothesized that the confluence of an effective strategy to implement interventions into clinical practice in acute care settings, the intervention components chosen, the type of monitoring strategies used to ensure adherence, and the baseline level of care intensity provided in the comparison group would determine a fall prevention program's success. A systematic review was performed documenting implementation strategies, intervention components and comparators, adherence information, and the effectiveness of published fall prevention approaches in U.S. acute care hospitals.
rf-driven Josephson junctions: Tails on the Shapiro steps of the I-V curves.

rf-driven Josephson junctions have been experimentally studied in a wide parameter range corresponding to the low-frequency boundary of the chaotic regime, where the $I\ensuremath{-}V$ curves display characteristic large negative-going tails on top of the Shapiro steps. The tail, in units of the Shapiro step spacing, has been found to increase with decreasing damping of the junction, in agreement with theoretical predictions using the resistively-shunted-junction model.
Fixed interval estimation in state space models when some of the data are missing or aggregated

SUMMARY Ansley & Kohn's (1982) geometrical derivation of the Kalman filter fixed-interval smoothing algorithm is extended to the case where some of the observations are missing or aggregated and the state covariance matrix may be singular. Estimates of missing observations are also obtained. The theory is then applied to the interpolation of missing data in multivariate autoregressive-moving average models.
Case Report: Haemophilus parainfluenzae Vertebral Osteomyelitis

Haemophilus parainfluenzae is a normal inhabitant of the nose and oropharynx. The authors report a case of adult vertebral osteomyelitis due to this organism that occurred 3 months after nasal septoplasty. Successful therapy was accomplished by a combination of inpatient and outpatient therapy.
Limits to genetic bottlenecks and founder events imposed by the Allee effect

The Allee effect can result in a negative population growth rate at low population density. Consequently, populations below a minimum (critical) density are unlikely to persist. A lower limit on population size should constrain the loss of genetic variability due to genetic drift during population bottlenecks or founder events. We explored this phenomenon by modeling changes in genetic variability and differentiation during simulated bottlenecks of the alpine copepod, Hesperodiaptomus shoshone. Lake surveys, whole-lake re-introduction experiments and model calculations all indicate that H. shoshone should be unlikely to establish or persist at densities less than 0.5–5 individuals m−3. We estimated the corresponding range in minimum effective population size using the distribution of habitat (lake) sizes in nature and used these values to model the expected heterozygosity, allelic richness and genetic differentiation resulting from population bottlenecks. We found that during realistic bottlenecks or founder events, >90% of H. shoshone populations in the Sierra Nevada may be resistant to significant changes in heterozygosity or genetic distance, and 70–75% of populations may lose <10% of allelic richness. We suggest that ecological constraints on minimum population size be considered when using genetic markers to estimate historical population dynamics.
STUDIES ON THE ORGANIZATION OF THE BRUSH BORDER IN INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS: II. Fine Structure of Fractions of Tris-Disrupted Hamster Brush Borders

Two of the fractions obtained by density gradient centrifugation of Tris-disrupted brush borders from hamster intestinal mucosa have been identified as the microvillus cores and their surrounding membranous coats, respectively. This identification has the following morphological basis. In shadowed preparations one fraction (cores) appears as rounded, compact rods, and the other fraction (coats) appears as flattened sheets. Both rods and sheets have dimensions appropriate to the identities assigned to them. In addition, negative staining shows that the rods are composed of aligned particles of roughly 60 A, consistent with the appearance of the core in tissue section, where 60-A fibrils are characteristic. The sheets are covered by non-aligned particles of approximately the same size. Sectioned preparations show that the core fraction contains predominantly fibrous material with some membranous contamination and that the coat fraction is apparently composed exclusively of elongated sacs with a unit membrane structure. Some details of the structure of the core are evident in cases where the compact rod appears to be loosened, revealing a doubled strand. The strand is approximately 350 A wide; the compact rod is roughly twice this width. With negative staining the strand shows a dense central region. The morphological identification presented here is consistent with the distribution of enzymic activity among the density gradient fractions described in the preceding paper.
How Do Playful People Play? Gendered and Racial Leisure Perspectives, Motives, and Preferences of College Students

Playfulness is an aspect of personality that predisposes individuals to reframe boring situations into more amusing ones for themselves. This study extends knowledge about the playfulness construct by contrasting college students who were high or low in playfulness relative to the activity preferences they make, the motives they have, and their perspectives on their leisure time. Significant differences were found in perspectives and motives but not in activity preferences, leading to the conclusion that playfulness relates more to how individuals view their leisure and what they seek than in what they do. Only minor differences due to gender or race were observed.
Behavior in the Attainment of Economic Concepts

(1964). Behavior in the Attainment of Economic Concepts: II. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 407-412.
Cognitive impairments in advanced PD without dementia

Objective: To determine the nature and frequency of cognitive impairments in nondemented patients with advanced PD and their relationship to other variables potentially predictive of neuropsychological performance. Methods: The neuropsychological performance of nondemented, nondepressed patients with idiopathic PD (n = 61) was quantified with respect to clinically available normative data. The relationship of neuropsychological measures to motor symptoms, age, years of education, disease duration, age at disease onset, disease deterioration rate, and dopaminergic therapy was assessed. Results: Impairment was most frequent on measures sensitive to frontal lobe function (67% on Wisconsin Card Sorting Test number of categories, 30% on letter fluency, 30% on verbal learning). Poorer performance on multiple neuropsychological measures was related to greater overall motor abnormality (total Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale score), increased bradykinesia on medication, older age, longer disease duration, and reduced education. Conclusions: Even in the absence of dementia or depression, patients with advanced PD are likely to show clinically significant impairments on neuropsychological measures sensitive to changes in dorsolateral prefrontal regions participating in cognitive basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits.
Variational Method in Hamiltonian Lattice Gauge Theories

Abstract A general expression for the expectation value of the hamiltonian of a d + 1 dimensional lattice gauge theory as a function of the norm of the variational state (that itself has the form of a partition function of a d -dimensional lattice gauge theory) is given. Applications include U(1), SU(2), U(2) and U( N ) gauge theories for large N in d = 2 + 1 dimensions. It is also demonstrated that the deconfining phase transition is of first order in every dimension above the critical one, provided it is of first or second order at the critical dimension.
Fulminant hepatic failure secondary to malignant melanoma: case report and review of the literature

Malignant melanoma has a propensity to metastasize widely to many organs, involving the liver in up to one-third of cases. Fulminant hepatic failure is an unusual presentation of hepatic neoplasms, whether primary or metastatic. We describe a case of malignant melanoma with liver metastases that rapidly progressed to fulminant hepatic failure and death. Striking elevations of liver tests, particularly lactate dehydrogenase, were seen. Liver biopsy showed diffuse intrasinusoidal infiltration with melanoma cells. In patients with malignant melanoma, raised serum lactate dehydrogenase levels may suggest hepatic involvement, with extreme elevations possibly predictive of liver failure.
A selective phenomenology of the seismicity of Southern California

Abstract Predictions of earthquakes that are based on observations of precursory seismicity cannot depend on the average properties of the seismicity, such as the Gutenberg-Richter (G-R) distribution. Instead it must depend on the fluctuations in seismicity. We summarize the observational data of the fluctuations of seismicity in space, in time, and in a coupled space-time regime over the past 60 yr in Southern California, to provide a basis for determining whether these fluctuations are correlated with the times and locations of future strong earthquakes in an appropriate time- and space-scale. The simple extrapolation of the G-R distribution must lead to an overestimate of the risk due to large earthquakes. There may be two classes of earthquakes: the small earthquakes that satisfy the G-R law and the larger and large ones. Most observations of fluctuations of seismicity are of the rate of occurrence of smaller earthquakes. Large earthquakes are observed to be preceded by significant quiescence on the faults on which they occur and by an intensification of activity at distance. It is likely that the fluctuations are due to the nature of fractures on individual faults of the network of faults. There are significant inhomogeneities on these faults, which we assume will have an important influence on the nature of self-organization of seismicity. The principal source of the inhomogeneity on the large scale is the influence of geometry--i.e., of the nonplanarity of faults and the system of faults.
Effect of the C1q on the soluble collagen-platelet interaction

The mechanism by which C1q inhibited soluble collagen-induced platelet aggregation was examined. Platelet aggregation induced by soluble collagen in gel filtrated platelets was inhibited by the addition of C1q. There were no cross-reactions between C1q, purified soluble collagen receptor and both of their polyclonal antibodies in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. These results suggest that the effect of C1q on soluble collagen-induced platelet aggregation does not compete at the same binding site on the platelet surface.
Implementing CIFO using Ada 95 and POSIX

Many people are interested in reducing the cost of development for military systems through reuse of existing software. One of the issues associated with supporting reuse of software is the need to support application interfaces. With the upgrade of the Ada programming language, many vendor's existing interfaces may change or become obsolete. In order to support legacy software as it is moved from Ada 83 to Ada 95, it is necessary to have a way to replace the application interfaces with a minimal impact on the legacy software.This paper describes a study to evaluate the possibility of supporting legacy software based on the Texas Instruments F-16 Modular Mission Computer Ada Compilation System (MACS) on a different target, using the features of Ada[?] and POSIX to implement the MACS-specific Application Programmer Interface (API). The majority of the MACS API was based on the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Ada Run- Time Environment Working Group (ARTEWG) Catalogue of Interface Features and Options (CIFO)[?]. The organization of this paper follows the same organization as the CIFO. The author assumes that the available Ada 95 compiler supports the Systems Programming and Real-Time annexes. The following CIFO entries were not implemented in the MACS:• Two Stage Task Suspension• Blackboards• Broadcasts• Mutuall Exclusive Access to Shared Data• Memory Management (though Ada 95 defines a similar package)
Osteopontin Up-Regulates Critical Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Transcription Factors to Induce an Aggressive Breast Cancer Phenotype

Background Tumor cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) develop cellular properties leading to stroma invasion and intravasation. We have previously shown in a xenograft breast cancer model that blocking osteopontin (OPN), a secreted phosphoprotein, decreases EMT. This study examines OPN's role in EMT initiation through its regulation of EMT transcription factors (TFs) Snail, Slug, and Twist. OPN's role in Twist activation is examined through immunoprecipitation and Western blot. Study Design MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells secreting high levels of OPN were treated with OPN aptamer (APT) or mutant APT. Osteopontin APT binds to and inhibits extracellular OPN. Low-OPN−secreting breast cancer cells, MCF-7, were treated with OPN, OPN+APT, or OPN+mutant APT. Twist was isolated in MDA-MB-231 with immunoprecipitation. Phospho-serine antibody detected activated Twist in Western blot. Activation of Twist was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Results Analysis through quantitative polymerase chain reaction demonstrated APT inhibition of OPN in MDA-MB-231 cells caused a decrease in EMT-TF expression (MDA-MB-231 vs MDA-MB-231+APT: *Twist ΔΔCT: 1.0 vs 0.07; *Snail ΔΔCT: 1.0 vs 0.11; *Slug ΔΔCT: 1.0 vs 0.11; ∗ p ∗ p Conclusions This study shows that OPN is critical in EMT initiation through activation of Twist via serine phosphorylation. These unique observations indicate that OPN APT can serve a clinical role as a novel therapeutic agent by diminishing breast cancer oncogenesis.
Commercial serum inhibition of phytohemagglutinin induced blastformation

Abstract Growth supporting capability of commercial versus autologous, homologous and millipored autologous sera, obtained from animals maintained in our laboratory were studied using phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated sheep lymphocyte cultures. A significant reduction in proliferation of PHA-stimulated lymphocytes was observed in cultures containing commercial sera as compared to cultures containing autologous or homologous sera. Moreover, commercial sera containing cultures both with and without PHA, demonstrated significantly reduced culture cellularity. The cause of reduced growth supporting capability of commercial sera remains to be determined but was not due to the presence of cells, activated complement components or preservatives in commercial sera.
Notch Signaling Specifies Megakaryocyte Development from Hematopoietic Stem Cells

In the hematopoietic system, Notch signaling specifies T cell lineage fate, in part through negative regulation of B cell and myeloid lineage development. However, we unexpectedly observed the development of megakaryocytes when using heterotypic cocultures of hematopoietic stem cells with OP9 cells expressing Delta-like1, but not with parental OP9 cells. This effect was abrogated by inhibition of Notch signaling either with gamma-secretase inhibitors or by expression of the dominant-negative Mastermind-like1. The importance of Notch signaling for megakaryopoietic development in vivo was confirmed by using mutant alleles that either activate or inhibit Notch signaling. These findings indicate that Notch is a positive regulator of megakaryopoiesis and plays a more complex role in cell-fate decisions among myeloid progenitors than previously appreciated.
Mouthpart Morphology of the Ant Aneuretus simoni

The mouthparts of the minor workers of Aneuretus simoni Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are examined morphologically and compared with the mouthparts of representative species from each of the presently recognized formicid subfamilies. While the labrum and mandible are relatively typical in design for a large number of ant species, the stipes resembles that of several species of Ponerinae and Dolichoderinae, and the galea and lacinia closely conform to the types found in the Dolichoderinae. The lacinia is also similar to that of Myrmecia auriventris Mayr. The labium is dolichoderine in nature. Those morphological similarities between A. simoni and the Ponerinae, Myrmeciinae, and Dolichoderinae confirm previous observations on various aspects of aneuretine morphology.
No Meaningful Apology for American Indian Unethical Research Abuses

This article reviews the history of medical and research abuses experienced by American Indians since European colonization. This article examines the unethical research of American Indians/Alaska Natives in light of the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male. Literature citations indicate that significant unethical research and medical care incidents occurred both before and after the Tuskegee Syphilis Study among American Indians/Alaska Natives. The majority of these unethical abuses were committed by the federal government and within the historical context of a long-term contentious relationship between American Indians and the federal government. Although President Clinton issued a highly visible public apology to the African American survivors of the Tuskegee syphilis experiment in 1997, American Indians have yet to experience such visible federal acknowledgment. To ensure ethical research in which benefits outweigh risks and findings are not value-laden or misrepresented, tribes have...
Proteolytic activation of human pancreatitis-associated protein is required for peptidoglycan binding and bacterial aggregation

PAP (pancreatitis-associated protein) is a 16 kDa lectin-like protein, which becomes robustly up-regulated in the pancreatic juice during acute pancreatitis. Trypsin cleaves the N-terminus of PAP, which in turn forms insoluble fibrils. PAP and its paralogue, the pancreatic stone protein, induce bacterial aggregation and, more recently, PAP was shown to bind to the peptidoglycan of Gram-positive bacteria and exert a direct bactericidal effect. However, the role of N-terminal processing in the antibacterial function of PAP has remained unclear. In the present study, we demonstrate that N-terminal cleavage of PAP by trypsin at the Arg 37 ―Ile 38 peptide bond or by elastase at the Ser 35 ―Ala 36 peptide bond is a prerequisite for binding to the peptidoglycan of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. The tryptic site in PAP was also efficiently cleaved by nprE (extracellular neutral metalloprotease) secreted from B. subtilis. Trypsin-mediated processing of PAP resulted in the formation of the characteristic insoluble PAP species, whereas elastase-processed PAP remained soluble. N-terminally processed PAP induced rapid aggregation of B. subtilis without significant bacterial killing. The bacteria-aggregating activities of trypsin-processed and elastase-processed PAP were comparable. In contrast with previous reports, the Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacterium was not aggregated. We conclude that N-terminal processing is necessary for the peptidoglycan binding and bacteria-aggregating activity of PAP and that trypsin-processed and elastase-processed forms are functionally equivalent. The observations also extend the complement of proteases capable of PAP processing, which now includes trypsins, pancreatic elastases and bacterial zinc metalloproteases of the thermolysin type.
Perceptions of D.M.D. student readiness for basic science courses in the United States: Can online review modules help?

There can be a disconnect between the level of content covered in undergraduate coursework and the expectations of professional-level faculty of their incoming students. Some basic science faculty members may assume that students have a good knowledge base in the material and neglect to appropriately review, whilst others may spend too much class time reviewing basic material. It was hypothesised that the replacement of introductory didactic physiology lectures with interactive online modules could improve student preparedness prior to lectures. These modules would also allow faculty members to analyse incoming student abilities and save valuable face-to-face class time for alternative teaching strategies. Results indicated that the performance levels of incoming U.S. students were poor (57% average on a pre-test), and students often under-predicted their abilities (by 13% on average). Faculty expectations varied greatly between the different content areas and did not appear to correlate with the actual student performance. Three review modules were created which produced a statistically significant increase in post-test scores (46% increase, P < 0.0001, n = 114–115). The positive results of this study suggest a need to incorporate online review units in the basic science dental school courses and revise introductory material tailored to students’ strengths and needs.
Restrictions on the singularity method applied to elasticity

Abstract The choice of which fundamental singular solutions to use as basis functions in the so-called singularity method applied to elasticity appears to be restricted by boundary condition types and region geometry. In practice, only the point load solution is consistently reliable but even it fails in certain instances when the elastic body is not a convex region and almost always when the region is not simply connected. Fortunately, all multiply connected regions can be partitioned into simply-connected (although not always convex) ones. A method for doing this is presented along with examples of fundamental solutions which do not work in the singularity method.
Optimal interval lengths for nonlocal boundary value problems associated with third order Lipschitz equations

Abstract For the third order differential equation, y ‴ = f ( x , y , y ′ , y ″ ) , where f ( x , y 1 , y 2 , y 3 ) is Lipschitz continuous in terms of y i , i = 1 , 2 , 3 , we obtain optimal bounds on the length of intervals on which there exist unique solutions of certain nonlocal three and four point boundary value problems. These bounds are obtained through an application of the Pontryagin Maximum Principle from the theory of optimal control.
FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT SEED PRODUCTION AND HYBRIDIZATION RATES: IMPLICATIONS FOR GENE FLOW BETWEEN LOCALLY ADAPTED PLANT POPULATIONS.

Gene flow between genetically distinct plant populations can have significant evolutionary consequences. It can increase genetic diversity, create novel gene combinations, and transfer adaptations from one population to another. This study addresses the roles of frequency-dependent selection and mating system in gene exchange between two subspecies of Gilia capitata (Polemoniaceae). Long-distance migrants are likely to be rare in new habitats, and the importance of immigrant frequency to fitness, gene exchange, and ultimately introgression, has not been explored. To test for the importance of frequency in migration, a field experiment was conducted in which artificial populations (arrays) composed of different mixtures of the two subspecies were placed in the home habitats of both. Female function (seed production) and a portion of male function (hybridization rate) were compared for the two subspecies to assess the potential for gene exchange and introgression between them. Individual fitness (through both hybridization and seed production) for the inland subspecies varied with its frequency as an immigrant at the coastal site. Rare immigrants produced fewer seeds and fathered fewer hybrid offspring. In contrast, both forms of reproductive function were frequency independent for the coastal subspecies when it was an immigrant at the inland site. Seed production was high and insensitive to frequency, and immigrants from the coast never successfully fertilized the inland subspecies' seeds. To control for the effects of frequency-dependent pollinator behavior in the field, hand crosses were performed in the greenhouse using a range of pollen mixtures. The greenhouse experiment demonstrated that cross-fertilization is possible in only one direction, that cross-pollination in the other direction is only partially successful, and that pollen from the coastal subspecies has a strong negative effect on seed production by the inland subspecies. Experimental pollen supplementation in the field verified both the unilateral incompatibility and the negative effect of coastal pollen on inland plant seed production observed in the greenhouse. Contrasts between field array and greenhouse results suggest that pollinator behavior and other ecological factors act to exaggerate reproductive barriers between the two subspecies. In this system, immigrant frequency interacts with reproductive biology and pollinator ecology to enhance gene flow between the populations in one direction, while restricting gene establishment and introgression in the other direction.
Nanocrystalline Cu-Doped Zirconia Film-Coated Long-Period Fiber Grating for CO Monitoring at High Temperature

Dense nanocrystalline copper-doped zirconia (CDZ, Cu:Zr=16:84) thin film was coated on the surface of a 125 μm-diameter long-period fiber grating (LPFG) by a facile synthesis route involving polymeric precursor coating and subsequent thermal treatments. The CDZ film had a uniform thickness of ~100 nm and grain size of 20 to 35 nm after a brief annealing step at 700°C for 1 hour. This CDZ thin film coated LPFG (CDZ-LPFG) was evaluated at a high temperature of 550°C for its change of resonant wavelength (λR) in response to the variation of carbon monoxide (CO) concentration in nitrogen (N2). The λR was found to shift toward longer wavelength when increasing the CO concentration. The CDZ-LPFG sensor response was found to be reproducible and reversible at low level CO concentrations (<1,000 ppm) but became irreversible when the CO concentration was high (e.g. at 10,000 ppm). The high temperature stability of the CDZ material in CO-containing atmospheres was studied to understand the limit of CO measurement range.
Ultrabithorax function in butterfly wings and the evolution of insect wing patterns

Abstract Background: The morphological and functional evolution of appendages has played a critical role in animal evolution, but the developmental genetic mechanisms underlying appendage diversity are not understood. Given that homologous appendage development is controlled by the same Hox gene in different organisms, and that Hox genes are transcription factors, diversity may evolve from changes in the regulation of Hox target genes. Two impediments to understanding the role of Hox genes in morphological evolution have been the limited number of organisms in which Hox gene function can be studied and the paucity of known Hox -regulated target genes. We have therefore analyzed a butterfly homeotic mutant ‘ Hindsight ', in which portions of the ventral hindwing pattern are transformed to ventral forewing identity, and we have compared the regulation of target genes by the Ultrabithorax ( Ubx ) gene product in Lepidopteran and Dipteran hindwings. Results: We show that Ubx gene expression is lost from patches of cells in developing Hindsight hindwings, correlating with changes in wing pigmentation, color pattern elements, and scale morphology. We use this mutant to study how regulation of target genes by Ubx protein differs between species. We find that several Ubx-regulated genes in the Drosophila haltere are not repressed by Ubx in butterfly hindwings, but that Distal-less ( Dll ) expression is regulated by Ubx in a unique manner in butterflies. Conclusions: The morphological diversification of insect hindwings has involved the acquisition of different sets of target genes by Ubx in different lineages. Changes in Hox -regulated target gene sets are, in general, likely to underlie the morphological divergence of homologous structures between animals.
Transactional occupations of older women aging‐in‐place: Negotiating change and meaning

The increasing number of oldest‐old adults who ‘age in place’ in their home raises important questions about the relationships between place, occupation, and well‐being for that cohort. Much remains to be learned about how change in person and place are related to older adults’ occupations and how change and adjustments through occupation influence the meaning older adults experience through their lifeworlds. Using a multiple case study approach employing in‐depth interviews and observations, we examined the cases of three oldest‐old women who continue to live in their own homes but face challenges of aging in place. We conceptualized core domains and processes of relations, occupations, and meanings with the perspective of transactional occupation as a backdrop. Two major conceptual categories emerged from analysis: ‘meaning experienced through occupation’ and ‘negotiating change in the lifeworld.’ The domains of meaning experienced through occupation included occupations of identity, place‐centered acti...
Efficiencies of transcritical CO2 cycles with and without an expansion turbine

With the discovery that fluorocarbons may have a profoundly detrimental effect on the earth's atmosphere, it has become necessary to find a suitable replacement for a fluorocarbon-based refrigeration cycle. Such a replacement must perform comparably to current refrigerants, be economically feasible, and significantly reduce the possibility of a negative environmental impact compared with current refrigerants. A review of the literature on the first vapor compression refrigeration cycles indicate that carbon dioxide was used as the working fluid prior to and after the turn of the century. Moreover, recent literature has suggested that carbon dioxide will work for certain air conditioning applications. Initial investigation of the heat transfer properties of carbon dioxide and subsequent modeling of a transcritical carbon dioxide vapor compression cycle suggest potential performance comparable to that of existing refrigeration systems. This paper will present a detailed literature review of carbon dioxide's role in refrigeration cycles and what has been investigated so far to find a suitable application for carbon dioxide as a refrigerant. In addition, two thermodynamic models for transcritical carbon dioxide cycles with and without an expansion turbine have been developed. Both models contain an internal suction-to-supercritical line heat exchange. The efficiencies of the transcritical carbon dioxide cycles will be compared with the ones of conventional HCFC-22 cycles. A second law analysis on both carbon dioxide and HCFC-22 cycles will be included.
Sulforaphane accelerates acetaldehyde metabolism by inducing aldehyde dehydrogenases: relevance to ethanol intolerance.

Aims: Many East Asians are highly intolerant to even modest alcohol consumption. These individuals accumulate acetaldehyde, the primary metabolite of ethanol, because of a genetic polymorphism of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) that metabolizes acetaldehyde to nontoxic acetate. The aim of these studies is to upregulate ALDH by dietary means, thereby reducing acetaldehyde toxicity. Methods: Sulforaphane [SF, 1-isothiocyano-4-(methylsulfinyl)butane] derived from its glucosinolate precursor contained in cruciferous vegetables and related inducers of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway were assessed for their potencies to induce ALDH in murine hepatoma Hepa1c1c7 cells. Inducer potencies for ALDH were compared with those for NQO1, a prototypical cytoprotective enzyme present downstream of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway. SF (5 or 20 µmol/day) was fed to CD-1 mice for 7 days prior to a single administration of ethanol, and then ALDH induction in organs and pharmacokinetics of acetaldehyde was examined. Results: In addition to SF, other electrophiles, including many Michael reaction acceptors , induce ALDH. Potencies of these agents as inducers parallel their activities in inducing NQO1, and are also dependent on Nrf2. In mice, in vivo , feeding of SF induced tissue ALDH and dramatically increased (doubled) the rate of elimination of acetaldehyde arising from the administration of ethanol. Conclusion: SF and other edible phytochemicals may ameliorate the alcohol intolerance of individuals who are polymorphic with respect to ALDH.
Why do indigenous municipalities in Mexico have worse piped water coverage

Access to piped water is highly unequal in Mexico, and indigenous municipalities are particularly disadvantaged. The present article identifies the different factors that contribute to the unequal access to piped water across Mexican municipalities for the period 2000–2005, using regression analyses. The findings show that indigenous populations experience lower piped water coverage than non-indigenous populations, even when one accounts for population density (the main explanation that the government provides for indigenous populations' lack of progress) and other relevant factors. The present findings also show that one of the reasons for this lack of progress is that indigenous municipalities receive fewer per capita transfers from the central government non-indigenous municipalities, all else being equal. Pourquoi les communautes autochtones du Mexique jouissent-elles d'une couverture inferieure en eau courante ? L'acces a l'eau courante est extremement inegal au Mexique, et les municipalites autochto...
Dermatoglyphic fluctuating asymmetry in twins and singletons.

The influence of twinning on developmental stability was measured by comparing fluctuating asymmetry in dermatologlyphic traits in monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, and singletons. Despite reports that twinning has been reported to influence development of traits such as birth weight and I.Q., no significant difference in fluctuating asymmetry was found between different zygotic categories.
Reviews: Economic Development and Transition: Thought, Strategy and Viability

The article reviews the book "Economic Development and Transition: Thought, Strategy and Viability," by Justin Yifu Lin.
Contributions of secondary forest and nitrogen dynamics to terrestrial carbon uptake

Abstract. We use a terrestrial carbon-nitrogen cycle component of the Integrated Science Assessment Model (ISAM) to investigate the impacts of nitrogen dynamics on regrowing secondary forests over the 20th century. We further examine what the impacts of nitrogen deposition and land use change history are on terrestrial carbon uptake since preindustrial time. Our results suggest that global total net land use emissions for the 1990s associated with changes in cropland, pastureland, and wood harvest are 1.22 GtC/yr. Without considering the secondary forest regrowth, the estimated net global total land use emissions are 1.58 GtC/yr or about 0.36 GtC/yr higher than if secondary forest regrowth is considered. Results also show that without considering the nitrogen dynamics and deposition, the estimated global total secondary forest sink for the 1990s is 0.90 GtC/yr or about 0.54 GtC/yr higher than estimates that include the impacts of nitrogen dynamics and deposition. Nitrogen deposition alone is responsible for about 0.13 GtC/yr of the total secondary forest sink. While nitrogen is not a limiting nutrient in the intact primary forests in tropical regions, our study suggests that nitrogen becomes a limiting nutrient for regrowing secondary forests of the tropical regions, in particular Latin America and Tropical Africa. This is because land use change activities, especially wood harvest, removes large amounts of nitrogen from the system when slash is burnt or wood is removed for harvest. However, our model results show that carbon uptake is enhanced in the tropical secondary forests of the Indian region. We argue that this may be due to enhanced nitrogen mineralization and increased nitrogen availability following land use change in the Indian tropical forest ecosystems. Results also demonstrate that there is a significant amount of carbon accumulating in the Northern Hemisphere where most land use changes and forest regrowth has occurred in recent decades. This study indicates the significance of secondary forests to terrestrial carbon sinks, the importance of nitrogen dynamics to the magnitude of secondary forests carbon uptake, and therefore the need to include both primary and secondary forests and nitrogen dynamics in terrestrial ecosystem models.
The Key–Lock Theory and the Induced Fit Theory

It is a great pleasure for me to contribute to this symposium honoring the great scientist Emil Fischer. My graduate thesis required me to synthesize [1-14C]glucose, which introduced me to the famous Fischer-Kiliani synthesis of glucose and mannose from arabinose and HCN. [1] I was also particularly intrigued with his classic key-lock (or template) theory of enzyme specificity,[2, 3 ] which like all great theories seemed so obvious once one understood it. This symposium in his honor allows me to pay tribute to Fischer’s great contributions to biochemistry varying from natural products chemistry to the key-lock theory, to review some of the history and significance of our induced fit theory, to illustrate the ramifications of those theories in our present era of protein-ligand interactions, and to discuss recent work in our laboratory which is helping to clarify conformational changes and their function. These theories have assumed again a central role in modern health research where the need for drug design requires taking into account the complementarity of fit of Fischer’s principle and the flexibility and regulatory implications of the induced fit theory. The induced fit theory is no more a refutation of Fischer’s key-lock principle than the Heisenberg atom was of the Bohr atom or the modern DNA sequences are of the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis. A new theory must explain all the existing facts that pertain to it at the time of its enunciation. Gradually the new theory becomes accepted and then acquires anomalies due to the new facts uncovered after its enunciation. That in turn generates a newer theory which elicits new techniques to test it and its predictions. These new techniques then uncover facts which eventually require further new theories and so on. The new theories are built on components of the old principles. It is said that each scientist stands on the shoulders of the giants who have gone before him. There can be no more honored place than to stand on the shoulders of Emil Fischer.
Angiosuppressive and Antiproliferative Actions of Suramin: A Growth Factor Antagonist

Suramin is a novel anticancer agent1 that appears to be effective against advanced adrenocortical carcinoma2,3, prostatic cancer4,5, ovarian cancer6, renal cell carcinome and certain refractory lymphomas8. The antiproliferative action is possibly related to the ability of suramin to block the binding of autocrine growth factors to their receptors9-18, to inhibit a variety of cytoplasmic and intranuclear enzymes critical for cell maintenance and proliferation19,20, and to disrupt cellular respiration and energy balance21. Cell migration and adhesion of B16 melanoma cells to the extracellular matrix is inhibited following suramin exposure 22,23 suggesting a mechanism for suramin to inhibit tumor invasion.
Oral Health Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors: Investigation of an Educational Intervention Strategy with At-Risk Females.

A self-perpetuating cycle of poor health literacy and poor oral health knowledge and behavior affects approximately 90 million people in the United States, most especially those from low-income groups and other at-risk populations such as those with addiction. Poor oral health can result from lack of access to regular preventive dental appointments, lack of access to restorative care when dental diseases are treatable, and low oral health knowledge that leads to poor oral health self-care behaviors. In addition, patients’ dental anxiety can impede care, because highly anxious people often avoid dental appointments. To address these issues, this inquiry examined oral health knowledge, attitudes toward oral health, and levels of dental anxiety among women in two residential chemical dependency treatment programs. Participants engaged in oral health intervention sessions to determine possible efficacy of the educational intervention. Results indicate positive outcomes in increases in oral health knowledge and behavior. The frequency of high-to-severe dental anxiety is much higher in this sample than in the general population. Implications are discussed, including use of economically efficient small-group oral health education training. ORAL HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, BEHAVIORS ii
Variation among four white ash families in response to competition and allelopathy

Analysis of three environmental variables affecting seedling growth of four half-sib white ash families was dominated by a three-way interaction between soil moisture stress, fescue leachate, and family. Of these, soil moisture stress contributed by far the most to the interaction and resulted in an average growth decline of 62%. Although fescue leachate appeared to be phytotoxic to ash seedlings, it had a lesser effect resulting in changes in height rankings among families. Seedling families which grew well under moisture stress also tended to be tallest in the presence of fescue leachate. However, seedling families which were tallest under optimum growing conditions were not necessarily tallest when exposed to moisture stress.
Body mass index and risk of head and neck cancer by race: the Carolina Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Study.

Abstract Purpose Most studies, primarily conducted in populations of European ancestry, reported increased risk of head and neck cancer (HNC) associated with leanness (body mass index [BMI] 2 ) and decreased for overweight or obesity (25.0 to 30 kg/m 2 , respectively), compared with normal weight (18.5 to 2 ). Methods The Carolina Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Study is a population-based, racially diverse case-control study of 1289 incident HNC cases (330 African Americans) and 1361 controls (261 African Americans). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for associations between BMI 1 year prediagnosis and HNC risk stratified by race and adjusted for age, sex, smoking, alcohol, and education. Results Multiplicative interaction between BMI and race was evident ( P int = .00007). Compared with normal weight, ORs for leanness were increased for African Americans (OR, 3.91; 95% CI, 0.72–21.17) and whites (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 0.60–3.65). For overweight and obesity, ORs were decreased in African Americans (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.32–0.83 and OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.28–0.79, respectively) but in not whites. The increased risk associated with leanness was greater for smokers than nonsmokers ( P int = .02). Conclusions These data, which require replication, suggest that leanness is associated with increased HNC risk among African Americans to a greater extent than whites and overweight and obesity is associated with decreased HNC risk only among African Americans.
Deterministic Chaos and the Evolution of Meaning

Common wisdom holds that communication is impossible when messages are costless and communicators have totally opposed interests. This article demonstrates that such wisdom is false. Non-convergent dynamics can sustain partial information transfer even in a zero-sum signalling game. In particular, I investigate a signalling game in which messages are free, the state-act payoffs resemble rock–paper–scissors, and senders and receivers adjust their strategies according to the replicator dynamic. This system exhibits Hamiltonian chaos and trajectories do not converge to equilibria. This persistent out-of-equilibrium behaviour results in messages that do not perfectly reveal the sender’s private information, but do transfer information as quantified by the Kullback–Leibler divergence. This finding shows that adaptive dynamics can enable information transmission even though messages at equilibria are meaningless. This suggests a new explanation for the evolution or spontaneous emergence of meaning: non-convergent adaptive dynamics.
Age‐specific patterns in density‐dependent growth of white crappie, Pomoxis annularis

The relationship between growth in white crappie, Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque, and climate, lake morphometry and population density was studied in 103 Texas reservoirs. Growth of age-0 through age-3 white crappie was significantly (P≤0.05) related to latitude, growing season and surface area. Growth of age-1 through age-5 white crappie also was related to annual precipitation. Multiple linear regression models with precipitation and mean catch per unit effort (CPUE) of white crappie as independent variables explained 14–22% of the variation in growth of age-0, -1 and -2 white crappie. By contrast, growth of age-3, -4 and -5 white crappie was unrelated to CPUE. Apparently, between age 2 and 3, the density of white crappie in Texas reservoirs falls below a density-dependent growth threshold beyond which growth is no longer related to density. This density-dependent threshold was most likely related to angler harvest of larger, older white crappie.
Stochastic optimal control with imperfectly known plant disturbances

It is the purpose of this correspondence to show how filtering theory based on a Bayesian approach may be used to solve the problem of optimally controlling a linear discrete stochastic system in which the additive Gaussian plant noise has fixed but unknown variance. Selecting a reproducible type of probability density and applying dynamic programming, an exact analytical solution of the feedback control law may be found.
Resonant light propagation through 90°-bend waveguide based on a strained two-dimensional photonic crystal

The abstract for this paper has been replaced with the following editorial note: It has come to the attention of the Optical Society of America that this article should not have been submitted for publication owing to its substantial replication of an earlier paper: N. Malkova, “Tunable resonant light propagation through 90° bend waveguide based on strained photonic crystal,” J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16, 1523–1530 (2004).