cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leaching of milled asphalt pavement amended with waste to energy ash

The environmental suitability of using Waste-to-Energy (WTE) ash as a partial substitute for aggregate in hot-mix asphalt concrete was investigated using a series of leaching lysimeters. Eight samples of processed asphalt concrete manufactured with 25% by weight WTE ash as aggregate were leached using stainless steel lysimeters. A ninth lysimeter contained asphalt without WTE ash. Simulated rainfall was passed through the processed asphalt concrete to simulate pollutant leaching that might occur from stockpiled or disposed milled asphalt. Leachate samples were collected every five days for 75 days and analysed for lead, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), aluminium, and chloride. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were analysed in the first flush leachates but were not detected. Although previous batch leaching studies found lead, chloride, TDS, and aluminium to present possible risk to groundwater, the lysimeter leachates found only aluminium concentrations to remain above water quality standards throughout the experiment. Lead was detected only sporadically, and TDS and chloride diminished to below water quality thresholds early in the experiment. The source of the aluminium was the WTE ash.
Inhaled particles and respiratory disease

This brief discussion of inhaled particles, their manner of deposition and clearance, and their association with many human disease has been designed to remind us of the importance of particulate agents as sensitizers, via their allergen content, as causative agents of lung inflammation via their immunotoxic properties, as inducers of inflammatory alveolitis based on their content of antigens and adjuvant-like material, and as infectious agents. All these properties can play a part in a wide variety of allergic parenchymal, infectious, and industrial lung diseases and in building-related illnesses.
Differential modulation of GABA- and NMDA-gated currents by ethanol and isoflurane in cultured rat cerebral cortical neurons.

Ethanol and the volatile anesthetics share many features including effects on both GABA and NMDA receptors. To determine the degree of similarity between these compounds, we examined the concentration-response curves for ethanol and isoflurane on currents gated by GABA or NMDA. The effects of isoflurane and ethanol on the righting reflex of rats were also observed. The concentration of ethanol causing loss of the righting reflex of rats was 82.3+/-2.9 mM, whereas median concentration of isoflurane exerting that effect was 0.125 mM. Both isoflurane and ethanol inhibited NMDA-gated currents in cultured cerebral cortical neurons at concentrations well below those associated with loss of the righting reflex or anesthesia. However, the effect of isoflurane was greater than that of ethanol and the slope of the concentration-response curve for isoflurane less steep than that for ethanol. Isoflurane enhanced GABA-gated currents at anesthetic concentrations but there was a sharp concentration-response curve with only minimal effects of isoflurane on GABA-gated currents at concentrations associated with loss of the righting reflex. In contrast, ethanol had no effect on GABA-gated currents even at lethal concentrations, i.e. 300 mM or 1.2%. Comparison of the concentration-response curves for the effects of isoflurane on NMDA- and GABA-gated currents has revealed both EC50 and Hill slope for the potentiation of GABA-gated currents were significantly greater than those for inhibition of NMDA-gated currents. These results support the hypothesis that isoflurane has actions on both the GABA and NMDA systems that are not shared by ethanol.
Parallel Simulated Annealing by Mixing of States

We report the results of testing the performance of a new, efficient, and highly general-purpose parallel optimization method, based upon simulated annealing. This optimization algorithm was applied to analyze the network of interacting genes that control embryonic development and other fundamental biological processes. We found several sets of algorithmic parameters that lead to optimal parallel efficiency for up to 100 processors on distributed-memory MIMD architectures. Our strategy contains two major elements. First, we monitor and pool performance statistics obtained simultaneously on all processors. Second, we mix states at intervals to ensure a Boltzmann distribution of energies. The central scientific issue is the inverse problem, the determination of the parameters of a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations by minimizing the total error between the model behavior and experimental observations.
Leaf Gas Exchange and Damage of Mahogany and Pond Apple Trees from Adult Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Feeding and Soil Flooding

ABSTRACT The effects of feeding on leaves by adult Diaprepes root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and flooding on leaf gas exchange [net CO2 assimilation (A), transpiration (E), and stomatal conductance (gs)], plant growth (root, stem, leaf, and total plant dry weights, stem diameter, and plant height) and adult host plant preference (feeding damage and oviposition) were determined on mahogany, Swietenia mahagoni Jacq., and pond apple, Annona glabra L., trees in outdoor screen cages. Flooding reduced leaf gas exchange, plant growth, and D. abbreviatus feeding damage of mahogany trees. Leaf gas exchange of infested and non-infested trees of both mahogany and pond apple were similar except for one measurement date for mahogany. Leaf dry weights were greater for non-infested than infested mahogany trees. There was no effect of infestation on dry weights of pond apple trees. Based on feeding injury to leaves, adults preferred non-flooded to flooded mahogany trees. The lack of res...
Seedling Albinism Induced by an Extract of Alternaria tenuis

The chlorophyll deficiency in citrus seedlings known as albinism was induced by inoculating seed with certain clones of Alternaria tenuis, or by germination of the seed in contact with extracts from the fungus. The active material in the extracts apparently has a rather specific inhibiting effect on chlorophyll formation in seedlings of various species.
Experiments on the metal-interface amplifier

Abstract Metal-interface amplifiers of the kind described by S pratt , S chwarz and K ane have been fabricated with thin Al and Al 2 O 3 films and a thick Au emitter. Grounded-base and grounded-emitter collector characteristics are similar to those of an n-p-n junction transistor. Power gain of the order of 100 has been obtained from these structures at room temperature and at a frequency of 1 kc/s. Experiments involving variations in Al film thickness, and variations in oxide thickness have been performed. Several anomalous features of the device, such as the decrease in tunneling resistance with increasing Al film thickness, and the decrease of α and β under d.c. conditions, are reported. Measurements of two- and three-terminal transfer characteristics have been examined in order to elicit information concerning the mechanism responsible for power gain. The measurements and experiments have been evaluated with a view to establishing whether a hot-electron or depletion-layer transistor model is effective. In order to accommodate the depletion-layer transistor model of H all , pinholes ranging from a few hundred angstroms to several microns have been incorporated into the structure. The measurements and experiments reported here suggest that there is merit in H all 's proposed model. While a major portion of the current transferred from Au to Ge probably takes place by means of injection into the space-charge region of the Ge, none of the measurements reported rules out the possibility that a small portion of the current may be carried by hot electrons.
Characterization of defect growth structrures in ion-plated films by scanning electron microscopy

Copper and gold films (0.2 to 2 microns) were ion plated onto polished 304-stainless-steel surfaces. These coatings were examined by scanning electron microscopy for coating growth defects. Three types of defects were distinguished: nodular growth, abnormal or runaway growth, and spits. The cause and origin for each type of defect was traced. Nodular growth is primarily due to inherent substrate microdefects, abnormal or runaway growth is due to external surface inclusions, and spits are due to nonuniform evaporation. All these defects have adverse effects on the coatings. They induce stresses and produce porosity in the coatings and thus weaken their mechanical properties. Friction and wear characteristics are affected by coating defects, since the large nodules are pulled out and additional wear debris is generated.
Study of large scale fluctuations in turbid media by photon-density-wave fluctuation correlation spectroscopy

We propose photon-density-wave fluctuation correlation spectroscopy as a method to study the macroscopic dynamics of tissue optical properties. Phantom measurements have shown that our frequency-domain instrument is appropriate to explore intensity, modulation and phase fluctuations in the frequency band from 0 to 125 Hz. Preliminary in vivo studies have revealed a reach optical dynamics in human tissues.
Critical study of temperature effects in stopped-flow mixing systems

Abstract A comparative study of temperature effects in three different stopped-flow mixing systems is reported. Special emphasis was placed on the determination of the signs and magnitudes of the temperature changes which occur before and during mixing when the modules are maintained at 20–30°C. Temperature changes were found to occur under almost all experimental conditions, but two of the stopped-flow modules exhibited reproducible temperature changes, provided that thermal equilibrium was reached between pushes. Based on the results of the experiments that are presented, guidelines are suggested for minimizing the effects of the temperature changes which occur during mixing, particularly when the modules are utilized routinely in reaction-rate methods of analysis.
Erosion resistance of cohesive soils

This paper presents experimental results on surface erodibility tests performed with undisturbed and remolded samples of cohesive soils. When subjected to shear stress caused by flowing water, erosion occurs in two distinctive modes: particle erosion and mass erosion. Erosion resistance is defined as the applied bed shear stress at which incipient erosion occurs. The ratio of mass erosion to particle erosion resistance ranged from 3.7 to 5.4 for the undisturbed samples. The erosion resistance increased with increase of moist bulk density, and an increase of water content to a certain level (to be termed optimum condition hereafter) and the decrease of the mean sediment size.Water content, plasticity index, and moist bulk density of a soil sample are combined into a single parameter ?. Results of the tests on field samples show that ? and the non-dimensional erosion resistance follow linear relationship. In the erodibility tests of remolded samples, individual soil property was changed to investigate its e...
Fluorescence detection in liquid chromatography with an intensified diode-array detector

Abstract The capabilities of full fluorescence spectral detection for the analysis of polyaromatic hydrocarbons after a liquid chromatographic separation were evaluated. The limits of detection and the linear dynamic range were determined for three test compounds, benzo[ a ]pyrene, perylene and anthracene. With the instrument used, detection limits in the micromolar concentration range ( ca. 100 ng injected), and a linear dynamic range of at least three orders of magnitude were observed. In addition, the pair of isomers 1- and 2-aminoanthracene, which are incompletely resolved both spectroscopically and chromatographically, were studied. Finally, a commercially available mixture of polyaromatic hydrocarbons was characterized, and it was possible to resolve the chromatographically unresolved pair of isomers benzo[ a ]anthracene and chrysene. The data analysis methods used included Kalman filter-based methods for adaptive subtraction of background responses, shift correction and linear regression analysis of overlapped responses. The results indicate that full fluorescence spectral detection in liquid chromatography should be an increasingly useful technique.
The Seriousness of Crime Revisited: Have Attitudes Toward White‐Collar Crime Changed?

Social commentators have often observed that the public is indifferent to white-collar criminality. However, the growing attention that white-collar crime has received in recent years raises the possibility of changes in the public's perceptions of such violations. By replicating Rossi et al.'s survey in 1972 of the seriousness of 140 offenses, the present research presents data indicating that white-collar crime has increased in seriousness more than any other offense category, but that it is still viewed as less serious than most other forms of illegality. When different types of white-collar crime were analyzed, we found considerable variation in ratings, with high a degree of seriousness attributed to offenses involving physical harm. Further, while all categories of white-collar criminality increased in seriousness, attitudinal changes have been particularly apparent toward two types, Violent and Corporate Price-Fixing.
The Optical Design And Application Of Light Pipe systems In FTIR Spectrometer

The light pipe is a very useful tool to study infrared spectra of powders and layers. Three optical systems using light pipes will be discussed.
Citizenship behavior at the team level of analysis: The effects of team leadership, team commitment, perceived team support, and team size

The authors investigated citizenship behavior at the team level of analysis by examining 71 change management teams, teams that are responsible for implementing organizational change. The authors collected data at an automotive-industry firm in the mid-Atlantic United States using a questionnaire methodology and an examination of company records. Team leader behavior, team commitment, and perceived team support all had large effects on team citizenship behavior, whereas team size had a small-to-negligible effect.
Local Heat (Mass) Transfer in a Rotating Square Channel with Ejection Holes

The objective of this experimental investigation was to examine the effects of rotation, flow ejection, channel orientation, and transverse ribs on the local heat (mass) transfer distribution for radial outward flow in a square channel, rotating about a perpendicular axis. The test channel was oriented so that the direction of rotation was perpendicular or at a 45 deg angle to the leading and trailing walls. There were eight ejection holes along the leading or trailing wall of the test channel. The diameter of each ejection hole was equal to one-fifth of the channel hydraulic diameter. The wall with the ejection holes was either smooth or roughened with seven transverse ribs. The ribs were located midway between two ejection holes. The height of the ribs was equal to one-tenth of the channel hydraulic diameter, and the spacing between two ribs was equal to 10 times the rib height. The Reynolds number was 5.5 X 10 3 and the rotation number range was between O.Q and 0.24. In a smooth normally oriented channel, rotation in the direction of the ejection flow significantly reduced the local heat/mass transfer on the leading wall, except in the vicinity of the ejection holes. Rotation in a direction opposite to that of the ejection flow widened the high heat/mass transfer regions near the ejection holes on the trailing wall, and reduced the heat/ mass transfer in the regions between the ejection holes. In a smooth diagonally oriented channel, the trend of higher heat/mass transfer near the leading side of the leading wall rather than near the trailing side was the opposite of the expected trend for the radial outward flow through a smooth diagonally oriented channel with no ejection holes. Flow reattachment downstream of transverse ribs and flow acceleration toward ejection holes together caused very high heat/mass transfer in bell-shaped regions around the ejection holes. Rotation changed the shape of the local heat/mass transfer distribution more on the leading wall than on the trailing wall of a rib-roughened diagonally oriented channel.
A novel virtual reality simulation for hemostasis in a brain surgical cavity: Perceived utility for visuomotor skills in current and aspiring neurosurgery residents

Objective To understand the perceived utility of a novel simulator to improve operative skill, eye-hand coordination, and depth perception. Methods We used the ImmersiveTouch simulation platform (ImmersiveTouch, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) in two U.S. Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education−accredited neurosurgical training programs: the University of Chicago and the University of Texas Medical Branch. A total of 54 trainees participated in the study, which consisted of 14 residents (group A), 20 senior medical students who were neurosurgery candidates (group B), and 20 junior medical students (group C). The participants performed a simulation task that established bipolar hemostasis in a virtual brain cavity and provided qualitative feedback regarding perceived benefits in eye-hand coordination, depth perception, and potential to assist in improving operating skills. Results The perceived ability of the simulator to positively influence skills judged by the three groups: group A, residents; group B, senior medical students; and group C, junior medical students was, respectively, 86%, 100%, and 100% for eye-hand coordination; 86%, 100%, and 95% for depth perception; and 79%, 100%, and 100% for surgical skills in the operating room. From all groups, 96.2% found the simulation somewhat or very useful to improve eye-hand coordination, and 94% considered it beneficial to improve depth perception and operating room skills. Conclusion This simulation module may be suitable for resident training, as well as for the development of career interest and skill acquisition; however, validation for this type of simulation needs to be further developed.
Natural Reason, Natural Rights, and Governmental Neutrality Toward Religion

This article explores the normative basis of church-state separation and of some separationist principles that apply to the conduct of individual citizens. It states institutional principles for the guidance of governmental policy toward religious institutions; it articulates citizenship standards for political conduct on the part of individuals; and it explores the case for affirming these two kinds of standards on the basis of what, historically, has been called natural reason. A major question for the article is whether natural reason may be properly considered to be secular, in a sense that implies normative authority that is not dependent on religion or theology and is also sufficient to justify affirming natural rights, such as rights to freedom of action, religious liberty, and equal treatment under the law. The article argues that natural reason may be viewed as secular in this sense and that, as has not been generally noticed, this poses a challenge to liberal political theory. On the plausible assumption that democracies may not properly assume that natural reason cannot—independently of religious premises—establish theism, they lack an adequate basis for a robust separation of church and state and cannot justify the far-reaching governmental neutrality toward religion endorsed by liberal political theory. The article assesses this challenge to liberal political theory, sketches a kind of governmental neutrality consistent with a strong conception of natural reason, and proposes a principle of toleration that supports both a desirable balance between an appropriate secularity in government and a high degree of religious liberty in society.
Thrombospondin-1 expression in melanoma is blocked by methylation and targeted reversal by 5-Aza-deoxycytidine suppresses angiogenesis.

Background Reversibility of aberrant methylation via pharmacological means is an attractive target for therapies through epigenetic reprogramming. To establish that pharmacologic reversal of methylation could result in functional inhibition of angiogenesis, we undertook in vitro and in vivo studies of thrombospondin-1 (TSP1), a known inhibitor of angiogenesis. TSP1 is methylated in several malignancies, and can inhibit angiogenesis in melanoma xenografts. We analyzed effects of 5-Aza-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC) on melanoma cells in vitro to confirm reversal of promoter hypermethylation and restoration of TSP1 expression. We then investigated the effects of TSP1 expression on new blood vessel formation and tumor growth in vivo. Finally, to determine potential for clinical translation, the methylation status of TSP1 promoter regions of nevi and melanoma tissues was investigated.
A computer package for DNA sequence analysis

Abstract We have developed a comprehensive software-hardware package for a CP/M based or other microcomputer which can perform four major functions in a molecular biology laboratory: (1) the acquisition and analysis of DNA sequence data, (2) word processing in the preparation of scientific manuscripts and figures, (3) general lab computation and data reduction, and (4) as a data terminal for communication of data over the phone line.
Potential Effluent Quality from Commercial Crawfish Ponds

Abstract Seventeen commercial and two demonstration crawfish ponds in southern Louisiana that were either planted with rice Oryza sativa or a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor × S. sudanese) or colonized with volunteer terrestrial or semiaquatic vegetation were evaluated for potential effluent quality. Nutrients and solids concentrations in potential crawfish pond effluents increased significantly in spring and summer from fall and winter levels. Potential effluent quality was poorest during the annual summer drawdown and is likely to have the greatest impact on receiving waterways. Total suspended solids and turbidity most frequently exceeded Louisiana water quality standards. Ponds with volunteer vegetation had significantly lower concentrations of chemical oxygen demand, turbidity, total suspended solids, total volatile suspended solids, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen than ponds with rice and sorghum-sudangrass. Soluble reactive phosphorus, total phosphorus, total ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate we...
The effect of oxotremorine and atropine on cGMP and cAMP levels in mouse cerebral cortex and cerebellum

Abstract Guanosine 3′, 5′ cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) and adenosine 3′,5′ cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) were measured in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex of mice after treatment with oxotremorine and atropine. Oxotremorine treatment results within 3–5 minutes in a 70% increase in cGMP in cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Pretreatment with atropine prevents the oxotremorine induced rise in cGMP. Following treatment with atropine alone, cGMP levels rise in cerebral cortex and fall in cerebellum. Atropine has no effect on cAMP levels, but oxotremorine decreases cAMP levels in both cerebral cortex and cerebellum. These results are interpreted as indicating that 1) cGMP is involved in cholinergic neurotransmission, and 2) cGMP and cAMP have idependent functional roles in the central nervous system.
Natrocarbonatite tephra of Kerimasi volcano, Tanzania

Carbonatite tephra was discharged in the final eruptive phase of Kerimasi, an extinct nephelinite volcano in the eastern rift valley of northern Tanzania. The tephra was dominantly of alkali carbonatite composition, thus providing the first well-documented example of premodern natrocarbonatite volcanism. The principal carbonate mineral was nyerereite, which is the dominant mineral in modern natrocarbonatite lava flows of the adjacent volcano Oldoinyo Lengai. The nyerereite of Kerimasi was leached of its alkalis by meteoric water and is now represented by calcite pseudomorphs. Natrocarbonatite tephra of Kerimasi shows that the alkali-rich eruptive rocks of Oldoinyo Lengai are not unique, thus supporting the hypothesis that carbonatite magmas associated with nephelinite volcanism were originally alkaline and that the subvolcanic calcitic carbonatites are a residuum from which the alkalis have been removed, either by volcanism or fenetizing fluids. A hypothesis to be tested is that eruptive carbonatite magma is, worldwide, commonly and perhaps dominantly of natrocarbonatite composition.
Transplantation for the Treatment of Intra-Abdominal Fibromatosis

Abstract Materials and Methods During the last 9 years we treated 14 patients with a diagnosis of intra-abdominal fibromatosis. The 11 patients who received an intestinal allograft included isolated intestine ( n = 6), liver-intestine ( n = 1), intestine-kidney ( n = 1), multivisceral ( n = 1), multivisceral-kidney ( n = 1), multivisceral-no liver ( n = 1). Three patients received an intestinal autograft after partial abdominal evisceration and ex vivo tumor resection. Three patients additionally underwent an abdominal wall allograft. Results At follow-up until August 2004, all autotransplant patients are alive. Four intestinal transplant patients died within the first postoperative month. There were three graft losses. A patient who lost his graft early postoperatively was retransplanted but died of sepsis shortly there after. Two more patients lost their graft due to severe rejection and were retransplanted successfully. Two patients developed desmoid tumor recurrence in their abdominal or thoracic wall. Ten patients are alive 1 to 9 years posttransplantation. Nine have fully functioning grafts and one patient requires TPN supplementation at night due to dysmotility of her autograft. Conclusion Intestinal allo-, or autotransplantation combined with transplantation of the abdominal wall can be lifesaving for patients suffering from extensive intra-abdominal fibromatosis.
RIG-I “Sees” the 5′-Triphosphate

RIG-I protects host cells against various RNA viruses by sensing viral RNAs in the cytoplasm. Crystal structures of RIG-I C-terminal domain bound to 5′-triphosphate dsRNA unveils how RIG-I recognizes the 5′-triphosphate moiety, a hallmark of viral RNAs (Lu et al., 2010).
Raman Studies of Stress-Induced Phase Transformations in Titania Films

Time-resolved micro-Raman spectroscopy is used to follow the amorphous to crystalline phase transformation in sol-gel deposited titania films induced thermally or through the action of applied hydrostatic pressure in a diamond anvil cell. Time-dependent phonon intensities intrinsic to the growing phase are related to the volume fraction of crystallite present at any time. The sigmoidally generated curves can be modeled in terms of modified Avrami ingrowth kinetics in which diffusion of the amorphous phase to the nucleation center is restricted by the morphology of the evolving phase. Phonon frequency and linewidth measurements during the course of the transformation probe changes in film stress and particle size which are used to understand the mechanistics of the transformation. Raman measurements also are used to derive a phase stability diagram for titania films.
5-Bromodeoxyuridine: A specific inhibitor of cytokinin-habituation in tobacco cell culture

Cytokinin-habituated cells of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. “Havana 425” are able to grow in culture without added cytokinin. The thymidine analogue, 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), which selectively inhibits differentiation of animal cells, blocks expression of the cytokinin-habituated phenotype in culture. This effect is prevented by thymidine and is reversible. These findings suggest that habituation and animal cell differentiation have a common mechanism. BUdR provides a useful tool for investigating the metabolism of cell division factors and its regulation in higher plant cells.
The effect of implicit stereotypes on the physical performance in older adults

The purpose of this study was to explore how stereotypes affect physical performance in older adults. During Experiment 1, older adults were primed with objects representing aging stereotypes to determine whether these objects can activate stereotypes of aging. Results from the first part of this study provide evidence that certain material objects have implicit meaning and can activate stereotypes of aging. During Experiment 2, 96 community dwelling older adults were randomly assigned to one of three groups: exposure to positive stereotypes of aging (n = 32), exposure to negative stereotypes of aging (n = 32), or a neutral condition (n = 31). Gait speed, standing balance, and lower extremity muscle performance were tested before and after exposure to the objects. Results revealed no significant differences between those exposed to positive stereotypes, negative stereotypes, or the neutral condition. Physical performance was not affected by exposure to objects related to stereotypes of aging. Compared to ...
Distal slowing of motor nerve conduction velocity in diabetic polyneuropathy

Abstract Using the latencies of M response and F wave, motor nerve conduction was assessed along the entire course of the nerve from the spinal cord to the muscle in 102 diabetics and 74 control patients. In diabetics, latencies were increased and conduction velocity decreased over both proximal and distal segments. However, the latency ratio of the proximal to distal segment (F ratio) was slightly but significantly smaller in diabetics (mean ± SD:0.93 ± 0.14, 1.35 ± 0.20, 1.09 ± 0.19 and 1.02 ± 0.19 for median, ulnar, tibial and peroneal nerves, respectively) than in control patients (1.05 ± 0.09, 1.41 ± 0.12, 1.17 ± 0.13 and 1.08 ± 0.12). These findings suggest that motor conduction abnormalities in diabetic polyneuropathy are diffuse over the total length of the nerve, but more intense in the distal than proximal segment. An additional finding in diabetics was that both proximal and distal segments were more frequently affected in the lower than in the upper extremities.
Real-time interleaved photoacoustic/ultrasound (PAUS) imaging for interventional procedure guidance

Ultrasound-guided photoacoustic imaging has shown great potential for many clinical applications including vascular visualization, detection of nanoprobes sensing molecular profiles, and guidance of interventional procedures. However, bulky and costly lasers are usually required to provide sufficient pulse energies for deep imaging. The low pulse repetition rate also limits potential real-time applications of integrated photoacoustic/ultrasound (PAUS) imaging. With a compact and low-cost laser operating at a kHz repetition rate, we aim to integrate photoacoustics (PA) into a commercial ultrasound (US) machine utilizing an interleaved scanning approach for clinical translation, with imaging depth up to a few centimeters and frame rates > 30 Hz. Multiple PA sub-frames are formed by scanning laser firings covering a large scan region with a rotating galvo mirror, and then combined into a final frame. Ultrasound pulse-echo beams are interleaved between laser firings/PA receives. The approach was implemented with a diode-pumped laser, a commercial US scanner, and a linear array transducer. Insertion of an 18-gauge needle into a piece of chicken tissue, with subsequent injection of an absorptive agent into the tissue, was imaged with an integrated PAUS frame rate of 30 Hz, covering a 2.8 cm × 2.8 cm imaging plane. Given this real-time image rate and high contrast (> 40 dB at more than 1-cm depth in the PA image), we have demonstrated that this approach is potentially attractive for clinical procedure guidance.
Propagation length independent nonlinearity threshold in stokes-wave suppressed SRS in chirally-coupled-core fibers

We show that Stokes-wave suppressed Stimulated Raman Scattering exhibits propagation-length independent threshold and demonstrate how such suppression of nonlinear interactions can be implemented in specially designed fibers.
Processing characteristics and oxidative stability of soybean oil extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide at 50 C and 8,000 psi

The crude oil extracted from soy flakes with supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) was characterized for color, free fatty acid, phosphorus, neutral oil loss, unsaponifiable matter, tocopherol and iron content and compared to a commercial hexane-extracted sample of crude degummed oil. Characterization and processing studies indicate that SCCO2 extraction yields a product comparable to a hexane-extracted degummed oil. However, hexane-extracted degummed soybean oils exhibit better oxidative stability because phosphatides, which are natural antioxidants, are essentially absent in SCCO2-extracted oils.
Small bending of a circular bar superposed on finite extension or compression

Solutions are presented for the small bending by terminal couples or by a transverse end load of a circular cylinder of incompressible isotropic material which has been initially finitely extended or compressed by axial loading. Numerical results are given for a Mooney material. The results are used to investigate the stability of a circular bar under end thrust. An elementary solution is giver for the small bending by its own weight of a stretched horizontal cylinder.
Abstract 3135: Pre-treatment p-EGFR levels in tumors from a genetically engineered mouse model of BRAFV600E colorectal cancer predict response to combined BRAF/EGFR inhibition

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA BRAFV600E colorectal cancer (CRC) patients do not exhibit responses to single-agent BRAF inhibition due to activation of EGFR. While combined BRAF and EGFR inhibition has shown some success in early clinical trials, there are still a subset of patients who do not respond to this combination. The purpose of this study is to identify which BRAFV600E tumors would be expected to respond to combined BRAF/EGFR inhibition based on the pre-treatment levels of pEGFR. A genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) for Apc-/- BrafV600E/+ p53-/- CRC was used for the study. Tumors were induced in the colons using adenovirus expressing Cre recombinase. Tumors were visualized by optical colonoscopy and pre-treatment tissue biopsy samples were obtained. BRAF mutant mice were randomized to a combination treatment with a BRAF inhibitor (Dabrafenib), combined with either an EGFR inhibitor (Erlotinib) or a MEK inhibitor (Trametinib). Tumor growth or regression was followed for 21 days by colonoscopy. A retrospective analysis indicated that those tumors with high pre-treatment phosphorylated EGFR (p-EGFR) levels had significant responses to combined BRAF/EGFR therapy, while those tumors with little to no response to combined BRAF/EGFR therapy had low levels of p-EGFR prior to treatment. Furthermore, the majority of tumors that had a significant response to the combined BRAF/MEK therapy had the lowest levels of pre-treatment p-EGFR. These pre-clinical data suggest that BRAFV600E CRC patients could benefit from being stratified by p-EGFR levels prior to treatment. Those patients with high p-EGFR levels would be expected to respond best to combined BRAF/EGFR treatment, while those patients with low p-EGFR levels might benefit from a different combination therapy, such as combined BRAF/MEK inhibition. Citation Format: Erin M. Coffee, Ryan B. Corcoran, Jeffrey A. Engelman. Pre-treatment p-EGFR levels in tumors from a genetically engineered mouse model of BRAFV600E colorectal cancer predict response to combined BRAF/EGFR inhibition. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3135. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3135
Raman coupling-parameter variation in amorphous silicon.

The Raman coupling-parameter variation of an a-Si film has been obtained from depolarized--Raman-scattering measurements by using inelastic--neutron-scattering results. The frequency variation is found to be quite similar to that of a-Ge with appropriate frequency scaling. The coupling parameter is utilized to calculate from the Raman spectra the approximate density of states of a maximally ordered, chemical-vapor-deposited a-Si film. The resulting density of states is shown to be in good agreement with the theoretical density of states of a Beeman model which is estimated to have a similar bond-angle deviation.
Representation of Elevated-Temperature Tensile Behavior of Type 304 Stainless Steel in a Sodium Environment

An analysis of tensile behavior of Type 304 stainless steel was conducted for specimens in the solution-annealed condition and after exposure to a sodium environment. The Voce equation was used to describe tensile flow curves for plastic strains above 0.005 at temperatures between 550 and 700/sup 0/C and strain rates of 3.81 x 10/sup -6/ to 1.90 x 10/sup -3/ s/sup -1/. The results show that, when compared with solution-annealed specimens, the tensile flow behavior of the sodium-exposed specimens is characterized by a higher strain-hardening rate, which decreases rapidly with an increase in flow stress. The values of the saturation stress for uniform elongation predicted from the Voce model are higher for the sodium-exposed specimens than for those in the solution-annealed condition at strain rates or approximately 5 x 10/sup -5/ s/sup -1/. Metallographic examination of the fracture surfaces shows a transition from a complete ductile fracture to a partial intergranular failure as the strain rate decreases. Carburization of the specimens appears to inhibit the intergranular failure.
Identification of the enzyme responsible for N-acetylation of norfloxacin by Microbacterium sp. Strain 4N2-2.

Microbacterium sp. 4N2-2, isolated from a wastewater treatment plant, converts the antibacterial fluoroquinolone norfloxacin to N-acetylnorfloxacin and three other metabolites. Because N-acetylation results in loss of antibacterial activity, identification of the enzyme responsible is important for understanding fluoroquinolone resistance. The enzyme was identified as glutamine synthetase (GS); N-acetylnorfloxacin was produced only under conditions associated with GS expression. The GS gene (glnA) was cloned, and the protein (53 kDa) was heterologously expressed and isolated. Optimal conditions and biochemical properties (Km and Vmax) of purified GS were characterized; the purified enzyme was inhibited by Mn2+, Mg2+, ATP, and ADP. The contribution of GS to norfloxacin resistance was shown by using a norfloxacin-sensitive Escherichia coli strain carrying glnA derived from Microbacterium sp. 4N2-2. The GS of Microbacterium sp. 4N2-2 was shown to act as an N-acetyltransferase for norfloxacin, which produced low-level norfloxacin resistance. Structural and docking analysis identified potential binding sites for norfloxacin at the ADP binding site and for acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) at a cleft in GS. The results suggest that environmental bacteria whose enzymes modify fluoroquinolones may be able to survive in the presence of low fluoroquinolone concentrations.
Pedagogies of practice and opportunities to learn about classroom mathematics discussions

In this paper, we argue that to prepare pre-service teachers for doing complex work of teaching like leading classroom mathematics discussions requires an implementation of different pedagogies of teacher education in deliberate ways. In supporting our argument, we use two frameworks: one curricular and one pedagogical. The curricular framework is based on the work of Hammerness et al. (Preparing teachers for a changing world. What teachers should learn and be able to do. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass Educational Series, pp 358–388, 2005) outlining four main goals of teacher learning: a vision of practice, knowledge of students and content, dispositions for using this knowledge, and a repertoire of practices and tools. The pedagogical framework is based on the work of Grossman et al. (Teach Teach Theory Pract 15(2):273–289, 2009a; Teach Coll Record 111(9):2055–2100, 2009b) outlining three pedagogies of practice: representations, decompositions, and approximations of practice. We use the curricular framework to examine the opportunities for teacher learning that were afforded by these three different pedagogies of practice in a unit on leading classroom mathematics discussion in a secondary mathematics methods course. We use evidence from our analysis to show how the coordination of those pedagogies of practice is better than any one of them in addressing important goals for teacher learning about classroom discussions.
Simulations and Institutional Change: Training US Government Professionals for Improved Management of Complex Emergencies Abroad

A new training programme for US Government officials features simulations that require them to reach across normal bureaucratic boundaries to rehearse actual responses to real-life overseas emergencies. The simulations use a planning template that builds on lessons learned from recent, non-traditional, civil-military and humanitarian operations. The programme aims to help officials from many different parts of the government improve their capacity to coordinate inter-agency responses by institutionalizing advance planning among those most likely to be involved in any US action. A discussion-capture software package developed at the War Gaming and Simulation Centre that incorporates the planning template facilitates this process and supports the training goals.
Subcutaneous panniculitic T-cell lymphoma is a tumor of cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Subcutaneous panniculitic T cell lymphoma (SCPTCL) is characterized by primary involvement of the subcutaneous fat in a manner mimicking panniculitis. We studied 16 cases of this lymphoma to define its immunophenotypical profile as well as cellular origin. Involvement of the subcutaneous fat in a lacelike pattern with neoplastic cells rimming individual fat spaces was present in all cases. All 16 cases were of T cell phenotype. Thirteen of the 16 cases were CD8+, whereas three were negative for both CD4 and CD8. Twelve cases were stained for betaF1; of these, eight were betaF1+ and four were betaF1-. Focal staining for CD56 and CD30 was seen in 2 of 13 and two of eight cases, respectively. Intense diffuse positivity for the cytotoxic granular proteins T cell intracellular antigen-1 (TIA-1) and perforin was present in all cases, indicating an origin from cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Ten cases studied for Epstein-Barr viral sequences were negative. Eight of 9 cases with amplifiable DNA showed a clonal TCR gamma gene rearrangement by polymerase chain reaction. Controls included seven cases of benign panniculitis and seven other peripheral T cell lymphomas involving the skin and subcutaneous tissues: two peripheral T cell lymphomas, not otherwise specified (PTL,NOS), four anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL), one T/NK cell lymphoma. The seven cases of panniculitis lacked cytological atypia and were characterized by an admixture of CD4+ and CD8+ cells with interspersed aggregates of L26+ B cells. Only infrequent cells showed staining for TIA-1 and perforin. In the control cases of T cell lymphoma, the infiltrate had a tendency for dermal and sometimes even epidermal involvement, with sheeting out of malignant cells, in contrast to the characteristic subcutaneous localization and rimming of fat spaces noted in SCPTCL. The two PTL, NOS were CD4+ and negative for both TIA-1 and perforin. Although the remaining controls expressed TIA-1 and perforin, in keeping with their cytotoxic T or natural killer (NK) cell origin, histological and other immunophenotypical features allowed distinction from SCPTCL. Five cases of SCPTCL were also stained for apoptosis using a tdt-mediated end labeling kit. All cases showed numerous positive apoptotic bodies, suggesting apoptosis as the mechanism of cell death in these tumors. Our study indicates that SCPTCL constitutes a distinctive clinicopathological entity derived from cytotoxic T lymphocytes and should be differentiated from other benign and malignant lymphoid infiltrates involving the subcutis. The apoptosis seen in these tumors may be mediated by release of cytotoxic granular proteins.
Molecular Symmetry, Rotational Entropy, and Elevated Melting Points

In a homologous series of compounds, internal cohesive forces correlate with densities, boiling points, heats of vaporization, refractive indexes, and surface tensions but do not correlate with the puzzling behavior of melting points. Rotational symmetry is the neglected major factor as a determinant of melting points. A symmetrical molecule with a high-symmetry number σ has increased order and reduced rotational entropy by the amount of R ln(σ), which elevates the melting point but has no effect on the boiling point. This opens the prospect that melting points can be predicted by group contribution methods plus molecular symmetry.
Regulatory T cells and infection: a dangerous necessity

Surviving a given infection requires the generation of a controlled immune response. Failure to establish or restore homeostatic conditions during or following the onset of an infection can lead to tissue damage. Investigation of the immunoregulatory network that arises in response to the infectious process or that is induced by the pathogen itself should provide insight into therapeutic approaches for the control of infection and any subsequent immunopathology. In this Review, I discuss current hypotheses and points of polemic associated with the origin, mode of action and antigen specificity of the various populations of regulatory T cells that arise during infection.
N-Terminal ArgD Peptides from the Classical Staphylococcus aureus Agr System Have Cytotoxic and Proinflammatory Activities

AgrD is the precursor for the autoinducing peptide in a quorum-sensing system regulating virulence phenotypes of the preeminent pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Mass spectrometry-based methods, including molecular networking, identified formylated and nonformylated peptide variants derived from the AgrD N-terminal leader domain in S. aureus cell-free culture supernatants. Functional assessment of these peptides revealed unexpected bioactivities, including human cell-line cytotoxicity, modulation of neutrophil chemotaxis, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and the aggravation of skin lesions in vivo.
White Racism: A Psychohistory

This is the only comprehensive psychoanalytic study of white racism. It integrates historical, social and psychodynamic perspectives to explore Kovel's definition that 'far from being the simple delusion of a bigoted and ignorant minority, racism is a set of beliefs whose structure arises from the deepest levels of our lives - from the fabric of assumptions we make about the world, ourselves and others and from the patterns of fundamental social activities.'
Building biomedical materials layer-by-layer

In this materials perspective, the promise of water based layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly as a means of generating drug-releasing surfaces for biomedical applications, from small molecule therapeutics to biologic drugs and nucleic acids, is examined. Specific advantages of the use of LbL assembly versus traditional polymeric blend encapsulation are discussed. Examples are provided to present potential new directions. Translational opportunities are discussed to examine the impact and potential for true biomedical translation using rapid assembly methods, and applications are discussed with high need and medical return.
AQUEOUS PROCESS FOR PILOT PLANT-SCALE PRODUCTION OF PEANUT PROTEIN CONCENTRATE

The feasibility of producing a peanut protein concentrate using an aqueous system has been evaluated on a pilot plant scale. The recovery of oil, which is economically important, was critically influenced by grinding methods and conditions and washing of the recovered solids, thus reducing the oil content of the concentrate and increasing the oil recovery. Under the present operating conditions approximately 92% of the protein in the raw material was recovered as a protein concentrate and 89% of the initial oil as free oil. The cost of production was estimated as 23c/lb of protein.