cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quo Vadis - The Bound Document?

A thread that puckers the entire warp and woof of library service is the problem of binding library materials. Binding procedures “are the steps taken to insure the preservation of written, printed, or near‐printed material through a process of attaching permanent covers to the gathered pages.” Unbound United States federal documents throughout the history of the federal publishing function often have provided librarians with more binding problems than any other segment of the publishing industry. As perhaps the largest publisher in the world, the United States government has produced paperback titles by the millions as serials, numbered series, pamphlets and monographs. Changing patterns of publication from so‐called traditional government documents to a preponderance of research and development reports and the emergence of new patterns of usage including computer services and microforms have not reduced the number of paperbacks nor the accompanying difficulties of servicing and preserving them.
Strength and structure of laterites and lateritic soils

Abstract Ten soils from Puerto Rico representing various states of weathering were subjected to engineering index tests, strength and density measurement, mineralogic analyses, and scanning electron microscopy. Engineering classification systems used for temperate soils tend to underestimate the engineering behavior of these undisturbed lateritic soils and in the undisturbed state the soils exhibit low densities and high strengths. The engineering properties of the undisturbed soils show systematic trends in relation to the degree of weathering and the parent rock. For a given rock, the void ratio is decreased and cohesion increased as weathering proceeds. This is the result of increasing crystallization and cementation by the sesquioxides. The specific gravity of the solid particles is a promising index property to characterize these lateritic soils insofar as it reflects iron oxide content. The decrease in void ratio and increase in cohesion with increasing specific gravity suggests a model for the engineering classification of tropical soils.
Gas—solid flow in a novel standpipe

Abstract A novel standpipe has been designed and its performance characteristics discussed in this paper. The proposed standpipe is a combination of the over- and under-flow standpipe concepts and offers the advantages of both. While the outlet of an overflow standpipe has to be immersed in a fluidized bed, the outlet of this new configuration need not be. The standpipe discussed in the paper is characterized by the absence of a mechanical valve and by its ability to adjust the pressure drop across the standpipe to balance the pressure drop through the entire system. While an L-valve imposes restrictions on the standpipe dimensions, the proposed standpipe configuration does not. The experiments showed that larger solids, or agglomerates, could be discharged very easily through the opening at the bottom of the first column of the standpipe and the solids flowrate could be adjusted by aeration through both the first and the second column. The new standpipe has a good operating stability and it offers significant ease of control.
The conserved oligomeric Golgi complex is required for fucosylation of N-glycans in Caenorhabditis elegans

The conserved oligomeric Golgi complex (COG) is a hetero-octomeric peripheral membrane protein required for retrograde vesicular transport and glycoconjugate biosynthesis within the Golgi. Mutations in subunits 1, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 are the basis for a rare inheritable human disease termed congenital disorders of glycosylation type-II. Defects to COG complex function result in aberrant glycosylation, protein trafficking and Golgi structure. The cellular function of the COG complex and its role in protein glycosylation are not completely understood. In this study, we report the first detailed structural analysis of N-glycans from a COG complex-deficient organism. We employed sequential ion trap mass spectrometry of permethylated N-glycans to demonstrate that the COG complex is essential for the formation of fucose-rich N-glycans, specifically antennae fucosylated structures in Caenorhabditis elegans. Our results support the supposition that disruption to the COG complex interferes with normal protein glycosylation in the medial and/or trans-Golgi.
Sexually dimorphic patterns of space use throughout ontogeny in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta)

Observational and telemetry data were used in a geographic information system database to document the ontogenetic development of sexually dimorphic patterns of space use among free-living spotted hyenas Crocuta crocuta in Kenya. No measures of space use were sexually dimorphic among den-dwelling cubs, nor were sex differences apparent among hyenas that had ceased using dens for shelter until these animals were c. 30 months of age. Significant sex differences emerged late in the third year of life, and persisted throughout the remainder of the life span; males were found farther from the geographic centre of the natal territory than were females, and the mean size of individual 95 % utility distributions was larger for males than females. Most dispersal events by radio-collared males were preceded by a series of exploratory excursions outside the natal territory. All collared males dispersed, but no collared females did so. Most dispersing males moved only one or two home ranges away at dispersal, roughly 8–10 km distant from the natal territory, before settling in a new social group.
Efficient geocasting with perfect delivery in wireless networks

Geocasting is the delivery of packets to nodes within a certain geographic area. For many applications in wireless networks, geocasting is an important and frequent communication service. The challenging problem in geocasting is distributing the packets to all the nodes within the geocast region with high probability but with low overhead. According to our study we notice a clear tradeoff between the proportion of nodes in the geocast region that receive the packet and the overhead incurred by the geocast packet especially at low densities and irregular distributions. We present two novel protocols for geocasting that achieve high delivery rate and low overhead by utilizing the local location information of nodes to combine geographic routing mechanisms with region flooding. We show that the first protocol (GFG) has close-to-minimum overhead in dense networks and that the second protocol (GFPG) provides guaranteed delivery without global flooding or global network information even at low densities and with the existence of region gaps. A practical version of the second protocol (GFPG) has the desirable property of perfect delivery at all densities and close-to-minimum overhead at high densities. We evaluate our mechanisms and compare them using simulation to the currently proposed geocasting mechanisms. The results show the significant improvement in delivery rate (up to 63% higher delivery percentage in low density networks) and reduction in overhead (up to 80% reduction) achieved by our mechanisms.
Rare event simulation of the performance of an actively mode-locked fiber laser model

We demonstrate the application of importance sampling to Monte Carlo simulations of an actively mode-locked laser model. The method computes the probability of errors due to both amplitude drop-outs and pulse position shifts.
MRO relay telecom support of Mars Science Laboratory surface operations

The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission landed the Curiosity Rover on the surface of Mars on August 6, 2012, beginning a one Martian year primary science mission. The UHF relay link from Curiosity to the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) incorporates new features enabled by the Electra and Electra-Lite software-defined radios on MRO and Curiosity, respectively. Specifically, the Curiosity-MRO link has for the first time utilized frequency-agile operations, increased data rates from 256 kbps up to 2048 kbps, employed suppressed carrier modulation and a new Adaptive Data Rate algorithm in which the return-link data rate is varied to match the observed channel condition. During the first 200 sols, the telecom operations team has been able to tune the radio and protocol parameters to maximize return-link data volume, which is now averaging roughly 500 Mbits per sol or twice the design requirement of 250 Mbits per sol. The telecom team has also derived new predict models that reduce data volume prediction errors and that quantify the impact of operational modes and link parameters, providing further planning insight for MSL mission operations team.
Quantitative ultrasound for evaluating human cervical microstructure

This study uses quantitative ultrasound techniques to investigate the possibility of monitoring changes in cervical microstructure with acoustic backscatter. Standard “general imaging” ultrasound transducers and a novel endocavity transducer were used to detect changes in the power spectrum of the ultrasonic backscattered echo signal as a function of the angle between the acoustic beam and the dominant macrostructure of cervix specimens from hysterectomy. The echo signal power was assessed by integrating the echo signal power spectrum between consistent frequency limits. The echo signal power was found to decrease as a function of steering angle. Normalizing the echo signal power to that found at 0° (acoustic beams normal to the cervical canal) it was found that there was a monotonically increasing loss of power with increasing beam angle, and that power loss was symmetric about 0°. Those data were then compared to identically acquired and processed data from phantoms with spherical scatterers. Data from phantoms with spherical scatterers serve as a normalization for the expected backscatter signal power loss (with increasing steering angle) that would be expected due to the loss of effective aperture and directivity of the transducer. The power loss from the cervix consistently exceeded that from the phantoms, was statistically significant for all angles greater than 50°, and the excess power loss is likely due to the presence of aligned collagen fibers in the cervical microstructure.
Inhibition of the activity of sympathetic preganglionic neurones and neurones activated by visceral afferents, by alpha-methylnoradrenaline and endogenous catecholamines.

The responses of electrophysiologically identified sympathetic preganglionic neurones (SPGN) and neurones activated by visceral afferents (VA) to iontophoretic application of: (1) the intraneuronal metabolites of α-methyl-DOPA (α-MD): α-methylnoradrenaline (α-MNA) and α-methyldopamine (α-MDA); (2) noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (Ad); and (3) N-methyl-β-hydroxy-phenylethylamine (NMPEA), were tested in the upper and lower segments of the thoracic spinal cord of the cat. α-Methylnoradrenaline, NA and Ad had an inhibitory action on the majority of spontaneously firing neurones. Inhibition of the activity of preganglionic neurones and neurones activated by visceral afferents induced by α-MNA was usually equal to the effect of NA, but in some neurones α-MNA was more potent. The transport numbers of both amines are similar. The alpha adrenoceptor antagonists, thymoxamine, piperoxan and yohimbine, antagonized the inhibitory effects of α-MNA in spontaneously-active preganglionic neurones and neurones activated by visceral afferents. Piperoxan antagonized also the inhibitory effects of NA. The inhibitory effect of α-MDA was weaker and that of NMPEA was much weaker than that of α-MNA and NA. The inhibitory effects of α-MNA and NA in the cerveau isole preparation resembled those observed in anaesthetized animals. In reserpinized cats, with catecholamine levels in brain stem and spinal cord reduced by 98–99%, the inhibitory effects of α-MNA were preserved. It is postulated that α-MNA modulates the activity of preganglionic neurones and that this action, leading to a decrease in sympathetic output and mediated by α1 and α2 adrenoceptors, could be the most important factor in the antihypertensive effect of α-MD. The inhibition of the activity of neurones activated by visceral afferents by α-MNA indicates that α-MD may also attenuate the response of the central nervous system to the input from the heart and other organs.
Communication Medium and Member Familiarity: The Effects on Decision Time, Accuracy, and Satisfaction

The effects of communication medium and member familiarity on decision time, member satisfaction, and decision accuracy were explored. The study represents the first known attempt to examine the role of member familiarity on the study variables in face-to-face (FTF) and computer-mediated (CM) mediums. The results of 71 three-person groups revealed familiarity affected decision time and accuracy within the CM condition. For CM groups only, as member familiarity among group members increased, decision time decreased, and unexpectedly decision accuracy decreased. Another finding for CM group members was an indication that familiarity increased satisfaction with group process. Last, satisfaction with communication medium was only influenced by the communication medium (CM group members were less satisfied). It appears that familiarity plays a larger role in CM groups than in FTF groups. Implications are discussed.
Auditors' Consideration of Material Income-Increasing versus Material Income-Decreasing Items during the Audit Process

SUMMARY: We examine how auditors' consideration of material items is affected by each item's directional impact on income. Prior research indicates that auditors face greater litigation risk for non-detection of fraudulent income-increasing items compared to income-decreasing items. Therefore, we expect that auditors will spend greater cognitive effort evaluating material income-increasing (as opposed to income-decreasing) items, resulting in superior memories for such items. However, in an effort to direct auditors' attention to both increasing and decreasing material items, we manipulate whether or not auditors were asked to form expectations about the future effects of material items. Our results indicate that auditors' memories for income-increasing items are significantly greater than that for income-decreasing items when auditors are not asked to form expectations about the future effects of the items. However, this difference is not observed when auditors are asked to form expectations about future...
A Short-term In Vivo Screen Using Fetal Testosterone Production, a Key Event in the Phthalate Adverse Outcome Pathway, to Predict Disruption of Sexual Differentiation

This study was designed to develop and validate a short-term in vivo protocol termed the Fetal Phthalate Screen (FPS) to detect phthalate esters (PEs) and other chemicals that disrupt fetal testosterone synthesis and testis gene expression in rats. We propose that the FPS can be used to screen chemicals that produce adverse developmental outcomes via disruption of the androgen synthesis pathway more rapidly and efficiently, and with fewer animals than a postnatal one-generation study. Pregnant rats were dosed from gestational day (GD) 14 to 18 at one dose level with one of 27 chemicals including PEs, PE alternatives, pesticides known to inhibit steroidogenesis, an estrogen and a potent PPARα agonist and ex vivo testis testosterone production (T Prod) was measured on GD 18. We also included some chemicals with “unknown” activity including DMEP, DHeP, DHEH, DPHCH, DAP, TOTM, tetrabromo-diethyl hexyl phthalate (BrDEHP), and a relatively potent environmental estrogen BPAF. Dose-response studies also were conducted with this protocol with 11 of the above chemicals to determine their relative potencies. CD-1 mice also were exposed to varying dose levels of DPeP from GD 13 to 17 to determine if DPeP reduced T Prod in this species since there is a discrepancy among the results of in utero studies of PEs in mice. Compared to the known male reproductive effects of the PEs in rats the FPS correctly identified all known “positives” and “negatives” tested. Seven of eight “unknowns” tested were “negatives”, they did not reduce T Prod, whereas DAP produced an “equivocal” response. Finally, a dose-response study with DPeP in CD-1 mice revealed that fetal T Prod can be inhibited by exposure to a PE in utero in this species, but at a higher dose level than required in rats.Key words. Phthalate Syndrome, Fetal endocrine biomarkers, Phthalate adverse outcome pathway, testosterone production, fetal rat testis.
Estimating Precision Using Duplicate Measurements

Precision is a concept for which there is no universally accepted metric. Reports of precision vary depending on the formula and inclusion criteria used to calculate them. To properly interpret and utilize reported precisions, the user must understand exactly what the precision represents. This paper uses duplicate Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) measurements to illustrate distinctions among different approaches to reporting precision. Three different metrics are used to estimate the precision from the relative differences between the duplicate measurements: the root mean square (RMS), the mean absolute value, and a percentile spread. Precisions calculated using the RMS relative difference yield wide distributions that tend to overestimate most of the observed differences. Precisions calculated using percentiles of the relative differences yield narrower distributions that tend to fit the bulk of the observed differences very well. Precisions calculated using the mean absolute relative difference lie between the other two precision estimates. All three approaches underestimate the observed differences for a small percentage of outliers.
Descent into the Maelstrom

In his examination of governing under capitalism, Goran Therborn (2008) remarks that evidence of a society, in which the forces of social control manage through the general population’s acceptance of the legitimacy of that rule, is the absence of a police presence to enforce ideological domination. The less often one experiences the police on a daily basis, the more we can argue that people have – consciously or unconsciously – accommodated to the social, political and economic structure of society. It stands to reason, then, that the opposite is true, that a major presence of institutions of control in their many forms (whether local constabulary, regional authorities, national police, and – in the most extreme case – military units) will reflect a society in stress, a society which increasingly shows signs of a loss of legitimacy or support for ruling elites and structures. Recent history is full of examples where this is true, from the increasing need for both civil and secret police authorities to impose order in what we have called repressive regimes to the presence of military rule by juntas or ‘elected’ generals, all used to quell dissent or crush opposition while maintaining a ruling elite. Political elites in the US gleefully point to countries with martial law or a strong police presence as examples of rogue nations that don’t abide by democratic principles, especially when those countries fail to support US policies, all the while easily ignoring other repressive regimes if they are deemed allies of the US. One only need recall former US Ambassador Jean Kirkpatrick’s clear demarcation between when she called authoritarian regimes and totalitarian regimes (all the while meaning non-communist versus communist). She stated (1992):
A Competing-Risk Model Based on the Life Table Procedure in Epidemiological Studies

In this paper, a new non-parametric competing-risk model is proposed. This model takes relative susceptibility into account, and is thus free from the usual assumption of independence between competing causes of death. Another feature of the model is the adjustments of survivors and deaths as a results of the elimination of one of the causes of death in the previous time interval. The computational procedure of the model is simple and can be incorporated into the regular life table procedures.
Conceptual Models of Depression in Primary Care Patients A Comparative Study

Conventional psychiatric treatment models are based on a biopsychiatric model of depression. A plausible explanation for low rates of depression treatment utilization among ethnic minorities and the poor is that members of these communities do not share the cultural assumptions underlying the biopsychiatric model. The study examined conceptual models of depression among depressed patients from various ethnic groups, focusing on the degree to which patients’ conceptual models “matched” a biopsychiatric model of depression. The sample included 74 primary care patients from three ethnic groups screening positive for depression. The authors administered qualitative interviews assessing patients’ conceptual representations of depression. The analysis proceeded in two phases. The first phase involved a strategy called “quantitizing” the qualitative data. A rating scheme was developed and applied to the data by a rater blind to study hypotheses. The data were subjected to statistical analyses. The second phase o...
Applying Learned Optimism to Increase Sales Productivity

Why is it that individuals with the most talent are not always the most successful? Why are others over-achievers? Based on 30 years of research with over 1 million participants, Dr. Martin Seligman and his colleagues have uncovered a significant new predictor of achievement—optimistic expectations. Ability and motivation are not always enough in the absence of optimistic expectations, particularly in situations that require persistence to overcome adversity, such as sales. In other words, research has finally turned common sense wisdom into scientific fact: Expectations of success or failure are often self-fulfilling prophecies. Moreover, this fact has been taken a step further—expectations can now be measured quantitatively and training programs can transform pessimism into optimism. The benefits of optimism have been proven—increased motivation, superior achievement in various domains (including greater sales productivity), and better physical health. These findings have important implications for sale...
C2: The Case for a Network Configuration Checking Language

Network configuration errors pose a major headache for the network operators today. Existing approaches of solving the problem either have considered the development of specialized configuration checkers that identify violation of a correct configurations [12, 11, 17, 4], or have considered the automatic configuration of networked devices [6]. In this paper we follow a different approach. We consider the development of a high level configuration checker language, with the goal of being used directly by network operators. The goal is to enable operators to define the set of current practices that fit their needs best, rather than relying on multiple specialized tools, one for each networking system, and which come with a set of predefined configuration errors.
Issues in the design and implementation of views in object-oriented databases

Summary form only given. Views have traditionally been a mechanism for coordinating access to shared data in a database. View definition schemes in relational databases have aimed at consistency with the conceptual model and the use of a limited view specification language that allows efficient and unambiguous translation of view updates. These goals are equally applicable to object-oriented databases (OODBs). Consequently, it makes sense to model views in OODBs as objects themselves. OODBs differ from relational databases in that they have notions of classes and instances, and allow nesting of both classes and instances. Thus the underlying theory of the object-oriented data model is graph based, in contrast to the relational theory, which is set based. Object-oriented views can be thought of as graph transformations applied to class or instance graphs in the underlying database. Depending on the nature of the underlying objects, views can be class-lattice views or complex object views. The exact set of graph transformations that can be applied to class or instance graphs needs to be limited to allow views to be virtualizable for querying purposes. >
Constructing self-dual chiral polytopes

An abstract polytope is chiral if its automorphism group has two orbits on the flags, such that adjacent flags belong to distinct orbits. There are still few examples of chiral polytopes, and few constructions that can create chiral polytopes with specified properties. In this paper, we show how to build self-dual chiral polytopes using the mixing construction for polytopes.
Prevalence of Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease in Patients Undergoing Lung Transplantation: Case Series and Review of the Literature

Background Coronary angiography is commonly performed prior to lung transplantation, but its utility is unproven. Methods We conducted a single-center retrospective analysis of consecutive patients referred for coronary angiography as part of a pre-operative evaluation for lung transplantation and reviewed the literature for prior series. Results A total of 89 patients, 48 men and 41 women were included. Obstructive (≥70% stenosis) CAD was present in 9 (10%), non-obstructive (<70% stenosis) CAD in 24 (27%), and no angiographic evidence of CAD in 56 (63%) patients. We found 13 previously published series in the literature, in which a total of 1998 patients underwent coronary angiography pre-lung transplant. Together with our 89 patients, obstructive CAD was found in 11%. Conclusions In conclusion, given the low prevalence of obstructive CAD in patients referred for lung transplantation, the inherent risk of angiography, and unproven benefit of detection of obstructive CAD, the utility of routine coronary angiography in this population requires validation in prospective studies. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Protests on the Front Page Media Salience, Institutional Dynamics, and Coverage of Collective Action in the New York Times, 1960-1995

Past research has illuminated consistent patterns in the type of protests that receive media attention. Still, we know relatively little about the differential prominence editors assign to events deemed worthy of coverage. We argue that while media routines shape whether events are covered, mass media organizations, social institutions, and systemic changes are important factors in determinations of prominence. To examine patterns of prominence, this study analyzes the factors influencing page placement patterns of protests covered in the New York Times, 1960-1995. We find that (1) protests are less likely to appear prominently over time, but this effect is conditioned by the paper’s editorial and publishing regime; (2) regime effects were especially consequential for civil rights and peace protests; (3) effects of event size and violence weakened over time; and (4) events embedded within larger cycles of protest coverage during less constricted news cycles were more likely to be featured prominently.
Phylogenetic characterization of a novel herpesvirus found in the liver and lungs of a Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis)

A novel herpesvirus was detected in a 17-day-old Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis) with pneumonia, hepatopathy, and severe anemia that was housed in California. Postmortem examination identified a pale, enlarged liver, mildly increased fluid in the lungs, and red foci in the spleen. Histologic examination revealed marked hepatic necrosis with syncytia, splenic necrosis, and interstitial pneumonia with eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions within hepatocytes and in unidentified cells of the lung. Transmission electron microscopy identified virions consistent with a herpesvirus in the nucleus and cytoplasm of degenerative hepatocytes. Nested consensus PCR, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis identified a novel herpesvirus within the genus Iltovirus in the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae.
Effects of venting on wind noise levels measured at the eardrum.

Objectives Wind noise can be a nuisance to hearing aid users. With the advent of sophisticated feedback reduction algorithms, people with higher degrees of hearing loss are fit with larger vents than previously allowed, and more people with lesser degrees of hearing loss are fit with open hearing aids. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of venting on wind noise levels in the ear canal for hearing aids with omnidirectional and directional microphones. Design Two behind-the-ear hearing aids were programmed when they were worn on a Knowles Electronics Manikin for Acoustic Research. The hearing aid worn on the right ear was programmed to the omnidirectional microphone mode and the one on the left to the directional microphone mode. The hearing aids were adjusted to linear amplification with flat frequency response in an anechoic chamber. Gains below 10 dB were used to avoid output limiting of wind noise levels at low input levels. Wind noise samples were recorded at the eardrum location in a wind tunnel at wind velocities ranging from a gentle to a strong breeze. The hearing aids were coupled to #13 tubings (i.e., open vent), or conventional skeleton earmolds with no vent, pressure vents, or 3mm vents. Polar and spectral characteristics of wind noise were analyzed off-line using MatLab programs. Results Wind noise levels in the ear canals were mostly predicted by vent-induced frequency response changes in the conventional earmold conditions for both omnidirectional and directional hearing aids. The open vent condition, however, yielded the lowest levels, which could not be entirely predicted by the frequency response changes of the hearing aids. This indicated that a wind-related vent effect permitted an additional amount of sound reduction in the ear canal, which could not be explained by known vent effects. Conclusion For the microphone location, form factor, and gain settings tested, open fit hearing aids yielded lower noise levels at the eardrum location than conventional behind-the-ear hearing aids.
Altitude and cold weather: are they vascular risks?

Purpose of reviewThe relationship of altitude and cold to cardiovascular risk is complex. Cold is hard to separate from altitude. This review highlights the latest information on cardiovascular disease associated with high altitude and cold; both represent unique clinical situations.Recent findingsE
A microstrip slotted line for microwave two-port device characterization

The electrical and mechanical design of a micro-strip slotted line will be described. By means of this line, large-signal input and output impedances, gain and conversion efficiency of two-port bipolar transistor, FET and CATT devices can be measured as a function of frequency and power level. Measurements with the new microstrip slotted line can be performed much more quickly and accurately than with the conventional method.
Acute pain management of the chronic pain patient on opiates: a survey of caregivers at University of Washington Medical Center.

OBJECTIVE The provision of acute pain management for the chronic pain patient can pose a challenge. We sought to characterize management issues. SUBJECTS/SETTING An anonymous survey was distributed to 270 physicians and 212 nurses at University of Washington Medical Center (UWMC) in an attempt to characterize management issues. DESIGN Caregivers were queried regarding treatment modalities, efficacy of anxiolysis, patient attributes, concern of the quantity of medication, criteria for patient evaluation, and other management issues. RESULTS Of the respondents, 61.8% were physicians, and 38.2% were nurses. The mean duration in practice was 7.7 years. The responses from the two groups were similar. Seventy-five percent reported using different pain-evaluation techniques for chronic pain patients than those utilized for the "average" patient. Pain scores were used frequently in the average patient, whereas ability to perform activities was used more commonly in the chronic pain patient (p < 0.0001). Half of the respondents expressed concern regarding the amount of medication used and level of sedation. The same proportion found anxiolysis to be a helpful adjunct. The use of a time-contingent "pain cocktail" as an oral medication was a useful strategy for 88% of respondents. The least labor-intensive modality reported was patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for 84.5% of respondents; intravenous opiate fusion, 5.3%; and epidural analgesia, 11.2%. CONCLUSIONS The survey describes caregiver concerns regarding this patient population, including medication use, sedation, length of hospital stay, and evaluation techniques.
MR imaging of acquired heart disease.

SUMMARY Spin echo and gradient reversal MR imaging techniques provide a noninvasive means of analyzing the state of ventricular myocardium in patients with atherosclerotic and valvular heart disease. Local ischemic changes are manifested on spin echo MR examination as loci of increased signal intensity, most likely representing accumulation of local myocardial edema. Administration of intravenous paramagnetic contrast material further enhances local changes, increasing the sensitivity of MR methods for detecting such change. Application of spin echo and gradient reversal techniques also provides direct demonstration of morphologic changes in chamber volume and myocardial wall thickness and thickening, the sequelae of ischemic and acquired valvular heart disease, as well as direct demonstration of abnormal blood flow across diseased valves. Newer methods of analysis of these flow abnormalities provide information concerning pressure gradients across stenotic valves and regurgitant fractions across insufficient valves. Thus, application of MR imaging techniques provides clinically relevant information needed by referring clinicians for the management of patients with acquired heart disease.
Dysphagia in a 58-year-old man.

A man presented with weight loss and difficulty swallowing. Contrast esophagography was performed.
Covered Exstrophy with Sequestered Colonic Remnant

AbstractWe report on a woman who presented with urinary incontinence, covered exstrophy and an abdominal mass. Radiographic studies and cystoscopy confirmed that the anterior abdominal mass did not communicate with the bladder or colon and that the gastrointestinal tract was normal. Subsequent surgical resection of the mass and Young-Dees-Leadbetter bladder neck reconstruction were performed. Histological examination of the mass revealed colonic mucosa. The etiology of the covered exstrophy and sequestered colonic remnant is discussed.
Teaching/Learning Radical Listening: Joe’s Legacy Among Three Generations of Practitioners

In this chapter, three generations of critical educators who have learned from Joe’s legacy put side-by-side their experiences with coming to, teaching with, and learning from radical listening. In doing so, the authors explore radical listening via their work in graduate, undergraduate, and high school contexts, offering a definition of radical listening as praxis that aims to inspire other practitioners to listen for, and within, difference. The chapter illuminates the ways in which radical listening is a needed resistance to the loquacious contexts in which we teach and research, even—and especially—in critical contexts, in which particular perspectives can be ignored or marginalized. In listening to one another’s radical listening attempts, practices, and failures, the authors highlight how the praxis positions them again and again as learners-teachers. Keywords: radical listening, critical constructivism, praxis
Multilateral Intervention in Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone is a country covering approximately 28 000 square miles (73 00 kilometres), with a population at the end of the 1980s of about 4.1 million people, two-thirds of which was rural (ILO/JASPA, 1990, p. 34). Until the 1970s, mining provided the dynamism for the economy, but declining yield of diamonds and the contraction of the international iron ore market sent this sector into severe recession. In consequence, the country entered the 1980s suffering from severe balance-of-payments pressure and a substantial fiscal deficit (mining had provided a considerable proportion of government revenue). It was in this context that policy changes became an imperative, to counter decline and, if possible, establish a new basis for sustainable growth.
13 – Fire Effects on Grasslands

The essential qualities of grasses and grasslands that have made them prominent in the biosphere and have made them central to human history emerged as grasses adapted to tolerate drought and to exploit full-sun habitats. Grass progenitors are believed to have developed their basic features in wooded habitats, initially as subsidiary species, then perhaps as codominants in savanna-like situations. The drama of a good grass fire encourages the belief that every feature of grasses and grasslands must have been selected to deal with this awesome force of nature. A careful study of the response of grasses to fire suggests a more nuanced view, which is addressed in this chapter. Some grasses and grasslands seem to thrive on fire and to languish if left long unburned. In general, these are to be found on the wetter end of the grassland climatic gradient. Although there is a wealth of information, it is difficult to extract guidance from it in specific situations. More refined understanding of direct and indirect fire effects and how these interact with all the other influences that cause change in grassland ecosystems is thus required.
Technological innovation, social learning and natural hazard mitigation: evidence on earthquake fatalities

How do people learn from disasters? Do they constantly develop and accumulate new knowledge that enables them to address recurrent disaster risks? This paper investigates whether social learning and, in particular, the development of earthquake-mitigating technologies reduces earthquake-induced fatalities. Combining patent data with a global cross-section of 894 earthquakes that occurred between 1980 and 2010, we find that countries with more disaster-mitigating innovations and more earthquake exposure in the past suffer fewer fatalities. This study is the first to empirically examine the role of technological change and social learning in disaster mitigation. It sheds light on knowledge as a key element of adaptive capacity, and suggests the importance of incorporating technology development into a long-term hazard mitigation and adaptation policy. The paper also contributes to the empirical disaster literature as the first to address the problem of missing data on disaster losses.
Multi-objective optimization of CMT-bone on hybrid processors

Hybrid multicore processors (HMPs) consist of general purpose cores along with specialized cores and are expected to provide benefits to a wide spectrum of applications at significantly lower energy requirements per FLOP (Floating-point Operations per Second). In this paper, we present the challenges involved when developing performance and energy efficient software for CMT-bone, a proxy application of CMT-nek, on a hybrid multicore processor. We have also implemented CMT-bone for traditional CPU cores as well as GPU. We provide load balancing strategies for a combination of CPU and GPU cores. We also provide performance, power and energy tradeoffs on an Intel multicore processor and an NVIDIA GPU co-processor.
Reliable flow in stochastic supply networks servicing pre- and after-sales markets

In this paper we consider a company including both a forward supply chain producing and supplying products to markets and an after-sales supply chain providing spare parts to fulfill its after-sales commitments. Uncertainty in estimating product demand in the premarkets and spare parts demands in the after-sales markets and qualified outputs of production facilities throughout these two chains are considered in this problem. Stochastic qualified outputs of these facilities are due to their imperfect productions systems. We show that uncertainties propagate and qualified flow depreciates by moving material, components, and products from upstream to the downstream of these supply chains, and these phenomena should be quantified to determine the service levels of this company in the pre- and after-sales markets. At the end, we propose a mathematical model determining the best marketing strategies for this company (i.e., price, warranty length, and service levels) in the markets and their preserving reliable flow dynamics throughout the chains’ networks. Finally, the model is tested on a test problem defined in engine industry and some managerial insights are provided by analyzing the results.
Correspondence of Deep Neural Networks and the Brain for Visual Textures

Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) trained on objects and scenes have shown intriguing ability to predict some response properties of visual cortical neurons. However, the factors and computations that give rise to such ability, and the role of intermediate processing stages in explaining changes that develop across areas of the cortical hierarchy, are poorly understood. We focused on the sensitivity to textures as a paradigmatic example, since recent neurophysiology experiments provide rich data pointing to texture sensitivity in secondary but not primary visual cortex. We developed a quantitative approach for selecting a subset of the neural unit population from the CNN that best describes the brain neural recordings. We found that the first two layers of the CNN showed qualitative and quantitative correspondence to the cortical data across a number of metrics. This compatibility was reduced for the architecture alone rather than the learned weights, for some other related hierarchical models, and only mildly in the absence of a nonlinear computation akin to local divisive normalization. Our results show that the CNN class of model is effective for capturing changes that develop across early areas of cortex, and has the potential to facilitate understanding of the computations that give rise to hierarchical processing in the brain.
Multi-label Triplet Embeddings for Image Annotation from User-Generated Tags

This work studies the representational embedding of images and their corresponding annotations--in the form of tag metadata--such that, given a piece of the raw data in one modality, the corresponding semantic description can be retrieved in terms of the raw data in another. While convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been widely and successfully applied in this domain with regards to detecting semantically simple scenes or categories (even though many such objects may be simultaneously present in an image), this work approaches the task of dealing with image annotations in the context of noisy, user-generated, and semantically complex multi-labels, widely available from social media sites. In this case, the labels for an image are diverse, noisy, and often not specifically related to an object, but rather descriptive or user-specific. Furthermore, the existing deep image annotation literature using this type of data typically utilizes the so-called CNN-RNN framework, combining convolutional and recurrent neural networks. We offer a discussion of why RNNs may not be the best choice in this case, though they have been shown to perform well on the similar captioning tasks. Our model exploits the latent image-text space through the use of a triplet loss framework to learn a joint embedding space for the images and their tags, in the presence of multiple, potentially positive exemplar classes. We present state-of-the-art results of the representational properties of these embeddings on several image annotation datasets to show the promise of this approach.
The Mechanism of Action of Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

The mechanism of hormonal action is a central problem of biochemistry and physiology. There have been in the past few years promising attempts at its dissolution especially in the case of ACTH and the steroids, and there are hypotheses which may eventually be found to be correct. If by „the mechanism of action“ one means the initial unique reaction involving the hormone which ultimately accounts for its physiological effect, then at the present time we are unable to offer a completely satisfactory explanation for the mechanism of action of a single hormone. Before discussing current studies with MSH, I would like to discuss briefly the study of pigmentation as an area of interest to endocrinologists.
CD2 antigen expression on leukemic cells as a predictor of event-free survival after chemotherapy for T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Children's Cancer Group study

We examined the prognostic impact of CD2 antigen expression for 651 patients with T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), who were enrolled in front-line Childrens Cancer Group treatment studies between 1983 and 1994. There was a statistically significant correlation between the CD2 antigen positive leukemic cell content of bone marrow and probability of remaining in bone marrow remission, as well as overall event-free survival (EFS) (P = .0003 and P = .002, log-rank tests for linear trend). When compared with patients with the highest CD2 expression level (> 75% positivity), the life table relative event rate (RER) was 1.22 for patients with intermediate range CD2 expression level (30% to 75% positivity) and 1.81 for "CD2-negative" patients (< 30% positivity). At 6 years postdiagnosis, the EFS estimates for the three CD2 expression groups (low positivity to high positivity) were 52.8%, 65.5%, and 71.9%, respectively. CD2 expression remained a significant predictor of EFS after adjustment for the effects of other covariates by multivariate regression, with a RER of 1.47 for CD2-negative patients (P = .04). Analysis of T-lineage ALL patients shows a significant separation in EFS after adjustment for the National Cancer Institute (NCI) age and white blood cell (WBC) criteria for standard and high-risk ALL (P = .002, RER = 1.67). The determination of CD2 expression on leukemic cells helped identify patients with the better and poorer prognoses in both of these risk group subsets. For standard risk T-lineage ALL, CD2-negative patients had a worse outcome (P = .0007, RER = 2.92) with an estimated 5-year EFS of 55.9% as compared with 78.3% for the CD2-positive patients. Thus, CD2 negativity in standard risk T-lineage ALL identified a group of patients who had a worse outcome than high-risk T-lineage ALL patients who were CD2 positive. The percentage of CD2 antigen positive leukemic cells from T-lineage ALL patients is a powerful predictor of EFS after chemotherapy. This prognostic relationship is the first instance in which a biological marker in T-lineage ALL has been unequivocally linked to treatment outcome.
College Students’ Social Perceptions Toward Individuals With Intellectual Disability:

The purpose of the current study was to describe the social perceptions of American college students toward individuals with intellectual disability (ID), identify factors that influence social per...
Implants Used for Hernioplasty

This chapter outlines the numerous materials that have been used for the repair of ventral, incisional, and other types of hernias. It describes the biological, synthetic, absorbable, and hybrid prosthetic products and fixation devices that are available. I have done my best to include all the currently available materials from around the world in this chapter. Up-to-date descriptions and figures will aid the reader in the selection of the best options for the patient and the hernia treated.
A STATEWIDE_SURVEY OF FREEZING POINTS OF AUTHENTIC MILK SAMPLES1,2

Summary Eigty-three authentic samples were taken from the mixed herd milk of dairies located in eight areas of the State of Mississippi during an eight-month period. The range of freezing points ob...