cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hollow mullite ceramic microspheres by water extraction of emulsified aqueous droplets

This paper describes a novel colloidal route for the preparation of hollow mullite ceramic microspheres with sizes in the range of 10 μm. An emulsion technique was combined with a water extraction sol-gel process, to form an aqueous droplet dispersion and gel the resulting droplets by extracting water with a dehydrating liquid. The liquid-filled gelled microcapsules were then dried and fired to form hollow ceramic microspheres. Important processing variables controlling the microspherc morphology were determined and a formation mechanism was proposed. Due to its potential applications in microelectronic packaging, mullite was selected as the model material for the present work, but the synthesis technique may be used for making other single or multiphase ceramic compositionsod]20110221
Understanding Societies from Inside the Organisms. Leo Pardi’s Work on Social Dominance in Polistes Wasps (1937–1952)

Leo Pardi (1915-1990) was the initiator of ethological research in Italy. During more than 50 years of active scientific career, he gave groundbreaking contributions to the understanding of social life in insects, especially in Polistes wasps, an important model organism in sociobiology. In the 1940s, Pardi showed that Polistes societies are organized in a linear social hierarchy that relies on reproductive dominance and on the physiological and developmental mechanisms that regulate it, i.e. on the status of ovarian development of single wasps. Pardi's work set the stage for further research on the regulatory mechanisms governing social life in primitively eusocial organisms both in wasps and in other insect species. This article reconstructs Pardi's investigative pathway between 1937 and 1952 in the context of European ethology and American animal sociology. This reconstruction focuses on the development of Pardi's physiological approach and presents a new perspective on the interacting development of these two fields at the origins of our current understanding of animal social behavior.
Information needs for the OR and PACU electronic medical record.

Objective: The amount of clinical information that anesthesia providers encounter creates an environment for information overload and medical error. In an effort to create more efficient OR and PACU EMR viewer platforms, we aimed to better understand the intraoperative and post-anesthesia clinical information needs among anesthesia providers. Materials and Methods: A web-based survey to evaluate 75 clinical data items was created and distributed to all anesthesia providers at our institution. Participants were asked to rate the importance of each data item in helping them make routine clinical decisions in the OR and PACU settings. Results: There were 107 survey responses with distribution throughout all clinical roles. 84% of the data items fell within the top 2 proportional quarters in the OR setting compared to only 65% in the PACU. Thirty of the 75 items (40%) received an absolutely necessary rating by more than half of the respondents for the OR setting as opposed to only 19 of the 75 items (25%) in the PACU. Only 1 item was rated by more than 20% of respondents as not needed in the OR compared to 20 data items (27%) in the PACU. Conclusion: Anesthesia providers demonstrate a larger need for EMR data to help guide clinical decision making in the OR as compared to the PACU. When creating EMR platforms for these settings it is important to understand and include data items providers deem the most clinically useful. Minimizing the less relevant data items helps prevent information overload and reduces the risk for medical error.
Self-adaptive, on-line reclustering of complex object data

A likely trend in the development of future CAD, CASE and office information systems will be the use of object-oriented database systems to manage their internal data stores. The entities that these applications will retrieve, such as electronic parts and their connections or customer service records, are typically large complex objects composed of many interconnected heterogeneous objects, not thousands of tuples. These applications may exhibit widely shifting usage patterns due to their interactive mode of operation. Such a class of applications would demand clustering methods that are appropriate for clustering large complex objects and that can adapt on-line to the shifting usage patterns. While most object-oriented clustering methods allow grouping of heterogeneous objects, they are usually static and can only be changed off-line. We present one possible architecture for performing complex object reclustering in an on-line manner that is adaptive to changing usage patterns. Our architecture involves the decomposition of a clustering method into concurrently operating components that each handle one of the fundamental tasks involved in reclustering, namely statistics collection, cluster analysis, and reorganization. We present the results of an experiment performed to evaluate its behavior. These results show that the average miss rate for object accesses can be effectively reduced using a combination of rules that we have developed for deciding when cluster analyses and reorganizations should be performed.
Id1 expression in endothelial cells of the colon is required for normal response to injury.

Inhibitor of DNA binding (ID)-1 is important for angiogenesis during embryogenesis and tumor development. Whether ID1 expression in endothelial cells of the colon is required for normal response to injury is unknown. We demonstrate that Id1 is up-regulated in colonic endothelial cells in an experimental model of colitis and in the inflamed mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Because prostaglandin E 2 and tumor necrosis factor-α are also elevated in colitis, we determined whether these factors could induce ID1 transcription in cultured endothelial cells. Tumor necrosis factor-α stimulated ID1 transcription via early growth response 1 protein (Egr-1). By contrast, the induction of ID1 by prostaglandin E 2 was mediated by cAMP response element–binding protein (CREB). To determine whether the increased ID1 levels in the endothelial cells of inflamed mucosa were an adaptive response that modulated the severity of tissue injury, Id1 was conditionally depleted in the endothelium of mice, which sensitized the mice to more severe chemical colitis, including more severe diarrhea, bleeding, and histological injury, and shorter colon compared with control mice. Moreover, depletion of Id1 in the vasculature was associated with increased CD31 + aggregates and increased vascular permeability in inflamed mucosa compared with those in Id1 wild-type control mice. These results suggest that endothelial ID1 up-regulation in inflamed colonic mucosa is an adaptive response that modulates the severity of tissue injury.
A COMPARISON OF INFORMED AND GENERAL PUBLIC OPINION ON U.S. FOREIGN POLICY

To what extent is the public generally competent or qualified to express opinions on questions of foreign policy? In this article the authors compare the views of the general public as shown by the Minnesota Poll with those of seventy-nine "experts"-educators, business and professional people, organization leaders, journalists, ministers, and political leaders. The extent of the disagreement may astonish some. In any case, the implications are serious for democratic government and rule by public opinion. The authors are Director, Associate Director, and former Research Assistant, respectively, in the World Affairs Center, General Extension Division, at the University of Minnesota.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Mortality and Cardiovascular Events Among Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease Due to Lupus Nephritis.

Objective To identify racial and ethnic differences in mortality and cardiovascular (CV) risk among patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) due to lupus nephritis (LN). Methods Within the US ESRD registry (1995–2008), we identified individuals ages >17 years with incident ESRD due to systemic lupus erythematosus. We ascertained demographics, clinical factors, and deaths from registry patient files and CV events (myocardial infarction, heart failure, and hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes) from inpatient Medicare claims. We calculated incidence rates (95% confidence intervals [95% CIs]) per 1,000 person-years for study events, stratified by race and ethnicity. We compared probabilities of the events among racial and ethnic groups using cumulative incidence function curves and multivariable-adjusted subdistribution proportional hazard ratios (HRsd), taking into account the competing events of kidney transplantation and death (for nonfatal CV events). Results Of 12,533 patients with LN-associated ESRD, the mean ± SD age was 40.7 ± 14.9 years, 82% were women, and 49% were African American. The overall mortality rate was 98.1/1,000 person-years (95% CI 95.3–100.9). In multivariable models, Asian and Hispanic LN-associated ESRD patients had lower mortality than whites (HRsd 0.70 [95% CI 0.58–0.84] and 0.79 [95% CI 0.71–0.88], respectively), whereas African Americans had higher mortality (HRsd 1.27 [95% CI 1.18–1.36]). African American patients >40 years old had higher mortality than their white counterparts (HRsd 1.67 [95% CI 1.44–1.93]). African Americans were more likely to be admitted for heart failure or hemorrhagic stroke. Conclusion Among patients with LN-associated ESRD, Asians and Hispanics experienced lower mortality and CV event risks than whites, and African Americans had higher mortality and CV event risks than whites.
Mechanisms of Gene Duplication and Amplification

Changes in gene copy number are among the most frequent mutational events in all genomes and were among the mutations for which a physical basis was first known. Yet mechanisms of gene duplication remain uncertain because formation rates are difficult to measure and mechanisms may vary with position in a genome. Duplications are compared here to deletions, which seem formally similar but can arise at very different rates by distinct mechanisms. Methods of assessing duplication rates and dependencies are described with several proposed formation mechanisms. Emphasis is placed on duplications formed in extensively studied experimental situations. Duplications studied in microbes are compared with those observed in metazoan cells, specifically those in genomes of cancer cells. Duplications, and especially their derived amplifications, are suggested to form by multistep processes often under positive selection for increased copy number.
Experiments on superconductor imaging surface magnetometry

Abstract The recent development of a new concept in magnetometry has led to experiments to evaluate the performance of such systems. The superconductor imaging surface magnetometer employs superconducting plates and shells to deflect magnetic noise and to image nearby dipole sources while the SQUID pick-up coils are located in areas where the noise has been greatly reduced. The experiments herein reported confirm the principles of imaging magnetometry for detecting nearby dipole sources.
System for Observing Staff Promotion of Activity and Nutrition (SOSPAN).

Background: Frontline-staff are critical to achieving policies related to child physical activity and nutrition (PAaN) in out-of-school-time programs (OSTP). Recent policies call upon staff to demonstrate behaviors related to PAaN. Currently, no instrument exists to measure these behaviors. This study fills the gap between policy mandates and staff behaviors by describing the development of the System for Observing Staff Promotion of Activity and Nutrition (SOSPAN) in OSTP. Methods: SOSPAN items were aligned with existing OSTP policies. Reliability and validity data of SOSPAN were collected across 8 OSTP: 4 summer day camps and 4 afterschool programs. Validity of SOSPAN staff behaviors/management of PA was established using the percent of children active measured concurrently via direct observation. Results: A total of 6437 scans were performed. Interrater percent agreement ranged from 74%–99% across PAaN behaviors. Children’s activity was associated with staff facilitative behaviors/management, such as p...
Issues in the internationalization of the U.S. sports media: the emerging European marketplace.

Western Europe increasingly is regarded as a necessary market for the product of the U.S. television and sports industries. At the same time, the European sports television market is itself in the ...
Rethinking the 'Local' and 'Transnational': Cross- Border Politics and Hometown Networks in an Immigrant Union

The controversial notion of ‘transnationalism’ has generated new insights into international migrants’ ongoing ties with their communities of origin that are unexplained by crude versions of the assimilation paradigm. However, the problematic conceptualization of ‘transnationalism’ and its vague usage in empirical studies needlessly inhibit the transnational perspective’s utility. Understanding the political and economic incorporation of migrants in both their communities of origin and destination is facilitated by disaggregating the types of political borders, types of nationalism, and levels of identification that have been conflated in the framework of ‘transnationalism’. I demonstrate the analytic value of these distinctions by using them to interpret evidence from a six-month ethnographic case study of an immigrant labor union in Southern California. A theoretically coherent typology applicable to both the case study and other migration settings provides a framework for explaining how institutions incorporate migrants into U.S. and local politics while simultaneously promoting cross-border ties. I argue labor migrants engage in cross-border activities as a defensive reaction against the discrimination to which they are subjected qua ‘foreigners’ and because cross-border networks are a strategic resource for attaining status and material benefits both ‘here’ and ‘there’.
JCO and the Public Trust.

The Journal of Clinical Oncology (JCO) prides itself in publishing the highest quality research. Articles published in the Journal are highly cited, ranking JCO among the best peer-reviewed journals in oncology. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the JCO editors take seriously the responsibility of ensuring that every published article contains trustworthy data that remain free from allegations of potential conflicts of interest in the publication process. The peer review process itself is structured to preclude editorial decisions based on potential conflicts of the reviewers and editors, but further steps are necessary to ensure the continued credibility of the Journal and the trust of the readership and the public.
Resistance to sliding of titanium brackets tested against stainless steel and beta-titanium archwires with second-order angulation in the dry and wet states.

Introduction: With the increased awareness of Ni allergies, alternative alloys for orthodontic products must be identified. The properties of these new products must be determined. Methods: Rectangular (0.017 × 0.025 in) stainless steel (SS) and beta-titanium (β-Ti) archwires were tested against commercially pure titanium brackets (CP-Ti, 0.018-in slot) in the dry state and with whole human saliva. Resistance to sliding (RS) was measured as a function of 5 normal forces (N, 200 to 950 cN), 32 angles (θ, –12° to +12°), and 1 interbracket distance (IBD, 18 mm). Results: With clearance between the archwire and the bracket (passive region, θ ≤θ c ), the frictional coefficients (μ) of the SS archwire and the CP-Ti bracket couples were 0.12 and 0.13 for the dry and wet tests, respectively; for the β-Ti archwire and the CP-Ti bracket couples, the μ values were 0.29 and 0.28 for the dry and wet tests, respectively. For an θ without clearance (active region, θ ≥θ c ), RS increased as a function of θ and N. To examine the rates of binding (μ BI ) in this active region, the value of classical friction (mean of the passive region data) was subtracted from RS to yield BI, and the value of θ c was subtracted from each θ to yield relative contact angles (θ r ). Because of the unique relationship between the frictional and mechanical properties of these SS and β-Ti archwires tested against the CP-Ti brackets at a large IBD, the μ BI values for these archwire-bracket couples were nominally equivalent (24 to 30 cN per degree). Clinical outcomes would be unaffected by this 6 cN per degree (approximately 0.2 oz-force per degree) difference. When all kinetic data in the elastic region (θ r ≤5°) were combined, μ BI equaled 28 cN per degree. Above this region (θ r ≥5°), the data for the SS archwire and CP-Ti bracket couples were less scattered than those for the β-Ti archwire and the CP-Ti bracket couples. This demarcation from linearity was designated as θ z and indicated the end of the elastic region and the beginning of the plastic region, above which sliding can eventually cease. This region (θ ≥θ z ), the binding region (θ c ≤θ ≤θ z ), and the classical friction region (θ ≤θ c ) were described in a model. Conclusions: This model explains, in part, the equivalent values of μ BI for SS and β-Ti archwires tested against CP-Ti brackets.
Systematic review: the epidemiology of ischaemic colitis.

Summary Background : Ischaemic colitis has been associated with co-morbid conditions, medications, vascular surgery and advanced age in case reports and case series. Few data exist on the baseline incidence in the general population or on the increased risk imposed by these risk factors. Aim : To systematically review the literature regarding the incidence, prevalence and risk factors for ischaemic colitis. Methods : Searches of bibliographic databases were performed independently by two investigators. Studies were included if they used population-based samples, disease-specific population samples or case–control population-based samples of adults with ischaemic colitis, and reported the incidence, prevalence or risk factors for ischaemic colitis. Eligible articles were reviewed and data were abstracted in a duplicate, independent manner. Results : Four studies were identified that reported the general population incidence and four that reported the disease-specific population incidence. The incidence of ischaemic colitis in general populations ranged from 4.5 to 44 cases per 100 000 person-years. The risk was increased two- to four-fold by either prevalent irritable bowel syndrome or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The risk was also increased in females and in subjects of 65 years and older. Conclusions : Ischaemic colitis is uncommon in the general population. The effect sizes of the most commonly reported risk factors have not been adequately quantified in population-based studies.
COMMERCIAL TRUCK PARKING ANALYSIS: METHOD TO THE MADNESS OR MADNESS IN THE METHOD?

Parking is often a controversial topic. Truck parking, which has reverberations on land use and economic development, was brought to the forefront through TEA-21 Section 4027 that required the Federal Highway Administration to analyze commercial vehicle parking along highways and the Interstate highway system. This paper argues that varying methodologies yield different findings in the assessment of truck parking availability. To examine the impact of different methods on assessing truck parking availability, the paper includes a review of literature, a discussion of methodologies, a case study from Nebraska, and a discussion of planning implications.
INFLUENCE OF DELAY OF REINFORCEMENT AND OVERLEARNING ON POSITION REVERSAL

The effect of constant delay of reinforcement during acquisition on resistance to position reversal was observed in two experiments. In Exp. 1 a similar final level of acquisition performance was ensured by running all Ss to a criterion; in Exp. 2, Ss received 300 acquisition trials ensuring overlearning for all Ss. Both experiments failed to show increased resistance to reversal as a function of acquisition delay as had been predicted from frustration theory.
Unique pericoronal orocutaneous fistula: sequelae of chronic subclinical inflammation.

because of the irritating effects of cholesterol in the cellular debris. Enophthalmos and diplopia may occur post-operatively in cases where the lesion has invaded and destroyed part of the orbital architecture. Intradiploic epidermoid tumors are rare entities that require aggressive surgical treatment. This lesion should be included in all differential diagnoses of osteolytic lesions of the orbit. The case described in this report is an example of how locally destructive these lesions can be if left untreated. The possibility of malignant transformation, although uncommon, also mandates total excision.
Delivery Considerations for Targeting the Choroid Plexus–Cerebrospinal Fluid Route

There are two barrier systems in the brain: (1) the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and (2) the choroid plexus–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier. The BBB is formed by the brain microvascular endothelium; the choroid plexus–CSF barrier is formed by the choroid plexus epithelium. The BBB has been the topic of numerous investigations looking at various techniques to bypass it in order to deliver drugs and biological agents to the brain. The choroid plexus–CSF barrier surprisingly has been relatively nascent in this respect. The goal of this chapter is to discuss the current state-of-the-art knowledge regarding drug delivery and brain targeting by the choroid plexus–CSF route.
Self-Similarity of Network Traffic

In 1993, it was found out that there are modeling problems with using Markovian statistics to describe data traffic. A series of experiments on Ethernet traffic revealed that the traffic behavior was fractal-like in nature and exhibit self-similarity, i.e. the statistical behavior was similar across many different time scales (seconds, hours, etc.) [1, 3]. Also, several research studies on traffic on wireless networks revealed that the existence of self-similar or fractal properties at a range of time scale from seconds to weeks. This scale-invariant property of data or video traffic means that the traditional Markovian traffic models used in most performance studies do not capture the fratal nature of computer network traffic. This has implications in buffer and network design. For example, the buffer requirements in multiplexers and switches will be incorrectly predicted. Thus, self-similar models, which can capture burstiness (see Fig. 10.1) over several time scales, may be more appropriate.
Buddhist Influence on Chinese Religious Life

This is a part of a lecture on ‘Buddhistic Influence on Chinese Thought’ delivered before the November meeting of the Peking Historical Association. The lecture was divided into three parts: Literature, Religion, and Philosophy. At the urgent request of the Editor of the Review, the second part of this lecture is here published as it was read. I hope that I may be able to revise the other parts before they appear in this Review. —S. H.
GBS-SNP-CROP: a reference-optional pipeline for SNP discovery and plant germplasm characterization using variable length, paired-end genotyping-by-sequencing data

With its simple library preparation and robust approach to genome reduction, genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) is a flexible and cost-effective strategy for SNP discovery and genotyping, provided an appropriate reference genome is available. For resource-limited curation, research, and breeding programs of underutilized plant genetic resources, however, even low-depth references may not be within reach, despite declining sequencing costs. Such programs would find value in an open-source bioinformatics pipeline that can maximize GBS data usage and perform high-density SNP genotyping in the absence of a reference. The GBS SNP-Calling Reference Optional Pipeline (GBS-SNP-CROP) developed and presented here adopts a clustering strategy to build a population-tailored “Mock Reference” from the same GBS data used for downstream SNP calling and genotyping. Designed for libraries of paired-end (PE) reads, GBS-SNP-CROP maximizes data usage by eliminating unnecessary data culling due to imposed read-length uniformity requirements. Using 150 bp PE reads from a GBS library of 48 accessions of tetraploid kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta), GBS-SNP-CROP yielded on average three times as many SNPs as TASSEL-GBS analyses (32 and 64 bp tag lengths) and over 18 times as many as TASSEL-UNEAK, with fewer genotyping errors in all cases, as evidenced by comparing the genotypic characterizations of biological replicates. Using the published reference genome of a related diploid species (A. chinensis), the reference-based version of GBS-SNP-CROP behaved similarly to TASSEL-GBS in terms of the number of SNPs called but had an improved read depth distribution and fewer genotyping errors. Our results also indicate that the sets of SNPs detected by the different pipelines above are largely orthogonal to one another; thus GBS-SNP-CROP may be used to augment the results of alternative analyses, whether or not a reference is available. By achieving high-density SNP genotyping in populations for which no reference genome is available, GBS-SNP-CROP is worth consideration by curators, researchers, and breeders of under-researched plant genetic resources. In cases where a reference is available, especially if from a related species or when the target population is particularly diverse, GBS-SNP-CROP may complement other reference-based pipelines by extracting more information per sequencing dollar spent. The current version of GBS-SNP-CROP is available at https://github.com/halelab/GBS-SNP-CROP.git
Patterns of Care for Newly Diagnosed Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in the United States

Purpose: We examined diagnostic tests and treatment patterns in men with new onset benign prostatic hyperplasia using consolidated national electronic health record data.Materials and Methods: The Humedica® electronic health record database consists of de-identified patient records from approximately 25 million patients in the United States. Using this database, men with a new benign prostatic hyperplasia diagnosis (benign prostatic hyperplasia, bladder neck obstruction, urinary retention and incomplete bladder emptying) between July 1, 2009 and June 30, 2012 were included in study. Exclusion criteria included conditions such as genitourinary cancers, radiation cystitis, neurogenic bladder and urological pain diagnoses. Diagnostic tests and treatments were summarized and stratified by age (less than 65 vs 65 years or greater) and serum prostate specific antigen level.Results: A total of 38,252 men met inclusion criteria. Mean followup was 1,020 days. Serum creatinine in 92% of patients, serum prostate spe...
Are coups good for democracy

A number of recent studies argue that coups can help usher in democracy. We examine this relationship empirically by looking at the political regimes that follow coups in autocracies, as well as the level of repression against citizens. We find that, though democracies are occasionally established in the wake of coups, more often new authoritarian regimes emerge, along with higher levels of state-sanctioned violence.
Emerging Artificial Intelligence Application: Transforming Television into Smart Television

The science of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been applied in different fields such as financial systems, health-care systems, transport systems, and military systems. However, there has been very little research and application of AI solutions in the field of consumer electronics (CE) especially as related to TV and TV related products even with the arrival of Smart TV and Smart TV products in the marketplace. This paper examines the user research on TV practices, discusses the experiences consumers’ desire and want, and the AI tools necessary for the development efforts of true Smart TV and Smart TV products.
Erratum for “Improved Methods of Parameterization for Estimating the Magnitude and Frequency of Peak Discharges in Rural Ungaged Streams” by C. C. Hodges, W. M. McDonald, R. L. Dymond, and K. L. Hancock

C. C. Hodges, M.ASCE Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 200 Patton Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 (corresponding author). E-mail: ch72@vt.edu W. M. McDonald, S.M.ASCE Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 200 Patton Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061. E-mail: walmcdon@vt.edu R. L. Dymond, M.ASCE Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 200 Patton Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061. E-mail: dymond@ vt.edu K. L. Hancock, A.M.ASCE Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 7054 Haycock Rd., Falls Church, VA 22043. E-mail: hancockk@vt.edu
Mutation in Drosophila by methylazoxymethanol, the aglycone of cycasin.

SummaryA naturally occurring compound, cycasin (methylazoxymethanol-beta-D-glucoside), and its aglycone and the aglycone acetate were tested for the induction of sex-linked recessive lethal mutations in Drosophila. Cycasin was not mutagenic but methyl-azoxymethanol and its acetate were potent mutagens.
Comparison of Ultracentrifuge and Polyanion Precipitation Methods for Serum β-Lipoproteins.∗†

SummaryUltracentrifuge analysis confirms that polyanion-complex precipitation method for human serum β-lipoproteins is adequate and does not denature the lipoproteins when either rice starch sulfate or mepesulfate are used as precipitating agent. The method is applicable to isolation of β-lipoproteins from several but not all species of animals.
In vitro distribution of inulin and PAH in dog and sheep kidney cortex and medullary slices.

SummaryPAH uptake by dog and sheep kidney cortex and medulla was studied in vitro with simultaneous determinations of the inulin space. Dog and sheep kidney cortex slices concentrated PAH within a calculated intracellular fluid space. Under similar conditions medullary slices from both the species were incapable of concentrating PAH within the intracellular fluid. Sheep but not dog kidney cortex slices formed a conjugate (presumably PAAH) which was preferentially concentrated and may have competitively inhibited the uptake and/or concentration of free PAH.
Should Parents' Physical Punishment of Children Be Considered a Source of Toxic Stress That Affects Brain Development?

The notion that negative childhood experiences can be sources of toxic stress that have short- and long-term consequences for children's health and well-being has gained increasing attention in recent years. The family environment can be a key source of stress, particularly when parents inflict pain on children; when that pain rises to the level of physical abuse the stress is thought to be toxic. In this article the author considers the possibility that nonabusive physical punishment may also constitute a source of toxic stress in the lives of children that affects their brain structure and functioning. The research linking physical abuse and physical punishment to children's brain structure and functioning is summarized, and the article concludes with a discussion of implications for future research, policy, and practice.
Development of Velvetbean Caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), on Several Winter Hosts

Velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hubner), larvae were reared on the following potentially important overwintering hosts in southern Florida: Dolichos lablab L. (hyacinth bean); Galactia speciformis Torr and Gray; Glycine max (L.) Merrill (soybean); Indigofera hirsuta L. (hairy indigo); Melilotus alba Desr. (sweet clover); Phaseolus lathyroides L.; Phaseolus vulgaris L. (snap bean); Rhynchosia minima (L.) (least rhynchosia); and Vigna luteola (Jacq.). Development time, number of instars, pupal weights and foliage consumed were used to evaluate host suitability. Based on the first three categories, I. hirsuta , R. minima , P. lathyroides , V. lutoela , D. lablab , and M. alba were at least as good as soybean for larval development. P. vulagaris was the poorest host.
Cystatin E/M Suppresses Tumor Cell Growth through Cytoplasmic Retention of NF-κB

We and others have shown that the cystatin E/M gene is inactivated in primary human tumors, pointing to its role as a tumor suppressor gene. However, the molecular mechanism of tumor suppression is not yet understood. Using plasmid-directed cystatin E/M gene overexpression, a lentivirus-mediated tetracycline-inducible vector system, and human papillomavirus 16 (HPV 16) E6 and E7 gene-immortalized normal human epidermal keratinocytes, we demonstrated intracellular and non-cell-autonomous apoptotic growth inhibition of tumor cell lines and that growth inhibition is associated with cytoplasmic retention of NF-κB. We further demonstrated decreased phosphorylation of IκB kinase (IKKβ) and IκBα in the presence of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), confirming the role of cystatin E/M in the regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Growth suppression of nude mouse xenograft tumors carrying a tetracycline-inducible vector system was observed with the addition of doxycycline in drinking water, confirming that the cystatin E/M gene is a tumor suppressor gene. Finally, immunohistochemical analyses of cervical carcinoma in situ and primary tumors have shown a statistically significant inverse relationship between the expression of cystatin E/M and cathepsin L and a direct relationship between the loss of cystatin E/M expression and nuclear expression of NF-κB. We therefore propose that the cystatin E/M suppressor gene plays an important role in the regulation of NF-κB.
Research progress of soybean residue's active compositions

Objective To summerize the research progress of soybean residue's chemical compositions,pharmacological activity,and its application profiles,and to provide some theoretical basis for soybean residue research and development.Method Present literatures involving the chemical compositions,pharmacological activity,and its application profiles of soybean residue were overviewed.Result The soybean residue's active compositions have extensive pharmacological activity,including reducing serum lipids,reducing blood pressure,antioxidation,antitumor,enhancing immunity,preventing thrombus and diabetes mellitus.Conclusion These kinds of active compositions of soybean residue can prevent vascular disease,antitumor and enhance immunity efficiently.It is very important to study deeply on their potential application in vascular disease.
Efficient apprenticeship learning with smart humans

This report describes a generalized apprenticeship learning protocol for reinforcement-learning agents with access to a teacher. The teacher interacts with the agent by providing policy traces (transition and reward observations). We characterize sufficient conditions of the underlying models for efficient apprenticeship learning and link this criteria to two established learnability classes (KWIK and Mistake Bound). We demonstrate our approach in a conjunctive learning task that would be too slow to learn in the autonomous setting. We show that the agent can guarantee near-optimal performance with only a polynomial number of examples from a human teacher and can efficiently learn in real world environments with sensor imprecision and
Gene Targeting in Embryonic Stem Cells, I: History and Methodology

There have been extensive studies with embryonic stem cells from the mouse embryo, and these studies have led directly to a greater understanding of human genetic diseases, gene interactions, embryo development, and organogenesis both in vivo and in vitro. Pluripotential stem cells of the mouse can be classified into four major groups: embryonal carcinoma cells (ECCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), primordial germ cells (PGCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Various types of stem cells can be maintained in an undifferentiated state for many passages in appropriate culture conditions while retaining the pluripotency that makes them so valuable. It is this ability to grow in culture in large numbers that makes them useful for the introduction of gene alterations, for the screening of very rare homologous recombination events that result in the precise, preplanned alteration, and finally for producing animal models with designed mutations of diverse types.
Small-Animal Imaging Using Diffuse Fluorescence Tomography

Diffuse fluorescence tomography (DFT) has been developed to image the spatial distribution of fluorescence-tagged tracers in living tissue. This capability facilitates the recovery of any number of functional parameters, including enzymatic activity, receptor density, blood flow, and gene expression. However, deploying DFT effectively is complex and often requires years of know-how, especially for newer mutlimodal systems that combine DFT with conventional imaging systems. In this chapter, we step through the process of using MRI-DFT imaging of a receptor-targeted tracer in small animals.
Mount Lebanon Under Mutasarrifs

First to govern an internationally recognized and guaranteed autonomous Lebanon was a Catholic Armenian, exdirector of telegraph at Constantinople. His successors were likewise Catholics, a recognition of Maronite preponderance in the mountain. Daud Pasha took up his residence at the Shihabi palace in Bayt al-Din. The first major problem that faced his administration involved a Maronite nationalist uprising which objected to the non-nativity of the new governor. The movement was headed by a gallant, dashing, good-looking, French-schooled young man from Ihdin, Yusuf Karam. He, of course, aspired for the high position. The statute made no reference to the illegibility of a native Christian. Daud offered Yusuf the deputy governorship of Jazzin, which he spurned. The rebel chief addressed appeals to France and the Vatican, but received no encouragement. Nor did he receive support from the clergy. A few bloody battles crushed all opposition and the leader spent the rest of his life in exile.
Second Hankel Determinant for New Subclass Defined by a Linear Operator

In Amer and Darus (Missouri J Math Sci, to appear; Int J Math Anal 6(12):591–597, 2012), the author introduced and studied a linear operator defined on the class of normalized analytic function in the unit disk. This operator is motivated by many researchers. With this operator sharp bound for the nonlinear functional for the class of analytic functions in the open unit disk is obtained. In this paper we discuss sharp bound for the nonlinear functional for the class of analytic functions defined by a linear operator has been considered. Several other results are also considered. There are interesting properties of normalized function in the unit disk for sharp sconced hankel for linear operator. In addition, various other known results are also pointed out. We also find some interesting corollaries on the class of normalized analytic functions in the open unit disk. Our results certainly generalized several results obtained earlier. Therefore, many interesting results could be obtained and we also derive some interesting corollaries of this class. The operator defined can be extended and can solve many new results and properties.
Non-monotonic temperature dependence of radiation defect dynamics in silicon carbide.

Understanding response of solids to particle irradiation remains a major materials physics challenge. This applies even to SiC, which is a prototypical nuclear ceramic and wide-band-gap semiconductor material. The lack of predictability is largely related to the complex, dynamic nature of radiation defect formation. Here, we use a novel pulsed-ion-beam method to study dynamic annealing in 4H-SiC ion-bombarded in the temperature range of 25–250 °C. We find that, while the defect recombination efficiency shows an expected monotonic increase with increasing temperature, the defect lifetime exhibits a non-monotonic temperature dependence with a maximum at ~100 °C. This finding indicates a change in the dominant defect interaction mechanism at ~100 °C. The understanding of radiation defect dynamics may suggest new paths to designing radiation-resistant materials.
DANIEL DERONDA, PROFESSOR OF SPINOZA

For almost a decade , George Eliot labored at a translation of seventeenth-century Jewish philosopher Baruch Spinoza's Tractatus Theologico-Politicus and Ethics , and although completed, it never saw the light of day; it was the subject of a petty fight between the proposed publisher, Henry Bohn, and her partner, George Henry Lewes. The result was that for more than a century it was tucked away, first, presumably, in a drawer, and eventually, in the Beinecke Library at Yale University. Although critics and scholars have long known that she had completed this work – references abound in letters and journal entries – it wasn't published until 1981, and even then, in an obscure imprint of the Salzburg University press. Copies of this published edition, which is limited to the Ethics and capably annotated by Thomas Deegan, are quite rare and difficult to get ahold of.
Developing leaders among your faculty members

Background: Complexities in medical care delivery and an increasing focus on value in health care has spotlighted the need to develop physician leaders within healthcare organizations. Academic medical centers and their faculty are uniquely situated to further the healthcare industry through teaching of medical students and residents, introducing research and technology, and providing the body of knowledge that is the framework within which medicine is practiced. Methods: Through in-depth literature review, pertinent information about the role of faculty leaders and the methods to develop them will be presented. Results: Literature suggests that health care organizations with physician leaders provide higher quality care and that academic productivity can be enhanced by leadership development among faculty. Various processes of physician leadership development exist, including the simple mentor-mentee relationship, a less formal facilitated small group format, and a more formalized leadership development course. There is no research literature to suggest the superiority of one method over another to develop faculty members. Conclusions: It is important that healthcare organizations consider the role of physician leaders in their strategic planning to provide quality, high-valued care while maintaining the goals of academic leadership and performance. The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Interpersonal skills and communication, Practice based learning and improvement, Professionalism, Systems based practice.
The Microscope as a Tool for Disease Discovery—A Personal Voyage

This review reflects the trajectory of my career in hematopathology, and my personal reflections on scientific advances in the field. During the course of more than 40 years, the approach to classification of hematological malignancies has evolved from descriptive approaches, based on either cytological or clinical features, to a modern approach, which incorporates cutting-edge technologies. My philosophy has focused on defining individual diseases, an approach that can best lead to an understanding of molecular pathogenesis. To quote Carolus Linnaeus (1, p. 19), the father of taxonomy, “The first step in wisdom is to know the things themselves; this notion consists in having a true idea of the objects; objects are distinguished and known by classifying them methodically and giving them appropriate names. Therefore, classification and name-giving will be the foundation of our science.”
Security analysis on InfiniBand protocol implementations

The growing popularity of high performance computing has led to a new focus on bypassing or eliminating traditional I/O operations that are usually the bottlenecks for fast processing of large data volumes. One such solution uses a new network communication protocol called InfiniBand (IB) which supports remote direct memory access without making two copies of data (one in user space and the other in kernel space) and thus provides very low latency and very high throughput. To this end, for many industries, IB has now become a promising inter-connect protocol over Ethernet technologies. Ensuring the security of this new protocol is critical since more and more companies are moving towards it. To ensure the security of IB, the first step is to have a thorough understand of the vulnerabilities of its current implementations, which is unfortunately still missing in the literature. In this paper, we aim to fill this gap. In particular, we perform a static code analysis as well as protocol testing in order to examine security features in IB architecture from the implementation perspective. While our extensive penetration testing could not find any significant security loopholes; there are certain aspects in both the design and the implementations that need to be addressed. Our focus is in the implementation perspective. Specifically, we found there is a significant use for a number of vulnerable functions (e.g., memcpy, sprintf, and char) as well as obsolete functions (e.g., memalign) that we believe should be replaced with alternative functions such as memmove, snprintf, getline, and posix memalign. We believe our work will benefit both the protocol developers as well as the users by taking the first step to ensure the security of IB protocol.
Data laboratory for supply chain response models during epidemic outbreaks

Disasters in developing countries tremendously affect the economy and long-term development. Recent years have seen an increase in epidemic outbreaks in countries like Haiti and in West Africa. However, there seems to be a lack of decision support to address epidemic outbreak challenges in developing countries compared to their developed counterparts. The lack of data to implement such models is a potential reason. This paper presents a data set that will permit to develop data-driven allocation models and policies for an epidemic outbreak in a developing country. The data set is for the cholera epidemic that occurred in the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. The detailed time-series patient data is intended to facilitate the development and evaluation of multi-period supply chain models that support emergency health response, allocate medical resources and staff, and design coordination mechanisms among humanitarian stakeholders. We also provide a simple model to illustrate how the data can be utilized to develop a basic epidemic outbreak response model. The data set will be made available online for researchers interested in developing models in this field.
Transported biofilms and their influence on subsequent macrofouling colonization.

AbstractBiofilm organisms such as diatoms are potential regulators of global macrofouling dispersal because they ubiquitously colonize submerged surfaces, resist antifouling efforts and frequently alter larval recruitment. Although ships continually deliver biofilms to foreign ports, it is unclear how transport shapes biofilm microbial structure and subsequent macrofouling colonization. This study demonstrates that different ship hull coatings and transport methods change diatom assemblage composition in transported coastal marine biofilms. Assemblages carried on the hull experienced significant cell losses and changes in composition through hydrodynamic stress, whereas those that underwent sheltered transport, even through freshwater, were largely unaltered. Coatings and their associated biofilms shaped distinct macrofouling communities and affected recruitment for one third of all species, while biofilms from different transport treatments had little effect on macrofouling colonization. These results de...